bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
European Capital Markets: Does the Euro Matter?
Authors: Dermine Jean
Published: November 2023

The Maastricht Treaty on European Union provides for the introduction of a single currency by 1 January 1999 at the latest. Although a large series of papers and conferences has been concerned with the timing and sequencing of the introduction of the new currency and with an estimate of the costs that would be incurred, few published studies have attempted to evaluate the medium-term impact of a single currency on European capital markets. The purpose of the introductory chapter is to identify the various ways through which a single currency could alter fundamentally and permanently the European capital markets. The focus will be entirely on the medium- and long-term impact. One question is being addressed: Once a single currency is in place, what is likely to change in European capital markets? To address this issue, references to a wide economic literature will be made, ranging from the theory of market microstructure to international monetary economics. The chapters which follow discuss in great depth the various channels identified in this introductory chapter.
EMU, Monetary Policy and Capital Markets
Authors: Gros Daniel , Lannoo Karel
Published: November 2023

The introduction of the euro will lead to common monetary policy for the participating countries. This will have profound consequences for capital markets as well. This chapter provides therefore a general description of the environment in which monetary policy of the euro area will be conducted. The Treaty obligations together with the Stability Pact for fiscal policy will produce an environment conducive to sustained low inflation and interest rates.
European Futures and Options Markets in a Single Currency Environment
Authors: Steinherr Alfred
Published: November 2023

Financial derivatives traded on the exchanges are a recent phenomenon. Section 2 provides an overview of the development of this market to establish a starting point for the subsequent analysis. Section 3 then asks a fundamental question: what makes a successful contract? Answering this question is important for the assessment of the future configuration of European financial futures and options markets.
The European Single Currency and World Equity Markets
Authors: Santis Giorgio De , Gerard Bruno , Hillion Pierre
Published: November 2023

The 1991 Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty) set 1 January 1999 as the starting date for the final stage in the creation of the European Monetary Union (EMU). As of 1 January 1999, the exchange rates between EMU participants will be irrevocably fixed to start the transition towards a unique currency, the euro, which is expected to become the legal tender for EMU participants by the year 2002.
European Stock Markets and European Unification
Authors: Biais Bruno
Published: November 2023

The goal of this chapter is to assess the current situation and the possible evolution of the European stock markets. What is and what could become their role in the European economy? How integrated are they currently and are they likely to be in the future? How do firms, investors, financial intermediaries and regulators intervene in the marketplace, and how are their respective roles likely to change? In conducting this analysis we focus on the interaction between those issues and the European unification process. The latter includes European Monetary Union as well as the unification of regulation at the European level, or the interplay of political forces leading to or hindering European integration. We also try to build on recent theoretical, empirical and experimental work analysing the microstructure of markets, privatizations, corporate finance and investments, and rely on the insights it delivers, while omitting the technical aspects of these analyses.
Introduction
Authors: Dierkes Meinolf , Antal Ariane Berthoin , Child John , Nonaka Ikujiro
Published: November 2023

Because scholars of organizational learning and knowledge have come from different backgrounds and have borrowed ideas from many areas of scientific inquiry, this field has been shaped by a wide range of thinking. The chapters in Part I lay the groundwork for the handbook by tracing how key disciplines have influenced the theories and concepts currently used to understand processes and features of organizational learning. The authors also explore ways to increase the degree to which these disciplines are tapped as sources for this field of study.
Introduction
Authors: Dierkes Meinolf , Antal Ariane Berthoin , Child John , Nonaka Ikujiro
Published: November 2023

The four chapters in this section highlight certain tensions and paradoxes that variously trigger, shape, and constrain organizational learning. Organizations reflect the cultural, political, and intellectual tensions that are inherent in all societies. The dynamics created by the social constitution of the organization, its previous learning experiences, emotional climates, and the dimension of time all have a profound impact on an organization’s ability and preparedness to learn. In fact, it is through the exploration of these dynamics that organizational learning may be seen to occur.
Problems and Responses: A Model of Public Management Reform
Authors: Pollitt Christopher , Bouckaert Geert
Published: November 2023

Over the last two decades there appears to have been a huge amount of public management reform. It is difficult to be certain-there are no readily available, common and commensurable units in which we can count and compare what has been happening. Yet the present authors share, with many other commentators, an impression of a wave of reforms across many countries.
Many Houses: Types of Politico-Administrative Regime
Authors: Pollitt Christopher , Bouckaert Geert
Published: November 2023

The model of public management reform developed in the previous chapter laid considerable stress on the characteristics of the existing political and administrative systems as shaping influences over processes of management change. These systems provide, as it were, the existing terrain-the topography over which reformers must travel.
The Beginnings of the Radio Communications Industry
Authors: Griset Pascal
Published: November 2023

Radio appeared rather suddenly on the telecommunications scene, with a very short period elapsing between the first successful experiments (1895-6) and the beginning of its commercial exploitation. Limited in the beginning to communication between mobiles, the area in which it brought the most radical innovation, radio electric technology then spread to connecting fixed points. Radio was created in a milieu consisting essentially of independent engineers, who, for the most part, worked in somewhat unclear conditions, both conceptually and institutionally. A radically new technology, radio had not yet been adopted by any company of significant size prior to the turn of the twentieth century. Interest in the potential of radio did grow, however, beginning in 1902 and 1903.
Nintendo’s Home Video Game Business
Authors: Yoshida Hiroyuki
Published: November 2023

How was it that Nintendo came to be a major force in the home video game (HVG) business? Why Nintendo and not some other company? Naïve questions, perhaps, but more important than they might seem. There is hardly a shortage of research on the home video game business, but, in discussions of Nintendo, there is a highly significant theme that has been left virtually unexplored. While almost every investigator makes the obligatory succinct statement to the effect that ‘Nintendo was established in Kyoto as a maker of traditional Japanese hanafuda playing cards’,1 almost no one has followed this up by seriously questioning the apparent oddity of this.
The Software Business: Lessons from Bill Gates and Microsoft
Authors: Cusumano Michael A
Published: November 2023

Established in 1975, Microsoft became the largest company in the world specializing in computer software, and had nearly 40,000 employees and annual revenues of almost $23 billion by 2000 (Table 5.1). Microsoft grew by skilfully moving from one software mass market to another. The company started by selling programming languages for a new personal computer (PC) kit, and then built an operating system (MS-DOS) first for IBM and then other computer equipment manufacturers. It gradually entered a variety of applications markets and sold products directly to retail stores. Microsoft eventually dominated various PC software markets throughout the world, and had a market share of around 90 per cent in operating systems (Windows and Windows NT), which provided the company with an enormous revenue stream. Microsoft also learned how to develop applications programs, and by 2000 was building more than 200 software products. In addition, the company had an Internet portal business and was rapidly increasing its presence in the Internet software (browser and server) markets, which it entered late, but by 2000 had a market share of approximately 80 per cent in browsers.
The Hive-Off Mechanism of Larger Japanese Companies
Authors: Hashimoto Juro
Published: November 2023

It is now widely accepted that countries may have different types of companies specific to themselves, despite the fact that they share a common economic system-namely, a market-based economy. I agree with this contention. Judging from international comparisons, large Japanese companies have some distinctive characteristics, some of which are: in-house promotion of top management, a cross-shareholding system among corporations, a main bank system, enterprise unions organized on a company by-company (keiretsu-by-keiretsu) basis with each belonging to an industrial federation of unions, and a long and continuous employment system (some times misunderstood as a lifetime employment system) (Hashimoto 1995a).
Leadership Succession in British Business in the 1950s
Authors: Rose Mary B
Published: November 2023

For almost forty years, especially from the late 1950s until the late 1980s, entrepreneurship became the ‘Cinderella’ of business history. Indeed, writing in 1977, one American business historian commented that the neglect of individuals, in favour of the bureaucracies of which they were part, meant that ‘much American economic and business history has become a bore.’ Designed to shock the business history establishment, this statement high lights the extent to which the study of organizations has left the personal characteristics of business leaders and interpersonal relationships, which comprised the inner workings of the ‘black box’ of the firm, distinctly grey (Livesay 1977: 415). Twelve years later the same scholar found little diminution in business historians’ fascination with the organization of institutions, a tendency that led to the continued neglect of business leadership (Livesay 1989).
The Policy Environment
Authors: Amann Edmund
Published: November 2023

The Brazilian non-serial capital goods sector is currently the largest in the developing world after that of China and is easily the largest in Latin America. The rapid ascendancy of the sector to its current position has been associated with policies that led to extensive state intervention and a concentration on the internal market. In recent years., however., the pattern of intervention has radically altered and the sector has been faced with a less protected market in which the state has played a less significant role. As a result, substantial changes have occurred within the industry and the sector has evolved new strategies to cope with the altered environment.
Concentration, Diversification, and Financial Performance
Authors: Amann Edmund
Published: November 2023

As Chapter 1 demonstrated, much recent theoretical work on the role of the capital goods sector in developing economies has pointed to the importance of achieving long-run dynamic comparative advantage through specialization and economies of scale within the context of an increasingly concentrated and global market. In particular, it is argued that full technological self-reliance for basic products can only be achieved on the basis of enhanced specialization and the opportunities for enhanced learning that this affords. However, the development of the Brazilian non-serial capital goods sector was associated with the emergence of an unusual pattern of industrial structure which was characterized by very low degrees of concentration, high levels of product diversification, and technological dependence among enterprises. Theoretical literature critical of the role of the state, in particular that emerging from the theoretical critique of import substitution industrialization, would point to these developments as being the natural consequences of prolonged protection of the sector and associated attempts by the state to induce domestic, in the absence of foreign, competition through implicit or explicit forms of capacity licensing.
Task Partitioning, Communication Activities, and the Performance of Supplier Relations in Product Development
Authors: Sobrero Maurizio , Toulan Omar
Published: November 2023

The relationships a firm has with its suppliers can be a valuable source of competitive advantage. The benefit from these relationships can accrue in many ways. Previous work on supplier-manufacturer relationships (Clark 1989; Lipparini and Sobrero 1994; Liker et al. 1995; Dyer 1996), as well as alliances (Roberts and Berry 1985) and joint ventures (Harrigan 1986; Cohen and Levinthal 1990), have grouped these potential benefits into two categories: increased efficiency, and the tapping of competencies or resources unavailable inside the firm. Given the difference in goals, however, one would also expect there to be a difference in the way these two types of relationships should be managed. With this in mind, the objective of this chapter is to address three related research questions: Along what lines do these supplier-manufacturer relationships differ from each other? Is there a fit between relationship type, management of the relationship, and performance? What does this mean in terms of the individual actors which make up the relationship?
Communities of Practice in a High-Technology Firm
Authors: Teigland Robin
Published: November 2023

This chapter offers the opportunity to explore the themes of the book in the exciting new world of the internet. One of the major motivations for undertaking this study was that most organization theory was developed during the pre-internet era. However, since the mid-1990s we have seen an explosion in the use of internet-based media such as e-mail, electronic communities and bulletin boards intranets, etc. Research has had a difficult time keeping pace with this new world based on ‘internet-time’ and, as such, we have little detailed understanding of the ways in which the internet is affecting the networks of social relationships or of the ability of management to create and leverage valuable capabilities within high-technology firms.
Granger’s Representation Theorem and Multicointegration
Authors: Engsted Tom , Johansen Søren
Published: November 2023

Since Engle and Granger’s (1987) seminal paper the concept of cointegration has developed progressively in several ways, and many extensions of the basic concept have been made. One such extension is the definition of multicointegration which refers to the case where the cumulation of equilibrium errors cointegrates with the original I( 1) variables of the system. Such situations arise naturally in economic models involving stock flow relationships.
The Road to Transparency: Reputation Management at Royal Dutch/Shell
Authors: Fombrun CharlesJ , Rindova Violina P
Published: November 2023

In 1995 Royal Dutch/Shell-one of the world’s three largest companies-faced two major crises. The first involved the proposed maritime sinking of an aging offshore drilling platform-the Brent Spar. Careful research conducted by Shell had supported sinking as the least environmentally damaging alternative for disposal of the rig. Nonetheless, Shell became the target of a Greenpeace ‘action’ that portrayed Shell as a greedy and irresponsible company whose support for sinking was motivated by purely economic reasoning-sinking happened to be the low cost alternative. Physical boarding of the inoperative Brent Spar by Greenpeace militants drew worldwide media coverage that sullied the Shell image, provoked massive boycotts of Shell stations in Germany, and ultimately forced the publicly humiliated company to back down in June 1995.
law of the sea
Authors: Watts Sir Arthur
Published: November 2023

The practice of States over several centuries, particularly the practice of the major maritime Powers with commercial or colonial and imperial interests overseas, established a broadly agreed structure for the international law of the sea, based on the freedom of the high seas and the sovereignty of the coastal State over a relatively narrow band of territorial sea around its coasts. Around these twin pi11ars a number of supplementary rules came to be sufficiently widely established in State practice to be regarded also as rules of customary international law: rules concerning, for example, flag State jurisdiction over ships on the high seas, piracy and the slave trade at sea, the position of warships, innocent passage through the territorial sea, and navigation through international straits.
Consular Relations
Authors: Watts Sir Arthur
Published: November 2023

Diplomats and consuls arc often seen as the two halves of a State’s principal official representation in foreign countries. They do, however, have significantly different functions: by and large, diplomats arc concerned primarily with the furtherance of their sending State’s international interests in relation to the receiving State, whereas consuls arc, by and large, more usually concerned with the private or commercial interests of their sending State’s nationals and corporations in the territory of the receiving State. In modern times, the distinction between diplomats and consuls has considerably diminished, and in most countries both diplomats and consuls form part of a single Foreign or Diplomatic Service, serving in diplomatic or consular posts abroad as appropriate from time to time.
The Validity and Impact of CPT Standards with Regard to Belgium
Authors: Parmentier Stephan
Published: November 2023

Between 14 and 23 November 1993 the CPT visited Belgium for the first time, making Belgium the last of the fir st-wave countries to ratify the Convention to receive a periodic visit. Nevertheless, it would have been difficult for the CPT to have come earlier: Belgium was the last of the member states of the then Council of Europe to ratify the ECPT, namely in June 1991.
Inspection and Quality Control: The CPT in The Netherlands
Authors: Reenan Piet Van
Published: November 2023

From 30 August to 8 September 1992 a delegation of the CPT visited The Netherlands to undertake a periodic visit. The report arising from this visit was published on 15 July 1993 and the Dutch Government’s response appeared five months later on 20 December 1993.
The CPT’s Visits to the United Kingdom
Authors: Shaw Stephen
Published: November 2023

The United Kingdom offers, for two reasons in particular, an interesting viewpoint on the relevance and effectiveness of the CPT. First, because in comparison with most European states the UK is relatively well endowed with both official and unofficial monitors of almost all the institutions which come within the CPT’s remit (military guardrooms being perhaps the one exception to that rule). Secondly, because the situation in Northern Ireland means the UK is one of the few European countries in which troops, intelligence agencies, and the criminal justice system are routinely engaged in a struggle to combat domestic terrorism. Four visits to the UK have been made to date—the first in 1990, the most recent (and, as yet, unreported) in 1997.
Capital movements
Authors: Usher J A
Published: November 2023

Whatever may be the meaning of capital in the context of the EC Treaty,1 the provisions relating to capital movements are distinguished by the fact that in the original version they were drafted in a style very different from that of the other Treaty ‘freedoms’, and by the fact that, with effect from the beginning of the second stage of Economic and Monetary Union on 1 January 1994, they were replaced by a completely new set of provisions similar in many respects to those governing the free movement of goods. The current provisions may be regarded as having been drafted with Economic and Monetary Union in mind, but it must be emphasized that in principle the same rules apply to all Member States, irrespective of their participation in monetary union. However, these rules can best be understood in the light of what went before.
Initiation
Authors: Ma Christopher Hodges
Published: November 2023

Part 19.III of the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR) covers Group Litigation. It provides for the court to constitute a defined group of claims to be managed together pursuant to a Group Litigation Order (GLO), where there are common issues of fact or law which are specified in the GLO (‘the GLO issues’). Although this is not stated in the Rule or associated Practice Direction, the theory which underlies a GLO is that it will be more efficient for the courts and the parties if cases which arise out of the same or similar facts and give rise to common issues may be managed and resolved together rather than individually.
Investigating, Commencing, And Pleading Claims
Authors: Ma Christopher Hodges
Published: November 2023

Claimants should conform with pre-action protocols before issuing their claims.A major feature of the approach under the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR) is that a significant amount of work which used to be done during the litigation process (for example, exchange of information on the nature of the case or defence, search for and disclosure of documentary evidence, obtaining evidence from witnesses and experts), which may have considerable relevance to the initial risk assessment by claimant and solicitor in deciding whether to take on a case, has now been moved forward into the pre-action stage. What is expected of parties during the pre-action stage is or will be governed by approved pre-action protocols.1 Non-compliance with a protocol can lead to adverse costs sanctions for a party if court proceedings are issued later.
Public Funding
Authors: Ma Christopher Hodges
Published: November 2023

The system of public funding of civil litigation was reformed by the Access to Justice Act 1999. The Legal Services Commission (the Commission) was created to oversee the Community Legal Service (CLS), which assumed the functions of the Legal Aid Board. The CLS funds services out of the Community Legal Service Fund (the Fund), which is itself funded at the discretion of the Lord Chancellor.
Reay νBnfl; Hope νBnfl
Authors: Thomson Aidan
Published: November 2023

These cases from the early 1990s concerned allegations of personal injury attrib uted to exposure to radiation of those alleging personal injury and their parents. They were resolved by a trial of two lead cases, selected by the plaintiffs’ lawyers from a pool of cases, which determined that general causation was not established. The parties co-operated to reach agreement on most procedural issues, particularly limiting discovery. The case involved one of the earliest examples of solicitors’ ad vertising, which successfully attracted claimants to a single furn, thereby avoiding co-ordination issues.
Norplant Litigation
Authors: McDougall Arundel
Published: November 2023

In a number of ways the Norplant product liability story illustrates an important change in the courts’ attitude towards case management in the later 1990s. The plaintiffs’ initial co-ordination of a group and proposals for case management were symptomatic of the absence of a multi-party rule (although the plaintiffs did un successfully attempt to persuade the Nottingham County Court to issue a Case.
Antitrust Law on a Global Scale: Races Up, Down, and Sideways
Authors: Fox Eleanor M
Published: November 2023

Antitrust law is national. Markets-many of them-are global. Arguments have been made for internationalizing antitrust law or raising surveillance of anticompetitive restraints to a level higher than the nation. Analysis of these arguments is complicated by the fact that there are many versions of antitrust law and its goals, descriptively and normatively, and there are many possibilities for internationalization or cooperation on antitrust rules and their enforcement.
The TRIPS Agreement: A Response to Global Regulatory Competition or an Exercise in Global Regulatory Coercion?
Authors: Govaere Inge , Demaret* Paul
Published: November 2023

To the extent that intellectual property laws have already been harmonized world wide by virtue of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of lntellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), annexed to the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement, the most urgent question is, in reality, twofold. First, one needs to consider whether there was a justification for the global regulation of intellectual property rights in the framework of the WTO. The second question is why this issue was raised and put on the agenda of the multilateral trade negotiations in the mid- 1980s. Those questions do not necessarily entail the same, or even a similar, answer
The Myth of the Auteur: Performers as Authors
Authors: Richard Arnold qc
Published: November 2023

Broadly speaking, there are two schools of thought about the creation of films. The auteur theory, promulgated by the critics of Cahiers du Cinéma in the 1950s and now widely accepted, holds that the director of a film is the author of the film in the same way as a composer is the author of a piece of music and a dramatist is the author of a play. According to this theory, a film is a work of personal expression on the part of one individual in the same way as traditional art forms, and a director’s body of work can be analysed to reveal that individual’s artistic methods and concerns. Adherents to the auteur theory accept, of course, that the director of a film requires the assistance of actors and technicians to realize his or her vision, but they contend that the director has final responsibility for the appearance of the film. In effect, therefore, actors and technicians are regarded as the director’s amanuenses, making no significant creative contribution of their own.
Collectivism of Copyright: The Future of Rights Management in the European Union
Authors: Suthersanen* Uma
Published: November 2023

Collective administration of copyright lies at the junction of copyright, torts, competition, and contract laws. Essentially, collective management of copyright is a system under which a copyright owner assigns/transfers or licenses his rights to an organization and authorizes it, on his behalf, to grant licences to potential users of his work and to collect income due thereof. The copyright holder may either voluntarily or compulsorily mandate such an organization to administer his rights. Collective management avoids the need for individual licensing and makes the process of collection and clearing rights easier for both rights-holders and users respectively. In many cases, both copyright law and the contractual mandate granted to such organizations confer the necessary locus standi on these entities to enforce those rights in civil proceedings. Armed with such rights, collective management organizations offer a united front on behalf of their members and have grown in importance in assisting the individual rights holder to monitor the usage of his work.
The Future of Legal Practice
Authors: Susskind Richard
Published: November 2023

Within a very few years, I predict that almost everyone in developed societies will enjoy easy access to a much enhanced Internet and World Wide Web (WWW). This will be the natural and definitive first port of call for all sorts of entertainment, information, guidance, and services—not just for a few but for all of us. It will be commonplace for us to conduct our supermarket shopping and personal banking online; we will choose and book holidays, take out insurance cover and go house-hunting using electronic services which will for most purposes replace (‘disintermediate’) the agents and brokers of today; we will chat, face-to-face via first-rate videoconferencing to friends and colleagues around the world as though they were sitting next to us; we will be able to participate more actively in the schooling of our children and have direct access to most government services and information from our homes; we will have guidance on any conceivable topic at our fingertips, presented in wonderfully illustrative multimedia form; and information and services that are of interest to us will be brought to our attention directly without our needing to go out and search for them. In our working lives too, communication, trading, advice, funds transfer, negotiation, collaboration, management, and marketing, to name but a few, will come to be dominated by ever more focused and usable technologies.
Exploring the Outer Limits: Restrictions on the Free Movement of Goods and Services
Authors: Snell Jukka , Andenas Mads
Published: November 2023

The approach of the European Court of Justice was initially more cautious to the free movement of services than to the free movement of goods. However, by the early 1990s the case law in both fields showed marked similarities. The Court was clearly influenced by the strong arguments in favour of a parallel approach in both areas.
Full Circle: Is there a Difference between the Freedom of Establishment and the Freedom to Provide Services?
Authors: Hansen Jesper Lau
Published: November 2023

The answer to the above question was until recently without doubt in the affirmative and had been for years. The difference was thought to be that the freedom of establishment only protected against discriminating measures, whereas the freedom to provide services reached further. But in later years this proposition has been criticized1 and with the decision of the ECJ in Gebhard2 some would argue that the answer should be the opposite.3 It is now obvious that there are common characteristics of the two freedoms, nevertheless, the purpose of this chapter is to bring the argument full circle, back to the proposition that there is indeed a difference. To do so, a new understanding of the rights involved is offered, which, it is argued, provides a better framework for an analysis of the Court’s practice.
Financial Services, Taxation and Monetary Movements
Authors: Usher John A
Published: November 2023

In the context of a discussion of a unified freedom jurisprudence, the aim of this chapter is to look at the linkages between freedom to provide financial services, freedom to make monetary movements, and the issue of taxation. In brief, there cannot be freedom to provide financial services without freedom to make monetary movements, and for the private citizen the freedom to purchase financial services or to make investments in another Member State only becomes a reality where there is no exchange risk and no risk of government-inspired differences in interest rates between those States, a situation which now exists for the euro-12. However, if advantage is taken of such opportunities by private citizens, governments become all too well aware of the consequences for their exchequers of a lack of tax co ordination—hence the current proposals inter alia for a withholding tax. Conversely, even if there is no exchange risk and no interest-rate risk, a failure to grant the same tax concessions to those purchasing eg a pension abroad, will make that purchase unattractive. The situation is compounded in Community law by the fact that at first sight, there is a conflict between the taxation provisions of the current capital movement rules1 and other Treaty freedoms, yet at the same time the capital movement rules are broader in their scope than the other Treaty freedoms, in that they apply outside as well as inside the Community.2
Archaeology and the Historical Determinants of Punctuation in Language-Family Origins
Authors: Bellwood Peter
Published: November 2023

As the sole archaeologist writing in a publication dominated by linguists, I hope to encourage a two-way examination of information across the two disciplines. Archaeologists and linguists are able to focus on the reasons for existence of large scale and widely distributed aspects of human variation, especially major complexes of archaeological material culture and major language families/ subgroups. The view taken in this chapter is that such large-scale entities track the evolution of ancestral configurations through processes of both genetic differentiation and contact-induced change. In simple terms, genetic differentiation requires dispersal from a homeland region. Contact-induced change cuts across the lines of genetic differentiation to impose significant aspects of regionality on the cultural pattern.
Linguistic Diffusion in Present-Day East Anatolia: From Top to Bottom
Authors: Haig Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

For centuries, East Anatolia has been host to representatives of four distinct language families: Indo-European. Kartvelian, Semitic, and Turkic. Although this degree of linguistic diversity pales in comparison with, say, Papua New Guinea or the Amazon basin, by Eurasian standards it is extremely high, making East Anatolia one of the best linguistic laboratories for investigating language contact in the Old World. But due to the repressive Turkish policies on Anatolian minorities, language contact has until very recently attracted little scholarly attention.
The Role of Migration and Language Contact in the Development of the Sino-Tibetan Language Family
Authors: LaPolla Randy J
Published: November 2023

A strong case can be made for a genetic linking between the Sinitic languages (the Chinese ‘dialects’) and the Tibeto-Burman languages. There are hundreds of dear cognates of basic vocabulary (Benedict 1972, Matisoff 1978, Baxter 1995; see LaPolla 1994a for a list of two hundred of the most uncontroversial) as well as some derivational morphology that can be reconstructed to the Proto-Sino Tibetan level. Within Tibeto-Burman again we find hundreds of cognates of basic vocabulary, and there are some relatively uncontroversial groupings based on shared innovations, such as Lolo-Burmese, Bodish, Qiangic, and Karenish, but subgrouping within Tibeto-Burman (and to some extent within Sinitic) is quite problematic. Benedict (1972; see the Figure) had Tibeto-Karen as one of two branches of Sino-Tibetan (the other being Chinese), with Tibeto-Burman and Karen being the two highest branches of Tibeto-Karen. Karen was given this position because it has verb-medial word order rather than the usual verb-final order of Tibeto-Burman. However, most linguists working on Tibeto-Burman now consider Karen to be a branch within Tibeto-Burman, as they assume that Karen word order changed due to contact with Mon and Tai, and therefore is not an important factor to be used in genetic grouping.
Hip and Pelvic Osteotomies
Authors: Langlotz Frank , Hinsche Andreas F , Smith R M
Published: November 2023

Dysplasia of the hip joint is characterized by an insufficient coverage of the femoral head by the acetabular cup. As a result loading of the joint is increased,1 and early joint degeneration is expected. Women are affected more often than men.2 Although total hip replacement has been reported for the treatment of dysplastic hips,3 osteotomy of the pelvis with reorientation and subsequent internal fixation of the acetabulum is the preferred treatment method whenever possible. In 1955 Chiari described a pelvic osteotomy to improve the deficient femoral coverage,4 though satisfactory results are dependent on well- defined indications.
Ligament Reconstruction in the knee: the Use of the Caspar System
Authors: Petermann Joerg , Azar Alirezah Pashmineh , Gotzen Leo
Published: November 2023

ACL rupture is the most common acute ligamentous lesion of the knee joint. As the ACL controls the whole range of motion and has an important role in propriception, the loss of ACL function is a serious injury, both morphologically and functionally. The incidence of secondary meniscus tears in ACL insufficient knee joints is about 70% and posterolateral instabilities also often occur. The result is post- traumatic osteoarthritis.1–3 The indications for ACL replacement in physically active patients are therefore, no longer controversial.
Long Bone Trauma
Authors: Suhm Norbert
Published: November 2023

There is a trend towards less invasive, percutaneous techniques in the operative treatment of long bone fractures. The concept includes closed fracture reduction with correct alignment of axes, rotation and correct reconstruction of bone length without open surgical exposition of the fracture site. The former concept of open fracture reduction and plate fixation accepted large skin incisions and dissection of muscles to allow the surgeon direct view on the fracture site. As percutaneous osteosynthesis techniques respect the important role of soft tissues in fracture healing, these techniques suggest improved out- come from both the aesthetic and the functional point of view.
Toward quality in health care for a diverse society
Authors: Kai Joe
Published: November 2023

Our societies are increasingly diverse. However, as the account above suggests, the response from health services is often found wanting. The experiences of people from black and minority ethnic groups (BMEGs) provide a window into understanding how people in society may come to suffer inequalities in health care and health. Many challenges for improving care are common to all communities, particularly those who are socially disadvantaged.
Patient profiling in primary care
Authors: Jones Ben , Gardner Katy
Published: November 2023

Effective health needs assessment and appropriate service delivery requires a detailed understanding of the demography, morbidity and health care utilization of communities. Considerable variations exist in health, and in access to and use of health services, among groups defined by country of birth and ethnicity. Yet our ability to determine morbidity and health care use for black and minority ethnic (BME) populations, particularly in primary care, remains limited.
Improving access to health care
Authors: Loudon Rhian
Published: November 2023

Improving access to health care must mean improving access to services of quality that have a positive effect on health. As Chapter 3 has highlighted, access to care for people from black and minority ethnic groups (BMEGs) can be reduced, perpetuating inequity and disadvantage.1
Interpreting and translation
Authors: Jones David , Gill Paramjit
Published: November 2023

It is obvious that high-quality health care requires effective communication between patient and health professional.1 Recent demographic changes accompanying globalization have created urban areas in the UK with highly linguistically diverse populations.
Health promotion and screening
Authors: Chiu Lai Fong
Published: November 2023

There is a lack of knowledge and understanding among professionals about health promotion and screening in relation to ethnically diverse communities. This has led to a focus on language and culture as the only barriers to health care. For example, in cervical and breast cancer screening these assumptions have led to many professionals regarding ‘deficiencies’ in minority ethnic women’s knowledge, beliefs and attitudes as reasons for non-attendance.
Coronary heart disease
Authors: Farooqi Azhar , Khunti Kamlesh
Published: November 2023

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the UK. Its prevention and treatment are a high priority for the NHS, not least because of the high social and economic costs of premature death and illness. CHD is largely a disease of a ‘western’ type of lifestyle.
Diabetes
Authors: Khunti Kamlesh , Farooqi Azhar
Published: November 2023

An epidemic of type 2 diabetes is emerging across the developing world, and people from some communities are particularly predisposed. Diabetes can have a major impact on the physical, psychological and material well-being of individuals and their families, and can lead to multisystem complications. Furthermore, the economic burden of diabetes is considerable, with major implications for health care resources and most costs being for complications of diabetes.
Mental health
Authors: Patel Sangeeta
Published: November 2023

In mental health, more than physical health, the difference between normal and abnormal is determined by context. Whereas physical disorders are assessed by symptoms and signs that denote dysfunction of the body; mental disorders are defined by symptoms and behaviors within a social and cultural context.
Sexual health
Authors: Low Nicola
Published: November 2023

Talking about sexual health in primary care is among the most challenging of subjects. Sexual health is private, finding the right words is difficult, and the duties of confidentiality and patient care may conflict. Talking about sexual health with patients from minority ethnic groups may pose further challenges. If the patient’s first language is not English, it may simply be impossible.
Cancer and palliative care
Authors: Faull Christina
Published: November 2023

Cancer is a powerful threat, to life itself and to the way we live. Treatment is exhausting. Our family and work life may be very disrupted and finances may alter. Life is never the same again. We change our priorities to think of and plan for a future. We may be faced with the certainty of death or the indefinite burden of hope.
The role of medication
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike
Published: November 2023

Assertive outreach has developed, whether as a discrete service or as an aspect of generic CMHTs, mainly for the care of individuals with severe mental illness. The majority of such people suffer from schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, or a delusional psychosis. Altogether they constitute about 2% of the adult population. Patients suffering from these disorders nearly all benefit from medication over long periods. There are, undoubtedly, severe and persistent neurotic disorders (e.g. obsessive— compulsive disorder, eating disorders, a range of anxiety disorders) which also require intensive treatment and support without medication, but they represent only a small proportion of the case load of most services. So effective outreach services will need to clarify their attitude towards medications.
Compulsion and freedom
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike
Published: November 2023

Issues of free will and personal autonomy are at the heart of all mental health practice. Although there are overwhelming similarities between psychiatry and the rest of medicine, there are some fundamental differences. Those of us who work in this field are aware that some sense of ‘alienation’ (either from the normal self or from those around us) is central to the experience of mental illness. In neurotic and depressive disorders, the primary complaint is often of ‘not being my usual self’, of being ‘anxious, worried, pessimistic, preoccupied’ and so on. In psychotic disorders, the perception of the world we live in is changed—the familiar becomes threatening, neutral acquaintances become persecutory and random, irrelevant events become charged with personal meanings.
Self-neglect
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike
Published: November 2023

Self-neglect often results from the demotivating, negative symptoms of schizophrenia together with the cognitive deficits that strip some patients of their ability to manage themselves and the outside world in a normal way. Social factors such as limited social networks, unemployment, and poverty may contribute to a sense of hopelessness or apathy towards self-care and care of the immediate environment. Reed and Leonard (1989) describe self-neglect as:Little is published about self-neglect or its incidence in the general and mentally ill populations. The closest that we can come to an estimate of the incidence of serious self-neglect is through examining the numbers of people put on the supervision register for this category in England. Unfortunately, the supervision register is notorious for inconsistencies in its application by different clinicians. The risk to others is overrepresented and the risk to self is under-represented.
Schizophrenia and delusional disorders
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike
Published: November 2023

Schizophrenia is the archetypal mental illness; what most people think of when they imagine ‘madness’. It affects all aspects of mental functioning—thinking, feeling, experiencing, and even movement. More than any other mental disorder it is the one where the loss of contact with reality is most obvious. It was first described by Kraepelin in 1896 (Kraepelin 1919) who called it ‘dementia praecox’ to emphasize its long-term, deteriorating course in distinguishing it from manic depressive disorder..
Depression, anxiety, and situational disorders
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike
Published: November 2023

It is easy to forget that people with severe mental illnesses also suffer anxiety, depression, and grief just as we all do. Although the most prominent features of their illnesses are their psychotic symptoms, careful examination of the mental state of individuals with schizophrenia often betrays very high levels of so-called ‘neurotic symptoms’ (Wing et al1974). The management of situational and common mental disorders is not the primary focus of this book, as it is unlikely to be a major responsibility of outreach workers. However, a familiarity with them, and a working competence with them, is necessary if we are not to fail our patients. Shy, anxious individuals with psychotic disorders are not easily referred on for specialist help from other services.
Substance abuse
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike
Published: November 2023

Psychotic illnesses are increasingly complicated by alcohol and drug abuse as patients no longer spend long periods in hospital. Treated in the community the benefits of social inclusion can be offset by greater exposure to drugs and alcohol. Dual diagnosis patients will be used throughout this chapter to refer to patients with a psychotic illness plus significant alcohol or substance abuse. Assertive outreach provides the opportunity to accept dual diagnosis patients and work towards resolving the cumulative problems that both conditions bring. Dual diagnosis carries additional problems for both patients and services. Integrating both substance abuse strategies and more traditional mental health interventions in the same team is an essential response for such chaotic individuals.
Daily living skills
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike
Published: November 2023

In assertive outreach the teaching and development of daily living and social skills takes place with each patient in the context of their own home, family, and community. We are no longer dealing with institutionalized patients moving out of long-stay wards who may never have used a pedestrian crossing or supermarket. We are, however, often working with people who might find cooking or shopping difficult due to motivational, cognitive, and information-processing deficits. Helping patients to develop and practise daily living skills means that we must resist the temptation to simply do everything for them, as happened in long-stay institutions. This involves listening to the patient’s agenda and encouraging decision making and problem solving.