bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Web-Based Shopping on Consumers' Buying Behaviour: A Consumer Perspective
Authors: Yeo Sook Fern , Tan Cheng Ling , Lim Kah Boon
Published: September 2021

Online shopping has become a popular trend nowadays because more and more people are buying products online due to the continuous development of technology. People's increasing concerns about online shopping have become the key element for changing their consumer buying behaviour. Due to the current situation of COVID19 and the changes of the era, many people buying products through online shopping. People think that buying products or services through online shopping can bring them convenience. Many companies move their business to online business because online business can help companies earn more sales and promote their products and services online to attract more new customers. Therefore, online shopping has become a popular trend nowadays, and more people are concern about online shopping. This is because consumers might consider the security of the websites, the usefulness, price, service quality of the products or services before they purchase through online shopping. With the rise of e-commerce, the number of online buyers is also increasing along with it. In 2020, the number of online buyers worldwide is expected to be 2.05 billion (Mohsin, 2020). Besides, a report shows the ranking of the mobile shopping apps in Southeast Asia. Lazada apps was the highest ranking in Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Philippines in 2019. For Vietnam, Shoppe apps was the highest ranking (Moey, 2019). According to Statista (2020), the report shows that in 2021 and 2022 the number of online shoppers in Malaysia is expected to reach 2.2 million and 2.53 million respectively. So, this research aims to make a clear understanding of consumer buying behaviour towards online shopping. The factors that have been shown in this research are trust, perceived risk, perceived ease of use, service quality and information. This research has discussed the fundamental research and clearly understand consumer buying behaviour and those factors that affect consumer buying behaviour towards online shopping.

Keywords: Buying Behaviour, Trust, Perceived Risk, Perceived Ease Of Use, Service Quality
Performance Evaluation Using Reward Point and Social Media (Case Study in Utility Company)
Authors: Heriyati Pantri , Tamara Dewi , Maharani Anita , Rifa'i Khoirul Azis , Hadi Andi Kusuma
Published: September 2021

This paper aims at two things; first, see the participants' interest if learning is carried out with e-learning. Second, how the impact of the use of social media and reward point methods on the improvement in evaluation of learning outcome. The method used is a survey and experiment. The survey is used to find out whether the reward point and/or social media method will affect employee motivation in e-learning process. Experiments are used to see the impact of the use of both methods on selected samples. The sample used was employees of PT PJB Services located in Head Office and selected by purposive technique. Data analysis used ANOVA Test to measure whether the treatment had a significant effect on the dependent variable. This paper is expected to prove that learning, especially studied in this paper, that combined with these both methods will affect positively to employee learning motivation and support the improvement of learning outcome. The results obtained are e-learning with reward points and posting the learning process on Instagram significantly increase employee motivation in learning. However, e-learning with reward points and posting the learning process on Instagram did not significantly affect on increased of evaluation of employee learning outcomes.

Keywords: Performance Evaluation, Reward Points, Social Media, Evaluation E-Learning
Intention towards Using Loan in Income Generating Activities: A Conceptual Study among Poor and Low-Income Households in Malaysia
Authors: Said Nadzirah Mohd , Nawi Noorshella Che , Nasir Noorul Azwin Md
Published: September 2021

Even though the country has done a fantastic job of eradicating poverty, some significant challenges and concerns come as a result of globalisation. The following are important concerns that must be solved as the country enters a new category of poverty. Malaysia is an impendence country which variety population segmentation based on ethnicity as well as religion. In actuality, it has the potential to aggravate social issues, particularly in Malaysia. Indeed, Malaysia has adopted many social programmes including economic and social investment. However, poor people in rural and urban areas since poverty has long been seen to be a rural issue with more than half of all family units falling into this category in Malaysia. Besides, there is a lack of awareness of the causes and sources of poverty as well as a strategy for dealing with the issue. In addition, there is currently a scarcity of research on the influence of anti-poverty initiatives on community welfare in the Malaysian context. Hence, low-income people's goals regarding the Malaysian government's incentive or programme to improve their income are conceptualised in this paper by concern the Theory of Planned Behaviour with four variables namely attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, and entrepreneurial competencies.

Keywords: Attitude, Entrepreneurial Competencies, Entrepreneurial Intention, Perceived Behavioural Control, Subjective Norms
Impact of Human Capital and Innovation towards Total Factor Productivity (TFP): A Case of Manufacturing Sector in Palm Oil Industry in Malaysia
Authors: Sulaiman Noorasiah , Sofia Naiimah Mohd , Abdullah Mohd Fahmy- , Firdaus Suliadi Sufahani
Published: September 2021

Malaysian oil palm sector has contributed to the growth of gross domestic product (KDNK) by 37.9%, of manpower by a total of 40%, and of the total employment of agriculture sector by 22.1 million people in 2018 (DOSM, 2019). Furthermore, the exports performance shows that the palm oil production has increased from 180 thousand tons metric in 1965 to 27.86 million tons metric in 2019 (MPOB, 2019). The major importers of Malaysian palm oil include India, China, Pakistan, and the Netherlands. In 2016, India was the biggest importer (19.9 %), followed by China (10.1 %), Pakistan (6.4%) and Netherlands (5.5%). In addition to that, many oils are categorized according to the sources of oil and fat saturation which is produced globally (OWA, 2016). Palm oil register percent high by 28.0% compared with the oil other like oil bean soy (24.0 %), oil rapeseed (13.0 %) and spring sun (7.0 %), even more than the oils and fats from sources animals that only 25.0% only (OA, 2016). Although palm oil- based industries in Malaysia depend on inputs, especially human capital and technology to determine the overall performance and productivity, the sector is yet to use technology that depends on low-skilled workers. Thus, to improve the industries, the study was conducted to analyze the effects of the workers skills and technology on the total factor productivity (TFP).

Keywords: Human Capital, Productivity, Palm Oil, Data Envelopment Analysis, Panel Data
Biodiesel Renewable Energy and Transportation Consumption
Authors: Romprasert Suppanunta , Kataboonyaruk Korakot , Tangnititham Natthacha , Suwanthaijaroen Tanyaluk , Soonthornwattanachai Maytavee , Tanamee Danai
Published: September 2021

Paper focuses on the renewable energy in Thailand. Objective is to compare risk on renewable energy and transportation consumption on biodiesel. It is using SWOT analysis and sustainable development theory as the tools. Besides, collecting data via questionnaire to investigate behaviors of people in having the ideas relating to biodiesel. The 52 responses from survey launching have returned. According to the results, the current consumption of biodiesel is still low because insufficient is on awareness of the consumers' trusts about biodiesel. Moreover, government's policy is not in good quality control. Biodiesel price has not been confirmed or set up in a clear standard that shows confidence in biodiesel to consumers. Remains adherence to diesel as it has been used for a longer period of time. Therefore, the risk of renewable energy in biodiesel is a relatively high risk. At the same time, in terms of environmental sustainability development, research results show that the use of biodiesel can help reducing air pollution at either PM 2.5 or global warming. Also, it would distribute an income to palm farmers. The results can be implemented for making improvements and suggesting recommendations to the government. A strengthening policy on renewable energy security and implement strategies is for solving various energy problems. With the concept of supporting research and development, it can create a wide range of knowledges, and the production of biodiesel as renewable energy. There should control the price structure, and the well quality practices to be fairly suitable in the nearly future.

Keywords: Biodiesel, Consumption, Renewable Energy, Risk, Transportation
MOTIVATION, QUALITY AND MARKETABILITY OF FEMALE STUDENTS IN THE FIELD OF SKILLS AT VOCATIONAL COLLEGE
Authors: Yusof Jamilah , Nawi Aliff
Published: September 2021

Motivation is a very important element of psychology and is a motivator for an individual to do something. Therefore, this study is aimed to identify the level of motivation, quality, and marketability of female students in the field of skills at vocational colleges in Perlis. This study was conducted on 288 female students from 12 different types of courses, attending Sijil Vokasional Malaysia (SVM) and Diploma Vokasional Malaysia (DVM) program at Kangar Vocational College and Arau Vocational College. The research instrument used is a set of questionnaires. The research design is a type of case study through a quantitative approach. This study involves descriptive and inferential statistical analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 22. The findings show that intrinsic motivation is at a high level with a mean value of 4.26 as well as extrinsic motivation is at a high level with a mean value of 3.85. The findings also show that the quality of the female students for both Vocational Colleges is at a high level based on the mean score of 4.14. Correlation analyses show that there is a significant relationship between the quality of female students and the proficiency of female students in vocational colleges. In conclusion, this study is expected to open a space for further discussion and help those who are directly involved in controlling the program to improve the quality of training skills provided.
TEACHING PROCEDURES FOR SUMMARY OF UPPER SECONDARY AMONG UNTRAINED TEACHERS (GSTT) IN MAAHAD KAWALAN, KELANTAN
Authors: Mohamad Mohd Shafie , Said Rozita Radhiah , Md. Sabil Azhar , Arshad Mohd Mursyid
Published: September 2021

The Secondary School Standard Kurikulum (KSSM) new syllabus is being developed to look forward to the ability of students to compete at the global level. This syllabus is being used in all secondary schools starting fully at the 2021 school session. Therefore, the aims of this study are to look at the teaching procedures of untrained teachers (GSTT), teaching summary (Section C) according to the format of the Secondary School Standard Curriculum (DSKP-KSSM). In addition, this study will also look at how untrained teachers (GSTT) write their lesson plans in the Teaching Preparation Book (BPM) based on the guidelines set out by Maahad Kawalan to their untrained teacher (GSTT) in Kelantan. Based on a study conducted, the researcher found that there were weaknesses in their process of teaching summary and writing lessons in some items in the Teaching Preparatory Book (BPM). This study used a qualitative methodology in the form of a case study with the instruments of the interview, observation, and document analysis, as well as David Ausubel's Meaningful Learning Theory as the basis of the study. In addition, the study was conducted on 2 teachers who are teaching Bahasa Melayu for form 4 in Maahad Kawalan. The results of the study showed that the untrained teachers GSTT (A) and GSTT (B) did not complete the lesson summary based on two observations conducted using the checklist form. The researcher found that the untrained teachers (GSTT) were weak in the process of teaching summary in accordance with the Syllabus which has been prepared in the DSKP - KSSM Assessment format for summary (Section C). In addition, when the researchers refer to the items in the SKPMg2 form, they noticed that the untrained teachers (GSTT) did not write the lesson according to Bahasa Melayu Yearly Lesson Plan and had unclear writing regarding objectives, activities, and reflection in their Teaching Preparation Book (BPM). The implication of this study is that untrained teachers need to undergo training courses for the Bahasa Melayu curriculum. In addition, writing skills and training course courses for writing lessons should be given in advance to untrained teachers (GSTT), so that they can plan and write their lessons correctly.
LEVELS OF ANXIETY, DEPRESSION AND STRESS OF PRIVATE SCHOOL TEACHERS ON THE USE OF ICT IN TEACHING AND LEARNING
Authors: Ab Majid Nurhafiza , Surat Shahlan
Published: September 2021

In line with the current educational revolution, the use of ICT in Teaching and Learning (T&L) is seen as important in improving the quality of learning in schools, especially in private schools in Malaysia. However, without the willingness to maximize the use of ICT, has triggered anxiety, depression, and inner stress among private school teachers. Consequently, this study is conducted in a quantitative survey on 70 private school teachers around Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, and Negeri Sembilan. The results of the study showed that respondents often felt tired after completing T&L sessions with the use of ICT (M = 3.71), often faced health problems such as muscle tension, eye irritation, and headaches with the continuous use of ICT in the T&L session (M = 3.67). Results of Pearson correlation between the relationship of anxiety, depression, and stress with the time of use of the ICT in T&L for a week (r=0.643). Overall, the results of the study showed the level of anxiety, depression, and stress of private school teachers on the use of ICT in T&L is at a moderate level (M = 2.77) and those responsible need to address this problem by developing the standard operating procedures (SOPs) that are appropriate especially regarding the amount of time that should be allocated in the T&L session in a week, to help teachers plan their work-life balance and essential task in school.
THE ROLE OF TRAIT FORGIVENESS IN MARITAL CONTENTMENT AMONG MARRIED COUPLES IN CITAM ASSEMBLIES, NAIROBI, KENYA
Authors: Makena Veronica Kaari , Kamunyu Ruth Njeri
Published: September 2021

In most marriages, marital problems are encountered once in a while. Couples who have very happy marriages also encounter problems in their relationship with each other due to an offense committed by the spouse. For a couple to maintain a healthy marital relationship, they need to have the ability to forgive each other. Through forgiveness, married partners become more like Christ and invite the Holy Spirit to enable them to show their love for the spouse and build a safe and holy relationship that could bring contentment. The study examined the role of trait forgiveness in marital contentment among married men and women selected in two Christ Is the Answer Ministries (CITAM) assemblies in Nairobi, namely Woodley and Valley Road. The objectives of the study were to examine the role of trait forgiveness on marital contentment and to investigate how commitment, empathy, and communication affect the relationship between forgiveness and marital contentment. A mixed-methods design was used to collect data using questionnaires and a focus group discussion guide. Results showed a very strong positive correlation between trait forgiveness and marital contentment with a relatively high composite score being obtained for trait forgiveness. Results revealed themes of intimacy, patience, affirmation, self-control, reflection, and praying together on the moderating role of commitment, empathy, and communication. This calls for its magnification in both counseling practice and marriage and family therapy sessions as a sustainable antidote to marital contentment under relational stress, especially among Christian couples. Counseling practitioners should therefore emphasize the principle of forgiveness as the key to healing emotional wounds that are caused by offenses that manifest in the course of a marriage.
360-DEGREE INSTRUCTIONAL VIDEO INNOVATION: PRESERVICE MALAY LANGUAGE TEACHERS’ ACCEPTANCE OF THE USE OF VIRTUAL REALITY TECHNOLOGY AND THINGLINK APPLICATION
Authors: Mokhtar Marzni Mohamed , Jamil Marni , Mansor Evi Indriasari , Mohd Sharef Nurfadhlina , Md Khambari Mas Nida
Published: September 2021

To capture students’ interest during Malay Language learning and facilitation (PdPc), educators can consider the use of Virtual Reality technology (Virtual Reality) and the ThingLink application. The ThingLink application can be integrated with a VR device to bring a new experience to Malay Language educators as an initial step to create a virtual environment in the classroom. The 360-degree instructional video is an innovation that is developed and catered to the needs of eight themes covered in the Malay Language textbook. In fact, the educational video content has also been researched according to the Teacher's Daily Lesson Plan for use in the classroom. This study reviewed the acceptance level of 40 preservice teachers undertaking Bachelor of Education (Malay Language Education) at the Faculty of Education on the use of Virtual Reality and ThingLink application in the process of producing teaching innovation materials. The research instrument constructed is based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Overall, the findings of the study show that the use of Virtual Reality Technology and ThingLink application can facilitate future educators in the effective production of 360-degree instructional videos, and their ability to attract and retain the attention of students in the classroom.
DETERMINANTS OF ADHERENCE TO TREATMENT AMONG HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS IN MAKKAH CITY, KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA
Authors: Al-Khattabi Ghanim. Hamid.
Published: September 2021

Background: Adherence of hemodialysis patients to medical instructions is considered crucial for a longer life expectancy and better quality of life. There is solid evidence that non-adherence to end-stage renal disease patients correlates with morbidity and mortality, is the norm for dialysis patients rather than the exception, multiple factors influence it and inconsistencies exist in findings of the relationships between risk factors and non-adherence. Despite the importance of this topic, there is remarkable paucity in the studies which identify factors associated with non-adherence in hemodialysis patients in Saudi Arabia. Aims and Objectives: The current study aims at ameliorating the adverse consequences of non-adherence among hemodialysis patients through providing scientific background and a better understanding of the factors associated with non-adherence. The objectives of this study were to determine factors related to non-adherence to fluid, diet, medication, and hemodialysis sessions among hemodialysis patients in Makkah city. Materials and Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional one, where a sample of 361 hemodialysis patients was selected randomly from hemodialysis centers in three governmental hospitals in Makkah in order to determine factors related to their non-adherence to treatment by using an end-stage renal disease-adherence questionnaire (ESRD-AQ) in addition to clinical examination and laboratory investigation for other data. Results: Younger (<30 years), unmarried, non-Saudis, those with chronic diseases other than hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and those with long dialysis duration (60+ months) were found more likely to be non-adherent to fluid. Females patients and those with short dialysis duration (<60 months) were found more likely to be non-adherent to diet and medications, respectively. Conclusion: Patients who had factors associated with non-adherence deserve special attention and support to improve their adherence behavior. The findings from this study can be used as a base for designing an intervention aimed to increase the adherence to treatment in end-stage renal disease patients who are undergoing hemodialysis in order to decrease the direct and indirect costs that appear as a consequence of non-adherence.
SOBRE O TRABALHO E A APRENDIZAGEM DO PROFESSOR
Authors: Alves Francisco Regis Vieira
Published: September 2021

A vertente francesa da Didática Profissional se consubstancia por uma zona de confluência de três ramos reconhecidos e independentes de estudo, a saber: a Engenharia de Formação, a Ergonomia Cognitivista e a Teoria da Conceptualização da Ação. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho apresenta, não de forma exaustiva, determinados pressupostos, fundamentos e princípios organizadores da pesquisa no âmbito da formação e aprendizagem profissional. Assim, a vertente francesa da Didática Profissional, originada em território europeu e com pouca repercussão em nosso pais, permite a identificação de um cenário importante, visando um exame pormenorizado da aprendizagem do professor e uma compreensão qualitativa de sua atividade e da competência profissional. Por fim, o trabalho visa disseminar um viés de análise e pesquisa ainda pouco conhecido em território brasileiro.
TRANSFORMATION OF CIVIC ACTIVITY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE YAROSLAVL REGION)
Authors: СОКОЛОВ А.В. , БАРСКИЙ Я.В.
Published: September 2021

В статье рассматриваются отдельные аспекты трансформации гражданской активности в условиях развития информационно-коммуникационных технологий. В первой части статьи излагаются теоретико-методологические основы изучения гражданской активности, которые дают комплексное понимание предмета изучения и контекста происходящей трансформации социальной активности населения. Во второй части статьи представлены результаты проведенного в Ярославской области исследования, в котором систематизированы ответы экспертов из различных сфер деятельности относительно воздействия информационно-коммуникационных технологий на взаимоотношения органов власти и гражданских активистов, а также на процессы формирования гражданских коалиций.
THE TALIBAN: A NEW IMAGE WITH THE OLD CONTENT
Authors: СЫЗДЫКОВА Ж.С.
Published: September 2021

Статья посвящена одной из самых актуальных тем современной мировой политики, приходу талибов к власти в Афганистане. Проведен анализ развития движение «Талибан» с момента зарождения, обращается внимание на основные события, которые способствовали приходу талибов к власти в первый и во второй раз. Обращается внимание на то, что цели талибов имеют многоступенчатый характер. Делается вывод о том, что необходимо обратить внимание стран Центральной Азии и России для сохранения стабильности на приграничных территориях с Афганистаном.
POLITICAL REPRESENTATION OF NATIONAL INTERESTS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CONCEPT OF NATIONAL SECURITY
Authors: ХАРИТОНОВА Л.Н. , ЗАВАЛИШИН Н.С.
Published: September 2021

Данная статья представляет собой попытку осмыслить категории «национальный интерес» и «национальная безопасность» в их взаимодействии и взаимообусловленности. Авторы исследуют содержательные аспекты данных понятий, выделяют в проблематике национальной безопасности военную составляющую, связанную, прежде всего, с доктриной ядерного сдерживания. В результате анализа данной проблематики делается вывод о том, что категория «национальный интерес» выступает в качестве ведущей теории, позволяющей в своем содержании аккумулировать все многообразие государственной деятельности по обеспечению национальной и военной безопасности.
THE ROLE OF THE UNITED STATES IN MAINTAINING SECURITY IN THE PERSIAN GULF REGION
Authors: ХЛОПОВ О.А.
Published: September 2021

Персидский залив является важным стратегическим регионом для национальной безопасности Соединенных Штатов и их статуса как глобальной сверхдержавы. В статье исследуется роль США в обеспечении безопасности в Персидском заливе, анализируется стратегическое, и геополитическое значение региона для Соединенных Штатов, отношения между странами Персидского залива и США в сфере безопасности, а также раскрываются приоритеты внешней политики Вашингтона в Персидском заливе. Автором отмечается, что за последние годы происходит изменения во внешнеполитическом курсе США, которые заключаются в ослаблении обязательств Америки по обеспечению стабильности в зоне Персидского залива и поиске, и разработке новой концепции региональной безопасности с участием всех внутренних и ключевых внешних акторов.
THE DEAD ENDS OF THE MIGRATION POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, THEIR FURTHER IMPACT ON THE SITUATION IN INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES AND EUROPE AS A WHOLE (Review of the book: Klaus V., Weigl I. LLC “Resettlement of Peoples”: A short guide for understanding the modern migration crisis. Moscow: Publishing House of the Gaidar Institute, 2017)
Authors: НАЗАРОВ А.Д. , АТТАКУРОВ Р.А.
Published: September 2021

В статье представлена рецензия на коллективную монографию чешских ученых, в которой рассматриваются истоки возникновения мощного миграционного кризиса, обрушившегося в 2015 г. на неподготовленную Европу и сравниваемого некоторыми специалистами по разрушительным последствиям с послевоенной ситуацией. Он вызвал в странах ЕС новую волну скепсиса в отношении продвигаемой т.н. «Большой Европой» тенденции усиления централизации в управлении континентом, продолжает привлекать повышенное внимание ученых, политиков и журналистов. И если в научной публицистике и отечественных средствах массовых коммуникаций до сих пор доминирует точка зрения руководства ФРГ, а именно оно было и остается главным и непреклонным в продвижении этой политики, то отношение к ней в восточно-европейских государствах варьируется от легкого неудовольствия до жесткой критики.
В этой связи несомненный теоретический и практический интерес для понимания истоков возникновения и возможных последствий современного миграционного кризиса в Европе представляет не утратившая актуальности научная работа, отражающая политические взгляды на эту проблему ведущих чешских ученых В. Клауса и И. Вейгла [5], продолжительное время входивших в состав высшего руководства этой страны.
Orientations of Leadership Behaviours Required for School Transformation and Change
Authors: Waheed Zarina , Khan Muhammad Ilyas , Hussin Sufean Bin
Published: September 2021

Leadership is considered as one of the most important factors in school success.  Leaders from the successfully transformed schools demonstrate multiple leadership behaviours that vary according to situations. This qualitative study explored important orientations of leadership behaviours in two selected transformed schools in Malaysia. Data were collected through interviews, observations and document review. 28 participants (14 from each schools) including school leaders, administrators and teachers were selected through purposive sampling for interviews. The data collected were consolidated, reduced and interpreted. The four leadership behaviour orientations, which included task-oriented, relation-oriented, change-oriented and ethical-oriented leadership behaviour, came out as main orientations of leadership behaviours required for school transformation.  The study offers important implications for school leaders, policy makers, educationists and researchers in Malaysia and elsewhere with similar contexts.

Keywords: Leadership behaviour orientations, School leaders, School transformation
Transformational Leadership Style Training for School Leaders
Authors: Nisar Neelam , Shahzad Abid , Rabica Mehartab
Published: September 2021

This research focused on the training of school leaders in transformational leadership - which is recommended for educational leaders all over the world (Alkhasawneh, 2018) - and to determine if it impacts their leadership skills or not. Based on relevant literature and training need analysis, training was planned and given to 120 in-service school heads for one month. The research was quasi-experimental that used a one-group pre-test post-test design because no similar group was available. The experimental group was divided into two groups; public and private, for a comparison. Also, a follow-up study was conducted to keep it nearer to the experimental approach. The training delivered to the school principals comprised of selected content about the concept of leadership and transformational leadership. This content was reinforced by real-world examples and relevant leadership activities. Participants were assessed under pre-defined grading criteria that were their attendance, participation, and performance in quizzes and assignments during the training. After completion, they were observed and evaluated for their leadership skills at their workplaces and awarded with the points. This quantitative data were analyzed by using mean, standard deviation, and paired sample t-test for knowing and comparing the results. It was found that the transformational leadership style training had improved the effectiveness and leadership skills of school leaders. Similar training courses have been endorsed by training participants for enhancing the leadership styles of school leaders.

Keywords: School Leadership, Transformational Leadership Development, School Leadership Development, Transformational Leadership in Schools
Women’s Experiences as Educational Leaders: Evidence from Islamabad Model Schools
Authors: Yasmeen Saima , Ali Rabia
Published: September 2021

This paper examines the experiences of women in educational administrative positions in public Schools in Islamabad, Pakistan by using a qualitative research design. In-depth interviews were conducted with head teachers from twenty girls’ model schools from urban areas of Islamabad. The findings of this study reveal that school leadership is not as simplistic and easy as assumed. Instead, it is complex and challenging due to personal and organizational constraints. The data shows that the participants felt reluctant to take leading positions as a result of work-family conflict. Furthermore, they also feared to be able to balance household responsibilities and administrative tasks. While some felt reluctant to work as leaders due to their attributes, others who opted to take the leading positions made personal sacrifices. Moreover, several organizational rules and regulations such as maternity leave and policies regarding child care were believed to distract teachers thus providing hurdles in their careers. It can be concluded that women navigate through these personal and organizational constraints to prove themselves as effective leaders. The findings from this study may offer useful insights to early-career women who aspire to work as potential leaders. These also have implications for policymakers concerned with school education in the country.

Keywords: School Principals, Leadership, Barriers, Family Conflict, Pakistan
Determinants of Occupational Stress among Secondary Teachers in Public and Private Sector Schools
Authors: Shah Nazir Haider , Arshad Mahek , Nazir Nadia
Published: September 2021

In recent years there has been an increased rate of awareness about occupational stress and its effects on work competencies. The teaching profession is one of the sensitive profession on which the future of any country depends. As far as Pakistan is concerned teachers and teaching both are unfortunately not enjoying very good and healthy social and financial status. Thus, the study was designed to examine the determinants of occupational stress among secondary school teachers. The main objectives of the study were: to examine the occupational stress of teachers teaching at public and private secondary schools and to identify the reasons for occupational stress among teachers of secondary schools. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researchers selected descriptive research design. Population of the study included all public and private sector school teachers. The sample size was comprised of one hundred teachers (50 male and 50 female) through a stratified random sampling technique. David Fontana Professional Life Stress inventory (1989) and inventory used in UCU Health and Safety by John Bamford was adapted. Data were analyzed through mean, standard deviation, percentages, and t-test. Findings of the study revealed that private school teachers have a significantly higher level of professional life stress as compared to the teachers of public schools, a job is the primary cause of occupational stress, and teachers were not satisfied with their role in schools which is one of the determinants of stress. It is recommended that the administration of a private sector school may provide a tension-free environment for teachers.

Keywords: Occupational stress, Teachers, Secondary school
Multilingualism as a Tool of Marginalization or Empowerment in Pakistan: A Classroom Perspective
Authors: Azher Musarrat , Awan Riffat-un-Nisa , Noureen Ghazala
Published: September 2021

Pakistani educational system is dominated by multilingual phenomenon at all stages. The students with different levels of language proficiency enter university education where classrooms are dominated by multilingual phenomenon with the main adherence to English language. The major concerns of this study are: does multilingualism in Pakistani university classrooms transfer or inculcate any sense of marginalization or empowerment amongst the students at BS level; whether this sense of marginalization or empowerment can be related to their socioeconomic background and to their private and public schooling. The data were collected through a self-developed questionnaire from BS 3rd semester students enrolled in University of Sargodha. The questionnaire included close ended as well as open ended items which were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The results revealed that students with low socio-economic background and public schooling were on the verge of marginalization and demotion which have developed a sense of low confidence in them. Students from private sector English medium schools were more confident, interactive, and participative in the classroom, hence empowered. The study concluded with some suggestion that universities may organize a zero semester for students to teach them a deficiency course of communication skills in English.

Keywords: Multilingualism, Marginalization. Empowerment, University students
Instructional Effectiveness in History Classrooms: An Analysis of Students’ Perceptions of Instructional Practices of University Teachers
Authors: Muhammad Dr. Yaar , Zaka Saba
Published: September 2021

This qualitative case study was conducted to explore the perceptions of History research students about the effectiveness of instructional practices of university teachers. This study assumes that research students are active stakeholders and keen observers, so they perceive their teachers’ professionalism very deeply. All students who had completed their coursework and were working on their research work at the MPhil level in the Department of History at a public university were selected to conduct this study. An interview guide was constructed to collect the data, which included three significant dimensions: students’ engagement, instructional strategies, and classroom management. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 7 students who volunteered to participate in the study. Interview data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The findings of the study suggest that most students perceived that teachers used a variety of techniques to motivate the students who showed low interest in the class. Moreover, they perceived that the instructional strategies of teachers were diverse, catering to various learning styles of students. However, students also perceived that some teachers had discouraging behaviour on students’ questioning and also waste class time gossiping with students due to lack of proper planning. It seems there is a need to develop mechanisms for the professional development of faculty members. In addition, there is a need to find ways to motivate teachers to bring effectiveness to their instruction in higher education classrooms.

Keywords: Students’ Engagement, Instructional Strategies, Classroom Management, Instructional Practices, History Education, Students’ Perceptions
Localised FM Digital Audio Broadcasting using WiFi Mesh Networks
Authors: Verma Ashvin , Kar Somesh , Ahuja Priyanshi
Published: September 2021

Digital Audio Broadcasting via FM radio continues to be popular, even today, owing to its accessibility, especially in rural areas where even common feature phones and affordable radio receivers are able to freely receive both, mainstream and local vernacular transmissions without any subscription charge. Additionally, it is established that broadcasts undertaken at a local level can play an instrumental role in facilitating cultural expression and aiding information delivery at a local level However, local broadcasts via the current Community Radio Stations (CRS) are not only expensive but also unsuitable for remote, isolated regions with their rugged terrains.

The authors hereby propose a novel approach to help address these current problems through a distributed system for Digital Audio Broadcasting. Multiple FM transmitting nodes (using VHF II: 87.5-100 MHz) form a WiFi Mesh Network to receive digital audio signals to broadcast from 1 hub node. The components used are off-the-shelf, cost-effective, and modular. It is more cost-effective than current CRS systems for mid-scale local broadcasts, with essentially no data loss between the transmitter units in deployment. Additionally, unlike relays, an existing alternative, built-in redundancy in the system ensures reliability, and caching protects against minor network disturbances when recordings are being broadcast. This approach allows for flexible and efficient deployments with wide, precise and accurate coverage, notably remaining equally effective in areas with an uneven terrain, thereby expanding its potential applications.

Experiments involving the system were conducted by varying the audio samples and the conditions, for which the evaluation metrics included the PSNR, PSD spectrograms, DFTs, signal strength, and data transmission rate to gauge the transmission quality, range and scalability. Results included a moderate data rate of 12 mbits/s at a 100 metres separation with obstacles from the transmitter, which is sufficient for the broadcasting and fast caching of high-fidelity audio.
Power Hotspots in Space: Powering CubeSats via Inter-Satellite Optical Wireless Power Transfer
Authors: Qaraqe Marwa , Usman Muhammad , Serbes Ahmet , Ansari Imran Shafique , Alouini Mohamed-Slim
Published: September 2021

We present the concept of power HotSpots wherein the bigger satellites in low earth orbits (LEO), having power generation capacity much larger than CubeSats, can transfer their excess energy to CubeSats in need, using optical wireless technology. This provides a business opportunity for larger enterprises having the capability of launching bigger satellites to sell their power to CubeSats. As a proof of concept, this article presents a basic simulation regarding optical wireless power transfer (OWPT) to CubeSats. In addition, we highlight future research challenges in this area to maximize OWPT.
Point Cloud Reconstruction From Truncated Geometry-Based Streams
Authors: GARCIA DIOGO , Souto Andre , Sandri Gustavo , Borges Tomas , Queiroz Ricardo
Published: September 2021

Geometry-based point cloud compression (G-PCC) has been rapidly evolving in the context of international standards. Despite the inherent scalability of octree-based geometry description, current G-PCC attribute compression techniques prevent full scalability for compressed point clouds. In this paper, we present a solution to add scalability to attributes compressed using the region-adaptive hierarchical transform (RAHT), enabling the reconstruction of the point cloud using only a portion of the original bitstream. Without the full geometry information, one cannot compute the weights in which the RAHT relies on to calculate its coefficients for further levels of detail. In order to overcome this problem, we propose a linear relationship approximation relating the downsampled point cloud to the truncated inverse RAHT coefficients at that same level. The linear relationship parameters are sent as side information. After truncating the bitstream at a point corresponding to a given octree level, we can, then, recreate the attributes at that level. Tests were carried out and results attest the good approximation quality of the proposed technique.
Decennal geomorphic transport from archived time series digital elevation models: a cookbook for tropical and alpine environments.
Authors: Lucas Antoine , Gayer Eric
Published: September 2021

On the seasonal time scale, for accessible locations
and when manpower is available, direct observations and field
survey are the most useful and standard approaches. However
very limited studies have been conducted on direct observation
at the decennial to century time-scale due to observational
constrains. Here, we present an open and reproducible pipeline
based on historical aerial images (up to 70 yrs time span)
that includes sensor calibration, dense matching and elevation
reconstruction over two areas of interest that represent pristine
examples for tropical and alpine environments. The Remparts
Canyon and Langevin River in Reunion Island, and the Bossons
glacier in the French Alps share a limited accessibility (in time
and space) that can be overcome only from remote-sensing. We
reach a metric to sub-metric resolution close to the nominal
images spatial sampling. This provides elevation time series with
a better resolution to most recent satellite images such as Pleiades
over decennial time period.
An Outlook on the Interplay of Machine Learning and Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: An Overview of Opportunities and Limitations
Authors: Mohjazi Lina , Zoha Ahmed , Bariah Lina , muhaidat sami , Sofotasios Paschalis C. , Imran Muhammad Ali , Dobre Octavia A.
Published: September 2021

Recent advances in programmable metasurfaces, also dubbed as reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs), are

envisioned to offer a paradigm shift from uncontrollable to fully tunable and customizable wireless propagation environments, enabling a plethora of new applications and technological trends. Therefore, in view of this cutting edge technological concept, we first review the architecture and electromagnetic waves manipulation functionalities of RISs. We then detail some of the recent advancements that have been made towards realizing these programmable functionalities in wireless communication applications. Furthermore, we elaborate on how machine learning (ML) can address various constraints introduced by real-time deployment of RISs, particularly in terms of latency, storage, energy efficiency, and computation. A review of the state-of-the-art research on the integration of ML with RISs is presented, highlighting their potentials as well as challenges. Finally, the paper concludes by offering a look ahead towards unexplored possibilities of ML mechanisms in the context of RISs.
Spin Wave Based Full Adder
Authors: Mahmoud Abdulqader , Vanderveken Frederic , Ciubotaru Florin , Adelmann Christoph , Cotofana Sorin , Hamdioui Said
Published: September 2021

Spin Waves (SWs) propagate through magnetic waveguides and interfere with each other without consuming noticeable energy, which opens the road to new ultra-low energy circuit designs. In this paper we build upon SW features and propose a novel energy efficient Full Adder (FA) design consisting of The FA 1 Majority and 2 XOR gates, which outputs Sum and Carry-out are generated by means of threshold and phase detection, respectively. We validate our proposal by means of MuMax3 micromagnetic simulations and we evaluate and compare its performance with state-of-the-art SW, 22nm CMOS, Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ), Spin Hall Effect (SHE), Domain Wall Motion (DWM), and Spin-CMOS implementations. Our evaluation indicates that the proposed SW FA consumes 22.5% and 43% less energy than the direct SW gate based and 22nm CMOS counterparts, respectively. Moreover it exhibits a more than 3 orders of magnitude smaller energy consumption when compared with state-of-the-art MTJ, SHE, DWM, and Spin-CMOS based FAs, and outperforms its contenders in terms of area by requiring at least 22% less chip real-estate.
Analysis of HPE Hyperconverged Information Technology Marketing Strategy at Proteksindo Data Supplier Company
Authors: Edi Rizal Sarwo
Published: September 2021

Hewlett Packard Enterprice (HPE) Hyperconverged is an Information Technology (IT) framework that combines storage, computing and networking into a single system in an effort to reduce data center complexity and increase scalability. HPE Hyperconverged improve business and the productivity of IT staff and increase the speed of services delivered to customer. The marketing strategies that will be researched to see of the marketing mix, consisting of product, price, place, promotion, people and processes, the analysis using the Strengh Weaknesses Opportunities Threat (SWOT) analysis to determine the right strategy. The method study was descriptive qualitative research. The subjects in this study were the manager marketing, 2 marketing staffs and 3 sales . The instrument used a form of interview guidelines and the type of recorder. Data analysis used SWOT analysis. Results in this reasearch that (1) Products: Products used in cooperation with Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE) that one of biggest IT company in the world (2) Price; price is still relatively expensive. (3) Place; Data Proteksindo in Central Jakarta strategically located. (4) Promotion: Promotion is not maximized. (5) People; trained IT staff, good, loyal. (6) Process: The process of installation of HPE hyperconverged should be accepted to the criteria that will be used in Data Center. Data Proteksindo is in strategic location, the promotion should be more leverage, based on SWOT analysis the most appropriate strategy is an aggressive strategy in order to growth stage.
The Relationship of Costume Design in Film With the Interest of Young Adult Women as Fashion Product Consumers in Indonesia
Authors: Fairuz Adina
Published: September 2021

This study discusses the relationship between costume design in films and the interest of the audience, especially young adult women, triggers of their interest in similar fashion products as consumers by using outfit styles from three films, The Devil Wears Prada (2006), Sex and The City: The Movie (2008) and Crazy Rich Asians (2018), which were selected through a questionnaire answered by 20 experts in the fashion field. The analysis was conducted on 258 young adult women (18-24 years old) domiciled in Indonesia through a questionnaire to find out their perceptions and preferences on outfit styles from the costume designs in those three films. Based on this analysis, it can be seen that if the audience is interested and feels that the outfit worn by the character fits them, then they will have the desire to wear fashion products that are similar to the appearance of the costume design in the film.