bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Racial Malleability and the Sensory Regime of Politically Conscious Brazilian Hip Hop
Authors: Roth‐Gordon Jennifer
Published: July 2013

Ao examinar as práticas corporais de jovens pobres do sexo masculino afiliados ao hip hop politicamente consciente no Brasil na virada do Século XXI, esse artigo revisa os conhecimentos atuais sobre a “flexibilidade racial” no Brasil. Primeiro, discuto uma variedade de exemplos globais e históricos que mostram como o corpo é percebido como racialmente flexível, incluindo teorias eugênicas do Século XX e estudos dos contextos coloniais, nos quais as populações brancas e de cor foram submetidas a regimes sensoriais que potencialmente tiveram o poder de alterar sua aparência física. Logo, sugiro que os rappers brasileiros demonstram flexibilidade racial à medida que eles alteram a estética dos seus corpos, seus padrões de consumo e práticas linguísticas. Em uma era de alto intercâmbio comercial com os Estados Unidos e influência cultural norte americana jovens brasileiros pobres do sexo masculino utilizam da construção de conexões (contestadas) com os Estados Unidos e com a modernidade global para mudar sua aparência racial em uma escala onde a branquitude e a falta de branquitude se encontram em posições relativas entre si.
INSTITUTIONS, ECONOMICS AND THE DEVELOPMENT QUEST
Authors: Leite Duarte N. , Silva Sandra T. , Afonso Oscar
Published: July 2013

Institutions crucial for the analysis of how agents deal with uncertainty have been gaining increasing relevance on the economic research agenda. In this paper, we analyze the institutional literature aiming to explain why this perspective obtains better results than others in development economics. In particular, we stress the relevance of New Institutional Economics as an adequate framework for a broad understanding of development issues.
Leader–member exchange, organizational identification, and job satisfaction: A social identity perspective
Authors: Loi Raymond , Chan Ka W. , Lam Long W.
Published: July 2013

This study examines the influence of leader–member exchange (LMX) on employee organizational identification and job satisfaction. Drawing upon the current literature of social identity theory, we propose a moderated mediation model with organizational identification as the mediator of the relationship between LMX and job satisfaction, and with job security as the moderator on such positive indirect link between LMX, organizational identification, and job satisfaction. We tested our hypotheses using a two‐phase survey data collected from 306 employees of two companies in southern China. Implications of our findings for research and practice are discussed.

Practitioner points

Organizations should train managers to maintain high‐quality LMX.

Appropriate human resource practices for cultivating LMX and employee organizational identification should be adopted.

Supervisors should pay more attention to their LMX quality with those employees having low levels of job security.
An Evaluation of Public School District Tobacco Policies in St. Louis County, Missouri
Authors: Barbero Colleen , Moreland‐Russell Sarah , Bach Laura E. , Cyr Julianne
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND

One way to address tobacco use by youth is for primary and secondary schools to adopt and implement comprehensive tobacco policies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the comprehensiveness of tobacco policies in St. Louis County, Missouri public school districts.

METHODS

We evaluated the strength of tobacco policies from all 23 public school districts located in the county using the Center for Tobacco Policy Research's School Tobacco Policy Index, a standardized tool for rating school tobacco policies.

RESULTS

The districts averaged a score of 24.4 of 40 possible points on the Index. Policies scored highest on the Tobacco‐Free Environment domain and lowest on the Enforcement domain. Policies averaged about half of the total possible points for the Prevention and Treatment Services and Policy Organization domains.

CONCLUSION

Despite more than a decade of efforts by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to improve school tobacco policies, this study shows that policies in St. Louis County districts have yet to meet the standard of comprehensiveness. It is recommended that schools adopt policies that are comprehensive and that address all domains of the School Tobacco Policy Index.
The Role of Social Cognitive Theory in Farm‐to‐School‐Related Activities: Implications for Child Nutrition
Authors: Berlin Linda , Norris Kimberly , Kolodinsky Jane , Nelson Abbie
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND

Farm‐to‐school (FTS) programs are gaining attention for many reasons, one of which is the recognition that they could help stem the increase in childhood overweight and obesity. MostFTSprograms that have been evaluated have increased students' selection or intake of fruits and vegetables following the incorporation ofFTScomponents. However, the wide range of activities that are typically part ofFTSprograms make it difficult to pinpoint which components have the greatest potential to improve students' health behaviors. Within the field of nutrition education, theory‐based interventions that target the key underlying factors influencing health behavior offer the most promise.

METHODS

We review existing research on dietary health impacts and implications of 3 keyFTS‐related activities and explore the component activities ofFTSin terms of their potential to address the key constructs of social cognitive theory (SCT)—which is a current best practice in the field of nutrition—suggesting thatFTSprograms incorporating a diverse set of activities appear to be most promising.

RESULTS

We find that components ofFTSprograms incorporate many of the key theoretical constructs inSCT, and show thatFTSprograms have great potential to facilitate movement toward desired dietary changes. However, it is unlikely that a set of activities in any one currentFTSprogram addresses multiple constructs of the theory in a systematic manner.

CONCLUSION

More intentional inclusion of diverse activities would likely be beneficial. Future research can test these assertions.
Three years of paediatric morbidity and mortality at the national hospital in Dili, East Timor
Authors: Bucens Ingrid Kirsten , Reid Alison , Barreto Aniceto Cardoso , Dwivedi Vikas , Counahan Megan
Published: July 2013

Aim

The aim of this study was to undertake a retrospective review of admissions and discharges to the paediatric wards at the National Hospital Guido Valadares, Dili, as the epidemiology of hospitalised children in East Timor cannot be easily understood from the hospital health management information system.

Method

Data were sourced from unit registers for 3 years, 2008–2010 inclusive. Demographic characteristics and principal diagnoses were related to the risk of dying using stepwise multivariate logistic regression.

Results

There were 5909 children admitted to the wards over the study period and 60% were <2 years of age. The commonest reasons for admission were lower respiratory tract infections (LRIs) and gastroenteritis (43% and 16%, respectively). Severe malnutrition (MN) was recorded in only 5% of admissions. Overall, 6% of children died, mainly attributed to LRI (28%), central nervous system infections (16%) and MN (11%). Younger age, residence outside of Dili and admission during a busier period were independently associated with an increased risk of death. Nine per cent of hospitalised infants aged 1–6 months of age died and half of all deaths occurred within 2 days of admission.

Conclusions

The study provides, for the first time, an understanding of the admissions and outcomes of the busiest paediatric inpatient unit in East Timor. It emphasises important health system issues which impact on both data quality and hospital outcomes.
Specific and Rapid Detection of Lily symptomless virus and Arabis mosaic virus in Lily by Dual IC‐RT‐PCR
Authors: Zheng Yun , Zhang Weifeng , Lu Xiaoyu , Zhang Guiming , Wang Hongying , Zhang Xueying , Feng Jianjun , Long Hai
Published: July 2013

Lily symptomless virus (LSV) and Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) cause severe losses of quantity and quality of lily flower and bulb production. Specificity, sensitivity and speed of detection methods for viruses need to be improved greatly to prevent LSV and ArMV from spreading from infected lilies. A dual IC‐RT‐PCR procedure for detection was developed in which the antibodies of LSV and ArMV were mixed and the mixture used to coat the PCR tubes. The particles of the two viruses were captured by the respective antibodies. Interference by other RNA viruses in infected lily was eliminated in the RT‐PCR. Also, an RNA extraction step was omitted. The dual IC‐RT‐PCR products of LSV and ArMV were 521 bp and 691 bp, respectively. The specificity of the method was validated; only LSV and ArMV of four viruses were detected by dual IC‐RT‐PCR. The sensitivity of the detection method is 1 mg leaf tissue and higher than DAS‐ELISA due to enrichment by dual immunocapture.
Change of Mating Type in an EU1 Lineage Isolate of Phytophthora ramorum
Authors: Chandelier Anne , Heungens Kurt , Werres Sabine
Published: July 2013

All Phytophthora ramorum EU1 lineage isolates tested are of A1 mating type, except for three rare isolates from 2002 to 2003 from Belgium, which were originally assigned the A2 mating type. In one of these isolates (2338), a switch from A2 to A1 mating type was observed in 2006. This observation initiated a larger study in which all cultures and subcultures of the original three EU1 A2 isolates, maintained in three laboratories under different storage conditions, were checked for mating type change. The A2 to A1 mating type switch was observed in four of seven independently maintained isolates that were derived from isolate 2338 in two laboratories, using different transfer regimes and storage conditions. Following the mating type switch to A1 in these four derived isolates, no reversion back to A2 mating was observed, even after up to 5 years of additional isolate maintenance and several more subculturing events. The three other isolates that were derived from isolate 2338 as well as the other EU1 A2 isolates collected in 2002 and 2003 and stored in the same conditions did not display such mating type change. The potential causes of the mating type conversions as well as their epidemiological implications are discussed.
The role of melatonin in the cells of the innate immunity: a review
Authors: Calvo Juan R. , González‐Yanes C. , Maldonado M. D.
Published: July 2013

Melatonin is the major secretory product synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland and shows both a wide distribution within phylogenetically distant organisms from bacteria to humans and a great functional versatility. In recent years, a considerable amount of experimental evidence has accumulated showing a relationship between the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. The molecular basis of the communication between these systems is the use of a common chemical language. In this framework, currently melatonin is considered one of the members of the neuroendocrine–immunological network. A number of in vivo and in vitro studies have documented that melatonin plays a fundamental role in neuroimmunomodulation. Based on the information published, it is clear that the majority of the present data in the literature relate to lymphocytes; thus, they have been rather thoroughly investigated, and several reviews have been published related to the mechanisms of action and the effects of melatonin on lymphocytes. However, few studies concerning the effects of melatonin on cells belonging to the innate immunity have been reported. Innate immunity provides the early line of defense against microbes and consists of both cellular and biochemical mechanisms. In this review, we have focused on the role of melatonin in the innate immunity. More specifically, we summarize the effects and action mechanisms of melatonin in the different cells that belong to or participate in the innate immunity, such as monocytes–macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and natural killer cells.
Melatonin synergizes with low doses of L‐DOPA to improve dendritic spine density in the mouse striatum in experimental Parkinsonism
Authors: Naskar Amit , Manivasagam Thamilarasan , Chakraborty Joy , Singh Raghavendra , Thomas Bobby , Dhanasekaran Muralikrishnan , Mohanakumar Kochupurackal P
Published: July 2013

The dopamine precursor, L‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA), is the preferred drug for Parkinson's disease, but long‐term treatment results in the drug‐induced dyskinesias and other side effects. This study was undertaken to examine whether melatonin could potentiate low dose L‐DOPA effects in 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)‐induced experimental parkinsonism. Mice were treated with the parkinsonian neurotoxin, MPTP, and different doses of melatonin and low doses of L‐DOPA. Behavior, striatal histology, and dopamine metabolism were evaluated on the 7th day. MPTP‐induced striatal dopamine loss was not modified by melatonin administration (10–30 mg/kg; i.p. at 10‐hr intervals, 6 times; or at 2‐hr intervals, by day). However, low doses of L‐DOPA (5 mg/kg, by oral gavage) administered alone or along with melatonin (10 mg/kg, i.p.) twice everyday for 2 days, 10 hr apart, after two doses of MPTP significantly attenuated striatal dopamine loss and provided improvements in both catalepsy and akinesia. Additionally, Golgi‐impregnated striatal sections showed preservation of the medium spiny neurons, which have been damaged in MPTP‐treated mouse. The results demonstrated that melatonin, but not L‐DOPA, restored spine density and spine morphology of medium spiny neurons in the striatum and suggest that melatonin could be an ideal adjuvant to L‐DOPA therapy in Parkinson's disease, and by the use of this neurohormone, it is possible to bring down the therapeutic doses of L‐DOPA.
Anxiety Governance
Authors: Cossman Brenda
Published: July 2013

This article explores the role of anxiety in neoliberal regimes of self-governance, arguing that anxiety has become a technique of governance. Discourses of anxiety produce anxious subjects who undertake a range of self-governing projects to manage and mitigate the experience. I explore anxiety governance in the environmental context of “eco-anxiety,” motherhood, and the controversy over Bisphenol A in baby bottles. Maternal toxic vigilance, in which individual mothers assume responsibility for the environmental health of their children through better consumer choices, is a classic example of this anxiety governance. The regulatory failure of the neoliberal state reinforces this self-governance; governments cannot be trusted to protect children from the toxins that are poisoning them, so mothers must do it themselves. Finally, notwithstanding the depoliticizing tendency of these self-governing projects, I consider the political potential of this maternal toxic vigilance, exploring whether anxiety governance might more productively engage the political.
Constitutional Competition Between the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal and the Chinese National People's Congress Standing Committee: A Game Theory Perspective
Authors: Ip Eric C.
Published: July 2013

The competition between the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal, a cosmopolitan common law supreme court, and the Chinese National People's Congress Standing Committee, a Leninist parliamentary body, over the “proper meaning” of the Hong Kong Basic Law constituted a very important facet of the territory's constitutional history since the end of British rule in 1997. This article applies the insights of game theory to explain why constitutional stability, in the sense that the two players have never entered into an open collision with each other despite the ambiguity of the Basic Law and the “One Country, Two Systems” formula, endured until the present day. It is argued that successful coordination between the two resulted from the strong aversion of the Court and the Standing Committee to constitutional crises, as well as from the fact that neither entity was capable of credibly signaling its commitment to an aggressive strategy all the time.
Genetic analysis of Agrobacterium tumefaciens unipolar polysaccharide production reveals complex integrated control of the motile‐to‐sessile switch
Authors: Xu Jing , Kim Jinwoo , Koestler Benjamin J. , Choi Jeong‐Hyeon , Waters Christopher M. , Fuqua Clay
Published: July 2013

Many bacteria colonize surfaces and transition to a sessile mode of growth. The plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens produces a unipolar polysaccharide (UPP) adhesin at single cell poles that contact surfaces. Here we report that elevated levels of the intracellular signal cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c‐di‐GMP) lead to surface‐contact‐independent UPP production and a red colony phenotype due to production of UPP and the exopolysaccharide cellulose, when A. tumefaciens is incubated with the polysaccharide stain Congo Red. Transposon mutations with elevated Congo Red staining identified presumptive UPP‐negative regulators, mutants for which were hyperadherent, producing UPP irrespective of surface contact. Multiple independent mutations were obtained in visN and visR, activators of flagellar motility in A. tumefaciens, now found to inhibit UPP and cellulose production. Expression analysis in a visR mutant and isolation of suppressor mutations, identified three diguanylate cyclases inhibited by VisR. Null mutations for two of these genes decrease attachment and UPP production, but do not alter cellular c‐di‐GMP levels. However, analysis of catalytic site mutants revealed their GGDEF motifs are required to increase UPP production and surface attachment. Mutations in a specific presumptive c‐di‐GMP phosphodiesterase also elevate UPP production and attachment, consistent with c‐di‐GMP activation of surface‐dependent adhesin deployment.
Effect of metabolic syndrome on clinical outcomes of non‐diabetic peritoneal dialysis patients in India
Authors: Prasad Narayan , Sinha Archana , Gupta Amit , Sharma Raj K , Kaul Anupama , Bhadauria Dharmender , Ranagswamy Dharshan
Published: July 2013

Aim

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is associated with higher mortality and morbidity in the general population. However, the effect of MS and its individual components on clinical outcomes in non‐diabetic peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients has not been widely studied in India. Our aim was to study the prevalence of MS in non‐diabetic PD patients who were on PD for at least 3 months and to analyze the influence of MS and its individual components on clinical outcomes of these patients on subsequent follow up.

Methods

We prospectively included 163 non‐diabetic PD patients (mean age 45.1 ± 16.2 years, 104 male). MS was defined using the modified National Cholesterol Education Programme (ATP III) criteria. Outcomes of patients with and without MS were compared.

Results

Of the 163 non‐diabetic PD patients, 84 (51.5%) patients had MS. The mean follow up duration was 24.0 ± 14.0 patient months. Patients with MS had significantly greater body mass index (P = 0.007), Systolic BP (P = 0.001), diastolic BP (P = 0.001), Triglycerides (P = 0.002), total cholesterol (P = 0.001) level; and significantly lower high density lipoprotein (P = 0.013) values. Mean survival (patient‐months) of patients with MS (30.7 (95%CI 27.1–34.3)) was significantly inferior to that of patients without MS (55.6 (95% CI 50.8–60.4), P = 0.001). Mean technique survival of patients with MS was also significantly lower (38.9 (95% CI 35.9–41.9)) compared to that of patients without MS (61.5 (95% CI 58.3–64.7), P = 0.039). On univariate Cox regression analysis diastolic BP (P = 0.003), Systolic BP (P = 0.026), hypertension (HTN) (P = 0.001) and MS (P = 0.001) were found to be independent predictors of mortality. However on multivariate Cox hazard regression analysis, only MS (HR 5.39 (95% CI 2.06–14.14), P = 0.001) was found to be the significant predictors of mortality in these patients. Among the factors other than components of MS, the presence of comorbidities (P = 0.029), serum albumin (P = 0.042), non‐HDL cholesterol (P = 0.003), total cholesterol/HDL (P = 0.001) and MS (P = 0.001) were important factors predicting mortality on univariate Cox regression, while only MS (P = 0.001) and serum albumin (P = 0.013) were the independent factors predicting mortality on multivariate analysis.

Conclusion

Prevalence of MS in non‐diabetic PD patient is high and predicts long term patient and technique survival.
Critical care nurses' experiences of nursing mothers in an ICU after complicated childbirth
Authors: Engström Åsa , Lindberg Inger
Published: July 2013

Background

Providing nursing care for a critically ill obstetric patient or a patient who has just become a mother after a complicated birth can be a challenging experience for critical care nurses (CCNs). These patients have special needs because of the significant alterations in their physiology and anatomy together with the need to consider such specifics as breastfeeding and mother‐child bonding.

Aim

The aim with this study was to describe CCNs' experience of nursing the new mother and her family after a complicated childbirth.

Method

The design of the study was qualitative. Data collection was carried out through focus group discussions with 13 CCNs in three focus groups during spring 2012. The data were subjected to qualitative content analysis.

Findings

The analysis resulted in the formulation of four categories: the mother and her vital functions are prioritized; not being responsible for the child and the father; an environment unsuited to the new family and collaboration with staff in neonatal and maternity delivery wards.

Conclusion and relevance to clinical practice

When nursing a mother after a complicated birth the CCNs give her and her vital signs high priority. The fathers of the children or partners of the mothers are expected to take on the responsibility of caring for the newborn child and of being the link with the neonatal ward. It is suggested that education about the needs of new families for nursing care would improve the situation and have clinical implications. Whether the intensive care unit is always the best place in which to provide care for mothers and new families is debatable.
International overview of high‐level simulation education initiatives in relation to critical care
Authors: Alinier Guillaume , Platt Alan
Published: July 2013

The use of simulation in health care education has become very topical across all professions and specialties in order to improve patient safety and quality of care. In the last decade, the adoption of more realistic simulation‐based teaching methodologies, which serves as a bridge between the acquisition and application of clinical skills, knowledge, and attributes, has been accompanied by the development of a multitude of international and national simulation societies. These serve as important exchange fora for educators, clinicians, researchers, and engineers who desire to learn and share their experience and knowledge around simulation‐based education. Several countries have derived their own strategy in order to promote the use of such training methodology. Current key national strategies will be presented in this paper alongside a discussion of their expected impact. Various approaches have been adopted and each has their own place and the potential to be adopted by other nations depending on their political, economic or even geographic context. Within the critical care arena, simulation has generated considerable interest and there is a growing evidence base for its use as a learning and teaching strategy within this environment. A number of critical care‐related associations and societies are now recognizing simulation as an appropriate pedagogical approach and acknowledging its potential to improve patient care and clinical outcomes. Its implementation should be carefully considered to ensure that developments are based on current best educational practice to maximize the efficiency of these educational interventions.
Carbohydrate recognition in the immune system: contributions of neoglycolipid‐based microarrays to carbohydrate ligand discovery
Authors: Feizi Ten
Published: July 2013

Oligosaccharide sequences in glycomes of eukaryotes and prokaryotes are enormously diverse. The reasons are not fully understood, but there is an increasing number of examples of the involvement of specific oligosaccharide sequences as ligands in protein–carbohydrate interactions in health and, directly or indirectly, in every major disease, be it infectious or noninfectious. The pinpointing and characterizing of oligosaccharide ligands within glycomes has been one of the most challenging aspects of molecular cell biology, as oligosaccharides cannot be cloned and are generally available in limited amounts. This overview recounts the background to the development of a microarray system that is poised for surveying proteomes for carbohydrate‐binding activities and glycomes for assigning the oligosaccharide ligands. Examples are selected by way of illustrating the potential of “designer” microarrays for ligand discovery at the interface of infection, immunity, and glycobiology. Particularly highlighted are sulfo‐oligosaccharide and gluco‐oligosaccharide recognition systems elucidated using microarrays.
Exploration of Affirmation of Childhood Molestation (Sexual Abuse) in Chronic Pain Patients, Acute Pain Patients, Community Patients With Pain and Community Nonpatients Without Pain
Authors: Fishbain David A. , Bruns Daniel , Meyer Laura J. , Lewis John E. , Gao Jinrun , Disorbio John M.
Published: July 2013

Objectives

To further explore the controversy as to whether childhood molestation is associated with chronic pain in adulthood.

Design

Community nonpatients without pain (CNPWP), community patients with pain (CPWP), acute pain patients (APPs), and chronic pain patients (CPPs) were compared for endorsement of affirmation of childhood molestation by chi‐square. Logistic regression was utilized to predict affirmation in male and female CPPs.

Results

A significantly higher percentage of male APPs affirmed molestation versus CNPWP and CPWP. No other comparisons were statistically significant for males. For females, no comparisons were significant. For male CPPs, the behavior health inventory‐2 (BHI‐2) survivor of violence scale and 1 item from this scale predicted affirmation. The following BHI‐2 scales and items predicted affirmation for female CPPs: muscular bracing and survivor of violence scales; the item “I have been a victim of many sexual attacks”; and the item “My father was kind and loving to me when I was growing up” (scored opposite direction).

Conclusions

In female PWCP, the prevalence of childhood molestation is not greater than in a number of unique comparison groups. Unique predictors of childhood molestation are yet to be identified.
Predictors of Pain Relief Following Spinal Cord Stimulation in Chronic Back and Leg Pain and Failed Back Surgery Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Regression Analysis
Authors: Taylor Rod S. , Desai Mehul J. , Rigoard Philippe , Taylor Rebecca J.
Published: July 2013

We sought to assess the extent to which pain relief in chronic back and leg pain (CBLP) following spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is influenced by patient‐related factors, including pain location, and technology factors. A number of electronic databases were searched with citation searching of included papers and recent systematic reviews. All study designs were included. The primary outcome was pain relief following SCS, we also sought pain score (pre‐ and post‐SCS). Multiple predictive factors were examined: location of pain, history of back surgery, initial level of pain, litigation/worker's compensation, age, gender, duration of pain, duration of follow‐up, publication year, continent of data collection, study design, quality score, method of SCS lead implant, and type of SCS lead. Between‐study association in predictive factors and pain relief were assessed by meta‐regression. Seventy‐four studies (N = 3,025 patients with CBLP) met the inclusion criteria; 63 reported data to allow inclusion in a quantitative analysis. Evidence of substantial statistical heterogeneity (P < 0.0001) in level of pain relief following SCS was noted. The mean level of pain relief across studies was 58% (95% CI: 53% to 64%, random effects) at an average follow‐up of 24 months. Multivariable meta‐regression analysis showed no predictive patient or technology factors. SCS was effective in reducing pain irrespective of the location of CBLP. This review supports SCS as an effective pain relieving treatment for CBLP with predominant leg pain with or without a prior history of back surgery. Randomized controlled trials need to confirm the effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of SCS in the CLBP population with predominant low back pain.
Histopathologic and Ultrasound Characteristics of Cutaneous Capillary Malformations in a Patient with Capillary Malformation–Arteriovenous Malformation Syndrome
Authors: Kim Changhyun , Ko Christine J. , Baker Kenneth E. , Antaya Richard J.
Published: July 2013

Capillary malformation–arteriovenous malformation (CM‐AVM) syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in RASA1. Multifocal, small, round‐to‐oval, pinkish‐to‐red cutaneous capillary malformations are seen in more than 90% of people with RASA1 mutations. These RASA1‐associated cutaneous capillary malformations (CMs) can accompany internal or cutaneous arteriovenous malformation (AVM) or arteriovenous fistula to constitute CM‐AVM syndrome. The cutaneous capillary malformations in CM‐AVM syndrome are unusual in that some lesions have high‐flow characteristics (according to Doppler or a white halo). We describe the histopathologic and corresponding ultrasound and Doppler findings in a CM from a patient with clinical CM‐AVM syndrome and show that an arterial component is not present in the dermis or the most superficial portions of the subcutaneous fat but that there is ultrasound evidence that an AVM resides in the underlying adipose tissue.
Solvent and Media Effects on the Photophysics of Naphthoxazole Derivatives
Authors: Curitol Manuel , Ragas Xavier , Nonell Santi , Pizarro Nancy , Encinas María V. , Rojas Pedro , Zanocco Renzo P. , Lemp Else , Günther Germán , Zanocco Antonio L.
Published: July 2013

The photophysical properties of 2‐phenyl‐naphtho[1,2‐d][1,3]oxazole, 2(4‐N,N‐dimethylaminophenyl)naphtho[1,2‐d][1,3]oxazole and 2(4‐N,N‐diphenylaminophenyl) naphtho[1,2‐d][1,3]oxazole were studied in a series of solvents. UV–Vis absorption spectra are insensitive to solvent polarity whereas the fluorescence spectra in the same solvent set show an important solvatochromic effect leading to large Stokes shifts. Linear solvation energy relationships were employed to correlate the position of fluorescence spectra maxima with microscopic empirical solvent parameters. This study indicates that important intramolecular charge transfer takes place during the excitation process. In addition, an analysis of the solvatochromic behavior of the UV–Vis absorption and fluorescence spectra in terms of the Lippert–Mataga equation shows a large increase in the excited‐state dipole moment, which is also compatible with the formation of an intramolecular charge‐transfer excited state. We propose both naphthoxazole derivatives as suitable fluorescent probes to determine physicochemical microproperties in several systems and as dyes in dye lasers; consequence of their high fluorescence quantum yields in most solvents, their large molar absorption coefficients, with fluorescence lifetimes in the range 1–3 ns as well as their high photostability.
Genetic diversity of Puccinia striiformis from cereals in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Holtz M. D. , Kumar K. , Zantinge J. L. , Xi K.
Published: July 2013

Stripe rust of wheat caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici has recently become a production problem on wheat in Alberta, Canada, and stripe rust of barley caused by P. striiformis f. sp. hordei occurs regularly. A total of 261 isolates of P. striiformis were collected from wheat, barley, Hordeum jubatum and triticale plants in Alberta, Canada from 2007 to 2012, and compared to isolates from other provinces and the USA. The genetic diversity of the pathogen was assessed using 11 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and by examining a length polymorphism in the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) intergenic spacer 1 (IGS1) region. A total of 28 SSR genotypes were detected within Alberta. The 13 genotypes common on wheat (P. striiformis f. sp. tritici) were distinct from the 15 genotypes common on barley (P. striiformis f. sp. hordei). Four SSR genotypes, two within each forma specialis, represented 85% of the isolates recovered. Genotypic diversity was low, population genetic analysis indicated a clonal structure, and the genotypes were widely dispersed. In both formae speciales, the dominant genotype varied between years. The second most common P. striiformis f. sp. hordei genotype was found to be more closely related to older P. striiformis f. sp. tritici genotypes from the USA than to other P. striiformis f. sp. hordei genotypes.
Mental rotation strategies reflected in event‐related (de)synchronization of alpha and mu power
Authors: ter Horst Arjan C. , van Lier Rob , Steenbergen Bert
Published: July 2013

During a mental rotation task of hands, participants mentally rotate their hand into the orientation of the shown hand. These mental movements are subject to the body's biomechanical constraints. In this study, we investigated whether the involvement of motor processes during the mental rotation process, as reflected in mu‐power desynchronization, is also influenced by one's movement capabilities. We performed an EEG study and used a delayed response mental rotation task of hands to examine the event‐related desynchronization differences between movements that are biomechanically easy and difficult to perform. Our results show an increase in event‐related desynchronization of the mu power for biomechanically easy compared to difficult‐to‐adopt postures. These findings provide further evidence for the notion that motor simulations can only be performed for movements that can already be performed overtly.
A Stable Approach Based on Asymptotic Space Integration for Moment‐Independent Uncertainty Importance Measure
Authors: Xu Xin , Lu Zhenzhou , Luo Xiaopeng
Published: July 2013

The error estimate of Borgonovo's moment‐independent index is considered, and it shows that the possible computational complexity of is mainly due to the probability density function (PDF) estimate because the PDF estimate is an ill‐posed problem and its convergence rate is quite slow. So it reminds us to compute Borgonovo's index using other methods. To avoid the PDF estimate, , which is based on the PDF, is first approximatively represented by the cumulative distribution function (CDF). The CDF estimate is well posed and its convergence rate is always faster than that of the PDF estimate. From the representation, a stable approach is proposed to compute with an adaptive procedure. Since the small probability multidimensional integral needs to be computed in this procedure, a computational strategy named asymptotic space integration is introduced to reduce a high‐dimensional integral to a one‐dimensional integral. Then we can compute the small probability multidimensional integral by adaptive numerical integration in one dimension with an improved convergence rate. From the comparison of numerical error analysis of some examples, it can be shown that the proposed method is an effective approach to uncertainty importance measure computation.
Modeling the Role of Inventories and Heterogeneity in the Assessment of the Economic Costs of Natural Disasters
Authors: Hallegatte Stéphane
Published: July 2013

Estimates of the cost of potential disasters, including indirect economic consequences, are an important input in the design of risk management strategies. The adaptive regional input‐output (ARIO) inventory model is a tool to assess indirect disaster losses and to analyze their drivers. It is based on an input‐output structure, but it also (i) explicitly represents production bottlenecks and input scarcity and (ii) introduces inventories as an additional flexibility in the production system. This modeling strategy distinguishes between (i) essential supplies that cannot be stocked (e.g., electricity, water) and whose scarcity can paralyze all economic activity; (ii) essential supplies that can be stocked at least temporarily (e.g., steel, chemicals), whose scarcity creates problems only over the medium term; and (iii) supplies that are not essential in the production process, whose scarcity is problematic only over the long run and are therefore easy to replace with imports. The model is applied to the landfall of Hurricane Katrina in Louisiana and identifies two periods in the disaster aftermath: (1) the first year, during which production bottlenecks are responsible for large output losses; (2) the rest of the reconstruction period, during which bottlenecks are inexistent and output losses lower. This analysis also suggests important research questions and policy options to mitigate disaster‐related output losses.
Attachment Theory as a Framework for Understanding Responses to Social Exclusion
Authors: Maxwell Jessica A. , Spielmann Stephanie S. , Joel Samantha , MacDonald Geoff
Published: July 2013

We argue that attachment theory may provide a useful framework for understanding individuals' reactions to social exclusion. Attachment theory suggests that social exclusion should prompt an individual to seek comfort from an accepting attachment figure. However, most experimental studies constrain individuals from seeking out an attachment figure to quell their distress, and may interfere with the process of recruiting internalized attachment figures. When the goal of recruiting attachment figure support is blocked, individuals may adopt deactivating strategies, such as emotional numbing, to reduce their distress. Alternatively, individuals may adopt hyperactivating strategies, such as ingratiating behaviors, to seek proximity to attachment figure substitutes. We conclude with recommendations for future avenues of exclusion research stemming from attachment theory.
A Social Psychologist's Guide to the Development of Racial Attitudes
Authors: Hailey Sarah E. , Olson Kristina R.
Published: July 2013

Over the last several decades, social psychologists have generated a literature rich with information about the racial intergroup attitudes and biases of adults. In parallel, developmental psychologists have documented the emergence and development of these attitudes in children, yet surprisingly little cross‐talk occurs between the two fields. Here, we review the developmental literature on racial intergroup attitudes with an eye toward two major themes observed frequently in the social psychology literature: the tendency to favor one's own group and the tendency to favor higher‐status groups. We review empirical findings beginning in infancy, revealing that the earliest signs of racial differentiation are present in the first year of life and continue through the elementary school years, noting that explicit attitudes undergo vast developmental changes whereas implicit attitudes remain remarkably stable throughout the lifespan. We also examine potential ways the developmental literature might inform the social psychology of racial intergroup attitudes.
Enriched rearing improves survival of hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon smolts during migration in the River Tornionjoki
Authors: Hyvärinen Pekka , Rodewald Petra
Published: July 2013

Low survival of stocked fish has been associated with fitness declines of the captive reared fishes because of genetic domestication and unnatural rearing environments. The effects of broodstock origin (wild or captive) or rearing method (standard or enriched) on survival and migration of hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon smolts (Salmo salar) were investigated in the Tornionjoki River using radiotelemetry. Smolts that were reared with enriched methods had a twofold increase in survival (∼38%) compared with smolts that had been reared in a standard hatchery environment (∼19%). Nature-caught smolts had highest survival (∼57%). Smolts from enriched rearing had a higher initial migration speed than fish from standard rearing. Initial migration speed during the first 3 km was positively correlated to survival probability after 290 km for hatchery fish. There was no clear effect of origin on survival or migration speed. The results of this study show that enriching the rearing environment with methods easily applicable to large-scale production promotes smolt survival and migration speed during river migration, which is imperative for stocking success.
THE TEST-TO-TARGET METHODOLOGIES FOR THE RISK ASSESSMENT OF SEMICONDUCTOR RELIABILITY
Authors: KARY CHIEN WEI-TING , ATMAN ZHAO YONG , CHANG VENSON , WU JEFF
Published: July 2013

Traditionally, to assess reliability lifetimes and to evaluate reliability performance of semiconductor devices and chips, we test the samples to their failures. This can be called the "Test-to-Fail" scenario, which usually takes a long time (e.g., longer than a week). The Test-to-Failure scenario is required especially at the qualification stage, whose objective is to obtain the lifetimes of, e.g., devices, dielectrics, and metal lines. Due to the long test times, this approach is inadequate for reliability monitors, which need to be completed in a much shorter period of time so the product shipment will not be delayed and, if failed, timely corrective actions can be taken. Therefore, we are in urgent need of a much more efficient method to judge if the monitor meets reliability requirements. The "Test-to-Target" reliability test methodology perfectly matches such demand by only stressing the samples to much shorter times and can be applied on most common reliability tests like NBTI (Negative Bias Temperature Instabilities), HCI (Hot Carrier Injection), TDDB (Time Dependent Dielectric Breakdown), Isothermal EM test, and IMD (Inter Metal Dielectric) Vramp test. The corresponding specs for the Test-to-Target approach are defined based on the baseline records from the former complete Test-to-Fail reliability tests. From practical exercises after a long time, we prove the Test-to-Target methodology a truly useful approach particularly effective for reliability monitors, inline reliability assessments, process change management, nonconformance dispositions, and tool releases.
A GENERAL MULTI-STATE START-UP DEMONSTRATION TESTING PROCEDURE
Authors: GERA AMOS E.
Published: July 2013

The recently introduced TSCSTFCF start-up demonstration procedure is generalized to include multi-state tests (success, degradation, failure). The expected number of required tests and the probability of acceptance are evaluated. Comparisons to the previously known multi-state TSCS, CSTF and CSCF procedures, and to the binary TSCSTFCF procedure with i.i.d. tests are provided. A constrained optimization is presented for reducing the expected number of required tests subject to some constraints. Some reduction in the total number of tests is achieved for a correct choice of the relevant design parameters. Also, a procedure for estimating the possibly unknown probabilities of success, degradation and failure is presented using a maximum likelihood technique. Finally, it is pointed out how to extend the analysis for the case of nonidentical units.
BIOMECHANICAL COMPARISON OF THE ROLE OF INLAY GRAFT IN PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURE FIXED WITH CONVENTIONAL PLATE AND LOCKING PLATE
Authors: LEE CHENG-HUNG , HUANG KUI-CHOU , HSIAO CHIH-KUN , CHENG SUNG , LIU YAU-CHIA , CHANG CHIH-HAN
Published: July 2013

With a varus deformity, repairs of proximal humeral fractures frequently fail after screws pull out due to lack of medial support. Indirect intramedullary grafts have been used to prevent such complications. A biomechanical study was performed to investigate the role of an intramedullary bone peg (strut) in fractures fixed with conventional and locking plates.

Twenty artificial proximal humerus specimens were divided into four groups. Group 1 specimens were fixed with convention plates and group 2 specimens were fixed with the addition of a bone peg. Groups 3 and 4 specimens were fixed using locking plate and additional bone peg, respectively. All specimens were tested with a static loading test, and the axial stiffness and maximal load were recorded.

Locking plates with inlay graft were the most rigid of the four groups. When an intramedullary graft was introduced, the maximal load increased by more than 200%, whether conventional or locking plates were used. The maximal load of a conventional plate with inlay graft was more than twice of that of the locking plate only.

Indirect medial support acts as an anti-bending device, reducing the tension on the plate. It also decreases varus deformity and loosening of screws. Locking plate stabilize the plate-bone interface. Locking plate with indirect medial support is thus recommended for patients withsevere osteoporotic or medial comminuted proximal humeral fractures.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION ON THE EFFECTS OF DRUG-ELUTING STENTS WITH DIFFERENT LINKS ON HEMODYNAMICS AND DRUG CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION
Authors: CHEN YU , JIANG WENTAO , CHEN XI , ZHENG TINGHUI , WANG QINGYUAN , FAN YUBO
Published: July 2013

The changes of hemodynamics and drug distribution caused by the implantation of drug-eluting stents (DES) have a significant influence on the in-stent restenosis. The present study numerically carried out a comparative study of hemodynamics and drug distribution using four different links of DES: Cordis BX velocity (Model A), Jostent flex (Model B), Sorin Carbostent (Model C), and DT-2 (Model D). The results showed that (1) low wall shear stress (WSS) distribution region spread widely in Model C (16.16%), with the least in Model B (10.35%); (2) Model C has relatively uniform drug concentration and causes of fewer low drug concentration region; and (3) Model A has the largest drug concentration, but also the most uneven distribution of drug. It was concluded that DES with circumferential links helps to improve in-stent restenosis as compared with that with longitudinal designs, and flexible links led to more uniformly and smoothly distributed blood flow than rigid links. However, the links with longitudinal designs had a better performance as drug release carrier than that with circumferential design. And if the links are too close together, the drug cannot be released effectively in the blood vessels. The current study helps to enhance our understanding of the performance of DES and provides assistance for optimal design and selection of DES.