bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ionotropic glutamate receptors during the development of the chick retina
Authors: Silveira Dos Santos Bredariol Andréa , Emi Hamassaki‐Britto Dânia
Published: August 2002

Glutamate is the main neurotransmitter of photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells of the vertebrate retina. Three main classes of ionotropic glutamate receptors comprising different subunits can be distinguished: AMPA (α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxasolepropionate), KA (kainate), and NMDA (N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate). This study was undertaken to characterize the AMPA (GluR1, GluR2/3, and GluR4), KA (GluR5/6/7), and NMDA (NR1) ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits and to determine their distribution during the development of the chick retina by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Western blotting analysis at 1 day after hatching indicated that the antibodies against GluR1, 2/3, 4, and 5/6/7 and NR1 recognized specifically a single band of 100–110 kDa. In turn, immunohistochemistry at P1 showed that all subunits were expressed in cells of the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers of the chick retina, mostly amacrine and ganglion cells, and their processes in the inner plexiform layer. In addition, stained processes in the outer plexiform layer were observed with the antibodies against GluR2/3, GluR4, and GluR5/6/7. Although all subunits appeared around E5–E6 in the prospective ganglion cell layer, and later in the prospective inner nuclear layer, the distribution of cells containing these glutamate receptor subunits revealed distinct ontogenetic patterns. This multiplicity of glutamate receptors may contribute to different processes that occur in the chick retina during development.J. Comp. Neurol. 441:58–70, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A numerical method for the heat equation with non‐smooth corner conditions
Authors: Jumarhon Bartur
Published: August 2002

In this paper, we show that a direct application of a high‐order finite difference method to the solution of the heat equation involving non‐smooth corner conditions does not yield high‐order convergence. We also show that, it is sometimes possible to improve the convergence rate by combining the finite difference method with the numerical calculation of a simple integral. Numerical results are presented to compare the convergence of this new approach with that of the Crank–Nicolson method. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local discontinuous Galerkin methods for elliptic problems
Authors: Castillo P. , Cockburn B. , Perugia I. , Schötzau D.
Published: August 2002

In this paper, we review the development of local discontinuous Galerkin methods for elliptic problems. We explain the derivation of these methods and present the corresponding error estimates; we also mention how to couple them with standard conforming finite element methods. Numerical examples are displayed which confirm the theoretical results and show that the coupling works very well. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control strategies for timestep selection in simulation of coupled viscous flow and heat transfer
Authors: Valli A. M. P. , Carey G. F. , Coutinho A. L. G. A.
Published: August 2002

This work investigates the use of control strategies for timestep selection and convergence rate improvement of non‐linear iterative processes in the finite element solution of 2D coupled viscous flow and heat transfer. The present solution method employs a decoupled scheme, where the finite element flow formulation is based on a penalty Galerkin method and the heat transfer computations use a traditional Galerkin formulation. We compare the efficiency of the control strategies for timestep selection with another heuristic adaptive stepsize selection scheme. Numerical results for representative Rayleigh–Benard–Marangoni problems confirm that the non‐dimensional kinetic energy could be a suitable parameter to improve the timestep selection when co‐ordinated with the convergence control of non‐linear iterations. We find approximate solutions with a much smaller number of steps without any significant loss of accuracy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Illuminant invariance from a single reflected light
Authors: Brill Michael H. , Finlayson Graham
Published: August 2002

This article presents an algorithm for computing an illuminant‐invariant quantity inherent in a single pixel of an imaged object color. The invariance pertains for two different assumptions about the illuminant spectrum: the photoreceptor sensitivities and the reflectance spectrum of the object. For one regime the illuminant spectrum is exponential, the photoreceptor sensitivities are equal‐width Gaussians, and the reflectance is also Gaussian. For the other regime the illuminant is a Wien approximation to a blackbody radiator, the photoreceptor sensitivities are narrow band in wavelength, and the reflectance is unconstrained. The existence of two regimes for the invariant testifies to its robustness. Computing this invariant over all pixels in an image will assist object‐color recognition (machine‐vision color constancy) without resorting to the usual assumption that illuminant variation over a scene is gradual compared to reflectance variation over that scene. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 45–48, 2002
Relationship between brightness/luminance ratio and additivity‐law failure
Authors: Nayatani Yoshinobu , Sobagaki Hiroaki
Published: August 2002

The degree of additivity‐law failure of a mixture color consisting of two component chromatic colors has very complex characteristics depending on the used component colors and their mixing conditions. It is significantly affected by the mixture‐color chromaticity and by the brightness/luminance ratio at the chromaticity. A simple relationship was derived between the following quantities: degree of additivity‐law failure, additivity‐law luminance (luminance of the mixture color derived by postulating additivity law), and brightness/luminance ratio at the chromaticity of the mixture color. This relationship can be applied to any additivity‐law failure experiment and any formula on brightness/luminance ratio. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 185–190, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10045
A hue rectangle and its color metrics in a modified opponent‐colors system
Authors: Nayatani Yoshinobu
Published: August 2002

In the proposed modified opponent‐colors system, the hue regular rectangles show the chromatic coordinates of any chromatic colors better than hue circles. In the hue rectangles equihue and equichroma loci are shown together with equigrayness loci. In the color perception space of the modified opponent‐colors system, a city‐block metric must be used instead of a Euclidean one for distance. The reason for this is described in detail. The proposed color perception space constitutes a regular octahedron. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 171–179, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10046
Microlocal analysis of seismic inverse scattering in anisotropic elastic media
Authors: Stolk Christiaan C. , De Hoop Maarten V.
Published: August 2002

Seismic data is modeled in the high‐frequency approximation, using the techniques of microlocal analysis. We consider general, anisotropic elastic media. Our methods are designed to allow for the formation of caustics. The data is modeled in two ways. First, we give a microlocal treatment of the Kirchhoff approximation, where the medium is assumed to be piecewise smooth, and reflection and transmission occur at interfaces. Second, we give a refined view on the Born approximation based upon a linearization of the scattering process in the medium parameters around a smooth background medium. The joint formulation of Born and Kirchhoff scattering allows us to take into account general scatterers as well as the nonlinear dependence of reflection coefficients on the medium parameters. The latter allows the treatment of scattering up to grazing angles.

The outcome of the analysis is a characterization of the singular part of seismic data. We obtain a set of pseudodifferential operators that annihilate the data. In the process we construct a Fourier integral operator and a reflectivity function such that the data can be represented by this operator acting on the reflectivity function. In our construction this Fourier integral operator becomes invertible. We give the conditions for invertibility for general acquisition geometry. The result is also of interest for inverse scattering in acoustic media. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lesser Bear—a light‐weight process library for SMP computers
Authors: Oguma Hisashi , Nakayama Yasuichi
Published: August 2002

We have designed and implemented a light‐weight process (thread) library called ‘Lesser Bear’ for SMP computers. Lesser Bear has high portability and thread‐level parallelism. Creating UNIX processes as virtual processors and a memory‐mapped file as a huge shared‐memory space enables Lesser Bear to execute threads in parallel. Lesser Bear requires exclusive operation between peer virtual processors, and treats a shared‐memory space as a critical section for synchronization of threads. Therefore, thread functions of the previous Lesser Bear are serialized. In this paper, we present a scheduling mechanism to execute thread functions in parallel. In the design of the proposed mechanism, we divide the entire shared‐memory space into partial spaces for virtual processors, and prepare two queues (Protect Queue and Waiver Queue) for each partial space. We adopt an algorithm in which lock operations are not necessary for enqueueing. This algorithm allows us to propose a scheduling mechanism that can reduce the scheduling overhead. The mechanism is applied to Lesser Bear and evaluated by experimental results. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast and accurate analysis of one‐dimensional arrays of dynamic PWL cells
Authors: Biey Mario , Gilli Marco , Maio Ivan , Premoli Amedeo
Published: August 2002

This paper describes a new method for the time‐domain analysis of one‐dimensional arrays of dynamic piecewise linear cells. The method exploits the local connectivity, typical of cellular arrays, and the piecewise linear behaviour of the v–i characteristic of the non‐linear elements to obtain a piecewise analytical expression of the solution. Examples demonstrate the accuracy and the efficiency, in terms of CPU‐time, of the proposed method with respect to standard simulation tools as SPICE and the numerical integration of a system of ordinary differential equations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A note on representation theorems for linear discrete‐space systems with stochastic inputs
Authors: Sandberg Irwin W.
Published: August 2002

The cornerstone of the theory of discrete‐space single‐input–single‐output linear systems is the idea that every such system has an input–output map that can be represented by a convolution or the familiar generalization of a convolution. This thinking involves an oversight which, for the case of bounded inputs mapped continuously into bounded outputs, was recently corrected by adding an additional term to the representation. Here, we give a corresponding corrected result for discrete‐space systems with stochastic inputs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the development of fully adaptive channel allocation strategies for usage in high‐capacity cellular mobile radio systems
Authors: Karagiannidis G. , Bouzouki S. , Karavatselou E. , Kotsopoulos S. , Lymberopoulos D.
Published: August 2002

An alternative mathematical expression for the co‐channel interference probability is used, in order to calculate the cellular mobile radio system capacity and to construct a set of compatibility constraints needed for the development of fully adaptive channel allocation (FACA) strategies. The development of such channel allocation techniques becomes a main thrust for the system engineers in order to design an efficient system to manage traffic demands over the service area of a third generation cellular system. Three proposed FACA strategies are analysed and a simulation model is developed, in order to examine the performance of these strategies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Group‐based common‐receiver (GBCR) code protocol for DS/CDMA wireless networks and its performance study
Authors: Chen Hsiao‐Hwa
Published: August 2002

This paper proposes a new spreading code protocol (GBCR protocol) suitable for ad hoc DS/CDMA wireless data networks, which is co‐ordinated by a central station (CS) that tracks user's status. Users are divided into groups, each of which is assigned a ‘group‐based common’ (GBC) code used by transmitters in the group to acquire the current state of their targets from the CS. Data communication is allowed only after a positive ACK packet from the CS is received, so that all successful terminals are effectively sheltered by the CS from third‐party colliding packets, which are encoded by the same receiver‐based code. Analytical results reveal that the GBCR protocol can improve network stability and throughput‐delay performance, while still keeping the hardware as simple as possible. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tight bounds for the tail of the packet waiting time distribution in buffered networks
Authors: Pitts Jonathan M. , Schormans John A. , Scharf Eric M. , Pearmain Alan J.
Published: August 2002

In this paper we consider the end to end delay through a series of queues in which the service time is fixed and equal to the transmission time of constant length data packets at constant bitrate, for example real time delay sensitive traffic in IP or ATM networks. In these cases, algorithms are required either for on‐line admission control or for planning and provisioning of service partitions within such networks. Here we develop concise, accurate and easy to use solutions for the end to end delay through this series of queues, and provide numerical results quantifying the high degree of accuracy obtained. Additionally we compare against a Chernoff Bound approach, showing that our solutions are more accurate. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hybrid ARQ schemes for DS spread spectrum systems in the presence of narrow‐band interference
Authors: Al‐Sanie Abdulhameed M. , ALshebeili Saleh A.
Published: August 2002

This paper is concerned with a direct sequence spread spectrum system making use of automatic repeat request (ARQ) schemes and operating in the presence of narrow‐band (NB) interference and additive white Gaussian noise. In this study, we evaluate the system's throughput efficiency when a suppression filter is employed at the receiver to mitigate the effect of NB interference. Specifically, we investigate how the performance is influenced by various parameters such as the number of filter taps, processing gain, type of interference, and the signal power‐to‐interference power ratio. The simulation results show that using the suppression filter significantly improves the throughput performance of the hybrid ARQ schemes in the presence of NB interference. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of in‐house polymerase chain reaction method with the Roche Amplicor™ technique for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in cytological specimens
Authors: Mehrotra Ravi , Metz Paul , Kohlhepp Sue
Published: August 2002

Two techniques have been approved by the United States FDA for diagnosis of tuberculosis in smear positive sputa: LCX M. tuberculosis, a ligase chain reaction procedure manufactured by Abbott Laboratories, and Amplicor™, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure manufactured by Roche. However, these commercial methods are expensive and beyond the reach of laboratories in most developing countries. We compared the Roche Amplicor™ kit with an in‐house PCR using a primer set for Mycobacterium tuberculosis/bovis directed at MPB 64 protein gene. It was able to distinguish between M. tuberculosis, M. avium, M. gordonii, M. intracellulari, and M. kansasii. Fifty‐seven cytological samples were submitted to the laboratory for molecular diagnosis of M. tuberculosis. Both procedures were run on every sample submitted and the two methods agreed completely. The custom‐made method is less expensive than the commercial technique. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:262–265. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of postvaccinial disseminated bacillus Calmette‐Guerin infection
Authors: Al‐Bhlal Lulu Ahmad
Published: August 2002

Nine patients with primary immunodeficiency who received bacillus Calmette‐Guerin (BCG) vaccine at birth developed disseminated BCG lesions and presented clinically with generalized skin rash and skin nodules. Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy of the skin nodules and/or enlarged lymph nodes was performed in all patients. The most common cytologic pattern encountered was cellular smears showing a large number of histiocytes with abundant streaked cytoplasm in a background of neutrophils and debris. No granulomas were noted. Ziehl‐Neelsen (ZN) stain for acid‐fast bacilli showed a large number of these bacilli within the cytoplasm of the histiocytes, and extracellularly. This pattern was seen in 6 patients. The cytologic smears from 3 patients showed epithelioid granulomas in a background of neutrophils and debris. ZN stain for acid‐fast bacilli showed fewer numbers of these bacilli compared to the first cytologic pattern. In conclusion, the most common cytologic pattern of postvaccinial disseminated BCG lesions in immunocompromised patients is a large number of histiocytes with abundant streaked cytoplasm in a background of neutrophils and debris. No epithelioid granulomas are seen in this pattern. A less frequent pattern is also encountered which shows epithelioid granuloma in a neutrophilic background. In both cytologic patterns, ZN stain for acid‐fast bacilli is positive. However, in the first and most common pattern, the number of acid‐fast bacilli is much larger than that seen in the second pattern. The different cytologic patterns might be related to the status of immunity of patients at the time of biopsy. Diagn. Cytopathol. 24:333–335, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical implications and value of immunohistochemical staining in the evaluation of lymph node infarction after fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Nasuti Joseph F. , Gupta Prabodh K. , Baloch Zubair W.
Published: August 2002

We report on a series of 3 patients who underwent fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) for clinically apparent lymphadenopathy. In all 3 cases, a diagnosis of malignancy was rendered based on cytologic findings (two metastatic squamous‐cell carcinomas and one melanoma). However, initial follow‐up surgical pathology reported only “extensive coagulative necrosis, no viable tumor seen.” Subsequent immunohistochemical stains (cytokeratins (AE1/AE3), HMB45, S100, and Melan A) demonstrated the presence of metastatic tumor in the area of infarction in each case, thus establishing the presence of metastatic tumor and correct interpretation of the initial FNA. We conclude, based on our own experience and a few previously reported cases, that total infarction of the lymph nodes following FNA can occur, and immunohistochemistry can be helpful in clinical management. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2001;25:104–107. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Safety pharmacology requirements for the development of human cardiac/cardiovascular pharmaceuticals
Authors: Mackenzie Ian
Published: August 2002

The potential for proarrhythmia in humans by a new medicine is currently a consideration of the scientific specialists, drug development teams, clinical research groups, and the regulatory agencies who are assessing new data or who consider clinical issues with earlier compounds. In some instances, the proarrhythmic effects are completely unexpected secondary side effects of a noncardiovascular medicine. In other cases, the potential for proarrhythmia in humans with a cardiovascular compound or antiarrhythmic per se is even more likely from a theoretical perspective, because this can often be predicted from its exacerbated primary pharmacodynamic response after high clinical exposure. Although there were some informal guidelines on how to best provide a safety assessment for a compound with the inclusion of some safety pharmacology tests, this is available in the ICH (International Conference on Harmonisation) S7A Safety Pharmacology Studies for Human Pharmaceuticals (CPMP/ICH/539/00), which recently came into place worldwide (June 2001). Further guidance on in vitro aspects of ventricular proarrhythmia, and the predictive value of in vitro testing (including Torsade de pointes) is now under preparation and consultation (ICH S7B). A new chemical entity should be assessed for its side effects, initially in those physiological systems which are generally agreed to be the key systems that are essential for life; these “core tests” include the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, and central nervous system. Drug Dev. Res. 55:73–78, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Septic shock induced by microbial products and indomethacin
Authors: Moriya Keisuke , Ohno Naohito , Miura Noriko N. , Adachi Yoshiyuki , Yadomae Toshiro
Published: August 2002

Lethal toxicity was induced in mice by sequential administration of β‐glucan and indomethacin. Whole cell preparations of Gram‐positive bacteria, Gram‐negative bacteria, and fungi also showed a similar toxicity. However, bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) alone were not toxic. After the indomethacin administration, the sensitivity of mice to LPS was significantly elevated and the animals died following only a 0.1‐μg intravenous administration. An accumulation of leukocytes in the liver and enhancement of TNF, IL‐6, and MIP‐2 concentrations were noted. Antibiotic treatment prolonged the survival of mice. The toxicity resembles septic shock, and is strongly related to microbial translocation and endotoxin absorption from the gut. Drug Dev. Res. 55:139–148, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A preliminary controlled evaluation of an eating disturbance psychoeducational intervention for college students
Authors: Stice Eric , Ragan Jennifer
Published: August 2002

Objective

Because conventional preventive interventions have had little success in reducing eating pathology, we developed and evaluated a more intensive psychoeducational intervention.

Method

Female college students who underwent this intervention and a matched control sample of students (N = 66) completed pretest and posttest surveys.

Results

Intervention participants showed significant decreases in thin‐ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, dieting, eating disorder symptoms, and weight over the 4‐month study period, whereas matched control participants did not show changes in these outcomes with the exception that they gained weight.

Discussion

These preliminary findings suggest that this intervention may prove useful in reducing eating disturbances and overweight among college students, as well as the risk factors for this serious mental and physical health problem. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 159–171, 2002; DOI. 10.1002/eat.10018
Parental medical neglect in the treatment of adolescents with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Fornari Victor , Dancyger Ida , Schneider Marcie , Fisher Martin , Goodman Beverly , McCall Annie
Published: August 2002

Objective

Although childhood sexual abuse has been a frequent focus of research on eating disorders, other forms of maltreatment have been less commonly reported. Parental medical neglect is examined in this study as having serious consequences for the treatment and prognosis of patients with anorexia nervosa.

Method

Two case studies illustrate parental interference with treatment in which Child Protective Services (CPS) had to be involved in compliance with state law. Two adolescent females who were admitted for treatment for anorexia nervosa are presented.

Results

In both cases, the parents refused to comply with the recommendations of the treatment team, placing their children's health in jeopardy. In compliance with reporting guidelines, CPS was notified in both cases.

Conclusions

Clinicians who treat minors with anorexia nervosa must consider parental compliance with treatment. Indications for the involvement of CPS are outlined. Optimally, this notification can ensure that the patient and family receive the requisite treatment. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 358–362, 2001.
Simulation of transmission waves through multilayered thin conducting sheets by FDTD method
Authors: Fukasawa Toru , Ohmine Hiroyuki , Chiba Isamu , Sunahara Yonehiko
Published: August 2002

Due to their great fabrication flexibility, multilayered conductive thin films are used as a shielding material by thin film metal plating on a dielectric body. In the simulation of the shielding effect of these multilayered thin conducting films by the FDTD method, it is necessary to use a cell size less than the conductor thickness in direct modeling. However, since the shield material generally is much thicker than the metal thin film, the number of cells needed in such modeling is prohibitive and calculation becomes difficult. In this paper, as a subcell method in the FDTD approach, an infinitesimally thin resistive film that has a transmission coefficient equivalent to the multilayered conducting thin film is introduced. By this technique, modeling becomes possible without increasing the number of cells unnecessarily. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 84(12): 22–31, 2001
Target tracking using range rate measurements under dense environments
Authors: Kameda Hiroshi , Tsujimichi Shingo , Kosuge Yoshio
Published: August 2002

An important requirement for tracking filters is the ability to maintain tracking under dense environments. The JPDA (Joint Probabilistic Data Association) using the positional measurements is conceivable. However, if the number of observation data to be processed simultaneously is increased, incorrect correlation takes place and the tracking performance deteriorates. In this paper, in order to improve the problem of incorrect correlation in the JPDA, the JPDA using the range rate measurement is proposed. Through several simulations, the validity of this method has been confirmed with respect to tracking success rates and tracking accuracies. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(3): 19–29, 2002
Quantum‐mechanical analysis of scattering of an electron beam in magnetic fields by a finite height potential by means of BEM
Authors: Ueta Tsuyoshi
Published: August 2002

This paper analyzes quantum‐mechanically the scattering of electron beams due to a finite and constant scattering potential in a magnetic field by using the boundary element method. The system is divided into parts with and without the scattering potential. In each region, the boundary integral equation is established. Then, the wave function and its normal derivative at the potential boundary common to both regions are included. Although both are unknown, they can be obtained as direct solutions by solving the two integral equations simultaneously. The present method is applied to a magnetic electron focusing structure with a finitely high square potential between the emitter and collector and the probability distribution of the electrons is computed. The results are interpreted physically and the effectiveness and problems of the present method are discussed. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(3): 1–8, 2002
Relationship between Bi/Ti composition ratio and O2 concentration for orientation control of MOCVD‐grown Bi4Ti3O12 thin films
Authors: Kijima Takeshi
Published: August 2002

The orientation and crystallinity of Bi4Ti3O12 thin films grown by MOCVD on Pt‐coated substrates can be arbitrarily controlled by varying the oxygen concentration and Bi/Ti composition ratio during growth, which in turn makes it possible to control the ferroelectric characteristics through their dependence on orientation. When the above‐mentioned Bi4Ti3O12 thin films are combined with Bi2SiO5 insulator buffer layers to make Pt/Bi4Ti3O12/Pt/Bi2SiO5/Si MFMIS structures, the ferroelectricity of the Bi4Ti3O12 thin films is reflected in the C–V hysteresis, and applying a voltage of ±2 V reveals a memory window of about 2 V. Moreover, tests of the structures' data storage capability revealed almost no change after 24 hours. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 84(10): 49–58, 2001
Evaluation of recognition ability and inside parameters for a rotation spreading associative neural network
Authors: Nakamura Kiyomi , Yoshikawa Tadataka
Published: August 2002

Focusing on the parietal cortex, we have previously proposed a spreading associative neural network that could simultaneously recognize the orientation and shape of a binary character and a gray‐scaled human face. We evaluated the recognition performance of the spreading associative neural network when the number of learning directions, number of spreading directions, and spreading range were varied. We searched for the optimal parameters of this neural net to obtain the best recognition performance based on the present evaluation. In general, the recognition performance was improved when the number of spreading directions was greater than (or equal to) the number of learning directions and the spreading range equaled the nonlearned range. Giving consideration to the results of recognition characteristics and learning and recognition time, it is suggested that the number of learning directions should be equal to the number of spreading directions. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(10): 1–14, 2001
A theoretical approach to clarify the dominant parameters governing thermal stress in chip device joints
Authors: Akiyama Tetsuya
Published: August 2002

This paper presents some dominant parameters ruling thermal stress in each bump between a chip and a substrate when they are heated. Reducing the thermal stress in bumps between a chip and a substrate is one of the most effective methods to make the joints resistant to thermal fatigue. In this report, three dominant parameters are introduced via a simple numerical model. Next, the effects of each parameter on thermal stress are discussed. Lastly, a method is proposed that strengthens the joint between a chip and a substrate against thermal cycle. This method cannot reduce the thermal stress just after brazing but reduces the cyclic thermal stress generated by long‐term use. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(10): 57–64, 2001
A practical algorithm for unit commitment based on unit decommitment ranking
Authors: Tanabe Ryuya , Kurita Atsushi , Tada Yasuyuki , Okamoto Hiroshi , Sekine Yasuji
Published: August 2002

This paper presents a practical algorithm for solving Unit Commitment (UC) problems with network constraints represented in Optimal Power Flow (OPF). The proposed algorithm is based on Successive Approximation Dynamic Programming (SADP) according to a Unit Decommitment Ranking (UDR) which is a priority list for unit decommitment procedure. The UDR can be determined by Dynamic Programming (DP) according to the information of OPF consisting of a set of Lagrange multipliers (dual variables). Since the set of Lagrange multipliers represents the relationship between the optimal value of objective function and OPF constraints, the proposed algorithm can determine power system resource scheduling in consideration of network constraints, such as line flow and voltage constraints. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm are demonstrated on a modified IEEE Reliability Test System. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(2): 1–13, 2002
Mover design and performance analysis of linear synchronous reluctance motor with multiflux barrier
Authors: Sanada Masayuki , Asano Mitsutoshi , Morimoto Shigeo , Takeda Yoji
Published: August 2002

A synchronous reluctance motor has many advantages because it has no permanent magnet, such as low back emf in high‐speed operation, maintaining performance in a high‐temperature environment, and so on. Therefore, many rotor constructions have been studied and developed. The rotor with multiflux barrier structure has the merit of easy construction and high performance.

The linear synchronous reluctance motor has been developed. It is necessary to improve the performance of the mover design for industrial use, because of its low power factor.

In this paper, we propose a novel configuration of mover for the linear synchronous reluctance motor, and examine the static characteristics of the motor with reluctance equalization design by means of the finite element method. From analytical results, it is demonstrated that the static characteristics of the linear synchronous reluctance motor are greatly improved by the reluctance equalization design at the iron layer in the mover. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(4): 61–69, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eej.1139
An examination of employment change in Northern Ireland's environmental industry, 1993–2003
Authors: Eastwood David , Eaton Martin , Guyer Claire , Stark Tom
Published: August 2002

An examination of employment change based upon an exploratory classification of Northern Ireland's environmental industry is undertaken. Results show that, in 1993, some 12 900 persons or around 2.1% of the total civilian employment in the region were working in a ‘green production sector’. By using a range of data sources it is suggested that significant opportunities for employment expansion currently exist. Indeed, a total of between 4000 and 6000 new environmental jobs could be created in Northern Ireland by the year 2003. Most of the growth is anticipated in the traditional areas of recycling and re‐use, pollution treatment and control and energy conservation. In a small and peripheral European economy these figures have important implications for the development of the local labour market. To this end, a series of recommendations is put forward that could help Northern Ireland maximize the employment potentials offered by these types of environmental activity. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Partisanship and the status quo
Authors: Kray Laura J. , Robinson Robert J.
Published: August 2002

Individuals advancing the status quo in partisan conflict are more favorably evaluated compared to individuals advocating change (Keltner & Robinson, 1997). We explore two aspects of this intergroup bias: first, a target effect whereby groups who aim to change the status quo are judged more negatively than those favoring its preservation; and second, an observer effect whereby those favoring the status quo define the conflict in terms of the status quo versus change to a greater extent than those advancing change. We sought to extend our understanding of these partisan effects via a minimal‐group induction of partisanship in the laboratory. In our study, participants viewed a negotiation between two group representatives, where half of the groups either defended the status quo or advocated change. As predicted, partisan observers: (a) favored the negotiator advancing the status quo (consistent with the target effect), (b) were more likely to attribute actions to the negotiators as stemming from their status quo versus change preference when they themselves were aligned with the status quo rather than change (consistent with the observer effect), and (c) when aligned with the status quo, expected a more effortful conflict than those seeking change (consistent with the observer effect). It is suggested that these biased perceptions are basic to intergroup, partisan processes involving change. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The characteristics and features of corporate environmental performance indicators – a case study of the water industry of England and Wales
Authors: Johnston Andy , Smith Ann
Published: August 2002

A popular approach to environmental management is to develop a set of environmental performance indicators, which will illustrate progress against targets, inform management and communicate the company's position. Given this wide range of roles for an indicator, it is important to recognize the characteristics and features that make them effective.

This paper identifies the characteristics and features of effective environmental performance indicators in a literature review. To test whether indicators were used effectively, content analysis was used to examine the environmental reports of water service companies in England and Wales.

The results show that the environmental performance indicators used in the water industry are legislation driven, lack sophistication and are mainly quantitative. The conclusion was that water company indicators must become more sophisticated and less focused on external reporting. They should be directed to measuring environmental impacts and be seen as tools to improve the environmental performance of their company. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
A general framework for risk‐consistent seismic design
Authors: Hadjian Asadour H.
Published: August 2002

The extensive damage sustained in recent earthquakes has highlighted the need to extend the focus of seismic design from just life‐safety to damage control and functionality; and, as a corollary, to the need of analysis and design procedures that would reliably predict these additional performance expectations under several ground motion scenarios. Performance‐based design has been promoted as the solution. Performance‐based design is simply a strategy for multiple designs for pairs of specific ground motion intensities and damage states. In general, four specific ground motion exceedance levels and four specific performance limit states are considered. Since for earthquake risk management the real issues are risk and reliability, this strategy is not a sufficient basis for making informed decisions. Earthquake risk management needs information regarding the failure probability of structures for any pre‐selected limit state under all possible ground motions. This paper establishes the basis and methods for a risk‐consistent design. Stakeholders are divided into two groups: those that have a responsibility for public health and safety, and those primarily focused on mitigating economic consequences. Public health and safety is not restricted herein to life‐safety or collapse prevention performances. In general, public health and safety establish minimum requirements, which are mandated by jurisdictional authorities. The other stakeholders can only select to exceed these minimum requirements. Design decisions are separated into technical solutions by engineers, and risk management by stakeholders. Stakeholders have the responsibility for making risk decisions. The responsibility of the engineer is to deliver these expectations using appropriate methods of analysis, design and construction. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective controlled base isolation system with magnetorheological dampers
Authors: Ribakov Y. , Gluck J.
Published: August 2002

A base isolation system composed of low‐damping isolation bearings and magnetorheological (MR) fluid dampers is described. The MR fluid changes its properties under the influence of a magnetic field resulting in a damper with characteristics that may be modified in real time. This feature enables optimal control under changing excitations in a stable and cost‐effective manner. The voltage is applied according to a selective control strategy. According to the proposed approach the dampers are activated only within a given range of the base displacements. The selective control improves the efficiency of the system and significantly reduces the control forces required for an optimal structural behaviour. Models of five‐ and eight‐storey buildings are used to study the efficiency of the proposed system. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What fire statistics tell us about our fire and building codes for housing and small buildings and fire risk for occupants of those structures
Authors: Richardson Leslie R.
Published: August 2002

Annual reports on fire losses in Canada and the United States are in part, report cards on the efficacy of fire safety provisions in our building and fire codes and on the efforts to reduce risk for the occupants of those buildings. This paper attempts to assess what recent fire‐loss statistics indicate about how successful those efforts have been. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
External Stakeholders' Influence on the DOE's Long‐Term Stewardship Programs
Authors: Greenberg Michael , Lowrie Karen , Mayer Henry , Frisch Michael
Published: August 2002

This article explores the effect of external parties (public and public interest groups;
contractors/consultants; elected federal, state, and local government officials, and their staff) on
the direction and cost of DOE stewardship programs. The article argues that the DOE needs a much clearer
understanding of these parties' views about long‐term stewardship and should require that explicit
long‐term stewardship impacts assessments be made for projects proposed for DOE sites. © 2002 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of new furan‐type terpenoids
Authors: Nowicki Janusz , Kula Józef , Hammad Dina
Published: August 2002

The examples of structure–odour analogy as described in the literature were followed to obtain new furan analogues of linalool and the products of its Claisen rearrangement. The odour characteristics for the new compounds are quite analogous to those for linalool and its derivatives. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular cytogenetic characterization of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines
Authors: Mehra Sukvarsha , Messner Hans , Minden Mark , Chaganti R.S.K.
Published: August 2002

Spectral karyotyping (SKY) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) have greatly enhanced the resolution of cytogenetic analysis, enabling the identification of novel regions of rearrangement and amplification in tumor cells. Here we report the analysis of 10 malignant non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cell lines derived at the Ontario Cancer Institute (OCI), Toronto, designated as OCI‐Ly1, OCI‐Ly2, OCI‐Ly3, OCI‐LY4, OCI‐Ly7, OCI‐Ly8, OCI‐Ly12, OCI‐Ly13.2, OCI‐Ly17, and OCI‐Ly18, by G‐banding, SKY, and CGH, and we present their comprehensive cytogenetic profiles. In contrast to the 52 breakpoints identified by G‐banding, SKY identified 87 breakpoints, which clustered at 1q21, 7p15, 8p11, 13q21, 13q32, 14q32, 17q11, and 18q21. G‐banding identified 10 translocations, including the previously described recurring translocations, t(8;14)(q24;q32) and t(14;18)(q32;q21). In contrast, SKY identified 60 translocations, including five that were recurring, t(8;14)(q24;q32), t(14;18)(q32;q21), t(4;7)(p12;q22), t(11;18)(q22;q21), and t(3;18)(q21;p11). SKY also identified the source of all the marker chromosomes. In addition, 10 chromosomes that were classified as normal by G‐banding were found by SKY to be rearranged. CGH identified seven sites of high‐level DNA amplification, 1q31‐32, 2p12‐16, 8q24, 11q23‐25, 13q21‐22, 13q32‐34, and 18q21‐23; of these, 1q31‐32, 11q23‐25, 13q21‐22, and 13q32‐34 have previously not been described as amplified in NHL. This comprehensive cytogenetic characterization of 10 NHL cell lines identified novel sites of rearrangement and amplification; it also enhances their value in experimental studies aimed at gene discovery and gene function. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined restriction landmark genomic scanning and virtual genome scans identify a novel human homeobox gene, ALX3, that is hypermethylated in neuroblastoma
Authors: Wimmer Katharina , Zhu Xiao‐xiang , Rouillard Jean Marie , Ambros Peter F. , Lamb Barbara J. , Kuick Rork , Eckart Markus , Weinhäusl Andreas , Fonatsch Christa , Hanash Sam M.
Published: August 2002

Restriction landmark genome scanning (RLGS) allows comparative analysis of several thousand DNA fragments in the genome and provides a means to identify CpG islands that are altered in tumor cells as a result of amplification, deletion, or methylation changes. We have developed a novel informatics tool, designated virtual genome scan (VGS), that makes it possible to predict automatically the sequence of fragments in RLGS patterns by matching to the human genome sequence. A combination of RLGS and VGS was utilized to identify changes of chromosome 1–derived fragments in neuroblastoma. A NotI‐EcoRV fragment was found to be absent frequently in neuroblastoma cell line RLGS patterns. Sequence prediction by VGS as well as cloning of the fragment showed that it contained a CpG island that is part of the human orthologue of the hamster homeobox gene Alx3. Expression analysis in a panel of human and mouse tissues showed predominant expression of ALX3 in brain tissue. Methylation‐sensitive sequence analysis of the promoter region in neuroblastoma cell lines indicated that methylation of specific sequences correlated with repression of the ALX3 gene. Expression was re‐induced after treatment with the methylation inhibitor 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine. Promoter methylation analysis of ALX3 in primary neuroblastoma tumors, using methylation‐sensitive polymerase chain reaction, found preferential ALX3 methylation in advanced‐stage tumors. The VGS approach we have implemented in combination with RLGS is useful for the identification of genomic CpG island–related methylation changes or deletions in cancer. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of NUP98/TOP1, but not of TOP1/NUP98, in a treatment‐related myelodysplastic syndrome with t(10;20;11)(q24;q11;p15)
Authors: Panagopoulos Ioannis , Fioretos Thoas , Isaksson Margareth , Larsson Gun , Billström Rolf , Mitelman Felix , Johansson Bertil
Published: August 2002

The t(11;20)(p15;q11) is a rare but recurrent translocation that so far has been described in only four acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs), two treatment‐related myelodysplastic syndromes (t‐MDSs), and one case of polycythemia vera. Recently, the t(11;20) was shown to result in a fusion of the NUP98 and TOP1 genes, with expression of the NUP98/TOP1 chimera encoded by the der(11)t(11;20), but not of the reciprocal TOP1/NUP98 on the der(20)t(11;20). The genomic breakpoints were subsequently mapped to introns 13 and 7 of NUP98 and TOP1, respectively. We present here a t‐MDS with a three‐way variant translocation, t(10;20;11)(q24;q11;p15), that generates a der(11)t(11;20) but not a der(20)t(11;20), strongly suggesting that the der(11) harbors the critical genetic rearrangement. Reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) revealed a NUP98/TOP1 fusion in which exon 13 of NUP98 was fused in‐frame with exon 8 of TOP1. Extra long (XL) genomic PCR and subsequent sequence analyses showed that the breakpoint in NUP98 occurred at nucleotide (nt) 3461 of intron 13, close to a MER (medium reiteration frequency interspersed repetitive element) repeat, and that the breakpoint in TOP1 was at nt 1436 of intron 7, downstream of a MIR (mammalian‐wide interspersed repeats) repetitive element. Genomic XL PCR did not amplify the reciprocal TOP1/NUP98, nor was this chimera expressed, as expected from the cytogenetic finding. The present results provide further support for the involvement of the NUP98/TOP1 transcript, but not of the reciprocal one, in the development of MDS/AML. Furthermore, the three cases genomically characterized to date have all been treatment‐related and have all harbored breakpoints in intron 13 of NUP98 and intron 7 of TOP1, suggesting that these introns are susceptible to chemotherapy‐induced breakage. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.