bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Community Unionism in Canada and Labor's (Re)Organization of Space
Authors: Tufts Steven
Published: March 2003

The extensive restructuring of industrialized economies continues to challenge workers and their unions in the 1990s. Labor unions are trying to remain viable institutions in the face of globalization of economic production, deindustrialization, and technological change. These processes have increasingly challenged workers in traditionally highly unionized sectors of the economy such as manufacturing and resource extraction industries. At the same time, unions have failed to organize large numbers of workers, often young and female, in geographically fragmented workplaces in expanding sectors of the economy such as consumer services and subcontracted goods production. There has been a call for new “spatialized strategies” allowing unions to access these new sectors and spaces and to produce scales of organization compatible with post‐industrial capital. One strategy being adopted by the labor movement is coalition building with non‐labor community interest groups with common goals in order to shape geographies of production. The experience of two Canadian unions with “community unionism” is discussed as an example of a spatialized strategy still in early development.
Socialist Geography in England: J. F. Horrabin and a Workers' Economic and Political Geography
Authors: Hepple Leslie W.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the life and geographical writings of the English socialist J.F.(“Frank”) Horrabin (1884–1962) and his attempts to construct a socialist geography. Horrabin was an active socialist in the Labour Party, Fabian Society, and other leftwing groups and very involved in working‐class education through the Plebs League and National Council of Labour Colleges. He was also a journalist, cartoonist, and gifted cartographer. His 1923 text An Outline of Economic Geography, which sold in large numbers and was translated into nine other languages, attempted to provide workers with an account of economic (and political and historical) geography that used bourgeois “pure geography” but put it within a socialist and historical–materialist framework. Unlike Germany and some other countries, England did not have a strong Marxist theoretical tradition, and Horrabin's approach does not develop theory (though it did attract the admiration of the German Marxist Karl Wittfogel). Rather, it sets out to be engaged in practical political education. Horrabin's work was developed within a particular context, but his geographical writings (and pioneering political cartography) exemplify one way of linking geography with political practice, and this paper examines these relationships. Many of Horrabin's concerns find echoes in current radical geography, and his work deserves belated recognition and a place in the history of geography.
Race, Protest, and Public Space: Contextualizing Lefebvre in the U.S. City
Authors: McCann Eugene J.
Published: March 2003

Since the early 1990s, Henri Lefebvre's theory of the social production of space has become widely used by Anglophone academics to understand contemporary urban processes in the Western world. This article argues that care must be taken in transporting Lefbevre's theoretical framework from one context to another. When applied in places like U.S. cities, it must be contextualized in relation to significant sociospatial processes, especially race. It is also argued that when the racialized geographies of U.S. cities are taken into account, Lefebvre's work—with its focus on the role representation plays in the production of space—aids our understanding of contemporary urban processes. The article develops this argument through an engagement with the racialized public spaces in and around downtown Lexington, Kentucky. The killing of an African‐American teenager by a White police officer and the ensuing violence and commentary, especially two editorial cartoons, provide the opportunity to contextualize Lefebvre's theory. Furthermore, the case allows us to understand the role racialized representations of space play into the construction of urban geographies. The paper concludes by emphasizing the role of the body in Lefebvre's understanding of space and suggests that his twin notions of “the right to the city” and “the right to difference” hold out hope for the grassroots development of antiracist urban public spaces.
Women Workers and the Promise of Ethical Trade in the Globalised Garment Industry: A Serious Beginning?
Authors: Hale Angela , Shaw Linda M
Published: March 2003

The paper gives an overview of the recent development within the Ethical Trade Initiative (ETI), especially the development of corporate codes of conduct, and considers the prospects they offer for improving labour conditions for workers in the international garments industry. It argues that two specific features of the industry—competitive production systems based on international subcontracting and the use of predominantly female production workers—are likely to undermine the effective development of a codes‐based strategy. Nevertheless, the labour rights agenda at the centre of ETI does provide a space for labour activists, whether operating in or out of formal union structures, to build campaigns and connections around global production networks.
Propositions on Trade Unions and Informal Employment in Times of Globalisation
Authors: Gallin Dan
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this contribution is to identify some of the issues which need to be addressed in order to advance the organisation of workers, and in particular women workers, in informal employment. The organisation of these workers, collectively described as the “informal sector”, represents an existential challenge to the trade union movement: unless and until it puts itself in a position to effectively address this challenge, it cannot halt its decline, but in order to do so it has to undergo fundamental changes in its culture, its self‐awareness and the way it relates to society. The issue of organising the informal sector is at the heart of the necessary transformations the trade union movement must undergo to recover its potential as a global social force.
“Squatting is Still Legal, Necessary and Free”: A Brief Intervention in the Corporate City
Authors: Chatterton Paul
Published: March 2003

Squatting is a solution to homelessness, empty properties and speculation. It provides homes for those who can’t get public housing and who can’t afford extortionate rents. Squatting creates space for much‐needed community projects. Squatting means taking control instead of being pushed around by bureaucrats and property owners. Squatting is still legal, necessary and free.(Advisory Service for Squatters 1996:1)

What follows is an account of a brief intervention in the contemporary urban landscape in an English city, Newcastle upon Tyne. It is an account of a group of people who squatted a building as a response to the increasing dominance of corporate organisations and the declining accountability of local authorities in cities.
Ideology, Discourse, and the Geography of Hegemony: From Socialist to Neoliberal Development in Postapartheid South Africa
Authors: Peet Richard
Published: March 2003

The African National Congress (ANC) has long stood for a development policy committed to improving living conditions for black people in South Africa. Assuming power in 1994, the ANC adopted a leftist, basic‐needs‐oriented Reconstruction and Development Programme as the popular foundation for its economic policy. Within two years, the ANC had switched to a rightist, neoliberal Growth, Employment and Redistribution policy stressing privatization, deregulation, and trade liberalization. This article critically examines the displacement of economic policy from socialism to neoliberalism. My thesis is that ANC policy was disciplined by a neoliberal economic discourse formulated by an academic‐institutional‐media complex with linked centers of persuasion inside and outside the country. The article combines ideas about hegemony from Gramsci with notions of discourse derived from Foucault in constructing a geographic theory of globally hegemonic discursive formations colonizing alternative, counterhegemonic discourses.
False Antitheses? Marxism, Nature and Actor‐Networks
Authors: Castree Noel
Published: March 2003

This paper stages an encounter between two critical approaches that have been central to the recent “greening” of left geography. The theoretical and normative claims of the first approach, eco‐Marxism, have been subject to sometimes biting criticism from advocates of the second approach, actor‐network theory (ANT). Taking a nonorthodox Marxist perspective, I argue that the ANT critique of political economy approaches to nature is overstated and only partly defensible. By distinguishing between different modalities of eco‐Marxism and ANT, I show the seeming standoff between the two approaches to society‐nature relations to be false. Splitting the difference between a weak version of ANT and a relational version of eco‐Marxism yields a political economy approach to socionature that arguably avoids the excesses of strong modalities of ANT and dualistic forms of eco‐Marxism. By seeking to bridge the apparent gap between Marxism and ANT, the paper avoids reducing either approach to society‐nature relations to one fixed position or theoretical‐normative “essence”. Instead, a particular modality of ANT is used to address the weaknesses of certain extant versions of eco‐Marxism. The resulting synthesis offers conceptual tools with which Marxists can still critique a pervasive mode of human relationality to nature–namely, capitalist–while multiplying the actors and complicating the politics involved in approaching the society‐environment nexus.
Remaking Work, Remaking Space: Spaces of Production and Accumulation in the Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1865–1920
Authors: Moore Jason W
Published: March 2003

The era of US capitalist development between 1865 and 1920 offers a good opportunity to analyze the relational nature of social change at multiple scales precisely because it was a time of transition, for US and world capitalism alike. Existing accounts of the transition to monopoly capitalism in the US have focused on one or two geographical scales, such as the national economy or the shop floor. In this literature, scales are essentially treated as “containers” within which social change occurs. The possibility that the containers themselves may be fundamentally altered is not addressed. In contrast, this paper views labor process transformations, and transformations of the social division of labor, as dialectically bound. In particular, I seek to explain how the American transition to monopoly capitalism shaped, and was shaped by, class conflict and competitive pressures at multiple scales—the shop floor, the region, and the national and global divisions of labor.
When Was Post‐Fordism? The Uneven Institution of New Work Practices in a Multinational
Authors: Phelps Nicholas A
Published: March 2003

This paper considers the lineage of flexible or post‐Fordist work practices. It traces the introduction and diffusion of new work practices within a major multinational enterprise (MNE), Eaton Corporation. The case study illustrates an important discontinuity in the way in which, in the US, the company abandoned its older established production locations in order to introduce its new work practices and philosophy. However, it also illustrates some of the continuities apparent across continents within the corporation’s workplace restructuring from the 1960s through the 1980s. In the absence of significant union responses, the paper highlights the temporally and geographically uneven effects of a unified corporate strategy to introduce a new workplace philosophy and practices, highlighting the need for sensitivity to national and subnational contexts.

The word “restructuring” is cold and abstract and perhaps fails to convey the explosive change which has been taking place in Eaton. (Eaton Corporation 1983:2)
Toronto Inc? Planning the Competitive City in the New Toronto
Authors: Kipfer Stefan , Keil Roger
Published: March 2003

This paper analyses recent developments in urban planning in the City of Toronto. A municipality of 2.4 million inhabitants that makes up the inner half of the Greater Toronto Area, the City of Toronto was consolidated from seven municipalities in 1998. Planning practice, discourse, and “vision” in the new City of Toronto are shaped by the city’s bid for the 2008 Olympics, related proposals for waterfront redevelopment, and preparations for a new official plan. In the context of comparative debates on trends in local governance, we see current planning strategies in Toronto as one of several strategic sites in which Toronto is consolidated into a “competitive city.” Historically, the formation of the competitive city in Toronto must be seen as a result of the impasse of postwar metropolitan planning in the early 1970s, the sociospatial limitations of downtown urban reform politics in the 1970s and 1980s, and the neoliberal restructuring and rescaling of the local state in the 1990s. Theoretically, we draw on the global city research paradigm, regime and regulation theory, and neo‐Gramscian urban political theory to suggest that planning the competitive city signals shifts in the sociopolitical alliances, ideological forms, and dominant strategies that regulate global‐city formation. These constellations and strategies threaten to reconstitute bourgeois hegemony in Toronto with a series of claims to urbanity.
Multimedia Utopia? A Geographical Critique of High‐Tech Development in Malaysia’s Multimedia Super Corridor
Authors: Bunnell Tim
Published: March 2003

For all the supposed novelty of the “Information Age”, high‐tech development in Malaysia perpetuates existing patterns of social and spatial inequality. The Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC), a 50‐km‐long high‐tech zone stretching southwards from the federal capital, Kuala Lumpur, is imagined in state discourse as part of a transition to a “multimedia utopia” benefiting all Malaysians throughout the national territory. This article seeks to contest such utopian imaginings. In the first place, informational forms of economy and society are dependent upon complex physical infrastructure, the distribution of and access to which is highly uneven. The MSC and other major investment in information infrastructure in Malaysia are overwhelmingly concentrated in the main national city‐region. Second, already marginal groups and individuals are subjected to new forms of social and spatial exclusion. Apart from financial exclusion arising from the privatisation of high‐tech spaces, incorporation into Malaysian high‐tech futures is dependent upon the possession of skills deemed appropriate for an emerging information economy and society. These processes are exemplified by the displacement of plantation workers in the construction of Putrajaya, one of the MSC’s two new “intelligent” cities. While such negative social impacts have a long association with large‐scale modern development projects, the article argues that it is specifically a pervasive discourse of “high‐tech”—and the way in which this has been refracted in the national context—which legitimises the financial and social costs of new high‐tech urban development.
Liberalism, Neoliberalism, and Urban Governance: A State–Theoretical Perspective
Authors: Jessop Bob
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses the recurrence and the recurrent limitations of liberalism as a general discourse, strategy, and regime. It then establishes a continuum of neoliberalism ranging from a project for radical system transformation from state socialism to market capitalism, through a basic regime shift within capitalism, to more limited policy adjustments intended to maintain another type of accumulation regime and its mode of regulation. These last two forms of neoliberalism are then related to a broader typology of approaches to the restructuring, rescaling, and reordering of accumulation and regulation in advanced capitalist societies: neoliberalism, neocorporatism, neostatism, and neocommunitarianism. These arguments are illustrated in the final part of the paper through a critique of the World Report on the Urban Future 21 (World Commission 2000), both as an explicit attempt to promote flanking and supporting measures to sustain the neoliberal project on the urban scale and as an implicit attempt to naturalize that project on a global scale.
Breaking the Convention: Researching the “Illegal” Migration of Refugees to Europe
Authors: Black Richard
Published: March 2003

The study of refugees by geographers and other social scientists is, almost by definition, framed around a series of legal categories, which provide us with more or less neat categories of types of involuntary migrants. Yet the process of migration emerges in relation to legal categories and is not simply dictated by them. Thus, as legislation on migration in general and the interpretation of the 1951 Geneva Convention in particular have become more restrictive, patterns of migration have increasingly emerged that manipulate, circumvent or simply break existing legislation.

This paper examines the responses by researchers in geography and related disciplines to asylum–seeking and other forms of migration that are increasingly categorised as “illegal” as a result of recent European policy developments. Specifically, the potential for participatory and/or emancipatory research in such circumstances is explored, through comparative analysis of the ethical issues involved in radical research on a range of “trafficking” scenarios. The interaction of such research with public policy–making is also examined.
The throughgoing urbanisation of East and Southeast Asia
Authors: Jones Gavin W.
Published: March 2003

The image of East and Southeast Asia is of a predominantly rural region, with the exception of Japan. This image no longer reflects reality. Although in 2000 the proportion of the population living in areas officially defined as urban will still be below 40 percent, this understates the degree to which populations throughout the region have, in terms of employment, ease of transport and communications, been brought into a close relationship with urban areas. Not only this, but the region already has eight of the world’s 21 megacities — cities with populations exceeding eight million. Urbanised corridors are emerging in parts of the region, in some cases cutting across national boundaries. Some implications for the future are discussed: the growth of a truly urban proletariat, the influence of megacities on political change, the ending of rural isolation, and regional development and income inequality issues.
Producer services and growth management of a metropolitan region: the case of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Authors: Sirat Morshidi
Published: March 2003

Producer services growth can change the character of a metropolitan region. Achieving that outcome may require the intervention of government, which is not necessarily a simple process as it creates tension between regulatory and developmental roles for government.

This paper will address three interrelated issues in connection with the above‐mentioned core idea in the context of the city of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: first, the extent to which the evolution of the Malaysian economy has been felt in the growth of the service sector; second, the way that evolution has led to change in the sectoral and spatial character of Kuala Lumpur; third, government’s responses in terms of spatial planning and management in order to accommodate producer services growth.

The experience of the Kuala Lumpur region shows how global market forces and national development policies that influence producer service location and growth can reshape the spatial arrangement of a metropolitan region. Managing the growth of producer services calls for new approaches to manage metropolitan change. An ‘enabling’ model is proposed to replace the present ‘policing’ model of spatial planning.
The challenge of urban Maori: reconciling conceptions of indigeneity and social change
Authors: Barcham Manuhuia
Published: March 2003

A massive demographic rural‐urban shift has taken place within Maori society since the second world war. This demographic shift prompted changes in the structure of some Maori social institutions. Due to a number of factors these new social institutions have not been readily assimilated by Maori cultural practices. Recent battles over the allocation of pre‐settlement Treaty assets have brought this issue to the fore, acting as catalysts in the struggle for recognition between evolutionary social change (represented by urban Maori) and the perceived static boundaries of indigenous culture (as represented by modern Iwi). This paper therefore addresses the problems of accommodating social change within ‘static’ cultural frameworks raised by the issue of asset allocation. The paper outlines the historical factors that have allowed incongruities between social structure and culture to emerge in New Zealand Maori society, and provides a number of options for consideration in the hope of resolving this issue.
Migrant labour and the politics of scale: gendering the Philippine state
Authors: Tyner James A.
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this paper is to situate the study of international labour migration, and especially the policies of labour export, within a gendered geopolitical framework. In so doing I open avenues of inquiry into the complexities of political ideologies that guide state apparatuses. Specifically, I examine how the Philippine state negotiates and operates within contradictory capitalist spaces through discourses of scale. Spatial scales are politically and socially constructed to legitimise power relations and to justify particular policies and programmes. In its support of capital accumulation, the Philippine state tends to adopt a discourse of globalisation; when confronted with charges of migrant exploitation, the Philippine state couples a discourse of the global with a discourse of the body. This corporeal discourse attempts to deflect attention and criticism away from the state, thereby maintaining its political hegemony.
The Economy
Authors: Franklin Harvey
Published: March 2003

Dissatisfaction amongst large sections of the electorate with the results of 15 years of economic reform on account of the tardy arrival of the supposed benefits of those reforms, led to the return of a centre‐left, Labour–Alliance–Green coalition in the final months of 1999. The coalition immediately set about revising some of the policies of the previous National Party administration. The privatisation of the Accident Compensation Commission was reversed; further privatisation of the diminished stock of state assets halted. Tax on incomes over $NZ 60,000 was raised, as were pay‐outs to pensioners. Interest repayment on student loans was delayed. Market rents for state houses were abolished, as was bulk funding for schools. Arts funding was increased. Government intervention in regional development was revived. Above all else, the Employment Contracts Act was replaced with legislation that would result in a revival of union power. The Prime Minister herself acknowledged New Zealand now lived in world of global magnitudes.
Farming
Authors: Willis Richard
Published: March 2003

The continuation of the deregulated and restructured environment of the 1980s has produced differential impacts across different farming types and therefore varying results in different rural regions. There has been a major land use change away from traditional sheep farming to dairying on the flats and forestry on the steeper hills. Net farm profit during the 1990s has increased by 180 per cent on dairy farms but by only 97 per cent on sheep and beef farms. In one sense agriculture in New Zealand has become more ‘post‐productivist’ with a reduction in government support, a dramatic reduction in the number of farms, and an increase in farmland converted to urban and recreational uses such as farm tourism and golf course capitalism. But on the other hand New Zealand farmers still remain family rather than corporate, and they are firmly committed to increased production. Other challenges include pressure to deregulate the co‐operative and producer board system, and genetically modified food.
Foreign Affairs
Authors: Alley Roderic
Published: March 2003

New Zealand's external orientations during the 1990s expanded under conditions of enhanced globalisation and interdependence. Increased external activity heightened the necessity for independent assessment, strong global citizenship credentials, and active multilateralism. This served trade diversification, consolidated the anti‐nuclear policy, and helped to support international law, human rights, and environmental policy objectives. Commonwealth and United Nations membership was utilised to advance these objectives. Relations with Australia attained added institutionalisation, but efforts to forge closer relations with Asia delivered results subject to global economic vicissitudes and reluctance by the United States and Japan to commit to multilateral problem solving. Relations with the South Pacific encountered growing governance, resource management and equity challenges, although New Zealand contributed significantly towards a resolution of a decade of conflict on Bougainville. The public dimension of New Zealand's foreign relations expanded as officials developed increasingly diverse routines of dialogue with local non‐governmental interests.
Purchasing Power Parity in South East Asian Countries Economies: A Cointegration Approach
Authors: Baharumshah Ahmad Zubaidi , Ariff Mohamed
Published: March 2003

This paper presents findings from a study of the long‐run purchasing power parity (PPP) conditions in five Asian economies. The cointegration tests using exchange rates and price indices from end‐of‐quarter observations over the last twenty years reject the PPP proposition for all countries. The absolute version of the PPP hypothesis is tested next by using lower frequency, that is, semi‐annual and annual, data. In general these tests also failed to support the long‐run PPP hypothesis. Further analysis using the Johansen‐Juselius (1990) multivariate approach also failed to support the hypothesis.
Saving Trends in Southeast Asia: A Cross‐Country Analysis
Authors: Faruqee Hamid , Husain Aasim M.
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the long‐run pattern of private saving in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. These countries have not only maintained saving levels that are currently among the highest in the world, but have also experienced a sustained increase in their rate of private saving over the past twenty years. Using a cointegration approach, this paper empirically examines the economic determinants underlying the saving trends in this group and the extent to which these countries share a common experience with respect to the factors accounting for their strong saving performance. The findings suggest that demographic shifts and, to a somewhat lesser extent, rising per capita incomes have been important factors underlying regional saving trends, with broadly similar long‐run impacts across countries. Limited evidence to support a significant and common relation between compulsory and total saving in Singapore and Malaysia is also found.
Exchange‐Rate Coordination for Surmounting the East Asian Currency Crises
Authors: McKinnon Ronald I.
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the long‐run pattern of private saving in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. These countries have not only maintained saving levels that are currently among the highest in the world, but have also experienced a sustained increase in their rate of private saving over the past twenty years. Using a cointegration approach, this paper empirically examines the economic determinants underlying the saving trends in this group and the extent to which these countries share a common experience with respect to the factors accounting for their strong saving performance. The findings suggest that demographic shifts and, to a somewhat lesser extent, rising per capita incomes have been important factors underlying regional saving trends, with broadly similar long‐run impacts across countries. Limited evidence to support a significant and common relation between compulsory and total saving in Singapore and Malaysia is also found.
The Role of Human Capital in Economic Development: Evidence from Taiwan
Authors: Chuang Yih‐Chyi
Published: March 2003

The use of Taiwanese industrial data to investigate two potentially important roles of human capital on long‐run economic growth (i.e. factor accumulation and technology progress), we find that human capital accounts for 46% of output growth in aggregate manufacturing industry and from 23 to 84% in two‐digit industries. Significant knowledge spillover effects were found within Taiwan's manufacturing sector. For aggregate manufacturing, a roughly 29% of total rate of return to education gives a private return of 7% while the external knowledge spillover effect is 22%. For the two‐digit industries, the inter‐industry effect of education measures two to three times its intra‐industry effect. Contrary to the Lau‐Young proposition, we find that technology change in terms of knowledge spillover contributes 39% to the output growth of Taiwan's aggregate manufacturing and from 12 to 42% to that of the two‐digit industries. Our results also suggest that, in the presence of externalities, growth accounting based on macro data may be misleading in interpreting the sources of growth.

In addition, the case study of Taiwan suggests that opening trade broadens opportunities, and hence increases the return on human‐capital investment. However, our estimation results also suggest that in terms of capturing the growth benefits from trade, threshold levels of human capital exist in most industries.
Monetary Shocks and the Fundamental Determinants of the Real Exchange Rate under the Hong Kong Currency Board
Authors: Siregar Reza Yamora , Walker W. Christopher
Published: March 2003

To assess the claim that flexible markets render monetary policy unimportant under the currency board, we test the impact of monetary shocks on Hong Kong’s real exchange rate. Using vector autoregressions, we find persistent effects of monetary shocks on the real exchange rate, implying money is not neutral in Hong Kong. We then estimate the equilibrium real exchange rate, employing the definition developed by Rogoff‐Obstfeld‐Stein. The divergence between the observed and equilibrium rates is clearly stationary throughout the 1980s, but after a key policy shift in 1991 that divergence becomes non‐stationary. We conclude that Hong Kong’s real exchange rate moved away from the real fundamentals in the latter period.
Openness, Technological Change and Labour Demand in Pre‐Crisis Indonesia
Authors: Suryahadi Asep , Chen Paul , Tyers Rod
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the impact of export orientation, import competition, foreign ownership and the rate of capital accumulation on the relative demand for skilled and unskilled labour in pre‐crisis Indonesia. Estimates from an interrelated factor demand analysis indicate that openness and foreign ownership, by themselves, acted to raise the relative demand for unskilled workers in the pre‐crisis period, while the newness of capital was associated with increased relative demand for skilled workers. Overall, the relative demand for unskilled workers increased yet their relative wage position weakened. These contrasting relative employment and wage changes are consistent with the examined demand shocks and the greater elasticity of supply of Indonesian unskilled relative to skilled labour.
Wage Differentials in Taiwanese Manufacturing, 1982–1997
Authors: Tsou Meng–Wen
Published: March 2003

The present paper examines the impacts of technological change and trade flows on wage inequality across manufacturing industries. Using micro–level data from the Taiwan Manpower Utilization Survey (TMUS), 1982–1997, a slight decline in the log–wage differential between college and high–school workers is detected during this period. These results indicate that the accelerated growth in the relative supply of college graduates, combined with steady demand growth in favor of more highly educated workers, can largely explain the narrowing wage differentials within Taiwanese manufacturing over the period 1982–1997. In terms of demand–side factors, this study concludes that technology and trade are the two major forces driving the differences in wage inequality across industries.
A Closer Look at the Size and Value Premium in Emerging Markets: Evidence from the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange
Authors: Drew Michael E. , Veeraraghavan Madhu
Published: March 2003

In this study of asset pricing in emerging markets, two questions are asked. First, Is there a size and value premium in markets outside the USA? Second, Can the multifactor model of Fama and French (1996) capture the cross–section of average stock returns for the Malaysian setting? The answers from this study suggest that size and value premium exist in markets outside the USA. We find that the two mimic portfolios, ‘small minus big’ (SMB) and ‘high minus low’ (HML), generate a return of 17.70% and 17.69% per annum, respectively, while the market generates a return of 1.92% per annum. Our findings suggest that the multi–factor model of Fama and French (1996) is a parsimonious representation of the risk factors for Malaysia, explaining returns in an economically meaningful manner. Our findings also reject the claim that the multifactor model results can be explained by the turn–of–the–year effect.
Changing Perspectives in Social Psychology in India: A Journey Towards Indigenization
Authors: Sinha Durganand
Published: March 2003

The popularity and success of social psychology in the U.S. have created the impression that social psychology is purely a Western, if not a U.S. product. Many scholars from African and Asian continents accept this claim that the roots of social psychology are American, and have tried to emulate their research strategies and methodology. Only recently, the European social psychologists have established their identity and distinctness different from the culture of American social psychology. Among Asian social psychologists, there is a growing awareness of a distinct identity and a rediscovery of their cultural heritage. In particular, Indian social psychologists emphasize functional interrelatedness of the self, relations, society, and universe. With this indigenization process, social psychology in India is taking on a character distinctive from that of the West, is imparting a new look to social psychology, and promises to provide what the mainstream social psychology lacks.
Culture and self: An empirical assessment of Markus and Kitayama’s theory of independent and interdependent self‐construals
Authors: Matsumoto David
Published: March 2003

In this paper, I critically evaluate the logic underlying Markus and Kitayama's (1991) theory of independent and interdependent self‐construals, and examine the evidence that directly tests its major assumptions. On the basis of my review of the studies they cite, and literature from three other sources, I conclude that the evidence severely challenges the validity of their theoretical framework for explaining observed national differences in psychological phenomena. I offer some ideas about alternative methodologies for research in this important area of psychology that may aid in developing and testing theories of culture and self in the future.
Ideals, oughts, and self‐regulation: Are there qualitatively distinct self‐guides?
Authors: Boldero Jennifer , Francis Jill
Published: March 2003

Self‐regulation, the ability to regulate one's emotions and behavior with respect to important goals, is an important function. While a number of different self‐regulatory models exist, self‐discrepancy theory (SDT: Higgins, 1987, 1989a, 1989b) is the only model which proposes that there are distinct self‐guides, the ideal and the ought self. Discrepancies or congruencies between the actual self and each type of self‐guide is proposed to result in unique emotional and behavioral consequences. Some recent research findings have failed to demonstrate these unique consequences, causing the proposed distinction between the self‐guides to be questioned in the literature. This paper suggests that this conclusion is based on the assumption that these effects must occur in every case. We argue that SDT does not propose that unique relationships between discrepancies and either emotions or behavior always occur; rather, it specifies moderators of these relationships. A review of recent research examining the effects of these moderators highlights not only that, indeed, such moderating effects are found, but also in some cases the moderating effect is different for relationships between emotions and the two types of discrepancies. It is concluded that these two different types of evidence, namely, the existence of moderator variables and their differential effects on ideal and ought self‐regulation, provide compelling support for the distinct nature of the ideal and the ought self‐guides.
Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino psychology): A legacy of Virgilio G. Enriquez
Authors: Pe‐Pua Rogelia , Protacio‐Marcelino Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2003

Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino psychology) refers to the psychology born out of the experience, thought and orientation of the Filipinos, based on the full use of Filipino culture and language. The approach is one of “indigenization from within” whereby the theoretical framework and methodology emerge from the experiences of the people from the indigenous culture. It is based on assessing historical and socio‐cultural realities, understanding the local language, unraveling Filipino characteristics, and explaining them through the eyes of the native Filipino. Among the outcomes are: a body of knowledge including indigenous concepts, development of indigenous research methods and indigenous personality testing, new directions in teaching psychology, and an active participation in organisations among Filipino psychologists and social scientists, both in the Philippines and overseas.
Three approaches to the psychology of culture: Where do they come from? Where can they go?
Authors: Greenfield Patricia M.
Published: March 2003

Cultural psychology, cross‐cultural psychology, and indigenous psychology are three approaches to the psychology of culture. The author begins by comparing the three approaches – conceptually, methodologically; and historically. She concludes that each approach has contributed knowledge of the “deep structure” of culture to the field of psychology. This “deep structure” consists of the framework of individualism and collectivism; particular cultures are therefore surface forms of one or the other of these basic cultural frameworks. Rather than being universal, classical social and developmental psychology are seen as reflecting a particular indigenous psychology. For the future, a truly universal psychology must offer a theoretical framework that encompasses alternative indigenous psychologies.
Structure of the Indonesian Emotion Lexicon
Authors: Shaver Phillip R. , Murdaya Upekkha , Fraley R. Chris
Published: March 2003

Based on a prototype approach to emotion concepts, two studies were conducted: (1) to identify the mental state words that Indonesian speakers are most certain name emotions (perasaan hati) and (2) to map the hierarchical and family‐resemblance structure of the top 124 emotion concepts. As in an earlier study of emotion terms in American English (Shaver, Schwartz, Kirson, & O'Connor, 1987), cluster analysis of sorting data collected in Indonesia revealed five basic‐level emotion categories: cinta (love), senang (happiness), marah (anger), kawatir/takut (anxiety/fear), and sedih (sadness). Also in line with the American results, the five basic‐level categories formed two large categories at the superordinate level: positive emotions and negative emotions. Each of the five basic‐level categories contained several subordinate‐level categories, totaling 31 in all. The results suggest that the emotion lexicons, and corresponding conceptualizations of the emotion domain, in Indonesia and the U.S.A. are similar at the superordinate and basic levels but somewhat variable at the subordinate level. This outcome – like other kinds of psychological research on emotions and emotion concepts – suggests that the gross structure of representations of the emotion domain are similar worldwide, perhaps for biological reasons, but that different cultures make different fine‐grained distinctions and emphasize different subordinate‐level emotion concepts.
Self‐enhancement in Japan and America
Authors: Brown Jonathon D. , Kobayashi Chihiro
Published: March 2003

North Americans view themselves in more positive terms than they view most other people. In the present paper, we report three studies showing that this bias is also found in Japan. For highly valued traits and abilities, Japanese students rated themselves and their best friends in more positive terms than they rated most other students (Study 1 and Study 2) and most other Japanese (Study 2). In Study 3, a sample of older Japanese displayed the same tendency when evaluating themselves and a member of their family. We discuss the theoretical importance of the findings.
The Asian Automotive Industry: Assessing the Roles of State and Market in the Age of Global Competition
Authors: Abrenica Joy V.
Published: March 2003

In the 1970s, automotive industries in developing economies were rebuked for their failure to set in motion the technological learning and industrial externalities that justified state promotion. However, in the 1990s, a number of Asian automotive industries throve with the rapid growth of their host economies. This paper assesses the current state and prospects of automotive industries in selected Asian countries with state‐sponsored development programs—South Korea, Taiwan, China and India—and the ASEAN economies—Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Vietnam. To date, Korea is the only developing economy in Asia with an indigenous auto‐manufacturing base capable of competing in the international market. Given developments in the world industry, the catch‐up task for other countries in the region will be more difficult.
Capital Flows and Crises
Authors: Grenfell Stephen
Published: March 2003

There are many things that went wrong for the countries caught up in the Asian crisis of 1997, but out of the myriad causes, two clear central problems can be identified—the fatal combination of large and volatile international capital flows, interacting with fragile domestic financial sectors. This paper focuses on the first of these issues— international capital flows.
Theory & Methods: Analysis of Variance by Randomization when Variances are Unequal
Authors: Manly Bryan F. J. , Francis R. I. C. Chris
Published: March 2003

If there are significant factor and interaction effects with analysis of variance using ran‐domization inference, they can be detected by tests that compare the F‐statistics for the real data with the distributions of these statistics obtained by randomly allocating either the original observations or the residuals to the various factor combinations. Such tests involve the assumption that the effect of factors or interactions is to shift the observations for a factor combination by a fixed amount, without changing the amount of variation at that combination. In reality the expected amount of variation at each factor combination, as measured by the variance, may not be constant, which may upset the properties of the tests for the effects of factors and interactions. This paper discusses several possible methods for adjusting the randomization procedure to allow for this type of problem, including generalizations of methods that have been proposed for comparing the means of several samples when there is unequal variance but no factor structure. A simulation study shows that the best of the methods examined is one for which the randomized sets of data are designed to approximate the distributions of F‐statistics when unequal variance is present.
Applications: New Zealand Consumption Equivalence Scales From Quasi‐unit Record Data
Authors: Michelini Claudio
Published: March 2003

This paper uses quasi‐unit record data on expenditures and incomes of New Zealand households of different demographic profiles to estimate consumption equivalence scales which measure the relative levels of spending required by households of different composition to attain given levels of utility. The equivalence scales with respect to specific items of consumption, as well as total consumption, have been obtained from the parameters of the preference‐consistent Extended Linear Expenditure System and a few alternative versions of a rank 3 complete demand system with demand shifters. Among the demographic variables included in the models, the type of housing tenure and the actual age of children have special relevance. For the sake of comparison, a few heuristic scales are also computed. The results are largely in line with those found in similar studies of Australia and New Zealand. The analysis is developed within the framework of hypothesized utility‐maximizing behaviour of households.
Practical Maximum Pseudolikelihood for Spatial Point Patterns
Authors: Baddeley Adrian , Turner Rolf
Published: March 2003

This paper describes a technique for computing approximate maximum pseudolikelihood estimates of the parameters of a spatial point process. The method is an extension of Berman & Turner's (1992) device for maximizing the likelihoods of inhomogeneous spatial Poisson processes. For a very wide class of spatial point process models the likelihood is intractable, while the pseudolikelihood is known explicitly, except for the computation of an integral over the sampling region. Approximation of this integral by a finite sum in a special way yields an approximate pseudolikelihood which is formally equivalent to the (weighted) likelihood of a loglinear model with Poisson responses. This can be maximized using standard statistical software for generalized linear or additive models, provided the conditional intensity of the process takes an ‘exponential family’ form. Using this approach a wide variety of spatial point process models of Gibbs type can be fitted rapidly, incorporating spatial trends, interaction between points, dependence on spatial covariates, and mark information.
Theory & Methods: Modelling Correlated Zero‐inflated Count Data
Authors: Dobbie Melissa J. , Welsh A.H.
Published: March 2003

This paper extends the two‐component approach to modelling count data with extra zeros, considered by Mullahy (1986), Heilbron (1994) and Welsh et al. (1996), to take account of possible serial dependence between repeated observations. Generalized estimating equations (Liang & Zeger, 1986) are constructed for each component of the model by incorporating correlation matrices into each of the maximum likelihood estimating equations. The proposed method is demonstrated on weekly counts of Noisy Friarbirds (Philemon cornic‐ulatus), which were recorded by observers for the Canberra Garden Bird Survey (Hermes, 1981).