bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of genetic diversity among Iranian populations of Ficus carica L. (Moraceae)
Authors: Zolfaghari M.R. , Salimpour F. , Sharifnia F. , Marandi S.J.
Published: September 2019

Ficus carica L. is a species of Moraceae family that has been cultivated in different parts of the world from ancient time. Its fruit is eaten by human and has several medicinal properties. This species widely grows and cultivated in various parts of Iran. For this, in the current study, we investigated infraspecific genetic variation and population structure of F. carica in the country. 14 natural populations of F. carica were collected and their genomic DNA were extracted and tested with RAPD molecular technique. Parameters of population’s genetic diversity varied among the studied populations. In addition, AMOVA test revealed significant variations among the populations.  The studied populations clustered separately in UPGMA tree of RAPD data, moreover PCA and MDS plots produced similar results. STRUCTURE analysis revealed the best number of k = 9. Based on Nei’s genetic distance, we had nine distinct groups. Genetic clustering patterns according to UPGMA trees of RAPD data and Nei’s genetic distance were more similar with the results of STRUCTURE analysis. The small amount of Nm) the product of the effective size of individual populations (N) and the rate of migration among them (m) (value showed limited gene flow among the studied populations, therefore it seems that high genetic variations among these populations may be related less or few amount of gene exchange among populations.
Constitutional and dermatoglyphic characteristics of children with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Bets L V , Dzhanibekova I V , Lebedev N B , Kurayeva T L
Published: September 2019

A group of Russian children with clinically diagnosed diabetes mellitus were examined using a comprehensive constitutional dermatoglyphic program. Pattern asymmetry was observed in children of both sexes. On the whole the examined population was characterized by reduced incidence of loop patterns and increased incidence of double-delta patterns. In boys the incidence of arches and coils was higher and that of loops lower than in controls, in girls there were no arches and the incidence of radical and ulnar loops was low. Analysis of genetically determined signs, both anthropometric and dermatoglyphic ones, and use of other criteria will help assess the significance of these signs as markers of risk of development of type I diabetes.
Siofor (metformine) therapy of patients with disorders of carbohydrate and fatty metabolism
Authors: Morozova T. P.
Published: September 2019

Siofor in combination with sulfanylurea derivatives led to stable compensation making insulin therapy unnecessary in patients with type II diabetes mellitus with secondary resistance to treatment. In obese patients with impaired glucose tolerance siofor promoted body weight loss without changing the parameters of standard glucose tolerance test.
New evidence for the pathogenesis of obesity: adipokines are adipose tissue hormone
Authors: Kosygina A V , Vasyukova O V
Published: September 2019

In recent years, the independent role of adipose tissue in the pathogenesis of obesity and related complications has been actively discussed. Adipose tissue is also a key factor in the development and progression of insulin resistance. Among adipokines secreted by adipose tissue and influencing the development of insulin resistance and metabolic disorders, the most studied are leptin, adiponectin, resistin, visfatin. These adipokines are dedicated to this review.
Radioiodine therapy for Graves' disease as a risk factor of endocrine ophthalmopathy
Authors: Sheremeta M S , Belovalova I M , Sviridenko N Yu
Published: September 2019

In 1973 and 1976 R. Wasnich and R. Jackson described 2 cases of endocrine ophthalmopathy (EO) that occurred after external irradiation of the anterior surface of the neck due to a tumor (Hodgkin's lymphoma). Further observations showed that treatment of Graves' disease with radioactive iodine (131I) can worsen the course of EO. So, L. De Groot et al., Observing 264 patients after exposure to 131I for Graves' disease, found progression of EO in 4% of patients after the 1st course of therapy and in 12% after subsequent sessions.

L. Bartalena et al. observed the appearance or significant progression of EO in 15% of 150 patients treated with 131I. At the same time, against the background of glucocorticoid therapy, only 10% of patients worsened the course of EO. Other studies have shown that the progression of EO after treatment with 131I without glucocorticoid administration was observed in 18-30% of cases. Along with this, it is believed that 131I does not affect the incidence of clinical symptoms in the orbit, and hypothyroidism that occurs after it does not lead to the progression of eye symptoms. The relationship between treatment and the onset or progression of EO is not clear. Nevertheless, there is evidence of an adverse effect of an elevated level of antibodies to the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSH) in the blood serum after 1131I training for EO.

This review is devoted to a review of the problem presented.
Efficiency of iodine prophylaxis in Russia: ways of optimization
Authors: Kasatkina E P , Samsonova L N
Published: September 2019

The paper deals with one of the most topical problems of modern thyroidology - prophylaxis of iodine deficiency and iodine-deficiency states resulting in mental disorders in children living in the natural mild iodine deficiency regions. It also discusses the causes and degree of mental disorders in the children and gives recommendations on the optimization of the currently existing iodine prophylaxis system in Russia.
Complications of the genitourinary system in girls with disorders of sex development and hypospadias
Authors: Anikiev Alexander V. , Volodko Elena A. , Brovin Dmitriy N. , Kolodkina Anna A. , Okulov Alexey B.
Published: September 2019

Series of clinical cases demonstrates functional state of lower urinary tract in girls with disorders of sex development (DSD) and hypospadias after the first stage of feminization. The study included 27 girls and women with DSD with hypospadias. Most of them have congenital adrenal hyperplasia (24), fewer girls have partial gonadal dysgenesis (1) and idiopathic virilization (2). Patients were examined before second stage surgical feminization in 115 years after the first stage. Concomitant pathology of the urogenital tract was detected in 19 (70%) patients. Urinary tract infection (UTI) was verified in 13 (48%), bladder dysfunction (BD) was diagnosed in 7 (26%), trapped menstrual secretions presented as hematometra, hematocolpos, and urine accumulation and stagnation in the vagina in anamnesis or as a result of preoperative studies were diagnosed in 9 (33%). Combination of the listed complications were observed in five patients (14%). Results of second stage of feminization confirmed connection of hypospadias with listed complications. This were detected in 11 (69%) patients after introitoplasty without separation of urinary and genital tracts (UGT). Introitoplasty with separation of UGT and elimination of hypospadias was complicated only four patients (36%), herewith the UTI and BD were eliminated. Hypospadias in girls with DSD is risk of development such complication as urinary tract infection, trapped menstrual secretions and bladder dysfunction. This circumstance requires change in surgical feminization tactics in girls with DSD, taking into account the anatomical components of genitalia malformations.
Extração Automática de Contornos de Edificações a partir de Dados LiDAR Aerotransportado
Authors: Carrilho André Caceres , Dos Santos Renato César , Pessoa Guilherme Gomes , Galo Mauricio
Published: September 2019

Este artigo tem o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade da extração automática de contornos de edificações a partir de dados LiDAR aerotransportado visando verificar se os erros obtidos nas áreas de edificações são compatíveis com os critérios estabelecidos pela Lei 10.406, de 10 de janeiro de 2002. Nesse contexto, duas abordagens são comparadas: uma presente no software LAStools (lasboundary) e um variante do algoritmo α-shape, cujo parâmetro α é estimado de modo adaptativo para cada edificação. As abordagens foram aplicadas em dois conjuntos de dados, um com densidade média de 5,8 pontos/m² e outro com 12,5 pontos/m². A partir dos experimentos foi possível determinar a qualidade obtida em cada caso, considerando diferentes indicadores: F-score, erro relativo em área, e a métrica PoLiS. Os resultados indicam que para a maior parte dos casos ambas abordagens apresentaram acurácia compatível com a Lei mencionada. De modo geral, o método variante do algoritmo α-shape forneceu melhores resultados, quando comparado ao uso da ferramenta lasboundary, na maior parte dos experimentos, indicando que a determinação dinâmica do parâmetro α contribui para a qualidade final da extração, principalmente em edificações mais complexas. Por fim, o uso da nuvem de pontos com maior densidade resultou em maior acurácia na extração de polígonos das edificações.
Desenvolvimento de Interface para Automação da Coleta de Temperatura Baseada em Redes Multiestação Aplicada ao Monitoramento de Estruturas Empregando-se Estações Totais
Authors: Carvajal Rodríguez Felipe Andrés , Koenig Veiga Luis Augusto
Published: September 2019

O monitoramento geodésico de estruturas através de técnicas como irradiação tridimensional ou trilateração envolve as coletas de temperatura, pressão e umidade para cálculos referentes à correção de primeira-velocidade na medida da distância. Tradicionalmente, estas medidas são realizadas de forma pontual, junto ao equipamento de medida. Neste trabalho é apresentado o desenvolvimento de uma interface computacional para o uso integrado com a estação total em tempo real, que permite a coleta de valores de temperatura através de uma rede externa sem fio, composta por cinco sensores de temperatura, além  do cálculo da correção de primeira velocidade, o qual é aplicado às distâncias medidas durante o levantamento. Para validar a aplicação do sistema proposto (software de interface mais os sensores de temperatura), os resultados de um experimento desenvolvido durante o monitoramento geodésico de uma barragem foram analisados. No processo de medição, foram obtidos diferentes valores de temperatura em cada sensor que compõe a rede, conforme a sua localização espacial na área de estudo, indicando que o uso do sistema proposto permite uma melhor e mais representativa estimativa da temperatura a ser utilizada no cálculo da correção e em tempo real. Resultados para o estudo de caso mostram variações de milímetros na correção, quando esta é comparada com o tradicional processo de mensurar os parâmetros ambientas somente na posição do instrumento de medida.
Muhammadiyah’s Moderation Stance in the 2019 General Election: Critical Views from Within
Authors: Nashir Haedar , Qodir Zuly , Nurmandi Achmad , Jubba Hasse , Hidayati Mega
Published: September 2019

This study focuses on the way in which Muhammadiyah, one of Indonesia’s largest Islamic organizations, stood in the 2019 General Election. Like its counterpart Nahdlatul Ulama, Muhammadiyah has marked the moderation of Islam in Indonesia, different from Islam elsewhere in the Middle East. Since its establishment, Muhammadiyah has urged its members not to join any specific political party, but rather to take a moderate position in political pragmatism and support patriotism in broader national interest. Likewise, in the 2019 election, Muhammadiyah did not organizationally support any candidates, citing its “middle way” approach. However, this study identifies a dualism in the political attitudes of Muhammadiyah’s elites. Even without official orders or prohibitions from the central leadership, some Muhammadiyah members got involved and carried their organization’s attributes to support certain candidates, resulting in political division within the organization. Some members of the organization took a clear political stance, whereas others remain neutral. This created tension within the organization in both elite and grass-root level. The main data for this study were collected through interviews, unstructured discussions, and focus group discussions with several Muhammadiyah elites.[Artikel ini melihat posisi yang diambil salah satu organisasi Islam terbesar di Indonesia, Muhammadiyah, dalam Pemilu 2019. Bersamaan dengan Nahdlatul Ulama, Muhammadiyah menjadi penanda moderasi Islam di Indonesia yang berbeda dengan Islam di tempat lain. Sejak didirikan, Muhammadiyah telah menandaskan untuk tidak berafiliasi dengan partai politik tertentu, tetapi mengambil posisi moderat dalam perpolitikan dan mendukung patriotisme demi kepentingan nasional yang lebih luas. Demikian juga, dalam Pemilu 2019, Muhammadiyah secara resmi tidak mendukung calon mana pun berdasarkan konsep “jalan tengah”. Namun, penelitian ini mengidentifikasi adanya dualisme dalam sikap politik para elit Muhammadiyah. Tidak adanya perintah atau larangan resmi dari pusat, banyak anggota Muhammadiyah yang membawa atribut organisasi dan terlibat aktivitas politik serta mendukung kandidat tertentu. Ini berakibat munculnya keterbelahan politik dalam Muhammadiyah. Beberapa anggota mengambil sikap politik yang jelas, sedangkan yang lain tetap netral. Ini menimbulkan ketegangan dalam organisasi, baik di tingkat elit maupun akar rumput. Data utama untuk penelitian ini dikumpulkan melalui wawancara, diskusi tidak terstruktur, dan diskusi kelompok terfokus dengan beberapa elit Muhammadiyah.]
KELOMPOK DUKUNGAN UNTUK CAREGIVER ORANG DENGAN SKIZOFRENIA
Authors: Menaldi Adhityawarman , Dewi Hellen Citra
Published: September 2019

Caregiver’s burden not only affects the mental health of the caregiver, but also to the treated patient. This study aims to examine the effectivity of support group intervention to reduce caregiver burden among mothers of individuals with schizophrenia. The study used a quasi-experimental one-group, before-after (pretest-posttest) design, involving nine participants. The intervention consisted of four sessions, including pre and post-intervention session with three hours duration per session at average. Caregiver’s burden was measured using the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI). Qualitative data on the participants’ experiences during intervention were collected using unstandardized nonstructured interview. Quantitative data were analyzed using Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test while qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. The result shows that the interventions proved significantly reduced caregiver’s burden scores (Z = -2.67; p = 0.008). In addition, the participants reported more positive thoughts, better control on negative emotions, positive meaning, and new hope about their future after the intervention. Participants also reported to gain new knowledge, coping strategies skills as caregiver and how to take care of their children with schizophrenia.
Editorial
Authors: Lämmerer Anita , Mercer Sarah
Published: September 2019

This collection of papers has emerged from the Language Education across Borders conference held at the University of Graz, Austria in 2017 (see also Kostoulas, 2019). In the age of translanguaging, multilingualism, multiculturalism, globalization, international migration, transnationalism, and the blending of content and language education, there is an ever greater need in language education to reflect on the interconnections and overlap between languages, disciplines, constructs, and contexts that have traditionally been conceptualized in bounded ways. Instead, professional and personal domains have got increasingly permeable boundaries leading to emergent qualities that require new ways of theorizing, researching and teaching. The idea behind the conference was to promote interdisciplinary exchange and encourage people to challenge the notions of borders of all kinds. The aim was to promote discourse and exchange and re-think the fragmentation and separation imposed by borders – real or imagined. It was hoped that by prompting people to reflect on the kinds of borders that bound their research and practice, we would be challenged to think outside of these borders and find the rich, creative space that can lead to innovation and fresh perspectives on the familiar.
Crossing borders . . . shifting sands: An investigation of Chinese students’ study experiences in the UK and China
Authors: Kaur Kashmir
Published: September 2019

In the current landscape of higher education in the UK, international students play a key role. It is an environment in which they not only cross borders physically but also transition through various identities as they develop their professional and linguistic confidence and skills to fully access and contribute to their programme of study and beyond. The aim of this paper is to outline the results of an empirical investigation into Chinese students’ perceptions of their study experiences in the context of student mobility and English-medium instruction in higher education. It reports on a study of two groups of Chinese students – one group studying in an English-speaking environment, the other in their home country where instruction is delivered through the medium of English. Semi-structured focus group interviews were conducted at each site which focused on the transition of “crossing borders” for educational purposes. The data was analysed using thematic analysis (Clarke & Braun, 2016). The main finding was that both groups experienced remarkably similar learning issues, despite being located in very different learning environments and crossing different types of borders.
Identity development through study abroad experiences: Storied accounts
Authors: Kimura Harumi , Hayashi Brenda
Published: September 2019

This study investigated three Japanese L2 learners who joined a government-funded, short-term study abroad program in the USA during their first year of college. Four years after the program, we interviewed the learners about their overseas experiences. We also asked what they had done during their university years after the program. We then analyzed their accounts to explore participants’ linguistic and personal growth during and after the program. Their stories offered important insights into what short-term study abroad programs should provide: critical experiences that participants embrace through meeting and communicating with new people in L2s for the purpose of mutual understanding. When participants perceived their experiences to be successful and valuable and felt a desire to become a more efficient L2 user, they took actions to improve their L2 skills in relation to other life goals after returning home. Furthermore, their L2 identities are likely interwoven with their current and aspiring personal identities. As such, their stories are self-development trajectories and evidence of L2-learning-mediated personal growth through social interaction. We propose that short-term study programs: (a) avoid an exclusive focus on L2 learning on-site, (b) include ample opportunities of meaningful social interaction, and (c) target first-year students.
Evaluation the Success Rate, Survival Rate, and Tissue Health Indices around XiVE® Dental Implants Placed in Patients in a Dental Office in Isfahan
Authors: Tavakoli Mohammad , Izadi Mozhgan , Yaghini Jaber , Nazemi Laleh , Mola Manizhe
Published: September 2019

Background and aims. Despite the very good results, implant treatment has also been associated with some failures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the success rate, survival rate, and tissue health indices around XiVE® dental implants placed in patients in a dental office in Isfahan. Materials and methods. In this cross-sectional study, 129 XiVE® dental implants were selected. A form was prepared by two periodontists for the collection of demographic information and assessment of soft- and hard-tissue health at the implant sites. Data were analyzed by t-test and the Wilcoxon test with SPSS20 statistical software; p = 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. Of the 129 implants, 57.3% were in males and 42.7% in females; of the total, 47.3% were maxillary, 52.7% mandibular, and 17.8% were single- and 82.2% multi-unit. Periodontal indices, except probing depth, were significantly lower around maxillary implants (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the left and right jaws in terms of periodontal index (p > 0.05). In all cases, the periodontal indices of dental implants were lower than those of the teeth and showed 100% success and survival rates. Conclusion. The results of this study showed 100% success and 2-year survival rates with XiVE® implants with healthy tissues surrounding the implants.
Three-dimensional Assessment of the Nasopalatine Canal and the Surrounding Bone Using Cone-beam Computed Tomography
Authors: Salemi Fateme , Atarbashi Moghadam Fazele , Shakibai Zahra , Farhadian Maryam
Published: September 2019

Background and aims. Because of increasing concerns about surgeries in the anterior maxilla, including implant placement, it is necessary to examine the morphology of the nasopalatine canal and its surrounding bones. This study aimed to analyze the shape and position of the nasopalatine canal and incisive foramen using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and methods. CBCT images of 110 patients referred to Hamadan School of Dentistry were examined. The size and shape of the nasopalatine canal and incisive foramen, the distance between the incisive foramen and the anterior nasal spine, and the distance between the anterior border of the nasopalatine canal and the labial surface of the buccal plate were recorded. Results. The nasopalatine canal length decreased and its diameter increased with aging. The canal was found to be longer and wider in men. Patients without incisors had longer and thicker nasopalatine canals. The distance from the nasopalatine canal to the labial surface of the buccal plate was not gender-related but decreased with age. The distance to the labial cortical surface decreased significantly with loss of incisors. Conclusion. Given the diversities in the size and shape of nasopalatine canals, it is highly important to perform CBCT to prevent neurovascular damage.
Local Delivery of Hyaluronan as an Adjunct to Scaling and Root Planing in the Treatment of Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Sunder Salavadhi Shyam , Chintalapani Srikanth , Pabolu Chandra Mohan , Paul Arpita , Mutthineni Ramesh Babu , Guntur Kiran Kumar Reddy
Published: September 2019

Background and aims. The present study was carried out to evaluate the adjunctive effect of local application of hyaluronan gel with scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. Materials and methods. Twelve patients with chronic periodontitis participated in the study with a split-mouth design. Plaque formation and bleeding on probing (BOP) were evaluated at baseline and at 1st, 4th and 12th weeks postoperatively. Probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment levels (CAL) were evaluated at baseline and at 12-week postoperative interval. 0.2 mL of 0.8% hyaluronan gel was administered subgingivally in the test sites at baseline and after 1 week. Results. The test group exhibited a significantly lower mean plaque score and mean BOP as compared to the control group at 1st, 4th and 12th weeks (P < 0.05). Between the two groups, post-treatment comparison at 12th week showed lower PD value in the test group as compared to the control group and higher gain in CAL in the test group as compared to the control group. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion. Local application of hyaluronan gel in conjunction with SRP might have a beneficial effect in patients with chronic periodontitis.
Pyogenic granuloma: Report of two cases with review of literature
Authors: Boyapat Ramanaryana , Maloth Kotya Naik , Salavadi • Sam Sunder
Published: September 2019

Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is a reactive inflammatory hyperplastic oral lesion in response to local irritants. It is the most commonly occurring and a well-known oral lesion by oral physicians that most commonly affects gingiva, followed by lips, buccal mucosa, palate and tongue. "Pyogenic granuloma" term itself is a misnomer. This article presents a report of 2 cases of pyogenic granuloma of the gingiva and their management with a review of literature and also discusses why the term "pyogenic granuloma" is a misnomer.
Pour une approche interculturelle dans l’étude de la relation entre les bénévoles et les communautés hôtes dans le bénévolat international
Authors: Gouin-Bonenfant Mathilde
Published: September 2019

Les écrits sur la relation entre les bénévoles et les communautés hôtes dans le bénévolat international sont partagés entre deux postures opposées. La première, enthousiaste, soutient que le bénévolat international favorise un meilleur rapprochement interculturel que le tourisme. La seconde, critique, y met de l’avant la reproduction des rapports de pouvoir postcoloniaux. Pour surpasser cette opposition, cet article propose un cadre théorique interculturel, inspiré de la philosophie herméneutique de Gadamer, des approches systémiques des relations humaines, de l’ethnographie de la communication et de la sociolinguistique interactionnelle. Pour illustrer l’apport de celui-ci, une étude de cas sur la relation entre les stagiaires et leurs familles d’accueil dans les stages Québec Sans Frontières au Sénégal sera présentée. Celle-ci mettra en lumière trois dynamiques concomitantes dans cette relation : la (co)production de savoirs culturels, la négociation de nouveaux systèmes de communication hybrides et temporaires et le développement de savoir-faire interculturels
Les villes moyennes périphériques à l’épreuve des tendances économiques et démographiques. L’exemple de Saguenay
Authors: Simard Martin
Published: September 2019

Malgré son poids démographique non négligeable, Saguenay constitue une région métropolitaine de recensement (RMR) plutôt modeste parmi les 33 RMR canadiennes. De plus, à l’instar de Sudbury ou de Thunder Bay, Saguenay est localisée en périphérie des grands corridors urbano-industriels et sa population stagne ou décline au gré des recensements. Dans ce contexte, quel est l’avenir des villes moyennes situées aux marges de l’écoumène, comme Saguenay? Comment accueillir des immigrants dans un environnement social homogène? Faut-il appréhenderun clivage progressif des besoins et des opportunités entre les villes moyennes de l’arrière-pays et les grandes métropoles? Nous tenterons de répondre à ces diverses interrogations.
Cannabidiol Counteracts the Psychotropic Side-Effects of Δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in the Ventral Hippocampus through Bidirectional Control of ERK1–2 Phosphorylation
Authors: Hudson Roger , Renard Justine , Norris Christopher , Rushlow Walter J. , Laviolette Steven R.
Published: September 2019

Evidence suggests that the phytocannabinoids Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) differentially regulate salience attribution and psychiatric risk. The ventral hippocampus (vHipp) relays emotional salience via control of dopamine (DA) neuronal activity states, which are dysregulated in psychosis and schizophrenia. Usingin vivoelectrophysiology in male Sprague Dawley rats, we demonstrate that intra-vHipp THC strongly increases ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neuronal frequency and bursting rates, decreases GABA frequency, and amplifies VTA beta, gamma and ε oscillatory magnitudes via modulation of local extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation (pERK1–2). Remarkably, whereas intra-vHipp THC also potentiates salience attribution in morphine place-preference and fear conditioning assays, CBD coadministration reverses these changes by downregulating pERK1–2 signaling, as pharmacological reactivation of pERK1–2 blocked the inhibitory properties of CBD. These results identify vHipp pERK1–2 signaling as a critical neural nexus point mediating THC-induced affective disturbances and suggest a potential mechanism by which CBD may counteract the psychotomimetic and psychotropic side effects of THC.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTStrains of marijuana with high levels of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and low levels of cannabidiol (CBD) have been shown to underlie neuropsychiatric risks associated with high-potency cannabis use. However, the mechanisms by which CBD mitigates the side effects of THC have not been identified. We demonstrate that THC induces cognitive and affective abnormalities resembling neuropsychiatric symptoms directly in the hippocampus, while dysregulating dopamine activity states and amplifying oscillatory frequencies in the ventral tegmental area via modulation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. In contrast, CBD coadministration blocked THC-induced ERK phosphorylation, and prevented THC-induced behavioral and neural abnormalities. These findings identify a novel molecular mechanism that may account for how CBD functionally mitigates the neuropsychiatric side effects of THC.
Synthesis of Hemispheric ITD Tuning from the Readout of a Neural Map: Commonalities of Proposed Coding Schemes in Birds and Mammals
Authors: Peña Jose L. , Cazettes Fanny , Beckert Michael V. , Fischer Brian J.
Published: September 2019

A major cue to infer sound direction is the difference in arrival time of the sound at the left and right ears, called interaural time difference (ITD). The neural coding of ITD and its similarity across species have been strongly debated. In the barn owl, an auditory specialist relying on sound localization to capture prey, ITDs within the physiological range determined by the head width are topographically represented at each frequency. The topographic representation suggests that sound direction may be inferred from the location of maximal neural activity within the map. Such topographical representation of ITD, however, is not evident in mammals. Instead, the preferred ITD of neurons in the mammalian brainstem often lies outside the physiological range and depends on the neuron's best frequency. Because of these disparities, it has been assumed that how spatial hearing is achieved in birds and mammals is fundamentally different. However, recent studies reveal ITD responses in the owl's forebrain and midbrain premotor area that are consistent with coding schemes proposed in mammals. Particularly, sound location in owls could be decoded from the relative firing rates of two broadly and inversely ITD-tuned channels. This evidence suggests that, at downstream stages, the code for ITD may not be qualitatively different across species. Thus, while experimental evidence continues to support the notion of differences in ITD representation across species and brain regions, the latest results indicate notable commonalities, suggesting that codes driving orienting behavior in mammals and birds may be comparable.
Toward Robust Functional Neuroimaging Genetics of Cognition
Authors: Uddén Julia , Hultén Annika , Bendtz Katarina , Mineroff Zachary , Kucera Katerina S. , Vino Arianna , Fedorenko Evelina , Hagoort Peter , Fisher Simon E.
Published: September 2019

A commonly held assumption in cognitive neuroscience is that, because measures of human brain function are closer to underlying biology than distal indices of behavior/cognition, they hold more promise for uncovering genetic pathways. Supporting this view is an influential fMRI-based study of sentence reading/listening by Pinel et al. (2012), who reported that common DNA variants in specific candidate genes were associated with altered neural activation in language-related regions of healthy individuals that carried them. In particular, different single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) ofFOXP2correlated with variation in task-based activation in left inferior frontal and precentral gyri, whereas a SNP at theKIAA0319/TTRAP/THEM2locus was associated with variable functional asymmetry of the superior temporal sulcus. Here, we directly test each claim using a closely matched neuroimaging genetics approach in independent cohorts comprising 427 participants, four times larger than the original study of 94 participants. Despite demonstrating power to detect associations with substantially smaller effect sizes than those of the original report, we do not replicate any of the reported associations. Moreover, formal Bayesian analyses reveal substantial to strong evidence in support of the null hypothesis (no effect). We highlight key aspects of the original investigation, common to functional neuroimaging genetics studies, which could have yielded elevated false-positive rates. Genetic accounts of individual differences in cognitive functional neuroimaging are likely to be as complex as behavioral/cognitive tests, involving many common genetic variants, each of tiny effect. Reliable identification of true biological signals requires large sample sizes, power calculations, and validation in independent cohorts with equivalent paradigms.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTA pervasive idea in neuroscience is that neuroimaging-based measures of brain function, being closer to underlying neurobiology, are more amenable for uncovering links to genetics. This is a core assumption of prominent studies that associate common DNA variants with altered activations in task-based fMRI, despite using samples (10–100 people) that lack power for detecting the tiny effect sizes typical of genetically complex traits. Here, we test central findings from one of the most influential prior studies. Using matching paradigms and substantially larger samples, coupled to power calculations and formal Bayesian statistics, our data strongly refute the original findings. We demonstrate that neuroimaging genetics with task-based fMRI should be subject to the same rigorous standards as studies of other complex traits.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Mediated Metaplastic Inhibition of LTP Is Constitutively Engaged in an Alzheimer's Disease Model
Authors: Singh Anurag , Jones Owen D. , Mockett Bruce G. , Ohline Shane M. , Abraham Wickliffe C.
Published: September 2019

LTP, a fundamental mechanism of learning and memory, is a highly regulated process. One form of regulation is metaplasticity (i.e., the activity-dependent and long-lasting changes in neuronal state that orchestrate the direction, magnitude, and persistence of future synaptic plasticity). We have previously described a heterodendritic metaplasticity effect, whereby strong high-frequency priming stimulation in stratum oriens inhibits subsequent LTP in the stratum radiatum of hippocampal area CA1, potentially by engagement of the enmeshed astrocytic network. This effect may occur due to neuron-glia interactions in response to priming stimulation that leads to the release of gliotransmitters. Here we found in male rats that TNFα and associated signal transduction enzymes, but not interleukin-1β (IL-1β), were responsible for mediating the metaplasticity effect. Replacing priming stimulation with TNFα incubation reproduced these effects. As TNFα levels are elevated in Alzheimer's disease, we examined whether heterodendritic metaplasticity is dysregulated in a transgenic mouse model of the disease, either before or after amyloid plaque formation. We showed that TNFα and IL-1β levels were significantly increased in aged but not young transgenic mice. Although control LTP was impaired in the young transgenic mice, it was not TNFα-dependent. In the older transgenic mice, however, LTP was impaired in a way that occluded further reduction by heterosynaptic metaplasticity, whereas LTP was entirely rescued by incubation with a TNFα antibody, but not an IL-1β antibody. Thus, TNFα mediates a heterodendritic metaplasticity in healthy rodents that becomes constitutively and selectively engaged in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe proinflammatory cytokine TNFα is known to be capable of inhibiting LTP and is upregulated several-fold in brain tissue, serum, and CSF of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. However, the mechanistic roles played by TNFα in plasticity and AD remain poorly understood. Here we show that TNFα and its downstream signaling molecules p38 MAPK, ERK, and JNK contribute fundamentally to a long-range metaplastic inhibition of LTP in rats. Moreover, the impaired LTP in agedAPP/PS1mice is rescued by incubation with a TNFα antibody. Thus, there is an endogenous engagement of the metaplasticity mechanism in this mouse model of AD, supporting the idea that blocking TNFα might be of therapeutic benefit in the disease.
Effects of Locomotion on Visual Responses in the Mouse Superior Colliculus
Authors: Savier Elise L. , Chen Hui , Cang Jianhua
Published: September 2019

Visual responses are extensively shaped by internal factors. This effect is drastic in the primary visual cortex (V1), where locomotion profoundly increases visually-evoked responses. Here we investigate whether a similar effect exists in another major visual structure, the superior colliculus (SC). By performing two-photon calcium imaging of head-fixed male and female mice running on a treadmill, we find that only a minority of neurons in the most superficial lamina of the SC display significant changes during locomotion. This modulation includes both increase and decrease in response amplitude and is similar between excitatory and inhibitory neurons. The overall change in the SC is small, whereas V1 responses almost double during locomotion. Additionally, SC neurons display lower response variability and less spontaneous activity than V1 neurons. Together, these experiments indicate that locomotion-dependent modulation is not a widespread phenomenon in the early visual system and that the SC and V1 use different strategies to encode visual information.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTVisual information captured by the retina is processed in parallel through two major pathways, one reaching the primary visual cortex through the thalamus, and the other projecting to the superior colliculus. The two pathways then merge in the higher areas of the visual cortex. Recent studies have shown that behavioral state such as locomotion is an essential component of vision and can strongly affect visual responses in the thalamocortical pathway. Here we demonstrate that neurons in the mouse superior colliculus and primary visual cortex display striking differences in their modulation by locomotion, as well as in response variability and spontaneous activity. Our results reveal an important “division of labor” in visual processing between these two evolutionarily distinct structures.
The Authority of Kyai Toward the Santri: A Review of Gender Construction at Pondok Pesantren
Authors: Pramono Didi
Published: September 2019

The purpose of the study are assess the perception of Kyai and students about the gender construction, analyze the power of Kyai in forming gender construction, analyzing the social interactions between Kyai, students, and society. This study used a qualitative approach, with research location is in Al-Hikmah 2 Benda Boarding School Sirampog District, Brebes. Conclusions of the study are Kyai and students have moderate views on the construction of gender, but in practice it is still ambiguous because it could not distinguish between nature and gender. This perception creates stereotypes that lead to the injustices against women, including subordination, marginalization, and the double burden in terms of access, participation, control, and benefits. Gender construction in boarding school reinforced by Kyaiâ€™s position in a dialectical process of externalization, objectification, and internalization. The patron-client relationship between Kyai, students, and society further strengthen the position of Kyai as a significant other in the process of gender construction in boarding school.
Vulnerability Analysis of Small Fishermen's Household Livelihoods in Tegal City
Authors: Nissa Zulfa Nur Auliatun , Dharmawan Arya Hadi , Saharuddin Saharuddin
Published: September 2019

Small fishermen are known for being very dependent on fluctuating fish resources and the nature of open access fisheries which together cause resource degradation, poverty and marginalization. The problems of small-scale fisheries include low economic performance and limited ability or expertise in facing global pressure, including climate change. Based on the problems faced by small fishermen as described, it is certainly a separate danger on the fishermen's livelihood system which causes the livelihoods of small fishermen to be more vulnerable. The purpose of this study was to analyze the level of vulnerability of the livelihoods of small fishermenâ€™s households. This research used quantitative methods supported by qualitative data. The study was conducted in Muarareja Sub-Districts, Tegal City, Central Java. This study was conducted using a livelihood vulnerability index questionnaire and in-depth interviews. Data was collected from forty respondents. This study found the fact that small scale fishermen both top and bottom layer in Muarareja village in which this study was conducted was not too vulnerable (resilient). However, they have a fairly good adaptive capacity with the use of capacity by using the livelihood capital optimally upper layer fishermen tend to use physical and financial capital to carry out exploitation and spatial strategies. On the other hand, the lower layers of fishermen mostly use their social capital such as affiliation with groups, high trust and patron-client systems based on moral economy.
AKSES DAN KONTROL PEREMPUAN PETANI PENGGARAP PADA LAHAN PERTANIAN PTPN IX KEBUN MERBUH
Authors: Luthfi Asma
Published: September 2019

Peran perempuan Â pada bidang pertanian memiliki kontribusi yang cukup banyak, khususnya pada peningkatan ekonomi keluarga. Tetapi peran ini tidak diimbangi dengan kesempatan dan kewenangan mereka terhadap sumber-sumber pertanian serta fasilitas publik lainnya. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan tentang akses dan kontrol perempuan petani penggarap pada lahan PTPN IX Kebun Merbuh. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif melalui observasi dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa akses dan kontrol perempuan petani penggarap pada lahan PTPN IX masih lemah jika dibandingkan dengan laki-laki, meski mereka memainkan banyak peran domestik dan publik. Kondisi ini membuat perempuan masih terpinggirkan dalam produski pertanian serta masih mengalami beban ganda dalam kehidupan mereka. The contribution of women in agriculture is significant, especially in the economy of the family. However, this important contribution is not matched by the equal opportunity and access to the agricultural resources and other public facilities. In this paper, I seek to explore womenâ€™s access to and control of tenant farmers on the land PTPN IX Kebun Merbuh. The method used in this study is a qualitative method; data are collected through observation and interviews. The results show that womenâ€™s access to and control of tenant farmers on the land PTPN IX is still weak, compared with men, though they play many important domestic and public roles. As a result, these women are still marginalized in agricultural production and are still experiencing double burden in their lives.Â
EKONOMI PEKARANGAN DI PEDESAAN JAWA
Authors: Mulyanto Dede
Published: September 2019

Tujuan artikel ini adalah untuk menganalisa peran pekarangan sebagai sumber ketersediaan pangan, energi rumahtangga, dan uang tunai bagi rumahtangga petani. Bagi orang Jawa lahan tidak hanya tempat bekerja mereka tetapi sebagai sebuah status sosial, ekoncomi dan politik di masyarakat. Disinilah pekarangan, sebuah lahan kecil di rumah, mengambil peran ketika petani menghadapai kesulitan ekonomi yang dikarenakan lahan garapannya tidak menguntungkan. Rumusan masalahnya adalah bagaimana karakteristik desa Wetankali dan bagaimana bentuk pemanfaatan ekonomi pekarangan yang terjadi di sana. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah etnografis disertai survei dengan kuisioner dan analisis data sekunder. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Desa Wetankali Kecamatan Kutocilik Kabupaten Banyumas. Pekarangan bagi masyarakat Jawa merupakan benteng yang dengannya mereka dapat bertahan hidup. Pekarangan ditanami beberapa jenis tanaman ynag dapat dijual untuk menambah pendapatan rumahtangga petani. Bersaamaan dengan pertumbuhan penduduk yang naik, pekarangan berubah bentuk menjadi semakin sempit karena masyarakat lebih memilih menggunakan lahannya untuk hunian. Akibatnya, untuk rumahtangga miskin, sumber makanan pendukung dan energi murah mulai menghilang. The objective of this article is to analyse the role played by house yards or home garden as source of food storage, household energy, and cash for peasant household. For Javanese peasant, yard was not only aÂ  place for work, but also a space to represent economy and social status. The importance of house yards is felt in difficult situation such as economic crises and corpse failure. Research questions in this anysisis are how about the characteristics of Wetankali village and how about the pattern of using home garden or home yard there. Research method used is etnography with survey using questionaire and secondary data analysis. The research was conducted in Watankali, Kutocilik Banyumas. For Javanese, yards become a place for final defence. Peasent often plant their home garden with several kind of plants that have economical value to sell so that they will earn money from it. Along with the tendency of population growth, traditional home garden is changed to become housing complex. Consequently, for poor household, the source of food suplement and cheap energy deteriorates.