bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fatherhood in a New Country: A Qualitative Study Exploring the Experiences of Afghan Men and Implications for Health Services
Authors: Riggs Elisha , Yelland Jane , Szwarc Josef , Wahidi Sayed , Casey Sue , Chesters Donna , Fouladi Fatema , Duell‐Piening Philippa , Giallo Rebecca , Brown Stephanie
Published: November 2015

Background

Fathers of refugee background are dealing with multiple, interrelated stressors associated with forced migration and establishing their lives in a new country. This has implications for the role of men in promoting the health and well‐being of their families.

Methods

Afghan community researchers conducted interviews with 30 Afghan women and men who had recently had a baby in Australia. Interviews and focus groups were conducted with health professionals working with families of refugee background.

Results

Fourteen men, 16 women, and 34 health professionals participated. Afghan men reported playing a major role in supporting their wives during pregnancy and postnatal care, accompanying their wives to appointments, and providing language and transport support. Although men embraced these roles, they were rarely asked by health professionals about their own concerns related to their wife's pregnancy, or about their social circumstances. Perinatal health professionals queried whether it was their role to meet the needs of men.

Conclusion

There are many challenges for families of refugee background navigating maternity services while dealing with the challenges of settlement. There is a need to move beyond a narrow conceptualization of antenatal and postnatal care to encompass a broader preventive and primary care approach to supporting refugee families through the period of pregnancy and early years of parenting. Pregnancy and postnatal care needs to be tailored to the social and psychological needs of families of refugee background, including men, and incorporate appropriate language support, in order to improve child and family health outcomes.
Sialylation of anti-histone immunoglobulin G autoantibodies determines their capabilities to participate in the clearance of late apoptotic cells
Authors: Magorivska I , Muñoz L E , Janko C , Dumych T , Rech J , Schett G , Nimmerjahn F , Bilyy R , Herrmann M
Published: November 2015

The Fc portion of immunoglobulin (Ig)G harbours a single glycosylation site. Glycan sialylation is critical for structure and for certain effector functions of IgG. Anti-histone IgG of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus is reportedly responsible for the recruitment of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) to the clearance of apoptotic cells. Autoantibodies decorating secondary necrotic cells (SNEC) induce proinflammatory responses after activation of blood-borne phagocytes. Analysing the sialylation status of affinity-purified anti-histone IgG in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we demonstrated that the anti-histone IgG was contained preferentially in the non-sialylated fraction. In functional ex-vivo phagocytosis studies, non-sialylated anti-SNEC IgG directed SNEC preferentially into PMN but did not change their cytokine secretion profiles. In contrast, sialylated IgG reduced the phagocytosis by monocytes of SNEC. Moreover, the sialylated anti-SNEC IgG was not simply anti-inflammatory, but switched the cytokine secretion profiles from interleukin (IL)-6/IL-8 to tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α/IL-1β. Here we describe how different sialylation statuses of IgG autoantibodies contribute to the complex inflammatory network that regulates chronic inflammation.
Same same but different: analyzing hyperkinetic movement disorders
Authors: Himmelmann Kate
Published: November 2015

This commentary is on the original article by Elze et al. on pages 145–153 of this issue.
Nutritional management of gastric ulceration
Authors: Andrews F. M. , Larson C. , Harris P.
Published: November 2015

Gastric ulcers are common in horses and equine gastric ulcer syndrome describes ulcers in the distal oesophagus, nonglandular and glandular stomach as well as the proximal duodenum. Ulcers in the distal oesophagus and nonglandular region of the stomach are probably caused by hydrochloric acid, whereas ulcers in the glandular stomach and proximal duodenum are likely to be caused by a breakdown in the mucosal defence mechanisms. Regardless of the location of ulcers, initial treatment with pharmacological agents is necessary to suppress hydrochloric acid; however, nutrition and management changes are required to maintain ulcer healing and help prevent recurrence. In addition, many dietary supplements have been marketed to help maintain stomach health and some scientific data on their effects on gastric ulcer scores and gastric juicepHare presented.
Stochastic facility and transfer point covering problem with a soft capacity constraint
Authors: Ebrahimi Zade Amir , Lotfi M.M.
Published: November 2015

Existing models for transfer point location problems (TPLPs) do not guarantee the desired service time to customers. In this paper, a facility and TPLP is formulated based on a given service time that is targeted by a decision maker. Similar to real‐world situations, transportation times and costs are assumed to be random. In general, facilities are capacitated. However, in emergency services, they are not allowed to reject the customers for out of capacity reasons. Therefore, a soft capacity constraint for the facilities and a second objective to minimize the overtime in the facility with highest assigned demand are proposed. To solve the biobjective model with random variables, a variance minimization technique and chance‐constraint programming are applied. Thereafter, using fuzzy multiple objective linear programming, the proposed biobjective model is converted to a single objective. Computational results on 30 randomly designed experimental problems confirm satisfactory performance of the proposed model in reducing the variance of solutions as well as the overtime in the busiest facility.
Measuring Olympics performance based on a distance‐based approach
Authors: Cao Xiongfei , Fu Yelin , Du Jiangze , Sun Jiasen , Wang Ming
Published: November 2015

Measuring Olympics performance using either the Summer Olympic Games or Winter Olympics individually is criticized as a bias for participants. The present study develops a distance‐based approach based only on the number of medals won to propose Olympic ranking. A state‐of‐the‐art approach with mild weight restriction is used for integrating the performance in the lexicographic system. The common weights associated with the lexicographic and sum‐ranking systems for both Summer and Winter Olympic Games are determined to provide a fair ranking for National Olympic Committees. Application to the London 2012 Summer Olympic Games and Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics is used to illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.
Evaluating the drivers of Indo‐Pacific biodiversity: speciation and dispersal of sea snakes (Elapidae: Hydrophiinae)
Authors: Ukuwela Kanishka D. B. , Lee Michael S. Y. , Rasmussen Arne R. , de Silva Anslem , Mumpuni  , Fry Bryan G. , Ghezellou Parviz , Rezaie‐Atagholipour Mohsen , Sanders Kate L.
Published: November 2015

Aim

There are several competing hypotheses to explain the high species richness of the Indo‐Australian Archipelago (IAA) marine biodiversity hotspot centred within Southeast (SE) Asia. We use phylogenetic methods to provide a novel perspective on this problem using viviparous sea snakes, a group with high species richness in the IAA that is highly distinct from other taxa previously studied, both phylogenetically (Reptilia, Amniota) and biologically (e.g. viviparity and direct development).

Location

Indian Ocean and the West Pacific.

Methods

We used likelihood and Bayesian methods to reconstruct a multi‐locus time‐calibrated phylogeny for c. 70% of viviparous sea snake species, many sampled from multiple localities in Australasia, Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean. We then compared rates and temporal concordance of inferred vicariance and dispersal events between marine basins using several approaches including new Bayesian analyses that allow for clade‐specific and event‐specific dispersal rates.

Results

Phylogenetic analyses and novel Bayesian biogeographical reconstructions indicate that viviparous sea snakes underwent rapid speciation after colonizing SE Asia c. 3 million years ago. Most of the SE Asian sea snake diversity is the result of in situ speciation, most consistent with the ‘centre of origin’ and ‘centre of refuge’ models for biodiversity hotspots. There is also speciation at the periphery, or entirely outside SE Asia; however, contrary to predictions of the ‘accumulation’ and ‘overlap’ models, these new outlying taxa do not preferentially disperse back into SE Asia. Instead, lineages are equally likely to disperse either into or away from SE Asia.

Main conclusion

The high diversity of sea snakes in SE Asia (and hence the IAA) is mostly explained by in situ speciation rather than accumulation or overlap. Most speciation events are contemporaneous with sea level changes that generated and dissolved barriers between marine basins during the last 2.5 million years.
Evolutionary and contemporary responses to habitat fragmentation detected in a mesic zone marsupial, the long‐nosed potoroo (Potorous tridactylus) in south‐eastern Australia
Authors: Frankham Greta. J. , Handasyde Kathrine A. , Eldridge Mark D. B.
Published: November 2015

Aim

Outside of Australia's Wet Tropics, studies of the biogeographical patterns of unglaciated Southern Hemisphere mesic environments are limited, and have primarily focused on herpetofauna. In this study mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and microsatellite (nuDNA) analyses were used to investigate the impact of biogeographical barriers on the evolutionary history of the widespread Australian marsupial Potorous tridactylus, as well as the effect of recent human‐mediated habitat fragmentation.

Location

Australia; Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania.

Methods

Three hundred and fifty‐four individuals from 39 sites (representing 16 regional populations) across the species range were assessed for mtDNA Control Region and microsatellite (10 loci) variation. Genetic diversity, phylogeographical relationships and population structure were examined, as well as evidence for isolation by distance and past population expansion.

Results

Three highly divergent and reciprocally monophyletic mtDNA lineages were resolved (two mainland, one Tasmanian). A deep phylogeographical break, not associated with any obvious biogeographical barrier, was present on the mainland. Within the northern mainland and Tasmanian lineages, sub‐structuring was coincident with the presence of physical barriers to gene flow. Fine‐scale structuring was also present, with regional populations highly differentiated.

Main conclusions

This study expands on previous studies of Australia's mesic biome. Major phylogeographical breaks were identified, that dated to the Miocene (within the mainland) and Pliocene (isolation of Tasmanian), and differed from those described for the region's herpetofauna in age or location. The major mainland break appears species specific within this topographically complex region of Australia. Tasmanian populations were isolated from the mainland well before the most recent flooding of Bass Strait. Minor phylogenetic breaks within Tasmanian and northern NSW were associated with known biogeographical barriers. An absence of sub‐structuring within the southern mainland lineage suggests extensive historical connectivity. The presence of regional population structure suggests that post‐European settlement, local populations have become isolated and differentiated.
Towards a Practice Turn in EU Studies: The Everyday of European Integration
Authors: Adler‐Nissen Rebecca
Published: November 2015

This article explores how practice theory can be recruited for the study of European integration. New generations of EU researchers are fascinated by the prospect of leaving the armchair and studying the people and artefacts that make the EU on an everyday level. This article surveys key practice‐oriented, anthropological and micro‐sociological studies of the EU and European integration and shows how their findings challenge more traditional understandings of the dynamics of European integration. Moving beyond a stock‐taking, the article distinguishes between ‘ordering’ and ‘disordering’ practices and explores the potential of a practice turn in EU studies for both theory (overcoming dualism, replacing substantialism with processualism and rethinking power) and methods (including unstructured interviews, fieldwork and participant observation). A practice turn will force us to rethink core assumptions about the EU and allow us to grasp otherwise uncharted performances and social activities that are crucial for European integration.
Field of Dreams: the Discursive Construction of EU Studies, Intellectual Dissidence and the Practice of ‘Normal Science’
Authors: Rosamond Ben
Published: November 2015

This article explores how and why established understandings of an academic field's history matter. In particular, it shows in the case of EU studies that a settled narrative of the pivotal theoretical debate between neo‐functionalism and intergovernmentalism has been a vital rhetorical tool in the constitution of the field since the 1990s. Drawing on citation data and contemporaneous accounts of the theoretical architecture of the field from the 1970s and 1980s, the article shows that the idea of an intergovernmentalist school of theory is a retrospective construction developed in the 1980s and 1990s that has been read back into the past of the field of integration studies. The further effects of this settled intersubjective understanding of EU studies past include contributions to the stereotyping and simplification of neo‐functionalism, the writing out of the field's key archive of other mainstream theoretical work and the continued silencing of non‐mainstream or ‘dissident’ theoretical voices.
Maternal perinatal mental health and offspring academic achievement at age 16: the mediating role of childhood executive function
Authors: Pearson Rebecca M. , Bornstein Marc H. , Cordero Miguel , Scerif Gaia , Mahedy Liam , Evans Jonathan , Abioye Abu , Stein Alan
Published: November 2015

Background

Elucidating risk pathways for under‐achieving at school can inform strategies to reduce the number of adolescents leaving school without passing grades in core subjects. Maternal depression can compromise the quality of parental care and is associated with multiple negative child outcomes. However, only a few small studies have investigated the association between perinatal maternal depression and poor academic achievement in adolescence. The pathways to explain the risks are also unclear.

Method

Prospective observational data from 5,801 parents and adolescents taking part in a large UK population cohort (Avon‐Longitudinal‐Study‐of‐Parents‐and‐Children) were used to test associations between maternal and paternal depression and anxiety in the perinatal period, executive function (EF) at age 8, and academic achievement at the end of compulsory school at age 16.

Results

Adolescents of postnatally depressed mothers were 1.5 times (1.19, 1.94, p = .001) as likely as adolescents of nondepressed mothers to fail to achieve a ‘pass’ grade in math; antenatal anxiety was also an independent predictor of poor math. Disruption in different components of EF explained small but significant proportions of these associations: attentional control explained 16% (4%, 27%, p < .001) of the association with postnatal depression, and working memory explained 17% (13%, 30%, p = .003) of the association with antenatal anxiety. A similar pattern was seen for language grades, but associations were confounded by maternal education. There was no evidence that paternal factors were independently associated with impaired child EF or adolescent exams.

Conclusion

Maternal postnatal depression and antenatal anxiety are risk factors for adolescents underachieving in math. Preventing, identifying, and treating maternal mental health in the perinatal period could, therefore, potentially increase adolescents’ academic achievement. Different aspects of EF partially mediated these associations. Further work is needed, but if these pathways are causal, improving EF could reduce underachievement in math.
Interdisciplinary Education from a College of Nursing and School of Medicine
Authors: Appleton Sarah , Nacht Amy
Published: November 2015

We examine a newly designed, interdisciplinary education program and clinical rotation for the first‐year obstetrics and gynecology resident, implemented at the University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, between the College of Nursing midwifery faculty and the School of Medicine Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. The barriers to program development, along with the advantages and disadvantages of collaboration between nursing and medical schools, are reviewed. The clinical experience, consisting of 5 clinical shifts, was designed using the conceptual model of collaborative intelligence. A formal rotation with the midwife was constructed for the first‐year resident on the labor and delivery unit, providing care to intrapartum and postpartum women and families. The program included didactic and clinical teaching, with an emphasis on the normal physiologic process of birth and introduction to the midwifery scope of practice and philosophy of care. Formative evaluation of the clinical rotation demonstrated strong interest for continuation of the program and an ability to appreciate midwifery components of care in a limited exposure. Moreover, program development was successful without requiring large curricular changes for the resident. Future planning includes expansion of the program with increased emphasis on the postpartum and breastfeeding woman and continued program evaluation. The long‐term success of such collaborations will depend on the continued support of the American College of Nurse‐Midwives and the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists in developing and improving interdisciplinary educational teams. This article is part of a special series of articles that address midwifery innovations in clinical practice, education, interprofessional collaboration, health policy, and global health.
Mini‐Implants, Mega Solutions: A Case Series
Authors: Kumari Pooja , Verma Mahesh , Sainia Vikrant , Gupta Ankur , Gupta Rekha , Gill Shubhra
Published: November 2015

Dental implants have evolved as a standard of care for replacement of missing teeth. Though this treatment modality promises a high level of patient satisfaction and success, it cannot be performed in all cases. Apart from medically compromised patients, implant use is also restricted whenever there is limited available bone volume at the edentulous site. An example includes the mandibular incisor, the maxillary lateral incisor region, and other sites with reduced interdental spacing and atrophic edentulous maxillary and mandibular ridges. Bone volume at some of these sites can be increased by suitable augmentation procedure for placement of a regular diameter implant (3.75 to 4.2 mm). But many a times such procedure cannot be undertaken either due to financial constraint, risk of subjecting the patient to additional surgical procedure, added time factor, or guarded prognosis of the grafted site. In such cases, mini‐implants can be used. In this case series, mini‐implants (2.5 to 3 mm) were used to replace teeth in all mouth quadrants and to retain a mandibular overdenture in a compromised case. The implants served well at all the sites with minimal bone loss and a high level of patient satisfaction. Mini‐implants hold the potential to serve as an alternate to regular diameter implants in certain situations. Preferably they should be used in multiples to retain fixed dental prostheses and might serve as an efficient, low‐cost solution for retaining overdentures in selected cases.
Fracture Resistance of Molar Crowns Fabricated with Monolithic All‐Ceramic CAD/CAM Materials Cemented on Titanium Abutments: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Dogan Derya Ozdemir , Gorler Oguzhan , Mutaf Burcu , Ozcan Mutlu , Eyuboglu Gunes Bulut , Ulgey Melih
Published: November 2015

Purpose

To assess the fracture resistance of single‐tooth implant‐supported crown restorations made with different CAD/CAM blocks.

Materials and Methods

Thirty‐six titanium abutments were put on dental implant analogs (Mis Implant). For each of three test groups (n = 12/group), implant‐supported, cement‐retained mandibular molar single crowns were produced. Crowns were made of lithium disilicate glass (LD) IPS e.max CAD, feldspathic glass ceramic (FEL) Vita Mark II, and resin nano‐ceramic (RNC) Lava Ultimate. The crowns were cemented with self‐adhesive resin cement RelyX Unicem 2. After chewing cycling, crowns were tested to failure in a universal testing machine. Fracture values were calculated as initial (F‐initial) and maximum fracture (F‐max).

Results

The study groups were ranked, in order of having highest value, (LD > FEL) > RNC for F‐initial load value and (LD > RNC) > FEL for F‐max load value. This demonstrated that there was no parallel change in the F‐initial and F‐max values presenting the fracture resistance of specimens.

Conclusions

There was no accordance between the F‐initial and F‐max values of the LD, RNC, and FEL after chewing simulation with thermocycling resembling 5 years of clinical functional use. LD had the highest fracture resistance during the fracture test. RNC had low fracture resistance; however, it had considerably high fracture resistance during the fracture test. FEL had considerably low fracture resistance values.
Heat Transfer and Thermal Stress Analysis of a Mandibular Molar Tooth Restored by Different Indirect Restorations Using a Three‐Dimensional Finite Element Method
Authors: Çelik Köycü Berrak , İmirzalıoğlu Pervin
Published: November 2015

Purpose

Daily consumption of food and drink creates rapid temperature changes in the oral cavity. Heat transfer and thermal stress caused by temperature changes in restored teeth may damage the hard and soft tissue components, resulting in restoration failure. This study evaluates the temperature distribution and related thermal stress on mandibular molar teeth restored via three indirect restorations using three‐dimensional (3D) finite element analysis (FEA).

Materials and Methods

A 3D finite element model was constructed of a mandibular first molar and included enamel, dentin, pulp, surrounding bone, and indirect class 2 restorations of type 2 dental gold alloy, ceramic, and composite resin. A transient thermal FEA was performed to investigate the temperature distribution and the resulting thermal stress after simulated temperature changes from 36°C to 4 or 60°C for a 2‐second time period.

Results

The restoration models had similar temperature distributions at 2 seconds in both the thermal conditions. Compared with 60°C exposure, the 4°C condition resulted in thermal stress values of higher magnitudes. At 4ºC, the highest stress value observed was tensile stress (56 to 57 MPa), whereas at 60°C, the highest stress value observed was compressive stress (42 to 43 MPa). These stresses appeared at the cervical region of the lingual enamel. The thermal stress at the restoration surface and resin cement showed decreasing order of magnitude as follows: composite > gold > ceramic, in both thermal conditions.

Conclusions

The properties of the restorative materials do not affect temperature distribution at 2 seconds in restored teeth. The pulpal temperature is below the threshold for vital pulp tissue (42ºC). Temperature changes generate maximum thermal stress at the cervical region of the enamel. With the highest thermal expansion coefficient, composite resin restorations exhibit higher stress patterns than ceramic and gold restorations.
Does the Prevalence of Periodontal Pathogens Change in Elderly Edentulous Patients after Complete Denture Treatment?
Authors: Andjelkovic Marko , Sojic Ljiljana Tihacek , Lemic Aleksandra Milic , Nikolic Nadja , Kannosh Ibrahim Yousif , Milasin Jelena
Published: November 2015

Purpose

To determine if wearing complete dentures can cause changes in prevalence of some of the most common periodontal pathogens in elderly edentulous patients. The need for understanding the composition of oral microflora in edentulous patients has been recognized by some authors, but no studies have dealt with the changes that occur in periodontal pathogens’ prevalence as a result of complete dentures.

Materials and Methods

A total of 30 edentulous elderly (average age 71) patients participated in the study. Complete dentures were fabricated for each patient, and the residual alveolar ridges were swabbed before denture insertion. After a period of 6 months swabs were taken again. Identification of P. intermedia, A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, T. denticola, and F. nucleatum was done by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and primers specific for each microorganism.

Results

A noticeable increase in the presence of periodontal pathogens was observed after 6 months of denture wearing; targeted bacteria were identified in 17 pre‐insertion samples compared to 28 post‐insertion samples. The McNemar test was used to compare the prevalence of periodontal pathogenic bacteria before and after dental treatment. p<0.05 indicated statistical significance. Three microorganisms showed a statistically significant difference between the first and second swabbing—A. actinomycetemcomitans (6.7% vs. 40.0%, p = 0.006), P. intermedia (30.0% vs. 73.3%, p = 0.004), and T. forsythia (6.7% vs. 30.0%, p = 0.004). There was also an increase in bacteria co‐associations 6 months post‐insertion of complete dentures.

Conclusions

The results of the present study suggested that wearing complete dentures caused a considerable increase of periodontopathic bacteria prevalence in elderly patients. Better understanding of oral microflora and the impact dental treatment has on bacterial colonies is important in modern dentistry.
Sofosbuvir‐based regimens in clinical practice achieve SVR rates closer to clinical trials: results from ERCHIVES
Authors: Butt Adeel A. , Yan Peng , Shaikh Obaid S. , Chung Raymond T. , Sherman Kenneth E. ,   the ERCHIVES study
Published: November 2015

Background & Aims

Sofosbuvir is widely prescribed for treatment of HCV infection. We compared the sustained virologic response rates (SVR12) and the haematologic toxicity of various sofosbuvir‐based regimens in routine clinical practice.

Methods

We used ERCHIVES (Electronically Retrieved Cohort of HCV infected Veterans) to identify HCV‐infected persons initiated on sofosbuvir‐based regimens. Treatment duration and regimen were defined as per labelling guidelines. We excluded persons with HIV, positive hepatitis‐B surface antigen, hepatocellular carcinoma and missing HCV RNA.

Results

Among 4257 sofosbuvir‐treated persons, sofosbuvir/simeprevir (30%), sofosbuvir/ledipasvir (29%) and sofosbuvir/ribavirin (23%) were the most common combinations prescribed. The mean age (SD) was 60.22 (6.3) years, 96% were male, 22.4% were black, 37.2% had cirrhosis, 29.7% were treatment‐experienced; baseline mean HCV RNA was 6.73 log lIU/ml. Comorbidities included: 40.2% alcohol abuse or dependence, 39.7% drug abuse or dependence, 25.1% diabetes and 14.4% stage 3–5 chronic kidney disease. Overall, 86.7% completed a full course of treatment. Overall, SVR12 rates were 88–98% in the sofosbuvir/simeprevir group and 93–98% in the sofosbuvir/ledipasvir group and did not vary based on previous treatment history or cirrhosis at baseline. For genotype 2/3 patients treated with sofosbuvir/ribavirin, SVR12 rates ranged from 69 to 87% with lowest rates in treatment‐experienced cirrhotics. For the sofosbuvir/simeprevir and sofosbuvir/ledipasvir groups, grade3/4 haematologic adverse events were uncommon; these trended back close to baseline values after completion of treatment.

Conclusions

Sofosbuvir‐based regimens in clinical practice are associated with SVR rates comparable to those seen in clinical trials and low rates of grade 3/4 haematological adverse events.
Wood phenology, not carbon input, controls the interannual variability of wood growth in a temperate oak forest
Authors: Delpierre Nicolas , Berveiller Daniel , Granda Elena , Dufrêne Eric
Published: November 2015

Although the analysis of flux data has increased our understanding of the interannual variability of carbon inputs into forest ecosystems, we still know little about the determinants of wood growth. Here, we aimed to identify which drivers control the interannual variability of wood growth in a mesic temperate deciduous forest.

We analysed a 9‐yr time series of carbon fluxes and aboveground wood growth (AWG), reconstructed at a weekly time‐scale through the combination of dendrometer and wood density data.

Carbon inputs and AWG anomalies appeared to be uncorrelated from the seasonal to interannual scales. More than 90% of the interannual variability of AWG was explained by a combination of the growth intensity during a first ‘critical period’ of the wood growing season, occurring close to the seasonal maximum, and the timing of the first summer growth halt. Both atmospheric and soil water stress exerted a strong control on the interannual variability of AWG at the study site, despite its mesic conditions, whilst not affecting carbon inputs.

Carbon sink activity, not carbon inputs, determined the interannual variations in wood growth at the study site. Our results provide a functional understanding of the dependence of radial growth on precipitation observed in dendrological studies.
Simultaneously Combined Anterior‐Posterior Approaches for Subaxial Cervical Circumferential Reconstruction in a Sitting Position
Authors: Han Yue , Xia Qun , Hu Yong‐cheng , Zhang Ji‐dong , Lan Jie , Ma Xin‐long
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this article is to introduce and analyze the feasibility of simultaneously combined anterior‐posterior approaches for subaxial cervical circumferential reconstruction in sitting position. A retrospective case review was performed for above surgery procedure. A 79‐year‐old man was confirmed subaxial cervical fracture and dislocation with facet locked by radiological examination, and the involved levels were C5‐6. According to American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) classification, the impairment scale was grade B. And the Subaxial Cervical Spine Injury and Severity Score (SLIC) were 9. The patient was restricted in sitting position with traction on a halo in extension to immobilize the head during the operation. A posterior laminectomy and pedicle screws insertion to the involved cervical spine was performed firstly. And then the anterior discectomy and strut graft were accomplished through an anterior cervical approach. The final fixation was finished by clamping the strut graft with pedicle screw system. Total blood loss was 600 ml and the total operating time was 150 min. The patient was followed up for 6 months. The symptom of neck pain improved distinctly and no evidence about implant failure was noted. Neurological status improvement was confirmed and the ASIA scale was improved to grade C. We believed that the simultaneously combined anterior‐posterior approach in sitting position was safe and more advantageous for appropriate cases.
Consensus on Surgical Management of Hallux Valgus fromChina
Authors:   Foot and Ankle Working Committee,   Chinese Association of Orthopaedic Surgeons Orthopaedic Branch,   Chinese Association of Orthopaedic Surgeons
Published: November 2015

Hallux valgus deformity is one of the most common diseases in foot and ankle surgery. Satisfactory outcomes tend to be achieved only through operative correction. However, selection of the optimal surgical strategy is always a controversial topic, and the rate of dissatisfied patients postoperativelyis still very high. It is well known that there are various pathological changes in hallux valgus deformity, so it is impossible to use one specific procedure to solve all the problems. It requires a careful preoperative physical examination and radiographic assessment to choose the best operation for each kind of deformity according to each pathalogical change, combined with good postoperative dressing, immobilization and proper rehabilitation and follow up, to improve surgical outcomes and reduce postoperative rate of complication and dissatisfaction. In order to achieve these goals, a Consensus on the Operative Correction of Hallux Valgus has been developed by theFoot andAnkleWorkingCommittee,OrthopaedicBranch,ChineseAssociation ofOrthopaedicSurgeons. Foot and ankle surgeons following this consensus must be fully aware of their patients' desires, carefully evaluate different pathological processes and clinical symptoms and be skilled in various procedures. Then these procedures can be easily selected, converted and combined based on preoperative plans and intraoperative conditions.
A Simple Approach to Assessment of a Total Knee Replacement's Rotationary Profile Using Computed Tomography
Authors: Hughes Andrew Jerome , O'hEireamhoin Sven , Heffernan Eric , Hurson Coner
Published: November 2015

Malrotation is a cause of persistent pain and poor functioning postoperatively in those who undergo a total knee replacement (TKR). The accurate measurement of malrotation is not routinely available in most hospital settings due to an absence of three‐dimensional computed tomography (CT) software. An accessible, uncomplicated technique to demonstrate TKR prosthesis malrotation would be of benefit to orthopaedic surgeons worldwide. A patient was reviewed with persistent postoperative pain, having undergone a right TKR 3 years previously for progressive osteoarthritis. Postoperative prosthetic infection, instability, loosening, and fracture were ruled out as causes for the persistent pain. A two‐dimensional CT scan was obtained of the patient's affected right knee. Adhesive pieces of paper (Post‐it notes) were used to highlight the posterior tibial prosthesis axis, the tibial tuberosity axis, the posterior condylar axis of the femoral prosthesis and the femoral surgical transepicondylar axis, as per the technique described by Berger et al. A protractor was used to assess the degree of malrotation of the tibial and femoral prostheses. Allowing for human error and that of parallax, an immediate assessment was made of the patient's prosthesis using a readily available imaging modality, and malrotation was quickly identified using accessible, affordable everyday stationary equipment.
Comparison of dexmedetomidine and chloral hydrate sedation for transthoracic echocardiography in infants and toddlers: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Miller Jeff , Xue Bin , Hossain Md , Zhang Ma‐Zhong , Loepke Andreas , Kurth Dean
Published: November 2015

Background

Procedural sedation using chloral hydrate is used in many institutions to improve the quality of transthoracic echocardiograms (TTE) in infants and young children. Chloral hydrate has limited availability in some countries, creating the need for alternative effective sedatives.

Objective

The aim of our study was to compare the effectiveness of two doses of intranasal dexmedetomidine vs oral chloral hydrate sedation for transthoracic echocardiography.

Methods

This is a randomized, prospective study of 150 children under the age of 3 years with known or suspected congenital heart disease scheduled for transthoracic echocardiography with sedation. Group CH received oral chloral hydrate 70 mg·kg−1, group DEX2 received 2 μg·kg−1 intranasal dexmedetomidine, and group DEX3 received 3 μg·kg−1 intranasal dexmedetomidine. Acceptance of drug administration, sedation onset and duration, heart rate, and oxygen saturation, sonographer and parent satisfaction were recorded.

Results

All patients were successfully sedated for TTE. A second sedative dose (rescue) for failed single‐dose sedation was required for 4% of patients after CH, none of the patients after DEX2, and 4% of patients after DEX3. Patients in group CH had an average heart rate decline of 22% during sedation, while group DEX2 decreased 27%, and group DEX3 23% (P = 0.2180). Mean time from administration of the sedative to final patient discharge was 96 min after CH, 83 min after DEX2, and 94 min after DEX3 (P = 0.1826).

Conclusion

Intranasal dexmedetomidine 2 and 3 μg·kg−1 were found to be as effective for TTE sedation as oral chloral hydrate with similar sedation onset and recovery time and heart rate changes in this study population.
Prevalence of small for gestational age (SGA) and short stature in children born SGA who qualify for growth hormone treatment at 3 years of age: Population‐based study
Authors: Fujita Kaori , Nagasaka Miwako , Iwatani Sota , Koda Tsubasa , Kurokawa Daisuke , Yamana Keiji , Nishida Kosuke , Taniguchi‐Ikeda Mariko , Uchino Eiko , Shirai Chika , Iijima Kazumoto , Morioka Ichiro
Published: November 2015

Background

To treat children born small for gestational age (SGA) with severe short stature, treatment with growth hormone (GH) has been approved in the USA, Europe, and Japan, but no population‐based studies have reported their prevalence. The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of SGA and short stature in children born SGA who qualify for GH treatment at 3 years of age in a Japanese population.

Methods

A population‐based study was conducted in Kobe, Japan with 27 228 infants who were born between 2006 and 2008 and followed until 3 years of age. Prevalence of birthweight (BW) or birth length (BL) ≤ −2.0 standard deviation scores (SDS) for gestational age (GA; definition of SGA) was calculated. Short children born SGA who qualify for GH treatment at 3 years of age were estimated using the following criteria: BW and BL below the 10th percentile for GA, BW or BL ≤ −2.0 SDS for GA, and 2.5 SDS below the mean height for age.

Results

The prevalence of SGA was 3.5%. The estimated prevalence of short stature in children born SGA who met the criteria for GH treatment was 0.06%. The prevalence in infants born <34 weeks (0.39%) was significantly higher than that in infants born 34–41 weeks GA (0.05%, P = 0.02).

Conclusions

The prevalence of SGA and short stature in children born SGA who qualify for GH treatment is approximately 1 of 30 infants and 1 of 1800 children, respectively. The risk is increased when children are born <34 weeks GA.
Family process: Early child emotionality, parenting stress, and couple relationship quality
Authors: BERRYHILL M. BLAKE , SOLOSKI KRISTY L. , DURTSCHI JARED A. , ADAMS REBEKAH REYES
Published: November 2015

Guided by family systems theory, we used couple data (N = 1,778) from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to examine the link between perceived infant negative emotionality, parenting stress, and couple relationship quality when the child was 1, 3, and 5 years. Using a latent actor–partner interdependence model, we tested dyadic direct and indirect effects for married and cohabiting couples. Parents who reported higher levels of perceived infant negative emotionality at age 1 had higher parenting stress at age 3. Mothers' and fathers' parenting stress at age 3 predicted lower levels of their own couple relationship quality and their partner's relationship quality at age 5. Parenting stress mediated the relation between perceived infant emotionality and couple relationship quality.
Provenance of Holocene beach sand in the Western Iberian margin: the use of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test for the deciphering of sediment recycling in a modern coastal system
Authors: Pereira Manuel Francisco , Albardeiro Luís , Gama Cristina , Chichorro Martim , Hofmann Mandy , Linnemann Ulf
Published: November 2015

Detrital zircons from Holocene beach sand and igneous zircons from the Cretaceous syenite forming Cape Sines (Western Iberian margin) were dated using laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry. The U–Pb ages obtained were used for comparison with previous radiometric data from Carboniferous greywacke, Pliocene–Pleistocene sand and Cretaceous syenite forming the sea cliff at Cape Sines and the contiguous coast. New U–Pb dating of igneous morphologically simple and complex zircons from the syenite of the Sines pluton suggests that the history of zircon crystallization was more extensive (ca 87 to 74 Ma), in contrast to the findings of previous geochronology studies (ca 76 to 74 Ma). The U–Pb ages obtained in Holocene sand revealed a wide interval, ranging from the Cretaceous to the Archean, with predominance of Cretaceous (37%), Palaeozoic (35%) and Neoproterozoic (19%) detrital‐zircon ages. The paucity of round to sub‐rounded grains seems to indicate a short transportation history for most of the Cretaceous zircons (ca 95 to 73 Ma) which are more abundant in the beach sand that was sampled south of Cape Sines. Comparative analysis using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistical method, analysing sub‐populations separately, suggests that the zircon populations of the Carboniferous and Cretaceous rocks forming the sea cliff were reproduced faithfully in Quaternary sand, indicating sediment recycling. The similarity of the pre‐Cretaceous ages (>ca 280 Ma) of detrital zircons found in Holocene sand, as compared with Carboniferous greywacke and Pliocene–Pleistocene sand, provides support for the hypothesis that detritus was reworked into the beach from older sedimentary rocks exposed along the sea cliff. The largest percentage of Cretaceous zircons (<ca 95 Ma) found in Holocene sand, as compared with Pliocene–Pleistocene sand (secondary recycled source), suggests that the Sines pluton was the one of the primary sources that became progressively more exposed to erosion during Quaternary uplift. This work highlights the application of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov method in comparison of zircon age populations used to identify provenance and sediment recycling in modern and ancient detrital sedimentary sequences.
Are generalist Aphidiinae (Hym. Braconidae) mostly cryptic species complexes?
Authors: DEROCLES STEPHANE A. P. , PLANTEGENEST MANUEL , RASPLUS JEAN‐YVES , MARIE ALEXIA , EVANS DARREN M. , LUNT DAVID H. , LE RALEC ANNE
Published: November 2015

Aphidiinae are mostly composed of specialist parasitoids and the few species described as generalist are suspected to be composed of cryptic specialists, almost indistinguishable based on morphological characteristics. The use of molecular markers has proven to be a useful tool for revealing cryptic species complexes and here we use seven mitochondrial and nuclear gene fragments to study possible genetic differentiation among seven Aphidiinae generalists. Maximum likelihood (ML) trees and Bayesian Poisson tree processes (bPTP) models were conducted on each gene separately and on the seven genes together. The standard cytochrome c oxidase I barcode region appeared to be the most polymorphic and probably the best marker to reveal putative cryptic species. However, we showed with ML trees and bPTP models that a complementary use of mitochondrial and nuclear genes was the most relevant approach to reliably identify cryptic genetic clades in the Aphidiinae. Overall, most of the analysed generalist morphospecies were shown to be composed of subgroups related to the aphid host, some of them revealed as cryptic species by the species delimitation analysis. Further studies are needed to reveal the generality of this result in Aphidiinae.
The revealing processes of interpretation: Translating human rights principles into Pintupi‐Luritja
Authors: Holcombe Sarah
Published: November 2015

The global language of English has emerged over the centuries as the language of human rights. This language embodies many Anglo key cultural concepts that we take for granted, related to some of our most fundamental epistemologies – such concepts as freedom, dignity, respect, reason and conscience, equality, individuality and the concept of ‘rights’ itself. By making explicit the cultural workings of these English concepts, and by considering English itself as a cultural universe, we can also examineAnangucore cultural concepts from a new perspective. A first step toward this juxtaposition ofAnanguand English key cultural concepts is through the process of translating theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights(UDHR) into Pintupi‐Luritja. As Edward Sapir said in 1949, ‘vocabulary is a very sensitive index of the culture of a people’. This article will principally examine the first Article of theUDHRto elaborateAnangucultural forms of morality and conceptions of personhood. That there is no ready parallel of these concepts in this local vernacular, a Western Desert language, both reveals ‘traditional’ socio‐moral priorities and elides contemporary dialogical processes, as conversations begin to explicate, if not to translate.
‘Are my brothers fucking your sister?’ Shaming and being (a)shamed in a Sepik society
Authors: Hoenigman Darja
Published: November 2015

Some months after being verbally abused by his wife in a domestic quarrel, an Awiakay man died. One of the rumours that circulated about his death was that it was caused by his having been so badly shamed. The Awiakay people of East Sepik Province in Papua New Guinea use the same verb root,munjoko‐,to express what translates into English as both ‘feeling shame’ and ‘feeling fear’. Based on video recordings and verbatim transcripts of a number of domestic and intra‐village fights, as well as subsequent discussions with all involved parties, this article examines the ways the Awiakay people use their language to shame one another and tries to explain why they are afraid of being (a)shamed.
‘We are kangaroo, we have the owl’: Linguistic and emotional clues of the meanings of the bush in changing Wiradjuri being and relatedness
Authors: Burbidge Belinda
Published: November 2015

This article is an examination of the changing ways Bogan River Wiradjuri people from Peak Hill, central west New South Wales, speak about and emotionally relate to the bush, within the broader framework of Wiradjuri morality and kin relatedness. In this article I use emotional states of being, the way people feel when they visit and talk about the bush, to understand the complexity of meanings inherent in older and younger Wiradjuri inter‐subjectivities of human and non‐human relatedness. Shared emotional states of being are a language for the Wiradjuri self and the moral framework that governs local social life. I focus on the social and emotional orders of relatedness to argue that Wiradjuri ways of ‘being’ in the bush have changed from older to younger people in light of broader historical changes, subsequently affecting the relationships people have with the bush and the ancestral kin and spiritual beings contained within it.
Cryptic species in Pacific sipunculans (Sipuncula: Phascolosomatidae): east‐west divergence between non‐sister taxa
Authors: Johnson Nathan D. , Sanders Corey , Maiorova Anastassya , Schulze Anja
Published: November 2015

Cryptic diversity, i.e. diversity observable in genetic but not in morphological traits, is prevalent in marine invertebrates and presents one of the greatest obstacles to obtaining accurate estimates of species richness. Sipunculans, commonly called peanut worms, are marine annelids in which high levels of cryptic diversity have previously been documented. In this study, we use genetic identification techniques to examine divergence of two lineages of Pacific sipunculans, both known under the name Phascolosoma agassizii. One lineage is isolated to the eastern Pacific coast while the other one inhabits the western Pacific coast. These clades are reciprocally monophyletic and are not recovered as sister taxa, suggesting relatively early divergence within Phascolosoma. Furthermore, we did not find support for a genetic distinction between the western Pacific Phascolosoma agassizii agassizii and Phascolosoma agassizii kurilense, a subspecies reported from the Kuril Islands. Considering that the type locality for P. agassizii is in the Eastern Pacific, we suggest that the western clade, including the samples from the Kuril islands, represent a new, undescribed species.