bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Cytomegalovirus UL50 and UL53 Recruit Viral Protein Kinase UL97, Not Protein Kinase C, for Disruption of Nuclear Lamina and Nuclear Egress in Infected Cells
Authors: Sharma Mayuri , Kamil Jeremy P. , Coughlin Margaret , Reim Natalia I. , Coen Donald M.
Published: October 2013

Herpesvirus nucleocapsids traverse the nuclear envelope into the cytoplasm in a process called nuclear egress that includes disruption of the nuclear lamina. In several herpesviruses, a key player in nuclear egress is a complex of two proteins, whose homologs in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) are UL50 and UL53. However, their roles in nuclear egress during HCMV infection have not been shown. Based largely on transfection studies, UL50 and UL53 have been proposed to facilitate disruption of the nuclear lamina by recruiting cellular protein kinase C (PKC), as occurs with certain other herpesviruses, and/or the viral protein kinase UL97 to phosphorylate lamins. To investigate these issues during HCMV infection, we generated viral mutants null for
UL50
or
UL53
. Correlative light electron microscopic analysis of null mutant-infected cells showed the presence of intranuclear nucleocapsids and the absence of cytoplasmic nucleocapsids. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that UL50 and UL53 are required for disruption of the nuclear lamina. A subpopulation of UL97 colocalized with the nuclear rim, and this was dependent on UL50 and, to a lesser extent, UL53. However, PKC was not recruited to the nuclear rim, and its localization was not affected by the absence of UL50 or UL53. Immunoprecipitation from cells infected with HCMV expressing tagged UL53 detected UL97 but not PKC. In summary, HCMV UL50 and UL53 are required for nuclear egress and disruption of nuclear lamina during HCMV infection, and they recruit UL97, not PKC, for these processes. Thus, despite the strong conservation of herpesvirus nuclear egress complexes, a key function can differ among them.
Generation of a Complete Single-Gene Knockout Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Library of Cowpox Virus and Identification of Its Essential Genes
Authors: Xu Zhiyong , Zikos Dimitrios , Osterrieder Nikolaus , Tischer B. Karsten
Published: October 2013

Cowpox virus (CPXV) belongs to the genus
Orthopoxvirus
in the
Poxviridae
family. It infects a broad range of vertebrates and can cause zoonotic infections. CPXV has the largest genome among the orthopoxviruses and is therefore considered to have the most complete set of genes of all members of the genus. Since CPXV has also become a model for studying poxvirus genetics and pathogenesis, we created and characterized a complete set of single gene knockout bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones of the CPXV strain Brighton Red. These mutants allow a systematic assessment of the contribution of single CPXV genes to the outcome of virus infection and replication, as well as to the virus host range. A full-length BAC clone of CPXV strain Brighton Red (pBRF) harboring the gene expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein under the control of a viral late promoter was modified by introducing the
mrfp1
gene encoding the monomeric red fluorescent protein driven by a synthetic early vaccinia virus promoter. Based on the modified BAC (pBRFseR), a library of targeted knockout mutants for each single viral open reading frame (ORF) was generated. Reconstitution of infectious virus was successful for 109 of the 183 mutant BAC clones, indicating that the deleted genes are not essential for virus replication. In contrast, 74 ORFs were identified as essential because no virus progeny was obtained upon transfection of the mutant BAC clones and in the presence of a helper virus. More than 70% of all late CPXV genes belonged to this latter group of essential genes.
Measles Virus C Protein Impairs Production of Defective Copyback Double-Stranded Viral RNA and Activation of Protein Kinase R
Authors: Pfaller Christian K. , Radeke Monte J. , Cattaneo Roberto , Samuel Charles E.
Published: October 2013

Measles virus (MV) lacking expression of C protein (C
KO
) is a potent activator of the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase (PKR), whereas the isogenic parental virus expressing C protein is not. Here, we demonstrate that significant amounts of dsRNA accumulate during C
KO
mutant infection but not following parental virus infection. dsRNA accumulated during late stages of infection and localized with virus replication sites containing N and P proteins. PKR autophosphorylation and stress granule formation correlated with the timing of dsRNA appearance. Phospho-PKR localized to dsRNA-containing structures as revealed by immunofluorescence. Production of dsRNA was sensitive to cycloheximide but resistant to actinomycin D, suggesting that dsRNA is a viral product. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses revealed reduced viral RNA synthesis and a steepened transcription gradient in C
KO
virus-infected cells compared to those in parental virus-infected cells. The observed alterations were further reflected in lower viral protein expression levels and reduced C
KO
virus infectious yield. RNA deep sequencing confirmed the viral RNA expression profile differences seen by qPCR between C
KO
mutant and parental viruses. After one subsequent passage of the C
KO
virus, defective interfering RNA (DI-RNA) with a duplex structure was obtained that was not seen with the parental virus. We conclude that in the absence of C protein, the amount of PKR activator RNA, including DI-RNA, is increased, thereby triggering innate immune responses leading to impaired MV growth.
Guiding the Immune Response against Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin toward the Conserved Stalk Domain by Hyperglycosylation of the Globular Head Domain
Authors: Eggink Dirk , Goff Peter H. , Palese Peter
Published: October 2013

Influenza virus hemagglutinin consists of a highly variable and immunodominant head domain and a more conserved but immunosubdominant stalk domain. We introduced seven N-linked glycosylation sites in the hemagglutinin head domain to shield the immunodominant antigenic sites. The hyperglycosylated hemagglutinin enhanced stalk-directed seroreactivity while dampening the head response in immunized mice. Upon influenza virus challenge, mice vaccinated with the hyperglycosylated hemagglutinin were better protected against morbidity and mortality than mice receiving the wild-type hemagglutinin.
Near-Atomic Resolution Cryo-Electron Microscopic Structure of Dengue Serotype 4 Virus
Authors: Kostyuchenko Victor A. , Chew Pau Ling , Ng Thiam-Seng , Lok Shee-Mei
Published: October 2013

Dengue virus (DENV), a mosquito-borne virus, is responsible for millions of cases of infections worldwide. There are four DENV serotypes (DENV1 to -4). After a primary DENV infection, the antibodies elicited confer lifetime protection against that DENV serotype. However, in a secondary infection with another serotype, the preexisting antibodies may cause antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection of macrophage cells, leading to the development of the more severe form of disease, dengue hemorrhagic fever. Thus, a safe vaccine should stimulate protection against all dengue serotypes simultaneously. To facilitate the development of a vaccine, good knowledge of different DENV serotype structures is crucial. Structures of DENV1 and DENV2 had been solved previously. Here we present a near-atomic resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of mature DENV4. Comparison of the DENV4 structure with similar-resolution cryo-EM structures of DENV1 and DENV2 showed differences in surface charge distribution, which may explain their differences in binding to cellular receptors, such as heparin. Also, observed variations in amino acid residues involved in interactions between envelope and membrane proteins on the virus surface correlate with their ability to undergo structural changes at higher temperatures.
Effects of Alpha Interferon Treatment on Intrinsic Anti-HIV-1 Immunity
In Vivo
Authors: Abdel-Mohsen Mohamed , Deng Xutao , Liegler Teri , Guatelli John C. , Salama Mohamed S. , Ghanem Hussam El-din A. , Rauch Andri , Ledergerber Bruno , Deeks Steven G. , Günthard Huldrych F. , Wong Joseph K. , Pillai Satish K.
Published: October 2013

Alpha interferon (IFN-α) suppresses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication
in vitro
by inducing cell-intrinsic retroviral restriction mechanisms. We investigated the effects of IFN-α/ribavirin (IFN-α/riba) treatment on 34 anti-HIV-1 restriction factors
in vivo
. Expression of several anti-HIV-1 restriction factors was significantly induced by IFN-α/riba in HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV)-coinfected individuals. Fold induction of cumulative restriction factor expression in CD4
+
T cells was significantly correlated with viral load reduction during IFN-α/riba treatment (
r
2
= 0.649;
P
< 0.016). Exogenous IFN-α induces supraphysiologic restriction factor expression associated with a pronounced decrease in HIV-1 viremia.
Complete abolition of reading and writing ability with a third ventricle colloid cyst: implications for surgical intervention and proposed neural substrates of visual recognition and visual imaging ability
Authors: Barker Lynne Ann , Morton Nicholas , Romanowski Charles A J , Gosden Kevin
Published: October 2013

We report a rare case of a patient unable to read (alexic) and write (agraphic) after a mild head injury. He had preserved speech and comprehension, could spell aloud, identify words spelt aloud and copy letter features. He was unable to visualise letters but showed no problems with digits. Neuropsychological testing revealed general visual memory, processing speed and imaging deficits. Imaging data revealed an 8 mm colloid cyst of the third ventricle that splayed the fornix. Little is known about functions mediated by fornical connectivity, but this region is thought to contribute to memory recall. Other regions thought to mediate letter recognition and letter imagery, visual word form area and visual pathways were intact. We remediated reading and writing by multimodal letter retraining. The study raises issues about the neural substrates of reading, role of fornical tracts to selective memory in the absence of other pathology, and effective remediation strategies for selective functional deficits.
SPORTS INJURIES AT THE OLYMPICS: A REVIEW OF INCIDENCE RELATED DATA FROM PAST GAMES AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE MULTI-SPORT EVENTS
Authors: Watura C , Barton C , Webborn N , Maffulli N , Morrissey D
Published: October 2013

The Summer and Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games are the pinnacle of many athletes' careers, yet few have been fully reported on regarding injury occurrence (Athanasopouloset al.BJSM2007;41:603). We collated the evidence on sports injuries at Olympic and Paralympic Games into a complete review to inform medical provision, injury prevention and data collection planning for future multi-sport events. Eight electronic databases were systematically searched for articles fulfilling the following criteria: (i) title regarding any Olympic or Paralympic Games competition or training period, (ii) abstract documenting the frequency, characteristics or causes of sports related injuries that (iii) occurred in participating athletes. Twelve articles met the inclusion criteria. Four included all athletes and injuries at the event investigated. In the 2008 Summer Olympics, 1055 injuries were reported from 9572 athletes, highest proportions in football and commonest location the knee. In the 2010 Winter Olympics, 287 injuries were reported from 2567 athletes, highest proportions in snowboard cross and commonest location the knee. In the 2010 and 2002 Winter Paralympics, injuries were reported from 120 of 505 and 39 of 416 athletes respectively, highest proportions in sledge hockey. Current evidence suggests a similar proportion of injuries in Summer and Winter Olympics, an inconclusive proportion in Winter Paralympics, and a lack of research on Summer Paralympics. Severe injuries occur in training and competition, so adequate medical cover is needed during both. Preventative strategies should be sport-specific as injury causalities vary (Engebretsenet al.BJSM2010;44:772). To better understand emerging sport specific injury patterns, International Federations could consider collaboration to establish a prospective surveillance system to produce longitudinal evidence from future sporting events (Webbornet al.CJSM2012;22:3).
HIP ARTHROSCOPY: WEST OF SCOTLAND EXPERIENCE
Authors: Akhtar MA , Campton L
Published: October 2013

Hip arthroscopy has evolved over the last decade. There had been an increase in the demand for hip arthroscopies from patients and their general practitioners due to available information and better diagnostic modalities like Magnetic resonance Arthrography. The senior author has performed 132 hip arthroscopies since 2010. This study was performed to reflect on our experience of hip arthroscopies to improve our practice. Data was collected prospectively between June 2011 and May 2013 for all patients undergoing Hip arthroscopy at Gartnavel General Hospital under the care of a specialist Hip surgeon. Demographics details, diagnosis of hip or groin pain, operative findings and surgical treatments performed were recorded for 49 patients. The mean age was 31 years (range 17–61). 57% patients were male and 43% female. 59% had right and 41% had left sided hip pathology. The diagnosis of hip pain following arthroscopy was Femoroacetabular Impingement and Labral tear in 67% patients, Femoroacetabular Impingement in 8%, isolated labral tear in 6%, Osteoarthritis in 16% and no intraarticular cause of hip pain was found in 2%. The site of Femoroacetabular impingement was anterior in 86% patients, anterolateral in 11% and lateral in 3% patients. The mean angle was 88 degrees of hip flexion for impingement (range 60–110). 75% patients had reduced anterior head and neck offset. The size of the labral tear was <5 mm in 11% patients, 5–10 mm in 8%, 10–15 mm in 23%, 15–20 mm in 37% and 20–25 mm in 20% patients. In our study cohort 67% patients had Femoroacetabular impingement and an associated labral tear which required treatment. 80% of patients had a tear of >10 mm in size. 16% of patients in our cohort had osteoarthritis changes which were not amenable to arthroscopic treatments. This reflective practice can help surgeons to improve patient selection for hip arthroscopy which can also result in improved outcomes following this procedure.
AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD DERIVED SIGNALING PROTEINS (SP) FOR TENDON AND MUSCLE THERAPY IN SPORTS MEDICINE. HIGHER CONCENTRATION OF GROWTH FACTORS (GF) AND CYTOKINES IN ORTHOKINE VS IN ACP
Authors: Weisshaar MP , Gaji S
Published: October 2013

Regenerative SP in blood preparations are popular for tendon and muscle injuries [Wehlinget al.Biodrugs2007;21(5):323–332, Nguyenet al.PM&R2011;(3):226–250, Schippingeret al.JSSM2011;10:439–444]. They are used for local injection treatment. There is inconsistency in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) preparations (3x–7x platelets, variable other cells content). We compared 2 none-PRP techniques: ORTHOKINE (Oe) for Autologous Conditioned Serum (ACS) and ACP (Ax) for autologous plasma (AP). 9 Blood donors. Oe (10 mL) and Ax (12 mL). Blood processing: Oe: blood incubation in ORTHOKINE device 6 h @ 37°C, centrifugation to collect cell free serum. Ax: slow centrifugation of anticoagulated blood in ARTHREX ACP device to collect platelet containing plasma. Ax and whole blood cell counted. Samples stored at −20°C. ELISAs for SP: R&D Systems Kits. Results: Means: yield Ax: 3.4 mL; Oe: 3.7 mL. Ax: 85% platelet yield. GF: Oe over Ax 1.3x–3.9x. Cytokines: Oe over Ax: 2x–31x. Specifically: IL-1Ra: 5.5x; IL-10: 2x; IL-6: 31x; EGF: 3.9x; VEGF: 2.9x Oe over Ax. Discussion: Oe and Ax are used clinically. Degranulating platelets and other blood cells contribute to blood borne GF and cytokine output. Oe gains from all blood cells. Ax gains from 85% platelets. Oe's high IL-1Ra and GFs explain its profound (anti-inflammatory) action [Wehlinget al.Biodrugs2007;21(5):323–332]. Ax is not PRP, provides less SP than Oe. Muscle and tendon repair with Oe has been shown [Heisterbachet al.KSSTA2012;10:1907–14, Majewskiet al.Am J Sports Med2009;11:2117–25, Wright-Carpenteret al.Int J Sports Med2004;25:582–587 & 588–593]. Oe and Ax are used in joint treatment also. Oe has 2 y efficacy in high-pain OA [Baltzeret al.Osteoarthritis Cartilage2009;17(2):152–160]. Autologous blood preparations are safe and, by WADA, not doping. ORTHOKINE®registered trademark of ORTHOGEN Inc. ARTHREX®ACP registered Trademark of ARTHREX Inc
A NEW INSIGHT FOR MONITORING TRAINING IN SPRINTING
Authors: Jiménez-Reyes P , Molina-Reina M , González-Hernández J , González-Badillo Juan
Published: October 2013

Intermittent exercise with short bouts (30–500 m) of high intensity exercise (90–100% of running intensity) separated by different recovery periods (3–15 minutes) are habitually used by sprinters during training sessions (Gorostiagaet al.JSCR2010;24:1138–1149). Repetition of sprints may induce neuromuscular fatigue (NMF). The aim of the present study was to quantify the extent of NMF while performing sprint workouts (SW) by analysing the acute metabolic and mechanical response to different SW. Nine high level sprinters (age 23±4 y, body mass 73.7±4.6 kg, height 177.6±5.9 cm; body fat 9.6±2.9%) performed eight SW separated by a week. SW with different number of repetitions (R) for each subject in short distance travelled (DT) [(x)RxDT] and SW with same number of R in long DT [3xDT]. Mechanical responses (i.e. height performance in CMJ and speed loss) and metabolic responses (i.e. blood lactate and ammonia concentrations) were measured pre-exercise, during exercise each repetition performed and post-exercise. CMJ height loss pre-post session were significant for all sprint workouts and competitions analysed and highly correlated to metabolic responses (r=0.86–0.98). These losses were between 9% for 40 m and 26% for 500 m. The fatigue, measured as CMJ height loss, increases with DT, and is strongly correlated to lactate (r=0.93) and ammonia (r=0.98). The metabolic stress developed during the effort can be estimated by controlling CMJ because of the high correlation between CMJ and blood lactate and ammonia concentrations (Jiménez-Reyeset al.MSSE2012;44(5):582). The high correlations found between mechanical (speed and CMJ height losses) and metabolic (lactate and ammonia) measures of fatigue highlight the utility and validity of using CMJ to monitor training load in different sprint workouts and quantify objectively NMF during SW and competitions.
THE IMPACT OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY EDUCATION ON THE PRACTICE OF PHYSIOTHERAPISTS
Authors: Heaney C
Published: October 2013

Sports injury can lead to negative psychological reactions such as frustration or depression and there is now a body of evidence which indicates that sport psychology intervention can benefit sports injury rehabilitation (Heaney,IJSEP2006;4:67–80). It would, however, appear that physiotherapists are often not equipped to integrate sport psychology into rehabilitation. Generally research has shown that physiotherapists recognise the importance of psychological factors but lack the training to utilise sport psychology (Arvinen-Barrowet al.JSR2007;16:111–121). This suggests a need for further training; yet limited research exists examining such training. Therefore the purpose of this investigation was to examine the impact of sport psychology education on physiotherapists. 67 physiotherapists were assigned to the intervention group who studied an online sport psychology module and 68 were assigned to the control group, who studied an equivalent module with no psychology content. A questionnaire package which included the Psychology of Injury Usage Survey (Stiller-Ostrowskiet al.JAT2009;44:482–9) and the Attitudes About Imagery Survey (Hamson-Utleyet al.JAT2008;43:258–264) was completed by the participants at four points: immediately before, immediately after, 3 months and 6 months after completing the module. Data were collected on areas such as attitudes towards sport psychology, use of sport psychology and referral. Studying the module appeared to have a positive impact on the physiotherapists. Both attitudes towards and use of sport psychology improved following completion of the module. Importantly, use of sport psychology strategies was maintained during the 6 months following the completion of the module indicating a positive longitudinal effect. The findings of this study would suggest that sport psychology CPD courses should be more widely available to practicing physiotherapists.
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE, TIME-MOTION CHARACTERISTICS AND REPRODUCIBILITY OF VARIOUS SPEED ENDURANCE DRILLS IN ELITE YOUTH SOCCER PLAYERS: SMALL SIDED GAMES VS GENERIC RUNNING
Authors: Ade J , Harley J , Bradley P
Published: October 2013

The aim of the study was to quantify the physiological responses, time-motion characteristics and reproducibility of various speed endurance production (SEP) and speed endurance maintenance (SEM) drills. Twenty-one elite male youth soccer players completed four drills: (1) SEP 1 v 1 small sided game, (2) SEP running drill, (3) SEM 2 v 2 small sided game and (4) SEM running drill. The SEP drills consisted of eight bouts of 30 s with 120 s recovery (1:4 exercise to rest ratio) whilst SEM drills encompassed eight bouts of 60 s with 60 s recovery (1:1 exercise to rest ratio). Heart rate response, blood lactate concentration, rating of perceived exertion and time-motion characteristics were recorded for each drill. The SEP and SEM running drills elicited greater (P<0.05) heart rate responses, blood lactate concentrations and subjective ratings of perceived exertion than the equivalent small sided games (ES: 1.1–1.4 & 1.0–3.2). Players covered less (P<0.01) total distance, high-, very high-speed running and sprint distance in the SEP and SEM small sided game's compared to the equivalent running drills (ES: 6.0–22.1 & 3.0–18.4). Greater distances (P<0.01) were covered in high and maximum acceleration/deceleration bands during the SEP and SEM small sided game's compared to the equivalent running drills (ES: 2.6–4.6 and 2.3–4.8). Small-moderate test-retest variability was observed for heart rate response (CV: 0.9–1.9%), ratings of perceived exertion (CV: 2.9–5.7%) and blood lactate concentration (CV: 9.9–14.4%); Moderate-large test-retest variability was observed for high-intensity running parameters (CV: >11.3%) and the majority of acceleration/deceleration distances (CV: >9.8%) for all small sided games and running drills. The data demonstrate the differential response of SEP and SEM training for taxing various energy systems and the superior acceleration/deceleration profiles of small sided games compared to generic running drills.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FORMAL AND INFORMAL PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND THE BODY MASS INDEX
Authors: Peralta M , Marques A
Published: October 2013

We analysed the relationship between formal and informal physical activity (PA) and the body mass index (BMI) in children. The participants of this study were 1369 boys (14±3 y) and 1297 girls (13±3 y), with ages between 10 and 19 years old. Data was collected by the application of a questionnaire about formal and informal PA. Weight and height were self-reported by the subjects and used to calculate the BMI. For data analysest test, to independents samples, andX2were used. 64% of the boys and 49% of the girls reported participation in formal PA (X2(1)=67.217,p<0.001). Regarding the informal PA, 57% of the boys and 42% of the girls reported participation (X2(1)=61.338,p<0.001). The mean value of BMI for boys was 21 while girls were 20. Boys who reported participation in formal PA had a lower value of BMI than boys that did not (20.3 vs. 21.0:t(1136)=2.718,p=0.007), the same was verified for girls (19.7 vs. 20.3:t(1059)=3.376,p=0.001). On the other hand, significant differences between informal PA and BMI were not found in both genders. A relationship between formal PA and BMI was verified. However, the same did not happen to informal PA and BMI. These results suggests that formal PA must be encouraged for children, as it could be a strategy to fight pre-obesity and obesity.
AEROBIC FITNESS, BONE HEALTH, HYDRATION AND EXERTION DURING RACING IN PROFESSIONAL JOCKEYS IN HONG KONG
Authors: Wong SH , O'Reilly J
Published: October 2013

Jockeys often make weight by methods such as caloric restriction and voluntary dehydration, which may lead to a compromise in muscle and liver glycogen stores and blood glucose concentration, all of which are necessary for optimal racing performance. However, little information is known about the physiological measures of the Hong Kong jockeys. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine aerobic fitness and bone health of Hong Kong professional jockeys and their hydration status on race day morning, as well as their work intensity during competitive races. 15 professional jockeys in Hong Kong took part in the study. Maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) and bone mineral densities of each wrist and calcaneus were assessed in the laboratory. On race-day, the first morning urine sample was assessed for urine specific gravity (USG) and each jockey wore a heart rate monitor from 45 min prior to their first race until 15 min after their final race of the day. VO2maxfor the group was 57±5 ml.kg.h−1. Mean combined T-scores and Z-scores for bone density were −1.04±1.19 and −0.74±1.10 respectively. USG was 1.0256±0.0058 g.mL−1. Mean heart rate during racing was 165±5 bpm. VO2maxof Hong Kong jockeys was higher than that previously found in their UK counterparts. However, the jockeys had a markedly lower bone mineral density than would be expected for their age (Palmeret al.MSSE2003;35:20) leaving them at a greater susceptibility to fracture from an impact that might otherwise leave them unharmed (Brown and Josse.Can Med Assoc J2002;167:1–34). The jockeys were considerably dehydrated in an attempt to make weight for racing. Heart rate data indicated that the jockeys performed regular bouts of high-intensity exercise during the race day. A review of dietary, physical activity and hydration practices is recommended for this athletic group.
ARE THUMB INJURIES BECOMING MORE FREQUENT IN MEN'S LACROSSE?
Authors: Webb M , Hoskins T , Price J
Published: October 2013

Men's lacrosse is a rapidly growing sport. The authors were concerned by the number of thumb injuries sustained while working with an international team at the 2012 European Championships. To compare data collected during immediate pre-tournament training camp and the European Championships with published reports. Data was gathered prospectively on all 23 players on the England Men's lacrosse team. An injury was defined as one that occurred during a team practice or game, and resulting in the player missing one or more further sessions. Over 15 days, 23 players participated in 17 athletic exposures each. This included 9 games and 8 practices. There were 3 thumb injuries (Rate=0.007673). 1 occurred from contact with an opponent, 1 from direct contact with an opponent's stick and another from a direct blow from the ball. 2 fractures of the proximal phalanx and 1 MCPJ sprain. The data was compared with published by Bowerset al.1They reported 276 thumb injuries in 1,019,222 athletic exposures (Rate=0.000271). A c2 test with Yates correction for continuity was performed. This yielded a Yates’ c2 value of 53.559 which is statistically significant (p<0.001). Mechanism of injury corroborates with published reports. Lacrosse has become more popular and there has been a trend to develop lighter flexible equipment. Data needs to be collected to determine if thumb injuries can be attributed to equipment design. We would advise manufacturers to explore alternative designs to help protect the thumb more successfully.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OXYGEN UPTAKE AND WORK RATE BELOW AND ABOVE LACTATE THRESHOLD
Authors: Muniz-Pumares D , Godfrey R , Pedlar C , Glaister M
Published: October 2013

A projection of submaximal measures of work-rate (WR) and oxygen uptake (), assuming a linear relationship, is typically used to predict supramaximal intensities (>) as required to determine anaerobic capacity by maximal accumulated oxygen deficit. The aims of this study were: a) to investigate whether submaximal measures of WR anddisplayed a linear relationship during familiar and unfamiliar exercise below and above lactate threshold (LT); and b) to determine the reliability of predicted supramaximal WRs. Eight male cyclists (mean±SD age: 41±8 years, mass: 75.6±7.6 kg, height: 1.77±0.05 m;: 4.1±0.4 L·min−1) completed two identical cycling trials and a running trial. In each trial, 10×3 min incremental bouts of submaximal exercise were used to determine lines-of-best-fit for the WR-relationship for: 1) the entire test; 2) values below and above LT; and 3) rolling clusters of four consecutive values. Reliability of supramaximal cycling WR (110%) was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV). For the entire cycling trials, slopes (10.88±1.66 ml O2·W−1and 12.56±1.39 ml O2·W−1), and correlation coefficients (0.99±0.02 and 0.98±0.04) were not different. The y-intercept was greater (p=0.041) in the first cycling trial (765±230 ml O2) compared with the second (494±258 ml O2). Slope, intercept and correlation coefficients were not different below vs. above LT and between rolling clusters of values in any trial. The CV of the predicted supramaximal WR at 110%from each cycling trial (325±40 W and 322±43 W) was 7.0%, with ICC being 0.61. These data show that WR anddisplay a linear relationship regardless of exercise intensity or familiarity. In conclusion, linear projection of submaximal WR-measures can be used to predict supramaximal intensities as required to determine maximal accumulated oxygen deficit.
THE EFFECT OF A GLYCOSIDE OF MONO AND DIGLYCEROL (GOPO®) SUPPLEMENTATION ON PASSIVE KNEE JOINT FORCES AND SUBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT OF PAIN IN A NON-ARTHRITIC POPULATION
Authors: Scaife R
Published: October 2013

We investigated whether ingesting a supplement containing GOPO®has an effect on the passive forces during flexion/extension of the knee and self-reported pain in active non-arthritic participants. Thirty physically active male participants between the ages of 35–60 were randomly allocated to either placebo or active supplement groups. Measurements of body composition, hydration, physical activity, subjective aches/pains and passive lower leg forces were recorded at baseline and 2, 6 and 12 weeks, using a Biodex System 3 isokinetic dynamometer at 5, 60, 90, and 120 degrees per second. Both groups reported a drop in mean perceived aches and pains between baseline and 12 weeks, the decrease was greater for the active group 14% compared to 8% in the placebo group. At the slower speed (5° per second) there was a mean decrease in passive total work during knee flexion and extension of 8.4% and 13.7% respectively in the active group after 12 weeks when compared to baseline. The placebo group showed no such reduction (0.5% decrease in flexion and 0.7% decrease in extension). The decrease in passive torque observed at the slower speeds following 12 weeks of supplement ingestion showed promising trends that warrant further investigation. A general reduction in passive torque might indicate a change in the compliancy of the series and parallel elastic components or a change in cartilage compliance which might in the long term reduce joint degeneration.
THE DEVELOPMENT, FEASIBILITY AND EFFICACY OF HYDRATION GUIDELINES IN ELITE CRICKET
Authors: Rosimus C , Currell K
Published: October 2013

The aim was to establish a self assessed, pre-exercise hydration guideline, using urine osmolality as an indicator of hydration status in male elite cricketers and to use this as a guide for fluid intake. Thirteen elite male cricketers (Age: 23±2 y) participated in this study. Data were collected during a seven day training camp at the English National Cricket Centre, Loughborough. Participants provided a urine sample and body weight was recorded 30 minutes prior to the first training session of the day. Participants were then asked to drink a set amount of fluid dependent on their urine osmolality and body weight. The amount of fluid was set from guidelines based on guidelines available in the current literature. A one way ANOVA was used to compare pre-training urine osmolality on each of the seven days of data collection. There was a difference in urine osmolality between days (F6,105=3.494, P=0.003), with urine osmolality on day three being 32% greater than day five and 27% greater than day six. Mean urine osmolality at baseline was 747±142 mOsmol.kg−1, rising to 910±151 mOsmol.kg−1by day 3 and returning back to baseline 764±199 mOsmol.kg−1by day 7. Guidelines were demonstrated to be easy to use with 100% compliance. Self-assessment of hydration can feasibly be carried out 30 minutes before exercise. The decline compared to baseline, in pre-exercise urine osmolality by day 5, suggests self-directed management of hydration contributed to improved fluid intake over a prolonged period. The ease of use, and apparent efficacy of the regimen, requires further evaluation at competition level.
BRAIN DRAIN: EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF INCREASED COGNITIVE LOAD DURING SELF-PACED RUNNING PERFORMANCE
Authors: McCarron J , Hodgson TL , Smith MF
Published: October 2013

The brain plays a central role in the control of a pacing strategy, yet the brain has a limited information processing capacity and energy supply (Harriset al.Neuron2012;75:762–77). This study is the first to evaluate the impact of increasing the already required cognitive demands of self-pacing (Suzukiet al.NeuroImage2004;23:1020–26) on 5 km running performance. Eleven participants (24±4 y; 178±6 cm; 75.0±7.2 kg; 53.1±2.7 ml·kg·min−1) ran, in a randomised order and on separate days, three 5 km trials on a self-paced treadmill. This included i) a baseline trial (CON), ii) a trial during a continuous Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST5 km) and iii), a trial during a continuous Simplified Go/No-Go Task (SGNG5 km). Electromyographic measures (EMG) of the Vastus Lateralis, task effort awareness (TEA), physical-ratings of perceived exertion (P-RPE) and feeling scale (FS) were obtained every 0.5 km. Finishing times from CON (1706±273 s) to SGNG5 km(1750±282 s) were not significantly increased (p=0.18), yet an increase was found from CON to WCST5 km(1783±293 s; p<0.01). EMG was reduced from CON to SGNG5 km(p<0.01) and from CON to WCST5 km(p<0.01). P-RPE was reduced from CON to WCST5 km(p=0.049) and from SGNG5 kmto WCST5 km(p<0.01). TEA was reduced from CON to SGNG5 km(p=0.03) and WCST5 km(p<0.01). FS during WCST5 kmwas increased against CON (p<0.01) and SGNG5 km(p=0.04). Percentage correct responses were not significantly reduced during SGNG5 kmagainst a baseline SGNG (p=0.06), yet a reduction was found during WCST5 kmagainst a baseline WCST (p<0.01). Increased cognitive load negatively affects pacing of a 5 km run suggesting a ‘draining’ effect occurs during the task. Brain areas associated with the WCST (prefrontal regions) may have a role in the implementation of pace regulation during self-paced running. This study provides a novel approach for future research investigating the role of the brain during endurance exercise performance.
ASSESSMENT OF TECHNICAL CHANGES DURING SWIMMING PERFORMANCE IN TRAINED JUNIOR SWIMMERS
Authors: Archer DT , Berry L , Dixon S , Hogg R
Published: October 2013

Inertial sensor technology is a reliable technique to provide measures such as acceleration and deceleration in laboratory and field conditions (Boydet al.IJSPP2011;6:311–321). In competitive pool swimming, the athlete's goal is to adopt an efficient technique to maximise propulsion and minimise drag and deceleration (Barbosaet al.JSMS2010;13:262–269). The aim of the present study was to assess technical aspects of swimming performance using the inertial sensors contained within a team sports GPS system. Nine regional and national level swimmers, three male and six females aged 13±3 years, height 1.63±0.74 m and body mass 56.5±10.0 kg performed three maximal 800-m freestyle time trials on three occasions in a 25 m pool, each separated by seven days. Following a 400-m standardised warm up, swimmers started the time trial with a push off from the wall. A tri-axial accelerometer and gyroscope, contained within the Catapult Minimax S4 Athlete Monitoring System was used to assess split times, Player Load, stroke rate and rate of body roll at 100 Hz. Subject's mean 800-m time was 727.8±27.2 s and did not differ between trials, resulting in a coefficient of variation (CV) of 3±1% between races. The greatest swim velocities occurred in the initial 25 m in each trial. Player Load was greatest and the rate of body roll tended to be lowest on this lap. Mean Player Load per stroke, stroke rate and rate of body roll did not differ between trials (P>0.05) and mean CV values varied between 4 and 7% across the 32 laps, indicating low between-lap variability for these parameters.Table 1

Player Load and rate of body roll during three swimming time trials

Mean±SD Player Load (au)Mean±SD rate of body roll (°.s-1)Trial 10.34±0.06130±30Trial 20.30±0.04123±28Trial 30.31±0.05121±33

In conclusion, the Catapult Minimax S4 system can be used to collect technical data during swim performance, providing measures of within- and between- lap and race variability.
AGREEMENT OF CAPILLARY-OBTAINED ACYLATED GHRELIN, ACTIVE GLP-1, GLUCAGON, INSULIN AND LEPTIN WITH THEIR VENOUS EQUIVALENTS
Authors: Green BP , Gonzalez JT , Thomas K , Dodd-Reynolds CJ , Bryans J , Stevenson E , Rumbold PLS
Published: October 2013

The purpose of the present study was to examine whether the expression of capillary-derived appetite peptides accurately reflects concentrations of their venous equivalents. Fingertip capillary (2×0.3 mL) and venous blood samples (2×4 mL) were collected simultaneously from 19 healthy adult volunteers [mean age 24.1 (SD5.7) years, body mass 73.7 (SD10.9) kg;], for determination of acylated ghrelin, GLP-17–36, glucagon, insulin and leptin. Samples were obtained at baseline (t=0 min) and at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min following consumption of a standardised breakfast. Bland-Altman plots were constructed with their 95% limits of agreement and confidence intervals. All analysis was computed using time-averaged area under the curve data (AUC). Where data were heteroscedastic, data were log transformed and reported as ratio limits of agreement (LOA). With the exception of acylated ghrelin (r2=0.51), venous and capillary blood samples displayed strong correlations between all hormonal peptides (r2≥0.84). GLP-17–36and glucagon illustrated no systematic difference between capillary and venous blood samples (0.44±0.63 and −0.19±7.63 pg·mL−1, respectively). Capillary leptin, acylated ghrelin and insulin, on average, underestimated their venous equivalents. Mean log transformed ratio LOA for leptin, insulin and acylated ghrelin were 0.89 (1.19), 0.82 (1.79) and 0.44 (3.12), respectively. Fingertip capillary blood sampling appears appropriate in appetite-related research. Further research is warranted to clarify the acceptability of capillary sampling in lieu of venous blood sampling for the determination appetite peptides.
AN EXERCISE PROFESSIONAL LED, COMMUNITY BASED, DIETARY AND EXERCISE PROGRAMME FOR KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS
Authors: Evans D , Gibbons D , Hazard N , Williams R , Jones A , Martin R
Published: October 2013

NICE guidance stipulates exercise and weight loss as ‘Core’ treatments for Osteoarthritis (OA). Typically, NHS physiotherapists and dieticians deliver these treatments within the secondary health care setting. Given increasing demands placed upon secondary health care professionals, we conducted a novel, community based, registered exercise professional led, exercise and dietary intervention in obese patients with established knee OA, to evaluate its efficacy and potentially widespread use within the National Exercise Referral Scheme in Wales. 81 patients (BMI<30) with knee OA were invited (mean age 57 y, BMI 39.5 kg/m2) from Orthopaedic, Rheumatology and Primary care settings. 58 patients declined to take part. 1 patient was excluded at assessment due to medical concerns. The pilot was a 16 week dietary and exercise programme delivered in the community setting. Patients performed 2 x1 hour per week of a 10-station exercise carousel incorporating aerobic and resistance exercise aimed at quadriceps and hamstring strengthening. 1 hour per week of dietary education was given, using Public Health Wales’ ‘Foodwise for Life’ programme, and 3 sessions of practical cooking skills over 16 weeks. Primary outcome measures were the Oxford Knee Score (OKS); Quality of Life (QoL) (EQ-5D+EQ-VAS); physical function (6 minute walk test (6MWT) and 30 second sit-stand (30 s s-s)). Secondary measures; body weight; resting Blood Pressure(BP); resting heart rate (RHR). 18 patients completed the 16 week programme. Improvements were seen in OKS (p=0.048), 6MWT (p<0.001), 30 s s-s (p<0.001), EQ-VAS (p=0.01), weight (p=0.001) and systolic BP (p<0.001). No significant improvements were seen in diastolic BP (p=0.96), RHR (p=0.11) and EQ-5D (p=0.11). This pilot suggests a community based, exercise professional led intervention for patients with knee OA as a clinically effective therapeutic resource for health professionals.
EFFECT OF EXPLOSIVE-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING AND SHORT-TERM DETRAINING ON RATE OF TORQUE DEVELOPMENT DURING ISOMETRIC KNEE EXTENSION
Authors: Kobayashi Y , Hirayama K , Matsubayashi T , Akagi R
Published: October 2013

Rate of torque development (RTD) is considered important for improving the performance in sports requiring explosive strength. Although RTD was reported to be increased after explosive-type strength training (Tillinet al.Exp Physiol2012;97:630–41.), the effect of subsequent detraining on the increased RTD remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of explosive-type strength training and subsequent short-term detraining on RTD during isometric knee extension. Ten male subjects participated in this study. They underwent explosive-type strength training for 6 weeks (3 days per week) and detraining for 3 weeks. The training consisted of four sets of 10 repetitions of explosive contractions of less than 1 s. At the pre- and post-training phases (PRE and POST, respectively) and after the detraining phase (DE), we measured the quadriceps femoris muscle thickness using ultrasonography. In addition, we measured the maximum voluntary torque (MVT) during maximum voluntary isometric knee extension of 3–5 s and RTD during explosive isometric knee extension of less than 1 s. In PRE, POST and DE, quadriceps femoris muscle thickness did not change. In POST, MVT and RTD increased compared with those in PRE (p<0.05). In DE, no change was observed in MVT compared with that in POST. However, in DE, RTD decreased compared with that in POST (p<0.05). In addition, no difference was observed between PRE and DE. These findings suggest that RTD increased after the 6-week explosive-type strength training but returned to the pre-training level after the 3-week short-term detraining. It is necessary to take into account the time point at which we evaluate the effect of training after explosive-type strength training.
DIETARY ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL AND NATIONAL LEVEL YOUTH SWIMMERS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
Authors: Russell M , Lali R , Cockburn E , Rumbold PLS
Published: October 2013

Optimised nutritional intake is well established as being one of a multiplicity of factors that contributes to the development of attaining peak sporting performance. Few studies have sought to investigate the dietary habits of adolescent, as opposed to adult, swimmers; especially those competing in the United Kingdom. Therefore the purpose of this study was to investigate the nutritional and activity habits of amateur swimmers (n=25; Age: 15±1 years; Stature: 1.67±0.02 m; Mass: 56.2±1.7 kg; BMI: 20.1±0.4 kg·m2) who trained and competed on behalf of Regional and National Development Squads based in the UK. All participants recorded their 4 day dietary intake and activity habits during a typical week that included ∼9 h of training (consisting of 1 h land training with the remaining time dedicated to swim training with a speed emphasis). The intake of carbohydrates (6.2±0.4 g·kg−1·d−1), proteins (1.8±0.1 g·kg−1·d−1) and fats (1.9±0.1 g·kg−1·d−1) represented 52±1%, 15±1%, and 36±1% of the mean daily energy intake, respectively. Compared to Recommended Nutrient Intake values, micronutrient deficiencies were observed for fibre (45±4% of RNI), vitamin A (52±7% of RNI) and selenium (72±6% of RNI), whereas all other analysed micronutrients met or exceeded recommendations. A mean daily energy deficit of 956±135 KCal existed. These data suggest that the nutritional practices of a group of amateur swimmers were less than optimal when seeking to sustain peak performance throughout training. Consequently, based on current dietary recommendations, if complete recovery, delay of fatigue and a reduced susceptibility to illness is desired, adolescent swimmers should seek to ensure that their dietary intake contains an optimised proportion of energy derived from macronutrients while ensuring that enough foods containing fibre, vitamin A and selenium are consumed.
β-ALANINE SUPPLEMENTATION AND SIDE EFFECTS; INFLUENCE OF BODY COMPOSITION
Authors: Kelly VG , Jenkins DG , Leveritt MD , Slater GJ
Published: October 2013

Oral β-alanine doses larger than 800 mg commonly result in side effects known as paraesthesia. However, the side effects experienced when consuming an absolute or a dose relative to body weight of β-alanine have not been examined. The aim of this study was to report all of the side effects experienced and to determine if the symptoms of paraesthesia differed between the two doses and to determine if body mass and composition were related to these side effects. 25 healthy male subjects completed three supplementation treatments: a placebo; a relative dose of 0.02 g·kg−1body weight and an absolute dose of 1.6 g β-alanine. For 90 min following supplementation in each condition, participants completed a questionnaire relating to various sensations. Symptoms peaked after 20 min and the combined incidence rate for both β-alanine conditions was 29% (“pins and needles”), 19% (“tickling, itching”), 16% (‘‘flush and/or shiver’’), 8% (‘‘tactile hypersensitivity and/or irritation’’), and 6% (‘‘numbness and/or insensitivity’’). No significant relationships were found between body fat, lean mass or body mass and symptoms of paraesthesia. The present investigation found subjects weighing less than 75 kg experienced a higher incidence of side effects when taking an absolute dose of β-alanine, whereas for participants over 85 kg the dose relative to body weight resulted in a greater incidence of side effects. The results of the current investigation may be useful in providing guidelines to reduce side effects for specific individuals following β-alanine supplementation.
EFFECTS OF SPORT INVOLVEMENT IN ASSETS, ATTITUDES AND ENJOYMENT IN YOUTH SOCCER PLAYERS
Authors: Santos AJ , Carvalho HM , Gonçalves CE
Published: October 2013

Sport involvement by youths is generally seen as positive for the youth development. Nevertheless, group norms, competition pressures and winning can lead to the adoption of anti-social and risk behaviours. A lack of enjoyment in sport is associated with burnout and dropout and consequently with lower levels of physical activity. We : a) observed the effect of sport involvement in youth soccer players during a season; b) observed the age effects in the developmental assets, attitudes and enjoyment in youth sport; c) explored the correlation between enjoyment, sport attitudes and developmental assets. This study comprised 135 male players aged 12–18 years (M=15,SD=2). A multilevel analysis andPearsoncorrelation was performed. The magnitude of the changes during a season were modest. There were negative effects of a season involvement in soccer program, with increased cheating and reductions in commitment and some developmental assets. The negative attitudes are correlated with other-referenced sources and positive values. The findings suggest that a proper environment and postive role models can foster the maintenance in sport and a positive development.