bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Typical bridge tunes in jazz music 1920–1960s
Authors:   federal state budget educational institution of higher education «Saint Petersburg State University of Culture», Mylnikova Ekaterina A.
Published: July 2021

One of the most important components that determine the level of professional competence of a modern musician specializing in jazz music performance is mastering the basic laws of the art of improvisation, based on knowledge and understanding of the laws of traditional harmonic structures and stylistic features of jazz music of the 20–60s of the XX century. A qualified performer and teacher must have knowledge of the skills and abilities of this type of musical practice, which are aimed not so much at improving various techniques of playing the instrument, as at the competent use of stylistic elements of the musical language, its means of expression and forms. The typology and systematization of the main types of harmonic schemes of jazz works of the middle of the twentieth century helps the optimal practical and theoretical assimilation of technological principles and various creative methods aimed at further developing the harmonious thinking of the performer. Within the framework of this research, an analysis of the basic structures of the middle parts in jazz music of the 20–60s of the XX century is undertaken. Methods for studying this issue based on the works of David Baker, Jerry Cooker, Mark Levine and Richard Scott are presented.
Digital Humanities: humanities and media culture
Authors:   federal state budget educational institution of higher education «Saint Petersburg State University of Culture», Demshina Anna Yu.
Published: July 2021

The article examines the achievements and problems that exist in the digital research in the context of the development of media culture, today virtual reality has ceased to be a situational option. Media culture turns out to be a two-way phenomenon: on the one hand, it is a product of our civilization, on the other hand, it transforms our culture. Digital Humanities focus on different ways of processing and presenting information, at the same time, any data selection work presupposes the presence of an angle of view, ethical and ideological grounds for the selection itself and the context for the presentation of research results. Criticism of Digital Humanities can be viewed from the standpoint of the «remove culture» by R. Barth. The removal of culture presupposes the development of the postmodern idea of the need to reveal how much our ideas about the world are predetermined by certain cultural schemes, languages and genres, including how non-neutral media culture in general and digital research is. In the absence of criticism, lack of agreements on ethical norms, social responsibility, the risks are that we allow media culture and digital research tools in a sense to dictate to us the type of society in which we live
Cultural project «Soviet man»
Authors:   Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushinsky, Zlotnikova Tatyana S.
Published: July 2021

The article actualizes the concept of «Soviet man» as a socio-cultural and philosophical-anthropological phenomenon. Based on a broad empirical material, the author substantiates the idea of the project «Soviet man» as a generalized artistic image, a set of social and moral characteristics, visual and verbal matrices. The integration of the cultural project with the world tradition (in particular, the ancient one) is established, and the artistic-aesthetic and socio-political aspects of works of art as cultural practices are substantiated. It is concluded that the considered concept incorporates human experience, which is in demand due to its diversity, tendentiousness, structural certainty, strangeness and recognizability.
Russian cosmism in the cultural space of Russia
Authors:   federal state budget educational institution of higher education «Saint Petersburg State University of Culture», Alexandrov Ilya Y.
Published: July 2021

The article is devoted to the emerging trends in changing the image of Russian cosmism in Russian culture. The cultural phenomenon of Russian cosmism was realized decades after being hushed up, since the creative activity of the most significant thinkers-cosmists falls on the last decades of the 19th – first decades of 20th centuries. The formation of the concept of «Russian cosmism» in Soviet philosophy and science falls on the 1960–1980s, when V. I. Vernadsky’s idea of the noosphere approached the communist ideals of the future. During the years of «perestroika», Russian cosmism acquired its classic image of a syncretic worldview that can save humanity. During these years, Russian culture adopted «Russian cosmism» not only due to environmental discourse, but primarily due to the rediscovery of its own cultural origins and the publication of works by Russian cosmist philosophers, whose ideas were pushed out of the public sphere in the Soviet years. In the 21st century, thanks to the rapid development of science, information technology and the growing authority of technological solutions, Russian cosmism in the cultural space is no longer so much a teaching of the biosphere, which is turning into the noosphere, as an ethical and philosophical justification of transhumanism. The ideas of N. F. Fedorov in the cultural space of Russia are becoming more and more influential in comparison with the ideas of V. I. Vernadsky.
The Effect of Gender Factor on Mandibular Morphometry in Abaza Goats
Authors: DALGA Semine , ASLAN Kadir
Published: July 2021

In this study, the mandible of Abaza goats, one of our native goat breeds from Kars, were examined macroanatomically and morphometrically. A total of 14 adult (7 female / 7 male) Abaza goat mandibles of both sexes of different age and body weight were used. Mandibles was removed from the head and cleaned of skin and rough meat, then macerated with hydrogen peroxide for 25-30 minutes and the lengths of 16 different points were measured by electronic caliper (0.00, BTS, UK) according to the literature. Mean, standard deviation and correlation values of all measurements were determined in SPSS (18.0) version program. As a result of the statistics, the mean length of mandible in females was 158,73 mm and in males 148,72 mm. The mean height was 90.46 mm in females and 88.60 mm in males. Morphometric measurements showed that all lengths except L15 were higher in female Abaza goats. Only a significant difference was found between mandibular height (L16) at the level of the anterior alveolar edge of the second premolar tooth (P
The Effect of Pilates Stable Device with Instability Device Using the Circuit Training Method on Balance, Flexibility, and Abdominal Muscle Strength
Authors:   Doctoral Student in Sport Science Postgraduate Program Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia, SETYAWAN Risfandi , SETIJONO Hari ,   Lecturer at Sport Science Postgraduate Program Universitas Negeri Surabaya, KUSNANIK Nining Widyah ,   Lecturer at Sport Science Postgraduate Program Universitas Negeri Surabaya
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of a stable device with an instability device using circuit training method on balance, flexibility, abdominal muscle strength. This research used quasi-experimental design by giving exercises aided instability devices using a gym ball with a circuit training method in six training posts. Trainer used the gym ball instability devices programmed: 1) bridge on stability ball, 2) single leg on stability ball, 3) hip lift on stability ball, 4)single-leg hip lift on stability ball, 5) stability ball leg rotations stability ball leg rotations 6) prone scaption (Y) on stability ball. Total population is 90 male students, age ± 19 years, height ± 164.40 cm, and body weight ± 55.33kg. From the test of each group (paired sample), it was found that there was a significant difference between pretest and posttest on the variable group of stable devices with instability devices (p-value> 0.05), while the control group did not have any difference (p-value <0.05). Meanwhile, ANOVA test results obtained only the average value of the balance variable in the instability device group using gym ball with control (p-value 0.002 <0.05), the stable device using a mattress and control (p-value 0.000 <0.05), the flexibility group of the stable devices using a control mattress (p-value 0.001 <0.05), the abdominal muscle strength device instability using a gym ball with a control (p-value 0.007 <0.05 <0.05) which has a difference.
PLASTICIDAD CEREBRAL
Authors: Morinigo Carlino Iván , Fenner Ismael
Published: July 2021

El daño neurológico se observa principalmente después de los periodos prenatal y neonatal y en la niñez. La evidencia de recuperación funcional después de daño cerebral se conoce empíricamente desde hace varios siglos. La plasticidad cerebral se refiere a la capacidad adaptativa del sistema nervioso central para disminuir los efectos de lesiones, a través de cambios que modifican la estructura y la función, tanto en el medio interno como en el externo. En los adultos la plasticidad cerebral es menor comparada con la de los niños, sin embargo, los cambios plásticos ocurren a cualquier edad y las ganancias funcionales continúan por años después de la lesión. La plasticidad incluye también cambios en la estructura, distribución y número de sinapsis, mecanismo donde yace la formación de la memoria a largo plazo. El conocimiento de las bases neurológicas funcionales y disfuncionales facilita la comprensión del daño neuronal, lo cual ha hecho posible desarrollar nueva tecnología y procedimientos efectivos de rehabilitación. En este artículo se revisan los mecanismos que se postulan en la reorganización de la función cerebral después del daño, tales como el desenmascaramiento, el desarrollo de receptores extrasinápticos, la sinaptogénesis reactiva, los factores tróficos, las sinapsinas, los neurotransmisores, entre otros.
Manufacturing-conditioned morbidity among non-ferrous workers in pyro-metallurgic way of nickel production
Authors: Nikanov Aleksandr N. , Chashchin Valeriy P. , Novikova Yuliya A. , Gudkov Andrey B. , Popova Olga N.
Published: July 2021

Introduction. Preserving and strengthening the health of the working population is one of the priority tasks in the Russian Federation. According to the "Concept of the Demographic Policy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025", approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 135 of 09.10.2007, measures to reduce the mortality rate of the population, primarily citizens of working age, should include measures to reduce the mortality rate and injuries from industrial accidents and occupational diseases. The study aims to assess the relationship of health disorders with work for certain classes of diseases and the indicator of loss of life years, adjusted for the disability of workers (DALY-disability-adjusted life years), shops of pyrometallurgical nickel refining. Materials and methods. We performed a study on JSC "Kola Mining and Metallurgical Company" (JSC "Kola MMC"), which produces and processes copper-nickel ores located in the European part of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (Murmansk Region), which makes and processes copper-nickel ores. To assess the relationship of health disorders with work, we used the results of mandatory periodic medical examinations of 2113 employees engaged in pyrometallurgical refining of nickel and copper. Results. In the context of individual classes of diseases, experts established a statistically significant decrease in the incidence of diseases of the nervous system, skin and subcutaneous tissue, musculoskeletal system, and conditions of the genitourinary system. The conducted assessment of the connection of these health disorders with working conditions in workers of pyrometallurgical production of nickel and copper showed the presence of an average degree of contact with the impact on the body of a complex of harmful production factors of such health disorders as diseases of the nervous system, skin and subcutaneous tissue, musculoskeletal and genitourinary systems. We evaluated the effectiveness of the measures carried out using the DALY-analysis method. As a result, the researchers found a reduction in this total indicator of health loss among workers of pyrometallurgical refined nickel from 218.8 to 184.6 years (by 17.8%). Conclusions. A comprehensive assessment of health losses by the DALY analysis method indicates a significant reduction in the burden of diseases among workers of pyrometallurgical nickel refining by 15.6%, including among men - by 12.5%, among women - by 28.3%. The economic efficiency of the implemented wellness program in JSC "Kola MMC" showed that the total prevented economic damage due to reducing diseases associated with labor activity amounted to 119.3 thousand rubles per employee of metallurgical production on average for the year. The prevented economic damage resulting from the reduction of occupational diseases per employee amounted to 10.4 thousand rubles per year.
Prevalence of parenteral viral hepatitis as a professional disease in medical workers in the Northwestern Federal District
Authors: Petrukhin Nikolay N. , Andreenko Oleg N. , Boyko Ivan V.
Published: July 2021

Currently, the problem of parenteral viral hepatitis HBV and HCV has become extremely urgent due to an increase in morbidity, an increase in the number of patients with chronic forms of infection, and high mortality rates from complications. The aim of the study consists in considering the level of prevalence of the incidence of hepatitis viruses HBV and HCV among medical personnel in the Northwestern Federal District (NWFD), assessing the potential risk of infecting this group of workers while performing their professional duties. Analyzed the reporting forms of the FBUZ «Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Leningrad Region» on the frequency of detection of the surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus (HBsAg) and antibodies to viral hepatitis C (anti-HCV) among various population groups in 2009-2017; form No. 60/u FBUZ Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the city of St. Petersburg on the registration of primary cases of hepatitis among the population of St. Petersburg for 2007-2017. Retrospective analysis of a sample from the medical history of 227 patients with established occupational diseases (PD) from the influence of a biological factor. As a result of the study, it was found that out of 227 health workers in the Northwestern Federal District, viral hepatitis B and C were officially diagnosed in 4 patients, which is 1.7% of all established cases of occupational diseases (3 doctors and 1 nurse). In the Leningrad region for the period from 2009 to 2015, the incidence of the hepatitis virus HBV among medical personnel varied in the range of 0.1-0.3 per 10,000 people. The morbidity rate of hospital patients was significantly higher, which created a certain risk of infection of health workers in the process of work. But at the same time, over 6 years, the incidence of HCV infection among medical personnel has halved from (0.2 in 2009 to 0.1 in 2015). The incidence of MR in the NWFD with viral hepatitis HBV and HCV is not high among the entire population as a whole and in a number of individual groups of the population (pregnant women and patients admitted to the hospital for planned surgical interventions), but and at the current level of disease, the registration of all 4 patients with an officially established diagnosis of occupational hepatitis over 17 years suggests the presence of significant shortcomings in the system of investigating the causes of hepatitis MR virus HBV and HCV infection. In particular, it seems expedient when registering a case of blood contact hepatitis in MR, to record in the reporting documents not only his profession and place of work, but also his specialty with an indication of the risk of infection that existed in the process of work when in contact with the blood of patients.
Pasar Modal Syariah
Authors: Yunita
Published: July 2021

definisi pasar modal syariah sesuai dengan undang undang no. 8 Tahun 1995 Tentang Pasar Modal SYARIAH ( UUPM) Adalah kegiatan yang bersangkutan dengan penawaran umum dan perdagangan efek, perusahaan Publik yang berkaitan dengan efek yang di terbitkannya, serta lembaga dan profesi yang berkaitan dengan efek .
Autistic people’s access to bilingualism and additional language learning: identifying the barriers and facilitators for equal opportunities.
Authors: Davis Rachael , Fletcher-Watson Sue , Digard Bérengère Galadriel
Published: July 2021

Bilingualism is a valuable tool that enriches and facilitates cultural, social and lived experiences for autistic and non-autistic people alike. Research consistently finds no negative effects of bilingualism and highlights the potential for positive effects across cognitive and socio-cultural domains for autistic and non-autistic children. Yet parents of autistic children remain concerned that bilingualism will cause delays in both cognitive and language development and are still frequently advised by practitioners to raise their child monolingually. Evidently, findings from research are not reflected in practice or subsequent advice, and it is essential to identify ways to ensure equal access to additional language learning.We briefly summarise the existing literature on bilingualism and autism, considering perspectives from the bilingual autistic community, and experimental research. We identify the most pertinent barriers to participation for autistic bilingual children in terms of familial, clinical and educational perspectives. We propose novel solutions to promote additional language learning, and suggest changes to practice that will contribute to an evidence base for families and practitioners. This commentary makes innovative recommendations at both the individual and societal level to ensure that autistic bilingual people have equal rights and opportunities to language learning and are optimally supported in accessing them.
The impact of transit monetary costs on transport inequality
Authors: Herszenhut Daniel , Pereira Rafael H. M. , da Silva Portugal Licinio , de Sousa Oliveira Matheus Henrique
Published: July 2021

Transport inequality analyses are often informed by accessibility estimates based solely on travel time impedance, ignoring other elements that might hinder access to activities, such as the monetary cost of a trip. This paper examines how and to what extent simultaneously incorporating both time and monetary costs into accessibility measures may impact transport inequality assessment. We calculate job accessibility by transit in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, using cumulative opportunity measures under distinct combinations of temporal and monetary thresholds, and compare how inequality levels vary across different scenarios. We find that the most common research practice of disregarding monetary costs tends to overestimate accessibility levels. However, stricter monetary constraints do not necessarily result in more unequal scenarios. How accessibility inequality is affected by monetary costs is highly dependent on what combinations of temporal and monetary cut-offs are considered in the analysis. In the case of Rio, opting for lower monetary thresholds when looking at shorter trips leads to inequality levels lower than those found in the no monetary threshold scenario, but results in higher inequality levels when allowing for longer trips. We find that the impact of monetary costs on transport inequality estimates depend on a complex interaction between fare policies, the spatial organization and operational characteristics of transit systems, and the spatial co-distribution of opportunities and residential locations. The paper thus highlights that conclusions and policy recommendations derived from transport inequality analyses can be affected in non-intuitive ways by the interplay between temporal and monetary constraints. Future research should investigate how different combinations of travel time and monetary costs thresholds affect inequality estimates in different contexts.
Transparency in Measurement Reporting: A Systematic Literature Review of CHI PLAY
Authors: Aeschbach Lena Fanya , Perrig Sebastian Andrea Caesar , Weder Lorena , Opwis Klaus , Brühlmann Florian
Published: July 2021

Measuring theoretical concepts, so-called constructs, is a central challenge of Player Experience research. Building on recent work in HCI and psychology, we conducted a systematic literature review to study the transparency of measurement reporting. We accessed the ACM Digital Library to analyze all 48 full papers published at CHI PLAY 2020, of those, 24 papers used self-report measurements and were included in the full review. We assessed specifically, whether researchers reported What, How and Why they measured. We found that researchers matched their measures to the construct under study and that administrative details, such as number of points on a Likert-type scale, were frequently reported. However, definitions of the constructs to be measured and justifications for selecting a particular scale were sparse. Lack of transparency in these areas threaten the validity of singular studies, but further compromise the building of theories and accumulation of research knowledge in meta-analytic work. This work is limited to only assessing the current transparency of measurement reporting at CHI PLAY 2020, however we argue this constitutes a fair foundation to asses potential pitfalls. To address these pitfalls, we propose a prescriptive model of a measurement selection process, which aids researchers to systematically define their constructs, specify operationalizations, and justify why these measures were chosen. Future research employing this model should contribute to more transparency in measurement reporting. The research was funded through internal resources. All materials are available on https://osf.io/4xz2v/.
An Eternal Epidemic: 2. A solution
Authors: Vanyukov Michael
Published: July 2021

This article, the second in the series of two, follows the review that identifies problems with common research and practical approaches in dealing with the problem of substance addiction and related behaviors. This paper proposes potential routes for its solutions. These solutions are based on the reversal of the traditional risk/disease perspective in both research and practice, focusing on the individual resistance (not synonymous with "resilience") aspect of the phenotypic continuum, symmetric but distinct from the risk aspect. This corresponds to searching for factors that decrease rather than elevate risk and lead away from rather than to the disorder. Analysis indicates the feasibility of implementing the necessary changes, which are applicable to other disorders as well.
A Proposal for the Assessment of Replication of Effects in Single-Case Experimental Designs
Authors: Manolov Rumen , Tanious René , Fernández Belén
Published: July 2021

In science in general and, therefore, in the context of single-case experimental designs (SCED), the replication of the effects of the intervention within and across participants is crucial for establishing causality and also for assessing the generality of the intervention effect. Specific developments and proposals for assessing whether an effect has been replicated or not (or to what extent) are scarce, in the general context of behavioral sciences, and practically null in the SCED context. We propose an extension of the modified Brinley plot for assessing how many of the effects replicate. In order to make this assessment possible, a definition of replication is suggested, on the basis of expert judgment, rather than on purely statistical criteria. The definition of replication and its graphical representation are justified, presenting their strengths and limitations, and illustrated with real data. A user-friendly software is made available for obtaining automatically the graphical representation.
An Eternal Epidemic: 1. Why substance use problems persist
Authors: Vanyukov Michael
Published: July 2021

Attempts to curtail substance use problems have been directed at their virtually every aspect, from interdicting illegal drugs to investments in biomedical research. The problems’ persistence, however, including but not limited to the latest “opioid epidemic,” suggests that these costly measures have not resulted in a stable improvement in the past and do not promise lasting success in the future. Translation of research results, pertaining mainly to the factors that elevate risk and lead to disorder, has not been satisfactory. A review of relevant facts in the first of two connected articles indicates the need for changes in approaches to substance use and lays foundation to methodological research design protocols described in the second paper.
Self-reported energy use in UK homes during the first COVID-19 lockdown: A survey study
Authors: Huebner Gesche , Watson Nicole Elizabeth , Direk Kenan , McKenna Eoghan James , Zapata-Webborn Ellen , Elam Simon , Oreszczyn Tadeusz
Published: July 2021

To contain the spread of COVID-19, governments across the world imposed partial or complete lockdowns. National energy demand decreased in periods of lockdowns; however, as people spent more time at home, residential energy use likely increased. This paper reports results of a survey study with N = 1016 participants in the UK about their energy use practices during the first lockdown in March 2020. Results indicated that self-reported heating behaviours did not substantially change during lockdown. Regarding appliance use, in particular the duration of usage for TVs and computing equipment has increased and has spread out more over the day. Being less able to manage financially was correlated with greater usage of the smart-meter in-home-display and greater attempt to save energy was positively correlated with greater usage of the in-home display though correlations were small. In summary, the results indicate that home energy use behaviours, in particular around heating, did not change as much as might have been expected, which might at least partly be explained by the comparatively warm weather during the first lockdown. Corroborating the survey findings with actual energy data is the next essential step to understand findings in more detail.
The counter argument against environmental reductionism in Latinx immigration debates: Tracking the discussion and empirical evidence
Authors: Velandia Hernandez Carolina
Published: July 2021

This article discusses the debate and empirical bases of the environmental argument against Latinx immigration to the United State (US) since the 1980s decade. The environmental argument against immigration states that the level of immigration (undocumented and legal) has a statistical impact on the CO2 emissions, quality of air, and pollution. The argument also declares that immigrants exceed the emissions if they remained in their country of origin since the 1980s decade, and that immigration rapidly consumes environmental resources such as water, air, land, and increases biodiversity loss. This argument has neo-Malthusian, social Darwinism, and racist biases. This paper presents the core debates around the primary premises, the evolution inside the environmental movement in the US. This paper argues that the environmental argument against Latinx immigration lacks generalizable studies, objective data, and scientific validity. The environmental argument evolution has not present enough academic to support to its main claim that connects immigration with environmental degradation. Instead, we argue that immigration it is not the only cause of population growth, the environmental argument denies the strong evidence and studies that linkage environmental degradation with industrialization levels, emissions, economic development, and consumption levels of the US citizens.
Risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis in selected high endemic areas of Morang, Nepal: A case control study
Authors: Mandal Punam Kumari , Wagle Rajendra Raj , Uranw Surendra , Thakur Ajoy Kumar
Published: July 2021

Background: Visceral leishmaniasis is a major public health concern in Nepal. During the last few years, several Kala-azar outbreaks have been reported from Terai region including Morang district, Nepal.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the risk factors associated with Kala-azar at individual and household levels in selected highly endemic areas of Morang district of eastern Nepal.

Methodology: A case control study was conducted in five endemic village development committees of Morang district with 62 cases already treated from B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences and Koshi Zonal Hospital. Two hundred and forty eight controls were selected randomly from the same village at the ratio of 1:4. Data was collected between September and November 2013 using structured questionnaires. Bivariate and multivariate analysis were done and the final model was selected using the backward elimination strategy.

Results: This study showed that the majority of cases (29.0%) were from the 13-25 years age group, males are more than females and indigenous caste (74.2%) were affected more than other caste. Living in thatched house (OR 4.57, 95% CI 1.91-10.93), ownership of animal (OR 3.95, 95% CI 1.87-8.37), sleeping on the ground floor (OR 3.90, 95% CI 1.83-8.31),  history of migration to India and proximity to other Kala-azar cases within 50 metres distance of household were significant risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis. The association with socioeconomic status remained significant and there was a clear dose – response effect. 

Conclusion: Living in thatched house, ownership of animals, sleeping on the ground floor, history of migration to India, proximity to other Kala-azar cases within 50 metres distance and poverty are the main risk factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis transmission.
Academic journal indexes and metrics: What are they?
Authors: Rajak Ashik , Bajracharya Aliza
Published: July 2021

Not available.
Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates from quantitative culture of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with clinical suspicion of pneumonia
Authors: Jha Beena , Sharma Manisha , Sapkota Jyotshna , Pant Subash , Neopane Arpana
Published: July 2021

Background: The common bacterial pathogens isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) include Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Coagulase negative Staphylococcus.

Objectives: This study was conducted to identify pneumonia causing organisms and to determine their antibiogram.

Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal over a period of one year (Aug 2019-Jul 2020). Ethical approval (Reference Number:1004201810) was taken and convenience samplin g was done using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI) guidelines. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS) version 19.

Results: Out of 32 BAL samples, 14 were culture positive. The commonest bacterial pathogens isolated were Klebsiella Pneumoniae 6(42.85%), followed by Acinetobacter baumanii 5(35.71%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2(14.28%) and Coagulase negative Staphylococcus 1(7.14%). The isolates were 100% sensitive to Tigecycline and Polymixin B followed by Colistin(92.85%). Cotrimoxazole was 100% resistant to these isolates followed by Azithromycin (92.85%.

Conclusion: Klebsiella pneumomiae, Acinetobacter baumanii were the most common bacterial pathogens isolated from BAL.
Smartphone induced eye strain in young and healthy individuals
Authors: Nayak Rakhi , Sharma Ananda Kumar , Mishra Sanjeeb Kumar , Bhattarai Sanjeev , Sah Nirajan Kumar , Sanyam Sandip Das
Published: July 2021

Background: Usage of digital devices has become one's basic need. Digital eye strain is repeatedly noticed sequelae in optometry practice.

Objectives: This study aims to estimate the different aspects of eye strain.

Methodology: Altogether, 55 students with a mean age of 21.25 years, vision (≥6/9) were enrolled. A survey related to common asthenopic (eyestrain) symptoms was carried before and after reading an extract from a novel. Accommodative facility and non-invasive first tear breakup (NTBUT) time were measured before and after the reading. The viewing distance to a smartphone was measured every 20 minute.

Results: The total eye strain symptom score was significantly greater post-experiment (score = 7.07±2.84) than pre-experiment (score = 1.54±1.60, p < 0.001). Symptoms of tired eyes, sore eyes, and sleepy eyes increased significantly after 60 min of a smartphone use (p < 0.05). The mean viewing distance while using a smartphone over 60 min was 30.15 ± 3.29 cm.  There was a significant correlation between change in total symptom score and change in viewing distance (r = ˗0.301, p = 0.026). The symptom that correlated with a change in viewing distance was ‘sore eyes’ (r = ˗0.382, p = 0.04) and sleepy eyes (r= ˗0.363, p=0.06). There was a significant decrease in monocular and binocular accommodative facilities and NTBUT after 60 min of reading.

Conclusion: Closer viewing distance and eyestrain symptoms are obvious after a smartphone reading. Prolonged use of smartphones appears to have important implications for accommodative function, causing ocular symptoms having an impact on quality of life.
Apical tissue resection in triangle operation during Whipple’s surgery
Authors: Maharjan Dhiresh Kumar , Ghimire Roshan , Limbu Yugal , Regmee Sujan , Parajuli Anuj , Thapa Prabin Bikram , Shrestha Suman Kumar
Published: July 2021

Background: In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, standardised concepts of radical surgical clearance have not been universally applied.

Objectives: The main objective of this study is to reveal the status of circumferential resection margin of the apical tissue of the triangle namely the confluence of SMA and coeliac trunk in relation to circumferential resection margin of triangle tissue bounded by superior mesenteric artery, common hepatic artery and portal vein when performing the TRIANGLE operation.

Methodology: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted at Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital, from September 2020 to December 2020. The study was done after ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Committee of Kathmandu Medical College. All consecutive patients who were subjected for Whipple’s operation for pancreatic head and uncinate process were included.

Results: Fifteen patients underwent the “TRIANGLE” operation during a four months period. Median age of the patients was 65 ± 13.34 years (range 32–84 years). Medianpreoperative BMI 21.75± 2.5 (range: 18 to 26.7). Regarding histopathological results, an R0 resection was achieved in 9/15 patients. In nine patients,circumferential resection margin(CRM) of both the apical tissue and the rest of the triangle was negative. In the next three patients, the CRM of apical tissue was negative but  the triangle tissue  was positive whereas in the other three patients CRM of both the apical tissue  and the triangle tissue  were positive.

Conclusion: This study emphasises the importance of inclusion of apical tissue dissection at the confluence of SMA and coeliac trunk in order to achieve R0 resection without significant short-term morbidity. However, a long-term follow is awaited.
Endometriosis. Introducción
Authors: Benavente Lozada Benjamin
Published: July 2021

La endometriosis se caracteriza por la presencia de tejido endometrial funcionante, fuera de su normal situación, pero usualmente confinada a la pelvis en la región de los ovarios, ligamentos útero-sacros, fondo de saco de Douglas o peritoneo útero-vesical. Debe ser entendido por esto que el tejido endometrial prolifera, crece y funciona (usualmente sangra) en una localización extrauterina.
Endometriosis. Tratamiento médico
Authors: Horna del Río Tomás
Published: July 2021

Se trató 92 pacientes con Danazol. Se obtuvo resultados favorables en pacientes infértiles jóvenes que tenían endometriosis leve a moderada. Sin embargo, el Danazol no surte efecto cuando existen tumoraciones grandes o adherencias difusas; tales pacientes generalmente necesitarán una intervención quirúrgica. Las mujeres que han completado su familia y que tiene síntomas severos deberían ser tratadas con histerectomía.
Endometriosis. Tratamiento quirúrgico
Authors: Romero Oliva Felipe
Published: July 2021

En pocas enfermedades de la cavidad pelviana se ve tan comprometida la capacidad, buen juicio y experiencia del ginecólogo, como frente al tratamiento quirúrgico de la endometriosis. La seguridad de que se requiere de tejido ovárico funcionante, tanto para el mantenimiento de la actividad reproductiva femenina como para el de la sintomatología de la enfermedad, obliga en numerosas ocasiones a que el especialista tenga que adoptar la grave decisión entre conservar la función ovárica o destruirla, en beneficio de su paciente.
Cáncer de ovario. Clasificación clínico - quirúrgica
Authors: Hiromoto Hiromoto Teodoro
Published: July 2021

En el último decenio, la clasificación clínico quirúrgica del cáncer del ovario en estadios clínicos (FIGO), halló amplia aceptación entre ginecólogos y oncólogos. Es una clasificación postquirúrgica del cáncer del ovario epitelial o celómico, difícil de establecer clínicamente por su relativa inaccesibilidad.
Analgesia y Anestesia en gineco-obstetricia. Fisiología materna y transferencia placentaria de anestésicos, efectos anestésicos en el trabajo de parto
Authors: Cervantes Begazo René
Published: July 2021

Analgesia y Anestesia en gineco-obstetricia. Fisiología materna y transferencia placentaria de anestésicos, efectos anestésicos en el trabajo de parto.
Analgesia y Anestesia en gineco-obstetricia. Analgesia en el dolor del parto
Authors: Gamero Durán Saúl
Published: July 2021

Si bien les corresponde a los fármacos un papel importante en lo referente al alivio del dolor del parto y si se emplea en forma adecuada y juiciosa puede no solo aliviar el dolor sino también aumentar la seguridad de madre e hijo. Si se emplea inadecuadamente puede ser causa directa o indirecta de transtorno para la madre y de muerte neonatal.
Endoscopia Ginecológica. Laparoscopía clínica
Authors: Bacini Colán Javier , Sin Au Alejandro , Jefferson C. Luz , Díaz H. Víctor , Muñóz T. Carlos
Published: July 2021

El presente trabajo recopila los hallazgos laparoscópicos en las mujeres a las que se les sometió a esta exploración.
Endoscopia Ginecológica. Técnicas anestésicas en la laparoscopía
Authors: Suárez Camargo José , Salas S. Luis , García Li Josefina
Published: July 2021

La creciente demanda de la población femenina con problemas de infertilidad y esterilidad en nuestro país, ha creado la necesidad de aplicar en nuestro Hospital un verdadero programa de servicio de diagnóstico y tratamiento de la infertilidad, para poder cumplir adecuadamente con el anhelo de estas pacientes de llegar a la concepción. Uno de los métodos de diagnóstico es la laparoscopía, procedimiento quirúrgico que, como tal, necesita de la anestesia.
Mortalidad Materna en el Perú
Authors: Ludmir Abraham
Published: July 2021

Es desconcertante observar que cada año ocurren esas muertes, por inadecuado control, prenatal, por no utilizar métodos de planificación familiar, por fallas técnicas en la atención (dependientes de inadecuado entrenamiento del que atiende) o por aborto ilegal.
Primera serie peruana de fertilización asistida con procedimientos de alta complejidad
Authors: Prazak Ladislao , Noriega Luis , Llerena Guillermo
Published: July 2021

A continuación presentamos la primera serie Peruana lograda íntegramente en nuestro país, que marca el inicio de una nueva era en el adelanto médico que ayuda a la pareja a conseguir el hijo no logrado. Para la primera serie Peruana de Fertilización Asistida por Procedimientos de Alta Complejidad, fueron seleccionadas 20 parejas que habían recibido diversos tratamientos de infertilidad por un mínimo de 48 meses antes de ser incorporadas al programa.
Test de Stress por estimulación mamaria
Authors: Ayllón Bulnes Giugliana , Huamán Elera José , Lam Figueroa Nelly
Published: July 2021

Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, clínico experimental, en 50 gestantes de alto riesgo obstétrico del Hospital Maternidad de Lima (INAMI), entre los meses de marzo a junio de 1990, para evaluar las condiciones fetales can un test stressante diferente al test stressante con oxitocina (TSO) en cuanto a costos, recursos y riesgos, pero que produjera similar respuesta uterina y por lo tanto, que diera una adecuada y confiable información sobre el bienestar fetal. La edad gestacional en 49 casos, estuvo entre las 37 y 41 semanas. Un caso de pre-eclampsia severa tenía 34 semanas. El monitoreo fetal electrónico (MFE) se realizó con cardiotacógrafos de dos canales. Se hizo un registro en condiciones basales durante 10 a 15 minutos, durante los cuales se registraron contracciones uterinas espontáneas y alejadas en 21 gestantes y no se registraron contracciones espontaneas en 29. Luego de iniciado el estímulo mamario, uno bilateral según el caso, dentro de los 5 a 20 minutos siguientes, (Período de Latencia), se presentaron contracciones útiles en 45 gestantes y en 5 casos, no se obtuvo respuesta. El Periodo de Latencia fue menor en aquellas gestantes que tuvieron alguna contracción uterina previa al estímulo mamario (p < 0.005) y en el 70% del total de la muestra, el parto se presentó y concluyó dentro de las 48 horas después de realizado el examen. Los resultados muestran, que el estimulo mamario, con menos recursos personales y económicos y menor trauma psico-físico para la gestante, es una buena alternativa al clásico test de stress con oxitocina.
Supresión de Lactancia
Authors: Calderón Morales Jorge , Castillo Pulido Juan , Martina Ch. Marco , Crocce C. Roberto
Published: July 2021

Con el objeto de evaluar un nuevo dopaminérgico inhibidor de la prolactina: hidrogen maleato de lisurida (Dopergin R), en supresión de la lactancia; se administró a 48 pacientes la dosis de 0.2 mg. el primer día de puerperio, 0.4 mg. el segundo día y 0.6 mg. a partir del 3er. hasta el 14avo. día, los resultados fueron muy satisfactorios. En 45 pacientes (93.75%) se logró la supresión total de la lactancia y 47 pacientes (97.91 %) no presentaron efectos colaterales al finalizar el estudio prospectivo. Solo 1 paciente (2%) presentó náuseas leves hasta el término del estudio. La indicación clínica más frecuente fue la de neonatimuertos 21 casos (43.75%) y la causa más frecuente de mortalidad perinatal fue la preeclampsia severa en 10 casos (20.82%). Otras indicaciones fueron: Obitos fetales, natimuertos y abortos tardíos. En conclusión creemos que el Hidrogen maleato de lisurida es un producto eficaz y tolerable en pacientes en los cuales es necesario su uso en inhibición de la lactancia, frente a la bromocriptina y otros métodos con menor grado de efectividad que son menos tolerables por los pacientes.
Laparoscopía en pacientes con dolor pélvico crónico en el Hospital Central del Norte - IPSS Chiclayo
Authors: Herrera Vega Carlos , Palacios Celi Miguel , Neyra Carnero Miguel , Quito Rodríguez Luis
Published: July 2021

Se realizaron 90 laparoscopías entre el 31 de Octubre de 1987 al 31 de Octubre de 1988 en el Hospital Central del Norte - IPSS de la ciudad de Chiclayo. Las indicaciones de nuestras laparoscopias fue de Dolor Pélvico Crónico en pacientes que ingresaron derivadas de consulta externa a la Unidad de Laparoscopias del servicio de Ginecología; de las cuales el 53.3% (48 casos), presentaron dolor pélvico único y el 46.7% (42 casos), dolor pélvico asociado a otros síntomas.
Cesárea en el Perú: Presente y futuro.
Authors: Távara Orozco Luis
Published: July 2021

La cesárea es una intervención quirúrgica cuyo propósito es extraer artificialmente al feto a través de la vía abdominal, incidiendo en el útero. Se ha escrito que esta operación se remonta a muchos siglos atrás. En Roma antigua era una obligación efectuarla en la mujer embarazada una vez muerta. Se ha dicho que Julio César nació a través de esa intervención, pero es un hecho difícil de aceptar, puesto que su madre vivió muchos años después de que él naciera. La primera cesárea en el Perú  fue realizada en la Maternidad de Lima por el Dr. Camilo Segura el año 1861, en una paciente fallecida durante el parto. El 31 de Mayo de 1931 en  la Maternidad de Lima el Dr. Alberto Barton practicó una cesárea obteniendo un recién nacido vivo. La madre falleció a las pocas horas. En 1926 el Dr. Ricardo Palma realizó la primera cesárea en Chiclayo. Entre los años 1927 y 1936 el Dr. Manuel Jesús Castañeda efectuó la primera cesárea en Arequipa y en 1931 el Dr. Callo Zeballos hizo lo mismo en el Cuzco. La primera cesárea segmentaria en el Perú fue practicada en el Hospital Maternidad de Lima por el Dr. Víctor Bazul Fonseca en 1937. Ese mismo año es practicada en el Hospital de Bellavista Callao por el Dr. Froilán Villamón.
Hiperglicemias durante el embarazo
Authors: Oscanoa León Anibal
Published: July 2021

Entre los meses de junio a setiembre de 1991, se eligieron al azar 50 gestantes en el tercer trimestre de embarazo con la finalidad de evaluar los niveles de glicemia. Todas fueron pacientes hospitalizadas por complicaciones médicas, obstétricas o en inicio de trabajo de parto. Siguiendo las recomendaciones de la Segunda Conferencia Internacional sobre Diabetes Mellitus Gestacional, las gestantes fueron sometidas a la prueba de una hora con sobrecarga oral de glucosa y se consideró hipoglicemia durante el embarazo cuando el valor de la glucosa plasmática fue mayor o igual a 130 mg/dl. La edad materna promedio fue de 24.7 +/- 7.1 años con rango de 14 a 40 años. De las 50 gestantes, 24 (48%) tenían antecedentes de riesgo para Diabetes Mellitus Gestacional y 26 (52%) no. No se encontró diferencia significativa en la incidencia de Hiperglicemia entre estos dos grupos. Tampoco se encontró correlación entre la edad materna y los valores de glucosa en cada uno de los grupos. En la muestra estudiada, 50 gestantes, se encontró un caso manifiesto de Hiperglicemia en el grupo con riesgo y un caso en el grupo sin riesgo; estos dos casos representan una incidencia total de 4% de Diabetes Gestacional.
Livial R: Perfil clínico y metabólico.
Authors: Van Duren Dyonne
Published: July 2021

La terapia de reemplazo hormonal, está llegando a ser cada vez más, un área importante. Todos los tratamientos actuales presentan problemas de seguridad o de aceptación por parte de los pacientes. En especial, el sangrado vaginal regular, comúnmente es inaceptable en mujeres postmenopáusicas. Livial, un esteroide gonadomimético, trata con efectividad los síntomas climatéricos, y previene la pérdida ósea postmenopáusica, sin estimular el endometrio, de tal forma que no causa sangrado en mujeres que se encuentran en esta etapa. Livial parece tener efectos secundarios poco significativos, más aún puede ejercer efecto benéfico sobre el sistema cardiovascular y el perfil sérico de los lípidos.
Factores de Riesgo Asociados a la Hipertensión Inducida por el embarazo.
Authors: Távara Orozco Luis , Parra Vergara Jorge , Chumbe Ruíz Ovidio , Ayasta Carmen
Published: July 2021

Durante el periodo comprendido entre Julio de 1988 y Julio de 1998 y junio de 1992 se atendió en el Departamento de Gineco-obstetricia del Hospital María Auxiliadora un total de 18 732 partos. En ese mismo, periodo, se atendió 1,309 pacientes con preeclampsia y 146 con eclampsia, lo que hace una frecuencia de 7,0% y 0,8% respectivamente. A través de una investigación epidemiológica de casos y controles se llegó a determinar que los factores de riesgo asociados a HIE en la población del Cono Sur de Lima son: edad menor de 20 años y mayor de 35 años, obesidad, la no unión conyugal, primigravidez, gran multiparidad, intervalo intergenésico mayor de 8 años, anemia, embarazo múltiple, hipertensión crónica e infección urinaria.
Presentación
Authors: Pacheco Romero José
Published: July 2021

Los Directores y el Comité de Redacción hemos aceptado la designación de publicar la Revista de la Sociedad Peruana de Obstetricia y Ginecología con la alegría del honor otorgado y el amor demostrado a la especialidad y a la escritura, aunque reconociendo la responsabilidad que la documentación médica conlleva.