bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Film Cutting And Visual Momentum
Authors: Hochberg Julian , Brooks Virginia
Published: November 2023

We perceive the world by means of successive sensory samples. In vision, this means by sequences of views. Most view sequences are obtained by the viewer’s own perceptuomotor acts. Some view sequences are given to the viewer by a filmmaker, and these often consist of sequences of nonoverlapping views. There are two general kinds of answers to the question of how we combine our successive glances into a coherent perceptual world: These are (1) the compensatory, or subtractive, explanations, whether based on extraretinal signals (cf. Martin, 1976; Sedgwick & Festinger, 1976; Skavenski, 1976) or on the transformations of the visual image (Gibson, 1954, 1957, 1966; Johansson, 1974); and (2) the inferential, expectancy-testing, or schema-testing explanations (Hochberg, 1968; Neisser, 1967; Piaget, 1954). The compensatory explanations may or may not be fully adequate to explain how we combine view sequences that we obtain by our own perceptuomotor acts, but they simply cannot account for our perception of motion pictures in which scenes are built up by a succession of nonover-lapping views.
Levels Of Perceptual Organization
Authors: Hochberg Julian
Published: November 2023

Perceptual organization refers to constraints on what is perceived (e.g., with visual angle held constant, apparent size and apparent distance covary; apparent figural quality varies with apparent simplicity of configuration). Three major classes of organizational phenomena (space, shape/form, and movement) have been important to perceptual theory. Theories of organization differ in the roles assigned to stimulus structure (intrastimulus constraints) and to mental structure (interresponse constraints) and on the degree of wholism posited (i.e., the size of the structure within which constraints are strong). The major perceptual theories are analyzed in these terms. Phenomena are reviewed that very sharply limit the tenability of any theory to which spatial or temporal wholism is important and that clearly demonstrate mental structure in the absence of stimulus structure.
Mental Structure In Experts’ Perception Of Human Movement
Authors: Klopfer Dale S
Published: November 2023

My favorite figure in Hochberg’s (1964) Perception text shows a row of seven ‘‘scribbles,’’ each paired with a name (p. 100). The reader is invited to learn the name paired with each scribble and then to test himor herself on a second row showing the scribbles in a different order. The scribbles, it turns out, are caricatures in profile, drawn so that their facial features match the names—the scribble paired with the label Baby looks like a baby, the one paired with Ape looks like an ape, and so on—but the resemblance is typically not seen unless the scribbles are rotated 908 clockwise. In their original orientation, the scribbles resemble Arabic script, and it is harder to learn the correct labels for the scribbles when they are rotated. One reason that I admire this figure is that it demonstrates elegantly how we fit sensory input to mental structures and how that process depends upon experience. Another is that I suspect that Julie drew those scribbles, and I like to visualize him beaming as he showed them to friends and colleagues.
Introduction to Axiomatic Design Principles
Authors: Suh Nam P
Published: November 2023

To understand the complexity theory presented in this book, one has to understand axiomatic design theory, on which this complexity theory is partly based. Axiomatic design theory provides a conceptual basis for the complexity theory: the importance of functions, the need to define complexity in the functional domain rather than in the physical domain, the significance of the Independence Axiom and the Information Axiom in understanding complexity, and the measurement of uncertainty based on the Information Axiom. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce axiomatic design for engineered systems as a prelude to the complexity theory presented in chapter 3. For a more complete treatise on axiomatic design, readers are encouraged to refer to Suh (1990, 2001). The materials presented in this chapter are similar to the materials presented in chapter 1 of Suh (2001).
Thinking about Harms and Benefits
Authors: DuBois James M
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents a general framework for considering risks and benefits in the design and review of research. Subsequent chapters examine specific risks and benefits in the context of a variety of study designs in mental health research. After being criticized for conducting studies of obedience to authority in which participants were deceived and led to believe they had administered terrible electrical shocks to other alleged participants (Baumrind, 1964), Stanley Milgram defended himself by citing a subsequent survey of the participants in which less than 2% were sorry to have taken part in the experiment (Milgram, 1964). A more recent survey of healthy children and children with major depressive disorder who had participated in a multi-day sleep and neuroendocrine study that involved indwelling intravenous catheters and all-night electroencephalography found that no child or parent regretted participation (Townsend et al., 1988).
Justice in Recruitment and Research
Authors: DuBois James M
Published: November 2023

Inequalities are rampant in research. Some inequalities are intentionally built into studies. Randomized experiments, for example, may assign some participants to receive a placebo, while others receive the gold standard treatment or a treatment of unknown value. Other inequalities arise from the contingencies of the population involved: some participants are allowed to give consent for themselves, while others are not due to age or cognitive capacities. Still other inequalities are virtually intrinsic to the enterprise. For example, researchers generally have more knowledge and power than participants.
Research Questions and Study Design
Authors: DuBois James M
Published: November 2023

Research is a human activity that yields products such as new knowledge, new medications, or improved educational practices. Contrary to contemporary practice, the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle spoke of four different kinds of causes of human products. The end result of an action—say, the new knowledge gained from research activities—he called the “final cause,” not primarily because it comes last in time, but because it is the end toward which we act. The final cause provides our motivation; in other words, it “causes” us to cause things.
Identifying and Managing Conflicts of Interest
Authors: DuBois James M
Published: November 2023

In the early 1960s, 40 men aged 20–50 and representing various occupations came to the psychological laboratory of Yale University to take part in what they believed would be a study of memory and learning. They were paid $4.50 for their participation. When they arrived, each was met by two other men—one pretending to be the experimenter and another pretending to be a research subject. The subject was played by a 47-year-old accountant, whom most observers found mild mannered and likable. Stanley Milgram, the actual principal investigator, was positioned behind a one-way mirror observing events.
Different Portraits, Different Leaders? Gender Differences in U.S. Senators’ Presentation of Self
Authors: Fridkin Kim L , Woodall Gina Serignese
Published: November 2023

Continuing with the theme that women who run for and win office face special genderbased challenges, Fridkin and Woodall explore the ways U.S. senators present themselves to the public in light of stereotypical views about women and men in politics. Analyzing the personal traits, the issue emphasis, and credit claiming for successful initiatives of politicians from the world of campaigns to the legislative arena, these authors show that, to counter perceived gender stereotypes, women are more likely to emphasize their “male” traits in press releases, while male candidates emphasize their “female” traits. In contrast, on issues, men are more likely to emphasize their positions on “male” issues, such as foreign policy and defense, whereas women are more likely to emphasize “female” issues, such as education and health care. What may be most intriguing is the finding that men take more credit than women in press releases for favorable policy outcomes and are more likely to blame others for policy failures. This last set of fndings may be indicative of gendered approaches to power that are explored later in this volume.
Institutional Gendering: Theoretical Insights into the Environment of Women Officeholders
Authors: Duerst-Lahti Georgia
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, Georgia Duerst-Lahti provides an in-depth explanation of the meaning of gendered political processes and institutions—and their effect on political women. She notes, as do Debra L. Dodson and Lyn Kathlene in their chapters, that gender adheres not just to individuals but also to the institutions to which they belong and the rules that govern those institutions. In male-dominant gendered environments, such as legislatures, structures and behaviors that conform to the male norm are rewarded. To the extent that women’s preferences are distinctive, they are likely to be devalued and attenuated. Hence, as Duerst-Lahti makes clear, not only is women’s presence in political institutions modest as a result of gendered political environments (including campaigns and elections), but their roads to success tend to be different and unequal to men’s.
Conveying Messages
Authors: Mettler Suzanne
Published: November 2023

Describing the actual delivery of the G.I. Bill’s education and training benefits, Richard Colosimo said, “It was quite simple, actually. If you went to the Veterans Administration and said, ‘I want to go to school,’ they said, ‘Go to your school and make application and refer that application to the [local branch office of the] Veterans Administration—they will then set it up.’” Colosimo praised the VA as “diligent” in administering the program. “When I was in Chicago, going to the University of Illinois, I was living in a rooming house [where] they would take your mail and just put it on the table. Someone got my check from the school, my G.I. Bill check, and cashed it. [When] I reported it stolen, [the VA] gave me another one. They subsequently wrote me a letter that they did find the check and it was an obvious forgery.” Such experiences of responsiveness from the government in a public program impressed Colosimo. “For me, [the G.I. Bill] was ideal. They made it easy for you. You could go to trade schools, barber schools, any kind of schools.”
Fostering Social Opportunity
Authors: Mettler Suzanne
Published: November 2023

John Mulravey grew up on the edge of Boston, “in a section of Brookline called Wishing Point.” Most adults in the neighborhood, he explained, were employed as “chauffeurs [or] housekeepers on the big estates. The affluent people didn’t go for civil service jobs, so most of our family . . . and friends . . . became policemen, firemen, and worked in the towns. The G.I. Bill was the thing that saved all of us,” emphasized Mulravey. “It was the best thing that happened to the military men that were low-income at that time. They became all very, very successful people in different positions in big companies. But they got their start through the G.I. Bill.” Social scientists have long known that in the lives of many veterans, World War II marked a critical turning point, shaping the subsequent course of their lives in significant ways, but how the G.I. Bill might have figured into such outcomes has been unclear. Scholarly studies and government reports have suggested that veterans enjoyed academic, occupational, and economic success that surpassed that of nonveterans. Yet most of these fail to control for G.I. Bill usage, and those that do consider it tend to limit their analysis to the effects on income alone.
Introduction: Uneasy Minds
Authors: Foa Edna B , Andrews Linda Wasmer
Published: November 2023

One mother recalls that her son always seemed to be a little more fearful than most children. “But it really started interfering with his life when he was about 15. He began worrying constantly that his heart would stop beating while he was sleeping.” Another mother says that her daughter “was very, very introverted during her early teens. She avoided all public speaking, including talking in class. She was always too afraid to draw attention to herself in case she said or did something wrong.”
Social Anxiety Disorder: Afraid of Embarrassment
Authors: Foa Edna B , Andrews Linda Wasmer
Published: November 2023

What teenager hasn’t stammered when called on unexpectedly in class, blushed when talking to a cute classmate, or felt the mortification of saying the wrong thing? The teenage years are rife with little embarrassments and small egobruisings, but most teens are able to pick themselves up, brush themselves off, and keep moving ahead. For those with social anxiety disorder, however, it’s not that easy. Their anxiety about social situations may mushroom into a crippling fear of being judged or ridiculed. They may worry for days before a big social event, and they may spend hours afterward picking apart their every word and deed.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Failure to Recover From a Trauma
Authors: Foa Edna B , Andrews Linda Wasmer
Published: November 2023

Imagine yourself as a young person who has lived through the extreme trauma of child sexual abuse, a school shooting, a serious car accident, or a devastating tornado. Now imagine yourself repeatedly reexperiencing that traumatic event in the form of flashbacks, nightmares, intrusive memories, or frightening mental images. For you, the sense of danger never really passes, so your mind and body remain constantly on high alert. The persistent anxiety you feel after the trauma makes you want to avoid anything associated with that terrible event. You might go out of your way to avoid certain people, places, or activities, or you might simply try to avoid ever thinking or talking about what occurred. Perhaps you feel angry and distrustful of others, or maybe you feel shut off from your own emotions and unable to connect with family and friends.
The Magic of Tiger Beetles
Authors: Pearson David L
Published: November 2023

Hundreds of otherwise normal people are passionate about an intriguing group of insects called tiger beetles (family Cicindelidae). These cicindelophiles or tiger beetlists can be found swinging insect nets to collect wary tiger beetles from sandy pine forests in Florida to alpine meadows in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Others might spend hours crawling on elbows and knees in the piercing heat of an Arizona grassland for close-up photos of a ruby-red species. A few sit patiently on the white sands of a New Jersey beach taking notes about the mating behavior of a long-legged tiger beetle that is listed by the United States government as an endangered species. These activities and others unite a diverse group of tiger beetle enthusiasts, only a few of whom are professional entomologists. Tiger beetles elicit something more than a routine response to the necessities of employment. Note the highly enthusiastic and curious behavior of some lawyers, dentists, prison guards, railroad workers, and computer engineers who have found a life-long hobby in beetle watching.
Identification of Tiger Beetle Larvae
Authors: Pearson David L
Published: November 2023

The larval stages of tiger beetles have received much less interest and study than adults, probably because of their burrow-dwelling habits and aesthetically less pleasing grublike appearance. Finding the burrows of larvae requires examination of the ground surface at close range (usually you have to hunch over a bit to see them), a very different technique from that of finding adults, where you need to be looking 5 – 20 meters ahead. Another problem is the difficulty in identifying larvae to species. The characters used (especially numbers and arrangement of setae on the pronotum and other body parts and characteristics of the hooks on the fifth abdominal segment) are often difficult to find and less distinctive than most adult characters. Also, these characters may change as the larvae advance through each of their three distinct growth stages (instars). This historic disregard for larvae is unfortunate because biologically and ecologically larvae often are more important than adults as habitat indicators and for evaluating the viability and dynamics of populations.
Species Accounts
Authors: Pearson David L
Published: November 2023

We use Freitag’s Catalogue of the Tiger Beetles of Canada and the United States and Wiesner’s Checklist of the Tiger Beetles of the World as a taxonomic basis for the status of names. Any deviations from these classification schemes are indicated and justified. Group names of genera and higher taxa are arranged in roughly phylogenetic order so that closely related (and often most similar appearing) species are close together. For other explanations of taxonomic details, consult Freitag’s and Wiesner’s catalogs. We also use the most widely accepted common names of tiger beetle species in conjunction with scientific names. Subspecies, however, are indicated only by their scientific moniker.
Biogeography
Authors: Pearson David L
Published: November 2023

Biogeography focuses on the distribution of life forms over the world. Tiger beetles are not evenly distributed across the United States and Canada (fig. 8.1). Range maps for tiger beetles in the United States and Canada show that no two species have exactly the same geographical distribution. On the contrary, each species has a distinctive range, whether measured in total area, shape of the boundaries, or latitudes and altitudes. As with almost all other groups of animals and plants, more species of tiger beetles occur in some parts of the continent than in others. Why should this be? One answer involves historical movements of tiger beetle populations. The evidence for long-range movements of tiger beetles in North America is limited to a few anecdotal examples. Adults in more or less continuous habitats like rivers and ocean beaches have obvious routes of dispersal. However, movements of other species over discontinuous habitats are known. Strong favorable winds are likely involved with the dispersal of species like the S-banded Tiger Beetle, which lives on the muddy tidal flats of the Gulf of Mexico and the west and east coasts of North America. Specimens of this species have been found as far inland as Kansas and on offshore oil platforms in the Gulf of Mexico, 160 kilometers from the nearest land. However, this species has not established a population anywhere in inland North America, but these long-range movements may explain why it occurs on virtually every island in the Caribbean.
George Metesky: Profiling the “Mad Bomber”
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T
Published: November 2023

In the fall of 2002, when residents of Virginia, Maryland, and Washington, D.C., were being terrorized by an unidentified serial sniper, law enforcement agents and media pundits alike offered purported profiles of the killer. Looking at the scant evidence then available, the “profilers” generated educated guesses regarding the gender, race, age, education, life experience, psychological makeup, and motives of the killer dubbed the “D.C. sniper.”
John W. Hinckley, Jr. Shooting for the Stars
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T
Published: November 2023

Born in 1955, the third and youngest child of educated, well-to-do parents, John W. Hinckley, Jr., had every reason to believe that he would be a success in life. Both of his siblings were popular and successful, his father was a prosperous and powerful executive, and his mother was a stay-at-home parent who devoted herself to her children, particularly her youngest. As early as elementary school, John appeared to be following in the Hinckley family mold.
The Fragile Consensus
Authors: Haney Craig
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on the nature of public opinion about capital punishment and its role in the administration of the death penalty in the United States. As I noted in the last two chapters, economic and political forces have helped to shape the media’s depictions of crime and punishment. In addition to the real dangers posed by the threat of violent crime, citizens’ deepest fears about victimization are intensified by repeated exposure to sensationalized television images and story lines that demonize the perpetrators of crime. Along with the often narrow, one-sided news coverage that surrounds individual capital cases, these factors help to increase the perceived need for harsh punishments like the death penalty. This chapter examines some of the apparent attitudinal consequences of those threats, images, story lines, and news coverage and the ways that they have helped to shape and maintain public support for capital punishment.
Introduction to Functional Measurement
Authors: Weiss David J
Published: November 2023

Functional measurement is foremost an approach to understanding cognitive behavior. Because the methodology was developed using ANOVA as the primary analytic technique, a brief explanation is given here. One goal of this presentation is to inspire the reader to view analysis of variance as more than a way to confirm differences among groups. The two volumes by Anderson (1981, 1982) will provide those whose interest has been stimulated with the information needed to carry out a full-scale functional measurement study. Cognitive algebra is the heart of the method. A theoretical model is proposed for a behavioral task. The task always involves joint consideration of two or more stimuli or stimulus aspects. Thus, a subjective integration is called for. Usually the model is phrased as a simple equation. For example, a person may be asked to envision the attractiveness of a meal consisting of a sandwich and a drink (Shanteau & Anderson, 1969). As a working hypothesis, one might expect the appropriate model to be a weighted combination of the attractiveness of the individual components. The components will certainly have differing values across individuals. For me, tuna in pita gets a positive evaluation and cranberry juice a negative one; but your taste may be quite different. In the same way, weights for the components may differ. For me, the sandwich is important and the drink is almost an afterthought. By presenting factorial combinations of various hypothetical sandwiches and drinks, the researcher elicits ratings that may be analyzed for conformity with the hypothesized model. The ratings may then be decomposed to yield estimates of the subjective attractiveness of the individual sandwiches and drinks. These estimates differ from those obtained with simple ratings in that their validity is established via the prior verification of the model.
Scientist and Explorer
Authors: McCoy Roger M
Published: November 2023

My wife and I visited the Petrified Forest National Park expecting to see some great examples of petrified wood, but not much more. What we found was striking evidence of the movement of continents over great distances. Fossil forests of immense trees along with ferns, crocodiles, and small dinosaurs revealed a past environment of humid tropics similar to the Amazon basin today. Remnants of animals and plants that had lived more than 2 hundred million years ago in a humid tropical environment, but were now lying in this barren Arizona landscape, raised questions that had puzzled climatologists and paleontologists for many years.
The World Reacts to Wegener’s Idea
Authors: McCoy Roger M
Published: November 2023

No previous suggestion of continental movements had ever evoked such strong response as didWegener’s, probably because no one had ever presented such a comprehensive body of supporting and converging evidence. As Wegener’s book became widely translated, the earth scientists of the world began to see the full importance of his hypothesis, and it simply could not go unexamined or unchallenged. Other drift ideas, including Taylor’s, provided little or no evidence and consisted primarily of suppositions. Accordingly, Taylor’s proposal aroused little comment from the earth science community.
Winter at Eismitte
Authors: McCoy Roger M
Published: November 2023

Georgi and Sorge were alone at Eismitte from September 13 until Wegener arrived with Loewe and Rasmus Villumsen on October 30. The weather was relatively mild and a tent was adequate while they excavated an ice cave. By the time they began moving into the ice cave on October 5, morning temperatures were down to -37° Celsius (-35° Fahrenheit), and the improved shelter was most welcome.

On the day before they moved into the ice cave, they saw an Arctic fox scavenging among their provision boxes. This was a rare sight in the center of the Greenland ice sheet, as no regular wildlife inhabitants live there.They assumed the fox had followed a trail of food scraps left by sled parties and their dogs. Arctic foxes are known to travel great distances following polar bears or wolves to eat leftovers from their kills. This fox was snow white—they turn brown in summer—and appeared to be in good health even though it was about 400 kilometers (250 miles) from its natural food sources on the coast.The little animal showed almost no fear of the men, and they were able to photograph the fox from as close as IO meters (33 feet).
The Search for Wegener and Villumsen
Authors: McCoy Roger M
Published: November 2023

Winter storms eventually became less intense and less frequent. It was time to take provisions to the men at Eismitte and find answers to the big questions.Where were Wegener, Loewe, andVillumsen? How had they and the scientists at Eismitte fared through the winter? Men at the West Station were prepared for any possibility. MaybeWegener, Loewe, and Rasmus died trying to reach Eismitte. Maybe Georgi and Sorge died attempting to return to West Station. Maybe they were all safe at Eismitte. In case anyone was still at Eismitte, they would certainly need provisions for the coming summer work.
Progress after 1966
Authors: McCoy Roger M
Published: November 2023

Strong interest in Greenland continued through the 1930s. It was a new frontier that captured the imagination of nations with plans for future air travel, as well as adventurers wanting a new challenge.

In the same year that the Wegener expedition ended, the German pilot Wolfgang von Gronau became the first to fly across the Greenland ice cap—a distance of 1,368 kilometers (850 miles). Also, in 1931 Arne HØygaard and Martin Mehren, two Norwegian medical students, crossed the ice sheet just for sport. They went up the Kamarujuk Glacier to the West Station where Wegener’s party was then located. The Germans and Inuits helped them haul two sleds and twelve hundred pounds of equipment up the glacier front.Their sled runners were covered with silver for easier sliding and to prevent sticking. They left on July IO and reached the east coast on August 15, where they met a Norwegian ship for the return to Norway.
Children’s Subjective Identification With Social Groups
Authors: Bennett Mark , Sani Fabio
Published: November 2023

Human groups (e.g., nations, cultural-ethnic groups, religious institutions, political parties) are fundamental elements of our society. As such, people often categorize themselves as members of a social group. According to selfcategorization theory (Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher, & Wetherell, 1987), however, although group categorization consists of no more than nominal ascription to a group, the internalization of group norms implies a subjective identification with the group—a personal sense of membership and psychological investment in the group.
Intergroup Attitudes and Reasoning About Social Exclusion in Majority and Minority Children in Spain
Authors: Enesco Ileana , Guerrero Silvia , Callejas Carolina , Solbes Irene
Published: November 2023

Throughout this volume scholars are presenting their research on the origins and development of explicit and implicit intergroup attitudes, the processes of social identification, and the emergence and nature of gender and ethnic stereotypes. Many of the empirical studies discussed in these chapters were conducted in countries where these lines of research stem from a history of empirical studies with children and adolescents. These youths belong to different ethnic groups and socioeconomic statuses and live in cultural settings that have a high degree of ethnic and cultural heterogeneity (including the United States, Canada, Great Britain, the Netherlands, and Australia). In addition, research on intergroup attitudes has been carried out in countries such as the United States, where it dates back to the pioneering studies of Horowitz and Horowitz (1938) and Clark and Clark (1947).
Brazil: The area Covered
Authors: Perlo Ber van
Published: November 2023

Brazil is a very large country—the world’s fifth in surface area (3.3 million square miles or 8.5 million square km)—with a population of probably greater than 190 million (sixth largest in the world). Most people live in the eastern parts of the country, especially in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The federative republic of Brazil can be divided into five major regions (Sul, Centro-Oueste, Sudeste, Nordeste, and Norte) comprising 26 states and the Distrito Federal of Brasilia (figure 1).
Brazil: The Birds
Authors: Perlo Ber van
Published: November 2023

Scientific and Portuguese names follow the first, second, and third list of the Lista das Aves do Brasil published by the Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos. Species on the second list (occurrence probable, but not yet sufficiently substantiated) are indicated in the text by placing their names in brackets, while species on the third list (occurrence suggested by various sources, but improbable) are preceded by a question mark. With a few exceptions (see, e.g., 126.9, 152.4, and 152.5), English names follow A Classification of the Bird Species of South America published by the SACC (South American Checklist Committee, list created by Sjoerd Mayer). Alternative English names are often mentioned. Sequence of families and species is more or less traditional, but adapted to include about 10 similar-looking species (sometimes from different families) in one plate.
Children Who Refuse School to Avoid General Distress
Authors: Kearney Christopher A
Published: November 2023

Caleb is a 7-year-old boy who gets up in the morning and immediately starts to cry and say, ‘1 don’t want to go to school.” Although his parents can get Caleb ready for school, their son sulks during the car ride, complains of having a stomachache, and sobs when he sees the school playground. Caleb’s mother says she has a hard time getting her son to go into the school building and that she sometimes drives him home when he seems so distraught. Caleb seems fine once home but sulks as well during the evening before school. This chapter will be more helpful to you if your child matches Caleb’s situation or if one or both of the following is true: Your child is having trouble going to school in the morning because of distress about school or trouble riding the school bus. Your child seems quite distressed in the mornings or evenings before school. This chapter will be less helpful to you if one or both of the following is true: Your child is not distressed about school. Your child is refusing school only for attention (see chapter 5). Your child is refusing school only to do more fun activities outside of school (see chapter 6).
Using Care With Culture
Authors: Carpenter–Song Elizabeth , Schwallie Megan Nordquest , Longhofer Jeffrey L
Published: November 2023

Increasingly, mental health practice demands acknowledgment of the role of culture in the mediation of the interpretation and experience of mental disorder. In fact, the ‘‘main message’’ of the Surgeon General’s recent (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001) report on culture, race, and ethnicity was that ‘‘culture counts.’’ A long tradition of research in medical anthropology and cross-cultural psychiatry has demonstrated the multiplicity of ways in which culture is both a site of production and a mediator of symptoms in mental disorders.
The Epidemiology of Mood Disorders Among U.S. Minority Populations
Authors: Loue Sana
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the epidemiology of mood disorders among U.S. minority populations. The literature relating to the incidence and prevalence of these disorders is reviewed, followed by a discussion of the risk and protective factors for these illnesses. Prior to embarking on any discussion of the epidemiology of mental illness among minority populations, however, it is important to highlight the challenges that are inherent in such an examination. These include, but are not limited to, the validity and reliability of the criteria used to assess the occurrence of a mood disorder and the sampling strategy utilized in conducting the study.
Loss in Translation:Considering the Critical Role of Interpreters and Language in the Psychiatric Evaluation of Non-English-Speaking Patients
Authors: Jackson Carey , Zatzick Doug , Harris Raymond , Gardiner Lorin
Published: November 2023

Language is recursive in character. It is simultaneously a tool or medium for producing human thought and culture, and a product of human thought and culture. Thus, paradigm shifts in culture and work are often attended by concomitant shifts in language. These changes reflect the new metaphors and forms of thought that allow concepts to be configured in new ways and then shared through language.
The Role of Family Diversity in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Mood Disorders
Authors: West Amy E , Donenberg Geri
Published: November 2023

The definition of family has evolved substantially during the past three decades. Because the traditional definition—a biological mother and father and two children—failed to reflect the growing diversity and complexity of families today, the NIMH launched an initiative to redefine the meaning of family. Specifically, the NIMH brought together a consortium of scholars who developed a new and innovative definition of who and what constitutes a family. In this new characterization, family is viewed as a network of mutual commitments, recognizing the role of biological and nonbiological ties among individuals (Pequegnat & Szapocnik, 2000).
Strategies for Recruitment and Retention of Minorities in Research of Mood Disorders
Authors: Diaz Esperanza , Huebner Cristina I
Published: November 2023

Paradoxically, although minority groups have greater morbidity and mortality than the general population, they continue to be underrepresented in research studies. Without research data it becomes difficult to evaluate minority health status and treatments. Research on recruitment and retention methods of minorities in studies is growing (Keller, Gonzales, et al., 2005; Yancey, Ortega, et al., 2006); however, there is still a paucity of literature in mental health research investigating or reporting on these issues (Thompson, Neighbors, et al., 1996). The literature reveals that some researchers find recruitment and retention of minorities in research particularly challenging whereas others find that minorities are willing to participate but they are not invited as needed (Cabral, Napoles–Springer, et al., 2003; Keller et al., 2005; Markens, Fox, et al., 2002; Meinert, Blehar, et al., 2003; Norton & Manson, 1996; O’Brien, Kosoko–Lasaki, et al., 2006; Olin, Dagerman, et al., 2002; Staffileno & Coke, 2006; Thompson et al., 1996; Wendler, Kington, et al., 2006).
Defending the American Way of Li
Authors: Lind Michael
Published: November 2023

They Say it Every Fourth of July and every Memorial Day. They say it, too, on the anniversaries of battles like D-Day and Gettysburg. “Generations of American soldiers have given their lives to preserve freedom in America.” That is what the politicians and editorialists and orators say.
Why the United States Fought in World War I
Authors: Lind Michael
Published: November 2023

On April 9, 1865, General Robert E. Lee, commander of the Army of the Confederate States of America, surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant of the United States Army at the courthouse in Appomattox, Virginia. The U.S. Civil War, which had cost more than six hundred thousand lives, was over. The defeat of the South’s attempt to secede had left the United States intact as a continental nation-state with enormous industrial and military potential.
The World Order Which We Seek
Authors: Lind Michael
Published: November 2023

When Searching for Guidance in Thinking About U.S. Foreign Policy, many Americans ransack the histories of other countries and other times. Some hold up Periclean Athens as a model and assert that Americans should learn the lessons of the Peloponnesian War. Others prefer nineteenth-century Europe and ponder the statecraft of Bismarck or Metternich. Some, who think that the United States should dominate the peoples of the Middle East or Africa in the service of American hegemony or humanitarian benevolence, cite the colonial wars of the British Empire.
Statistics In The Law
Authors: Kadane Joseph B
Published: November 2023

The book will serve primarily as a user’s manual or desk reference for the expert witness-lawyer team and secondarily as a textbook or supplemental textbook for upper level undergraduate statistics students. It starts with two articles by masters of the trade, Paul Meier and Franklin Fisher. It then explains the distinction between the Frye and Daughbert standards for expert testimony, and how these standards play out in court. The bulk of the book is concerned with individual cases ranging over a wide variety of topics, such as electronic draw poker (does it require skill to play), employment discrimination (how to tell whether an employer discriminated against older workers in deciding whom to fire), driving while black (did the New Jersey State Police disproportionately stop blacks), jury representativeness (is a jury a representative cross section of the community), juries hearing death penalty cases (are such juries biased toward a guilty verdict, and does the Supreme Court care), the civil incarceration of violent sexual offenders after having served their jail sentences (can future dangerousness be predicted), do data from multiple choice examinations support an allegation of copying, whether rental agents in an apartment complex steered African-American prospects to one part of the complex, how much tax is owed after an audit that used a random sample, whether an inventor falsified his notebook in an effort to fool the Patent Office, and whether ballots had been tampered with in an election. The book concludes with two recent English cases, one in which a woman was accused of murdering her infant sons because both died of “cot death” or “sudden death syndrome”, (she was convicted, but later exonerated), and how Bayesian analyses can (or more precisely), cannot be presented in UK courts. In each study, the statistical analysis is shaped to address the relevant legal questions, and draws on whatever methods in statistics might shed light on those questions.
Ethical Issues in Being an Expert Witness
Authors: Kadane Joseph B
Published: November 2023

An expert witness is different from a fact witness. A fact witness testifies to what that person saw, heard or experienced. ‘I saw the green car turn left and hit the man on the bicycle’ is the kind of testimony such a witness might give. By contrast, an expert witness is allowed to give opinion testimony to a court. An expert’s qualifications are examined and accepted by the judge before he or she may give such opinions. However, the opinions an expert is permitted to express in court are limited to those in the area of one’s expertise, in the case of most of you, to statistics. In particular, it is unwise and unwelcome to express opinions about the law, as the court will not have accepted you as an expert in the law, and regards it as something for the lawyers and the judge to discuss.
Cheating on Examinations
Authors: Kadane Joseph B
Published: November 2023

There are many forums outside of courts in which cases are heard. One of those is the procedures used in colleges and universities to hear cases of misconduct. These vary from institution to institution.

In the case reported here, I was given data on a series of multiple choice examina- tions, in some of which copying was alleged. The results of the alleged copier, S (for “student”), and the alleged copyees, C, were identi;ed. I did not have seating charts for the examinations. I thought about, but abandoned, the idea of a formal model of the data. Instead, I used ;ve indicators of whether S had copied from various copiees on a large scale. With respect to each indicator, the answer was “no.”

One of the frustrations of this analysis is that it does not, and cannot, answer the question of whether small-scale cheating occurred. I can examine the data for over-all patterns, which is what I did. However, whether S copied a single answer from one of the copyees, C, is not a question I can address from the data.
Criminal Convictions and Statistical Independence
Authors: Kadane Joseph B
Published: November 2023

This section considers a series of cases in England concerning cot death, otherwise known as Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). In families that had experienced more than one such death, the mothers were charged with murder on that basis alone. The heart of the reasoning was that the probability of such a death is low, and, using independence, the probability of multiple such deaths minuscule. Hence the conclusion of murder.

Later evidence shows a genetic component to SIDS, which means that there is positive correlation between the events of multiple such deaths, which invalidates the assumption of independence.
Cognition and Action
Authors: Prinz Wolfgang , Aschersleben Gisa , Koch Iring
Published: November 2023

This chapter addresses theoretical and experimental approaches to the cognitive underpinnings of action. It begins with a brief discussion of what the study of cognitive mechanisms can contribute to the study of action. It then focuses on the two levels by which cognitive mechanics of action can be studied: within and between task sets. The first kind of study addresses issues of action control. The representational resources and functional mechanisms involved in the cognitive mechanics of goal-directed action are considered. The second kind of study addresses issues of task control. The task-switching methodology is introduced to lay the ground for describing the currently pertinent theoretical frameworks of task-set control. Relevant empirical findings are presented to illustrate how action is modulated by task set.
Affect and Action Control
Authors: Reis Deidre L , Gray Jeremy R
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses the relation between emotion and action control. It tries to show that emotioncognition interactions exist at all levels of the action control hierarchy from attention to decision making and planning. The influences of emotion on memory, decision making, reasoning, attention, and emotion regulation are considered. These are related to action control within an established model of emotion in which the major end point is change in action readiness (Frijda, 1986). Our aim is to show that affect is integral to action control in a strong sense: pervasively so and at effectively all levels of the action control hierarchy.
The Role of Memory in the Control of Action
Authors: Logan Gordon D
Published: November 2023

The actions we perform depend not only on the stimuli available in the environment but also on what we know about the possibilities for action afforded by those stimuli. Thus, action is a joint function of perceptual information about the environment and memorial information available in various memory systems. This chapter focuses on three ways in which memorial information controls action: through habit, knowledge, and plans. Habits are common responses to familiar stimuli that can be executed with little thought and effort. In my view, habits are supported by memory retrieval. Attention to a stimulus retrieves records of past actions taken on that stimulus that serve as action plans that allow us to respond in the same way we usually respond to the stimulus. The role of memory in habits has been investigated extensively in studies of automaticity, particularly the ones that focus on the acquisition and expression of automaticity in skilled performance (Logan, 1988; Logan & Etherton, 1994). Knowledge is stored information about perceptual, semantic, conceptual, and affective properties of stimuli we encounter, acquired either directly or through instruction. Knowledge can also inform the choice of action. An attended stimulus can become part of a compound retrieval cue that pulls from memory the knowledge that we require to decide how to respond to it. The role of memory in knowledge-guided action has been investigated in studies of task switching, in which people must choose between different ways of responding to a potentially ambiguous stimulus, like the digit 7 (Logan & Bundesen, 2003; D. W. Schneider & Logan, 2005). Plans are sets of goals to be achieved or tasks to be performed.
Theory
Authors: Gregg Gary S
Published: November 2023

Brahim-n-Ait Ali ou Hamou, an illiterate farmer in the pre-Saharan foothills of Morocco’s High Atlas mountains, lectured us often about the traditional life he lived and the modern one he sought. One day we discussed these matters over tea and almonds in the guest room of his rambling and frayed rammed-earth home, as his fellow tribesmen gathered across the dry riverbed at the tomb of the village’s patron saint to celebrate the Prophet’s birthday. Each region was bringing its contribution: barley and olive oil from the plains, a ram from the mountains, shrubby firewood from what was left of the forest. All morning the men chanted in the mosque, and the women came in small groups to make personal offerings and pleas to the saint.
Khadija
Authors: Gregg Gary S
Published: November 2023

Khadija’s life hardly could differ more from Rachida’s. She wears her hair short and uncovered, dresses in European styles, smokes, drinks, swears, dances in discos at local tourist hotels, and has what she calls “love affairs.” She is attractive, independent, and sometimes flirtatious and has a “bad” reputation to show for it. She is just the sort of woman Rachida would have jailed and “really made to suffer.” I met her through my spouse, who sometimes worked with her father, a water-pump technician with the Agriculture Ministry. We visited her family several times at their home in Taznakht, a small town an hour east of Ouarzazate famous for its carpets.
Conclusions
Authors: Gregg Gary S
Published: November 2023

Scholars today reject the word primitive, but they have not given up the notion that non-Western peoples are submerged in their collectivist social relationships and lack the individuality of Westerners. So above all, these life narratives show “full-fledged individuality” flourishing in Morocco, as it undoubtedly does throughout the Middle East, even in its most traditional milieus. The young Moroccans I interviewed cannot be said to have relationally defined “mosaic” selves that contrast with Americans’ “bounded” selves, as Geertz and others have suggested.
The Central Role of Human Judgment
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Whenever the need for wisdom appears, one finds it is not merely the uneducated or poorly informed who prefer to rely on myths rather than scientific knowledge about human judgment. The search for the university president, the chief operating officer of the corporation, or the pope will begin with the formation of a committee that was itself constructed following a search for people who demonstrated what others thought to be acts of wisdom. All of these searchers will be victims of the myth that wisdom can be found only in a nominating process that buries the actual processes by which wisdom is exercised, because there is no alternative.