bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Arabic original of (ps.) Māshā'allāh'sLiber de orbe: its date and authorship
Authors: MIMURA TARO
Published: October 2014

Liber de orbe, attributed to Māshā'allāh (d.c.815), a court astrologer of the Abbasid dynasty, was one of the earliest Latin sources of Aristotelian physics. Until recently, its Arabic original could not be identified among Arabic works. Through extensive examination of Arabic manuscripts on exact sciences, I found two manuscripts containing the Arabic text of this Latin work, although neither of them is ascribed to Māshā'allāh: Berlin, Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Ms. or. oct. 273, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania University Library, MS LJS 439. In this paper, I describe these two manuscripts in great detail, so that I confirm their originality of theLiber de orbe, and then by analysing the contents of the Arabic text, I deny the attribution to Māshā'allāh, and identify the title and author asBook on the Configuration of the Orbby Dūnash ibn Tamīm, a disciple of Isaac Israeli (c.855–c.955).
Assessing the Unterberger test: introduction of a novel smartphone application
Authors: Whittaker M , Mathew A , Kanani R , Kanegaonkar R G
Published: October 2014

Background:

Peripheral vestibular function is commonly assessed using the Unterberger test. Patients are asked to march on the spot and their extent of rotation is recorded. The sensitivity of this test depends on an assessor accurately estimating the degree of rotation. This study therefore aimed to compare observer estimates with a smartphone application (DplusR Balance) that accurately records rotation.

Method:

Twenty-five participants were asked to estimate the degree of rotation in 10 successive Unterberger tests performed by a volunteer.

Results:

The average difference between estimated and application recorded extent of rotation was 30°.

Conclusion:

Assessors poorly estimate the degree of rotation in this clinical test, to an extent sufficient to affect clinical interpretation and diagnosis. We recommend the use of this application or alternative methods to record the degree of rotation in patients.
Efficacy of bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for negative symptoms of schizophrenia: results of a multicenter double-blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Dlabac-de Lange J. J. , Bais L. , van Es F. D. , Visser B. G. J. , Reinink E. , Bakker B. , van den Heuvel E. R. , Aleman A. , Knegtering H.
Published: October 2014

Background.

Few studies have investigated the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment for negative symptoms of schizophrenia, reporting inconsistent results. We aimed to investigate whether 10 Hz stimulation of the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during 3 weeks enhances treatment effects.

Method.

A multicenter double-blind randomized controlled trial was performed in 32 patients with schizophrenia or schizo-affective disorder, and moderate to severe negative symptoms [Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) negative subscale ⩾15]. Patients were randomized to a 3-week course of active or sham rTMS. Primary outcome was severity of negative symptoms as measured with the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and the PANSS negative symptom score. Secondary outcome measures included cognition, insight, quality of life and mood. Subjects were followed up at 4 weeks and at 3 months. For analysis of the data a mixed-effects linear model was used.

Results.

A significant improvement of the SANS in the active group compared with sham up to 3 months follow-up (p = 0.03) was found. The PANSS negative symptom scores did not show a significant change (p = 0.19). Of the cognitive tests, only one showed a significant improvement after rTMS as compared with sham. Finally, a significant change of insight was found with better scores in the treatment group.

Conclusions.

Bilateral 10 Hz prefrontal rTMS reduced negative symptoms, as measured with the SANS. More studies are needed to investigate optimal parameters for rTMS, the cognitive effects and the neural basis.
Cost-effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy compared to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant severe depression: a decision model
Authors: Vallejo-Torres L. , Castilla I. , González N. , Hunter R. , Serrano-Pérez P. , Perestelo-Pérez L.
Published: October 2014

Background

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is widely applied to treat severe depression resistant to standard treatment. Results from previous studies comparing the cost-effectiveness of this technique with treatment alternatives such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) are conflicting.

Method

We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis comparing ECT alone, rTMS alone and rTMS followed by ECT when rTMS fails under the perspective of the Spanish National Health Service. The analysis is based on a Markov model which simulates the costs and health outcomes of individuals treated under these alternatives over a 12-month period. Data to populate this model were extracted and synthesized from a series of randomized controlled trials and other studies that have compared these techniques on the patient group of interest. We measure effectiveness using quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and characterize the uncertainty using probabilistic sensitivity analyses.

Results

ECT alone was found to be less costly and more effective than rTMS alone, while the strategy of providing rTMS followed by ECT when rTMS fails is the most expensive and effective option. The incremental cost per QALY gained of this latter strategy was found to be above the reference willingness-to-pay threshold used in these types of studies in Spain and other countries. The probability that ECT alone is the most cost-effective alternative was estimated to be around 70%.

Conclusions

ECT is likely to be the most cost-effective option in the treatment of resistant severe depression for a willingness to pay of €30 000 per QALY.
THE MIDDLE–LATE NEOLITHIC TRANSITION AT KOUPHOVOUNO
Authors: Mee Chris , Cavanagh Bill , Renard Josette
Published: October 2014

The site of Kouphovouno, just south of Sparta, is one of the main Neolithic sites in Laconia. It was first settled in the Middle Neolithic period and developed into a large village with remains occupying some 4–5 hectares. A joint team from the British School at Athens and the Ecole française d'Athènes carried out excavations at the site in 2001–6. There is evidence for occupation during the Bronze Age, and for an extensive Late Roman villa, but this article concentrates on the chronology of the site during the Middle and Late Neolithic phases. The evidence from stratigraphic sequences, pottery typology, seriation and Bayesian analysis of the radiocarbon dates is brought together to present a detailed chronological sequence covering the periodc.5800–5000bc. In particular the analysis relies on the results from two deep soundings, one excavated in Area C carried down to the natural sediments underlying the site and exposing the earliest period of occupation, and the second in Area G covering the later Middle Neolithic and much of the Late Neolithic phase. The findings from Kouphovouno are placed more generally in the context of finds from other sites in the Peloponnese and in particular in relation to the important sequence from Franchthi Cave. On the basis of the evidence it is argued that the transition from Middle Neolithic to Late Neolithic in southern Greece was not abrupt, as had previously been thought, but showed a gradual evolution. This finding has implications for our understanding of the process of transformation that southern Greece underwent in the course of the later sixth millenniumbc.
AUTONOMY AND EMPATHY
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: October 2014

When Carol Gilligan, Nel Noddings, and other ethicists of caring draw
the contrast between supposedly masculine and supposedly feminine moral
thinking, they put such things as justice, autonomy, and rights
together under the first rubric and such things as caring,
responsibility for others, and connection together under the second.
This division naturally leaves caring ethicists with the issue of how
to deal with topics such as justice, autonomy, and rights, but it also
leaves defenders of more traditional moral theories (now dubbed
“masculine”) with the problem of how to treat (if at all)
the sorts of issues that ethicists of caring raise.
Rights to trade for species conservation: exploring the issue of the radiated tortoise in Madagascar
Authors: GANZHORN JÖRG U. , MANJOAZY THEODORE , PÄPLOW OLINGA , RANDRIANAVELONA ROMA , RAZAFIMANAHAKA JULIE H. , RONTO WILLIAM M. , VOGT ESTER , WÄTZOLD FRANK , WALKER RYAN C. J.
Published: October 2014

In many developing countries, people rely on natural resources for subsistence and cash income. The trade ban on species listed as critically endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List may be counter-productive, as increasing the rarity and thus price of these species acts as a stimulus to illegal markets rather than a deterrent. Since illegal markets cannot have legal property rights, there is no basis for any form of sustainable harvesting based on property rights. The Malagsy radiated tortoise (Astrochelys radiata) is an example of a species that is threatened by domestic and international trade; legalizing international trade could, under certain circumstances, provide financial incentives that might effectively reduce the domestic trade and subsistence harvest of this animal. This paper argues this critically-endangered species may be more effectively conserved by assigning trading rights to local communities, rather than demanding a trade ban that cannot be enforced successfully.
50 kGy of gamma irradiation does not affect the leachability of mineral soils and sediments
Authors: Gore Damian B. , Snape Ian
Published: October 2014

Sterilization of soils and sediments can release them from quarantine restrictions. Gamma irradiation is effective at sterilization but can damage materials and in so doing affect their suitability for environmental research. Duplicate samples of a wide range of mineral soils and sediments were subject to an acetic acid extraction before and after 50 kGy gamma irradiation. This amount of gamma irradiation did not affect the leachability of a range of analytes from the soils and sediments.
Pathogenic role of lncRNA-MALAT1 in endothelial cell dysfunction in diabetes mellitus
Authors: Liu J-Y , Yao J , Li X-M , Song Y-C , Wang X-Q , Li Y-J , Yan B , Jiang Q
Published: October 2014

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have important roles in diverse biological processes. Our previous study has revealed that lncRNA-MALAT1 deregulation is implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes-related microvascular disease, diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, the role of MALAT1 in retinal vasculature remodeling still remains elusive. Here we show that MALAT1 expression is significantly upregulated in the retinas of STZ-induced diabetic rats and db/db mice. MALAT1 knockdown could obviously ameliorate DR in vivo, as shown by pericyte loss, capillary degeneration, microvascular leakage, and retinal inflammation. Moreover, MALAT1 knockdown could regulate retinal endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation in vitro. The crosstalk between MALAT1 and p38 MAPK signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of endothelial cell function. MALAT1 upregulation represents a critical pathogenic mechanism for diabetes-induced microvascular dysfunction. Inhibition of MALAT1 may serve as a potential target for anti-angiogenic therapy for diabetes-related microvascular complications.
Clearance of persistent HPV infection and cervical lesion by therapeutic DNA vaccine in CIN3 patients
Authors: Kim Tae Jin , Jin Hyun-Tak , Hur Soo-Young , Yang Hyun Gul , Seo Yong Bok , Hong Sung Ran , Lee Chang-Woo , Kim Suhyeon , Woo Jung-Won , Park Ki Seok , Hwang Youn-Young , Park Jaehan , Lee In-Ho , Lim Kyung-Taek , Lee Ki-Heon , Jeong Mi Seon , Surh Charles D. , Suh You Suk , Park Jong Sup , Sung Young Chul
Published: October 2014

Here, we demonstrate that electroporation-enhanced immunization with a rationally designed HPV DNA vaccine (GX-188E), preferentially targeting HPV antigens to dendritic cells, elicits a significant E6/E7-specific IFN-γ-producing T-cell response in all nine cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3 (CIN3) patients. Importantly, eight out of nine patients exhibit an enhanced polyfunctional HPV-specific CD8 T-cell response as shown by an increase in cytolytic activity, proliferative capacity and secretion of effector molecules. Notably, seven out of nine patients display complete regression of their lesions and viral clearance within 36 weeks of follow up. GX-188E administration does not elicit serious vaccine-associated adverse events at all administered doses. These findings indicate that the magnitude of systemic polyfunctional CD8 T-cell response is the main contributing factor for histological, cytological and virological responses, providing valuable insights into the design of therapeutic vaccines for effectively treating persistent infections and cancers in humans.
Presynaptic GABAergic inhibition regulated by BDNF contributes to neuropathic pain induction
Authors: Chen Jeremy Tsung-chieh , Guo Da , Campanelli Dario , Frattini Flavia , Mayer Florian , Zhou Luming , Kuner Rohini , Heppenstall Paul A. , Knipper Marlies , Hu Jing
Published: October 2014

The gate control theory proposes the importance of both pre- and post-synaptic inhibition in processing pain signal in the spinal cord. However, although postsynaptic disinhibition caused by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been proved as a crucial mechanism underlying neuropathic pain, the function of presynaptic inhibition in acute and neuropathic pain remains elusive. Here we show that a transient shift in the reversal potential (EGABA) together with a decline in the conductance of presynaptic GABAA receptor result in a reduction of presynaptic inhibition after nerve injury. BDNF mimics, whereas blockade of BDNF signalling reverses, the alteration in GABAA receptor function and the neuropathic pain syndrome. Finally, genetic disruption of presynaptic inhibition leads to spontaneous development of behavioural hypersensitivity, which cannot be further sensitized by nerve lesions or BDNF. Our results reveal a novel effect of BDNF on presynaptic GABAergic inhibition after nerve injury and may represent new strategy for treating neuropathic pain.
A developmental cell-type switch in cortical interneurons leads to a selective defect in cortical oscillations
Authors: Takada Naoki , Pi Hyun Jae , Sousa Vitor H. , Waters Jack , Fishell Gord , Kepecs Adam , Osten Pavel
Published: October 2014

The cellular diversity of interneurons in the neocortex is thought to reflect subtype-specific roles of cortical inhibition. Here we ask whether perturbations to two subtypes—parvalbumin-positive (PV+) and somatostatin-positive (SST+) interneurons—can be compensated for with respect to their contributions to cortical development. We use a genetic cell fate switch to delete both PV+ and SST+ interneurons selectively in cortical layers 2–4 without numerically changing the total interneuron population. This manipulation is compensated for at the level of synaptic currents and receptive fields (RFs) in the somatosensory cortex. By contrast, we identify a deficit in inhibitory synchronization in vitro and a large reduction in cortical gamma oscillations in vivo. This reveals that, while the roles of inhibition in establishing cortical inhibitory/excitatory balance and RFs can be subserved by multiple interneuron subtypes, gamma oscillations depend on cellular properties that cannot be compensated for—likely, the fast signalling properties of PV+ interneurons.
Electrowetting on liquid-infused film (EWOLF): Complete reversibility and controlled droplet oscillation suppression for fast optical imaging
Authors: Hao Chonglei , Liu Yahua , Chen Xuemei , He Yuncheng , Li Qiusheng , Li K. Y. , Wang Zuankai
Published: October 2014

Electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD) has emerged as a powerful tool to electrically manipulate tiny individual droplets in a controlled manner. Despite tremendous progress over the past two decades, current EWOD operating in ambient conditions has limited functionalities posing challenges for its applications, including electronic display, energy generation and microfluidic systems. Here, we demonstrate a new paradigm of electrowetting on liquid-infused film (EWOLF) that allows for complete reversibility and tunable transient response simultaneously. We determine that these functionalities in EWOLF are attributed to its novel configuration, which allows for the formation of viscous liquid-liquid interfaces as well as additional wetting ridges, thereby suppressing the contact line pinning and severe droplet oscillation encountered in the conventional EWOD. Finally, by harnessing these functionalities demonstrated in EWOLF, we also explore its application as liquid lens for fast optical focusing.
An unexpected reaction of 2-alkynylaryldiazonium tetrafluoroborate with sulfur dioxide
Authors: Luo Yong , Pan Xiaolin , Chen Chen , Yao Liangqing , Wu Jie
Published: October 2014

An unexpected result from the reaction of 2-alkynylaryldiazonium tetrafluoroborate with sulfur dioxide is described. In the presence of morpholin-4-amine, this transformation catalyzed by copper(i) bromide proceeds through insertion of sulfur dioxide and intramolecular 5-endo cyclization, leading to benzo[b]thiophene 1,1-dioxides in moderate to good yields.
Construction of N-containing heterocycles via oxidative intramolecular N–H/X–H coupling
Authors: Yuan Jiwen , Liu Chao , Lei Aiwen
Published: October 2014

The preparation of N-containing heterocycles using oxidative coupling has become a hot topic recently. This feature article summarized the methodology related to the construction of N-heterocycles through intramolecular oxidative N–H/X–H coupling.
A very simple and high-yield method to synthesize nanolayered Mn oxide
Authors: Najafpour Mohammad Mahdi , Amini Emad
Published: October 2014

Nanolayered Mn oxides have been prepared by a very simple, low-cost and high-yield method using soap, KOH, MnCl2and H2O2.
Protein ruthenation and DNA alkylation: chlorambucil-functionalized RAPTA complexes and their anticancer activity
Authors: Nazarov Alexey A. , Meier Samuel M. , Zava Olivier , Nosova Yulia N. , Milaeva Elena R. , Hartinger Christian G. , Dyson Paul J.
Published: October 2014

The conjugation of chlorambucil to the RAPTA scaffold results in an anticancer active agent capable of cross-linking DNA and proteins.
A high efficiency solution processed polymer inverted triple-junction solar cell exhibiting a power conversion efficiency of 11.83%
Authors: Yusoff Abd. Rashid bin Mohd , Kim Dongcheon , Kim Hyeong Pil , Shneider Fabio Kurt , da Silva Wilson Jose , Jang Jin
Published: October 2014

We propose that 1 + 1 + 1 triple-junction solar cells can provide an increased efficiency, as well as a higher open circuit voltage, compared to tandem solar cells.
Water and sediment quality, nutrient biochemistry and pollution loads in an urban freshwater lake: balancing human and ecological services
Authors: Waltham Nathan J. , Reichelt-Brushett Amanda , McCann Damian , Eyre Bradley D.
Published: October 2014

Lake Hugh Muntz, Gold Coast, Australia, was studied for its water and sediment quality, nutrient biochemistry, and pollution loads and a series of catchment restoration initiatives were modelled.
Graphene nano-floating gate transistor memory on plastic
Authors: Jang Sukjae , Hwang Euyheon , Cho Jeong Ho
Published: October 2014

A transparent flexible graphene nano-floating gate transistor memory (NFGTM) device was developed by combining a single-layered graphene active channel with gold nanoparticle (AuNP) charge trap elements.
Towards graphene iodide: iodination of graphite oxide
Authors: Šimek Petr , Klímová Kateřina , Sedmidubský David , Jankovský Ondřej , Pumera Martin , Sofer Zdeněk
Published: October 2014

Iodinated graphene is prepared by reaction of graphite oxide with HI or I2 under high pressure and high temperature.
Theranostic probe for simultaneous in vivo photoacoustic imaging and confined photothermolysis by pulsed laser at 1064 nm in 4T1 breast cancer model
Authors: Zhou Min , Ku Geng , Pageon Laura , Li Chun
Published: October 2014

A single-compartment nanoparticle system mediates dual photoacoustic imaging and confined thermolysis for tumor ablation.
Synthesis of functionalized 2-salicyloylfurans, furo[3,2-b]chromen-9-ones and 2-benzoyl-8H-thieno[2,3-b]indoles by one-pot cyclizations of 3-halochromones with β-ketoamides and 1,3-dihydroindole-2-thiones
Authors: Savych Iryna , Gläsel Tim , Villinger Alexander , Sosnovskikh Vyacheslav Ya. , Iaroshenko Viktor O. , Langer Peter
Published: October 2014

Domino reactions of 3-halochromones with β-ketoamides and 1,3-dihydroindole-2-thiones provided a convenient approach to various heterocyclic systems.
Rhodium(ii)-catalyzed intramolecular formal [4 + 3] cycloadditions of dienyltriazoles: rapid access to fused 2,5-dihydroazepines
Authors: Tian Yu , Wang Yuanhao , Shang Hai , Xu Xudong , Tang Yefeng
Published: October 2014

Rh(ii)-catalyzed intramolecular formal [4 + 3] cycloadditions of dienyltriazoles have been developed, which enable the efficient synthesis of various fused 2,5-dihydroazepines.
Palladium(0)-catalyzed synthesis of cyclic glucosides
Authors: Huang Xin , Fu Chunling , Ma Shengming
Published: October 2014

A highly regio- and stereo-selective synthesis of cyclic β-d-glucosides3viaPd(0)-catalyzed coupling cyclization of allenyl β-d-glucoside1and organic iodides in 20–38% yields is reported.
Design and synthesis of a mitochondria-targeting carrier for small molecule drugs
Authors: Han Junyan , Lee Tae Hoon , Tung Ching-Hsuan , Lee Daniel Y.
Published: October 2014

A novel mitochondria-targeting carrier QCy7HA was developed, which transported the covalently attached doxorubicin (DOX) to mitochondria specifically, resulting in the limitation of the effects of P-glycoprotein efflux pumps of multidrug-resistant cells on DOX.
Kinetic evaluation of glucose 1-phosphate analogues with a thymidylyltransferase using a continuous coupled enzyme assay
Authors: Forget S. M. , Jee A. , Smithen D. A. , Jagdhane R. , Anjum S. , Beaton S. A. , Palmer D. R. J. , Syvitski R. T. , Jakeman D. L.
Published: October 2014

We have developed a continuous spectrophotometric kinetic assay for the detection of PPiand have applied the assay to evaluate Cps2L, a nucleotidylyltransferase, kinetics with five synthetic substrate analogues (2–6).
An enantioselective total synthesis of Sch-725674
Authors: Ramakrishna Kota , Kaliappan Krishna P.
Published: October 2014

An enantioselective total synthesis of Sch-725674 using dithiane alkylation, cross metathesis reaction, Yamaguchi macrolactonization and a substrate controlled stereoselective reduction as key steps is described.
Shell cross-linked polyethylenimine-modified micelles for temperature-triggered drug release and gene delivery
Authors: Lee Su-Yeon , Choi Seong-Jun , Seo Seog-Jin , Kim Hae-Won
Published: October 2014

Stimuli-responsiveness is an important characteristic of nanocarriers that can deliver therapeutic molecules in a controlled and on-demand manner.
A tensiometric study of magnetorheological suspensions' stability
Authors: Sedlacik M. , Pavlinek V.
Published: October 2014

Surface free energy and sedimentation of composite particles with unchanged magnetorheological properties and improved resistance against thermal oxidation and chemical degradation is determined via tensiometry.
Calculating pressure in polymer lattice simulations
Authors: Zhang Pengfei , Wang Qiang
Published: October 2014

Several novel, efficient, and accurate methods are proposed to calculate the bulk pressure in polymer lattice Monte Carlo simulations.
Efficient polymer solar cells fabricated from solvent processing additive solution
Authors: Yi Chao , Hu Xiaowen , Liu Huckleberry C. , Hu Rundong , Hsu Chin-Hao , Zheng Jie , Gong Xiong
Published: October 2014

In this study, high concentration or pure high boiling temperature solvent, chloronaphthalene (CN) was used as solvent for fabrications of efficient PSCs. The effects of high concentrations/purity of CN as solvent on device performances were reported.
Screen‐printed silver‐ink antennas for frequency‐reconfigurable architectures in LTE phones
Authors: Del Barrio S. Caporal , Holmgaard T. , Christensen M. , Morris A. , Pedersen G.F.
Published: October 2014

Screen printing is a proven manufacturing technology enabling high‐volume production at low cost. The achievable efficiency of a screen‐printed silver antenna structure for fourth generation (4G) mobile phone implementation is investigated, with a market‐ready solution. The contribution of each element of the solution to the total efficiency is detailed.
Towards optimal edge weight distribution and construction of field‐compatible low‐density parity‐check codes over GF(q)
Authors: Han Guojun , Guan Yong Liang , Kong Lingjun , Chan Kheong Sann , Cai Kui
Published: October 2014

Non‐binary low‐density parity‐check (NB‐LDPC) codes can be directly constructed by using algebraic methods, or indirectly constructed by mapping well‐designed binary parity‐check matrices to non‐binary parity‐check matrices. Given the Tanner graph (TG) of a NB‐LDPC code, the selection of edge weights in the TG significantly affects the performance of the NB‐LDPC code. The authors introduce an edge weight distribution (EWD) parameter for the TG of NB‐LDPC codes. By utilising particle swarm optimisation (PSO), the EWD is optimised and it has been demonstrated that the optimal EWD approaches a two‐element distribution for large field size and high average variable‐node degree. With the optimised EWD, the authors construct a class of field‐compatible LDPC (FC‐LDPC) codes over GF(q) whose parity‐check matrices only include elements 0, 1 and 2, and can be encoded and decoded over different field sizes. The simulations demonstrate that the performance of the proposed FC‐LDPC codes improves monotonically with increasing field size, and significantly outperforms that of the corresponding algebraic NB‐LDPC codes or NB‐LDPC codes generated with uniform distribution of non‐zero elements over GF(q).
Ground state solutions for non-autonomous dynamical systems
Authors: Schechter Martin
Published: October 2014

We study the existence of periodic solutions for a second order non-autonomous dynamical system. We allow both sublinear and superlinear problems. We obtain ground state solutions.
Coarse-grained modeling of DNA curvature
Authors: Freeman Gordon S. , Hinckley Daniel M. , Lequieu Joshua P. , Whitmer Jonathan K. , de Pablo Juan J.
Published: October 2014

The interaction of DNA with proteins occurs over a wide range of length scales, and depends critically on its local structure. In particular, recent experimental work suggests that the intrinsic curvature of DNA plays a significant role on its protein-binding properties. In this work, we present a coarse grained model of DNA that is capable of describing base-pairing, hybridization, major and minor groove widths, and local curvature. The model represents an extension of the recently proposed 3SPN.2 description of DNA [D. M. Hinckley, G. S. Freeman, J. K. Whitmer, and J. J. de Pablo, J. Chem. Phys. 139, 144903 (2013)], into which sequence-dependent shape and mechanical properties are incorporated. The proposed model is validated against experimental data including melting temperatures, local flexibilities, dsDNA persistence lengths, and minor groove width profiles.
The effectiveness of resistive force theory in granular locomotion
Authors: Zhang Tingnan , Goldman Daniel I.
Published: October 2014

Resistive force theory (RFT) is often used to analyze the movement of microscopic organisms swimming in fluids. In RFT, a body is partitioned into infinitesimal segments, each of which generates thrust and experiences drag. Linear superposition of forces from elements over the body allows prediction of swimming velocities and efficiencies. We show that RFT quantitatively describes the movement of animals and robots that move on and within dry granular media (GM), collections of particles that display solid, fluid, and gas-like features. RFT works well when the GM is slightly polydisperse, and in the “frictional fluid” regime such that frictional forces dominate material inertial forces, and when locomotion can be approximated as confined to a plane. Within a given plane (horizontal or vertical) relationships that govern the force versus orientation of an elemental intruder are functionally independent of the granular medium. We use the RFT to explain features of locomotion on and within granular media including kinematic and muscle activation patterns during sand-swimming by a sandfish lizard and a shovel-nosed snake, optimal movement patterns of a Purcell 3-link sand-swimming robot revealed by a geometric mechanics approach, and legged locomotion of small robots on the surface of GM. We close by discussing situations to which granular RFT has not yet been applied (such as inclined granular surfaces), and the advances in the physics of granular media needed to apply RFT in such situations.
Density functional investigation of intermolecular effects on 13C NMR chemical-shielding tensors modeled with molecular clusters
Authors: Holmes Sean T. , Iuliucci Robbie J. , Mueller Karl T. , Dybowski Cecil
Published: October 2014

A quantum-chemical method for modeling solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance chemical-shift tensors by calculations on large symmetry-adapted clusters of molecules is demonstrated. Four hundred sixty five principal components of the 13C chemical-shielding tensors of 24 organic materials are analyzed. The comparison of calculations on isolated molecules with molecules in clusters demonstrates that intermolecular effects can be successfully modeled using a cluster that represents a local portion of the lattice structure, without the need to use periodic-boundary conditions (PBCs). The accuracy of calculations which model the solid state using a cluster rivals the accuracy of calculations which model the solid state using PBCs, provided the cluster preserves the symmetry properties of the crystalline space group. The size and symmetry conditions that the model cluster must satisfy to obtain significant agreement with experimental chemical-shift values are discussed. The symmetry constraints described in the paper provide a systematic approach for incorporating intermolecular effects into chemical-shielding calculations performed at a level of theory that is more advanced than the generalized gradient approximation. Specifically, NMR parameters are calculated using the hybrid exchange-correlation functional B3PW91, which is not available in periodic codes. Calculations on structures of four molecules refined with density plane waves yield chemical-shielding values that are essentially in agreement with calculations on clusters where only the hydrogen sites are optimized and are used to provide insight into the inherent sensitivity of chemical shielding to lattice structure, including the role of rovibrational effects.
Active multispectral imaging system for photodiagnosis and personalized phototherapies
Authors: Ugarte M. F. , Chávarri L. , Briz S. , Padrón V. M. , García-Cuesta E.
Published: October 2014

The proposed system has been designed to identify dermatopathologies or to apply personalized phototherapy treatments. The system emits electromagnetic waves in different spectral bands in the range of visible and near infrared to irradiate the target (skin or any other object) to be spectrally characterized. Then, an imaging sensor measures the target response to the stimulus at each spectral band and, after processing, the system displays in real time two images. In one of them the value of each pixel corresponds to the more reflected wavenumber whereas in the other image the pixel value represents the energy absorbed at each band. The diagnosis capability of this system lies in its multispectral design, and the phototherapy treatments are adapted to the patient and his lesion by measuring his absorption capability. This “in situ” absorption measurement allows us to determine the more appropriate duration of the treatment according to the wavelength and recommended dose. The main advantages of this system are its low cost, it does not have moving parts or complex mechanisms, it works in real time, and it is easy to handle. For these reasons its widespread use in dermatologist consultation would facilitate the work of the dermatologist and would improve the efficiency of diagnosis and treatment. In fact the prototype has already been successfully applied to pathologies such as carcinomas, melanomas, keratosis, and nevi.
Amorphous silicon enhanced metal-insulator-semiconductor contacts for silicon solar cells
Authors: Bullock J. , Cuevas A. , Yan D. , Demaurex B. , Hessler-Wyser A. , De Wolf S.
Published: October 2014

Carrier recombination at the metal-semiconductor contacts has become a significant obstacle to the further advancement of high-efficiency diffused-junction silicon solar cells. This paper provides the proof-of-concept of a procedure to reduce contact recombination by means of enhanced metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) structures. Lightly diffused n+ and p+ surfaces are passivated with SiO2/a-Si:H and Al2O3/a-Si:H stacks, respectively, before the MIS contacts are formed by a thermally activated alloying process between the a-Si:H layer and an overlying aluminum film. Transmission/scanning transmission electron microscopy (TEM/STEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy are used to ascertain the nature of the alloy. Idealized solar cell simulations reveal that MIS(n+) contacts, with SiO2 thicknesses of ∼1.55 nm, achieve the best carrier-selectivity producing a contact resistivity ρc of ∼3 mΩ cm2 and a recombination current density J0c of ∼40 fA/cm2. These characteristics are shown to be stable at temperatures up to 350 °C. The MIS(p+) contacts fail to achieve equivalent results both in terms of thermal stability and contact characteristics but may still offer advantages over directly metallized contacts in terms of manufacturing simplicity.
Controlling the chirality and polarity of vortices in magnetic tunnel junctions
Authors: Jenkins A. S. , Grimaldi E. , Bortolotti P. , Lebrun R. , Kubota H. , Yakushiji K. , Fukushima A. , de Loubens G. , Klein O. , Yuasa S. , Cros V.
Published: October 2014

Static and dynamic control of the chirality and polarity of a magnetic vortex confined in a magnetic tunnel junction is demonstrated. The modes associated with the four chirality/polarity vortex configurations are first explored by resonant excitation with a low power rf current. When the rf power is increased, both the chirality and polarity of the vortex can be resonantly switched, which—as shown by micromagnetic simulations—involves vortex expulsion and renucleation. This tunable resonant switching of the vortex parameters are an exciting step forward for the viability of magnetic vortex-based applications.
A single shear band in a metallic glass: Local core and wide soft zone
Authors: Maaß R. , Samwer K. , Arnold W. , Volkert C. A.
Published: October 2014

Two dimensional mapping of structural properties near a single shear band in a Zr-based bulk metallic glass reveals the presence of hardness and modulus reductions at a micrometer length scale. The isolated shear band had carried all the macroscopic plastic strain and the material near the shear-band exhibits structural variations both along and normal to the shear plane. Analyzing the nanoindentation data indicates that long range internal stresses are the primary cause of the spatially varying structure. The results demonstrate that a nano-scale defect in a metallic glass may have a micrometer range signature.
Human NLRP3 inflammasome senses multiple types of bacterial RNAs
Authors: Sha Wenwen , Mitoma Hiroki , Hanabuchi Shino , Bao Musheng , Weng Leiyun , Sugimoto Naoshi , Liu Ying , Zhang Zhiqiang , Zhong Jin , Sun Bing , Liu Yong-Jun
Published: October 2014

Significance

The innate immune system has evolved to protect the host from potential pathogens. The nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-repeat-containing family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is one of the platforms that can sense pathogenic bacteria, which can cause fatal bacterial infections. Here we show that all three types of bacteria-derived RNA—mRNA, tRNA, and rRNAs—as well as synthetic 20-guanosine ssRNA, are capable of activating the NLRP3 inflammasome and inducing human macrophages to secrete inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, only bacterial mRNA is able to activate the murine Nlrp3 inflammasome. Therefore human macrophages may have evolved in a unique fashion, adapting to the bacterial environment. This study could provide important clues for developing efficient medicines for bacterial infections and various immunotherapies such as anticancer vaccines.
Constraints on violating constraints
Authors: Childs G. Tucker
Published: October 2014

This paper examines the contradictory demands of using language expressively and still qualifying as language, proposing a functional explanation for the form of words in a linguistic word category. Being expressive requires expending more energy, emitting a more robust signal to convey additional information about the speaker, the perception of an event, etc. Doing so requires violating the common linguistic constraints of everyday language, yet to be recognized as language requires that one’s speech obey these same rules. How speakers satisfy these demands tells us about language in both its function and form. The resolution of this dilemma requires the use of suprasegmental rather than segmental features, e.g., a wider range of and more varied use of F0. Because prosodic features are more susceptible to manipulation, they provide the resources for expressivity. Segmental parameters cannot be so easily violated, though manipulating phonotactics remains fair game. Thus we see that there are constraints on violating constraints.
Long-term effects of sewage sludge application on sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)
Authors: Aslantas Rafet , Angin Ilker , Kobaza Ahmet Orhan
Published: October 2014

This study describes the long-term effects of different sewage sludge application rates on vegetative parameters, morphological characteristics, yield, and chemical properties of fruit and leaves of sour cherry (Prunus cerasusL.) cv. “Kütahya.” A three-year field experiment was set up in a completely randomized block design with six sewage sludge application rates (0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 kg of dry matter per tree) and three replications. One-year-old Kütahya sour cherry trees grafted onPrunus mahalebrootstock were evaluated. In all application rates, sewage sludge altered vegetative growth parameters, morphological characteristics, and yield. The most effective application rate was 7.5 kg per tree, it increased cumulative yield more than twofold. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that application of sewage sludge to light-textured soil is an effective means for improvement of vegetative growth and yield, and that a single application of sewage sludge sustains its effects for at least 7 years.
The Relationship among Psychopathy, Emotional Intelligence, and Professional Success in Finance
Authors: Howe Jacqueline , Falkenbach Diana , Massey Christina
Published: October 2014

The current study examined the relationship between psychopathic traits, emotional intelligence, and professional success in finance. The literature suggests that possessing certain psychopathic personality traits and emotional intelligence can be conducive to advancing professionally in the financial sector. It was hypothesized that interpersonal-affective psychopathic traits and emotional intelligence would be associated with one another and would also show positive associations with professional success. Fifty-five individuals employed at financial institutions in the New York metropolitan area completed the Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised, the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test, and answered questions about their employment and income. The current sample showed significantly higher levels of interpersonal-affective psychopathic traits than those reported in other community samples and significantly lower levels of emotional intelligence than those found in a comparison sample. Although interpersonal-affective psychopathic traits were not significantly related to emotional intelligence, impulsive-behavioral traits were negatively related to emotional intelligence. Interpersonal-affective psychopathic traits were related to higher annual incomes and were predictive of higher corporate ranks.
Countertransference Reactions Aroused by Sex Crimes in a Forensic Psychiatric Environment
Authors: Barros Alcina Juliana Soares , Rosa Regis Goulart , Eizirik Cláudio Laks
Published: October 2014

Although countertransference is an established concept within psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic psychotherapy, its influence in other areas of psychology and psychiatric expertise, as well as in other medical specialties, remains low. This study investigated the role of countertransference in the activities performed by forensic psychiatrists in a Brazilian forensic psychiatric hospital. The study investigated, in an exploratory manner, the main feelings aroused in those doctors during the forensic evaluation and treatment of sex offenders; furthermore, it examined how these professionals addressed such feelings. The present work generates hypotheses for future studies and initiates a discussion of the possible benefits of psychoanalytic psychotherapy or psychoanalysis for candidates for forensic psychiatry and psychology practice.
A First Look at the Plea Deal Experiences of Juveniles Tried in Adult Court
Authors: Daftary-Kapur Tarika , Zottoli Tina M.
Published: October 2014

While there is a large body of research on the legal capacities of adolescents, this research largely has neglected the plea-deal context. To learn about adolescents’ understanding of the plea process and their appreciation of the short- and long-term consequences of accepting a plea deal, we conducted interviews with 40 juveniles who were offered plea deals in adult criminal court. Participants displayed limited understanding of the plea process, were not fully aware of their legal options and appeared to be overly influenced by the short-term benefits associated with accepting their plea deals. Limited contact with attorneys may have contributed to poor understanding. Although preliminary, our results suggest that these youth might be at increased risk for due-process rights violations. We use these data to point to several open research questions on the plea-deal process for youth charged as adults.
Can small institutes address some problems facing biomedical researchers?
Authors: Sheetz Michael P.
Published: October 2014

At a time of historically low National Institutes of Health funding rates and many problems with the conduct of research (unfunded mandates, disgruntled reviewers, and rampant paranoia), there is a concern that biomedical research as a profession is waning in the United States (see ”Rescuing US biomedical research from its systemic flaws” by Alberts and colleagues in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences). However, it is wonderful to discover something new and to tackle tough puzzles. If we could focus more of our effort on discussing scientific problems and doing research, then we could be more productive and perhaps happier. One potential solution is to focus efforts on small thematic institutes in the university structure that can provide a stimulating and supportive environment for innovation and exploration. With an open-lab concept, there are economies of scale that can diminish paperwork and costs, while providing greater access to state-of-the-art equipment. Merging multiple disciplines around a common theme can catalyze innovation, and this enables individuals to develop new concepts without giving up the credit they deserve, because it is usually clear who did the work. Small institutes do not solve larger systemic problems but rather enable collective efforts to address the noisome aspects of the system and foster an innovative community effort to address scientific problems.
People's instinctive travels and the paths to science
Authors: August Avery
Published: October 2014

To be the recipient of the E. E. Just Award for 2014 is one of my greatest honors, as this is a truly rarefied group. In this essay, I try to trace my path to becoming a scientist to illustrate that multiple paths can lead to science. I also highlight that I did not build my career alone. Rather, I had help from many and have tried to pay it forward. Finally, as the country marches toward a minority majority, I echo the comments of previous E. E. Just Award recipients on the state of underrepresented minorities in science.
WAVE binds Ena/VASP for enhanced Arp2/3 complex–based actin assembly
Authors: Havrylenko Svitlana , Noguera Philippe , Abou-Ghali Majdouline , Manzi John , Faqir Fahima , Lamora Audrey , Guérin Christophe , Blanchoin Laurent , Plastino Julie
Published: October 2014

The WAVE complex is the main activator of the Arp2/3 complex for actin filament nucleation and assembly in the lamellipodia of moving cells. Other important players in lamellipodial protrusion are Ena/VASP proteins, which enhance actin filament elongation. Here we examine the molecular coordination between the nucleating activity of the Arp2/3 complex and the elongating activity of Ena/VASP proteins for the formation of actin networks. Using an in vitro bead motility assay, we show that WAVE directly binds VASP, resulting in an increase in Arp2/3 complex–based actin assembly. We show that this interaction is important in vivo as well, for the formation of lamellipodia during the ventral enclosure event of Caenorhabditis elegans embryogenesis. Ena/VASP's ability to bind F-actin and profilin-complexed G-actin are important for its effect, whereas Ena/VASP tetramerization is not necessary. Our data are consistent with the idea that binding of Ena/VASP to WAVE potentiates Arp2/3 complex activity and lamellipodial actin assembly.
From Principles to Practice
Authors: Bithell Caroline
Published: October 2014

Chapter 4 shows how the principles embraced by the Natural Voice Practitioners’ Network translate into practice. First, it examines the function and rationale of the kind of vocal and physical warm up that typically opens a choir rehearsal or workshop. Reference is also made to the way in which vocal exercises may be designed specifically to help singers achieve the vocal quality associated with a particular repertoire. It then considers the process of teaching and learning by ear, primarily in terms of practicalities. It further explores the match between the natural voice ethos and songs from the world’s oral traditions and provides an overview of the kinds of resources available to community choir leaders. The final part of the chapter offers a more theoretical consideration of the politics of participation.
Singing the Songs of Others
Authors: Bithell Caroline
Published: October 2014

Chapter 5 investigates the place of world song in natural voice and community choir circles in greater depth. It explains why songs from elsewhere play such a prominent part in the repertoire and how they help the movement achieve its broader aims. Drawing on interview and questionnaire responses from choir members as well as voice practitioners, it examines the different orders of attraction associated with songs of varied provenance and the meanings that may be attributed to them in their new environment. More particularly, it explores the appeal and dynamics of singing in a language that is not one’s mother tongue. These issues are explored in greater detail with reference to two cases studies: songs from the ecumenical community of Taizé and polyphonic songs from the Republic of Georgia.