bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapid Nondestructive Simultaneous Detection for Physicochemical Properties of Different Types of Sheep Meat Cut Using Portable Vis/NIR Reflectance Spectroscopy System
Authors: Li Yanlei , Zheng Xiaochun , Zhang Dequan , Li Xin , Fang Fei , Chen Li
Published: August 2021

The visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (Vis/NIRS) models for sheep meat quality evaluation using only one type of meat cut are not suitable for other types. In this study, a novel portable Vis/NIRS system was used to simultaneously detect physicochemical properties (pH, color L*, a*, b*, cooking loss, and shear force) for different types of sheep meat cut, including silverside, back strap, oyster, fillet, thick flank, and tenderloin cuts. The results show that the predictive abilities for all parameters could be effectively improved by spectral preprocessing. The coefficient of determination (Rp2) and residual predictive deviation (RPD) of the optimal prediction models for pH, L*, a*, b*, cooking loss, and shear force were 0.79 and 3.50, 0.78 and 2.28, 0.68 and 2.46, 0.75 and 2.62, 0.77 and 2.19, and 0.83 and 2.81, respectively. The findings demonstrate that Vis/NIR spectroscopy is a useful tool for predicting the physicochemical properties of different types of meat cut.
Inherent and Local Magnetic Field Structures in Jets from Active Galactic Nuclei
Authors: Gabuzda Denise C.
Published: August 2021

In theoretical models for the electromagnetic launching of astrophysical jets, a helical magnetic (B)-field component is generated through the winding up of an initial longitudinal field component by the rotation of the cental black hole and accretion disk. This helical field component travels outward with the jet plasma. There is now abundant evidence that the jets of active galactic nuclei carry helical B fields, and the presence of such fields has been invoked to explain a wide range of phenomena observed in these jets. However, distinguishing between features associated with this inherent jet B field and with B fields generated by local phenomena such as shocks and shear can be challenging. There is now evidence that the field that is accreted is dipolar like, giving rise to a current distribution with inward currents along both jet axes and outward currents in a more extended region around the jets. Striking limb brightening has been observed for several relatively nearby active galactic nuclei; it is argued that this must be due to some intrinsic property of the jet, which is independent of the viewing angle, such as its helical B field, or mass loading and/or particle acceleration at the jet edges. Circular-polarization observations may make it possible to reconstruct the full three-dimensional B field of jets carrying a helical B-field component, and to correctly infer the direction of rotation of the central black hole and its accretion disk.
Aging and the Future of Decent Work
Authors: Fischer Frida Marina , Martinez Maria Carmen , Alfredo Camila Helaehil , Silva-Junior João Silvestre , Oakman Jodi , Cotrim Teresa , Fisher Donald , Popkin Stephen , Petery Gretchen A. , Schulte Paul A.
Published: August 2021

The United Nations identified decent work and economic growth as a sustainable development goal for 2030. Decent work is a term that sums up aspirations for people in their working lives. One of the factors that influences the achievement of decent work is aging. This article examines how aspects of aging and organizational factors affect work ability across the lifespan and throughout one’s work career. Additionally, the critical issue of worker physical mobility was also addressed as a practical limitation to functional aging. Through our investigation, we identified gaps in the literature where research and interventions should be promoted. These include early disability studies; population dashboards of workers’ health metrics; intervention and cost effectiveness in health promotion and prevention of early functional aging at work; policies for tailoring demands to individual needs and abilities; and inequities of social protection for aging workers.
Parenting Styles as a Moderator of the Association between Pubertal Timing and Chinese Adolescents’ Smoking Behavior
Authors: Ling Hui , Yan Yaqin , Fu En , Zhu Amin , Zhang Jianren , Yuan Siyang
Published: August 2021

Background: Pubertal timing refers to the timing of an individual regarding pubertal sexual maturation, both physiologically and psychologically. Existing research shows that pubertal timing is associated with behavioral problems. This study investigated the role of parenting style in the relationship between pubertal timing and Chinese adolescents’ smoking behavior. Methods: The study examined the association of pubertal timing, parenting style and adolescents’ smoking behavior, using the Pubertal Development Scale (Chinese version), Simplified Parenting Style Scale-Chinese version, and three items related to adolescents’ smoking situation. Participants were 1391 Chinese adolescents aged 11–16 years old (53.41% boys). Hierarchical linear regression analyses assessed the moderating role of parenting style on the association between pubertal timing and adolescent smoking behavior. Results: The results indicated that parenting style moderates the relationship between pubertal timing and adolescent smoking behavior. For male adolescents, father rejection moderated the relationship between early pubertal timing and smoking behavior. For female adolescents, father rejection, father emotional warmth, and mother emotional warmth moderated the relationship between pubertal timing and smoking behavior. Conclusions: Findings from the study highlight the importance of parenting style, which may influence the negative outcomes associated with early pubertal timing and can help improve interventions aimed at reducing these negative outcomes.
Migrants and Service Providers’ Perspectives of Barriers to Accessing Mental Health Services in South Australia: A Case of African Migrants with a Refugee Background in South Australia
Authors: Fauk Nelsensius Klau , Ziersch Anna , Gesesew Hailay , Ward Paul , Green Erin , Oudih Enaam , Tahir Roheena , Mwanri Lillian
Published: August 2021

International mobility has increased steadily in recent times, bringing along a myriad of health, social and health system challenges to migrants themselves and the host nations. Mental health issues have been identified as a significant problem among migrants, with poor accessibility and underutilisation of the available mental health services (MHSs) repeatedly reported, including in Australia. Using a qualitative inquiry and one-on-one in-depth interviews, this study explored perspectives of African migrants and service providers on barriers to accessing MHSs among African migrants in South Australia. The data collection took place during the COVID-19 pandemic with lockdown and other measures to combat the pandemic restricting face to face meetings with potential participants. Online platforms including Zoom and/or WhatsApp video calls were used to interview 20 African migrants and 10 service providers. Participants were recruited from community groups and/or associations, and organisations providing services for migrants and/or refugees in South Australia using the snowball sampling technique. Thematic framework analysis was used to guide the data analysis. Key themes centred on personal factors (health literacy including knowledge and the understanding of the health system, and poor financial condition), structural factors related to difficulties in navigating the complexity of the health system and a lack of culturally aware service provision, sociocultural and religious factors, mental health stigma and discrimination. The findings provide an insight into the experiences of African migrants of service provision to them and offer suggestions on how to improve these migrants’ mental health outcomes in Australia. Overcoming barriers to accessing mental health services would need a wide range of strategies including education on mental health, recognising variations in cultures for effective service provision, and addressing mental health stigma and discrimination which strongly deter service access by these migrants. These strategies will facilitate help-seeking behaviours as well as effective provision of culturally safe MHSs and improvement in access to MHSs among African migrants.
FGM and Restorative Justice—A Challenge for Developing Countries and for Refugee Women
Authors: Wenzel Thomas , Kizilhan Jan Ilhan , Alksiri Reem , Dörfler Daniela , Messerschmidt Eva Jana , Chen Anthony Fu
Published: August 2021

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) has been identified as one of the most serious human rights violations women are exposed to in many countries, in spite of national and international efforts. The actual implementation of preventive strategies and support of victims faces a number of challenges that can only be addressed by an interdisciplinary approach integrating public health and legal considerations. FGM in the context of women as refugees who left their country to escape FGM has rarely been covered in this context. This article summarizes the most important international standards and initiatives against FGM, highlights the medical, legal, and psychological factors identified so far, and explores the interdisciplinary considerations in changing a country and society to permit safe return of those escaping FGM to third countries and support public health in the country.
Evaluation of Fine and Ultrafine Particles Proportion in Airborne Dust in an Industrial Area
Authors: Machaczka Ondrej , Jirik Vitezslav , Brezinova Viera , Vrtkova Adela , Miturova Hana , Riedlova Petra , Dalecka Andrea , Hermanova Barbara , Slachtova Hana , Siemiatkowski Grzegorz , Osrodka Leszek , Sram Radim J.
Published: August 2021

The health impacts of suspended particulate matter (SPM) are significantly associated with size—the smaller the aerosol particles, the stronger the biological effect. Quantitative evaluation of fine and ultrafine particles (FP and UFP) is, therefore, an integral part of ongoing epidemiological studies. The mass concentrations of SPM fractions (especially PM2.5, PM1.0, PM0.25) were measured in an industrial area using cascade personal samplers and a gravimetric method, and their mass ratio was determined. The results of PM2.5, PM1.0 were also compared with the reference measurement at stationary stations. The mean ratios PM2.5/SPM, PM1.0/SPM, and PM1.0/PM2.5 were 0.76, 0.65, and 0.86, respectively. Surprisingly, a mass dominance of UFP with an aerodynamic diameter <0.25 μm (PM0.25) was found with mean ratios of 0.43, 0.57, 0.67 in SPM, PM2.5 and PM1.0. The method used showed satisfactory agreement in comparison with reference measurements. The respirable fraction may consist predominantly of UFP. Despite the measures currently being taken to improve air quality, the most biologically efficient UFP can escape and remain in the air. UFP are currently determined primarily as particle number as opposed to the mass concentration used for conventional fractions. This complicates their mutual comparison and determination of individual fraction ratios.
Secondary Attack Rate among Non-Spousal Household Contacts of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Tsuchiura, Japan, August 2020–February 2021
Authors: Ogata Tsuyoshi , Irie Fujiko , Ogawa Eiko , Ujiie Shifuko , Seki Aina , Wada Koji , Tanaka Hideo
Published: August 2021

Household secondary attack rate (HSAR) by risk factor might have a higher transmission rate between spouses. We investigated risk factors for the HSAR among non-spousal household contacts of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We studied household contacts of index cases of COVID-19 in Tsuchiura, Japan, from August 2020 through February 2021. The HSARs of the whole household contacts and non-spousal household contacts were calculated and compared across risk factors. We used a generalized linear mixed regression model for multivariate analysis. We enrolled 496 household contacts of 236 index COVID-19 cases. The HSAR was higher for spousal household contacts (37.8%) than for other contacts (21.2%). The HSAR was lower for non-spousal household contacts with a household size (number of household members) of two (18.2%), compared to the HSAR for contacts with a household size ≥4. The HSAR was higher for non-spousal household contacts of index patients with ≥3 days of diagnostic delay (period between onset and diagnosis) (26.0%) compared to those with ≤2 days’ delay (12.5%) (p = 0.033). Among non-spousal household contacts, the HSAR was low for those with a household size of two and was high for contacts of index patients with a long diagnostic delay.
Identifying the Main Functional Pathways Associated with Cognitive Resilience to Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Pérez-González Marta , Badesso Sara , Lorenzo Elena , Guruceaga Elizabeth , Pérez-Mediavilla Alberto , García-Osta Ana , Cuadrado-Tejedor Mar
Published: August 2021

Understanding the mechanisms involved in cognitive resilience in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) represents a promising strategy to identify novel treatments for dementia in AD. Previous findings from our group revealed that the study of aged-Tg2576 cognitive resilient individuals is a suitable tool for this purpose. In the present study, we performed a transcriptomic analysis using the prefrontal cortex of demented and resilient Tg2576 transgenic AD mice. We have been able to hypothesize that pathways involved in inflammation, amyloid degradation, memory function, and neurotransmission may be playing a role on cognitive resilience in AD. Intriguingly, the results obtained in this study are suggestive of a reduction of the influx of peripheral immune cells into the brain on cognitive resilient subjects. Indeed, CD4 mRNA expression is significantly reduced on Tg2576 mice with cognitive resilience. For further validation of this result, we analyzed CD4 expression in human AD samples, including temporal cortex and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Interestingly, we have found a negative correlation between CD4 mRNA levels in the periphery and the score in the Mini-Mental State Exam of AD patients. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the role of the immune system on the development of neurodegenerative diseases and points out to the infiltration of CD4+ cells in the brain as a key player of cognitive dysfunction in AD.
The Application of 2,6-Bis(4-Methoxybenzoyl)-Diaminopyridine in Solvent Extraction and Polymer Membrane Separation for the Recovery of Au(III), Ag(I), Pd(II) and Pt(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Bożejewicz Daria , Witt Katarzyna , Kaczorowska Małgorzata A. , Urbaniak Włodzimierz , Ośmiałowski Borys
Published: August 2021

The work describes the results of the first application of 2,6-bis(4-methoxybenzoyl)-diaminopyridine (L) for the recovery of noble metal ions (Au(III), Ag(I), Pd(II), Pt(II)) from aqueous solutions using two different separation processes: dynamic (classic solvent extraction) and static (polymer membranes). The stability constants of the complexes formed by the L with noble metal ions were determined using the spectrophotometry method. The results of the performed experiments clearly show that 2,6-bis(4-methoxybenzoyl)-diaminopyridine is an excellent extractant, as the recovery was over 99% for all studied noble metal ions. The efficiency of 2,6-bis(4-methoxybenzoyl)-diaminopyridine as a carrier in polymer membranes after 24 h of sorption was lower; the percentage of metal ions removal from the solutions (%Rs) decreased in following order: Ag(I) (94.89%) > Au(III) (63.46%) > Pt(II) (38.99%) > Pd(II) (23.82%). The results of the desorption processes carried out showed that the highest percentage of recovery was observed for gold and silver ions (over 96%) after 48 h. The results presented in this study indicate the potential practical applicability of 2,6-bis(4-methoxybenzoyl)-diaminopyridine in the solvent extraction and polymer membrane separation of noble metal ions from aqueous solutions (e.g., obtained as a result of WEEE leaching or industrial wastewater).
Local Preirradiation of Infarcted Cardiac Tissue Substantially Enhances Cell Engraftment
Authors: Abizanda Gloria , López-Muneta Leyre , Linares Javier , Ramos Luis I. , Baraibar-Churio Arantxa , Bobadilla Miriam , Iglesias Elena , Coppiello Giulia , Ripalda-Cemboráin Purificación , Aranguren Xabier L. , Prósper Felipe , Pérez-Ruiz Ana , Carvajal-Vergara Xonia
Published: August 2021

The success of cell therapy for the treatment of myocardial infarction depends on finding novel approaches that can substantially implement the engraftment of the transplanted cells. In order to enhance cell engraftment, most studies have focused on the pretreatment of transplantable cells. Here we have considered an alternative approach that involves the preconditioning of infarcted heart tissue to reduce endogenous cell activity and thus provide an advantage to our exogenous cells. This treatment is routinely used in other tissues such as bone marrow and skeletal muscle to improve cell engraftment, but it has never been taken in cardiac tissue. To avoid long-term cardiotoxicity induced by full heart irradiation we developed a rat model of a catheter-based heart irradiation system to locally impact a delimited region of the infarcted cardiac tissue. As proof of concept, we transferred ZsGreen+ iPSCs in the infarcted heart, due to their ease of use and detection. We found a very significant increase in cell engraftment in preirradiated rats. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that preconditioning the infarcted cardiac tissue with local irradiation can substantially enhance cell engraftment.
Role of the Myokine Irisin on Bone Homeostasis: Review of the Current Evidence
Authors: Kornel Amanda , Den Hartogh Danja J. , Klentrou Panagiota , Tsiani Evangelia
Published: August 2021

Bone is a highly dynamic tissue that is constantly adapting to micro-changes to facilitate movement. When the balance between bone building and resorption shifts more towards bone resorption, the result is reduced bone density and mineralization, as seen in osteoporosis or osteopenia. Current treatment strategies aimed to improve bone homeostasis and turnover are lacking in efficacy, resulting in the search for new preventative and nutraceutical treatment options. The myokine irisin, since its discovery in 2012, has been shown to play an important role in many tissues including muscle, adipose, and bone. Evidence indicate that irisin is associated with increased bone formation and decreased bone resorption, leading to reduced risk of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women. In addition, low serum irisin levels have been found in individuals with osteoporosis and osteopenia. Irisin targets key signaling proteins, promoting osteoblastogenesis and reducing osteoclastogenesis. The present review summarizes the existing evidence regarding the effects of irisin on bone homeostasis.
Targeting Human Papillomavirus-Associated Cancer by Oncoprotein-Specific Recombinant Antibodies
Authors: Donà Maria Gabriella , Di Bonito Paola , Chiantore Maria Vincenza , Amici Carla , Accardi Luisa
Published: August 2021

In recent decades, recombinant antibodies against specific antigens have shown great promise for the therapy of infectious diseases and cancer. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are involved in the development of around 5% of all human cancers and HPV16 is the high-risk genotype with the highest prevalence worldwide, playing a dominant role in all HPV-associated cancers. Here, we describe the main biological activities of the HPV16 E6, E7, and E5 oncoproteins, which are involved in the subversion of important regulatory pathways directly associated with all known hallmarks of cancer. We then review the state of art of the recombinant antibodies targeted to HPV oncoproteins developed so far in different formats, and outline their mechanisms of action. We describe the advantages of a possible antibody-based therapy against the HPV-associated lesions and discuss the critical issue of delivery to tumour cells, which must be addressed in order to achieve the desired translation of the antibodies from the laboratory to the clinic.
The Oxidation of Equol by Tyrosinase Produces a Unique Di-ortho-Quinone: Possible Implications for Melanocyte Toxicity
Authors: Tanaka Hitomi , Ito Shosuke , Ojika Makoto , Nishimaki-Mogami Tomoko , Kondo Kazunari , Wakamatsu Kazumasa
Published: August 2021

Equol (7-hydroxy-3-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-chroman, EQ), one of the major intestinally derived metabolites of daidzein, the principal isoflavane found in soybeans and most soy foods, has recently attracted increased interest as a health-beneficial compound for estrogen-dependent diseases. However, based on its structure with two p-substituted phenols, this study aimed to examine whether EQ is a substrate for tyrosinase and whether it produces o-quinone metabolites that are highly cytotoxic to melanocyte. First, the tyrosinase-catalyzed oxidation of EQ was performed, which yielded three EQ-quinones. They were identified after being reduced to their corresponding catechols with NaBH4 or L-ascorbic acid. The binding of the EQ-quinones to N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), glutathione (GSH), and bovine serum albumin via their cysteine residues was then examined. NAC and GSH afforded two mono-adducts and one di-adduct, which were identified by NMR and MS analysis. It was also found that EQ was oxidized to EQ-di-quinone in cells expressing human tyrosinase. Finally, it was confirmed that the EQ-oligomer, the EQ oxidation product, exerted potent pro-oxidant activity by oxidizing GSH to the oxidized GSSG and concomitantly producing H2O2. These results suggest that EQ-quinones could be cytotoxic to melanocytes due to their binding to cellular proteins.
Key Points in Remote-Controlled Drug Delivery: From the Carrier Design to Clinical Trials
Authors: Voronin Denis V. , Abalymov Anatolii A. , Svenskaya Yulia I. , Lomova Maria V.
Published: August 2021

The increased research activity aiming at improved delivery of pharmaceutical molecules indicates the expansion of the field. An efficient therapeutic delivery approach is based on the optimal choice of drug-carrying vehicle, successful targeting, and payload release enabling the site-specific accumulation of the therapeutic molecules. However, designing the formulation endowed with the targeting properties in vitro does not guarantee its selective delivery in vivo. The various biological barriers that the carrier encounters upon intravascular administration should be adequately addressed in its overall design to reduce the off-target effects and unwanted toxicity in vivo and thereby enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the payload. Here, we discuss the main parameters of remote-controlled drug delivery systems: (i) key principles of the carrier selection; (ii) the most significant physiological barriers and limitations associated with the drug delivery; (iii) major concepts for its targeting and cargo release stimulation by external stimuli in vivo. The clinical translation for drug delivery systems is also described along with the main challenges, key parameters, and examples of successfully translated drug delivery platforms. The essential steps on the way from drug delivery system design to clinical trials are summarized, arranged, and discussed.
The Association between α-Synuclein and α-Tubulin in Brain Synapses
Authors: Amadeo Alida , Pizzi Sara , Comincini Alessandro , Modena Debora , Calogero Alessandra Maria , Madaschi Laura , Faustini Gaia , Rolando Chiara , Bellucci Arianna , Pezzoli Gianni , Mazzetti Samanta , Cappelletti Graziella
Published: August 2021

α-synuclein is a small protein that is mainly expressed in the synaptic terminals of nervous tissue. Although its implication in neurodegeneration is well established, the physiological role of α-synuclein remains elusive. Given its involvement in the modulation of synaptic transmission and the emerging role of microtubules at the synapse, the current study aimed at investigating whether α-synuclein becomes involved with this cytoskeletal component at the presynapse. We first analyzed the expression of α-synuclein and its colocalization with α-tubulin in murine brain. Differences were found between cortical and striatal/midbrain areas, with substantia nigra pars compacta and corpus striatum showing the lowest levels of colocalization. Using a proximity ligation assay, we revealed the direct interaction of α-synuclein with α-tubulin in murine and in human brain. Finally, the previously unexplored interaction of the two proteins in vivo at the synapse was disclosed in murine striatal presynaptic boutons through multiple approaches, from confocal spinning disk to electron microscopy. Collectively, our data strongly suggest that the association with tubulin/microtubules might actually be an important physiological function for α-synuclein in the synapse, thus suggesting its potential role in a neuropathological context.
Zebrafish as a Model to Evaluate a CRISPR/Cas9-Based Exon Excision Approach as a Future Treatment Option for EYS-Associated Retinitis Pigmentosa
Authors: Schellens Renske , de Vrieze Erik , Graave Pam , Broekman Sanne , Nagel-Wolfrum Kerstin , Peters Theo , Kremer Hannie , Collin Rob W. J. , van Wijk Erwin
Published: August 2021

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited retinal disease (IRD) with an overall prevalence of 1 in 4000 individuals. Mutations in EYS (Eyes shut homolog) are among the most frequent causes of non-syndromic autosomal recessively inherited RP and act via a loss-of-function mechanism. In light of the recent successes for other IRDs, we investigated the therapeutic potential of exon skipping for EYS-associated RP. CRISPR/Cas9 was employed to generate zebrafish from which the region encompassing the orthologous exons 37-41 of human EYS (eys exons 40-44) was excised from the genome. The excision of these exons was predicted to maintain the open reading frame and to result in the removal of exactly one Laminin G and two EGF domains. Although the eysΔexon40-44 transcript was found at levels comparable to wild-type eys, and no unwanted off-target modifications were identified within the eys coding sequence after single-molecule sequencing, EysΔexon40-44 protein expression could not be detected. Visual motor response experiments revealed that eysΔexon40-44 larvae were visually impaired and histological analysis revealed a progressive degeneration of the retinal outer nuclear layer in these zebrafish. Altogether, the data obtained in our zebrafish model currently provide no indications for the skipping of EYS exons 37-41 as an effective future treatment strategy for EYS-associated RP.
Role of the Novel Peptide Phoenixin in Stress Response and Possible Interactions with Nesfatin-1
Authors: Friedrich Tiemo , Stengel Andreas
Published: August 2021

The novel peptide phoenixin was shown to be involved in several physiological processes ranging from reproduction to food intake. Interest in this protein has steadily increased over the last few years and its known implications have become much broader, playing a role in glucose homeostasis, anxiety, nociception, and pruritus. Phoenixin is expressed in a multitude of organs such as the small intestine, pancreas, and in the hypothalamus, as well as several other brain nuclei influencing numerous physiological functions. Its highly conserved amino-acid sequence amongst species leads to the assumption, that phoenixin might be involved in essential physiological functions. Its co-expression and opposing functionality to the extensively studied peptide nesfatin-1 has given rise to the idea of a possible counterbalancing role. Several recent publications focused on phoenixin’s role in stress reactions, namely restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation response, in which also nesfatin-1 is known to be altered. This review provides an overview on the phoenixins and nesfatin-1 properties and putative effects, and especially highlights the recent developments on their role and interaction in the response to response.
Preparation of Triple-Functionalized Montmorillonite Layers Promoting Thermal Stability of Polystyrene
Authors: Yu Chengcheng , Hu Xu , Lu Shichao , Ke Yangchuan , Luo Jianbin
Published: August 2021

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of three different treatments on the morphology, microstructure, and the thermal characteristics of a montmorillonite (Mt) sample, by using hydrochloric acid (HCl), tributyl tetradecyl phosphonium chloride (TTPC) surfactant, and γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (γ-MPS). The resultant nanofillers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that the amount of chemical grafting of the γ-MPS was increased after the acid treatment, whereas the amount of intercalation of the TTPC surfactant was decreased. The preintercalation of TTPC or silylation of γ-MPS, for the Mt sample, had a certain hindrance effect on its subsequent silylation or intercalation treatments. Furthermore, the effect of four different nanofillers on the thermal stability properties of the polystyrene (PS) matrix were also investigated. The results showed an increase in thermal stability for the triple-functionalized Mt, compared with the double-functionalized samples. The onset decomposition temperatures and the maximum mass loss temperatures of the PS nanocomposites were increased by 27 °C and 32 °C, respectively, by the incorporation of triple-modified Mt, as a result of the good exfoliation and dispersion of the nanolayers, more favorable polymer–nanofiller interaction, as well as the formation of a more remarkable tortuous pathway in the continuous matrix.
PBPK Modeling as a Tool for Predicting and Understanding Intestinal Metabolism of Uridine 5′-Diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase Substrates
Authors: Reddy Micaela B. , Bolger Michael B. , Fraczkiewicz Grace , Del Frari Laurence , Luo Laibin , Lukacova Viera , Mitra Amitava , Macwan Joyce S. , Mullin Jim M. , Parrott Neil , Heikkinen Aki T.
Published: August 2021

Uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are expressed in the small intestines, but prediction of first-pass extraction from the related metabolism is not well studied. This work assesses physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling as a tool for predicting intestinal metabolism due to UGTs in the human gastrointestinal tract. Available data for intestinal UGT expression levels and in vitro approaches that can be used to predict intestinal metabolism of UGT substrates are reviewed. Human PBPK models for UGT substrates with varying extents of UGT-mediated intestinal metabolism (lorazepam, oxazepam, naloxone, zidovudine, cabotegravir, raltegravir, and dolutegravir) have demonstrated utility for predicting the extent of intestinal metabolism. Drug–drug interactions (DDIs) of UGT1A1 substrates dolutegravir and raltegravir with UGT1A1 inhibitor atazanavir have been simulated, and the role of intestinal metabolism in these clinical DDIs examined. Utility of an in silico tool for predicting substrate specificity for UGTs is discussed. Improved in vitro tools to study metabolism for UGT compounds, such as coculture models for low clearance compounds and better understanding of optimal conditions for in vitro studies, may provide an opportunity for improved in vitro–in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) and prospective predictions. PBPK modeling shows promise as a useful tool for predicting intestinal metabolism for UGT substrates.
Visual Servoing of a Moving Target by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Authors: Chen Ching-Wen , Hung Hsin-Ai , Yang Po-Hung , Cheng Teng-Hu
Published: August 2021

To track moving targets undergoing unknown translational and rotational motions, a tracking controller is developed for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The main challenges are to control both the relative position and orientation between the target and the UAV to within desired values, and to guarantee that the generated control input to the UAV is feasible (i.e., below its motion capability). Moreover, the UAV is controlled to ensure that the target always remains within the field of view of the onboard camera. These control objectives were achieved by developing a nonlinear-model predictive controller, in which the future motion of the target is predicted by quadratic programming (QP). Since constraints of the feature vector and the control input are considered when solving the optimal control problem, the control inputs can be bounded and the target can remain inside the image. Three simulations were performed to compare the efficacy and performance of the developed controller with a traditional image-based visual servoing controller.
Kinematic Zenith Tropospheric Delay Estimation with GNSS PPP in Mountainous Areas
Authors: Gratton Paul , Banville Simon , Lachapelle Gérard , O’Keefe Kyle
Published: August 2021

The use of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) precise point positioning (PPP) to estimate zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) profiles in kinematic vehicular mode in mountainous areas is investigated. Car-mounted multi-constellation GNSS receivers are employed. The Natural Resources Canada Canadian Spatial Reference System PPP (CSRS-PPP) online service that currently processes dual-frequency global positioning system (GPS) and Global’naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS) measurements and is now capable of GPS integer ambiguity resolution is used. An offline version that can process the above and Galileo measurements simultaneously, including Galileo integer ambiguity resolution is also tested to evaluate the advantage of three constellations. A multi-day static data set observed under open sky is first tested to determine performance under ideal conditions. Two long road profile tests conducted in kinematic mode are then analyzed to assess the capability of the approach. The challenges of ZTD kinematic profiling are numerous, namely shorter data sets, signal shading due to topography and forests of conifers along roads, and frequent losses of phase lock requiring numerous but not always successful integer ambiguity re-initialization. ZTD profiles are therefore often only available with float ambiguities, reducing system observability. Occasional total interruption of measurement availability results in profile discontinuities. CSRS-PPP outputs separately the zenith hydrostatic or dry delay (ZHD) and water vapour content or zenith wet delay (ZWD). The two delays are analyzed separately, with emphasis on the more unpredictable and highly variable ZWD, especially in mountainous areas. The estimated delays are compared with the Vienna Mapping Function 1 (VMF1), which proves to be highly effective to model the large-scale profile variations in the Canadian Rockies, the main contribution of GNSS PPP being the estimation of higher frequency ZWD components. Of the many conclusions drawn from the field experiments, it is estimated that kinematic profiles are generally determined with accuracy of 10 to 20 mm, depending on the signal harshness of the environment.
Retinal Vessel Density Changes on Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography and Predictive Factors in Normal-Tension Glaucoma Treated with Topical Beta-Blocker
Authors: Lin Yun-Hsuan , Huang Shih-Ming , Chuang Lan-Hsin , Chen Lung-Chien
Published: August 2021

(1) Background: Topical antiglaucoma medications may alter the microcirculation in the optic nerve head. We aimed to evaluate the changes in retinal vessel density (VD) on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in patients with newly diagnosed normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) treated with a topical beta-blocker. (2) Methods: This study included 80 patients diagnosed with NTG not using systemic medication, who received topical carteolol treatment between December 2019 and November 2020. We studied the changes in the OCTA VD/signal strength index (SSI) after the 6-month treatment period and determined the predictive factors affecting the changes in VD/SSI. (3) Results: After the 6-month treatment period, the peripapillary VD increased in 40 patients but decreased in the other 40 patients. The univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that old age and hypertension were significant factors associated with a VD/SSI decrease after carteolol treatment. Moreover, high baseline peripapillary, superficial, and deep macular VDs were significantly associated with the VD decrease after carteolol treatment. (4) Conclusions: Carteolol treatment could increase or decrease the VD in patients with NTG. The baseline VD, age, and hypertension could affect these VD changes. Patients with NTG and higher baseline peripapillary or macular VD, older age, and hypertension are more likely to have a decreased VD after carteolol treatment.
CGI technologies and methods for 3D scanning – new horizons
Authors: Yakimov Petko
Published: August 2021

The enduring presence of photometric technology and in particular Lidar 3D scanning systems in CGI's technological tools testify to the potential and development opportunities they possess. But here we will focus on another quality of technology. The opportunities they provide for achieving new visual forms by interpreting nature on the basis of basic features. for direct work and manipulation of raw point clouds massif. The reason - a non-standard visual method for interpreting reality offering an extremely wide range of transformations even in the direction of algorithmic structural modeling. In this article, we will analyze both the tools and the technological practices known to us as "technological hybrids".
Skim milk based yoghurt technology
Authors: Nazmiyeva А.А. , Yefimov L.A. , Gumerov T.Yu.
Published: August 2021

Development of yoghurts with fruit and vegetable additives increases the range of dairy plant products, making it possible to enrich the human diet with carotenoids, dietary fi bre and prebiotics. The chemical composition of natural plant ingredients recommended to be added as preparations for yoghurts is presented.
Botanical and product characteristics of bay leaves
Authors: Ryazanova O.A. , Nikolayevа M.A. , Kartashova L.V.
Published: August 2021

The article considers botanical characteristics of the laurel family plants with the bay laurel being the most important representative. Brief information is given on the world market, origin and botanical characteristics, its biology and area, economic importance, use in traditional medicine, as well as contraindications are analysed. Useful and harmful properties of bay leaf are described. Identifying signs and storage conditions are presented.
Technology development for meat culinary products from organic raw materials
Authors: Shagarov S.N.
Published: August 2021

The article presents research and practical verifi cation for use of root artichoke fl our to improve quality characteristics and nutritional value of meat culinary products in schools. Possible use of new technology introduction in the food industry is considered.
Sports nutrition market: state and perspectives
Authors: Nikiforova M.M. , Nikolayevа M.A. , Sidorenko M.Yu. , Shterman S.V.
Published: August 2021

The article analyses the world and Russian markets of sports nutrition products. It is determined that such markets are dynamically developing segments of the food market. In recent years, the rise in prices, sanctions and a large number of counterfeit products caused the domination of sports nutrition products by Russian manufacturers in the Russian market. However, many consumers of sports nutrition products still prefer imported products, requiring the more active promotion of Russian brands through the use of integrated marketing communications.
Quality assessment of cheese products
Authors: Yusupova D.R. , Nazmiyeva A.А. , Gumerov T.Yu.
Published: August 2021

Rational nutrition is an essential component of a healthy lifestyle. Nutrition supports the most important function of the human body supplying it with the energy required for human processes. Cell and tissue also renew by ingestion of «plastic» substances: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and mineral salts. To maintain the normal course of energy, plastic and catalytic processes, the body requires a certain amount of various nutrients. The nature of nutrition determines the body metabolism, the structure and functions of cells, tissues and organs.
Role of sense of pitch in the singing sound formation in children aged 7-9. Scientifi c and methodological information on the music pedagogy
Authors: Shcheglova Tatyana Gennadievna
Published: August 2021

This article deals with the sense of pitch in children of early school age. The sense of pitch occupies the most important place among the abilities for music, and auditory sensations are dominating for the musical activity. The article contains valuable guidelines that may be useful in training Music Pedagogy professionals.
Media culture as a necessary component of media communication
Authors: Chizhik Anna Vladimirovna
Published: August 2021

The article shows that media communication is among the most eff ective ways of social interaction today. The historical review of the evolution of individuals-tothe Worldwide Web interaction suggests the technological development of the Internet did not occur consistently: by the time the advanced communication services appeared, it had become clear that information itself was meaningless, the unstructured knowledge was too voluminous to fi nd a key to it. The author claims that the knowledge that passed the internalisation stage is important. At this stage of personal assignment of information for a unit of time, it became necessary to get the maximum information.
Domestic Workers — Migrant Workers
Authors: Averin A. , Kulakova O.
Published: August 2021

The article analyzes the main characteristics of the status of domestic migrant workers in Russia. It is stated that migrant domestic workers are a very vulnerable category of migrant workers, which is due to a number of reasons, including the peculiarities of the work performed. However, it is not easy for employers of such workers — the rules for formalizing relations are quite difficult for individuals who decide to invite a nanny, a governor or a cook from another country
State policy on the use of former arable land and budget funding of agriculture
Authors: Polunin G. A. , Alakoz V. V.
Published: August 2021

This paper contains three scenarios for expansion the production of agricultural raw materials and food in the Russian Federation. Special attention is paid to the Non-Chernozem region, where the country has the largest amount of land not used for agricultural production anymore. In order to determine the influence of state support on the efficiency of resource use, including land, a comprehensive indicator for evaluating the effectiveness of state subsidies is introducing in the regions of Russia. The subjects of the Russian Federation were calculated and classified by the efficiency of the use of subsidies. The hypothesis of the reasons for different levels of use of subsidies in the regions is presented in the article. The identification of these reasons makes it possible to substantiate wise management decisions, and adjust agricultural policy and target programs for the development of agricultural production and rural areas.
Variance analysis in land management
Authors: Chervyakov A. V. , Kochiev A. A.
Published: August 2021

This paper is about application the methods of variance analysis to the solution of land management problems. As an example, the model task analyzing the productivity of small teams in microeconomic households is considered in this article.
The relevance of 3D-cadastre in Russia
Authors: Gura D.A. , Shevchenko G.G. , Akopyan G.T.
Published: August 2021

The foreign experience of 3D-cadastre implementation is analyzed in the article. The authors support introduction 3D-cadastre in Russia instead of obsolete and outdated 2D-cadastre. The article demonstrates an algorithm for creation an information model of a real estate object using ground laser scanning technologies by example of the educational building in Krasnodar.
Import substitution: problems of understanding policy and its objectives
Authors: Portanskiy Alexey Pavlovich
Published: August 2021

The policy of import substitution intensified in Russia in the second half of 2014 against the background of sanctions by the United States, the European Union and some other countries, as well as the introduction of counter-sanctions in the country. However, over the past period, no strong positive results of this policy have been noted in agriculture, with the exception of a narrow group of goods. An obvious negative consequence was the increase in prices on the consumer market and the restriction of the choice of food products. The share of machinery and equipment in imports has not decreased and the share of these goods in Russian exports has not increased. The article briefly describes the history of the formation of the import substitution policy in the World, its positive and negative sides. Taking into account the historical experience of the use of import substitution in the world, the author tries to identify the reasons for the lack of results of this policy in Russia. One of these reasons, according to the author, is excessive politicization, as well as bureaucratization in the implementation of the import substitution policy to the detriment of the economic content of this policy, which is confirmed by the lack of necessary calculations and a period of time for the implementation of the import substitution policy. Based on personal experience, the author also points out the negative effects of the import substitution policy that are manifested outside the economy and business, in particular, in the fi eld of higher education, which is often manifested in the distorted initial view of many students about the essence and goals of the import substitution policy. The author comes to the conclusion that only when understanding import substitution as an economic policy one can expect that this policy will benefit the Russian economy.
Features of the vector autoregression models application in macroeconomic research
Authors: Shapor Maria Alexandrovna , Gevogyan Rafael Rubenovich
Published: August 2021

In this paper, we analyzed articles by foreign authors that use various vector autoregression models to calculate the impact of qualitative indicators on the economic processes of countries or a group of countries. In particular, the article analyzed the classical model of vector autoregression (VAR), panel model of autoregressive (PVAR), Bayesian model of autoregressive (BVAR), structural model of autoregressive (SVAR), and the global model of autoregressive (GVAR). Among the works using vector autoregressive models, the main emphasis is on financial indicators. Moreover, articles with non-trivial variables are rare. This is because financial macroeconomic variables in most cases have a direct impact on economic processes in the country. The analysis of financial indicators and the results obtained can play a significant role in the development of economic strategies in different states, since the results obtained with the help of vector autoregression models are usually quite accurate. The studied articles analyze the data of both developed and developing states or groups of states in different periods. The studied articles were classified according to several criteria, which were selected by the author to structure the work. Note that among the works using vector autoregressive models, the main emphasis is on financial indicators. Moreover, articles with non-trivial variables are rare. This is since financial macroeconomic variables in most cases have a direct impact on economic processes in the country. The analysis of financial indicators and the results obtained can play a significant role in the development of economic strategies in different states, since the results obtained with the help of vector autoregression models are usually quite accurate. In the conclusion of this study, the author presented conclusions based on the analysis of autoregressive models.