bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Res Gestae Divi Augusti and the Roman Empire
Authors: Witschel Christian
Published: November 2023

The first Roman emperor, Augustus, died on the 19th of August ad 14 in the Campanian town of Nola. Once his body had been brought back to Rome, his successor, Tiberius, convened the senate to discuss the honors to be bestowed on the deceased emperor. In the course of this session, four volumes were brought to the senate house and read aloud to the senators. They contained texts written in Augustus’ own hand that he had deposited with the Vestal Virgins before his death. One of them was a ‘catalogue of his deeds’ (Suetonius, Divus Augustus 101.4). In his will, Augustus had indicated that he wished this text to be inscribed on bronze tablets, which were to be displayed publicly in front of his mausoleum on the northern edge of the Campus Martius in Rome (Suetonius, loc. cit.; Cassius Dio 51.33.1). Tiberius dutifully fuelled this task, and the text must have remained visible there throughout antiquity. But later on it was melted down, and no trace of it has been found in modern excavations around the mausoleum. Thus all knowledge of contents of this unique document was lost until a group of western diplomats visited the Ottoman Empire in 1555 and came to the town of Ankara. On a building that served as an annex to a mosque, but which had originally been a Roman temple and later a Christian church, they observed a long inscription in both Latin and Greek, which they soon realized was a copy of the lost index rerum gestarum of Augustus. The situation improved further when early in the twentieth century two more copies of the same text were found in other towns of the same region of Central Turkey.
New Tendencies, Religious and Philosophical, in the Roman Empire of the Third to Early Fifth Centuries
Authors: O’Daly Gerard
Published: November 2023

I begin with two dates. The first—ad 248—saw the celebration of Rome’s millennium (the traditional date of the foundation of the city was 753 bc), with three days and nights of celebrations that included gladiatorial combats and displays of exotic animals. The second date—ad 330—marked the dedication of Constantinople as the new imperial capital, with forty days of celebrations, including chariot racing. One focus of the celebrations was the porphyry column in the city’s forum, topped by a gold statue of the emperor Constantine portrayed as Apollo and with a diadem representing the sun’s rays.
Waves in Metamaterials
Authors: Solymar L , Shamonina E
Published: November 2023

Metamaterials is a young subject born in the 21st century. It is concerned with artificial materials which can have electrical and magnetic properties difficult or impossible to find in nature. The building blocks in most cases are resonant elements much smaller than the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave. The book offers a comprehensive treatment of all aspects of research in this field at a level that should appeal to final year undergraduates in physics or in electrical and electronic engineering. The mathematics is kept at a minimum; the aim is to explain the physics in simple terms and enumerate the major advances. It can be profitably read by graduate and post-graduate students in order to find out what has been done in the field outside their speciality, and by experts who may gain new insight about the inter-relationship of the physical phenomena involved.
Dolphin social intelligence: complex alliance relationships in bottlenose dolphins and a consideration of selective environments for extreme brain size evolution in mammals
Authors: Connor Richard C
Published: November 2023

Bottlenose dolphins in Shark Bay, Australia, live in a large, unbounded society with a fission fusion grouping pattern. Potential cognitive demands include the need to develop social strategies involving the recognition of a large number of individuals and their relationships with others. Patterns of alliance affiliation among males may be more complex than are currently known for any non-human, with individuals participating in 2–3 levels of shifting alliances. Males mediate alliance relationships with gentle contact behaviours such as petting, but synchrony also plays an important role in affiliative interactions. In general, selection for social intelligence in the context of shifting alliances will depend on the extent to which there are strategic options and risk.
The social brain?
Authors: Frith Chris D
Published: November 2023

The notion that there is a ‘social brain’ in humans specialized for social interactions has received considerable support from brain imaging and, to a lesser extent, from lesion studies. Specific roles for the various components of the social brain are beginning to emerge. For example, the amygdala attaches emotional value to faces, enabling us to recognize expressions such as fear and trustworthiness, while the posterior superior temporal sulcus predicts the end point of the complex trajectories created when agents act upon the world. It has proved more difficult to assign a role to medial prefrontal cortex, which is consistently activated when people think about mental states. I suggest that this region may have a special role in the second-order representations needed for communicative acts when we have to represent someone else’s representation of our own mental state. These cognitive processes are not specifically social, since they can be applied in other domains. However, these cognitive processes have been driven to ever higher levels of sophistication by the complexities of social interaction.
Reason To Believe
Authors: Kohn Marek
Published: November 2023

The conundrum of language is that an animal clever enough to speak seems too clever to be believed. Many scientists believe that humans’ unique intelligence may be Machiavellian in origin, that it ran away with itself under the selective pressure of life in groups of clever, calculating individuals. And no evolutionary innovation has done more to increase the potential for deception than language. Words are cheap signals that slash the cost of manipulating others.
In God We Trust
Authors: Kohn Marek
Published: November 2023

There is one glaring exception to the rule that absolute trust does not normally flourish beyond a child’s early years and its relationship with its parents. What ceasesto be possible with other people remains possible with a deity. The most successful and world-changing innovation in the history of trust must surely be the idea of an omnipresent, omnipotent god. Reason may struggle to lodge trust within it. Faith has no such problem.
Hughes’s first translation: ‘The Storm from Homer, Odyssey, Book V’
Authors: Gillespie Stuart
Published: November 2023

Hughes is one of several poets of his generation to take a pronounced interest in translating, or if one prefers adapting, imitating, the Latin and Greek classics of dramatic and non-dramatic verse. Before his time this had not happened on any scale in English poetry for many years—in fact for most of the twentieth century.
‘A holiday in a rest home’: Ted Hughes as vates in Tales from Ovid
Authors: Jacobsen Garrett A
Published: November 2023

In 1996 Ted Hughes remarked in a letter to Ann Skea that ‘I also did 25 tales from Ovid’s Metamorphoses—enjoyed that. A holiday in a rest home!’1 The appeal of Ovid’s Metamorphoses to Ted Hughes on one level was no doubt the exercise of the mythic imagination, the focus of so much of Hughes’s own oeuvre. Even at Cambridge, Hughes had changed from English to reading Archaeology and Anthropology in his third year, confessing that he had found in himself an increasing resistance to the weekly critical essay in English literature, a resistance symbolized one night by the dream of a fox-like creature admonishing him for his pursuit of the prosaic.
The Transformations Of The Actaeon Myth: Ovid, Metamorphoses 3 And Ted Hughes’S Tales From Ovid
Authors: Ingleheart Jennifer
Published: November 2023

He . . . is an adaptor. He takes up only those tales which catch his fancy, and engages with each one no further than it liberates his own creative zest.’1 So Ted Hughes, in the introduction to Tales from Ovid, on Ovid’s handling of mythological subject matter in his epic Metamorphoses.
Beyond tragedy: Ted Hughes, Racine, and Euripides
Authors: Gervais David
Published: November 2023

a feeling of reconciliation that is painful, a kind of unhappy blessedness in misfortune. (Hegel on Romeo and Juliet) There is a sense in which Hughes’s poetry always gravitated towards tragedy. From the outset, he saw nature as ‘red in tooth and claw’. In ‘Thrushes’, for example: More coiled steel than living—a poised Dark deadly eye, those delicate legs Triggered to stirrings beyond sense—with a start, a bounce, a stab Overtake the instant and drag out some writhing thing.
Where the Wild Things Are: Locating the Marvellous in Augustan Wall Painting
Authors: Platt Verity
Published: November 2023

Two women engage in a scene of harmonious domesticity (Figure 1); on the left, a figure dressed in an ornate chiton and himation stands in profile, holding out a small musical instrument towards her companion, who sits on an elegant stool to the right holding a seven- stringed harp. Painted in outline with subtle colour washes of yellow and green, the formal balance, delicate brushwork, and controlled palette of the composition all speak the visual language of fifth- century bc Greece.
Phaethon and the Monsters
Authors: Barchiesi Alessandro
Published: November 2023

Ovid’s Metamorphoses could be identified as the ultimate text about licentia ‘licence’, the effect of liberating a visionary, unrestrained, transgressive, and unrealistic kind of imagination.1 Words like licentia, miracula ‘marvels’, fingere ‘invent’, non credendus ‘not to be believed’ (in Greek exousia, thaumasia and thaumasta, plasmata, apithanon) are common in Ovid when he tries to express his poetic project in a synthetic programmatic statement. The Phaethon episode has a particular importance in this context: it stands out even in the context of Ovid’s licentious epic, because it brings the poetics of licentious imagination to the level of cosmic sublimity.
Performing the Will of Zeus: The Δ ι ò ς β ο υ λ and the Scope of Early Greek Epic
Authors: Allan William
Published: November 2023

In this contribution I aim to bring together two of the honorand’s central interests, Homer and performance, so as to illuminate a fundamental structural pattern of early Greek epic, namely the or ‘will of Zeus’. By examining the epic bard’s manifold uses of the Dios boulê, we shall see how the phrase serves a variety of important functions in the early Greek tradition of oral epic poetry: first, as a means of claiming poetic authority; secondly, as a narrative device connecting the particular story to a larger continuum of heroic songs; and, finally, as an expression of a distinctive view of divine and heroic myth. By way of illuminating these functions, let us begin with the proem of the Iliad, which features not only the most prominent use of the Dios boulê in extant epic, but also the most controversial.
Jumping their Bones: Translating, Transgressing, and Creating
Authors: Balmer Josephine
Published: November 2023

To classicists, translation can sometimes be a dirty word, if not positively obscene—a crutch for those who cannot read the original. As Peter Green has declared of his own excellent translation of Ovid’s exile poetry: ‘[it] remains in the last resort, a pis aller. Those with the original do not need it.’ Such self-denigration is disappointing but perhaps not surprising. Translators have long been subject to the assumption that their art constitutes ‘a task that does not occur in the realms of thought but between the pages of a dictionary’, and that, as such, it is a secondary activity to other literary tasks. Within classical scholarship there is an additional intellectual hierarchy which ranks textual philology at the top and ‘translation cribs’ at the bottom, overlooking the interpretative revelations that translators, in their close readings of a text, can bring to an ancient work. For where scholarship can be static, translation and reinterpretation is fluid, dynamic, a form of critical necromancy breathing new life into dead works. Yet, as Patricia Moyer notes, ‘classicists have yet to assimilate [such] emphasis on the poet-critic’.
Lapsed Classicist
Authors: Longley Michael
Published: November 2023

I have been Homer-haunted for fifty years. I treasure my battered copy of W. B. Stanford’s edition of the Odyssey. Charlie Fay, our Classics master at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution (‘Inst’ for short), encouraged us to write the date at the end of each book when we had finished reading it. I completed my first, Book 10, just before Christmas 1956. There in the pernickety hand of the classical annotator is the date: 17. xii. 56. I was just seventeen, but like some elderly scholar I filled the margins with notes about the unseen digamma, the gnomic aorist, epexegesis, synizesis, sociative datives, and other technicalities that now mean little or nothing to me. During each class we would slowly translate ten or twenty lines, and then read the Greek aloud. Somehow the Homeric sunshine broke through all that cloudy donkeywork. I loved the sound of the Greek, the bumpy hexameters, the clash of the broad vowels, the way lips and tongue are vigorously exercised, hammer and tongs. And of course I adored the stories.
Is ‘the Frail Silken Line’ Worth more than ‘a Fart in a Bearskin’? or, how Translation Practice Matters in Poetry and Drama
Authors: Hardwick Lorna
Published: November 2023

This essay takes up the image of the ‘frail silken line flung across the years’ and examines some of the ways in which contemporary writers, dramatists, readers, and audiences have gone beyond the narrowly instrumental, and have indeed cared more than a fart in their bearskins about the Latin and Greek languages and their impact on sensibility and thought. I aim to explore how translation is not only a means of communicating in non-classical languages but is also a significant means for transmitting knowledge of the conventions and idioms of the classical languages themselves. Taken together, these characteristics make translation a catalyst in creativity. I suggest that traditional polarities between source and target languages and between concepts of ‘translatable’ and ‘untranslatable’ need to be reviewed, and that the ambivalent image of the (then) ‘unknown lover’ is worth examining as both appreciator and progenitor of the continuously developing life of classical languages and culture. I shall approach this by discussing two different examples of ‘translation’ and the issues they raise, and at the end will draw some preliminary conclusions about how the discourse used for conceptualising translations from classical languages might be reformulated, and about the kinds of translation theory that might develop from this kind of practice-based analysis.
Miscellaneous Browne among the Tombs of Norwich Cathedral
Authors: Post Jonathan F S
Published: November 2023

In a 1934 letter to Donald Stanford, written while Elizabeth Bishop was still an undergraduate at Vassar College, the aspiring poet delightfully exclaimed: Just now I am very proud because I recently acquired a wonderful edition of Sir Thomas Browne . . . very elegant, once selling for $36 and now remaindered at $12. It’s edited by Geoffrey Keynes and has a lot of charming portraits. I should like to do nothing but sit all evening and copy off such sentences as ‘That wee call a bee bird is a small dark gray bird’, or ‘What word you give our knots or gnats, a small marsh bird, very fatte and a daintye dish’. But Cotton Mather still awaits me with his prayers and groans.
Lexical Translations in the Papyri: Koine Greek, Greek Dialects, and Foreign Languages*
Authors: Schironi Francesca
Published: November 2023

In general, literary papyrology does not offer the modern linguist much insight into the spoken language of the ancient Greeks, since a papyrus containing a literary text is by default a more controlled product than a documentary text. Unlike a private letter, petition, or contract, a literary papyrus is not a ‘living ‘ document and does not aim to convey practical information. Rather, it is a copy of a text that was often first written some centuries earlier and in a standardized literary language. Moreover, the scribe of a literary text has a particular ‘intellectual ‘ interest; hence his level of education can generally be assumed to be higher than that of the ‘author ‘ of a private document. This is not to say that literary papyri do not contain the usual misspellings which arose in the Hellenistic and Roman periods as a result of changes in pronunciation; of course they do, but no more so than documentary texts.
Diogenes
Authors: Costa C D N
Published: November 2023

I came to Athens, father, and having learnt that the companion of Socrates was giving lessons on happiness, I went to hear him. At the time he happened to be lecturing on the two roads that lead to it, saying that there are two and not many, one a short cut and one a long path: so that everyone is free to take the one he wants. At the time I listened to this in silence, but the next day when we went back to hear him, I urged him to explain to us about the two roads. He very readily got up from his seat and took us to the city, right through it to the Acropolis. 2. And when we were near to it, he showed us two roads leading uphill, one short, steep, and difficult, and the other long, smooth, and easy. As he brought us back together he said ’These are the roads leading to the Acropolis, and such are the roads to happiness. Each of you choose the one you want and I will guide you.
Religion, Imperial Politics, and the Offering of Freedom to Slaves
Authors: Osborne Robin
Published: November 2023

The Athenians ran their judicial system without a paid body of investigators and without a paid judiciary. This created various problems for them, particularly how to ensure that breaches of the law were punished and that legal procedures were followed. In this chapter I am concerned with the first of these questions, and particularly with the secondary effects of measures that are adopted to ensure that wrongdoing is prosecuted. I want to suggest that a proper understanding of what Athenians were, and were not, normally prepared to do in order to encourage prosecution sheds important light both upon Athenian social relations and upon the nature of Athenian relations with the allied cities of Ceos in particular, and perhaps the allies of the Second Athenian Confederacy more generally.
The Scrutiny of New Citizens at Athens
Authors: Robertson Bruce G
Published: November 2023

In Athens of the fifth and fourth centuries BC, the full status of the citizen was not ascribed at birth. The citizen assemblies that resulted from such an arrangement—with toddlers ranged alongside seniors—were never more than the dream of philosophers.’
The politics of coinage: Athens and antigonus gonatas
Authors: Oliver Graham
Published: November 2023

structure but a fluid and dynamic organism which was always the sum of its constituent parts, namely its citizens. The life and freedom of the politai of the poleis in th<..: l lcllcnistic period arc generally cast in a negative light; some have cwn suggested that the polis had disappcan.:d by this timt:. For many modern commentators the ideas of freedom and autonomy had become so devalued during the Hcllcni;,tic age that promises of cleutheria and autonomia had become mere slogans. Historians of the Hellenistic period need to revise their perceptions of these term;,. What was really understood in ancient sources by eleuthrria and autonomia? This chapter highlights the need for clarification about what ancient pold.1 understood by terms like freedom and autonomy. How did the decision-making processes and the control of the poli tai over their internal affairs and relation;, with the outside world develop? What did it mean to be free in the Grcekpoli.1 during the Hellenistic period? ·rhcsc arc big questions. Although they cannot be answered in depth here, it will be important to keep them in mind.
Virgins and Widows, Show-Girls and Whores: Late Roman Legislation on Women and Christianity
Authors: Grubbs Judith Evans
Published: November 2023

Much has been written in the past fifteen years about the role of women in late antique Christianity,1 and more recently, on women in late Roman law.2 Less has been done on the intersection between the two: that is, late Roman legislation directed explicitly toward the relationship between women and the Christian church. Yet, this is a topic for which there exists interesting and abundant evidence, in both the legal sources and contemporary Christian writings. This study will discuss legislation on women and Christianity in the Theodosian Code and the post-Theodosian novellae. What issues involving Christian women particularly concerned the imperial government? What events or individuals prompted legislation aimed at women and the church? Did imperial policy change between the mid-fourth century, when legislation concerning Christian women first appeared, and the later fifth century, when ‘the Church’ had become firmly entrenched in imperial society?
Children and Childhood in Roman Italy
Authors: Rawson Beryl
Published: November 2023

Concepts of childhood and the treatment of children are often used as a barometer of society’s humanity, values, and priorities. Children and Childhood in Roman Italy argues that in Roman society children were, in principle and often in practice, welcome, valued and visible. There is no evidence directly from children themselves, but we can reconstruct attitudes to them, and their own experiences, from a wide variety of material - art and architecture, artefacts, funerary dedications, Roman law, literature, and public and private ritual. There are distinctively Roman aspects to the treatment of children and to children’s experiences. Education at many levels was important. The commemoration of children who died young has no parallel, in earlier or later societies, before the twentieth century. This study builds on the dynamic work on the Roman family that has been developing in recent decades. Its focus on the period between the first century BCE and the early third century CE provides a context for new work being done on early Christian societies, especially in Rome.
The Legacy of Tsunesaburo Makiguchi: Value-Creating Education and Global Citizenship
Authors: Bethel Dayle
Published: November 2023

IT has been my privilege and joy, during the past twenty-five years, to talk and lecture about “value-creating education” both in Japan and the United States. The discussion periods that followed the lectures and seminars were, for me, particularly stimulating and challenging. At the same time I often left those encounters with a feeling of unease and dissatisfaction. For a long time I could not put my finger on the cause of this uneasiness. Then one day a few years ago, after a particularly intense and far ranging seminar, the problem suddenly dawned on me.
and Iambic Poetry?
Authors: Bowie Ewen L
Published: November 2023

IN this paper I propose (I) to review briefly the traces of narrative early Greek elegiac and iambic poetry that might be seen as ances tors of historiography; (II) to assess how many of these traces might be securely or conjecturally claimed to be composed for sympotic, and how many for other, locations of performance; and (III) to askto what extent any features of our earliest prose historiography might be argued to betray the influence of the techniques or perfor mance conditions of such verse narrative. Section IV offers a very brief conclusion.
Constructing the Past: Colonial Traditions and the Writing of History. The Case of Cyrene
Authors: Giangiulio Maurizio
Published: November 2023

I. Historical Memory, Invention of the Past, and Collective Identity: The Nature and Function of Foundation Tales

0 RIG IN s are crucial. As anthropological studies have shown, every society’s sense of collective identity is established and expressed by traditions about its past. It is the social memory that lends continuity to the awareness of the distinctive nature of one group’s experience. Thus, to recollect one’s own past is immediately to identify oneself.’ It will be no surprise, then, to find that traditions of origin structure corporate identity and that societies, in turn, understand themselves in terms of their origin. After all, reality
Local Knowledge 1n Herodotus’ Histories
Authors: Luraghi Nino
Published: November 2023

‘BEI wenigen alten Historikern ist die Quellenkritik so leicht, bei wenigen so unerlasslich wie bei Herodot.” In the light of the end less number of works that have appeared in the century that has passed since von Gutschmid wrote these words, reading them today may make one think that the circular movement of classical studies displays some tragic irony. But that is not the reason why I mention them. In the present study I shall try to argue that the presuppo sitions lying behind von Gutschmid’s statement have produced a substantial misunderstanding of Herodotus’ methods and aims.
Kissing Cousins: Some Curious Cases of Adjacent Material in Herodotus
Authors: Griffiths Alan
Published: November 2023

THIS paper examines three pairs of passages in Herodotus which sit right next to each other in the text and seem to be about quite different things. I hope to show that these contiguous sections are in fact intimately linked-whether by what used to be called ‘ar chaic logic’, or some other mechanism of association-in a kind of symbiotic relationship. The juxtaposed elements turn out in each case to be complementary, or paraphrastic, or to provide reciprocal illumination in some way; they seem to mirror each other.
Your Life in their Hands: The King and Dr Cobbler (1-14)
Authors: Henderson John
Published: November 2023

Malus cum sutor inopia deperditus medicinam ignoto facere coepisset loco et uenditaret falso antidotum nomine uerbosis acquisiuit sibi famam strophis. hie cum iaceret morbo confectus graui rex urbis, eius experiendi gratia scyphum poposcit; fusa dein simulans aqua miscere illius antidote se toxicum,
Themes in the Philosophy of Music
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: November 2023

Representing Stephen Davies’s best shorter writings, these essays outline developments within the philosophy of music over the last two decades, and summarize the state of play at the beginning of a new century. Including two new and previously unpublished pieces, they address both perennial questions and contemporary controversies, such as that over the ‘authentic performance’ movement, and the impact of modern technology on the presentation and reception of musical works. Rather than attempting to reduce musical works to a single type, Davies recognizes a great variety of kinds, and a complementary range of possibilities for their rendition. Among the questions that Davies considers are these: How can expressiveness be in a musical work when music experiences nothing? Is music a language of the emotions? How do recorded pop songs and purely electronic pieces differ from works created for live performance? Is John Cage’s silent piece, 4’33”, music? To what extent is the performer free to create her own interpretation and to what extent is she constrained by the composer’s score? Is training in musical technicalities a prerequisite for a full appreciation of musical works and performances? Is an awareness of the socio-historical setting in which a work is created relevant to its appreciation? How does the value of individual musical works go beyond the worth of an interest in music in general? Stimulating and insightful both as individual discussions and as a coherent argument, these essays will be greatly enjoyed by philosophers, aestheticians, art theorists, and musicologists.
The Evaluation of Music1
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I discuss the evaluation and value of music. The essay is divided into three sections. A brief, and largely undefended, account of the nature of evaluation is offered in the first. The second section contains an argument against the view that musical works might be evaluated with equal legitimacy from any number of points of view. I argue that one point of view, in which one takes an aesthetic interest in musical works as music, has a special status, and that there is a presumption that standards of musical evaluation are relative to that point of view. Much of the section is devoted to characterizations of an aesthetic interest and of an interest in musical works as music. In the third section I discuss why music in general (as distinct from its instances) is valued. I attempt to describe the relation between the benefits of a concern with music in general and an aesthetic interest taken in particular musical works as music.
Two Conceptions of Die Uberwindung der Metaphysik
Carnap and Early Wittgenstein
Authors: Conant James
Published: November 2023

This paper has two aims: first, to show that if most commentators on Wittgenstein are correct in the views that they attribute to Wittgenstein, then Carnap is a far more important philosopher (and one whose thought is far closer to that of Wittgenstein) than is generally acknowledged in such commentaries, and second, to suggest that the views that are thus attributed to Wittgenstein in such commentaries, although they are to be found in some of the writings of Carnap, are not to be found in the writings of Wittgenstein-not even those of early Wittgenstein.
The Sense Is Where You Find It
Authors: Hertzberg Lars
Published: November 2023

I. For many philosophers, particularly among those who have found their inspiration in Wittgenstein’s later work, appeals to the distinction between what does and does not make sense seem to be an important part of philosophical method. Wittgenstein himself said that his aim was to teach his readers to pass from disguised nonsense to patent non sense (Philosophical Investigations, §464), and he gave numerous examples of the use of this method. I shall try to argue, however, that it is not clear precisely how invocations of nonsense in philosophy are to be understood. My aim in this essay is to try to clarify the role or status of such invocations. I shall do so through a discussion of the reading of Wittgenstein’s view of nonsense put forward by Cora Diamond.
Introduction
Authors: Banaji Jairus
Published: November 2023

Ancient economic history remains a largely undertheorized field of study, not because ancient historians have ignored theory in the general pursuit of ‘facts’, but for the opposite reason, because they have ignored the evidence. In other words, the proliferation of evidence stands in curious disproportion to the atrophied models that rule in this field of enquiry, and the gap is becoming worse with each passing year. Behind this curious paralysis lie the massive and sombre legacies of the late nineteenth century, and behind those the deadweight of other, earlier generations which looked on the past with the patronizing attitudes of a world in unbridled expansion.
Existing Accounts of the Byzantine Large Estate
Authors: Banaji Jairus
Published: November 2023

For Hardy the Byzantine large estate grew up in a context of major changes in the social and administrative system of the late empire. The large estate, fully formed by the end of the fith century, emerged through some process which enabled a bureaucratic élite, the ffficals who were ‘among the most frequent patrons and founders of estates’, both to accumulate holdings and to assert new types of control over the population.
Introduction
Authors: Scott-Warren Jason
Published: November 2023

In these lines, the speaker of Shakespeare’s eighty-second sonnet reluctantly concedes to his beloved the right to receive praise from poets other than himself. As he does so, he draws attention to a prominent practice in early modern culture: the dedication of books.
Forging the Future
Authors: Scott-Warren Jason
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter, I showed how Harington’s presentation volume for his mother-in-law Jane Rogers had an important part to play in a lengthy and acrimonious family dispute. That might seem like quite enough work for one book and for one day. But I9 December I6oo was, for Harington, a red-letter day, when several carefully premeditated projects came to fruition.
The Early Middle Ages
Authors: Mayr-Harting Henry
Published: November 2023

When did the Early Middle Ages begin? When did they end? Is this just the usual euphemism for the Dark Ages? Were the Dark Ages dark in point of evidence or in point of humanity? Or both? Will this lecture be at best the lecturer whistling to keep his courage in a dark tunnel, peering for light at the end of it? These must be the questions, if not on the lips of the polite, at least in their minds. Let me start with the beginning and end. Many would say that the beginning lay in monasticism and ascetic movements, which seemed to reverse the civic values of antiquity, and in the west they might point to the island monastery of Lérins and the composition around 55o of the Rule of St Benedict. These answers would be very valid. But as I have decided to be particularly concerned with how Christianity interacted with the secular world, which was above all the world of the newly settled Germanic peoples in the early medieval west, I should like to offer another answer.
Coupled Careers: Pathways Through Work and Marriage in the United States
Authors: Han Shin-Kap , Moen Phyllis
Published: November 2023

Both the family and workplace in the United States have been radically altered by events of the last four decades, and are still in flux. One of the most significant changes that directly bears on the occupational as well as family ‘careers’ of Americans is the large increase in the labour-force participation of women, especially married women, including mothers with young children. For instance, the labour-force participation rate of married women with children under age 6 increased rapidly in the United States in the latter half of the twentieth century, from 12 per cent in 1950 to 64 per cent in 1995 (US Bureau of the Census 1977: 392; 1996: 400). As of 1995, 70 per cent of US mothers with children under age 18 were in the labour force, and the corresponding figure was 61 per cent for mothers of children under age 3 (US Bureau of Labor Statistics 1996: 400).
Earnings as a Force of Attraction and Specialization in Sweden
Authors: Henz Ursula , Sundström Marianne
Published: November 2023

The growth in female labour-force participation in industrialized countries during the 1960s and 1970s gave rise to a large body of research about factors influencing female labour supply. A common finding of these studies was that the woman's own wage tended to increase her labour-market activity, while the income of the husband tended to reduce it, and that the former effect exceeded the latter (see e.g. Killingsworth and Heckman 1986 for a review).
Shakespeare’s fellow dramatists
Authors: Braunmuller A R
Published: November 2023

Public theatre buildings appeared in England in the late 1560s, and professional performances in those buildings continued until September 1642, when Parliament ‘ordained public stage plays shall cease’ because ‘public sports do not well agree with public calamities’.
The question of authorship
Authors: Kathman David
Published: November 2023

Just about everybody agrees that William Shakespeare was one of the greatest authors in the English language, if not the greatest of them all. But exactly what-or who-are we referring to when we talk about the author ‘Shakespeare’? This question is not as simple as it might seem.
Pindar Meets Plato: Theory, Language, Value, and the Classics
Authors: Silk Michael
Published: November 2023

The recently published third edition of the Oxford Classical Dictionary contains a long article on ‘Literary Theory and Classical Studies’ (pp. 873-5) by Don and Peta Fowler, which on more than one count might be seen as a representative discussion. What it represents I wish to elucidate, partly by way of agreement, but also, and substantially, by way of critique.
The Anachronical Structure of Herodotus’ Structure of Histones*
Authors: de Jong Irene
Published: November 2023

One of the most memorable scenes in the film The English Patient is when Almasy, having left behind his wounded lover Katherine in a cave in the desert, finally reaches a village and asks an English officer for a car so he can go back and save her. When the officer refuses, he desperately begs him to give him a car, any car: ‘just give me the fucking car.’ Not many viewers win realize that this scene in fact has been subtly prepared for in the first half of the film, during the first meeting between Almasy and Katherine. They are talking about literature, and Almasy claims that he does not need many adjectives: ‘A thing is still a thing no matter what you place in front of it. Big car, slow car, chauffeur-driven car-still a car.’ These words will acquire a dramatic significance through the events which follow. In view of the important role which Herodotus’ Histories plays in The English Patient, it seems appropriate to reverse the situation and use that story as a lead-in for a discussion of the Histories.
Latin Studies in Germany, 1933-1945: Institutional Conditions, Political Pressures, Scholarly Consequences
Authors: Schmidt Peter Lebrecht
Published: November 2023

I am grateful for the invitation to participate in this colloquium on Wissenscha.ftstheorie and Wissenscha. ftsgeschichte, because it allows me to continue a topic which began to interest me professionally some years ago in connection with a conference on classics in the Germany of the I 920s, and which I plan to treat more completely in a book on latin scholarship in Germany from about 1850 to about 1950, that is, from Ritschl to Buchner, my own Doktorvater. The colloquial format of our symposium allows me to speak more informally and to include, as is inevitable in the case of my topic, some personal memories. One last private remark on a note of gratitude: I came to Wissenschaftsgeschichte through W. M. Calder III, and although I disagree with him on a number of points, including some doubts over whether the complete publication of all preserved letters even of such a gigantic figure as Wilamowitz is rea1ly called for, I remember fondly the fall semester of 1977 and my stay at the Villa Mowitz at Boulder, Colorado.
Comparative Openings of Speeches
Authors: Fraenkel Eduard , Drevikovsky Tomas , Muecke Frances
Published: November 2023

The basis of the invention here is clearly the play on ludi (‘games’); similar ones occur several times in Plautus, for example, Mil. 991: iam est ante aedis circus ubi sunt ludi faciundi mihi (‘Now there is before the house a circus arena where I must put on my games’), in a fragment of Cornicula (fr. 1 Leo): quid cessamus ludos facere? circus noster eccum adest (‘Why do we delay putting on our games? Here is our circus arena ready at hand’) and elsewhere.1 In the lines from Casina the mention of the Nemean and Olympian games is made possible only by this purely Latin play on words, so we must conclude that the games could not have occurred in this passage of the Greek original.2 Fredershausen3 has correctly pointed out the lines4 as a classic piece of evidence that Plautus in some circumstances also adds Greek material of his own.
Expansion of Monologues
Authors: Fraenkel Eduard , Drevikovsky Tomas , Muecke Frances
Published: November 2023

As we have seen, Plautus had no qualms about stopping in the middle of dialogues to insert extended jokes which interfere with the coherence of the context, but there were other more convenient places for his expansions as well. By using scenes or parts of scenes in which no dialogue took place at all or had not yet begun, he did not need to cut the artfully woven threads of dialogue at one point and then tie them together, however hastily, at another; free of any constraints, he had space for his own elaborate embellishments. In fact it is in the monologues and monodies that we find the most extensive and independent Plautine additions. We shall now attempt to give an overview of them. Though it will be sufficient in some instances to make reference to passages already treated, I shall leave aside for the moment the actual monologues of characters alone on stage, and turn to the common ‘double monologues with a following dialogue’. Very frequently these scenes are so constructed that the character who has the main monologue does not notice the other who has been observing his entry from the beginning.
Implausibility in Conversations
Authors: Fraenkel Eduard , Drevikovsky Tomas , Muecke Frances
Published: November 2023

After our consideration of the monologues, we now turn to a brief discussion of the occasions when dialogues are interrupted by a third character not seen by the speakers. Often there is only one eavesdropper—in this case we find short interpolated monologues; but just as often the main conversation can be interrupted by interchanges between two eavesdroppers. This custom of commenting on a dialogue on the stage itself is firmly entrenched and is amongst the most important dramatic devices of New Comedy; it is not different from the same kinds of interruptions in a monologue.1 In both cases it is assumed that the audience is accustomed to a conventional means of expression, and a certain degree of willing collusion is required, as one must not be too fussy when the first speaker is forced to make a pause to allow the interrupting speaker to be heard, though he is unaware of his presence. The imagination can cope with this easily; even the modern spectator, if he is capable of immersing himself in a literary work, will not be disturbed in the least by the first scene of the fourth act of Othello, for example, where Othello, from his hiding place, interrupts the conversation of Iago and Cassio with his commentary. The extent to which the imagination is able to bear the demands without difficulty varies according to whether it is a dialogue or a monologue which is being interrupted. Thinking aloud, by its very nature, can stop and begin again at any time; but when two people are in a real conversation, this is not the case. [213] Therefore those poets who liked to use this kind of interruption as a stock form had enough tact to restrict themselves to throwing in a brief utterance of one or two lines; a rejoinder of equal length was added in the case of an interruption which took the form of a dialogue. They always retained the character of explosive, emotionally driven interjections or rapid comments; they avoided rambling effusions at these points. This we observe throughout Menander and Terence, and usually also in Plautus; we may claim that this limitation is a general feature of New Comedy technique. Occasionally, however, Plautus ignores the need for plausibility and gives free rein to his wit in these interjections, too. As a rule it is not just the length of the interruption which reveals that the wording of the original has been expanded in these places. In Capt. 266 V. Tyndarus is
Love in a Postmodern Age: Contemporary Romance in France
Authors: Holmes Diana
Published: November 2023

Where second-wave feminism came to terms with romance, it was to assert female desire and the right to love freely against the traditional narrative of love which meant compulsory heterosexuality, acceptance of male authority, and a domestic and maternal role. In its contestation of what had been the structuring principles of social life, feminism was part of a broader wave of rebellious thinking— thinking that was authentically liberating, but that achieved some of its goals because it also converged with major material and economic developments in the late twentieth century. The emphasis on individual freedom rather than obedience to family, and on the right to one’s desires, both follow the liberatory logic of May 1968 and befit a sophisticated consumer society requiring a mobile, adaptable workforce and a public convinced of its right to consume (‘because you’re worth it’, as L’Oréal’s advertising slogan assured us).
France since 1800
Authors: Parry D L L , Girard Pierre
Published: November 2023

In this concise history of France since 1815, David Parry and Pierre Girard examine distinctive features of contemporary France, tracing their origins, and investigating their continuities and transformations. Each chapter focuses on a particular chronological period: beginning by setting the scene in terms of political events, the narrative then broadens out to consider the wider issues of society, economics, religion, the arts, gender relations, and France's relationship with Europe and with the rest of the world. This clearly written, accessible text will appeal to undergraduates studying French history, politics, and culture, as well as the general reader.
Charles X to Marshal MacMahon:1824–1877
Authors: Parry D L L , Girard Pierre
Published: November 2023

Every French head of state from 1824 to 1877—king, emperor, or president—was either overthrown by revolution or forced out of oﬃce. Was France trapped in a cycle of monarchy, republic, and empire, or did it advance stumblingly towards stability, ﬁnally achieved by the Third Republic? Two sets of revolutionary tensions were in play: a political conﬂict between governments and parliamentary assemblies, and a social conﬂict between the haves and havenots. François Furet has called the Third Republic the ‘harbour ‘ reached by France after a century of revolutionary turmoil, establishing the victory of parliament and universal male suﬀrage. A course can be charted towards this port from 1830, when Charles X fell for refusing to accept the verdict of elections, through February 1848, when the July Monarchy of Louis-Philippe fell for refusing to extend the franchise, to 1877, when President MacMahon repeated Charles ‘s action by calling elections to dispose of a chamber he did not like. However, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon ‘s nephew) demonstrated that this parliamentary victory was not inevitable when he revived Bonapartism as both a political and a dynastic formula. His coup d ‘état of December 1851 ﬁnished the Second Republic and replaced it with an empire underpinned by elections; though he tacked back towards parliamentarianism in the 1860s, defeat in the Franco-Prussian war ﬁnished his experiment before it had been tested. Throughout the century, there were also eruptions of social revolution, which made the political revolutions of 1830 and 1848 possible, and which turned into civil war in June 1848 and in the Paris Commune of 1871.
Private and Public: The Ur-Utu Archive at Sippar-Amnaānum (Tell ed-Dēr)
Authors: Lerberghe Karel Van
Published: November 2023

In 1974 and 1975 the Belgian Archaeological Mission to Iraq headed by L. de Meyer discovered over 2,000 tablets in a ‘private house’ at Tell ed-De»r, the ancient Sippar-Amnānum. It soon became clear that the central person of this archive was a man by the name of Ur-Utu, chief lamentation priest (kalamā hum) of the goddess Annun»§tum. Ur-Utu held his office from yea”r 5 to year 18 of the reign of Ammi-s.aduqa (1647–1625 bc) (Tanret 2001). Archaeological evidence shows that the house in which the tablets were stored burnt down. Previously this fact has been interpreted by the archaeologists and epigraphists who have studied the archive (including myself) as proof that the storage of tablets was still going on at the time of the fire and that the Ur-Utu archive should therefore be considered an ‘active’ archive.