bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats With Rosiglitazone and/or Enalapril Restores Balance Between Vasodilator and Vasoconstrictor Actions of Insulin With Simultaneous Improvement in Hypertension and Insulin Resistance
Authors: Potenza Maria A. , Marasciulo Flora L. , Tarquinio Mariela , Quon Michael J. , Montagnani Monica
Published: November 2006

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) exhibit endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance. Reciprocal relationships between endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance may contribute to hypertension by causing imbalanced regulation of endothelial-derived vasodilators (e.g., nitric oxide) and vasoconstrictors (e.g., endothelin-1 [ET-1]). Treatment of SHRs with rosiglitazone (insulin sensitizer) and/or enalapril (ACE inhibitor) may simultaneously improve hypertension, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction by rebalancing insulin-stimulated production of vasoactive mediators. When compared with WKY control rats, 12-week-old vehicle-treated SHRs were hypertensive, overweight, and insulin resistant, with elevated fasting levels of insulin and ET-1 and reduced serum adiponectin levels. In mesenteric vascular beds (MVBs) isolated from vehicle-treated SHRs and preconstricted with norepinephrine (NE) ex vivo, vasodilator responses to insulin were significantly impaired, whereas the ability of insulin to oppose vasoconstrictor actions of NE was absent (versus WKY controls). Three-week treatment of SHRs with rosiglitazone and/or enalapril significantly reduced blood pressure, insulin resistance, fasting insulin, and ET-1 levels and increased adiponectin levels to values comparable with those observed in vehicle-treated WKY controls. By restoring phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase–dependent effects, rosiglitazone and/or enalapril therapy of SHRs also significantly improved vasodilator responses to insulin in MVB preconstricted with NE ex vivo. Taken together, our data provide strong support for the existence of reciprocal relationships between endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance that may be relevant for developing novel therapeutic strategies for the metabolic syndrome.
Inhalation of Human Insulin (Exubera) Augments the Efficiency of Muscle Glucose Uptake In Vivo
Authors: Edgerton Dale S. , Cherrington Alan D. , Williams Phillip , Neal Doss W. , Scott Melanie , Bowen Larry , Wilson Warren , Hobbs Charles H. , Leach Chet , Kuo Mei-chang , Strack Thomas R.
Published: November 2006

This study assessed the site of increased glucose uptake resulting from insulin inhalation, quantified its effect under steady-state glucose concentrations, and identified the time to onset of effect. Human insulin was administered to 13 beagles via inhalation (Exubera [insulin human (rDNA origin)] Inhalation Powder; n = 7) or infusion into the inferior vena cava (Humulin R; n = 6) using an algorithm to match plasma insulin levels and kinetics for both groups. Somatostatin and glucagon were infused. Glucose was delivered into the portal vein (4 mg · kg−1 · min−1) and a peripheral vein, as needed, to maintain arterial plasma glucose levels at 180 mg/dl. Hepatic exposure to insulin and glucose and liver glucose uptake were similar in both groups. Despite comparable arterial insulin and glucose levels, hind-limb glucose uptake increased 2.4-fold after inhalation compared with infusion due to increased muscle glucose uptake. Glucose infusion rate, nonhepatic glucose uptake, and tracer-determined glucose disposal were about twice as great compared with intravenous insulin. The effect appeared after 1 h, persisting at least as long as arterial insulin levels remained above basal. Pulmonary administration of insulin increases nonhepatic glucose uptake compared with infusion, and skeletal muscle is the likely site of that effect.
Separately Inherited Defects in Insulin Exocytosis and β-Cell Glucose Metabolism Contribute to Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Granhall Charlotte , Rosengren Anders H. , Renström Erik , Luthman Holger
Published: November 2006

The effects of genetic variation on molecular functions predisposing to type 2 diabetes are still largely unknown. Here, in a specifically designed diabetes model, we couple separate gene loci to mechanisms of β-cell pathology. Niddm1i is a major glucose-controlling 16-Mb region in the diabetic GK rat that causes defective insulin secretion and corresponds to loci in humans and mice associated with type 2 diabetes. Generation of a series of congenic rat strains harboring different parts of GK-derived Niddm1i enabled fine mapping of this locus. Congenic strains carrying the GK genotype distally in Niddm1i displayed reduced insulin secretion in response to both glucose and high potassium, as well as decreased single-cell exocytosis. By contrast, a strain carrying the GK genotype proximally in Niddm1i exhibited both intact insulin release in response to high potassium and intact single-cell exocytosis, but insulin secretion was suppressed when stimulated by glucose. Islets from this strain also failed to respond to glucose by increasing the cellular ATP-to-ADP ratio. Changes in β-cell mass did not contribute to the secretory defects. We conclude that the failure of insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes includes distinct functional defects in glucose metabolism and insulin exocytosis of the β-cell and that their genetic fundaments are encoded by different loci within Niddm1i.
Irbesartan Treatment Reduces Biomarkers of Inflammatory Activity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria
Authors: Persson Frederik , Rossing Peter , Hovind Peter , Stehouwer Coen D.A. , Schalkwijk Casper , Tarnow Lise , Parving Hans-Henrik
Published: November 2006

The impact of irbesartan treatment on biomarkers of low-grade inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, growth factors, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) during the Irbesartan in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria (IRMA 2) study was evaluated. IRMA 2 was a 2-year multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial in patients comparing irbesartan (150 or 300 mg once daily) versus placebo. The primary end point was onset of overt nephropathy. A subgroup (n = 269, 68%) was analyzed for biomarkers at baseline and after 1 and 2 years. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, fibrinogen, adhesion molecules, transforming growth factor-β, and AGE peptides were assessed. Irbesartan treatment yielded significant changes in hs-CRP (based on generalized estimating equation regression coefficient) with a 5.4% decrease per year versus a 10% increase per year in the placebo group (P < 0.001). Fibrinogen decreased 0.059 g/l per year from baseline versus placebo’s 0.059 g/l increase per year (P = 0.027). IL-6 showed a 1.8% increase per year compared with placebo’s 6.5% increase per year (P = 0.005). Changes in IL-6 were associated with changes in albumin excretion (P = 0.04). There was no treatment effect on the other biomarkers. Irbesartan (300 mg once daily) reduces low-grade inflammation in this high-risk population, and this may reduce the risk of micro- and macrovascular disease.
Genetic Ablation of the c-Cbl Ubiquitin Ligase Domain Results in Increased Energy Expenditure and Improved Insulin Action
Authors: Molero Juan C. , Turner Nigel , Thien Christine B.F. , Langdon Wallace Y. , James David E. , Cooney Gregory J.
Published: November 2006

Casitas b-lineage lymphoma (c-Cbl) is a multiadaptor protein with E3-ubiquitin ligase activity residing within its RING finger domain. We have previously reported that c-Cbl–deficient mice exhibit elevated energy expenditure, reduced adiposity, and improved insulin action. In this study, we examined mice expressing c-Cbl protein with a loss-of-function mutation within the RING finger domain (c-CblA/− mice). Compared with control animals, c-CblA/− mice display a phenotype that includes reduced adiposity, despite greater food intake; reduced circulating insulin, leptin, and triglyceride levels; and improved glucose tolerance. c-CblA/− mice also display elevated oxygen consumption (13%) and are protected against high-fat diet–induced obesity and insulin resistance. Unlike c-CblA/− mice, mice expressing a mutant c-Cbl with the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase binding domain ablated (c-CblF/F mice) exhibited an insulin sensitivity, body composition, and energy expenditure similar to that of wild-type animals. These results indicate that c-Cbl ubiquitin ligase activity, but not c-Cbl–dependent activation of PI 3-kinase, plays a key role in the regulation of whole-body energy metabolism.
Protective effects of vitamin E against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rabbits
Authors: Pawłowska-Góral K. , Wardas M. , Wardas P. , Rzepecka-Stojko A.
Published: November 2006

The influence of CCl4 on the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), the value of the total antioxidant status (TAS), and the concentration of malonic dialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) was monitored in plasma or whole blood of rabbits. The administration of CCl4 caused the increase of the SOD activity to approximately 150 % and the decrease in the activity of GPx and GR by about 50 %. These changes were accompanied with the increase in TAS value and MDA concentration and the decrease of GSH concentration. The effect of CCl4 was suppressed by the previous 7 days lasting or simultaneous administration of vitamin E. Oxidative stress caused by CCl4 was accompanied by the development of reactive oxygen forms, especially superoxide radical anion.
Effect of microwave irradiation on the reactivity of chloroarenes in Suzuki—Miyaura reaction
Authors: Poláčková V. , Toma Š.
Published: November 2006

Simple catalytic systems for the Suzuki—Miyaura reaction of aryl chlorides under microwave conditions were tested. Microwave irradiation facilitated the reaction course. The catalyst, base, and solvent effect were studied and two reaction systems offered reasonable to high yields within a short time.
Kinetics of extraction of coal-tar pitch components with supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Marković S. , Marković Z. , McCrindle R. , Simonović B.
Published: November 2006

The extraction of a coal-tar pitch with supercritical carbon dioxide was performed under optimal pressure, flow rate, and three different constant temperatures. The extraction kinetics was examined for each temperature and it was surprisingly found that the extraction rate of most components was governed by the first-order kinetics. It was assumed that this deviation from typical models of supercritical fluid extraction kinetics was caused by high pitch concentrations and low solubilities of the components.
Mechanism of photocatalytic oxidation of gaseous ethanol
Authors: Shao C. , Pan D. , Zhang R. , Hou H.
Published: November 2006

A photocatalytic film reactor with a titanium dioxide film was used for oxidation of gaseous ethanol at 253.7 nm. The influences of partial pressures of oxygen and water vapour in different carrier gases were studied. The rate of photocatalytic oxidation of ethanol was significantly affected by the content of oxygen but water vapour had no effect. It was suggested that the photocatalytic transformation of ethanol follows a direct oxidation mechanism where the interaction of ethanol with positive hole gives first cationic free radical of ethanol, which is converted by multipathway reactions with oxygen to acetaldehyde, ethyl formate, and ethyl acetate.
Consequences of Integration Heterogeneity in Mergers and Acquisitions
Authors: Iborra María , Dolz Consuelo
Published: November 2006

In this paper, we analyze the heterogeneity of acquisition integration processes. Starting with the integration types laid down by Haspeslagh and Jemison (1991), we describe integration processes in terms of their integration level and their integration style. We analyze the postacquisition consequences of integration choice in terms of organizational management analysis, employee turnover, and communication and socialization problems. In a sample of 74 Spanish acquisitions, we demonstrate that management choices about integration level and integration style explain the more relevant consequences of the integration process. They have different consequences in terms of organizational management analysis, employee retention, and communication and socialization.
A Tandem, Nitroalkene Conjugate Addition/[3+2] Cycloaddition Approach to the Synthesis of the Pentacyclic Core of (±)‐Scandine
Authors: Denmark Scott E. , Cottell Jeromy J.
Published: November 2006

The complete pentacyclic core of the melodinus alkaloid scandine has been synthesized. The synthetic strategy features two key steps: (1) a tandem nitroalkene conjugate addition/[3+2] cycloaddition of the resulting silyl nitronate and (2) an intramolecular Heck reaction of an aryl iodide with a γ‐disubstituted allylic alcohol which set a highly congested, quaternary stereogenic center with the concomitant formation of an aldehyde. Intramolecular reductive amination with this aldehyde completed the pentacyclic core.
Asymmetric Catalysis in the [2+2+2] Cycloaddition of Arynes and Alkynes: Enantioselective Synthesis of a Pentahelicene
Authors: Caeiro Jorge , Peña Diego , Cobas Agustín , Pérez Dolores , Guitián Enrique
Published: November 2006

The use of BINAP‐based palladium(0) catalysts in the reaction of 7‐methoxy‐1,2‐didehydronaphthalene (2) and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) affords non‐racemic 9,12‐dimethoxypentahelicene 1 with reasonable ees, among other cycloaddition products. This is the first example of an enantioselective, metal‐catalyzed cycloaddition involving arynes.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular [3C+2C] Cycloaddition of Alkylidenecyclopropanes to Allenes
Authors: Trillo Beatriz , Gulías Moisés , López Fernando , Castedo Luis , Mascareñas José L.
Published: November 2006

Allenes are useful and versatile two‐carbon partners in palladium catalyzed [3C+2C] intramolecular cycloadditions with alkylidenecyclopropanes enabling the preparation of dienyl bicyclo[3.3.0]octane adducts with good yields and high diastereoseletivity.
Stereoselectivity in Metal Carbene Addition to a Carbon‐Carbon Triple Bond Tied to the Reactant Diazoacetate Through a Chiral Linker
Authors: Doyle Michael P. , Weathers Thomas M. , Wang Yuanhua
Published: November 2006

The trajectory of a carbon‐carbon triple bond onto a metal carbene for cyclopropene formation is opposite to that of a carbon‐carbon double bond in the same system. Diazoacetates prepared from the butane‐2,3‐diacetals (BDA) of (L)‐ and (D)‐threitol were employed to examine diastereoselectivity in cyclopropenation. The absolute configuration of the predominant isomer was opposite in intramolecular metal carbene additions to propargyl and allyl substituents. Diastereoselectivities in the dirhodium(II) carboxamidate‐catalyzed diazo decomposition reactions are as high as 99:1 with match/mismatch selectivites for substrate and catalyst, dependent on catalyst configuration, and are favored in the order: Rh2(MEPY)4>Rh2(MEOX)4>Rh2(MEAZ)4> Rh2(MPPIM)4. The reactions catalyzed by the Cu(CH3CN)4PF6/PhBox system produce the same set of diastereoisomers in a complimentary match/mismatch selectivity that also reaches 99:1.
Conceptual, Qualitative, and Quantitative Theories of 1,3‐Dipolar and Diels–Alder Cycloadditions Used in Synthesis
Authors: Ess Daniel H. , Jones Gavin O. , Houk K. N.
Published: November 2006

The application and performance of conceptual and qualitative theories and quantitative quantum mechanical methods to the study of mechanism, reactivity, and selectivity of 1,3‐dipolar and Diels–Alder cycloadditions are reviewed. This review emphasizes the application of conceptual density functional theory (DFT) for predicting reactivity and regioselectivity, and highly accurate quantum mechanical methods for predicting barrier heights and reaction energetics. Applications of computations to solvation effects, metal and organocatalysis, are also described.
Convergent Synthesis of Azabicycloalkenones using Squaric Acid as Platform
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshihiko , Kuwabara Shoji , Hayashi Hiroki , Nishiyama Hisao
Published: November 2006

The synthesis of azabicycloalkenones bearing a vinylogous amide moiety was achieved by means of the rhodium‐catalyzed decarbonylative cycloaddition of cyclobutenediones with a pendant alkene. The starting cyclobutenediones were efficiently prepared from appropriate squaric acid monoesters and N‐benzylalkenylamines under microwave heating conditions.
T‐cell receptor gamma and delta gene rearrangements and junctional region characteristics in south Indian patients with T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Sudhakar Natarajan , Nancy Nirmala Karunakaran , Rajalekshmy Kamalalayam Raghavan , Ramanan Ganapathi , Rajkumar Thangarajan
Published: November 2006

Clonal T‐cell receptor (TCR) gamma and delta gene rearrangements were studied in 40 T‐ALL cases (pediatrics, 29; adults, 11) using PCR with homo‐heteroduplex analysis. At least one clonal TCRG or TCRD rearrangement was detected in 34 (85%) cases. TCR gamma (TCRG) rearrangement was detected in 25 (62.5%) cases that included 16 (55%) pediatrics and 9 (81.8%) adults. TCR delta (TCRD) rearrangement was detected in 14/40 (35%) cases, which included 12 (41%) pediatrics and 2 (18%) adults. The frequency of VγI‐Jγ1.3/2.3 was significantly more in adults than pediatrics (81.8% vs. 41.3%, P = 0.02). In TCRD, Vδ1‐Jδ1 was rearranged in 10 (25%) cases. The surface membrane CD3 positive cases are significantly associated with absence of TCRD rearrangements (surface membrane CD3+ TCRδ− 84% vs. surface membrane CD3− TCRδ− 48%, P value = 0.03). Junctional region sequence analyzed with 10 cases each, of TCRG and TCRD, revealed an average junctional region of 7.4 nucleotides (range 2–18 nucleotides) in TCRG and 27 nucleotides (range 14–42 nucleotides) in TCRD‐complete rearrangements. In TCRG, trimming at the ends of Vγ and Jγ germline nucleotides resulted in deletion, on an average of 9.2 nucleotides. In TCRD, deletion of nucleotides of the Vδ and Jδ gene segments on an average was 3.5 nucleotides. The junctional region of TCRD is more diverse than TCRG; nevertheless, the frequency of TCRG was more than that of TCRD and hence we rely more on TCRG clonal markers to quantitate the minimal residual disease in T‐ALL. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pathological splenic rupture: A rare complication of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia
Authors: Goddard Shannon Lynn , Chesney Alden E. , Reis Marciano D. , Ghorab Zeina , Brzozowski Mike , Wright Frances C. , Wells Richard A.
Published: November 2006

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is an uncommon disorder characterized by monocytosis of the peripheral blood, absence of the Philadelphia chromosome, fewer than 20% blasts, and one or more lineages showing dysplastic features. Splenomegaly is frequently seen and may be massive. A 56‐year‐old man with stable CMML and moderate splenomegaly presented to the emergency department with generalized abdominal pain and abrupt drop in hemoglobin. Abdominal imaging revealed splenic rupture and emergency splenectomy was undertaken, with complete recovery. Atraumatic rupture of the spleen has rarely been reported as a complication of CMML or other myelodysplastic disorders. This report should alert physicians to consider this diagnosis in patients with CMML and acute abdominal pain. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cover Picture: Total Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of ZK‐EPO: The First Fully Synthetic Epothilone in Clinical Development (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47/2006)
Authors: Klar Ulrich , Buchmann Bernd , Schwede Wolfgang , Skuballa Werner , Hoffmann Jens , Lichtner Rosemarie B.
Published: November 2006

Nature is a brilliant architect for the design of compounds with interesting biological functions. Epothilone B (top), a metabolite of myxobacteria (fruiting body in background), served as the lead structure for the development of an anticancer drug candidate. Optimization efforts led to ZK‐EPO (bottom) as a candidate for clinical development. ZK‐EPO has an improved therapeutic window and is not recognized by multidrug‐resistance efflux pumps. Its total synthesis starting from simple compounds (blue) is described by U. Klar et al. on page 7942 ff.
A new investigation with the salting‐out effect on emulsifier‐free emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate
Authors: Can Seda , Tanrisever Taner
Published: November 2006

The effects of the various salts onto the emulsifier‐free emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) were investigated. It was found that the kind and amount of the salts were very effective on the polymerization even onto the polymeric products. It is known that the ionic strength of the electrolyte is effective for the polymerization. However, our investigation with the same ionic strength of different electrolyte produced the different effect on the polymerization. It was found that the Stokes radiuses of ions are very important for the reaction kinetics and type of the product. At the same electrolyte concentration, as increased Stokes radii of cation of salts that not react (the fragments of initiator, ions, etc.) in polymerization, polymerization rate and average molecular weight of polymer decreased, polymer particle diameter increased. In the case of Br− and SO4= the anions of the salt are also demonstrated some unexpected reactions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2494–2500, 2007
Blending of NR/BR/EPDM by reactive processing for tire sidewall applications. III. Assessment of the blend ozone‐ and fatigue‐resistance in comparison with a conventional NR/BR compound
Authors: Sahakaro Kannika , Datta Rabin N. , Baaij Johan , Noordermeer Jacques W. M.
Published: November 2006

The NR/BR blend compound formulations for tire sidewall applications contain a set of stabilizers added to prevent degradation mainly due to oxygen, ozone, and heat. 6PPD is the most effective and widely used antiozonant in tire compounds, but is a highly staining material causing a surface discoloration of the tire sidewall. Incorporation of 30 phr EPDM into blends of NR/BR improves the ozone resistance to the required level, without the need of 6PPD. The first two parts of this series have described a reactive processing technique applied to enhance the covulcanization and blend homogeneity, together with their characterization. In the present article, the properties of the NR/BR/EPDM blends prepared by both reactive and straight mixing are tested in comparison with those of equivalent conventional NR/BR compounds. The reactive NR/BR/EPDM blend vulcanizates show excellent tensile strength, elongation at break, tear strength, fatigue‐to‐failure, and ozone resistance in both static and dynamic conditions. The properties are equivalent or even superior to those of the conventional NR/BR tire sidewall compounds. The simple straight mixed NR/BR/EPDM blend vulcanizates distinctively possess inferior mechanical properties compared to those of the reactive mix. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2555–2563, 2007
Preparation, crystallization, and spinnability of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/silica nanocomposites
Authors: Zheng Hao , Wu Jialin
Published: November 2006

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/silica nanocomposites were successfully prepared by in situ polymerization. Silica nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed in the process of polymerization. By means of hot‐stage polarization microscope and DSC, the influence of nanosilica on the crystallization of PET/silica nanocomposites has been clarified. The results show that nanosilica does not behave as a nucleating agent in PET but postpones the appearance of crystallite. This phenomenon is very favor to improve spinnability. The investigation on melt spinning of PET/silica nanocomposites also shows that it is advantageous to spinning with descending the spinning temperature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2564–2568, 2007
Intercalation of conducting poly(N‐propane sulfonic acid aniline) in V2O5 xerogel
Authors: Zhao Jing , Wang Gengchao , Li Xingwei , Li Chunzhong
Published: November 2006

Poly(N‐propane sulfonic acid aniline) (PSPAN) can be formed between the lamellas of V2O5 xerogel by in situ oxidative polymerization/intercalation of N‐propane sulfonic acid aniline in the presence of air (V2O5 being the oxidation agent). The PSPAN/V2O5 nanocomposites were characterized by XRD, TEM, TGA, FTIR, UV–vis‐NIR, and conductivity measurement. The results show that the V2O5 maintains lamellar structure, but its interlayer spacing has increased from 1.18 to 1.31 nm. The FTIR spectra indicate that there is interaction between negatively charged oxygen of the sulfonic group of PASPN and the vanadium ion in V2O5 matrix. The electrical conductivity of PSPAN/V2O5 nanocomposite reached the value of 1.2 × 10−2 S/cm, which is 104 times higher than that of the V2O5 xerogel, and is 102 times more than that of the PSPAN. It was found that the aging in air facilitated the chain growth of PSPAN between the V2O5 lamellas, resulting in the increase of the electrical conductivity. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2569–2574, 2007
Synthesis and characterization of cage octa(aminopropylsilsesquioxane)
Authors: Zhang Zengping , Liang Guozheng , Lu Tingli
Published: November 2006

The compound of cage octa(aminopropylsilsesquioxane) (POSS‐NH2) was prepared in higher yield by the hydrolysis and polycondensation of trifunctional monomer H2NCH2CH2CH2Si(OC2H5)3 in the mixture of solvents acetonitrile and 1‐propanol, with tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide (Et4NOH) as the catalyst. The effects of various parameters influencing the reaction, such as monomer concentration, nature of solvents, and the content of catalyst, were investigated. Results showed that the better values of these reactive factors were nH2O/nXSiY3 = 8–9/1 (molar ratio), nEt4NOH/nXSiY3 = 0.0045 (molar ratio), respectively. The use of acetonitrile as a solvent favors the deposition and formation of the product. The existence of the higher boiling pointing 1‐propanol favors the higher reaction temperature, which accelerates the formation of octamer, reduces the reaction time and eventually increases the yield. The cage structure and its formula (H2NCH2CH2CH2)8Si8O12 of the synthetic compound were characterized by FTIR, MS, 1H, and 29Si NMR. TG curve of POSS‐NH2 shows that the cage‐like compound has high decomposition temperature and higher thermal residue than the theoretical values during the thermal processing. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2608–2614, 2007
Equalizing effect of β‐cyclodextrin on dyeing of polyamide 6,6 woven fabrics with acid dyes
Authors: Kumbasar E. Perrin Akçakoca , Atav Riza , Yurdakul Abbas
Published: November 2006

Cyclodextrins (CD) are produced from starch by the action of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) enzyme. Structurally, cyclodextrins consist of 6, 7, or 8 (α, β, and γ cyclodextrins, respectively) D‐glucopyranosyl units connected by α‐(1,4) glycosidic linkages. Having polar and hydrophilic outer sides and hydrophobic cavitation gives cyclodextrins a chance to form inclusion complexes with dyes in hydrophilic mediums. In this research, the equalizing effect of β‐cyclodextrins in dyeing of polyamide 6,6 woven fabrics with 6 different acid dyes were investigated. From the experimental results, it was determined that the β‐cyclodextrin shows a retarding and equalizing effect in dyeings carried out with the dyes that show interaction with β‐CD. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2660–2668, 2007
Kinetic analysis of thermal degradation of NR/EPDM blends: Effect of the reactive compatibilization
Authors: da Silva Sirqueira Alex , Guenther Soares Bluma
Published: November 2006

The effect of mercapto‐modified EPDM (EPDMSH) and thioacetate‐modified EPDM (EPDMTA) on the thermal degradation of NR/EPDM (70 : 30 wt %) blends has been investigated under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. The anaerobic condition consisted of compression‐molding the samples at different times, higher than the optimum curing time established by the oscillatory disk rheometer. The aerobic conditions consisted of ageing the samples in an air circulating oven. EPDMTA in the blend resulted in a reasonable retention of mechanical properties of sample ageing in an air‐circulation oven, and a slight increase of crosslink density after ageing under anaerobic conditions. EPDMSH resulted in an accentuated ageing degradation under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. The kinetic parameters of thermal degradation were evaluated from non isothermal TGA experiments taken at different heating rates. The presence of functionalized copolymers in a proportion as low as 2.5 wt % in the blends resulted in a substantial increase of the activation energy, indicating an increase of the resistance against thermal degradation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2669–2675, 2007
Amphiphilic triblock copolymer based on poly(p‐dioxanone) and poly(ethylene glycol): Synthesis, characterization, and aqueous dispersion
Authors: Remant Bahadur K. C. , Aryal Santosh , Raj Bhattarai Shanta , Seob Khil Myung , Kim Hak Yong
Published: November 2006

Amphiphilic triblock copolymers composed of poly(p‐dioxanone) (PPDO) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) were synthesized by ring opening polymerization of PDO initiated through dihydroxyl‐terminated PEG in the presence of stannous 2‐ethylhexanoate [Sn(oct)2] as a catalyst. Polymeric nanoparticles were prepared in an aqueous medium (triple distilled water and phosphate buffer pH 7.4) by cosolvent evaporation technique at room temperature (25°C). Stability of nanoparticles was significantly enough in triple distilled water when compared with the phosphate buffer. Core‐shell geometry of polymeric nanoparticles was characterized by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy and further confirmed by spectrophotometric analysis using pyrene as a probe. Variation in physicochemical characteristics of polymeric nanoparticles with the fraction of PPDO was investigated through the analysis of microscopic, spectroscopic, and light scattering techniques. Critical micelle concentration of polymer in triple distilled water decreased from 2.3 × 10−3 to 4.7 × 10−3. Atomic force microscopic observation revealed that polymeric nanoparticles were spherical and uniform with smooth textured of around 50–68 nm diameter. Dynamic light scattering and electrophoretic light scattering measurements showed a mono‐disperse size distribution of around 113–171 nm hydrodynamic diameters and negative zeta (ζ)‐potential (−4.00 to −5.87 mV), respectively. The investigation showed a significant effect of polymeric composition on the physicochemical characteristic of polymeric nanoparticles. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2695–2702, 2007
Drawing of self‐reinforced cellulose films
Authors: Gindl Wolfgang , Keckes Jozef
Published: November 2006

Self‐reinforced cellulose films were prepared by incomplete dissolution of commercial microcrystalline cellulose in LiCl/DMAc solvent and subsequent coagulation of regenerated cellulose in the presence of undissolved microcrystalline cellulose. By drawing in wet conditions and subsequent drying, preferred orientation was introduced into the self‐reinforced cellulose films, resulting in significantly improved tensile strength of up to 430 MPa and modulus of elasticity of up to 33 GPa. A linear relationship was observed between applied draw, and the orientation of cellulose in the films, and the measured elastic modulus and tensile strength, respectively. The optically transparent drawn films significantly surpass the strength and modulus of elasticity of current all‐bio‐based planar materials and may therefore present a bio‐degradable alternative to nonbio‐based materials with similar performance. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2703–2708, 2007
Microstructure determination and thermal studies ofn‐acryloylcarbazole/vinyl acetate copolymers
Authors: Singh Brar Ajaib , Singh Pravin Kumar
Published: November 2006

Copolymers ofN‐acryloylcarbazole (A) and vinyl acetate (V) were synthesized by bulk polymerization using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as free‐radical initiator at 65°C in different in‐feed ratios. The composition of the copolymer was determined by1H‐NMR spectrum. The comonomer reactivity ratios, determined by Kelen–Tudos (KT) and nonlinear error‐in‐variables (EVM) methods, wererA= 16.75 ± 1.38,rV= 0.015 ± 0.002, andrA= 16.36,rV= 0.015, respectively. Complete spectral assignments of the1H and13C{1H} NMR spectra of the copolymers were done by the help of distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) and two‐dimensional NMR techniques such as heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) and total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY). The methine and methylene carbon resonances were found to be compositional as well as configurational sensitive. The signals obtained were broad pertaining to the restricted rotation of bulky carbazole group. The thermal stability and glass‐transition temperatures (Tg) of the copolymers were found to be dependant on polymer composition and characteristic of rotational rigidity of the polymer chain. Variation in the values ofTgwith the copolymer composition was found to be in good agreement with theoretical values obtained from Johnston and Barton equations. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2720–2733, 2007
An object relations approach to studying prejudice with specific reference to anti‐semitism: the long‐term use of a lethal apocalyptic projection
Authors: Friedman Clyde
Published: November 2006

Prejudice seems to be part of the human condition. The specific prejudice of anti‐Semitism has affected Jews for at least 2300 years with, at times, horrendous consequences. What psychodynamics are operating in prejudice in general, and in the specific prejudice of antisemitism? What has caused such a small group to be targeted by such long‐standing enmity? Will prejudice or antisemitism ever end or do groups need scapegoats and do the Jewish people fit the scapegoat profile? This article reviews some of the psychodynamics as described by Freud, Klein, Fairbairn, Bion, and others that make people susceptible to fear and prejudice, and to the particular prejudice of antisemitism. Mention will be made of some of the historical, religious, and sociological dynamics that contribute to antisemitism. With reference to Object Relations theory and the Apocalyptic‐Messianic myth present in monotheistic religions, an explanation is suggested as to how prejudice and antisemitism become lethal on an individual and large‐group scale. Hitler is referred to as a specific illustration of this phenomenon. Some case examples from the writer's clinical practice are also utilized to further illustrate the psychodynamics presented. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ego‐ideal, conflict, and the primacy of the self: women and the cultural restrictions of love object choice
Authors: Turken Hanna
Published: November 2006

The case studies of three young women are used to illustrate how strict prohibitions to marry outside their ethnic background led to its opposite: a fixation to love only men from outside their ethnic background. The conflict between parental expectations and their ego‐ideal – their self‐defined developmental goals – and their sense of entrapment manifested itself as depression and feelings of inadequacy due to narcissistic loss. Through the process of psychoanalytic psychotherapy the cultural love and hate issues that were interfering with the individual's self‐integratory function and the primacy of the self were resolved in all three women, promoting the desired personality consolidation. Their interests are no longer focused on escaping what they perceived as constricting ethnic home; nor are they restricted to finding a man from outside their ethnic background, but rather in finding psychological stability with men who can meet their emotional and intellectual needs. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interleukin‐10 promoter polymorphisms in giant cell arteritis
Authors: Boiardi Luigi , Casali Bruno , Farnetti Enrico , Pipitone Nicolò , Nicoli Davide , Macchioni Pierluigi , Cimino Luca , Bajocchi Gianluigi , Grazia Catanoso Maria , Pattacini Laura , Salvarani Carlo
Published: November 2006

Objective

To investigate potential associations between interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) promoter polymorphisms and susceptibility to, and clinical features of, giant cell arteritis (GCA).

Methods

A total of 140 patients with biopsy‐proven GCA who were residents of Reggio Emilia, Italy, and 200 population‐based controls from the same geographic area were genotyped for promoter polymorphisms of the IL‐10 gene, by molecular methods. The patients were subgrouped according to the presence or absence of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and ischemic complications (any or all of the following: vision loss, jaw claudication, cerebrovascular accidents, or aortic arch syndrome).

Results

The distribution of the C/A 592 genotype differed significantly between the GCA patients and the controls (Pcorr = 0.003). Carriers of the A592 allele (A/A or C/A) were significantly more frequent among the GCA patients than among the controls (Pcorr = 0.004, odds ratio [OR] 2.0 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.3–3.1]). Homozygosity for the A592 allele was significantly more frequent among the GCA patients than among the controls (Pcorr = 0.002, OR 3.4 [95% CI 1.6–7.2]). The distribution of the A/G 1082 genotype was similar in GCA patients and controls. In the haplotype analysis, the frequency of the ATA haplotype was significantly higher in GCA patients than in the controls (P = 0.0001), whereas the frequencies of the ACC and GTA haplotypes were significantly lower (P = 0.0001 for both comparisons). No significant associations were found for comparisons of GCA patients with and those without PMR or GCA patients with and those without ischemic complications.

Conclusion

Our findings show that the −592 C/A promoter polymorphism of the IL‐10 gene is associated with susceptibility to GCA.
The −169C/T polymorphism in FCRL3 is not associated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus in a case–control study of Koreans
Authors: Choi Chan‐Bum , Kang Changsoo Paul , Seong Sang‐Seokg , Bae Sang‐Cheol , Kang Changwon
Published: November 2006

Objective

In Japanese individuals, the −169C/T single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in FCRL3 has been reported to be associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and autoimmune thyroid diseases. The objective of this study was to test the association of this SNP with RA and SLE, in a case–control study of Korean individuals.

Methods

The −169C/T SNP in FCRL3 was genotyped in 1,060 patients with RA, 457 patients with SLE, and 697 unaffected control subjects, using the MassARRAY SNP genotyping system. Associations were tested by multivariate logistic regression, with adjustments for age and sex.

Results

No association was detected between the −169C/T SNP and RA (odds ratio [OR] 1.11, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.83–1.48, P = 0.50) or SLE (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.73–1.37, P = 0.99). This SNP was not associated with rheumatoid factor status, shared epitope status, radiographic severity in patients with RA, or disease manifestations in patients with SLE.

Conclusion

The association of the −169C/T SNP in FCRL3 with RA and SLE that was observed in Japanese patients was not replicated in a Korean population.
Steroid hormones strongly support bovine articular cartilage integration in the absence of interleukin‐1β
Authors: Englert Carsten , Blunk Torsten , Fierlbeck Johann , Kaiser Julia , Stosiek Wolfgang , Angele Peter , Hammer Joachim , Straub Rainer H.
Published: November 2006

Objective

Posttraumatic integration of articular cartilage at fracture sites is essential for mechanical stability of cartilage, and ruptured cartilage is a prerequisite for early osteoarthritis. This study was undertaken to investigate effects on articular cartilage integration mediated by steroid hormones, interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and combinations thereof.

Methods

Articular cartilage blocks were cultured in partial apposition for 2 weeks with ascorbic acid, testosterone, 17β‐estradiol, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), with or without IL‐1β. Mechanical integration was measured as adhesive strength, i.e., the maximum force at rupture of integrated cartilage blocks divided by the overlap area. Glycosaminoglycan content was used to study synthesized extracellular matrix.

Results

Culture in medium without supplements did not lead to integration (adhesive strength 0 kPa). With administration of ascorbic acid (100 μg/ml), the median adhesive strength was 49 kPa. In comparison with ascorbic acid alone, all steroid hormones induced a strong, concentration‐dependent stimulation of integration (with maximum values observed with DHEA at 3 × 10−5M, testosterone at 10−8M, and 17β‐estradiol at 10−11M). For testosterone and 17β‐estradiol, this was also reflected by an increase of glycosaminoglycan content. Adhesive strength was increased with IL‐1β at 10 pg/ml, but not at 1 pg/ml or 100 pg/ml. In the presence of both IL‐1β and sex hormones, integration of articular cartilage was reduced.

Conclusion

This is the first study to demonstrate that steroid hormones such as 17β‐estradiol, DHEA, and testosterone stimulate articular cartilage integration. This effect is abrogated by low concentrations of IL‐1β. In the absence of IL‐1β or after neutralization of IL‐1β, steroid hormones might be favorable adjuvant compounds to optimize cartilage integration.
Fcγ receptors directly mediate cartilage, but not bone, destruction in murine antigen‐induced arthritis: Uncoupling of cartilage damage from bone erosion and joint inflammation
Authors: Lent Peter L. Van , Grevers Lilyanne , Lubberts Erik , Vries Teun J. De , Nabbe Karin C. , Verbeek Sjef , Oppers Birgit , Sloetjes Annet , Blom Arjen B. , Berg Wim B. Van Den
Published: November 2006

Objective

To determine the relationship between synovial inflammation and the concomitant occurrence of cartilage and bone erosion during conditions of variable inflammation using various Fcγ receptor knockout (FcγR−/−) mice.

Methods

Antigen‐induced arthritis (AIA) was introduced in the knee joints of various FcγR−/− mice and wild‐type controls. Joint inflammation and cartilage and bone destruction levels were determined by histologic analysis. Cathepsin K, RANKL, and osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels were detected by immunolocalization.

Results

In FcγRIIb−/− mice, which lack the inhibiting Fcγ receptor IIb, levels of joint inflammation and cartilage and bone destruction were significantly higher (infiltrate 93%, exudate 200%, cartilage 100%, bone 156%). AIA in mice lacking activating FcγR types I, III, and IV, but not FcγRIIb (FcR γ‐chain−/− mice), prevented cartilage destruction completely. In contrast, levels of bone erosion and joint inflammation were comparable with their wild‐type controls. Of great interest, in arthritic mice lacking activating FcγR types I, II, and III, but not IV (FcγRI/II/III−/− mice), levels of joint inflammation were highly elevated (infiltrate and exudate, 100% and 188%, respectively). Cartilage destruction levels were decreased by 92%, whereas bone erosion was increased by 200%. Cathepsin K, a crucial mediator of osteoclasts, showed a strong correlation with the amount of inflammation but not with the amount of activating FcγR, which was low in osteoclasts. RANKL, but not OPG, levels were higher in the inflammatory cells of arthritic knee joints of FcγRI/II/III−/− mice versus wild‐type mice.

Conclusion

Activating FcγR are crucial in mediating cartilage destruction independently of joint inflammation. In contrast, FcγR are not directly involved in bone erosion. Indirectly, FcγR drive bone destruction by regulating joint inflammation.
Association of citrullinated proteins with synovial exosomes
Authors: Skriner K. , Adolph K. , Jungblut P. R. , Burmester G. R.
Published: November 2006

Objective

In addition to releasing proteins and mediators, cells also release membrane vesicles (exosomes and apoptotic blebs) into the extracellular environment. Apoptotic blebs contain multiple autoantigens, but few data are available concerning the protein content of exosomes. Exosomes are formed during an immune response and can directly stimulate T cells or bind to dendritic cells. The aim of this study was to identify the nature of synovial exosomes from patients with different rheumatic diseases and to examine their potential autoantigenic content, which may be involved in the induction of an autoimmune response.

Methods

Synovial exosomes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), patients with reactive arthritis, and patients with osteoarthritis were purified, analyzed by electron microscopy, and labeled with immunogold to detect IgG and IgM molecules. Autoantigen content was identified by 2‐dimensional electrophoresis–immunoblotting and subsequent mass spectrometry. In order to investigate the presence of citrullinated proteins, immunoblotting with anticitrulline antibodies was performed.

Results

Citrullinated proteins were observed in all exosome preparations, in contrast to other autoantigenic proteins (e.g., BiP and heterogeneous nuclear RNP A2) that were previously observed in RA and other autoimmune diseases. These citrullinated proteins included the fibrin α‐chain fragment, fibrin β‐chain, fibrinogen β‐chain precursor, fibrinogen D fragment, and the Spα (CD5 antigen‐like protein) receptor. Purification of synovial exosomes led to the detection of citrullinated fibrinogen and citrullinated Spα associated with IgM and IgG.

Conclusion

Synovial exosomes contain citrullinated proteins, which are known to be autoantigens in RA. Although immune mechanisms in which exosomes carry citrullinated peptides could play an important role in the induction and distribution of citrullinated proteins, there must be a specific recognition of these proteins that is unique to the RA immune system.
Characteristics of diffuse large B cell lymphomas in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Baecklund Eva , Backlin Carin , Iliadou Anastasia , Granath Fredrik , Ekbom Anders , Amini Rose‐Marie , Feltelius Nils , Enblad Gunilla , Sundström Christer , Klareskog Lars , Askling Johan , Rosenquist Richard
Published: November 2006

Objective

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are at increased risk of malignant lymphomas, with a correlation between RA disease severity and lymphoma risk, most pronounced for diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCLs), which also constitute the majority of RA‐associated lymphomas. DLBCLs can be further subdivided into germinal center (GC)–like and non–GC‐like subtypes, with different cellular origins and prognoses. This study was undertaken to investigate whether RA displays a specific association with any of the DLBCL subtypes.

Methods

We identified 139 patients with DLBCLs within a population‐based case–control study of 378 RA patients with lymphoma. The DLBCLs were examined for CD10, Bcl‐6, and interferon regulatory factor 4 expression patterns, subclassified into GC and non‐GC subtypes, and then correlated with clinical parameters.

Results

We found a statistically significant predominance of the non‐GC subtype (97 patients; 70% of all DLBCLs). These patients more often had an advanced stage of lymphoma at diagnosis and had a worse 5‐year overall survival rate (16% versus 33%) compared with patients with the GC subtype. There was a strong association with RA disease activity in both subtypes, with >70% of the GC and non‐GC cases occurring in RA patients with the highest overall disease activity scores.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that severe RA is particularly associated with the non‐GC subtype of DLBCL, and indicate a critical role of activated peripheral B cells as the cells of origin in these lymphomas.