bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Behavioural Profiling and Entrepreneurial Ecosystems
Authors: Huggins Robert , Zhao Yuxi , Thompson Piers
Published: March 2024

Recent surveys of research concentrating on entrepreneurial ecosystems have noted that while studies provide an insight into the conditions that have generated entrepreneurial activities in cities and regions, they have largely focused on high-tech start-ups. This is a reflection of the fact that many studies focus attention on the most successful global cities and regions. However, different contexts may alter the nature of not only how entrepreneurial ecosystems operate, but also the outputs they produce. This chapter concentrates on deprived areas in the UK and considers whether differences may be apparent in those that are drawn into entrepreneurship, in terms of their personalities, in these different areas. The chapter proposes that such differences may not just be apparent, but may be appropriate given the underlying conditions in such areas. An exploratory analysis identifies two types of entrepreneur: Networked Risk-Taking Entrepreneurs (NRT Entrepreneurs) and Self-Reliant Cautious Entrepreneurs (SRC Entrepreneurs). In areas with greater deprivation it is found that the proportion of entrepreneurs classed as SRC Entrepreneurs is greater, which fits with the argument that where material, social, and cultural attributes are less supportive of high-growth technology-based entrepreneurship, a more cautious form of entrepreneurship may be complementary. This suggests that policy looking to support entrepreneurship in these areas needs to consider to what extent copying and pasting from more successful entrepreneurial ecosystems’ approaches will not only be unsuccessful, but may be harmful when trying to impose interventions that are inconsistent with the overall entrepreneurial ecosystem.
Entrepreneurial Ecosystem versus Regional Innovation System
Authors: Qian Haifeng , Fu Wenying
Published: March 2024

This chapter addresses the lack of direct comparisons between entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs) and regional innovation systems (RISs) in the literature. Both of these systems approaches highlight a favourable regional environment for business growth but they have rarely been juxtaposed by EE scholars. We first review the EE and RIS conceptual frameworks through a comparative lens and summarize their distinguishable elements. As an application of the conceptual distinctions between EEs and RISs, we examine whether the top twenty-five most innovative Chinese cities are EE-driven or RIS-driven. Using the density and performance of high-tech start-up and incumbent firms as system outcomes, we identify four types of Chinese cities: (1) strong EE and strong RIS; (2) strong EE but weak RIS; (3) weak EE but strong RIS; and (4) weak EE and weak RIS. Lastly, we conduct an in-depth case study on three distinct Chinese cities: Shenzhen (an example of strong EE and strong RIS); Shanghai (an example of strong EE and weak RIS); and Dongguan (an example of weak EE and strong RIS). We analyse the EE/RIS input factors that may drive their distinct EE versus RIS outcome patterns.
Making Ecosystems Sticky
Authors: Lyons Thomas S. , Holmes Dustin
Published: March 2024

One of the challenges of designing, building, and sustaining an entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) is how to do this in a way that is not so rigid and inflexible that it impedes the creativity and innovation it is meant to foster, yet not so loose and ill-defined that it is ultimately ineffective and short-lived. In this chapter, it is posited that this situation can be remedied by treating the ultimate market of an EE—its entrepreneurs—as one that is segmented by entrepreneurship skill level. This is made possible by a clinical assessment tool that permits the measurement of skill strengths and weaknesses and the categorization of entrepreneurs by level of skill. This, in turn, facilitates the creation of cohorts of entrepreneurs at the same skill level who can work with a coach to develop their skills. As the entrepreneurs carry out their skill development plans, the coach prepares them to take full advantage of the resources provided by the entrepreneurship support organizations (ESOs) in the EE support subsystem. In this way, entrepreneurs are connected to each other by skill level and across skill levels. Entrepreneurship support organizations are connected to each other as a team, each of which has a role to play that appropriately matches its capabilities and capacity to the skill level of the entrepreneurs it serves, which strategically links the entrepreneurs to the ESOs. The ecosystem becomes a cohesive and powerful infrastructure for developing entrepreneurs who are capable of successfully building their businesses.
Introduction
Authors: Rathgeb Philip
Published: March 2024

The introductory chapter presents the puzzle of why radical right parties have had such a diverse impact on national models of capitalism and welfare in Europe and the USA. It then provides the argument in brief by focusing on the interplay of ideological and political-economic factors in shaping diverse policy choices. The next sections describe how the radical right’s policies create a set of economic ‘winners’ and ‘losers’. By pointing to the radical right’s agenda of selective status protection in favour of previously dominant social groups—i.e. threatened labour market insiders and male breadwinners—this section also discusses the role of socio-economic policies in manufacturing consent for democratic backsliding and authoritarian rule. The chapter then situates the book’s main contributions in the literatures of comparative politics, party politics, welfare state research, and comparative political economy. A final section provides an outline of the chapters guiding the reader through the book.
Policy Preferences and Impacts of Radical Right Parties in Diverse Welfare State Contexts
Authors: Rathgeb Philip
Published: March 2024

The third chapter presents the theoretical framework. First, I argue that the radical right’s ideological core of nativism and authoritarianism translates into distinct deservingness conceptions that favour threatened labour market insiders, male breadwinners, and the elderly. Second, I argue that welfare state contexts shape the ways that radical right parties implement their deservingness conceptions in policy terms. In welfare states with conservative family relations, the radical right pushes for familialist policies (Continental and Eastern Europe). In welfare states with generous social insurance systems, the radical right defends the benefit entitlements of labour market insiders with long contribution records and excludes non-citizens from welfare entitlements (Continental and Northern Europe). The nativist mirror image of welfare chauvinism may be economic nationalism in welfare states dependent on foreign direct investment (Eastern Europe). In the absence of these welfare state features, trade protection becomes a functional equivalent of social protection (USA).
Familialist Protection and Economic Nationalism in the Visegrád Region
Authors: Rathgeb Philip
Published: March 2024

This chapter shows how the Orbán cabinet has prioritized familialism in welfare state reform alongside selective economic nationalism in economic policy reform. Unlike in Western Europe, the Fidesz–KDNP government’s nativist ideology has not translated into welfare chauvinist legislation due to the absence of high immigration rates and generous welfare benefits for non-citizens, whereas fiscal strains put constraints on the expansion of early retirement arrangements for ‘deserving’ labour market insiders. It could, however, capitalize on culturally conservative attitudes and recast the ‘refugee crisis’ in a demographic light, which helped to generate widespread support for a pro-natalist and conservative family policy. Taken together, the Orbán cabinet aimed to restore domestic policymaking autonomy in Hungary’s foreign direct investment (FDI)-led growth model and cater to the one social unit deemed essential for the nationalist cause of resisting demographic decline and upholding traditional gender norms, which is the ‘productive Magyar family’, defined as white, fertile, hard-working, and heterosexual.
Sprezzatura
Authors: Ladkin Sam
Published: March 2024

Sprezzatura is a neologism from Baldesar Castiglione’s The Book of the Courtier used to describe a style of effortlessness. Its genealogy, however, goes back to Quintilian and the question as to whether or not labour should be evident in artworks. This chapter asks, when does the rhetorical quality of ease become itself a laborious affectation? The genealogy of sprezzatura discloses familiar kindred terms as aspects of its contradictory identity, namely cool and camp. The chapter concludes with consideration of sprezzatura as a feature of 1950s alienation to be necessarily supplanted by more politically utopian and socially aggressive movements, as analysed by Amiri Baraka. The chapter includes readings of ‘Personism: A Manifesto’, ‘For Grace, After a Party’, ‘For James Dean’, and ‘Poem “Lana Turner Has Collapsed” amongst others.
Marvellous
Authors: Ladkin Sam
Published: March 2024

The final chapter hangs on the marvellous—meraviglia—in order to comprehend Frank O’Hara’s gift for embracing time. O’Hara’s poems are often about time whilst prosody’s persuasions change our subjective feelings for time. The first half offers an interdisciplinary reading of the ‘step’, ‘turn’, and ‘pulse’ from the collaborative poetics of George Balanchine and Igor Stravinsky as it illuminates O’Hara’s marvellous prosody. In the second half I conceptualize a mannerist sublime to account for O’Hara’s intertwining imagery of flight and falling and material changes of state. O’Hara maintains the risky indeterminacy between psychoanalytic sublimation and desublimation in his performance of selfhood and art-making, modulating a Paterian aesthetics as he embraces mortal time. Readings include ‘Ode to Joy’, ‘In Favor of One’s Time’, and ‘Having a Coke with You’, the last celebrated as exemplary of Horace’s motif, carpe diem.
Perfection and the Foundations of Wolff’s German Ethics
Authors: Rosenkoetter Timothy
Published: March 2024

Wolff’s ethics tells us to make us and our states “more perfect.” This chapter reconstructs how perfection figures in the foundations of this ethics. Contrary to a reader’s first impression, there are in fact many distinct perfection-properties, each of which is a relational property generated by substituting a “primary reason” into the schema: fitting together of the manifold with ϕ. Human-perfection is a different property from painting-perfection, a difference explained by their different primary reasons, not by the fact that humans and paintings offer different sites for the realization of properties of whatever kind. In order to know which property ought to be promoted, we need to know our primary reason. Wolff takes some primary reasons to be composed of multiple “particular reasons” that are weighted relative to one another, and there are reasons to think that our primary reason has this form. A method is presented for attaining increasingly accurate approximations of it.
Wolff, the Pursuit of Perfection, and What We Owe to Each Other
Authors: Bacin Stefano
Published: March 2024

This chapter deals with an important part of how Wolff pursued the normative ambitions of his ethics in giving practical guidance with regard to specific moral issues. It first considers how Wolff’s ethics tackles duties to others, which traditionally represent a difficult issue for moral perfectionism. In this regard, the chapter argues that Wolff’s strategy combines two aspects: (a) he includes in perfection non-active aspects and (b) he operates with an agent-neutral notion of perfection, despite important passages that might suggest otherwise. It then focuses on Wolff’s treatment of duties concerning veracity and lying and shows how it follows that general strategy. Combining its two aspects, Wolff examines specific moral issues by adopting a non-welfarist notion of benefit and harm as the standard that can give guidance about practical cases.
Secunda et adversa fortuna
Authors: Rumore Paola
Published: March 2024

The chapter focuses on a central topic in eighteenth-century German philosophy, namely the meaning of fortune and misfortune within God’s government of the world. It also considers the role these concepts play in orienting moral actions. Since the debate is relatively wide, the chapter discusses a specific episode, namely the criticism raised by Georg Friedrich Meier in the early 1750s against a common view that goes back to Wolff’s statements in his ethical work. I will argue that their divergent opinions concerning the possibility of considering fortune and misfortune as proper means in God’s government of the world, that is, as rewards or punishments of human actions, reveal an underestimated divergence in the way they present the task and the role of philosophy. Put briefly, the chapter argues that Wolff and Meier have a different self-understanding of the Aufklärung.
Wolff and Crusius on the Duty to Love
Authors: Prunea-Bretonnet Tinca
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines Crusius’s critical reception of Wolff’s German Ethics through his treatment of the duty to love in the Guide to Living Rationally. It argues that Crusius takes up central elements of the traditional doctrine of caritas ordinata and rearticulates them within a conception where not only Thomasius’s legacy but also Wolff’s views on perfection and the positive influence of the understanding on the will play a significant role. The distinction between duties of virtue and rules of prudence allows Crusius to advance a nuanced reception of Wolff’s theses on the duty to love and to reinterpret them in a prudential context. The chapter shows that, owing to the foundational and ordering function conferred to the love for God, Crusius elaborates an original theory of love in which moral love determines all duties and self-love acquires a positive meaning. Both a drive and a virtue, love thus proves to be an essential concept for Crusius’s ethical doctrine.
An Ethiopian Storyin Egypt
Authors: Cioffi Robert
Published: March 2024

The protagonists of An Ethiopian Story spend virtually the entirety of the novel in Egypt, which in Heliodorus is under the control of the Persian Empire. The Persians affect virtually every aspect of the landscape. Throughout, the narrative emphasizes individuals’ and groups’ independence from and resistance to them. Over the course of the protagonists’ journey up the Nile, Heliodorus practices what the chapter terms an “ethnography of displacement.” On the one hand, An Ethiopian Story reflects the experiences of characters far from home, who struggle to make sense of the world they experience. On the other, Heliodorus’ displacement also works in relation to his readers’ expectations, as the journey to Ethiopia reimagines Achilles Tatius’ Egyptian landscape, systematically relocating the most amazing—and terrifying—elements of his Nile Delta to Ethiopia. Finally, the novel re-writes Egypt’s religious landscape to emphasize the role of Isis above all, an amplification of Xenophon’s own Isiac focus. The chapter thus shows how much richer our understanding of the novel becomes when read in dialogue with Egyptian sources.
The Ends of Ethiopia in Heliodorus’An Ethiopian Story
Authors: Cioffi Robert
Published: March 2024

Chapter 6 moves beyond the boundaries of the Roman and Persian Empires to Meroë, the capital of ancient Ethiopia. An Ethiopian Story concludes by looking to an Ethiopian future, based on Greek-Ethiopian cultural hybridity, a striking emphasis on maternity, and female kingship. The novel’s ending thus provides glimpses of a possible alternative to the dominant imperial powers of the eastern Mediterranean. The chapter centers on a close reading of Heliodorus’ tenth and final book, which transposes many elements of the ethnographic tradition about the Nile River Valley—human sacrifice, wondrous commodities from the East, and, perhaps most impressive of all to the novel’s internal audience of spectators, a giraffe—onto the Ethiopian capital. Strikingly, by the third and fourth centuries ce, Meroë had fallen far from the political peak it reached in the Hellenistic period, forced to send tribute to its neighbor Aksum. The juxtaposition of Meroë’s past glory with its present reality suggests the temporal contingency of empire: Meroë, like Alexandria, will also come to an end.
The Blair-Ashdown Project and Lib-Lab Politics, 1992–1999
Authors: Wager Alan
Published: March 2024

The negotiations conducted between Labour and the Liberal Democrats between 1994 and 1999—throughout New Labour’s period in opposition, and continuing into the early period of the Labour government—principally hung on the dynamic between the two party leaders, Tony Blair and Paddy Ashdown. Following Blair’s election to the Labour leadership, the possibility of Lib-Lab co-operation quickly formed a significant aspect of New Labour’s political strategy, and it is an overlooked aspect of the New Labour project. Ashdown had positioned his party closer to Labour before Blair was leader, and retained his support for an alliance long after Blair and his inner circle had stopped seeing it as a strategic priority. Ultimately, an effective informal pact achieved almost everything Blair had wanted from the co-operation, but it did little to achieve Ashdown’s hopes of a realignment of British politics.
The Formation and Continuation of the Coalition Government, 2007–2015
Authors: Wager Alan
Published: March 2024

The 2010 coalition was the first cross-party government of the post-war era. What came to be known as the ‘five days in May’ when the Cameron-Clegg government was formed have been thoroughly documented. Yet the inter-party manoeuvring in expectation of a possible hung parliament began years earlier, and the final days and weeks of the 2010 campaign became dominated by speculation around cross-party politics, leading eventually to a Conservative-Liberal-Democrat coalition. It was, though, in the five years subsequent to the formation of the Conservative coalition, with a hung parliament viewed as extremely likely next time too, that both the coalition parties had to grapple with how to frame their cross-party dealings while in electoral competition. In the end, Cameron’s slim majority—owed, in significant part, to gobbling up his coalition partners in a swathe of seats across the south of England—meant that Westminster, despite being braced for coalition politics as the ‘new normal’, saw a return to majority government.
Conclusion
Authors: Wager Alan
Published: March 2024

This book demonstrates that, since 1945, politicians from Rab Butler to Tony Blair, Michael Foot to Nick Clegg, and Winston Churchill to Jeremy Corbyn have, at some stage, asked themselves the question of whether cooperation with another party is a worthwhile strategy to pursue in the British party system. Finally, we bring together the seven cases of mooted co-operation outlined in this book to draw out the key lessons and explain the institutional and strategic factors that make cross-party alliance so difficult in the Westminster system. There are two core lessons. The first is that politicians have long-term temporal horizons, and broadly speaking are driven by a desire to use cross-party politics to either defend or disrupt the institutional settlement of British politics, depending on whether their party benefits from the status quo. This second is that a nebulous, persistent, and permeating narrative about how power can and should operate in British politics determines what happens when cross-party politics is attempted.
The Draft US Federal Securities Code
Authors: Coulmas Azur
Published: March 2024

The chapter on the Draft US Federal Securities Code draws lessons from a US American codification project for the European discussion. This comparative analysis gives insights into challenges and points of interest for a discussion of regulating and codifying capital markets laws in the EU. It presents the historical and political background of the US codification project led by Louis Loss in the 1970s. The chapter discusses the different aspects of codification and draws conclusions for the desired effects of a code. It focuses on the regulatory tool of definitions, the relationship between public and private enforcement, and questions on legislative style.
European Capital Markets Code
Authors: Kämmerer Jörn Axel
Published: March 2024

The enactment of a Capital Markets Act by the EU in its capacity as a supranational organization is subject to the principle of conferral: the Union may legislate only insofar as is empowered by the Treaty and is confined to the categories of legislative acts which the competence provisions applicable in the instance permit. While an ECMA would make sense only if adopted as a regulation, some of the relevant competence rules are limited to directives. This article expounds that for some, albeit not all, legal matters worthy to be included in a codification, a reassessment of their respective legal bases is possible and that hence, only few of them would be legally unsuited for incorporation in the ECMA (among them, takeovers, qualification requirements, criminal sanctions and, to some extent, civil liability). Even so, proportionality, which is the yardstick not only for the choice of legal instrument (regulation or directive) but also for the permitted level of harmonization (full or minimum), may pose a challenge to the endeavour to establish a level-playing field for all of capital markets regulation.
The Legislative Style of Codification
Authors: Tountopoulos Vassilios
Published: March 2024

Compliance is a necessary tool for the smooth functioning of financial intermediaries. The importance of compliance is also recognized in other areas of law. Many corporate governance codes consider the existence of a compliance system as a sound corporate governance practice for listed companies. This chapter focuses on special features and characteristics of compliance norms. The question is whether the compliance norms should be included in a European Capital Markets Code and if so, how the characteristics of compliance norms affect the codification process and effort. There is no clear-cut agreement on the codification style (principles-based or details-based approach). It is argued that the above question should be dealt with based on a variety of criteria, among which: (a) added value, (b) stability, (c) complexity and accessibility of the law, (d) regulatory arbitrage, (e) the role of Level 2 and Level 3 legislation, and (f) the character of the compliance provisions.
Regulatory Objectives and Strategies
Authors: Habersack Mathias
Published: March 2024

The protection of investors—together with safeguarding the functioning of the capital market—is the main concern of European capital market law. However, the current Level 1 acts are not based on a uniform concept of the investor; rather, a distinction is made between the reasonable investor and the retail investor. This raises a number of questions for a future European Capital Markets Code (ECMC): Should the distinction between the reasonable investor and the retail investor also be maintained within the framework of an ECMC? How and where should the respective investor model be regulated? Is only fundamental value-related information relevant for the reasonable investor or also other information, such as ESG-related information without fundamental value relevance?
Managing the Conflicts Between Regulatory Goals
Authors: Payne Jennifer
Published: March 2024

Policymakers make use of a range of regulatory goals, some of which are articulated, and some of which are not. Conflicts between regulatory goals can arise and therefore having mechanisms in place to resolve these conflicts is important. Regulatory goals may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and may change over time as economic and political narratives develop. This chapter examines the regulatory goals that have developed in the EU context, considers the ways in which these goals can come into conflict and analyses the consequences of these conflicts. It argues that regulators need to have in place a process for identifying and resolving conflicts between regulatory goals. In terms of identifying conflicts, it is suggested that within the EU this can be done by utilizing and expanding the existing regime of impact assessments, evaluations and fitness checks which are designed to provide ex ante and ex post assessments of legislative instruments. In terms of resolving these conflicts it is suggested that a strict hierarchy of regulatory goals, while superficially attractive as a mechanism for resolving conflicts, has a number of disadvantages, and that instead a more holistic approach should be adopted by policymakers. This is an important issue. Difficulties can arise where conflicts are unresolved, but also where the conflict is resolved inappropriately by giving undue precedence to one goal over another, as this chapter discusses. Dealing with this issue effectively will improve the quality of the EU legislative process.
Proportionality in a European Capital Markets Code
Authors: Chiu Iris H-Y
Published: March 2024

This chapter discusses what principles should govern the proportionality of a Capital Markets Code, ie the scope of inclusion of legal issues as well as the extent of their legalization. We argue that the instrumental principle, drawn from the CMU’s intended policy outcomes, should form the underpinning principle for proportionality. In this manner, the Code would cater for issues crucial to incentivizing issuers to participate in the supply side and investors to deepen the demand side of European capital markets. The chapter also supports the Capital Markets Code to adopt an approach where various levels of legalization or hardening of legal principles can be provided, while recognizing a variety of sources of securities market governance.
Market Abuse
Authors: Kinander Morten
Published: March 2024

Market abuse is a cornerstone of the general regulation of EU and EEA securities markets. The EU market abuse regime now showcases an impressive and thorough regime, including a fine-grained and comprehensive system of duties for market participants, definitions of the markets to which it applies, and many specific rules. In this chapter, we examine the core content of the essential elements of the market abuse regime according to EU law, with special emphasis on inside information, insider dealing, and market manipulation in the context of a European Capital Markets Code. The chapter will also suggest ways in which some central provisions, such as the definition of inside information and the concept of the reasonable investor, can be clarified and improved.
The Limits of Including Financial Disclosure Rules in a European Capital Markets Code
Authors: Strampelli Giovanni
Published: March 2024

This chapter discusses why financial reporting requirements are not ideal candidates for inclusion in an ECMC, even though they are a key pillar of the disclosure regime for EU issuers. Firstly, it is not possible for the ECMC to regulate the content of periodic financial information, as the Commission has no effective control over the content of consolidated and separate financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS. Secondly, an ECMC cannot significantly change the existing regulatory framework by promoting further harmonization of financial reporting by European issuers. In addition, an ECMC is not an appropriate instrument for pursuing further harmonization of financial reporting by European issuers because separate financial statements are considered part of company law, since they serve as a basis for the application of statutory capital requirements. Therefore, the ECMC should only include the general ‘high level’ provisions on periodic reporting requirements currently contained in the Transparency Directive and the IAS Regulation. Furthermore, general definitions provided by an ECMC, such as for reasonable investor and materiality, are generally not relevant for corporate reporting purposes.
Conclusion
Authors: Veil Rüdiger
Published: March 2024

The European Union is pursuing the goal of a Capital Markets Union (CMU). This chapter looks at the policies and strategies of the CMU pro-ject and suggests that a codification of European capital markets law would represent a major step towards a CMU. To this end, it refers to the key findings of the other chapters of the book on the idea of codification and the legislative competence of the EU to implement a European Capi-tal Markets Code (ECMC). Furthermore, it presents the key findings on the content of the ECMC, the regulatory goals, and the legislative style that the codification act should adopt in order to reduce complexity and enhance accessibility of the law. The codification of European capital markets law is also an opportunity to consider more courageous reforms than the various reforms under the CMU Action Plan 2015 and 2020.
Linkages with large firms and growth of SMEs in Tanzania
Authors: Kweka Josaphat , Sooi Fadhili
Published: March 2024

A recent strand of literature on small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) development identifies linkage with large firms as one of the enablers of development and competitiveness. However, there is a dearth of empirical studies on the topic. In this study, the authors assess the extent and determinants of linkages between SMEs and large firms in Tanzania industrial sector and to what degree the linkage is an important driver of SME performance. They find that, while linkages with large firms are potentially beneficial for the increased performance of SMEs, the level of such linkages is low in Tanzania and is likely to be influenced by the firm’s production capacity, training, exporting, foreign ownership, industry association, and technology partnerships. This implies that the government’s efforts to promote SMEs should include policies or programmes that nurture partnerships with large firms.
Upgrading and multi-scalar industrial policy in the Tanzanian textile and apparel sector value chain
Authors: Boys Julian , Andreoni Antonio
Published: March 2024

Policy makers are increasingly turning from global value chains to regional and national value chains as drivers of structural transformation in the global South. This chapter examines economic and social upgrading in the Tanzanian textile and apparel sectors, with a particular focus on how outcomes vary across value chains—that is, with value chain directionality. The authors also analyse industrial and trade policies at the national, regional, and global levels to see the extent to which they allocate rents that enable firms to capitalize strategically on the benefits offered by different value chain types. They find that national, regional, and global value chains each offer distinct opportunities in terms of functional, product, process, and end-market upgrading as well as other economic and social outcomes and that while policy rents have been critical to the outcomes observed, there is scope to improve multi-scalar industrial policy design to achieve rapid structural transformation.
Trade, technology, and local linkages in the Tanzanian textiles and garments sector
Authors: Saha Amrita , Castro André , Carreras Marco , Guariso Daniele
Published: March 2024

Trade-linked technological change has potential to increase incomes in low-income countries (LICs). The most labour-intensive segments of the textiles and apparel global value chain are in LICs. However, gaps between available technologies and best practices make it difficult to adopt more efficient production processes or move into higher value-added functions. This chapter examines current technology use in the Tanzanian textiles and apparel sector, using nationally representative secondary data, primary quantitative data, and qualitative information from semi-structured interviews. First, the chapter examines whether firms’ absorptive capacity mediates the effect of imported technology on firm productivity, and then looks at differences across geographical clusters of firms in terms of local linkage types. The chapter assesses current technology, gaps in firms’ capabilities, and challenges in the sector to identify policy implications. Finally, the authors provide brief reflections on how firms in the Tanzanian textiles and apparel sector may adapt in the post-COVID-19 recovery phase.
Recalled to Life
Authors: Bodenheimer Rosemarie , Davis Philip
Published: March 2024

The chapter takes off from Mr Dombey’s last-minute redemption to consider later Dickens characters who raise questions of life, death, and personal transformation in the face of extreme life/death thresholds. Sydney Carton and Eugene Wrayburn are studies of alienated men who assume a mask of indifference until a life-or-death situation brings forgotten resources of love and commitment to the surface. In a paradigm instance, Rogue Riderhood’s near-drowning in Our Mutual Friend, Dickens imagines an impersonal, disembodied ‘spark of life’, revered in itself, but obscured when villainous Riderhood is restored to life unchanged. The chapter concentrates most fully on the strange figure of Sydney Carton in A Tale of Two Cities, where the French Revolution provides the extremity in which Carton can find and recognize his own commitment to life by dying in the place of another.
‘The Wrong Side of the Pattern’—Little Dorrit, Book 1
Authors: Bodenheimer Rosemarie , Davis Philip
Published: March 2024

Little Dorrit, with its stifled atmosphere of bad times in an international setting, comes out of Dickens’s despair about the state of the world and his life in the mid-1850s. It expresses the fear that the Real has disappeared behind manufactured unrealities: falsities of manner and speech that exist ‘on the wrong side of the pattern of the universe’. The pervasive social disease leaves little room for positive action or simply generous feeling. Even the good, Arthur Clennam and Amy Dorrit, have to suppress or bend the truth in order to be kind. Their quietist silences in depressive retreat are all that oppose the general corruption, while politeness is itself suspect as a possible weapon of harm. In this chapter the authors find themselves divided in their emotional reactions to the bitterness and disappointment that fuel Book 1.
Little Dorrit between Books
Authors: Bodenheimer Rosemarie , Davis Philip
Published: March 2024

This interchapter considers the authors’ split reactions to Book 1 as a way into the double-mindedness of the novel. Reading the same scene from different ethical positions is like looking at an optical illusion which can’t be seen in both ways at the same time. Like many of his contemporaries, Dickens was fascinated by double consciousness, when one part of the mind is cut off from knowing the other; he was hard put to see the good and the bad sides of himself together. Yet these oppositional fields in his work are porous, allowing for partial crossings over, as Nancy in Oliver Twist mentally straddles the boundary between good and bad worlds. This dynamic of fluctuating opposites leads towards the apparently radical switch from Book 1, ‘Poverty’, to Book 2, ‘Riches’.
Through the Looking Glass—Little Dorrit, Book 2
Authors: Bodenheimer Rosemarie , Davis Philip
Published: March 2024

The Alpine descriptions that open ‘Riches’ mix physical grandeur with illusory vision, setting the stage for human illusions and disillusions to follow. Amy Dorrit finds the external world of Italy less real than her memories of the Marshalsea. Conscious of living in two temporalities at once, she becomes—as in her letters to Clennam—a moving narrator in her own right. The conspiracy of silence and denial that pervades Book 1 finally breaks down, in Frederick Dorrit’s angry defence of Amy, in the crumbling of Mr Dorrit’s pretensions from within, in Fanny Dorrit’s deliberate choice of a life of social gameplaying, and in the collapse of Merdle’s Ponzi scheme. Without tidying up some of the loose ends he’s left behind in writing his narrative, Dickens returns us in this second book to a more generous vision of sad compassion.
China’s Engagement with Greece under the BRI
Authors: Stroikos Dimitrios
Published: March 2024

Building on the conceptual framework of this volume, this chapter focuses on Sino-Greek relations by examining the extent to which China’s influence has given rise to the formation of new preferences or the consolidation of existing preferences within Greece. In doing so, this chapter highlights the role of domestic actors and domestic political considerations. It also suggests that we need to take into account the wider systemic context and its impact on the ways in which Athens attempts to manage Beijing’s influence, which involves moving beyond an analysis that centres merely on the dyadic relationship. Striking as the strengthening of Sino-Greek relations has been, this chapter argues that there are significant constraints on the nature of this bilateral relationship, as well as on the options available to Chinese and Greek policymakers that are becoming clearer as a result of international imperatives.
Between Normative Influence and Securitization Dynamic
Authors: Jakimów Małgorzata
Published: March 2024

The Visegrád Group of Czechia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia constitute the core countries within the 16(17)+1 platform created by China to facilitate its Belt and Road investments in Europe. Since 2013, these countries’ governments have slowly diverted towards China-friendly, and even China-admiring, ideological rhetoric, which has often parted with the liberal post-communist choices of defending human rights, and positioned China as a new norm-setting alternative to the Brussel’s consensus. However, after 2019 the disappointment over the unfulfilled investment expectation and the controversies around China’s 5G networks started to give way to a growing resecuritization of China by some of the V4 states. Based on the analysis of the political elites’ speeches and the accompanying policy actions, this chapter provides an assessment of the ways in which China has exerted normative influence on the local political elites of the V4 states and how this ability has been affected by the shifting securitization dynamic around Chinese investments.
The Political Dimensions of Chinese Outward FDI and Their Implications for the Liberal International Order
Authors: Knoerich Jan
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines how Chinese outward foreign direct investment (FDI) could have a political impact in recipient countries. It focuses on five distinct aspects: the degree of structural power of Chinese multinational enterprises, the direct influence and leverage China could have over individual countries receiving Chinese FDI, the enhancements in Chinese (technological) competition resulting from investment activities, the misuse of FDI for national security purposes, and the use of FDI to enhance China’s international soft power. For each of these aspects, the chapter identifies potential avenues of political impact in recipient countries, yet it also finds that there are considerable limitations in the extent to which Chinese multinationals effectively influence politics. Some Chinese FDI can even generate desirable political outcomes for recipient countries. The chapter concludes that outward FDI cannot be considered as a particularly suitable economic activity to support a challenge to the Liberal International Order.
Catalyst for Stasis?
Authors: Jones Catherine
Published: March 2024

The creation of a range of development and investment frameworks emanating from China forms a central plank in arguments so that we can now see the shape of a ‘Chinese-led’ World Order. The launch of the Asian Investment Infrastructure Bank (AIIB), the New Development Bank (NDB), and the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) have been seized on by scholars as evidence of new institutions in this emerging order which has the potential to act as a rival or challenger to the North American and European normative frameworks and regimes. However, this chapter argues that China acts as a catalyst for the maintenance of a status quo. As such, China’s largest contribution (to change) is in triggering other donors (mostly from the OECD-DAC) to make sure their aid and assistance is more targeted and effective by implementing changes identified as necessary for the previous two decades.
Introduction
Authors: Ichikawa Jonathan
Published: March 2024

The Introduction lays out the central idea of Epistemic Courage, introduces some of the most central topics, and gives an outline of the book. The central idea of the book is that discussions about what to believe tend to have a negative bias: a bias against belief, and in favour of suspension of judgment. It’s widely recognized that it’s important not to have bad beliefs—beliefs that are not well-supported by evidence, for example. But we also must attend to the importance of having good beliefs and avoiding bad suspension of judgment. Overlooking this latter normative consideration has had unfortunate theoretical, epistemological, moral, and political implications, which the book will explore in detail. The negative bias in epistemology is deeply connected, the author argues, to a conservative ideology. After introducing this main idea, the Introduction explains some of the basics of epistemology and critical theory, as the book does not assume familiarity with either tradition. It closes with a brief description of the chapters to follow.
Epistemic Courage
Authors: Ichikawa Jonathan
Published: March 2024

Epistemic courage is the tendency to form and maintain one’s beliefs to the right extent and in the right circumstances. This chapter models epistemic courage explicitly on moral virtues, especially moral courage: it represents the proper balance between epistemic cowardice (where one tends to suspend judgment when one ought to believe, and to let one’s beliefs crumble too quickly to challenges) and epistemic recklessness (where one proceeds dogmatically, without due regard for contrary evidence). Epistemic courage centrally involves practical wisdom. The chapter offers suggestions as to how one might go about developing this important virtue.
Contextual Injustice
Authors: Ichikawa Jonathan
Published: March 2024

This chapter connects negative bias to linguistic matters, especially epistemic contextualism. Epistemic contextualism suggests that the word “knows” is used in different conversational contexts in ways that contribute differently to the truth conditions of a given sentence. Contextualist treatments of clashes of intuitions can allow that two claims, apparently in conflict, can both be true. But making true claims is far from the only thing that matters—there are often substantive normative questions about what contextual parameters are appropriate to a given conversational situation. This chapter foregrounds the importance of the social power to set contextual standards, and how it relates to injustice and oppression. The linguistic flexibility posited by contextualism allows the negative bias to play out in different subtle ways, and points to a broader phenomenon of “contextual injustice.” The connections between language, epistemology, and social justice are deeply interlinked.
Constructive Type Theory, An Appetizer
Authors: Crosilla Laura
Published: March 2024

Recent debates in metaphysics have highlighted the significance of type theories, such as Simple Type Theory (STT), for our philosophical analysis. In this chapter, I present the salient features of a constructive type theory in the style of Martin-Löf, termed CTT. My principal aim is to convey the flavour of this rich, flexible and sophisticated theory and compare it with STT. I especially focus on the forms of quantification which are available in CTT. A further aim is to argue that a comparison between a plurality of theories is beneficial to the philosophical analysis. We may, for example, discover helpful features of one theory that we may want to import into another context, thus enriching our repertoire of formal tools. Or, through comparison with a less well-known theory, we may gain a better understanding of the characteristics of the theories we are familiar with. As argued in this chapter, CTT has much to offer in all of these respects.
Ordinary Language Meets Higher-Order Quantification
Authors: Rini Adriane
Published: March 2024

Arthur Prior is something of an enigma in that he was both a logician and in many ways also an ‘ordinary language’ philosopher. This chapter is an investigation of Prior's treatment of higher-order quantification. Prior's view of logic means that almost certainly he would not have been interested in many of the questions which are important to those who study higher-order logic. We shall see how his own analysis emphasises what he sees as a trade-off between abstract entities and parts of speech. The chapter presents evidence for this through an examination of Prior's writings on the topic.
Introduction to Performing Time
Authors: Wöllner Clemens , London Justin
Published: March 2024

Dance and music afford experiences of speed or slowness, of emotionally loaded and filled time, of synchronized togetherness, of groove, flow, and even timelessness. While time cannot be perceived directly, the manipulation of time and temporal experience is one of the aesthetic goals of the performing arts. Whether as performers or audience, there are numerous parallels to our experiences of time in other everyday contexts, and music and dance are able to sharpen, reshape and transcend our daily temporal engagements. This introduction surveys some of the epistemological and methodological peculiarities of time research, presents arguments for the joint investigation of time in the context of music and dance, and provides an overview of this volume’s organization and chapter contents.
Varieties of Musical Time
Authors: Kozak Mariusz
Published: March 2024

Music and time seem to be intimately linked, leading Jonathan Kramer in 1988 to posit that music ‘becomes meaningful in and through time’. Such sentiment permeates music-theoretical literature, which is addressed in this chapter. The chapter looks at music’s temporality through three ontological lenses: (a) objective time, (b) subjective time, and (c) lived time. Each perspective reveals preoccupations with different aspects of music, including its status as an object, its capacity to create narratives and physical/emotional trajectories, its myriad functions in cultural practices, and even its role as a model for dynamical processes that characterize patterns of human behaviour. Not limited to issues of rhythm and metre, studies of musical time thus extend beyond sonic realities to encompass the constitution of human subjectivity and agency, both at individual and societal levels.
The Psychological Underpinnings of Feelings of the Passage of Time
Authors: Droit-Volet Sylvie , Martinelli Natalia
Published: March 2024

When listening to music or dancing, it is felt that time passes more quickly than usual. The feeling of an acceleration or a slowing down of the passage of time (PoT) is common. However, there are very few experiments on this temporal feeling. In addition, the few data on the subject are contradictory because of the variety of meanings that this judgement can encompass. The aim of this chapter is to define the different forms of judgement of the PoT according to the period considered and the underlying psychological mechanisms. Four types of PoT judgement are then distinguished: the retrospective PoT judgements for the long periods of life (5–10 years, as we get older) and those for the shorter periods (last week, last month), and the PoT judgements for the present, made either retrospectively (present PoT judgement) or prospectively (PoT judgement of durations).