bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrated Strategy to Curtail Illegal Gold Mining: A Case Study in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors:   School of Business and Management, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia, Hasibuan Ongku Parmonangan , Tjakraatmadja Jann Hidajat , Sunitiyoso Yos
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Illegal gold mining has disturbed the operation of a mining company (Indo Muro Kencana) in Central Kalimantan since the early 1990s. Several disputes have happened, including two serious conflicts, causing financial losses, damage to facilities, and fatalities, forcing the company to stop operations in 2002 and 2013. Eventually, the original investors abandoned the site. Various countermeasures were taken, including harsh law enforcement involving police and military forces’ deployment, yet the illegal mining activities continued. Since 2015, the new management has implemented new approaches; within five years, the number of illegal miners has decreased considerably. This study aims to identify the reasons behind the disputes and how the new management reduces illegal mining within its concession without triggering further conflict. This research is a case study using in-depth interviews, complemented by a study of corporate and media documents. Five factors were identified behind the previous conflicts. The new management’s integrated strategy to manage social issues, including illegal mining, started with social mapping, then an integrated team to deal with social issues was established, and finally, an integrated plan was introduced with four agendas: engagement, presence, respect and inclusiveness, and cohesiveness. This study contributes to company-community model building in similar circumstances and, in practice, offers a solution to curtail illegal gold mining, particularly in Indonesia. Keywords: Conflict, illegal gold mining, illegal miners, integrated, Kalimantan.
Factors Influencing Indonesian Dairy Farmers in Making Business Decisions
Authors:   School of Business and Management, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia, Putro Utomo Sarjono , Alamanda Dini Turipanam ,   Faculty of Economics, Garut University, Garut, Indonesia, Utami Hesty Nurul ,   Newcastle University Business School, Newcastle University, Siallagan Manahan ,   School of Business and Management, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia, Nirmala Shena Nadya
Published: May 2021

Abstract. The development of the dairy industry in Indonesia is concentrated in Java and is dominated by the traditional farm with small-scale ownership, which is farmers do not get a big profit, farm management is very simple, farmers low level of education, and most farmers have dairy cattle that functioned as savings. This research was conducted to answer questions about how the behavior and decisions of farmers are influenced by interactions with other agents or factors; and how to encourage farmers to increase the cattle population and milk production so that farmers' income increases and have a sustainable business farm to develop the dairy industry in Bandung Regency. Agent-based modeling was conduction with the help of the SOARS program. In this research, dairy farmers are categorized into three clusters using cluster analysis, which is, the motivated, the survived, and the unsatisfied. Agent-based modeling is suitable for the complexities of this research which are the motivation, behavior, decision, and interactions of dairy farmers will be affecting the output of the dairy industry system as a whole; and to implement some policy scenarios. Keywords: Agent-based, dairy farmer, milk production, business decisions, behaviour
AFFECT OF OIL POLLUTED GRAY FOREST SOIL ON THE SPRING RAPE YIELD
Authors: Nigmatullina Regina , Gilyazov Minnegali
Published: May 2021

The purpose of the research is increasing the yield of spring rape in the Tatarstan pre-Kama zone. Soil pollution affects food safety both by reducing plant performance and yield class. Oil and petrochemicals are common con-tamination sources of environment. The work is devoted to the assessment of the impact of oil pollution of the soil on the yield of spring rapeseed. The study was conducted on the experimental field of the Department of «Agro-chemistry and Soil Science» of the Kazan State Agrarian University, located in the pre-Kama zone of Tatarstan. The experimental site is presented by gray forest medium loamy soil, which is the predominant difference for this zone. The area unpolluted soil was characterized by a low content of humus and a weak acidic medium, high con-centration of phosphorus and potassium active forms. The soil was purposely contaminated with commercial crude oil by spreading over the surface at the rate of 10, 20 and 40 l/m2. These levels of soil pollution, as shown by previ-ous studies, were estimated, respectively, as low, medium and high. A close positive correlation was established between the yield of spring rapeseed and the limitation of soil contamination (R2=0.763÷0.940). Mechanical soil treatment, liming, application of mineral fertilizers and Baikal EM-1 biologics was tested for recultivation. The yield of oilseeds of spring rapeseed was closely correlated with the level of single contamination of gray forest soil with commercial crude oil for at least 15 years. Obtaining the maximum yield of spring rapeseed on oil-polluted gray forest soil was provided by comprehensive application of soil loosening, liming and application of full mineral ferti-lizer.
PAISAJES ARQUITECTÓNICOS Y MEMORIAS DE LA CIUDAD
Authors: Álvarez Álvarez Darío
Published: May 2021

La ciudad occidental se ha concebido, desde sus orígenes, como una sucesión de llenos y vacíos. La presencia de esos vacíos, no ocupados por edificios, ha permitido la construcción de paisajes arquitectónicos, configurando el carácter ambiental de las ciudades y “ampliando” su morfología y su memoria. Desde la ciudad antigua hasta la contemporánea, estos vacíos construi-dos se han convertido en espacios significativos, más allá de un uso o una función concretos. En este tiempo que vivimos, estos pai-sajes, que refuerzan los mecanismos de las memorias de las ciudades, son más necesarios que nunca. Para ejemplificar este pro-ceso se han elegido paisajes arquitectónicos estrechamente vinculados a las memorias de tres ciudades: París, Nueva York y Roma
Network Interconnectivity and Entry into Platform Markets
Authors: Zhu Feng , Li Xinxin , Valavi Ehsan , Iansiti Marco
Published: May 2021

Digital technologies have led to the emergence of many platforms in our economy today. In certain platform networks, buyers in one market purchase services from providers in many other markets, whereas in others, buyers primarily purchase services from providers within the same market. Accordingly, network interconnectivity—which measures the degree to which consumers in one market purchase services from service providers in a different market—varies across different industries. We examine how network interconnectivity affects interactions between an incumbent platform serving multiple markets and an entrant platform seeking to enter one of these markets. Our model yields several interesting results. First, even if the entrant can advertise at no cost, it still may not want to make every user in a local market aware of its service, as doing so may trigger a competitive response from the incumbent. Second, having more mobile buyers, which increases interconnectivity between markets, can reduce the incumbent’s incentive to fight and, thus, increase the entrant’s incentive to expand. Third, stronger interconnectivity between markets may or may not make the incumbent more defensible: when advertising is not costly and mobile buyers consume in both their local markets and the markets they visit, a large number of mobile buyers will increase the entrant’s profitability, thereby making it difficult for the incumbent to deter entry. However, when advertising is costly or mobile buyers only consume in the markets they travel to, a large number of mobile buyers will help the incumbent deter entry. When advertising cost is at an intermediate level, the entrant prefers a market with moderate interconnectivity between markets. Fourth, we find that even if advanced targeting technologies can enable the entrant to also advertise to mobile buyers, the entrant may choose not to do so in order to avoid triggering the incumbent’s competitive response. Finally, we find that the presence of network effects is likely to decrease the entrant’s profit. Our results offer managerial implications for platform firms and help understand their performance heterogeneity.
Introduction by Eunan O’halpin
Authors: O’Halpin Eunan , Ó Corráin Daithí
Published: May 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of how many people died as a consequence of Irish political violence between April of 1916 and December 31, 1921. While some of those who died during the Irish Revolution are well known, most are not even recalled in historical footnotes. This book identifies their backgrounds, why they died and who was directly responsible for their deaths. It focuses solely on fatalities in a conflict which involved four main sets of protagonists — civilians, rebels collectively termed 'Irish military', police, and the British army — but other forces were also involved in nine-county Ulster, where some of the violence was attributable to the partisan Ulster Special Constabulary (USC) formed in November of 1920, to loyalist paramilitaries and civilians, and to nationalists who were not republicans. What most distinguishes 1916 from later years are the high proportion of civilian casualties and, within that category, of female deaths; the absence of any sectarian element in killings; and the absence of targeted killings — other than by execution following courts martial of the leaders of the rebellion — by either Crown forces or the rebels. What also distinguishes 1916 from 1919–21 is the absence of Ulster loyalist action against the Catholic minority during and after the Rising, in contrast to the considerable violence from 1920 onwards of which the Catholic civilian population were the main targets and the community which lost most people.
1917
Authors: O’Halpin Eunan , Ó Corráin Daithí
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on the deaths of the people who died in Ireland in 1917. Some of these deaths were those of the released 1916 Rising prisoners, including packaging porter Christopher Brady, who was released due to ill-health and died at home from pneumonia. Other 1916 Rising prisoners, like carpenter Bernard Ward, died from prison-related illness. Trade unionist engineer William Partridge, who died two months after release from Lewes on medical grounds and whose 'death was due to prison treatment', became a union official after losing his railway job for protesting at the preferential promotion of Protestants. Meanwhile, schoolteacher Thomas Ashe was jailed in Mountjoy for a seditious speech, during which he and others went on hunger strike for political status. Ashe died due to 'heart failure and congestion of the lungs caused by being left to lie on the cold floor for fifty hours and then subjected to forcible feeding in his weak condition after hunger strike'. Police reported that Ashe's death 'evoked demonstrations of sympathy on the part of Nationalists' across Ireland and gave a fresh impetus to the Sinn Féin movement.
Interlude
Authors: Hattem Michael D.
Published: May 2021

This interlude explores the emergence of natural law as a primary feature of patriot rhetoric in the early 1770s. Once colonists had begun questioning the British past and its relationship to their current circumstances, adopting natural law arguments more widely allowed them to continue to argue the same principles they had previously based on the British past by universalizing them under the rhetoric of “natural law” and “natural rights.” In the years just prior to independence, arguments based on the authority of the past began to diminish in favor of natural law arguments. This shift is evident in the most important revolutionary texts from this period: Thomas Jefferson’s A Summary View of the Rights of British America, Thomas Paine’s Common Sense, and the Declaration of Independence.
A Trip to Vauxhall
Authors: Cohen Ashley L.
Published: May 2021

This chapter details the major cultural fallout of the Seven Years' War. In addition to radically disrupting the nation's socioeconomic status quo and altering the texture of metropolitan sociability, the war inaugurated a new way of seeing the empire: the Indies mentality. The chapter looks at Vauxhall Gardens to illustrate how the Indies mentality manifested in Georgian London. From the time it opened to the public in the mid-seventeenth century, Vauxhall was in the vanguard of what can now be called the entertainment industry. A multimedia entertainment experience that combined artistic consumption with sociability, Vauxhall represented a perfect epitome of late Georgian culture.
Coda
Authors: Cohen Ashley L.
Published: May 2021

This coda studies the Indies mentality's demise. When the organization of global space shifted once more under the leadership of a new geopolitical world order, the two Indies ceased to be a compelling framework for organizing knowledge of the world. The chapter locates the swansong of the Indies mentality in the 1870s, the onset of the US systemic cycle. To be sure, the Indies mentality was residual by this time; but it was also still powerful. American desires for geopolitical dominance took shape during Britain's systemic cycle, and they bear the cultural imprint of British hegemony. One of the events that sealed the United States's rise to hegemonic status was the completion of the first transcontinental railroad to the Pacific, which was widely hailed as an American “Passage to India.” The chapter then makes the case for the portability of this book's method, especially in the context of postcolonial studies, where it can be used to reconstruct and reinhabit non-European epistemologies.
Drugs 101
Authors: Crandall Russell
Published: May 2021

This chapter recounts the history of how humans have used drugs for all kinds of reasons, including achieving alternative states of consciousness. It mentions excavations that have uncovered colored stains on human teeth that date back to sometime between 2400 and 2000 B.C.E., indigenous Peruvians were making pipes for smoking hallucinogenic herbs. It also talks about the Chinese, who were cultivating opium by 700 A.D. and an Abyssinian herder from 900 A.D., who noticed that his animals would become nervous after eating the shiny red fruit of a tree that would one day be called coffee. The chapter refers to scientists that suggested that the desire to alter consciousness is the “fourth drive” in every human mind, making drug use biologically inevitable. It provides enough information to dispel some of the myths about drug use, abuse, addiction, trafficking, and enforcement.
Bolivian Backlash
Authors: Crandall Russell
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides an overview of Bolivia's age-old social and political instability that had been on full display in the years leading up to the ascendancy of Evo Morales. It talks about Morales, an indigenous Bolivian who had risen to power in 2005 and was best-known to Americans for his efforts to modify the country's long-standing anti-drug programs. It also mentions how U.S. ambassador Manuel Rocha told the Bolivians that the United States would have to reconsider its sizable counternarcotics assistance if the Bolivians elected a candidate who was soft on the drug question. The chapter recalls that the global demand for cocaine in the early 1980s sparked a massive spike in cultivation, particularly in Chapare, a region straddling the area between La Paz and the eastern city of Santa Cruz. It looks at Washington's response to Bolivia's coca boom in the late 1980s that pressured successive governments to implement rigorous anti-drug programs.
Big Tobacco
Authors: Crandall Russell
Published: May 2021

This chapter reviews the uneven, cynical, and outright hypocritical evolution of tobacco as a legal but still addictive and harmful drug. It talks about citizens and politicians that have combatted the tobacco scourge to provide valuable context for other campaigns against other substances. It also investigates Big Tobacco's legacy as a once wildly successful corporate special interest in an industry dedicated to a single product that killed many of its users. The chapter looks at medical research over the previous two decades that found correlations between tobacco and low birth weight, emphysema, and heart disease, to name some of the more fatal maladies. It cites that scientists demonstrated that cigarettes were much more addictive and dangerous than cigars, pointing out the first reported connection between smoking and lung cancer in 1939.
The Most American Drug
Authors: Crandall Russell
Published: May 2021

This chapter begins with scenes from Matthew Heineman's Oscar-nominated documentary Cartel Land, which shows a crew of Mexican methamphetamine cooks standing around a few steaming plastics barrels. It investigates how methamphetamine was the scourge drug of twenty-first century middle America until opioid addiction grew into a full-fledged crisis. It also recounts how methamphetamine was widely prescribed and misused across America under brand names like Methedrine and Norodin well into the 1980s. The chapter discusses how illicit meth had remained popular with underground lab cooks and users since the days when it flowed through the counterculture of postwar New York and San Francisco.
The Novel and the Sexuality of Vagrancy
Authors: Nicolazzo Sal
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the role of vagrancy law in regulating the affective, sexual, reproductive, and domestic lives of the English poor. It traces vagrancy's appearance at the margins of both the novel and the marriage plot across a series of texts, including Jane Barker's Patchwork Screen for the Ladies (1723), Sarah Scott's Millenium Hall (1762), and, most centrally, Henry Fielding's The Female Husband (1746). Fielding, as novelist, magistrate, and major eighteenth-century theorist of police, is at the center of the chapter, which reads his figuration of vagrancy as a kind of sexuality that disrupts labor-discipline, marriage, and legitimate inheritance. At the same time, Fielding's text and the archival records of policing that surround it reveal how one might take vagrancy as a category of analysis for transgender history, since the construction of the sexed body as metonym for juridical identity developed through a nexus of policing, surveillance, and transatlantic print culture for which vagrancy was a foundational legal category. Finally, through readings of Scott's Millenium Hall and Mary Saxby's posthumously published Memoirs of a Female Vagrant (1806), the chapter shows that literary histories of sexuality look profoundly different if one centers the parish rather than the family as the field of analysis.
Toward an Abolitionist Literary History of the Police
Authors: Nicolazzo Sal
Published: May 2021

This coda presents a reading of George L. Kelling and James Q. Wilson's enormously influential article “Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety” (1982) as a remarkably politically successful redeployment of the tropes of eighteenth-century vagrancy. This article both draws on and occludes the prehistory of the police. Kelling and Wilson rely significantly on early histories of policing — in particular, the history of vagrancy law. At the same time, they push their readers insistently away from historical modes of thought. Through a reading of this text, much of whose political influence relies on the persuasive success of its master metaphors, the chapter proposes that reading methods of literary history can offer unique critical insights into the deep histories still animating contemporary theorizations of policing.
White Hot Technology
Authors: Brummer Alex
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on the UK as a well-placed tech hub with a cutting edge that is made sure it's not blunted as the UK takes a new path outside the EU and seeks to recover from the trauma of the Covid pandemic. It cites the driverless car that was tested for the first time on Britain's streets, which is considered an enormous advance on previous UK trials that involved a driver manually operating the vehicle. It also discusses the Milton Keynes exercise that showed the government's determination to make the UK a world leader by being at the forefront of developing driverless technology. The chapter talks about the UK's Jaguar Land Rover group, which took up the driverless challenge posed by Google's Waymo and China's Baidu company. It explores the automotive industry's thrust towards a new generation of vehicles that has advanced technology in developing hybrid, dual fuel and electric cars.
Onwards and Upwards
Authors: Brummer Alex
Published: May 2021

This chapter recounts how Britain voted to leave the EU in June 2016, in which very few people envisaged the long timescale involved in navigating its departure. It cites the paralysis of national decision-making and the scale and the passion on both sides that were not anticipated during the battle to reverse the result of the referendum. It also talks about the December 2019 election that brought Boris Johnson back to Downing Street, which should have allowed a line to be drawn under uncertainty and signalled the start of a healing process. The chapter analyses the Brexit disarray on all sides of the political and economic divide that became less relevant as a second referendum had been blocked. It highlights interventions of the UK government to put the economy on hold or in hibernation, so that when the pandemic has passed the economy can be brought back to life.
Introduction
Authors: Zitin Abigail
Published: May 2021

When David Hume writes, in Book 2 of his Treatise of Human Nature, that “beauty is nothing but a form, which produces pleasure, as deformity is a structure of parts, which conveys pain,” it may seem as though form is already fixed in place as a concept around which aesthetic theory revolves....
Introduction
Authors: Kreiner Jamie
Published: May 2021

Pigs seem like a minor historical subject. But they helped their caretakers think big, and they can likewise expand our picture of the early Middle Ages. Pigs forced humans to appreciate that they were dealing with interlocking, fluctuating, and variable resources that required a correspondingly flexible approach to handling them. And they were adaptive, most noticeably in their diet but also in their behaviors, which enabled their owners to take advantage of different ecologies. And unlike other livestock, pigs were consistently difficult to manage, so their caretakers could not help but notice that domestication did not fully transform animals into commodities. Humans made tradeoffs and sacrifices in order to keep raising and eating pigs, and that, more than any other animal-human relationship in this period, attests to a long-term process of coevolution.
The Christianization of the Pig
Authors: Kreiner Jamie
Published: May 2021

Religious identity enters the pig’s history later than we’d expect. Although today the dietary avoidance of pork is a conspicuous feature of Judaism and Islam, in antiquity and for a good stretch of the early Middle Ages it was not a prominent symbol of religious difference. But over time, pigs became increasingly “Christianized,” in the sense that Christians used them as metaphors for elucidating complex facets of their culture, as well as to antagonize non-Christians.
‘The most eminent persons in the land’
Authors: Wheeler Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter evaluates the members of the Athenæum. Police magistrate and author Thomas Walker believed that among the members of the Athenæum 'are to be reckoned a large proportion of the most eminent persons in the land in every line, civil, military, and ecclesiastical, peers spiritual and temporal, commoners, men of the learned professions, those connected with science, the arts, and commerce in all its principal branches, as well as the distinguished who do not belong to any particular class'. By 1890, the year in which the club happened to change its administrative structure and refurbish its clubhouse, the Athenæum had achieved worldwide fame and was often invoked as the archetypal gentleman's club. The chapter considers how, as membership numbers increased to 1,200, the standard of new entrants, far from falling off, actually rose, not only as a result of fresh interest in a new clubhouse, but also through a series of interventions by the General Committee. By examining the special elections held by the committee in 1830 and 1838, and the introduction of 'Rule II' membership in 1830, one can see how the club defined itself for an elite on the cusp of the Victorian era, when political economists, scientists, and explorers were creating an intellectual environment.
Plus ça change
Authors: Wheeler Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter reflects on the paradox that greater changes in the Athenæum's constitution, tone, and activities have taken place since the mid-1980s than in any previous period, changes that reflect an accommodation to consumerism. Yet the club has remained the same, retaining a strong sense of tradition, claiming a unique identity for itself as 'more than just another London club', and maintaining principles embodied in its foundation through its members' professional contribution to the national life. In the 1960s, the Athenæum was still famed for its high thinking and plain living, whereas in the 1990s it began to invest heavily in the refurbishment of its facilities and in creating comfortable amenities for its members and guests. These changes were part of a process of reinvention that included the introduction of women members, from 2002, and an increase in private entertaining and diaried events. Whereas ballots used to be held in order to elect new members from a long list of candidates, they are now needed to determine which members can secure a place at one of the many and varied events in the club's calendar which are oversubscribed.
Benjamin; or, The Ambivalence of Secularization
Authors: Gordon Peter E.
Published: May 2021

Examines the concept of secularization in the writings of Walter Benjamin, with a special emphasis on the unresolved ambivalence that surrounds his treatment of this idea.
Adorno; or, Negative Dialectics as Negative Theology
Authors: Gordon Peter E.
Published: May 2021

Examines the concept of secularization in the writings of Theodor W. Adorno, with special emphasis on the development of negative dialectics as an attempt to realize the principle that theological concepts can survive only if they undergo a “migration into the profane.”
Predatory Peace
Authors: Lund Christian
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes the specific configuration of the political and agrarian structure in Aceh during the civil war and after. It presents two analysis. The first is an analysis of the general land politics in Aceh during and after the war, tracing the Free Aceh Movement's (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka, GAM) development from a rebel movement with a nationalist and popular base to a political party with a rent-seeking practice and an interest in the palm oil economy. The second is an analysis of the institutional mechanisms of dispossession through land-lease allocations. Empirical documentation from two different locations in Aceh illustrates the smallholder plantation land conflicts. By turning space into a frontier under weak claims, new actors were able to seize it through violence, political power, and the paperwork of legalization.
The Effect of Low-Density Poly Ethylene (LDPE) Towards Plastic Oil Quality
Authors: Hariadi Dedy , M. Saleh Sofyan , Yamin R. Anwar , Aprilia Sri
Published: May 2021

Nowadays, the use of plastics is inseparable from daily life activities for both industrial commercial and household needs. Every year, an average individual consumes 700 plastic bags. Furthermore, the major types of plastic pollutants are High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE). The nature of LDPE plastic makes it very difficult to undergo decomposition. Subsequently, efforts to overcome this problem have been carried out by several methods of processing or utilizing its waste through pyrolysis. This study aims to determine the effect of the quality of LDPE plastic waste on the plastic oil produced from the pyrolysis process. Based on their chemical compounds, all plastic oils produced were categorized as carbon compounds instead of hydrocarbons. Although, from the quality of the LDPE plastic used, the process produced gasoline, naphtha, and kerosene, the quality of each oil was different. Therefore, the higher the quality of the LDPE plastic used, the better the quality of the oil produced
The Implementation of Machine Learning in Lithofacies Classification using Multi Well Logs Data
Authors: Saroji Sudarmaji , Winata Ekrar , Hidayat Putra Pratama Wahyu , Prakoso Suryo , Herdiansyah Firman
Published: May 2021

Lithofacies classification is a process to identify rock lithology by indirect measurements. Usually, the classification is processed manually by an experienced geoscientist. This research presents an automated lithofacies classification using a machine learning method to increase computational power in shortening the lithofacies classification process's time consumption. The support vector machine (SVM) algorithm has been applied successfully to the Damar field, Indonesia. The machine learning input is various well-log data sets, e.g., gamma-ray, density, resistivity, neutron porosity, and effective porosity. Machine learning can classify seven lithofacies and depositional environments, including channel, bar sand, beach sand, carbonate, volcanic, and shale. The classification accuracy in the verification phase with trained lithofacies class data reached more than 90%, while the accuracy in the validation phase with beyond trained data reached 65%. The classified lithofacies then can be used as the input for describing lateral and vertical rock distribution patterns.
Bentonite and Magnetite Filler-Modified Polyurethane Foam in Fixed Bed Column for the Adsorption of Mercury(II) Ions from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Sarah Siti , Adisalamun Adisalamun , Darmadi Darmadi , Kamaruzzaman Suraiya , Muslim Abrar , Saiful Saiful
Published: May 2021

This paper proposed adsorbent development by synthesizing polyurethane foam (PUF) using a simple method, mixing polyol with isocyanate and adding fillers of bentonite and magnetite to the PUF matrix. The study's main objective was to produce a PUF-based adsorbent with high reactivity to remove Hg2+ in wastewater. This bentonite and magnetite filler-modified polyurethane foam (BMPUF) adsorbent was fixed in a bed column for the adsorption of mercury (II) ions from an aqueous solution. The effect of initial Hg2+ concentration on the removal rate and the effect of contact time on adsorption efficiency was investigated. Langmuir, Freundlich, and BET non-linear models were taken into account to determine the best adsorption isotherm fitting and obtain adsorption capacity, intensity, and pore volume. As a result, it followed the non-linear Freundlich model, and the average adsorption capacity and intensity were 0.466 mg/g and 0.923, respectively. The average BET-based pore volume obtained was 0.782 L/mg. The kinetics study showed that the non-linear pseudo-first-order kinetics model was more suitable for describing the Hg2+ adsorption kinetics. The maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity was 1.770 mg/g with the adsorption rate of 0.0013 min-1 based on the non-linear model. The effect of varying bentonite and magnetite ratio on adsorption isotherm and kinetics was also investigated. Overall, the potential application of BMPUF adsorbent in the adsorption of mercury (II) ions was demonstrated in the current study.
Combined Effect of Low and High Rate of Corrugated Steel Fiber and Stirrups on Mechanical Performance of SFSCC Beams
Authors: Chaib Sihem , Lassoued Rachid
Published: May 2021

In order to improve the fragile nature of concrete, and its low tensile strength, and with a view to giving it the desired properties, which serve to build more durable structures at less cost, the association of a self-consolidating concrete with fiber, is considered a wise combination.  However, given the limited amount of research on the response of SFSCC structures, designers and engineers do not use this material with confidence. In the present work, an experimental companion was conducted, in the interest of examining, the combined effect of fibers and stirrups include low and high rate of steel fiber, on the behavior of SFSCC beams. This choice allowed working on economically viable SFSCC. Beams were made also with ordinary concrete and others with self-consolidating. Thirty-six beams were of identical cross-section 10x20cm and length of 120cm; carried out with or without longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. Before proceeding with the main part of the research program, the concrete mixtures were characterized first in the fresh state by the following tests: Slump Flow, Time Flow T500; J-Ring, L-Box, V-Funnel and Sieve stability, and then in the hardened state: compressive and tensile strengths. In the light of the results obtained, it was found that adding steel fibers to fresh self-consolidating concrete decreased its workability and fluidity, but improved its hardening properties. Subsequently, the addition of the steel fibers increased the flexural capacity of the beams significantly, and improved their ductility. Also, an addition of the steel fibers in an adequate percentage, in this case at 0.9%, made it possible to replace the shear reinforcements, and can lead to changing the mode of failure from a collapse by brittle shear, to a mechanism of ruin in ductile bending.
Poverty and education in Northern Ireland: the legacy of division and conflict
Authors: Leitch Ruth , Cownie Erik
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the issue of poverty and education in Northern Ireland (NI) and how the particular economic, social, political, and educational challenges associated with NI following the Troubles (1968-1998) are viewed as inextricably entangled in this region of the United Kingdom. After briefly outlining the relatively recent and current political and policy landscapes, it goes on to consider patterns of demography, poverty and deprivation and educational achievement and how these link to segregation and issues of difference. The chapter then draws on a major, largely qualitative study that was undertaken in NI, Investigating Links in Achievement and Deprivation (ILiAD), in order to illustrate how any simple statistical correlation of deprivation and educational achievement plays out here in a much more complex nuanced manner.
Religion and Belief Literacy
Authors: Dinham Adam , Arat Alp , Shaw Martha
Published: May 2021

This book presents a crisis of religion and belief literacy to which education at every level is challenged to respond. As understanding different religions, beliefs and influences becomes increasingly important, the book fills a gap for a resource in bringing together the debates around religious literacy, from theoretical approaches to teaching and policy. The book begins with an overview of religion and belief literacy. Religion and belief literacy is both socialised and learnt. While treated in schools as a discrete and marginalised subject for children, it overlaps with citizenship and sex education. Thus, it will be experienced primarily in those ways rather than engaged with more openly as lived experiences around the world. The book shows that learning about religion and belief is a lifelong process. Crucially, learning happens in different combinations, in different orders, with different modes, for different purposes, and at different paces for each individual. This reflects the importance of connecting the chain of learning across all the spaces through which people pass in everyday life so that the fullest range of thinking and contestations about religion and belief landscapes are more or less consistently revealed in their complexity and by recognising the boundaries and competitions between ideas. The book provides a clear pathway for engaging well with religion and belief diversity in public and shared settings.
Religion and belief in professional education and workplaces
Authors: Dinham Adam , Arat Alp , Shaw Martha
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores religion and belief in professional education and workplaces. These are spaces in which adults learn and relearn religion and belief, often for the first time since school. Here, the messages have their own flavour, once again distinctive from what may have come before. One dominant framing in workplaces is equality and diversity. This constructs religion and belief as potentially discriminatory and discriminated against. In doing so, religion and belief are once again thought of primarily in terms of risk. Another growing preoccupation is with spirituality and well-being in workplaces, often associated with the benefits of bringing the 'whole person' to work and engaging with the full scope of identities among service users. Within this, one suggestion is that survey after management survey affirms that a majority wants to find meaning in their work. This is especially prominent in health and social care, where religion and belief are manifest both in professional trainings and in regulatory standards for the professions. The chapter considers both framings and looks at how they connect and confuse.
Policy analysis inside central government in Colombia
Authors: Mejía-Guinand Luis Bernardo
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the structure and powers of the Colombian central government, with particular attention on the executive branch. It discusses the roles of the president and key agencies, such as the National Planning Department (DNP), the Administrative Department of the Presidency (DAPRE), and the National Council for Economic and Social Policy (CONPES) in policy-making and policy analysis. It also outlines the role of policy analysis in all the stages of the policy cycle, namely planning, budgeting, execution, monitoring and evaluation. The chapter presents the efforts of the government to develop comprehensive tools to produce useful information for policy decision making. It looks at the institutional restrictions, political factors or lack of incentives in the use of information that constrain the capacity of policy analysis by the central government.
Conclusion: Building capacity for policy analysis amid tensions and challenges in Colombia
Authors: Sanabria-Pulido Pablo , Rubaii Nadia
Published: May 2021

This chapter facilitates a comprehensive understanding of the progression and the current state of policy analysis in Colombia. It presents the evolution and consolidation of policy analysis in Colombia and its relevance and use inside governmental instances. It also discusses the application of policy analysis in key policy domains and the role of participants beyond the state in policy discussions. The chapter illustrates important elements that depict the relatively slow but firm progression of policy analysis as a field of study in educational institutions and as a practical realm in public organizations and policy actors in Colombia. It emphasizes how the Colombian case delivers important lessons about the generation of policy analysis capacity in highly difficult contexts and junctures in spite of the manifold challenges that remain.
Mainstreaming in response to superdiversity? The governance of migration-related diversity in France, the UK and the Netherlands
Authors: Breugel Ilona van , Scholten Peter
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines whether, and if so, how and why, governance mainstreaming forms a suitable policy response to situations of superdiversity. The concept of governance refers to problem-solving strategies that are developed and implemented in complex networks of actors, including but certainly not limited to government institutions and government policies. The concept of governance mainstreaming has been developed more broadly in other areas such as gender, disability, and environmental governance. Building from this literature, the chapter defines mainstreaming of migration-related diversity as the effort to embed diversity in a generic approach across policy areas as well as policy levels, to establish a whole-society approach to diversity rather than an approach to specific migrant groups, in complex actor networks. The chapter then analyses patterns in the policy approaches to immigrant integration in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and France from the conceptual lens of governance mainstreaming, and considers how and why mainstreaming was developed as a governance strategy, and what role superdiversity played in the rationale for and the choice of strategy towards mainstreaming.
Long-term trends since the early 1990s
Authors: Saraceno Chiara , Benassi David , Morlicchio Enrica
Published: May 2021

Chapter 4 individuates the 1992 monetary crisis (devaluation of the Lira) as a turning point in the Italian economic development, starting the long period of sluggish growth, decreasing value of real wages, increasing both inequality and poverty. The 1990s were also the period when child poverty started to increase, and the conditions of the young to deteriorate, becoming, together with the North-/South divide, structural features of Italian poverty. During the same years, Italy started to become an immigration country, with migrants from developing countries mostly occupying the lowest rungs of the occupational stratification, thus being exposed to high risk of poverty. These characteristics were further heightened by the economic crisis and its long duration, which highlighted the weakness both of the Italian economy and of the Italian system of social protection. The increasing number of working poor, particularly in households with children, well exemplify this weakness.
Conclusions and new policy directions
Authors: Barbera Filippo , Jones Ian Rees
Published: May 2021

In this concluding chapter we focus on the relationship between the Foundational Economy and new emerging forms of citizenship. Our starting point is the argument that Foundational thinking is necessarily underpinned by the fostering of a new and universalistic model of citizenship; a model that emphasises the active and social nature of citizenship where people continually work on, engage with, dispute and argue over their rights and duties. We summarise the encouraging examples detailed by the contributors to the book of policies across different scales and levels of governance. We conclude by arguing that the basis for taking this work forward should be the recognition that a new model of citizenship needs to be based on the actions of an enabling state that go well beyond the strengthening of individual human capital and activation.
Doing politics in uncertain times: Co-Creation, agency and the ontology of the city
Authors: Milanese Niccolò
Published: May 2021

This chapter relates Co-Creation as a methodology to Henri Lefebvre's strategic approach to the city as oeuvre, and investigates the contemporary implications of the combination of urban rescaling and geopolitical reordering for a politically and socially engaged and embedded form of research. Through a consideration of the experience of a Co-Creation international research project between London, Paris, Rio De Janeiro and Mexico City, and of one episode in Santa Marta Favela of Rio De Janeiro specifically, the chapter explicates how Co-Creation can be a self-reflexive methodology which allows the articulation of precarious togetherness, awareness of the re-composition uncertain shared spaces and through artistic intervention recovers an insurgent civic agency.
We Can Make: Co-Creating knowledge and products with local communities
Authors: King Martha , Mean Melissa , Stewart-Hall Roz
Published: May 2021

Knowle West Media Centre (KWMC) believes that all people, whatever their background, should be able to imagine, co-design and shape their future, for themselves and their community. KWMC uses an arts-led Co-Creation process that generates creative, engaging and relevant ways for people to get involved in activism, education, employment and local decision making, leading to and building networks, communities of interest, and strategic interventions that can contribute to wider system changes. The chapter outlines this approach, which builds on participatory research practices and the concept and practice of ‘common-ing’, and how this approach can be applied to diverse settings, issues, and engage diverse participants. It shares two case studies: The Bristol Approach to Citizen Sensing which develops an alternative people-first approach to Smart Cities, Big Data and new technology; and We Can Make, which takes an asset-based approach to citizen-led housing and enables housing to be developed at ‘point of need’ by unlocking micro-sites for development. Over twenty years KWMC’s approach has achieved significant impacts at the individual and collective level. However, there remains a challenge to secure fuller recognition and engagement from decision-makers and a commensurate shift in resources and power relations that would enable more people to work together effectively and non-hierarchically towards the change they want to bring about in their communities.
Innovative collaborative policy development: Casa Fluminense and Rio’s public agenda challenges
Authors: Álvarez-Gortari Inés , Mihessen Vitor , Spencer Ben
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores some of the innovative ways in which collaborative approaches to developing urban policy have been undertaken in the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It introduces the work and values of the Casa Fluminense civil organisation based in the city. It explains how Casa has built on a history of participatory planning and policy making in Brazil to create methods to develop and test public policy proposals in Rio. The chapter explores how co-creative approaches at the neighbourhood level, using empowerment, refunding and artistic practices are related to information gathering, policy development and monitoring at the metropolitan scale. This provides a model where the benefits of co-creation working at the local level can be translated to a scale where key issues such as railway transport and water quality can be addressed.
Introduction
Authors: Singh Danny
Published: May 2021

The opening chapter of the book covers security sector reform that has attempted to curb corruption by enhancing the efficiency of a competently trained police force. It draws on comparisons between Afghanistan and Iraq which has resulted in a number of shortcomings that include weak vetting, excessive use of force, low funding of the justice sector, loyalty of police officers with local networks and corruption. The subsequent part covers the aims of the book to outline the three main drivers (political, economic and cultural) drivers of corruption and methodology of the empirical data collected in the field. The methods include a total of 70 semi-structured interviews conducted with mainly ministerial, governmental and civil society organisational staff. Each interview consisted of approximately 60-90 minutes. The lower ranks of the Afghan police force included a 10-minute survey conducted with 100 officers and subsequently a 20-minute structured interview was undertaken with 50 officers. The final sections offers an overview of each chapter.