bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the effect of urbanization on land surface temperature example of Bursa
Authors: YAMAK Beyzanur , YAĞCI Zekeriya , BİLGİLİOĞLU Burhan Baha , ÇÖMERT Resul
Published: May 2020

Today, industrialization and urbanization in large cities cause an increase in the surfaces covered with man-made objects such as concrete and asphalt. The expansion of urban areas and increase in the using materials with high heat storage properties, directly affect the Land Surface Temperature (LST), which shows an increase in the sensible temperature of the region. LST is directly connected to the natural green vegetation of the land and varies widely in large urban areas, these differences related to the temperature is defined as the ‘urban heat island’. In this study, it was investigated the temporal variation of land surface temperature due to urbanization. Bursa, which is considered as a study area, has shown a rapid population increase since 1990 and a rapid increase in the number of buildings with the impact of urbanization and industrialisation. To determine the effect of this urbanization and industrialisation on land surface temperature, temporal change analysis of the surface temperature in the Bursa was observed with Landsat satellite images of 1988, 1998, 2008 and 2018. From produced maps, it was observed that the amount of green vegetation in urban areas decreased and as a consequence of this decrease, the surface temperature increased in the urban areas.
An investigation of the performances of polarimetric target decompositions using GB-SAR imaging
Authors: DEMİRCİ Şevket , ÖZDEMİR Caner
Published: May 2020

Ground-based synthetic aperture radar (GB-SAR) systems are mostly utilized to be practical practices in improved understanding of the complex mechanism of microwave backscattering. They also provide complementary information on evaluating the validity of the polarimetric analysis of air-borne or satellite-borne SAR applications. This study investigates some capabilities of polarimetric L-band GB-SAR imaging by testing its performance against a typical terrain and various kinds of manmade targets. Trihedral corner reflectors are also included in the analyses because of their importance in data calibration. Polarimetric backscattering signatures of different targets are analyzed in terms of qualitative assessment of amplitude images and identification and classification of scattering mechanisms through target decomposition techniques. The findings of these analyses and detailed discussions are presented. Specifically, the entropy/mean-alpha ((H/α ̅)) classification results are shown to be capable of clearly identifying the dominant scattering mechanisms occurring within the investigated scene.
Developing a mobile GIS application related to the collection of land data in soil mapping studies
Authors: İŞCAN Fatih , GÜLER Erkan
Published: May 2020

Soil is the one of the most important natural resources having direct and indirect effects on human life, foremost on food supply. Moreover, two of the most important sources used in many sectors such as agriculture, forestry, environment, planning, related to the conservation of soil, are soil maps and soil reports. There is a need for proper and up-to-date soil maps produced with support of technology to achieve sustainable management of land and soil successfully. In order to facilitate the collection of soil data on site in a correct, fast and reliable way in soil survey and mapping studies, and therefore to produce soil maps with high accuracy, a mobile GIS application called “Soil Data System” was developed in this study to work in mobile devices which are driven by Android 5.0 and above. The developed application was tested in “Abadan Erosion Control Project” implementation area, which is located in the boundaries of Ankara, Turkey and was completed in 2016 within the General Directorate of Forestry of The Republic of Turkey, and various findings were obtained after comparing the application with classical soil survey and mapping studies. As a result of the analyzes, it was observed that Soil Data System contributed positively to soil mapping process in many aspects such as accuracy, transparency and time.
corpo e a imagem corporal
Authors: Do Amaral e Souza Betânia
Published: May 2020

As relações com o corpo são influenciadas por diversos aspectos socioculturais, que conduzem homens, mulheres e adolescentes a um conjunto de preocupações e insatisfações com a imagem corporal que influenciam no consumo de uma ”melhor” aparência física. A imagem corporal envolve um complexo emaranhado de fatores psicológicos, sociais, culturais e biológicos que  determinam subjetivamente como os indivíduos se veem, pensam que são vistos e veem os outros. Partindo desse contexto, buscou-se neste estudo investigar a satisfação dos estudantes do 9º ano da educação de jovens e adultos da Escola MunicipalGessé Inácio do Nascimento, Teixeira de Freitas, BA, com seu corpo, com sua imagem corporal e com sua origem, bem como verificar a influência da mídia, família e escola no tocante à observação destes por meio de grupos focais.
Using Feminist Theory and Social Justice Pedagogy to Educate a New Generation of Precautionary Principle Chemists
Authors: Lasker Grace A , Simcox Nancy J
Published: May 2020

Students in the science classroom learn that science makes right, which devalues (whether inadvertently or very purposefully) other non-scientific areas of study and largely works against ideas of collectivism and community especially as science “rises to the top” in collaborative partnerships and interdisciplinary research and service. Applying feminist theory and social justice pedagogy within the chemistry classroom can help focus the student’s learning experiences away from hierarchical outcomes that perpetuate discriminatory practices toward change agency and the pursuit of equity, especially in regard to the design of safer chemicals. Most would agree that it is not ethically acceptable to continue to design and produce chemicals that cause adverse human health effects and environmental pollution; however, changes in the chemistry classroom to redirect this outcome has been slow. Emphasis on designing safer chemicals driven by the precautionary principle can advance the role of students and teachers as change agents in their communities.. When considering feminist theory and social justice pedagogy in the chemistry classroom, classrooms become inclusive and learning outcomes shift toward focusing on how to reduce health disparities due to chemical exposures and how to interact with systems of domination and decision making in the workplace and beyond. New chemistry curriculum is needed in these areas to help prepare a new generation of “precautionary principle chemists” who will advocate for all of our communities.
PENGARUH SERTIFIKASI GURU AGAMA TERHADAP PENGUASAAN MATERI PEMBELAJARAN SISWA DI MTs. NAHDHATUL UMMAH KETAPANG LOR UJUNGPANGKAH GRESIK
Authors: Afifah Afifah , Mashuri Imam
Published: May 2020

This research contained the first formulation of the problem of how religious teacher certification in MTs. Nahdhatul Ummah Ketapang Lor Ujungpangkah Gresik, the second is how to master student learning material in MTs. Nahdhatul Ummah Ketapang Lor Ujungpangkah Gresik, the third is the influence of religious teacher certification on the mastery of student learning material in MTs. Nahdhatul Ummah Ketapang Lor Ujungpangkah Gresi, the last is how much influence the religious teacher has on the mastery of student learning material in MTs. Nahdhatul Ummah Ketapang Lor Ujung pangkah Gresik. This research has the first objective to determine the religious teacher's certification, the second is to know the mastery of student learning material, the third is to find out whether or not the influence of religious teacher certification on the mastery of student learning material and the last is to know how much influence the religious teacher certification on mastery student learning material in MTs. Nahdhatul Ummah Ketapang lor Ujungpangkah Gresik.
Structural-phase junctions in the system of Pt–Si during rapid thermal treatment
Authors: Pilipenka U. A. , Komarov F. F. , Saladukha V. A. , Harushka V. A.
Published: May 2020

In recent years the interest to silicides significantly rose relating to their huge potentialities as the material of the low-Ohm contacts and interconnections of metallization of the silicon integrated circuits. In view of this the necessity appeared to consider more extensively the thermal dynamic, electric and structural peculiarities of their formation. Purpose of the work was in investigation of influence of the rapid thermal treatment on the structural –phase junctions in the system of Pt–Si during formation of platinum silicide. As samples, the Pt films were used, 43.7 nm thick and applied on the substrates of the mono-crystal silicon KEF КЭФ 0.5 with orientation (111) by means of the magnetron sputtering of the platinum target with purity of 99.95 % on the unit MRS 603 with the cryogenic pumping to the pressure not worse, than 5 · 10–5 Pa. As the operating medium, argon was used, whose purity constituted 99.933 %. Rapid thermal treatment was performed in the nitrogen medium within the temperature range from 200 to 550 °С with a step of 50 °С and the time period of 7 s. The process of interaction of platinum with silicon during treatment of the Pt–Si system was evaluated by means of the analysis of the RBS spectra. It is demonstrated, that within the temperature range of 200 °С ≤ Т ≤ 300 °С during 7 s of the rapid thermal process on the boundary of the metal film with the substrate, formation takes place of the Pt2Si layer owing to diffusion of the Pt atoms into silicon via the layer of the growing silicide. The temperature Т = 300 °С is peculiar for the complete application of the Pt film during 7 s in process of the silicide formation of the single phase system of Pt2Si. At 350 °С ≤ Т < 450 °С formation is registered of the double phase system of Pt2Si → PtSi, starting from the inter-phase boundary of Si/Pt2Si predominantly owing to the opposite diffusion of the Si atoms into the layer of Pt2Si. The temperature of the rapid thermal treatment Т = 450 °С marks formation of the thermally stable balanced structure of PtSi along the entire silicide thickness, which is 50–100 °С lower and considerably more rapid, than during the long-term balanced thermal treatment.
Factors and methods of effective management. P. 2. Cooperation and integration of business entities, investment in development of production, state regulation of AIC, business development and personnel training
Authors: Gusakov V. G.
Published: May 2020

There is an active search for ways and mechanisms to upgrade the agrarian economy in the Republic of Belarus and increase its efficiency in conditions of stiffen market situation, but no efficient mechanisms have yet been found. In this regard, we’ve carried out systematic research and prepared a research papers that answer many questions regarding raising the agricultural economy and market challenges. We believe that it can become the basis for accepting specific recommendations. The second part of the paper dwells on the role, functions and significance of such fundamental factors of efficient agriculture as cooperation and integration of business entities, investment in development of production, state regulation of AIC, as well as development of entrepreneurship and training of relevant personnel.
System of performance-based comprehensive evaluation of horses of plant type in Belarusian draft breed
Authors: Herman Y. I.
Published: May 2020

Obtaining horses of a new quality, mostly required in modern conditions of in the republic, is one of the promising tasks for further breeding. While preserving the specific traits of the basic Belarusian draft breed, the horses of the created type will be characterized by new traits of a more expanded non-traditional horse use. This is for the first time when traits were established during work with the Belarusian draft breed, determining universal performance of the plant type horses, as well as in accordance with motor traits step length when moving in steps, trot; speed of movement in steps, trot, gallop; style of movement in steps, gallop, trot; according to jumping traits – the height of obstacles taken, the style of jumping, and temperament. The indicators for evaluating horses according to the indicated traits have been studied. The positive correlation of performance indicators with some basic and additionally taken measurements of horses, angles of articulation of individual parts has been established. Differentiation of jump has been developed with specifying such phases as grouping, repulsion, flight, landing, which will be used to evaluate and predict its efficiency. Factors determining efficiency of jump have been determined. Length of run, distance from the repulsion point to the obstacle, reserve of jump, mobility of the head, neck and limbs. Characteristic features of the studied allures, their genetic and statistical characteristics are determined. Positive correlation between a number of measurements and features of the horse exterior with the motion and jumping traits was determined. Training methods have been developed and used that ensure development of jumping traits of horses of the created type of over 90 cm. The information obtained will be used to develop recommendations for training, testing and evaluation of horses of plant type of Belarusian draft breed. This will allow improving the welfare of Belarusian horse breeding, raise quality of horses obtained, and become an export-oriented industry in agro-ecotourism and leisure horse breeding for the CIS countries.
Traditional ceremonies and worships in East-­Slavic paganism
Authors: Zaitsev D. M.
Published: May 2020

This article is relevant, first of all, for compatriots, as it addresses issues of the cultural heritage of Eastern Slavic peoples. The article discusses worship and rituals in East Slavic paganism as the most important part of the religious life of Belarusians, Ukrainians and Russians. The issues of the origin and development of these phenomena are analyzed. Numerous examples show the diversity and importance of the system of rites, rituals and worship in ancient and modern Slavic paganism. It is noted that the activities and heritage of the wanderers and the Magi are significant material for studying the culture of our ancestors. The most visited religious objects are distinguished: first of all, sanctuaries, temples, burial mounds, burials of the Magi, the graves of ancient Russian princes of the pre-Christian time. For thousands of neo-pagans, the reverent attitude to the object of worship serves as the fulfillment of the will of the ancestors. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of worship and rites in East Slavic paganism, to show the influence of historical, geographical, cultural factors on their formation. This work may be useful for solving urgent problems of interaction with representatives of different religious denominations.
Manajemen Pemupukan Tanaman Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) pada Area Marjinal di Kabupaten Kotawaringin Timur, Kalimantan Tengah
Authors: Octaviany Weni Riska , Hariyadi .
Published: May 2020

Kegiatan penelitian telah dilaksanakan pada bulan Februari hingga Mei 2012 di Kotawaringin Timur, Kalimantan Tengah. Kegiatan penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang budidaya kelapa sawit, memperoleh pengetahuan teknis dan manajerial perkebunan kelapa sawit, serta secara khusus mempelajari manajemen pemupukan tanaman kelapa sawit. Pengumpulan data dan informasi dilakukan dengan metode langsung dan metode tidak langsung. Metode langsung dilakukan untuk memperoleh data primer di lapangan melalui pengamatan mulai dari persiapan pemupukan sampai pelaksanaan pemupukan dengan prinsip 5T, diskusi langsung dengan manajer dan asisten kebun sebagai pekerja. Metode tidak langsung dilakukan untuk memperoleh data sekunder seperti kondisi umum perusahaan, kondisi iklim dan jenis tanah, kondisi tanaman, struktur organisasi, data produksi dan data yang terkait dengan kegiatan pemupukan. Data primer dan sekunder dianalisis dengan metode deskriptif dan kuantitatif. Pelaksanaan pemupukan di kebun ini secara umum belum cukup baik mulai dari pengadaan pupuk sampai pelaksanaan pemupukan. Efektifitas dan efisiensi pemupukan belum sepenuhnya sesuai prinsip 5T. Oleh karena itu pengawasan yang lebih baik dari mandor pupuk dan asisten kebun harus ditingkatkan guna memperbaiki kualitas pemupukan berikutnya.
Pattern and outcome of Diabetic Ketoacidosis among children with Type 1 Diabetes mellitus at Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Authors: Elusiyan JBE , Kareem AJ , Olorunmoteni OE , Odunlade OC
Published: May 2020

Background: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication of Diabetes mellitus. There are few reports on the pattern and outcome of DKA in childhood diabetes in Nigeria but none on the diabetic population from Osun State, Nigeria.

Objective: To determine the pattern and factors influencing the outcome of children managed for DKA at the Paediatric Endocrinology Unit of the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife, Nigeria, over a ten-year period.

Methods: A retrospective review of the clinical records of all the children managed for Type-1 Diabetes mellitus (TIDM) over ten years (2007-2016) was done. Relevant information was obtained from the clinical records and the data were analyzed.

Results: A total of 15 children with DKA comprising 8 (53.3%) males and 7 (46.7%) females were studied. The male to female ratio was 1.1:1. Twenty-eight episodes of DKA were recorded during the period, thus putting the average frequency per patient at 1.9. DKA was the first manifestation of DM in the majority (86.7%) of the subjects. The mean age at diagnosis of DM was 11.9+3.6 years with about half (53.3%) occurring during pre-adolescence. The socio-economic status of the affected families had an inverse relationship with the frequency of DKA.

Conclusion: DKA is the most common initial presentation of Type-1 DM among Nigerian children, with a high rate of recurrence and an inverse relationship with socioeconomic status.
Correlation between Prostate Specific Antigen and Prostate Biopsy Gleason Score
Authors: Ngwu PE , Achor GO , Eziefule VU , Orji JI , Alozie FT
Published: May 2020

Background: Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) is a commonly used marker in prostate cancer management. Gleason grading is one of the most powerful predictors of prostatic biological behaviour. PSA, when combined with the Gleason score and clinical stage, improves the prediction of the pathological stage for prostate cancer.
Objectives: To assess the degree of correlation between PSA level and Gleason score as well as determine the likelihood of aggressiveness of prostate cancer using Gleason score as a parameter.
Methods: A cross-sectional prospective study was conducted among 234 consecutive consenting patients presenting to the Urology Out-Patient Clinic between April 2015 and March 2018. Serum PSA was done and patients with values above 4ng/ml and/or abnormal Digital Rectal Examination (DRE) were selected to have a prostate biopsy. The sample was histologically analysed with Gleason score recorded for those with prostate cancer. Gleason score was then correlated with PSA levels.
Results: The mean age for prostate cancer patients was 71.3±8.7 years. The mean PSA for patients with prostate cancer was 52.3±37.5ng/ml (Confidence Interval = 46.1-58.6) with p<0.001. About 18.2% of histologically confirmed prostate cancer cases had Gleason score 8-10 implying a high level of tumour aggressiveness. There is a positive correlation between PSA and Gleason score with R-value 0.590 indicating a good degree of correlation.
Conclusion: There is a good degree of a positive correlation between PSA level and Gleason score, as well as a high level of aggressiveness of prostate cancer in Umuahia.
A 17-year study of paediatric cytopathology in a tertiary hospital in Sokoto, Nigeria
Authors: Abdullahi K , Jibrin B
Published: May 2020

Background: Cytopathology offers a rapid diagnosis of suspicious lesions, aiding prompt clinical judgment. The extent of the cytopathologic practice is variable, thus justifying the need to assess the frequency of its use in health care centres in resource-challenged settings.
Objectives: To assess the frequency of use of cytopathology services, the demographic features of the patients and the various diagnostic outcomes.
Methods: The study was a retrospective analysis of 17 years’ records; including parameters like the basic demographics and cytomorphologic diagnoses in paediatric practice. Data was sought from histopathology department registers and cytopathologic request forms for patients in the age range of 0-15 years.
Results: The total number of the paediatric cytologic specimen was 930 constituting 12.3% of all cytologic specimens received in the study period. The mean age was 8.0 years with a range of 1 day to 15 years. There were 537/930 (57.7%) males and 378/930 (40.6%) females with a male-to-female ratio of 1.4:1. The specimens were obtained by fine-needle aspiration cytology in 596/930 (64.1%) cases or smears of exfoliative specimens in 334/930 (35.9%) cases. Most of the samples were obtained from children in 6 - 10 years age group. The commonest clinical indication for the cytology was “suspected malignancy” comprising 370/930 (39.8%) cases. The most frequent cytopathological diagnosis was “positive for malignancy”, accounting for 232/930 (24.9%) cases.
Conclusion: Cytopathology practice in a resource-poor setting remains a useful tool in the preliminary evaluation of lesions.
Indications for blood and blood products transfusions among children in a semi-urban tertiary hospital in Nigeria
Authors: Akodu SO , Adekanmbi AF , Gbadebo FA , Olanrewaju DM
Published: May 2020

Background: Anaemia is prevalent among children in our environment, often necessitating blood transfusions. The knowledge of the common indications for blood transfusion and the required preventive measures is likely to reduce the transfusion rates.

Objective: To determine the disease conditions requiring blood transfusion in post-neonatal age children at the Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Nigeria.

Methods: The hospital records of all children aged 1 month to 18 years admitted into the post-neonatal ward who received blood transfusions over 18 months (1st July 2015to­31st December 2016) were reviewed.

Results: There were 710 paediatric admissions out of which 82 (11.6%) received blood transfusions. Ninety transfusions were carried out amongst 82 children, at a ratio of 1.1 transfusions per child. Severe malaria (28.1%), sickle cell anaemia (19.5%) and septicaemia (18.3) were the most common disease conditions requiring blood transfusions. The leading blood products transfused included packed red cells (64.5%) and whole blood (30.0%).

Conclusion: Blood transfusion is frequently indicated in the paediatric population in our setting, largely due to severe malaria and sickle cell anaemia problems. Intensifying efforts on the use of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets and environmental control may reduce the prevalence of severe malaria, while improved nutrition, adequate hydration, regular malaria prophylaxis, prompt treatment of infections and regular use of haematinics may minimize the need for blood transfusions among children with sickle cell anaemia.
Motor co-ordinative roles of Nigella sativa oil in mice models of phenol-induced essential tremor
Authors: Folarin RO , Surajudeen OB , Omotosho EO , Owoniyi AO , Oyeleye DO , Shallie P
Published: May 2020

Background: Essential tremor, regarded as the world's most common movement disorder, is a neuronal disorder characterized by uncontrollable shaking (tremor) of different parts of the body. Nigella sativa is a medicinal herb with pharmacologically proven therapeutic potentials in various ailments including neurological disorders.

Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic roles of Nigella sativa on cerebellar phenotypes in phenol-induced mice models of essential tremor.

Methods: Tremor response, body weight, temperature, motor coordination (using the parallel bars and static rods tests), relative brain weights, cerebellar glutamate and Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and histoarchitecture were assayed in 75 adult male BALB/cm ice weighing 21-30g. The animals, equally divided into five groups were respectively administered feed and water only (CTRL); 100mg/kg phenol and 1ml/kg Nigella sativa oil concurrently (PNSC); 100mg/kg phenol (P); 1ml/kg Nigella sativa oil followed by 100mg/kg phenol (NSP); and 1ml/kg Nigella sativa oil (NS).

Results: The PNSC, NSP and NS mice displayed significant weight reduction. Histoachitectural defects, stagnancy in weight, high Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and high glutamate levels and poor motor coordination were exhibited by the P group. The CTRL and NS animals demonstrated good motor coordination while the PNSC and NSP groups showed better coordination than the untreated P group. The CTRL group showed no histoarchitectural defects while the NS and PNSC animals showed histoarchitectural regeneration.

Conclusion: This research affirmed the weight-reducing, neuroprotective, neuroregenerative and motor coordinating effects of Nigella sativa in the modelled tremor condition.
Olfacto-protective roles of Nigella sativa oil in Harmaline-induced essential tremor modelling
Authors: Folarin R , John S , Oyenuga O , Tijani N , Otulana O , Mbonu E
Published: May 2020

Background: Harmaline is a tremorgenic beta-carboline, reported to induce acute postural and kinetic tremor. Essential Tremor (ET) is an idiopathic slowly neurodegenerative tremor disorder which also compromises olfactory acuity. Nigella sativa (NS) is a therapeutic agent widely used in the treatment of various ailments. Objective: To determine the effect of NSon olfactory functions of mice treated with harmaline. Methods: Seventy-five BALB/c male mice weighing 20g-25g, were equally divided into five groups, namely CNTRL (received only Normal saline), NS (received NS oil1ml/kg), HML(received Harmaline 20mg/kg), HNS (received Harmaline and Nigella sativa concurrently), and NSH (received NSfollowed by Harmaline). Olfactory sensitivity and discrimination were assayed through buried food test. The olfactory bulb was assayed neurochemically for glutamate and dopamine, and histologically for neuronal architecture using haematoxylin and eosin stain. Differences in neurochemical and histological data, body weight, appetite, relative brain weight, sensitivity and discrimination indices were statistically analysed. Results: NS was significantly protective against the negative effects of Harmaline. It also effected quick olfactory discrimination, increased dopamine level, decrease in weight difference and increased food consumption in the animals. However, Harmaline increased relative brain weight and GPX levels. The concurrent administration aided in the reduction of neuronal density while neuronal average size reduced on pre-treatment with NS. Conclusion: Harmaline did not induce tremor in the animals, though it resulted in histological and neurochemical deficits. However, it resulted in olfactory insensitivity and indiscrimination, both of which were prevented and ameliorated by Nigella sativa oil.
Conformal surface and holographic focusing
Authors: Kuyukov Vitaly
Published: May 2020

Conformal surface and holographic focusing
Administrasi Tata Usaha
Authors: Nirmala Rifa , Afriansyah Hade
Published: May 2020

Thus it can be concluded that a business administration is all mechanisms that can help, expedite, increase the activity and efficiency of the administrative process by providing all necessary data and information, so that the administration runs smoothly.Administration can also be interpreted as an activity to determine everything that happens in the organization, to be used as information by the leadership, which includes all activities ranging from manufacturing, processing, structuring to storing all information needed by the organization.Administration according to the administrative services guidelines for tertiary institutions is all correspondence management activities, namely collecting (receiving), recording, processing, copying, sending and storing all the pieces of information required by the organization.Basically, administrative administration is the activity of recording for everything that happens in an organization to be used as material for information for the leadership.
Proses Dan Teknik Supervisi Pendidikan
Authors: Nirmala Rifa , Afriansyah Hade
Published: May 2020

Supervision is a help in the realization of professional services provided by people who are more skilled in increasing professional capabilities, especially in the learning process of teaching. The aim of supervision is to improve the teaching learning process, which involves the teacher and students, through action, guidance, and direction. The supervising process is a series that is carried out when supervising is carried out. The supervision procedure can also be done with the process of introducing the introduction, observing the teacher who is teaching, and meeting the reverse. The implementation of supervision of teaching develops through approaches that have certain scientific, cognitive, and behavioral approaches.
The mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: Implications for sub-Saharan Africa.
Authors: Frissa Souci , Dessalegn Bazghina-werq Semo
Published: May 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic is leading to mental health problems due to disease experience, physical distancing, stigma and discrimination, and job losses in many of the settings hardest hit by the pandemic. Health care workers, patients with COVID-19 and other illnesses, children, women, youth, and the elderly are experiencing post-traumatic stress disorders, anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Virtual mental health services have been established in many settings and social media is being used to impart mental health education and communication resources. This rapid review highlights mental health services across countries hardest hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. More needs to be done to take these services to scale and ensure equity and efficiency.The impact of COVID-19 on mental health in sub-Saharan Africa could be immense, given the weak health care systems. Similar to the Ebola epidemic of 2014-2016, COVID-19 is expected to cause anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorders. Uptake of mental health care services is generally low, and communities rely on social resources. Hence, efforts to control the disease transmission should be contextualized. Low digital literacy, low smartphone penetration and limited internet connection make online mental health services a limited option for service delivery. Safeguarding social and cultural resilience factors and coping mechanisms is critical in the sub-Saharan African context. Mass media is a feasible way of providing social resources. Community health workers can be trained quickly to provide mental health education, screening and counselling services. Toll-free mental health helplines can be used to provide services to health care workers and those needing customized care. Mental health and psychosocial support services need to be integrated into the pandemic response and coordinated nationally. It is critical for these services to continue during and after the epidemic.
Referential Context and Executive Functioning Influence Children’s Resolution of Syntactic Ambiguity
Authors: Qi Zhenghan , Love Jessica , Fisher Cynthia , Brown-Schmidt Sarah
Published: May 2020

Classic studies reveal two striking differences between preschoolers and adults in online sentence comprehension. Adults (a) recruit referential context cues to guide syntactic parsing, interpreting an ambiguous phrase as a modifier if a modifier is needed to single out the intended referent among multiple options, and (b) use late-arriving information to recover from misinterpretation. Five-year-olds fail on both counts, appearing insensitive to the referential context, and often failing to recover from parsing errors (Trueswell et al., 1999). But other findings suggest that 5-year-olds show delayed rather than absent sensitivity to the referential context, and that individual differences in executive functioning predict children's ability to recover from garden-path errors. In two experiments, we built on these findings, focusing on whether children recruit referential-context cues if given time to do so. Children heard temporarily ambiguous instructions (e.g., Put the frog on the pond into the tent), while we monitored their eye-gaze and actions. We used a slow speech rate, and manipulated referential context between rather than within subjects, to give children time to bring referential context cues into play. Across experiments, eye-movement and action analyses revealed emerging sensitivity to the referential context. Moreover, error rates and eye-movement patterns indicating failures to revise were predicted by individual differences in executive function (scores in Simon Says and Flanker tasks). These data suggest that children, like adults, use referential context information in syntactic processing under some circumstances; the findings are also consistent with a role for domain-general executive function in resolution of syntactic ambiguity.
RETURN TO TRAINING AND PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL COMPETITION AFTER THE SANITARY ALERT OF COVID-19 WITH EMPHASIS IN THE ANALYSIS, MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL CONTROL OF TRAINING LOADS.
Authors: Agusti David , Alvarez Jorge
Published: May 2020

In the year 2020, the world is facing a global emergency called COVID-19, causing sports competitions to be postponed and/or suspended, resulting in the modification of sports schedules. This has caused coaches to have to prepare individual training plans or group training at a distance in decontextualized environments and with low specificity regarding the nature of the sport.In order to analyse the main factors to be taken into account in planning the training after competition in professional football players, a systematic review of scientific literature addressing the selected problem was carried out. In the first search, 155 articles were obtained, identifying a total of 37 duplicate articles, therefore, according to the established criteria, a total of 118 articles were analysed. Of these, 30 were chosen for the investigation.As conclusions of the study, we highlight the importance of performing the correct management and distribution of training loads after training with the aim of reducing the injury rate of athletes. It would be useful to follow the different practical proposals / recommendations that we present in the research for the period after training.
Isolation, Characterization and Antibacterial Activities of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated From Batak's Special Food "Dali Ni Horbo”
Authors: Nasution Muhammad Hasan Basri , Ramadhani Shafira , Fachrial Edy
Published: May 2020

Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are gram-positive bacteria that are rod or round in shape, do not form spores, and do not have cytochromes. LAB can be isolated from fermented food products. LAB is useful to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria so that they are potential antibacterial sources. The purpose of this study was to isolate LAB from the traditional food Dali Ni Horbo, continued with characterization, antimicrobial testing, and sensitivity testing towards several antibiotics. From the results of the study, the number of colonies obtained was 2.4 x 107 CFU/mL. 6 isolates were randomly selected, coded as isolates UPDH1, UPDH2, UPDH3, UPDH4, UPDH5, UPDH6, respectively. Biochemical characterization showed that the isolates were gram-positive and catalase-negative bacteria.  Results of antibiotic sensitivity testing using 6 antibiotics, namely amoxicillin (AML), erythromycin (E), oxacillin (OX), ofloxacin (OFX), cefotaxime (CTX), and gentamicin (CN), showed that all the isolates were resistant to CTX. The UPDH1 isolate was resistant to AML and OX. The UPDH3, UPDH5, and UPDH6 isolates were resistant to AML, and the UPDH4 isolate was resistant to E, OFX, CTX, CN, and OX. Antimicrobial tests used the disk diffusion method against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The UPDH2 isolate, gave an inhibition zone of 6.7 mm, and UPDH5 and UPDH6 gave inhibition zones of 7.6 mm and 8.5 mm respectively, against E. coli. Microbial inhibition tests against S. aureus by UPDH1, UPDH2, UPDH5 and UPDH6 gave inhibition zones of 13.5 mm, 9.0 mm, 12.1 mm and 12 mm respectively. From the results in this research it can be concluded that the traditional food Dali Ni Horbo is a potential source of probiotics.
Fractionation of Garcinia Mangostana Fruit Pericarp Cellulase Assisted Extracts by Preparative Thin Layer Chromatography and High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Nugroho Titania Tjandrawati , Puja Krisna , Eryanti Yum , Miranti Miranti
Published: May 2020

The polar extract of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) fruit pericarp obtained by cellulase assisted ethanol extraction has strong antioxidant activity, giving an average 2,2 diphenyl-1 pykrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical  scavenging IC50 of 13.9 µg/mL. In order to elucidate the chemical component from this extract that is responsible for the high antioxidant activity, fractionation of the extract should firstly be performed. In this paper we show results of preparative fractionation of the polar extract by two methods, namely preparative Thin Layer Chromatography (PTLC) and preparative High Performance Liquid Chromatography (PHPLC). PTLC used Silica Gel G60 plates, with a hexane:ethyl acetate (6:4) eluent. PHPLC was a reverse phase method, using C18 column and water:acetonitrile gradient elution. 4 fractions from PTLC and 6 fractions from PHPLC were collected and their antioxidant activity analyzed. Both methods gave separated fractions with lower antioxidant activity than the unfractionated original crude extracts, showing that the strong antioxidant activity of Mangosteen pericarp polar extracts maybe due to the concerted synergetic effect of several compounds, rather than a single isolated compound. It also shows the high degree of difficulty in separating mangosteen pericarp polar components having antioxidant activity for further structural analysis.
Hypertension and its Determinants Among School Going Adolescents: A Cross Sectional Study in Nepal
Authors: Shakya Sujata , Bajracharya Shanti
Published: May 2020

Introduction: Hypertension is a chronic life threatening non- communicable disease. It increases the risk for cardiovascular diseases even leading to premature death. Almost half of the adults with hypertension had elevated blood pressure during childhood. With globalisation and lifestyle changes, adolescents are exposed to various risk factors. However, diagnosis in this population is difficult due to absence of symptoms. Thus, regular blood pressure screening is essential in these groups. This study aimed to find out the prevalence of hypertension and its determinants among the school going adolescents of Kathmandu, Nepal.

Methods: This was a descriptive cross sectional study which included five private secondary schools of Kathmandu, Nepal. The adolescent students studying in classes VIII, IX and X were the study subjects. Two stage cluster random sampling technique was used to select 356 participants. Data collection was done by doing anthropometric measurements, blood pressure measurement and through self administered questionnaire.

Results: The study depicted that the prevalence of elevated blood pressure was 12.4%, stage 1 hypertension 32.3% and stage 2 hypertension 9.8%. Similarly, 13.8% were overweight and 1.4% were obese. Bivariate analysis depicted significant association of prevalence of hypertension with gender, religion and obesity (p < 0.05). The multivariate analysis shows that the significant predictors of elevated blood pressure and/or hypertension were gender and obesity. Males were six times more likely to have elevated blood pressure (AOR = 6.058, CI = 2.571 - 14.274) and 2.8 times more likely to be hypertensive (AOR = 2.838, CI = 1.688 - 4.773) compared to females. Similarly, compared to obese/ overweight students, thin and normally built ones have less likelihood of having elevated blood pressure and hypertension.

Conclusions: Hypertension has been prevalent among adolescents, due to various behavioural risk factors. This is really challenging and of public health significance. Regular screening of adolescents is essential for early detection and management of hypertension.
Clinico-Demographic Profile of Febrile Seizure and Its Association With Iron Deficiency
Authors: Birua Shyama , Sarkar Suman , Bera Aparajita , Khan Kalimuddin
Published: May 2020

Introduction: Febrile seizure (FS) is recognised as the most frequent type of seizure in children (age six months to five years). This observational study was conducted in our hospital to assess any possible association of febrile convulsion with iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) and to see the incidence of iron deficiency in six months to five years old children.

Methods: Eighty eight Simple febrile seizure patients of age six months to five years fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were enrolled between April 2018–March 2019. A pre-designed proforma including detailed history, physical examinations, systemic examinations and relevant investigations were filled-up.

Results: Eighty eight subjects with FS were studied. Occurrence of IDA was 67.04% among them. Age was significantly associated with haemoglobin (Hb%) (p-value = 0.000), severity of anaemia (p-value = 0.000), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (p-value = 0.000), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) (p-value = 0.000), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (p-value = 0.000) and serum ferritin (p-value = 0.000). However, no significant association between Hb% and gender was found (p-value = 0.890).

Conclusions: Considering the clinico-demographic context of the present study and extent of anxiety and worries of parents of FS children, it is imperative to initiate FS prevention and control programme. Nearly two-third of study subjects had significant low serum ferritin indicating association of simple febrile seizure with IDA. However, prevalence of IDA as a risk factor for FS needs to be studied on adequate and representative sample so that iron supplementation could be started as an inbuilt strategy of simple febrile seizure management.
Orthopaedic services during COVID-19 lockdown at Patan Hospital, Nepal
Authors: Pradhan Nabees Man Singh , Acharya Balakrishnan M , Devkota Pramod , Gyawali Bidur , Bhatta Toya Raj , Pokhrel Prabhav M , Thakur Abhishek Kumar , Shrestha Amrit , Shrestha Suman K
Published: May 2020

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has paralyzed the world, including elective health care services. To prevent the spread of infection, most countries have gone into lockdown and adjustments have been made to provide urgent medical care, including Orthopaedic services. In accordance with the guidelines from worst affected countries and neighboring India, Patan Hospital followed instructions from Ministry of Health and Population to provide only urgent and semi-urgent Orthopaedic services. This study aims to audit the patient profile during lockdown so as to have a clearer picture, which will enable us to be prepared for similar epidemic in the future.

Method: All patients admitted to the Orthopaedic ward of Patan hospital from 24 March to 27 April 2020, during the lockdown, were included. Clinical profile, including cause of admission, management, hospital stay were descriptively analyzed. Ethical approval was obtained.

Result: Out of 44 admissions, there were male 27 and female 17. Trauma cases were 38, and 18 were in age group 20-26 years. Admission due to infections were four. Conservative management were done in seven while 33 were treated surgically, out of which 30 accounted for trauma. Average 6.14 days hospital stay, range 1-22 days.

 Conclusion: Trauma comprised of major bulk of patients seeking urgent Orthopaedic care. Hospital needs to be prepared with necessary measures to ensure safety of health care workers and yet provide urgent Orthopaedic services.
Strategies for prevention and control of COVID-19 in Nepal
Authors: Sapkota Kiran , Dangal Ganesh , Koirala Madhu , Sapkota Kalyan , Poudel Asmita , Dhital Shalik Ram
Published: May 2020

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, caused by the most recently discovered coronavirus, is currently affecting a large population across the globe. World health organization (WHO) has already declared COVID-19, a pandemic, and the world is fighting to contain the COVID-19 outbreak. Nepal has taken several preventive measures to control the coronavirus outbreak. However, some additional steps are needed to prevent community transmission of the disease. This brief communication discusses the government of Nepal actions and provides recommendations for the prevention and control of COVID-19 infection in Nepal.
Responding to changing case definition of COVID-19: experience from Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Nepal
Authors: Bajracharya Sumana
Published: May 2020

It is important to track the changing case definition to plan for the clinical response. Transmission pattern of disease have been changing in COVID-19. Countries with no reported cases have moved on to sporadic, cluster of cases and then to community transmission. The response depends on how rapidly the transmission is changing in the country.
Clinical profile of patients with post-caesarean wound infection: experience of Patan Hospital, Nepal
Authors: Jaiswal Ekta , Sharma Paban , Singh Alka
Published: May 2020

Introduction: Would infection following caesarean delivery adds physical, psychological, and health burden to individual and health care system. This hospital based study aim to determine the rate of infection, the risk factors, pathogens and antibiotic sensitivity.

Method: A prospective study was carried out to analyze the wound infection in women following caesarean delivery in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Patan Hospital, Nepal, between January 2018 to December 2018. The study was approved from the institutional review committee. Clinicodemographic data during perinatal period of caesarean delivery were descriptive analyzed in relation to wound infection.

Result: Wound infection occurred in 102 (3.1%)of 3285 caesarean section (of total 7131 deliveries during the study period. The caesarean SSI rate was 3.1%, all were incisional SSI (84 superficial and 18 deep) and there were no organ-space SSI. Majority (81.3%) SSI cases were detected in emergency LSCS. Coagulase Negative Staphylococci was the most common organism isolated from wound swab. Routine postoperative antibiotics did not have a major impact in reducing wound infection rate. Multiple per vaginal examinations, prolonged rupture of membrane and staples for skin closure were more commonly associated with SSI.

Conclusion: Reduction in caesarean rate is the major key factor for decreasing the post caesarean wound infection. Protocol should be developed and strictly implemented by all the health care professionals in order to minimize and prevent the infection rate after caesarean section.
Fetus papyraceus: a rare case report
Authors: Sindan Namita , Bhandari Adheesh , Rai Snigdha , Gurung Devi
Published: May 2020

Fetus papyraceus is a rare condition of a mummified and compressed fetus occurring in multiple gestations where one fetus dies in utero and is merged between the uterine wall and the membranes of living fetus. The blood vessels of the placenta of the two fetuses anastomose with each other, a third cycle occurs, causing fetal death (fetal transfer syndrome). Ultrasonography may identify the Fetus papyraceus, but is not always promising due to anatomical location. Cautious supervision is important during pregnancy for its positive outcome. We report a case of fetus papyraceus in Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Paropakar Maternity and Women’s Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal.