bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On regulation and excess reserves: The case of Basel III
Authors: Miller Stephen Matteo , Hoarty Blake
Published: March 2021

Common explanations for the observed rise in excess bank reserves include payment of interest on reserves and liquidity regulations, but capital regulations may also matter. We show that a profit‐maximizing bank substitutes from higher risk‐weighted loans to lower risk‐weighted reserves and Treasuries if the risk‐based capital ratio, but not the leverage ratio, increases. Estimated treatment effects for “advanced approaches” bank holding companies, the focus of Basel III capital regulations, initially increased for reserves after the regulatory changes but later decreased when treatment effects for Treasuries increased as Treasury yields rose; treatment effects for loans became increasingly negative.
Manifestation of neuro‐fuzzy simulation environment for prognostication of water absorption kinetics of soybean grains in thermo‐ultrasonication‐assisted soaking process
Authors: Shafaei Seyed Mojtaba , Nourmohamadi‐Moghadami Arash , Kamgar Saadat
Published: March 2021

Neuro‐fuzzy simulation of food engineering phenomena can be a supportive manner for integrated realization of compound trends of involved parameters. This article is aimed to manifest neuro‐fuzzy simulation environment for prognostication of water absorption kinetics of soybean grains in thermo‐ultrasonication‐assisted soaking process. The simulation environment was developed based on various types and numbers of input membership functions, defuzzification methods, types of output membership functions, and numbers of training cycles. Promising performance of the prominent environment guaranteed its reliability for prognostication of water absorption kinetics on the basis of numeral variables of soaking time and temperature (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60°C), and nominal variable of soaking strategy (thermic and ultrasonication [25 kHz and 360 W]). The simulation results divulged that applying both strategies of thermic and ultrasonication (thermo‐ultrasonication strategy) was more effective than individual strategy of thermic and ultrasonication in order to proliferate water absorption into the grains. However, contributory influence of the ultrasonication on water absorption was less apparent at higher soaking temperatures and it was more dominant, when soaking time augmented.

Practical Applications

It can be asserted that the neuro‐fuzzy simulation environment manifested and verified in this study can be practically utilized in oil extraction and seed priming process, and industrial production of some popular soybean food products (Soymilk, Okara, Tofu, Shoyu, Miso, and Natto).
Systematic review of coexistent epileptic seizures and Alzheimer's disease: Incidence and prevalence
Authors: Xu Ying , Lavrencic Louise , Radford Kylie , Booth Andrew , Yoshimura Sohei , Anstey Kaarin J. , Anderson Craig S. , Peters Ruth
Published: March 2021

Background/Objectives

Coexistent seizures add complexity to the burden of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We aim to estimate the incidence and prevalence of coexistent seizures and AD and summarize characteristics.

Design

A systematic review and meta‐analysis (PROSPERO protocol registration CRD42020150479).

Setting

Population‐, community‐, hospital‐, or nursing home‐based.

Participants and measurements

Thirty‐nine studies reporting on seizure incidence and prevalence in 21,198 and 380,777 participants with AD, respectively, and AD prevalence in 727,446 participants with seizures. When statistical heterogeneity and inconsistency (assessed by Q statistic and I2) were not shown, rates were synthesized using random effect.

Results

Studies were conducted in Australia, Brazil, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, Taiwan, United Kingdom, and United States. The incidence of seizures among people with clinically diagnosed AD ranged from 4.2 to 31.5 per 1000 person‐years. Prevalence of seizures among people with clinically diagnosed AD ranged from 1.5% to 12.7% generally, but it rose to the highest (49.5% of those with early‐onset AD) in one study. Meta‐analysis reported a combined seizure prevalence rate among people with pathologically verified AD at 16% (95% confidence interval [CI] 14–19). Prevalence of seizure in autosomal dominant AD (ADAD) ranged from 2.8% to 41.7%. Being younger was associated with higher risk of seizure occurrence. Eleven percent of people with adult‐onset seizures had AD (95%CI, 7‐14).

Conclusion

Seizures are common in those with AD, and seizure monitoring may be particularly important for younger adults and those with ADAD.
Mental ill‐health in mothers of people with intellectual disabilities compared with mothers of typically developing people: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Rydzewska E. , Dunn K. , Cooper S.‐A. , Kinnear D.
Published: March 2021

Background

Mothers of people with intellectual disabilities (IDs) face exceptional challenges and may be more prone to experiencing mental ill‐health compared with mothers of typically developing people. These mental ill‐health problems may differ at different stages of the caregiving trajectory. However, there is no evidence synthesis on this topic. We aimed to systematically review evidence in this area and identify gaps in the existing literature.

Method

Prospero registration: CRD42018088197. Medline, Embase, CINAHL and PsycINFO databases were searched. No time limits were applied. Studies were limited to English language. Inclusion criteria were studies of mothers of people with IDs that also included a comparison group of mothers of typically developing/developed children. Data were extracted from selected studies using a structured database. Study selection and quality appraisal were double rated. Where possible, meta‐analyses were performed.

Results

Of the retrieved articles, 32/3089 were included, of which 10 reported on anxiety, 21 on depression and 23 on other indicators of mental ill‐health. Overall, previous studies reported that mothers of people with IDs experienced poorer mental health as compared with mothers of typically developing people. Meta‐analyses revealed significant findings for anxiety, depression, parenting stress, emotional burden and common mental disorders, but not for somatic symptoms. However, there was a considerable heterogeneity; hence, interpretation of results should be cautious. Identified gaps included scarce research on mental ill‐health of mothers of adults with IDs at different stages of the caregiving trajectory.

Conclusions

There is evidence of poorer mental ill‐health in mothers of people with IDs compared with mothers of typically developing people, but lack of focus on different stages of the caregiving trajectory, methodological inconsistencies between studies and lack of robust studies pose limitations. This highlights the need both for improved support for mothers of people with IDs and for further methodologically robust research.
Racial‐ethnic differences in educational trajectories for individuals with intellectual disability
Authors: Bisesti E. , Landes S. D.
Published: March 2021

Background

Racial‐ethnic differences in educational attainment have not been explored among adults with intellectual disability (ID). Because adults with ID and racial‐ethnic minority groups have been historically marginalised from educational pathways through life, they have likely experienced cumulative disadvantage. Therefore, investigating the intersection of ID and race‐ethnicity is necessary to increase understanding of educational attainment among adults with ID.

Methods

Using 1986–2017 National Health Interview Survey data, we examined the educational trajectories of adults with ID, stratified by race‐ethnicity (N = 4610). Generalised ordered logistic regression models were utilised to estimate the effect of birth cohort on educational attainment by race‐ethnicity among adults with ID.

Results

Results support prior findings that educational attainment increased for adults with ID around the 1950–1959 birth cohort; however, this was only the case for non‐Hispanic Whites. For racial‐ethnic minority groups, the probability of attaining a high school degree did not increase until comparatively later birth cohorts: non‐Hispanic Black adults did not have their largest gains in educational attainment until the 1960–1969 birth cohort; Hispanic adults did not have their largest gains in attainment until the 1980–1999 birth cohort.

Conclusion

This study provides evidence of improvements in educational attainment for all adults with ID across birth cohorts. However, racial‐ethnic disparities were also present – educational attainment levels for non‐Hispanic Blacks remained lower than for non‐Hispanic Whites across all birth cohorts in the study. Hispanics were able to catch up to and surpass both non‐Hispanic Whites and non‐Hispanic Blacks by the end of the study period, despite lower levels of education in the early birth cohorts. Results from this study highlight the need to attend to race‐ethnicity when examining educational outcomes among adults with ID.
Diagnostic yield of whole‐exome sequencing in non‐syndromic intellectual disability
Authors: Taşkıran E. Z. , Karaosmanoğlu B. , Koşukcu C. , Ürel‐Demir G. , Akgün‐Doğan Ö. , Şimşek‐Kiper P. Ö. , Alikaşifoğlu M. , Boduroğlu K. , Utine G. E.
Published: March 2021

Background

Aetiological diagnosis in non‐syndromic intellectual disability (NSID) still poses a diagnostic challenge to clinicians.

Methods

Screening is currently achieved by chromosomal microarrays followed by whole‐exome sequencing (WES). In search for the aetiological yield of WES in patients with NSID, 59 unrelated patients were studied.

Results

Among the 59 patients, 44 (74.6%) were from consanguineous unions. Epilepsy was present in 11 (37.9%), behavioural problems in 12 (41.4%) and autistic features in 14 (48.3%). WES analysis resulted in molecular diagnosis in 29 patients (49.2%). Some of the genes were specific for nervous system functioning, like HERC1, TBC1D7, LINS, HECW2, DEAF1, HNMT, DLG3, NRXN1 and HUWE1. Others were ubiquitously expressed genes involved in fundamental cellular processes, like IARS, UBE3A, COQ4, TAF1, SETBP1, ARV1, ZC4H2, KAT6A, ASXL3, THOC6, HNRNPH2, TUBA8 and KIF1A. Twenty‐two (75.8%) were consanguineously married; however, only 12 (41.4%) of the detected genes caused autosomal recessive phenotypes.

Conclusions

This cohort suggests that recessive genes probably represent an actually smaller subgroup of NSID, even among families with consanguinity. Although in societies with high consanguinity rates, considering the recessive inheritance first seems to be an advantageous strategy, de novo mutations in autosomal dominantly expressed genes represent the major aetiological group in patients with NSID, even among those patients from consanguineous families.
One billion euro programme for early childcare services in Italy
Authors: Giorgetti Isabella , Picchio Matteo
Published: March 2021

In 2007 the Italian central government started a programme by transferring funds to regional governments to develop both private and public early childcare services. Exploiting the different timing of programme implementation across regions, we evaluate its effectiveness in boosting the public supply of early childhood educational services. We find that the ratio between the available slots in public early childhood education and the population aged 0–2 increased by 18% 3 years after the start of the programme, with respect to the pre‐programme level. The programme impact was, however, limited in the South and mostly driven by the Center‐North.
A learning process towards person‐centred care: A second‐year follow‐up of guideline implementation
Authors: Kindblom Kristina , Edvardsson David , Boström Anne‐Marie , Vikström Sofia
Published: March 2021

Background

Research claims that ‘learning by doing’ creates new thinking, often leading to new practice.

Objectives

The aim was to explore and describe the staff learning process from the first to the second year when adopting person‐centred care into clinical practice in a nursing home for persons with dementia.

Method

The data consisted of poster texts from staff and written notes by researchers obtained from the group discussions. The study involved 24 care units (200 staff). Content analysis was chosen as method to explore the learning process.

Result

The staff described the actions that they took during year 1 and year 2, in which five categories emerged, activities, environment, information, priorities and staff routines. With researchers' analysis the categories together created the learning process and formed a sub‐theme. They further formed an overarching theme from simplicity to complexity and consensus. Staff changes year 1 pertained more to planning and doing, while year 2 changes constituted a larger complexity of person‐centred care with reflection, collaborative learning and a mind‐set change.

Conclusion

Staff chose the development area, and the learning process was illuminated by the researchers. This underscores the value to visualise and verbalise the steps of change as well as include these steps in the design of an implementation process. The concept of person‐centred care could be viewed on different levels. The findings may contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of staff learning process when implementation of person‐centred care.

Implications for practice

Making staff's learning process visible can be a guide for improvement and change from a generic care towards person‐centred care. The Regional Board of Research Ethics approved the study (Reg no. 2010/1234‐31/5).
Atrial arrhythmia related outcomes in critically ill COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Colon Chad M. , Barrios James G. , Chiles Joe W. , Brown Todd M. , Pogwizd Steven M. , McElwee Samuel K. , Gandotra Sheetal , Russell Derek W. , McElderry H. Tom , Maddox William R.
Published: March 2021

Rationale

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is associated with many clinical manifestations including respiratory failure and cardiovascular compromise.

Objectives

We examine outcomes in critically ill individuals with COVID‐19 who develop atrial tachyarrhythmias.

Methods

We collected data from electrocardiograms and the electronic medical record of COVID‐19 positive (COVID+) and negative (COVID−) individuals admitted to our medical intensive care unit between February 29 and June 28, 2020. We compared clinical and demographic characteristics, new onset atrial tachyarrhythmia, hemodynamic compromise following atrial tachyarrhythmia, and in‐hospital mortality in COVID+ versus COVID−. Hemodynamic compromise was defined as having a new or increased vasopressor requirement or the need for direct current cardioversion for hemodynamic instability within 1 hour of atrial tachyarrhythmia onset.

Results

Of 300 individuals included, 200 were COVID+ and 100 were COVID−. Mean age was 60 ± 16 years, 180 (60%) were males, and 170 (57%) were African American. New onset atrial tachyarrhythmia occurred in 16% of COVID+ and 19% of COVID− individuals (P = .51). When compared to COVID− participants without atrial tachyarrhythmia, COVID+ individuals with new onset atrial tachyarrhythmia had higher mortality after multivariable adjustment (OR 5.0, 95% CI 1.9–13.5). New onset atrial tachyarrhythmia was followed by hemodynamic compromise in 18 COVID+ but no COVID− participants (P = .0001). COVID+ individuals with hemodynamic compromise after atrial tachyarrhythmia required increased ventilatory support at the time of atrial tachyarrhythmia onset.

Conclusions

Atrial tachyarrhythmia is associated with increased mortality in critically ill individuals with COVID‐19, especially those mechanically ventilated. Recognition of this could assist with clinical care for individuals with COVID‐19.
A field study on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) response to Tetranychus urticae herbivory
Authors: Shaabani Jalal , Hossainzadeh Abdolhadi , Zeinali Hassan , Naghavi Mohammad Reza
Published: March 2021

The bean farms in Iran are increasingly suffering from two‐spotted spider mite (TSSM) herbivory, which is intensified with the gradual increase in temperature and decrease in relative humidity coinciding with the flowering time in the common bean. Limited genetic variability for resistance to TSSM is a major bottleneck in the development of resistant common beans. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the response of a diverse panel of 104 common bean genotypes to TSSM infestation during reproductive stages. The experiment was conducted in the form of an augmented randomized complete block design under TSSM‐infested and non‐infested conditions. The less susceptible genotypes had more grain yield, number of pods, plant height and leaf chlorophyll content, but also, they showed less reduction in these traits under TSSM herbivory condition relative to the more susceptible genotypes. The spider mite laid more eggs on the leaves of more susceptible beans creating a negative density dependence condition, while there was a greater nutritional contribution per adult mite on the leaves of less susceptible common beans. Variance components estimation highlighted grain yield, number of pods, plant height and 1,000‐grain weight of the common bean with the higher genotypic variances compared to environmental variances. The findings provide a phenotypic screening procedure of common bean to determine the main plant traits contributing to genetic TSSM resistance under field conditions. This study concludes that pole‐type genotypes of common bean would tolerate the mite feeding more than bush‐type genotypes during reproductive stages.
Histological alterations following fine‐needle aspiration for parathyroid adenoma: Incidence and diagnostic problems
Authors: Hirokawa Mitsuyoshi , Suzuki Ayana , Higuchi Miyoko , Hayashi Toshitetsu , Kuma Seiji , Miya Akihiro , Miyauchi Akira
Published: March 2021

This study aimed to clarify the histological alterations following fine‐needle aspiration for parathyroid adenoma and discuss the occurrence of diagnostic problems. Among the 392 patients with parathyroid adenoma who underwent resection, fine‐needle aspiration was performed for 21 (5.1%) parathyroid adenoma nodules. Histological findings that were significantly more frequent in cases that underwent fine‐needle aspiration were considered histological alterations following fine‐needle aspiration for parathyroid adenoma, including the following six findings: thick fibrous capsule (71.4%), multilayered fibrous capsules (14.3%), capsular pseudo‐invasion (42.9%), fibrous bands (57.1%), hemosiderin deposition (14.3%), and tumor implantation (14.3%). Eighteen parathyroid adenoma nodules (85.7%) exhibited one or more of the six findings. Tumor cells and adipocytes entrapped within the thick fibrous capsule were occasionally observed. The fibrous bands were frequently connected to the thick fibrous capsule. The number of passes, duration between fine‐needle aspiration and resection, tumor size, and purpose of fine‐needle aspiration were not related to the incidence of histological findings. Because of the histological alterations following fine‐needle aspiration for parathyroid adenoma that can be easily mistaken for signs of atypical adenoma or parathyroid carcinoma, we recommend that the six findings be excluded from pathological findings indicating atypical adenoma or parathyroid carcinoma in patients with preoperative fine‐needle aspiration.
Choose your battles: How civil society organisations choose context‐specific goals and activities to fight for immigrant welfare rights in Malaysia and Argentina
Authors: Henninger Jakob , Römer Friederike
Published: March 2021

How do the goals and activities of civil society organisations (CSOs) that are active in the field of immigrant welfare rights differ between autocracies and democracies? In this paper, we argue that a mechanism of CSO engagement plays out differently in these two political contexts because organisations adapt their goals and activities to the political regime they operate in. In the empirical analyses, we compare democratic Argentina and electoral‐authoritarian Malaysia using data from CSOs' public mission statements as well as from interviews with CSO members from both countries. We find that in Argentina, more universalistic constitutional provisions and commitments to international treaties allowed CSOs to reference norms of equal treatment, arguing for immigrant access to a variety of programmes, including non‐contributory social assistance benefits. In Malaysia, CSOs relied on moral frames of equality to a lesser extent. Instead, they advocated for inclusion in contributory schemes on the basis of deservingness of migrants given their contributions to society, focusing on minimum standards to guarantee that basic needs are met.
Cross‐border market building for narcotics control: A Polanyian analysis of the China–Myanmar border region
Authors: Lim Kean Fan , Su Xiaobo
Published: March 2021

For decades, narcotics control has been unable to overhaul the durable and arguably self‐regulating socio‐economic networks driving heroin production and distribution in northern Myanmar, the second biggest drug production area in the world. To overcome this territorial barrier, the Chinese state introduced in 2000 an opium substitution programme that involved bringing Chinese agribusiness firms together with ex‐poppy farmers and local elites in northern Myanmar to form a formal cross‐border market. The programme raises a unique empirical puzzle: how could formal market building play a socially progressive role when it is superimposed in a border region underpinned by a well‐established informal, if also mostly illegal, market structure? This paper addresses this question through a reflexive Polanyian analytical framework that examines the “market” through its connections with non‐economic factors over time. It makes a distinct conceptual contribution by incorporating the border as a tangible anchor from which to assess how the processes of redistribution, reciprocity, and market exchange constitute the opium substitution programme as a social “countermovement.” Findings indicate Yunnanese firms negotiate border politics to engage in exchange with ex‐poppy farmers, establish reciprocal relations with local military elites, and implement the redistributive strategies of the Chinese state. Despite some success, this formal market‐building process continues to experience barriers generated by the pre‐existing informal market structure across the border region. Whether market building could further impact on economic restructuring in this border region and fully remove opium production from the border economy therefore remains an open question.
Transfusion medicine and blood banking education and training for blood establishment laboratory staff: A review of selected countries in Africa
Authors: Rambiritch Vanitha , Vermeulen Marion , Bell Hazel , Knox Patricia , Nedelcu Elena , Al‐Riyami Arwa Z. , Callum Jeannie , van den Berg Karin ,   on behalf of the Education Subcommittee of the AABB Global Transfusion Forum
Published: March 2021

Background

Avoidable human error is a significant cause of transfusion adverse events. Adequately trained, laboratory staff in blood establishments and blood banks, collectively blood facilities, are key in ensuring high‐quality transfusion medicine (TM) services. Gaps in TM education and training of laboratory staff exist in most African countries. We assessed the status of the training and education of laboratory staff working in blood facilities in Africa.

Study Design and Methods

A cross‐sectional study using a self‐administered pilot‐tested questionnaire was performed. The questionnaire comprised 26 questions targeting six themes. Blood facilities from 16 countries were invited to participate. Individually completed questionnaires were grouped by country and descriptive analysis performed.

Results

Ten blood establishments and two blood banks from eight African countries confirmed the availability of a host of training programs for laboratory staff; the majority of which were syllabus or curriculum‐guided and focused on both theoretical and practical laboratory skills development. Training was usually preplanned, dependent on student and trainer availability and delivered through lecture‐based classroom training as well as formal and informal on the job training. There were minimal online didactic and self‐directed learning. Teaching of humanistic values appeared to be lacking.

Conclusion

We confirmed the availability of diverse training programs across a variety of African countries. Incorporation of virtual learning platforms, rather than complete reliance on didactic, in‐person training programs may improve the education reach of the existing programs. Digitalization driven by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic may provide an opportunity to narrow the knowledge gap in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs).
Demodectic mange in threatened southern sea otters (Enhydralutrisnereis)
Authors: Javeed Nadia , Foley Janet , Oliver‐Guimera Arturo , Affolter Verena K. , Keel Michael K. , Reed Angelina , Pesapane Risa , Duignan Pádraig J. , Murray Michael , Tinker MT , Miller Melissa A.
Published: March 2021

Background

Southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) rely on intact pelage for thermoregulation, and thus clinically significant demodicosis and associated alopecia can cause morbidity and death.

Hypothesis/Objectives

This study aimed to describe lesions associated with follicular Demodex sp. infestation, estimate the prevalence and intensity of infestation, describe mite distribution across key anatomical regions, and assess mite presence or absence in relation to lesions and host risk factors.

Animals

Twenty necropsied, wild southern sea otters that stranded along the central California coast from 2005 to 2018.

Methods and materials

Grossly normal and abnormal integument from the head, perineum, genitals, mamillary papillae and limbs was assessed microscopically for mites and mite‐associated pathological findings.

Results

Intrafollicular mites were observed in the integument of 55% of otters and 20% had clinical demodicosis. Demodicosis was considered to be contributory to death or euthanasia in two cases. Although Demodex sp. mites often were observed microscopically in grossly normal skin, the presence of multiple densely‐packed intrafollicular mites generally was associated with pigmentary incontinence, ectatic follicles, lymphoplasmacytic perifolliculitis, and neutrophilic and lymphoplasmacytic, dermal inflammation. Other findings included epidermal hyperplasia, orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis of epidermis and follicular epithelium, concurrent pyoderma and cell necrosis. Perioral integument, especially of the chin, had the highest prevalence of mites and the highest mite density, suggesting facial contact as a means of mite transmission.

Conclusions and clinical importance

Our research confirmed demodectic mange as a contributor to morbidity and mortality in sea otters, with important implications for clinical care, rehabilitation and conservation.
Rigid-analytic varieties with projective reduction violating Hodge symmetry
Authors: Petrov Alexander
Published: March 2021

We construct examples of smooth proper rigid-analytic varieties admitting formal models with projective special fibers and violating Hodge symmetry for cohomology in degrees ${\geq }3$. This answers negatively the question raised by Hansen and Li.
Corrigendum: A curve selection lemma in spaces of arcs and the image of the Nash map
Authors: Reguera Ana J.
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this note is to correct a mistake in the article “A curve selection lemma in spaces of arcs and the image of the Nash map” Compositio Math. 142 (2006), 119–130. It is due to an overlooked hypothesis in the definition of generically stable subset of the space of arcs X∞ of a variety X defined over a perfect field k.
System for Immersive Medical and Engineering Training Based on Serious Games
Authors: Mondragón Bernal Iván Fernando
Published: March 2021

Objective: The goal of this study was to present a system (hardware and software) focused on training by exploring and interacting with realistic models on virtual worlds throughout the use of serious games. Methods: Two applications are proposed. The first application uses realistic Building Information Modeling (BIM) files to develop simulations and focuses on machines’ operational safety training in engineering facilities and laboratories. The second is a tool that improves skills to interpret Medical Imaging (MI). Both virtualization games create interactive models that can be explored using a first-person view serious game on a Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE). Results: A perceptual study was performed asking focus groups to evaluate their experiences with the implemented serious games. According to the users’ perception, an immersive serious game for training is an engaging and interesting activity, taking into account that the virtual environment experience is very realistic. In general, a serious game displayed in a virtual reality environment can be an effective tool for learning. Conclusions: Although this kind of virtual reality systems could be considered novel for professional training, they need to be constantly updated in order to maintain students involved and focused on the learning process.
Higher-Order Turbulence Around Different Circular Cylinders Using Particle Image Velocimetry
Authors: Misuriya Gaurav , Eldho T. I. , Mazumder B. S.
Published: March 2021

Wakes and higher-order turbulence around circular cylinders of different diameters are investigated using particle image velocimetry measurements. The cylinder Reynolds number (Red) is defined by the depth-averaged velocity, cylinder diameter, and kinematic viscosity. The influence of Red on third-order moment of velocity fluctuations, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) flux, TKE budget, and turbulent length scales are presented. The intermittency factor (IF) and quadrant analysis around the cylinders are discussed for Red values ranging from 12,600 to 21,000. The energy budget mostly near free surface upstream and near-bed downstream is changed due to Red. Stream-wise and transverse TKE fluxes decreased significantly with Red, but not the vertical flux. Stream-wise skewness changed sign from positive to negative at a certain critical distance downstream, while vertical skewness showed reversed effect with Red. Negative stream-wise skewness and positive vertical skewness indicate the occurrence of ejection events. On the downstream, the production and dissipation rates increased with Red, whereas an opposite trend was observed for dissipation only on the upstream. Increase of Red led to an increase in the Kolmogorov length-scale much higher on the upstream than the downstream, whereas it showed depleting effect on Taylor's length-scale on the upstream and an increasing effect on the downstream. Ejection and sweep events were more prominent in the downstream near the cylinder than upstream with higher values of shear stress on the downstream. The sum of the shear stress contributions of all quadrant events increased consistently with an increase in Red near the cylinder.
A Robust Implementation of a Reynolds Stress Model for Turbomachinery Applications in a Coupled Solver Environment
Authors: Roos Launchbury David , Mangani Luca , Casartelli Ernesto , Del Citto Francesco
Published: March 2021

In the industrial simulation of flow phenomena, turbulence modeling is of prime importance. Due to their low computational cost, Reynolds-averaged methods (RANS) are predominantly used for this purpose. However, eddy viscosity RANS models are often unable to adequately capture important flow physics, specifically when strongly anisotropic turbulence and vortex structures are present. In such cases, the more costly 7-equation Reynolds stress models often lead to significantly better results. Unfortunately, these models are not widely used in the industry. The reason for this is not mainly the increased computational cost, but the stability and convergence issues such models usually exhibit. In this article, we present a robust implementation of a Reynolds stress model that is solved in a coupled manner, increasing stability and convergence speed significantly compared to segregated implementations. In addition, the decoupling of the velocity and Reynolds stress fields is addressed for the coupled equation formulation. A special wall function is presented that conserves the anisotropic properties of the model near the walls on coarser meshes. The presented Reynolds stress model is validated on a series of semi-academic test cases and then applied to two industrially relevant situations, namely, the tip vortex of a NACA0012 profile and the Aachen Radiver radial compressor case.
The Past Is Prologue: A Developmental Kinesiologist’s Journey Up a Mountain
Authors: Clark Jane E.
Published: March 2021

The past is prologue, writes Shakespeare inThe Tempest. And there seems no better expression to capture the theme of my essay on searching the future of kinesiology in its recent past through my lens as a motor development scholar. Using the developmental metaphor of climbing a mountain amidst a range of mountains, the progressing stages of my development and that of kinesiology are recounted. Over the five-plus decades of my growth as an academic and that of kinesiology, I look for the antecedents and the constraints that shape our change and may shape the future of the field of motor development and kinesiology.
An Excellent Adventure on Some Roads Less Traveled
Authors: Anderson David I.
Published: March 2021

I am not sure by what fortunate circumstance I was invited to contribute to this special issue ofKinesiology Review. However, I am deeply honored to be part of an issue with such esteemed scholars and colleagues. Like many, my introduction to the field of kinesiology was through sports, but my inspiration to pursue kinesiology as a career was the result of an injury that ended my sporting ambitions. My career is characterized by little planning, large amounts of dumb luck, a willingness to explore some paths that are less well trodden, and deep and enduring friendships that have resulted from a spirit of teamwork and collaboration. The work has been hard, the hours have been long, but the payoff has been enormously gratifying. The overarching lesson from my career for emerging scholars is to have an adventurous spirit and seek out excellent mentors and collaborators.
Bernstein’s Philosophy of Time: An Unknown Manuscript by Nikolai Bernstein (1949)
Authors: Latash Mark L. , Talis Vera L.
Published: March 2021

The authors have presented an unpublished manuscript by Nikolai Aleksandrovich Bernstein written in the form of a diary in 1949. Bernstein focused on the concept of time as a coordinate in four-dimensional space and discussed a variety of issues, including the definition of time, its measurement, time travel, asymmetry of the past and future, and even linguistics. In particular, he offered a definition of life tightly linked to the concept of time. Overall, this manuscript offers a glimpse into Bernstein’s thinking, his sense of humor, and his sarcasm, intimately coupled with the very serious attitude to scientific discourse.
High-impact marine heatwaves attributable to human-induced global warming
Authors: Laufkötter Charlotte , Zscheischler Jakob , Frölicher Thomas L.
Published: March 2021

The heat is on

Anthropogenic climate change is causing not only more episodes of historically high air temperatures but also more frequent spells of unusually increased ocean temperatures. Marine heatwaves, defined as periods of anomalously high regional surface ocean temperatures, have also become common in recent decades. Laufkötter
et al.
show that the frequency of these events has already increased more than 20-fold because of anthropogenic global warming, making marine heatwaves, which typically occurred once in hundreds to thousands of years in preindustrial times, likely to occur on an annual to decadal basis if the global average air temperature rises by 3°C.

Science
, this issue p.
1621
A Novel Tyrosinase from
Armillaria ostoyae
with Comparable Monophenolase and Diphenolase Activities Suffers Substrate Inhibition
Authors: Li Tang , Zhang Ningning , Yan Shenggang , Jiang Shan , Yin Heng
Published: March 2021

Tyrosinase is able to oxidize various phenolic compounds, and its ability to convert monophenols into diphenols has caught great attention in the research field and industrial applications. However, the utilization of tyrosinase for the industrial synthesis of catechols has been limited due to the fact that the monophenolase activity of most of the known tyrosinases is much lower than the diphenolase activity.
Cytochromes in Extracellular Electron Transfer in
Geobacter
Authors: Ueki Toshiyuki
Published: March 2021

Extracellular electron transfer (EET) is an important biological process in microbial physiology as found in dissimilatory metal oxidation/reduction and interspecies electron transfer in syntrophy in natural environments. EET also plays a critical role in microorganisms relevant to environmental biotechnology in metal-contaminated areas, metal corrosion, bioelectrochemical systems, and anaerobic digesters.
Geobacter
species exist in a diversity of natural and artificial environments.
Brucella ovis Cysteine Biosynthesis Contributes to Peroxide Stress Survival and Fitness in the Intracellular Niche
Authors: Varesio Lydia M. , Fiebig Aretha , Crosson Sean
Published: March 2021

Brucella ovis
is an ovine intracellular pathogen with tropism for the male genital tract. To establish and maintain infection,
B. ovis
must survive stressful conditions inside host cells, including low pH, nutrient limitation, and reactive oxygen species.
Thiopurines Activate an Antiviral Unfolded Protein Response That Blocks Influenza A Virus Glycoprotein Accumulation
Authors: Slaine Patrick D. , Kleer Mariel , Duguay Brett A. , Pringle Eric S. , Kadijk Eileigh , Ying Shan , Balgi Aruna , Roberge Michel , McCormick Craig , Khaperskyy Denys A.
Published: March 2021

Secreted and transmembrane proteins are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where they are folded and modified prior to transport. Many viruses rely on the ER for the synthesis and processing of viral glycoproteins that will ultimately be incorporated into viral envelopes.
How and when to use CSF to investigate neonates and children with possible central nervous system infection
Authors: Winzor Gemma , Atabani Sowsan F
Published: March 2021

A child presented to the emergency department with fever, reduced consciousness, irritability and reduced oral intake. Infective meningitis and encephalitis were within the differential diagnoses. Is a lumbar puncture (LP) indicated and, if so, what is the optimal timing of LP? Will antimicrobial pretreatment affect the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) results? How can clinicians optimise diagnostic stewardship to benefit individual patients and society at large? Interpretation of rapidly available CSF biochemical tests (protein, glucose and lactate levels) and microscopy can provide a prompt insight into the infective aetiology and inform treatment and further diagnostic testing strategies. Diagnosis of an aetiological pathogen in a patient presenting with central nervous system (CNS) infection has clinical, infection control and public health implications. A plethora of tests are available to enable CSF analysis in patients with possible CNS infection. We aimed to summarise current evidence and guidance to ensure the best possible use of the diagnostics available.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: parent/carer perceptions of barriers to healthcare access
Authors: Rezel-Potts Emma , Kordowicz Maria , Downs Johnny , White Patrick , Prasad Vibhore
Published: March 2021

Background

Children and young people (CYP) with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) face delays in diagnosis and barriers to accessing appropriate interventions. Evidence is limited on how these barriers are perceived by their parents and carers.

Methods

Focus group in South London with parents/carers of CYP with ADHD. Data were thematically analysed using an inductive/deductive hybrid approach.

Results

Participants (n=8) described the challenge of accessing services within a disjointed, multiagency system for their CYP’s ADHD and broader health needs. They described feeling judged and overlooked by healthcare professionals, which could negatively impact the health, relationships and educational progress of their children. Pragmatic solutions were proposed, including providing parents with information on navigating services at an early stage of ADHD symptom recognition.

Conclusions

Parents/carers sought improved continuity of care within and between services. They are a key group for consultation on the development of interventions to improve access for CYP with ADHD.
Experiences of adolescents living with Silver-Russell syndrome
Authors: Ballard Lisa Marie , Jenkinson Elizabeth , Byrne Christopher D , Child Jenny C , Inskip Hazel , Lokulo-Sodipe Oluwakemi , Mackay Deborah J G , Wakeling Emma L , Davies Justin Huw , Temple I Karen , Fenwick Angela
Published: March 2021

Objective

The psychosocial impact of growing up with Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS), characterised by growth failure and short stature in adulthood, has been explored in adults; however, there are no accounts of contemporary lived experience in adolescents. Such data could inform current healthcare guidance and transition to adult services. We aimed to explore the lived experience of adolescents with SRS.

Design/setting/patients

In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted between January 2015 and October 2016 with a sample of eight adolescents aged 13–18 (five girls) with genetically confirmed SRS from the UK. Qualitative interviews were transcribed and coded to identify similarities and differences using thematic analysis; codes were then grouped to form overarching themes.

Results

We identified four themes from the interview data: (1) the psychosocial challenges of feeling and looking different; (2) pain, disability and fatigue; (3) anticipated stigma; and (4) building resilience and acceptance. Despite adolescents accepting SRS in their lives, they described ongoing psychosocial challenges and anticipated greater problems to come, such as stigma from prospective employers.

Conclusions

Adolescents with SRS may experience psychosocial difficulties from as young as 10 years old related to feeling and looking different; pain, disability and fatigue; anticipated stigma; and future challenges around employment. We discuss these findings in relation to recommendations for the care of adolescents with SRS to prepare them for adult life.
Blood clot, the innocent culprit of pain in hypochondrium: an unusual presentation of ectopic pregnancy
Authors: Shivhare Swati , Vatsa Richa , Tiwari Akanksha
Published: March 2021

Chronic ectopic pregnancy is a variant of ectopic pregnancy presenting as chronic lower abdominal pain, menstrual irregularity and pelvic mass. Often, chronic ectopic may pose diagnostic conundrum due to unusual presentations. We are presenting an unusual case of chronic ectopic with negative urine pregnancy test, who presented with pain in right hypochondrium. The patient had bilateral adnexal mass with omental deposit on imaging masquerading adnexal malignancy, leading to decision for surgical management. Intraoperatively blood clots were present in supramesocolic compartment along with bilateral adnexal masses. Total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with clots evacuation was done and postoperatively, patient had complete relief of her symptoms. Final histopathology came out as ectopic gestation. Culminating point is to keep ectopic pregnancy as differential in all reproductive age group women presenting with pain in abdomen regardless of other symptom particularly with pelvic mass.
Recurrent apnoea and respiratory failure in an infant: congenital central hypoventilation syndrome with a novelPHOX2Bgene variant
Authors: Anand Neesha , Leu Roberta M , Simon Dawn , Kasi Ajay S
Published: March 2021

A 20-day-old term infant presented with recurrent apnoea, lethargy and respiratory failure. Examination revealed episodes of apnoea and desaturation to 85% without any signs of respiratory distress requiring initiation of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV). Capillary blood gas was indicative of respiratory acidosis and serum bicarbonate was elevated at 35 mmol/L. Chest radiograph, echocardiogram and evaluations for infectious aetiologies resulted normal. Due to inability to wean off NPPV with ensuing apnoea and desaturation, polysomnogram was performed and showed central and obstructive sleep apnoea, hypoxaemia and hypoventilation. Central apnoeas and hypoventilation were worse in non-rapid eye movement sleep. Paired-like homeobox 2B genetic studies showed a novel non-polyalanine repeat mutation (c.429+1G>A) establishing the diagnosis of congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS). Our case highlights the utility of polysomnography in the evaluation of term infants with apnoea. Although rare, clinicians should consider a diagnosis of CCHS in the evaluation of infants with apnoea and hypoventilation.
Postpartum pheochromocytoma-induced takotsubo syndrome
Authors: Itagane Masaki , Nakazato Jun , Kinjo Mitsuyo
Published: March 2021

A postpartum patient with acute-onset dyspnoea and hypotention, associated with reduced left ventricular function requiring intensive blood pressure control, was initially misdiagnosed as having peripartum cardiomyopathy. Her clinical symptoms rapidly resolved. Echocardiography revealed reversible left ventricular dysfunction with apical ballooning and coronary angiography was normal. Based on these findings, we diagnosed takotsubo syndrome. Over the next two months, the patient experienced repeated bouts of elevated sympathetic activity. On workup, we found an adrenal mass and elevated urine metanephrines. After adrenalectomy, histology confirmed pheochromocytoma. Our patient had the rare diagnosis of postpartum pheochromocytoma-induced takotsubo syndrome.
Recurrent ventricular tachycardia associated with lipomatous metaplasia of a myocardial scar
Authors: Muhyieddeen Amer Hussein , Asadourian Miro , Kunchakarra Siri , Rathod Ankit
Published: March 2021

Lipomatous metaplasia in chronic postmyocardial infarction scars is a common and underappreciated finding seen in histopathology and cardiac MRI. Evidence suggests that lipomatous metaplasia is capable of altering the electroconductivity of the myocardium leading to re-entry pathways that are implicated in the pathogenesis of postmyocardial infarction arrhythmogenesis. We report a case of a patient who presented with non-sustained ventricular tachycardia and was found to have lipomatous metaplasia of a prior myocardial infarct-related scar.
Juvenile Psammomatoid Cemeto-ossifying Fibroma of Mandible: a Diagnostic dilemma
Authors: Rao Santhosh , Singh Vandita , Hafeez A Abdul , Agarwal Subham S
Published: March 2021

Psammomatoid Juvenile ossifying fibroma (PsJOF) is a rare benign fibro-osseous lesion characterised to grow to unusually large size very rapidly. Its usual presentation is in younger age group mostly children and predominately involving the Sino-Naso-Orbital region. Its aggressive nature gimmicks a malignant lesion but it is rather a benign lesion with a higher recurrence rate than the conventional ossifying fibroma but lacking metastatic potential. The high recurrence rate makes it essential that the lesion is not reconstructed immediately and thorough monitoring in the follow-up period. Lesion of such clinical importance needs to be diagnosed preoperatively to provide a better and radical surgical treatment option, but the variability in its presentation as seen in this case makes it even harder to diagnose. We aim to draw attention to the rare phenomena that PsJOF presents to help readers broaden their purview in diagnosis and thereby manage them accordingly.