bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Looking into the History of Recent Police Reforms in the USA: Critical Insights, Learning and Implications
Authors: Afrin Shaharia
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The police force in the United States of America (USA) has been controversial for their execution of force and actions. This paper reviews the historical account of police reforms in the USA. The review illustrates various issues and dynamics of five significant eras of police reforms – the political era, the reform era, the community policing era, the homeland security era, and the current context. The review generates several vital insights. The concurrent socio-political factors highly influenced the police reforms initiatives. The paradigm shifts of policing towards militarization transformed the psychology of policing towards the use of excessive force. Police brutality has become part of the policing norm, and racial biases continues to shape the reform ideas. Emerging evidence shows that community policing has failed to deliver its intended outcomes, and the homeland security efforts are complicated by various local and global political factors. The evaluation of the current context informs that racial discrimination, lack of community engagement, austerity in funding, inadequate data, and excessive militarization of the police force will shape the future course of the reforms. Future interventions must be informed by adequate research and coherent ideas. This review provides policymakers and practitioners with insights into the complexity of police reforms.
 
Abstrak
Kepolisian di Amerika Serikat (AS) telah menjadi kontroversial untuk pelaksanaan kekuatan dan tindakan mereka. Makalah ini mengulas catatan sejarah reformasi kepolisian di Amerika Serikat. Tinjauan tersebut menggambarkan berbagai isu dan dinamika lima era reformasi kepolisian yang signifikan – era politik, era reformasi, era pemolisian masyarakat, era keamanan dalam negeri, dan konteks saat ini. Tinjauan ini menghasilkan beberapa wawasan penting. Faktor sosial politik yang bersamaan sangat mempengaruhi inisiatif reformasi kepolisian. Pergeseran paradigma kepolisian ke arah militerisasi mengubah psikologi kepolisian ke arah penggunaan kekuatan yang berlebihan. Kebrutalan polisi telah menjadi bagian dari norma kepolisian, dan bias rasial terus membentuk gagasan reformasi. Bukti yang muncul menunjukkan bahwa perpolisian masyarakat telah gagal memberikan hasil yang diharapkan, dan upaya keamanan dalam negeri diperumit oleh berbagai faktor politik lokal dan global. Evaluasi konteks saat ini menginformasikan bahwa diskriminasi rasial, kurangnya keterlibatan masyarakat, penghematan dana, data yang tidak memadai, dan militerisasi kepolisian yang berlebihan akan membentuk arah reformasi di masa depan. Intervensi masa depan harus diinformasikan oleh penelitian yang memadai dan ide-ide yang koheren. Tinjauan ini memberikan para pembuat kebijakan dan praktisi wawasan tentang kompleksitas reformasi kepolisian.
CREATIVE PATTERN TRIALS FOR ABOVE THE KEYBOARD WEAR WITH TROMPE L’OEIL ILLUSION
Authors: SÜRMELİ AYDENİZ Sena , ÇEĞİNDİR Neşe Yaşar
Published: December 2022

The design scenario of this study is based on seeking answers to the question “How can we

produce different, extraordinary and original shirts for working women with the Trompe l’oeil (illusion)

technique?”. The sample of the study, in which the user-oriented design research method was used, is women

working above the keyboard. Within the scope of the study, three women’s shirts were produced with creative

pattern applications. The classical techniques known in garment production have been reconstructed with

the Trompe l’oeil technique. The findings were discussed in two dimensions as the process carried out for

these three shirts and the prototype evaluation. Osborn’s checklist was used to create the design value of the

shirts. For the evaluations of the marketability of the products, measurement was made in the form of voting

over Google Forms. As a result of the voting, the first prototype was found to be more suitable for the target

audience. Based on the individual comments received, it has been observed that originality varies when

the position and needs of the target audience come into play. The importance of the user profile in creative

product design has been understood.
SERAMİK SANATÇILARININ GÖZÜYLE İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ
Authors: ÇETİN ALMALI Nurgin , AĞATEKİN Elif
Published: December 2022

Sanayi Devrimi’yle birlikte çok yavaş başlayan iklim değişikliği, aradan geçen yaklaşık 250 yılın

ardından hepimiz için sarsıcı sonuçlar doğurmuş durumda. Yıllar içinde hızla gelişen sanayileşme doğanın

kendini yenileyebilen kusursuz iç dengesini bozdu. Buna neden olan tahribat sonucunda, dünya artık

iklim değişikliği krizine bağlı canlıların yaşam alanlarının yok olma tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya. Bu durum

dünyada iklim değişikliği ile ilgili yeni politik düzenlemeler, uluslararası antlaşmalar yapılmasına, birçok

kurum ve kuruluşun yanı sıra kişilerin de çalışmalar yapmasına neden oluyor. Hal böyleyken yaşananlara

kayıtsız kalamayan ve her biri dünyanın farklı bölgelerinde yaşayıp üreten seramik sanatçıları da dünyayı

iklim değişikliğine sürükleyen nedenlere dikkat çekmek ve farkındalık yaratmak için çarpıcı eserler ortaya

koymaya devam ediyorlar.

Bu metin yeterince ciddiye alınmamasına rağmen bugün dünyanın en güncel sorunu olan iklim değişikliği

krizine hepimizi sürükleyen süreci, sanayileşmeyle başlayan olumsuz değişimi, artan sera gazlarını, insan hatası

nedeniyle oluşan çevre felaketlerini, küresel ısınmayla eriyen buzulları, kirlenen doğa, yok olan mercanlar

arasında bozulan karbon döngüsünü, her yeri saran atıkları ve yok olan ormanları özetle doğada canlılığı yok

olma sınırına getiren tahribatı ele almaktadır. Konu, farklı teknik, malzeme ve eleştirel yaklaşımlarla iklim

değişikliğine dikkat çekmeye ve gerçeklerle toplumu yüzleştirmeye çalışan seramik sanatçılarının eserleri

üzerinden anlatmayı amaçlamaktadır.
DÖRDÜNCÜ ENDÜSTRİ DEVRİMİ VE MODA ENDÜSTRİSİNE ETKİLERİ
Authors: YILDIRAN Mine
Published: December 2022

Endüstri devriminin başlangıcı olarak kabul edilen 18. yüzyıldan günümüze bilim ve teknolojideki

gelişmeler endüstrileşme sürecini oluşturmuş ve bu süreç belirli dönemlere ayrılmıştır. 20. yüzyıl sonlarından

itibaren bilim ve teknolojideki ilerlemelerle endüstride ortaya çıkan gelişmeler Dördüncü Endüstri Devrimi

olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Dördüncü Endüstri Devrimi robotik, yapay zekâ, özerk taşıtlar, nesnelerin

interneti, üç boyutlu yazıcılar, nano-teknoloji, biyo-teknoloji, malzeme bilimi gibi çok çeşitli alanlarda

yenilikçi teknolojik atılımları kapsamaktadır. Yeniliklerin çok daha hızlı bir biçimde dünyayı şekillendirdiği

21. yüzyılda moda endüstrisi de değişimlerden etkilenmektedir. Çalışma bu süreçte moda endüstrisinde

meydana gelen değişimleri ürün tasarımı, üretimi, satış ve dağıtım başlıkları çerçevesinde incelemektedir.

Süreçte ortaya çıkan durumun betimlenmesi, moda tasarımcıları ve üreticileri için oluşturacağı fırsat ve

güçlüklerin açıklanması amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma süreçte ortaya çıkan bu yenilikleri sınıflandırarak,

daha sonra ortaya çıkabilecek yenilikleri takip etmek isteyen tasarımcı ve araştırmacılar için bir yol haritası

geliştirilmesi hedeflemektedir. Çalışmada Dördüncü Endüstri Devrimi kapsamında genel eğilimlerin moda

endüstrisine yansıması olarak ortaya çıkan yeni uygulamalar açıklanarak, metin betimleyici örneklerle

zenginleştirilmektedir.
A INFLUÊNCIA DA ARBORIZAÇÃO URBANA NO DESEMPENHO AMBIENTAL
Authors: DE OLIVEIRA MARIELA CRISTINA AYRES , Melz Thais
Published: December 2022

As áreas vegetadas se caracterizam como atenuadoras do conforto ambiental nos centros urbanos, proporcionando ambientes para lazer e descanso, contribuindo para a estabilidade emocional e o conforto psicológico dos habitantes, e promovendo serviços ambientais, como a redução da erosão, economia de energia com o sombreamento, controle da poluição sonora e atmosférica, retenção da água no solo, aumento da umidade relativa do ar e canalização ou obstrução dos ventos. O intuito do trabalho é avaliar o desempenho ambiental da praça da quadra ARSO 23, buscando compreender as relações entre vegetação e desempenho térmico e aprimorar o uso do software Envi-met para simulações de conforto ambiental no contexto do bioma Cerrado. Objetiva-se a utilização da ferramenta para o planejamento urbano, no contexto de implantação de áreas vegetadas. A pesquisa transcorreu com análises bibliográficas e testes de simulação no software, de três cenários distintos: sem arborização, com a vegetação atual, e com um acréscimo de 20% de cobertura vegetal em relação à situação atual, de acordo com critérios preestabelecidos de posicionamento das novas árvores. Como resultado das análises conclui-se que o acréscimo da arborização uniformizou as manchas de calor na área, demonstrando como o efeito da arborização se prolonga para as áreas próximas.
Deep Learning Applied to Intracranial Hemorrhage Detection
Authors: Cortes-Ferre Luis , Gutiérrez-Naranjo Miguel Angel , Egea-Guerrero Juan José , Pérez-Sánchez Soledad , Balcerzyk Marcin
Published: December 2022

Intracranial hemorrhage is a serious medical problem that requires rapid and often intensive medical care. Identifying the location and type of any hemorrhage present is a critical step in the treatment of the patient. Diagnosis requires an urgent procedure, and the detection of hemorrhage is a difficult and time-consuming process for human experts. In this paper, we propose methods based on EfficientDet’s deep-learning technology that can be applied to the diagnosis of hemorrhages and thus become a decision-support system. Our proposal is two-fold. On the one hand, the proposed technique classifies slices of computed tomography scans for the presence hemorrhage or its lack, achieving 92.7% accuracy and 0.978 ROC-AUC. On the other hand, our methodology provides visual explanations of the classification chosen using the Grad-CAM methodology.
Behaviour Coding Approach for Assessing Pitfalls in a Questionnaire Instrument towards assessing healthcare security Practice
Authors: Yeng Prosper Kandabongee , Fauzi Muhammad Ali , Yang Bian
Published: December 2022

Questionnaires are useful instruments for gathering responses to specific factual questions. However, the problems of questionnaire responses impede the effective use of the questionnaire. Some of these problems including non-responses, non-completion, issues of judgement, and social desirability such as information that the respondent is not willing to disclose need to be dealt with. The situation is more compounded in a scenario where an information security practice study in a typical hospital consists of broad categories of respondents and the survey findings are to be relied on to actually address information security compliance issues. This study, therefore, shares "pitfalls" to watch when preparing a questionnaire to measure the information security practice level in a hospital which is characterized by different respondents with varying domain knowledge such as knowledge in information security, information communication technology, and that of the domain knowledge of healthcare. A synergy of a conventional pretesting method and behaviour coding were therefore used to pretest the questionnaire. Questionnaire problems including a lack of understanding of the healthcare information systems’ structure of all hospitals, unclear questions, the insignificant difference between questions, problematic questions, inadequate questions, and complex terms were among the identified pitfalls to watch. Out of a total of 118 questionnaire items that were used in the pretesting, a total of 50 questionnaire items (representing 42%) were identified to have problems after the pretesting was conducted with a total of 36 respondents in behavior coding and 21 respondents in conventional pretesting.
A Low-cost, Low-power, Multisensory Device and Multivariable Timeseries Prediction for Beehive Health Monitoring.
Authors: Rigakis Iraklis , Potamitis Ilyas , Tatlas Nikolas-Alexander , Psirofonia Giota , Tzagaraki Efsevia , Alissandrakis Eleftherios
Published: December 2022

We present a custom platform that integrates data from several sensors measuring synchronously different variables of the beehive and wirelessly transmits all measurements to a cloud server. There is a rich literature on beehive monitoring. The choice of our work is not to use ready platforms such as Arduino and Raspberry Pi and to present a low cost and power solution for long term monitoring. We integrate sensors that are not limited to the typical toolbox of beehive monitoring such as gas, vibrations and bee counters. The synchronous sampling of all sensors every 5 minutes allows us to form a multivariable timeseries that serves two-ways: a) it provides immediate alerting in case a measurement exceeds predefined boundaries that are known to characterize a healthy beehive, and b) based on historical data predict future levels that are correlated with hive’s health. Finally, we demonstrate the benefit of using additional regressors in the prediction of the variables of interest. The database, the code and a video of the vibrational activity of two months are made open to the interested readers.
Effect of Cow-Calf Supplementation on Gene Expression, Processes and Pathways Related to Adipogenesis and Lipogenesis in Longissimus Thoracis Muscle of F1 Angus × Nellore Cattle at Weaning
Authors: Ramírez-Zamudio Germán Darío , Ganga Maria Júlia Generoso , Pereira Guilherme Luis , Nociti Ricardo Perecin , Chiaratti Marcos Roberto , Cooke Reinaldo Fernandes , Chardulo Luis Artur Loyola , Baldassini Welder Angelo , Machado-Neto Otavio Rodrigues , Curi Rogério Abdallah
Published: December 2022

The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes, biological processes and metabolic pathways related to adipogenesis and lipogenesis in calves receiving different diets during the cow-calf phase. Forty-eight uncastrated F1 Angus × Nellore males were randomly assigned to two treatments from 30 days of age to weaning: no creep feeding (G1) or creep feeding (G2). After weaning, the animals were feedlot finished for 180 days and fed a single diet containing 12.6% forage and 87.4% corn-based concentrate. Longissimus thoracis muscle samples were collected by biopsy at weaning for transcriptome analysis by RNA-Seq and at slaughter for the measurement of intramuscular fat content (IMF) and marbling score (MS). Animals of G2 had 17.2% and 14.0% higher IMF and MS, respectively (P < 0.05). We identified 947 differentially expressed genes (log2 fold change 0.5; FDR 5%); of these, 504 were up-regulated and 443 were down-regulated in G2. Part of the genes up-regulated in G2 were related to PPAR signaling (PPARA, SLC27A1, FABP3, and DBI), unsaturated fatty acid synthesis (FADS1, FADS2, SCD, and SCD5), and fatty acid metabolism (FASN, FADS1, FADS2, SCD, and SCD5). Regarding biological processes, the genes up-regulated in G2 were related to cholesterol biosynthesis (EBP, CYP51A1, DHCR24, and LSS), unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis (FADS2, SCD, SCD5, and FADS1), and insulin sensitivity (INSIG1 and LPIN2). Cow-calf supplementation positively affected energy metabolism and lipid biosynthesis, and thus favored the deposition of marbling fat during the postweaning period. Here it was shown, in an unprecedented way, by analyzing the transcriptome, genes, pathways and enriched processes due to the use of creep feeding.
Vector Competence to Zika Virus Changes Depending on the Manaus's Region Origin of the Aedes aegypti: A Study of an Endemic Brazilian Amazonian City
Authors: Paz Andréia da Costa , Chaves Bárbara Aparecida , Godoy Raquel Soares Maia , Coelho Deilane Ferreira , Vieira  Júnior Ademir Bentes , Alencar Rodrigo Maciel , Alcântara João Arthur , Felix Luiza dos Santos , Oliveira Cinthia Catharina Azevedo , Monteiro Wuelton Marcelo , Lacerda Marcus Vinicius Guimarães , Secundino Nágila Francinete Costa , Pimenta Paulo Filemon Paolucci
Published: December 2022

Zika virus (ZIKV) is transmitted to humans by the infectious bite of mosquitoes like Aedes aegypti. After a viremic blood meal, the virus must infect the midgut, disseminate to tissues, and reach the salivary gland to be transmitted to a vertebrate host. Many factors influence the mosquito’s ability to become infected and transmit viruses, such as the mosquito’s genetic diversity, intrinsic antiviral barriers, and midgut microbiota. This study evaluated the patterns of ZIKV infection in Ae. aegypti field populations of a city. The infection rate, disseminated infection rate, viral transmission rate, and transmission efficiency were measured by quantitative PCR at 14 days post-infection. The results showed that all Ae. aegypti populations had individuals susceptible to ZIKV infection and able to transmit the virus. The infection parameters showed the city’s geographical area of origin of the Ae. aegypti influences their vector competence for ZIKV transmission.
Enhanced Precipitation of Gibbsite from Sodium Aluminate Solution by Adding Agglomerated Active Al(OH)3 Seed
Authors: Shoppert Andrei , Valeev Dmitry , Alekseev Konstantin , Loginova Irina
Published: December 2022

The addition of active seed for increasing the precipitation rate leads to the formation of fine Al(OH)3 particles that complicates separation of solid from the mother liquor. In this study, the enhanced precipitation of coarse Al(OH)3 from sodium aluminate solution using active agglomerated seed was investigated. Aluminum salt (Al2(SO4)3) were used for active agglomerated seed precipitation at the initial of the process. About 50% of precipitation rate was obtained when these agglomerates were used as a seed in the amount of 20 g L–1 at 25 °C within 10 h. The agglomerated active seed and precipitate samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). SEM images showed that agglomerates consist of flake-like particles that can be stick together by bayerite (β-Al(OH)3) acting as a binder. The precipitation temperature above 35 °C and the high concentration of free alkali (αk > 3) lead to the agglomerates refinement that can be associated with the bayerite dissolution.
Development of a Novel Anti-CD44 Variant 4 Monoclonal Antibody, C44Mab-108
Authors: Suzuki Hiroyuki , Tanaka Tomohiro , Asano Teizo , Goto Nohara , Kaneko Mika K. , Kato Yukinari
Published: December 2022

CD44 has been known as a marker of tumor initiating cells, and plays pro-tumorigenic functions in many cancers. The splicing variants play critical roles in malignant progression of cancers by promoting the stemness, cancer cell invasion or metastasis, and resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. To understand each CD44 variant (CD44v) function is essential to know the property of cancers and establishment of the therapy. However, the function of the variant 4-encoded region has not to be elucidated. Therefore, specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the variant 4 are indispensable for basic research, tumor diagnosis, and therapy. In this study, we established anti-CD44 variant 4 (CD44v4) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) by immunizing mice with a peptide containing the variant 4-encoded region. We next performed flow cytometry, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry to characterized them. One of the established clones (C44Mab-108; IgG1, kappa) reacted with CD44v3-10-overexpressed Chinese hamster ovary-K1 cells (CHO/CD44v3-10). The KD of C44Mab-108 for CHO/CD44 v3-10 was 3.4 × 10−7 M. In western blot analysis, C44Mab-108 detected CD44v3-10 in the lysate of CHO/CD44v3-10 cells. Furthermore, C44Mab-108 stained formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded oral squamous carcinoma tissues in immunohistochemistry. These results indicated that C44Mab-108 is useful to detect CD44v4 in various applications.
The Legal Policy of Criminal Justice Bureaucracy Cybercrime
Authors: Raharjo Agus , Bintoro Rahadi Wasi , Tri Utami Nurani Ajeng , Suzuki Masahiro
Published: December 2022

Cybercrime has resulted in astronomical losses for the business community. However, the reactive policy model must be more effective at preventing cybercrime, and the due process model is also inappropriate for combating cybercrime with a high level of speed and mobility. This study is normative legal research employing a conceptual strategy and case studies. The results indicate that the reactive model must be improved in order to prevent cybercrime. The model of due process is not appropriate for deterring cybercrime with a high degree of speed and mobility. The preventative law enforcement strategy is effective, but it requires a high level of law enforcement capability to detect and disable cybercrime, which is something that few Indonesian law enforcement officials possess. Prevention based on the user, which places responsibility on internet users, is fine for individuals but not for businesses. Based on collaboration between corporations, universities, civic society, and non-governmental groups, the collaborative model synthesizes the aforementioned paradigms. Because they are based on plans or roadmaps created by internet stakeholders, regulations, technical aspects, and law enforcement may be effectively implemented and developed.
Gendered Emotional Labor; As A Normative Conformity of Hospital Organizations to the Gender Institution
Authors: ÜNLÜ Onur , YÜRÜR Senay , GEZEGEN ÜNLÜ Sevim
Published: December 2022

This study examines the normative effects of gender context on emotional labor. Those effects had been observed, in the frame of an organization (hospital) and with three agents: manager, employee (hospital hostesses) and customer (patients/patients’ relatives). In this regard twenty-five semi-structured interviews and one focus group meeting were conducted in Yalova. According to our findings; as a survival practice, hospitals conform to the institution of gender via formal (job description, customer satisfaction policies) and informal organization designs (norms directing the related job descriptions). The agents of this conformity play an active role in the reproduction and continuity of “normative role of the gender context on behavior” and “gender-based inequalities”. This study intends to overcome the limitations of Hochschild’s emotion theory in order to explain those normative effects of the context, with the help of New Institutional Theory and Norm Theory.
Robust Estimation Method Using Successive Approximation Algorithm to Correct Errors
Authors: YE Xiao-ming
Published: December 2022

In measurement practice, the residuals in least squares adjustment usually show various abnormal discrete distributions, including outliers, which is not conducive to the optimization of final measured values. In this paper, according to the physical mechanism of deviation, dispersion and outlier of repeated observations, it can be seen that abnormal distribution and outlier are normal measurement phenomena, and weakening the influence of outlier is an incorrect research direction. Then, by revealing the advantages of functional model processing, this paper puts forward the error correction idea of using the approximate function model to approach the actual function model step by step, and forms a new theoretical method to optimize the final measured values, which greatly improves the quality of measured values. This is a new measurement theory idea that is completely different from mainstream robust estimation research.
Topological reorganization of functional hubs in Parkinson’s disease patients with freezing of gait.
Authors: Sreeniva Karthik , Bayram Ece , Zhuang Xiaowei , Longhurst Jason , Yang Zhengshi , Cordes Dietmar , Ritter Aaron , Caldwell Jessica , Cummings Jeffrey , Mari Zoltan , Litvan Irene , Bluett Brent , Mishra Virendra
Published: December 2022

Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) studies in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients with freezing of gait (FOG) have implicated dysfunctional connectivity over multiple resting-state networks. While these findings provided network-specific insights and information related to the aberrant or altered regional functional connectivity, whether these alterations have any effect on topological reorganization in PD-FOG patients is incompletely understood. Understanding higher-order functional organization, which could be derived from the ‘hub’ and the ‘rich-club’ organization of the functional networks could be crucial to identifying the distinct and unique pattern of the network connectivity associated with PD-FOG. In this study, we use rs-fMRI data and graph theoretical approaches to explore the reorganization of resting-state network topology in PD-FOG when compared to those without FOG (PD-nFOG). We also compared the higher-order functional organization derived using the hub and rich-club measures in the functional connectivity networks of these PD-FOG patients to understand whether there is a topological reorganization of these hubs in PD-FOG. We found that the PD-FOG patients showed a noticeable reorganization of ‘hub’ regions. Regions that are part of the prefrontal cortex, primary somatosensory, motor, and visuomotor coordination areas showed were some of the regions exhibiting altered ‘hub’ measures in PD-FOG patients. We also found significantly altered feeder and local connectivity in PD-FOG. Overall our findings demonstrate a widespread topological reorganization and disrupted higher-order functional network topology in PD-FOG which may further assist in improving our understanding of functional network disturbances associated with PD-FOG.
Quantifying Uncertainties in CERES/MODIS Downwelling Radiation Fluxes in the Global Tropical Oceans
Authors: Thandlam Venugopal
Published: December 2022

The Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) program, which uses the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) (CM), has been updated with the launch of new satellites and the availability of newly upgraded radiation data. The spatial and temporal variability of daily averaged synoptic 1-degree (SYN1deg) CM version 3 (CMv3) (old) and version 4 (CMv4) (new) downwelling shortwave (QS) and longwave radiation (QL) data in the global tropical oceans spanning 30oS-30oN from 2000 to 2017 is investigated. Daily in situ data from the Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array (GTMBA) were used to validate the CM data from 2000 to 2015. When compared to CMv3, both QS and QL in CMv4 show significant improvements in bias, root-mean-square error, and standard deviations. Furthermore, a long-term trend analysis shows that QS has been increasing by 1 Wm− 2 per year in the Southern Hemisphere. In contrast, the Northern Hemisphere has a -0.7 Wm− 2 annual decreasing trend. QS and QL exhibit similar spatial trend patterns. However, in the Indian Ocean, Indo-Pacific warm pool region, and Southern Hemisphere, QL spatial patterns in CMv3 and CMv4 differ with an opposite trend (0.5 Wm− 2). These annual trends in QS and QL could cause the sea surface temperature (SST) to change by -0.2 to 0.3°C per year in the tropical oceans. These results stress the importance of accurate radiative flux data, and CMv4 can be an alternative to reanalysis or other model-simulated data.
Effectiveness of Lyophilized Growth Factors Injection for Subacromial Impingement Syndrome: A Prospective Randomized Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Study
Authors: El-Sherif Sherine Mahmoud , Moustafa Mowaffak , Ashraf Jailan , Fahmy Hossam , Abdel-Naby Hoda
Published: December 2022

Background
Platelet-derived lyophilized growth factors (L-GF) uses a standardized number of allogenic pathogen-free platelets instead of autologous platelets used in PRP as a source of growth factors. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of L-GF injection versus placebo in the treatment of subacromial impingement (SIS).
Methods
The current randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study included sixty patients (40 females and 20 males, aged between 24-75 years) diagnosed with SIS (both clinically and sonographically). Patients were randomly assigned to two equal groups. Group 1 received subacromial saline injection, and group 2 received L-GF injection. Both groups were injected under ultrasound guidance. Clinical examination, Visual analogue scale (VAS) of pain, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), and shoulder ultrasound were performed before and at the 8th week after injection.
Results
Follow-up assessment showed statistically significant improvement in the L-GF group with regard to active flexion, active and passive internal rotation and extension, SPADI-Disability scale, VAS of pain and thickness of the supraspinatus tendon by US. Concerning painful arc, regression analysis showed that the placebo group was approximately 30 times more likely than the L-GF group to experience painful arc at follow-up. Both groups showed statistically significant improvement regarding the SPADI-Pain scale and SPADI-Total as well as passive flexion and abduction (still the mean value of abduction was significantly higher in the L-GF group).
Conclusions
L-GF injection resulted in clinically significant reductions in pain and functional disability outcomes in patients with SIS. An objective significant reduction in the thickness of the supraspinatus tendon, measured by ultrasound, in the L-GF group hopefully encourages proper healing and functioning in SIS.
Trial registration:
The identification number is NCT04330027, date of first registration (01/04/2020).
Unique on 21/11/2019, Protocol ID: 0106178,
Histological Assessment of Cortical Bone Changes in Diabetic Rats
Authors: Minami Masataka , Ikoma Kazuya , Onishi Okihiro , Horii Motoyuki , Itoh Kyoko , Takahashi Kenji
Published: December 2022

Background: Diabetes mellitus weakens bone strength due to deterioration of bone quality; however, the histological mechanisms are still unknown. We hypothesized that histological assessment of cortical bone would enable us to determine the cause of the bone strength reduction associated with diabetes mellitus. Our aim was to evaluate the histomorphometric changes of cortical bone associated with deterioration of intrinsic bone properties and bone quality in diabetes mellitus.
Methods: We compared the outcomes of mechanical tests, bone mineral density measured using micro computed tomography, and histological assessments, by applying Villanueva’s bone stain, to the tibial bones of 40-week-old diabetic and control male rats.
Results: With respect to mechanical testing, the maximum load and energy absorption were significantly lower in the diabetic than in the control group, although fracture displacement and stiffness were not significantly different between the two groups. Bone mineral density was significantly higher in the diabetic group than in the control group. Bone histomorphometry revealed that the diabetic rats had fewer osteocytes, greater cortical porosity, and increased mineralization in cortical bone compared with the control group.
Conclusions: Increased mineralization of the cortical bone with greater cortical porosity leads to a weakening of bone strength in diabetes mellitus.
A systematic review of biologically-informed deep learning models for cancer: fundamental trends for encoding and interpreting oncology data
Authors: Wysocka Magdalena , Wysocki Oskar , Zufferey Marie , Landers Donal , Freitas Andre
Published: December 2022

Background There is an increasing interest in the use of Deep Learning (DL) based methods as a supporting analytical framework in oncology. However, most direct applications of DL will deliver models with limited transparency and explainability, which constrain their deployment in biomedical settings.
Methods This systematic review discusses DL models used to support inference in cancer biology with a particular emphasis on multi-omics analysis. It focuses on how existing models address the need for better dialogue with prior knowledge, biological plausibility and interpretability, fundamental properties in the biomedical domain. For this, we retrieved and analyzed 42 studies focusing on emerging architectural and methodological advances, the encoding of biological domain knowledge and the integration of explainability methods.
Results We discuss the recent evolutionary arch of DL models in the direction of integrating prior biological relational and network knowledge to support better generalisation (e.g. pathways or Protein-Protein-Interaction networks) and interpretability. This represents a fundamental functional shift towards models which can integrate mechanistic and statistical inference aspects. We introduce a concept of bio-centric interpretability and according to its taxonomy, we discuss representational methodologies for the integration of domain prior knowledge in such models.
Conclusions The paper provides a critical outlook into contemporary methods for explainability and interpretabiltiy used in DL for cancer. The analysis points in the direction of a convergence between encoding prior knowledge and improved interpretability. We introduce bio-centric interpretability which is an important step towards formalisation of biological interpretability of DL models and developing methods that are less problem- or application-specific.
The longstanding galaxy missing-baryon problem is solved by a large reservoir of hot gas permeating their halos
Authors: Nicastro Fabrizio , Krongold Yair , Fang Taotao , Fraternali Filippo , Mathur Smita , Bianchi Stefano , Bongiorno Angela , De Rosa Alessandra , Piconcelli Enrico , Zappacosta Luca , Bischetti Manuela , Feruglio Chiara , Gupta Anjali
Published: December 2022

The amount of baryons hosted in the disks of galaxies (stars and interstellar gas and dust) is lower than expected based on the mass of their dark-matter halos and the fraction of baryon-to-total matter in the universe[1], giving rise to the so called galaxy missing-baryon problem (e.g. [2]). The presence of cool circum-galactic matter gravitationally bound to its galaxy’s halo up to distances of at least ten times the size of the galaxy’s disk (e.g. [3-13]), mitigates the problem but is far from being sufficient for its solution. It has instead been suggested (e.g. [14]), that the galaxy missing baryons may hide in a much hotter gaseous phase of the circum-galactic medium, possibly at the halo virial temperature and co-existing with the cool phase. Here we exploit the best available X-ray spectroscopic data of known cool circum-galactic absorbers to show that the galaxy missing baryonic mass is indeed found in a hot medium permeating galaxy halos, at temperatures consistent with their virial temperatures. Main tracers of this hot medium are highly ionized light elements that only retain one or two electrons and that are only visible in the X-rays. Our measurements solve the long-standing galaxy missing baryon problem and thus significantly contribute to the understanding of the continuous cycle of baryons in- and-out of galaxies throughout the life of the universe.
Transanal end-to-end rectoanal pullthrough for treatment of rectal atresia: A review of 4 cases
Authors: Shehata Sameh , Elsawaf Mohamed , Kotb Mostafa
Published: December 2022

Introduction: Rectal atresia is a rare subtype of anorectal malformations in which the patients are born with a normal anal canal but have complete atresia located few centimeters proximal to the dentate line. We present the transanal end-to-end rectoanal anastomosis as a surgical technique for the management of these patients, highlight the outcomes, and emphasize on some clinical tips.
Methods: Four patients were diagnosed as having rectal atresia on clinical and radiological basis. All of them underwent single loop low sigmoid colostomy in the first 24 hours. After 6 months, transanal end-to-end rectoanal anastomosis was performed followed by closure of the stoma 3 months later.
Results: The 2 cases that are older than 3 years demonstrated normal continence and are clean between bowel movements, while the other two showed good anal tone and passing stools between 1–3 times daily, being dry in between.
Conclusion: Transanal end-to-end rectoanal anastomosis allows a safer route of anatomical reconstruction of the anorectum, therefore avoiding the potential complications associated with the other more invasive approaches.
TRPM2 Regulates Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Formation and Delays Resolution of Neutrophil-driven Sterile Inflammation
Authors: Cao Xue , Li Yanhong , Luo Yubin , Chu Tianshu , Yang Hang , Wen Ji , Liu Yi , Zhao Yi , Herrmann Martin
Published: December 2022

The formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is a process releasing into the extracellular space networks of chromatin fibers decorated with granular proteins. It is implicated in infection-related as well as sterile inflammation. Monosodium urate (MSU) crystals serve as damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) in various conditions of disease. Formation of NETs or aggregated NETs (aggNETs) orchestrates initiation and resolution of MSU crystals-triggered inflammation, respectively. Elevated intracellular calcium levels and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are crucial for the formation of MSU crystal-induced NETs. However, the exact signaling pathways involved are still elusive. Herein, we demonstrate that the ROS-sensing, non-selective calcium-permeable channel transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 2 (TRPM2) is required for a full-blown MSU crystal-induced NET formation. Primary neutrophils from TRPM2-/- mice showed reduced calcium influx and ROS production and, consequently a reduced formation of MSU crystal-induced NETs and aggNETs. Furthermore, in TRPM2-/- mice the infiltration of inflammatory cells into infected tissues and their production of inflammatory mediators was suppressed. Taken together these results describe an inflammatory role of TRPM2 for neutrophil-driven inflammation and identify TRPM2 as potential target for therapeutic intervention.
Is Ventricular Lavage a Novel Treatment of Neonatal Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus? A Meta analysis
Authors: Parenrengi Muhammad Arifin , Ranuh I. G. M Aswin R. , Suryaningtyas Wihasto
Published: December 2022

Introduction
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) may produce obliterative arachnoiditis, which disrupts the flow and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), resulting in posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH). PHH gives a high risk of neurofunctional impairment.
Ventricular lavage is the treatment of choice for PHH in neonates with IVH for decades. It’s developing with the combination of fibrinolytic therapy also called drainage, irrigation and fibrinolytic therapy (DRIFT), and with the using of neuroendoscopic apparatus also called neuroendoscopic lavage (NEL).
Methods
This review is a meta-analysis using the PRISMA method guideline, including the clinical studies comparing ventricular lavage (VL) with standard treatment of PHH between 2000 and 2021.
Results
VL group reduce the shunt dependency compared to standard treatment (OR = 0.22; 95CI 0.05 to 0.97; p = 0.05). VL group has less infection risk compared to the standard treatment group (RR = 0.20; 95CI 0.07 to 0.59; p < 0.05). The severe neurofunctional outcome is similar between the two groups (OR = 0.99; 95CI 0.13 to 7.23; p = 0.99). The early approach treatment group may give better neurofunctional outcome compared to the late approach (OR = 0.14; 95CI 0.06 to 0.35; p < 0.05).
Conclusion
VL reduce the shunt dependency on the PHH, decreasing the shunt’s related infection rate. The early ventricular lavage may give benefit for the neurocognitive outcome.
Surgery for Pilonidal Sinus Disease in Norway: Training, Attitudes and Preferences. A Survey Among Norwegian Surgeons
Authors: Odlo Mari , Horn Julie , Xanthoulis Athanasios
Published: December 2022

Background: Pilonidal sinus disease (PSD) is frequently observed in young adults. There is no wide consensus on optimal treatment in the literature, and various procedures are used in clinical practice. The objective of this study was to assess current practice, experience, training, and attitudes towards PSD surgery among Norwegian surgeons.
Methods: An online survey on PSD surgery was created and sent to all members of the Norwegian Surgical Association. Categorical data were reported as frequencies and percentages.
Results: Most currently practicing Norwegian surgeons used the Bascom’s cleft lift (93.2%) or minimally invasive procedures (55.4%). Midline excisions with primary closure (19.7%) or secondary healing (22.4%) were still used by some surgeons, though. Most surgeons had received training in PSD surgery supervised by a specialist, but only about half of them felt sufficiently trained. The surgeons generally performed few PSD operations per year. Many considered PSD as a condition of low surgical status and this patient group as underprioritized.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that PSD surgery in Norway has been moving away from midline excisions and towards off-midline flap procedures and minimally invasive techniques. PSD and its treatment have a low status among many Norwegian surgeons. This study calls for attention to this underprioritized group of patients and shows the need for consensus in PSD treatment such as development of national guidelines in Norway. Further investigation on training in PSD and the role of supervision is needed.
A hybrid multi-particle approach to range assessment-based treatment verification in particle therapy
Authors: Meric Ilker , Alagoz Enver , Hysing Liv , Kögler Toni , Lathouwers Danny , Lionheart William , Mattingly John , Obhodas Jasmina , Pausch Guntram , Pettersen Helge , Ratliff Hunter , Rovituso Marta , Schellhammer Sonja , Setterdahl Lena , Skjerdal Kyrre , Sterpin Edmond , Sudac Davorin , Turko Joseph , Ytre-Hauge Kristian
Published: December 2022

Particle therapy (PT) used for cancer treatment can spare healthy tissue and reduce treatment toxicity. However, full exploitation of the dosimetric advantages of PT is not yet possible due to range uncertainties, warranting development of range-monitoring techniques. This study proposes a novel range-monitoring technique introducing the yet unexplored concept of simultaneous detection and imaging of fast neutrons and prompt-gamma rays produced in beam-tissue interactions. A quasi-monolithic organic detector array is proposed, and its feasibility for detecting range shifts in the context of proton therapy is explored through Monte Carlo simulations of realistic patient models. The results indicate that range shifts of 1 mm can be detected at relatively low proton intensities (6 million/spot) when spatial information obtained through imaging of both particle species are used simultaneously. This study lays the foundation for multi-particle detection and imaging systems in the context range verification in PT.
Induction of tissue-specific premature stem cell aging via Lef1 deficiency promotes senescence-like deterioration in remote organs
Authors: Ikuno Yasuaki , Watanabe Koichiro , Kakeya Yumi , Ikeno Shinsuke , Nakabo Toshimasa , Narumoto Ayano , Kande Yukie , Hayashi Tomoki , Minami Kahori , Nobuhiro Kasumi , Mabuchi Yo , Nakamura Shiho , Okano Hideyuki , Ihara Dai , Katsuyama Yu , Naka-Kaneda Hayato
Published: December 2022

Molecular mechanisms of aging specific to each stem cell (SC) are being elucidated. However, the common molecular basis for senescence in various SCs remains largely unexplored. Here, we have shown that the dysregulation of DNA damage response (DDR) modulated by lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (Lef1) and DDR-microRNAs (DDR-miRs) is the common molecular basis for aging in SCs. We identified Lef1as the most repressed transcription factor with aging in common between mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Like the expression profiles of aged MSCs, Lef1 knockdown reduced broad microRNAs and loss of induction of DDR-miRs in young MSCs. DDR capacity was also diminished in aged SCs in vivo. Moreover, Lef1 deficiency in intestinal stem cells induced precocious dysregulation of DDR and inflammation and senescence in the remote brain. This study demonstrates that the Lef1/DDR-miR axis is the common molecular basis underlying SC aging.
Attitude, Practice, and Associated factors of pregnant women towards prenatal ultrasound in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A cross- sectional study
Authors: Haile Zegeye Wubeshet , Goshu Eyayalem Melese , Kumsa Marema Jebessa , Getahun Eneyew Belay
Published: December 2022

Background:Prenatal ultrasound in antenatal care is widely recognised as one method of reducing maternal mortality. Pregnant women's knowledge and attitudes concerning prenatal ultrasound are thought to influence their response. However, little is known about pregnant women’s attitude and practice of prenatal ultrasound in Addis Ababa. This study aimed to assess attitude, practice and associated factors of pregnant women toward prenatal ultrasound in public hospitals of Addis Ababa.Methods: A cross-sectional study was done on 404 pregnant women from June to July 2022 at four public hospitals of Addis Ababa. A simple random sampling and systematic random sampling were used to select the study area and eligible individuals respectively. Interview using a structured questionnaire was employed. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with attitude and practice. The odds ratio at 95% confidence interval with p-value less than 0.05% were considered statistically significant.Results:Magnitude of having positive attitude and good practice of pregnant women toward prenatal ultrasound were 71.5%and 60.6% respectively. Government employed women (AOR: 2.327; 95%CI: 1.177-4.600), ultrasound exposure for reason other than pregnancy (AOR: 2.009; 95%CI: 1.226-3.293), history of congenital anomaly (AOR: 4.82; 95%CI: 1.765-13.164) and experience of pregnancy (AOR: 2.36; 95%CI: 1.348-4.130) were significantly associated with attitude of prenatal ultrasound. Government employed (AOR=2.286; 95%CI: 1.110-4.708), ultrasound exposure (AOR= 1.893; 95%CI; 1.211-2.960), history of congenital anomaly birth (AOR= 2.444; 95%CI: 1.070-5.582), and women's knowledge of ultrasound (AOR= 2.018; 95%CI: 1.230-3.311) were significantly associated with practice.Conclusions;The level of attitude and practice toward prenatal ultrasound can be improved with increase knowledge of obstetric ultrasound scan to all antenatal women. Health professionals in antenatal care units should advise pregnant women to improve their attitude and practice that helps to have prenatal ultrasound scan as recommended by the WHO.