bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Helix-Destabilizing, β-Branched, and Polar Residues in the Baboon Reovirus p15 Transmembrane Domain Influence the Modularity of FAST Proteins
Authors: Clancy Eileen K. , Duncan Roy
Published: March 2011

The fusogenic reoviruses induce syncytium formation using the fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) proteins. A recent study indicated the p14 FAST protein transmembrane domain (TMD) can be functionally replaced by the TMDs of the other FAST proteins but not by heterologous TMDs, suggesting that the FAST protein TMDs are modular fusion units. We now show that the p15 FAST protein is also a modular fusogen, as indicated by the functional replacement of the p15 ectodomain with the corresponding domain from the p14 FAST protein. Paradoxically, the p15 TMD is not interchangeable with the TMDs of the other FAST proteins, implying that unique attributes of the p15 TMD are required when this fusion module is functioning in the context of the p15 ecto- and/or endodomain. A series of point substitutions, truncations, and reextensions were created in the p15 TMD to define features that are specific to the functioning of the p15 TMD. Removal of only one or two residues from the N terminus or four residues from the C terminus of the p15 TMD eliminated membrane fusion activity, and there was a direct correlation between the fusion-promoting function of the p15 TMD and the presence of N-terminal, hydrophobic β-branched residues. Substitution of the glycine residues and triserine motif present in the p15 TMD also impaired or eliminated the fusion-promoting activity of the p15 TMD. The ability of the p15 TMD to function in an ecto- and endodomain-specific context is therefore influenced by stringent sequence requirements that reflect the importance of TMD polar residues and helix-destabilizing residues.
The Human Cytomegalovirus Gene UL79 Is Required for the Accumulation of Late Viral Transcripts
Authors: Perng Yi-Chieh , Qian Zhikang , Fehr Anthony R. , Xuan Baoqin , Yu Dong
Published: March 2011

In this study, we adopted a conditional protein genetic approach to characterize the role of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gene UL79 during virus infection. We constructed AD
dd
UL79, a recombinant HCMV in which the annotated UL79 open reading frame (ORF) was tagged with the destabilization domain of a highly unstable variant of the human FKBP12 protein (
dd
FKBP). The
dd
FKBP domain targets the tagged protein for rapid proteasomal degradation, but the synthetic ligand Shield-1 can stabilize
dd
FKBP, allowing accumulation of the tagged protein. AD
dd
UL79 failed to replicate without Shield-1, but it grew at wild-type levels with Shield-1 or in human foreskin fibroblasts overexpressing hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged UL79 (HF-UL79HA cells), indicating an essential role of UL79 and the effectiveness of this approach. Without Shield-1, representative immediate-early and early viral proteins as well as viral DNA accumulated normally, but late transcripts and proteins were markedly reduced. UL79 was transcribed with early-late kinetics, which was also regulated via a positive-feedback loop. Using HF-UL79HA cells, we found that the UL79 protein localized to viral replication compartments during HCMV infection. Finally, we created a second UL79 mutant virus (AD
in
UL79

stop

) in which the UL79 ORF was disrupted by a stop codon mutation and found that AD
in
UL79

stop

phenocopied AD
dd
UL79 under the destabilizing condition. Taking these results together, we conclude that UL79 acts after viral DNA replication to promote the accumulation of late viral transcripts. Importantly, the comparative analysis of AD
dd
UL79 and AD
in
UL79

stop

viruses provide additional proof for the power of the protein stability-based conditional approach to dissect the role of viral factors in HCMV biology.
Sequential Deletion of the Integrase (Gag-Pol) Carboxyl Terminus Reveals Distinct Phenotypic Classes of Defective HIV-1
Authors: Mohammed Kevin D. , Topper Michael B. , Muesing Mark A.
Published: March 2011

A requisite step in the life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the insertion of the viral genome into that of the host cell, a process catalyzed by the 288-amino-acid (32-kDa) viral integrase (IN). IN recognizes and cleaves the ends of reverse-transcribed viral DNA and directs its insertion into the chromosomal DNA of the target cell. IN function, however, is not limited to integration, as the protein is required for other aspects of viral replication, including assembly, virion maturation, and reverse transcription. Previous studies demonstrated that IN is comprised of three domains: the N-terminal domain (NTD), catalytic core domain (CCD), and C-terminal domain (CTD). Whereas the CCD is mainly responsible for providing the structural framework for catalysis, the roles of the other two domains remain enigmatic. This study aimed to elucidate the primary and subsidiary roles that the CTD has in protein function. To this end, we generated and tested a nested set of IN C-terminal deletion mutants in measurable assays of virologic function. We discovered that removal of up to 15 residues (IN 273) resulted in incremental diminution of enzymatic function and infectivity and that removal of the next three residues resulted in a loss of infectivity. However, replication competency was surprisingly reestablished with one further truncation, corresponding to IN 269 and coinciding with partial restoration of integration activity, but it was lost permanently for all truncations extending N terminal to this position. Our analyses of these replication-competent and -incompetent truncation mutants suggest potential roles for the IN CTD in precursor protein processing, reverse transcription, integration, and IN multimerization.
Structural Characterization of an Early Fusion Intermediate of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin
Authors: Xu Rui , Wilson Ian A.
Published: March 2011

The hemagglutinin (HA) envelope protein of influenza virus mediates viral entry through membrane fusion in the acidic environment of the endosome. Crystal structures of HA in pre- and postfusion states have laid the foundation for proposals for a general fusion mechanism for viral envelope proteins. The large-scale conformational rearrangement of HA at low pH is triggered by a loop-to-helix transition of an interhelical loop (B loop) within the fusion domain and is often referred to as the “spring-loaded” mechanism. Although the receptor-binding HA1 subunit is believed to act as a “clamp” to keep the B loop in its metastable prefusion state at neutral pH, the “pH sensors” that are responsible for the clamp release and the ensuing structural transitions have remained elusive. Here we identify a mutation in the HA2 fusion domain from the influenza virus H2 subtype that stabilizes the HA trimer in a prefusion-like state at and below fusogenic pH. Crystal structures of this putative early intermediate state reveal reorganization of ionic interactions at the HA1-HA2 interface at acidic pH and deformation of the HA1 membrane-distal domain. Along with neutralization of glutamate residues on the B loop, these changes cause a rotation of the B loop and solvent exposure of conserved phenylalanines, which are key residues at the trimer interface of the postfusion structure. Thus, our study reveals the possible initial structural event that leads to release of the B loop from its prefusion conformation, which is aided by unexpected structural changes within the membrane-distal HA1 domain at low pH.
Structure of a Packaging-Defective Mutant of Minute Virus of Mice Indicates that the Genome Is Packaged via a Pore at a 5-Fold Axis
Authors: Plevka Pavel , Hafenstein Susan , Li Lei , D'Abrgamo Anthony , Cotmore Susan F. , Rossmann Michael G. , Tattersall Peter
Published: March 2011

The parvovirus minute virus of mice (MVM) packages a single copy of its linear single-stranded DNA genome into preformed capsids, in a process that is probably driven by a virus-encoded helicase. Parvoviruses have a roughly cylindrically shaped pore that surrounds each of the 12 5-fold vertices. The pore, which penetrates the virion shell, is created by the juxtaposition of 10 antiparallel β-strands, two from each of the 5-fold-related capsid proteins. There is a bottleneck in the channel formed by the symmetry-related side chains of the leucines at position 172. We report here the X-ray crystal structure of the particles produced by a leucine-to-tryptophan mutation at position 172 and the analysis of its biochemical properties. The mutant capsid had its 5-fold channel blocked, and the particles were unable to package DNA, strongly suggesting that the 5-fold pore is the packaging portal for genome entry.
Structure of Bombyx mori Densovirus 1, a Silkworm Pathogen
Authors: Kaufmann Bärbel , El-Far Mohamed , Plevka Pavel , Bowman Valorie D. , Li Yi , Tijssen Peter , Rossmann Michael G.
Published: March 2011

Bombyx mori
densovirus 1 (BmDNV-1), a major pathogen of silkworms, causes significant losses to the silk industry. The structure of the recombinant BmDNV-1 virus-like particle has been determined at 3.1-Å resolution using X-ray crystallography. It is the first near-atomic-resolution structure of a virus-like particle within the genus
Iteravirus
. The particles consist of 60 copies of the 55-kDa VP3 coat protein. The capsid protein has a β-barrel “jelly roll” fold similar to that found in many diverse icosahedral viruses, including archaeal, bacterial, plant, and animal viruses, as well as other parvoviruses. Most of the surface loops have little structural resemblance to other known parvovirus capsid proteins. In contrast to vertebrate parvoviruses, the N-terminal β-strand of BmDNV-1 VP3 is positioned relative to the neighboring 2-fold related subunit in a “domain-swapped” conformation, similar to findings for other invertebrate parvoviruses, suggesting domain swapping is an evolutionarily conserved structural feature of the
Densovirinae
.
Reconciliation of Rotavirus Temperature-Sensitive Mutant Collections and Assignment of Reassortment Groups D, J, and K to Genome Segments
Authors: Criglar Jeanette , Greenberg Harry B. , Estes Mary K. , Ramig Robert F.
Published: March 2011

Four rotavirus SA11 temperature-sensitive (
ts
) mutants and seven rotavirus RRV
ts
mutants, isolated at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and not genetically characterized, were assigned to reassortment groups by pairwise crosses with the SA11 mutant group prototypes isolated and characterized at Baylor College of Medicine (BCM). Among the NIH mutants, three of the RRV mutants and all four SA11 mutants contained mutations in single reassortment groups, and four RRV mutants contained mutations in multiple groups. One NIH mutant [RRV
ts
K(2)] identified the previously undefined 11th reassortment group (K) expected for rotavirus. Three NIH single mutant RRV viruses, RRV
ts
D(7), RRV
ts
J(5), and RRV
ts
K(2), were in reassortment groups not previously mapped to genome segments. These mutants were mapped using classical genetic methods, including backcrosses to demonstrate reversion or suppression in reassortants with incongruent genotype and temperature phenotype. Once located to specific genome segments by genetic means, the mutations responsible for the
ts
phenotype were identified by sequencing. The reassortment group K mutant RRV
ts
K(2) maps to genome segment 9 and has a Thr280Ileu mutation in the capsid surface glycoprotein VP7. The group D mutant RRV
ts
D(7) maps to segment 5 and has a Leu140Val mutation in the nonstructural interferon (IFN) antagonist protein NSP1. The group J mutant RRV
ts
J(5) maps to segment 11 and has an Ala182Gly mutation affecting only the NSP5 open reading frame. Rotavirus
ts
mutation groups are now mapped to 9 of the 11 rotavirus genome segments. Possible segment locations of the two remaining unmapped
ts
mutant groups are discussed.
Keratinocytes Are Cell Targets of West Nile Virus
In Vivo
Authors: Lim Pei-Yin , Behr Melissa J. , Chadwick Chrystal M. , Shi Pei-Yong , Bernard Kristen A.
Published: March 2011

West Nile virus (WNV) replicates in the skin; however, cell targets in the skin have not been identified. In the current studies, WNV infected the epidermis and adnexal glands of mouse skin, and the epidermal cells were identified as keratinocytes by double labeling for WNV antigen and keratin 10. Inoculation of mice with WNV replicon particles resulted in high levels of replication in the skin, suggesting that keratinocytes are an initial target of WNV. In addition, primary keratinocytes produced infectious virus
in vitro
. In conclusion, keratinocytes are cell targets of WNV
in vivo
and may play an important role in pathogenesis.
A Guide to the Natural History of Freshwater Lake Bacteria
Authors: Newton Ryan J. , Jones Stuart E. , Eiler Alexander , McMahon Katherine D. , Bertilsson Stefan
Published: March 2011

Freshwater bacteria are at the hub of biogeochemical cycles and control water quality in lakes. Despite this, little is known about the identity and ecology of functionally significant lake bacteria. Molecular studies have identified many abundant lake bacteria, but there is a large variation in the taxonomic or phylogenetic breadths among the methods used for this exploration. Because of this, an inconsistent and overlapping naming structure has developed for freshwater bacteria, creating a significant obstacle to identifying coherent ecological traits among these groups. A discourse that unites the field is sorely needed. Here we present a new freshwater lake phylogeny constructed from all published 16S rRNA gene sequences from lake epilimnia and propose a unifying vocabulary to discuss freshwater taxa. With this new vocabulary in place, we review the current information on the ecology, ecophysiology, and distribution of lake bacteria and highlight newly identified phylotypes. In the second part of our review, we conduct meta-analyses on the compiled data, identifying distribution patterns for bacterial phylotypes among biomes and across environmental gradients in lakes. We conclude by emphasizing the role that this review can play in providing a coherent framework for future studies.
Activation and Function of the MAPKs and Their Substrates, the MAPK-Activated Protein Kinases
Authors: Cargnello Marie , Roux Philippe P.
Published: March 2011

The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) regulate diverse cellular programs by relaying extracellular signals to intracellular responses. In mammals, there are more than a dozen MAPK enzymes that coordinately regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. The best known are the conventional MAPKs, which include the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun amino-terminal kinases 1 to 3 (JNK1 to -3), p38 (α, β, γ, and δ), and ERK5 families. There are additional, atypical MAPK enzymes, including ERK3/4, ERK7/8, and Nemo-like kinase (NLK), which have distinct regulation and functions. Together, the MAPKs regulate a large number of substrates, including members of a family of protein Ser/Thr kinases termed MAPK-activated protein kinases (MAPKAPKs). The MAPKAPKs are related enzymes that respond to extracellular stimulation through direct MAPK-dependent activation loop phosphorylation and kinase activation. There are five MAPKAPK subfamilies: the p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK), the mitogen- and stress-activated kinase (MSK), the MAPK-interacting kinase (MNK), the MAPK-activated protein kinase 2/3 (MK2/3), and MK5 (also known as p38-regulated/activated protein kinase [PRAK]). These enzymes have diverse biological functions, including regulation of nucleosome and gene expression, mRNA stability and translation, and cell proliferation and survival. Here we review the mechanisms of MAPKAPK activation by the different MAPKs and discuss their physiological roles based on established substrates and recent discoveries.
Bleeding disorders in cattle
Authors: Bell Charlotte
Published: March 2011

Bleeding disorders of cattle are relatively rare and can therefore represent a considerable diagnostic challenge for the clinician. However, with a logical approach, thorough history taking and proper evaluation of the clinical findings and haematology results, it is possible to identify the underlying condition responsible for impaired haemostasis. This article describes the bleeding disorders that might be encountered in cattle in general practice, and highlights how these may be differentiated to reach a definitive diagnosis.
Practice Standards Scheme: revised standards
Authors: Jinman Peter
Published: March 2011

If the Practice Standards Scheme isn't broken, why change it? A perfectly reasonable question – and one that may have crossed the lips of more than one practice manager. The short answer is to keep it up to date and relevant to changes in expectations of the public and veterinary practices. The RCVS reviewed the scheme in 2009. As a result, revised standards were drafted, and these were published last year. In this article, Peter Jinman, RCVS president and chairman of the RCVS Practice Standards Group, highlights the key changes and explains their significance.
Taking the lead: heading a team successfully
Authors: Little Geoff
Published: March 2011

What makes a great leader that people want to follow? Is it an innate quality, or is it a skill that can be acquired? Geoff Little discusses the traits that go into developing good leadership skills, and explains how they can be applied to managing the practice team.
Principled profit‐sharing?
Authors: Cousquer Glen
Published: March 2011

Profit incentive schemes are becoming increasingly common in veterinary practice and as the principal of a small animal practice you are considering this approach for your employees. You have had some preliminary discussions with your employees, some of whom are unsure about how such a scheme would affect the way they perform their duties. Can profit‐sharing be compatible with the professional and ethical frameworks of veterinary practice?
Comments on the dilemma in the February issue: ‘Violent vet’
Authors: Kozlov Shawn
Published: March 2011

The dilemma in the February issue concerned a senior vet who hit a dog when it tried to bite him as he examined an infected wound (In Practice, February 2011, volume 33, pages 94–95). Junior staff looked on in horror but said nothing. Peter Fordyce commented that whether to act or ignore the incident should be considered; if one did decide to act, should any actions be taken ‘in‐house’ or involve outside parties such as the owner? Employees that ‘whistle‐blow’ might find future employment difficult, but failure to act might leave other patients of the practice vulnerable to physical abuse, and not involving the client in the decision‐making process might expose those involved with the case to an accusation of a cover‐up. A possible way forward would be to consider what action should be taken to address the moral offence caused by the assault, how other animals should be protected from such behaviour, the proportionality of the response, and the ethical issues surrounding paternalism relating to the owner's involvement in the decision‐making process. The RCVS guidance provided a practical approach to resolving the issue of the assault; it did not, however, address the issue of informing the client. It was therefore wise to discuss the issue of informing the client with the RCVS beforehand, particularly if the case was not proven against the vet.
Comments on the dilemma in the February issue: ‘Violent vet’
Authors: Hibbert Sarah
Published: March 2011

The dilemma in the February issue concerned a senior vet who hit a dog when it tried to bite him as he examined an infected wound (In Practice, February 2011, volume 33, pages 94–95). Junior staff looked on in horror but said nothing. Peter Fordyce commented that whether to act or ignore the incident should be considered; if one did decide to act, should any actions be taken ‘in‐house’ or involve outside parties such as the owner? Employees that ‘whistle‐blow’ might find future employment difficult, but failure to act might leave other patients of the practice vulnerable to physical abuse, and not involving the client in the decision‐making process might expose those involved with the case to an accusation of a cover‐up. A possible way forward would be to consider what action should be taken to address the moral offence caused by the assault, how other animals should be protected from such behaviour, the proportionality of the response, and the ethical issues surrounding paternalism relating to the owner's involvement in the decision‐making process. The RCVS guidance provided a practical approach to resolving the issue of the assault; it did not, however, address the issue of informing the client. It was therefore wise to discuss the issue of informing the client with the RCVS beforehand, particularly if the case was not proven against the vet.
Road traffic injuries in I.R. Iran: the role of interventions implemented by traffic police
Authors: Soori H , Royanian M , Ainy E , Movahedinejad A , Movahedi M , Mahfouzpour S , Hatamabadi H R , Vafaee R , Massoudinejad M R
Published: March 2011

Introduction

There is 65 deaths per day from road traffic injuries (RTIs). In Iran. Despite some interventions having been implemented, the impacts of these interventions on mortality and morbidity rates have not been evaluated.

Objective

To ascertain the pattern of RTIs in Iran for the years 2004–2007 and to compare the epidemiological trends of RTIs, before and 2 years after four road safety programs were put into place.

Methods

A 4-year database from two sources, the traffic police and medico-legal data were employed. The four interventions concurrently/simultaneously put into place in 2005 were as follows: enforcement of laws on the mandatory fastening of seat belts, enforcement of the laws on use of motorcycle helmets, enforcement of general traffic laws and mass media educational campaigns on national radio and television.

Results

There was a significant decrease in RTIs-related-death and morbidity rates in Iran, after the intervention programs (p<0.001). The death rate decreased from 38.2 per 100 000 in 2004 to 31.8 in 2007 (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.85). The death rate per 10 000 vehicles also showed a significant decline from 24.2 to 13.4 (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.57). Similar reductions were seen among non-fatal RTIs.

Conclusion

These findings demonstrate the role of traffic police interventions, initiated simultaneously on a national level, in RTI prevention. They do highlight the importance of the contribution made by law enforcement and mass education campaigns.
Evaluation of school sports injury problem at school level among children of Dhaka City: “Development of sport injury surveillance system at large urban environment”
Authors: Ali S M Idris , Khatun M , Rahman A K M Fazlur
Published: March 2011

Injury is an emerging public health problem in both developed and developing countries, including Bangladesh. A total of 5122 diseased patients were attended in the Health clinic out of which 586 (11.4%) were injury related in 1-year time. On an average, 48 injury-related patients attended per month. Peak incidence of injury was found in the month of June, July and September. On injury category trauma and abrasion were found as frequent injuries. Among the injuries trauma amounting the highest incidence 64.5%. The next common injury was abrasion/laceration (17.1%). Injury trauma includes simple trauma, traumatic haematoma and fractures. The fractures were diagnosed from referral Hospital.

Sports injury has been found as a major cause of illness among the school children. So prevention of sports injuries should be included in ongoing school health programme.
Parents perceptions of barriers to and facilitators for injury prevention: a qualitative study
Authors: Stewart J , Kendrick D , Towner E , Pitchforth E , Sealey P , Goodenough T , Deave T
Published: March 2011

Objectives

To explore parents perceptions of barriers and facilitators to injury prevention.

Background

Even if we develop interventions that are effective and cost-effective in preventing falls, poisoning and scalds among young children at home, we often do not know whether parents will use these interventions. Unless we understand barriers to and facilitators for parents using injury prevention interventions in the home it is unlikely we will be able to develop interventions that parents can and do use and are effective.

Methods

We will recruit parents participating in a multi-centre case–control study of fall, scald and poisoning injuries in children under 5 years. We will undertake semi-structured interviews with parents of children with and without injuries a range of injuries and varied socioeconomic backgrounds. Framework analysis will be used.

Results

Reporting results from 64 interviews we will describe commonalities and differences according to a child's age, gender, socioeconomic status, injury type and whether they have experienced an injury. We will describe barriers and facilitators to injury prevention in the home, whether and how these vary according the age and gender of the child and the socioeconomic status of the family.

Conclusion

The findings will show how parents perceptions of barriers to and facilitators for injury prevention can vary and how these need to be taken into account to develop interventions likely to be implemented by parents. This work can therefore contribute to the development of evidence based interventions.
Preventing sexual violence in the 21st century: using research to shape the agenda for prevention
Authors: Jewkes R
Published: March 2011

Over the last decade there has been a conspicuous emergence of research on sexual violence, and particularly on rape perpetration, from a range of global regions. Work on rape perpetration has enabled new insights into understanding the nature and origins of sexual violence, which is critical for prevention. This paper draws on published research on rape perpetration and new data from a range of global regions. It starts by discussing the prevalence and patterns of rape perpetration in different settings and argues that for prevention, it is important to understand the diversity in these as well as commonalities. These patterns also reflect differences in the context of and motives for sexual violence, which have substantial implications for rape prevention. Reflecting on social dynamics and factors associated with raping, the paper discusses evidence suggesting the importance of some of these between different cultural settings, as well as areas of difference. It will discuss the implications of this for developing national strategies for sexual violence prevention. In order to understand the implications of these findings for developing a state of the art prevention policy, we have undertaken a review of sexual violence prevention policies across the globe. The paper will conclude by reflecting on the current alignment of policy to evidence-based prevention priorities and map new directions for prevention policy.
YOURS: challenging researchers and professionals to get more involved in road safety
Authors: Lieshout F
Published: March 2011

Road traffic crashes take young lives indiscriminately. Every day, over 1000 young people are killed on the world's roads. This issue is a global health concern and is recognised by the World Health Organization as the leading cause of death among 10–24 year olds. The vast majority of these deaths and injuries occur in low- and middle-income countries.

Environmental factors, developmental factors and gender-related factors come together to put young people at high risk for road traffic injuries. Often, road infrastructures do not accommodate the needs of non-motorised road users and even force them to share the road with motorised traffic. Children face developmental limitations whereas young people actively seek out risk, while they are still inexperienced and dealing with peer influences and social pressures. Finally, several gender specific factors put young males at more risk of being involved in road traffic crashes.

Recognising these risks, young people have mobilised to address global road safety and have pledged to become part of the solution. Youth representatives from around the world have united to form YOURS – Youth for Road Safety, the first global youth non-governmental organisation for road safety. YOURS acts to keep young people safe on the world's roads by: advocating for young people on a global level, inspiring, connecting and uniting young people worldwide; and building the capacity of young advocates.

YOURS would like to challenge researchers and professionals to get more involved in road safety. Together we can explore ways how knowledge, generated through research, can be translated into action. More specifically how it can be presented to young people and policy makers around the world and stimulate youth involvement in road safety, especially in interventions aiming to decrease youth deaths and injuries.
Road traffic injury prevention
Authors: Esmaeily A , Soori H
Published: March 2011

These animations are produced by the traffic police of Iran with co-operation of Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and broadcast regularly from national radio and television of Iran for the purposed audience. Within a focus group discussion including academic researchers, police officers, artists and media experts the problem is introduced and a story and narrative is created for any subject. These selected series are films and photos have been created within the past 2 years, are completely native and can be used for other countries.
A trip unplanned: an ATV safety story
Authors:   Injury Prevention Center at Arkansas Children's Hospital, funded by EMSC Targeted Issues Grant program Litzwire Sound + Vision
Published: March 2011

All-terrain vehicle (ATV) injury is a common and growing problem among children and adolescents, particularly in rural areas. In 2007 alone, US children under 16 years old sustained an estimated 40 000 ATV-related injuries that required treatment in emergency departments, and children accounted for 20% of ATV deaths and 27% of all injuries. Most paediatric ATV deaths occur when they are riding adult-sized vehicles and often involve other risky behaviour, such as lack of helmet use and riding with passengers. All-terrain vehicles are commonly used in outdoor recreational activities, including hunting, along with farming and other agricultural work. Safety education targeting youths who frequently ride ATVs in these settings may be an effective means of reducing risk for ATV-related injury. Previous qualitative research demonstrated that such educational interventions must be compelling, age appropriate, and realistic to engage the target audience. A trip unplanned: an ATV safety story is a 22 min video dramatisation that illustrates the consequences of ATV use and provides viewers strategies to reduce the risk of serious injury. The film is designed to appeal to an adolescent audience and its content is appropriate for use both in school settings and in hunter safety education programs. Since such programs are often mandated as part of hunter licensing, it is important to have accurate and compelling educational tools such as this video to reach this audience, who are likely to be exposed to ATVs as part of their hunting recreational activities. Audiences exposed to the video have demonstrated an increased knowledge of recommended ATV riding behaviours to reduce risks, including use of helmets and other safety gear, safe firearm transportation, and having no riders except for the operator or driver. The video forms part of a larger ‘toolkit’ of thematically-related educational materials.
Trust in God
Authors: Dixon C A
Published: March 2011

Photo number: 1 Photo location: Ghana photo description: a powerful rear-view image of a large blue truck carrying 40+ standing people and 10+ sitting people on the top rack. Across the back of the truck in large red and white letters, it is written ‘Trust in God’. Photo story: this photograph was taken in Northern Ghana, summer 2009. Working as a paediatric emergency medicine physician in the country to help advance emergency care during that time, 1 week earlier I experienced mass trauma first-hand. An excerpt from an email sent home on that day. I had a very difficult night one night ago. Got a text from a nurse stating “deadly in need of help” I walked briskly back to the hospital. As I came upon the hospital I heard the all too familiar wailing of severe loss. I began running through the corridors now blood leading my steps, standerbyers calling out and weeping. I rounded the corner into the small emergency ward, and bodies were strewn about all over – on beds, benches, and floors. Blood was everywhere… victims were sobbing and screaming. A small bus stuffed with far too many people had lost control on the road and overturned down a hill. All in all, 20 victims, multiple amputations, head injuries, uncountable other injuries, and one death all versus three nurses, a couple of aids, and myself.” Now 1 week later, following behind this truck of sardine-packed people, the reality of the real-life trauma and outcomes facing these individuals was clear. Under my breath I also prayed that they ‘trust’ in someone.
Stories of survival
Authors: Schreiber J , Krimstein G , Woods J
Published: March 2011

This film entitled ‘Stories of Survival’ tells the story of two Washington DC firefighters who sustained extensive burns while on the job. On 30 May 1999, Joe Morgan and Engine Company No. 26 were the first to arrive on the scene of a townhouse fire in Northeast Washington DC. This fire claimed the lives of two fellow firefighters and left Joe with burns over 65% of his body. This video takes you on the journey from the beginning, with pictures and film of the actual fire through the painstaking recovery and rehabilitation process. On 29 October 2007, Charlie Shyab and Engine Company No. 4 responded to an apartment fire. Charlie and three of his fellow firefighters became trapped on the second floor of the building when an unknown fire raging in the basement flashed up through the first level of the house. Through interviews with the firefighters themselves and members of the The Burn Center at Washington Hospital Center, this film describes the emotional and physical toll that a burn injury can have on a firefighter. It demonstrates how quickly things can change in a firefighting situation and how important safety measures are.
Risk factors and seatbelt use in Argentina
Authors: Vacchino M
Published: March 2011

Few studies examined the use of seatbelt and risk factors in lower- or middle-income countries. We investigated the associations between no seatbelt use and age, gender, education, obesity, excessive ingestion of alcohol in the past 30 days and region in Argentina.

In 2005 National Survey of Risk Factors, seatbelt use was asked “How often do you use seatbelts when you drive or ride in a car? Responses were coded dichotomously (always = 0 vs less than always = 1).

Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate ODs and 95% CIs for not using seatbelt and sex, age and education level. Because interaction effects were evident for sex, obesity, alcohol intake and region, we performed a stratified analysis by sex using as covariables age, education level, obesity, alcohol intake and region. Adjusted ODs for no seatbelt use were 1.23 (1.11 to 1.36) for women, 3.44 (2.83 to 4.17) for education level less than primary school) and 2.61 (2.20 to 3.10) for 18–24 age group, among others. Stratified analysis by sex showed strong associations between increased BMI and no seatbelt use in extremely obese women, OR=2.50(1.30 to 4.81), and Northwest, OR=6.10 (5.08 to 7.33). In men, significant associations with alcohol abuse OR=1.58 (1.28 to 1.97). Effective preventive interventions are needed to promote seatbelt use among women, young and less educated people and to control the alcohol intake, especially in certain country's regions.
Safety issues in shipyards among young labourers in the scrap metal industry
Authors: Lu S F
Published: March 2011

Hip breaking and scrap metal industry is present in the Philippines. It is a very hazardous work. The picture depicts young men workers in this type of industry. The young boys do not wear safety protective equipments and sometimes do not wear any upper clothing. They work in unhygienic environment, and are exposed to fumes from the arc welding. Safety and health problems include cuts, lacerations of body parts, low back pain and musculoskeletal disorders, respiratory illnesses, and susceptibility to communicable diseases.
Children's photovoice – a multi-sector collaboration stimulus on child pedestrian safety through environment modification
Authors: Wang, L , Cui M
Published: March 2011

Photovoice is a methodology to reflect the fact on certain social problems through photography. Photovoice–Children's Perspective on Road Traffic Safety was adopted by Walk This Way program in seven safe kids member countries to stimulate the road traffic environment improvement for child pedestrians. The photovoice phase I was the identify the road issues through children's photovoice. The photovoice phase II was to stimulate the road improvement through stimulating multi-sectors' collaboration. The photo flash illustrate the top 10 road issues identified by phase I in one community in Shanghai, China, and also tells how Safe Kids China stimulate multi-sectors' collaboration on road improvement through social marketing of the photovoices and solved the top four road issues with pre and post photos. The Programme Committee will need to review your film or photography. Please provide us with any relevant technical information for example, format, duration of the film, number of photos, size, etc. Please do not send your submission until we ask you to do so.
Participatory photographic risk assessment for child injury prevention
Authors: de Vos P
Published: March 2011

The two films document the process and key findings from a participatory project that used photographic and narrative methods to explore youth perspectives on the causes of childhood injuries in Tanzania. Over the course of several weeks, students from Green Acres Secondary School explored and documented risk factors to child injury in Mbezi beach, Dar es Salaam. The project used photovoice and consensus-based methods to stimulate reflection on injury. Photovoice is an innovative community engagement technique that uses cameras as documentary tools and employs photographs as catalysts for empowerment and social change. The process involved five stages: (1) the students were taught basic photo techniques and ethical principles and given cameras to explore causes of injuries for children and youth in their community; (2) they selected the images that they felt most accurately reflected their individual and collective perspectives on injury risk; (3) they shared stories in small group discussions about the pictures they had chosen; (4) they identified common themes that cut across the multiple stories and images; and finally (5) they reflected on the root causes and possible community solutions to these problems. Throughout the process, they were asked to explore a series of critical questions such as: what do we see here? What is really happening? How does this relate to our lives? Why does this problem or strength exist? What can we do about it? The films demonstrate the potential of using photovoice and story-telling techniques for injury prevention and community development.
The danger of poor visibility – the Nigerian experience
Authors: Adenusi P
Published: March 2011

The biggest threat to road users especially at night in Nigeria is poor visibility of heavy goods vehicle that get stalled at will due largely to poor maintenance. The pictures show the level of carnage and the danger in abandoned trucks and articulated machines. P Olson/M Sivak researched in 1988 that the amount of light required to see during the hours of darkness doubles every 13 years. As we age, our visual capacity diminishes. The place of enhanced visibility cannot be over emphasised in the developing countries where they have poor maintenance culture, search and rescue and poor medical services. The pictures shows crashes of vehicles; pictures of some burnt victims. (Especially the 43 that was burnt to death in a single crash into a broken down petrol truck). The pictures will also highlight the vehicles used in this part of the world.
Trauma management; where did we go wrong?
Authors: Bello J O , Solagberu B A
Published: March 2011

My photographs describe the scene in most of our hospitals in Nigeria. While trauma is a leading cause of death and mass casualties are frequent events in our hospitals, these patients are still subject of poor management with of course poor outcomes. The photographs show patients dumped on the floor on arrival due to easy overwhelming of hospital facilities. Patients are treated on chairs and on the floor. These photographs are meant to stimulate the audience to suggest ways of improving infrastructure and services in the developing world. We are all witness to the devastating outcomes if there are no improvements as we are now seeing in Haiti.
Predictors of race-day jockey falls in flat racing in Australia
Authors: Hitchens P L , Blizzard C L , Jones G , Day L , Fell J
Published: March 2011

Objectives

Riding racehorses is a hazardous occupation but, to date, there has not been a study of risk factors for falls to thoroughbred racing jockeys riding in flat races.

Methods

Data on race-day falls were extracted from stewards' reports. Denominator data were provided by Racing Information Services Australia on races conducted in Australia from August 2002 until July 2006. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were estimated using Poisson regression. Analyses were stratified by race grade (maiden, class, open/restricted).

Results

In multivariable analyses, factors associated with falls were female jockeys (IRR 1.11; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.23), apprentice jockeys (1.51; 1.39 to 1.63), amateur jockeys (1.44; 1.11 to 1.86), drier tracks, younger horse age, shorter race distance, lower field size and lower race grade (all p<0.05). The IRR's for five factors associated with falls differed by category of race grade: those for apprentice jockey, higher prize money and shorter race distance were greater in lower race grades, while those for fewer previous rides this meeting and drier track rating were greater in higher race grades. Female jockeys had a significantly higher incidence of falls when riding horses under 4 years of age in open/restricted races, and the effects of lower field size in maiden races, and of shorter races, were more pronounced for falls occurring prerace.

Conclusions

We identified a range of factors associated with falls to thoroughbred racing jockeys riding in flat races that adds to the evidence base for formulating strategies to improve occupational health and safety standards in the thoroughbred racing industry.
Understanding children's perception of injury risk associated with playing sport
Authors: White P , Finch C F , Dennis R , Siesmaa E
Published: March 2011

Objective

Preventing sports injuries in children is important, but there is limited information about children's perceptions of injury risk or their injury beliefs and attitudes. This study investigates injury risk perceptions in a sample of junior sports participants across different age levels of play.

Methods

Junior cricket players (n=284, aged 8–16) completed a reliable survey about their injury risk perceptions. Survey questions asked about players perceived injury risk to themselves compared to cricketers in general, as well as their perceived injury risk across different playing positions, ground conditions, and protective equipment use scenarios.

Results

χ2analysis found age group differences in risk perceptions associated with different scenarios relating to playing position, ground conditions and protective equipment use. Players tended to see themselves as less likely to be injured than cricketers in general and perceived there to be a high risk of injury when fielding close to the batter and a comparatively low risk of injury when fielding in the outfield. Junior players also perceived there to be a high injury risk associated with playing on hard and bumpy grounds.

Conclusions

Despite their relatively accurate perception of risk and appreciation for the importance of protective equipment, junior players need continual reminding of the importance of safety strategies by coaches and others. Coaches need to inform players that fielding injuries can occur anywhere on the ground, and include skills practice accordingly.
Incidence and total lifetime costs of motor vehicle-related fatal and non-fatal injury by road user type in the United States
Authors: Naumann R B , Dellinger A M , Zaloshnja E , Lawrence B A , Miller T R
Published: March 2011

Background

Each year, more than a million people are killed in motor vehicle crashes worldwide. Crashes place a tremendous burden on societies not only in terms of lives lost but also in terms of cost. While there are many evidence-based road safety interventions that exist, many of these interventions are underutilised. Economic studies are a useful tool to illustrate the full range of consequences that crashes place on societies and can help prioritise injury prevention efforts.

Objectives

To estimate the incidence and cost of motor vehicle-related fatal and non-fatal injuries in the United States in terms of medical care, treatment, rehabilitation services and productive life-years lost due to premature death or long-term disability.

Methods

Incidence and cost data for 2005 were derived from several data sources. Unit costs were calculated for medical spending and productivity loss for fatal and non-fatal injuries, and unit costs were multiplied by incidence to yield total costs. Injury incidence and costs are presented by age, sex and road user type.

Results

Motor vehicle-related fatal and non-fatal injury costs exceeded $99 billion. Costs associated with motor vehicle occupant fatal and non-fatal injuries accounted for 71%($70 billion) of all motor vehicle-related costs, followed by costs associated with motorcyclists ($12 billion), pedestrians ($10 billion) and pedalcyclists ($5 billion).

Discussion

The substantial economic and societal costs associated with these injuries and deaths reinforce the need to implement evidence-based, cost-effective strategies. Evidence-based strategies that target increasing seat belt use, increasing child safety seat use, increasing motorcyclist and pedalcyclist helmet use and decreasing alcohol-impaired driving are available.