bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solar Wind Plasma Parameter Variability Across Solar Cycles 23 and 24: From Turbulence to Extremes
Authors: Tindale E. , Chapman S. C.
Published: September 2017

Solar wind variability spans a wide range of amplitudes and timescales, from turbulent fluctuations to the 11 year solar cycle. We apply the data quantile‐quantile (DQQ) method to NASA/Wind observations spanning solar cycles 23 and 24, to study how the uniqueness of each cycle maximum and minimum manifests in the changing statistical distribution of plasma parameters in fast and slow solar wind. The DQQ method allows us to discriminate between two distinct components of the distribution: the core region simply tracks the solar cycle in its moments but shows little sensitivity to solar wind state or the specific activity of each cycle. This would be consistent with an underlying in situ process such as turbulence driving the evolution of fluctuations up to an outer scale. In contrast, the tail component of the distribution is sensitive both to the differences between the maxima and minima of cycles 23 and 24, and the fast or slow state of the solar wind. The tail component varies over the solar cycle in such a way as to maintain a constant functional form, with only its moments varying with solar activity. Finally, after isolating the core region of the distribution, we test its lognormality over the solar cycle in each solar wind state and find the lognormal provides a more robust description of the statistics in slow wind than fast; however, in both states the goodness of fit is significantly reduced at solar maximum.
Mercury's Solar Wind Interaction as Characterized by Magnetospheric Plasma Mantle Observations With MESSENGER
Authors: Jasinski Jamie M. , Slavin James A. , Raines Jim M. , DiBraccio Gina A.
Published: September 2017

We analyze 94 traversals of Mercury's southern magnetospheric plasma mantle using data from the MESSENGER spacecraft. The mean and median proton number densities in the mantle are 1.5 and 1.3 cm−3, respectively. For sodium number density these values are 0.004 and 0.002 cm−3. Moderately higher densities are observed on the magnetospheric dusk side. The mantle supplies up to 1.5 × 108 cm−2 s−1 and 0.8 × 108 cm−2 s−1 of proton and sodium flux to the plasma sheet, respectively. We estimate the cross‐electric magnetospheric potential from each observation and find a mean of ~19 kV (standard deviation of 16 kV) and a median of ~13 kV. This is an important result as it is lower than previous estimations and shows that Mercury's magnetosphere is at times not as highly driven by the solar wind as previously thought. Our values are comparable to the estimations for the ice giant planets, Uranus and Neptune, but lower than Earth. The estimated potentials do have a very large range of values (1–74 kV), showing that Mercury's magnetosphere is highly dynamic. A correlation of the potential is found to the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) magnitude, supporting evidence that dayside magnetic reconnection can occur at all shear angles at Mercury. But we also see that Mercury has an Earth‐like magnetospheric response, favoring −BZ IMF orientation. We find evidence that −BX orientations in the IMF favor the southern cusp and southern mantle. This is in agreement with telescopic observations of exospheric emission, but in disagreement with modeling.
Remote Sensing of Ground Deformation for Monitoring Groundwater Management Practices: Application to the Santa Clara Valley During the 2012–2015 California Drought
Authors: Chaussard Estelle , Milillo Pietro , Bürgmann Roland , Perissin Daniele , Fielding Eric J. , Baker Brett
Published: September 2017

Groundwater management typically relies on water‐level data and spatially limited deformation measurements. While interferometric synthetic aperture radar has been used to study hydrological deformation, its limited temporal sampling can lead to biases in rapidly changing systems. Here we use 2011–2017 COSMO‐SkyMed data with revisit intervals as short as 1 day to study the response of the Santa Clara Valley (SCV) aquifer in California to the unprecedented 2012–2015 drought. Cross‐correlation and independent component analyses of deformation time series enable tracking water through the aquifer system. The aquifer properties are derived prior to and during the drought to assess the success of water‐resource management practices. Subsidence due to groundwater withdrawal dominates during 2011–2017, limited to the confined aquifer and west of the Silver Creek Fault, similar to predrought summer periods. Minimum water levels and elevations were reached in mid‐2014, but thanks to intensive groundwater management efforts the basin started to rebound in late 2014, during the deepening drought. By 2017, water levels were back to their predrought levels, while elevations had not yet fully rebounded due to the delayed poroelastic response of aquitards and their large elastic compressibility. As water levels did not reach a new lowstand, the drought led to only elastic and recoverable changes in the SCV. The SCV lost 0.09 km3 during the drought while seasonal variations amount to 0.02 km3. Analysis of surface loads due to water mass changes in the aquifer system suggests that groundwater drawdowns could influence the stress on nearby faults.
Long‐Term Warming Trends in Korea and Contribution of Urbanization: An Updated Assessment
Authors: Park Bo‐Joung , Kim Yeon‐Hee , Min Seung‐Ki , Kim Maeng‐Ki , Choi Youngeun , Boo Kyung‐On , Shim Sungbo
Published: September 2017

This study conducted an updated analysis of the long‐term temperature trends over South Korea and reassessed the contribution of the urbanization effect to the local warming trends. Linear trends were analyzed for three different periods over South Korea in order to consider possible inhomogeneity due to changes in the number of available stations: recent 103 years (1912–2014), 61 years (1954–2014), and 42 years (1973–2014). The local temperature has increased by 1.90°C, 1.35°C, and 0.99°C during the three periods, respectively, which are found 1.4–2.6 times larger than the global land mean trends. The countries located in the northern middle and high latitudes exhibit similar warming trends (about 1.5 times stronger than the global mean), suggesting a weak influence of urbanization on the local warming over South Korea. Urbanization contribution is assessed using two methods. First, results from “city minus rural” methods showed that 30–45% of the local warming trends during recent four decades are likely due to the urbanization effect, depending on station classification methods and analysis periods. Results from an “observation minus reanalysis” method using the Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR) data sets (v2 and v2c) indicated about 25–30% contribution of the urbanization effect to the local warming trend during the recent six decades. However, the urbanization contribution was estimated as low as 3–11% when considering the century‐long period. Our results confirm large uncertainties in the estimation of urbanization contribution when using shorter‐term periods and suggest that the urbanization contribution to the century‐long warming trends could be much lower.
The Turbulent Structure of the Arctic Summer Boundary Layer During The Arctic Summer Cloud‐Ocean Study
Authors: Brooks Ian M. , Tjernström Michael , Persson P. Ola G. , Shupe Matthew D. , Atkinson Rebecca A. , Canut Guylaine , Birch Cathryn E. , Mauritsen Thorsten , Sedlar Joseph , Brooks Barbara J.
Published: September 2017

The mostly ice covered Arctic Ocean is dominated by low‐level liquid‐ or mixed‐phase clouds. Turbulence within stratocumulus is primarily driven by cloud top cooling that induces convective instability. Using a suite of in situ and remote sensing instruments we characterize turbulent mixing in Arctic stratocumulus, and for the first time we estimate profiles of the gradient Richardson number at relatively high resolution in both time (10 min) and altitude (10 m). It is found that the mixing occurs both within the cloud, as expected, and by wind shear instability near the surface. About 75% of the time these two layers are separated by a stably stratified inversion at 100–200 m altitude. Exceptions are associated with low cloud bases that allow the cloud‐driven turbulence to reach the surface. The results imply that turbulent coupling between the surface and the cloud is sporadic or intermittent.
The Evolution of Sulfide in Shallow Aquatic Ecosystem Sediments: An Analysis of the Roles of Sulfate, Organic Carbon, and Iron and Feedback Constraints Using Structural Equation Modeling
Authors: Pollman C. D. , Swain E. B. , Bael D. , Myrbo A. , Monson P. , Shore M. D.
Published: September 2017

The generation of elevated concentrations of sulfide in sediment pore waters that are toxic to rooted macrophytes is problematic in both marine and freshwaters. In marine waters, biogeochemical conditions that lead to toxic levels of sulfide generally relate to factors that affect oxygen dynamics or the sediment iron concentration. In freshwaters, increases in surface water sulfate have been implicated in decline ofZizania palustris(wild rice), which is important in wetlands across the Great Lakes region of North America. We developed a structural equation (SE) model to elucidate key variables that govern the evolution of sulfide in pore waters in shallow aquatic habitats that are potentially capable of supporting wild rice. The conceptual basis for the model is the hypothesis that dissimilatory sulfate reduction is limited by the availability of both sulfate and total organic carbon (TOC) in the sediment. The conceptual model also assumes that pore water sulfide concentrations are constrained by the availability of pore water iron and that sediment iron supports the supply of dissolved iron to the pore water. A key result from the SE model is that variations in three external variables (sulfate, sediment TOC, and sediment iron) contribute nearly equally to the observed variations in pore water sulfide. As a result, management efforts to mitigate against the toxic effects of pore water sulfide on macrophytes such as wild rice should approach defining a protective sulfate threshold as an exercise tailored to the geochemistry of each site that quantitatively considers the effects of ambient concentrations of sediment Fe and TOC.
The Influence of Flow and Bed Slope on Gas Transfer in Steep Streams and Their Implications for Evasion of CO2
Authors: Maurice L. , Rawlins B. G. , Farr G. , Bell R. , Gooddy D. C.
Published: September 2017

The evasion of greenhouse gases (including CO2, CH4, and N2O) from streams and rivers to the atmosphere is an important process in global biogeochemical cycles, but our understanding of gas transfer in steep (>10%) streams, and under varying flows, is limited. We investigated gas transfer using combined tracer injections of SF6 and salt. We used a novel experimental design in which we compared four very steep (18.4–29.4%) and four moderately steep (3.7–7.6%) streams and conducted tests in each stream under low flow conditions and during a high‐discharge event. Most dissolved gas evaded over short distances (~100 and ~200–400 m, respectively), so accurate estimates of evasion fluxes will require sampling of dissolved gases at these scales to account for local sources. We calculated CO2 gas transfer coefficients (KCO2) and found statistically significant differences between larger KCO2 values for steeper (mean 0.465 min−1) streams compared to those with shallower slopes (mean 0.109 min−1). Variations in flow had an even greater influence. KCO2 was substantially larger under high (mean 0.497 min−1) compared to low flow conditions (mean 0.077 min−1). We developed a statistical model to predict KCO2 using values of streambed slope × discharge which accounted for 94% of the variation. We show that two models using slope and velocity developed by Raymond et al. (2012) for streams and rivers with shallower slopes also provide reasonable estimates of our CO2 gas transfer velocities (kCO2; m d−1). We developed a robust field protocol which could be applied in future studies.
Day,John
Authors: Knight Sarah
Published: September 2017

The dramatist John Day (1573/74–?1638) was born in Cawston, a village to the north of Norwich, the son of a Norfolk farmer. Day was educated in Ely, and in October 1592 was admitted as a sizar at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, but in May 1593 he was expelled for stealing a book. Although he did not earn a degree and left Cambridge in disgrace, Day's post‐university career mirrored that of several of his contemporaries from humble backgrounds, such as Cambridge alumni Christopher Marlowe and Thomas Nashe, and somewhat misleadingly, later works such as 1608′sThe parliament of beeswere attributed to ‘John Daye, Cantabridg’. Day travelled to London to earn a living as a professional writer, and like his contemporaries Robert Greene and Ben Jonson, he had an artistically varied and sometimes personally controversial career.
Dowland,John
Authors: Geng Penelope
Published: September 2017

John Dowland (?1563–1626) was a highly successful English composer of lute ayres. The commercial success of his printed songbooks encouraged other musicians, including Philip Rosseter, Thomas Campion, Robert Jones, and John Attey, to follow suit by using print to build their reputations, attract patronage, and mould the musical taste of the English population.
F
arnaby,
T
homas
Authors: Paleit Edward
Published: September 2017

Thomas Farnaby (c.1575–1647), who flourished in the early seventeenth century, is a noteworthy figure in the history of English education. A highly successful private schoolmaster, he published some popular manuals on grammar, rhetoric, and composition and was one of the first Englishmen to edit and publish major classical poets. He was well known in London intellectual circles before the Civil War.
F
enton,
G
eoffrey
Authors: Taufer Alison
Published: September 2017

The most noteworthy contribution to Elizabethan literature by Geoffrey Fenton (1539–1608), like that of his contemporary William Painter, was the introduction of the Continental novella to England. Unlike Painter's
Palace of pleasure
(1566), however, Fenton's
Certaine tragicall discourses
(1567) does not appear to have had any significant influence on the drama of his time. Fenton's writing is marked by its moral didacticism as well as a rhetorical style that includes the heavy use of antithesis, alliteration, amplification, parallelism, and repetition. Fenton's elaborate rhetoric contributed significantly to the development of the Elizabethan prose style later termed ‘euphuism’, which appears in such works as George Pettie's
Petite pallace of Pettie his pleasure
(1576), John Lyly's
Euphues
(1578), and Robert Greene's
Planetomachia
(1585) and
Penelopes web
(1587).
F
isher,
P
ayne
Authors: Peacey Jason
Published: September 2017

Payne Fisher (1616–93) was one of the mid‐seventeenth century's tragicomic figures, a poet who struggled to negotiate turbulent times, whose limited finances and meagre talents combined to produce an
oeuvre
more noticeable for its volume than its quality, and who used print in novel ways in order to grub for money and patronage. Born in 1616, the son of a Dorset gentleman, Fisher was educated at St Paul's School, Oxford, and Cambridge, but became a professional soldier, first on the Continent, then in the Bishops' Wars in England, and also in Ireland. During the Civil War he fought for Charles I, at least until the battle of Marston Moor, after which he suffered imprisonment by Parliamentarians, defected to their cause, and served once again in Ireland. After 1648, Fisher devoted himself almost entirely to literature, and, having accommodated himself to the Republic, became poet laureate to both Oliver and Richard Cromwell. After the Restoration, he lived entirely by his pen, which ensured protracted periods in debtors' prison, before his death in 1693.
F
ord,
J
ohn
Authors: Hopkins Lisa
Published: September 2017

John Ford (1586–?1639/53) was the major tragic dramatist of the Caroline era. Because of its eye‐catching title and sensational subject matter, ‘
Tis pitty shee's a whore
, first published in 1633, continues to be performed on stage, with the role of Giovanni often proving attractive to big‐name actors, and was also made into a film (1972). It is, however, the quieter and less popular
The broken heart
, also published in 1633, which really gives the strongest sense of Ford's distinctive power and voice, while his
Perkin Warbeck
(1634), the final, very belated manifestation of the Renaissance vogue for history plays, offers both a hypnotic image of riddled and mysterious identity and an important intervention in the contemporary debate about the changing contours of British national identities.
Fulwell,Ulpian
Authors: Ward Allyna E.
Published: September 2017

Ulpian Fulwell (1545/46–1584/86) was born in Wells in Somerset. He began his studies to become a clergyman in 1563, after his father died, and was ordained on 15 September 1566. In 1570 he became the rector of Naunton in Gloucestershire. During this period he was engaged to a woman whom he later learned was already married. He subsequently married Eleanor Warde, who died in 1577, and then Marie Whorwood on 14 April 1578, with whom he had six children. In 1576 he was fined for negligence of the rectory (perhaps a sign that he was focusing on his literary career): his clerk was illiterate and many children had failed to learn the catechism. In 1579 he matriculated from St Mary's, Oxford, but there is no record of his obtaining a degree before he died. There is also no record of when or where Fulwell died; it was sometime before July 1586 when the Naunton rectory was seeking a new clergyman.
G
ardiner,
S
tephen
Authors: McDiarmid John F.
Published: September 2017

Stephen Gardiner (c.1497–1555) was the leading antagonist of Protestant reform during the early English Reformation in the 1530s to the 1550s. He fought against religious change in the governing councils of Henry VIII and Mary I and was the most lucid and skilful writer of religious polemic of his time in England.
G
osson,
S
tephen
Authors: Pollard Tanya
Published: September 2017

Stephen Gosson (1554–1625) enjoyed a brief career as a poet, and a longer career as a clergyman. He is best remembered, however, for his printed attacks on the theatre, which played a crucial role in developing and defining the period's debates about this new popular medium. Although Gosson was neither the first nor the most accomplished of the theatre's critics, he has a good claim to being the most important. His writings introduced some of the most significant arguments against the stage, and powerfully shaped the discussions that followed.
Technology Assessment, Constructive
Authors: Zeiss Ragna , Ganzevles Jurgen
Published: September 2017

Technology assessment (TA) refers to the study and evaluation of new technologies. The need for technology assessment was first articulated in the late 1960s when growing numbers of people became concerned about the consequences of new technologies and new large technological projects. In this period of environmental, antinuclear, and democratization movements, societal problems were regarded as complex and inter‐related and could not be solved by simple policy measures. Technology assessment was seen as a way to assess and analyze (adverse) social, economic, legal, political, cultural, and ecological effects of a given technology on society and to give society time to reflect upon these impacts and take appropriate measures. In several European countries, TA became institutionalized with the formal task to inform parliament. Optionally, this was combined with the task to stimulate public debate (Enzing
et al.
, 2011).
Robust Catalysis on 2D Materials Encapsulating Metals: Concept, Application, and Perspective
Authors: Deng Jiao , Deng Dehui , Bao Xinhe
Published: September 2017

Great endeavors are undertaken to search for low‐cost, rich‐reserve, and highly efficient alternatives to replace precious‐metal catalysts, in order to cut costs and improve the efficiency of catalysts in industry. However, one major problem in metal catalysts, especially nonprecious‐metal catalysts, is their poor stability in real catalytic processes. Recently, a novel and promising strategy to construct 2D materials encapsulating nonprecious‐metal catalysts has exhibited inimitable advantages toward catalysis, especially under harsh conditions (e.g., strong acidity or alkalinity, high temperature, and high overpotential). The concept, which originates from unique electron penetration through the 2D crystal layer from the encapsulated metals to promote a catalytic reaction on the outermost surface of the 2D crystal, has been widely applied in a variety of reactions under harsh conditions. It has been vividly described as “chainmail for catalyst.” Herein, recent progress concerning this chainmail catalyst is reviewed, particularly focusing on the structural design and control with the associated electronic properties of such heterostructure catalysts, and also on their extensive applications in fuel cells, water splitting, CO2conversion, solar cells, metal–air batteries, and heterogeneous catalysis. In addition, the current challenges that are faced in fundamental research and industrial application, and future opportunities for these fantastic catalytic materials are discussed.
A Superhydrophobic Smart Coating for Flexible and Wearable Sensing Electronics
Authors: Li Lianhui , Bai Yuanyuan , Li Lili , Wang Shuqi , Zhang Ting
Published: September 2017

Superhydrophobic surfaces have shown versatile applications in waterproofing, self‐cleaning, drag reduction, selective absorption, etc. The most convenient and universally applicable approach to forming superhydrophobic surfaces is by coating; however, currently, superhydrophobic, smart coatings with flexibility and multiple functions for wearable sensing electronics are not yet reported. Here, a highly flexible multifunctional smart coating is fabricated by spray‐coating multiwalled carbon nanotubes dispersed in a thermoplastic elastomer solution, followed by treatment with ethanol. The coatings not only endow various substrate materials with superhydrophobic surfaces, but can also respond to stretching, bending, and torsion—a property useful for flexible sensor applications. The coatings show superior sensitivity (gauge factor of 5.4–80), high resolution (1° of bending), a fast response time (<8 ms), a stable response over 5000 stretching–relaxing cycles, and wide sensing ranges (stretching: over 76%, bending: 0°–140°, torsion: 0–350 rad m−1). Moreover, multifunctional coatings with thicknesses of only 1 µm can be directly applied to clothing for full‐range and real‐time detection of human motions, which also show extreme repellency to water, acid, and alkali, which helps the sensors to work under wet and corrosive conditions.
A Review of Inactive Materials and Components of Flexible Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Foreman Evan , Zakri Waleed , Hossein Sanatimoghaddam Mohammad , Modjtahedi Ali , Pathak Saurabh , Kashkooli Ali Ghorbani , Garafolo Nicholas G. , Farhad Siamak
Published: September 2017

Flexible Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) have a strong oncoming consumer market demand for use in wearable electronics, flexible electronics, and implantable medical devices. This market demand necessitates research on flexible LIBs to fulfill the energy requirements of these devices. One of the main areas of research of flexible LIBs is the active and inactive materials used in manufacturing these batteries. Active materials are those used in the battery electrodes to store lithium in their structure. The remaining materials in flexible LIBs, which do not directly contribute to energy storage, are inactive materials. Inactive materials and components—including electrode conductive materials, binders, separator, current collectors, electrolyte, and casing/packaging—make up almost 60% of the total weight of a LIB. Thus, they are important in the determination of energy and power density of flexible LIBs. This study reviews the inactive materials and components of flexible LIBs from two aspects. First, inactive materials and components used in flexible LIBs and their properties are compared. Then, the compatibility and stability of inactive materials and components are discussed. Overall, this article gives an extensive insight to researchers on inactive materials and components employed so far for flexible LIBs.
Charge Transport Modulation of a Flexible Quantum Dot Solar Cell Using a Piezoelectric Effect
Authors: Cho Yuljae , Giraud Paul , Hou Bo , Lee Young‐Woo , Hong John , Lee Sanghyo , Pak Sangyeon , Lee Juwon , Jang Jae Eun , Morris Stephen M. , Sohn Jung Inn , Cha SeungNam , Kim Jong Min
Published: September 2017

Colloidal quantum dots are promising materials for flexible solar cells, as they have a large absorption coefficient at visible and infrared wavelengths, a band gap that can be tuned across the solar spectrum, and compatibility with solution processing. However, the performance of flexible solar cells can be degraded by the loss of charge carriers due to recombination pathways that exist at a junction interface as well as the strained interface of the semiconducting layers. The modulation of the charge carrier transport by the piezoelectric effect is an effective way of resolving and improving the inherent material and structural defects. By inserting a porous piezoelectric poly(vinylidenefluoride‐trifluoroethylene) layer so as to generate a converging electric field, it is possible to modulate the junction properties and consequently enhance the charge carrier behavior at the junction. This study shows that due to a reduction in the recombination and an improvement in the carrier extraction, a 38% increase in the current density along with a concomitant increase of 37% in the power conversion efficiency of flexible quantum dots solar cells can be achieved by modulating the junction properties using the piezoelectric effect.
A Delaminated Defect‐Rich ZrO2Hierarchical Nanowire Photocathode for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Rahman Md Anisur , Thomas Joseph P. , Leung Kam Tong
Published: September 2017

An efficient way to combat the energy crisis and the greenhouse gas effect of fossil fuels is the production of hydrogen fuel from solar‐driven water splitting reaction. Here, this study presents a p‐type ZrO2nanoplate‐decorated ZrO2nanowire photocathode with a high photoconversion efficiency that makes it potentially viable for commercial solar H2production. The composition of oxygen vacancy defects, low charge carrier transport property, and high specific surface area of these as‐grown hierarchical nanowires are further improved by an hydrofluoric acid (HF) treatment, which causes partial delamination and produces a thin amorphous ZrO2layer on the surface of the as‐grown nanostructured film. The presence of different types of oxygen vacancies (neutral, singly charged, and doubly charged defects) and their compositional correlation to the Zrx+oxidation states (4 >x> 2) are found to affect the charge transfer process, the p‐type conductivity, and the photocatalytic activity of the ZrO2nanostructured film. The resulting photocathode provides the highest overall photocurrent (−42.3 mA cm−2at 0 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)) among all the photocathodes reported to date, and an outstanding 3.1% half‐cell solar‐to‐hydrogen conversion efficiency with a Faradaic efficiency of 97.8%. Even more remarkable is that the majority of the photocurrent (69%) is produced in the visible light region.
Hydrogen Flux through Size Selected Pd Nanoparticles into Underlying Mg Nanofilms
Authors: Kumar Sushant , Pavloudis Theodore , Singh Vidyadhar , Nguyen Hoa , Steinhauer Stephan , Pursell Christopher , Clemens Bruce , Kioseoglou Joseph , Grammatikopoulos Panagiotis , Sowwan Mukhles
Published: September 2017

The application of Mg for hydrogen storage is hindered due to the slow absorption of hydrogen in Mg films. Herein, the hydrogenation process is explored theoretically using density functional theory calculations, and energy barriers are compared for hydrogen diffusion through Pd nanoparticle/Mg film interfaces and their variations, i.e., Pd(H)/Mg(O). Decomposing the mechanism into basic steps, it is shown that Pd undergoes a strain‐induced crystallographic phase transformation near the interface, and indicated that hydrogen saturation of Pd nanoparticles enhances their efficiency as nanoportals. Using energetic arguments, it is explained why hydrogen diffusion is practically prohibited through native Mg oxide and seriously suppressed through existing hydride domains. Hydrogen flux is experimentally investigated through the nanoportals in Pd‐nanoparticle decorated Mg films by pressure‐composition isotherm measurements. An r ≈ t1/3 relationship is theoretically calculated for the radial growth of hemispherical hydride domains, and this relationship is confirmed by atomic force microscopy. The diffusion constant of hydrogen in Mg films is estimated as DHfilm ≈ 8 × 10−18 m2 s−1, based on transmission electron microscopy characterization. The unique nanoportal configuration allows direct measurement of hydride domain sizes, thus forming a model system for the experimental investigation of hydrogenation in any material.
Highly Reproducible Sn‐Based Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells with 9% Efficiency
Authors: Shao Shuyan , Liu Jian , Portale Giuseppe , Fang Hong‐Hua , Blake Graeme R. , ten Brink Gert H. , Koster L. Jan Anton , Loi Maria Antonietta
Published: September 2017

The low power conversion efficiency (PCE) of tin‐based hybrid perovskite solar cells (HPSCs) is mainly attributed to the high background carrier density due to a high density of intrinsic defects such as Sn vacancies and oxidized species (Sn4+) that characterize Sn‐based HPSCs. Herein, this study reports on the successful reduction of the background carrier density by more than one order of magnitude by depositing near‐single‐crystalline formamidinium tin iodide (FASnI3) films with the orthorhombic a‐axis in the out‐of‐plane direction. Using these highly crystalline films, obtained by mixing a very small amount (0.08 m) of layered (2D) Sn perovskite with 0.92 m (3D) FASnI3, for the first time a PCE as high as 9.0% in a planar p–i–n device structure is achieved. These devices display negligible hysteresis and light soaking, as they benefit from very low trap‐assisted recombination, low shunt losses, and more efficient charge collection. This represents a 50% improvement in PCE compared to the best reference cell based on a pure FASnI3 film using SnF2 as a reducing agent. Moreover, the 2D/3D‐based HPSCs show considerable improved stability due to the enhanced robustness of the perovskite film compared to the reference cell.
An Examination of Alcohol Use Disorder Symptoms and Neighborhood Disorganization from Age 21 to 39
Authors: Cambron Christopher , Kosterman Rick , Rhew Isaac C. , Catalano Richard F. , Guttmannova Katarina , Hawkins J. David
Published: September 2017

Highlights

Neighborhood disorganization predicted increased severity of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) symptoms.

Neighborhood disorganization predicted increased likelihood of experiencing psychological distress.

Psychological distress partially mediated the association of neighborhood disorganization and AUD.

Associations persisted net of important risk and protective factors for AUD.
Safety and pharmacokinetics of the oral iron chelator SP‐420 in β‐thalassemia
Authors: Taher Ali T. , Saliba Antoine N. , Kuo Kevin H. , Giardina Patricia J. , Cohen Alan R. , Neufeld Ellis J. , Aydinok Yesim , Kwiatkowski Janet L. , Jeglinski Brenda I. , Pietropaolo Keith , Berk Gregory , Viprakasit Vip
Published: September 2017

Abstact

Our phase I, open‐label, multi‐center, dose‐escalation study evaluated the pharmacokinetics (PK) of SP‐420, a tridentate oral iron chelating agent of the desferrithiocin class, in patients with transfusion dependent β‐thalassemia. SP‐420 was administered as a single dose of 1.5 (n = 3), 3 (n = 3), 6 (n = 3), 12 (n = 3), and 24 (n = 6) mg/kg or as a twice‐daily dose of 9 mg/kg (n = 6) over 14‐28 days. There was a near dose‐linear increase in the mean plasma SP‐420 concentrations and in the mean values for Cmax and AUC0‐τ over the dose range evaluated. The median tmax ranged from 0.5 to 2.25 h and was not dose dependent. The study was prematurely terminated by the sponsor due to renal adverse events (AE) including proteinuria, increase in serum creatinine, and one case of Fanconi syndrome. Other adverse effects included hypersensitivity reactions and gastrointestinal disturbances. Based on current dose administration, the renal AE observed outweighed the possible benefits from chelation therapy. However, additional studies assessing efficacy and safety of lower doses or less frequent dosing of SP‐420 over longer durations with close monitoring would be necessary to better explain the findings of our study and characterize the safety of the study drug.
Occupational noise exposure and risk of hypertension in an industrial workforce
Authors: Tessier‐Sherman Baylah , Galusha Deron , Cantley Linda F. , Cullen Mark R. , Rabinowitz Peter M. , Neitzel Richard L.
Published: September 2017

Background

Community noise exposure has been shown to increase the risk of hypertension; however, the relationship between occupational noise exposure and hypertension is less clear.

Methods

Using an inception cohort of workers in a specialty metals manufacturing company, we retrospectively assessed occupational noise exposure, hearing acuity, and incident hypertension diagnoses using administrative datasets. Time‐weighted average noise exposure levels were assigned to employees based on their job histories. Cox proportional hazards models were performed to determine the association of noise exposure with risk of incident hypertension.

Results

The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of incident hypertension did not significantly differ between groups by cumulative continuous or categorized noise exposure metric.

Conclusion

We found no increased risk of incident hypertension with exposure to occupational noise among workers. Further assessment examining workers’ use of hearing protection devices is warranted.
Loss‐of‐function variants in NFIA provide further support that NFIA is a critical gene in 1p32‐p31 deletion syndrome: A four patient series
Authors: Revah‐Politi Anya , Ganapathi Mythily , Bier Louise , Cho Megan T. , Goldstein David B. , Hemati Parisa , Iglesias Alejandro , Juusola Jane , Pappas John , Petrovski Slavé , Wilson Ashley L. , Aggarwal Vimla S. , Anyane‐Yeboa Kwame
Published: September 2017

The association between 1p32‐p31 contiguous gene deletions and a distinct phenotype that includes anomalies of the corpus callosum, ventriculomegaly, developmental delay, seizures, and dysmorphic features has been long recognized and described. Recently, the observation of overlapping phenotypes in patients with chromosome translocations that disrupt NFIA (Nuclear factor I/A), a gene within this deleted region, and NFIA intragenic deletions has led to the hypothesis that NFIA is a critical gene within this region. The wide application and increasing accessibility of whole exome sequencing (WES) has helped identify new cases to support this hypothesis. Here, we describe four patients with loss‐of‐function variants in the NFIA gene identified through WES. The clinical presentation of these patients significantly overlaps with the phenotype described in previously reported cases of 1p32‐p31 deletion syndrome, NFIA gene disruptions and intragenic NFIA deletions. Our cohort includes a mother and daughter as well as an unrelated individual who share the same nonsense variant (c.205C>T, p.Arg69Ter; NM_001145512.1). We also report a patient with a frameshift NFIA variant (c.159_160dupCC, p.Gln54ProfsTer49). We have compared published cases of 1p32‐p31 microdeletion syndrome, translocations resulting in NFIA gene disruption, intragenic deletions, and loss‐of‐function mutations (including our four patients) to reveal that abnormalities of the corpus callosum, ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus, macrocephaly, Chiari I malformation, dysmorphic features, developmental delay, hypotonia, and urinary tract defects are common findings. The consistent overlap in clinical presentation provides further evidence of the critical role of NFIA haploinsufficiency in the development of the 1p32‐p31 microdeletion syndrome phenotype.
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: Cancer predisposition, platelet abnormalities and cytopenias
Authors: Lambert Michele P. , Arulselvan Abinaya , Schott Amanda , Markham Stephen J. , Crowley Terrance B. , Zackai Elaine H. , McDonald‐McGinn Donna M.
Published: September 2017

The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DS) is associated with variable phenotypic expression as findings range from severely affected individuals with the classical triad of DiGeorge and velocardiofacial syndromes, including congenital heart disease, immunodeficiency, hypocalcemia, and palatal abnormalities, to subtly affected adults who only come to attention following the diagnosis of a more severely affected child. The multiple manifestations can affect all organ systems, including the hematologic system resulting in baseline lower platelet counts for individuals with 22q11.2DS and increased platelet size. In addition, there may be an associated increased risk of bleeding. Individuals with 22q11.2DS are also at increased risk of autoimmune cytopenias that can complicate the evaluation or management of other manifestations. Finally, there may be an increased risk of malignancy, although the mechanism for this risk is not fully understood. This review summarizes the currently available data on hematologic/oncologic manifestations of 22q11.2DS and reports on our findings within a large cohort of individuals with the deletion.
Mesoporous Semimetallic Conductors: Structural and Electronic Properties of Cobalt Phosphide Systems
Authors: Pramanik Malay , Tominaka Satoshi , Wang Zhong‐Li , Takei Toshiaki , Yamauchi Yusuke
Published: September 2017

Mesoporous cobalt phosphide (meso‐CoP) was prepared by the phosphorization of ordered mesoporous cobalt oxide (meso‐Co3O4). The electrical conductivity of meso‐CoP is 37 times higher than that of nonporous CoP, and it displays semimetallic behavior with a negligibly small activation energy of 26 meV at temperatures below 296 K. Above this temperature, only materials with mesopores underwent a change in conductivity from semimetallic to semiconducting behavior. These properties were attributed to the coexistence of nanocrystalline Co2P phases. The poor crystallinity of mesoporous materials has often been considered to be a problem but this example clearly shows its positive aspects. The concept introduced here should thus lead to new routes for the synthesis of materials with high electronic conductivity.
Cooperative Effects between Chiral Cpx–Iridium(III) Catalysts and Chiral Carboxylic Acids in Enantioselective C−H Amidations of Phosphine Oxides
Authors: Jang Yun‐Suk , Dieckmann Michael , Cramer Nicolai
Published: September 2017

An enantioselective C−H amidation of phosphine oxides by using an iridium(III) catalyst bearing an atropchiral cyclopentadienyl (Cpx) ligand is reported. A very strong cooperative effect between the chiral Cpx ligand and a phthaloyl tert‐leucine enabled the transformation. Matched–mismatched cases of the different acid enantiomers are shown. The amidated P‐chiral arylphosphine oxides are formed in yields of up to 95 % and with excellent enantioselectivities of up to 99:1 er. Enantiospecific reduction provides access to valuable P‐chiral phosphorus(III) compounds.
[SnBi3]5− – ein Carbonat‐Analogon aus Metallatomen
Authors: Mayer Kerstin , Dums Jasmin V. , Klein Wilhelm , Fässler Thomas F.
Published: September 2017

Das neue Polyanion [SnBi3]5− wurde aus der Reaktion von K3Bi2 mit K4Sn9 oder K12Sn17 in flüssigem Ammoniak erhalten. Das Anion ist iso(valenz)elektronisch und strukturell analog zum Carbonation. Trotz der hohen negativen Ladung des Anions sind die Sn‐Bi‐Bindungslängen zwischen Einfach‐ und Zweifachbindung angesiedelt. Quantenchemische Rechnungen auf DFT‐PBE0/def2‐TZVPP/COSMO‐Level zeigen einen partiellen Doppelbindungscharakter zwischen den Atomen der schweren Hauptgruppenelemente Bi und Sn, der von einem delokalisierten π‐Elektronensystem herrührt. Die Struktur des Anions wurde durch Einkristallstrukturanalyse der Verbindungen K5[SnBi3]⋅9 NH3 (1) und K9[K(18‐Krone‐6)][SnBi3]2⋅15 NH3 (2) bestimmt. Die [SnBi3]5−‐Einheit ist das erste Beispiel eines Carbonat‐ähnlichen Anions, das aus Lösung erhalten wurde und ausschließlich aus Metallatomen aufgebaut ist. Damit führt es die Reihe der bekannten CO‐ und CO2‐Analoga fort.
Silver Makes Better Electrical Contacts to Thiol‐Terminated Silanes than Gold
Authors: Li Haixing , Su Timothy A. , Camarasa‐Gómez María , Hernangómez‐Pérez Daniel , Henn Simon E. , Pokorný Vladislav , Caniglia Caravaggio D. , Inkpen Michael S. , Korytár Richard , Steigerwald Michael L. , Nuckolls Colin , Evers Ferdinand , Venkataraman Latha
Published: September 2017

We report that the single‐molecule junction conductance of thiol‐terminated silanes with Ag electrodes are higher than the conductance of those formed with Au electrodes. These results are in contrast to the trends in the metal work function Φ(Ag)<Φ(Au). As such, a better alignment of the Au Fermi level to the molecular orbital of silane that mediates charge transport would be expected. This conductance trend is reversed when we replace the thiols with amines, highlighting the impact of metal–S covalent and metal–NH2 dative bonds in controlling the molecular conductance. Density functional theory calculations elucidate the crucial role of the chemical linkers in determining the level alignment when molecules are attached to different metal contacts. We also demonstrate that conductance of thiol‐terminated silanes with Pt electrodes is lower than the ones formed with Au and Ag electrodes, again in contrast to the trends in the metal work‐functions.
Foamed polyurethane plastics of reduced flammability
Authors: Zarzyka Iwona
Published: September 2017

In this study, modified foamed polyurethane materials were obtained with the use of new polyols. The polyols were synthesized by the reaction of N,N′‐bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)oxamide esterified with boric acid and various excesses of ethylene carbonate. Thus, poly(ethylene glycol)s with incorporated oxamide and borate groups containing different amounts of boron and nitrogen were obtained. On the basis of these new polyols, rigid polyurethane foams were produced. They contained 0.8–1.2 wt % boron and 7.9–8.5 wt % nitrogen. The resulting foams showed reduced flammability, as determined on the basis of the measurements of the oxygen index and horizontal and vertical flammability tests. The foams also exhibited improved thermal stabilities and mechanical strengths and good dimensional stabilities. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45748.
(Azulene‐1,3‐diyl)‐bis(nitronyl nitroxide) and (Azulene‐1,3‐diyl)‐bis(iminonitroxide) and Their Copper Complexes
Authors: Haraguchi Makoto , Tretyakov Evgeny , Gritsan Nina , Romanenko Galina , Gorbunov Dmitry , Bogomyakov Artem , Maryunina Kseniya , Suzuki Shuichi , Kozaki Masatoshi , Shiomi Daisuke , Sato Kazunobu , Takui Takeji , Nishihara Sadafumi , Inoue Katsuya , Okada Keiji
Published: September 2017

In contrast to diradicals connected by alternant hydrocarbons, only a few studies on those connected by nonalternant hydrocarbons have been reported. The syntheses, structures, and magnetic properties of azulene‐1,3‐diyl linked bis(nitronyl nitroxide) (NN2Az) and bis(iminonitroxide) (IN2Az) diradicals and their Cu(hfac)2 (hfac=hexafluoroacetylacetonate) complexes were investigated. NN2Az was shown to have an intramolecular ferromagnetic interaction with Jobs/kB=+10.0 K (H=−2JS1⋅S2) between (nitronyl nitroxide) spins, whereas IN2Az was estimated to have a much weaker intramolecular magnetic interaction. The reactions of NN2Az and IN2Az with Cu(hfac)2 gave a 1:2 [{Cu(hfac)2}2(NN2Az)] complex and a 1:1 [Cu(hfac)2(IN2Az)]⋅C6H12 complex, respectively. [{Cu(hfac)2}2(NN2Az)] showed strong intramolecular antiferromagnetic interactions (J1‐Cu‐R/kB≈−800 K, J2‐Cu‐R/kB≈−500 K) between the CuII spins and the coordinating NN spins, whereas [Cu(hfac)2(IN2Az)] exhibited a ferromagnetic exchange interaction (Jobs‐Cu‐R/kB=+114 K) between the CuII spin and the imino‐coordinated iminonitroxide spin.
Capped Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for the Selective and Sensitive Detection of Cyanide
Authors: Sayed Sameh El , Licchelli Maurizio , Martínez‐Máñez Ramón , Sancenón Félix
Published: September 2017

The development of easy and affordable methods for the detection of cyanide is of great significance due to the high toxicity of this anion and the potential risks associated with its pollution. Herein, optical detection of cyanide in water has been achieved by using a hybrid organic–inorganic nanomaterial. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles were loaded with [Ru(bipy)3]2+, functionalized with macrocyclic nickel(II) complex subunits, and capped with a sterically hindering anion (hexametaphosphate). Cyanide selectively induces demetallation of nickel(II) complexes and the removal of capping anions from the silica surface, allowing the release of the dye and the consequent increase in fluorescence intensity. The response of the capped nanoparticles in aqueous solution is highly selective and sensitive towards cyanide with a limit of detection of 2 μm.
Robust Constrained Model Predictive Control for Discrete‐Time Uncertain System in Takagi‐Sugeno's Form
Authors: Xie Haofei , Wang Jun , Tang Xiaoming
Published: September 2017

In this paper, we investigate a robust constrained model predictive control synthesis approach for discrete‐time Takagi‐Sugeno's (T‐S) fuzzy system with structured uncertainty. The key idea is to determine, at each sampling time, a state feedback fuzzy predictive controller that minimizes the performance objective function in the infinite time horizon by solving a class of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) optimization problem. To do this, the fuzzy predictive controller is designed on the basis of non‐parallel distributed compensation (non‐PDC) control law, relaxed stability conditions of the closed‐loop fuzzy system are developed by employing an extended nonquadratic Lyapunov function and introducing additional slack and collection matrices. In addition, the presented approach is capable of ensuring the robust asymptotic stability as well as the recursive feasibility of the closed‐loop fuzzy system. Simulations on a highly nonlinear continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) are eventually presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed theoretical approach.
Sudden swelling and redness of the toe
Authors: Tengattini Vera , Magnano Michela , Patrizi Annalisa , Neri Iria
Published: September 2017

Key Clinical Message

The presence of history of redness and swelling of toe in an infant without history of trauma is typical of hair threat tourniquet syndrome. The treatment simply involves incision and removal of hair fibers. Physicians should be aware of this syndrome because early diagnosis and treatment avoid serious complications.
Isotope Studies in Oxidation of Propane over Vanadium Oxide
Authors: Kube Pierre , Frank Benjamin , Schlögl Robert , Trunschke Annette
Published: September 2017

The front cover artwork for Issue 18/2017 is provided by the Fritz‐Haber‐Institut der Max‐Planck‐Gesellschaft, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Berlin (Germany). The image shows the proposed network of consecutive and parallel reactions in oxidation of propane over vanadium oxide catalysts. Detailed understanding of the complex system is necessary to advance catalyst and process design in terms of high selectivity to desired olefins and oxygenates, prevention of CO2 formation, and sustainable use of resources. See the Full Paper itself at https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201700847.