bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aktivitas Antioksidan Fraksi Dietileter Buah Mangga Arumanis (Mangifera indica L.) dengan Metode DPPH
Authors: Mulangsri Dewi Andini Kunti , Budiarti Aqnes , Saputri Endah Novia
Published: January 2019

ABSTRAK

Sistem antioksidan merupakan bagian dari sistem kekebalan tubuh yang mampu menghambat reaktifitas radikal bebas. Sumber alami antioksidan salah satunya adalah buah yaitu buah mangga Arumanis. Proses fraksinasi dengan pelarut dietileter dilakukan untuk menyari senyawa-senyawa yang bersifat semipolar yang diharapkan memiliki potensi sebagai antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan fraksi dietil eter ekstrak etanol buah mangga arumanis (Mangifera indica L.) dengan Metode DPPH. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 70%, kemudian dipartisi cair-cair menggunakan pelarut dietil eter. Penentuan aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan metode DPPH dengan membuat seri konsentrasi fraksi dietil eter ekstrak etanol buah mangga Arumanis yaitu 12,5; 25; 50 dan 100ppm. Vitamin C digunakan sebagai larutan pembanding dengan seri konsentrasi 0,625; 1,25; 2,5 dan 5 ppm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fraksi dietil eter ekstrak etanol buah mangga arumanis memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 75,22 ppm dan 1,18 ppm untuk Vitamin C. Fraksi dietileter ekstrak etanol buah mangga Arumanis memiliki potensi lemah sebagai antioksidan jika dibandingkan dengan Vitamin C.

Kata Kunci: antioksidan, fraksi dietileter, buah mangga arumanis, Mangifera indica, DPPH

ABSTRACT

Antioxidant systems are part of the immune system which is able to inhibit the reactivity of free radical. Source of natural antioxidants is a fruit that is mango Arumanis. Process of fractionation with solvent diethylether to extraction the compounds semipolar and expected to have potential as antioxidants. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of diethyl ether fraction of ethanol extract Arumanis mango (Mangifera indica L.) with DPPH method. Extraction used ethanol 70% by maceration method, then partitioned using a liquid-liquid partition with diethylether as a solvent. Determination of antioxidant activity using DPPH method with a series of concentrations of diethyl ether fraction of ethanol extract Arumanis mango ie 12.5; 25; 50 and 100ppm. Vitamin C used as a reference solution with a concentration series of 0,625; 1.25; 2.5 and 5 ppm. The results showed that the diethyl ether fraction of ethanol extract Arumanis mango have antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 7.22 ppm and 1.18 ppm for Vitamin C. Diethylether fraction of ethanol extract Arumanis mango has weak potential as a antioxidant, if compared with Vitamin C.

Keywords: Antioxidants, diethylether fractions, arumanis mango fruit, Mangifera indica, DPPH.
Daya Reduksi Ekstrak Etanol Biji Aquilaria microcarpa, Aquilaria malaccensis, dan Aquilaria beccariana Terhadap Ion Ferri (Fe3+) dengan Metode FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power)
Authors: Triyasmono Liling , Rahmanto Beny , Halwany Wawan , Lestari Fajar , Rizki Muhammad Ikhwan , Anwar Khoerul
Published: January 2019

ABSTRAK

Daya reduksi merupakan salah satu indikator potensi aktivitas suatu senyawa sebagai antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan daya reduksi ekstrak etanol biji Aquilaria microcarpa, Aquilaria malaccensis, dan Aquilaria beccariana terhadap Ion Ferri (Fe3+). Serbuk kering biji A. microcarpa, A. malaccensis, dan A. beccariana dimaserasi menggunakan etanol 70%. Daya reduksi ditentukan dengan metode FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) yang didasarkan atas kemampuan senyawa dalam mereduksi senyawa besi(III)-tripiridil-triazin menjadi besi(II)-tripiridil triazin pada pH 3,6. Absorbansi diukur menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang 598 nm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ekstrak etanol biji A. microcarpa, A. malaccensis, dan A. beccariana mempunyai daya reduksi berturut-turut sebesar 6,39±1,58; 119,95±28,04; dan 62,12±6,57 µM ekivalen troloks/g ekstrak.

Kata kunci: biji, Aquilaria microcarpa, Aquilaria malaccensis, Aquilaria beccariana, FRAP

ABSTRACT

Reducing power is one indicator of potential antioxidant activity of a compound. This study aims to determine the reduction power of the ethanol extract of the seeds of Aquilaria microcarpa, Aquilaria malaccensis, and Aquilaria beccariana against Ferric ion (Fe3+). Dry powder of A. microcarpa, A. malaccensis, and A. beccariana seeds was macerated using 70% ethanol. Reducing power determined using FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) that is based on the ability of the compounds in reducing iron compounds (III) -tripiridil-triazine to iron (II) -tripiridil triazine at pH 3.6. The absorbance was measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 598 nm. The results showed ethanol extract of seeds of A. microcarpa, A. malaccensis, and A. beccariana have reducing power of 6.39 ± 1.58; 119.95 ± 28.04; and 62.12 ± 6.57 µM troloks equivalents / g extract respectively.

Key words: seeds, Aquilaria microcarpa, Aquilaria malaccensis, Aquilaria beccariana, FRAP
Pengembangan Formula dan Karakterisasi Nanoemulsi Ekstrak Kombinasi Daun Teh dan Mangkokan Yang Diinkorporasikan ke dalam Spray Sebagai Penumbuh Rambut
Authors: Jafar Garnadi , Adiyati Ira , Kartanagara Faisha Farras
Published: January 2019

Lebih dari 90%, rambut rontok diakibatkan oleh alopesia androgenetik, Purwantini Indah et al. mengatakan bahwa daun teh dan mangkokan memiliki aktivitas sebagai penumbuh rambut yang setara dengan hair tonic, nanoemulsi memiliki ukuran
Pengaruh Pengetahuan dan Job Description Terhadap Kinerja Bidan Desa Pada Penyelenggaraan Pos Kesehatan Desa (Poskesdes) (Studi Observasional di Kabupaten Tanah Bumbu)
Authors: Muharnadiah Andi Indah Haryani
Published: January 2019

Kinerja dipengaruhi oleh kemampuan potensi (Intelegentia question) dan kemampuan realita (pengetahuan dan skill). Untuk meningkatkan kinerja bidan desa dibutuhkan kejelasan tentang wewenang tugas dan tanggungjawab yang diuraikan secara jelas dan rinci dalam bentuk job description (deskripsi pekerjaan) agar memudahkan mereka dalam menyelesaikan pekerjaan. Di Kabupaten Tanah Bumbu hingga saat ini belum pernah ada penelitian yang berkaitan tentang kinerja bidan desa dalam penyelenggaraan Poskesdes. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu mengetahui pengaruh pengetahuan dan job description terhadap kinerja bidan desa pada penyelenggaraan Poskesdes di Kabupaten Tanah Bumbu. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan rancangan penelitian cross sectional. Instrumen dalam penelitian ini adalah kuesioner yang diuji validitas dan reliabilitas. Analisis data yang dilakukan berupa analisis univarian dan multivarian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Pengetahuan tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap kinerja bidan desa ada penyelenggaraan Poskesdes di Kabupaten Tanah Bumbu berdasarkan hasil uji parsial dengan nilai signifikan sebesar 0,216 (nilai Sig>0,05). Job description berpengaruh sangat signifikan terhadap kinerja bidan desa pada penyelenggaraan Poskesdes di Kabupaten Tanah Bumbu berdasarkan hasil uji parsial dengan nilai signifikan sebesar 0,000 (nilai Sig
Efek Antihiperglikemik dari Ekstrak Batang Tanaman Sapat (Mitragyna speciosa) Pada Mencit Jantan Yang Diinduksi Streptozotocin
Authors: Fitriyanti Fitriyanti , Wati Helmina
Published: January 2019

Tanaman Sapat (Mitragyna speciosa) adalah tanaman endemik di Kalimantan Selatan. Secara empiris digunakan masyarakat sebagai obat antihiperglikemik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui kandungan senyawa kimia dan efek ekstrak antihiperglikemik Mitragyna speciosa terhadap mencit jantan Balb/c yang diinduksi dengan Streptozotocin (STZ) dengan memantau kadar glukosa yang berperan sebagai antidiabetes. Sebanyak 20 mencit jantan balb/c dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok (N = 5) berupa kelompok kontrol negatif, kelompok normal, kelompok kontrol positif diberi glibenclamide 0,013mg / 20gBB, kelompok kontrol negatif akan diberikan STZ selama 4 hari pada dosis 40mg / KgBB ip dan 1 kelompok perlakuan akan diberi dosis EBMS 225mg (IV) secara oral selama 7 hari berturut-turut mulai hari ke-13 sampai ke-19, pengukuran kadar glukosa darah akan dilakukan pada hari ke-0, hari ke-13, hari ke-20.Data yang didapat dianalisis dengan ANOVA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan EBMS tidak dapat menurunkan glukosa darah puasa pada dosis 225mg /KgBB

Kata kunci: Tanaman sapat, kadar gula darah puasa, streptozotocin
Isolasi Dan Identifikasi Senyawa Antioksidan Dari Buah Kasturi (Mangifera casturi Kosterm.)
Authors: Sutomo Sutomo , Azhari Hadi , Arnida Arnida , Fadlilaturrahmah Fadlilaturrahmah , Yunus Rahmat
Published: January 2019

ABSTRAK

Antioksidan berfungsi untuk menetralisir radikal bebas, sehingga dapat mencegah dan melindungi terjadinya kerusakan tubuh yang dapat menyebabkan timbulnya penyakit degeneratif. Salah satu tanaman endemik Kalimantan Selatan yang teridentifikasi mengandung antioksidan alami yaitu kasturi (Mangifera casturi Kosterm.). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi senyawa antioksidan dari buah M. casturi. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode maserasi. Pemisahan dan pemurnian dilakukan dengan KLT , KCV, dan kromatografi kolom gravitasi. Identifikasi senyawa dengan spektrofotometri UV-Vis dan FTIR serta uji kualitatif antioksidan dan aktifitas kuantitatif antioksidan isolat. Ekstraksi 2500 gram serbuk buah M. casturi dengan metanol diperoleh 840,69 gram ekstrak kental berwarna coklat. Fraksinasi 60 gram ekstrak metanol dengan fraksi etil asetat menghasilkan 8,3 gram ekstrak kering. Fraksi etil asetat difraksinasi kembali menggunakan KCV dengan eluen n-heksana : etil asetat (9:1; 8:2; 7:3; 6:4; 5:5; 4:6; 3:7) v/v, etil asetat : metanol (5:5 v/v), 100% metanol diperoleh fraksi A, B, C, D, E, F, G, dan H. Fraksi H dipilih untuk di isolasi menggunakan kromatografi kolom gravitasi dengan eluen n-heksana : etil asetat : metanol (5:3:0,5; 5:4:1; 5:4:2; 5:6:2; 5:6:2,5) v/v dan 100% metanol. Uji kualitatif KLT menunjukkan isolat H-7 mengandung senyawa antioksidan dengan pereaksi DPPH. Aktivitas antioksidan isolat H-7 memiliki nilai IC50¬ sebesar 4,61±0,57 ppm. Analisis isolat H-7 dengan UV-Vis menghasilkan puncak pada λ 274,8 nm (pita I) dan λ 218 nm (Pita II). Analisis FTIR menunjukkan gugus fungsi dari isolat H-7 yaitu -OH, C-H aromatik, C-H alifatik, C=O, C=C aromatik, dan C-O.

Kata Kunci : Antioksidan, buah M. casturi, DPPH, fraksi etil asetat, Isolasi
Analisis Kualitatif Kandungan Ibuprofen Dalam Jamu Pegal Linu Yang Beredar di Pasar Baru Permai Banjarmasin
Authors: Kumalasari Eka , Wahyuni Linda Fitria , Alfian Riza
Published: January 2019

ABSTRAK

Ibuprofen merupakan obat yang berkhasiat untuk menghilangkan nyeri, menurunkan demam, peradangan seperti rematik dan encok. Efek samping yang paling bahaya jika digunakan dalam jangka panjang atau dalam dosis tinggi dapat menyebabkan kerusakan permukaan saluran gastrointestinal dan pendarahan. Tujuan dilakukan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui ada atau tidaknya kandungan Ibuprofen pada jamu pegal linu yang beredar di pasar Baru Permai Banjarmasin. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian bersifat deskriptif. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode analisis kualitatif dengan kromatografi lapis tipis. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Kimia Akademi Farmasi ISFI Banjarmasin dari tanggal 15 – 19 Juni 2017. Teknik sampling yang digunakan yaitu sampling jenuh. Sampel di ambil dari toko obat di Pasar Baru Permai Banjarmasin, didapatkan 15 sampel jamu pegal linu dengan merek berbeda. Analisis KLT menggunakan eluen dari campuran etil asetat, metanol, dan ammonia dengan perbandingan 85:10:5 dan plat KLT silica gel GF254 dengan Rf Ibuprofen yaitu 0,87. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan 14 dari 15 sampel atau 93,3% dari total sampel mengandung Ibuprofen.

Kata Kunci : Ibuprofen, Jamu Pegal Linu, KLT

ABSTRACT

Ibuprofen is a medicine to relieve pain, fever, inflammation such as rheumatism and gout. The most dangerous side effects when used in the long term or in high doses can cause damage to the gastrointestinal tract and bleeding. The purpose of this research is to know the presence or absence of Ibuprofen content in jamu pegal linu which is circulating in market Baru Permai Banjarmasin. The type of research is descriptive. The method used is qualitative analysis with thin layer chromatography. The research was conducted at ISFI Banjarmasin Pharmacy Laboratory from 15-19 June 2017. The sampling technique used was saturated sampling. Samples are taken from pharmacies in the in pasar Baru Permai Banjarmasin. The researcher obtained 15 herbal samples with various brands. TLC analysis used eluent from mixture of ethyl acetate, methanol, and ammonia with ratio 85: 10: 5 and KLT silica gel plate GF254 with Rf Ibuprofen was 0.87. From the results obtained 14 of 15 samples or 93.3% of the total sample positively contained Ibuprofen
Keywords: Ibuprofen, Pegal Linu Herbal Medicine, TLC
Isolasi Senyawa Antioksidan Fraksi Etil Asetat Daun Bilaran Tapah (Argyreia nervosa) Asal Rantau Kalimantan Selatan
Authors: Sutomo Sutomo , Arnida Arnida , Sari Nurmalita , Fadlilaturrahmah Fadlilaturrahmah
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

South Kalimantan is rich with medicinal herbs, one of it is Argyreia nervosa. Ethanol extract of A. nervosa leaves has potential as antioxidant with IC50 value of 9,46 ppm. This study aims to isolate antioxidant compounds from ethyl acetate fraction of A. nervosa leaves. Extraction method used by maceration. Separation and purification of isolates was done by TLC, VLC, and CC. Qualitative and quantitative test of antioxidant activity using diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Identification of compounds uses UV-Vis and FTIR spectrophotometers. Argyreia nervosa leaf powder was extracted with 96% ethanol and obtained a yield of 16,916%. Rendemen of ethyl acetate fraction is 16,33%. The ethyl acetate fraction is fractionated again using VLC with eluen n-hexane:ethyl acetate (20:1, 15:1, 10:1,9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4; 5:5; 4:6; 3:7) v/v, and methanol:ethyl acetate (1:4) v/v obtained 5 fraction. The fraction 4 is used for isolation using the gravity CC with eluen n-hexane:ethyl acetate (20:1, 15:1, 10:1, 9:1, 7:3, and 5:5) v/v. Qualitative TLC test showed isolates containing antioxidant compounds with DPPH reagent. Analysis with UV-Vis spectrophotometer yielded 344 nm and 299 nm λmax. FTIR analysis shows there are functional groups -OH, C=O, C-O, C=C (alkene and aromatic), and C-H.

Keywords: Antioxidants, DPPH, ethyl acetate fraction, A. nervosa leaves, isolation
Efek Imunomodulator Infusa Umbi Bawang Dayak (Eleutherina palmifolia L. Merr) Dengan Metode Bersihan Karbon
Authors: Muthia Rahmi , Astuti Karunita Ika
Published: January 2019

ABSTRAK

Perkembangan pengetahuan banyak mengangkat penggunaan bahan alam untuk alternatif pilihan sebagai imunomodulator. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui efek imunomodulator dari infusa umbi Bawang Dayak (Eleutherina palmifolia L. Merr) dengan metode bersihan karbon pada mencit putih jantan. Skrining fitokimia yang diujikan pada umbi Bawang Dayak yaitu uji flavonoid, alkaloid, steroid, kuinon, tanin dan saponin. 25 mencit galur Balb/C dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok yang terdiri dari kelompok P1 sebagai kontrol positif yang diberikan stimuno dosis 0,78 mg/20 gram BB; kelompok P2 yang diberikan aquadest, kelompok P3, P4 dan P5 yang diberikan Infusa umbi Bawang Dayak dengan dosis berturut-turut yaitu 13 mg/20 gBB, 26 mg/20 gBB, dan 52 mg/20 gBB. Perlakuan pemberian diberikan secara oral selama 7 hari. Pada hari ke-8 dilakukan uji imunomodulator dengan metode bersihan karbon. Hasil skrining fitokimia menunjukkan adanya senyawa saponin, flavonoid dan alkaloid. Hasil Uji imunomodulator menunjukkan adanya infusa umbi Bawang Dayak dosis 52 mg/20 gBB menunjukkan efek imunomodulator terbesar. Infusa umbi Bawang Dayak memiliki aktivitas imunmodulator.

Kata Kunci : Imunomodulator, Infusa, Umbi Bawang Dayak, Eleutherina palmifolia

ABSTRACT

The development of knowledge raised the use of natural materials as an alternative choice as an immunomodulator. The aim of this study was to know the imunomodulatory effect of Bawang Dayak Bulb (Eleutherina palmifolia L. Merr) by using carbon clearance method on male mice. The phytochemical screening were tested to flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, quinones, tanins, and saponins. 25 male Balb/C mice divided into 5 groups consisting of P1 groups as positive control given stimuno 0,78 mg/20 gBB; P2 groups as negative control given aquadest, P3, P4 and P5 groups given Bawang Dayak Bulb Infusion with doses respectively 13 mg/20 gBB, 26 mg/20 gBB, and 52 mg/20 gBB. Each groups were adminstered orally one a day for seven days. On the eighth day, imunomodulatory test were performed by using carbon clearence method. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins. Results of imunommodulatory test showed Bawang Dayak Bulb infusion doses 52 mg/20 gBB has the highest immunomodulatory effect. Bawang Dayak Bulb Infusion showed imunomodulatory effect.

Keywords : Imunomodulator, Infusion, Bawang Dayak Bulb, Eleutherina Palmifolia
Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi PVA dan HPMC Terhadap Stabilitas Fisik Masker Gel Peel-Off Ekstrak Metanol Biji Pepaya (Carica papaya L.)
Authors: Amaliah Rizky Nur , Rahmawanty Dina , Ratnapuri Prima Happy
Published: January 2019

ABSTRAK

Carica papaya merupakan salah satu tanaman yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan. Namun, biji C. papaya kurang dimanfaatkan, hanya digunakan sebagai bibit, dan sisanya dibuang. Sediaan yang dibuat dalam penelitian ini adalah masker gel peel off ekstrak metanol bji C. papaya dengan variasi konsentrasi HPMC dan PVA. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan pengaruh kombinasi HPMC dan PVA terhadap kestabilan formula gel selama perlakuan cycling test selama 6 siklus. Tiga formula sediaan masker gel peel off yaitu F1 (HPMC 2%: PVA 10%), F2 (HPMC 3%:PVA 9%), dan FIII (HPMC 4%: PVA 8%). Hasil evaluasi (daya lekat, daya sebar, pH, waktu kering, dan viskositas) penelitian dianalisis dengan menggunakan SPSS dan level kepercayaan 95%. Kombinasi HPMC dan PVA memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap nilai daya lekat, daya sebar, pH, viskositas, dan waktu mengering (p
Perbandingan Kadar Kolagen Cangkang Kerang Darah (Anadara granosa) dengan Cangkang Kerang Hijau (Mytilus viridis) di Bandengan, Kendal, Jawa Tengah
Authors: Ariyanti Ariyanti , Dewi Melani , Hapsari Alfenila Prasista , Mashadi Syukron
Published: January 2019

Kolagen merupakan komponen struktural utama jaringan ikat putih (white connective tissue) yang meliputi hampir 30% total protein pada organ tubuh vertebrata dan invertebrate. Kolagen adalah protein bermolekul besar, merupakan komponen utama penyusun kulit. Lebih dari 71% protein kulit adalah kolagen. Salah satu sumber kolagen yang dapat digunakan dan belum termanfaatkan adalah cangkang kerang darah dan cangkang kerang hijau. Adanya pendayagunaan kolagen yang berasal dari hewan yang hidup di air ini dapat menjadi alternatif yang menjanjikan, mengingat kolagen komersial biasanya diperoleh dari kulit sapi, kulit babi, atau kulit ayam.
Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah cangkang kerang darah (Anadara granosa)dan cangkang kerang hijau (Mytilus varidis) yang diambil dari tempat pelelangan ikan di Bandengan, Kendal. Sampel akan diberi perlakuan yang berbeda pada konsentrasi cairan penyari asam asetat dan waktu ekstraksi yang mana akan berpengaruh terhadap rendemen kolagen yang dihasilkan.
Rancangan penelitian yang dipakai adalah pra eksperimen berupa post only design/one shot case study yaitu perlakuan/intervensi telah dilakukan kemudian pengukuran. Penelitian dianalisa secara komparatif yaitu efektifitas asam asetat dan waktu perendaman dalam mempengaruhi hasil rendemen kolagen dari cangkang kerang darah dan cangkang kerang hijau. Data diolah dan dianalisa menggunakan spss dengan uji t-test.
Kata Kunci:Anadara granosa, Mytilus varidis, kolagen

Collagen is a major component of white connective tissue (white connective tissue) that covers nearly 30% of total protein in vertebrate organs and invertebrates. Collagen is a large molecular protein, a major component of the skin. More than 71% of skin protein is collagen. One source of collagen that can be used and not yet utilized is the shells of shells and shells of clam green. The use of collagen derived from animals that live in the air can be a promising alternative, given the usual commercial collagen of cowhide, pig skin, or chicken skin.
The population in this study is the shell of blood clams (Anadaragranosa) and the shells of clam green (Mytilusvaridis) taken from the fish auction site in Bandengan, Kendal. Samples will be treated differently to the concentration of acetic acid dancer fluid and the extraction time which will affect the yield of collagen produced.
The research design used was pre experiment. Only one case design/case study is treated/ intervened. The study was analyzed comparatively ie the effectiveness of acetic acid and the immersion time in yield of collagen yield from the shells and shells of clam greens. Data is processed and analyzed using spss with t-test.
Keywords :Anadara granosa,Mytilus varidis, collagen
Evaluasi Karakteristik Fisika Kimia dan Nilai SPF Sediaan Gel Tabir Surya Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kersen (Muntingia calabura L)
Authors: Puspitasari Anita Dwi , Setyowati Dyah Ayu
Published: January 2019

Selain memiliki banyak manfaat bagi kesehatan, sinar matahari juga dapat menyebabkan masalah kulit mulai dari yang ringan sampai yang berat. Salah satu cara untuk melindungi kulit dari sinar matahari yanitu dengan menggunakan tabir surya. Salah satu sediaan tabir surya yaitu berupa gel. Daun kersen (Muntingia calabura L ) mempunyai kandungan flavonoid total dan fenolik total yang tinggi sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagan bahan dasar pembuatan gel tabir surya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik fisika, kimia dan nilai SPF sediaan gel tabir surya ekstrak etanol daun kersen (Muntingia calabura). Ekstraksi daun kersen (Muntingia calabura L) menggunakan metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 70% dan dipekatkan menggunakan rotary evaporator. Gel tabir surya ekstak etanol daun kersen dibuat menggunakan basis HPMC. Dibuat 4 formula dengan perbedaan pada konsentrasi ekstrak etanol daun kersen, yaitu 0, 1, 2, dan 3 gram. Keempat formula gel ekstrak etanol daun kersen diuji karakteristik fisika, kimia dan nilai SPFnya menggunakan metode Mansur. Keempat formula gel esktrak etanol daun kersen memenuhi semua persyaratan karakteristik sifat fisika dan kimia yaitu organoleptis, homogenitas, daya sebar, daya lekat, pH, dan viskositas. Nilai SPF untuk formula 1, 2, 3, dan 4 yaitu sebesar 0,38; 7,17; 11,15 dan 18,92.
Kata kunci: gel, muntingia calabura, SPF, tabir surya

Besides having many health benefits, sunlight can also cause skin problems ranging from mild to severe. One way to protect the skin from the sun is by using sunscreen. One of the sunscreen preparations is gel. Kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L) have a high phenolic and flavonoids which can be used as a basic ingredient in making sunscreen gel. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical, chemical and SPF values of the gel preparation of sunscreen ethanol extract of kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura). Muntingia calabura L. leaf extraction using maceration method with 70% ethanol solvent and concentrated using rotary evaporator. Sunscreen gel extracts from kersen leaf ethanol made using HPMC base. Four formulas were made with differences in the concentration of kersen leaves ethanol extract, namely 0, 1, 2 and 3 grams. The four gel formulas of kersen leaf ethanol extract were tested for physical, chemical and SPF values using the Mansur method. The four gel formulas of kersen leaf ethanol extract fulfilled all the requirements of physical and chemical characteristics, namely organoleptic, homogeneity, dispersion, stickiness, pH, and viscosity. SPF values for formulas 1, 2, 3 and 4 are 0.38; 7.17; 11,15 and 18,92.
Keywords: gel, muntingia calabura, SPF, sunscreen
Kajian Administratif, Farmasetis, dan Klinis Resep Obat Batuk Anak di Apotek Kota Yogyakarta
Authors: Febrianti Yosi , Ardiningtyas Bondan , Asadina Esti
Published: January 2019

Batuk adalah salah satu gangguan kesehatan yang sering diderita anak. Pengkajian peresepan obat batuk yang meliputi kajian administratif, farmasetis dan klinis penting dilakukan karena ketidaksesuaian dalam peresepan obat dapat menyebabkan kesalahan dalam pengobatan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kesesuaian peresepan obat batuk pada anak yang ditinjau dari aspek administratif, farmasetis dan klinis resep obat batuk di Apotek Wilayah Kecamatan Umbulharjo Kota Yogyakarta periode Januari 2015-Desember 2015. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif non experimental dengan rancangan cross-sectional retrospektif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada aspek administratif yang tidak terpenuhi adalah berat badan 99,7%, tanggal penulisan resep 50,4% dan umur 35,4%, pada aspek farmasetis bentuk sediaan yang diresepkan adalah puyer 71,4%, sirup 15,5% dan tablet 13,1% serta ketersediaan informasi kekuatan sediaan pada resep 0,3%. Pada aspek klinis sebagian besar resep sudah tepat dosis 84,2%, 100% tepat frekuensi pemberian obat dan tidak terdapat polifarmasi serta 0,3% berpotensi terjadi interaksi obat
Kata kunci : batuk, anak-anak, peresepan obat batuk, resep, apotek

Cough is a common symptom that often affect in children. Assessment of prescribing include administration, pharmacetic and clinical aspect is a way to prevent errors in drug administration. The purpose of this study was to find and observe prescription of children cough medicine from administrative, pharmacetic and clinical pharmacy aspects of cough medicine in Sub-district Umbulharjo Yogyakarta City from January 2015 to December 2015. This study was conducted by using non-experimental descriptive method with cross-sectional retrospective. The results showed from administrative aspects that most are not fulfilled is on weight 99,7%, date prescription 50,4% and on age 35,4%. In pharmacetic aspect, medicine stock available are powder drug 71,4%, syrup 15,5% and pills 13,02% and recipes are not available dosage strength 0,3%. In clinical aspect, most recipes are correct in dossage 84,2% and 100% correct in frequency of administration drugs and there are no polypharmacy and drug interactions found 0,3%.
Keywords : cough, children, prescription of cough, recipe, medicine store
Analisis Toksisitas Akut Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Cempedak pada Tikus Galur Wistar
Authors: Hakim Ali Rakhman , Saputri Rina
Published: January 2019

Kulit buah Cempedak yang digoreng (Manday) merupakan salah satu makanan yang umum dikonsumsi masyarakat di Kalimantan Selatan. Berdasarkan pengalaman dari beberapa masyarakat, keluhan yang sering terjadi adalah perut terasa perih dan kepala pusing. Evaluasi sifat toksik dari bagian tumbuhan yang dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat sangat penting untuk dilakukan dengan mempertimbangkan perlindungan kesehatan masyarakat karena paparan senyawa kimia dari bagian tumbuhan yang dapat menyebabkan efek yang tidak diinginkan pada masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa kimia dan efek toksisitas akut dari ekstrak etanol kulit buah cempedak. Kulit buah cempedak dikeringkan dengan menggunakan oven. Ekstraksi kulit buah cempedak menggunakan cara maserasi dengan cairan penyari etanol. Tikus uji diberi larutan kontrol Na CMC dan ekstrak dengan dosis 300 mg/kgBB, 1000 mg/kgBB, 2000 mg/kgBB, dan 5000 mg/kgBB. Hasil identifikasi senyawa kimia didapatkan positif mengandung triterpenoid, flavonoid, tanin, dan senyawa fenolik. Tikus uji yang menerima ekstrak dengan dosis 1000 mg/kgBB, 2000 mg/kgBB, dan 5000 mg/kgBB terjadi perubahan pada tikus uji berdasarkan pengamatan fisik yaitu mengalami peningkatan detak jantung atau takikardi, pernapasan cepat, tremor, dan agresif.
Kata kunci: Kulit buah cempedak, senyawa kimia, toksisitas akut

Rind of Cempedak fruit (Manday) is one of the foods commonly consumed by people in South Kalimantan. Based on the experience of several communities, complaints that often occur are sore stomach and headache. Evaluation of the toxic properties of plant parts consumed by the community is very important to be done by considering public health protection due to exposure to chemical compounds from parts of plants that can cause undesirable effects on the community. This study aims to identify chemical compounds and acute toxicity effects of ethanol extract rind of cempedak fruit. Rind of Cempedak fruit has dried using an oven. Extraction of cempedak fruit skin using maceration method with ethanol. Test rats were given Na CMC as a control and extract with dose 300 mg / kgBB, 1000 mg / kgBB, 2000 mg / kgBB, and 5000 mg / kgBB. The results of the identification of chemical compounds were obtained positively containing triterpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds. The test rats that received extracts at a dose of 1000 mg / kgBW, 2000 mg / kgBB, and 5000 mg / kgBW were changed in the test rats based on physical observations that experienced an increase in heart rate or tachycardia, rapid breathing, tremor, and aggressive.
Keywords: acute toxicity, chemistry compounds, rind of cempedak fruit
FEATURES OF THE TAXATION OF SMALL BUSINESS IN THE USA
Authors: Kaledin Sergey
Published: January 2019

Development of small business in the USA can be connected with a number of the reasons among which it is possible to call as the features of historical character connected with emergence and development of the United States and the reasons of tax character. So, in each state privileges on taxes which allow to organize in the best way by use of tax planning business can be established. It is represented that the institutionalism is indissoluble with the taxation as in the taxation there are institutes, customs, for example, regarding check of conscientiousness of the taxpayer, use of the special tax treatments and the habits, so at many businessmen and the companies became a habit earlier to pay taxes, to form an overpayment on taxes for the purpose of decrease in risks of additional accrual of penalties, others opposite, created a habit of a conclusion of the capitals abroad to low-tax territories for the purpose of decrease in the tax load. The purpose of formation of institutes is decrease in negative tendencies in the taxation, institutes are capable to improve process of the taxation, including taxation of small business. Improvement of tax administration in the sphere of small business assumes development and realization of actions which, on the one hand, allow to simplify system of tax administration, to reduce a number of hours, spent by taxpayers for stay in taxing authority. At the same time tax administration allows to apply the special modes to small business and to lower administrative load of small business. In various countries various mechanisms of simplification of tax administration for micro and small enterprises are used, a number of mechanisms can be effectively used in the Russian Federation.
CORRELATION BETWEEN THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS WITH KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION OF STUDENT AT PUBLIC SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 6 CITY OF TANGERANG
Authors: Qibtiah Mariatul
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this study is to find the correlation of environment knowledge with the problem solving skills about environmental pollution. The study was conducted in April-May 2016 at SMAN 6 Tangerang. The research methodology was survey with the study of correlation. Samples were taken at random with Simple Random Sampling technique, as many as 127 students of tenth grade science. Data Showed prerequisite test normal and homogeneous. Regression model of Y = 24.24 + 1,10X that significance and had a linear correlation. Correlation Obtained values ​​of 0.42 which was sufficient criteria. Coefficient of determination test Showed that 17.62% of environmental knowledge Contribute to the problem solving about environmental pollution. The conclution of this study there was a positive correlation between environmental knowledge and problem solving environmental pollution.
Patrones de distribución de la oferta turística mediante técnicas geoestadísticas en Extremadura (2004-2014)
Authors: Sánchez Martín José Manuel , Sánchez Rivero Marcelino , Rengifo Gallego Juan Ignacio
Published: January 2019

El rápido incremento de la oferta de alojamientos en Extremadura no se ha visto correspondido con un aumento armónico en el número de visitantes y de pernoctaciones, hecho que ha provocado un desajuste notable entre la oferta y la demanda. El aumento de oferta se ha producido de forma desigual sobre el territorio, por lo que esta investigación pretende determinar los patrones de distribución que se detectan en los tres grandes grupos de oferta: hotelera, extrahotelera y rural, así como su evolución. Para conseguirlo, se utilizaron tanto el análisis de clúster y de valor atípico (LISA)  como el análisis de puntos calientes y fríos (GI* de Getis-Ord). Ambas técnicas corroboran que los cambios detectados en la oferta de alojamientos siguen pautas similares y demuestran que la proximidad espacial no tiene un carácter espurio. Todo ello confirma el contrapuesto desarrollo turístico de Extremadura.
Study of the Heat Transfer in the Wellbore During Acid/Hydraulic Fracturing Using a Semianalytical Transient Model
Authors: Peng Yu , Zhao Jinzhou , Sepehrnoori Kamy , Li Yibo , Yu Wei , Zeng Ji
Published: January 2019

Bottomhole-temperature variations have a significant influence on the rheological properties of fracturing fluid and the reaction rates of rock and acid in the operations of acid/hydraulic fracturing. In this work, a semianalytical model is developed for calculating the heat transfer in a wellbore under transient state. In the model, transient heat conduction in the cement sheath and forced convection in the tubing under different flow regimes are considered. Also in this model, calculation methods of heat-transfer coefficients of forced convection in the tubing and natural convection in the annulus are improved in relation to the existing methods. The semianalytical model is verified by monitoring the data of acid and hydraulic fracturing; it is accurate enough to estimate the physical properties of the fracturing fluid and perform simulations in the reservoirs. We studied transient heat conduction in a cement sheath, the influence of flow regimes on tubing, the variation of thermal properties in the wellbore, and the influence of vertical variations of rock type. Simulation results show that the influence of different heat-transfer states of the cement sheath on bottomhole temperature is much more significant under the injection rate of fracturing. Laminar flow is activated by extremely low injection velocity or low temperature in shallow layers. However, such low velocity can never be attained in the fracturing operation. Also, the high heat resistance caused by laminar flow in shallow layers cannot affect the bottomhole temperature significantly because of the low temperature difference between fracturing fluid and formation rock. We also found that the complex vertical variation of rock type and shale and sandstone interbedding could be approximated by the average temperature of simple models that are computationally faster and have an acceptable range of errors.
Anesthetics to Prevent Lung Injury in Cardiac Surgery (APLICS): A protocol for a randomized, controlled trial
Authors: O’Gara Brian P. , Subramaniam Balachundhar , Shaefi Shahzad , Mueller Ariel , Banner-Goodspeed Valerie , Talmor Daniel
Published: January 2019

Background
Patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass are at an increased risk of developing postoperative pulmonary complications, potentially leading to excess morbidity and mortality. It is likely that pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury during cardiopulmonary bypass is a major contributor to perioperative lung injury. Therefore, interventions that can minimize IR injury would be valuable in reducing the excess burden of this potentially preventable disease process. Volatile anesthetics including sevoflurane have been shown in both preclinical and human trials to effectively limit pulmonary inflammation in a number of settings including ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, this finding has not yet been demonstrated in the cardiac surgery population. The Anesthetics to Prevent Lung Injury in Cardiac Surgery (APLICS) trial is a randomized, controlled trial investigating whether sevoflurane anesthetic maintenance can modulate pulmonary inflammation occurring during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, and whether this potential effect can translate to a reduction in postoperative pulmonary complications.
Methods
APLICS is a prospective, randomized controlled trial of adult cardiac surgical patients. Subjects will be randomized to receive intraoperative anesthetic maintenance with either sevoflurane or propofol. Patients in both groups will be ventilated according to protocols intended to minimize the influences of ventilator induced lung injury and hyperoxia. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and blood sampling will take place after anesthetic induction and between two to four hours after pulmonary reperfusion. The primary outcome is a difference between groups in the degree of post-bypass lung inflammation, defined by BAL concentrations of TNFa. Secondary outcomes will include differences in additional relevant BAL and systemic inflammatory markers and the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications.
Discussion
APLICS investigates whether anesthetic choice can influence lung inflammation and pulmonary outcomes following cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. A positive result from this trial would add to the growing body of evidence describing the lung protective properties of the volatile anesthetics and potentially reduce unnecessary morbidity for cardiac surgery patients.
Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02918877, registered on September 29, 2016.
Sensory Integration Therapy Versus Usual Care for Sensory Processing Difficulties in Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children: Study Protocol for a Pragmatic Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Randell Elizabeth , McNamara Rachel , Delport Sue , Busse Monica , Hastings Richard , Gillespie David , Williams-Thomas Rhys , Brookes-Howell Lucy , Romeo Renee , Boadu Janet , Ahuja Alka S , McKigney Anne Marie , Knapp Martin , Smith Kathryn , Thornton Jacqui , Warren Gemma
Published: January 2019

Background:
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a common lifelong condition affecting 1 in 100 people. ASD affects how a person relates to others and the world around them. Difficulty responding to sensory information (noise, touch, movement, taste, sight) is common, and might include feeling overwhelmed or distressed by loud or constant low-level noise (e.g. in the classroom). Affected children may also show little or no response to these sensory cues. These ‘sensory processing difficulties’ are associated with behaviour and socialisation problems, and affect education, relationships, and participation in daily life. Sensory Integration Therapy (SIT) is a face-to-face therapy or treatment, provided by trained occupational therapists who use play -based sensory-motor activities and the just-right challenge to influence the way the child responds to sensation, reducing distress, and improving motor skills, adaptive responses, concentration and interaction with others. With limited research into SIT, this protocol describes in detail how the intervention will be defined and evaluated.
Methods:
Two-arm pragmatic individually 1:1 Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) with internal pilot of SIT versus Usual Care (UC) for primary school aged children (4 to 11 years) with ASD and Sensory Processing (SP) difficulties. 216 children will be recruited from multiple sources. Therapy will be delivered in clinics meeting full fidelity criteria for manualised SIT over 26 weeks (face-to-face sessions: 2 per week for 10 weeks, 2 per month for 2 months; Telephone call: 1 per month for 2 months). Follow up assessments will be completed at 6 and 12 months post randomisation. Prior to recruitment: therapists will be invited to participate in focus groups/interviews to explore what is delivered as usual care in trial regions; carers will be invited to complete an online survey to map out their experience of services. Following recruitment: carers will be given diaries to record their contact with services. Following intervention, carer and therapist interviews will be completed.
Discussion:
Results of this trial will provide high quality evidence on the clinical and cost-effectiveness of SIT aimed at improving behavioural, functional, social, educational and well-being outcomes for children and well-being outcomes for carers and families.
Trial registration:
ISRCTN14716440. Registered 08/11/2016. http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN14716440
An Assessment of the Multifunctionality of Integrated Buffer Zones in Northwestern Europe
Authors: Zak Dominik , Stutter Marc , Jensen Henning S. , Egemose Sara , Carstensen Mette V. , Audet Joachim , Strand John A. , Feuerbach Peter , Hoffmann Carl C. , Christen Benjamin , Hille Sandra , Knudsen Mads , Stockan Jenni , Watson Helen , Heckrath Goswin , Kronvang Brian
Published: January 2019

Integrated buffer zones (IBZs) have recently been introduced in the Northwestern Europe temperate zone to improve delivery of ecosystem services compared with the services associated with long‐established vegetated buffer zones. A common feature of all the studied IBZ sites is that tile drainage, which previously discharged directly into the streams, is now intercepted within the IBZ. Specifically, the design of IBZs combines a pond, where soil particles present in drain water or surface runoff can be deposited, and a planted subsurface flow infiltration zone. Together, these two components should provide an optimum environment for microbial processes and plant uptake of nutrients. Nutrient reduction capacities, biodiversity enhancement, and biomass production functions were assessed with different emphasis across 11 IBZ sites located in Denmark, Great Britain, and Sweden. Despite the small size of the buffer zones (250–800 m2) and thus the small proportion of the drained catchment (mostly <1%), these studies cumulatively suggest that IBZs are effective enhancements to traditional buffer zones, as they (i) reduce total N and P loads to small streams and rivers, (ii) act as valuable improved habitats for aquatic and amphibian species, and (iii) offer economic benefits by producing fast‐growing wetland plant biomass. Based on our assessment of the pilot sites, guidance is provided on the implementation and management of IBZs within agricultural landscapes.

Core Ideas

Integrated buffer zones are a novel edge‐of‐field approach within riparian zones.

Drain water and surface runoff will be trapped within a pond and charge a filter bed.

The inclusion of trees aims to provide some of the benefits of riparian forests.
Soil Water Retention: Uni‐Modal Models of Pore‐Size Distribution Neglect Impacts of Soil Management
Authors: Jensen Johannes L. , Schjønning Per , Watts Christopher W. , Christensen Bent T. , Munkholm Lars J.
Published: January 2019

Core Ideas

A uni‐ and a bi‐modal soil water retention model were evaluated.

The bi‐modal double‐exponential model fitted better to soil pore‐size distribution.

The uni‐modal model fit was affected by texture, soil organic C, and tillage.

Uni‐modal models are not well suited for describing the pore‐size distribution.

Most models describing soil water retention imply a uni‐modal pore‐size distribution (PSD). The uni‐modal model presented by van Genuchten (termed vanG) is widely used although double‐exponential models (termed Dex) implying a bi‐modal PSD may better reflect reality. We tested the ability of vanG and Dex models to represent water retention in sandy top‐ and subsoils with different texture, in soil with contrasting management (Highfield), and in soil exposed to different tillage (Flakkebjerg). Soils were subjected to matric potentials from –10 hPa to –1.5 MPa. For all soils, the bi‐modal Dex model showed a better fit to water retention data than the uni‐modal vanG model. Neither of the models worked well for highly sorted soils. The vanG model gave a poorer fit for topsoils than for subsoils because of a more pronounced bi‐modality of the PSD in topsoils caused by larger soil organic carbon (SOC) content and tillage. For Highfield soils, the root mean squared error (RMSE) of the vanG fit increased from long‐term bare fallow (low C content, intensive tillage) to permanent grass (high C content, no tillage) reflecting a more distinct bi‐modality of the PSD for well‐structured soils. We conclude that uni‐modal models should be used with great caution when describing effects of texture and management on PSD and that bi‐modal models may provide a better fit to PSD.
Novel Fluorine Boron Hybrid Complex as Potential Antiproliferative Drugs on Colorectal Cancer Cell Line
Authors: Tülüce Yasin , Masseh Hawro D.I. , Koyuncu İsmail , Kiliç Ahmet , Durgun Mustafa , Özkol Halil
Published: January 2019

Objective:

Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is one of the most common types of cancer in both sexes; it is
considered to be the third leading death factor among other types of cancer.

:

This study aimed to examine the cytotoxicity of a new fluorine boron hybrid complex [L(BF2)2] on human
colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29), based on the potency of the half-metal based complexes to initiate
apoptosis.

Methods:

Methods: Based on this data, the impact of it in different concentrations on HT-29 cancerous cells was
determined by apoptosis (ELISA, DNA fragmentation laddering, AO/EB staining), cytotoxicity (MTT) and
genotoxicity (comet assay). We also calculated the cellular Oxidative Stress Index (OSI) by measuring the Total
Antioxidant Status (TAS) and Total Oxidant Status (TOS).

Results:

Firstly, [L(BF2)2] was examined in view of cytotoxic effect in seven various cell lines (HELA, DU-145,
PC3, DLD-1, ECC, PNT1-A and HT-29), and then it was found that the applied complex had a mighty
antiproliferative action on HT-29 cells. Thus, the most effective IC50 value turned out to be 26.49 µM in HT-29
cell line. The present study found a tremendous efficacy of [L(BF2)2] on HT-29 cells, especially in terms of
damage to cancer cells' DNA, and consequently caused a series of reactions leading to programmed cell death.

Conclusion:

The results suggest that the [L(BF2)2] as a novel fluorine boron hybrid complex can induce the
apoptosis of HT-29 colorectal cancerous cell line and is a possible candidate for future cancer studies.
Trichomonas Vaginalis Infection Among Women Attending Laboratory Centers in Ilam, Iran
Authors: Nikpay Sasan , Otaghi Masoumeh , Azami Milad , Karimi Marzieh , Abdi Jahangir
Published: January 2019

Background:

Trichomoniasis is known as a common venereal disease. It is estimated
that 180 million people in the world are infected with this disease. The present study was conducted
to estimate the prevalence of (Trichomonas vaginalis) T. vaginalis among women who
were referred to the central laboratory in Ilam.

Methods:

In this cross-sectional study, 481 women with suspicious symptoms of trichomoniasis
were selected during the first six months of 2015 in the central laboratory and Shahid Mostafa
laboratory in Ilam, Iran. All patients were referred to the labs by gynecologists. Sterile swabs were
used to collect direct smears. The results and questionnaire data were entered into SPSS version
16 and were analyzed using chi-square test and Fisher's exact test.

Results:

Direct smear of T. vaginalis demonstrated seven positive cases (1.5%). The highest and
the lowest percentages of T. vaginalis infection in women were related to the 45-50 and 20-30
years age groups, respectively. Illiterate women had the highest percentage of infection. No significant
relationship was found between the level of education and trichomoniasis infection in
women (p = 0.085). The highest infection rate was associated with the use of ectopic contraceptive
methods (condoms).

Conclusion:

The prevalence of T. vaginalis was low among women in Ilam but was high among
women who have used tubal ligation and condom to prevent pregnancy. Therefore, more attention
is required from healthcare centers for appropriate education to women about the proper use of
protective equipment.