bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biosynthetic Short Neuropeptides: A Rational Theory Based on Experimental Results for the Missing Pain‐Relief Opioid Endomorphin Precursor Gene
Authors: Matsushima Ayami , Sese Jun , Koyanagi Kanako O.
Published: July 2019

Endomorphins are neuropeptides that bind strongly to μ‐opioid receptors and are considered to play important roles in pain modulation and other biological functions. Two endomorphins have been identified, to date, endomorphine‐1 and ‐2; both are tetrapeptides and differ by only a single amino acid in the third position. Both peptides were isolated from bovine brains; however, their precursor genes have not been identified. In this study, a nucleotide sequence corresponding to the endomorphin‐1 peptide in an expressed sequence tag database has been found and a preproendomorphin‐like precursor peptide from human brain complementary DNA (cDNA) has been cloned. The cDNA consists of nucleotide sequences of two already annotated predicted genes, and the putative peptide differs by one amino acid from the isolated endomorphin peptides. It is proposed herein that there is the possibility of unknown short proteins or peptide precursors being missed by automated gene prediction programs based on similarities of known protein sequences. A novel concept of how to produce endomorphins from a similar peptide is described. The oxidatively modified base might provide a clue for understanding discrepancies between nucleotide sequences on the genome and those on cDNAs.
False positive bladder scan in ascites with anuria
Authors: Janardanan Sarosh , Moussa Ahmed E. M. , James Philip
Published: July 2019

Urinary retention is commonly diagnosed based on history and examination along with bedside bladder scan. However, in patients where clinical examination is unreliable (patients with obesity, anasarca, and ascites) and diagnosis is uncertain, the bladder scan findings should be interpreted with caution and definitive imaging is mandatory before further intervention is instituted.
Harnessing Native Iron Ore as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Abu Sayeed Md , Millar Graeme J. , O'Mullane Anthony P.
Published: July 2019

Electrochemical water splitting is a widely accepted approach to generate hydrogen at a scale that is suitable for storing renewable energy. Therefore, the choice of catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are critical in terms of cost when scaling up this technology. Thus, earth abundant transition metals oxides and sulfides have received significant attention as catalysts for the OER and HER, respectively. However, very few examples of actual Earth abundant materials mined from the Earth's crust have been used as electrocatalysts for these reactions. Here, we demonstrate that a raw iron ore is active for both the HER and OER under alkaline conditions, which is due to the natural abundance of the key elements of iron, nickel, and sulfur. The catalyst is stable for both reactions and can operate at 100 mA cm−2, which is comparable to many chemically synthesised nanomaterials based on these elements. This approach may be attractive for adding value to iron ore while minimising the cost of catalyst production.
Fabrication of Mo/Co‐alumina‐coated kaolin‐based catalytic membrane for use in a catalytic membrane reactor
Authors: Bose Sujoy , Hazarika Shyamoli , Das Chandan
Published: July 2019

In this research work, for the first time, the coating of Mo/Co‐alumina catalytic layer on kaolin‐based low‐cost tubular support was investigated. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanopowder (solid lubricant), silica gel (additive), and sodium metasilicate (binder) powder were used to synthesize appropriate lubricant solution for coating of the catalyst over the exterior surface of the ceramic support. Paint coating technique was adopted for simplicity, ease of methodology, and minimization of cost. The result showed that the lubricant solution containing silica gel and sodium metasilicate could not be used for the preparation of layers. However, the coating solution without silica gel and sodium metasilicate were completely stable, dispersible, and the fabricated layer distributed finely over the ceramic support. The prepared catalytic membrane had suitable porous and crack‐free microstructure with a desirable crystalline phase, indicating proper distribution and dispersion of catalyst over the support membrane surface. The removal or recovery of elemental sulfur using the fabricated catalytic membrane and membrane reactor (CMR) as a function of catalytic activity is also reported.
Intramolecular van der Waals Interactions Challenge Anion Binding in perthio‐Bambusurils
Authors: Mondal Pravat , Solel Ephrath , Fridman Natalia , Keinan Ehud , Reany Ofer
Published: July 2019

Bambusurils (BUs) are known to be rigid cavitands that feature an extended, jigger‐like conformation, and the BU[6]s strongly bind anions within their hydrophobic cavity. These features are not necessarily shared by the family of perthio‐BUs. This study reveals that perthio‐BUs assume a compact conformation and perthio‐BU[6]s are poor anion binders, crystallizing as anion‐free species from solutions containing halide salts. Computational studies show that the equatorial sulfur atoms compete against guest anions for binding with the glycoluril methine groups via strong van der Waals (vdW) attractive interactions. These competitive contacts not only account for the diminished anion‐binding of perthio‐BUs, but also explain their compact conformation. The semithio‐ and perthio‐BU[4]s form linear coordination polymers with HgII in the solid‐state regardless of their intrinsic molecular conformation. The strong involvement of sulfur atoms in intramolecular interactions differentiates the equatorial from the axial (peripheral) heteroatoms, thus offering chemoselective and regioselective transformations.
Inhibitors of Bacterial Swarming Behavior
Authors: Rütschlin Sina , Böttcher Thomas
Published: July 2019

Bacteria can migrate in groups of flagella‐driven cells over semisolid surfaces. This coordinated form of motility is called swarming behavior. Swarming is associated with enhanced virulence and antibiotic resistance of various human pathogens and may be considered as favorable adaptation to the diverse challenges that microbes face in rapidly changing environments. Consequently, the differentiation of motile swarmer cells is tightly regulated and involves multi‐layered signaling networks. Controlling swarming behavior is of major interest for the development of novel anti‐infective strategies. In addition, compounds that block swarming represent important tools for more detailed insights into the molecular mechanisms of the coordination of bacterial population behavior. Over the past decades, there has been major progress in the discovery of small‐molecule modulators and mechanisms that allow selective inhibition of swarming behavior. Herein, an overview of the achievements in the field and future directions and challenges will be presented.
Mechanochemical Pretreatment for Efficient Solvent‐Free Synthesis of SSZ‐13 Zeolite
Authors: Pashkova Veronika , Mlekodaj Kinga , Klein Petr , Brabec Libor , Zouzelka Radek , Rathousky Jiri , Tokarova Venceslava , Dedecek Jiri
Published: July 2019

The economical and environmentally benign synthesis of SSZ‐13 zeolite was possible due to the mechanochemical activation of dry reagents by planetary mill. Contrary to manual grinding in a mortar, the proposed automatized approach is scalable and reproducible. This solvent‐free process provided a huge gain in product/gel ratios, significantly minimized reaction space and organic structure‐directing agent use, and allowed for the elimination of agitation. Obtained materials were comparable to the product of “classical” syntheses. The use of different silica sources resulted in SSZ‐13 zeolites with various characteristics: different Si/Al ratio and crystal size.
An Interfacial Layer Based on Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity to Suppress Dendrite Growth on Li Metal Anodes
Authors: Qi Liya , Shang Luoran , Wu Kai , Qu Liangliang , Pei Hao , Li Wen , Zhang Lexiang , Wu Zhengwei , Zhou Henghui , McKeown Neil B. , Zhang Weixia , Yang Zhengjin
Published: July 2019

The performance and safety of lithium (Li) metal batteries can be compromised owing to the formation of Li dendrites. Here, the use of a polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM) is reported as a feasible and robust interfacial layer that inhibits dendrite growth. The PIM demonstrates excellent film‐forming ability, electrochemical stability, strong adhesion to a copper metal electrode, and outstanding mechanical flexibility so that it relieves the stress of structural changes produced by reversible lithiation. Importantly, the porous structure of the PIM, which guides Li flux to obtain uniform deposition, and its strong mechanical strength combine to suppress dendrite growth. Hence, the electrochemical performance of the anode is significantly enhanced, promising excellent performance and extended cycle lifetime for Li metal batteries.
Synthetic Diversity from a Versatile and Radical Nitrating Reagent
Authors: Zhang Kun , Jelier Benson , Passera Alessandro , Jeschke Gunnar , Katayev Dmitry
Published: July 2019

We leverage the slow liberation of nitrogen dioxide from a newly discovered, inexpensive succinimide‐derived reagent to allow for the C−H diversification of alkenes and alkynes. Beyond furnishing a library of aryl β‐nitroalkenes, this reagent provides unparalleled access to β‐nitrohydrins and β‐nitroethers. Detailed mechanistic studies strongly suggest that a mesolytic N−N bond fragmentation liberates a nitryl radical. Using in situ photo‐sensitized, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, we observed direct evidence of a nitryl radical in solution by nitrone spin‐trapping. To further exhibit versatility ofN‐nitrosuccinimide under photoredox conditions, the late‐stage diversification of an extensive number of C−H partners to prepare isoxazolines and isoxazoles is presented. This approach allows for the formation of an in situ nitrile oxide from a ketone partner, the presence of which is detected by the formation of the corresponding furoxan when conducted in the absence of a dipolarophile. This 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition with nitrile oxides and alkenes or alkynes proceeds in a single‐operational step using a mild, regioselective, and general protocol with broad chemoselectivity.
Optical Measurement Method of Particle Suspension in Stirred Vessels
Authors: Wolinski Sven , Ulbricht Mathias , Schultz Heyko Juergen
Published: July 2019

Suspending particles in liquids is an important and versatile case for industrial stirring processes. By using advanced optical, non‐invasive measurement techniques like particle image velocimetry (PIV), it is possible to gain deep insights into the involved fluid dynamics without affecting the flow. However, for suspensions, the application of PIV is not trivial since both, suspended and tracer particles are present and need to be discerned during experiments. The here presented method development solves this problem and thus leads to a better insight into turbulent kinetic energy distribution, which can be utilized for process optimization through improved stirred vessel design.
Strömungen durch monodisperse Kugelschüttungen bei Berücksichtigung des Wandeffekts
Authors: Neumann Tim , Boettcher Konrad , Ehrhard Peter
Published: July 2019

Der Einfluss des Wandeffekts auf die Durchströmung poröser Kugelschüttungen in ebenen Begrenzungen wird untersucht. Dazu werden Versuche zur Porositätsverteilung und zur geeigneten Modellierung der Permeabilität im Wandbereich durchgeführt. Damit werden für sich überlagernde Wandeffekte Korrekturfaktoren für die übliche eindimensionale Berechnung des Volumenstroms und die Permeabilität abgeleitet.
Numerical Analysis of the Impact of Particle Friction on Bed Voidage in Fixed‐Beds
Authors: Jurtz Nico , Waldherr Philipp , Kraume Matthias
Published: July 2019

The impact of the static friction coefficient, the initial particle orientation, and the particle height‐to‐diameter ratio on the bed voidage of random packings with a low tube‐to‐particle diameter ratio is investigated for spherical and cylindrical particles using the discrete element method. Based on the numerical results a correlation is proposed to predict the bed voidage as a function of the static friction coefficient and the tube‐to‐particle diameter ratio for spheres, equilateral and non‐equilateral cylinders. This correlation is extended for the use of hollow cylinders.
Zero Liquid Discharge für eine abwasserfreie Industrieproduktion
Authors: Götz Gesine , Teschke Patrick , Netzel Louis , Geißen Sven‐Uwe
Published: July 2019

Die Diskussion um Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) hat weltweit eine sehr große Dynamik erreicht. Die Kenntnis existierender und geplanter Projekte ermöglichte es den Branchen Motivationen, Technologien und geographische Schwerpunkte zu identifizieren und daraus das Marktpotenzial und innovative Entwicklungsansätze abzuleiten. Weltweit sind mehr als 295 Anlagen in Betrieb, wobei die Anzahl seit 2007 stark zugenommen hat und weiteres Wachstum zu erwarten ist. Gründe für die Installation einer ZLD‐Anlage sind Wassermangel, gesetzliche Vorgaben, Firmenphilosophie und Kosteneinsparungen.
Decoration of Terpyridine with Electron‐Rich Unit THDTAP: an Efficient Way to Explore Fluorescence Sensors for Recognizing Metal Ions
Authors: Xu Taoshan , Li Dongxu , Yan Chaoxian , Wu Yuewei , Yuan Cheng‐Shan , Shao Xiangfeng
Published: July 2019

Summary of main observation and conclusion

The electron‐donating unit 2,3,4,6‐tetrahydro‐1,6‐dithia‐3a‐azaphenalene (THDTAP) was introduced onto terpyridine (TPy) to give a donor‐acceptor (D‐A) type TPy‐ligand (compound 2). Upon selective oxidation of two sulfur atoms on the THDTAP moiety of 2, the ligands 3—6 were created. The electronic structures of 2—6 were evaluated by theoretical, electrochemical, and spectroscopic investigations. The oxidation on the sulfur atoms brings significant influence on the electron‐donating ability of THDTAP moiety, subsequently, leads to fine modulations on intramolecular charge‐transfer (ICT) of 2—6 and the electronically excited states of the complexes of 2—6 with metal ions. Based on the optical response of 2—6 toward metal ions, the step‐by‐step recognition of Zn2+, Cd2+, and Ag+ ions is set up by employing 2 and 3 as combined fluorescence sensors.
Crystalline Clear or Not: Beneficial and Harmful Effects of Water in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Aranda Clara , Guerrero Antonio , Bisquert Juan
Published: July 2019

Clarification of how water affects the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells is one of the major challenges to successfully develop a large‐scale low‐cost fabrication process. Many authors have reported beneficial effects of moisture during the fabrication of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), such as enhanced crystallinity, photoluminescence and photovoltage. However, the highest power conversion efficiency reported until this date was obtained under completely dry atmosphere conditions, avoiding the presence of water during perovskite formulation and preserving the damage caused by moisture exposure with encapsulation techniques. This apparent contradiction makes patent the necessity of an extensive clarification to establish the conditions in which water represents a beneficial or harmful factor in the development of high efficiency and stable perovskite devices. In this review, we summarized the effects of water, both as an additive into the perovskite formulation as an additive and as moisture exposure during fabrication. We discuss in depth the structural and chemical effects, analysing also the photovoltaic consequences during operation conditions. As a final input, we remark a useful method to perform high efficiency PSCs under different lab ambient conditions and highlight the latest advances in hydrophobic devices and encapsulation techniques.
Construction of Pyrimidine Bases Bearing Carboxylic Acid Equivalents at the C5 Position by Postsynthetic Modification of Oligonucleotides
Authors: Ito Yuta , Yamamoto Kazuki , Hari Yoshiyuki
Published: July 2019

This unit describes postsynthetic modification of oligonucleotides (ONs) containing 2′‐deoxy‐5‐trifluoromethyluridine and 2′‐deoxy‐5‐trifluoromethylcytidine. In ONs, the trifluoromethyl group at the C5 position of pyrimidine bases is converted into a variety of carboxylic acid equivalents using alkaline and amine solutions. In addition, treating fully protected and controlled pore glass (CPG)‐attached ONs with methylamine and sodium hydroxide aqueous solution results in deprotection of all protecting groups (except the 4,4′‐dimethoxytrityl group), cleavage from CPG, and simultaneous conversion of the trifluoromethyl group to afford the corresponding ONs containing 5‐substituted pyrimidine bases. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nonfinancial risk disclosure: The “state of the art” of Italian companies
Authors: Leopizzi Rossella , Iazzi Antonio , Venturelli Andrea , Principale Salvatore
Published: July 2019

This research represents a preliminary analysis of the nonfinancial risk disclosure and the first after the introduction of the European directive. Using a content analysis, the level of nonfinancial risk disclosure after the introduction of the Directive 2014/95/EU on nonfinancial information has been investigated. Moreover, in order to understand the effectiveness of nonfinancial risk management, the outlook orientation (past, present, and future) and the approach to risk (positive, negative, and neutral) have been examined. The results show how the level of nonfinancial risk disclosure in Italian companies is better than before the introduction of the directive and also still based on the past and present perspective, rather than the future one.
Ti‐rich TiO2 Tubular Nanolettuces by Electrochemical Anodization for All‐Solid‐State High‐Rate Supercapacitor Devices
Authors: Qorbani Mohammad , Khajehdehi Omid , Sabbah Amr , Naseri Naimeh
Published: July 2019

Supercapacitors store charge by ion adsorption or fast redox reactions on the surface of porous materials. One of the bottlenecks in this field is the development of biocompatible and high‐rate supercapacitor devices by scalable fabrication processes. Herein, a Ti‐rich anatase TiO2 material that addresses the above‐mentioned challenges is reported. Tubular nanolettuces were fabricated by a cost‐effective and fast anodization process of Ti foil. They attained a large potential window of 2.5 V in a neutral electrolyte owing to the high activation energy for water splitting of the (1 0 1) facet. Aqueous and all‐solid‐state devices showed diffusion time constants of 46 and 1700 ms, as well as high maximum energy (power) densities of 0.844 (0.858) and 0.338 μWh cm−2 (0.925 mW cm−2), respectively. The all‐solid‐state device showed ultrahigh stability of 96 % in capacitance retention after 20 000 galvanostatic charge/discharge cycles. These results open an avenue to fabricate biochemically inert supercapacitor devices.
Comparative analysis and application of LBP face image recognition algorithms
Authors: Wu Ling , Liu Sheng
Published: July 2019

As a branch of biometrics, face recognition focuses on face features and approaches to distinguishing different individuals through recognizing their faces by virtue of the uniqueness of each face. Face recognition technology using image set, and single image is the main application technology at present. Although the face recognition technology using a single image is relatively mature, it also has some shortcomings. In this paper, Honda/USCD video database is used to compare and analyze the two technologies, and the recognition accuracy of face recognition method based on local binary pattern (LBP) is tested. The results show that the face recognition technology using image sets has better recognition accuracy and can be better applied intelligent shopping, access control system, vehicle access system, intelligent security, identity recognition.
Developmental control of convergent floral pigmentation across evolutionary timescales
Authors: Larter Maximilian , Dunbar‐Wallis Amy , Berardi Andrea E. , Smith Stacey D.
Published: July 2019

Background

Convergent phenotypic evolution has been widely documented across timescales, from populations, to species, to major lineages. The extent to which convergent phenotypes arise from convergent genetic and developmental mechanisms remains an open question, although studies to‐date reveal examples of both similar and different underlying mechanisms. This variation likely relates to a range of factors, including the genetic architecture of the trait and selective filtering of mutations over time. Here we focus on floral pigmentation, and examine the degree of developmental convergence between white‐flowered lineages and white morphs within pigmented species.

Results

Using the model clade Iochrominae, we find that white morphs and white‐flowered species are biochemically convergent, sharing an absence of colorful anthocyanin pigments. Regression analyses suggest that the expression levels of upstream genes are the strongest drivers of total pigmentation across species, although white species also show sharp down‐regulation of the downstream genes. The white morphs do not share this pattern and present overall expression profiles more similar to the pigmented species.

Conclusions

These results suggest that the mechanisms underlying variation within populations differ from those which give rise to fixed differences between species. Future work will aim to uncover the genetic changes responsible for this developmental non‐convergence.
Intermolecular Followed by Intramolecular Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Arylation for the Synthesis of π‐Extended Aromatic Compounds Containing One or Two Heteroelements
Authors: Bouzayani Bilel , Ben Salem Ridha , Soulé Jean‐François , Doucet Henri
Published: July 2019

Herein, we report that palladium‐catalyzed C‐H bond activation can overcome some of the challenges in the preparation of π‐extended aromatics containing one or two heteroelements, which are important structures in organic materials science. The sequential palladium‐catalyzed intermolecular direct C5‐arylation of heteroarenes by aryl bromides, followed by bromination of the heteroarene unit with N‐bromosuccinimide, and finally palladium‐catalyzed intramolecular direct arylation allowed the synthesis of the desired phenanthro[9,10‐b]thiophenes, phenanthro[9,10‐b]furans, phenanthro[9,10‐b]thiazoles, acenaphtho[1,2‐d]thiophenes, and acenaphtho[1,2‐d]thiazoles in only three steps.
Sequentially Pd/Cu‐Catalyzed Alkynylation‐Oxidation Synthesis of 1,2‐Diketones and Consecutive One‐Pot Generation of Quinoxalines
Authors: Niesobski Patrik , Martínez Ivette Santana , Kustosz Sebastian , Müller Thomas J. J.
Published: July 2019

We report a simple and efficient one‐pot synthesis of 1,2‐diketones by concatenation of two Pd/Cu‐catalyzed processes: Pd0/CuI‐catalyzed Sonogashira coupling of terminal alkynes with aryl (pseudo)halides furnishes internal alkynes, which are directly transformed by PdII/CuII‐catalyzed Wacker‐type oxidation with DMSO and oxygen as dual oxidants to furnish 1,2‐diketones. With this efficient, catalyst economical process, various aryl iodides and triflates are efficiently transformed in high yields into symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted 1,2‐diketones with various functional groups. This process can be readily extended to a consecutive one‐pot synthesis of quinoxalines in a diversity‐oriented fashion.
Chemical characterization of leaves and calli extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis by UHPLC‐MS
Authors: Pérez‐Mendoza Martha Berenice , Llorens‐Escobar Laura , Vanegas‐Espinoza Pablo Emilio , Cifuentes Alejandro , Ibáñez Elena , Villar‐Martínez Alma Angélica Del
Published: July 2019

Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) is an aromatic plant widely popular mainly due to its uses in traditional medicine as an anti‐inflammatory, diuretic and antimicrobial, as well as in the prevention and treatment of diseases. These biological activities are mainly related to the presence of phenolic and terpenic compounds. This work reports a chemical profile analysis of extracts from leaves and calli of rosemary obtained by both pressurized liquid extraction and maceration. Chemical profiles were determined on calli extracts of 3, 6, 9, and 15 days of culture; chemical characterization and quantification of compounds was carried out using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. A total of 53 metabolites were identified in callus and 47 compounds in leaf extracts, of which 25 correspond to phenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids and flavones, 13 terpenes that include phenolic terpenes and one diterpenolactone, two glycosides which correspond to 6‐O‐caffeoyl‐β‐D‐fructofuranosil‐(2→1)‐α‐D‐glucopyranoside and primulaverin, an aromatic compound identified as fenantrenone and a growth regulator 12‐hydroxy jasmonic acid. These results showed that undifferentiated rosemary cells accumulate the same compounds identified mainly in highly specialized tissues such as leaves. The plant cell culture supply the possibility of developing biotechnological processes to obtain compounds of commercial interest.
Spatio‐Temporal data fusion for massive sea surface temperature data from MODIS and AMSR‐E instruments
Authors: Ma Pulong , Kang Emily L.
Published: July 2019

Remote sensing data have been widely used to study various geophysical processes. With the advances in remote sensing technology, massive amount of remote sensing data are collected in space over time. Different satellite instruments typically have different footprints, measurement‐error characteristics, and data coverages. To combine data sets from different satellite instruments, we propose a dynamic fused Gaussian process (DFGP) model that enables fast statistical inference such as filtering and smoothing for massive spatio‐temporal data sets in a data‐fusion context. Based upon a spatio‐temporal‐random‐effect model, the DFGP methodology represents the underlying true process with two components: a linear combination of a small number of basis functions and random coefficients with a general covariance matrix, together with a linear combination of a large number of basis functions and Markov random coefficients. To model the underlying geophysical process at different spatial resolutions, we rely on the change‐of‐support property, which also allows efficient computations in the DFGP model. To estimate model parameters, we devise a computationally efficient stochastic expectation‐maximization algorithm to ensure its scalability for massive data sets. The DFGP model is applied to a total of 3.7 million sea surface temperature data sets in the tropical Pacific Ocean for a one‐week time period in 2010 from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer‐Earth Observing System (AMSR‐E) instruments.
Understanding the CO2 sorption mechanisms of the MgO‐doped Na‐based sorbent at low temperatures
Authors: Xu Zhikang , Wu Ye , Cai Tianyi , Chen Xiaoping , Ma Jiliang , Liu Daoyin
Published: July 2019

Using a solid Na‐based sorbent is one potential option to decrease CO2 emission in coal‐fired power plants, and the CO2 sorption reactivity of Na2CO3/γ‐Al2O3 sorbent was improved by mechanically doping MgO into Na2CO3/γ‐Al2O3 in our previous study while the mechanism was not clear. In this paper, the CO2 sorption/desorption mechanisms of the promising MgO‐doped Na‐based sorbent prepared by the two‐step incipient wetness impregnation method were studied using a fixed‐bed reactor, together with characterizations of X‐ray fluorescence, nitrogen adsorption apparatus, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (TG‐FTIR). Also, the sorption behaviors were well described with Avrami's fractional‐order kinetic model. Results demonstrated that MgO not only dispersed on γ‐Al2O3 but entered γ‐Al2O3’s lattice, leading to the formation of Mg‐Al mixed oxides for CO2 sorption. In addition, a new phase Mg6Al2CO3(OH)16·4H2O was produced during the CO2 sorption process, which plays a crucial role in facilitating the conversion of Na2CO3 to NaHCO3. The CO2 sorption capacity of MgO‐doped Na‐based sorbents is presumably determined by the trade‐off between microstructure and active component dispersion. The knowledge gained about the promotion mechanism of MgO provides fundamental direction for the synthesis of Mg–Al mixed oxides, supported with the developed microstructure for CO2 sorption enhancement of Na‐based sorbents. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon sequestration of cropland and paddy soils in China: potential, driving factors, and mechanisms
Authors: Tang Haiying , Liu Ying , Li Xinmei , Muhammad Aamer , Huang Guoqin
Published: July 2019

The environmental problems caused by global warming have attracted close attention of governments and scientists all over the world. As the source and sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide, cropland soil plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. Paddy soil is a major component of global cropland, and there is growing research on its carbon sequestration potential. Based on the dynamic characteristics of soil carbon sequestration in cropland, this paper reviews and synthesizes the process and mechanism of soil carbon sequestration in cropland, discusses the driving factors of soil carbon sequestration in cropland from the perspective of crop management practices, and emphatically discusses the knowledge of soil carbon sequestration potential in paddy fields in China. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The organic carbon content of cropland soil in China is obviously lower than the global average, and the current sequestration rate of paddy soil in China is obviously lower than the potential sequestration rate, which has great potential for carbon sequestration. Since the mid‐1980s, China's agricultural soil organic carbon (SOC) has been gradually increasing, especially the carbon sink effect of rice soil in southern China. (2) Soil and crop management practices such as conservation agriculture, irrigation, integrated nutrition management, straw returning, and crop rotation can improve input efficiency, increase SOC content in the soil carbon pool, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. (3) The research on SOC fixation mechanism has entered the micro level of soil particles. The chemical protection mechanism of clay, the physical protection mechanism of aggregates, and the biological mechanism interact and influence each other. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Demonstration of the newly developed MTEM systems for gold detection in China
Authors: Di Qingyun , Xue Guoqiang , Lei Da , Wang Zhongxin , Li Hai , Olalekan Fayemi
Published: July 2019

Previously, the multi‐channel transient electromagnetic (MTEM) system has been successfully developed and applied to hydrocarbon reservoirs exploration on land and offshore environments in France. In order to explore the mineral resources buried at the depths up to 2,000 m in China, we developed a new MTEM system. In this paper, we present the components of the system, methods, principles, the parameters of the system, and the data interpretation method. To validate the effectiveness of the methodology and the developed system, we carried out an MTEM survey to locate the controlling faults of a gold deposit in the east of China. The survey contains 30 receivers distributed over 12‐km survey. By comparing the MTEM interpretation results with the known geological background, we find that MTEM methods can provide a good estimation of the ore‐controlling faults and this method could be a potential tool for the future deep mineral exploration.
Geochemical characteristics of siliceous rocks of Wufeng Formation in the Late Ordovician, South China: Assessing provenance, depositional environment, and formation model
Authors: Men Xin , Mou Chuanlong , Ge Xiangying , Wang Yuanchong
Published: July 2019

During the Late Ordovician, abundant siliceous rocks interlayered with K‐bentonites were widely distributed in the Wufeng Formation in the north‐western part of the Sichuan Basin, South China. In order to analyse the material provenance, redox condition, sedimentary environment, and their formation, here we present mineralogical and geochemical investigations on siliceous rocks samples collected from three sections. The presence of massive radiolarian tests, high Si/Si + Al + Fe + Ca ratios (0.87–0.99) and Al–Fe–Mn diagram plotting at nonhydrothermal area, reflects that the deposition of the siliceous rocks was simultaneous, effected by biogenic and terrigenous origin. The TiO2–Zr, La/Th–Hf, and La/Yb‐∑REE bivariate diagrams indicate that the provenance of Late Ordovician siliceous rocks was primarily from felsic igneous rocks. According to the palaeoredox indicators (V/(V + Ni), V/Cr, V/Sc, U/Th, and Ni/Co) and the size of framboidal pyrite, it is considered that the water column conditions of the Late Ordovician siliceous rocks were likely to be anoxic in all three sections. The application of parameters for relatively immobile elements allowed us to establish a continental margin for most samples from the three sections. Finally, we propose that the deposition of siliceous rocks was related to the accretion of the Cathaysia Block to the Yangtze Block. During the Late Ordovician, huge amounts of volcanic ash were released by intensified volcanic eruptions and fell into the ocean, triggering the proliferation of radiolarians. The abundant radiolarians and the persistent continental detritus constituted the major components of siliceous rocks in the Upper Yangtze Block.
Heritable Genome Editing in a Global Context: National and International Policy Challenges
Authors: Rosemann Achim , Balen Adam , Nerlich Brigitte , Hauskeller Christine , Sleeboom‐Faulkner Margaret , Hartley Sarah , Zhang Xinqing , Lee Nick
Published: July 2019

A central problem for the international governance of heritable germline gene editing is that there are important differences in attitudes and values as well as ethical and health care considerations around the world. These differences are reflected in a complicated and diverse regulatory landscape. Several publications have discussed whether reproductive uses would be legally permissible in individual countries and whether clinical applications could emerge in the context of regulatory gaps and gray areas. Systematic comparative studies that explore issues related to the governance of this technology from different national and international perspectives are needed to address the lack of knowledge in this area. In this research report, we contribute to filling this gap by presenting views of stakeholders in the United Kingdom on challenges to the governance of heritable genome editing. We present findings from a multistakeholder study conducted in the United Kingdom between October 2016 and January 2018 and funded by the Wellcome Trust. This research included interviews, literature analysis, and a workshop. We involved leading U.K. scientists, in vitro fertilization clinicians, and representatives from regulatory bodies, patient organizations, and other civil societal organizations, as well as fertility companies. Part one of this article explores stakeholder perceptions of possible global developments in heritable genome editing and associated risks and governance challenges. Part two presents a range of policy options that were generated during the workshop in relation to the challenges discussed in part one.
Genomic Essentialism: Its Provenance and Trajectory as an Anticipatory Ethical Concern
Authors: Sabatello Maya , Juengst Eric
Published: July 2019

Since the inception of large‐scale human genome research, there has been much caution about the risks of exacerbating a number of socially dangerous attitudes linked to human genetics. These attitudes are usually labeled with one of a family of genetic or genomic “isms” or “ations” such as “genetic essentialism,” “genetic determinism,” “genetic reductionism,” “geneticization,” “genetic stigmatization,” and “genetic discrimination.” The psychosocial processes these terms refer to are taken to exacerbate several ills that are similarly labeled, from medical racism and psychological fatalism to economic exploitation and social exclusion. But as genomic information becomes more familiar in clinical and research settings as well as other life activities, do we need to continue to worry so much about this family of attitudes and their impact on existing problems?

In genomics, the underlying anxiety has been that disclosure of genomic information will trigger a series of (seemingly unavoidable) negative responses that will affect individuals, their families, and their communities at large. The fundamental social challenges that hyperbolic genomic messaging, low genomic literacy, and “folk biology” help sustain remain to be addressed. If we hope to break the cycle of genomic isms and ations, we will have to get better at resisting overinterpretations of the relevance that genomics has for people’s future potentials, ancestral vulnerabilities, community memberships, and ethnic affiliations.
What Is the Psychosocial Impact of Providing Genetic and Genomic Health Information to Individuals? An Overview of Systematic Reviews
Authors: Wade Christopher H.
Published: July 2019

Optimistic predictions that genetic and genomic testing will provide health benefits have been tempered by the concern that individuals who receive their results may experience negative psychosocial outcomes. This potential ethical and clinical concern has prompted extensive conversations between policy‐makers, health researchers, ethicists, and the general public. Fortunately, the psychosocial consequences of such testing are subject to empirical investigation, and over the past quarter century, research that clarifies some of the types, likelihood, and severity of potential harms from learning the results of the testing has accumulated. I aim to provide an overview of the findings of this research by looking at selected systematic reviews. This will convey the gist of the literature’s quality and coverage, reveal gaps in existing knowledge, and highlight promising areas for future scholarship.
Beecher Reconsidered
Authors: Moreno Jonathan D.
Published: July 2019

In 1962, Harvard professor of anesthesiology Henry Beecher wrote to Senator Estes Kefauver about certain additions to the federal Food and Drug Act then being considered. According to The Antibiotic Era, the Maryland congressman Samuel Friedel had introduced language that would require informed consent in clinical research. Beecher joined a number of other distinguished medical scientists warning that such a requirement would “cripple” American medical research. A year before, Beecher had protested the U.S. Army's inclusion of the Nuremberg Code in its contracts. Beecher's commitment to a medical ethics of virtue rather than one of oversight suggests that he was a far more interesting person than the cardboard cutout so often vaguely referenced in bioethics as an icon of the rights of human subjects. His thinking about research ethics was rooted in his post‐World War II laboratory work with LSD.
The role of CIP2A as a therapeutic target of rapamycin in radioresistant head and neck cancer with TP53 mutation
Authors: Kim Song Hee , Lee Won Hyeok , Seong Daseul , An Jae Hee , Je Hyoung Uk , Nam Hae Yun , Kim Sang Yoon , Kim Seong Who , Han Myung Woul
Published: July 2019

Background

CIP2A may activate multiple oncogenic proteins and promote the proliferation of various cancer cells.

Methods

We investigated that the role of CIP2A in radioresistant head and neck cancer (HNC) cell line with TP53 mutation and the effect of the rapamycin on the response of HN31 with TP53 mutation cells to irradiation related to CIP2A expression.

Results

CIP2A expression was stimulated by p53 mutation and critical for the inhibition of senescence induction in response to radiation. The treatment with radiation alone neither induced cytotoxicity in HN31 cells nor completely suppressed the activation of CIP2A. However, the combination of radiation and rapamycin increase the radiosensitivity through the induction of senescence with downregulation of CIP2A expression both in vivo and in vitro.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that CIP2A may serve as a therapeutic target of rapamycin through induction of senescence in radioresistant HNC with TP53 mutation.
Modeling leverage and long memory in volatility in a pure‐jump process
Authors: Hsieh Meng‐Chen , Hurvich Clifford , Soulier Philippe
Published: July 2019

We propose a model for log asset prices in which the underlying transactions and price changes are governed by a marked Cox process. We derive tractable analytical expressions for the autocovariances of the returns, the squared returns, and the covariance of current returns and subsequent squared returns measured at fixed calendar‐time frequency. We further prove that statistical properties of the derived return process match the stylized facts observed in empirical financial data such as short memory in returns, long memory in the counts (number of trades), long memory in the realized variance, and the leverage effect. Finally, we provide procedures for estimating the model parameters based on the transaction‐level data for a special case of our model.
Teacher perceptions of sun protection practices in the secondary school setting: Barriers, enablers and recommendations for future
Authors: Nicholson Anna K. , Hill Jane , Walker Heather , Heward Sue , Dobbinson Suzanne
Published: July 2019

Objective

This qualitative study aimed to explore sun protection barriers and enablers in secondary schools in Victoria.

Methods

Five focus groups were conducted with nominated Health or Physical Education (PE) Coordinators (or other staff representatives) from schools in metropolitan and regional Victoria. Discussions were audio‐recorded, transcribed and coded thematically.

Results

Participants identified the need for regulatory influences that included minimum standards for sun protection policy, training and shade in the built environment. Participants perceived that sun protection is not always acknowledged to be a duty of care in secondary schools. A crowded health and well‐being curriculum, a focus on fostering independence, and challenges overcoming peer norms were perceived to be important contextual influences. At an organisational level, strong leadership and a united approach among staff were identified as critical ingredients for successful policy implementation and organisational change. Several potentially effective strategies were proposed, including increased shade, leveraging from student leaders, normalising sun protection practices and prioritising staff role modelling.

Conclusions

A cultural shift is required for many schools to accept and act on sun protection as a duty of care. A comprehensive approach that includes regulatory action, healthy school policies and leading by example may help protect students and staff from harmful UV exposure during school hours.

So what?

Without regulatory support, strong leadership is required to implement and enforce sun protection practices within schools. Health promotion programs could assist schools to trial and evaluate the sun protection strategies that involve student‐led solutions, role modelling and increasing shade.
Using a guest‐ and confederate‐delivered token economy to increase employee–guest interactions at a zoo
Authors: Vergason Cassie M. , Gravina Nicole E.
Published: July 2019

The present study used a token economy to promote guest greetings by employees at a zoological facility. Guests and confederate guests delivered tokens to zoo employees for making eye contact from 10 ft (3.05 m) away and verbally greeting guests from 5 ft (1.52 m) away (called a 10–5 interaction) and the tokens were exchangeable for small prizes. An ABAB design was used to evaluate the intervention. Results showed increases of 35.3 and 45.0% in correct employee–guest interactions in each intervention phase compared to baseline, thus suggesting that a guest‐delivered token economy is an effective way to improve guest greetings. Limitations of the current study and opportunities for future research are discussed.
Sonochemical coating as an effective method of polymeric nonwovens functionalization
Authors: Kołbuk Dorota , Urbanek Olga , Denis Piotr , Choińska Emilia
Published: July 2019

A surface of polymeric nonwovens may be coated with various types of nanoparticles for medical applications, filtration, and so forth. However, quite often methods used for surface modification are difficult to scale up or are not applicable for polymers. In this article, we present one‐step process enabling nonwovens functionalization. Poly(l‐lactide‐co‐glicolide) (PLGA) nonwovens were prepared by electrospinning process and coated with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAp) using ultrasonic processing. The effect of the process was evaluated with various techniques. HAp layer was successfully attached without loss of structural properties of HAp or PLGA nonwovens. The analysis confirmed the decrease of hydrophobicity of coated nonwoven, as well as its biocompatibility, making this material valuable from the perspective of medical applications. The sonochemical functionalization of polymeric nonwovens may be considered as an effective and economic method, enhancing surface properties of electrospun nonwovens for various applications.
Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection With Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate–Containing Antiretrovirals Maintains Low Bone Formation Rate, But Increases Osteoid Volume on Bone Histomorphometry
Authors: Ramalho Janaina , Martins Carolina Steller Wagner , Galvão Juliana , Furukawa Luzia N , Domingues Wagner V , Oliveira Ivone B , dos Reis Luciene M , Pereira Rosa MR , Nickolas Thomas L , Yin Michael T , Eira Margareth , Jorgetti Vanda , Moyses Rosa MA
Published: July 2019

Bone mineral density (BMD) loss is a known complication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and its treatment, particularly with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-containing antiretroviral regimens. Although renal proximal tubular dysfunction and phosphaturia is common with TDF, it is unknown whether BMD loss results from inadequate mineralization. We evaluated change in BMD by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and bone histomorphometry by tetracycline double-labeled transiliac crest biopsies in young men living with HIV before (n = 20) and 12 months after (n = 16) initiating TDF/lamivudine/efavirenz. We examined relationships between calciotropic hormones, urinary phosphate excretion, pro-inflammatory and pro-resorptive cytokines, and bone remodeling-related proteins with changes in BMD and histomorphometry. Mean age was 29.6 ± 5.5 years, with mean CD4 + T cell count of 473 ± 196 cells/mm3. At baseline, decreased bone formation rate and increased mineralization lag time were identified in 16 (80%) and 12 (60%) patients, respectively. After 12 months, we detected a 2% to 3% decrease in lumbar spine and hip BMD by DXA. By histomorphometry, we observed no change in bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) and trabecular parameters, but rather, increases in cortical thickness, osteoid volume, and osteoblast and osteoclast surfaces. We did not observe significant worsening of renal phosphate excretion or mineralization parameters. Increases in PTH correlated with decreased BMD but not histomorphometric parameters. Overall, these data suggest abnormalities in bone formation and mineralization occur with HIV infection and are evident at early stages. With TDF-containing antiretroviral therapy (ART), there is an increase in bone remodeling, reflected by increased osteoblast and osteoclast surfaces, but a persistence in mineralization defect, resulting in increased osteoid volume. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.