bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Redefining a Model
Authors: Hodges Thomas
Published: November 2020

Ask students to represent thirds using a circular model, and they probably will come up with a picture similar to that shown in figure 1b. For students to use the traditional representation involving radial cuts, they often must be given directions—an approach that runs counter to the way children are known to learn best with models (Ball 1992). However, is there value (beyond a wrong answer and a talking point) in the students' intuitive model? Clearly, there is a correct way to model one-third using a circle without making radial cuts, but how might this be accomplished?
Delving Deeper: The Jug Problem Reloaded
Authors: Yoshinobu Stan , Wilkins John
Published: November 2020

For many years now, we have used the classic Jug problem in our courses on problem solving: You are given a 3-gallon jug and a 5-gallon jug. Using only the jugs and no measuring devices, determine a way to measure 4 gallons of liquid.
Making the Most of Mathematical Discussions
Authors: Staples Megan , Colonis Melissa M.
Published: November 2020

The importance of mathematical discourse and its connection to developing conceptual understanding, communication, and reasoning is well documented throughout NCTM's Principles and Standards for School Mathematics (2000). For example, NCTM's Learning Principle emphasizes the role of discourse in supporting student learning, noting that “classroom discourse and social interaction can be used to promote the recognition of connections among ideas and the reorganization of knowledge (Lampert 1986)” (NCTM 2000, p. 21). The skillful facilitation of discussions is something both novice and experienced teachers find challenging. Most teachers can recall a well-planned lesson that did not unfold as expected. From this article, we hope readers gain insight into planning mathematically focused, collaborative discussions. We illuminate three key aspects of the pedagogy of teachers who were successful in consistently organizing whole-class discussions. These teachers created learning environments aligned with NCTM's vision of good practice, where students were given conceptually demanding tasks, worked together to develop ideas, and consistently were asked to make sense of mathematics.
Media Clips: Freshman Survey; Meter Math
Authors: Hoover Eric
Published: November 2020

Two out of three college freshmen say it is essential or very important to help others who are in difficulty, the highest percentage in a quarter century. A record number—83 percent—say they volunteered at least occasionally during their senior year of high school.
Secret Snowflake: Analysis of a Holiday Gift Exchange
Authors: Turton Roger W.
Published: November 2020

Like many other institutions, the school where I teach hosts a gift exchange program at the start of the winter holiday season. Students, faculty, and staff who wish to participate place their names in a container. Then, one at a time, each draws the name of the person to whom he or she will be randomly matched. During the course of the next few days, the person who draws the name acts as the Secret Snowflake for the person whose name was drawn. Daily the former provides the latter with small gifts, encouraging messages, and anonymous acts of kindness. Often, these are accompanied by carefully worded hints or clues to the Secret Snowflake's identity. On the last day of school before the holiday break, the Secret Snowflakes reveal themselves at a public event.
The Spirit of Discovery: The Digital Roots of Integers
Authors: Milou Eric , Schiffman Jay
Published: November 2020

In many mathematics classes, students are asked to learn via the discovery method, in the hope that the intrinsic beauty of mathematics becomes more accessible and that making conjectures, forming hypotheses, and analyzing patterns will help them compute fluently and solve problems creatively and resourcefully (NCTM 2000). The activity discussed in this article was conducted with a group of preservice and inservice teachers, and the objectives included examining patterns, making conjectures, and using data analysis to construct scatter plots and tables, all in the spirit of discovering mathematics. This activity is based on a concept called the multiplicative digital root of an integer (Sloane 1973). Here we take the term integers, unless otherwise qualified, to mean positive integers.
Connecting Students' Informal Language to More Formal Definitions
Authors: Davis Jon D.
Published: November 2020

How student-generated terminology for the y-intercept evolved within one Standards-based classroom. It also discusses the teacher's role in this evolution as well as students' understanding of this terminology within different function representations, and it presents ways teachers can help students develop mathematically precise definitions. The article is a description of a qualitative research project including video tapes, transcriptions, and student artifacts.
Reading Texts and Writing Problems to Improve Problem Solving
Authors: Vacaretu Ariana Stanca P.
Published: November 2020

Lessons for helping students translate the grammar and structure of application problems into math operations. Two instructional activities carried out in a ninth-grade Romanian classroom are described and a number of reading and writing strategies suggested that can be used to assist students in understanding and solving mathematics problems.
Beyond Teachers' Sight Lines: Using Video Modeling to Examine Peer Discourse
Authors: Kotsopoulos Donna
Published: November 2020

The author describes her work in mathematics education discourse between student and peer and student and teacher. This article introduces readers to various examples of discourse analysis in mathematics education. Highlighted is interactional sociolinguistics, used in a present study to investigate peer discourse in a middle-school setting. Key findings from this study include the benefits of video modeling as a mechanism for fostering inclusive peer group work and the usefulness of video modeling as a tool for assessing peer communication. Implications for low performing students are discussed.
Sound Off!: How Estelle Failed Lunch Duty
Authors: Unruhe Steven W.
Published: November 2020

My colleague of sixteen years, Estelle Clark, missed serving lunch duty on Monday last week. She said something about selling yearbooks. Doesn't matter. I gave her a zero.
Using Technology to Promote Mathematical Discourse Concerning Women in Mathematics
Authors: Phy Lyn
Published: November 2020

As mathematics teachers, we are fortunate to have a wide variety of textbooks available for almost any area of mathematics taught in the typical K–16 curriculum. This past year, however, I found myself delving into the topic of women in mathematics, a subject not covered in any suitable textbook. Rather than trying to use multiple books, I examined types of mathematical discourse that would enable my students to learn and communicate the course material despite the lack of a formal textbook. In this article, I will discuss my use of cooperative groups, the course management system Blackboard, and the Internet to foster communication and meaningful mathematical discourse.
Media Clips: Ansel's Law and Who's Bipartisan?
Authors: Dillery D. Scott
Published: November 2020

If you've ever tried to take a family portrait, you know about Ansel's Law: the odds of somebody's eyes being closed increase geometrically with the number of people in the group.
Connecting Research to Teaching: Graphing Functions
Authors: Pilipczuk Cindy
Published: November 2020

Resolving Students' Misconceptions by Using “Messy” Data and Calculator-Based Laboratory Activities
Activities for Students: Applying Secant Lines and Tangent Lines for the Optimal Placement of Range Lights
Authors: Jones Michael A. , Abi-Hanna Rabab , Krott Kenneth
Published: November 2020

Range lights are pairs of lighthouses on bays, rivers, and other waterways that guide boats safely along a linear path, called the range line. Because lighthouses are expensive to build, operate, and maintain, it is reasonable to minimize the number of lighthouses in use by ensuring that the range lines are as long as possible. The portion of a river that is deep enough for boat traffic is referred to as the river's channel. The channel is dredged often to ensure an appropriate depth for safe passage of boats. To keep a boat in a channel bounded by the curves y = f(x) and y = f(x) + h, the optimally long range lines are the secant or tangent lines to the two curves. For example, a boat traveling from left to right on the river shown in figure 1 should stay in the shaded channel.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Towards Exclusive Breast Feeding Among Inhabitants of Ginjo Guduru Kebele, Jimma Town, Oromia Region, Ethiopia
Authors: Gebresenbet Habtamu
Published: November 2020

Appropriate feeding practices are fundamental importance for the survival, growth, development and health of the infant and young children. However; exclusive breastfeeding remains a challenge because of many factors. It was suggested that mother's knowledge, attitude and practice determines the effectiveness of exclusive breastfeeding. This research is a cross-sectional study aimed to assesses mother's knowledge, attitude and practice towards optimal breastfeeding among Ginjo Guduru kebele. The survey was conducted from June 29-July30, 2018, from a total of 315 mothers who had children under one (1) year age, 190 mothers were selected using simple random sampling. Structured pre-tested questionnaires, as well as the in-depth interview, was used to collect the data on the socio-economic, demographic characteristics, knowledge attitude and practice towards exclusive breastfeeding. Among mothers studied about 73.94% had good knowledge of effective breastfeeding, 63.99% of mothers had a positive attitude on effective breastfeeding, and 69.69% had a good practice of effective breastfeeding. About 24.06% of mothers had poor knowledge of effective breastfeeding, approximately 36.11% of mothers had a poor level of attitude on effective breastfeeding, and about 31.31% of mothers had a poor practice of effective breastfeeding. Health service delivery staffs Policymakers, administrators and Non-governmental organisation collaborates to draw strategies to enhance the awareness of mothers about effective breastfeeding.
Source Base of Virtual Historical Reconstructions of Historical and Cultural Heritage Objects: Problem Setting
Authors: Yumasheva Yulia Yurijevna
Published: November 2020

Virtual historical reconstructions being an actively developing branch of historical information science are characterized by a peculiar approach to source base formation and study. New complexes of sources used pose several methodological problems of source studies. The first one is the place of scientific and technical documents in classical classifications of source studies. The second one is the place of documents which were created electronically or digitized in source studies classifications. The third problem is the consideration of complex source studies methods (analysis and synthesis) in relation to specific features of different source types and their informational capabilities used to solve virtual historical reconstruction problems.  The author proposes original solutions to the indicated problems based on the analysis of classification schemes of source studies existing in Russian historiography as well as the basic principles of identifying the types of historical sources proposed by L.N. Pushkareva, I.D. Kovalchenko, S.O. Sсhmidt, O.M. Medushevskaya, etc. She also specifies electronic documents (both digitized and initially electronic ones) within the framework of studying the possibilities to "embed" electronic documents into existing classifications of source studies as well as formulates new approaches to the methodology of source analysis highlighting a new stage in the development of source criticism: multidisciplinary source studies.
Virtual Reconstruction of Olgovo Manor near Moscow: Research Sources, Methods and Technologies
Authors: Sorokina Kseniia
Published: November 2020

Each year the problem of historical and cultural heritage preservation becomes more piercing as an increasing number of monuments are gradually ruined. Manors once being a special cultural phenomenon of the social history of our country are no exception. The article analyzes the complex of sources with sufficient information value for creating a virtual 3D-reconstruction of the main house and elements of Olgovo manor complex near Moscow in the late 19th - early 20th centuries as well as scrutinizes the sources and papers to study the history of Olgovo and its owners (17th - 20th centuries). The reconstruction of the main house and the elements of Olgovo manor complex allows the author to visualize the appearance of the currently ruined cultural heritage monument and demonstrate the practice of applying methods of three-dimensional computer modeling to historical research by the example of manor reconstructions. The author describes the use of modern software (Adobe Photoshop CS6, SketchUp and Twinmotion) to solve the goals set. The research was carried out within the project of the Historical Information Science Department of Moscow State University aimed at reconstructing virtual appearance of Moscow Oblast manors in close cooperation with the Central State Archive of Moscow Oblast.
The easternmost occurrence ofMammut pacificus(Proboscidea: Mammutidae), based on a partial skull from eastern Montana, USA
Authors: McDonald Andrew T. , Atwater Amy L. , Dooley Jr Alton C. , Hohman Charlotte J.H.
Published: November 2020

Mammut pacificusis a recently described species of mastodon from the Pleistocene of California and Idaho. We report the easternmost occurrence of this taxon based upon the palate with right and left M3 of an adult male from the Irvingtonian of eastern Montana. The undamaged right M3 exhibits the extreme narrowness that characterizesM.pacificusrather thanM.americanum. The Montana specimen dates to an interglacial interval between pre-Illinoian and Illinoian glaciation, perhaps indicating thatM.pacificuswas extirpated in the region due to habitat shifts associated with glacial encroachment.
Nitrogen fertilization affects maize grain yield through regulating nitrogen uptake, radiation and water use efficiency, photosynthesis and root distribution
Authors: Su Wennan , Ahmad Shakeel , Ahmad Irshad , Han Qingfang
Published: November 2020

High external nitrogen (N) inputs can maximize maize yield but can cause a subsequent reduction in N use efficiency (NUE). Thus, it is necessary to identify the minimum effective N fertilizer input that does not affect maize grain yield (GY) and to investigate the photosynthetic and root system consequences of this optimal dose. We conducted a 4-year field experiment from 2014 to 2017 with four N application rates: 300 (N300), 225 (N225), 150 (N150), and 0 Kg ha−1 (N0) in the Northwest of China. GY was assessed by measuring the photosynthetic capacity and root system (root volume, surface area, length density and distribution). Grain yield decreased by −3%, 7.7%, and 21.9% when the N application rates decreased by 25%, 50%, and 100% from 300 Kg ha−1. We found that yield reduction driven by N reduction was primarily due to decreased radiation use efficiency (RUE) and WUE instead of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation and evapotranspiration. In the N225 treatment, GY, WUE, and RUE were not significantly reduced, or in some cases, were greater than those of the N300 treatment. This pattern was also observed with relevant photosynthetic and root attributes (i.e., high net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and root weight, as well as deep root distribution). Our results suggest that application of N at 225 Kg ha−1 can increased yield by improving the RUE, WUE, and NUE in semi-arid regions.
Infertile Semen Bacterial Isolates and their Local Multiple Antibacterial Resistance Pattern in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Enwuru Christian Azubike , Iwalokun Bamidele , Enwuru Nkechi V , Ezechi Oliver
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Infertility affects about 15% of couples globally and male contributory factor accounts for 20-30% of such cases. Antibacterial treatment is recommended for infertility of bacterial aetiology. However, Multidrug Resistance (MDR) of the organisms could impair the effectiveness of such infertility treatment. Aim: The present study researched on the MDR pattern of bacteria from semen of infertile men in Lagos, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a controlled cross-sectional study, where in-vitro antibiotic sensitivity tests were conducted on consecutive bacterial isolates from prospective infertile and fertile semen control groups, using Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute’s (CLSI) interpretative criteria. Antibacterial resistance was expressed in % and semen quality of “before and after” treatment was compered using t-test, p-value <0.05, at 95% confidence interval. Results: A total of 174 (117 Gram positive and 55 Gram negative and 2 yeast-like cells) mainly Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichia coli were studied, between 2009 and 2014. The Gram-positive cocci showed low resistance to Cefoxitin (9.2%) and Fluoroquinolone (45.9%); while Penicillin showed the highest resistance (98.37%). Within organisms’ total resistance rates of 98.3% Amoxicillin (AMX), 89.7% Cloxacillin (CXC), 87.2% Nalidixic acid (NAL) and 83.7% Sulfonamide (Cotrimoxazole) (COT) were recorded. The most prevalent Gram negative isolate (E.coli), showed 100% resistance to AMX, 95.8% Erythromycin, 95.8% Streptomycin, 91.7% amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, 83.3% tetracycline and 83.3% NAL. The most prevalent Gram positive isolate (S. aureus) had resistance rates 97% for AMX, 92.6% NAL, and 91.2% CXC among others. All MDR strains had MICs ranging 4-256 mg/L to the panel of antibiotics tested. Conclusion: There is concurrence in the pattern of MDR in this study to those seen across the world; however, increasing rates were apparent, probably due to lack of effective control policies. There is need for drug surveillance and control in Nigeria.
Comparison of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Methods for Colistin against Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Southern India
Authors: Sarumathi D , Rajashekar Deepashree , Sastry Apurba Sankar
Published: November 2020

Introduction: The emergence of resistance to colistin urges the need for standardised invitro susceptibility testing methods for colistin, both for patient care and also for epidemiological purpose. Many challenges have been faced by clinical laboratories in performing and interpreting Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) methods for colistin. To overcome the challenges, a rapid and reliable method is required to carry out AST for colistin. Aim: To determine the degree of agreement and types of errors associated with various colistin antimicrobial susceptibility methods such as commercial Broth Microdilution (BMD) method (MIKROLATEST- Erba Mannheim colistin MIC kit) and in-house Rapid polymyxin NP test (named after P. Nordmann and L. Poirel) with the reference in-house BMD method. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital in southern India from July 2018 to July 2019. The isolates from Enterobacteriaceae family showing resistance to carbapenem were selected for the study. A total of 294 clinical isolates were collected and subjected to two test methods (Commercial BMD method and Rapid polymyxin NP test) and finally the comparative analytical study was done by comparing the results of the test methods with reference in-house BMD method. The statistical analysis was carried out with the help of Stata version 14 using kappa statistics. Results: Susceptibility results of 294 isolates included Escherichia coli (n=67), K.pneumoniae (n=195), Enterobacter spp. (n=23), Citrobacter spp. (n=9) were evaluated for three methods according to European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) published clinical breakpoints. Overall, categorical agreement of commercial BMD with reference in-house method was 91.1% with very major error 2.7% and major error 6.1% and essential agreement was 83.3%. With the Rapid polymyxin NP test, categorical agreement, sensitivity and specificity were 92.5%, 93.1% and 92.3% respectively. Conclusion: This study helps in introducing less laborious, faster and reliable susceptibility method for colistin. This will guide the clinicians in appropriate and judicious use of colistin so that mortality and morbidity will be reduced drastically.
Comparison of E-cadherin and CD56 Expression in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Non-Neoplastic Thyroid Lesions
Authors: Thomas Sumi , Surendran Divya , Augustine Joy
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas (PTC) are the most common among thyroid malignancies. The incidence of this tumour is rapidly increasing around the world. Kerala has the highest incidence of this tumour in India. Abnormalities in adhesion molecules, E-cadherin and CD56 have recently been implicated in thyroid tumourigenesis. Sometimes the diagnosis of PTC is difficult, as there are a good number of histological variants and some may be encapsulated. In such situations, evaluation of the expression of adhesion molecules like E-cadherin and CD56 are useful in accurate diagnosis. Aim: To study the Immunohistochemical Expression of E-cadherin and CD56 in PTC, its adjacent normal thyroid tissue and other non-neoplastic thyroid lesions. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive study conducted at Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thrissur from January 2018 to June 2019. Seventy six thyroidectomy specimens (38 each of PTC and Non-neoplastic lesions) were studied after satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Microscopic examination of the Haematoxylin and Eosin stained sections were done for selecting the representative tissue block to immunostain for E-cadherin and CD56. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square test and Fisher’s-exact tests. P-value of <0.05 was considered as significant. Results: E-cadherin expression was negative in 37 cases of PTC. Only two non-neoplastic lesions were negative for E-cadherin (p-value of 0.021). No significant correlation was observed between E-cadherin expression and poor prognostic factors (tumour diameter, multifocality, extrathyroidal extension and lymph node metastasis). All PTC cases showed negative CD56 expression. A total of 34 out of 38 Non-neoplastic cases showed positive CD56 staining (significant p value=0.011). In non-neoplastic lesions, E-cadherin and CD56 were preserved. CD56 showed highest specificity (100%). Conclusion: PTC was characterised by decreased or absent expression of E-cadherin as compared to the adjacent thyroid tissue. CD56 expression was uniformly negative in all the PTC cases. CD56 marker had highest specificity (100%). In follicular patterned thyroid lesions, CD56 as a single marker may be useful for identifying PTC from other thyroid lesions in daily practice. To conclude, CD56 negativity and E-cadherin loss can assist in decision making of difficult cases.
Comparison of Coagulation Profile in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Good Glycaemic Control and Poor Glycaemic Control
Authors: Sherin Binia , Ramamurthy Bhuvanamha Devi , Sudalaimuthu Muthu , Ganapathy Shivashekar
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a global health problem, characterised by high levels of glucose in blood with impairment of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Patients with DM have a high risk of developing atherothrombotic events. This leads to initiation and progression of microvascular and macrovascular complications. Aim: To compare the coagulation profile parameters in patients with Type 2 DM with good glycaemic control (Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) <7) and poor glycaemic control (HbA1c ≥7) and to evaluate the association of coagulation profile and glycaemic control in diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital of Southern India on 84 patients among which 42 were Type 2 Diabetics with good glycaemic control and 42 were Type 2 Diabetics with poor glycaemic control. Blood samples were collected from the individuals chosen for the study and analysed for coagulation profile including Bleeding Time, Platelet Count, Prothrombin Time (PT), activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT), fibrinogen and d-Dimer. Statistical analysis was done by unpaired student’s t-test using SPSS 21.0. Results: In the present study, it was observed that Bleeding Time, aPTT and fibrinogen concentration were increased (statistically significant, p<0.05) in Type 2 Diabetics with poor glycaemic control when compared with Type 2 Diabetics with good glycaemic control. No significant changes were noted in Platelet Count, PT and d-Dimer among the two study groups. Conclusion: The alteration in coagulation profile of Type 2 Diabetic people has shown that hyperglycaemia leads to abnormalities in the coagulation and Type 2 Diabetic patients with poor glycaemic control are at high risk for developing atherothrombotic and haemorrhagic events. So, evaluation of coagulation profile in diabetic patients may help the clinicians in early intervention to prevent the initiation of microvascular and macrovascular disease at the earliest.
Where do we Stand on the Molecular Diagnostics for the Detection of Human Papillomavirus? A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Ramesh Pushkal Sinduvadi , Krishnamurthy Sowmyashree , Shrestha Sunita , Devegowda Devananda
Published: November 2020

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection plays a vital role in the development of various cancers and imposes a burden on the global health. Detection of HPV infection is a challenge to the healthcare industry as they cannot be cultured and their fascinating life cycle limits the accuracy of serological methods. Hence, molecular assays are the gold standard for the accurate viral detection and genotyping. Currently, various methodologies are available with great sensitivity and specificity and are even clinically validated as screening tools. However, there are only a few that are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and much more are suitable only for research. At present, the molecular methods available mainly depend on signal amplification, nucleic acid amplification and hybridisation assays for detecting and genotyping HPV infection, all with their own advantages and drawbacks. There is further scope for the development of more reliable, cost-effective diagnostic techniques that can harness the power of next genome sequencing, mutation analysis and may further improve the chances of early detection and prevention of HPV related cancers. This review summarises the present knowledge on currently available molecular diagnostic tests for the detection and genotyping of HPV infection and their possible utility in a clinical setting.
Effect of Electronic Cigarettes on the Carriage of Selected Organisms in the Nasal and Oral Cavity in Comparison to Tobacco Smokers and Non-smokers
Authors: Alzoubi Hamed , Abu-Lubad Mohammad , Al-Mnayyis Asma’a , Satari Anas , Alzobi Mohammad , Ramadneh Mohammad Al , Jarajreh Dua’a
Published: November 2020

Introduction: The use of Electronic Cigarettes (ECs) has been increased over the last years but their long term effects on health and microbiota has not yet been explored fully. Aim: To examine the oral and nasal microbial profile and antibiotics susceptibility in the ECs users, smokers and non-smokers and to assess the microbial contamination of the ECs juice. Materials and Methods: Nasal and oral swabs were collected from 30 non-smokers, 30 tobacco smokers and 30 from candidates who have been using ECs for more than six months. Nasal Methicillin Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and oral Streptococcus viridans and Candida albicans were isolated and identified using standard laboratory methods. ECs juice was also cultured to test for microbial presence and the antibiogram for all isolated bacteria was carried out by disc diffusion or broth dilution methods according to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The statistical analysis was performed with Stata Statistical Software: Release 13. Results: MSSA was isolated from 9 (30%) non-smokers, 5 (16.7%) ECs users and 2 (6.7%) smokers, respectively. Only 1 (3.3%) MRSA was isolated from a smoker. Streptococcus viridians was detected in 14 (46.7%) non-smokers, 9 (30%) ECs user and 5 (16.7%) smokers. Candida albicans was isolated from 7 (23.3%) smokers, 3 (10%) ECs users and in 1 (3.3%) non-smokers. When both groups of ECs users and smokers were compared to non-smokers; the statistical intergroups difference in carriage of MSSA and Streptococcus viridans using Chi-Square test was only significant in the smokers group (p-value <0.05), while the difference in carriage of MRSA and Candida albicans in both ECs users and smokers was not statistically significant compared to non-smokers (p-value <0.05). The cultures of ECs juices showed no growth. The highest resistance among MSSA isolates was for fusidic acid (43.8%) and the least was for mupirocin and linezolid (0%). Among Streptococcus viridans, the highest resistance was to penicillin (68%) and the least was for vancomycin (7.1%). Conclusion: The effect of ECs on carriage of MSSA and Streptococcus viridans commensals was not significant compared to non-smokers. Therefore, ECs might be less harmful on microbiota compared to tobacco smoking.
Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) and Other External Factors as Determinants of Accommodation and Restaurant Services in Kenya
Authors: Kiganda Evans Ovamba , Omondi Margaret Atieno
Published: November 2020

Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of corona virus disease and other external factors on growth of accommodation and restaurant services (ARS) in Kenya.

Study Design: The study employed quantitative research design involving quarterly time series data from quarter 1 of 2014 to quarter 1 of 2020. The data set was obtained from Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS).

Methodology: The study employed unrestricted vector autoregression to investigate the changes in the growth of accommodation and restaurant services.

Results: Results indicated that COVID-19, professional, administrative and support services, construction and past ARS growth at 1 to 3 lags influences growth of ARS in Kenya negatively. On the other hand, real estate growth, time trend, tax on products, other services, education, manufacturing, information and communication and past growth in ARS at lag 4 influences growth in ARS sector positively. It was also noted that growth in agriculture and transport and storage do not influence growth of ARS in Kenya.

Conclusion: In conclusion, COVID-19, professional, administrative and support services, construction and past ARS growth, real estate growth, time trend, tax on products, other services, education, manufacturing, information and communication are the main determinants for the growth of ARS in Kenya.
Effects of the Inclusion of Andrographis paniculata Leaf on the Functional Properties and Pasting Characteristics of Wheat-pearl Millet-Based Flour Blends
Authors: Ishola David T. , Bolade Mathew K.
Published: November 2020

This study evaluated flour blends from Wheat, Pearl millet and Andrographis paniculata leaf for functional properties and pasting characteristics profiling. The functional properties such as solubility, gelling capacity, water absorption capacity (WAC), Oil absorption capacity (OAC), Bulk density, foaming capacity and stability and swelling capacity and the pasting characteristics were studied. The inclusion of A. paniculata leaf flour in the blends revealed a significant general increase in water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, swelling capacity, and bulk density. However, a general decrease in the foaming capacity, solubility, and least gelation was observed as the inclusion of A. paniculata leaf flour increased. The pasting properties of WPMF (flour blend without the inclusion of A. paniculata leaf flour) exhibited the following values: peak viscosity (658 RVU), breakdown (372 RVU), final viscosity (923 RVU), setback (637 RVU), peak time (5.07 min), and pasting temperature (84.8oC). The inclusion of A. paniculata leaf flour in the blends led to a significant general decrease in all the pasting factors. The inclusion of A. paniculata had a significant effect on the functional and pasting properties of wheat-pearl millet based flour.
Popularization of Traditional Processing of Cowpea into Couscous (Beroua) in the West (Dogondoutchi) and Mid-South (Maradi and Zinder) of Niger
Authors: Amadou Issoufou , Samna Oumarou S. , Gounga Mahamadou E. , Hassane Mounkaila A. , Saidou Abdoul-Aziz
Published: November 2020

In Niger, there is a rich diversity of food processing sits from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Like most processed products, beroua or cowpea couscous is produced using artisanal processes. It is originated from the people of Arawa (Dogondoutchi). This transformation spread to the Maradi and Zinder regions, where studies have shown variability in the processing of cowpea grains into beroua. This study aimed to describe local knowledge around the different processes of processing cowpea into beroua through important areas of cowpea agricultural production in Niger, notably Dosso, Maradi and Zinder. The results show that beroua has been known for several years by local populations, its production and consumption are based on traditional knowledge and know-how. Cultural and technical exchanges between peoples transformed the beroua popular quickly. The beroua, through marketing and various exhibitions, has contributed to the popularization of Niger's traditional dishes both at national and international level.
Angular Photometric Analysis of the Forehead in a Nigerian Population
Authors: Ozioko Onyinye Mary , Ozioko Uche Sebastine , Ozor Ignatius Ikemefuna , Abireh Ifeanacho Ezeteonu , Ikechukwu Okeke Emmanuel , Anike Adaeze Hope
Published: November 2020

Facial data are used to ascertain deviations from norm, biological variability, assess phenotypic traits, precise determination of facial aesthetics, design of safety equipment, correctional tools, evolutionary analysis, civil and criminal identification purposes. This study was designed to analyze the morphometric dimensions of forehead from photographs taken at varying angles.

Materials and Methods: Two-hundred Yoruba subjects (10-30 years) were photographed and the following anthropometric parameters; 90° (FH90°), forehead height at 45°Right (FH45°R), forehead height at 45°Left (FH45°L), forehead width at 90° (FW90°), forehead width at 45°right (FW45°R) and forehead width at 45°left (FW45°L) was measured. Descriptive analysis of the forehead parameters was carried out and the relationships between different parameters were tested using Pearson correlation.

Results: All measured forehead parameters in our cohort were greater in males than in females except FW45°R and FH45°R. Significant relationship was also found to exist between forehead parameters at different angles.

Conclusion: Findings from this study indicates that forehead parameters at 90°, 45° Right and 45° Left, showed sexual dimorphism and are correlated hence can be used for individualization, biological profiling, facial recognition from security cameras, planning of reconstructive and aesthetic surgery.
Nutritional Benefit, Acceptability and Safety of Cookies from Blanched Coconut and Wheat Flour
Authors: Oyetoro Abiodun Omowonuola Adebayo- , A. Okereke Jane , I. Ogunnubi, Ebunoluwa , A. Ukwenya, Anita , O. Ogundipe, Flora , Abiodun Oluwafunmilola
Published: November 2020

Cookies were made from wheat and blanched coconut flour blends in ratios 90:10, 85:15, 80:20, 75:25, 70:30, 60:40 and 55:45 respectively with 100% wheat as control. Proximate, sensory and microbial analysis of the cookies were assessed using standard methods and established level of significance difference (p<0.5). Results showed that moisture, crude fibre, fat and calorific value ranged between 5.72%-7.80%, 5.77%-7.80%, 9.81-17.21% and 197.08-312.85 Kcal/100g respectively showing increased parameters with increased substitution levels. Carbohydrate and protein ranged from 49.27%-78.21% and 12.69%-15.66% respectively. Mean sensory score for colour, crunchiness and flavor ranged between 7.30-8.50, 7.01-8.02 and 6.30-8.50 respectively while sample 70:30 was the most acceptable in most of the parameters assessed. Total viable count ranged from 1.4x104 cfu/g- 2.5x104 cfu/g between 2nd -5th week of storage while most samples had no fungi growth for the five weeks except for sample 60:40 and 55:45 with growth ranging from 4.0-7.1x104 Cfu/g. Safe and nutritious cookies can be made from wheat-blanched coconut flour.
Mycobacterium Avium Complex Presenting as a Lung Mass, Broncho-pleural Fistula and Empyema in an Immunocompetent Patient-A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Chandramohan Suganya , Pasula Shirisha , Natesan Suganthini Krishnan
Published: November 2020

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is a non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) that causes subacute or chronic nodular bronchiectasis, cavitary or fibro-cavitary pneumonia in patients with chronic structural lung pathology including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and bronchiectasis. It is also known to cause pulmonary and extrapulmonary infections in patients with impaired cell mediated immunity such as transplant recipients, (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) AIDS where it can cause disseminated infections. Empyema from MAC has been reported in immunocompromised patients and is a rare phenomenon. Here we report a patient who presented with chronic left pleural effusion and a left lower lobe lung mass that went undiagnosed for 2 years, despite extensive work-up. Later in his course, he presented with a large effusion complicated by a bronchopleural fistula and was diagnosed as MAC empyema. To our knowledge, this is the first case of MAC empyema, that presented as a chronic lung mass, complicated by a bronchopleural fistula. In this article, we present the clinical, laboratory, and radiological features, with emphasis on a combined medical and surgical approach in the management of MAC empyema. We also provide a brief overview of cases of MAC associated pleurisy and empyema that have been reported in literature.
Rechargeable Sodium‐Based Hybrid Metal‐Ion Batteries toward Advanced Energy Storage
Authors: Yang Zhuo , Liu Xiao‐Hao , He Xiang‐Xi , Lai Wei‐Hong , Li Li , Qiao Yun , Chou Shu‐Lei , Wu Minghong
Published: November 2020

Growing demands on energy storage devices have inspired a tremendous amount of research on rechargeable batteries. Future generations of rechargeable batteries are required to have high energy density, long lifespan, low cost, high safety, low environmental impact, and wide commercial affordability. To achieve these goals, significant efforts are underway to focus on electrolyte chemistry, electrode engineering, and new designs for energy storage systems. Herein, a comprehensive overview of an innovative sodium‐based hybrid metal‐ion battery (HMIBs) for advanced next‐generation energy storage is presented. Recent advances on sodium‐based HMIBs from the development of reformulated or novel materials associated with Na+ ions and other metal ions (such as Li+, K+, Mg2+, Zn2+, etc.), are summarized in this work. Daniell cell and “rocking‐chair” type batteries are covered. Finally, the current challenges and future remedies in terms of the design and fabrication of new electrolytes, cathodes, and anodes for advanced HMIBs are discussed in this report.
Stretchable and Shape‐Adaptable Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Biocompatible Liquid Electrolyte for Biomechanical Energy Harvesting and Wearable Human–Machine Interaction
Authors: Wang Liangliang , Liu Wenquan , Yan Zhengguang , Wang Feijiu , Wang Xin
Published: November 2020

The significant demand of sustainable power sources has been triggered by the development of wearable electronics (e.g., electronic skin, human health monitors, and intelligent robotics). However, tensile strain limitation and low conformability of existing power sources cannot match their development. Herein, a stretchable and shape‐adaptable liquid‐based single‐electrode triboelectric nanogenerator (LS‐TENG) based on potassium iodide and glycerol (KI‐Gly) liquid electrolyte as work electrode is developed for harvesting human motion energy to power wearable electronics. The LS‐TENG demonstrates high output performances (open‐circuit voltage of 300 V, short‐circuit current density of 17.5 mA m–2, and maximum output power of 2.0 W m–2) and maintains the stable output performances without deterioration under 250% tension stretching and after 10 000 cycles of repeated contact‐separation motion. Moreover, the LS‐TENG can harvest biomechanical energy, including arm shaking, human walking, and hand tapping, to power commercial electronics without extra power sources. The LS‐TENG attached on different joints of body enables to work as self‐powered human motion monitor. Furthermore, a flexible touch panel based on the LS‐TENG combined with a microcontroller is explored for human–machine interactions. Consequently, the stretchable and shape‐adaptable LS‐TENG based on KI‐Gly electrolyte would act as an exciting platform for biomechanical energy harvesting and wearable human–machine interaction.
In Situ Self‐Assembly of Ordered Organic/Inorganic Dual‐Layered Interphase for Achieving Long‐Life Dendrite‐Free Li Metal Anodes in LiFSI‐Based Electrolyte
Authors: Wang Jian , Yang Jin , Xiao Qingbo , Zhang Jing , Li Tie , Jia Lujie , Wang Zile , Cheng Shuang , Li Linge , Liu Meinan , Liu Haitao , Lin Hongzhen , Zhang Yuegang
Published: November 2020

Metallic lithium electrode with high capacity of 3860 mA h g−1 is the most promising candidate for rechargeable batteries. However, some inherent problems such as dendrite growth, uneven solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), and high manufacturing risk restraint its practical application. Herein, distinct from the conventional mosaic structure, a facile fabrication of in situ self‐assembled organic/inorganic hybrid SEI with ordered dual‐layer structure on the lithium surface to suppress dendrite formation is proposed. With the aid of moderate active fluoric‐containing ionic liquid, the as‐formed lithium fluoride and robust ordered organic moieties are in situ self‐assembled on the metallic lithium surface. The evolution process of the dual‐layered structure is revealed by X‐ray spectroscopy, in situ sum frequency generation spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The formed “double protection” ordered hybrid interphase layer also exhibits the surprising ability against the corrosion of carbonate electrolyte or dry air. As a consequence, the pretreated metallic lithium electrode represents excellent stripping/plating reversibility of ≈99% and a long lifespan up to 1200 h without formation of dendrite, and remains high performance at a current density of 10 mA cm−2, which is much higher than most reports, showing the facilitating promising to the future utilization.
Optically Triggered Synchronous Heat Release of Phase‐Change Enthalpy and Photo‐Thermal Energy in Phase‐Change Materials at Low Temperatures
Authors: Liu Hao , Tang Junwen , Dong Liqi , Wang Hui , Xu Tianyu , Gao Wenchao , Zhai Fei , Feng Yiyu , Feng Wei
Published: November 2020

Phase‐change materials (PCMs) are used in several energy recycling utilization systems due to their latent‐heat‐storage and ‐release ability. However, the inability of PCMs to release heat at temperatures below their freezing point limits their application in distributed energy utilization systems. This paper reports optically‐triggered low‐temperature heat release in PCMs based on a solid–liquid phase change (PC) controlled by the trans–cis (E–Z) photo‐isomerization of azobenzene. To achieve this, a photo‐responsive alkyl‐grafted Azo is incorporated into tetradecane (Ted) to create a photo‐sensitive energy barrier for the PC. The Azo/Ted composite exhibits controllable supercooling (4.04–8.80 °C) for heat storage and achieves synchronous heat release of PC enthalpy and photo‐thermal energy. In addition, the Azo reduces the crystallization of Ted by intercalating into its molecular alignment. Furthermore, under light illumination, the Azo/Ted composite releases considerable heat (207.5 J g−1) at relatively low temperatures (−1.96 to −6.71 °C). The temperature of the annular device fabricated for energy utilization increases by 4 °C in a low‐temperature environment (−5 °C). This study will pave the way for the design of advanced distributed energy systems that operate by controlling the energy storage/release of PCMs over a wide range of temperatures.
Relationship between the Processing, Structure, and Properties of Microfibrillar Composites
Authors: Kuzmanović Maja , Delva Laurens , Cardon Ludwig , Ragaert Kim
Published: November 2020

The relationship between processing, morphology, and properties of polymeric materials has been the subject of numerous studies of academic and industrial research. Finding an answer to this question might result in guidelines on how to design polymeric materials. Microfibrillar composites (MFCs) are an interesting class of polymer–polymer composites. The advantage of the MFC concept lies in developing in situ microfibrils by which a perfect homogeneous distribution of the reinforcement in the matrix can be achieved. Their potentially excellent mechanical properties are strongly dependent on the aspect ratio of the fibrils, which is developed through a three‐stage production process: melt blending, fibrillation, and isotropization. During melt blending, the polymers undergo different morphological changes, such as a breakup and coalescence of the droplets, which play a crucial role in defining the microstructure. During processing, various parameters may affect the morphology of the MFCs, which must be taken into account. Besides the processing parameters, the microstructure of the composite is dependent on the composition ratio of the blend and viscosity of the components, as well as the dispersion and distribution of the microfibrils. The objective here is to outline this importance and bring together an overview of the processing–structure–property relationship for MFCs.
Shape‐Preserving Chemical Conversion of Architected Nanocomposites
Authors: Hendrikse Hans C. , van der Weijden Arno , Ronda‐Lloret Maria , Yang Ting , Bliem Roland , Shiju N. Raveendran , van Hecke Martin , Li Ling , Noorduin Willem L.
Published: November 2020

Forging customizable compounds into arbitrary shapes and structures has the potential to revolutionize functional materials, where independent control over shape and composition is essential. Current self‐assembly strategies allow impressive levels of control over either shape or composition, but not both, as self‐assembly inherently entangles shape and composition. Herein, independent control over shape and composition is achieved by chemical conversion reactions on nanocrystals, which are first self‐assembled in nanocomposites with programmable microscopic shapes. The multiscale character of nanocomposites is crucial: nanocrystals (5–50 nm) offer enhanced chemical reactivity, while the composite layout accommodates volume changes of the nanocrystals (≈25%), which together leads to complete chemical conversion with full shape preservation. These reactions are surprisingly materials agnostic, allowing a large diversity of chemical pathways, and development of conversion pathways yielding a wide selection of shape‐controlled transition metal chalcogenides (cadmium, manganese, iron, and nickel oxides and sulfides). Finally, the versatility and application potential of this strategy is demonstrated by assembling: 1) a scalable and highly reactive nickel catalyst for the dry reforming of butane, 2) an agile magnetic‐controlled particle, and 3) an electron‐beam‐controlled reversible microactuator with sub‐micrometer precision. Previously unimaginable customization of shape and composition is now achievable for assembling advanced functional components.