bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Historical Ecology and Archaeology in the Galápagos Islands
Authors: Stahl Peter W. , Astudillo Fernando J. , Jamieson Ross W. , Quiroga Diego , Delgado Florencio
Published: September 2020

Historical Ecology and Archaeology in the Galápagos Islands explores human history in the Galápagos Islands, which is today one of the world’s premier nature attractions. From its early beginnings, the Galápagos National Park connected a dual vision of biological conservation with responsible tourism. However, despite its popular perception as a pristine nature park, the archipelago has experienced protracted interactions with humans at least since its accidental discovery in 1535. This book contextualizes six years of interdisciplinary archaeological and historical research on San Cristóbal, the easternmost island in the archipelago. It focuses on the interior highland community of El Progreso and specifically the preserved vestiges of a 19th-century sugar plantation, the Hacienda El Progreso, which left the most intensive historic footprint of human activity in the islands. It did not do this alone, as other islands, particularly those with potable water sources, were varyingly impacted by human encounters. Proceeding within a framework of Historical Ecology, the book integrates archaeological research with historical and ecological study and incorporates three interconnected perspectives: 1. globalization and the increasing integration of the islands into an expanding network of human interests; 2. anthropogenic transformation of distinctive island habitats into novel or emerging ecosystems; and, 3. changing popular and scientific perceptions of nature and ecotourism’s role in biological conservation, preservation, and restoration.
Introduction
Authors: Stahl Peter W. , Astudillo Fernando J. , Jamieson Ross W. , Quiroga Diego , Delgado Florencio
Published: September 2020

This chapter introduces San Cristóbal Island, and specifically the village of El Progreso, which occupies a Zone of Special Use inside the Galápagos National Park. It outlines various problems faced by the park, especially those associated with invasive organisms and the growth of tourism. It juxtaposes the image of a people-free nature park with the growth of novel or emerging ecosystems, and discusses current disagreements in biological conservation. It presents the study of historic human landscape transformation within the framework of Historical Ecology by combining history, ecology, and archaeology. A chapter by chapter framework of the book is presented.
Insult, Injury, and Age’s Redefinitional Violence
Authors: Dawson Melanie V.
Published: September 2020

Tracing insults about aging, alongside perceptions of aging as injurious to the self, this chapter explores the spectacular nature of public insults, real and imagined in fictions by Wharton, Lewis, Fitzgerald, Hergesheimer, Glasgow, and Ferber. These scenarios, which stress aging’s painful visibility, appear throughout assessments of female beauty. Aging patriarchs, who transform their lives in efforts to reinvent their identities, however, are treated somewhat more sympathetically, even when they fixate on early youth, impossibly precious success, and romances with much younger women. When such exercises fail, the texts stress aging’s inevitability. More positive accounts of aging, understood here as a rich maturity, by contrast, appear across agrarian fictions, which circumvent social contexts and instead depict cyclical patterns of natural renewal, thereby rejecting linear conceptions of age and embracing aging as part of a life of accomplished productivity.
Prehistoric Dogs as Hunting Tools
Authors: Perri Angela R.
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the role of hunting dogs in forager groups and as the advent of animal biotechnology. It outlines the ways in which dogs can be used as hunting biotechnology, how dogs can be incorporated into existing subsistence models, and how we can identify hunting dogs in the archaeological record. The analysis of cross-cultural utilization of dogs as a hunting tool in the ethnographic and ethnohistoric record is used to suggest insights into the ways dogs may have been utilized as a hunting adaptation by people in the past. Similarly, cost-benefit analyses employed for non-living tools, such as lithics, are employed to contextualize dogs as a quantifiable technology within optimal foraging models.
Exotic Dogs and Indigenous Humans in Tropical Northeastern South America
Authors: Stahl Peter W.
Published: September 2020

Although the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) is today ubiquitous throughout most of South America, it may have been a relatively late arrival in Amazonia. A dog’s comparative value to contemporary indigenous people in the tropical lowlands of Northeastern South America relates directly to its role in hunting; otherwise, it can be regarded with the same ambivalence attributed to other exotic domesticates, most of which tend to be poorly integrated into indigenous human societies. Despite cultivating a formidable array of native plants and demonstrating a marked proclivity for pets, indigenous Amazonians had few, if any, native animal domesticates. The elaborate esteem bestowed on valued hunting dogs by indigenous societies in Northeastern South America can contrast markedly with their attitude toward other exotic animal domesticates. This is likely rooted in their ontological perspectives of animal others and may be based upon a pre-Columbian template of tamed autochthonous canids.
Introduction
Authors: Jaurretche Colleen
Published: September 2020

The introduction shows Joyce’s preoccupation with prayer across all of his works in demonstration of his ongoing use of it as a mode of language. Focusing on the writings of Origen, Giambattista Vico, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and J. L. Austin, the introduction lays out how prayer is a theory of language through exegesis of the Lord’s Prayer as it appears in Finnegans Wake (as Isolde’s night prayer). The introduction concludes by making the case that the four parts of the Wake are progressive and cohere around concepts of language as prayer.
Possible Cahokian Contacts in Eastern and Southeastern Arkansas
Authors: Jeter Marvin D. , Scott Robert J. , House John H.
Published: September 2020

Most discussions of Cahokian “contact” and “influence” in the Lower Mississippi Valley have focused on a “horizon” around 1200 AD and sites east of the Mississippi River; another site was documented recently in northeastern Louisiana. Here, we present additional westerly evidence from sites in eastern and southeastern Arkansas that have produced: Missouri Flint Clay figurines; flakes resembling Burlington and Crescent Quarry cherts; hoes, polished “hoe chips,” and other items made of Mill Creek chert; plus a few Cahokia-style chunkey stones and a Cahokia arrow point, but as yet no Cahokian ceramics. These items tend to cluster at and near three mound sites, in contexts around 1200 AD, with hints of a southward time trend. Unlike the few “elite” or sacred figurines found in mounds, most other items are utilitarian and may have been recirculated (rather than chiefly-redistributed) via “trade fairs” at mound centers, to commoners from the hinterlands.
The Mississippian Period in Western Tennessee
Authors: Mickelson Andrew M.
Published: September 2020

I examine what is currently known regarding Early-Middle Mississippian settlement patterns in western Tennessee. This chapter outlines the first appearance, then demise, of household-scale as well as town-scale settlements in the region. The extent to which settlements also interacted with extra-regional Mississippian groups is discussed.
Cahokians and the Circulation of Ritual Goods in the Middle Cumberland Region
Authors: Sharp Robert V. , Smith Kevin E. , Dye David H.
Published: September 2020

This chapter addresses the influence of human migration into the Middle Cumberland Region by examining the circulation of ritual goods as represented by four groups of objects: ceramics, shell cups and gorgets, stone tablets, and symbolic weaponry. While the presence of Ramey Incised and Cahokia Cordmarked ceramics in the MCR demonstrates the arrival of a community from the American Bottom in the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, the manufacture, use, and deposition of negative-painted ceramics in the MCR between A.D. 1250 and 1400 represents the adoption of motifs in contemporary use at Cahokia and the sustained interaction between a group of polities, including those in the American Bottom. The adoption of Braden-style imagery on marine shell and its association with female effigy vessels in an MCR mortuary practice centered on the graves of children reveals a pronounced ritual dedication to an Earth Mother deity in the MCR that is an important focus of our research. Furthermore, the sharing of iconography intimately associated with the Hero Twins in ceramics, marine shell, and stone tablets, and their association with symbolic weaponry, links these culture heroes with the female deity as the central figures in the religious practices of the MCR devoted to reincarnation and rebirth.
Good, Bad, or Indifferent?
Authors: Gabelmann Olga U. , Owens Lawrence S.
Published: September 2020

Non-normative burials are comparatively understudied for the Andean area as a whole and are almost completely unknown for the Bolivian Formative period (1300 BC–AD 200). The current research discusses a unique case from the site of Aranjuez-Santa Lucía, where an adolescent was recovered with their finger inserted anally/vaginally, in a highly ambiguous archaeological context comprised of industrial waste, yet also containing other, conventional burials and pars pro toto offerings of considerable value. It is therefore impossible to assume the burial’s somewhat unorthodox position to be purely a sign of social censure for the deceased’s modus vivendi or moriendi. Various hypotheses and comparatives are offered, with particular emphasis on demographic factors. This case study complements others in the current volume in emphasizing the depth and complexity of lifeways and deathways, and further underscores the fact that a solely negative sense of “deviant” burial must necessarily be a simplistic one.
Ancestors, Conflict, and Criminality in Ancient China and Mongolia
Authors: Lee Christine
Published: September 2020

Five archaeological sites were sampled across China and Mongolia to document non-traditional burials in the region. The earliest levels of the Jinlianshan site of the Dian culture (206 BC–220 AD) in Yunnan Province, China consisted of secondary burials with up to 22 individuals; these interments may have been evidence of cemetery relocations during the process of colonization and state expansion. In the Henan Province, China, the Yangshao period burials at Mianchi Duzhong (3500–3000 BC) show evidence of conflict, with several individuals killed and thrown down wells, while the Longhu Xingtian is a mass grave that includes decapitated Han soldiers who tried to retreat during the battle between Qin and Han state (230–221 BC). The burials at Hulin Am, Mongolia are from the Uighur Khanate (744–840 AD), which is a unique site in that over 80 percent of the burials are infants. One burial from a Koguryo culture (37 BCE–221 AD) fortress was beheaded, which was a form of execution reserved for defeated military, while some of the earliest evidence for possible corporal punishment comes from the Qijia culture (1900–1600 BC) in Gansu Province, China, where several individuals had their hands and feet tied, and were left within family crypts.
Ceramics and Foodways at Parchman Place
Authors: Nelson Erin S.
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores Mississippian foodways at Parchman Place through a functional analysis of ceramics and a consideration of the foodways of the Native American people of the southeastern United States—the descendants of Mississippian communities. Correspondence Analysis (CA) of the results indicate the manufacture and use of two distinct pottery assemblages: (1) a baseline domestic assemblage used for everyday cooking, serving, and storage; and (2) a special-use serving assemblage used for community-wide eating events or feasts. These community feasting events played an important role in the founding and ceremonial maintenance of the Mississippian community at Parchman Place.
Congress and Conflicting Notions of American Identity
Authors: Barreto Amílcar Antonio
Published: September 2020

The PPD’s decision to back unilingualism as a step towards sabotaging congressional support for Puerto Rico’s statehood is based on an assumption that the official narrative boasting American identity’s non-ascriptive nature is inaccurate. Scholars studying American national identity generally fall into one of three schools of thought: the civic, the ethnic, and a civic-ethnic hybrid. Arguably Eric Kaufmann provided the most realistic interpretation of this identity. He suggested that American identity consists of a civic wrapping covering over an ethno-cultural core. Such a duality helps to explain fundamentally different approaches by the PNP and PPD. The former appeals to the public-facing civic side while the PPD, through official unilingualism, sought to animate American identity’s ethnic core. While Puerto Ricans downplay their cultural nationalism, many on the mainland, particularly in Congress, see it as a threat. This is precisely what the PPD was banking on in 1991.
Creating a Bilingual Citizenry
Authors: Barreto Amílcar Antonio
Published: September 2020

As the PNP upped the ante with official bilingualism, statehood opponents countered with nationalist performances: testifying before Congress in Spanish despite their fluency in English. For many federal lawmakers this gesture conjured images of Québécois nationalism. Departing from the Civic Creed, English language advocates lauded the indivisible link between the English language and statehood. Official bilingualism was not enough. Therefore in 1996 the Rosselló administration launched an initiative promoting a new bilingual citizenry via the school system. Eerily reminiscent of Americanization, this aggressive push favoring English was not designed to appease voters but to influence Congress. This was the PNP’s new nested game. Despite their efforts the PNP lost the 1998 status plebiscite. Unhappy with the statehood party, most of the electorate opted to vote for ‘none of the above.’
Building a Modern Nation
Authors: Tossounian Cecilia
Published: September 2020

Chapter 1 examines the sociocultural changes that characterized Argentina, and particularly Buenos Aires, in the 1920s and 1930s, focusing on the emergence of a consumer society and the expanded presence of women in public spaces. Rapid social and cultural transformations sparked a debate on the promises and perils of becoming a modern nation. Intellectual movements and government programs to promote cultural nationalism advanced their own ways of reconciling modernity and local tradition, while popular culture became a platform for debating the role of women in constructing a modern national identity.
Epilogue
Authors: Tossounian Cecilia
Published: September 2020

The epilogue examines Peronism, and especially Evita’s figure, through the lens of the reformulation of gender identities in 1920s and 1930s and highlights the changes and continuities that the Peronist administration brought regarding female representations and their role in the gendering of Argentina.
Reconstructing a History of Plantation Spaces at Betty’s Hope
Authors: Look Cory
Published: September 2020

Arguments have been made that the decline in Antigua’s sugar production was a byproduct of poor land management practices, depletion of soils, and outdated agricultural techniques and technology. Recent work at Betty’s Hope suggests that not all plantations were susceptible to poor decision-making and that some plantations may have superseded social-ecological constraints despite the sugar industry’s inevitable decline. This chapter by Cory Look focuses on key aspects of land-use and landscape change at Betty’s Hope, particularly during the eighteenth century, when the plantation experienced rapid growth and economic prosperity. Look discusses the impact on enslaved Africans through examination of changes to slave quarter spaces and provisioning grounds by managers of local resources. The analysis was possible through remote sensing and multiple surveys conducted over ten field seasons.
Not Much Ado about Mollusks
Authors: Ohman Alexis
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses the ways mollusks were differentially integrated into plantation foodways practices at Betty’s Hope. The focus on mollusk data is significant because it is frequently overlooked in historical zooarchaeology and was the animal taxon that demonstrated the most dramatic difference in use along the race- and class-based divisions of those who lived and worked at Betty’s Hope. In this case, mollusks were least abundant in the Great House, while the faunal assemblage associated with enslaved African contexts were almost entirely comprised of mollusk material.
The Landscape Legacies of Sugar and Rum
Authors: Pratt Suzanna M. , Wells E. Christian , Tricarico Anthony R.
Published: September 2020

The environmental legacies of sugarcane cultivation at Betty’s Hope were created over a period of three hundred years and involved massive transformations to the landscape. In this chapter, erosion/productivity simulation is used to generate a baseline model of change over time and then historical records and geoarchaeological analysis of soils are used to evaluate the model. It is concluded that contemporary soil degradation at Betty’s Hope is a mosaic of effects including long-term sugarcane monocropping as well as the recent cessation of agriculture, which caused rapid destabilization of already vulnerable landscapes. Using an historical ecology framework, this research demonstrates the importance of long-term perspectives for understanding soil health.
The Restoration of the Betty’s Hope North Windmill, Antigua, West Indies
Authors: Murphy Reginald
Published: September 2020

Chapter 14 investigates the archaeology, technology, and restoration of the Betty’s Hope north windmill. Archaeological excavations and restoration work were conducted from 1988 to 1995. Today, 90 stone towers are all that remain of the windmills scattered across Antigua’s landscape. This project initiated archaeological research at Betty’s Hope as well as cultural heritage management of the site. As one of the largest and most lucrative estates on Antigua, Betty’s Hope could afford two windmills to crush the sugar cane by harnessing wind power and utilizing the horizontal three-roller system. The mid-nineteenth century witnessed the conversion to steam-powered at Betty’s Hope. Restoration efforts included replacing parts of the original stone floor, old hard wood beams, masonry, cap house, arms, and machinery.
Using UAVs to Manage Archaeological Heritage
Authors: Friedman Erin , Look Cory , Brown Matthew
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the use of UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) for the use of archaeological investigations and heritage management at the historic sugar plantation of Betty’s Hope, Antigua. While the acquisition of low flying aerial imagery, such as kite photography, has been common practice within archaeological research, recent software innovations coupling photogrammetry and UAV technologies are providing new tools for exploration. Two different approaches for UAV acquisition are explored in this chapter: the first for use within archaeological excavations and the second for use at studying the landscape. Both have particular implications for heritage management, as the use of structure from motion (SfM) methodology coupled with aerial imagery can be used to produce an accurate 3D surface model of the site that is akin to site scanners and LiDAR technology. The important differences and limitations to these technologies are discussed.
Black Bears and the Iroquoians
Authors: St-Pierre Christian Gates , St-Germain Claire , Laperrière-Désorcy Louis-Vincent
Published: September 2020

The study presented in this chapter uses archaeological and ethnohistorical data to discuss the role of black bears (Ursus americanus) among Pre-Contact Iroquoian societies from Northeastern North America. This role is proving to be complex and multifaceted, and the analysis of the archaeological and ethnohistorical records provide contradictory conclusions. According to the ethnohistorical documents considered in this study, black bear appears to be predominantly mentioned in subsistence and hunting contexts. In contrast, bones from black bear have been identified in a majority of Iroquoian faunal assemblages, but always in small numbers, indicating a ubiquitous, yet minor role for black bear in Pre-Contact Iroquoian foodways. Moreover, ethnonyms, myths, and legends also suggest that the symbolic and identity dimensions of black bear outweighed their economic role. The results of the ZooMS analysis of a set of Iroquoian bone projectile points is especially revealing in this respect.
Bears, Bear Grounds, and Bovines in the Lower Southeast
Authors: Pavao-Zuckerman Barnet , Lapham Heather A. , Waselkov Gregory A.
Published: September 2020

In the late eighteenth century, U.S. Indian agent Benjamin Hawkins observed that Creeks maintained “beloved bear-grounds” near towns to protect bear habitat. However, Hawkins also noted, “as the cattle increase and the bear decrease, they are hunted in common.” Hawkins’ observations suggest a relationship between the frequency of the two species, and zooarchaeological assemblages from Creek towns support this hypothesis. A frequency index of bear and cattle remains indicate that as cattle increased over time, bear decreased precipitously. Creek hunters initially despised cattle, believing that beef would make the consumer slow and dim-witted. However, with the decline of the deerskin trade, Creek hunters turned to animal husbandry. The best graze for cattle was found in the “beloved bear grounds” and cattle husbandry quickly devastated native bear habitats. By the end of the eighteenth century, cattle displaced bears from their native habitat, and replaced bears in Creek life.
Menageries and Bearskin Caps
Authors: O’Regan Hannah J.
Published: September 2020

North American bears have had cultural significance outside the United States. This chapter explores the role of black, brown, and polar bears in Britain, focusing on the period following the founding of the Hudson’s Bay Company in the late 1600s. Both live bears for exhibition and their products (particularly skins) are considered. The most culturally significant bearskin artifact is the bearskin cap—worn by Buckingham Palace guards—and their history is explored here. Key exhibited animals include an ancient grizzly bear called “Old Martin,” who was one of the last members of the Royal Menagerie at the Tower of London and one of the earliest inhabitants of London Zoo, and “Winnie,” the Canadian black bear who was the inspiration for Winnie-the-Pooh.
Bear-Human Relationships in Native Eastern North America
Authors: Waselkov Gregory A. , Funkhouser J. Lynn
Published: September 2020

This volume’s case studies recognize the black bear (Ursus americanus) to be among the most socially consequent of species in Native Eastern North America, despite meager remains at many archaeological sites. Indeed, that sparseness offers valuable evidence for the social roles long played by bears. Ethnohistorical sources suggest bear population densities in some habitats were greater than seen today in Eastern North America. Most archaeological assemblages of bear skeletal remains have skull parts and foot bones but lack most other postcranial elements, often reflecting ritual off-site discard of post-cranial remains and feasting on head and feet. Differences in quantities of bear remains, their relative proportions to other mammals, and differing representations of various parts of the bear skeleton are sensitive indicators of a society’s relationship with black bears. We apply precepts of the new animism, or the ontological turn, to animate the zooarchaeology of bears in Eastern North America.
Tech Disruption as Knowledge Production
Authors: Venegas Cristina
Published: September 2020

The chapter highlights some of the important questions raised by DH debates in work that problematizes the omission of critical race, gender, and class perspectives, with respect to the study of the digital, and builds on these perspectives to consider the ongoing dilemmas of the field in Cuba during a new era of transnational relations contributing to the further transformation of Cuban society. Across the Americas, new research is taking up questions that include an understanding of how digital social networks mediate Latinx immigrant sociality and activism, and how others articulate the problems of digital segregation.
Nation Branding
Authors: L’Hoeste Héctor Fernández
Published: September 2020

This chapter proposes the practice of nation branding as a political technology, as an example of neoliberalism in which the definition of national identity, previously assessed primarily by the social sciences and humanities, becomes the domain of business managers and advertising executives, thanks to technologies associated with social media. It explains how the redefinition of social goods, the role of the state, and the role of experts entail the replacement of a more socially driven understanding of identity with an act of commercial prestidigitation by way of nation branding; the pertinent state entities are replaced by advertising and image consultancy firms; and, lastly, scholars of various disciplines are replaced by advertising and PR executives. In short, following neoliberalism, identity is reinterpreted as brand. Identity no longer results from the never-ending and instantaneous negotiation between a multiplicity of parties, representative of myriad aspects relevant to the configuration of individuals and communities, but is rendered instead as the quantifiable, concrete result of a variety of transactions. Through this reformulation, a new relationship is suggested between the idea of nation as imagined community and the reality of the state as a material expression of the concept of nation.
(In)Visible Cuba(s)
Authors: Valecce Anastasia
Published: September 2020

The access to the internet in Cuba marks the beginning of a change and it brings new ways to debate on the socialist ideology reformulating the strategies to operate, dialogue, and accept any form of criticism. This chapter explores the role of the internet in Cuba from the perspective of the conflict in the virtual space and how it reshapes the Cuban revolutionary ideal. Thus, this section investigates the ways in which cyber mambises interact in order to control the digital zone; it examines the social and political implications of these cyber activities, and the conflicts generated from them. Also, this chapter focuses on the methods of control of the digital space and on how control is enacted through a hyper-visible presence in the web. Consequently, it examines how the virtual interactions between the controller and the controlled change the dynamics of control, adding new layers to the dialogue—or lack of dialogue—and conflict between officials and dissidents on the island.
Modularity, Mimesis, and the Informatic Ideal
Authors: Chan Anita Say
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores tactics around a growing digital age “informatic ideal” in contemporary state tactics. Such tactics, including Peru’s new labor law, increasingly exemplify an embrace of what digital studies scholars label as an information age elevation of modularity. Derived from programmer practices from the 1960s onward, the modular principle stressed the value of making individual input parts of large coded systems deliberately detachable, non-interdependent, and even invisible from other parts. Yet, if the modular principle meant to ensure that no other part of the system would register an interruption, the diverse intersectional and multi-mediated visibilization tactics—as well as their reverberations through varied web- and street-based spectacles—demonstrate Latin American citizens’ work to interrupt state and neoliberalized applications of the informatic ideal. Emphasizing intersectional participation, global inclusivity, and collaboration for social change instead, citizen tactics propose other informatic ideals that stress human interdependence and coalition over modularity’s stress on detachability, segregation, and non-interdependence. Their efforts echo feminist, postcolonial, and Latin American DH calls for dedicated efforts toward inclusive, intersectional participation within DH—not only to underscore the value of multi-disciplinary social collaboration, but to contend with modularization and the growing risks of neoliberalization within academic projects.
Carnival, Hybridity, and Latin American Digital Humor
Authors: Alonso Paul
Published: September 2020

Enchufe.tv, an online comedy series that satirizes Ecuadorian idiosyncrasies and local urban culture, became the most popular online TV series in the country and a regional phenomenon in Latin America. The online show questions cultural stereotypes and social norms, while adapting and parodying transnational audiovisual formats and entertainment genres. Based on interviews and textual analysis, this chapter analyzes Enchufe.tv as a case study of Latin American digital humor, an increasingly relevant phenomenon to understand how cultural globalization and hybridity operate in today's transnational, multimedia entertainment. The case of Enchufe.tv not only reveals the challenges and opportunities of the digital medium for independent audiovisual projects, but also how the limits of critical humor are negotiated in cultural, political, and commercial terms.
On DH in Brazil
Authors: L’Hoeste Héctor Fernández , Rodríguez Juan Carlos
Published: September 2020

This interview, held in the first half of 2018, focuses on the digital humanities in Brazil. It discusses various aspects of the subject. It signals an increasing interest in the digital humanities in Brazil, visible in several initiatives, and materialized in projects and works both theoretical and applied. The growing creation of laboratories, study centers, or research groups stimulates discussion and the strengthening of the general humanities. Lacking the support of specific public policies, the initiatives listed are the fruit of commitment by researchers, since branches of government have not yet identified an important research area for the development of new knowledge in the humanities. The interview lists names of important Brazilian activists from the area of digital humanities. It also points out the difficulties in the development of the digital humanities, such as the lack of knowledge of the area by researchers and the tendency to reduce the budgets of institutions and universities due to the current economic crisis. Publications, seminars, and other activities that enable the wide exchange of experiences developed at the national and international levels are considered fundamental in the strengthening of the field. Finally, it highlights the relevance of the promotion of events for dissemination in the area, like the 1st International Congress on Digital Humanities, which involved universities, research centers, and cultural institutions in its organization.
Inventions and Discoveries in Letters to Perón
Authors: Comastri Hernán
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the dialogue initiated by the Argentine government of Juan Domingo Perón with the popular technical imagination, at a time when both state policies and a nascent mass culture sought to adapt to the novelties and scientific and technological challenges of the second postwar period. Far from offering a passive reception to developments originating in local and foreign scientific centers, members of the popular classes (workers, students, retirees, hobbyists, inventors and self-taught thinkers) developed their own projects and sought to express them through an exchange of letters with Perón. This created a file of more than five hundred letters with inventions, projects and recommendations of a scientific-technological nature, which offer the historian a privileged opportunity to analyze ways of thinking, representing and experimenting with “the scientific” that characterized a social sector that cannot be considered alien to the problems they were attempting to solve.
Modernismo, Spiritualism, and Science in Argentina at the Turn of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Quereilhac Soledad
Published: September 2020

This chapter analyzes the uses and appropriations of scientific discourse in Argentine magazines from the fin de siècle: a period in which literary modernism coincided with the development of spiritualisms that aspired to the status of science (or “occult sciences”) like Spiritism and Theosophy. The aim is to examine concrete examples that relativize the sharp division between science, art, and spiritualism in the culture of this period. The main sources explored are La Quincena. Revista de letras (1893–1899), Philadelphia (1898–1902), La Verdad (1905–1911), and Constancia (1890–1905). In addition, the chapter focuses on how the astonishing growth of science in Argentina, as well as the social legitimation of scientific discourses, influenced other fields, giving shape to new literary expressions, beliefs, and utopian projections that synthesized the material and the spiritual.
Doing Poetry with Science
Authors: Prieto Julio
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines three models of relation between science and poetry that propose different strategies to overcome the two great divides of the modern world-system: the divide between natural and human sciences and that between Western “sciences” and non-Western knowledges and epistemologies. Focusing on the work of three Latin American poets—Severo Sarduy, Néstor Perlongher and Jorge Eduardo Eielson—and drawing on Bruno Latour’s reflection on “hybrids” (1991), the chapter analyzes three modes of “science diction”—appropriation, infiltration and mediation.
Uma Análise na Classificação de Risco em Hospitais de Pronto Atendimento
Authors: Funchal João Paulo , Billa Cleo , Adamatti Diana
Published: September 2020

O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo de caso sobre o uso da técnica de mineração com a classificação de risco em um hospital público de pronto atendimento. Atualmente, o hospital utiliza o padrão de acolhimento proposto pelo (Sistema Único de Saúde), onde busca priorizar os casos mais graves para agilizar seu atendimento. O sistema, com base em parâmetros, sugere uma classificação ao paciente e cabe ao responsável pela classificação concordar ou não com a sugestão, podendo assim mudar a classificação do paciente. O trabalho consiste em interpretar os padrões de classificação dos pacientes, para que assim possam ser otimizados as etapas de classificação, de modo que a triagem, que atualmente necessita de quatro etapas, possa chegar a um resultado ao enfermeiro sem a necessidade de informar os qualificadores da classificação, diminuindo o tempo de atendimento e os riscos do paciente, bem como tornar a forma de sugestão da classificação mais próxima do que o enfermeiro classifica. Durante a execução deste trabalho foi possíıvel observar uma divergência muito grande em relação a sugestão do sistema com relação à classificação registrada pelo enfermeiro. O resultado encontrado com as regras obteve uma acurácia de 80%.
Mineração de Dados aplicada à Saúde Mental de Estudantes Universitários: Uma Revisão Sistemática
Authors: Farias Mariana , Gusmão Rene , Gusmão Cleonides
Published: September 2020

Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão sistemática de literatura para verificar o estado atual da aplicação de técnicas de mineração de dados para investigação de transtornos mentais em estudantes universitários. Com a utilização de strings de busca, foram encontrados 187 artigos. Após a leitura dos resumos e aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, 53 trabalhos foram selecionados para a leitura completa. Ao final, 25 artigos foram aceitos para a extração dos dados. Assim, foi possível verificar quais os algoritmos e técnicas mais utilizados, os transtornos mais frequentes, os principais instrumentos, as variáveis associadas aos transtornos e nacionalidade das amostras. Dentre os transtornos mais estudados, destaca-se a ansiedade e depressão. Para estes, as técnicas mais utilizadas foram SVM, Inferência Neuro Fuzzy e KNN. Em relação a estudantes universitários brasileiros, pode-se perceber uma escassez de estudos em relação a saúde mental com a utilização de técnicas de mineração de dados.
Análise da Quantidade de Sementes Necessárias para a Segmentação Semi-Automática em Imagens de TC de Pulmão Utilizando Crescimento de Região
Authors: Train Glenda , Alves Jeovane , Oliveira Lucas Ferrari
Published: September 2020

Dentre as categorias de câncer, o câncer de pulmão é o terceiro mais incidente e detém a maior taxa de mortalidade mundial. Doenças pulmonares, como câncer e ILDs (Interstitial Lung Disease), possuem uma maior possibilidade de cura quando diagnosticadas precocemente. Visando contribuir para a realização desses diagnósticos, essa pesquisa propõe um método semi-automático de segmentação de pulmão baseado na técnica de crescimento de região e apresenta uma análise do impacto da localização e quantidade das sementes utilizadas. Diversos experimentos foram realizados em duas bases, HUG-ILD e Vessel 12, obtendo coeficientes Dice de 96,94% ​± 1,41% e 96,83% ​± 0,92%, respectivamente.​
Multicenter Validation of Convolutional Neural Networks for Automated Detection of Cardiomegaly on Chest Radiographs
Authors: Cardenas Diego , Ferreira Junior José , Moreno Ramon , Rebelo Marina , Krieger José , Gutierrez Marco
Published: September 2020

This work focused on validating five convolutional neural network models to detect automatically cardiomegaly, a health complication that causes heart enlargement, which may lead to cardiac arrest. To do that, we trained the models with a customized multilayer perceptron. Radiographs from two public datasets were used in experiments, one of them only for external validation. Images were pre-processed to contain just the chest cavity. The EfficientNet model yielded the highest area under the curve (AUC) of 0.91 on the test set. However, the Inception-based model obtained the best generalization performance with AUC of 0.88 on the independent multicentric dataset. Therefore, this work accurately validated radiographic models to identify patients with cardiomegaly.
Matched-Pair Analysis Using Machine Learning to Predict 1-year Mortality in Newborn Twins
Authors: Jesus Everton , Calais-Ferreira Lucas , Barreto Marcos
Published: September 2020

A análise de pares de gêmeos é uma ferramenta importante para avaliar fatores de risco familiares relacionados a diversos problemas, inclusive doenças. Modelos de aprendizado de máquina são ferramentas consolidadas utilizadas em diversas tarefas de predição nas mais diversas áreas. Porém, elas não são totalmente adequadas para a análise de conjuntos de dados onde os pares de registros possuem forte correlação entre si, como é o caso de gêmeos. Este artigo avalia a adequabilidade de modelos de aprendizado de máquina para predizer a mortalidade até um ano de gêmeos nascidos no Brasil, utilizando dados extraídos de bases de dados públicas. Além disso, também é avaliado um método para análise de dados pareados, criando uma base de dados alternativa para verificar se a aplicação dos modelos de aprendizado de máquina promove ganhos no processo de classificação. OS resultados demonstraram que i) o modelo de aprendizado de máquina Gradient Boosting obteve os melhores resultados na tarefa de classificação e ii) a estratégia para análise de dados pareados não melhorou os resultados conforme esperado.
Interpretação e reconhecimento de padrões para avaliação de dor em imagens faciais de recém-nascidos
Authors: Orona Pedro , Fabbro Davi , Heiderich Tatiany , Barros Marina , Balda Rita , Guinsburg Ruth , Thomaz Carlos
Published: September 2020

Analisar a dor em recém-nascidos se tornou um estudo de relevância nas últimas décadas dada a impossibilidade de se conseguir indicar objetivamente qual a localização e intensidade deste fenômeno doloroso. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho e desenvolver um arcabouço computacional de interpretação e reconhecimento de padrões em imagens de faces para avaliação automática de dor em bebês a termo. Sendo que, o arcabouço desenvolvido aqui, obteve uma taxa de acerto (limite superior) de aproximadamente 96% para a base COPE e 77% para a base UNIFESP.
Use of econometrics and machine learning models to predict the number of new cases per day of COVID-19
Authors: Silva Roberto , Barreira Bruna , Xavier Fernando , Saraiva Antonio , Cugnasca Carlos
Published: September 2020

The COVID-19 pandemics will impact the demand for healthcare severely. It is essential to continually monitor and predict the expected number of new cases for each country. We explored the use of econometrics, machine learning, and ensemble models to predict the number of new cases per day for Brazil, China, Italy, and South Korea. These models can be used to make predictions in the short term, complementing the epidemiological models. Our main findings were: (i) there is no single best model for all countries; (ii) ensembles can, in some instances, improve the results of individual models; and (iii) the ML models had worse results due to the lack of data.
Segmentação de Lesões de Pele Utilizando Algoritmos de Aprendizagem Profunda
Authors: Souza Lucas , Lelis Samuel , Silva Romuere
Published: September 2020

Dentre os cânceres de pele, o melanoma o mais grave e mais frequente no Brasil. Além disso, sua incidência está aumentando cada vez mais pelo mundo, assim mostrando a importância dos sistemas de detecção do câncer através de imagens médicas para a obtenção de um diagnóstico mais rápido. Uma das etapas é a segmentação, que trata do isolamento da região lesionada. Nesta pesquisa realizou-se a aplicação das técnicas de pós-processamento limiar de Otsu, fechamento de regiões e remoção de pequenas regiões para melhorar o resultado com algoritmos baseados em aprendizagem profunda U-Net. Com a utilização das bases PH2 e ISIC 2018, foram obtidos 0,9482 e 0,7729 de valores de Dice, respectivamente.
Radiomics Assessment of SPAIR and STIR MRI Sequences to Predict Axial and Peripheral Spondyloarthritis
Authors: Tenorio Ariane , Ferreira Junior José , Dalto Vitor , Faleiros Matheus , Assad Rodrigo , Nogueira-Barbosa Marcello , Azevedo-Marques Paulo
Published: September 2020

In an attempt to aid the subtyping of spondyloarthritis (SpA), this work assessed neural nets and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features to predict SpA. Patients underwent SPAIR and STIR MRI sequences. Radiologists manually segmented sacroiliac joints images for extracting MRI features. A neural net used these features to predict SpA. The STIR-based model yielded higher performance than SPAIR to diagnose SpA, although no statistical difference was found between them. The SPAIR model yielded an area under the curve of 0.83 to differentiate axial and peripheral subtypes, while STIR yielded 0.57 (p < 0.05 on curves difference). Therefore, neural nets modeled with SPAIR-extracted features distinguished SpA using a single MRI exam of the sacroiliac joints.
TAC Zoo: Uma Adaptação Digital do Teste de Atenção por Cancelamento para o TDAH
Authors: Matias Bruno , Sarinho Victor
Published: September 2020

Os efeitos do Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperativade (TDAH), começam na infância e podem continuar durante toda a vida. As pessoas afetadas por esse transtorno tendem a apresentar maiores dificuldades em atividades rotineiras quando comparada a pessoas que não possuem o transtorno. Este artigo apresenta a construção de um jogo digital que busca adaptar o Teste de Atenção por Cancelamento aplicado no diagnóstico de TDAH. Como resultado, obteve-se um jogo que pode ser usado como ferramenta gamificada voltada para o público infantil capaz de coletar métricas de apoio ao diagnóstico de TDAH de uma maneira simples e automatizada.
TEAPET: Desenvolvendo Pets Digitais Voltados para Indivíduos Portadores do Transtorno do Espectro Autista
Authors: Gomes Victoria , Sarinho Victor
Published: September 2020

A habilidade de interagir com outras pessoas e estabelecer relações constitui uma competência extremamente importante para viver em sociedade. Para a construção desses laços, é importante saber interpretar sinais emocionais, bem como responder a estes de maneira apropriada. Esse aspecto, no entanto, constitui um déficit em grande parte dos indivíduos portadores do Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA), o que faz com que estas pessoas, muitas vezes, possuam relacionamentos mais limitados do que os neurotípicos. A fim de trabalhar essa habilidade, este artigo propõe o desenvolvimento do TEAPET, um jogo que se utiliza das tecnologias e dos aprendizados que podem ser passados com o auxílio de um animal de estimação virtual para que, através da associação entre as expressões faciais do pet e suas necessidades, a criança evolua em relação a interpretação das emoções de terceiros.
Impacto da Resolução na Detecção de Retinopatia Diabética com uso de Deep Learning
Authors: Moreira Francis , Schaan Beatriz , Schneiders Josiane , Reis Mateus , Serpa Matheus , Navaux Philippe
Published: September 2020

No contexto dos sistemas de saúde, a prevenção é uma das maneiras mais eficazes evitar a progressão de doenças. Muitas delas podem ser tratadas quando diagnosticadas em estágio inicial. A demanda por exames preventivos está aumentando e não consegue-se atender essa demanda com eficiência pelos médicos sobrecarregados. Portanto, existe a necessidade de uma metodologia para automatizar e aumentar a eficiência de exames de triagem. Neste artigo, discutimos o desenvolvimento de redes neurais convolucionais profundas para detectar retinopatia diabética, e o impacto da resolução de imagem e da rede na precisão de predição. Atingimos 0,93 de área sob a curva de característica operacional do receptor ao aumentar a resolução da arquitetura inception v3.
Humanistic Next-Generation Artificial Intelligence Capable of Association
Authors: Tsuchiya Seiji
Published: September 2020

The third artificial intelligence (AI) boom focused on the “handling of large amounts of data” and “automated learning.” One may think that AI can do anything because it is capable of automated learning, but there are still many problems that AI must tackle. The “necessity of a large amount of data” is and will become an even more significant problem. Obtaining an accurate solution from small amounts of data requires imagination and the detection of trends from a small number of phenomena. One approach is to add artificial data. For example, data can be created by intentionally including noise, and the variation may be expanded by a crossover. Different data can be generated by association or inference. Needless to say, these are artificial data and are not correct cases. “Humanistic AI” must be implemented by devising a scheme to allow accurate learning from small amounts of data. I think that the days when robots are considered enemies are transient and robots will soon be recognized as good partners that support humans instead of being rivals.