bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some psychometric correlates of behaviour in India and Canada(1)
Authors: Carment David W. , Alcock James E.
Published: September 2007

A number of questionnaires, measuring category‐width, risk‐taking propensity, tolerance of ambiguity, world‐mindedness and authoritarianism, were administered to samples of university students in India and Canada. The results are consistent with previous investigations and indicate that the Indians, as contrasted with the Canadians, prefer narrow categories, choose conservative risks, are less tolerant of ambiguity, are more authoritarian and, if attending a Hindu College, are less world‐minded. The relationship of these orientations to other variables such as achievement motivation are discussed and the importance of antecedent child‐rearing practices is noted.
A cross‐cultural replication of attitudes to the physical environment
Authors: Brebner J. , Rump E.E. , Delin P.
Published: September 2007

A replication of Winkel et al.'s (1969) factor analytic study of attitudes to the U.S.A. physical environment was undertaken in Australia. A questionnaire on reactions to the environment was given to 303 South Australian adults. Three factors similar to those identified by Winkel et al. in the U.S.A. were found. However, the method of factor identification used in the present study allowed clearer interpretation and specification of the dimensions. Three additional factors reflecting individual attitudes towards the environment were also distinguished.
Historical comparisons: Testing psychological hypotheses with cross‐era data (1)
Authors: McGuire William J.
Published: September 2007

Cross‐era research, an approach which involves developing and testing social science hypotheses in terms of historical time‐series data, is first discussed as regards its relationship to other comparative research approaches. Some examples of cross‐era research in psychology are described. Special problems that arise in cross‐era research, and proposed methods of coping with them, are discussed as regards each of the three successive phases of research: creative hypothesis formation problems; difficulties that arise in the hypothesis‐testing phase; and problems that emerge during the phase of communicating and utilizing the findings.
Comparative research methodology: Cross‐cultural studies
Authors: Brislin Richard W.
Published: September 2007

Cross‐cultural research can make contributions to theory development by identifying groups of people who seem not to behave according to established theories and by increasing the range of independent variables available for study in any one culture. A major methodological orientation to such studies, developed over the last 10 years, is the emic‐etic distinction. An emic analysis documents valid principles that describe behavior in any one culture, taking into account what the people themselves value as meaningful and important. The goal of an etic analysis is to make generalizations across cultures that take into account all human behavior. Examples of these approaches are given from studies on ingroup‐outgroup relations in Greece and the United States; and studies on the need for achievement and its relation to the need for affiliation. A specific method to document emic and etic principles is presented which involves the development of core items to measure concerns in all cultures under study, and culture‐specific items which are designed to measure concerns in one culture that may not be appropriate for all cultures under study. The techniques of back‐translation and decentering are related to the emic‐etic approach, as are the techniques developed by Triandis which involve the development of research instruments within each culture and the use of factor analysis. The most general approach, applicable to all comparative studies, is the plausible rival hypothesis analysis which forces the research to examine each and every potential explanation for any data set. The suggestion is made that the future of cross‐cultural research will depend on its contribution to theory in general psychology, and methods (such as those presented here) will only be a means to the major goal of discovering important, central facts about human behavior.
Personality and paired‐associate learning1
Authors: Fuller Andrew R.
Published: September 2007

Eysenck has theorized that introverts are high in arousal and should show the pattern of results which has been displayed in several experiments by subjects confronted with high‐arousal stimulus materials: poor performance on short‐term and good performance on long‐term measures of retention. Extraverts, on the other hand, are thought to be low in arousal and should show the reverse pattern as displayed by subjects confronted with low‐arousal stimulus materials. The relevant experiments conducted in Britain confirm these predictions. The relevant United States studies do not. The method used in the present study, in which Americans were subjects, is that of an experiment of Kleinsmith and Kaplan (1964) which found the patterns of retention predicted on the basis of the subjects' exposure to high‐ or low‐arousal stimulus materials. But, as in the other tests of Eysenck's predictions, arousal was measured in terms of introversion and extraversion. The results failed to support Eysenck's formulation.
The experience of being a victim of prejudice: An experimental approach1
Authors: Dion Kenneth L. , Earn Brian M. , Yee Paul H. N.
Published: September 2007

Most research on prejudice has followed the unidirectional orientation of investigating why majority‐group members become prejudiced toward minorities without considering the effects of prejudice and discrimination upon its victims, the members of minority and subordinate groups. Taking a bidirectional perspective, it is argued that comprehending prejudice will also require knowing how minority members respond to prejudice and defend themselves against it. Various methods for exploring the phenomenon of prejudice from the perspective of the minority member are surveyed. In particular, a recently devised technique for experimentally manipulating perceived prejudice and assessing its psychological consequences is presented along with the findings from several studies using members of different minority groups as subjects. After considering the impact of perceived prejudice upon stereotypic self‐evaluations, self‐esteem, and affect, some directions for further research into the “victimology” of prejudice are discussed.
Effects of parental involvement in teacher training1
Authors: Almeida Eduardo
Published: September 2007

Successful intervention programs in school settings are characterized by individualized instruction, teacher training and parental involvement. A program including those characteristics was implemented for the development of competence in Mexican sixth‐graders from eight classrooms. A course in child development was offered in the control classrooms for teachers alone, in the experimental classrooms for teachers and parents together. The idea of developing children's competence by setting a common superordinate goal for parents and teachers does receive modest but real support. The reaction of the community to the program demonstrates the responsiveness and resourcefulness of low income families when presented with an opportunity to act and act effectively in behalf of their children's development.
Late effects of malnutrition on cognitive competence1
Authors: Das J.P. , Soysa Priyani
Published: September 2007

Does an episode of malnutrition, leading to hospitalization, further depress the intellectual performance of children from the disadvantaged economic and social class? An attempt was made to answer this by first tracing a group of children in Colombo, Sri Lanka, who had been hospitalized for marasmus and kwashiorkor 6 to 7 years ago and comparing them on tests of cognitive functions with a group of children from their neighborhood, matched on age and sex. There were 42 index children and 42 controls in the study. Thirty‐three siblings of these index children were also compared with another group of 33 age and sex‐matched neighborhood children. The results showed little difference between the groups on nine tests of cognitive functions and a strong relationship between the child's years of attendance at school and the cognitive tests. It was concluded that as far as the cognitive functions measured by the present tests are concerned, an episode of severe malnutrition perhaps does not do any more harm than chronic undernutrition does to disadvataged children.
RACE AND ACADEMIC STATUS AS DETERMINANTS OF FRIENDSHIP FORMATION: A FIELD STUDY
Authors: Bochner Stephen , ORR Fred E.
Published: September 2007

Milgram's “small world” method was modified to trace interpersonal bonds among members of a university International House containing 154 male and female, graduate and undergraduate, and Australian and Overseas students. Sixteen residents, balanced for race, academic status and sex, served as starters for chain booklets circulating through the House from friend to friend. Social networks were inferred from the circulation pattern of the booklets. It was predicted that both race similarity and academic status congruence would contribute to affiliation, but that academic status would be a more salient determinant in the undergraduate condition, whereas race would be more salient in the graduate group. Fifteen chains progressed beyond their respective starters, and 111 transactions generated by 77 different individuals (or 50% of all the residents) were recorded. The data were in accord with all theoretical expectations.
DIMENSIONS USED IN PERCEIVING PEERS: CROSS‐CULTURAL COMPARISONS OF HONG KONG, JAPANESE, AMERICAN AND FILIPINO UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Authors: Bond Michael H.
Published: September 2007

Twenty bi‐polar descriptions from Cattell's (1957) reduced personality sphere were presented to 192 university students in Hong Kong. Each subject used these scales to assess other students who were convened in same‐sex groups of from six to ten members. These responses were then scored and factor analyzed using the procedure described by Norman (1963). The resulting factor analysis was compared with that derived from American, Filipino and Japanese university students using the same materials and procedures. The 20 scales were reliably used by the Hong Kong sample with the factor analysis extracting over 70% of the matrix variance. The composition of the first four factors of person perception was highly similar across the four cultures. These results were then related to those of Triandis (1977) on cross‐cultural factors of behavior intention to suggest the importance of perception in guiding fundamental interpersonal behaviors in all cultures.
VALUES EXPRESSED IN NIGERIAN CHILDREN'S DRAWINGS*
Authors: Zaidi S.M.Hafeez
Published: September 2007

Five hundred and sixty‐five human figure drawings by 8 to 11 year old Nigerian boys and girls are analyzed in terms of depiction of dress, physical features, work activities, facial expression and social roles. These drawings are assumed to project the social values of present‐day Nigerian society.

The analysis indicates a dominant preference for modern dress, attachment to own‐group physical features, and choice of family relatives as subjects of the drawing. In addition, more men than women are drawn as engaged in work, and more women than men are shown with smiling faces. Reasons for drawing a particular person include kindness of the person towards the respondent, his/her wealth, qualities of character, possession of certain skills and attractive features.

The results seem to indicate transition from some of Nigeria's traditional values and an attempt at readjustment in a rapidly changing society.
TRIANGLE EFFECT AND THE CONNOTATIVE MEANING OF TRUST IN PRISONER'S DILEMMA: A CROSS CULTURAL STUDY
Authors: Misra Sasi , Kalro Amar
Published: September 2007

Two hundred and forty‐nine male postgraduate students of management played the Prisoner's Dilemma Game (Deutsch 1960) and filled out a postgame questionnaire measuring attitude toward the ‘other player’. Striking differences resulted between trusting and trustworthy subjects on the one hand and suspicious and untrustworthy subjects on the other with respect to different meanings given to the dimension of trust (cooperation) in the interaction. As predicted, trusting behavior of the other player was given a positive evaluative meaning ‐ good versus bad ‐ by the trusting and trustworthy subjects and negative dynamism meaning ‐ weak versus strong ‐ by the suspicious and untrustworthy subjects. The trusting players expected the typical other to make either trusting or suspicious moves, whereas the suspicious subjects expected the typical other to be uniformly suspicious, yielding a high Triangularity Index (Kelley and Stahelski 1970). Most provocatively, while 51% of trusting subjects thought that the other player was a female, 81% from among the suspicious subjects thought so. Some implications of the results in interpersonal and organizational situations are discussed.
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING CHANGE IN WOMEN'S ROLES AND STATUS: A CROSS‐CULTURAL STUDY*
Authors: Acosta Eduardo Almeida , de Almeida María Eugenia Sánchez
Published: September 2007

A description is given of an international project in which four countries are involved. The authors trace the origin and the historical and theoretical framework of the project. Independent and dependent variables, and the various scales are briefly presented. Next, the main effects of country and sex, and the interaction between the two are given for the several measurements: Educational Aspirations and Expectations, Importance of Marriage vs Career, Desired Number of Children, Masculinity score for self, Femininity score for self, Masculinity and Femininity scores for the ideal male and female, Mastery, Work, Competitiveness, Self‐Assertiveness, Internal Control, Boldness, Independence and Occupational Values. Differences and similarities between the countries, between sexes and between sexes in each country are discussed. Some comparisons highlight differences between industrial and developing countries.
PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MALE AND FEMALE STUDENTS AND THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN MEXICO
Authors: Acosta Eduardo Almeida , de Arizmendi Graciela Rodríguez , Corona Dolores Mercado , Weber Marcela Rivero , de Almeida María Eugenia Sánchez
Published: September 2007

After a description of the women's situation in Mexico and after overviewing the literature on this issue, the sample characteristics and the application of the six questionnaires are described. The Anova with sex and educational orientation as independent variables produces a number of significant effects. Sex emerges as an important variable on the Importance of Marriage (M > F), the Desired Number of Children (M > F), Masculinity, Femininity, Potency of Self‐Concept and on four professional values. Educational orientation has a significant effect on Competition, Internal Control and three professional values. The interaction sex by educational orientation is significant for the Desired Number of Children, Boldness and three professional values. The findings are compared with the ones obtained in former studies. The authors conclude that sex role stereotypes are disappearing with this sample of educated subjects and that a certain equality between sexes is growing up.
CONTRIBUTION A UNE ETUDE COMPARATIVE DES REPRESENTATIONS DES ROLES ET STATUTS MASCULINS ET FEMININS CHEZ LES JEUNES TUNISIENS SCOLARISES
Authors: Rabah Taoufik , Romdhane Salem ben , Chennoufi Abdessatar , Maaoui Abdallah
Published: September 2007

After highlighting the local problems of the investigation and the cooperation with the other research groups, the authors describe the sample of subjects which is not representative of the whole Tunisian youth, and the application conditions of the questionnaire in Tunis. The Masculinity score is not affected by sex, age and academic orientation while sex and academic orientation influence the Femininity score. Sex is an important variable on the Importance of Marriage (F>M) and the Number of children desired (Fgt; M) but does not influence Educational Aspiration and Expectation. About the same findings are obtained for both sexes on the occupational values: Success is the most important factor. Academic orientation affects Success and Security (technical > college), and Creative, and Prestige (college > technical). The authors conclude that for the sample of subjects studied, attitudes, motivations and representations are changing.
POSTFACE: D'UNE ETUDE PSYCHOLOGIQUE A UN PROGRAMME D'ACTION
Authors: de Montmollin Germaine
Published: September 2007

The joint research program of the four countries is inserted in a more general research perspective: problems of changes in status and roles of women; psychological factors of changes; concepts of status and roles; social and individual gaps; present and future contributions of psychology toward women's conditions. It is pointed out how the research program could give (at least partially) answers to those questions. Some suggestions for subsequent research and action are proposed.
A CULTURAL DIFFERENCE IN VISUAL MEMORY: ON LE VOIT, ON NE LE VOIT PLUS
Authors: Klich L.Z. , Davidson G.R.
Published: September 2007

Further to the debate between Kearins (1978) and Drinkwater (1978), visual memory skills of Aboriginal and white Australian children were examined using Drinkwater's version of Kim's game with desert Aboriginal and rural white children. Older children remembered more than younger ones, and Aboriginal children recalled more natural objects than white children. There was no difference between the groups in recall of manufactured objects, nor between recall of manufactured and natural objects within each group. Aboriginal children remembered significantly more objects overall than white children when the task was first administered. On a second occasion, after a procedure designed to orient children towards the use of predominantly visual rather than verbal memorising strategies, there was no significant difference between the groups.
CONSERVATION IN COMMUNITY SCHOOL CHILDREN FROM THE MADANG, SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS, AND NORTH SOLOMONS PROVINCES OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Authors: Shea John D. , Ogaiea Mundea , Bagara Bernadette
Published: September 2007

Three hundred and eight primary level boys and girls from the Madang, North Solomons, and Southern Highlands Provinces of Papua New Guinea were tested for conservation of number, length, quantity, and area. School grade, and age were related to performance in some cases, though sex had little effect. There were significant differences between the language‐culture groups tested on three of the four conservation tasks. Since there was little consistency of performance over the four tasks, it was suggested that explanations of the variations of cognitive performance found within Papua New Guinea, and between Papua New Guinean groups and others may need to give attention to specific characteristics of each group's environment.
CHILDREN'S THINKING IN BOTSWANA: PIAGET TASKS EXAMINED*
Authors: John Martha , Dambe Mbakiso , Polhemus Sue , John Floyd
Published: September 2007

This Piaget replication study was done in Botswana. Six tasks were completed by 554 primary school children from urban, rural, and traditional village environments. Conservation of number, length, mass and weight, seriation and classification exercises were carried out using materials commonly found in the culture. Previous studies by other investigators have compared schooled and unschooled subjects in other African countries, but often unschooled subjects were from rural areas, so the environmental effects could not be isolated. In this study comparisons were made between students in the three environments, between age groups, and between male and female subjects. Urban children completed tasks at an earlier age than those from other environments. In general, the results are similar to findings from other African countries.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF ‘EXCHANGE‐ORIENTATION’ AND ‘COMMITMENT’ SCALES TO MARRIAGE ADJUSTMENT*
Authors: Murstein Bernard I. , MacDonald Marcia G.
Published: September 2007

Believing that “exchange” and “commitment” are basic dimensions associated with marriage adjustment (MA), scales measuring these three dimensions were administered to 40 married couples. Exchange was predicted to be negatively correlated with MA, commitment positively associated with it, and an individual's exchange and commitment qualities were predicted to affect his partner's MA. The hypotheses were all supported. Further analyses, however, revealed that husbands' MA was more strongly associated with their own exchange and commitment scores than those of their wives. However, wives' MA was equally associated with their own and their husbands' exchange and commitment scores. The implications of this finding for women's position in marriage are discussed.
CULTURE, COUNTING AND NUMBER CONSERVATION
Authors: Saxe Geoffrey B.
Published: September 2007

Children from 3 remote village populations in Papua New Guinea were administered notational counting and number conservation tasks. The results replicate previous research conducted in the United States that shows children develop the use of counting to mediate the comparison and reproduction of sets prior to understanding number conservation. The significance of these findings is discussed with respect to current models of number development.
SOCIAL ROOTS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF TIME PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Agarwal Adesh , Tripathi Kaushal K. , Srivastava Manju
Published: September 2007

Hypotheses concerning socio‐economic conditions related with the development, psychological processes and behavioral sequels of time perspective were tested on 249 students, 19–23 years of age. Three dimensions of time perspective viz. future orientation (FO), future extension and total extension were measured. In study 1, ANOVA revealed significant differences between high, medium and low deprived groups on all three dimensions of time perspective. Deprivation on experiential dimension significantly and adversely influenced FO but physico‐economic deprivation did not. Study 2 revealed that future oriented and extended outlook is augmented by a reflective style as measured by MFFT. 2×2 ANOVA on delay of gratification scores revealed significant main effects of reflective‐impulsive style, and FO. Significant interaction effect showed that those subjects who had high future orientation as well as a reflective style were better able to tolerate delay of gratification.
FUTURE ORIENTATION AND SOCIALIZATION*
Authors: Trommsdorff Gisela
Published: September 2007

The present paper deals with the question of what kind of relationship may exist between future orientation and socialization. First, the nature of future orientation and related person variables are discussed. It is shown that a functional theory of personality and social behavior is needed in order to specify the relations between these variables. On the basis of such a theory the next question on the development of future orientation may be dealt with more fruitfully. Besides cognitive maturation, social experiences determine which kind of future orientation develops and can be adapted in different social situations. Finally, the question is dealt with to what extent future orientation (not only of parents and teachers, but also of the person to be socialized) may influence the process and result of socialization. Some preliminary data indicate the usefulness of an interactionist theory for the study on the relation between socialization and future orientation.
THE FUNCTION OF FUTURE ORIENTATION AS A DETERMINANT OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN STEP‐PATH THEORY OF ACTION
Authors: Raynor Joel O. , Entin Elliot E.
Published: September 2007

Step‐path theory of action is used to conceptualize future orientation (FO) as anticipated path characteristics and to derive its function. Study 1 finds that stories written to FO sentences are significantly higher on n Achievement when referring to a young person, while stories written to past orientation sentences tend toward higher scores when referring to an old person. Study 2 finds that extremes on chronological age tend to accentuate these trends. Study 3 supports the “multiplicative rule” for the combination of subjective probabilities of success (Ps) along a contingent path for group data. Individual data show that the predicted accentuation of achievement motivation is mediated by a decrease in path length for nonmultipliers of Ps (time FO), and by an increase in path length for multipliers of Ps (task FO). Path Ps also influences the effects of time and task FO.
LE FUTUR DANS LES PERSPECTIVES TEMPORELLES
Authors: Fraisse Paul
Published: September 2007

In the context of the profusion of studies dealing with the future in a temporal perspective this article describes several recent works on the subject and specifies the samples investigated (in terms of age, sex, socio‐cultural milieu, and personality) as well as the choice of methodology adopted which depends on the area of inquiry explored (personal life, social interaction, planning for the future).
ROLE DU PARTENAIRE ADULTE DANS LA GENESE DE LA COMMUNICATION: LES PRINCIPAUX COURANTS THEORIQUES
Authors: Marcos Haydée
Published: September 2007

According to some authors, socialisation explains the emergence and development of communicative behavior. Other authors think that this development is an autonomous process: either because communication and even sociability exist per se and are innate activities of the infant, or because the development of communication is an aspect of cognitive development. Up to the present time the experiments and observations do not lend support to one hypothesis over the other: there are strong arguments in both directions, without them being definitive.

Two approaches seem suited to establish the range and restriction of these different theoretical points of view: a systematic analysis of the reciprocal roles of the adult and the infant during interaction and the study of the influence of certain characteristics of the family or institutional milieu on the communicative behavior of the infant.
PSYCHOLOGY IN THE CONTEXT OF THIRD WORLD DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Sinha Durganand
Published: September 2007

Unlike other social sciences, psychology has for long remained outside the orbit of social change and national development. Because of the very nature of socio‐economic development that is taking place in the Third World countries, psychology has a distinct role. Temporal compression and cacophonic nature of changes have caused conditions of instability that have brought to the fore many socio‐psychological problems requiring immediate attention. The role of psychology in this context and the factors underlying the limited impact it has made so far have been discussed. Some robust findings in psychology that have obvious implications for policy formulation and action programme are outlined.
PSYCHOLOGY IN A NON‐WESTERN COUNTRY*
Authors: Azuma Hiroshi
Published: September 2007

Most psychological phenomena are intrinsically culture bound. Psychological theories developed in one culture may not automatically be generalizable to the behavior of the people of another culture. The psychology as a science primarily developed in Europe and America, based on the behavioral data of Western people studied by the psychologists grew in the Western culture. This obviously limits the applicability of psychology as it is to developing countries. This does not mean, however, that there should be as many psychologies as there are cultures. More generally valid psychology will emerge by identifying what is culturally specific in the main stream psychology and adopting new concepts of general applicability from other cultures. In the article below, stages of interaction between Western psychology and indigenous thought are described based on the history of psychology in Japan.
THE IMPACT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING ON EDUCATIONAL AND PERSONNEL SELECTION IN AFRICA
Authors: Durojaiye M.O.A.
Published: September 2007

Psychological testing for Education and Personnel selection is of great importance in the efforts by many African countries to ensure that suitable candidates are selected for education beyond the primary school level and for training for different employment. Major investigations directed to this need have been in the area of adapting tests already available in Western countries and determining the reliability and predictive validity of battery of tests so adapted and their tryout in African schools to determine their efficiency as tools for selection.
TOWARDS PARTNERSHIP FOR RELEVANT RESEARCH IN THE THIRD WORLD
Authors: Sinha J.B.P.
Published: September 2007

Over twenty years back, the concept of development and the resource superiority in the West imposed on the Third World psychologists a relationship which since then has evolved from the stage of pure subordination through indigenization into a phase which might turn out to be relatively more collaborative. The purpose of this paper is to take a brief historical account of the process of this evolving relationship which also tends to change the concept of development itself. The purely economic concept of development through industrialization and individual efforts has yielded to an emerging view of development where economic, social, environmental, and other factors are integrated and centred around human development. While based primarily on the Indian experiences, the perspective developed here may have some relevance to the Third World in general.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE ATTRIBUTION OF SOCIALLY DESIRABLE AND UNDESIRABLE TRAITS TO OUT‐GROUP MEMBERS*
Authors: Bochner Stephen , Harris Richard J.
Published: September 2007

One hundred and forty‐four male and female Australian subjects rated an Australian or a Vietnamese target group on the possession of five socially desirable and five socially undesirable personality traits. As predicted, the out‐group was perceived less favourably than the in‐group, but only by the males, the females not making the distinction.
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ATTRIBUTIONS OF LONGEVITY: A CROSS‐SECTIONAL STUDY OF THE PERCEPTIONS OF THE ELDERLY FROM THREE SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS*
Authors: Fry P.S.
Published: September 2007

A study of the positive and negative attributions of longevity among the elderly was conducted by using elderly subjects from three socioeconomic backgrounds. The purpose was to try to understand attributions of longevity in terms of prototypical response patterns of the elderly. It was hypothesized that several prototypes exist in the population of the elderly and that these prototypes correspond to the given life style of the elderly from different socioeconomic conditions. Thus overall, the study was intended to elucidate the structure and contents of the elderly people's perceptions of longevity. For this purpose factor analysis and discriminant function analyses were done in order to identify significant factors which differentiated the responses of subjects from the three socioeconomic groups. Results indicated that there are strong and interpretable factors which distinguish the perceptions of the elderly from three different socioeconomic conditions; there are also common core factors. The results are discussed in terms of their usefulness for understanding the perceptual framework and implicit belief systems of the elderly concerning longevity.
THE CONSISTENCY OF NIGERIANS' PERFORMANCE ON THREE TASKS MEASURING FIELD DEPENDENCE
Authors: Fowler C.J.H. , Fowler J.F.
Published: September 2007

The study attempts to examine the consistency of Nigerians' performance on three measures of field dependence. The measures used were the Embedded Figures Test (EFT), Block Design (BD) and the Rod and Frame Box (RFB), and samples were drawn from a university (N = 48) and two local schools (N = 38) located in east‐central Nigeria.

In line with previous studies, the most significant correlation was between EFT and BD. Interpretation of the partial correlations suggested that EFT and BD may share at least two common factors but that each appears to share only one of these with RFB. These factors were discussed in terms of the hemispheric processing requirements of these measures. It was suggested that EFT and BD, which involve cognitive restructuring, may require an ability to integrate the processing abilities of the two hemispheres, whereas RFB may only involve left hemisphere processing. This interpretation may also help to explain some of the sex and age effects found in the present study.

More research is needed to help isolate the various processing requirements of the different measures of field dependence.
TOWARDS A UNIVERSAL PSYCHOLOGY OF COGNITIVE COMPETENCE
Authors: Berry J.W.
Published: September 2007

A position of cultural relativism is outlined and employed in an examination of variations in folk conceptions and psychologists' conceptions of cognitive competence in a variety of cultures. At the same time it is proposed that pan‐cultural characteristics of cognitive competence must also be sought. A framework for exploring both the local and the universal features of cognitive functioning is presented as a guide for future research, and as a test of current formulations.
A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SIMULTANEOUS‐SUCCESSIVE SYNTHESIS AND CONCRETE OPERATIONAL THOUGHT
Authors: Mwamwenda T. , Dash U.N. , Das J.P.
Published: September 2007

In two studies, performance in concrete operational tasks was related to individual differences in simultaneous‐successive processing. Although the studies were carried out in culturally different populations (in Canada and in India), it was observed that children who prefer simultaneous to successive processing did better in the Piagetian tasks of conservation, transitive inference, and class inclusion. But performance in class inclusion appeared to be helped by both processes in the study in India. On the whole, rational as well as empirical reasons were found to claim that simultaneous processing is utilized in the successful solution of concrete operational tasks.
VALUE SYSTEMS AND ANOMIE IN THREE CULTURES
Authors: Furnham Adrian
Published: September 2007

The Rokeach Value Survey was administrated to three equivalent groups of South Africans ‐ Africans (Blacks), Indians (Browns), and Europeans (Whites) ‐ along with the Srole Anomie Scale. It was hypothesized that a number of differences would occur between these groups based on socio‐economic structure of the country, their respective affluence, and traditional cultural differences. Values assigned relatively high importance by the Africans concerned equality and peace, while the Europeans place higher value on friendship and love. Although there were large significant differences between the Black and White groups on anomie, these scores did not correlate very highly with the instrumental or terminal values. These results were interpreted in terms of the history and culture of the three groups and the socio‐political structure of the society in which they live. Limitations of research of this kind are also noted.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RECIDIVISTS AND CONTRACEPTORS ALONG THE DIMENSIONS OF LOCUS OF CONTROL AND IMPULSIVITY
Authors: Gibb Gerald D.
Published: September 2007

The research examined personality differences between repeat aborters, initial aborters, and nulliparas. A review of the literature in the area has documented the demographic characteristics of women who continually seek repeated abortion. This study was an attempt to differentiate between women who contracept from those who seek abortion repeatedly on the basis of personality differences.

The findings indicate that repeaters who seek abortion at the time of personality testing perceive themselves low in impulsivity, a finding similar to that for women who have never been pregnant and are seeking contraceptive services. Results are examined from the perspective of inaccurate vs accurate self‐perceptions. No differences were found with respect to locus of control.
FORMS AND THEIR STRUCTURIZING POWER IN PSYCHOSIS
Authors: Pankow Gisela
Published: September 2007

The author has developed a dynamic approach to psychosis, based on the dialectics of forms. In the case of a borderline patient, it was possible to integrate an hysterical hallucination with the aid of the structurizing power of the mirror.
DU DEDANS AU DEHORS: TRANSFORMATION DE LA POSSESSION‐MALADIE EN POSSESSION RITUELLE
Authors: Zempléni András
Published: September 2007

The conjunction of possession and sacrifice in the same therapeutic ritual evidences a paradox in that the spirit or divinity to whom the sacrifice is made is being embodied by the sacrificer whose aim it is to expel this spirit from the patient's body. The ritual process by which the Wolof of Senegal solve this paradox is described and analyzed. In the ritual, the internal and inclusive relationship with an anonymous rab (a body‐within‐a‐body) is transformed into an external and exclusive relationship with a named rab (a body‐to‐a‐body). The conversion of the possession‐as‐illness into a ritual possession entails both a spatial and temporal inversion of the bodily symptom‐symbol. The diffusely and continuously acting agency from the inside is and must become an external agency of circumscribed and recurrent action. The patient's temporary decoration with internal parts of the immolated animal (such as a cap made of the paunch or peritoneum, a necklace or tulband of intestines, or anointing with blood) ‐ typical of the initiatory sacrifices in many ‘possession‐cults’ ‐ acts as the symbolic operator of this inversion, i.e., of the amoeboid eversion of the body of the possessed. The analysis of some comparative data suggests that the metonymic assimilation between the possessed and the sacrificed is only a ritual artifact linked to the above‐mentioned paradox. The cultic possession, which necessarily entails the reproduction of the ritual trance, is a specific form of the sacrificial mode of thinking and practice. The time and periodicity of the trance and of the sacrifice are comparable. Possession can be analyzed as a metonymic figuration of the sacrifice in that it re‐inserts the bodily experience within the sacrificial communication. Possession gives bodily form to the symbolic efficacy and is, therefore, frequently associated with therapy.
PERCEPTION AND JUDGMENT OF FACIAL EXPRESSIONS AMONG THE CHINESE
Authors: Chan David W.
Published: September 2007

Perceived relationships among nine facial expressions were structurally represented in a two‐space configuration by multidimensional scaling procedure. The two dimensions operative for Chinese judges were interpreted as positive versus negative emotions and open versus controlled styles of expressions. While there was some consensus in identifying seven of the nine intended emotions, interest‐excitement and disgust‐revulsion were often not recognized. Implications of cross‐cultural comparisons in identification rates were discussed.
PAY SATISFACTION: ITS MULTIDIMENSIONAL NATURE AND MEASUREMENT*
Authors: Heneman Herbert G. , Schwab Donald P.
Published: September 2007

The present study was guided by the general hypothesis that pay satisfaction is multidimensional. The Pay Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ) was developed to assess five dimensions of satisfaction with pay (level, benefits, raises, structure, and administration). Results on two heterogeneous samples of employees provided support for the multidimensional hypothesis, although a four‐dimensional solution (level, benefits, raises, structure/administration) provided better representation of the variance in the items studied. These four scales showed high internal consistency reliabilities. Comparison of the pay scales of the Job Descriptive Index and Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire with the PSQ dimensions suggested that these well‐known scales primarily measure satisfaction with pay level. Implications of the findings for pay satisfaction research, both substantive and measurement oriented, are discussed.
PREDICTING JOB SATISFACTION FROM LIFE SATISFACTION: IS THERE A GENERAL SATISFACTION FACTOR?
Authors: Schmitt Neal , Pulakos Elaine D.
Published: September 2007

Job satisfaction has been shown to be related to a number of individual and organizational effectiveness variables. Consequently, it is suggested that attempts to select individuals with inclinations towards satisfaction would be of theoretical and practical importance. For five samples of individuals representing a wide variety of occupations, regression analyses were used to assess the usefulness of life satisfaction in the prediction of subsequent job satisfaction, while statistically controlling various demographic variables, pay, tenure, and perceptions of task characteristics. In a sixth sample of workers eligible for retirement, the hypothesis that life satisfaction can be predicted from job satisfaction was also examined. The results showed that in three of the first five samples, life satisfaction was a significant predictor of job satisfaction. In the sample of retirees, significant results were also obtained using job satisfaction to predict subsequent life satisfaction. It is suggested that satisfaction may be a relatively stable and general aspect of certain individuals which is a function of particular personality characteristics and/or an inclination towards interpreting various situations in a favorable manner.
SOURCE OF PERFORMANCE VARIANCE AS A MODERATOR OF THE JOB SATISFACTION‐JOB PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP*
Authors: Fisher Cynthia D.
Published: September 2007

Herman's (1973) proposition that satisfaction and performance can only be related when performance is at least partially under the worker's control was tested. Subjects were hired to work under conditions of high or low situational control of performance. Two performance measures were used, only one of which was designed to be susceptible to the situational control manipulation. Satisfaction was then predicted by performance, situational control condition, and their cross‐product. As expected, the interaction term was significant when the performance measure susceptible to situational control was used and nonsignificant when the nonsusceptible measure was used. It was concluded that the amount of performance variance which is individually rather than situationally controlled is an important moderator of the satisfaction‐performance relationship.
THE EFFECTS OF NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT AND NEED FOR INDEPENDENCE ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERCEIVED JOB ATTRIBUTES AND MANAGERIAL SATISFACTION AND PERFORMANCE
Authors: Orpen Christopher
Published: September 2007

Work‐manifest needs for achievement and independence were examined as moderators of relations between perceptions of five job attributes (skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy and feed‐back) and job satisfaction and job performance among a sample of 346 middle‐managers. Need for achievement and need for independence were unrelated to the perceived job attributor and to both job satisfaction and job performance. However, most of the relations between the perceived job attributes and both job satisfaction and job performance were significantly higher among the managers high in need for achievement and need for independence than among those low in these needs. These results point to the importance of differentiating between managers high and low in these needs when redesigning jobs.
FREE AND MATRIX CLASSIFICATION: AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE RESPONSES OF NINE‐ AND TWELVE‐YEAR‐OLD CHILDREN
Authors: Ramkissoon R.D. , Bhana K.
Published: September 2007

This study investigated the relationship between free and matrix classification performance as a function of stimulus dimensionality (2‐D vs 3‐D) and repealed trials. The subjects were 30 boys and 30 girls, mean age 12 years, and 30 boys and 30 girls, mean age 9 years. The results indicated that subjects succeeded on the matrix tasks more frequently than they were able to give multidimensional free classification responses. Subjects succeeded more frequently with 3‐D than with 2‐D stimuli. Retrials on both free and matrix classification tasks did not significantly improve performance. Possible reasons for the findings and their future implications were discussed.
NYBORG'S ANALYTICAL ROD‐AND‐FRAME SCORING SYSTEM: A COMPARATIVE STUDY IN ZIMBABWE*
Authors: Jahoda Gustav , Neilson Irene
Published: September 2007

Witkin's method of scoring the Rod‐and‐Frame Test (RFT), most generally used, has been criticized by Nyborg. On the basis of studies with Danish students he provided evidence that RFT performance is multi‐determined, and devised a new scoring method to take this into account. The present study, conducted in Zimbabwe, replicated and extended Nyborg's work. The RFT scores of 80 subjects differing in ethnicity, sex and type of course were analyzed employing both Witkin's and Nyborg's methods. Our results confirm Nyborg's finding that factors other than frame dependence are involved in RFT performance, as indicated by differences in response patterns as a function of ethnic group, sex and type of course. It is suggested that Nyborg's scoring method is a valuable tool for the purpose of clarifying the nature and sources of cultural differences in RFT performance.
THE FACTOR STRUCTURE OF THE BEM SEX‐ROLE INVENTORY (BSRI)
Authors: Maznah Ismail , Choo Piang Fong
Published: September 2007

Research on the factor structure of the Bem Sex‐Role Inventory generally indicates the existence of a number of smaller factors in addition to a major Masculine factor and a major Feminine factor. This has led to a suggestion that contrary to Bern's proposal, the scale is multidimensional. The present study attempted to examine further the factor structure of BSRI when applied to a non‐Western sample. The results of a factor analysis appear to confirm the suggestion that BSRI is multidimensional. There are also indications that both the Masculine and the Feminine scales have high internal consistencies which can be improved further if certain items were removed.