bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review on Theobromine: An Alternative to Fluorides in Treating Dentinal Hypersensitivity
Authors: Chandak Shailee , Madhu Priyanka Paul , Chhabra Kumar Gaurav , Reche Amit , Mahure Gopika , Giri Shefali , Chandak Manoj
Published: December 2021

Theobromine is a unique constituent that can help dentistry and general health in the future. The generic name of theobroma is obtained from two Greek words i.e., Theo and Broma, which means “food of the gods". It can be found in cocoa beans and chocolates. Theodent toothpaste harness the power of cocoa. Rennou, the main component in Theodent, is a unique compound that combines theobromine, calcium, and phosphate to enhance enamel remineralization. This article is to review the effectiveness of theobromine in blocking dentinal tubules by preventing dentinal hypersensitivity, and its positive effects on general health. Various researches and valid documents were reviewed by us. Several studies have been conducted that shows theobromine is effective in blocking dentinal tubules, thus preventing dentinal hypersensitivity as well as tooth demineralization. It also has other general health benefits. Because of its potent vasodilation, diuretic and heart stimulant effect, theobromine can also be used in treating high blood pressure. It also aids in opening of airways and helps in preventing kidney stones. The use of fluoride dentifrices is debatable, as it has many detrimental effects. Also, we consider that theobromine if used as a component in dentifrices, if unintentionally swallowed, cause no catastrophic effects.
Turner’s Tooth: A Rare Case with Review of Literature
Authors: Karadwal Asha , Nayak Sushruth , Nayak Prachi , Pathak Kush
Published: December 2021

Turner’s tooth is a form of enamel hypoplasia. Periapical pathology of the primary tooth is the main culprit behind the enamel deficiency in the permanent tooth. The altered tooth is called a Turner’s tooth. Color of the affected tooth varies from focal areas of white, yellow, or brown discoloration to extensive hypoplasia which can involve the entire crown. The crown of the permanent teeth develops mainly from six months and extends upto fifteen years. The part of the crown which gets damaged is directly related to the location of the ameloblastic activity at the time of damage. Therefore, we are here discussing the case of a seven year old boy which was reported to be the case of turner’s tooth hypoplasia.
Effectiveness of Planned Teaching on Knowledge Regarding Cadverdonation among Adults in Rural Area
Authors: Maurya Archana , Wanjari Karishma , Wanmali David , Warutkar Atul , Wasekar Snehal , Watmode Bhagyashri
Published: December 2021

Introduction: The donation of organs from a brain dead or dead person is known as Cadaver donation. Many adults are unaware of cadaver donation in the rural areas; hence the researcher had to impart awareness about cadaver donation among the adult population so that their attitude will gradually diversify in the future.

Aims: The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching regarding cadaver donation among adult in the rural area and find out the association of knowledge score with selected demographic variables.

Materials and Methods: In this Evaluatory approach was used. Pre-test and post test design was used. The study held among adults between the age group of 19years to 30years and the data was collected in the rural area of Seloo taluka at Wardha district from 2nd January to 28th January 2019. The researcher collected one sample from an individual family. Non- probability convenience sampling technique used in this study. The total sample size was 60 samples.

Results: In the study, 50% of sample belonged to the age group of (19 t0 21 years) 51.6% of sample were males, 40% of samples were graduate 5% of the sample had knowledge about cadaver donation out of which 15% of samples had knowledge from newspaper and mass media. The mean post-test knowledge scores 13.53 were higher than mean pre-test knowledge score 4.15 and the obtained mean difference of 9.38 was found to be statistically significant.

Conclusion: It is concluded that there was an evidence to increase the knowledge score after administration of the planned teaching. The actual gain score was significantly higher, improving in the knowledge regarding cadaver donation among adults in the rural area. Thus the planned teaching was effective.
Study to Assess the Severity of Pancreatitis Based on Ranson’s Scoring and Modified CT Severity Index
Authors: Khannaa A. Kishore , Selvam Agil
Published: December 2021

Background: Acute pancreatitis is an emergency condition requiring intensive care and 20% of patients fall under the severe category with severe complications and requires early assessment.

Objectives: To assess the severity of pancreatitis based on Modified CT severity index and Ransons’s score in a tertiary health care centre.

Materials and Methods: This is prospective study done on 80 patients diagnosed of acute pancreatitis, ranson's criteria was calculated within 48 hours and Modified CT severity index was measured in all the patients with CECT to identify the severity and prognosis of the disease.

Results: Out of the 80 patients 61 were males and 19 were females and alcohol was the commonest etiology of acute pancreatitis. Ranson's criteria showed 31 patients with mild and 49 with severe pancreatitis. MCTSI score showed 18 patients of severe pancreatitis and all were under the severe category of Ranson's criteria.

Conclusion: Ranson's score and Modified CT severity index helps in identifying severity in early stage and provide better treatment for the early prognosis of the patients.
Niosomes: A Promising Drug Delivery System in Transdermal Drug Delivery (TDDS)
Authors: Chatur Vibhavari M. , Dhole Shashikant N.
Published: December 2021

Infectious disease treatment and immunisation have undergone a transformative change in recent years. With the advancement of biotechnology and genetic engineering, a large number of disease-specific biological have been created, as well as a focus on delivering these biological effectively. Niosomes are vesicular Nano carriers that are gaining popularity as a potential transdermal drug delivery system due to properties like enhanced drug penetration, a local depot for sustained drug release, and a rate-limiting membrane for modulating systemic absorption of drugs through the skin. Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant-based vesicles that are biodegradable, relatively nontoxic, more stable, and less expensive than liposomes. This analysis gives a high-level overview of niosomes, including their chemical composition, structure, benefits, and applications, as well as some general observations on niosomes as percutaneous permeation enhancers.
Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Crude Extract and Fractions of Morinda citrifolia Fruit on Multiple Drug Resistant Clinical Isolates
Authors: Ene Ifeanyichukwu Foster , Bessie Enweani Ifeoma , Obaji Monday Uchenna , Obeagu Emmanuel Ifeanyi
Published: December 2021

Background: Morinda citrifolia fruits are consumed by humans in tropical areas of Africa due to their nutritional and medicinal values.

Methods: The fresh fruit of M. citrifolia were harvested, washed with clean water, dried under a shade, pulverized and extracted with methanol in a Soxhlet’s extractor. The crude methanolic filtrate was subjected to phytochemical analysis and fractionation using ethyl acetate, butanol, distilled water and n-hexane. The isolates, which comprises Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Candida albicans, were collected from diarrhoiec stool of patients aged 0-5 years using standard procedure. Antibiotic susceptibility assay was carried out using disc diffusion method. The antimicrobial susceptibility test of the fruit extract and fractions was carried out using agar well diffusion method.

Results: All the isolates were susceptible to the extract and the fractions with MICs range from 3.125 mg/mL to 12.5 mg/mL. S. aureus and S. typhi were resistant to more than two conventional antibiotics.

Conclusion: Crude and fractions of M. citrifolia have excellent antibacterial and antifungal activities against multiple antibiotic resistant strains of S. aureus, S. typhi and C. albicans.
Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Bacterial Isolates from Infected Wounds in a Tertiary Health Care Center, India
Authors: Jain N. Krithik , Edwin Rufus Ranjithsingh
Published: December 2021

Background: An infected wound prolongs the period of stay in hospital which results in further chances of getting affected by nosocomial infection leading to increased number of comorbidities. Hence adequate and appropriate treatment of the infective organism is of prime importance.

Objectives: To find out the most common antibiotics susceptible to the bacterial isolates from the pus samples. 

Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted of the bacterial isolates from pus samples in a hospital setup of Saveetha medical college and hospital, Chennai for 100 patients. Pus samples were collected from patients who came to the surgery OPD with complaints of ulcer and discharge were subjected to culture and sensitivity after obtaining proper consent and the bacterial growths were noted. Antibiotic susceptibilities of the isolates were determined according to disk diffusion method recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standard institute [1].

Results: Out of the total samples collected (n=200) 90% of the samples showed bacterial growth and the remaining 10% of the samples showed no growth. The most predominant bacteria in our study was found to be E. coli (33%) being most susceptible to Amikacin followed by S. aureus (19%) which was highly susceptible to Linezolid and Vancomycin.

Conclusion: There is a peak in the incidence of antimicrobial resistant cases which is a great threat for human mankind. Hence emphasis should be laid on rational use of antibiotics and proper sterile techniques to be followed.
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Laughter Therapy on Reducing Level of Stress Among Primary School Teachers of Selected School in Hoshangabad MP India
Authors: Jacob Bincy , Linson C. C.
Published: December 2021

The purpose of the study was to assess the amount of stress among primary school teachers in Hoshangabad, evaluate the efficiency of laughing therapy in lowering their level of stress, and discover a relationship between their pre-test level of stress and chosen demographic characteristics. A pre-experimental research was carried out among primary school teachers at Servite Convent English Medium School in Hoshangabd, near Housing Board Road. The data collecting period was extended from January 21 to February 21. Thirty elementary school teachers were chosen using purposive sampling. There was a pre-test, an intervention, and a post-test. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. The study found that most instructors' stress levels were moderate in the pre-test and mild in the post-test. It was severe in 10% of the instructors in the pre-test, but no one showed significant stress in the post-test. The mean stress score after the exam was lower than the mean stress score before the test. A substantial relationship was discovered between the amount of stress and certain demographic characteristics such as age and stress-reduction strategies. The majority of primary school instructors had mild to moderate stress, which was alleviated by laughing therapy.  As a result, laughing therapy should be employed to relieve stress among elementary school instructors.
Epidemiology of Orthopaedic Injuries in Cases of Road Traffic Accidents
Authors: Meena M. , Jaganath K. , SathishKumar M. , Ramkumar Saidev , Sundaram P. Shanmuga
Published: December 2021

Background: Road traffic accidents are on the rise due to rapid urbanization, motorization, lack of appropriate road engineering, poor awareness levels, non existent injury prevention programs, and poor enforcement of traffic laws. From mild to severe injuries, a road traffic accident can have a significant social and economic impact on the individual, family and the society. It is believed that the outcome of this study should help in identifying risk factors, set priorities for prevention and aid in management of cases.

Materials and Methods: This study is a cross sectional prospective study conducted over a period of 6 months

Results: One hundred and twenty seven RTA victims were studied during the period. The most commonly affected age group was 21-40 years. Men were more involved in RTAs than women.

Most common fracture was tibial fracture and most common fractures were seen in people who drove motorcycles. Accidents were most commonly seen during the time period of 6pm to 6am.

Conclusion: Computerised trauma registry is needed urgently to highlight risk factors, circumstances, chain of events leading to accidents.

Strict licensure procedure should be followed and minimum level of education should be imparted especially to younger age groups. Doing so will be helpful in policy making and health management in India.
Niosomes: A Promising Novel Nano Carrier for Drug Delivery
Authors: Shah Nirmal , Prajapati Rahul , Gohil Dipti , Sadhu Piyush , Patel Snehal
Published: December 2021

Niosomes are vesicles, which are formulated by hydrating the mixture of cholesterol, non-ionic surfactant and other biodegradable lipids. Niosomes increase the drug activity as compare to their conventional dosage form of a drug. Niosomes can be used as carrier of amphiphilic and lipophilic drugs. Niosomes may overcome the issues related to instability, fast degradation, low bioavailability, and insolubility of medications. The structure of niosomes either multilamellar or unilamellar, is depends on the method of formulation. Niosomes contain very efficient drug delivery potential for site-specific delivery of anti-cancer, anti-infective agents, etc. Niosomes are stable as well as cost effective carriers as compared with other drug formulations. Niosomes also have various applications in parental drug delivery system, topical drug delivery system, oral drug delivery system and novel drug delivery system such as targeted drug delivery system and controlled drug release system.
A Retrospective Study on Management of the Distal End of the Radius Fractures
Authors: Sanjay R. , Aakash V. , Reddy Menakuru Sreya , Kumar G. Ram
Published: December 2021

Introduction: The distal end radius fracture is a common fracture type and represents about one sixth of all skeletal fractures. They commonly occur in young males and older females. In young adults it is more common to see a fracture of the Intra-articular component in distal radius, probably due to high-energy trauma such as road traffic accidents. The patient may come with symptoms of  pain and swelling around the wrist, sometimes with deformity around the wrist or tenderness at an area with no obvious deformity.

Objectives: To analyse the various treatment methods and their outcomes.

Materials and Methods: It is a retrospective study conducted on the distal end of radius fractures by the orthopedic department of Saveetha Medical College and Hospital in the years 2018, 2019 and 2020. All the patients were examined both clinically and radiologically. Anteroposterior (AP) and lateral views of the wrist joint on both sides were obtained at the time of injury presentation. Fractures were classified according to the AO classification and anatomical features like the presence of dorsal tilt, radial shortening and loss of radial inclination are also assessed using the Sarmiento’s modification of Lindstrom Criteria.

Results: Anatomical results evaluated according to Sarmiento’s modification of Lindstrom criteria showed excellent results were more frequent with open reduction and internal fixation techniques but the most frequently used treatment modality is closed reduction and cast immobilisation.

Conclusion: There is no customised treatment for all distal end of radius fractures hence the treatment depends on various factors like the fracture type, characters, patient’s demands and the surgeon’s preference.
LUTS-Normal Stent VS Carbothene Stent in a Health Center- Retrospective and Prospective Study
Authors: Raval Rohan V. , Griffin M. , Sivasankar M. , Premanand P. S. , Kamaraj V. , Muthulatha N.
Published: December 2021

Background: Ureteral stent removal is associated with some post operative symptoms such as changes in the frequency of urine,frequent nocturia, occasional episodes of blood stained urine,pain in the suprapubic region which occurs due to the material composition and the dimensions of the stent as well. Polyurethane stent are regularly used in the operation theatres but in the recent years carbothane stent has showed some efficacy and hence necessitates a comparison.

Objectives: To study the prevalence of symptoms of lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with polyurethane stent and carbothane stents

Materials and Methodology: A prospective study was conducted among patients who had their stent removed to the Department of Urology in a tertiary health care hospital from January 2021 to April 2021. A simple random sampling technique was employed and 40 patients were identified for the study. The relationship between the different stents and the onset of symptoms

Results: It is seen that the onset of lower urinary tract symptoms had an equal incidence among the two genders hence the presence of symptoms plays a crucial role in distinguishing the efficacy of the stents. Here in this study only 5% of carbothane stent patients had changes in frequency of micturition where as 65% polyurethane stent patients reported change frequency similarly 60% of polyurethane stent patients had changes in Frequency of nocturia whereas same was reported in 20% of the patients. Loss of urine before reaching the toilet was the primary complaint in 30 % of polyurethane stent patients but only 2% of carbothane stent patients occasionally had this complaint. Apparently the stream of urine was occasionally continuous in 70% of polyurethane stent patients but was always continuous in 85% of carbothane stent patients. A sense of incomplete evacuation was experienced by 40% of polyurethane stent patients but only 1% of carbothane stent patients had such complications Similarly pain in the suprapubic region, straining oneself while micturition and presence of hematuria was experienced by a greater percentage of polyurethane stent patients than that of carbothane stent patients.

 Conclusion: It is seen that carbothane stent have a better patient compliance and a low onset of lower urinary tract symptoms when compared to the normal polyurethane stent and hence medical management of the symptoms was required in the postoperative period
Heart Failure Due to Secondary Haemochromatosis in a Case of Beta Thalassemia Major: A Rare Case Presentation
Authors: Sagar V. V. S. S. , Patel Maharshi , Yelne Pallavi , Gaidhane Shilpa , Akhil Chitturi Venkata Sai
Published: December 2021

Hemochromatosis is defined as abnormal accumulation of iron in various organs of the body such as liver, pancreas, skin, joints, heart due to raised gut absorption of iron due to low hepcidin yield. Hemochromatosis is secondary to thalassemia major in this case. In the absence of other concurrent processes, cardiac hemochromatosis is identified as the presence of cardiac dysfunction owing to increased iron accumulation in the heart leading to heart failure.

Unique: Cardiac involvement in secondary hemochromatosis due to thalassemia major.

Take Away lesson: Regular monitoring of serum iron, ferritin, echocardiographic monitoring among thalassemia major patients is essential. Despite the fact that heart failure due to iron overload could be fatal, early diagnosis and intervention could prevent and treat the disease.
Myeloperoxidase and Paraoxonase Activity in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients
Authors: Varadhan Sowmya , Venkatachalam Ramesh , Simon A. Supriya
Published: December 2021

Background: Myeloperoxidase (MPO), an oxidative stress related enzyme is elevated in Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and is involved in development of atherosclerotic plaque. Paraoxonase (PON) an enzyme protein associated with HDL serves as an antioxidant and plays an important role in preventing the formation of Oxidized LDL (OxLDL). This suggests a conflicting role of MPO and PON in development of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis.

Aim: Present study was done to evaluate and compare MPO/PON ratio in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) patients with controls. The study evaluates and compares the pro oxidant and pro inflammatory enzyme, MPO and anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory enzyme, PON in ACS patients with controls. Oxidative marker, Malondialdehyde (MDA) and anti-oxidant marker, Reduced Glutathione (GSH) was assessed in ACS patients and compared with controls. An attempt was also made to correlate MPO/PON ratio to markers of oxidative stress (MDA and GSH).

Methods: Cross-sectional study carried out in Dr. Somervell Memorial CSI Medical College, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.50 ACS patients from Cardiac Care Unit and 50 age and sex matched controls without CAD from Medical College Health Checkup was selected.

Results: MPO and MPO/PON ratio were significantly high and PON  was significantly lower in ACS patients compared to controls. Total cholesterol, Triglyceride, LDL, MDA were significantly high in ACS patients. Statistically significant positive correlation was observed between MPO/PON and MDA. Significant negative correlation was observed between MPO/PON and GSH.

Conclusion: Myeloperoxidase and MPO/PON ratio was significantly high in ACS patients than controls. This is suggestive of the role of MPO in oxidative damage to lipoproteins in CAD patients. Prooxidant, Paraoxonase ,and antioxidant, GSH is lowered in ACS patients as a result of the increased oxidative stress. This study suggests that MPO/PON1 ratio can be used as a predictive marker of ACS.
Awareness and Attitude towards the Measles Vaccination in Hai’l Region of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Kundur Ramadevi , Itumalla Ramaiah , Unnisa Aziz
Published: December 2021

Aims: To present the awareness and attitude towards measles vaccination among the population of Hai’l region in Saudi Arabia.

Methodology: A cross-sectional electronic survey was conducted from October 2019 to January 2020 and received 469 samples from the residents of the Hai’l province. The convenient sampling technique was used to collect data through questionnaire sent by emails to participants.

Results: The prevalence of measles in Hai’l region was 7.8% and 96.1% of the population has been vaccinated. About 46% of the population did not know what caused measles, whereas, 37% knew it was a viral disease. About 85.5% believed vaccination is best method to prevent measles and 45.5% of population think that vaccine is the treatment for measles. And, 64.6% think the agencies do good work in promoting measles awareness.

Conclusion: The prevalence of measles in Hai’l province of Saudi Arabia is low with almost all vaccinated. The knowledge and awareness about measles is adequate. The study suggests that the surveillance, monitoring as well as educational and awareness programs needs more attention.
The cultivation remains beneath the North Mains, Strathallan barrow
Authors: Barclay Gordon J
Published: December 2021

Cultivation ridges found beneath a barrow of the early second millennium BC are described.
A possible Neolithic settlement at Kinbeachie, Black Isle, Highland
Authors: Barclay Gordon J , Carter Stephen P , Dalland Magnar M , Hastie Mhairi , Holden Timothy G , MacSween Ann , Wickham-Jones Caroline R
Published: December 2021

Account of the discovery and excavation of a site comprising a scatter of pits or post-holes, including a rectangular arrangement of post-holes interpreted as a timber building. Pottery, worked stone and carbonized crop plants were recovered and the site is interpreted as a relatively short-lived agricultural settlement. Radiocarbon dating suggests an occupation date of between 3,500 and 2,920 cal BC. The report discusses the wider issues of the dating of Scottish Late Neolithic Impressed Ware and its relationship to other styles of pottery, the use of flint in Neolithic Scotland and the nature of settlement in the Neolithic.
A ROS‐Sensitive Nanozyme‐Augmented Photoacoustic Nanoprobe for Early Diagnosis and Therapy of Acute Liver Failure
Authors: Wu Haibin , Xia Fan , Zhang Lingxiao , Fang Chunyan , Lee Jiyoung , Gong Linji , Gao Jianqing , Ling Daishun , Li Fangyuan
Published: November 2021

Early diagnosis of acute liver failure (ALF) is critical for curable treatment of patients, because most existing ALF therapies have narrow therapeutic time windows after disease onset. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which lead to the sequential occurrences of hepatocyte necrosis and the leakage of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), represent early biomarkers of ALF. Photoacoustic imaging is emerging as a powerful tool for in vivo imaging of ROS. However, high‐performance imaging probes that can boost the photoacoustic signals of the short‐lived ROS of ALF are yet to be developed, and there remains a great challenge for ROS‐based imaging of ALF. Herein, a ROS‐sensitive nanozyme‐augmented photoacoustic nanoprobe for successful in vivo imaging of ALF is presented. The deep‐penetrating photoacoustic signals of the nanoprobe can be activated by the overexpressed ROS in ALF due to the synergy between nanocatalytic bubbles generation and thermoelastic expansion. Impressively, the nanozyme‐augmented ROS imaging enables earlier diagnosis of ALF than the clinical ALT method, and the ROS‐activated catalytic activity of nanoprobe permits timely nanocatalytic therapy of ALF.
Metabolomics of neurological disorders in India
Authors: Gupta Sangeetha , Sharma Uma
Published: November 2021

Metabolomics is the comprehensive study of the metabolome and its alterations within biological fluids and tissues. Over the years, applications of metabolomics have been explored in several areas, including personalised medicine in diseases, metabolome‐wide association studies (MWAS), pharmacometabolomics and in combination with other branches of omics such as proteomics, transcriptomics and genomics. Mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy are the major analytical techniques widely employed in metabolomics. In addition, MS is coupled with chromatography techniques like gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) to separate metabolites before analysis. These analytical techniques have made possible identification and quantification of large numbers of metabolites, encompassing characterization of diseases and facilitating a systematic and rational therapeutic strategy based on metabolic patterns. In recent years, the metabolomics approach has been used to obtain a deeper insight into the underlying biochemistry of neurodegenerative disorders and the discovery of biomarkers of clinical implications. The current review mainly focuses on an Indian perspective of metabolomics for the identification of metabolites and metabolic alterations serving as potential diagnostic biomarkers for neurological diseases including acute spinal cord injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, tethered cord syndrome, spina bifida, stroke, Parkinson's disease, glioblastoma and neurological disorders with inborn errors of metabolism.
The impact of student recognition of excellence to student outcome in a competency‐based educational model
Authors: Bliven AnnaMaria , Jungbauer Michelle
Published: November 2021

Background

Historical research shows that influencing student motivation is a factor in achieving academic success. The use of a competency‐based educational (CBE) model provides a challenge in recognition of students who exceed the competency requirements of a given task or written paper. This study provides the opportunity to see if providing formal recognition of excellence in a student's work would improve their academic resilience and persistence in a CBE model. This is a retrospective longitudinal qualitative and quantitative study of all award recipients from August 2016 to August 2019, with a content analysis and correlation research investigation.

Data Analysis

Content analysis of 11,664 grateful responses showed 15.6% students receiving the excellence award who were on the verge of withdrawing their enrollment, decided to continue their studies and were more motivated. Quantitative analysis (n = 30,340) comparing students receiving an excellent award with those who did not, showed the students who were awarded had a significant overall lift of 10.9% in persistence (p < .01), with students in the lower quartile as the ones with the most lift in persistence (20.23%, p < .01). Subsequent data analysis validated initial findings (10 weeks: 5.9% persistence lift, p < .01, n = 27,510; 20 weeks: 3.6% persistence lift, p < .01, n = 27,490).

Results

The study's results are significant and have shown that student recognition positively impacts student retention and academic success. The results of this research investigation provide quantifiable and qualitative evidence that adds to the literature and contributes additional factors in the domain of competency‐based education by which future research can proceed.
Macromolecular helicity induction and static helicity memory of poly(biphenylylacetylene)s bearing aromatic pendant groups and their use as chiral stationary phases for high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Ikai Tomoyuki , Okuda Shogo , Yashima Eiji
Published: November 2021

Two novel poly(biphenylylacetylene)s (PBPAs) bearing achiral alkylphenyl groups at the 4′‐position of the biphenyl pendant through ester linkers with different sequences were synthesized by the rhodium‐catalyzed polymerization of the corresponding monomers. The influence of the alkylphenyl pendants and the ester sequences on the macromolecular helicity induction and subsequent static helicity memory was investigated. In addition, the chiral recognition ability as chiral stationary phases for high‐performance liquid chromatography of the helicity‐memorized PBPAs was also examined. Both polymers formed almost perfect right‐ and left‐handed helical conformations through noncovalent chiral interactions with enantiomeric alcohols, and their induced macromolecular helicities were completely retained (“memorized”) after removal of the helix inducer. A PBPA bearing a 4‐n‐butylphenoxycarbonyl pendant group with a static helicity memory showed a remarkably high chiral recognition ability toward a wide variety of chiral aromatics, including simple point chiral compounds, axially chiral biaryls, a chiral spiro compound, helicenes, and planar chiral cyclophanes, particularly under the reversed‐phase conditions.
Long‐term vegetation restoration increases carbon sequestration of different soil particles in a semi‐arid desert
Authors: Bai Lihua , Zhang Hong , Zhang Jianguo , Li Xiao , Wang Bo , Miao Hongzhi , Sial Tanveer Ali , Dong Qiang , Fu Guangjun , Li Limin
Published: November 2021

Vegetation restoration in desert areas has an important influence on soil carbon sequestration. To understand the long‐term effects of vegetation restoration on soil particle composition and carbon sequestration of different soil particles in semi‐arid deserts, we collected the topsoil of different types of vegetation restored for different periods at the southeast margin of Mu Us Desert and analyzed the soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil inorganic carbon (SIC) contents in soil particles of different sizes. The results demonstrated that after vegetation restoration, soil particles of <0.05 mm and aggregates in arbor lands and shrub lands increased 8 and 4 times and 4.67 and 4 times than shifting sandy land (CK), respectively. The SOC and SIC in different soil particles under vegetation increased with the restoration period. Among different vegetation forms, arbor land had significant effect on SIC fixation. Soil particles of <0.05 mm contained the highest SOC and SIC contents (16.8 and 0.78 g/kg), followed by aggregates (8.26 and 6.79 g/kg), 0.05–0.25 mm (8.24 and 4.55 g/kg), and >0.25 mm (5.23 and 2.25 g/kg). As for total SOC storage, it was positively correlated with the organic carbon storage of <0.05 mm particles. We concluded that SOC and SIC of <0.05 mm soil particles and aggregates increase with the restoration period and play a leading role in soil carbon sequestration. From the perspective of long‐term soil carbon sequestration, the best vegetation restoration mode in Mu Us Desert would be arbor forest.
Practice‐based evidence: Perspectives of effective characteristics of Australian group‐based physical activity programs for postpartum women
Authors: Peralta Louisa R. , Yager Zali , Prichard Ivanka
Published: November 2021

Issue addressed

Many postpartum women often do not achieve recommendations of at least 150 minutes moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) each week. Previous qualitative work has focused on postpartum women's barriers and challenges to being active, with recent research starting to explore the characteristics of PA programs and women who are active during the postpartum period. Yet, little research has focused on the characteristics of key stakeholders and community organisations that support women to sustain their PA engagement during the postpartum period.

Methods

This research generates practice‐based evidence to provide essential insights for effective implementation, strategies and actions of community group‐based PA programs that recruit and retain postpartum women to ensure future interventions are scalable and sustainable. Ten participants (90% female), ranging in age from 34 to 40 years, were recruited from nine community organisations/businesses. The ten participants engaged in semi‐structured interviews for an average length of 31 minutes.

Results

Inductive thematic analysis revealed four overarching themes (i) effective practitioners have a history of, and passion for women's health and PA; (ii) low‐cost, connected approaches attract postpartum women into community group‐based PA programs; (iii) inclusive, flexible, varied, and holistic approaches sustain postpartum women's participation; and (iv) utilise connections to overcome barriers to community group‐based PA programs. These four themes were informed by twelve sub‐themes relating to the background of stakeholders and practitioners and the approaches that they use to attract and sustain postpartum women in community group‐based PA programs.

Conclusions

Practice‐based findings should inform future practices and the development of future real‐world group‐based PA interventions for postpartum women.

So what?

Specifically, interventions will need to be designed and implemented by practitioners who have a history of, and passion for women's health and PA, be low‐cost, connected approaches, that are inclusive, flexible, varied, and holistic that prioritise physical, emotional, and social wellbeing.
Hourglass cesarean scar: A neglected external niche in association with the internal niche
Authors: Tahermanesh Kobra , Hanjani Soheil , Saadat Mostafavi Seyed Reza , Shahriyari Roya , Fazel Anvari‐Yazdi Abbas , Karimi‐Zarchi Mojgan , Samimi Mansooreh , Karimi Anita , Allahqoli Leila , Alkatout Ibrahim
Published: November 2021

The present study reports a case of uterine ‘hourglass' cesarean scar—the presence of an ‘external niche’ in association with the internal niche at the lower uterine segment, caused by poor uterine wound healing.
Synthesis of various functionalized 2H‐azirines: An updated library
Authors: De Aramita , Majee Adinath
Published: November 2021

In the current extensive review, we pay special attention to the progress in the synthesis of 2H‐azirine. Content is organized by several main approaches for the synthesis of 2H‐azirines such as‐ Neber rearrangement, decomposition of vinyl azides, oxidative cyclization of enamines, ring contraction of isoxazoles or oxazaphospholes, radical addition/cyclization of alkynes, Swern oxidation or elimination reactions of aziridine derivatives, catalytic decomposition of α‐oximino diazo compounds, addition of silyldibromomethyllithium compounds to nitriles, addition of carbenes to nitriles and via azirine‐azirine transformations. Some of these approaches open up access to new 2H‐azirine derivatives and make the already established compounds more convenient. A description of these methods and the progress of using well‐known reactions leading to the aziridine system are presented in this section. This review surveys the progress of various functionalized 2H‐azirine formation reactions from the exploration period to the present.
Trifluorodiazoethane: A versatile building block to access trifluoromethylated heterocycles
Authors: Kumar Anuj , Khan Waqas Ahmad , Ahamad Shakir , Mohanan Kishor
Published: November 2021

Trifluoromethylated heterocycles have attracted remarkable interest in the last decades. The beneficial physicochemical and biological properties imparted by the incorporation of trifluoromethyl group into heterocycles have been the key factors to the frequent occurrence of trifluoromethyl group in several heterocycles of pharmaceutical and agrochemical relevance. In consequence, the construction of this class of compounds has become a major subject of research in recent years. In this context, 2,2,2‐trifluorodiazoethane (CF3CHN2) has emerged as an important reagent in the synthesis of trifluoromethylated heterocycles, thanks to the versatility of this reagent in undergoing a multitude of synthetic transformations. CF3CHN2 readily participates in [2 + 1]‐, [3 + 2]‐, and [3 + 3]‐cycloaddition reactions, as a trifluoromethyl‐containing dipole, thereby creating new approaches to trifluoromethylated heterocycles. The last decade has witnessed phenomenal growth in this area, and now, several methods are available to access highly functionalized 5‐ and 6‐membered trifluoromethyl‐containing heterocycles. In this review, we aim to demonstrate the use of CF3CHN2 in the preparation of different classes of CF3‐substituted heterocycles, giving emphasis to the past 10 years.
Ionic liquid‐assisted synthesis of 2‐amino‐3‐cyano‐4H‐chromenes: A sustainable overview
Authors: Chatterjee Rana , Bhukta Swadhapriya , Dandela Rambabu
Published: November 2021

In advanced research, the role of ionic liquid is gradually enhanced as an alternative finding. For a long time, many strategies have been developed based on the ionic liquid conveying the role of greener solvents or catalysts. In the case of multi‐component synthesis, ionic liquids have a wide range of applications to revise a method in a sustainable and greener approach. The last two decades have given a number of methods to achieve the 4H‐chromene derivatives by applying different types of ionic liquids. Especially, 2‐amino‐3‐cyano‐4H‐chromene moiety that exhibits pharmacological and biological activity, have been synthesized using simple or functionalized ionic liquids such as basic, acidic, neural, metal‐tagged, or carbon‐oriented ionic liquid. In this review, we have concised the multicomponent reactions that have been reported to synthesize the 4H‐chromene derivatives following the versatility of ionic liquids.
The anti‐fatigue activity of corn peptides and their effect on gut bacteria
Authors: Feng Zhiyuan , Wei Ying , Xu Yaguang , Zhang Ruixue , Li Mingliang , Qin Huimin , Gu Ruizeng , Cai Muyi
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND

Corn peptides (CPs) are rich in branched‐chain amino acids such as leucine and have a variety of biological activities such as antioxidant and improved lipid distribution. In this article, we prepared CPs by enzymatic digestion of corn proteins and evaluated their anti‐fatigue activity.

RESULTS

We evaluated the anti‐fatigue effect of CPs through an exhaustive swimming experiment. The results showed that CPs were able to significantly reduce the rate of body weight gain and prolong the duration of exhaustive swimming. Besides, CPs reduced blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels after exercise, while they significantly increased muscle glycogen and liver glycogen stores. They reduced muscle cell damage from exercise. In addition, CPs were effective in increasing AMPK, PGC‐1α and PI3K protein expression levels and promoting Akt phosphorylation. Correlation analysis showed that CPs increased the abundance of probiotics such as Lactobacillus and Akkermansia in the gut microflora.

CONCLUSION

CPs, which enhanced exercise performance in mice and could modulate gut microbial composition, had significant anti‐fatigue activity. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
A novel liquid chromatography‐fluorescence method for the determination of delafloxacin in human plasma
Authors: Hernandis Verónica , Escudero Elisa , Marín Pedro
Published: November 2021

Delafloxacin is a novel fluoroquinolone antibiotic that was approved by the European Medicine Agency to treat bacterial infections of the skin and underlying tissues, and community‐acquired pneumonia. Despite being in the market since 2019 in the European Union, there is no published liquid chromatography‐fluorescence method for delafloxacin quantification in biological samples. A novel, rapid, and sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatographic method was developed to determine delafloxacin in human plasma using its native fluorescence. Plasma delafloxacin concentrations were determined by reverse‐phase chromatography with fluorescence detection at 405/450 nm of excitation/emission wavelengths. Delafloxacin was separated on a Kromasil C18 column 250 × 4.6 mm id, 5 µm using isocratic elution. The mobile phase was a mixture of 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid/acetonitrile (52/48). Retention times were 5.4 and 11.6 min for delafloxacin and valsartan (internal standard), respectively. Regression calibration curves were linear over the range of 0.1–2.5 µg/mL. The lower limit of detection was 0.05 µg/mL, and the lower limit of quantification was 0.1 µg/mL. Accuracy and precision were always <11%, and the limit of quantification was <16%. Mean recovery was 98.3%. This method can be applied to determine delafloxacin in human plasma and could be useful to perform pharmacokinetic studies.
Linking Long-Term Changes in Social-Ecological Systems with Development of Property Rights
Authors: Larsson Jesper , Päiviö Sjaunja Eva-Lotta
Published: November 2021

The chapter examines the links between long-term changes in social-ecological systems and the development of property rights by studying self-governance, common-pool resources (CPRs), and property rights in a Sami context. The main conclusion is that Sami by and large created their own rules for how natural resources should be harvested and consumed, as well as for how resources should be monitored and rules should be enforced. Well-defined property rights were a prerequisite for people to engage in, and gain profits from, land-use regimes. We conclude that user’s access to natural resources, and rights to use them, determined the households’ economic performance and development. Features of two frameworks are introduced. They give a background to our theoretical thinking and provide a means of organizing the inquiry.
Hunting
Authors: Larsson Jesper , Päiviö Sjaunja Eva-Lotta
Published: November 2021

The chapter outline which species were hunted in the boreal forest and how they were hunted or trapped, and which animals were hunted in the mountains. The conditions for hunting were better in the boreal forest than in the mountains due to differences in topography, habitats, and species composition. Hunting led to extinction of wild reindeer and depopulation of fur animals; while small-game hunting for subsistence continued to be important. In the forest region, strong property rights to game developed through the skatteland, and hunting was a private enterprise. Hunting in the mountain region developed in the opposite direction and was open access after the wild reindeer was extinct. Hunting became important for social justice, and poor Sami had access to hunting grounds
Reindeer Pastoralism
Authors: Larsson Jesper , Päiviö Sjaunja Eva-Lotta
Published: November 2021

The chapter focuses on intensive reindeer husbandry or reindeer pastoralism, which was a tenure system that emerged in the early modern period. Reindeer pastoralism and grazing are deeply interconnected and we therefore illuminate the ecological settings for reindeer grazing. A large part of the debate about governing common-pool resources has dealt with pastoralists and their grazing lands. Important features of reindeer pastoralism are described, including a discussion about how the number of tame reindeer developed in early modern era. The chapter ends with a portrayal of and a discussion about individual households’ rights to use certain areas for grazing, chiefly based on descriptions of contemporary court rulings from the local court in Jokkmokk. We show how a common-property regime evolved.
Other Income Sources
Authors: Larsson Jesper , Päiviö Sjaunja Eva-Lotta
Published: November 2021

In this chapter, we stress the fact that households’ incomes were complex and came together by a mix of activities. To fully understand how households managed their livelihoods, activities other than fishing, hunting, and reindeer herding also need to be considered. Diversification was an active and systematic choice for these households, not something they did occasionally. Some of these activities were for subsistence, some for exchange. What households could produce was to a large extent determined by their main mode of production, which in turn was linked to rights or access to resources. The more engaged users were in reindeer pastoralism, the less time they had to spend on other activities, and the more they traded.
From Private to Common: Coevolution of Land-Use Practices and Property Rights
Authors: Larsson Jesper , Päiviö Sjaunja Eva-Lotta
Published: November 2021

In the concluding chapter, we synthesize the results and discuss how changing land-use regimes among Sami in interior northwest Fennoscandia interrelated with the development of property rights between 1550 and 1780. During this period, a new tenure system, reindeer pastoralism, developed. For households that had amassed large reindeer herds, it became crucial to access both large pastures in the mountains and in the boreal forest to have enough grazing. This led to the establishment of common-property regimes in both the mountains and the boreal forest, where grazing became a CPR. The emergence of this kind of common-property regime is best described as a bottom-up process as it assumes that local users design and implement institutions for common use that all or most users adhere to.
The extra-nice dimensions
Authors: Oset Sinha R. , Ruas M. A. S. , Wik Atique R.
Published: November 2021

We define the extra-nice dimensions and prove that the subset of locally stable 1-parameter families in $$C^{\infty }(N\times [0,1],P)$$

C
∞

(
N
×

[
0
,
1
]

,
P
)

is dense if and only if the pair of dimensions $$(\dim N, \dim P)$$

(
dim
N
,
dim
P
)

is in the extra-nice dimensions. This result is parallel to Mather’s characterization of the nice dimensions as the pairs (n, p) for which stable maps are dense. The extra-nice dimensions are characterized by the property that discriminants of stable germs in one dimension higher have $${\mathscr {A}}_e$$

A
e

-codimension 1 hyperplane sections. They are also related to the simplicity of $${\mathscr {A}}_e$$

A
e

-codimension 2 germs. We give a sufficient condition for any $${\mathscr {A}}_e$$

A
e

-codimension 2 germ to be simple and give an example of a corank 2 codimension 2 germ in the nice dimensions which is not simple. Then we establish the boundary of the extra-nice dimensions. Finally we answer a question posed by Wall about the codimension of non-simple maps.