bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Complicated Hepatolithiasis with Intrahepatic Biliary Stricture by Ductal Dilatation and Stenting: Long‐term Results
Authors: Cheng Yu Fan , Lee Tze Yu , Sheen‐Chen Shyr Ming , Huang Tung Liang , Chen Tai Yi
Published: August 2002

A group of 190 cases of hepatolithiasis with postoperative residual stones located proximal to the stricture sites were managed with the aim of complete clearance of stones and relief of bile stasis to decrease the potential risk of recurrence. All procedures were performed through a T‐tube track with gradual dilatation and stent placement through the stricture sites, creating a channel that allows cholangioscopy and electrohydraulic lithotripsy. Complete clearance of intrahepatic duct (IHD) stones was achieved in 88.4% of cases. Multiple sharply angulated IHD strictures in right‐sided hepatolithiasis constituted a major cause of failure. Recurrent stone formation and repeated cholangitis, subsequent drainage, and liver resection are associated with high mortality rates particularly if there is late development of a cholangiocarcinoma. We concluded that postoperative ductal dilatation and stenting through the T‐tube track combined with endoscopic electrohydraulic lithotripsy is effective and safe for managing complicated hepatolithiasis. Persistent irreversible aneurysmal dilatation of IHD and atrophic change of the affected hepatic lobe at follow‐up were ominous signs of recurrence and cholangiocarcinoma development. Early drainage with stone extraction combined with surgical intervention can prevent subsequent morbidity and mortality.
Relation between plant density and arthropod density in cabbage fields
Authors: Yamamura Kohji
Published: August 2002

The relationship between plant density and the abundance of arthropods was examined by planting cabbages in four densities (0.25, 1, 4, or 8 plants per square meter). Four herbivorous species were examined: the small white butterfly Pieris rapae crucivora Boisduval, the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), the beet semi‐looper Autographa nigrisigna (Walker), and the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer). The number of spiders and the number of eggs of syrphid flies were also examined. The number of individuals per unit ground area increased curvilinearly with increasing plant density for most arthropods. To clarify the mechanism causing such a curvilinear increase, the oviposition behavior of Pieris rapae crucivora was examined. The oviposition process of a female was divided into three components: (1) entering the field, (2) alighting on a plant to bend her abdomen, and (3) attaching an egg on the leaf. The first and the second components curvilinearly increased with increasing plant density, while the third component was not influenced by the plant density. The analysis of the flight path of P. rapae crucivora indicated that the curvilinear increase in the frequency of abdominal bending behaviors occurs since a female flies at least about 1.3 m between successive abdominal bending behaviors, irrespective of the plant density, when the plant density is sufficiently high.
Open reduction of sacral fractures using transarticular implants at the articular facets of L7‐S1: 8 Consecutive canine patients (1995–1999)
Authors: Paré Bernard , Gendreau Claude L. , Robbins Mitchell A.
Published: August 2002

Objective—To describe and evaluate facet stabilization as an aid for open reduction and fixation of sacral fractures.

Study Design—A clinical case series.

Study Population—Eight consecutive client‐owned dogs with sacral fractures.

Methods—A combination of a standard lateral approach to the ilium and a dorsal approach to the articular facets of L7‐S1 was performed. The articular facets were reduced and stabilized with a Kirschner wire or a combination of a Kirschner wire and a cortical screw. Primary stabilization of the sacrum was then accomplished using a cortical screw inserted from the lateral aspect of the ilium, through the sacral fracture into the body of the sacrum. Accuracy of reduction, position of the implants, percent screw depth/sacral width, pelvic canal diameter ratio, and complications were assessed using radiographs and physical examination.

Results—Mean sacral fracture reduction was 91% immediately after surgery, and was 87% when measured at follow‐up examinations. Mean screw depth/sacral width was 66%. Mean pelvic canal diameter ratio was 1.12 postoperatively and 1.03 at the 4‐ to 6‐week reevaluation. Six of the 8 dogs were using the leg well 10 to 12 days after surgery; none had clinically detectable neurologic deficits. The long‐term (mean, 2.7 years) outcome for these dogs was good (normal to grade I lameness).

Conclusions—Fixation of the L7‐S1 facet joints facilitates repair of sacral fractures.
Boundedness of solutions of matrix nonlinear volterra difference equations
Authors: Gil′ Michael I. , Medina Rigoberto
Published: August 2002

Nonlinear discrete‐time Volterra equations in a Euclidean space are considered. Conditions for the boundedness of solutions are established by virtue of recent estimates for the norm of the resolvent of Volterra operators. The conditions are formulated in the terms of coefficients of considered equations. In addition, estimates for the c0‐ and l2‐norms of solutions are derived.
A structural approach to control of transitional waves of nonlinear diffusion‐reaction systems: Theory and possible applications to bio‐medicine
Authors: Kardashov Victor , Einav Shmuel
Published: August 2002

This paper has considered a novel approach to structural recognition and control of nonlinear reaction‐diffusion systems (systems with density dependent diffusion). The main consistence of the approach is interactive variation of the nonlinear diffusion and sources structural parameters that allows to implement a qualitative control and recognition of transitional system conditions (transients). The method of inverse solutions construction allows formulating the new analytic conditions of compactness and periodicity of the transients that is also available for nonintegrated systems. On the other hand, using of energy conservations laws, allows transfer to nonlinear dynamics models that gives the possiblity to apply the modern deterministic chaos theory (particularly the Feigenboum′s universal constants and scenario of chaotic transitions).
Boundary‐Layer Type Solutions for Initial Platelet Activation and Deposition
Authors: David T. , de Groot P. G. , Walker P. G.
Published: August 2002

This paper presents, on the basis of high Peclet number, a mathematical model for the activation and initial adhesion of flowing platelets onto a surface. In contrast to past work, the model is applicable to general 2D and axi‐symmetric flows where the wall shear stress is known a priori. Results indicate that for high activation reaction rates there exist two layers, one containing only activated platelets and the other both activated and non‐activated platelets. Fundamental relationships are proposed between the adhesion rate of platelets to the surface and the characteristic parameters of Peclet number and Reynolds number. Activation in the bulk fluid (blood) is characterised by the Damkohler number, which is a function of activation rate and the free‐stream velocity. It is shown that, as the free‐stream velocity varies, there exists a maximum of activated platelet flux to the wall for particular values of the velocity. These values, at which the maximum occur, are themselves functions of the platelet activation rate. As the free‐stream velocity increases the activation of platelets ceases altogether and adhesion is reduced to a very small value strengthening the hypothesis of the correlation between atherogenesis/thrombogenesis and areas of low shear.
Mathematical Modelling of Tumour Angiogenesis and the Action of Angiostatin as a Protease Inhibitor
Authors: Levine Howard A. , Pamuk Serdal , Sleeman Brian D. , Nilsen-Hamilton Marit
Published: August 2002

Tumour angiogenesis is the process whereby a capillary network is formed from a pre‐existing vasculature in response to tumour secreted growth factors (TAF). The capillary network is largely composed of migrating endothelial cells which organise themselves into dendritic structures. In this paper we model angiogenesis via the theory of reinforced random walks, whereby the chemotactic response of the endothelial cells to TAF and their haptotactic response to the matrix macromolecule fibronectin is accomplished through transition probability rate functions. Tumour secreted growth and inhibitory factors are modelled on the basis of Michaelis–Menten kinetics. Particular attention is focussed on the action of anti‐angiogenic agents (i.e. angiostatins). That is as a mechanism whereby angiostatin acts as a protease inhibitor. Numerical simulations yield results, which are in good agreement with the experimental observations obtained by Folkman and his co‐workers in their classical rabbit eye cornea experiments. The model offers a theoretical understanding of how some angiostatins work to inhibit tumour growth.
Logic Circuit Equivalence Checking Using Haar Spectral Coefficients and Partial BDDs
Authors: Thornton M. A. , Drechsler R. , Günther W.
Published: August 2002

A probabilistic equivalence checking method is developed based on the use of partial Haar Spectral Diagrams (HSDs). Partial HSDs are defined and used to represent a subset of Haar spectral coefficients for two Boolean functions. The resulting coefficients are then used to compute and to iteratively refine the probability that two functions are equivalent. This problem has applications in both logic synthesis and verification. The method described here can be useful for the case where two candidate functions require extreme amounts of memory for a complete BDD representation. Experimental results are provided to validate the effectiveness of this approach.
Relaxation and Clustering in a Local Search Framework: Application to Linear Placement
Authors: Hur Sung-Woo , Lillis John
Published: August 2002

This paper presents two primary results relevant to physical design problems in CAD/VLSI through a case study of the linear placement problem. First a local search mechanism which incorporates a sophisticated neighborhood operator based on constraint relaxation is proposed. The strategy exhibits many of the desirable features of analytical placement while retaining the flexibility and non‐determinism of local search. The second and orthogonal contribution is in netlist clustering. We characterize local optima in the linear placement problem through a simple visualization tool—the displacement graph. This characterization reveals the relationship between clusters and local optima and motivates a dynamic clustering scheme designed specifically for escaping such local optima. Promising experimental results are reported.
Improved Design of C2PL 3‐2 Compressors for Inner Product Processing
Authors: Wang Chua-Chin , Lee Po-Ming , Huang Chenn-Jung
Published: August 2002

The inner product of two vectors might be one of the most frequently used mathematical operations in digital computation. The design style of inner product processor will become a critical issue of performance. So does its basic building block, i.e. 3‐2 compressor. In this work, improved designs of 3‐2 C2PL‐based compressors are presented which can be used to build a fast inner product processor. The features of our compressors include a short delay minimized by HSPICE optimization, less transistor count, and high fan‐out.
The Dual Origin of the Yeast Mitochondrial Proteome
Authors: Karlberg Olof , Canbäck Björn , Kurland Charles G. , Andersson Siv G. E.
Published: August 2002

We propose a scheme for the origin of mitochondria based on phylogenetic reconstructions with more than 400 yeast nuclear genes that encode mitochondrial proteins. Half of the yeast mitochondrial proteins have no discernable bacterial homologues, while one-tenth are unequivocally of α-proteobacterial origin. These data suggest that the majority of genes encoding yeast mitochondrial proteins are descendants of two different genomic lineages that have evolved in different modes. First, the ancestral free-living α-proteobacterium evolved into an endosymbiont of an anaerobic host. Most of the ancestral bacterial genes were lost, but a small fraction of genes supporting bioenergetic and translational processes were retained and eventually transferred to what became the host nuclear genome. In a second, parallel mode, a larger number of novel mitochondrial genes were recruited from the nuclear genome to complement the remaining genes from the bacterial ancestor. These eukaryotic genes, which are primarily involved in transport and regulatory functions, transformed the endosymbiont into an ATP-exporting organelle.
Sexual and aggressive play fighting of sibling Richardson’s ground squirrels
Authors: Pasztor Tamara J. , Smith Lori K. , MacDonald Neala K. , Michener Gail R. , Pellis Sergio M.
Published: August 2002

Play fighting in many species of squirrels can involve sexual play and aggressive play, both of which can lead to wrestling which appears superficially similar. Such convergence can make scoring of the relative frequencies of these two types of play difficult and can lead to the mistaken conclusion that they grade into one another. In this study, both staged laboratory encounters between sibling pairs and spontaneous encounters between siblings in free‐living litters of Richardson’s ground squirrels (Spermophilus richardsonii) were videotaped. Frame‐by‐frame analyses using the Eshkol‐Wachman Movement Notation were employed to record the correlated movements of attack and defense by the partners and to reveal the body areas targeted during each play bout. Whereas sexual play was organized around access to the rump, aggressive play was organized around the shoulders. Although in most cases the defender’s tactics blocked access to the respective target, when contact did occur, it involved mounting in sexual play and nosing or biting in aggressive play. Eighty‐six percent of play fights could be unambiguously categorized as either sexual or aggressive play. Of these, the majority (˜80%) involved sexual play. The sex of the participants did not affect the frequency of aggressive play, but in sexual play, males initiated more attacks than females. Once initiated, each form of play fighting remained distinct—if a bout began as sexual play, it would end as sexual play. Furthermore, a counterattack following sexual play was significantly more likely to be sexual than aggressive, and vice versa for counterattacks following aggressive play. Therefore, all the evidence suggested that the two forms of play fighting were not intermixed in Richardson’s ground squirrels. Aggr. Behav. 27:323–337, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Uniting teacher learning: Collaborative inquiry for professional development
Authors: Bray John N.
Published: August 2002

Multiple collaborative inquiry groups are established within a school to provide structure for facilitating professional development and improving practice.
The self and recollection reconsidered: how a ‘failure to replicate’ failed and why trace strength accounts of recollection are untenable
Authors: Conway Martin A. , Dewhurst Stephen A. , Pearson Neil , Sapute Ajay
Published: August 2002

Hirshman and Lanning (1999) ‘failed to replicate’ findings reported by Conway and Dewhurst (1995). There were, however, critical differences in design between the two sets of experiments. For example, Hirshman and Lanning used a within‐subject design and a short retention interval, whereas Conway and Dewhurst used a between‐subjects design and longer retention intervals. We demonstrate in a new series of experiments that the Conway and Dewhurst findings do replicate when the correct design is used and, moreover, we show that the design differences in Hirshman and Lanning's experiments account for their findings. Finally, we develop an account in terms of the self that can explain the complex pattern of findings, a pattern which lies beyound the scope of simple trace strength models of memory. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative relation between shear history and rheological properties of LDPE
Authors: Yamaguchi Masayuki , Gogos Costas G.
Published: August 2002

The role of the applied processing equipment shear history on the rheological properties of low‐density polyethylene was studied in detail. It was found that the shear history depresses the melt strength and the oscillatory shear modulus, especially the storage modulus in low frequency region. This phenomenon is not caused by lowering of the molecular weight, which remained the same as the original, for all shear history samples, indicating absence of mechanical/thermal degradation during processing. Furthermore, annealing the melt processed samples enhances both the melt strength and the oscillatory modulus to the values of the original, unsheared sample. Finally we applied shear history in a cone‐and‐plate rheometer and found that the growth curve of the storage modulus, which can be expressed by a simple equation, is determined by both the duration of the flow and the magnitude of the applied shear stress. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 20: 261–269, 2001
Investigation of the gelatinization and extrusion processes of corn starch
Authors: Souza Roberta C. R. , Andrade Cristina T.
Published: August 2002

The gelatinization and extrusion processes of corn starch were studied. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to determine the gelatinization temperature as a function of the water content. Plasticized corn starch was processed in single‐ and twin‐screw extruders to produce thermoplastic materials. The mechanical properties of the films obtained in the twin‐screw extruder with the addition of different quantities of water were evaluated. Dynamic mechanical analysis applied to thermoplastic starch samples obtained with 33% (w/w) total plasticizers showed two transitions, attributed to the presence of two phases in the starch–glycerol–water system. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 21: 17–24, 2002; DOI 10.1002/adv.10007
Synthesis and swelling properties of superabsorbent copolymers
Authors: Raju K. Mohana , Raju M. Padmanabha
Published: August 2002

Superabsorbent copolymers (SAPs) based on monomers acrylamide (AM), sodium acrylate (SA), and potassium acrylate (KA) were prepared by aqueous solution polymerization using ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator and N,N‐methylene‐bis‐acrylamide (MBA) as a cross‐linking agent. The copolymers were synthesized by varying, the monomer concentration, MBA concentration, and initiator concentration. The experimental results show the SAPs have better absorbency both in water and NaCl solutions. The copolymers are characterized by IR spectroscopy. The water retention in the soil is enhanced using the SAPs. The SAPs are tested for the growth of cosmos bipinnata plants and the results are presented. SAPs can be used as water management materials for agricultural and horticultural purpose in desert and drought prone areas. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 20: 146–154, 2001
Acute adrenal failure associated with fluconazole after administration of high‐dose cyclophosphamide
Authors: Shibata Shigeru , Kami Masahiro , Kanda Yoshinobu , Machida Utako , Iwata Hiroshi , Kishi Yukiko , Takeshita Akira , Miyakoshi Shigesaburo , Ueyama Jun‐ichi , Morinaga Shin‐ichi , Mutou Yoshitomo
Published: August 2002

A 63‐year‐old man received high‐dose cyclophosphamide for peripheral blood stem‐cell (PBSC) harvest. He received 200 mg fluconazole. On day 3, atrial fibrillation developed with blood pressure declining to 78 mmHg. The rapid adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) test showed blunted adrenal responses. He was suspected as having adrenal failure, and fluconazole was discontinued. The rapid ACTH test became normal on Day 14, and PBSCs were successfully harvested. To clarify the association between adrenal failure and fluconazole, we resumed 400 mg fluconazole on Day 16 and repeated the test on Day 21, which showed blunted adrenal responses. This case demonstrates that prophylactic use of fluconazole can cause adrenal insufficiency. Am. J. Hematol. 66:303–305, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alterations in IRF1/IRF2 expression in acute myelogenous leukemia
Authors: Preisler H.D. , Perambakam S. , Li B. , Hsu W.T. , Venugopal P. , Creech S. , Sivaraman S. , Tanaka N.
Published: August 2002

The interferon response genes 1 and 2 have been shown to be involved in the regulation of differentiation and proliferation of cells of the myeloid series, with the former functioning as an anti‐oncogene and the latter as an oncogene. In the study described here, the levels of expression of these two genes and the ratio of their expression were compared in AML and normal marrow. The ratio of gene expression was significantly less in AML marrow cells as compared to normal marrow cells [med ratio = 1.33 vs. 2.97, P = 0.003]. While the expression ratio was unaffected by the presence or absence of either ras or fms mutations, p53 mutations were associated with higher IRF1:IRF2 expression ratios that wt p53 genes [med = 1.701 vs. 1.135, P = 0.014]. Given the functional characteristics and the competitive nature of these two genes, it is possible that leukemic transformation is associated with a fall in IRF1:IRF2 ratios. Finally, the administration of IL4 can result in the normalization of the IRF1:IRF2 ratio in the marrow cells of some patients with AML. Am. J. Hematol. 68:23–31, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatosplenic γδ T‐cell lymphoma presenting with immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia (Evans' syndrome)
Authors: Motta G. , Vianello F. , Menin C. , De Nicolo A. , Agata S. , Altavilla G. , Pietrogrande F. , Girolami A.
Published: August 2002

We describe an unusual case of hepatosplenic T‐cell lymphoma in a 61‐year‐old man who presented with fever, hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. A spleen biopsy was consistent with T‐cell lymphoma. Cytogenetic studies did not reveal chromosome abnormalities. Using the polymerase chain reaction approach, clonality of the T‐cell receptor γ‐chain gene rearrangement could be demonstrated, while Southern blot analysis disclosed only a germline configuration of the T‐cell receptor β chain genes. Of interest, an immune‐mediated mechanism was demonstrated and was most likely responsible for erythrocyte and platelet destruction; this is, therefore, the first report of γ T‐cell lymphoma in association with Evans' syndrome. Initial steroid treatment was efficacious in limiting autoimmunity but constitutional symptoms did not subside. Chemotherapy (MACOP‐B) was successful in obtaining complete clinical remission. Finally, thrombocytopenia in γδ T‐cell lymphoma patients should be routinely evaluated for platelet autoantibodies. Am. J. Hematol. 69:272–276, 2002.© 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Menopause, local biologies, and cultures of aging
Authors: Lock Margaret , Kaufert Patricia
Published: August 2002

Menopause marks the end of menstruation, once generally accepted as the closure of women's reproductive lives. The current medical view of menopause, however, is as a pathological event with its own distinct set of symptoms and diseases. Researchers have described women as facing a dramatic increase in the risk of heart disease, osteoporosis, stroke, and Alzheimer's, all as the result of the impact of changing hormone levels, particularly the decline in estrogen. The clinical literature has interpreted these findings in terms of the absolute necessity of replacing these lost hormones for all women who are menopausal regardless of any other physiological, social, or cultural characteristic they might possess. Using research done in Japan, Canada, and the United States, this paper challenges the notion of a universal menopause by showing that both the symptoms reported at menopause and the post‐menopause disease profiles vary from one study population to the next. For most of the symptoms commonly associated with menopause in the medical literature, rates are much lower for Japanese women than for women in the United States and Canada, although they are comparable to rates reported from studies in Thailand and China. Mortality and morbidity data from these same societies are used to show that post‐menopausal women are also not equally at risk for heart disease, breast cancer, or osteoporosis. Rather than universality, the paper suggests that it is important to think in terms of “local biologies”, which reflect the very different social and physical conditions of women's lives from one society to another. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 13:494–504, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of a prevention index to identify industries at high risk for work‐related musculoskeletal disorders of the neck, back, and upper extremity in Washington state, 1990–1998
Authors: Silverstein Barbara , Viikari‐Juntura Eira , Kalat John
Published: August 2002

Background

The prevention of work‐related musculoskeletal disorders such as carpal tunnel syndrome and low back disorders has been a focus of international prevention efforts including regulation. This study examines workers compensation claims in Washington State to provide baseline data from which to assess the need and the effects of prevention activities.

Methods

Washington State Fund workers compensation claims for general and selected specific hand/wrist, elbow, shoulder, and back disorders in 1990–1998 as well as general self‐insured compensable (four or more lost workdays) claims data were examined. Payroll hours were used to calculate claims incidence rates per 10,000 full‐time equivalent employees (FTEs). We created a prevention index (PI) to rank industries by averaging the ranks of their number of claims and their claims incidence rate. The focus was on non‐traumatic soft tissue musculoskeletal disorders (NTST‐MSDs).

Results

Between 1990–1998, there were 392,925 State Fund accepted claims for N TST‐MSDs of the neck, back, and upper extremity resulting in $2.6 billion in direct costs and 20.5 million lost workdays. The average claims incidence rate (CIR) was 355 NTST‐MSDs per 10,000 FTEs. The NTST‐MSD CIR decreased significantly less than that for all other claims (P = 0.05) but the CIR for upper extremity NTST‐MSDs did not significantly decrease over the study period. There were no significant changes in the CIRs for sciatica (4.9 per 10,000 FTEs) and rotator cuff syndrome (15.3 per 10,000 FTEs), whereas the CIR for epicondylitis (10.6 per 10,000 FTEs) increased and for carpal tunnel syndrome (24.5 per 10,000 FTEs) decreased significantly over the study period. Based on the prevention index, the top five industries for combined State Fund and Self‐Insured Compensable NTST‐MSDs were Trucking and Courier Services (SIC 421), Nursing Homes (SIC 805), Masonry (SIC 174), Air Transportation (SIC 451), and Residential Construction (SIC 152). Using Washington Industrial Classes (WIC), temporary workers in assembly and administrative services were also high on the prevention index.

Conclusions

NTST‐MSDs continue to be a large and costly problem in Washington State. While the incidence rates for some NTST‐MSDs are decreasing, the overall rate is not decreasing as fast as the rate for all other claims. In some cases, the rate is stable (sciatica, rotator cuff syndrome) or increasing (epicondylitis). Heavy manual handling and repetitive work characterize the industries with the highest risk. Am. J. Ind. Med. 41:149–169, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Re: Lung cancer case‐control study of beryllium workers. Sanderson WT, Ward EM, Steenland K, Petersen MR. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2001. 39:133–144.
Authors: Deubner David C. , Lockey James L. , Kotin Paul , Powers Martin B. , Miller Frederick , Rogers Adrianne E. , Trichopoulos Dimitrios
Published: August 2002

To the Editor: We have read the paper by Sanderson et al. [2000], and we have also had the opportunity to review the doctoral thesis of the first author who was kind enough to make it available to us. We believe the following observations could be used to greatly improve the paper, and likely change the conclusions.
Linkage studies between attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder and the monoamine oxidase genes
Authors: Jiang Sanduo , Xin Rener , Lin Sicui , Qian Yiping , Tang Guomei , Wang Dongxiang , Wu Xiaodong
Published: August 2002

Attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent behavioral disorder in children and the etiology of this disorder is not clear. Molecular genetic and pharmacological studies suggest the involvement of dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmitter systems in ADHD, e.g., several reports have found association between ADHD and the dopamine receptor gene DRD‐4, the dopamine transporter gene DAT1, and the catecholamine clearance enzyme catechol‐O‐methyltransferase. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B genes encode enzymes that participate in the metabolism of neurotransmitters of the dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems. MAO inhibitors have been shown to be effective in the treatment of ADHD. Our previous studies showed an association between ADHD and the DXS7 locus, which is located in close vicinity to the MAO genes on chromosome X. These findings suggest that there might be linkage between ADHD and MAO genes. To test this hypothesis, we used the transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) to test for linkage between a VNTR polymorphism at the MAOA(CA)n or MAOB(GT)n locus and DSM‐III‐R–diagnosed ADHD in 82 nuclear families of the Chinese population. The TDT analysis revealed linkage between ADHD and the MAOA(CA)n locus (chi‐square = 15.25, df = 7, P < 0.05), but not the MAOB(GT)n locus (chi‐square = 11.18, df = 7, P > 0.05). The data showed that ADHD was in linkage with the MAOA gene and suggested that MAOA might be a susceptibility factor for ADHD. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microsatellite analysis in Turner syndrome: Parental origin of X chromosomes and possible mechanism of formation of abnormal chromosomes
Authors: Monroy Nancy , López Marisol , Cervantes Alicia , García‐Cruz Diana , Zafra Gildardo , Canún Sonia , Zenteno Juan Carlos , Kofman‐Alfaro Susana
Published: August 2002

Turner syndrome is a chromosomal disorder in which all or part of one X chromosome is missing. The meiotic or mitotic origin of most cases remains unknown due to the difficulty in detecting hidden mosaicism and to the lack of meiotic segregation studies. We analyzed 15 Turner patients, 10 with a 45,X whereas the rest had a second cell line with abnormal X‐chromosomes: a pseudodicentric, an isochromosome, one large and one small ring, and the last with a long arm deletion. Our aims were: to detect X cryptic mosaicism in patients with a 45,X constitution; to determine the parental origin of the abnormality; to infer the zygotic origin of the karyotype and to suggest the timing and mechanism of the error(s) leading to the formation of abnormal X chromosomes from maternal origin. Molecular investigation did not revealed heterozygosity for any microsatellite, excluding X mosaicism in the 45,X cases. Parental origin of the single X chromosome was maternal in 90% of these patients. Three of the structurally abnormal Xs were maternally derived whereas the other two were paternal. These results allowed us to corroborate breakpoints in these abnormal X chromosomes and suggest that the pseudodicentric chromosome originated from post‐zygotic sister chromatid exchange, whereas the Xq deleted chromosome probably arose after a recombination event during maternal meiosis. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Childhood hyperuricemia and acute renal failure resulting from a missense mutation in the HPRT gene
Authors: Srivastava Tarak , O'Neill J. Patrick , Dasouki Majed , Simckes Ari M.
Published: August 2002

A 6‐year‐old boy was determined to have partial hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) enzyme deficiency without the phenotypic features of Lesch‐Nyhan syndrome. He presented with recurrent acute renal failure (ARF) from hyperuricemia. Treatment with allopurinol prevented further attacks of renal failure. T lymphocyte cultures were used to sequence the HPRT cDNA and a novel single nucleotide substitution at codon 65 in exon 3 was found (193C > T, 65leu > phe). This mutation was confirmed by genomic DNA sequencing and was also detected in his heterozygous, asymptomatic mother and sister. Unlike the cells from patients with classic Lesch‐Nyhan syndrome, the in vitro cultures of our patient's T‐lymphocytes did not proliferate in the presence of purine analogue 6‐thioguanine (TG). This report highlights the unusual occurrence of recurrent ARF in a child with partial HPRT enzyme deficiency. The absence of TG resistance in vitro with this mutation shows that even small alterations in enzyme activity in vivo can result in disease symptoms, in this instance, hyperuricemia sufficient to cause ARF. Atypical HPRT mutations should also be considered in cases of unusual renal failure, because correct diagnosis can allow appropriate treatment, as well as informed genetic counseling. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mutation screening and transmission disequilibrium study of ATP10C in autism
Authors: Kim Soo‐Jeong , Herzing Laura B.K. , Veenstra‐VanderWeele Jeremy , Lord Catherine , Courchesne Rachel , Leventhal Bennett L. , Ledbetter David H. , Courchesne Eric , Cook Edwin H.
Published: August 2002

Autism is a complex genetic disorder. Chromosome 15 is of particular interest in this disorder, because of previous reports of individuals with autism with chromosomal abnormalities in the 15q11‐q13 region. Transmission disequilibrium between polymorphisms in this region and autism has been also been reported in some, but not all studies. Recently, a novel maternally expressed gene, ATP10C, was characterized and mapped to the chromosome 15q11‐q13 region, 200 kb distal to UBE3A. It encodes a putative aminophospholipid translocase likely to be involved in the asymmetric distribution of proteins in the cell membrane. Preferential maternal expression has been demonstrated in fibroblasts and brain. Because of its physical location and imprinting pattern, ATP10C was considered to be a candidate gene for chromosome 15‐associated autism. In an effort to find the genes responsible for autism in this chromosomal region, 1.5 kb of the 5′ flanking region, as well as the coding and splicing regions of ATP10C, were screened for sequence variants. Several polymorphic markers including five nonsynonymous SNPs were identified. To investigate transmission disequilibrium between ATP10C and autism, a family‐based association study was conducted for 14 markers in 115 autism trios. No significant transmission disequilibrium was found, suggesting ATP10C is unlikely to contribute strongly to susceptibility to autism in these families. However, due to limited power to detect genes of modest effect, the possible functional role of the nonsynonymous SNPs and the functional implications of the SNPs identified from 5′ flanking region and intron 2 splicing region may be evaluated in further studies. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fifty‐one prenatally diagnosed children and adolescents with sex chromosome abnormalities
Authors: Linden Mary G. , Bender Bruce G.
Published: August 2002

Children with sex chromosome abnormalities (SCA) are known to be at risk for developmental delays. These risks were identified 2 decades ago by seven international research groups who prospectively followed children ascertained after birth. Subsequently, some of these investigators suggested the course of prenatally identified children with SCA may be different from children in earlier studies. The first such evidence was published by Robinson et al. [1992: Am J Med Genet 44:365–368], who compared 20 prenatally diagnosed children to the original postnatally diagnosed cohort. The following report presents an update and expansion of that research and includes 51 children and adolescents prenatally diagnosed with SCA, now 7–18 years of age. Results confirm that this cohort of prenatally diagnosed children has a milder developmental course than children ascertained postnatally. The study provides new information to health professionals counseling families faced with prenatal diagnosis of SCA. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Velo‐cardio‐facial syndrome: Implications of microdeletion 22q11 for schizophrenia and mood disorders
Authors: Arnold Paul D. , Siegel‐Bartelt Jacqueline , Cytrynbaum Cheryl , Teshima Ikuko , Schachar Russell
Published: August 2002

Velo‐cardio‐facial syndrome (VCFS) is a congenital malformation syndrome with variable phenotypic features that has been associated with chromosomal microdeletion 22q11.2. Psychiatric disorders have been reported to be highly prevalent in individuals with this syndrome, and the objective of this study was to assess the nature and extent of psychopathology among individuals with VCFS. We studied 20 children and adolescents with 22q11 deletions determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Control subjects were 11 nondeleted siblings who were the closest age match to the affected subjects. Both affected and control subjects were assessed using two standardized psychiatric research instruments. The results of this study confirmed the high rate of psychiatric disorders among VCFS subjects (60% of our subjects). Of the specific types of disorders, only mood disorders were significantly more common among VCFS subjects compared to sibling controls, with eight VCFS subjects having mood disorders compared with none of the control subjects (P<0.02). Three affected subjects had schizotypal traits comorbid with a mood disorder. In addition, disruptive behavior disorders were frequently diagnosed among VCFS subjects. Using a dimensional measure of psychopathology, significant differences between VCFS subjects and sibling controls were found on three scales: ADHD (P<0.02), separation anxiety (P<0.02), and depression (P<0.01). VCFS subjects were achieving significantly less well academically and requiring significantly more special educational assistance than sibling controls. Follow‐up data were available on two subjects, both of whom had been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Further research on psychopathology in VCFS may provide a model of how a specific genetic defect can lead to the development of psychiatric disorders. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
QTL association analysis of the DRD4 exon 3 VNTR polymorphism in a population sample of children screened with a parent rating scale for ADHD symptoms
Authors: Curran Sarah , Mill J. , Sham P. , Rijsdijk F. , Marusic K. , Taylor E. , Asherson P.
Published: August 2002

Current developments in molecular genetics have led to a rapid increase in research aimed at the identification of genetic variation that influences complex human phenotypes. One phenotype that has aroused a great deal of interest is the behavioral trait hyperactivity and the related clinical disorder attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The driving force behind the molecular genetic research in this area is the overwhelming evidence from quantitative genetic studies that show high heritablility (h2 = 0.7–0.9) for the behaviors characterizing the diagnosis of ADHD, whether the disorder is viewed as a categorical entity or a continuous trait. To date, molecular studies have aimed at identifying susceptibility genes for ADHD, defined using operational diagnostic criteria, and have focused on variation within genes that regulate dopamine neurotransmission. Several studies report ADHD to be associated with the 7‐repeat allele of a 48 bp repeat polymorphism (DRD4–7) in exon 3 of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4). In this study, we take a dimensional perspective of ADHD and examine the relationship of this DRD4 polymorphism in a sample of children selected from the general population on the basis of high and low scores on the five ADHD items of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) as rated by their parents. We found a significant relationship between DRD4–7 and high‐scoring individuals [chi‐square = 8.63; P = 0.003; OR = 2.09 (95% CI 1.24 < OR < 3.54), F‐statistic = 7.245; P = 0.008]. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cloning, sequencing, and functional characterization of the vitamin D receptor in vitamin D‐resistant New World primates
Authors: Chun Rene F. , Chen Hong , Boldrick Lorrie , Sweet Connie , Adams John S.
Published: August 2002

New World primates (NWPs) have high circulating 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25‐(OH)2D) levels. Comparable levels would be harmful to Old World primates (OWPs) and humans. Thus, NWPs must have developed mechanisms of 1,25‐(OH)2D resistance to survive. In humans, patients with hypocalcemic vitamin D‐resistant rickets type II have high circulating vitamin D levels and vitamin D resistance due to expression of a dysfunctional vitamin D receptor (VDR). To examine if this could wholly or in part explain vitamin D resistance in NWPs, VDR from Saguinus oedipus (cotton top tamarin) NWP B95‐8 cells was cloned by reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The NWP VDR cDNA sequence showed 96% homology at the DNA level and 98% homology at the amino acid level compared to human VDR. To assay for function, NWP VDR cDNA was transiently transfected into CV‐1 cells with a vitamin D response element reporter plasmid. No difference between OWP and NWP VDR‐directed transactivation was observed. These results indicate that the mechanism of vitamin D resistance in NWPs is not due to a dysfunctional VDR, and is consistent with our hypothesis that vitamin D resistance in NWPs is mediated by overexpression of a VDR‐independent vitamin D response element binding protein. Am. J. Primatol. 54:107–118, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Single‐copy nuclear DNA sequences obtained from noninvasively collected primate feces
Authors: Surridge Alison K. , Smith Andrew C. , Buchanan‐Smith Hannah M. , Mundy Nicholas I.
Published: August 2002

Noninvasively collected primate feces have been shown to provide a useful source of mitochondrial DNA for sequencing and nuclear microsatellite DNA for size analysis. In this study, single‐copy nuclear DNA sequences were obtained from noninvasively collected fecal samples of two species of wild tamarins, Saguinus fuscicollis and S. mystax, in the context of a project on the functional utility of color vision. Noninvasive genotyping of the X‐linked opsin gene is important for future studies of selection and adaptation at this locus in a number of primate species. The wide range of techniques that can now be applied successfully to DNA extracted from feces introduces a broad spectrum of potential genetic studies that can be undertaken on primates, without the need for intrusive or invasive methods. Am. J. Primatol. 56:185–190, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Upper Paleolithic triple burial of Dolní Věstonice: Pathology and funerary behavior
Authors: Formicola Vincenzo , Pontrandolfi Antonella , Svoboda Jiří
Published: August 2002

This work focuses on paleopathological analysis of one of the skeletons from the Gravettian triple burial of Dolní Věstonice (Moravia) and addresses issues of Upper Paleolithic funerary behavior. The burial includes the well‐preserved skeletons of three young individuals. The skeleton in the middle (DV 15) is pathological and very problematic to sex; the other two (DV 13 and DV 14) are males and lie in an unusual position. The young age, the possibility of a simultaneous interment, and the position of the three specimens have given rise to speculations about the symbolic significance of this spectacular and intriguing funerary pattern. The pathological condition of the skeleton in the middle further emphasizes its peculiarity.

Main pathological changes of the DV 15 skeleton include: asymmetric shortening of the right femur and of left forearm bones, bowing of the right femur, right humerus, and left radius, elongation of fibulae, dysplasias of the vertebral column, and very marked enamel hypoplasias. Scrutiny of the medical literature suggests that the most likely etiology is chondrodysplasia calcificans punctata (CCP) complicated by trauma and early fractures of the upper limbs. CCP is a rare inherited disorder characterized by stippled ossification of the epiphyses. The cartilaginous stippling is a transient phenomenon that disappears during infancy, leaving permanent deformities on affected bones. Among the different forms of CCP, the X‐linked dominant form is that resulting in asymmetric shortening and is lethal during early infancy in males. Thus, survival of DV 15 until young adult age would require the specimen to be a female. Clinical findings often associated with the disease (erythemas, ichthyosis, alopecia, cataracts, and joint contractures, among others) would emphasize the singular aspect of this individual, pointing to a condition that should be carefully taken into account when speculating on the significance of that peculiar burial. Am J Phys Anthropol 115:372–379, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dextran reduces embolic signals after carotid endarterectomy
Authors: Levi Christopher R. , Stork Jacinda L. , Chambers Brian R. , Abbott Anne L. , Cameron Heather M. , Peeters Anna , Royle John P. , Roberts Andrew K. , Fell Gary , Hoare Michael C. , Chan Anthony T. W. , Donnan Geoffrey A.
Published: August 2002

One hundred fifty patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy were randomly assigned to receive intravenous 10% dextran 40 or placebo. Transcranial Doppler monitoring of the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery 0 to 1 hour postoperatively detected embolic signals in 57% of placebo and 42% of dextran patients, with overall embolic signal counts 46% less for dextran (p = 0.052). Two to 3 hours postoperatively, embolic signals were present in 45% of placebo and 27% of dextran patients, with embolic signal counts 64% less for dextran (p = 0.040). We conclude that dextran reduces embolic signals within 3 hours of CEA.
Dextran–rare earth ion interactions. II. Solid‐state characteristics
Authors: Zümreoğlu‐Karan B. , Mazi H. , Güner A.
Published: August 2002

The solid‐state characteristics of dextran complexes precipitated from aqueous solutions with three different light‐lanthanoid cations (La3+, Ce3+, and Nd3+) were investigated by spectroscopic and thermal methods. Spectroscopic characterization was realized by the comparative interpretation of the FTIR spectra, and the complexes were found to involve both ligating water and dextran through its O(2) and O(3) atoms. Remarkable spectral changes were noted, particularly with La3+, which parallels the previous solution studies. The order of La3+ > Ce3+ > Nd3+ was determined to display the tendency of the Ln3+ ion in favor of dextran throughout the competition between water and dextran. The thermal stabilities of the complexes were examined by thermogravimetry (TG), differential TG, and DSC methods. The decomposition steps and temperatures were assigned with respect to the lanthanoid ions used. The TG and DSC results indicated that the complexes are less stable thermally than dextran itself with increasing thermal stabilities in the order of La3+ < Ce3+ < Nd3+ in their anhydrous states. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2168–2174, 2002