bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uses and gratifications of social games: Blending social networking and game play
Authors: Hou Jinghui
Published: May 2013

This study applied a uses and gratifications approach to investigate social games — the game applications integrated in social networking platforms. Users’ expected social gratifications and game gratifications from playing social games were examined. The investigation focused on three dimensions of game play: frequency, duration, and engagement of game activities. A hierarchical regression analysis found that social interaction and diversion are positive predictors of game play. Results suggest that there is a distinctly social aspect to social games that reflects their social networking characteristics. Social games should be described as social media rather than as just one category of online computer games.
Non-traditional book publishing
Authors: Bradley Jana , Fulton Bruce , Helm Marlene , Pittner Katherine A.
Published: May 2013

Non-traditional book publishing, prospering on the Internet, now accounts for over eight times the output of traditional publishing. Non-traditional publishing includes books published by their authors and books representing the reuse of content, most of it not covered by copyright. The result is an heterogeneous, hyper-abundant contemporary book environment where the traditional mixes with the non-traditional and finding books that match a reader’s taste is more difficult than previously and may involve new methods of discovery.
You can’t build a car with just one wheel (why duplication may not be such a bad thing), and some limitations of Internet search/retrieval
Authors: Zeitlyn David
Published: May 2013

In this article I survey different approaches to the indexing of time based media (sound and video recordings) in response to 2 articles published in December 2010. Issues of overlap and duplication are discussed as a positive boon. They enable real comparison to be made and different styles may suit different categories of user. The lack of synoptic overview of different applications approaching the same topic is noted. Suggestions are made as to why search engines are not picking up on this. The failure leaves continuing role for human agents such as subject specialists and librarians to see the connections and make complete comparison lists of what is available for end-users.
Ladders, samurai, and blue collars: Personal branding in Web 2.0
Authors: Gehl Robert W.
Published: May 2013

Drawing on the work of Gilles Deleuze, Eva Illouz, and Mark Andrejevic, this paper critiques the personal branding literature, particularly as it applies to Web 2.0 social media. I first describe the three-part logic of personal branding: dividuation, emotional capitalism, and autosurveillance. Next, in a sort of mirror image to the self-help literature of personal branding, I offer a critical "how to" guide to branding oneself in Web 2.0. Finally, I conclude with a discussion of why personal branding can be seen as a rational choice, given the circumstances of globalized capitalism and precarious employment. Individuals who brand themselves willfully adopt the logic of capitalism in order to build their human capital. However, I ultimately argue that the obsession with personal branding is no antidote for life in precarious times.
Use of Essential Oils as Natural Food Preservatives: Effect on the Growth of Salmonella Enteritidis in Liquid Whole Eggs Stored Under Abuse Refrigerated Conditions
Authors: Djenane Djamel , Yangüela Javier , Roncalés Pedro , Aider Mohammed
Published: May 2013

The steam distillation-extracted essential oils (EOs) of three aromatic plants from the Kabylie region of Algeria (Eucalyptus globulus, Lavandula angustifolia, and Satureja hortensis) were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The primary compounds from these EOs were 1,8-cineole (81.70%) for Eucalyptus globulus, 1,8-cineole (37.80%) and Beta-caryophyllene (20.90%) for Lavandula angustifolia, and carvacrol (46.10%), p-cymene (12.04%), and r-terpinene (11.43%) for Satureja hortensis. To test the antibacterial properties of the EOs, agar diffusion and microdilution methods were used for Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis CECT 4300. The results revealed that all of the EOs possessed a significant anti-Salmonella activity. The inhibition diameters for Lavandula angustifolia and Eucalyptus globulus were 41.30 and 35.26 mm, respectively, whereas the essential oil (EO) of Satureja hortensis showed a stronger anti-Salmonella activity (51.15 mm) when compared to the two other EOs. The minimum inhibitory concentration values ranged from 1 to 8 uL/mL, and the MIC value of the Lavandula angustifolia EO was the lowest (1 uL/mL). Moreover, the anti-Salmonella activity of the EOs added at various concentrations to liquid whole eggs was investigated, and the results showed that the antibacterial effect is proportional to the quantity of EO added to the product. Based on the observed anti-Salmonella activity, the EOs tested are promising natural alternatives for the preservation of liquid whole eggs stored at 7 ± 1ºC to simulate Algerian refrigeration conditions.
Capital Structure and Its Role on Performance of Microfinance Institutions: The Ugandan Case
Authors: Sekabira Haruna
Published: May 2013

Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) rejuvenate economic prowess in developing countries, after severe shocks like wars, droughts and floods. MFIs are a promising tool to tackle poverty and improve food security. Sustainability of MFIs based on their capital structure ensures sustainability in poverty reduction and improved food security. The limited literature on the impacts of capital structures on MFI performance necessitated the study. Panel data from 14 MFIs was collected based on availability and accessibility. The sources of data were financial and income statements covering five years. Econometric analysis using STATA software was done following methodologies of Bogan and Rosenberg. MFIs lent to both individuals and groups and 79% were not regulated by the Central Bank, 86% had their funding sources as loans, grants, excluding deposits/savings and 73% attained operational self-sufficiency. Debt and grants were negatively correlated to operational and financial sustainability. When sustainability was more constricted to financial sustainability, debt and share capital remained noteworthy. Other than grants, debt was paid back on competitive market interest rates most especially debts from money lenders, whereas share capital fetched in revenues to the MFIs at market interest rates from the borrowers. Grants and debt had a substantialdamagingconsequence on MFI performance. Capital structure was essential in MFIs’ sustainability. MFI specific characteristics, like management were also important. Subject to sampling uncertainties, the results indicate that adding to regulation by Central Bank, MFIs must specialize their lending to reduce portfolio at risk. MFIs must reduce dependence on debts and grants and resort to accumulating share capital for long-term sustainability.
Determination of Angstrom Coefficients for Masvingo and Makoholi Stations, Zimbabwe
Authors: Brain Mapurisa  , Luckywell Seyitini
Published: May 2013

Coefficients of the first order and second order Angstrom model were obtained for Masvingo and Makoholi stations in Zimbabwe. Long term average ground measurements of sunshine hours and global horizontal solar radiation from the meteorological services were used as input data. Monthly average values of the clearness index,  and the fraction of sunshine hours,  were determined. Regression analysis was used to obtain the first and second order coefficients of the Angstrom model for the two locations. The estimates from the developed models were tested against measured values and results obtained were in agreement to within +/- 5%. The results also showed that the models performed better with these coefficients compared with coefficients suggested in previous researches. Also the first order model was found to perform better than the second order model for Makoholi station while the second order model works well for Masvingo.
The effect of obesity upon Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL): A comparison of the AQoL-8D and SF-36 instruments
Authors: Khan Munir Ahmed , Richardson Jeff , O'Brien Paul
Published: May 2013

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to describe and measure the loss of health related quality of life (HRQoL) associated with obesity using two generic instruments. The first of these, the SF-36, is the most widely used and validated HRQoL instrument worldwide. However, it does not provide utility weights and cannot be used to measure quality adjusted life years (QALYs), an increasingly common unit for comparing the effect of health states in economic evaluation studies. The second, the AQoL-8D, is a multi-attribute utility (MAU) instrument which was developed to increase sensitivity of previous MAU instruments to psycho-social dimensions of a health state and to allow the calculation of QALYs. Since the two instruments differ, an important additional objective of the study was to determine the validity of the AQoL-8D as judged by the SF-36, and therefore the confidence which might be placed upon its use in the context of obesity.METHODS: Data were obtained from patients waiting for bariatric surgery who had completed both the SF-36 and AQoL-8D quality of life instruments and a general questionnaire including height, weight, demographic and socio-economic information. For comparative purposes, scores were standardized using results from a representative sample of the general population. The content validity of the AQoL-8D was assessed by comparing it with the dimension scores from the SF-36 and the summary component (physical and mental) scores. Overall scores from the SF-36 and AQoL-8D instruments were regressed upon patient BMI and the results from the AQoL-8D used to estimate the effect of overweight and obesity upon utility and lost QALYs.RESULTS: The comparison of the instruments indicated that the AQoL-8D has good convergent, concurrent and content validity. Using both instruments, obesity was significantly associated with lower scores for 14 of their 16 dimensions. AQoL-8D, in particular, identified a significant decrease in psychological and social health with happiness, self-worth, coping and mental health, all being poorer than in the control group. Regression results implied that a change in BMI from 30 to 50 decreases utility by 0.12 or by 13.8 percent of the average utility for a 25-35 year old.CONCLUSION: AQoL-8D is a valid measure of utility in the context of obesity. Its inclusion of psycho-social effects significantly increases the measured adverse effects of obesity.
Espiritualidade e bioética
Authors: De Souza Carlos Frederico Barboza
Published: May 2013

O presente artigo visa tratar conceitualmente a espiritualidade para, a seguir, propor alguns pontos em que esta pode dialogar com a Bioética. Nesse sentido, discute em um primeiro momento a grande oferta de espiritualidades em nossa contemporaneidade, buscando dispor brevemente – sem a pretensão de esgotar o assunto e nem tratá-lo em toda a sua complexidade – sobre algumas causas que podem estar na raiz das demandas da sociedade contemporânea. Logo em seguida, o foco passa a ser a espiritualidade a partir de sua raiz antropológica, pensando o ser humano como um ser de falta e um ser aberto à transcendência. Essas categorias postas, o próximo passo se centrará em acompanhar historicamente como esse conceito vai se forjando na tradição cristã até chegar à contemporaneidade, quando ela se expande para outras formas de compreensão para além do cristianismo. A partir desse momento, insere-se a percepção de que se deve falar em espiritualidades, no plural, indicando as diversas maneiras com que esse conceito tem sido utilizado na história e contemporaneamente. Por fim, buscar-se-á discutir brevemente alguns pontos importantes para o diálogo da espiritualidade com a Bioética, defendendo a ideia de que tomando certos cuidados e tendo clareza das especificidades de cada área, sempre será este um diálogo profícuo.
Teologia da compaixão com os animais: a prática de Jesus
Authors: Palhano Jerson José Darif , Sanches Mário Antonio
Published: May 2013

As gerações atuais, com uma consciência ecológica aguçada e com a sensibilidade de defesa dos direitos dos animais não humanos, pedem uma reflexão teológica mais aprofundada sobre esses temas. Neste artigo propomos uma teologia que aborda a prática de Jesus. A temática da dignidade dos demais animais não precisa enfraquecer ou desvalorizar o humano; isso porque o texto da criação na Bíblia propõe um humano continuador do propósito de vida do Criador. Na prática de Jesus, podemos ver que ele, ao se entregar, se sacrifica por todos, inclusive pelos animais não humanos. Após a morte de Jesus, o Cristianismo nasce como sistema religioso, teológico e cultual que abandou o sacrifício dos animais como possibilidade cultual. Mesmo diante de equívocos teológicos que se configuraram historicamente, é possível resistir a qualquer afirmação que a tradição cristã, em sua totalidade, impôs a si como uma tradição de violência e descaso em relação aos animais não humanos.
Bioética: interpelação à Igreja como comunidade de discernimento
Authors: Gasda Élio Estanislau
Published: May 2013

O texto propõe uma reflexão da Bioética sob o enfoque da espiritualidade. Depois de apresentar um breve registro antropológico, constata-se o acirramento do debate provocado pelo rápido desenvolvimento das ciências biotecnológicas. Setores da Igreja sentem-se diretamente envolvidos. Os teólogos não só participaram no surgimento da Bioética, como a mesma atingiu os alicerces da ética teológica. Diante do fenômeno da privatização do corpo e do fato eclesiológico do Concilio Vaticano II, é visível o fosso entre a reflexão teológica e o ensino do Magistério. Para uma bioética de inspiração cristã, a espiritualidade não deveria ser um acessório. Ela permite resgatar o sensus fidelium que faz da Igreja uma comunidade de discernimento.
Espiritualidade protestante no pensamento de João Amós Comenius
Authors: Lopes Edson Pereira
Published: May 2013

Nos últimos anos têm crescido o interesse pelo estudo da espiritualidade entre as religiões em geral. É comum encontrar diversas literaturas a esse respeito, a partir das mais diferentes perspectivas religiosas. Dentre os protestantes, esta discussão tem sido alvo de intenso debate e uma relevante indagação é se esse termo deve ser empregado pelo protestantismo. Percebe-se, todavia, que esse termo aparece na história do pensamento protestante. Assim, este artigo tem como objetivo, a partir do protestante João Amós Comenius, a quem devemos a sistematização das ciências educacionais, oferecer uma abordagem do assunto, tendo como fundamento sua obra, O labirinto do mundo e o paraíso do coração.
Building an Online Data Management Plan Tool
Authors: Reilly Michele , Dryden Anita R
Published: May 2013

Following the 2011 announcement by the National Science Foundation (NSF) that it would begin requiring Data Management Plans with every funding application, the University of Houston Libraries explored ways to support our campus researchers in meeting this requirement. A small team of librarians built an online tool using a Drupal module. The tool includes informational content, an interactive questionnaire, and an extensive FAQ to meet diverse researcher needs. This easily accessible and locally maintained tool allows us to provide a high level of personalized service to our researchers.
Time to Step on the Gas in Approaching the Intersections of Scholarly Communication and Information Literacy
Authors: Sutton Shan C
Published: May 2013

As someone who believes scholarly communication and information literacy will continue to be essential growth areas for academic libraries, I welcomed the recent appearance of Intersections of Scholarly Communication and Information Literacy: Creating Strategic Collaborations for a Changing Academic Environment. This white paper, developed by an ACRL working group, advocates for the integration of scholarly communication and information literacy to strengthen the educational roles of academic libraries. Merging these areas represents something of a new frontier that will require many libraries to shift models that presently support scholarly communication and information literacy as separate endeavors. The paper effectively makes the case for this shift based on the premise that scholarly communication knowledge is vital to information literacy skills and the ability to navigate the world of digital information. The “how” part of making this transition happen is described mostly in broad strokes, suggesting a need for sharing successful models from the field. One step in this direction is the newly published book Common Ground at the Nexus of Information Literacy and Scholarly Communication (ACRL, 2013), which serves as a companion to Intersections of Scholarly Communication and Information Literacy, with more specific strategies for implementation.
Simultaneous, Untargeted Metabolic Profiling of Polar and Nonpolar Metabolites by LC‐Q‐TOF Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Kirkwood Jay S. , Maier Claudia , Stevens Jan F.
Published: May 2013

At its most ambitious, untargeted metabolomics aims to characterize and quantify all of the metabolites in a given system. Metabolites are often present at a broad range of concentrations and possess diverse physical properties complicating this task. Performing multiple sample extractions, concentrating sample extracts, and using several separation and detection methods are common strategies to overcome these challenges but require a great amount of resources. This protocol describes the untargeted, metabolic profiling of polar and nonpolar metabolites with a single extraction and using a single analytical platform. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 56:4.39.1‐4.39.12. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Assessment of Adult Neurogenesis in Mice
Authors: Pan Yung‐Wei , Wang Wenbin , Xia Zhengui
Published: May 2013

Adult neurogenesis is a lifelong developmental process that occurs in two discrete regions in the adult mammalian brain: the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus (DG) and the subventricular zone (SVZ) along the lateral ventricles. Despite immense interest in the therapeutic potential of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) residing along these two neurogenic regions, molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating this process are not fully defined. Defining the regulatory mechanisms responsible for the genesis of new neurons in the adult brain is integral to understanding the basic biology of aNSCs. The techniques described here provide a basic blueprint to isolate, culture, and perform experiments using aNSCs in vitro as well as providing methods to perform immunohistochemistry on brain sections. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 56:12.20.1‐12.20.16. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Instruments in Biotechnology and Medicine
Authors: Voss Andreas , Feller Karl‐Heinz , Beckmann Dieter
Published: May 2013

The sections in this article are

Photonic Instruments in Medicine

Introduction

Optical Window of Cells and Tissues

Laser Light–Matter Interaction as a Function of Intensity

Photochemical Treatment of Tissues

Thermal Processes in Light–Matter Interaction

Nonlinear Processes in Light–Matter Interaction (Not to Be Confused with Nonlinear Optics)

Minimally Invasive Diagnostics – Endoscopy

History

Types and Components of Endoscopes

Advantages and Disadvantages of Endoscopy

Application Fields

Combination of Standard White Light Endoscopic with Other Diagnostic Methods

Some Trends in Endoscopy

Noninvasive Diagnostics – Photoplethysmography

Introduction

Characterization of thePPGSignal

Signal Acquisition

Clinical Applications

Noninvasive Diagnostics – Ophthalmology

Introduction

Corneal Topography

Perimetry

Optical Biometry

Retinal Imaging and Glaucoma Diagnostics

Fluorescein Angiography

Wavefront Analysis

In VitroDiagnostics – Microscopy

Light Microscope

Fluorescence Microscope

New Fluorescence Microscope Techniques

Confocal Microscopy

Raman Microscopy

In VitroDiagnostics – Digital Slides and Virtual Microscopy

In VitroDiagnostics – Optical Methods in Clinical Analysis System

Optical Spectroscopy of Blood and Urine Components

Optical Spectroscopy of Tissues and Vessels

Optical Spectroscopy of Agglutination and Precipitation – Nephelometry, Turbidimetry

In VitroDiagnostics – Blood Gas Pressure Measurements

Optical Detection ofpO2in Blood

Optical Detection ofpCO2in Blood

Optical Detection of Further Monitoring Parameters in Intensive Care (Temperature,pH)

In VitroDiagnostics – Photoacoustic Spectroscopy

Therapy

Introduction

Laser Therapy in Ophthalmology –LASIK(Refraction Correction by Cornea Treatment)

Photonic Instruments in Biotechnology

Introduction

Selected Analytical Methods

Introduction

Reflectometric Interference Spectroscopy (RIfS)

Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)

Fluorescence Methods

Advanced Microscopic Techniques (Selection)

Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

Optical Biosensors, Biochips, Miniaturized Analytical Systems

High‐Throughput Screening (HTS)

Sample Preparation: Flow Injection Analysis

Fermentation as a Central Process of Biotechnology

General Aspects

Fermentation Control

Photobioreactors

Optical Trap/Optical Tweezers

Basic Scheme of Laser Tweezers and Micromanipulation

Applications of Optical Tweezers
Microscopic and Spectroscopic Methods
Authors: D. Cameron Brent
Published: May 2013

The sections in this article are

Bright Field Microscopy

Dark Field Microscopy

Phase Contrast Microscopy

Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Confocal Microscopy

Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Infrared Spectroscopy

Raman Spectroscopy
Glucose Sensing and Glucose Determination Using Fluorescent Probes
Authors: Steiner Mark‐Steven , Duerkop Axel , Wolfbeis Otto S.
Published: May 2013

The sections in this article are

Why Glucose Sensing?

Classification of Sensors According to the Recognition Scheme

Glucose Sensing via the Optical Properties of Oxidative or Reductive Enzymes

Nonlabeled Enzymes

Labeled Enzymes

Fluorescent Sensing of Glucose via Measurement of the Consumption of Oxygen Caused by the Action ofGOx

Planar and Fiber‐Optic Sensors

Sensors Based on the Use of Microparticles (µPs) and Nanoparticles (NPs)

Fluorescent Sensing of Glucose via Measurement of the Formation of Hydrogen Peroxide Caused by the Action ofGOx

Enzymatic Sensing of Glucose via Changes ofpH

Fluorescent Sensing of Glucose via Synthetic Boronic Acids

Fluorescent Sensing of Glucose via ConcanavalinA

Fluorescent Sensing of Glucose using Glucose‐Specific Apoenzymes

Fluorescent Sensing of Glucose via Glucose‐Binding Proteins

Conclusion and Outlook
Biochips as Novel Bioassays
Authors: Rudolph Bettina , Weber Karina , Möller Robert
Published: May 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Types of Microarrays

DNAMicroarrays

Protein Microarrays

Tissue Microarrays

Cell‐Based Microarrays (Transfection Microarrays)

Principle Steps of an Experimental Microarray Process

Basics

Surface Biofunctionalization

Preparation of Biomolecules (Sample Preparation)

DNA

RNA

Proteins

Target Amplification and Labeling

PCR– Polymerase Chain Reaction

In VitroTranscription –cDNA/IVT

Bio‐Barcode Amplification of Nucleic Acids and Proteins

Radioactive and Fluorophore Labeling

Enzymes

Nanoparticles

Readout/Detection

Radioactivity

Fluorescence/Absorbance

Surface Plasmon Resonance

Examples of Biochip Applications in Biology and Medicine

Genomic Research

SNPDetection

Gene Expression Profile Analysis

Pharmacogenomics and Toxicogenomics

Pathogen Detection and Clinical Diagnosis

Pathogen Detection

Clinical Diagnosis

Trends in Biochip Research

Metal Nanoparticles

Quantum Dots

Enzymes

Conclusion
Study on preparation and swelling kinetics of P(AA‐co‐C8PhEO10Mac) pH‐sensitive hydrogel in vitro drug release study
Authors: Wang Fang Ping , Mu Hu Po , Zhang Jun Yin , Li Wan Xia , Wang Qi Zhao , Du Xin Zhen
Published: May 2013

Stimuli‐sensitive hydrogels are one of the most promising and versatile materials with many potential applications. In this article, a pH‐sensitive hydrogel [P(AA‐co‐C8PhEO10Mac)] was synthesized by the free‐radical cross‐linking polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) and octylphenyl polyoxyethylene methacrylate macromonomer (C8PhEO10Mac). Swelling property, swelling, and deswelling kinetics of the hydrogels in different pH media were studied and hydrogel microstructures were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Theophylline was chosen as a model drug and the controlled‐release properties of hydrogels were pilot studied. The results showed that the P(AA‐co‐C8PhEO10Mac) hydrogel has a porous structure, both the rapid swelling and deswelling rate, and good pH sensitivity characteristics; The swelling ratios of the gels in stimulated intestinal fluids (SIF, pH = 7.4) were higher than those in stimulated gastric fluids (SGF, pH = 1.4). The in vitro cumulative release data were analyzed using an empirical equation to compute the diffusion exponent (n), whose values suggest a non‐Fickian mode of transport. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1981–1989, 2013
Attachment of alginate microcapsules onto plasma‐treated PDMS sheet for retrieval after transplantation
Authors: Shin Soojeong , Shin Jeong Eun , Yoo Young Je
Published: May 2013

Although transplantation of microencapsulated islets has been proposed as a therapy for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, limited retrievability of the cells has impeded its medical usage. To achieve retrieval of microencapsulated islets, capsules were attached to polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with a biocompatible adhesive. Because the hydrophobic nature of the PDMS surface prevents attachment, surface modification is essential. Alginate microcapsules were attached to modified PDMS sheets, and the mechanical stability of the resulting constructs was determined. Acrylic acid (AA) and acrylamide (AM) mixtures were grafted on the surfaces of PDMS sheets using a two‐step oxygen plasma treatment (TSPT). TSPT‐PDMS was characterized according to water contact angle and zeta‐potential measurements. The contact angle was altered by changing the ratio of AM to AA to generate hydrophilic surface. Evaluation of the surface charge at pH 2, 7, and 12 confirmed the presence of polar groups on the modified surface. Microcapsules were attached to TSPT‐PDMS using Histoacryl® and shown to be in a monolayered and half‐exposed state. The shear stress resistance of alginate capsules attached to the PDMS sheet indicates the possibility of transplantation of encapsulated cells without scattering in vivo. This method is applicable to retrieve microencapsulated porcine islets when required.
Folic acid supplementation use and the MTHFR C677T polymorphism in orofacial clefts etiology: An individual participant data pooled‐analysis
Authors: Butali Azeez , Little Julian , Chevrier Cécile , Cordier Sylvian , Steegers‐Theunissen Regine , Jugessur Astanand , Oladugba Bola , Mossey Peter A.
Published: May 2013

BACKGROUND

This study examines gene–environment interaction between the MTHFR C667T polymorphism and folic acid in the etiology of orofacial clefts (OFC). We used a pooled‐analytical approach on four studies that used similar methods.

METHODS

We used logistic regression to analyze the pooled sample of 1149 isolated cases and 1161 controls. Fetal and maternal MTHFR C677T genotypes, and maternal periconceptional exposure to smoking, alcohol, vitamin containing folic acid and folic acid supplements were contrasted between the cleft types [non‐syndromic clefts lip or without cleft palate (CL(P)) and non‐syndromic cleft palate (CP)] and control groups.

RESULTS

There was a reduced risk of CL(P) with maternal folic acid use (p = 0.008; OR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.65–0.94) and with supplements containing folic acid (p = 0.028, OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.65–0.94). Maternal smoking increased the risk of both CL(P) (p < 10 e−3; OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.35–1.95) and CP (p = 0.028; OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.04–1.83). No significant risk was observed with either maternal or fetal MTHFR C677T genotypes.

CONCLUSION

This individual participant data (IPD) meta‐analysis affords greater statistical power and can help alleviate the problems associated with aggregate‐level data‐sharing. The result of this IPD meta‐analysis is consistent with previous reports suggesting that folic acid and smoking influence OFC outcomes. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 97:509‐514, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pegylated IL‐10 induces cancer immunity
Authors: Mumm John B. , Oft Martin
Published: May 2013

Recently, the development of several strategies based on immunotherapy has raised hopes for a more promising way to treat cancer patients. Here, we describe how interleukin (IL)‐10, a seemingly unlikely candidate, stimulates the immune system in a particularly efficacious way. IL‐10, an omnipotent anti‐inflammatory cytokine, delivers an equally potent immune stimulation in the context of CD8+ T cells and tumor immunity. By activation of tumor‐resident, tumor‐specific CD8+ T cells, pegylated IL‐10 can induce rejection of large and metastasizing tumors in mice. Here, we summarize the mechanisms of action of IL‐10, the reasons why the mechanisms may be crucial for the treatment of cancer patients, and the rationale for applying pegylated IL‐10 in the clinic.
Stopped in its tracks: Negative regulation of the dynein motor by the yeast protein She1
Authors: Moore Jeffrey K.
Published: May 2013

How do cells direct the microtubule motor protein dynein to move cellular components to the right place at the right time? Recent studies in budding yeast shed light on a new mechanism for directing dynein, involving the protein She1. She1 restricts where and when dynein moves the nucleus and mitotic spindle. Experiments with purified proteins show that She1 binds to microtubules and inhibits dynein by stalling the motor on its track. Here I describe what we have learned so far about She1, based on a combination of genetic, cell biology, and biophysical approaches. These findings set the stage for further interrogation of the She1 mechanism, and raise the question of whether similar mechanisms exist in other species.
Sulfur Promotion in Conjugated Isomerization of Safflower Oil over Bifunctional Structured Rh/SBA‐15 Catalysts
Authors: Chorfa Nasima , Hamoudi Safia , Arul Joseph , Belkacemi Khaled
Published: May 2013

The sulfur effect on conjugated linoleic acid isomer (CLA) formation during the combined hydrogenation/directed isomerization of safflower oil over a bifunctional (hydrogenation and isomerization) highly structured rhodium‐based catalyst (Rh/SBA‐15) was investigated either by direct addition of increased concentrations of 3‐mercapto‐1,2‐propanediol to the reaction medium or by doping Rh/SBA‐15 with the same sulfur‐based compound yielding the sulfur‐doped Rh‐catalyst (S–Rh/SBA‐15). These catalysts exhibited interesting activity, stability, and recyclability.

 The maximum CLA contents obtained during the combined reactions with 0, 0.2, 1, 2, 5, and 10 ppm sulfur additions were 73, 99, 131, 110, 105, and 68 mgCLA goil−1, respectively, whereas the amount of harmful trans monoenes remained below 8 %. The safflower oil after partially hydrogenation under the same conditions over S–Rh/SBA‐15 catalyst contained up to 110 mgCLA goil−1. These results showed clear evidence of the sulfur promotion effect on CLA formation during the dual hydrogenation/directed isomerization of safflower oil.

 A mechanism for the sulfur promotion of the heterogeneous catalyst Rh/SBA‐15 for the conjugated isomerization activity during hydrogenation/directed isomerization of safflower oil was determined by solid‐state 1H NMR analysis of the fresh and spent catalysts. This was also confirmed by liquid‐state 2H NMR analysis of deuterium‐labeled product aliquots withdrawn throughout the reaction.

 The sulfur promotion towards the double bond conjugation of linoleic acid to form CLA isomers could be explained mechanistically through the preferable formation of the more nucleophilic rhodium sulfide (RhSH) over that of the hydride (RhH). However, both types of Rh clusters constituted distinct catalytic sites leading to the formation of hydrogenation as well as conjugated and geometric isomerization products. The lumped kinetics model described the experimental data well and complied simply with the proposed mechanism.
Highly Controlled Gas/Liquid Processes in a Continuous Lab‐Scale Device
Authors: van Gool J. J. F. , van den Broek S. A. M. W. , Ripken R. M. , Nieuwland P. J. , Koch K. , Rutjes F. P. J. T.
Published: May 2013

The use of reactive gases for syntheses on small laboratory scale is often avoided due to safety concerns so that expensive alternatives are required. The recent development of gas‐permeable membrane‐based reactors offers new options for safe handling of these gases in a continuous‐flow system. A prototype of a gas/liquid system was built to introduce gas in the microreactor. An integrated gas flow controller and inline FTIR analysis were used to safely handle the gas. With the system, the carboxylation of a Grignard reagent with carbon dioxide was chosen as a nonhazardous model reaction to validate the prototype reactor.
Leveraging Material Properties in Fluorescence Anion Sensor Arrays: A General Approach
Authors: Anzenbacher Pavel , Liu Yuanli , Palacios Manuel A. , Minami Tsuyoshi , Wang Zhuo , Nishiyabu Ryuhei
Published: May 2013

As the demand for probes suitable for sensor development increases, investigation of approaches that utilize known successful receptors gains in general importance. This study describes a two‐prong approach that can be used as a guide to developing sensors from known receptors. First, the conversion of a simple receptor, calix[4]pyrrole, into a fluorescent probe to establish a ratiometric signal is described. Secondly, the sensors that employ an output from a single ratiometric calix[4]pyrrole probe are fabricated by using poly(ether‐urethane) hydrogel copolymers. These hydrogels are designed to absorb, internalize and transport aqueous electrolytes. A sensor array of ten different poly(ether‐urethane) matrices with varying comonomer proportions were doped with a single probe and were exposed to eight different anions: acetate, benzoate, fluoride, chloride, phosphate, pyrophosphate, hydrogen sulfide, and cyanide, eight urine samples and anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The poly(ether‐urethane) matrices comprise different proportions of anion‐binding urethane moieties and different hydrophilicity given by the ratio between ethylene glycol ether and butylene glycol ether. This diversity in the hydration behavior provides different environment polarity, in which the recognition and self‐assembly processes display enough diverse behavior to allow for unique response of the probe to the analytes. Furthermore, a single probe is shown to recognize eight different aqueous anions and eight urine samples when embedded in ten different polyurethanes in an array that displays 100 % classification accuracy. To demonstrate the potential of the concept for quantitative studies, an estimation of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs ibuprofen and diclofenac in water and in saliva was performed. A limit of detection of 0.1 ppm and a dynamic range of 0.1–0.6 and 0.05–60 ppm was observed, respectively. Given the general difficulty of chemosensors to recognize aqueous anions, the fact that one probe recognizes eight different analytes attests to an enormous effect of the polymer environment on the recognition process. This method could be used to generate a variety of sensor arrays for various analyses including species that are difficult to recognize, such as small‐molecule‐ and inorganic anions.
Unusual Structure, Fluxionality, and Reaction Mechanism of Carbonyl Hydrosilylation by Silyl Hydride Complex [(ArN)Mo(H)(SiH2Ph)(PMe3)3]
Authors: Khalimon Andrey Y. , Ignatov Stanislav K. , Okhapkin Andrey I. , Simionescu Razvan , Kuzmina Lyudmila G. , Howard Judith A. K. , Nikonov Georgii I.
Published: May 2013

The reactions of bis(borohydride) complexes [(RN)Mo(BH4)2(PMe3)2] (4: R=2,6‐Me2C6H3; 5: R=2,6‐iPr2C6H3) with hydrosilanes afford new silyl hydride derivatives [(RN)Mo(H)(SiR′3)(PMe3)3] (3: R=Ar, R′3=H2Ph; 8: R=Ar′, R′3=H2Ph; 9: R=Ar, R′3=(OEt)3; 10: R=Ar, R′3=HMePh). These compounds can also be conveniently prepared by reacting [(RN)Mo(H)(Cl)(PMe3)3] with one equivalent of LiBH4 in the presence of a silane. Complex 3 undergoes intramolecular and intermolecular phosphine exchange, as well as exchange between the silyl ligand and the free silane. Kinetic and DFT studies show that the intermolecular phosphine exchange occurs through the predissociation of a PMe3 group, which, surprisingly, is facilitated by the silane. The intramolecular exchange proceeds through a new non‐Bailar‐twist pathway. The silyl/silane exchange proceeds through an unusual MoVI intermediate, [(ArN)Mo(H)2(SiH2Ph)2(PMe3)2] (19). Complex 3 was found to be the catalyst of a variety of hydrosilylation reactions of carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) and nitriles, as well as of silane alcoholysis. Stoichiometric mechanistic studies of the hydrosilylation of acetone, supported by DFT calculations, suggest the operation of an unexpected mechanism, in that the silyl ligand of compound 3 plays an unusual role as a spectator ligand. The addition of acetone to compound 3 leads to the formation of [trans‐(ArN)Mo(OiPr)(SiH2Ph)(PMe3)2] (18). This latter species does not undergo the elimination of a SiO group (which corresponds to the conventional Ojima′s mechanism of hydrosilylation). Rather, complex 18 undergoes unusual reversible β‐CH activation of the isopropoxy ligand. In the hydrosilylation of benzaldehyde, the reaction proceeds through the formation of a new intermediate bis(benzaldehyde) adduct, [(ArN)Mo(η2‐PhC(O)H)2(PMe3)], which reacts further with hydrosilane through a η1‐silane complex, as studied by DFT calculations.
Substituent Effects on Oxidation‐Induced Formation of Quinone Methides from Arylboronic Ester Precursors
Authors: Cao Sheng , Christiansen Robin , Peng Xiaohua
Published: May 2013

A series of arylboronic esters containing different aromatic substituents and various benzylic leaving groups (Br or N+Me3Br−) have been synthesized. The substituent effects on their reactivity with H2O2 and formation of quinone methide (QM) have been investigated. NMR spectroscopy and ethyl vinyl ether (EVE) trapping experiments were used to determine the reaction mechanism and QM formation, respectively. QMs were not generated during oxidative cleavage of the boronic esters but by subsequent transformation of the phenol products under physiological conditions. The oxidative deboronation is facilitated by electron‐withdrawing substituents, such as aromatic F, NO2, or benzylic N+Me3Br−, whereas electron‐donating substituents or a better leaving group favor QM generation. Compounds containing an aromatic CH3 or OMe group, or a good leaving group (Br), efficiently generate QMs under physiological conditions. Finally, a quantitative relationship between the structure and activity has been established for the arylboronic esters by using a Hammett plot. The reactivity of the arylboronic acids/esters and the inhibition or facilitation of QM formation can now be predictably adjusted. This adjustment is important as some applications may benefit and others may be limited by QM generation.
Bulky Phosphinines: From a Molecular Design to an Application in Homogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Weemers Jarno J. M. , van der Graaff Willem N. P. , Pidko Evgeny A. , Lutz Martin , Müller Christian
Published: May 2013

The design and preparation of an asymmetrically substituted and bulky phosphinine was achieved by introducing sterically demanding substituents into specific positions of a rigid phosphorus‐heterocyclic framework. Compound 5 shows, at the same time, axial chirality and a sufficiently high energy barrier for internal rotation to prevent enantiomerization. Both enantiomers of 5 were isolated by means of chiral analytical HPLC, and their absolute configurations could be assigned by combining experimental data and DFT calculations. Despite its substitution pattern, 5 can still coordinate to transition‐metal centers through the lone pair of electrons on the phosphorus atom. Rapid CH activation on the adjacent aryl substituent at the 2‐position of the phosphorus heterocycle was achieved by using [{Cp*IrCl2}2] (Cp*=1,2,3,4,5‐pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) as a metal precursor. A racemic mixture of 5 was applied as a π‐accepting low‐coordinate phosphorus ligand in the Rh‐catalyzed hydroformylation of trans‐2‐octene, which showed a clear preference for the formation of 2‐methyloctanal.
Bispidine Platform Grants Full Control over Magnetic State of Ferrous Chelates in Water
Authors: Kolanowski Jacek Lukasz , Jeanneau Erwann , Steinhoff Robert , Hasserodt Jens
Published: May 2013

A bicyclic ligand platform for iron(II), which allows total control over the complex’s magnetic properties in aqueous solution simply by varying one of the six coordination sites of the bispidine ligand, is reported. To achieve this, an efficient synthetic route to an N5 bispidine framework (ligand L4) that features an unsubstituted N‐7 site is established. Then, by choosing appropriate N‐7‐coordinating substituents, the spin state of choice can be imposed on the corresponding ferrous complexes under environmentally relevant conditions in water and near‐room temperature. Importantly, the first low‐spin and diamagnetic iron(II) chelates in the bispidine series, both in the solid state and in aqueous solution, are reported. The eradication of head‐on steric clashes between pendent coordinating arms is at the origin of this success. A new pair of constitutionally similar ferrous coordination compounds of a multidentate ligand system is obtained, which exhibits a distinctly binary (off–on) magnetic relationship. The new synthetic intermediate L4 may be substituted in just one step by any desired pendent arm, thus allowing access to complexes with finely tuned magnetic properties.
A Versatile Dithienylethene‐Functionalized Ph‐Diazabutadiene (DAB) Ligand: From Photoswitchable Main‐Group Molecules to Photochromic Polymers
Authors: Price Jacquelyn T. , Ragogna Paul J.
Published: May 2013

Within the past decade photochromic materials, specifically dithienylethenes (DTEs), have received increased interest because of their ability to function as potential photoswitchable molecular devices and optical memory storage systems. Current research in this area has focused on incorporating organic architectures to functionalize the DTE framework and alter the resulting photophysical properties; however, their syntheses are often not trivial. In this context, we have designed a simple and versatile diimine (2) containing adjacent 2,5‐dimethyl(thienyl) rings in the backbone. This redox active diimine (2) acts as a precursor to a novel photochromic ligand and has been used to coordinate to both boron and phosphorus elements, along with the synthesis of a phosphorane‐side‐chain functionalized polymer without further functionalization to the parent DTE framework. A study of the resulting photochromic properties of these compounds revealed that 1) the UV‐visible absorption spectra of the closed‐ring isomer were dependent of the element present in the N,N′‐chelating pocket and 2) incorporating the dithienylethene into a side‐functionalized phosphorane polymer greatly increased the closed‐/open‐ring reversibility and decreased the formation of by‐products.
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Temperature X‐Ray Diffraction Study of Uranium—Neptunium Mixed Oxides.
Authors: Chollet Melanie , Belin Renaud C. , Richaud Jean‐Christophe , Reynaud Muriel , Adenot Frederic
Published: May 2013

The oxidation of (U1‐yNpy)O2 (y = 0.1, 0.3, 0.7) in air at up to 1373 K is investigated by in situ XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Disordered Crystal Structure of Al3O3.5C0.5.
Authors: Asaka Toru , Kotani Ryosuke , Kudo Tatsunari , Yoshida Hideto , Fukuda Koichiro
Published: May 2013

The title compound is synthesized from a mixture of Al, Al2O3, and Al4C3 in a molar ratio of 3:5:2 (carbon crucible, argon, 2223 K, 1 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Cluster Chemistry in Electron‐Poor Ae—Pt—Cd Systems (Ae: Ca, Sr, Ba): (Sr,Ba)Pt2Cd4, Ca6Pt8Cd16 and Its Known Antitype Er6Pd16Sb8.
Authors: Samal Saroj L. , Gulo Fakhili , Corbett John D.
Published: May 2013

The new compounds Ca6Pt8Cd16 (I), SrPt2Cd4 (II), and BaPt2Cd4 (III) are identified in the title systems.
ChemInform Abstract: Anion‐Ordered Chains in a d1 Perovskite Oxynitride: NdVO2N.
Authors: Oro‐Sole Judith , Clark Lucy , Bonin William , Attfield J. Paul , Fuertes Amparo
Published: May 2013

The title compound, obtained by treatment of NdVO4 in an NH3 flow (700 °C, 80 h), is characterized by powder X‐ray and neutron diffraction, and by magnetic measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: The Antimonide Oxides LnZnSbO and LnMnSbO (Ln: Ce, Pr) — An XPS Study.
Authors: Gurgul Jacek , Rinke Matthias T. , Schellenberg Inga , Poettgen Rainer
Published: May 2013

X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that the praseodymium species in the title compounds are in a pure +3 oxidation state, whereas cerium exists in both +3 and +4 states.
ChemInform Abstract: Antiferromagnetic Spin Correlations Between Corner‐Shared [FeO5]7‐ and [FeO6]9‐ Units in the Novel Iron‐Based Compound: BaYFeO4.
Authors: Wrobel Friederike , Kemei Moureen C. , Derakhshan Shahab
Published: May 2013

The new title compound is synthesized by solid state reaction of stoichiometric amounts of BaCO3, Y2O3, and Fe2O3 (900 and 1250 °C for 48 h each).
ChemInform Abstract: Antimonato Polyoxovanadate Based Three‐Dimensional Framework Exhibiting Ferromagnetic Exchange Interactions: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Magnetic Investigation of {[Fe(C6H14N2)2]3 [V15Sb6O42(H2O)] }·8H2O.
Authors: Wutkowski Adam , Naether Christian , Koegerler Paul , Bensch W.
Published: May 2013

Dark red needles of [Fe(H2dach)2]3 [V15Sb6O42(H2O)] ·8H2O (I) are obtained under solvothermal conditions form a mixture of FeSO4, NH4VO3, Sb2O3, H2O, and trans‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane (dach), the latter acting as ligand, solvent, and reducing agent (sealed glass tube, 160 °C, 7 d).
ChemInform Abstract: A Polyoxometalate‐Based Single‐Molecule Magnet with a Mixed‐Valent {MnIV2MnIII6Mn II4} Core.
Authors: Zhang Zhi‐Ming , Yao Shuang , Li Yang‐Guang , Wu Hai‐Hong , Wang Yong‐Hui , Rouzieres Mathieu , Clerac Rodolphe , Su Zhong‐Min , Wang En‐Bo
Published: May 2013

K8Na10{ [MnIV2MnIII6Mn II4(μ3‐O)6 (μ‐OH)4(H2O)2 (CO3)6] [B‐β‐SiW6O26] 2}·30H2O is synthesized from an aqueous mixture of K8[β2‐SiW11O39], MnCl2, NaCl, 2,3‐pyrazinedicarboxylic acid, and K2CO3 (pH 10.2, 50 °C, 5 h, 38% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: A New Paratungstate‐A‐Based Organic—Inorganic Hybrid Compound: Synthesis, Structure and Photocatalytic Property of [Co(en)3]2 [H2W7O24]·8H2O.
Authors: Yan Gang , Wang Xin , Ma Yuanyuan , Cheng Xin , Wang Yonghui , Li Yangguang
Published: May 2013

The title compound is hydrothermally synthesized from a mixture of Na2WO4, CoCl2, and en in diluted HCl (autoclave, pH 8.5, 100 °C, 108 h, 8% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Low Temperature High‐Pressure Synthesis of LnNiO3 (Ln: Eu, Gd) in Molten Salts.
Authors: Prakash Jai , Blakely Colin K. , Poltavets Viktor V.
Published: May 2013

The title compounds are prepared by reaction of Ln2O3 (Ln: Eu, Gd) and NiO in a LiCl/KCl (4:6) flux (autoclave, 180 bar O2, 400 °C, 16 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Hydroflux Crystal Growth of Platinum Group Metal Hydroxides: Sr6NaPd2(OH)17, Li2Pt(OH)6, Na2Pt(OH)6, Sr2Pt(OH)8, and Ba2Pt(OH)8.
Authors: Bugaris Daniel E. , Smith Mark D. , zur Loye Hans‐Conrad
Published: May 2013

Single crystals of the title compounds are prepared in essentially quantitative yield by a new hydroflux method.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Olefin Hydrogenation by Easily Accessible Aniline‐ and Pyridine‐Derived Chiral Phosphites.
Authors: Vallianatou Kalliopi A. , Frank Dominik J. , Antonopoulou Georgia , Goergakopoulos Spyros , Siapi Eleni , Zervou Maria , Kostas Ioannis D.
Published: May 2013

(R)‐BINOL‐derived bidentate P,N‐phosphite ligands are prepared and tested in the hydrogenation of several prochiral olefins.