bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of exemestane and 17β‐hydroxyexemestane in human urine by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: development and validation of a method using MO‐TMS derivatives
Authors: Cavalcanti Gustavo de A. , Garrido Bruno C. , Leal Felipe D. , Padilha Monica C. , de la Torre Xavier , Pereira Henrique M.G. , Neto Francisco R. de Aquino
Published: November 2010

Trimethylsilylation of anabolic agents and their metabolites is frequently achieved by using the derivatization mixture N‐methyl‐N‐(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA)/NH4I/2‐mercaptoethanol. Nevertheless, artifacts were formed when this mixture was employed in the monitoring of exemestane and its main metabolite 17β‐hydroxyexemestane prior to GC‐MS analysis. These artifacts were identified as the N‐methyltrifluoroacetamide (MTFA) and trimethylsiloxyethylmercapto products of the respective trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives. Furthermore, artifact formation was evaluated taking the structure (1,4‐diene‐3‐keto‐6‐exomethylene) of the compounds into account. Although these artifacts are relevant for investigations regarding the derivatization process and may be of interest in many fields, they are detrimental to cope with the requirements of the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) in terms of the limits of detection (LODs) required. To overcome this issue, a method using an alternative derivatization was proposed: formation of methyloxime‐TMS derivatives through double derivatization using O‐methylhydroxylamine/pyridine and MSTFA/TMS imidazole after enzymatic hydrolysis and liquid‐liquid extraction. Samples from an excretion study after administration of exemestane to healthy volunteers were analyzed by the proposed method and detection of both exemestane and its main metabolite was possible. This method showed excellent results for both analytes meeting the LODs required for antiestrogenic agents (50 ng/mL) established by WADA. The method was validated for the main metabolite, it was robust and cost‐effective for qualitative and quantitative purposes, with LOD and LOQ of 10 ng/mL and 25 ng/mL, respectively. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple imputation of missing dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry data in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Schenker Nathaniel , Borrud Lori G. , Burt Vicki L. , Curtin Lester R. , Flegal Katherine M. , Hughes Jeffery , Johnson Clifford L. , Looker Anne C. , Mirel Lisa
Published: November 2010

In 1999, dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans were added to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to provide information on soft tissue composition and bone mineral content. However, in 1999–2004, DXA data were missing in whole or in part for about 21 per cent of the NHANES participants eligible for the DXA examination; and the missingness is associated with important characteristics such as body mass index and age. To handle this missing‐data problem, multiple imputation of the missing DXA data was performed. Several features made the project interesting and challenging statistically, including the relationship between missingness on the DXA measures and the values of other variables; the highly multivariate nature of the variables being imputed; the need to transform the DXA variables during the imputation process; the desire to use a large number of non‐DXA predictors, many of which had small amounts of missing data themselves, in the imputation models; the use of lower bounds in the imputation procedure; and relationships between the DXA variables and other variables, which helped both in creating and evaluating the imputations. This paper describes the imputation models, methods, and evaluations for this publicly available data resource and demonstrates properties of the imputations via examples of analyses of the data. The analyses suggest that imputation helps to correct biases that occur in estimates based on the data without imputation, and that it helps to increase the precision of estimates as well. Moreover, multiple imputation usually yields larger estimated standard errors than those obtained with single imputation. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A modified self‐controlled case series method to examine association between multidose vaccinations and death
Authors: Kuhnert Ronny , Hecker Hartmut , Poethko‐Müller Christina , Schlaud Martin , Vennemann Mechtild , Whitaker Heather J. , Farrington C. Paddy
Published: November 2010

The self‐controlled case series method (SCCS) was developed to analyze the association between a time‐varying exposure and an outcome event. We consider penta‐ or hexavalent vaccination as the exposure and unexplained sudden unexpected death (uSUD) as the event. The special situation of multiple exposures and a terminal event requires adaptation of the standard SCCS method. This paper proposes a new adaptation, in which observation periods are truncated according to the vaccination schedule. The new method exploits known minimum spacings between successive vaccine doses. Its advantage is that it is very much simpler to apply than the method for censored, perturbed or curtailed post‐event exposures recently introduced. This paper presents a comparison of these two SCCS methods by simulation studies and an application to a real data set. In the simulation studies, the age distribution and the assumed vaccination schedule were based on real data. Only small differences between the two SCCS methods were observed, although 50 per cent of cases could not be included in the analysis with the SCCS method with truncated observation periods. By means of a study including 300 uSUD, a 16‐fold risk increase after the 4th dose could be detected with a power of at least 90 per cent. A general 2‐fold risk increase after vaccination could be detected with a power of 80 per cent. Reanalysis of data from cases of the German case–control study on sudden infant death (GeSID) resulted in slightly higher point estimates using the SCCS methods than the odds ratio obtained by the case–control analysis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of weighted CUSUM procedures that account for monotone changes in population size
Authors: Shu Lianjie , Jiang Wei , Tsui Kwok‐Leung
Published: November 2010

The CUSUM procedure has been popularly used for detecting a shift in the incidence rate of a rare health event. Many CUSUM methods are developed based on a Poisson model with a constant mean number of events. In practice, the expected number of events is likely to vary over time as the population size at risk is not constant but often grows over time. An increase in the baseline incidence rate tends to be masked by the population growth. To efficiently detect an increase in the baseline incidence rate, it is appealing to assign more weight to recent observations and less weight to older observations. This paper compares weighted CUSUM (WCUSUM) and conventional CUSUM procedures in the presence of monotone changes in population size. The simulation results show that the WCUSUM method may be more efficient than the conventional CUSUM methods in detecting increases in the incidence rate, especially for small shifts. An example based on mortality data from New Mexico is used to illustrate the implementation of the WCUSUM method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying optimal risk windows for self‐controlled case series studies of vaccine safety
Authors: Xu Stanley , Zhang Lijing , Nelson Jennifer C. , Zeng Chan , Mullooly John , McClure David , Glanz Jason
Published: November 2010

In vaccine safety studies, subjects are considered at increased risk for adverse events for a period of time after vaccination known as risk window. To our knowledge, risk windows for vaccine safety studies have tended to be pre‐defined and not to use information from the current study. Inaccurate specification of the risk window can result in either including the true control period in the risk window or including some of the risk window in the control period, which can introduce bias. We propose a data‐based approach for identifying the optimal risk windows for self‐controlled case series studies of vaccine safety. The approach involves fitting conditional Poisson regression models to obtain incidence rate ratio estimates for different risk window lengths. For a specified risk window length (L), the average time at risk, T(L), is calculated. When the specified risk window is shorter than the true, the incidence rate ratio decreases with 1/T(L) increasing but there is no explicit relationship. When the specified risk window is longer than the true, the incidence rate ratio increases linearly with 1/T(L) increasing. Theoretically, the risk window with the maximum incidence ratio is the optimal risk window. Because of sparse data problem, we recommend using both the maximum incidence rate ratio and the linear relationship when the specified risk window is longer than the true to identify the optimal risk windows. Both simulation studies and vaccine safety data applications show that our proposed approach is effective in identifying medium and long‐risk windows. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can the rectovaginal septum be visualized by transvaginal three‐dimensional ultrasound?
Authors: Dietz H. P.
Published: November 2010

Objective

The rectovaginal septum (RVS) is described as a layer of connective tissue separating the anorectum from the vagina. RVS defects are thought to be responsible for rectocele formation. This study attempted to visualize the RVS with transvaginal three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound.

Methods

Fifty‐two women were interviewed and underwent clinical examination and pelvic floor ultrasound examination. Two‐dimensional (2D) translabial imaging was used to assess for rectocele on maximal Valsalva maneuver. Transvaginal volume ultrasound data were archived and analyzed 6–9 months later, by an observer blinded to clinical data. 3D volumes were assessed for the presence of a hyperechoic layer between the vaginal muscularis and internal anal sphincter/anorectal muscularis. Data were analyzed relative to clinical findings, symptoms and the 2D ultrasound diagnosis of a rectocele.

Results

Forty‐six volume ultrasound datasets could be analyzed. On clinical examination, 20 women were found to have a rectocele (≥ Stage 2). On translabial ultrasound there were 28 (61%) women with true rectocele i.e. pocketing of the rectal ampulla. On 3D ultrasound a hyperechogenic layer between vaginal and anorectal muscularis was identified in all but one patient. Gaps in this layer were identified in 10 (22%) women. There were no consistent associations between clinical findings of posterior compartment descent or sonographically detected rectocele and RVS thickness or extent, or the finding of a gap in the RVS on 3D imaging.

Conclusions

The RVS may be identifiable with static transvaginal 3D ultrasound, but this method does not seem to yield any information that correlates with clinical or translabial 2D ultrasound findings of posterior vaginal wall prolapse. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitive detection of chemical‐induced genotoxicity by the Cypridina secretory luciferase reporter assay, using DNA repair‐deficient strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Ochi Yukari , Sugawara Harumi , Iwami Mio , Tanaka Megumi , Eki Toshihiko
Published: November 2010

Yeast‐based reporter assays are useful for detecting various genotoxic chemicals. We established a genotoxicity assay using recombinant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, each containing a reporter plasmid with the secretory luciferase gene from Cypridina noctiluca, driven by a DNA damage‐responsive promoter of the yeast RNR3 gene. This system detected the genotoxicity of methyl methanesulphonate (MMS) as sensitively as conventional yeast‐based reporter assays, using the β‐galactosidase gene in a concentration‐dependent manner; it also detects four other genotoxic chemicals, allowing us to monitor DNA damage easily by skipping the cell extraction process for the assay. We examined Cypridina luciferase levels induced by MMS and three antitumour agents using a set of BY4741‐derived deletion mutants, each defective in a DNA repair pathway or DNA damage checkpoint. Luciferase activities were particularly enhanced in mutant strains with mms2Δ and mag1Δ by exposure to MMS, rad59Δ and mlh1Δ to camptothecin and mms2Δ and mlh1Δ to mitomycin C, respectively, compared with their parent strains. Enhanced reporter activities were also found in some DNA repair mutants with cisplatin. These observations suggest that this Cypridina secretory luciferase reporter assay using yeast DNA repair mutants offers convenient and sensitive detection of the potential genotoxicity of numerous compounds, including antitumour drugs and studying the mechanisms of DNA damage response in yeast. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inquiry into the Transcendence of Tang Dynasty Confucians to Han Dynasty Confucians and the Transformation of Traditional Confucianism in Terms of Lunyu Bijie
Authors: Shiling XIANG
Published: November 2010

Neo-Confucianism of the Han and Tang dynasties is an indispensable part of the history of Chinese philosophy. From Han dynasty Confucians to Tang dynasty Confucians, the study of Confucian classics evolved progressively from textual research to conceptual explanation. A significant sign of this transformation is the book Lunyu Bijie 论语笔解 (A Written Explanation of the Analects), co-authored by Han Yu and Li Ao. Making use of the tremendous room for interpretation within the Analects, the book studied and reorganized the relationship between “the study of literature” and “the Dao and principles.” It clearly shows an inevitable development of Confucianism, shifting its focus from phenomena to the nature of the heart-mind in order to comprehend nature and heavenly Dao, both of which “cannot be heard (from Confucius).”
Way of Post-Confucianism: Transformation and Genealogy
Authors: Zhuoyue HUANG
Published: November 2010

After Neo-Confucianism, the study of contemporary Confucianism became more diverse. Its original uniformity was replaced by diversity. During this time, however, Post-Confucianism became increasingly prominent. Post-Confucianism comes from a post-modernist context and was influenced by a post-modernist ideological mode, and so its appearance was inevitable. It was also closely linked to significant philosophical issues after the change in times, and therefore questioned and challenged Neo-Confucianism which was based on a pattern of modernity. Post-Confucianism represents a new trend in the contemporary development of Confucianism. From a cultural point of view, this essay systematically investigates three internationally renowned schools of Post-Confucianism and their backgrounds, noting their similarities and differences, examining their significance, and determining their meaning. By doing so, it intends to outline an intelligible framework for this academic trend and highlight the significance of Post-Confucianism for the development of contemporary Confucianism.
Problem and Method: The Possibility of Comparative Study—Using “Lun Liujia Yaozhi” as an Example
Authors: Xize DENG
Published: November 2010

On the basis of general characteristics, comparative studies can be restricted by cross-cultural comparison in a narrow sense. In this paper, I take “Chinese philosophy” as an example to investigate the current problems within comparative studies. However, it is possible to embark on comparative study. “Lun Liujia Yaozhi” 论六家要旨 (“Discussion on the Main Points of the Six Schools”) conducts a successful comparison, from which we can extract the comparative method of “Problem and Method,” and it points directly to the basic structure of survival activities, and furnishes the possibility for cross-cultural comparisons.
The Phenomenological Ontology of Literature
Authors: Xiaomang DENG
Published: November 2010

Literary ontology is essentially a phenomenological issue rather than one of epistemology, sociology, or psychology. It is a theory of the phenomenological essence intuited from a sense of beauty, based on the phenomenological ontology of beauty, which puts into “brackets” the sociohistorical premises and material conditions of aesthetic phenomena. Beauty is the “objectified” emotion. This is the phenomenological definition of the essence of beauty, which manifests itself on three levels, namely “emotion qua selfconsciousness,” “sense of beauty qua emotion,” and “sentiment qua sense of beauty.” Art on the other hand is the “objectification of emotion” whose most general and closest manner to “humanity” is literature and poetry. Poetry is the origin of language and the linguistic essence is a metaphor. Language as “the house of being” is both “thinking” and “poetry.” Literature expresses the essence of art in the most direct way and, in traditional Chinese aesthetic terminology, literature is the “language of emotion” conveyed by the writer based on his own emotion towards the “language of scene.”
“The End of History ” and the Fate of the Philosophy of History
Authors: Dun ZHANG
Published: November 2010

The “end of history” by Fukuyama is mainly based on Hegel’s treatise of the end of history and Kojeve’s corresponding interpretation. But Hegel’s “end of history” is a purely philosophical question, i.e., an ontological premise that must be fulfilled to complete “absolute knowledge.” When Kojeve further demonstrates its “universal and homogeneous state,” Fukuyama extends it into a political view: The victory of the Western system of freedom and democracy marks the end of the development of human history and Marxist theory and practice. This is a misunderstanding of Hegel. Marx analyzes, scientifically, the historical limitation of Western capitalism and maintains, by way of a kind of revolutionary teleology, the expectation of and belief in human liberation, which is the highest historical goal. His philosophy of history is hence characterized by theoretical elements from both historical scientificalness and historical teleology.
The New Type of Buddhist Chanting and the Poetry Transformation in Yongming Reign’s Period
Authors: Xi JIN , Xiaodun WANG
Published: November 2010

This paper examines the Buddhist chanting in Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern dynasties from several aspects, such as the historical position of it, the reason for its flourish, its speech way, etc. This paper also redetermines the relationship between Buddhist chanting and poetry writing in middle ancient times. The results for this research are as the following: First, The effective factor of Buddhism on Chinese phonology was not Buddhist chanting, but Sutra translation. Second, Buddhist verses were mainly translated or created by monks. However, in Yongming reign’s period of the Southern Qi dynasty, more and more verses were written by the literati. Third, the new type of Buddhist chanting had the same principle with poetry in Yongming reign’s period, and they were two major cultural movements keeping pace with each other in the same time. Fourth, the influence of the new type of Buddhist chanting on Yongming poetry was displayed on verbal expression. It made the way of Buddhist chanting in Wu region official, and pushed forward the establishment of a new way of poetry intoning which also based on the accent of Wu.
Age at menarche is associated with divergent alcohol use patterns in early adolescence and early adulthood
Authors: Richards Meghan A. , Oinonen Kirsten A.
Published: November 2010

A cross‐sectional retrospective design was employed to examine the relationship between age at menarche (AAM) and alcohol use patterns from middle childhood (age 7) to early adulthood in 265 University‐aged women. Earlier menarche was associated with: (a) earlier ages at first drink and first intoxication, (b) greater use between ages 9 and 14 (i.e., frequency, amount, vomiting), and (c) binge drinking between ages 11 and 14. In contrast, late menarche was associated with greater current use in the adult women (i.e., frequency, amount, hangovers). Early timing of first intoxication relative to menarche (FIRM) strongly predicted higher current drinking. These findings suggest: (a) a link between AAM and alcohol use as early as age 9, (b) opposite relationships between AAM and alcohol use during two distinct developmental periods separated by a period of use unassociated with AAM, and (c) that the impact of early FIRM on adult consumption deserves further study.
Concentration of solutions for a singularly perturbed Neumann problem in non-smooth domains
Authors: Dipierro Serena
Published: November 2010

We consider the equation

−\epsilon ^{2}\mathrm{\Delta }u + u = u^{p}

in a bounded domain

\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^{3}

with edges. We impose Neumann boundary conditions, assuming

1 < p < 5

, and prove concentration of solutions at suitable points of

∂Ω

on the edges.
Stroke at High Altitude Diagnosed in the Field Using Portable Ultrasound
Authors: Wilson Mark H. , Levett Denny Z. , Dhillon Sundeep , Mitchell Kay , Morgan Jon , Grocott Michael P.W. , Imray Chris
Published: November 2010

A tool that can differentiate ischemic stroke from other neurological conditions (eg, hemorrhagic stroke, high-altitude cerebral edema) in the field could enable more rapid thrombolysis when appropriate. The resources (eg, an MRI or CT scanner) to investigate stroke at high altitude may be limited, and hence a portable tool would be of benefit. Such a tool may also be of benefit in emergency departments when CT scanning is not available. We report a case of a 49-year-old man who, while climbing at 5900 m, suffered a left middle cerebral infarct. The clinical diagnosis was supported using 2D Power Doppler. The patient received aspirin and continuous transcranial Doppler was used for its potential therapeutic effects for 12 hours. The patient was then evacuated to a hospital in Kathmandu over the next 48 hours. This case report suggests that portable ultrasound could be used in the prehospital arena to enable early diagnosis of thrombotic stroke.
Low-, medium- and high-glycaemic index carbohydrates and risk of type 2 diabetes in men
Authors: Similä Minna E. , Valsta Liisa M. , Kontto Jukka P. , Albanes Demetrius , Virtamo Jarmo
Published: November 2010

Findings on dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) as risk factors for type 2 diabetes have been controversial. We examined the associations of dietary GI and GL and the associations of substitution of lower-GI carbohydrates for higher-GI carbohydrates with diabetes risk in a cohort of Finnish men. The cohort consisted of 25 943 male smokers aged 50–69 years. Diet was assessed, at baseline, using a validated diet history questionnaire. During a 12-year follow-up, 1098 incident diabetes cases were identified from a national register. Cox proportional hazard modelling was used to estimate the risk of diabetes, and multivariate nutrient density models were used to examine the effects of substitution of different carbohydrates. Dietary GI and GL were not associated with diabetes risk; multivariate relative risk (RR) for highest v. lowest quintile for GI was 0·87 (95 % CI 0·71, 1·07) and for GL 0·88 (95 % CI 0·65, 1·17). Substitution of medium-GI carbohydrates for high-GI carbohydrates was inversely associated with diabetes risk (multivariate RR for highest v. lowest quintile 0·75, 95 % CI 0·59, 0·96), but substitution of low-GI carbohydrates for medium- or high-GI carbohydrates was not associated with the risk. In conclusion, dietary GI and GL were not associated with diabetes risk, and substitutions of lower-GI carbohydrates for higher-GI carbohydrates were not consistently associated with a lower diabetes risk. The associations of dietary GI and GL with diabetes risk should be interpreted by considering nutritional correlates, as foods may have different properties that affect risk.
From Pluralism to Liberalism: Rereading Isaiah Berlin
Authors: Myers Ella
Published: November 2010

The relationship between pluralism and liberalism has been at the center of recent considerations of Isaiah Berlin's thought. In particular, liberal theorists have asked whether the value pluralism Berlin endorses actually undermines his liberalism. A common interpretive approach resolves this problem by presenting Berlin's pluralism as “limited” rather than “radical,” and therefore capable of serving as a moral foundation authorizing liberalism. I challenge this re-construction of Berlin's work, arguing that such readings are premised on a conception of judgment Berlin does not share. While many of his readers believe that a judgment on behalf of liberalism requires the identification of a transcontextual ground, Berlin invites us to see human judgment as a meaningful practice that occurs in the absence of absolutes yet does not simply mirror local norms. Berlin's defense of liberalism models this kind of judgment—a judgment that is neither mandated, nor ruled out, by pluralism.
Culture, Free Movement, and Open Borders
Authors: Lenard Patti Tamara
Published: November 2010

Communitarians are derided for their commitment to closed borders. According to their critics, if we balance the claims of cultural preservation (deployed primarily by wealthy countries) against the claims of economic betterment (deployed primarily by the very poor), the correct moral ordering will prioritize the claims of economic betterment, and thus support claims for open borders over closed borders. Yet, this standard way of framing the debate ignores the deep connection between cultural claims and freedom of movement. In the near-exclusive focus on the relationship between cultural preservation and the alleged importance of closed borders, free movement advocates have lost sight of how frequently culture bolsters claims in favor of freedom of movement. I argue that cultural claims should not be ignored in discussions of free movement. To do so fails to give a full account of the reasons we have to favor free movement, oftentimes across borders.
Orientalism and Comparative Political Theory
Authors: Thomas Megan C.
Published: November 2010

Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Orientalists such as Schlegel and Müller sought to broaden narrow European scholarly horizons by comparing ancient Indian ideas with those of classical Greece and Rome and modern Europe, and thus to transform the human sciences. These aims are similar to contemporary comparative political theory's concerns to remedy the Eurocentrism of the field of political theory and to identify valuable ideas in non-Western sources. These similarities suggest that we ought to revisit our understanding of Orientalism, reconsider how and when epistemological appropriation has political consequences, and recognize the limits of text-based approaches to political theory.
The Theologico-Political Question of Our Time: The Argument of Michael Gillespie's Theological Origins of Modernity
Authors: Fuller Timothy
Published: November 2010

Michael Gillespie speaks of the “theological origins of modernity,” in order to describe both the profoundly religious character of the modern West, and tensions within the Enlightenment and within the progressive philosophies of history that it generated and that are instantiated in the works of Kant, Hegel, Marx, Kojève, and the like.
Reflections on Michael Gillespie's Theological Origins of Modernity
Authors: McClure Kirstie M.
Published: November 2010

In The Theological Origins of Modernity, Michael Gillespie has given us a big book. At once learned and lively, it enters the lists not simply of “origins of modernity” stories, but more particularly of those stories that engage the proudly secular and rational self-image of the age. Among the latter, its most explicit interlocutors are Hans Blumenberg and Martin Heidegger, but its effective resonances and dissonances extend, if more subtly, to Karl Löwith, Leo Strauss, Hannah Arendt, and Amos Funkenstein—and perhaps to the likes of Adorno, Derrida, Deleuze, and others as well. Indeed, in its insistent probing of connections between modern science and late medieval theology, this book is arguably in dialogue not only with a range of continental thinkers, but also with such Anglophone philosophers as Whitehead, Collingwood, and E. A. Burtt.
WHAT ARE CONSTITUTIONS, AND WHAT SHOULD (AND CAN) THEY DO?
Authors: Alexander Larry
Published: November 2010

A constitution is, as Article VI of the United States Constitution declares, the fundamental law of the land, supreme as a legal matter over any other nonconstitutional law. But that almost banal statement raises a number of theoretically vexed issues. What is law? How is constitutional law to be distinguished from nonconstitutional law? How do morality and moral rights fit into the picture? And what are the implications of the answers to these questions for such questions as how and by whom should constitutions be interpreted? These are the issues that I shall address.

Alexander proceeds as follows: In section I he takes up law's principal function of settling controversies over what we are morally obligated to do. In section II he then relate law's settlement function to the role of constitutional law. In particular, he discusses how constitutional law is distinguished from ordinary law, and he also discusses the role of constitutions in establishing basic governmental structures and enforcing certain moral rights. In section III he addresses the topic of constitutional interpretation, and in section IV the topic of judicial review. Finally, in section V, he discusses constitutional change, both change that occurs through a constitution's own rules for amendments and change that is the product of constitutional misinterpretations and revolutions.
THE ORIGINS OF AN INDEPENDENT JUDICIARY IN NEW YORK, 1621–1777
Authors: Gerber Scott D.
Published: November 2010

Article III of the U.S. Constitution establishes an independent federal judiciary: federal courts constitute a separate branch of the national government, federal judges enjoy tenure during good behavior, and their salaries cannot be diminished while they hold office. The framers who drafted Article III in 1787 were not working from whole cloth. Rather, they were familiar with the preceding colonial and state practices, including those from New York. This essay provides a case study of New York's judicial history: the Dutch period, 1621-1664; the Ducal proprietary period, 1664-1685; the Royal period, 1685-1776; and the early state period. As will be seen, New York—among the most significant of the original thirteen states—was a state groping towards a new ideal of judicial independence: an ideal that became a reality a decade after its own constitution was enacted in 1777 and at a different level of government. Significantly, the uncertain status of New York's judiciary had profound consequences for the ultimate expression of judicial independence, judicial review.
Graphomotorischer Leistungsvergleich zwischen der dominanten und nicht dominanten Hand beim Kopieren einer geometrischen Figur bei Kindern
Authors: Albert Djana , Regard Marianne
Published: November 2010

Wir berichten die Resultate einer Studie, in der wir bei 127 gesunden rechtshändigen Kindern (5–12 Jahre) und einer Erwachsenenkontrollgruppe den Einfluss der rechten und linken Hand auf graphomotorische und perzeptive Merkmale beim Abzeichnen einer geometrischen Figur untersuchten. Diese wurde einmal mit der rechten und einmal mit der linken Hand kopiert. Analysiert wurden quantitative und qualitative Merkmale bezüglich Alter und Hand. Für die Korrektheit und die Gestaltung der Figur fanden wir signifikante Alters- und Handeffekte. Die rechte Hand zeichnet korrekter und die Präzisionsleistung verbessert sich mit zunehmendem Alter. Interessante Handunterschiede fanden wir für die qualitativen Merkmale: Die Vorlage wird mit der rechten Hand signifikant kleiner, mit stärkerem Druck und mehr linksbündig kopiert. Mit der linken Hand wird signifikant größer und mit schwachem Druck gezeichnet und es kommt häufiger zu Konfabulationen, Perseverationen und Konkretisierungen. Die Handunterschiede sind im Vorschulalter am prägnantesten. Die Perzeption der räumlichen Relationen und ihre zeichnerische Umsetzung gelingen im Schulalter (9 Jahre). Die Handunterschiede bezüglich qualitativer Merkmale passen zu den Befunden von Läsionsstudien.
Psychometrics of the Dyadic Coping Inventory in Three Language Groups
Authors: Ledermann Thomas , Bodenmann Guy , Gagliardi Simona , Charvoz Linda , Verardi Sabrina , Rossier Jérôme , Bertoni Anna , Iafrate Raffaella
Published: November 2010

This article introduces the Dyadic Coping Inventory (DCI; Bodenmann, 2008 ) and aims (1) to investigate the reliability and aspects of the validity of the Italian and French versions of the DCI, and (2) to replicate its factor structure and reliabilities using a new Swiss German sample. Based on 216 German-, 378 Italian-, and 198 French-speaking participants, the factor structure of the original German inventory was able to be replicated by using principal components analysis in all three groups after excluding two items in the Italian and French versions. The latter were shown to be as reliable as the German version with the exception of the low reliabilities of negative dyadic coping in the French group. Confirmatory factor analyses provided additional support for delegated dyadic coping and evaluation of dyadic coping. Intercorrelations among scales were similar across all three languages groups with a few exceptions. Previous findings could be replicated in all three groups, showing that aspects of dyadic coping were more strongly related to marital quality than to dyadic communication. The use of the dyadic coping scales in the actor-partner interdependence model, the common fate model, and the mutual influence model is discussed.
Neurokognitive Korrelate der Dyskalkulie
Authors: Lonnemann Jan , Linkersdörfer Janosch , Hasselhorn Marcus , Lindberg Sven
Published: November 2010

Dargestellt werden potentielle kognitive und neuronale Verursachungsfaktoren der Dyskalkulie. Ergebnisse zu approximativen Mengenrepräsentationen, basalen visuellen Mechanismen der Mengenwahrnehmung (Subitizing), symbolischen Mengenrepräsentationen und arithmetischen Prozessen werden skizziert und diskutiert. Die berichteten Befunde legen nahe, dass verschiedene Ursachen für das Zustandekommen einer Dyskalkulie verantwortlich sein können, denen spezifische Störungen auf neuronaler Ebene zugrunde liegen könnten. Individuelle Störungsprofile sollten daher stärkere Beachtung finden, um in der Zukunft individuelle Förderansätze entwickeln zu können.
Rupture modes in laboratory earthquakes: Effect of fault prestress and nucleation conditions
Authors: Lu Xiao , Rosakis Ares J. , Lapusta Nadia
Published: November 2010

Seismic inversions show that earthquake risetimes may be much shorter than the overall rupture duration, indicating that earthquakes may propagate as self‐healing, pulse‐like ruptures. Several mechanisms for producing pulse‐like ruptures have been proposed, including velocity‐weakening friction, interaction of dynamic rupture with fault geometry and local heterogeneity, and effect of bimaterial contrast. We present experimental results on rupture mode selection in laboratory earthquakes occurring on frictional interfaces, which were prestressed both in compression and in shear. Our experiments demonstrate that pulse‐like ruptures can exist in the absence of a bimaterial effect or of local heterogeneities. We find a systematic variation from crack‐like to pulse‐like rupture modes with both (1) decreasing nondimensional shear prestress and (2) decreasing absolute levels of shear and normal prestress for the same value of nondimensional shear prestress. Both pulse‐like and crack‐like ruptures can propagate with either sub‐Rayleigh or supershear rupture speeds. Our experimental results are consistent with theories of ruptures on velocity‐weakening interfaces, implying that velocity‐weakening friction plays an important role in governing the dynamic behavior of earthquake ruptures. We show that there is no measurable fault‐normal stress decrease on the fault plane due to the nucleation procedure employed in experiments, and hence, this is not a factor in the rupture mode selection. We find that pulse‐like ruptures correspond to the levels of nondimensional shear prestress significantly lower than the static friction coefficient, suggesting that faults hosting pulse‐like ruptures may operate at low levels of prestress compared to their static strength.
Limits on the adaptability of coastal marshes to rising sea level
Authors: Kirwan Matthew L. , Guntenspergen Glenn R. , D'Alpaos Andrea , Morris James T. , Mudd Simon M. , Temmerman Stijn
Published: November 2010

Assumptions of a static landscape inspire predictions that about half of the world's coastal wetlands will submerge during this century in response to sea‐level acceleration. In contrast, we use simulations from five numerical models to quantify the conditions under which ecogeomorphic feedbacks allow coastal wetlands to adapt to projected changes in sea level. In contrast to previous sea‐level assessments, we find that non‐linear feedbacks among inundation, plant growth, organic matter accretion, and sediment deposition, allow marshes to survive conservative projections of sea‐level rise where suspended sediment concentrations are greater than ∼20 mg/L. Under scenarios of more rapid sea‐level rise (e.g., those that include ice sheet melting), marshes will likely submerge near the end of the 21st century. Our results emphasize that in areas of rapid geomorphic change, predicting the response of ecosystems to climate change requires consideration of the ability of biological processes to modify their physical environment.
Modeling short‐ and long‐term slow slip events in the seismic cycles of large subduction earthquakes
Authors: Matsuzawa Takanori , Hirose Hitoshi , Shibazaki Bunichiro , Obara Kazushige
Published: November 2010

Slow slip events (SSEs) occur in the deeper extents of areas where large interplate earthquakes are expected in subduction zones, such as the Nankai region of Japan and the Cascadia region of North America. In the Nankai region, SSEs are divided into long‐ and short‐term SSEs, depending on their duration and recurrence interval. We modeled and examined the occurrence of long‐ and short‐term SSEs and changes in their behavior during the seismic cycles of large interplate earthquakes. In these numerical simulations we adopted a rate‐ and state‐dependent friction law with cutoff velocities and assumed that the distribution of pore fluid controls the recurrence interval of both long‐ and short‐term SSEs. The recurrence intervals of reproduced short‐term SSEs decrease during a long‐term SSE, as observed in western Shikoku, in the Nankai region. The recurrence intervals of both types of SSEs become shorter in the later stages of interseismic periods. Large interplate earthquakes nucleate between the region where SSEs occur and the locked region of the large earthquakes, as suggested from observations of the 1944 Tonankai earthquake. Our numerical results suggest that the stress buildup process in a seismic cycle affects the recurrence behavior of SSEs.
Magma flux at Okmok Volcano, Alaska, from a joint inversion of continuous GPS, campaign GPS, and interferometric synthetic aperture radar
Authors: Biggs Juliet , Lu Zhong , Fournier Tom , Freymueller Jeffrey T.
Published: November 2010

Volcano deformation is usually measured using satellite geodetic techniques including interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), campaign GPS, and continuous GPS. Differences in the spatial and temporal sampling of each system mean that most appropriate inversion scheme to determine the source parameters from each data set is different. Most studies either compare results from independent inversions or subsample the data sets to the lowest common factor. It is unclear whether differences in the solution reflect differences in source behavior, differences in measurement bias, or differences in inversion technique. Here we develop a single inversion procedure that captures the benefits of each system, especially the daily sampling of continuous GPS and the high spatial resolution of InSAR. Okmok Volcano, Alaska, is an ideal target for such a test because a long series (<15 years) of InSAR and continuous GPS measurement exists and the source is almost continuously active and in a stable location.
Iron distributions in the water column of the Japan Basin and Yamato Basin (Japan Sea)
Authors: Fujita Satoshi , Kuma Kenshi , Ishikawa Satoko , Nishimura Shotaroh , Nakayama Yuta , Ushizaka Satomi , Isoda Yutaka , Otosaka Shigeyoshi , Aramaki Takafumi
Published: November 2010

In the Japan and Yamato basins (Japan Sea), dissolved Fe ([D‐Fe], <0.22 μm fraction) was characterized by surface depletion, mid‐depth maxima, then a slight decrease with depth in deep water and uniform concentration in bottom waters because of biological uptake in the surface water and release by microbial decomposition of sinking organic matter in mid‐depth waters. Total Fe concentrations ([T‐Fe]) in the surface water of the Japan Sea were 1–4 nM, a little higher than those in the surface waters of the nutrient‐deficient subtropical western North Pacific and extremely higher than the nutrient‐rich subarctic western North Pacific and the nutrient‐deficient subtropical central North Pacific, resulting from high atmospheric Fe input to nutrient‐depleted surface water of the Japan Sea. In the Japan Basin, the [T‐Fe] in bottom water were lower than those in deep water, resulting from (1) the injection of new bottom water with the lower [T‐Fe] into the Japan Basin bottom water, (2) the particulate Fe removal by particle scavenging during the bottom water circulation of the Japan Basin, or (3) the injection of deep water with the higher [T‐Fe] into the Japan Basin deep water. On the other hand, the [T‐Fe] in deep water of the Yamato Basin and the slope regions were variable with different [T‐Fe] levels among stations and depths. We found a significant relationship between [T‐Fe] and water transmittance in deep water, probably resulting from the iron supply into the deep water because of the lateral transport of resuspended sediment from the slope.
Using pressure pulse seismology to examine basal criticality and the influence of sticky spots on glacial flow
Authors: Kavanaugh J. L. , Moore P. L. , Dow C. F. , Sanders J. W.
Published: November 2010

Here we report results of water pressure pulse studies conducted at Storglaciären (Sweden) and West Washmawapta Glacier (British Columbia, Canada). Comparison of pressure pulse records with meteorological conditions at Storglaciären indicates that several periods of increased basal slip activity observed during a 10 day interval of summer 2008 were due to precipitation loading of the glacier surface, rather than to infiltration of surface water to the glacier bed; this indicates that the glacier bed was close to the failure strength for much of this interval. Pressure pulse magnitudes for the two glaciers were well‐fit by power law distributions similar to those earlier observed at Trapridge Glacier (and similar in form to the Gutenberg‐Richter relationship commonly used in seismology), suggesting that the mechanical processes that give rise to these distributions are robust features of soft‐bedded glaciers. In contrast, interevent time distributions for both glaciers diverge from those observed at Trapridge Glacier for short recurrence intervals, suggesting that the factors that govern the rate at which these processes occur differ between glaciers. An examination of pressure pulse characteristics at West Washmawapta Glacier indicates that the establishment of a basal drainage system in summer 2008 resulted in increased stability and reduced sensitivity to meltwater input, suggesting that common assumptions about the relationship between meltwater production and ice flow are oversimplified. These results demonstrate that water pressure pulse observations can provide valuable insight into the dynamics of soft‐bedded glaciers.
Combined effects of cyclosporin and nifedipine on gingival overgrowth in rats is not age dependent
Authors: Spolidorio L. C. , Spolidorio D. M. , Benatti C. , Sampaio J. E. , Almeida O. P.
Published: November 2010

Background:  Cyclosporin A and nifedipine cause gingival overgrowth in rat, and the combined use of these drugs increases the overgrowth severity.

Objective:  The purpose of this study was to compare gingival overgrowth of rats of differents ages treated with cyclosporin A and nifedipine alone or given concurrently.

Materials and methods:  Rats 15, 30, 60 and 90 d old were treated with 10 mg/kg body weight of cyclosporin A and/or 50 mg/kg body weight of nifedipine in the chow.

Results:  Young rats showed evident gingival overgrowth with nifedipine, cyclosporin A, and cyclosporin A and nifedipine given concurrently. Adult rats did not show significant gingival alterations when treated with cyclosporin A and nifedipine alone. Nevertheless evident gingival overgrowth with alterations of the epithelium and connective tissue were observed when treated simultaneously with cyclosporin A and nifedipine.

Conclusion:  These results suggest that the combined effects of cyclosporin A and nifedipine on gingival overgrowth in rat is not age dependent.
Alkaline phosphatase isozyme activity in serum from patients with chronic periodontitis
Authors: Gibert P. , Tramini P. , Sieso V. , Piva M. T.
Published: November 2010

Background:  High alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) is shown in the periodontal ligament due to the constant renewal of this tissue or pathological circumstances. We have previously shown that the activity level of this enzyme could be reflected at the serum level.

Objectives:  Because the local production of ALP in the periodontal ligament is often of the bone‐type enzyme, we studied the activity of this isozyme among the other isoforms in the serum of patients with chronic periodontitis in comparison with that of control subjects.

Material and methods:  This study included 83 patients (59 with periodontal disease, 24 as control group) and we determined the total seric ALP activity and the percentage of the different isoforms (essentially bone, kidney and intestinal‐types) by Ektachem analyser and gel agarose electrophoresis respectively.

Conclusions:  By comparisons between the two groups, our results showed a relationship between loss of attachment in periodontal disease and a drop in bone ALP activity in serum. Moreover, these results suggested a gender based difference as well, with lower activity more frequent in women than in men.