bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coral record from Bicol in the Philippines in 1770-1850 reveals volcanic cooling
Authors: kawahata Hodaka , Inoue Mayuri , Chihara Mutsumi , Siringan Fernando P. , Suzuki Atsuhi
Published: February 2023

Historical variations of surface temperature in relation to anthropogenic warming has been extensively studied to understand and explain changes in the contemporary climate and to estimate future impacts of climate．Inoue and others (in press) reported 228-year records of SST and salinity based on Sr/Ca and d18O analyses with monthly time resolution in Porites coral collected from Bicol, the south of Luzon, Philippines. From the record, we investigated the relationship between the reconstructed temperature and the volcanic eruptions in late 18th and early 19th centuries. There were three great famines during the Edo period (1603-1868), almost corresponding to the Little Ice Age in Japan. Of these, the two were Tenmei-famine in 1782-88 and Tempo-famine in 1833-1837(1839). Both famines killed more than one million people out of a population of 30 million at the time. Our reconstructed SST anomaly fluctuated between -1.5 degree and 1.0 degree. The age model may have the age error of 1 to 3 years before around 1885. Large minima occurred in 1785-1789, 1815-1819, 1822-25, 1827-1830, 1834-1835, and 1843-45. Although Laki eruption, Iceland in 1783 has not been described as large eruption in previous studies, their impact on climatic conditions around the Northern Hemisphere and the globe was widely reported. Local eruption of Asama, Japan in 1783 released volcanic ash over eastern part of Japanese islands, In addition, El Nino event, which often cooled down Japanese islands, occurred around those days. These factors could have been responsible for the coldest anomaly in 1785-1789 recorded in our coral samples. After Tambora eruption in 1815, sharp cooling of around 2.0˚C was observed in our coral sample and almost all over the world. However, this world-scale cooling event have no or little influence on the climate in Japanese islands based upon the historical documents and agriculture records. This indicates that there are areas that do not become exceptionally cold, even by major volcanic eruptions. Large eruption of Galunggung in 1822 brought appreciable degree of cooling anomaly in our coral record. Just after Agung exploded largely in 1843, reconstructed SST significantly dropped. This might be also influenced by another large eruption of Cosiguina in Nicaragua, central America. Cold climate was reported in Japan, New York in USA, Copenhagen, UK in 1840s. It was most likely global in scale in the northern hemisphere.
Change in daily weather variability due to warming and regional aerosols.
Authors: Nordling Kalle , Samset Bjørn , Fahrenbach Nora
Published: February 2023

The world has changed: You can feel it in the air as temperatures rise, you can feel it in the water as precipitation patterns change. Much of what has once been our daily weather is lost. It began with humankind emitting greenhouse gases and aerosols. However, there is a growing resistance that wants to limit theses emissions. Daily variability can be described by probability density functions (PDF). Change can manifest as changes of the mean properties of weather-related variables, and/or changes in the chape of their PDFs. In this study, we examine how regional PDF shapes change due to increasing temperature, driven primarily by greenhouse gas emissions, and due to emissions of different aerosols species (black carbon and sulfate). Our main questions are: (1) How do shapes of regional daily PDFs evolve with global warming? (2) How do these changes differ in response to aerosol and greenhouse gas emissions? (3) And which aerosol-related teleconnections induce these changes in PDF shapes?  As changes in shape affect low and high extremes differently, we aim to link changes in PDF shape to changes in extreme events of daily temperature and precipitation by using parameters describing PDF width and asymmetry.We use data from PDRMIP single forcer climate model simulations to examine how changes in regional and global aerosol concentrations change the PDF shapes. We also use three CMIP6 large ensembles (MPI-ESM1-2-LR, CanESM5 and ACCESS-ESM1-5) to examine changes in PDF shape at five different levels of global warming, from 1°C to 4 °C. Our main questions are how the shapes of regional daily PDFs evolve with globalwarming, how their changes differ between aerosol and greenhouse gas induced changes, and what teleconnections due to regional aerosol changes induce in PDF shapes.For the time will soon come when aerosols will shape the near future of our weather.
Beauty of Science
Authors: Kulkarni Mukta
Published: February 2023

                                    Title: Beauty of ScienceAuthor(s): Mukta KulkarniAffiliation(s): Gat no.169Talawade, opposite Sonigara Heights Ganesh Nagar Pune State- Maharashtra India.Pin-412114Email-kulkarnimuktaa@gmail.comAbstract text:            “Science is a way of life. Science is the process that takes us from confusion to understanding the concepts on which we can believe. Science is doing and observing things around us.” Thats the beauty of learning science...The various methods that I use to teach science in and outside the classroom are hands on activities for students of grade IX and X where we do projects such as model makings, art integration to know the key concepts of lessons, awareness for some important global issues such as Ozone depletion, management of wastes and health issues in the form of role play, poster making, thumb painting activities to sensitize the students to keep our planet safe for the living organisms. The issues we focused were conservation of biodiversity, plastic pollution and its adverse effects on the water bodies, e-waste management. Along with projects we celebrate science week in the school to develop interest in science where we keep sessions like irradiation of superstitions, magic with science, competitions such as debates, quiz, making colorful diagrams, some easy experimental demonstrations  for the students by the students and field visits. We also participate in workshops conducted by CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education) resource personnel’s where we get the knowledge of different pedagogical activities to be implemented in our school. These activities help students to understand the science concepts beyond the classroom. Learning by doing help them to understand the concepts very easily. 
Multi-Temporal Downscaling of Streamflow for Ungauged Stations/ Sub-Basins from Daily to Sub-Daily Interval Using Hybrid Framework – A Case Study on Flash Flood Watershed
Authors: Budamala Venkatesh , Wadhwa Abhinav , Bhowmik Rajarshi Das
Published: February 2023

Unprecedented flash floods (FF) in urban regions are increasing due to heavy rainfall intensity and magnitude as a result of human-induced climate and land-use changes. The changes in weather patterns and various anthropogenic activities increase the complexity of modelling the FF at different spatiotemporal scales: which indicates the importance of multi-resolution forcing information. Towards this, developing new methods for processing coarser resolution spatio-temporal datasets are essential for the efficient modelling of FF. While a wide range of methods is available for spatial and temporal downscaling of the climate data, the multi-temporal downscaling strategy has not been investigated for ungauged stations of streamflow. The current study proposed a multi-temporal downscaling (MTD) methodology for gauged and ungauged stations using Adaptive Emulator Modelling concepts for daily to sub-daily streamflows. The proposed MTD framework for ungauged stations comprise a hybrid framework with conceptual and machine learning-based approaches to analyze the catchment behavior and downscale the model outputs from daily to sub-daily scales. The study area, Peachtree Creek watershed (USA), frequently experiences flash floods; hence, selected to validate the proposed framework. Further, the study addresses the critical issues of model development, seasonality, and diurnal variation of MTD data. The study obtained MTD data with minimal uncertainty on capturing the hydrological signatures and nearly 95% of accuracy in predicting the flow attributes over ungauged stations. The proposed framework can be highly useful for short- and long-range planning, management, and mitigation measurements, where the absence of fine resolution data prohibits flash flood modeling.
UAV-based monitoring of river bed morphodynamics for multi-hazard vulnerability assessment of bridges
Authors: Özcan Okan , Özcan Orkan
Published: February 2023

Accurate extraction of high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) is critical for many flood-sensitive rivers regarding landform change monitoring, hydraulic modeling, sediment transport tracking, and evaluation of river channel morphodynamics. Multi-temporal repeat monitoring of flood-vulnerable rivers is crucial due to rapid alteration of morphological properties of in-channel landforms. Thus, in this study the three-dimensional (3D) DEMs of the study region were acquired by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based surveys in order for continuous tracking of stream channel morphology for the rivers sensitive to floods. Repeated high-resolution topography of the Bogacay basin, Antalya, Turkey was obtained in this study by means of UAV-based Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry. The acquired topography during two consecutive years allows analysis of the relations between the main geomorphic processes related to landform alterations and their role in sediment transfer. In conjunction with the flood simulation, the scour depths at bridge piles after a probable flood (Q500) were predicted by HEC-RAS software. The flood analysis was conducted for a maximum runoff of 2560 m3/s with a calculated return period of 500 years (Q500). The results of HEC-RAS flood and scour analyses indicated that a maximum scour depth of 2.49 m could be expected during a probable flood with a maximum water depth of 8.2 m measured from the scoured depth. This water level corresponded to a 0.46 m of submersion of the bridge deck since the pier height was 5.25 m and the maximum flood velocity was predicted as 5.7 m/s. The results indicated that the alterations in the river channel after an expected flood event, allowed reliable evaluation of riverbed morphodynamics, while verifying that UAV-SfM and Dem of Difference (DoD) are useful tools in geomorphological dynamic mapping and in change monitoring studies.
Methodological proposal for the reconstruction of paleofire and fire history from sedimentological analysis
Authors: Sánchez-García Carlos , Francos Marcos , Lucas-Borja Manuel Esteban
Published: February 2023

Fire is a transcendental natural element in ecosystems. At the level of anthropic use, it plays a fundamental role when it comes to managing forest areas, and at the environmental level, it is a key factor in the evolution of ecosystems. Anthropogenic fires began to be detected in the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition, and in recent centuries they have become a constant in the Mediterranean regions. One of the post-fire effects is the loss of soil due to erosion, and in turn, the restoration measures are aimed at stabilizing the soil. Levees are one of the measures that has been used historically, these places act as sediment traps and, therefore, from the analysis of sediment and the analysis of sedimentary coals, the forest history of an affected area by fire, could be reconstructed. This presentation aims to provide a methodological proposal for the study and analysis of historical and prehistoric fires based on sedimentary analysis. The area that has been chosen for the proposal is dissociated between the southeast and the center-west of the Iberian Peninsula, Province of Albacete and Provinces of Salamanca, respectively. The sampling of sediment containment dikes and the analysis of the different soil layers (clay, sand or ash) are part of erosion and transport after fire. In this case, the ash layers serve as dating and the accumulation of sediments in upper layers allows us to know the loss of soil that occurred after the fire event. The different restoration measures that have been taken after the fire will cause the sedimentary aggradation in the dike to be different. Finally, in areas where the dry-stone walls have been built with the same intention as the dikes, it is possible to reconstruct the history of the fires from the sedimentary carbon; this technique is widely used in paleoenvironmental studies and, in this case, would provide information about the forest response at different climatic moments during the Holocene.
Estimation of groundwater ages, recharge and transfers times in volcanic aquifers: Advantages and interests of multi-tracer approaches (3H, CFC-SF6, 18O/2H) coupled to hydrogeological data in the management of water resource of the Volvic watershed (FR).
Authors: Nevers Pierre , Aumar Cyril , Celle Hélène , Vergnaud Virginie , Yvard Barbara , Huneau Frédéric , Mailhot Gilles
Published: February 2023

Understanding the hydrogeological functioning of aquifers is essential in contexts where water resources are intensively used. Moreover, climate change can have long-term effects on groundwater in terms of availability, residence and transit times. Thus, careful management of groundwater resources require the understanding of the aquifer’s characteristics that can allow then the setting of sustainable yields values in contexts where water is exploited. This understanding requires in particular the estimation of the age of the groundwaters as well as the transfers/transit times within the aquifers. Our study focuses on the Volvic volcanic aquifer (Chaîne des Puys, France), where the question of water use has increasingly raised for several years, given the significant use of drinking water, both for the public drinking water network and bottled water, and the decrease of precipitations (and groundwater recharge) over the watershed due to climate change.
Previous studies on Volvic watershed allow defining the overall functioning of the system and comparing withdrawals and recharge on an annual scale, but groundwater ages have been only roughly defined even if they appear as a key point for addressing the question of the resource decrease. We propose then a multi-tracers approach, based on hydrogeological monitoring (hydrodynamical and meteorological data’s), including the estimation of groundwater ages (CFCs, tritium (3H)), major and traces elements chemistry and water stable isotopes (18O/2H) to better characterise this resource decrease and more peculiarly its origin and its impact on the environment that has never been addressed.  The relative fractions of modern and ancient water contributions to the Volvic aquifer will thus be estimated as well as the apparent ages of groundwaters. We highlight here the complementarity of tracers used in the dating of waters, which allows a better definition of recharge sources and flow paths within the aquifer.
This will provide key information about the time of the recharge and the time when the decrease began due to increase of abstraction, climate change or a combination of both of these effects.
Updated Understanding of Continental Precipitation Recycling Using Global 3-D Lagrangian Tracking
Authors: Cheng Tat Fan , Lu Mengqian
Published: February 2023

Water is crucial for human health, food and industrial production, ecosystem services, and climate and weather systems. As a major contributor of renewable freshwater over land, humans have been studying the origin of continental precipitation for nearly a century. From the moisture budget perspective, local evapotranspiration in a vast part of the Earth’s surface is effectively smaller than local precipitation. This entails the role of moisture advection in sustaining continental precipitation. However, previous trajectory-based quantification appeared to underestimate the global “continental precipitation recycling (CPR)” ratio –– that is, the fraction of continental precipitation originating from evapotranspiration. To this end, the present study completed a 40-year (1971-2010) tracking of moisture from continental precipitation using a three-dimensional Lagrangian tracking model and optimized water accounting diagnostics. Our Lagrangian tracking confirms that 62% of continental precipitation stems from evapotranspiration, aligning well with the water budget-based estimates in the literature. Across the globe, non-local terrestrial sources dominate 1˚-scale precipitation in nearly 70% of the land areas, together with the greatest continental moisture feedback in the interior of South America, Africa and Eurasia. Seasonally, the CPR ratio anomalies are markedly different between the mid-to-high latitudes and monsoon regions worldwide, from which two kinds of moisture source-regulated hydroclimate are generalized. For transboundary water governance, perennial source hotspots for continental precipitation are identified, including the biome-rich Amazon and Congo rainforests and other major watersheds within 30˚ equatorward. Leveraging the backward “WaterSip” and the forward “WaterDrip” algorithms, we propose two ubiquitous processes of cascading moisture recycling (CMR) that formulate a cascade of regional water cycles. The watershed-scale CMR metrics quantify the hidden interdependence between the regional water cycles through moisture recycling. Overall, by closing the gap in the estimate of the CPR ratio, this work updates the understanding of the moisture recycling, feedback and cascading characteristics of the continental atmospheric water cycle. The outcome sheds light on the potential vulnerability of local precipitation in response to the modification of non-local land surface fluxes by human activities.
Modified global soil risk map using soil erosion and saturated hydraulic conductivity maps
Authors: Gupta Surya , Borrelli Pasquale , Panagos Panos , Alewell Christine
Published: February 2023

Soil erosion (SE) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) are the essential indicators for land degradation and soil nutrient loss. Both processes are linked with each other as one can enhance the other resulting in positive feedback loops. The increase in soil erosion might block the macropores and reduce Ksat. In contrast, the reduction in Ksat triggers the runoff and increases soil erosion. However, modelling and predicting soil erosion, hydraulic properties are usually not adequately considered. We tried to link soil erosion directly with Ksat on a global scale. For this, we used global soil erosion and saturated hydraulic conductivity maps to yield combined soil risk classes. SE and Ksat maps were obtained from Borrelli et al. (2017) and Gupta et al. (2021), respectively. Each map was classified into six classes based on the previous studies. Moreover, both maps' classes were combined by creating six merged classes to develop the modified soil risk map. The modified soil risk map highlights regions with low Ksat and high SE. Furthermore, the final map was validated using continental and/or national sediment yield (SY) datasets. SY classes were compared with final risk classes to validate the accuracy of the map. The modified soil risk map showed higher accuracy compared to the SE map when compared with SY classes. This study demonstrates the first attempt to link soil erosion to soil hydraulic properties on large scales.
Using hydrodynamic flood modelling to support impact-based forecasting: a case study for Super-Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines
Authors: Barendregt Asha , Benito Lazaro Irene , Muis Sanne , van den Homberg Marc , Teklesadik Aklilu
Published: February 2023

The Philippines is one of the countries most at risk to natural disasters. Amongst these disasters, typhoons and its associated landslides, storm surges and floods have caused the largest impact. Due to increased typhoon intensity, the country’s high population density in coastal areas and rising mean sea levels, the coastal flood risk in the Philippines is only expected to increase. The 510 initiative of the Netherlands Red Cross uses an Impact Based Forecasting (IBF) model based on machine learning to anticipate the impact of an incoming typhoon to set early action into motion. The IBF model underperformed in regions that are susceptible to storm surges. Most notably, it showed a poor performance for Super-Typhoon Haiyan (2013), which caused storm surges to reach up to over five meters high. The goal of this research is to evaluate how the IBF model can be improved by applying a fast hydrodynamic modelling approach that can forecast storm surges and coastal flooding associated with typhoons. First, the accuracy of the Global Tide and Surge Model (GTSM) in simulating Haiyan’s coastal water levels was examined. GTSM was forced with two different meteorological datasets: a gridded climate reanalysis dataset, ERA5, and observed track data combined with Holland’s parametric windfield model. Second, GTSM’s water levels were used as input for a hydrodynamic inundation model to simulate the flood depth and extent in San Pedro Bay, which was subjected to a widespread coastal flood during Haiyan. This was explored both with and without the inclusion of wave setup. Our results show that Haiyan’s flood cannot adequately be indicated using the ERA5 reanalysis dataset as meteorological forcing, as it underestimated Haiyan’s extreme wind speeds with ~60 m/s. By applying the Holland parametric wind field model, more accurate flood predictions and storm surge simulations can be made. Additionally, GTSM’s temporal resolution influences the models performance substantially. By increasing the 1 hour resolution to a 30 minute resolution the prediction of the overall flood extent improved by 16%. In future research we recommend examining the applicability of the Global Tide and Surge Model when using a higher spatial resolution to help better represent local processes. Additionally, exploring the accuracy for other typhoons that struck the Philippines and the applicability in operational setting using forecasted track data can contribute to further improving forecast-based early action systems in anticipating coastal flood occurrences.  
Collection, processing, storage and sharing of petrological and microstructural data using QGis as a database.
Authors: Albrecht Tim-Julian , Hawemann Friedrich , Toy Virginia
Published: February 2023

In the course of a typical geoscientific research project, observational and analytical data from different scales and sources, of many different types and formats, are collected, and interpreted. While the number of observational and analytical methods and sizes of resultant datasets have dramatically increased in recent times, only a few tools exist to collect, process, store, share and compare various data in simple ways.  QGis – an open-source geographic information system, originally developed to handle data from Earth’s surface – offers a wide range of tools that can also be employed at the microscale in studies of petrology and/or deformation history. We herein present a case study based on a gabbroic sample from the Central Cordillera in western Colombia, showing four generations of fractures, around and within which alteration assemblages attest to fluid inflow and metamorphism. We integrate data from scans of polished surfaces, polarized light microscopy, backscattered, forescattered, and scanning electron microscope images (BSE, FSE, SE), electron probe (EPMA) spot and map microanalyses, and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The use of QGis allowed us to easily relate data from these different sources and consider them in the context of petrological computations made with XMapTools software (Lanari et al., 2014).In the future, we hope to automatically integrate collected electron microscopic data into QGis and external control via Python interfaces, as is currently permitted by some manufacturers of SEMs. We also plan to integrate computational petrology via plugins. We think that this software tool is one of the most multi-functional currently available for harmonized, integrated data collection, processing, storing and sharing, and would like to share our experience with our colleagues so they can also employ it in thorough analysis of samples, and thus also acquire datasets that can be used for comparative studies by collaborating researchers.
A causal approach to disentangle fast and slow stratocumulus adjustments to aerosol perturbations
Authors: Fons Emilie , Runge Jakob , Neubauer David , Lohmann Ulrike
Published: February 2023

A large part of the uncertainty around future global warming is due to the cooling effect of aerosol-liquid cloud interactions, and in particular to the elusive sign of liquid water path (LWP) adjustments to aerosol perturbations. We quantify this adjustment with a novel causal approach that combines physical knowledge in the form of a causal graph with geostationary satellite observations of stratocumulus clouds. This allows us to remove confounding from large-scale meteorology and to disentangle counteracting physical processes such as cloud-top entrainment enhancement and precipitation suppression due to aerosol perturbations. The resulting LWP adjustment is time-dependent, with positive initial values due to fast precipitation suppression and negative values after entrainment enhancement has fully developed. We also use the causal framework as a diagnosis tool to detect potential issues with precipitation retrievals, which might cause precipitation-related influences on the LWP to be underestimated. These results suggest that time-aware causal analyses are key to reconcile conflicting studies concerning the sign of LWP adjustments across different data sources.
Identification of extreme precipitation events in southeastern South America from their associated synoptic environment
Authors: Martinez Daiana , Solman Silvina
Published: February 2023

Southeastern South America (SESA), delimited between 38°S–25°S and 64°W–51°W, is characterized as one of the regions in the world with the highest frequency of occurrence of intense storms associated with deep convection, mainly during the spring and summer months (Zipser et al., 2006). These convective storm systems induce extreme precipitation events and produce most of the rain in the warm season (Rasmussen and Houze, 2016), generating significant damage (floods, intense winds, hail) and have a high impact on economic and social activities. Considering that the occurrence of extreme precipitation events in SESA is associated with the occurrence of certain synoptic patterns, the objective of this work was to detect the occurrence of extreme precipitation events from the synoptic patterns that induce these events, in spring (October to December, OND) and summer (January to March, JFM).Daily data from the ERA5 reanalysis was used to detect recurring synoptic patterns associated with extreme precipitation events in the 1979-2013 calibration period. In order to identify a variety of precursor synoptic patterns of extreme precipitation events, the classification obtained from the principal component methodology (PCA) in orthogonally rotated T mode was used (Huth, 2000). To carry out the classification, the geopotential height was used at the 850 hPa level of the day prior to the occurrence of the extreme events (detected from the 95th percentile of the distribution of daily precipitation of the CPC Global Unified Gauge-Based Analysis of Daily Precipitation from the NOAA Climate Prediction Center). This classification resulted in two dominant synoptic situations for spring and summer. With the days obtained for each main component, compositions of the anomalies were made: the meridional component of the wind at the 850 hPa level, geopotential height at 850 and 500 hPa, and 200 hPa wind.Based on the compositions made, an analog method was developed that was used to detect the occurrence of intense precipitation events in the verification period 2014-2021. In this methodology, two detection criteria were used, on the one hand, that the correlation coefficient between the fields of daily anomalies and the compositions are greater than a threshold and also that there is consistency between the sign of the daily meteorological variables with that of the compositions on certain grid points called hotspots regions.For the evaluation of the analogue method, the F1 index developed by Gao et.al 2017 was used, which takes into account the number of true positives (TP), false positives (FP; type I error), and false negatives (FN; type II error).
Modeling the potential of management options to reduce irrigation demand in Western Switzerland
Authors: Heinz Malve , Raible Christoph , Schaefli Bettina , Holzkämper Annelie
Published: February 2023

European Agriculture is experiencing the consequences of summer droughts and heatwaves in form of quality and quantity losses for numerous crops and feed production. Water availability for irrigation in the vital summer and fall months is decreasing and therefore, irrigation will most likely not be able to sufficiently mitigate the effects of droughts and heat in the future. Thus, approaches that reduce the need for irrigation are required. We investigate potential water-use reduction strategies based on a modelling framework applied to a selected case study in Western Switzerland, the Broye catchment. The region is characterized by intensive agricultural use and drought-related irrigation bans in summer. In the first step of our project, we quantify the total irrigation demand under current and future climate conditions using the soil-water-atmosphere-plant model SWAP. SWAP mainly simulates water and solute flow in soil as well as vegetation growth by solving a set of equations such as the Richards equations. Irrigation demand is quantified by applying this 1D model to the full range of climatic, soil and land use conditions prevailing in the selected catchment. The model calculates both the irrigation requirements and the yield of various irrigation-intensive crops currently grown in the region, such as potatoes, maize, or sugar beet. In a second step, we use the model to assess the efficiency of different management options to reduce the water demand, such as mulching, organic amendments, biochar application, different tillage methods or the cultivation of better-adapted crops. In future work, we will couple the field-scale model to a catchment-scale rainfall-runoff model to assess the impact of a large-scale application of such measures on the water balance of the catchment.
Earthlearningidea: 15 years on and still going strong!
Authors: Loader Pete , King Chris , Devon Elizabeth , Kennett Peter
Published: February 2023

The EARTHLEARNINGIDEA (“ELI”) concept was born in 2007 following a failed bid by the International Geoscience Education Organisation (IGEO) to present Earth science teaching workshops, to teachers in developing countries during the 2008 International Year of Planet Earth (IYPE). Masterminded by the late Professor Chris King and two colleagues on a volunteer basis, the initial plan was to publish a new activity every week for the year on a specially designated website. Each activity presented an Earth science topic using an interactive, inquiry-based approach to educate and motivate pupils, whilst developing their thinking and investigative skills.Originally designed to be a practical resource for teachers and teacher trainers all over the world, the activities use simple apparatus likely to be found in ordinary secondary (high) school science labs, whilst focusing on simple ideas. This proved to be extremely successful, and the project was extended when analysis of internet data showed that Earthlearningidea activities (ELIs) were being accessed most frequently in developed countries. There are now over 400 activities (based on the CASE model), many with accompanying teaching videos, general videos and extension ideas. All are FREE to download from https://www.earthlearningidea.com, with a new topic published every two weeks.Since December 2008, over 6.1 million downloads of activities, videos and workshops have been made from all over the world and, with the help of international colleagues in geoscience education, many of the activities have been translated into 11 languages. The website is also supported by an Earth Learning Idea Blog which posts every Monday and, since its start, has reached most countries of the world and been accessed in over 12,500 towns and cities (http://earthlearningidea.blogspot.com).This poster provides an insight to the background and an update on the Earthlearningidea project.  As such, it is designed to complement the GIFT 2023 workshop run by EGU Education Field Officers and to reflect the range of ELIs undertaken in their respective counties. It is also presented in fond memory of Professor Chris King who was the instigator and inspiration of this and so many other geoscience education projects in the UK and overseas.
Hydrospheric mass loading for Europe from GNSS vertical displacement and a hydrological model
Authors: Kermarrec Gael , Klos Anna , Dobslaw Henryk , Bogusz Janusz , Eicker Annette
Published: February 2023

The interpretation of hydrospheric changes in the context of climate change can be enhanced using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) displacement time series (DTS) combined with the one of a hydrological model. Our methodology is based on a computationally filtering strategy called the Savitzky-Golay filter and applied to selected stations in Europe. We use the GNSS solutions provided by the International GNSS Service (IGS) and, for the first time, the Nevada Geodetic Laboratory (NGL). The new hybrid dataset shows a high correspondence with DTS derived from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) gravity mission but allows the identification of local and station-specific effects. Prior to this analysis, we eliminate various effects such as non-tidal atmospheric and oceanic loadings, glacial isostatic adjustment, barystatic sea-level changes, or thermoelastic deformation from GNSS DTS.
Linguistically Science (Using EGU Planet Press to promote Science in a native language)
Authors: Pope Michael Anthony
Published: February 2023

Michael Anthony PopeZama Middle High School, Camp Zama, Japan DoDEA (maddscientist50@hotmail.com)Spoken and written language is the foundation for learning. The power of the spoken and written word is essential to researchers and students. When students can understand, discuss, and verbalize their learning in their native tongue, we can provide the perfect platform and conduit for the next generation of scientists and inventors. The EGU Planet Press is a perfect resource that I use to facilitate this in my school with the advanced Spanish classes. Students use authentic and science-based content to further their learning of the foreign language. The articles are also helpful for our English second language (ESL) Spanish speakers in their science content learning. Using the material for reading comprehension is producing a benefit in the Spanish classroom, for the school’s ESL population, and as an extension for English-speaking students who are curious about science research not currently presented in their textbooks Additionally, I am also using the material with my polyglot daughter and her Swedish school friends to include authentic language to the teaching of science content.
Deforestation intensifies daily temperature variability in the northern extratropics
Authors: Ge Jun , Liu Qi , Zan Beilei , Lin Zhiqiang , Lu Sha , Qiu Bo , Guo Weidong
Published: February 2023

While the biogeophysical effects of deforestation on average and extreme temperatures are broadly documented, how deforestation influences temperature variability remains largely unknown. To fill this knowledge gap, we investigate the biogeophysical effects of idealized deforestation on daily temperature variability at the global scale based on multiple earth system models and in situ observations. Here, we show that deforestation can intensify daily temperature variability (by up to 20%) in the northern extratropics, particularly in winter, leading to more frequent rapid extreme warming and cooling events. The higher temperature variability can be attributed to the enhanced near-surface horizontal temperature advection and simultaneously is partly offset by the lower variability in surface sensible heat flux. We also show responses of daily temperature variability to historical deforestation and future potential afforestation. This study reveals the overlooked effects of deforestation or afforestation on temperature variability and has implications for large-scale afforestation in northern extratropic countries.
Semi-and intermediate- volatility organic compounds from Chinese domestic cooking emissions and their contribution to secondary organic aerosols
Authors: Guo Song , Song Kai , Gong Yuanzheng , Lv Daqi , Zhang Yuan , Wan Zichao , li Tianyu , Zhu Wenfei , Wang Hui , Yu Ying , Tan Rui , Shen Ruizhe , Lu Sihua , Chen Yunfa , Hu Min
Published: February 2023

To elucidate the molecular chemical compositions, volatility-polarity distributions, as well as influencing factors of Chinese cooking emissions, a comprehensive cooking emission experiment was conducted. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), intermediate volatility, and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOCs) from cooking fumes were analyzed by a thermal desorption comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with quadrupole mass spectrometer (TD-GC×GC-qMS). Emissions from four typical Chinese dishes, i.e., fried chicken, Kung Pao chicken, pan-fried tofu, and stir-fried cabbage were investigated to illustrate the impact of cooking style and material. Fumes of chicken fried with corn, peanut, soybean, and sunflower oils were investigated to demonstrate the influence of cooking oil. A total of 201 chemicals were quantified. Kung Pao chicken emitted more pollutants than other dishes due to its rather intense cooking method. Aromatics and oxygenated compounds were extensively detected among meat-related cooking fumes, while a vegetable-related profile was observed in the emissions of stir-fried cabbage. Ozone formation potential (OFP) was dominated by chemicals in the VOC range. 10.2% - 32.0% of the SOA estimation could be explained by S/IVOCs. Pixel-based partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and multiway principal component analysis (MPCA) were utilized for sample classification and component identification. The results indicated that the oil factor explained more variance of chemical compositions than the cooking style factor. MPCA results emphasize the importance of the unsaturated fatty acid-alkadienal-volatile products mechanism (oil autooxidation) accelerated by the cooking and heating procedure.
Online measurement of ambient toxic volatile organic compounds using thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS)
Authors: Wang Jia-Lin , Wang Chieh-Heng , Hsieh Hsin-Cheng , Chu Chen-Hsuan , Tseng Mei-Hui , Lee Kuan-Chun , Tseng Po-Sheng
Published: February 2023

Toxic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or air toxics are part of the hazardous air pollutants (HAPS) to affect public health. In this work, the thermal desorption (TD) technique was coupled with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to form an online technique to provide hourly data of 86 air toxics. Due to the perennial high humidity of the sub-tropical weather, water removal prior to TD-GC/MS analysis is necessary to prevent icing during cryo-trapping but still kept limited water vapor to maintain the required recoveries for the target species. Adding internal standards drastically offset the instrumental drift in detection and greatly secured the accuracy of the analytes. A month-long field measurement of TD-GC/MS was conducted near an industrial park with two other techniques of proton transfer mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) and flask sampling for validation. Time series data of TD-GC/MS showed distinct spikes in the hourly measurements induced by the pollution plumes, which were divided into two categories of non-chlorinated vs chlorinated compounds. The non-chlorinated species showed consistency in the occurrence of spikes between the online GC and PTR-MS. The canister data, however, missed most of the spikes of the measured species, but captured the single most prominent spikes of carbon tetrachloride and styrene by pure coincidence, showcasing the superiority of the online vs. the offline method. The strength of plume detection by online TD-GC/MS was further illustrated by back trajectories of the pronounced spikes of benzene and carbon tetrachloride, which were only several hours apart but pointed to entirely different directions of the upwind sources due to the rapid change in wind directions in this brief period.
Disentangling reservoir regulation patterns from natural streamflow in the Alps and their downstream regions
Authors: Brunner Manuela Irene , Naveau Philippe
Published: February 2023

Streamflow seasonality in mountain regions is besides climate often shaped by reservoir regulation. Such regulation is particularly important in the Alps where meltwater from glaciers and the snowpack are captured in reservoirs to generate hydropower during the winter season. While reservoirs affect streamflow seasonality, information on past seasonal reservoir operation patterns is rarely publicly available. Consequently, little is known about spatial variations in reservoir storage and release signals in dependence of climate and catchment characteristics. Here, we develop a generalized additive modelling approach to reconstruct daily and seasonal reservoir patterns from observed streamflow time series that encompass a period before and a period after a known year of reservoir construction.We apply this approach to reconstruct the seasonality of reservoir regulation, i.e. information on when water is stored in and released from a reservoir, for a dataset of 74 regulated catchments in the Central Alps. Using these reconstructed seasonal regulation patterns, we identify groups of catchments with similar reservoir operation strategies using functional clustering. We find that reservoir management varies by catchment elevation. Seasonal redistribution from summer to winter is strongest in high-elevation catchments, where reservoirs are mostly used for hydropower production, while seasonal redistribution is much weaker in the downstream regions, where reservoirs are used for a range of different purposes. The clear relationship between reservoir operation and elevation has practical implications. First, these elevational differences in reservoir regulation can and should be considered in hydrological model calibration. Furthermore, the reconstructed reservoir operation signals can be used to study the joint impact of climate change and reservoir operation on different streamflow signatures, including extreme events. Last, the potential of regulation as a climate adaptation measure may vary for the high-elevation and downstream regions.
Long-term land use influenced stoichiometric patterns of C, N, P and microbial biomass along soil depth in Mollisol at Northeast China
Authors: Zhu Kun , Chen Mingyue , Xiahou Shenbo , Yang Chen
Published: February 2023

Changes in soil carbon (SOC), nitrogen (TN), phosphorus (TP) and microbial biomass play a vital in plant growth, and their stoichiometric ratios have great significance on soil nutrient balance and ecosystem functions. In this sense, it is urgent to advance our understanding of how long-term land use affects SOC, TN, TP, microbial biomass and their stoichiometric ratios along the deep soil profile. This study aims to investigate the effects of land use on soil C, N and P stoichiometry, and their relationships with microbial biomass in mollisol at Northeast China. The long-term land use included woodland (poplar forest as control, PF), maize cropping (MC) and greenhouse vegetable farming (GVF).The results indicated that soil SOC and TN concentrations in PF were markedly higher than those in MC, and the vertical distribution of SOC and TN concentration showed an inverted triangle trend as the soil deepens. Soil C/N fluctuated in narrower ranges along the soil layers (0–5, 5–10, 10-20, 20–40, 40–60, 60-80, 80-100cm). Both soil C/P and N/P showed significant variability in different land use types, and soil N/P decreased with increased depth of soil layers. Compared to woodland, maze cropping decreased the C content, but increased P content, resulting in the decreases of C:N, C:P and N:P ratios. Hence, maize cropping soil was relatively limited by C and N but enriched with P. By contrast, the C, N and P contents in greenhouse vegetable farming soils were all increased compared to woodland soils, but larger increases of N and P contents resulted into the decreases in C:N and C:P ratios. The intensive fertilization was probably the main contributor to the higher P content, and consequently lower C:N:P ratios in MC and GVF soils. Both the microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN) showed a decreasing trend with the increase of soil depth, and all soil layers from high to low was: GVF > MC > PF. Our results revealed that, the more intensive agricultural practices and stronger biological and geochemical processes lead to more pronounced differences of soil C, N, and P contents and their stoichiometric ratios among land-use types.
Foam Composition and Surfactant Sources in an Urban Foaming Lake: A Comprehensive Analysis
Authors: Das Reshmi , Hoysall Chanakya , Rao Lakshminarayana
Published: February 2023

Foaming of surface water bodies is a common concern of many major metropolitan cities globally. These hideous and persistent foams disturb aquatic ecosystems and also emit an obnoxious stench. These foams also overflow onto the surrounding roads, causing pedestrians discomfort and traffic disruption. Even though foaming of the aquatic system is a widespread phenomenon, it is not entirely scientifically understood yet. The central unexplored question in this domain is - what compounds make up a foam? To answer this question, it is vital to understand the physics of foaming, the properties of a compound that helps in foaming, and its chemical/physical influence on the distribution of other compounds and species in a water body. Foam is caused by surface-active compounds called surfactants. In aquatic environments, the surfactants may be either endogenous or anthropogenic in origin. In nutrient-rich waterbodies, decaying plants and microorganisms can be a potential endogenous source of surfactants. Commercially used surfactants in households and industries find their way into the aquatic ecosystem through untreated effluents discharged after anthropogenic activities. These foams, by the mechanism of foam fractionation, also tend to enrich many organic and inorganic compounds into the foam phase. Enrichment might lead to precariously high concentrations of surface-active contaminants in the foam phase, which would otherwise be within acceptable levels in bulk lake water. Thus, foam not only has surfactants but also has other enriched chemical compounds in it.This work aims to identify those compounds in foam, focusing on sewage-fed Bellandur lake in India, which has been infamous for foaming for the past decade and understand their environmental implications. Bellandur Lake has anionic surfactant concentrations reaching up to 20 mg/l and surface tension as low as 45 mN/m. The Lake is eutrophied, with chlorophycean algae concentration reaching up to 13.8×107 cells/mL of Lake water. The scope of this study is as follows:to assign relative flux to surfactants from various sources and identify the most significant contributor to foaming events;
to estimate the relative difference in concentrations of contaminants in bulk liquid and foam phase and predict the possibility of an impending threat, if any.
This study thus provides an opportunity for a better understanding of the foaming pattern, which is essential to prevent the occurrence of such foaming events in future.