bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The History of the Black Box: The Clash of a Thing and Its Concept
Authors: Von Hilgers Philipp
Published: February 2011

The “black box” has become a common term for diverse kinds of opacities of modern society often at odds with values of enlightenment and transparency. Investigating the history of the black box one discovers that at a time when cybernetics was seen as the leading science, an entire positivistic theory of the black box was established. A deeper historical investigation reveals that the theory of the black box emerged from military practices originating in World War Two. An analysis of the black box that also focuses on political and cultural contexts will show tensions between a rather abstract concept and the concrete embodiments of what became the first instruments of electronic warfare.
Concrete Ambivalence: Inside the Bunker Complex
Authors: Beck John
Published: February 2011

The defensive systems of fortified bunkers built during the twentieth century have become, especially since the end of the Cold War, objects of troubled fascination for artists, architects, and archaeologists. Images of bunkers proliferate in contemporary art and photography, and the heritage business has become increasingly interested in exploiting public curiosity towards the remains of recent conflict. This article positions current work about bunkers within the context of postwar debates surrounding modernist aesthetics – minimalism in art, brutalism in architecture – and the latent connection between modernist concerns regarding shape, form, and materials and military construction. Recent interest in bunkers is linked, it is argued, to the ongoing reappraisal of postwar modernist art and architecture and its relationship not only to the violence of World War Two but to the secrecy and passive aggression of the Cold War. As such, the bunker as a site of power in much of the work discussed is approached not merely as an historical artifact but as a deeply ambivalent structure that speaks to contemporary anxieties regarding the location and accountability of the systems of authority and control the bunker represents.
Developmental Outcomes of Children Exposed to Antidepressants in Pregnancy
Authors: Galbally Megan , Lewis Andrew J. , Buist Anne
Published: February 2011

Objective: To examine the developmental outcomes in children exposed to antidepressants in utero and compare those to children not exposed to these medications

Method: A prospective case-controlled study of children exposed to antidepressants in pregnancy assessed 22 exposed and 19 not exposed children using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, third edition. The control group was measured at a mean age of 23.09 (SD 3.82) months and the medicated group at 28.53 months (SD 6.22). Maternal variables were assessed using a purpose-designed questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory (II) in pregnancy and at three assessments in the postpartum.

Results: Children exposed to antidepressant medication in pregnancy scored lower on motor subscales in particular on fine motor scores than non-exposed children with a moderate effect size of Cohen's d = 0.47 fine motor and Cohen's d = 0.43 for gross motor. Due to lack of power these findings did not reach conventional criteria for statistical significance. There was no association found between maternal depression and neurodevelopment.

Conclusions: This finding of a possible effect from antidepressant exposure in pregnancy on children's motor development is similar to the findings from a previous study. Future research is needed which assesses children at an older age using specific assessments of motor development.
Assessing the Value of Existing Recovery Measures for Routine Use in Australian mental Health Services
Authors: Burgess Philip , Pirkis Jane , Coombs Tim , Rosen Alan
Published: February 2011

Object: The concept of recovery has been recognized as important in the treatment of mental illness. A number of specific instruments exist which are designed to: (i) measure recovery at an individual level; and (ii) assess the recovery orientation of services. The current review aimed to identify these and evaluate their potential for routine use in Australian public sector mental health services.

Method: We identified potential instruments by drawing on existing reviews, searching MEDLINE and PsycINFO, and consulting with experts. We used a hierarchical criterion-based approach to assess whether given instruments might be candidates for measuring recovery in the Australian context.

Results: We identified 33 instruments: 22 designed to measure individuals’ recovery and 11 designed to assess the recovery orientation of services (or providers). Four of the former (Recovery Assessment Scale; Illness Management and Recovery Scales; Stages of Recovery Instrument; Recovery Process Inventory) and four of the latter (Recovery Oriented Systems Indicators Measure; Recovery Self Assessment; Recovery Oriented Practices Index; Recovery Promotion Fidelity Scale) were identified as promising candidates for routine use in Australian public sector mental health services.

Conclusions: Further work is required, however, to determine which, if any, might best be used for this purpose; the possibility that modifications to existing instruments or the development of new instruments might be required should not be ruled out. It might be desirable to invest in two instruments: one designed to measure individuals’ recovery and one designed to measure the recovery orientation of services. If Australia were to go down this path, it would make sense to align indicators in each as far as possible, and to ensure that they were consistent with existing endeavours aimed at monitoring and improving recovery-focused aspects of service quality.
Slope-Based Multipath Flow Update Algorithm for Static User Equilibrium Traffic Assignment Problem
Authors: Kumar Amit , Peeta Srinivas
Published: February 2011

This paper presents a new algorithm for solving the static traffic assignment problem that operates in the space of path flows. The algorithm uses a sequential equilibration technique by which origin–destination (O-D) pairs are equilibrated one at a time iteratively. This slope-based multipath algorithm (SMPA) inherits some insights from the gradient projection (GP) algorithm of Jayakrishnan et al., Dial's Algorithm B, and the recent GP method of Florian et al. However, the flow update mechanism of the SMPA is new, with different search directions for paths with higher and lower costs than the average cost for an O-D pair. It uses the slopes of cost functions in such a way as to bring the costs of different paths closer and enable faster convergence. Further, it does not require a line search for finding the move size. Computational experiments using the Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and Borman Corridor, Indiana, networks provide insights into the SMPA and compare its performance relative to the GP algorithm of Florian et al. The results illustrate that the SMPA has a superior rate of convergence.
Constructing Transit Origin–Destination Tables from Fragmented Data
Authors: Kikuchi Shinya , Kronprasert Nopadon
Published: February 2011

This study proposes an approach that constructs the origin–destination table (O-D table) for urban bus or light rail lines from fragmented data about the number of boarding and alighting passengers at stops (B-A data) and the analyst's spot knowledge about the trip pattern for selected O-D pairs. The B-A data of transit lines in the city center are often incomplete, yet they may be the only data available to characterize the passenger travel pattern. The proposed approach constructs the O-D table by using data that contain different levels of uncertainties and incompleteness. The model is based on two basic principles, maximum uncertainty and minimum uncertainty. The former is implemented by maximizing the entropy of the O-D table to derive the least-biased values. The latter refers to the maximum consistency with the available data including language-based knowledge about some of the O-D table elements. These principles are implemented by the multiobjective optimization structure. The model is found to be robust if it can incorporate various types of available data as well as the analyst's knowledge. It was tested by using O-D data and B-A data from an actual transit operation. The quality of the derived O-D table is clearly related to the availability and the quality of the data; however, it can be improved significantly with the analyst's spot knowledge about the values of selected O-D pairs. This method will open the way for transit planners to quickly develop a reasonable O-D table from the available incomplete data.
Modeling of Evacuation and Background Traffic for Optimal Zone-Based Vehicle Evacuation Strategy
Authors: Zheng Hong , Chiu Yi-Chang , Mirchandani Pitu B. , Hickman Mark
Published: February 2011

This paper discusses details of developing an optimal zone-based vehicle evacuation strategy based on an optimization–simulation approach. The optimal egress strategy is obtained by solving a universal quickest flow problem, and the solution is implemented and evaluated in a mesoscopic simulation model. Evacuees would follow optimal routes to safe locations outside the hot zone and then select behaviorally realistic routes to their final destinations. Background traffic is included in the model to simulate more realistic traffic conditions. The route choice of background traffic in response to the evacuation strategy and driver information strategies is carefully addressed. Operational issues such as temporal loading intensity and queuing at parking lots are also modeled and discussed. The modeling framework has been applied to a bomb threat scenario at a football stadium. The case study shows that the proposed methods generate reasonable and meaningful results for the intended no-notice scenario.
Noisy Genetic Algorithm for Stochastic, Time-Varying Minimum Time Network Flow Problem
Authors: Opasanon Sathaporn , Miller-Hooks Elise
Published: February 2011

A metaheuristic based on principles of noisy genetic algorithms is proposed to address the minimum time network flow problem, in which arc traversal times and capacities are random variables with time-varying distribution functions. A specialized encoding scheme exploits the problem's structure. To assess the fitness of solutions at each generation, multiple sampling fitness evaluations are considered. A stratified sampling technique is used in the selection of sample sets for this purpose. Such an approach ensures that scenarios with low probability but high consequence are taken into consideration in evaluating possible solutions and simultaneously accounting for the low likelihood of such events. This work has application in many arenas but was motivated specifically by the need to determine optimal instructions for the evacuation of a geographic region, building, or other large structure in the event of circumstances warranting quick escape.
Algorithm for Determining Most Reliable Travel Time Path on Network with Normally Distributed and Correlated Link Travel Times
Authors: Seshadri Ravi , Srinivasan Karthik K.
Published: February 2011

Transportation networks are subject to significant travel time uncertainty as a result of traveler behavior, recurring congestion, capacity variability (construction zones, traffic incidents), variation in demand, and so on. Therefore, interest is growing in modeling and optimizing travel time reliability in such networks. This paper proposes an efficient algorithm to compute the path of maximum travel time reliability on a network with normally distributed and correlated link travel times. For this optimal reliability path (ORP) problem, it is shown that the subpath optimality condition for the deterministic shortest path problem does not hold, and consequently, a new bounds-based optimality criterion is proposed using the K shortest expected time paths and the minimum path variance on the network. An algorithm is developed to solve the ORP problem on the basis of the proposed optimality criterion and an efficient path generation procedure. Computational experiments on various test networks show the proposed algorithm to be efficient, requiring limited path enumeration. With as few as five shortest paths and 50 Monte Carlo draws, the proposed algorithm is able to find the most reliable path for realistic network sizes. Empirical investigations highlight the unreliability of the least expected time path and suboptimality of the independence assumption. The study also underscores the role of risk attitudes (reflected by reliability threshold) on the benefits of the ORP. The algorithm and empirical results have important applications for developing reliability-based routing applications for congestion mitigation and intelligent transportation systems.
Generating Origin–Destination Matrices from Mobile Phone Trajectories
Authors: Friedrich Markus , Immisch Katrin , Jehlicka Prokop , Otterstätter Thomas , Schlaich Johannes
Published: February 2011

This paper presents a method for generating origin–destination (O-D) matrices with the use of floating phone data, that is, data generated from mobile phones moving through a study area. Mobile phone signals recorded in the cellular phone network are used to derive time–space trajectories of moving mobile phone devices. The start and end points of each trajectory determine the origin and destination zone. Link counts are used to project the sample of mobile phone movements to the broader movement of cars, trucks, and rail passengers. With results of a clustering process of traffic counts, O-D matrices for typical traffic days are computed. The resulting O-D matrices can be used for a long-term traffic state forecast.
Faster Converging Global Heuristic for Continuous Network Design Using Radial Basis Functions
Authors: Chow Joseph Y. J. , Regan Amelia C. , Arkhipov Dmitri I.
Published: February 2011

In light of the demand for more complex network models and general solution methods, this research introduces a radial basis function-based method as a faster alternative global heuristic to a genetic algorithm method for the continuous network design problem. Two versions of the algorithm are tested against the genetic algorithm in three experiments: the Sioux Falls, South Dakota, network with standard origin–destination flows; the same network with double the flows to test performance under a more congested scenario; and an illustrative experiment with the Anaheim, California, network to compare the scalability of performance. To perform the experiments, parameters for the network design problem were developed for the Anaheim network. The Anaheim test would be the first instance of testing the radial basis function methods on a 31-dimensional network design problem. Results indicate that the multistart local radial basis function method performs notably better than the genetic algorithm in all three experiments and would therefore be an attractive method to apply to more complicated network design models involving larger networks and more complex constraints, objectives, and representations of the time dimension.
Maximum Entropy Method for Subnetwork Origin–Destination Trip Matrix Estimation
Authors: Xie Chi , Kockelman Kara M. , Waller S. Travis
Published: February 2011

In the context of sketch planning, a simplified network (i.e., an abstract network or subnetwork) model is expected to accurately approximate travel demand patterns and level-of-service attributes obtained from its full-network counterpart. A data prerequisite in this approximation process is the trip matrix of the simplified network. This paper discusses a maximum entropy method for the subnetwork trip matrix estimation problem, relying only on link flow rates estimated with the use of full-network traffic assignment or as observed link-level vehicle counts. A linearization algorithm of the Frank–Wolfe type is devised for problem solutions in which a column–generation approach is used iteratively to solve the linearized subproblem without path enumeration. Encouraging results from sample applications of different size and topology suggest that this method holds much promise for generating trip matrices that can be used to evaluate traffic flow patterns under various network changes.
Traffic Rationing and Short-Term and Long-Term Equilibrium
Authors: Wang Xiaolei , Yang Hai , Han Deren
Published: February 2011

Road rationing as a possible alternative or supplement to road pricing has been implemented in several large cities but has received limited attention in the theoretical transportation research community. This paper analyzes the effects of road rationing under short-term and long-term traffic equilibrium. Short-term equilibrium describes the situation under which no one changes car ownership but simply obeys the rationing rules. In contrast, long-term equilibrium under road rationing takes into account the public's self-adjustment activities such as car consumption and car disposal and characterizes the equilibrium situation in which no incentive exists to change car ownership. For short- and long-term rationing, equilibrium patterns are determined, and the average daily trip travel time with one car is found to be the essential factor in determining the attainability of Pareto improvement. Under the same rationing degree, it is found that Pareto improvement is easier to obtain by short-term rationing than by long-term rationing. If Pareto improvement fails, the subgroups who benefit and suffer from rationing are discerned.
Minimizing Patient Transport Times during Mass Population Evacuations
Authors: Duanmu Jun , Taaffe Kevin , Chowdhury Mashrur
Published: February 2011

Emergency evacuation in a health care environment has focused on methods for evacuating a facility, resources for transferring patients, and sufficient capacity at sheltering facilities. What has been overlooked is the interaction between health care facility evacuation and any communitywide evacuation that would result in significant roadway congestion. This paper focuses on how to route hospital vehicles during a hurricane evacuation. To provide an analytical comparison of evacuation time, delay, and routes across various evacuation scenarios, a simulation model is developed that combines hospital and general population traffic. The tailored model incorporates mesoscopic traffic flow concepts to evaluate a region covering several hundred miles with the ability to control speeds and make decisions at the individual vehicle level. With this novel modeling approach, evacuation planners can easily program the routes, test the travel times, and quickly consider different scenarios. It can be a useful tool for hospital evacuation planners and statewide or regional evacuation planners making decisions about traffic operational strategies. The analysis includes consideration of the evacuation of the Charleston, South Carolina, metropolitan area during a hurricane threat. The study found that to evacuate all patients 6 h before a hurricane landfall, the hospital evacuation must start at least 12 h before the mandatory evacuation order (a typical 24-h notice). Alternatively, the hospital evacuation can take place at the same time as the mandatory evacuation if both begin 48 h before landfall.
Issues, Practices, and Needs for Communicating Evacuation Information to Vulnerable Populations
Authors: Turner Daniel S. , Evans William A. , Kumlachew Menasse , Wolshon Brian , Dixit Vinayak , Sisiopiku Virginia P. , Islam Samantha , Anderson Michael D.
Published: February 2011

Effective communication of transportation-related information to vulnerable populations is a critical need during emergencies. Despite its importance, various factors still hinder the development of comprehensive and effective plans for communicating emergency information to mobility-limited individuals during evacuations and other major emergencies. Such limiting factors include the wide diversity of vulnerable populations, their special needs, existing contact and communication barriers, and lack of resources and mechanisms to locate those populations and assist them during emergencies. This paper illustrates the complexity of communicating with vulnerable populations in emergency evacuations through a critical review of the existing literature and state-of-the-practice information gathered recently from transportation and emergency management agency personnel. First, the paper reviews definitions, characteristics, and size of the vulnerable population. Next, principles of effective communication and the special provisions for communicating with vulnerable populations are presented, along with examples of effective communications and communications barriers. Finally, the paper identifies numerous important emergency evacuation communications topics that were not discussed in the literature and offers recommendations for bridging those gaps. Examples include the limited involvement of experts in emergency evacuation communication, the lack of information about the financial aspects and cost-effectiveness of such communications, the need to establish an information clearinghouse to assist in future evacuations, and the lack of standardization and cataloging of appropriate evacuation messages. The paper is presented as a foundation for developing a framework for effective communications strategies, policies, and practices that focus on vulnerable populations before, during, and after all-hazards emergencies.
Route Change Decision Making by Hurricane Evacuees Facing Congestion
Authors: Robinson R. Michael , Khattak Asad
Published: February 2011

Successful evacuations of metropolitan areas require overcoming unexpected congestion that reduces traffic flows. Congestion may result from accidents, incidents, or other events that reduce road capacity. Traffic professionals and emergency managers may promote deviations from planned routes to bypass an area of congestion and speed mass exit. However, some route changes may actually reduce traffic flow rates, and in these cases decision makers may want to discourage use of alternate routes. By using results of a behavioral survey of potential hurricane evacuees, this study identifies variables associated with the decision to alter routes and also identifies frequently used information sources. A dynamic traffic simulation with a decision-making model using this information is proposed as a means for evacuation decision makers to assess impacts of driver decisions. Results from more than 800 responses showed the potentially strong influence of effective advanced traveler information systems to support decisions made by hurricane evacuees on whether to use an alternate route when faced with congestion. Results of this study are a timely contribution to those seeking a better understanding of driver behavior during evacuations and improvement of emergency management efficiency and efficacy.
Biologically Inspired Modeling Approach for Collective Pedestrian Dynamics under Emergency Conditions
Authors: Shiwakoti Nirajan , Sarvi Majid , Rose Geoffrey , Burd Martin
Published: February 2011

An interesting aspect of collective dynamics of various biological entities is that they are emergent systems. A literature review examines how the fundamental principles of emergent systems can be applied to model collective pedestrian dynamics. A simulation model is then proposed on the basis of modifications of collective animal dynamics. Recent findings from experiments with panicking Argentine ants are presented to illustrate how such experiments can be used to study collective pedestrian traffic. Despite the difference in speed, size, and other biological details of the panicking individuals, the model proved capable of explaining the collective dynamics. The model's robustness is demonstrated by comparing its ability to simulate the collective traffic of panicking ants as well as collective human traffic. The lack of complementary data during emergency and panic situations is a challenge for model development. Empirical data from biological organisms can play a valuable role in the development of pedestrian traffic models from a theoretical perspective and in instances in which model validation is based on empirical data collected by video. Such a novel framework, which is based on complementary expertise, can be used as a basis for the design of solutions for the safe egress of pedestrians.
Temperature structure and characteristics appearing on SSM/I images of the Cosmonaut Sea, Antarctica
Authors: Takizawa Takatoshi , Ohshima Kay I. , Shcki Ushio , Kawamura Toshiyuki , Enomoto Hiroyuki
Published: February 2011

Water-temperature structure in the Cosmonaut Sea at 60 68° S, 35 65° E in 1987–92 shows that cold water with a temperature below -1.5°C was present in the coastal region. The Circumpolar Deep Water with a temperature higher than 1.0°C was found below about 150m depth from northeast to northwest of the cold water area. The SSM/I images in 1987–91 indicate that polynya activities were intensive in 1988 and the typical Cosmonaut Polynya was observed; due to weaker activities, the small and sporadic Cosmonaut Polynya formed in 1987, 1989, 1990 and 1991. A coastal polynya was frequently observed every year at about 66° S, 50–60° E. A train of polynyas to the east of Cosmonaut Polynya often appeared. It is considered that the Atmospheric Convergence Line and Antarctic Divergence Region are responsible for polynya activities in the Cosmonaut Sea.
Education: A Journal for Its Time
Authors: Albright James
Published: February 2011

On the face of it, contemporary educational research is significantly different in order and kind from the period after WWII when the esteemed American education psychologist, Harold H. Abelson (1948) [1], wrote his essay, “The Role of Educational Research in a Democracy.” The current conditions under which educational researchers labor foreground national and global challenges are quite unlike those he outlined in that heady post war period just prior to its descent into the Cold War. Since Abelson’s progressive reading of the upward arch of the first half of the Twentieth Century’s educational research history, unprecedented global movements of people, money and ideas, revolutionary and expanding modes of communication, and expediential growth in knowledge production and dissemination have broadened and complicated educational research, let alone practice and policy. [...]
Gene Duplication and Ectopic Gene Conversion in Drosophila
Authors: Arguello J. Roman , Connallon Tim
Published: February 2011

The evolutionary impact of gene duplication events has been a theme of Drosophila genetics dating back to the Morgan School. While considerable attention has been placed on the genetic novelties that duplicates are capable of introducing, and the role that positive selection plays in their early stages of duplicate evolution, much less attention has been given to the potential consequences of ectopic (non-allelic) gene conversion on these evolutionary processes. In this paper we consider the historical origins of ectopic gene conversion models and present a synthesis of the current Drosophila data in light of several primary questions in the field.
Plant Polyphenols and Their Anti-Cariogenic Properties: A Review
Authors: Ferrazzano Gianmaria  F. , Amato Ivana , Ingenito Aniello , Zarrelli Armando , Pinto Gabriele , Pollio Antonino
Published: February 2011

Polyphenols constitute one of the most common groups of substances in plants. Polyphenolic compounds have been reported to have a wide range of biological activities, many of which are related to their conventional antioxidant action; however, increasing scientific knowledge has highlighted their potential activity in preventing oral disease, including the prevention of tooth decay. The aim of this review is to show the emerging findings on the anti-cariogenic properties of polyphenols, which have been obtained from several in vitro studies investigating the effects of these bioactive molecules against Streptococcus mutans, as well as in vivo studies. The analysis of the literature supports the anti-bacterial role of polyphenols on cariogenic streptococci, suggesting (1) a direct effect against S. mutans; (2) an interaction with microbial membrane proteins inhibiting the adherence of bacterial cells to the tooth surface; and (3) the inhibition of glucosyl transferase and amylase. However, more studies, particularly in vivo and in situ, are necessary to establish conclusive evidence for the effectiveness and the clinical applications of these compounds in the prevention of dental caries. It is essential to better determine the nature and distribution of these compounds in our diet and to identify which of the hundreds of existing polyphenols are likely to provide the greatest effects.
Identification and Characterization of Three Novel Small Interference RNAs That Effectively Down-Regulate the Isolated Nucleocapsid Gene Expression of SARS Coronavirus
Authors: Cao Ying-Li , Wang Ying , Guo Rong , Yang Fan , Zhang Yun , Wang Shu-Hui , Liu Li
Published: February 2011

Nucleocapsid (N) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is a major pathological determinant in the host that may cause host cell apoptosis, upregulate the proinflammatory cytokine production, and block innate immune responses. Therefore, N gene has long been thought an ideal target for the design of small interference RNA (siRNA). siRNA is a class of small non-coding RNAs with a size of 21-25nt that functions post-transcriptionally to block targeted gene expression. In this study, we analyzed the N gene coding sequences derived from 16 different isolates, and found that nucleotide deletions and substitutions are mainly located at the first 440nt sequence. Combining previous reports and the above sequence information, we create three novel siRNAs that specifically target the conserved and unexploited regions in the N gene. We show that these siRNAs could effectively and specifically block the isolated N gene expression in mammal cells. Furthermore, we provide evidence to show that N gene can effectively up-regulate M gene mediated interferon b (IFNb) production, while blocking N gene expression by specific siRNA significantly reduces IFNb gene expression. Our data indicate that the inhibitory effect of siRNA on the isolated N gene expression might be influenced by the sequence context around the targeted sites.
Bioinspired Poly(2-oxazoline)s
Authors: Hoogenboom Richard , Schlaad Helmut
Published: February 2011

Poly(2-oxazoline)s are regarded as pseudopeptides, thus bioinspired polymers, due to their structural relationship to polypeptides. Materials and solution properties can be tuned by varying the side-chain (hydrophilic-hydrophobic, chiral, bioorganic, etc.), opening the way to advanced stimulus-responsive materials and complex colloidal structures. The bioinspired “smart” solution and aggregation behavior of poly(2-oxazoline)s in aqueous environments are discussed in this review.
Nearshore Water Quality Estimation Using Atmospherically Corrected AVIRIS Data
Authors: Bagheri Sima
Published: February 2011

The objective of the research is to characterize the surface spectral reflectance of the nearshore waters using atmospheric correction code—Tafkaa for retrieval of the marine water constituent concentrations from hyperspectral data. The study area is the nearshore waters of New York/New Jersey considered as a valued ecological, economic and recreational resource within the New York metropolitan area. Comparison of the Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) measured radiance and in situ reflectance measurement shows the effect of the solar source and atmosphere in the total upwelling spectral radiance measured by AVIRIS. Radiative transfer code, Tafkaa was applied to remove the effects of the atmosphere and to generate accurate reflectance (R(0)) from the AVIRIS radiance for retrieving water quality parameters (i.e., total chlorophyll). Chlorophyll estimation as index of phytoplankton abundance was optimized using AVIRIS band ratio at 675 nm and 702 nm resulting in a coefficient of determination of R2 = 0.98. Use of the radiative transfer code in conjunction with bio optical model is the main tool for using ocean color remote sensing as an operational tool for monitoring of the key nearshore ecological communities of phytoplankton important in global change studies.
Effects of Calcination Temperature and Acid-Base Properties on Mixed Potential Ammonia Sensors Modified by Metal Oxides
Authors: Satsuma Atsushi , Katagiri Makoto , Kakimoto Shiro , Sugaya Satoshi , Shimizu Kenichi
Published: February 2011

Mixed potential sensors were fabriated using yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) as a solid electrolyte and a mixture of Au and various metal oxides as a sensing electrode. The effects of calcination temperature ranging from 600 to 1,000 °C and acid-base properties of the metal oxides on the sensing properties were examined. The selective sensing of ammonia was achieved by modification of the sensing electrode using MoO3, Bi2O3 and V2O5, while the use of WO3, Nb2O5 and MgO was not effective. The melting points of the former group were below 820 °C, while those of the latter group were higher than 1,000 °C. Among the former group, the selective sensing of ammonia was strongly dependent on the calcination temperature, which was optimum around melting point of the corresponding metal oxides. The good spreading of the metal oxides on the electrode is suggested to be one of the important factors. In the former group, the relative response of ammonia to propene was in the order of MoO3 > Bi2O3 > V2O5, which agreed well with the acidity of the metal oxides. The importance of the acidic properties of metal oxides for ammonia sensing was clarified.
Autografting of Renal Progenitor Cells Ameliorates Kidney Damage in Experimental Model of Pyelonephritis
Authors: Kajbafzadeh Abdol-Mohammad , Elmi Azadeh , Talab Saman Shafaat , Sadeghi Zhina , Emami Hamed , Sotoudeh Masoud
Published: February 2011

Current therapies for pyelonephritic renal damage have severe limitations; stem cells may offer an exciting potential in regenerating nephrology. We aimed to investigate the feasibility of direct intrarenal injection of autologous renal progenitor cells (RPCs; originated from epithelial cells in Bowman's capsule) in chronic pyelonephritis rat model. Twenty-seven rats were divided into three groups. The control group (GI, n = 3) underwent sham subcapsular injection of isotonic saline. Pyelonephritis was induced in the right kidney of the remaining 24 rats and isotonic saline (GII, n = 12) or labeled autologous RPCs, obtained from a biopsy of left kidney (GIII, n = 12), were injected into the subcapsular space 6 weeks later. At 7, 14, 28, and 60 days, dimercaptosuccinic acid scan was performed in three animals of each group at every interval and subsequently renal sections were obtained for the evaluation of tubular and glomerular regeneration and proliferation. Cell transplantation resulted in the reduction of tubular and glomerular atrophy after 2 weeks. The transplanted cells were observed in the reconstructed region of the kidneys as evidenced by the presence of fluorescently labeled cells both in tubules and glomeruli. We also observed significant decrease in interstitial fibrosis in the fourth week and there were higher amount of Ki-67-positive cells in GIII. Notably, the right renal tissue integrity was significantly improved in this group and revealed normal cortical function on day 60. Transplanting RPCs showed the potential for partial augmentation of kidney structure and function in pyelonephritis. Cellular repair was seen predominantly in the proximal tubule, the major site of injury in pyelonephritis. Our findings may pave the way toward the future regeneration of renal scarring of pyelonephritis in children.
Monitoring of Liver Cell Transplantation in a Preclinical Swine Model Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Raschzok Nathanael , Teichgräber Ulf , Billecke Nils , Zielinski Anja , Steinz Kirsten , Kammer Nora N. , Morgul Mehmet H. , Schmeisser Sarah , Adonopoulou Michaela K. , Morawietz Lars , Hiebl Bernhard , Schwartlander Ruth , Rüdinger Wolfgang , Hamm Bernd , Neuhaus Peter , Sauer Igor M.
Published: February 2011

Liver cell transplantation (LCT) is a promising treatment approach for certain liver diseases, but clinical implementation requires methods for noninvasive follow-up. Labeling with superparamagnetic iron oxide particles can enable the detection of cells with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We investigated the feasibility of monitoring transplanted liver cells by MRI in a preclinical swine model and used this approach to evaluate different routes for cell application. Liver cells were isolated from landrace piglets and labeled with micron-sized iron oxide particles (MPIO) in adhesion. Labeled cells ( n = 10), native cells ( n = 3), or pure particles ( n = 4) were transplanted to minipigs via intraportal infusion into the liver, direct injection into the splenic parenchyma, or intra-arterial infusion to the spleen. Recipients were investigated by repeated 3.0 Tesla MRI and computed tomography angiography up to 8 weeks after transplantation. Labeling with MPIO, which are known to have a strong effect on the magnetic field, enabled noninvasive detection of cell aggregates by MRI. Following intraportal application, which is commonly applied for clinical LCT, MRI was able to visualize the microembolization of transplanted cells in the liver that were not detected by conventional imaging modalities. Cells directly injected into the spleen were retained, whereas cell infusions intra-arterially into the spleen led to translocation and engraftment of transplanted cells in the liver, with significantly fewer microembolisms compared to intraportal application. These findings demonstrate that MRI can be a valuable tool for noninvasive elucidation of cellular processes of LCT and—if clinically applicable MPIO are available—for monitoring of LCT under clinical conditions. Moreover, the results clarify mechanisms relevant for clinical practice of LCT, suggesting that the intra-arterial route to the spleen deserves further evaluation.
Variations anthropologiques et sociologiques sur l'« évaluer »
Authors: Balandier Georges
Published: February 2011

Résumé L’« évaluer » appartient en longue durée au lexique des notions philosophiques. Le problème de l’évaluation – omniprésent, instrumentalisé à toutes fins dans les sociétés de la surmodernité – semble absent des sociétés étudiées par les anthropologues. Absent ou substitué. Mais la discipline, l’anthropologie en ses réalisations, révèle une évaluation originelle d’où découle celle des phénomènes étudiés. La « Grande Transformation » qui se poursuit dans l’univers de la surmodernité nourrit l’incertitude. Elle engendre des nouveaux nouveaux mondes qui s’étendent d’une façon fulgurante, s’imbriquent avec ce qui reste du réel d’avant et exposent les contemporains à un « dépaysement » croissant. La confrontation à l’autrement et à des risques inédits contribue à une gestion erratique des pouvoirs, à la multiplication d’évaluations qui substituent les idéologies de naguère.
Évaluation et élitisme : d'une alliance à l'autre
Authors: Berrebi-Hoffmann Isabelle
Published: February 2011

Résumé L’article développe la thèse suivante : le phénomène évaluatif, ses instruments et ses institutions nouvellement créées (agences de notation, agences d’évaluation, hautes autorités) sont à la fois les révélateurs et les opérateurs d’une transformation des rapports entre deux institutions en crise : L’État et les professions. S’inspirant de la trilogie des pouvoirs de Freidson (2001), l’auteur suggère d’analyser l’alliance actuelle entre marché et État tandis qu’une crise et une mutation des élites traditionnelles françaises (haute fonction publique, experts d’État, élites politiques) fragilisent l’alliance entre professions et État caractéristique de la construction de l’État social à la fin du xix e  siècle.
Évaluer : de la théorie de la décision à la théorie de l'institution
Authors: Sfez Lucien
Published: February 2011

Résumé Ce n’est pas seulement la théorie de la Décision qui permet de définir ce qu’on entend aujourd’hui par « évaluation », c’est aussi la théorie de l’Institution, chère à Maurice Hauriou, qui permet d’éclairer le concept d’« évaluer » ainsi que d’enrichir celui de « tiers partagé » de Nicolas Dodier.
Évaluer les vies essai d'anthropologie biopolitique
Authors: Fassin Didier
Published: February 2011

Résumé La plupart des études, analyses et critiques portant sur l’évaluation s’attachent à la gouvernance des affaires humaines, autrement dit la part managériale et technocratique de la politique. En revanche, on s’est peu efforcé de comprendre le gouvernement des êtres humains, et singulièrement les dispositifs et procédures d’évaluation des vies. C’est à cette anthropologie biopolitique qu’est consacré le présent article. La distinction entre les dimensions morale et éthique de l’évaluation permet d’aborder successivement deux questions générales : comment on juge les vies ; ce que valent des vies. L’évaluation morale concerne les formes de jugement sur le bien et le vrai à l’œuvre dans les justices distributive, rétributive et attributive au-delà des principes dont elles se réclament. L’évaluation éthique met à l’épreuve l’égalité des êtres humains et le consensus autour de la vie comme bien suprême en révélant les profondes disparités de fait dans l’appréciation des existences.
La ville se dit par évaluations
Authors: Bourdin Alain
Published: February 2011

Résumé On a toujours comparé la réalité matérielle des villes ou les expériences qu’elles procuraient. Désormais, la comparaison se fait de manière abstraite en utilisant les critères et les indicateurs de l’évaluation. La ville constitue de moins en moins une réalité sociale économique et spatiale spécifique et appréhendable. Elle existe toujours plus à travers l’action que l’on exerce sur elle et se trouve de ce fait touchée par les incertitudes et les débats qui portent sur la légitimité, l’effectivité et les modalités de l’action publique et alimentent la demande et les savoirs de l’évaluation. Le fort développement de la concurrence entre villes conduit à élaborer des instruments de mesure (classements, etc.) de leurs capacités concurrentielles. Cet appareillage de l’évaluation qui découpe et abstrait peut sembler destructeur de la réalité urbaine et de son unité. Mais il permet également de reconstruire, de façon partielle et qui justifie la discussion, un objet urbain qui de toute façon n’existe plus. Pour la sociologie urbaine, le débat théorique et méthodologique sur les modalités et les contenus de l’évaluation revêt un caractère central et s’inscrit dans une sociologie de l’action urbaine qu’il faut promouvoir.
L'automatisation du jugement sur le travail. Mesurer n'est pas évaluer
Authors: Dujarier Marie-Anne
Published: February 2011

Résumé Cet article traite de l’évaluation au travail et du travail dans les grandes organisations contemporaines. Il montre que les systèmes d’évaluation s’inscrivent dans une histoire moderne de la mesure des hommes et de leur activité. À partir de données empiriques, il défend l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’« évaluation » produit non pas des valeurs, mais des mesures et des jugements. Ceux-ci font l’objet d’une automatisation. Bien que les critiques sociales et sociologiques sur ces systèmes abondent, notamment parce qu’ils empêchent une évaluation qualitative et délibérative, ils prospèrent. Nous pouvons comprendre cet apparent paradoxe en examinant de manière compréhensive le travail réel des différents acteurs concernés : dirigeants, concepteurs des systèmes d’évaluation, cadres de proximité et évalués.
L'éclipse du sujet et de la singularité dans le discours de l'évaluation
Authors: Birman Joel
Published: February 2011

Résumé Cet essai propose une lecture critique du processus d’évaluation qui a lieu actuellement dans les champs de la recherche scientifique et de l’université. Cet essai précise la relation intime que ce processus établit avec le discours de la gestion et l’ordre social institué par le néolibéralisme. Il soutient que par les effets produits dans le champ de la pensée, c’est le sujet et la singularité qui sont en cause dans la contemporanéité.
L'évaluation du fait technique, une métaphysique pour l'hypersauvage contemporain
Authors: Gras Alain
Published: February 2011

Résumé La fascination pour la mesure, que représente l’évaluation quantitative dans le domaine écologique, occulte le fait que le choix des éléments à mesurer est subjectif et qu’en aucun cas la scientificité ne vient directement de l’observation de l’objet. J’en donnerai la preuve dans trois catégories qui regroupent l’ensemble du sophisme scientifique que constitue l’évaluation : le suivi d’un objet technique simple, avec l’exemple du progrès mesuré dans l’évolution du couteau et d’autres objets, l’histoire quantitative d’un fait naturel, le réchauffement climatique, la chronique d’un indicateur qui est lui-même un concept, l’empreinte écologique. L’évaluation est bien un mode privilégié de connaissance de la technocratie « info-com ». Et la question environnementale a mis ce mode au centre du débat. Fondée sur la recherche obsessionnelle de la mesure, elle fait partie des instruments de connaissance qui nous enferment dans le monde techno-scientifique et participe à la fabrication de la modernité dans toute sa puissance aliénante, celle de l’hypersauvage contemporain.
Le scénario généalogique porte-la-Honte
Authors: Benghozi Pierre
Published: February 2011

Qu’en est-il de la transmission généalogique de la honte ? Après avoir rappelé la différence entre avoir , être et porter la Honte, l’auteur présente la notion de scénario généalogique porte-la-Honte en particulier à propos de la conception d’un enfant. Il décrit, en l’illustrant à partir d’un exemple de thérapie familiale psychanalytique et de traumatisme catastrophique communautaire, l’importance de la figuration narrative dans la clinique de la honte dans une perspective psychanalytique des liens.
Être ou avoir la honte ?
Authors: Selz Monique
Published: February 2011

Affect frontière entre le narcissique et l’objectal, la honte, qui doit être distinguée de la culpabilité et de la pudeur, est un sentiment extrêmement fréquent dans la clinique analytique. Elle est à la fois un facteur de construction de l’altérité et un témoin de cette difficile construction. Si le psychodrame analytique peut en être une bonne méthode d’approche, comme l’illustrent ici plusieurs exemples, l’abord et le traitement de la honte sont néanmoins toujours d’une particulière complexité, pouvant aller même jusqu’à une vraie résistance à la psychanalyse. Ses effets sur l’individu et le groupe sont tels qu’il est cependant essentiel que les analystes y soient attentifs, car elle nécessite l’absolue présence de l’autre pour s’en relever.
Le terrorisme en Algérie : entre honte et trauma
Authors: Belarouci Latéfa
Published: February 2011

La dimension intentionnelle du traumatisme qu’ont vécu les familles algériennes, tout en produisant un effondrement des étayages du groupe, a également induit une dislocation des liens familiaux, mais aussi et surtout une invalidation des pères, car ces derniers ont failli dans leur rôle protecteur ou alors se sont engagés dans un combat idéologique générateur de violence et de déni d’altérité. Ce vécu traumatique provoque un sentiment particulièrement douloureux : la honte. Or, tout enfant confronté à un parent qui a été invalidé par l’intentionnalité des actes de violence, actes « silenciés » par les parents car honteux, est mis dans une position de totale confusion puisqu’il perd ses repères aussi bien internes qu’externes.