bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combining Ability of Doubled Haploids in Coffea canephora P.
Authors: Lashermes P. , Couturon E. , Charrier A.
Published: April 2006

Fifty‐five doubled haploids (DH) of Coffea canephora were crossed with either heterozygous genotypes or DH in order to study their combining ability. Three agronomic trials were established. Marked hybrid vigour was observed for all characters analyzed including yield. Large differences were evident among top‐crosses involving different DH produced from the same parental clone reflecting the high level of heterozygosity of clones. Factorial mating design analysis indicated that all genetic variance was attributable to additive effects in estimates of yield as well as plant height and leaf characteristics. The general combining ability variance component was also predominant for stem girth and susceptibility to leaf rust, although effects due to interaction were detected. Some hybrid combinations had yield comparable to standard clonal varieties. The implications of such results for breeding of Coffea canephora are discussed. Particularly, the development of F1 hybrid varieties is envisaged.
Chilling Tolerance, Cold Hardening and Freezing Tolerance of Low‐temperature‐tolerant Mutants of Dendranthema × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura
Authors: Laurich F. , Dörffling K.
Published: April 2006

Two low‐temperature‐tolerant mutants of the Dendranthema × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura cultivar ‘Puck’ derived from an x‐radiated tissue culture system were compared, as vegetatively growing plants, to ‘Puck’ ssfor several physiological properties under low‐temperature conditions. So far, the low‐temperature tolerance of the mutants has been defined as the capacity to flower earlier under low temperature conditions (8—15°C) the wild type. All three lines were not chilling sensitive in the vegetative state and were able to acclimatize and to develop freezing tolerance. Differences between ‘Puck’ and the mutants were found but could not be related to the low‐temperature tolerance of the mutants in the generative phase. Levels of the amino acid proline increased during the hardening process, reaching the highest level in the cultivar ‘Puck’. No evidence could be obtained that proline is causally involved in the cold‐hardening process. Freezing‐induced membrane injury was found to decrease with cold hardening (0—28 days) but the two mutants did not show a greater capacity to acclimatize and cold harden than the original cultivar ‘Puck’.
Rapid Incorporation of D‐genome Chromosomes into A and/or B Genomes of Hexaploid Triticale
Authors: Kaznan E. , Lelley T.
Published: April 2006

Two series of progenies were developed from hybrids between octoploid (AABBDDRR) and tetraploid triticale ((AB)(AB)RR). One arose from the successive selfing of the F1s, while the second was established after one backcross of the F1 hybrids with the respective 8 × triticale parent. Altogether, 250 F3 and BC1F2 lines were developed, of which 112 were karyotyped in the F4/F5 or in BC1F3/BC1F4 generations using C‐banding and SDS‐PAGE. The 112 lines represented 61 different karyotypes, of which 39 appeared to be stabilized, having pairs of homologous wheat chromosomes only, while 22 karyotypes exhibited 1—3 heterologous pairs. The frequency of karyotypically stabilized lines originating from the series with one backcrossing was much higher (79.5 %) than those derived from the successive selfing of the F1 hybrids (51.7%).

Six lines had the pure hexaploid triticale chromosome constitution. The frequency of disomic substitutions of D genome chromosomes for their homoeologous A and/or B genome chromosomes ranged from one to six per line with an average of 1.7. Except for 3B and 6B all possible D(A/B) substitutions were obtained. Chromosomes ID and 3D substituted for their homoeologues with the highest frequency, while the substitution of chromosome 4D for 4A or for 4B was the least frequent. D(R) substitutions were found in eight lines only. A complete set of 6x triticale lines was established in which chromosome ID was present in all possible combinations, i.e. single 1D(1A/1B/1R) disomic substitutions as well as disomic ID addition.
Genetic ‘Fingerprinting’ of Sunflower Lines and F1 Hybrids using. Isozymes, Simple and Repetitive Sequences as Hybridization Probes, and Random Primers for PCR
Authors: Mosges G. , Friedtu W.
Published: April 2006

Three different marker systems which have been widely described in the characterization of genotypes were compared. Sunflower lines and hybrids were analysed by three isozymes, oligonucleotides (GACA)4, (GATA)4, and (GGAT)4 as hybridization probes, and 70 primers for PCR analysis. Polymorphisms were visible with each type of marker. However, the repeated probes, especially (GATA)4, revealed the highest degree of variability and seem to be most appropriate for the generation of genotype‐specific ‘fingerprints.’
Improved Techniques for Haploid Production in Wheat using Chromosome Elimination
Authors: Matzk F. , Mahn A.
Published: April 2006

Wheat × maize and wheat × pearl millet crosses have proved efficient for haploid production using various genotypes of wheat; 22 and 27 % of florets produced embryos. In favourable conditions 6—9 haploid plants per spike were produced. The following simplifications or improvements in technique are recommended: 1. Only a single treatment with an aqueous solution of dicamba or 2,4‐D (50–100 ppm) for embryo stimulation in vivo; 2. Application by spraying or dipping the spikes; 3. Application time two to four days after pollination; 4. Embryo rescue 15 to 18 days after pollination; 5. Crosses without emasculation are possible if pollination occurs 1–2 days before anthesis. More than 450 haploids and some doubled haploid (DH) lines (after colchicine treatment in vitro) were produced using these methods. No hybrid plants, chromosome additions or substitutions were found.
Selection Criteria for Short‐fibre Flax
Authors: Kaul H.‐P. , Scheer‐Triebel M. , Heyland K.‐U.
Published: April 2006

The industrial utilization of short fibres of Linum usitatissimum L. is advantageous for the environment and conserves natural resources due to savings in the production and waste management process. In 1990 a project was started to breed flax for short fibres in combination with oil production. In field experiments 22 (1990) and 20 (1991) varieties and progenies of earlier crosses, respectively, were tested. Phenotypic variation and linear correlations of parameters characterizing yield and its stability were examined with regard to their suitability as selection criteria.

The results were as follows: A total harvest of 3 t/ha of short fibre and oil was produced, most of it fibre. The cross progenies tested in 1991 showed a high genetic potential for the combined use of fibre and oil, but their maturity needs to be synchronized better. Simultaneous selection of short‐fibre flax genotypes for fibre content and seed yield on the one hand, or for oil content and fibre yield on the other, seems to be practicable. The plants should not exceed I m in height. Thousand‐seed weight and oil content were not correlated in the progenies, thus making it possible to select for small‐seeded genotypes.
Genetic Relationships in Malus Evaluated by RAPD ‘Fingerprinting’ of Cultivars and Wild Species
Authors: Dunemann F. , Kahnau R. , Schmidt H.
Published: April 2006

The potential use of RAPD markers for taxonomic studies in Malus was investigated using 18 accessions of wild species and 27 apple cultivars. 29 preselected random decamer primers were applied to three sets of Malus genotypes. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) ‘fingerprints’ were analysed for polymorphic amplification fragments, and coefficients estimating genetic similarity were calculated on the basis of about 50 polymorphic RAPD loci in each set of genotypes. Cluster analysis by an unweighted pair‐group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) revealed that, in the cultivars, the molecular classification was in good agreement with the known lineage. A dendrogram generated for the wild species gave relationships that were, in principle, in accordance with the known phylogenetic information. Closely related species from section I were clearly distinguishable from those of sections III and IV. On the molecular level, a high degree of genetic diversity was found among both different apple cultivars and wild species of the genus Malus. The results gave additional evidence for the hypothesis that M. pumila and M. sylvestris were involved in the origin of the cultivated apples.
Progress since the 1930s in Breeding for Yield, its Components, and Quality Traits of Spring Wheat in Finland
Authors: Peltonen‐Sainio P. , Peltonen J.
Published: April 2006

The contribution of improvements in morphophysiological traits to increased gram yield in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and the achievements of breeding for high bread‐making quality in Finland since the 1930s were assessed. Ten wheat cultivars released in Finland between 1939 and 1990 were evaluated in Held experiments at the Viikki Experimental Farm, University of Helsinki, Finland (60°13′N) in 1991 and 1992. Twenty‐two traits representing maturity, plant architecture, plant stand structure and N accumulation, and nine quality traits, including protein concentration and protein quality, were assessed. A 20 % increase in grain yield arising from cultivar improvement was associated with a 7 % reduction in height, an 80 % improvement in lodging resistance, and a 15 % higher harvest index (HI). Ear weight was 30 % higher in the modern cultivars. The higher ear weight of the modern cultivars was a result of more grains per ear and a higher spikelet weight. No decrease in vegetative phytomass in modern cultivars was recorded in this study. Grain yield and total N accumulation increased simultaneously and a positive correlation between year of cultivar release and nitrogen index was established. Although use of high N fertilizer application rates resulted in significantly improved baking quality of the flour, no trend between baking quality and year of cultivar release was recorded. The relatively low HI recorded in this study suggests that further yield increases art‐likely to be achieved by selecting for higher HI.
Recurrent Selection in Pearl Millet for Improving Stand Establishment at High Temperature
Authors: Lynch P. J.
Published: April 2006

Inadequate stand establishment can be a major constraint to high grain and fodder yields of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.) in the semi‐arid tropics. In this study, two laboratory screening procedures designed to improve components of stand establishment were evaluated. In the first procedure the ability of seedlings to emerge from the soil at 45 °C was tested and in the second procedure the ability of seeds to germinate at 45°C was measured. Two cycles of recurrent selection were conducted with each procedure in the Higrop and Senpop pearl millet gene pools. The resultant populations were evaluated to measure the efficacy of the screening procedures. Selection for increased emergence was effective in the Cc of Higrop. When emergence percentage was averaged across Higrop and Senpop, recurrent selection increased emergence percentage by 7.4 % per cycle. In future, the size of the emergence screening units and number of seeds screened per progeny tested should be increased. The germination selection procedure was ineffective.
Cytogenetic Studies of Different Miscanthus Species with Potential for Agricultural Use
Authors: Lafferty J. , Lelley T.
Published: April 2006

Four morphologically different clones of Miscanthus sinensis‘Giganteus’, presently grown in Austria, one ornamental, M. sinensis, and two cultivars of M. sacchariflorus, were studied to determine their chromosome number, chromosome morphology and meiotic behaviour. The clones of M. sinensis‘Giganteus’ uniformly showed a somatic chromosome number of 57. The ornamental M. sinensis, and one M. sacchariflorus cultivar had 38 and the second M. sacchariflorus genotype had 76 chromosomes. While the ornamental M. sinensis exhibited a regular meiosis with predominantly ring bivalents, M. sinensis‘Giganteus’ displayed a highly irregular meiosis with stickiness, frequent occurrence of trivalents and a large number of laggards in both the first and second anaphases. The presence of two satellited chromosomes suggests an allotriploid genome constitution; the trivalents indicate the involvement of closely related species in the amphiploid. Triploidy of the plants is supposed to be the major cause of their sterility. Suggestions are made for further cytogenetic studies including genome analysis and an attempt to resynthesize M. sinensis‘Giganteus’ to provide an insight into the genetic architecture of the plant and to generate new genetic variations for breeding purposes.
Plant Types and Gibberellin Responses of Chinese Dwarf‐barley Genetic Resources
Authors: Jing Zhang
Published: April 2006

Plant types and gibberellin responses were investigated in 20 Chinese dwarf and two tall check‐barley varieties Wide genetic variation was observed in plant height, ranging from 23.1 to 69.2 cm. Compared with the controls, no relationship was found between plant height and internode number, but a relationship was established between plant height and internode length. The ratio of the length to the diameter of each internode decreased greatly in most of the dwarfs. Three dwarf groups, three internode patterns and four leaf forms were differentiated in Chinese dwarf barleys based on the main culm height, successive internode lengths, and top three leaf widths and lengths. Most showed sensitivity to GA3.
Variation and Covariation of Milling‐ and Baking‐quality Characteristics among Winter Rye Single‐cross Hybrids
Authors: Rattunde H. F. W. , Geiger H. H. , Weipert D.
Published: April 2006

Components of variation for, and genetic correlations among, measures of milling and baking quality were estimated for 38 winter rye single‐crosses sown in three environments. Samples of grain were indirectly evaluated for baking quality via Falling Number and Amylograph tests whereas direct Assessments of baking quality and milling yield were obtained from standardised Sourdough Baking tests and total flour release determinations, respectively. Estimates of genetic variation were large and highly significant (P < 0.01) for all traits whereas those of genotype × environment interactions were much smaller and often non‐significant. Broad‐sense heritability estimates were very high, ranging from 0.64 to 0.96. Crumb elasticity, the most important direct measure of baking quality, was significantly correlated with falling number (rg= 0.43) and Amylograph temperature at maximum viscosity (rg= 0.55). The dough yield, loaf volume and total flour release, however, showed no relation with the indirect measures of baking quality. The crumb elasticity was correlated positively with flour release but negatively with dough yield and loaf volume. Selection for high falling number would be an effective indirect method of increasing crumb elasticity. Enhancement of the other baking and milling characteristics would require direct measurements of the respective traits.
Regeneration of Fertile Plants from Cell‐suspension‐derived Small‐cell Colonies of Lolium perenne (L.)
Authors: Altepeter F. , Posselt U. K.
Published: April 2006

A defined method for the rapid establishment of cell suspensions releasing small‐cell colonies and their regeneration to fertile plants is described. Cell suspensions were obtained from 10 mature, lengthwise‐divided embryos. Five of the 10 suspensions regenerated green plants. Filtration of suspensions through a 150 μm mesh followed by regeneration was carried out 28 days after initiation of the suspensions, to demonstrate a rapid release of regenerable small cell colonies from cell suspensions using the protocol described. Two of the 10 filtered suspensions regenerated green plants from small cell colonies.
Strawberry‐cultivar Identification using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Markers
Authors: Gidoni D. , Rom M. , Kunik T. , Zur M. , Izsak E. , Izhar S. , Firon N.
Published: April 2006

Accurate and rapid cultivar identification is important for breeders'‐rights protection, especially for vegetatively propagated plants. The objective of this study was to test the feasibility of developing cultivar‐specific RAPD markers in commercial strawberries (Fragaria ananassa Dutch). Efforts were focused on distinguishing between two newly developed Volcani cultivars, ‘Ofra’ and ‘Dorit’, and six other cultivars, ‘Douglas’, ‘Chandler’, ‘Oso Grande’, ‘Dover’, ‘Nurit’ and ‘Parker’. Reproducible RAPD fingerprints were generated, each containing at least one polymorphic DNA product. A combination of 10 polymorphic DNA products exhibited cultivar‐specific patterns enabling the distinction between closely related varieties, such as ‘Ofra’ (which is the progeny of ‘Dorit’ and ‘Parker’) and ‘Dorit’ (which is the progeny of ‘Nurit’ and ‘Dover’). This study shows that RAPD markers can help in the protection of breeders’ rights to strawberry cultivars.
Interspecific reproductive barriers and genomic similarity among the rough‐seeded Lupinus species
Authors: Gupta S. , Buirchell B. J. , Cowling W. A.
Published: April 2006

The nature of reproductive barriers and meiotic behaviour of chromosomes were studied in interspecific hybrids among the six rough‐seeded Lupinus species. Out of 30 different interspecific crosses attempted in all possible combinations, eight produced viable F, seeds. These successful crosses involved L. cosentinii, L. digitatus, L. atlanticus and L. pilosus. Crosses of L. princei with other species resulted in shrivelled F, seed in all combinations. In contrast to previous reports, crosses of L. palaestinus with all other rough‐seeded lupins were incompatible as no F1 hybrids were obtained. Barriers to interspecific reproduction were identified as nucleo‐cytoplasmic and embryo‐endosperm incompatibility in unsuccessful crosses, and chromosomal imbalances in F1 hybrids. Gene transfer is possible among L. cosentinii, L. digitatus and L. atlanticus, which produced F2 seed. Patterns of chromosome configurations in F1 meiotic cells suggested that these species have at least two genomes partially in common, but include inversions and translocations. The genome of L. atlanticus is closer to L. digitatus than to L. cosentinii, and that of L. pilosus is closer to L. atlanticus than to L. cosentinii. L. princei appears to have an isolated genome within the rough‐seeded Lupinus species.
Performance of pearl millet isonuclear hybrids involving different cytoplasmic male‐sterility systems
Authors: Yadav O. P.
Published: April 2006

The performance of pearl millet hybrids involving four sources of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), including the most‐exploited A1 source, was compared to evaluate the effects of cytoplasm on grain yield. The mean grain yield of hybrids possessing A2, A3 and A4 cytoplasms was either similar to or significantly higher than that of their counterpart hybrids with A1 cytoplasm. Hybrids based on A3 and A4 cytoplasms produced, on average, 8% more grain compared with those based on A1 cytoplasm. This suggested that these CMS sources could be used as alternatives to A1 cytoplasm to widen the cytoplasmic base of hybrids. The results indicated that most of the variation in hybrids was accounted for by pollinator and cytoplasm × pollinator interactions, suggesting the use of genetically diverse pollinators in pearl millet hybrid breeding.
Influence of casting surfaces on fatigue strength of ductile cast iron
Authors: YAMABE J. , KOBAYASHI M.
Published: April 2006

Quantitatively evaluating the fatigue strength of ductile iron (DI) with casting surfaces involves several complicated factors such as surface roughness, transition of microstructures from surface to interior, several types of defects and residual stresses. Tension–compression fatigue tests have been performed using DI having casting surfaces composed of a ferritic structure, a ferrite‐pearlitic structure and a pearlitic structure. Residual stresses were relieved by annealing in order to separately evaluate each factor. The parameter model was applied for quantitative evaluation of fatigue strength. Surface roughness was considered to be mechanically equivalent to a defect, and the effective defect size due to the interaction between the surface roughness and a defect was defined. The present study proposes a method of evaluating the maximum defect size using statistics of extremes and the lower bound of the scatter of fatigue strength, for practical design.
Nurses at the forefront of innovation
Authors: Hughes F.
Published: April 2006

Background:  This paper is based on a presentation given by the author at the 23rd Quadrennial ICN Congress and 7th International Regulation Congress in Taipei in May 2005.

Aim:  Nurses worldwide are engaged in innovative practice on a daily basis. In most health systems across the world, nurses provide up to 80% of primary health care and are therefore well positioned to provide critically needed innovative solutions to many global health challenges. The aim of this paper is to increase awareness of the importance and value of innovations in nursing; provide an improved understanding of the contribution nurses make to innovation in health care; and increase understanding of the importance of creating environments that inspire innovation and help shape practice in new and improved ways.

Design:  This paper explores the concept of innovation, the inherent set of characteristics that need to be present in order for innovations to succeed, and the barriers that impede innovation from occurring.

Conclusion:  There are numerous examples of successful innovations worldwide that are developed and implemented by nurses, some of which are described in this paper. The paper concludes that organizations need to have a support climate that encourages creativity and innovation to occur.
The past, present and future of nurse education in Poland: stages, conditions and activities
Authors: Sztembis B.
Published: April 2006

Aim:  This paper describes the multidirectional activities recently completed to adapt nurse education in Poland to European standards.

Background:  The Polish system transformation and the changes that have taken place in health care since the 1980s required intensive effort and change in the nursing care and education systems of nurses and midwives.

Outcomes:  Changes accomplished include: (1) preparation and implementation of a nurse education model complying with European standards; (2) discontinuance of the previous system of nurse education taught at the secondary school level; and (3) adjusting the organization and post‐basic curricula of nurses and midwives to the actual needs of the society as well as for the nurses themselves.The goal of a uniform nurse education system in Poland that met European requirements motivated the Polish change agents. This change ensures the integration of Polish nurses with the nurses from Europe and other countries in their common endeavours to improve nursing care and health outcomes.

Conclusions:  The adopted changes in the system of nurse education resulted in uniformity of education and acceptance of bachelor’s level education, which complies with European standards as well as adjusting the post‐basic education to actual needs. Describing the substance and process of our work may be helpful to nurses in other countries who are working on their own models of nursing and healthcare restructuring.
Smoking among Greek nurses and their readiness to quit
Authors: Beletsioti‐Stika P. , Scriven A.
Published: April 2006

Aim and rationale:  The preventable nature of smoking‐associated diseases places a responsibility on health professionals for smoking‐related health promotion. This paper disseminates information from a survey of qualified Greek nurses, comparing smoking attitudes, influences on smoking behaviours and desire to quit with their motivation to act as health promoters with patients and other health professionals who smoke.

Method and sample:  A random sample (n = 402) of qualified nurses employed by hospitals in Athens was surveyed with a self‐administered questionnaire in a cross‐sectional survey which had a 73% response rate. Following quality control measures, a final sample of 308 was achieved.

Results:  Results showed that almost half of the nurses in the sample were current smokers, almost a quarter were former smokers, with just less than a third non‐smokers. Using the Stages of Change model as a measure, the survey reported that 11% of the smokers in the sample expressed a desire to stop within the next month, another 12% in the coming 6 months and 23% of current smokers were still in the pre‐contemplation stage. The main reasons given for continuing to smoke included using tobacco for enjoyment and as a coping mechanism for stress. Organizational problems were identified as the main source of stress. Finally, the majority of respondents confirmed the important part that they can play as role models in promoting health behaviours in their patients.

Conclusions:  Findings suggest that smoking prevalence among qualified Greek nurses is greater than that reported in the general Greek population. Implications and recommendations for nursing practice, education and research include the early provision of smoking education in nurse training. Interventions should be directed at nurses who smoke to assist them to stop and to maintain cessation according to their stages of change.
Some personality factors in reaction to aggressive stimuli1
Authors: Fraczek Adam , Macaulay Jacqueline R.
Published: April 2006

A word association test which included aggressive stimuli (weapon names) was given to college students. Those whose responses were relatively high or low in emotionality were asked to participate in a “study of stress reactions to electric shock” When the subject arrived at the laboratory, he and a partner were given tasks to perform The partner, a confederate of the experimenter, gave the subject an unfairly high number of shocks in judging the subject's performance The subject then judged the partner's work, using shock Half the subjects were in the apparently accidental presence of guns when given the chance to retaliate Among low‐emotionality subjects, the presence of guns increased the number of shocks given the partner, as Berkowitz and LePage found High‐emotionality subjects tended to give the partner longer shocks than low subjects, whether guns were present or not. In contrast to the low subjects, when guns were present, highs tended to give shocks of shorter duration and to report lowered anger, as if the aggressive stimuli had dampened the intensity of their reaction. The results as a whole indicate that the perceptual set for aggressive stimuli and the presence of such stimuli have an interactive effect on aggressive tendencies
Attitudes and action: The effects of behavioral intent and perceived effectiveness of acts
Authors: Rosen Benson , Komorita S. S.
Published: April 2006

Summary

Based on the assumption that an individual's behavioral intentions mediate the relationship between his attitudes and behaviors, an attempt was made to obtain a direct assessment of (a) subjects' intentions with regard to a series of acts varying in behavioral thresholds and (b) the perceived instrumentality of these acts for achieving one's goals After the reliability of the Intentions Scale was established, it was combined multiplicatively with ratings of perceived effectiveness to form a combined Action Potential Index (AP) The index resulted in significantly greater predictive validity than a conventional attitude assessment instrument.

A second study was undertaken to determine the consistency of the AP‐index across issues. The high correlations obtained for the AP‐index across three issues suggested the operation of an “activism” personality dimension
Anticipated compatibility as a function of attitude or status similarity1
Authors: Mehrabian Albert , Ksionzky Sheldon
Published: April 2006

Summary

Two experiments explored the effects of self‐other discrepancies in attitude or status on judgments of another's desirability as a companion It was found that increasing discrepancy in status or attitudes led to lower judgments of compatibility and liking In one experiment, similarity of attitudes of another was found to correlate with liking him, desire to befriend him, do favors for him, and possibly conform to him. The contribution of some personality measures to the relationship between similarity and anticipated compatibility was a major focus of the study The inhibitory effect of a target's status discrepancy was more pronounced for subjects who were more sensitive to rejection Also, between targets of equally discrepant status, there was a general preference to affiliate with the one whose status was higher than the one whose status was lower–an effect which was even more pronounced for subjects who were sensitive to rejection More anxious subjects judged themselves as generally less acceptable to others, particularly to others of higher status. When predicting attitudes on the basis of limited information, females showed a greater tendency than males to see others as similar to themselves Finally, persons holding different attitudes from one's own were judged as more harmful socially, a bias which was more pronounced in females than in males.
Productivity and uniqueness in continued word association as a function of subject creativity and stimulus properties
Authors: Piers Ellen V. , Kirchner Elizabeth P.
Published: April 2006

Summary

Ninety‐six male and 44 female college students gave written continued associations for 2 minutes to each of 24 stimulus words and then completed the Remote Associates Test and the Revised Art Scale No significant relationship was found between the creativity measures for either sex Few relationships, differing for males and females, were found between the creativity measures and associative productivity or uniqueness Productivity and uniqueness were found to be substantially related, and common responses occurred earlier in time than unique responses The properties of the stimulus words (frequency, form class, and slope of associative hierarchy) had marked effects on response productivity and uniqueness

The study confirms the strong impact of stimulus properties on associative productivity and demonstrates similar effects on uniqueness The creativity data, yielding weaker and less consistent relationships, are in keeping with a specificity theory but lend only limited support to Mednick's associative hypotheses.
Cognitive dissonance as a function of self‐esteem and logical inconsistency1
Authors: Cooper Joel , Duncan Birt L.
Published: April 2006

Summary

An experiment was conducted to test the importance of self‐esteem in the arousal of cognitive dissonance. Recently, Aronson (1969) suggested that the reason an attitude‐discrepant speech can arouse dissonance is that it is an indecent act committed by an individual who likes to think of himself as a good and decent person. Looking at counterattitudinal behavior as a discrepancy with one's self‐concept rather than as a logical discrepancy between behavioral and attitudinal cognitions differs from Festinger and Carlsnuth's (1959) original notion In the experiment reported, subjects volunteered to take a personality inventory and received either neutral, very favorable, or very unfavorable feedback In this way, subjects' level of self‐esteem was raised or lowered Following this procedure, subjects were induced to record a speech that was known to be discrepant with their private beliefs. They were offered either a small or a large inducement for their statements. It was predicted that, regardless of their level of self‐esteem, subjects would manifest the inverse relationship between incentive magnitude and attitude change predicted by dissonance theory The major analysis of the results, and the concomitant internal analysis, generally supported the prediction With one qualification, the results were held to be consistent with Festinger and Carlsmith's version of dissonance arousal and inconsistent with the self‐esteem analysis
Linking sexual and aggressive motives: Contributions of “irrelevant” arousals1
Authors: Barclay Andrew M.
Published: April 2006

Summary

One hundred thirty‐two male and female college undergraduates were randomly assigned to three different arousal conditions‐sex, anxiety, laughter‐and a nonaroused control, as a test of the hypothesis that aggressive and sexual imagery would appear only under conditions of sexual arousal. The subjects wrote four TAT stories, two to male‐dominant pictures and two to female‐dominant As predicted, the sexually aroused subjects wrote stories higher in sexual and aggressive imagery than did those in the other two arousal conditions, and the scores of those in the anxiety and laughter conditions were not significantly different from the controls'.

The results are discussed in terms of a connection between sex and aggression. Hull's theory of drive level and Schachter and Singer's nonspecific arousal are rejected as explanations for the results. Support is also given to earlier findings in the area.
Who volunteers for companionship with mental patients? A study of attitude‐belief‐intention relationships1
Authors: Fischer Edward H.
Published: April 2006

Summary

329 students were asked to join a companionship program for mental hospital patients. It was expected that the relationship between humanitarian attitudes and intention to participate would be stronger for subjects with benign beliefs than for subjects with unfavorable beliefs about patients The findings were (a) subjects’ intentions corresponded to their later joining (p<.001), and were unrelated to social desirability, (b) general helping and social‐responsibility attitudes correlated higher than did specific beliefs about patients, with willingness to become a companion, (c) attitude‐intention correlations were greatest for subjects with neutral beliefs, and weakest for subjects with benign beliefs (upsetting the main hypothesis), (d) the same pattern of correlations obtained in subgroups trichotomized on the basis of another scale (ostensibly unrelated to volunteering for companionship) which had an authoritarian component. Result (d) suggests that a personality factor, not beliefs about patients, moderated variations in the attitude‐intention relationship
Interpersonal aggression as a function of subject's sex, subject's sex role identification, opponent's sex, and degree of provocation1
Authors: Hoppe Christiane M.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Ninety‐five undergraduates served as subjects in an experiment where they could administer electric shock to an opponent and receive the same from an opponent. The independent variables were subject's sex, subject's sex role identification (as measured by the Bem Sex Role Inventory), opponent's sex, as well as degree of provocation from the opponent. Aggression was defined as level of shock chosen by the subject for the opponent. The results indicated that masculine subjects facing a male opponent were more aggressive than individuals of other sex role identifications whether or not they were provoked. It was also found that masculine males were more aggressive than other males or any of the females. Furthermore, opponent's sex influenced the males' aggressiveness but had no effect on the degree of aggression in females. Finally, aggression increased in all subjects following increases in provocation. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for psychological androgyny.
Autonomic arousal as a cognitive cue in stressful situations1
Authors: Gerdes Eugenia Proctor
Published: April 2006

Abstract

The need for further investigation and integration in a real world situation is demonstrated in a critical review of the literature on autonomic feedback and attribution of arousal in stressful situations. In the present study, actual autonomic arousal, arbitrary feedback of arousal, and attributions for arousal were manipulated in a dental clinic where the subjects were awaiting oral surgery. The main prediction was that cognized arousal (due either to perception of actual arousal or to arbitrary feedback about arousal level) in the absence of a nonemotional attribution for that cognized arousal would lead to higher subjective report of anxiety and to greater avoidance than would be found with either of these conditions unmet. The results on the subjective report measure generally supported this hypothesis. In addition, arbitrary feedback about arousal level did not interact with the actual arousal manipulation; nor did it produce changes in pulse rate or blood pressure, further supporting a cognitive interpretation of the effects of autonomic arousal on subjective report. However, the study illustrates difficulties in inducing beneficial beliefs in the real world. And the manipulations generally did not affect the behavioral measure, probably due to the expected consequences of that behavior.
Posed and spontaneous communication of emotion via facial and vocal cues1
Authors: Zuckerman Miron , Larrance Deborah T. , Hall Judith A. , DeFrank Richard S. , Rosenthal Robert
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Subjects' facial expressions were videotaped without their knowledge while they watched two pleasant and two unpleasant videotaped scenes (spontaneous facial encoding). Later, subjects' voices were audiotaped while describing their reactions to the scenes (vocal encoding). Finally, subjects were videotaped with their knowledge while they posed appropriate facial expressions to the scenes (posed facial encoding). The videotaped expressions were presented for decoding to the same subjects. The vocal material, both the original version and an electronically filtered version, was rated by judges other than the original senders. Results were as follows: (a) accuracy of vocal encoding (measured by ratings of both the filtered and unfiltered versions) was positively related to accuracy of facial encoding; (b) posing increased the accuracy of facial communication, particularly for more pleasant affects and less intense affects; (c) encoding of posed cues was correlated with encoding of spontaneous cues and decoding of posed cues was correlated with decoding of spontaneous cues; (d) correlations, within encoding and decoding, of similar scenes were positive while those among dissimilar scenes were low or negative; (e) while correlations between total encoding and total decoding were positive and low, correlations between encoding and decoding of the same scene were negative; (f) there were sex differences in decoding ability and in the relationships of personality variables with encoding and decoding of facial cues.
Implicit personality theory: Is it illusory?1
Authors: Jackson Douglas N. , Chan David W. , Stricker Lawrence J.
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Several studies have found a substantial association between subjects' judgments about the co‐occurrence of personality items and the items' actual co‐occurrence, lending support to the validity of implicit personality theory. This work has recently been called into question by an investigation of Mirels (1976) that reported a nonsignificant relationship between judged probabilities of item pairs and the pairs' empirical coendorsement probabilities (actually calculated conditional probabilities) derived from self‐report responses. Using Mirels' data as well as new data, an appreciable and highly significant association between judgments of behavioral co‐occurrence and empirical coendorsement was found, when the latter was measured by correlational‐type indexes instead of conditional probability. This outcome indicates that the divergent results in the Mirels investigation were due to its use of the conditional probability index as a measure of empirical coendorsement. These findings add to the accumulating body of evidence pointing to the validity of implicit personality theory.
Effects of an observer on eating behavior: The induction of “sensible” eating1
Authors: Herman C. Peter , Polivy Janet , Silver Roxane
Published: April 2006

Abstract

An experiment was conducted to investigate the extent of caloric compensation to differential preloading among normally restrained and unrestrained female subjects. Subjects' eating was either explicitly observed or unobserved by the experimenter. Unrestrained eaters compensated appropriately for the preload, whether or not they were observed. Restrained eaters failed to compensate when unobserved, but compensated strongly when observed. A subsequent unobserved eating task revealed that restrained eaters failed to compensate for prior consumption when the observer was withdrawn. Implications for research and therapy are discussed.
Personality correlates of attitudes toward the role and status of women in Ireland1
Authors: Fine‐Davis Margret
Published: April 2006

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to examine the possible relationships between personality and related social‐psychological characteristics, on the one hand, and attitudes toward sex‐roles and issues relevant to the status of women, on the other. The sample consisted of 420 male and female Dublin adults aged 18 to 65, who were randomly selected within stratification categories. Factor analytically derived measures of personality and related social‐psychological characteristics were developed as well as similarly derived measures of attitudes toward the role and status of women. Composite scores on these two sets of factors were intercorrelated for the total sample and for males and females separately. The correlational analyses revealed that traditional sex‐role attitudes and less favorable attitudes to equal pay, contraception, and maternal employment were significantly correlated with measures of religiosity. Traditional attitudes and opposition to social change in the area of sex‐role behavior were also found to be positively correlated with less trust in people, feelings of self‐deprecation and powerlessness, and a need for order and predictability. Analysis of variance and path analysis were used to explore the possible mediating role played by demographic characteristics, such as age and socioeconomic status, in these relationships.
Effects of purpose on the organization and recall of information in person perception1
Authors: Jeffery Katharine M. , Mischel Walter
Published: April 2006

Abstract

The first study investigated how the purpose for which information about a person is to be used affects the way a perceiver organizes the information. Subjects were asked to categorize and label episodes which described the behavior of a fictional person “Jill” in 64 different situations, and to summarize what each category meant to them. Half of the episodes were easily categorized according to the traits that Jill manifested, half according to features of the situations. One group (personality impression) expected later to describe Jill's personality, a second group (prediction) expected to make predictions about Jill's behavior, and a third group (recall) expected to be tested on their recall of the episodes. The results indicated that subjects in the behavior prediction group categorized the episodes primarily in terms of the personality characteristics Jill portrayed, just as the personality impression group did. In contrast, only the categories formed by the recall group paralleled the built‐in structure of the episodes, i.e., they were as often based on features of the situation as on Jill's personality characteristics. A second study showed that the categorization strategies of the recall subjects actually did produce higher recall than those of the personality impression and behavior prediction subjects. The results were interpreted as suggesting that when making behavioral predictions, just as when forming impressions, the layman, like the traditional trait psychologist, prefers to organize information in terms of personality constructs rather than in a way that facilitates retrieval of everything that happened in specific situations. The cognitive costs as well as the gains produced by this strategy merit further scrutiny.
Toward an interactional psychology: Models from achievement motivation research1
Authors: Nygård Roald
Published: April 2006

Motivated by calls from interactional psychology for theories and studies involving both personality and situation variables, two achievement motivation theories of personality‐by‐situation interaction illustrated by data are presented. It is shown how a pure personological or situational approach can lead us astray, how differences in behavior from situation to situation or over time can be predicted from personality and situation variables incorporated in achievement motivation theory, and how achievement motivation research bears on issues of interactional psychology like situation analysis, the consistency issue, situations as activators of motivational forces, and stored/situational information in the mediating process. The mechanistic/dynamic interaction distinction is discussed, and it is asserted that there is not necessarily a contradiction between these conceptualizations.
Type A behavior, academic aspirations, and academic success1
Authors: Ovcharchyn Christine A. , Johnson Homer H. , Petzel Thomas P.
Published: April 2006

This study investigated the link between the Type A coronary‐prone behavior pattern and attainment of success in an academic setting. First semester college freshmen were administered 3 sets of questionnaires during the course of the fall semester that were designed to assess academic activities, outside responsibilities, and importance of academic success. Indices of actual academic performance were obtained from university records. The hypotheses that Type A students (1) would be involved in more activities, (2) place greater importance on academic success, and (3) actually achieve higher performance levels than Type B students, were confirmed. In addition, the results found that compared to Type B, the Type A students perceived more parental pressure, came from higher SES families, and were more clear as to what was expected of them. Implications for further research are discussed.
The family relationships of humor‐oriented adolescents1
Authors: Prasinos Steven , Tittler Bennett I.
Published: April 2006

It was hypothesized that humor‐oriented people emerge from a pattern of distance in family relationships. Using Moos's (1974) Family Environment Scale (FES) and Kuethe's (1962) figure‐placement technique, the family experience of 88 Boy Scouts was assessed. Through a peer nomination technique nonhumor‐oriented, middle, and humor‐oriented groups were formed. As predicted, the humor‐oriented group exhibited lower cohesion scores (p <.01) and greater conflict scores (p <.10) on the FES and greater distance from father in the figure placement (p <.05). A subgroup of humor‐oriented boys receiving high ratings for funniness displayed similar though somewhat more general patterns of family distance. Humor orientation was modestly associated with popularity but not with age, birth order, or number of siblings. A family‐distance model of humor orientation was proposed which views humor as an attempt to relate from a distance. This framework appears to be consistent with a variety of earlier findings pertaining to the psychology of humor.