bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Vitro and In Vivo Removal of Anti‐A Erythrocyte Antibody by Adsorption to a Synthetic Immunoadsorbent
Authors: Bensinger W. I. , Baker D. A. , Buckner C. D. , Clift R. A. , Thomas E. D.
Published: December 2004

A solid‐phase immunoadsorbent column using blood group A trisaccharide was tested in vitro and in vivo in dogs. This column was demonstrated to specifically remove anti‐A antibody from human plasma in vitro and in vivo dogs specifically immunized with synthetic human blood group A trisaccharide. These studies indicate that this technique will be useful in removing anti‐A and B antibody in marrow transplant recipients of incompatible marrow.
Effects of centrifugation leukapheresis with hydroxyethyl starch on the complement system of granulocyte donors
Authors: McLeod B.C. , Sassetti R.J.
Published: December 2004

In granulocyte donors during centrifugation leukapheresis (CL), total hemolytic complement, Clq, C3, factor B, and properdin decreased, but only to the extent expected from hemodilution. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis showed no C3 conversion in plasma obtained from the leukapheresis appeared during CL or in donor plasma immediately after CL. When serum was incubated with hydroxyethyl starch, total hemolytic complement did not decrease and C3 conversion was not detected by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. This investigation revealed no evidence that complement activation is associated with CL.
Effect of microaggregate blood filtration on platelet concentrates in vitro
Authors: Snyder E.L. , Hezzey A. , Cooper‐Smith M. , James R.
Published: December 2004

In order to determine if platelet concentrate could be transfused through microaggregate filters, platelets collected in CPD and CPDA‐1 preservatives were passed through the currently available microaggregate blood filters. Both clean filters and filters preloaded with two units of outdated whole blood were studied. Prefiltration and postfiltration testing included determination of platelet count, per cent maximal ADP aggregation, release of B‐thromboglobulin, and morphologic examination using electron microscopy. Compared to the prefiltration values, those for postfiltration showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) for any of the microaggregate filters tested. Filtration itself did not appear to affect platelet morphology. Unlike the platelets in stored concentrates, however, a significant (p < 0.05) number of the platelets contained in fresh whole blood (27 to 45%) were removed by depth‐type microaggregate filters. Platelets remaining in the filter residual volume could be readily eluted by rinsing with crystalloid or colloid solutions. Due to development of an in vitro storage lesion, platelet concentrates can be transfused through new or used microaggregate filters without loss of platelet number or changes in platelet function as measured in vitro.
Leukocyte‐poor red blood cells prepared by the addition and removal of glycerol from red blood cell concentrates stores at 4 C
Authors: Kurtz S.R. , Valeri D.A. , Melaragno A.J. , Gray A. , Vecchione J.J. , Emerson C.P. , Valeri C.R.
Published: December 2004

Glycerol was added to and removed from red blood cells to prepare red blood cells free of white blood cells, platelets, and plasma protein. The red blood cells were stored in the primary polyvinylchloride (PVC) plastic collection bag for up to eight days. Red blood cell concentrates not treated with glycerol were washed either within four to six hours of collection or after seven days of storage at 4 C. Red blood cells mixed with glycerol were either washed immediately after addition or were equilibrated for 15 minutes at room temperature before washing. Leukocyte removal was influenced by the length of storage of the red blood cell concentrate at 4 C after collection and by the equilibration of the red blood cell‐glycerol mixture prior to washing. The greatest number of leukocyte was removed when red blood cell concentrates were stored at 4 C for at least five days, mixed with glycerol solution, and the red blood cell‐glycerol mixture equilibrated for 15 minutes before washing the Haemonetics Blood Processor 115. Leukocyte‐poor red blood cells prepared by this procedure have been shown to be safe and effective in eliminating febrile transfusion reactions.
A simple technique for enhancing the sensitivity of a commercial solid‐ phase radioimmunoassay for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)
Authors: Nath N. , Fang C.T. , Dodd R.Y.
Published: December 2004

A simple procedural modification of a commercial solid‐phase radioimmunoassay technique resulted in increased sensitivity for detecting HBsAg. The main feature of the modification consisted of agitation of the sample and solid‐phase antibody during the first incubation. This was achieved by dispensing the bead and sample into a vial and rotating the vial gently during the incubation period. The modified technique resulted in the detection of HBsAg in the range of 1.0 to 1.2 ng/ml (ay subtype) and 0.16 to 0.38 ng/ml (ad subtype). Samples that were reactive by the rotation technique could be shown to be specific by using an immunological neutralization test. Plasma as well as serum could be tested by the rotation technique and gave comparable results when samples were incubated at 45 C or at room temperature. Three (1.3%) of 227 donor samples containing anti‐HBc as the sole hepatitis B marker were specifically reactive for HBsAg by the modified procedure, although no sample was reactive by the standard technique.
Comparative morphology of granulocytes collected by three methods of leukapheresis
Authors: Feliu E. , Woessner S. , Matutes E. , Cardellach F. , Granena A. , Marin P. , Puig L. , Vives‐Corrons J.L. , Montserrat E. , Rozman C.
Published: December 2004

The morphology of granulocytes collected by continuous‐flow centrifugation (CFC), discontinuous‐flow centrifugation (DFC), and continuous‐flow filtration (CFF) was investigated in 18 healthy donors by means of light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Light microscopy study of semithin sections of granulocytes collected by CFC and DFC showed minimal morphologic abnormalities, compared to granulocytes procured by CFF. Ultrastructural study of granulocytes procured by CFF showed more conspicuous qualitative and quantitative abnormalities (the most prominent being “microvilli,” degranulation, and bazarre chromatin) than in granulocytes obtained by the other two methods. Controls showed that the bulk of CFF‐cell abnormalities was due to the “tapping” of the filters. Factors such as the mechanical compression (plasma extractor) used in DFC method, donor pretreatment with anticoagulants and steroids, hydroxyethyl starch, and duration of leukapheresis scarcely influenced granulocyte morphology.
Cryopreservation of human platelets with polyvinylpyrrolidone
Authors: Smillie J.A. , Munro A.C. , Wood G.C. , Mitchell R.
Published: December 2004

Fourteen polymeric compounds were assessed for their abilities to protect human platelets from injury during freezing and thawing. The effect of polymer concentration and molecular weight, cooling rate, platelet concentration, and short‐term storage on platelet recovery were studied. Polyvinylpyrrolidone, average molecular weight 10,000, was found to provide the greatest degree of protection to platelets. Recoveries of platelets of from 60 to 80 per cent were achieved using a 5 per cent final concentration of polyvinylpyrrolidone and a cooling rate of 8 C per minute. Methods of freezing small aliquots of platelets and platelet concentrates were developed. The frozen‐thawed platelets were viable in vitro as shown by osmotic reversal, clot retraction, and aggregation by collagen and adenosine diphosphate. The techniques described could be developed readily to facilitate the long‐term storage of platelets.
Surveillance for posttransfusion hepatitis by a community hospital. Another view
Authors: Wenk R.E. , Brewer M.K. , Bass G. , Bishop K.
Published: December 2004

A critical appraisal of a recent AABB recommendation for hepatitis surveillance was undertaken. As part of the program, a formal, mailed inquiry was sent to physicians whose patients were transfused six months earlier. The replies did not provide an effective means of detecting posttransfusion hepatitis, and cost of the program was high. Although the method served as a useful reminder to physicians that transfusion‐associated hepatitis is a reportable disease, caution is warranted in implementing such screening.
The crossmatch
Authors: Oberman H.A
Published: December 2004

First described in 1907, the crossmatch has been in a constant state of modification since that time. Major milestones in the evolution of the test include demonstration of the relative importance of red blood cell typing and of the matching test, development of rapid techniques for the test, advent of high protein, antiglobulin and enzyme techniques, and resolution of issues related to the minor crossmatch and the need for complement in the test.
M and N specific hemagglutinins of human erythrocytes stored in glucose solutions
Authors: Morel P.A. , Bergren M.O. , Hill V. , Garratty G. , Perkins H. A.
Published: December 2004

Alloagglutinins of M and N specificites with unique characteristics found in normal sera are described. Specific M or N agglutination by these sera occurred only when erythrocytes had been exposed to glucose‐ containing solutions. Conversion to the form of MN recognized by these sera required incubation of the cells in 1 to 2% glucose buffered to physiological or alkaline pH and was dependent on time and temperature of exposure, occurring in hours at 37 C and in days at 4 C. The sera appeared to be detecting an antigenic structure in which interaction between glucose and the amino group of the N‐terminal amino acid of the MN receptor has produced a new specificity, analogous to the action of formaldehyde on N receptors and the resulting N‐like structure detected by sera from hemodialysis patients.
Elution of human granulocytes from nylon fibers by means of repulsive van der Waals forces
Authors: Absolom D.R. , Van Oss C.J , Neumann A.W.
Published: December 2004

A novel method for the isolation of granulocytes from nylon fibers is described. It is modification of filtration leukapheresis based on cellular surface thermodynamics. The system takes into account both electrical and van der Waals forces. The elution buffer contains a chelating agent and a surface active agent which lowers the surface tension of the liquid to a value intermediate between that of the surface tensions of the nylon fibers and of the granulocytes. Thus, the attractive van der Waals interaction between the fibers and the granulocytes becomes a repulsion. This results in a two‐ to threefold increase in cell yield. Phagocytosis, candicidal activity, and oxygen consumption did not appear to be affected through the isolation procedure. By both light and transmission electron microscopy the isolated granulocytes appeared to be morphologically intact.
The use of microaggregate filtration in the prevention of febrile transfusion reactions
Authors: Schned A.R. , Silver H.
Published: December 2004

A simplified preparation of leukocyte‐poor blood (LPB), employing microaggregate filtration following centrifugation, was compared with three other commonly used and accepted methods. The study group was comprised of 1,283 patients who received a total of 14,561 units of LPB. Of those, 361 patients received 2,235 units of LPB following a primary febrile reaction, and 922 patients received 12,326 units of LPB prophylactically. In both patient populations the microaggregate filtration method proved at least as effective as the inverted spin method and was clearly superior to the buffy coat‐poor method in preventing febrile transfusion reactions.
Plasma protein fraction
Authors: Ng P. K. , Fournel M. A.
Published: December 2004

The vasodilative effects associated with the use of sodium acetate have been reported in the literature. Preparations of plasma protein fraction (PPF) substantially free of this vasodilator were developed. This paper presents and discusses experimental work on the improved product.
A prospective double‐blind study of plasma exchange therapy for the acroparesthesia of Fabry's disease
Authors: Braine H.G. , Pyeritz R.E. , Folstein M.F. , Moser H.B. , Ullman M.D.
Published: December 2004

During a study of the effect of plasma exchange on glycosphingolipid metabolism, a patient with Fabry's disease noted a dramatic improvement in his painful acroparesthesia. A controlled study was therefore undertaken. Observations were made of nerve conduction times, graded exercise testing, and psychometric evaluations during and after two planned series of three plasma exchanges: one a true plasma exchange and the other a “sham” control in which the patient received his own plasma. All observers and the patient were blinded and unanimously attributed beneficial results to the sham procedure. This study demonstrates the need for controlled studies in diseases prone to unpredictable exacerbation or spontaneous remission and outlines one possible technique of controlling studies involving plasma exchange.
Automated suspension of washed erythrocytes in fresh‐frozen plasma for exchange transfusion
Authors: Wenk R.E. , Masucol E. , Brewer M.K.
Published: December 2004

Stored red blood cells may be automatically saline washed and resuspended in fresh‐frozen plasma to yield a final product with any hematocrit that is desired. The technique provides for rapid processing and issue of blood and minimal risk of contamination of the unit. Red blood cells are more readily available than whole blood, and their use, with fresh‐frozen plasma, in exchange transfusion, provides similar advantages, including low potassium content and normal content of procoagulants and bilirubin binding capacity. The method of reconstruction is based on calculations that use empirically determined estimates of average hematocrit and specific gravity of red blood cells and the volumetric flow characteristics of a programmable IBM 2991 Blood Processor. Only the weight of the stored red blood cell unit is required as a measurement at the time of preparing the resuspended cells. Quality‐control studies of the final hematocrit indicates a 2.4 per cent standard deviation from a target value of 55 per cent.
Complement changes during granulocyte adhesion
Authors: Strauss R.G. , Spitzer R.E. , Stitzel A.E. , Urmson J.R.
Published: December 2004

The granulocyte adherence assay was investigated as a potential in vitro model of filtration leukapheresis to study the effects produced on the complement system by passing anticoagulated blood through columns packed with nylon fibers. Complement activation per se was found not to be a prerequisite for the simple attachment of neutrophils to nylon fibers in this system, because none of the complement components studied were consumed in blood freely flowing through or incubated within adherence columns. Moreover, concentrations of the B antigenic determinant of C3 were unchanged, an indication that this pivotal component had not been cleaved. Although not required for adherence, complement activation is probably initiated by the process of neutrophil attachment, because chemotactic activity was generated. The precise nature of this activity was not identified, but information from previous studies of filtration leukapheresis and granulocyte adherence suggests the possibility of complement origin.
Red cell storage for 56 days in modified DPD‐adenine. An in vitro evaluation
Authors: Moore G.L. , Ledford M.E. , Unruh K.A. , Brummell M.R.
Published: December 2004

The modified CPD‐adenine anticoagulants CPDA‐2 and CPDA‐3 were developed to improve red blood cell storage to 35 days, since CPDA‐1 was found marginal at 35 days in high hematocrit samples. In this study red blood cell storage was extended to 56 days. In vitro correlates of viability were monitored to determine the feasibility of evaluating in vivo the ability of CPDA‐2 and CPDA‐3 to extend storage past 35 days. The data suggest that red blood cells stored up to 56 days may have acceptable viability, providing the possibility of extended storage for the military and certain special civilian situations.
51Chromium survival of Yt(a+) red cells as a determinant of the in vivo significance of anti‐Yta
Authors: Davey R.J. , Simpkins S.S.
Published: December 2004

A case is presented in which anti‐Yta produced a moderately accelerated removal of chromium‐labeled Yt(a+) red blood cells (T1/2, 96 hours). Other reported examples of anti‐Yta either have rapidly removed transfused Yt(a+) red blood cells or have permitted apparently normal survival of these cells. In light of this wide variation in in vivo potency of anti‐Yta, it is recommended that chromium red blood cell survival studies be done before transfusion of Yt(a+) red blood cells in sensitized individuals.
The in vitro effect of anti‐A and anti‐AB alloantibodies on group A and AB Platelets
Authors: Skinnider L.F. , Taylor D.
Published: December 2004

There is no evidence of ultrastructural damage as assessed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy on the exposure of group A and AB human platelets to the appropriate anti‐A and anti‐AB alloantibody and complement. There was also no evidence of platelet aggregation under the above circumstances. These in vitro findings support the view that an ABO mismatch is not an absolute contraindication to platelet transfusion.
Granulocyte transfusion therapy in chronic granulomatous disease
Authors: Yomtovian R. , Abramson J. , Quie P. , McCullough J.
Published: December 2004

A 16‐year‐old boy with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and multiple Staphylococcus aureus hepatic abscesses failed to respond to intense antimicrobial therapy and surgical drainage procedures. He was started on a 13‐day course of daily granulocyte transfusions obtained by intermittent‐flow leukapheresis (haemonetics Model 30 [Braintree, Massachusetts]) utilizing hydroxyethyl starch. Each transfusion contained an average of 9 × l09 granulocytes. He defervesced on the seventh transfusion day, and the sedimentation rate returned to normal on the thirteenth transfusion day. Radionuclide scan showed decrease in size of the liver abscesses. No other new therapeutic modalities were attempted during the period of granulocyte transfusion. Although the use of granulocyte transfusion has been suggested to treat infections in CGD, we report the first successful use of granulocyte transfusion therapy in S. aureus abscess disease in CGD. Granulocyte transfusions may be helpful in treating infections refractory to standard medical‐surgical management in patients with CGD and other disorders of neutrophil function.
Role of the crossmatch in testing for serologic incompatibility
Authors: Oberman H. A. , Barnes B. A. , Steiner E. A.
Published: December 2004

Nine unexpected antibodies of unquestioned clinical significance were detected when the major crossmatch was performed on 31,320 pretransfusion blood samples from 8969 patients whose screening test for unexpected antibodies was nonreactive. Three of the antibodies retrospectively were found to manifest a positive screening test. Another antibody was not detected by the antibody screening test due to an error in preparation of the screening red blood cells. The overriding importance of the major crossmatch is the assurance of ABO compatibility between donor blood and recipient. Therefore, while this study does not resolve whether the antiglobulin phase of the procedure might be considered optional, the major crossmatch should not be eliminated.
Chloroquine dissociation of antigen‐antibody complexes
Authors: Edwards J. M. , Moulds J. J. , Judd W. J.
Published: December 2004

We have investigated a method using the quinoline derivative chloroquine diphosphate (200 mg/ml, pH 5.0) to dissociate antibody without denaturing red blood cell antigens. All samples treated with chloroquine diphosphate demonstrated some dissociation of the coating immunoglobulin, and in most cases, the ability to dissociate the coating immunoglobulin was related to the strength of the direct antiglobulin test (DAT). Complete dissociation of antibody was observed in 22 of 40 strongly in vitro sensitized samples and 47 of 56 in vivo sensitized specimens, with no apparent loss of ABH, Rh, MNSs, P1, Lewis, Kell, Duffy, or Kidd antigens. We have found the chloroquine dissociation technique to be of value in the examination of red blood cells with a positive DAT, either for the qualitative or quantitative expression of antigens.
Successful exchange transfusion of an infant for AIHA developing late in mother's pregnancy
Authors: Lawe J. E.
Published: December 2004

A 25‐year‐old woman with apparently inactive Hodgkin's disease developed fulminant autoimmune hemolytic anemia in the 37th week of pregnancy. The baby required four exchange transfusions for hyperbilirubinemia. The same IgG antibody was found in mother and infant.
Rapid access to blood bank records on microfilm
Authors: Sherman L. A. , Dorner I. , Koster B. , Inkster M.
Published: December 2004

A rapid data retrieval system for blood banks is described based on a computer service generated index to microfilm records. Use of microfilm for the index and a reader/printer for the microfilm permits “hard copy” of old records within minutes. This approach has resulted in more rapid and efficient access to back records with a substantial decrease in space requirements, and without computer hardware costs.
Reproducible in vitro preparation of intermediate C3d coated red blood cells
Authors: Hoffmann N. L. , Monroe M. C. , Chaplin H.
Published: December 2004

As a standardizing reagent and/or as a positive control for the anti‐ C3d reactivity of antiglobulin reagents, test red blood cells (RBC) reproducibly coated with “C3d only” (i.e. lacking other complement components and immunoglobulins) are essential. We have prepared RBC coated by intermediate amounts of C3d. Two approaches to varying the amount of C3d bound to RBC were studied: a) variation in Mg++ concentration and b) dilution of donor plasma. The amount of C3d bound to RBC was assessed both by agglutination reactions with serial dilutions of a standard anti‐C3d serum and by quantitation of bound anti‐C3d with 125I‐labeled anti‐antiglobulin serum. Marked individual donor differences were encountered in response to varying Mg++ concentration and to dilution of donor plasma; no single set of conditions could be employed to produce a desired intermediate C3d‐ coated RBC from all donors. Examples of variations to be expected with both manipulations are illustrated, along with studies of conditions under which the standard deviation for bound C3d on intermediate C3d‐ coated RBC made from 5‐donor pools was less than 10%.
A ‘new’ high frequency antigen Era
Authors: Daniels G. L. , Judd W. John , Moore B. P. L. , Neitzer G. , Ouellet P. , Plantos M. , Verrette S.
Published: December 2004

Three examples of an antibody defining a ‘new’ high frequency red blood cell antigen, Era, are described. Family studies show Era to be inherited, but the mode of inheritance may not be straightforward.
Effects of hydroxyethyl starch on erythrocyte typing and blood crossmatching
Authors: Daniels M. J. , Strauss R. G. , Smith‐Floss A. M.
Published: December 2004

Venous blood was mixed with varying amounts of 6% hydroxyethyl starch solution in vitro and also blood samples were obtained from leukapheresis donors who had received infusions of hydroxyethyl starch. These specimens were evaluated as to the accuracy of erythrocyte typing, direct antiglobulin‐testing, and antibody detection using saline, albumin, low‐ionic strength saline and papain media. Specimens were stored at 4 degrees C, and testing was repeated at intervals during one week. Moderate difficulties were encountered, due to rouleaux formation, in the interpretation of typing and antibody screening in some samples that contained greater than 30 percent of the hydroxyethyl starch solution. Rouleaux formation was readily dispersed with saline and could easily be distinguished from true agglutination by microscopic examination. Although the apparent difficulties were not extreme, blood bank personnel should be alerted to the potentially misleading effects of hydroxyethyl starch on test results.
Thimerosal dependent agglutination, a newly described blood bank problem
Authors: Shulman I. A. , Hasz L. A. , Simpson R. B.
Published: December 2004

A number of ABO grouping, Rh typing, antibody screening, and antibody identification problems are associated with chemicals in blood bank reagents. We describe a newly discovered agglutination phenomenon due to a thimerosal (Merthiolate)‐dependent agglutinin found in the serum of a normal blood donor. Thimerosal is used as a preservative in several low‐ionic strength reagents. This agglutination phenomenon is detected only in test systems (low‐ionic‐strength, albumin, saline, ficin treated test cells) in which test cells are incubated in the presence of thimerosal. Agglutination does not occur in the absence of thimerosal. The thimerosal‐dependent agglutinin behaves like an IgG IgG autoantibody. There is no evidence that the thimerosal‐dependent agglutinin is responsible for increased red cell destruction.
Clinical significance of the anti‐complement component of antiglobulin antisera
Authors: Howard J. E. , Winn‐Donham L. C. , Gottlieb C. E. , Grumet F. C. , Garratty G. , Petz L. D.
Published: December 2004

The need for anti‐complement (anti‐C') activity in antiglobulin antisera (AHG) for the detection of clinically significant antibodies was evaluated during a three‐year period. While performing routine compatibility testing using standard blood banking procedures, eight patients were found whose antibodies were detectable primarily or only by AHG containing anti‐C' activity; monospecific anti‐igG AHG gave weak or negative reactions. Seven of the antibodies were anti‐jka or jkb. Two of the anti‐jka antibodies were responsible for clinically unsuspected delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions. The anti‐jkb antibody resulted in a shortened survival of incompatible 51Cr‐labelled red blood cells. The incidence of such “complement‐only” Kidd antibodies was 23 percent of all Kidd antibodies found. These data suggest that the omission of anti‐C' in AHG in routine compatability testing could result in substantial risk of failure to detect clinically significant antibodies.
Logistics of platelet production: platelet concentrate from one‐day‐old blood stored at 10 degrees C
Authors: Rácz Z. , Harsányi V.
Published: December 2004

Platelet concentrates were prepared from blood stored at 18 to 20 hours at either 10 ± 2 degrees C or 16 ± 2 degrees C. Platelets prepared from blood stored at 10 degrees C had good in vitro properties. The results were not distinguishable from those obtained with freshly‐ isolated platelets. The in vivo effectiveness of platelets prepared in this manner must be established.
Assessment of the optimal anticoagulant solution for storage of whole blood samples prior to measurement of platelet‐associated IgG
Authors: Gibbons S. , Kelton J. G.
Published: December 2004

The complexity of assays used to measure platelet‐associated IgG (PAIgG) often requires blood samples to be sent to a central laboratory, In order to determine the optimal storage conditions, we measured PAIgG, platelet recovery, and platelet size serially over several days in whole blood samples obtained from healthy individuals. Blood was collected into EDTA, acid‐citrate‐dextrose (ACD) and citrate‐ phosphate‐dextrose‐adenine (CPD‐A) with and without the fixative paraformaldehyde (P). The level of PAIgG remained with normal limits in all samples stored for up to six days in the ACD, the CPD‐A and the CPD‐ A‐P samples. The least drop in platelet count and change in platelet size occurred in the ACD and CPD‐A samples. Blood collected into EDTA plus paraformaldehyde was less satisfactory, with PAIgG rising by day three in some samples, and a decline in the platelet count occurring by day two. Specimens collected into EDTA alone were least satisfactory, with a rise in PAIgG by 24 hours after collection. Collection of whole blood into either ACD or CPD‐A and storage at 22 degrees C allows a good recovery of platelets whose level of PAIgG is unchanged for up to six days.
Serum alanine aminotransferase in blood donors: activity distribution and effect of phenotype
Authors: Savage B. , Sayers M. H. , Giblett E. R.
Published: December 2004

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) phenotype and serum activities were determined in 200 random volunteer blood donors. Serum enzyme activities were not significantly affected by the ALT phenotype (p greater than 0.1). Studies on 500 random volunteer blood donors showed significant differences in serum ALT levels between male and female donors (p less than 0.001). Elevated serum ALT levels were more commonly found in male donors; the frequency of male donors with levels of 45 IU/l or higher was 2.5 percent compared with 0.9 percent in female donors. The frequency of donors with serum ALT levels of 80 IU/l or higher was 0.6 percent of the total donor population sampled.
Specificity of an assay for antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen
Authors: Nath N. , Fang C. T. , Dodd R. Y.
Published: December 2004

Eight percent of blood donors were found to have antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen when tested by radioimmunoassay using commercial test kits. Four percent of positive reactions proved nonspecific when tested by the neutralization test using pooled surface antigen. The risks in relying solely on the reactivity in commercial‐ kit suggested that the specificity of the assay must be confirmed.
Response to chronic leukapheresis procedures and survival of chronic myelogenous leukemia patients
Authors: McCredle K. B. , Freireich E. J. , Hester J. P.
Published: December 2004

Cytoreduction of leukemic leukocytosis by continuous flow centrifugation was used in an intermittent or intensive schedule as primary therapy for an average of sixteen months for management of fifteen patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. The clinical responses and subsequent survival of the patients was studied. Hematologic and chemical changes related to the procedures and the multiple infusions of the sedimenting agent, hydroxyethyl starch, were also studied. This mode of primary therapy offered no survival advantages to patients. There were no adverse effects of the repeated use of the sedimenting agent observed.
Therapeutic leukapheresis in a patient with hairy cell leukemia presenting with a white cell count greater than 500,000 /microliter
Authors: Worsley A. , Gordon R. , Reilly M. , Ambinder E. P. , Conjalka M. , Cuttner J.
Published: December 2004

A 49‐year‐old man presented with anemia, thrombocytopenia, and white cell count over 500,000 /microliters. Studies were diagnostic of hairy cell leukemia. Splenectomy was considered hazardous because of his general poor condition and the danger of leukostasis from the high white cell count. He was managed with leukapheresis with reduction in the white cell count from 556,000 /microliters to 20,000 /microliters followed by an uneventful splenectomy. Leukapheresis should be considered for patients with hairy cell leukemia and extremely elevated white cell counts.
Transfusion therapy and HLA antibody response in patients undergoing open heart surgery
Authors: Fauchet R. , Genetet B. , Gueguen M. , Leguerrier A. , Rioux C. , Logeais Y.
Published: December 2004

HLA antibody formation was studied in 212 patients undergoing open‐ heart surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass in relation to the following variables: sex, obstetric history, transfusion history, quantity and nature of blood products transfused, type of oxygenator used, duration of bypass, and time of assay. Postoperative alloimmunization was seen in 33.6 percent of males and 64.3 percent of females. Previous pregnancy seemed to favor the development of antibody. No statistically significant correlation was noted between alloimmunization and the amount of blood products transfused. The best time for assay was day eight following surgery.
Evaluation of a new blood grouping instrument
Authors: Rowe A. L. , Stadtmiller P. L. , Casey M. D. , Ellis F. R.
Published: December 2004

A fully automated blood grouping machine, that has recently been introduced was evaluated. The instrument incorporates bar‐coded sample identification and a laser scanning device to eliminate potential sample/result errors. A microprocessor interprets results, thus eliminating subjective interpretation. Ninety‐seven percent of the 17,549 samples tested were correctly grouped. One‐third of the initially rejected samples were correctly grouped upon retesting. The laser scanner failed to read 239 labels (1.6%). Of the original samples tested, 72 were Du positive as detected by manual methods and the automated grouper recognized 33 percent of them as Rh positive. By reducing the percent light transmission affecting Rh discrimination, it was possible to increase the percentage recognition of Du variant samples but it did not detect all. The apparatus is fitted with small diameter tubing and reagent consumption was 30 to 35 percent less than with previously available similar machines. Additional reagent savings were realized if diluted manual reagents were used. Our evaluation of the instrument has shown it to be highly accurate and reliable.
Serologic procedures performed in hydrophilized polystyrene cuvettes and borate glass tubes: a comparative study
Authors: Wenz B. , Dugan E. P. , Gurtlinger K. , Levy D. D.
Published: December 2004

Serologic procedures were performed in parallel using hydrophilized polystyrene cuvettes and conventional glass test tubes. Consistent and comparable results were obtained with both containers. No significant differences in antibody titer, specificity, neutralization, or elution were observed. The effect of a proteolytic enzyme on red blood cell antigen was not altered by the hydrophilized plastic tubes. There was no difference in the stability of immune sera stored in glass or plastic at 4 degrees C and −30 degrees C. However, hemolysis of stored red blood cells was significantly slower in the hydrophilized plastic cuvettes.
Autoanti‐K antibody mimicking an alloantibody
Authors: Viggiano E. , Clary N. L. , Ballas S. K.
Published: December 2004

A patient with pancytopenia and hypercellular bone marrow but without evidence of hemolysis had a positive direct antiglobulin test due to a red blood cell autoantibody. Although the patient was K‐negative, eluates made from his erythrocytes contained what seemed to be anti‐K antibody. The latter could be adsorbed onto and eluted from both K‐ positive and K‐negative cells. We concluded that this patient is another example of autoanti‐K antibody mimicking an alloanti‐K antibody.
The difficult crossmatch: a consideration of the staff and not the method
Authors: Douglas R.
Published: December 2004

The crossmatching laboratory is regarded as a stressful work environment where many nontechnical issues may influence the interpretation of test results, particularly if the results are unclear. An attempt has been made to identify major areas of conflict and stress and to demonstrate their relationship to the quality of crossmatching. The Janis an Mann model for decision making in conflict situations is presented and related to interpretation of crossmatches.
Association between the Ii blood group and congenital cataract
Authors: Marsh W. L. , DePalma H.
Published: December 2004

An association in inheritance of the i adult phenotype and congenital cataract in people from Japan has been reported. We found six Caucasians of i adult type from New York who do not have cataracts. The relationship recognized in Japan probably arises through close linkage between independent genes.
Use of heparin for cytapheresis and plasmapheresis in a continuous flow centrifuge
Authors: Morales M. , Pizzuto J. , Reyna Ma. , Ambriz R. , Avilés A. , Conte G. , Sinco A.
Published: December 2004

We evaluated the use of heparin in continuous flow centrifugation by continuous infusion. Doses were modified by assessment of the anticoagulant effect by the thrombin time dilution test (TTDT). Heparin is an efficient anticoagulant in continuous flow centrifugation and the TTDT is an effective and reliable method for control. The initial dose in leukapheresis is one unit per milliliter of blood during the first hour, then one‐half the dose during the next hour, and then a one‐ quarter of the dose until the procedure is completed. A TTDT performed every 30 to 60 minutes will indicate whether the heparin dose should be modified. For plasmapheresis, it is necessary to determine the specific dose for each patient. There was no case of bleeding or extracorporeal coagulation of the blood.
Platelet counts during rapid massive transfusion
Authors: Noe D.A. , Graham S.M. , Luff R. , Sohmer P.
Published: December 2004

The effect of rapid massive transfusion upon platelet counts has been studied retrospectively in 24 patients treated for severe trauma. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that a platelet dilution model with an exponential form described the quantitative relationship between the pre‐ and posttransfusion platelet counts and the volumes of blood products administered. Intravenous salt solutions had very little effect upon the platelet count even when large volumes were infused. Red blood cell transfusions decreased the platelet count to an extent two and one‐half times greater than that of colloid infusions. The differences in the magnitudes of the dilution effects are attributable to the different physiologic volumes of distribution of the various classes of infusates. If only red blood cells (RBC) and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) are transfused, two useful equations obtain. First, the current platelet count (Pt) can be predicted knowing the initial platelet count (Po) and the number (#) of units of RBC and FFP administered: Pt = Po (0.634) e‐0.046 [#RBC + #FFP/8]. Second, the point during massive transfusion when platelet transfusions will be necessary can be predicted knowing the initial platelet count: [#RBC + #FFP/8] = 22[In Po/Pt − 0.454].
Detection of fetal hemorrhage in Rh immune globulin candidates. A rosetting technique using enzyme‐treated Rh2Rh2 indicator erythrocytes
Authors: Sebring E.S. , Polesky H.F.
Published: December 2004

Current serologic tests occasionally fail to identify women needing more than one vial of Rh immune globulin. We compared the indirect antiglobulin test after incubation with anti‐D and a rosetting technique using enzyme treated Rh2Rh2 erythrocytes as methods for identifying significant fetal maternal hemorrhage (FMH). Artificial mixtures containing 0.05 to 1.2 percent Rh1rh (CcDe) fetal red blood cells mixed with rh (ce) adult red blood cells were tested. The indirect antiglobulin test of the 0.6 percent mixture (approximately 30 ml FMH) was reported to be microscopically positive by 17/20 technologists; whereas, 20/20 found the rosetting test to be strongly positive. The volume of FMH in 118 postpartum Rh immune globulin candidates was quantified using Kleihauer's test and formula. The results of the rosetting and Kleihauer tests of blood specimens from these patients were negative 1.4 ml for two, and strongly positive rosetting test and FMH of 6.5 ml for one. The rosetting test utilizes routine blood banking skills and requires 5 minutes more “hands on” time than an indirect antiglobulin test. Confirmation and quantification of positive results by an acid‐elution test is necessary.
Demonstration of gene dosage effects on antigens in the Duffy, Ss, and Rh systems using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Caren L.D. , Bellavance R. , Grumet F.C.
Published: December 2004

Using a recently developed enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, gene dosage effects were demonstrated for the Duffy, Ss, and Rh red blood cell antigen systems. We report a comparison by an antibody‐binding assay of the relative amounts of Fya and Fyb antigens on FyaFya, FyaFyb, FybFyb, FyaFyx, and FyxFyx erthrocytes, and of s antigen on cells homozygous and heterozygous for s. The immunosorbent assay also was used to study Rh antigens, and data which had been obtained using radiolabelled antibodies were confirmed.
Lack of adverse effect of transportation on room temperature stored platelet concentrates
Authors: Simon T.L. , Sierra E.R.
Published: December 2004

The ability of platelet concentrates stored at room temperature to withstand transportation after removal from the rotator and ideal temperature environment was studied by reinfusing autologous 51Cr‐ labeled platelets obtained from normal volunteers. Periods of up to 6 hours off the rotator and not under temperature control did not result in a significant change in platelet viability. Platelets transported up to 12 hours after 24 hours of storage and then placed on a rotator for the remainder of the 72‐hour storage interval also showed expected recovery and survival. Thus, room temperature stored platelets may be used even when transportation for up to 6 hours is required before the concentrates are transfused.
Combined granulocyte and platelet transfusions. Development of alloimmunization as reflected by decreasing cell recovery values
Authors: Ford J.M. , Brown L.M. , Cullen M.H. , Oliver R.T. , Wadsworth J. , Lister T.A.
Published: December 2004

Twenty‐three patients undergoing induction therapy for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) received a total of 191 combined prophylactic granulocyte (PMN) and platelet (PLT) concentrates on alternate days (median 8, range 3–12 per patient). Each transfusion was assessed by monitoring the patient for reactions and by estimating the recovery of PMN in the circulation at 1 hour and of PLT at 1 and 20 hours. Seventeen patients developed alloimmunization to PLT from at least one donor, defined as either a PLT recovery of less than 15 percent at 1 hour and/or less than 10 percent at 20 hours. In this group there was a progressive reduction in PMN and PLT recovery with increasing transfusion number, strongly suggesting alloimmunization to both cells. Thirty‐four transfusions were accompanied by transfusion reactions, thirty‐two of which occurred in ten patients who had PMN recoveries of less than 5 percent after at least one transfusion (median 2.5, range 1–6 transfusions per patient). Actuarial calculations predicted that 70 percent of patients would become alloimmunized to PLT from at least two individuals after receiving 11 transfusions. These results suggest that combined PMN and PLT transfusion are associated with the rapid development of alloimmunization.
A specific antibody for cells with acquired B antigen
Authors: Herron R. , Young D. , Clark M. , Smith D.S. , Giles C.M. , Poole J. , Liew Y.W.
Published: December 2004

An acquired B antigen, present on the red blood cells of a healthy male blood donor, was investigated. An anti‐B typing serum which initially detected the weak antigen on the donor cells contained a separable antibody that was specific for cells with the acquired B antigen and did not react with normal group B cells. A similar, specific, immune antibody was produced in a rabbit by the injection of red blood cells with an acquired B antigen.
Incidence of adverse reactions in blood donors taking antihypertensive medications
Authors: Pisciotto P. , Sataro P. , Blumberg N.
Published: December 2004

A study was performed to determine whether donors taking antihypertensive medications other than “beta blocking agents” have an increased incidence of vasovagal reactions to blood donation. A total of 546 reactions were observed in 16,424 blood donors over a period of 3 months. First‐time donors had a significantly higher frequency of reactions than repeat donors. Eighty‐five percent of all donors were experienced donors and 96 percent of those taking antihypertensive medication were experienced donors. The reaction rate in repeat donors was not significantly different for those taking antihypertensive medication as compared with those not taking medication. Over 97% of all reactions were mild. The deferral of donors taking antihypertensive medication is not indicated when blood pressure is normal, symptoms are absent, and diuretics or similar agents are the only drugs used.
Impact of the anticoagulant‐preservative citrate‐phosphate‐adenine (CPDA‐1) on blood services
Authors: McEvoy P.M. , Kahn R.A. , Miller W.V.
Published: December 2004

The introduction of CPDA‐1, as opposed to CPD, has allowed blood banks to store red blood cells for up to 35 days. The Missouri‐Illinois Regional Blood Services studied the impact of CPDA‐1 in three areas: reduction in blood outdating, change in distribution pattern, and the potential increase in the age of the products transfused. Our eighteen month study showed a reduction in blood outdating from 7.9 per cent to 3.9 per cent. Additionally, each unit of blood was distributed less frequently (from an average of 1.21 to 1.08 times from collection to transfusion). At the same time there was only a small increase in the mean age of the products transfused. It is our conclusion that the benefits of CPDA‐1 can be attained with limited impact on the age of the products transfused.
Detection and significance of granulocyte alloimmunization in leukocyte transfusion therapy on neutropenic dogs
Authors: Chow H. S. , Alexander D. L. , Epstein R. B.
Published: December 2004

Studies were carried out in dogs to detect alloimmunization to granulocytes by indirect immunofluorescence (GIIF) and to determine the significance of cross‐matching in selecting donors for immunized recipients. All recipients were rendered neutropenic (<500 per μI) by chemotherapy. Three groups of transfusions were evaluated. Group I consisted of 14 transfusions administered to sensitized dogs that were GIIF‐negative with donor cells; Group II, 12 transfusions to the same dogs with GIIF‐positive donor cells; Group III, 16 transfusions to nonimmunized control dogs. At 1 hour following transfusion, circulating granulocytes demonstrated increments of 956 ± 137 perμI (mean ± SEM) in Group I dogs compared to 236 ±57 per μI for Group II (p<0.001). Group III transfusions yielded increments of 888 ±116 per μl, not significantly different from Group I. GIIF correlated better with transfusion results than granulocyte cytotoxicity or lymphocyte cytotoxicity tests or leukoagglutination cross‐matching. Nineteen sera with alloantibodies to granulocytes were produced by random or intrafamilial immunizations with granulocytes. Partial characterization of specificities showed that granulocyte specificities were independent of DLA, and consistent with a genetic system of dominant alleles. It was concluded that a) alloimmunization to granulocytes is detected by the GIIF, b) positive tests predict transfusion effects, and c) a genetic system independent of DLA could be recognized on dog granulocytes
Survival of MM red cells during hypothermia in two patients with anti‐M
Authors: Kurtz S. R. , Ouellet R. , McMican A. , Valeri C. R.
Published: December 2004

The in vivo survival of M(M+N—) red cells in two patients with anti‐M was studied during hypothermia. The antibodies were IgM, of low titer, and did not react at 30°C. 51Cr survival studies were performed using 2 ml of labeled blood. There was normal circulation of M(M+N—) cells at 37°C and no accelerated loss of these cells at blood temperatures between 16 and 28°C. One patient received 187 ml of MN (M+N+) red cells when the blood temperature was 25°C without evidence of clinical transfusion reactions and without development of positive direct anti‐human globulin test. Hypothermia did not adversely affect the immediate survival of M(M+N—) red cells transfused to patients with anti‐M antibodies reactive in vitro below 30°C
A case of polyagglutination with features of Th and Tk activation associated with an acquired B antigen
Authors: Klarkowski D. B. , Ford D. S.
Published: December 2004

A case is reported of polyagglutination with features of both Tk and Th activation associated with an acquired B antigen. Reactions with polybrene, Glycine soja, and Bandeiraea simplicifolia II indicated the presence of Tk activation. However, the reactivity of the patient's erythrocytes with Arachis hypogoea was greatly reduced by treatment with ficin, indicating the concomitant presence of Th activation