bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis and management of peritonitis in horses
Authors: Browning Andrew
Published: October 2010

PERITONITIS is a potentially life‐threatening condition in horses which can present a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for the veterinary surgeon. Equine peritonitis is associated with a relatively high mortality rate and those animals that do survive the pathophysiological effects can suffer long‐term complications such as chronic illthrift and colic. However, rapid diagnosis and early aggressive therapy can successfully reduce both mortality and complication rates and many animals go on to make a full recovery. As the clinical signs of peritonitis are frequently non‐specific and nebulous, definitive diagnosis largely depends on the correct interpretation of clinical pathology data. This article provides practical guidance in this area and outlines the options available to the practitioner for treating these often difficult cases.
Safe use of anticancer chemotherapy in small animal practice
Authors: Hayes Alison
Published: October 2010

ONCE very much taboo subjects, cancer and chemotherapy are being demystified. Clients are increasingly well informed about the options available for treating cancer in humans and pets alike. Indeed, cancer is now often considered to be a curable disease in humans and there is growing pressure on veterinary practitioners to ensure the appropriate and safe use of cancer therapies in animals. Many cases of cancer can be cured or very effectively managed without causing unnecessary suffering. Chemotherapy plays a central role in managing some common diseases, and many appropriate chemotherapy protocols are cited in the literature. Often these protocols have been adapted or developed within universities or training/research establishments, where clinicians have wide‐ranging expertise in cancer‐related issues and the dilemmas associated with clinical and ethical patient management. Chemotherapy drugs (also known as cytotoxic, anticancer and antineoplastic drugs) have a narrow therapeutic index, and should not be administered unless the practitioner is familiar with individual drug toxicities and possible drug interactions. This article addresses the safety aspects of administering cytotoxic drugs within the small animal veterinary practice environment, focusing in particular on safety issues relating to the patient, veterinary professionals and carers.
Use of magnetic resonance imaging in lameness diagnosis in the horse
Authors: Murray Rachel , Mair Tim
Published: October 2010

MAGNETIC resonance imaging (MRI) involves the interaction between an external magnetic field, radiowaves and hydrogen nuclei in the body. Although MRI has been used in human medicine for over 20 years, its value as an imaging modality in equine orthopaedic disease has only recently been recognised. The high tissue contrast afforded by MRI makes it ideal for the assessment of articular cartilage, ligaments, tendons, joint capsules, synovium and bone marrow. In humans, MRI has become the imaging technique of choice for the investigation of many musculoskeletal structures, and the procedure is also increasingly being used for the diagnosis of orthopaedic conditions in small animals. In the horse, experience so far suggests that MRI has great potential for improving the diagnosis and understanding of lameness, and its clinical use is currently being undertaken at several centres around the world. This article explains the principles of MRI and describes how the technique may be used clinically to aid the diagnosis of equine lameness.
Journey to MRCVS – the mature student's view
Authors: Sprayson Tess
Published: October 2010

VETERINARY school is a challenge at any age. Is university life more difficult for mature students than for their younger peers, or do their acquired skills make up for any disadvantages? How easy is it to get back into studying mode? And how do employers view the older applicant? As a past mature student, Tess Sprayson was recently asked, by others considering making the same move, whether a veterinary degree was a realistic academic and financial goal for people in their thirties. Here, she gives her answer.
Doppler ultrasound examination in dogs and cats
Authors: Lamb Chris , Boswood Adrian
Published: October 2010

THIS is the first of three articles about Doppler ultrasound and its role in the investigation of diseases in dogs and cats. For small animal practitioners already familiar with two‐dimensional, grey‐scale ultrasonography, Doppler ultrasound represents the next level of sophistication, and is a more technically demanding modality. These articles aim to provide a basis for an understanding of the techniques and to assist in case selection, both for practitioners wishing to perform these studies and those requesting examinations by specialists. This first article describes the Doppler principle and the different types of Doppler techniques that are used for diagnosis. The second and third articles, to be published in the May and June issues, will discuss the applications of Doppler ultrasound in the abdomen and in the assessment of cardiac diseases, respectively.
First aid and emergency care for the avian casualty
Authors: Cousquer Glen
Published: October 2010

MANY birds, whether wild or domestic, presenting to veterinary practices will require appropriate first aid and emergency care in order to stabilise their condition; this is, indeed, necessary for the successful medical management of the avian patient. First aid is the skilled application of accepted principles of treatment following any injury or sudden illness using the facilities available at the time. It is the approved method of treating a casualty until it can be placed in the care of a medical professional, and aims to preserve life, prevent worsening of the condition and promote recovery. Emergency care is also designed to stabilise a patient's condition, but is provided by the medical professional. While these distinctions may be based on human definitions, they are of direct relevance to the avian casualty. First aid is only provided until the casualty can be placed under veterinary care, at which point appropriate emergency care can be provided and the bird's condition further stabilised. These patients can then be subjected to a more detailed assessment and receive further treatment; alternatively, casualties may be referred to specialist avian and exotic centres, as appropriate. This article discusses the first‐line approach to the avian casualty, and outlines the telephone advice that can be given by the veterinary surgeon to owners or finders of a bird who may have to provide emergency first aid.
Diagnosis and control of epilepsy in the cat
Authors: Rusbridge Clare
Published: October 2010

SEIZURES are the one of the most common presentations in the neurological feline patient and can be a daunting prospect for the veterinary clinician. The list of possible differential diagnoses is huge and demands a careful and systematic diagnostic approach. This article steers the practitioner through the work‐up and provides guidance on the provision and monitoring of antiepileptic drug therapy in cats.
Clinical and zoonotic aspects of psittacosis
Authors: Billington Suzetta
Published: October 2010

PSITTACOSIS is a common and potentially fatal bacterial disease of psittaciforms, which should be considered in any sick parrot presented at the clinic. It is also an important zoonosis and therefore has health and welfare implications for both owners and practice staff. There are a number of diagnostic options and treatments that may be considered if, indeed, treatment is attempted at all. This article reviews these, and outlines the precautions that should be taken when dealing with suspected cases.
Doppler ultrasound examination in dogs and cats.
Authors: Boswood Adrian , Lamb Chris
Published: October 2010

THIS article, the third and final instalment in a series on the role of Doppler ultrasonography in the investigation of diseases in dogs and cats, discusses the applications of Doppler ultrasound in the assessment of cardiac diseases. The previous articles described the Doppler principle and the different Doppler techniques used for diagnosis (Part 1, In Practice, April 2005, pp 183‐189) and the applications of Doppler ultrasound in the abdomen (Part 2, May 2005, pp 238‐247).
Diagnosis and management of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease in dogs and cats
Authors: Sturgess Kit
Published: October 2010

INFLAMMATORY bowel disease is a common cause of gastrointestinal (GI) signs in dogs and cats. Weight loss, despite an often normal to increased appetite, is a prominent feature. Inflammatory bowel disease is not a specific diagnosis but describes a pathological change that primarily affects the lamina propria (mucosal surface) of the intestinal tract. In approximately 75 per cent of cases no underlying cause of the intestinal inflammation is evident. These animals are deemed to have idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IIBD) that is thought to be associated with a loss of tolerance to luminal antigens (food and/or bacteria). The inflammatory infiltrate is usually lymphoplasmacytic, but eosinophilic, granulomatous and suppurative forms are described. This article sets out a diagnostic route for dogs and cats presenting with historical signs suggestive of IIBD, and reviews various protocols that are available for the management of the condition.
Diagnosis and management of bacterial infective arthritis in dogs and cats
Authors: May Chris
Published: October 2010

INFECTIVE arthritis is an inflammatory arthropathy caused by an infective agent which can be cultured from the affected joint(s). Bacteria are the most common cause of infective arthritis in dogs and cats in the UK. However, bacterial arthritis can resemble many other arthropathies and attempts to achieve a definitive diagnosis by culture of the offending organism are not always successful. This article sets out a diagnostic plan for suspected cases of bacterial infective arthritis and discusses current treatment recommendations in the light of recent evidence and ongoing research in both the veterinary and medical fields.
Insurance legislation: what does it mean to be authorised?
Authors: King Russ
Published: October 2010

IN January 2005 new regulations came into force governing the general insurance industry to ensure that consumers are given proper advice and have safeguards should things go wrong. The new rules are complex and far reaching, and it is the job of the Financial Services Authority (FSA) to police the scheme and regulate insurance intermediaries. The veterinary profession has become caught up in this in relation to pet insurance and, specifically, in its dealings with members of the public who may ask for advice about insuring their animals. Here, Russ King, principal of one of the few practices to become directly authorised by the FSA, explains why, for his practice, authorisation was the preferred option and gives guidance to others who would like to follow suit.
Veterinary intervention in the reproductive management of beef cow herds
Authors: Caldow George , Lowman Basil , Riddell Iain
Published: October 2010

BRITISH beef producers need to function at maximum efficiency if profitability is to be achieved. For the breeding herd, the key is to maximise reproductive efficiency. Veterinary practitioners are ideally placed to provide the services that beef cow herd managers will require to achieve this, but may find clients initially reluctant to take up these new services. Cattle practitioners therefore have to demonstrate a sound knowledge of the principal factors that impact on beef cow herd productivity and the ability to translate that knowledge into effective herd investigative strategies and planned intervention programmes. This article provides guidance for practitioners wishing to grasp this new opportunity.
Investigation and management of cardiovascular disease in rabbits
Authors: Reusch Brigitte
Published: October 2010

ANECDOTAL reports from veterinary surgeons suggest that cardiovascular disease is increasingly being diagnosed in rabbits. With the rise in popularity of this species as a pet, and often a house pet, owners are noticing subtle signs of disease and are presenting their animals for investigation at an earlier stage. This article describes how a systematic approach to the investigation can lead to improved management and, hence, a better outlook for these patients.
The business plan: a route map to raising finance
Authors: Garvie Ken
Published: October 2010

RAISING finance for your practice is one of the most daunting yet critical aspects of veterinary self‐employment. Where to go, how to get lenders interested and, most importantly, how to get the best deal, are some of the questions you may need to think about.
Ethical and legal implications of treating casualty wild animals
Authors: Cooper John , Cooper Margaret E.
Published: October 2010

THE care of wildlife presents many veterinary challenges and dilemmas. The animals are, by definition, ‘wild’ and as such have no owner. Diagnosis and treatment can be time‐consuming, frustrating and expensive. Care of wild animals is complicated by their being particularly susceptible to stressors and other adverse effects of close contact with humans and confinement in captivity. Despite great advances in wildlife, zoo and exotic animal medicine in recent years, relatively little information is available about the biology, let alone the veterinary care, of the majority of wild species that may be presented for examination and treatment. These difficulties are compounded by the fact that in the UK, and many other countries, wildlife species are protected under national legislation and other statutes may apply to some of them. Veterinary surgeons who are involved in treating casualty wild animals must, therefore, be aware of the relevant legislation and abide by it. They also need to be able to advise clients appropriately. In addition to the practicalities and legal considerations of wildlife care outlined above, there are numerous ethical dilemmas confronting those who involve themselves in such work. These are often complex and the solutions are usually not clear cut. This article discusses ethical and legal aspects of treating casualty wild animals, with particular reference to the situation, as it stands, in the UK, but drawing, where appropriate, on the authors’ own experience and relevant information from elsewhere.
Beginner's guide to going digital
Authors: Barrand Keith
Published: October 2010

DIGITAL photography offers some distinct advantages over film photography, not the least of which are instantaneous pictures and ease of manipulation, storage and transfer of image files. This article is aimed at practitioners with little or no experience of digital photography, who want to explore the possibility of using digital images in their day‐to‐day practice. It includes tips and techniques applicable to a variety of clinical disciplines, and considers how best to present the resulting images.
The wobbly horse: differential diagnoses
Authors: Hahn Caroline
Published: October 2010

ATAXIA is relatively uncommon in horses in the UK. However, due to the significant safety issues involved, it is crucial that clinicians can recognise and interpret the clinical signs. Although the prognosis is often unfavourable, it should not be seen as acceptable or necessary to euthanase ataxic cases without first obtaining a reasonably specific diagnosis. This article presents a guide to the more common differential diagnoses for ataxia in British horses. It commences with a smidgen of indispensable neuroanatomy for any clinician presented with a ‘wobbly’ horse.
Conception problems in the bitch
Authors: England Gary , Russo Marco
Published: October 2010

THE true incidence of infertility in bitches is not known as not all normal bitches that are mated become pregnant. Usually, when fertile dogs are mated to fertile bitches, a whelping rate of approximately 80 per cent is achieved. Furthermore, in bitches that become pregnant, not all of the eggs that are ovulated are fertilised; in young bitches approximately 10 per cent of ovulations do not result in a pregnancy and the proportion may be greater in older animals. In certain working dog and show dog kennels, and in some breeding colonies, the proportion of bitches that do not whelp is greater than 20 per cent. To some extent this may be associated with the breed of dog or the average age of the animals in the colony. However, what is clear is that the role of the veterinary surgeon in investigating cases of alleged infertility is increasing. This article discusses how these cases tend to present clinically, and provides a logical basis for establishing whether, indeed, there is a fertility problem and, if so, what the cause might be.
Modern techniques for monitoring high‐producing dairy cows 2. Practical applications
Authors: Cook Nigel , Oetzel Garrett , Nordlund Kenneth
Published: October 2010

THIS article, the second of two discussing common practices used to monitor high‐producing dairy herds in North America, describes how the general principles of herd‐level diagnoses reviewed in Part 1 (In Practice, October 2006, volume 28, pp 510–515) may be applied to three major metabolic and nutritional disease syndromes frequently affecting these animals ‐ namely ketosis, subacute ruminal acidosis and milk fever. In each case, it describes how to make a herd diagnosis and outlines the prevention measures that can be implemented.
Simple security measures: how to safeguard your practice
Authors: Shield Christine
Published: October 2010

OPPORTUNISTIC thieves are always on the look‐out for the chance to grab a handbag, mobile phone, cash or, in some cases, prescribed drugs and equipment such as hypodermic syringes. If a practice is not properly protected, it may actually be easier for an opportunistic thief to undertake a ‘daylight robbery’ than risk a midnight raid. Christine Shield outlines some simple, inexpensive measures that practices can adopt to reduce their vulnerability during working hours.
Assessment and management of the recumbent cow
Authors: Huxley Jon
Published: October 2010

DOWN cows can be some of the most difficult and frustrating bovine cases to manage. Any veterinary surgeon who has spent time in farm animal practice will recall down cows that refuse to stand despite declarations of a positive prognosis. Conversely, there are animals that, in spite of the veterinary surgeon's assertions that the case is completely hopeless and should be euthanased, rise apparently effortlessly to their feet after five days or more. This article reviews the aetiology, assessment, management and prevention of recumbency in cattle against the backdrop of decreasing availability of farm labour and staff time to manage cases and the recent end of the over‐30‐months slaughter scheme.
Personal pensions (SIPPs) ‐ how will ‘A’ Day affect you?
Authors: Nation Martin
Published: October 2010

THE possibility of pension‐holders ‘investing’ in items such as fine wines and holiday homes recently created some excitement in the media, but the reality is (sadly!) somewhat different. For most people, the new pension simplification legislation that comes into force on April 6 will ‘do what it says on the tin’: it will make it easier to choose and, in some cases, direct your own pension scheme. Martin Nation outlines the opportunities and tax advantages the new legislation is expected to bring.
Arthrocentesis and synovial fluid analysis in dogs and cats
Authors: Clements Dylan
Published: October 2010

ARTHROCENTESIS is the aspiration of synovial fluid from a joint space for diagnostic evaluation. The technique is simple to perform for most peripheral appendicular joints in small animals and is associated with minimal morbidity. When combined with other diagnostic procedures, such as radiography, evaluation of a synovial fluid sample can assist in the diagnosis of joint disease, and an animal's response to treatment. This article discusses the indications for arthrocentesis, outlines how the technique may be performed on the joints most commonly aspirated, and describes how to evaluate synovial fluid samples.
Everyday ethics
Authors: Dixon Greg
Published: October 2010

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to the discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐and‐dried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. Readers who wish to contribute to the discussion of this month's dilemma ‐ ‘Gets your goat?’ ‐ should send their comments as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Some responses to the case of the ‘Trotter struggling to walk’, which was published last month, appear on page 299. The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped that it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas. This month's dilemma is discussed by Greg Dixon.
Veterinary care of rabbits with myiasis
Authors: Cousquer Glen
Published: October 2010

DOMESTIC rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) are often victims of fly strike or myiasis. Flies are attracted to lay their eggs on rabbits under various conditions and maggots hatching from these eggs then digest living tissue, in some cases causing considerable damage to the animal. The condition is extremely distressing for rabbit and owner alike. This article reviews the factors that predispose rabbits to fly strike, and discusses the examination, assessment and treatment of affected cases. Prevention is infinitely preferable and a range of potential control measures is also discussed.
Too young to work, too old to work? 2. Adopting an age‐positive approach
Authors: Clayton Matthew
Published: October 2010

THE introduction of new legislation this October that will ban discrimination at work on the grounds of age will be the most significant change to UK employment law in the past 30 years. The regulations will affect everyone who is in partnership, and anyone with employees. In the last issue, Matthew Clayton described why the forthcoming age discrimination laws were needed and how they will operate. In this article, he discusses some of the practical implications for veterinary practices and what steps they should be taking to prepare themselves in advance of October.
Skills for life: a vet in the TA
Authors: Laurence Chris
Published: October 2010

CHRIS LAURENCE has spent nearly all his working life in the Territorial Army (TA). He was an officer for almost 38 years and retired in 2002 with the rank of colonel. Many of the skills he acquired in that time have not only stood him in good stead in civilian life, but have also helped him in his veterinary career. Personal discipline, organisational and time management skills, the ability to analyse a variety of factors and present a concise reasoned argument, confidence in public speaking, and financial and budgetary experience have helped him to transfer smoothly from veterinary practice to senior management in two of the largest animal welfare charities in the UK.
Health planning for beef suckler herds
Authors: Bebbington Tim
Published: October 2010

THE concept of health planning is not new. However, changes in legislation and farm animal practice in recent years makes this a particularly appropriate time to review this area. For the experienced farm or mixed animal practitioner, health planning will be rewarding work. This article discusses how to get started and where to focus attention. It also highlights various opportunities for adding value to health plans for the benefit of farmers and veterinary surgeons alike.
Management of chronic degenerative mitral valve disease in dogs
Authors: Smith Paul
Published: October 2010

CHRONIC degenerative mitral valve disease (CDMVD), also referred to as myxomatous mitral valve disease and endocardiosis, is the most common cardiac disease in dogs. The early stages are typified by a few small, discrete areas of opacity or nodules in the region of valvular apposition. Ultimately, the condition progresses to also involve the basal portion of the valve and chordae tendineae. The valvular changes result in progressively worsening mitral regurgitation and, in some cases, can lead to the development of heart failure. This article discusses current treatment strategies for canine CDMVD and reviews their rationale.
Diagnosis of canine liver disease
Authors: Bexfield Nick , Watson Penny
Published: October 2010

LIVER disease is relatively common in dogs, but its diagnosis presents a challenge. The liver's large reserve capacity means that many dogs show no clinical signs until late in the disease process and signs are often non‐specific. Findings on blood tests and diagnostic imaging are also relatively non‐specific and a biopsy is often required for definitive diagnosis. This article outlines a logical approach to the dog with suspected liver disease, describing the rational work‐up from first suspicion of disease to final biopsy‐confirmed diagnosis.
Rhinoscopy in the cat
Authors: Harcourt‐Brown Nigel
Published: October 2010

THE use of rhinoscopy to diagnose the causes of nasal discharge in dogs has been discussed in two recent articles (Harcourt‐Brown 2006a,b). Cats may also present with chronic nasal discharge, which may be unilateral or bilateral. There are similarities between dogs and cats with this problem but there are also differences, as discussed in this article. Despite the smaller size of cats compared with most dogs, it is still possible to make a diagnosis in the majority of cases presenting with chronic nasal disease using a rigid endoscope; flexible endoscopes are usually too large to be useful.
Equine laminitis 2. Management and prognosis in the chronic stage
Authors: Rendle David
Published: October 2010

CHRONIC laminitis commences when structural changes occur within the digit as a result of the pathophysiological processes outlined in Part 1 of this article (In Practice, September 2006, volume 28, pp 434–443). Chronic laminitis may develop rapidly as a progression from acute or subacute laminitis or over months or years without prior evidence of digital pain or lameness. The clinical presentation is determined by the degree of laminar separation and any secondary pathologies that occur. The diverse nature of the disease has led to the development of definitions based on clinical findings to allow more precise description and evaluation of cases. This article discusses the management of chronic equine laminitis, and provides some guidelines on assessing prognosis. Treatment options for acute laminitis were reviewed in Part 1.
‘e‐letters’: practice promotion at the click of a mouse
Authors: McNeill Ewan
Published: October 2010

PRACTICE newsletters are nothing new; many of the more forward‐looking and commercially minded practices have been producing them for years, either in‐house or by using a commercially composed product customised to their own requirements, with the intention of promoting the business and its services. Practice electronic newsletters, or ‘e‐letters’, distributed via the internet, are a much more recent development. Here, Ewan McNeill draws on his own practice experiences to describe how, with sufficient forethought, they can be successfully introduced to promote and build business in a worthwhile way.
Practical anaesthesia and analgesia in sheep, goats and calves
Authors: Hodgkinson Oliver , Dawson Leanne
Published: October 2010

ANALGESIA and anaesthesia are often problematic to provide safely and effectively in small ruminants, especially sheep, and are thus underutilised by veterinary surgeon and farmer alike. However, they can improve animal welfare and facilitate a range of clinical procedures. This article describes a number of practical techniques that can be easily employed in the field.
Ocular ultrasonography in companion animals: a pictorial review
Authors: Moore Denise , Lamb Chris
Published: October 2010

ULTRASONOGRAPHY of the eye aids the assessment and management of many ocular conditions, and is well tolerated by most dogs and cats. The principal indication for ocular ultrasonography is inability to see into the eye because of conditions affecting the cornea, anterior chamber or lens. Ultrasonography may also help to distinguish between various anterior segment entities that may appear similar ophthalmoscopically (eg, uveal neoplasm, iridociliary cyst and iris bombé), but which require quite different treatments. This article describes how to carry out ocular ultrasonography and, in the boxes on pages 606 to 610, provides a pictorial guide to a variety of abnormalities that may be diagnosed in companion animals using this imaging modality.
Understanding depression – the ‘black dog’
Authors: Bartram David , Baldwin David
Published: October 2010

THE veterinary profession is recognising that rates of depression, stress and suicide are particularly high among its members, and it is taking steps both to investigate this more fully and to offer support. Last month, for example, saw the launch of vetlife.org.uk, a website that highlights the support available from the established veterinary care organisations and from outside the profession. This article, aimed at those who may be troubled by feelings of depression, as well as their friends, colleagues and relatives, sets out to provide a better understanding of depression, and of what can be done to help.
Choice of premedicants in cats and dogs
Authors: Murrell Jo
Published: October 2010

MOST animals are premedicated before induction of anaesthesia in small animal practice; however, the essential role that premedication plays in the whole anaesthetic regimen is sometimes overlooked. The choice of premedicants determines the characteristics of the ensuing anaesthesia, and the rational selection of agents can provide significant advantages for the animal in terms of intraoperative cardiovascular stability, perioperative analgesia and quality of recovery. In order to optimise the advantages afforded by premedication, it is important to select premedicants based on the needs of the individual patient, rather than using a single ‘blanket’ premedication combination for all animals. This article provides an overview of the pharmacology of drugs commonly used for premedication, including a description of the characteristics of premedicant drug combinations and their applicability for use in different types of patients.
Managing performance in the workplace 2. How?
Authors: Hunt Lynne
Published: October 2010

IN the last issue, Lynne Hunt explained that a key aim in introducing performance management into a veterinary practice is to develop and marry up the skills of the individual members of the team with the overall objectives of the business. Here she describes a system designed to do precisely that, which may be tailored by practices to meet their own specific requirements and circumstances.
Everyday ethics
Authors: Watts Michael
Published: October 2010

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to the discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐and‐dried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. Readers who wish to contribute to the discussion of this month's dilemma, entitled ‘Injured greyhound’, should send their comments as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. A response to the ‘Neuter or just treat?’ dilemma, which was published in the last issue, appears on page 119. This series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas. This month's dilemma is presented and discussed by Michael Watts.
Abortion in sheep 2. Other common and exotic causes
Authors: Mearns Rebecca
Published: October 2010

THIS is the second of two articles on abortion in sheep. Part 1 discussed the investigation of abortion outbreaks and reviewed the three most common infectious causes of ovine abortion in the UK, namely, Chlamydophila abortus (the agent of enzootic abortion of ewes), Toxoplasma gondii and Campylobacter species (In Practice, January 2007, volume 29, pp 40–46). This article focuses on other common infectious causes of abortion in sheep, as well as exotic diseases that could pose an abortion risk to UK flocks.
Practical guide to fluid therapy in neonatal foals
Authors: Hollis Anna , Corley Kevin
Published: October 2010

SUCCESSFUL fluid therapy in the neonatal foal depends on rapid identification and treatment of hypovolaemia, in conjunction with careful monitoring. Clinical signs may be very subtle in the foal, possibly as a result of it being the weakest herd member of a prey species, and thus there being an evolutionary advantage in not showing disease. Added to this, neonatal foals do not always mount a protective physiological response to disease states such as hypovolaemia. This presents a unique challenge as clinical signs may be subtle and deterioration rapid, but also means that dramatic improvements in the animal's status may be achieved in a short space of time. This article describes how to recognise and treat hypovolaemia and dehydration using a variety of fluids, and outlines potential complications that might arise.
Investigation and treatment of feline chronic bronchial disease
Authors: Mardell Ellie
Published: October 2010

DOMESTIC cats presenting with a chronic cough or wheeze are encountered with some frequency in small animal practice. The problem may be persistent or episodic, and can vary widely in severity. Clinically, many cases resemble human chronic bronchial disease but, with much still to learn about the feline disease, terms as specific as ‘feline asthma’ and ‘chronic bronchitis’ may be misleading. This article reviews the options for investigation available to the veterinary clinician, which are limited compared with the techniques used in the medical field. As discussed, inhaled therapy is becoming an increasingly important component of therapy, again based on experiences gained in human medicine, but at present treatment remains essentially symptomatic.
Recent advances in flea control
Authors: Perrins Natalie , Hendricks Anke
Published: October 2010

FLEA infestations of pets and the home environment are a common occurrence. Consequently, the market for flea control products is huge and a confusing range of POM‐V (prescription‐only medicine ‐ veterinarian) products is now marketed, in addition to a large number of GSL (general sales list) products. Despite the advent of new, easy‐to‐use treatments, successful flea control still requires an understanding of the underlying principles. This article discusses the aims and importance of flea control programmes in small animals and addresses the indications of newer products. The focus is on flea control products authorised in the UK.
Diagnostic endoscopy of the urinary tract of the horse
Authors: Menzies‐Gow Nicola
Published: October 2010

ENDOSCOPY of the equine urinary tract is usually performed as part of the diagnostic evaluation of horses with clinical signs suggestive of a urinary tract disorder, the most common being weight loss and abnormal urination. Other presenting signs include pyrexia, anorexia, depression, ventral oedema, oral ulceration, excessive dental tartar, colic and bloodstaining of the perineum or hindlimbs. Endoscopy should be combined with a thorough history, full physical examination, rectal palpation, haematology, biochemistry, urinalysis and ultrasonography of the bladder and kidneys in order to obtain a definitive diagnosis. This article describes the procedures involved in endoscopic examination of the urinary tract of the horse, and highlights some of the abnormalities that may be seen.
Sheep flock health security
Authors: Hosie Brian , Clark Sandy
Published: October 2010

OUTBREAKS of infectious disease such as foot‐and‐mouth disease or bluetongue can be devastating for livestock production and animal health, and may severely impact on human health and wellbeing. The role of animal movement in spreading infection is well documented, yet most UK sheep farmers take no animal health precautions either when introducing purchased animals to their flocks or at farm boundaries. As a result, infectious diseases are very common and are estimated to cost the industry millions of pounds through less efficient production. Veterinary surgeons have a vital role to play in advising their sheep farmer clients on flock health security — that is, strategies to prevent spread of infection between farms. As described in this article, measures can be undertaken at farm level in an attempt to prevent a national tragedy; furthermore, by controlling more commonplace diseases, such efforts can do much to improve the health, productivity and welfare of sheep.
Eyelid surgery in dogs
Authors: Renwick Peter
Published: October 2010

EYELID surgery is commonly indicated in small animal practice, frequently as a result of conformational defects (which are often breed‐related) or neoplasia. This article aims to assist the practitioner in the decision making process when presented with a patient with ocular surface disease related to the eyelids. Some of the available surgical options are reviewed and their advantages and disadvantages compared. The author's general approach to eyelid surgery is to use the simplest technique(s) consistent with achieving the objective of a comfortable patient with optimised ocular function.
The ins and outs of ventilation
Authors: Dugdale Alex
Published: October 2010

THIS article discusses some of the commonly available machines that can be used for ventilatory support of anaesthetised patients. An article in the last issue of In Practice (April 2007, volume 29, pp 186‐193) reviewed physiological aspects of mechanical ventilation. An appreciation of these factors is important for understanding the features and limitations of the ventilator in use.
Assessment of immune‐mediated disease in dogs and cats
Authors: Whitley Nathaniel
Published: October 2010

THIS article discusses the application and interpretation of selected tests used to evaluate the immune system in dogs and cats, primarily in the context of autoimmune disease and hypersensitivity. The emphasis is on the more frequently encountered conditions and commercially available tests. Although many of these tests detect autoantibody, the crucial role of cell‐mediated immunity in initiating and maintaining antibody production is often overlooked — most B cell responses are controlled by antigenspecific T lymphocytes. The ability to distinguish between B and T lymphocytes has improved — they may be identified in tissue by immunohistochemistry or in body fluids by flow cytometry. However, assays of T cell activity (eg, proliferation assays) remain a research tool. It is also easy to overlook the immune‐mediated basis of some diseases traditionally ‘pigeon‐holed’ into another category (eg, endocrinopathies). For some conditions, an immune‐mediated aetiology is suspected on the basis of a lymphocytic infiltrate and the response to immunosuppressive therapy, but definitive evidence is lacking. The clinician should not ignore this possibility simply because the disease does not have a name or a serological test is not commercially available.
Journal clubs in practice: time well spent?
Authors: Rendle David
Published: October 2010

IN veterinary practice today it is more important than ever to maintain an awareness of the current literature and to have an appreciation of the concept of evidence‐based medicine. The value of regular journal clubs is well recognised in postgraduate medical education, yet, says David Rendle, in veterinary practice few gather to discuss the latest developments in their fields. Unless well organised and executed, journal clubs may be infrequently attended and generally resented by the majority of participants. Here, he discusses ways of ensuring that these forums justify incorporation into the busy working day.
Safe handling and restraint of pet rabbits
Authors: Malley Dermod
Published: October 2010

GREAT strides have been made in rabbit medicine in recent years, but the nervous and rather unpredictable nature of this species presents challenges for the practitioner striving to provide the best care for these patients and their owners. This article discusses safe handling and restraint of pet rabbits in the consulting room in the interests of animal welfare and staff safety.
Emergency care of the cat with multi‐trauma
Authors: Adamantos Sophie , Corr Sandra
Published: October 2010

FELINE ‘multi‐trauma’ is an increasingly common presentation in small animal practice, as cats are now more popular pets than dogs and most are allowed some access to the outdoors. Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are the fourth most common cause of death in cats, after old age, cancer and renal failure, and there is evidence to show that young, male, non‐pedigree cats are most commonly involved. Due to their small body size, cats often present with trauma to multiple body systems, but most survive if found in time and treated appropriately, as injuries are often relatively minor. Other traumatic injuries, such as bites or ‘high‐rise’ injuries, are less common, but can occasionally prove equally challenging. This article presents a systematic approach to assessing the traumatised cat and prioritising treatment.
Developing effective skills: teaching tips for practitioners
Authors: Mossop Liz
Published: October 2010

IT is not always immediately apparent, but there are instances of teaching occurring every day in practice. Nurse training, the mentoring of new graduates or students seeing practice are the more obvious examples, but there are other situations to which some general teaching techniques readily apply – such as when explaining a disease process to a client. Liz Mossop, who teaches personal and professional skills at Nottingham veterinary school, suggests some ways that practitioners can deepen the learning experience, whatever the teaching situation.
Financing the life plan
Authors: James Daniel
Published: October 2010

IN the last issue, Daniel James explained that decisions made in a professional's life can make or break financial security. Planning is crucial at all stages. This article picks up the story of our fictional veterinarian, Nicola, who is now three years into her career. As her circumstances change, she faces a new set of decisions.
Child's play? Accommodating children in the practice
Authors: Dale Mike
Published: October 2010

CHILDREN are a fact of life and regularly pop up in the consulting room. How they impact on the quality of your consultation depends partly on their behaviour and the parental influence. It is also determined by your attitude towards them, which may in turn be influenced by the specific role they may be fulfilling at the time, says Mike Dale. Here, he offers some guidance and observations for making the consultation a positive experience for all involved, whatever the circumstances.
MRSA in small animal practice: an update
Authors: Loeffler Anette
Published: October 2010

MOST cases of meticillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in dogs and cats can be treated successfully as long as the underlying disease is identified and addressed concurrently. However, zoonotic implications, high rates of MRSA carriage among veterinary staff, concerns about promoting resistance with the use of antimicrobials in animals and practice infection control policies remain key issues arising from the spillover of this human pathogen into the veterinary field. In addition, responsible and comprehensive owner education is crucial to ensure public confidence in veterinary care. This article discusses the occurrence of MRSA in animals and highlights the clinical and diagnostic features of MRSA infection in dogs and cats. It also suggests some options for treatment and further management of cases, and outlines a number of general strategies to help prevent the spread of MRSA in the veterinary environment.
Clinical management of traumatic reticuloperitonitis in cattle
Authors: Orpin Peter , Harwood David
Published: October 2010

TRAUMATIC reticuloperitonitis, colloquially referred to as ‘hardware’ or, more recently, ‘tyre wire’ disease, has become increasingly common and is particularly challenging to manage because the clinical presentation is often vague. This article discusses the diagnosis and treatment of the condition, and considers the changing clinicopathological pattern of the disease, including penetration of the rumen wall by migrating metallic fragments. It also suggests some preventive measures that may be easily implemented on‐farm.
Canine elbow dysplasia 2. Treatment and prognosis
Authors: Burton Neil , Owen Martin
Published: October 2010

AN article in last month's issue of In Practice (October 2008, vol 30, pp 508–512) described the aetiopathogenesis of canine elbow dysplasia and its diagnosis. This article reviews the treatment modalities currently in use for dealing with the various forms of elbow dysplasia, namely, fragmented medial coronoid process, ununited anconeal process, osteochondrosis of the humeral condyle and ununited medial epicondyle.
Differential diagnosis and management of right‐sided abdominal ‘ping’ in dairy cattle
Authors: Kerby Mike
Published: October 2010

TYMPANIC resonance (or ‘ping’) on the right side of the abdomen in dairy cattle may be associated with a number of conditions, and can be clinically challenging to diagnose and treat. This article outlines the approach to differential diagnosis, and describes the management and prognosis of the six most common causes of right‐sided abdominal ping in dairy cattle likely to be seen in practice. It also outlines the treatment options for the related conditions intussusception, subacute/chronic intestinal obstruction and abomasal impaction.
Diagnostic ultrasound of the limb joints, muscle and bone in horses
Authors: Smith Matthew , Smith Roger
Published: October 2010

DIAGNOSTIC ultrasonography for the musculoskeletal system in the horse was first used in the early 1980s. Initial applications were directed towards the diagnosis of flexor tendon and ligament injuries in the distal limb, but this modality is now commonly indicated for the assessment of the stifle, hock, fetlock, carpus, pastern and coffin joints. This article describes the use of diagnostic ultrasound in horses to examine these joints, as well as muscle and bone, outlining normal versus pathological findings in each case. While this imaging technique may also be employed to examine the shoulder, hip, cervical facet and temporomandibular joints, the indications are less frequent and, hence, are not discussed in this article. In all cases, knowledge of the normal anatomy is essential in obtaining diagnostically useful images and aiding interpretation.
Radiological assessment of lung disease in small animals
Authors: Dennis Ruth
Published: October 2010

INTERPRETATION of thoracic radiographs is often challenging, even to the extent of differentiating normal from abnormal images. Overlooking significant lung pathology is clearly a problem but, conversely, over‐reading of radiographs can lead to false positive diagnoses, with potentially serious consequences for the patient. Problems can arise from suboptimal image quality, variations in appearance due to technical or patient factors and non‐specificity of radiographic changes. This article demystifies some of the principles surrounding interpretation of lung radiographs to help the reader gain greater confidence in interpreting thoracic films. An article in the next issue will consider alveolar, interstitial and mixed lung patterns, nodules, masses and pulmonary mineralisation, and discuss the causes of decreased pulmonary opacity.