bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparing British Design Undergraduates for the Challenge of Sustainable Development
Authors: Chick Anne
Published: March 2003

The first part of this paper argues that higher education (HE) institutions have an obligation to nurture sustainable development awareness. This is viewed against the UK Government's recommendation and guidance on sustainable development education. In particular, this focuses on the Government's sustainable development education specification for design education and the challenge this poses to UK tertiary design education. The concluding part of this paper discusses the emergence of new design dialogues, which are grappling with the task of synthesising the precepts of sustainable development with the ‘act of designing’. This has led to discourse on the need for defining viable strategies that invent new forms of design education and practice and for the provision of new professional choices to students. This paper takes into account the evolution of language in this educational subject area, from ‘environmental education’, to ‘environment and development education’, to ‘education or learning for sustainability’. The desired outcome of learning for sustainability is often expressed as ‘responsible global citizenship’. At the moment some of these terms are interchangeable. For my purposes, the term ‘sustainable development education’ will be used though out, unless for historical accuracy or specific reasons.
AS Level Art: Farewell to the ‘Wow’ Factor?
Authors: Hardy Tom
Published: March 2003

The new AS level modular examinations for year 12 students in England were introduced as part of the government's Curriculum 2000 reforms designed to bring greater breadth to year 12 and 13 experience. A uniform structure of two modules followed by a synoptic timed test has been imposed on all subjects by the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority [QCA]. In AS Level Art the expressive study module requires evidence of a broad engagement with different generic art forms and visual language skills. The Thematic Study requires convergence towards specific outcomes in at least two media and the Timed Test of eight hours duration requires work towards a single theme with a preparatory period of six weeks. The paper arrives in January so the two coursework modules need to be completed in a little more than a term.

The four assessment objectives are as follows:

1 To record observations, experiences, ideas, information and insights in visual and other forms, appropriate to intentions.

2 To analyse and evaluate critically sources such as images, objects, artifacts and texts, showing understanding of purposes, meanings and contexts.

3 To develop ideas through sustained investigations and exploration, selecting and using materials, processes and resources, identifying and interpreting relationships and analysing methods and outcomes.

4 To present a personal coherent and informed response, realising intentions and articulating and explaining connnections with the work of others.

All four objectives need to be met in each module.

Although some subjects have welcomed the change, it seems that fears raised by those concerned with the teaching of art during the consultation process have been born out by the experience of the last year. Previously art teachers were free to address skills and concepts in their own way and with regard to the different aptitudes, interests and learning styles of their students. The final submission, including the exam project, was marked as a whole relying on the professional experience of the teacher and moderators to balance the requirements of the syllabus with the transcendent, the ‘wow factor’. This paper questions the value of a tiered course that is at once superficial in its expectations, draconian in content, unrealistic in its timescale and discourages work of substance.
Craft Education in Finland: Definitions, Rationales and the Future
Authors: Garber Elizabeth
Published: March 2003

The status, content, and social factors influencing craft education in Finland, a standard subject in comprehensive schools, were examined during interviews with craft teachers, craft teacher preparers, and educational administrators. In this paper, the following areas are examined: How are crafts defined? What rationales and cultural and social factors keep craft education robust and what factors threaten it? What is perceived as the future of craft education?

The status, content, and social factors influencing craft education in Finland, a standard subject in comprehensive schools, were examined during interviews with craft teachers, craft teacher preparers, and educational administrators. In this paper, the following areas are examined: How are crafts defined? What rationales and cultural and social factors keep craft education robust and what factors threaten it? What is perceived as the future of craft education? interviewees for teaching craft in schools fell into five categories: craft provides 1) cognitive development in several dimensions, 2) learning about living in the world, 3) Finnish traditions and culture, 4) social and individual growth, and 5) a break from the demands of academic subjects. All interviewees seemed to agree that teaching crafts in Finland is changing in terms of how teachers are prepared, who writes curriculum, the content of the curriculum, and the configuration of craft in the comprehensive school curriculum. Some interviewees portended a decline in craft education in public schooling, while others embraced change as part of nation building.
The Random Walk Hypothesis in the Spanish Stock Market: 1980–1992
Authors: Blasco Natividad , Del Rio Cristina , Santamaría Rafael
Published: March 2003

In this paper we test the random walk hypothesis in the Spanish stock market using disaggregated daily data base spanning the period January 1980 to December 1992. We find that daily returns are strongly correlated and nonlinear dependent. Furthermore, using the variance‐ratio test, that is robust to heteroscedasticity, the results suggest that the rejection of the random walk hypothesis cannot be attributed completely to the effects of time varying volatilities. In this sense, the price changes can be potentially predictable over, at least, short time spans.
Modelling Takeover Likelihood
Authors: Powell Ronan G.
Published: March 2003

This paper employs a multinomial logit model in an attempt to better understand the motives behind takeovers. The results from the multinomial logit models show that the characteristics of hostile and friendly targets differ significantly and that these differences also vary depending on the time period under investigation. The results give some support to the disciplining role of the hostile takeover. Furthermore, conclusions based on a simple binomial logit model are likely to be misleading and result in incorrect inferences regarding the characteristics of firms subject to takeover.
The Garman‐Ohlson Structural System
Authors: Tippett Mark , Warnock Teresa
Published: March 2003

The Garman‐Ohlson structural model assumes the evolution of corporate earnings, dividends and book values are generated by a simultaneous equation system which links financial statement information to underlying equity value. However, little is known about the consistency of empirical outcomes with the model's underlying analytical properties. A continuous time interpretation of the model implies that solutions fall into one of three categories: (i) all eigenvalues of the structural model are real and distinct; (ii) some eigenvalues may be complex, and (iii) there are repeated eigenvalues. Maximum likelihood techniques can be used to estimate structural models and likelihood ratio tests can then be used to assess the validity of alternative specifications. We demonstrate both likelihood procedures by applying them to a sample of 214 UK companies covering the twenty one year period ending in 1994.
Private Voluntary Disclosure, Financial Intermediation and Market Efficiency
Authors: Holland John
Published: March 2003

This paper describes how 33 large UK companies communicated with their core shareholders, the large UK financial institutions. It focuses on the private voluntary information flows from the investee company to the financial institution (FI) and their eventual release into the public domain. The case is put for the development of a combined theory, which would link, inter alia, private and public disclosure, financial intermediation, informed trading, and market efficiency. This theory development would provide a more coherent framework for understanding the role of financial reports and other public corporate disclosure behaviour in user decisions. It would also play an important role in developing corporate finance theory and its prescriptions for corporate management.
Why Do Bidders Do Badly Out of Mergers? Some UK Evidence
Authors: Barnes Paul
Published: March 2003

This paper builds on Roll’s hubris hypothesis as to why bidders overpay. It rejects the winner’s curse hypothesis (which implies that the generosity of the merger terms increases the probability of a successful bid) on both theoretical and empirical grounds. The empirical study examines a bargaining theory approach: that the terms offered are determined by the parties’ individual eagerness to merge. It also examines a modification of this: that the terms are dominated by the existence of a premium required by the market irrespective of synergy, thereby also dominating the decision as to whether a bid should be made.
The Association Between Investment Opportunity Set Proxies and Realized Growth
Authors: Kallapur Sanjay , Trombley Mark A.
Published: March 2003

Realized growth can be viewed as a proxy for the unobservable investment opportunity set (IOS) of the firm, and provides a benchmark against which IOS proxy variables can be compared. Results from such a comparison indicate that many of the variables from earlier studies, including book‐to‐market measures and capital expenditure to assets ratios are consistently correlated with subsequently realized growth. However, R&D intensity and E/P ratios do not exhibit any consistent association with subsequent growth indicating that they may not be valid IOS proxies.
Trade Credit, Corporate Groups, and the Financing of Belgian Firms
Authors: Deloof Marc , Jegers Marc
Published: March 2003

We investigate the role of trade credit as a source of financing. Using a sample of 661 large non‐financial Belgian firms for the 1989–1991 period, we find that the amount of trade credit a buyer takes is determined by his need for funds and the internally available funds. Trade credit is primarily used to finance short‐term assets. As such, it seems to be an important alternative not only for short‐term bank debt but also for long‐term financial debt, including intragroup debt. We find no evidence that the amount of trade credit taken is influenced by affiliation with the supplier.
Takeover Prediction and Portfolio Performance: A Note
Authors: Powell Ronan G.
Published: March 2003

This paper empirically tests whether it is possible to generate abnormal returns from investing in a portfolio of predicted successful takeover targets. Portfolios are formed on the basis of predictions from models similar to those estimated by Palepu (1986). However, unlike Palepu (1986), the portfolios in this paper are formed using a decision rule that results in smaller portfolios with higher average takeover probabilities. This provides a stronger test of whether share prices reflect future takeover probabilities. The results show that while the models have significant explanatory power, the portfolios fail to beat the return on the market over a 12‐month holding‐period.
The Efficiency of Net Asset Values for Asian–Country Mutual Funds in the US
Authors: Varela Oscar
Published: March 2003

The net asset values for Asian–country mutual funds in the US come from the underlying market’s close a half–day earlier and create inefficiencies that improve returns 6 to 12 times in a pure sense. While these are mitigated because of loads, restrictions on trading and fair value pricing, informational biases exist in trading such funds. These can be exploited with a simple rule: If one plans to trade at all, then one should buy (sell) the fund after its own Asian–country index falls (rises). Basing NAVs on the underlying market’s close after the NY market closes can eliminate this inefficiency.
Reactions of the International Stock Exchange to Company Employment Announcements: Redundancies and New Jobs
Authors: Collett Nick
Published: March 2003

This paper is the first to look directly at the reaction of the London market to company announcements of changes to employee count. Using event study methodology, we examine market reactions to 54 redundancy announcements during the period 1990–1999 and 52 announcements of new jobs during the period 1993–1999. In line with previous US studies we find that market reaction, measured by cumulative abnormal returns, is negative before the day of redundancy announcement. The actual redundancy announcement is greeted positively by the market when measured in terms of the mean, but negatively when measured in terms of the median. Thus, in a minority of cases the announcements are seen as value enhancing. The market reacts positively before new job announcements and this positive reaction is highly significant when the announcement is made. The results suggest that new job announcements contain value–relevant information for the market. Potential causal factors other than announcement size are not significant.
Scandinavian Exceptionalism and European Union
Authors: Lawler Peter
Published: March 2003

In contrast to more usual interest‐based accounts, this analysis of the Scandinavian national debates about EU membership focuses on the conflict between different normative standpoints on the implications of membership for the future of the Scandinavian exceptional state. The debates shared a number of crucial features, notably the prominence of exceptionalist (i.e. progessivist and internationalist) critiques of the European project, but distinctive national settings also produced significant variations. It is argued that normative analysis of the debates identifies some key issues concerning the future of Scandinavian exceptionalism and, more generally, questions overly exogenous accounts of foreign policy change in small states.
Social Citizenship in the European Union: Nested Membership
Authors: Faist Thomas
Published: March 2003

The ‘European social dimension’ offers a strategic entry point for analysing the development of citizenship in the European Union (EU). The first part of this contribution discusses the functions of social citizenship in this emerging multi‐level governance network. Second, the analysis deals with two prominent and stylized paradigms that have sought to grasp the new multiple‐level quality of social citizenship in the EU: residual and post‐national concepts of membership in liberal democracies and advanced welfare states. Although each of these approaches captures selected elements of social citizenship, they are unable to deal with rights and duties in multiple governance levels in a satisfactory way. Therefore, the discussion moves to an alternative concept–nested citizenship. This means that European citizenship is nested in various sites: regional, state and supra‐state forms of citizenship function in complementary ways–while the associated norms, rules and institutions are subject to constant revision and further development on all governance levels. Third, the analysis shows that the concept of nested citizenship can help to overcome the fruitless dichotomy of Euro‐optimism and Euro‐pessimism concerning social policy and citizenship. This discussion suggests a conception of European social citizenship as a common project, evolving towards common present‐ and future‐oriented understandings of substantial rights and democratic principles in the EU.
‘Europeanizing’ Civil Society: NGOs as Agents of Political Socialization
Authors: Warleigh Alex
Published: March 2003

As a strategy for tackling the ‘democratic deficit’, attention is increasingly shifting towards the ‘Europeanization’ of civil society, the latter being traditionally viewed as a means both to limit state power and to promote intra‐citizenry solidarity. However, this attempted change requires in turn actors who are both able and willing to act as agents of political socialization in the context of EU policy‐making. This article examines the emphasis placed by both EU actors and the current academic literature on NGOs as such agents. Drawing on an analysis of similar claims made in development policy, I isolate the main indicators of NGOs' ability to foster the Europeanization of civil society via political socialization and put forward seven key tests of their ability to carry out this function in the EU context. These are then evaluated against the results of original empirical investigations. I argue that NGOs are currently unsuited to the task of Europeanizing civil society thanks to their inability to promote the political socialization of their supporters. As a consequence that task requires EU‐level institutional reform informed by iterated public dialogue, as well as change in the working practices of NGOs.
Looking Forward or Harking Back? The Commission and the Reform of Governance in the European Union
Authors: Wincott Daniel
Published: March 2003

The White Paper on European Governance can be seen as a bid to make a major contribution to the strategic leadership of the Union. By centring its deliberations and proposals on the concept of ‘governance’, the Commission signalled an intention to explore the limits of conventional hierarchical law and policy, and propose alternatives. Yet the White Paper concludes that a renewed and reinvigorated ‘Community method’ should be at the heart of EU policy‐making, with the Commission itself playing an enhanced role. Moreover, the paper criticizes the Member States and ‘intergovernmental’ institutions, rather than the Commission itself. These features are neither good politics nor a full response to the questions raised by the White Paper or set for it by Prodi. Enlargement and the increased importance of the issues of (re)distribution and related emergence of new modes of governance, such as the open method of co‐ordination, pose challenges and provide opportunities for the Commission and the Union more generally. A White Paper that was both more modest and self‐confident about the part to be played by the Commission might have made a more important intervention in current debate.
Principles for Managing Community Relocation as a Hazard Mitigation Measure
Authors: Perry Ronald W. , Lindell Michael K.
Published: March 2003

Permanent relocation of communities away from hazard‐prone areas is becoming an important mitigation option for emergency management authorities throughout the world. By moving citizens permanently, one realizes two special benefits. First, relocation prevents death or injury from hazards that are minimally subject to human control ‐‐ that is, where structural mitigation measures are ineffective and forewarning is insufficient for simple evacuation. Secondly, relocation provides monetary saving so that government hazard insurance programs need not pay for repeated restorations of the same residences in the same hazard areas over a period of years.

Simultaneously, there are two inherent problems with the use of a relocation policy: it constitutes a serious intrusion into citizens' lives; and non‐hazard related relocations (such as for dam construction or urban redevelopment) have a long history of negative outcomes. This paper traces the history of a community relocation in the southwestern United States, documenting citizen needs and responses to the event. Then, based on the hazards research literature and the case data, a series of principles are elaborated for creating `positive' relocation experiences. In closing, the paper looks at the international use of relocation and the potential for applying the principles.
Emergency Management in Korea and Its Future Directions
Authors: Kim Pan Suk , Lee Jae Eun
Published: March 2003

Since South Korea has historically experienced a great number of natural hazards, the emergency management system has traditionally focused on natural hazards. However, as several large‐scale man‐made and/or technological disasters have occurred in South Korea in the 1990s, major changes have taken place in Korea`s emergency management systems. Accordingly, this paper examines the emergency management system in South Korea in terms of structural dimensions for emergency management along with the types of disasters. Discussions on theoretical issues of crisis and emergency management are included, but most of this paper is devoted to an overview of Korean emergency management systems as recent responses to disaster. Korea has had to learn the hard way. The Disaster Management Act was established after Korea experienced serious disasters in the mid 1990s. Korea`s emergency management system is still evolving. This paper concludes that emergency management organizations should have coordinating power for a unified response to a crisis as quickly as possible and that the emergency management system in Korea should be equipped with mitigation and preparedness strategies.
Institutionalised Conflict and the Subordination of ‘Loss’ in the Immediate Aftermath of UK Mass Fatality Disasters
Authors: Davis Howard , Scraton Phil
Published: March 2003

This paper explores an under researched, yet immensely significant, context of sudden bereavement: the immediate aftermath of ‘domestic’ disasters. Focusing on recent UK disasters, it considers the role and function of crisis management and its relationship to crisis support after rescue and evacuation has been completed. Drawing on in‐depth research interviews with the bereaved and survivors, it explores the impact of inter‐agency conflict on their assumed rights and their longer‐term recovery. Taking three disasters as the primary foci, the paper examines the professional, operational priorities and practices of crisis response. It considers the functional, mechanistic and quasi‐military rationale behind site management, communication and the process of identification. It argues that the psychosocial and material needs of the bereaved and survivors are subordinated to the professional priorities of regulatory agencies, particularly the police. Finally, it develops the case for proactive crisis support and the creation of a positive rights agenda based on advocacy and effective representation of the psychosocial needs of the bereaved.
Contingencies of Western Asylum Policy: Coping with Dilemmas and Crises
Authors: ’t Hart Paul ’T. , Wijkhuijs Vina
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this essay:

K.J. Bade and M. Weiner (Eds), Migration Past, Migration Future: Germany and the United States

R. Münz and M. Weiner (Eds), Migrants, Refugees, and Foreign Policy: U.S. and German Policies Towards Countries of Origin

K. Hailbronner and D.A. Martin (Eds), Immigration Admissions: The Search for Workable Policies in Germany and the United States

K. Hailbronner, D.A. Martin and H. Motomura (Eds), Immigration Controls: The Search for Workable Policies in Germany and the United States

P. Schuck and R. Münz (Eds), Paths to Inclusion: The Integration of Migrants in the United States and Germany
Post‐traumatic stress in children following motor vehicle accidents
Authors: Keppel‐Benson Jane M. , Ollendick Thomas H. , Benson Mark J.
Published: March 2003

Background: This study examined children's experiences following a motor vehicle accident (MVA). Methods: Approximately 9 months following the accident, children (n=50) and their parents (n=50) participated in extensive interviews about the accident and in comprehensive, structured diagnostic interviews concerning overall psychological functioning. Additional assessments included post‐traumatic stress questionnaires, archival police report records, and emergency treatment medical records. Results: Of the 50 children, 7 children (14%) met criteria for PTSD diagnosis, and an additional 5 children met criteria for specific phobia (10%) related to the automobile accident on the structured diagnostic interview (DICA‐R‐C; total of 24%). Degree of physical injury predicted more PTSD symptoms, and previous accident experiences predicted fewer symptoms, before and after controlling for other variables. Holding degree of physical injury and age constant revealed that social support predicted fewer PTSD symptoms. Conclusions: Findings suggest the possible inoculating role of previous accidents and the importance of social support following MVA injury.
Conversational behaviour of children with Asperger syndrome and conduct disorder
Authors: Adams Catherine , Green Jonathan , Gilchrist Anne , Cox Anthony
Published: March 2003

Background:Social communication problems in individuals who have Asperger syndrome constitute one of the most significant problems in the syndrome. This study makes a systematic analysis of the difficulties demonstrated with the use of language (pragmatics) in adolescents who have Asperger syndrome.Method:Recent advances in discourse analysis were applied to conversational samples from a group of children with Asperger syndrome and a matched control group of children with severe conduct disorder. Two types of conversation were sampled from each group, differing in emotional content.Results:The results showed that in these contexts children with Asperger syndrome were no more verbose as a group than controls, though they showed a tendency to talk more in more emotion‐based conversations. Children with Asperger syndrome, as a group, performed similarly to control subjects in ability to respond to questions and comments. However, they were more likely to show responses which were problematic in both types of conversation. In addition, individuals with Asperger syndrome showed more problems in general conversation than during more emotionally and socially loaded topics. The group with Asperger syndrome was found to contain a small number of individuals with extreme verbosity but this was not a reliable characteristic of the group as a whole.
Diagnostic efficiency of symptoms in the diagnosis of DSM‐IV: generalized anxiety disorder in youth
Authors: Pina Armando A. , Silverman Wendy K. , Alfano Candice A. , Saavedra Lissette M.
Published: March 2003

Background: Evaluated five probability indices, including odds ratios, to determine relative contribution of Uncontrollable Excessive Worry (DSM‐IV criterion A and criterion B) and Physiological Symptoms associated with uncontrollable excessive worry (DSM‐IV criterion C) for diagnosing DSM‐IV generalized anxiety disorder in youth. Method: One hundred eleven youths (6 to 17 years old) and their parents who presented to a childhood anxiety disorders specialty clinic were administered a semi‐structured diagnostic interview schedule. Separate evaluations were conducted for children and adolescents. Results: Results showed that symptoms comprising DSM‐IV's generalized anxiety disorder diagnosis vary relative to one another in the degree to which they contribute to the diagnosis, with certain symptoms having relatively higher diagnostic value than other symptoms. The relative value of symptoms also appeared to vary with children's and adolescents' reports, and parents' reports about their children and adolescents. Conclusions: Despite variations in symptoms' values, with only a few exceptions, almost all symptoms were still quite useful for diagnosis, whether reported by children, adolescents, or their parents.
Personality differences in childhood and adolescence: measurement, development, and consequences
Authors: Shiner Rebecca , Caspi Avshalom
Published: March 2003

Child psychologists and psychiatrists are interested in assessing children's personalities. This interest is fueled by the practical desire to identify differences between children that have predictive utility, and by recognition that future advances in developmental theory, especially in relation to gene‐environment interplay, can only be as good as the measures on which they rely. The aim of this article is to facilitate these practical and theoretical advances. First, we delineate a taxonomy of measurable individual differences in temperament and personality in childhood, and point the reader to proven and/or promising measuring instruments. Second, we describe the processes through which early temperament differences may become elaborated into adult personality structure and lifelong adaptation, and identify gaps in the empirical research that need to be filled. Third, we explore the various connections between temperament/personality traits and psychopathology, and direct attention to promising questions and strategies.
Ethno‐nationalism and the global ‘modernising’ project
Authors: Jalata Asafa
Published: March 2003

This article analyses the features and problems of ethno‐nationalism in the global context. The existing bodies of theories and literature on ethno‐nationalism mainly reflect the views and interests of the colonising ethno‐nations and their states at the cost of the dominated ethno‐nations. This preliminary study shows the inadequacy of information, knowledge and theory in the study of nationalism by questioning the validity of the global ‘modernising’ projects of modernisation theorists and some Marxists and by addressing the question of ethno‐nationalism from the perspective of the colonised ethno‐nations. By providing the reference cases of the Oromos and the Southern Sudanese, this study explains the challenge ethno‐nationalism poses to the nature and role of the state.
Rethinking Russian–Ukrainian relations: a new trend in nation‐building in post‐communist Russia?
Authors: Tolz Vera
Published: March 2003

This article analyses new trends in the assessment of Russian–Ukrainian relations by representatives of the Russian elites in the late 1990s. It sees a discussion of the historic roots of Ukrainian separatism in the Russian media and attempts to identify the origins of the ‘Russian national homeland’ outside Kyiv Rus as the first steps towards a revision of traditional Russian perceptions of Russian–Ukrainian relations. The article argues that the new trends have become particularly visible following the signing of the Russian–Ukrainian inter‐state treaty in May 1997, which it regards as an important landmark in Russia's acceptance of the independence of Ukraine.
Early Lithuanian nationalism: sources of its legitimate meanings in an environment of shifting boundaries
Authors: Valantiejus Algis
Published: March 2003

The objective of this article is to formulate the problem of modernity of the nation more specifically with reference to early Lithuanian nationalism. The problem is to find out how national solidarity emerges in the modernising social context in which factors reflecting nationally relevant conflicts of group interests are more valid. The argument, to summarise, is that the decisive phase of Lithuanian nationalism came with the external religious conflict, on the one hand, and the secular liberal movement, on the other. The analysis also explains why early Lithuanian nationalism was of the ‘belated’ type. It was the interaction of ethno–religious factors, socio–economic interests and the rapidly increasing role of the intelligentsia that reinforced the symbolic relations of language and social solidarity.
Relationship between temporal changes in cardiac parasympathetic activity and motion sickness severity
Authors: Gianaros Peter J. , Quigley Karen S. , Muth Eric R. , Levine Max E. , Vasko, Jr. Raymond C. , Stern Robert M.
Published: March 2003

Chemotherapy–induced nausea has been associated with a time–related decrease in cardiac parasympathetic activity. We tested the hypothesis that a time–related decrease in cardiac parasympathetic activity would also be associated with nausea and other motion sickness symptoms during illusory self–motion (vection). Fifty–nine participants (aged 18–34 years: 25 male) were exposed to a rotating optokinetic drum to induce vection. Symptoms of motion sickness and an estimate of cardiac parasympathetic activity (respiratory sinus arrhythmia; RSA) were obtained at baseline and throughout a drum–rotation period. As expected, motion sickness symptoms increased and RSA decreased over time during drum rotation. Moreover, greater decreases in RSA over time correlated with greater motion sickness severity. These results suggest that a time–related decrease in cardiac parasympathetic activity may be an important correlate of nausea and motion sickness across different evocative contexts.
Stimulus characteristics and task category dissociate the anterior and posterior aspects of the novelty P3
Authors: Gaeta Helen , Friedman David , Hunt Gregory
Published: March 2003

The novelty P3 is an event‐related potential component that is most often elicited by environmental sounds within the “novelty oddball” paradigm. Within the context of this paradigm, it is not clear if the novelty P3 can be elicited by deviant stimuli regardless of whether they serve as target or nontarget deviants, or to what extent the physical characteristics of the stimulus contributes to the amplitude of the novelty P3. The current study examines this issue by systematically switching target and nontarget deviants between environmental sounds and tonal stimuli. Participants were 36 young adults. Auditory stimuli were 48 unique tones and 48 unique environmental sounds presented under three experimental conditions. The results showed that target and nontarget deviants elicited novelty P3s with anterior and posterior aspects. The major determinant of the extent of the anterior aspect was the degree of difference between the physical characteristics of the deviant stimuli and the standards. By contrast, the major determinant of the posterior aspect was the task relevance of the deviant stimuli.
Poverty and the Distribution of Land
Authors: Griffin Keith , Khan Azizur Rahman , Ickowitz Amy
Published: March 2003

Redistributive land reforms have begun to attract the attention of scholars and policy makers once again. In this paper, we review old arguments and bring them up‐to‐date in the light of recent research. We begin with the case in favour of redistributive reforms focusing on fragmented factor markets and systems of labour control, of which concentration of land ownership is but one aspect. We then examine land reform in practice, focusing on distinct regional features and outcomes in sub‐Saharan Africa, Latin America, the transition economies of the former Soviet bloc and, as examples of success, East Asia (including China and Vietnam). Next we discuss the macroeconomic context and the two‐way direction of causality between a redistribution of productive assets and the overall performance of the economy. We underline the importance of weakening the system of labour control, eliminating landlord bias and correcting urban bias. Finally, we argue that a prominent feature of all successful land reforms has been a high degree of land confiscation; full compensation and various types of ‘market friendly’ land reform are unlikely to be successful.
2001 Division 35 Presidential Address: Context Matters: Understanding Tokenism Processes and Their Impact on Women's Work
Authors: Yoder Janice D.
Published: March 2003

Awarded for your spectacular contributions to feminist psychology, Division 35 presents to you the Carolyn Wood Sherif Award. A prodigious researcher and theorist, you break down the artificial distinctions between basic and applied work and between erudition and accessibility. In your scholarship you have raised to the forefront neglected variables such as ethnicity, social class, and disability. Your creativity, courage, warmth, and generosity of spirit make you an inspiration to scholars across a spectrum of disciplines, many of whom you have mentored, nurtured, and helped. Nor does your indefatigable advocacy stop at the campus gates. With humor, wisdom, and abundant determination, you have used the tools of our discipline to create community and to advance the cause of social justice. It is with gratitude that we honor you and your work, Michelle Fine.

While the power of her absence can't yet find words, this paper is dedicated, of course, to our friend, colleague, the fountain of energy, commitment, deep throated laughter, always searching for silver linings, the very missed Sue Zalk.
Human Resource Management, Corporate Performance and Employee Wellbeing: Building the Worker into HRM
Authors: Guest David
Published: March 2003

Two main approaches to human resource management (HRM) are identified: one focusing on the organisational concern for the relationship between HRM and performance, the other mounting a critique of HRM. It is argued that both pay lip service to, but largely neglect worker reactions to HRM. The case is made for building the worker into the analysis of HRM, on the one hand, by incorporating worker attitudes and behaviour in the study of the HRM-performance relationship, and on the other, by paying serious attention to the association between HRM and worker-related outcomes. Evidence is presented to suggest that worker attitudes and behaviour mediate the HRM-performance relationship and that certain HR practices are associated with higher work and life satisfaction. These practices include job design, direct participation and information provision that are associated with higher performance; but work satisfaction is also associated with equal opportunities, family-friendly and anti-harassment practices. It is suggested that a more worker-friendly HRM can best be applied in the context of a partnership or mutual gains framework.
Changes, Dangers, Choice and Voice: Understanding what High Commitment Management Means for Employees and Unions
Authors: Baird Marian
Published: March 2003

Using a case study approach, this article explores the implications for employees and unions of the introduction of a high commitment management (HCM) model to two Australian workplaces; one a brownfield site, the other a greenfield site. The article assesses the impact of HCM on employees using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. Its central argument is structured around four themes. The first relates to the extent and type of the changes introduced. The article briefly overviews the features of the new HCM system at the greenfield site and contrasts them with the traditional industrial relations (IR) extant at the brownfield site. The second theme examines the dangers of the new system for employees and unions at both sites. The third theme analyses the choices available to employees at each workplace and argues that only limited choice is available. The fourth theme considers the opportunities for, and impediments to, employee voice being heard in both the old and new systems. The article concludes with an evaluation of the costs and benefits of the new system for all employees and argues that in order to fully appreciate the implications of HCM, an integration of traditional IR concerns with human resource management (HRM) analysis is essential.
Ideology and the ELT practitioner
Authors: Modiano Marko
Published: March 2003

This article addresses the relationship between linguistic imperialism and culture‐speci?c educational standards for ELT in mainland Europe. Aspects of ideological literacy and ideological transfer are discussed, as well as the value systems associated with AmE and BrE, which are less expedient, it is argued, compared to English as an international language (EIL)when the goal of the instruction is to emphasize the role of English as a lingua franca. It is shown that students who aspire to learn the tongue because it is useful as a global cross‐cultural communicative tool are better served by the conceptualization of EIL. One reason for this is that the cultural integrity of the learner is not negatively impacted upon to the same extent when an EIL perspective is the basis of ELT. Moreover, the ideologies which underpin globalization and the vision of cultural pluralism are more in tune with a lingua franca perspective as opposed to ELT platforms based on culture‐speci?c varieties of English.
An Explicit Solution of a Generalized Optimum Requirement Spanning Tree Problem With a Property Related to Monge
Authors: Anazawa Tsutomu
Published: March 2003

The paper considers a generalization of the optimum requirement spanning tree problem (ORST problem) first studied by Hu in 1974. Originally, ORST was regarded as a communication network of tree type with the minimum average cost, and it is obtained by the well‐known Gomory–Hu algorithm when the degrees of vertices are not restricted. The ORST problem is generalized by (i) generalizing the objective function and (ii) imposing maximum degree constraints. The generalized ORST problem includes some practical problems, one of which is proposed in this paper, but is not efficiently solvable in general. However, I show that a particular tree (which is obtained by a sort of greedy algorithm but is explicitly definable) is a solution of the generalized problem when a certain practical condition is satisfied. The condition is closely related to the Monge property, which is originally discussed in the Hitchcock transportation problem, and is known to make some NP‐hard problems efficiently solvable.
Synthetic Financial Evaluation by a Method of Combining DEA with AHP
Authors: Cai Yuezhou , Wu Wenjiang
Published: March 2003

After some basic indices are treated by AHP, four synthetic ability indices are obtained. Based on these indices the DEA method is employed to evaluate the financial position of enterprises in an industry. An example is cited to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in combining DEA with AHP.
A Problem‐based Selection of Multi‐attribute Decision‐making Methods
Authors: Yeh Chung‐Hsing
Published: March 2003

Different multi‐attribute decision‐making (MADM) methods often produce different outcomes for selecting or ranking a set of decision alternatives involving multiple attributes. This paper presents a new approach to the selection of compensatory MADM methods for a specific cardinal ranking problem via sensitivity analysis of attribute weights. In line with the context‐dependent concept of informational importance, the approach examines the consistency degree between the relative degree of sensitivity of individual attributes using an MADM method and the relative degree of influence of the corresponding attributes indicated by Shannon’s entropy concept. The approach favors the method that has the highest consistency degree as it best reflects the decision information embedded in the problem data set. An empirical study of a scholarship student selection problem is used to illustrate how the approach can validate the ranking outcome produced by different MADM methods. The empirical study shows that different problem data sets may result in a different method being selected. This approach is particularly applicable to large‐scale cardinal ranking problems where the ranking outcome of different methods differs significantly.
Multiple Objective Optimization Problems in Statistics
Authors: Narula Subhash C. , Wellington John F.
Published: March 2003

Many statistical problems can be viewed as optimization problems. A careful and detailed analysis of these procedures reveals that many of these problems are essentially multiple objective optimization problems. Furthermore, most of the standard statistical procedures aim at finding an efficient (non‐dominated) solution. Our objective in this paper is to introduce some of the single sample statistical problems that can be formulated and solved as multiple objective optimization problems.
Equivalence Scales in an Intertemporal Setting with an Application to the Former West Germany
Authors: Charlier Erwin
Published: March 2003

Equivalence scales provide answers to questions like how much a household with two children needs to spend compared to a couple to attain the same welfare level. These are important questions for child allowances, social benefits and to assess the cost of children over the life‐cycle for example. We discuss equivalence scales in an intertemporal setting with uncertainty. To estimate equivalence scales we use a panel from German households (GSOEP) containing subjective data on satisfaction with life and satisfaction with income to represent the welfare level. Because satisfaction is measured on a discrete scale we use limited dependent variable models for panel data in estimation. Using satisfaction with life data we find that larger households do not need any additional income to be as satisfied as a couple. Using satisfaction with income, however, yields equivalence scales that increase with household size.
In Memoriam: Ann Chadeau (1944–2002)
Authors: Blades Derek
Published: March 2003

Ann Chadeau died in April this year after a long illness. She was 58. Ann was an active member of our Association for many years, serving on the Editorial Board from 1985 to 1990 and on the Council from 1995 to 2000. All those who knew her will be saddened at the loss both for her warm and outgoing personality as well as for her professional abilities.
Egypt’s Growth Performance Under Economic Liberalism: A Reassessment With New GDP Estimates, 1886–1945
Authors: Yousef Tarik M.
Published: March 2003

The stagnation of Egyptian living standards in the first half of the 20th century has been widely presumed in economic history. However, this conventional wisdom is partially based on a fragmented body of evidence on aggregate output. In particular, no estimates of national income exist for any extended period prior to World War II. Using a money–based cointegration approach and a new measure of broad money, we exploit Egypt’s intimate economic links with the U.K. to provide the first continuous estimates of GDP for the period 1886–1945. Our estimates are consistent with trends in agriculture and other stylized facts about the Egyptian economy in the late 19th and early 20th century. The empirical results provide qualified support to the conventional wisdom about Egypt’s growth performance in addition to offering a detailed characterization of output cycles.
Modern witnesses: foreign correspondents, geopolitical vision, and the First World War
Authors: Farish Matthew
Published: March 2003

The First World War was the first modern, mediated conflict. In this paper I argue that British correspondents on the Western front attempting to accurately witness the war encountered a crisis of representation and visuality. They occupied a particularly unstable position between the many sites and points of view within a cubist landscape of shattered geographies and unstable boundaries. Their writings, though rich in masculinist and nationalistic accounts of heroism, also contain a newer perspective characterized by the failure to fit these older narratives into the inhuman, incomprehensible spaces of modern war.