bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fluorescent antimicrobial hydrogel based on fluorophore N-doped carbon dots originated from cellulose nanocrystals
Authors: Ahmed Hanan B. , Emam Hossam E. , Shaheen Tharwat I.
Published: November 2024

The current study represents a unique fabrication strategy for preparation of fluorescent hydrogels via incorporation of fluorescent quantum dots (QDs) as fluorophore entities into chitosan as a gelling matrix. QDs identified as carbon quantum dots (CQDs) & nitrogen containing carbon quantum dots (NCQDs) were preliminary synthesized from cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cationic cellulose nanocrystals (CCNCs), respectively. Cationic CNCs was prepared via chemical grafting with poly-di-allyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (CNCs-g-poly-DADMAC) through free chain polymerization reaction. Additionally, both of the prepared CQDs & NCQDs were impregnated in 3D interpenetrating network of chitosan for preparation of microbicide/florescent hydrogels (CQDs@Chs hydrogel & NCQDs@Chs hydrogel). The represented data revealed that, exploitation of cationic CNCs resulted in preparation of NCQDs with more controllable size and superior photoluminescence. Moreover, the increment in concentration of CNCs reflected in nucleation of enlarged QDs, at variance of CCNCs, whereas, increment of concentration resulted in significantly smaller-sized QDs. Size distribution of CQDs ingrained from 2% CNCs was estimated to be 8.2 nm, while, NCQDs ingrained from 2% CCNCs exhibited with size distribution of 3.8 nm. The prepared florescent CQDs@Chs hydrogel & NCQDs@Chs hydrogel showed excellent antimicrobial performance and the diameter of inhibition zone was estimated to be 31 mm, 26 mm & 22 mm against E. Coli, S. Aureus & C. Albicans with CQDs@Chs, respectively. Whereas, treatment of the as-mentioned microbial strains with NCQDs@Chs resulted in detection of inhibition zone diameter to be significantly higher as 34 mm, 28 mm & 25 mm for E. Coli, S. Aureus & C. Albicans, respectively. In a conclusion, cationic CNCs showed seniority in nucleation of QDs with significantly higher photoluminescence and microbicide activities.
Wet-spun Ag/PEDOT: PSS composite fibers for high-sensitive SERS sensing and high electrical conducting
Authors: Wu Fan , Shi Haoyu , Gao Yulong , Cheng Lin , Gu Tongkai , Liu Tong , Chen Ziyun , Fan Wei
Published: November 2024

Nanometal-based composite fibers have been widely explored in flexible sensors due to their outstanding optical and electrical properties. However, the weak binding force between metallic nanomaterial and fiber greatly limits the real application. In this work, nano silver (Ag) are strongly bonded with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly (styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) fiber by the wet-spun process. Ag-S chemical bonds are formed by the interaction of Ag and PEDOT. The Ag/PEDOT: PSS composite fiber shows excellent surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensitivity on Rhodamine 6G (R6G) molecules. The detection limit can reach 10–11 M and Raman enhancement factor (EF) is of 1.3 × 107. The high-sensitive SERS activity of Ag/PEDOT: PSS composite fiber mainly results from PEDOT: PSS, and the enhancement factor is 3 orders of magnitude better than that of other PEDOT: PSS based SERS substrates. Moreover, the composite fiber has metal-level conductivity of 1019 S/cm. This is 5 times higher than the conductivity of PEDOT: PSS fiber and a two-fold improvement over the reported values for nanometal/PEDOT: PSS based fabrics. The composite fiber has electric stability under bending test with bending speeds of 2 Hz indicating the composite fiber has good structural stability. In addition, the temperature of the composite fiber with 7 cm length can reach 76.5 °C at a voltage of 18 V. Additionally, the composite fiber shows anti-bacterial property and melting drop resistance, which pave the way for the integration of fiber-based optical and electrical sensors in the future multifunctional flexible devices.
Photonics in Germany
Authors: Süptitz Wenko
Published: November 2024

Germany has established itself as a global leader in photonics, excelling in optical and laser technologies. This article examines the country's photonics industry, which accounted for €51.7 billion in 2023 and is essential to sectors such as healthcare, Industry 4.0 and, more recently, quantum technologies. Key contributors include companies such as ZEISS, TRUMPF and hundreds of SMEs, supported by robust educational institutions and research organizations such as
the Fraunhofer Institutes. Government initiatives like “Photonik Forschung Deutschland” and the Research Program “Quantensysteme” have ensured continuous innovation. Emerging trends in quantum systems, laser fusion and ultrafast lasers further secure Germany's position at the forefront of global photonics advances.
Charles townes and infrared heterodyne interferometry
Authors: Forget Nicolas
Published: November 2024

Nobel laureate Charles Hard Townes is well known for his work in quantum electronics, which led to the invention of the maser and lasers. He was also a notable figure in astrophysics and astronomy, particularly recognized as the architect of the first high-resolution optical stellar interferometer.
Ultrastable lasers for optical clocks
Authors: Krok Patrizia , Thomas Gabrielle
Published: November 2024

In quantum science and technology applications such as optical clocks, ultrastable laser sources can address extremely narrow atomic transitions without introducing noise to the system. The required level of stability and precision has historically only been achieved under controlled laboratory conditions. Novel commercial solutions combined with new approaches are now meeting the high demands for field applications of emergent quantum technologies.
The Impact of Advertising on Instagram Toward Consumers’ Purchase Intention
Authors: Azizah Febrianti , Wiranatakusuma Dimas Bagus , Aprizal Anggi
Published: November 2024

This research aims to investigate the impact of advertising on Instagram on consumer purchase intentions using the Scopus database, covering the time from 2015 to 2024. Furthermore, this research provides recommendations for additional potential domains of investigation and advances in this discipline. Utilizing VOSviewer software, 50 articles underwent bibliometric analysis to visualize patterns such as keyword occurrences. The research underscores the dominance of quantitative methodologies, comprising 84% of the research approaches, while qualitative methods remain underexplored. The findings highlight that consumer purchase intentions are influenced by complex factors, including consumer behavior, brand strategy, social media, advertising, and product involvement, and several trend issues were obtained, including time risk, brand awareness, Gen Z, attitude, online advertising, brand strategy, and consumer behavior. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for marketers to design effective strategies that attract and fulfill consumer needs, ultimately driving profitable purchasing decisions. The study suggests a critical need for future research to integrate qualitative approaches and deepen exploration into the impact of Instagram advertising on consumer behavior, providing insights for more effective marketing strategies and scientific advancements in this field.
Decoding Masculinity: An Analysis of Stuart Hall’s Reception Theory in BTS Music Videos and Its Impact of Consuming Buying on Indonesian Fans (2013–2021)
Authors: Hasna Sofia , Nurnisya Frizki Yulianti , Sofian Muhammad Raqib Bin Mohd
Published: November 2024

This study employs the Stuart Hall model to analyse masculinity representations in BTS music videos from 2013 to 2021, examining their impact on the purchasing behaviours of the band’s predominantly female Indonesian fanbase. Through qualitative analysis involving five female fans, the research focuses on their perceptions of BTS’s videos, especially from their debut until the latest release before their conscription. Despite the assumption that female fans significantly drive sales through impulsive purchases in support of their idols, findings reveal that the varied masculinities portrayed do not substantially influence their buying decisions. Instead, these decisions are needs-based, indicating a pragmatic approach to consumerism. This research contributes to discussions on media influence, gender representation, and consumer culture, challenging the prevailing belief that fan purchasing is mainly driven by media portrayals and idol loyalty. It underscores the complex interplay of fan engagement and economic contribution in global pop culture, offering new insights into the dynamics of media consumption and fan behaviour.
Framing Indonesia’s U20 World Cup Cancellation by Kompas.com and Beritasatu.com
Authors: Widarwoko Pandu , Annisa Firly
Published: November 2024

Today’s mass media are entering the age of technology. Mass media generally has a structure that governs policy and social construction. Online mass media news can potentially to establish a significant framework that shapes public opinion. The U20 World Cup cancellation has emerged as a significant political topic. His study aims to analyze how Kompas.com and Beritasatu.com communicated the impact of the 2023 U20 World Cup cancellation in Indonesia. Ganjar Pranowo, a political figure, has emerged as the primary focus due to his anticipated participation in the 2024 elections. The qualitative research method employs the Zhongdang Pan and Gerald Kosicki models and Shoemaker and Reese’s hierarchical theory of media influence. Based on the framing analysis, the researchers discovered that Kompas.com and Beritasatu.com operate within distinct communication frameworks. Kompas.com reported on the consequences of the U20 World Cup’s cancellation, presenting both positive and bad aspects of the news. While Beritasatu.com emphasizes the government’s disappointment, the two media have different perspectives on the same news. On Beritasatu.com, rhetoric in the form of phrases is easy to find. The influence of media hierarchy extends to both media and its opposites. The five levels of hierarchy identify the role of Kompas.com’s gatekeeper in selecting outstanding words to attract attention while Beritasatu.com uses euphemism.
The Impact of Job Insecurity and Job Satisfaction on Employee Performance by Turnover Intention at the Madiun Military Health Service Hospital
Authors: Putri Dheya Kusuma Arianing , Maryati Tri , Resiana Titin , Amin Imawan Nasikhun
Published: November 2024

This study aims to analyze the effect of Job Satisfaction, Job Insecurity on Turnover Intention which has an impact on employee performance in the Madiun Army Health Service Hospital study. The sample technique in this study used a population 93, in this study using data collection techniques using questionnaire. Data analysis with SPPS 22.0 as an analysis. The results of this study indicate that job satisfaction has a significant negative effect on turnover intention, job insecurity has not a significant positive effect on turnover intention, turnover intention has a significant positive effect on performance, job satisfaction has a significant positive effect on performance, job insecurity has no significant positive effect on performance, turnover intention mediate between job satisfaction on performance, turnover intention does not mediate between job insecurity on performance.
News Mapping Analysis on Indicators of Smart City in Indonesia
Authors: Nurcahyo Caesar Dzikri , Zaenuri Mochamad
Published: November 2024

The application of the Internet of Things (Iot) in governance in Indonesia is increasingly encouraged by the “Movement Towards Smart City”. The purpose of this research is to find out how news mapping about Smart City indicators in Indonesia. The method used is a qualitative research method by relying on data sources - secondary data. These sources include official news media reports for the 2019-2023 period. The results of this study show that the news site that narrates the Smartest City indicators is Republika news site. The most narrated Smart City indicator is the indicator of Smart Mobility, where the news that appears most often is about the development of internet networks in Indonesia. Smart Mobility is the most dominant indicator reported on the five news sites because in Indonesia itself, the internet network, digitalization is something that is experiencing significant development. With the rise of digitalization in Indonesia itself as a form of implementation of Smart City Indicators, Smart Mobility, of course, the government must begin to be able to implement other Smart City Indicators, such as Smart Environment, Smart Economy, Smart Living, Smart Governance and Smart People. There needs to be a policy from the Government of Indonesia itself to maximize the Smart City indicators.
The Scientific Paradigm of Al-Ghazali and Its Contribution to Education in the Society Era 5.0
Authors: Prastowo Agung Ilham , Daraini Amira Muflicha
Published: November 2024

This article analyzes Al-Ghazali’s concept of scientific thought and its contribution to various educational challenges in the Society 5.0 era. Among the challenges in this era is the widespread digitalization in various aspects of life, which not only has a positive impact but also negative consequences. The most dominant example of these negative impacts is the sharp polarization of knowledge and the occurrence of moral degradation. This study is analyzed through a literature study approach using primary and secondary sources. Based on this research, several results were found: first, that Al-Ghazali has a thought paradigm that prioritizes moral education as the basis for building knowledge. Second, Al-Ghazali’s scientific paradigm is integrative by making religious knowledge the basis of science. Third, education in the Society 5.0 era is built through strong moral education and the development of religious and scientific knowledge in an integrative manner, thus producing outcomes that are competitive in the digital era and possess noble character.
Digital Transformation in the Implementation of the UN Charter: A Case Study of Joint Military Exercises to Reduce Tensions on the Korean Peninsula
Authors: Gunawan Yordan , Dhany Maullah Lafarrel
Published: November 2024

Freedom Shield 23 is a bilateral joint military exercise between South Korea and the United States, conducted from March 13 to March 23, 2023. The exercise aims to strengthen the defense system against the increasing nuclear threat from North Korea. This normative legal research adopts an international legal perspective, relying on literature reviews to systematically and logically analyse the data using analytical descriptive methods. South Korea, while seeking to avoid military conflict with North Korea, has responded to ongoing nuclear provocations by engaging in military cooperation with the United States through Freedom Shield 23 as a peaceful deterrence effort. This exercise aligns with the objectives of the United Nations, particularly Article 1, Paragraph 1 of the UN Charter. Freedom Shield 23 is characterized by computer-simulated command post training, incorporating blockchain and AI technology to address the challenges of digitalization. The digital transformation facilitated by this exercise enhances the readiness and synchronization of South Korean and U.S. troops, thereby strengthening defense and supporting the UN’s goals of maintaining regional security and stability on the Korean Peninsula.
Enhancing the Quality Standards of Education in Indonesia: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Aisyah Nurul , Matas Yesus Alberto Valero
Published: November 2024

The rapid development era has brought change and dynamism to the pattern of human thought in the digital era and challenges to sustainable education. The school climate plays a substantial part in student development. The purpose of the study is to conduct a systematic literatur review to uncover the trend of concepts in the study of enhance the quality standar of education. The objective of this study is to carry out a comprehensive literature review in order to identify the patterns and trends in the study of improving the standards of education. The present study utilizes a systematic literature review using the PRISMA method. It applies descriptive analysis using data sources obtained from the Scopus database covering the period from 2014 to April 2024. The data is processed using VOSviewer software. These clusters are learning process; skill and strategy; program and research. The results showed four dominant concepts, namely program, process, learning, and skill. Some of the most important aspects of it are all party’s involvement in all aspects of education, namely, creating learning programs that are engaging and have a clear impact on students; improving teaching capability through research and adding knowledge and experience through some training; and improve skills and strategies for teaching and managing education that must continue to be upgraded following current developments in the ICT era.
Evaluating Differentiated Learning in Merdeka Curriculum to Strengthen Pancasila Students’ Profile
Authors: Makrufi Anisa Dwi , Syahrir Muhammad
Published: November 2024

This study examined the implementation of differentiated learning in the Merdeka Curriculum and its impact on strengthening the Pancasila learner profile in students in Yogyakarta. Using the countenance stake evaluation model with a qualitative approach, this study involved 17 teachers from five elementary schools. The results showed teachers’ positive perceptions of differentiated learning, with 82.4% of teachers finding the curriculum flexible. Strategies implemented by teachers included early assessment, project-based learning, and continuous evaluation. Learners showed positive responses, with 58.8% strongly reflecting Pancasila values in their daily lives. Differentiated learning is proven to improve learning motivation, material understanding, and internalization of Pancasila values. This study concludes that differentiated learning in the Merdeka Curriculum has the potential to create a young generation that is adaptive, creative, and has a strong character according to the values of Pancasila. Further research can optimize the integration of this approach into learning practices and evaluate its overall impact.
Environmental awareness and total quality management in the construction industry
Authors: Elsayed Eid Abdallah , Hayder Gasim
Published: November 2024

In today’s construction industry, being environmentally conscious and maintaining high quality are more important than ever. This study looks at how integrating environmental awareness with Total Quality Management (TQM) can improve construction projects. By reviewing various literature, effective strategies can be identified for making construction more eco-friendly while still meeting high-quality standards. The findings show that combining environmental sustainability practices with TQM can lead to better project results, such as less environmental damage, higher efficiency, and more satisfied stakeholders. It has been concluded that a combined approach of environmental awareness and TQM is crucial for sustainable construction and long-term industry success. This research was done using narrative review method. The related keywords have been used to narrow down the results to twenty-nine literature which was carefully reviewed and discussed.
Extent of Implementation of Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) Program in a Local Government Unit in Southern Philippines: Basis for Intervention Strategies
Authors: James Ryan Agregado , Novelyn Patalita , Elton June Sellar , Christine Tenorio
Published: November 2024

This study focused on the extent of the Conditional Cash Transfer program implementation in a local government unit in Southern Philippines and the adherence of the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD). The research examined how the agency and the personnel follow guidelines in beneficiary selection, compliance, monitoring, and feedback mechanisms. The study was anchored on Republic Act 11310, the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) Law, and its Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR). The Data were collected through a self-made survey instrument focusing on the personnel of the 4Ps employees as the research participants. A quantitative research design was employed. The findings suggest that the program is well implemented. It may be that the DWSD personnel are adhering to the IRR of the 4Ps law. However, challenges were identified, including reliance on manual monitoring, inter-agency cooperation issues, and cultural, social, and educational factors affecting beneficiary compliance and data accuracy. Based on these findings, the researchers proposed intervention strategies to improve beneficiary lives and enhance program operations for DSWD personnel and 4Ps beneficiaries.
Indonesia’s Legal Policy on Protecting Personal Data from Artificial Intelligence Abuse
Authors: Fikri Abidin , Amelia Tina
Published: November 2024

The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) has produced advanced tools performing tasks traditionally done by humans, but this progress introduces significant legal, ethical, and security challenges. These challenges encompass concerns about individual privacy, data security, legal liability, biases in AI decision-making, and the necessity for international collaboration on regulatory frameworks that balance innovation with public protection. This research analyzes the roles and responsibilities of governments, companies, and individuals in safeguarding personal data from AI misuse. Employing normative juridical methods with statutory and analytical approaches, it focuses primarily on Indonesia’s Law Number 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection and Law Number 19 of 2016, which amends Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions. While Indonesia’s Personal Data Protection (PDP) Law aims to prevent misuse by AI through comprehensive regulations and clear data protection measures, it does not specifically address challenges posed by AI technology. Given AI’s ability to process large-scale data rapidly, there’s an increased risk of personal data misuse if not closely monitored. Therefore, reform is needed to develop regulations that are more specific and adaptable to AI developments, including establishing specialized agencies to monitor and prosecute AI-related personal data misuse.
Protection of Wages of Specific-Time-Work-Agreement Workers (PKWT) at Notary and PPAT Offices in Sleman Regency
Authors: Imawan Nasikhun Amin , Hidayat Beni
Published: November 2024

This research aims to find out the obligations of Notaries to the labor law and to find out the protection of wages for non-permanent workers at PPAT and notary offices in Sleman Regency. And to find out and examine what hinders the implementation of wage protection for non-permanent workers at the Notary/PPAT office in Sleman Regency. This research is conducted normatively and empirically which prioritizes literature study with secondary data base, namely: primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, supported by primary data from the field by conducting direct interviews with respondents related to the problems in this study. Data obtained from literature research and field research are analyzed quantitatively. The results of the analysis are presented descriptively. The results showed that the protection of wages of non-permanent workers in notary offices and PPAT in Sleman Regency has been running well, the minimum wage has been set by the government and there is government supervision of the minimum wage, The factors that hinder the implementation of wage protection of non-permanent workers in notary offices and PPAT in Sleman Regency are the limited ability of the Sleman Regency Manpower Office to supervise one by one companies in Sleman Regency and the absence of openness from the company so that they close themselves not to report labor problems to the government.
Acoustic turbulence in a superfluid liquid
Authors: Nemirovskii S. K.
Published: November 2024

A system of kinetic equations is obtained for first and second sound waves. The analysis carried out shows that as a result of transformation processes of first sound into second sound, the branching of the flow of energy into the second acoustic branch is small. This allowed the solution of the system which differs slightly from the solution which should apply in the absence of transformation processes, to be found.
Investigation of the structure of the intermediate state produced by a current in single crystal and polycrystalline cylindrical superconductors. I. Measurements on tin near T
c
Authors: Kan Ya. S. , Frolov V. A.
Published: November 2024

The structure of the intermediate state produced by a current in thick tin cylinders near the critical temperature is investigated. A static structure, for which the quantity and thickness of the n -domains depend on the quantity R/Rn, was observed in a single crystal specimen up to the origination of the n -shell (up to R/Rn ≈ 0.5). The structure of the intermediate state in polycrystalline specimens is determined by the size of individual crystals and the scatter of their superconducting characteristics.
Study of the Shubnikov–de Haas effect in Bi1-XSbX semimetallic alloys
Authors: Akimov B. A. , Moshchalkov V. V. , Chudinov S. M.
Published: November 2024

The Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations in Bi1−xSbx semimetallic alloys have been studied over the Sb concentration range 0 ≤ x ≤ 7 at.%. The measurements were carried out at helium temperatures with magnetic fields H of up to 60 kOe in the basal plane of the crystal. The oscillations were Fourier analyzed on a computer to give the dependences on the Sb concentration of the maximum (Smax) and minimum (Smin) cross sections of the electron Fermi surface and of its anisotropy in Bi1−x Sbx alloys. A frequency doubling effect (spin damping) is found; it is shown that the damping angle φd, reckoned from the binary axis in the basal plane, decreases monotonically from the value φd ≈ 2.75° for pure Bi to φd ≈ 0° for the alloy with x ≈ 7 at.% Sb. The correction term to the maximum cross section Smax of the electron Fermi surface resulting from allowance for the movement of the Fermi level in a magnetic field is calculated. The change in the anisotropy of the Fermi surface of Bi1−xSbx alloys is considered within the framework of the Abrikosov–Fal’kovskii model. The angular dependence of the spin splitting Bi1−xSbx alloys is studied.
Electron states of iron atoms and hyperfine interaction parameters in the low temperature phase of magnetite
Authors: Checherskii V. D. , Romanov V. P.
Published: November 2024

Computer processing of Fe3O4 Mössbauer spectra with subsequent processing by Karyagin’s method provides a new interpretation of the spectra of the low-temperature phase of magnetite. The Fe3O4 spectrum at T = 80°K is described well by seven sets of lines in two of which forbidden transitions were observed, related to the large value of the quadrupole interaction and the highly nonaxial local field. Electronic configurations and effective charges of the iron atoms are determined from the values of isomer shifts and effective magnetic fields of the nuclei in magnetite below the Verwey transition temperature. The significant difference in hyperfine parameters of “bivalent” ions at octahedral sites below the phase transition is explained by formation of covalent pairs of these ions. Spectral components characteristic of the low-temperature phase of magnetite were observed in the spectrum of stoichiometric magnetite at a temperature approximately 4°K above the phase transition point. Evidently charge ordering (or local lattice distortion) begins somewhat sooner than the phase transition as determined by the point of the temperature discontinuity in electrical conductivity.
Superconducting powder junctions in microwave fields
Authors: Solov’ev A. L. , Khristenko E. V. , Dmitriev V. M.
Published: November 2024

An if signal is analyzed which appears at an intermediate frequency at a granular superconducting junction when two waves in the millimeter range have been applied to it. The if power is found to be very distinctly a periodic function of the bias voltage and a Bessel function of the heterodyning power, at small input signals, which indicates a Josephson character of the mixing process.
Linear increase of the resistivity of aluminum in a strong magnetic field
Authors: Kopeliovich A. I. , Morgun V. N.
Published: November 2024

An explanation is offered for the linear increase of the magnetoresistivity of aluminum by attributing it to the combined effect of magnetic breakdown and low-angle electron scattering : infinite motion of electrons within the p-region is ensured by their passage between layers of closed magnetic-breakdown orbits, as a result of collisions. This effect is analyzed theoretically and its contribution to the transverse magnetoresistivity is calculated for the case of electron scattering by phonons and lattice point-defects. For a more thorough review of the problem, the field dependence and the temperature dependence of the transverse magnetoresistivity were studied experimentally so that the many already available data in the technical literature could be supplemented. A comparison of calculated and measured values indicates a reasonable agreement between both. Also, another possible explanation is considered, namely, attributing this nonlinear increase of the magnetoresistivity to Umklapp processes at intermediate magnetic field intensities.
Effect of dislocations on the thermodynamics of the electron gas in metals in the vicinity of the 2 1/2-order transition
Authors: Natsik V. D. , Potemina L. G.
Published: November 2024

The dislocation contribution to the thermodynamic potential of conduction electrons in the vicinity of the 2 1/2-order transition point is calculated. It is shown that the presence of dislocations causes broadening of the transition whereas an anomaly in the density of states near the transition point leads to a pronounced increase in the dislocation contribution to the thermodynamic properties of the metal, especially to a much greater shift of the chemical potential owing to the dislocations.
On oscillation kinetic effects in thin conductors
Authors: Kirichenko O. V. , Peschanskii V. G. , Savel’eva S. N.
Published: November 2024

Kinetic effects in thin conductors are investigated in a magnetic field for an arbitrary indicatrix of electron scattering by the boundary of a specimen. A solution obtained for the Boltzmann kinetic equation is valid for arbitrarily large electric fields. The oscillation dependence of the kinetic coefficients as a function of the specimen thickness d and the strong magnetic field H (radii of curvature of electron trajectories r≪d) is analyzed in the approximation of small perturbations caused by the temperature gradient and electric field. The amplitude of the Sondheimer oscillations of the magnetoresistivity, thermal conductivity, and other kinetic coefficients is shown to be extremely sensitive to the form of the scattering indicatrix w; experimental studies of these oscillations permit a detailed examination of the nature of the reflection of charge carriers without recourse to model representations of the surface of the specimen. In particular, it is possible to reproduce some parameters of the function w (its width as a function of the angle of electron incidence upon the boundary of the specimen etc.). A preliminary report on this study was published in Kirichenko et al. [Pis’ma Zh. Eksp Teor. Fiz 25, 187 (1977)].
Hysteresis in the temperature dependence of the yield point of silver single crystals within the low-temperature range
Authors: Landau A. I. , Parkhomenko T. A. , Pustovalov V. V.
Published: November 2024

The temperature dependence of the yield point τ0 is analyzed for single crystals of silver and a silver alloy, on the basis of tests by repetitive loading to the yield point with subsequent cooling (conventional method) and subsequent heating. An appreciable amount of hysteresis is found in the function τ0(T), depending on the direction of temperature changes. Possible causes of this hysteresis are explored and the conclusion is arrived at that it may have to do with changes in the rate of dislocation proliferation and the attendant changes in the dislocation structure.
Strength and electrical properties of bismuth whiskers
Authors: Gaidukov Yu. P. , Danilova N. P. , Shcherbina-Samoilova M. B.
Published: November 2024

The results are presented of an experimental study concerning the effect of uniaxial elongation of up to 1.6% on the Shubnikov–de Haas effect in and the resistance of bismuth whiskers at temperatures from 4.2 to 1.5 °K. Sections of the hole ellipsoid and of one electron ellipsoid on the Fermi surface have been found to become much larger. Sections of the second electron ellipsoid remain the same, and sections of the third electron ellipsoid become smaller until the latter vanishes completely at a 0.45% elongation. At the same time, the resistance drops at a slower rate after a 0.45% elongation. In some specimens superconductivity was established at Tc ≈ 4.0 °K and Hc0 = 10–15 kOe. The causes of superconductivity are not yet understood, but it cannot be attributed to the presence of an impurity.
Oscillations in electric charge density in superconductors with paramagnetic impurities
Authors: Galaiko V. P. , Glushchik N. I. , Shumeiko V. S.
Published: November 2024

A study is made of the conditions for existence of weakly damped longitudinal oscillations of the electron system in “pure” superconductors with paramagnetic impurities. Inclusion of paramagnetic impurities in superconductors leads to suppression of electron “sound” at a relatively low impurity concentration: ωτs∼1. The physical nature of this phenomenon is connected with the damping action of branch mixing caused by the paramagnetic impurities on electron “sound” in the range of frequencies comparable to the characteristic mixing frequency.
Parameters of the bismuth band structure model in deformation theory
Authors: Akimov B. A. , Chudinov S. M. , Moshahalkov V. V.
Published: November 2024

Within the framework of the Abrikosov–Fal’kovskii model, the electron characteristics of a bismuth-type semimetal with inverse and direct spectrum at L points of the Brillouin zone are analyzed. The bismuth energy spectrum parameters are determined for different values of the energy gap ϵgL in a comparison of the quantities obtained with the results of experiment by fitting on an electronic computer. It is shown that the experimental results for pure bismuth, obtained under normal conditions, do not permit a unique determination of the sign and magnitude of the gap ϵgL and the nature of the spectrum at the points L. By relying on additional results obtained in varying ϵgL and the Fermi energy ϵFe, the most reliable system of parameters of the bismuth spectrum, which can be used for practical computations of the basis of the Abrikosov–Fal’kovskii model, is proposed.
Characteristics of a (Cu)/(Au+0.03 at. %Fe) thermocouple in magnetic fields at low temperatures
Authors: Chernyak N. A. , Goridov S. I. , Merisov B. A.
Published: November 2024

A (Cu/Au + 0.03 at% Fe) thermocouple with a temperature gradient along the wire was placed in a magnetic field of up to 57 kOe at temperatures ranging from 2 to 31.2 °K. Within experimental accuracy, the magnetic field was found not to affect the magnitude of the thermal emf. The results of this study are interpreted in terms of concepts in the electron theory of metals.
Elastic properties of aluminum and lead
Authors: Zarochentsev E. V. , Teplov S. V. , Safronov V. P.
Published: November 2024

The binding energy, temperature dependence of the second-order elastic constants, their derivatives with respect to pressure, and the third-order elastic moduli of aluminum and lead are investigated by using the Animalu–Heine-type local pseudopotential model which was employed successfully earlier to describe a wide range of properties of alkali metals. The results obtained in this study are compared with those of other authors and with experiment. It is shown that, despite the fact that covalent effects are neglected, this model describes the static properties of these polyvalent metals better than other models do, although it does provide a somewhat less accurate description than it does for alkali metals. Conditions for optimization of the model are discussed in the paper.
Phase separation of planetary ices explains nondipolar magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune
Authors: Militzer Burkhard
Published: November 2024

The Voyager spacecraft discovered that the ice giants Uranus and Neptune have nondipolar magnetic fields, defying expectations that a thick interior layer of planetary ices would generate strong dipolar fields. Stanley and Bloxham showed that nondipolar fields emerge if the magnetic field is only generated in a thin outer layer. However, the origin and composition of this dynamo active layer has so far remained elusive. Here, we show with ab initio computer simulations that a mixture of H
2
O, CH
4
, and NH
3
will phase separate under the pressure–temperature condition in the interiors of Uranus and Neptune, forming a H
2
O-dominated fluid in the upper mantle and a CH
4
-NH
3
mixture below. We further demonstrate that with increasing pressure, the CH
4
-NH
3
mixture becomes increasingly hydrogen depleted as it assumes the state of a polymeric C-N-H fluid. Since the amount of hydrogen loss increases with pressure, we propose that the C-N-H fluid forms a stably stratified layer. The magnetic fields are primarily generated in an upper layer that is H
2
O-rich, homogeneous, convective, and electrically conducting. Under these assumptions, we construct ensembles of models for the interiors of Uranus and Neptune with the Concentric MacLaurin Spheroid method. We demonstrate that the phase separation of the solar-type H
2
O-CH
4
-NH
3
mixture leads to models that match the observed gravity field and to layer thicknesses that are compatible with magnetic field measurements.
Identification of a depupylation regulator for an essential enzyme in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Kahne Shoshanna C. , Yoo Jin Hee , Chen James , Nakedi Kehilwe , Iyer Lakshminarayan M. , Putzel Gregory , Samhadaneh Nora M. , Pironti Alejandro , Aravind L. , Ekiert Damian C. , Bhabha Gira , Rhee Kyu Y. , Darwin K. Heran
Published: November 2024

In
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)
, proteins that are posttranslationally modified with a prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein (Pup) can be degraded by bacterial proteasomes. A single Pup-ligase and depupylase shape the pupylome, but the mechanisms regulating their substrate specificity are incompletely understood. Here, we identified a depupylation regulator, a protein called CoaX, through its copurification with the depupylase Dop. CoaX is a pseudopantothenate kinase that showed evidence of binding to pantothenate, an essential nutrient
Mtb
synthesizes, but not its phosphorylation. In a ∆
coaX
mutant, pantothenate synthesis enzymes including PanB, a substrate of the Pup-proteasome system (PPS), were more abundant than in the parental strain. In vitro, CoaX specifically accelerated depupylation of Pup~PanB, while addition of pantothenate inhibited this reaction. In culture, media supplementation with pantothenate decreased PanB levels, which required CoaX. Collectively, we propose CoaX regulates PanB abundance in response to pantothenate levels by modulating its vulnerability to proteolysis by
Mtb
proteasomes.
Spatiotemporal bifurcation of HY5-mediated blue-light signaling regulates wood development during secondary growth
Authors: Hwang Hyeona , Lim Yookyung , Oh Myung-Min , Choi Hyunmo , Shim Donghwan , Song Young Hun , Cho Hyunwoo
Published: November 2024

Plants have evolved photoreceptors to optimize their development during primary growth, including germination, hypocotyl elongation, cotyledon opening, and root growth, allowing them to adapt to challenging light conditions. The light signaling transduction pathway during seedling establishment has been extensively studied, but little molecular evidence is available for light-regulated secondary growth, and how light regulates cambium-derived tissue production remains largely unexplored. Here, we show that CRYPTOCHROME (CRY)-dependent blue light signaling and the subsequent attenuation of ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) movement to hypocotyls are key inducers of xylem fiber differentiation in
Arabidopsis thaliana.
Using grafted chimeric plants and hypocotyl-specific transcriptome sequencing of light signaling mutants under controlled light conditions, we demonstrate that the perception of blue light by CRYs in shoots drives secondary cell wall (SCW) deposition at xylem fiber cells during the secondary growth of hypocotyls. We propose that HY5 is a blue light–responsive mobile protein that inhibits xylem fiber formation via direct transcriptional repression of
NAC SECONDARY WALL THICKENING PROMOTING 3
(
NST3
). CRYs retain HY5 in the nucleus, impede its long-distance transport from leaf to hypocotyl, and they initiate
NST3-
driven SCW gene expression, thereby triggering xylem fiber production. Our findings shed light on the long-range CRYs-HY5-NST3 signaling cascade that shapes xylem fiber development, highlighting the activity of HY5 as a transcriptional repressor during secondary growth.
Permeability–selectivity trade-off for a universal leaky channel inspired by mobula filters
Authors: Mao Xinyu , Bischofberger Irmgard , Hosoi Anette E.
Published: November 2024

Mobula rays have evolved leaf-shaped filter structures to separate food particles from seawater, which function similarly to industrial cross-flow filters. Unlike cross-flow filtration, where permeability and selectivity are rationally designed following trade-off analyses, the driving forces underlying the evolution of mobula filter geometry have remained elusive. To bridge the principles of cross-flow and mobula filtration, we establish a universal framework for the permeability–selectivity trade-off in a leaky channel inspired by mobula filters, where permeability and selectivity are characterized by the pore-scale leaking rate and the cut-off particle size, respectively. Beyond the classic pore-flow regime in cross-flow filtration, we reveal transition and vortex regimes pertinent to mobula filtration. Combining theory, physical experiments, and simulations, we present distinct features of water permeability and particle selectivity across the three regimes. In particular, we identify an unreported 1/2-scaling law for the leaking rate in the vortex regime. We conclude by demonstrating that mobula filters strike an elegant balance between permeability and selectivity, which enables mobula rays to simultaneously satisfy biological requirements for breathing and filter feeding. By integrating cross-flow and mobula filtration into a universal framework, our findings provide fundamental insights into the physical constraints and evolutionary pressures associated with biological filtration geometries and lay the foundation for developing mobula-inspired filtration in industry.
Miniaturized, portable gustation interfaces for VR/AR/MR
Authors: Liu Yiming , Park Wooyoung , Yiu Chun Ki , Huang Xingcan , Jia Shengxin , Chen Yao , Zhang Hehua , Chen Hongting , Wu Pengcheng , Wu Mengge , Liu Zhenyu , Gao Yuyu , Zhu Kening , Zhao Zhao , Li Yuhang , Yokota Tomoyuki , Someya Takao , Yu Xinge
Published: November 2024

Gustation is one of the five innate sensations for humans, distinguishing from vision, auditory, tactile, and olfaction, as which is a close and chemically induced sense. Despite the fact that a handful of gustation display technologies have been developed, the new technologies still pose significant challenges in miniaturization of the overall size for portability, enriching taste options within a limited working area, supporting natural human–device interaction, and achieving precisely controlled taste feedback. To address these issues, here, we report a set of intelligent and portable lollipop-shaped taste interfacing systems covering from 2 to 9 different taste options for establishing an adjustable taste platform in virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) environments. Tasteful and food-grade chemicals embedded agarose hydrogels serve as taste sources based on iontophoresis operation principle, with an adjustable feedback intensity and independent operation time by tuning the voltage input. To achieve portability and user-friendly operation, the devices are miniaturized into a gustation interface with 9-channel taste generators in the dimension of 8 cm × 3 cm × 1 cm. To realize both gustation and olfaction feedbacks in Metaverse, an olfaction interface based on 7-channel odor generators is also introduced into the gustation interface system. As a result, the demonstrations of our gustation interface systems in intelligent medical gustation assessment, remote shopping, and mixed reality have proven their advances and great progress in various potential application areas, ranging from human–machine interfaces, to biomedical science, and to entertainment.
Wet–dry cycles cause nucleic acid monomers to polymerize into long chains
Authors: Song Xiaowei , Simonis Povilas , Deamer David , Zare Richard N.
Published: November 2024

The key first step in the oligomerization of monomers is to find an initiator, which is usually done by thermolysis or photolysis. We present a markedly different approach that initiates acid-catalyzed polymerization at the surface of water films or water droplets, which is the reactive phase during a wet–dry cycle in freshwater hot springs associated with subaerial volcanic landmasses. We apply this method to the oligomerization of different nucleic acids, a topic relevant to how it might be possible to go from simple nucleic acid monomers to long-chain polymers, a key step in forming the building blocks of life. It has long been known that dehydration at elevated temperatures can drive the synthesis of ester and peptide bonds, but this reaction has typically been carried out by incubating dry monomers at elevated temperatures. We report that single or multiple cycles of wetting and drying link mononucleotides by forming phosphodiester bonds. Mass spectrometric analysis reveals uridine monophosphate oligomers up to 53 nucleotides, with an abundance of 35 and 43 nt in length. Long-chain oligomers are also observed for thymidine monophosphate, adenosine monophosphate, and deoxyadenosine monophosphate after exposure to a few wet–dry cycles. Nanopore sequencing confirms that long linear chains are formed. Enzyme digestion shows that the linkage is the phosphodiester bond, which is further confirmed by
31
P NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. This suggests that nucleic acid oligomers were likely to be present on early Earth in a steady state of synthesis and hydrolysis.