bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is There a Late Alexandrian Text of the Gospels?
Authors: Martini Carlo M.
Published: February 2009

This research was started with the desire to ascertain whether in the papyri of Didymus1, which were discovered at Toura in 1941, and whose regular publication began in 1962 and is still continuing2, it was possible to discover some fresh evidence for the existence of a later Alexandrian text of the Gospels.

The existence of this text is taken for granted by manuals of textual criticism today. B. M. Metzger, for instance, states that Alexandrian witnesses are to be divided into Proto-Alexandrian [466675 B Sahidic (in part), Clement of Alexandria, Origen (in part)] and Later Alexandrian [(C) L T W (in Luke I. 1–8, 12 and John) (X) Z Δ (in Mark) Ξ ψ (in Mark; partially in Luke and John) 33 579 892 1241 Bohairic]3.
Eine Evangelienharmonie bei Justin und Pseudoklemens?
Authors: Strecker Georg
Published: February 2009

Eines der schwierigsten Probleme der Überlieferung der Schriftzitate in der patristischen Literatur stellt sich durch die Beobachtung, daß Justin (J) und Pseudoklemens (PsKl) in nicht wenigen ‘Textmischungen’, d. h. Verbindungen von Zitattexten insbesondere aus den synoptischen Evangelien, zumindest teilweise miteinander übereinstimmen. Zwar handelt es sich nur um sechzehn vergleichbare Zitate, so daß angesichts der großen Zahl von alttestamentlichen und neutestamentlichen Schriftbelegen bei J und PsKl man fragen könnte, ob dieses Phänomen in der Forschung nicht überschätzt worden ist. Jedoch erhält es ein besonderes Gewicht, wenn man den nach W. Sanday, W. Bousset, M. v. Engelhardt und E. Lippelt durch A. J. Bellinzoni geführten Nachweis für gelungen ansieht, wonach Justin neben den synoptischen Evangelien und anderen frühchristlichen Überlieferungen in seinen Zitaten eine schriftliche nachsynoptische Evangelienharmonie benutzte. Von hier aus ist dann der Schluß nahegelegt, daß die Justin-Zitate zusammen mit den Paralleltexten bei späteren Kirchenvätern eine Vorstufe oder gar die Grundlage für TatiansDiatessarondarstellen. Allerdings hängt für die Bildung eines begründeten Urteils viel davon ab, daß nicht nur Justins Belege, sondern auch die Parallelen in der patristischen Überlieferung eingehend beachtet werden. Dies ist in Bellinzonis breit angelegter Arbeit in Hinsicht auf PsKl nur eingeschränkt der Fall. Daher füllt die bei der Harvard University in Cambridge/Mass. eingereichte, kürzlich veröffentlichte Dissertation von L. L. Kline eine Lücke, indem sie die These Bellinzonis durch Untersuchung der Schriftzitate in den Pseudoklementinen zu bestätigensucht. Darf man sagen, daß die Evangelienharmonie-Hypothese nunmehr über ein solides Fundament verfügt, von dem die künftige Forschung ausgehen kann? Diese Frage soll im folgenden kritisch untersucht und beantwortet werden.
Who wrote II Thessalonians?
Authors: Bailey John A.
Published: February 2009

Since World War II a considerable number of New Testament scholars (many of them German) have come to the conclusion that Paul did not write II Thessalonians. Among these the names of Rudolf Bultmann, Günther Bornkamm, Willi Marxsen, and Helmut Koester come to mind. What is curious is that to date no single commentary has appeared in any major European language which interprets II Thessalonians as pseudonymous. C. Masson in the introduction to his commentary decides against Pauline authorship, but in the commentary itself interprets as though Paul were the author – an anomaly perhaps related to his view of pseudonymity. The forth-coming commentaries of Marxsen and Koester
will therefore provide scholars with the first examples of exegesis of the letter as non-Pauline. Since the issue of authorship is evidently by no means settled, the present article examines the evidence for both positions and concludes with a discussion of pseudonymity in the ancient world.
Tongues, a Sign for Unbelievers?: A Structural and Exegetical Study of I Corinthians XIV. 20–25
Authors: Johanson B. C.
Published: February 2009

I Corinthians xiv. 20–25 has long posed severalcruces interpretationisfor commentators. The basic problems concern the relationship of the assertions made about tongues and prophecy in υ. 22 to the quotation of Isa. xxviii. 11–12 in υ. 21 and to the illustrations concerning tongues and prophecy in υυ. 23–5. As to the quotation, J. Ruef remarks that most commentators admit to the difficulty of seeing how it substantiates Paul's conclusion that tongues are meant as a sign for the unbeliever. Concerning the illustrations, both J. Héring and J. P. M. Sweet note that in the light of the assertions we would expect them to be the reverse of what they are. While tongues are asserted to be meant as a sign for unbelievers and prophecy for believers, the illustrations depict the negative effect of tongues upon unbelievers and the positive effect of prophecy not on believers but upon unbelievers. The second assertion (υ. 22b) in particular contradicts the second illustration (υυ. 24–5) in that it clearly states that ‘prophecy is meant as a signnot for unbelieversbut for believers’. This is so if σημεĩον is taken in a positive sense. If, on the other hand, it is taken in a negative sense, the logical relation of this second illustration to the second assertion becomes ambiguous.
‘Paul the Visionary’: The Setting and Significance of the Rapture to Paradise in II Corinthians XII. 1–10
Authors: Lincoln A. T.
Published: February 2009

II Corinthians xii. 1–1O gives us a glimpse into the life of Paul the visionary and the resurgence of interest in transcendental experiences has brought new attention to Paul's experience of the third heaven. Research into drug-induced experiences sheds no greater light on Paul's account but, as might be expected, relating the episode to ‘charismatic’ experiences has proved more fruitful.
The Destination and Purpose of the Johannine Epistles
Authors: Robinson J. A. T.
Published: February 2009

In a previous article I argued that the fourth Gospel may best be understood as an evangelistic appeal addressed to Greek-speaking Diaspora Judaism to accept as the Christ him whom ‘the inhabitants ofJerusalem and their rulers’ (‘the Jews’ of this Gospel) refused to acknowledge. If this thesis is to establish itself it must be prepared to account for the evidence of the Johannine Epistles. For, whether or not they come from the same hand as the Gospel, the milieu they presuppose is so similar that any theory about the nature of the community for which the Gospel was written which will not fit the evidence of the Epistles is bound to be precarious.
The Report About Peter in I Clement V. 4
Authors: Simth Morton
Published: February 2009

The early evidence for the martyrdom of Peter in Rome is extremely exiguous. Perhaps the most important passage is I Clement v. 4. Certainly none other until the end of the second century is equally explicit as to Peter's fate. Therefore it is of some interest that I Clem. v. 4 can itself be completely explained as exegesis of Acts iii-v and xii, especially of v. 17 and xii. 17.
Walter Bauer als Kommentator
Authors: Fascher Erich
Published: February 2009

Der bekannte Satz, da² kein Meister vom Himmel fällt, gilt auch für den Exegeten. Zur Erlernung dieser höchst verwickelten Aufgabe bedarf es eines erfahrenen tüchtigen Lehrers, weicher sprachliche Kenntnisse, hermeneutisches Vestandnis und geschichtskritischen Sinn in gleicher Weise in sich vereinigt. Von Walter Bauer darf man sagen, da² er als historisch kritischer Forscher durch gründliche Werke ausgewiesen ist, vom Leben Jesu im Zeitalter der neutestamentlichen Apokryphen angefangen bis zu seinem lange Jahre nicht sehr beachteten, aber in letzter Zeit stark diskutiertem Werk über Rechtgliubigkeit und Ketzerei im ältesten Christentum.
Notes on the Gothic Bible
Authors: Friedrichsen G. W. S.
Published: February 2009

The Veronese manuscript LI (49) includes twenty-four homilies by the Arian Bishop Maximinus. Most of these were furnished with marginal notes in Gothic, said to be contemporary with the Latin text of the fifth/sixth century, giving a brief indication of the subject of the homily. Twelve of these marginals are still more or less legible.
Erwägungen zum Problem des verkündigten Kreuzes
Authors: Marxsen W.
Published: February 2009

Das urchristliche Kerygma verkündigt das Kreuz Jesu als Heilsereignis. Es tut dies, indem es Jesus Christus als den verkündigt, der stellvertretend oder als Sühnopfer für die Sünden der Menschen gestorben ist. — Wir fragen nun, ob diese Verkündigung mit theologischem Recht geschieht; d. h. wir fragen nach der Legitimität dieses Kerygmas.
Die Offene Tür und Die Unüberschreitbare Kluft
Authors: Schnider F. , Stenger W.
Published: February 2009

Unsere Überlegungen gehen von der Voraussetzung aus, daß vor der Untersuchung der Diachronie eines Textes, vor dem Versuch also einen Text aus seinem geschichtlichen Werden zu verstehen, eine Beschreibung des Textes in seiner Synchronie zu erfolgen hat. Diese Voraussetzung wurde eigentlich bei der Textbehandlung immer schon gemacht, wenigstens da, wo man einen eher philologischen, der konkreten sprachlichen Gestalt des Textes zugewandten Schritt von einer den Bezug des Textes zur Geschichte im weitesten Sinn untersuchenden Perspektive unterschied. Dennoch hat es Sinn, diese Voraussetzung ausdrücklich zu formulieren, weil die Sprach-und Literaturwissenschaft heute mittels eines Stratifikationsmodells die verschiedenen Ebenen eines sprachlichen Gebildes deutlicher unterscheidet, und so einer synchronen Beschreibung eines Textes einen genaueren und vor allem geordneteren und nachprüfbaren Weg weist, als ihn die ältere Forschung ging. Weil sie häufig, von heute aus gesehen vorschnell von der Inhaltsebene eines Textes ausging, kam sie zu Textgliederungen, innerhalb derer die einzelnen Elemente in Spannung zueinander standen, und wertete diese Spannungen, in die Diachronie übergehend, als Anzeichen literar-kritischer Einschnitte bzw. traditionsgeschichtlicher Verwerfungen, und zwar auch in Fällen, wo eine eingehendere, die verschiedenen sprachlichen Ebenen berücksichtigende Beschreibung eines Textes in seiner Synchronie diese Spannungen als nichtexistent nachweisen kann.
The Use of Source Material in the Speeches of Acts III and VII
Authors: Scobie Charles H. H.
Published: February 2009

Since it is generally agreed that the author of Luke–Acts was not an eye-witness of the life of Jesus or of the beginnings of the Christian church, the question of the sources he employed has always loomed large in critical studies of his work.2In the case of the early chapters of Acts, Harnack may be taken as typical of the older approach, which was confident of being able to practise source-analysis and to assign material by chapter and verse to a ‘Jerusalem–Caesarea source’ and an ‘Antioch source’.3Especially since the studies of Martin Dibelius, there has been a tendency on the part of many scholars to ascribe much more to the creative hand of Luke himself, above all in the speeches of Acts, which are held to have been freely composed by Luke in the manner of Greek and Roman historians.4
Christusglaube Und Heidnische Religiosität In Paulinischen Gemeinden
Authors: Walter Nikolaus
Published: February 2009

Das im vergangenen Jahr verstorbene Mitglied unserer Gesellschaft, der verehrte holländische Kollege Willem Cornelis van Unnik – mit meinem Lehrer Gerhard Delling in Halle verbunden durch das gemeinsame Projekt des Corpus Hellenisticum Novi Testamenti – hat es bei einer Gastvorlesung in Halle am 17. 11. 1966 als eine wichtige Aufgabe der Exegese beschrieben, ‘daß wir die Botschaft mit den Ohren eines Menschen des I. Jahrhunderts hören’ und dabei ‘dem Widerstand, den die christliche Predigt erregte, auf die Spur… kommen’. Man kann auch sagen, es gehe darum, das von Paulus gegebene Stichwort von der μωρία der Kreuzesbotschaft in den Ohren der ‘Heiden’ (I. Kor. 1. 23) mit dem seiner Zeit entsprechenden, also ‘synchronen’ Inhalt zu füllen. Wir dürfen den Prozeß der Ausbreitung des Evangeliums nicht ausschließlich von der Seite der Verkündigung und der Verkündigenden und ihrer Voraussetzungen her sehen, sondern müssen auch die andere Seite, die der Empfänger, in Betracht ziehen, etwa im Sinne der Fragestellung, die Wayne A. Meeks seinen soziologischen Erwägungen über die paulinischen Gemeinden zugrundelegt: ‘What was it like to become and to be an ordinary Christian in the first century?’ – wobei wir uns sofort dessen bewußt sein müssen, daß ‘this simplest of questions receives only vague and stammering replies’.
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1. 5 Und Die ΔIAΔOXH TωN ΠPOφHTωN
Authors: Paulsen H.
Published: February 2009

Zu den Reliquien der altkirchlichen Literatur, die bis heute der Forschung Rätsel aufgeben, gehört das knappe Papyrusstück P.Oxy. 1. 5, dessen erste Edition B. P. Grenfell und A. S. Hunt zu verdanken ist:

τιν..[

λoς τoπν(ε⋯ματo)ς τo⋯ πρoφητ;[ι

κo⋯ κε⋯μνoς ⋯π' αὐτ

π[..]. […………]. ν, κα⋯

5 πλησθε⋯ς ⋯ ἄνθρωπoς ⋯κε-

νoς τῳπν(ε⋯ματ)ι τ⋯γ⋯ῳ λα

λεκαθὼς ⋯ (κ;⋯ριo)ς βo;⋯λετε,

oὕτως φανερ`ν ἔστε τò

πν(εμ)α τς θειóτητoς. τó γ⋯ρ

10 πρoφητικóν πν(εμ)α τó σω

ματεóν ⋯στιν τς πρo

φητικς τ⋯ξεως, ὃ ἔστιν

τò σμα τς σαρκòς 'ἰ(ησo)χρισ(τo)

τò μιγ⋯ν τ⋯νθρωπóτη

15 τι δι⋯ Mαρ⋯ας. ὅτι δ⋯

δoχδεκτικóν ⋯στιν
The Structure of Matthew XIII
Authors: Wenham David
Published: February 2009

The parable of the scribe trained for the kingdom of heavenMost commentators who have attempted to analyse the structure of Matthew xiii have argued that in this chapter the evangelist has deliberately brought together seven parables,1seven beingoneof his favourite numbers. This view, however, deserves to be questioned, since, although it has often not been recognized as such, the saying about the scribe trained for the kingdom of heaven in υ. 52 was probably intended by Matthew to be regarded as a parable. He thus has eight parables, not seven.2
M. Vaganay and the ‘Community Discourse’
Authors: Butler B. C.
Published: February 2009

M. Vaganay's important book, Le Problème Synoptique (Desclée, 1954), offers a ‘working hypothesis’ of some complexity. He suggests, among other things, that each of our Synoptic Gospels is dependent on a lost Greek translation (Mg) of a lost Aramaic Gospel; that Luke is also heavily, and Matthew slightly, indebted to Mark; and that Matthew and Luke further shared another lost source (Sg), to be distinguished from ‘Q’ inasmuch as several of the so-called Q passages are to be derived not from Sg but from Mg. In his long Excursus IV (pp. 361−404) M. Vaganay analyses the ‘discours communautaire’ of Matt. xviii. 1−35; Mark ix. 33−50; Luke ix. 46−50, and offers. a reconstruction of this discourse as, he thinks, it appeared in Mg.
The Gothic ‘Skeireins’ in the Greek Original
Authors: Friedrichsen G. W. S.
Published: February 2009

The present work is intended to furnish a further contribution to the much debated, yet still unsettled question as to whether the Skeireins was the original work of a Gothic commentator writing in his vernacular, or whether it was translated into Gothic from a commentary in Greek or Latin.

The not inconsiderable portions of the N.T. in Gothic bear witness to the manner in which the translators followed the Greek original word by word, and often syllable by syllable. Their literalism extends to the order, the vocabulary, the constructions and often to exact calques of the Greek words.
The Redaction of Mark IV. 1–34
Authors: Boobyer G. H.
Published: February 2009

Commentators usually regard Mark iv. 1–34 as a composite structure based upon a pre-Markan complex, possibly a parable-source. Mark is said to have expanded this source, chiefly by the insertion of extra-traditional material at vv. 11f. and 21–5. Smaller additions and emendations of a more specifically editorial nature are also thought to occur in passages like iv. I a, 10, 13b, 33 and 34.
John and the Synoptics: Some Dimensions of the Problem
Authors: Smith D. Moody
Published: February 2009

The relationship of John to the synoptic gospels has been a recurring problem, not only for two centuries of modern critical scholarship, but for Christian theology and exegesis over a much longer period. To my knowledge a full history of this problem is yet to be written,1 although it might well be helpful in arriving at a solution, as well as illuminating the present situation. The purpose of this paper is not to treat the history or to resolve the problem, but to sketch out and assess its dimensions.
Pauli Theologiae Proprium
Authors: Hübner Hans
Published: February 2009

Eines dürfte wohl mit Sicherheit an der Geschichte der Kirche abzulesen sein: Eine intensive Beschäftigung mit dem, was der Apostel Paulus zu sagen hat, ist keine Arbeit im sog. Elfenbeinturm, keine esoterische und letztlich frustrierende Selbstbeschäftigungstheorie. Wo Paulus wirklich die Gelegenheit gegeben wurde, das Seine zu sagen, da kamen nicht nur die Wellen einer sogenannten akademischen Theologie in Bewegung, sondern auch immer wieder die der Kirche; und die Bewegung der Kirchengeschichte übertrug sich zuweilen sogar auf die Weltgeschichte. Und wenn ich als lutherischer Theologe auf Martin Luther verweisen darf, der ja schließlich als Professor der Exegese zu seiner reformatorischen Entdeckung kam und dies gerade dadurch, daß er sich auf den Römerbrief einließ,1 so ist es doch nur gerecht, wenn ich zugleich darauf aufmerksam mache, daß damals auch Männer der katholischen Reform ihre religiöse Kraft aus Paulus schöpften. Ich nenne hier nur den venezianischen Botschafter beim Wormser Reichstag 1521 und späteren päpstlichen Legaten beim Reichstag zu Regensburg 1541, Kardinal Contarini. Von ihm schreibt Hubert Jedin, daß sein Rechtfertigungserlebnis 1511 (!) mit Luthers Turmerlebnis vergleichbar war und daß er nach 1521 ‘aufgrund der Affinität seiner eigenen Innenentwicklung zu der Überzeugung’ gelangte, ‘daß der religiöse Quellpunkt der Heilslehre Luthers … urkatholisch war’.2 Auf dem Reichstag zu Regensburg einigten sich Katholiken und Protestanten über die Rechtfertigungslehre. Leider kam diese Einigung zu spät. Inzwischen waren andere Kontroverspunkte so dominant geworden, daß Differenzen darin eine Einigung im ‘articulus stantis et cadentis ecclesiae’ illusorisch machten.
Le ‘Nous’ En 2 Corinthiens
Authors: Carrez M.
Published: February 2009

Pour examiner les renseignements fournis par 2 Corinthiens sur le ministère de toute la communauté et les ministères de Paul, de ses collaborateurs, du groupe apostolique, les 742 emplois du Je, du Nous et du vous constituent une source de premier ordre. En choisissant cette approche, nous sortons du cadre trop étroit de l'étude de quelques-uns des vocables utilisés pour définir la diversité des ministères.1 Le problème de l'apostolicité se joue au cœur même d'une série de situations relationnelles: Je/vous, nous/vous et enfin Je/nous.
The Text of John and Mark in the Writings of Chrysostom
Authors: Fee Gordon D.
Published: February 2009

Since the publication of Hort'sIntroductionto the Westcott–Hort Greek Testament, the biblical text of Chrysostom has been recognized as a crucial point in the history of the New Testament text. Hort had noted that ‘a glance at any tolerably completeapparatus criticusof the Acts or Pauline Epistles reveals the striking fact that an overwhelming proportion of the variants common to the great mass of cursive and late uncial Greek MSS are identical with the readings followed by Chrysostom (ob. 407) in the composition of his Homilies’.1Furthermore, the lack of this predominantly ‘Syrian’ element in the texts of the Fathers before Chrysostom, and more especially before Nicea, was a crucial step in his own theory of the history of the text.2
L'Evangile Des Ebionites: Une Harmonie Evangelique Anterieure Au Diatessaron
Authors: Bertrand Daniel A.
Published: February 2009

Bien avant de poser un problème littéraire aux exégètes modernes, la pluralité et la diversité des évangiles ont préoccupé les anciens chrétiens: il y a en effet des difficultés théologiques évidentes à reconnaître comme normatifs plusieurs témoignages divergents sur une révélation unique.1
W.M.L. de Wette's Contributions to Biblical Theology
Authors: Reicke B.
Published: February 2009

Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette lived in Germany and Switzerland from 1780 to 1849. He belonged to a family that had emigrated from the Netherlands to Germany in 1559, and several of his ancestors including his father had been Lutheran ministers in the Duchy of Weimar. After six years of study in Jena, he taught theology in Jena, Heidelberg, Berlin, and eventually in Basel from 1822 to his death in 1849.
Jesu überraschende Antworten. Beobachtungen zu den Apophthegmen des dritten Evangeliums
Authors: Schneider Gerhard
Published: February 2009

Daß Jesus überraschende Antworten gab, wird in alien vier Evangelien berichtet. Vor allem die sogenannten Apophthegmata der synoptischen Evangelien geben das zu erkennen: Jesus nimmt Stellung zu Positionen seiner Hörer, indem er zurückfragt, die Fragen seiner Umwelt als falsch gestellt kennzeichnet oder die Fragenden durch seine Antwort ‘ent-täuscht’. So befreit er sie aus einer verkehrten Frageposition.
Greek as the Vehicle of Early Christianity
Authors: Mussies Gerard
Published: February 2009

It is a curious fact that very often the official and administrative language of foreign rulers, even where they were seen as oppressors, keeps being used by their former subjects for a long period after these rulers themselves have gone, however unwelcome their rule otherwise may have been. In our own time and age we have witnessed, for instance, how English until 1980 has been India's second official language after Hindi, in accordance with the Official Language Act of 1963, how English was chosen as the official language of the state of Ghana, rather than one of the fifty languages and dialects spoken there, how French was maintained in the same function in Togo, Benin, Cameroon and several other countries, and Portuguese stayed in use in Angola after the factual repatriation of the former colonizers. And all this happens for obvious reasons.
Luke and Isaiah
Authors: Seccombe David
Published: February 2009

In the course of an inquiry into the origins of Luke's understanding of the poor I was forced to ask the question how far Luke might have been influenced not only by certain texts in Isaiah but also by wider themes. In answer to this question one is often referred to C. H. Dodd's According to the Scriptures, where he concluded that when NT authors quoted small OT texts they often did so with knowledge of larger passages or collections of passages from which the text was drawn. This principle has become a commonplace and is frequently used illegitimately to find ideas in the NT which are not otherwise discernible.1 The recent study of B. Lindars (‘The Place of the Old Testament in the Formation of New Testament Theology: Prolegomena’, N. T. S. xxiii (1977), 59–66) argues that NT writers had no interest in the meaning of the OT for its own sake, but simply quarried texts to support and illustrate a pre-existing NT theology. Both these views need to be kept in mind. It may be that each is correct in different places. What is needed is a closer study of the practice of individual authors and their use of different parts of the OT. Only then will it be possible to give any confident judgement of how much an NT author may have carried in the way of related ideas, theology and contextual understanding when he quotes or alludes to the OT.2
Who is called Bar Abbas?
Authors: Davies Stevan L.
Published: February 2009

In theJournal of Biblical LiteratureLXIV H. A. Rigg carefully developed the remarkable theory that Jesus of Nazareth was known to his contemporaries as Jesus bar Abba and that crowds of people called for his release at the time of his trial.1Twenty-five years later, inNew Testament StudiesXVI (1970), H. Z. Maccoby independently arrived at a virtually identical conclusion.2Both men based their arguments on the fact that the tradition of theprivilegium paschaleis unlikely to have had any historical foundation.3Rigg, further, makes a case that the reading ‘Jesus who is called Barabbas’, found in some early texts of Matthew, is authentic.4The intention of this short study is not to rehearse their arguments—and both men adduce more than mentioned above—but to show that there is even more evidence in support of their theory than their articles presented and that their theory is worthy of very serious consideration.
Zum Vokabular von Matthäus XXV. 1–12
Authors: Schwarz G.
Published: February 2009

Daß die Vokabel παρθένος im ‘Gleichnis von den zehn Jungfrauen’1 die ‘Gespielinnen der Braut’2 bezeichnet, die Brautjungfern also, und daß das Wort ἓλαιον (ebenda) nicht Olivenöl, sondern Butter3 meint, kann kaum noch zweifelhaft sein. Bei παρθένος ergibt sich dies aus dem Kontext und bei ἓλαιον aus der Tatsache, daß man als ‘Brennstoff für die Lampen’4 im Palästina der Tage Jesu hauptsächlich (ranzige) Butter verwendet hat, nicht das wertvollere Olivenöl.5
Les exemples du désert (1 Co. 10.6–11)
Authors: Perrot Charles
Published: February 2009

L'objet de ces lignes porte sur les examples du désert dont il est question dans 1 Co. 10. 6–11. Le but est de saisir la raison de cette étonnante présentation paulinienne, apparemment de type midrashique. Nous considérerons d'abord ces versets en eux-mêmes, isolés arbitrairement de l'ensemble porteur, avant de préciser leur fonction au sein du chapitre où ils se situent. Telles seront les questions essentielles: 1) Quelle est la raison précise de ces exemples (typoi) donnés aux vv. 6–11 et quels sont les precédés de lecture ici utilisés à la suite de la synagogue? 2) Ensuite, quel est le lien et la cohérence de ces éléments, de prime abord disparates, dans le cadre du ch. 10?
The International Project to establish a Critical Apparatus to Luke's Gospel
Authors: Elliott J. K.
Published: February 2009

A magisterial and highly critical review by T. W. Manson of S. C. E. Legg's edition of Matthew in theJ.T.S.of 1942 became a significant factor in causing the proposed series of critical apparatuses that was intended to cover the entire New Testament to be abandoned after only two volumes had been issued. Legg's edition of Mark had appeared in 1935, Matthew was the second volume to appear: the third volume (on Luke) was prepared but was not accepted for publication largely as a result of Manson's article.
Die NhΠioi in Der Urchristlichen Paränese
Authors: Grundmann Walter
Published: February 2009

Eine Reihe von Stellen im N.T., die, literarisch von einander unabhähgig, verschiedenen Schriften zugehören, sprechen unter Verwendung des gleichen Bildzusammenhanges den gleichen Gedanken aus, der uns für die urchristliche Paränese charakteristisch zu sein scheint und einen wichtigen Einblick in ein näher zu bestimmendes Gemeinverständnis des christlichen Glaubens öffnet.
Eschatological Imagery and Earthly Circumstance
Authors: Wilder Amos N.
Published: February 2009

Ancient eschatological texts are, as literary remains, undecoded hieroglyphs and enigmas unless we are able to recreate the world of experience of which they are only ambiguous tokens. Modern study of biblical eschatology is constantly confronted with problems as to the proper interpretation of the cosmic and transcendental language. Depending on the context such questions arise as the following: Did the writer mean his words to be taken literally—including the references to immediate fulfilment? Are they to be read as ‘Oriental poetry’, or as ‘poetic heightening’, or as an ‘accommodation to language?’ Are we to take the figurative discourse as a ‘clothing’ of otherwise incommunicable revelation or vision? Is the cosmic language supposed to refer to ‘spiritual’, that is, super-mundane realities; or to such realities seen as paralleling earthly phenomena; or is it rather an imaginative version of the earthly phenomena themselves? At what points are we to recognize more or less transparent historization of older myth and symbol? Does the eschatological imagery of Deutero-Isaiah represent merely a poetic idealization of a mundane New Age while that of the late apocalypses denotes the absolute end of all created existence? Does this later dualistic eschatology signify in fact the end of the world and a sheerly miraculous future state, or does it teach by hyperbole the transformation of the world?
The Thirty-Fifth General Meeting 25–29 August 1980
Authors: Stanton G. N.
Published: February 2009

The Thirty-fifth General Meeting of the Society was held at the University of Toronto, Canada, from 25–29 August 1980, under the Presidency of Professor X. Léon-Dufour. About two hundred and forty members, spouses and guests were present.
Markus 14.55–64: Christologie und Zerstörung des Tempels im Markusevangelium
Authors: Lührmann Dieter
Published: February 2009

Die Interpretation von Mk. 14. 55–64 ‘Jesus vor dem Synhedrium’ ist dadurch erschwert, daß sich historische, überlieferungsgeschichtliche, traditionsgeschichtliche und redaktionsgeschichtliche Probleme überlagern, vor allem aber immer historische Probleme ins Spiel kommen, die die Diskussion zwischen Juden und Christen bis heute belasten. Es scheint unvermeidlich, daß die exegetische Argumentation von einer Fragestellung zur anderen springt. Ich nehme mir deshalb vor, den Text zunächst strikt und einseitig nur im Zusammenhang des Markusevangeliums zu interpretieren, und stelle mich an den Ort eines Lesers, der das Evangelium von seinem ersten Verse an aufmerksam gelesen hat, also dem Text nicht als isolierter Perikope begegnet; ich stelle mich damit an den Ort eines Lesers, der als christlicher Leser nicht neutral ist, sondern positiv eingestellt gegenüber dem, was ihm hier von Jesus erzühlt wird, und der beim Lesen Partei ergreift für diesen Jesus gegen dessen Gegner; und ich nehme an, daß ein solcher Leser aus einer gewissen Kenntnis des Alten Testaments heraus Sprachwendungen vielleicht nicht direkt als Anspielungen auf alttestamentliche Texte identifizieren kann, wohl aber durch solche Sprache eine bestimmte Stimmung im Text vermittelt bekommt. Ein solches Lesen ist zunächst unabhängig von literarkritischen und historischen Fragen; gleich wie man diese beurteilt, bleibt doch beim Leser der Eindruck dieses Textes, der so und nicht anders formuliert, wovon er erzählt, auf welchen Vorlagen er auch basieren mag.
‘The Problem of the Lord's Supper’ as Matrix for Albert Schweitzer's ‘Quest of the Historical Jesus’
Authors: Reumann John
Published: February 2009

It is not always remembered that the important and influential work of Albert Schweitzer on the historical Jesus – both as historian of ‘the quest’ and as proponent of an apocalyptic Jesus who was messiah yet who proved amenable to Schweitzer's own emphasis on ethics – rests within the matrix of another, perhaps even broader topic, that of the origin and development of the Lord's Supper. For Schweitzer's first published work in biblical studies, his dissertation for the licentiate in theology degree in 1900, was a ‘Critical Presentation of Various Recent Historical Concepts of the Lord's Supper’, and his initial ‘Sketch of the Life of Jesus’, published 1901 and destined to be reiterated and expanded in his books on Jesus of 1906 and 1913, was Part II of a wider study on ‘The Lord's Supper in connection with the Life of Jesus and the History of Primitive Christianity’.
Ethical Pagan Theism and the Speeches in Acts
Authors: Downing F. Gerald
Published: February 2009

It has been and still is debated whether the speeches attributed to characters in the Acts of the Apostles should be taken as their own, more or less accurately recorded; or as based on an early pattern of preaching; or as reflecting the beliefs of churches contemporary with the writing of the book (AD 65–95, or later still); or as the product of the imagination and conviction of the author. I wish to suggest that there is enough evidence for yet another possible explanation to demand consideration: Luke is portraying the teaching of the Christians as a creditable variant of the kind of ethical providential monotheism that educated pagans might be expected to attend to respectfully. The phrases used may well come from contemporary Christian stock (if not necessarily). The criteria for selection and for emphasis are drawn from the range of beliefs and attitudes already likely to be found among a high-minded pagan readership. I draw my evidence mainly from Flavius Josephus and from Dionysius of Halicarnassus.
Genèse de la Foi Pascale d'après Jn. 20
Authors: De La Potterie Ignace
Published: February 2009

L'an dernier ce séminaire a été consacré à l'étude du récit johannique de la Passion. Les deux travaux principaux qui ont été présentés suivaient la méthode historico-critique, qui consiste essentiellement à rechercher la provenance des matériaux, leurs sources; concrètement il s'agissait surtout de préciser le rapport entre Jean et les synoptiques. Cette méthode s'identifie pratiquement à l'étude de l'histoire de la tradition et de la rédaction; elle est fondamentalement de type diachronique. Dans le séminaire de cette année, nous avons à examiner Jn. 20 et 21. Pour l'analyse du chapitre 20, qui nous a été confiée, la méthode suivie, comme nous l'annoncions déjà l'année dernière, sera nettement différente: nous voulons considérer ce chapitre comme une unité littéraire, et en faire une lecture synchronique. La conviction qui est à la base de cette approche, c'est que le texte est bien plus que l'agencement de matériaux préexistants: le tout est plus que la somme des parties. L'œuvre d'un grand auteur est une création nouvelle. Elle ‘réinvente ce qu'elle assimile, elle transfigure ce qu'elle accueille; sur le fond de la tradition qui la porte et la féconde, elle ouvre un avenir inédit’. En proposant une lecture synchronique du texte de Jean, nous voulons done chercher ‘le principe d'unité dynamique qui en constitue la cohérence interne’, autrement dit, sa finalité propre. C'est dans ce principe interne d'unité, et non dans la multiplicité des matériaux assemblés, que nous réussirons à trouver la vérité du texte.
Early Christian and Rabbinic Liturgical Affinities: Exploring Liturgical Acculturation
Authors: Sigal Phillip
Published: February 2009

It is my contention, discussed in a general way elsewhere, that the entire collection of material gathered in the New Testament, including the Gospel of Luke, was written by Judaic authors. Researches into targumic and Aramaic foundations of New Testament material will increasingly have significant influence upon our understanding of this factor in early Christianity. It will also play an important role in ascertaining the background to liturgical development and interrelationships. New Testament material was designed for congregations including both persons of Judaic faith, who accepted a form of Christology but remained observant of more or less Judaism, and of persons who came into the new movement called ‘The Way’ from the pagan world. In the latter instance, those who joined the new movement were already sebomenoi, and therefore in many ways were like the former group. But many others, perhaps the vast majority in both the eastern and European diaspora were coming into contact with Judaism, albeit a Christianized Judaism, for the first time.
Das Evangelium des Paulus in Korinth Erwägungen zur Hermeneutik
Authors: Hasler Victor
Published: February 2009

Die Korintherbriefe erlauben die Beobachtung einer sich über längere Zeit hinziehenden Rezeption des Evangeliums im synkretistischen Lebensraum einer hellenistischen Grosstadt. Die Missionierung Korinths stellt die an hermeneutischen Prozessen interessierte Auslegung vor immer neue Fragen. Die Schwierigkeiten, mit welchen sie dabei zu kämpfen hat, beruhen nicht nurauf dem fragmentarischen und tendenziösen Charakter der vorliegenden Briefe. Nicht selten behindert eine wenig reflektierte oder zu befangene theoretische Einstellung des Exegeten eine genauere Erfassung der historischen Vorgänge. Gerne erliegt man der Versuchung, sich mit Paulus zu identifizieren und dessen Verständnis des Evangeliums zu übemehmen. Trotz seiner hellenistischen Bildung blieb Paulus weitgehend den Vorstellungen seiner apokalyptischen Eschatologie verpflichtet, empfand die Verkündigung des Evangeliums als einen ihm auferlegten Zwang (Röm. 1. 5; I 9. 16; II 3. 5 f.; 5. 14, 20; Gal. 1. 11 f.) und verstand die Botschaft selber als ein autarkes Wort Gottes, das sich in eigener Dynamik (Röm. 1. 16; I 1. 18; II 4. 7; 10. 4 ff.; 1 Thess. 1. 5; 2. 13) gegen alle Widerstände des Hörers durchzusetzen vermag. Darum fragte er kaum nach den hermeneutischen Bedingungen, die das Rezeptionsfeld von ihm forderte.
AϒΘenteΩ in Reference to Women in 1 Timothy 2.12
Authors: Knight George W.
Published: February 2009

At the heart of 1 Timothy 2. 11–14, the passage prohibiting certain activities to women in the life of the church, is the verb αύθεντέω. It and διδάσκω constitute the key terms and the focal point of v. 12. This makes the understanding of this term crucial for the exegete. Two interlocked problems have beset the interpreter. The first was the paucity of occurrences of the term. The second, because of such paucity, was to ascertain its basic meaning and its various nuances.
Another Treatise of Aphrahat the Persian Sage in Ethiopic Translation a Short Note
Authors: Baarda T.
Published: February 2009

In 1964, Enrico Cerulli published a treatise On the Resurrection of the Dead which he had found in Ms. Palat. Orient. 148 of the Bibliotheca Mediceo–Laurenziana at Florence. The text of this treatise turned out to be a very important theological treatment of the final resurrection. Since the text dated from the fourteenth century, it was thought that it would shed some fresh light on the theological discussions of the Ethiopian church of that age. The treatise deals with an existing heresy which called in question certain orthodox opinions with respect to resurrection. Therefore, Cerulli concludes, there must have been a group of people which had spread heretical ideas with respect to the doctrine concerning resurrection in Ethiopia at that time; and he suggests that they may have been connected with a gnostic movement which, it can be demonstrated, existed in Ethiopia during the fourteenth century. I am not qualified to judge the correctness of the theological Sitz im Leben which Cerulli gives to this text. Whether or not the Ethiopic text gives us a clue to a better understanding of the historical conditions of the Ethiopian Church in that period, I am not able to decide. What I wish to demonstrate in this short note is that from another angle Cerulli's publication is most welcome.
ΊλAΣKEΣθAI and related words in LXX
Authors: Grayston K.
Published: February 2009

In the NT there are two occurrences each of ¡λàσкєσθαĮ,¡λàσµÓà¡λ¡λλĮ and ¡λàσ. Of these, ίλaσμός in 1 In. 2. 2, 4. 10 and ίλaσυήπϖν in Rom. 3. 25 have special exegetical and theological importance. It is generally agreed that LXX usage should make a serious contribution to their interpretation and NT scholars are familiar with standard treatments of the subject: C. H. Dodd's 1931 article in JTS XXXII, reprinted in The Bible and the Greeks (1935), pp. 82–95, the contributions of Büchsel and Herr- mann in TWNT III (1938), L. Morris's chapter on ‘Propitiation (1)’ in The Apostolic Preaching of the Cross (1955), pp. 125–60, and D. Hill's treatment of ‘The Interpretation of ίλáσκєσθaί and Related Words in the Septuagint and in the New Testament’ in Greek Words and Hebrew Meanings (1967), pp. 23–36. These valuable studies, however, are not satisfactory for various reasons. The section in TWNT cannot take account of discussion in the last forty years and the form in which its material is presented does not directly help NT exegetes. Dodd's treatment was too narrowly confined to the question whether the root should be translated by ‘propitiation’ or ‘expiation’, and Morris's partly justifiable reply is too much occupied with rejection of Dodd's conclusion and commendation of the wrath of God. Hill's investigation in this respect leans too heavily on Morris.
The Pauline Epistles and the Synoptic Gospels: The Pattern of the Parallels
Authors: Allison Dale C.
Published: February 2009

The question, What did Paul know about Jesus of Nazareth?, has long been debated by students of the New Testament. The debate has not issued in any consensus. Indeed, critical appraisals of Paul's relation to the Jesus of history and to traditions about him have been unusually disparate. Thus, on the one side, W. D. Davies has argued that ‘Paul is steeped in the mind and words of his Lord.’ On the other side, R. Bultmann could claim that ‘the teaching of the historical Jesus plays no role, or practically none, in Paul’. The contrast between these two assertions is puzzling, and all the more so as neither can be regarded as idiosyncratic: Davies is not alone in avowing that sayings of and traditions about Jesus were of momentous significance for Paul, and it is not difficult to find critics at one with Bultmann. Moreover, as our two quotations do not simply represent two circles of opinion but also mark poles between which appears a variety of viewpoints, matters are even further complicated.
Ein neuer Textus Receptus für das griechische Neue Testament?
Authors: Aland Kurt
Published: February 2009

Unter dieser Überschrift erschien im letzten Band der NTS (S. 585–592) ein Aufsatz von H. W. Bartsch, der nicht ohne Ergänzung bleiben kann, zumal er als Eröffnung des Heftes gedruckt wurde. Denn er geht von nicht ausreichenden Voraussetzungen aus, trägt aber seine Folgerungen mit solcher Sicherheit vor, daß mancher sie vielleicht als tatsächlich zutreffend übernehmen wird.
Zur Entwicklung des paulinischen Gesetzesverständnisses
Authors: Wilckens Ulrich
Published: February 2009

Das Gesetzesverständnis des Paulus ist in letzter Zeit wieder in den Brennpunkt der Diskussion getreten. Dabei scheint mir über dem systematischen Interesse an der inneren Einheit der untereinander so spannungsreichen Aussagen die einfache historische Frage, ob Paulus denn wirklich in all seinen Briefen eine durchweg einheitliche Konzeption zeige, immer noch zu wenig Gewicht zu erhalten. Zwar verlockt der integrale Charakter des Römerbriefs dazu, die hier zweifellos vorhandene, im Zusammenhang vorgetragene Konzeption als Rahmen zu benutzen, in den sich die Aussagen der übrigen Briefe einordnen lassen. Aber auf diesem Wege liegt zugleich die Gefahr nah, daß, die Aussagen der übrigen Briefe zu wenig in ihrem je eigenen Skopos zur Geltung kommen, weil sie dem des Römerbriefs zu- und eingeordnet werden und so ihre Eigenart, ja u.U. auch manche Gegensätzlichkeit verlieren. Der umgekehrten Betrachtungsweise kommt jedenfalls zunächst der methodische Primat zu: die Briefe des Paulus in chronologischer Reihenfolge durchzumustern, so daß die Aussagen des Römerbriefs erst am Schluß ihren Ort bekommen. Damit öffnet sich zumindest die Möglichkeit einer Entwicklung im Denken des Paulus. Die folgende Skizze soll ein Beitrag dazu sein.
The Good News of the Miracle of the Bread
Authors: Masuda Sanae
Published: February 2009

The Miracle of the Bread is recorded in each of the four gospels, but in both Mark and Matthew there are two separate accounts. These two accounts of the same miracle have attracted great interest. Up to the present day, the theory that these accounts are records of two different events has been held by many. On the other hand, since the end of the nineteenth century another theory that they are two traditions of the same miracle is also being upheld. The basis for the latter theory is the fact that the two parallel groups of pericopae in Mark 6. 31–8. 26 seem to derive from two groups of traditions, and that in the second miracle of the bread, although it is right after the first one, the disciples are at a loss just the same as at the time of the previous miracle.
Mark 1.14–20: An Interpretation at the Intersection of Jewish and Graeco-Roman Traditions
Authors: Robbins Vernon K.
Published: February 2009

A deeply-rooted affliction plagues our commentaries on the Gospel of Mark. The problem is this: no contemporary commentaries systematically cite traditions in Graeco-Roman literature as well as traditions in Jewish literature to explicate the text of the Gospel of Mark. There should be no misunderstanding. The interpreter must not forsake intricate analysis of Jewish traditions in order to turn to Graeco-Roman literature. Rather, interpreters should glean insights from Graeco-Roman literature as well as Jewish literature to explain features that usually are not explored in the text.
Les Juifs à Rome au temps de l'apôtre Paul
Authors: Penna Romano
Published: February 2009

Il est fait allusion aux Juifs de Rome en deux endroits du Nouveau Testament: dans l'Epître aux Romains et dans les Actes des Apôtres. Le plus explicite de ces deux textes est le passage final des Actes (28. 16–31), consacré aux deux années durant lesquelles l'Apôtre Paul séjourna à Rome sous garde militaire. Et il est intéressant de remarquer que dans ce passage Luc oublie complètement la communauté chrétienne, qui devait pourtant exister et être très vivante, comme le prouve la longue Lettre précédemment adressée par l'Apôtre à cette même communauté. L'attention se concentre seulement sur les Juifs de la Ville. En outre, déjà dans Rm. les termes 'Iουδαιος (11 fois) et 'Iσρα⋯λ (11 fois aussi) étaient plus caractéristiques que dans tout autre écrit paulinien, en même temps que certains thèmes typique en rapport étroit avec la problématique suscitée par la position du Judaïsme à l'égard du nouveau message évangelique. Il est certainement permis d'apercevoir là un signe d'attention spéciale de la part de Paul non seulement à l'égard du peuple d'Israël en général, mais en particulier envers cette communauté chrétienne de Rome, qui était d'origine juive, sinon envers les Juifs romains eux-mêmes.
Revelation 11. 1–13: its Form, Function, and Contextual Integration
Authors: Giblin Charles Homer
Published: February 2009

Anyone about to explain a text faces the vexing problem of how precisely to pose the state of the question. His initial option will determine the results of the inquiry and will also immediately capture the interest of his readers or lose it. Initial options in approaching an apocalyptic text like Rev. 11. 1–13 boggle the mind. Valuable analyses have appeared,1but a cutting-edge of criticism is difficult to discern.2I propose to try a new method, namely, to explain the narrated action and discourse of Rev. 11. 1–13 by considering the ‘causes’ of the text. The initial option to focus on narrative should prove welcome, if only because no one else seems methodically to have attempted it.3This approach will require addressing the key issues of the climactic point of a given story, the way the elements of the story (who, what, where, when, etc.) build to that climactic point, and the integration of the story into a set of related, sequential narratives.
Apostleship in the New Testament as an Historical and Theological Problem
Authors: Brown Schuyler
Published: February 2009

The historian has difficulty detecting the personal influence exercised in the post-Easter community by ‘the apostles’, at least as this group is identified in Christian tradition. The only individuals from this group whose historical role in the church's missionary activity can be clearly discerned are Peter and Paul. Nevertheless, for the church of the second and succeeding centuries, the New Testament is a collection of ‘apostolic writings’: the twenty-seven books are attributed either to Paul, or to one of the twelve, or to a disciple of one of ‘the apostles’ – to Paul's disciple, Luke (Col. 4. 14), or to Peter's disciple, Mark (1 Pet. 5. 13). Moreover, as early as the year 96, Clement of Rome asserts that the apostles appointed their first converts to be bishops and deacons, with the condition that if these should die, other approved men should succeed to their ministry.