bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression and Significance of Aquaporin-2 in Human Ectocervical-Vaginal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Zhao Yurong , Lai Ailuan , Dong Wenbing
Published: September 2014

Aim: To observe the expression of aquaporin-2 (AQP2) in human ectocervical-vaginal epithelial cells (hECEs). Methods: The study included 75 females who underwent hysterectomy for benign pelvic lesions. They were divided into three groups according to menstrual states: 28 cases in the normal menstrual group, 24 cases in the perimenopausal group, and 23 cases in the postmenopausal group. Specimens were obtained from the posterior vaginal wall. AQP2 mRNA and protein expression were detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Estrogen (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and plasma osmolality were assayed by blood routine test. Linear regression analysis was used for data analysis. Results: AQP2 mRNA and protein expression were detected in all hECE tissues. AQP2 mRNA and protein expression in the normal menstrual group were significantly higher than those in the peri- and menopausal groups (p < 0.05). AQP2 mRNA was negatively correlated with FSH level (R = -0.537, p < 0.05), age (R = -0.508, p < 0.05) and plasma osmolality (R = -0.214, p < 0.05), but positively correlated with E2 (R = 0.511, p < 0.05). AQP2 protein expression was negatively correlated with FSH (R = -0.419, p < 0.05) and age (R = -0.034, p < 0.05), but positively correlated with E2 (R = 0.367, p < 0.05). Conclusions: The downregulation of AQP2 might be a causative factor for decreased vaginal secretions during the menopausal period.
The Micronutrient Status of Patients with Phenylketonuria on Dietary Treatment: An Ongoing Challenge
Authors: Evans Sharon , Daly Anne , MacDonald John , Preece Mary Anne , Santra Saikat , Vijay Suresh , Chakrapani Anupam , MacDonald Anita
Published: September 2014

Background: In phenylketonuria (PKU), phenylalanine-free L-amino acid supplements are the major source of dietary micronutrients. Methods: Four hundred fifty-two retrospective annual/bi-annual non-fasting blood samples for nutritional markers (plasma zinc, selenium, and serum folate) from 78 subjects aged 1-16 years (median number of blood samples: 6, range 1-14) were analysed over 12 years. Longitudinal blood result data were available for 51 subjects (65%). The dietary intake from supplements was calculated. Results: The median intakes of all of the micronutrients studied were >200% of the reference nutrient intakes (RNI). There was no statistical correlation between dietary intake and nutritional markers outside of the normal reference range (RR) except for selenium, but there was a correlation between a lower plasma zinc, plasma selenium and haemoglobin status and better blood phenylalanine control in 1- to 4-year-old children. On at least one occasion, the individual plasma concentrations of zinc (71%, n = 54/76) and selenium (21%, n = 16/75) were below the RR; however, the concentrations of selenium (41%, n = 31/75) and serum folate (83%, n = 34/41) were also above the RR. Dietary intakes exceeded the upper tolerable intakes for zinc and copper (32%, n = 25) and folate (65%, n = 51). Individual longitudinal data demonstrated little change in micronutrient status over time. Conclusions: In PKU, biochemical micronutrient deficiencies are common despite micronutrient intakes above the RNI. Further study of the nutritional profiling of L-amino acid supplements in PKU is needed.
Quality of Life in an Adult Population of More than 60 Years of Age without Cognitive Impairment
Authors: García Villanueva Miren Zuriñe , Uterga Valiente Juan María , Rodríguez-Antigüedad Zarranz Alfredo
Published: September 2014

Objectives: To analyse the quality of life (QoL) of persons over 60 years of age in Bizkaia (Basque Country, Spain), not institutionalised and without cognitive impairment, and the relation and possible influence of the perception of the state of health with the cognitive level and the activities that they carry out. Subjects and Methods: Evaluation of a sample of 317 persons that belong to a longitudinal study. In 269 cases, there was a reliable informant. The general cognitive state was evaluated by means of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS). Two GDS, one of the family member (GDSf) and another of the evaluator (GDSe), were used and memory was evaluated by the Text Memory subtest of the Barcelona Test. The QoL was assessed with the SF-36 Health Survey and the mental, physical and social activities that they carry out were recorded. Results: In the SF-36, the participants showed values that exceed the reference values of the Spanish population in all dimensions of the SF-36, except in that of bodily pain. There were low correlations between the dimensions of the SF-36 and the mental, physical and social activities. A low correlation was observed between the memory tests and the SF-36. In 59.3% of the cases, there were no differences between the GDSf and the GDSe. Conclusions: The participants of this study present a better perception of their state of health than the Spanish population, but this perception is not observed to be influenced by the type or by the quantity of activities that they carry out or by their cognitive state. The informants present a vision very close to the cognitive state of their family members.
One- to Four-Year Follow-Up of Endobronchial Lung Volume Reduction in Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Patients: A Case Series
Authors: Hillerdal Gunnar , Mindus Stephanie
Published: September 2014

Background: Lung volume reduction surgery can improve lung function and working capacity in severe heterogeneous emphysema. Endobronchial lung volume reduction (ELVR) performed by one-way valves inserted via a flexible bronchoscope can result in a moderate but significant improvement in lung function and exercise tolerance, eliminating the surgical risks. Objectives: Most studies of this method have excluded patients with α1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency, but small series of cases with positive short-term outcome have been reported. The sustainability of results has been questioned and we here present our experience in AAT-deficient patients treated with ELVR followed up for up to 4 years. Methods: From August 2008 to January 2012, 15 patients were treated with ELVR. Inclusion criteria were homozygotic AAT deficiency, age <80 years, residual volume of 140% or more, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) 15-45% of predicted, severe heterogeneous emphysema, symptoms severely restricting daily life, informed consent and absence of other serious diseases. Results: One patient coughed up valves after 2 months, 1 developed pneumothorax and had valve displacement and subsequent removal, and 1 improved from an FEV1 of 0.62 to 0.84 liters, but after 4 months developed repeated and severe pneumonia and the valves had to be removed. Thus, 12 patients remained and were followed up for at least 1 year. In these patients, FEV1 increased (mean: 54%), the quality of life was much improved, and 2 patients could be taken off oxygen therapy. During the 4-year follow-up, patients demonstrated no significant deterioration in lung function. Conclusion: In carefully selected AAT deficiency patients with severe emphysema, ELVR can be safely performed with encouraging long-lasting results.
Regulation of a TrkB Alternative Transcript by microRNAs
Authors: Wong Jenny
Published: September 2014

Background/Aims: Tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor (TrkB)-mediated signaling is vital for neuronal differentiation, survival, plasticity, and cognition. In this study, the focus was placed on TrkB-Shc, a neuron-specific transcript, to determine if microRNAs (miRNAs) play a role in TrkB-Shc regulation. Methods: A combination of bioinformatics and molecular gene expression analysis techniques was used to assess the effect of miR-409-3p and miR-216b on TrkB-Shc expression. Results: miR-409-3p and miR-216b were found to regulate the TrkB-Shc 3′UTR through the identified putative binding sites. When the effect of the miRNAs on TrkB was assessed using SHSY5Y neuronal cells, differential effects were observed between mRNA and protein expression. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of miRNA-mediated regulation in TrkB signaling.
Effect of aspirin intake at bedtime versus on awakening on circadian rhythm of platelet reactivity
Authors: Saris Anno , van Oostrom Monique , Snoep Jaapjan , Rosendaal Frits , Zwaginga Jaap , Eikenboom Jeroen , van der Meer Pieter , van der Bom Johanna , Bonten Tobias
Published: September 2014

The risk of acute cardiovascular events is highest during morning hours, and platelet activity peaks during morning hours. The effect of timing of aspirin intake on circadian rhythm and morning peak of platelet reactivity is not known. It was our objective to evaluate the effect of timing of aspirin intake on circadian rhythm and morning peak of platelet reactivity. A randomised open-label cross-over trial in healthy subjects (n=14) was conducted. Participants used acetylsalicylic acid (80 mg) on awakening or at bedtime for two periods of two weeks, separated by a four-week wash-out period. At the end of both periods blood was drawn every 3 hours to measure COX-1-dependent (VerifyNow- Aspirin; Serum Thromboxane B2 [STxB2]) and COX-1-independent (flow cytometry surface CD62p expression; microaggregation) platelet activity. VerifyNow platelet reactivity over the whole day was similar with intake on awakening and at bedtime (mean difference: –9 [95 % confidence interval (CI) –21 to 4]). However, the morning increase in COX-1-dependent platelet activity was reduced by intake of aspirin at bedtime compared with on awakening (mean difference VerifyNow: –23 Aspirin Reaction Units [CI –50 to 4]; STxB2: –1.7 ng/ml [CI –2.7 to –0.8]). COX-1-independent assays were not affected by aspirin intake or its timing. Low-dose aspirin taken at bedtime compared with intake on awakening reduces COX-1-dependent platelet reactivity during morning hours in healthy subjects. Future clinical trials are required to investigate whether simply switching to aspirin intake at bedtime reduces the risk of cardiovascular events during the high risk morning hours.
Two Further Blood Pressure Loci Identified in Ion Channel Genes With a Genecentric Approach
Authors: McCarthy Nina S. , Vangjeli Ciara , Cavalleri Gianpiero L. , Delanty Norman , Shianna Kevin V. , Surendran Praveen , O’Brien Eoin , Munroe Patricia B. , Masca Nicholas , Tomaszewski Maciej , Samani Nilesh J. , Stanton Alice V.
Published: September 2014

Background—

Blood pressure (BP) is highly heritable, but our understanding of the genetic causes underlying variations in BP is incomplete. In this study, we explored whether novel loci associated with BP could be identified using a genecentric approach in 3 community-based cohorts with accurate BP measurements.

Methods and Results—

Genotyping of 1857 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 91 ion channel genes was performed in a discovery cohort (n=358). Thirty-four SNPs associated with BP traits (
P
≤0.01) were followed up in an independent population (n=387); significant SNPs from this analysis were looked up in another independent population (n=1010) and meta-analyzed. Repeated clinic and ambulatory measurements were available for all but the discovery cohort (clinic only). Association analyses were performed, with systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressures as quantitative traits, adjusting for age and sex. Quantile–quantile plots indicated that the genecentric approach resulted in an inflation of association signals. Of the 29 SNPs taken forward from the discovery cohort, 2 SNPs were associated with BP phenotypes with the same direction of effect, with experiment-wide significance, in follow-up cohort I. These were rs2228291, in the chloride channel gene
CLCN2
, and rs10513488, in the potassium channel gene
KCNAB1
. Both associations were subsequently replicated in follow-up cohort II.

Conclusions—

Using a genecentric design and 3 well-phenotyped populations, this study identified 2 previously unreported, biologically plausible, genetic associations with BP. These results suggest that dense genotyping of genes, in pathways known to influence BP, could add to candidate-gene and Genome Wide Association studies in further explaining BP heritability.
Identification of Genetic Markers for Treatment Success in Heart Failure Patients
Authors: Schmitz Boris , De Maria Renata , Gatsios Dimitris , Chrysanthakopoulou Theodora , Landolina Maurizio , Gasparini Maurizio , Campolo Jonica , Parolini Marina , Sanzo Antonio , Galimberti Paola , Bianchi Michele , Lenders Malte , Brand Eva , Parodi Oberdan , Lunati Maurizio , Brand Stefan-Martin
Published: September 2014

Background—

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) can improve ventricular size, shape, and mass and reduce mitral regurgitation by reverse remodeling of the failing ventricle. About 30% of patients do not respond to this therapy for unknown reasons. In this study, we aimed at the identification and classification of CRT responder by the use of genetic variants and clinical parameters.

Methods and Results—

Of 1421 CRT patients, 207 subjects were consecutively selected, and CRT responder and nonresponder were matched for their baseline parameters before CRT. Treatment success of CRT was defined as a decrease in left ventricular end-systolic volume >15% at follow-up echocardiography compared with left ventricular end-systolic volume at baseline. All other changes classified the patient as CRT nonresponder. A genetic association study was performed, which identified 4 genetic variants to be associated with the CRT responder phenotype at the allelic (
P
<0.035) and genotypic (
P
<0.031) level: rs3766031 (
ATPIB1
), rs5443 (
GNB3
), rs5522 (
NR3C2
), and rs7325635 (
TNFSF11
). Machine learning algorithms were used for the classification of CRT patients into responder and nonresponder status, including combinations of the identified genetic variants and clinical parameters.

Conclusions—

We demonstrated that rule induction algorithms can successfully be applied for the classification of heart failure patients in CRT responder and nonresponder status using clinical and genetic parameters. Our analysis included information on alleles and genotypes of 4 genetic loci, rs3766031 (
ATPIB1
), rs5443 (
GNB3
), rs5522 (
NR3C2
), and rs7325635 (
TNFSF11
), pathophysiologically associated with remodeling of the failing ventricle.
Gain-of-Function Mutation of the
SCN5A
Gene Causes Exercise-Induced Polymorphic Ventricular Arrhythmias
Authors: Swan Heikki , Amarouch Mohamed Yassine , Leinonen Jaakko , Marjamaa Annukka , Kucera Jan P. , Laitinen-Forsblom Päivi J. , Lahtinen Annukka M. , Palotie Aarno , Kontula Kimmo , Toivonen Lauri , Abriel Hugues , Widen Elisabeth
Published: September 2014

Background—

Over the past 15 years, a myriad of mutations in genes encoding cardiac ion channels and ion channel interacting proteins have been linked to a long list of inherited atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. The purpose of this study was to identify the genetic and functional determinants underlying exercise-induced polymorphic ventricular arrhythmia present in a large multigenerational family.

Methods and Results—

A large 4-generation family presenting with exercise-induced polymorphic ventricular arrhythmia, which was followed for 10 years, was clinically characterized. A novel
SCN5A
mutation was identified via whole exome sequencing and further functionally evaluated by patch-clamp studies using human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Of 37 living family members, a total of 13 individuals demonstrated ≥50 multiformic premature ventricular complexes or ventricular tachycardia upon exercise stress tests when sinus rate exceeded 99±17 beats per minute. Sudden cardiac arrest occurred in 1 individual during follow-up. Exome sequencing identified a novel missense mutation (p.I141V) in a highly conserved region of the
SCN5A
gene, encoding the Na
v
1.5 sodium channel protein that cosegregated with the arrhythmia phenotype. The mutation p.I141V shifted the activation curve toward more negative potentials and increased the window current, whereas action potential simulations suggested that it lowered the excitability threshold of cardiac cells.

Conclusions—

Gain-of-function of Na
v
1.5 may cause familial forms of exercise-induced polymorphic ventricular arrhythmias.
Prior Publication Productivity, Grant Percentile Ranking, and Topic-Normalized Citation Impact of NHLBI Cardiovascular R01 Grants
Authors: Kaltman Jonathan R. , Evans Frank J. , Danthi Narasimhan S. , Wu Colin O. , DiMichele Donna M. , Lauer Michael S.
Published: September 2014

Rationale:

We previously demonstrated absence of association between peer-review–derived percentile ranking and raw citation impact in a large cohort of National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute cardiovascular R01 grants, but we did not consider pregrant investigator publication productivity. We also did not normalize citation counts for scientific field, type of article, and year of publication.

Objective:

To determine whether measures of investigator prior productivity predict a grant’s subsequent scientific impact as measured by normalized citation metrics.

Methods and Results:

We identified 1492 investigator-initiated de novo National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute R01 grant applications funded between 2001 and 2008 and linked the publications from these grants to their InCites (Thompson Reuters) citation record. InCites provides a normalized citation count for each publication stratifying by year of publication, type of publication, and field of science. The coprimary end points for this analysis were the normalized citation impact per million dollars allocated and the number of publications per grant that has normalized citation rate in the top decile per million dollars allocated (top 10% articles). Prior productivity measures included the number of National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute–supported publications each principal investigator published in the 5 years before grant review and the corresponding prior normalized citation impact score. After accounting for potential confounders, there was no association between peer-review percentile ranking and bibliometric end points (all adjusted
P
>0.5). However, prior productivity was predictive (
P
<0.0001).

Conclusions:

Even after normalizing citation counts, we confirmed a lack of association between peer-review grant percentile ranking and grant citation impact. However, prior investigator publication productivity was predictive of grant-specific citation impact.
Kurzfassungen und Erbstreitigkeiten
Authors: Overwien Oliver
Published: September 2014

There are two versions of Aristotle’s will. One of them is found in Diogenes Laertios’ account of Aristotle in his Lives of the Philosophers, the second one is preserved (only) in an Arabic translation as a part of Ptolemy’s biography of Aristotle. A comparison of these two versions shows that the Arabic translation is a faithful rendering of a lost Greek version. This Greek version, furthermore, is not based on that preserved in Diogenes Laertios, but is rather an independent second version, whose function inter alia was to support the case of Aristotle’s son Nikomachos within inheritance disputes.
Androgyne or Undrogyne?: Queering the Gnostic Myth
Authors: Cahana Jonathan
Published: September 2014

The androgyne, whether as a symbol, a concept, or a bodily reality, appears to be employed in different and sometimes apparently contradictory ways within gnostic discourse. On the one hand, the heavenly father himself is an androgyne (Holy Book of the Great Invisible Spirit 51–52); the divine Barbelo, herself, is a “mother-father” and a “thrice-named androgyne” (Apocryphon of John 12.1–8), and Adam can only long for his ungendered days, when s/he was higher than the creator god (Apocalypse of Adam 64.5–65.25). On the other hand, we also learn that Ialdabaoth himself, that same evil material creator, the most abject entity in gnostic myth, is also an androgyne (Hypostasis of the Archons 94.8–19). This apparent discrepancy serves as the focal point of this paper, which aims to explain the complex, albeit largely consistent, use of the concept of the queered gender in gnostic myth. By reading this myth according to its internal order of events, I attempt to show that gnostic androgyny, far from being a ratification of Greco-Roman discourse (as has been sometimes suggested), is actually a subversion of this very discourse, constructed so as to reify the gnostic disapproval of an important Greco-Roman cultural premise — one that has been aptly defined by David Halperin as “the ancients’ deeply felt and somewhat anxiously defended sense of congruence between a person’s gender, sexual practices, and social identity” (1990:23).
The Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission and Customary International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Szpak Agnieszka
Published: September 2014

The aim of the article is to highlight several issues concerning the customary international law status of a number of international humanitarian law (IHL) treaty provisions that arose during the proceedings of the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission. Specifically, two key issues will be analyzed, namely the Commission's findings that the Geneva Conventions and some provisions of Additional Protocol I reflected customary international law and that international landmine conventions create only treaty obligations and do not yet reflect customary international law. Also, some more detailed conclusions relating to particular problems, such as the issue of the customary nature of the ICRC’s right to visit prisoners of war and its binding character for non-parties to the Geneva Conventions, will be discussed. The 2005 ICRC Study on Customary International Humanitarian Law and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia’s jurisprudence will also be included as a point of reference to identify the customary character of certain provisions. The main conclusion is that the Commission has significantly contributed to the emerging consensus regarding the status of certain norms of international humanitarian law as customary norms. Furthermore, it has identified lacunae in the existing standards of humanitarian law and suggested the development of new norms to fill those gaps.
Is Formalism a Friend or Foe?
Authors: Keeman Martijn Jurgen
Published: September 2014

Contemporary armed conflicts are known to blur the categories of civilians and combatants, leading to problems with the principle of distinction. These categories are the result of an essentially formalised IHL, and have become less accurate by being over- or under-inclusive. Although formalism is vital to IHL’s functioning, maintaining it in its present excessive strength perpetuates distinction problems. In numerous cases a functional inroad based on actual conduct has been introduced, for instance with the concept of direct participation in hostilities. This solution should be implemented across a wider spectrum. Where the two categories are difficult to tell apart, a functional approach for one category benefits the other. This article shows how this can be attained by using existing rules and principles of IHL, such as the concept of military objectives and the prohibition on terrorism, or newer rules.
Revision of Charaea (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) from Taiwan
Authors: Bezděk Jan , Lee Chi-Feng
Published: September 2014

Eleven species of the genus Charaea Baly, 1878 are recorded for Taiwan. These are illustrated and a key to the species is provided. Three species, Ch. houjayi sp. nov., Ch. maxbarclayi sp. nov. and Ch. haruoi sp. nov., are described and compared with similar species. Charaea kelloggi (Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963) is reported from Taiwan for the first time. Colour photos of habitus and drawings of both male and female genitalia are presented.
Ultrafine wools: comfort and handle properties for next-to-skin knitwear and manufacturing performance
Authors: Tester David , McGregor Bruce A , Staynes Laurie
Published: September 2014

This study aimed to quantify the skin comfort and handle properties of a range of wool fabrics produced from ultrafine wool (13.7–15.1 µm) and in doing so determine if differences in fiber diameter and staple crimp frequency (5.3–7.1 crimps/cm) were important in these properties. The fabrics were evaluated using a range of subjective and objective measurement techniques, including the Wool ComfortMeter, the Wool HandleMeter and in wearer trials. This work indicated that single jersey fabrics made from ultrafine wool are approaching the limit of objective and subjective evaluation of next-to-skin comfort. The results from the Wool ComfortMeter, Wool HandleMeter and the wearer trial show that there were no significant effects that can be attributed to wool staple crimp (fiber curvature) in these ultrafine wool fabrics. The work also demonstrated a difference in the manufacturing response when knitted fabric made from wools of different fiber diameter (13.7–23.7 µm), and using yarns of the same count, resulted in a progressively higher fabric mass per unit area as mean fiber diameter was progressively reduced.
Electrospun nanofibrous polylactide/chitosan mats for the filtration of silver ions
Authors: Lee Demei , Chen Dave Wei-Chih , Chiu Shih-Fan , Liu Shih-Jung
Published: September 2014

We developed biodegradable nanofibrous polylactide/chitosan membranes for the filtration of heavy metal ions. Polylactide and chitosan were first separately dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid. The solutions were then mixed and electrospun into nanofibrous membranes via an electrospinning process. The morphology of the spun nanofibers was examined using scanning electron microscopy. The average diameter of the electrospun nanofibers ranged from 419 to 695 nm. The metal removal capability of nanofibrous polylactide/chitosan membranes was measured and compared with that of bulk chitosan. The influence of various process conditions on metal removal capability was also examined. The experimental results suggested that the electrospun nanofibrous polylactide/chitosan membranes exhibit good heavy metal ion uptake capabilities. The metal removal capability of nanofibrous membranes increased with the initial metal ion concentrations and the pH value, while it decreased with the temperature and the filtering rate of the solutions. Furthermore, the electrospun membrane could be reused after the recovery process. The empirical results in this study suggested that electrospun nanofibrous polylactide/chitosan membranes can be good candidates for the removal of heavy metal ions.
Training At-Risk Youth to Become Diabetes Self-management Coaches for Family Members
Authors: Gefter Liana , Rosas Lisa G. , Rodriguez Eunice , Morioka-Douglas Nancy
Published: September 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of a school-based health program in which family medicine residents trained healthy at-risk adolescents to become diabetes self-management coaches for family members with diabetes.

Methods

A mixed methods study included 97 adolescents from 3 San Francisco Bay Area high schools serving primarily ethnic minority youth of low socioeconomic status. Physicians came to schools once a week for 8 weeks and trained 49 adolescents to become coaches. Student coaches and 48 nonparticipant students completed pre- and posttest intervention questionnaires, and 15 student coaches and 9 family members with diabetes gave in-depth interviews after participation. Linear regression was used to determine differences in knowledge and psychosocial assets on pre- and posttests between student coaches and nonparticipant students, and NVIVO was used to analyze interview transcripts.

Results

After controlling for initial score, sex, grade, and ethnicity, student coaches improved from pre- to posttest significantly compared to nonparticipants on knowledge, belonging, and worth scales. Student coaches reported high satisfaction with the program. Articulated program benefits included improvement in diet, increased physical activity, and improved relationship between student coach and family member.

Conclusions

Overall, this program can increase diabetes knowledge and psychosocial assets of at-risk youth, and it holds promise to promote positive health behaviors among at-risk youth and their families.
You Didn’t Have to Do That
Authors: MacKenzie Michael J. , Vohs Kathleen D. , Baumeister Roy F.
Published: September 2014

Four studies tested the hypothesis that a weaker belief in free will would be related to feeling less gratitude. In Studies 1a and 1b, a trait measure of free will belief was positively correlated with a measure of dispositional gratitude. In Study 2, participants whose free will belief was weakened (vs. unchanged or bolstered) reported feeling less grateful for events in their past. Study 3 used a laboratory induction of gratitude. Participants with an experimentally reduced (vs. increased) belief in free will reported feeling less grateful for the favor. In Study 4, a reduced (vs. increased) belief in free will led to less gratitude in a hypothetical favor scenario. This effect was serially mediated by perceiving the benefactor as having less free will and therefore as being less sincerely motivated. These findings suggest that belief in free will is an important part of being able to feel gratitude.
Anatomy of the Hunter’s canal and its role in the venous outlet syndrome of the lower limb
Authors: Uhl JF , Gillot C
Published: September 2014

Background

The “Adductor canal syndrome” has been described as an unusual cause of acute arterial occlusion inside the Hunter’s canal in young sportsmen. It may also produce a compressive neuropathy of the saphenous nerve. To our knowledge, femoral vein compression in the canal has never been reported.

Objective

To describe the anatomy, to propose a physiology of this canal, and to show that the femoral vein is much more exposed than the artery to compression inside this adductor hiatus, particularly at the outlet.

Material and methods

The whole adductor canal was exposed in 100 limbs for anatomical study following latex injection. A series of 200 phlebographies and 100 CT venograms were also analyzed.

Results

Anatomically, we found a musculotendinous band called the “vastoadductor membrane,” which jointed the adductor tendon to the vastus medialis in all the cases. The femoral vein, located more posteriorly, was frequently narrowed at this level. This band can create a notch with a venous stenosis at the outlet of the Hunter’s canal, usually located 12–14 cm above the femoral condyle. Two femoral valves constitute the landmark of the canal on the venograms: the lower is just below the outlet, 9 cm above the condyle. The second valve is 3 cm higher inside the canal. Functionally, the cadaveric simulations showed that the contraction of the adductor longus closes the hiatus, while the adductor magnus opens it. Our hypothesis is that Hunter’s canal prevents femoropopliteal axis reflux by synchronizing with calf pump ejection during ambulation.

Conclusion

Compression of the femoral vein inside the adductor’s canal is an underestimated and misdiagnosed cause of postural stenosis of the femoral vein. Ultrasound investigation of both limbs in patients with chronic venous disease (CVD) should be systematically carried out at this precise level in order to prevent future occlusion and onset of acute deep vein thrombosis.
Assessing mode effects in online and telephone victimization surveys
Authors: Guzy Nathalie , Leitgöb Heinz
Published: September 2014

Victimization surveys not only represent a vital data source for estimating the amount of crime within a social entity but also provide victimological researchers with valuable information, e.g. about the social distribution and consequences of victimization experiences. To assure adequate interpretation of victimization survey data, knowledge about the data-generating process in general and the measurement of victimization experiences in particular is essential. In 2010, a new round of the International Crime and Victim Survey (ICVS-2) was conducted to explore the different effects of telephone and online victimization surveys. To understand the processes behind these, this study follows a theory-driven approach. Based on a four-step cognitive model of survey response, hypotheses about expected mode effects on the response behavior were developed. For hypothesis testing, a hierarchical modeling strategy based on logistic regressions was applied to the ICVS-2 data. As hypothesized, no effects of survey mode on the response process could be identified for most victimization items. After controlling for sampling frame and unit non-response, the effects of survey administration mode on the propensity of reporting victimization vanished. The sensitive sexual victimization item represented the only exception. In this case, the remaining mode effect could be fully accounted for by systematically differing item non-response rates between modes.
The Dangers of Posthumous Diagnoses and the Unintended Consequences of Facile Associations
Authors: Palermo Mark T. , Bogaerts Stefan
Published: September 2014

Posthumous diagnoses are not uncommonly given to notorious public and historical figures by applying retrospectively, and typically in the absence of the individual being diagnosed, contemporary diagnostic criteria. Although this may be relatively easy and free of consequences when it concerns clear-cut medical conditions, it may have unintended repercussions in the case of psychiatric disorders by creating myths and perpetuating stigma. The case of serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer is a typical example where a somewhat facile and almost syllogistic application of perhaps over-inclusive criteria may have contributed to the legend of solitary murderers as possibly suffering from an autism spectrum condition. Although there may be an understandable human need to explain abominable and heinous behaviors, the lack of the possibility to verify a diagnostic theory and the ill-advised attempt to make a diagnosis fit may de facto be the basis of prejudice and profiling that do not correspond to clinical reality. Although there is no doubt that the brain is the organ of behavior, the authors caution against a budding neo-Lombrosian approach to crime and criminality and against the all too common use of widely differing terms in the study of deviance, such as crime, delinquency, and aggression, the operational use of which, often used interchangeably even in association studies, often erroneously leads to further confusion.
Performance of circular concrete-filled fiber-reinforced polymer-steel composite tube columns under axial compression
Authors: Wei Yang , Wu Gang , Li Guofen
Published: September 2014

A concrete-filled fiber-reinforced polymer-steel composite tube column consisting of inner concrete and an exterior fiber-reinforced polymer-steel tube was studied in this paper. A total of 22 specimens were tested under axial compression to investigate the performance of the circular concrete-filled fiber-reinforced polymer-steel composite tube columns. The main experimental parameters were the thickness of the steel tube, the number of fiber-reinforced polymer layers, the type of fiber-reinforced polymer, and the hybridization of fiber-reinforced polymer, in which basalt-fiber-reinforced polymer was used to manufacture concrete-filled fiber-reinforced polymer-steel composite tube columns and was compared with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer. The test results showed that local buckling of the steel tube can be suppressed and even prevented effectively with fiber-reinforced polymer strengthening, and the compressive strength of the concrete-filled fiber-reinforced polymer-steel composite tube specimens is enhanced by the external fiber-reinforced polymer confinement compared with that of the concrete-filled steel tube specimens. With the increase in the number of fiber-reinforced polymer layers or with a larger ultimate tensile strain in the fiber-reinforced polymer, the peak axial strain corresponding to fiber-reinforced polymer fracture increases accordingly. A new model that considers composite action was developed for strength prediction of concrete-filled fiber-reinforced polymer-steel composite tube columns, and the analytical results agree well with the experimental results.
Examining the Psychometric Properties of the Homework Management Scale for High School Students in China
Authors: Yang Fuyi , Xu Jianzhong
Published: September 2014

This study reports on the psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the Homework Management Scale (HMS). The HMS was designed to assess students’ homework management strategies. Based on a randomized split of 884 high school students in China, we conducted exploratory factor analysis on Group 1 ( n = 442) and confirmatory factor analysis on Group 2 ( n = 442). The factor structure of the Chinese version of the HMS was consistent with the original one developed in the United States (i.e., the existence of five separate, yet related, subscales). Reliability coefficients of the HMS and its subscales were in the adequate to good range. Finally, the HMS and its subscales, as predicted, were related to relevant homework measures in the theoretically expected directions. These findings suggest that the Chinese version of the HMS is a valid multidimensional measure for homework management. Suggestions for its application and future research are provided.
Evaluation of bone repair of critical size defects treated with simvastatin-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres in rat calvaria
Authors: Ferreira Lorraine B , Bradaschia-Correa Vivian , Moreira Mariana M , Marques Natasha DM , Arana-Chavez Victor E
Published: September 2014

Purpose

Statins are hypolipemiant drugs with osteoinductive effect. We evaluated the potential of simvastatin loaded into poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres to heal critical size defects in rat calvaria.

Methods

PLGA scaffolds (50:50 ratio) were synthesized as pure membranes or as microspheres loaded with 2.5% simvastatin. Critical size defects (5-mm diameter) were created in the parietal bone of 3-month-old male Wistar rats; they were either left filled with blood clot (C group), covered with a PLGA membrane (M group) or with PLGA microspheres loaded with simvastatin (MSI group) or not (MM group), and then covered with the PLGA membrane. The defects were evaluated after 30 or 60 days by light and electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry for osteopontin (OPN), bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteoadherin (OSAD), and immunocytochemistry for OPN.

Results

Scanning electron microscopy showed that the calvarial defects treated with MSI were almost completely healed after 60 days, while groups M and C presented less bone formation, whereas the bone matrix formed into the defects of MSI group was more organized and mature. The immunolabeling for OPN and BSP on the matrix in groups C and M showed typical areas of primary bone unlike the MSI that presented weak labeling at the formed area. In the MSI group, there was an intense immunostaining for OSAD in osteoid, as well as in osteocyte cytoplasm. The immunocytochemistry showed intense labeling for OPN with homogeneous distribution in the interfibrillar spaces in all groups after 30 days and after 60 days; however, while C and M groups exhibited similar aspect, the MSI specimens showed weak labeling. The ultrastructural evaluation showed the interaction between the biomaterial and the surrounding tissue where some cells established intimate contact with microspheres.

Conclusions

The repair of critical size bone defects was accelerated and enhanced by the implantation of simvastatin-loaded PLGA microspheres.
Examining the Associations Between Sex Trade Involvement, Rape, and Symptomatology of Sexual Abuse Trauma
Authors: Lutnick Alexandra , Harris Jennie , Lorvick Jennifer , Cheng Helen , Wenger Lynn D. , Bourgois Philippe , Kral Alex H.
Published: September 2014

The high prevalence of rape and sexual trauma symptomatology among women involved in street-based sex trades is well-established. Because prior research has lacked appropriate, non-sex trade involved comparison groups, it is unknown whether differences exist among similarly situated women who do and do not trade sex. This article explores experiences of childhood and adult rape and symptomatology of sexual abuse trauma among a community-based sample of 322 women who use methamphetamine in San Francisco, California, 61% of whom were involved in the sex trade. Study participants were recruited via respondent-driven sampling and eligible if they were cisgender women, aged 18 or older, current methamphetamine users, and sexually active with at least one cisgender man in the past 6 months. The dependent variable was sexual abuse trauma symptomatology, as measured by the Sexual Abuse Trauma Index (SATI) subscale of the Trauma Symptom Checklist–40 (TSC-40), and the explanatory variable was sex trade involvement. Potential covariates were age, current homelessness, methamphetamine dependence, and experiences of childhood and adult rape. Sixty-one percent of participants had a SATI subscale score suggestive of sexual abuse trauma. The overall prevalence of rape in childhood and adulthood was 52% and 73%, respectively. In bivariate analysis, sex trade involvement and all of the potential covariates except for homelessness and age were associated with a SATI score suggestive of sexual abuse trauma. In multivariate models controlling for significant covariates, there was no longer a statistically significant association between sex trade involvement or childhood rape and an elevated SATI score. Elevated levels of psychological dependence on methamphetamine and experiences of rape as an adult were still associated with a high SATI score. These findings highlight that urban poor women, regardless of sex trade involvement, suffer high levels of rape and related trauma symptomatology.
Compatibilization of irradiated HDPE
Authors: Jin Hui , Chen Zhong-yan , Yu Qian-qian , Wu Shi-shan
Published: September 2014

The C–O, C=O, and C(=O)O groups were introduced onto high-density polyethylene (HDPE) chains by ultraviolet irradiation in air and the groups’ content increased with increase in the irradiation time. When they irradiated for 16 h, gels were formed in the irradiated HDPE, and the content of the gels increased with increase in the irradiation time. Compared with HDPE, the crystal form of the irradiated HDPE did not change and still retained the orthorhombic structure, and its melting temperature decreased, while its crystallinity increased. The irradiated HDPE was added in HDPE/CaCO3 composites as a compatibilizer, and HDPE/irradiated HDPE/CaCO3 composites were obtained. Compared with those in HDPE/CaCO3 composites, the dispersion of the CaCO3 and interfacial interaction between CaCO3 and HDPE matrix in HDPE/irradiated HDPE/CaCO3 composites improved due to compatibilization of the irradiated HDPE, and its mechanical properties (especially impact strength), thus, showed remarkable enhancement. With increase in irradiation time, the tensile strength of HDPE/irradiated HDPE/CaCO3 composites enhanced and its impact strength increased during irradiation time of 16 h and then decreased slightly. In the same irradiation time, the tensile strength and impact strength of HDPE/irradiated HDPE/CaCO3 composites increased with increase in the content of the irradiated HDPE.
Democracy and welfare in hard times: The social policy of the Orbán Government in Hungary between 2010 and 2014
Authors: Szikra Dorottya
Published: September 2014

East-Central European countries have been hit by the economic crisis especially hard. This article argues that reactions to the crisis by the Hungarian government of Viktor Orbán have been distinct in several ways. The crisis has been used by the cabinet as a rationale to carry out paradigmatic reforms in nearly all policy fields within a very short period of time while the two-thirds parliamentary majority provided an opportunity for this. There have been no widespread protests and no veto players have prevented the implementation of reforms, partly because checks and balances, including the Constitutional Court, have been put aside. The direction of reforms has been diffuse and often contradictory, consisting of neo-liberal, étatist and neo-conservative elements. Early assessment of changes indicates the increasing polarization of society not only in terms of income but also of ethnicity.
Early Sex Initiation and Subsequent Unsafe Sexual Behaviors and Sex-Related Risks Among Female Undergraduates in Wuhan, China
Authors: Li Jiantao , Li Shiyue , Yan Hong , Xu Delong , Xiao Han , Cao Yue , Mao Zongfu
Published: September 2014

This study aims to explore the association between early sex initiation and subsequent unsafe sexual behaviors and risks among Chinese female undergraduates. Of 4769 participants, 863 (18.1%) reported ever having sexual intercourse. The mean age of sexual debut was 19.3 (±1.7) years. Females initiating sex earlier were more likely to have first sex with men who were not their “boyfriends” and less likely to take contraception, to use a condom at first encounter, to use contraception consistently in past year, and/or to use condom consistently during the course of a sexual intercourse. They were more likely to have multiple lifetime and concurrent sexual partners, to report pregnancy, and be diagnosed with sexually transmitted diseases. Comprehensive early sex education should be advocated for young people, not only teaching knowledge of physical health but also providing practical skills training for making them consciously delay start of sexual activity or protecting themselves during sexual intercourse.
Availability of Consumer Prices for Bunion Surgery
Authors: Willey James C. , Reuter Lainee S. , Belatti Daniel A. , Phisitkul Phinit , Amendola Ned
Published: September 2014

Background:

Today, insurance insulates most patients from the true costs of the health care services they consume. Economists believe that the absence of price signals incentivizes patients to pursue more extensive care than they would otherwise. Reformers propose restoring price consciousness to patients as a way to tame the soaring costs of American health care. To test this idea, we decided to gauge the availability and variability of price quotes for a common elective surgery—bunion repair.

Methods:

Orthopedic clinics were sorted by state and randomly selected from an online directory maintained by the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society. Each selected clinic was contacted up to 3 times in an attempt to get a full, bundled price quote using a standardized patient script. If this was unavailable, an isolated quote for the physician fee alone was solicited.

Results:

Of the 141 clinics contacted, 56 (39.7%) could provide a physician price estimate and 12 (8.5%) could give a complete bundled estimate, including hospital fees. The overall mean bundled price quoted was $18 332, while the overall mean physician fee quoted was $2487. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean price quoted by academic and private clinics, nor was regional variation observed.

Conclusion:

We found low price availability for elective bunion procedures.

Clinical Relevance:

However, the wide variation observed in the prices that were quoted suggests that a very determined patient may be able to spend substantially less on an elective surgery if they were willing to select a provider carefully.