bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Latitudinal differential rotation in the solar analogues 16 Cygni A and B
Authors: Bazot M. , Benomar O. , Christensen-Dalsgaard J. , Gizon L. , Hanasoge S. , Nielsen M. , Petit P. , Sreenivasan K. R.
Published: January 2019

Context.Asteroseismology has undergone a profound transformation as a scientific field following the CoRoT andKeplerspace missions. The latter is now yielding the first measurements of latitudinal differential rotation obtained directly from oscillation frequencies. Differential rotation is a fundamental mechanism of the stellar dynamo effect.

Aims.Our goal is to measure the amount of differential rotation in the solar analogues 16 Cyg A and B, which are the components of a binary system. These stars are the brightest observed byKeplerand have therefore been extensively observed, with exquisite precision on their oscillation frequencies.

Methods.We modelled the acoustic power spectrum of 16 Cyg A and B using a model that takes into account the contribution of differential rotation to the rotational frequency splitting. The estimation was carried out in a Bayesian setting. We then inverted these results to obtain the rotation profile of both stars under the assumption of a solar-like functional form.

Results.We observe that the magnitude of latitudinal differential rotation has a strong chance of being solar-like for both stars, their rotation rates being higher at the equator than at the pole. The measured latitudinal differential rotation, defined as the difference of rotation rate between the equator and the pole, is 320 ± 269 nHz and 440−383+363nHz for 16 Cyg A and B, respectively, confirming that the rotation rates of these stars are almost solar-like. Their equatorial rotation rates are 535 ± 75 nHz and 565−129+150nHz. Our results are in good agreement with measurements obtained from spectropolarimetry, spectroscopy, and photometry.

Conclusions.We present the first conclusive measurement of latitudinal differential rotation for solar analogues. Their rotational profiles are very close to those of the Sun. These results depend weakly on the uncertainties of the stellar parameters.
De-novo-Auftreten einer Vitiligo unter IL-12/23-Inhibitor-Therapie einer chronischen Plaque-Psoriasis
Authors: Troyanova-Slavkova S. , Kowalzick L.
Published: January 2019

Wir berichten über einen 54-jährigen männlichen Patienten mit seit über 13 Jahren bestehender chronischer Plaque-Psoriasis und metabolischem Syndrom, der über 5 Jahre nach Beginn einer s. c. Therapie mit einem Interleukin-12/23-Inhibitor (Ustekinumab) eine Vitiligo in den seitlichen Gesichtspartien entwickelte. Vier Monate zuvor wurde wegen eines neu diagnostizierten Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 eine s. c. Insulin-Therapie begonnen. Das Neuauftreten einer Vitiligo als paradoxe Reaktion auf eine Biologika-Therapie mit TNF-alpha-, Interleukin-12/23- und Interleukin-17-Inhibitoren wurde bisher in nur wenigen Einzelfällen beschrieben, ein Zusammenhang mit einer Insulin-Therapie meist nur bei autoimmunologisch bedingtem Typ-1-Diabetes.
Effektivität und Risiken der tiefen lateralen knöchernen Orbitadekompression mit Entfernung der Orbitakante bei endokriner Orbitopathie
Authors: Horn Maren , Schittkowski Michael
Published: January 2019

Hintergrund Die endokrine Orbitopathie ist die häufigste extrathyroidale Manifestation einer Autoimmunthyreopathie. In der ausgebrannten fibrotischen Phase können ein Exophthalmus, Doppelbilder und eine Lidretraktion zurückbleiben, die ggf. mehrere rehabilitative chirurgische Eingriffe erfordern. Die orbitale Dekompression ist ein etabliertes Verfahren in der operativen Therapie der endokrinen Orbitopathie, um einen Exophthalmus zu reduzieren. Ziel der Arbeit war, die Technik der tiefen lateralen knöchernen Orbitadekompression mit Entfernung der Orbitakante in Hinblick auf Effektivität und Komplikationen zu evaluieren.

Patienten und Methoden In einer retrospektiven Fallserie wurden alle zwischen 2008 und 2015 in der Augenklinik der Universitätsmedizin Göttingen durchgeführten Dekompressionsoperationen in Hinblick auf Exophthalmusreduktion, Diplopie (Gorman Score) sowie Komplikationen analysiert. Die OP-Technik umfasste die Entfernung der lateralen Orbitawand (Ausmaß und Tiefe individuell angepasst) sowie (partiell) des extrakonalen Fettgewebes über einen Hautschnitt im lateralen Lidwinkel („swinging eyelid approach“).

Ergebnisse 195 Dekompressionsoperationen an 127 Patienten wurden eingeschlossen. Die mittlere Exophthalmusreduktion betrug 4,0 ± 1,2 mm (Min. 1,5; Max. 7,5 mm). Bei 47 Patienten (37,0%)/77 Operationen (39,5%) bestand präoperativ keine Diplopie. Postoperativ wurde bei 3 dieser Patienten/3 Orbitae (6,4/3,9%) eine „new-onset“-Diplopie dokumentiert (2,4% aller Patienten, 1,5% aller Operationen). Einer der 3 Patienten hatte Doppelbilder in Primärposition (0,8% aller Patienten, 2,1% der Patienten ohne präoperative Diplopie), die 2 weiteren Patienten gaben blickrichtungsabhängige Doppelbilder an. Eine postoperative Verbesserung der Doppelbilder zeigte sich bei 19 Patienten (15,0% aller Patienten, 23,8% der Patienten mit präoperativen Doppelbildern) bzw. nach 19 Operationen (9,7% aller 195 Eingriffe, 16,1% der Fälle mit präoperativer Diplopie). Bis auf eine starke postoperative Blutung in einem Fall, die chirurgisch erfolgreich und folgenlos saniert werden konnte, traten keine schwerwiegenden Komplikationen auf. Dokumentiert wurden eine sichtbare Narbenbildung in 6 Fällen (3,1%), eine temporale Einziehung in 3 Fällen (1,5%), Oszillopsien beim Kauen in 3 Fällen (1,5%) und eine Desinsertion der lateralen Kanthusregion in 2 Fällen (1%).

Schlussfolgerung Die tiefe laterale knöcherne Orbitadekompression unter Einschluss des vorderen Orbitarandes stellt eine sichere und effektive Methode zur Reduktion des Exophthalmus bei endokriner Orbitopathie dar.
Ambulante Nachsorge nach stationärer Adipositasrehabilitation: Machbarkeit des KgAS-Nachsorgekonzeptes
Authors: Pankatz M. , Gellhaus I. , Hagedorn N. , Hampel P. , Tiedjen U. , Stachow R.
Published: January 2019

Rehabilitationsmaßnahmen für Kinder und Jugendliche mit Adipositas sind kurzfristig sehr erfolgreich, die Rückfallrate ist jedoch hoch. Nachsorgeprogramme hatten in Wirksamkeitsstudien keinen nachweisbaren Erfolg oder wurden eingestellt. Die Konsensusgruppe Adipositasschulung für Kinder und Jugendliche (KgAS) hat daher ein neues Programm entwickelt, das in einer Machbarkeitsstudie evaluiert wurde. In Kooperation der Fachklinik Sylt für Kinder und Jugendliche der DRV Nord mit ambulanten Partnern wurde 25 Familien die Teilnahme ermöglicht. Während des stationären Aufenthaltes des Kindes wurden sie in eine anschließende ambulante Nachsorge am Heimatort vermittelt. Die Teilnahme wurde durch eine Fragebogenerhebung (Eltern, Kinder/Jugendliche, Nachsorgekräfte) begleitet, außerdem wurden Einzelgespräche und ein Fokusgruppeninterview mit den Nachsorgekräften ausgewertet. Die Auswertung zeigte eine gute Machbarkeit und hohe Zufriedenheitswerte bei allen beteiligten Gruppen (Kinder/Jugendliche, Eltern, Nachsorgekräfte, Rehabilitationsklinik). Somit scheint der Nachsorgeansatz der KgAS geeignet, in das Regelangebot der Behandlung überführt zu werden. Zukünftig muss jedoch eine randomisiert-kontrollierte Studie die Wirksamkeit überprüfen.
α-Tetralonyl Glucosides from the Green Walnut Husks of Juglans mandshurica and Their Antiproliferative Effects
Authors: Wang An-dong , Xie Chao-jie , Zhang Yun-qiang , Li Mei-chen , Wang Xia , Liu Jian-yu , Xu Yong-nan
Published: January 2019

Two new α-tetralonyl glucosides, (4S)-4,5,8-trihydroxy-α-tetralone-5-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1 → 6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and (4S)-4,8-dihydroxy-α-tetralone-4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1 → 6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), together with eight known compounds (3 – 10) were isolated from the green walnut husks of Juglans mandshurica. The structural characterization of all compounds was performed by spectroscopic analyses, including 1D and 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS experiments. The isolated compounds were assayed for their cytotoxicity against two human cancer cell lines, A549 and HeLa. Four compounds (7 – 10) exhibited inhibitory effects against two human cancer cell lines with GI50 values between 1.3 and 5.8 µM.
Common Risk Factors Add to Inherited Thrombophilia to Predict Venous Thromboembolism Risk in Families
Authors: Suchon Pierre , Resseguier Noemie , Ibrahim Manal , Robin Alexia , Venton Geoffroy , Barthet Marie-Christine , Brunet Dominique , Saut Noemie , Alessi Marie-Christine , Trégouët David , Morange Pierre
Published: January 2019

The clinical venous thromboembolism (VTE) pattern often shows wide heterogeneity within relatives of a VTE-affected family, although they carry the same thrombophilia defect. It is then mandatory to develop additional tools for assessing VTE risk in families with thrombophilia. This study aims to assess whether common environmental and genetic risk factors for VTE contribute to explain this heterogeneity. A total of 2,214 relatives from 651 families with known inherited thrombophilia were recruited at the referral center for thrombophilia in Marseilles, France, from 1986 to 2013. A thrombophilia screening was systematically performed in all included relatives. According to the severity of the thrombophilia defect, individuals were split into three groups: no familial defect, mild thrombophilia, and severe thrombophilia. In addition, common genetic factors (ABO blood group and 11 polymorphisms selected on the basis of their association with VTE in the general population) were genotyped. Furthermore, body mass index and smoking were collected. VTE incidence was 1.74, 3.64, and 6.40 per 1,000 person-years in individuals with no familial defect, mild thrombophilia, and severe thrombophilia, respectively. Five common risk factors were associated with VTE in this population: obesity, smoking, ABO blood group, and F11_rs2036914 and FGG_rs2066865 polymorphisms. These common factors were then included into a three-level risk score. The score was highly efficient for assessing VTE risk in mild thrombophilia patients by identifying two groups with different VTE risk; individuals with low score had the same risk as individuals with no familial defect whereas individuals with high score had the same risk as individuals with severe thrombophilia. An overall score including the five items plus the thrombophilia status was built and displayed an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.702 for discriminating VTE and non-VTE relatives. In conclusion, integrating common environmental and genetic risk factors improved VTE risk assessment in relatives from families with thrombophilia.
Multi-peak solutions for nonlinear Choquard equation in the plane
Authors: Sun Xiaomei , Zhu Anqiang
Published: January 2019

In this paper, we consider the nonlinear Choquard equation in the plane with general nonlinearity satisfying Berestycki-Lions condition. By means of global penalization method, we obtain the existence of multi-peak solutions which concentrate near local minimal points of potential.
Exchange bias of [Pt/Co]/IrMn with two-directional isotropy
Authors: Gao Hui , Liu Yifan
Published: January 2019

The anisotropy of [Pt/Co]/IrMn multilayer samples is studied by analyzing the remanence state. Then the sample with two-directional isotropy is measured after perpendicular and in-plane field cooling, we observe an absence of spin flop coupling after field cooling and that the perpendicular exchange bias is larger than the in-plane exchange bias. The comparison of exchange bias along the two directions is modeled based on the frozen net spins of uncompensated units in the growth plane.
Quantum walks in external gauge fields
Authors: Cedzich C. , Geib T. , Werner A. H. , Werner R. F.
Published: January 2019

Describing a particle in an external electromagnetic field is a basic task of quantum mechanics. The standard scheme for this is known as “minimal coupling” and consists of replacing the momentum operators in the Hamiltonian by the modified ones with an added vector potential. In lattice systems, it is not so clear how to do this because there is no continuous translation symmetry, and hence, there are no momenta. Moreover, when time is also discrete, as in quantum walk systems, there is no Hamiltonian, but only a unitary step operator. We present a unified framework of gauge theory for such discrete systems, keeping a close analogy to the continuum case. In particular, we show how to implement minimal coupling in a way that automatically guarantees unitary dynamics. The scheme works in any lattice dimension, for any number of internal degrees of freedom, for walks that allow jumps to a finite neighbourhood rather than to nearest neighbours, is naturally gauge invariant, and prepares possible extensions to non-abelian gauge groups.
Microwave microplasma parameters at extremely high driving frequencies
Authors: Levko Dmitry , Raja Laxminarayan L.
Published: January 2019

The microplasma supported by high microwave frequencies is analyzed using a one-dimensional Particle-in-Cell Monte Carlo collision model. The results indicate that there are two regimes of the discharge operation, which are correlated with different regimes of the electron kinetics of the high-energy tail of the electron energy distribution. We obtain that the regimes of electron kinetics are separated by the frequency νcr, which is the frequency of collisions between the electrons having the energy equal to the excitation threshold of argon and neutrals. Below νcr, the tail of the electron energy distribution function is non-stationary and is defined by the instantaneous electric field. This results in very efficient heating of this group of electrons. As a consequence, the increase in the microwave frequency up to νcr results in the increase in the plasma density. For driving frequencies larger than νcr, the tail is stationary, implying less efficient plasma heating. Consequently, a decrease in plasma density is obtained for extremely high driving frequencies.
From metastable to coherent sets— Time-discretization schemes
Authors: Fackeldey Konstantin , Koltai Péter , Névir Peter , Rust Henning , Schild Axel , Weber Marcus
Published: January 2019

Given a time-dependent stochastic process with trajectories x(t) in a space Ω, there may be sets such that the corresponding trajectories only very rarely cross the boundaries of these sets. We can analyze such a process in terms of metastability or coherence. Metastable sets M are defined in space M⊂Ω, and coherent sets M(t)⊂Ω are defined in space and time. Hence, if we extend the space Ω by the time-variable t, coherent sets are metastable sets in Ω×[0,∞) of an appropriate space-time process. This relation can be exploited, because there already exist spectral algorithms for the identification of metastable sets. In this article, we show that these well-established spectral algorithms (like PCCA+, Perron Cluster Cluster Analysis) also identify coherent sets of non-autonomous dynamical systems. For the identification of coherent sets, one has to compute a discretization (a matrix T) of the transfer operator of the process using a space-time-discretization scheme. The article gives an overview about different time-discretization schemes and shows their applicability in two different fields of application.
Modeling of turbulent particle and heat transport in helical plasmas based on gyrokinetic analysis
Authors: Toda S. , Nakata M. , Nunami M. , Ishizawa A. , Watanabe T.-H. , Sugama H.
Published: January 2019

The particle and heat transport driven by the ion temperature gradient instability in helical plasmas is investigated by the gyrokinetic analysis taking into account the kinetic electron response. High and low ion temperature plasma cases for the discharge in the Large Helical Device (LHD) are studied. Two types of transport models with a lower computational cost to reproduce the nonlinear gyrokinetic simulation results within allowable errors are presented for application in quick transport analyses. The turbulent electron and ion heat diffusivity models are given in terms of the linear growth rate and the characteristic quantity for the linear response of zonal flows, while the model of the effective particle diffusivity is not obtained for the flattened density profile observed in the LHD. The quasilinear flux model is also shown for the heat transport. The quasilinear flux models for the energy fluxes are found to reproduce the nonlinear simulation results at the accuracy similar to that of the heat diffusivity models. In addition, the quasilinear particle flux model, which is applicable to the transport analysis for LHD plasmas, is constructed. These turbulent reduced models enable coupling to the other simulation in the integrated codes for the LHD.
Water adsorption on olivine(010) surfaces: Effect of alkali and transition metal cation doping
Authors: Liu Tingting , Luo Wenjia , Cole David R. , Asthagiri Aravind
Published: January 2019

Dopants have the potential to locally modify water-olivine interactions, which can impact geological processes, such as weathering, CO2 sequestration, and abiotic hydrocarbon generation. As a first step in understanding the role of dopants on the water structure and chemistry at water-olivine interfaces, water monomer adsorption on alkaline earth (AE) and transition metal (TM) doped forsterite(010) [Mg2SiO4(010)] surfaces was studied using density functional theory (DFT). Dopants that occur in olivine minerals were considered and consisted of Ca, Sr, and Ba for the AE dopants and Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni for the TM dopants. The water molecule adsorbs on the olivine surface through a metal-water bond (Me–Ow) and a hydrogen bond with an adjacent surface lattice oxygen (Ox–Hw). A frontier orbital analysis reveals that the 1b2, 3a1, and 1b1 (HOMO) of the water molecule are involved in the bonding. All of the TM dopants show strong net Me–Ow covalent bonding between 3a1 and 1b1 water orbitals and TM d states, while the AE dopants except for Mg2SiO4(010) show negligible Me–Ow covalent bonding. Both the AE and TM dopants show similar hydrogen bonding features involving both the 1b2 and 3a1 orbitals. While the AE cations show an overall lower Me–Ow covalent interaction, the AE dopants have strong electrostatic interactions between the positive metal cation and the negatively charged water dipole. A bonding model incorporating a linear combination of the covalent Me–Ow bond, the Ox–Hw hydrogen bond, the electrostatic interaction between the dopant cation and the H2O molecule, and the surface distortion energy is needed to capture the variation in the DFT adsorption energies on the olivine surfaces. The bonding analysis is able to identify the dominant contributions to water-dopant interactions and can serve as a basis for future studies of more realistic water-olivine interfaces.
Self-organized interdependence among populations promotes cooperation by means of coevolution
Authors: Chu Chen , Hu Xintao , Shen Chen , Li Tong , Boccaletti Stefano , Shi Lei , Wang Zhen
Published: January 2019

We show that self-organized interdependence promotes the evolution of cooperation in interdependent networks. The evolution of connections between networks occurs according to the following rule: if a player often wins against its opponent (regardless of its strategy), it is allowed to form an external link with the corresponding partner in another network to obtain additional benefit; otherwise, the opportunity to increase its benefit is lost. Through numerical simulation, it is unveiled that cooperation can be significantly promoted due to interdependent network reciprocity. Interestingly, the synchronization of evolutionary processes emerges on both networks, and individuals can take advantage of interdependent network reciprocity when both the strategies and the coevolving times in the two networks are synchronous.
A hot-film air flow sensor for elevated temperatures
Authors: Balakrishnan Vivekananthan , Dinh Toan , Nguyen Thanh , Phan Hoang-Phuong , Nguyen Tuan-Khoa , Dao Dzung Viet , Nguyen Nam-Trung
Published: January 2019

We report a novel packaging and experimental technique for characterizing thermal flow sensors at high temperatures. This paper first reports the fabrication of 3C-SiC (silicon carbide) on a glass substrate via anodic bonding, followed by the investigation of thermoresistive and Joule heating effects in the 3C-SiC nano-thin film heater. The high thermal coefficient of resistance of approximately −20 720 ppm/K at ambient temperature and −9287 ppm/K at 200 °C suggests the potential use of silicon carbide for thermal sensing applications in harsh environments. During the Joule heating test, a high-temperature epoxy and a brass metal sheet were utilized to establish the electric conduction between the metal electrodes and SiC heater inside a temperature oven. In addition, the metal wires from the sensor to the external circuitry were protected by a fiberglass insulating sheath to avoid short circuit. The Joule heating test ensured the stability of mechanical and Ohmic contacts at elevated temperatures. Using a hot-wire anemometer as a reference flow sensor, calibration tests were performed at 25 °C, 35 °C, and 45 °C. Then, the SiC hot-film sensor was characterized for a range of low air flow velocity, indicating a sensitivity of 5 mm−1 s. The air flow was established by driving a metal propeller connected to a DC motor and controlled by a microcontroller. The materials, metallization, and interconnects used in our flow sensor were robust and survived temperatures of around 200 °C.
A hysteresis loop in electrical resistance of NbHx observed above the β−λ transition temperature
Authors: Sasahara Yuki , Shimizu Ryota , Oguchi Hiroyuki , Nishio Kazunori , Ogura Shohei , Morioka Hitoshi , Orimo Shin-ichi , Fukutani Katsuyuki , Hitosugi Taro
Published: January 2019

We investigate the electron transport properties and structures of β-NbHx(010) epitaxial thin films on Al2O3(001) substrates with a variety of hydrogen contents. NbHx epitaxial thin films with x ≥ 0.77 exhibit a hysteresis loop in their resistance near room temperature. Notably, this hysteresis loop appears above the β–λ phase transition temperature. Detailed analysis of the temperature dependence of these structures suggests that the short-range ordering of hydrogen rearrangement in the λ-phase remains locally above the transition temperature, inducing the hysteresis in the resistance.
Toward wafer-scale diamond nano- and quantum technologies
Authors: Nelz Richard , Görlitz Johannes , Herrmann Dennis , Slablab Abdallah , Challier Michel , Radtke Mariusz , Fischer Martin , Gsell Stefan , Schreck Matthias , Becher Christoph , Neu Elke
Published: January 2019

We investigate native nitrogen vacancy (NV) and silicon vacancy (SiV) color centers in a commercially available, heteroepitaxial, wafer-sized, mm thick, single-crystal diamond. We observe single, native NV centers with a density of roughly 1 NV per μm3 and moderate coherence time (T2 = 5 μs) embedded in an ensemble of SiV centers. Using low temperature luminescence of SiV centers as a probe, we prove the high crystalline quality of the diamond especially close to the growth surface, consistent with a reduced dislocation density. Using ion implantation and plasma etching, we verify the possibility to fabricate nanostructures with shallow color centers rendering our material promising for fabrication of nanoscale sensing devices. As this diamond is available in wafer-sizes up to 100 mm, it offers the opportunity to up-scale diamond-based device fabrication.
The stress-strain relationship of liquid marbles under compression
Authors: Polwaththe-Gallage Hasitha-Nayanajith , Ooi Chin Hong , Jin Jing , Sauret Emilie , Nguyen Nam-Trung , Li Zirui , Gu YuanTong
Published: January 2019

Liquid marbles can be characterized using elastic solid models consisting of a liquid surrounded by a soft solid membrane. The elastic properties of liquid marbles determine the amount of compression under a given external force. This is an important property as the elasticity of liquid marbles determines their morphology under a given stress. We show that the stress-strain relationship of liquid marbles can be described by σ*Bo=0.6[1/(1−εhro)2−1], where Bo is the Bond number, σ* is the normalised stress, and εhr0 is the strain measured with respect to the equivalent radius of the liquid marble. This stress-strain relationship could pave the way for the development of microfluidic devices with robust liquid marbles.
Constructing Bach flat manifolds of signature (2, 2) using the modified Riemannian extension
Authors: Calviño-Louzao E. , García-Río E. , Gilkey P. , Gutiérrez-Rodríguez I. , Vázquez-Lorenzo R.
Published: January 2019

We use the modified Riemannian extension of an affine surface to construct Bach flat manifolds. As all these examples have vanishing scalar invariants, we shall construct scalar invariants which are not of Weyl type to distinguish them. We illustrate these phenomena in the context of homogeneous affine surfaces.
Research at Tsinghua University on electrical explosions of wires
Authors: Wang Xinxin
Published: January 2019

Electrical explosion of a wire (EEW) has been investigated for more than ten years at Tsinghua University, and the main results are reviewed in this paper. Based on EEW in vacuum, an X-pinch was used as an x-ray source for phase-contrast imaging of small insects such as mosquitoes and ants in which it was possible to observe clearly their detailed internal structures, which can never be seen with conventional x-ray radiography. Electrical explosion of a wire array (EEWA) in vacuum is the initial stage in the formation of a wire-array Z-pinch. The evolution of EEWA was observed with x-ray backlighting using two X-pinches as x-ray sources. It was found that each wire in an EEWA exhibits a core–corona structure instead of forming a fully vaporized metallic vapor. This structure is detrimental to the plasma implosion of a Z-pinch. By inserting an insulator as a flashover switch into the cathode, formation of a core–corona structure was suppressed and core-free EEWA was realized. EEW in gases was used for nanopowder production. Three parameters (vaporization rate, gas pressure, and energy deposited in the exploding plasma) were found to influence the nanoparticle size. EEW in water was used for shock-wave generation. The shock wave generated by melting could be recorded with a piezoelectric gauge only in underheat EEW. For EEW with a given stored energy but different energy-storage capacitor banks, the small capacitor bank produced a rapidly rising current that deposited more energy into the wire and generated a stronger shock wave.
Progress and challenges in the fabrication of DPS shells for ICF
Authors: Liu Meifang , Huang Yawen , Chen Sufen , Pan Dawei , Chen Miao , Chu Qiaomei , Liu Yiyang , Yin Qiang , Zhang Zhanwen
Published: January 2019

To improve the quality of deuterated polystyrene (DPS) shells, the synthesis and purification of DPS as well as the fabrication of DPS shells are investigated. The molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, measured by GPC-MALLS, are about 350 kg mol-1 and less than 2.0, respectively. The results of TG and GC-MS indicate that the residual solvent is almost completely removed. DPS shells with ∼ 300 μm –2500 μm diameter and ∼10 μm–100 μm wall thickness are successfully prepared by a microfluidic device. The monodispersity of the diameter is much better than that of the wall thickness in a batch of DPS shells. The vacuoles can be suppressed by both reducing hydrophilic residues in DPS and adding some salts into the outer water phase (W2). The defects appearing during the drying process decrease by heat treatment, ethanol exchange, and lowered drying temperature. The results presented in this work not only provide guidelines for the preparation of DPS shells of better quality, but also indicate challenges for the future.
Collimated GeV attosecond electron–positron bunches from a plasma channel driven by 10 PW lasers
Authors: Zhu Xing-Long , Chen Min , Yu Tong-Pu , Weng Su-Ming , He Feng , Sheng Zheng-Ming
Published: January 2019

High-energy positrons and bright γ-ray sources are of great importance both in fundamental research and for practical applications. However, collimated GeV electron–positron pair jets and γ-ray flashes are still rarely produced in the laboratory. Here, we demonstrate that by irradiating a near-critical-density plasma channel with two 10 PW-scale laser pulses, highly directional GeV electron–positron pairs and bright γ-ray beams can be efficiently generated. Three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations show the formation of GeV positron jets with high density (8×1021/ cm3), attosecond duration (400 as), and a divergence angle of 14°. Additionally, ultrabright [2×1025 photons s−1 mm−2 mrad−2 (0.1% bandwidth)−1] collimated attosecond (370 as) γ-ray flashes with a laser energy conversion efficiency of 5.6% are emitted. These features show the significant advantage of using a plasma channel as compared with a uniform plasma and thus open up new possibilities for a wide variety of applications.
Development of the central nervous system in equine twin fetuses derived by somatic cell nuclear transfer
Authors: Rigoglio N. N. , Smith O. E. , Matias G. S. S. , Miglino M. A. , Smith L. C.
Published: January 2019

Because of the growing importance of horses in leisure and several sports, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is being used more frequently for cloning animals for performance and reproductive purposes. However, because of the need to perforate the zona pellucida during microsurgical reconstruction of the oocyte, it is possible that SCNT-derived embryos undergo premature hatching, resulting in embryo bisection and twinning. Therefore, because equine twin pregnancies often lead to abnormal embryo development and pregnancy failure, we performed a detailed comparative assessment of equine twin fetuses derived by SCNT with particular attention on the development of the central nervous system at 40 and 60 days gestation. The results of this study indicate that although cloned twin embryos show small differences in size, they do not exhibit apparent macro- or microscopic developmental discrepancies in the central nervous system, suggesting that the twining phenomenon resulting from SCNT does not affect fetal differentiation.
The effects of students’ self-regulation on translation quality
Authors: Pietrzak Paulina
Published: January 2019

The article is an attempt to enter into the area of metacognitive translation studies – or metacognitive translator studies – that has so far received scant coverage, and devote closer attention to the translator’s self-regulatory activity. Self-regulation seems crucial in the development of translation expertise, “especially outside of optimally structured work environments, training academies, and other places with defined translation workflows and opportunities for feedback” (Shreve 2006: 32). The article focuses on the role and nature of self-regulation in translator training. Having identified the issues that emerge from educational theories for translator training, the author analyses the approaches to metacognition in the area of translation education. In an attempt to contribute to the discussion of the multifaceted nature of translator competence, the author investigates the correlation between translation trainees’ self-regulatory activity and the quality of their translation as reflected in their translation grades.
The use of stance markers in West African Englishes
Authors: Gut Ulrike , Unuabonah Foluke
Published: January 2019

This chapter investigates the extent of similarity in the use of stance markers in two national varieties of West African English, Nigerian English and Ghanaian English, and compares them to British English. The frequency and stylistic variability of four semantic groups of stance markers were examined in ICE-Nigeria and ICE-Ghana and compared with ICE-Great Britain. The results are mixed: the two West African varieties show an overall lower frequency of stance markers compared to British English but the speakers of the two West African English varieties do not demonstrate lower stylistic variability in the use of stance markers across different text types. Notwithstanding, there are systematic differences in stance marker usage between the two West African English varieties.
A corpus-based analysis of conjunctive cohesion in English essays of Nigerian university learners
Authors: Iyabo Adeyemi
Published: January 2019

The study examines the use of conjunctions in written texts by Nigerian university learners. It uses the corpus-based method and instruments to compare the Nigerian Learner English Corpus (NLEC)’s use of conjunctions to their native counterparts in Louvain Corpus of Native English Essays (LOCNESS). The analysis shows additive conjunctions have the highest frequency of use by the two learner groups, while causal, adversative and temporal conjunctions have below average usage. The learners repeatedly used particular conjunctions and underused others within the same category. The study concludes that the advanced learners do not display the optimal awareness of the various alternative conjunctive items available within the different groups to create stylistic variation in their texts for enhanced cohesion and overall coherence.
African corpora for standards in African academic English
Authors: Schmied Josef
Published: January 2019

This contribution proposes to replace the traditional native-speaker model at African universities with a sophisticated and stratified corpus model of nation-, university- and department-specific usage. It illustrates that the long-discussed realistic “national standard” may be possible – at least for restricted domains at advanced levels such as postgraduate studies. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of prepositions and their variation in three case studies shows that there is some flexibility in preposition usage: cases where different preposition choices can be explained by equally valid cognitive principles, cases where the addition of prepositions may be acceptable because this adds explicitness (which may be preferred in non-native contexts) and cases where prepositions may appear redundant since there is no choice and no semantic opposition. Although sociolinguistic values and attitudes may be necessary complements to linguistic frequency analyses, a careful corpus-linguistic study of prepositional choices irrespective of standardised native conventions is the basis for all discussions of new functional standards for African English.
MicroRNA-125b protects liver from ischemia/reperfusion injury via inhibiting TRAF6 and NF-κB pathway
Authors: Huang Zuotian , Zheng Daofeng , Pu Junliang , Dai Jiangwen , Zhang Yuchi , Zhang Wanqiu , Wu Zhongjun
Published: January 2019

MicroRNA-125b (miR-125b), which was previously proved to be a potential immunomodulator in various disease, attenuated mouse hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in this study. miR-125b was decreased in RAW 264.7 cells exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). The expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in both serum and supernate were reduced in miR-125b over-expression groups. The hepatic histopathological changes were reduced in miR-125b agomir groups. In the miR-125b antagomir groups, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were significantly elevated compared with negative control (NC) groups. The protein expression of TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), IL-1β and the phosphorylation of p65 (p-p65) were suppressed by the up-regulation of miR-125b. Furthermore, the nuclear translocation of p-p65, measured by immunofluorescence, was enhanced by the miR-125b inhibitors. In conclusion, our study indicates that miR-125b protects liver from hepatic I/R injury via inhibiting TRAF6 and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signal pathway.
Psychological Characteristics of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: A Comparison Between Active and Nonactive Patients
Authors: Leone Daniela , Gilardi Daniela , Corrò Bianca E , Menichetti Julia , Vegni Elena , Correale Carmen , Mariangela Allocca , Furfaro Federica , Bonovas Stefanos , Peyrin-Biroulet Laurent , Danese Silvio , Fiorino Gionata
Published: January 2019

Background and aims

The role of new psychological factors such as psychopathological patterns and defense mechanisms in the care of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been poorly investigated. We aimed to assess the psychological characteristics and defense mechanisms of IBD patients.

Methods

This was a single-center, observational, cross-sectional study. Consecutive adult IBD patients were enrolled and stratified according to disease activity. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected, and validated questionnaires (Symptom Checklist-90-R [SCL-90-R]) for psychological distress, Defense Mechanism Inventory (DMI) for psychological defense mechanisms, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ) for quality of life (QoL) were administered.

Results

Two hundred one patients were enrolled: 101 in remission and 100 with active disease. The mean score for IBDQ was below the cutoff level (156.8 ± 37.8), with a significantly greater impairment of QoL in subjects with flares (136.5 vs 177.5, P < 0.001). Lower scores were associated with female gender. No patients had psychological scores above the cutoff for normality. Statistically higher SCL-90-R scores were found in active patients for obsessive-compulsive disorder (P = 0.026), depression (P = 0.013), anxiety (P = 0.013), phobic anxiety (P = 0.002), psychoticism (P = 0.007), global severity index (GSI) (P = 0.005) and positive symptom total (PST) (P = 0.001). A significantly increased probability of higher global indexes was associated with Crohn’s disease and disease flares. None of the defensive Defense Mechanism Inventory (DMI) styles resulted above the cutoff in our cohort.

Conclusions

Further data are needed to demonstrate the potential key role of psychological intervention in the therapeutic strategies utilized for IBD patients, and the identification of specific psychological patterns based on the patients profile is necessary to optimize psychological intervention.
Plasmodium vivax Relapse Rates Following Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Reflect Previous Transmission Intensity
Authors: Ashley Elizabeth A , Phyo Aung Pyae , Carrara Verena I , Tun Kyaw Myo , Nosten Francois , Smithuis Frank , White Nicholas J
Published: January 2019

From 2003 through 2009, 687 of 2885 patients (23.8%) treated for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in clinical studies in Myanmar or on the Thailand-Myanmar border had recurrent Plasmodium vivax malaria within 63 days, compared with 18 of 429 patients (4.2%) from 2010 onward (risk ratio [RR], 0.176; 95% confidence interval, .112–.278; P < .0001). Corresponding data from 42 days of follow-up revealed that 820 of 3883 patients (21.1%) had recurrent P. vivax malaria before 2010, compared with 22 of 886 (2.5%) from 2010 onward (RR, 0.117; 95% CI, .077–.177; P < .0001). This 6-fold reduction suggests a recent decline in P. vivax transmission intensity and, thus, a substantial reduction in the proportion of individuals harboring hypnozoites.
Goodwin and Guze's Psychiatric Diagnosis 7th Edition
Authors: North Carol , Yutzy Sean
Published: January 2019

Well known for providing a thorough yet concise view of the natural history of psychiatric disorders, this popular text has been newly updated chapter by chapter in this seventh edition. As in previous editions, each chapter systematically covers the definition, historical background, epidemiology, clinical picture, natural history, complications, family studies, differential diagnosis, and clinical management of each disorder. Terminology has been updated for consistency with changes made in DSM-5. Recent epidemiological and neurobiological findings are provided, including the long-term course of mood disorders, genetics and neuroimaging of schizophrenia and mood and other disorders, cognitive changes in relation to depression and dementia, brain stimulation techniques, outcome studies of eating disorders, and epidemiology of substance use disorders. This edition reaffirms the importance of careful psychiatric diagnosis as the essential foundation for treatment decisions. No other text provides such a lucid, well-documented and critically sound overview of the major syndromes in psychiatry. Medical students, psychiatric residents, and other students will continue to find Psychiatric Diagnosis a unique guide to the field.
Eating Disorders
Authors: North Carol S. , Yutzy Sean H.
Published: January 2019

The major eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by peculiar attitudes toward eating and weight that lead to obsessive refusal to eat, profound weight loss, and, when the disorder occurs in girls, persistent amenorrhea. Bulimia refers to a behavior of gorging of food, typically followed by induced vomiting or purging. Bulimia is seen in many patients with anorexia nervosa, but it is the predominant clinical feature in bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is not a common illness, occurring in about 1% of the population, and the incidence of these disorders has increased in recent decades. Anorexia nervosa is fatal in 5%–10% of adult cases; however, half of patients recover, and many more improve as they age.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Authors: North Carol S. , Yutzy Sean H.
Published: January 2019

In this chapter the historical background of the definition of antisocial personality disorder over the last 200 years (including the most commonly applied labels—psychopathy, sociopathy, and criminality) are reviewed along with the current core features. The most recent diagnostic criteria require the repetitive violation of the rights of others, beginning in childhood (conduct disorder) and continuing after age 18. This chapter considers at length the epidemiology, clinical picture, natural history, and family studies of antisocial personality disorder, and the complications of this disorder that are most burdensome to society. The diverse presentations are emphasized to assist the reader in detection of this disorder. Differential diagnosis for the disorder and clinical management (such that it is) are touched upon.
Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: North Carol S. , Yutzy Sean H.
Published: January 2019

Borderline personality disorder is a fairly recent label of a variously conceptualized phenomenon which has been characterized by affective instability and emotional crises, cognitive problems, impulsivity, and intense and unstable personal relationships. This chapter reviews the historical background, epidemiology, and clinical picture (including comorbidity) of borderline personality disorder. Although progress toward validation of this diagnosis has been made, the current definition does not appear to meet the accepted gold standard criteria for a syndrome that is currently considered valid (and reliable). The natural history of what is known is reviewed, as well as the common complications, including self-mutilation and suicide attempts. Treatment remains challenging at best, with few interventions meeting rigorous randomized controlled trial standards.
Alcohol Use Disorder
Authors: North Carol S. , Yutzy Sean H.
Published: January 2019

Alcohol use disorder involves use of alcohol in quantities sufficient to produce intoxication over long periods and use continuing despite significant alcohol-related problems, resulting in a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms. Indicators of alcohol use problems include consumption of more alcohol than intended, inability to cut down on use, alcohol craving, excessive involvement in obtaining and using alcohol, continued use despite negative psychosocial and medical consequences, and physiological tolerance to the effects of alcohol and alcohol withdrawal. Complications of alcohol use disorders include social problems, such as legal and marital problems, and medical problems including metabolic and hepatic disease and cancers. Approximately half of people with an alcohol use disorder will experience an alcohol withdrawal syndrome, typically manifesting within several hours or days of reduction or cessation of heavy and prolonged alcohol consumption and typically lasting 4–5 days.
Delirium and Dementia (Neurocognitive Disorders)
Authors: North Carol S. , Yutzy Sean H.
Published: January 2019

Delirium and dementia (now subsumed under the label of neurocognitive disorders) are often referred to as organic brain syndromes, and this chapter reviews these disorders at length. Delirium is usually brief and reversible. It is defined as an impairment in consciousness (i.e., reduced awareness of the environment) and memory (i.e., reduced recent memory). It is a topic of particular medical interest currently. Amnestic disorders are rare and characterized as disorders of memory. Dementias are frequently progressive, and chances of recovery are rare except for several uncommon illnesses. Dementias are characterized by impairment in consciousness and inattention, orientation, memory, and other intellectual or cognitive functioning. Because many of these dementing disorders (Alzheimer’s, Pick’s, and Lewy body diseases) have neurological findings previously described at autopsy, historical review is provided.
Physiology of Cardiac Ischemia
Authors: Sylvies Fiona R , Thomas Gregory S. , Ellestad Myrvin H.
Published: January 2019

The Physiology of Cardiac Ischemia chapter provides an in depth review of coronary blood flow alterations and manifestations of myocardial ischemia. Ischemia is based on insufficient coronary blood flow (CBF) to meet myocardial oxygen demands at rest or during exercise testing resulting in ischemia or infarction. Ischemia promotes a cascade of physiological responses, including enhanced vasomotion, nitric oxide release, and metabolic shifts resulting in altered levels of free fatty acids and lactic acid often leading to ST depression and angina. The mechanism of the electrocardiographic changes of ischemia and ST depression in coronary artery disease (CAD) are reviewed. While our understanding of cardiac ischemia is incomplete, curiosity of this fascinating condition continues to motivate researchers in their search for increasingly effective therapies, opportunities and therapeutic options.
Blood Pressure Measurements during Exercise Testing
Authors: Thomas Gregory S. , Ellestad Myrvin H.
Published: January 2019

``The chapter Blood Pressure Measurement During Exercise reviews the 3 methods of sphygmomanometry to measure blood pressure and normal and abnormal blood pressure responses to exercise. Mercury, aneroid, and oscillometric assessment of Korotkoff sounds provide accurate measurement. Periodic calibration is important for aneroid and oscillometric devices. With verification, automated oscillometric measurements during exercise can be accurate. The normal blood pressure response to exercise testing is an incremental increase in systolic blood pressure with minimal change in diastolic blood pressure. Exercise induced hypotension, particularly early in exercise, is predictive of severe coronary artery disease (CAD). Its occurrence at peak exercise at a high level of exertion may occur in normal individuals secondary to exhaustion. An exaggerated systolic response to exercise is modestly predictive of future hypertension. A slow decrease is systolic blood pressure during recovery is suggestive of CAD, likely secondary to less vagal tone, analogous to a slow decrease in heart rate during recovery.