bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of feeding of mixed-ligande complexes of zinc, manganese and cobalt on cow productivity, feed digestibility and nitrogen metabolism in the last period of lactation
Authors: Kropyvka Y. H. , Bomko V. S.
Published: April 2021

Purpose. To study of the effectiveness of feeding high-yielding cows in the last 100 days of lactation of different levels and sources of zinc, manganese and cobalt and establish their impact on milk productivity, feed digestibility and nitrogen balance. Methods. Five groups of highly productive cows (one control and four experimental) of Holstein, Ukrainian red-spotted and Ukrainian black-spotted dairy breeds were selected for the experiment at “Terezyne” farm, Bila Tserkva district, Kyiv region. Experimental cows were fed the same rations. The difference was in different doses of mixed ligand complexes of trace elements in the premix. The control was the optimal dose of mixed-ligand complexes of zinc, manganese and cobalt, which was established in a previous experiment with a concentration of 1 kg of dry matter (DM) of feed, mg: zinc – 50, manganese – 50 and cobalt – 0.78. Results. It was found that the use of different doses of mixed ligand complexes of zinc, manganese and cobalt using Suplex selenium and copper sulfate and potassium iodide in feeding cows in the last 100 days of lactation have differently affected their milk productivity. If 2320 kg of milk was milked from each cow of the control group during this period, then from cows of the 2nd-5th experimental groups – 40-220 kg more. The difference in the average daily milk yield of 4% fat was 0.5-2.67 kg and it was significant (P <0.001). The results of the balance experiment show that the animals of the experimental groups better digested feed nutrients and absorbed nitrogen. Thus, in cows of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th experimental groups nitrogen was deposited in the body respectively by 2.1, 4.1, 7.3 and 12.8 g more, and it was statistically significant (P <0,05) compared with animals of the control group. Conclusions. The use of mixed ligand complexes of zinc, manganese and cobalt helps to increase milk productivity of cows, reduce feed consumption per 1 kg of product and reduces the need of animals for these elements. The best performance results were obtained in the 4th experimental group, the animals of which were fed with a feed mixture containing 1 kg of DM, mg: zinc – 35; manganese – 35; cobalt – 0.4; selenium – 0.3; copper – 9 and iodine – 0.8.
Purpose. To determine the impact of development of the domestic feed market on the efficiency of livestock industry in agricultural enterprises of Ukraine. Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the dialectical method of cognit
Authors: Voronetska I. S. , Kravchuk O. O. , Petrychenko I. I. , Sprynchuk N. A. , Korniychuk H. V.
Published: April 2021

Purpose. To determine the impact of development of the domestic feed market on the efficiency of livestock industry in agricultural enterprises of Ukraine. Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the dialectical method of cognition. The study used specific methods: monographic, economic and statistical, analysis and synthesis. Results. It is established that the Ukrainian market of compound feeds and premixes shows a tendency to the decrease in the level of production and reduction of demand, except for the poultry industry. Positive factors of domestic feed market development are highlighted – growth of demand for roughage (silage and haylage), increase of meal production, growth of cattle and poultry productivity in agricultural enterprises due to optimization and balance of rations feed conversion and share of feed cost in cost structure decreases. Negative factors and threats to the market have been identified – a decrease in the number of farm animals, low purchasing power of consumer companies and farms, lack of state support for livestock, rising prices for forage crops and increase in the cost of livestock products. Conclusions. The domestic feed market in Ukraine is developing in terms of increasing the industrial production of feed, meal and premixes for farm animals. Activation of the domestic feed market has a positive effect on the animal husbandry efficiency. Development of the domestic feed market requires: efficient participation of the state in terms of creating a regulatory framework for economic relations between market participants, a balanced foreign policy on export-import flows of feed and feed resources, strict regulation of feed quality and safety in the “soil – plant – feed – animal” system.
Innovative aspects of the development of commercial fodder production
Authors: Sprynchuk N. A. , Voronetska I. S. , Kravchuk O. O. , Petrychenko I. I. , Korniychuk O. O.
Published: April 2021

Purpose. Commercial fodder production, in contrast to fodder production, is aimed at selling or exchanging products, focused on the market economy and is able to provide livestock with fodder when there is a shortage of land resources for growing fodder crops. Reforming the sphere of commercial fodder production is becoming an urgent task, which includes search, investment and implementation of innovations, improvement of fodder quality; formation of the feed market and its development; determination of investment objects for commercial fodder production and the features of modern technologies for the procurement, storage and use of fodder; calculation of the volume of investments. Methods. In the process of the research, the following methods were used: theoretical generalization; the empirical base is formed on the basis of: conference materials, literature data and information from the “Internet” computer network. Results. Classification of innovations is considered and the main types of innovations in fodder production are identified by areas of development. Feed innovation can be reactionary and strategic. The latter are more often manifested in the development and implementation of large investment projects related to the construction of the own feed processing units. The reactionary ones, in turn, can be associated with the purchase of new forage harvesting equipment in order to replace worn-out fixed assets. Taking into account the tasks of feed production, a mechanism for the development of the industry has been formed. Conclusions. The main tasks facing innovations in feed production are: optimization of feed to increase the productivity of farm animals and increase efficiency of the use of land resources of agricultural enterprises. Investments in innovations in the agricultural sector, including commercial fodder production, is a vital necessity for the further development of enterprises and the agricultural sector as a whole.
Clinical and morphological manifestations of immune system dysfunction in new
coronavirus infection (COVID-19)
Authors:   Somov Research Institute of
            Epidemiology and Microbiology, Vladivostok, Somova L.M. , Kotsyurbiy E.A. ,   Pacific State Medical
            University, Vladivostok, Drobot E.I. ,   Somov Research Institute of
            Epidemiology and Microbiology, Vladivostok, Lyapun I.N. ,   Somov Research Institute of
            Epidemiology and Microbiology, Vladivostok, Shchelkanov M.Yu. ,   Somov Research Institute of
            Epidemiology and Microbiology, Vladivostok,   Federal Scientific Center of
            East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences,
            Vladivostok,   Far Eastern Federal
            University, Vladivostok
Published: April 2021

Rapid development in 2020 of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 initially
indicated signifi-cant involvement of the immune system. However, information on
specific changes in organs of the immune system is still limited. A wide range of
alterations was revealed in our study: from pronounced devastation of B-dependent and
T-dependent zones of lymphoid tissue, reminiscent of changes in HIV infection at the
AIDS stage, to hyperplasia of the tissue of lymph nodes and spleen of varying degrees.
Analyzing the literature data, we focused on the fact that pathomorphological changes
revealed in the autopsy studies of patients with a severe COVID-19 were accompanied by
premortal lymphopenia in most cases. However, the cause of lymphopenia in COVID-19 has
not yet been disclosed, authors of the review hypothesized that unregulated apoptosis of
circulating lymphocytes is one of the potential lymphopenia inductors. Cytokine
activation (“cytokine storm”) may be associated with lymphoid organs’ atrophy, which
also contributes to a decrease in the circulating lymphocyte count. There is no doubt
about the relevance of further identification of the immune cell apoptosis as one of the
causes of lymphopenia and immune dysfunction in COVID-19 patients, which has prospects
for pharmacological developments to manage lymphocytic apoptosis. Keywords: coronavirus
infection, COVID-19, pathomorphology, lymphopenia, lymph nodes, spleen, lym-phocytic
apoptosis
Endothelium changes of peritumoral zone capillaries after brain glioblastoma
adjuvant radiation therapy
Authors:   M.F. Vladimirsky Moscow Regional
            Research and Clinical Institute, Moscow, Balkanov A.S. , Rozanov I.D. ,   M.F. Vladimirsky Moscow
            Regional Research and Clinical Institute, Moscow, Golanov A.V. ,   N.N. Burdenko National
            Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery of the Ministry of Health of Russia,
            Moscow, Gaganov L.E. ,   M.F. Vladimirsky Moscow
            Regional Research and Clinical Institute, Moscow, Chernikov V.P. ,   Research Institute of Human
            Morphology, Moscow
Published: April 2021

Introduction. Despite the treatment methods’ improvement, the brain glioblastoma
(GB) patient survival remains at the level of 12–14 months. In this regard, it is very
relevant to optimize the choice of the treat-ment of recurrent GB, including using
stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Materials and methods. Comparative analysis of the
endothelial cells in the capillaries of blood vessels of the brain peritumoral zone (PZ)
before (1 group – 32 capillaries) and 12 – 14 months after (2 group – 75 capillaries)
adjuvant external radiation therapy (AERT) was performed using transmission electron
micros-copy (TEM). Results. Apoptosis of endotheliocytes was observed in the capillaries
of the brain PZ from 2 group much more often than from 1 group (60% and 12.6% of
capillaries, respectively, p<0.001). Capillary death and thrombosis occurred in 4%
and 1.4% of 2 group capillaries. An important finding was that only 69.3 of capillaries
from 2 group revealed thickening of the basement membrane (BM), and 26.9% of them also
revealed its peak deformation. Conclusion. 12–14 months after AERT, the brain PZ remains
ischemic due to apoptosis of the capillary endothelium, thickening and peak deformation
of the BM. The detected signs of revascularization of the brain PZ after previously
performed AERT suggest that it is possible to consider SRS as a method of treat-ment for
recurrent brain GB. Keywords: brain glioblastoma, peritumoral zone, endotheliocyte
apoptosis, thickening of the basement membrane, stereotactic radiosurgery, glioblastoma
relapse
Prasugrel versus ticagrelor in acute coronary syndromes
Authors: Tanajura Luiz , Costa Júnior José , Chaves Áurea , Centemero Marinella , Feres Fausto
Published: April 2021

Acute coronary syndromes are common situations in medical practice, with high morbidity and mortality. Consequent to its relevance, its clinical management has always been subject of discussion and controversy. Since the past decade, the dual antiplatelet regimen has been the main therapeutic option used in its passivation, whereas percutaneous interventions have become the most common therapeutic option. Clopidogrel, the drug initially used in combination with aspirin, is effective and safe; however, it has disadvantages that led to the development of a new generation of more efficient antiplatelet drugs, such as prasugrel and ticagrelor. In large comparative clinical trials, these two drugs proved superior to clopidogrel in reducing major combined cardiac events. Hence the main guidelines currently support the two new agents, which are considered first-line drugs. Due to the clear differences between the protocols of clinical trials corroborating their inclusion in clinical practice, it is not possible to make direct comparison without the risk of generating hasty impressions. More recently, a large prospective, randomized clinical trial provided an appropriate head-to-head comparison between prasugrel and ticagrelor in cases of acute coronary disease, in a population submitted to invasive treatment. The study demonstrated a significant advantage of prasugrel. In this review, we discuss the primary details of these more contemporary drugs and the most relevant clinical trials related to them, identifying the advantages and disadvantages of each agent. At the end, we state our view on their current prescription.
التوزيع الجغرافي لطرائق الري المستخدمة في إنتاج محصول القمح في محافظة كربلاء ومدى كفاءتها الإروائية
Authors: علاء عبد الاله فيصل م . م
Published: April 2021

تستند هذه الدراسة إلى معرفة التحليل المكاني لطرائق الري المستخدمة في إنتاج محصول القمح في محافظة كربلاء المقدسة ومعرفة مدى تأثير استخدامها على مساحة وإنتاج وإنتاجية المحصول في المحافظة, وقد تبين من ذلك إن أهم الأسباب المحددة لتباين استخدام طرائق الري في  إنتاج محصول القمح في محافظة كربلاء المقدسة هي حجم الحيازات الزراعية وتكاليف الإنتاج , وأن زيادة المساحات المزروعة في المحافظة كان نتيجة للتوسع استخدام طرائق الري الحديثة والتي من خلالهما زادة كميات الإنتاج بشكل ملحوظ عما كانت عليه في السنين السابقة .
العزيمة وعلاقتها بالتوجه الديني الجوهري لدى طلبة الجامع
Authors: عباس عدنان كامل م.م , علي  عبد الرحيم صالح أ.م
Published: April 2021

تهدف الد ا رسة الحالية إلى الإجابة على تساؤل بحثي مهم: هل هناك علاقة ارتباطية بين عزيمةالأف ا رد وقدرتهم على مواجهة الضغوط النفسية، ومعتقداتهم الدينية؟ ومن أجل ذلك تم اختيار عينةمن طلبة جامعة وارث الأنبياء، تألفت من ) 300 ( طالبا وطالبة جامعية. واستعمل الباحثان مقياسالعزيمة، والتوجه الديني الجوهري، اللذان تمت عا بالصدق والثبات. أشارت نتائج الد ا رسة إلى أن طلبةالجامعة يتسمون بالعزيمة، والتوجه الديني الجوهري، وأن هناك علاقة إيجابية بين العزيمة والتوجهالديني الجوهري. وأختتم الباحثان هذه الد ا رسة بجملة من التوصيات والمقترحات .
التعليل في اللغة الالمانية بالمقارنة مع اللغة العربية دراسة تحليلية في الشكل والوظيفة
Authors: عبد الناصر نعمة طعمة م.م
Published: April 2021

الملخص

 

يتناول البحث) التعليل في اللغة الالمانية بالمقارنة مع اللغة العربية دراسة تحليلية في الشكل والوظيفة ) موضوع  وصف مقارن لتركيبات التعليل في اللغة الالمانية وما يقابلها في اللغة العربية وهي دراسة مستوحاة من حقيقة ان الغرض في اللغة الالمانية يرجع الى مفهوم السببية في المعنى الاوسع في المقابل في اللغة العربية لا يوجد مفهوم الغرض ، بل يوجد مفهوم التعليل الذي يجمع السبب والغرض. هذا ما ادى الى دراسة تقابلية .

الهدف من هذا البحث التحقيق فيما اذا كانت هناك اوجه تشابه او اختلاف بين اللغتين في مفهوم الغرض وطبيعة التراكيب النحوية في كلا اللغتين

ان اهم ما توصل ليه الباحث ان هناك تشابه نحوي بين الالمانية والعربية بالتعليل بالحروف والجمل وروابط الجمل كما ان بعض تراكيب الغرض في اللغة الالمانية يمكن ان تترجم بتراكيب تعليلية الى العربية في حين ان هناك بعض تراكيب التعليل في اللغة الالمانية لا تترجم بما يقابلها في اللغة الالمانية بل ان مكافها الترجمي هو الظرف gewiß مثل ترجمة الاية 38 من سورة ابراهيم ( ٱلۡحَمۡدُ لِلَّهِ ٱلَّذِی وَهَبَ لِی عَلَى ٱلۡكِبَرِ إِسۡمَـٰعِیلَ وَإِسۡحَـٰقَۚ إِنَّ رَبِّی لَسَمِیعُ ٱلدُّعَاۤءِ) (All praise is for Allah who has blessed me with Ishmael and Isaac in my old age. My Lord is indeed the Hearer of ˹all˺ prayers.)

((Alles) Lob gehört Allah, Der mir trotz meines hohen Alters Ismail und Ishaq geschenkt hat! Gewiß, mein Herr ist wahrlich der Erhörer des Gebets. وان الكثير من تراكيب التعليل في اللغة الالمانية سواء كانت تعليل بالجمل او الحروف او الظروف يكون مكافئها الترجمي في اللغة العربية هو شبه الجملة ( لذلك او بذلك او لغرض)

تلخيص نتائج تختم في نهاية هذا البحث على امل ان تكون مفيدة لامكانية فهم تراكيب التعليل في اللغة الالمانية لمتعلمي اللغة العربية.

 

الكلمات المفتاحية: الغرض، التعليل، دراسة تحليلية ، تراكيب نحوية، المكافئ الترجمي

                                                                                        الباحث، كانون الاول 2020 م
مكانـــة الادب في تعليـم اللغـة الفرنسيـة في العراق
Authors: فكتوريا مناتي محمود د.
Published: April 2021

يعتمد اختيار النص الأدبي على استراتيجية التدريس التي تستخدم العوامل الأساسية لضمان نجاح التدريس وتوجيه المتعلمين في مساراتهم التعليمية ، وهذا مما يجعل اختيار النص الأدبي في هذه العملية أمرًا مهمًا وحساسًا للغاية مع احترام المعايير اللازمة لتطوير تعليم مكثف حقيقي. وسيركز الباحث بشكل أساس على مفهوم استخدام النص الأدبي وأسباب غياب التعلم الأدبي والمعايير الرئيسة للاحتياجات الأدبية للمتعلم لمساعدة المعلم على أداء هذا العمل بشكل أفضل.
رمزية الرنك على المعدن (نماذج منتخبة )
Authors: محمد خضر محمود د.م
Published: April 2021

يهدف  البحث الى بيان رمزية الرنك على المعدن حيث شهد هذا العنصر انتشارا ملحوظا على التحف المعدنية ليكون دليل تميز للسلطان والامير الايوبي والمملوكي . فنفذ بشكل مباشر على التحف المعدنية المتنوعة المباخر والاواني والاباريق وغيرها من التحف الاخرى ويعد البحث عن الرنك احد العناصر المهمة للموضوعات الزخرفية في الفن الاسلامي بشكل عام والتي لاقت انتشارا واسعا في العصور الاسلامية واستخدمها كونها تؤثر بشكل رمزي وفكري على تفكير الامراء والسلاطين وهو الشي الذي يتسابق الى تغييره وفرضة اثناء تغيير الحكم. 

      وقد بينا في هذا البحث عن الرمزية ودلالاتها والمعادن والتعدين قديما وفي العصور الاسلامية واهم الرنوك التي نفذت عليها كرنك الكاس الذي يعد اشهرها ويطلق على ساقي البلاط ورنك الدواة للشخص الذي يكتب اوامر السلطان  ويعرض عليه البريد الوارد من الخارج يليه رنك البقجة المختص بلباس السلطان ورنك البولو اشارة الى الشخص الماسك لعصا اللعب ثم رنك النسر شعار صلاح الدين وبعض المماليك دالةَ على السيطرة والقوة واخيرا الرنك الكتابي الذي دونت به اسماء الملوك والولاة الى جانب العبارات الدعائية .
دور المناهج التربوية في تحقيق التنمية المستدامة ((الجغرافية البشرية انموذجا))
Authors: نزار ياسر خير الله الدلفي م.
Published: April 2021

يتمثل هدف البحث بالوقوف على مفهوم التنمية والتطور التاريخي للمفهوم فضلا عن العلاقة بين التنمية من جهة وعلم الجغرافيا من جهة أخرى، وذلك في محاولة لإبراز دور "جغرافية التنمية، والاقتراب من المفهوم الجغرافي للتنمية وبالتالي التنبؤ بالأبعاد المستقبلية للدراسات التنموية التي ستكون أساسا لبناء المجتمعات فضلا عن إبراز دور وأهمية التنمية المستدامة التي أصبحت هاجس جميع الدول، وضرورة تضمينه في المناهج الدراسية الحديثة.

وقد افترض البحث ان هناك تباين في تفسير مفهوم التنمية وخلط كبير بين المرادفات الأخرى كالتطوير والتحديث والنمو الاقتصادي، أما منهجية البحث فقد تم الاعتماد على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي لإعطاء الأبعاد الحقيقية في التفسير. وفيما يتعلق بهيكلية البحث فقد اقتضت الضرورة العلمية تقسيم الدراسة الى عدة مباحث، اشتمل المبحث الأول على مشكلة البحث واهميته مع فرضية البحث وحدوده وتحديد المصطلحات، في حين اشتمل المبحث الثاني على دراسة التطور التاريخي للمفهوم ومظاهر قصور هذا المفهوم رغم شموليته، وخصص المبحث الثالث للتربية من اجل التنمية المستدامة، وركز المبحث الرابع على العلاقة بين الجغرافيا والتنمية، وتوصل الباحث الى مجموعة من الاستنتاجات والتوصيات.
الأسهم المؤجلــــــة وضمانات استيفاؤها في الشركات المساهمـــــــــــــــــــــة
Authors: باسم محمد خضر د.
Published: April 2021

تعد الشركات المساهمة من أهم أنواع الشركات التي تنشأ بموجب القانون , لما لها من أهمية في تطوير القطاعات الاقتصادية المختلفة للدول ورفع مستوى التقدم الصناعي , فضلاً عن مشاركتها في  مجالات الأستثمار المختلفة , وتنبع هذه الأهمية كذلك من ضخامة حجم راس المال في هذا النوع من الشركات , والتي يقرر القانون طرح أسهمها على الجمهور في أكتتاب عام بواسطة مصرف معتمد  لغرض مشاركة الجمهور في تملك أسهم هذا النوع من الشركات , فضلاً عن عدم تحديد الحد الأعلى لعدد للشركاء فيها , ولما كانت الأسهم تطرح في أكتتاب عام لضمام مشاركة الجمهور أو الجزء الأكبر منه في تملك أسهما , فأن احتمالية تسديد أقساط هذه الأسهم جميعها لحظة الأكتتاب بصورة عاجلة يبدو فرضاً ليست باليسير , حيث يصعب على الجميع أن يمتلك السيولة النقدية الكافية والتي تمكنه من شراء الأسهم وقت طرحها للأكتتاب , لذلك  ولضمان مشاركة الجزء الأكبر من الجمهور والذي يرغب بتملك الأسهم أجاز المشرع العراقي في قانون الشركات كغيره من المشرعين أمكانية شراء الأسهم من قبل الجمهور وتسديد قيمتها للشركة بصورة مؤجلة .

معنى ذلك أن الشريك يستطيع شراء الأسهم والأكتتاب بها مع أمكانية تأجيل دفع قيمتها للشركة بعد مدة محددة قانوناً من تاريخ تأسيسها , شريطة أن يقوم بدفع نسبة مقدمة منها بصورة معجلة للشركة , وهي ما تسمى بالأسهم المؤجلة والتي فرض القانون أمكانية تسديدها في المدة المحددة بضمانات مقررة للشركة توفر لها امكانية الحصول على قيمة الأسهم في حال عجز الشريك عن دفع قيمتها كاملة .

الكلمات المفتاحية :-
منهجية التأليف اللغويّ في الحوزة العلمية دراسة وتقويم
Authors: حسين علي خضير الرصافيّ د.
Published: April 2021

يروم البحث بيان منهجية التأليف اللغويّ بمستوياته اللغوية المعروفة ، المستوى الصوتي والنصرفي والنحوي والمعجمي والدلالي ، والوقوف على مؤلفات التصحيح اللغويّ لدى علماء وفضلاء الحوزة العلمية سواء في النجف الأشرف أو غيرها من حوزات العالم الإسلامي قديمًا وحديثًا وبيان مكامن القوة والضعف في المنهجية والمعالجة وإبداء الآراء والمناقشات .
A Comprehensive List of Undergraduate Bioinformatics Programs in the United States
Authors: Chang Hsi
Published: April 2021

A most comprehensive list of undergraduate bioinformatics programs in the United States. It includes 57 universities that offer bioinformatics majors. It is the most comprehensive collection in 2021, and it will help researchers on life science to foster further collaboration on bioinformatics education. Further, the list will help more American youths to pursue dreams in bioinformatics once the list is later published on Wikipedia.
Pairwise comparison based ranking and scoring algorithms
Authors: Hamster Ulf A.
Published: April 2021

The task is to convert a large sparse matrix of unbalanced paired comparison vote counts to scores for each item.Five procedures are presented and benchmarked. It is recommended to use the BTL algorithm for full batch computations (e.g. one-time quantitative studies), and the proposed p-value based procedure when scores must be partially updated in production deployments.
ANALISIS STRATEGI PENJAMINAN KREDIT PT ASKRINDO (Persero) CABANG MAKASSAR
Authors: Daga Rosnaini
Published: April 2021

Penelitian ini berjudul “Analisis Strategi Penjaminan Kredit PT. ASKRINDO (Persero) Cabang Makassar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengalisis strategi penjaminan kredit yang digunakan PT. ASKRINDO (Persero)” Teknik penelitian yang digunakan yaitu penelitian lapangan dan kepustakaan, serta data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa data primer. Dengan memperoleh 2 informan untuk wawancara. Analisis dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif naratif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa strategi yang digunakan PT. ASKRINDO (Persero) Cabang Makassar yaitu: Cost Leadership (Kepemimpinan Biaya), Differensiasi, dan Fokus.
Differential expression of BUB1 mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine kinase in cancers of the breast.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: April 2021

Breast cancer affects women at relatively high frequency (1). We mined published microarray datasets (2, 3) to determine in an unbiased fashion and at the systems level genes most differentially expressed in the primary tumors of patients with breast cancer. We report here significant differential expression of the gene encoding BUB1 mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine kinase, BUB1, when comparing primary tumors of the breast to the tissue of origin, the normal breast. BUB1 was also differentially expressed in the tumor cells of patients with triple negative breast cancer. BUB1 mRNA was present at significantly higher quantities in tumors of the breast as compared to normal breast tissue. Analysis of human survival data revealed that expression of BUB1 in primary tumors of the breast was correlated with distant metastasis-free survival in patients with luminal A subtype cancer. BUB1 may be of relevance to initiation, maintenance or progression of cancers of the female breast.
Ten simple rules for working with high resolution remote sensing data
Authors: Mahood Adam Lee , Joseph Maxwell Benjamin , Spiers Anna , Koontz Michael J , Ilangakoon Nayani , Solvik Kylen , Quarderer Nathan , McGlinchy Joe , Scholl Victoria , St. Denis Lise A. , Nagy Chelsea , Braswell Anna , Rossi Matthew W. , Herwehe Lauren , Wasser Leah , Cattau Megan Elizabeth , Iglesias Virginia , Yao Fangfang , Leyk Stefan , Balch Jennifer
Published: April 2021

Researchers in Earth and environmental science can extract incredible value from high-resolution (sub-meter, sub-hourly or hyper-spectral) remote sensing data, but these data can be difficult to use. Correct, appropriate and competent use of such data requires skills from remote sensing and the data sciences that are rarely taught together. In practice, many researchers teach themselves how to use high-resolution remote sensing data with ad hoc trial and error processes, often resulting in wasted effort and resources. In order to implement a consistent strategy, we outline ten “rules” with examples from Earth and environmental science to help researchers and professionals in industry work more effectively and competently with high-resolution data.
Cooperation in sound and motion: Complexity matching in collaborative interaction
Authors: Abney Drew , Paxton Alexandra , Dale Rick , Kello Chris
Published: April 2021

Complex behaviors are layered with processes across timescales that must be coordinated with each other to accomplish cooperative goals. Complexity matching is the coordination of nested layers of behaviors across individuals. We hypothesize that complexity matching extends across individuals and their respective layers of processes when cooperating in joint tasks. We measured coordination in a joint tower building task through the layers of sound and movement patterns produced by partners and found that partners built higher towers when their sound patterns fell into more similar relations with each other across timescales, as measured by complexity matching. Our findings shed light on the function of complexity matching and lead to new hypotheses about multiscale coordination and communication. We discuss how complexity matching encompasses flexible and complementary dynamics between partners that support complex acts of human coordination.
An interdisciplinary perspective on the value of envy
Authors: Lange Jens , Protasi Sara
Published: April 2021

The public and scholars alike largely consider envy to be reprehensible. This judgment of the value of envy commonly results either from a limited understanding of the nature of envy or from a limited understanding of how to determine the value of phenomena. Overcoming this state requires an interdisciplinary collaboration of psychologists and philosophers. That is, broad empirical evidence regarding the nature of envy generated in psychological studies must inform judgments about the value of envy according to sophisticated philosophical standards. We conducted such a collaboration. Empirical research indicates that envy is constituted by multiple components which in turn predict diverse outcomes that may be functional for the self and society. Accordingly, the value of envy is similarly nuanced. Sometimes, envy may have instrumental value in promoting prudentially and morally good outcomes. Sometimes, envy may be non-instrumentally prudentially and morally good. Sometimes, envy may be bad. This nuanced perspective on the value of envy has implications for recommendations on how to deal with envy and paves the way toward future empirical and theoretical investigations on the nature and the value of envy.
Differential expression of cyclin dependent kinase 5 in cancers of the breast.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: April 2021

Breast cancer affects women at relatively high frequency (1). We mined published microarray datasets (2, 3) to determine in an unbiased fashion and at the systems level genes most differentially expressed in the primary tumors of patients with breast cancer. We report here significant differential expression of the gene encoding cyclin dependent kinase 5, CDK5, when comparing primary tumors of the breast to the tissue of origin, the normal breast. CDK5 mRNA was present at significantly higher quantities in tumors of the breast as compared to normal breast tissue. Analysis of human survival data revealed that expression of CDK5 in primary tumors of the breast was correlated with distant metastasis-free survival in patients with luminal A subtype cancer. CDK5 may be of relevance to initiation, maintenance or progression of cancers of the female breast.
Empirical Aesthetics: An overview
Authors: Nadal Marcos , Vartanian Oshin
Published: April 2021

This chapter offers a general overview of Empirical Aesthetics. It begins with a definition of the field’s main goals, a summary of its history from its modern foundations to the 1990s, and an introduction to contemporary accounts of aesthetic appreciation. We then highlight the key components of Empirical Aesthetics (object, person, and context), which provide the basic organization for the book, and summarize the field’s basic methods. We end by presenting the subdomains of Empirical Aesthetics, and the neighboring fields it interacts with.
Socio-ecological resilience relates to lower internalizing symptoms among adolescents during the strictest period of COVID-19 lockdown in Perú
Authors: Guazzelli Williamson Victoria , Berger Estelle , Barendse Marjolein , Pfeifer Jennifer H , Dahl Ronald , Magis-Weinberg Lucía
Published: April 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has touched the lives of adolescents around the world. This short-term longitudinal, observational study followed 1,334 adolescents (11 - 17 yo) to investigate whether social-ecological resilience relates to intra- and inter-personal resources and/or the caregiver relationship relates to changes in internalizing symptoms during five stressful weeks of COVID-19 lockdown in Perú. In this work, we contextualize social-ecological resilience in relation to culturally-relevant personal and caregiver resources that youth can use to adapt to stressful situations. We found that adolescents who reported higher levels of personal, caregiver, and overall resilience had lower levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms at week six. We also find that personal, caregiver, and overall resilience moderated the change in anxiety symptoms from week 6 to week 11 of lockdown in 2020. Our findings underscore the importance of social-ecological resilience related to both intra/interpersonal resources and the caregiver relationship for minimizing the harmful impacts of COVID-19 on adolescent internalizing symptoms.
Are any samples representative or unbiased? Reply to Pickering and Blaszczynski
Authors: Russell Alex M T , Browne Matthew , Hing Nerilee , Rockloff Matthew , Newall Philip
Published: April 2021

Pickering and Blaszczynski’s paper (2021) claims that the problem gambling rate is inflated in paid online convenience and crowdsourced samples. However, there is a methodological flaw in their findings: they combined problem gambling rates from samples that are specific by design (e.g., at-least monthly sports bettors), and compared them to a problem gambling prevalence estimate from the general population. Pickering and Blaszczynski conflate three constructs: representativeness, bias and data quality. Data quality can be optimised through protections and checks, but these do not necessarily make samples more representative, or less biased. Many of the biases present in paid online convenience samples (e.g., self-selection biases) also apply to the gold standard of random digit dial telephone surveys, which is manifestly evident in very low response rates. These biases are also present in industry-recruited and venue-recruited samples, as well as samples of university students and treatment-seeking clients. Paid online convenience samples also have clear benefits. For example, it is possible to obtain large samples of very specific subgroups. Online surveys may reduce bias associated with self-reporting potentially stigmatising conditions, like problem gambling. It is important not to discount research simply because it uses a paid online convenience or crowdsourced sample.
Adtech and Real-Time Bidding under European Data Protection Law
Authors: Veale Michael , Zuiderveen Borgesius Frederik
Published: April 2021

Citation: Michael Veale and Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius, ‘Adtech and Real-Time Bidding under European Data Protection Law’ (2022) 23(2) German Law Journal 226-256.This paper discusses the troubled relationship between contemporary advertising technology (adtech) systems, in particular systems of real-time bidding (RTB, also known as programmatic advertising) underpinning much behavioural targeting on the web and through mobile applications. This paper analyses the extent to which practices of RTB are compatible with the requirements regarding (i) a legal basis for processing, transparency, and security in European data protection law. We first introduce the technologies at play through explaining and analysing the systems deployed online today. Following that, we turn to the law. Rather than analyse RTB against every provision of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), we consider RTB in the context of the GDPR’s requirement of a legal basis for processing and the GDPR’s transparency and security requirements. We show, first, that the GDPR requires prior consent of the internet user for RTB, as other legal bases are not appropriate. Second, we show that it is difficult – and perhaps impossible – for website publishers and RTB companies to meet the GDPR’s transparency requirements. Third, RTB incentivises insecure data processing. We conclude that, in concept and in practice, RTB is structurally difficult to reconcile with European data protection law. Therefore, intervention by regulators is necessary.
A Randomised comparison and evaluation of I-gel, Supreme laryngeal mask airway and Ambu Auragain in Laparoscopic surgeries under general anaesthesia with controlled ventilation
Authors: Pradeep Meenakshi Sumadevi , Nandanwankar Niteen Khanderao , Lahane Priya Vishwanath , Memon Nazima Yusuf , Yennawar Shridhar Devidas , Pathak Ramesh Govindrao
Published: April 2021

Background: Supraglottic airway devices (SAD) are becoming increasingly popular for use in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgeries. In this prospective randomised study, we compared three supraglottic airway devices namely, I-gel, Supreme LMA and Ambu Auragain.
Aims and Objectives: The study was undertaken to compare three supraglottic airway devices I-gel, Supreme LMA and Ambu Auragain in laparoscopic surgeries under general anaesthesia with controlled ventilation.
Materials and Methods: This was a randomized comparative study in which 90 patients undergoing laparoscopic surgeries under general anesthesia were included. In group A Ambu AuraGain was used whereas in group I and Group S I-gel and Supreme LMA was used respectively. Primary outcome measures which were compared amongst the studied groups included time taken for insertion, ease of insertion, attempts required for insertion, ease of insertion of Ryles tube, fiberoptic bronchoscopic grading and Oropharyngeal leak pressure.
Results: There was highly significant difference in the time taken for insertion of SAD in Group-A when compared to Group- I (p<0.0001) and Group-S (p<0.0001). Group-A had significantly increased grades of ease of insertion of SAD when compared to Group-I (p=0.04) and Group-S (p=0.004). 16.66% of patients in Group-A required 3 attempts for successful insertion of the SAD, while no patients in Group- I or Group A required more than two attempts for insertion(p<0.05).
Conclusion: Ambu AuraGain provides better oropharyngeal seal and has higher leak pressures as compared to I-gel and Supreme LMA with similar hemodynamic stability and post-operative outcome makingit a preferable SAD over I-gel and Supreme LMA.
Study on Human Cranial Index with its Sex Difference from Central Kerala
Authors: Kaithackal Jameskutty Baby Jacob , George Anne , Raveendran Renju
Published: April 2021

Background: Cranial index, primarily used as an indicator of race had been studied by various workers in view of its morphometric difference in sex prediliction. Hence it would be useful to identify sex of an individual from skeletal remains. Similar studies from our geographic region, if at all present might be very few.
Aims and Objective: Based on maximum breadth and length of skull the study aimed at whether there was any statistically significant difference in the cranial index of male and female.
Materials and Methods: We used 96 dry,intact skulls preserved in the departments of Forensic Medicine and Anatomy of various Medical Colleges in Kottayam, Ernakulam, Alappuzha and Pathanamthitta districts of Kerala state, India. Skull typed as male or female by observation method was measured for its maximum breadth andlength, cranial index derived and the data was entered against corresponding serial number. The data analysis was conducted using SPSS software.
Results: The mean percentage values of cranial index for female and male were respectively 77.68±4.53 and 73.71±4.05 with the p-value noted as 0.0001from their ranks determined by Mann- Whitney U test whichshowed statistically significant difference in cranial index of the two sexes. Literature could reveal similar results in studies conducted by other authors.
Conclusion: Hence this morphometric study proved that it is valuable to include the application of cranial index in the identification procedure of skeletal remains. Further metric studies in this field are needed with a wider usage of other indices.
Polypill therapy and frailty in elderly: Time to stop treating everything
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Godhiwala Parth , Garikapati Amrutha , Jain Shraddha
Published: April 2021

Background: Frailty is a reversible age-related condition of increased vulnerability and risk of death or unplanned hospitalization. Frailty and polypill therapy are common in elderly, although little is known about the impact, they may have on each other.
Aims and Objective: The study was a prospective observational study, designed with an aim to observe the six-month and one-year outcomes of elderly patients on polypill therapy.
Material and Methods: Three hundred forty-two patients aged more than 60 years on polypill treatment were enrolled in this study, which were on regular follow up in our rural hospital at geriatric units of medicine department.
Results: At the end of one year, 38.1% were in severe frailty (FIRE >0.7) category, out of which death happened at the end of one year were 41.6%. 47.6% required repeated hospitalisations that were on polypill therapy.
Conclusions: A reduction of polypill therapy could be a cautious strategy to prevent and manage frailty. Further research is needed to confirm the possible benefits of reducing polypill in the development, reversion or delay of frailty.
Comparative study between WIDAL and DOT ELISA in the diagnosis of Typhoid fever
Authors: Hassan Sarah , Khare Vineeta , Yaqool Shadma , Asghar Syed Abid , Singh Mastan , Siddiqi Zeba
Published: April 2021

Background: Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, is a communicable disease, found only in man and occurs due to systemic infection mainly by Salmonella typhi organisms. Blood culture is regarded as the gold standard for diagnosis and carry 70-75% diagnostic yield in the first week of illness.
Aims and Objective: To compare the sensitivity and specificity of Widal test and dot ELISA with blood culture in the early diagnosis of Typhoid fever.
Materials and Methods: A Cross-Sectional study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology, Era’s Lucknow Medical College and Hospital for a period of 18 months. Patients presenting with acute febrile illness suspicious of typhoid fever accompanied by clinical signs and symptoms of typhoid fever in the absence of any other known febrile illnesses, were included in the study. Widal and Dot ELISA was performed using serum samples and for blood culture aseptically collected blood was used.
Results: Sensitivity, Specificity, PPV, NPV of DOT ELISA as compared to Blood culture for typhoid positivity was found to be 92.6%, 83.7%, 55.6% and 98.1% respectively. Diagnostic accuracy of DOT ELISA as compared to Blood culture was found to be 85.3%. Conclusion: For both early and late diagnosis of typhoid fever with high sensitivity as well as accuracy for identification of typhoid fever, the rapid diagnostic test (Dot Elisa) is better than the Widal test. However, it may be an increased burden to healthcare owing to a low positive predictive value in a low prevalence scenario.
Psoriasis, An inflammatory condition associated with oxidative stress
Authors: Pal Swati , Sen Sumit , Nath Indrajit , Kumar Arun , Biswas Utpal Kumar
Published: April 2021

Background: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by pathological skin lesions due to various exogenous and endogenous factors. Oxidative stress can be one of the causes for the occurrence of psoriasis as well as significant contributor to its progression. Skin exposure to a number of irritants or proinflammatory agents including UVA and UVB generates ROS through the oxidative burst in infiltrating leukocytes at the site of inflammation which damages the skin cells. Measurement of the oxidative stress marker like lipid peroxidation product Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Nitric Oxide end products (NO2+NO3) along with the inflammatory marker hs-CRP in Psoriasis patients can uncover their role in disease causation, progression and development of various co-morbidities and timely prevention can significantly improve the quality of life of the psoriasis patients.
Aims and Objectives: To measure the oxidative stress marker like lipid peroxidation product Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Nitric Oxide end products (NO2+NO3) along with the inflammatory marker hs-CRP in Psoriasis patients to uncover their role in disease causation, progression and development of various co-morbidities and timely prevention to significantly improve the quality of life of the psoriasis patients.
Materials and Methods: Fifty patients of psoriasis mainly plaque type of either sex, in the age group of 35 ± 15.5 (range: 7-79) years were taken following inclusion and exclusion criteria. To evaluate the oxidative stress lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) and Nitric Oxide end products (NO2 + NO3) were measured. hs-CRP was measured as an inflammatory marker and their correlation with the disease severity and duration was evaluated.
Results: A significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric Oxide end products (NOx) and hs-CRP levels (P<0.001) was noted in Psoriatic patients as compared to controls. There was a positive correlation between MDA, NOx and hs-CRP levels with the severity and duration of the disease. The correlation between hs-CRP and MDA and NOx also showed positive trend.
Conclusion: Oxidative stress is one of the factors which can lead to the causation of Psoriasis and also significantly contribute to the disease progression and development of various co-morbidities. By measuring the oxidative stress marker and inflammatory marker in psoriasis patients early in the disease process we can employ preventive strategies for better management and improve the survival and quality of life.
A study on etiology, clinical profile and outcome of acute febrile encephalopathy in children: A prospective study at a tertiary care center of Eastern India
Authors: Biswas Rupa , Basu Kaushambi , Tripathi Ishita , Roy Sunetra Kaviraj
Published: April 2021

Background: Acute febrile encephalopathy (AFE) is defined as fever associated with acute alteration of consciousness, with or without seizure, motor and/ or sensory deficit and total duration of illness one week or less. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in children. Various etiologies have been implicated in its causation and differ as per geographical. Efforts to promptly identify the underlying etiology and institute appropriate treatment early and adequately should be our goal so as to avoid any long-term sequelae and death.
Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the clinical profile and aetiology of children presenting with fever and altered sensorium and to assess the predictors of morbidity & mortality related to Acute Febrile Encephalopathy.
Materials and Methods: In this prospective, hospital-based study, a total of 282 children, between 1month to 12 years, presenting to the department of Pediatric Medicine, Calcutta National Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India with fever and altered sensorium were clinically evaluated and investigated. Each patient was examined for vital signs, detailed systemic examination with focus on neurological examination. The etiology of AFE was evaluated based on detailed history, a meticulous clinical examination and relevant investigations.
Results: The incidence of AFE was 5% of the total hospital admissions. Demographic profile showed 166 (58.8%) males, 116 (41.2%) females and 48% of the study population less than 5 years of age. The most important presenting complaints apart from fever and altered sensorium, were convulsion and vomiting. Raised Intracranial tension (58%), low GCS (58%) and shock (48%) were commonest presenting signs. CNS infections were the most common cause of AFE encountered. Low GCS, refractory seizures, multi-organ failure respiratory failure were significantly associated with death (p<0.005).
Conclusions: CNS infections are the leading cause of febrile encephalopathy. Toxic- metabolic and unknown etiologies contributed maximum to the mortality. Low GCS, shock, refractory seizures, multi-organ failure and respiratory failure are associated with higher risk of mortality. Most of the morbidities were observed in auto-immune encephalitis and ADEM and as most of them were curable, early institution of appropriate treatment will decrease morbidity.
Stability study of rock slope in fractured quartzite at right side of spillway, Middle Marsyangdi Hydroelectric Project, Nepal
Authors: Nepal Kaustubh Mani , Olsson Roger
Published: April 2021

A 120 m long and 68 m high rock cut slope is designed at the right side of spillway of Middle Marsyangdi Hydroelectric Project. This paper describes the stability studies performed for the rock cut slopes in jointed quartzite for foundation of spillway.
Heat flow and vertical groundwater flux in deep fractured basement rock in Nara Basin, southwest Japan
Authors: Pathak Dinesh
Published: April 2021

The temperature measurement in a borehole that intersects the flow zone is one of the effective methods to detect the vertical flow of water. Geothermal gradients, thermal conductivity, and heat flow have been assessed for the crystalline basement and the overlying sedimentary cover in the study area. The geothermal gradient in sedimentary cover ranges from 0.83-3.87 °C/100 m, whereas in the basement rock it ranges from 2.49-3.38 °C/100 m. The heat flow values in sedimentary cover and basement rocks lies between 13.46 and 56.87, and 79.89 and 108.63 mW/m2, respectively. Vertical specific discharge of groundwater flow in the fractured basement rock is estimated for different depth intervals. Groundwater in the unconsolidated sediment and at most places in fractured rocks is moving vertically down. However, at some locations, water is moving upward especially at greater depth intervals. The calculated vertical specific discharges reflect the relative degree of fracturing in the basement rocks at the corresponding depth intervals.