bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Agri-Environmental Externalities at Regional Levels in Finland
Authors: Chen Qiuzhen , Sipiläinen Timo , Sumelius John
Published: May 2014

This study used a synthetic evaluation method to assess agri-environmental externalities at the regional level in Finland. The article developed a relative measure that made it possible to rank the 15 regions studied for seven agri-environmental indicators, which were based on the preferences of the evaluators. The results indicated significant differences in the provision of public goods between the regions. The provision of public goods tended to increase over the 10-year study period. The results were robust with respect to changes in preferences.
Identifying the Conditions Under Which Antibodies Protect Against Infection by Equine Infectious Anemia Virus
Authors: Schwartz Elissa , Smith? Robert
Published: May 2014

The ability to predict the conditions under which antibodies protect against viral infection would transform our approach to vaccine development. A more complete understanding is needed of antibody protection against lentivirus infection, as well as the role of mutation in resistance to an antibody vaccine. Recently, an example of antibody-mediated vaccine protection has been shown via passive transfer of neutralizing antibodies before equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) infection of horses with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Viral dynamic modeling of antibody protection from EIAV infection in SCID horses may lead to insights into the mechanisms of control of infection by antibody vaccination. In this work, such a model is constructed in conjunction with data from EIAV infection of SCID horses to gain insights into multiple strain competition in the presence of antibody control. Conditions are determined under which wild-type infection is eradicated with the antibody vaccine. In addition, a three-strain competition model is considered in which a second mutant strain may coexist with the first mutant strain. The conditions that permit viral escape by the mutant strains are determined, as are the effects of variation in the model parameters. This work extends the current understanding of competition and antibody control in lentiviral infection, which may provide insights into the development of vaccines that stimulate the immune system to control infection effectively.
Editorial: Technologies and Forms of Agency
Authors: Gourlay Lesley
Published: May 2014

This issue of Research in Learning Technology showcases a set of papers reporting on various digital interventions in further and higher education, drawing on a range of methodologies. In each, we find investigations of both the potentials and also the limitations of digital interventions in formal education, in a range of contexts. Although diverse and superficially unrelated, this set of papers could be loosely linked by a broad concept of agency, which I will discuss while providing an overview.(Published: 27 May 2014)Citation: Research in Learning Technology 2014, 22: 24720 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/rlt.v22.24720
FOOT CARE: A Health Care Maintenance Program
Authors: Chung Sylvia
Published: May 2014

Many of the frail elderly have learned to cope with their illnesses, but they and their families often do not equate immobility with inadequate foot care.
Infantilization of the Elderly: An Area for Nursing Research
Authors: Dolinsky Elaine H
Published: May 2014

The elderly are often treated as children, incapable of care of themselves. Nursing intervention is needed to eliminate this negative stereotype.
COLLECTING DATA ON ABUSE OF THE ELDERLY
Authors: Floyd Jeanne
Published: May 2014

Before nurses can begin to influence public policy regarding intervention in cases of elder abuse, they have to document the incidence of the problem.
Does Incontinence Affect Your Client's Self-Concept?
Authors: Simons Jacquelyn
Published: May 2014

Before you can educate clients about the problem of incontinence, its prevention, or treatment, you must first document its existence. Some clients may not want to disclose this information.
Is Your Older Client Ready for a ROLE CHANGE AFTER RETIREMENT?
Authors: Rosenkoetter Marlene M
Published: May 2014

In the dictionary "retire" is defined with such words as seclusion, retreat, and isolation. Help your older clients avoid isolation by planning for meaningful activities designed to promote feelings of self-worth. Help them answer the question "Where do I go now?"
RELOCATION AND THE ELDERLY CHANGING PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Burnette Kathy
Published: May 2014

The focus of relocation studies of older adults has undergone a series of changes in the past 20 years. Recently, by moving attention away from inconsistent findings to discovering what happens to the older adults immediately following relocation and mitigating the negative effects, researchers are providing more useful information to nurses who have daily contact with the older relocatees. With a growing population of institutionalized old elderly, it is paramount for researchers and policy makers to continue their studies and efforts toward helping nurses ease the older adult group through "a major life passage."
HEALTH CARE OF THE ELDERLY IN APPALACHIA
Authors: Simon Jolene M
Published: May 2014

Since health professionals provide services to people from different cultures, it is important to understand cultural diversity.
THERAPY FOR DEPRESSION
Authors: Ronsman Kaye
Published: May 2014

Nurses, aides and other health caregivers can assist the depressed elderly in a variety of ways. Probably the most important intervention is to communicate to the patient a sense of being unconditionally accepted as a fellow human being.
L’expertise en question dans la gestion des risques naturels : le cas des Ruines de Séchilienne
Authors: Decrop Geneviève
Published: May 2014

L’expertise scientifique et technique est depuis une vingtaine d’années au centre de nombreux débats, à la suite de controverses et d’affaires en matière notamment de risques sanitaires et environnementaux. Sous la pression publique, l’expertise en ces matières a dû se réformer et offrir des garanties en termes d’indépendance, de transparence et de fiabilisation des résultats. Curieusement, le champ du risque naturel est resté à l’écart de ce mouvement. Il est encore sous le règne du modèle régalien classique, où l’État et ses experts, exerçant une véritable magistrature technique, ont la haute main sur la définition du risque et la prescription de la prévention. Cependant, l’expertise dans ce champ n’est pas à l’abri de biais ou d’interférences d’intérêts. Cet article relate le cas d’un fonctionnement opaque et en circuit fermé de l’expertise dans un risque d’effondrement géologique, dont les conséquences ont été lourdes pour la collectivité et les individus exposés. Mais la question de l’expertise doit être replacée dans un questionnement sur la politique publique de prévention des risques naturels, en décalage avec le nouveau paysage des risques et les enjeux à venir.
Répartition de la biodiversité en France métropolitaine : une synthèse des Atlas faunistiques
Authors: Witté Isabelle , Touroult Julien
Published: May 2014

Les atlas de répartition constituent une source de bonne qualité concernant la présence d’espèces selon un maillage géographique régulier. Utilisée généralement pour décrire la répartition des espèces, cette information a rarement été rassemblée dans une étude intergroupe pour tenter de représenter la biodiversité française dans son ensemble. Cet article amorce un travail de valorisation des données issues d’atlas faunistiques consacrés au territoire français. Sept atlas publiés, couvrant au total 507 espèces de vertébrés continentaux et 425 insectes, ont été analysés. Différents indicateurs sont calculés pour chaque maille géographique pour mettre en avant les « hotspots » de biodiversité : la richesse spécifique, la richesse en espèces rares, la rareté relative et un indice de contribution à la biodiversité calculé par optimisation spatiale (logiciel Marxan). De grands ensembles zoogéographiques sont définis par des méthodes d’ordination et de classification. Dix-sept cartes synthétiques illustrent les grands patrons de répartition de la biodiversité française. L’étude est essentiellement descriptive et ne propose qu’une interprétation écologique limitée. La pertinence des différents indices, la représentativité taxonomique et les utilisations de ces cartes dans une perspective appliquée à la conservation et à l’information du public sont discutées.
Le lent dévoilement du travail des agricultrices
Authors: Nicourt Christian
Published: May 2014

L’objectif de cet article est de rendre compte du lent dévoilement du travail des agricultrices. Il s’agit plus précisément de comprendre pourquoi leur travail peut demeurer encore invisible, voir dénié et dans quelles situations il peut acquérir une visibilité. L’hypothèse que nous soutiendrons est que c’est surtout dans leurs manières d’accéder à leur métier et dans les manières de travailler qui découlent de son organisation dans leurs exploitations, que réside l’invisibilisation de leur travail comme sa mise en visibilité. Nous nous appuyons pour cela sur l’analyse du travail d’une trentaine d’agricultrices de Bretagne et d’Aquitaine. Nous examinons d’abord ce qui distingue les parcours professionnels de ces agricultrices. Nous analysons ensuite comment ces parcours se traduisent dans l’organisation de leur travail. Dès lors, nous nous interrogeons sur les implications identitaires de leurs manières de travailler.
L’enrôlement de Madagascar dans la REDD+ : domestiquer une opportunité internationale
Authors: Demaze Moïse Tsayem
Published: May 2014

L’étude de la mise en œuvre de la REDD+ (Réduction des Émissions de gaz à effet de serre résultant de la déforestation et de la dégradation des forêts, y compris les activités de gestion durable des forêts et d’accroissement des stocks de carbone) à Madagascar révèle le caractère Nord-Sud des relations internationales que génère ce mécanisme. Ces relations associent l’État malgache et plusieurs autres acteurs : Banque Mondiale, organisations non gouvernementales, organismes de coopération et d’aide au développement, etc. Les entretiens semi-dirigés et les observations de terrain montrent que ces acteurs enrôlent l’État malgache pour le préparer à mettre en œuvre la REDD+. Fragilisé par une instabilité institutionnelle, Madagascar accepte d’autant plus l’aide étrangère ou internationale que le pays est pauvre et qu’il a recours, depuis plusieurs décennies, aux financements étrangers ou internationaux, pour faire face aux problèmes environnementaux. La dimension marchande (crédits carbone générés) ne semble pas étrangère à l’engouement pour le financement de la REDD+ à Madagascar, ce qui permet à ce pays de bénéficier de cette nouvelle opportunité internationale. Dans ce contexte, la marge de manœuvre de l’État apparaît faible et la REDD+, telle qu’elle est conçue et déployée au sein du territoire national à travers des projets pilotes, ne correspond pas nécessairement à une politique endogène de réduction de la déforestation. Il se pose alors la question de la pérennité et de l’efficacité de ce mécanisme, puisque l’État et les acteurs nationaux ou locaux sont secondaires dans la gouvernance mise en place.
Le terroir, un concept pour l’action dans le développement des territoires
Authors: Prévost Philippe , Capitaine Mathieu , Gautier-Pelissier François , Michelin Yves , Jeanneaux Philippe , Fort Fatiha , Javelle Aurélie , Moïti-Maïzi Pascale , Lériche Françoise , Brunschwig Gilles , Fournier Stéphane , Lapeyronie Paul , Josien Étienne
Published: May 2014

Entre les usages professionnels et sociaux du mot terroir et les significations correspondantes, une grande diversité de représentations mentales du mot engendre une difficulté à le mobiliser chez les chercheurs et les formateurs. L’analyse transdisciplinaire proposée dans ce texte vise à mieux cerner sa compréhension et à identifier le potentiel de ce concept pour la recherche, le développement et la formation. Le concept de terroir a ainsi été caractérisé par une multiréférentialitée : d’une part un objet représentant un système productif et culturel local, d’autre part un projet d’une communauté dont les finalités et la dynamique sont empreints de subjectivité. Cette multiréférentialité donne au concept de terroir un potentiel pour (i) la médiation dans des projets de développement des territoires ruraux, et (ii) la formation interdisciplinaire des agronomes.
Le Programme d’Acquisition d’Aliments (PAA) au Brésil : l’agriculture locale et familiale au cœur de l’action publique en vue de la sécurité alimentaire
Authors: Marques Paulo Eduardo Moruzzi , Moal Marcos Freitas Le
Published: May 2014

Cet article présente une analyse de la mise en place du Programme d’acquisition d’aliments (PAA) dans les assentamentos ruraux au Brésil. En tant que dispositif de politique publique intégrant l’appui à la commercialisation des produits de l’agriculture familiale et l’aide alimentaire des personnes en difficulté, le PAA représente une innovation considérable en vue de la sécurité alimentaire, en favorisant notamment la constitution de circuits courts de proximité. Notre étude se concentre sur deux régions dans l’état de São Paulo : d’une part, l'assentamento périurbain Milton Santos qui se situe dans la périphérie de la deuxième plus grande région métropolitaine de cet état, autour de Campinas et, d’autre part, les assentamentos Antônio Conselheiro et Margarida Alves qui se situent à Mirante do Paranapanema dans la région du Pontal do Paranapanema à l’ouest de l’état, loin des grands centres urbains. Pour ces trois assentamentos, nous avons examiné les changements des logiques productives et alimentaires des familles assentadas, ainsi que les effets du programme sur les bénéficiaires de la distribution des aliments.
Astrocytic TGF-β Signaling Limits Inflammation and Reduces Neuronal Damage during Central Nervous System Toxoplasma Infection
Authors: Cekanaviciute Egle , Dietrich Hans K. , Axtell Robert C. , Williams Aaron M. , Egusquiza Riann , Wai Karen M. , Koshy Anita A. , Buckwalter Marion S.
Published: May 2014

The balance between controlling infection and limiting inflammation is particularly precarious in the brain because of its unique vulnerability to the toxic effects of inflammation. Astrocytes have been implicated as key regulators of neuroinflammation in CNS infections, including infection with Toxoplasma gondii, a protozoan parasite that naturally establishes a chronic CNS infection in mice and humans. In CNS toxoplasmosis, astrocytes are critical to controlling parasite growth. They secrete proinflammatory cytokines and physically encircle parasites. However, the molecular mechanisms used by astrocytes to limit neuroinflammation during toxoplasmic encephalitis have not yet been identified. TGF-β signaling in astrocytes is of particular interest because TGF-β is universally upregulated during CNS infection and serves master regulatory and primarily anti-inflammatory functions. We report in this study that TGF-β signaling is activated in astrocytes during toxoplasmic encephalitis and that inhibition of astrocytic TGF-β signaling increases immune cell infiltration, uncouples proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production from CNS parasite burden, and increases neuronal injury. Remarkably, we show that the effects of inhibiting astrocytic TGF-β signaling are independent of parasite burden and the ability of GFAP+ astrocytes to physically encircle parasites.
TCR Microclusters Pre-Exist and Contain Molecules Necessary for TCR Signal Transduction
Authors: Crites Travis J. , Padhan Kartika , Muller James , Krogsgaard Michelle , Gudla Prabhakar R. , Lockett Stephen J. , Varma Rajat
Published: May 2014

TCR-dependent signaling events have been observed to occur in TCR microclusters. We found that some TCR microclusters are present in unstimulated murine T cells, indicating that the mechanisms leading to microcluster formation do not require ligand binding. These pre-existing microclusters increase in absolute number following engagement by low-potency ligands. This increase is accompanied by an increase in cell spreading, with the result that the density of TCR microclusters on the surface of the T cell is not a strong function of ligand potency. In characterizing their composition, we observed a constant number of TCRs in a microcluster, constitutive exclusion of the phosphatase CD45, and preassociation with the signaling adapters linker for activation of T cells and growth factor receptor-bound protein 2. The existence of TCR microclusters prior to ligand binding in a state that is conducive for the initiation of downstream signaling could explain, in part, the rapid kinetics with which TCR signal transduction occurs.
Pediatric Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: A not so Rare and Benign Condition
Authors: Modi Manish , Gupta Karan
Published: May 2014

Objective

Pediatric idiopathic intracranial hypertension is an underdiagnosed entity with catastrophic presentations. High index of suspicion with early diagnosis and prompt treatment is the key to successful management. Trans-nasal trans-sphenoid Endoscopic Optic Nerve Fenestration is an effective surgical modality for the reversal of vision loss in pediatric idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH).

Materials and methods

This is a single center observational prospective case series. Five diagnosed pediatric patients of IIH satisfying the modified Dandy criteria and reported to the out-patient services of otolaryngology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India in the year 2012 were included in this study. All children underwent thorough clinical examination, complete Neuro-ophthalmological work-up including Visual acuity (V/A), Visual field charting (V/F), Fundus venogram and Radiological work-up with MRI for special optic nerve sections in sagittal reconstruction. Cerebro-Spinal Fluid pressure (CSF) measured preoperatively for all children. Standard endoscopic optic nerve Sheath Fenestration was performed on all children. visual improvement was assessed by comparing preoperative ophthalmological findings.

Results

Improvement in vision was taken as a positive outcome. Vision improved in all except one child, who had pre-existing optic nerve atrophy.

Conclusion

Endoscopic optic nerve fenestration is an effective minimally invasive procedure to revert visual loss in pediatric idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

How to cite this article

Gupta AK, Gupta K, Modi M, Gupta A. Pediatric Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: A not so Rare and Benign Condition. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2014;7(1):5-9.
Burkitt's Lymphoma of Anterior Skull Base associated with Acute Loss of Vision: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Varshney Varsha , Gupta Gaurav , Grover Mohnish , Devra Vikas
Published: May 2014

Burkitt's lymphoma is a malignant neoplasm rarely found in paranasal sinuses and skull base. We report a rare case of Burkitt's lymphoma of anterior skull base associated with acute loss of vision. A 10 years old boy presented with history of headache, diminution of vision in right eye since 15 days. Biopsy showed diffuse NHL of Burkitt's type. After treatment with chemotherapy there was complete recovery in vision.

How to cite this article

Gupta G, Devra V, Grover M, Varshney V. Burkitt's Lymphoma of Anterior Skull Base associated with Acute Loss of Vision: A Rare Case Report. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2014;7(1):28-30.
Inorganic salts interact with oxalic acid in submicron particles to form material with low hygroscopicity and volatility
Authors: Drozd G. , Woo J. , Häkkinen S. A. K. , Nenes A. , McNeill V. F.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Volatility and hygroscopicity are two key properties of organic aerosol components, and both are strongly related to chemical identity. While the hygroscopicities of pure salts, di-carboxylic acids (DCA), and DCA salts are known, the hygroscopicity of internal mixtures of these components, as they are typically found in the atmosphere, has not been fully characterized. Here we show that inorganic–organic component interactions typically not considered in atmospheric models can lead to very strongly bound metal–organic complexes and greatly affect aerosol volatility and hygroscopicity; in particular, the bi-dentate binding of DCA to soluble inorganic ions. We have studied the volatility of pure, dry organic salt particles and the hygroscopicity of internal mixtures of oxalic acid (OxA, the dominant DCA in the atmosphere) and a number of salts, both mono- and di-valent. The formation of very low volatility organic salts was confirmed, with minimal evaporation of oxalate salt particles below 75 °C. Dramatic increases in the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activation diameter for particles with di-valent salts (e.g., CaCl2) and relatively small particle volume fractions of OxA indicate that standard volume additivity rules for hygroscopicity do not apply. Thus small organic compounds with high O : C ratios are capable of forming low-volatility and very low hygroscopicity particles. Given current knowledge of the formation mechanisms of OxA and M–Ox salts, surface enrichment of insoluble M–Ox salts is expected. The resulting formation of an insoluble coating of metal-oxalate salts can explain low-particle hygroscopicities. The formation of particles with a hard coating could offer an alternative explanation for observations of glass-like particles without the need for a phase transition.
Ground-based measurements of immersion freezing in the eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Ardon-Dryer K. , Levin Z.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Ice nuclei were measured in immersion-freezing mode in the eastern Mediterranean region using the FRIDGE-TAU (FRankfurt Ice-nuclei Deposition freezinG Experiment, the Tel Aviv University version) chamber. Aerosol particles were sampled during dust storms and on clean and polluted days (e.g., Lag BaOmer). The aerosol immersion-freezing potential was analyzed in the laboratory using a drop-freezing method. Droplets from all the samples were found to freeze between −11.8 °C and −28.9 °C. Immersion-freezing nuclei (FN) concentrations range between 0.16 L−1 and 234 L−1, while the activated fraction (AF) ranges between 8.7 × 10−8 and 4.9 × 10−4. The median temperature at which the drops from each filter froze was found to be correlated with the corresponding daily average of PM10, PM2.5 and PM10–PM2.5. A higher correlation value between FN concentrations and PM10–PM2.5 suggests that the larger particles are generally more effective as FN. The measurements were divided into dust storms and "clean" conditions (this is a relative term, because dust particles are always present in the atmosphere is this region) based on the air mass back trajectories and the aerosol mass concentrations (PM10). Droplets containing ambient particles from dust storm days froze at higher temperatures than droplets containing particles from clean days. Statistically significant differences were found between dust storms and clean conditions primarily in terms of the initial temperature at which the first drops froze, the median freezing temperature and the aerosol loading (PM values). FN concentrations and AF values in dust storms were larger by more than a factor of 2 than in the clean conditions. This observation agrees with previous studies showing that some dust particles are almost always present in the atmosphere in this region. Measurements of aerosol particles emitted from wood burning bonfires during a Lag BaOmer holiday showed that although a high concentration of particles was emitted, those particles' effectiveness as FN was relatively poor. The most likely reason for the low FN efficiency is the combination of relatively low fire temperatures and high organic carbon fraction in the aerosols.
Comparison of the diurnal variations of warm-season precipitation for East Asia vs. North America downstream of the Tibetan Plateau vs. the Rocky Mountains
Authors: Zhang Yuanchun , Zhang Fuqing , Sun Jianhua
Published: May 2014

Abstract. A wavenumber-frequency spectral decomposition technique is used to analyze the high-resolution NOAA/Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH) precipitation dataset and to explore the differences and similarities of the diurnal variation of warm-season precipitation in the East Asia and North America downstream of big topography. The predominant phase speed of precipitation at different time scales for North America, averaged over all warm-season months (May–August) for 2003–2010, is ∼20 m s−1, which is faster than the speed of ∼14 m s−1 calculated for East Asia. Consistent with the recent studies of the precipitation diurnal cycles for these two regions, the difference in the diurnal phase propagation is likely due to the difference in the mean steering level wind speed for these two regions. The wavenumber-frequency spectral analysis further reveals the complex, multi-scale, multi-modal nature of the warm-season precipitation variation embedded within the diurnal cycle over both continents, with phase speeds varying from 10 to 30 m s−1 and wave periods varying from diurnal to a few hours. At the diurnal frequency regulated by the thermodynamically driven Mountains-Plains Solenoids (MPS), increased precipitation for both continents first originates in the afternoon from the eastern edge of big topography and subsequently moves downslope in the evening and reaches the broad plains area at night. More complex diurnal evolutions are observed in East Asia due to more the complex, multistep terrains east of the Tibetan Plateau and the associated localized MPS circulations. Nevertheless, increased variation of precipitation at smaller spatial and temporal scales is evident in the active phase of the dominant diurnal cycle for both continents.
Impacts of future climate change on potential yields of major crops in China
Authors: Yin Y. , Tang Q. , Liu X.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Climate change may affect crop development and yield, and consequently cast a shadow of doubt over China's food self-sufficiency efforts. In this study we used the model projections of a couple of global gridded crop models (GGCMs) to assess the effects of future climate change on the potential yields of the major crops (i.e. wheat, rice, maize and soybean) over China. The GGCMs were forced with the bias-corrected climate data from 5 global climate models (GCMs) under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 8.5 which were made available by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISI-MIP). The results show that the potential yields of rice may increase over a large portion of China. Climate change may benefit food productions over the high-altitude and cold regions where are outside current main agricultural area. However, the potential yield of maize, soybean and wheat may decrease in a large portion of the current main crop planting areas such as North China Plain. Development of new agronomic management strategy may be useful for coping with climate change in the areas with high risk of yield reduction.
Combining high-resolution satellite images and altimetry to estimate the volume of small lakes
Authors: Baup F. , Frappart F. , Maubant J.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. This study presents an approach to determining the volume of water in small lakes (<100 ha) by combining satellite altimetry data and high-resolution (HR) images. In spite of the strong interest in monitoring surface water resources on a small scale using radar altimetry and satellite imagery, no information is available about the limits of the remote-sensing technologies for small lakes mainly used for irrigation purposes. The lake being studied is located in the south-west of France and is only used for agricultural irrigation purposes. The altimetry satellite data are provided by an RA-2 sensor onboard Envisat, and the high-resolution images (<10 m) are obtained from optical (Formosat-2) and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) antenna (Terrasar-X and Radarsat-2) satellites. The altimetry data (data are obtained every 35 days) and the HR images (77) have been available since 2003 and 2010, respectively. In situ data (for the water levels and volumes) going back to 2003 have been provided by the manager of the lake. Three independent approaches are developed to estimate the lake volume and its temporal variability. The first two approaches (HRBV and ABV) are empirical and use synchronous ground measurements of the water volume and the satellite data. The results demonstrate that altimetry and imagery can be effectively and accurately used to monitor the temporal variations of the lake (R2ABV = 0.98, RMSEABV = 5%, R2HRBV = 0.90, and RMSEABV = 7.4%), assuming a time-varying triangular shape for the shore slope of the lake (this form is well adapted since it implies a difference inferior to 2% between the theoretical volume of the lake and the one estimated from bathymetry). The third method (AHRBVC) combines altimetry (to measure the lake level) and satellite images (of the lake surface) to estimate the volume changes of the lake and produces the best results (R2AHRBVC = 0.98) of the three methods, demonstrating the potential of future Sentinel and SWOT missions to monitor small lakes and reservoirs for agricultural and irrigation applications.
Mining the Final Frontier: Keeping Earth's Asteroid Mining Ventures from Becoming the Next Gold Rush
Authors: Feinman Matthew
Published: May 2014

“Space: The Final Frontier.”  While that phrase has been a call to arms for generations of science fiction fans and space enthusiasts to look up at the night sky in wonder and amazement, it has increasingly become a siren call for private space pioneers. Since man first went to space, humankind has been pushing the boundaries of experimentation, research, and exploration into the cosmos. Even though Earth’s supply of certain rare and precious metals may be reaching depletion, researchers have found that asteroids are likely to contain vast quantities of these resources.  Today, several companies are attempting to tap into this potential wealth of resources for use, both on Earth and in space.  Before these companies can begin mining, however, stronger property laws are needed to ensure the Asteroid Belt of our solar system is not described as the next California Gold Rush.  This Article argues that the international community must be united on the policies and customs surrounding property ownership in space so these mining operations can be performed in a peaceful and safe manner.
Approaches to Pricing Design Services: Evidence from Architectural Firms in Nigeria
Authors: Oluwatayo Adedapo Adewunmi , Alagbe Oluwole , Uwakonye Obioha
Published: May 2014

The approaches adopted by firms in pricing design services have hitherto been a matter of speculation. Professional bodies often specify percentage and time charges, but there are indications that these firms use other approaches. The approaches adopted by architectural firms in pricing design services were therefore the object of this study. A sample of architectural firms from Nigeria, were asked to rate the prevalence of use, perceived benefits, and difficulties of the pricing approaches. The data were analyzed using mean ranking to obtain the level of use; and regression analysis to investigate the perceptions, which influence the use of the pricing approaches. The findings reveal that percentage fees were the most popular approaches adopted by most of the firms in the study in pricing design services. The perceptions, which influence the use of the different approaches, were also presented. Samples were taken from only architectural firms in Lagos and Abuja, Nigeria, where there is a concentration of registered architectural firms. The results may therefore not be generalized to other service firms. In addition only design services were considered. The results suggest the reasons approaches may be used for pricing design services and may serve as a guide to upcoming firms. Implications for further research were also drawn. The value of this study lies in the fact that it represents one of the first attempts at examining the approaches used by architects in pricing design services.
Once Upon a Time, There Was Sex in Georgia
Authors: Manning Paul
Published: May 2014

Georgians have long found in the remote mountainous regions of Georgia, Pshavi and Khevsureti, a fragmentary ethnographic image of a romantic and exotic “once upon a time” version of Georgia. Georgians have been particularly tantalized by images of the strange sexual practices of these mountains (called ts‘ats’loba), which represent a kind of paradoxical “sex without sex,” a seeming inversion of normative Georgian sexuality, belonging at the same time to the most “Georgian” part of Georgia. Fragmentary images of this “Georgian ancestral sex” circulate in a complex, multigenred interdiscursive space of citationality, becoming, in this recirculation, a haunting absent presence, representations of a sexual alterity shot through with lacunae and absences, which become full of virtual potentiality as these gaps and absences are filled in with one's own imagination and desire. This article ethnographically traces the citational connections between these fragmentary images of sexuality.
The Transformational Qualities of Dramatic Arts: An Intercultural Dialogue From Two Lives and Three Continents
Authors: Salazar Laura Gardner , Sierra Zayda
Published: May 2014

During the International Drama and Education Association (IDEA) Congress in Kenya in 1998, the life of two educators crossed roads. Although both are from different geographical contexts (Colombia and the United States), they have shared the same passion: to encourage in their societies the implementation of dramatic arts in different educational settings (schools, universities, communities) so children and adults could develop to their fullest, thus enabling them to participate actively in building a more democratic society. Fifteen years after this encounter, they met again in the 2013 IDEA Congress in Paris to reflect on their efforts during their life spans. Through examining their drama practices, they discuss how this human expression functions as a critical thinking art form, changing players, audiences, and communities. Lessons derived from their experiences might be useful for a new generation of transformational drama leaders.
OCORRÊNCIA DE ANTICORPOS ANTI-LEPTOSPIRA SPP. EM SUÍNOS ABATIDOS EM FRIGORÍFICOS DE UBERLÂNDIA (MG)	Occurrence of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies in swine slaughtered in Uberlândia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
Authors: Bittar Rigo Victor Henrique , Frederico de Faria Naves João Helder , Ribeiro de Castro Jacqueline , Sampaio Salaberry Sandra Renata , Monteiro Correia Lima-Ribeiro Anna
Published: May 2014

A leptospirose é uma zoonose de grande impacto econômico na produção animal, caracterizada pela redução dos índices produtivos e reprodutivos dos plantéis de suínos afetados. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Leptospira spp. e seus sorovares em 96 amostras de soro sanguíneo de suínos procedentes de quatro frigoríficos localizados no Município de Uberlândia (MG). Para a pesquisa de anticorpos anti-Leptospira spp. foi utilizada a técnica de Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM).Das amostras de soro sanguíneo avaliadas, 59,38% foram reagentes ao SAM, sendo que todas reagiram ao sorovar Icterohaemorraghiae e em quatro casos, houve coaglutinação com os sorovares Canicola (3,50%), Grippotyphosa (1,75%) e Pomona (1,75%). Detectou-se a presença de anticorpos anti-Leptospira spp. em suínos abatidos nos frigoríficos do Município de Uberlândia (MG).
DOENÇA DO NEURÔNIO MOTOR DOS EQUINOS: REVISÃO	Motor neuron disease in horses: review
Authors: Silveira Nóbrega Fernanda , Do Valle De Zoppa André Luís , Poletto Ferreira Márcio , Stopiglia Angelo João
Published: May 2014

Doença do neurônio motor dos equinos (DNME) é afecção neurodegenerativa causada por desordem oxidativa que afeta neurônios motores somáticos inferiores e está associada à baixa concentração plasmática de vitamina E. A doença é caracterizada por degeneração dos neurônios motores (NM) no corno ventral da medula espinhal e em alguns núcleos do tronco cerebral. Dados epidemiológicos, patológicos e laboratoriais embasam a hipótese de que a DNME ocorre depois de prolongada deficiência de vitamina E, porém, estudos clínicos e experimentais sugerem que há predisposição individual para esta doença. O dano oxidativo aos neurônios provavelmente causa lesão e posterior morte das células nervosas. Foi postulado que a DNME apresenta etiologia multifatorial e que o estresse oxidativo é o fator de maior contribuição e predisposição para morte do NM. A doença é caracterizada por perda de peso, atrofiamuscular e fraqueza generalizada. Os animais acometidos apresentam andadura com passo curto, cabeça e pescoçoabaixados, alterações nos membros pélvicos, decúbito prolongado, fasciculações e tremores musculares. O diagnóstico é baseado em sinais clínicos, exames laboratoriais, biópsia do nervo espinhal acessório ou do músculo sacrocaudal dorsal medial e é obtido de forma definitiva post mortem por meio de exame histopatológico quando é demonstrado degeneração dos NM. Não existe tratamento comprovadamente eficaz; porém, a suplementação com complemento de vitamina E ou fornecimento de pasto verde de alta qualidade pode contribuir para a melhora clínica de alguns animais. O prognóstico é ruim para o desempenho atlético do animal e reservado para a manutenção da vida.
COMPARAÇÃO DA PRESSÃO ARTERIAL SISTÓLICA INDIRETA EM MEMBROS TORÁCICO E PÉLVICO DE GATOS	Comparison of indirect systolic blood pressure on the forelimb and hindlimb of cats
Authors: Monteiro de Castro Conti Laura , Champion Tatiana , Chaves Guberman Úrsula , Lievori Fernandes Stéfano , De Araújo Lázaro Monique , Raposo Fortunato Viviane
Published: May 2014

A pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) não invasiva pode ser mensurada por meio de diversos métodos, porém o Doppler vascular é considerado o mais preciso para a espécie felina. A mensuração da PAS pelos métodos indiretos pode ser realizada em três locais distintos em gatos: membro torácico (MT), membro pélvico (MP) e cauda. Objetiva-se com esse estudo avaliar os valores obtidos de diferentes locais de mensuração de PAS e determinar o local que minimize o estresse gerado aos gatos durante o procedimento. A PAS foi mensurada no MT e MP de 30 gatos hígidos com o aparelho Doppler vascular. O manguito correspondeu de 30 a 40% do diâmetro do membro aferido. Para análise de normalidade dos dados foi utilizado o teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov e a análise de concordância entre os valores do MT e MP foi determinada pelo teste de Bland-Altman, considerando p < 0,05. A mediana da PAS no MP (158 mmHg) foi significativamente maior do que no MT(135 mmHg), justificada pelo maior estresse gerado durante a manipulação do MP, pois nesse momento os gatos assumiram comportamento de desconforto e irritação. O viés de -30,64 mmHg, associado à diferença estatística dos valores de PAS no MP e MT permitem inferir que há diferenças na mensuração da pressão arterial dependendo do local a ser utilizado para o procedimento. Dessa forma, deve-se utilizar o local que minimize o estresse e, neste estudo, os gatos foram mais relutantes à manipulação do membro pélvico.
MACIEZ DA CARNE BOVINA E SUA RELAÇÃO COM O CRESCIMENTO E OS TIPOS DE FIBRA MUSCULARES	Relationship of meat tenderness with muscle fibers and cattle growth
Authors: Conte Hadlich Janaina , Abdallah Curi Rogério , Berchiol da Silva Marina Gabriela , Factori Marco Aurélio , Silveira Antonio Carlos , Loyola Chardulo Luis Artur
Published: May 2014

A pecuária brasileira passa por um momento de grande importância, atravessando a barreira de uma pecuária produtora de commodities para uma pecuária que elabora produtos diferenciados, padronizados e com qualidade. E, para isso, a pecuária precisa mostrar-se eficiente desde a produção dos animais até o produto que chegará à mesa do consumidor, seja ele brasileiro ou consumidor dos países importadores da carne brasileira. Apesar dessa posição de destaque no cenário econômico, a pecuária de corte nacional, composta, principalmente, por bovinos Bos indicus, se caracteriza por apresentar uma produtividade aquém de todo o potencial que pode expressar, além de apresentar grande variação na qualidade da carne, fatos que podem comprometer a competitividade do produto brasileiro no mercado mundial. São inúmeros os fatores que podem influenciar na qualidade final da carne bovina, em especial a maciez, que é uma das características mais desejadas pelos consumidores. Dentre os fatores que influenciam nas características da carne bovina, o crescimento do animal, ou seja, a ampliação da dimensão e a composição das fibras do tecido muscular esquelético dos bovinos é um dos fatores que pode ser utilizado no entendimento e justificativa quanto à qualidade da carne bovina. Neste sentido, o objetivo desta revisão foi avaliar a influência dos tipos de fibras musculares e do crescimento na maciez da carne bovina.
Role of [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography—Computed Tomography, Sonography, and Sonographically Guided Fine–Needle Aspiration Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Axillary Lymph Nodes in Patients With Breast Cancer
Authors: Sohn Yu-Mee , Hong Il Ki , Han Kyunghwa
Published: May 2014

Objectives

The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET‐CT) with that of sonography and sonographically guided fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) for determining the preoperative axillary lymph node (ALN) status and to evaluate the factors related to false‐negative PET‐CT, sonographic, and FNA results in ALN staging of invasive ductal carcinoma.

Methods

From March 2009 to July 2012, 226 patients had a diagnosis of primary breast cancer. Among these patients, 107 constituted the study population after exclusion of transferred patients and patients with breast cancer other than invasive ductal carcinoma. The diagnostic performance of the modalities was compared with pathologic reports. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between clinicopathologic factors (symptoms, T stage, hormone receptors, and histologic grade), false‐negative results, and true‐negative results on PET‐CT, sonography, and FNA.

Results

Of the 107 patients, 45 (42.1%) had positive results on final pathologic analysis of ALNs. Sonographically guided FNA had a significantly higher specificity, positive predictive value, accuracy, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve than sonography and PET‐CT (P < .01). When sonography and PET‐CT were combined, the sensitivity was significantly improved (P = .019) compared with sonography alone. When FNA and PET‐CT were combined, the sensitivity and negative predictive value were significantly increased compared with each modality (P < .01).

Conclusions

Sonographically guided FNA was found to be an excellent diagnostic tool for preoperative evaluation of the ALN status. To obviate the step of sentinel lymph node biopsy for determining the ALN status, combined evaluation of ALNs by these modalities may be more complementary than the use of a single modality.
Modeling extreme “Carrington‐type” space weather events using three‐dimensional global MHD simulations
Authors: Ngwira Chigomezyo M. , Pulkkinen Antti , Kuznetsova Maria M. , Glocer Alex
Published: May 2014

There is a growing concern over possible severe societal consequences related to adverse space weather impacts on man‐made technological infrastructure. In the last two decades, significant progress has been made toward the first‐principles modeling of space weather events, and three‐dimensional (3‐D) global magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) models have been at the forefront of this transition, thereby playing a critical role in advancing our understanding of space weather. However, the modeling of extreme space weather events is still a major challenge even for the modern global MHD models. In this study, we introduce a specially adapted University of Michigan 3‐D global MHD model for simulating extreme space weather events with a Dst footprint comparable to the Carrington superstorm of September 1859 based on the estimate by Tsurutani et. al. (2003). Results are presented for a simulation run with “very extreme” constructed/idealized solar wind boundary conditions driving the magnetosphere. In particular, we describe the reaction of the magnetosphere‐ionosphere system and the associated induced geoelectric field on the ground to such extreme driving conditions. The model setup is further tested using input data for an observed space weather event of Halloween storm October 2003 to verify the MHD model consistence and to draw additional guidance for future work. This extreme space weather MHD model setup is designed specifically for practical application to the modeling of extreme geomagnetically induced electric fields, which can drive large currents in ground‐based conductor systems such as power transmission grids. Therefore, our ultimate goal is to explore the level of geoelectric fields that can be induced from an assumed storm of the reported magnitude, i.e., Dst∼=−1600 nT.
Interannual variations of Kuroshio transport in the East China Sea and its relation to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and mesoscale eddies
Authors: Soeyanto Endro , Guo Xinyu , Ono Jun , Miyazawa Yasumasa
Published: May 2014

Results of a data‐assimilative ocean model (JCOPE2) from 1993 to 2012 were used to examine the correlation between the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index and interannual variations of the Kuroshio transport in the East China Sea (ECS) and the influences of mesoscale eddies on this correlation. In a period from 1993 to 2002, the Kuroshio transport estimated from the JCOPE2 reanalysis has a positive correlation with the PDO index. This well‐known correlation became weak or even disappeared when the analysis period was extended from 1993–2002 to 1993–2012. This occurs because the variation range of the PDO index became small during enhanced mesoscale eddy activity southeast of Taiwan in years after 2002. The eddies caused a larger variation in the Kuroshio transport in the years after 2002 than before 2002, and therefore, changed the correlation between the PDO index and Kuroshio transport in the ECS. The influence of mesoscale eddies on the Kuroshio transport has strong regional dependence: the Kuroshio transport from the area east of Taiwan to the midway along the shelf break in the East China Sea depends mainly on eddies arriving from southeast of Taiwan, while transport from the midway along the shelf break to the Tokara Strait depends mainly on the eddies arriving from northeast of Okinawa Island. The combination of PDO‐related signals and eddy‐related signals determines the interannual variations of the Kuroshio transport in the ECS and sufficient attention must be paid to the spatial dependence of the Kuroshio transport in the ECS on eddies.