bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
No More Equal: Critical Discourse of Symbolic Violence to Woman in the Television
Authors: Ulfah Raisya Maharani , Wuryanta AG. Eka Wenats
Published: December 2018

This research will explain the forms of symbolic violence against women contained in the framing of television news. This study took the case of victims of sexual crimes news named Dedeuh Alfisahrin in the period April 2015 on 4 (four) news show on TV One. The purpose of this study is to explain the ideological contestation and the dynamics of constructing news of victims of sexual crimes, symbolic forms of violence contained in the construction of news and the factors influencing the news construction process. This study uses critical discourse analysis developed by Mitchel Lazar. This study has found there are two frames of victims of sexual crimes in 4 (four) news, namely: (a) economy (b) law-morality. These forms of symbolic violence are contained within the two forms of news framing found in this study. The symbolic forms of violence are: (a) Meaning of gender bias (b) Gender biased logic and (c) The value of moral bias. There are 3 (three) factors influencing TV One’s editorial in constructing news of victims of sexual crimes: (a) Ideology of patriarchy and misogyny (b) business advantage and (c) purpose and vision of media editor.
Digital Media Literacy Campaign in Identifying News
Authors: Pradekso Tandiyo , Setyabudi Djoko , Manalu Rouli
Published: December 2018

This article explains the ways in which a digital media literacy campaign was conducted to help groups of adolescent to identify fake news or hoax and to prevent the further dissemination of fake news. A number of research have shown that young generation, or popularly known as millennials, is the age group of media users that has the highest tendency to read and to spread hoax or fake news. This is also tied to the fact that millennial spend more time on the Internet, and therefore have higher exposure to many various types information, including fake news. Based on the digital media campaign programs that was conducted in several public and private high schools in Semarang, Indonesia, this article will explicate the initial condition regarding the ability of high-school students in recognizing and identifying fake news before the digital media literacy campaign, and then explain how the campaign helping students to improve the ability to do so. This article will further describe the challenges faced in the typical media literacy campaign and several suggestions to overcome those challenges in future digital media literacy programs.
Cultural Development through Language Styles and Expression of Teenage Girls Identity in Indonesian Teen lit Novel Me Versus High Heels by Maria Ardelia
Authors: Noor Redyanto , Laksono Arido , Kawentar Rukma
Published: December 2018

In Indonesian teen lit novels, the lifestyle of teenage girls can be interpreted from their way and style of communication, namely the way and style of using language. From the many means of self-disclosure as anevidence of the very distinctive existence of teenager is the language. For teenager, language is not just a communication tool serving to achieve understanding, but also as a symbol of identity: education, social status, economic status, hobby, groups, communities, and social environment. In a teenage social environment, the language determines the process, type, and form of interaction-communication that affects the acceptability or social arbitrariness. As a result, each individual teenager strives to adjust his or her use of “gaul” (slang) language to achieve the acceptability.
Mubalig Kondang: A Sociological Overview of Religiosity
Authors: Waluyo Sukarjo , Allien Astri Adriani
Published: December 2018

The approach of literary sociology is one of the literary approaches that specialize in the study of literary works taking into account social aspects of society. Mubalig Kondang [1] is interesting to study because it tells how the author’s expression of the religiosity problem that existed in the society of the Javaneses antri (students of traditional Islamic boarding school in Java) in particular, as well as Indonesia in general. Pengajian (mass teaching of Islam in the village) that becomes the habits and traditions of the santri community as well as the symbol of the author’s heart disclosure. Pengajian is a common religious ritual around us still a kind of ‘thing’ that could be questioned. The religious ritualisonly a compensation of some people who are from the complexity of the problem.
Lambda - Proton Correlation in Pion-Induced Reactions at 1.7 GeV/c
Authors: Maurus Steffen
Published: December 2018

World data on Λ – p scattering in pion-induced redactions are quite scare. In 2014 the HADES Collaboration performed an experiment campaign with pionnucleon reactions π¯ + A (A = C,W) at 1.7 GeV/c. Hereby, the exclusive channel π¯ + p → K0 + Λ (Λ + p → Λ + p) may provide information on Λ proton scattering and moreover shed light on the short range interaction using dedicated simulations for comparison. The on-going analysis of the exclusive channel with especial emphasis on the event selection is outlined.
Comprendre. Détection de gaz par spectroscopie photoacoustique : principe et mise en œuvre
Authors: Duquesnoy Maxime , Melkonian Jean-Michel , Levy Raphaël , Raybaut Myriam , Dherbecourt Jean-Baptiste , Godard Antoine
Published: December 2018

La spectroscopie photoacoustique permet la détection de gaz à l’état de traces. Cette technique permet d’allier compacité, sensibilité, rapidité et grande bande passante optique. Pour ces raisons, elle a le potentiel d’être intégrée dans des instruments permettant de répondre à de multiples enjeux liés à l’environnement, la défense, et la sûreté.
Pediatric Transthoracic Cardiac Vector Flow Imaging – A Preliminary Pictorial Study
Authors: Hansen Kristoffer , Juul Klaus , Møller-Sørensen Hasse , Nilsson Jens , Jensen Jørgen , Nielsen Michael
Published: December 2018

Purpose Conventional pediatric echocardiography is crucial for diagnosing congenital heart disease (CHD), but the technique is impaired by angle dependency. Vector flow imaging (VFI) is an angle-independent noninvasive ultrasound alternative for blood flow assessment and can assess complex flow patterns not visible on conventional Doppler ultrasound.

Materials and Methods 12 healthy newborns and 3 infants with CHD were examined with transthoracic cardiac VFI using a conventional ultrasound scanner and a linear array.

Results VFI examinations revealed common cardiac flow patterns among the healthy newborns, and flow changes among the infants with CHD not previously reported with conventional echocardiography.

Conclusion For assessment of cardiac flow in the normal and diseased pediatric heart, VFI may provide additional information compared to conventional echocardiography and become a useful diagnostic tool.
HP sucht Zahnarzt …
Authors: Brockhausen Wolf
Published: December 2018

Es gibt viele Therapiebereiche und Behandlungen, bei denen eine Kooperation zwischen Heilpraktiker und Zahnarzt angeraten ist. Berufspolitische und wirtschaftliche Interessen sowie Konkurrenzdenken können eine Zusammenarbeit jedoch erschweren. Eine Kooperation setzt voraus, dass sowohl Heilpraktiker als auch Zahnarzt um die ganzheitlichen Zusammenhänge von Mundraum, Körper und Psyche wissen.
Molekulare Radiotherapie mit neuen Radiopharmaka: Präzisionsonkologie zur personalisierten Patientenbehandlung
Authors: Langbein Thomas , Kulkarni Harshad , Zhang Jingjing , Baum Richard
Published: December 2018

Maligne Erkrankungen sind mit Veränderungen auf der molekularen Ebene assoziiert. Präzisionsonkologie meint einen personalisierten Therapieansatz, der auf spezifische molekulare Signale in Tumorzellen abzielt und mit optimaler Wirksamkeit bei minimalen Nebenwirkungen verbunden ist. Tumore können hochwirksam mit Radiopharmaka behandelt werden, die auf spezifische, zelluläre Mechanismen abzielen (z. B. Metastasen von gut differenzierten neuroendokrinen Neoplasmen mittels 177Lu markierten Somatostatinanaloga). Die molekulare Bildgebung mit PET/CT oder PET/MRT spielt eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Patientenauswahl sowie bei der Überwachung des Therapieansprechens und ist daher in der Lage, die molekulare Radiotherapie zu steuern („wir sehen, was wir behandeln“ und umgekehrt). Theranostik in der Nuklearmedizin fügt sich daher in die Definition der Präzisionsonkologie ein, da sie beispielhaft die Kombination von molekularer Bildgebung und molekularer Radiotherapie beinhaltet, wobei derselbe Vektor, markiert mit unterschiedlichen Radionukliden, zum einen für die Diagnose und zum anderen für die Behandlung verwendet wird. Während die Anwendung von 131I durch Saul Hertz Mitte des letzten Jahrhunderts erstmals den Weg für eine gezielte molekulare Radiotherapie eröffnete, fasst dieser Übersichtsartikel die Therapie mit in den letzten Jahren neuentwickelten Radiopharmaka zusammen.
Die erlaubnisfreie Herstellung und Anwendung patientenindividualisierter Arzneimittel
Authors: Breitkreutz Frank , Patt Marianne , Solbach Christoph
Published: December 2018

Die erlaubnisfreie Herstellung und Anwendung patientenindividualisierter Arzneimittel ist insbesondere im Rahmen nuklearmedizinischer Anwendungen von großer Bedeutung für die Patientenversorgung. Nichtsdestotrotz besteht bzgl. der Interpretation der Rechtsvorschriften eine große Rechtsunsicherheit v. a. bei den Nutzern. Aber auch der behördliche Umgang mit diesen zeigt, dass man sich in der Bundesrepublik (noch) fernab bundeseinheitlicher Auslegungen dazu befindet. Dieser Artikel illustriert, diskutiert und kommentiert die wichtigsten Aspekte dieser Thematik unter Einbeziehung aktueller Quellen und Entwicklungen.
Die aktuelle Verfügbarkeit von Radiopharmaka in Deutschland
Authors: Meyer Geerd-J.
Published: December 2018

Die Verfügbarkeit von Radiopharmaka unterliegt einem besonders ausgeprägten Wandel, der von mehreren Faktoren beeinflusst wird. Dies sind neben den speziellen radioaktiven Eigenschaften, wie den relativ kurzen Halbwertzeiten und den daraus resultierenden Produktions- und Logistikproblemen sowie den strikten gesetzlich geregelten Sicherheitsanforderungen, ökonomische Faktoren, die bei den Radiopharmaka als sehr spezielle Nischenprodukte der Pharmaindustrie zu häufigen Umstrukturierungen des betroffenen Geschäftsfeldes führen. Dabei werden regelmäßig unrentable Produkte vom Markt genommen, aber auch neue vielversprechende Produkte eingeführt. Der hier vorgestellte Beitrag soll einen Überblick über die derzeitige Verfügbarkeit von Radiopharmaka in Deutschland bieten.
Kieferorthopädische Lückenöffnung mit superelastischen NiTi-Schlaufen nach Locatelli
Authors: Göhring Jana , Eschrich Michael , Bantleon Hans-Peter
Published: December 2018

Das Behandlungskonzept der sagittalen Expansion des Zahnbogens zur Auflösung von Zahnengständen ist ein grundliegender Bestandteil der kieferorthopädischen Therapie. Es gibt eine Reihe von etablierten Methoden zur Platzgewinnung und ständig erweitert sich das kieferorthopädische Therapiespektrum. Locatelli et al. berichtete 1992 erstmals von einer Methode, welche eine Lückenöffnung bzw. Mesial- und Distalbewegung von Zähnen und Zahngruppen durch das Einsetzen eines komprimierten superelastischen Nickel-Titan-Bogens ermöglicht. Er beschrieb das sogenannte „Loca-System“ als einfache und effektive Behandlungsstrategie um eine Vergrößerung der Zahnbogenlänge zu erzielen. In Folge beschrieben einige Autoren Nebenwirkungen, wie unerwünschte Rotationen oder Zahnkippungen, die bei der Anwendung des „Loca-Systems“ auftraten. Der Kieferorthopäde muss daher für jeden Patienten individuell die geeignete Methode zur Platzgewinnung evaluieren. Bei sorgfältig ausgesuchten Patienten kann die Anwendung des Loca-Systems eine ausgezeichnete Behandlungsstrategie darstellen.
Das Grazer Implantat Stabilisierte Pendulum (GISP) zur Distalisierung im Oberkiefer
Authors: Byloff Friedrich , Kärcher Hans
Published: December 2018

Das GISP (Graz Implantat Stabilisierte Pendulum) wurde zur ein- oder beidseitigen Molarendistalisation im Oberkiefer entwickelt und besteht aus 2 Teilen. In der derzeitigen Form besteht der fixierte Teil aus einer Titanplatte mit 2 Zapfen. Die Platte wird direkt auf die Gaumenmukosa mit 3 Miniimplantatschrauben fixiert. Die Schraubenköpfe werden so mit dem TriLockR System (Medartis, Basel, Schweiz) in der Platte verblockt, dass der durch die Distalisation entstehende Gegendruck direkt auf den Knochen gelenkt wird und die Mukosa nicht komprimieren kann. Der abnehmbare Teil mit den Pendulumfedern kann problemlos auf- und abgesteckt werden. Aktivierungen werden extraoral durchgeführt. Das charakteristische am GISP ist das einfache Auf- und Abstecken des Federteiles und die dadurch einfache extraorale Kontrolle über die Bewegung in allen 3 Raumachsen, wie beispielsweise Distalisation, Aufrichtung und Expansion von Molaren.

Herstellung und Anwendung der Apparatur wird mit klinischen Beispielen erklärt und illustriert. Unterschiede zu anderen Gaumenverankerungen mit Miniimplantaten werden aufgezeigt.
Therapie von „Non-Respondern“ einer kardialen Resynchronisation
Authors: Demming Thomas , Sandrock Sarah , Bonnemeier Hendrik
Published: December 2018

Die kardiale Resynchronisationstherapie (CRT) ist ein etabliertes Verfahren in der Therapie der Herzinsuffizienz. Trotzdem liegt die Rate der Patienten, die nicht von dieser Therapie profitieren, je nach Studie um die 30%. Klinische Effekte der CRT-Therapie zeigen sich erst innerhalb mehrerer Monate nach der Implantation des Aggregats und können individuell verschieden stark ausgeprägt sein. Risikogruppen sollten in der Nachverfolgung besonders berücksichtigt werden. Bei Nonresponse sollte eine vollständige Evaluation des klinischen Status und eine Kontrolle des CRT-Aggregats erfolgen. Die Therapie der Nonresponse dient zunächst der Optimierung des biventrikulären Stimulationsanteils. Zudem ist die adäquate Programmierung der Zeitsteuerung unter echokardiografischer Kontrolle oder nicht invasiver Blutdruckmessung zielführend. Allerdings sind auch eine optimale Patientenauswahl, eine fachgerechte Implantation und eine individuelle Aggregatprogrammierung entscheidend für das Erreichen eines Therapieerfolgs.
The Forced Active Buckling Sign: A New Clinical Test for the Diagnosis of ACL Insufficiency
Authors: Blanke Fabian , Haenle Maximilian , Feitenhansl Andreas , Vogt Stephan , Camathias Carlo
Published: December 2018

Although insufficiency of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a frequent result of an injury, validated tests are associated with unsatisfying validity. Moreover, some of these tests are not easy to perform and patient's muscular resistance often limits their reliability. Therefore, with this study, we want to design an accurate test to diagnose an ACL insufficiency, which is independent of the assessor's skills and overcome any muscular resistance. Fifty patients with an isolated ACL rupture (group A; age 26.4 years ± 14.9 standard deviation [SD]; female, n = 15) and additional 50 patients with an intact ACL but meniscal lesions (group B; age 45.4 years ± 12.9 SD; female, n = 23) were consecutively included in this study. The integrity of the ACL and the menisci were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging and verified arthroscopically. Two orthopaedic surgeons performed a pivot shift test, a Lachman's test, and our new “forced active buckling” (FAB)-sign test in all patients. The surgeons were blinded for the pathology of the knee and we randomized the tests for each patient and examiner. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and positive and negative likelihood ratios with confidence intervals were calculated and compared. With a prevalence of 0.5, the FAB-sign test revealed the best overall sensitivity of 0.78 compared with the Lachman's and pivot shift tests of 0.74 and 0.46, respectively. Also, the overall specificity of the FAB-sign test of 0.95 was higher than the Lachman's test of 0.83, however, comparable to the pivot shift test of 0.96. The FAB-sign test demonstrated the best positive and negative predictive values of 0.94 and 0.81. There was no significant difference between the two examiners concerning the accuracy of results in each test (p = 0.83). This study shows that the introduced FAB-sign test can detect an ACL insufficiency more sensitive and more specific compared to the pivot shift and Lachman's tests in the subacute phase. This is a randomized controlled diagnostic study, level 1b.
Medial Tibial Slope Determined by Plain Radiography Is Not Associated with Primary or Recurrent Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears
Authors: Su Alvin W. , Bogunovic Ljiljana , Smith Matthew V. , Gortz Simon , Brophy Robert H. , Wright Rick W. , Matava Matthew J.
Published: December 2018

Increased tibial slope may be associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, although potential confounding effects from various patient characteristics and radiographic quantification methods have not been rigorously studied. The association of the slope of the lateral plateau with recurrent ACL injury after primary ACL reconstruction has recently been reported, but the role of medial slope is less well defined. The purpose of this study was to (1) assess medial tibial slope measurement reliability among examiners, (2) compare medial tibial slope values between patients undergoing primary ACL reconstruction, reinjured patients undergoing revision ACL reconstruction, and a control cohort with an intact ACL, (3) analyze if the medial tibial slope is an independent risk factor for noncontact ACL injury, and (4) assess how different anatomical references affect medial tibial slope values. A total of 206 patients were enrolled into one of three groups: (1) ACL-intact controls (CONTROL, n = 83), (2) first-time ACL-injured patients (PRIMARY, n = 77), and (3) patients undergoing revision ACL reconstruction (REVISION, n = 46). Three fellowship-trained sports medicine surgeons performed repeated measurements of plain lateral radiographs. The medial tibial slope was determined by three anatomical references: anterior tibial cortex (anterior tibial slope [ATS]), posterior tibial cortex (posterior tibial slope [PTS]), and the anatomical long axis of the tibia (composite tibial slope [CTS]). Substantial intra- and interobserver reliabilities were established by the intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.73 to 0.89. There was no difference in CTS, ATS, or PTS comparing the CONTROL, PRIMARY, and REVISION groups upon univariate analyses. Multivariable logistic regression model showed that none of the slope values was independently associated with ACL injury. The mean ATS for all 206 subjects was 4 and 8 degrees greater than the mean CTS and PTS, respectively. ATS correlated only moderately to PTS. We concluded that medial tibial slope measured on radiographs is not associated with primary or recurrent ACL injury, and has substantial variation and suboptimal correlation when using different anatomical references despite good inter- and intraobserver reliabilities.
Patterns of Preterm Birth among Women of Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander Descent
Authors: Altman Molly R. , Baer Rebecca J. , Jelliffe-Pawlowski Laura L.
Published: December 2018

Objective To describe the characteristics and risk factors for preterm birth in Hawaiian and Pacific Islander women.

Study Design Retrospective cohort study of 10,470 women of Hawaiian or Pacific Islander descent drawn from a population-based birth cohort dataset in California. Variables were examined across preterm birth subtype (spontaneous, provider initiated) and by gestational age grouping (early preterm birth and late preterm birth) and all preterm births.

Results Hawaiian/Pacific Islander women were at higher risk for preterm birth when they had fewer than three prenatal visits; were underweight, reported tobacco, alcohol, or illicit drugs use in pregnancy; had a diagnosis of anemia, gestational diabetes, preexisting diabetes, or hypertension with or without pre-eclampsia; or had a history of previous preterm birth. Obesity was found to be protective for preterm birth.

Conclusion Women of Hawaiian and Pacific Islander descent demonstrate a similar yet unique constellation of risk and protective factors for preterm birth as compared with other groups at high risk for preterm birth. Interventions aimed to prevent preterm birth need to support the specific needs of this population.
Effect of Tibial Component Alignment and Posterior Slope on Tibial Coverage in a Chinese Population: A Three-dimensional Anthropometric Study
Authors: Shao Long , Wang Ting , Liao Junyi , Xu Wei , Liang Xi , Huang Wei
Published: December 2018

The standard for rotational alignment and posterior slope of the tibial component in total knee arthroplasty remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of tibial component alignment and posterior slope on tibial coverage. Computer tomographic scans of 101 tibial specimens were used to reconstruct three-dimensional tibia models. A virtual surgery was performed to generate a resection plane with different posterior slopes on the proximal tibia. Symmetrical and anatomical tibial components were placed aligning to the medial one-third of tibial tubercle (Insall) and the medial edge of patella tendon (Akagi), respectively. Differences in coverage and mismatch were evaluated and statistically compared across alignments, slope angles, and genders. The tibial coverage increased from 83.21 to 85.96% for Akagi's alignments and from 85.19 to 87.22% for Insall alignments along with the increasing of posterior slope from 0 to 7 degrees. Regardless of the prosthesis design, there was a significant difference between two rotational alignments as the Insall alignment was significantly higher in tibial coverage. With a slope of 7 degrees, more overhang along with less underhang anteromedially were found in males compared with females. The current anatomical tibial design has a tendency of overhang in the anteromedial zone which does not exist in the symmetrical design. The current tibial baseplate design has better tibial coverage when aligning to the medial third of tibial tuberosity with slopes of 5 and 7 degrees. Gender difference should be taken into account and given priority for prosthesis design.
Response to Medical Nutritional Therapy and Need for Pharmacological Therapy in Women with Gestational Diabetes
Authors: Feghali Maisa N. , Abebe Kaleab Z. , Comer Diane M. , Caritis Steve , Catov Janet M. , Scifres Christina M.
Published: December 2018

Objective We assessed if the initial response to medical nutritional therapy (MNT) can help predict the need for pharmacological therapy in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Study Design We identified 1,174 women with GDM who underwent standardized dietary counseling and reported glucose values from the first week of MNT. We compared women who required pharmacological therapy with those who did not use bivariate statistics, and used multivariable logistic regression modeling to assess for factors predicting the need for pharmacological therapy.

Results We identified 819 women (69.8%) who needed pharmacological therapy. They had higher prepregnancy body mass index, higher rates of GDM diagnosis before 24 weeks, and higher oral glucose tolerance test values. After adjustment for covariates, age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.08), obesity (OR: 2.49; 95% CI: 1.70–3.66), and ≥33% of abnormal glucose values from the first week of MNT (OR: 13.84; 95% CI: 9.4–20.20) were associated with the need for pharmacological therapy. Area under the curve of the regression model was 0.83, with a sensitivity of 72.2%, a specificity of 86.8%, and a positive predictive value of 92.5%.

Conclusion Glucose values from the first week of MNT were the strongest predictor of needing pharmacological therapy. Further studies are needed to define metabolic predictors of response to MNT in women with GDM.
Breaking Barriers for Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow in Chiari Malformation Type I: “What and How Much Is Enough?” A Retrospective Analysis of 74 Cases
Authors: Jaiswal Manish , Patil Amit , Mittal Radhey
Published: December 2018

Introduction: Chiari malformation type I is a collection of hindbrain abnormalities, for which natural history of the disease process is not clear. The challenge is to identify which patients will benefit most from posterior fossa decompression.

Objectives: To identify important surgical implications that most likely benefit patients with Chiari malformation type I by analyzing and reviewing various operative interventions in these patients with appropriate symptoms and then following their course.

Subjects & Methods: Retrospective analysis of 74 operated Chiari malformation type I with syrinx adult patients was done.

Results: No definite pattern of progression in natural history of disease was noted. Most of the patients who were symptomatically stable for months to years presented with recent rapid progression. The most common symptom was suboccipital pain. The most common finding was lower extremity weakness. On clinical presentation basis, patients were divided into three categories: foramen magnum compression syndrome, central cord syndrome, and cerebellar syndrome. Most patients in our study fall in first category. Foramen magnum decompression with atlas posterior arch removal and sometimes partial C2 laminectomy depending on extent of tonsillar descent as well as augmentation duraplasty was done in most patients. Improvement was seen in foramen magnum compression syndrome group more significantly.

Conclusions: Individualized surgical techniques for breaking the barriers of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow in Chiari malformation type I with syrinx to restore normal CSF dynamics across craniocervical junction provide the pragmatic solution. The trend is toward balance between optimum wide decompression as compared with long craniocaudal decompression and preserving normal integrity.
Anomalous Origin of the Vertebral Artery
Authors: Shinohara André , Sangalette Beatriz , Silva Mateus , Rinaldi Laís , Souza Juliane , Buchaim Rogério , Andreo Jesus , Amaral Sandra , Toledo Gustavo
Published: December 2018

Introduction The present article presents a rare case of variation of the left vertebral artery, which originated from the aortic arch, between the common carotid artery and the subclavian artery, although classic descriptions of the vertebral artery indicate its origin at the subclavian artery, where it penetrates the foramen transverse and ascends cervically to the foramen magnum.

Case presentation The anatomical peculiarity of the vertebral artery is evidenced. The origin of the vertebral artery was identified directly from the aortic arch in a dissected human specimen.

Conclusion In view of the numerous surgical procedures performed in this area, the clear understanding of its topographic layout is indispensable, and might change surgical procedures performed in the region.
Racial Differences in Disease Presentation and Management of Intracranial Meningioma
Authors: Anzalone C. Lane , Glasgow Amy E. , Van Gompel Jamie J. , Carlson Matthew L.
Published: December 2018

Objective/Hypothesis The aim of the study was to determine the impact of race on disease presentation and treatment of intracranial meningioma in the United States.

Study Design This study comprised of the analysis of a national population-based tumor registry.

Methods Analysis of the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) database was performed, including all patients identified with a diagnosis of intracranial meningioma. Associations between race, disease presentation, treatment strategy, and overall survival were analyzed in a univariate and multivariable model.

Results A total of 65,973 patients with intracranial meningiomas were identified. Of these, 45,251 (68.6%) claimed white, 7,796 (12%) black, 7,154 (11%) Hispanic, 4,902 (7%) Asian, and 870 (1%) patients reported “other-unspecified” or “other-unknown.” The median annual incidence of disease was lowest among black (3.43 per 100,000 persons) and highest among white (9.52 per 100,000 persons) populations (p < 0.001). Overall, Hispanic patients were diagnosed at the youngest age and white patients were diagnosed at the oldest age (mean of 59 vs. 66 years, respectively; p < 0.001). Compared with white populations, black, Hispanic, and Asian populations were more likely to present with larger tumors (p < 0.001). After controlling for tumor size, age, and treatment center in a multivariable model, Hispanic patients were more likely to undergo surgery than white, black, and Asian populations. Black populations had the poorest disease specific and overall survival rates at 5 years following surgery compared with other groups.

Conclusion Racial differences among patients with intracranial meningioma exist within the United States. Understanding these differences are of vital importance toward identifying potential differences in the biological basis of disease or alternatively inequalities in healthcare delivery or access Further studies are required to determine which factors drive differences in tumor size, age, annual disease incidence, and overall survival between races.
Biotin–Thiamine Responsive Basal Ganglia Disease: A Treatable Metabolic Encephalopathy—Not to Be Missed!
Authors: Nemani Tarishi , Mehta Puja , Udwadia-Hegde Anaita
Published: December 2018

Biotin–thiamine responsive basal ganglia disease (BTBGD) is an autosomal recessive neurometabolic disorder, characterized by encephalopathy, extrapyramidal signs following mild infection, trauma or surgery and is potentially reversible with treatment. We describe a 15-month-old female child of Indian-Muslim origin with characteristic clinical and radiological features of BTBGD that showed complete resolution with treatment. A comparison with previously reported cases reveals a different mutation (exon 2 vs. exon 5 in middle east cases) in the SLC19A3 gene that could be specific for the Indian subcontinent. We also emphasize the importance of a trial of vitamins in patients with acute metabolic encephalopathy.
Stochastic diffusion framework determines the free-energy landscape and rate from single-molecule trajectory
Authors: de Oliveira Ronaldo Junio
Published: December 2018

A theoretical stochastic diffusion framework is developed that characterizes the position-dependent diffusion coefficient [D(Q)] and drift velocity [v(Q)] by analysing single-molecule time traces [Q(t)]. The free-energy landscape [F(Q)] that governs the dynamics is reconstructed with the calculated D and v. There are many computational tools that perform this task in which some are computationaly demanding, difficult to run, and, most of the time, not directly available to the community. This is a first attempt to implement the simplified stochastic diffusion framework that is fast, easy to run in a Python environment, and available to be extended as needed. It does not require adjustable parameters, inference methods, or sampling bias such as Monte Carlo Bayesian estimators or umbrella samplings. The stochastic framework was applied in the protein-like lattice model with Monte Carlo simulations, which accurately predicted the folding rates with the coordinate-dependent D and F plugged into Kramers’ theory. The results were compared with two other independently developed methodologies (the Bayesian analysis and fep1D algorithm) presenting a good match, which confirms its validity. This theoretical framework might be useful in determining the free-energy and rates by providing time series only from biological or condensed-phase systems. The code is freely available at https://github.com/ronaldolab/stochastic_diffusion.
Probing the electric field-induced doping mechanism in YBa2Cu3O7 using computed Cu K-edge x-ray absorption spectra
Authors: Poloni Roberta , Mariano A. Lorenzo , Prendergast David , Garcia-Barriocanal Javier
Published: December 2018

We recently demonstrated that the superconductor-to-insulator transition induced by ionic liquid gating of the high temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) is accompanied by a deoxygenation of the sample [A. M. Perez-Munoz et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 114, 215 (2017)]. Density functional theory calculations helped establish that the pronounced changes in the spectral features of the Cu K-edge absorption spectra measured in situ during the gating experiment arise from a decrease of the Cu coordination within the CuO chains. In this work, we provide a detailed analysis of the electronic structure origin of the changes in the spectra resulting from three different types of doping: (i) the formation of oxygen vacancies within the CuO chains, (ii) the formation of oxygen vacancies within the CuO2 planes, and (iii) the electrostatic doping. For each case, three stoichiometries are studied and compared to the stoichiometric YBa2Cu3O7, i.e., YBa2Cu3O6.75, YBa2Cu3O6.50, and YBa2Cu3O6.25. Computed vacancy formation energies further support the chain-vacancy mechanism. In the case of doping by vacancies within the chains, we study the effect of oxygen ordering on the spectral features and we clarify the connection between the polarization of the x-rays and this doping mechanism. Finally, the inclusion of the Hubbard U correction on the computed spectra for antiferromagnetic YBa2Cu3O6.25 is discussed.
Enzyme functioning: Along the lines of nonequilibrium phase transitions
Authors: Christophorov Leonid N.
Published: December 2018

In recent decades the mechanisms of regulation of enzyme activity attract growing attention. Even the cornerstone schemes and notions of enzymology, such as the Michaelis-Menten scheme or cooperativity, undergo permanent refinements and revisions. Theoretical interpretations of new data, however, remain within the standard chemical kinetics framework. Although this admits qualitative explanations of some significant regulation phenomena like performance of ‘hysteretic’ enzymes, many characteristic features of enzymatic reactions (essentially nonexponential kinetics, dependence of rate constants on substrate concentration, and others) can hardly be accommodated. On the other hand, the inherent factors of enzyme functioning – flux conditions, slow structural changeability, nonlinear feedback between fast reaction acts and slow conformational rearrangements – provide a natural basis for self-organization phenomena. While their typical manifestations are related to macroscopic systems, the enzyme functioning can serve as an example of self-organization on the lowest possible level, down to single molecules. We put forward this concept of dynamical molecular self-organization in early 90’s and then developed its theoretical and experimental substantiations with the example of primary reactions of photosynthesis. In this work, I apply it to the Michaelis-Menten scheme. Within this paradigm, suitable for either ensemble or single molecule conditions, the stable functional regimes of enzyme operation emerge and interchange/coexist due to analogues of nonequilibrium phase transitions determined by the strength of substrate-conformation interaction and controlled by substrate concentration. In particular, the phenomena like ‘monomeric cooperativity’ or self-inhibition naturally follow from even the simplest two-state model of an enzyme with an only binding site.
Simulation of shock initiation in explosives using a model combining high computational efficiency with a free choice of mixture rules
Authors: Miao Feichao , Zhou Lin , Zhang Xiangrong , Cao Tongtang
Published: December 2018

Models for shock initiation in explosives must consider how energy transfers from products to reactants. This is based on different energy-apportionment assumptions, which affect the results for shock initiation. This study proposes a robust model of shock initiation in explosives using a free choice of energy-apportionment assumptions. The reacting explosive is treated as a mixture of reactants and products under different energy-apportionment assumptions. The equations of state of the mixture are efficiently solved by refining the Cochran–Chan concept of the real volume fraction and introducing a real energy fraction term. The validity, efficiency, and universality of the proposed model are verified in one-dimensional numerical simulations of the shock initiation of homogeneous (nitromethane) and heterogeneous (PBX 9404) explosives. Compared to the conventional Cochran–Chan and Johnson–Tang–Forest models, the proposed model has a better balance of computational efficiency and universality.
Anomalous Hall magnetoresistance in metastable antiferromagnetic FeMn
Authors: Lang L. L. , Zhou S. M. , Fan W. J. , Qiu X. P.
Published: December 2018

Anomalous Hall magnetoresistance (AHMR) in single ferromagnetic layers arises from anomalous Hall effect induced spin current and its backflow. Here, we have studied the correlation between AHMR and weak ferromagnetism as well as the antiferromagnetic property in metastable FeMn layers. The ferromagnetic and the antiferromagnetic properties are tuned by the FeMn microstructure through varying the Cu buffer layer thickness. With increasing Cu thickness, both the anomalous Hall angle and the AHMR are suppressed as the content of the parasitic ferromagnet becomes low and the antiferromagnetic order strengthens in FeMn. The exchange bias in Co/FeMn further evidences the evolution of FeMn properties with Cu buffer layer thickness. Our results are in agreement with the theoretical prediction of the AHMR and help the understanding of spin current related phenomena in metastable antiferromagnetic materials.
Expression of sugarcane genes associated with perception of photoperiod and floral induction reveals cycling over a 24-hour period
Authors: Glassop Donna , Rae Anne L.
Published: December 2018

The genetic network resulting in the production of an inflorescence is complex, involving one or more pathways including the photoperiod, maturity, gibberellin and autonomous pathways, and induction and repression of genes along the pathways. Understanding the cyclic expression profile of genes involved with photoperiod perception and floral pathway induction in sugarcane, an intermediate–short day plant (ISD), is crucial for identifying key genes and understanding how the profile changes in response to floral induction signals under decreasing daylengths. Homologues of 21 genes, and some gene alleles, associated with photoperiod perception and the flower induction pathway were examined in sugarcane variety Q174 over a 24-h light-dark cycle. The strongest expression of these genes was seen in the immature spindle leaves and levels of expression generally decreased with increasing leaf age. Significant changes in gene expression levels during a 24-h cycle were observed for 16 of the 21 genes tested. We have now defined an important baseline for expression patterns over a 24-h cycle in non-inductive conditions in sugarcane. These results can be utilised to select the optimal time for detecting changes during floral induction, differences between varieties that are responsive/non-responsive to photoperiod induction, and to identify genes that may be manipulated to enhance or inhibit flowering.
Halal tourism: insights from experts in the field.
Authors: Vargas-Sánchez A. , Moral-Moral M.
Published: December 2018

This chapter first presents a synthesis of current research on Halal tourism using a small-scale meta-analysis of previous literature. It then presents findings of a study that was designed to provide insights into Halal tourism from the point of view of tourism experts with a special focus on the importance and offering of Halal tourism in Spain.
Religious practices and performance in Syrian Shi'ite religious tourism.
Authors: Yasuda S.
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines the function of religious practices in contemporary religious tourism by introducing a performance approach in tourism studies, using Syrian Shi'ite religious tourism as the case study. Specifically, the characteristics of religious practices and the shared common sense among stakeholders in religious practices are discussed. The data discussed in this chapter is based on a literature review and a field research in the town of al-Sayyedah Zeinab and other Shi'ite religious places in Syria from 2007 to 2011.
Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Chickenpox Vaccination and Risk of Herpes Zoster: A Quantitative View on the “Exogenous Boosting Hypothesis”
Authors: Harder Thomas , Siedler Anette
Published: December 2018

Background

The “exogenous boosting hypothesis” postulates that reexposure to circulating varicella zoster virus (VZV) over the life span inhibits reactivation of VZV. Consequently, if circulation of VZV is suppressed by introduction of chickenpox vaccination, incidences of herpes zoster may rise.

Methods

We performed a systematic review and metaanalysis on impact of chickenpox vaccination on herpes zoster incidence and time trend, focusing on population-level effects by analyzing interrupted time-series (ITS) studies. We searched Medline and Embase for ITS reporting incidences of chickenpox and herpes zoster before and after implementation of chickenpox vaccination. Autoregressive integrated moving average models were calculated. Change in trend and incidence from studies were pooled.

Results

Twelve studies were included, of which 6 were eligible for metaanalysis. Metaanalysis revealed a significant increase in chickenpox cases prior to implementation of chickenpox vaccination and a reversed trend thereafter, particularly in individuals aged 1–4 years. The increase in age-adjusted herpes zoster incidence before implementation of chickenpox vaccination did not change thereafter. However, separate analysis of age groups revealed a net increase of hospitalized herpes zoster cases in individuals aged 10–49 years after implementation of chickenpox vaccination. This very small effect (fewer than 2 additional cases per 100 000 persons) did not occur in other age groups.

Conclusions

To date, no conclusive evidence exists that chickenpox vaccination has a substantial population-level impact on herpes zoster in nonvaccinated age groups. While exogenous boosting may exist, the effect size generated by chickenpox vaccination might be rather small on the population level.
Community participation in health research: an ethnography from rural Swaziland
Authors: Brear Michelle R , Hammarberg Karin , Fisher Jane
Published: December 2018

Community participation in all aspects of health research is widely advocated. However, there is a lack of specificity in reporting what community members actually do, and reported participation is typically limited to discrete research activities. Greater specificity in reporting has potential to clarify how community participation might occur and how it might influence empowerment and research rigour. We conducted an ethnographic study of participatory health research (PHR) in a socio-economically marginalized rural Swazi community. Data about 10 community co-researchers’ participation in research workshops and field work were collected through participant observation over 14 months and analysed using directed content analysis, informed by the Comprehensive Community Participation in Research Framework (CCPRF). The analysis demonstrated that facilitating extensive community participation in PHR is feasible and identified 10 new research process activities in which community members might participate, for inclusion in an expanded CCPRF. We provide examples of how community members might participate in 57/59 expanded CCPRF activities and show that participatory, dialogue-based activities can be effective tools for facilitating research participation in ways that empower individual co-researchers and enhance research rigour. However, our results highlight limitations of community participation related to utilizing research results to inform actions, and empowering communities to control their environments and improve their health.
Phylogenetic Methods Inconsistently Predict the Direction of HIV Transmission Among Heterosexual Pairs in the HPTN 052 Cohort
Authors: Rose Rebecca , Hall Matthew , Redd Andrew D , Lamers Susanna , Barbier Andrew E , Porcella Stephen F , Hudelson Sarah E , Piwowar-Manning Estelle , McCauley Marybeth , Gamble Theresa , Wilson Ethan A , Kumwenda Johnstone , Hosseinipour Mina C , Hakim James G , Kumarasamy Nagalingeswaran , Chariyalertsak Suwat , Pilotto Jose H , Grinsztejn Beatriz , Mills Lisa A , Makhema Joseph , Santos Breno R , Chen Ying Q , Quinn Thomas C , Fraser Christophe , Cohen Myron S , Eshleman Susan H , Laeyendecker Oliver
Published: December 2018

Background

We evaluated use of phylogenetic methods to predict the direction of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission.

Methods

For 33 pairs of HIV-infected patients (hereafter, “index patients”) and their partners who acquired genetically linked HIV infection during the study, samples were collected from partners and index patients close to the time when the partner seroconverted (hereafter, “SC samples”); for 31 pairs, samples collected from the index patient at an earlier time point (hereafter, “early index samples”) were also available. Phylogenies were inferred using env next-generation sequences (1 tree per pair/subtype). The direction of transmission (DoT) predicted from each tree was classified as correct or incorrect on the basis of which sequences (those from the index patient or the partner) were closest to the root. DoT was also assessed using maximum parsimony to infer ancestral node states for 100 bootstrap trees.

Results

DoT was predicted correctly for both single-pair and subtype-specific trees in 22 pairs (67%) by using SC samples and in 23 pairs (74%) by using early index samples. DoT was predicted incorrectly for 4 pairs (15%) by using SC or early index samples. In the bootstrap analysis, DoT was predicted correctly for 18 pairs (55%) by using SC samples and for 24 pairs (73%) by using early index samples. DoT was predicted incorrectly for 7 pairs (21%) by using SC samples and for 4 pairs (13%) by using early index samples.

Conclusions

Phylogenetic methods based solely on the tree topology of HIV env sequences, particularly without consideration of phylogenetic uncertainty, may be insufficient for determining DoT.
Population-Centric Counterinsurgency in the Age of Salafi-Driven Insurgencies
Authors: Eke Surulola
Published: December 2018

This article explores the relevance of the dominant, population-centered, counterinsurgency doctrine in an era dominated by Salafi-inspired state challengers. Building on Weinstein's (2007) argument, I argue that an insurgent group's emergent nature, shaped by its origin, affects how it will operate and the kind of strategy most likely to defeat it. I investigate the plausibility of my claims through an examination of Boko Haram. I demonstrate the disconnect between Boko Haram's Salafi ideology and its objective of establishing a caliphate, on the one hand, and the strategy of dialogue and socioeconomic reforms to end the insurgency, on the other. In light of this disjuncture, I argue that the key to Boko Haram's defeat lies in the mobilization of international military and intelligence resources to strengthen the Nigerian government's enemy-centered counterinsurgency operation against the group.
Bureaucracy, Community, and Land: The Resettlement of Meos in Mewat, 1949–50
Authors: Ankit Rakesh
Published: December 2018

This article documents in detail hitherto unavailable what Shail Mayaram called an “onslaught by the modern bureaucracy of the postcolonial state” on the liminally placed Meo community in the Mewat region, comprising the former princely states of Alwar and Bharatpur and the Gurgaon district of the former province of East Punjab. A people well-described as “in-between Hinduism and Islam,” the Meo community found itself, at a time of “two-nation” theory and consequent “partition politics,” a misfit. This article begins in 1949, when existing accounts of the story of the Meos end and traces the fraught process of their reterritorialization on their own land, now part of a partitioned nation state. Given the current ascendant culturally nationalist Indian state and society, it represents the Mewat of 1949–50 as a community lab of the early Indian nation state; tests its claims of parity, equality, and freedom; and provides a “prehistory” of the contemporary violence there.