bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In vivo and in vitro activity of venom from the endoparasitic wasp Pimpla turionellae (L.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Ergin Ekrem , Uçkan Fevzi , Rivers David B. , Sak Olga
Published: January 2006

The biological activity of venom from Pimpla turionellae L. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was examined in vivo toward larvae and pupae of Galleriae mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and in vitro toward bacterial and fungal cultures, as well as cultured insect cells. Pupae of G. mellonella were far more susceptible to the venom than larvae. At low doses of venom [0.1 venom reservoir equivalents (VRE)], pupal abdominal mobility was inhibited within 30 min, and by 24 h, all pupae injected with venom concentrations >0.5 VRE were completely paralyzed. These same doses of venom resulted in an inhibition of adult emergence. Host larvae were far less sensitive to wasp venom as evidenced by all venom injected larvae remaining responsive to mechanical stimulation by 1 h post injection, even at concentrations equivalent to 1 venom reservoir. Eventually (>2 h at 25°C), venom‐injected larvae became immobile, then flaccid, and all died within 24 h post‐injection. At lower concentrations of wasp venom, the onset of paralysis was delayed by comparison to that evoked by 1 VRE, and few host larvae were able to pupate. Development of host larvae to adult emergence was also reduced in a dose‐dependent manner, with eclosion completely prevented at high concentrations (>0.5 VRE) of venom. Venom doses <0.5 VRE did not appear to induce paralysis or alter larval development. When venom was incubated with bacterial or fungal cultures, no antimicrobial activity was detected. However, wasp venom was found to be cytotoxic and cytolytic to cultured cells derived from the cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culcidae). Though both cell types displayed similar susceptibility in terms of LC50s, the lepidopteran cells responded much more rapidly with regard to the onset of morphological changes and the timing of cell death. A possible mode of action for the venom is discussed. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 61:87–97, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of methyl farnesoate from in vitro culture of the retrocerebral complex of adult females of the moth, Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its conversion to juvenile hormone III
Authors: Teal P.E.A. , Proveaux A.T.
Published: January 2006

Gas chromatographic‐mass spectral analysis of extracts obtained from in vitro culture of isolated retrocerebral complexes obtained from adult females of the moth Heliothis virescens resulted in identification of methyl farnesoate as well as juvenile hormone III (JH III) but not JH III acid. Inhibition of JH biosynthesis by incubation of tissue in synthetic Manduca sexta allatostatin (Manse‐AST, pGlu‐Val‐Arg‐Phe‐Arg‐Gln‐Cys‐Tyr‐Phe‐Asn‐Pro‐Ile‐Ser‐Cys‐Phe‐COOH) reduced production of these chemicals to negligible levels. However, incubation of tissue in the presence of Manse‐AST plus farnesol resulted in production of significant amounts of both methyl farnesoate and JH III. Tissue incubated in the presence of Manse‐AST plus methyl farnesoate produced only JH III. The results indicated that methyl farnesoate is naturally produced by the corpora allata of adult females of Heliothis virescens. However, tissue incubated in the presence of Manse‐AST plus JH III acid also produced JH III in amounts equivalent to that produced by tissue incubated with methyl farnesoate. Thus, both methyl farnesoate and JH III acid could serve as a precursor for biosynthesis of JH III. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 61:98–105, 2006. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Weak redshift discretisation in the Local Group of galaxies?
Authors: Godłowski W. , Bajan K. , Flin P.
Published: January 2006

We discuss the distribution of radial velocities of galaxies belonging to the Local Group. Two independent samples of galaxies as well as several methods of reduction from the heliocentric to the galactocentric radial velocities are explored. We applied the power spectrum analysis using the Hann function as a weighting method, together with the jackknife error estimation. We performed a detailed analysis of this approach. The distribution of galaxy redshifts seems to be non‐random. An excess of galaxies with radial velocities of ∼24 km s–1 and ∼36 km s–1 is detected, but the effect is statistically weak. Only one peak for radial velocities of ∼24 km s–1 seems to be confirmed at the confidence level of 95%. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A statistical analysis of sunspot groups hosting M and X flares
Authors: Ternullo M. , Contarino L. , Romano P. , Zuccarello F.
Published: January 2006

In this paper we present the results obtained from a statistical analysis carried out by correlating sunspot‐group data collected at the INAF‐Catania Astrophysical Observatory and in the NOAA reports with data on Mand X flares obtained by the GOES‐8 satellite in the soft X‐ray range during the period January 1996–June 2003. These results allow us to provide a quantitative estimate of the parameters typical for an active region with very energetic flares. Moreover, the analysis of the flare productivity as a function of the group evolutionary stage indicates that the flaring probability of sunspots slightly increases with the spot age during the first passage across the solar disk, and that flaring groups are characterized by longer lifetimes than non‐flaring ones. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Filling factors and scale heights of the diffuse ionized gas in the Milky Way
Authors: Berkhuijsen E. M. , Mitra D. , Müller P.
Published: January 2006

The combination of dispersion measures of pulsars, distances from the model of Cordes & Lazio (2002) and emission measures from the WHAM survey enabled a statistical study of electron densities and filling factors of the diffuse ionized gas (DIG) in the Milky Way. The emission measures were corrected for absorption and contributions from beyond the pulsar distance. For a sample of 157 pulsars at |b | > 5. and 60° < ℓ < 360°, located in mainly interarm regions within about 3 kpc from the Sun, we find that: (1) The average volume filling factor along the line of sight $ \bar f _{\rm v} $ and the mean density in ionized clouds $ \bar n _{\rm c} $ are inversely correlated: $ \bar f _{\rm v} $($ \bar n _{\rm c} $) = (0.0184 ± 0.0011)$ \bar n _{\rm c} $–1.07 ± 0.03 for the ranges 0.03 < $ \bar n _{\rm c} $ < 2 cm–3 and 0.8 > $ \bar f _{\rm v} $ > 0.01. This relationship is very tight. The inverse correlation of $ \bar f _{\rm v} $ and $ \bar n _{\rm c} $ causes the well‐known constancy of the average electron density along the line of sight. As $ \bar f _{\rm v} $(z ) increases with distance from the Galactic plane |z |, the average size of the ionized clouds increases with |z |. (2) For |z| < 0.9 kpc the local density in clouds n c(z ) and local filling factor f (z ) are inversely correlated because the local electron density n e(z ) = f (z )n c(z ) is constant. We suggest that f (z ) reaches a maximum value of >0.3 near |z | = 0.9 kpc, whereas n c(z ) continues to decrease to higher |z |, thus causing the observed flattening in the distribution of dispersion measures perpendicular to the Galactic plane above this height. (3) For |z | < 0.9 kpc the local distributions n c(z ), f (z ) and $ n _{\rm e}^{2} $(z ) have the same scale height which is in the range 250 < h ≲ 500 pc. (4) The average degree of ionization of the warm atomic gas $ \bar I _{\rm w} $(z ) increases towards higher |z | similarly to $ \bar f _{\rm v} $(z ). Towards |z | = 1 kpc, $ \bar f _{\rm v} $(z ) = 0.24 ± 0.05 and $ \bar I _{\rm w} $(z ) = 0.24 ± 0.02. Near |z | = 1 kpc most of the warm, atomic hydrogen is ionized. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stellar dynamo driven wind braking versus disc coupling
Authors: von Rekowski B. , Brandenburg A.
Published: January 2006

Star‐disc coupling is considered in numerical models where the stellar field is not an imposed perfect dipole, but instead a more irregular self‐adjusting dynamo‐generated field. Using axisymmetric simulations of the hydromagnetic mean‐field equations, it is shown that the resulting stellar field configuration is more complex, but significantly better suited for driving a stellar wind. In agreement with recent findings by a number of people, star‐disc coupling is less efficient in braking the star than previously thought. Moreover, stellar wind braking becomes equally important. In contrast to a perfect stellar dipole field, dynamo‐generated stellar fields favor field‐aligned accretion with considerably higher velocity at low latitudes, where the field is weaker and originating in the disc. Accretion is no longer nearly periodic (as it is in the case of a stellar dipole), but it is more irregular and episodic. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Naturschutz und Tourismus am Brocken. Der neue Nationalpark im Harz
Authors: Fester Thomas
Published: January 2006

Im Gebiet des Hochharzes verbindet sich eine schützenswerte Natur mit interessanten historischen und kulturgeschichtlichen Aspekten. Besonders schützenswert sind die zahlreichen Hochmoore der Region sowie der unmittelbare Gipfelbereich des Brockens. Der Gipfel beherbergt aufgrund seiner exponierten Lage und seines rauen Mikroklimas eine Reihe seltener, zum Teil endemischer Arten.

Durch massive menschliche Einflussnahme vor allem im Verlauf des 20. Jahrhunderts wurde die natürliche Flora und Fauna des Brockengipfels allerdings stark beeinträchtigt. Ähnliches gilt für die Wälder des Hochharzes, wobei die menschliche Einflussnahme hier wesentlich früher ansetzte. Der neu formierte Nationalpark Harz bietet die große Chance, das touristische Potenzial der Region für eine nachhaltige Öffentlichkeitsarbeit zu nutzen.
Der genetische Code im Wandel. Zwischen Evolution und Engineering
Authors: Weitze Marc‐Denis
Published: January 2006

Der genetische Code gilt bis auf wenige Ausnahmen in allen Organismen. Seine komplexe molekulare Maschinerie und seine Eigenschaften lassen es unwahrscheinlich erscheinen, dass er zufällig entstand und nicht selektiert wurde. Ähnliche Codons stehen für ähnliche Aminosäuren, so dass Mutationen oder Translationsfehler die codierten Proteine nicht stark verändern. Dies wird durch Computersimulationen bestätigt, die zudem Hinweise darauf geben, dass dieser Code besonders gut für die Doppelstrangcodierung geeignet ist.

Es sind RNA‐Welt‐Szenarien denkbar, die zur Entstehung des Codes geführt haben. Bei dem heutigen Code sind Änderungen zwar nicht mehr einfach, weil dann ein Großteil der codierten Information umgedeutet wird, aber Varianten des Codes in allen drei Organismenreichen deuten auf eine prinzipielle Wandelbarkeit des Codes hin. Die für die Code‐Veränderung vermuteten molekularen Mechanismen zeigen Parallelen zu Prozessen bei der künstlichen Code‐Veränderung, die etwa mit dem Ziel eines erweiterten Aminosäure‐Repertoires für Proteine in der Biotechnologie durchgeführt werden.
DNA‐Barcoding. Taxonomie des 21. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Brede Nora , Steinke Dirk
Published: January 2006

Das internationale “Consortium for the Barcode of Life” will ein standardisiertes DNA‐Fragment aller Organismenarten der Welt sequenzieren. Dieser “Barcode” soll dazu dienen, Arten schnell und eindeutig zu bestimmen. Ziel ist neben der Katalogisierung des Lebens auf unserem Planeten auch die Entwicklung eines handlichen Geräts, das in der Lage ist, kostengünstig kleine Proben eines Organismus einer Art zuzuordnen. Profitieren können von diesem Ansatz nicht nur die Grundlagenforschung, sondern auch gesellschaftliche und politische Institutionen. Zudem stellt DNA‐Barcoding einen sehr wichtigen Beitrag zur Beschreibung der Artenvielfalt dar, da es diesen Prozess stark beschleunigen kann.
Astronomie hilft bei der Identifizierung von Walhaien
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: January 2006

Der Walhai (Rhincodon typus), mit einer Länge von bis zu 15 Metern die größte lebende Fischart, zeichnet sich durch ein charakteristisches Muster von kleinen hellen Flecken auf dunklem Hintergrund aus – fast wie der Sternenhimmel in einer klaren Nacht, nur etwas regelmäßiger. Diese Ähnlichkeit hat jetzt Forscher dazu animiert, Methoden aus der Astronomie zur Identifizierung einzelner Walhaie zu verwenden.
25. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Protozoologie
Authors: Hausmann Klaus
Published: January 2006

Die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Protozoologie e.V. besteht seit einem Vierteljahrhundert und begeht im März 2006 ihre 25. Jahrestagung in Form eines Jubiläums unter dem Leitgedanken “Protist Diversity: Past, Present and Future”.
Geschuppte Giftmischer
Authors: Wendler Silke
Published: January 2006

Neben den Schlangen waren nur zwei Krustenechsenarten (Heloderma suspectum und Heloderma horridum) bekannt, die Giftdrüsen im Mund besitzen. Bislang wurde angenommen, dass sich die Giftdrüsen der Echsen unabhängig von denen der Schlangen entwickelt haben. Umso überraschender ist, dass auch weitere Echsen über echte Toxine verfügen.
Prehospital administration of enoxaparin before primary angioplasty for ST‐elevation acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Labèque Jean Noël , Jaïs Catherine , Dubos Olivier , Denard Maializ , Berhouet Marianne , Leroux Lionel , Laplace Guillaume , Vergnes Christine , Pradeau Catherine , Thicoïpe Michel , Santos Pierre Dos , Coste Pierre
Published: January 2006

We hypothesized that primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) could be performed with prehospital injections of enoxaparin for ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Enoxaparin has been studied in combination with fibrinolysis in STEMI, but has not been evaluated as anticoagulant regimen for primary PCI. In a prospective registry, 143 consecutive patients with STEMI received prehospital 0.5 mg/kg intravenous (IV) bolus followed by 1 mg/kg subcutaneous enoxaparin before immediate transport for PCI. We focused on anti‐Xa activities before and after PCI, bleedings, infarct‐related artery patency, and major adverse cardiac events at day 30. Anti‐Xa activity was at the target level (>0.5 IU/ml) in 99% of patients during PCI, and in 100% 4 hr after injections; over‐anticoagulation (>1.5 IU/ml) was noted in 9 and 2%, respectively at start and 4 hr after injections. Bleeding complications with enoxaparin were rare : major in 1.4% (no intracranial hemorrhages), minor in 2.1%. A patent infarct‐related artery (TIMI 2 + 3) was observed in 40.6% of the patients before PCI. TIMI 3 flow was obtained in 88.1% of the cases after PCI. Major adverse cardiac events at 30 days occurred in 5.6 % of cases: death 2.8%, reinfarction 3.5%, and target lesion revascularisation 3.5%. Prehospital IV and subcutaneous enoxaparin provides simple and rapid anticoagulation for PCI in STEMI patients. Enoxaparin dose needs to be reduced regarding the 9% of over‐anticoagulation. This study suggests the potential of enoxaparin as an alternative anticoagulant regimen for primary PCI. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Percutaneous closure of atrial septal defect type ostium secundum using the new Intrasept occluder: Initial experience
Authors: Goy J.J. , Stauffer J.C. , Yusoff Z. , Wong A.R. , Owlya R. , Perret F. , Siegenthaler M. , Savcic M. , Ménétrey R. , Seydoux C.
Published: January 2006

We report the first experience obtained with the new Intrasept device. We attempted to treat 35 patients with a mean age of 43 ± 21 years. The mean size of the defect was 17/15 mm. It was successfully closed in 31 patients. In the remaining four the device could not be stabilized because of excessive defect size. A small residual shunt was present immediately following implantation in three patients. No complications occurred during the procedure and at 6 months, 31 patients had an uneventful outcome. Only one patient had a small residual shunt. No thrombus, embolization, or device fracture was documented during a mean follow‐up of 17 ± 11 months. Percutaneous closure of ASD ostium secundum is feasible with the Intrasept device with a high success rate and very good medium‐term outcome. Our initial experience and results were excellent with small to medium size defects, however, large defects (>20 mm) remain challenging. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The impact of interventional cardiology for the management of adults with congenital heart defects
Authors: Chessa Massimo , Carrozza Marianna , Butera Gianfranco , Negura Diana , Piazza Luciane , Giamberti Alessandro , Feslova Vasta , Bossone Edoardo , Vigna Carlo , Carminati Mario
Published: January 2006

The objective of this study is to assess the impact of interventional cardiology procedures for the management of ACHD. The interventional approach to the management of CHD in the adult population is becoming increasingly recognized as the preferred treatment option for a wide number of congenital cardiac conditions. The files of all consecutive patients over 18 years of age who were hospitalized in our department from January 2000 to December 2004 were reviewed. Over the study period, 1,115 ACHD (583 women; mean age 41 ± 13.8, years, range 18–72 years) were hospitalized in our department; 752 patients underwent cardiac catheterization and 82.4% of them had an interventional procedure carried out. ASD (329/620) and PFO (159/620) closure account for 78% of all the procedures carried out, with a 2.7% of major complications incidence (all of them closing ASDs). Other procedures such as stenting aortic coarctation (40/620), ventricular septal defect closure (33/620), patent ductus arteriosus embolization (30/620), pulmonary valvuloplasty (12/620), stenting pulmonary artery branches (8/620), etc (5/620) were carried out. The most important complication was one death, which occurred in the case of a 22‐year‐old woman after stent implantation for a recurrent aortic coarctation. A trivial residual shunt was detected in only 5% of the patients who had a 6‐month follow‐up after VSD closure; no residual shunt was found after PDA embolization during the 12‐month follow‐up. In conclusion, we believe that the interventional approach is a safe and successful treatment option for a wide number of congenital cardiac conditions. The increasing use of catheter interventions for these patients will be responsible for an increase of complex cases in surgery. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of extended inverse scatter correction to mid‐infrared reflectance spectra of soil
Authors: Gallagher Neal B. , Blake Thomas A. , Gassman Paul L.
Published: January 2006

Scattering artifacts adversely affect infrared reflectance measurements of powders and soils, and extended inverse scatter correction (EISC) is a flexible method useful for correcting these artifacts. EISC was used to correct mid‐infrared reflectance spectra of two different soils coated with dibutyl phosphate and the results were examined using regression analysis. To obtain the correction, EISC fits a measured spectrum to a reference spectrum. However, if measured spectra contain features not included in the reference spectrum the fit can be biased resulting in poor correction. Weighted and robust least squares were used to account for these potential biases. Additionally, the present work demonstrates how analyte‐free samples can be used to determine basis functions for an extended mixture model used in the correction. Corrected spectra resulted in partial least squares models that performed at least as well as 2nd derivative spectra and were more interpretable. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling of batch reactions with in situ spectroscopic measurements and calorimetry
Authors: Puxty Graeme , Maeder Marcel , Rhinehart R. Russell , Alam Samir , Moore Shane , Gemperline Paul J.
Published: January 2006

This paper describes kinetic fitting of UV‐visible spectra and energy flow measured as a function of time from a reaction calorimeter, giving a single global model that achieves fusion of spectroscopic and calorimetry data. We demonstrate that a temperature controlled model of a reaction mechanism fitted to in situ spectroscopic measurements can be coupled to an energy balance model, since the amount of energy released by the reaction is proportional to the change in concentration of reactants and products with time. This allows simultaneous determination of the reaction mechanism parameters and the reaction enthalpy by fitting the coupled model to the spectroscopic and temperature data. The resulting model fully characterizes the kinetics and thermochemical properties of reactions that take place during a batch titration reaction of salicylic acid (SA) with acetic anhydride (AA) to form acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). The model comprises a system of ordinary differential equations fit directly to the spectroscopic and calorimetry data. It permits accurate estimates of model parameters producing estimates of concentration and reaction temperature profiles as a function of time, provided a sufficiently accurate description of the reaction mechanism is specified. No standards or pure component spectra were required, giving calibration‐free estimates of concentration and temperature profiles. The parameters estimated in the model include kinetic rate constants and heat of reaction of the reactions observed during the experiment. In addition, heat capacities of reagents flowing into the reactor and thermal transfer coefficients were estimated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Symbiosis of chemometrics and metabolomics: past, present, and future
Authors: van der Greef Jan , Smilde Age K.
Published: January 2006

Metabolomics is a growing area in the field of systems biology. Metabolomics has already a long history and also the connection of metabolomics with chemometrics goes back some time. This review discusses the symbiosis of metabolomics and chemometrics with emphasis on the medical domain, puts the combination of the two in historical perspective and tries to give ideas for future research. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multivariate analysis of congruent images (MACI)
Authors: Eriksson Lennart , Wold Svante , Trygg Johan
Published: January 2006

The multivariate analysis of congruent images (MACI) is discussed. Here, each image represents one observation and the data set contains a set of congruent images. With ‘congruent images’ we mean a set of images, properly pre‐processed, oriented and aligned, so that each data element (‘feature’, pixel) corresponds to the same element across all images. An example may be a set of frames from a fixed video camera looking at a stable process. The purpose of a MACI is to find and express patterns over a set of images for the purpose of classification or quantitative regression‐like relationships. This is in contrast to standard image analysis, which is usually concerned with a single image and the identification of parts of the image, for example tumour tissue versus normal. We also extend MACI to the case with a set of images that initially are not fully congruent, but are made so by the use of wavelet analysis and the distributions of the wavelet coefficients. Thus, the resulting description forms a set of congruent vectors amenable to multivariate data analysis. The MACI approach will be illustrated by four data sets, three easy‐to‐understand tutorial image data sets and one industrial image data set relating to quality control of steel rolls. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Structural Characterisation of Palladium and Group‐12 Metal Complexes with a Hybrid Phosphanylphosphonate Ferrocene Ligand
Authors: Štěpnička Petr , Císařová Ivana , Gyepes Róbert
Published: January 2006

Diethyl [1′‐(diphenylphosphanyl)ferrocenyl]phosphonate (1) was synthesised by stepwise metallation/functionalisation of 1,1′‐dibromoferrocene and studied as a ligand for palladium(II) and group‐12 metals. Treatment of [PdCl2(cod)] (cod = η2:η2‐cycloocta‐1,5‐diene) with 1 in 1:1 or 1:2 molar ratios gave, respectively, the dinuclear, chloride‐bridged complex [{Pd(μ‐Cl)Cl(1‐κP2)}2] (2) and the mononuclear complex trans‐[PdCl2(1‐κP2)2] (3), where 1 coordinates exclusively through the phosphane function. The reactions between 1 and group‐12 metal bromides MBr2 in a 1:1 molar ratio gave the adducts [MBr2(1)] [M = Zn (4), Cd (5), and Hg (6)], whose crystal structures change considerably with the metal ion. Thus, whereas 4 is a molecular complex with 1 coordinating as an O1,P2‐chelate, its cadmium(II) analogue is a polymer built up from symmetric {CdBr(μ‐Br)}2 units interconnected by pairs of O1,P2‐bridging phosphanylphosphonate ligands. Finally, the mercury(II) complex 6 is a halide‐bridged dimer, [{Hg(μ‐Br)Br(1‐κP2)}2]. However, this compound is structurally fluxional in solution (NMR spectra) and, in the crystal, it attains a structure similar to 5 owing to weak interactions between mercury and phosphonate‐O1 atoms from adjacent molecules. An isomer to 6, [{HgBr2(1‐κ2O1,P2)}2] (7), was isolated from attempted alkylation of 6 and structurally characterised as a dimer, where ligands 1 bridge two {HgBr2} units. All compounds were studied by spectroscopic methods (IR, NMR, mass) and the solid‐state structures of 1, 2·${1 \over 2}$ H2O, 3·4 CHCl3, 4, 5, 6·5 C6H6, and 7 have been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Reactions of Ruthenium–Aminophosphane Complexes with Diynes: P–N Bond Activation and Formation of Novel Phosphaallyl, Azaallyl, and Aminocarbene Complexes
Authors: Pavlik Sonja , Jantscher Florian , Dazinger Georg , Mereiter Kurt , Kirchner Karl
Published: January 2006

The aminophosphane complexes [RuCp(PPh2NRR′2)(CH3CN)2]+ and [RuCp*(PPh2NRR′2)(CH3CN)2]+ (NRR′ = NHnPr, NEt2, NC5H5) react with 1,6‐heptadiyne and 1,7‐octadiyne to yield novel η3‐phosphaallyl–η2‐vinylamine complexes of the types [RuCp{η3‐(P,C,C)‐PPh2CH=C–(CH2)n–η2‐(C,C)–C=CHNRR′2}]+ and [RuCp*{η3‐(P,C,C)‐PPh2CH=C–(CH2)n–η2‐(C,C)‐C=CHNRR′2}]+ (n = 3, 4). These complexes are the kinetic products but eventually form the η1‐phosphaallyl–η3‐azaallyl complexes [RuCp{η1‐(P)‐PPh2CH=C–(CH2)n–η3‐(C,C,N)‐CCHNRR′2}]+ and [RuCp*{η1‐(P)‐PPh2CH=C–(CH2)n–η3‐(C,C,N)‐CCHNRR′2}]+, respectively. With n = 3 elevated temperatures are required, while with n = 4 this conversion takes places already at room temperature. The only exception is [RuCp*(PPh2NHnPr)(CH3CN)2]+ where amido butadiene complexes [RuCp*{η1‐(N)‐NnPrPPh2‐η4‐CH=C(CH2)nCH=CH2}]PF6 (n = 3, 4) are obtained instead. In the case of [RuCp{η1‐(P)‐PPh2CH=C–(CH2)3–η3‐(C,C,N)‐CCHNRR′2}]+ with NRR′ = NEt2 and NC5H5, a further rearrangement took place at elevated temperatures affording the aminocarbenes [RuCp{=C(NRR′)‐η2‐(C,C)‐C(CH2)3C–CH2–(η1‐(P)‐PPh2)}]+. Representative X‐ray structures are presented. Moreover, conceivable mechanisms for all these reaction sequences are established by means of DFT/B3LYP calculations. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Relevance of social categories, depersonalization and group processes: two field tests of self‐categorization theory
Authors: Voci Alberto
Published: January 2006

Two field studies investigated whether, as predicted by self‐categorization theory (Turner, 1987), the relationship between comparative fit of an ingroup‐outgroup categorization and group phenomena is mediated by depersonalization of self‐perception, and moderated by category accessibility. In the first study participants were football fans, and in the second they were employees in an organization. In each study, two experimental conditions were created, whereby the accessibility and salience of the ingroup‐outgroup categorization were varied. New measures of comparative fit and depersonalization were developed, based on meta‐contrast ratios. Outcome variables were ingroup bias (Studies 1 and 2), ingroup entitativity, organizational citizenship behaviours, job satisfaction and turnover intentions (Study 2). Consistent with self‐categorization theory, results showed (a) that comparative fit determined ingroup bias and other criterion variables through the mediating process of depersonalization, and (b) that this process was active only when the category was highly accessible. The moderational role of accessibility concerned the relationship between depersonalization and outcome variables, not the link between fit and depersonalization. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Divergence vs. ambivalence: effects of personal relevance on minority influence
Authors: Mucchi‐Faina Angelica , Cicoletti Giancarla
Published: January 2006

According to the literature on social influence, a minority source can induce two main cognitive processes: validation and divergence. The aim of the present study was to determine if the two processes are jointly or alternatively activated. We hypothesized that the process stimulated by the minority source would be different according to the personal relevance of the issue for the participants. Specifically, we predicted that a minority would induce more validation (i.e. ambivalent thoughts about the issue) in the low relevance condition rather than in the high relevance condition. On the other hand, the minority would produce more divergence (i.e. alternative proposals) in the high relevance condition rather than in the low relevance condition. Two experiments in which the participants were exposed to a counter‐attitudinal message of a minority or a majority supported these predictions. Moreover, in Study 1 evidence has also been found that a minority source fosters more pertinent (but not more original) proposals in the high relevance condition rather than in the low relevance condition, whereas in Study 2 ambivalence (other than divergence) appeared to be correlated with, but not a significant mediator of, indirect influence. The implications of these findings for minority influence theory are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ego depletion and aggressive behavior: Is the inhibition of aggression a limited resource?
Authors: Stucke Tanja S. , Baumeister Roy F.
Published: January 2006

If self‐regulation is a limited resource, the capacity to inhibit aggressive behavior should be lower among people who have already exercised self‐regulation. In Experiment 1, participants who had to resist the urge to eat tempting food later reacted more aggressively to an insult than other participants who were allowed to eat as much as they wanted. In Experiments 2 and 3, some participants had to self‐regulate by making themselves concentrate on a boring film and stifling their physical and facial movements, and afterward they, too, responded more aggressively than controls. Experiment 3 also showed that the results were not due to differential moods and that one act of self‐regulation (unrelated to aggression) was sufficient to enhance subsequent aggressive responses toward the experimenter. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ideal selves and self‐esteem in people with independent or interdependent self‐construal
Authors: Hannover Bettina , Birkner Norbert , Pöhlmann Claudia
Published: January 2006

Not living up to one's ideal self has been shown to coincide with decreased self‐esteem. In the present paper, this notion is applied to the differentiation between people with independent versus interdependent self‐construal. We suggest that the ideal self of independents differs in two respects from the one of interdependents: with respect to its contents (autonomous versus social self‐knowledge) and with respect to the degree of context‐dependency of the encoded knowledge (context‐independent versus context‐dependent self‐knowledge). In three studies, via a priming we either manipulated contents or degree of context‐dependency of what participants considered themselves to actually be like. On both explicit and implicit measures, participants with independent construal indicated higher self‐esteem after priming of autonomous and context‐independent knowledge than after priming of social and context‐dependent knowledge. The opposite pattern was observed in participants with interdependent construal. Results suggest that independent and interdependent construals mirror different ideals which are applied as a comparison standard when evaluating the self. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Saving Bulgaria's Jews: an analysis of social identity and the mobilisation of social solidarity
Authors: Reicher Stephen , Cassidy Clare , Wolpert Ingrid , Hopkins Nick , Levine Mark
Published: January 2006

This paper investigates the arguments used in public documents to mobilise Bulgarians against the deportation of Jews in World War II. We focus on the key documents relating to the first wave of mobilisation in 1940–1941 as provided by Todorov in The Fragility of Goodness (2001). We demonstrate that these documents are based on three types of argument. The first, category inclusion, treats the Jews as part of a common ingroup rather than as constituting a separate outgroup. The second, category norms, proposes that help for those under attack is a core aspect of ingroup identity. The third, category interest, suggests that the ingroup will be harmed if Jews are persecuted. In each case, the predominant category on which arguments are based is national identity (i.e. ‘we Bulgarians …’). This analysis is used to validate and extend a social identity of model of helping. The theoretical and practical implications of such an approach are considered in the discussion. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An application of escape theory to binge eating
Authors: Blackburn Sonja , Johnston Lucy , Blampied Neville , Popp Danielle , Kallen Rachel
Published: January 2006

The application of Escape Theory (Heatherton & Baumeister, 1991) to binge eating was studied in a non‐clinical sample of 129 women. Structural equation modelling (SEM) showed a good fit between the Escape Model and the data. Perfectionism strongly predicted aversive self‐awareness which, in turn, predicted negative affect. Negative affect predicted levels of avoidant coping which strongly predicted levels of binge eating. Implications for understanding and treating binge eating are considered. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Patients differ—a plea for individually tailored service allocation
Authors: Kordy Hans , Haug Severin , Percevic Robert
Published: January 2006

The main objective of this commentary is to stimulate a debate on service allocation and the implications for clinical practice and research. Although efficacious treatments for patients with ED have been developed over the past decades, nonetheless many patients do not benefit substantially during treatment and many fail to maintain treatment gains after termination. Specific stepped care strategies have been suggested to improve this situation. These include secondary level treatments for those who do not respond to primary treatment and maintenance treatments for those who do respond. Usually, the primary as well as the secondary treatment are standardized and thus, follow an implicit service allocation strategy that is independent of the individual patient. This scenario is similar to the general situation in psychotherapy service provision. We therefore look to the psychotherapy service provision literature for guidance and propose an alternative strategy that aims for a better match between individual patient's needs and treatment duration. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
The relationship between education and health behavior: some empirical evidence
Authors: Cowell Alexander J.
Published: January 2006

Although researchers agree that more educated people typically engage in healthier behaviors, they have not uncovered the reason why. This paper considers several explanations, including future opportunity costs. Future opportunity costs represent any utility‐improving future outcome that is affected by currently engaging in health‐related behavior. This paper also examines whether there are degree effects in the health behaviors of binge drinking and smoking. Results suggest that future opportunity costs may affect smoking, although other interpretations cannot be ruled out. The results also find degree effects with regard to binge drinking. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is there a link between adult neurogenesis and learning?
Authors: Leuner Benedetta , Gould Elizabeth , Shors Tracey J.
Published: January 2006

During the past several years, evidence has accumulated suggesting a relationship between newly born cells in the hippocampus and various types of learning and memory. However, most of the evidence is correlational and some of it does not agree. This review discusses both sides of this issue, considering the effects of learning on the production of new neurons in the dentate gyrus and the question of whether newly born cells participate in learning and memory. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alcohol and adult neurogenesis: Roles in neurodegeneration and recovery in chronic alcoholism
Authors: Nixon Kimberly
Published: January 2006

The concept of “structural plasticity” has emerged as a potential mechanism in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases such as drug abuse, depression, and dementia. Chronic alcoholism is a progressive neurodegenerative disease while the person continues to abuse alcohol, though clinical and imaging studies show that some recovery may occur with abstinence. The neural plasticity observed in chronic alcoholism coupled with conflicting reports on alcohol‐induced hippocampal neuropathology make this disease ripe for reconsideration in terms of the phenomenon of adult neurogenesis. This review describes opposing neurogenic processes that occur with alcohol intoxication and abstinence following alcohol dependence and how these opposing events relate to neurodegeneration and recovery from chronic alcoholism. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Collectivism as a moderator of responses to organizational justice: implications for leader‐member exchange and ingratiation
Authors: Erdogan Berrin , Liden Robert C.
Published: January 2006

Previous research indicates that employee justice perceptions are positively related to leader‐member exchange (LMX). We examined collectivism as a moderator of this relationship. We hypothesized that because maintaining harmonious relationships is important for collectivists, and because protecting their individual identities is not a priority, there is a weaker relationship between interactional and distributive justice perceptions and LMX for individuals high in collectivism. Instead of engaging in behaviors that would lower the quality of their LMX relationships, collectivists are more likely to use soft influence tactics, specifically ingratiation, as a response to perceived unfairness. Thus, we expected a stronger relationship between justice perceptions and ingratiation for those high in collectivism. In a sample of textile‐manufacturing employees in Istanbul, Turkey, we found that interactional justice had a weaker positive relationship with LMX for individuals high in collectivism. In addition, distributive justice had a nonsignificant relationship with LMX for those high in collectivism, whereas there was a positive relationship for those low in collectivism. Finally, for collectivists there was a negative relationship between interactional justice perceptions and frequency of ingratiation, suggesting that collectivists may use more subtle mechanisms when responding to interactional unfairness. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The psychological contract and the transition from full to part‐time police work
Authors: Dick Penny
Published: January 2006

The cognitive‐perceptual conceptualisation of the psychological contract has dominated research in this field. In this paper, it is argued that locating the psychological contract at the level of the individual‐organisational relationship can offer rich insights into psychological contract dynamics. Using qualitative interview data from a research study exploring how managers and part‐timers deal with the transition from full to part‐time police work in the UK, it is argued that a multi‐perspective conceptualisation of the sources of the psychological contract is critical for understanding processes that lead to non‐mutuality of understandings. Specifically, it is argued that the institutional and organisational context, embedded in the actions of third parties and in management practices, can undermine the extent to which the manager and the employee can reach agreement about mutual obligations. The theoretical and policy implications of this position are developed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An extension of Lee and Mitchell's unfolding model of voluntary turnover
Authors: Donnelly David P. , Quirin Jeffrey J.
Published: January 2006

Lee and Mitchell (1994) proposed a decision process‐based voluntary turnover model, which identifies the psychological processes involved in the decision to quit a job. The current study tests and extends the Lee and Mitchell's (1994) unfolding model of voluntary turnover using a sample of voluntary ‘quitters’ and ‘stayers’. Survey and interview results from 84 practicing accountants suggest that the Lee and Mitchell's (1994) model does an excellent job of capturing employee decision process‐data in an accounting environment. Additional extension hypotheses pertaining to economic consequences and gender differences are also proposed and subsequently supported. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Set temperature dependence of fractional thermal loading and
effective stimulated emission cross section of a diode double end
pumped TEM00 Nd:YAG laser for micromachining
application
Authors: Sudheer S K , Mahadevan Pillai V P , Nayar V U
Published: January 2006

We discuss the set temperature dependence of fractional
thermal loading and effective stimulated emission cross section of
an efficient, diode double end -pumped Nd:YAG laser using two 30 W
pump diodes with a CW output power greater than 8 W in polarized
TEM00 mode near-diffraction limited beam suitable for
micromachining applications of ultra hard materials like diamond.
The temperature dependence of effective stimulated emission cross
section for 4F3/2 → 4I11/2 transition and
fractional thermal loading of Nd:YAG are determined where the pump
power induced thermal lensing is used to make the cavity stable
and in thermally stabilized solid state lasers the cavity
parameters change dynamically with the pump power and hence the
overlap integrals become a function of absorbed pump power. It is
observed that the fractional thermal loading is increasing with
increase in set temperature of laser crystal and effective
stimulated emission cross section is increasing almost linearly
with the increase in set temperature of laser crystal and pump
laser diodes up to 30°C the rated value of the pump
diodes and thereafter the cross section decreases with increase in
temperature.
Surface heating of electrons at the irradiation of large
atomic clusters by a relativistic femtosecond laser pulse
Authors: Sofronov A V , Krainov V P
Published: January 2006

We consider one of the mechanisms for electron heating
inside large clusters irradiated by a relativistic femtosecond
laser pulse. This mechanism is related with the elastic reflection
of electrons from the cluster surface in the presence of laser
field, under the condition that cluster does not expand at the
leading edge of laser pulse. One obtains that the kinetic electron
energy is of the order of the electron ponderomotive energy both
in non-relativistic and relativistic cases.
Synthesis and Rheological Properties of Poly(5‐n‐hexylnorbornene)
Authors: Müller Kerstin , Kreiling Stefan , Dehnicke Kurt , Allgaier Jürgen , Richter Dieter , Fetters Lewis J. , Jung Youngsuk , Yoon Do Y. , Greiner Andreas
Published: January 2006

Summary:Poly(5‐n‐hexylnorbornene) (PHNB) was obtained in high molecular weight and high yields by vinyl‐type polymerization of 5‐n‐hexyl‐2‐norbornene (endo/exo = 77/23) with [NiBr(NPMe3)]4/B(C6F5)3as catalyst precursor. The combination of size exclusion chromatography with on‐line light scattering and intrinsic viscosity measurements allowed the Mark‐Houwink expressions to be evaluated in tetrahydrofuran. The unperturbed chain dimensions for poly(5‐n‐hexylnorbornene) were estimated via the extrapolation procedure of Burchard‐Stockmayer‐Fixman. This evaluation of the unperturbed chain dimension in turn permits the calculation of the entanglement molecular weight and the plateau modulus via the packing length model. This allows the determination of rheological properties for these materials where conventional rheology measurements are difficult, or impossible.

[η]‐Mdata for PHNB in THF at 35 °C.

magnified image

[η]‐Mdata for PHNB in THF at 35 °C.
Depth profile and line‐edge roughness of partially O‐1‐ethoxyethylated low molecular weight amorphous polyphenol and poly(p‐hydroxystyrene) base resists for electron‐beam lithography
Authors: Hirayama Taku , Shiono Daiju , Onodera Junichi , Yamaguchi Atsuko , Fukuda Hiroshi
Published: January 2006

The line‐edge roughness (LER) of the chemically amplified positive‐tone electron‐beam (EB) resist based on low molecular weight polyphenol, partially O‐1‐ethoxyethylated 4,4′‐methylenebis [2‐[di(2‐methyl‐4‐hydroxy‐5‐cyclohexylphenyl)]methyl]phenol (3M6C‐MBSA‐EE), and poly(p‐hydroxystyrene) (PHS‐EE) as reference were compared. Phenol groups of these materials were partially protected by 1‐ethoxyethyl (EE) groups to control the dissolution rate for an aqueous alkaline developer. In order to confirm the film homogeneity, the film depth profiles by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectometry (TOS‐SIMS) measurement were investigated. From these results, the films of 3M6C‐MBSA‐EE and PHS‐EE base resist showed relatively flat depth profiles for species originating from the resist components and were suggested to be homogeneous. For the LER analysis aspect, the LER values estimated by using the Fourier amplitude spectra were 5.1 and 7.4 nm for 3M6C‐MBSA‐EE and PHS‐EE base resist, respectively. The former resist also represented the suppressed amplitude A(f) value of the Fourier amplitude spectra in the lower frequency region below 10 µm−1. 3M6C‐MBSA‐EE with suppressed polydispersity and dissolution rate distribution would be a hopeful material to control the LER. Also, it was confirmed that the formulation‐modified resist with 3M6C‐MBSA‐EE showed the lower LER value and remarkably depressed A(f) value than the high‐resolution EB resist which was formulated with p‐hydroxystyrene and acrylate derivative copolymer. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ArF excimer laser resists based on fluoroalcohol
Authors: Ito H. , Truong H. D. , Allen R. D. , Li W. , Varanasi P. R. , Chen K.‐J. , Khojasteh M. , Huang W.‐S. , Burns S. D. , Pfeiffer D.
Published: January 2006

This paper reviews IBM's 193 nm resist development efforts, placing an emphasis on the systems employing fluoroalcohol as an acidic group. Polymethacrylates were initially selected as a platform for their good transparency at 193 nm and then the emphasis on dry etch resistance prompted the work on all‐norbornene systems. Carboxylic acid was employed in these resist systems as an acid group, which resulted in significant swelling during aqueous base development. Replacement of the carboxylic acid with fluoroalcohol has produced second generation 193 nm resist systems, the good dissolution behavior of which is offered by the fluoroalcohol group. The fluoroalcohol‐based 193 nm resists in this study include cycloolefin‐SO2, all‐norbornene, trifluoromethylacrylate‐norbornene (and vinyl ether), methacrylate, and silsesquioxane systems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.