bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some notes on cyclic linearization
Authors: Nilsen Øystein
Published: April 2006

Fox and Pesetsky (this issue, henceforth F&P) argue that the ‘‘edge effects’’ derived by stipulation within standard phase theory can be explained in their version, where a phase crucially triggers linearization of its constituents. Later phases may add ordering statements to an ordering tablein a monotonic fashion, but no information can be erased or altered once it has entered the ordering table. Suppose a phase A contains the constituents x, y, z, and that they are linearized in that order. Then movement within the next phase can’t result in reordering of x, y, z. So x, being the leftmost element, can move leftwards freely within the next phase, while y can only move leftwards provided that x moves even further leftwards. This is, in essence their explanation of Holmberg’s Generalization (Holmberg, 1986, 1999) (HG). To see this, imagine that y in our setup is an object trying to shift, and that x is the verb. They also show that, if y moves to the left edge of A prior to its linearization, this may end up blocking leftwards movement of x in what they term the ‘inverse Holmberg’s Generalization’, and they have empirical support for the existence of that pattern. This gives a version of phase theory where phases are not entirely opaque to outside syntactic probing. Their proposal is highly innovative and elegant, and it succeeds in deriving an impressive range of facts. The following paragraphs present some relatively minor empirical problems with their treatment of HG which unfortunately seem to conspire to uncover a major one.
Object Shift and linearization at the PF interface
Authors: Surányi Balázs
Published: April 2006

Both target articles, in conformity with minimalist ideals, aim to discover to what extent syntax itself can be relieved of descriptive burden, and just how much of word order can be attributed to mechanisms of linearization at the PF interface. I point out two paradoxes the treatment of V2 gives rise to in Erteshik-Shir’s paper, and dispute the status and effectiveness of processing constraints in accounting for (un)grammaticalities in various word order patterns. I discuss the relation of Fox and Pesetsky’s cyclic linearization algorithm to ‘tucking in’ as well as to the ‘Attract Closest’ property of movement. Qualms are raised regarding several apparently stipulative and / or conceptually unattractive properties of the linearization mechanism, and ostensible violations of order preservation are examined.
How Phonological is Object Shift?
Authors: Svenonius Peter
Published: April 2006

The papers here represent very different analyses of Object Shift (OS), and take very different positions on the interaction of phonology and syntax, an area in which there are many unsettled questions.

Mainstream work tends to hold that syntax is blind to phonological content, with certain exceptions, for example sometimes phonetically null elements require special syntactic licensing (Chomsky 1981), or certain syntactic rules only apply to nodes with phonetically visible features (Holmberg 2001). Basically falling within the mainstream are proposals that syntactic movement can be blocked by or driven by requirements that have phonological effect at the output, such as adjacency (Bobaljik 1995, Kidwai 1999) or rules matching prosodic structure with focus structure (Zubizarreta 1998). Such accounts generally describe movements in the syntactic terms of specifiers and feature checking and so on, and do not rely on the visibility to syntax of strictly phonological features. We can call these all Syntactic accounts. Most accounts of OS are Syntactic in these terms, for example those of Holmberg (1986), Holmberg and Platzack (1995), and Bobaljik (1995, 2002).
What is Syntax?
Authors: Erteschik-Shir Nomi
Published: April 2006

In this response, I address the main points of my article raised by the reviews in this volume. I argue that the properties responsible for word order are in fact phonological. I clarify the properties of the identification constraint, revise my account of V-2, and elaborate on some of the phonological properties involved in incorporation.
Sound Patterns of Syntax: Object Shift
Authors: Erteschik-Shir Nomi
Published: April 2006

In this paper, I explore what a purely phonological account of object shift (OS) involves and what research questions it leads to, in particular what it means for word order to be phonologically motivated and what morpho-phonological primitives are involved. I pursue the possibility that what licenses OS of full DPs in Icelandic is phonological properties, not found in other Scandinavian languages, together with overt case marking. Although the position of the object is determined phonologically, the architecture I propose, in which topic and focus play a central role, allows for an account of the semantic effect associated with OS in Icelandic.
On the limits of the Davidsonian approach: The case of copula sentences.
Authors: Maienborn Claudia
Published: April 2006

Since Donald Davidson’s seminal work ‘‘The Logical Form of Action Sentences’’ (1967) event arguments have become an integral component of virtually every semantic theory. Over the past years Davidson’s proposal has been continuously extended such that nowadays event(uality) arguments are generally associated not only with action verbs but with predicates of all sorts. The reasons for such an extension are seldom explicitly justified. Most problematical in this respect is the case of stative expressions. By taking a closer look at copula sentences the present study assesses the legitimacy of stretching the Davidsonian notion of events and discusses its consequences. A careful application of some standard eventuality diagnostics (perception reports, combination with locative modifiers and manner adverbials) as well as some new diagnostics (behavior of certain degree adverbials) reveals that copular expressions do not behave as expected under a Davidsonian perspective: they fail all eventuality tests, regardless of whether they represent stage-level or individual-level predicates. In this respect, copular expressions pattern with stative verbs like know, hate, and resemble, which in turn differ sharply from state verbs like stand, sit, and sleep. The latter pass all of the eventuality tests and therefore qualify as true ‘‘Davidsonian state’’ expressions. On the basis of these empirical observations and taking up ideas of Kim (1969, 1976) and Asher (1993, 2000), an alternative account of copular expressions (and stative verbs) is provided, according to which the copula introduces a referential argument for a temporally bound property exemplification (= ‘‘Kimian state’’). Considerations on some logical properties, viz. closure conditions and the latent infinite regress of eventualities, suggest that supplementing Davidsonian eventualities with Kimian states may yield not only a more adequate analysis of copula sentences but also a better understanding of eventualities in general.
Event positions: Suppression and emergence
Authors: Higginbotham James
Published: April 2006

1. Event positions

Donald Davidson proposed in 1967, and elaborated in subsequent work, the thesis that action predicates in natural language contain an argument position ranging over events, a position that in simple sentences was cashed out through existential quantification. As Claudia Maienborn remarks, Davidson’s proposal is naturally extended from action predicates to predicates of all sorts; thus for instance I myself proposed that it extend to all heads in the X' system, including Nouns. A number of linguistic contexts, including those of causation (a relation between events), and accomplishment predicates (involving two events, as process and telos), invite us to consider event complexes. Moreover, there is reason to appeal to an ‘‘E-position’’, as I called it, within modifiers that are themselves predicates of events (I expand upon this point in section 3 below). As Maienborn appreciates, the analytic wheel has turned: instead of looking for detailed considerations that would practically compel acknowledgement of the E-position in this or that construction, we assume that the position is always available, and we take the consequences for universal language design and for language difference, both syntactic and semantic.
Wischmeyer: ΘΕΟΣ ΥΨΙΣΤΟΣ. Neues zu einer alten Debatte
Authors: Wischmeyer Wolfgang
Published: April 2006

Um die „Gottesfürchtigen“ und den „Höchsten Gott“ hat sich in den letzten Jahren eine der interessantesten und lebhaftesten inter- und transdisziplinären Debatten auf jenen Feldern entwickelt, die der Theologie, den Altertumswissenschaften und der Religionswissenschaft gemeinsam sind. Dabei geht es um die Fragen eines möglichen jüdischen Einflusses auf die kaiserzeitliche Umwelt in der Diaspora, sei es in Form einer akkulturierenden Mission oder sei es in Form eines synkretistisch geprägten eigenständigen Raumes der Äquidistanz der verschiedenen Kulte. Zugleich sind die Fragen nach einem vielleicht neuen spezifischen Kult des „höchsten Gottes“ berührt, und es entsteht eine Diskussion über ein charakteristisches Phänomen der religiösen Sprache von Inschriften.
Zu einigen Einleitungsfragen des Unbekannten Berliner Evangeliums (UBE)
Authors: Plisch Uwe-Karsten
Published: April 2006

The essay discusses the typical issues of introduction to the Unknown Berlin Gospel/Gospel of the Savior (P 22220): origin of the text (unknown, perhaps Egypt or Syria), original language (Greek, not Coptic) and date (approximately the second half of the 2nd century). According to the author’s personal collation of the parchment, the essay con rms the new order of the fragments established by Stephen Emmel. A major part of the article deals with written sources of Gos.Sav (Matt, John, Rev, Gos.Peter, The Agraphon of the Fire, including a theological analysis of the reference to Gen 49,11) and its relations to other texts like the Strasbourg Coptic Papyrus or LibBarth. The fascinating relations to the Acts of Andrew, so far not taken in consideration, are also discussed, leading to the cautious hypothesis that the fragments of Gos.Sav could have been part of the Gospel of Andrew, mentioned in the Decretum Gelasianum directly after the Gospel of Bartholomew.
Significance of CpG Methylation for Solar UV‐Induced Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis in Skin‡
Authors: Ikehata Hironobu , Ono Tetsuya
Published: April 2006

Mutations detected in the p53 gene in human nonmelanoma skin cancers show a highly UV‐specific mutation pattern, a dominance of C→T base substitutions at dipyrimidine sites plus frequent CC→TT tandem substitutions, indicating a major involvement of solar UV in the skin carcinogenesis. These mutations also have another important characteristic of frequent occurrences at CpG dinucleotide sites, some of which actually show prominent hotspots in the p53 gene. Although mammalian solar UV‐induced mutation spectra were studied intensively in the aprt gene using rodent cultured cells and the UV‐specific mutation pattern was confirmed, the second characteristic of the p53 mutations in human skin cancers had not been reproduced. However, studies with transgenic mouse systems developed thereafter for mutation research, which harbor methyl CpG‐abundant transgenes as mutation markers, yielded complete reproductions of the situation of the human skin cancer mutations in terms of both the UV‐specific pattern and the frequent occurrence at CpG sites. In this review, we evaluate the significance of the CpG methylation for solar UV mutagenesis in the mammalian genome, which would lead to skin carcinogenesis. We propose that the UV‐specific mutations at methylated CpG sites, C→T transitions at methyl CpG‐associated dipyrimidine sites, are a solar UV‐specific mutation signature, and have estimated the wavelength range effective for the solar–UV‐specific mutation as 310–340 nm. We also recommend the use of methyl CpG‐enriched sequences as mutational targets for studies on solar‐UV genotoxicity for human, rather than conventional mammalian mutational marker genes such as the aprt and hprt genes.
Predisposing Factors to Dental Caries in Children with Cleft Lip and Palate: A Review and Strategies for Early Prevention
Authors: Cheng Lam L. , Moor Stephen L. , Ho Christopher T. C.
Published: April 2006

Objective:

To review predisposing factors contributing to dental caries in patients with cleft lip, cleft palate, or both (CL/P).

Design:

Patients with CL/P have a higher susceptibility to caries compared with the population group without clefts. A review of the literature was undertaken to determine factors that could account for the compromised oral hygiene and the high caries prevalence in patients with CL/P.

Results:

After a literature review, modern strategies for the prevention of early childhood caries were developed and should be considered for integration into the overall management protocol of patients with CL/P.

Conclusions:

Preventive dental care is ever more so important in patients with CL/P compared with patients without clefts.
Using Streamline-Derived Injection Efficiencies for Improved Waterflood Management
Authors: Thiele Marco R. , Batycky Rod P.
Published: April 2006

This paper describes a novel approach to predict injection- and production-well rate targets for improved management of water-floods. The methodology centers on the unique ability of streamlines to define dynamic well allocation factors (WAFs) between injection and production wells. Streamlines allow well allocation factors to be broken down additionally into phase rates at either end of each injector/producer pair. Armed with these unique data, it is possible to define the injection efficiency (IE) for each injector and for injector/producer pairs in a simulation model. The IE quantifies how much oil can be recovered at a producing well for every unit of water injected by an offset injector connected to it. Because WAFs are derived directly from streamlines, the data reflect all the complexities impacting the dynamic behavior of the reservoir model, including the spatial permeability and porosity distributions, fault locations, the underlying computational grid, relative permeability data, pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) properties, and most importantly, historical well rates.

The possibility to define IEs through streamline simulation stands in contrast to the ad hoc definition of geometric WAFs and simple surveillance methods used by many practicing reservoir engineers today. Once IEs are known, improved waterflood management can be implemented by reallocating injection water from low-efficiency to high-efficiency injectors. Even in the case in which water cannot be reallocated because of local surface-facility constraints, knowing IEs on an injector/producer pair allows the setting of target rates to maintain oil production while reducing water production.

We demonstrate this methodology by first introducing the concept of IEs, then use a small reservoir as an example application.
Optimization of Well Placement Under Time-Dependent Uncertainty
Authors: Ozdogan Umut , Horne Roland N.
Published: April 2006

Well-placement decisions made during the early stages of exploration and development activities have the capability to improve later placement decisions by providing more information (greater certainty). Therefore, recovery and efficient use of information may add value beyond the amount of oil recovered. This study proposes an approach that emphasizes the value of time-dependent information to achieve better decisions in terms of reduced uncertainty and increased probable net present value (NPV). Unlike previous approaches, well-placement optimization is coupled with recursive probabilistic history-matching steps through the use of the pseudohistory concept. The pseudohistory is defined as the probable (future) response of the reservoir that is generated by a probabilistic forecasting model. To test the results of the proposed approach, an example reservoir was investigated with multiple realizations, all of which match the same production history. The results of this study showed that subsequent well-placement decisions can be improved when probabilistic production profiles obtained from the wells, as they are drilled, are incorporated in the optimization scheme.
Secondary Porosity and Permeability of Coal vs. Gas Composition and Pressure
Authors: Mavor Matthew J. , Gunter William D.
Published: April 2006

We have been investigating the sequestration of atmospheric pollutants by injection into coal seams while at the same time enhancing hydrocarbon productivity by displacement of methane with pollutants. Our effort is one of several field-based research efforts into CO2 storage in coal seams that are currently operating in Canada (Mavor et al. 2004), China (Robinson et al. 2004), Japan (Nago and Komaki 2004), and Poland (Van Bergen et al. 2004). During the course of our field measurements, we have been using single-well injection, soak, and production tests to collect data required to understand and predict enhanced coalbed methane (ECBM) recovery potential and sequestration capacity. We found that changing the composition of the gas sorbed into the coal changes the porosity and permeability of the coal natural-fracture system owing to gas-content changes, which cause matrix swelling or shrinkage due to relative adsorption of different gases.

We collected sufficient information to develop a method for predicting the permeability and porosity of a coalbed as a function of the secondary porosity system (SPS) pressure and the gas content and composition of the primary porosity system (PPS). The method uses data from injection/falloff tests with water and/or a weaker adsorbing gas (WAG) than CH4 and a stronger adsorbing gas (SAG) than CH4. Estimates of effective permeability to gas and water obtained from these tests are used with an iterative computation procedure subject to constraints to solve for equivalent SPS porosity and absolute permeability at atmospheric pressure.

Once calibrated, the model can be used to predict a coalbed's permeability and porosity as a function of injection pressure and injected-fluid composition, which in turn are used to predict injection performance. The model is applicable to production forecasts to account for SPS permeability and porosity changes as reservoir pressure declines with changes in gas composition.

This paper describes the new model and discusses well-test procedures to obtain the data required for model calibration. Also included are coal property estimates resulting from Alberta Medicine River (Manville) coal core and test data and an example model calibration.
Wettability-Index Determination by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Looyestijn Wim , Hofman Jan
Published: April 2006

Knowing the wetting condition of a reservoir at an early stage is crucial for selecting optimum field-development options. Paying insufficient attention to the wetting condition (e.g., assuming water-wet behavior) may result in incorrect oil-in-place estimates and in unexpected dynamic behavior (e.g., under-waterflooding).

A novel method is presented to determine the wettability of rocks from nuclear-magnetic-resonance (NMR) data. The method is based on the additional nuclear relaxation that fluids experience when in direct contact with the rock surface. Reduction of oil relaxation time away from its bulk value is generally known as a qualitative wettability indicator, assuming external factors to be negligible and/or invariant from one experiment to another. Through detailed modeling of the NMR response, this concept has been developed further to provide a quantitative wettability index. It is based on a model for the microscopic distribution of the crude oil and the wetting state of the rock at any given overall saturation. The method requires an NMR measurement on a sample containing two reservoir fluids (i.e., brine and crude oil). Multiacquisition schemes including diffusion effects make the interpretation more robust, but a normal NMR acquisition suffices as can be made with all available NMR tools (wireline and while-drilling).

The new NMR-based method has been verified extensively on core data against standard wettability tests. Application to NMR logs is in progress.
‘Science in Africa’ By E. B. Worthington
Authors: Ogilvie Alan G.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Readers of the accounts by the great naturalist explorers of the later eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries are often impressed by the acuteness of observation displayed, and even more often by the variety of the phenomena described. Since the day of these pioneers every one of the aspects of Nature and of Man about which they wrote has become the field of a separate branch of science, and each decade sees new shoots emerge with the accelerated specialization of science and its researches. With the rapidly increasing means of publication all these extensions of knowledge contribute to a literature so vast that no individual can follow it over the domain of even one of the major divisions, whether of Earth lore or the social sciences. The appearance, then, of any form of authoritative book which provides a conspectus of existing knowledge in a given field is welcome. When the field is a continent, or any geographical unit, we are generally better off than usual in this respect, since the function of geography is both analytic and synthetic and above all is correlative; for Africa, indeed, excellent general geographical treatises exist in at least three languages.
Malangali School
Authors: Mumford W. Bryant
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Last year I wrote a paper on ‘Education and the Social Adjustment of Primitive Peoples to European Culture’. It was an attempt to analyse the problem of the downfall of native races brought into contact with Europe, and to suggest an educational policy which might obviate some of the evils resulting from such contact. The educational policy suggested was based upon two principles, firstly that the school should be built on native tradition and continuous with any system of training youths which existed prior to the advent of the European, and secondly that these institutions should be developed and enriched to meet the needs of the changing environment and to train the pupils to be leaders in social and economic progress. The principles have thus a dual aspect, that of trying to ensure continuity of development from the past by basing the school on native tradition, and that of developing these traditions to meet the demands of improved standards of living and of improved methods of production.
The Rationalization of Anthropology and Administration
Authors: Malinowski Bronislaw
Published: April 2006

Science is the worst nuisance and the greatest calamity of our days. It has made us into robots, into standardized interchangeable parts of an enormous mechanism; it pushes us with a relentless persistence and a terrible acceleration towards new forms of existence; it changes the world around us; it transforms our inner selves with an uncannily thoroughgoing penetration. An ever-increasing speed in communication; accessibility of superficial knowledge and meretricious art; endless opportunities in cheap and mean forms of enjoyment; leisure to do a thousand irrelevant things—these, from the side of human consumption and enjoyment, are the benefits of our modern civilization. Kept down intellectually by journalism; moving and feeling to the rhythm of jazz; united by the world-wide net of broadcasting—modern man has indefinitely to increase his passive receptivity. He has to start with a standardized level of taste and to develop an indefinitely elastic nervous system, all at the cost of originality and spontaneous life. This may be the extreme pessimistic view of ‘progress’, but many of us feel it strongly and see a menace to all real spiritual and artistic values in the aimless drive of modern mechanization.
The Development of the Swahili Language
Authors: Broomfield G. W.
Published: April 2006

At a time when so much has been said of self-determination and of the inalienable right of nations to maintain their own traditions and institutions and to build up distinct types of civilization and culture in response to the impulse of their own national spirit and genius, the importance of national and racial differences in temperament and character needs no demonstration. But the maintenance of national rights is only one aspect of the matter. It is not even its most important aspect. No one race or nation may claim that its own attainments in all branches of philosophy, art and science, can exhaust the possibilities of human accomplishment. On the contrary, it is becoming more generally recognized that each nation and race has its own special contribution to make to the intellectual and spiritual life of humanity. From this point of view, nothing would be gained by the existence of two nations identical in traditions, capacities, and temperament. The contribution of the second would merely duplicate that of the first. For the sake of peace and fellowship there is need of a general similarity in fundamentals, but the intellectual and cultural wealth of nations is derived chiefly from the development of a diversity of special gifts and aptitudes. It is to the special aptitudes and attainments of Palestine, Greece, Rome and Arabia, that the modern world owes more than can be calculated. There is also much to be learned from India and China, and who shall say that Africa has no special contribution to make to the sum of human attainment?
A Short Phonetic Study of Wolof (Jolof): As spoken in the Gamiba and in Senegal
Authors: Ward Ida C.
Published: April 2006

This short sketch of Wolof (or Jolof) is based upon an examination of the speech of John C. Faye and Elliman Bah, both of Bathurst, Gambia, and on work with four or five Wolof speakers from French territories at the Paris Exhibition in 1937. A comparison of the two types from a phonetic point of view is interesting.
The Teaching of African Languages in Schools: A Note on the Position in Kenya
Authors: Laughton William H.
Published: April 2006

In a recent contribution Mr. A. V. P. Elliot has broached a subject which requires the serious consideration of all educationists in East Africa. One hopes that the interchange of information which he suggests will take place.
The Kulũ in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Meek C. K.
Published: April 2006

Five years ago I happened to be passing through the Wurkun district of the Northern Provinces of Nigeria and used the opportunity to make some ethnographical inquiries. The people of the district, who are located on the north bank of the Benue River opposite Lau, had been described by Mrs. Temple (in her Notes on the Tribes of the Northern Provinces of Nigeria, compiled from official records) under the generic term of ‘Wurkum’, as though they constituted a homogeneous tribal unit. But from my inquiries it appeared that the term Wurkun (not Wurkum) merely meant ‘the people of the hills’, and included seven distinct groups of diverse origin, some speaking Bantu languages and some Sudanic. Notes and vocabularies were obtained for each group, but in this paper a short description of one of the groups only, viz. the (Ba-) Kulũ, can be given.
A Re-statement of Indirect Rule
Authors: Perham Margery
Published: April 2006

The outstanding point about British Africa to-day is the extension of the indirect system of administration. This is the more remarkable because, in the decentralized position of our territories, such extension is the result of free adoption on the part of the different governments. It is the endorsement of the system, after long experience, by practical administrators. Yet in England it has lately been subjected to a considerable amount of criticism. The object of this article is to re-state indirect rule in the light of these criticisms, in the hope of rebutting what is misinformed and incorporating what is constructive.
Die Christliche Familien-Gemeinschaft im Xosa-Volkstum. Beobachtungen in Ost-Südafrika
Authors: Blohm W.
Published: April 2006

Die folgenden Ausführungen möhten als ein Versuch gewertet werden, wodurch mit dazu beigetragen werden sollte, dass die Aufgaben erkannt werden, die sich für die Missionskirchen innerhalb ders Länder der Bantu-Kultur ergeben. Denn neue Aufgaben sind dadurch erwachsen, dass Umwertungen und Umgestaltungen der gesellschaftlichen und wirtschaftlichen Lebensformen der Bantu eingeleitet worden sind. Diese sind mit bedingt durch die von den Missionen eingeführte christliche Eheform und das darauf aufzubauende Familienleben.
Anthropological Problems in North-Eastern Rhodesia
Authors: Richards A. I.
Published: April 2006

The January number of Africa (vol. v, no. 1) contained an outline of a new field of anthropological research—African society as it is changing in contact with the forces of western civilization. Such forces can obviously be divided into two main categories: (a) the direct influence on tribal law and custom which is exerted by Government and missionaries through education, or administrative enactment; and (b) the indirect influence of changed economic conditions either in the area affected, or in the world at large—including such factors as the opening up of the country by roads and railways, the introduction of new currencies and standards of economic value, industrial developments such as mining, and lastly the changing world markets for African goods.
The Present State of Studies in Culture Contact: Some Comments on an American Approach
Authors: Malinowski B.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Anthropology is an aggressive science. It has infected the study of contemporary social conditions with its outlook and methods. Witness the work done in Middletown, on the Irish countryman, and at Newburyport; the gradual pervasion of European folk-lore research with the methods of exotic field-work; and such a movement as Mass-Observation in England. Anthropology is now turning to the full sociological study of the great oriental cultures in China, India, and Japan. Nor is the reason for its effective aggressiveness difficult to find. The anthropologist among all other students of humanism was forced to obtain his material at first-hand through the direct observation of primitive races. For in his subjectmatter, there is no relying on written documents. Thus the strongest asset and the most inspiring force of the anthropological point of view is its thorough-going empiricism. Ethnography is the laboratory of social science.
Coutumes des Mbali du Sud d'Angola
Authors: Estermann C.
Published: April 2006

Si vous demandez à un Mbali ce que signifie ce nom, il vous répondra fièrement: Kimbali veut dire, ‘Noir civilisé’. Si vous poussez plus loin votre curiosité et voulez savoir si ce terme même signifie ‘civilisé’, et en quelle langue, le plus intelligent de vos interlocuteurs ne saura vous donner une explication satisfaisante. Tout au plus dira-t-il: C'est ainsi que les non-civilisés, les ‘gentios’, appellent les Noirs qui vivent au service des Blancs. C'est exact, mais insuffisant comme explication. Du reste eux-mêmes se désignent volontiers par le même mot. En tenant compte de tous les éléments constitutifs on pourrait ainsi définir les Mbali: Des Noirs descendants d'anciens esclaves et travailleurs de plantations ayant assimilé un grand nombre d'éléments culturels de leurs anciens maîtres et qui aujourd'hui encore cherchent facilement leur gagne-pain chez les Blancs comme domestiques et comme artisans.
La Question du Lait dans les Colonies Africaines
Authors: Cazanove J. L. F.
Published: April 2006

I. L'Utilisation du Lait dans l'Alimentation. Il existe en Afrique tropicale quelques pays d'élevage où le lait figure, pour une part importante, dans l'alimentation. Le Fouta-Djallon (Guinée Française) est un de ces pays, et le Docteur Patenostre, dans un travail sur l'alimentation des Peuls au Fouta-Djallon, nous fournit au sujet de l'utilisation du lait les précisions suivantes:
Das Geschichtliche Fundament der Hamitischen Sprachen
Authors: Zyhlarz Ernst
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Der. Begriff ‘hamitisch’ gehört mit zu den bisher am schwersten zu fassenden Problemen der Afrikanistik. Die Gründe dafür liegen einerseits in der phänotypen Verschiedenheit innerhalb der als ‘hamitisch’ geltenden Volksstämme, andererseits aber in dem sichtlichen Mangel einer einheitlichen Linie des geschichtlichen Werdegangs der Sprachen solcher Völker, soweit man einen solchen nach den Methoden der modernen Linguistik theoretisch festzustellen versucht hatte. Hier versagen solche Methoden, wenn auch nicht innerhalb des Einzelidioms, so doch im Hinblick auf einen historischen Sprachstamm. Während sich demgegenüber die rassisch auch nicht einheitlichen sogenannten Bantu schon durch den linguistisch einwandfrei und exakt festzustellenden historischen Bantu-Sprachstamm als eine geschichtliche Schicksalsgemeinschaft denkassimilierter afrikanischer Völker erweisen, so fehlt es auf dem Gebiete des ‘hamitisch’ genannten Volkstums durchaus an auch nur einigermassen systemfähigen allgemeinen Sprachkriterien. Während nämlich der moderne Afrikanist heute an der Hand von Meinhofs Vergleichsmethodik jederzeit imstande ist, schon bei erster Durchsicht eines in einem bislang noch unbekannt gewesenen afrikanischen Eingeborenenidiom abgefassten Textes eindeutig festzustellen, ob das Bantu ist oder nicht, und wenn ja, welche Stellung dieser Sprache im Rahmen des Gesammtsprachstammes zukommt, so war man bezüglich der Kriterien der Hamitensprachen bis vor Kurzem in der Hauptsache genötigt, ein mehr oder minder irrational formuliertes Allgemeinbekenntnis zum Glauben an eine sprachliche Einheit des Hamitischen abzulegen. Wer dann der gehörten Botschaft gegenüber seinen fehlenden Glauben betonen zu müssen meinte, den konnte man auch nicht widerlegen, selbst wenn er den ganzen Fragenkomplex rundweg negativ abzutun bereit war.
Co-Operation in Health Education
Authors: Blacklock Mary
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The Public-Health Problem In Tropical Africa. A Survey of medical reports from all parts of tropical Africa shows us a remarkable similarity in the nature of the paramount diseases. True, certain diseases such as yellow fever, plague, and relapsing fever occur in some districts and are rare or unknown in others, but the conditions necessary for their occurrence and the danger of their spread are generally present in the so far unaffected countries.
The Northern Rhodesia–Nyasaland Joint Publications Bureau
Authors: Wilson G. H.
Published: April 2006

The Bibliography section of this Journal shows an increasing number of books which, whether written in African vernaculars or in English, are intended primarily to be for Africans rather than about Africans; and an increasing proportion are written by Africans. ‘Notes and News’ items mention Publications Bureaux to encourage African authors and arrange the production and distribution of books. Something is going on in Africa which may be of importance for the artistic and social life of the people, something more important than the formation of new Departments of Government. This article attempts to make a provisional assessment of what is going on; to consider the aims and functions of organizations for promoting African literature, and to arrive at some general principles; to get the work of these Publications (or Literature) Bureaux in perspective. It is based on experience in Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland, experience over some length of time, but perhaps rather parochial. The Government, while providing funds from Development and Welfare accounts, has happily avoided laying down any set of rules for the working of these Bureaux. A great deal of valuable guidance—all the more valuable for being brilliantly informal—was given to workers in Africa for many years by Margaret Wrong. The writer of this article has had the opportunity of seeing something of the work of the East Africa Literature Bureau and of discussion with Mr. C. G. Richards; these discussions discovered a surprising and pleasing range of independent agreement on principles to be followed (and misconceptions to be cleared) in East and Central Africa; some differences in conditions and therefore in suitable attack; and the need for more liaison.
Études sur la Cosmologie des Dogon et des Bambara du Soudan Français
Authors: Zahan D.
Published: April 2006

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Dans un article intitule ‘Un Gnomon soudanais’ nous avons relevé l'existence et l'emploi du gnomon chez les Bambara du Soudan Français. Il n'est pas sans intérêt de présenter également la notion que ce peuple a de l'écliptique. Des idées similaires se retrouvent à ce sujet chez les Dogon; sans essayer de faire du comparatisme qui peut être fallacieux, nous mettrons en regard, cependant, cette notion astronomique commune aux deux peuples qui, démographiquement et spirituellement, témoignent d'une même origine.
The Study of ‘Social Change’ in British West Africa
Authors: Little Kenneth
Published: April 2006

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A visitor to West Africa today will find most of the conventional trappings of a western civilization. He can travel on trains and in motor-cars and airplanes, and stay at rest-houses equipped with electric light and a flushed toilet. He can visit African homes furnished in the latest western style in which there is refrigeration and cooking is done by electricity. He will see Africans working in shops, offices, and factories, growing crops for foreign consumption, and leasing and renting land. He will visit churches and schools, play outdoor games, attend dances, performances of amateur dramatics, baby shows, and buy a flag for charity—all these activities being organized by Africans. On the other hand, he will also see a majority of Africans living in huts of wattle and daub and of grass, herding cattle, and cultivating their farms and plots with home-made implements, pounding their food in mortars, crossing rivers in dug-out canoes, dancing to the music of wooden drums, and worshipping ancient gods and spirits.
Swahili Borrowings from English
Authors: Gower R. H.
Published: April 2006

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Swahili is, by origin, a Bantu language which was strongly influenced by Arabic. In the course of time Swahili has borrowed words from a variety of languages. During the last thirty or forty years it is not surprising to find that Swahili has continued to enrich its vocabulary, more particularly from English.
Positional Succession Among the Wambugwe
Authors: Gray Robert F.
Published: April 2006

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Among the Wambugwe of Tanganyika, when a person dies a member of the same lineage is designated to take his place in the kinship structure. The substitute assumes most of the kinship relations of the dead person and also, in the case of a married person, his affinal relations. This well-integrated institution has the function of restoring to surviving relatives the loss that attends death: parents have a lost child replaced, children a lost parent, and a married person a lost spouse. So far as I know, this institution has not been previously reported in such organized form for an African society or from elsewhere in the world; though most of its features, taken separately, are found in other societies. These include rules for the inheritance of property, for succession to social position, and for preferential marriage of widows; principles of guardianship for orphans; and adoption customs. All of these are organized in the single institution described in this paper.
The Social Functions and Meaning of Hausa Praise-Singing
Authors: Smith M. G.
Published: April 2006

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In this paper I illustrate an objective method for the determination of the meaning and values of social institutions, using data on the custom of praise-singing (roko) among the Hausa of Northern Nigeria. To direct attention to the method of analysis clearly, I shall present the field-data and their examination separately. I concluding, I shall indicate certain problems which seem to arise from this paper.
Clan, Chieftainship, and Slavery in Luvale Political Organization
Authors: White C. M. N.
Published: April 2006

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The Luvale in Northern Rhodesia came under British administration in the early years of the present century, the first Government headquarters in Balovale district having been established in 1907. Some time previously, about 1892, they had already come under pressure from the Lozi to the south as a result of Lozi intervention in the war between the Luvale and the Lunda. When, therefore, the Barotseland protectorate was established at the beginning of the century, the Balovale district was included within it. Relations with the Lozi authorities were slight in the early years of British administration; later, about 1930, when the Lozi sought to introduce a greater degree of political control in Balovale district, their relations with the Luvale (and Lunda) became strained. The Luvale chiefs acquired a special role as the focal point of Luvale opposition to Lozi interference, and thereby enhanced their status and prestige in the eyes of their people. The Balovale district was finally excised from Barotseland in 1941 after a Royal Commission had inquired into the dispute. Thereafter certain of the Luvale chiefs were gazetted with de jure recognition under the Native Authorities Ordinance.
Ibo Land Tenure
Authors: Jones G. I.
Published: April 2006

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The Ibo-speaking people of Eastern Nigeria can be regarded as a single culture area which may provisionally be subdivided into five main divisions: Northern or Onitsha, Southern or Owerri, Western or Ika, Eastern or Cross River, and North-eastern or Abakaliki. The first two divisions, whose boundaries correspond very roughly to those of the Administrative Provinces of Onitsha and Owerri, contain the bulk of the population; the Western occupies the Niger riverain region and the forest country beyond, and their culture has been influenced by that of the Edospeaking tribes farther west, and by Benin; the Cross River Ibo are another marginal group whose affinities with the ‘Semi-Bantu’-speaking tribes on the eastern bank of that river have yet to be studied; while the North-eastern Ibo are a specialized group that has developed, in comparative isolation, a culture and a social structure better adapted to the savannah country in which they live. The remarks which follow refer mainly to the Northern, Southern, and Cross River Ibo; the North-eastern Ibo system differs in many important respects; the Western has not been studied. The terms used in defining Ibo social groupings have been explained in Africa, vol. xix, No. 2, p. 151, and in places where this may cause confusion the ‘official’ or alternative term is given in brackets.
Anuak Village Headmen
Authors: Lienhardt Godfrey
Published: April 2006

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The specific form and function of many Anuak customs connected with competition and prestige, some of which I briefly described in the first part of this study, are to be interpreted in relation to the political structure of Anuak villages; and this I now describe, first in general outline, and later in more detail with reference to a particular village
Les Portugais dans la Baie de Biafra au XVIème Siècle
Authors: Bouchaud J.
Published: April 2006

En 1460, à la mort de l'Infant Henri, que l'histoire a surnommé le Navigateur, les découvreurs portugais s'étaient déjà avancés jusqu'au dela de Sierra Leone. Avec la disparition du chef qui en avait été l'âme, les expéditions se ralentirent forcément. Elles ne cessèrent cependant point tout-à-fait, et, durant les années qui suivirent, Pero de Cintra et Soeiro da Costa dépassèrent le Cap des Palmes et parvinrent jusqu'aux alentours du Cap des Trois Pointes.
N!ow
Authors: Marshall Lorna
Published: April 2006

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N!ow is a belief concerning rain and cold which is held by the !Kung Bushmen in the region around Nyae Nyae in South West Africa.

About ten inches of rain falls in an average year in this part of the Kalahari Desert and sinks into the deep sands. There is no run-off in streams and there are few water holes. The rain is sufficient to support a covering vegetation of grass, shrubs, and scrubby trees. The vegetation includes numerous edible roots, tubers, leaves, fruits, and nuts, for which the Afrikaans language provides the convenient word veldkos.
Migratory Labour from North-Wester Nigeria
Authors: Prothero R. Mansell
Published: April 2006

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Readers of Africa will be well aware of population migration as a characteristic feature of a continent where movement between one part and another is largely unrestricted as compared with the more settled parts of the world. There is much evidence of large-scale tribal migrations in the past, of the age-old seasonal wanderings of herders, and of recent labour migration to centres of mineral and industrial production, the last particularly in Central and South Africa. Information is more limited concerning the features of labour migration in West Africa at the present day. In general it is thought that migrants leave their home areas, after the harvest at the commencement of the dry season, to seek work elsewhere for a period of from three to six months and then return to take up farming with the commencement of the next rains. The major source area for these migrants is to the north of the tenth parallel where the wet season is concentrated into a period of about four months, thus severely restricting agricultural activity. Cultivation during the dry season is possible only on a very limited scale. There is thus a considerable period of the year when the primary economic activity of the people is not possible. It is logical that they should seek work elsewhere.
Nutrition Work in British African Colonies since 1939
Authors: Culwick G. M.
Published: April 2006

Although the war forced plans for nutrition field research to go into cold storage, it has at the same time focused attention as never before on food production and distribution and the application of nutritional knowledge to these problems, together with greatly increased attention to the proper feeding of large bodies of people, whether our own troops of many races, labour forces, camps of refugees, internees and prisoners of war, or hospitals and other institutions. It has, however, been a period in which doing things has been much more important than writing about them, and for this reason factual detail with which to fill out this picture is not at present available. The following very incomplete notes indicate a little of what has been happening in regard to nutrition work in the British African dependencies apart from the multifarious activities indicated above.