bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Machine Learning-Based Predictions of Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics in a Lid-Driven Cavity with a Rotating Cylinder
Authors: Kokash Hussein , Khanafer Khalil , Burzo Mihai
Published: October 2024

Machine learning-based predictions of heat transfer characteristics in lid-driven cavities are transforming the field of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Lid-driven cavities are a fundamental problem in fluid mechanics, characterized by the motion of a fluid inside a square cavity driven by the motion of one of its walls. The goal of this study was to develop multiple machine-learning regression models and highlight the discrepancies between the predicted and actual average Nusselt numbers. Additionally, the study utilized physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) to model the flow and thermal behavior at both low and high Reynolds numbers. The results were compared among actual data from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, PINN models trained with CFD data, and purely PINN models created without any prior data input. The findings of this study showed that the random forest model exhibited an exceptional stability in its predictions, consistently maintaining low errors even as the Reynolds number increased compared with other machine-learning regression models. Further, the results of this study in terms of flow and thermal behavior within the cavity were found to depend significantly on the PINN method. The data-driven PINN exhibited a much lower mean average errors at both Reynolds numbers, while the physics-based PINN showed lower physics loss.
Space–Time Forecasting of Heating & Cooling Energy Needs as an Energy Poverty Measure in Romania
Authors: Grigorescu Adriana , Pirciog Camelia Speranta , Lincaru Cristina
Published: October 2024

Lack of access to basic energy services, known as energy poverty, remains felt in the country, with seasonal changes and an economic divide. The frameworks to measure energy poverty differ spatially and temporally, with climate change and behavioral culture being the essential influencing factors. This paper is focused on heating and cooling energy demands, which can be defined as an energy poverty metric for the propensity to be at risk of energy poverty caused by climate regime. Employing sophisticated statistical space–time forecasting tools, we build a model incorporating spatial and temporal energy consumption volatility across Romanian regions at the NUTS3 level. The model considers climatic conditions and raw data from 45 years (1979–2023) of cooling and heating degree days to determine local trajectories for the next nine years. Identifying high-energy-poverty-risk areas in our research can provide valuable insights for policymakers, enabling them to develop targeted plans for eliminating energy poverty and ensuring equitable access to heating and cooling. The results underline the necessity of differentiated approaches in energy policies and add value to the general understanding of energy poverty issues and conditions, considering the Romanian climatic and socio-economic context.
The Role of Low-Carbon Fuels and Carbon Capture in Decarbonizing the U.S. Clinker Manufacturing for Cement Production: CO2 Emissions Reduction Potentials
Authors: Okeke Ikenna J. , Kamath Dipti , Nimbalkar Sachin U. , Cresko Joe
Published: October 2024

Low-carbon fuels, feedstocks, and energy sources can play a vital role in the decarbonization of clinker production in cement manufacturing. Fuel switching with renewable natural gas, green hydrogen, and biomass can provide a low-carbon energy source for the high-temperature process heat during the pyroprocessing steps of clinker production. However, up to 60% of CO2 emissions from clinker production are attributable to process-related CO2 emissions, which will need the simultaneous implementation of other decarbonization technologies, such as carbon capture. To evaluate the potential of fuel switching and carbon capture technologies in decarbonizing the cement industry, a study of the facility-level CO2 emissions is necessary. This study evaluates the potential for using a single low-carbon fuel as an energy source in clinker production for cement manufacturing compared to conventional clinker production (which uses a range of fuel mixes). In addition, conventional carbon capture (operated with natural gas-based steam for solvent regeneration) and electrified carbon capture configurations were designed and assessed for net-zero emission targets. Carbon emissions reductions with and without biogenic emissions credits were analyzed to ascertain their impact on the overall carbon accounting. Results show that carbon emissions intensity of cement can vary from 571 to 784 kgCO2eq/metric ton of cement without carbon capture and from 166.33 to 438.66 kgCO2eq/metric ton of cement with carbon capture. We find that when biogenic carbon credits are considered, cement production with a sustainably grown biomass as fuel source coupled with conventional carbon capture can lead to a net-negative emission cement (−271 kgCO2eq/metric ton of cement), outperforming an electrified capture design (35 kgCO2eq/metric ton of cement). The carbon accounting for the Scope 1, 2, and biogenic emissions conducted in this study is aimed at helping researchers and industry partners in the cement and concrete sector make an informed decision on the choice of fuel and decarbonization strategy to adopt.
Chilling and Forcing Requirements of Wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox L.) Flowering in China
Authors: Hao Yulong , Dai Junhu , Zhu Mengyao , Cao Lijuan , Shahzad Khurram
Published: October 2024

Numerous studies have reported phenological changes and their driving mechanisms in spring flowering plants. However, there is little research on the shifts of winter flowering phenology and its response to forcing and chilling requirements. Based on the China Phenological Observation Network (CPON) ground observation data from nine sites over the past 20 years, we explored the spatial and temporal variation patterns of flowering plants and their response to chilling and forcing in wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox L.), a common winter flowering plant species in temperate and subtropical zones of China. We used three chilling models (chilling hour, Utah, and dynamic models) and the growing degree hours (GDHs) model to calculate each site’s daily chilling and forcing. Using the partial least squares (PLSs) regression approach, we established the relationship between the first flowering date (FFD) and pre-season chilling and forcing in wintersweet, based on which we identified chilling and forcing periods and calculated chilling and forcing requirements. This study found that the FFD of wintersweet in China showed an overall advancement trend during the last 20 years. Still, there were temporal and spatial differences in the FFD of wintersweet among different sites. The PLS results showed that wintersweet also had periods of chilling and forcing, both of which co-regulated wintersweet flowering. We found the forcing and chilling requirements of wintersweet varied significantly from site to site. The higher the latitude is, the more chilling requirements are needed. The chilling requirements for wintersweet were about 6.9–34.9 Chill Portions (CPs) and 1.4–21.6 CP in the temperate and subtropical zones, respectively, with corresponding forcing requirements of 3.2–1922.9 GDH and 965.3–8482.6 GDH, respectively. In addition, we found that the temperature requirements of wintersweet were correlated by a negative exponential relationship, suggesting that chilling and forcing requirements have an antagonistic effect on initiating flowering phenology. Our results could help us understand how flowering dates of winter flowering plants respond to climate change.
Factors Influencing the Faunal Recolonization of Restored Thornscrub Forest Habitats
Authors: Hicks Audrey J. , Garrett Jerald T. , Gabler Christopher A.
Published: October 2024

Tamaulipan thornscrub forests (thornforests) have high ecological and economic values, yet over 90% of these forests have been lost, and they remain threatened, making them a conservation hotspot. For decades, federal, state, NGO, and corporate entities have been acquiring land and actively or passively restoring these forests, but results have been mixed and seldom monitored. This study characterized and quantified faunal communities of restored thornforest habitats in south Texas and examined the relationships between restored faunal communities and key site characteristics and environmental factors. We surveyed and analyzed mammal, bird, Lepidoptera, and herptile communities within 12 restored sites in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of southernmost Texas, USA. The site and environmental factors that influenced animal community composition, richness, diversity, and abundance varied widely among taxa. Time since restoration began and method of restoration influenced many community metrics, whereas patch size and extent of isolation influenced few. Several aspects of restored plant communities were influential, especially ground layer diversity, and high invasive plant cover negatively impacted many animal community metrics. If actively restoring a site, efforts to control invasive plants, foster native plant diversity, and provide a nearby water source are likely the most effective ways to promote faunal recolonization.
Evaluation of Ecological Service Functions of Urban Greening Tree Species in Northern China Based on the Species-Specific Air Purification Index
Authors: Sun Yuqian , Wu Guangzhao , Li Pin
Published: October 2024

Urban forests, as an integral part of nature-based solutions (NBS), are significant contributors to improving urban air quality, delivering ecological service functions and environmental benefits to human health and well-being. Suitable urban forest management, including proper species selection, needs to be defined to efficiently reduce air pollutants in cities, with a focus on the removal ability of the main air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, O3, and NO2), the ecological adaptability to O3 and NO2, and allergenic effects. This study ranked 73 urban greening tree species in northern Chinese cities based on their ability to maximize air quality and minimize disservices. This study proposed a novel Species-Specific Air Purification Index (S-API), which is suitable for air quality improvement for tree/shrub species. Urban managers are recommended to select species with an S-API > 1.47—that is, species that have a high removal capacity of PM2.5, PM10, O3, and NO2, are O3- and NO2-tolerant, and are non-allergenic (e.g., Castanea mollissima Blume, Ginkgo biloba L., Hibiscus syriacus L., Ilex chinensis Sims, Juniperus procumbens (Endl.) Iwata et Kusaka, Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg., Morus alba L., Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott, Syringa oblata Lindl., and Ulmus pumila L.). The S-API of urban greening species thus represents a potentially useful metric for air pollutant risk assessment and for selecting appropriate species for urban greening in cities facing serious air pollution challenges.
Nutrient Stoichiometry and Tree Development: Insights from a 5-Year Study on Catalpa bungei Fertilization
Authors: Qiao Liang , Zhang Qingbin , Li Jiyue , Guan Zhuizhui , He Qian
Published: October 2024

Short-term fertilization may provide limited improvements in tree growth and demonstrate suboptimal fertilizer efficiency; however, its benefits often fall short of expectations. Unfortunately, research addressing the sustained impacts of prolonged fertilization (e.g., beyond five years) on trees’ developmental dynamics and productivity remains relatively scarce. This study focused on a 7-year-old Catalpa bungei plantation located in Jinan City, Shandong Province, China. The study employed two fertilization techniques: hole fertilization (HF) and integrated water and fertilizer application (WF), with a no-fertilization treatment serving as the control (CK). The findings revealed that the WF significantly enhanced stand productivity. When comparing the different treatments, the productivity of WF stands demonstrated a remarkable increase of 39.7% compared to HF stands and 55.1% compared to CK stands. After five years of fertilization, the stands treated with WF exhibited a significant increase in volume accumulation, reaching 112.36 m3·hm−2. Additionally, the productivity of these WF-fertilized stands achieved an impressive 41.75 m3·hm−2·a−1. Fertilization notably enhanced the nitrogen content in the leaves and fine roots of C. bungei, as well as the potassium content in the coarse roots. These nutrients were found to be more concentrated in the corresponding organs within the WF stands. Over the entire growth cycle, there was a substantial consumption of key nutrients, with leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents decreasing by 30.5%, 18.8%, and 47.3%, respectively. Similarly, the coarse root potassium and fine root phosphorus content decreased by 24.7% and 24.4%, respectively. The enhancement in leaf nitrogen content following fertilization significantly contributed to increases in tree height, breast height diameter (DBH), and individual tree volume. Similarly, the enrichment of potassium in the branches and coarse roots was associated with improvements in DBH and tree volume. To maximize forest stand productivity, the WF fertilization method demonstrated superior results compared to HF. Therefore, WF should be prioritized in future fertilization experiments for C. bungei.
Impact of Trichoderma spiralis Treatment on the Photothermal Water Evaporation Capacity of Poplar
Authors: Xiong Wei , Xue Junfei , Wang Lin , Li Dagang
Published: October 2024

In recent years, research on interfacial photothermal water evaporation has been thriving. Due to its inherent porosity, exceptional hydrophilicity, and renewable characteristics, wood has garnered significant attention as a material for interfacial photothermal evaporation absorbers. In order to enhance the cellular channels of poplar and improve its water migration capacity, Trichoderma spiralis was selected to inoculate and culture poplar specimens from different sections for 3, 5, and 7 weeks. Simultaneously, a solar radiation intensity of 1 kW·m−2 was simulated to perform photothermal evaporation tests on the specimens. This validated the water migration capabilities of different sections of poplar treated with Trichoderma spiralis under light and heat exposure. The characteristic changes were analyzed using electron microscope scanning, infrared spectrum analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, surface infiltration performance, and automatic specific surface porosity. The results suggested that the moderate degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose in poplar by Trichoderma spiralis could dredge the cell channels and improve the permeability of poplar, particularly with regard to lateral permeability. The maximum photothermal evaporation rate of the poplar specimen reached 1.18 kg m−2 h−1, while the evaporation efficiency increased to 72.2%.
Silage Making of Napier Grass and Sugarcane Top at Different Proportions: Evolution of Natural Fermentation Characteristics, Chemical Composition, and Microbiological Profile
Authors: Xie Huade , Zeng Fanquan , Luo Xianqing , Li Zhipei , Pan Yuhong , Guo Yanxia , Peng Lijuan , Liang Li , Li Jingzhen , Liang Yuchen , Yang Chengjian
Published: October 2024

The co-ensiling technique is widely used to improve silage quality; however, it remains unclear as to what high-quality silages can be made by co-ensiling Napier grass (NG) with Sugarcane top (ST). The aim of this study was to evaluate the fermentation characteristics, chemical composition, and microbiological profile of silage produced from mixtures of NG and ST in varying ratios. Silage was prepared using a small-scale fermentation system, and treatments were designed as control silage (NG ensiled alone) or with 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%ST on a fresh matter basis with six replicates, respectively. Increasing ST in the silage reduced the contents of crude protein, ash, acetic acid, butyric acid, ammonia-N, as well as pH, but increased the contents of dry matter, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, water-soluble carbohydrate, lactic acid, and lactic acid bacteria. Lactobacillales and Enterobacterales were the dominant orders, with Lactiplantibacillus and Weissella as the dominant genera. Co-ensiling NG with ST enhanced microbial diversity and richness. ST, as a local by-product, is a viable additive to improve NG silage quality and nutrition. This study suggests that good-quality silages can be produced with NG: ST ratios of 40:60 to 20:80 and that these silages offer an opportunity to optimize the nutrient supply for ruminants.
Progress and Trends in Forage Cactus Silage Research: A Bibliometric Perspective
Authors: Santos Stéfani A. , Santana Hortência E. P. , Jesus Meirielly S. , Torquato Iran Alves , Santos Joana , Pires Preciosa , Ruzene Denise Santos , Silva Daniel Pereira
Published: October 2024

Opuntia spp. (forage cactus or spineless cactus) is a plant native to Mexico that is commonly used as alternative nutrient-rich fodder in semi-arid regions. Due to its resistance to drought, forage cactus has become an important least-cost ingredient for formulating balanced rations for ruminants during times of scarcity. In addition, ensiling, an anaerobic fermentation process, is also a strategy used to allow a supply of bulky food all year round, since it conserves forage and maintains its nutritional value. In this sense, using the Scopus database and the visualization tool VOSviewer, the present work proposes a bibliometric analysis of forage cactus silage to track and map the evolution and main issues in the research field, current trends, and future directions. The results revealed that the first publication was in 2013; and since 2020, the number of publications has been growing. Brazil was highlighted, by far, as the most relevant country on the topic, and the top institutions were from northeast Brazil, which has been working on co-authored articles. The current hot research topics are focusing on the mixed silage of forage cactus and other forages such as gliricidia, maniçoba, and sorghum biomass, as well as evaluating the fermentative performance and chemical characteristics for improving ruminal diets, especially for goats and sheep. This study provides important information for researchers to identify gaps and direct their studies to better use the whole potential of forage cactus as an alternative roughage source.
Innovative Lactic Acid Production Techniques Driving Advances in Silage Fermentation
Authors: Zhao Xiaorui , Sun Yu , Chang Zhiyi , Yao Boqing , Han Zixin , Wang Tianyi , Shang Nan , Wang Ran
Published: October 2024

Lactic acid (LA) plays a crucial role in the silage process, which occurs through LA fermentation. Consequently, there is a strong correlation between lactic acid production and the efficiency of the silage. However, traditional methods face challenges like long fermentation times, low acid production, and unstable quality, limiting agricultural preservation. This paper aims to explore innovations in lactic acid production technologies and show how these technologies have driven the development of silage fermentation for agricultural conservation. First, the important role of LA in agricultural preservation and the limitations of traditional silage techniques are presented. Next, advancements in LA production methods are thoroughly examined, covering the selection of microbial strains and the substitution of fermentation substrates. Following this, new technologies for silage fermentation are explored, drawing from innovations in LA production. These include the selection of LA strains, optimization of fermentation conditions, and improvements in fermentation techniques. These innovations have proven effective in increasing LA production, improving feed quality, extending shelf life, and providing new solutions to enhance agricultural production and sustainability.
Securing the Edge: CatBoost Classifier Optimized by the Lyrebird Algorithm to Detect Denial of Service Attacks in Internet of Things-Based Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Abinayaa Sennanur Srinivasan , Arumugam Prakash , Mohan Divya Bhavani , Rajendran Anand , Lashab Abderezak , Wei Baoze , Guerrero Josep M.
Published: October 2024

The security of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is of the utmost importance because of their widespread use in various applications. Protecting WSNs from harmful activity is a vital function of intrusion detection systems (IDSs). An innovative approach to WSN intrusion detection (ID) utilizing the CatBoost classifier (Cb-C) and the Lyrebird Optimization Algorithm is presented in this work (LOA). As is typical in ID settings, Cb-C excels at handling datasets that are imbalanced. The lyrebird’s remarkable capacity to imitate the sounds of its surroundings served as inspiration for the LOA, a metaheuristic optimization algorithm. The WSN-DS dataset, acquired from Prince Sultan University in Saudi Arabia, is used to assess the suggested method. Among the models presented, LOA-Cb-C produces the highest accuracy of 99.66%; nevertheless, when compared with the other methods discussed in this article, its error value of 0.34% is the lowest. Experimental results reveal that the suggested strategy improves WSN-IoT security over the existing methods in terms of detection accuracy and the false alarm rate.
Internet of Things and Distributed Computing Systems in Business Models
Authors: Rosário Albérico Travassos , Raimundo Ricardo
Published: October 2024

The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Distributed Computing Systems (DCS) is transforming business models across industries. IoT devices allow immediate monitoring of equipment and processes, mitigating lost time and enhancing efficiency. In this case, manufacturing companies use IoT sensors to monitor machinery, predict failures, and schedule maintenance. Also, automation via IoT reduces manual intervention, resulting in boosted productivity in smart factories and automated supply chains. IoT devices generate this vast amount of data, which businesses analyze to gain insights into customer behavior, operational inefficiencies, and market trends. In turn, Distributed Computing Systems process this data, providing actionable insights and enabling advanced analytics and machine learning for future trend predictions. While, IoT facilitates personalized products and services by collecting data on customer preferences and usage patterns, enhancing satisfaction and loyalty, IoT devices support new customer interactions, like wearable health devices, and enable subscription-based and pay-per-use models in transportation and utilities. Conversely, real-time monitoring enhances security, as distributed systems quickly respond to threats, ensuring operational safety. It also aids regulatory compliance by providing accurate operational data. In this way, this study, through a Bibliometric Literature Review (LRSB) of 91 screened pieces of literature, aims at ascertaining to what extent the aforementioned capacities, overall, enhance business models, in terms of efficiency and effectiveness. The study concludes that those systems altogether leverage businesses, promoting competitive edge, continuous innovation, and adaptability to market dynamics. In particular, overall, the integration of both IoT and Distributed Systems in business models augments its numerous advantages: it develops smart infrastructures e.g., smart grids; edge computing that allows data processing closer to the data source e.g., autonomous vehicles; predictive analytics, by helping businesses anticipate issues e.g., to foresee equipment failures; personalized services e.g., through e-commerce platforms of personalized recommendations to users; enhanced security, while reducing the risk of centralized attacks e.g., blockchain technology, in how IoT and Distributed Computing Systems altogether impact business models. Future research avenues are suggested.
Genetic Characterization of Procambarus clarkii Cultured in Sichuan Province Based on Microsatellite Markers
Authors: Deng Changwen , Liao Qingqing , Ren Yingying , Shao Wuyuntana , Li Yunkun , Yang Shiyong , Du Xiaogang , Wu Jiayun
Published: October 2024

The Procambarus clarkii production sector in Sichuan Province, China, is experiencing rapid growth. However, the industry faces significant challenges, including on-farm breeding and the widespread “Catch Big, Keep Small” farming practice, which have led to substantial genetic degradation within P. clarkii populations. Moreover, the uncertainty surrounding the origins of breeding stocks poses an additional obstacle to the local selection and cultivation of high-quality juvenile P. clarkii. With the objective of inferring the genetic lineage of cultivated P. clarkii in Sichuan, twelve microsatellite loci were employed to investigate the genetic characters of six P. clarkii populations from Sichuan and two from Hubei Province, China. The results revealed that the Sichuan populations exhibited higher levels of heterozygosity (Ho = 0.549~0.699, He = 0.547~0.607) and genetic diversity than the Hubei populations (Na = 4.00~5.250, PIC = 0.467~0.535). Notably, the DY population located in northeastern Sichuan showed the highest heterozygosity (Ho = 0.699, He = 0.607) and genetic diversity (Na = 5.250, PIC = 0.535) among the eight populations. Population structure, principal coordinate analysis and clustering analysis illuminated a close genetic relationship between the Qionglai population in Sichuan and the Jianli population in Hubei. Additionally, the remaining five Sichuan populations (Luxian, Nanxi, Xingwen, Neijiang and Daying) exhibited strong genetic affinity with the QianJiang population in Hubei, and particularly high genetic exchange may have occurred between Daying and Qianjiang (Fst = 0.001, Nm = 217.141). These results suggest that the primary cultivated P. clarkii populations in Sichuan likely originated from Qianjiang and Jianli counties in Hubei, with Qianjiang contributing a more substantial proportion. The genetic diversity of Sichuan populations was higher than those of some other Chinese P. clarkii farming provinces and even some native populations. Specifically, the Daying population emerges as a potential breeding germplasm source for crayfish in Sichuan. In contrast, the Qionglai population exhibits relatively low genetic diversity, highlighting the need for strategic enhancement through interactions with other populations to promote diversity and resilience. Furthermore, fostering genetic exchange among locally cultivated populations within the southern Sichuan basin is strategic to elevate the quality of P. clarkii germplasm resources.
Influence of Longitudinal Fragmentation on Length–Weight Relationships of Fishes in the Someșul Cald River, Romania
Authors: Uiuiu Paul , Constantinescu Radu , Păpuc Tudor , Muntean George-Cătălin , Matei-Lațiu Maria Cătălina , Becze Anca , Cocan Daniel , Lațiu Călin , Martonoș Cristian Olimpiu
Published: October 2024

Romania has a rich hydrographic network, which permitted the construction of over 80 large dams on its water courses, estimating a number between 545 and 674 hydropower plants that were either built or were in a different construction stage on the rivers of Romania in 2021. These hydropower plants were often built outside specific legislation regarding ecological impacts, especially before 1990. Longitudinal fragmentation of rivers causes severe ecological impacts on biodiversity, food chains, and nutrient cycles. Someșul Cald River is the main tributary of Someșul Mic River, the most important water source for the northwestern region of Transylvania. On its course, several dams and reservoirs were built from 1968 to 1980 for electricity production and population freshwater supply. The present study aimed to analyze the length–weight relationships (LWRs) and condition factors occurring in the longitudinally fragmented Someșul Cald River. The LWRs, relative condition factor Kn, and Fulton condition factor K were determined based on total length and wet body weight. Comparisons of LWRs, Kn, and K across river sections constrained by dams showed that some fish species exhibited similar growth patterns and physiological conditions, while others differed significantly. Freshwater fish physiology is altered by longitudinal fragmentation, both natural and artificial. Barriers such as dams influence the energy gradient, limiting feed availability and, consequently, the life history of fish species. Long-term management plans regarding conservation should take into consideration existing fish species population dynamics, along with their physiological and somatic status.
Optimization of Rotational Hydrodynamic Cavitation Reactor Geometry
Authors: Omelyanyuk Maxim , Ukolov Alexey , Pakhlyan Irina , Bukharin Nikolay , El Hassan Mouhammad
Published: October 2024

A Rotary-Pulsation Apparatus (RPA), also known in the literature as a Rotational Hydrodynamic Cavitation Reactor (RHCR), is a device which typically consists of a rotating mechanism that generates pulsations or vibrations within a fluid. This can be achieved through various means such as mechanical agitation, pneumatic pulses, or hydraulic forces. It is widely used in food, chemical, pharmaceutical, and microbiological industries to improve the mixing of different fluids, dispersion, pasteurization, and sterilization. In the present paper, a CFD study was conducted to develop and optimize the geometry of the RPA’s rotor and stator to induce cavitation in the fluid flow. The effect of cavitation has the potential to improve dispersion and emulsion properties and to significantly reduce operation pressure, in comparison to conventional mixing systems.
Navigating Food Fraud: A Survey of Nigerian Consumer Knowledge and Attitudes
Authors: Onyeaka Helen , Anyogu Amarachukwu , Odeyemi Olumide A. , Ukwuru Michael Ukwuru , Eze Ukpai , Isaac-Bamgboye Folayemi J. , Anumudu Christian K. , Akinwunmi Oluwabunmi O. , Sotayo Olufemi Peter , Jeff-Agboola Yemisi A.
Published: October 2024

Food fraud presents a growing threat globally, impacting consumer health; food safety; and brand credibility. The key motivation for food fraud is usually an economic or financial advantage. Economically motivated food fraud (EMA) is the illegal deception, deliberate and intentional substitution or addition of a substance in a food product, which may pose a possible health risk to unsuspecting consumers. This study aims to assess the awareness and attitudes of Nigerian consumers towards food authenticity and the regulatory measures in place to combat food adulteration. The study comprised 2160 respondents who were asked about their knowledge of high-profile food fraud incidents, frequently adulterated products, and their opinions of the effects of food fraud and preventative measures. The findings of this study revealed that more than a third of respondents were unfamiliar with the term “food fraud”. However, they were aware of local high-profile cases, such as “plastic rice” and counterfeit dairy products. Most participants relied on point-of-sale information for assessing food authenticity, with street vendors being viewed as potential sources of food adulteration. The study also found that more than half of the respondents were concerned about food fraud regardless of whether it involved local or imported products. A wide variety of food items were identified as prone to adulteration or fraudulent activity. These included alcoholic drinks, dairy products, honey, rice, and tomato paste, amongst others. These findings highlight the need for improved consumer awareness, regulatory effectiveness, and remediation efforts to combat food fraud in Nigeria.
Microbiological Quality Assessment of Some Commercially Available Breads
Authors: György Éva , Laslo Éva
Published: October 2024

Bread is a staple, energy-rich food for people of all ages, so quality is important to consumers. In our region, most of the commercially available bread, whether packaged or unpackaged, is produced by local bakeries, so monitoring microbial levels and the types of microbes present on bread can help to draw attention to protect the final product. It can also help to ensure the food safety, quality, and shelf life of bread. The freshly baked product is microbiologically sterile. Post-process contamination affects the microbial load of bread. In this study, the microbial load of 30 different commercial bread crumbs and crusts was determined. The different types of bread with different compositions were analyzed for total viable bacteria, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, aerobic and anaerobic spore-forming bacteria, and culturable microscopic fungi. The K-means clustering algorithm was used to cluster the different types of bread based on the number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found in the total viable bacterial count for bread crusts and crumbs. The bacterial count of bread varied between 10.00 ± 0.00–395.00 ± 52.4 CFU/g for bread crusts and 10.00 ± 0.0–310.67 ± 94 CFU/g for bread crumbs. The results of 16S rDNA sequence analysis showed that the most frequently occurring bacterial species belonged to the genus Bacillus, but species of the genus Staphylococcus were also present. Chryseobacterium spp. predominated on multigrain bread, Marinilactobacillus spp. on rustic potato bread, and Staphylococcus warneri on sliced brown potato bread. The results contribute to a better understanding of the microbial dynamics in locally produced breads from the Eastern Carpathians of Transylvania, with the aim of improving food safety, quality control, and consumer protection.
Spatial Price Transmission and Dynamic Volatility Spillovers in the Global Grain Markets: A TVP-VAR-Connectedness Approach
Authors: Xue Huidan , Du Yuxuan , Gao Yirui , Su Wen-Hao
Published: October 2024

The global food market’s escalating volatility has led to a complex network of uncertainty and risk transmission across different grain markets. This study utilizes the Time-Varying Parameter Vector Autoregression (TVP-VAR)-Connectedness approach to analyze the price transmission and volatility dynamics of key grains, including wheat, maize, rice, barley, peanut, soybean, and soybean meal, and their dynamic spillover directions, intensity, and network. By integrating the TVP-VAR-Connectedness model, this research captures the time-varying variability and interconnected nature of global grain price movements. The main findings reveal significant spillover effects, particularly in corn prices, with prices of soybean dominating other grains while prices of peanut and corn experience higher external spillover effects from other grains. The conclusions drawn underscore the imperative for policymakers to consider a holistic perspective of all types of grains when addressing global food security, with this study providing valuable insights for risk management in the grain sector at both global level and country level.
Comparing the Dietary Habits and the Food Choices Between Italian and Dominican Adult Populations: Focus on Fruit and Vegetable Intakes and Their Association with Skin Carotenoid Levels
Authors: Augimeri Giuseppina , Soto Manuel , Ceraudo Fabrizio , Caparello Giovanna , Villegas Figueroa Melisa , Cesario Mirko , Caputi Lorenzo S. , Calderon Berniza , Bonofiglio Daniela
Published: October 2024

The Mediterranean Diet (MD) is characterized by a high intake of fruits and vegetables (FVs), which is considered as an important contributor to the beneficial effects of the MD pattern. In this cross-sectional study, we compared the food choices, evaluated by dietary habit questionnaires, of a sample of 995 adults, including 601 and 394 participants from Southern Italy and the Dominican Republic, respectively. In addition, we focused on their FV consumption, assessed by the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) questionnaire, and on its association with skin carotenoid levels as measured by the Veggie Meter®. We found that a significantly higher percentage of Italians had five meals/day and breakfast compared to Dominicans (five meals/day: 43 vs. 25, p < 0.05; breakfast: 89 vs. 79, p < 0.05), whereas a lower percentage of participants from Italy consumed snacks between the two meals compared to the Dominican Republic population (47 vs. 70, p < 0.005). Most of the participants from both populations had breakfast at home. However, 59.3% of Italians and 27.5% of Dominicans (p = 0.005) had breakfast between 7:00 and 9:00 a.m., whereas 5.8% and 27.5% (p = 0.001) had breakfast after 9:00 a.m., respectively. Milk/yogurt and eggs were the most consumed foods for breakfast in Italy and the Dominican Republic, respectively. Regarding the main meals, most of the Italians and Dominicans had a first course for lunch and a second course for dinner. Of note, we observed that approximately half of the Italians ate FVs in their main meals and had a higher carotenoid score than the Dominicans. Interestingly, in the multiple linear regression analysis, we found that the carotenoid score was positively associated with sex (β = 0.078; p = 0.009), age (β = 0.008; p = 0.001), vegetable consumption (β = 0.12; p = 0.041) and the perception of a healthy diet (β = 0.12; p = 0.001) in the Dominic Republic population, while the carotenoid score was directly associated with sex (β = 54.97; p < 0.0001) and both vegetable (β = 25.42; p = 0.0008) and fruit (β = 38.61; p < 0.0001) consumption in the Italian sample. Our findings confirm the need to promote nutrition-based interventions to encourage FV intake, particularly in non-Mediterranean countries.
Metabolite Profiles and Biological Activities of Different Phenotypes of Beech Mushrooms (Hypsizygus marmoreus)
Authors: Jeong Sang-Wook , Yeo Hyeon Ji , Ha Neul-I , Kim Kyung-Je , Seo Kyoung-Sun , Jin Seong Woo , Koh Young-Woo , Jeong Hee Gyeong , Park Chang Ha , Im Seung-Bin
Published: October 2024

Beech mushrooms (Hypsizygus marmoreus) are edible mushrooms commercially used in South Korea. They can be classified into white and brown according to their pigmentation. This study analyzed the metabolites and biological activities of these mushrooms. Specifically, 42 metabolites (37 volatiles, two phenolics, and three carbohydrates) were quantified in white beech mushrooms, and 47 (42 volatiles, two phenolics, and three carbohydrates) were detected in brown mushrooms. The major volatiles detected were hexanal, pentanal, 1-hexanol, and 1-pentanol. Brown mushrooms contained higher levels of hexanal (64%) than white mushrooms (35%), whereas white mushrooms had higher levels of pentanal (11%) and 1-pentanol (3%). Most volatiles were more abundant in white mushrooms than in brown mushrooms. Furthermore, brown beech mushrooms had a higher phenolic content than white mushrooms. Biological assays revealed that both types of mushroom demonstrated anti-microbial activities against bacterial and yeast pathogens and weak DPPH scavenging activity. The extracts from both mushrooms (50 μg/mL) also exhibited strong anti-inflammatory properties. Brown mushroom extracts showed higher antioxidant, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammatory properties than white mushroom extracts. This study reported that the differences in phenotype, taste, and odor were consistent with the metabolite differences between white and brown beech mushrooms, which have high nutritional and biofunctional values.
Grade Classification of Camellia Seed Oil Based on Hyperspectral Imaging Technology
Authors: Gu Yuqi , Wu Jianhua , Guo Yijun , Hu Sheng , Li Kaixuan , Shang Yuqian , Bao Liwei , Hassan Muhammad , Zhao Chao
Published: October 2024

To achieve the rapid grade classification of camellia seed oil, hyperspectral imaging technology was used to acquire hyperspectral images of three distinct grades of camellia seed oil. The spectral and image information collected by the hyperspectral imaging technology was preprocessed by different methods. The characteristic wavelength selection in this study included the continuous projections algorithm (SPA) and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), and the gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) algorithm was used to extract the texture features of camellia seed oil at the characteristic wavelength. Combined with genetic algorithm (GA) and support vector machine algorithm (SVM), different grade classification models for camellia seed oil were developed using full wavelengths (GA-SVM), characteristic wavelengths (CARS-GA-SVM), and fusing spectral and image features (CARS-GLCM-GA-SVM). The results show that the CARS-GLCM-GA-SVM model, which combined spectral and image information, had the best classification effect, and the accuracy of the calibration set and prediction set of the CARS-GLCM-GA-SVM model were 98.30% and 96.61%, respectively. Compared with the CARS-GA-SVM model, the accuracy of the calibration set and prediction set were improved by 10.75% and 12.04%, respectively. Compared with the GA-SVM model, the accuracy of the calibration set and prediction set were improved by 18.28% and 18.15%, respectively. The research showed that hyperspectral imaging technology can rapidly classify camellia seed oil grades.
Optimization of the Homogenization Process of Ginseng Superfine Powder to Improve Its Powder Characteristics and Bioavailability
Authors: Sun Mei , Li Keke , Zhang Yuanpei , Li Jiwen , Dou Deqiang , Gong Xiaojie , Li Zhongyu
Published: October 2024

As consumer demands evolve for health supplements, traditional ginseng products are facing challenges in enhancing their powder characteristics and bioavailability. The objective of this study was to prepare a novel ginseng superfine powder using a high-pressure homogenization (HPH) process. Response surface methodology was employed to determine the effects of HPH parameters (pressure, number of passes, and concentration) on particle size and the dissolution of the saponin components of the superfine powders. The Box–Behnken design of experiments was applied to ascertain the optimal HPH parameters for the smallest particle size and the highest dissolution of the saponin components. For the powders obtained at different parameters, the characterization of tap density, bulk density, flowability, water-holding capacity, appearance, and taste were observed. The optimized experimental conditions for the HPH process were as follows: 15,000 psi (pressure), 3 (number of passes), and 1 kg/L (concentration). The optimized values were 55 μm (particle size) and 83 mg/g (dissolution of the saponin components), respectively. The method offered technical support for the application of the HPH process in the preparation of ginseng powders. The objects of this research could be broadened to include a diverse array of botanical materials, addressing contemporary demands for cost-effectiveness and sustainability within the industry.
Optimization of Germination Conditions for Enriched γ-Aminobutyric Acid and Phenolic Compounds of Foxtail Millet Sprouts by Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Yu Shibin , Li Chunqiu , Wang Xiaoyan , Herrera-Balandrano Daniela D. , Johnson Joel B. , Xiang Jinle
Published: October 2024

The optimum germination conditions for foxtail millet sprouts enriched with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and antioxidant polyphenols were investigated. From single-factor experimental results, both the GABA level and total phenolic content (TPC) were more significantly affected by soaking temperature and time, and concentration of sucrose culture solution. Response surface methodology (RSE) was used to optimize the germination conditions of foxtail millet sprouts, where the interaction between soaking temperature and sucrose concentration exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) effect on TPC, and the interaction between soaking time and sucrose concentration displayed a significant (p < 0.05) effect on GABA content. The optimal germination conditions for TPC and GABA enrichment of foxtail millet sprouts were soaking at 31 °C for 4.5 h and germinating at 35 °C with 4.5 g/L sucrose solution for 5 days. Under the optimized conditions, the TPC and GABA content of foxtail millet sprouts were 926.53 milligrams of ferulic acid equivalents per 100 g dry weight (mg FAE/100 g DW) and 259.13 mg/kg, separately, with less difference from the predicted values of 929.44 mg FAE/100 g DW and 263.60 mg/kg, respectively. Collectively, all the individual phenolic compounds increased significantly (p < 0.05) by optimization, except for cis-p-coumaric acid and cis-ferulic acid in bound. The results provide a practical technology for suitable germination conditions to improve the health components of foxtail millet sprouts and increase their added value.
pH-Responsive Alginate/Chitosan Gel Films: An Alternative for Removing Cadmium and Lead from Water
Authors: Moreno-Rivas Silvia Carolina , Ibarra-Gutiérrez María José , Fernández-Quiroz Daniel , Lucero-Acuña Armando , Burgara-Estrella Alexel J. , Zavala-Rivera Paul
Published: October 2024

Biosorption, a non-expensive and easy method for removing potentially toxic metal ions from water, has been the subject of extensive research. In this context, this study introduces a novel approach using sodium alginate and chitosan, versatile biopolymers that have shown excellent results as biosorbents. The challenge of maintaining high efficiencies and reuse is addressed by developing alginate/chitosan-based films. These films, prepared using solvent casting and crosslinking methods, form a hydrogel network. The alginate/chitosan-based films, obtained using the eco-friendly polyelectrolyte complex method, were characterized by FTIR, SEM, TGA, and DSC. The study of their swelling pH response, adsorption, and desorption behavior revealed promising results. The adsorption of Pb was significantly enhanced by the presence of both biopolymers (98%) in a shorter time (15 min) at pH = 6.5. The adsorption of both ions followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic and the Langmuir isotherm model. The desorption efficiencies for Cd and Pb were 98.8% and 77.6% after five adsorption/desorption cycles, respectively. In conclusion, the alginate/chitosan-based films present a highly effective and novel approach for removing Cd and Pb from water, with a promising potential for reuse, demonstrating their strong potential in potentially toxic metal removal.
Dual-Action Gemcitabine Delivery: Chitosan–Magnetite–Zeolite Capsules for Targeted Cancer Therapy and Antibacterial Defense
Authors: Guarín-González Yuly Andrea , Cabello-Guzmán Gerardo , Reyes-Gasga José , Moreno-Navarro Yanko , Vergara-González Luis , Martin-Martín Antonia , López-Muñoz Rodrigo , Cárdenas-Triviño Galo , Barraza Luis F.
Published: October 2024

Cancer and infectious diseases are two of the world’s major public health problems. Gemcitabine (GEM) is an effective chemotherapeutic agent against several types of cancer. In this study, we developed macrocapsules incorporating GEM into a chitosan matrix blended with magnetite and zeolite by ionic gelation. Physicochemical characterization was performed using HRTEM-ED, XRD, FESEM–EDS, FT-IR, TGA, encapsulation efficiency (%E.E.), and release profiles at pHs 7.4 and 5.0. Cell viability tests against A549 and H1299 cell lines, and microbiological properties against staphylococcal strains were performed. Our results revealed the successful production of hemispherical capsules with an average diameter of 1.22 mm, a rough surface, and characteristic FT-IR material interaction bands. The macrocapsules showed a high GEM encapsulation efficiency of over 86% and controlled release over 24 h. Cell viability assays revealed that similar cytotoxic effects to free GEM were achieved with a 45-fold lower GEM concentration, suggesting reduced dosing requirements and potentially fewer side effects. Additionally, the macrocapsules demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity, reducing Staphylococcus epidermidis growth by over 90%. These results highlight the macrocapsules dual role as a chemotherapeutic and antimicrobial agent, offering a promising strategy for treating lung cancer in patients at risk of infectious diseases or who are immunosuppressed.