bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The redox status of cysteine thiol residues of apolipoprotein E impacts on its lipid interactions
Authors: Yamauchi Kazuyoshi , Kawakami Yasushi
Published: January 2020

Redox-mediated modulation of cysteine (Cys) thiols has roles in various pathophysiological functions. We recently found that formation of disulfide-linked complexes of apolipoprotein (apo) E3 prevented apoE3 from irreversible oxidation. In this report, the influence of modification of Cys thiols in apoE2 and apoE3 on interactions with lipids was investigated. The apoE redox status was examined by a band-shift assay using a maleimide compound, and interactions with lipids were evaluated by a kinetic assay using dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) and non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A reduction in DMPC clearance activity of apoE2 and apoE3 but not apoE4 was observed. Although hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidation decreased the clearance activity of the isoforms, apoE2 showed the greatest residual activity. Both Cys thiol masking and dimerization decreased the activity of apoE2 and apoE3 but not apoE4. In contrast, apoAII preincubation markedly increased the activity (apoE2 > apoE3 > apoE4), in accordance with the formation of apoE-AII and apoAII-E2-AII complexes. ApoAII preincubation also reduced the particle size of apoE-DMPC liposome complexes, especially for apoE2. Redox-mediated modification of Cys thiols of apoE2 or apoE3, especially disulfide bond formation with apoAII, affects lipid metabolism and consequently may be responsible for the diverse isoform specificity of apoE.
Predicting and Designing Epitope Ensemble Vaccines against HTLV-1
Authors: Alam Saruar , Hasan Md. Kamrul , Manjur Omar Hamza Bin , Khan Akib Mahmud , Sharmin Zinat , Pavel Mahmud Arif , Hossain Md. Faruk
Published: January 2020

The infection mechanism and pathogenicity of Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) are ambiguously known for hundreds of years. Our knowledge about this virus is recently emerging. The purpose of the study is to design a vaccine targeting the envelope glycoprotein, GP62, an outer membrane protein of HTLV-1 that has an increased number of epitope binding sites. Data collection, clustering and multiple sequence alignment of HTLV-1 glycoprotein B, variability analysis of envelope Glycoprotein GP62 of HTLV-1, population protection coverage, HLA-epitope binding prediction, and B-cell epitope prediction were performed to predict an effective vaccine. Among all the predicted peptides, ALQTGITLV and VPSSSTPL epitopes interact with three MHC alleles. The summative population protection coverage worldwide by these epitopes as vaccine candidates was found nearly 70%. The docking analysis revealed that ALQTGITLV and VPSSSTPL epitopes interact strongly with the epitope-binding groove of HLA-A*02:03, and HLA-B*35:01, respectively, as this HLA molecule was found common with which every predicted epitope interacts. Molecular dynamics simulations of the docked complexes show they form stable complexes. So, these potential epitopes might pave the way for vaccine development against HTLV-1.
From inquisitive disjunction to nonveridical equilibrium: Modalized questions in Korean
Authors: Kang Arum , Yoon Suwon
Published: January 2020

The goal of the present study is to identify a novel paradigm of epistemic modal operator derived from disjunction. Our main data involves an inquisitive disjunction marker nka in Korean, the presence of which enhances a speaker’s epistemic uncertainty and forms a modalized question. We show how nka contributes the modal effects in question within a theory of nonveridicality. In particular, we propose that the prerequisite of nka are non-homogenous nonveridical states that are partitioned in equipoised epistemic spaces because of the absence in ranking between them. The distinct notions of disjunction, question, and possibility modals can thus be systematically captured under the framework of nonveridical equilibrium. The current analysis offers important insights into the relationship between the classes of nonveridical and modal ingredients involved in inquisitive disjunction: First, Korean facts importantly reveal that modalized questions do not form a uniform class with regular questions, since interrogative semantics alone cannot predict the epistemic uncertainty. Second, languages parameterize as to how they lexicalize the function of manipulating modal base. The implication of our findings is that disjunction needs to be recognized as a novel device for encoding a speaker’s weakest perspective on epistemic modality.
Research in biodynamic food and farming – a review
Authors: Brock Christopher , Geier Uwe , Greiner Ramona , Olbrich-Majer Michael , Fritz Jürgen
Published: January 2020

Research into biodynamic food and farming has a long history within the biodynamic movement. Whilst the basic aim of this research has always been to provide knowledge for furthering the development of this farming approach, recently interest has increased in sharing research activities and results with the global scientific community. After commencing with an introduction to biodynamic agriculture, this review gives an overview of peer-reviewed publications on issues in biodynamic food and farming that have been published between 2006 and 2017. The time before this period is covered by the reviews of Leiber et al. (2006) and Turinek et al. (2009).

Overall, 86 articles were included into this review. The most recognized topics were soil quality and soil health in biodynamic vs. conventional and organic farming, effects of biodynamic preparations, food quality, and viticulture. The studies provide substantial evidence for positive effects of biodynamic management on agroecosystems and food quality:

1) Biodynamic management creates system effects on soils, where compost application plays a crucial role.

2) Biodynamic preparations create effects on food chemical composition and food quality.

3) Biodynamic production can improve the value of food with regard to nutritive properties, taste and human health and well-being.

4) Biodynamic management improves grape quality and plant traits compared to non-biodynamic management.

Until now, the effects of biodynamic management have usually been studied with classical analytical methods in natural and life sciences through disciplinary and reductionist study designs. An application of study designs or specific methods that are conducive for a more holistic analysis are rarely implemented. Thus, we identify the development of appropriate methods and study designs for a holistic examination as a major challenge of future research in biodynamic food and farming.
The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus contamination in the ambulances and on-call emergency medical service personnel of Kashan city in Iran
Authors: Paravar Mohammad , Safavi Somaye , Eghtesadi Razie , Mohamadzade Mahdi , Sehat Mojtaba , Fazel Mohammadreza , Fakharian Esmaeil , Makki Mohammadhosein , Erami Mahzad , Taghipor Tayebeh , Dayani Najafabadi Abdolreza
Published: January 2020

Objective: Emergency medical services systems are at the first line of dealing with patients who suffer from various infections. Conducting investigations on the bacterial contamination of emergency ambulances play a crucial role to improve the occupational health of staff as well as the quality of patient care. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and other life treating bacteria in the urban and rural ambulances and their on-call emergency medical service personnel. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 12 front line prehospital emergency urban and rural ambulances in Kashan, Iran, in 2015. A total of 18 sites were sampled in each ambulance and from the nose of personnel. Grown colonies were confirmed based on colony morphology on mannitol salt agar plates, gram stain reaction and biochemical characteristics reactions. Results: The S. aureus contamination was only isolated from the nose of on-call emergency medical service providers of 12 urban and road ambulances, while no sign of contamination was found in 18 sampling sites of these front-line ambulances. Also, further evaluation of these sampling sites revealed the contamination with coagulase-negative staphylococci in all of them and oxygen tank was introduced as the most contaminated site inside the ambulances. Moreover, the prevalence of equipment contamination was significantly higher in urban ambulances. Conclusion: Identifying the rate of pathogens in clinical settings like the pre-hospital ambulance setting is an important issue which should be carefully considered.
Effects of Velocity Loss During Body Mass Prone-Grip Pull-up Training on Strength and Endurance Performance
Authors: Sánchez-Moreno Miguel , Cornejo-Daza Pedro Jesús , González-Badillo Juan José , Pareja-Blanco Fernando
Published: January 2020

Sánchez-Moreno, M, Cornejo-Daza, PJ, González-Badillo, JJ, and Pareja-Blanco, F. Effects of velocity loss during body mass prone-grip pull-up training on strength and endurance performance. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 911–917, 2020—This study aimed to analyze the effects of 2 pull-up (PU) training programs that differed in the magnitude of repetition velocity loss allowed in each set (25% velocity loss “VL25” vs. 50% velocity loss “VL50”) on PU performance. Twenty-nine strength-trained men (age = 26.1 ± 6.3 years, body mass [BM] = 74.2 ± 6.4 kg, and 15.9 ± 4.9 PU repetitions to failure) were randomly assigned to 2 groups: VL25 (n = 15) or VL50 (n = 14) and followed an 8-week (16 sessions) velocity-based BM prone-grip PU training program. Mean propulsive velocity (MPV) was monitored in all repetitions. Assessments performed at pre-training and post-training included estimated 1 repetition maximum; average MPV attained with all common external loads used during pre-training and post-training testing (AVinc); peak MPV lifting one's own BM (MPVbest); maximum number of repetitions to failure lifting one's own BM (MNR); and average MPV corresponding to the same number of repetitions lifting one's own BM performed during pre-training testing (AVMNR). VL25 attained significantly greater gains than VL50 in all analyzed variables except in MNR (P < 0.05). In addition, VL25 improved significantly (P < 0.001) in all the evaluated variables while VL50 remained unchanged. In conclusion, our results suggest that once a 25% velocity loss is achieved during PU training, further repetitions did not elicit additional gains and can even blunt the improvement in strength and endurance performance.
Effect of Acute Beetroot Juice Supplementation on Bench Press Power, Velocity, and Repetition Volume
Authors: Williams Tyler D. , Martin Mary P. , Mintz Jake A. , Rogers Rebecca R. , Ballmann Christopher G.
Published: January 2020

Williams, TD, Martin, MP, Mintz, JA, Rogers, RR, and Ballmann, CG. Effect of acute beetroot juice supplementation on bench press power, velocity, and repetition volume. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 924–928, 2020—The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of acute beetroot juice (BRJ) supplementation on power, velocity, and repetitions to failure (RTF) during bench press exercise. Resistance-trained male subjects (n = 11) were recruited for this study. Using a double-blinded, counterbalanced, crossover study design, subjects were supplemented with either 70 ml of BRJ or placebo (PL; black currant juice) 2 hours before exercise. During each exercise trial, subjects began by completing 2 sets × 2 repetitions of bench press at 70% 1 repetition maximum (1RM) with maximum explosive intent. Barbell velocity and power were measured using a linear position transducer. Subjects then completed 3 sets × RTF at 70% 1RM separated by 2 minutes of rest between each set. Maximum mean power, velocity, and repetitions were analyzed. Mean velocity (p = 0.011; effect size [ES] = 0.54) and mean power (p = 0.015; ES = 0.51) were significantly higher with BRJ when compared with PL. Total RTF (p = 0.002; ES = 0.46) was higher during the BRJ condition vs. PL. Results indicate that acute BRJ supplementation positively impacts velocity, power, and total repetitions during free-weight bench press exercise.
Relationship Between Strength, Athletic Performance, and Movement Skill in Adolescent Girls
Authors: Sommerfield Lesley M. , Harrison Craig B. , Whatman Chris S. , Maulder Peter S.
Published: January 2020

Sommerfield, LM, Harrison, CB, Whatman, CS, and Maulder, PS. Relationship between strength, athletic performance, and movement skill in adolescent girls. J Strength Cond Res 36(3): 674–679, 2022—Muscular strength in youth has been linked to health and physical benefits, enhanced movement skill, and an active lifestyle in adulthood. However, the relationship between maximum strength, athletic performance, and movement skill in youth females remains unclear. The purpose was to examine the relationship between maximum strength, athletic performance, and movement skill and determine whether differences exist between strong girls (SGs), average girls (AGs), and weak girls (WGs). One hundred four girls (age 14.0 ± 0.6 years, height 162.6 ± 5.9 cm, body mass 57.3 ± 9.7 cm) from a girls' secondary school performed an isometric midthigh pull (IMTP), double- and single-leg (right leg = R, left leg = L) countermovement jump, 10- and 20-m sprints, a drop vertical jump ,and the back squat assessment. Significance was set at p < 0.01 for correlations and p < 0.05 for one-way analysis of variance. Correlations revealed IMTP had significant small to large relationships with all performance variables (r = 0.27–0.62) except right-leg countermovement jump and left-leg countermovement jump height (r = 0.17–0.23). Relative IMTP had significant moderate to large relationships with all performance variables (r = 0.32–0.60). There were significant differences between strength groups for all performance measures. Strong girls had significantly faster sprint times than AGs. In addition, SGs and AGs performed significantly better than WGs in all assessments. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of strength for athletic performance and movement skill in adolescent girls.
Effect of Silica Sand Filler on Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Grout for Composite Repair of Steel Pipelines
Authors: Azraai S. N. A. , Lim K. S. , Yahaya N. , Zardasti L. , Husain M. K. Abu , Noor N. Md.
Published: January 2020

Oil and gas pipes are vulnerable to failure initiated by corrosion because of their operating pressure under adverse conditions. A composite repair assembled around the pipe with a small gap that is then infilled with epoxy grout is considered a suitable option for repairing corroded pipelines. This article presents an investigation into the mechanical properties (compressive, tensile, and flexural) of epoxy grout, with and without inclusion of silica sand as a filler. The mechanical tests were carried out in accordance with American Society for Testing and Materials standards. Experimental results on mechanical properties indicate that the strength in tensile and flexural mode for the grout decreases with the inclusion of filler because of a weak interface between the matrix and filler. However, the addition of filler in grout showed an increase in compressive, tensile, and flexural modulus. Based on suggested properties in a previous study, both grouts have the potential to be used on structural rehabilitation, especially for repairing damaged pipeline.
Suscetibilidade à inundação da bacia hidrográfica do rio Piratini - RS
Authors: Moura Maíra Martim de , Araujo Mélory Maria Fernandes de , Castro Tamiris Araújo Duarte , Leandro Diuliana
Published: January 2020

Diversas técnicas vêm sendo desenvolvidas a fim de identificar a suscetibilidade à inundação de uma dada região. Neste contexto, o Sensoriamento Remoto vem sendo utilizado para auxiliar medidas de controle e prevenção de inundações. O estudo tem como objetivo analisar a suscetibilidade da bacia hidrográfica do rio Piratini, localizada no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foi utilizado o método Analytic Hierarchy Process e os atributos analisados foram: declividade, altitude, classe de solo e uso do solo. Dois cenários foram propostos: i) solo exposto e ii) solo com vegetação. Dois cenários foram propostos: i) solo exposto e ii) solo com vegetação. Pode-se perceber que a bacia apresentou maior porcentagem de áreas com baixa e muito baixa suscetibilidade durante o período com cobertura agrícola, enquanto que, a porcentagem da bacia enquadrada com suscetibilidade muito alta duplicou no período com o solo exposto.
Desenvolvimento de jogo digital educacional no RPG Maker MV para auxiliar no processo de ensino-aprendizagem de ortografia da Língua Portuguesa
Authors: Assunção Fabio Nunes , Araújo Nukácia Meyre
Published: January 2020

Relato do desenvolvimento de um jogo digital, a ser utilizado como recurso didático para auxiliar no processo de ensino-aprendizagem de ortografia. A fundamentação teórica baseia-se nos estágios de aquisição da escrita (MOREIRA, 2009) e na relação entre letras e sons (MORAIS, 2008). O conteúdo didático do jogo foi elaborado em conjunto com uma professora de Língua Portuguesa e o jogo digital foi desenvolvido através do software RPG Maker MV. Os dados foram coletados através de sessões de jogos e de entrevistas com alunos do 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola pública de Fortaleza/CE. A análise dos dados preliminares mostrou que o jogo digital foi bem aceito pelos alunos. Os dados mostram também uma série de aspectos que precisam ser aprimorados para a próxima versão do jogo digital educacional, como a dificuldade e a diversidade dos conteúdos e a interação entre o jogador e os elementos do próprio jogo.
Gamificação
Authors: Leffa Vilson J. , Vetromille-Castro Rafael
Published: January 2020

Apresentação do v. 22, n. 4 (2019): Gamificação
Longitudinal Basal Forebrain Degeneration Interacts with TREM2/C3 Biomarkers of Inflammation in Presymptomatic Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Schmitz Taylor W. , Soreq Hermona , Poirier Judes , Spreng R. Nathan
Published: January 2020

Cholinergic inputs originating from the peripheral nervous system regulate the inflammatory immune responses of macrophages during clearance of blood-based pathogens. Because microglia are involved in clearing amyloid and tau pathology from the central nervous system, we hypothesized that cholinergic input originating from the basal forebrain might similarly regulate inflammatory immune responses to these pathologies in the aging brain. To explore this hypothesis, we leveraged the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative dataset. Cognitively normal older male and female human adults were differentiated according to the relative concentration of phosphorylated tau and amyloid in their cerebrospinal fluid, yielding neurotypical and preclinical, cognitively healthy, subgroups. We then tracked these two groups longitudinally with structural MRI and biomarkers of inflammation, including soluble sTREM2 levels in the CSF and complementC3expression in the blood transcriptome. Longitudinal loss of basal forebrain volume was larger in the preclinical compared with the neurotypical subgroup. Across preclinical adults, loss of basal forebrain volume was associated with greater longitudinal accumulation of sTREM2 and higher peripheral bloodC3expression. None of these relationships were attributable to degeneration in the whole-brain gray matter volume. Preclinical APOE e4 carriers exhibited the largest loss of basal forebrain volume and highest C3 expression. Consistent with the known anti-inflammatory influence of the peripheral cholinergic pathways on macrophages, our findings indicate that a loss of central cholinergic input originating from the basal forebrain might remove a key check on microglial inflammation induced by amyloid and tau accumulation.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn the peripheral nervous system, cholinergic modulation holds the reactivity of macrophages to blood-based pathogens in check, promoting clearance while preventing runaway inflammation and immune-triggered cell death. Microglia are the brain's resident macrophages and play an important role in clearing accumulated amyloid and tau from neurons. Here, we demonstrate that a loss of cholinergic integrity in the CNS, indexed by longitudinal decreases of basal forebrain volume, interacts with multiple biomarkers of inflammation in cognitively normal older adults with abnormal amyloid and tau pathology. These interactions were not detected in cognitively normal older adults with “neurotypical” levels of amyloid and tau. An age-related loss of cholinergic neuromodulation may remove key checks on microglial reactivity to amyloid and tau.
The Frankfurt School at Egyptian Universities
Authors: Ali Haggag
Published: January 2020

The critical theory of the Frankfurt School reached Egypt in 1955, when the Arabic translation of Erich Fromm’s The Sane Society (New York, 1955) was published in Cairo. Later, Herbert Marcuse’s Soviet Marxism (1958) was translated into Arabic in Beirut in 1965, and with the rise of student protests in France, Germany, and the United States, much attention was given to Marcuse; almost all his writings were translated into Arabic between 1969 and 1973. This article explores the nature of individual “receptions” of the critical theory of the Frankfurt School at Egyptian universities. To this end, it briefly introduces the early generation of the Frankfurt School, as well as the reasons of interest in its fate in Egyptian universities. Though master’s theses and doctoral dissertations do not represent a university’s orientation to critical theory, and at best represent the perspective of their individual authors, this article shows that key individual theses and dissertations testify to an early rejection of the Frankfurt School and to the late adoption of it as a critical paradigm of the transformations in Egyptian society.
Identity and Regional Conflicts in the Arabian Gulf
Authors: Al-Najjar Baqer
Published: January 2020

This article discusses the complex issue of identity and citizenship in the Arab Gulf, while alluding to the wider context of societies and their challenges. It argues that despite the significant changes Gulf societies have undergone, identity still plays a determining role at both the individual and communal levels.
The Dynamics of Egypt’s “Semi-opposition,” 2004–11
Authors: Mosad Mai Mogid
Published: January 2020

This paper maps the basic opposition groups that influenced the Egyptian political system in the last years of Hosni Mubarak’s rule. It approaches the nature of the relationship between the system and the opposition through use of the concept of “semiopposition.” An examination and evaluation of the opposition groups shows the extent to which the regime—in order to appear that it was opening the public sphere to the opposition—had channels of communication with the Muslim Brotherhood. The paper also shows the system’s relations with other groups, such as “Kifaya” and “April 6”; it then explains the reasons behind the success of the Muslim Brotherhood at seizing power after the ousting of President Mubarak.
Erste Hilfe bei Gruppenarbeiten - Möglichkeiten der Studierenden zur erfolgreichen Gestaltung dieser Arbeitsform
Authors: Wolf Juliane
Published: January 2020

Studierende treffen häufig auf Lernformen, die als Gruppenarbeiten organisiert sind. Nur ein adäquater Umgang mit dabei entstehenden Schwierigkeiten kann dazu beitragen, dass Studierende diese Arbeitsform zum Erfolg führen. Allerdings ist dies selten Gegenstand des Studiums. Hier werden Möglichkeiten aufgezeigt, mit den Schwierigkeiten umzugehen.
Zum Umgang mit Managementrisiken im Rahmen der Corporate Governance
Authors: Stahl Juliane
Published: January 2020

Managementfehler gehören zu den häufigsten Ursachen von Unternehmenskrisen, werden aber bislang nur unzureichend vom betrieblichen Risikomanagement erfasst. Mit Hilfe des Prinzipal-Agenten-Ansatzes, der Informationsasymmetrien und die Auswir-kungen opportunistischen Verhaltens in den Mittelpunkt der Überlegungen stellt, bietet der vorliegende Beitrag Ansatzpunkte zur Erfassung und zum Umgang mit Manage-mentrisiken im Sinne einer guten Corporate Governance.
HALAL INDUSTRY IN INDONESIA: ROLE OF SHARIA FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN DRIVING INDUSTRIAL AND HALAL ECOSYSTEM
Authors: Rachman M. Aulia
Published: January 2020

Halal market has emerged as a sector of new development and creating market potential in the global economy. Sharia Financial Institutions (SFI) has an important role as an intermediation between unit deficits and surpluses in the economy with sharia principles. As the development of halal products and industries make SFI have an important role in encouraging the growth, literacy and potential of the halal industry. In this paper we will present the ideas and roles of SFI in encouraging the potential of halal industry in Indonesia. The purpose of writing this paper is to provide an overview of the potential, prospects and literacy of the halal industry in Indonesia; and provide an overview and idea of the role of SFI sector in encouraging halal ecosystems and industries.Keywords: Islamic Financial Institutions, Halal Industry, Halal Ecosystem
The Impact of Macroeconomic Indicator on Islamic Insurance Demand in Indonesia
Authors: Ayyubi Salahuddin El , Widyastutik W , Anditta A.
Published: January 2020

This research aimed to determine the development of Islamic insurance industry in Indonesia and analyze the influence of macroeconomic indicators Islamic insurance demand in Indonesia. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) was used in this research with monthly time series data from January 2014 to December 2016. The results of this research indicated that the variables of money supply, interest rate, GDP per capita, and education had a positive (significant) effect to the Islamic insurance demand in Indonesia. Moreover, the inflation variable and dependency ratio had a negative (significant) effect to the Islamic insurance demand in Indonesia.
Biochemical markers of vital biodestruction in common oak (Quercus robur)
Authors: Likhanov A. F. , Sereda O. V. , Gryb V. M. , Melnyk V. I. , Osadchuk L. S. , Yuskevych T.
Published: January 2020

The wood of the common oak (Quercus robur L.) has high mechanical strength, elasticity and resistance to fracture. However, constitutional stability is not always able to provide the plants with reliable protection from wood-decay fungi, and the initial stages of biodegradation are difficult to determine. Therefore, this study concerns research on appropriate biochemical markers for early diagnostics of wood defects. The total content of phenolic compounds in leaves and wood was determined by a spectrophotometer Optizen Pop using Folin & Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent; the flavonoid content in leaves – by adding solutions of aluminum chloride and sodium acetate to methanolic extracts; catechins content – by the reaction with vanillin reagent; the concentration of phenolic antioxidants – by Brand Williams; chlorophyll and carotenoids’ contents in leaves – by the formula for methanol extracts; the qualitative composition of phenolic compounds – by high performance liquid chromatography and highly effective thin-layer chromatography. During the planned felling of oak trees on the territory of the Boyar Forest Research Station, trees were found with signs of brown streak and biodestruction of wood. Brown streak in wood is caused by a polycondensation of phenolic compounds, which are deposited on the internal surfaces of tracheal elements. In cases of an increase in the total amount of oxidized polyphenols, the cell walls are also stained. Active oxidation processes in wood have a systemic nature for the plants and affect the physiological state of the assimilation apparatus. We determined that in leaves of the trees with signs of brown streak the total phenol content increases in comparison with the control by 1.6 times, as well as flavonoid and catechin content. Our research has shown that the complex of plastid pigments in common oak leaves does not significantly change in the early stages of destructive processes. Increase of brown streak and appearance of rot in wood are associated with slight increase in chlorophyll a to b ratio in leaves. Chromatographic profiling of the leaves showed that the presence of brown streak changes the content of individual phenolic compounds. The trees with brown rot have more substances with UV spectrum characteristic for kaempferol glycosides compared to the control. The results have shown that the biochemical profiles of the trees with signs of brown streak and brown rot differ from the control by the composition of low and medium polar compounds. The absence or presence of some individual phenolic components and their ratio in the leaves are considered as biochemical markers of hidden wood defects.
Population density and structure of birds breeding in an urban habitat dominated by large baobabs (Adansonia digitata), Northern Namibia
Authors: Kopij G.
Published: January 2020

Large baobabs are regarded as key plant species in the savannah biome. In this study their role in shaping the avian community has been evaluated. The territory mapping method has been employed to quantify the avian breeding community in the town Outapi (ca. 130 ha), Northern Namibia, well-endowed with large baobabs. A total of 29 breeding bird species were recorded. The alien House Sparrow was by far the most numerous species comprising 48.4% of all breeding birds. The Blue Waxbill and African Palm Swift were also classified as dominant species, comprising together 17.4%. Granivores were by far the most numerous feeding guild, comprising 77.2% of all birds breeding, while the insectivores comprised only 11.8%. Birds nesting in/on buildings comprised 52.7%, those nesting on trees/shrubs – 42.0%. The population densities of many bird species (e.g. doves from the genus Stepropelia, bulbuls, weavers) were comparatively low. Such a situation could have been caused by the exceptionally high population density of the Pied Crow. In the study area, there were 15 breeding pairs and about 100–150 non-breeding individuals. The baobabs may provide them with a feeding resource in the form of the sweet fruits. The crows, as nest predators, feed also on the eggs and nestlings of other birds. Doves seem to be especially prone to such predation, as their nests are easily to detect and destroy. As a result, they have to breed in low density. This in turn, may release other dominant granivores in the study area, namely sparrows. They are not vulnerable to crow nest predation, as their nests are usually well-concealed under eaves and in holes of buildings.
Images of the «enemy» by the eyes of prisoners of war from the time of the First World War (according to the memoirs of Yu. I. Kirsch and E. E. Dwinger)
Authors: Lavrenko V. S. , Tkachenko M. M.
Published: January 2020

The article analyzes the memories of Y. I. Kirsch, a Russian soldier who got into German captivity, and E. E. Dwinger, a German junior officer who was captured by Russians. The author raises the question of common and distinctive features in the images of the “enemy” created in the memoirs of these memoirists. Transformation in the perception of a military enemy in the experience of captivity is being considered. The issue of reconciliation and finding an understanding with the “enemy” was studied.

The author comes to the conclusion that at the time of capturing both Russian and German soldiers had extremely negative images of the “enemy”. These images were constructed by state propaganda, which dehumanized a military enemy. The prisoners of war expected extreme cruelties from the “enemy”, but these expectations were not approved.

Extreme experience of captivity focused on the negative aspects of life in Germany and the Russian Empire. This was reflected in the memoirs of Y. I. Kirch and E. E. Dwinger. But both memoirists noted that the “enemy” in the crowd behaved ruthlessly, while on a personal level, he was often ready to help prisoners of war, to show mercy. Despite the negative attitude to the “enemy”, both in Russia and in Germany, there was a cohabitation of prisoners of war with local women. In Germany, ordinary Germans congratulated prisoners of war on its’ end. In Russia with the beginning of the revolution, German prisoners of war received an invitation to join the White Movement. These facts are manifestations of partial reconciliation of prisoners of war with the “enemy”.

With regard to the difference in the design of the enemy's image, German memoirs show more cultural reflections on the national character and the mission of the Russians. Memoirs of the Russian on the contrary emphasize the way of life and order that prevailed in the camp for the prisoners of war.

The study of the experience of transforming the enemy's image during the First World War is relevant in the context of a modern information confrontation, which inevitably complements military conflicts.
Some Sketches for the Portrait of World History Historian in Dnipropetrovsk: M.O. Yuriev in Procrustean bed of Stalin`s Repressions
Authors: Venger A. G.
Published: January 2020

In this article the biography of M. Yuriev has been analyzed. Yuriev was the head of the World History department of Dnipropetrovsk Institute of Public Education and worked at the University at the beginning of 1930-th. He graduated from Odessa University where he had studied law. His closest relatives emigrated to Europe. He worked in the museum and taught in Dnipropetrovsk University. At the beginning of 1930-th Yuriev headed the World History department. By the time he started working at the University, the most historians prepared before 1917 had been fired from the world history department. In the University there were companies against Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism. Yuriev was also involved in this ideological struggle. He criticized the teachers of the history of Ukraine for the “nationalistic bias”. He criticized them especially at the time of so called “socialist competitions” between the History and Philology Departments. Without having scholarly research works he was involved into the project of writing the history of Dnipropetrovsk plant named after Bolshevik Petrovsky The work of the most authors of this project was considered unsatisfactory. The texts were not printed, but they were seized and destroyed. During the “political cleaning” in 1934 Yuriev was expelled from the consignment and fired. In 1935 he was arrested and accused of Trotskyism. Yuriev was sentenced to 5 years imprisonment. He was sentenced again while serving a sentence in Leningrad region in 1937. The court judged him to capital punishment, in 1937 he was shot. In 1959 he was posthumously rehabilitated.
Evolution of volatile compounds from milk to curd during manufacturing of Mozzarella
Authors: Natrella Giuseppe , Gambacorta Giuseppe , De Palo Pasquale , Lorenzo Jose Manuel , Faccia Michele
Published: January 2020

The aim of this study was to investigate the evolution of the volatile compounds (VOC) from milk to curd during mozzarella manufacturing, in connection with the technique used for curd acidification (traditional =
natural whey starter fermentation; industrial = direct acidification by
citric acid addition). Overall, 40 compounds were identified from the entire set of samples, belonging to different chemical classes. All compounds detected in milk were also found in the curd, but at much higher concentration. In addition, many other compounds formed during curd production. By comparison of the samples from the 2 acidification techniques, and analysing the scientific literature to explain the source of the volatile compounds, it was found that microbial activity played a main role in VOC formation. In fact, the curd obtained by natural whey starter fermentation showed the most complex profile, whereas that of the curd obtained by direct acidification was much simpler. The most important odour-active compounds that could contribute
to flavour of the curd made by traditional technology were 3-methylbutanal, ethyl acetate and 2,3-butanedione, responsible for ethereal, fruity and buttery odour. For direct acidification they were 3-methylbutanal (at lower level), nonanal and decanal (herbal/fruity odour). The PCA analysis showed clear clusterization of the three types of samples: milks and direct acidified curds were rather close in the bi-plot graph, whereas traditional curds were spread all along the space. The research is currently in progress, for assessing the evolution of the volatile compounds during the next technological steps of mozzarella manufacturing.
MODEL PENEBARAN IKAN NILA DI WADUK MALAHAYU, BREBES, JAWA TENGAH
Authors: Triharyuni Setiya , Aldila Dipo , Aisyah Aisyah , Samhudi Husnah
Published: January 2020

Waduk Malahayu merupakan salah satu waduk yang dimanfaatkan untuk perikanan. Kegiatan penangkapan di waduk ini telah lama dilakukan baik oleh nelayan sekitar maupun luar daerah. Saat ini telah terjadi indikasi adanya penurunan produksi sebagai akibat adanya degradasi sumber daya ikan dan lingkungan serta intensitas penangkapan yang tinggi. Diperlukan upaya pengelolaan untuk meningkatkan produksi ikan di Waduk Malahayu. Salah satu upaya tersebut adalah dengan melakukan penebaran ikan secara rutin baik oleh instansi pemerintah maupun nelayan setempat. Salah satu faktor keberhasilan penebaran ikan terhadap peningkatan produksi adalah jumlah padat tebar yang memadai. Akan tetapi, kajian mengenai jumlah padat tebar yang memadai melalui pendekatan model matematis belum banyak dilakukan. Model matematis mampu memperhitungkan aspek lain seperti penebaran kembali dan penangkapan ke dalam satu kajian model holistik dan analitik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengestimasi jumlah benih nila yang sebaiknya ditebar. Kondisi populasi ikan nila digambarkan dengan skenario laju pertumbuhan logistik, dengan pertimbangan adanya penebaran dan penangkapan. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa jumlah benih nila untuk ditebar sehingga dapat meningkatkan produksi adalah sekitar 8 ton/tahun atau setara dengan 533.333 ekor/tahun. Hasil dari kajian ini diharapkan bermanfaat bagi pengelolaan sumber daya ikan di Waduk Malahayu melalui pemulihan sumber daya. Fish stocking has been done as an effort to increase fish stock in Malahayu Reservoir. The need to fish stocking is due to the degradation of environment, fish resources and high exploitation either, lead to the decreasing of fish production on those reservoir. Fish stocking that intensively done by local government and community does not yet give an impact to the increasing of fish production. The amount of stocked seeds by using mathematical model approach has not done yet. Mathematical model approach is able to consider other aspects such as restocking activities and fishing into a holistic and analytical study. The current research aimed to estimate the amount of seed of Tilapia that properly stocked in Malahayu Reservoir. Population condition of Tilapia is described by logistic growth rate scenario, taking into account of stocking and fishing. In effort to increase the production, the amount of Tilapia should be stocked about 8 tonnes/year or 533.333 individuals/year. The results obtained in this research are expected to be beneficial for the management of fish resources in Malahayu Reservoir through stock enhancement.
The Russian Language Test: Towards Assessing Text Comprehension
Authors: McCarthy Kathryn , McNamara Danielle , Solnyshkina Marina , Tarasova Fanuza , Kupriyanov Roman
Published: January 2020

Reading comprehension relies on a variety of complex skills that are not effectively assessed by existing Russian language tests. At the same time, Russian textbooks are criticized both for their low text quality and high text complexity. This study addresses issues of Russian language proficiency and comprehension assessment with the development of the Russian Language Test (RLT). The RLT was constructed to measure proficiency relevant to textbook comprehension, such as grammar and vocabulary knowledge, establishing propositional meaning and inferencing. Results from this initial study including 81 fifth-grade and 94 ninth-grade students confirm that students struggle with grammatical inferences and identifying the main idea in a text. Additionally, three standardized Russian exams, VPR, OGE, EGE are analyzed, affording an overview of the testing system for the Russian language from the elementary through high school education levels. This study demonstrates promise for the use of the RLT as a language proficiency assessment and provides a broad context for understanding the current state of Russian language tests for native speakers.
E-Procurement as a Way to Protect the Public Interest
Authors: Shmeleva Marina
Published: January 2020

Introduction: the paper is devoted to the study of legal mechanisms in the area of public procurement, which can ensure the protection of the public interest and respect for fundamental human rights and freedoms. Modern international law requires that the public procurement regulations include the standards for the protection of fundamental human rights. There are serious loopholes in the Russian procurement legislation regarding the application of human rights protection standards in the performance of contractual obligations. For this purpose, the author reveals the hierarchy of interests of all the subjects of legal relations in the area of procurement and the main ways of violations of human rights and the public interest. By means of methods of scientific knowledge, first of all, comparative jurisprudence, the system of public procurement in comparison with the contract system of the USA was considered. The paper also uses specific methods of scientific knowledge, including: system-structural, formallogical, as well as special legal methods of normative interpretation. Results: it is pointed out that the lowest-price competition often encourages States to support unscrupulous contractors who violate the fundamental human rights, fail to comply with the occupational safety standards and pay low wages. In particular, in Russia, the law does not allow obliging customers to only enter into a contract with those procurement participants who are ready to ensure compliance with the labor rights. In such a situation, human rights could only be protected by ensuring transparency in the procurement process. In turn, achieving transparency of procurement is only possible with the use of digital technologies. Conclusions: according to the results of the study, it should be assumed that the current procurement rules in Russia at each stage need to be improved in terms of filling in the loopholes in the human rights procurement standards aimed at ensuring respect for fundamental human rights. The active use of IT-technologies is required for the development and implementation of self-executing agreements in a single information system.
Child Refugee Asylum Seekers and the Positive Responsibility to Protect
Authors: Ahmed Maahin
Published: January 2020

An overview of issues pertaining to children who claim asylum.
PENGARUH DIAMETER NOZZLE TERHADAP DIAMETER GEL PADA PROSES GELASI EKSTERNAL KERNEL CERIA STABILIZED ZIRCONIA (CSZ)
Authors: Nurwidyaningrum Kristanti , Sediawan Wahyudi Budi , Perdana Indra
Published: January 2020

PENGARUH DIAMETER NOZZLE TERHADAP DIAMETER GEL PADA PROSES GELASI EKSTERNAL KERNEL CERIA STABILIZED ZIRCONIA (CSZ). Pengembangan teknologi bahan bakar nuklir diperlukan untuk dapat membuat bahan bakar sesuai dengan spesifikasi yang dipersyaratkan. Dalam produksi partikel terlapis yang memenuhi persyaratan untuk bahan bakar reaktor gas temperatur tinggi, diperlukan produksi kernel yang memenuhi kendali kualitas dan jaminan mutu dari persyaratan kernel. Salah satu persyaratan kendali kualitas untuk kernel adalah kontrol diameter. Penelitian dilakukan dengan memvariasikan diameter nozzle sehingga dapat memprediksi ukuran butiran gel yang diperoleh dari proses gelasi eksternal dengan mengkorelasikan variabel densitas umpan, viskositas umpan, tegangan muka larutan umpan dan diameter nozzle secara kuantitatif dengan metode analisis dimensi dalam bentuk bilangan tidak berdimensi. Pembuatan kernel CSZ dilakukan dengan penyiapan larutan umpan. Larutan umpan terdiri dari campuran ZrO(NO3)2.2H2O dan Ce(NO3)3.6H2O, urea, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA) dan poly vinyl alcohol (PVA). Proses gelasi eksternal dilakukan dengan cara meneteskan larutan umpan ke dalam kolom gelasi yang berisi medium ammonium hidroksida sehingga terbentuk gel CSZ. Pembentukan droplet terjadi pada saat larutan umpan melewati nozzle. Diameter gel yang terbentuk dapat dihitung dengan mengkorelasikan diameter nozzle dan sifat fisis dari larutan umpan menggunakan analisis dimensi. Diameter gel hasil eksperimen diukur dengan menggunakan mikroskop optik. Diameter gel yang diperoleh dari persamaan bilangan tak berdimensi menunjukkan hasil yang tidak terlalu berbeda dengan diameter gel eksperimen, walaupun terdapat beberapa penyimpangan hasil yang diperoleh. Dari diameter gel eksperimen dan persamaan bilangan tak berdimensi menunjukkan bahwa diameter nozzle berbanding lurus dengan diameter gel.Kata Kunci: gelasi eksternal, diameter, nozzle.
Measurement of duodenal motility using implanted strain gauges v1
Authors: Powley Terry , Tan Zhenjun , Ward Matthew
Published: January 2020

This protocol describes a process for the measurement of electrical stimulation-induced effects on duodenal motility in young adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Signals recorded from strain gauges attached to the proximal duodenal surface were used to measure the effect of stimulation by patch electrodes implanted at multiple sites across the rat stomach in an acute anesthetized preparation. The effect of stimulation was quantified as the ratio of various motility assessments during and after stimulation vs. before stimulation, and the data was used to create a functional map of duodenal motor response to localized gastric stimulation.
Nuclei Isolation for SNARE-seq2 v1
Authors: Palmer Carter , Liu Christine , Chun Jerold
Published: January 2020

This protocol is intended to be used for the isolation of nuclei from fresh-frozen brain tissue in preparation for analysis by Single-Nucleus Chromatin Accessibility and mRNA Expression sequencing (SNARE-seq). It has been applied to tissues from mouse, marmoset, and human.
Syngenta drug screen v1
Authors: Barlow Ida , Mcdermott-Rouse Adam , Feriani Luigi
Published: January 2020

Protocol for preparing worms, preparing drug plates, dispensing worms with wormsorter and tracking on Hydra rigs