bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structured Drug-eluting Bioresorbable Films: Microstructure and Release Profile
Authors: Zilberman M. , Shifrovitch Y. , Aviv M. , Hershkovitz M.
Published: July 2008

Bioresorbable drug-eluting films can be used in many biomedical applications. Examples for such applications include biodegradable medical support devices which combine mechanical support with drug release and antibiotic-eluting film coatings for prevention of bacterial infections associated with orthopedic implants or during gingival healing. In the current study, bioresorbable drug-loaded polymer films are prepared by solution processing. Two film structures are studied: A polymer film with large drug crystals located on its surface (A-type) and a polymer film with small drug particles and crystals distributed within the bulk (B-type). The basic mode of drug dispersion/location in the film (A or B-type) is found to be determined mainly by the process of film formation and depends mainly on the solvent evaporation rate, whereas the drug's hydrophilicity has a minor effect on this structuring process. Most release profiles from A-type films exhibit a burst effect of ~30% and a second release stage that occurs at an approximately constant rate and is determined mainly by the polymer weight loss rate. An extremely high burst release is exhibited only by a very hydrophilic drug. The matrix (monolithic) nature of the B-type film enables release profiles that are determined mainly by the host polymer's degradation profile, with a very low burst effect in most of the studied systems. In addition to the drug location/ dispersion in the film, the host polymer and drug type also strongly affect the drug's release profile from the film. It has been demonstrated that appropriate selection of the process parameters and film components (polymer and drug) can yield film structures with desirable drug release behaviors. This can lead to the engineering of new bioresorbable drug-eluting film-based implants for various applications.
“Batter Up, Student On Deck”
Authors: McHugh Patrick P.
Published: July 2008

The book Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game, by Michael Lewis, has intrigued management practitioners and researchers. This article describes the use of the book as a supplementary reading in a management course. The book was found to be a useful complement to a traditional textbook when addressing topics such as organizational change and innovation, leadership, recruiting and selection, performance management, employee development, and negotiations. A student survey was conducted to assess student perceptions. Generally, students, regardless of their level of academic success, found the book to be a useful addition to the course. Male students reported greater support for the book; however, the results from further analysis indicate that this gender difference is a function of student interest in sports. The author concludes by advocating for the use of Moneyball, while cautioning management educators to be vigilant of gender bias.
Empowering Students on Medication for Asthma to be Active Participants in Their Care: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Gregory Elizabeth K.
Published: July 2008

This article is part of a larger study of young students with asthma. It focuses on the observations of school nurses and comments from parents and students pertinent to school nursing practice. The study shed light on the educational needs of 9- to 11-year-old students with asthma and identified some areas where the school nurse could easily enhance the health management of these students. Responses from students and parents about asthma provided insight into the daily challenges faced by students with asthma. Students with asthma may or may not fully understand the seriousness of their chronic condition or how to recognize and treat symptoms. The purpose of this pilot study was to identify strategies school nurses might use to determine the knowledge level of students and to determine the effects of asthma education programs. School nurses who participated in the study were provided with a comprehensive package containing current asthma information and an education program to update knowledge and skills. These school nurses also received Open Airways for Schools, an American Lung Association education program for students in grades three to five. The study was a two-group exploratory, quasi-experimental design. Questionnaires were prepared for students, school nurses, and parents to collect information on knowledge and perceptions about asthma. Students who participated in the educational program were reported by their school nurses to have increased knowledge and management skills related to their disease.
The Impact of Lyme Disease on School Children
Authors: Healy Tracey L.
Published: July 2008

Lyme disease presents a new challenge to school nursing. It has an impact on children's physical health and the cognitive processing required for learning. School nurses are faced with caring for these children in the school setting. In order to provide that care, school nurses must become familiar with the pathophysiology of the disease and understand the body's immune response to the infection. They need to be cognizant of the environments known to have a high geographic distribution of Lyme disease. Assessment of the child's present living environment or travel history may indicate exposure to Lyme disease in a particular endemic area. Planning to meet the health needs of children with Lyme disease is not limited to the school setting. Opportunities await school nursing expertise in community education, medical treatment regimens, health insurance coverage, implementation of the Americans with Disabilities Act (504), and political action to bring public awareness to this potentially debilitating disease.
Eating Disorders in Elementary and Middle School Children: Risk Factors, Early Detection, and Prevention
Authors: White Jane H.
Published: July 2008

Eating disorders (EDs) are significant problems that are typically diagnosed during adolescence. However, the risk factors for and early symptoms of EDs often develop in the elementary and middle school years. Dieting, body dissatisfaction, obesity, parental attitudes, and the influence of the media are some of the significant identifiable risk factors. Prevention programs need to be developed that focus on education, consultation, and consciousness-raising. Early detection involves screening, assessment, and referral for appropriate treatment. School nurses are skilled, educated, and positioned to develop programs for the prevention and early detection of EDs.
Telehealth in a Rural School-Based Health Center
Authors: Lessard Jinna A. , Rn Retta Knox
Published: July 2008

Telehealth is a new technology for the delivery of health care that allows a provider to deliver health care to a client at a remote setting via full, real-time video and audio interaction (American Nurses’ Association, 1996). Telehealth does not change traditional health care standards or practice. School-based health centers are designed specifically for children and offer a continuum of preventive and acute care interventions that few other health care entities can provide (School-Based Adolescent Health Care Program, 1993). Telehealth and a school-based health center were joined together in a pilot project to demonstrate the efficacy of primary care via telehealth and to determine the value of this technology to the school and community. The telehealth capability enhanced the role of the school nurse and increased access to primary care for the students. The students were quick to adapt to the technology. The role of the school nurse was essential to the success of this project.
Managing Risks in Professional and Clinical Performance Dilemmas: Part II
Authors: Schwab Nadine C. , Pohlman Katherine J.
Published: July 2008

The primary purpose of the second article in this 2-part series is to describe and illustrate the use of an analytical framework that may assist school nurses to approach and resolve the dilemmas they may face in practice. Part I of the article was published in the April issue of this journal. It defined the terms “professional performance issue” and “clinical performance issue” and described a 5-step framework for analyzing practice dilemmas related to clinical and performance issues. In this article, the framework will be applied to a specific case scenario involving unsafe staffing and delegation.
An Overview of Herbal Medications with Implications for the School Nurse
Authors: Dockrell Thomas R. , Leever Judith S.
Published: July 2008

Americans are increasingly using herbs and herbal preparations to treat a wide array of conditions ranging from colds to depression. Children and parents are ingesting herbs in greater quantities, as reflected by increased herb sales and telephone calls to poison information centers. Herbal preparations are being used for the management of insomnia, anxiety, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders. This trend introduces interesting opportunities and dilemmas for the school nurse. This article provides an overview of the seven most common medicinal herbs (garlic, ginkgo, ginseng, Echinacea, chamomile, valerian, and feverfew). It provides a guide to choosing herbal supplements, a framework for developing school-based herbal policies, and a discussion of the issues faced by school nurses.
Evaluation of a Youth Tobacco Education Program: Student, Teacher, and Presenter Perspectives
Authors: Mahoney Martin C. , Stengel Barbara , McMullen Sarah , Brown Steve
Published: July 2008

Few published studies have explored the impact of smoking prevention programs among elementary-school children. This study describes a qualitative, cross-sectional evaluation of the Tar Wars tobacco prevention program among 5th-grade students (n = 888), along with impressions from classroom teachers and program presenters. Results from this evaluation reveal that all constituencies involved with the Tar Wars program—5th-grade students, classroom teachers, and program presenters—indicated high satisfaction with this youth tobacco education program. Students enjoyed the program and indicated understanding of key themes, classroom teachers stated that the program was worthwhile in presenting unique information, and presenters were enthusiastic about the ease of presentation and opportunities for future presentations.
A School-Based Intervention Program to Prevent Adolescent Smoking
Authors: Heimann Kathleen J.
Published: July 2008

Research has shown that tobacco use usually begins in early adolescence, results in an increase in future health problems, and ultimately affects national health care costs. Despite the messages about the dangers of smoking, young people continue to smoke. A school-based tobacco education program designed to produce a more favorable attitude about the positive effects of not smoking and increase knowledge of the hazards of smoking was implemented for 6th graders in a parochial middle school. After the intervention, there was a significant increase in knowledge about tobacco but no change in attitudes regarding the use of tobacco. The results have implications for school nurses who design and teach programs to prevent tobacco use.
Cigar and Marijuana Use: Their Relationship in Teens
Authors: Stoltz Ann D. , Sanders Bruce D.
Published: July 2008

There is evidence of a substantial increase in teen use of both cigars and marijuana over the last decade. The theoretical concept of sensation seeking suggests a conceptual relationship between teen use of the substances. The hypothesis was that a relationship existed between the use of cigars and marijuana. Data for this study were gathered during the evaluation in a local school district of a teen tobacco-use reduction program. Questionnaire data and focus group results supported the study hypothesis and provided the direction for peer tobacco education to include an emphasis on this significant relationship. Identified associations between use of different substances supplies cues for the school nurse and other health providers to pursue specific areas of substance use practices when assessing students.
National School Nurse Certification Part I: An Ongoing Process
Authors: Gregory Elizabeth , Marcontel Marilyn
Published: July 2008

The National Association of School Nurses proposed the concept of certification for school nurses in the 1970s. The development and evolution of the school nurse certification process, from concept to reality, is described in this article. It is the first of a 2-part series on national certification for school nurses. Part 2 will examine issues and answer questions about the certification, give information from past and current presidents and certified school nurses about their experiences, and present a forecast about the future of school nurse certification.
School Nursing Practice Today: Implications for the Future
Authors: Guilday Patricia
Published: July 2008

School nurses provide health care services to children in a complex environment. School nurses in Delaware established Strategic Planning and Research Committees to assist them in meeting the challenges of providing quality school health care. The small size of the state gave the researcher the opportunity to survey all currently practicing school nurses in public, private, and parochial settings. In this descriptive study, school nurses were asked to identify activities in their daily practice in five areas: administrative, educational, clerical, supportive, and physical. School nurses were asked to rate the frequency at which they performed these activities and to assess their perceived level of competence in the activities. Analysis of the surveys returned identified areas of common practice as well as areas of development and implementation of new school nursing skills.
Computer Mentoring for School Nurses: The New York State Model
Authors: Schoessler Sally Zentner , Leever Judith S.
Published: July 2008

As computer use in the school health office is becoming a necessity, learning and upgrading technology skills is a high priority for school nurses across the country. The New York State Association of School Nurses and the Statewide Advocacy for School Health Services conducted a needs assessment to determine school nurses’ perceptions of information technology skill level and the use of technology in the school health office. From these data, they have collaboratively developed a computer-mentoring program to be used throughout New York State. This program pairs standardized computer training with the assignment of peer mentors to support novice computer users during the adoption of technology into New York's school health services.
Bullying and Sexual Harassment in the School Setting
Authors: Cavendish Roberta , Salomone Cynthia
Published: July 2008

This article defines bullying and sexual harassment, identifies associated characteristics of the aggressor and the victim, and describes implications for school nurses. The background of federal laws with a focus on the most current 1999 Supreme Court decision, holding a school district liable for damages under federal law (Title IX), is addressed with a case study. Health promotion issues and prevention concepts are outlined in a 10-Point Action Plan to facilitate the prevention and management of bullying and sexual harassment in schools. A survey tool to assess bullying and teaching plans for parents of victims and aggressors are provided. Suggested linkage among approved nursing languages, North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) nursing diagnoses (NANDA, 1998), Nursing Interventions Classification interventions ( Iowa Intervention Project, 2000 ), and Nursing Outcomes Classification outcomes ( Iowa Outcomes Project, 2000 ) are included for use in developing nursing care plans for both aggressors and victims of harassment.
Immunization Controversy: Understanding and Addressing Public Misconceptions and Concerns
Authors: Blackford Judy K.
Published: July 2008

School nurses often meet with parents who are reluctant to immunize their children. This reluctance is based on widely publicized stories about vaccine safety. Illnesses that are preventable by vaccines have become almost nonexistent, and consequently, vaccine safety concerns have increased in prominence. Often a negative report about the risk of a particular vaccine is released by the media and on the Internet before scientific evidence has been obtained. To adequately respond to parental concerns, school nurses should be aware of the historical impact of vaccine safety issues and the vaccine-related fears that are prevalent at the present time. Nurses also need to be provided with scientifically accurate information so that risk-benefit concerns regarding vaccine safety can be effectively communicated to parents. In this way, school nurses can play an important role in ensuring that the student population and the community are protected from vaccine-preventable diseases.
Enhancing Wellness in a High School: A Community Partnership
Authors: Newfield Susan A. , Johnson Dorothy M. B.
Published: July 2008

Meeting the wellness needs of high school students reporting high-risk behaviors above national averages was the purpose of a community partnership between the county school district and West Virginia University School of Nursing. Although the school district and School of Nursing were the primary partners, other programs in the university provided additional support. The school nurse, school of nursing faculty, and nursing students provided wellness programs to students, faculty, and staff. Positive evaluations and high demand for the services demonstrated the school community’s need for the program and the success of the partnership.
School Health Nursing: Framework for the Future Part II
Authors: Costante Carol C.
Published: July 2008

The relative prestige that school health nursing currently enjoys provides a positive climate in which to advance this nursing specialty. To fully capture this advantage, the profession and its practitioners need to address some practice issues while reinforcing its community-based influence on the health and educational success of America’s school-age children. Part I of this series addressed the societal environment in which school nursing finds itself, the factors that support school health nursing programs, and the need to develop new and expanded partnerships. Part II speaks to the professional, practice, and management issues facing school nurses and offers strategies for creating a solid framework in the 21st century.
Second Generation Anticonvulsant Medications: Their Use in Children
Authors: Noviasky John A. , Porsteinsson Anton P. , Lee Yeong H.
Published: July 2008

The pharmacotherapy of seizure disorders has long relied on a few standard medications such as phenobarbital, phenytoin (Dilantin), valproate (Depakote), and others that represent the “first generation” of anticonvulsants. This article reviews the newer, “second-generation” anticonvulsants that were developed in the last decade. The addition of these second-generation agents has doubled the number of therapies available for the treatment of seizure disorders. They include felbamate (Felbatol), gabapentin (Neurontin), lamotrigine (Lamictal), levetiracetam (Keppra), oxcarbazepine (Trileptal), tiagabine (Gabitril), topiramate (Topamax), and zonisamide (Zonegran). This article describes the known side effects of the second-generation agents and reviews the adverse reactions of the first generation of anticonvulsants as a guide to potential toxicities. Reference tables are included that note usual dosages, available dosage forms, and tablet imprint. In addition, this article describes monitoring parameters and gives specific information regarding the use of these agents.
Understanding and Caring for the Child With Asperger Syndrome
Authors: Gardner Marcia Rubenstein
Published: July 2008

Nurses in a variety of settings encounter children with the unfamiliar diagnosis of Asperger syndrome (AS). This disorder, which falls clinically along the autism spectrum, is receiving increasing attention because of its inclusion in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) as one of the pervasive developmental disorders. The characteristic features of AS include deficits in social skills, atypical understanding of and use of pragmatic language, behavior problems, and a restricted set of interests. Cognitive abilities vary, and some children with AS have high intelligence. In addition, many children with AS have other conditions, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Tourette’s syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and depression. The disorder can result in significant functional difficulties in the home, school, and community contexts. A case study highlights the features of AS, and a related individualized school health care plan demonstrates the school nurse’s role in family and staff education, monitoring for comorbidities, behavioral management, medication management, support to family members, and referral.
Nurse Volunteers in School-Based Hepatitis B Immunization Programs
Authors: Mark Hayley , Conklin Verna G. , Wolfe Margaret C.
Published: July 2008

School districts across the nation are implementing school-based hepatitis B virus vaccination programs. Because adolescents are at risk of contracting hepatitis B virus, these programs are important in preventing infections. Critical to the success of these programs is having qualified and cost-effective health professionals to administer the vaccine. This article describes the recruitment and training of professional nurse volunteers to administer vaccines in school-based clinics. During the 1998–1999 school year, approximately 60 nurses in Durham, North Carolina, volunteered 300 hours of time to the program. In the first year, the cost of recruiting and training volunteers exceeded the savings from salaried school nurse time. However, savings are expected in future years. Other benefits of recruiting volunteers to administer vaccine include allowing school nurses to remain in their usual assignments, increasing awareness of the health department’s mission and school health in the community, and improving collaboration among local health agencies.
Reduction of Illness Absenteeism in Elementary Schools Using an Alcohol-free Instant Hand Sanitizer
Authors: White Catherine G. , Shinder Fay S. , Shinder Arnold L. , Dyer David L.
Published: July 2008

Hand washing is the most effective way to prevent the spread of communicable disease. The purpose of this double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to assess whether an alcohol-free, instant hand sanitizer containing surfactants, allantoin, and benzalkonium chloride could reduce illness absenteeism in a population of 769 elementary school children and serve as an effective alternative when regular soap and water hand washing was not readily available. Prior to the study, students were educated about proper hand washing technique, the importance of hand washing to prevent transmission of germs, and the relationship between germs and illnesses. Children in kindergarten through the 6th grade (ages 5–12) were assigned to the active or placebo hand-sanitizer product and instructed to use the product at scheduled times during the day and as needed after coughing or sneezing. Data on illness absenteeism were tracked. After 5 weeks, students using the active product were 33% less likely to have been absent because of illness when compared with the placebo group.
The Use of Standardized Language to Describe Abdominal Pain
Authors: Cavendish Roberta
Published: July 2008

The assessment, diagnosis, and management of abdominal pain (AP) in children is a complex and challenging process. The factors that contribute to this complexity are the varied etiologies of AP in children that may be biological and/or psychological, nurses’ perceptions of AP, manifestations of AP in children, and the lack of a standardized language to describe AP. In this descriptive study, 64 school nurses completed an investigator-developed survey to determine the usefulness of standardized language in describing AP. This study identified the most frequently used assessments to document complaints of AP; activities from the Nursing Interventions Classification “pain management” intervention used to treat AP; and relevant indicators used by school nurses from the Nursing Outcomes Classification “pain level” and “symptom severity” outcomes. Use of standardized language to document nursing care will make nursing’s contribution to the care of children with AP more visible and provide data that will identify and monitor trends of AP in the school setting.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: An Educational Cultural Model
Authors: Lundholm-Brown Jane , Dildy Mary E.
Published: July 2008

This article gives a brief history and background of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in childhood. A review of the medical model, including the diagnostic criteria and recommended protocols for treatment, is presented. An educational cultural model based on a holistic approach in assessing causes of hyperactivity and inattention is described. The Educational Cultural Model (ECM) synthesizes the effects of significant extrinsic factors in the life of the child, such as family dynamics, societal influences, and the educational system, and intrinsic factors, such as individual temperament, energy levels, learning style, giftedness, and personal interests. In addition to the primary purpose of comparing the medical model of ADHD to the conceptual ECM, this article is designed to stimulate thinking about different ways to view ADHD.
Asthma and the School Teacher: The Status of Teacher Preparedness and Training
Authors: Neuharth-Pritchett Stacey , Getch Yvette Q.
Published: July 2008

The increasing number of children with asthma in the nation’s schools necessitates an examination of the preparedness of teachers in the care and management of children with asthma. This article reports the findings of a random sample of 291 public elementary school teachers regarding the knowledge and perception of the training they have received on asthma and its management. Data from this study suggest that teachers are not adequately prepared to assist children with the management of asthma in the classroom. Implications for school nurses on assisting teachers with asthma management are provided.
Accentuate the Positive in School Nursing: The Power of Affirmation
Authors: Lisk Joanne Jackson
Published: July 2008

Between recruitment and retention or resignation lie the often-slippery slopes of job comprehension, job performance, and job satisfaction. Job comprehension and performance are continuously addressed and evaluated, but job satisfaction is all too often assumed and undervalued. This article proposes that retention of school nurses may be significantly enhanced, particularly during times of critical nursing shortages, by the appropriate and timely use of affirmation for excellence, innovation, improvement, educational advancement, determination, and perseverance. More simply stated, affirmation is a form of applause for a job well done.
School-Based Teen Pregnancy Prevention Programs: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Hoyt Helina H. , Broom Betty L.
Published: July 2008

Teenage pregnancy is a well-documented problem in the United States, with approximately 890,000 teenage pregnancies occurring each year. Although teen pregnancy rates have declined since 1991, rates remain higher than the mid-1970s and are fourfold those of European countries. Substantial morbidity and social problems result from these pregnancies, affecting the mother, her children, other family members, and society. Multiple educational approaches have been used, with few demonstrating significant reductions in teen pregnancy. School-based programs have been diverse and multifaceted. Recently, programs with a comprehensive approach have shown potential for success. In this article, characteristics and elements of promising school-based programs are identified and discussed. It is imperative that school nurses play an active role in developing and implementing prevention programs that incorporate rigorous evaluation. As health educators, school nurses are in a prime position to implement and evaluate the effectiveness of teen pregnancy prevention programs.
School Nurses’ Experiences, Concerns, and Knowledge of Growth Disorders in Children: Development of a Monograph
Authors: Williams Janet K. , McCarthy Ann Marie , Bragadottir Helga , Reed David
Published: July 2008

Growth disorders may be associated with difficult psychosocial adjustment, learning problems, and specific health risks. Appropriate school health programming relies on school nurses who are skilled in growth assessment, management of psychosocial and behavioral problems, and effective communication with school personnel, children, families, and health care resources. A monograph and model individualized healthcare plans were developed for growth disorders in school-age children as an educational resource for school nurses. Knowledge of growth disorders among nurses receiving the monograph was evaluated in a random sample of 336 school nurses, members of the National Association of School Nurses. Knowledge of growth assessment and individualized health care plans for children with specific growth disorders was significantly higher in the group of school nurses who received the monograph. Specific obstacles to implementing school-based health care for children with growth disorders are discussed.
State Certification for School Nurses
Authors: Costante Carol C.
Published: July 2008

State-specific credentialing of school nurses is generally equivalent to state teacher certification and is regulated by state departments of education. This certification establishes statewide employment standards for school nurses, as opposed to competency-based professional certification. Although more than half of all states currently have some type of credentialing for school nurses, it takes many different forms. The advantages of certification are pronounced but are surpassed by the barriers to its establishment. Considerations in establishing certification are presented along with analysis of the various forms of certification that exist in states that have school nurse certification.
Asthma Management: Part I: An Overview of the Problem and Current Trends
Authors: Baker Valerie O’Toole , Friedman Janet , Schmitt Rita
Published: July 2008

Death rates from asthma have increased or remained stable over the past decade despite increased knowledge about the pathophysiology and improved treatment of the disease, a fact that is both puzzling and disconcerting. Some children with asthma experience severe and life-interfering exacerbations separated by long periods of normal lung function and no symptoms. Asthma management plans are developed by primary care providers and the family. School nurses implement and monitor the child’s response to the plan. Therefore, the school nurse needs current information about asthma management. Part I of this two-part series describes the pathophysiology of asthma and the types, risk factors, and current trends in management of the disease. The role of the school nurse in asthma management is outlined, including how he or she can influence environmental factors that precipitate asthma symptoms or exacerbations. Part II will discuss the role of the school nurse in pharmacologic management of asthma. Complementary alternative medicine for asthma management will be described, as well as health teaching for the child with asthma and their family.
Are School Nurses Using the Recommendations of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial in the Care of Students with Diabetes?
Authors: Blum Monica
Published: July 2008

Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood. It is listed as a disabling condition under the Americans with Disabilities Act, and therefore accommodations must be made for these children in school. School nurses are responsible for large numbers of children, usually in more than one setting. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial examined intensive therapy and its effects on the long-term morbidity and quality of life of diabetic adolescents. A number of recommendations were made that apply to school nurses. The purpose of this article is to determine if any studies have been conducted to explore whether school nurses are using the results of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial to write individualized healthcare plans defining the care of students with diabetes.
Nursing, Food Service, and the Child With Diabetes
Authors: Barrett Jena Clayton , Goodwin Debra K. , Kendrick Olivia
Published: July 2008

The safety and well-being of children while they are at school or day care is a major concern in our society. It is therefore important that the professionals who are entrusted with the care of young people possess the knowledge and skills necessary to provide a safe and caring environment for all children, including those with chronic disorders such as diabetes. Each day 35 children in the United States are diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. To make their school experiences positive, it is imperative that school employees be aware of the potential challenges associated with diabetes and how to meet these challenges successfully. This article discusses the role of the school nurse in forming an interdisciplinary team to work with a child with diabetes. It addresses the school nurse’s role in diabetes education of food service personnel in the school. Confidentiality issues are also addressed.
Positive Health Practices of Urban Minority Adolescents
Authors: Mahat Ganga , Scoloveno MaryAnn , Whalen Colleen
Published: July 2008

What influences the health practices of adolescents? This study attempted to answer this question by examining factors related to health practices of urban minority adolescents. The convenience sample consisted of 65 minority adolescents who resided in an urban area. Positive correlations were found between social support and positive health practices and hope and positive health practices. However, no significant relationship was found between self-esteem and positive health practices. School nurses work closely with adolescents and are in the position to initiate and promote programs that will influence the health behaviors of minority adolescents. Suggestions are provided that will assist school nurses to meet their goal of promoting positive health practices among adolescents.
A Support Group for Absentee Middle School Students
Authors: Houck Gail M. , Perri Carrie
Published: July 2008

For this practice improvement project, an interview guide was developed to identify chronically absent middle school students’ reasons for school absence. Of the 17 students interviewed, 82% ( n = 14) identified illness as the reason for absence, although they rarely saw a health care provider. The students all shared dreams for the future; 50% involved further education, and 50% involved job training. A support group intervention was offered to the 17 students during spring term. Only three students were able to participate in a weekly group meeting for 5 weeks. Two of the three students were depressed and referred to their health care providers for evaluation. The topics presented to the group included being sick and options available, setting weekly attendance goals, identifying depressive symptoms and what they mean, and likes and dislikes about school. The support group occurred late in the school year, so its effect on attendance was not determined.
Small Group Experience for Socially Withdrawn Girls
Authors: Houck Gail M. , Stember Lisa
Published: July 2008

Social competence is the effectiveness of social interaction behavior. Given its link to mental health outcomes, it is an important consideration in child and adolescent development. Social withdrawal is associated with depression. Socially withdrawn children make few social initiations and tend to be isolated in their play, further limiting their social involvement. To develop effective social behavior, experiences must be provided to learn relationship skills. This practice improvement project provided a small group experience for five socially withdrawn school-age girls. Weekly group meetings provided a social situation in which conversations could occur around a shared snack and craft project. The school nurse facilitated self-assertion and the expression of prosocial behavior in a socially safe (nonrejecting) environment and promoted social problem solving. On completion of the program, the participants not only showed more effective social reasoning and social skills, but developed friendships with each other that lasted beyond the life of the group.
Child And Adolescent Mental Health Web Resources
Authors: Bergren Martha Dewey
Published: July 2008

There are many Web resources for health professionals seeking guidance to meet the mental health needs of their clients. Some of those resources are specifically designed for professionals working in schools. School nurses participate in assessment teams and contribute to individual education plans to enable students with mental health needs to achieve academic success. Mental health issues in a school setting involve preventive care, as well as providing and advocating for an environment and policies that promote healthy students and school employees. This article identifies valid and reliable mental health Web resources for school nurses.
Excellence in School Nursing Practice: Developing a National Perspective on School Nurse Competencies
Authors: Bobo Nichole , Adams Virginia W. , Cooper Leslie
Published: July 2008

Developing a national position on competencies for school nurses can directly in-fluence professional practice, which ultimately affects the well-being and academic success of students. Collaboration between national experts, such as school nurse educators and school nurse consultants, interested in moving this development forward is key. Closely aligning the work done by the Southern Regional Education Board Council on Collegiate Education for Nursing on entry-level competencies with the Standards of Professional School Nursing Practice provides a framework to carry the school nurse competency initiative forward. Continued competency development will provide guidance for the academic programs that design curricula to prepare school nurses and for the practice settings that hire school nurses.
A Comparison of Audiometry and Audiometry With Tympanometry to Determine Middle Ear Status in School-Age Children
Authors: Yockel Norma J.
Published: July 2008

Otitis media with effusion is the most common cause of fluctuating hearing loss in children. Pure-tone audiometry is the current mandated standard to determine hearing loss in public-school children in most states. Students who fail pure tone audiometry are at risk for otitis media with effusion because it is asymptomatic. Tympanometry, which assesses middle ear status, is used to detect hidden otitis media with effusion. This longitudinal study evaluated pure tone audiometry and tympanometry in preschool and elementary children ( n = 141). Results found 12 children (23 ears) who failed either a second threshold or tympanometry. The study also showed that a greater number of ears were identified with otitis media with effusion ( n = 19) by using pure tone audiometry and tympanometry than by using pure tone audiometry alone ( n = 4).
Reading, Writing, and Having Babies: A Nurturing Alternative School Program
Authors: Spear Hila J.
Published: July 2008

This ethnographic study, a component of another study that examined the lived experiences of a small group of pregnant teenagers, focused on the social and learning environment of an alternative school program for pregnant and parenting female adolescents, aged 13 to 19. Field notes, participant observation, group discussion, and informal conversational data were gathered over a 16-week period. Analysis of the data revealed four major themes: nurture and positive regard, sisterhood and belonging, mentoring and sense of family, and proactive learning environment and academic pride. The girls who attended the program developed close relationships with their peers and teachers. Many of them experienced academic success for the first time and reported that pregnancy and impending motherhood motivated them to do better in school. Recommendations for a more comprehensive school-based approach to meeting the needs of pregnant and parenting teens are made, particularly after the babies are born.
Vulnerability in the Asian or Pacific Islander Immigrant Child
Authors: Gambol Patricia , Gambol Mary
Published: July 2008

The influx of Asian or Pacific Islander immigrants has created a challenge for United States public schools. The purpose of this article is twofold. First, it elucidates the unique situation the Asian or Pacific Islander child faces in public schools by using a case study and a vulnerability model. Its second purpose is to provide school nurses with important tools to guide them in caring for these vulnerable children. The tools consist of an assessment questionnaire for school nurses to use when they measure a child’s vulnerability level and tips to improve communication with non-English-speaking children. School nurses can use the information obtained from these tools to initiate primary, secondary, or tertiary prevention.
Reconsidering Punitive and Harsh Discipline
Authors: Mohr Wanda K. , Anderson Jeffrey A.
Published: July 2008

Corporal punishment and other harsh interventions continue to be widespread despite the fact that the leading theories or models of behavioral management do not support their effectiveness. There is overwhelming evidence that harsh interventions are damaging to children, both emotionally and physically. The effects of such trauma may be compounded when a child has preexisting learning difficulties. When schools respond to these challenges using harsh methods, children can be further traumatized. The authors review principles of childhood neurodevelopment, describe a model to understand children in context, and discuss how exposure to certain noxious sensory experiences can affect children’s responses to threat or perceived threat. They also describe implications for school nurses.
A Mentoring Program for New School Nurses
Authors: Houghton Connie
Published: July 2008

Until recent years, school nursing practice consisted mainly of screenings and first aid. However, the changing health, social, and emotional needs of children in the school setting have brought about an expansion of school nursing services. Now school nurses must not only perform routine first aid and screenings, but they must also carry out independent health assessments, monitor various medications, counsel students from troubled homes, collaborate with their educational partners, and complete numerous reports. Historically, school nurses began their careers with little specialized education or orientation. However, with the increased demands in school nursing, it is important to guide, advise, and mentor new school nurses so they can reach a level of competency and confidence more quickly. In this descriptive study, new school nurses were asked to indicate their level of satisfaction with the School Nurse-Mentoring Program. The findings of this study indicate that a mentoring program for new school nurses results in increased career satisfaction, a higher level of competency, and health benefits for the students being served.
Anger Assessment In Rural High School Students
Authors: Lamb Jacqueline M. , Puskar Kathryn R. , Sereika Susan , Patterson Kathy , Kaufmann Judith A.
Published: July 2008

Anger and aggression in school children are a major concern in American society today. Students with high anger levels and poor cognitive processing skills are at risk for poor relationships, underachievement in school, and health problems. This article describes characteristics of children who are at risk for high anger levels and aggression as well as those who are able to modulate their anger. Results of a survey are reported which describe levels of anger in 624 rural high school students. This sample reported lower levels of anger, compared to the normative group. Differences among the sample include higher internal anger expression in girls, higher trait anger in boys ages 15–16, and higher trait anger in girls ages 16–17. Recommendations are made for future research and specific steps that school nurses can take.
The Health of the School Nurse Community: A Framework
Authors: Christeson Elisabeth P.
Published: July 2008

School nursing is based on a conceptual foundation of community health nursing. Using community health nursing as a reference point, this article describes a viewpoint of school nurses as the population of care. With this perspective, school nurses will better understand how to foster the health of their community. Developed on the basis of McKenzie, Pinger, and Kotecki’s community health model, the Health of the School Nurse Community Framework has been designed to (a) facilitate understanding of the concept of “school nurse community” and (b) organize the factors that affect the health of the school nurse community. Essential to its use is the identification of the school nurse community’s assets and capacities as well as its needs. Application of the framework to strive to improve the health of one state’s school nurse community is also presented.
Vision Screening Practices in Central Iowa: A Follow-up Evaluation
Authors: Strawhacker MaryAnn Tapper , Gustafson Jeri K. , Kinne Marilyn J. , Little Donita
Published: July 2008

In response to data from the initial survey published in October 2001, interventions were developed to increase vision screening knowledge and promote use of the Iowa Vision Screening Program Guidelines ( Iowa Department of Education [IDE], 1997 ). The purpose of this evaluation was to measure differences in practice after interventions, including attendance at a half-day workshop and practice session. Results of the study indicate that participants of the workshop and practice session were more likely to conduct yearly distance and near vision, and depth perception screening. In addition, they were more likely to use the recommended screening instruments for distance and near vision, and depth perception. They were also much more likely to use recommended referral criteria for all types of screening and to have changed some aspect of their vision screening practice in the past year. Results are presented with implications for school nursing practice.
National Association of School Nurses ISSUE BRIEF
Authors: Pohlman Katherine , Schwab Nadine
Published: July 2008

This article is a reprint of the National Association of School Nurses’ Issue Brief on Privacy Standards for Student Health Records. It distinguishes between the Family Education Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HI-PAA), clarifies which of these laws governs the privacy of student health records, and briefly discusses the major legal standards related to student health records. In addition, it addresses the role of the school nurse in this practice area.
The Importance of Hearing Conservation Instruction
Authors: Folmer Robert L.
Published: July 2008

According to Denehy (1999) , “school nurses can play a powerful role in promoting health in their schools and community.” She encouraged school nurses to “Take and make opportunities to promote health in the classroom” (p. 4). Classroom presentation of hearing conservation information is one way for school nurses to promote health and to reduce the prevalence of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), an irreversible yet preventable condition. Because of excessive sound exposure, the prevalence of NIHL among children is increasing. Numerous experts have recommended the implementation of hearing conservation education programs in schools. Despite these recommendations made over the last 3 decades, basic hearing conservation information that could prevent countless cases of NIHL remains conspicuously absent from most school curricula. School nurses should seize this “golden opportunity” to promote health in the classroom and help to reduce the prevalence of NIHL.