bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
D6S273 microsatellite polymorphism and susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Singal D.P. , Li J. , Ye M. , Lei K.
Published: December 2008

Abstract: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic articular inflammatory disease associated with HLA‐DR genes that share a five amino acid sequence motif, QKRAA or QRRAA, from position 70 to 74 in the third hypervariable region of the DRB1 molecule. Since these associations between DRB1 genes and susceptibility to RA are incomplete, we examined the role of a CA repeat polymorphic microsatellite marker, D6S273, located between HSP70 and Bat2 genes in the class III region of MHC, in susceptibility to RA. Ninety‐seven adult patients with seropositive RA and 100 normal healthy subjects were studied. Two D6S273 alleles (132 and 138) showed significant differences in their prevalence in RA patients as compared to normal controls; allele 132 was significantly higher in total patients and in DRB1 QKRAA/QRRAA epitope‐positive patients, and allele 138 was significantly higher in QKRAA/QRRAA‐negative patients. Analysis of data suggested that the association of D6S273 132 allele with RA was secondary to that of DRB1 genes. On the other hand, D6S273 138 allele showed primary association with RA susceptibility in QKRAA/QRRAA epitope‐negative patients. The D6S273 138 allele thus provides an additional risk in RA susceptibility. The results in the present study therefore suggest that two regions in MHC, DRB1 and D6S273, contribute to susceptibility to RA.
Expression of HLA class I antigens in transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)‐deficient mutant cell lines
Authors: Young N.T. , Mulder A. , Cerundolo V. , Claas F.H.J. , Welsh K.I.
Published: December 2008

Abstract: Cells lacking expression of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) are deficient in surface HLA class I, yet express reduced levels of HLA‐A2 antigen through TAP‐independent processing pathways. We have analysed the expression of HLA‐A, ‐B and ‐C antigens on the 721.174 and T2 TAP‐deficient mutant cell lines using a panel of monoclonal antibodies specific for the HLA antigens encoded by the genotype of these cells. Our study has shown the constitutive expression of HLA‐Cwl molecules on the cell surface of both T2 and 721.174 cells and has confirmed that HLA‐A2 and HLA‐B51 are expressed at low levels. Transfection of 721.174 cells with cDNAs encoding TAP1 and TAP2 proteins did not fully restore HLA class I antigen expression on these cells, which appeared to be mainly due to a deficiency in expression of the HLA‐B51‐associ‐ated Bw4 epitope. This suggests that additional antigen‐processing genes may be required for optimal generation of HLA‐B‐binding peptides. Our results indicate that TAP‐independent pathways of antigen‐processing provide peptides for functional expression of all three classical HLA class I molecules.
DLA‐DRB1 and DLA‐DQB1 histocompatibility typing by PCR‐SSCP and sequencing
Authors: Wagner J.L. , Works J.D. , Storb R.
Published: December 2008

Abstract: The dog has been an important model for solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for over 30 years. Fundamental to the continuing usage of the model is the development of molecular‐based histocompatibility typing of donors and recipients. Previous histocompatibility typing methods used in the dog have not been precise enough to identify dog leukocyte antigen (DLA)‐matched unrelated dogs. This study was undertaken to begin the process of identifying DLA‐matched unrelated dogs. In this study polymerase chain reaction‐single‐stranded conformational polymorphism is used to separate alleles thereby allowing sequenced‐based typing of the two most polymorphic class II genes described to date in the dog ‐ DLA‐DRB1 and DLA‐DQB1.
Monoclonal antibody NU‐B1 reacts with novel antigen on human B cells in mantle and marginal zones distinct from known CD molecules
Authors: Matsuo Y. , Sugimoto A. , Kuwahara K. , Watanabe Y. , Sakata A. , Sakaguchi N. , Sagawa K. , Orita K.
Published: December 2008

Abstract: To analyze the cellular antigens of human B‐cell lineage, a monoclonal antibody, NU‐B1, was raised using the acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell line NALM‐16 as the immunogen. NU‐B1 reacted with 7.7±3.9% of the healthy adult peripheral blood mononuclear cells but not with neutro‐phils, monocytes, red blood cells or thymocytes. In order to distinguish the reaction specificity of NU‐B1, two‐color immunofluorescence staining using tonsillar cells was performed, and it was demonstrated that NU‐Bl‐positive cells coexpressed CD20, which is a representative B‐cell antigen. The expression of NU‐B1 was highly restricted to cells of B‐cell lineage when a panel of hematopoietic cell lines was examined. In a pathoimmunohistological study using human lymph node tissue, NU‐Bl‐positive cells were localized in the mantle and marginal zones. In a clinical study, NU‐B1 reacted specifically with leukemias/lymphomas of B‐cell lineage: all 43 cases of ALL including common ALL and biphenotypic leukemia, all 4 cases of B‐cell ALL, 6/7 B‐cell type malignant lymphomas and 2/4 B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias. NU‐B1 did not react with multiple myeloma, T‐cell or myeloid leukemias/lymphomas. Immunoprecipitation of NU‐B1 revealed two clear bands at 50 kDa and 42 kDa under either reducing or nonreducing conditions.

Although anti‐IgM treatment induced dramatic down modulation of CD79b, the NU‐B1 antigen was also down modulated, but only slightly. However, crosslinking of NU‐B1 did not induce tyrosine phosphorylation of in‐tracellular proteins or the mobilization of calcium in NALM‐16.

The present results revealed that the antigenic determinant recognized by NU‐B1 is not surface immunoglobulin chains, HLA‐DR, a receptor for C3, Fc for immunoglobulin chains or any known CD molecule. We conclude that monoclonal antibody NU‐B1 recognizes a novel human B‐cell restricted antigen distinct from known CD molecules, and that it is a useful antibody in the immunophenotyping and classification of leukemias/lymphomas.
Successful in vitro immortalization of human intestinal mucosal lymphocytes with Herpesvirus saimiri
Authors: Martin‐Villa J.M. , Ferre‐Lopez S. , Lopez‐Suarez J.C. , Pérez‐Bias M. , Castellano‐Tortajada G. , Sánchez‐Gomez F. , Arnaiz‐Villena A.
Published: December 2008

Abstract: Mucosal intestinal lymphocytes form the first immune‐cell line of defense in the intestine. Several methodologies, most of them cumbersome and time consuming, have been used to obtain T‐cell clones to unveil their physiological role. In the present work we take advantage of the recently described technique of transformation of T lymphocytes using Herpesvirus saimiri to show that it is possible to immortalize intestinal T‐cell lines derived from healthy and diseased colonic samples and thence easily obtain in vitro intestinal T‐cell lines as a model for physiopathological studies. Intestinal samples were obtained by colonoscopy and digested with dispase and collagenase. Mucosal lymphocytes (assessed by the expression of the CD3 and CD103 markers) were isolated using a Percoll gradient centrifugation and transformed with Herpesvirus saimiri. Sustained growth was observed 3 months later, showing that the cells were successfully transformed, a finding further confirmed by PCR. All cell lines were CD8+TcRαβ+ and HLA‐DR+ CD25 was expressed on 1% of Crohn's disease‐derived cells and on 25% of cells derived from patients with ulcerative colitis. CD80 expression was found on 80–90% of the cells. These immortal cell lines of intestinal origin may be useful in future experiments aimed at elucidating the role of mucosal lymphocytes in health and disease.
Donor‐recipient sharing of HLA class II alleles predicts earlier recurrence and accelerated progression of hepatitis C following liver transplantation
Authors: Cotler S.J. , Gaur L.K. , Gretch D.R. , Wile M. , Strong D.M. , Bronner M.P. , Carithers R.L. , Emond M.J. , Perkins J.D. , Nelson K.A.
Published: December 2008

Abstract:Both direct viral cytopathic effects and host immune responses appear to be important in the pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Liver transplantation provides a means to explore the role of the immune system in the development of HCV‐related liver damage through comparing the natural history of HCV in patients with different degrees of donor‐recipient human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching. We evaluated 36 patients with recurrent hepatitis C viremia following liver transplantation to determine whether hepatocellular injury or progression to bridging fibrosis occur more rapidly when donor and recipients share HLA alleles. HLA typing for the HLA‐A and HLA‐B loci was performed by serological techniques and PCR‐based oligotyping was used to type alleles of the DRB1, DRB3, DQA1, and DQB1 loci. A median of eight liver biopsies, obtained during a median follow‐up of 36 months, were reviewed per patient. Donor‐recipient sharing of alleles of HLA‐DQB1 or DRB1 was associated with more rapid development of recurrent hepatitis by univariate analysis (χ2=5.7,P=0.02 and χ2=5.54,P=0.02 respectively). However, only sharing of HLA‐DRB1 alleles was identified as an independent predictor of reduced time to recurrent histologic injury by multivariate analysis (χ2=5.74,P= 0.02). Furthermore, sharing of HLA‐DRB3 and histologic evidence of rejection were associated with more rapid progression to bridging fibrosis both by univariate methods (χ2=4.12,P=0.04 and χ2=4.66,P=0.03 respectively), and by multivariate analysis (χ2= 13.01,P=0.001). These findings suggest that HLA class II‐restricted immune responses may contribute to the pathogenesis of HCV‐related liver injury in liver transplant recipients.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY IN SERUM AND LIVER CELLS
Authors: Gürtner Th. , Kreutzberg G. , Doenicke A.
Published: December 2008

Comparative investigation of ChE activity in serum and liver parenchyma was made in more than 80 cases. The enzyme activity in the serum was determined according to the method of Kalow; in the liver cells, the method of Koelle and Friedenwald as modified by Gomori was used. The normal ChE activity in healthy liver was first described. Disturbed enzyme activities in pathologically altered parenchyma were then demonstrated in cases of collapse, cholestasis and cirrhosis. The investigation shows that SChE is formed by functioning liver cells. The determination of SChE is thus a valuable indicator of the condition of these cells. The reduction of the activity corresponds more or less with the extent of the liver‐cell damage.

The importance of SChE determinations for the anaesthetist is emphasised:—

Prolonged apnoea after a single dose of succinyldicholine may be caused by a hereditary decrease in the activity of one SChE variant. This can be specified with the dibucaine number.

Prolonged apnoea after repeated doses of succinyldicholine are interpreted as being the result of reduction in the activity of the normal form of SChE in the presence of liver disease with extensive parenchymatous insufficiency, probably because the production of the carrier protein (apoferment) in the liver has become insuffient.

Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Cholinesteraseaktivität im Serum und im Leberparenchym wurden an über 80 Fällen durchgeführt. Die Enzymaktivität im Serum wurde nach Kalow und in der Leberzelle nach der Methode von Koelle und Friedenwald in der Modinkation von Gomori bestimmt. Nach Beschreibung der normalen Cholinesteraseaktivität in der gesunden Leber wird an Hand von Beispielen (Kollapsleber, Cholostase, Lebercirrhose) die gestörte Enzymtätigkeit im pathologisch veränderten Parenchym demonstriert. Die Untersuchungen veranschaulichen die Abhängigkeit des Serumcholinesterasewertes von der Funktion der Leberzelle. Somit ist die Bestimmung der SChE ein wertvoller Hinweis auf den Zustand der Leberzellen, wobei eine Abnahme der Aktivität dem Grad der Leberzellschädigung etwa parallel verläuft.

Auf die Bedeutung der Bestimmung der SChE für den Anaesthesisten wird hingewiesen:

Verlängerte Apnoen nach einmaliger Gabe von Succinylbischolin können durch eine genbedingte qualitative Aktivitätsminderung einer SChE‐Variante (erfassbar durch die Dibucain‐Zahl) verursacht sein.

Verlängerte Apnoen nach mehrmaligen Gaben von Succinylbischolin bei Leberkrankheiten mit ausgedehnter Parenchyminsufnziens sind als Folge einer Aktivitätsherabsetzung der normalen Form der SChE zu deuten, möglicherweise weil das Trägereiweiss des Enzyms (Apoferment) nicht mehr in der Leber im ausreichenden Masse gebildet wird.
THE EFFECT OF ETHANOL ON THE TOXICITY OF PROMAZINE, CHLORPROMAZINE, PROMETHAZINE AND HYDROXYZINE An Experimental Study on Mice
Authors: Eerola Risto
Published: December 2008

In order to investigate the effect of ethanol on the toxicity of promazine, chlorpromazine, promethazine and hydroxyzine animal experiments on about 1800 albino mice were performed. The drugs were given by the method of Behrens with a cannula through the mouth direct into the stomach. The criterion of toxicity was the death of the mouse, and the control time was 24 hours. The results were submitted to statistical analysis and presented in columnar diagrams and in Gaddum's system of co‐ordinates. The combined effect of the drugs investigated proved to be an additive synergism, slightly less than the algebraic sum of the individual drug effect.

Fig. 3.—The combined effect of ethanol and promethazine shown in columnar diagrams and Gaddum's system of co‐ordinates. For further explanation, see text.

Fig. 4.—The combined effect of ethanol and hydroxyzine shown in columnar diagrams and Gaddum's system of co‐ordinates. For further explanation, see text.

Um die Wirkung von Aethanol auf die Toxizität von Promazin, Chlorpromazin und Hydroxyzin zu untersuchen, wurden Tierexperimente an etwa 1800 Albinomäusen durchgeführt. Wir verabreichten die Mittel nach der Methode von Behrens mittels einer Kanüle durch den Mund direkt in den Magen. Das Kriterium für die Toxizität war der Tod der Maus, die Kontrollzeit 24 Stunden. Die Resultate wurden einer statistischen Analyse unterzogen und sowohl in Säülendiagrammen als auch in einem Koordinatensystem nach Gaddum dargestellt. Als Kombinationseffekt der untersuchten Medikamente ergab sich ein additiver Synergismus, der etwas geringer war als die alge‐braische Summe der Wirkungen der einzelnen Mittel.
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC CHANGES DURING NEUROLEPT‐ANALGESIA
Authors: Eerola R. , Pöntinen P. J. , Miettinen P.
Published: December 2008

Electrocardiograms of 32 patients were studied during neuroleptanalgesia. This method of anaesthesia did not seem to protect from all harmful reflexes. Intubation and stretching of the eye muscles seemed to give the same cardiac reflexes as during other forms of anaesthesia.

Bei 32 Patienten, die unter Neuroleptanalgesie standen, wurden die Elektrokardiogramme untersucht. Die genannte Anaesthesiemethode bot keinen kompletten Schutz gegen alle schädlichen Reflexe. Auf Intubation und Dehnung der Augenmuskeln zeigten sich die gleichen kardialen Reflexe als unter anderen Formen der Anaesthesie.
HEART‐VOLUME STUDIES I. PNEUMOPERICARDIUM AS PLETHYSMOGRAPH FOR GARDIOMETRY IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Gordh Torsten
Published: December 2008

Oncometry—the classic method for experimental heart‐volume studies—requires an open chest and artificial respiration, and does not permit studies with closed chest and spontaneous respiration. A method utilizing pneumopericardium as a plethysmograph for cardiometry has proved to be simple and quantitatively reliable, with both spontaneous and artificial respiration. It can be used for heart‐volume studies in the rabbit and the cat. An experimental arrangement with recording of respiration, systemic blood pressure, heart volume, aortic flow and central venous pressure was used as a model for studying the effect of adrenaline, posture, Fluothane anaesthenia, anoxia and haemorrhagic shock. The results are in agreement with those of other workers using different techniques. The method opens up further possibilities of studies of the direct effect of various drugs on the heart.

Onkometrie ‐ die klassische Methode für experimentelle Herzvolumen‐Untersuchungen ‐ erfordert einen offenen Thorax und künstliche Beatmung. Sie erlaubt keine Untersuchungen am geschlossenen Brustkorb und bei Spontanatmung. Eine Methode, die sich des Pneumopericardiums als Plethysmograph für die Cardiometrie bedient, hat sich als einfach und quantitativ verlässlich erwiesen, sowohl bei spontaner als bei küinstlicher Atmung. Sie kann für Herzvolumen‐Untersuchungen beim Kaninchen und bei der Katze angewandt werden. Eine experimentelle Anordnung, bei der die Atmung, der systemische Blutdruck, das Herzvolumen, der Aortenblutstrom und der zentrale Venendruck. registriert wurden, kam als Modell zur Untersuchung der Wirkung von Adrenalin, Lagerung, Halothannarkose, Anoxie und haemorrhagischem Schock zur Anwendung. Die Resultate standen in Übereinstimmung mit denen anderer Autoren, die sich verschiedener Techniken bedient hatten. Die Methode eröffnet weitere Möglichkeiten zur direkten Untersuchung des Effektes verschiedener Medikamente auf das Herz.
HEART‐VOLUME STUDIES III. PHONOGARDIOGRAPHIC AND ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC CHANGES DURING DILATATION OF THE HEART IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Gordh Torsten
Published: December 2008

The present results confirm previous observations on the behaviour of the heart sounds during anaesthesia and haemorrhagic shock. They show that the stethoscope or phonocardiogram (PCG) can detect, at an earlier stage than the ECG, acute myocardial weakness with dilatation of the heart, caused by the negatively inotropic effect, e.g., of anaesthetics and anoxia. With a decrease in heart volume due to hypovolaemia, the heart sounds are also attenuated in proportion to the blood loss, without any gross ECG changes. In clinical anaesthesia, greater attention should be focused on methods which indicate a decrease in the contractile force of the myocardium earlier than does the ECG.

The investigation also shows that when acute dilatation of the heart is suspected, but the ECG is apparently normal, one should not hesitate in resorting to external massage of the heart to support and improve its contractile force, by analogy with assisted respiration in respiratory depression.

Die gegenwärtigen Resultate bestätigen frühere Untersuchungen über das Verhalten der Herztöne während der Narkose und im haemorrhagischen Schock. Sie zeigen, dass das Stethoskop des Phonocardiographen (PCG) in einem früheren Stadium als das Elektrocardiogramm (EKG) akute Myocardschwäche mit Herzerweiterung aufdecken kann, wie sie durch den negativ inotropen Effekt, z.B. von Anaesthetika und Anoxie hervorgerufen werden. Bei einer Abnahme des Herzvolumens, verursacht durch Hypovolemic, sind die Herztöne ebenfalls verstärkt, und zwar in Proportion zum Blutverlust, ohne dass es dabei zu gröberen EKG‐Veränderungen kommt. Während der klinischen Narkose sollte eine grössere Aufmerksamkeit auf Methoden gelenkt werden, die eine Abnahme der kontraktilen Herzkraft früher als das EKG anzeigen.

Die vorliegende Untersuchung zeigt auch, dass man bei Verdacht auf akute Herzdilatation ‐ wobei das EKG noch offensichdich normal ist ‐ nicht zögern sollte, die externe Herzmassage anzuwenden urn die Kontraktionskraft des Herzens zu unterstützen und zu verbessern, in Analogie zur assistierten Beatmung beim Vorliegen einer Atemdepression.
THE TRACHEOTOMY TUBE AND POSTOPERATIVE TRACHEOTOMY COMPLICATIONS With Special Reference to Severe Arterial Bleeding Caused by Arrosion of the Innominate Artery
Authors: Lunding M.
Published: December 2008

The features of tracheal arrosion are described on the basis of the literature and own cases. Most previously described cases also revealed damage to the innominate artery. Less frequently, other major vessels of the neck or the oesophagus were involved. It is emphasised that erosion of the tracheal mucosa, the precursor of arrosion, and arrosion only causing peritracheitis are fairly common and, as starting points of bronchopulmonary infections, may endanger the life of the patient.

The complication can be avoided if due attention is paid to it, i.e. careful surgery, postoperative care with constant control of the position of the tube and watching for warning symptoms. Radiography of the trachea should be employed to check the position of the tube whenever suspicion of the complication is aroused. It is suggested that routine radiographic check‐ups should be used in all cases of tracheotomy.

Das Bild der Trachealarrosion wird an Hand der Literatur und eigener Fälle beschrieben. Die meisten früher beschriebenen Fälle haben auch eine Schädigung der Arteria anonyma aufgedeckt. Weniger häufig waren andere grössere Gefässe des Halses oder der Speiseröhre betroffen. Es wird betont, dass eine Erosion der Trachealschleimhaut, der Vorläufer einer Arrosion, sowie Arrosionen, die nur eine Peritracheitis verursachen, ziemlich häufig sind und als Ausgangspunkt bronchopulmonaler Infektionen das Leben des Patienten gefährden können.

Diese Komplikationen können bei entsprechender Vorsicht vermieden werden. Z.B. muss sorgfältig operiert werden und während der postoperativen Pflege sowohl die Lage der Kanüle kontrolliert als auch auf Warnsymptome geachtet werden. Zur Kontrolle der richtigen Lage des Tubus soll man sich der Röntgenuntersuchung bedienen, sobald der Verdacht auf eine Komplikation auftraucht. Es wird vorgeschlagen, dass bei alien Fällen von Tracheotomie regelmässige Röntgenkontrollen durchgeführt werden sollen.
CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE (LIBRIUM®) USED AS PREMEDICATION IN OPERATIONS FOR VARICOSE VEINS
Authors: Buchmann G. , Johansen S. H. , Schiøler K.
Published: December 2008

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG UND SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN

Chlordiazepoxid (100 mg) als abendliche Vorbereitung für Patienten mit Varicenoperationen gegeben, wirkte hypnotisch. Der praeoperative psychische Zustand der Patienten änderte sich nicht; eine postoperative Befragung ergab aber grössere Schläfrigkeit bei Patienten, die das Mittel abends und am Morgen erhielten.

Die Häufigkeit nervöser Spannung anderte sich unter dem Einfluss des Mittels nicht. Sonstige günstige oder ungünstige Effekte kamen nicht zur Beobachtung.
OXYGEN CONCENTRATIONS ACTUALLY ADMINISTERED TO PATIENTS DURING CYCLOPROPANE ANAESTHESIA
Authors: Kavan Eva M. , Morlino Francis J. , Greer William L.
Published: December 2008

Oxygen concentrations were measured in the gas mixtures of cyclopropane and oxygen delivered to patients during a short operation (35 minutes). It has been demonstrated that the amount of oxygen actually administered is considerably lower than it appears on the flowmeters of the anesthesia apparatus.

Die Sauerstoffkonzentrationen in Gasgemischen von Cyclopropan und Sauerstoff, welche man Patienten während kurzer Eingriffe von etwa 35 min Dauer verabreichte, wurden gemessen; Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die tatsächliche Sauerstoffkonzentration beträchtlich unterhalb jener Werte liegt, die von den Flowmetern des Narkoseapparates angezeigt wurden.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES WITH NARCOTICS AND NARCOTIC ANTAGONISTS IN MAN
Authors: Foldes Francis F. , Torda T.A.G.
Published: December 2008

Bei 240 oberflächlich anaesthesierten Patienten, die keine Narkotika als Prämedikation erhalten hatten, wurden die Wirkungen auf Atmung und Kreislauf der folgenden Mittel, allein oder in verschiedenen Kombinationen verabreicht, untersucht: Morphin (0,2 oder 0,3 mg/kg), Oxymorphon(20 μ/kg),Levorphan (50μ/kg),Meperidin (1,5 und 2,0 mg/kg) und Phentanyl (1,5μ/kg); ferner die drei Antagonisten: Nalorphin (150μ/kg), Naloxone (5μ/kg)und Levallorphan (20μ/kg).

Intravenös verabreicht verursachten die Narkotika in den genannten Dosierungen eine signifikante Verminderung der Atemfrequenz und des Minutenvolumens. die Atemzeitvolumina waren jeweils nur über eine relativ kurze Periode (1 bis 2 Minuten) herabgesetzt und stiegen dann gewöhnlich über die Ausgangswerte an Die maximale Depression der Atemfrequenz trat 6 Minuten nach intravenöser Verabreichung der Narkotika auf. Wegen der kompensatorischen Zunahme des Atemzeitvolumens lag die maximale Dämpfung des Minutenvolumens bei 3 Minuten.

Bei Verabreichung der fünf Narkotika in äquipotenten Dosen, entsprechend ihrer allgemain anerkannten Analgesiewirkung, war der atemdepressorische Effekt von Meperidin (2,0 mg/kg) am grössten und der von Morphin (0,2 mg/kg) am geringsten. Sogar nach Verdoppelung des Verhältnisses von Morphin zu Meperidin (0,3 mg/kg bzw. 1,5 mg/kg) war die atemdepressorische Wirkung des Meperidins deutlicher als die des Morphins.

Die Kreislaufwirkungen der getesteten Narkotika waren weniger ausgeprägt als die respiratorischen. Es kam zu einem Abfall der Pulsfrequenz und des systolischen Blutdruckes um etwa 10 bis 20%.

Nalorphin und Levallorphan verursachten, allein verabreicht, eine signifikante Atemdämpfung. Der depressorische Effekt des Nalorphins war stärker als der des Levallorphans. Naloxon in äquipotenter Dosierung führte zu keiner signifikanten Atemdämpfung. Mit Ausnahme einer Verlangsamung der Pulsfrequenz um etwa 20% bei Levallorphan warenthe Kreislaufwirkungen der Antagonisten nicht signifikant.

Die drei Antagonisten der Narkotika verhüteten die durch Narkotika verursachte Atemdepression bzw. glichen diese zum grössten Teil aus. In den angewandten Dosen war die antagonistische Wirkung von Naloxon gewöhnlich stärker als die der anderen zwei Mittel. the Antagonisten zeigten auch die Tendenz, den von den Narkotika verursachten Blutdruckabfall auszugleichen, hatten jedoch nur wenig oder keinen Einfluss auf die Pulsfrequenz.
Studies in Hypother MIA
Authors: Svanes K.
Published: December 2008

The microcirculation was studied in the conjunctiva of the lower eyelid of mice.

In hypothermic mice (21‐22°C), the metarterioles and venules were markedly dilated when anaesthesia was deep. When anaesthesia was light, they were usually of normal calibre.

Intravascular erythrocyte aggregation was regularly observed in hypothermic mice. The size of the aggregates was found to be inversely related to the rate of blood flow. Large aggregates were observed in vessels with slow flow (venules), while no aggregates were seen in vessels with rapid blood flow (metarterioles). The anaesthesia influenced the degree of aggregation by altering the rate of blood flow. When the anaesthesia was deepened, the flow rate usually decreased and the aggregation increased, and vice versa.

“White emboli” were also regularly observed in hypothermic mice. They were observed in all types of capillary vessels, independent of the rate of blood flow. They showed a tendency to stick to the walls of the venules and to cause temporary occlusions of true capillaries.

Erythrocyte aggregates and white emboli were also observed in anaesthetized normothermic mice.

In der Bindehaut des Unterlides von Mäusen wurde die Mikrozirkulation untersucht.

Bei unterkühlten Mäsen (21‐22°C) waren die Metarteriolen und Venolen in tiefer Narkose merklich dilatiert. In oberflächlicher Narkose waren sie ge‐wöhnlich von normalem Kaliber.

Bei den hypothermen Mäsen wurden regelmässig intravaskuläre Erythrozytenaggregationen beobachtet. Die Grösse der Aggregate war verkehrt proportional zur Durchströmungsrate: grosse Aggregate wurden in Gefässen mit langsamer Strömung (Venolen) beobachtet, während in Gefässen mit rascher Blutströmung (Metarteriolen) keine Aggregate gesehen wurden. Narkose beeinflusste das Ausmass der Aggregation durch Änderung der Durchströmungsrate. Bei Vertiefung der Narkose verringerte sich gewöhnlich die Strömungsgeschwindigkeit und die Aggregation nahm zu, und vice versa.

«Weisse Emboli» wurden ebenfalls regelmässig bei den unterkühlten Mäsen beobachtet. Sie wurden in alien Arten von Kapillargefassen gesehen, un‐abhangig von der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit. Sie zeigten die Tendenz an den Venolenwänden zu haften und in den echten Kapillaren zeitweilige Verschlusse zu verursachen.

Erythrozytenaggregate und weisse Emboli wurden auch bei narkotisierten normothermen Mäsen beobachtet.
Rib Fractures Following External Cardiac Massage
Authors: Henriksen Hans
Published: December 2008

Post‐mortem examination was performed in 37 patients after external cardiac massage. Rib fractures were found in 97% of the patients over 20 years. In the age group 0‐20 years no fractures occurred. The number of fractures increased with age. The localization in the individual cases is shown. The fractures were present only on the anterior surface of the chest and could be divided into parasternal and lateral ones. Only the latter are of clinical importance.

Observation of rib fractures occurring under experimental conditions suggests that the displacement of the sternum required for efficient ECM is equal to or above the fracture limit of the thoracic cage. This is in good agreement with the high fracture rate found in the present study.

ZSAMMENFASSUNG

Bei 37 Patienten wurden nach externer Herzmassage Autopsien durchgeführt. Rippenfrakturen fanden sich bei 98% der Patienten über 20 Jahre. In der Altersgruppe unter 20 wurden keine Frakturen beobachtet. Die Zahl der Frakturen erhöhte sich mit dem Alter. Es wird die Lokalisation bei den individuellen Fällen angeführt. Rippenbrüche kamen nur an der Vorderfläche des Brustkorbes zur Beobachtung und konnten in parasternale und laterale unterteilt werden. Nur die letzteren sind von klinischer Bedeutung.

Die Beobachtung des Auftretens von Rippenfrakturen unter experiemtellen Bedingungen lässt den Schluss zu, dass die für eine ausreichende äussere Herzmassage erforderliche Sternalverschiebung knapp an der Frakturgrenze des Brustkorbes liegt. Dies steht in Übereinstimmung mit der hohen Frakturfrequenz, die in unserer Untersuchung gefunden wurde.
Hepatic Blood Flow During Different Depths of Halothane Anaesthesia in the Dog
Authors: Ahlgren I. , Aronsen K.‐F. , Ericsson B. , Fajgelj A.
Published: December 2008

The hepatic blood flow during different depths of Halothane anaesthesia in the dog was estimated with a new mediod, based on the disappearance rate of 133Xenon injected into die portal vein. The administration of Halothane sufficient to give deep anaesdiesia was associated with a pronounced fall in hepatic blood flow. Widi adequate alveolar ventilation, with small changes in arterial carbon dioxide tension, and no hypoxia, the decrease in hepatic blood flow was parallel to the decrease in cardiac output. If the carbon dioxide tension in arterial blood was allowed to rise during deep Halothane anaesthesia, this was associated with an even more pronounced decrease of hepatic blood flow.

An interesting side observation was diat in these dogs, if the depth of anaesthesia was kept constant, an intravenous injection of 0.25 mg atropine was associated with a pronounced fall in hepatic blood flow.

Mit Hilfe einer neuen Mediode, die auf der Eliminierungsgeschwindigkeit von in die Pfortader injiziertem 133 Xenon beruht, wurde die Leberdurch‐blutung beim Hund während verschiedener Narkosestadien mit Halothane untersucht. Halodianekonzentrationen, die zu einer tiefen Narkose führten, resultierten in einer ausgeprägten Verringerung der Leberdurchblutung. Bei genügender alveolärer Ventilation mit geringen Änderungen der arteriellen Kolensäurespannung und keiner Hypoxie ging die Abnahme der Leberdurchblutung paallel mit er Abnahme des Herzschlagvolumens. Wurde die Kohlensäurespannung im arterielln Blut während der tiefen Halothanenarkose erhöht, so war ein noch ausgeprägteres Absinken der Leberdurchblutung die Folge. Eine interessante Nebenbeobachtung bei diesen Hunden war, dass bei konstanter Narkosetiefe die intra venöse Verabreichung von 0,25 mg Atropine von einem ausgeprägten Absinken der Leberdurchblutung begleitet war.
A Comparison of Cardiac Rhythm During Halothane and Methoxyflurane Anaesthesia at Normal and Elevated Levels of PaCO2
Authors: Black Gerald W.
Published: December 2008

Changes in cardiac rhythm were studied at normal and elevated levels of PaCO2 during the inhalation of 1.5 per cent halothane and 1.5 per cent methoxyflurane in sixteen normal children. With halothane idioventricular rhythm developed in each of eight children at PCO2 levels ranging from 104 mm Hg to greater than 150 mm Hg. Normal sinus rhythm persisted in the presence of comparable degrees of respiratory acidosis in the children receiving methoxyflurane. It is suggested that myocardial sensitisation to the effects of catecholamines is minimal during anaesthesia with the latter agent.

Bei 16 gesunden Kindern wurden während der Inhalation von 1,5% Halothan, bzw. 1,5% Medioxyfluran Veränderungen des Herzrhythmus bei normalen und erhöhten PaCO2‐Werten untersucht. Unter Halothan entwickelte sich bei jedem der 8 Kinder ein idioventrikulärer Rhythmus bei Kohlensäurespannungen von 104 mm Hg bis über 150 mm Hg. Bei den Kindern, die Methoxyfluran erhielten, blieb normaler Sinusrhythmus auch bei vergleichbar hohen Graden von respiratorischer Azidose erhalten. Es wird angenommen, dass die Sensibilisierung des Myocards auf Katecholamine während der Narkose mit dem letztgenannten Mittel minimal ist.
Cerebral Circulation and Resuscitation
Authors: Keszler H. , Oppelt A. , Sliz K. , Vyska K.
Published: December 2008

After reviewing the literature mainly with a view to elucidate the effect of drugs commonly used in cardiac resuscitation on CBF, attention is drawn to the frequent occurrence of obstruction or stenosis in the extracranial cerebral vessels. The known effects of head positioning on cerebral circulation are also briefly reviewed and some preliminary results of the authors are reported. Backward tilt with rotation of the head may be expected to have an adverse effect on CBF. Early intubation may be desirable, expecially in the older age groups, whenever feasible in order to maintain an open airway without having to tilt the head backward.
A New Evaluation of Emergency Methods for Artificial Ventilation
Authors: Nolte Hans
Published: December 2008

The effect of artificial ventilation by the exhaled‐air methods (mouth‐to‐nose and mouth‐to‐mouth) and chest‐pressure‐arm‐lift methods (Ho‐ward‐Thomsen, Silvester‐Brosch, Holger Nielsen) was investigated in 11 anaesthetised apnoeic volunteers. The efficiency of these methods was assessed by the changes in arterial PO2, O2 saturation, PCO2 and pH. It could be shown that the exhaled‐air methods ensured normal PO2 and O2 saturation in all cases, while the ventilation by the manual methods was insufficient. Even though normal oxygenation was achieved by the manual methods in some cases, others were extremely hypoventilated, with critically low O2 tensions. pH and CO2 tensions did not change appreciably. Because of the uncertain ventilatory effect of the manual methods, they should not be taught or used.
The Pathology of Acute Coronary Death
Authors: Jørgensen Leif , Hærem Jørgen W. , Chandler A. Bleakley , Borchgrevink Christian F.
Published: December 2008

In order to examine whether functional disturbances in the heart without significant lesions is a frequent cause of sudden cardiac death, two prospective autopsy studies were performed.

In a series of 78 cases of myocardial ischaemia dying within 48 hours acute lesions in the major coronary arteries were found in 89 per cent in patients who had been on anticoagulant therapy at the onset of the acute disease and in 76 per cent of the untreated patients. The relative frequency of cases without acute coronary lesions, haemorrhage in fibrous plaque, rupture of necrotic plaque, and of thrombosis which was not secondary to rupture of plaques, was about the same whether the patients had died within 15 minutes or later. Thrombi secondary to rupturedplaques were not observed among those dying within 15 minutes, whereas such lesions were found in 28 per cent of the treated patients and in 27 per cent of the untreated patients who died later. This may be explained by assuming that it takes more than a few minutes for a sizable thrombus to form, and that the rupture itself is lethal.

In another series of 38 cases sudden, unexpected death the blood supply of the sinus and atrioventricular nodes was particularly studied. Acute lesions in major coronary arteries was found in 75 per cent of the cases. There was no preferential location of the acute lesions to arteries supplying the dominant parts of the conductive system.

In both autopsy series, platelet aggregates were found in the peripheral bed of the coronary arteries in several cases.

It is concluded that the basic pathogenetic mechanisms are the same whether the patients are dying immediately or later with evidence of myocardial infarction. In the cases with no acute coronary lesion there is probably also a localized circulatory disturbance leading to myocardial infarction if the patient survives the initial period. On the basis of recent experimental evidence, it is proposed that one precipitating factor for such a localized circulatory disturbance could be intravascular platelet aggregation.
Metabolism and Function of the Heart During Acute Asphyxia and in Postasphyxial Recovery
Authors: Isselhard Wolf
Published: December 2008

In asphyxia, the energy production by anaerobic glycolysis does not suffice to meet the energy demand of the heart. This energy deficit results in a rapid and complete depletion of creatine phosphate, and in a continuous decrease in ATP and the sum of adenine nucleotides. Upon restoration of the oxygen supply, the creatine phosphate returns to normal within 1‐2 minutes. Restoration of ATP and the sum of adenine nucleotides may require many hours and is determined by the depletion of the degradation products of the nucleotides which takes place during the anaerobic period. In the anaesthetised rabbits subjected to asphyxia myocardial power is rapidly and profoundly depressed, but returns to normal within 1‐2 minutes if artificial ventilation is applied, and asphyxia has not exceeded 5 minutes. The impaired cardiac performance during asphyxia and its postasphyxial restoration changes with the myocardial creatine phosphate and a small portion of the cellular ATP which is thought to be associated with the contraction process.
The Pathophysiology and Treatment of Drowning
Authors: Modell Jerome H.
Published: December 2008

The pathophysiological changes which occur in both animals and man during drowning and near‐drowning with aspiration have been reviewed. Although the fluid and electrolyte changes will differ in patients, depending primarily on the quantity and nature of the fluid that was aspirated, the primary disturbance requiring emergency therapy is acute asphyxia with persistent arterial hypoxemia and acidosis. Initially, the hypoxia is due to perfusion of non‐ventilated alveoli. Arterial hypoxemia persists, however, even after a significant intra‐pulmonary shunt can no longer be demonstrated. All efforts should be directed to correct this situation with whatever equipment is most readily available. While the patient is being so treated, his fluid and electrolyte status should be evaluated and cor‐rected accordingly. Other drug therapy should be supplied as indicated. With this physiological approach to therapy the success rate in resuscitating drowning and near‐drowning victims will continue to improve.
VASOCONSTRICTORS AND GENERAL ANAESTHESIA: Ornithine‐8‐Vasopressin and Noradrenaline during Halothane Anaesthesia in a Double‐Blind Study
Authors: Valentin Niels , Nielsen Ole Vagn
Published: December 2008

In a double‐blind study, the synthetic vasopressin derivative ornithine‐8‐vasopressin (POR‐8) was compared with noradrenaline and a placebo as a haemostatic to be used locally during halothane anaesthesia. In the concentrations selected, POR‐8 was found to be far more effective than noradrenaline. Both compounds caused a moderate rise in blood pressure. Extrasystoles occurred after injection of POR‐8 in one patient. It is concluded that there is no reason to advise against the use of POR‐8 during halothane anaesthesia although the experience in this field is at present too limited to exclude completely the possibility of cardiac complications. Caution is recommended when patients suffer from marked coronary insufficiency.

Im Doppelblindversuch wurde der synthetische Vasopressinabkömmling Ornithin‐8‐Vasopressin (POR‐8) mit Noradrenalin und einem Plazebo als während der Halothannarkose lokal anwendbares Haemostyptikum verglichen. In den gewählten Konzentrationen erwies sich POR‐8 gegenüber Noradrenalin als wesentlich wirksamer. Beide Mittel verursachten einen geringen Blutdruck‐anstieg. Extrasystolen kamen nach Injektion von POR‐8 bei einem Patienten zur Beobachtung. Es kann die Schlussfolgerung gezogen werden, dass gegen die Anwendung von POR‐8 während einer Halothannarkose kein Grund zur Ablehnung vorliegt, obwohl die Erfahrung auf diesem Gebiet augenblicklich noch zu beschränkt ist, urn die Möglichkeit von kardialen Komplikationen völlig auszuschliessen. Vorsicht ist geraten bei Patienten mit ausgeprägter Koronarinsuffizienz.
LEVALLORPHAN AND MEPERIDINE MIXTURES: A Dose‐Response Study of the Ventilatory Sensitivity to Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Rouge Jean‐Claude
Published: December 2008

The ventilatory response to carbon dioxide after intramuscular meperidine, 1.65 mg/kg, was compared with those of three mixtures consisting of the same dose of meperidine widi levallorphan, 0.01, 0.02, or 0.04 mg/kg intramuscularly. In five healthy volunteers meperidine increased the PCO2of end‐tidal gas by an average of 6 torr. The three mixtures caused a similar increase (4 to 6 torr) with concomitant reduction in minute ventilation. The respiratory response to carbon dioxide challenge was displaced to die right, but none of the four injections produced a significant change in slope of the response compared with the placebo control. The curve displacements, measured at ventilation of 20 L/min, were 10.8 ± 2.03 torr for meperidine alone and 9.5 ± 1.64, 7.5 ± 0.95, and 10.9 ± 0.95 for the three doses of levallorphan. Analysis of variance showed that chance could account for the differences among all drugs (P > 0.05). Thus, over a four‐fold range of dose, levallorphan gave no antagonism for the mild respiratory depression of simultaneously administered meperidine.

Die Ventilationsreaktion auf Kohlensäure nach intramuskulärer Gabe von 1,65 mg/kg Meperidin wurde mit der nach 3 verschiedenen Mischungen, die ebenfalls intramuskulär gegeben wurden, verglichen und die aus der gleichen Dosis von Meperidin bestanden, mit einem Zusatz von jeweils 0,01, 0,02 oder 0,04 mg/kg Levallophan. Meperidin erhöhte bei 5 gesunden Freiwilligen daspC02der Endausatemluft im Durchschnitt um 6 Torr. Die 3 Mischungen verursachten einen ähnlichen Anstieg (von 4‐6 Torr) mit gleichsinniger Ver‐minderung des Atemminutenvolumens. Die Antwort der Atmung auf Kohlensäurereiz war nach rechts verschoben, aber keine der 4 Injektionen führte zu einer signifikanten Änderung in der Neigung der Kurve beim Vergleich mit Plazebo‐Kontrollen. Die Kurvenverschiebungen, gemessen bei einer Ventilation von 20 1/min waren 10,8 ± 2,3 Torr für Meperidin allein und 9,5 ± 1,64, 7,5 ± 0,95 bzw. 10,9 ± 0,95 für die 3 Dosen von Levallorphan. Varianzanalysen zeigten, dass die Unterschiede zwischen alien Kombinationen im Bereich des Zufalls lagen (P > 0,05). Es ergab sich also über einen 4‐fachen Dosisbereich kein Antagonismus von Levallorphan gegen die milde atemdepressorische Wirkung von gleichzeitig verabreichtem Meperidin.
How plants cope with biotic interactions
Authors: Van Dam N. M.
Published: December 2008

In their natural environment, plants interact with many different organisms. The nature of these interactions may range from positive, for example interactions with pollinators, to negative, such as interactions with pathogens and herbivores. In this special issue, the contributors provide several examples of how plants manage both positive and negative biotic interactions. This review aims to relate their findings to what we know about the complex natural environments in which plants have evolved. Molecular analyses of plant genomes and expression profiles have shown how intricately plants may regulate responses to single or multiple biotic interactions. Plant responses are fine‐tuned by signalling hormone interactions. When multiple organisms interact with a single plant this may result in antagonistic or synergistic effects. The emerging fields of ecogenomics and metabolomics undoubtedly will refine our understanding of the multilayered regulation that plants use to manage relationships with their biotic environment. However, we can only understand why plants have such an intricate regulatory apparatus if we consider the ecological context of plant biotic interactions.
Quorum sensing and Candida albicans
Authors: Kruppa Michael
Published: December 2008

Candida albicans is one of the most commonly identified nosocomially acquired pathogens. This organism has a number of virulence traits including production of degrading enzymes, the ability to undergo phenotypic switching, and can rapidly undergo morphogenic switch from a blastospore (yeast) phase to that of a hyphal state. Interest in C. albicans morphogenic regulation has been the focus of a large number of studies, which have characterised transcriptional modulators of these morphologies. Recently, C. albicans has been shown to regulate its morphogenic shift through changes in cell density. It was observed that C. albicans inoculated at cell densities below 106 cells ml−1 under conditions which favour hyphal morphogenesis (pH 7.5, 37 °C), will germinate to form hyphae. However, if cells densities are greater than 106 cells ml−1, little germination will occur and cells will maintain yeast morphology. The basis for this cell‐density‐dependent control of morphogenesis is similar to that which is seen with bacterial cells regulating their activities via quorum sensing (QS). A number of molecules have been identified which affect the ability of C. albicans to undergo the yeast‐to‐hyphal shift, and three compounds have been demonstrated to be quorum‐sensing molecules. The scope of this review is to bring to light what is now understood about QS in C. albicans and address the roles of these molecules in relation to virulence in the host and potential roles in cross‐kingdom interactions.
AGE‐RELATED SYNAPTIC CHANGES IN THE CA1 STRATUM RADIATUM AND SPATIAL LEARNING IMPAIRMENT IN RATS
Authors: Long Li‐Hong , Liu Rui‐Li , Wang Fang , Liu Jue , Hu Zhuang‐Li , Xie Na , Jin You , Fu Hui , Chen Jian‐Guo
Published: December 2008

Age‐related impairments in hippocampus‐dependent spatial learning and memory are not associated with a loss of neurons, but may be related to synaptic changes. In the present study, we analysed the behavioural performance of adult, middle‐aged and old Wistar rats using the Morris water maze, as well as the structure of synapses and the expression of autophosphorylated Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II at threonine 286 (pThr286‐αCaMKII), a key post‐synaptic protein in the CA1 stratum radiatum, in the same rats.

Old Wistar rats showed significant cognitive deficits. Synaptic density, the area of post‐synaptic densities and the total number of synapses in the CA1 stratum radiatum of old rats were significantly decreased compared with adult rats. The decrease in autophosphorylated pThr286‐αCaMKII was age dependent.

These findings reveal that age‐related impairments in learning and memory are associated with synaptic atrophy. The decreased expression of pThr286‐CaMKII may result in reduced synaptic function with ageing.