bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Medical School Learning Environment
Authors: Rothman Arthur I. , Cleave-Hogg D. , Sellers E. M.
Published: March 2007

In mosn mnedical schools intellectual, interpersonal, and ethical development of students are ti/e core constituents of statements of educational goals and objectives. Paradoxica/lk; it inay be that the dominant features of the educational environments of these schools serve to inhibit student development in these areas. T/iis report describes one of a series of inivestigations, carried out at the Faculty of Medicinie of a large Canadian university, testing the hypothesis of a mismatch between educational goals and the educational environiment. In this study the perceptions of course and topic supervisors, who are responsible for t/ie planning, coordination, presentation, and evaluation of the discrete courses thai make tip the undergraduate medical curriculum, are described and analyzed with reference to A rgyris and Schon 's Model 1 and Model 2 definitions of institutional environmnents.
Item Shells
Authors: Haladyna Thomas M. , Shindoll Russelyn Roby
Published: March 2007

Writing multiple-choice test items has been typically characterized as more of an art than a science. Textbooks commonly offer advice on how to write items, but most inexperienced item writers, despite having expertise in a content area, have difficulty phrasing the stem. A technique is described that has been successfully used in several testing programs in the health professions. This technique, item shell, provides a basis for getting item writers started in the difficult process of w, iting the effective multiple-choice item.
Assessing the Value of Medicaid Prescreening in a County Public Health Unit
Authors: Serow Elizabeth G.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine if already-existing staff in a rural health department could effectively increase access of their clients to Medicaid. All "sliding fee" patients seeking services were asked a series of questions to determine their categorical eligibility for Medicaid. Those identified as potentially eligible were formally referred for complete financial eligibility determination, and outcomes of those referrals were examined to determine the number of patients newly insured. The study revealed that the majority of poor clients being served in the health department were categorically ineligible for Medicaid and that the majority of potentially eligible patients declined to complete the application process. The process cost the health department twice as much in staff time as it could possibly have recouped in Medicaid reimbursements.
A Controlled Randomized Response Technique
Authors: Williams Bryan L. , Suen Hoi K. , Baffi Charles R.
Published: March 2007

The randomized response survey technique appears to be suitable for studies of sensitive sexual behaviors, particularly inAIDS-related research. However, existing methods provide only estimates of group statistics, not of individual information. Additionally, the popular "unrelated question" approach requires the knowledge of the parameters of the unrelated question. In this article, a variation of the unrelated-question method is suggestedfor use. Specifically, it is suggested that the unrelated question be one to which the response is known to be "yes." Through this "controlled" approach, the raw data become a direct linear transformation of the response to the sensitive question, and thus can be used directly in regression and other analyses at the individual score level. The estimation of the parameters for the unrelated question is not necessary and the hesitation to provide a "yes" responsefound in the 'forced choice" method is minimized.
The Precision of Practice Analysis Results in the Professions
Authors: Kane Michael T. , Miller Tamara , Trine Malani , Becker Craig , Carson Karin
Published: March 2007

A practice analysis, in which an appropriate sample of professionals is asked to describe what they do in their practices, is considered an essentialpart of the content-related validity evidence for licensure and certification tests. This article examines the precision of estimates of the mean frequencies for categories of activities in an activity inventory administered on two occasions about 6 weeks apart. In particular, it explores the variability in estimates of the meanfrequenciesfor categories due to the sampling of respondents, activity statements, and occasions. The results suggest that samples of 200 respondents, about 10 to 20 activity statements per category, and one occasion are adequatefor estimating the mean frequency for each category.
Medicaid Managed Care in Texas
Authors: Begley Charles E. , Wong Pat L. , Abboti Ann L. , Aday Lu Ann
Published: March 2007

Texas has a planforstatewide implementation of Medicaid managed care by 2001. This article presents evidence from initial demonstration projects, which were implemented in 1993. The Ist-year experience is described and preliminary effects are examined in terms of reactions of clients and providers and changes in utilization patterns and costs of care. Results of the evaluation indicate implementation difficulties with several operational aspects of managed care, variable effects in terms of client and provider reaction to the reform, and little or no change in utilization patterns, but significant cost-savings to the state. Because of the implementation difficulties identified by the evaluation and the mixed results regarding effects, further research is recommended to determine the potential benefit of this reform.
The problematics of postmodernism for feminist media studies
Authors: Fenton Natalie
Published: March 2007

This article explores the implications of postmodernism for feminist media studies. It takes two key tenets of postmodernism which overlap with much work in feminist media studies - the notion of representation as reality and audience resistance. In the context of the metathemes of identity and difference, it argues for a mode of analysis which is integrative and tracks social and ideological relations at every level between cultural production and consumption. The article further suggests that without a universalism of sorts the idea of equality in a fully functioning democratic society is impossible. However, the concept of universalism must be deconstructed so it can be recognized as a contingent historical product. This is referred to as `paradoxical universalism'. For feminist media studies this requires a mode of analysis which does not atomize and treat as separate the different phases of mass communications or individualize our everyday experience of it.
`Taking our personal lives seriously': intimacy, continuity and memory in the television drama serial
Authors: Creeber Glen
Published: March 2007

This article argues against the generally agreed assumption that the demise of the single play heralded the decline in the standards of television drama generally. In contrast, it suggests that the rise of the television serial actually indicates the coming of age of TV drama. Unlike the `teleplay' that originally arose out of a strong theatrical tradition, the serial or `mini-series' better utilizes the generic aesthetics of television and the fundamental dynamics of its audience's viewing habits. In particular, it will demonstrate how the episodic nature of the drama serial successfully mimics and harnesses the many complex, multi-layered levels of both the series and soap opera, while retaining and redefining the finite narrative arch of the single play. This makes the serial a particularly suitable form for the portrayal of large historical narratives, especially those that, by necessity, cover a large area both in terms of space and time. Paying close attention to serials such as Roots (1977), Holocaust (1978) and Heimat (1984), the article suggests that the serial form has become an ideal vehicle through which the intimate dynamics of Alltagsgeschichte (`the history of the everyday') can be dramatized and gradually developed. The article concludes that, with its ability to portray and investigate questions of power and politics on both a macro/social and micro/personal level, the television drama serial offers a complex generic form which can now compete successfully with the comparatively restricted and single text dynamics of both the theatre and cinema.
Television in theory
Authors: Corner John
Published: March 2007

This article conducts a `critical audit' on the range of theoretical work about television, asking questions about how television has variously been positioned within different political, cultural and social perspectives. After raising some preliminary questions about the nature and status of `theory' in relation to `research', it considers theoretical developments under four headings — representation, institution, medium and process — examining concepts and the use to which they have been put. Among other things, it notes the recent influence of postmodern thinking on the field and the shift towards consumption-focused studies. It concludes by suggesting some of the ways in which theoretical work on television might develop. It is critical of the particular legacy of speculative abstraction (theory as Theory) still observable in the field and recommends both clearer guidelines of theoretical accountability and a stronger relationship with empirical analysis.
The tentative hell-raisers: identity and mythology in contemporary UK press journalism
Authors: Aldridge Meryl
Published: March 2007

Why do sacred monsters figure so large in the occupational ideology of UK press journalism? This article argues that colleagues who display extravagant behaviour symbolize the personal autonomy and sense of adventure which are at the core of professional aspirations. However, as the article shows, contemporary daily life in the UK press is diametrically opposite to this ideal, being characterized by employment insecurity and domineering, finance-driven management. A geographically dispersed, feminized and credentialized workforce is now, typically, required to produce soft news and features rather than the more professionally valued hard news and investigative journalism. This assault on self-identity, in a context where collegial contact is reduced, has made shared mythology even more rather than less tenacious.
From `Sophie's choice'1 to consumer choice: framing gender in cultural policy
Authors: Beale Alison
Published: March 2007

This article concerns the parameters used in policies for communication and culture to target and measure the realization of women's interests. Looking at these in terms of recent Canadian policy development, it argues that employment and consumption statistics are an insufficient indicator of the gendered impact of the de- and re-regulation associated with Canada's entry into trade agreements such as NAFTA and the MAI, and that they fail, in particular, to connect cultural and socioeconomic trends. The article also argues that cultural policies have historically contributed to cultural distinctions along linguistic, racial and gender lines. This cultural policy role has been masked by the model of the citizen as consumer that has prevailed since the 1980s. The article suggests that given the internationalization of cultural production and consumption, feminist policy research should focus on the gender-related democratic deficits and economic disparities associated with the `new' cultural economy.
Multimedia and the crisis economy in Japan
Authors: Bell Desmond , McNeill David
Published: March 2007

This article examines recent developments in the communication sector in Japan in the light of the recent economic meltdown of the former miracle economies of South East Asai. It argues that the telecommunications, computer and electronics industries are undergoing a restructuring of their activities under the state-endorsed banner of `multimedia' which, we suggest, is an extension of earlier rhetorical strategies concerned with the promotion of an `information society' in Japan. We look in particular at Sony Corporation's activities as it seeks new points of convergence between its computing, telecommunications and entertainment software interests in an increasingly deregulated national and global communications environment. Our investigation of the current relationship between the Japanese state and corporate interests like Sony leads us to take issue with those sociologists and media theorists who would have us believe that the phenomenon of `informationalization' is best understood as the appearance of post-industrial economy and polity based on `collective reflexivity'. We argue instead that multimediatization represents a drive by Japanese capital to restore conditions of profitable accumulation, a phenomenon which is increasingly drawing the other countries of South East Asia into Japan's `circuits of capital'.
Elderly Patients and their Accompanying Caregivers on Medical Visits
Authors: Glasser Michael , Prohaska Thomas , Gravdal Judith
Published: March 2007

This study examines how elderly patients and caregivers view the roles and assistance of caregivers in the health care decisions and medical encounters of older patients. Patients and their accompanying caregivers (e.g., family, friends, neighbors) at four clinics were surveyed on patient-caregiver interactions about health-related issues; frequency and importance of caregiver accompaniment on medical visits; reasons for caregiver accompaniment; health characteristics of patients and caregivers, including depression symptoms; and demographic information. Compared with patients not accompanied, patients accompanied on medical visits were more likely to be women, have lower incomes, and experience worse physical and mental health status. Findings provide evidence of the “advocate” and supportive roles played by informal care-givers of elderly patients. The high level of depression symptoms is an issue for physicians.
The Impact of AIDS on Parents and Families in Thailand
Authors: Knodel John , Saengtienchai Chanpen , Im-Em Wassana , Vanlandingham Mark
Published: March 2007

Local key informants provided data on individual adult cases of AIDS for assessing the impact of the epidemic in Thailand on aged parents and other family members. In most cases, parents provided care for their infected adult children, often assisted with expenses, and frequently played a main role in paying for treatment. For one third of the cases, a family member reduced or stopped working to provide care. For approximately one fifth of parents, the infected adult child was their main income earner. Nevertheless, in most cases, the child’s death was not judged to have a devastating economic impact for the parents, although poorer families were far more likely to be adversely affected than others. Wide availability of basic government health insurance moderated the economic impact. Results are interpreted in terms of patterns of intergenerational exchanges of support and services.
Nursing Home Life Satisfaction and Activity Participation
Authors: Koger Lisa J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the effects of a resident-written magazine on life satisfaction and activity participation of residents of a nursing home. An experimental-control model was used, with 22 residents attending an eight-week writing workshop to produce a magazine and 20 residents not attending. The results showed a significant increase in life satisfaction scores for residents who worked on the magazine, while scores for residents who did not work on the magazine did not change significantly. Frequency of activity participation did not change significantly for either group.
Short-Term Memory and Crystallized-Fluid Intelligence in Adulthood
Authors: Hayslip Bert , Kennelly Kevin J.
Published: March 2007

To assess the contributions of two types of short-term memory (STM)-passive span of apprehension and working memory-to the intellectual, (that is, fluid [Gf] and crystallized [Gc]) functioning of adults and age differences therein, data from a test battery assessing STM, Gf, and Gc administered to three (n = 54) groups of adults, aged 17-26, 39-51, and 59-76 years (N = 162), were analyzed. Measures of STM and Gf showed substantial and significant negative relationships with age, while the Gc-age relations were significantly positive, but weak. Age declines in Gf functioning appear related to working STM (as measured by backward digits) deficits but not to passive STM (as measured by forward digits) deficits. In contrast to previous literature suggesting that memory span tasks have little utility as measures of STM deficits among the aged, these results suggest great utility if the forward versus backward memory span distinction is maintained.
Social Network Relationships and Use of Physician Services
Authors: Coe Rodney M. , Wolinsky Fredric D. , Miller Douglas K. , Prendergast John M.
Published: March 2007

The typology of social network relationships proposed by Rundall and Evashwick (1982) is reexamined in light of data from a survey of a random sample of noninstitutionalized elderly. The original four types of relationships (engaged, disengaged, trapped, and abandoned) are extended to include "discontented' and "alienated" relationships. Hypotheses derived from the typology are tested with data on use of physician services. The most common types of relationships found in this sample are the engaged, disengaged, and abandoned. Of these, the abandoned have the highest average number of physician visits. Promising avenues of further investigation are noted.
Synthetic Cohorts from Panel Surveys
Authors: Campbell Richard T. , Hudson Cathie Mayes
Published: March 2007

Studies of the determinants and effects of life events such as widowhood and retirement suffer from the fact that the events, despite their common occurrence in the lives of individuals are, from the researcher's perspective, relatively rare. As a result, research designs require inevitable compromises. Many of these compromises lead to biases of one kind or another. One possible means of avoiding at least some of the biases is to form synthetic cohorts of individuals who have experienced events by pooling observations from panel surveys. This approach yields a multiwave data set centered on the event of interest with fixed amounts of pre- and postevent data. The data can be analyzed using a variety of techniques and the results can be interpreted in light of the interrupted times series design.
Elder-Caregiver Relationships in Shared Households
Authors: Stoller Eleanor Palo
Published: March 2007

A model exploring the relationship between older helpers and their caregivers in shared households is developed by using hierarchical multiple regression techniques in a path analytic framework. Data were obtained through personal interviews with a probability sample of 753 older persons and their informal helpers. The results suggest that the impact of demands on the caregiver on the dyadic relationship are mediated by the impact of elder's presence on household functioning, elder's contribution to household tasks, and the availability of alternative caregivers.
Cross-Cultural Aspects of Sleep in the Elderly
Authors: Domino George , Romero Mario , Blair Gary , Villalobos Susana , Suriano Teresa , Bridges Angela
Published: March 2007

A sleep questionnaire (SQ) was administered to 850 adults, 50 years and older, drawn from urban areas in 7 countries (Australia, Greece, Italy, Mexico, Spain, Venezuela, United States). All were functioning adults in relatively good physical and mental health. The samples were equated on sex, age, and occupational level. Of the 8 scales on the SQ, 7 showed statistically significant differences between countries, and 3 between males and females. At the same time, substantial similarities were found and are discussed from a normative point of view.
Families, Informal Supports,and Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Ory Marcia G. , Williams T. Franklin , Emr Marian , Lebowitz Barry , Rabins Peter , Salloway Jeffrey , Sluss-Radbaugh Teresa , Wolff Eliza , Zarit Steven
Published: March 2007

With the aging of most Western populations, there is growing research attention to the social and behavioral aspects of age-related chronic diseases and disabilities. Research is just beginning to focus on how families and other social supports affect and are affected by Alzheimer's Disease and related disorders. This article reviews the current state of knowledge in this area and suggests a future research agenda.
The Timing of Divorce
Authors: Bulcroft Kris A. , Bulcroft Richard A.
Published: March 2007

The National Survey of Families and Households was used to assess the effects of marital status on contact with adult children (N = 1,929). Respondents were 55 years of age or older, had been married at least once, and had a biological child aged 19 years or older from the first marriage, who was not residing in the home. As hypothesized, divorce had a negative effect on interaction with adult children, and this effect is much greater for men than for women. In particular, those men who divorced when their children were younger had the lowest rates of interaction. These data suggest that the long-term effects of divorce for men are particularly deleterious in terms of interaction with their children.
Age Discrimination in Employment
Authors: Bessey Barbara L. , Ananda Srijati M.
Published: March 2007

The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) was passed by Congress in 1967 to prohibit arbitrary discrimination in the workplace on the basis of age. The present interest in age discrimination can only increase, because people over 65 are expected to comprise more than 18% of the population by 2025. Social scientists must understand the subtleties posed by the age variable. Older workers tend to be replaced by younger ones even in a nondiscriminatory setting. In addition, at any particular job level, employees with more potential will tend to be younger and the employees with less potential will tend to be older. Analysts must separate the effects of legitimate qualifications from the effects of illegal age discrimination. This article provides an interdisciplinary review of the ADEA, including what it is and how social science statistical methods may be applied to analyze age-discrimination data.
Gender Differences in Employment after Spouse's Retirement
Authors: Henretta John C. , O'Rand Angela M. , Chan Christopher G.
Published: March 2007

A central characteristic of the family retirement transition is its prolonged nature, beginning with the first spouse's retirement and ending with the second spouse's retirement or the first spouse's return to work. In this article, differences in this process are examined depending on which spouse retires first. Although existing literature implies that women will retire more rapidly following a spouse's retirement, results show no overall difference in men's and women's exit or return rates. However, there are gender differences in particular subgroups of families. Couples in which the wife was employed during child rearing show smaller gender differences. In couples in which the wife was not employed during child rearing, women retire more slowly than men.
Relationships between Acute Care and Nursing Unit Use in Two Continuing Care Retirement Communities
Authors: Newcomer Robert , Preston Steven
Published: March 2007

The likelihood of nursing home use among Continuing Care Retirement Community (CCRC) residents is substantially affected by temporary placements. CCRC residents are more likely to use a nursing unit after a hospital stay or outpatient surgery than are community residents. On the other hand, CCRC residents have a lower rate of hospital admissions and a higher rate of outpatient surgery. There is an apparent substitution between the use of on-site personal care and nursing services among the CCRCs studied. The interrelationships between acute care and nursing unit use suggest implications for managed care, insurance coverage, and the measurement of outcomes of care in assisted living facilities.
City-Suburban, Metro-Nonmetro, and Regional Differences in the Housing Quality of U.S. Elderly Households
Authors: Golant Stephen M. , La Greca Anthony J.
Published: March 2007

This article uses data from the 1987 American Housing Survey (AHS) to assess in what U.S. locations elderly (age 60 and over) households are more at risk of occupying physically deficient housing. Metropolitan and nonmetropolitan locations are distinguished by their settlement type (city, suburban, and rural) and regional contexts. The AHS data consisted of a sample of 12,859 age 60 and older householders representing a statistical population of 26,318,348 American households. Within metropolitan areas, central cities had the highest rate of physical deficiencies whereas the urban suburbs suffered from the lowest prevalence rates. Elderly households living in nonmetropolitan rural areas, and in the rural parts of metropolitan areas, had the highest housing deficiency rates in the country. These national comparisons were misleading, however, to the extent that they primarily reflected the poor housing conditions found in only one or two regions of the country, particularly the South.
The Meaning and Practice of Self- Care by Older Adults
Authors: Dill Ann , Brown Phil , Ciambrone Desiree , Rakowski William
Published: March 2007

Drawing on material from qualitative interviews, this article examines self-care as a response to physical symptoms commonly experienced by older people. The analysis indicates that older persons approach, interpret, and treat their symptoms within both biomedical and psychosocial frameworks. Self-care responses appear to be learned early in life, reinforced throughout the life cycle, and formed in consultation with professional as well as lay persons. Symptom responses reflect and reinforce the meaning of social relations in individuals' lives, providing a symbolic medium for the assessment of present and past relationships, cross-generational connections, and past troubles and issues of personal identity. Findings suggest that categorizing sources of care into professional, informal, or self overly simplifies the symptom experience of older adults. Self-care goes beyond the acknowledgment of discomfort and subsequent treatment of symptoms; it involves the representation and interpretation of the self.
Couples 'Employment/Retirement Patterns and Perceptions of Marital Quality
Authors: Szinovacz Maximiliane
Published: March 2007

This study explores the impact of couples' employment/retirement patterns on indicators of marital quality (conflicts, heated arguments, marital happiness). Logistic regressions based on data from the National Survey of Families and Households (N= 672) reveal that the husband retired/wife employed pattern is associated with perceptions of lower marital quality among traditional gender-role couples. On the other hand, traditional gender-role employed husbands with retired wives report somewhat higher marital quality than husbands in dual-earner couples. In addition, dual-retired spouses with recently retired wives score lower on marital happiness than spouses in current dual-earner couples.
Attitudes Toward Public Support of the Elderly
Authors: Silverstein Merril , Parrott Tonya M.
Published: March 2007

This study examines age differences in attitudes toward public support for the elderly, and whether contact with grandparents during childhood moderates these differences. Data collected in 1990 from a nationally representative sample were used to address these issues. Attitudes toward the fairness of public policy are characterized by two dimensions, one signifying support for entitlement of the elderly to benefits and a second dimension signifying support for the contributory schemes that fund old-age benefits. Multiple regression analyses reveal that young adults (18-24) are the age group least supportive of elderly entitlement benefits and most concerned that the elderly are not paying their fair share of the cost of their benefits. However, greater childhood contact with grandparents reduced the generally greater opposition of young adults to current contributory policy, thereby moderating age-group tensions around this issue. Results are discussed in the context of the "interdependence of generations" framework.
Social Support and Life Satisfaction among the Never Married
Authors: Barrett Anne E.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the role of social support (measured as presence of a confidant, perceived social support, and frequency of informal interaction) in determining life satisfaction among the never married. Using data from Wave I (1986) of Americans’ Changing Lives, social support of the never married ( n = 266) is compared with that of the married ( n = 1,765) and previously married ( n = 1,147). Results indicate that age moderates the effect of marital status on social support such that the negative effects of being never married are greatest among the elderly. In the analyses of life satisfaction, marital status and social support are significant predictors. Moreover, social support partially mediates the effect of marital status on life satisfaction.
The Meanings of Self-Ratings of Health
Authors: Idler Ellen L. , Hudson Shawna V. , Leventhal Howard
Published: March 2007

Self-ratings of health are central measures of health status that predict outcomes such as mortality and declines in functional ability. Qualitative and quantitative data are used to test the hypothesis that definitions of health that are narrowly biomedical are associated with underestimates of self-ratings relative to respondents’medical histories, while definitions that are broad and inclusive are related to relatively better self-ratings. A sample of 159 elderly African Americans rates their health and reports “what went through your mind.” Analysis of variance shows that respondents who overestimate their health are more likely to report ratings based on social activities and relationships, or psychological, emotional, or spiritual characteristics, rather than biomedical criteria. The authors conclude that inclusive definitions of health facilitate more positive self-ratings of health, given a fixed health status; methodologically, they conclude that this is a promising method for exploring self-ratings of health.
The Impact of Time and Economic Circumstances on Popular Evaluations of Russia's President
Authors: Hesli Vicki L. , Bashkirova Elena
Published: March 2007

Building on the economic voting literature, the article hypothesizes that support for democratic reformers in a post-Soviet society can be expected to vary with economic conditions and also with where the country is in the transition process. Using a series of nine repeated surveys covering the time span from 1991 to 1999 in the Russian Federation, it tests both a reward-punishment hypothesis and a “price of reform” hypothesis. Among the best predictors of positive evaluations of President Yeltsin are time in the transition process (early in the process rather than late) and positive outlooks about the economic prospects for one's own family. Yet, political evaluation measures are found to have equal importance in understanding the dynamics of democratic support. In evaluating support for the opposition, the article finds that support for the Communist Party is directly related to negative economic evaluations, to experience with severe hardship, and to low monthly income.
Realism under Praise, or a Requiem? The Paradigmatic Debate in International Relations
Authors: Badie Bertrand
Published: March 2007

This article describes how the paradigmatic debate in the field of international relations, opposing Grotius’s tradition of transnational relations to the Hobbes vision of sovereign territorial units in rivalry for power politics, is turning to the advantage of the former. It points out that the current globalization process reinforces the transnational paradigm that focuses on individuals as international actors, with a new configuration emerging in which politics loses the hierarchical position implied by realism. Three kinds of actors (the state, transnational actors, and identity entrepreneurs) are described as promoting a special type of commitment: civic commitment to the state, utilitarian and pragmatic commitment to transnational networks, and a primary commitment to identity entrepreneurs.
The Emergence and Meaning of Socialist Pluralism
Authors: Eisfeld Rainer
Published: March 2007

Socialist pluralism grew between 1900 and 1925 within the British labor movement, notably around Harold Laski and the guild socialists such as G.D.H. Cole. Its criticisms of state monism and organized capitalism have roots in writers as different as Proudhon, Sorel, Lord Acton, James, Spencer, Gierke and Maitland. Socialist pluralism wanted to transcend the representative system by means of functional federalism. That led it to enter the debate over the creation of self-governing economic and political institutions in the 1960s.
Grandparents and Grandparenting in a Rural Southern State
Authors: SPENCE SUSIE A. , BLACK SHEILA R. , ADAMS JAMES P. , CROWTHER MARTHA R.
Published: March 2007

Current social and demographic changes have drawn attention to the relationship between grandparents and grandchildren. This research examined grandparents and grandparenting in a rural southern state. One hundred fifty-eight grandparents were interviewed by telephone regarding their roles and relationships with their grandchildren and others along with the impact grandparenting had on their other activities. Results indicate that 60% of the sample had frequent contact with their grandchildren. A significant proportion of the grandparents indicated that they provide assistance by giving advice, preparing meals, and baby-sitting. Additionally, grandparents indicated that providing care does not interfere with their other activities. Discussion focuses on the need to understand grandparent-grandchild relationships and the factors that influence them across time, particularly as the grandchildren become adults.
Coping with the Loss of Father
Authors: NELSON GEOFFREY
Published: March 2007

This research compared the social and emotional adjustment of women and children from single-parent families due to death or divorce within the past two years with that of a matched group of two-parent families. While the widows and divorcees did not differ significantly from the married women on measures of social and emotional adjustment, they did report more positive and negative life changes and had higher rates of help-seeking in the past two years. Divorcees reported significantly more friction and resentment in their relationships than widowed and married women. The children of widows and divorcees reported significantly poorer emotional adjustment than the children of married women, but the children from these different families did not differ with respect to mothers' and teachers' ratings of behavioral problems. The results were discussed in terms of previous literature and suggestions for future research.
Romance and Violence in Dating Relationships
Authors: HENTON JUNE , CATE RODNEY , KOVAL JAMES , LLOYD SALLY , CHRISTOPHER SCOTT
Published: March 2007

Recent data verifying a substantial amount of violence in dating relationships have presented a new challenge to the romantic love model. This study, which investigates abuse between high school couples, confirms the existence of violence among younger partners and describes their reactions to those abusive events. Findings suggest that violence is viewed by participating individuals as relatively nondisruptive to the relationship and sometimes is even seen as a positive occurrence. Discussion centers on how romance and violence coexist.
Mental Illness in the Family
Authors: WARREN CAROL A.
Published: March 2007

The prepatient phase of the moral career of the mental patient is examined from the standpoint of the male spouses of sixteen women hospitalized as schizophrenic in the late 1950s. The husbands' interpretations of their wives' troubles are compared with wives' interpretations of their hospitalized husbands' troubles in Yarrow et al.'s classic article on “The Psychological Meaning of Mental Illness in the Family.” Similarities in the structure of interpretation were related both to general cultural interpretations of trouble and to role relations in the family, while differences appeared to be an artifact of method. Differences in the content of interpretation were related both to the gender role division of labor in the family and to the affective tone of the marital relationship.
Gender Equality in Work and Family
Authors: BOHEN HALCYONE H.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews strategies for gender equality that appear in women's and family policy literature, and the evidence for their limited success in U.S. and European public policies and in employment practices, that is, in persisting male and female income differentials, occupational segregation, shortages in child care and child support, and women's disproportionate use of alternate and flexible work schedules in order to be more involved in family life than men.
Changes in Social Networks of Women and Men Following Divorce
Authors: MILARDO ROBERT M.
Published: March 2007

A theoretical critique and review is presented concerning the character and consequences of changes in the social networks of spouses following separation and divorce. For men, cultural traditions that prescribe the duties and obligations of husbands are thought to encourage the development of personal friendships while simultaneously encouraging independence, thus insulating men from the possible benefits of social support following divorce. For women, the duties and obligations of wives as they are traditionally defined encourage women to accept responsibility for “kinkeeping” during and after marriage while simultaneously discouraging bonds with friends. These circumstances are thought to isolate women from the unique benefits of personal friendship and ensure networks that are dominated by kin, which typically are high in exchanges of both social support and interference. Important distinctions are drawn between the character of relationships with kin and friends, as well as between the concepts of social support and social interference.
Development of Work and Family Commitments
Authors: GRANT LINDA , WARD KATHRYN B. , BROWN DONALD R. , MOORE WILLIAM E.
Published: March 2007

Women and men medical students' intended commitments to profession and family were explored at three times during their training. At the global level, women and men anticipated giving equal balance to family and profession in the future. At a more specific level, there were significant gender differences in planned commitments to profession and to family. Although all students anticipated giving more hours per week to professional roles, men anticipated significantly more hours devoted to profession each week than did women. Women anticipated more hours devoted to family than did men. Over time in medical school, all students' intended hours in profession increased and hours in family decreased, pointing to an inundation of family life by professional demands. Global-level measures suggested change in division of domestic labor among women and men, but specific-level measures suggested persistence of traditional patterns.
Child Attributes as Determinants of Parental Television-Viewing Mediation
Authors: ABELMAN ROBERT , PETTEY GARY R.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated intellectual giftedness in relation to parents' mediation of the television/child relationship. A total of 364 children and their parents compose the sample. Findings suggest that intellectual giftedness and, to a lesser degree, the quantity of children's television consumption influence parents' perceptions of the possible impact of television on their children and the type of mediation strategies they employ.
Adolescent Sexual Activity and Mildly Deviant Behavior
Authors: RODGERS JOSEPH LEE , ROWE DAVID C.
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the relationship between two related behavioral domains in adolescents: sexual activity and mildly deviant behavior (defined as behaviors of which parents would disapprove, but which are not illegal). Previous work has demonstrated overlap between these behavioral domains. We use a unique data set - the data from the Carolina Population Center's Adolescent Sexuality (ADSEX) Project which contain linkable responses of siblings, best friends, and other friends - to quantify the degree of overlap and separation between sexuality and mild deviance. We cast our work in a conceptual context identifying the prominent members of a respondent's environment, including siblings, same-sex friends (best friends and other friends) and opposite-sex friends (best and other friends). Results support previous research showing overlap between sexuality and mild deviance; however, the two domains are also distinguishable. Furthermore, theoretical predictions generated by the conceptual framework - by considering the relationship of adolescents to others in their environment - are supported by the data.
Contraceptive Attitudes and Intention to Use Condoms in Sexually Experienced and Inexperienced Adolescent Males
Authors: PLECK JOSEPH H. , SONENSTEIN FREYA L. , KU LEIGHTON C.
Published: March 2007

In the 1988 National Survey of Adolescent Males, about three fifths of sexually experienced and inexperienced adolescent males intending to have sex in the next year reported there is an “almost certain chance” they will use a condom with a hypothetical future partner. Sexually experienced males report lower perceived costs for condom use related to embarrassment (assessed in a subjective expected utility format) than do inexperienced males. However, experienced males perceive condoms as being more costly in terms of reduction of pleasure. The perceived benefits of using condoms in terms of preventing pregnancy and gaining appreciation from the partner, and attitudinal endorsement of male responsibility in contraception more generally, are similar for the two groups. Among both the sexually experienced and inexperienced, believing that males are responsible for contraception and, to a lesser extent, perceiving that condoms have low costs in terms of reduction of pleasure and high benefits in gaining the partner's appreciation influence intent to use a condom. Attitudes discounting the risk of AIDS reduce intended condom use in both groups. For the sexually inexperienced, other factors associated with intention to use a condom include metropolitan residence, high educational aspirations, and self-esteem. For the experienced, not being Hispanic, holding religion to be important, liberal attitudes about the male sex role, worry about AIDS, and condom use at last intercourse also predict intended condom use.
The Subjective Well-Being of Parents
Authors: ISHII-KUNTZ MASAKO , IHINGER-TALLMAN MARILYN
Published: March 2007

Using a national sample of Americans, this study compares the effects of marital and parental statuses on three domains of well-being (marital quality, parental satisfaction, and global life satisfaction) by examining three types of parents: first-married biological parents, remarried biological parents, and stepparents. The results of a multiple classification analysis show that first-married biological parents report greater satisfaction with parenting than do the other two groups. On the other hand, the three types of parents reported similar levels of marital and global life satisfaction. These results are discussed and suggestions for future research are made.
Sexual Abuse as a Precursor to Prostitution and Victimization Among Adolescent and Adult Homeless Women
Authors: SIMONS RONALD L. , WHITBECK LES B.
Published: March 2007

Previous research indicates that women who were sexually abused as children are more likely to become involved in prostitution and to experience criminal victimization. A sample of 40 adolescent runaways and a sample of 95 homeless women were studied to test direct and indirect models of the impact of early sexual abuse on prostitution and victimization. The results suggest that early sexual abuse increases the probability of involvement in prostitution irrespective of any influence exerted through factors such as running away from home, substance abuse, and other deviant activities. In contrast, the findings indicate that early sexual abuse only indirectly affects the chances of victimization by increasing the likelihood of a life-style based on participation in risky activities and events.
Using the Service Economy to Relieve the Double Burden
Authors: OROPESA R. S.
Published: March 2007

Using a national survey conducted in 1990, this article examines how wives' labor force participation affects the extent to which families use the market economy to provide goods and services that have traditionally been produced by women. The specific purchases examined are help with housecleaning, meals at restaurants, and meals delivered to the home. Findings are discussed within the context of hypotheses about the roles of household resources, personal resources, gender ideologies, role overload, and the specific benefits that different family members receive from the provision of each service.
Father Presence and Family Formation
Authors: KRAMPE EDYTHE M. , FAIRWEATHER PAUL D.
Published: March 2007

During the past several decades, studies on the transition to parenthood and the parent-infant relationship have investigated the role of the father in family formation. The addition of the family systems perspective focused on triadic and family-of-origin effects in early parenthood. The present reformulation introduces object relations theory and self psychology, which permit the development of the concept, the Psychic parental coalition. This concept resides at the heart of a multidimensional definition of father presence beginning at the origins of the offspring's life. It is postulated that father presence cannot be understood apart from the context of the father-mother relationship, beginning at conception. Methods for the study of father presence in family formation are discussed.
The School Performance of Children From Single-Mother and Single-Father Families:
Authors: DOWNEY DOUGLAS B.
Published: March 2007

Very little is known about the academic performance of children from single-father families. How do they achieve in school relative to children from single-mother and two-parent families? Do the same processes posited to explain the school performance of children from single-mother households account for the educational performance of children in single-father homes? These questions are addressed using a nationally representative sample of 8th graders from the National Longitudinal Study of 1988. Eight different educational outcomes are compared for 409 children in single-father, 3,483 in single-mother, and 14,269 children in biological two-parent families. Children from single-father and single-mother families perform roughly the same in school, but both are outperformed by children from two-parent families. The intervening processes explaining school performance for children from single-father and single-mother families are somewhat different, however. Economic deprivation, or the lack of economic resources, is more useful for understanding the school difficulties of children from single-mother families, whereas interpersonal deprivation, or the lack of interpersonal parental resources, provide a more accurate description for why children from single-father families do poorly in school.
Work-Family Conflict
Authors: DUXBURY LINDA , HIGGINS CHRISTOPHER , LEE CATHERINE
Published: March 2007

The objective of this research was to examine the relationships between the dependent variable of work-family conflict (operationalized as overload, work to family interference, family to work interference) and the independent variables of gender, family type, and perceived control. The sample consisted of 1,989 single-parent and dual-income employees with children ages 6 through 12. The findings indicated that individuals with higher perceived control have lower levels of overload and interference. Women had higher levels of overload and interference than did men. Single parents had similar levels of overload and interference from family to work as married individuals.