bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Nature of Climate Change- equivalent Climate Change Model’s Application in Decoding the Root Cause of Global Warming
Authors: Bian Qinghan
Published: December 2019

Scrutiny and analysis of various energy applications show that the energy conversion to useful work or new products has been systematically inefficient. The global energy’s total effective conversion efficiency is estimated only about 20% and about 80% of the energy has been discharged into the environment. It is this energy that leads to the unbalance of the climate system’s energy budget balance and causes the global warming.

This article presents a simple equivalent climate change model to track the past global warming and to predict the future change trend at the global scale. The model comprises of an equivalent climate change surface air boundary layer, an equivalent climate change land surface boundary layer and an equivalent climate change seawaters surface boundary layer. It produces unique definitive relationships between the temperature changes and the heat entered the air, waters and land. The model can also be used to forecast future non-renewable energy consumption needed to keep the temperature rising under Paris Accord.

Analysis of currently available data by using this model confirms that temperature changes in air, seawaters and land closely correlate to the amount of heat discharged into the climate system from human activities. NASA and NOAA’s observations of temperature anomalies for the surface air, sea surface and land surface are well consistent with the temperature changes calculated by this model, especially the calculated results at the depth of 70 meters of the surface air boundary layer and NASA’s Lowess Smoothing trend are very close.

Flaring intensifies global warming. Reducing use of fossil fuels, nuclear and geothermal energies, developing surface renewable energies and increasing energy’s total effective conversion efficiency and thus reducing the amount of residual/waste energy are the paths to effectively and efficiently control global warming.
A Secured Adaptive HTTP-Based Video Streaming System Using AES Algorithm
Authors: J. Ikuomola Aderonke
Published: December 2019

Streaming video is a process of transferring moving images or video over the internet in a compressed form to viewers so that it can be viewed in real time. Streaming video technology is becoming more powerful all the time and appreciable works have been done in this area. However, security and adaptation of video are still problems to be tackled in the area of video streaming. In this paper, a secured and adaptive HTTP video streaming system (SAHVISS) was designed. The system was implemented using PHP, HTML5, Angular JS, Java Script and SQL Server database. It was tested on different computers and mobile devices using various web browsers. SAHVISS consist of four components namely Video Source, Streaming Server, Distribution Server and Client. The Streaming Server is made up of two sub-components namely the media encoder and the streamer. The server requires a media encoder to converts raw (uncompressed) digital video to a compressed format while the streamer breaks the encoded media into segments and save them as file. The distribution server comprises of Content Delivery Network and the Web server which delivers media file and the index ﬁles to the client over Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP).  The performance of SAHVISS shows that it provides an efficient technique for solving the issues of adaptation and privacy/security of streaming video content. It is a robust, secured and an adaptive http video streaming system.
Recognition and Prevention of Visual Loss Due to Retinopathy of Prematurity in High Risk Twin Infant Pairs: A Case Series with a Multi-specialty Approach
Authors: Annamalai Radha , Raghu Krishnima , Mohanakumar Meera , Muthayya M.
Published: December 2019

Aim: This study was performed to determine profile of asymmetry, newer differences in postnatal risk factors and effects of current laser treatment on retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) progression in preterm twin pairs.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 250 infants (125 twin pairs) of premature birth, low weight or other infant risk factors at Sri Ramachandra hospital, a tertiary referral hospital in Chennai, India from May 2017 to April 2019. Indirect ophthalmoscopy with scleral indentation was performed on all babies under continuous monitoring of oxygen saturation using pulseoximeter in the presence of a neonatologist. Examination and analysis was done for stage and zone of ROP, systemic causes, spontaneous regression and need for treatment.

Results: Among 125 twin pairs, 38twin pairs (30%) had ROP which was asymmetrical in 27% and symmetrical in 4%. Disparity developed before 35 weeks when both twins had ROP. Two stage differences occurred in 84%. Both were statistically significant (p<0.05). Spontaneous regression occurred after 35 weeks and majority regressed by 40 weeks. Laser treatment was required in 36%. Risk factors were most commonly respiratory distress, patent ductus arteriosus, apnoea, variation of birth weight and gestational age.

Conclusion: Smaller gestational age is a good predictor of variability in progression of vascularization and along with birth weight and weight gain contributes to asymmetry. Respiratory distress has the highest risk. It is important to screen and follow up all twins irrespective of initial examination status and normal appearing retina in one twin, as transition from one stage to another can occur. Early detection with timely treatment will prevent irreversible visual loss.
Michel Serres, passe-partout
Authors: Shortland Michael
Published: July 2002

Michel Serres with Bruno Latour, Conversations on

Science, Culture, and Time. Ann
Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995. Pp. 204. ISBN 0-472-09548-X,
£31.50, $44.50
(hardback); 0-472-06548-3, no price given (paperback).

Michel Serres (ed.), A History of Scientific Thought. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995. Pp.
viii+760. ISBN 0-631-17739-6. £75.00, $100.00.

Michel Serres is one of the best-known philosopher-critics in France,
and his name is likely
to draw many readers to these two books. With sales of 50,000
copies of his La Légende
des anges (1993; trans., Paris, 1995), 100,000 copies of
Le Contrat naturel (1990; trans.,
Ann Arbor, 1995) and 300,000 copies of Le Tiers-instruit (1991;
trans., forthcoming),
Serres's official eminence (he was elected to the
Académie Française in 1990) is more than
matched by contemporary popularity. Originally trained in mathematics and
logic, Serres
undertook doctoral research with Gaston Bachelard – and it shows.
Even at his most
allusive, Serres's dexterous prose often slips into neat axiomatic

and Euclidean certainties,
while one can see much of both his aggressively anti-epistemological stance
and his easy
traffic across the science–poetics divide as an effort to
distance himself from his former
mentor. But, like Bachelard, Serres has a commanding range, is hugely prolific
and writes
– if one may say this of one of the ‘Immortals’ –

with a glee and innocence that one associates with the rank amateur.

Serres, a professor of the history of science at the Sorbonne,
is no amateur. ‘History of
science’, he has said, ‘that's my trade’. So it

may be, yet many, hearing of his forays into
the history of angelology, the natural rights of trees, the iconography
of Tintin and the
moral status of airport terminals, are entitled to ask whether Serres is
to be trusted. Put
another way, should one take Serres seriously? The question is worth asking
at the outset,
for there is little more aggravating than intellectual energy and enthusiasm
one feels with
hindsight to have been misplaced. How many readers of Michel Foucault,
one wonders,
were shocked to find him saying in his last lectures that he admired Diogenes
the Cynic,
the shameless philosopher who masturbated in the Athenian public square,

pour épater les
bourgeois, so to speak? Maybe Foucault's oeuvre was
a similar snub from a
maître-penseur – a kind of masterpation, if you will.
THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION AND CHILD DEFENDANTS
Authors: Henderson Emily
Published: July 2002

THE European Court of Human Rights' decisions T. v. The United Kingdom (16.12.1999 E.C.H.R. No. 24724/94) and V. v. The United Kingdom (16.12.1999 E.C.H.R. No. 24888/94) represent one of the final stages in the notorious Bulger murder proceedings. The Court considered a number of applications by the defendants regarding the legality of their trial and sentences. The Court issued separate judgments for each applicant but, as they differ only in the details, they are considered here together. There are two main decisions that are of particular significance.
RESCUING REMEDIALISM IN UNJUST ENRICHMENT LAW: WHY REMEDIES ARE RIGHT
Authors: BARKER KIT
Published: July 2002

The primary focus in current analyses of English unjust enrichment law is upon restitutionary rights, not remedies. There are a number of explanations for this; some pragmatic, some historical, some linguistic, some theoretical. The author argues that none of these, when closely examined, justifies a failure to develop a separate remedial agenda for the subject, such as exists in other private law subjects like contract and tort. Indeed, there are powerful arguments in favour of this approach. The existing conceptual apparatus of unjust enrichment law (based on causes of action and defences) is ill-equipped to cope with quantification, valuation and choice of remedy issues. At a theoretical level, the traditional distinction drawn between primary and secondary rights (remedies) is as valid in unjust enrichment law as it is in contract and tort. A separate remedial focus contributes significantly to our understanding of restitutionary rights and has significant organisational advantages. Furthermore, the concerns expressed about the Canadian “remedial” constructive trust concept are misplaced in so far as they imply that remedial approaches are necessarily uncertain. The development of appropriate remedial concepts ought, if conducted in a disciplined way, to increase the coherence and predictability of outcomes, not detract from the achievement of these aims.
ASYMPTOTIC STABILITY OF AttRTor1R((R/$Afr$n),A)
Authors: Khashyarmanesh K. , Salarian Sh.
Published: July 2002

Let $R$ be a commutative ring. Let $M$ respectively $A$ denote a Noetherian respectively Artinian $R$-module, and $\mathfrak{a}$ a finitely generated ideal of $R$. The main result of this note is that the sequence of sets $(\mathrm{Att}_R\mathrm{Tor}_1^R((R/\mathfrak{a}^{n}),A))_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$ is ultimately constant. As a consequence, whenever $R$ is Noetherian, we show that $\mathrm{Ass}_R\mathrm{Ext}_R^1((R/\mathfrak{a}^{n}),M)$ is ultimately constant for large $n$, which is an affirmative answer to the question that was posed by Melkersson and Schenzel in the case $i=1$.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 13E05; 13E10
THE EFFECTS OF INTERCROPPING KALE WITH BEANS ON YIELD AND SUPPRESSION OF REDROOT PIGWEED UNDER HIGH ALTITUDE CONDITIONS IN KENYA
Authors: ITULYA F. M. , AGUYOH J. N.
Published: July 2002

Two studies were conducted in Kenya during 1993 and 1994 to determine the yield responses of kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala D.C.) intercropped with beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under different redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) densities. Redroot pigweed significantly reduced both kale and bean yields, the reduction being greater in 1993 than in 1994, and being greater for beans than for kale. Redroot pigweed growth was suppressed more by beans than by kale. Food output per unit area, measured by Land Equivalent Ratios, was increased by 22–115% by intercropping kale with beans and the increase was greater under weedy conditions (38–115%) than under weed-free conditions (22–74%). The presence of beans did not affect the leaf yield of kale. The presence of kale did not affect the seed yield of beans in 1994, but consistently reduced it by about 50% in 1993, though the difference was not significant.
PROFITABILITY OF BARLEY AND PEAS MIXED INTERCROPPING IN THE SUBSISTENCE FARMING SYSTEMS OF THE NEPALESE HILLS
Authors: SUBEDI K. D.
Published: July 2002

Experiments were conducted during the winter seasons of 1992–93 and 1993–94 at the Lumle Agricultural Research Centre and its off-station research site at Lopre in Nepal to study the agronomic performance and profitability of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and peas (Pisum sativum) mixed intercropping (that is, without any row arrangement) in the subsistence farming systems of the Nepalese hills. Sole crops of barley (cv. Bonus and Local) at 100kg seed ha−1 were compared with a pure stand of peas (cv. Tikot Local) sown at 60kg seed ha−1 and with peas intercropped with both varieties of barley at 100:40 or 100:20 kg seed ha−1. Results across two locations for two seasons showed that the barley+peas intercropping was advantageous in terms of overall grain yield, land equivalent ratio (LER), monetary advantage, economic return and dietary provision in the subsistence farming system. It also provided yield stability under adverse climatic conditions. Barley genotypes differed in their suitability for intercropping with peas. The yield of Local barley was reduced when peas were intercropped with it at both seed rates but this was not so with Bonus. The most appropriate combinations to realize the maximum advantage from intercropping were Bonus barley+peas at 100:20 kg seed ha−1 and Local barley+peas at 100:40 kg seeds ha−1. A combination of Bonus barley and peas at 100:20 kg seed ha−1 enabled farmers to harvest an additional 400 kg grains ha−1 from peas without significantly reducing the grain yield of barley. The study also verified through formal experimentation that the traditional practice of mixing barley and peas is advantageous.
Chromosomal inversion polymorphism in Afrotropical populations of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: AULARD SYLVIE , DAVID JEAN R. , LEMEUNIER FRANÇOISE
Published: July 2002

When 41 populations from Africa (south of the Sahara) and Indian Ocean islands were analysed for their chromosomal inversion polymorphism, 34 rearrangements were found, including the four common cosmopolitans (In(2L)t, In(2R)NS, In(3L)P and In(3R)P), four rare cosmopolitans (In(2L)NS, In(3R)C, In(3R)Mo and In(3R)K) and six African polymorphic (‘recurrent’) endemics. Mean inversion frequencies per major autosome arm were positively and, generally, highly correlated to each other. There was no altitudinal nor latitudinal cline of inversion frequency, except for one African polymorphic endemic. Significant longitudinal clines were detected for In(2L)t, In(3L)P and In(3R)K; in all cases, inversion frequencies decreased eastward. Principal components analysis and ANOVA made it possible to distinguish three groups of populations. A high level of polymorphism was found in populations from west tropical Africa. The other low altitude populations from the mainland were moderately polymorphic, whereas the lowest levels of polymorphism were those of high altitude populations and of Indian Ocean islands. Moreover, some regional and local differentiation was also found. The frequency of unique autosomal inversions was not different from those found in Asia, Australia and America, but was significantly higher than that in Europe and North Africa. A West–East differentiation was also observed for the African polymorphic endemics. The present geographic pattern suggests a long, patchy evolution with restricted gene flow, followed by the modern period with numerous recent migrations linked to human transportation.
Conservation genetics of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus):
low mitochondrial DNA variation amongst southern Australian populations
Authors: TAYLOR ANDREA C. , GRAVES JENNY MARSHALL , MURRAY NEIL D. , O'BRIEN STEPHEN J. , YUHKI N. , SHERWIN BILL
Published: July 2002

Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) populations in southern Australia
have a history of bottlenecks –
earlier this century the species became extinct in South Australia, and almost
so in Victoria.
Subsequently large numbers of animals from island populations (founded from very
few animals)
have been translocated back to mainland sites and to other islands in the
region. As part of a
larger study of the genetic structure of koala populations in southern
Australia, we have
undertaken a survey of mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length
polymorphism (mtDNA-RFLP) variability. Genomic DNA from 91 koalas from five
populations was examined using 23
restriction enzymes, and mtDNA fragments were detected using a domestic cat
full-length mtDNA
clone. Only one of the enzymes, TaqI, revealed polymorphism – a
relatively low amount of
variation compared with other mammals, although low mtDNA-RFLP variation has
also been reported in Queensland koalas. French Island and populations established
predominantly from
French Island immigrant koalas, either directly or via other island populations,
were indistinguishable by haplotype frequencies. The mtDNA data are thus
consistent with the
interpretation that the koala translocation programme has homogenized gene
frequencies amongst
those populations involved. South Gippsland is not recorded as having
received translocated
koalas directly, and has significantly different mtDNA-RFLP haplotype
frequencies from all other
populations examined. The fact that this distinction was not previously
observed in nuclear gene
frequencies may reflect predominantly male-mediated dispersal in koalas.
Heterozygosity and growth in the marine bivalve
Spisula ovalis: testing alternative hypotheses
Authors: DAVID PATRICE , DELAY BERNARD , JARNE PHILIPPE
Published: July 2002

Allozyme-associated heterosis has been repeatedly
observed in marine bivalves, but its genetic
origin remains debatable. A simple explanation is direct
overdominance at the enzyme loci scored.
An alternative is associative overdominance due to partial
inbreeding, affecting the whole genome.
The two hypotheses yield different predictions concerning
(i) locus-specific effects, (ii) the
relationship between heterozygosity and the variance in
fitness, and (iii) the expected form of the
relationship between the multilocus genotype and mean
fitness. The relationship between
heterozygosity and growth, a component of fitness, is
here analysed in Spisula ovalis (1669
individuals, 9 loci), using statistical models
designed to test these predictions. In contrast to most
other bivalves, S. ovalis shells display clear
annual growth lines allowing accurate quantification of
individual age and growth. Our results show (i) that
there is no evidence for locus-specific effects,
(ii) that the variance in growth decreases significantly
when heterozygosity increases, and (iii) that
growth is better predicted by a genetic variable
optimized for inbreeding than by a variable
optimized for overdominance. In addition, the
heterozygosity–growth relationship displays a
significant variation among annual cohorts, being more
pronounced in young cohorts. Although
the need to pool alleles and the occurrence of null
alleles may limit the efficiency of some of the
models used (especially for result (iii)), our results
suggest that the heterozygosity–growth
relationship is due to inbreeding effects.
Three new dominant C1 suppressor alleles in Zea mays
Authors: SINGER TATJANA , GIERL ALFONS , PETERSON PETER A.
Published: July 2002

Three new dominant suppressor mutations of the C1 transcription
regulator
gene in maize – C1-IΔ1, C1-IΔ2

and C1-IΔ3 – are described that suppress

anthocyanin colouration in kernels similar
to the function of the C1-I standard inhibitor. The
C1-IΔ mutations were induced by imprecise
excision of an En/Spm transposon in the third
exon of the C1 gene. These transposon footprints
cause a frameshift in the C1 open reading frame that leads
to truncated proteins due to an early
stop codon 30 amino acids upstream of the wild-type C1 protein.

Therefore, the C1-IΔ gene
products lack the carboxy-terminal transcriptional activation domain
of C1. The C1-I standard
allele also lacks this domain and in addition differs in 17 amino acids

from the wild-type C1 allele.
The new C1-IΔ alleles provide evidence that
deletion of the carboxy-terminal activation domain
alone is sufficient to generate a dominant suppressive effect on the
function of wild-type C1.
Leptin levels in lines of mice developed by long-term
divergent selection on fat content
Authors: BÜNGER LUTZ , NICOLSON MARGERY , HILL WILLIAM G.
Published: July 2002

The mouse lines were developed by long-term selection for fatness,
after which the fat line (F) had
about a 5-fold (23% vs 4%) higher fat percentage than the lean (L) line
at 14 weeks; but the lines
differed little in fat-free body weight. To assess the contribution of
genetic changes in leptin
hormone level to the selection response, plasma leptin levels were assayed
in these lines in
generation 60 and in an unselected control (C) from the same base population.
With access to
food prior to assay, the F, C and L lines had 16·5, 0·91
and 0·26 ng/ml leptin, respectively. In
fasted animals these levels were much lower: 2·98, 0·171
and 0·0087 ng/ml, respectively. Thus the
leptin levels differ greatly between the lines, with the fattest mice showing
the highest level: almost
20 times higher than the control and 60–300 times higher than the
L line. These correlated
selection effects are an order of magnitude greater than the direct selection
response, and believed
to be much larger than seen for any hormonal or other trait. Correlations
between leptin level and
fat amount were high (over 0·86) in fed or fasted animals of the
F line, indicative of leptin
resistance.
Mechanism of imprinting on mouse distal chromosome 7
Authors: AINSCOUGH JUSTIN F-X. , JOHN ROSALIND M. , SURANI M. AZIM
Published: July 2002

Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic mode of gene regulation that
results in expression of the
autosomal ‘imprinted’ genes from only a single allele, determined
exclusively by parental origin.
To date over 20 imprinted genes have been identified in mouse and man and
these appear to lie in
clusters in restricted regions on a subset of chromosomes. This may be
a critical feature of
imprinting suggesting a domain-type mode of regulation. Imprinted domains
are replicated
asynchronously, show sex-specific meiotic recombination frequencies and
have CpG-rich regions
that are differentially methylated, often associated with the imprinted
genes themselves. Mouse
distal chromosome 7 is one such domain, containing at least nine imprinted
genes spanning over
1 Mb of DNA. For the maternally expressed p57Kip2

gene, passage through the female germline is
essential to generate the active state, whereas passage through the male
germline is needed to force
the maternally expressed H19 gene into an inactive state. It is
therefore possible that the mouse
distal chromosome 7 imprinted domain is actually composed of two or more
independently
regulated subdomains.
Measures of spatial structure in samples of genotypes for
multiallelic loci
Authors: EPPERSON B. K. , HUANG Z. , LI T.-Q.
Published: July 2002

Various spatial autocorrelation statistics have been widely used both in theoretical population
genetics and to study the spatial distribution of diploid genotypes in many plant and animal
populations. However, previous simulation studies have considered only diallelic loci. In this paper,
we use a large number of space–time simulations to characterize for the first time the parametric
and statistical values of Moran's I-statistics for converted individual genotypes as well as for join-
count statistics. A wide range of levels of dispersal and numbers of alleles and allele frequencies
are modelled and the results reveal the different general effects of each of these factors on these
statistics. We also examine the range of appropriate sampling designs and sizes for which predicted
values can be interpolated for specific sampling schemes for any given population genetic field
survey. Numbers of alleles and allele frequencies each affect some statistics but not others. The
results indicate generally low standard deviations. The results also develop precise and efficient
methods of estimating gene dispersal, based on the various autocorrelation measures of standing
spatial patterns of genetic variation within populations. The results also extend these methods to
loci with multiple alleles, typical of those studied through modern molecular methods.
Marker-assisted selection using ridge regression
Authors: WHITTAKER JOHN C. , THOMPSON ROBIN , DENHAM MIKE C.
Published: July 2002

In crosses between inbred lines, linear regression can be used to estimate the correlation of
markers with a trait of interest; these marker effects then allow marker assisted selection (MAS)
for quantitative traits. Usually a subset of markers to include in the model must be selected: no
completely satisfactory method of doing this exists. We show that replacing this selection of
markers by ridge regression can improve the mean response to selection and reduce the variability
of selection response.
Conodont biozonation in the upper Arenig of Sweden
Authors: LÖFGREN A.
Published: July 2002

Conodont faunas from the Arenigian Lanna/Volkhov Stage in Baltoscandia have been the
subject of intensive study, particularly during the last decade, and different biozonations based on
them have been proposed. The application of some of these zones is discussed here. The present investigation
is mainly based on 64 samples from ten sections in Sweden, but conodont collections from
Bornholm (Denmark) and Tamsalu (Estonia) have also been studied. Lindström's (1971) concept of
the upper Arenigian Microzarkodina parva Zone is essentially replaced by a revised Baltoniodus norrlandicus
Zone. The zone corresponds closely to Bagnoli & Stouge's (1997) recently distinguished B.
norrlandicus and Lenodus antivariabilis zones, which can be recognized in sections where a more
detailed subdivision and correlation is possible under the names of the T. quadrangulum Subzone and
the L. antivariabilis Subzone, respectively.
Superposed Neoproterozoic and Silurian magmatic arcs in
central Cape Breton Island, Canada: geochemical and
geochronological constraints
Authors: KEPPIE J. D. , DOSTAL J. , DALLMEYER R. D. , DOIG R.
Published: July 2002

Isotopic and geochemical data indicate that intrusions in the eastern Creignish Hills of central
Cape Breton Island, Canada represent the roots of arcs active at ∼ 540–585 Ma and ∼ 440 Ma.
Times of intrusion are closely dated by (1) a nearly concordant U–Pb zircon age of 553±2 Ma in diorites
of the Creignish Hills pluton; (2) a lower intercept U–Pb zircon age of 540±3 Ma that is within
analytical error of 40Ar/39 Ar hornblende plateau isotope-correlation ages of 545 and 550±7 Ma in the
River Denys diorite; and (3) an upper intercept U–Pb zircon age of 586±2 Ma in the Melford granitic
stock. On the other hand, ∼ 441–455 Ma 40Ar/39 Ar muscovite plateau ages in the host rock adjacent to
the Skye Mountain granite provide the best estimate of the time of intrusion, and are consistent with
the presence of granitic dykes cutting the Skye Mountain gabbro–diorite previously dated at
438±2 Ma. All the intrusions are calc-alkaline; the Skye Mountain granite is peraluminous. Trace element
abundances and Nb and Ti depletions of the intrusive rocks are characteristic of subduction-related
rocks. The ∼ 540–585 Ma intrusions form part of an extensive belt running across central Cape
Breton Island, and represent the youngest Neoproterozoic arc magmas in this part of Avalonia.
Nearby, they are overlain by Middle Cambrian units containing rift-related volcanic rocks, which
bracket the transition from convergence to extension between ∼ 540 and 505/520 Ma. This transition
varies along the Avalon arc: 590 Ma in southern New England, 560–538 Ma in southern New
Brunswick, and 570 Ma in eastern Newfoundland. The bi-directional diachronism in this transition is
attributed to northwestward subduction of two mid-ocean ridges bordering an oceanic plate, and the
migration of two ridge–trench–transform triple points. Following complete subduction of the ridges,
remnant mantle upwelling along the subducted ridges produced uplift, gravitational collapse and the
high-temperature/low-pressure metamorphism in the arc in both southern New Brunswick and central
Cape Breton Island. The ∼ 440 Ma arc magmatism in the Creignish Hills extends through the Cape
Breton Highlands and into southern Newfoundland, and has recently been attributed to northwesterly
subduction along the northern margin of the Rheic Ocean.
Exact Neumann boundary controllability for problems of transmission of the wave equation
Authors: LIU WEIJIU , WILLIAMS GRAHAM H.
Published: July 2002

Using the Hilbert Uniqueness Method, we study the problem of exact controllability in Neumann boundary conditions for problems of transmission of the wave equation. We prove that this system is exactly controllable for all initial states in L2(Ω)×(H1(Ω))′.
MILESTONE OR MILLSTONE? THE 1959–1961 PLOWDEN COMMITTEE AND

ITS IMPACT ON BRITISH WELFARE POLICY
Authors: LOWE RODNEY
Published: July 2002

The Plowden committee on the control of public expenditure

has been described as a

milestone in the modernization of postwar British government. Certainly

it effected major changes in

both the Treasury's structure and personnel and, by

securing the establishment of the public

expenditure survey committee, gave subsequent governments the

opportunity to plan public expenditure

rationally in relation to prospective resources. Ultimately,

however, the committee was a failure. The

civil service was re-examined by the Fulton committee within five

years and public expenditure soon

escalated out of control. The Plowden committee thus represented

a major lost opportunity. The time

had been ripe for a fundamental political and administrative

adjustment to the needs of the extended

postwar state; but the committee failed to build the necessary

political, parliamentary or public

support for its recommendations. The reason for failure was its

restricted nature as an internal

enquiry with largely ineffectual ‘outside’ members,

which enabled vested Treasury interests

increasingly to dictate its deliberations. A more open enquiry

would have stimulated and brought the

best out of the ‘modernizers’ within the Treasury.

The committee, therefore, proved to be not an

administrative milestone but a prime example of how British

institutions, under the guise of reform,

have traditionally deflected criticism, truncated discussion and

thereby stifled the fundamental reforms

required to halt Britain's decline. In relation to welfare

policy, the committee failed to examine the

relative efficiency of collective provision in given policy areas,

opposed contracyclical demand

management and covertly sought to cap welfare expenditure. In short,

it accepted the electoral necessity

but not the legitimacy of the welfare state.
FRENCH NATURALIZATION OF THE SCOTS IN THE FIFTEENTH AND SIXTEENTH
CENTURIES
Authors: BONNER ELIZABETH
Published: July 2002

French naturalization of the Scots appears to have evolved from lands
granted to
individual Scots by Charles VII during the Hundred Years War, and it would seem
that the libertas testandi associated with these grants in the
fifteenth century was an early
form of what were later called lettres de naturalité in the
sixteenth century. French
naturalization was granted not only to individual Scots but to all Scottish
subjects by
certain French monarchs from Charles VII to Louis XIV and had its origins in the
‘Auld Alliance’, as the Scots referred to their relationship with
France, and the
establishment of the garde écossaise by Charles VII in 1445.
The sixteenth century saw
a continuation of Scottish military service to the kings of France as well as a
continuation of grants of lands, pensions, titles and privileges accorded by grateful
French monarchs to Scottish soldiers in the main, but other Scots as well, many of
whom were, and others who became by letters patent of naturalization, loyal subjects
of the king of France.
HOW RELIABLE IS OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE DEMOGRAPHIC

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENGLISH POPULATION IN THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD?
Authors: WRIGLEY E. A.
Published: July 2002

Anglican parish registers have been the basis for most studies

of population trends and

characteristics in early modern England, and one of the most important

of the techniques used in

analysing them has been family reconstitution. But Anglican registers at

all times were an incomplete

and inaccurate record of vital events, and their defects tended to become

more pronounced in the later

part of the period during which they afford the chief source of empirical

information about population

behaviour. And there are inherent limitations and biases in the results
that

can be obtained by family

reconstitution. This article attempts to describe the range of difficulties

and dilemmas involved in

studying the demography of populations in the past when using this

source of data and this technique

of analysis. A variety of tests is deployed to establish the degree of

reliability attaching to the results

obtained in a recent exercise based on the family reconstitution of 26

parishes, and more generally to

assess the opportunities open to scholarship in this area and the pitfalls

associated with such work. The

conclusion is that reliable results can be obtained but that great care

is needed in the selection of suitable

registers, and that a number of tests should be employed to monitor the

internal consistency and the demographic plausibility of any findings.
TARIFF REFORM: AN IMPERIAL STRATEGY, 1903–1913
Authors: THOMPSON ANDREW S.
Published: July 2002

Historians of the Edwardian tariff reform movement have disagreed

about its aims.

This article examines the motivations of the leadership of the Tariff Reform

League, which was by

far the most influential organization in the tariff lobby. It argues that
the

League's leaders were more

empire-minded than often allowed, and that it was the preferential tariff

which they were most

determined to promulgate and defend. Indeed, attempts by the Balfourite
wing

of the Unionist party

to twist tariff reform away from its imperial origins were strongly resisted

by the League, and the

forces of protection within the organization were also carefully controlled.

When the Tariff Reform

League finally gave way on the issue of imperial preference in January
1913,

it was not because it had

suddenly ceased to be concerned about the unity of the empire. Rather,
the

widespread public hostility

to the imposition of food duties showed no sign of diminishing, thus making
it

difficult to persuade a

critical mass within the Unionist party that tariff reform was a politically

viable strategy of imperial federation.
THE FOREST FOR THE TREES: SOCIETY AND
THE HOUSEHOLD IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE
Authors: HARRINGTON JOEL F.
Published: July 2002

Gender relations in German history: power, agency,
and experience from the sixteenth to the twentieth
century. Edited by Lynn Abrams and Elizabeth Harvey. London: UCL,
1996.
Pp. x+262. ISBN 1-85728-485-2. £12.95.

Adultery and divorce in Calvin's Geneva.
By Robert M. Kingdon. Cambridge, Mass., and
London: Harvard UP, 1995. Pp. ix+214. ISBN 0-674-00520-1 (hb). £18.50.

Housecraft and statecraft: domestic service in Renaissance Venice,

1400–1600. By Dennis
Romano. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. Pp. xxvi+333.
ISBN
0-8018-5288-9. £37.00.

The European nobility, 1400–1800. By Jonathan Dewald.

New approaches to European history,
ix. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. xvii+209.

ISBN 0-521-42528-x (pb). £12.95.

Garden and grove: the Italian Renaissance garden in the
English imagination, 1600–1750. By John
Dixon Hunt. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1996. Pp. xix+268.
ISBN
0-8122-1604-0 (pb). £23.50.

Like an ancient woodsman or a guide through the Amazonian jungle, the
ideal historian
possesses at least two kinds of expertise: enough familiarity with the
general terrain to
plan successful expeditions and enough experience in the field to make
inevitable
adjustments to ‘the big picture’ when underway. Of course in
the real world (of both
geography and history) the tasks of exploration and cartography are often
bifurcated,
without necessarily disastrous results. The historian who is equally skilled
at both close-up description and large-scale theorizing is consequently celebrated as
a rare and
valued anomaly. Meanwhile, for most of us stumbling scouts, the world beyond
our
familiar trails remains largely one of learned lore, with connections to
our own limited
forays often vague at best. Unless, of course, we are fortunate enough
to come across
something which provides an almost magical link between the narrow and
the wide, the
micro and the macro.
DEPUTIES, VOTERS, AND FACTIONS IN
FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY POLITICAL CULTURE
Authors: WOLOCH ISSER
Published: July 2002

Becoming a revolutionary: the deputies of the French National
Assembly
and the emergence of a revolutionary culture, 1789–1790.
By Timothy Tackett. Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1996. Pp. xvi+355. ISBN 0-69-104384-1. $29.95.

Elections in the French Revolution. By Malcolm Crook.
Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1996. Pp. xiii+221. ISBN 0-521-45191-4. $35.00.

The notion of a revolutionary change in collective psychology has long
been present in
certain master narratives of the French Revolution. Georges Lefebvre deployed
this
concept in his analysis of the psychodynamics that propelled revolutionary
crowds. He
also introduced the notion more casually in discussing the ‘patriot’
elites who
experienced a psychological upheaval when the parlement of Paris
ruled in September
1788 that the forthcoming Estates General should be organized as in 1614,
meaning that
the third estate would be submerged under the weight of the two privileged
orders.
While William Doyle's revisionist synthesis has plausibly argued that
the parlement's
intention was less nefarious (it wished to prevent the king from using
new ground rules
to pack the Estates with pliant deputies), it does not change the fact
that public opinion
would never be the same after that consciousness-raising event. More broadly,
R. R.
Palmer, in trying to convey the uniquely revolutionary thrust of the French
experience
in 1789 – having already contextualized it in relation to other European
and American
upheavals – wrestled with that issue in a section that he called
‘The formation of a
revolutionary psychology’.
EFRAIM INBAR, Rabin and Israel's National Security (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press; Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999). Pp. 290. $32.00 cloth.
Authors: Lieberfeld Daniel
Published: July 2002

Yitzhak Rabin left a complex and paradoxical legacy. The man who for decades embodied a national security policy based on forceful deterrence adopted, in the 1990s, a rhetoric of coexistence and cooperation. Rabin began to articulate positions identified with the Israeli left: that the Palestinians were at the heart of the Israeli–Arab conflict, and that the conflict was at least partly a product of “psychological walls” on both sides. Despite his traditionally hawkish views and staunch opposition to recognizing Yasir Arafat and the PLO, Rabin oversaw a reversal of policy toward Israel's former arch-enemy. Indeed, it was Rabin's stature as “Mr. Security” that made the Israeli–PLO Declaration of Principles possible. Unlike Shimon Peres, his rival for Labor Party leadership, Rabin's unrivaled role as an architect of national security policy and practice afforded him relative immunity to charges of excessive dovishness. Efraim Inbar, professor of politics at Bar-Ilan University, offers a lucid account of Rabin's contribution to Israeli security. Concluding that Rabin's approach to security was pragmatic, ad hoc, and without an overarching strategic vision (p. 169), Inbar nevertheless begins from the premise that for Rabin and other leaders of the Israeli Defense Force (IDF), the anarchic environment of Middle Eastern politics conditions Israel's security needs. In this environment, governments consider international law and treaties unreliable, so “self-help” and deterrence are the sole path to
security. For Rabin, “What has assured Israel's existence…is primarily
Israel's comprehensive power, with military might as the decisive element” (p.
11).
Résumés
Authors: Krätke-Plard Christine
Published: July 2002

Sigrid Koch-Baumgarten. Formation d'un régime syndical dans les conditions de la mondialisation dans le secteur du transport: tentatives d'une réglementation syndicale multinationale de la navigation sous pavillon de complaisance
THE RULE OF HAMMAN YAJI The Diary of Hamman Yaji: Chronicle of a West African Muslim

Ruler. Edited and introduced by JAMES H.

VAUGHAN and ANTHONY H. M.

KIRK-GREENE. Bloomington: Indiana University Press,

1995. Pp. xv + 162. No price given (ISBN 0-253-36206-7).
Authors: MUKHTAR YAKUBU
Published: July 2002

The publication of Hamman Yaji's diary through the

combined effort of J. H. Vaughan and A. H. M. Kirk-Greene is a rare

and remarkable contribution that deserves commendation from all those

interested in West African studies. An important merit of the

publication is that the diary, which sheds light on various aspects of

West African history, is now at the fingertips of a wider readership.

The diary is a catalogue of events which Hamman Yaji (District Head of

Madagali, northeastern Adamawa, 1902–27) regarded as important

for the period 1912–27. Apart from numerous slave raids on the

neighbouring non-Muslim communities, trade, religious observances,

reciprocity, obligations and Hamman Yaji's relations with his

Muslim neighbours and Europeans are recorded in detail.
THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF LINGUISTICS TO THE

STUDY OF HISTORY IN AFRICA
Authors: NURSE DEREK
Published: July 2002

The work of historical and comparative linguists has long interested
African

historians. By classifying languages into families, linguists provide models
of

their historical development that may point to historical events and processes

that occurred among peoples speaking those languages. Once classified,

linguists can then reconstruct earlier forms of present languages, thus

providing direct evidence of words, their meanings and historical influences

in the past. Finally, linguists seek to explain innovations that are revealed
in

their reconstructions by pointing to a combination of internal linguistic

developments and different forms of contact that occurred among speakers

of different languages.

Simple classification, based largely on counting cognate words in related

languages (a technique known as lexicostatistics), is still a very common

activity, however, and thus the one most historians rely on, but lexicostatistics gives only a very limited, and often deceptive, view of language

history. Historians should thus be aware of its limitations as well as
the

potential of a number of important techniques now employed by linguists,

including the Comparative Method, reconstruction of ancestral languages,

and contact models.
The ability of wheat cultivars to withstand drought in UK conditions: formation of grain yield
Authors: FOULKES M. J. , SCOTT R. K. , SYLVESTER-BRADLEY R.
Published: July 2002

Experiments in three dry years, 1993/94, 1994/95 and 1995/96, on a medium sand at ADAS Gleadthorpe, England, tested responses of six winter wheat cultivars to irrigation of dry-matter growth, partitioning of dry matter to leaf, stem and ear throughout the season, and to grain at final harvest. Cultivars (Haven, Maris Huntsman, Mercia, Rialto, Riband and Soissons) were selected for contrasts in flowering date and stem soluble carbohydrate. Maximum soil moisture deficit (SMD) exceeded 140 mm in all years, with large deficits (>75 mm) from early June in 1994 and from May in 1995 and 1996. The main effects of drought on partitioning of biomass were for a decrease in the proportion of the crop as lamina in the pre-flowering period, and then earlier retranslocation of stem reserves to grains during the first half of grain filling. Restricted water availability decreased grain yield by 1·83 t/ha in 1994 (P<0·05), and with more prolonged droughts, by 3·06 t/ha in 1995 (P<0·001) and by 4·55 t/ha in 1996 (P<0·001). Averaged over the three years, grain yield responses of the six cultivars differed significantly (P<0·05). Rialto and Mercia lost only 2·8 t/ha compared with Riband and Haven which lost 3·5 t/ha. Losses for Soissons and Maris Huntsman were intermediate. In the two years with prolonged drought, the biomass depression was on average greater for Haven (6·0 t/ha) than for Maris Huntsman (4·2 t/ha) (P<0·05). Thus, the grain yield sensitivity of Haven to drought derived, in part, from a sensitivity of biomass growth to drought. Harvest index (HI; ratio of grain to above-ground dry matter at harvest) responses of the six cultivars to irrigation also differed (P<0·05) and contributed to the yield responses. The smallest decrease in HI of the six cultivars with restricted water availability was shown by Rialto (−0·033); this partially explained the drought resistance for this cultivar. The largest decrease was for Maris Huntsman (−0·072). The cultivars differed in flowering dates by up to 9 days but these were poorly correlated with grain yield responses to irrigation. Stem soluble carbohydrate at flowering varied amongst cultivars from 220 to 300 g/m2 in the unirrigated crop; greater accumulation appeared to be associated with better maintenance of HI under drought. It is concluded that high stem-soluble carbohydrate reserves could be used to improve drought resistance in the UK's temperate climate, but that early flowering seems less likely to be useful.
The relationship between plasma testosterone
concentrations and the seasonal variation in voluntary
feed intake in fallow bucks (Dama dama)
Authors: NEWMAN R. E. , McCONNELL S. J. , WESTON R. H. , REEVES M. , BERNASCONI C. , BAKER P. J. , WYNN P. C.
Published: July 2002

In two experiments conducted at Badgery's Creek, NSW (Latitude
34°S)
the roles of testosterone and
the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine
(T4) as possible initiators of the change in
voluntary feed intake (VFI) associated with the seasonal reproductive
behaviour (rut) in male fallow deer were investigated.

In Expt 1, the association between changes in these hormones with
the onset of the rut was assessed
in deer in which the timing of this event was manipulated by changing the
photoperiod, or by
melatonin administration. Groups were maintained under either natural
photoperiod (n=6; control), a constant long daylength
(16 h light[ratio ]8 h dark; n=9; LD group) or a constant long
daylength and implanted with melatonin capsules (n=5; LD+M group)
for 7 months from
December until the following July. Blood samples were obtained weekly and
VFI recorded.

Feed intake decreased by 94% from the last week of March for 3 weeks
in the control group.
Changes of a similar magnitude were measured in the LD and LD+M groups
but these changes
were advanced by 1 and 9 weeks respectively in these groups. In
all groups, circulating testosterone
concentrations increased markedly at a time corresponding with the decrease
in VFI. The
concentrations returned to basal levels with the resumption in VFI. A distinct
decrease in
plasma concentrations of T3 and T4 in all three
groups was associated with the decrease in VFI,
however, the relationship with T3 was less apparent.

In Expt 2, the role of testosterone in the regulation of the decline

in VFI was investigated. Fallow
bucks were treated with testosterone enanthate every 4 or 5 days for
28 days up to 6 weeks prior to
the expected onset of the rut. Plasma testosterone concentrations,
which were increased 13-fold,
resulted in a decline in VFI which was comparable to that observed in
the subsequent rut. Plasma free
fatty acid concentrations were correlated negatively with the decline in
VFI.

Thus, the seasonal increase in circulating testosterone concentrations

plays an important role in
initiating the fall in VFI associated with the rut. As the rut was still

apparent in animals maintained
under an extended photoperiod, it is possible that factors other than
decreasing daylength act as the cue for the timing of the rut.