bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
НОВІ НЕКОНДЕНСОВАНІ ПІРИДИН-ТІАЗОЛ/ТІАЗОЛІДИНОНИ ТА ЇХ ПРОТИТРИПАНОСОМНА АКТИВНІСТЬ
Authors: Wojtyra M. N. , Vynnytska O. A. , Grellier Philippe , Lesyk R. B.
Published: July 2017

Мета роботи. Здійснити синтез нових неконденсованих піридин-тіазол/тіазолідинонів та провести дослідження їх протитрипаносомної активності in vitro.Матеріали і методи. Вихідні реагенти синтезовані за відомими методиками із комерційно доступних реактивів. 1Н та 13С ЯМР спектри знімали на приладах Varian Gemini 400 MHz та Varian Mercury-400 100 MHz, відповідно. Хромато-мас-спектри одержано на спектрометрі Agilent 1100 Series LCMS. Температуру плавлення визначали на приладі BÛCHI B-545.Результати й обговорення. На основі реакцій [2+3]-циклоконденсації одержано серії похідних тіазолу, тіазоліну та 5-заміщених 4-тіазолідинонів із піридиновим фрагментом у молекулах. Як S,N-бінуклеофіли використано тіосемікарбазони 3- та 4-піридинкарбальдегідів, а як еквіваленти діелектрофільного синтону [C2]2+ α-галогенокарбонові кислоти, етил-2-хлорацетоацетат, метил-2-бромо-3-(3-метилфеніл)пропіонат та малеїніміди. Скринінг антитрипаносомної активності in vitro на штамах Trypanosoma brucei gambiense дозволив ідентифікувати високоактивне неконденсоване похідне фуран-піридин-тіазоліну, що володіє трипаноцидним ефектом в мікромолярній концентрації (IC50 = 3.32 мкМ), а також перспективні для оптимізації ефекту 5-етил-2-(піридинілметиленгідразин)тіазол-4-они.Висновки. Вперше одержано нові неконденсовані піридин-тіазоли/тіазолідинони як перспективні агенти для фармакокорекції сонної хвороби.
Elaboração de Verbetes para a Wikipédia como Atividade de Avaliação
Authors: Bertran Maria Paula Costa
Published: July 2017

Este relato aponta as vantagens da elaboração de verbetes para a enciclopédia colaborativa Wikipédia, comparativamente com outras atividades avaliativas, como provas ou trabalhos.
Desafios na Formação de Professores de História
Authors: Fernandes Antonia Terra de Calazans
Published: July 2017

O presente artigo debate alguns desafios na formação de professores de História, no curso de Licenciatura, considerando a importância da integração entre fundamentos teóricos e práticas educativas. Por um lado, a formação universitária possibilita profundidade teórica para o futuro docente questionar as conjunturas históricas, no esforço de análise e posicionamentos para que se insira nos contextos educacionais com atitudes ativas e reflexivas. Ao mesmo tempo, alguns gestores da educação fazem críticas aos estudos teóricos da formação universitária, como se fossem excessivos diante da necessidade de ensinar aos docentes vindouros as atividades práticas educativas cotidianas. O artigo combate, então, a ideia de que as práticas de ensino sejam dissociadas de concepções teóricas que fundamentam as escolhas das linhas metodológicas e contesta a premissa de que os professores sejam apenas profissionais aplicadores de atividades em sala de aula. Ao contrário, diante da complexidade das finalidades educativas, das situações sociais dos estudantes e de suas famílias e das conjunturas escolares, este trabalho defende o fato de que os docentes assumem inúmeras responsabilidades intelectuais, sociais, políticas e práticas que demandam inúmeras reflexões e decisões. E, nesse sentido, os formadores de professores também assumem a responsabilidade de propiciar estudos e vivências de situações de ensino e aprendizagem que favoreçam uma formação reflexiva e autônoma para os futuros educadores.
Promoção da Autonomia do Estudante: Experiência Vivenciada na Disciplina Estratégias e Instrumentos Educacionais para o Ensino de Ciências e Biologia (IB-USP)
Authors: Ursi Suzana , Bizerra Alessandra Fernandes , Visconti Maria Aparecida
Published: July 2017

O presente relato tem como objetivo compartilhar as experiências vivenciadas na disciplina Estratégias e Instrumentos Educacionais para o Ensino de Ciências e Biologia (IB-USP), visando a promover maior interlocução sobre as práticas docentes no Ensino Superior, principalmente aquelas que almejam a autonomia do estudante de graduação. Foram adotadas estratégias buscando maior independência dos estudantes, culminando com uma proposta de cronograma aberto, na qual puderam escolher temáticas para desenvolver um projeto de elaboração-aplicação-avaliação de estratégias didáticas para o ensino de ciências, bem como opinar sobre os conteúdos a serem abordados na disciplina. Outro ponto de destaque refere-se às parcerias firmadas com diferentes espaços de Educação (formal e não formal), objetivando fortalecer o vínculo entre ensino e extensão na graduação. As ideias e ações adotadas na disciplina têm promovido maior autonomia dos estudantes, gerando motivação e entusiasmo.
Utility of 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Cholesterol Guidelines in HIV-Infected Adults With Carotid Atherosclerosis
Authors: Phan Binh An P. , Weigel Bernard , Ma Yifei , Scherzer Rebecca , Li Danny , Hur Sophia , Kalapus S.C. , Deeks Steven , Hsue Priscilla
Published: July 2017

Background—

Although HIV is associated with increased atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, it is unknown whether guidelines can identify HIV-infected adults who may benefit from statins. We compared the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association and 2004 Adult Treatment Panel III recommendations in HIV-infected adults and evaluated associations with carotid artery intima-media thickness and plaque.

Methods and Results—

Carotid artery intima-media thickness was measured at baseline and 3 years later in 352 HIV-infected adults without clinical atherosclerotic CVD and not on statins. Plaque was defined as IMT >1.5 mm in any segment. At baseline, the median age was 43 (interquartile range, 39–49), 85% were men, 74% were on antiretroviral medication, and 50% had plaque. The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines were more likely to recommend statins compared with the Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines, both overall (26% versus 14%;
P
<0.001), in those with plaque (32% versus 17%;
P
=0.0002), and in those without plaque (16% versus 7%;
P
=0.025). In multivariable analysis, older age, higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, pack per year of smoking, and history of opportunistic infection were associated with baseline plaque. Baseline IMT (hazard ratio, 1.18 per 10% increment; 95% confidence interval, 1.05–1.33;
P
=0.005) and plaque (hazard ratio, 2.06; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–4.08;
P
=0.037) were each associated with all-cause mortality, independent of traditional CVD risk factors.

Conclusions—

Although the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines recommended statins to a greater number of HIV-infected adults compared with the Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines, both failed to recommend therapy in the majority of HIV-affected adults with carotid plaque. Baseline carotid atherosclerosis but not atherosclerotic CVD risk scores was an independent predictor of mortality. HIV-specific guidelines that include detection of subclinical atherosclerosis may help to identify HIV-infected adults who are at increased atherosclerotic CVD risk and may be considered for statins.
Genetic Interference With Endothelial PPAR-γ (Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor-γ) Augments Effects of Angiotensin II While Impairing Responses to Angiotensin 1–7
Authors: De Silva T. Michael , Hu Chunyan , Kinzenbaw Dale A. , Modrick Mary L. , Sigmund Curt D. , Faraci Frank M.
Published: July 2017

Pharmacological activation of PPAR-γ (peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ) protects the vasculature. Much less is known on the cell-specific impact of PPAR-γ when driven by endogenous ligands. Recently, we found that endothelial PPAR-γ protects against angiotensin II–induced endothelial dysfunction. Here, we explored that concept further examining whether effects were sex dependent along with underlying mechanisms. We studied mice expressing a human dominant–negative mutation in PPAR-γ driven by the endothelial-specific vascular cadherin promoter (E-V290M), using nontransgenic littermates as controls. Acetylcholine (an endothelium-dependent agonist) produced similar relaxation of carotid arteries from nontransgenic and E-V290M mice. Incubation of isolated arteries with angiotensin II (1 nmol/L) overnight had no effect in nontransgenic, but reduced responses to acetylcholine by about 50% in male and female E-V290M mice (
P
<0.05). Endothelial function in E-V290M mice was restored to normal by inhibitors of superoxide (tempol), NADPH oxidase (VAS-2870), Rho kinase (Y-27632), ROCK2 (SLX-2119), NF-κB (nuclear factor-kappa B essential modulator–binding domain peptide), or interleukin-6 (neutralizing antibody). In addition, we hypothesized that PPAR-γ may influence the angiotensin 1–7 arm of the renin–angiotensin system. In the basilar artery, dilation to angiotensin 1–7 was selectively reduced in E-V290M mice by >50% (
P
<0.05), an effect reversed by Y-27632. Thus, effects of angiotensin II are augmented by interference with endothelial PPAR-γ through sex-independent mechanisms, involving oxidant–inflammatory signaling and ROCK2 (Rho kinase). The study also provides the first evidence that endothelial PPAR-γ interacts with angiotensin 1–7 responses. These critical roles for endothelial PPAR-γ have implications for pathophysiology and therapeutic approaches for vascular disease.
Recent Developments in eu Environmental Policy and Legislation
Authors: Gordeeva Yelena M.
Published: July 2017

This section briefly describes the significant political initiatives and acts of legislation in the environmental field adopted in the period from September 2016 until March 2017.
New combinations and typifications in Goeppertia (Marantaceae)
Authors: BRAGA JOÃO MARCELO ALVARENGA , SILVA FELIPE ARAUJO , CARDOSO LEANDRO JORGE TELLES , JOFFILY ANA , COUTO RICARDO SOUSA
Published: July 2017

New synonyms are proposed, references and authors of basionyms corrected, and changes made to some combinations recently proposed. Maranta insignis, Calathea violacea and Calathea koernickeana are hereby transferred to the genus Goeppertia and types are designated.
Erratum: Sukkharak, P. (2017) A revision of the genus Pleurozia (Marchantiophyta: Pleuroziaceae) in Thailand and little known morphological features of the genus. Phytotaxa 309 (3): 201–216.
Authors: SUKKHARAK PHIANGPHAK
Published: July 2017

N/A
Seven soil-inhabiting new species of the genus Trichoderma in the Viride clade
Authors: CHEN KAI , ZHUANG WEN-YING
Published: July 2017

Seven new species of the genus Trichoderma belonging to the Viride clade are described from soil samples of different regions in China, and named as T. adaptatum, T. beijingense, T. bifurcatum, T. mangshanicum, T. shaoguanicum, T. tardum and T. vulgatum. Their phylogenetic positions are determined by analyses of the combined partial sequences of translation elongation factor 1-alpha and the second largest RNA polymerase subunit encoding genes. Morphology and culture characteristics are observed, described and illustrated in detail. All the new species form green conidia, fit nicely the Viride clade, but differ obviously from any known species of the genus in sequence data, colony features, growth rates, and size of phialides and conidia. Distinctions between the new species and their close relatives are discussed.
Gymnopilus penetrans and G. swaticus sp. nov. (Agaricomycota: Hymenogastraceae); a new record and a new species from northwest Pakistan
Authors: KHAN JUNAID , KIRAN MUNAZZA , JABEEN SANA , SHER HASSAN , KHALID ABDUL NASIR
Published: July 2017

Two Gymnopilus species are described and illustrated from northern parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. Gymnopilus swaticus is described as new to science based on morphological characters and data from nITS and nLSU. Gymnopilus penetrans is a new record for Pakistani mycobiota.
Three new species of Entosthodon Schwägr. (Bryopsida, Funariaceae) from sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: WILDING NICHOLAS
Published: July 2017

Three new species of Entosthodon from sub-Saharan Africa are here described and illustrated. Notes on ranges and habitat are included. The significant number of new taxa still being described from Africa is indicative of our poor knowledge of the African bryophyte flora and of an amazing diversity that remains to be discovered.
Neglected Area of Accounts Receivable Comes Under Study
Authors: ISHAY HASKEL BEN
Published: July 2017

Explains process and offers insights for practical use through quantitative models
Fairness in Assessment for Personnel Selection
Authors: Kay Patricia M.
Published: July 2017

A review of several recent court cases (Gold and Bruno, 1975) where personnel selection agencies were called on to defend the job relatedness of their examination procedures suggests that psychometricians might address themselves to some of the less technical issues in testing for personnel selection and the judicial-legal system might better understand the technical limitations of the current state of the art. This paper is addressed to that objective, reviewing some of the practical and legal limitations on conducting validity studies for personnel selection procedures and suggesting an ad hoc model that may be useful in raising and resolving questions about job relatedness of tests.
India: Towards A New Paradigm of Development Aid
Authors: Kishore Adarsh , Bisaria Ajay
Published: July 2017

India needs to orient its strategy towards economic and social development. It has adequately recognized the significance of Official Development Assistance (ODA) and in the process of activating its energies towards effective participation of such ODAs. This paper makes an attempt to critically examine various trends of ODA and how they can contribute to the growth and development of India. It tries to strengthen India's knowledge base through external assistance and suggests how challenges like poverty and infrastructure constraints can be tackled by effectively channelizing external assistance. It also tries to analyze India's experience with aid and indicates ways for adopting a new paradigm for overall development.
Estimation of Continuous Subjective Probability Distributions in a Sequential Decision Task
Authors: Rapoport Amnon
Published: July 2017

A Range Betting Method (RBM) for measuring continuous subjective probability distributions (SPD) is tested in a computer-controlled sequential decision task. The decision makers are asked occasionally to place a wager upon the range of an unknown value of P, 0 ≤ P ≤ 1, generated by a computer. In addition, the decision makers predict the exact value of P, and then estimate the value of P after obtaining partial information about its value. The decision makers' estimates of the range boundaries are compared both to predicted values by the RBM and to predicted values by a confidence limits' model. In both comparisons the results indicate a regression effect and a block-to-block tracking behavior. Attempts to compare two independent measures of the same SPD are unsuccessful.
Vigilance for Auditory Intensity Changes as a Function of Preliminary Feedback and Confidence Level
Authors: Loeb Michel , Binford John R.
Published: July 2017

Forty-eight subjects were asked to respond to occasional increments in a pulse train with ratings of certainty of signal occurrence for 20 min. Half (F) subjects were given feedback; half (NF) were not. In a second session all responded during an 80 min period with a simple response. In another, half responded with certainty ratings; half responded with a simple response. Finally, those who had responded with ratings responded simply and those who had employed a simple response made ratings. It was found that F subjects made fewer false responses and tended to make fewer detections in earlier sessions. In later sessions false responses were reduced for all. The usual progressive false response and detection reductions and latency increases were noted; when subjects employed ratings reductions in certainty were noted within sessions. It was concluded that the data support the detection theory model for vigilance for this type of task.
Evaluation of System Performance from Rank-Order Data
Authors: Rook Luther W.
Published: July 2017

An approximate model is proposed for predicting the rank-order of system failure probabilities. This approximate model, based on a previous exact one, uses rank-order input data. Rank-order form simplifies data gathering while sacrificing only a slight amount of rigor. Further, a wider range of informants may be used to obtain useful system information than when numerical probabilities must be requested.
Effects of Knowledge of Results and Differential Monetary Reward on Six Uninterrupted Hours of Monitoring
Authors: Montague William E. , Webber Carl E.
Published: July 2017

The effects of knowledge of results (KR) and monetary reward on six hours of uninterrupted monitoring of a complex visual display were examined. Comparisons were made among groups receiving: no KR about response adequacy, KR, KR plus monetary reward or penalty determined by response adequacy, and KR plus reward in practice but not during the criterion session. In addition, comparison was made between the no-KR group and a similar one run by Webber and Adams (1964) where a rest had been given after three of six hours monitoring. All groups showed performance decrements of small magnitude. The manipulation of KR and reward failed to deter decrement. Reward in addition to KR did enhance overall performance, however. KR alone did not facilitate performance, contrary to results from other studies. Training under KR plus reward did not enhance criterion performance when no KR or reward was provided. In support of previous research, man's monitoring capabilities over extended time periods seem adequate for modern systems.
First Questions
Authors: Lippert Stanley
Published: July 2017

Typically, human factors specialists respond to questions posed by others and work on problems concerning high technology personnel functioning in high technology systems. A goal for the Human Factors Society is proposed wherein the Society would encourage the generation of basic questions and the applications of human factors methods to new populations.
Field of View and Target Uncertainty in Visual Search and Inspection
Authors: Schoonard James W. , Gould John D.
Published: July 2017

This study is aimed at an improved understanding of the inspection of miniature computer components. It was found, for complex stimuli simulating integrated circuit chips, that subjects failed to detect over half of the targets in a 15- or 16-sec. visual-scan interval. Defects were usually detected quickly or not at all. Removing the time constraint by extending the visual scan interval to 2 min. did not substantially improve detection performance. The elimination of target uncertainty, by placing targets on all stimuli and informing subjects of this fact prior to search, had no apparent effect on inspection errors. Restricting the field of view of subjects to a series of small areas of the stimulus did not enhance the detection of the targets used in this study.
Group Performance in a Visual Signal-Detection Task
Authors: Clement David E.
Published: July 2017

Sixteen male subjects were run in groups of four on 720 trials of a 16-alternative, forced-choice, visual signal-detection task. The first and third blocks of 240 trials required individual judgments concerning target location. The second block of 240 trials required a group decision as to target location for two groups of subjects, and individual responses followed by a group decision for the other two groups. Comparisons were made among individual performance, real group performance, and the performance of two types of pseudogroup (derived from individual data) using an information-integration and a decision-threshold model. Group performance was better than individual performance, and was midway between the performances predicted by the two pseudogroup models, indicating that neither of the latter were adequate models for group performance. Real groups showed some characteristics both of independence and dependence among subjects, with some apparent use of logical decision rules in pooling individual information. Groups which made both individual and group responses on the second block of trials showed greater increases in sensitivity with practice than groups which made only group responses. It appeared that making individual responses had specific practice effects on subsequent individual performance, and these effects were greater in magnitude than the practice effects resulting from making group responses.
Effects of Illness (Phlebotomus Fever) on Sustained Performance and Muscular Output
Authors: Morgan Ben B. , Coates Glynn D. , Alluisi Earl A.
Published: July 2017

During a period of illness with Phlebotomus fever, decrements in the performances of eight experimental subjects were found to be approximately 18% in average work efficiency (sustained performance) and 14% in average muscular output. Both aspects of performance had recovered completely four days after the day of peak illness. Analyses of 24 biomedical indices of infection were also computed, and the average biomedical response was found to have decreased approximately 26% during illness without recovery to normal levels at the end of the 15-day study.
Research Design and Analysis: Striving for Relevance and Efficiency
Authors: McFarling Leslie H. , Ellingstad Vernon S.
Published: July 2017

This article serves as an introduction to the special issue on alternative approaches to research design and analysis. It describes the current status of human factors research with regard to design and analytical procedures and stresses the use of alternate procedures in the interest of research efficiency. Advantages and disadvantages of alternative approaches are discussed. Brief discussions of the collected articles are included.
Polynomial Regression Analysis as an Alternative to ANOVA for Data Characterized by Lower-Order Trends
Authors: Finkelman Jay M. , Wolf Edward H. , Friend Michael A.
Published: July 2017

The use of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for data characterized by lower order trends is inefficient and wasteful of statistical power. Significance of an effect may be diluted because ANOVA is responsive to higher order components in the data which are not likely to be significant. Polynomial Regression Analysis (PRA) is recommended for precise detection of significance and determination of the nature of the relationship.
Effectiveness of Accommodative Aids in Reducing Empty Field Myopia in Visual Search
Authors: Matthews Michael L. , Angus Robert G. , Pearce Douglas G.
Published: July 2017

When a visual detection task is performed with distant targets in the absence of adequate accommodative cues, a performance loss is obtained which has been attributed to empty field myopia. It is shown that in a visual search situation an accommodative aid located at optical infinity improves detection by approximately 30% over empty field performance. It is further demonstrated that such an aid may overcome the conflicting accommodative cues provided by proximal contours defining the search area, i.e., a situation that is analogous to the detection of distant targets by observers searching through aircraft cabin windows.
Grip Strength of Cerebral Palsied
Authors: Bazar A. R.
Published: July 2017

Grip strength of 120 cerebral palsied and 136 able-bodied was measured to establish comparative values. The cerebral-palsied male and female had average grip strength of 228 N and 171 N in the dominant hand, respectively. The corresponding values for able-bodied male and female were 505 N and 308 N, respectively.
An Experiment Concerning the Recognition of Voices
Authors: Shearme J. N. , Holmes J. N.
Published: July 2017

A subjective experiment is described which confirms that characteristics of the spectral envelope of speech, notably formant positions, contribute to our ability to recognise a speaker's voice. Speakers with similar accent and rate of speaking were selected and their larynx frequency characteristics were eliminated in a vocoder system with fixed voicing frequency. A direct subjective comparison of resulting voice samples showed that the speakers' voices were still highly recognisable. A proportion of the voice samples were subjected to further treatment consisting of constant shifts of formants. It was found that the recognisability of the samples was destroyed although intelligibility was unimpaired.
Vocal Behaviour: The Duration of Speech Units
Authors: Starkweather John A.
Published: July 2017

Recordings made of 20 subjects in two role-playing sessions were analyzed to obtain the pattern of the durations of speech units for both the subjects and for the standard-role-player. Overall curves of the distribution of durations did not reveal marked differences between the two role-playing sessions. The distribution was then divided into four parts in order to discover which portions might vary with the three dimensions of situation, speaker, and listener. The data are interpreted in terms of the proportion of very short utterances as providing feedback and reinforcement from the listener, the proportion of long utterances as related to relatively stable characteristics of the speaker, and those of intermediate length as showing an interaction of speaker and situation.
Experimental Manipulation of the Production of Active and Passive Voice in Children
Authors: Turner Elizabeth Ann , Rommetveit Ragnar
Published: July 2017

Two experiments were carried out in an attempt to manipulate the voice in which children encoded a denotative domain of events. In Experiment I the direction in which the child visually scanned a picture was varied ; in Experiment II the child's " focus of attention " was manipulated through the type of question asked of him about a picture. In general, when the acted-upon element or recipient of the action, as opposed to the actor, was presented first (Exp. I), or emphasized through questioning (Exp. II), there tended to be an increase in the number of passive voice sentences produced.
Amorphousness of Response Form as a Factor in Verbal Conditioning
Authors: Barik Henri C.
Published: July 2017

A critical variable in verbal conditioning concerns the specificity or amorphousness of the response class. Data are presented in support of the response amorphousness hypothesis introduced by Barik and Lambert (1960) to explain the differential conditioning effects which they obtained with two grammatical response classes.
Methodology of Experiments on the Perception of Synthesized Vowels
Authors: Ainsworth W.A. , Millar J.B.
Published: July 2017

A method of checking the reference frames of listeners during experiments concerned with the perception of synthetic vowels has been evaluated. The checking was achieved by interpersing standard vowels in a sequence of experimental vowels. It was found that the responses to the standard vowels were substantially independent of the quality of the experimental vowels with which they were included. Most of the listeners, however, were unable to distinguish more than about six categories of standard vowels, so small shifts in their reference frames were difficult to detect.
Effects of Context, Intonation and Voice On the Reaction Time to Sentences
Authors: Smith Frank , Goodenough Cheryl
Published: July 2017

Eighteen subjects responded to sentences which differed in context (whether a preceding sentence referred to their subject or object), intonation (3 alternatives) and voice (active or passive). Differences in response times indicate that context and voice make a significant difference to the ease of processing sentences, both as main effects and in interaction with each other and with intonation. Conclusions are drawn regarding the control of these variables in psychological experiments and the empirical validity of Halliday's linguistic theory.
The Relationship Between Words and Tone-of-Voice
Authors: Markel Norman N. , Bein Monte F. , Phillis Judith A.
Published: July 2017

This study shows that there are normative associations between words and tone-of-voice, and that synchrony and dysynchrony between these two modes of speech communication can be operationally defined. The association of the thematic categories " anger " and " depression " with the voice qualities pitch, loudness, and tempo was examined. Differential use of these voice qualities was determined by having judges compare the voice qualities occurring with the contents " anger " and " depression ". The results indicate that there are normative relationships between voice and content. Specifically, synchrony exists when the content is " moderate anger " and there is a relative increase in tempo; and, when the content is " great depression " and there is a relative decrease in tempo.
Auditory and Linguistic Processes in the Perception of Intonation Contours
Authors: Studdert-Kennedy Michael , Hadding Kerstin
Published: July 2017

The fundamental frequency contour of a 700-msec. vocoded utterance, "November" [no'vεmb ], was systematically varied to produce 72 contours, different in f0 at the stress and over the terminal glide. The contours were recorded (1) carried on the speech wave, (2) as modulated sine waves. Swedish and American subjects classified (1) both speech and sine-wave contours as either terminally rising or terminally falling (psychophysical judgments), (2) speech contours as questions or statements (linguistic judgments). For both groups, two factors acted in complementary relation to govern linguistic judgments: perceived terminal glide and f0 at the stress. Listeners tended to classify contours with an apparent terminal rise and/or high stress as questions, contours with an apparent terminal fall and/or low stress as statements. For both speech and sine waves psychophysical judgments of terminal glide were influenced by earlier sections of the contour, but the effects were reduced for sine-wave contours, and there were several instances in which speech psychophysical judgments followed the linguistic more closely than the sine wave judgments. It is suggested that these instances may reflect the control exerted by linguistic decision over perceived auditory shape.
Time Patterns in Spontaneous Speech—Cognitive Stride or Random Walk? A Reply to Jaffe, Et Al. (1972)
Authors: Henderson Alan I.
Published: July 2017

The interpretation of on-off time patterns in speech is not simple. It is feasible to argue that such patterns may serve to identify speech encoding units. An explanation in terms of random processes is best regarded as a null hypothesis. It is not in itself sufficient grounds for rejecting an encoding processes interpretation.
An Investigation of the Word Order Parameter of a Parent-Child Verbal Interaction in a Relatively Free Order Language
Authors: Buium Nissan
Published: July 2017

A number of investigators have assumed that the relatively free word order of a given language was the relatively free word order which the child encountered during his language acquisition period. This study investigated the word order of a Hebrew speaker's verbal interaction with (1) his 2 year old daughter (2) an adult. The results show the father to use a relatively free word order in his verbal interaction with the adult and a fairly rigid word-order (S-V-O) in his verbal interaction with his child. Some possible interpretations are discussed.
A Statistical Analysis of Laryngeal Frequency : Its Relationship To Intensity Level and Duration
Authors: Boe Louis-Jean , Rakotofiringa Hippolyte
Published: July 2017

The objective of the present study is a statistical analysis of the characteristics of laryngeal frequency: a measurement of the mean and the distribution, the relationship with intensity level and the duration of voiced and unvoiced production. Measurements were effected on speakers from different linguistic communities. The instruments developed for these measurements offer the advantage of operational simplicity and are represented schematically in the paper.
Length Variables in Sentence Imitation
Authors: Miller Jon F. , Chapman Robin S.
Published: July 2017

The present study was designed to determine which of three indices of sentence length most effectively predicted pre-schooler's correct sentence imitations : total number of words; number of content words only; or the density of content words within a sentence. Twenty-four pre-school children, mean age 3.11 years, were asked to imitate 32 sentences which varied in total number of words, number of content words, and lexical density. Analysis of the childrens' correct responses, using verbatim imitation criteria, revealed that the ordering of sentences obtained was one not predicted by any of the three length indices. Re-examination of the sentences suggested that the number of morphemes (the number of meaningful units), rather than the number of orthographically defined words, might be the appropriate counting index. A significant Spearman rank order correlation (r = + 0.67, 30 d.f., p <0.01) was found between morpheme length and sentence difficulty. It was concluded that morpheme length rather than word length may be a significant variable affecting pre-school children's sentence imitation performance.
A Multidimensional Scaling Analysis of Phonemic Responses From Hard of Hearing and Deaf Subjects of Three Languages
Authors: Danhauer Jeffrey L. , Singh Sadanand
Published: July 2017

Twenty logatoms (CVCV) involving five vowels and 20 consonants were presented to 36 subjects, 18 hard of hearing and 18 deaf. Of the 18 subjects, six were speakers of English (American), six Serbo-Croatian (Yugoslavian), and six French (French), The logatoms were analysed for both initial and medial consonants. The responses were recorded on magnetic tape and transcribed phonetically by three judges. The data were analysed by IND-SCAL and reported in unique dimension. Twelve groups of similarity matrices mainly yielded two- and three- dimensional solutions. The interpretations of these dimensions were mainly voicing and sibilant. Additional features retrieved in some cases included nasality, fricative, and others. Recovery of similar space for three language groups, two deviancy groups, and two positions reveal "universal" dimensionality and features of the consonants.
The Relationship Between Self-Rating of Expressed Inclusion and Speaking Time
Authors: Markel Norman N. , Bein Monte F. , Campbell William W. , Shaw Marvin E.
Published: July 2017

This study examined the relationship between Expressed Inclusion and speaking time. Expressed Inclusion scores were obtained from subjects' self-ratings on FIRO-B. Speaking time was defined as the amount of speech produced in a five minute period. Male college students served as subjects and were assigned to a High Speaking Time (mean: 4 min. 37 sec.) or a Low Speaking Time (mean: 3 min. 8 sec.) group (N = 45 in each group). The results showed that the High Speaking Time Group had insignificantly higher scores on Expressed Inclusion than the Low Speaking Time Group. The results are interpreted as validation of the Expressed Inclusion scale of Schutz' FIRO-B, and are related to the theoretical position of Goldman-Eisler regarding speech and mental processes.
Frequency and Availability in the Encoding of Spontaneous Speech
Authors: Mercer Neil McK.
Published: July 2017

A corpus of dialogic spontaneous speech was analysed with reference to the word-sequences which follow hesitations occurring within phonemic classes. The average frequencies of occurrence of the words in such sequences were found to be directly related to their number. The implications of these results for models of the speech production system are considered.
Facilitating the Disappearance of Perceptual Error to the Poggendorff Illusion
Authors: Mallenby Terry W.
Published: July 2017

The effect of verbal discussion on processing perceptual information proved to be more facilitating than were social facilitation or sensorimotor tracing of an illusory task. Results are summarized in terms of perceptual developmental models.
The Role of Syntax in Sentence Recall
Authors: Richardson John T.E.
Published: July 2017

The transformational complexity of a sentence has been alleged to affect its memorability. Using unprompted free recall, this was found to be true only of the question transformation. This effect could not be explained in terms of the confounded variables of imageability and concreteness, which did not correlate with performance in this study. Syntactically related errors tended to reduce the transformational complexity of the original sentence. The results of an analysis of these errors were inconsistent with the traditional grammatical categorization of sentences.
Elicited Imitation of Language: Some ESNS Population Characteristics
Authors: Berry P.B.
Published: July 2017

Elicited imitation of language was used as a technique to identify the performance characteristics on this task of a population of severely mentally handicapped subjects (n = 108; mean CA = 136.3 months, s.d. 36.6 months; mean vocabulary age (English Picture Vocabulary Test) 39.8 months, s.d. 22.4 months). The results indicate that such a psycholinguistic assessment technique is useful in identifying language ability levels in this population and can complement other more traditional epidemiological data. The study also has implications for the design of language intervention programmes in particular areas of deficiency for this group.
Acoustic Factors that May Contribute to Categorical Perception
Authors: May Janet G.
Published: July 2017

The perception of the voiced and voiceless velar and pharyngeal fricatives / , x, , h/ and of /∫, s/ in Colloquial Egyptian Arabic was examined to determine if the presence of the first two or three formants in / , x, , h/ results in continuous perception, in contrast to an expected categorical perception of /∫, s/, which lack these formants. Three twelve-step series of VFV nonsense words were synthesized. For the /∫/-/s/ series, the center of a band of high-frequency noise was varied in equal steps. For the /x/-/h/ and / /-/ / series, the first formant was varied. Eight native speakers were asked to identify the stimuli and discriminate two-step differences in a 4IAX discrimination task. While the voiced / /-/ / series showed continuous or less categorical perception than the /∫/-/s/ series, the voiceless /x/-/h/ series was perceived somewhat categorically. This suggests that voicing alone, or in combination with acoustic information about the lower formants, may be a necessary condition for continuous perception.
The Effects of Linguistic Stress on ASL Signs
Authors: Wilbur Ronnie B. , Schick Brenda S.
Published: July 2017

Target ASL signs were elicited in stressed and unstressed contexts for ten different types of sign movement. Previous reports that stressed signs tended to change the size and intensity of their movements were only partially confirmed. No single cue emerged as the primary indicator of stress. Qualitative analysis of the modifications revealed that there were some features commonly associated with stress which occurred across the ten movement categories. These included using non-manual behaviors (facial expression, body shifts), sharp beginning and/or end boundaries in the sign, producing signs physically higher in the signing space, and bracing or repetition of words and phrases. Signs normally made without linear path movement tended to add one, but other stressing cues, such as repetition and increasing signing speed, tended to be sporadic in utilization. The actual movement type in each of the ten categories appeared to be less important as a predictor of stress markings than whether the sign had path movement or not and whether the sign had one or two lexical movements.
Influence of Tones upon Vowel Duration in Cantonese
Authors: Kong Qing-Ming
Published: July 2017

This paper reports the results of an acoustical study of the relation between vowel duration and the six tones of Cantonese. It is found that of the six tones, the longest is the high rising tone. of the four level tones, the mid level tone is the longest, the mid-low level tone is intermediate, and the high level tone and low level tone are the shortest. When the fundamental frequencies are analysed and related to the vowel length, it is found that there is a mid point in the F0 range from the high level tone to the low level tone, in which the vowel of that tone is the longest, from which the higher the F0, the shorter is the vowel, and from which the lower the F0, the shorter is the vowel of that tone.
An Analysis of Turn-Taking and Backchannels Based on Prosodic and Syntactic Features in Japanese Map Task Dialogs
Authors: Koiso Hanae , Horiuchi Yasuo , Tutiya Syun , Ichikawa Akira , Den Yasuharu
Published: July 2017

In this study, we investigate syntactic and prosodic features of the speaker's speech at points where turn-taking and backchannels occur, on the basis of our analysis of Japanese spontaneous dialogs. Specifically, we focus on features such as part of speech, duration, F0 contour pattern, relative height of the peak F0, energy trajectory pattern, and relative height of the peak energy at the final part of speech segments. We examine, first, the relationship between turn-taking/backchannels and each feature of speech segments independently, showing that the features examined in this study are all related to turn-taking or backchannels and that the way they correlate is fairly consistent with previous studies. Next, we explore the inter-relationship among the features with respect to turn-taking and backchannels. We show that in both turn-taking and backchannels, (I) some instances of syntactic features make extremely strong contributions, and (2) in general, syntax has a stronger contribution than any individual prosodic feature, although the whole prosody contributes as strongly as, or even more strongly than, syntax. We also discuss some implications of our results, comparing them with previous models that have mentioned roles of syntax and prosody in turn-taking and backchannels.
Vitamin or Supplement Use among Adults, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 13 States, 2001
Authors: Balluz Lina S. , Okoro Catherine A. , Bowman Barbara A. , Serdula Mary K. , Mokdad Ali H.
Published: July 2017

Objective.

The authors examined vitamin/supplement (V/S) use and its relationship to sociodemographics, health behaviors, and health conditions among adults in 13 states.

Methods.

This investigation used 2001 data from a cross-sectional study of non-institutionalized adults aged ⩾18 years, the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

Results.

Of 45,415 respondents with complete data (18,723 males and 26,692 females), 56.5% ( n=5,652) reported current V/S use. After adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and education, the authors found a statistically significant association between V/S use and positive health risk behavior (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.46; p<0.001). Also, V/S use was found to increase with age ( p<0.001). No association was found between V/S use and the absence of specific chronic disease conditions (adjusted OR=0.93; p=0.052).

Conclusions.

People who used V/S in the states surveyed were more likely to demonstrate positive health risk behaviors than those who did not report V/S use. Thus it appears that individuals who are most likely to use V/S are least likely to need V/S. It is crucial that individuals report quantity and frequency of V/S use when providing medical or diet histories to health care providers.
Illegal Alcohol Sales and Use of Alcohol Control Policies at Community Festivals
Authors: Toomey Traci L. , Erickson Darin J. , Patrek William , Fletcher Linda A. , Wagenaar Alexander C.
Published: July 2017

Objectives.

The primary goals of this study were to assess the propensity for alcohol sales to underage customers and obviously intoxicated customers at community festivals, and to assess the prevalence of alcohol control policies at these events. A secondary goal was to identify server and festival characteristics and festival policies related to the likelihood of illegal alcohol sales.

Methods.

We conducted pseudo-underage purchase attempts at 43 festivals and pseudo-intoxicated purchase attempts at 50 festivals to assess the likelihood of illegal sales. Research staff made observations at festivals and contacted festival planners by telephone following each event to assess which alcohol policies were implemented. We conducted backwards stepwise multivariate analyses for each purchase attempt outcome to identify policies and characteristics related to likelihood of illegal alcohol sales.

Results.

Pseudo-intoxicated buyers purchased beer in 89% of 95 attempts (standard deviation [SD]=0.31) and pseudo-underage buyers were able to purchase beer in 50% of 82 attempts (SD=0.50). All festival planners reported having at least two of the 10 alcohol policies we assessed, but no festival had implemented all 10 policies. Server characteristics were not related to either purchase attempt outcome. In the multivariate analyses, having more alcohol control policies was related to a greater likelihood of illegal sales to intoxicated customers; however, having more alcohol control policies was associated with a lesser likelihood of alcohol sales to underage customers. Restricting the number of servings per person was also associated with a lesser likelihood of alcohol sales to underage customers.

Conclusions.

Propensity for illegal alcohol sales at festivals is very high. Research is needed to identify interventions to prevent illegal alcohol sales at these events.
Escherichia Coli O157:H7 Outbreak Associated with Consumption of Ground Beef, June–July 2002
Authors: Vogt Richard L. , Dippold Laura
Published: July 2017

Objective.

A case-control and environmental study tested the hypothesis that purchasing and eating ground beef from a specific source was the cause of a cluster of cases of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and Escherichia coli ( E. coli) O157:H7 gastroenteritis.

Methods.

A case-control study comparing risk factors was conducted over the telephone on nine case-patients with 23 selected controls. An environmental investigation was conducted that consisted of reviewing beef handling practices at a specific local supermarket and obtaining ground beef samples from the store and two households with case-patients.

Results.

The analysis of the case-control study showed that eight case-patients (89%) purchased ground beef at Grocery Chain A compared with four controls who did not develop illness (17%) (matched odds ratio=undefined; 95% confidence interval 2.8, ∞; p=0.006). The environmental investigation showed that Grocery Chain A received meat from Meatpacker A. Laboratory analysis of meat samples from Meatpacker A and Grocery Chain A and stool samples from some patients recovered an identical strain of E. coli O157:H7 according to pulse-field gel electrophoresis.

Conclusions.

Both the case-control and environmental studies showed that purchasing ground beef at Grocery Chain A, which received ground beef from Meatpacker A, was the major risk factor for illness in eight case-patients; the ninth case-patient was found to be unrelated to the outbreak. Furthermore, meat from Meatpacker A was associated with a nationwide outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 illness that resulted in the second largest recall of beef in U.S. history at the time.