bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrafast Dynamics of Liquid Water and Ice
Authors: Perakis Fivos , Hamm Peter
Published: May 2012

In the present contribution we summarize our observations concerning the ultrafast non-equilibrium dynamics of water, in both the liquid and crystalline phase. Our experimental tool is two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectroscopy, which combines structural information on a molecular
level with femtosecond time resolution. In the case of liquid and supercooled water we are able to extract the timescales of hydrogen bonding dynamics, whereas in the ice form we can probe the change of the hydrogen bond properties under excitation and observe the influence of intermolecular
mode excitations in the crystal.
Eigenvalue calibration methods for polarimetry
Authors: Macías-Romero C. , Török P.
Published: May 2012

Complex polarisation sensitive systems such as imaging Mueller matrix polarimeters are commonly calibrated using the eigenvalue calibration method. In this paper we present an extensive review of the method and an existing variant. We also introduce two more variants of the method to calibrate imaging polarimeters that use high numerical aperture optics. The calibration methods are tested using a Mueller matrix confocal microscope of high numerical aperture, and the effect of the pinhole size on the polarisation is also assessed experimentally.
Distinguishing Latent from Active Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Using Elispot Assays: Looking Beyond Interferon-gamma
Authors: Tincati Camilla , Cappione III Amedeo J. , Snyder-Cappione Jennifer E.
Published: May 2012

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a global heath epidemic, its threat amplified by HIV infection and the emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Interferon (IFN)-gamma release assays (IGRAs) have improved the accuracy of detection of MTB exposure in some subject groups as compared to the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST). However, as IFN-gamma is produced by both fully rested and more recently activated populations of memory T cells, it is not surprising that the measurement of this cytokine alone cannot accurately distinguish Latent TB Infected (LTBI) subjects from those with active (infectious) disease. Accurate and rapid diagnosis of infectious individuals would allow medication to be properly allocated and other actions taken to more effectively curtail MTB spread. Analysis of multi-cytokine profiles ex vivo after stimulation of PBMCs from LTBI and active MTB subjects indicate the real possibility of successfully discerning these two disease states within 24 hours of a subject’s blood draw. Due to the unparalleled sensitivity, low cost, and ease of use of Elispot assays, we propose that via a multiplex Elispot platform the accurate distinction of LTBI from active MTB-infected individuals is within reach.
An Improved Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for Wind Power Systems
Authors: Jeong Hae Gwang , Seung Ro Hak , Lee Kyo Beum
Published: May 2012

This paper proposes an improved maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method for wind power systems. The proposed method combines hysteresis control with tip speed ratio (TSR) control using a power coefficient curve. It has fast dynamic characteristics with the TSR control using data obtained from an anemometer. Moreover it can track the maximum power point (MPP) with hysteresis control even when there is incomplete data. Since the proposed method selects the operating mode according to the operation state of the generator of three control modes, the controllers do not interfere with each other and they provide excellent performance. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified by simulation and experiments based on a 3 kW wind turbine system.
Do Anthropogenic Dark Earths Occur in the Interior of Borneo? Some Initial Observations from East Kalimantan
Authors: Sheil Douglas , Basuki Imam , German Laura , Kuyper Thomas W. , Limberg Godwin , Puri Rajindra K. , Sellato Bernard , Van Noordwijk Meine , Wollenberg Eva
Published: May 2012

Anthropogenic soils of the Amazon Basin (Terra Preta, Terra Mulata) reveal that pre-Colombian peoples made lasting improvements in the agricultural potential of nutrient-poor soils. Some have argued that applying similar techniques could improve agriculture over much of the humid tropics, enhancing local livelihoods and food security, while also sequestering large quantities of carbon to mitigate climate change. Here, we present preliminary evidence for Anthropogenic Dark Earths (ADEs) in tropical Asia. Our surveys in East Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo) identified several sites where soils possess an anthropogenic development and context similar in several respects to the Amazon’s ADEs. Similarities include riverside locations, presence of useful fruit trees, spatial extent as well as soil characteristics such as dark color, high carbon content (in some cases), high phosphorus levels, and improved apparent fertility in comparison to neighboring soils. Local people value these soils for cultivation but are unaware of their origins. We discuss these soils in the context of local history and land-use and identify numerous unknowns. Incomplete biomass burning appears key to these modified soils. More study is required to clarify soil transformations in Borneo and to determine under what circumstances such soil improvements might remain ongoing.
Psychotic Symptoms in Kenya – Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Relationship with Common Mental Disorders
Authors: Jenkins Rachel , Njenga Frank , Okonji Marx , Kigamwa Pius , Baraza Makheti , Ayuyo James , Singleton Nicola , McManus Sally , Kiima David
Published: May 2012

There have been few epidemiological surveys to establish prevalence and associated risk factors of psychosis in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper reports a population- based epidemiological survey in rural Kenya of the prevalence of psychotic symptoms and their relationship with demographic, socio-economic and other risk factors. A random sample of 2% of all adults living in Maseno, Kisumu District of Nyanza province, Kenya (50,000 population) were studied, aiming for a sample size of 1,000 people. The psychosis screening questionnaire was used to assess the prevalence of psychotic symptoms in the preceding twelve months. The response rate was 87.6%. The prevalence of single psychotic symptoms in rural Kenya was 8% of the adult population, but only 0.6% had two symptoms and none had three or more psychotic symptoms in this sample size. Psychotic symptoms were evenly distributed across this relatively poor rural population and were significantly associated with presence of common mental disorders, and to a lesser extent with poor physical health and housing type. We conclude that single psychotic symptoms are relatively common in rural Kenya and rates are elevated in those with CMD, poor physical health and poor housing.
Adsorption of Cr(VI) and Speciation of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) in Aqueous Solutions Using Chemically Modified Chitosan
Authors: Dai Jun , Ren FengLian , Tao ChunYuan
Published: May 2012

A new type of grafting chitosan (CTS) was synthesized using 2-hydroxyethyl- trimethyl ammonium chloride (HGCTS). The adsorption of Cr(VI) on HGCTS was studied. The effect factors on adsorption and the adsorption mechanism were considered. The results indicated that the HGCTS could concentrate and separate Cr(VI) at pH 4.0; the adsorption equilibrium time was 80 min; the maximum adsorption capacity was 205 mg/g. The adsorption isotherm and kinetics were investigated, equilibrium data agreed very well with the Langmuir model and the pseudo second-order model could describe the adsorption process better than the pseudo first-order model. A novel method for speciation of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) in environmental water samples has been developed using HGCTS as adsorbent and FAAS as determination means. The detection limit of this method was 20 ng/L, the relatively standard deviation was 1.2% and the recovery was 99%~105%.
Seasonal Patterns of Gastrointestinal Illness and Streamflow along the Ohio River
Authors: Jagai Jyotsna S. , Griffiths Jeffrey K. , Kirshen Paul K. , Webb Patrick , Naumova Elena N.
Published: May 2012

Waterborne gastrointestinal (GI) illnesses demonstrate seasonal increases associated with water quality and meteorological characteristics. However, few studies have been conducted on the association of hydrological parameters, such as streamflow, and seasonality of GI illnesses. Streamflow is correlated with biological contamination and can be used as proxy for drinking water contamination. We compare seasonal patterns of GI illnesses in the elderly (65 years and older) along the Ohio River for a 14-year period (1991–2004) to seasonal patterns of streamflow. Focusing on six counties in close proximity to the river, we compiled weekly time series of hospitalizations for GI illnesses and streamflow data. Seasonal patterns were explored using Poisson annual harmonic regression with and without adjustment for streamflow. GI illnesses demonstrated significant seasonal patterns with peak timing preceding peak timing of streamflow for all six counties. Seasonal patterns of illness remain consistent after adjusting for streamflow. This study found that the time of peak GI illness precedes the peak of streamflow, suggesting either an indirect relationship or a more direct path whereby pathogens enter water supplies prior to the peak in streamflow. Such findings call for interdisciplinary research to better understand associations among streamflow, pathogen loading, and rates of gastrointestinal illnesses.
What is Next in Bark Beetle Phylogeography?
Authors: Avtzis Dimitrios N. , Bertheau Coralie , Stauffer Christian
Published: May 2012

Bark beetle species within the scolytid genera Dendroctonus, Ips, Pityogenes and Tomicus are known to cause extensive ecological and economical damage in spruce and pine forests during epidemic outbreaks all around the world. Dendroctonus ponderosae poses the most recent example having destroyed almost 100,000 km2 of conifer forests in North America. The success and effectiveness of scolytid species lies mostly in strategies developed over the course of time. Among these, a complex system of semiochemicals promotes the communication and aggregation on the spot of infestation facilitating an en masse attack against a host tree’s defenses; or an association with fungi that evolved either in the form of nutrition (ambrosia fungi) or even by reducing the resistance of host trees (blue-stain fungi). Although often specific to a tree genus or species, some bark beetles are polyphagous and have the ability to switch on to new hosts and extend their host range (i.e., between conifer genera such as Pityogenes chalcographus or even from conifer to deciduous trees as Polygraphus grandiclava). A combination of these capabilities in concert with life history or ecological traits explains why bark beetles are considered interesting subjects in evolutionary studies. Several bark beetle species appear in phylogeographic investigations, in an effort to improve our understanding of their ecology, epidemiology and evolution. In this paper investigations that unveil the phylogeographic history of bark beetles are reviewed. A close association between refugial areas and postglacial migration routes that insects and host trees have followed in the last 15,000 BP has been suggested in many studies. Finally, a future perspective of how next generation sequencing will influence the resolution of phylogeographic patterns in the coming years is presented. Utilization of such novel techniques will provide a more detailed insight into the genome of scolytids facilitating at the same time the application of neutral and non-neutral markers. The latter markers in particular promise to enhance the study of eco-physiological reaction types like the so-called pioneer beetles or obligate diapausing individuals.
Shared Ancestry of Symbionts? Sagrinae and Donaciinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) Harbor Similar Bacteria
Authors: Kölsch Gregor , Synefiaridou Dimitra
Published: May 2012

When symbioses between insects and bacteria are discussed, the origin of a given association is regularly of interest. We examined the evolution of the symbiosis between reed beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Donaciinae) and intracellular symbionts belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae. We analyzed the partial sequence of the 16S rRNA to assess the phylogenetic relationships with bacteria we found in other beetle groups (Cerambycidae, Anobiidae, other Chrysomelidae). We discuss the ecology of each association in the context of the phylogenetic analysis. The bacteria in Sagra femorata (Chrysomelidae, Sagrinae) are very closely related to those in the Donaciinae and are located in similar mycetomes. The Sagrinae build a cocoon for pupation like the Donaciinae, in which the bacteria produce the material required for the cocoon. These aspects support the close relationship between Sagrinae and Donaciinae derived in earlier studies and make a common ancestry of the symbioses likely. Using PCR primers specific for fungi, we found Candida sp. in the mycetomes of a cerambycid beetle along with the bacteria.
Semiconductor CdF2:Ga and CdF2:In Crystals as Media for Real-Time Holography
Authors: Ryskin Alexander I. , Shcheulin Alexander S. , Angervaks Alexander E.
Published: May 2012

Monocrystalline cadmium fluoride is a dielectric solid that can be converted into a semiconductor by doping with donor impurities and subsequent heating in the reduction atmosphere. For two donor elements, Ga and In, the donor (“shallow”) state is a metastable one separated from the ground (“deep”) state by a barrier. Photoinduced deep-to-shallow state transition underlies the photochromism of CdF2:Ga and CdF2:In. Real-time phase holograms are recorded in these crystals capable of following up optical processes in a wide frequency range. The features of photochromic transformations in CdF2:Ga and CdF2:In crystals as well as holographic characteristics of these media are discussed. Exemplary applications of CdF2-based holographic elements are given.
Woodylides A–C, New Cytotoxic Linear Polyketides from the South China Sea Sponge Plakortis simplex
Authors: Yu Hao-Bing , Liu Xiang-Fang , Xu Ying , Gan Jian-Hong , Jiao Wei-Hua , Shen Yang , Lin Hou-Wen
Published: May 2012

Three new polyketides, woodylides A–C (1–3), were isolated from the ethanol extract of the South China Sea sponge Plakortis simplex. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data (IR, 1D and 2D NMR, and HRESIMS). The absolute configurations at C-3 of 1 and 3 were determined by the modified Mosher’s method. Antifungal, cytotoxic, and PTP1B inhibitory activities of these polyketides were evaluated. Compounds 1 and 3 showed antifungal activity against fungi Cryptococcus neoformans with IC50 values of 3.67 and 10.85 µg/mL, respectively. In the cytotoxicity test, compound 1 exhibited a moderate effect against the HeLa cell line with an IC50 value of 11.2 µg/mL, and compound 3 showed cytotoxic activity against the HCT-116 human colon tumor cell line and PTP1B inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 9.4 and 4.7 µg/mL, respectively.
Antibacterial Secondary Metabolites from the Cave Sponge Xestospongia sp.
Authors: Ankisetty Sridevi , Slattery Marc
Published: May 2012

Chemical investigation of the cave sponge Xestospongia sp. resulted in the isolation of three new polyacetylenic long chain compounds along with two known metabolites. The structures of the new metabolites were established by NMR and MS analyses. The antibacterial activity of the new metabolites was also evaluated.
Phaeophytin Analogues from Ligularia knorringiana
Authors: Li Hui , Li Lina , Zheng Qiusheng , Kuroda Chiaki , Wang Qi
Published: May 2012

A new phaeophytin, ligulariaphytin A, together with five known phaeophytins, were isolated from the aerial parts of Ligularia knorringiana. The structure of ligulariaphytin A was elucidated as 131-hydroxy-131,132-peroxyphaeophorbide A ethyl ester (1), and the five known compounds were identified as 132-hydroxyphaeophorbide A ethyl ester (2), 173-ethoxyphaeophorbide A (3), phaeophytin B (4), phaeophytin A (5), and phaeophorbide B ethyl ester (6), respectively, based on spectroscopic analysis and by comparison of their spectral data with those reported previously in the literature. All compounds were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activities against cultured Hela cell, and were found to show only very weak cytotoxicity.
Kale Extract Increases Glutathione Levels in V79 Cells, but Does not Protect Them against Acute Toxicity Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Fernandes Fátima , Sousa Carla , Ferreres Federico , Valentão Patrícia , Remião Fernando , Pereira José A. , Andrade Paula B.
Published: May 2012

This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant potential of extracts of Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC. (kale) and several materials of Pieris brassicae L., a common pest of Brassica cultures using a cellular model with hamster lung fibroblast (V79 cells) under quiescent conditions and subjected to H2O2-induced oxidative stress. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and glutathione was determined by the 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB)-oxidized glutathione (GSSG) reductase recycling assay. The phenolic composition of the extracts was also established by HPLC-DAD. They presented acylated and non acylated flavonoid glycosides, some of them sulfated, and hydroxycinnamic acyl gentiobiosides. All extracts were cytotoxic by themselves at high concentrations and failed to protect V79 cells against H2O2 acute toxicity. No relationship between phenolic composition and cytotoxicity of the extracts was found. Rather, a significant increase in glutathione was observed in cells exposed to kale extract, which contained the highest amount and variety of flavonoids. It can be concluded that although flavonoids-rich extracts have the ability to increase cellular antioxidant defenses, the use of extracts of kale and P. brassicae materials by pharmaceutical or food industries, may constitute an insult to health, especially to debilitated individuals, if high doses are consumed.
Molluscicidal Activity of Methomyl and Cardenolide Extracts from Calotropis procera and Adenium arabicum Against the Land Snail Monacha cantiana
Authors: Al-Sarar Ali , Hussein Hamdy , Abobakr Yasser , Bayoumi Alaa
Published: May 2012

In this work, we have evaluated the molluscicidal activity of two cardenolide extracts from Adenium arabicum Balf f. [the benzene (B) and methanol (M) extracts], one cardenolide extract from Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton (extract C), and methomyl against the harmful land snail Monacha cantiana (Montagu). The contact LD50 values for the above mentioned plant extracts were 12.62, 34.63, and 34.35 mg·kg−1 of body weight, respectively, while the LD50 for methomyl was 116.62 mg·kg−1, that is, the plant extracts were 9.24, 3.37, and 3.4 times more toxic than methomyl. In addition, a simple colorimetric method, based on Kedde reagent, was modified to determine cardenolide concentrations in plant extracts. Thin layer chromatography analysis (TLC) showed several cardiac glycosidal compounds in each plant extract. The results proved that cardiac glycosides are promising candidate compounds that could be used to control land snails, or exploited to develop new, effective, and environmentally friendly molluscicides.
A Convenient Synthesis of Triflate Anion Ionic Liquids and Their Properties
Authors: Ignat’ev Nikolai V. , Barthen Peter , Kucheryna Andryi , Willner Helge , Sartori Peter
Published: May 2012

A solvent- and halogen-free synthesis of high purity triflate ionic liquids via direct alkylation of organic bases (amines, phosphines or heterocyclic compounds) with methyl and ethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (methyl and ethyl triflate) has been developed. Cheap and non-toxic dimethyl and diethyl carbonate serve as source for the methyl and ethyl groups in the preparation of methyl and ethyl triflate by this invented process. The properties of ionic liquids containing the triflate anion are determined and discussed.
Synthesis of N-substituted Acridinediones and Polyhydroquinoline Derivatives in Refluxing Water
Authors: Xia Jing-Jing , Zhang Ke-Hua
Published: May 2012

Acridinediones were synthesized by the one-pot Hantzsch condensation of an aromatic aldehyde, 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione, and aniline/4-methylaniline in reﬂuxing water. This method has then been extended to the four-component reaction of an aromatic aldehyde, 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione, ethyl acetoacetate and ammonium acetate for the synthesis of polyhydroquinoline derivatives. This is an environmentally friendly and efficient procedure providing good to excellent yields.
Iron Oxide Nanocrystals for Magnetic Hyperthermia Applications
Authors: Armijo Leisha M. , Brandt Yekaterina I. , Mathew Dimple , Yadav Surabhi , Maestas Salomon , Rivera Antonio C. , Cook Nathaniel C. , Withers Nathan J. , Smolyakov Gennady A. , Adolphi Natalie L. , Monson Todd C. , Huber Dale L. , Smyth Hugh D. C. , Osiński Marek
Published: May 2012

Magnetic nanocrystals have been investigated extensively in the past several years for several potential applications, such as information technology, MRI contrast agents, and for drug conjugation and delivery. A specific property of interest in biomedicine is magnetic hyperthermia—an increase in temperature resulting from the thermal energy released by magnetic nanocrystals in an external alternating magnetic field. Iron oxide nanocrystals of various sizes and morphologies were synthesized and tested for specific losses (heating power) using frequencies of 111.1 kHz and 629.2 kHz, and corresponding magnetic field strengths of 9 and 25 mT. Polymorphous nanocrystals as well as spherical nanocrystals and nanowires in paramagnetic to ferromagnetic size range exhibited good heating power. A remarkable 30 °C temperature increase was observed in a nanowire sample at 111 kHz and magnetic field of 25 mT (19.6 kA/m), which is very close to the typical values of 100 kHz and 20 mT used in medical treatments.
Improved Image Fusion Method Based on NSCT and Accelerated NMF
Authors: Wang Juan , Lai Siyu , Li Mingdong
Published: May 2012

In order to improve algorithm efficiency and performance, a technique for image fusion based on the Non-subsampled Contourlet Transform (NSCT) domain and an Accelerated Non-negative Matrix Factorization (ANMF)-based algorithm is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the registered source images are decomposed in multi-scale and multi-direction using the NSCT method. Then, the ANMF algorithm is executed on low-frequency sub-images to get the low-pass coefficients. The low frequency fused image can be generated faster in that the update rules for W and H are optimized and less iterations are needed. In addition, the Neighborhood Homogeneous Measurement (NHM) rule is performed on the high-frequency part to achieve the band-pass coefficients. Finally, the ultimate fused image is obtained by integrating all sub-images with the inverse NSCT. The simulated experiments prove that our method indeed promotes performance when compared to PCA, NSCT-based, NMF-based and weighted NMF-based algorithms.
Land Use Adaptation to Climate Change: Economic Damages from Land-Falling Hurricanes in the Atlantic and Gulf States of the USA, 1900–2005
Authors: Zia Asim
Published: May 2012

Global climate change, especially the phenomena of global warming, is expected to increase the intensity of land-falling hurricanes. Societal adaptation is needed to reduce vulnerability from increasingly intense hurricanes. This study quantifies the adaptation effects of potentially policy driven caps on housing densities and agricultural cover in coastal (and adjacent inland) areas vulnerable to hurricane damages in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal regions of the U.S. Time series regressions, especially Prais-Winston and Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) models, are estimated to forecast the economic impacts of hurricanes of varying intensity, given that various patterns of land use emerge in the Atlantic and Gulf coastal states of the U.S. The Prais-Winston and ARMA models use observed time series data from 1900 to 2005 for inflation adjusted hurricane damages and socio-economic and land-use data in the coastal or inland regions where hurricanes caused those damages. The results from this study provide evidence that increases in housing density and agricultural cover cause significant rise in the de-trended inflation-adjusted damages. Further, higher intensity and frequency of land-falling hurricanes also significantly increase the economic damages. The evidence from this study implies that a medium to long term land use adaptation in the form of capping housing density and agricultural cover in the coastal (and adjacent inland) states can significantly reduce economic damages from intense hurricanes. Future studies must compare the benefits of such land use adaptation policies against the costs of development controls implied in housing density caps and agricultural land cover reductions.
Reduced electron recombination of dye-sensitized solar cells based on TiO2 spheres consisting of ultrathin nanosheets with [001] facet exposed
Authors: Wang Hongxia , Liu Meinan , Yan Cheng , Bell John
Published: May 2012

An anatase TiO2 material with hierarchically structured spheres consisting of ultrathin nanosheets with 100% of the [001] facet exposed was employed to fabricate dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). Investigation of the electron transport and back reaction of the DSCs by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that the spheres had a threefold lower electron recombination rate compared to the conventional TiO2 nanoparticles. In contrast, the effective electron diffusion coefficient, Dn, was not sensitive to the variation of the TiO2 morphology. The TiO2 spheres showed the same Dn as that of the nanoparticles. The influence of TiCl4 post-treatment on the conduction band of the TiO2 spheres and on the kinetics of electron transport and back reactions was also investigated. It was found that the TiCl4 post-treatment caused a downward shift of the TiO2 conduction band edge by 30 meV. Meanwhile, a fourfold increase of the effective electron lifetime of the DSC was also observed after TiCl4 treatment. The synergistic effect of the variation of the TiO2 conduction band and the electron recombination determined the open-circuit voltage of the DSC.
Enantioselective Michael addition of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones to nitroalkenes catalyzed by binaphthyl-derived organocatalysts
Authors: Woo Saet Byeol , Kim Dae Young
Published: May 2012

The highly enantioselective Michael addition of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones to nitroalkenes, promoted by binaphthyl-modified chiral bifunctional organocatalysts is described. This reaction afforded the chiral functionalized naphthoquinones in high yields (81–95%) and excellent enantioselectivities (91–98% ee) under low catalyst loading (1 mol %).
ANALYSIS OF ASSET CLASSES THROUGH THE BUSINESS CYCLE
Authors: Dzikevičius Audrius , Vetrov Jaroslav
Published: May 2012

This study was driven by the dissimilar performance characteristics displayed by asset classes over the business cycle. The authors aim to explore assets classes on the grounds of a scientific literature review and a statistical analysis. Business cycles are divided into four stages to explore broad movements in returns of asset classes and a possible existence of asymmetrical effects of determinants within stages. Six main asset classes were analysed: US stocks, EAFE stocks, Bonds, Gold, Real Estate and Commodities. Monthly data from February 1976 to August 2011 were used for the study. The article combines business cycle and asset allocation theories by adding valuable information about performance of asset classes during different phases of the business cycle. Using the OECD Composite Leading Indicator as a business cycle measure, the authors demonstrate that different assets classes have different return/risk characteristics over the business cycle. The article demonstrates how to use the business cycle approach for investment decision-making. The OECD Composite Leading Indicator can provide significant information on market expectations and the future outlook; hence, results of this study can help every investor improve his/her performance and risk management.
THE POSITION OF SLOVAKIA IN COMPETITIVENESS RANKING – THE CAUSES, IMPACTS AND PROSPECTS
Authors: Stredná Lucia , Zúbková Mária
Published: May 2012

A country’s competitiveness could be translated as its ability to successfully compete within international comparison also as a prosperity which is expressed by productivity growth of economy and living standards. Is Slovakia competitive? What are its strengths and weaknesses? What are the leading countries of the European Union in competitiveness ranking? In what aspects is Slovakia falling behind countries of V4? Strengthening of which competitive advantages is perspective for the Slovak Republic? We will try to find answers to these questions in an analysis of competitiveness based on the Global Competitiveness Reports. This thesis focuses on definition of the competitiveness in general, apprises of measuring methodology based on multicriterial evaluation and summarises pros and cons of this benchmark. The main focus is on the Slovak Republic and its position in the international ranking. In detail we will focus on comparison of the Slovak Republic with countries of V4 region. It is the authors’ ambition to bring critical view on position of the Slovak Republic in the international comparison and to formulate recommendations for the future that could contribute to strengthening of competitiveness and success of our country.
BANK VALUE: COMPARING CUSTOMER AND EMPLOYEE PERCEPTIONS
Authors: Titko Jelena , Lace Natalja
Published: May 2012

In the modern competitive environment, banks create the value generally using the relational capital. Thus, customer satisfaction and loyalty are the main components of bank success in a market. In turn, customer satisfaction is affected by bank service quality that determines bank’s value perceived by clients. The main goal of the research is to determine factors affecting bank value perceived by customers to examine the gaps in customers’ and employees’ perceptions of these factors. The goal of the paper is to prepare a theoretical basis for the survey and to describe and theoretically validate the design of the research instrument. To achieve the goal the brief literature review was conducted in the fields of relationship value management, service quality and customer buying behaviour. The statements of the questionnaire were developed based on Kotler’s concept of a customer perceived value and different variations of the SERVQUAL model. To purify the developed questionnaires, the authors conducted focus group interview. We believe that bank performance depends directly on the bank’s ability to capture and retain clients and on customer-employee relationships. Thus, it is crucial to know factors affecting customer perceived bank value. Using our developed instrument it is possible to measure the level of service quality in Latvian banks and to examine the difference between customers’ and employees’ viewpoints on the quality of bank services.
TRANSFORMING LEADERSHIP STYLES AND KNOWLEDGE SHARING IN A MULTICULTURAL CONTEXT
Authors: Paulienė Rasa
Published: May 2012

Despite limitations on comprehensive studies, scholars accept that transformational and transactional leadership theories will have a universal application because these models have capacity for being adapted to different cultural settings. However, more exploration is required in order to develop a strong and consistent picture of the generalizability of culturally-linked leadership styles differently perceived, evaluated or enacted in diverse cultures because the meaning and importance given to the concept of leadership vary across cultures. By comparing and contrasting the number of cultural frameworks of leadership styles and drawing conclusions as to the relationship between leadership styles and culture, more holistic understanding can be attained.
MARKET BEHAVIOUR: CASE STUDIES OF NASDAQ OMX BALTIC
Authors: Stankevičienė Jelena , Gembickaja Natalija
Published: May 2012

The paper examines market behaviour, defines the concept of behavioural finance and exhaustively analyzes the varying behaviour of market participants and occurring examples. The article deals with the issues of possible anomalies describing their main features. The conducted research is aimed at investigating two anomalies in the Baltic Stock Exchanges, including branches in Tallinn, Riga and Vilnius. The publication selects specific stocks listed in the equity market and analyzes their features. The obtained results are compared to discuss differences and characteristics of the markets. The paper also presents an original examination of the practical aspects of momentum and contrarian anomalies, underlies recommendations and helps financial market participants with a better understanding of the influence of anomalies from an economic perspective and with improving their competitiveness thus helping them to make appropriate decisions.
SPREADSHEET ERROR DETECTION: AN EMPIRICAL EXAMINATION IN THE CONTEXT OF GREECE
Authors: Maditinos Dimitrios , Chatzoudes Dimitrios , Tsairidis Charalampos
Published: May 2012

The personal computers era made advanced programming tasks available to end users. Spreadsheet models are one of the most widely used applications that can produce valuable results with minimal training and effort. However, errors contained in most spreadsheets may be catastrophic and difficult to detect. This study attempts to investigate the influence of experience and spreadsheet presentation on the error finding performance by end users. To reach the target of the study, 216 business and finance students participated in a task of finding errors in a simple free cash flow model. The findings of the study reveal that presentation of the spreadsheet is of major importance as far as the error finding performance is concerned, while experience does not seem to affect students on their performance. Further research proposals and limitations of the study are, moreover, discussed.
Concilier vie familiale et vie professionnelle. L'effet de la préscolarisation
Authors: Moschion Julie
Published: May 2012

Résumé En France, le nombre d’enfants a un impact négatif sur l’offre de travail des mères. Cet article pose la question de savoir si la préscolarisation réduit cet effet et favorise ainsi la conciliation entre vie familiale et vie professionnelle. En utilisant l’hétérogénéité géographique des taux de scolarisation à 2 ans, nous trouvons que la préscolarisation aide les mères diplômées du supérieur à concilier leurs responsabilités familiale et professionnelle lorsqu’elles passent de deux à plus de deux enfants. En revanche, la préscolarisation ne permet pas aux mères moins diplômées de se maintenir en activité lorsque le nombre d’enfants augmente.
Participation des mères au marché du travail et disponibilité locale des services collectifs de garde d'enfants. Application au Luxembourg
Authors: Bousselin Audrey , Ray Jean-Claude
Published: May 2012

Résumé L’objet de cet article est d’analyser le rôle de l’offre locale de modes de garde collectifs sur la participation des mères au marché du travail. Nous utilisons un modèle probit bivarié pour expliquer simultanément la probabilité de travailler et la probabilité de recours à la garde collective. Les principaux résultats soulignent qu’une hausse de la disponibilité locale des modes de garde d’enfants a un effet positif sur la participation des mères au marché du travail et leur recours à la garde collective ; l’utilisation de cas types de mères suggère que l’ampleur de cet effet n’est pas négligeable.
Effet de la dynamique des revenus professionnels des conjoints sur la dynamique matrimoniale au Luxembourg
Authors: Bodson Lucile , Kuépié Mathias
Published: May 2012

Résumé Cet article porte sur l’effet des revenus du travail sur la stabilité conjugale. Partant des données du panel luxembourgeois collectées dans les années 1980-1990, nous essayons d’appréhender l’impact des revenus de chaque conjoint et l’impact des variations de revenu au cours du temps sur le risque de rupture d’union (mariage et union libre). Les résultats mettent en évidence une asymétrie de l’impact des dynamiques de revenu selon le genre : quand les revenus varient en faveur des femmes, le risque de rupture s’accroît tandis que, lorsque les revenus d’activité des hommes augmentent, on observe le phénomène inverse. Ces résultats ne sont pas spécifiques au Luxembourg, mais ont également été mis en évidence dans plusieurs pays européens.
Quel choix des parents pour l'établissement éducatif de leurs enfants ?
Authors: d’Aiglepierre Rohen
Published: May 2012

Résumé À partir d’une enquête nationale conduite dans les collèges de Madagascar, nous analysons le choix des ménages parmi différentes catégories d’établissements disponibles. Ce que disent les ménages de leur choix est analysé puis ce qu’ils font dans les faits, notamment choisir un collège public ou une catégorie de privés, une catégorie de collège différente qu’au primaire, un établissement confessionnel d’une autre confession que la sienne ou encore un collège qui n’est pas le plus proche de chez soi. Nos résultats démontrent l’influence du revenu, de la religion et de la religiosité des ménages ainsi que de la distance du collège, son coût, ses taux de réussite aux examens et son caractère confessionnel.
Les parents sont-ils vraiment si peu altruistes ?
Authors: Wolff François-Charles
Published: May 2012

Résumé En France, les différents travaux qui ont étudié les motivations des parents lorsque ces derniers versent de l’argent à leurs enfants n’apparaissent pas favorables à l’hypothèse d’altruisme. Cet article reconsidère cette question en soulignant l’importance de la mesure des transferts privés. Les prédictions du modèle altruiste sont testées à partir de l’enquête « Conditions de vie des étudiants » réalisée en 2006. Les différents résultats économétriques révèlent que les aides versées par les parents sont d’autant plus importantes que les étudiants disposent de peu de ressources. Pour les étudiants ne vivant plus chez leurs parents, une hausse d’un euro de leur revenu diminue de près de 30 centimes le montant reçu des parents. Ces résultats indiquent que les parents prennent bien en compte la situation de leurs enfants lorsque ces derniers sont peu fortunés.
Une analyse microéconomique du gage patrimonial dans l'aide aux personnes dépendantes
Authors: P. Thiébaut Sophie , Ventelou Bruno , García-Peñalosa Cecilia , Trannoy Alain
Published: May 2012

Résumé Cet article étudie les tenants d’une possible réforme de l’allocation personnalisée d’autonomie ( apa ), réforme qui viserait à récupérer sur la succession une partie des fonds versés aux personnes dépendantes. Dans ce but, nous développons un modèle théorique de transfert intergénérationnel en individualisant les décisions des deux membres d’une famille, un parent dépendant et un enfant aidant informel potentiel. Le parent décide du niveau d’aide formelle qu’il désire acheter sur le marché des services à la personne, tandis que l’enfant choisit le nombre d’heures qu’il veut consacrer à son parent, le long de la fonction de réponse du parent (enfant « leader »). Le modèle est résolu pour trois cas : absence d’altruisme, transfert post-mortem (vers un enfant ou un conjoint) et altruisme ascendant. Il est montré que le gage patrimonial incite l’enfant-égoïste à aider plus. Les variantes où sont introduites différentes formes d’altruisme (descendant et ascendant) portent néanmoins le message d’une réforme qui s’avère nettement plus ambiguë.
Effect of Voltage and Exposure Time on Fish Response to Electrosedation
Authors: Trushenski Jesse T. , Bowker James D.
Published: May 2012

Chemical sedatives requiring withdrawal (period of time where fish are held posttreatment to allow for tissue drug residues to dissipate) may be impractical for field use. As a result, fisheries professionals are beginning to investigate alternative methods that allow fish to be released immediately after treatment. To address the safety and efficacy of electrosedation as an “immediate-release” sedative approach, induction, recovery times, and blood chemistry of juvenile (211 ± 4 g, 26.1 ± 0.1 cm total length [mean ± SE]) hybrid striped bass (female Morone chrysops × male M. saxatilis) were evaluated after sedation by exposure to 100, 150, or 200 V of pulsed direct current (30 Hz and 25% duty cycle) for 4 or 8 s. All fish were sedated to stage IV sedation within 0.3 min, regardless of voltage strength or exposure time. Recovery times varied significantly by the electrosedation treatment used, but all fish recovered within 2 min postinduction. Changes in blood chemistry were consistent with an acute stress response, but these effects were transient and no differences were observed among the electrosedation treatments. Results suggest that pulsed direct current electrosedation is an effective strategy for quickly and easily sedating juvenile hybrid striped bass and potentially other species of conservation or management concern.
Imatinib Mesylate Treatment for Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alfa-Positive Choroid Plexus Carcinoma
Authors: Kawakami Chihiro , Inoue Akiko , Takitani Kimitaka , Tsuji Motomu , Wakai Kimiko , Tamai Hiroshi
Published: May 2012

We herein report a female child with choroid plexus carcinoma treated with standard dose of imatinib at disease recurrence. This patient failed initial twice-surgical resections, central nervous system (CNS) irradiation, and adjuvant chemotherapies and high-dose thiotepa and melphalan with auto peripheral blood stem cell rescue. Finally, imatinib treatment was undergone as a palliative setting, however the tumor did not reduce and the patient died of tumor bleedings. We consider that the reasons for the failure are as follows: i) adequate CNS level of imatinib were not obtained because of the blood brain barrier, ii) the lack of plateletderived growth factor receptor beta expression in our case may have a crucial role.
Synchronous Ovarian Carcinoma with Colorectal Metastases: An Unusual Presentation
Authors: Akhtar Kafil , Sherwani Rana , Anees Afzaal
Published: May 2012

This report describes the case of a 50-yearold female patient who presented with bilateral adnexal lump and dysfunctional uterine bleeding with altered bowel habits. Computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis revealed a bilateral adnexal lump situated in both the ovaries and a lobular mass of 8 cm in the rectum. Proctoscopy revealed an elevated irregular rectal lesion. The microscopic examination of the ovarian lump revealed a bilateral serous adenocarcinoma with a papillary pattern with psammomatous calcification. A left hemicolectomy with lymphadenectomy was also performed. Immunohistochemical staining was positive for cytokeratin 7 and negative for cytokeratin 20. The use of immunohistochemistry demonstrated the tumor to be of ovarian origin. We report this case of synchronous involvement of the ovary and the colorectum because of its rarity and unusual presentation.
Generating hope in pastoral care through relationships
Authors: Steyn Tobias H. , Masango Maake J.
Published: May 2012

This article concerned itself with the notion of Christian hope, in the midst of suffering, where this hope will find its energy from within a relationship with God and his people. Hope in God finds its substance from our past, our present and our future relationship with God. Because of this relationship, Christian hope urges caregivers and care seekers into action, enabling them to resist evil and bringing liberation in suffering.
Possible Induction of Autophagy and Apoptosis by a Novel 17-Beta-Estradiol Analogue in Esophageal Carcinoma Cells.
Authors: Wolmarans Elize , Mqoco Thandi V. , Stander André , Marais Sumari , Marais Annie M.
Published: May 2012

Compound C19 was tested on the esophageal carcinoma SNO cell line. Results showed induction of apoptosis and autophagy induced by C19. This contributes towards understanding its action.
Contributions of carbonates to soil CO2emissions
Authors: Ramnarine R. , Wagner-Riddle C. , Dunfield K. E. , Voroney R. P.
Published: May 2012

Ramnarine, R., Wagner-Riddle, C., Dunfield, K. E. and Voroney, R. P. 2012. Contributions of carbonates to soil CO2emissions. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 599–607. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released in soil as a by-product of microbial and root respiration, but soil carbonates may also be a source of CO2emissions in calcareous soils. Global estimates of inorganic carbon range from 700 to 900 Pg as carbonates stored in soils, representing a significant potential source of CO2to the atmosphere. While previous studies have focused on the total CO2efflux from the soil, our goal was to identify the various sources and their contribution to total CO2emissions, by measuring the isotopic signature of the CO2emitted from the soil. Calcareous Luvisolic silt loam soil samples were obtained from conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) plots in southern Ontario, Canada. Soil samples (root- and residue-free) were laboratory-incubated for 14 d and the isotopic signature of the CO2(δ13CCO2) released was analyzed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Isotopic measurement was essential in quantifying the abiotic CO2production from carbonates, due to the unique δ13C signature of carbonates and soil organic matter. A two-end member mixing model was used to estimate the proportion of CO2evolved from soil carbonates and soil organic matter decomposition. Analysis of emitted CO2collected after the 14-d incubation indicate that the proportion of CO2originating from soil inorganic carbon was 62 to 74% for CT soil samples, and 64 to 80% for NT soil samples. Further work is recommended in the quantification of CO2emissions from calcareous soils, and to determine the transferability of laboratory results to field studies.