bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
(Not) Getting Paid to Do What You Love
Authors: Duffy Brooke Erin
Published: January 2018

Profound transformations in our digital society have brought many enterprising women to social media platforms—from blogs to YouTube to Instagram—in hopes of channeling their talents into fulfilling careers. This book draws much-needed attention to the gap between the handful who find lucrative careers and the rest, whose “passion projects” amount to free work for corporate brands. The book offers fascinating insights into the work and lives of fashion bloggers, beauty vloggers, and designers. It connects the activities of these women to larger shifts in unpaid and gendered labor, offering a lens through which to understand, anticipate, and critique broader transformations in the creative economy. At a time when social media offers the rousing assurance that anyone can “make it”—and stand out among freelancers, temps, and gig workers—the book asks us all to consider the stakes of not getting paid to do what you love.
Entrepreneurial Wishes and Career Dreams
Authors: Duffy Brooke Erin
Published: January 2018

This chapter describes the phenomenon of “aspirational labor”—a mode of (mostly) uncompensated, independent work that is propelled by the much-venerated ideal of getting paid to do what you love. As both a practice and a worker ideology, aspirational labor shifts content creators' focus from the present to the future, dangling the prospect of a career where labor and leisure coexist. Indeed, aspirational laborers expect that they will one day be compensated for their productivity—be it through material rewards or social capital. But in the meantime, they remain suspended in the consumption and promotion of branded commodities. Discourses of “paying off” in such instances are central to the motivations of aspirational laborers; they expect that their investments of time, energy, and capital will yield a fulfilling, and perhaps lucrative, career.
“And Now, a Word from Our Sponsor”: Attracting Advertisers, Building Brands, Leveraging (Free) Labor
Authors: Duffy Brooke Erin
Published: January 2018

This chapter argues that social media economies are unfolding in ways that are highly uneven, favoring particular subjectivities of race, class, and body aesthetics. In particular, the chapter considers activities that might be defined as word-of-mouth marketing or—to use a more voguish term—“brand evangelism”: sharing products and messages within one's networked communities. And it's no small wonder that contemporary marketers seek to incorporate social media producers into their promotional arsenals: their built-in audience furnishes social capital and enables companies to leverage ostensibly “authentic” or “organic” brand communication. However, the picture that emerges is one where existing social hierarchies are exacerbated both inside and outside these branded worlds.
Introduction
Authors: Strote Noah Benezra
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter provides a background of the creation of post-Nazi Germany. Comprehending Germany's rebirth as a liberal democracy remains necessary today not only because it marks the beginning of that country's return as the most powerful force in Europe, but also because Western politicians have held it up as a success story whose putative lessons can be applied to other conflict zones all over the globe. Books on the American occupation tend to speculate on the effects of the U.S. government's mission to help Germans “learn democracy” before returning full sovereignty to the defeated nation. However, these tales often say more about what Americans want to believe about their postwar humanitarian efforts than about the realities of the reconstruction. Instead of focusing on economic development and American influence, this book turns attention to changes within Germany before American occupation troops arrived and long after they left.
Sectarian Visions of the Economy
Authors: Strote Noah Benezra
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the failure of elites to build consensus on a proper policy response to the onset of worldwide economic depression after the crash of the New York Stock Exchange in October 1929. Economic crisis overwhelmed all other public discussion in the early spring of 1930, when the Social Democratic chancellor Hermann Müller and his cabinet were forced to resign. In this potentially dire situation, Paul von Hindenburg decided to use his constitutional prerogative as president to declare a national emergency. In Hindenburg's eyes, not only had the Müller regime failed to formulate a response to the downturn, but more fundamentally, they had divided the national community, stoking class conflict and alienating the religious communities by advocating a complete separation of church and state. Thus, Hindenburg appointed Heinrich Brüning as chancellor, a policy expert from the country's Center Party, which represents the interests of Germany's Catholic population and was still strongly affiliated with the Catholic Church.
Christian Economics?
Authors: Strote Noah Benezra
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores how German elites molded a bare majority to support a “Christian” policy to respond to the dire economic situation still facing the country, under the leadership of the first post-Nazi chancellor, Konrad Adenauer. The first advocates of the “social market economy” argued that the policies underpinning it reflected “our Christian way of thinking”: principles ultimately rooted in Christian scripture. Their party affiliation was either the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) or the Christian Social Union (CSU), whose leaderships ran their campaigns in conjunction with each other and together formed a bloc (CDU/CSU) in national legislative bodies. The last time German politicians had attempted to forge an interconfessional “Christian” economic policy, Protestant liberals and Catholics had infamously failed in their charge. Twenty years later, however, the attempts met with more success.
Restless Secularism
Authors: Mutter Matthew
Published: January 2018

Restless Secularism explores the efforts of modernist writers to articulate a viable secular imagination, to trace the relation of this secular imagination to the Christian culture from which it emerged, and to purify secular life of its religious residues. Yet it is also a study of the difficulty modernists have disentangling themselves from religious modes of understanding and experiencing the world, and emphasizes the persistent appeal of religious forms of imagination. The book contends that secularism has a distinct and historically contingent imaginary; it traces the modernist struggle both to articulate the contours of this imaginary and to elucidate its consequences for multiple fields of experience. Rather than focusing on private religious belief, the book shows, through a careful investigation of the work of Wallace Stevens, Virginia Woolf, W. B. Yeats, and W. H. Auden, how the shift from a religious to a secular imaginary has far-reaching consequences for our understanding of language, aesthetics, emotion, and the body and the material world. The book centers on Stevens’s attempts to pit a secular poetics of tautology against the religious promiscuity of metaphor, Woolf’s skirmishes with the eschatological significance of beauty, Yeats’s attempt to replace spiritualized emotion with the pagan “passions,” and Auden’s critique of magical thinking. Finally, it identifies a distinctly post-religious “problem of evil” that disturbs the secular imperative to affirm the immanence of life.
Introduction: Modernist Secularism and its Discontents
Authors: Mutter Matthew
Published: January 2018

There is a famous passage in Virginia Woolf’s To the Lighthouse where Mrs. Ramsay, knitting in solitude after her children have gone to bed, accesses a “self” beneath her social identity. She calls this self “a wedge-shaped core of darkness.”1 Its fluidity and obscurity allow her to ignore the boundaries that establish discrete identities and separate things from one another. In this darkness there is no “personality” that confronts the world as a series of competing objects to be placated, mastered, or managed; rather, there is a “summoning together” of all things in a complete “rest” outside “the fret, the hurry,” and “the stir.” As Mrs. Ramsay watches the stroke of the lighthouse on the horizon, “she bec[omes] the thing she looked at” (...
Dearest of All Lovers
Authors: Irmscher Christoph
Published: January 2018

Drawing on mostly unpublished letters, this chapter details the intimate, near-incestuous relationship between Crystal Eastman and Max Eastman, which became more intense when they were separated (Max at Williams College; Crystal at Vassar). Crystal uses her letters to Max for sexual innuendo. Max’s popularity in college, his pranks, his daring trip, with a friend, to California and Utah, and early recognition as a poet cannot prevent an episode of depression and invalidism, compelling him to take a leave of absence before he graduates in 1905.
The Thinking Singer
Authors: Irmscher Christoph
Published: January 2018

After his return to the United States in 1927, Max Eastman finds himself isolated from his former radical friends. A controversy with Sidney Hook over his interpretation of Marxism increases his depression, as does the lackluster response to his novel, Venture. Crystal Eastman’s untimely death in 1928 nearly ends Max’s career as a professional lecturer, but Eliena’s devotion to their marriage sustains him. Max’s translation of Trotsky’s History of the Russian Revolution reinvigorates his friendship with the exiled leader, although during Max’s visit to Prinkipo Island the men nearly come to blows over their different interpretations of dialectic materialism. Max publishes more poetry, a book on literature and science, an edition of Marx’s writings, and Artists in Uniform, a critique of the totalitarian takeover of literature in the Soviet Union. He collaborates on the innovative documentary Tsar to Lenin, while Enjoyment of Laughter, his second book on humor, becomes a best-seller. Max’s scathing review of Hemingway’s Death in the Afternoon leads to a well-publicized fistfight between the two men. Worried about the Soviet infiltration of American life, Max is keeping lists of suspected communists in the U.S. and acts as the host of the popular radio show Word Game.
Mother’s Milk as Ethno-religious Essence in Ancient Judaism
Authors: Penniman John David
Published: January 2018

Greek literature from ancient Judaism reflects many of the same strategies and assumptions surrounding food and proper formation found in Greek paideia and Roman family values. Indeed, certain Jewish authors (including the author of 2 Maccabees, Philo of Alexandria, the apostle Paul) worked with the prominent notion that food carries an essence in order to think through the very characteristics of their “Jewishness.” In so doing, they devised similar gastronomic regimes out of milk and solid food. Yet something was also different in how food functioned in this literature as the material basis of a deeper religious bond. The three sets of Jewish texts examined in this chapter indicate how the idioms, values, and embodied politics of Roman rule could be repurposed within a specific provincial culture. And they do so in such a way that emphasizes their own scriptural and philosophical commitments.
Israel and the Nations
Authors: Fredriksen Paula
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the story of redemption by focusing on the characters of its three chief dramatis personae: God, the nations, and Israel. Drawing on stories in the Jewish Bible, attending to both its Hebrew and its Greek voices, it analyzes the themes shaping Roman-period hopes for the coming of the Kingdom of God. It first looks at the god of Genesis, who simply appears “in the beginning,” and the issue of other gods, before discussing God's vow to never again annihilate all life because of humanity's moral failures. It then considers how God creates Israel by an unexplained choice, over time, through a promise, as well as the exile of the king Zedekiah and the people of the kingdom of Judah. It also explores new themes that begin to sound as prophecy develops and concludes by explaining how Israel's future redemption will redeem as well all of the nations.
Paul and the Law
Authors: Fredriksen Paula
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines Paul's praise of the Law, its mandates, and its privilege, and how he urges its standards of behavior not only toward both God but also toward fellow Christ-followers on his gentile communities. It first considers how the gospel's mission to Israel in the diaspora had absorbed sympathetic pagans without demanding that they receive circumcision. It then discusses the inconsistencies of the Law's rhetorical valence in Paul's epistles, along with the identification of “Christianity” with “Law-freeness” and what Paul has to say anything about Jews circumcising their own sons. It also analyzes Paul's negative statements about the Law to his communities mid-century, suggesting that they were intended to dissuade Christ-following pagans from Judaizing in any way other than in Paul's way.
The Message and The Messenger
Authors: Fredriksen Paula
Published: January 2018

This book focuses on Paul as God's prophetic messenger, born to carry the good news of impending salvation to the nations. In Romans 1.1–6, Paul declared to a community that he did not yet know, who were former pagans, now followers of Christ, gathered in the empire's capital city, Rome: “Paul, slave of Jesus Christ, called to be his messenger, set apart for God's good news.” Jesus had proclaimed the message of his own slain mentor, John the Baptizer: God's Kingdom, they both taught, was at hand. Paul, Jesus's “slave” and “messenger,” continued to proclaim this message; but he lived and worked in a much bigger world. According to the disciples, Jesus's resurrection supported and even vindicated the foundational gospel prophecy: the Kingdom of God truly was at hand. The book examines Paul's message by situating his letters within their two generative contexts, the scriptural and the social.
May 1858
Authors: Ashton Rosemary
Published: January 2018

This chapter details events that occurred in London in the summer of 858. These include the rift between Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray, which can be partially attributed to Dickens's much publicized separation from his wife and Thackeray's role in spreading rumours about the former's marriage troubles; and Benjamin Disraeli's political success stemming from his role in guiding the India Bill to completion, his widely acclaimed budget, and his swift management of the bill to clean up the Thames. The chapter also describes the Divorce Act, which was being tested in suits brought before the new Divorce Court during the spring and early summer of 1858. By the end of the year, 244 cases had been heard, and the general opinion was that the new law was a roaring success.
Policy in/compossibles
Authors: Gulson Kalervo N. , Webb P. Taylor
Published: January 2018

*Why would we describe the becoming of the Afrocentric Alternative School as an event? What is an event? The preferred term of ‘case study’ would likely be more applicable qua educational research. We might drill further and describe our account as a particularistic case study, or as a ...
The United Kingdom – a new moral imperative: live longer, work longer
Authors: Vickerstaff Sarah , Loretto Wendy
Published: January 2018

The drift of government policy affecting older workers in the UK has been focused on encouraging individual responsibility for working longer and saving more, often with an idealised 'adult worker' in mind; an individual devoid of family context and family demands and accumulated advantages or disadvantages. As a result the policies have a differential impact on women and men and diverse incomes groups and are likely to lead to greater inequality between older workers. The focus on the individual (the supply side in the labour market) also takes emphasis away from the problem of demand: whether employers want to retain or recruit older workers. There is an increasingly strong moral assertion that to live longer should mean to work longer, but research demonstrates that those most likely to be unemployed before state pension age are out of work because of lack of job opportunities, poor health or caring responsibilities.
The political space of the sea
Authors: Sutherland Claire
Published: January 2018

This chapter broadens the scope of the discussion to the sea’s potential as an alternative source of concepts and ideas. It explores a different approach to thinking togetherness, rejecting ‘methodological nationalism’ and theorising belonging in non-binary ways. It considers how to rethink belonging using examples from South-East Asia and questioning political rules based on ethno-national categorisation.
Taking minority women’s activism seriously
Authors: Bassel Leah , Emejulu Akwugo
Published: January 2018

In this introductory chapter, we discuss the three national contexts in which our research project was based, highlighting the particular citizenship regimes of each country and the implications for our minority women activists. We then move on to provide further details about the research, detailing our methods, sampling, participant characteristics and coding and analysis frame. We define the key terms that we will be using throughout this book. Finally, we conclude with an overview of how the 2008 economic crisis and subsequent austerity measures impacted on minority and migrant women in France and Britain.
Brazil’s social economic incubators
Authors: da Costa Reinaldo Pacheco
Published: January 2018

In the 1980s, coinciding with the struggle for Brazil's re-democratisation, the Solidarity Economy movement emerged as an alternative to an economic plan that resulted in massive unemployment and economic stagnation. In this context, workers organizations based in self-management principles arose as a comprehensive economic, political and social movement. The Social Economic Incubators (SEI) support the creation of solidarity economic ventures (SEVs) in low-income communities through an incubation process conducted by universities to help generating income and jobs. This chapter gives an overview of these incubators, starting with a discussion of their historical evolution and political scene; presenting the political and pedagogical process adopted within the incubators and its methodology regarding the social economic ventures; and showing how these incubators were supported by the government and the civil society. Finally, the chapter discusses the results and benefits of the incubation process, not only in economic terms, but also in its educational, cultural and political nature.
Fundos de Pasto: Community governance of common resources in north-east Brazil
Authors: Imbirussú Erica , de Oliveira Gilca Garcia , Germani Guiomar Inez
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the social management of ‘nature’ and the commons using Ostrom’s theorisation of common resourse management. It examines Brazil’s Fundos do Pasto, communally managed pastureland, and, using Ostrom’s approach, shows how better environmental outcomes are achieved using solidarity-based pasture management approaches. This is contrasted with the approach of those who, misreading Hardin, argue that private ownership is the only way to avoid a tragedy of the (unmanaged) commons.
Being a Zapatista wherever you are: reflections on academic-activist practice from Latin America to the UK
Authors: Chatterton Paul
Published: January 2018

This chapter reflects on the experiences of undertaking solidarity work with the Zapatista social movement in the southern Mexico state of Chiapas, and what this means for building the solidarity economy. It focuses on six themes: education that challenges neoliberalism, developing resources with social movements, a commitment to participatory organising, building infrastructure for self-management, taking a strategic approach, and taking risks. The paper stresses that ‘being a Zapatista wherever you are’ is a rocky road which opens up openings and possibilities. It is a long journey with no clear endpoint that requires patience, openness, strength and compassion, but it is one that the author encourages the readers to embark upon joyfully with others.
Terry Hokenstad, 2004
Authors: Askeland Gurid Aga , Payne Malcolm
Published: January 2018

This chapter contains a brief biography and transcript of an interview with Terry Hokenstad, a leader in American social work education, who was awarded the Katherine Kendall Award of the International Association of Schools of Social Work in 2004, for his contribution to international social work education. His professional and academic focus has been on ageing and older people, and he has been widely involved in policy advocacy in this area, including at the United Nations. Another important activity was building international links between US universities and many other countries, particularly with the opening up of the former Soviet bloc. He looks forward to future developments in coordination among international social work organisations.
Lena Dominelli, 2012
Authors: Askeland Gurid Aga , Payne Malcolm
Published: January 2018

This chapter contains a brief biography and transcript of an interview with Lena Dominelli, a leader in British social work education, who was awarded the Katherine Kendall Award of the International Association of Schools of Social Work in 2012, for contribution to international social work education. Following education in sociology, she worked as a community worker in a UK government programme, eventually closed down because it stimulated activism. Later, community work became distanced from social work in the UK. Important publications focused on class, gender and racism, and she worked on critical theory and to promote social work as a research-led discipline. Current issues of concern are to embed human rights and social and environmental justice in social work theory and develop involvement in disaster work. During her career, social work changed for the worse by becoming more bureaucratic and managerialist, but among positives are improvements in the profession's status and greater emphasis on user involvement. She would like to see social work become a universal service.
Abye Tasse, 2016
Authors: Askeland Gurid Aga , Payne Malcolm
Published: January 2018

This chapter contains a brief biography and transcript of an interview with Abye Tasse, a leader in African social work education, who was awarded the Katherine Kendall Award of the International Association of Schools of Social Work in 2016, for his contribution to international social work education. A refugee from Ethiopia, he trained and worked as a social worker with migrants in marginalized communities in France. He was involved in developing practice education in Romania and social work education in Cameroon, Ethiopia, Mauritius and Comoros. In Ethiopia, masters and doctoral education supported the development of staff to contribute to bachelor-level education. Research and practice in work with migrants have been important in his career. In the future, social work needs to focus on brotherhood as an important element of liberty and greater equality. The Global social development Agenda is an important basis for future progress in social work.
Broken society, anti-social contracts, failing state? Rethinking youth marginality
Authors: Squires Peter , Goldsmith Carlie
Published: January 2018

Peter Squires and Carlie Goldsmith examine social exclusion of youth and the conservative the ideology of the ‘broken society.’
They address young people’s hardship and marginality through a critical analysis of neo-liberal political ideology.
They that young adult ‘quality of life’ has diminished as a result of ‘tough justice’ and punitive welfare policies.
They question the neo-liberal approach to young adults with its focus on risk and compliance measures while young people receive sanctions, disciplines and punishments.
Routine sanctions, humiliation and human struggle: qualitative biographies of young people’s experience of live marginality
Authors: Brooks Linda
Published: January 2018

Linda Brooks examines the impact of the current government austerity measures experienced at a local charity based in the borough of Castle Point in Essex.
Linda draws from first-hand experience of working with young adults to provide valuable insights into the direct impact of austerity measures as lived under social suffering.
She employs ethnographic and biographical approaches to show real life examples of the impact of government austerity measures, which increase social disadvantage for young people within the local communities.
Responses to the marginalisation of Roma young people in education in an age of austerity in the United Kingdom
Authors: Robson Jenny van Krieken
Published: January 2018

This chpater discusses team support for Roma young people who arrived in the United Kingdom as European Union migrants.
Using participants’ voices reveals a negative discourse on Roma. Reflecting on the way frequent media representations of English Gypsies as the ‘other’ are experienced as discrimination, racism and are also circulated through social media.
She argues dominant discourses establish, consolidate and implement power relationships in education settings, which constrain participation and responses to injustice.
She focuses on the marginalisation of Roma young people positioning as ‘other’ or the ‘stranger’ or ‘vagabond’ where they are both unwelcome and feared.
Who would not be for society?
Authors: Atkinson Rowland , Mckenzie Lisa , Winlow Simon
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses how society shapes people's expectations of life. The communities and networks that form an integral part of society give life colour and connect people emotionally to others. When faced with calls to break collective identities and to roll back the frontiers of the state, one should pause for a moment and think about the various kinds of damage that are wrought upon the life people share together when they are told to focus only on their individual interests and when forms of public provision are withdrawn. The chapter argues that these kinds of taken-for-granted shared privileges are being increasingly disremembered, and often actively dismantled, by the current ascendancy of social and political ideologies that celebrate individuality and achievement as though they can somehow be extracted from their social, political, and economic contexts.
The social question and the urgency of care
Authors: Wilkinson Iain
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines ‘the social question’, a term denoting the misery of the poor, downtrodden, and underprivileged members of society. Those asking ‘the social question’ were morally and politically concerned with alleviating the social suffering experienced by people forced to live on low wages and in poor housing conditions. It was further understood to signal a commitment to combat the social causes of people's poor health conditions. ‘The social question’ was taken to express a shared understanding that there was something deeply wrong with the material conditions under which many people were made to exist; and further, that there was an urgent need to set social arrangements in place to make their lives worth living.
Engaging Men and Boys in Preventing Gender-based Violence
Authors: Tolman Richard M. , Walsh Tova B. , Nieves Bethsaida
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on efforts to engage men and boys in preventing gender-based violence (GBV). We examine violence prevention efforts at the individual, family, community, and global levels. We highlight a range of innovative approaches from around the world, including restorative justice practices, online programs, culturally focused counseling, working with fathers and their children to recognize and prevent intergenerational violence, enhancing men’s capacity to support their pregnant partners, and involving men as allies in the effort to prevent violence against women.
Gender-based Violence Assessment in the Health Sector and Beyond
Authors: Decker Michele R. , Miller Elizabeth , Glass Nancy
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the rationale and evidence base for routine screening in the health care sector for gender-based violence (GBV) among patients who present for care. The evidence indicates that the impact of screening without subsequent intervention is limited. The chapter also discusses the policy context for GBV screening and makes recommendations for harnessing the potential of the health and other sectors to create safe environments for identifying and assisting GBV victims.
Rethinking deservingness, choice and gratitude in emergency food provision
Authors: Garthwaite Kayleigh
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the discourses around deservingness, choice, and gratitude in emergency food provision. As foodbank use has risen, the idea that more people are using foodbanks due to their availability has become a popular one within some sections of the mass media and the government. People accessing a foodbank are then perceived as the ‘undeserving poor’, seeking out free food so that they can spend their money on ‘luxury’ items such as alcohol, cigarettes, and large televisions. Perhaps unsurprisingly, this political rhetoric has had a strong influence on beliefs about foodbank use and deservingness, and can lead to stigma, shame, and embarrassment for the people who need to use them. In reality, people are largely using foodbanks as a last resort, due to factors such as benefit delays, sanctions, debt, and low pay.
German Angst in a liberalised world of welfare capitalism: the hidden problem with post-conservative welfare policies
Authors: Betzelt Sigrid , Bode Ingo
Published: January 2018

This chapter provides an understanding of the emotional states of those experiencing welfare retrenchment. According to a widespread reading, Germany, subsequent to the financial crisis of the late 2000s, has seen a stunning comeback as a social model allowing for both a booming economy and generous welfare provision. However, in the recent past Germany has been facing a social crisis that is poorly understood in both the public debate and major contributions to welfare policy analysis. This crisis refers to the hostile reaction of parts of the population to the massive immigration of refugees starting in 2015, and is indicative of a more deep-seated transformation of Germany's social model — namely its creeping liberalisation. This transformation comes with a hidden problem, that is, emotional states of fear — or a new ‘German Angst’ — engendered by both path-breaking welfare reforms and a ‘de-securitised’ life course.
Beyond ‘evidence-based policy’ in a ‘post-truth’ world: the role of ideas in public health policy
Authors: Smith Katherine E.
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the role of ideas in policy making. The existence of conflicts between evidence-based and ideological approaches to politically contentious issues is widely recognised. However, for policy issues — such as public health — in which there seems to be rather more of a consensus about the overarching objectives, it seems less obvious how or why ‘politics’ might obstruct the use of evidence within policy making. Indeed, the majority of civil servants and politicians in a post-1997 UK context have signed up to taking an evidence-based approach to improving population health and reducing health inequalities. The existence of such a cross-sector consensus suggests that public heath might be one area in which evidence-based policy and practice are feasible. Yet, disappointingly, most assessments of public health policies continue to conclude that they are not evidence-based. A popular explanation for this disjuncture is that it results from communicative, institutional, and cultural gaps between researchers and policy makers.
American Tianxia
Authors: Babones Salvatore
Published: January 2018

The United States has become the central state of a global world-system. Analogous in structure to China's historical Ming Dynasty tianxia ("all under heaven"), the American Tianxia is centered on the United States but incorporates other countries in proportion to their acceptance of individualistic world-society principles like human rights, democracy, and rule of law. Contrary to declinist narratives, the prominence of the United States in global distinction hierarchies is solidifying, because the externalities generated by membership in global networks ensure that people value access to these networks even when the interests of their countries clash with US interests. In the state-centric world-view of international relations scholars, China is a potential challenger to US unipolarity, but by 2010 the five Anglo-Saxon countries are likely to reach population parity with China, while over the same period hundreds of thousands of elite Chinese are likely to move their families to the United States, primarily through birth tourism. Continued US dominance is based on the incentive structures faced by these and other individuals, not on the vagaries of international relations. The American Tianxia is thus the Hegelian universal and homogeneous state that Francis Fukuyama was looking for but did not find at the end of history. It constitutes a new, millennial world-system that is very stable and likely to last for several centuries.
The hiatus of history
Authors: Babones Salvatore
Published: January 2018

When Henry Luce famously called the twentieth century the "American Century," he strongly implied that it was the "first" American century (i.e., not the only one). Subsequent commentators have misunderstood Luce because they have failed to identify the relevant "width of a time point" for world-historical analysis. World-historical trends unfold over centuries, not decades. Demographic change is also slow but sure. China's low fertility rate means that China's population will soon by declining. By 2100 China may have roughly the same population as the Anglo-Saxon core of the American Tianxia. Francis Fukuyama's famous "end of history" is thus much more stable than he has subsequently maintained. The American Tianxia is the universal homogeneous state that Fukuyama once claimed was to be found at the end of history. The Pax Americana of the American Tianxia is very stable because it is based on personal incentives, not interstate relations. It constitutes a new, postmodern world-system, the millennial world-system, that is likely to last for several centuries.
The American social contract
Authors: Daguerre Anne
Published: January 2018

Chapter 1 explains how the American political and legal tradition is characterized by a lack of strong legal protection of socio-economic rights. It examines the legacy of welfare reform, in particular the Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act signed by Bill Clinton in August 1996. This legacy is based on a consensus on paid work as a moral duty of citizenship as well as a preference for localized service-based social programs as opposed to federal cash assistance.
Chapter 1 shows that the U.S. social contract has become increasingly flawed as social and racial inequalities widened and as the labor market became increasingly polarized. The Great Recession laid bare the holes of the safety net.
Introduction1
Authors: O'Sullivan Dominic
Published: January 2018

Indigeneity is a politics of potential that transcends neocolonial victimhood. The book’s principal purpose is to explain how and why. It does so by showing that indigeneity’s relationships with discourses of reconciliation, self-determination and sovereignty allow people to find ways of asserting their culturally framed political rights of prior occupancy. These rights are potentially realised through differentiated liberal citizenship, or ‘belonging together differently’, in a single noncolonial state (...
Economic development as differentiated citizenship: New Zealand
Authors: O'Sullivan Dominic
Published: January 2018

Citizenship is a determinant of indigenous economic opportunity; it defines the ways in which people belong to the national political community and influences people’s access to economic agency. The relationship between economic agency and differentiated citizenship is especially close. It is a relationship that proceeds from wider relationships between culture and what people expect from economic activity. It proceeds also from the central role that differentiated citizenship plays in admitting culture into public policy. The relationship among economic opportunities, Treaty settlements and educational effectiveness are also important marks of substantive differentiated citizenship. The chapter shows that Maori ethnicity is not synonymous with victimhood, but that Maori see the purpose of economic activity from a self-determining culturally defined perspective.
Conclusion
Authors: O'Sullivan Dominic
Published: January 2018

The book’s opening chapter described reconciliation as a theoretical framework from which contemporary indigenous politics is played out across Australia, Fiji and New Zealand; jurisdictions with marked contextual differences, but sharing a need for ordered and relationally just terms of association among indigenous peoples, the state and wider societies as they respond to British colonial legacies. While grounded in Christian public theology, reconciliation transcends the notion of a sacramental relationship between God and penitent involving sorrow, forgiveness and correcting broken relationships, to provide a metaphor for just intra-national relationships. Religious discourses of reconciliation have influenced secular indigenous politics in each jurisdiction. They help to rationalise the politics of indigeneity’s juxtaposition with liberal democracy to position differentiated citizenship as a legitimate constituent of the liberal political arrangements that prevail in Australia and New Zealand and that the international community seeks to impose on Fiji....
The orchestrated crowd: Choreography, chorus, conceit in Tino Sehgal’s These Associations
Authors: E Richards Mary
Published: January 2018

In 2012 artist Tino Sehgal created These Associations, the last in the Unilever series of commissions for the Tate Modern’s Turbine Hall, London. Within this space Sehgal transformed and challenged the role of the public and ‘participants’ or interpreters in the creation of a relational art piece which represents ‘[…] a direct response to the shift from a goods to a service-based economy’ (Bishop 2004: 54). In common with earlier works by Sehgal, and with the ‘social turn’ of relational aesthetics, These associations (2012), is centrally concerned with alternative modes of production. And as has been extensively noted elsewhere (Umathum 2009, Pape, Solomon and Thain, 2014, Green 2017) Sehgal is uninterested in adding to the ever-increasing mass of objects in the world. Instead he asks; how do we think of production in our times? How (and what) can we produce without producing objects?
Immersive performance and somatic practices: Joan Davis and the Maya Lila project
Authors: Meehan Emma
Published: January 2018

In this article, I focus on the work of Irish choreographer Joan Davis in order to draw out a debate on the value offered by somatic movement approaches to the field of immersive performance. Such works immerse audiences and performers in sensory, site-based and participatory performance. There has been a recent surge in the popularity of immersive theatre experiences and scholarship on this topic, with the writings for example of Alston, Harvie, Machon and White examining issues such as the agency of audience members and the relationship between individual freedom and group responsibility. What do somatic performances, which often physically immerse participants in outdoor environments, found spaces or designed installations, have to offer this field of theory and practice? Drawing on ideas in environmental theatre and performance ecology, including the work of Reeve, Kershaw and Schechner, I explore the relationship between people, sites, objects and wildlife in somatic performances as part of a whole ecology in shifting negotiation. I propose that although active, individual, experiential participation is part of these performances, body– mind reflective engagement in relationship to context is a vital contribution that somatics can offer to immersive practice more generally. This will be discussed in relation to Joan Davis’ Maya Lila project (2002–15), as she invites participants to become aware of their behaviours within installation environments, as a means to explore being within and separate from a community, and challenging expectations, perceptions and actions.
‘Berthing Bone’: A poem
Authors: Gray Victoria
Published: January 2018

Berthing Bone (Gray, 2014) is a poem composed during the devising, filming and editing of an artists’ moving image film. Conceived as a series of choreographed sculptures for the hands, the film performs a close-reading of the hand. Throughout the process of filming and post-production, a poetic text was written with the intent of performing an equally close, specifically kinaesthetic reading of the hand. During the exhibition of the film, the poem was performed live, alongside the screening. In the following artists’ pages, the poem is transferred from the mouth to the page, and is accompanied by four stills from the Berthing Bone film. The reader is invited to read the poem aloud.
Listening for Disappearing – a choreoauratic practice
Authors: Wood Becca
Published: January 2018

This practice-led research is situated at the intersections between spatial design, somatics, sound art, sitebased performance and social choreography. A creative practice that thinks through doing, it interrogates the potential of a choreoauratic site-based performance practice to bring attention to the politics of public places, somatically, architecturally, and socially.

A new term choreoauratics is cultivated out of this practice-led research. It argues for the convergence of prosthetic listening and choreography as a critical spatial practice. Participatory choreographies intervene in public spaces, working poetically towards a recovery of the imperceptible, disappearing and the lost. Performing in the margins, the practice orchestrates an emergent form of public activism.

Social choreographies for the ears affect and politicise the way we inhabit and incorporate spaces. A new kind of subjectivity emerges through headphonic sound technologies and choreography. This activates the subject and the city in collisions and convergence, coming together in the striated, dispersed virtual space of listening prosthetically. Engaging in the unspectacular, the practice treads lightly, tuning into the intensities of the poetic, sound, the voice, place and the moving body.
Locating culture, making soundscapes and activating critical social relations: A case study from Limerick SoundScapes
Authors: Dillane Aileen , Power Martin J. , Devereux Eoin
Published: January 2018

Limerick SoundScapes is a sound-mapping project that seeks to critically engage citizens of the multicultural, socially and economically divided post-industrial City of Limerick in the Republic of Ireland. Facilitated by an interdisciplinary team at the local university, citizens from all walks of life are encouraged to traverse the city, using hand-held recorders to capture a vast array of sounds and create soundscapes. Initially, we locate the project within the context of a city currently experiencing a state-sponsored programme of urban regeneration. The project is also understood in terms of top-down and bottom-up cultural initiatives, particularly in relation to Limerick’s designation as National City of Culture 2014. In addition to looking at how Limerick SoundScapes was conceived and realized through a pilot programme in 2013, we focus specifically on two members of two local participating organizations as an example of how the project operates. Through the activities and experiences of these two volunteer recordists, we illustrate how the project is as much (if not more) focused on engagement and building social relations as it is on producing a finished product that seeks to sonically and culturally represent the city. Such projects have the capacity to promote real diversity and a critical and participatory citizenship through shared, creative goals and a dialogic of doing. However, we also show that culture is often understood in a particular way in Limerick, which we argue is to the detriment of investing in bottom-up projects that can potentially build ‘institutional capacity’ and boost ‘civic creativity’.
Cultural organizations, collaborative contexts and public: How they become small communities
Authors: Borges Vera
Published: January 2018

While some of our early studies on cultural policy focus on the role played by central government in the support of Portuguese artistic and cultural organizations, more attention should be paid to the way in which the local work of organizations can be developed by examining the collaborative art contexts that had predated government funding. We introduce the idea that collaborative contexts are feeding and boosting organizations’ work and, consequently, enhancing the effect of the government aid that targets local communities. Using a multiple case-study methodology, we argue that culture goes beyond state funding and we illustrate this by examining the cultural projects developed by artistic organizations in five Portuguese inter-municipal communities with different collaborative profiles and geographies. We find that informal contexts, networks and partnerships foster the local collaboration of cultural organizations and enhance their reputation. We also draw attention to other complementary dynamics introduced by the collaborative art process such as the increase in cultural organizations’ activities; the growth of local professionals, thus fostering the local arts profiles and creation itself; the greater cosmopolitanism of cultural organizations that operate in cities, villages or districts and move in international arenas; and finally, the intensification of cultural experiences and conviviality with the participating public.
Falling between the cracks
Authors: Prout Ryan
Published: January 2018

This article draws attention to, and identifies, the principal landmarks of Barcelona included in Bamboleho’s panoramic views. The meaning and history of these monuments add a further dimension to the film: the city’s shifting character. How is our understanding of crucial moments for the protagonists informed by the urban backdrop?
Calvino’s snails: Fiction, reality and memory in Bamboleho
Authors: Michelotti Graciela
Published: January 2018

Parallels between humans and animals suggested by the film’s poetic language provide a look at Spain’s lack of opportunities for generations of children living in the margins. Meanwhile, references to Calvino’s novel The Baron in the Trees (1959) bring up Bamboleho’s interest in exploring issues concerning the representation of reality and memory.
Beyond disillusion
Authors: Cruz Suárez Juan Carlos
Published: January 2018

In this article I will attempt to reflect on the way in which Bamboleho demonstrates the confinement of certain social groups to the sidelines of any socio-economic situation valued in terms of success or failure, pointing out the permanent state of disillusionment in which modern victims of economic development are immersed.
Stories told by surfaces
Authors: Holtar Ingrid S.
Published: January 2018

This article explores the tension between materiality and narrative in Flimmer. While the narrator’s voice recounts a story of past love, the images invite a reading of the stories told by things, creating an alienated view of surfaces and objects that are useless and out of place.
The creation of story and character through formal opposition and disunity
Authors: Spence Peter
Published: January 2018

A series of striking visual tropes contrast with a matter of fact voice-over to create the bold formal strategy of the film-poem Flimmer. Sound and image compete for primacy in an interplay of dialogue and visuals.