bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Česká menšinová muzea
Authors: Šťovíček Jan
Published: January 2025

Czech minority museums were a typical product of the contemporary situation of the inter-war Czechoslovakia. They were mostly established in the towns of northern and northwestern Bohemia, where a local museum already existed, but it did not describe historical and cultural traditions of Czech life. The Czech ethnic museums were a product of a spontaneous activity and personal efforts of teachers in particular. The Association of Czechoslovak Museums could not prevent these tendencies. When their program was formed, it stressed the word "museum" and not "ethnic." It called the activities of ethnic rnuseums as rightful ancl useful frorn the museum point of view since it helped preserve cultural values ancl allowed thorough knowledge of the region also from the aspects which were ignored by German museums. Collaboration with German museums was minimal. If it really occurred, it related to personal, not institutional, contacts. Czech minority museums were being established in the 1920-1930s as a reaction of the Czech minority to its position in the border regions of Bohemia. They were devised to document the life of the Czech population. The documentation of other spheres of life was taking place in parallel with German museums. The activity of Czech minority museums ended with the Munich Accord in 1938 and occupation of Czechoslovak border regions by Germany. After 1945, the museums were not renewed, they were merged with the former German museums and went under the Czech administration. Their existence in the 1920s and 1930s is one of the less examined chapters of the life of ethnic Czechs in the border region.
Smrt v lidových představách obyvatel kyperské horské vesnice
Authors: Jeřábková Petra
Published: January 2025

The death is very dosely connected with everyday life of the local community of Cyprus village called Peristerona. Members of the village community believe in after-life. That is why they are afraid of harmful and dangerous behaviour of the dead man not only immediately after his passing but also for certain period of time after the burial. They believe that a dead man starts his journey to the netherworld, to the place of his last rest. According the folk imaginations of the members of the village community the soul does not leave the body in the moment of passing, but remains inside the body until the journey of the dead man to the netherworld is not completed. Because of the belief in the union of the body .ind the soul it is obligatory to provide the deact man with material equipment. However the inhabitants of the Peristerona village have no detailed and developed imagination of the after-life and the place of the last rest of dead people. lt is obvious that elements of the antic tradition remained in the folk beliefs of the village community - especially the fact that the dead man goes to netherworld but not to paradise ar hell as it is known in the Christian tradition. The natural way of dying is understood as a gradual leaving, gradual and very slow cutting off the links with the family, neighbours and all members of the village community. This slow leaving is happening in three phases: passing, passage period (here belongs the guarding of the dead man, preparation for the last journey and the funeral itself) and the completion of the journey to the netherworld.
Zpráva o Výzkumu Bělorusů v České republice
Authors: Šmídová Michaela
Published: January 2025

Bělorusové přicházející od druhé poloviny devadesátých let 20. století do české republiky se stali předmětem terénního etnologického výzkumu, který tvoří základ pro mou disertační práci.
Pozdrav PhDr. Jaroslavě Kadeřábkové, CSc.
Authors: Moravcová Mirjam
Published: January 2025

V druhé dekádě října roku 2002 se dožila významného životního jubilea PhDr. Jaroslava Kadeřábková, CSc., vědecko-pedagogická pracovnice Katedry regionálního rozvoje Národohospodářské fakulty Vysoké školy ekonomické v Praze, žena obdivovaná, respektovaná, bojující, přinášející impulzy a vzruch, nikdy nezanikající v šedi nepovšimnutí. Životní zápasy posílily její nezdolnost. Zformovaly v ní člověka, který urputně setrvával na zastávaných názorových pozicích, a který za všech okolností zústal věren svému oboru - etnologii.
Tradice a současnost romské kultury v Obchůdku ROMEN.
Authors: Procházková Lucie
Published: January 2025

Občanské sdružení R-mosty otevřelo veřejnosti koncem roku 2002 výsledek jednoho ze svých projektů - Obchúdek ROMEN. Toto místo se tak stalo prezentací romské kultury prostřednictvím jejích tradičních i současných produktů. Českým i zahraničním návštěvníkům je tak představena práce kolem 100 romských výtvarníkú a výrobců z České republiky i Slovenska.
Doma v cizině - Češi ve Vídni ve 20. století
Authors: Šťovíček Jan
Published: January 2025

Na konci roku 2001 a v prvním čtvrtletí roku 2002 (ve dnech 20. 12. 2001 - 31. 3. 2002) uspořádal Archiv hl. m. Prahy spolu s hlavním městem Prahou, Divadelním ústavem Praha, Národním muzeem - Náprstkovým muzeem asijských, afrických a amerických kultur v Praze a OV Consulting Wien pod záštitou primátora hlavního města Prahy Jana Kasla v prostorách Clam-Gallasova paláce výstavu věnovanou české menšině žijící ve Vídni ve 20. století. Celkovou koncepci a vědecké vedení výstavy měli dva vídenští Češi Vlasta Valeš a Karl Vocelka. K výstavě vyšel fundovaný katalog, jehož editorem byl Vlasta Valeš. Texty a popisky na výstavě byly Česko-německé. Stejný byl i katalog.
Národní muzeum moderního umění v Centre Georges Pompidou v Paříži
Authors: Procházková Lucie
Published: January 2025

Budova, která zastřešuje dvoupatrové muzeum moderního umění, knihovnu, středisko designu, filmotéku, středisko experimentální hudby a další společenské prostory, byla postavena v sedmdesátých letech 20. století s úmyslem odpoutat se od kultury minulých dob a oslovit mladé lidi s poselstvím: ,,umění nemusí být nudné". Po šoku, který stavba ve staré čtvrti Paříže vyvolala, se zde realizované projekty staly nejnavštěvovanějšími ve městě.
Michal Illner (ed.) Soudobé město v měnící se společnosti.
Authors: Skovajsa Marek
Published: January 2025

A review of the journal issue.
Brunski, Jan Jacek - Maur, Eduard - Pulaski, Michal - Valenta, Jaroslav (eds.): Mezi dvěma transformacemi. Československo a Polsko v letech 1947 (1948) - 1989.
Authors: Nešpor Zdeněk R.
Published: January 2025

A review of the book by Jan Jacek Brunski, Eduard Maur, Michal Pulaski and Jaroslav Valenta.
Jaroslav Krejčí, Postižitelné proudy dějin.
Authors: Brabec Jan
Published: January 2025

A review of the book by Jaroslav Krejčí.
Ženy a muži v datech.
Authors: Turková Miloslava
Published: January 2025

A review of the book.
K niektorým aspektom vymedzenia pojmov etnicita
Authors: Olejník Milan
Published: January 2025

The notions of nationality and ethnicity stubbornly resists attempts to define them with scientific, or at least, comfortable degree of precision. Vagueness and versatility of these notions are consequently affecting characterization of their mutual relation and their role in history of humankind. This vagueness is strikingly noticeable when historical sociological, ethnographical and other analysis of these notions is attempted. ln spite of almost ephemeral nature of ethnicity and rationality, their significance in modern history is staggering. The paper is offer­ing, in concise mode , an overview of basic approaches to these issues by diverse authors in general level and is attempting to implement theoretical outcomes to the concrete conditions, which had an impact upon the history of Slovakia.
Diskreditační stereotypy dětí
Authors: Bittnerová Dana
Published: January 2025

The study is devoted to the issue of form and working of the discrediting stereotype among children. The problem was examined on the basis of an analysis of empirical data mostly collected in the 7th grade of an elementary school (this means among B-year-old pupils) of a class observed in the longitudinal way. In the class under observation, there were four discrediting stereotypes which developed four cultural concepts: 1. The concept of ritual filthiness, which appeared in the form of loathing even in lower grades; 2. The concept of non-aesthetical body (fatness), which had formerly only been applied in insults; 3. The concept of a homosexual; and 4. The concept of a plodder or mummy's pet. The four discrediting stereotypes created a framework of the reasons for exclusion of a schoolmate. Basically, it did not matter whether the attribute which discredits a child really exists or not. The discrediting stereotype has become a prism through which the children started to observe their schoolmate and which stressed the discrediting attribute - a stigma -, applied in a stereotype fashion. The experience of 13-year-old children and their cognitive ability already allowed them to permanently verbally develop discrediting stereotypes, in the extent approaching the concepts adopted from the culture of adults. It was just the verbalisation and further acts of emphasis and reminders of discrediting stereotypes of marginalised pupils which became inevitable. Without them, there would not have been their real constitution and conservation, while social hierarchy in the children's group would not have been strengthened. As a result, discrediting stereotypes did not exist at all in any latent form, as it is often the case in the society of adults. The children from the observed class in the 7th grade accepted the discrediting stereotype as an instrument for expression anct later also for organisation of social hierarchy. Dramatisation of social situation in a class through discrediting stereotypes was vital for the children of the class uncter observation in the 7th grade. To some extent, it became an accepted cultural norm in the communication with marginalised members of a children's group. The "outcasts" who were unwilling to fall into line, whatever its cruelty, were excluded from the children's group. Those who outwardly put up with social ostracisation were at least spared the feeling of real exclusion from the society of schoolchildren. When they to some extent respected their marginal role, their discrediting stereotype, the children's group respected them as its members.
První kroky na cestě za snem - československou nemocnicí v Bagdádu
Authors: Bartošová Kateřina , Turková Miloslava
Published: January 2025

Následující výběr úryvků z rukopisných vzpomínek sleduje základní posloupnost jednotlivých kroků, které lékařka Vlasta Kálalová musela vykonat v rámci první fáze cesty za svým snem - lékařským působením v Iráku. Jednotlivé úryvky nejsou upraveny podle současných pravidel českého pravopisu a představují přesný přepis dílčích částí původního rukopisu.
Analýza sousedství, především s Romy
Authors: Prudký Libor
Published: January 2025

ln the Czech sociology, the issue "neighbourly relations" is not often a focus of examination, although it can contain a large quantity of valuable knowledge. The text contributes to the analysis of neighbourly relations on the basis of a comparative analysis of three representative sociological surveys conducted in the Czech Republic in the 1990s. The analysis focuses mainly on the neighbourly relations with Romanies, an ethnic group considered as most problematic in Czech society. The knowledge was based on the following surveys: The European Value Study from 1991, the same survey taken in 1999 and the research Religiousness from the series of the ISSP, also from 1999. A comparison of results of a research of unwanted neighbourly relations has revealed that the biggest problems are connected with the neighbourly relations with serious alcoholics, drug addicts, people with a criminal record and Romanies. They were followed as unacceptable neighbours much behind them by political extremists, people who contracted AIDS and homosexuals. The rejection of neighbourly relations with immigrants, including foreign workers, only relates to about 20 % of the population in the Czech Republic. The rejection of mentally ill neighbours is at about the same level. Moslems as neighbours are unacceptable for about 15 % of the population. Members of a different race are unwanted as neighbours by only about 7 to 10 % of the population. The smallest rejection as neighbours was displayed in the case of very large families and Jews - it only relates to approximately 5 % of Czechs. lt is significant that out of the 14 groups under observation, there was a fall in the negative position in 12 of them between 1991 and 1999. This means that Czech society is much more tolerant of "others" in 1991 than in 1999. An analysis of relationships (including a factor analysis) has made it quite clearthat these are interrelated types of neighbourly relations. ln fact, they make up a monolithic group with a core in the association of neighbourly relations with Romanies and at the same time with people with a criminal past. This analysis, too, has confirmed that the relationships of the majority and the Romany minority do not have only (or even solely) an ethnic background, but they also include serious social attributes, linked in the majority population with the Romanies' life style.
Počátky industrializace na Žďársku ve světle nových výzkumů
Authors: Porsch Josef
Published: January 2025

Následující st.iť vznikla v rámci komplexního výzkumu industrializace za socialismu ve Žďársku, který započal v roce 2001. Výzkum je součástí evropského projektu FOROST (Forschungsverbund Ost- und Südosteuropa), který se pod supervizí mnichovské univerzity odehrává současně také v Bulharsku, Jugoslávii, Polsku, Estonsku, Rusku a na Slovensku. Projekt je zaměřen především na zkoumání kultury všedního dne v době socialismu a na každodenní praktiky a strategie v socialistických zemích a jejich dopad na transformaci společnosti. Cílem je dosáhnout na tomto poli srovnatelných výsledkú - tedy nejen se dozvědět něco více o tématu v dané zemi, ale pokusil se určit obecné zákonitosti vývoje socialismu celkově.
Doc. PhDr. František Vrhel, CSc. šedesátiletý
Authors: Opatrný Josef
Published: January 2025

František Vrhel je dalším iberoamerikanistou, ale nejen iberoamerikanistou, který dosáhl na přelomu dvou tisíciletí životního jubilea. K Vladimírovi Nálevkovi a Hedvice Vydrové se zařadil v květnu 2003 další šedesátník, jehož organizační a vědecká činnost je od počátku jeho kariéry spjatá s třemi pracovišti Filozofické fakulty UK, vystudoval zde romanistiku s rusistikou, pak pracoval ve Středisku ibero-amerických studií a od druhé poloviny 70. let působí nejdřív na Katedře etnografie a folkloristiky transformované v devadesátých letech v ústav etnologie. Vrhel sice začal původně studovat chemickou technologii, zjistil však velmi brzy, že jej podstatně víc než chemie přitahuje literatura, především hispánská a ruská. Na počátku šedesátých let využil jako student ruštiny a španělštiny postupné uvolňování přísného ideologického dozoru nad společenskými vědami a věnoval značnou pozornost metodám práce pražské strukturalistické školy. Navštěvoval semináře a přednášky jejích žáků a dědiců její koncepce jazykovědy a literární vědy, přičemž systematicky usiloval o inkorporaci svých vědeckých postupů do širšího filozofického rámce. Patřil navíc k té generaci hispanistů, která mohla studovat ne sice přímo ve Španělsku, ale v jiné španělsky mluvící zemi, na Kubě.
Doc. PhDr. Josef Kandert, CSc.
Authors: Moravcová Mirjam
Published: January 2025

Dynamicky ubíhající čas nás staví před neuvěřitelné. Významného životního jubilea se dožívají naši o generaci mladší kolegové. Je jistě radostné, když v jubilujícím ohlédnutí na jimi vykonanou práci můžeme a musíme konstatovat, že ve vědeckém usilování postupovali systematicky, razili si vlastní cestu vědeckého poznání, byli nekompromisní k zjišťované pravdě, tolerantní k názorům druhých, přísní k sobě samým. Všechna tato pozitiva jsou obrazem vědeckého usilování významného českého sociálního antropologa doc. PhDr. Josefa Kanderta, CSc, vysokoškolského učitele a vedoucího Katedry sociologie Fakulty sociálních věd Univerzity Karlovy v Praze. Dne 22. července 2003 se tento neuvěřitelně svěží, myslivý vědec, vstřícný spolupracovník a inspirující učitel dožil šedesáti let.
Pospíšilová, Jana (eds.): Rajče na útěku. Kapitoly o kultuře a folkloru dnešních dětí a mládeže s ukázkami.
Authors: Bittnerová Dana
Published: January 2025

A review of the book by Jana Pospíšilová.
Milena Lenderová, Chytila patrola aneb prostituce za Rakouska i republiky.
Authors: Turková Miloslava
Published: January 2025

A review of the book by Milena Lenderová.
Kam se poděly posvátné věci
Authors: Horský Jan
Published: January 2025

A historian has at his disposal: (1) a terminology (categories) which is defined and used in an examined source text; and (2) a terminology which is defined theoretically within the framework of modern arts. The notion of "holiness" is part of the second point, but a historian can use thus defined categories of "holiness" also when interpreting events. This category acquires importance especially in the study of cultural transformation in the 19th and 20th centuries when the ethnographically defined notion of "holiness" helps a historian in his research. First, he is not only to see in modem history just a process of individualisation of religious experience and secularisation, but, second, more important, he is to ask in which way the "holy respect" (which is an ethnographical constant) was re-thematised. However, the category of "holiness" should be used as an ideal type according to the intentions of Max Weber.
Posvátno v nových náboženských směrech
Authors: Vojtíšek Zdeněk
Published: January 2025

The majority usually perceives the new religious movements as marginal social groups and even doubts if their practice is genuinely religious. In spite of this fact, the adherents of new religious movements experience a full-value touch of the sacred. In this article, seven new religious movements are shortly characterised and related to spheres of the sacred that are typical for them: (1) the sacred place in the Grail movement, (2) the sacred time among the Czech converts to Buddhism, (3) the sacred person in one of Hindu tantric groups, (4) the sacred action performed among a neo-pagan group of Slavs, (5) the sacred object in the Scientology Church, (6) the sacred story in one Czech UFO-group and (7) the sacred language among the followers of one Christian missionary. In this way, the article shows that the world is divided between the sacred and the profane sphere in new religious movements in the similar way as in any other religion.
K jubileu Františka Vrhela
Authors: Halbich Marek
Published: January 2025

Koncem května roku 2003 oslavil v plné svěžesti šedesáté narozeniny dlouholetý ředitel Ústavu etnologie na Filozofické fakultě UK Doc. PhDr. František Vrhel, CSc. Každé jubileum je důvodem k zamyšlení a k určité bilanci dosavadní práce. Ta je v případě jubilanta vskutku impozantní a je obtížné ji ve stručnosti vystihnout. Nebudu se proto zabývat výčtem jeho prací, ani jejich hodnocením, jen bych rád několika slovy přiblížil osobnost Františka Vrhela tak, jak jsem ho měl možnost poznat za uplynulých čtrnáct let.
Vážení a milí čtenáři,
Authors: Sokol Jan
Published: January 2025

Za šest let své existence si náš časopis získal početnou čtenářskou obec (do níž patříte i Vy), otiskl spoustu zajímavých textů, článků, recenzí i zpráv. Účinně pomáhal zakládat a budovat vědeckou a výzkumnou činnost na IZV UK, později na FHS UK. Vytvořil si úctyhodný okruh autorů a dal i našim studentům a doktorandům příležitost k prvním publikacím. Za to všechno vděčíme především jeho dlouholeté redaktorce, paní PhDr. Miriam Moravcové, Dr.Sc., která zprvu zajišťovala i financování časopisu, a jejím spolupracovnicím a spolupracovníkům, kteří obětavě a s velkým nasazením vydali za tuto dobu dvanáct čísel sborníku Lidé města.
Poznámka k možnostem a mezím Gehlenova projektu filosofické antropologie
Authors: Novotný Jaroslav
Published: January 2025

Následující poznámka je inspirována Gehlenovým textem Der Mensch: seine Natur und seine Stellung in der Welt (Quelle und Mayer, Wiesbaden 1997), jehož první díl je k dispozici v překladu Michala Hrozy, Petra Pelikuse a Jana Sokola. Cílem poznámky je poukázat na možnosti, ale také na některé meze, problémy a jimi implikované úkoly, které s sebou Gehlenova koncepce filosofické antropologie přináší.
O historii a kultuře polských Romů
Authors: Bittnerová Dana
Published: January 2025

V rámci letošního světového romského festivalu Khamoro byla zahájena výstava Polští Romové, která si vzala za cíl přiblížit historii a kulturu Romů v Polsku. Prezentovala materiály, které k romské problematice systematicky soustřeďuje již 25 let Oblastní muzeum v Tarnowě. Uskutečnila se na dvou místech: v prostorách Městské knihovny v Praze, kde bylo vystaveno 18 obrazových panelů, a na nádvoří Národní knihovny ČR, kam organizátoři výstavy umístnili jediné dva trojrozměrné výstavní předměty - tradiční vozy kočovných Romů. V první den výstavy romskou kulturu přiblížilo i hudební vystoupení romského souboru Kale-Bala (Černé vlasy) z polské Spiše. Jazykem výstavy se stala angličtina. Pro česky mluvícího návštěvníka ovšem organizátoři výstavy pořídili překlad všech doprovodných textů.
Sebastian Haffner: Příběh jednoho Němce
Authors: Sokol Jan
Published: January 2025

A review of the book by Sebastian Haffner.
Blagg, Nigel: Can we teach intelligence?
Authors: Málková Gabriela
Published: January 2025

A review of the book by Nigel Blagg.
Pavel Kosatík: Ferdinand Peroutka, Život v novinách (1895-1938),
Authors: Hrubý Petr
Published: January 2025

A review of the book by Pavel Kosatík.
Charles Patterson: Věčná Treblinka,
Authors: Komárek Stanislav
Published: January 2025

A review of the book by Charles Patterson.
Petr A. Bílek: Hledání jazyka interpretace (k modernímu prozaickému textu),
Authors: Češka Jakub
Published: January 2025

A review of the book by Petr A. Bílek.
A Brief lntroduction to Quantitative Methods in Human Behavior Genetics and a Sampler of Findings
Authors: Bouchard, Jr. Thomas J.
Published: January 2025

V minulosti hylo hlavním důvodem pro provádění genetických studií chování jakýchkoliv lidských psychologických znaků stanovit, zda je správné nebo nesprávné ignorovat genetické faktory při studiu vlivu prostředí na daný psychologický znak. Nyní máme dostatečné empirické doklady, které jsou všechny přesvědčit všechny, s výjimkou extrémních skeptiků, že prakticky každý psychologický znak je do určité míry ovlivňován genetickými faktory. Turkheimer (2000) tvrdí, že prvním zákonem behaviorální genetiky je premisa: "Všechny znaky lidského chování jsou dědičné". Ve skutečnosti je toto tvrzení jednoduše manifestací obecnějších objevů kvantitativní genetiky, zvláště pak zjištění, že jakýkoliv měřitelný charakter organismu by měl být dědičný. Ve své učebnici kvantitativních genetických metod Lynch a Wlech (1998), která se týká především neetologických dat, demostrují širokou škálu dědičných znaků. Znamená to, že téměř každý zkoumaný znak u většiny druhů má nenulovou dědičnou hodnotu.
Konrad Lorenz a klasická etologie ve východním bloku
Authors: Stella Marco
Published: January 2025

From 1963 to 1989, the conceptual framework of Konrad Lorenz, the founder of ethology as a scientific field, had been criticized for ideological reasons in Eastern Socialist block countries. The ideas of Lorenz that follow both the theories of earlier German biologists from the break of 19th and 20th centuries [von Uexküll, Heinroth] and classic Darwinism, were directly at odds with the Marxist-Leninist concept of human nature as well as the official materialist-dialectic doctrine in science. The entirety of Lorenz´s reflections aboutmostly inherent origin of human behaviour is incompatible with the Marxist-Leninist idea of a human that is completely, or to a large extent, modifiable by culture. Attitudes towards research of animal behaviour varied in each of the socialist countries. Following the Second World War, the USSR continued with the tradition of comparative psychology and the reflex theory of I. P. Pavlov, which were more compatible with the Marxist-Leninist ideology.  However, research of animals in their natural environment (e.g. that of Panov and Kushinskij) already existed in the Soviet Union, although Lorenz´s work had been largely ignored. Nevertheless, some of Lorenz´s work was published in the USSR, which was not the case in Czechoslovakia and other countries of the East block. This might have been partly because Lorenz had established contacts among some scientists in the USSR gained during his wartime captivity between 1944-1948. While ethology and, in particular, the appication of its methods to human behaviour and entire human societies, were being rejected by Marxist philosophers, there was still a relatively small number of professionals who knew and applied the knowledge of ethology in socialist Czechoslovakia. Specifically, Zdeněk Veselovský and Jaroslav Madlafousek, who, among others, had crucially introduced the teaching of ethology at universities spreading its knowledge among the wider public (e.g. the ´popular science´ works of Zdeněk Veselovský). Ethology in general, and especial!y human ethology, a very young scientific branch, did not have much of a tradition in socialist Czechoslovakia (where it had been rather frowned upon) or later in the Czech Republic. The result is that present interest in the field is considerably lower than, for instance, in Western European countries. In addition, it proves to be quite difficult (not just in the Czech Republic, but also worldwide) to establish the concepts of human ethology in human and social sciences. This is often due to mutual misunderstandings among scientists of the biological and socio-human disciplines.
Naučná stezka krajinou bitvy u Třebele (1647)
Authors: Matoušek Václav
Published: January 2025

Dne 21. srpna 2004 byla v Černošíně (okr. Tachov, Západočeský kraj) za účasti starosty města p. M. Plincelnera slavnostně otevřena naučná stezka krajinou třebelského bojiště. Na přelomu srpna a září 1647 se pod hradem Třebelí u Černošína střetla švédská a císařská vojska. Švédové vedení generálem K. Wrangelem se po dobytí Chebu pokoušeli proniknout hlouběji do Čech, čemuž mělo zamezit narychlo svolané císařské vojsko vedené generálem P. Melanderem zu Holzapffel. K největšímu boji došlo 22. srpna. Bitva však nepřinesla jednoznačný výsledek a armády se rozešly až 5. září poté, co Švédům došly zásoby, a vydali se proto na ústup zpět do Německa.
Jan Sokol: Filosofická antropologie, Člověk jako osoba,
Authors: Novotný Jaroslav
Published: January 2025

A review of the book by Jan Sokol.
Egon Gál (ed): Židia dnes,
Authors: Soukupová Blanka
Published: January 2025

A review of the book by Egon Gál.
Hledání vojvodovské pravdy ve světle probuzeneckých hnutí
Authors: Pavlásek Michal
Published: January 2025

This article is dedicated to the interpretation of the influence of religious revival movements on the religiosity of Czech (and Slovak) Protestant communities in southeastern Europe in the 19th and 20th century. In addition, it monitors the effect of the Blue Cross Movement and the Free Reformed Church in the village of St. Helena (located in Romanian Banat). The influence of the spiritual principles of religious revival movements led to a schism within the Evangelical community. The author then applies the wider context of the revival of the reformed church to the what is known about the content of the faith of Czech residents in the Bulgarian village of Vojvodovo. The hypothesis on the decisive influence of revival movements on religiosity of Czech Protestants is being gradually verified and validated. The article attempts to capture the hitherto neglected importance of revival religious movements for the spirituality of Czech and Slovak Protestant enclaves in southeastern Europe.
Jak náboženství ovlivňuje rodinný život?
Authors: Nešporová Olga
Published: January 2025

Religion forms society in a significant way and provides the basic norms of social behaviour. Even if in present-day Czech society almost two-thirds of the population does not belong to any religious denomination, one cannot deny that this society still relates to Christian normas and values. This can be distinctly observed in the family sphere, which is made up of a monogamous marriage and has usually still has a patriarchal structure. Attitudes on families and familial behaviour have, however, changed in this secular society. The article observes, on the basis of data from Generations and Gender Survey (2005), how significant the differences between Roman Catholics and non-believers are today in the sphere of familial behaviour and shared norms. Doing so, it takes into account the influence of age, comparing the reproductive and post-reproductive age categories. It is shown that the differences are not very marked, and are more significant on the level of attitudes, where Roman Catholics defend a more conservative view of family structures, as well as they value marriage and family ties more. However, these beliefs are in contrast with their actual behaviour; which, in comparison to the behaviour of non-believers differs to a lesser degree. Observations suggest that Catholics do not live in relationships without marriage as often, they marry at a younger age, have childer earlier and do not divorce as often. But differences in familial behaviour are rather subtle, more visible in younger generations in comparison to older ones. As for the Czech family, then, actual behaviour changes more quickly than the declared attitudes, which are still quite conservative.
Czech-Slovak Conference Minority Memoryscapes. Competitive Societies of Memory?
Authors: Pauknerová Karolína
Published: January 2025

The "Minority Memoryscapes. Competitive Societies of Memory?" conference organized by the Faculty of Humanities, Charles University in Prague and the Jewish Museum of Prague, took place in Prague on the premises of the Jewish Museum on June 10-11, 2010. Blanka Soukupová, Zuzana Jurková, and Hedvika Novotná were the chief conference organizers. Costs of the conference were covered from a Charles University Special Research project called "Postmodern Society - Memory - Culture - Identity".
Sixth Symposium of the ICTM Study Group on Music and Minorities
Authors: Jurková Zuzana
Published: January 2025

The international ethnomusicological organization the International Council for Traditional Music (ICTM) has its world conference every odd-numbered year (the most recent one took place last year in the South African city of Durban; the next one is planned for July 2011 in St. John, Canada). In the even years the majority of its study groups meet; the work in them is usually considered the main reason for the ICTM.
Moderné biotechnológie v školskom vzdelávaní z pohľadu zahraničných výskumných šetrení
Authors: Horniaková Michaela
Published: January 2025

Predložená prehľadová štúdia sa zaoberá zahraničnými výskumami v oblasti vzdelávania, ktoré skúmajú znalosti vo väzbe na prekoncepty a miskoncepty respondentov o moderných biotechnológiách. Cieľom štúdie je teda poskytnúť komplexný prehľad existujúcich zahraničných výskumov týkajúcich sa primárne poznatkov a predovšetkým prekonceptov a miskonceptov v danej oblasti. Štúdia sa zameriava na analýzu zahraničných výskumov od roku 2000 po rok 2023. Výskumy boli vyhľadávané v databázach Web of Science a Scopus na základe kľúčových pojmov/slov. Analyzuje v relevantných výskumoch sledované ciele, využité metódy, výsledky výskumov a ich odporúčania pre budúcnosť. Z výsledkov  zahraničných výskumov je zrejmé, že žiaci majú minimálne znalosti o moderných biotechnológiách, navyše im chýba konceptové porozumenie biotechnológií ako celku. V závere sa štúdia sústreďuje na zhodnotenie práce s prekonceptami žiakov v súvislosťami s výsledkovou časťou prehľadovej štúdie. Poukazuje na teóriu, ktorá sa prekonceptami žiakov priamo zaoberá a v nadväznosti na ňu predkladá možný prístup, ktorý je využiteľný pri práci s prekonceptami a k náprave miskonceptov žiakov práve v prírodovednom vzdelávaní. Táto prehľadová štúdia môže slúžiť ako základ pre ďalšie výskumy alebo vývoj pedagogických stratégií zameraných na zlepšenie vyučovania biotechnológií a pochopenie prekonceptov a miskonceptov nie len u žiakov.
Dekolonizacja edukacji a aspiracje w społeczności romskiej w Polsce
Authors: Styrkacz Sonia
Published: January 2025

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zbadanie wpływu dekolonizacji edukacji na formowanie aspiracji edukacyjnych i życiowych wśród Romów, z uwzględnieniem specyfiki aktywizmu romskiego. W kontekście teorii kapitału społecznego Bourdieu, teorii samookreślenia Deci i Ryana, analizuję, jak dekolonialne podejście do edukacji, oparte na szacunku dla różnorodności kulturowej i językowej, może wspierać rozwój aspiracji w grupach marginalizowanych. Artykuł pokazuje, że przekształcenie edukacji w duchu dekolonizacji wymaga nie tylko zmian w programach nauczania i metodach dydaktycznych, ale również krytycznej rewizji dominujących narracji i praktyk edukacyjnych, by lepiej odzwierciedlały one złożoność i różnorodność społeczną. Artykuł koncentruje się na sytuacji Romów w Polsce, którzy zmagają się z wyzwaniami wynikającymi z marginalizacji i dyskryminacji w systemie edukacyjnym. Analiza aktywizmu romskiego ukazuje, jak działania kolektywne mogą wzmacniać jednostkowe aspiracje, a indywidualne        dążenia przyczyniać się do realizacji celów grupowych. Ruch romski, poprzez budowanie kapitału społecznego i promowanie inkluzywności, odgrywa kluczową rolę w zmianie narracji dotyczącej Romów i w dążeniu do równości edukacyjnej. Artykuł podkreśla, że realizacja aspiracji edukacyjnych i życiowych wśród Romów wymaga kompleksowego podejścia, które uwzględnia zarówno strukturalne bariery i ograniczenia kapitału społecznego, jak i potrzebę wsparcia w realizacji podstawowych potrzeb psychologicznych: autonomii, kompetencji i przynależności. Dekolonizacja edukacji poprzez uwzględnienie perspektyw, wartości i doświadczeń Romów stanowi kluczowy krok ku bardziej sprawiedliwemu i inkluzywnemu systemowi edukacyjnemu.
Stan wyższej konieczności przy przekraczaniu polskiej granicy
Authors: Demenko Anna
Published: January 2025

Przedmiotem opracowania jest prawnokarna problematyka wyłączenia bezprawności lub zawinienia zachowania w przypadku czynu zabronionego nielegalnego przekroczenia granicy, stypizowanego w art. 264 § 2 Kodeksu karnego oraz art. 49a Kodeksu wykroczeń przez odwołanie się do stany wyższej konieczności, analizowana w kontekście trwającego od 2021 r. kryzysu imigracyjnego na granicy polsko-białoruskiej. W pierwszej części ogólnie omówiono zastosowanie tej instytucji do sytuacji przekroczenia granicy mimo braku formalnych ku temu uprawnień, w szczególności z uwzględnieniem przedmiotu ochrony ww. regulacji oraz wagi dóbr – poświęcanego i ratowanego. Aprobatywnie oceniono przy tym prezentowany w literaturze pogląd, że w wybranych sytuacjach, w których dochodziło ostatnio do przekraczania granicy polskiej od strony białoruskiej, sprawcy działali właśnie w stanie wyższej konieczności, i to co do zasady w formie, w której wyłącza on bezprawność zachowania. Na tym tle w kolejnych częściach artykułu rozważono bardziej szczegółowe zagadnienia, a mianowicie problem ewentualnego przyczynienia się sprawców do powstania zagrożenia oraz legalizacji zagrożenia przez podjęcie przez Rząd Polski decyzji o wzmocnieniu urządzeń chroniących granicę polsko-białoruską w celu uniemożliwienia jej przekroczenia w miejscach do tego nieprzeznaczonych. W podsumowaniu wskazano, że problemy te nie stoją jednak na przeszkodzie zastosowaniu stanu wyższej konieczności do różnych form, w jakich do nielegalnego przekroczenia granicy dochodziło, niemniej weryfikacji poddać należy brak rozróżnienia między granicą wewnętrzną Unii Europejskiej i granicą zewnętrzną na poziomie ich karnoprawnej ochrony.
Ubezpieczenie D&O a funkcja prewencyjna odpowiedzialności członka zarządu za szkodę wyrządzoną spółce działaniem albo zaniechaniem sprzecznym z prawem lub umową (statutem) spółki
Authors: Żok Krzysztof
Published: January 2025

Artykuł bada wpływ ubezpieczenia członków zarządu („ubezpieczenie D&O”) na funkcję prewencyjną odpowiedzialności członka zarządu. Po pierwsze artykuł rozważa wpływ ubezpieczenia D&O na funkcję prewencyjną odpowiedzialności członka zarządu. W tym celu artykuł bada funkcję ogólnej odpowiedzialności cywilnoprawnej oraz funkcję art. 293, art. 300125 i art. 483 Kodeksu spółek handlowych (k.s.h.) Analiza ta wskazuje na istotną różnicę między tymi dwoma typami odpowiedzialności, tj. odpowiedzialność członka zarządu charakteryzuje się wyraźniejszą funkcją zapobiegawczą niż ogólna odpowiedzialność cywilnoprawna. Ponadto ubezpieczenie D&O osłabia funkcję prewencyjną art. 293, art. 300125 i art. 483 k.s.h. Niemniej wynik tego spostrzeżenia jest niejednoznaczny, gdyż ubezpieczenie może także stanowić bodziec do podejmowania śmiałych, choć uzasadnionych, decyzji biznesowych, niezbędnych w nowoczesnej, wysoko konkurencyjnej gospodarce. Po drugie, artykuł analizuje oddziaływanie ubezpieczyciela na nadzór korporacyjny. Ubezpieczyciel może, przynajmniej teoretycznie, zrównoważyć negatywny wpływ ubezpieczenia D&O na funkcję zapobiegawczą odpowiedzialności członka zarządu. W artykule określono bodźce pieniężne i niepieniężne, za pomocą których ubezpieczyciel może wywierać wpływ na spółkę. Oba typy bodźców mogą prima facie pozytywnie wpłynąć na nadzór korporacyjny, ponieważ dostarczają zachęt do usprawnienia procesu decyzyjnego. Dokładniejsza analiza wskazuje jednak, że na nieregulowanym rynku jedynie udział własny wydaje się stanowić wystarczająco silną zachętę dla członka zarządu. Rozważania w artykule opierają się na interpretacji przepisów oraz analizie literatury.
Validity and Reliability Study of 4-5-Year-Old Empathy Skills Scale
Authors: Ata Doğan Selda , Esen Çoban Aysel , Güney Karaman Neslihan
Published: January 2025

In this study, it was aimed to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool to evaluate the cognitive, affective, and behavioral sub-dimensions of empathy skills of 4-5-year-old children. The study group of this research, which was conducted using the survey model, consisted of 210 children in the 4-5 age group. Data were obtained through snowball sampling by conducting one-to-one interviews with children on an online platform. SPSS22 and R software were used for data analysis. Inter-rater reliability was analyzed using Kappa statistic, reliability was analyzed using Cronbach's Alpha, and the relationships between dimensions were analyzed using Pearson correlation tests. The Multifaceted Rasch model was used for scale validity and the fit indices of the scale items were analyzed. For criterion validity, the Emotional Perspective Taking sub-dimension of the Perspective Taking Test for Children was used. The internal consistency coefficients for the sub-dimensions of the scale were 0.885 for the cognitive dimension, 0.889 for the affective dimension, and 0.837 for the behavioral dimension. As a result of the study, it was revealed that 4-5-Year-Old Empathy Skills Scale is a valid and reliable tool for measuring children's empathy skills and their cognitive, affective, and behavioral sub-dimensions.
Authenticity, Self-compassion and Well-being in Psychological Counselors: The Mediating Role of Body Responsiveness and Emotion Dysregulation
Authors: Aydın Sünbül Zeynep , Özcan Neslihan
Published: January 2025

This study aims to examine the mediating role of body responsiveness and emotion dysregulation in the relationship between authenticity, self-compassion, and well-being among psychological counselors. A total of 174 psychological counselors, 137 women and 37 men, took part as the sample. The results showed that authenticity exhibited significantly indirect relationships with well-being (β=.21, p
An Analysis of the Relationship Between Creative Personality Traits and Shyness Levels Among Teacher Candidates
Authors: Kılıç Kevser , Kuşcu Özden
Published: January 2025

The primary aim of this study is to examine the relationship between creative personality traits and shyness levels of teacher candidates and the degree to which shyness predicts creative personality traits. Furthermore, it investigates whether significant differences exists based on gender, age, program, and grade level. This research was conducted across Turkey during the 2022-2023 academic year, using a correlational design and convenience sampling. The data collection instruments included a 'Personal Information Form,' the 'Creative Personality Traits Scale,' and the 'Shyness Scale.' The data were analyzed using SPSS 22. The findings indicate a negative correlation between teacher candidates' creative personality traits and shyness levels, with shyness scores predicting creative personality traits scores. It was determined that gender had no significant effect on either score however, age had a significant impact on both creative personality traits or shyness scores. A significant difference in creative personality traits and shyness scores was found based on program, but no significant difference was observed based on grade level.
Lexical Approach In Teaching Turkish As A Foreign Language: The Implementation of The Verb "Al-"
Authors: Katanalp Biroğul Hülya , Bozkurt B. Ümit
Published: January 2025

This study, conducted within the lexical approach paradigm, examines the influence of context and corpus-based instructional practices on enhancing lexical proficiency. The research specifically focuses on the instruction of the polysemous verb "al-" (to take/get). The quantitative aspect of the study was designed using a pretest-posttest matched control group; 21 students at the B1-B2 level constituted the experimental group, while 20 students comprised the control group. In the qualitative aspect, interview and error analysis techniques were used; the qualitative results were used to elaborate the quantitative results. A retention test was conducted for the experimental group nine weeks after the post-test. Interview data were analyzed through inductive qualitative analysis, while activity booklets were examined through error analysis. The findings indicated that the lexical approach for the instruction of the polysemous verb 'al-' was effective in enhancing student achievement. The results of the achievement test showed that the mean scores of the experimental group on the post-test were higher than those of the control group in literal, connotative, figurative, and idiomatic meaning sub-dimensions, and this difference was statistically significant. According to the error analysis, the students showed a decreasing trend in the number of errors made in linguistic units containing the verb "al-" throughout the process. The results of the interviews support the positive outcomes of the implementation. It has been concluded that instructional practices prepared within the lexical approach are effective in enhancing vocabulary proficiency.
The Impact of Common Knowledge Construction Model-Based Science Teaching on Seventh-Grade Students’ 21st-Century Skills and STEM Career Interests
Authors: Denk Filiz , Bakırcı Hasan , Kara Yilmaz
Published: January 2025

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of science courses conducted using the Common Knowledge Construction Model (CKCM) on 7th-grade students’ 21st-century life skills and their interest in STEM fields. The research was carried out by adopting a mixed-method design. During the implementations, the lessons were taught according to the CKCM in the experimental group and the 5E learning model in the control group. The study was conducted with a total of 50 students studying in the 7th grade in the 2023-2024 academic year. The 21st Century Life Skills Scale, the STEM Interest Scale, and a semi-structured interview form were used as data collection tools. Quantitative data were analyzed with parametric tests, and qualitative data were evaluated with the content analysis method. According to the findings, it was seen that the implementations conducted in both the experimental and control groups were practical on the 21st-century life skills and interest in STEM fields of 7th-grade students. It was determined that the developments in these areas of the students in the experimental group in which CKCM was implemented were more pronounced compared to the control group. The students who participated in the interview stated that CKCM-supported science education provided positive effects such as understanding the nature of science, developing a discussion culture, increased awareness of socio-scientific issues, developing 21st-century skills, and increased interest in STEM careers. To reveal the effects of CKCM in more detail, it is recommended that this model be implemented in various units and topics in science course and that the results be reported.
Axodendritic targeting of TAU and MAP2 and microtubule polarization in iPSC-derived versus SH-SY5Y-derived human neurons
Authors: Breuer Helen , Bell-Simons Michael , Zempel Hans
Published: January 2025

Cell polarity is crucial in neurons, characterized by distinct axonal and dendritic structures. Neurons generally have one long axon and multiple shorter dendrites, marked by specific microtubule (MT)-associated proteins, e.g., MAP2 for dendrites and TAU for axons, while the scaffolding proteins AnkG and TRIM46 mark the axon-initial-segment. In tauopathies, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), TAU sorting, and neuronal polarity are disrupted, leading to MT loss. However, modeling and studying MTs in human neuronal cells relevant to the study of AD and TAU-related neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) is challenging. To study MT dynamics in human neurons, we compared two cell culture systems: SH-SY5Y-derived neurons (SHN) and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons (iN). Using immunostaining and EB3-tdTomato time-lapse imaging, we found AnkG absent in SHN but present in iN, while TRIM46 was present in both. TAU and MAP2 showed axonal and dendritic enrichment, respectively, similar to mouse primary neurons. Both neuron types exhibited polarized MT structures, with unidirectional MTs in axons and bidirectional MTs in dendrites. Polymerization speeds were similar; however, iNs had more retrograde MT growth events, while SHN showed a higher overall number of growth events. Thus, SHN and iN are both suitable for studying neuronal cell polarity, with SHN being particularly suitable if the focus is not the AIS.
The effect of a provisional diagnosis on intern diagnostic reasoning: a mixed methods study
Authors: Clary Cody , Cohen Adam , Kumar Shelley , Sur Moushumi , Rissmiller Brian , Singhal Geeta , Thammasitboon Satid
Published: January 2025

Objectives

Competency in diagnostic reasoning is integral to medical training and patient safety. Situativity theory highlights the importance of contextual factors on learning and performance, such as being informed of a provisional diagnosis prior to a patient encounter. This study aims to determine how being informed of a provisional diagnosis affects an intern’s approach to diagnostic reasoning.

Methods

This mixed methods study was conducted in a real-time workplace learning environment at a large teaching hospital. Interns were randomized to the Chief Complaint (CC) only or chief complaint with Provisional Diagnosis (PD) group. One blinded researcher assessed intern diagnostic reasoning using a validated tool. Mean group scores were compared using the two-sample t-test. The researcher was unblinded for think aloud interviews analyzed via thematic analysis.

Results

There was no difference in performance between the CC and PD groups (mean ± SD): 47.8 ± 8.1 vs. 43.9 ± 10.9, p=0.24. Thematic analysis identified that interns aware of the provisional diagnosis 1) invested less effort in diagnostic reasoning, 2) formulated a differential through a narrowly focused frame, 3) accepted a provisional diagnosis as definitive, and 4) sought to confirm rather than refute the provisional diagnosis.

Conclusions

Our discordant results highlight the complex interplay between a provisional diagnosis and diagnostic reasoning performance in early learners. Though an accurate provisional diagnosis may enhance diagnostic reasoning outcomes, our qualitative results suggest that it may pose certain risks to the diagnostic reasoning process. Metacognitive strategies may be a ripe field for exploration to optimize this complex interplay.