bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Slavery and Colonial Identity in Eighteenth-Century Mauritius
Authors: Vaughan Megan
Published: March 2007

On 25 May 1785, a M. Lousteau arrived at the police station in Port Louis, Isle de France (now Mauritius) to complain that his slave Jouan had been abducted. He described Jouan as an ‘Indien’, ‘Lascar’ and ‘Malabar’, and said that he had learned that he had been smuggled on to the royal shipLe Brillant, bound for Pondicherry in southern India, by one Bernard (whom Lousteau describes as a ‘creol libre’ but who later is described as ‘Malabar, soi-disant libre’ and ‘Topa Libre’). The story of the escape had been told to him by a ‘Bengalie’ slave called Modeste, who belonged to the ‘Lascar’ fisherman, Bacou. A number of people had apparently assisted Jouan's escape in other ways—most importantly his trunk of belongings had been moved secretly from hut to hut before being embarked with him. Lousteau was a member of that ever-growing professional group of eighteenth-century France and its colonies: the lawyers. He was clerk to the island's supreme court, the Conseil Superieur. He supported a large family, he said, and the loss of Jouan represented a serious loss to their welfare. Jouan, it turned out, was no ordinary slave. He was a skilled carpenter who earned his master a significant sum every month; he was highly valued, and Lousteau had refused an offer of 5,000 livres for him. What is more, he could be easily recognised, for he was always exceptionally well turned-out and well-groomed. To facilitate in the search for his slave, Lousteau provided the following description of him:

He declares that his fugitive slave is of theLascarcaste, aMalabar, dark blackin colour, short in height, with a handsome, slightly thin face,a gentle appearance, with long hair …that he is very well dressed,abundantly endowed with clothes, such as jackets and shorts … wearingsmall gold earrings, a pin with a gold heart on his shirt, and on the arm a mark on the skin which he thinks reads DM.
Conceptions of Community in Colonial Southeast Asia
Authors: Stockwell A. J.
Published: March 2007

It is a commonplace that European rule contributed both to the consolidation of the nation-states of Southeast Asia and to the aggravation of disputes within them. Since their independence, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Vietnam have all faced the upheavals of secessionism or irredentism or communalism. Governments have responded to threats of fragmentation by appeals to national ideologies like Sukarno'spancasila(five principles) or Ne Win's ‘Burmese way to socialism’. In attempting to realise unity in diversity, they have paraded a common experience of the struggle for independence from colonial rule as well as a shared commitment to post-colonial modernisation. They have also ruthlessly repressed internal opposition or blamed their problems upon the foreign forces of neocolonialism, world communism, western materialism, and other threats to Asian values. Yet, because its effects were uneven and inconsistent while the reactions to it were varied and frequently equivocal, the part played by colonialism in shaping the affiliations and identities of Southeast Asian peoples was by no means clear-cut.
The Structures of Politics in Early Tudor England
Authors: Gunn Steven
Published: March 2007

Something of the atmosphere of trench warfare, with its immobility and its desperation, has overcome the historiography of early Tudor politics. The most spectacular impasse concerns the fall of Anne Boleyn. Three scholars have recently set out and defended against one another divergent explanations of her fall. Professor Ives and Professor Warnicke can agree that Dr Bernard is wrong: Anne cannot possibly have been destroyed by a masterful and jealous king who may reasonably have believed her guilty of multiple adultery as charged. Dr Bernard and Professor Ives can agree that Professor Warnicke is wrong: Anne's fall cannot be attributed to her miscarriage of a deformed foetus, awakening the king's fears of witchcraft and its sixteenth-century stablemates, sodomy and incest. Professor Warnicke and Dr Bernard can agree that Professor Ives is wrong: Anne cannot have been ousted by a factional plot at court, coordinated by Thomas Cromwell and cynically using fabricated charges of adultery to hustle the king into destroying the queen and her partisans at a single blow.
Thegns and Knights in Eleventh-Century England: Who was Then the Gentleman?
Authors: Gillingham John
Published: March 2007

I Shall be considering England during the long eleventh century—from the 990s, the Battle of Maldon and Byrhtferth of Ramsey's ‘life of Oswald’, to the 1130s, die world of Geoffrey Gaimar. I shall do so in the light of a situation where, on the one hand, historians of Anglo-Saxon England commonly refer to gentlemen and gentry in their period but do so casually, as though their presence there is something to be taken for granted, and, on the other, where scholars who regard themselves as historians of the gentry seem reluctant to admit that the phenomenon they study can have existed much before 1200, if then. In the first part of this paper I shall argue that there was a gentry in eleventh-century England, that below the great lords there were many layers of society whose members shared the interests and pursuits of the great, i.e. we should accept the terminology of historians of Anglo-Saxon England from Sir Frank Stenton onwards. I shall also argue that in all probability many vigorous members of die Anglo-Saxon gentry were knights, using the word ‘knight’ to mean the kind of person whom, in the late twelfth century, Richard FitzNigel described as an active knight (strenuus miles), i.e. someone whose characteristic and indispensable possessions were his body armour and the requisite horses
Miles in Armis Strenuus: The Knight at War
Authors: Prestwich Michael
Published: March 2007

Warwas more important to medieval knights than to many of their historians. They have been more concerned to debate shifts in the social status and numbers of knights, than to examine their military role. Varied scenarios of knights rising in social status, gaining a more powerful political voice as they became wealthier, and of declining knights, increasingly aggrieved at their failure to maintain their position in society, have vied one with another. Military obligation has, of course, proved to be a battlefield on paper for many historians, but debate on this has not always been informed by awareness of the muddy realities of war. It would be reasonable to suppose that major transformations in the social position of English knights were a response to, or at least a reflection of, changes in their military functions. Yet the only link that is commonly made is the assumption that changes in the social position of English knights were in some measure the result of the rising costs of the military equipment they needed to possess.
Institutions and Economic Development in Early Modern Central Europe
Authors: Ogilvie Sheilagh C.
Published: March 2007

Institutions and economies underwent profound changes between 1500 and 1800 in most parts of Europe. Differences among societies decreased in some ways, but markedly increased in others. Do these changes and these variations tell us anything about the relationship between social organisation and economic well-being? This is a very wide question, and even the qualified ‘yes’ with which I will answer it, though based on the detailed empirical research of some hundreds of local studies undertaken in the past few decades, is far from definitive. Many of these studies were inspired by an influential set of hypotheses, known as the ‘theory of proto-industrialisation’. While this theory has been enormously fruitful, its conclusions about European economic and social development are no longer tenable. This paper offers an alternative interpretation of the evidence now available about proto-industrialisation in different European societies, and explores its implications by investigating one region of Central Europe between 1580 and about 1800.
Land, Language and Memory in Europe 700–1100
Authors: Geary Patrick J.
Published: March 2007

Literacy and property have been among the dominant themes of early medieval history for more than a decade. Since the work of Rosamund McKitterick, Janet Nelson and others, contrary to the assumptions of an earlier generation of scholars, scholars have recognised that die written word profoundly influenced die transmission of die past and the control of the present in early medieval Europe. This was true not only in die highest circles of ecclesiastical and royal life, but also at much more humble levels across Europe. If, as Janet Nelson reminds us, even freedmen could still be referred to in die ninth century as ‘cartularii’, literally charter-men, ‘because of the written carta of manumission required by law courts as symbol and proof of liberation’, die written word reached indeed deeply into society.
Remembering the Past in Early Modern England: Oral and Written Tradition
Authors: Fox Adam
Published: March 2007

For students of the interaction between oral and written forms of communication the early modern period provides an important case study. England in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was far from being an oral society; and yet it was not a completely literate one either. On the one hand, old vernacular traditions had long been infused and supplemented, or corrupted and destroyed, by the written word; on die other hand, only a certain part of the population could read and write or ever relied on the products of literacy. Indeed, as Keidi Thomas has suggested, ‘it is the interaction between contrasting forms of culture, literate and illiterate, oral and written, which gives this period its particular fascination’.
Making the Most of Memories: The Empirical and Subjective Value of Oral History
Authors: Thomson Alistair
Published: March 2007

Oral history, defined by Ronald Grele as ‘the interviewing of eyewitness participants in the events of the past for the purposes of historical reconstruction’, is an invaluable and compelling research method for twentieth-century history. It provides access to undocumented experience, including the life of civic leaders who have not yet written their autobiographies and, more significantly, the ‘hidden histories’ of people on the margins: workers, women, indigenous peoples, ethnic minorities and members of other oppressed or marginalised groups. Oral history interviews also provide opportunities to explore particular aspects of historical experience that are rarely recorded, such as personal relationships, domestic life, and the nature of clandestine organisations. They offer rich evidence about the subjective or personal meanings of past events: what it felt like to get married, to be under fire, to face death in a concentration camp. Oral historians are unique in being able to question their informants, to ask the questions that might not have been imagined in the past and to evoke recollections and understandings that were previously silenced or ignored. We enjoy the pleasures – as well as the considerable challenges – of engaging in active, human relationships in the course of our research.
Dependence of flame‐retardant properties on density of expandable graphite filled rigid polyurethane foam
Authors: Bian Xiang‐Cheng , Tang Jian‐Hua , Li Zhong‐Ming , Lu Zhong‐Yuan , Lu Ai
Published: March 2007

Different density rigid polyurethane foams (RPUF) filled with various expandable graphite loadings were fabricated by cast molding. The flame retardant properties of these composites were assessed by limiting oxygen index and horizontal and vertical burning tests. The results showed that the flame retardant efficiency got better with increase in the foam density at the fixed EG weight percent or with increase in the EG weight percent at the fixed foam density. After burning, the low density (0.065 g/cm3) pure burned RPUF produced the highly collapsed and carbonized material, while the high density (0.510 g/cm3) pure RPUF had little change in size and had reduced destruction of the material. Moreover, the scanning electronic microscope (SEM) observation showed that the higher density EG/RPUF composites had a more compact outer layer (burned layer) after burned, in which more wormlike materials composed of expanded graphite particles appeared. In addition, higher foam density led to less plastic deformation in the interface layer between the burned and the inside layers. These results indicated that a weight percent of a flame retardant additive that achieves satisfactory flame retardancy for a certain density foam cannot effectively be applied for another density foam. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Preparation of hydroxyapatite/poly(vinyl alcohol) composite film with uniformly dispersed hydroxyapatite particles using citric acid
Authors: Chung Yong S. , Kang Sung I. , Kwon Oh W. , Lee Se G. , Lee Yong R. , Min Byung G. , Han Sung S. , Noh Seok K. , Lyoo Won S.
Published: March 2007

Biocompatible hydroxyapatite (HA)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composites and their transparent films were prepared by the coprecipitation and solvent casting method. The formation of HA in PVA composite powder was confirmed by the characteristic phosphate bands at 1100–1032 and 565 cm−1 at FT‐IR spectra, and the weight ratio of HA to PVA was 50/50 examined by TGA. The crystal melting temperature of HA/PVA decreased compared with that of pure PVA. HA/PVA (50/50) composite powder and pure PVA were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide to obtain a film with HA/PVA weight ratio of 10/90. To improve HA particles' dispersity, which is one of the major factors affecting the mechanical properties of composite materials, various contents of citric acid were used for the preparation of HA/PVA films. At a citric acid concentration of 5 wt %, HA/PVA film with good dispersity of HA particles was obtained. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Gas permeability and permselectivity of plasma‐treated polypropylene membranes
Authors: Teramae T. , Kumazawa H.
Published: March 2007

The effects of NH3‐plasma and N2‐plasma treatment on rubbery polypropylene (PP) membrane upon permeation behavior for CO2, O2, and N2 were investigated from their permeability measurements. The NH3‐plasma and N2‐plasma treatment on PP membranes could increase both the permeability coefficient for CO2 and the ideal separation factor for CO2 relative to N2. For O2 transport, both the permeability coefficient for O2 and the ideal separation factor for O2 relative to N2 also increased. NH3‐plasma and N2‐plasma treatment on PP membranes possibly brings about an augmentation of permeability for CO2 and permselectivity of CO2 relative to N2 simultaneously, but unfortunately the plasma‐treated PP membrane does not reach the level of CO2 separation membrane. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
The interleukin‐1 receptor in normal and osteoarthritic human articular chondrocytes. Identification as the type I receptor and analysis of binding kinetics and biologic function
Authors: Martel‐Pelletier Johanne , Mccollum Robert , Dibattista John , Faure Marie‐Pierre , Chin Jayne A. , Fournier Sylvie , Sarfati Marika , Pelletier Jean‐Pierre
Published: March 2007

Objective. To identify and investigate the kinetic binding properties of interleukin‐1 receptors (IL‐1R), and examine the abilities of the 2 IL‐1 isoforms to stimulate metalloprotease synthesis, in normal and osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocytes.

Methods. Receptor affinity and density were determined using radioligand binding experiments and flow cytometry. Immunocytochemical analysis and affinity cross‐linking studies were performed for characterization of IL‐1R.

Results. While no difference in receptor affinity between normal and OA chondrocytes was noted in binding studies (kd ˜30 pM), a 2‐fold increase in receptor density was found in OA chondrocytes as compared with normal chondrocytes (mean 4,069 sites/cell versus 2,315 sites/cell). Flow cytometry experiments also showed a significant increase in receptor density in OA cells, as well as an enhancement in the percentage of positive cells in diseased cartilage compared with normal. Binding data for both IL‐1 isoforms revealed a single class of binding sites and receptor specificity. Factors such as IL‐2, interferon‐sγ, tumor necrosis factor α, and bovine insulin did not compete with IL‐1β. By covalent ligand cross‐linking and electrophoretic analysis, only type I IL‐1R, a protein of 80 kd, was detected on chondrocytes. By immunocytochemical analysis, IL‐1R was identified at the cell membrane level, in both normal and OA chondrocytes. The presence of nuclear staining was also observed, but only in OA chondrocytes. Recombinant human IL‐1 (α and β) induced the secretion of stromelysin and collagenase in a dose‐dependent manner. The IL‐1 concentration required for half‐maximal metalloprotease stimulation was 3–4 times lower in OA chondrocytes than in normal cells.

Conclusion. These results indicate that OA chondrocytes have a higher sensitivity to the stimulation of metalloprotease synthesis by IL‐1 than do normal cells. This could be related to the increased levels of IL‐1R expressed in the OA cells. The implications of these findings with regard to the possible roles of IL‐1 and IL‐1R in the pathogenesis of OA are discussed.
Treatment of acute pancreatitis with fresh frozen plasma
Authors: Cuschieri A , Wood R A B , Cumming J R G , Meehan S E , Mackie C R
Published: March 2007

A consecutive series of 239 patients experiencing 336 separate attacks of acute pancreatitis have been treated with fresh frozen plasma during the first 5 days of the illness. Using established criteria, 96 attacks occurring in 69 patients were judged to be severe at the time of admission. The overall mortality was 3·7 per cent per patient population and 2·7 per cent per total number of separate attacks. Four of 69 patients with severe pancreatitis (5·8 per cent) have died and the mortality rate for the 96 severe attacks was 4·2 per cent. No complications which could be directly attributed to fresh frozen plasma were encountered in the series. The results of this prospective pilot study with naturally occurring human proteinase inhibitors have been encouraging and indicate the need for randomized clinical trials.
An abdominal extraperitoneal approach for the incarcerated inguinal hernia of infancy
Authors: Jones P F , Towns G M
Published: March 2007

Incarcerated inguinal hernias in infancy often present considerable technical problems when approached through the inguinal canal. The advantages and technique of an abdominal extraperitoneal approach are described, and results show this approach to be safer for the patient and easier for the surgeon.
Predictors of carotid stent restenosis
Authors: Younis George A. , Gupta Kamal , Mortazavi Ali , Strickman Neil E. , Krajcer Zvonimir , Perin Emerson , Achari Arup
Published: March 2007

Objectives: We sought to determine the predictors of restenosis after carotid artery stenting and report alternatives for its management. Background: Carotid artery stenting has been increasingly accepted as an alternative to carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Predictors of carotid stent restenosis have not been firmly established, and management of restenotic lesions can be challenging. Methods: A retrospective, single‐center review was conducted of 399 carotid stent procedures in 363 patients over 9 years, with a mean follow‐up of 24 months (range 6–99 months). Clinical variables included age, gender, symptoms, hypertension, diabetes, tobacco use, renal insufficiency, coronary artery disease, hyperlipidemia, peripheral vascular disease, history of CEA, and history of neck radiation (XRT). Angiographic variables included reference vessel diameter, lesion length, poststenting residual stenosis, stent diameter, type of stent, and number of stents. Results: Overall, restenosis occurred in 15 patients (3.8%). However, the restenosis occurred in 7 of 35 (20%) patients who had previous XRT, 6 of 57 (10.5%) patients who had previous CEA, and 2 of 9 (22%) patients who previously had both CEA and XRT. The only analyzed variables that were significantly associated with an increased risk of restenosis were previous CEA (OR 4.28, P = 0.008) or XRT (OR 11.3, P ≤≤ 0.0001). Restenosis was most often asymptomatic and detected at routine ultrasound follow‐up. Restenotic lesions were successfully treated in 11/11 cases with angioplasty (27%) or stenting (73%). Four patients that are asymptomatic are being monitored closely with ultrasound. No patients required surgical therapy for restenosis. Conclusions: Restenosis after carotid stenting is uncommon; however, patients with previous CEA or XRT are at increased risk. Restenotic lesions may be safely treated with further percutaneous interventions. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical outcomes three years after PLAATO implantation
Authors: El‐Chami Mikhael F. , Grow Parker , Eilen Dana , Lerakis Stamatios , Block Peter C.
Published: March 2007

Background: The percutaneous left atrial appendage transcatheter occlusion system (PLAATO) is an alternative to coumadin in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and contraindications to anticoagulation. It appears to be protective against stroke in intermediate follow‐up studies. Hypothesis: The PLAATO system is protective against stroke and is safe in long‐term follow‐up. Methods: Eleven patients (age 72 ± 9 years) enrolled in the PLAATO feasibility and safety trial at our institution were followed (36 ± 1.4) months. All patients had contraindications to anticoagulation and had at least one risk factor for stroke. The predicted stroke risk for this cohort was 8.6% per year as calculated using the CHADS2 score (A validated scoring system assigning 1 point for CHF, hypertension, diabetes, and age >75 years, and 2 points for history of stroke). The primary end‐point was the incidence of stroke, and secondary end points were complications related to PLAATO device and systemic embolic events. Results: There was one stroke during follow‐up; the stroke risk in our population was 3% per year. Interestingly, the observed stroke risk in these patients after occluding the left atrial appendage is comparable to what would have been observed with warfarin. No systemic embolic events were noted in our cohort and no long term complications related to PLAATO were seen. Conclusion: The PLAATO device decreases the risk of stroke in a high‐risk cohort of AF patients. Furthermore, the safety of this device is confirmed during this long‐term follow‐up study. A larger trial is needed to validate these findings. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Catalytic Addition of Amine NH Bonds to Carbodiimides by Half‐Sandwich Rare‐Earth Metal Complexes: Efficient Synthesis of Substituted Guanidines through Amine Protonolysis of Rare‐Earth Metal Guanidinates
Authors: Zhang Wen‐Xiong , Nishiura Masayoshi , Hou Zhaomin
Published: March 2007

Reaction of [Ln(CH2SiMe3)3(thf)2] (Ln=Y, Yb, and Lu) with one equivalent of Me2Si(C5Me4H)NHR′ (R′=Ph, 2,4,6‐Me3C6H2, tBu) affords straightforwardly the corresponding half‐sandwich rare‐earth metal alkyl complexes [{Me2Si(C5Me4)(NR′)}Ln(CH2SiMe3)(thf)n] (1: Ln = Y, R′ = Ph, n=2; 2: Ln = Y, R′ = C6H2Me3‐2,4,6, n=1; 3: Ln = Y, R′ = tBu, n=1; 4: Ln = Yb, R′ = Ph, n=2; 5: Ln = Lu, R′ = Ph, n=2) in high yields. These complexes, especially the yttrium complexes 1–3, serve as excellent catalyst precursors for the catalytic addition of various primary and secondary amines to carbodiimides, efficiently yielding a series of guanidine derivatives with a wide range of substituents on the nitrogen atoms. Functional groups such as CN, CCH, and aromatic CX (X: F, Cl, Br, I) bonds can survive the catalytic reaction conditions. A primary amino group can be distinguished from a secondary one by the catalyst system, and therefore, the reaction of 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐5‐aminoisoquinoline with iPrNCNiPr can be achieved stepwise first at the primary amino group to selectively give the monoguanidine 38, and then at the cyclic secondary amino unit to give the biguanidine 39. Some key reaction intermediates or true catalyst species, such as the amido complexes [{Me2Si(C5Me4)(NPh)}Y(NEt2)(thf)2] (40) and [{Me2Si(C5Me4)(NPh)}Y(NHC6H4Br‐4)(thf)2] (42), and the guanidinate complexes [{Me2Si(C5Me4)(NPh)}Y{iPrNC(NEt2)(NiPr)}(thf)] (41) and [{Me2Si(C5Me4)(NPh)}Y{iPrN}C(NC6H4Br‐4)(NHiPr)}(thf)] (44) have been isolated and structurally characterized. Reactivity studies on these complexes suggest that the present catalytic formation of a guanidine compound proceeds mechanistically through nucleophilic addition of an amido species, formed by acid–base reaction between a rare‐earth metal alkyl bond and an amine NH bond, to a carbodiimide, followed by amine protonolysis of the resultant guanidinate species.
Theoretical Study of the Reaction of Vitamin B6 with 1O2
Authors: Matxain Jon M. , Ristilä Mikael , Strid Åke , Eriksson Leif A.
Published: March 2007

Singlet oxygen is known to cause oxidative stress in cells, leading to severe damage (e.g., lipid peroxidation, membrane degradation, mutagenic alterations to DNA, protein misfunctionality). Recently, pyridoxine has been discovered to be capable of quenching singlet oxygen, however, the mechanism of this reaction remains essentially unknown. In this work, we have investigated four sets of reactions: 1) 1,3‐addition to a double bond connected to a hydrogen‐carrying group, resulting in the formation of allylic hydroperoxides; 2) [π2+π2] 1,2‐cycloaddition to an isolated double bond, resulting in the formation of 1,2‐peroxides; 3) 1,4‐cycloaddition to a system containing at least two conjugated double bonds, resulting in the formation of the so‐called 1,4‐peroxides; 4) 1,4‐addition to phenols and naphthols with the formation of hydroperoxide ketones. Thermodynamically, reaction 4 and the 6(9), 3(8), and 5(8) cases of reaction 1 are the most exergonic ones, with energies ranging from −16 to −18 kcal mol−1. Furthermore, reaction 4 shows the lowest barrier through the reaction path, and is predicted to be the preferred mechanism for the pyridoxine + singlet‐oxygen reaction, which is in agreement with previous experimental results.
Pulmonary manifestations in patients with cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Baser Sevin , Onn Amir , Lin E , Morice Rodolfo C. , Duvic Madeleine
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND.

Lungs are among the most common organs of extranodal involvement by cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas (CTCLs), yet the magnitude of lung involvement is not clear, and only a few case reports have addressed this issue to date. The objective of this study was to present the authors' observations on how to recognize lung involvement by CTCL and evaluate the clinical and radiologic differences between involvement of the lungs by CTCL and by pneumonia.

METHODS.

A retrospective analysis was conducted of all 710 patients with confirmed CTCL who presented to The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between January 1996 and January 2005. Demographics, tumor characteristics, respiratory symptoms, thoracic imaging, microbiology, and laboratory studies were reviewed.

RESULTS.

During the 9‐year period that was studied, 122 patients presented with pulmonary radiologic abnormalities, including 67 patients who also had respiratory symptoms. Pneumonia (n = 27 patients) or lung involvement (n = 6 patients) in patients with CTCL were associated with high mortality rates (hazard ratio, 1.82; 95% confidence interval, 1.08–3.07%; P = .026). The pathogens that were isolated from lower respiratory cultures were Staphylococcus aureus (n = 4 patients), Aspergillus fumigatus (n = 2 patients), Mycobacterium avium‐intracellulare (n = 2 patients), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 1 patient), respiratory syncytial virus (n = 1 patient), and Candida parapsilosis (n = 1 patient). Most of the radiologic findings in patients with pneumonia were opacities. Six patients had involvement of lung by CTCL, and most common radiologic pulmonary findings were either a solitary nodule or multiple progressing pulmonary nodules.

CONCLUSIONS.

Pneumonia and lung involvement by CTCL are relatively rare but portend poor survival. Thus, patients with CTCL should be evaluated thoroughly with thoracic imaging when they experience respiratory symptoms. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Telangiectatic osteosarcoma: The St. Jude Children's Research Hospital's experience
Authors: Weiss Aaron , Khoury Joseph D. , Hoffer Fredric A. , Wu Jianrong , Billups Catherine A. , Heck Robert K. , Quintana Juan , Poe Debbie , Rao Bhaskar N. , Daw Najat C.
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND.

Telangiectatic osteosarcoma (TOS) is a rare subtype of osteosarcoma (OS). The authors reviewed their experience with TOS to characterize its histologic, radiologic, and clinical features.

METHODS.

The authors reviewed records, pathology material, and imaging studies from all patients with TOS who were treated between 1978 and 2005 and compared their outcomes with the outcomes of patients with all other subtypes of high‐grade osteosarcoma (OS).

RESULTS.

Among 323 patients with OS, 22 patients (6.8%) had TOS. Two additional patients who were treated in Chile on a recent OS trial were included. The median age at diagnosis of the 24 patients was 15.7 years. Four patients (17%) had metastatic disease, and 9 of 21 patients (43%) had pathologic fractures. Only 5 patients (who were treated after 1994) underwent limb‐salvage surgery. Estimatesof 5‐year event‐free survival (58.3% ± 11.9%) and overall survival (66.8% ± 11.6%) were similar to those for patients with other OS subtypes (P ≥ .85). The absence of local disease progression and chemotherapy with ≥3 agents that were active against OS were correlated with improved outcome (P ≤ .005). The presence of a pathologic fracture was not associated with surgery type or patient outcome.

CONCLUSIONS.

TOS was associated with a high rate of pathologic fracture. With multimodality therapy, the outcome of patients with TOS was similar to that of patients with other high‐grade OS subtypes. The absence of local disease progression and chemotherapy with ≥3 active agents were associated with a favorable outcome. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Molecular diagnostic testing as an adjunct to morphologic evaluation of pancreatic ductal system brushings: Potential augmentation for diagnostic sensitivity
Authors: Willmore‐Payne Carlynn , Volmar Keith E. , Huening Michael A. , Holden Joseph A. , Layfield Lester J.
Published: March 2007

Malignancies arising from the pancreatic and biliary ductal systems present the gastroenterologist and pathologist with diagnostic challenges. Tumors of the pancreatic and/or biliary ductal system may present as either duct strictures or mass lesions. When lesions present as strictures without associated demonstrable masses, brushing cytology may represent the only reasonable diagnostic technique aside from open biopsy. Diagnostic sensitivities for brushing cytology have ranged from 18 to 90%. Positive diagnoses of malignancy are of great clinical value but a negative result is of relatively little clinical aid when the radiographic or clinical findings are suspicious for a malignancy.

A variety of techniques have been used in an attempt to improve diagnostic sensitivity for brushing cytology. These have included immunohistochemistry and various molecular diagnostic techniques. Using the high resolution melting curve technique, we performed mutational analysis on 20 bile duct brushing specimens for mutations in p53, K‐ras, BRAF, and EGFR genes. Eleven specimens had corresponding surgical specimens, which were similarly analyzed. Our series included twelve adenocarcinomas, one islet cell tumor, one case of dysplasia, and six benign cases. K‐ras mutations were found in cytology specimens of 3 out of 12 malignancies. No EGFR or B‐raf mutations were detected and only a single p53 mutation in an adenocarcinoma was detected in the corresponding cytology specimen. No mutations were detected in benign lesions or in the dysplasia. Only 8% of specimens from adenocarcinomas had p53 mutations and only 33% of cases had K‐ras mutations. Mutational analysis did not appear to improve the cytologic detection of adenocarcinoma by bile duct brushings. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:218–224. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primary pleural epithelioid hemangioendothelioma with rhabdoid phenotype: Report and review of the literature
Authors: Saqi Anjali , Nisbet Lynn , Gagneja Priti , Leslie Kevin O.
Published: March 2007

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) is a rare malignant vascular tumor described in diverse locations including lung and liver. Relative to these sites, primary EHE of the serous cavities is uncommon. EHE in the serous cavities mimics mesothelioma and adenocarcinoma clinically, radiographically, cytologically, and histologically. EHEs have plasmacytoid epithelioid cells with cytoplasmic vacuoles. In addition to these features, we noted eccentric nuclei with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and nuclei displaced peripherally by globular cytoplasmic inclusions imparting a ‘rhabdoid’ phenotype. These cells were often seen surrounding a hyaline core. Rhabdoid features are not unique to a single entity, and a comprehensive immunohistochemical panel is essential. We report the occurrence of pleural EHE with rhabdoid features presenting in a pleural effusion, and review the literature of primary serosal EHEs. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:203–208. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High precursor frequency of human T cells reactive to HLA‐DQ molecules expressed on mouse L cell transfectants
Authors: Fujisawa Kazuhiko , Kamikawaji Nobuhiro , Yasunami Michio , Kimura Akinori , Nishimura Yasuharu , Sasazuki Takehiko
Published: March 2007

In humans, the HLA‐DR molecule is a major stimulatory molecule of allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) and a major restriction molecule for the presentation of soluble antigens to the T cell. Little is known of the biological function of HLA‐DQ. To examine the size of the repertoire of precursor T cells recognizing the autologous or allogeneic HLA‐DQ molecule, the frequency of T cells reactive to HLA‐DQ was estimated in comparison with T cells reactive to HLA‐DR. We made use of a limiting dilution analysis and mouse L cells transfectants expressing the HLA‐DR or ‐DQ molecule, as stimulators. Human T cells recovered from a primary MLR stimulated with allogeneic peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) proliferated in response to L cell transfectants expressing HLA class II genes shared by the stimulator cells in the primary MLR. This observation suggested that the HLA class II molecules on L cell transfectants shared to some extent epitopes for alloreactive T cells with those expressed on human PBL. The precursor frequencies of CD4+ T cells reactive to allogeneic or autologous DQ molecules were as high as those of T cells reactive to allogeneic DR molecules and were estimated to be 1/800 ∼ 1/1800. The frequency of the T cells reactive to autologous DR molecules was low (1/7200 ∼ 1/16000). The biological significance of the high frequency of HLA‐DQ‐reactive precursor T cells is discussed.
Cascade modulation by anti‐tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody of interferon‐γ, interleukin 3 and interleukin 6 release after triggering of the CD33/T cell receptor activation pathway
Authors: Ferran Christiane , Dy Michel , Sheehan Kathleen , Schreiber Robert , Grau Georges , Bluestone Jeffrey , Bach Jean‐Francois , Chatenoud Lucienne
Published: March 2007

In addition to being potent immunosuppressants, anti‐CD3 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are powerful mitogens in both humans and mice. The first antibody injection consistently induced an initial monocyte‐dependent T cell activation with subsequent release of both monocyte‐ and T cell‐derived cytokines (mainly tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), interleukin (IL) 2, IL 3 and IL 6) into the circulation. This cytokine release is associated with a self‐limiting, often severe, acute physical reaction in both patients and mice. We report here that a single injection of anti‐TNF mAb prior to anti‐CD3 administration not only neutralizes the biological activity of TNF but also strongly affects the release of other cytokines, with notably an up‐regulation of IFN‐γ release and a down‐regulation of IL 3 and IL 6 release. Conversely, pretreatment with anti‐IFN‐γ mAb increases IL 3 and IL 6 production but does not affect TNF levels. Taken together, these data point to a pivotal role of IFN‐γ in the anti‐CD3‐induced cytokine cascade and reveal new regulatory pathways between TNF and IFN‐γ.

With regard to the clinical implications of these findings, as anti‐TNF mAb prevents anti‐CD3‐induced sickness in mice, whereas anti‐IFN‐γ does not, such a therapeutic approach might be of value in OKT3‐treated patients.
Igh‐1b‐specific CD4+CD8− T cell clones of the Th1 subset selectively suppress the Igh‐1b allotype in vivo
Authors: Bartnes Kristian , Hannestad Kristian
Published: March 2007

The demonstration of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)‐restricted T helper (Th) cells specific for peptides from the variable (V) regions of syngeneic immunoglobulin (Ig) (idiopeptides) opens the possibility that Th, cells regulate B cell functions via idiopeptide‐based cognate T‐B interactions. As a model for such interactions we investigated the influence of Ig allotype‐specific T cells on the differentiation of H‐2‐syngeneic B cells expressing that particular Ig allotype. We established a BALB/c (H‐2d, Iga) CD4+CD8− T cell line and clones of the Th1 subset (interleukin 2+, interleukin 4−, interferon‐γ+, tumor necrosis factor‐α+) that recognized Igh‐1 (IgG2a) of the b allotype (Igh‐1b) together with I‐Ad. These T cells specifically suppressed surface Igh‐1b+ B cells in vitro and in vivo. In 12 out of 15 6‐week‐old (BALB/c × B10.D2)F1 mice neonatally injected with Igh‐1b‐specific T cells, the serum Igh‐1b concentrations were < 5% of the levels in the controls. Thus, allotype suppression can be accomplished solely by adoptive transfer of Igh‐1b‐specific CD4+ T cells. The in vivo suppression was specific for Igh‐1b+ B cells as the recipients' levels of Igh‐1a and Igh‐4b (IgG1b) were unaffected. The Vβ14‐specific anti‐T cell receptor (TcR) monoclonal antibody 14‐2 inhibited activation of hybridomas derived from two of the clones. Collectively the data indicate that suppression resulted from cognate interactions between allopeptide‐specific TcR α/ß+ T cells and normal unmanipulated B lymphocytes presenting their endogenous Igh‐1b in association with MHC class II molecules. The data support the possibility that normal B cells can be suppressed by idiopeptide‐specific T cells in vivo.
Bidirectional activating signals between Trypanosoma brucei and CD8+ T cells: A trypanosome‐released factor triggers interferon‐γ production that stimulates parasite growth
Authors: Olsson Tomas , Bakhiet Moiz , Edlund Conny , Höjeberg Bo , van der Meide Peter H. , Kristensson Krister
Published: March 2007

The hemoflagellate Trypanosoma brucei (T. b.) is the cause of African sleeping sickness. T. b. brucei which is pathogenic for rodents but nonpathogenic for humans was used to examine the interactions between the parasite and mononuclear cells (MNC). Co‐cultivation in vitro of rat or human MNC and T. b. brucei resulted in a rapid non‐antigen‐specific release of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) which was dependent on CD8+ lymphoid cells. The parasites triggered MNC proliferation if IFN‐γ was blocked by a specific antibody in vitro. Separate cultures of parasites and MNC in a two‐chamber system allowing exchange of soluble mediators showed CD8+ cell‐dependent MNC triggering, indicating that a diffusable factor released by trypanosomes acts on the MNC. Gel filtration according to molecular mass of disrupted parasites and assay of the fractions revealed a peak activity at an approximate molecular mass of 185 kDa for the trypanosome‐derived lymphocyte‐triggering factor (TLTF). Conversely, there was a CD8+ cell‐dependent action of MNC on the trypanosomes. MNC released a diffusable factor that in short‐term experiments caused a striking increase in number of parasites. This effect was inhibited by antibodies against rat IFN‐γ. The increase in number of trypanosomes was promoted by rat MNC or rat IFN‐γ but not human MNC or human IFN‐γ suggesting a species‐restricted recognition of IFN‐γ. An in vivo uptake of IFN‐γ by the parasites was suggested by immunohistochemical staining of T. b. brucei with an mAb against rat IFN‐γ and Western blot of the parasites showing a band with a molecular mass corresponding to IFN‐γ. The bidirectional signals we define here may explain certain features of trypanosomiasis, i.e. T cell activation, immunosuppression and host‐range restriction. The seemingly important role of the TLTF indicates that it should be purified and explored as target for immune‐specific intervention.
Mechanisms of IgE tolerance: Dual regulatory T cell lesions in perinatal IgE tolerance
Authors: Chen Swey‐Shen
Published: March 2007

The mechanisms of genetic control of IgE responses are exercised at different immuno‐physiological levels. This study centered upon the development of IgE lineage‐specific regulatory T cells. Herein, we demonstrate the following points: (a) perinatal administration of soluble self IgE molecule or self IgE complexed with foreign antigen induces IgE tolerance as manifested by antigen‐specific IgE unresponsiveness and a generalized IgE immunodeficiency, and the induction of IgE tolerance does not affect antigen‐specific IgG1, IgG, and IgA responses; (b) inducibility of perinatal IgE tolerance is correlated with complete absence of endogenously secreted IgE in the neonates; and the state of persistent IgE tolerance also does not correlate with the presence of high levels of circulating anti‐IgE autoantibodies; (c) The lesions induced during the ontogeny of IgE antibody system do not appear to result from an imbalance of production of interleukin 4 and interfron‐γ by T helper Th2 and Th1 cells in antigen‐stimulated cultures; the dual immunoregulatory lesions in T cell subsets are demonstrated: clonal anergy/deletion of CD4+ IgE Th cells and the presence of CD8+ IgE suppressor cells induced by perinatal IgE treatment. We propose that antigen/interleukin 4 activated B cells are controlled by IgE lineage‐specific regulatory T cells which recognize self IgE determinant(s) on IgE committed B cells. Life‐long IgE tolerance ensues as a result of a new steady state of IgE lineage‐specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets.
In vivo persistence of a HIV‐1‐encoded HLA‐B27‐restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope despite specific in vitro reactivity
Authors: Meyerhans Andreas , Dadaglio Gilles , Vartanian Jean‐Pierre , Langlade‐Demoyen Pierre , Frank Ronald , Åjö Birgitta , Plata Fernando , Wain‐Hobson Simon
Published: March 2007

A large number of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) specific HLA‐restricted cytotoxic T cell (CTL) epitopes have been mapped, including an HLA‐B27‐restricted immunodominant epitope within p25gag. Accordingly, this segment of the HIV‐1 provirus was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction from DNA derived from fresh uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of four HLA‐B27 HIV‐1‐infected individuals. In all cases the majority of infected PBMC bore sequences encoding the HLA‐B27‐restricted peptide. CTL escape mutants had not accumulated in vivo 8 and 14 months later despite demonstrable CTL activity in vitro. These data emphasize the importance of silently infected lymphocytes in evading immune surveillance.
IPy2BF4‐Mediated Glycosylation and Glycosyl Fluoride Formation
Authors: Huang Kuo‐Ting , Winssinger Nicolas
Published: March 2007

A facile method to convert thioglycosides to glycosyl fluorides with Ipy2BF4 (py = pyridine) is presented. Alternatively, activation of thioglycosides with Ipy2BF4 in the presence of acids and glycosyl acceptors led to glycosylation reactions. Perbenzylated (armed) glycosyl donors yielded predominantly the β‐anomeric product. This methodology is compatible with one‐pot sequential glycosylation.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
An improved direct pumping approach to eliminate sample bias in capillary electrokinetic injection
Authors: Yang Yan , Zhang Jie , Zhou Dawei , Bao James J.
Published: March 2007

Retraction: The following article from Electrophoresis, An improved direct pumping approach to eliminate sample bias in capillary electro injection by James J. Bao, Yan Yang, Jie Zhang, Dawei Zhou, published online on 9 March 2007 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) in Early View (Articles online in advance of print), has been retracted. The retraction has been agreed by the author, the journal Editor‐in‐Chief, Ziad El Rassi, and Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA due to overlap with a related article (An electrical pumping approach to eliminate sample bias in capillary electrokinetic injection, Electrophoresis, 2007, 28(7), 1063‐71) by James J. Bao and Yan Yang which was also published online on 9 March 2007 and published in print on 5 April 2007.
Accelerated multiple‐pass moving average: A novel algorithm for baseline estimation in CE and its application to baseline correction on real‐time bases
Authors: Solis Alejandro , Rex Mathew , Campiglia Andres D. , Sojo Pedro
Published: March 2007

We present a novel algorithm for baseline estimation in CE. The new algorithm which we have named as accelerated multiple‐pass moving average (AMPMA) is combined to three preexisting low‐pass filters, spike‐removal, moving average, and multi‐pass moving average filter, to achieve real‐time baseline correction with commercial instrumentation. The successful performance of AMPMA is demonstrated with simulated and experimental data. Straightforward comparison of experimental data clearly shows the improvement AMPMA provides to the linear fitting, LOD, and accuracy (absolute error) of CE analysis.
A DID analysis of the impact of health insurance reform in the city of Hangzhou
Authors: Zhang Jiale
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of the 2003 reform of the health insurance system (in particular, the reduction in the co‐payment amount) on the consumption of inpatient medical services in the city of Hangzhou using a differences‐in‐difference (DID) empirical strategy. The results confirm that private‐sector employees (PSEs) (who were much more directly affected by the 2003 reform) were much more responsive to the reform than government employees. The growth rate of overall inpatient expenditures of PSEs (including retirees) increased by 26.4 percentage points more than that of government employees, which implies a relatively high (in absolute magnitude) price elasticity of demand for inpatient care of −1.10. Moreover, the growth rate of overall inpatient expenditures of currently employed PSEs increased by 37 percentage points more than that of government employees. Thus, the reform was effective in increasing PSEs' consumption of inpatient medical services, thereby reducing inter‐occupational inequities. However, a gap still exists between government employees and PSEs in their consumption of inpatient medical services, and thus further reforms of the system (for example, further reductions in inter‐occupational inequities) are needed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.