bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Quality and Satisfaction on Awareness and Behavioral Intentions: Exploring the Role of a Wine Festival
Authors: Yuan Jingxue (Jessica) , Jang SooCheong (Shawn)
Published: November 2007

This study examines how festivals can promote wine products and wineries and influence customer behavioral intentions. Specifically, this research proposes a theoretical model, focusing on the relationships among (1) perceived festival quality, (2) satisfaction with the wine festival, (3) subsequent awareness of local wines and wineries, and (4) future intentions to buy local wine products and to visit wineries. A structural equation modeling analysis reveals that attendee evaluation of festival quality positively influences satisfaction with the festival, and that satisfaction exerts a positive and direct influence on awareness of local wines and wineries. Festival quality appears not to directly affect behavioral intentions, whereas satisfaction and awareness have positive and direct relationships with intentions. Mediator functions of satisfaction and awareness are also discussed. This study extends previous research by specifically considering ways in which service quality and satisfaction with a wine festival bring about product awareness and behavioral intentions.
Responding to Disaster: Thai and Scandinavian Tourists' Motivation to Visit Phuket, Thailand
Authors: Rittichainuwat Ngamsom
Published: November 2007

This study explores travel motivation on thanatourism of tourists visiting the disaster-hit beach resort of Phuket and identifies differences in tourist motivation between Thais and Scandinavians and between tourists of different age and gender. The findings reveal that curiosity about the outcome of the tsunami, desire to help local people, and safety were the most important travel motivations. Significantly, it is found that curiosity on thanatourism of tourists is not curiosity about death but about the outcome of the disaster and that it motivated only domestic tourists but not inbound tourists. In addition, the study suggests that curiosity acts as both a push and a pull motivation for domestic tourists. The findings also suggest that women are more motivated by safety and desire to help others than are men and that young tourists are the most curious regarding thanatourism.
Understanding Travel Constraints: Application and Extension of a Leisure Constraints Model
Authors: Nyaupane Gyan P. , Andereck Kathleen L.
Published: November 2007

The study of constraints to participation in leisure activities has been a growing theme of research during the past three decades. More recently, this research has been extended to the study of nonparticipation in leisure travel. One model that has been employed to facilitate the study of constraints uses the three categories of constraints as a conceptual framework: intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural. This article extends this framework by testing whether multiple dimensions exist within the structural constraints construct along with the other two dimensions and compares these against demographic variables. A survey of in-state and out-of-state travelers was conducted to measure travel constraints. As expected, three dimensions emerged within the structural constraints construct, including place attributes, lack of time, and lack of money. Several demographic differences with respect to constraints also emerged. Knowing why people do not travel can suggest strategies that can be used to overcome constraints.
Developing a Science of Social Work
Authors: Jürgen Göppner Hans , Hämäläinen Juha
Published: November 2007

• Summary: This article is based on an analysis of the German debate on the need and possibilities of developing a science of social work (see Göppner and Hämäläinen, 2003, 2004). Basic elements of a programme for developing a science of social work are discussed.

• Findings: The results have been enormously influential in demonstrating that the confusion regarding the theoretical foundation of social work may inconvenience social work practice as well as the development of the field as a functional system.

• Applications : It is argued that the need for avoiding theoretical atomism and incoherence can be met more adequately through developing a science of social work than by confusing a number of theories.
Beyond the Classroom
Authors: Braye Suzy , Preston-Shoot Michael , Thorpe Amanda
Published: November 2007

• Summary: This article draws on the findings of two research studies: the first a systematic research review and survey of current education practice in teaching law to social workers; the second a `user review' involving focus groups with a range of stakeholders in practice learning for social work students.

• Findings: Although law is recognized as an important component of social work practice, much of the focus on how social workers learn about law has, to date, been upon classroom-based learning. Law often has a low profile in practice, despite the rich opportunities it offers.

• Applications : Building from evidence of poor alignment between classroom learning and practice, the authors present an analysis of the barriers and opportunities that exist for enhancing the profile of law in the practice arena and conclude with indicators for the development of good pedagogic practice and improved practitioner confidence.
A Prejudice for the Thinking Classes
Authors: Bolce Louis , De Maio Gerald
Published: November 2007

Research on attitudes toward Christian fundamentalists shows that antagonism toward this group has become a significant factor since the early 1990s in structuring candidate preferences and issue positions. This article explores how information conveyed in news media helped inform popular evaluations of fundamentalists and instruct antifundamentalists on how to make use of these judgments politically in the culture wars. Our thesis is that attitudes toward Christian fundamentalists can be considered in large measure as a reaction to messages about this group carried in media, filtered through individual differences in political attentiveness and predispositions. Data from the 1988—2004 American National Election Studies show significant media effects, which increased over time, particularly among the sophisticated segment of the public. Our findings illuminate how variation in media attentiveness and individual differences in political and cultural predispositions conjoin to determine whether and the degree to which nonfundamentalists feel antagonistically toward Christian fundamentalists.
Religious Traditionalism and Latino Politics in the United States
Authors: Kelly Nathan J. , Morgan Jana
Published: November 2007

This article examines how and why ethnic context conditions the link between religious traditionalism and the political attitudes and behaviors of Latinos in the United States. Existing research shows that the impact of religious traditionalism on political attitudes varies by policy and religious context. Through an analysis of issue attitudes, ideology, and partisanship, we confirm this existing work and also show that religious traditionalism influences Latino political behavior differently than it influences Anglo politics. The impact of religious traditionalism is not nearly as strong among Latinos as among Anglos. To the extent that traditionalism does influence political attitudes and behavior, it generally produces greater ideological conservatism but does not translate into support for the Republican Party—the latter is quite different from its impact in the Anglo population.
Digital Imaging of Wounds: Are Measurements Reproducible Among Observers?
Authors: Quan Susan Y. , Lazarus Gerald S. , Kohli Angela R. , Kapoor Roger , Margolis David J.
Published: November 2007

Advances in digital imaging and archiving have made the measurement and documentation of wound areas possible over time. To assess the reproducibility and precision of digital image measurements, we used WoundMatrix Web (http://www.woundmatrix.com/) and recruited a group of caregivers from the Johns Hopkins Wound Center to measure the size of wounds on digital images by measuring length and width and tracing the circumference of the same wounds. One set of images was provided by WoundMatrix (WoundMatrix Inc, Chadds Ford, PA) and a second set used our own photographs taken at the Johns Hopkins Wound Center. Our results demonstrate that digital analysis with WoundMatrix Web is reproducible and precise with acceptable variation among readers. This supports the use of digital images of wounds to follow clinical progress as well as analyze the effects of new clinical interventions in clinical trials.
Autophagic Cell Death of Human Pancreatic Tumor Cells Mediated by Oleandrin, a Lipid-Soluble Cardiac Glycoside
Authors: Newman Robert A. , Kondo Yasuko , Yokoyama Tomohisa , Dixon Susan , Cartwright Carrie , Chan Diana , Johansen Mary , Peiying Yang
Published: November 2007

Lipid-soluble cardiac glycosides such as bufalin, oleandrin, and digitoxin have been suggested as potent agents that might be useful as anticancer agents. Past research with oleandrin, a principle cardiac glycoside in Nerium oleander L. (Apocynaceae), has been shown to induce cell death through induction of apoptosis. In PANC-1 cells, a human pancreatic cancer cell line, cell death occurs not through apoptosis but rather through autophagy. Oleandrin at low nanomolar concentrations potently inhibited cell proliferation associated with induction of a profound G2/M cell cycle arrest. Inhibition of cell cycle was not accompanied by any significant sub G1 accumulation of cells, suggesting a nonapoptotic mechanism. Oleandrin-treated cells exhibited time- and concentration-dependent staining with acridine orange, a lysosomal stain. Subcellular changes within PANC-1 cells included mitochondrial condensation and translocation to a perinuclear position accompanied by vacuoles. Use of a fluorescent oleandrin analog (BODIPY-oleandrin) revealed co-localization of the drug within cell mitochondria. Damaged mitochondria were found within autophagosome structures. Formation of autophagosomes was confirmed through electron microscopy and detection of green fluorescent protein—labeled light chain 3 association with autophagosome membranes. Also observed was a drug-mediated inhibition of pAkt formation and up-regulation of pERK. Transfection of Akt into PANC-1 cells or inhibition of pERK activation by MAPK inhibitor abrogated oleandrin-mediated inhibition of cell growth, suggesting that the reduction of pAkt and increased pERK are important to oleandrin's ability to inhibit tumor cell proliferation. The data provide insight into the mechanisms and role of a potent, lipid-soluble cardiac glycoside (oleandrin) in control of human pancreatic cancer proliferation.
Comparing Reports of Health-Seeking Behavior From the Integrated Illness History and a Standard Child Morbidity Survey
Authors: Yount Kathryn M. , Gittelsohn Joel
Published: November 2007

The Integrated Illness History (IIH) is a concurrent mixed methods adaptation of event history narratives to study illnesses in social context. Qualitative and quantitative techniques are integrated in the instrument design, interview, and data analysis. This method permits the simultaneous collection of qualitative and quantitative data about perceptions of an illness, the sequence of illness-related events, and the context of seeking care. A standard pattern of open- and closed-ended questions and a systematic method of recall guide the interview. Responses are recorded in a time-by-event matrix using codes and text. Spontaneous, open-ended probes about observed behavioral patterns complete the interview. Comparing care-takers' responses to episodes of diarrhea among their children obtained using the IIH and a standard child morbidity questionnaire in Minya, Egypt, demonstrates that the IIH gathers novel and more complete information about care seeking for sick children in this setting.
Effect of Temperature and Mechanical Stress on Barrier Properties of Polymeric Films Used for Food Packaging
Authors: Mrkić Saša , Galić Kata , Ivanković Marica
Published: November 2007

The permeance of carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, and air through commercial polymers based on polyethylene (PE), biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP), and polyamide (PA) used for food packaging is reported. The influence of temperature (from 10 to 60°C) and crease stress cycles (30, 50, 70, and 110) on gas permeance is also analyzed. Generally, the highest changes in gas permeance changes with increased stress cycles are observed with films having a metallized layer in the structure, namely BOPPcoex/BOPPcoex.met and, to a lesser extent, BOPPcoex.met/PE laminate. The lowest crease stress influence on barrier properties is obtained for PE film. In this case, the highest activation energy for the permeability coefficient (P) is obtained. Normal progressions of activation energies for P are: N2 = Air>CO 2>O2.
Ventilator-associated lung injury: a search for better therapeutic targets
Authors: Oeckler R. A. , Hubmayr R. D.
Published: November 2007

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) represent a continuum of injury that may arise from a number of primary insults.

Localised injury may progress due to trauma from mechanical ventilation, a finding that has led to intense debate in the clinical and experimental literature over optimal ventilator management. The implementation of low tidal volume strategies has led to an improvement in outcomes; however, mortality remains unacceptably high.

In the current review, ventilator-associated lung injury is examined, as it relates to the pathophysiological changes beyond direct airway trauma in ALI and ARDS, and an attempt is made to provide a historical perspective to outline potential current and future pitfalls in the use of surrogate end-points and the discovery of potential biomarkers. The systemic responses that lead to multi-organ dysfunction, the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in ALI and ARDS, are caused by pro-inflammatory signalling cascades and the activation of such diverse mediators as reactive oxygen species, immune response elements, apoptotic constituents and coagulation proteins.

These areas are examined, including key mediators, and possible future areas of interest are discussed, including the potential of an “acute lung injury chip” to integrate measured surrogate biomarkers with real-time clinical information to improve patient outcomes.
Influenza activity in Europe during eight seasons (1999–2007): an evaluation of the indicators used to measure activity and an assessment of the timing, length and course of peak activity (spread) across Europe
Authors: Paget John , Marquet Richard , Meijer Adam , van der Velden Koos
Published: November 2007

Background

The European Influenza Surveillance Scheme (EISS) has collected clinical and virological data on influenza since 1996 in an increasing number of countries. The EISS dataset was used to characterise important epidemiological features of influenza activity in Europe during eight winters (1999–2007). The following questions were addressed: 1) are the sentinel clinical reports a good measure of influenza activity? 2) how long is a typical influenza season in Europe? 3) is there a west-east and/or south-north course of peak activity ('spread') of influenza in Europe?

Methods

Influenza activity was measured by collecting data from sentinel general practitioners (GPs) and reports by national reference laboratories. The sentinel reports were first evaluated by comparing them to the laboratory reports and were then used to assess the timing and spread of influenza activity across Europe during eight seasons.

Results

We found a good match between the clinical sentinel data and laboratory reports of influenza collected by sentinel physicians (overall match of 72% for +/- 1 week difference). We also found a moderate to good match between the clinical sentinel data and laboratory reports of influenza from non-sentinel sources (overall match of 60% for +/- 1 week). There were no statistically significant differences between countries using ILI (influenza-like illness) or ARI (acute respiratory disease) as case definition. When looking at the peak-weeks of clinical activity, the average length of an influenza season in Europe was 15.6 weeks (median 15 weeks; range 12–19 weeks). Plotting the peak weeks of clinical influenza activity reported by sentinel GPs against the longitude or latitude of each country indicated that there was a west-east spread of peak activity (spread) of influenza across Europe in four winters (2001–2002, 2002–2003, 2003–2004 and 2004–2005) and a south-north spread in three winters (2001–2002, 2004–2005 and 2006–2007).

Conclusion

We found that: 1) the clinical data reported by sentinel physicians is a valid indicator of influenza activity; 2) the length of influenza activity across the whole of Europe was surprisingly long, ranging from 12–19 weeks; 3) in 4 out of the 8 seasons, there was a west-east spread of influenza, in 3 seasons a south-north spread; not associated with type of dominant virus in those seasons.
Identification of candidate predictive and surrogate molecular markers for dasatinib in prostate cancer: rationale for patient selection and efficacy monitoring
Authors: Wang Xi-De , Reeves Karen , Luo Feng R , Xu Li-An , Lee Francis , Clark Edwin , Huang Fei
Published: November 2007

Background

Dasatinib is a potent, multi-targeted kinase inhibitor that was recently approved for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia resistant to imatinib. To aid the clinical development of dasatinib in prostate cancer, we utilized preclinical models to identify potential molecular markers for patient stratification and efficacy monitoring.

Results

Using gene expression profiling, we first identified 174 genes whose expression was highly correlated with in vitro sensitivity of 16 cell lines and, thus, considered as candidate efficacy predictive markers. Among these are important prostatic cell lineage markers, cytokeratin 5, androgen receptor and prostate specific antigen. Our results indicate that 'basal type' cell lines with high expression of cytokeratin 5 and low expression of androgen receptor or prostate specific antigen are sensitive to dasatinib. To identify markers as surrogates for biological activity, we treated cell lines with dasatinib and identified genes whose expression was significantly modulated by the drug. Ten genes, including that encoding urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), were found to not only be potential efficacy markers but also to have reduced expression upon dasatinib treatment. The down-regulation of uPA by dasatinib was drug-specific and correlated with the sensitivity of cell lines to dasatinib. Furthermore, EphA2, a target of dasatinib, was found to be a sensitivity biomarker.

Conclusion

Using the gene expression profiling approach and preclinical models, we have identified prostatic biomarkers that are associated with sensitivity to dasatinib. This study has provided a basis for clinical evaluation of a potential dasatinib efficacy signature in prostate cancer.
Incidence of first-contact psychosis in São Paulo,
Brazil
Authors: Menezes Paulo R. , Scazufca Marcia , Busatto Geraldo F. , Coutinho Letícia M. S. , Mcguire Philip K. , Murray Robin M.
Published: November 2007

Background

Little is known about the incidence of first-episode psychosis in urban
centres of low- or middle-income countries

Aims

To estimate the incidence of psychosis in São Paulo, a large metropolis
of Brazil

Method

Prospective survey of first-episode psychosis among residents aged 18–64
years resident in a defined area of São Paulo, over a 30-month period
(July 2002- December 2004). Assessments were carried out with the SCID–I,
and diagnoses given according to DSM – IV criteria. Population at risk
was drawn from the 2000 Census data

Results

There were 367 first-episode cases identified (51% women), and almost 40%
fulfilled criteria for schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder. The
incidence rate for any psychosis was 15.8/100 000 person-years at risk
(95% CI 14.3–17.6). Incidence of non-affective psychoses was higher among
younger males

Conclusions

Incidence of psychosis in São Paulo was lower than expected for a large
metropolis
Grey matter abnormalities in first-episode schizophrenia and affective psychosis
Authors: Morgan Kevin D. , Dazzan Paola , Orr Kenneth G. , Hutchinson Gerard , Chitnis Xavier , Suckling John , Lythgoe David , Pollock Sarah-Jayne , Rossell Susan , Shapleske Jane , Fearon Paul , Morgan Craig , David Anthony , Mcguire Philip K. , Jones Peter B. , Leff Julian , Murray Robin M.
Published: November 2007

Background

Grey matter and other structural brain abnormalities are consistently reported in first-onset schizophrenia, but less is known about the extent of neuroanatomical changes in first-onset affective psychosis

Aims

To determine which brain abnormalities are specific to (a) schizophrenia and (b) affective psychosis

Method

We obtained dual-echo (proton density/T2-weighted) magnetic resonance images and carried out voxel-based analysis on the images of 73 patients with first-episode psychosis (schizophrenian=44, affective psychosisn=29) and 58 healthy controls

Results

Both patients with schizophrenia and patients with affective psychosis had enlarged lateral and third ventricle volumes. Regional cortical grey matter reductions (including bilateral anterior cingulate gyrus, left insula and left fusiform gyrus) were evident in affective psychosis but not in schizophrenia, although patients with schizophrenia displayed decreased hippocampal grey matter and increased striatal grey matter at a more liberal statistical threshold

Conclusions

Both schizophrenia and affective psychosis are associated with volumetric abnormalities at the onset of frank psychosis, with some of these evident in common brain areas
Suicidal behaviour and mortality in first-episode psychosis: the
OPUS trial
Authors: Bertelsen Mette , Jeppesen Pia , Petersen Lone , Thorup Anne , ⊘hlenschlæger Johan , Quach Phuong Le , Christensen Torben Østergaard , Krarup Gertrud , J⊘rgensen Per , Nordentoft Merete
Published: November 2007

Background

Those with first-episode psychosis are at high-risk of suicide

Aims

To identify predictive factors for suicidal thoughts, plans and attempts,
and to investigate the rate of suicides and other deaths during the 5
years after first diagnosis and initiation of treatment

Method

A longitudinal, prospective, 5-year follow-up study of 547 individuals
with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum psychosis. Individuals
presenting for their first treatment in mental health services in two
circumscribed urban areas in Denmark were included in a randomised
controlled trial of integrated v. standard treatment.
All participants were followed in the Danish Cause of Death Register for
5 years. Suicidal behaviour and clinical and social status were assessed
using validated interviews and rating scales at entry, and at 1- and
2-year follow-ups

Results

Sixteen participants died during the follow-up. We found a strong
association between suicidal thoughts, plans and previous attempts,
depressive and psychotic symptoms and young age, and with suicidal plans
and attempts at 1- and 2-year follow-up

Conclusions

In this first-episode cohort depressive and psychotic symptoms,
especially hallucinations, predicted suicidal plans and attempts, and
persistent suicidal behaviour and ideation were associated with high risk
of attempted suicide
Economic evaluation of early intervention
services
Authors: McCrone Paul , Knapp Martin
Published: November 2007

Early intervention services have been introduced in a number of countries,
but the evidence base to support them is limited. In particular there are
very few economic evaluations, which are crucial if decision-makers are to
have a better understanding of how scarce resources can be used
appropriately. This paper discusses the different approaches used in
economic evaluations and shows how these differ in the way in which outcomes
are measured. The most useful forms of evaluation are cost-effectiveness and
cost-utility analysis. We describe how the results of evaluations can be
interpreted using incremental cost-effectiveness ratios and acceptability
curves. Finally, the paper summarises some key evidence to date on early
intervention services and economic evaluations currently being
undertaken
Relationship between subjective and objective cognitive function
in the early and late prodrome
Authors: Schultze-Lutter Frauke , Ruhrmann Stephan , Picker Heinz , Von Reventlow Heinrich Graf , Daumann Bianca , Brockhaus-Dumke Anke , Klosterkötter Joachim , Pukrop Ralf
Published: November 2007

Background

Cognitive disturbances have been demonstrated in individuals with
potentially prodromal symptoms in objective–neuropsychological as well as
subjective-symptomatic studies. Yet, the relation between subjective and
objective deficits and to different prodromal states is unclear

Aims

To explore interactions between subjective and objective cognitive
measures in different prodromal states

Method

In participants with an early (n=33) or late
(n=69) initial prodromal state, cognitive subjective
and objective deficits were assessed with the Schizophrenia Proneness
Instrument and a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery

Results

Participants with an early initial prodromal state were less impaired
than those with a late initial state. Subjective and objective cognitive
deficits were unrelated, excepttime-limited neurocognitive speed measures
and subjectively reduced stress tolerance, especially in participants
with an early initial prodromal state

Conclusions

Subjective and objective cognitive deficits are generally unrelated in
the psychosis prodrome and as such they can add complementary information
valuable for prediction. However, possible associations between the two
levels might be better detectable in the less impaired early initial
prodromal state
Acute effects of treatment for prodromal symptoms for people
putatively in a late initial prodromal state of psychosis
Authors: Ruhrmann Stephan , Bechdolf Andreas , Kühn Kai-Uwe , Wagner Michael , Schultze-Lutter Frauke , Janssen Birgit , Maurer Kurt , Häfner Heinz , Gaebel Wolfgang , Möller Hans-Jürgen , Maier Wolfgang , Klosterkötter Joachim
Published: November 2007

Background

People in a putatively late prodromal state not only have an enhanced
risk for psychosis but already suffer from mental and functional
disturbances

Aims

To evaluate the acute effects of a combined supportive and antipsychotic
treatment on prodromal symptoms

Method

Putatively prodromal individuals were randomly assigned to a
needs-focused intervention without (n=59) or with
amisulpride (n=65). Outcome measures at 12-weeks effects
were prodromal symptoms, global functioning and extrapyramidal
side-effects

Results

Amisulpride plus the needs-focused intervention produced superior effects
on attenuated and full-blown psychotic symptoms, basic, depressive and
negative symptoms, and global functioning. Main side-effects were
prolactin associated

Conclusions

Coadministration of amisulpride yielded a marked symptomatic benefit.
Effects require confirmation by a placebo-controlled study
Expression and Biological Activity of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide in Pregnant Rat Uterine Artery: Any Role for 8-Iso-Prostaglandin F2α?
Authors: Meziani Ferhat , Tesse Angela , Welsch Sandra , Kremer Hélène , Barthelmebs Mariette , Andriantsitohaina Ramaroson , Schneider Francis , Gairard Alexis
Published: November 2007

PTHrP is produced in vessels and acts as a local modulator of tone. We recently reported that PTHrP(1–34) is able to induce vasorelaxation in rat uterine arteries, but in pregnancy, this response is blunted and becomes strictly endothelium dependent. The present study aimed to get insights into the mechanisms involved in these changes because the adaptation of uterine blood flow is essential for fetal development. On d 20 of gestation, RT-PCR analysis of uterine arteries showed that PTH/PTHrP receptor (PTH1R) mRNA expression was decreased, whereas that of PTHrP mRNA was increased. This was associated with a redistribution of the PTHrP/PTH1R system, with both PTH1R protein and PTHrP peptide becoming concentrated in the intimal layer of arteries from pregnant rats. On the other hand, the blunted vasorelaxation induced by PTHrP(1–34) in uterine arteries from pregnant rats was specifically restored by indomethacin and a specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, NS 398. This was associated with an increase in cyclooxygenase-2 expression and in 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α release when uterine arteries from pregnant rats were exposed to high levels of PTHrP(1–34). Most interestingly, 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α itself was able to increase PTHrP expression and reduce PTH1R expression in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. These results suggest a local regulation of uterine artery functions by PTHrP during pregnancy resulting from PTH1R redistribution. Moreover, they shed light on a potential role of 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α.
Routine turning maneuvers of koi carpCyprinus carpio koi:effects of turning rate on kinematics and hydrodynamics
Authors: Wu Guanhao , Yang Yan , Zeng Lijiang
Published: November 2007

Spontaneous swimming behaviors of koi carp Cyprinus carpio koiwere recorded using a video tracking system. Routine single-beat turns were selected from the recorded image sequences for kinematic and hydrodynamic analysis. As with C-starts, the turns can be divided into two stages (stage 1 and stage 2), based on kinematics. Stage 1 involves a bend to one side forming a C-shaped curve in the body, while stage 2 corresponds to the return flip of the body and tail. The turning angle in stage 1 accounts for the greatest portion of the total turning angle and the mean turning rate in stage 1 reflects the intensity of turn. The effects of the turning rate in stage 1 on both kinematics and hydrodynamics were examined. The duration of stage 1 remained relatively stable over a nearly tenfold change in turning rate. Consequently, the turning angle is dominated by the turning rate in stage 1. The turning radius is not related to the swimming speed. Moreover, except in very fast turns, the turning radius is also not affected by the turning rate. The angle between the side jet and the carp's initial orientation of a turn does not change substantially with the turning rate, and it is always close to 90° (94.2±3.1°, N=41), so the orientation of the side jet in the forthcoming turn can be predicted. The angle between the jet and the line joining the center of mass of the carp and the trailing edge of the tail (mean value in stage 1) is also always close to 90°(95.3±1.3°, N=41). It is helpful for the carp to maximize the torque so as to improve the turning efficiency. In stage 1, the impulsive moment obtained from the beat of the body and tail and the mean angular momentum of the carp show an agreement in magnitude. Two types of flow patterns in the wake of routine single-beat turns are revealed. The difference between the two types of wakes is in whether or not a vortex ring and a thrust jet are generated in stage 2. The recoil speed of the tail, the bending amplitude of the turn, and the angle of attack of the tail are three probable factors influencing the flow patterns in stage 2.
Endothelin and endothelin converting enzyme-1 in the fish gill:evolutionary and physiological perspectives
Authors: Hyndman Kelly A. , Evans David H.
Published: November 2007

In euryhaline fishes like the killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus)that experience daily fluctuations in environmental salinity, endothelin 1(EDN1) may be an important regulator molecule necessary to maintain ion homeostasis. The purpose of this study was to determine if EDN1 and the endothelin converting enzyme (ECE1; the enzyme necessary for cleaving the precursor proendothelin-1 to EDN1) are present in the killifish, to determine if environmental salinity regulates their expression, and to examine the phylogenetic relationships among the EDNs and among the ECEs. We sequenced killifish gill cDNA for two EDN1 orthologues, EDN1A and EDN1B, and also sequenced a portion of ECE1 cDNA. EDN1A and ECE1 mRNA are expressed ubiquitously in the killifish while EDN1B mRNA has little expression in the killifish opercular epithelium or gill. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, EDN1 was localized to large round cells adjacent to the mitochondrion-rich cells of the killifish gill, and to lamellar pillar cells. In the gill, EDN1A and EDN1B mRNA levels did not differ with acute (<24 h) or chronic (30 days) acclimation to seawater (SW); however, EDN1B levels increased threefold post SW to freshwater (FW) transfer,and ECE1 mRNA levels significantly increased twofold over this period. ECE1 mRNA levels also increased sixfold over 24 h post FW to SW transfer. Chronic exposure to SW or FW had little effect on ECE1mRNA levels. Based upon our cellular localization studies, we modeled EDN1 expression in the fish gill and conclude that it is positioned to act as a paracrine regulator of gill functions in euryhaline fishes. It also may function as an autocrine on pillar cells, where it is hypothesized to regulate local blood flow in the lamellae. From our phylogenetic analyses, ECE is predicted to have an ancient origin and may be a generalist endoprotease in non-vertebrate organisms, while EDNs are vertebrate-specific peptides and may be key characters in vertebrate evolution.
Strategies for regulation of hemolymph pH in acidic and alkaline water by the larval mosquitoAedes aegypti(L.) (Diptera; Culicidae)
Authors: Clark Thomas M. , Vieira Marcus A. L. , Huegel Kara L. , Flury Dawn , Carper Melissa
Published: November 2007

The responses of larval Aedes aegypti to media of pH 4, 7 and 11 provide evidence for pH regulatory strategies. Drinking rates in pH 4 media were elevated 3- to 5-fold above those observed in pH 7 or 11. Total body water was elevated during acute exposure to acidic media. During chronic exposure, total body water was decreased and Malpighian tubule mitochondrial luminosity, quantified using Mitotracker Green FM, increased. Malpighian tubule secretion rates and energy demands thus appear to increase dramatically during acid exposure. In alkaline media, drinking rates were quite low. Larvae in pH 11 media excreted net acid (0.12 nequiv H+g–1 h–1) and the pH indicators azolitmin and bromothymol blue revealed that the rectal lumen is acidic in vivo at all ambient pH values. The anal papillae (AP) were found to be highly permeant to acid–base equivalents. Ambient pH influenced the length, and the mass-specific length, of the AP in the presence of NaCl (59.9 mmol l–1). In contrast, the length and mass-specific length of AP were not influenced by ambient pH in low NaCl conditions. Mitochondrial luminosity was reduced in AP of larvae reared in acidic media, and was not elevated in alkaline media, relative to that of larvae reared in neutral media. These data suggest that the AP may compromise acid–base balance in acidic media, and may also be an important site of trade-offs between H+ homeostasis and NaCl uptake in dilute, acidic media.
An international comparison of urban rail boarding and alighting rates
Authors: Harris N G , Anderson R J
Published: November 2007

Although there is considerable engineering and demand planning analysis in the development of urban railways around the world, less attention is paid to the understanding of key operating conditions such as station stop times. The current paper takes forward research by London Underground, and shows that it is applicable to situations around the world without substantial changes in parameter values or the resulting passenger flow rates. Where passenger flow is substantially different, this can generally be explained by particular differences in the physical characteristics of the site, rolling stock, or passenger demand.
Triangulation, Desire, and Discontent in The Life of Charlotte Brontë
Authors: Peterson Linda H
Published: November 2007

In The Life of Charlotte Brontë, Elizabeth Gaskell not only traces the literary career of her subject but also depicts a triangle of women writers based in the north of England and dedicated to the amelioration of social problems. This triangle—including Harriet Martineau as well as Brontë and Gaskell—expresses bonds of attraction and affiliation, yet, as is inevitable in a triangular relationship, also reveals feelings of rivalry, discontent, and difference. At stake in Gaskell’s Life are issues of the woman writer’s cultural authority and literary status and the representation of Brontë as an exemplary woman writer.
Italic Typography and Wordsworth’s Later Sonnets as Visual Poetry
Authors: Simonsen Peter
Published: November 2007

The later Wordsworth understood the sonnet as a form of visual poetry. This essay investigates this in relation to Wordsworth’s sense of layout in his 1838 book of sonnets; his conceptualization of the sonnet as “picture,” “frame,” and “monument”; and his use of italic typeface in printings of the sonnet “After-Thought” after 1827. The positive sense of the visual thus articulated by the poet in his later sonnets constitutes one way in which he swerves from his earlier self. The essay argues, in contrast to traditional readings of Wordsworth’s career, that this poetic visuality enriches even as it complicates our understanding of his work.
The Charity Bazaar and Women's Professionalization in Charlotte Mary Yonge's The Daisy Chain
Authors: Thorne-Murphy Leslee
Published: November 2007

As an established author musing on the changes in women’s professionalization that had occurred during her lifetime, Charlotte Mary Yonge remarked that women’s involvement in bazaars had changed the way her society thought about women earning money. By examining the depiction of a charity bazaar in The Daisy Chain, we see how she used the methods and logic of the charity bazaar to represent her own participation in the publishing marketplace.
Jane Austen and the Happy Fall
Authors: Markovits Stefanie
Published: November 2007

Jane Austen’s novels commonly include falls, both moral and physical; indeed, Austen’s “imagination of disaster” seems curiously linked to the notion of falling. But her books positively radiate happiness, a concept both central to and contested in the philosophical debates of her day. These two categories of experience come together in the idea of the Happy Fall. By looking at how Mansfield Park (1814) and Persuasion (1817) respond to the model of the Happy Fall, we can better comprehend Austen’s understanding of the relationship between the happy and the good.
Free Radicals and Neonatal Diseases
Authors: Trindade Cleide E.P. , Rugolo Ligia M.S.S.
Published: November 2007

Excessive production of reactive oxygen species associated with deficient antioxidant defenses in preterm infants have been implicated in neonatal diseases such as periventricular leukomalacia, intraventricular hemorrhage, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Free radicals may be generated by exposure of preterm infants to high oxygen concentrations in resuscitation and mechanical ventilation and by hyperoxia during the reperfusion phase of a hypoxic-ischemic brain insult, primarily in the presence of high concentrations of nonprotein-bonded iron. In addition, free radicals are released by macrophage and neutrophil activation associated with infection and inflammation. The free radical aggression mechanisms in the pathogenesis of preterm neonatal diseases are discussed in this review. Although free radical injury is well recognized in neonatal disease pathogenesis, the effects of antioxidant therapy remain controversial. Careful and individualized control of oxygenation and blood flow perfusion, adequate intake of nutrients that have antioxidant functions, and steps to prevent infection seem to be the best recommendations for infant care in an attempt to prevent neonatal free radical aggression.
Effectiveness of Emergency Department Asthma Management Strategies on Return Visits in Children: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Guttmann Astrid , Zagorski Brandon , Austin Peter C. , Schull Michael , Razzaq Asma , To Teresa , Anderson Geoff
Published: November 2007

BACKGROUND. Emergency departments play an important role in the care of children with asthma. Emergency department return-visit rates provide a measure of the quality of acute asthma care.

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to describe the characteristics of children treated in emergency departments for asthma, the resources and asthma management strategies used by emergency departments, and their effect on return visits within 72 hours.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS. We used a population-based cohort study that incorporated both comprehensive administrative heath and survey data from all 152 emergency departments in Ontario, Canada. We studied all 2- to 17-year-old children who had a visit to an emergency department for asthma from April 2003 to March 2005.

RESULTS. A total of 32996 children (>9% of children with asthma in Ontario) had at least 1 visit to an emergency department for the care of asthma, and most of these visits (68.5%) were triaged as high acuity. The vast majority (148 of 152 [97%]) of emergency departments reported using at least 1 asthma management strategy, and 74% used 3 or more. The overall return-visit rate was 5.6%. Logistic regression models that accounted for the clustering of patients in emergency departments and controlled for patient and emergency department characteristics indicated that preprinted order sheets and access to a pediatrician for consultation were strategies significantly associated with a reduction in return visits. The 11 (17%) emergency departments that used both of these strategies had return visit rates of 4.4% compared with 6.9% in the 95 (63%) that used neither strategy.

CONCLUSIONS. Emergency departments use a range of strategies to manage asthma in children. Preprinted order sheets and access to pediatricians are associated with important reductions in return-visit rates, and more emergency departments should consider using these strategies.
Pediatric Emergency Department Visits for Diarrheal Illness Increased After Release of Undertreated Sewage
Authors: Redman Ryan L. , Nenn Cheryl A. , Eastwood Daniel , Gorelick Marc H.
Published: November 2007

CONTEXT. Contamination of local waterways may occur through release of partially treated sewage. The Environmental Protection Agency has recently reviewed regulatory standards for this practice. However, the health effects of these events have not been well studied.

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to identify any increase in visits to a pediatric emergency department for diarrheal illness after sewage bypass into Lake Michigan.

METHODS. The study was conducted as a retrospective, observational time-series analysis in a tertiary care children's hospital emergency department with an annual volume of ∼45000 visits. We collected data for 2002–2004 pertaining to the daily number of emergency department visits for children (aged <19 years) for diarrheal illness (using specified International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition codes as a reference). Daily diarrheal illness visits were the dependent variable in a time-series model. The primary independent variable was the occurrence of a sewage-bypass event in the 3 to 7 preceding days. Potential confounders included the season and daily rainfall. Separate models were created for visits from people living in zip codes that used Lake Michigan drinking water and those who used other water sources.

RESULTS. Over the 3-year study period, there was a mean of 5.0 ± 3.8 (SD) daily visits for diarrheal illness from people who lived in zip codes that used Lake Michigan drinking water and 1.2 ± 1.4 (SD) from outside that area. There were 6 sewage-bypass events identified. After adjusting for the season and rainfall, there was a significant increase of 2.5 to 2.7 visits only from people who lived in zip codes that used Lake Michigan drinking water after the 2 largest of the 6 bypass events.

CONCLUSIONS. Emergency department visits for diarrheal illness increased significantly after 2 events of release of partially treated sewage into area waterways. These data suggest a potentially harmful effect of such practices.
Behaviors Associated With Fever in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Curran Laura K. , Newschaffer Craig J. , Lee Li-Ching , Crawford Stephen O. , Johnston Michael V. , Zimmerman Andrew W.
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE. Clinical case reports have suggested that the behaviors of children with autism spectrum disorders may improve with fever. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of illness on behaviors of children with autism spectrum disorders. Understanding the role of fever, if any, may be informative regarding causative mechanisms of and treatment opportunities for autism.

METHODS. We conducted a prospective study of 30 children (aged 2–18 years) with autism spectrum disorders during and after an episode of fever. Parent responses to the Aberrant Behavior Checklist were collected during fever (body temperature ≥ 38.0°C/100.4°F), when fever had abated and the child was asymptomatic, and when the child had been fever-free for 7 days. Data were compared with those collected from parents of 30 age-, gender-, and language skills–matched afebrile children with autism spectrum disorders during similar time intervals.

RESULTS. Fewer aberrant behaviors were recorded for febrile patients on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist subscales of irritability, hyperactivity, stereotypy, and inappropriate speech compared with control subjects. Per expectation, lethargy scores were greater during fevers, and all improvements were transient. Data from patients with fever were stratified on variables related to illness severity. In the majority of these subgroup comparisons, the data suggested that effects from fever persisted in the less sick patients as well as in those with more severe illness.

CONCLUSIONS. We documented behavior change among children with autism spectrum disorders during fever. The data suggest that these changes might not be solely the byproduct of general effects of sickness on behavior; however, more research is needed to prove conclusively fever-specific effects and elucidate their underlying biological mechanisms (possibly involving immunologic and neurobiological pathways, intracellular signaling, and synaptic plasticity).