bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Produksi kompos dari aneka limbah jagung
Authors: Syamsia Syamsia , Idhan Abubakar , Kasifah Kasifah
Published: October 2019

PPUPIK Business Unit Muhammadiyah University Certified Plant Seed Production Center Makassar is a science and technology-based business unit that aims to develop campus entrepreneurship based on research results. The main product of this business unit is hybrid corn seeds, but in the process of producing corn seeds in addition to producing economically valuable corn seeds also produce corn waste which can cause problems if not handled. PPUPIK developed various waste corn compost products for the development of new business units. The production activities of various corn waste into compost products aim to make corn waste as a product of economic value and also as a place of practice for students in the application of science and technology and science-based entrepreneurial activities. The method of implementing the activity is divided into 5 stages, namely: 1) Production of various waste corn compost; 2) Analysis of nutrient content of compost; 3) Product label design; 4) Compost packaging; 5) Promotion and marketing of products. This activity involved students of the Faculty of Agriculture, the University of Muhammadiyah Makassar in the production, label design and promotion and marketing of products. The results obtained from this activity include; 1) students have experience in compost production, label design and product promotion and marketing; 2) the formation of a new business unit in PPUPIK activities; 3) produce economic value products from waste; 4) potential to get IPR.
Pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam meningkatkan produktivitas sapi pesisir di Nagari Taratak - Sutera Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan
Authors: Montesqrit Montesqrit , Arfai Arfai , Rusdimansyah Rusdimansyah
Published: October 2019

Sapi Pesisir merupakan sapi lokal Sumatera Barat yang mempunyai keunggulan tahan terhadap penyakit dan dapat bertahan hidup dengan mengkonsumsi makanan yang tidak unggul. Kecamatan Sutera adalah salah satu sentra peternakan sapi pesisir di Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan Sumatera Barat. Keberadaan sapi pesisir ini mulai menurun karena banyaknya betina bunting yang dipotong serta banyaknya peternak yang meninggalkan usaha beternak sapi ini. Salah satu penyebabnya adalah pemelihaharaan sapi yang tidak efektif dengan pola makan yang tidak bagus mengakibatkan performa dan produktivitasnya rendah padahal kalau ditingkatkan manajemen pemeliharaannya seperti disediakan ransum yang baik tentu produktivitas sapi tersebut dapat ditingkatkan. Berdasarkan hal tersebut perlu dilakukan pemberdayaan pada masyarakat untuk memelihara ternak dengan menyediakan ransum yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan sehingga produktivitas sapi dapat ditingkatkan. Tujuan dari KKN–PPM tematik ini adalah diharapkan mahasiswa mampu memotivasi dan memberdayakan masyarakat disana. Metode yang digunakan dalam pencapaian tersebut adalah metode penyuluhan dan dilanjutkan dengan demonstrasi dan terjun langsung ke lapangan. Kegiatan yang dilakukan adalah alih teknologi dalam penyediaan ransum untuk sapi pesisir, membuat formulasi ransum sapi pesisir sesuai kebutuhan. Hasil yang didapatkan terbukanya wawasan masyarakat untuk memelihara ternak dengan semi intensif dengan cara dikandangkan dan ransumnya disediakan sesuai dengan formulasi ransum sapi pesisir yang dibuat. Ransum yang disediakan untuk sapi pesisir adalah dalam bentuk silase ransum komplit dengan memanfaatkan sumber bahan baku pakan yang banyak tersedia disana yaitu rumput lapang, jerami padi, dedak padi dan sumber pakan lainnya. Dengan silase ransum komplit tersebut membantu peternak lebih efektif dalam penyediaan ransum dan dapat meningkatkan produktivitas sapi pesisir.
Kopi Arabika Kalosi Produk Unggulan Kabupaten Enrekang
Authors: Reta Reta , Dahlia Dahlia , Larekeng Halimah , Mustaka Zulfitriani Dwiyanti
Published: October 2019

Kopi Arabika merupakan salah satu produk unggulan perkebunan Kabupaten Enrekang. UMKM Maqfirah sebagai produsen kopi baik dalam bentuk green bean maupun produk kopi roasted di Kabupaten Enrekang menghadapi permasalahan belum memiliki peralatan produksi, sehingga perlu peralatan pendukung untuk menjamin mutu dan meningkatkan produksi. Target mengembangkan UMKM ini sebagai produsen kopi arabika kalosi dengan peningkatan kapasitas produksi, mutu, variasi produk, serta perluasan pasar. Program pendampingan UMKM ini dilaksanakan melalui sinergi antara Tim Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Pangkajene Kepulauan dan Dinas Perindustrian Kabupaten Enrekang pada Maret-Agustus 2018. Metode penerapan melalui sosialisasi program, penyuluhan, pendampingan, dan pengembangan aspek produksi dan pemasaran. Dengan mengimplementasikan ipteks didapat peningkatan produksi, peningkatan kualitas citarasa dan aroma kopi, peningkatan pendapatan, dan peningkatan jaringan pasar kopi arabika kalosi yang merambah keluar provinsi.
Pemberdayaan anggota PKK Desa Pandau Jaya dalam pembuatan pakan jamu fermentasi untuk meningkatkan kesehatan ikan budidaya
Authors: Syawal Henni , Nuraini Nuraini , Hasibuan Saberina , Syafriadiman Syafriadiman
Published: October 2019

Desa Pandau Jaya termasuk salah satu desa di Kecamatan Siak Hulu Kabupaten Kampar. Kegiatan pengabdian  dilaksanakan  bersamaan dengan kegiatan mahasiswa kukerta terintegrasi UNRI tahun 2019 dan bekerjasama dengan mitra (CV Bang Lele Indonesia) dalam kegiatan pengabdian,. Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah untuk memberdayakan anggota PKK dalam pembuatan jamu fermentasi, hasilnya nanti dijual kepada CV Bang Lele Indonesia untuk digunakan dalam pemberian pakan kepada ikan-ikan budidaya sehingga dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan, kesehatan dan tahan terhadap penyakit. Metode yang dilakukan adalah, pertama metode ceramah dan diskusi, yakni penyampaian materi yang berhubungan dengan kegiatan pembuatan jamu fermentasi, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan praktek pembuatan jamu, penebaran benih ikan, dan cara pemberian pakan jamu kepada ikan yang telah dipelihara oleh mitra. Berdasarkan hasil kegiatan pengabdian ini ada dua orang peserta yang telah berhasil melakukan pembuatan jamu fermentasi dan langsung diaplikasikan dalam kegiatan budidaya, sedangkan yang satu orang lagi hanya memproduksi jamu fermentasi  dan dijual kepada CV Bang Lele Indonesia. Pengamatan terhadap pertumbuhan dan kelulushidupan ikan diamati selama dua bulan. Jenis ikan yang dipelihara adalah ikan lele dan nila. Hasil pengamatan terlihat ikan-ikan yang dibudidayakan mengalami pertumbuhan yang cepat, yakni selama 60 hari pemeliharaan terjadi penambahan panjang rata-rata 10 cm dan berat 50 g untuk ikan nila, sedangkan pada lele. 12  cm dan berat 75 g.
Pemberdayaan masyarakat melalui pemanfaatan kulit singkong menjadi stik aneka rasa di Kecamatan Kampar Utara Kabupaten Kampar
Authors: Eliza Eliza , Effendi Riswan , Khaswarina Shorea , Ermitety Ermitety , Dewi Novia
Published: October 2019

The waste of cassava peel is thrown away by the community, cassava peel can be used as a variety of snacks including sticks. Sticks are an attractive, varied and easier to carry, can be an innovation in increasing people's income. The service activity aims to provide knowledge, skills and guidance to PKK mothers, UMKM people in processing products made from cassava peel into sticks in Kampung Panjang Village. This activity is expected to motivate the entrepreneurial spirit towards innovative and economical efforts to increase income. The method of this activity is counseling in the form of serving the benefits of cassava peel and training and guidance on how to process cassava skin into steak. The results of the community service are obtained: a) Participants knew the benefits and importance of training cassava peel processing as an alternative to household side activities, b) Activness the participants during the service shows a positive response seen from the enthusiasm, discussion, question and answer and good cooperation. c) The achievement level of the target program has been the participants who have applied the processing of cassava peel to sticks with various flavors.
Assessment of lipid abnormalities and Cardiovascular Risk indices in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Baral Sushil , Hamal Achyut Bikram , BK Shyam Kumar , Gupta Sandeep , Sigdel Manoj , Mandal Laxman Prasad
Published: October 2019

Background: Incidence of cardiovascular events is increased to two to four times among diabetic patients when compared with non-diabetic. Dyslipidaemia in diabetes is major risk factor for cardiovascular events. Atherogenic indices have been used as major laboratory measures in clinical practice to assess cardiovascular risk. Recent studies, have shown that non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and other atherogenic indices is like or better than LDL-C alone in the prediction of CVD incidence and mortality.
Aim and Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess the lipid abnormalities with cardiovascular risk using atherogenic coefficient (Ac), Cardiac Risk Ratio (TC/HDLc and LDLc/HDLc), TG/HDLc and Non- HDL in diabetes patients.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at Bir hospital (tertiary care center) Nepal. Patients diagnosed as diabetes with age 30 years or above were selected in this study during a period of 1 yr.
Results: The mean age of the patients enrolled was 55.08±1.11 (34-81) year with male (52 %) to female (48%) ratio is 1.08:1. In this study the mean Non HDLc was 165.24±43.40 mg/dl (65-323) and AC was 4.0±1.09. The finding of AC was slightly higher in female compare to male i.e mean ±S.D 4.07±1.31 and 3.94±1.15. This study show the strong correlation of Non HDLc with total cholesterol (r=.990, p=0.000), LDLc(r=.602,p=0.000),TG (r=.411,p=0.000), LDLc/HDLc (r=.580,p=0.000),TC/HDLc ((r=.866,p=0.000), TG/HDLc (r=.390,p=0.000) and AC (p=0.866).
Conclusion: The association between abnormal lipid levels and cardiovascular risk is evident among patients with diabetes mellitus. In this study there is the correlation with FBS, Non HDL-c cholesterol, Cardio risk ratio, TG/HDLc, Atherogenic coefficient. Hence Non-HDL cholesterol and Atherogenic indices proves to be more sensitive and a better predictor of cardiovascular events in diabetes patients.
Reliability assessment of pre -post test questionnaire on the impact of a daylong clinical pharmacology workshop among medical professionals
Authors: Biswas Arunava , Sen Sukanta , Ray Krishnangshu
Published: October 2019

Background: Pretest-posttest questionnaire are often used during workshop to assess the impact of a program on the participants. However, the reliability of such data collection ‘tool’ is not often judged. There is lack of evidence supporting the authentication of such research instrument.
Aims and Objective: This study was conducted to assess the reliability of prepost test questionnaire comprising MCQs, on participants attending a one-day workshop on clinical pharmacology at a teaching hospital in eastern India.
Materials and Methods: Pre and post test questionnaire comprising 15 MCQs covering different aspects of ‘Good Clinical Practices’ on which several presentations were later delivered by experts were distributed to (n=42) participants in a one-day oriented workshop within stipulated time period and their feedback were collected and statistically analyzed after the workshop was over.
Results: The average number of MCQs attempted in the pretest questionnaire was 12.42 and in posttest were 14.44 by the participants. The workshop participants increased their percentage of correct answer score from an average of 48.4 in pretest to a statistically significant 88.73 in posttest (p<0.0001).
Conclusion: Pre/post questionnaire could be effective and reliable tools in meeting stipulated learning objectives and help in assessing the aftermath of an educational program.
Cross-sectional study of pattern of Dyslipidemia and Prevalence of Atherogenic Diabetic Dyslipidemia in newly detected Diabetic patients
Authors: Krishnamurthy Vinay , Kerekoppa Akhila Rao , B Prabhakar
Published: October 2019

Background: India has seen an ever increasing number of diabetic patients and in turn rise in cardiovascular diseases. Many studies have shown diabetic patients to have dyslipidemia, with certain common patterns early in the disease.
Aims and Objective: The current study was done to identify pattern of dyslipidemia and prevalence of ADD in treatment naïve diabetic patients.
Material and Methods: Fasting lipid profile was analysed in treatment naïve diabetic patients at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Various factors influencing the results were analysed statistically. Results: Prevalence of dyslipidemia was 89.2%, whereasatherogenic diabetic dyslipidemia was seen in 34.2% and raised non-HDL cholesterol in 73.3%.
Conclusion: Our study showed a high prevalence of dyslipidemia in newly diagnosed diabetics indicating the importance of screening for dyslipidemia in newly diagnosed cases and implementation of timely lipid lowering therapy to prevent CVD. It also highlights the importance of pattern of dyslipidemia called Atherogenic diabetic dyslipidemia and raised Non-HDL cholesterol in diabetic patients.
Comparison of Kirschner wires and Cannulated screw internal fixation for displaced lateral humeral condyle fracture in children
Authors: Thapa Pabin , Sapkota Krishna , Wahegaonkar Krishna , Ranjeet Niraj , Onta Pratyenta Raj , Thapa Upendra Jung
Published: October 2019

Background: Lateral condyle fracture of the distal humerus is the second most common injury around the elbow.
Aims and Objective: The purpose of the study was to compare Kirschner wires (K-wire) and Cannulated cancellous (CC) screw for internal fixation of displaced lateral humeral condyle fracture in children.
Materials and Methods: Forty-six patients with a displaced lateral condyle fracture of humerus were included in the study. Patients were treated with open reduction and internal fixation either with two 1.8mm K-wires or one 4mm CC screw. Fractures were classified according to Milch classification and clinical outcomes were evaluated according to criteria of Hardacre et al.
Results: There were 23 patients in each group with the mean age of 6.57 years (range 2 to 12 years). Milch type II was common (n= 34) than Milch type I (n=12). Fracture union was observed at mean 4.13 weeks in the CC screw and 4.61 weeks in K-wire group.(p value = 0.026). On an average the CC screws were removed at 13.57 weeks and K-wires were at 4.57 weeks. The mean follow-up was 13.83 months in CC screw and 12.52 months K-wire group. Three patients (6.5%) had superficial pin site infection and 2 patient (4.3%) had lateral condyle prominence in the K-wire group and only one lateral condyle prominence (2.2%) was observed in the CC screw group. According to the Hardacre et.al criteria CC screw group were excellent in 20 (87%) and good in 3 (13%) patients whereas 13 (56.5%) excellent and 10 (43.5%) good results were found in the K-wire group. (p value = 0.022).
Conclusion: Open reduction and internal fixation with either K-wires or cannulated cancellous screw for displaced lateral condyle fracture of humerus are both effective treatment methods but screw fixation provides absolute stability at the fracture site enhancing the fracture healing, reduces the probability of lateral prominence and allows early range of motion and activity in the affected elbow.
Association of serum hydrogen sulphide with hypertension and proteinuria in pre-eclampsia
Authors: Chaudhuri Sayani , Biswas Utpal Kumar , Kumar Arun
Published: October 2019

Background: Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy affecting multiple systems and characterized chiefly by hypertension and proteinuria in a previously normotensive and non proteinuric women. The main underlying cause for its pathophysiology is an imbalance between the physiological vasoconstrictor and vasodilator molecules in circulation leading to maternal endothelial dysfunction. Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is a physiological vasodilatory gasotransmitter which plays an important role in the development of hypertension and proteinuria in preeclampsia.
Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the serum level of hydrogen sulphide and spot urinary protein levels in preeclampsia cases and compare it with age matched controls which were normal pregnant women and to find any correlation, if exists, between these two parameters.
Materials and Methods: Serum level of H2S and spot urinary protein level were measured in one hundred pregnant women with preeclampsia and the values were compared with age matched controls.
Results: The mean serum H2S level was 32.31 ± 12.62μmol/L in patients which was significantly lower (p<0.001) when compared to controls where mean was 114.50 ±20.35μmol/L. The mean spot urinary protein level was found to be 11.83 ± 5.06 mg/dl in preeclampsia cases which was significantly higher (p<0.001) than in controls where it was 7.18 ± 2.38 mg/dl. A negative correlation was found between the serum level of H2S and both the systolic BP (r=-0.725, p<0.001) and diastolic BP (r= - 0.639, p<0.001) in preeclampsia patients.A negative correlation was also observed between the serum levels of H2S and spot urinary protein in preeclampsia (r=-0.541, p<0.001).
Conclusion: The present study has elucidated that the serum levels of hydrogen sulphide decreases and the spot urinary protein levels increases in preeclampsia when compared to normal pregnant women and hydrogen sulphide shows a negative correlation with both systolic and diastolic BP in preeclampsia. This study also demonstrates that,there exists a negative correlation between the serum H2S level and spot urinary protein level in preeclampsia patients.
Returns to Potato Research Investment in Nepal
Authors: Timsina Krishna P. , Gaire Samaya , Ghimire Yuga N. , Poudel Hema K. , Devkota Deepa , Subedi Sanjiv , Adhikari Surya P.
Published: October 2019

Agricultural research plays a significant role in increment in productivity and contributes to food security. Very few studies on the impact of public research spending on different sectors and commodities in Nepal has been documented. This study was designed to estimate the adoption lags of improved potato varieties and benefits generated by potato improvement research in Nepal. More specifically, the study answers two basic questions: (i) whether investment in potato research is justifiable? and (ii) how long is it taking to replace old improved varieties? We took public annual potato research investments of Nepal from the Fiscal year 2001 to 2017 from Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC). The household survey was carried out to estimate the potato varieties coverage in Nepal in 2017. Other secondary data were sourced from the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Agricultural and Livestock Development, FAO stat, Nepal Rastra Bank and NARC to complement the analysis. We have used a simple economic framework to estimate the benefits generated from agricultural research. The estimated benefit and cost streams were used to calculate Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) and Net Present Value (NPV).  Results showed that the majority of the potato researchers had done research related to crop husbandry (seed production and crop managements); while the limited number of researchers had specialized in breeding activities. The annual growth rate of potato productivity was 214.49 kg per annum per ha which had increased at the rate of 1.76 percent per annum compound growth rate. The results revealed that the average weighted age of improved potato varieties was 21.83 years and each NPR. investment on potato research has given 508 NPR. and NPR. 13760 million NPV at a 12 percent discount factor during the last 17 years. Similarly, the contribution of potato research to GDP and AGDP was found 0.323% and 0.989% respectively. Therefore, future investment and focus should be concentrated on potato research and scaling up activities, and reducing variety adoption lag to obtain additional benefits from potato research investment.
Adoption of improved wheat varieties in eastern and western Terai of Nepal
Authors: Subedi Sanjiv , Ghimire Yuga N. , Adhikari Surya P. , Devkota Deepa , Poudel Hema K. , Sapkota Bidya Kiran
Published: October 2019

The research was conducted from March to May 2019 for assessment on adoption of improved wheat varieties in two major wheat growing districts of Nepal, Sunsari, and Kailali; one representing eastern and another western Terai. A pre-tested interview schedule was used to collect the primary information; in addition, two Key Informant Surveys were performed. Furthermore, relevant literatures were reviewed for secondary information. The simple random method of sampling was used within the selected areas that were identified in consultation with Agriculture Knowledge Centre and agricultural officials of the local government. Altogether, 194 samples were taken for the purpose of the study, omitting the outliers and incomplete responses. Descriptive statistics, probit regression, and indexing were used for data analysis. Probit econometric model revealed that membership dummy (1% level), age (1% level) number of family members involved in agriculture (1% level), subsidy dummy (5% level), number of schooling years (5%) and loan dummy (10% level) significantly determined the adoption of improved wheat varieties developed after NARC establishment. Furthermore, indexing identified- lack of availability of quality improved seeds (I= 0.80) as the major problem associated with the wheat production followed by poor availability of fertilizers (0.77), labour shortage (0.57), lack of proper irrigation (0.46) and lack of agricultural machines (0.39). The government agricultural institutions should assure access to quality seeds and fertilizers to the farmers; in addition, subsidy on irrigation and agricultural machines allied with agricultural loan to the educated youths could be the point of attraction  for wheat cultivation which leads to increased wheat productivity.
Effects of varieties and planting geometries on growth and yield of rain-fed rice in Dailekh, Nepal
Authors: Pariyar Kiran , Sapkota Pradip , Panta Salina , Sharma Sashiram , Karki Tika Bahadur
Published: October 2019

A study was conducted at outreach sites of Horticulture Research Station, Dailekh with the objective of understanding effects of variety selection and spacing under rain-fed condition, during two rainy seasons of 2016 and 2017. Experiment was conducted in two factorial Randomized Complete Block Design where the research sites were replication itself. First factor was variety, including Khumal-10 and farmer’s variety. The second factor was spacings at (20x20) cm, (20x15) cm, (15x15) cm, and farmer’s practice. Effect of Khumal-10 was significantly superior in each of the parameters studied, except days to heading and maturity. Khumal-10, alone contributed 21.6% more yield compared to the farmer’s variety and also had the tallest plant (127.5 cm) and longest panicle (23.4 cm). Similarly, transplantation at spacing of (15x15) cm was significantly outstanding with 28.6% more grain yield, unlike in transplantation with farmer’s practice. Furthermore, integrated management of rice with Khumal-10 transplanted at spacing of (15x15) cm is recommended for Dailekh condition, since it resulted significantly promising grain yield of 5.5 t/ha, which is 71.9% more in comparison to grain yield from farmer’s variety transplanted in farmers´ practice.  Also, the economic benefit was highest with 75.8% more B:C ratio in case of improved variety Khumal-10 transplanted at (15x15) cm spacing.
Effect of scion varieties and wrapping materials on success of tongue grafting in Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) in Dolakha, Nepal
Authors: Pandey Divya , Shrestha Bishal , Sapkota Madan , Banjade Sarita
Published: October 2019

This study was conducted at Boch, Bhimeshwor-8, Dolakha, Nepal from January to May, 2019 to study the effect of scion variety and wrapping materials on growth performance of kiwi seedling rootstock. The field experiment was carried out in Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design using four replications. The treatments consisted of four scion varieties (Monty, Bruno, Hayward, Allison) grafted onto one year old kiwi seedling (Actinidia deliciosa) and two types of wrapping material (Grafting tape and Polyethylene plastic). The measured traits included sprout length, diameter, number of leaves, and number of sprouted bud per graft, graft success, mortality and survival percentage of grafts. The success rate of kiwi grafting was significantly affected by the scion variety and the wrapping materials. Allison variety showed the minimum days (61.72 days) to first sprouting and the maximum length of sprouts, diameter, number of leaves and number of sprouted bud per graft at the final observation. Monty variety showed the lowest growth performance. The maximum graft success (96.87%) and survival percentage of grafts (93.75%) was observed in Allison variety statistically at par with Bruno and Hayward and the lowest graft success(73.44%) and survivability(64.21%) was observed in Monty due to high mortality of the sprouted grafts. Grafting tape was superior to polyethylene plastic in terms of days to first sprouting (64.08 days), number of sprouted buds per grafts, number of leaves, graft success (92.18%) and survival of the grafts (87.01%) at the final observation. Interactive effect was found non-significant. In a nutshell, Allison is the best scion variety for grafting under the climatic condition of Dolakha and the grafting tape was the suitable tying material.
Agronomic management and climate change scenario simulations on productivity of rice, maize and wheat in central Nepal using DSSAT ver 4.5 crop model
Authors: Amgain Lal Prasad , Dhakal Bishal , Shrestha Umesh , Marasini Srijana
Published: October 2019

Average productivity of 3.50 t/ha of rice, 2.50 t/ha of maize and 2.45 t/ha of wheat in Nepal have been very less than their potential productivity  for which précised agronomic management and changing climatic scenarios have been reported the most challenging factors at present. Cropping system Model (CSM)-Crop Estimation through Resource and Environment Synthesis (CERES)- Rice, Maize and Wheat, embedded under Decision Support System for Agro-technology Transfer (DSSAT) ver. 4.5 was evaluated from a datasets of farmers’ field experimentations of the central Nepal (Terai-Nawalpur and mid-hill-Kaski districts), and showed high sensitivity of model over change in different agronomic management and climate change scenarios. Model calibration was done by using maximum attainable yield treatments for all tested cultivars while validation was accomplished by using the remaining treatments for predicting growth, phenology and yield of all crop cultivars and results were found perfectly matched with the observed results. Further, the different agronomic management options and climate change scenarios as advocated by IPCC for 2020, 2050 and 2080 from base line of 1995 was studied to simulate the growth and yield performance of diverse crop cultivars. The hybrids and short duration cultivars of all three cereals were found more affected due to climate change than the local and long duration crop cultivars. The model simulation results obtained on rice, maize and wheat using DSSAT ver 4.5 model highlighted that there is utmost importance to develop new climate ready crop cultivars to feed the future generation over different climate change scenarios as suggested by IPCC, 2007 and the simulation results should be extrapolated to the major domains of similar agro-ecozones in Nepal. It is suggested that CSM- CERES- model would be reliable and valid approach for getting strategic decision support system especially with regards to the climate change adaptation measures in Nepal.
Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
Authors: Bartaula Sampurna , Adhikari Anil , Panthi Urbashi , Karki Prabesh , Timalsena Kiran
Published: October 2019

Genetic variability in a crop population is important for successful plant breeding. Eight cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) genotypes namely Green Long, Simran, Bhaktapur Local, Saihni-2, Ninja-179, Garima, Farmer’s variety and  wild genotype were evaluated at Lamahi Municipality, Dang district of Nepal to estimate the magnitude of their genetic variability and heritability. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for growth and yield traits. The estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were highest for weight of fruit whereas traits namely fruit length, fruit diameter and days to maturity had medium value for both GCV and PCV. Broad sense heritability estimates  ranged from 0.74 for fruit diameter to 0.98 for days to germination. Fruit yield showed high significant positive correlation with fruit diameter (r= 0.649) and negative significant correlation (r= -0.538) with days to flowering. Traits namely weight per fruit, days of germination, no. of flower and days to flowering can be used effectively in selection process of crop improvement program as they had high GCV, PCV and heritability along with high genetic advance as percentage of mean.
Role of seed priming in improving seed germination and seedling growth of maize (Zea mays L.) under rain fed condition
Authors: Shrestha Avinash , Pradhan Shreena , Shrestha Jenny , Subedi Mahesh
Published: October 2019

Seed priming enhances early seed emergence and proper crop stand establishment which enables the crop to capture more soil moisture, nutrients, and solar radiation. An on-farm experiment was conducted in Okhaldhunga, Nepal to study the effect of six different priming treatments (50 millimoles common salt solution, 200 millimoles urea solution, 1 percent MOP solution, 2.5 times diluted urine, water, and control) on germination and growth of two maize varieties, Manakamana-3 and Nutan-IL60. The experiment was set up in factorial randomized complete block design with three replications. Various germination traits: germination percent, seedling vigour, germination index, mean germination time, and seedling growth traits: shoot length, root length, and dry root weight, were studied. Nitrogen-based (Urea and Urine) priming resulted the most desirable change for the studied traits. Nitrogen-based priming also had significant positive effect on stress tolerance related traits like root length and dry root weight.
THE IMPACT OF THE 19TH CENTURY EUROPEAN COLONIALISM IN AFRICA, IN THE NOVEL “THINGS FALL APART” BY CHINUA ACHEBE
Authors: Piola Afriliyani , Usman Happy Anastasia
Published: October 2019

Things Fall Apart is a novel potrays the background of traditional life and primitive culture Ibo tribe in Umuofia, Nigeria, Africa and also the impact of European colonialism towards Africans’ society in the early 19th century. The research applies the qualitative method and it supported by the sociology of literature approach. The primary data are taken from the novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe. Based on the analysis the researcher conducts, the impact of European colonialism in Africa which not only brings a positive impacts but also negative legacy. There are several points of the impact European colonialism in Africa : existence of christianity, existence of language, establishment regulation and contribution to development.
تأثير طول وعرض القدم على بعض العناصر المتعلقة بالتصويب و دقة التصويب
Authors: Ayoub Qadir Nahad , Jabbar Jalal Nazim , Hussain Darwish Nawaz
Published: October 2019

هدفت هذه الدراسة الى التعرف على علاقة بعض طول القدم وعرضها على بعض العناصر المتعلقة بالتصويب ، دقة التصويب ، وكذلك التصويب بوجه القدم ، وقام الباحثين باجراء الدراسة على عينة مقدارها (6) لاعبيات كرة قدم من نادي أفوردة الرياضي ، وتم اجراء المعاملات الاحصائية المناسبة . أظهرت النتائج الدراسة عدم وجود علاقة مابين طول وعرض القدم على عناصر زاوية الركبة ، الجذع ، السرعة ،زاوية الركبة . كما لم تظهر الدراسة أية فروق ذات دلالة مابين طول وعرض القدم على دقة التصويب . توصي الدراسة باختيار لاعبات ذوات سيقان طويلة ، وكذلك تمتع اللاعبة قوة بالقدمين تؤثر على دقة التصويب
تأثير الاسلوب التدريبي الموزع و المكثف على تعلم مهارات السباحة لطلاب كلية التربية الرياضية بالجامعة الاردنية
Authors: Ay Khitam , Abu Al-Taieb Mohammad
Published: October 2019

هدفت هذه الدراسة التعرف إلى اثر استخدام أسلوبي التمرين الموزع والمكثف في اطار استراتيجية التعلم الاتقاني على تحسين مستوى الأداء المهاري بالسباحة لدى طلاب كلية التربية الرياضية في الجامعة الأردنية، على عينة مكونة من (46) طالب من مساق سباحة (1) متوسط أعمارهم(19.6) سنة تم تقسيمهم الى مجموعتين متكافئتين؛ المجموعة الأولى (23) طالب تعلموا باسلوب التمرين الموزع ، المجموعة الثانية (23) طالب تعلموا باسلوب التمرين المكثف ، طبقت استراتيجية التعلم الاتقاني بحيث تم تقسيم محتوى المنهاج الى ثمانية مراحل ينتقل الطالب بعد اتقان المرحلة الى المرحلة التي تليها، وأشارت نتائج الدراسة إلى استخدام أسلوب التمرين المكثف في اطار استراتيجية التعلم الاتقاني يعمل على تحسين زمن 50م بسباحتي الزحف على الظهر والبطن، واوصى الباحثان باستخدام اسلوب التمرين المكثف في اطار استخدام استراتيجية التعلم الاتقاني عند تدريس مساقات السباحة لتمنية اللياقة البدنية المرتبطة بالأداء المهاري للسباحة.
إتجاهات المعلمين نحو استخدام التعليم الإلكتروني في تدريس التربية الرياضية لذوي الإحتياجات الخاصة بدولة الكويت
Authors: Eid Nawar Al-antably Hamada , Al-khataf Nawaf Bandar Sulaiman
Published: October 2019

إستهدفت هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على إتجاهات المعلمين نحو استخدام التعليم الإلكتروني في تدريس التربية الرياضية لذوي الإحتياجات الخاصة بدولة الكويت وذلك من خلال التعرف على إتجاهات كل من المعلمين نحو (تخطيط المنهج عند استخدام التعليم الإلكتروني في تدريس التربية الرياضية لذوي الإحتياجات الخاصة ، دور المعلم عند استخدام التعليم الإلكتروني في تدريس التربية الرياضية لذوي الإحتياجات الخاصة ، دور المتعلم عند إستخدام التعليم الإلكتروني في تدريس التربية الرياضية لذوي الإحتياجات الخاصة ، طرق التدريس المناسبة عند استخدام التعليم الإلكتروني في تدريس التربية الرياضية لذوي الإحتياجات الخاصة ، مكونات البيئة الصفية عند استخدام التعليم الإلكتروني في تدريس التربية الرياضية لذوي الإحتياجات الخاصة ، أساليب التقويم المناسبة إتجاهات عند استخدام التعليم الإلكتروني في تدريس التربية الرياضية لذوي الإحتياجات الخاصة) ، وإستخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفى بالأسلوب المسحي لملاءمته لطبيعة الدراسة ، وتم إختيار عينة البحث العينة بالطريقة العشوائية من بين مدرسي التربية البدنية بمدارس التربية الخاصة بمحافظات (الأحمدي ، الجهراء ، والفروانية) وكان عددهم (300) مفحوصاً ، في حين بلغ حجم عينة الدراسة الإستطلاعية لحساب المعاملات العلمية لمتغيرات البحث (31) مفحوصاً من خارج عينة الدراسة ، وإستخدم الباحث الإستبيان كأداة لجمع البيانات ، وكانت أهم النتائج: استخدام تقنيات التعليم الإلكتروني الحديثة في مواقف التدريس لذوي الإحتياجات الخاصة ، تحديث المواقع والبرامج التعليمية بهدف تعديل وتحديث المعلومات والموضوعات المقدمة للمتعلمين من ذوي الإحتياجات الخاصة ، تقويم الربط بين جانبي العملية التعليمية (العملي والنظري) لذوي الإحتياجات الخاصة ، وكانت من أهم التوصيات ضرورة تدريب معلمي التربية الرياضية المتخصصين لذوي الإحتياجات الخاصة قبل الإلتحاق بالخدمة وأثناء الخدمة على استخدام طرق التدريس المعتمدة على التعليم الإلكتروني ، تشجيع معلمي التربية الرياضية المتخصصين لذوي الإحتياجات الخاصة على استخدام طرق تدريس مبتكرة تتناسب مع استخدام التعليم الإلكتروني
VALIDITY OF NEW HANDBALL AGILITY TEST: ASSOCIATION WITH SPECIFIC SKILLS AND MUSCULAR EXPLOSIVE DETERMINANTS OF LOWER LIMBS IN YOUNG HANDBALL PLAYERS
Authors: Hermassi Souhail , Souhaiel Chelly Mohamed , Fieseler Georg , Bouhafs El Ghali , Schulze Stephan , Irlenbusch Lars , Delank Karl-Stefan , Schwesig René , Hoffmeyer Birgit
Published: October 2019

The aims of the study were to assess the reliability and validity of a new handball agility test (HAT), and to evaluate the association between the test and the explosive performance measurements of lower limbs in young handball players. 72 young handball players (15.6 ± 0.4 years) participated in this study. All players conducted the HAT using a modified ZIG ZAG course consisting of three 5-m sections set out at 100° angles. Electronic timing gates were used to record completion times. To assess the reliability of the HAT, each player performed the tests twice, on separate days. The criterion validity of the HAT was determined by examining the relationship between the HAT performances and two popular agility tests performances (T-half test and the Illinois test). Participants also underwent measurements squat and counter-movement jumps, sprinting velocities on 5-m (V5) and 10-m (V10), and handball specific skill test (HST). The results showed no difference between test–retest HAT scores. Intra class reliability of the HAT was greater than 0.91 across the trials (0.92 and 0.97, respectively). The HAT was closely related to both the T-half test and Illinois agility tests (r= 0.52 and r = 0.68, p< 0.05). Relevant correlations were found between HAT, CMJ and SJ (r = 0.58 and r = 0.38 respectively; p<0.01). A very large association were also found between HAT and V5-m and V10-m (r = 0.60 and r = 0.55 respectively; p<0.01). The HAT constitutes a reliable and valid field tool for assessing short term running agility in young team handball players. Therefore, is very suitable for monitoring athletic performance of the lower-limbs in young handball players.
اثر استخدام أسلوبي التمرين الموزع والمكثف في اطار استراتيجية التعلم الاتقاني على تحسين مستوى الأداء المهاري بالسباحة لدى طلاب كلية التربية الرياضية
Authors: Abu Al-Taieb Mohammad , Mousa Ay Khitam
Published: October 2019

هدفت هذه الدراسة التعرف إلى اثر استخدام أسلوبي التمرين الموزع والمكثف في اطار استراتيجية التعلم الاتقاني على تحسين مستوى الأداء المهاري بالسباحة لدى طلاب كلية التربية الرياضية في الجامعة الأردنية، على عينة مكونة من (46) طالب من مساق سباحة (1) متوسط أعمارهم(19.6) سنة تم تقسيمهم الى مجموعتين متكافئتين؛ المجموعة الأولى (23) طالب تعلموا باسلوب التمرين الموزع ، المجموعة الثانية (23) طالب تعلموا باسلوب التمرين المكثف ، طبقت استراتيجية التعلم الاتقاني بحيث تم تقسيم محتوى المنهاج الى ثمانية مراحل ينتقل الطالب بعد اتقان المرحلة الى المرحلة التي تليها، وأشارت نتائج الدراسة إلى استخدام أسلوب التمرين المكثف في اطار استراتيجية التعلم الاتقاني يعمل على تحسين زمن 50م بسباحتي الزحف على الظهر والبطن، واوصى الباحثان باستخدام اسلوب التمرين المكثف في اطار استخدام استراتيجية التعلم الاتقاني عند تدريس مساقات السباحة لتمنية اللياقة البدنية المرتبطة بالأداء المهاري للسباحة.
المشكلات الاجتماعية وعلاقتها بعزوف طلبة جامعة طرابلس على ممارسة النشاط الرياضي
Authors: Gawwra Abdel hafez , Said Said
Published: October 2019

تهدف هذه الدراسة الى التعرف على طبيعة المشكلات الاجتماعية ذات العلاقة بعزوف طلبة جامعة طرابلس عن ممارسة الألعاب الرياضية الجماعية ،الفروق في طبيعة المشكلات الاجتماعية التي تواجه الطلاب عن تلك التي تواجه الطالبات ذات العلاقة بعزوفهم عن ممارسة الالعاب الرياضية الجماعية بموجب متغير (الجنس)، الفروق في طبيعة المشكلات الاجتماعية التي تواجه طلبة الكليات العلمية عن طلبة الكليات الانسانية ذات العلاقة بعزوفهم عن ممارسة الألعاب الرياضية الجماعية بموجب متغير (التخصص). تجيب هذه الدراسة عن التساؤلات التالية وهي ما المشكلات الاجتماعية ذات العلاقة بعزوف طلبة جامعة طرابلس عن ممارسة الألعاب الرياضية الجماعية ،هل توجد فروق دالة إحصائيا في طبيعة المشكلات التي تواجه الطلاب عن تلك التي تواجه الطالبات ذات العلاقة بعزوفهم عن ممارسة الألعاب الرياضية الجماعية وبموجب متغير (الجنس) ، هل توجد فروق دالة إحصائيا في طبيعة المشكلات الاجتماعية التي تواجه طلبة الكليات العلمية عن طلبة الكليات الإنسانية ذات العلاقة بعزوفهم عن ممارسة الألعاب الرياضية الجماعية وبموجب متغير (التخصص). أظهرت نتائج الدراسة عدم وجود فروق معنوية للمشكلات الفراغ والترويح و المشكلات التنشئة الاجتماعية تعزى للتخصص , وهذا يدل على اتفاق عينة الدراسة على تلك المسببات وجود فروق معنوية بين الأبعاد الأخرى لأسباب للمشكلات الاجتماعية وعلاقتها بعزوف طلبة جامعة طرابلس عن ممارسة النشاط الرياضي
دور الجمعيات الرياضية الجوارية في في الاندماج الاجتماعي للناشئين من خلال الممارسة الرياضية بشقيها التنافسي والترفيهي ضمن المجتمع الجزائري
Authors: Majed Fernan
Published: October 2019

لقد حاولت هذه الدراسة تقصي دور الجمعيات الرياضية الجوارية في الاندماج الاجتماعي للناشئين من خلال الممارسة الممارسة الرياضية بشقيها التنافسي والترفيهي ضمن المجتمع الجزائري ، و كانت عينة البحث مكونة من 200 منخرط ضمن هذه الجمعيات.

          و استخدمنا المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، معتمدين على وسائل البحث التالية:

الملاحظة الأولية

الدراسة الاستطلاعية

المقابلة

الإستبيان.

وكشفت نتائج الدراسة عن دور الجمعيات الرياضية الجوارية التنمية الشاملة والتنشئة الاجتماعية للناشئين من خلال ممارسة النشاط البدني، كما أكدت الدراسة على دور الجمعيات الرياضية الجوارية في تأطير الناشئين وتكوينهم، وعن دور الجمعيات الرياضية الجوارية في ترشيد هم نحو الممارسة الرياضية ، كما أكدت الدراسة على تأثير التسيير الاستراتيجي للجمعيات الرياضية الجوارية في تفعيل التكوين الهادف للناشئين من خلال الممارسة الرياضية.
رؤية مستقبلية في تحديات الاحتراف في الدول العربية بين أسباب النجاح وظروف الفشل-الجزائركنموذج
Authors: Bin Na’aja Mohammad , Bin rabih Khair aldeen , Faisal Krobe Mohammad
Published: October 2019

رغم دخول أغلب الدول العربية مجال الاحتراف الرياضي خلال السنوات الأخيرة ،إلا ان هذا المشروع الذي أملته الظروف العالمية والقوانين الدولية الرياضية لم يعرف التجسيد المثالي وبات يتخبط في عدة مشاكل ،ولم يستطع النهوض بالرياضة العربية وخاصة كرة القدم بنتائجها الكارثية والمخيبة للآمال على جميع الأصعدة ومن بين هذه الدول العربية الجزائر . انطلاقا من هذا أردنا دراسة هذه المشكلة بالاعتماد على المنهج الوصفي وعلى عينة تقدر ب 32 مدربا ومدربا مساعدا من الرابطة المحترفة الأولى والثانية ،وتم الاعتماد على استبيان لجمع المعلومات يحتوي 32عبارة مقسم إلى أربعة محاور (محور تحدي مدارس التكوين،ومحور تحدي التمويل الرياضي ومحور تحدي الإدارة الرياضية ومحور تحدي الإعلام الرياضي والجماهير الرياضية. وعن طريق تحليل النتائج بالوسائل الاحصائية المناسبة تم التوصل إلى أن قلة مدارس التكوين في كرة القدم وغياب المنشآت اللازمة ،وعدم تنوع مصادر التمويل للفرق وغياب السياسة التسويقية يعمل كجانب معيق لنجاح مشروع الاحتراف في كرة القدم ،و غياب الدور الذي ممكن أن يلعبه الإعلام الرياضي من نشر لثقافة الاحتراف ونشر لثقافة التسويق الرياضي رغم أن هناك تطبيق لمبادئ الإدارة الرياضية بمستوى جيد لكن الإدارة وحدهالا تكفي لنجاح مشروع الاحتراف في كرة القدم ،وفي الأخير تبين أن الجماهير مكون فاعل في نجاح عملية الاحتراف الرياضي . وبالتالي من اجل نجاح مشروع الاحتراف كرؤية مستقبلية يجب التغلب على هذه التحديات التي تواجه هذا المشروع
EFFECTS OF STEP DRILLS USING THE JAPANESE MAT ON SOME FUNCTIONAL, PHYSICAL AND MOTOR VARIABLES OF ELDERLY LADIES 50-55 YEARS
Authors: Al-Bateky Nihad Moneer Othman
Published: October 2019

The current research aims to prepare a training course using step drills on the Japanese mat to improve some physical, functional and motor variables of elderly women and identify the effects of this training course on some physical, functional and motor variables of elderly women (50-55 years). The researcher used the experimental approach (two-group design) with pre- and post-measurements. Participants (n=20) were all women (50-55 years) without previous participation in sport and were all free of chronic diseases. Participants were randomly divided into two equivalent groups (control=experimental=10). Both groups practice the same warm-up and fitness exercises but only the experimental group practiced the square steps drills on the Japanese mat. Results indicated that:

1. The recommended program improved speed strength as a physical factor in favor of the experimental group

2. The recommended program improved coordination and agility as motor factors in favor of the experimental group

3. The functional factors did not show any significant improvements

4. Performing step drills on Japanese mat led to accurate results in the experimental group
واقع الرياضة الجامعية الجزائرية في ظل تسيير منشآتها - دراسة ميدانية لبعض المؤسسات الجامعية الجزائرية–
Authors: Hadab Salim , Ghadban Ahmed Hamza , Karfus Nabil
Published: October 2019

هدفت هذه الدراسة الى التعرف على واقع الرياضة الجامعية الجزائرية في ظل تسيير منشآتها من خلال دراسة ميدانية لبعض المؤسسات الجامعية الجزائرية، واستخدم الباحثون المنهج الوصفي لملاءمته وطبيعة هذه الدراسة، وتكون مجتمع الدراسة من جميع رؤساء مصالح النشاطات الرياضية بكل الجامعات والمدارس والمعاهد والأحياء الجامعية التابعة لوزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي وعددها (388) اقامة جامعية. وتبين جليا الدور الذي تلعبه المنشآت الرياضية الجامعية في تطور الرياضة الجامعية من خلال التخطيط والتنظيم والرقابة والاتصال. كما توصل الباحثين إلى أن تنفيذ هذه القرارات ونهايتها مرتبطة ارتباطاً وثيقاً بمبادئ وأحكام وقواعد ابتكرها وأنشأها القانون بالتوفيق بين المصلحة العامة والمصلحة الخاصة وتحقيق مراكز ونقاط التوافق بينهما، وعليه فإن تطبيق العناصر الأساسية في الإدارة وفي معايير علمية مدروسة يرجع بالإيجاب على نجاح وفعالية الرياضة الجامعية.
رؤية لتطوير الإعداد المهنى فى مجال التربية البدنية المعدلة فى ضوء التوجهات الدولية
Authors: Sobhy Abd Allah Raniah
Published: October 2019

ترتبط جودة الأداء المهنى للعاملين فى مجال التربية البدنية المعدلة بطبيعة الإعداد المهنى للمعلمين . إذ حتى تتحقق فوائد وأهداف التربية البدنية المعدلة يجب أن تقدم من خلال معلم معد ومؤهل للقيام بأدواره على خير وجه . فتأهيل المعلم يتضمن اكسابه مجموعة من المهارات المرتبطة بطبيعة أدواره المهنية حتى تتسنى عملية تحقيق الأهداف والتى يعبر عنها مفهوم الكفايات المهنية .تهدف ورقة العمل الحالية إلى وضع تصور مقترح لتطوير الإعداد المهنى فى مجال التربية البدنية المعدلة فى ضوء التوجهات الدولية من خلال :أ- تحليل الوضع الراهن لطبيعة الإعداد المهنى لمعلمى التربية البدنية المعدلة بجمهورية مصر العربية ، ب- عرض لتجربة الإعداد الأكاديمى بقسم التربية الرياضية المعدلة فى كلية التربية الرياضية للبنين – جامعة حلوان – بجمهورية مصر العربية ، ج- تحديد الكفايات المهنية لمعلمى التربية البدنية المعدلة فى ضوء بعض المعايير الدولية ، د- تحديد التحديات المهنية فى مجال التربية البدنية المعدلة .ولقد تضمنت محاور الرؤية المقترحة :1- إعداد البرامج الأكاديمية ، 2- التدريب الميدانى ، 3- التنمية المهنية ، 4- تكوين المنظمات المهنية ، 5- البحوث العلمية .
Iron overload and cirrhosis in referred HFE p.C282Y homozygotes with normal transferrin saturation and elevated serum ferritin
Authors: Adams Paul C , Barton James C
Published: October 2019

Background: Elevated transferrin saturation (TS) is an imperfect test to identify adults with high-iron gene ( HFE) p.C282Y homozygosity or elevated hepatic iron concentration. Methods: We analyzed observations of non-screening, previously untreated p.C282Y homozygotes who presented with both normal TS (<50% men, <45% women) and elevated serum ferritin (SF; men, >300 µg/L; women, >200 µg/L). Iron overload was defined as hepatocyte iron grade 3 or 4, liver iron >35 µmol/g dry weight, or iron removed by phlebotomy ≥3 g. Cirrhosis was defined as regenerating nodules of hepatocytes surrounded by bands of fibrous connective tissue. Results: Among 917 referred p.C282Y homozygotes, 58 (33 men, 25 women) had normal TS and elevated SF (6.3% [95% CI 4.9% to 8.1%]). Of 58 patients, 14 (24.1%) underwent liver biopsy; all 14 had hepatocyte iron grade 3 or 4. Fatty infiltration was reported in 6 of 14 liver biopsies (42.9%). Liver iron was >35 µmol/g dry weight in 7 of 8 patients tested (87.5%). Iron removed by phlebotomy was ≥3 g in 75.0% (15/20) of men and 62.5% (5/8) of women. Of 58 patients, 3 (5.2%) had iron overload and cirrhosis; each also had a proven or possible non-iron liver condition that may have acted in synergy with liver iron to increase cirrhosis risk. Conclusions: Iron overload is common in non-screening, previously untreated HFE p.C282Y homozygotes with normal TS and elevated SF. Among our sample, 5.2% had cirrhosis. Clinicians should not assume that patients with normal TS and elevated SF do not have HFE p.C282Y homozygosity, iron overload, or cirrhosis.