bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FORMATION OF THE CORPORATE STYLE OF FIRST-YEAR STUDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY
Authors:   Tashkent state university of economics of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Kayumova Mekhribonu
Published: September 2021

The article deals with the problem of the formation of a corporate style among first-year students of the university. To solve this problem, the use of pedagogical strategies is proposed. Their implementation is aimed at uniting the collective spirit of society (group), as well as the awareness of each student of this need, not forgetting about national values, acceptance of the values and history of a higher educational institution, rational use of opportunities created for girls and women in the renewed UzbekistanKeywords:corporate culture, innovation, higher education institutions, corporate identityof female students, pedagogical strategies, cultural education area of higher education institution.
CRITERIA FOR DEVELOPING AND EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Authors:   University of World Economy and Diplomacy of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Elmuradova Madina
Published: September 2021

This article outlines special economic zones that play an important role in the socio-economic development of the country, and the use of this term in the reports of influential organizations around the world,as well as changes in the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. In addition, the factors important for the effective functioning of the special economic zone, and the criteria for assessing the effectiveness of its activities are systematized and analyzed through the economic indicators of the SEZ "Navoi"Keywords:special economic zone, investment, free economic zone, export, import, efficiency indicators.
FEATURES BUDGETING IN THE RBB SYSTEM
Authors:   Banking and Finance Academy of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Ishmanova Diana
Published: September 2021

This article examines how today many developed and developing countries are developing budgetary practices for the medium term. Of course, we do not believe that medium-term budgeting determines the economic development of these countries. Nevertheless, budget revenues for the medium term can be mentioned as a factor in achieving the stated goals and objectives of the government. In the experience of EU member states, results-based budgeting demonstrates the feasibility of socio-economicpolicies
USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE ACTIVITIES OF COMMERCIAL BANKS
Authors:   Banking and Finance Academy of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Kiryigitov Jamshid
Published: September 2021

In this article shown the activities and experience of commercial banks of developed countries are studied and prospects of using information technologies in the development of innovative activities in the system of our national commercial banks. At the same time, opinions were expressedabout the possibility of achieving positive results using digital technologies on the basis of developmentof innovative activities of banks of Uzbekistan. Proceeding from this urgent task, the article developed proposals and conclusions on the coverage of the importance of innovative development of banking activities, theoretical views of our homeland and foreign scientists on this and the analysis of the current situation on innovative development of the banking system, as well as on the wide use of information technologies in the innovative development of banks. The opportunities are highlighted for innovative development of the banking system with the effective use of digital technologies
THE TECHNOLOGY IN ADVERTISING OF MARKETING AS AN INNOVATIVE METHOD
Authors:   Samarkand Institute of Economics and Service of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Barakaeva Dilbar
Published: September 2021

This article shows the effective role technology of advertising, when you start your business in brand-new ways. Today, modern trends in global advertising are showing a clear shift towards a more integrated and generally more responsive method of communication than the traditional advertising approach. This new approach and technology offers new ways of interacting with their target market. Therefore,the article pays special attention to advertising services
THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN UZBEKISTAN
Authors:   Tashkent state university of economics of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Sadikova Muslima
Published: September 2021

No human society can develop harmoniously, moving to a higher state, if it belittles the role of women and does not balance the ratio of two complementary principles -male and female, because the position of women like a litmus test reveals the actual degree of civilization of a particular social or religious community, as well as accurately reflects the degree of commitment of its members to the principles of humanism, equality and mercy. In this article deals with issues, current stage of general coefficient of coverage withhigher education, by gender and the share of women in teachers and professors in higher education institutions in Uzbekistan. Above all in this article given recommendation to avoid and solve negative effects of gender discrimination in development of science in conditions of The Republic of Uzbekistan
LOGISTIC INFRASTRUCTURE IS AN IMPORTANT TOOL FOR WHOLESALE DEVELOPMENT
Authors:   Samarkand Institute of Economics and Service of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Kholmamatov Diyor
Published: September 2021

This article describes the structural elements of logistics infrastructure, their interaction, the development of wholesale trade as an important object of logistics infrastructure, the creation of logistics infrastructure related to wholesale trade activities. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the mainfunctions of wholesale trade are interconnected with logistics, and the development of wholesale trade is directly related to the logistics infrastructure.Keywords:logistics infrastructure, wholesale, logistics center, warehouses, logistics services, marketing agencies, procurement
DEVELOPMENT TENDENCIES OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY
Authors:   Tashkent state university of economics of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Mannonova Shoxida
Published: September 2021

The article analyzes the features of the digital economy, the ecosystem, the effective use of digital technologies in the development of the economy and current issues in this area, as well as the necessary skills of training for the digital economy, modern professions that will be needed in the near future.Keywords:digital economy, big data, artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, quantum technologies, Internet of things, ecosystem, personnel, professional skills, skilled labor, businessmodels, joint educational programs
REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PANDEMIC
Authors:   Karakalpak State University, Makhmudov Sukhrob
Published: September 2021

The article is devoted to the study of disparities in the state of socio-economic development in the regions of Uzbekistan in the conditions of the coronavirus pandemic.The research was carried out in 3 stages. The 1st stage includes a pre-pandemic period, the 2nd stage is devoted to the analysis of the impact of the pandemic on the increase in regional disparities, and at the 3rd stage, scenarios for reducing the existing disparities have been developed
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE OCCURRENCE OF RISKS
Authors:   Fiscal Institute under the State Tax Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Abdullaeva Alomatkhon
Published: September 2021

This article examines the factors influencing the risks, which are the area of origin, time of occurrence, occurrence factor, place of occurrence, classification of consequences, degree of occurrence, degree of accuracy, stage of occurrence, size of losses. studied according to the scale of the consequence. Based on the results of the study, the following recommendations were made:the organization should study and monitor the external environment along with the analysis of the internal environment and develop risk tactics
STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF EDUCATIONAL TOURISM SERVICES
Authors:   Samarkand Institute of Economics and Service of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Ibragimova Madina
Published: September 2021

The article examines the role of educational tourism services in the socio-economic development of the country, carries out a meta-analysis on the classification of educational tourism services. The author also expressed his views, in particular, a classifier was developed according to the criteria of educational tourism and its advantages were shown.
ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATE OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE OPERATIONS IN COMMERCIAL BANKS
Authors:   Tashkent state university of economics of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Muminova Masuda
Published: September 2021

The article analyzes statistical data on the management of active and passive operations in commercial banks, forms the theoretical views of foreign and domestic economists.Scientific novelty of the research:1. One of the main expected results of the transformation of commercial banks with the support of international financial institutions is based on the reduction of the state's share in a number of commercial banks, the introduction of international experience in attracting strategic investors with sufficient experience, knowledge and reputation;2. When managing the assets and liabilities of the bank, first of all, it is necessary to analyze the factors of attracting the bank's resources, the stability of the resources of commercial banks has proven that it allows risk-free management of active operations
PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF WOMEN'S LABOR IN RURAL HOUSEHOLDS
Authors:   Karshi engineering-economic institute of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Turobov Sherzod , Fakhriddinov Bakhriddin
Published: September 2021

The article reveals the development of women's entrepreneurship by increasing the activity of households in agriculture, the main directions of entrepreneurial activity and the role of entrepreneurship in increasing household income. Government policies, lending and incentives are discussed with the aim of expanding home entrepreneurship. The level of concessional loans provided to households by the central bank and commercial banks is considered in detail. Recommendations are given on the effective use of female labor in rural entrepreneurship.Keywords: women's labor, women's entrepreneurship, home business, entrepreneurship, subsidiary farming, agriculture, gender equality, citizens' gathering, income, personal household plots, employment, crediting, subsidies, family entrepreneurship
Self-mention in argumentative essays written by pre-service teachers of English
Authors: Kapranov Oleksandr
Published: September 2021

This article presents and discusses a study that aims at establishing how self-mentions are used by pre-service teachers of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) in their argumentative essay writing. The study examined a corpus of argumentative essays written on a range of topics in EFL didactics by a group of pre-service EFL teachers (hereafter – participants). The corpus involved two rounds of argumentative essays written by the participants and their respective controls (nonteacher EFL students). The frequency of self-mentions in the corpus was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM 2011) in terms of raw values, and the computer program WordSmith (Scott 2008) as normalised data per 1000 words. The results of the quantitative analysis revealed that the frequency of the self-mention we decreased, whereas the frequency of the self-mention I increased in the second round of essays. These findings and their linguo-didactic implications are further discussed in the article.
Strategies in the translation of the narrative in "Pillars of Eternity"
Authors: Nawrocka Ewa Barbara
Published: September 2021

The present article is devoted to the translation of the narrative in the RPG game entitled Pillars of Eternity. The narrative of the game comprises texts such as the main story, dialogs, journals, books, poems and item lore. Since these texts are essentially literary in nature, they require a creative and covert approach to translation supplemented by local semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic strategies. The article examines the texts shaping the narrative and the strategies which conspire to achieve the ultimate goal of the narrative: player immersion in the game world.
Derechos sexuales y reproductivos en jóvenes de San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas
Authors: Evangelista García Angélica Aremy
Published: September 2021

Más que una aproximación a los aspectos formales y legales de los derechos sexuales y reproductivos, esta propuesta reconstruirá dos espacios en los que ha tenido lugar la lucha cotidiana por reconocer a los jóvenes como sujetos de derechos: uno dado por el reconocimiento y por el compromiso que asume la sociedad sobre este grupo de edad; y otro, condicionado por el primero, dado por el reconocimiento que de sí mismo posee cada joven y que le permite apropiarse, pero sobre todo poner en práctica, su “derecho a tener derechos” sobre su sexualidad y reproducción.
La niñez en Los Altos de Chiapas. Prácticas y representaciones sociales sobre el ser niño y niña en San Juan Chamula
Authors: González Marín Isela Guadalupe
Published: September 2021

Toda política pública dirigida a influir decisivamente en las problemáticas que atraviesa la infancia indígena tendrá que considerar de manera sinérgica cómo ellos y ellas viven la niñez, cómo la construyen y cómo la representan a partir de sus propias voces, porque resulta innegable que a los niños indígenas se les escucha poco. Es importante conocer la complejidad del mundo de las representaciones sociales de las distintas culturas en México, un país donde confluyen diversas maneras de ver y de sentir. Por esa razón, los investigadores tenemos la obligación de escuchar lo que los niños y las niñas tienen que decir sobre su universo para comprenderlo mejor.
Juventudes indígenas en México. Estudios y escenarios socioculturales
Authors: López Moya Martín de la Cruz
Published: September 2021

Este libro pretende mostrar desde disímiles aristas cómo se estudia lo juvenil “indígena” y cómo los jóvenes indígenas viven en el México actual. Ofrece un horizonte investigativo amplio con miradas particulares que documentan la emergencia y las vivencias de estas juventudes entre las etnias contemporáneas. Definitivamente es una propuesta que aportará a la consolidación de los campos de investigación interdisciplinarios, así como a las comunidades epistémicas. Aquí ensayamos una mirada centrada en su movilidad y agencia para re-conocer un nuevo modo de estar en el mundo a partir de la voluntad y pertenencia etnojuvenil. Los autores de este libro trabajan con jóvenes indígenas en distintos escenarios y con diferentes condiciones de México, y se enfocan en las transformaciones culturales, en sus anclajes juveniles y en sus vivencias.
Ni aquí ni allá. El emigrante en los corridos y en otras canciones populares
Authors: De la Garza Chávez María Luisa
Published: September 2021

Ni aquí ni allá. El emigrante en los corridos y en otras canciones populares es un análisis de la representación que de los emigrantes y del proceso migratorio han puesto en circulación los corridos en los últimos cien años. Más de quinientos corridos sobre esta temática han sido analizados en una investigación que resulta excepcional por su enfoque, pues se abordan desde una perspectiva ética, entendiendo la ética en un sentido amplio, es decir, abarcadora de la moral y de la política.
El Soconusco: mujeres cruzando fronteras
Authors: Castells Ballarín Pilar
Published: September 2021

El objetivo de esta publicación es encarar los efectos de la crisis actual en la situación de las mujeres marginales del Soconusco y enfocar las tendencias de reproducción de su marginalidad desde la perspectiva de su condición así como su participación social y económica.
Movilidad humana en tránsito: retos de la Cuarta Transformación en política migratoria
Authors: Anguiano Téllez María Eugenia
Published: September 2021

Este libro es una contribución a la reflexión y al debate sobre los grandes retos que entraña el tema migratorio como problema teórico y fenómeno social de nuestro tiempo. La pregunta subyacente en el texto es ¿cómo reparar un sistema migratorio roto por la implosión del proceso globalizador, destructor de los medios de vida de millones de seres humanos? Frente a esta crisis migratoria los gobiernos responden con medidas de contención en las que se incluyen "muros" que profundizan las dificultades para el tránsito y muestran el rostro de una "crisis humanitaria" que interpela a los derechos humanos. Fruto de un esfuerzo colaborativo, este volumen fue pensado en una reunión que convocó El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, en Tijuana, cuando recién se estrenaba en México el gobierno de la Cuarta Transformación, para reflexionar en torno al "nuevo paradigma" de la política migratoria de este país. Las amenazas del gobierno de Donald Trump a México sobre imponer aranceles al comercio con Estados Unidos todavía no se habían expresado; poco después la "vuelta de tuerca" se concretó y la política migratoria de México cambió radicalmente. Este tránsito de una política flexible a una política dura es objeto de análisis en este texto que, desde distintas miradas, formula hipótesis y abre nuevos interrogantes sobre el devenir.
Método hibrido de ejercicios de crossfit-halterofilia para el desarrollo de la fuerza-resistencia en Judo y Karate-do
Authors: ENCINAS TRUJILLO MANUEL OCTAVIO , GAVOTTO NOGALES OMAR IVAN , PLACENCIA CAMACHO LUCIA , ANTUNEZ DOMINGUEZ FRANCISCO JAVIER
Published: September 2021

Se presenta una propuesta hibrida de entrenamiento con la aplicación de ejercicios de halterofilia y crossfit para el desarrollo de la fuerza - resistencia en los equipos de judo y karate do de la Universidad de Sonora.
Rehabilitación cardíaca fase 2 post infarto agudo al miocardio.
Authors: Gutiérrez Arce Kirby , Funez Estrada Jessy Estefanía , Rojas Aboyte Cristian Yovany , Hernández Cortés Perla Lizeth Hernández Cortés , Enríquez Reyna María Cristina
Published: September 2021

Objetivo. Se propuso analizar la información disponible sobre protocolos de ejercicio diseñados para ofrecer rehabilitación cardiaca fase II para pacientes post infarto agudo al miocardio fase II con el propósito de identificar las características de los programas de entrenamiento y los resultados relativos a la recuperación del funcionamiento cardiaco (fracción de eyección, capacidad respiratoria) y metabólico (glicemia).

Método. Revisión sistemática de literatura del 2016 a septiembre del 2019 con búsqueda realizada en PubMed, Google académico, Redalyc, Science direct y Springer. Las palabras clave en inglés fueron: “cardiac rehabilitation or guide for clinical practice" AND acute myocardial infarction AND “Exercise program or physical training”. Los indicadores considerados para el funcionamiento cardíaco incluyen la fracción de eyección o la capacidad respiratoria (VO2máx). Para el funcionamiento metabólico se consideró el reporte de la glicemia. Los hallazgos se presentan considerando los criterios de PRISMA. El nivel de evidencia de acuerdo con criterios de la National Health and Medical Research Council.

Resultados. Cinco ensayos clínicos, siete artículos con otros tipos de diseño y seis protocolos de investigación superaron los criterios de selección y fueron analizados en esquemas de acuerdo con el tipo de resultados considerados. Se describen algunas características del entrenamiento, frecuencia, duración e intensidad.

Conclusiones. Existen evidencias de cambios positivos en el funcionamiento cardiaco y metabólico. La información resulta de utilidad para el diseño de programas de entrenamiento. La toma de decisiones debiera considerar al equipo multidisciplinario de salud dada la susceptibilidad de este tipo de pacientes.
DOES HUMAN CAPITAL PREDICT RESOURCES: EVIDENCE FROM DENOMINATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN GHANA?
Authors: Isaac Anowuo , Cobbina Pastor Emmanuel
Published: September 2021

Life processes cannot continue in the absence of a means of survival. This explains why people continue to look for ways to make a living and satisfy their insatiable desires This study aims to investigate the relationship between human capital and financial resources in selected denominational institution in Ghana. This research is applied a questionnaire to measure and assess the mentioned relationship. The sample size is 368 persons who were chosen through purposive sampling technique. A Minitab 20.3 software was used to generate the required results. According to findings of empirical analysis, it is demonstrated that there is a significant and positive relationship between human capital and resources. The results also revealed that human capital elements of education, training and succession planning were predictors of resources. It recommended that human capital must be improved for better management of denominational resources.
GARDNER’S SYNDROME AS THE FIRST MANIFESTATION OF FAP IN PATIENT WITH METASTATIC RECTAL CANCER - AN EXTREMELY RARE OCCURRENCE
Authors: Clarke J , Islam S , Medford S , Juman S , Harnarayan P , Naraynsingh V
Published: September 2021

Familial adenomatous polyposis [FAP] is a rare autosomal disorder. FAP presenting with Gardner syndrome is even rarer. Gardner syndrome as the first manifestation of FAP without any prior family history is even scarcer. We hereby report the case of 32 years healthy male referred to our otolaryngology clinic with a neck mass and ultimately diagnosed with a case of Gardner syndrome with FAP and advanced rectal Cancer. The patient had a successful gastrointestinal surgery with follow up chemotherapy. Subsequently the patient was followed up at the gastroenterology, oncology and surgical clinic. Literature searched was done and the extra colonic manifestations of the diseases are highlighted in our discussion.
MISSING LINKS OF miRNA REGULATION AND TRAIL;
Authors: FAROOQI AMMAD AHMAD , AWAN IMRANA IFTIKHAR
Published: September 2021

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DENTAL CARRIES
Authors: AAMIR SADIDA , AHMAD SHAKIL , SARWAR IMRAN
Published: September 2021

Dental disease is prevalent among young children, particularly those from lower socioeconomic populations; however,few preschool-aged children ever visit a dentist. Dental caries is a common childhood disease. Objectives: To observe the frequency ofdental caries particularly focusing on effects of regular brushing habits with fluoride tooth paste on dental caries in children of differentcommunities of Faisalabad. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting Four communities of Faisalabad located at: Punjab MedicalCollege Colony, Youngwala, Agricultural University Colony, People Colony No.2. Duration of study: Six months from 01-07-2009 to 31-12-2009. Subjects and Methods: Total 379 patients were included in this study. Dental caries status was recorded after completeintraoral examination of selected children. Sample of drinking water was taken from each patient and fluoride level was measured inLaboratory. Results: Mean age of the children was observed 8.8±1.8 years. When socioeconomic status of studied population wasconsidered majority i.e. 150 children (39.6%) was from higher socioeconomic class, 139 children (36.7%) were from middle class and90 children (23.7%) from lower socioeconomic class. As for as sources of drinking water is concerned 132 children (34.9%) usingground water, 113 children (29.8%) canal water, 83 children (21.9%) filtered water and 51 children (13.4%) mineral water and level offluoride in drinking water, (sources ground water, canal, filter water and mineral water is < 0.7 PPM which is suboptimal for cariesprotection). Conclusions: Regular brushing with fluoride containing tooth paste were very effective in preventing dental caries. Dentalhealth services should focus primarily on the prevention of dental caries.
TUBELESS PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTOMY;
Authors: IBRAHIM MUHAMMAD NASIR , TAHIR MUHAMMAD MUZAMMIL , SADDIQUE AMJAD ALI , Khan Mohammad Usman
Published: September 2021

Revolutionary advances in the minimally invasive and non invasive management of stone disease over the past twodecades have greatly facilitated the removal of stones. Renal stone management moved from open surgery to minimally invasiveprocedures with the aim of achieving maximum stone clearance with the least morbidity and mortality. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL) remains the most efficient procedure in all patient groups. Tubeless PCNL is increasing in popularity and the technique ofpercutaneous nephrolithotomy is in constant evolution. Nephrostomy tube has been implicated in causing postoperative discomfort orpain and morbidity. Nephrostomy-free or tubeless PCNL reduces postoperative pain and analgesia related to the drainage tube. Objective:To compare mean analgesia requirement with tubeless PCNL and standard PCNL in renal stone patients Study design: Randomizedcontrolled trial conducted at Shaikh Zayed Hospital Lahore from July 2010 to January 2011. Methods: 100 patients were divided into twogroups randomly by using random number tables i.e. 50 patients in group A and 50 patients in group B. Group A patients were operated bystandard PCNL method i.e. with Placement of nephrostomy tube and ureteric catheter and group B were operated by tubeless PCNL i.e.without nephrostomy tube but with ureteric catheter. The data was collected on attached predesigned computer based proforma. Results:The analgesic dose requirement in Group A was 116.50± 26.55mg and analgesic dose requirement in Group B was 73.00±30.24mg ofpethidine. So, analgesia requirement in both groups showed a significant difference (p<0.05). Conclusions: Tubeless PCNL can be usedwith a favorable outcome in renal stone patients, with the potential advantage of decreased analgesia requirement.
CONVERSION DISORDER;
Authors: MAQSOOD NIAZ , LAGHARI NAEEM-ULLAH , AKRAM BUSHRA
Published: September 2021

Objective: The objective of the study was to find out association and pattern of childhood sexual abuse in patientspresenting with conversion disorder. Study Design: A descriptive study. Place & duration of study: The study was conducted in theDepartment of Psychiatry & Behavioural Sciences, Bahawal Victoria Hospital & Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur from June,2011 to December, 2011. Subjects & Methods: The sample consisted of 60 Female in-patients with Conversion Disorder by purposivesampling. They were interviewed and results were analysed from the entries in a semi structured Performa. Results: Out of 60 patients,34(57%) reported sexually abused in childhood and 26(43%) not abused. There were 19(32%) patients reported uncomfortable sexualtalk, sexual touching, 9(15%) reported attempted intercourse which was successful and 6(10%) reported attempted for intercourse butfailed in their aim. 14(23%) patients abused by their relatives, 5(8%) by Neighbours and strangers, 3(5%) by their health caregivers,boyfriends and class fellows and 1(2%) by teachers. Conclusions: This study shows a positive association between severe sexual abuse(Uncomfortable talk, sexual touching, penetration or attempted penetration) in childhood and Conversion Disorder in adult life.
HOSPITAL WASTE MANAGEMENT;
Authors: AMIN RAHEELAH , GUL RUBINA , MEHRAB AMINA
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Hospital waste is a special type of waste which carries high potential of infection and injury. Objectives: Thisstudy was conducted to examine Medical Waste Management Practices in different hospitals of Peshawar. Methodology: Simpleobservational, cross-sectional study. was conducted with a case study approach. Aug-Sep 2011, with selection of 15 hospitals. The datawas collected through a pre-designed questionnaire with a checklist. Results: The study showed that 80% of the hospital personnel knewhospital waste and its management. There was waste management plan present in 30% of hospitals. Although hospitals did not quantifiedwaste amounts but on average the amount of waste generated daily was 0.5-1 kg/bed/day. Segregation into risk and non risk waste wasdone in 93.3% of hospitals. For non risk waste, disposal through Municipal Corporation was conducted in 86.67% of the hospitals, whilein 13.3%, it was burnt. For risk waste, either it was buried or burnt. Proper incineration was carried out in only 33.3% of the hospitals.Discussion: Hospital waste generation, segregation, collection, transportation & disposal practices were not in accordance with standardguidelines. The average waste generation in most of the hospitals was almost equivalent to other under developed countries but less thanthat of developed countries. Conclusions: The hospital waste in the majority of hospitals of Peshawar was mismanaged. No properhospital waste management plan existed except at few hospitals.
FACTORS AFFECTING BMI
Authors: SATTAR ABDUL , BAIG SHAHBAZ , REHMAN NAVEED UR , Bashir Muhammad Badar
Published: September 2021

Objective: To examine the effect of different sociodemographic factors on the BMI. Study Design: Descriptive CrossSectional Study. Place and Duration of Study: People of Ghulam Mohammadabad and Marzi Pura attending OPD at IndependentUniversity Hospital Ghulam Mohammadabad and Marzi Pura Faisalabad. One Month of duration extending from July to August 2012.Patients and Methods: 493 respondents were selected by convenient sampling. A semi structured questionnaire was used to collect theinformation from the sample. First of all, an informed consent was obtained from the respondents under study and secrecy of theinformation was ensured. By data analysis through SPSS Version 17, frequency tables were prepared. Results: The result of this studyshows that BMI is less than 18.5 in 25.4% of the males as compared to 11.5% in females. 22.9% married persons were having BMI above30 as compared to 6.6 percent unmarried. This study also shows 21.1% of the smokers were having BMI above 30 as compared to 18.3%in non smokers. Similarly 18.2% of the respondents sleeping less than 10 hours per day were having BMI above 30 as compare to 15.4%sleeping more than 10 hours per day. Result also shows 25.8% diabetics having 18.5 to 24 BMI while 21.5% in non diabetics. There wasfamily history of obesity in 22.4% only. Conclusions: Males are more underweight as compared to females and that females are alwayson higher side of BMI. Married persons were more obese as compared to unmarried. Per month income, background history of diabetesmellitus and family history of obesity found to have a profound effect on BMI.
DIALYSIS PATIENTS;
Authors: Shahzad Isaac , Ahmad Zahid
Published: September 2021

Objectives: The objective of this study is to compare and analyze the survivaldistributions of the different categories of the socio-economic and laboratory variables of theESRD patients. Through which we can see the difference between the categories of the individualcategorical variable with respect to the survival distributions. Data Sources: The sample of 40patients was taken from the two hospitals of Lahore city. Jinnah Hospital Lahore. Lahore GeneralHospital, Lahore. Design of the Study: The sample methodology of the study is the convenience6 sampling . Data Collection: The questionnaire was used to collect the primary data from thepatients. Period of the Study: All the patients were followed up during the study duration of 122days. Materials and Methods: To examine the significant difference in the different categories ofthe socio-economic and laboratory variables with respect to the survival distribution the Kaplan-Meier method is used. To illustrate the survival distributions the survival curve and hazard curve2 were used . Results: All the p-values of socio-economic and laboratory are very large except thep-value of the Serum Albumin which is very small and less than 0.05 level of significance. Thecategories of all the laboratory variables were classified into “Normal values Range” and “Othervalues out of range values”. The categories of the Serum Albumin are significantly different.Conclusions: It is concluded that the survival distributions of all the categorical variables areequal and do not differ significantly. Furthermore the laboratory variable Serum Albumin is2 significantly differing by the log rank test . So it is clear indication that the serum albumin is not thestatus variable of nutrition.
FEMALE MEDICAL UNDERGRADUATE;
Authors: Abou-Elhamd Kamal-Eldin Ahmed , Al-Wadaani Hamed Abdullah , AlMulhim Abdul Rehman Saleh
Published: September 2021

Objective: Our aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of marriage, pregnancyand child bearing on the academic performance of the female medical students in Saudi Arabia.Study design: A cross sectional survey study. Methods: A batch of 53 female medical studentson the fifth class at college of medicine, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia in May 2013answered a questionnaire about the effect of marriage on medical study. Results: Thirty-ninepercent of married female medical students got a worse grade than before marriage, while30.5% got better grade (39%), and the remaining percent got the same grade. Conclusion:Marriage in itself doesn’t affect the academic performance but it is largely dependent on theindividuals involved Marriage supports them emotionally and socially.
GYNAECOLOGICAL HYSTERECTOMY;
Authors: Perveen Saima , Naheed Farrukh , Batool Asma
Published: September 2021

Objective: To audit indications and outcome of hysterectomies in Fatima HospitalBaqai Medical University Karachi so as to improve the quality of care provided to patients. StudyDesign: Descriptive observational study. Place and Duration of Study: Department ofObstetrics and Gynaecology, Fatima hospital, Baqai Medical University Karachi from November2009 to November 2011. Patients and Methods: All patients undergoing hysterectomy forgynaecological conditions from 2009 to 2011were included in the study. Results:Hysterectomies for gynaecological conditions accounted for184 cases during the study period.Mean age of patient was 49 (range 30-60 years). Mean parity was 6 (range 0-11). The mostcommon indication for hysterectomy was fibroid uterus56(30.4%) cases, dysfunctional uterinebleeding 38 (20.6%) cases, and uterovaginal prolapse 10 (5.4%) cases. Abdominal hysterectomyaccounted for 174(96.6%) and vaginal hysterectomy accounted for 10 (5.4%) cases. Twenty six(14%) patients were found to be suffering from hypertension,6(3.3%)patients were suffering fromdiabetes mellitus. Wound infection occurred in 11 (6%) cases. No mortality was associated withhysterectomy during the study period. The duration of hospital stay was less in vaginal route ascompared to abdominal. Conclusions: An audit should be carried out every year to improve thelevel of care of patients and also the expertise of surgeon should be checked. The study hasshown that hysterectomy is a safe procedure but the high morbidity associated with thisprocedure is bothersome. The other options like endometrial ablation, intrauterine hormonaldevice like mirenaetc should also be considered. More efforts should be made on vaginalhysterectomies as it is economical and morbidity is less with it.
ASTHMETIC CHILDRENS;
Authors: Bhand Sikandar Ali , Das Chetan , Sheikh Farzana , Nizamani Muhammad Akber , Saeed Muhammad
Published: September 2021

Objective: Objective of this study to determine the clinical presentation and frequency of asthma triggers in the children suffering from asthma at Liaquat university of medical and health science. Subjects & Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out at Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad. All the patients were selected from OPD and pediatric ward of LUMHS. Complete history of allergy was taken from the cases and their parents and all the triggers of asthma were documented on the proforma. Results: Total 100 patients were included in the study. Majority of the cases in the age group of 1- 3years and 2nd most common age group was 4- 7 years with the percentage of 39% and 33% respectively. Majority of the cases 51%, while moderate was present in 35% cases and 14% children were seen with severe asthma condition. Asthma triggers in the children was found as; Smoking, Exercise, Dust, Pets, Ice, Plants, Carpets, Eggs, Corn oil, Allergic rhinitis and Without triggers, with the percentage of 22.%, 55.%, 51.%, 10.%, 34.%, 05.% ,11.%, 12.% , 27.%, 46.% and17.% respectively. Conclusions: In the conclusion of this study we concluded that allergic triggers perform the important role in the severity of asthma disease, these triggers attacks at night and early morning, so to avoid from the smoke, dust, allergens and proper management of asthma with good compliance and regular follow up of the patients.
HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA;
Authors: Kalhoro Muhammad Amjad , Shahwani Irfan Murtaza , Dasti Mashooque Ali , Shah Syed Zulfiquar Ali , Shahab Faisal , Baloch Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio
Published: September 2021

Objective: To determine the frequency of hepatocellular carcinoma in different Child-Pugh classes based on Alfa fetoprotein level. Study design: Case series study. Period: Six months Setting: Medical Unit-I of Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad Sindh Pakistan. Patients & Methods: A total of 100 patients admitted (inpatients) in Medical Unit I with the diagnosis of cirrhosis were enrolled in the study. Patients with cirrhosis of liver (more than six month duration) of either gender were included. If patients had metastatic lesion of the liver, liver abscess, or acute liver failure then they were excluded. Child-Pugh score was calculated which included ascites, encephalopathy, prothrombin time, albumin and serum bilirubin. The levels of α-fetoprotein were measured and HCC was diagnosed. The primary outcome variable was presence of HCC in cirrhotic patients. Results: The proportion of males (53%) was higher as compared to females (47%). The mean age of the study patients was 40.47 years with a standard deviation of 11.5. At the beginning patients were categorized according to Child Pugh Classes (A= up to 6, B=7-9 and C=10-11), age groups (15-30 years, 31-50 years and 51-70 years respectively). The mean Child Pugh score was 6.83 with ± 1.8 S.D. The majority of the cases of HCC (75.61%) occurred in the Child Class A, whereas 21.95% occurred in Child Class B and finally only one case of HCC (2.44%) was present in Child Class C. Conclusions: This study comprehensively demonstrated that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is far more common in compensated cirrhosis (Child Pugh Class A) vs. decompensated cirrhosis (Child Pugh Class B and C).
CIPROFLOXACIN
Authors: Khan Ghulam Jilany , Khan Rizwan Ahmad , Majeed Imtiaz , Siddiqui Faheem Ahmed , Khan Sara
Published: September 2021

Fluoroquinolones are bactericidal agents that exhibit AUC/MIC dependentkilling. In general, they are effective against Gram-negative organisms and some mycobacteria.Ciprofloxacin is the members of this group and its bactericidal action involves the impeding ofenzyme topoisomerase II and IV. In human beings, this drug is recommended for a variety ofinfections including typhoid fever,chronic bacterial prostatitis, lower respiratory tract infections,skin infections, urinary tract infections, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, complicatedintra-abdominal infections, infectious diarrhea, and uncomplicated cervical as well as urethralgonorrhea.The drug is as effective in animals as in humans, and is therefore used in animalsas well. According to European health law and National Office of Animal Health (NOAH), UK,the statutory withdrawal period for veterinary medicinal products must not be less than 28 daysfor meat from poultry. The chicken used for meat purpose usually is of the age between 6 to 8weeks, therefore the use of the drug must be discontinued by the age of 2 weeks. Whereas theage of chick at which it usually develops indicated diseases, is 3 weeks. In this situation, it is notpossible to attain a withdrawal period of 28 days. Based on these observations, ciprofloxacinuse may not be recommended in poultry for treatment of diseases as it may cause unnecessaryexposure to humans while utilizing poultry meat and may lead to the development of drugresistance.
C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP)
Authors: Ansari Shuaib , Shahwani Irfan Murtaza , Ali Zeeshan , Shah Syed Zulfiquar Ali , Shahab Faisal
Published: September 2021

Objective: To determine the frequency of raised C-reactive protein (CRP) inpatients with metabolic syndrome. Patients and methods: This cross sectional descriptivestudy of six months study was conducted at Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad. All thepatients of 20 to 60 years of age, of either gender presented with symptoms of metabolicsyndrome for more than 01 year duration were admitted and evaluated for C-reactive protein.The data was analyzed in SPSS 16 and the frequency and percentage was calculated. Results:Total one hundred patients (59 females and 41 males) with metabolic syndrome were evaluatedfor C-reactive protein. The mean waist circumference for males and female patients with raisedCRP was 48.93±2.33 and 48.42±3.41 while the mean ±SD of serum triglycerides level for maleand female with raised CRP was 192.41±3.21 and 196.31±3.43 respectively. The mean ±SD ofserum HDL-C level for male and female with raised CRP was 28.32±1.22 and 25.31±1.42. Themean ±SD of systolic and diastolic pressure for males and female patients with raised CRP was150±3.42 and 100.51±4.42. The mean ±SD of serum fasting blood sugar for male and femalepatients with raised CRP was 131.52±3.33 and 143.42±7.42 respectively. The mean ±SD ofCRP for male and female patients with raised CRP was 4.42±1.21 and 5.8±2.52. In relationto gender distribution, the majority of subjects from 40-49 years of age group with femalepredominance (p = 0.01) while the CRP was raised in 67% patients in relation to age (p=0.05)and gender (p=0.04) respectively. Out of 67 subjects with raised CRP 44 were females and 23were males.Conclusions: The CRP was raised in patients with metabolic syndrome.
PEDIATRIC FOREARM FRACTURES
Authors: Jamil Muhammad , Kaimkhani Ghulam Mustafa , Solangi Naveed Ahmed , Chacher Muhammad Bakhsh
Published: September 2021

Unstable forearm both bones fracture in children more than 10 years of age aredifficult to manage with cast and surgical intervention is required. Objectives: To determine thefunctional outcome of patients with unstable forearm fractures managed with intramedullaryrush nail. Methods: This study was conducted at Department of Orthopedics, Civil HospitalKarachi from July 2011 to August 2013. All the patients with age in between 10 to 15 years, withclose radius ulna unstable fracture presenting within 7 days of trauma or fall were included inthe study. All the fractures were stabilized with intramedullary rush nails. Functional outcomewas assessed at 12 weeks. Results: There were 79 patients included in the study. Mean agewas 13.17±2 years. There were 52 male patients (65.8%) and 27 females (34.2%). There were24 patients with history of road traffic accident, 29 patients with fall and 26 patients with bluntinjury. Acceptable outcome was found in 64 (81%) patients and observed more in male children(p=0.001) and children above 13 years of age (p=0.027). Union was achieved in all the patients.Six patients had pin site irritation and 2 had superficial infection. Conclusions: Intramedullaryfixation with rush nail in unstable forearm fractures in the children appeared to be an effectivemethod of fixation and provided acceptable outcome in 64 (81%) patients.
EARLY POST OPERATIVE VALVULAR PATIENT
Authors: Ahmad Shahbaz , Nazeer Mohsin , Ali Faisal , Sajid Muhammad , Riaz Rehan , Akhtar Raja Pervaiz
Published: September 2021

Rheumatic Heart Disease is affecting the tricuspid valve almost as equally as itaffects the other valves of the heart and the fact is that the single valvular disease of the heartis rare in our population. Objectives: To determine the cost effectiveness of modified devagiarepair in relief of post operative valvular patient. Period: 2009-2014. Setting: Faisalabad Instituteof cardiology Faisalabad, Method: All the patients with mitral valve disease having concomitanttricuspid valve regurgitation operated upon. Average age of 14 years to 45 years without genderdiscrimination. Result: A total of 380 patients were studied having concomitant mitral andtricuspid disease. Out of which 276 patients had moderate to severe tricuspid regurgitation onper-operative digital assessment for which modified DeVaga’s repair was essential and done.Only 104 patients had moderate tricuspid regurgitation on per-operative digital assessmentwhich was the main population of address in our study. Out of these, 76 patients were decidedfor modified DeVaga’s repair due to their moderate tricuspid regurgitation and 28 patients wereleft alone without modified DeVaga’s repair due to their mild to moderate tricuspid regurgitation.Then their early post operative course was monitored in terms of ICU stay and their functionalrecovery after operation. Patients with modified DeVaga’s repair for moderate tricuspidregurgitation showed 30-42 hours early weaning of inotropes and mobilization from ICU thanthe patients without modified DeVaga’s repair for mild to moderate tricuspid regurgitation. It isthus evident that modified DeVaga’s repair for moderate tricuspid regurgitation saved hoursof ICU stay, cost of ICU treatment, man hours of doctors, nurses & paramedical staff showinggood post surgical functional recovery as well. Conclusions: Modified DeVaga’s repair formoderate tricuspid regurgitation has a cost effective impact in the treatment of valvular patientscausing early and good functional recovery after valvular replacement procedures, saving manhours of Cardiac surgeons, Nurses, Paramedical staff, patients and thus their cost of treatment.
LONELINESS AND DISEASES PREVALENCE
Authors: Ahmed Aftab , Chaudhry Abid Ghafoor , Afzal Muhammad Imran , Farooq Haris
Published: September 2021

Older age is defined as “the phase of life when someone is socially, economicallyand culturally dependent on others to pass their life”. Loneliness is an important concerns’ ofresearchers especially to study its damaging effects on older persons. Pakistan with 6th largestpopulation of the world facing ageing issues as other nations of rest of the world. Objectives:To explore the existence of loneliness and its effects on elder’s health as observed by theirdisease status. Design: Cross sectional study. Period: Sep 2013 to Dec 2013. Setting: TMARawal Town, TMA Potohar Town, Rawalpindi City. Methodology: Research was conducted inurban areas of Rawalpindi city and to collect the data a structured data collection tool wasdeveloped and modified with the help of pre-test observation under similar urban environment.After data collection tool responses were converted into code plan and then data was enteredin EpiData and analyzed in SPSS. Results: These show the participation of males about 70%and females 30%. Among 384 respondents, 88.3% reported feelings of loneliness and only11.7% not agreed with the question statement. Cross comparison of loneliness and diseaseoccurrence shows that those OPs who feel loneliness predominantly reported the diseases likeHypertension, Heart problems, Diabetes, Arthritis, Asthma and TB etc. These findings depictsthat loneliness played a key role in the promotion of bad health status among OPs of samplearea. Conclusions: Legislative bodies should consider this issue and do practiced efforts toincrease OPs participation within a family and their immediate social networks, it will help toreduce bad effects of loneliness and sustain active ageing.