bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic domestic development called for by humphrey
Authors: Humphrey Hubert H.
Published: May 2007

The United States needs to spend at least a decade applying to the problems of our cities and rural areas the same principles of finance and development used in the international arena.
Revenue sharing seen as essential for cities
Authors: Veneman John G.
Published: May 2007

Federal sharing of income tax revenue with states and localities, with no strings attached, can help reverse the administrative nightmare created by Washington's determining priorities “for every crossroad town in America”.
The voting rights act: Unfinished business for 1972
Authors: Smolka Richard G.
Published: May 2007

States generally have failed to develop administrative procedures to accommodate persons identified in the Voting Rights Act for registration, residence requirements and absentee voting. This may cause many to lose their vote and could put the outcome of the election in doubt.
Neighborhood government: Has the time come?
Authors: Shalala Donna E.
Published: May 2007

Review of proposals for decentralization, as remedies for the “urban crisis,” with emphasis on suggestions for neighborhood units ranging from advisory groups to decision‐making bodies.
Redistricting in the seventies: The political thicket deepens
Authors: Baker Gordon E.
Published: May 2007

Current wave of redistricting will produce most nearly equally populated districts in history. It also promises the most extensive gerrymandering which “will become firmly institutionalized unless the court gives the problem prompt and positive attention”.
Registering voters in Canada: A responsibility of the state
Authors: Hamel J.‐M.
Published: May 2007

Canada does not require personal registration to vote as in the United States. Electoral districts are divided into polling divisions and each eligible resident is put on the voting list by enumerators who visit their homes. New lists are prepared for each election.
Town meeting government still supported in vermont
Authors: Bryan Frank M.
Published: May 2007

Survey conducted in Vermont towns after March 1971 meetings showed strong support for the form still exists, and taxes and education were scored as the two top problems facing towns.
Pennsylvania legislation implements home rule
Authors: Hoffman Charles
Published: May 2007

Explanation and analysis of the procedure for adopting home rule or optional forms of municipal government under recently passed law implementing a constitutional amendment approved in 1968.
Municipal home rule: Some notes on development
Authors: Karlesky Joseph J.
Published: May 2007

Briefly traces traditional relationship between states and municipalities to underscore importance of the new home rule implementing legislation in Pennsylvania.
Counties' role grows in urban affairs
Authors: Pratt Henry J.
Published: May 2007

Analysis of new county functions and role of county commissioners from study and interviews conducted in the five‐county Atlanta metropolitan area and the six‐county Detroit area.
Legislative reform vacuum: The Illinois case
Authors: Dunn Charles W. , Gove Samuel K.
Published: May 2007

Survey shows that substantial portion of Illinois public is unhappy with legislative performance and integrity, does not believe the public can influence decision making, ranks the position of legislator rather low and has a lack of knowledge about the legislature.
New York state lobbyists: A perspective on styles
Authors: Greenwald Carol S.
Published: May 2007

Comparison of role perceptions and strategies of 90 lobbyists in the state legislature and the 1967 constitutional convention, the similarities and differences, with an emphasis on the need for the decision maker and the group the lobbyist represents to understand the way he acts out his mediator role.
The nonpartisan legislature: Does it affect political careers?
Authors: Welch Susan , Bowman James S.
Published: May 2007

A study of the impact of the nonpartisan Nebraska legislature on the nature of career recruitment to and from the legislature. Findings show greater diversity of people serving as legislators and reduction of legislative experience on the part of state executives and the congressional delegation. Wisconsin and Iowa are used for comparisons.
The great cable drama
Authors: Sample Robert T.
Published: May 2007

Federal Communications Commission has made local government the regulator of cable TV. Local efforts to date have largely been failures. The industry has a laissez‐faire attitude. Together they are the actors in the drama which could produce exciting new concepts or another runaway technology.
On trial: Trial by jury
Authors: Bloom Murray Teigh
Published: May 2007

With innovations such as the six‐member jury, with efficient management of juror call‐ups and with persistent reminders to lawyers about possible abuse of the jury system, we can effectively modernize that antiest legal institution.
City beautification programs: Are they still necessary?
Authors: Park Ki Suh
Published: May 2007

There are positive advantages to a beautification program if it is viewed realistically in relation to basic city problems and a limited budget. A well‐planned program can be a useful tool in a multifaceted effort to shift undesirable urban trends.
Hawaii's ‘quiet revolution’ hits the mainland
Authors: Miller James Nathan
Published: May 2007

Far‐reaching 1961 Hawaiian law took a concept sacred for almost 300 years of American history—the idea that privately owned land is a commodity—and superimposed on it a new idea that such land is also a resource, a public resource that may be controlled by state action. Other states are trying the same.
Authentic federalism for America
Authors: Elazar Daniel J.
Published: May 2007

There is a crisis in American thinking about federalism. As in so many other areas, contemporary man is living off the ideas of the past. It is time for an infusion of new thinking about the federal principle and its implications for the American political scene.
Boundary control in oregon: The commissions' role
Authors: Etter Orval
Published: May 2007

Oregon's five‐year‐old boundary commission law is the first adequate legal basis for systematic analysis and evaluation of the boundaries and proposed changes in them. They function in the three largest SMSAs in the state and, despite drawbacks, came through the 1973 legislature without serious threat to their continuation.
How to use technology to solve city problems
Authors: Donaldson William V.
Published: May 2007

If technology is to do anything for cities, city officials must be part of the act, and they must be willing to take responsibility for saying no if the proposed programs or projects do not suit their needs.
Reapportionment and reform: The Florida example
Authors: Dixon Karl H.
Published: May 2007

Florida's legislature has gone, in just over a decade, from being the most unrepresentative to one of the best apportioned in the country. With the new lawmakers came a pressure for reform which has resulted in major new legislation on ethics and conflict of interest.
State campaign finance laws: The issue of enforcement
Authors: Fay James S.
Published: May 2007

If campaign finance reform is to have any substance, it must be built on a base of administration free from both partisan politics and the snares of the legislative bureaucracy. There should also be regular, independent evaluation of the laws.
Death in the line of duty: late medieval burials at the site of Lepenski Vir, Serbia
Authors: Roksandic M. , Wood C. , Vlak D.
Published: May 2007

Four late medieval burials were excavated at the site of Lepenski Vir in the Iron Gates Gorge, Serbia. One of the individuals, Lepenski Vir 62, exhibits evidence of a sharp‐force trauma on the left parietal, consistent with a combat wound. None of the other contemporaneous individuals show any evidence of trauma or other pathology on the few preserved bones. We argue that the skeletons belong to soldiers involved in the border warfare on the Danube which was quite common at the end of the 14th and the first half of the 15th century between Serbian, Hungarian and Turkish forces. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Residential mobility and resource use in the Chiribaya polity of southern Peru: strontium isotope analysis of archaeological tooth enamel and bone
Authors: Knudson K. J. , Buikstra J. E.
Published: May 2007

The Chiribaya were a complex polity during the Andean Late Intermediate Period (c. AD 1000–1300) in the Ilo and Moquegua Valleys of southern Peru. Recent research has demonstrated that the Chiribaya polity was a señorío, a confederacy of economically specialised parcialidades. Here we test hypotheses regarding the movement of individuals and resources among the Chiribaya‐affiliated sites of Chiribaya Alta, Chiribaya Baja, San Gerónimo and El Yaral, as well as from outside of the Ilo and Moquegua Valleys. Although archaeological human enamel and bone strontium isotope ratios from Chiribaya Baja and San Gerónimo cluster closely, there is a wider variety of strontium isotope ratios observed at Chiribaya Alta and El Yaral. This indicates that individuals buried in cemeteries at these sites had access to a wider variety of resources, and probably moved between different geological zones throughout their lifetimes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening adult survivors of childhood cancer with the distress thermometer: a comparison with the SCL‐90‐R
Authors: Recklitis Christopher J. , Licht Ilana , Ford Jennifer , Oeffinger Kevin , Diller Lisa
Published: May 2007

As the number of cancer survivors continues to grow, identification of brief, valid psychological screening measures will be a critical step in providing them with appropriate psychosocial care. The distress thermometer (DT) is a one‐item distress screening that is recommended by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) for screening cancer patients, but has not been evaluated for cancer survivors. This study evaluated the validity of the DT compared to the Symptom Checklist‐90‐Revised (SCL‐90‐R) in a sample of 119 adult survivors of childhood cancer aged 18–45 (median=23.5). Results indicated that when using the NCCN suggested cut‐off score of 5, the DT only identified 20 of the 36 SCL‐90‐R‐positive cases of psychological distress (sensitivity 55.6%; specificity 80.7%). Using an alternative DT cut‐off score of 4 identified 23 of the 36 SCL‐90‐R‐positive cases (sensitivity 63.9%; specificity 65.1%). Receiver operating characteristics analysis indicated that the DT had only fair diagnostic utility relative to the SCL‐90‐R (AUC=0.72). Results do not support the validity of the DT in adult survivors of childhood cancer. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
n‐type conductivity in sublimation‐grown AlN bulk crystals
Authors: Schulz T. , Irmscher K. , Albrecht M. , Hartmann C. , Wollweber J. , Fornari R.
Published: May 2007

AlN crystals grown by physical vapour‐phase transport in the presence of a SiC doping source possess n‐type conductivity. The net donor concentration attains up to mid 1017 cm–3. The investigation reveals shallow donors forming an impurity band and acceptor‐like electron traps at about 0.5 eV below the conduction band edge. Thermal electron emission from these traps is responsible for the observed n‐type conductivity. The shallow donors are suggested to be due to Si atoms on Al sites. The majority of them is assumed to be compensated by deep acceptors in the lower half of the band gap. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparing two independent incidence rates using conditional and unconditional exact tests
Authors: Han Cong
Published: May 2007

Several unconditional exact tests, which are constructed to control the Type I error rate at the nominal level, for comparing two independent Poisson rates are proposed and compared to the conditional exact test using a binomial distribution. The unconditional exact test using binomial p‐value, likelihood ratio, or efficient score as the test statistic improves the power in general, and are therefore recommended. Unconditional exact tests using Wald statistics, whether on the original or square‐root scale, may be substantially less powerful than the conditional exact test, and is not recommended. An example is provided from a cardiovascular trial. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reliability analysis of a ‘point‐and‐point machine’ of the Indian railway signaling system
Authors: Panja Subhash Chandra , Ray Pradip Kumar
Published: May 2007

The operations of one of the vital subsystems of Indian Railways (IR) signaling called a ‘point‐and‐point machine’, which guides a train in changing its direction of movement from one track to another, are affected by a number of problems in relation to its intensity of use, repair and maintenance, and environmental stress. In this paper, the reliability modeling of a point‐and‐point machine is elaborately described taking into account the effect of the problems on its operational efficiency. It is observed that even when derating the system specifications (i.e. lowering the speed of the train), the reliability of the point‐and‐point machine system has been poor (0.44 after 1100 days of continuous operation) with existing preventive and corrective measures. Two graphical methods, namely, Nelson–Aalen and total‐time‐on‐test plots, are used to analyze the trend of the failure time data for a set of representative point‐and‐point machines in the Kharagpur Division of IR. The parametric model as recommended for estimating the reliability of the point‐and‐point machine is capable of correctly predicting its failure rate probability. The analysis of data obtained from a homogeneous Poisson process of the point‐and‐point machine system also leads to a better assessment of the reliability pattern with which the problems as mentioned above may be adequately and properly addressed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Educational value of different types of exhibits in an interactive science and technology center
Authors: Afonso Ana S. , Gilbert John K.
Published: May 2007

This study analyzes the short‐term consequences of visitors' use of different types of exhibits (i.e., “exemplars of phenomena” and “analogy based”) together with the factors affecting visitors' understanding of and their evaluation of the use of such exhibits. One hundred and twenty five visitors (either alone or in groups) were observed during their interaction and interviewed immediately afterwards. Findings suggest that the type of exhibit constrains the nature of the understanding achieved. The use of analogical reasoning may lead to an intended causal explanation of an exhibit that is an exemplar of a phenomenon, but visitors often express misconceptions as a consequence of using this type of exhibit. Analogy‐based exhibits are often not used as intended by the designer. This may be because visitors do not access the source domain intended; are unaware of the use of analogy per se (in particular, when the exhibit is of the subtype “only showing similarities between relationships”); only acquire fragmentary knowledge about the target; or fail to use analogical reasoning of which they were capable. Furthermore, exhibits related to everyday world situations are recognized to have an immediate educative value for visitors. Suggestions for enhancing the educative value of exhibits are proposed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Sci Ed91:967–987, 2007
Morphometric analysis for early detection of changes in cellular structure in a toxicological experiment
Authors: Crotty Suzanne , Roy Choudhury Kingshuk
Published: May 2007

This paper presents a method for semi‐automatic analysis of morphometry in image cytometry studies. We examine morphological changes in neuroblastoma cells caused by a toxin. Nuclei are automatically recognized from images using a constrained seeded region growing algorithm. The shape of the nuclei is quantified by fitting ellipses to the identified regions. Features such as centroids, elongation, orientation and size are extracted from this fitting process. Under certain assumptions, it is demonstrated that the log elongation measurement has an asymptotically normal distribution whose variance is dependent only on object size. This allows weighted linear models to be fitted to elongation measurements. Hypothesis tests show that over time, there is a significant elongation due to application of the toxin. The other variables are not significant, but there is a significant ‘image’ effect. The scientific implications of these findings are considered. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applying Little‐JIL to describe Process‐Agent knowledge and support project planning in SoftPM
Authors: Xiao Junchao , Osterweil Leon J. , Zhang Lei , Wise Alexander , Wang Qing
Published: May 2007

SoftPM is a toolkit that supports a process‐based approach to software project management. It relies upon a software process modeling method based upon the idea of an Organization‐Entity to define standard processes and model project processes. The Process‐Agent is the core of this modeling method and is a well‐defined unit whose role is to encapsulate an Organization‐Entity's knowledge, skill etc. The Process‐Agent's infrastructure comprises descriptive knowledge, process knowledge and an experience library. The process knowledge is represented by process steps, whose execution determines the behaviors of the Process‐Agent. This causes Process‐Agent knowledge to be precisely described and well organized. In this paper, Little‐JIL, a well‐known process modeling language, is used to define a Process‐Agent's process knowledge. Benefits for process element knowledge representation arising from Little‐JIL's simplicity, semantic richness, expressiveness, formal and precise yet graphical syntax etc., are described. The article also demonstrates how this knowledge can be useful in supporting project planning activities, such as time estimation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive frame structure in B3G–TDD uplink
Authors: Lihua Li , Mingyu Zhou , Xiaofeng Tao , Ping Zhang
Published: May 2007

B3G–TDD uplink in China's FuTURE project is introduced in the paper. By taking advantage of MIMO–OFDM and special design for the TDD frame, peak data rate of 100 Mbps can be achieved. The system is required to support service in both indoor and outdoor environments, and guarantee high data rate communication even with mobility up to 250 kmph. Detail theoretical analysis was carried out to give the principle of designing frame structure for the system under different environments. In order to reduce the influence of Doppler Effect, adaptive frame structure is proposed for the uplink. By special design on the frame for different environments, the channel information can be tracked accurately with low overhead, which ensures the system performance. Through simulation based on the platform of Future Technologies for Universal Radio Enviroment (FuTURE) project, bit error rate (BER) can achieve lower than 10−6 when Eb/N0 is 3 dB for various mobility case in both indoor and outdoor environments, which satisfies the requirement of FuTURE project. By employing it into B3G–TDD uplink, robustness to Doppler Effect is strengthened greatly. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New direction of broadband wireless technology
Authors: Adachi Fumiyuki , Kudoh Eisuke
Published: May 2007

The most important technical challenge for the realization of 4G mobile networks is twofold: (a) to overcome the highly frequency‐selective fading channel and (b) to significantly reduce the transmit power from mobile terminals. Recently, it has been shown that the application of frequency‐domain equalization (FDE) can take advantage of channel frequency‐selectivity and improve the transmission performance of single‐carrier (SC) as well as multi‐carrier (MC) signal transmissions. Either SC or MC can be used for the downlink (base‐to‐mobile) to achieve almost the same bit error rate (BER) performance. However, for the uplink (mobile‐to‐base) applications, SC transmission is more appropriate since it has less peak power. For broadband data transmissions, transmit power reduction is a very important issue. Applying wireless multi‐hop technique is a possible solution to this issue. In this paper, we will discuss about some important 4G wireless techniques. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capacity, power allocation and partners selection for SIMO relay channels
Authors: Pan Chengkang , Cai Yueming , Xu Youyun
Published: May 2007

In this paper, we investigate the cooperative channels with one source‐destination pair and multiple partners (relays), where only the destination is equipped with multiple antennas. The achievable capacity with the optimal power allocation and partner selection is analyzed with the total transmit power constraints under the different cooperation modes, including amplify‐and‐forward (AF) and decode‐and‐forward (DF). With the partial channel state information (CSI) at the destination, we develop three algorithms to choose the possible best partner(s) for AF, repetition‐coded DF and Gaussian‐coded DF, which are called Selective AF (SAF), Selective repetition‐coded DF (SRDF), and Selective Gaussian‐coded DF (SGDF), respectively. In these algorithms, only one partner will be employed as relay for SAF and SRDF to maximize the capacity while multiple partners are selected for SGDF. An efficient quasi‐distributed protocol to support SAF, SRDF, and SGDF is also involved. We study the impact of the number of receive antennas and SNR on SAF, SRDF, and SGDF. Numerical results show that SAF and SRDF have higher spectral efficiency than direct transmission (DT), especially in low SNR regime and for the small number of receive antennas and large number of users cases, while SGDF outperforms DT evidently in every scenario. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Calculation of the Surface Temperature of Geometrically Simple Bodies
Authors: Goldstein Sydney
Published: May 2007

Der Verfasser zeigt, daß die von G. Pöschl mit Hilfe von Reihenentwicklungen gewonnenen Zahlenwerte für die Oberflächentemperatur bei Beginn der Abkühlung einer Platte, eines Zylinders oder einer Kugel (G. Pöschl, Berechnung der Oberflächentemperatur geometrisch einfacher Körper usw., diese Zeitschrift, Bd. 12, 1932, S. 280) in einfacher Weise mit Hilfe der Heaviside‐Methode gewonnen werden können (siehe Goldstein, The application of Heavisides operational method etc., diese Zeitschrift, Bd. 12, 1932, S. 234). Für den betrachteten Fall, daß die Körper, die die Anfangstemperatur 1 haben sollen, sich in einer Umgebung mit der konstanten Temperatur O befinden, ergeben sich für den Beginn des Abkühlungsvorganges die einfachen Näherungsformeln, für die Oberflächentemperatur θ0, für die Platte: θ0=f1 (η), für den Zylinder: θ0=f1 (η) f2(η), für die Kugel: θ0‐f1(η)+1/γf2(η). Darin ist η eine Variable, die mit √t (t=Zeit) proportional ist, γ eine konstante (Bedeutung siehe unten), und es ist magnified image
Impact of Mild and Moderate Intrapulmonary Shunting in Children with End‐Stage Liver Disease Undergoing Liver Transplantation
Authors: Liang Chi‐Di , Ko Sheung‐Fat , Chen Chao‐Long , Concejero Allan M.
Published: May 2007

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of mild and moderate intrapulmonary shunting (IPS) in children with end‐stage liver disease (ESLD) undergoing liver transplantation.

Materials and Methods

A total of 73 patients (38 male, 35 female; mean age 31.5 ± 35.2 months, range 6–180 months) with ESLD and subsequent liver transplantation were enrolled. Based on contrast echocardiography, patients without IPS were assigned to group 1 (n = 57), and patients with mild or moderate IPS were assigned to group 2 (n = 17). The preoperative age, body weight, O2 saturation, length of hospital stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, postoperative complications, and 1‐year survival rate were compared between groups.

Results

The overall incidence of IPS and 1‐year survival rate were 23.3% (17/73) and 96% (70/73), respectively. There were significant differences between group 1 and group 2 patients regarding age at transplant (35.9 vs. 16.6 months, p = 0.002) and body weight (12.6 vs. 8.5 kg, p = 0.002). There were no other statistically significant differences between the two groups.

Conclusion

Although children with mild and moderate IPS were younger at the time of transplantation and had significantly lower body weight than those without IPS, the presence of mild and moderate IPS in children with ESLD did not affect the overall outcome of liver transplantation.
Epidemiology of Urban Trauma Deaths: A Comprehensive Reassessment 10 Years Later
Authors: Cothren C. Clay , Moore Ernest E. , Hedegaard Holly B. , Meng Katy
Published: May 2007

Background

We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the epidemiology of trauma deaths in our urban county during a one‐year period a decade ago. In the interim we have implemented a statewide trauma system, initiated a number of injury‐prevention programs, and have had a major public effort to reduce drug traffic and related gangs. Consequently, we have reassessed the regional trauma mortality to ascertain the impact of these measures and to search for new injury patterns.

Methods

Trauma deaths occurring within our urban county from January 1 through December 31, 2002 were reviewed for mechanism, demographics, and cause of fatal injury; cases were identified using death certificates from the Colorado Department of Public Health. We compared these data to the trauma fatalities occurring during 1992.

Results

During the 2002 study period, there were 420 injury‐related deaths. Most of the patients were men (296 patients, 70%), with a mean age of 47.3 years (median age, 42 years). The three predominant mechanisms of fatal injury were transport‐related (180 patients, 43%), intentional (99 patients, 24%), and falls (86 patients, 20%). Comparison between 1992 and 2002 showed significant increases in the percentage of transport‐related and fall‐related deaths, and a significant reduction in intentional fatal injuries. There was also a shift in the percentage of deaths occurring in the first 24 h to delayed times. The death rate per capita in Denver County declined from 0.081 in 1992 to 0.060 in 2002.

Conclusions

Along with a decrease in the per capita death rate, the major mechanisms of patient’s deaths changed substantively over the decade 1992–2002; there was a shift from intentional injuries to transport‐related deaths as the predominant etiology of trauma related deaths. Recognition of such injury patterns will direct future injury‐prevention efforts and coordination of citywide trauma care.
Neonatal screening: from the ‘Guthrie age’ to the ‘genetic age’
Authors: Dhondt Jean‐Louis
Published: May 2007

Newborn screening has ‘traditionally’ been performed to detect metabolic or endocrine diseases that are severe, frequent and treatable, according to criteria established in the late 1960s. Technological advances in laboratory testing over the past ten years open new possibilities. However, many new problems have to be explored before the establishment or expansion of a newborn screening programme. The purpose of this paper is to present some of the major problems that screening programmes will face in the near future.
Genetische Prädisposition für Wilms-Tumor
Authors: Royer-Pokora B.
Published: May 2007

Wilms-Tumor (WT) ist ein embryonaler Tumor der Niere, der auf eine aberrante Proliferation von frühen Nierenvorläuferzellen zurückzuführen ist. Das WT1-Gen, welches eine Funktion bei der Nieren- und Genitalentwicklung hat, ist in 10–15% der Tumoren mutiert. Keimbahnmutationen in diesem Gen werden bei Patienten mit Urogenitalfehlbildungen, isoliertem nephrotischem Syndrom, Denys-Drash-Syndrom, Frasier-Syndrom, WAGR-Syndrom (Wilms-Tumor/Aniridie/Genitalfehlbildung/mentale Retardierung) sowie selten bei familiärem WT gefunden. Patienten mit WT1-Keimbahnmutation haben ein hohes Risiko für unilaterale WT sowie syn- oder metachrone bilaterale WT (BWT), die auch noch später im Leben auftreten können. Ein erhöhtes WT-Risiko wird außerdem bei einigen Großwuchssyndromen, verschiedenen Tumorprädispositionssyndromen und bestimmten konstitutionellen Aneuploidien gefunden. Embryonale Tumoren entstehen während einer frühen Entwicklungsphase, wenn die Zellen noch eine hohe Zellteilungsrate haben. Mutationen, die eine normale Differenzierung inhibieren, führen zu einem expandierten Zellpool, in dem weitere genetische Veränderungen auftreten können. Da viele Gene diese Prozesse steuern, könnte dies erklären, warum ein erhöhtes WT-Risiko bei verschiedenen genetischen Syndromen zu beobachten ist.
Ginsenosides promote proliferation of chicken primordial germ cells via PKC‐involved activation of NF‐κB
Authors: Ge Chutian , Zhang Caiqiao , Ye Jian , Tang Xinyan , Wu Yanqun
Published: May 2007

The effect of ginsenosides on proliferation of chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) was evaluated and involvement of nuclear factor (NF)‐κB in the signaling pathway was investigated. PGCs were isolated from the genital ridge of 3.5–4 day embryos and cultured in Medium 199 supplemented with 5% FCS and 10 ng/ml LIF. PGCs subcultured on chicken embryonic fibroblast feeder were challenged with ginsenosides alone or in combination with PKC inhibitor H7 or activator phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA) for 24 h. Moreover, the translocation of NF‐κB and degradation level of IκBα were investigated by Western blot analysis. Results show that PGCs were identified by periodic acid‐Schiff, alkaline phosphatase histochemistry as well as c‐kit, SSEA‐1 and Oct‐4 immunocytochemistry. Treatment with ginsenosides at 1–100 μg/ml significantly increased the number and area of PGC colonies in a dose‐dependent manner. However, this proliferating effect was obviously attenuated by combined treatment of H7 (10−7–10−5 M). Similarly, PKC staining of PGC colonies was more intensive after ginsenosides treatment compared with the control group. In addition, treatment with ginsenosides at 1–10 μg/ml stimulated the translocation of NF‐κB (p65). However, the NF‐κB translocation and the degradation of IκBα were significantly blocked by combined treatment with 10−6 M H7. These results indicated that ginsenosides promote proliferation of chicken PGCs through activation of PKC‐involved NF‐κB signaling pathway.
Cancer proteomics by quantitative shotgun proteomics
Authors: Chen Emily I. , Yates John R.
Published: May 2007

A major scientific challenge at the present time for cancer research is the determination of the underlying biological basis for cancer development. It is further complicated by the heterogeneity of cancer's origin. Understanding the molecular basis of cancer requires studying the dynamic and spatial interactions among proteins in cells, signaling events among cancer cells, and interactions between the cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. Recently, it has been proposed that large‐scale protein expression analysis of cancer cell proteomes promises to be valuable for investigating mechanisms of cancer transformation. Advances in mass spectrometry technologies and bioinformatics tools provide a tremendous opportunity to qualitatively and quantitatively interrogate dynamic protein–protein interactions and differential regulation of cellular signaling pathways associated with tumor development. In this review, progress in shotgun proteomics technologies for examining the molecular basis of cancer development is presented and discussed.
Lemierre's syndrome associated with consumption coagulopathy and acute renal failure: a case report
Authors: Georgopoulos S , Korres S , Riga M , Balatsouras D , Kotsis G , Ferekidis E
Published: May 2007

Background:

Acute tonsillitis or pharyngitis may lead to suppurative thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein. This complication, also known as Lemierre's syndrome, remains, even nowadays, life threatening, due to dissemination of septic thromboemboli to various organs. Respiratory deficiency and renal impairment are often reported in patients suffering from Lemierre's syndrome.

Case report:

The unusual clinical manifestation of this case involves severe acute renal and respiratory deficiency in addition to microangiopathic consumption coagulopathy in a young patient treated with macrolides five days after the onset of acute tonsillitis.

Conclusion:

The usual causative pathogen, namelyFusobacterium necrophorum, shows a varying sensitivity to macrolides. As a result, the syndrome may present itself in a variety of clinical forms even in patients under treatment with macrolides. A high index of suspicion is therefore crucial for in time prevention of potentially life threatening complications.
La préfixation en RE-, l'antonymie directionnelle et les phénomènes de polarité sémantique
Authors: APOTHÉLOZ DENIS
Published: May 2007

En français certaines paires d'antonymes directionnels engendrent, par dérivation morphologique en RE-, deux autres paires d'antonymes directionnels: cf. MONTERvsDESCENDRE qui, par dérivation, construisent MONTERvsREDESCENDRE, et DESCENDREvsREMONTER. Mais d'autres paires antonymiques n'engendrent, par la même dérivation, qu'une seule autre paire d'antonymes directionnels: cf. PERDREvsTROUVER qui, par dérivation, construisent la paire PERDREvsRETROUVER (TROUVER et REPERDRE n'étant pas liés par un rapport d'antonymie directionnelle). On montre que la faculté de contracter ce type de relation d'antonymie est liée à une valeur spécifique produite par RE-, valeur qualifiée d'annulative. A partir de ce constat deux problèmes sont examinés. (i) L'explication de la dissymétrie signalée plus haut: ce problème conduit à distinguer entre procès centrifuges et procès centripètes, et à mettre en évidence des propriétés particulières de RE- à cet égard. (ii) La différence entre l'antonymie de type MONTERvsDESCENDRE et celle de type MONTERvsREDESCENDRE: on établit ici une distinction entre antonymes directionnels lexicaux et antonymes directionnels discursifs. On compare également le fonctionnement de RE- et celui de DES- du point de vue de ces deux problèmes.
The nature of the schwa/zero alternation in French clitics: experimental and non-experimental evidence
Authors: HÉLÈNE CÔTÉ MARIE , MORRISON GEOFFREY STEWART
Published: May 2007

This article examines the phonological status of schwa in clitics, in particular whether or not schwa should be included in their lexical representation. Several distributional and experimental arguments pointing to the lexical status of clitic schwas are reviewed and are shown to be inconclusive, due to the existence of additional data that suggest a different interpretation not involving underlying schwas. The discussion includes experimental results that fail to show residual lip rounding in the vicinity of an omitted schwa at clitic boundaries, contra Barnes and Kavitskaya's (2002) previous claim. In the absence of evidence to the contrary, the non-contrastive nature of clitic schwas militates against their underlying status.
L'éveil au langage en classe de langue seconde: de la sensibilisation langagière à l'enseignement de la forme
Authors: SIMARD DAPHNÉE
Published: May 2007

L'éveil au langage est en plein essor depuis déjà un moment. Nous n'avons qu'à penser aux congrès qui y sont dédiés, aux recherches qui en traitent et même à une revue scientifique à qui son nom a été donné (Language Awareness). Malgré ces différentes manifestations faisant foi de l'importance que revêt l'Éveil au langage dans le domaine de l'enseignement et de l'acquisition des langues, ce qu'il est exactement ne semble pas toujours être bien clair. S'agit-il uniquement d'une approche didactique? Correspond-il également à un mouvement ou encore à un ensemble spécifique de techniques d'enseignement? L'objectif général de cet article est de tenter de déterminer ce qu'est l'Éveil au langage (notre traduction de Language Awareness) en établissant, d'abord, ce qu'il comprend et, ensuite, en proposant une organisation des concepts qui en traitent.
Decadal increases of anthropogenic CO2 in the South Pacific subtropical ocean along 32°S
Authors: Murata Akihiko , Kumamoto Yuichiro , Watanabe Shuichi , Fukasawa Masao
Published: May 2007

To estimate decadal increases of anthropogenic CO2 in the ocean, distributions of dissolved inorganic carbon (CT) corrected by apparent oxygen utilization and salinity (nCTANT) were investigated along the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE Hydrographic Programme (WHP)) P6 section based on data obtained 10 years apart. Significant increases of nCTCAL were detected down to 1500 m (≅27.5σθ) water depth, above which the Sub‐Antarctic Mode Water (SAMW) and the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) are found. The decadal increases of nCTCAL on the isopycnal surfaces (26.6–26.9σθ) of SAMW were higher (5–8 μmol kg−1) to the east of 160°W than to the west of it, while the increases in AAIW were almost constant on the isopycnal surfaces (27.0–27.5σθ). The averaged increases of nCTCAL in SAMW and AAIW were 10 ± 3.1 and 4.1 ± 2.0 μmol kg−1, respectively. Small but significant increases of nCTCAL and salinity‐normalized CT (nCT) were also found (approximately 3.0 and 5.0 μmol kg−1, respectively) in abyssal waters occupying depths greater than 3500 m at longitude 180°–160°W, which correspond to Circumpolar Deep Water. Spatial differences of anthropogenic CO2 accumulation are discussed in terms of water mass distributions. The water column inventory of increases of anthropogenic CO2 in the South Pacific subtropical ocean was estimated to be 1.0 ± 0.4 mol m−2 yr−1, which is almost the same as that previously reported.
Observation of relativistic electron precipitation during a rapid decrease of trapped relativistic electron flux
Authors: Millan R. M. , Lin R. P. , Smith D. M. , McCarthy M. P.
Published: May 2007

We present the first quantitative comparison of precipitating and geomagnetically trapped electron flux during a relativistic electron depletion event. Intense bremsstrahlung X‐ray emission from relativistic electron precipitation was observed on January 19–20, 2000 (21:20–00:45 UT) by the germanium spectrometer on the MAXIS balloon payload (−7.2 to −9.3 E, 74 S corresponding to IGRF L = 4.7, 1920–2240 MLT). A rapid decrease in the geosynchronous >2 MeV electron flux was simultaneously observed at GOES‐8 and GOES‐10, and between 0.34–3.6 MeV by GPS ns33 at L = 4.7. The observations show that electrons were lost to the atmosphere early in the flux depletion event, during a period of magnetic field stretching in the tail. The observed X‐ray spectrum is well modeled by an exponential distribution of precipitating electrons with an e‐folding energy of 290 keV and a lower‐energy cut‐off of 400 keV. The duration of the event implies precipitation extended over at least 3 hours of MLT, assuming a source fixed in local time. Comparison of the precipitation rate with the flux decrease measured at GPS implies that the loss cone flux was only ∼1% of the equatorial flux. However, precipitation is sufficient to account for the rate of flux decrease if it extended over 2–3 hours of local time.
Postseismic relaxation associated with transient creep rheology
Authors: Savage J. C.
Published: May 2007

Perfettini and Avouac (2004) postulated that both the aftershock rate (assumed proportional to the local stressing rate) and the postseismic relaxation are driven by the loading imposed by postseismic slip on the brittle creep fault zone (BCFZ), the downdip extension of the fault zone below the coseismic rupture. I explore the consequences of that hypothesis for a long, strike‐slip fault in the case where the BCFZ rheology is compatible with ordinary transient creep (creep strain proportional to loge(1 + t/τ2)). Because the important relaxation occurs near the bottom of the coseismic rupture, I calculate the postearthquake response with a model in which the BCFZ is represented by a viscoelastic half‐space below the coseismic rupture. I find that both the predicted postseismic relaxation and the cumulative number of aftershocks can be approximated by the same temporal dependence NMO(t) = aMO(1−(1 + t/τ)1−p)/(p − 1), where t is the time after the earthquake and aMO, τ, and p are the constants chosen to fit either data set. Notice that dNMO(t)/dt = (aMO/τ)/(1 + t/τ)p is the modified Omori law used to describe the rate of aftershock occurrence. Thus, the modified Omori law can be understood as a consequence of the Perfettini–Avouac hypothesis (aftershocks driven by slip on the BCFZ) and a BCFZ rheology compatible with ordinary transient creep. Moreover, the temporal dependence NMO(t) has been shown to fit postseismic surface deformation following at least 9 earthquakes. I also show that the conventional, one‐dimensional, spring‐block model of a BFCZ with a rheology compatible with ordinary transient creep leads to the same temporal dependence (NMO(t)).
On long baroclinic Rossby waves in the tropical North Atlantic observed from profiling floats
Authors: Chu P. C. , Ivanov L. M. , Melnichenko O. V. , Wells N. C.
Published: May 2007

Argo float data (subsurface tracks and temperature profiles collected from March 2004 through May 2005) are used to detect signatures of long Rossby waves in the velocity of the currents at 1000‐m depth and temperature, between the ocean surface and 950 m, in the zonal band of 4°N–24°N in the tropical North Atlantic. Different types of long Rossby waves (with the characteristic scales between 1000 and 2500 km) are identified in the western [west of the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge (MAR)] and eastern [east of the MAR] subbasins. Along‐shore wind fluctuations and an equatorially forced coastal Kelvin wave were found to be responsible for the excitation of annual‐ and semiannual‐propagating Rossby waves in the eastern subbasin. These waves are transmitted along a waveguide formed by the African shelf and the MAR. The speed of their propagation varies in magnitude and direction because of bottom topography and irregularity of the coastline. Unstable standing Rossby waves with annual and semiannual periods are shown in both the subbasins. All unstable waves, decaying, radiate shorter free Rossby waves propagating both westward and northwestward, with speeds of up to 10 cm/s. The standing Rossby waves are probably excited by the wind‐driven Ekman pumping alone or in combination with linear and nonlinear resonance mechanisms. The additional analysis of subsurface float tracks from May 2005 through May 2006 supports the obtained results.
A numerical study of the tidal circulation and buoyancy effects in a Scottish fjord: Loch Torridon
Authors: Gillibrand Philip A. , Amundrud Trisha L.
Published: May 2007

The tidal and buoyancy‐driven circulation in Loch Torridon, a Scottish fjord, is investigated using a three‐dimensional, hydrostatic, primitive equation model. The predictions from the model have been quantitatively compared to available data gathered between 1998 and 2001. The model performed well in reproducing the tidal characteristics and density evolution of the fjord over the 3‐month simulation period. Results show that tidal currents are dominated by the constraint imposed on the flow by the shallow sill separating the upper and middle basins: the flow is strongly accelerated during flood and ebb tides, and significant residual currents are generated that may influence exchange and residence times of the middle basin. A strong baroclinic response to the flow over the sill is predicted throughout the fjord, with a propagating linear M2 tide displacing isopycnals vertically by up to 32 m. At the sill the formation of stationary lee waves on both flood and ebb tides is predicted, with the wave generated during flood tide being notably larger as the growth of the ebb wave is inhibited by deep dense water. This allows more energy to transfer into the seaward propagating internal tide. As the tidal flow weakens, the lee waves propagate over the sill and upstream. Estimates of the total vertical turbulent buoyancy flux in the fjord are made, and the distribution of mixing over a tidal cycle is shown; vertical mixing is seen to be highly spatially and temporally variable and strongly linked to the presence and dissipation of lee waves near the sill.
Effect of aerosol humidification on the column aerosol optical thickness over the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains site
Authors: Jeong Myeong‐Jae , Li Zhanqing , Andrews Elisabeth , Tsay Si‐Chee
Published: May 2007

This study investigates the aerosol humidification effect (AHE) using 70 profiles of the aerosol scattering coefficients at high (∼80%) and low (∼40%) relative humidity (RH) levels and absorption coefficient at a low RH level obtained by a light aircraft (Cessna C‐172N) over the Southern Great Plains (SGP) site from April 2003 to June 2004. The column aerosol humidification factor, R(RH), defined as the ratio of the aerosol optical thickness (AOT) at the ambient RH to that at RH = 40% throughout the column rarely exceeded 1.3 (mean, 1.09 ± 0.12) over the SGP site. However, for an atmospheric column of a constant RH = 85%, R(RH) is greater than 1.5 for the majority of cases (mean, 1.57 ± 0.28). R(RH) was fitted to a function of column RH based on this unique aerosol data set. Several methods were proposed to estimate R(RH) for use when direct measurements of R(RH) are not available. It was found that the relationship between R(RH) and aerosol extinction coefficient weighted column‐mean RH works best. Performance of other methods depends on the measurements available. Sensitivity of R(RH) to a very humid (RH = 99%) layer with varying thickness values (0.1–0.3 km) is examined. The results indicate that the AHE on the AOT over the SGP site is not likely to exceed 50% on the average. The methods and results of this study may be utilized with caution to remove the AHE from the AOT retrieved from satellite or automated Sun photometer measurements, which will be useful for studies on aerosol indirect effect or quantifying cloud contamination in aerosol retrievals.
Parameterization of optical properties for hydrated internally mixed aerosol
Authors: Ghan Steven J. , Zaveri Rahul A.
Published: May 2007

The optical properties of an internally mixed aerosol with a lognormal size distribution can be approximated in terms of analytic functions of the wet surface mode radius with coefficients that can be related to the wet refractive index. The wet radius is calculated from the dry radius and relative humidity using either the Köhler theory or the MOSAIC thermodynamic model. The hydration state of the aerosol in the hysteresis region between the crystallization and deliquescence relative humidities is diagnosed by comparing the aerosol water from the previous time step with the current water content of the hydrated aerosol. The wet refractive index is estimated from the volume fractions and refractive indices of all components of the aerosol, including water, using volume mixing for soluble components and an effective medium approximation for the insoluble components. The parameterization is evaluated by comparing with Mie solutions for ammonium sulfate, black carbon, and a 50:50 mixture for a wide range in size distributions and relative humidity. Errors are usually less than 20% and are less then 30% for all conditions except when absolute values are small. The parameterization is suitable for any aerosol model that uses lognormal size distributions composed of internal mixtures of multiple aerosol components.