bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tobacco Budworm Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco with Foliar Insecticides, 1996
Authors: Southern P. Sterling , Browne Micou M.
Published: December 2017

Flue-cured tobacco was planted on the James T. Smith farm in Wayne Co., NC on 23 Apr. Plots of 0.02 acre (4 rows X 57 ft) were separated laterally by a vacant 5th row and on each end by turn alleys of 16 ft. Treatments were established in a RCB design with 4 replications. Just prior to treatment, a moderate natural infestation of budworms was augmented by artificial infestation of 10 plants in each of the 1st and 3rd rows of each plot. A single 2-d old larva (from the colony maintained by the Dept. of Entomology, N.C. State University) was transferred from artificial diet to each plant. Larvae were placed into the bud to simulate an established infestation. Treatments were applied on 3 Jun using a tractor-mounted sprayer (with the exception of Dipel 10 G) pressurized by a roller pump powered by the tractor PTO. Spray was delivered through 3 solid-cone nozzles (TG-1, TG-2, TG-1) per row at 60 psi and 37.5 gpa. Treatments were applied between 2:50 pm and 5:00 pm EDT. Diatect was treated as a wettable powder and sprayed. Dipel 10G was applied by hand directly to the bud of each plant. Air temperature was approximately 80° F and winds were light to moderate (3-7 mph). All plants (excluding the first and last) in rows 1 and 3 were checked for budworm infestation on the day of treatment and 4 and 11 DAT. These plants were rated for budworm damage 15 DAT. Individual plants were examined and an estimate of leaf area lost to budworm feeding made. Damage was scored as follows: 0 = no damage; 1 = less than 1.0 leaf equivalent lost; 2 = 1.0 - 2.0 leaf equivalents; 3 = more than 2.0 leaf equivalents lost; 4 = plant topped by budworm feeding. Average damage ratings were calculated by plot. After harvest and curing, tobacco from each plot was weighed and graded by a government grader. Grades were converted to a quality index (1-100, 100 high). All variables were subjected to analysis of variance and treatment means compared (where appropriate) using an LSD test. Before analysis, the proportion of plants infested was transformed to the arcsine of square root of proportion. Data shown in the table are not transformed and proportion of plants infested is presented as percentage of plants infested.
Gaucho as an Aphicide in Winter Wheat,1996B
Authors: Bragg D. E.
Published: December 2017

Plots were seeded by farm 30 ft drill on 5 Sep (37.5 lb/acre) at the Dye Farm near Pomeroy, WA. Gaucho 480 was applied at 3 rates as seed treatment: 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 oz (AI)/cwt. An untreated plot served as the check. Plots were 30 X 600 ft replicated 4 times in a RCB design. The experiment was designed to measure: 1) the impact of aphids on winter wheat yields; and 2) the value of Gaucho as an aphicide in winter wheat. Treatments were evaluated at 30, 50, and 65 days after plant emergence (DAE) by visual examination for aphid species per tiller plus number of aphids per tiller. At maturity, crop was harvested by cutting 24 X 600 ft strips from each replicate with a combine. Mean grain yields and test weight (tw) were calculated per acre for each replicate.
Control of Hessian Fly and Russian Wheat Aphid in Spring Wheat, 1996A
Authors: Bragg D. E.
Published: December 2017

Plots were seeded by large plot drill on 6 May (60 lb/acre) at the USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Materials Introduction Center at Central Ferry, WA. Gaucho 480 was applied at 3 rates of seed treatments: 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 oz(AI)/cwt. An untreated check was also set up. Plots were 15 X 354 ft per replicate with 4 replicates in a RCB design. The experiment was designed to measure: 1) the impact of Hessian fly on spring wheat; 2) the impact of Russian wheat aphid on spring wheat; and 3) the efficacy of Gaucho as an insecticide for spring wheat. Treatments were evaluated for % RWA infested tillers on 20, 30, 40, 50, and 65 DAE. Treatments were also evaluated at 65 DAE (Feeks scale 10.5) for no. heads/10 plants, no tillers/10 plants, % HF infested tillers, % RWA infested tillers, and % RWA parasitized by DR. Harvest data were collected on 9 Aug by cutting a 12 ft strip per replicate with a JD55 combine, and weighing the grain on weight pads.
Control of Hessian Fly and Russian Wheat Aphid in Spring Wheat, 1996B
Authors: Bragg D. E.
Published: December 2017

Plots were seeded 14 Apr (60 lb/acre) at the Dye Farm near Pomeroy, WA. Two rates of Gaucho 480 (0.5, and 1.0 oz(AI)/cwt) were applied as seed treatments, and an untreated check was set up. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replicates of 36 X 400 ft each. Numbers of heads and tillers per 10 plants, % HF-infested tillers, and % RWA-infested tillers were recorded at 85 days after plant emergence (DAE) (Feeks scale 10.5). Harvest data were collected on 21 Aug by cutting 24 ft strips per replicate and weighing the grain in a weigh wagon. Yield per acre was calculated for each treatment.
Control of Banks Grass Mite in Winter Wheat, 1996
Authors: Hammon R.W. , Judson F.M.
Published: December 2017

Four insecticides were applied to irrigated winter wheat in Fruita, CO. ; on 19 Apr with a CO2-powered sprayer calibrated to apply 17.4 gpa through six LF4 nozzles mounted on a10-ft boom. Plots were 10 ft X 25 ft, arranged in a RCB design with four replications. Plots were sampled on 19 Apr (PRE), 29 Apr (10 DAT), 6 May (17 DAT), and 24 May (35 DAT). On the first three sampling dates, a 4-inch2 section of wheat was cut at ground level and removed from the field in a paper bag. Each sample was weighed before being placed in a Berlese funnel for 24 h to extract mites. Mites were counted under a dissecting microscope, and the number divided by the sample weight to get a BGM/g value which was used for statistical analysis. On the final sampling date (35 DAT), 25 random tillers were picked from each plot, and placed in Berlese funnels for 24 h to extract mites. The number of BGM/tiller was used for statistical analysis. The plots were harvested on 23 Jul using a modified Gleaner L combine with on board scales. Test weight was measured from a sub sample of the grain harvested from each plot.
Green June Beetle Control in Bermudagrass Pastures, December 1995
Authors: Flanders K. L. , Baltikauski M. N. , DeLamar Z. D.
Published: December 2017

The study was located in Westville, FL, or sandy Coastal Plain soil. Bermudagrass stubble was 3-4 inches tall. Test 1 and Test 2 were conducted in adjoining bermudagrass pastures. Average air temperature between application and evaluation was 36°F in Test 1, and 60°F in Test 2. Soil temperature at a depth of 4 inches was 47°F and 57°F, respectively. Plots were arranged in a CR design with three replications. Plots, 40 ft X 40 ft in each test, were adjacent in Test 1, and separated by 40 ft buffers in Test 2. Insecticide was applied 9 Dec (Test 1) and 12 Dec (Test 2) with a COypowered boom sprayer in 43 gpa (30 psi, flat fan nozzles). Grub density was assessed by excavating soil samples, 8 X 8 X 12 inches deep, and recording number of live green June beetle grubs in the soil, and number of dead or dying grubs on the soil surface. Ten random samples from each site were dug just before treatment. Each plot was evaluated 12 Dec (Test 1). or 20 Dec (Test 2) by excavating five soil samples (total of 2.2 ft2) from the center of each plot.
Evaluation of Chlorpyrifos Formulations for Mole Cricket Control on Golf Course Fairways, 1996
Authors: Hertl P. T. , Brandenburg R. L.
Published: December 2017

Three chlorpyrifos formulations were evaluated for the control of mole cricket nymphs at the Fox Squirrel Country Club in Brunswick Co. Plots 20 ft X 20 ft were established on a bermudagrass fairway in an area heavily infested with recently hatched mole cricket nymphs. Treatments were replicated four times and randomly assigned to the plots. All insecticides were applied on 17 Jul using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 30 gpa. Fairway irrigation was used to apply 0.25 inch of water to the test site prior to application and 0.5 inch of water immediately following application. Air temperature was 85°F and 4 inch soil temperature was 86°F. Soil at the test site was classified a Kureb fine sand with a pH of 6.2 and 0.41 % humic matter. Plots were evaluated 24 Jul (7 DAT), 8 Aug (22DAT), 22 Aug (36 DAT), 5 Sep (50 DAT), 19 Sep (64 DAT), using the damage grid rating method developed by Dr. Pat Cobb at Auburn University. A m2 grid divided into nine subsections was placed randomly in each plot and a damage rating of 0 to 9 was given, depending on the number of subsections in which fresh damage was observed. Five damage ratings were taken in each plot and the ratings were averaged. The actual damage means are reported in the table. All data were transformed X + 0.5 prior to ANOVA and Tukey’s Studentized Range Test.
Residual Control of Black Cutworms on a Creeping Bentgrass Putting Green, 1996
Authors: Held D. , Potter D. A. , Williamson C.
Published: December 2017

This test was conducted on a sand-based putting green at the University of Kentucky Spindletop Farm, near Lexington. The green is irrigated with about 0.2 inches daily and mowed 6 times per week at 3/16 inch cutting height. Plots (6 x 6 ft) were arranged in a RCB with each block representing one treatment date. The first treatment date was 18 Jul, with subsequent treatments repeated weekly. The final treatment was 7 Aug, 1 day before harvest. Conditions during applications ranged from 78-88°F with winds < 10 mph. Irrigation was withheld for 1 day after treatment. Daily rainfall amounts during the experiment were <¼ inch except on 31 Jul, when 1.94 inches of rain fell. Liquid applications were applied at 50 gpa using a low volume, CO2 sprayer equipped with 4 Spraying System 8004 Tee Jet nozzles that delivered 2109 g pressure per cm2. Grass clippings were harvested from plots on 8 Aug, with a Bunton greens mower and placed in labeled bags. In the lab, grass clippings were placed in 15 X 100mm plastic petri dishes with 10 neonate BCW larvae. Additional clippings were replaced as needed to maintain ample food source. Petri dishes were placed in a growth chamber and larvae were allowed to feed until 12 Aug. All dishes and clippings were then inspected for BCW larvae. Larvae were noted as dead or alive.
Evaluation of Naf Formulations, Dursban Pro, and Scimitar Cs for Management of Black Cutworm on Creeping Bentgrass, 1995
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

Treatment plots were 10 X 8 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times at University Park, PA. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 6 8002VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on an 8 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 350 ml of water/80 ft2 or delivering 1.1 gal/1,000 ft2. Treatments were made on 31 Jul when black cutworm feeding damage was first observed on close cut bentgrass. An average of 5.0/yd2 cutworm larvae was recorded on 31 Jul prior to treatment. At treatment time (31 Jul), the following soil and environment conditions existed: air temperature, 74°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 82°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 72°F; RH, 68%; amount oJ thatch, 0.125-0.25 inch; soil textural class, sandy loam; soil particle size analysis: 52.8% sand, 35.2% silt, 12.0% clay; soil moisture (oven dry weight). 31.3%; organic matter, 3.3%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.6; time of application, early morning; and clear skies. The area received 0.1 inch of irrigation immediately after treatment. Evaluation was done on three sampling dates (3 Aug, 7 Aug, 15 Aug) by counting the number of black cutworm larvae flushed to the surface within a 1.0 yd2 wood frame sampling area using a soap irritant drench of 15 ml Lemon Joy™ dishwashing detergent in 2 gal of water. Extremely high temperatures reduced natural occurring black cutworm populations. All treatments on the last two of the 3 sampling dates provided significant reduction of black cutworm larvae relative to untreated check. No phytotoxicity was noted.
Control of Black Turfgrass Ataenius Adults on a Golf Course Fairway, 1995
Authors: Power K. T. , Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. , Belcher M.
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted on an irrigated golf course fairway at Westfield Country Club, Westfield Center, in Medina Co., OH. Insecticides were applied 15 May to plots 6 ft by the width of the fairway (≥65 ft) replicated four times. Liquid treatments were applied with a CO2 sprayer and Teejet™ XR8006VS nozzles at 35 psi pressure that delivered a volume of 1 gal/1000 ft2. The granular treatments were applied with a 2-ft drop spreader. After all treatments were applied, the area was irrigated with approximately ¼inch of water. Environmental conditions at the time of treatment were as follows: BTA - ovipositing adults present; turf-level dry, % inch ht, 100% bentgrass, 1 inch of thatch; soil-moist, 60°F at 1 inch and 3 inches deep; weather-sunny, 64°F, 0-8 mph wind. Evaluation was done on 10 Jul by counting number of live BTA larvae in 10 samples 4% inches in diam from each plot. Analysis of variance was done on plot totals and means separated by DMRT at P = 0.05.
Comparison of Three Rates of a Growth Regulator on Black Cutworm, 1996
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan , Carney Bryan
Published: December 2017

Two trials were conducted at Amherst Country Club, Amherst, NH. In the first trial treatments were applied on 6 Sep to a bentgrass nursery and rated 13 Sep. In the second, treatments were applied 12 Sep and rate 19 Sep. The treatments were applied in an RCB design, 4 replicates per treatment, with 1 -ft buffers between plots. All treatments were applied with a 2-wheel bicycle-type CO2 boom sprayer, using four 8004 nozzles with 50-mesh screens. The volume of water and insecticide mix per plot was 2 gal/1000ft2 delivered at 40 psi. BCW larvae were predominantly 3rd-4th instar in the 1st trial and 1 st-2nd instar in the 2nd trial. Weather conditions were as follows: on 6 Sep, air temp, 81°F; sky, clear; wind, calm. Soil conditions were as follows: surface temp, 83°F; temp at 1-inch depth, 74°F; soil pH, 5.7; dry matter, 80%; moisture, 20%; organic matter, 4%; soil texture, loam; sand, 60%; silt, 20%; clay, 20%. On 12 Sep, air temp was 74°F; soil temp at surface was 71°F; at 1-inch depth, 69°F. The trials were rated for live larvae by soaking each plot with Joy dish soap and water to force larvae to the surface.
Management of Scarab White Grubs with Formulations of Mycogen’s MYX910 and MYX942, and Oftanol 5G on a Golf Course Rough, 1996
Authors: Heller P.R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The turfgrass area consisted primarily of Kentucky bluegrass (30%) and perennial ryegrass (70%) in Lancaster County, PA. Treatment plots were 8 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 S.S. CO 7F-VS-5 flood jet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 417 ml of water/48 ft2 or delivering 2.29 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker. At treatment time (29 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 67°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 70°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 68°F; RH, 98%; amount of thatch, 0.25 inch; soil textural class, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: % sand, 19.6; % silt, 59.0; % clay, 21.4; organic matter 2.7%; 15.2% soil moisture (oven dry weight); water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.7; application time, early-morning; and skies clear with fog. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.4 inch of water. A total of 0.18 inch of rain was recorded on 28 Aug. Post-treatment counts were made on 26 Sep. Three ft2 sod samples were randomly laken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Control of Ants with Talstar and Amdro, 1996
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan , Carney Bryan
Published: December 2017

This trial was conducted on a fairway at Indian Mound Country Club, Ossipee, NH. The initial count of ant hills was taken on 28 Jun, prior to treatment applications. The layout was an RCB design, using 15 X 7 ft plots allowing 1-ft buffers between plots. Talstar F (0.2 lb) and Talstar G (0.2 lb) were re-treated 14 DAT. Liquid formulations were applied with a 2-wheel bicycle-type CO2 boom sprayer equipped with 4 spray heads fitted with a 50-mesh strainer and an 8004 fan-type nozzle. The volume of water and insecticide mix per plot was 2 gal/1000ft2 delivered at 40 psi. Granular formulations were evenly distributed over the plots using large plastic salt shakers. All granular treatments were irrigated with 1/2 inch of water; no liquid treatments were watered in. Weather conditions at time of initial application were as follows: air temp, 74°F; sky, mostly sunny; wind, light breeze. Weather conditions at time of reapplication were as follows: air temp, 60°F; sky, partly cloudy. Soil conditions were as follows: surface temp, 68°F; at 1-inch depth, 65°F; at 2-inch depth, 65°F; texture, loam; sand, 40%; silt, 43%, clay, 17%; soil pH, 5.3; dry matter, 72%; moisture, 28%; organic matter, 9%. Ant hill counts were taken every week for 6 consecutive weeks.
Control of Japanese Beetle and Masked Chafer Grubs with Halofenozide (RH-0345), 1995
Authors: Held D. , Potter D. A. , Williamson C. , Keathley C. , Kunkel B.
Published: December 2017

This test was con ducted in turf-type tall fescue at the University of Kentucky Spindletop Farm, near Lexington. The turf was on a Maury silt loam soil (pH = 6.4) with negligible thatch. Plots (4X6 ft; 2 ft untreated borders) were arranged in a RCB, with 4 replications. The turf was treated on 27 Jul, during flight of JB. The soil population consisted mostly of eggs, with some 1st instars. Granular formulations were preweighed, mixed with dry sand, and applied by gloved hand. Liquid applications were applied at 50 gal/acre using a low volume, CO2 sprayer equipped with 4 Spraying System 8004 Tee Jet nozzles that delivered 2109 g pressure per cm2. Each plot was syringed with about 1/8 inch of water within 5 min after application, and the whole site received 3/4 inch irrigation as soon as the last treatment was applied. Conditions during application were 88°F with winds < 10 mph. There was 0.23 inch of rainfall on 26 Jul. the day before the test. There was no additional rain until 5 Aug, when 1.78 inch fell. Plots were sampled on 12 Sep by cutting a 3 X 1.5 foot strip, aboul 3 inches deep, from the center of each plot with a motorized sod cutter. Sod was rolled back, broken apart, and examined for grubs which were counted and identified.
Aphid Control, 1996
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Bergen J.R.
Published: December 2017

Two systemic insecticides were evaluated against the potato aphid and Rhodobium porosum (2:1 respective abundance) on greenhouse grown miniature roses planted in 1-gal containers. The miniature roses were planted in equal parts sphagnum peat and pumice and fertilized weekly with 20-20-20 fertilizer. Plants were arranged in a RCB design replicated 4 times with 5 plants/replicate. Pinpoint 15G and Merit 0.5G were manually applied to their respective pots on 2 Jul. Three 1.5 inch growing tips or buds were removed from each plant and individually placed in labeled jars filled with 25 ml of 70% ETOH. The aphids were aliquoted onto a filter paper-lined Petri dish and counted with a stereoscopic microscope.
Control of Spruce Spider Mite with Foliar-Applied Insecticides, 1996
Authors: Sclar Casey , Gerace Dan , Cranshaw Whitney S. , Tupy Andrea , Al-Doghairi Mohammed
Published: December 2017

A commercial nursery located in Weld County CO, was used as the site of the experiment. Plots were established on 5 Jul utilizing infested trees which were approximately 3 inch dbh and 6-8 ft tall. Experimental units were individual trees growing in furrow-irrigated rows. All treatments were applied using a hand-held compressed air sprayer to the point of run-off. A CR design with 5 replications was used. Plots were sampled on three subsequent dates by beat sampling. A white piece of 8 1/2 X 11 inch paper was held under the branch while each branch was struck 5 times with a short wooden stake. The number of mites dislodged and collected from the branches during sampling were subsequently counted. Four branches per tree (1 sample from each cardinal point) were taken on each date. Numbers presented represent the total number of mites per tree.
Field Efficacy of Two Ixodicide Collars, 1995
Authors: Estrada-Pefia A. , Ascher F.
Published: December 2017

Ixodicidal activity of two collars against the brown dog tick was verified by a field test in northeast Spain, following the tick load on dogs over a 4-month period. Collars were a 9% Amitraz (AMZ) (Preventic®, Virbac) and a Propoxur + Flumethrin (PPX) (Kiltix®, Bayer) formulation. For this field test, we used 30 adult Beagle dogs, in 2 groups of 10 each, with each collar, and a third group of 10 dogs with only placebo collar to serve as the check. After collar fitting, and every week, dogs were allowed to walk freely across a periurban area, heavily infested with ticks. Counts of ticks were done 3 days after each natural infestation. Natural infestations were carried out while the mean number of ticks/check dog was equal to or higher than 10, allowing a total of 8 infestations. Ticks were counted as alive unfed females, alive feeding females, dead unfed females, and dead feeding females.
Efficacy Tests of FMC 5268 on L. Trifolii Larvae
Authors: Kund G.S. , Trumble J.T.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy tests were performed on first instar leafminer larvae reared on lima bean plants at the University of California, Riverside, in the laboratory. The leafminer colony was started from field collected samples in Orange County, CA.
Laboratory Evaluation of Two IGR Insecticides Against DBM Larvae, 1995
Authors: Mau R.F.L. , Gusukuma-Minuto L. R.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were evaluated using the leaf dip method. Head cabbage was seeded in community pots. Each pot containing approximately 10 cabbage plants in the 5-7 true leaf seedling stage was inverted and dipped in a solution of the test materials for about 30 sees for complete coverage. The dipped plants were allowed to air dry. For each dip, 1 liter solution of the test material was prepared based on field rate concentrations of 100 gal/acre. Leaves from treated plants were detached and placed in a ventilated plastic petri dish. DBM larvae from a laboratory colony that originated from individuals collected from a cabbage field at Kula, Hawaii and Kamuela, Hawaii were used. Ten 2nd instars were placed on each leaf. Each treatment was replicated 10 times. Xentari was used as the treated check. The number of dead larvae was counted at 24-hour intervals. Larvae were recorded as dead when there was no movement when probed. Leaves were changed every other day with fresh leaves from the previously treated pots.
Effects of Adjuvants on the Activity of Tracer™ 480SC on Cotton in the Laboratory, 1996
Authors: Larson L. L.
Published: December 2017

Many commercially available adjuvants were tested for their effects against the tobacco budworm (Heliocoverpa virescens (F.) with a view to using them in 1996 E.UP for Tracer™ (NAF-85) in cotton.
Laboratory Evaluations of Insecticides Against Crb Adults, 1996
Authors: Mau R. F. L. , Minuto L.R.Gusukuma , McLean Mike , Pearson Jay
Published: December 2017

Field collected adults of CRB were held in a ventilated cage with an adequate food supply for two days prior to beginning the bioassay. Water based mixtures of each treatment were prepared in glass beakers based on field-rate concentrations at 100 gpa. Silwett L-77 at 8.0 oz./lOO gal solution was added to each solution to facilitate wetting and each mixture was mixed thoroughly. Treatments were evaluated using the leaf dip method. Taro (Colocasia esculenta) leaves were field collected and held in the refrigerator until they were ready to use. Three leaves were completely immersed in each of the spray mixtures and allowed to air dry. The treated leaves were cut into 5 cm2 pieces and placed into ventilated plastic petri dishes. Five adult CRB were introduced into the dish. Each treatment was replicated 10 times. Mortality was assessed at 24-hour intervals. At each assessment, leaf pieces were changed with a fresh leaf piece cut from the remaining treated leaves to assure a fresh food supply.
Screening of Fungal Isolates Against Diamondback Moth Larvae, 1995
Authors: Vandenberg John D. , Ramos Mark
Published: December 2017

Fifty-five isolates of four fungi, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, Fursarium sp.,Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin and Paecilomyces farinosus (Holm ex SF Gray) Brown & Smith, were obtained from the USDA-ARS Collection of Entomopathogenic Fungal Cultures (Ithaca, NY). Isolates were subcultured once after retrieval from liquid nitrogen storage. Cultures were maintained on Subouraud dextrose agar plus 2% yeast extract (SDAY) at 24° Cunder a photoperiod of 15:9 h (L:D) for 14 to 21 d. Conidia were scraped from the culture surface and suspended in 0.01 % Tween 80 by vortexting for 2 min. Suspensions were filtered through 16 layers of sterile cheesecloth to remove conidial clumps and hyphal fragments. Spore concentrations were estimated using a hemacytometer and then adjusted to 312,500 spores/ml. Three to 7 isolates were screened against isolate ARSEF 4543 as a standard derived from a single infected DBM larva collected in Ontario County, NY, in 1994. First instars of DBM maintained on wheat germ diet. Fifteen 2nd instars were placed 2–3 h prior to inoculation in a petri dish containing filter paper moistened with deionized water and incubated at 4° C. Dishes were assigned randomly to treatments with 4 replicates each for each isolate. Insects were inoculated at room temperature (–22° C) using a Bergergon spray tower equipped with a Spraying Systems 2850 noz-zle, calibrated to deliver 312.5 spores/cm2 using 5 ml suspension at a concentration of 312,500 spores/ml. DBM larvae treated only with the suspending medium (0.01% Tween 80) served as checks. (Mortality in the checks was minimal and no evidence of fungal infection was detected.) After spraying the insects, two discs of DBM larval diet (Bioserv Premix) were placed in each dish which was then sealed with parafilm and incubated at 25° C in darkness for 24 h. Thereafter, the insects were transferred to a sterile petri dish with fresh diet and incubated at 25° C under a photoperiod of 15:9 h (L:D). Larvae were monitored daily and diet was replaced as needed for 7 d. Dead larvae were transferred to petri dishes containing a piece of moistened filter paper. Mycosis was confirmed by observing characteristic mycelial eruption from cadavers and subsequent sporulation. To confirm viability of spore suspensions and dosage, 5 ml of each was sprayed on SDAY plates which were incubated at 25° Cunder a photoperiod of 15:9 h (L:D) for 3 d until identifiable fungal colonies were counted. To estimate the potency of each isolate relative to the standard (ARSEF 4543), the percentage mortality due to fungus infection was divided by the percentage mortality due to infection by the standard within that experiment. Average survival times were also estimated for all fungus-killed larvae for each isolate from records of the number of days from inoculation to death.
Screen Barriers To Repel Slugs From Foraging On To Greenhouse Benches, Hawaii, 1995
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Harta A. H. , Hu B. K. S.
Published: December 2017

Screen Barriers To Repel Slugs From Foraging On To Greenhouse Benches, Hawaii, 1995 Efficacy studies were conducted from 2 Oct through 20 Dec at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, Waiakea Agricultural Research Station in Hilo, Hawaii. Greenhouse bench legs were simulated by placing a 6 X 8 X 16 inch concrete hollow tile block vertically (common bench leg used in Hawaii) in the center of a 1.5 X 2 ft plastic arena. A 1 -inch thick layer of moistened pest covered the bottom of the arena; and a 1-inch barrier of NaCl on the perimeter of the arena prevented slugs from escaping. The test screen (1.0 ft2) rested on the bench end of the block. Treatments included: 0.011 gauge, 16 mesh copper screen; 0.011 gauge, 18X16 mesh aluminum screen; 18X16 mesh fiberglass screen and a 12 X 12 X 0.13 inch paper board control. A 7.75-inch dia saucer containing moist-ened Slug and Snail AG Pelleted Bait (Hacco Inc., Madison, WI) was placed on the screen barrier as an attractant and to evaluate efficacy (slugs crossing the barrier would feed and die). One hundred field collected slugs were placed in each arena. Tests were conducted in a dark ventilated room and replicated three times with 100 slugs per replicate for both species. Efficacy was determined daily by counting the number of dead slugs in the saucer. The cumulative percentage mortality over 7 days was recorded.
Control of Insect Pests on Peach, 1996
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: December 2017

Treatments consisting of experimental and registered insecticides were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of ‘Cresthaven’, 2 replicates of ‘Redhaven’, and 3 replicates of ‘Sunhigh’. The trees were planted at a spacing of 20 X 30 ft and were 12 years old. All treatments were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 75 gpa, driven at 2.4 mph. All plots received a regular maintenance schedule of fungicides (Rovral 4F, sulfur, Indar 75WSP and Topsin M 75WSP). GPA was sampled weekly by counting the number of new colonies found in a 3-min examination of each plot tree. Each new colony was tagged with ribbon and the number of leaves infested with one or more live aphids was determined. Each tagged colony, up to 10 colonies per tree, was then rated weekly for the number of live aphids using the following categorical rating system: 1 = 1 to 10 aphics, 2 = 11 to 20 aphids, 3 = 21 to 40 aphics, 4 = 41 to 80 aphids, 5 = 81 to 160 aphids, and 6 = > 161 aphids. OFM shoot injury was assessed by determining the number of injured shoots per tree in a 5-min examination on 11 Jun and a 3-min examination on 12 Jul and 1 Aug. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury 75 mature peaches from each tree. The sampling date for the various cultivars was as follows: 5 Aug (‘Redhaven’), 14 Aug (‘Sunhigh’), and 4 Sep (‘Cresthaven’). Please note the fruit sampling dates as related to the various dates of application. Larvae found inside the pick samples were collected and identified. Pest pressure was moderate to high throughout the season.
Flea Beetle Control, 1996
Authors: Collins J. A. , Drummond F. A.
Published: December 2017

Materials were applied on 6 Jun to 20 by 20 ft plots in a bearing blueberry field at Jonesport, Maine. There were 3 replications of each treatment and a minimum 5-ft untreated buffer strip around each plot. Treatments were blocked according to prespray population levels. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gpa using a CO2-propelled 80-inch boom sprayer with 4, flat spray, 8OO02VS TeeJet nozzles operating at 35 psi. At treatment, plants were ca. 50% loose cluster, 50% bloom. On sample dates indicated in table, 10 sweeps with a standard 12-inch sweepnet were taken systematically through the center area of each plot, avoiding plot boundaries. The larvae were counted and then distributed back into the same plot. No unusual weather conditions were noted during this test.
Evaluation of Confirm 2F for Grape Berry Moth Control, 1996
Authors: Townsend Howard G.
Published: December 2017

Plots consisted of 10 mature ‘catawba’ vines, with 5 replications in a RCB design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gpa (935 liter/ha) with a FMC DP15 airblast sprayer on 28 Jun and 31 Jul when pheromone trap catch indicated adult male GBM flight activity was at a peak. The percentage by wt of GBM damaged berries was determined from a harvest sample of 20 clusters taken at random from each plot on 18 Sep.
Root Weevil Insecticide Efficacy on Strawberry, 1996
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Chamberlain J. D. , Murray T. A.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were replicated 4 times in a 2-year-old ‘Totem’ strawberry field in Burlington, WA. Plots measuring 3 rows wide and 25 ft long were arranged in a RCB design. Sprays were applied on 22 Jul with a field sprayer at 100 psi delivering 83 gpa of finished spray from a hand-held boom with 3 hollow cone D4-45 TeeJet nozzles at 3 mph. Visual sampling for SRW was done on 25 and 29 Jul along two 5-ft transects along the middle row of each plot beginning at 10 PM with the aid of a flashlight.
Evaluation of Cm-006 for Citrus Red Mite Control, 1996
Authors: French J. Victor , Villarreal Santiago
Published: December 2017

Experimental CM-006, alone and tank-mixed with NR 435 Oil or Kinetic adjuvant, were compared with Agri-Mek + NR 435 Oil for efficacy against RdM on nursery citrus. Treatments were randomized and each replicated on 4 potted grapefruit trees (each ca. 2 ft high). Sprays were applied to foliar run-off using a TQ-40 Koke Kap CO2 handgun sprayer nozzled with a 8002 Tee-Jet tip and pressure set at 30 psi. At each count date 3 leaves per replicate tree (12/treatment) were randomly sampled and processed in the laboratory through a Leedom Mite Brushing Machine. RdM from each replicate were collected on a detergent-coated glass disc and counted under a binocular microscope at 20X.
Insecticidal Control of Citrus Leafminer on Red Grapefruit, 1995
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Fulcher G. L.
Published: December 2017

The trial was conducted in a nursery block of 1.5 year old ‘Rio Red’ grapefruit rooted to Swingle citrumelo, planted in single rows, 6 inches between trees. All treatments included 1.5% Sunspray 7E oil and were applied on 2 Nov. 1995 using a hand held boom fitted with 5 Albuz ceramic hollow cone nozzles (two on each side and one over top) supplied by a CO2 backpack sprayer operating at 40 psi, with a spray volume of 25 gpa. A RCB design was used with 4 replications and 11 treatments. Blocks were single rows and plots consisted of 30 trees each. Evaluations on 10 new leaf flushes per plot were taken at 3,7, 14 and 21 days after treatment (DAT) and included the number of mines on the five smallest leaves per flush starting with a one inch leaf, number of live larvae and pupae on the entire flush, and a foliage damage index (percent leaf surface damaged).
Citrus Rust Mite Control with Alert (Ac 303, 630), 1996
Authors: Childers C. C. , Gainey T. , Threlkeld D. K.
Published: December 2017

Alert at three rates per acre was compared with Alert at the same rates tank-mixed with FC 435-66 petroleum oil only or with petroleum oil and one of two copper formulations against CRM. Treatments were assigned to 3 X 3 (= 9 tree) plots in a RCB design, replicated 5 times on 8-10 ft tall trees with 18 X 26 ft spacing. Treatments were applied on 24 Jul using an FMC 352-S PTO airblast sprayer with speed, nozzling and pressure adjusted to deliver the designated gpa. At each evaluation date, 20 fruit were randomly selected and examined on the center tree within each replicate using a 10 X handlens. All live CRM (except eggs) were counted in two, 1 -cm2 lens field on partially shaded sides of each fruit. The two counts per fruit were combined and recorded as one observation. Data were subjected to log10 (X + 1) transformation for statistical analysis and untransformed means are presented in the table for comparison.
California Citrus Thrips Small Plot Trial, 1996
Authors: Morse J. G. , Urena A. A.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated spring, 1996 in Field 12 (26 year-old ‘Atwood’ navel oranges) at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, CA for control of citrus thrips. Pesticides were applied with a Bean hand-sprayer at 500 psi, outside coverage, approximately 200 gpa. Field 12 was divided into 4 contiguous blocks of 88-92 trees (22-23 replicates) and 22 treatments were applied with one replicate of each treatment assigned randomly to each block except extra replicates were assigned to the untreated check: each replicate consisted of four contiguous trees (except 2 replicates which had only 3 trees). Citrus thrips fruit scarring was evaluated early November. 1995 on all fruit on the exterior of data trees from knee to eye level. Scarring was rated as: (a) none, (b) slight (any citrus thrips scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Approximately 5% severe scars are normally taken as economic scarring levels.
Control of Pecan Nut Casebearer in Pecans, 1996
Authors: Mulder P. G. , Collins J. K. , Grantham R. A. , Smith M. W. , McCraw B. D.
Published: December 2017

Three insecticides were evaluated for control of PNC on pecans. Trials were conducted at a commercial pecan orchard located near Burneyville, OK (Love Co.). A section of the pecan orchard was divided into 7 blocks of trees, with each block receiving one of the treatments. Each block was ca. one acre in size. The trial used mature native pecan trees. Pretreatment PNC infestation levels were determined on 2 Jun. Twenty nut clusters on seven trees within the treatment area were inspected for the presence of PNC eggs and damage. If an egg or damage was found on any nut within a cluster, the cluster was considered infested. Treatments were applied on 3 and 4 Jun using a FMC Model 577-CP motor driven, air-blast sprayer. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 100 gpa. Only one application was made. PNC damage was evaluated on 24 Jun by inspecting 25 nut clusters/tree on each of 7-10 trees (175-250 nut clusters per treatment), at 5 to 8 feet above the ground for casebearer entries.
Foliar Sprays to Control Bean Leaf Beetles in Fall Snap Beans, 1996
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Snap beans were planted on 12 Aug at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of 2 rows 20ft long with 3 ft between-row spacing. Plots were separated from each other by an untreated guard row. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Sprays were applied on 19 Sep (full bloom) and 26 Sep (pin stage) using a backpack sprayer with a 6 flat fan nozzle boom/2 rows, delivering 46 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Evaluation criteria consisted of hand harvesting of 50 mature pods/plot on 4 Oct. The number of pods with BLB feeding damage was counted in each 50 pod sample.
Apple, Concentrate Insect Airblast Evaluation, 1996
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: December 2017

Experimental and registered insecticides were applied alone or in various combinations to 3-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of ‘Golden Delicious’ and 2 replicates of ‘Yorking’ with a buffer row between plots. Trees were planted at a spacing of 20 X 30 ft and were 21 yr old. Samples were taken from the center tree in each plot. Experimental sprays were applied with a Friend Airmaster ‘309’ calibrated to deliver 100 GPA at 2.0 mph. The 2nd application of CGA-59205 35WP treatments and the Comply 40 WP treatment were timed for 250° degree days (base 50°F) after the first emergence of CM adults during the first brood. All applications were complete sprays. A routine schedule of fungicides (Benlate 50DF, Dithane 75DF, Nova 40WP, and Ziram 76WP) was maintained throughout the experiment.
Control of Lepidopterous Pests, 1993
Authors: Chalfant Richard B.
Published: December 2017

Transplants were set out on 25 Mar (Test 1) and 29 Apr (Test 2) at the UG, Coastal Plain Experiment Station Ponder Farm near Tifton. Plant spacing was 12 inches by 36 inches. Plots were two rows wide and 50 ft long. Treatments were replicated four times in a RCB design. Treatments were applied with a CO2 powered backpack sprayer equipped with three Spraying Systems TX12 hollow cone nozzles delivering 50 gpa at a pressure of 50 psi. A surfactant, Valent X-77, was included with all treatments at a concentration of 0.25%. Application dates were 26 Apr, 4, 11, 20, and 28 May. (Test 1) and 4, 11, 18, and 25 Jun (Test 2) Larval counts were made on five plants per plot on 10 and 24 May. and 2 Jun (Test 1), and 12 Jun and 1 Jul (Test 2). On 3 Jun (Test 1) and 1 Jul (Test 2), market quality was determined by scoring 10 heads per plot using a 0-5 scale as given in the Table. Data were subjected to ANOVA and means were separated by LSD (P = 0.05).
Onion Thrips Management on Dry Onion, 1996
Authors: Mau R. F. L. , Gusukuma-Minuto L. R. , Shimabuku R. S.
Published: December 2017

The insecticides were evaluated at the Kula Research Station, Maui Agricultural Park. The field was set up in a RCB design with nine treatments and four replications (blocks). Each treatment plot consisted of four rows of plants planted at 8 inch between plant spacing. Each row consisted of 45 plants. Seedlings were transplanted into the field on 26 Sep. Treatments were applied using a compressed CO2 sprayer at 60 psi and 100 gpa. Silwet L-77 surfactant was used at a rate of 0.0625% v/v. One twin-jet nozzle (TJ-6502) was used per row. Treatments were applied at 7-day intervals. The first treatment was made 5 weeks after transplanting. A total of five applications were made (2, 12, 19,26 Nov, and 3 Dec).
Control of Armyworms and Pepper Weevil on Bell Pepper, Spring 1997
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: December 2017

Transplant were set 10 Mar, 12 inches apart on 8-inch-high and 32-inch-wide beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single row of 14 plants with rows on 5-ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design and were applied with a 2.5-gal, hand-held CO2-powered sprayer on 2, 7, 14, 21, 29 Apr, 5, 19, 27 May, 2, 11, 18, 25 Jun, 2 and 9 Jul. The sprayer was outfitted with a single nozzle with a D-5 disk and #45 core and delivered 100 gpa at 60 psi. Fruit were harvested on 21 May and 9 Jun. The number and weight of undamaged fruit and the number of fruit damaged by armyworm larvae were determined. Fruit also were examined for the presence of oviposition scars on the outsides of the fruit and for the presence of larval feeding damage caused by the pepper weevil inside the fruit. On 14 Jul, all fruit were harvested and examined for the presence of oviposition scars and internal pepper weevil damage.
Green Peach Aphid Control with Foliar Sprays, 1997
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A.
Published: December 2017

Experimental plots were established on the UI Research and Extension Center, Kimberly, Idaho. Potatoes were planted on 28 Apr and irrigated by solid set sprinkler. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam. Seven treatments and one untreated check plot were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Individual treatment plots were 4 rows (36-inch row spacing) wide by 25 ft long with 5-ft alleyways separating the plots. Green peach aphids were mass reared on greenhouse mustard plants (Brassica juncea L. ‘Florida Broadleaf’) for release into individual plots. Aphid releases were made into test plots on 14 Jun. A total of four heavily infested leaves were used to inoculate each plot. Treatment sprays were broadcast applied using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer (30 psi) and delivering 20 gal finished S per acre (four, 10X hollow-cone nozzles). Aphid counts were made by non-destructively sampling leaves at random from the top, middle, and bottom sections of plants in the center two rows of each plot. The data collected and presented is the total no. of aphids per 20 leaves. On 25 Jun a pre-treatment count was made and all treatments were applied later that d. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and Newman-Keuls multiple means comparison (Significance Level P = 0.05).
Control of Melon Thrips and Melon Worms on Zucchini Squash, Spring 1996
Authors: Seal Dakshina R. , McCord Elzie
Published: December 2017

Zucchini squash was seeded in Rock-dale soil on 10 Mar, 1996. A RCB design was employed to provide 4 replicates each for 6 treatments comprising a plot size of 3 rows, 25 feet long. Insecticide applications were initiated after the appearance of either species and continued at approximately 7-day intervals beginning 4 Apr. Foliar insecticides were applied using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer using 2 nozzles per row at 40 PSI delivering 100 gpa. No phytotoxicity was observed with either product. Evaluations were conducted 24 hours after each treatment. Melon thrips were evaluated by collecting 5 mature squash leaves per plot. Leaves were transported to the laboratory where they were washed in 70% alcohol and thrips counted under a microscope. All thrips were sexed and the number of males, females, and larvae counted separately. Melon worms were counted on 5 randomly selected plants per plot on the same dates.
Agri-Mek Adjuvant Study on Apple, 1997
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Krawczyk Grzegorz
Published: December 2017

Five treatments of Agri-Mek 0.15EC plus various adjuvants and two treatments of an experimental insecticide were evaluated for their activity against various pests when applied at petal fall. The treatments were applied to single-tree plots in aRCB design consisting of four replicates of ‘Yorking’. Treated singletrees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. The trees were 9 year old and planted to a spacing of 20 X 30 ft. All treatments were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa, driven at 2.4 mph. The date of application for all treatments was 20 May. All plots received a regular fungicide maintenance schedule of Benlate 50 DF, Dithane 75 DF, Nova 40 WP, and Ziram 76 WP and the insecticide Imidan 70 WP. All maintenance materials were applied using the alternate row middle method of application. The effect of the sprays on WALH was evaluated by counting the number of nymphs/25 injured leaves/tree. Effectiveness of the test chemicals on ERM and AF was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 random leaves/tree (100 leaves/treatment). STLM was evaluated by a 5-min count of tissue-feeding mines around the periphery of the trees at the end of the first and second generations. Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season.
Evaluation of Selected Foliar Insecticidesl for Control of Sweetpotato Weevil and Banded Cucumber Beetle on Sweetpotatoes, 1997
Authors: Story R. N. , Hammond A. M. , Murray M. J.
Published: December 2017

A test was conducted at the Burden Research Plantation, LSUAC, Baton Rouge, LA, to determine the efficacy of 15 insecticide treatments for the control of sweetpotato weevil and banded cucumber beetle. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with four replications. The cultivar ‘Beauregard’ was planted on 18 May. Plots were 3 rows wide (4 ft/row) and 30 ft long. Insecticides were applied on an approximately weekly ba-sis starting two months after transplanting (18, 23 Jul, 1,8, 14, 22, 29 Aug). A CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer was used (30 psi) with a single-row boom (20 inches wide) containing 3 nozzles (Cone Jet sx-10) and calibrated to deliver 25 gpa. Sweetpotatoes were harvested on Sept. 6 and rated for damage. From each plot 25 roots were randomly selected. The number of banded cucumber beetle holes per root, and the presence or absence of weevil damage was noted.