bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Obama on the Stump: Features and Determinants of a Rhetorical Approach
Authors: COE KEVIN , REITZES MICHAEL
Published: July 2010

From the moment Barack Obama entered the national political scene in 2004, his formidable rhetorical skills were a central component of his public persona and his political success. Not surprisingly, a growing body of research has examined Obama's rhetorical techniques. Thus far, however, these studies have consisted almost entirely of qualitative analyses of single speeches, making it difficult to generalize about the broader features of Obama's rhetorical approach and impossible to understand the determinants of his rhetorical choices. This study fills these gaps in the literature by systematically tracking Obama's rhetoric over the course of campaign 2008 and testing competing explanations for the variation that occurs during this period. Using a unique computer‐assisted content analysis procedure that draws coding categories directly from the more than 11,500 distinct words that Obama used during his campaign, the authors analyze 183 speeches and debates from his announcement of candidacy in February 2007 to his victory speech in November 2008. Obama's campaign rhetoric varied by speaking context, geography, and poll position, indicating a twofold rhetorical approach of emphasizing policy and thematic appeals while downplaying more contentious issues.
Yes WE Can or Yes HE Can? Citizen Preferences Regarding Styles of Representation and Presidential Voting Behavior
Authors: BARKER DAVID C. , CARMAN CHRISTOPHER JAN
Published: July 2010

This paper considers the manner and extent to which citizens' preferences regarding styles of political representation influence electoral choices, at both the nominating and the general election stages. Using unique survey data gathered for the purpose of examining this question, the authors focus on the 2008 presidential election cycle as an analytical case. They find considerable evidence that Democratic voters are more likely than Republicans to prefer a president who follows the wishes of the American public when it comes to making policy. Republicans, by contrast, are more inclined to expect a president to ignore public opinion, listening instead to his or her internal conscience. The authors speculate that this pattern helped John McCain capture the Republican presidential nomination, but diminished his chances of defeating Barack Obama in the fall.
Managing Monikers: The Role of Name Presentation in the 2008 Presidential Election
Authors: BLOCK JR. RAY , ONWUNLI CHINONYE
Published: July 2010

Given America's widespread contempt for Islamic extremists, Obama's Muslim‐sounding moniker could have cost him electoral support. Consequently, anecdotal evidence suggests that Obama played a “name game” in which he deflected suspicions about his religious background by avoiding use of his middle name (Hussein) and minimizing the frequency with which his opponents used it. Did the presentation of Obama's name affect how voters evaluated him? Results from a web‐based experiment suggest that the answer varies by political orientation. Among Republicans and conservatives, Obama's favorability ratings are generally lower when his middle name is present. Name presentation had little effect on Democrats and liberals, and moderates and independents rated the president more favorably when his middle name appeared. Regardless of party identification or political ideology, name presentation had no effect on the probability of voting for Obama.
The Crystallization of Voter Preferences During the 2008 Presidential Campaign
Authors: ERIKSON ROBERT S. , PANAGOPOULOS COSTAS , WLEZIEN CHRISTOPHER
Published: July 2010

While scholars disagree about whether and how much campaigns persuade voters, they increasingly agree that campaigns inform voters about the candidates and help voters bring their votes in line with their interests. Some argue that campaigns serve mostly to help voters bring their choices in line with preexisting political predispositions. This paper examines the crystallization of voter preferences during the 2008 presidential election campaign. The authors rely on polls from each month of the election year campaign to assess whether and how the structure of vote choice changed. The results show that certain election day predictors of the vote—especially party identification—became increasingly important predictors of preferences during the election cycle. Even the increase in party effects is mostly confined to the period leading up to the party conventions, well before the general election campaign even began. The structure of preferences evolved over the course of the long campaign.
Structure of FocB – a member of a family of transcription factors regulating fimbrial adhesin expression in uropathogenic Escherichia coli
Authors: Hultdin Ulrika W. , Lindberg Stina , Grundström Christin , Huang Shenghua , Uhlin Bernt Eric , Sauer‐Eriksson A. Elisabeth
Published: July 2010

In uropathogenic Escherichia coli, UPEC, different types of fimbriae are expressed to mediate interactions with host tissue. FocB belongs to the PapB family of transcription factors involved in the regulation of fimbriae gene clusters. Recent findings suggest that members from this family of proteins may form homomeric or heteromeric complexes and exert both positive and negative effects on the transcription of fimbriae genes. To elucidate the detailed function of FocB, we have determined its crystal structure at 1.4 Å resolution. FocB is an all α‐helical protein with a helix‐turn‐helix motif. Interestingly, conserved residues important for DNA‐binding are located not in the postulated recognition helix of the motif, but in the preceding helix. Results from protein–DNA‐binding studies suggest that FocB interacts with the minor groove of its cognate DNA target, which is indicative of a DNA interaction that is unusual for this motif. FocB crystallizes in the form of dimers. Packing interactions in the crystals give two plausible dimerization interfaces. Conserved residues, known to be important for protein oligomerization, are present at both interfaces, suggesting that both sites could play a role in a functional FocB protein.

Structured digital abstract

 MINT‐7901626: focB (uniprotkb:Q93K76) and focB (uniprotkb:Q93K76) bind (MI:0407) by x‐ray crystallography (MI:0114)
Regulation of Low‐Density Lipoprotein Receptor and 3‐Hydroxy‐3‐Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Expression by Zingiber officinale in the Liver of High‐Fat Diet‐Fed Rats
Authors: Nammi Srinivas , Kim Moon S. , Gavande Navnath S. , Li George Q. , Roufogalis Basil D.
Published: July 2010

Abstract:  Zingiber officinale has been used to control lipid disorders and reported to possess remarkable cholesterol‐lowering activity in experimental hyperlipidaemia. In the present study, the effect of a characterized and standardized extract of Zingiber officinale on the hepatic lipid levels as well as on the hepatic mRNA and protein expression of low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor and 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG‐CoA) reductase was investigated in a high‐fat diet‐fed rat model. Rats were treated with an ethanol extract of Zingiber officinale (400 mg/kg) extract along with a high‐fat diet for 6 weeks. The extract of Zingiber officinale significantly decreased hepatic triglyceride and tended to decrease hepatic cholesterol levels when administered over 6 weeks to the rats fed a high‐fat diet. We found that in parallel, the extract up‐regulated both LDL receptor mRNA and protein level and down‐regulated HMG‐CoA reductase protein expression in the liver of these rats. The metabolic control of body lipid homeostasis is in part due to enhanced cholesterol biosynthesis and reduced expression of LDL receptor sites following long‐term consumption of high‐fat diets. The present results show restoration of transcriptional and post‐transcriptional changes in low‐density lipoprotein and HMG CoA reductase by Zingiber officinale administration with a high‐fat diet and provide a rational explanation for the effect of ginger in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.
(‐)‐Epigallocatechin Gallate Inhibits Endothelin‐1‐Induced C‐Reactive Protein Production in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Wang Chen‐Jing , Liu Jun‐Tian , Guo Fang
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Numerous studies have shown that C‐reactive protein (CRP), a pro‐inflammation cytokine, makes a direct contribution to atherosclerosis, and that (–)‐epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is able to exert an anti‐atherosclerotic effect by anti‐oxidative and anti‐inflammatory activities. Based on our previous study, the effect of EGCG on endothelin‐1 (ET‐1)‐induced CRP production in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and the possible mechanism were observed. Thein vitroexperiments showed that EGCG concentration‐dependently inhibited ET‐1‐stimulated expression of CRP both in protein and mRNA levels in VSMCs as determined by the immunocytochemical staining, the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and the real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR). Thein vivoinvestigation with the double‐labelled immunofluorescence staining and RT‐qPCR displayed that EGCG also prevented ET‐1‐induced CRP expression in protein and mRNA levels in the aortic VSMCs of rats receiving the subchronic infusion of ET‐1. In addition, EGCG suppressed reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation evoked by ET‐1 in VSMCs as observed by the fluorescence probe. These demonstrate that EGCG may inhibit ET‐1‐stimulated generation of CRP in VSMCs so to relieve the inflammatory response and oxidative stress via blocking ROS signal, which provides new evidence for an anti‐atherosclerotic effect of EGCG.
Acute Toxic Herbal Intake in a Suicide Attempt and Fatal Refractory Ventricular Arrhythmia
Authors: Strzelecki Antoine , Pichon Nicolas , Gaulier Jean M. , Amiel Jean B. , Champy Pauline , Clavel Marc
Published: July 2010

Abstract:  This report involves a 54‐year‐old man who died following refractory ventricular fibrillation after ingestion of a plant in a suicide attempt. Repeated direct‐current cardioversions were unsuccessful and no single anti‐arrhythmic agent was effective for arrhythmia control. The routine blood toxicological screening was negative. Aconitine, the main toxin of Aconitum napellus was identified using a specific liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method. The whole blood concentration (24 μg/l) was higher than those reported in other aconitine‐related deaths. The patient had found information about the life‐threatening nature of such a toxic herb intake on a free medical encyclopaedia online.
Psychoaffective Differences Between Sexually Functional and Dysfunctional Men in Response to a Sexual Experience
Authors: Rowland David L. , Georgoff Victoria L. , Burnett Arthur L.
Published: July 2010

Introduction

Although anxiety and depression have long been implicated as factors in the development and maintenance of sexual dysfunction, other emotional states, more typical and within the range of normality, have received little attention.

Aim

To investigate key differences in self-reported affective responses between sexually functional and dysfunctional males in the context of a sexual episode with their partner.

Methods

Participants were men seeking treatment at a urology clinic for either a sexual problem (N = 79) or another urological disorder (N = 16). Individuals rated their affective state across 28 descriptors in response to a partnered sexual experience.

Main Outcome Measure

The 28-item Psychoaffective Response Form consisted of items assessing positive and negative affect. Principle components analysis was used to identify major underlying positive and negative factors.

Results

Significant differences were found on nearly all 28 measures of affective response as well as five major underlying factors constructed from those measures. Dysfunctional men more strongly endorsed negative affects and functional men more strongly endorsed positive affects, even though all suffered from a significant urological health issue. No differences existed in sexual desire or the value ascribed to sexual intimacy, suggesting that negative feelings were specifically associated with inadequate sexual performance and not general health concerns.

Conclusion

These findings reiterate the importance of addressing patients’ emotional issues as part of any overall treatment strategy.
Effects of Testosterone Undecanoate on Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Atherosclerosis in Middle-Aged Men with Late-Onset Hypogonadism and Metabolic Syndrome: Results from a 24-month, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
Authors: Aversa Antonio , Bruzziches Roberto , Francomano Davide , Rosano Giuseppe , Isidori Andrea M. , Lenzi Andrea , Spera Giovanni
Published: July 2010

Introduction

Longitudinal studies have demonstrated that male hypogonadism could be considered a surrogate marker of incident cardiovascular disease.

Aim

To evaluate the effects of parenteral testosterone undecanoate (TU) in outclinic patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) and late-onset hypogonadism (total testosterone (T) at or below 11 nmol/L or free T at or below 250 pmol/L).

Methods

This is a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, parallel group, single-center study. Fifty patients (mean age 57 ± 8) were randomized (4:1) to receive TU 1,000 mg (every 12 weeks) or placebo (PLB) gel (3–6 g/daily) for 24 months.

Main Outcome Measures

Homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), carotid intima media thickness (CIMT), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP).

Results

At baseline, all patients fulfilled the National Cholesterol Education Program-Third Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATPIII) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria for the definition of MS. An interim analysis conducted at 12 months showed that TU markedly improved HOMA-IR (P <0.001), CIMT (P <0.0001), and hsCRP (P <0.001) compared with PLB; thus, all patients were shifted to TU treatment. After 24 months, 35% (P <0.0001) and 58% (P <0.001) of patients still presented MS as defined by NCEP-ATPIII and IDF criteria, respectively. Main determinants of changes were reduction in waist circumference (P <0.0001), visceral fat mass (P <0.0001), and improvement in HOMA-IR without changes in body mass index (BMI).

Conclusions

TU reduced fasting glucose, waist circumference, and improved surrogate markers of atherosclerosis in hypogonadal men with MS. Resumption and maintenance of T levels in the normal range of young adults determines a remarkable reduction in cardiovascular risk factors clustered in MS without significant hematological and prostate adverse events.
The Effect of Pelvic Organ Prolapse on Sexual Function in a General Cohort of Women
Authors: Tok Ekrem C. , Yasa Osman , Ertunc Devrim , Savas Aysun , Durukan Huseyin , Kanik Arzu
Published: July 2010

Introduction

This is a report about the effects of pelvic organ prolapse on sexual function in women.

Aim

To determine the effect of pelvic organ prolapse on sexual function in women.

Methods

The study group consisted of 1,267 sexually active women. Baseline characteristics, medical and obstetric history of the patients were recorded. All women underwent vaginal examination to determine the degree of prolapse by pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POPQ) system. Of 1,267 women, 342 (27.0%) had prolapse stage ≥2.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

The Pelvic Organ Prolapse Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire short form (PISQ-12) scores of the women were recorded.

Result(s)

Women with genital prolapse had lower PISQ-12 scores than women without it. The difference resulted mainly from urinary incontinence during sexual activity, fear of incontinence and avoidance of intercourse due to prolapse. Multivariate analyses showed that genital prolapse was one of the confounding factors for sexual function.

Conclusion(s)

Pelvic floor dysfunction is a multi-faceted problem because it has both anatomical and functional aspects. Although pelvic organ prolapse had an effect on some aspects of sexuality, it has no effect on certain aspects of sexual function such as orgasm and sexual satisfaction.
A Mouse Model of Cavernous Nerve Injury-Induced Erectile Dysfunction: Functional and Morphological Characterization of the Corpus Cavernosum
Authors: Jin Hai-Rong , Chung Yeun Goo , Kim Woo Jean , Zhang Lu Wei , Piao Shuguang , Tuvshintur Buyankhuu , Yin Guo Nan , Shin Sun Hwa , Tumurbaatar Munkhbayar , Han Jee-Young , Ryu Ji-Kan , Suh Jun-Kyu
Published: July 2010

Introduction

With the advent of genetically engineered mice, it seems important to develop a mouse model of cavernous nerve injury (CNI).

Aim

To establish a mouse model of CNI induced either by nerve crushing or by neurectomy and to evaluate time-dependent derangements in penile hemodynamics in vivo and subsequent histologic alterations in the cavernous tissue.

Methods

Twelve-week-old C57BL/6J mice were divided into 4 groups (N=36 per group): control, sham operation, bilateral cavernous nerve crush, and bilateral cavernous neurectomy group.

Main Outcome Measures

Three days and 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after CNI, erectile function was measured by electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve. The penis was then harvested and TUNEL was performed. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed assaying for caspase-3, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), phospho-Smad2, PECAM-1, factor VIII, and smooth muscle α-actin. The numbers of apoptotic cells and phospho-Smad2-immunopositive cells in endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells were counted.

Results

Erectile function was significantly less in the cavernous nerve crushing and neurectomy groups than in the control or sham group. This difference was observed at the earliest time point assayed (day 3) and persisted up to 4 weeks after nerve crushing and to 12 weeks after neurectomy. The apoptotic index peaked at 1 or 2 weeks after CNI and decreased thereafter. Cavernous TGF-β1 and phospho-Smad expression was also increased after CNI. The numbers of apoptotic cells and phospho-Smad2-immunopositive cells in cavernous endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells were significantly greater in the cavernous nerve crush and cavernous neurectomy groups than in the control or sham group.

Conclusion

The mouse is a useful model for studying pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in erectile dysfunction after CNI. Early intervention to prevent apoptosis in smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells or to inhibit cavernous tissue fibrosis is required to restore erectile function.
Palliative care in long‐term care: a system in change
Authors: Abbey Jennifer , Froggatt K.A. , Parker Deborah , Abbey Brian
Published: July 2010

The provision of palliative care for older people within the next decade will need to be substantially different to that provided today. In long‐term care settings the achievement of quality palliative care will require attention to all levels of the health and social care system, in both its formal and informal manifestations. We suggest that long‐term care facilities will become the hospices of the future, caring for older people with chronic conditions with a long trajectory to death, the most common being dementia. We see this progression as inevitable and appropriate if the right support is provided. We discuss the impact that transferability and sustainability has had on the present provision of palliative care for older people and how that may affect the future. Four forces which are important factors in public policy; leadership, a culture that supports learning throughout the care process, an emphasis on effective team development and the use of information technologies for quality activities are used as a framework for our vision of social planning. We then go on to discuss the impact of costs, workforce, service planning and public awareness as vital areas where progress needs to be carefully tackled. We suggest some likely poor outcomes if this planning does not occur, but indicate that if planning and implementation is effective then services can provide the kind of care the baby boomer generation seeks.
CAN WE BE BRIEF?
Authors: Bravesmith Anna
Published: July 2010

abstract

The author explores the subjective and objective nature of time in relation to brief psychotherapy, the contemporary contexts for this work and the impact of research on the changing culture of provision of counselling/psychotherapy. She describes clinical treatment using a brief Dynamic Relational approach with a traumatized patient in primary care who presents with panic and depression. Through this case she illustrates the most significant points of technique in her interpretation of this approach: assessment through interactional aspects of the first and second meetings, further assessment through history‐taking and the development of narrative, forming a collaborative focus based on a maladaptive relational pattern, selective inattention and benign neglect, interpretative ‘action’, termination and the collaborative therapeutic summary and use of other attachment figures available in the primary care team setting, particularly during the termination phase. The patient's unconscious and conscious internalization processes enable brief treatment to be durable, and it is argued that depth can be achieved. The author contends that brief therapy requires specific techniques but also makes connections with long‐term analytic work, for example, the parallel between Bion's concept of the ‘selected fact’ and the ‘focus’ in brief therapy.
PASSION AND SIMILARITY: THE CLINICAL APPLICATION OF MATTE BLANCO'S IDEAS
Authors: Ginzburg Alessandra
Published: July 2010

abstract

I will focus on Matte Blanco's hypothesis of emotion and the unconscious as being substantially the same. This concept allows us to apply the same instruments to understanding emotional reactions as we use with manifestations of the unconscious, such as dreams and symptoms. The tendency towards undifferentiation in the deepest strata of the mind is capable of mobilizing dramatic experiences of inappropriate amplification of the concept of identity. When a simple relation of similarity is translated into equivalence, a symmetrization arises and different people or situations on a basis of a single common characteristic are treated as if identical and interchangeable. In my clinical example, Franco had a panic attack with florid somatic symptoms on the same day he felt that Sara, a woman in whom he had become interested, was attracted to someone else. The intensity of feelings had grown exponentially from the moment the suspicion had arisen that he might have to ‘share her with another’. The infinite quality of his emotion suggested that his jealousy had constructed Sara as part of a broader class of women whom, for whatever reason, he felt to be indispensable to his survival. Only the understanding of this propositional function, through the decrease of the incandescence of emotions, allowed Sara, considered as a class, to be seen as an individual person.
‘DEATH'S DREAM KINGDOM’: THE REPRESENTATION OF THE UNCONSCIOUS IN APOCALYPSE NOW
Authors: Valentine Marguerite
Published: July 2010

abstract

The film Apocalypse Now, first released in 1979, is now recognized as Francis Ford Coppola's masterpiece. Inspired by Joseph Conrad's 19th century novella Heart of Darkness, the film tells the story of a journey upriver into a threatening interior where the protagonists face the challenge of attack from an unseen and savage enemy, disease, madness and death. The film can be ‘read’ from a number of different perspectives: as representing the USA's conflict with Vietnam, as a journey into man's soul or, from a psychoanalytic perspective, as representing the unconscious. Derived from this perspective, the author questions why Apocalypse Now continues to have such resonance. Working with Matte Blanco's theory of the mind which he saw as manifesting a form of logic, and which he called bi‐logic, the author interrogates three significant scenes from the film and argues that they can be understood to represent increasingly deeper levels of the unconscious. It is this evocation which makes the film unforgettable.
THE QUESTION OF GOD AND THE DOCTRINE OF THE TRINITY
Authors: Bomford Rodney
Published: July 2010

abstract

This paper begins with an explanation of the five strata of mental life that Ignacio Matte Blanco described. In the first stratum common sense (Aristotelian) logic is employed, whereas the fifth stratum is dominated by symmetric logic, the logic of the unconscious which, when taken to the extreme, identifies everything with everything else. The intermediate strata use a mix of the two logics in different proportions. The discourse generated by each stratum has certain typical features: factual assertions in the first, simile in the second, metaphor and symbol in the third, paradox and contradiction in the fourth, and the silence of mystical contemplation in the fifth.

The author argues that these five strata are illuminating in the study of theology. Factual discourse can say little or nothing about God, whereas the fifth stratum is about nothing else. In the middle stratum is found the metaphoric and symbolic Christian narrative, from creation to the Incarnation in Jesus, his life, death, resurrection and, finally, to the End of the world. Reflection on this third stratum narrative led theologians to the doctrinal paradoxes of the Trinity and Incarnation, apparently rational but actually self‐contradictory. Finally, a comparison is drawn between the thought of Nicholas of Cusa, the last great mediaeval theologian and expositor of the composition of opposites, and Matte Blanco's theory of symmetric logic.
Temporal and Spatial Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases Following Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Lindsey Merry L. , Zamilpa Rogelio
Published: July 2010

Following a myocardial infarction (MI), the homeostatic balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) is disrupted as part of the left ventricle (LV) response to injury. The full complement of responses to MI has been termed LV remodeling and includes changes in LV size, shape and function. The following events encompass the LV response to MI: (1) inflammation and LV wall thinning and dilation, (2) infarct expansion and necrotic myocyte resorption, (3) accumulation of fibroblasts and scar formation, and (4) endothelial cell activation and neovascularization. In this review, we will summarize MMP and TIMP roles during these events, focusing on the spatiotemporal localization and MMP and TIMP effects on cellular and tissue‐level responses. We will review MMP and TIMP structure and function, and discuss specific MMP roles during both the acute and chronic phases post‐MI, which may provide insight into novel therapeutic targets to limit adverse remodeling in the MI setting.
REVIEW: New Antithrombotics for Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Bereznicki Luke R.E. , Peterson Gregory M.
Published: July 2010

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most commonly occurring arrhythmia, and is a condition of both significant clinical and economic importance. An antithrombotic agent is considered mandatory as part of the management in most patients with AF. It has been conclusively demonstrated that long‐term anticoagulation therapy can significantly reduce the risk of stroke in patients with nonvalvular AF. While vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) such as warfarin are highly effective, they possess numerous limitations that curtail their use, or make their use challenging for clinicians and patients. A new generation of anticoagulants are being investigated in phase III clinical trials in patients with AF. One or more of these agents have the potential to either replace or act as alternatives to VKA therapy in AF. This group includes the direct thrombin inhibitor, dabigatran, the direct factor Xa inhibitors rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban, and finally, the vitamin K analogue, tecarfarin. Additional agents are being developed in phase I or II clinical trials. The direct thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors are generally small, synthetic molecules with predictable pharmacokinetics, a predictable pharmacodynamic effect, few drug interactions and do not require routine therapeutic drug monitoring. These new anticoagulants may well represent a new era in anticoagulation. However, they do possess their own limitations and will present new challenges for clinicians.
REVIEW: Sodium Channel (Dys)Function and Cardiac Arrhythmias
Authors: Remme Carol Ann , Bezzina Connie R.
Published: July 2010

Cardiac voltage‐gated sodium channels are transmembrane proteins located in the cell membrane of cardiomyocytes. Influx of sodium ions through these ion channels is responsible for the initial fast upstroke of the cardiac action potential. This inward sodium current thus triggers the initiation and propagation of action potentials throughout the myocardium and consequently plays a central role in excitability of myocardial cells and proper conduction of the electrical impulse within the heart. The importance of sodium channels for normal cardiac electrical activity is emphasized by the occurrence of potentially lethal arrhythmias in the setting of inherited and acquired sodium channel disease. During common pathological conditions such as myocardial ischemia and heart failure, altered sodium channel function causes conduction disturbances and ventricular arrhythmias. In addition, sodium channel dysfunction caused by mutations in the SCN5A gene, encoding the major sodium channel in heart, is associated with a number of arrhythmia syndromes. Here, we provide an overview of the structure and function of the cardiac sodium channel, the clinical and biophysical characteristics of inherited and acquired sodium channel dysfunction, and the (limited) therapeutic options for the treatment of cardiac sodium channel disease.
New species of Boswellia and Commiphora (Burseraceae) from Somalia
Authors: Thulin Mats
Published: July 2010

The new species Boswellia globosa, from the foothills of the limestone escarpment along the Gulf of Aden in northern Somalia, and Commiphora lacerata, from a rocky limestone slope near the coast of the Indian Ocean in north‐eastern Somalia, are described and illustrated.
A new arborescent Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) from northern Somalia
Authors: Thulin Mats
Published: July 2010

Euphorbia spissa, sp. nov., a tree known from a single population on a rocky limestone slope in northern Somalia, is described and illustrated. The species is compared with the widespread E. tirucalli, as well as with E. cameronii and E. bariensis (endemics in Somalia), E. arbuscula (endemic on Socotra), and E. uzmuk (endemic in northern Yemen).
Studies in African Cyperaceae 33. A new species of Fuirena from Somalia
Authors: Lye Kåre Arnstein
Published: July 2010

A new very rare species, Fuirena somaliensis, is described from the lowlands of South Somalia below 150 m. The new species belongs to the F. ciliaris complex and has bulliform inner perianth‐segments and thus a similar adaptation to buoyancy and dispersal by water as four other African species.
A new species of Beilschmiedia (Lauraceae) from the Western Ghats, India
Authors: Manickam V. S. , Murugan C. , Jothi G. J. , Sundaresan V.
Published: July 2010

Beilschmiedia tirunelvelica is described and illustrated as a new species from the Western Ghats of Agasthiyamalai Biosphere Reserve, India. The differences to similar taxa are provided with dichotomous key and table.
Astragalus sichuanensis, a new species from Sichuan Province, China
Authors: Meng Lei , Zhu Xiang‐yun , Xiao Pei‐gen
Published: July 2010

Astragalus sichuanensis, a new species from Maowen Xian, Sichuan province, is described and illustrated. The relationship between this species and A. tongolensis is discussed.
Treatment of an amelogenesis imperfecta with restorations prepared using a modified clear matrix technique
Authors: Yiğit Özer Senem G. , Bahşi Emrullah
Published: July 2010

The rehabilitation of a patient with amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) from both functional and esthetic standpoints represents a challenge. A number of treatment options have been proposed. Recently, the use of adhesive restorations has gained popularity because of the improved physical properties of these materials. This article describes a treatment with direct resin composite for the restoration of teeth affected by the hypomature type of AI. A modified clear matrix technique was used during the preparation and restoration process. The use of the technique provides clinicians with reduced chair time, and the matrix can be repeated when needed; restorations can be performed relatively quickly with a minimal post‐operative finishing process. This article highlights the use of direct‐bonded resin composites providing satisfactory esthetics and function in restoring AI‐affected teeth.
Treatment of amalgam tattoo with an Er,Cr:YSGG laser
Authors: Yilmaz Hasan Guney , Bayindir Hakan , Kusakci‐Seker Basak , Tasar Simge , Kurtulmus‐Yilmaz Sevcan
Published: July 2010

Amalgam tattoos are common, asymptomatic, pigmented oral lesions that clinically exist as isolated, blue, gray, or black macules on the gingival, buccal, and alveolar mucosae, the palate, and/or the tongue. In this case report, the successful use of an erbium, chromium‐doped:yttrium, scandium, gallium, and garnet laser for the removal of an amalgam tattoo is explained. A 46‐year‐old man is presented with a half decade history of an amalgam tattoo on his left maxillary premolar–molar gingiva. Depigmentation procedure was performed under topical anesthesia with the use of an erbium, chromium‐doped:yttrium, scandium, gallium, and garnet laser at 2 W in the soft tissue pulsed mode for 10 min. The pigmented tissue was completely removed. The de‐epithelialization area healed completely on the 10th day after treatment. The period of healing was uneventful. The amalgam tattoo was completely removed with erbium, chromium‐doped:yttrium, scandium, gallium, and garnet laser, and the treated area healed without any adverse effect.
A Random Differential Equation Arising in Stream Pollution
Authors: Padgett W. J. , Durham S. D.
Published: July 2010

A new stochastic model for stream pollution is discussed. The model involves a random differential equation of the form X˙(t) = AX(t) + y(t), 0 ≤ t ≤ Q, (for some large Q > 0) where X(t) is a two-dimensional vector-valued stochastic process with the first component giving the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and the second component representing the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration at distance t downstream from a major source of pollution. Some recent theory of random equations is utilized to solve the random differential equation, and simulated trajectories of the BOD and DO processes are presented which illustrate the theoretical results.
A Macroeconomic Model Displaying Growth and Cycles
Authors: Graham D. , Freeman V. D.
Published: July 2010

We have built and exercised a simple, veridical, macroeconomic model which displays growth and cycles as well as the influence of monetary and fiscal policy. Features of the model comprise a Keynesian structure with capital accumulation, the multiplier and accelerator, a Cobb-Douglas production function, disembodied technical progress, and lags in investment and output. In simulated operation of the model, technical progress drives the geometric growth in output and linear growth in employment. The investment function and lags operate on a random component of demand to produce cycles. The effect of variations in initial conditions, parameter values, and controls is demonstrated.
Optimality and Perturbational Stability of Economic Growth Trajectories
Authors: O’Neill W. D. , Kosobud R. F.
Published: July 2010

The neoclassical growth model of a capitalistic economy is investigated for stability and optimality properties under the assumption that firms maximize the rate of reduction in their production costs. An optimal trajectory is then shown to be stable relative to exogenous disturbances if it meets certain sufficient conditions placed on its time-varying, linear approximant system in a neighborhood near the trajectory.
Modeling and Optimization of Economic System in Socialist Countries
Authors: Cichocki K.
Published: July 2010

A normative model is presented consisting of production, consumption, and environment subsystems. The production subsystem consists of a number of cooperating sectors. The sectoral, input-output relation is specified by a generalized CES production function which encompasses the inertia and delays of the system. The accumulated national production is optimally allocated to production, consumption, and environment to yield the optimum GNP per capita over a next planning period. An aggregation technique is presented, yielding a macromodel from a set of sectoral micromodels. System development is forecasted based on estimates of historical data.
Analysis of a DDC Experiment Based on State Space Methods
Authors: Thomas Y. , de Larminat Ph. , Sarlat D. , Barraud A. , Descusse J. , Piasco J. M.
Published: July 2010

This paper describes and evaluates a DDC experiment on the superheating loop of a 250 MW power-station. The methods used for identification and control are the so-called modern methods: nonlinear filtering, quadratic optimization and optimal decoupling. In addition to examination of the regulators obtained, we also discuss the problems encountered in applying these methods and their solutions.
An Algorithm for Automatic Reduction of Complex Signal Flow Graphs
Authors: Young K. R. , Hoberock L. L. , Thompson J. G.
Published: July 2010

A computer algorithm is developed that provides efficient means to compute transmittances directly from a signal flow graph or a block diagram. Signal flow graphs are cast as directed graphs described by adjacency matrices. Nonsearch computation, designed for compilers without symbolic capability, is used to identify all arcs that are members of simple cycles for use with Mason’s gain formula. The routine does not require the visual acumen of an interpreter to reduce the topology of the graph, and it is particularly useful for analyzing control systems described for computer analyses by means of interactive graphics.
The Dynamic Characteristics of an Electro-Hydraulic Servovalve
Authors: Martin D. J. , Burrows C. R.
Published: July 2010

The frequency responses of an experimental electro-hydraulic position control system and a simulation of the system are compared. Three different valve models are used in the simulation in an attempt to highlight the important parameters of an electro-hydraulic servovalve. It is found that a second order compensated valve model based on steady-state considerations provides a good correlation with the experimental system up to 35Hz and can be used for stability calculations up to 80Hz.
The Human Operator in Manual Preview Tracking (an Experiment and Its Modeling Via Optimal Control)
Authors: Tomizuka M. , Whitney D. E.
Published: July 2010

A manual preview tracking experiment and its results are presented. The preview drastically improves the tracking performance compared to zero-preview tracking. Optimal discrete finite preview control is applied to determine the structure of a mathematical model of the manual preview tracking experiment. Variable parameters in the model are adjusted to values which are consistent to the published data in manual control. The model with the adjusted parameters is found to be well correlated to the experimental results.
Dynamic Response Approximation for Noncircular Fluid Lines
Authors: Franke M. E. , Moore E. F.
Published: July 2010

Relatively simple methods are described for determining the approximate response of noncircular lines in terms of equivalent circular lines. This leads to the possible advantage that circular line equations and results can be used to predict the response of noncircular lines. Examples are given which compare previously calculated line parameters with those calculated on the basis of equivalent circular lines.
Designing passive MRI‐safe implantable conducting leads with electrodes
Authors: Bottomley Paul A. , Kumar Ananda , Edelstein William A. , Allen Justin M. , Karmarkar Parag V.
Published: July 2010

Purpose

The presence of implanted electronic devices with conducting leads and electrodes are contraindicated for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), denying many patients its potential benefits. The prime concern is MRI's radio frequency (RF) fields, which can cause elevated local specific absorption rates (SARs) and potential heat injury. The purpose of this article is to develop and compare a range of passive implantable “MRI‐safe” lead designs.

Methods

Conducting leads incorporating different lengths (3–75 cm), insulation thicknesses , resistances , coiled conductors (inner diameter ), high‐impedance RF traps, and single‐coiled and triple‐coiled coaxial‐wound “billabong” leads with reversed coil sections that oppose and reduce the induced current, are investigated both experimentally using local temperature measurements, and by numerical full‐wave electromagnetic field analysis of the local SAR, in three different‐sized bioanalogous model saline‐gel phantoms at 1.5 T MRI and 4 W/kg exposure.

Results

In all designs, the maximum computed 1 g average SAR and experimental temperature rise occur at the bare electrodes. Electrode heating increases with lead insulation thickness and peaks for uncoiled leads 25–50 cm long. A reasonable match between computed SAR and the point SAR estimated from thermal sensors obtained by approximating the computation volume to that of the thermal probes. Factors that maximize the impedance of leads with resistive, coiled, RF trap and billabong elements can effectively limit heating below , but folded lead configurations can be a concern. The RF trap and billabong designs can both support multiple conductors and electrodes, with billabong prototype leads also heating when tested for 3 T MRI.

Conclusions

Lead insulation and length strongly affect implanted lead safety to RF exposure during MRI. Lead designs employing impedance and reversed winding sections offer hope for the development of passive, MRI‐safe, implantable conducting leads for future human use.
Nesfatin-1: Of Mice and Men
Authors: Bentley-Lewis Rhonda
Published: July 2010

A newly described adipokine that promotes anorexia is found in adipose tissue and is up-regulated by a high-fat diet and inflammation.
Structural Characterization of IS
CR8
, IS
CR22
, and IS
CR23
, Subgroups of IS
91
-Like Insertion Elements
Authors: Schleinitz Kathleen M. , Vallaeys Tatiana , Kleinsteuber Sabine
Published: July 2010

Analysis of IS
CR8
(IS
Pps1
) revealed that this group of insertion elements has to be subdivided into three subgroups: IS
CR8
, IS
CR22
, and IS
CR23
. The distinction of three subgroups is supported by phylogenetic analysis of the transposase open reading frames (ORFs). Comparison of over 20 complete and partial IS
CR8
/
22/23
elements identified
ori
IS candidate sequences for all groups and a
ter
IS candidate sequence for IS
CR8
. The
ori
IS sequences, their distance to the transposase ORFs, and the sequence of this intervening region are group specific, further supporting the definition of two new IS
CR
elements. IS
CR8/22/23
have a very broad host range, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, among which are several (opportunistic) pathogens. The IS often resides on plasmids or in the vicinity of other mobile elements and is mostly associated with genes for the degradation of halo- or nitro-aromatics. However, in one case IS
CR8
was found in the neighborhood of an antibiotic resistance determinant in
Klebsiella pneumoniae
. IS
CR8
resembles other IS91 family elements in mediating genetic rearrangements by homologous recombination between two copies. In
Delftia acidovorans
this led to the loss of the genes encoding dichlorprop cleavage. In conclusion, this study shows that IS
CR8
could be a fully functional and active member of the IS
91
family of insertion elements.
Phosphorothioate 2′ Deoxyribose Oligomers as Microbicides That Inhibit Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Infection and Block Toll-Like Receptor 7 (TLR7) and TLR9 Triggering by HIV-1
Authors: Fraietta Joseph A. , Mueller Yvonne M. , Do Duc H. , Holmes Veronica M. , Howett Mary K. , Lewis Mark G. , Boesteanu Alina C. , Alkan Sefik S. , Katsikis Peter D.
Published: July 2010

Topical microbicides may prove to be an important strategy for preventing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission. We examined the safety and efficacy of sequence-nonspecific phosphorothioate 2′ deoxyribose oligomers as potential novel microbicides. A short, 13-mer poly(T) phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide (OPB-T) significantly inhibited infection of primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by high-titer HIV-1Ba-Land simian immunodeficiency virus mac251 (SIVmac251). Continuous exposure of human vaginal and foreskin tissue explants to OPB-T showed no toxicity. An abasic 14-mer phosphorothioate 2′ deoxyribose backbone (PDB) demonstrated enhanced anti-HIV-1 activity relative to OPB-T and other homo-oligodeoxynucleotide analogs. When PDB was used to pretreat HIV-1, PDB was effective against R5 and X4 isolates at a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of <1 μM in both PBMC and P4-R5 MAGI cell infections. PDB also reduced HIV-1 infectivity following the binding of virus to target cells. This novel topical microbicide candidate exhibited an excellentin vitrosafety profile in human PBMC and endocervical epithelial cells. PDB also retained activity in hydroxyethylcellulose gel at pH 4.4 and after transition to a neutral pH and was stable in this formulation for 30 days at room temperature. Furthermore, the compound displayed potent antiviral activity following incubation with aLactobacillusstrain derived from normal vaginal flora. Most importantly, PDB can inhibit HIV-1-induced alpha interferon production. Phosphorothioate 2′ deoxyribose oligomers may therefore be promising microbicide candidates that inhibit HIV-1 infection and also dampen the inflammation which is critical for the initial spread of the virus.
Efficacy of PTX3 in a Rat Model of Invasive Aspergillosis
Authors: Lo Giudice Pietro , Campo Silvia , Verdoliva Antonio , Rivieccio Vincenzo , Borsini Franco , De Santis Rita , Salvatori Giovanni
Published: July 2010

Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is an acute-phase glycoprotein with a nonredundant function in the host resistance to
Aspergillus fumigatus
. PTX3 activity was evaluated against pulmonary aspergillosis in rats immunosuppressed with cortisone acetate. PTX3 enhanced the survival rate and reduced the lung fungal burden of infected rats in both therapeutic and prophylactic modalities. Thus, we extended the protective activity of PTX3 in pulmonary aspergillosis to corticosteroid-induced immunodeficiency, which is a relevant clinical condition in graft-versus-host disease and in solid organ transplant.