bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Michael Addition of Nitrobenzyl Pyridines to Enals via Iminium Catalysis.
Authors: Vera Silvia , Liu Yankai , Marigo Mauro , Escudero‐Adan Eduardo C. , Melchiorre Paolo
Published: June 2011

Both pyridine systems and a p‐nitroaryl substituent are essential for a successful reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Nitropyridines. Part 9. Synthesis of Substituted 3‐Amino‐5‐nitropyridines
Authors: Sagitullina G. P. , Garkushenko A. K. , Glyzdinskaya L. V. , Uldashev F. A. , Vorontsova M. A. , Sagitullin R. S.
Published: June 2011

[by Schmidt [→(II)] or modified Hofmann reactions].
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acid Catalyzed Benzylic C—H Bond Functionalization of Azaarenes: Addition to Enones.
Authors: Komai Hirotomo , Yoshino Tatsuhiko , Matsunaga Shigeki , Kanai Motomu
Published: June 2011

The reaction of a variety of methyl‐substituted heteroaromatic compounds with enones is best catalyzed by Sc(OTf)3 or Y(OTf)3.
ChemInform Abstract: Investigation of the One‐Pot Synthesis of Quinolin‐2‐(1H)‐ones and the Discovery of a Variation of the Three‐Component Ugi Reaction.
Authors: Gordon Christopher P. , Young Kelly A. , Hizartzidis Lacey , Deane Fiona M. , McCluskey Adam
Published: June 2011

Four‐component Ugi—Knoevenagel reaction of o‐aminophenyl ketones (I) with aromatic aldehydes, cyanoacetic acid and isonitriles provides access towards polyfunctionalized quinolinones, e.g. (V) and (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: Library Construction of 1‐(1H‐Imidazol‐1‐yl)‐1,2‐dihydroisoquinolines via Three‐Component Reaction of 2‐Alkynylbenzaldehyde, Amine, and Imidazole.
Authors: Lou Honglei , Ye Shengqing , Zhang Jianfeng , Wu Jie
Published: June 2011

A variety of anilines, substituted alkynylbenzaldehydes and imidazoles can be applied.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Chiral 1‐Substituted Tetrahydroisoquinolines by the Intramolecular 1,3‐Chirality Transfer Reaction Catalyzed by Bi(OTf)3.
Authors: Kawai Nobuyuki , Abe Ryuzou , Matsuda Mika , Uenishi Jun'ichi
Published: June 2011

Treatment of chiral amines of type (I), (III), and (V) with Bi(OTf)3 results in formation of optically active tetrahydroisoquinolines.
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis and Structure—Activity Relationship of Functionalized Tetrahydro‐β‐carboline Derivatives as Novel PDE5 Inhibitors.
Authors: Ahmed Nermin S. , Gary Bernard D. , Tinsley Hethar N. , Piazza Gary A. , Laufer Stefan , Abadi Ashraf H.
Published: June 2011

Starting from D‐ or L‐tryptophane methyl ester all possible diastereoisomers with the skeleton of (III)/(IV), (VI), and (X) are prepared and tested as PDE5 inhibitors.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and in vitro Antihepatitis B Virus Activity of Ethyl 6‐Bromo‐8‐hydroxyimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine‐3‐carboxylates.
Authors: Chen Dong , Liu Yajing , Zhang Shulan , Guo Dexiang , Liu Chunhong , Li Sai , Gong Ping
Published: June 2011

19 Title compounds of type (VIII) are prepared and tested for their in‐vitro anti‐hepatitis B virus activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐Substituted Benzo[g]isoquinoline‐5,10‐diones: A Convenient One‐Pot Sonogashira Coupling/Iminoannulation Procedure.
Authors: Van Aeken Sam , Verbeeck Stefan , Deblander Jurgen , Maes Bert U. W. , Tehrani Kourosch Abbaspour
Published: June 2011

Two routes are given for the access to the title compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Pyrrolo[3,2‐d]pyridazines and Pyrrole‐2,3‐diones via Zirconocene‐Mediated Four‐Component Coupling of Si‐Tethered Diyne, Nitriles, and Azide.
Authors: Zhang Shaoguang , Zhao Jing , Zhang Wen‐Xiong , Xi Zhenfeng
Published: June 2011

The reaction in the presence of phenyl or benzyl azides leads to formation of the pyrrolo[3,2‐d]pyridazines (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Silica Gel‐Supported Polyphosphoric Acid (PPA—SiO2) Catalyzed One‐Pot Multi‐Component Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones and ‐thiones: An Efficient Method for the Biginelli Reaction.
Authors: Zeinali‐Dastmalbaf Mohsen , Davoodnia Abolghasem , Heravi Majid M. , Tavakoli‐Hoseini Niloofar , Khojastehnezhad Amir , Zamani Hassan Ali
Published: June 2011

The three‐component reaction of ethyl acetoacetate (I), aryl aldehydes (II), and urea (III) or thiourea (V) in the presence of the title heterogeneous catalyst provides access to title compounds (IV) and (VI) under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel Fused Pyrazolopyrimidines as Potential Anticancer and Antimicrobial Agents.
Authors: Abd El Razik Heba A. , Abdel Wahab Abeer E.
Published: June 2011

A series of title compounds of type (IV), (VII), (X), and (XI) are prepared and tested for their antimicrobial and anticancer activities.
ChemInform Abstract: NH4Cl Mediated New Protocol for the Synthesis of 5‐Arylidene Barbiturates.
Authors: Khan Khalid Mohammed , Ali Muhammad , Khan Momin , Taha Muhammad , Perveen Shahnaz
Published: June 2011

An eco‐benign method for the synthesis of title compounds (III) is developed using NH4Cl in stoichiometric amount as enolization activator in water.
ChemInform Abstract: A Straightforward and Efficient Synthetic Access to Biologically Active Marine Sesterterpenoids, Sesterstatins 4 and 5.
Authors: Fan Wen‐Yuan , Wang Zheng‐Lin , Li Hong‐Chang , Fossey John S. , Deng Wei‐Ping
Published: June 2011

Key step of the described synthesis is the reductive Heck cyclization of precursors (III) and (IV) to construct the D ring of the title compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: An Improved Large Scale Procedure for the Preparation of N‐Cbz Amino Acids.
Authors: Pehere Ashok D. , Abell Andrew D.
Published: June 2011

A convenient method amenable to both small and large scale synthesis of Cbz‐protected amino acids is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Synthesis of the Indeno‐Tetrahydropyridine Core Bearing a Diaryl‐Substituted Stereogenic Quaternary Carbon Center of Haouamine B.
Authors: Tanaka Takeshi , Inui Hiromi , Kida Hiroshi , Kodama Takeshi , Okamoto Takuya , Takeshima Aki , Tachi Yoshimitsu , Morimoto Yoshiki
Published: June 2011

Key steps of the described synthesis are the diastereoselective construction of a diaryl‐substituted stereogenic center by an intramolecular Pd‐catalyze α‐C‐arylation and subsequent direct conversion of the vinologous imid function into the C2‐C25 double bond of haouamine B.
ChemInform Abstract: Concise Synthesis of Pyrrolidine and Indolizidine Alkaloids by a Highly Convergent Three‐Component Reaction.
Authors: Lapointe Guillaume , Schenk Kurt , Renaud Philippe
Published: June 2011

A radical carboazidation of alkenes with α‐iodoketones followed by intramolecular reductive amination reaction is successfully applied to the synthesis of a variety of pyrrolidine and indolizidine alkaloids, e.g. monomorine I (XVII).
ChemInform Abstract: PET Imaging of Nobiletin Based on a Practical Total Synthesis.
Authors: Kan Toshiyuki , et al. et al.
Published: June 2011

A novel practical synthesis of nobiletin (I), a polymethoxylated citrus flavone, is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Cluster Compounds of Rare‐Earth Elements
Authors: Zheng Z.
Published: June 2011

Review: 178 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Silicate Zeolites: Diverse Materials Accessible Through Geoinspiration
Authors: Camblor Miguel A. , Hong Suk Bong
Published: June 2011

Review: 250 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Coordination Chemistry of Group 13 Monohalides
Authors: Vidovic Dragoslav , Aldridge Simon
Published: June 2011

Review: 135 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: New Pathways in the Gold‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of Furanynes
Authors: Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: June 2011

Review: 66 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Supramolecular Structures and Nanoassemblies of Oligothiophenes and Tetrathiafulvalenes
Authors: Iyoda Masahiko , Nishinaga Tohru , Takase Masayoshi
Published: June 2011

Review: 87 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Supramolecular Host—Guest Chemistry of Heterocyclic V‐Shaped Molecules
Authors: Bishop Roger
Published: June 2011

Review: 91 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Couplings Involving Carbon—Oxygen Bonds
Authors: Rosen Brad M. , Quasdorf Kyle W. , Wilson Daniella A. , Zhang Na , Resmerita Ana‐Maria , Garg Neil K. , Percec Virgil
Published: June 2011

Review: 479 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Green Organic Synthesis in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Wasserscheid Peter , Joni Joni
Published: June 2011

Review: 131 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis Based on Catalysis by Chiral Oxazaborolidinium Cations
Authors: Mukherjee Santanu , Corey E. J.
Published: June 2011

Review: 52 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Electrocatalysts for the Oxidation of Hydrogen and the Production of Hydrogen — The Role of Pendant Amines as Proton Relays
Authors: DuBois Daniel L. , Bullock R. Morris
Published: June 2011

Review: ca. 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Aliphatic Aldehydes in the Synthesis of Carbo‐ and Heterocycles. Part 2. Synthesis of Six‐ and Seven‐Membered Rings, Bicyclic Compounds, and Macrocycles
Authors: Dyachenko V. D. , Karpov E. N.
Published: June 2011

Review: data published over the past decade; 241 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Applications of Cinchona Alkaloids and Their Derivatives as Catalysts in Metal‐Free Asymmetric Synthesis.
Authors: Yeboah Elizabeth M. O. , Yeboah Samuel O. , Singh Girija S.
Published: June 2011

Review: [173 refs.]
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Cyclotrimerization for the De Novo Synthesis of Pyridines
Authors: Kral Karolin , Hapke Marko
Published: June 2011

Review: 11 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: From Conventional to Unusual Enzyme Inhibitor Scaffolds: The Quest for Target Specificity
Authors: Meggers Eric
Published: June 2011

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Removable Directing Groups in Organic Synthesis and Catalysis
Authors: Rousseau Geraldine , Breit Bernhard
Published: June 2011

Review: about 200 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Friedlaender Annulation in the Synthesis of Azaheterocyclic Compounds
Authors: Shiri Morteza , Zolfigol Mohammad Ali , Kruger Hendrik G. , Tanbakouchian Zahra
Published: June 2011

Review: about 400 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Perspectives in Imaging Using Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Dill Allison L. , Eberlin Livia S. , Ifa Demian R. , Cooks R. Graham
Published: June 2011

Review: 65 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalysts for Hydrogen Production from Heavy Hydrocarbons
Authors: Navarro Yerga Rufino M. , Alvarez‐Galvan M. Consuelo , Mota Noelia , Villoria de la Mano Jose A. , Al‐Zahrani Saeed M. , Fierro Jose L. G.
Published: June 2011

Review: 165 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Progresses in the Preparation of Coke Resistant Ni‐Based Catalyst for Steam and CO2 Reforming of Methane
Authors: Liu Chang‐jun , Ye Jingyun , Jiang Jiaojun , Pan Yunxiang
Published: June 2011

Review: ca. 150 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Surface Science Studies on Cobalt Fischer—Tropsch Catalysts
Authors: Wang Zhou‐jun , Yan Zhen , Liu Chang‐jun , Goodman D. W.
Published: June 2011

Review: 58 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reactivity of Spiro‐Fused β‐Lactams.
Authors: Singh Girija S. , D'hooghe Matthias , De Kimpe Norbert
Published: June 2011

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Trifluoromethylation of Aryl and Heteroaryl Halides.
Authors: Roy Sudipta , Gregg Brian T. , Gribble Gordon W. , Le Van‐Duc , Roy Sujata
Published: June 2011

Review: about 200 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Sumanene and Related Buckybowls
Authors: Higashibayashi Shuhei , Sakurai Hidehiro
Published: June 2011

Review: 40 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclization of Aminocyclopropanes in Indole Alkaloids Synthesis
Authors: De Simone Filippo , Waser Jerome
Published: June 2011

Review: 52 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct C—H Carboxylation with Complexes of the Coinage Metals
Authors: Boogaerts Ine I. F. , Nolan Steven P.
Published: June 2011

Review: 42 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Targeting the Protein—Protein Interactions of the HIV Lifecycle
Authors: Tavassoli Ali
Published: June 2011

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Constituents and Bioactivities of the Skin of Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor
Authors: Wang Dong‐Liang , Qi Fang‐Hua , Tang Wei , Wang Feng‐Shan
Published: June 2011

Review: 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Polymeric Nanoparticles with Biomedical Applications
Authors: Cismaru Lucretiu , Popa Marcel
Published: June 2011

Review: 68 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Structure‐Based Design of Mdm2/Mdmx—p53 Inhibitors Gets Serious
Authors: Popowicz Grzegorz M. , Doemling Alexander , Holak Tad A.
Published: June 2011

Review: 62 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Influence of Blend Microstructure on Bulk Heterojunction Organic Photovoltaic Performance
Authors: Brabec Christoph J. , Heeney Martin , McCulloch Iain , Nelson Jenny
Published: June 2011

Review: 73 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquids: A Pathway to Environmental Acceptability
Authors: Petkovic Marija , Seddon Kenneth R. , Rebelo Luis Paulo N. , Pereira Cristina Silva
Published: June 2011

Review: 176 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Arylspiroboronate Esters: From Lithium Batteries to Wood Preservatives to Catalysis
Authors: Vogels Christopher M. , Westcott Stephen A.
Published: June 2011

Review: 149 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclodextrin‐Based Gene Delivery Systems
Authors: Ortiz Mellet Carmen , Garcia Fernandez Jose M. , Benito Juan M.
Published: June 2011

Review: 222 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Light‐Driven Artificial Molecular Machines
Authors: Zheng Yue Bing , Hao Qingzhen , Yang Ying‐Wei , Kiraly Brian , Chiang I.‐Kao , Huang Tony Jun
Published: June 2011

Review: 133 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Light‐Induced Reactions in Cryogenic Matrices
Authors: Fausto Rui , Gomez‐Zavaglia Andrea
Published: June 2011

Review: 98 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gas‐Phase H/D‐Exchange Experiments in Supramolecular Chemistry
Authors: Winkler Henrik D. F. , Dzyuba Egor V. , Schalley Christoph A.
Published: June 2011

Review: 81 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbohydrate—Protein Interactions: A 3D View by NMR
Authors: Roldos Virginia , Canada F. Javier , Jimenez‐Barbero Jesus
Published: June 2011

Review: 211 refs.
Synthesis and Biological Study of Some 4‐oxo‐Thiazolidine Derivatives of 2‐Aminothiazole
Authors: Samadhiya Pushkal , Sharma Ritu , Srivastava Santosh K. , Srivastava Savitri D.
Published: June 2011

Conventional and microwave assisted synthesis of new series of N‐[2‐{2‐(substituted phenyl)‐4‐oxo‐5‐(substituted benzylidene)‐1,3‐thiazolidine}‐iminoethyl]‐2‐aminothiazole 5a–5m have been developed. The cycloaddition reaction of thioglycolic acid with N‐{2‐(substituted benzylidenehydrazino)‐ethyl}‐2‐aminothiazole 3a–3m in the presence of anhydrous ZnCl2 afforded new heterocyclic compounds N‐[2‐{2‐(substituted phenyl)‐4‐oxo‐1,3‐thiazolidine}‐iminoethyl]‐2‐aminothiazole 4a–4m. The later product on treatment with several selected substituted aromatic aldehydes in the presence of C2H5ONa undergoes Knoevenagel reaction to yield 5a–5m. The structures of compounds 1, 2, 3a–3m, 4a–4m and 5a–5m were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FAB‐Mass and chemical analysis. All above compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activities against some selected bacteria and fungi and antituberculosis study against M. tuberculosis.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Insecticidal Activity of the Optical Active Neonicotinoid Analogues
Authors: Xue Sijia , Bu Hongfei , Liu Li , Xu Xiao , Ma Xubo
Published: June 2011

Eight novel neonicotinoid analogues 1‐(2‐tetrahydrofurfuryl)‐5‐substituted‐1,3,5‐hexahydrotriazine‐2‐N‐nitroimines 3a–3h were synthesized, and their structures were characterized by 1H NMR, IR and elemental analysis. The stereostructure of 3a was determined by the single‐crystal X‐ray analysis, which exhibits a half‐chair conformation and dihedral angle is 49.70°. The preliminary bioassay tests showed that all the title compounds exhibited good insecticide activities against Nilaparvata legen (N. legen).
Electrocatalysis of Puerarin on a Nano‐CeO2/MWCNTs Composite Modified Electrode and Its Determination in Pharmaceutical Preparations
Authors: Ji Yulan , Wang Guangfeng , Zhang Cuihong , Fang Bin
Published: June 2011

A good route for the fabrication of CeO2 nanoparticles (nano‐CeO2)/multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) was proposed. MWCNTs are used to immobilize nano‐CeO2. What′s more, with the addition of the MWCNTs, the agglomeration level of CeO2 nanoparticles can be reduced, the extremely large surface area can be obtained and the electron transfer rate can be increased. The morphological characterization of nano‐CeO2/MWCNTs was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The performances of the nano‐CeO2/MWCNTs/GCE were characterized with cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and typical amperometric response (i‐t). The potential utility of the constructed electrodes was demonstrated by applying them to the analytical determination of puerarin concentration. The catalytic oxidation of puerarin has a better result on nano‐CeO2/MWCNTs/GCE because of the synergistic effect of nano‐CeO2 and MWCNTs. An optimized limit of detection of 8.0×10−9 mol/L was obtained at a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3 and with a fast response time (within 3 s). Additionally, the nano‐CeO2/MWCNTs/GCE exhibited a wide linear range from 0.04 to 6.0 μmol/L and high sensitivity.
Identification between Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl and Fimbristhlis stauntonii Debeaux et Franch. by CWT‐FTIR‐RBFNN
Authors: Hong Qinghong , Yu Ruipeng , Zheng Renwei , Wang Hong , Cheng Cungui
Published: June 2011

Horizontal attenuation total reflection‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (HATR‐FTIR) is used to measure the FTIR of Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl seed and Fimbristhlis stauntonii Debeaux et Franch. seed. In order to extrude the difference between Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl seed and Fimbristhlis stauntonii Debeaux et Franch. seed, continuous wavelet transform (CWT) is used to decompose the FTIR of Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl seed and Fimbristhlis stauntonii Debeaux et Franch. seed. Three main scales are selected as the feature extracting space in the CWT domain. According to the distribution of FTIR of Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl seed and Fimbristhlis stauntonii Debeaux et Franch. seed, three feature regions are determined at every spectra band at selected three scales in the CWT domain. Thus nine feature parameters form the feature vector. The feature vector is input to the radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) to train so as to accurately classify the Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl seed and Fimbristhlis stauntonii Debeaux et Franch. seed. 110 couples of FTIR are used to train and test the proposed method, where 60 couples are used as training samples and 50 couples are used as testing samples. Experimental results show that the accurate recognition rate between Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl seed and Fimbristhlis stauntonii Debeaux et Franch. seed is respectively 96% and 98% by using the proposed method.
Highly Sensitive Fluorometric Hg2+ Biosensor with a Mercury(II)‐Speci?c Oligonucleotide (MSO) Probe and Water‐Soluble Graphene Oxide (WSGO)
Authors: Liu Xingfen , Miao Likun , Jiang Xu , Ma Yanwen , Fan Quli , Huang Wei
Published: June 2011

A highly sensitive and selective, "turn‐on" and simple Hg2+ biosensor is reported by using water‐soluble graphene oxide (WSGO) and dye‐labeled mercury(II)‐specific oligonucleotide (MSO) probe. The probe is rich of thymine (T) and can readily form the stem‐loop structure which consists of the T‐Hg2+‐T configuration. In the absence of Hg2+, the probe exists as a random coil conformation which can be readily adsorbed on the surface of WSGO by strong noncovalent binding of bases, as a result, the fluorescence of the dye labeled on the terminus of the MSO is strongly quenched by the efficient electron/energy transfer from the dye to WSGO. Upon addition of Hg2+, the formation of the T‐Hg2+‐T structure releases the MSO from the surface of WSGO, resulting in a restoration of the fluorescence of dye‐labeled MSO probe. Based on this observation, a highly sensitive and selective Hg2+ sensor is developed, which can work with "turn‐on" mode in aqueous solutions at room temperature. By using the fluorometric method, the limit of detection for Hg2+ can reach picomolar range (187 pmol·L−1), and it is demonstrated that the biosensor is highly selective and only minimally perturbed by a wide range of non‐specific metal ions.
Microcalorimetric Investigation of Toxic Effects of Three Injectable Solubilizing Excipients on Tetrahymena thermophila BF5 Growth
Authors: Yan Dan , Zhang Shaofeng , Han Yumei , Yang Ming , Qi Yun , Xiao Xiaohe
Published: June 2011

Using microcalorimetry, thermal metabolic curves of Tetrahymena thermophila BF5 (T. thermophila BF5) growth at 28°C affected by three injectable solubilizing excipients (ISE) including tween 80, hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HP‐β‐CD) and poloxamer 188 were measured. Meanwhile, the toxicities of three ISE were evaluated by dynamic parameters of thermal metabolic curves. In addition, the irritative effects of the ISE on myoblast L6 cells were investigated to show their cytotoxicities by biochemical method. The results indicated that the effects of the ISE on T. thermophila BF5 varied for different ISE. 5% inhibition concentration values (IC5) of the ISE were 1.33, 1.83 and 1.64 mg/mL for tween 80, HP‐β‐CD and poloxamer 188, respectively. By the principal component analysis (PCA), the total quantity of heat (Q), growth rate constant (k) and second maximum power (P2) were selected as the main characteristic parameters to present their toxicities, there were good linear relationships between Q, k, P2 and concentrations c, suggesting that the toxicities of the ISE on T. thermophila BF5 were closely linked to their concentrations. The results of creatine kinase (CK) bioassay of myoblast L6 cells indicated that the sequence of irritative effects of the ISE was HP‐β‐CD<poloxamer 188<tween 80, which added to the results obtained from microcalorimetry.
Mechanism of Conformational Transition of Silk Fibroin in Alcohol‐water Mixtures
Authors: Ma Lin , He Weiren , Huang Aimin , Li Lishuo , Wei Qiaona , Huang Zilun
Published: June 2011

Circular dichroism, intrinsic fluorescence of protein and exogenous fluorescence probe of 8‐anilino‐1‐naphtha‐ lenesulfonic acid hemimagnesium salt (ANS) was used to investigate the mechanism of conformational change of silk fibroin (SF) in aqueous alcohol including methanol and ethanol. The conformational transition of SF from random coil to β‐sheet was found to be of a close relationship with the microstructure of the solvent. The alcohol‐water mixture at low concentration had little effect on the solvation of the peptide unit, as the inherent water structure was conserved. At high alcohol concentration, the transition from the tetrahedral‐like water structure to the chain‐like alcohol structure in the mixtures induced a β‐sheet conformation of SF, as a result of the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bond between the peptide units in order to eliminate the thermodynamic unfavorite from the contact to the solvent molecules. Meanwhile, the aggregating of hydrophobic side chains was decreased by the alcohol via the destruction of hydrogen bond network of water by alcohol and the binding of alcohol to hydrophobic group.
Synthesis and Characterization of Two New Chiral Copper(II) Compounds Constructed from (+)‐N‐Tosyl‐L‐glutamic Acid
Authors: He Rong , Song Huihua , Wu Lili , Wei Zhen , Wang Tao
Published: June 2011

Chiral coordination polymers have attracted intense interest mainly due to their potential applications. Hence, two new chiral copper(II) coordination polymers {[Cu(tsgluO)(H2O)]2·3H2O}n (1) and [Cu(tsgluO)(2,2′‐bipy)]n (2) (H2tsglu(+)‐N‐tosyl‐l‐glutamic acid; 2,2′‐bipy2,2′‐bipyridine) were synthesized in the absence or presence of 2,2′‐bipy ligand and structurally characterized. A single crystal X‐ray diffraction study revealed that compound 1 consists of a paddle‐wheel dicopper(II) core, which links other equivalents via four tsgluO2− ligands to form a 1D double chain. Such a chain is further interconnected through weak π‐π stacking and hydrogen bonding interactions to form a 3D H‐bonded supramolecular structure with 1D channels hosting lattice water molecules. Whereas, compound 2, containing the coordinating 2,2′‐bipy, gives rise to a ladder‐like 1D double chain. Antiferromagnetic interactions were observed in 1 and 2.
Synthesis and Characterization of Cobalt(II) and Copper(II) Tricyanomethanide (tcm) Complexes with 2,2′‐Dipyridyl N,N′‐Dioxide (dpdo) as Co‐ligands:[Co(dpdo)(tcm)2], [Cu(dpdo)(tcm)2] and Cu(dpdo)2(tcm)2
Authors: Luo Jun , Qiu Lijuan , Liu Baoshu , Gao Yue , Zhang Xinrong , Yang Feng , Cui Lili
Published: June 2011

Three new transition metal tricyanomethanide complexes [Co(dpdo)(tcm)2] (1), [Cu(dpdo)(tcm)2] (2) and Cu(dpdo)2(tcm)2 (3) were synthesized and structurally characterized. In compound 1 each Co(II) ion is coordinated to four disorder tcm anions and one dpdo molecule to give a distorted octahedral geometry. In compound 2 each Cu(II) ion is surrounded by four tcm anions and one dpdo ligand to form a square bipyramidal geometry. Both compounds 1 and 2 display a µ1,5‐tcm bridged infinite chain structure. Interestingly, in compound 3 coordination geometry around the central ion is square‐planar, each Cu(II) ion is coordinated by two dpdo molecules to form a cationic part, the cationic parts is linked with the free tcm anionic parts via electrostatic attraction, leading to the formation of a mononuclear structure. Magnetic susceptibility measurement in the range 2–300 K indicates that there are antiferromagnetic couplings between adjacent metal ions in 1 (θ=−2.33 K, C=2.13 cm3·mol−1·K) and 2 (J=−0.30, g=2.20) respectively.
Synthesis, Characterization and Thermal Properties of Energetic Compounds Derived from 3‐Amino‐4‐(tetrazol‐5‐yl)furazan
Authors: Wang Bozhou , Zhang Guofang , Huo Huan , Fan Yanjie , Fan Xuezhong
Published: June 2011

Five energetic compounds, 3,3‐bis(tetrazol‐5‐yl)‐4,4‐azofurazan (DTZAF), 3‐nitro‐4‐(tetrazol‐5‐yl)furazan (NTZF), hydrazinium 3‐amino‐4‐(tetrazol‐5‐yl)furazan (HATZF), triaminoguanidinium 3‐amino‐4‐(tetrazol‐ 5‐yl)furazan (TAGATZF) and guanylureaium 3‐amino‐4‐(tetrazol‐5‐yl)furazan (MATZF), were prepared using 3‐amino‐4‐(tetrazol‐5‐yl)furazan (ATZF) as starting material and their structures were characterized by FT‐IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and elemental analysis. The properties of NTZF were estimated:density is 1.67 g/cm3, enthalpy of formation +415.41 kJ/mol and detonation velocity 8257.83 m/s. The main thermal properties of four compounds, DTZAF, HATZF, TAGATZF and MATZF, were analyzed by TG and DSC techniques and the results showed that their melting points are 251.9, 159.7, 205.4 and 211.4°C, respectively, and their first decomposition temperatures are 256.7, 258.6, 231.7 and 268.6°C, respectively. The fact that their decomposition temperatures were over 230°C showed that they exhibit better thermal stability.
A Convenient Synthesis of 2‐Oxazolines and 2‐Benoxazoles with PPh3‐DDQ as the Dehydrating Reagent
Authors: Xu Quancai , Li Zhengning , Chen Huiying
Published: June 2011

2‐Oxazolines and 2‐benoxazoles were synthesized in high yields from acylamino alcohols and acylamino‐ phenols, respectively, with triphenylphosphine‐2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyanobenzoquinone (PPh3‐DDQ) as the dehydrating and activating reagent. The synthesis was accomplished under neutral conditions.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Functionalized 1,3‐Dienes in Water
Authors: Rostami Charati Faramarz , Hossaini Zinatossadat , Moghaddasi‐Kouchaksaraei Fatemeh , Hajinasiri Rahimeh
Published: June 2011

An efficient synthesis of functionalized 1,3‐dienes via one‐pot reactions between dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates?, 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds and secondary amines in ?water as the solvent is described. The mild reaction condition high yields and the ?new products are advantages of our method.
SO3H‐Functionalized Ionic Liquids:Green, Efficient and Reusable Catalysts for the Facile Dehydration of Aldoximes into Nitriles
Authors: Davoodnia Abolghasem , Khojastehnezhad Amir , Bakavoli Mehdi , Tavakoli‐Hoseini Niloofar
Published: June 2011

Easily synthesized aldoximes have been converted to the corresponding nitriles under very mild conditions by a simple reaction using two halogen‐free SO3H‐functionalized ionic liquids, 3‐methyl‐1‐(4‐sulfonic acid)butylimi‐ dazolium hydrogen sulfate [MIM(CH2)4SO3H][HSO4] and 1‐(4‐sulfonic acid)butylpyridinium hydrogen sulfate [PY(CH2)4SO3H][HSO4], as catalyst and reaction medium without any additional organic solvent. The method was equally effective for aromatic aldoximes bearing electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing substituents. Taking into account environmental and economical consideration, the protocol presented here has the merits of environmentally friendly, simple operation, easy work‐up and very good yields. The catalysts could be recycled and reused for several times without noticeably decreasing in their catalytic activities.
Stereoselective Synthesis of 1‐Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic Acid Derivatives via Ylide Cyclopropanation of Dehydroamino Acid Derivatives
Authors: Zhou Rui , Deng Xianming , Zheng Juncheng , Sheng Qi , Sun Xiuli , Tang Yong
Published: June 2011

1‐Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid derivatives are synthesized from readily available dehydroamino acid derivatives via sulfur ylide. A range of different ylides are employed and the corresponding aminocyclopropanes are afforded with reasonable diastereoselection in good yields.
Effect of Spironolactone on Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Structural Heart Disease
Authors: Williams Ryan S. , deLemos James A. , Dimas Vassilis , Reisch Joan , Hill Joseph A. , Naseem R. Haris
Published: June 2011

Background:

Several studies have shown that the modulation of fibrotic scar in cardiac diseases has beneficial effects on cardiac arrhythmias. In addition, recent reports suggest a potential role of mineralocorticoid receptor upregulation in atrial fibrillation (AF). The role of spironolactone, a mineralocorticoid receptor blocker and a potent antifibrotic agent, in AF is as yet unexplored. The aim of this study was to determine if spironolactone, a mineralocorticoid receptor blocker with potent antifibrotic properties, has beneficial effects on AF.

Hypothesis:

Spironolactone therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation provides additional clinical benefits in addition to the current conventional pharmacological agents.

Methods:

A comprehensive retrospective analysis was performed on 83 patients with AF, including 23 who were treated with spironolactone for ≥3 months. The combined primary outcome of hospitalization for AF or direct current cardioversion (DCCV) was compared between patients treated with spironolactone in addition to the usual care for AF and those receiving conventional medical therapy alone.

Results:

Patients receiving spironolactone had significantly fewer primary outcome events (AF‐related hospitalizations or DCCV) (22% vs 53%, P = 0.027).

Conclusions:

Spironolactone therapy is associated with a reduction in the burden of AF, as reflected by a combination of hospitalizations for AF and DCCV. Larger randomized controlled studies should be performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of spironolactone as an adjunctive therapy for patients with AF. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This work was supported by American Heart Association grants 0705170Y, 0830313N (RHN), and 0640084N (JAH), and National Institutes of Health grants HL‐075173, HL‐090842, and HL‐080144 (JAH). The authors have no other funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Forebrain mapping of secretoneurin‐like immunoreactivity and its colocalization with isotocin in the preoptic nucleus and pituitary gland of goldfish
Authors: Canosa L.F. , Lopez G.C. , Scharrig E. , Lesaux‐Farmer K. , Somoza G.M. , Kah O. , Trudeau V.L.
Published: June 2011

Secretoneurin, a 33–34 amino acid neuropeptide derived from the proteolytic processing of the secretogranin‐II precursor protein, is reasonably well conserved in evolution. Goldfish secretoneurin shares >75% similarity overall with other vertebrate secretoneurin sequences. The secretoneurin peptide has numerous functions that include neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter release, and neuroendocrine regulation. A detailed description of the central distribution of secretoneurin immunoreactivity is only known for the rat. Using our polyclonal antibody against the central, conserved core of the secretoneurin peptide we studied the distribution of secretoneurin‐like immunoreactivity in the goldfish brain. Secretoneurin immunoreactivity was found in the olfactory bulb, entopeduncular nucleus, preoptic nucleus, lateral part of the lateral tuberal nucleus, posterior periventricular nucleus, nucleus of the posterior recess, the nucleus of the saccus vasculosus, and nucleus isthmi. Secretoneurin‐immunoreactive fibers were found in the dorsal part of the dorsal telencephalon, ventral and lateral parts of the ventral telencephalon, periventricular preoptic nucleus, pituitary, and the ventrocaudal aspect of the nucleus of the lateral recess. The most conspicuous secretoneurin immunoreactivity was found in the magnocellular and parvocellular cells of the preoptic nucleus that project to the pituitary. Double‐labeling studies indicated coexpression with isotocin, the fish homolog of mammalian oxytocin. Clear colabeling for secretoneurin and isotocin in fibers terminating in the neurointermediate lobe suggests that secretoneurin maybe coreleased with isotocin. Previous work indicates that secretoneurin stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone from the goldfish anterior pituitary. Our findings further support a reproductive role for secretoneurin and related peptides, given the importance of oxytocin family peptides in reproductive behavior in vertebrates. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:3748‐3765, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Peroxiredoxin distribution in the mouse brain with emphasis on neuronal populations affected in neurodegenerative disorders
Authors: Goemaere Julie , Knoops Bernard
Published: June 2011

Redox changes are observed in neurodegenerative diseases, ranging from increased levels of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and disturbance of antioxidant systems, to nitro‐oxidative damage. By reducing hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite, and organic hydroperoxides, peroxiredoxins (Prdxs) represent a major potential protective barrier against nitro‐oxidative insults in the brain. While recent works have investigated the putative role of Prdxs in neurodegenerative disorders, less is known about their expression in the healthy brain. Here we used immunohistochemistry to map basal expression of Prdxs throughout C57BL/6 mouse brain. We first confirmed the neuronal localization of Prdx2–5 and the glial expression of Prdx1, Prdx4, and Prdx6. Then we performed an in‐depth analysis of neuronal Prdx distribution in the brain. Our results show that Prdx2–5 are widely detected in the different neuronal populations, and especially well expressed in the olfactory bulb, in the cerebral cortex, in pons nuclei, in the red nucleus, in all cranial nerve nuclei, in the cerebellum, and in motor neurons of the spinal cord. In contrast, Prdx expression is very low in the dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra pars compacta and in the CA1/2 pyramidal cells of hippocampus. This low basal expression may contribute to the vulnerability of these neurons to nitro‐oxidative attacks occurring in Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. In addition, we found that Prdx expression levels are unevenly distributed among neurons of a determined region and that distinct regional patterns of expression are observed between isoforms, reinforcing the hypothesis of the nonredundant function of Prdxs. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:258–280, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functional implications of limited leptin receptor and ghrelin receptor coexpression in the brain
Authors: Perello Mario , Scott Michael M. , Sakata Ichiro , Lee Charlotte E. , Chuang Jen‐Chieh , Osborne‐Lawrence Sherri , Rovinsky Sherry A. , Elmquist Joel K. , Zigman Jeffrey M.
Published: June 2011

The hormones leptin and ghrelin act in apposition to one another in the regulation of body weight homeostasis. Interestingly, both leptin receptor expression and ghrelin receptor expression have been observed within many of the same nuclei of the central nervous system (CNS), suggesting that these hormones may act on a common population of neurons to produce changes in food intake and energy expenditure. In the present study we explored the extent of this putative direct leptin and ghrelin interaction in the CNS and addressed the question of whether a loss of ghrelin signaling would affect sensitivity to leptin. Using histological mapping of leptin receptor and ghrelin receptor expression, we found that cells containing both leptin receptors and ghrelin receptors are mainly located in the medial part of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. In contrast, coexpression was much less extensive elsewhere in the brain. To assess the functional consequences of this observed receptor distribution, we explored the effect of ghrelin receptor deletion on leptin sensitivity. In particular, the responses of ad libitum‐fed, diet‐induced obese and fasted mice to the anorectic actions of leptin were examined. Surprisingly, we found that deletion of the ghrelin receptor did not affect the sensitivity to exogenously administrated leptin. Thus, we conclude that ghrelin and leptin act largely on distinct neuronal populations and that ghrelin receptor deficiency does not affect sensitivity to the anorexigenic and body weight‐lowering actions of leptin. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:281–294, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Organization of the serotonergic innervation of the feeding (buccal) musculature during the maturation of the pond snailLymnaea stagnalis: A morphological and biochemical study
Authors: Balog Gábor , Voronezhskaya Elena E. , Hiripi László , Elekes Károly
Published: June 2011

The serotonergic innervation of the buccal musculature responsible for feeding (radula protraction) was investigated during the maturation of the pond snail,Lymnaea stagnalisL., applying light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry and biochemical approaches. According to epifluorescence and laser confocal microscopy, the first 5‐HT‐like‐immunoreactive (5‐HTLIR) processes appeared on the surface of the musculature at the postmetamorphic E80% embryonic stage. Until hatching, the innervation continued to increase in density, showing axon arborizations with projections into the deeper muscle levels. An adult‐like pattern of 5‐HTLIR innervation appeared at P2–P3 juvenile stages. At the ultrastructural level, close (16–20 nm) but mostly unspecialized neuromuscular contacts were formed by both unlabeled and 5‐HTLIR axon profiles from the E80% embryonic stage. Labeled processes were also found located relatively far from the muscle cells. An HPLC assay showed a gradual increase of the 5‐HT level in the buccal mass during development. The buccal mass was characterized by a single‐component high‐affinity 5‐HT uptake system, and 5‐HT release could be evoked by 100 mM K+and blocked in Ca2+‐free medium. It is suggested that 5‐HT plays a wide modulatory role in the peripheral feeding system and is also involved in the functional maturation of the muscle system. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:315–329, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Novel organization and development of copepod myelin. i. ontogeny
Authors: Wilson Caroline H. , Hartline Daniel K.
Published: June 2011

Nerve impulse conduction is greatly increased by myelin, a multilayered membranous sheath surrounding axons. Best known from and most extensively investigated among vertebrates, a few invertebrates, including some superfamilies of copepod, have functionally and structurally similar myelin‐like sheaths surrounding their axons. We examined the development of myelin ultrastructure in Bestiolina similis, a paracalanoid copepod. Development occurred in a novel way: initial myelination always appeared first as a partial layer, which in later stages came to encircle an axon completely. This partial myelin first appeared in a single pair of reidentifiable fibers, at the second naupliar stage. Two additional pairs of reidentifiable fibers also became partially myelinated by the third naupliar stage. The number of myelin layers in this trio of axon pairs increased with development, but, at any one stage, each axon had the same number of layers along its entire length. These axons disappeared after the copepodite metamorphosis. After metamorphosis, the fiber that took over as largest in the nerve cord became the most heavily myelinated and was identified as the lateral dorsal giant fiber. The rate of myelination was also characterized in the antennular nerve as a representative of the peripheral nervous system. As axons became larger, they were more likely to be partially, and then completely, myelinated, the latter having a lower ratio of axon core to fiber diameter than the former. Copepod myelin is an instructive example of convergent evolution, with far‐reaching consequences for nervous system functioning and the behavior that nervous systems subserve. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:3259–3280, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cyto‐ and chemoarchitecture of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in the C57BL/6J male mouse: A study of immunostaining and multiple fluorescent tract tracing
Authors: Biag Jonathan , Huang Yi , Gou Lin , Hintiryan Houri , Askarinam Asal , Hahn Joel D. , Toga Arthur W. , Dong Hong‐Wei
Published: June 2011

The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) plays a critical role in the regulation of autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral activities. This understanding has come from extensive characterization of the PVH in rats, and for this mammalian species we now have a robust model of basic PVH neuroanatomy and function. However, in mice, whose use as a model research animal has burgeoned with the increasing sophistication of tools for genetic manipulation, a comparable level of PVH characterization has not been achieved. To address this, we employed a variety of fluorescent tract tracing and immunostaining techniques in several different combinations to determine the neuronal connections and cyto‐ and chemoarchitecture of the PVH in the commonly used C57BL/6J male mouse. Our findings reveal a distinct organization in the mouse PVH that is substantially different from the PVH of male rats. The differences are particularly evident with respect to the spatial relations of two principal neuroendocrine divisions (magnocellular and parvicellular) and three descending preautonomic populations in the PVH. We discuss these data in relation to what is known about PVH function and provide the work as a resource for further studies of the neuronal architecture and function of the mouse PVH. J. Comp. Neurol., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Novel organization and development of copepod myelin. ii. nonglial origin
Authors: Wilson Caroline H. , Hartline Daniel K.
Published: June 2011

Nerve‐impulse conduction is greatly speeded by myelin sheaths in vertebrates, oligochaete annelids, penaeid and caridean shrimp, and calanoid copepods. In the first three invertebrate cases, myelin arises from glial cells, as it does in vertebrates. The contribution of the glial cells to the layered structure of the myelin is clear: their nuclei are either embedded in the layers or reside in contiguous cytoplasmic compartments, and their cell membranes are seen to be continuous with those of the myelin layers. However, with calanoids, the association with glial cells presumed necessary to generate the myelin has never been satisfactorily identified. We have conducted a systematic examination of thin sections through different parts of the copepod nervous system to identify the structural organization of copepod myelin and the likely mechanism for its formation. We find that myelination appears to commence by laying down and compacting a cisternal tongue against the inside of the axolemma. This is followed by the successive layering and compaction of additional tongues to create a stack of tongues. The margins of the tongues then expand to encircle the interior of a neurite, meeting and fusing to form complete concentric myelin. No sign of glial involvement could be detected at any stage. Unlike glially derived myelin, the extracellular tracer lanthanum did not penetrate between the myelin layers in copepods, further evidence against a glial source. We believe this to be the first demonstration of a nonglial origin for myelin in any species. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:3281–3305, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low‐cost data uncertainty quantification
Authors: Bekas C. , Curioni A. , Fedulova I.
Published: June 2011

The analysis of a huge backload of ever‐accumulating data presents a huge challenge in all respects of computing. Inverse covariance matrices in this respect are very important. We target data uncertainty quantification, a very useful measure of which is provided by inverse covariance matrix diagonal entries. In previous work, we introduced a novel method that reduces overall complexity by at least two orders of magnitude. At the same time, a state‐of‐the‐art message‐passing interface (MPI) implementation allowed us to reach a sustained performance of up to 73% (730 TFLOPS on the full 72 Blue Gene/P rack configuration at Jülich). Thanks to its reduced complexity, this work has attracted significant interest, and thus, we have received numerous requests concerning its exploitation in various fields. A common denominator in these requests is that they almost all came from people with no or, in the best case, limited high‐performance computing background. Nevertheless, all interest is in analyzing huge data sets, suitably adapting the method to particular applications. A bottleneck then is that potential users are reluctant to pay for a steep learning curve to get proficient in parallel computing using the de facto standard: MPI. Thus, we turned to the Partitioned Global Address Space programming model and in particular the Unified Parallel C language. In this work, we gave a comprehensive description of the framework and demonstrated the efficiency of the state‐of‐the‐art MPI implementation. In addition, we showed that one can develop an easy‐to‐follow yet efficient Unified Parallel C implementation, which is also easy to debug and maintain, features that significantly boost overall productivity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Browsing large‐scale cheminformatics data with dimension reduction
Authors: Choi Jong Youl , Bae Seung‐Hee , Qiu Judy , Chen Bin , Wild David
Published: June 2011

Visualization of large‐scale high dimensional data is highly valuable for data analysis facilitating scientific discovery in many fields. We present PubChemBrowse, a customized visualization tool for cheminformatics research. It provides a novel 3D data point browser that displays complex properties of massive data on commodity clients. As in Geographic Information System browsers for Earth and Environment data, chemical compounds with similar properties are nearby in the browser. PubChemBrowse is built around in‐house high performance parallel Multi‐dimensional scaling and Generative topographic mapping services and supports fast interaction with an external property database. These properties can be overlaid on 3D mapped compound space or queried for individual points. We prototype the integration with Chem2Bio2RDF system using SPARQL endpoint to access over 20 publicly accessible bioinformatics databases. We describe our design and implementation of the integrated PubChemBrowse application and outline its use in drug discovery. The same core technologies are generally applicable to develop high performance scientific data browsing systems for other applications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.