bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mood Disorders
Authors: Bharucha Ashok J , Borson Soo
Published: November 2023

Mood disorders are psychiatric syndromes de1ned by prominent changes in emotional tone. To recognize disordered mood states and to separate them from normal and expected responses to life events, sustained changes in social behavior—interest, attitudes, energy, thinking, judgment, and patterns of eating and sleeping—must accompany the change in mood. The identi1cation of mood disorders is a clinical task based on familiarity with standards of diagnosis and skilled observation and interaction with patients. Certi1ed nurses’ aides (CNAs) in long-term care settings, who provide the vast majority of direct care to residents, can be trained in the observational skills needed to report concerns about possible mood disorders in patients, but a full diagnostic assessment requires specialized interviewing skills and knowledge of the patient’s history and medical status. Uncomplicated mood disorders can be evaluated by general psychiatrists, primary care physicians, psychologists, nurses, and social workers experienced in differential diagnosis of psychiatric disorders in the elderly; more complex presentations are in the domain of the geriatric psychiatrist. In this chapter, we review the clinical features, diagnosis, prevalence, etiology, and management of manic and depressed elderly residents encountered in long-term care settings, encompassing the broad range of residential/assisted living facilities and nursing homes.
Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Walaszek Art , Howell Timothy
Published: November 2023

Not unlike depression, anxiety may be protean in its many manifestations, varying from mild, Leeting apprehension to immobilizing panic. It may be that the very familiarity with this “all-too-human” emotion sometimes interferes with understanding how anxiety affects patients in long-term care (LTC) settings, thus hindering accurate assessment and treatment. Through misplaced empathy, for example, care providers may place themselves in the shoes of LTC residents in an effort to appreciate their experience of an anxiety-provoking situation. But if they forget to “age themselves” in the process, and adopt the residents’ perspectives and values, they may miss the mark. The prospect of arthroplasty may seem much less anxiety-provoking to a younger health professional, for example, than an octogenarian.
Family Interventions
Authors: Hyer Lee , Shah, Shailaja , Sacks Amanda
Published: November 2023

Annually within the United States, almost 2 million adults are admitted to one of 16,800 NHs (Hyer & Intrieri, 2006). The recent growth of assisted-living facilities, now estimated at over 36,000 facilities serving about 1 million residents (see Hyer & Intrieri, 2006) complements these nursing homes (NHs) within the spectrum of long-term-care (LTC) facilities. The decision to relocate to an LTC facility, such as an NH or assisted-living facility (ALF), is a major transition point in an older adult’s life and the family.
Environmental and Milieu Interventions
Authors: Cohen-Mans2eld Jiska , Laje Rene P
Published: November 2023

The majority of nursing home residents suffer from dementia (Rovner et al., 1990). The cognitive decline that occurs with the natural course of dementia is always associated with memory problems, and at times with other dif1culties including depressed affect or apathy, and often involves the emergence of disturbed affect or behaviors that are bothersome to others or indicative of the resident’s discomfort. These dementia-related symptoms and behaviors were, for many years, either ignored or treated with physical restraints or psychotropic medication. In the past 2 decades, new research has advanced the understanding of affect, function, and behavior in dementia so that many problems can be treated, and often prevented, through modi1cation of the social and physical environment. These interventions thus help to enhance the quality of life for people with dementia and give relief to staff and families. In this chapter, we will review the rationale for such interventions and the evidence for their use. We use the terms “environmental and milieu interventions” in their wide de1nition to include both the physical environment as well as the social environment, including the way staff members treat residents and the tools they use to improve care.
Prologue
Authors: Godbeer Richard
Published: November 2023

It was early one evening in June 1692 and dusk was falling over Stamford, Connecticut, a compact little town of some five hundred souls perched on the northern shore of the Long Island Sound. A young man named Ebenezer Bishop was strolling homeward through the town, hungry for his supper after helping one of his neighbors mend a broken fence. Mary Newman, a woman in her early thirties whom Ebenezer had known since childhood, was heading in the opposite direction. They greeted each other cordially as their paths crossed and Ebenezer continued on his way. But a few seconds later he came to an abrupt halt in front of Mister Wescot’s house as a young woman’s scream erupted from inside—a piercing, blood-chilling scream followed by a prolonged wail of pain and fright.
“By the Law of God and the Law of the Colony Thou Deservest to Die”
Authors: Godbeer Richard
Published: November 2023

As magistrate Jonathan Selleck pondered the chilling scenes that he had witnessed over the past few weeks, he became increasingly worried about the dangers facing Stamford. Mister Selleck had spent his entire adult life in the town and was regarded as one of its foremost residents. Though born in Boston, he and his younger brother John had moved to Connecticut in 1660. Jonathan was twenty at the time, John seventeen. The two brothers became partners in trade, following in the footsteps of their father, a merchant who had traveled down to Barbados regularly until his death in 1654. Jonathan was the more sedentary of the two; it was John who ferried their cargo back and forth, spending weeks and sometimes months away at sea. The town, realizing that it stood to benefit from the Selleck brothers’ commercial ventures, had granted them land for a warehouse.
“Persisting in a Non-Agreement”
Authors: Godbeer Richard
Published: November 2023

On the morning of Thursday, 14 September 1692, William Jones joined the other magistrates appointed to the special court at the meetinghouse in Fairfield to begin the long-awaited trial of Elizabeth Clawson and Mercy Disborough. Witnesses against the accused had traveled from Stamford and Compo to appear before the court—at stake was the well-being, perhaps even survival, of those who believed they had been bewitched. But friends as well as enemies of the witch suspects crowded into the meetinghouse—the lives of the accused also hung in the balance.
Intervention with Families
Authors: Alexander Shirley
Published: November 2023

Intervention is an act that modifies the behavior of an individual or a family system. In child protection services, intervention strategies are not meant to create an ideal family. Rather, the overall goal of intervention is to change the conditions or behaviors causing risk to the child(ren) so the child(ren) is (are) protected from future maltreatment. Intervention can begin with the initial contact of the CPS worker and continue through a series of carefully planned steps that help family members identify and make important changes to safely care for their child(ren). Meaningful intervention can take place through the informal process of the CPS worker making effective use of self-engaging families through a professional relationship while providing guidance, support, and encouragement toward positive change. Intervention should be the focus of all casework activities, including assessment, service/case planning, monitoring, and evaluating outcomes. You are the professional—who facilitates change through continual assessment, case management activities, and referrals to services.
“Forever free”
Authors: Pinsker Matthew
Published: November 2023

The Anticipation In Washington Over Impending Battles Finally Ended In Late August 1862. General John Pope’s Army of Virginia engaged General Robert E. Lee’s Confederate forces at the Second Battle of Bull Run on August 29, 1862. The results were devastating for the Federal side, which suffered over 16,000 casualties and yet another terrible blow to public morale. Instead of the victory that Secretary of State Seward had predicted would pave the way for emancipation, there was now the real possibility that Washington would be surrounded and overrun. McClellan, who had been reassigned to support Pope, at one point prepared to demolish the Chain Bridge, a leading point of entry into the city, in order to prevent what he thought was an imminent invasion by Confederate forces. He wrote his wife in the midst of the battle, “I am heartsick with the folly and ignorance I see around me.” To his superiors, he was equally blunt, suggesting in a telegram to the president that the only policy left for the Union command was to defend the capital and “leave Pope to get out of his scrape.” A number of participants, including the president, subsequently questioned McClellan’s loyalty, even his stability, in the face of this latest crisis.
“Capt. D and his company”
Authors: Pinsker Matthew
Published: November 2023

White House Aide John Hay Was Approaching His Twenty-Fourth Birthday in late September 1862, but he had already figured out one of the keys to gaining influence in Washington. He had learned to stay near the president. Riding along on the commute from White House to Soldiers’ Home had quietly become one of Hay’s more useful daily chores. He found that on the dusty thirty-minute journey, the president could sometimes prove quite expansive and candid. The aide surreptitiously recorded several of their most revealing conversations in his wartime journal.
“Mother very slightly hurt”
Authors: Pinsker Matthew
Published: November 2023

In June 1863, The Lincoln Family, With The Exception Of Robert, Returned together to take up residence at the Soldiers’ Home. Commissioner of Public Buildings Benjamin French recalled that he witnessed a revealing standoff just prior to the family’s scheduled departure. As the Lincolns were stepping into a carriage that was supposed to take them out to the country for the season, Tad Lincoln suddenly threw a small fit. “I have not got my cat,” he screamed. With great patience, according to French, the president reentered the Executive Mansion and after several minutes returned holding the boy’s favorite pet in his arms. The president’s tenderness toward his son was not unusual but seems especially memorable since it came during a period of tense concern in the capital. Robert E. Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia had crossed the Potomac and were headed toward some unknown destination in the North. “General excitement has marked the time,” Benjamin French noted in his diary on June 22, the actual day of the Lincoln family departure. “The Rebels have been raiding into Maryland and Pa.[,] and there is some prospect of an attempt on Washington.”2 Consequently, the family traveled with full military guard accompanying them, making quite a spectacle in their procession.
Creators
Authors: Milees Steven H
Published: November 2023

The opening passage of the Oath deftly combines the convention of swearing by a god with proclaiming the physician’s lineage. This lineage starts with Apollo, proceeds to his son Asclepius, and includes Asclepius’s divine daughters Panacea and Hygieia. Asclepius’s human sons were heroic physicians themselves, and legend names one as an ancestor of Hippocrates. In the next chapter, we shall see how the Oath has each physician become part of this lineage. A person who claimed such a noble lineage was destined to play an important role in society and merited a respectful hearing.
Learners
Authors: Miles Steven H
Published: November 2023

In the Oath’s opening passages, the new physician looks back to the mythic origins of medicine, enters the lineage of physicians, and assumes filial obligations to his teachers. This passage looks to its future and to the duty to transmit medical knowledge to colleagues and students of medicine. These words is notable both for the expansive definition of who should be given medical knowledge and for the extent of the information that each physician swears to share.

The physician vows to recognize the heirs of medical knowledge as including “my sons,” and “the sons of him who has taught me” (a category that includes the sons of persons who were taught medicine though they did not come from a medical family), and “pupils who have sworn by a medical convention.”
The dialectics of poetic tradition
Authors: Bloom Harold
Published: November 2023

Emerson chose three mottos for his most influential essay, “Self-Reliance.” The first, from the Satires of Persius: “Do not seek yourself outside yourself.” The second, from Beaumont and Fletcher:

Man is his own star; and the soul that can

Render an honest and a perfect man,

Commands all light, all influence, all fate;

Nothing to him falls early or too late. . . .

Ththeird, one of Emerson ‘s own gnomic verses, is prophetic of much contemporary shamanism:

Cast the bantling on the rocks,

Suckle him with the she-wolf ‘s teat,

Wintered with the hawk and fox,

Power and speed be hands and feet.
Integrating Program Evaluation And Organization Development
Authors: Mcclintock Charles
Published: November 2023

The fields of program evaluation and organization development (OD) have existed on parallel paths for the past 50 years or so, with relatively little contact. OD evolved mainly in the corporate sector as a means of improving organizations through humanizing systems of work Program evaluation emerged largely from the public sector, with an emphasis on accountability and performance (Campbell, McClintock, 2002). Each profession faces a comparable challenge of integrating key skills, practices, and values from the other. Program evaluation has empirical methods as its core competency. Although the field’s commitment is to provide data about program performance, it has evolved to include the utilization of evaluation results for program improvement. The OD field rests on skills for group, organization, and system change. Humanistic and inquiry values lie at the core of these efforts, but they are increasingly expected to empirically document the outcomes of change interventions.
The Data Whisperer: Strategies for Motivating Raw-Data Providers
Authors: Pane Natalia E
Published: November 2023

This chapter offers practice-based examples of data-quality improvement procedures, including a discussion of suggestions for displaying data, a critical aspect of data use. The examples are organized around the change-lever model presented in the preceding chapter. Finally, the chapter closes with some lessons learned.
Qualitative Research: Cancer Prevention in Older Women
Authors: Hurdle Donna E
Published: November 2023

There is a long history of health promotion and prevention activities in the field of social work; however, the focus of social work practice, research, and professional literature in recent decades has been on treatment and rehabilitation. Although current social work practice textbooks describe prevention of psychosocial problems and promotion of adaptive functioning as one of the missions of social work, in actuality these activities have been very limited (Hepworth, Rooney,, Larsen, 2001). There is a strong need for increased social work activity in the area of health promotion as an emerging area of practice, particularly in the current managed care environment (Strom-Gottfried, 1997). There is also a foundation of social work literature in primary prevention that can guide these efforts.
How Family Members Of The Mentally Ill View Mental Health Professionals: A Focused Ethnography
Authors: Johnson Eric D
Published: November 2023

Since the advent of deinstitutionalization over four decades ago, families with a seriously mentally ill member have been asked to take on increasing responsibilities for caregiving, as the primary locus of care shifted from the hospital to the community, and then professional community resources were faced with increasingly limited funds to do the job (Aviram, 1990; Bachrach, Talbott,, Meyerson, 1987). It has been estimated that approximately 40% of patients discharged from psychiatric units return to live with family members, and another 30% to 40% are in regular (e.g., weekly) contact with family members (Manderscheid, Sonnenschein, 1997).
Death On A Daily Basis: Integrating Research and Practice in Support Groups for ICU Nurses in Southern Brazil
Authors: Gomes William
Published: November 2023

As noted in the keynote address at a recent Brazilian Psychological Society Convention (Gomes, 2003), psychological research in Brazil has followed a somewhat different path than psychological research in the United States. Until the last few decades, clinical psychologists in Brazil were trained in medical schools, generally byphysicians, and Freudian psychoanalysis was the common mode of both research and practice for psychologists in Brazil. At the same time, developments in educational psychology were strongly influenced by the French tradition. In fact, the first psychology lab in Brazil was founded by Alfred Binet.
Effects of restorative justice on fear of Revictimization: A Meta-Analysis Using Hierarchical Generalized Linear Models
Authors: Williams-Hayes Mona M , Nugent William R
Published: November 2023

Social scientists have begun to systematically organize and analyze data for major social concerns. It is vital that this type of comprehensive integration be employed and referred to in order to move a field of study and practice forward. Meta-analyses have been used to evaluate such issues as effective juvenile justice interventions and outcomes for children sexually abused (Lipsey, 1995; Rind, Bauserman,, Tromovich, 1998, respectively). Professionals should make informed decisions about the types of intervention to apply in practice by understanding what the entire body of research seems to suggest. Meta-analyses can use findings presented at conferences, in program evaluations, or in peer-reviewed journals. Whether or not research findings are published is relevant but not problematic because all the findings can be analyzed to determine if the variation across “studies” is systematic or random. If the variation in findings across studies is systematic, the factors related to the variation can be tested to see whether they account for any or all of the variation. An example of a factor that may explain some of the systematic variation is the methodological quality of a study. More familiar moderating variables, such as respondent age or gender, can also be predicted.
Factors Associated With Crime On The Casino Floor: Implications of Secondary Data Analysis
Authors: LaSalle Gerard
Published: November 2023

Americans love to gamble, so concluded a congressionally funded national task force in 1998, studying the impact of gambling in the United States (National Gambling Impact Study Commission Report, 1999). All but two states (Utah and Hawaii) have some form of legalized wagering. Advocates look to gambling as an economic elixir for communities; opponents counter that these benefits exact punishing social costs, including an increase in crime. Numerous studies have examined the casino-crime relationship and have produced mixed results. Some studies have confirmed that casinos have no direct effect on serious crime (Albanese, 1985, 1999), whereas others have either reached opposite conclusions (Grinols, Mustard, Dilley, 1999; Hakim, Buck, 1989; Friedman, Hakim,, Weinblatt, 1989) or reflected that certain crimes rose while others decreased (Giacopassi, Stitt, 1993).
Strengthening Practice Through Results Management
Authors: Orthner Dennis K , Bowen Gary L
Published: November 2023

Evidence-based practice (EBP) does not operate in a vacuum. Typically, intervention practice models are built and sustained in an organizational or agency context. EBP is more likely to occur if the organization and its leadership are open to acquiring and using new information to improve agency practice. On the other hand, if the organization is not used to basing program decisions on empirical data, it will be much more difficult to use gathered evidence to plan programs or to optimize the delivery of client services.
Establishing Benchmark Programs Within Addictions Treatment
Authors: Hunsicker Ronald J
Published: November 2023

For over 50 years, the providers of addiction treatment have intermittently struggled with claiming their birthright as a legitimate provider of health care in the larger arena of health care providers and seeing themselves as outside or alongside the mainstream providers of health care. Although this vacillation between being in or being out has significant implications in a variety of areas, none can be more pronounced than the impact this has had on embracing the tools and practices adopted by other health care providers.
Establishment Of Quality Programming
Authors: Hartnett Helen P , Kapp Stephen A
Published: November 2023

Historically, there has always been an extensive gap between practice and research. This is particularly true in organizational practice and administrative practice, where possible explanations range from the differences in methods to alternative sets of priorities: an emphasis on doing business as usual versus an emphasis on rigor and technique, or an emphasis on accountability versus evaluation and information utility. These priorities may exacerbate a difference between organizational roles and methods for evaluating, planning for, and maintaining programs. The gap between research and practice at the organizational level has the potential to maintain programs that operate on the basis of the status quo, either due to funding priorities or for the purpose of organizational survival. Ultimately, the welfare of people being served may not be at the forefront.
Establishment And Utilization Of Balanced Scorecards
Authors: Yeager Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Whereas most for-profit organizations have adopted the use of strategic planning and balanced scorecards to achieve a competitive advantage in the marketplace, health care organizations have used strategic planning since the 1970s to help them meet the health needs of communities. This process has evolved over the past decade into a well-recognized and utilized management tool in health care organizations. The purpose of this chapter is to outline the strategic planning process, using a balanced scorecard to assist agencies and organizations in adapting to the everchallenging and changing health care environment (Zuckerman, 2003). Despite the relatively simplistic approach presented in this chapter, it should be noted that some have experienced difficulty in applying this tool to centralized systems, which are frequently driven by multiple missions, have multiple practice applications, and sometimes exist in environments with multiple and competing political and programmatic goals (Chesley, Wenger, 1999).
From World War To Magic Bullets To Mass Strategy
Authors: Callahan Christopher M , Berrios German E
Published: November 2023

Thus far, we have presented evidence that most people who seek medical care for emotional disorders turn to primary-care physicians rather than to psychiatrists. We also presented evidence that society, cultural values, and the design of health- care systems influence how and when people decide to seek care for emotional disorders and how doctors treat patients with emotional disorders. Primary-care doctors and patients have changed much less than our labels and treatments for depression would suggest, and there has been little change in the rate at which people seek care for emotional disorders. This chapter serves as a bridge from the story of primary care to the story of psychiatry. Before turning to the history of how psychiatrists treat severe mental illness in Chapter 7, this chapter describes the major changes in how generalists treat medical diseases.
Synesthesia in Perspective
Authors: Sagiv Noam
Published: November 2023

The term synesthesia (Greek; syn = together, aesthesia = sensation) has been used to describe a wide variety of phenomena. Most commonly, it is used to denote a condition in which stimulation in one sensory modality also gives rise to an experience in a different modality. However, conditions involving different qualities within one modality (e.g., when the sight of letter shapes evokes color) are labeled synesthesia as well. Phenomena of this sort have also been reported in patients with eye disease, brain damage, and migraines (e.g., Armel & Ramachandran, 1999; Jacobs, Karpik, Bozian & Gothgen, 1981; Podoll & Robinson, 2002). Similar experiences have been reported in healthy individuals using mescaline and LSD (e.g., Hartman & Hollister, 1963) or drinking psychoactive brews such as Ayahuasca (Shanon, 2002). Divine intervention has also been invoked as a possible trigger of synesthesia.
Some Demographic and Socio-cultural Aspects of Synesthesia
Authors: Day Sean
Published: November 2023

To me, the taste of beef is dark blue. The smell of almonds is pale orange. And when tenor saxophones play, the musiclooks like a floating, suspended coiling snake-ball of lit-up purple neon tubes. I am a synesthete, and I study synesthesia. Synesthesia is not a disease, nor is it a in most cases. So, from a synesthete’s point of view, why would the study of synesthesia be important? In this chapter, I address this question from both my own experience and from what I have learned from communicating with well over 800 other synesthetes, over the course of more than 25 years, via e-mail, telephone, handwritten letters, and face-to-face conversations.
Synesthesia and the Binding Problem
Authors: Sagiv Noam , Robertson Lynn C
Published: November 2023

For a synesthete, certain stimuli or the thought of certain concepts may be accompanied by perceptual qualities not normally experienced by most people (e.g., Cytowic, 1997). For some synesthetes, letter shapes may induce a color (e.g., A is red, B is blue); others may experience gustatory qualities when hearing words (“Jeremy” tastes like , or see moving colored shapes when listening to music (e.g., Sibelius’s “Valse Triste” may evoke the sight of slowly drifting pink dots). These correspondences are consistent across time and idiosyncratic, though some trends have been observed (e.g., Day, this volume; Shanon, 1982; Ward, Simner, & Auyeung, in press).
Synesthesia: A Window on the Hard Problem of Consciousness
Authors: Gray Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

After millennia of philosophical speculation, the problem of consciousness has entered the experimental laboratory. Though this development is of recent date (just a few decades or so), it is now rapidly gathering speed. The fundamental assumption underlying it—that empirical research has a good chance of resolving the issues that have not yielded to philosophical argument—is open to question. But, if one does accept this assumption (as I do), then progress may have a profound impact on our understanding of human nature, of the place of human experience in the universe, and conceptions of core religious and spiritual issues such as the existence or nature of the soul, the possibility of a nonmaterial afterlife, or the nature of meditative experience. Fortunately, the methods of natural science do not depend on the beliefs held by individual scientists concerning these (or other) issues. One may therefore put such beliefs aside and use standard approaches to see what they can deliver on even this terrain.
Synesthesia: Implications for Attention, Binding, and Consciousness—A Commentary
Authors: Treisman Anne
Published: November 2023

Synesthesia invites us to imagine a world of experience different from that in which most of us live. It fascinates us because it offers a case where qualia—those essentially private, subjective experiences— can be shown to differ substantially between individuals, or at least to differ in the conditions in which they arise. Despite the strangeness, it seems fairly easy to imagine synesthesia without directly experiencing it, because it usually involves a familiar set of sensations. The strangeness (for most people) is in the context that elicits them. By far the most common form generates illusory colors from spoken or written words or characters, but a variety of other pairings can also occur. Researchers have looked for possible functional accounts of the origin of synesthesia and speculated about its developmental history.
Trumpet Technique
Authors: Campos Frank Gabriel
Published: November 2023

In the last forty years, many elite performers in the arts have gleaned valuable lessons and techniques from research and advances in sport science, psychomotor research, learning theory, and psychology. Numerous “peak performance” books have made these tools and insights available to athletes. Now, professor and performer Frank Gabriel Campos has translated this concept for trumpet players and other brass and wind instrumentalists, creating an accessible and comprehensive guide to performance skill. Trumpet Technique combines the newest research on skill acquisition and peak performance with the time-honored and proven techniques of master teachers and performers. All aspects of brass technique are discussed in detail, including the breath, embouchure, oral cavity, tongue, jaw, and proper body use, as well as information on performance psychology, practice techniques, musicians’ occupational injuries, and much more. Comprehensive and detailed, Trumpet Technique is an invaluable resource for performers, teachers, and students at all levels seeking to move to the highest level of skill with their instrument.
The Oral Cavity, Tongue, and Jaw
Authors: Campos Frank Gabriel
Published: November 2023

“In the past,” said John James Haynie, renowned trumpet pedagogue at the University of North Texas, “brass teachers had two basic methods of di-agnosing student problems — they could listen to a student play and they could watch a student play” (Weeks 1968, 7). Brass teachers have always had questions about what happens inside the player’s mouth during performance, and during the early 1960s Haynie took steps to answer those questions using the newest technology.
“Dark and Menacing Evils”
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

Understanding that Washington feasted on acclaim, Hamilton advised that the general would expose his reputation to greater hazard by refusing to serve. To spurn his countrymen’s entreaties, Hamilton warned, was to risk arousing a sense that he had deserted them. Soon after he received Hamilton’s missive, Washington consented to serve. In February 1789 every member of the electoral college cast one of his votes for Washington, making him their unanimous choice to be the first president of the United States. Adams, who received the second greatest number of votes, though not a majority, was elected vice president. Several weeks after he was sworn in, Washington named Hamilton his secretary of the Treasury.
“The Boisterous Sea of Liberty”
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

Campaigning in 1796 had not begun until Washington announced his intention to retire, about a hundred days before election day. Things were different in the election of 1800. “Electioneering is already begun” in the capital, Abigail Adams noted in November 1799, thirteen months before election day. Indeed, around this time Pennsylvania’s senator James Ross introduced legislation to create a “Grand Committee”—it was to consist of the chief justice of the United States and five members of Congress—to adjudicate any disputes in the election of the president. As the chief justice was a staunch Federalist, and as that party controlled both houses of Congress, Ross’ bill seemed to many to be an attempt by the Federalists to steal the election. The bill went nowhere, but its introduction and the Republican response to it—one who was close to Jefferson labeled it a “deadly blow . . . aimed at us”—was a signal that the presidential contest was under way.
Epilogue
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

In the two weeks that followed his inauguration, Jefferson behaved like a person who had been called on suddenly to speak but later regretted not having said things a bit differently. Or perhaps he simply wished to broach ideas that he had thought were better left unsaid in his conciliatory Address. While still residing at Conrad and McMunn’s—he remained there during the first fifteen days of his presidency, while work continued on the President’s House—Jefferson wrote to many of the surviving signers of the Declaration of Independence, and to Thomas Paine, who had been the first to publicly broach the idea of independence, to expand on several themes.
Connecting Health Promotion Principles To Mental Health Policies and Programs
Authors: Vandiver Vikki L
Published: November 2023

It is important for any mental health stakeholder to understand how health promotion principles guide the development of mental health policy. This chapter provides the foundation to understand how health promotion principles drive mental health policies, which, in turn, create the programs for mental health clients, families, and the community. Our chapter begins with defining terms such as principles, policies, and programs, followed by a review of nine health promotion policies that reflect individual and community change. Next, there is a discussion of how the different types of policies—from intentional to judicial—influence mental health services and then provide a historical review of key health promotion and mental health policies for the last 200 years. The remainder of the chapter explores international health promotion policy models and reviews five core advocacy strategies describing how to integrate health promotion policies into mental health programs. The chapter concludes with a summary of a focus group discussion held by consumers and family members who responded to the following question: “If you could design a community-based mental health system with all the right services, what would it look like?”
Moving Health Promotion Forward: Culturally Competent Leadership, Strategic Planning, and Organizational Readiness
Authors: Vandiver Vikki L
Published: November 2023

If the field of health promotion and its accompanying philosophy, principles, and practice strategies is to move forward and be fully integrated into mainstream mental health organizations and practice, it ‘s going to take a lot more that simply convincing students, academics, and providers of its merits—as I hope this book has done so far. It will require a fundamental shift in the way mental health organizations provide leadership, develop strategic plans, and plan for organizational change. Toward that end, this final chapter reviews some of the key ingredients necessary for moving health promotion forward into the field of mental health practice. As Chapter 1 emphasizes, there are a variety of stakeholders (e.g., consumers, family members, providers, agency administrators, and policy makers) who have an interest in mental health system reform. This chapter is written with that audience in mind. So whether you are currently in an administrative or leadership role, thinking about being in an administrative or leadership role, or simply want to be a part of an informed change process, this chapter is for you.
An Ethical Framework for Biomedical Research
Authors: et.al. Ezekiel J Emanuel
Published: November 2023

Over the last 60 years or so, there has been myriad guidance on the ethical conduct of research with humans (see Table 11.1). Despite the profusion, the extant guidance seems flawed in several respects. First, most guidance was “born in scandal”14 That is, the guidelines or reports were a response to a specific controversy, and therefore tend to focus on what was perceived to be the transgression of that scandal. The Nuremberg Code directly addressed the atrocities of the Nazi physicians;2 the Belmont Report was a response to the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and other scandals; and the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments responded to covert radiation experiments during the Cold War and therefore emphasized deception. Second, regulatory guidance tends not to examine the overall ethics of research but to have a specific practical purpose. For instance, the International Conference on Harmonisation has the purpose of creating common rules across developed countries for the “registration of pharmaceuticals for human use” The aim is more to enhance the efficiency of drug approval than to protect research participants, for which it defers to the Declaration of Helsinki.3 In general, these regulatory guidelines emphasize the procedural safeguards of informed consent and independent review by an institutional review board or research ethics committee because these leave “paper trails” that can subsequently be audited.
International Ethical Guidance From the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences
Authors: Idänpään-Heikkilä Juhana E , Fluss Sev S
Published: November 2023

The Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) was formally constituted by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1949, and it still remains under the aegis of these two specialized UN agencies. Today, CIOMS has more than 70 international and national members, representing a significant proportion of the world’s biomedical scientific community. Much of its work in the field of bioethics has been undertaken in close cooperation with WHO. In particular, its 1982 Proposed International Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects—its first effort to generate guidance in this field—was the outcome of a joint project between CIOMS and WHO. The purpose of these proposed guidelines was to indicate how the ethical principles that were set forth in the 1975 version of the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki could be effectively applied, particularly in developing countries, given their socioeconomic circumstances, laws and regulations, and executive and administrative arrangements.
Equipoise and Randomization
Authors: Joffe Steven , Truog Robert D
Published: November 2023

Most observers believe that randomized controlled trials (RCTs) offer the highest standard of evidence about the safety and efficacy of proposed new treatments. When a new therapy’s benefits are dramatic, nonrandomized studies may suffice to show its advantages. However, therapeutic advances more often involve small to moderate incremental benefits. Such benefits may be of substantial public health importance, particularly for common conditions. Without the ability to conduct RCTs, efforts to evaluate such benefits are fraught with potential for error.
Epidemiology Observational Studies on Human Populations
Authors: Weed Douglas L , McKeown Robert E
Published: November 2023

“Everyone wants to be an epidemiologist,” declared the former chair of epidemiology at Harvard University. This rather bold claim, part of a plenary speech at a recent international meeting of epidemiologists, may come as a surprise to those who, quite happy with their current vocation, had never considered epidemiology a career option. The underlying premise of this distinguished cancer epidemiologist’s message was that epidemiologic studies are increasingly at the center of nearly every public discussion of health and medicine. AIDS, SARS, avian flu, Agent Orange, Gulf War syndrome, the safety of silicone breast implants, and the value of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) are only a few examples of recent issues with epidemiologic studies at the center of the controversy. Add to this list the usual culprits responsible for most of the death and suffering of any community—heart disease, cancer, diabetes, injuries, accidents (now called unintentional injuries, as opposed to intentional injuries), conditions related to aging, and infectious diseases—and epidemiology’s special relevance to public health becomes clearer.
Surgical Innovation and Research
Authors: Gillett Grant R
Published: November 2023

Surgery, like all crafts, evolves to build on its successes and make use of changing materials and techniques. It is a craft in which physical or invasive methods are used to try to relieve a patient’s suffering, and therefore the surgeon needs a certain confidence and assurance in his or her ability to do what needs to be done without the cure causing worse havoc than the disease. There are four quite different situations in which innovative surgery is used on real patients, who thereby become de facto subjects of medical experimentation even though no formal clinical trial might be in progress.
Research With Children
Authors: Fleischman Alan R , Collogan Lauren K
Published: November 2023

In the developed world, biomedical and public health research during the 20th century resulted in dramatic changes in maternal and infant mortality rates, the near eradication of infectious causes of death in childhood, and the conquering of many serious diseases affecting children. The development of vaccines to prevent diphtheria, polio, and measles; pharmacologic treatment regimens to change leukemia, other cancers, and human acquired immunodeficiency disease from uniformly fatal to chronic or even curable diseases; and the application of technology and molecular biology to the treatment of the consequences of profound prematurity are a few examples of the successes of scientific progress combined with clinical research involving children.
Empirical Issues in Informed Consent for Research
Authors: Flory James H , Wendler David , Emanuel Ezekiel J
Published: November 2023

In theory and practice, informed consent is considered a requirement of ethical clinical research. Since the late 19th century it has been a recognized ethical goal that people not only decide freely whether to participate in clinical research, but decide with an understanding of the relevant facts. This requirement helps to protect the autonomy of research participants and avert serious research abuses.
Making a Spectacle of Her(self): The Greek Courtesan and the Art of the
Present
Authors: Davidson James
Published: November 2023

It is the year 345 b.c., or thereabouts. A woman is on trial, the courtesan (hetaira) Phryne. She is accused of impiety, of introducing a new god, Isodaites, and if proven guilty, she will be condemned to death. The good news is that she is defended by Hyperides. Hyperides is one of the best advocates around and he has produced one of his best speeches for the occasion. Bits of it survive. The bad news is that the judges seem unconvinced nevertheless. Hyperides tries a desperate measure: “He led Phryne herself into view, tore off her underclothes, exposed her breasts and finished his speech with a pitiful finale. He filled the jurors with religious awe and stopped them from condemning to death Aphrodite’s representative and attendant, as they indulged their feelings of compassion.”
The Masculine Arts of the Ancient Greek Courtesan Male Fantasy or Female Self-representation?
Authors: Faraone Christopher A
Published: November 2023

The literature and vase paintings of ancient Greece represent courtesans in a variety of poses and social situations, raising the hope that for this very small group of women we may have enough evidence to talk about their lives in some detail. This hope is, however, repeatedly dashed by scholars who rightly worry about the difficulty of hearing real female voices in male-authored texts or seeing real women’s lives represented clearly in paintings commissioned and executed by males.
Taffanel
Authors: Blakeman Edward
Published: November 2023

The French flute player and conductor Paul Taffanel (1844-1908) was an extraordinary virtuoso and a major figure in fin-de-siècle Parisian musical life. Based on a treasure trove of private documents of Taffanel’s previously unpublished letters and papers, Taffanel: Genius of the Flute recounts the rich story of his multi-faceted career as a player, conductor, composer, teacher, and leader of musical organizations. As a player, Taffanel had a rare vision of the flute as a serious, expressive instrument and his name sits at the center of the extraordinary lineage of flutists. At a crucial moment in the flute’s history —after it had been completely remodeled by Theobald Boehm —Taffanel had far-ranging influence, creating the modern French school of playing which has since been widely adopted throughout the world, and re-establishing the instrument in the mainstream of music. Taffanel was also an inspiring teacher at the Paris Conservatoire, to whom many modern flutists can trace their roots. Taffanel also pioneered a renaissance in playing and composing chamber music for wind instruments. He founded the Société de musique de chambre pour instruments à vent (Society of Chamber Music for Wind Instruments) in 1879, reviving the wind ensemble music of Mozart and Beethoven, and stimulating the composition of many new works, among them Gounod’s Petite symphonie. The ensemble broke the dominance of piano and strings in recital and chamber music and fostered many of the canonic works in that repertoire. Although foremost a flutist and teacher, Taffanel was also an important opera and orchestra conductor, virtually without rival in Paris. From 1890, he served as chief conductor at the Paris Opera and the Society des concerts du Conservatoire (Paris Conservatory Orchestra) - the first time a flutist, rather then a string player, had been appointed to such key positions. At the Opéra he was charged with all new productions and gave notable French premieres of various Wagner operas and Verdi’s Otello. At the Société des concerts he championed contemporary French composers, particularly his great friend Saint-Saëns, and gave the world premiere of Verdi’s Sacred Pieces. Beyond his work as a performer, teacher and conductor, Taffanel was a fluent composer for the flute and wind quintet, a formidable administrator of several musical organizations, and was a major personality in Parisian musical life. Blakeman expertly places Taffanel’s story in the rich political and cultural backdrop of the time, evoking Conservatoire intrigues, the Société des concerts, and Taffanel’s relationships with various musicians and major composers. Blakeman details the circumstances surrounding landmark commissions, performances, and repertoire, and weaves the details from Taffanel’s correspondence with first-person interviews and flute lore. What emerges is a portrait of an all-round musician who was also a modest and genial man.
Last Words on the Flute
Authors: Blakeman Edward
Published: November 2023

Pen-and-ink portrait — Giraud,” wrote Taffanel in his Notes biographiques for August 1894. This cartoon-like color sketch was one of a series that the artist Charles Giraud made of personnel connected with the Paris Opéra. He depicted Taffanel standing on a chair (an allusion to his short stature), slightly stooped, with pince-nez and a rather serious expression, a baton in one hand, and a flute (one-keyed!) supported on his chin and tucked under his other arm (see fig. 20). It neatly sums up how audiences in the 1890s would have seen Taffanel, for however important his career as a conductor was, he remained first and foremost the flute player of his generation to those who had heard him. Even Saint-Saëns, commenting on a performance of his Requiem conducted by Taffanel at the Société des concerts in 1899, concluded his letter with a cartoon drawing of a flute player (see fig. 21).
Prepositions as Probes
Authors: Kayne Richard S
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I will argue that some prepositions (and, by extension, some postpositions) are probes, in the sense of Chomsky’s (1998, 1999, 2001) recent work. The particular case I will take up here is that of dative prepositions preceding subjects in French (and Italian) causatives. If the conclusion is correct for these, it will carry over to dative prepositions preceding subjects in causatives in other languages, as well as to parallel cases with postpositions.