bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Greece
Authors: Fitzpatrick [AU] D , Anderson M
Published: November 2023

A maritime country of ancient standing, Greece was also the birthplace of the first regulations on maritime labour. The initial compilations of the classical era, as amended by relevant decrees of the Byzantine emperors, soon evolved into a corpus of customary rules which, moderated by local usage and business practices, continued to cover the field until fairly recently. Eventually, the private law issues of maritime trade were codified by Law 3816/1958 in a Code of Private Maritime Law, later complemented by the Code of Public Maritime Law, ratified by Legislative Decree 187/1973. Both enactments have been subsequently repeatedly amended and supplemented by a plethora of presidential decrees and ministerial decisions issued upon legislative authorization contained in the Codes.4 Yet the traditional customary self-regulation of the industry has not been eliminated altogether: the employment contract signed by the seafarer remains the basic instrument for the determination of the seafarer’s rights and obligations.
Culture as a source of sustained competitive advantage*
Authors: Barney Jay B , Clark Delwyn N
Published: November 2023

Many attempts to explain the sustained superior financial performance of firms like Dell, McDonald’s, and Southwest Airlines have focused on the managerial values and beliefs embodied in these firms’ organizational cultures (Corporate Culture 1980; Deal and Kennedy 1982; Peters and Waterman 1982; Tichy 1983; Kotter and Heskett 1992; Quick 1992; Freiberg and Freiberg 1996; Collins and Porras 1997). These explanations suggest that firms with sustained competitive advantages typically are characterized by a strong set of core managerial values that define the ways they conduct business. It is these core values (about how to treat employees, customers, suppliers, and others) that foster innovativeness and flexibility in firms; when they are linked with management control, they are thought to lead to sustained competitive advantage. Many of these explanations have a strong normative orientation. Firms with strong cultures are pointed out as examples of excellent management (Peters and Waterman 1982); mechanisms for modifying the cultures of other firms to approximate closely the cultures of successful firms have been widely discussed and applied (Corporate Culture 1980; Quinn 1980; Tichy 1983). These efforts are seen not only as ways of improving employee morale or quality of work life, but also as vital for improving a firm’s performance. Recall that Peters and Waterman (1982) and Collins and Porras (1997) chose firms for their samples that not only had an excellent reputation for management, but also were superior financial performers over long periods. This chapter examines the relationship between organizational culture and sustained competitive advantage.
Resource-based theory and corporate diversification*
Authors: Barney Jay B , Clark Delwyn N
Published: November 2023

A firm implements a corporate diversification strategy when it operates multiple businesses within its boundaries. This strategy is one of the most studied phenomena in the field of strategic management (Berg 2001). A wide variety of theoretical tools have been used to understand this phenomenon, everything from agency theory (Jensen and Meckling 1976) to portfolio theory. Depending on these different theoretical perspectives, corporate diversification has been characterized as a systematic waste of shareholder’s money (Lang and Stulz 1994; Berger and Ofek 1995, 1999), as having no impact on shareholder wealth (Bradley, Desai, and Kim 1988; Graham, Lemmon, and Walf 2002; Villalonga 2004), and as having a positive impact on shareholder wealth (Elgers and Clark 1980; Jensen and Ruback 1983; Schipper and Thompson 1983; Matsusaka 1993; Hubbard and Palia 1999). Resource-based theorists, almost from the beginning, have also been interested in the causes and consequences of corporate diversification (Wernerfelt 1989; Chatterjee and Wernerfelt 1991). Indeed, one of the most cited explanations of corporate diversification—that firm’s diversify to exploit their core competencies (Prahalad and Bettis 1986; Prahalad and Hamel 1990)—is very consistent with, and an early contributor to, resource-based theory. This chapter summarizes this traditional resource-based approach to understanding corporate diversification. In addition, this chapter proposes an alternative approach to understanding resource-based theory. Where the traditional theory combines the assumption that firms may have different resources and capabilities that can create value in multiple business. This chapter draws from Barney (2002) and Wang and Barney (2006).
The future of resource-based theory
Authors: Barney Jay B , Clark Delwyn N
Published: November 2023

This thing called resource-based theory has come a long way since the mid-1980s, when it was first being formulated by Rumelt (1984), Wernerfelt (1984), and Barney (1986a). Beginning with a small group of scholars, resource-based theory grew rapidly until it arguably became the dominant theory in the field of strategic management by the late 1990s. This roughly fifteen-year period saw numerous refinements of the theory, many empirical tests, and several pointed criticisms (e.g. Porter 1991; Priem and Butler 2001; Bromiley 2005). But the central assertions of the theory—that firms often possess different resources and capabilities, that these different resources and capabilities enable some firms to implement valuable strategies that other firms will find too costly to implement, and that these differences among firms can be long lasting—remain pretty much unchanged since its earliest development. Given this history, a reasonable question becomes: What is next for resource-based theory? Is it possible that this theory will continue to yield new theoretical or empirical insights? If so, in what areas are these insights likely to exist? Or, has this theory run its course, destined to being part of the established base of theory in the field of strategic management, but no longer inspiring new and creative theoretical and empirical work? Of course, our belief is that resource-based theory has the potential to continue to generate new theoretical and empirical insights. The primary purpose of this chapter is to describe some areas where this potential might be realized. However, before describing where these insights are likely to come from, it might make sense to cite a few areas where we think additional discussion and debate is not likely to generate new insights.
The Law and Practice of Mergers and Acquisitions in the People’s Republic of China
Authors: Chong Seung
Published: November 2023

Mergers and acquisitions in China are becoming increasingly relevant to practitioners both in and outside of China as a secondary M&A market in China develops and as an increasing number of global M&A deals have a China component. In addition, there are increasing opportunities for private equity and other financial investors. In this new book, Seung Chong gives a full account of practical issues arising in mergers and acquisitions in China as well as providing substantive commentary on relevant legal principles. He draws together overarching issues such as transaction structure and process, merger control and government approvals while giving references to international practice throughout, resulting in a practice-oriented and extremely accessible text.
Interpreters And Translators In The Criminal Legal Process
Authors: Corsellis Ann , Clement Amanda
Published: November 2023

The current scale of globalization is a recent phenomenon. We all now live in multi-12.01 lingual countries and most have regular contact with colleagues in other countries. The principles of equality before the law, irrespective of language and culture, have long been enshrined in domestic and EU law. Over the last twenty years, informed individuals and groups have done what they could to develop the necessary skills and structures to implement those principles in respect of other-language speakers. Governments have only begun to institutionalize their implementation relatively recently.
Investigative And Evidential Applications Of Forensic Speech Science
Authors: French Peter , Harrison Philip
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the reader to the main investigative and 14.01evidential applications of forensic speech science, namely speaker profilingg, forensic speaker identification and questioned utterance analysis.In presenting these areas, we shall attempt to address the concerns of the—mainly legal 14.02 and law-enforcement—readership of this book; namely, their strengths and limitations from both scientific and legal viewpoints.
Power, Social Control, and Psychiatry: Some Critical Reflections
Authors: Scull Andrew
Published: November 2023

This chapter will examine some developments in the study of social control during the past quarter century or so through a particular prism, my own intellectual evolution over that period. It will thus combine autobiographical elements with reflections on larger scholarly themes. In keeping with the focus of my work, though I shall pay some attention to the study of punishment and the penal system, for the most part my attention will be focused elsewhere: on psychiatry and its role in social control. Too often, in my view, social scientists have obfuscated or ignored the ideological and institutional differences that characterize these two realms, the punitive and the psychiatric.
The Year Book Of European Environmental Law
Authors: Etty T F M , Somsen H , Heyvaert V , Lee M , Kramer L
Published: November 2023

The Yearbook of European Environmental Law brings together topical analyses of contemporary European Environmental Law. Leading European and American academics provide in-depth scholarly articles covering a wide range of challenging issues. The Yearbook contains an easily accessible Annual Survey providing legal practitioners, academics, and policy-makers with detailed and indispensable information on current and future European environmental law. In addition the Yearbook features summaries and full texts of preparatory commission documents, green books, and other discussion papers, as well as a selection of reviews of books.
Introduction
Authors: McElligott Anthony
Published: November 2023

It is a wonder that the Weimar Republic, besieged from the outset by hostile forces, should have lasted for as long as it did: fourteen years. The early years were turbulent: revolution threatened from the left; attempted coups d’état were staged from the right; political assassination claimed the lives of many democrats, notably ministers Matthias Erzberger and Walther Rathenau, and the leaders of the left-wing Spartacists, Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg; monetary instability ruined the lives of millions; in the later years of the republic, from 1930, economic depression tore deep into the social and political fabric and propelled the republic towards its end.
The Weimar economy
Authors: James Harold
Published: November 2023

Walther Rathenau, Weimar’s most famous entrepreneur intellectual politician, in a speech in September 1921 claimed that Napoleon’s famous slogan, that politics was destiny, was now outdated, and that it should be replaced by a new vision: ‘Economics is destiny.’ The statement accurately reflects the obsession that gripped Weimar, a preoccupation with economic performance, economic policy, and economic constraints. ‘Weimar’ stands in popular parlance for three phenomena: artistic innovation, a ‘perfect constitution’ that collapsed, and extreme economics.
‘Neues Wohnen’ Housing and reform
Authors: Saldern Adelheid von
Published: November 2023

Walter Gropius, who founded the Bauhaus in 1919, believed that ‘from a biological perspective a healthy human needs above all else air and light but only a small living space’. This view required new kinds of dwellings and a new way of living: rationalization was the order of the day and technology was to be the key to this. The associated reformist ideas for society aimed at emancipating humanity from want and misery.
Weimar Jewry
Authors: Kauders Anthony D
Published: November 2023

Why include a chapter on the Jewish community, which comprised less than 1 per cent of Germany’s population, if at the same time the more numerous Catholics and Protestants are not treated separately? We can detect at least three reasons that have led historians of Weimar to include the Jews in their surveys of the period: the Jews were important not because of their denomination but because of their ethnicity.
Distinctive Character Acquired Through Use: The Law And The Case Law
Authors: Folliard-Monguiral Arnaud
Published: November 2023

Article 15(1) of the TRIPs Agreement provides an option for the Members of 4.01 TRIPs1 to make registrability depend on distinctiveness acquired through use where signs are not inherently capable of distinguishing the relevant goods or services.2 In contrast, the Trade Mark Directive3 (hereafter ‘Council Directive The Members of TRIPs are most of the world’s nation states, although certain Members are ‘customs territories’, for example the European Communities. The TRIPs Agreement is Annex 1C of the Marrakech Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, signed in Marrakech, Morocco on 15 April 1994.
Use, Certification And Collective Marks
Authors: Belson Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

The right to register certification and collective marks is a statutory right that 9.01 treats such marks as special types of marks. Regimes for the registration, ownership and use of certification marks and collective marks are strongly influenced by the need to protect the public interest in free and open com- petition among traders in the marked products.1 National perceptions of the public interest and how it is to be protected vary according to prevailing commercial, social and political conditions.
Conclusion: what use is use?
Authors: Phillips Jeremy , Simon Ilanah
Published: November 2023

This chapter will attempt to draw together some of the strands of legal 19.01 analysis offered in the preceding chapters. In undertaking this task, we are conscious of the fact that we have set the parameters within which this study has been undertaken; we are also conscious of the fact that we approached the subject of study with fixed, if different, notions as to what some of our conclusions might be. Our comments in this chapter should therefore be read in the light of this.
Climate Change and Energy Policy
Authors: Helm Dieter
Published: November 2023

Given the link between climate change and greenhouse-gas emissions, and given that carbon emissions are associated with the burning of fossil fuels to produce electricity and for transport, it follows that reductions of emissions depend upon changes to the energy sector and to the energy policy which provides the framework for the sector’s development. Addressing climate change is, then, to a considerable extent about redesigning energy policy. Much of the debate about reducing carbon and other emissions focuses on specific technologies. It is argued by some that climate change can be addressed through a combination of energy efficiency and renewables. The policy problem is to set targets for the contributions of each, and then mandate their take-up. Thus, the European Commission has a target to increase renewables’ share of the European Union (EU)'s total energy supply to 12 per cent by 2010 (CEC, 1997), and the UK has a target to supply 10 per cent of electricity in 2010 from renewable sources (DTI, 1999) and an ‘aspirational’ target of 20 per cent by 2020 (DTI, 2003a). This approach has merits, but it takes little account of the market contexts within which these measures are to be set, or of the other objectives of energy policy—notably security of supply, reduction of fuel poverty, and international competitiveness.
Foreigners and Stateless Persons In Russia
Authors: Butler William E
Published: November 2023

The 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation, as already noted, follows the general pattern of Russian legal history and extends to foreigners and stateless persons the principle of ‘national regime’, subject to exceptions established by a federal law or by an international treaty of the Russian Federation (Article 62[3]). The concept of ‘exception’ can take one of three forms: foreigners are excluded from exercising rights of Russian citizens; (b) foreigners enjoy preferences or privileges in comparison with Russian citizens; or (c) whether foreigners enjoy rights or must perform duties may depend upon the existence of reciprocity between Russia and the foreign country concerned. In addition, distinctions are drawn among foreigners which turn upon the visa regime under which they have entered the Russian Federation.
The Development of The Regulatory Framework For IP Licensing In The Ec
Authors: Anderman Steven D , Kallaugher John
Published: November 2023

The new modernised TTBER and Guidelines constitute a third stage in the development of EC competition policy towards intellectual property licensing. This chapter examines the two previous stages of regulatory policy and judicial decision to help to explain certain features of the current stage of law and policy.

The first stage of Commission policy, the period before the introduction of the first Block Exemption Regulation in 1984, veered from benign neglect to excessive intervention. Initially, in the 1960s and early 1970s, licensing was treated leniently under EC Competition law as the Commission’s Notice on Patent Licensing Agreements of 1962 (the so-called ‘Christmas Message’) announced a policy of non-interference.
A Semantic Approach to English Grammar
Authors: Dixon R M W
Published: November 2023

This book shows how grammar helps people communicate and looks at the ways grammar and meaning interrelate. The author starts from the notion that a speaker codes a meaning into grammatical forms which the listener is then able to recover: each word, he shows, has its own meaning and each bit of grammar its own function, their combinations creating and limiting the possibilities for different words. He uncovers a rationale for the varying grammatical properties of different words and in the process explains many facts about English - such as why we can say I wish to go, I wish that he would go, and I want to go but not I want that he would go. The first part of the book reviews the main points of English syntax and discusses English verbs in terms of their semantic types including those of Motion, Giving, Speaking, Liking, and Trying. In the second part Professor Dixon looks at eight grammatical topics, including complement clauses, transitivity and causatives, passives, and the promotion of a non-subject to subject, as in Dictionaries sell well. This is the updated and revised edition of A New Approach to English Grammar on Semantic Principles. It includes new chapters on tense and aspect, nominalizations and possession, and adverbs and negation, and contains a new discussion of comparative forms of adjectives. It also explains recent changes in English grammar, including how they has replaced the tabooed he as a pronoun referring to either gender, as in When a student reads this book, they will learn a lot about English grammar in a most enjoyable manner.
Primary-A verb types
Authors: Dixon R M W
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with literal meanings of Primary-A verbs, with roles filled by NPs that have concrete heads. As mentioned before, some Primary-A verbs do have secondary, metaphorical meanings, with other kinds of NP (or even a complement clause) as subject or object (e.g. John’s having got the job quite threw me, i.e. ‘discomfited me’); they are semantically and grammatically similar to the annoying type, described in §5.6. However, these are almost all idiosyncratic to particular verbs so that no generalisations are possible across a type or subtype.

These two types have a number of subtypes which show pervasive semantic and syntactic parallels, so that they can usefully be considered together.
The plate, which had been eaten off, was owned by my aunt Passives
Authors: Dixon R M W
Published: November 2023

A passive sentence in English is not an automatic transformation of an active one. It is an alternative realisation of the relation between a transitive verb and its object, and involves an intransitive construction with a subject (corresponding to the transitive object), a copula-like verb be or get, and a participial form of the verb. Thus, corresponding to A man took away the mad dog we get the passive The mad dog was taken away. A passive clause may include an NP, introduced with by, corresponding to the transitive subject (e.g. by a man), but it does so only relatively seldom (in formal, written English, more than 80 per cent of passives are agentless, and the figure is undoubtedly higher for colloquial, spoken styles).

There is always a meaning difference between active and passive constructions. There are some transitive verbs which—for semantic or other reasons—never occur in the passive (§§11.2–3) and, for many verbs, ability to passivise depends on the nature of the object.
Canada
Authors: Lindner Ralf , Schultze Rainer-Olaf
Published: November 2023

Since Canada was granted independence from the British Empire in 1867, the liberal-democratic institutions of the former colony have displayed a remarkable stability. The Canadian political system is based on British heritage and developed without revolutionary transformations. Due to this evolutionary process, the basic structure of the polityparliamentary democracy and federalism-remains virtually unchanged to the present day. The recognition of responsible government in Canada was, however, the result of a lengthy political struggle between parts of the settlers and the British administrators. In response to the growing demands for political representation, the government established elected legislative assemblies in the colony with the Constitution Act of 1791. Nevertheless, within this system of representative government, the assemblies’ influence on the colonial administration was very limited. By the 1830s, a rudimentary two-party system had evolved, reflecting competing constitutional conceptions: the liberal reformers pushed for autonomy and responsible government, whereas the conservative constitutionalists essentially attended to the British interests and the administrative elites of the colony.
Argentina
Authors: Jones Mark P , Lauga Martin , León-Roesch Marta
Published: November 2023

Argentina’s experience with democratic government began in 1912. However, in the 1930s the country entered a prolonged political crisis, characterized by considerable political instability and the cyclical alternation between constitutional and de facto regimes. These cyclical crises appear to have ended with the consolidation of democracy in the post- 1983 era.
Introduction
Authors: Nicholls Alex
Published: November 2023

In 2003, according to the World Bank (World Bank 2004) the population of the globe stood at around 6.3 billion people. Of these roughly half lived on less than $2 (£1.16) per day. Over 1 billion suffered from malnutrition, a similar amount lacked potable water, and 2.4 billion did not have access to proper sanitation. As a result the Bank estimated that more than 10 million children die of preventable diseases every year. Furthermore, the HIV/AIDS pandemic continues to sweep across Africa and many other developing countries and is predicted to affect over 100 million people globally by 2010. At the same time the level of economic inequality between the richest and the poorest continues to grow, with the poorest 50 per cent of the world ‘s population accounting for just 5 per cent of global income (Bornstein 2004: 6–10).
Cultivating the Other Invisible Hand of Social Entrepreneurship: Comparative Advantage, Public Policy, and Future Research Priorities
Authors: Mulgan Geoff
Published: November 2023

This collection is one of many signs that social entrepreneurship is increasingly becoming part of the mainstream. As a phenomenon it is becoming now common, from drug treatment projects in India to sexual health in Vietnam, environmental protection in China to job creation in US inner cities. So it comes as a surprise to discover just how new the idea of entrepreneurship, let alone social entrepreneurship, is in our language. The first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED 1897) still defined an entrepreneur as ‘the director of a public musical institution ‘. Only in a later edition was the word used in its more modern sense, as the editors acknowledged that the control and direction of capital and labour in a modern economy might be so difficult and different from past experience that a new class of person was needed and with it a new word, adopted from the French. The idea that this role has a social equivalent—and that the handling of social and economic assets in advanced societies might be so difficult that a new class of person is needed—is only a few decades old, and has only in the last decade become visible in discussions of public policy.
Social Entrepreneurship: The Structuration of a Field
Authors: Nicholls Alex , Cho Albert Hyunbae
Published: November 2023

As noted in the introduction, social entrepreneurship is a dynamically evolving phenomenon that engages a broad range of stakeholders and is articulated across different organizational approaches. Yet despite the growing importance of social entrepreneurship as a means of addressing critical social issues globally (Nicholls 2004, 2006), to date our understanding of the field remains largely limited to anecdotal case studies and instrumental analyses of efficiency and operational best practices (see, e.g. Leadbeater 1997; Bornstein 2004). Indeed, the chief theoretical location of social entrepreneurship has been within business studies with a methodological preference towards strategic reflection on specific examples of innovative praxis often under-pinned by profiles of ‘hero ‘ social entrepreneurs (Dees 1998; Dees, Emerson, and Economy 2001). Whilst such an approach has helped raise the profile of the field of research, it has yet to offer much in the way of serious theoretical discourse. Of particular note has been the lack of any sociological inter-pretations of the phenomenon to date. As a young, still-evolving, and largely undertheorized area of practice and research, social entrepreneurship is still in the process of self-definition.
Enterprises Working for International Relief and Development
Authors: Jacobs Alex
Published: November 2023

This chapter contributes to debate on the systematic factors that make it difficult for social enterprises to improve their performance. It is argued here that the bureaucratic and organizational arrangements across the sector undermine attempts to improve performance and to strengthen accountability. The chapter considers, particularly, the case of NGOs. These organizations may be defined as independent, NPOs with the stated aim of working for the benefit of poor and vulnerable people in developing countries. This includes NGOs which provide short-term humanitarian assistance and longer-term development support, and which are either international or local in reach. Typically, such organizations work in three areas of social value creation: community level empowerment, welfare service delivery, and humanitarian responses to specific crises. Over recent decades the sector has enjoyed substantial growth (see Edwards and Hulme 1992; Kameri Mbote 2000, etc.), but evidence shows that their field-level performance remains variable and that yesterday ‘s mistakes may often be repeated today.
Social Entrepreneurship: The Promise and the Perils
Authors: Boschee Jerr
Published: November 2023

They serve admirably while innovators transform their dreams into fledgling programmes and steer their organizations through early growing pains. But there comes a time, albeit reluctantly, when most founders and their followers begin to understand that living from year to year does not ensure the future—and that is the moment when they begin migrating from innovation to entrepreneurship. It is one thing to design, develop, and carry out a new programme, quite another to sustain it. So they begin turning towards commercial markets, gradually exploring the possibilities of earned income, many for the first time and often with reluctance given their uneasiness about the profit motive.
Ethical Issues
Authors: Crowley Terry
Published: November 2023

When I went on my first linguistic fieldtrip in the early 1970s, there was no expectation that I would have to prepare a submission for the ethical approval for project. How times have changed! It is now de rigueur for any research proposal that involves human subjects to pass scrutiny from the appropriate Ethics Committee. Most linguistic research that is aimed at documenting little-known languages, if it is conducted at all sensitively and sensibly, should not face any serious challenges from an Ethics Committee. However, there are some important ethical issues to which any researcher should give serious thought, including a number of issues that go beyond what any Ethics Committee will ordinarily be expected to deal with. First and foremost among the ethical obligations of a field linguist are those which involve his or her relationship with the people from whom the linguistic data will be recorded. It is this relationship which an Ethics Committee will normally be primarily involved with.
Contractual Obligations
Authors: Davies Mark R
Published: November 2023

It is well established that the relationship between solicitor and client is normally started intentionally by means of a mutually agreed contract of engagement, the retainer. The scope of the solicitor’s duty is measured in relation to the terms of engagement.
Equitable Duties, Conflicts Of Interest And Confidentiality
Authors: Davies Mark R
Published: November 2023

It is not uncommon for solicitors to act as trustees under express trusts. In such circumstances, the obligations faced by the solicitor will be governed by the trust deed and relevant statutory and equitable obligations. The law relating to these areas is dealt with in detail in leading specialist texts and falls outside of the scope of this work. In this chapter, consideration is given to the equitable obligations which may arise when a solicitor is acting in a capacity other than as an express trustee.
Wills And Probate
Authors: Davies Mark R
Published: November 2023

The statistical picture regarding solicitors’ negligence in the area of wills and probate is less marked than the other important private client area, conveyancing. The pertinent case law relating to wills and probate also has a relatively short history. The reason for this is that if a solicitor is negligent in preparing a will, the error should usually be cheap and simple to remedy if discovered during the prospective testator’s lifetime. If not discovered until after the testator’s death, the potential claimants, often intended beneficiaries, are third parties who lack a contractual relationship with the solicitor. Only with the decision in Ross v Caunters, did the courts fully begin to address the capacity of such third parties to bring actions in tort.
Damages
Authors: Davies Mark R
Published: November 2023

Damages have been discussed, as appropriate, in the specific circumstances of individual earlier chapters. To supplement that earlier discussion, this chapter will bring together and consider the key principles used by the courts to assess common law damages in solicitors’ liability claims.
Beginnings In Europe
Authors: Adeney Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Commentators have sometimes attempted to trace moral rights back to antiquity, to the Middle Ages, to the era before printing. This historicizing of the rights was an important element in their development during the 19th and 20th centuries. Roman law was called upon to lend authority to the extension of authorial rights into the non-economic field. As late as 1928 Scialoja, head of the Italian delegation at the Rome revision conference of the Berne Convention, drew upon the prestige of Roman law to support the introduction of the rights into the Convention: ‘Roman law knew nothing of that law that is called copyright. But it fully recognized the droit moral’.
Moral Rights In Germany
Authors: Adeney Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Moral rights in Germany, like those in France, owe more to the domestic doctrines and jurisprudence of the 19th and early 20th centuries than to the Berne Convention. Like the French rights, the German rights exceed the requirements of the Convention, for both local and foreign authors. Unlike the French provisions, the German provisions governing the rights are numerous and detailed.
Technology as Revolution
Authors: Lipsey Richard G , Carlaw Kenneth I , Bekar Clifford T
Published: November 2023

This book is about two interrelated phenomena: long-term economic growth and the pervasive technologies that occasionally transform a society’s entire set of economic, social, and political structures and that have come to be called ‘general purpose technologies’ (GPTs). In most of the existing literature, these have been treated separately, and indeed much of our discussion of GPTs can be taken on its own, independent of long-term growth.
Why Not Elsewhere?
Authors: Lipsey Richard G , Carlaw Kenneth I , Bekar Clifford T
Published: November 2023

In the eleventh century, at the beginning of its revival of learning, Europe was uncivilized and technologically backward by the standards of both China and the Islamic empire. By the beginning of the sixteenth century, Europe was well ahead of the Islamic countries in science and technology and was rapidly accumulating new knowledge in both these areas. At the same time, Islam had entered a period of scientific and technological stagnation. China was the equal of Europe in many areas until some time in the eighteenth century. Yet by the end of the nineteenth century, a large gulf had opened up between the West and China in terms of technology and rates of economic growth.
Formal Models of GPT-Driven Sustained Growth: Extensions and Applications
Authors: Lipsey Richard G , Carlaw Kenneth I , Bekar Clifford T
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we consider a number of alterations to our baseline model— alterations that begin our research programme of augmenting our initial highly aggregated treatment to bring it progressively closer to a micro-evolutionary approach. We simulate some of our amended models, but in other cases, we must be content with showing how the effect being considered can be modelled by revising our equations, but not going further. Doing so each time would require a treatment extending well beyond the scope of this book.
Material Scope of Application of Regulation 2790/99
Authors: Wijckmans Frank , Tuytschaever Filip , Vanderelst Alain
Published: November 2023

The material scope of application of Regulation 2790/991 is more extensive than that of any other previous block exemption regulation applicable to vertical restraints.2 It is de?ned in the five paragraphs that make up Article 2 of that Regulation. The principle of the broad scope of application of the block exemption regulation is reflected in Article 2(1). Article 2(2) to (5) then go on to revise and refine that principle in the following respects.
Disapplication and Withdrawal
Authors: Wijckmans Frank , Tuytschaever Filip , Vanderelst Alain
Published: November 2023

Agreements that fall within the scope of application of Regulation 2790/99 and meet all of the conditions imposed by it, benefit from an automatic exemption pursuant to Article 81(3) EC. This is an essential characteristic of block exemption regulations. Based on its experience, the Commission de?nes a category of agreements which, if all of the conditions listed in the block exemption regulation are met, can be regarded as normally satisfying the conditions laid down in Article 81(3) EC without it being necessary to examine each agreement on its own individual merits.
Foucauldian and Postmodern Thought and the Analysis of Work
Authors: Burrell Gibson
Published: November 2023

The editors have been kind enough to give me the time and space to develop this chapter but there is a sense in which its inclusion in the current book reflects significant shifts in thinking about the role of certain types of social theory in the analysis of work.
Conclusions: Change at Work and the Opportunities for Theory
Authors: Cappelli Peter
Published: November 2023

The previous chapters have outlined a range of interesting and important theoretical frameworks across the discipline of sociology that have been or could be used to examine work and workplace issues. The purpose of this concluding chapter is in some ways to work backward from theory, to begin with some of the important phenomena of the contemporary workplace, the facts that need to be explained, and then consider how the various theoretical frameworks outlined earlier might be used to examine them.
Health Care Organizations as Collaborative Learning Communities
Authors: Maccoby Michael
Published: November 2023

The troubling issues surrounding health care in the USA are well known: rising costs, 45 million people without insurance and increasing, variability in diagnosis and treatment, avoidable mistakes that cause harm to the patient. Solving these problems is proving extremely difficult. Many analyses focus on technical and financial aspects of the system; but the most difficult and most deeply rooted source of resistance to change lies in the structure, culture, and values of the medical profession.
Boundaries and Divisions in Explanation of Action
Authors: Parsons Craig
Published: November 2023

To draw a plausible map of explanations of action—let alone the most useful map—we must explore two complex discussions. The first concerns the map’s boundaries. As I sketched in the introduction, not everyone agrees on what counts as an explanation. Nor do all claims in the human sciences that might count as explanatory clearly focus on explaining action. The first major section of this chapter travels through a series of debates on these points, staking out the limits of my map.
Ideational Explanation
Authors: Parsons Craig
Published: November 2023

Ideational argument is another rich tradition in thinking on politics, but has never held the status of structure (a term practically everyone wants to claim) or institutions (the rage of the past few decades). There has been an ideational or cultural upswing in political science since the 1990s, and it probably enjoys a stronger footing in the discipline than ever before. Yet when many political scientists hear the word ‘culture’, they still share Goering’s famous inclination to reach for a gun.
Acquisition And Disclosure Of Communications Data: RIPA, Part I, Chapter II, ss 21–25
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria
Published: November 2023

It will be recalled that in Chapter I of Part I of RIPA a distinction is drawn between the message content of communications, interception of which is regulated by Chapter I, and ‘trafﬁc data’ deﬁned by s 2(9) and (10) for the purposes of Chapter I. That distinction is widened in Chapter II where the notion of ‘Communications Data’ is coined in s 21(4)(a)–(c) as including:any other information which is held by a service provider in relation to persons to whom the service is provided.
Data Protected By Encryption: RIPA, Part III, ss 49–56
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria
Published: November 2023

Part III creates legal powers to serve notices requiring disclosure of encrypted information in an intelligible form or the means (the key) to de-encrypt it, and criminal sanctions for non-compliance. The importance of Part III in the context of RIPA, the Police Act 1997, the Intelligence Service Act 1994 and the Security Service Act 1989 is that the purpose of surveillance or interception could be frustrated if information was not capable of being rendered intelligible in reasonable time once it came into the hands of the authorities.
The Investigatory Powers Tribunal: RIPA, Part IV, ss 65–70
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria
Published: November 2023

The Investigatory Powers Tribunal (IPT) is a tribunal created by ss 65–70 of RIPA. The related Rules appear in Chapter 11 and are cross-referenced where appropriate in this chapter. The reader should note that in this work the Rules of the Tribunal are generally shortened to ‘IPTR’ followed by the rule number.
RIPA, Part V And Schedules
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria
Published: November 2023

Commencement: 2/10/00 (SI 2000 No 2543). This excessively complex amendment to s 5 of the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1949 extensively modifies that section so as to bring its provisions into line with the RIPA scheme and general human rights law. The 1949 Act made it an offence to intercept wireless telegraphy messages (inter alia) without the authority of the Postmaster-General or in the course of Crown duties.
Statutory Instruments (1998)
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria
Published: November 2023

A notice under section 96 of the Police Act 1997 (“the 1997 Act”) (notiﬁcation of authorisations etc.) shall specify such matters as the Secretary of State may by order prescribe;And whereas a draft of this Order has been approved by each House of Parliament;Now, therefore, the Secretary of State, in exercise of the powers conferred on him by section 96(2) of the 1997 Act, hereby orders as follows:In this Order, references to authorisations are references to authorisationsunder section 93 of the 1997 Act(authorisations to interfere with propertyetc.) and references to a notice are references to a notice required to be givento a Commissioner under section 96(1) of that Act (notifications of authorisations etc.).
Statutory Instruments (2001)
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria
Published: November 2023

The Secretary of State, in exercise of the powers conferred on him by section 47(1) of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000, hereby makes the following Order, of which a draft has, in accordance with section 47(2) of that Act, been laid before and approved by resolution of each House of Parliament:This Order shall come into force on the day after the day on which it is made.
Procedural Requirements
Authors: Trepte Peter
Published: November 2023

The Directives impose a series of transparency requirements affecting the publication of various notices, including minimum time limits for the publication of those notices in order to guarantee their effectiveness, rules on communications, notably electronic communications, confidentiality, the disclosure of relevant information as well as the recording and reporting of information.

The Directives provide for a series of notices1 to be published in the Official Journal and electronically depending on the award procedure chosen.
Procurement Under The ‘Practical Guide’
Authors: Trepte Peter
Published: November 2023

As a major donor of aid to both its neighbouring transition economies and the broader developing world, the Community has developed a specialized framework for the administration of this aid which derives from the Community Budget and the European Development Fund. The Community’s development cooperation is organized along both geographical and thematic lines, as explained in section (2) (a) below, based on a series of regulations providing a framework for regional co-operation. In the case of the European Development Fund (‘EDF’), on the other hand, cooperation is based on a series of successive multilateral Conventions, the latest of which was signed in Cotonou on 23 June 2000.
Explaining Gatekeeper Failure
Authors: Coffee John C
Published: November 2023

Although the collapse of Enron and WorldCom make fascinating stories, they are, by themselves, just anecdotes. Alone, they are simply additional chapters in the long and spectacular history of business failure in the United States. Yet, Enron and WorldCom do not stand alone; rather, they were the best-known examples in a sudden and massive eruption of Wnancial irregularity that occurred at the end of the longest sustained bull market in U.S. history. Some firms failed, but more simply acknowledged the inflation of their Wnancial results and then endured the painful process of stock market decline, managerial transition, and public and private litigation that follows once shareholders learn they have been misled.
The Rise, Fall, and Redefinition of the Auditor: From Bookkeeper to Professional to Information Consultant
Authors: Coffee John C
Published: November 2023

Accounting is an old art, but a relatively modern profession. Conventional histories of accounting usually begin with the formalization of double-entry bookkeeping, which is credited to an Italian monk, Fra Luca Pacioli, who in 1494 published the first work explaining the accounting practices that Italian merchant houses had probably already used for at least a half-century.
Calculativeness, Trust, and Economic Organization
Authors: Williamson Oliver E
Published: November 2023

My main purpose in this article is to explicate what Diego Gambetta has referred to as ‘the elusive notion of trust.’ As the literature on trust reveals, and as developed here, ‘trust’ is a term with many meanings. The relentless application of calculative economic reasoning is the principal device that I employ to define and delimit the elusive notion of trust. The calculative approach to economic organization is sketched in Section I. The concept of ‘calculative trust,’ which enjoys widespread and growing acceptance but with which I take exception, is examined in Section II. Societal trust, which works through the institutional environment and takes a series of hyphenated forms, is briefly treated in Section III. Nearly noncalculative uses of trust of a personal kind are developed in Section IV. Concluding remarks follow in Section V.
Trust and Breach of the Psychological Contract
Authors: Robinson Sandra L
Published: November 2023

In light of trends toward globalization, restructuring, and downsizing, psychological contracts are playing an increasingly important role in contemporary employment relationships. Organizations, under pressure to make rapid and constant changes, have had to alter employment relationships and the psychological contracts that underlie them. Psychological contracts refer to employees’ perceptions of what they owe to their employers and what their employers owe to them. In this climate of change, the traditional contract of long-term job security in return for hard work and loyalty may no longer be valid (Sims, 1994), and employees and employers alike are now reconsidering their mutual obligations. More importantly, these changes have increased the likelihood of psychological contract breach.
The Infant in the Snow
Authors: Endicott* Timothy
Published: November 2023

In order to work out which claims to human rights are sound (if any), you need to work out what sense they can be given (if any). Jim Harris set about that job in ‘Human Rights and Mythical Beasts’, a lecture that he gave to the Society of Legal Scholars in the last year of his life. The lecture was part of a larger project, on which Jim had been working for two years. That larger project resulted in a substantial manuscript, bearing the provisional title, ‘Resources and Human Rights: Moral Foundations of Human Rights, Property Rights, and Resource-depleting Rights’.
Matter Matters
Authors: Rudden* Bernard
Published: November 2023

I used to live in North Oxford and liked to walk home by paths which avoid the stench of traffic on the main road. Frequently, at the end of a working day, I would meet Jim Harris as he left his college and set out on the same peaceful route; he would put his arm through mine and we would stroll home together. One of the many things we had in common was that we had both been solicitors and so, naturally enough, we would swap stories of our most memorable moments in practice, and brood over the fact that, so far as our clients were concerned, much of the advice we handed out was both entirely correct and—in Jim’s words— ‘mumbo-jumbo’.