bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE RADLEY ‘EARRINGS’REVISED
Authors: SHERRATT ANDREW
Published: May 2007

Summary. A pair of sheet‐gold objects from an early Bell‐Beaker grave at Radley, Oxfordshire have traditionally been interpreted as earrings, and derived from gold basket‐earrings of the kind represented in the Troy II treasure. This article suggests that they are better seen as hair‐ornaments, like central European Noppenringe; though they may still have a background further east.
A LATE MINOAN IIIC PYXIS IN THE ANDREADES COLLECTION
Authors: POPHAM MERVYN
Published: May 2007

Summary. A large pyxis in the Andreades collection is a fine addition to those known from Crete belonging to the LM IIIC stage, some of which were used in tombs to contain cremations. The vase displays religious symbolism on one face with its double axe set between ‘horns of consecration’; the tree on the other face may also have a religious meaning. Objects accompanying the pyxis, when it was purchased, could be contemporary and belong to the same burial except for three small fibulae which must be much later. Parallels for the pyxis indicate East Crete as its place of manufacture, a region which had considerable importance in the closing stages of the Late Bronze Age in Crete.
AN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEER (BUT NO PAPYRUS) IN CELTIC BRITAIN
Authors: ARSDELL ROBERT D. VAN
Published: May 2007

Summary. This article discusses the coin‐making methods used in Iron Age Britain, specifically those used to manufacture the cast bronze coins of Kent. The distinctive markings that appear on the coins reveal a series of mould‐making experiments that optimized the casting process. The spirit of experimentation and innovation is somewhat akin to that of modern day industrial engineering, and shows Celtic metal‐working technology at its best. The hypothesis that papyrus was used in the mould‐making procedures is refuted by an analysis of the striations that occur in the fields of some of these coins.
A LATE ROMAN INN IN EASTERN TURKEY
Authors: MANGO CYRIL
Published: May 2007

Summary. An account is given of a late Roman inn situated 17 km SW of Edessa (Urfa). Its main part consists of three rock‐cut caves, of which two were used to stable animals. In front of the caves there was a porch for travellers. A cluster of inscriptions, recorded, though not altogether correctly, by previous investigators, establishes the date of the installation to c. AD 260, soon after the annexation of the province of Osrhoene by Rome. The inn also serves to establish a fixed point on the Roman road between Batnae (Suruç) and Edessa.
IDENTIFICATION OF LEAD SOURCES BY STABLE ISOTOPE RATIOS IN BONES AND LEAD FROM POUNDBURY CAMP, DORSET
Authors: MOLLESON T.I. , ELDRIDGE D. , GALE N.
Published: May 2007

Summary.Skeletal material from the Romano‐British cemetery at Poundbury Camp on the outskirts of Dorchester is remarkable for the high concentration of lead detected in the bones. In an attempt to discover whether this lead was local in origin or had been introduced in imported commodities lead isotope ratios were determined for a selection of bones. The isotope ratios indicated at least two sources for the lead. Three of the individuals tested appear to have acquired lead derived from local, British, ores while the bone from the fourth individual, a child, had a lead isotope ratio identical to ore from Laurion in Greece. The isotope ratios are so close as to indicate immigration of the child rather than importation of lead in food or wine.
THE OLIVE IN THE PREHISTORIC AEGEAN: THE EVIDENCE FOR DOMESTICATION IN THE EARLY BRONZE AGE
Authors: RUNNELS CURTIS N. , HANSEN JULIE
Published: May 2007

Summary. In 1972 Colin Renfrew suggested that the rise of Mycenaean civilization may have been made possible by the development of a polycultural triad of wheat, vine and olive in the Early Bronze Age. A careful examination of the botanical and archaeological evidence for the domestication of the olive lends little support to this aspect of the thesis. The palynological evidence from various points in Greece is inconclusive, but for most areas it would seem to suggest that the intensive cultivation of olive began in the Late Bronze Age or even later.

No conclusive archaeological evidence for processing or storage of olive oil exists for any period in the Bronze Age. The question of when olive domestication took place must remain unanswered until more data are available from Early and Middle Bronze Age contexts and more conclusive botanical data have been collected.
A SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF N. MIDLANDS MEDIEVAL TILE PRODUCTION
Authors: LEESE M.N. , HUGHES M.J. , CHERRY J.
Published: May 2007

Summary. This paper describes a study of neutron activation analyses of some medieval tiles from the North Midlands. Having established the feasibility of the method of analysis, we applied a number of multivariate statistical techniques to derive eleven reference groups, each consisting of tiles with similar compositions which could plausibly have originated from the same source of clay. While known kiln sites could be readily distinguished, less confidence could be placed on the results where it was suspected that several sources had been mixed. Design information on the tiles when combined with the analytical results has led to the conclusion that stamps may have been passed from one tilery to another, though in some cases the tiles themselves were moved. The reference groups have proved to be useful in our continuing research on the composition of tiles from this area.
A REVIEW OF THE LATER UPPER PALAEOLITHIC IN THE ODER AND VISTULA BASINS IN THE LIGHT OF RECENT RESEARCH
Authors: BURDUKIEWICZ JAN MICHAŁ
Published: May 2007

Summary. The withdrawal of the Vistulan ice‐sheet some 15,000 years ago permitted colonisation of the Oder and Vistula basins by a succession of Late Upper Palaeolithic peoples, amongst whom various distinct groups can be recognised. Magdalenian, Shouldered Point, Curved Back Point and Tanged Point technocomplexes are distinguished by the author, who discusses them with reference to the salient features of the archaeological assemblages, comments on the dating evidence, and considers both internal variability and possible relationships with industries in Western and Eastern Europe. The populations of this region, which coincides approximately with the boundaries of modern Poland, were hunter‐gatherers exploiting late glacial and early postglacial game resources, but there is evidence that systematic use was made of other local resources, such as ochre (mined at Rydno), Jurassic flint and the chocolate flint of the Holy Cross Mountains. In this process some of the Late Upper Palaeolithic peoples travelled long distances and established wide contacts. Use of the chocolate flint by Swiderian groups of the Tanged Point technocomplex is proving to be a particularly worthwhile study: flint of this kind is found at some 300 out of 700 Swiderian sites. Actual quarrying places are known in the source area, with working and living sites occurring at various distances from them, offering considerable potential for a study of contemporary economic and social organisation and seasonal migration.
A MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF REMAINS OF TEXTILES MADE FROM PLANT FIBRES
Authors: RYDER M.L. , GABRA‐SANDERS THEA
Published: May 2007

Summary. Plant fibres in textiles from the following sites were investigated and those not already identified as flax were identified as such: Tybrind (Mesolithic Denmark)‐unidentified; Çatal Hüyük (Neolithic Turkey); the Kerma civilization of Nubia (2000 BC); Kings Road, Guernsey (Iron Age) (mineralised cloth), and eighteenth‐century England. Some Bronze Age nettle fabric from Denmark was examined.

The Scanning Electron Microscope provided an invaluable aid to identification, particularly in the mineralised material. Fibre diameter measurements in the form of distributions, like those used with wool, also assisted identification, but no evolutionary changes with time were evident in these. It was possible also to make such measurements on SEM photomicrographs of the mineralised fibres.
IS SCANNING ELECTRON MICROPROBE SUITABLE FOR COMPLETE ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF SOLDERS ON GOLD ARTIFACTS?
Authors: DEMORTIER GUY , HOUBION YVES
Published: May 2007

Summary. We comment on the inability of most scanning electron micro‐probes equipped with energy dispersive solid state X‐ray detectors to identify low amounts of cadmium in regions of solders on ancient artifacts. Traces of cadmium, even in the presence of high silver concentration determined with a nuclear microprobe, do not then contradict the results given by electron probes.
THE PALEOLITHIC CAVE ART OF VASCO‐CANTABRIAN SPAIN
Authors: STRAUS LAWRENCE G.
Published: May 2007

Summary. This article explores the relationship between cave art and Upper Paleolithic archeology in northern Spain (and extreme southwestern France). Among the 83 known art sanctuaries, only three can probably be terminus ante quem dated to the early Upper Paleolithic (c. 35,000‐20,000 BP). Other types of evidence (virtual absence of ornaments and mobile art objects before the Solutrean, stylistic similarities between works of late Upper Paleolithic mobile art and parietal art, overwhelming association of Solutrean and/or Magdalenian cultural deposits with art sanctuaries) clearly suggest that most of the cave art was done in the period between c. 20,000‐10,000 BP. Cave art sanctuaries are distributed in non‐random fashion. The clusters of sanctuaries usually correspond with dense clusters of habitation sites. The clusters are separated by substantial geographical gaps. These chronological and geographical facts coincide with contemporaneous subsistence intensification, all of which tends to support the hypothesis of increased territorialism in the late Last Glacial.
ROMAN STYLE BUILDINGS IN BARBARICUM (MORAVIA AND SW SLOVAKIA)
Authors: PITTS L.F.
Published: May 2007

Summary. Recent archaeological work has thrown fresh light on the region of Moravia and SW Slovakia (ČSSR) at the time of the Roman Empire. It is now apparent that, as on other frontiers, Roman influence extended far beyond the Danubian Limes. This paper describes six sites with Roman‐style masonry buildings; one of the sites, Mušov, has produced evidence of Roman military occupation and is associated with the Marcomannic Wars of Marcus Aurelius; the other five, however, are of civilian character with an interesting admixture of Roman and German structures and artefacts. These sites provide us with an insight into the relationship of the client kingdom of the Quadi with Rome.
YUGOSLAVIAN TIN DEPOSITS AND THE EARLY BRONZE AGE INDUSTRIES OF THE AEGEAN REGION
Authors: McGEEHAN‐LIRITZIS. V. , TAYLOR J. W.
Published: May 2007

Summary. This paper provides a synopsis of those tin sources available to prehistoric communities in Europe and the Near East. Moreover, it is designed to introduce to archaeologists the recent discovery of substantial cassiterite deposits in Yugoslavia, and to discuss their potential and possible exploitation by Early Bronze Age metallurgists in the area around the Aegean.
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE FALL OF KNOSSOS IN 1375 B.C.
Authors: DOXEY DENISE
Published: May 2007

Summary. During the first quarter of the fourteenth century B.C., a series of violent destructions seems to have occurred in the Aegean, affecting sites including Knossos, Khania, Mycenae, Pylos, Sparta, Nichoria, Thebes, Athens, Ayia Irini, Phylakopi, and a number of sites in Cyprus and Anatolia. This followed a period in which certain artifacts and burial practices were relatively uniform throughout these sites, and in which Knossos appears to have held a position of particular prominence.

It was during the period of these destructions that the Mainland Greeks began their most notable era of contact with the Eastern Aegean, possibly prompted by a desire to secure access to commodities such as copper from the Eastern Mediterranean. Competition to control such trade may have contributed to warfare between Mycenaean centres, which resulted in destruction at several locations, including Knossos.
THE SEALING STRUCTURES OF MINOAN CRETE: MM II PHAISTOS TO THE DESTRUCTION OF THE PALACE OF KNOSSOS.
Authors: WEINGARTEN JUDITH
Published: May 2007

Summary. Middle Minoan Knossos shares in the sealing evolution which we have seen elsewhere on the island (SSMC I): the earliest sealings are placed directly on objects, a practice which, in time, generally yields to nodules which hang on cords (first crescents, then prismatic types) and flat‐based nodules which were pressed over leather strips, presumably parchment documents. We have no LM IB sealings from Knossos, a site which might have been expected to have evolved its own local version of the Minoan sealing system. Sealings from the final destruction deposits at Knossos are at once closer to the earlier practices from Phaistos and to the later system known from the mainland. The mainland connection is seen in a reduction of sealing shapes (especially the disappearance of flat‐based nodule types) and in a non‐intensive, non‐elite pattern of seal use.
ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCE OF AN ANCIENT BOAT—THE HASHOLME LOGBOAT
Authors: McGRAIL SEAN
Published: May 2007

Summary. Several methods of assessing the performance of ancient boats are briefly described, including the experimental building and trials of replicas. It is considered that the method of using hydrostatic curves and speed‐related coefficients is often the most cost‐effective and this is used to assess the logboat from Hasholme, North Humberside of c 300 BC.
ROMAN KNOWLEDGE OF SCANDINAVIA IN THE IMPERIAL PERIOD*
Authors: ALONSO‐NÚÑEZ J. M.
Published: May 2007

Summary. This paper aims to provide a framework of literary evidence as a basis for study of the relations between the Roman Empire and Scandinavia from an archaeological point of view. It covers the period from Augustus to the end of the fourth century.
LENGTH‐UNITS IN ROMAN MILITARY PLANNING: INCHTUTHIL AND COLCHESTER
Authors: WALTHEW C. V.
Published: May 2007

Summary. The layouts of the Inchtuthil and Colchester legionary fortresses suggest that 7 1/2 and 3 3/4 p.M. units were employed in military as well as civil planning. The 38 units long by 38 1/2 units wide plots occupied by cohortal blocks at Inchtuthil appear to have provided the basis on which the whole fortress was designed and the sizes of other internal buildings seem to have been related to this scheme. Colchester, although much less well‐known, shows similarities. Further implications for civil and military planning are considered.
ANGLO‐SAXON COPPER ALLOYS FROM LECHLADE, GLOUCESTERSHIRE
Authors: MORTIMER CATHERINE
Published: May 2007

Summary. A range of copper‐alloy artefacts from the early Anglo‐Saxon cemetery at Lechlade were analysed using X‐ray fluorescence. There were few pure bronzes or brasses in the assemblage and most alloys contained significant amounts of zinc, tin and lead in variable ratios. In view of the current theory that supplies of new metals and ores were limited and Anglo‐Saxon metalworkers normally used scrap metal, the compositions were used to assess the techniques of the craftsmen supplying this community. It is concluded that re‐use of copper alloys was prevalent but that metals were selected quite carefully for particular applications, with regard to the metallurgical characteristics required.
SIR THOMAS BROWNE AND ANTIQUITY
Authors: PIGGOTT STUART
Published: May 2007

INTRODUCTION BY THE MASTER OF PEMBROKE COLLEGE, OXFORD

Pembroke College had for some time wished to commemorate one of its most distinguished members and at the same time contribute to the world of scholarship. The support of an anonymous member of the College made it possible this year for us to inaugurate the biennial lectures entitled ‘The Sir Thomas Browne Lectures of Pembroke College’. Sir Thomas Browne has a very special significance for Pembroke. In 1624 he was the senior scholar of Broadgates Hall, the mediaeval hall on the site of Pembroke, when that year it received its new name and Royal Charter. To the scholars of Broadgates Hall he spoke of Pembroke College, ‘rising like a phoenix out of the ashes’and called on them to show loyalty to the new College. Sir Thomas Browne was such a polymath that lecturers will find some connection between contemporary thought in the fields of religion, medicine, philosophy and archaeology, all having been illumined by his insatiable curiosity. However, taking a cue from the statue of Thomas Browne in Norwich, his home town, where this thoughtful figure holds a sherd of pottery in his right hand and sits on a pedestal of grey granite shaped to depict an urn, we decided that there could be no better start to the series than to invite one of the country's most distinguished archaeologists, Professor Stuart Piggott, to give our first lecture.
THE LATE BRONZE AGE HOARD FROM CLOS DE LA BLANCHE PIERRE, ST LAWRENCE, JERSEY, CHANNEL ISLES.
Authors: COOMBS D.G.
Published: May 2007

Summary. The Late Bronze Age hoard from Clos de la Blanche Pierre, St Lawrence, Jersey was found in 1976. The hoard was found in a pot and the broken objects consisted of weapons, axes, tools, ornaments and casting debris dated to Bronze Final II (10th century B. C.) and represents the only material of this type to be found in the Channel Islands so far. The objects are directly comparable to those of the Saint Brieuc des Iffs industry in Brittany and the Wilburton Complex in England as well as being related to other industries in the Atlantic west. The detailed metal analyses of the objects confirm their affinity to industries in North‐western France.
PROVENANCING AND ARCHAEOLOGY OF ROMAN MILLSTONES FROM SARDINIA (ITALY)
Authors: WILLIAMS‐THORPE OLWEN , THORPE R.S.
Published: May 2007

Summary. Sardinia was an important Roman settlement and trade centre between 238 BC–500 AD and is an ideal site for study of Roman trade. Study of Roman millstones in Sardinia shows that the commonest type is the Pompeian (hour‐glass) mill (forty‐eight stones studied), with smaller numbers of cylindrical hand querns (sixteen stones studied). Most of these millstones are composed of igneous rocks which include grey vesicular lavas of basic/intermediate composition and a distinctive reddish rhyolitic ignimbrite. There is historical and archaeological evidence for millstone manufacture at six localities in Sardinia. Visual and petrographic study and X‐ray fluorescence analysis for major and trace elements of seventeen millstone samples, and fifty rock samples from potential source areas have been used to provenance the igneous rock millstones. The grey vesicular lava millstones have varied sources within the Tertiary‐Recent volcanic rocks of Sardinia, while the millstones composed of rhyolitic ignimbrite are from a single source of Tertiary ignimbrite at Mulargia (central west Sardinia). A single hand mill from the north of Sardinia was imported probably from Agde in southern France, and is the only sample composed of non‐local rock. Mulargia millstones were widely traded within the western Mediterranean and show a rapid decrease in frequency of occurrence with increasing distance from the source. Sardinia was therefore an important centre of Roman millstone production and a source of millstone trade during the period of Roman settlement.
… OF SHERDS AND SOIL AND SEALING LAYERS, OF COBBLING AND COINS…
Authors: ADKINS ROY A. , PERRY JEFFREY G. , EVANS J.
Published: May 2007

Summary. From 1985 to 1987 an experiment was conducted alongside an excavation to examine the effect of trampling on cobbled layers, and to see if the movement of small objects could change their stratigraphic relationships. An experimental area was excavated and backfilled with soil and a cobbled layer containing plastic markers, flower pot sherds and coins. The area, part of a path, was subjected to daily trampling, and was excavated after seventeen months, using normal excavation methods; all the soil was dry sieved. The results show varying recovery rates and horizontal movements for different types of object, and demonstrate the need for further investigation of the causes and implications of differential movement of buried objects.
PERISHABLES AND WORLDLY GOODS — ARTIFACT DECORATION AND CLASSIFICATION IN THE LIGHT OF WETLANDS RESEARCH
Authors: EVANS CHRISTOPHER
Published: May 2007

Summary. Archaeology has long operated from the premise that there was a diverse and ornate organic ‘clothing’ on the ‘dry skeleton’ of the past which evades excavation. This paper evaluates the evidence from recent wetlands excavations and considers the implications of the paucity of organic containers found, and the lack of decoration on recovered organic materials, in Britain. It is argued that this negative evidence has important ramifications for our understanding of production and the classification of ‘things’ in later prehistoric societies. These issues can obviously not be addressed without considering the wealth of organic artifacts recovered at Glastonbury and an extended discussion of its material culture assemblage is included. In conclusion it is stressed that by its relative invisibility ‘organic archaeology’ has been prone to our normative projections onto the past. The role played by organic goods cannot be understood as being constant and can only be appreciated within their broader archaeological context.
REFLECTIONS ON ‘AN ARCHAEOLOGY OF GREECE': SURVEYS AND EXCAVATIONS
Authors: POPHAM MERVYN
Published: May 2007

Summary. In his Sather Lectures, Professor Snodgrass maintains that circumstances in Greece will compel archaeologists to pursue field surveys instead of excavations. He, moreover, questions the value of excavations mainly on the grounds of imcompleteness, uncertainties regarding dating and the ambiguities of interpretation. The excavations at Lefkandi are cited on several occasions as an example and, where not referred to, are open to the same questioning.

In reply, reasons are given for continuing excavation in spite of difficulties, and the validity of the criticisms brought against excavation are considered with special reference to those carried out at Lefkandi.
TWO STATUES OF HERCULES IN THE FORUM BOARIUM IN ROME
Authors: PALAGIA OLGA
Published: May 2007

Summary. This paper is concerned with two statues of Hercules associated with his cult in the Forum Boarium in Rome. First, the gilded bronze in the Conservatori Museum, usually thought to have been the cult image, carried from Greece, of a late Hellenistic rotunda, is here dated to the first–second centuries AD and considered an independent dedication standing in the Forum. Second, the Julio‐Claudian marble seated Hercules in the Palazzo Altemps is discussed in relation to the so‐called Invictus type reproduced in the minor arts of the first to second centuries AD. In addition, we speculate on its possible inspiration from a prototype of the 430s BC in South Italy.
FLINT PROCUREMENT AND NEOLITHIC AXE PRODUCTION ON THE SOUTH DOWNS: A RE‐ASSESSMENT
Authors: GARDINER JULIE
Published: May 2007

Summary. This paper reviews the evidence for Neolithic flint axe production on the South Downs in the light of recent chemical analysis of axes and the author's own research involving surface flint collections. The organisation, status and chronology of the Sussex flint mines is discussed and the distribution of flint axes described. Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age settlement is shown to concentrate on the clay‐with‐flints which is also a major flint source. It is argued that the production of axes from mined flint was replaced by utilisation of surface deposits in the later Neolithic and case studies are presented.
LE CORPS FÉMININ ET SON LANGAGE DANS L'ART PALÉOLITHIQUE
Authors: DUHARD JEAN‐PIERRE
Published: May 2007

Summary. Our earliest ancestor, homo sapiens sapiens, appeared at the beginning of the Upper Palaeolithic period, and was responsible for the earliest known artistic3gurative representations, among them figures of human beings. We believe, with Leroi‐Gourhan, that figurative art obeys the same laws and has the same aims as speech, and that it should be analysed in the same way as language. This language can be natural or conventional, morphological, postural or mimic; it allows us to recognise in different instances representations of actual appearance, action and even emotion. Women are represented more ojien than men, always in a peaceful context, and in a variety of morphological forms (‘physiological identity 7. We believe that palaeolithic artists intended to show women in their various functions, especially that of mother, and that if it is possible to speak of a ‘language of art’, then we are dealing with a physiological language of the female body.
THE ER‐RAM STONE MASK AT THE PALESTINE EXPLORATION FUND, LONDON
Authors: BIENERT HANS‐DIETER
Published: May 2007

Summary. A stone mask which was purchased by T. Chaplin in Palestine at the end of the lastcentury is stored at the Palestine Exploration Fund in London. This specimen, together with some other examples from the same area, may date to the Pre‐Pottery Neolithic B (seventh millennium bc).
WOOL REMAINS FROM SCYTHIAN BURIALS IN SIBERIA
Authors: RYDER M.L.
Published: May 2007

Summary. Eight carpet or textile yarns and six felt samples from the frozen burials dated c. 400 B. C. at Pazyryk and Bashadar were studied. One sample was identified as underwool from a non‐fleeced ‘hair’ sheep (Neolithic survival). Five samples were of the most primitive fleece type, the hairy medium wool, and five of the next most primitive type, the generalised medium wool (both emerged in the Bronze Age). There was one hairy sheep and, as found at Hallstatt, there were two semi‐fine fleeces (shortwools). The last two types developed in the Iron Age.
THE SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF VILLA ARCHITECTURE IN CELTIC NORTH WEST EUROPE
Authors: CLARKE SIMON
Published: May 2007

Summary. J. T. Smith's suggestion that many villas in north west Europe were owned and occupied by more than one household is examined statistically and found to be unsupported by architectural evidence. Possible social explanations for this are examined, with particular reference to Hingley's social interpretation of the upper Thames region.
RECENT RESULTS OF NEOLITHIC RESEARCH IN MOLDAVIA (USSR)
Authors: DERGACHEV VALENTIN , SHERRATT ANDREW , LARINA OLGA
Published: May 2007

Summary. The area north of the Black Sea, from the Danube to the Caucasus, was a zone of interaction between farming populations and indigenous Mesolithic groups which acquired pottery and elements of stock‐breeding. Recent research in Soviet Moldavia, at the western end of this area, has clarified the nature of contacts between farming groups of Balkan origin and local groups centred on the Dnestr and Bug.
MYCENAEAN PICTORIAL POTTERY FROM CYPRUS IN OXFORD
Authors: CROUWEL J.H.
Published: May 2007

Summary. Six fragments of Mycenaean pictorial vases picked up at different sites in Cyprus are described and discussed. Comparison with other such material and chemical analysis of most of the fragments lead to the conclusion that the original vases were made in the north‐east Peloponnese. These and other findings suggest the possibility of a pottery export trade during the 14th–earlier 13th century BC (Late Helladic IIIA2–IIIB1), such as is documented for 6th century BC Athens.
IMAGES DE LA CHASSE AU PALEOLITHIQUE
Authors: DUHARD JEAN‐PIERRE
Published: May 2007

Résumé. Nous savons, grâce aux données archéologiques, que les humains se sont livrés à la chasse depuis très longtemps. Au Paléolithique supérieur, avec l'apparition de l'Art figuratif, nous en avons de nouvelles preuves, ces mêmes humains s'étant représentés physiquement et, parfois, mis en scène dans des actions cynégétiques. C'est au Magdalénien essentiellement que de telles scènes existent; elles montrent des humains affrontés, le plus souvent, au bison, à l'aurochs, ou à l'ours, avec un choix manifeste dans les animaux associés. Si les humains sont parfois seuls, d'autres fois ils sont en groupe. Dans la société magdalénienne, il semble que l'usage des armes était réservé aux hommes, seuls àêtre engagés dans des confrontations dramatiques avec les animaux, alors que le rôle des femmes était beaucoup plus pacifique. Cela permet de parler de dichotomie sociale sexuelle au Magdalénien.
THE TRADE OF INDO‐PACIFIC SHELLS INTO THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN AND EUROPE
Authors: REESE DAVID S.
Published: May 2007

Summary.This paper is on shells which originate in the Indo‐Pacific marine province (Red Sea or other waters to the south and east) and are found at sites in the Mediterranean Basin and Europe over 250 km. from their source. The catalogue of over 160 sites yielding these shells ranges in date from the Upper Paleolithic to recent times. Sixteen sites which supposedly produced Indo‐Pacific shells are shown to be incorrect identifications.

Many of these exotic shells are seen to come from graves and sanctuary sites. Some shells are unmodified, others made into simple beads, and some finely worked by engraving and incising.
THE POTENTIAL MOBILITY OF HUMAN POPULATIONS
Authors: OSBORNE ROBIN
Published: May 2007

Summary.The interpretation of the findings of archaeological surface survey involves making assumptions about the extent and limits to the mobility of communities, land, and individuals in past times. Recent work in medieval and early modern European history has established both the rates and the causes of mobility in a number of different communities. This paper assembles some rather less conclusive evidence from classical Greece to argue that relatively high rates of mobility of individuals, land and communities should not be excluded when a picture of the society of ancient Greece is conjured up.
TWO IBERIAN TORCS IN THE ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM, OXFORD
Authors: QUEIROGA FRANCISCO M.V. REIMÃO
Published: May 2007

Summary. The main objective of this paper is to describe two Iberian Iron Age gold tores from the collection of the Ashmolean Museum. Their study, mostly based on typological aspects, is used to determine the origin of the two ornaments, which is concluded to be the Iberian northwest, thus corroborating the information in the Ashmolean Museum records. An integration of the two tores within the existing typological groups of Northwestern Castros tores is attempted, as a means of determining their geographical origin accurately. Other aspects, such as the significance of this kind of ornament in the Iron Age, are also considered.
NEOLITHIC THESSALY AND THE SPORADES
Authors: LIRITZIS Y. , ORPHANIDIS‐GEORGIADIS L. , EFSTRATIOU N.
Published: May 2007

Summary.Aghios Petros in the Sporades Islands is one of the earliest and most thoroughly excavated settlements in the Aegean. It was a permanent settlement of the end of the 6th millennium BC, and a unique cultural centre, with influences from Thessaly, Anatolia and the Balkans. In the present study, the degree of contacts and influence between Aghios Petros and the neighbouring well‐known Neolithic settlements of Dimini and Sesklo is examined on the basis of trace element analysis by INAA. Cluster analysis, based on Th, Sc, Cs, Fe, Co and Eu, reveals distinct differences, Aghios Petros sherds forming a quite separate group. There also exist three sub‐groups within the Sporades material. This result is substantiated by archaeological evidence and reinforces the view that Aghios Petros is a site of particular cultural interest and of semi‐autonomous development, which flourished in the middle of the 5th millennium BC.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CAIRNS AND SETTLEMENT SITES
Authors: LINDMAN GUNDELA
Published: May 2007

Summary. This article discusses the problem of how to relate a special grave construction to a particular settlement site. An example from the West Swedish Bronze Age is presented to pinpoint the difficulties of the chronological criteria and the drawbacks of using ‘nearness’ as a criterion.

The idea presented is that a relationship between a grave monument and a settlement site may be reflected in areas where the building material, the stones, were picked up. Such areas can be demonstrated in a test example from West Sweden, which showed that, under special circumstances, such a link may be valuable for solving the problem of how to relate a cairn to a settlement site.
SAMPLING ANCIENT TOWNS
Authors: KEAY S. , CREIGHTON J. , JORDAN D.
Published: May 2007

Summary. Until comparatively recently the archaeological study of ancient towns had been largely conditioned by urban development or individual research interests. This is especially true of Mediterranean sites whose especial richness has generated most attention upon their monumental aspect. Such work provides us with only partial glimpses of urban landscapes which are by definition complex and dynamic. An increasing awareness of this in recent years has led to archaeologists explicitly adopting sampling based strategies when confronting ancient towns. This paper attempts to outline the sampling‐based research design employed at a multi‐period town site in southern Spain. The integrated use of topographical survey, systematic surface sherding and geophysics provided a valuable insight into the spatial patterning of surface and sub‐surface archaeological features. This allowed a hypothesis about the ancient topography of the town to be proposed and for it to be successfully tested by open‐area excavation.
IRON AGE, HAIRED, ANIMAL SKINS FROM HALLSTATT, AUSTRIA
Authors: RYDER M.L.
Published: May 2007

Summary: A study was made of 229 skins bearing hair or wool from bags and clothing in the Iron Age salt mines at Hallstatt; 87% were from livestock and of these 8% were from cattle, 22% from goats and 70% from sheep. of the sheepskins most were of hairy‐medium type (61%) or coarser, while all the textiles examined earlier were of this type or finer; 5% were of hairy type, which first appeared in the Iron Age; 32% were Neolithic survivals with a wild‐type coat (no fleece) and two‐thirds of these had a Mouflon colour pattern, while the remainder had a range of colours. the cattle were brown and two thirds of the goats were black. All livestock had the small size expected of the breeds of the period. the other skins included possibly chamois and ibex as well as dog, and small fur‐bearers.
ECONOMIC ‘LONG WAVES’IN the ROMAN PERIOD? A RECONNAISSANCE of the ROMANO‐BRITISH CERAMIC EVIDENCE
Authors: GOING C.J.
Published: May 2007

Summary: This paper explores some problems of Romano British ceramic chronology and puts forward the suggestion that pottery production in Roman Britain rose and fell in a series of cyclical phases. the pattern matches that of Samian production and also the increases and decreases in the speed (velocity) with which silver coinage circulated in the 1st to early 3rd centuries AD and after. It is suggested that these data can be used to trace the progress of a multisecular cycle the effects of which may also be detectable across the Roman world‐economy as a whole. the archaeological and historical implications of this pattern ‐ which may be perceived in the Iron Age and the Post Roman periods, are discussed and a possible explanation is advanced for it. Some quantification methods which would help support or refute the hypothesis are considered and a way of reconciling pottery and context dates is presented.
BARBAROUS RADIATE HOARDS: the INTERPRETATION of COIN DEPOSITS IN LATE THIRD‐CENTURY ROMAN BRITAIN
Authors: DAVIES JOHN A.
Published: May 2007

Summary: The episode of prolific coin hoarding in Roman Britain between c. 259 and 287 has never been fully explained. This paper looks at a major group of these hoards; those recognised as containing irregular antoniniani. Two distinct sub‐groups are identified, which are shown to have non‐random, almost mutually exclusive, distributions. an explanation for coin hoarding is considered which associates the location of certain deposits with the spread of coin use to new, marginal, areas of Britain.
THE ‘ROMANISATION’of TURDETANIA
Authors: KEAY SIMON J.
Published: May 2007

Summary: Turdetania was one of the Iron Age cultural blocks which emerged after the disintegration of Tartessos in the later 6th century BC. It corresponded largely to the lower Guadalquívir valley of southern Spain. From the early 2nd century BC it formed the heart of the Roman province of Hispania Ulterior and, from the later 1st century BC, Hispania Baetica. This paper sets out to examine the Romanisation of the region from an indigenous perspective rather than a Romano‐centric viewpoint. Until the mid‐first century BC Roman impact was negligble and merely served to reinforce the Turdetanian prestige goods economy. Subsequently, however, the foundation of coloniae and a consequent increase in commercial activity were catalysts for rapid change. A new hierarchy of dominant and dependent centres arise and, by the early 1st century AD, the agricultural wealth of the region was being more directly exploited for Rome's benefit. This relatively ‘delayed’Romanisation is interpreted as native resistance to cultural change.
THE NEOLITHIC of the AVEBURY AREA: SEQUENCE, ENVIRONMENT, SETTLEMENT and MONUMENTS
Authors: WHITTLE ALASDAIR
Published: May 2007

Summary: The implications are discussed of the first five seasons of a regional project to investigate the Neolithic sequence and environment, and the context in which monuments great and small were built, in the area around Avebury, north Wiltshire, England. A five‐phase local sequence is proposed. There was a varying mosaic of clearances, and settlement density may have been low. the episodic character of monument building stands out. With the exception of Silbury Hill, none of the monuments need indicate significant social ranking, and more attention can be given to their sacred character and to the tradition which produced them.
TWO FINDS BELONGING to LA TENE and ROMAN PERIODS FROM the MOLDAVIAN REPUBLIC
Authors: SHCHUKIN M.B. , TCHEBOTARENKO G.F. , SHCHERBAKOVA T.A.
Published: May 2007

Summary: Two noteworthy finds from Moldavia are republished here (for the first publication see Sovetskaya Archeologia no 4, 1987) because both items may present a special interest to European archaeologists. the first find is a large Celtic fibula, and the second find is a bronze fitting of a chariot of the Roman period. Some problems of La Tène chronology are also discussed.
LA VIE SOCIALE DE L'ART MOBILIER PALÉOLITHIQUE. MANIPULATION, TRANSPORT, SUSPENSION DES OBJETS ON OS, BOIS DE CERVIDÉS, IVOIRE
Authors: D'ERRICO FRANCESCO
Published: May 2007

Summary: It has been suggested that some Palaeolithic objects show traces of long‐term handling, suspension or transport. However, no criteria have been established for identifying such traces and differentiating them from other traces of natural or human origin. Handling, suspension, polishing with skin and transport of bone, antler and ivory objects have been reproduced experimentally and observed by optical microscopy and SEM. the width of striations seems to be the only criterion for differentiating handling, suspension and polishing. the transport of a single bone object in a leather bag produces striations of different dimensions to those produced by handling. the differentiation between traces of transport and those due to polishing with skin are more problematic. the transport of several bone objects in the same bag results in traces that differ according to the morphology and the hardness of the objects accompanying them. In particular, the pits generated by knocking against each other enable one to identify the nature of the other objects. Finally, analyses of bone objects known to have been subjected to long‐term handling and archaeological objects dating from the Solutrean and Magdalenian cultures were compared with the experimental results.
SURFACE SCATTERS of BUILDING STONE: ENHANCING FIELD SURVEY WORK
Authors: DAVIES WENDY
Published: May 2007

It is observable ‐ from standing buildings‐that the stone used in the study area of the East Brittany Survey has for the most part travelled a very short distance (< 5 km), whether the building is grand or simple. Excavation has demonstrated that the same is true of structures of earlier periods, although Roman building is differentiated by its preference for the very hard stones that occur to the north of the area. Surface scatters of building stone on modern arable fields, if carefully observed, are a useful tool for locating stone‐built settlements of the historic period and scatters of Cambrian siltstones can point to the location of medieval seigneurial settlements. Manuring scatters of roofing slate, which can be differentiated by period, are a useful tool for defining the arable worked from settlements, especially in the later and post‐medieval periods, and therefore for mapping the changing patterns of land‐use. With sufficient training of volunteers or of a research team, a large body of data can be gathered very economically.
CULTURAL GROUPS FROM THE STEPPES OF EASTERN EUROPE IN THE ENEOLITHIC PERIOD AND EARLY BRONZE AGE
Authors: MANZURA IGOR
Published: May 2007

Summary. The later fourth and third millennia bc (= later fifth to earlier third millennium BC Cal) was an important period of change in eastern Europe, which saw the domestication and spread of the horse in the steppe area north of the Black Sea, and complex interactions between these livestock‐raising groups and agricultural populations in south‐east Europe. The correlation of cultural sequences between the Balkans and the Pontic steppes is crucial to an understanding of these developments. This article provides a basic cultural framework for the period.
NEOLITHISATION AND MEGALITHIC ORIGINS IN NORTH‐WESTERN FRANCE: A REGIONAL INTERACTION MODEL
Authors: PATTON MARK
Published: May 2007

Summary. This article reviews recent publications on Neolithic and Megalithic origins in North‐Western France, and focuses on a debate within French archaeology between a ‘Parisian’ school, which emphasises the influence of Bandkeramik communities, and an ‘Atlantic’ school which emphasises contact along the Atlantic facade with Impressed Ware groups. It is argued that this debate is largely sterile, and an alternative model is proposed, stressing different forms of interaction between Neolithic and Mesolithic groups in different regions.
THE THRACIAN ITHYPHALLIC ALTAR FROM POLIANTHOS AND THE SACRED MARRIAGE OF THE GODS
Authors: THEODOSSIEV NIKOLA
Published: May 2007

Summary. This article considers the light thrown on Thracian Orphic doctrine by a stone ithyphallic altar dated to the fourth century BC, found near Polianthos, northern Greece. Its iconography combines symbols reflecting the sacred marriage, and can be paralleled in petroglyphs and figured metalwork; while its cosmological basis is also reflected in aspects of royal Thracian burials.
A TIME OF CHANGE: THE IRON AGE TO ROMAN MONETARY TRANSITION IN EAST ANGLIA
Authors: CREIGHTON JOHN
Published: May 2007

Summary. The majority of Icenian coin hoards have traditionally been dated to the historical events of the Boudican revolt. This paper removes that link and examines the material using classical numismatic methods to show that far from all being of one date they represent a series of depositions throughout the period of the client kingdom: AD 43–60/1. It also demonstrates the gradual increase in use of Roman coins within that kingdom alongside the local Iron Age series.
THE IDENTITY OF THE MISSING TOGATUS AND OTHER CLUES TO THE INTERPRETATION OF THE GEMMA AUGUSTEA
Authors: JEPPESEN K.K.
Published: May 2007

Summary. (see Figs. 1 and 3) In previous attempts at an interpretation of what is depicted on the famous Gemma Augustea in Vienna, little if any attention has been paid to the missing figure whose toga folds can be seen between the spokes of the chariot wheel near the left‐hand edge of the cameo. This figure is undoubtedly of crucial importance. According to the hypothesis advanced in the present paper, the cameo represents the glorification of Germanicus (no. 2) following his successes in the Pannonian war AD 6–9. He is welcomed by his stepfather Tiberius (no. 1, the missing togatus) and ceremonially presented to the emperor (no. 6); the younger Drusus is also in attendance (no. 4). Augustus is crowned supreme victor by the Magna Mater (no. 7), whose assistance he had invoked at the beginning of the war. In the lower register are barbarian captives and personifications: on the left, beneath a trophy in process of erection by Roman soldiers, the Pannonian leader Pinnes, and ‘Pannonia’(nos. 14–15); on the right the Dalmation leader Bato, and ‘Dalmatia’(nos. 21–22). The latter are receiving rough treatment at the hands of Bendis and Neoptolemos (nos. 19–20), tutelary representatives of Thrace and continental Greece, respectively. After Germanicus’ death in AD 19 Tiberius’ figure was deliberately removed, presumably at the instigation of Germanicus’ widow Agrippina. If so, the cameo is likely to have been confiscated and transferred to the Imperial Treasury on her banishment in AD 29.
FIELDWALKING WITHOUT FLINTS: WORKED QUARTZ AS A CLUE TO THE CHARACTER OF PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT
Authors: BRADLEY RICHARD
Published: May 2007

Although the collection and analysis of lithic artefacts plays an increasing role in studies of prehistoric settlement in the British Isles, almost all this work has been conducted in regions with local sources of flint. This is not the case over large parts of highland Britain. This paper outlines a methodology for investigating the character of prehistoric activity using the evidence of worked quartz and illustrates these procedures with a case study from the Scottish Highlands
ROMAN COINS FROM MERV, TURKMENISTAN
Authors: HOBBS RICHARD
Published: May 2007

Excavation and surface survey at the site of ancient Merv, Turkmenistan has led to the recovery of a large number of coins, including a small number of Late Roman and Byzantine pieces. These coins are listed, and placed in the wider context of Roman coin finds far beyond the boundaries of the Roman Empire. The implications for east‐west relations at this period are discussed.
INSTRUMENTS OF CONVERSION? THE ROLE OF MEGALITHS IN THE MESOLITHIC/NEOLITHIC TRANSITION IN NORTHWEST EUROPE1
Authors: SHERRATT ANDREW
Published: May 2007

This paper discusses the general conditions which have given rise to megalithic construction techniques, and the specific circumstances under which megalithism became important in Neolithic Europe. It argues that the great elaboration of megalithic constructions in western and northern Europe must be related to the survival there of Mesolithic populations, and that monumentality was an essential element of the cultural rhetoric whereby these indigenous groups were converted to a Neolithic way of life.
WHY WESSEX? THE AVON ROUTE AND RIVER TRANSPORT IN LATER BRITISH PREHISTORY
Authors: SHERRATT ANDREW
Published: May 2007

Summary. Starting from some speculations on Celtic hydronymy, this article investigates the importance of rivers as arteries of movement and traffic in prehistoric times — by contrast with the popular mis‐impression of routes along ‘ridgeways'. It suggests that an axis from the central South Coast to the Severn estuary was important in giving access to western Britain by avoiding the difficult sea passage around Land's End. This, together with its cross‐Channel access to the Continent via Normandy, explains the potential importance of Wessex. It is thus comparable in its position to the lower Thames valley, with which it tended to alternate as a focus of economic and cultural development until the greater capacity of the Thames gateway gave the latter river a decisive advantage.