bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Making the Decision to Relinquish U.S. Document Depository Status
Authors: Lev Yvonne , Gilbert Mary , Olson Carl , Gonce Nancy
Published: February 2007

Fifteen college and university libraries left the Federal
Library Depository Program between 1998 and 2001. This article seeks to
identify reasons why libraries are withdrawing from the program and to
compare departing libraries with libraries that joined during the same
period. The availability of electronic documents was a major factor
precipitating withdrawal.
Developing a Concept of Collection for the Digital Age
Authors: Casserly Mary
Published: February 2007

The author describes how the concept of collection, reflecting the profession's principles, values, and practices as they pertained to print-based (analog) information resources, developed in the pre-World Wide Web environment. She poses five questions related to goals and practices in the analog environment to help libraries develop a concept of the hybrid collection.
Information Illiterate or Lazy: How College Students Use the Web for Research
Authors: Thompson Christen
Published: February 2007

This article reviews several studies of student usage of the
Internet to determine how they use the Web for research. Preliminary
data suggest that the majority of students begin a research assignment
with the Internet, most often with a commercial search engine. What is
not known is whether students have adequate information literacy skills
to find authoritative information and then to evaluate the information
for use in their research. Evidence indicates that there is yet room
for improvement in how students conduct research, as well as how library
instruction is designed.
The Cyborg Librarian as Interface: Interpreting Postmodern Discourse on Knowledge Construction, Validation, and Navigation within Academic Libraries
Authors: Yoder Amanda R
Published: February 2007

This paper explores the implications of postmodernism
upon a historically modern institution by articulating and applying three
components of postmodernity to the academic library: the rise of local
narratives, the performativity of knowledge, and the notion of the cyborg,
a human-machine hybrid inhabited, in many ways, by the academic librarian.
Making Problem-Based Learning Work: Institutional Changes
Authors: Snavely Loanne
Published: February 2007

This article on problem-based learning (PBL) explores the advantages of its use as a teaching/learning strategy for introducing information literacy to students. The author reviews the various methods presented in the literature for integrating PBL and information literacy, examines the unique challenges PBL presents for instructors, librarians, library instruction programs, and institutions, as well as presents methods for library administrators to support these efforts. This is fourth in a series on PBL and the library.
Kinds of Kinds: A Conceptual Taxonomy of Psychiatric Categories
Authors: Haslam Nick
Published: February 2007

A pluralistic view of psychiatric classification is defended,
according to which psychiatric categories take a variety of structural
forms. An ordered taxonomy of these forms—non-kinds, practical
kinds, fuzzy kinds, discrete kinds, and natural kinds—is presented
and exemplified. It is argued that psychiatric categories cannot all
be understood as pragmatically grounded, and at least some reflect
naturally occurring discontinuities without thereby representing natural
kinds. Even if essentialist accounts of mental disorders are generally
mistaken, they are not implied whenever a psychiatric category that is
not pragmatically grounded is posited.
Commodity/Body/Sign: Borderline Personality Disorder and the Signification of Self-Injurious Behavior
Authors: Potter Nancy Nyquist
Published: February 2007

People diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) may
engage in what are called self-injurious acts. This paper situates
self-injury within a larger cultural context in which body modifications
are differently evaluated according to inscribed meanings. To provide
a framework for ethical interactions with people diagnosed as BPD
who self-injure, I draw on two concepts from theories of meaning:
signification and uptake. I suggest possible significations of
self-injury, but argue that clinicians have a duty to give uptake to
the patient's own interpretations of her behavior. Proper giving of
uptake, which involves responding to others' communications such that the
communicator's integrity is preserved, is crucial to ethical practices
for clinicians, and uptake is never simply neutral or objective. This
analysis suggests that sense-making about a client's self-injurious acts
involves an understanding not only of the client's own interpretation of
her behavior and its meaning, but also of the discursive production and
function of such signs in our culture. I offer five maxims to guide the
therapeutic process for clinicians working with self-injurious behavior
in BPD patients.
Calls for Deliberative Democracy in Japan
Authors: Ishikawa Yuki
Published: February 2007

Democracies around the world face challenges today. In
Japan, the U.S.-style democracy that was transplanted following the
end of World War II is at a crossroads. While governing elites are
losing ground, it is the people that have to rise to the occasion. The
question is how to turn them into civic-minded citizens. The Internet in
the form of an electronic forum is emerging as a new educational medium
for democratic life.
The Politics of Negotiating Public Tragedy: Media Framing of the Matthew Shepard Murder
Authors: Ott Brian L , Aoki Eric
Published: February 2007

This essay undertakes a detailed frame analysis of print media coverage
of the Matthew Shepard murder in three nationally influential newspapers
as well as Time magazine and The Advocate. We contend that the media's
tragic framing of the event, with an emphasis on the scapegoat
process, functioned rhetorically to alleviate the public's guilt
concerning anti-gay hate crimes and to excuse the public of any social
culpability. It also functioned ideologically to reaffirm a dominant
set of discourses that socially stigmatizes gay, lesbian, bisexual,
and transgendered persons and to hamper efforts to create and enact a
social policy that would prevent this type of violence in the future. A
concluding section considers Burke's notion of the "comic frame" as a
potential corrective for the media's coverage of public tragedies.
Stakes for Students: Agenda-Setting and Remedial Education
Authors: Mazzeo Christopher
Published: February 2007

This paper examines the enactment and early implementation of remedial education policies in Massachusetts and Oklahoma. Remediation reforms are part of a larger group of policies that seek to motivate students by raising the stakes for their academic performance. This study's findings suggest that efforts to end or restrict remediation are driven largely by status attainment concerns--the desire by policy makers and administrators to create "competitive advantage" for certain public higher education institutions.
Creating a Bridge to the Future: Preparing New Faculty to Face Changing Expectations in a Shifting Context
Authors: Austin Ann E
Published: February 2007

Faced with large numbers of retirements, higher education institutions must hire many new faculty members in the near future. Drawing on the body of research on graduate education and the early career faculty experience, this article argues that the current preparation of aspiring faculty does not fully match the demands they are likely to face in the near future. The article concludes with recommendations for improving the preparation of the next generation of faculty members.
A Response to the Rejoinder
Authors: Morphew Christopher C , Wolf-Wendel Lisa , Toma J. Douglas
Published: February 2007

This paper responds to a rejoinder written about our article, "There Is No 'I' in Team," published in the Review in 2001. We agree with the rejoinder's author that it is important to consider the historical and social contexts of athletics when looking at it as a model for diversity. Nonetheless, we continue to believe that those in athletics can teach us something about working with individuals from different backgrounds.
Living in Two Worlds: Success and the Bicultural Faculty of Color
Authors: Sadao Kathleen C
Published: February 2007

During the past 20 years, a new field of research has emerged, focused on the limited numbers of faculty of color present on college campuses nationwide. This qualitative study examines the career histories of 19 faculty of color from a research university in the western United States and analyzes the variables influencing their career choices and success in academe. A model of the development of bicultural skills in successful faculty is offered for further consideration.
"There Is No Way without a Because": Revitalization of Purpose at Three Liberal Arts Colleges
Authors: Hartley Matthew
Published: February 2007

This paper describes the renewal of mission at three liberal arts colleges. Based
on interviews with 77 participants and the review of more than 2,000 pages of
institutional documents, the study explores how groups of individuals responded
to an institutional crisis by seeking a more satisfying institutional
life. The paper draws parallels between these efforts at mission-centered change
and socio-cultural movement theory.
Keeping the Promise: The Impact of Indiana's Twenty-first Century Scholars Program
Authors: St. John Edward P , Musoba Glenda D , Simmons Ada B
Published: February 2007

With the erosion of federal need-based grants, state grant programs have become
more crucial. This study assesses the impact of Indiana's Twenty-first
Century Scholars Program, a supplemental grant program that provides aid
to low-income students who kept an eighth grade "promise" to prepare for
college and to remain drug free. Analyses of the effects of aid packages and aid
amounts reveal that the grants helped equalize opportunity to persist in
Indiana's public colleges.
Tug of War: The CIA's Uneasy Relationship with the Military
Authors: Russell Richard L.
Published: February 2007

Abstract: Public perception today is that the CIA enjoys a close working
relationship with the military, but that has not always been the
case. Since its inception in 1947, the CIA has traditionally had an
uneasy relationship with the military. During the Cold War, the CIA's
relationship with the military was strained periodically by conflicting
analyses. Only since the end of the Cold War has the relationship
been on more sure footing. The Gulf War underscored the need for
national-level intelligence to meet the accelerating demands of the
military in an increasingly technology-driven and face-paced combat
environment. Perceived shortcomings during the campaign to liberate Kuwait
led to a major institutional effort to link the CIA more closely to
the U.S. military by establishing the Office of Military Affairs (OMA)
in 1992. The creation of the OMA, however, is unlikely to eliminate
differences of analytic opinion between the agency and the military
services. In fact, such conflicts will be healthy indicators of the
CIA's rationale as a bureaucratic entity able to formulate independent
and objective analysis precisely because it has fewer vested interests
in military operations. The agency, however, must guard against being
overwhelmed by the intelligence demands of the military that could spread
limited analytic assets thin, further erode the quality of analysis,
and derail the CIA from performing its critical mission of providing
national intelligence and strategic warning to civilian policymakers.
The European and American Reactions to Kosovo: The Policy Divide Revisited in the Iraq War
Authors: Skrpec Dagmar
Published: February 2007

Despite much talk about the new transatlantic rift over the war in
Iraq, tensions between the United States and Europe are neither new
nor circumstantial, but rather a result of different policy approaches
to security situations. This essay examines the U.S.-European dynamic
during the Kosovo crisis and illustrates policy tensions resulting from
Europe's traditional approach of focusing on process versus the American
focus on outcome in resolving security problems. By examining the Kosovo
crisis, not only can we draw conclusions about the European-American
dynamic over the war in Iraq, but we can also draw broader implications
for transatlantic interactions and approaches to future international
security threats.
Empire, Coleridge, and Charles Lamb's Consumer Imagination
Authors: Fang Karen Y
Published: February 2007

Scholarship on Charles Lamb typically presents his essays as
responses to personal tragedy or as idealistic fancies detached
from history, and perpetuates romantic conventions by unfavorably
comparing the minor writer to Coleridge. This article intervenes
in this trend by reading Lamb's "Elia" essays as emulations
of his East India House employment, which adopt its modes of
mechanical reproduction and professional promotion in order to
elevate Lamb's literary output to that of Coleridge. Porcelain is
the key industrial commodity upon which Lamb's analogy hinges.
Consequently, this reading centers upon the essay, "Old China,"
to unveil the triumphal imperialism in Lamb's writing.
Re-Reading Sisterhood in Christina Rossetti's "Noble Sisters" and "Sister Maude"
Authors: Rogers Scott
Published: February 2007

This essay examines the representation of women's relationships in two Christina Rossetti poems, "Noble Sisters" and "Sister Maude." Both poems were composed after "Goblin Market" and, notably, after she had begun volunteering at Highgate Penitentiary, a home for fallen women. Considering these poems in the context of Rossetti's work at Highgate reveals that her beliefs about the potential of women's communities changed after her experience working there. By noting this shift in her representation of women's relationships, this essay argues for a reconsideration of the primacy of "Goblin Market" in estimations of Rossetti's politics.
Meter, Identity, Voice: Untranslating Christabel
Authors: Russett Margaret
Published: February 2007

This essay poses a riddle: what can be plagiarized, but not copyrighted?
It answers by connecting the technical management of
meter with the property of "voice" which, in turn, responds to the
problem of defining poetic "identity" in copyright law. The essay
proceeds, first, to discuss how Coleridge links meter with the
idealized identity he calls "untranslatableness." Next it
contextualizes this understanding of identity in eighteenth- and
nineteenth-century copyright debates, arguing that one strain of
anglophone law grounds "identity" in nonsemantic aspects of form,
such as meter. Taking Coleridge's Christabel as a case study, the
essay's third section discusses how Walter Scott's "plagiarism" of
Christabel's meter in The Lay of the Last Minstrel ultimately affirms
the identity of Coleridge's poem. The essay concludes with
speculations on how literary materiality relates to transmission.
Secular Sermons and American Accents: The Nonfiction of Bellow, Ozick, and Roth
Authors: Greenstein Michael
Published: February 2007

At the beginning of the twentieth century, Emma
Lazarus's words affixed to the Statue of Liberty heralded an affinity
between American and Jewish values and identities. At the same time,
however, Henry James's negative comments about the Yiddish language of
these immigrants at Ellis Island and on the Lower East Side of New York
undermined the acceptance of Jews into the American mainstream. In their
own essays Saul Bellow, Cynthia Ozick, and Philip Roth admire James but
challenge his antisemitic sentiments by adopting a range of rhetorical
strategies that combine elitism and egalitarianism to reaffirm the
overlapping of American and Jewish identities. Their moral seriousness
in conjunction with their ironic attitudes simultaneously questions
rabbinic authority; their nonfictional jeremiads synthesize and reinvent
a Jewish-American covenant. Their secular sermons remain true to American
tradition while seeking new frontiers of thought.
Antisemitism in American Athletics
Authors: Jaher Frederic Cople
Published: February 2007

"Antisemitism in American Athletics" traces the reception
of Jews from the Civil War to the present in all sports in venues from
amateur to professional played in or organized by collegiate groups,
country clubs, athletic clubs, and professional associations. The main
conclusions are: Jews were discriminated against less, as in other
recreational sectors, than African-Americans. They also faced less
prejudice than in other aspects of life, e.g., academic, residential,
commercial, and professional. Hostility against Jews in sports varied with
the social prestige of the sport and the venue. Thus, greater exclusion
existed in yachting and horse racing than in basketball, baseball, and
boxing, and greater exclusion took place in country and athletic clubs
than in professional sports arenas. Finally, the trajectory of bigotry
in athletics paralleled that of general anti-Jewish sentiment--rising
after the Civil War, peaking in the 1930s, and declining after World
War II to its current low point.
A Forgotten Forerunner: Zelda Popkin's Novels of the Holocaust and the 1948 War
Authors: Popkin Jeremy D.
Published: February 2007

Although her work has now fallen into neglect, Zelda
Popkin (1898-1983) deserves a place in the history of American Jewish
literature both for having written one of the first English-language
novels with a Holocaust theme and for having published the first American
novel about the Israeli war for independence. Small Victory (1947)
and Quiet Street (1951) both demonstrate the difficulties that
mid-century American Jews, wedded to the project of assimilation into
middle-class American life, had in understanding the consequences of
the destruction of European Jewry and the creation of an independent
Jewish state.
The Notorious Purple Gang: Detroit's All-Jewish Prohibition Era Mob
Authors: Rockaway Robert A.
Published: February 2007

During Prohibition (1920-1933), Jewish gangsters
became major operatives in the American underworld and played prominent
roles in the creation and extension of organized crime in the United
States. At the time, Jewish gangs dominated illicit activities in a number
of America's largest cities, including Cleveland, Detroit, Minneapolis,
Newark, New York, and Philadelphia. One of the more notorious of these
all-Jewish mobs was Detroit's Purple Gang. The gang dealt in bootlegging,
gambling, extortion, drugs, and murder, and developed a reputation
for being more ruthless than Al Capone's mob in Chicago. The Purple's
decade-long reign of terror ended when most of the gang's members either
went to prison or were murdered by rivals.
How They Write Us: Accepting and Excepting 'the Jew' in Canadian Fiction
Authors: Greenstein Michael
Published: February 2007

From the beginning to the end of the twentieth century,
several female novelists in Canada have portrayed Jewish characters in
their fiction. The earliest example appears in the form of a German Jewish
peddler in Anne of Green Gables. By mid-century much fuller and
more nuanced treatments appear in Gwethalyn Graham's Earth and High
Heaven and in the more cosmopolitan portraits of Mavis Gallant's short
stories. In the second half of the century, writers such as Margaret
Laurence, Carol Shields, and Ann-Marie MacDonald offer realistic and
sympathetic characterizations of Jews. As the century progresses and
Canadian society opens in its acceptance of minorities, these writers
depict the positive and negative sides in their ambivalent attitudes
towards acculturation. Most of these authors revise earlier semitic
stereotypes from their modernist, feminist vantage points.
Edna Ferber, Jewish American Feminist
Authors: Shapiro Ann R.
Published: February 2007

As a child in Ottumwa, Iowa, Edna Ferber was taunted
for being Jewish; as a young woman eager to launch her career as a
journalist, she was told that the Chicago Tribune did not hire
women reporters. Despite her experience of antisemitism and sexism, she
idealized America, creating in her novels an American myth where strong
women and downtrodden men of any race prevail. This article focuses on two
of her best-selling novels, Show Boat (1926) and Cimarron
(1930), which create visions of racial harmony and female strength in a
fictional world that purported to be America but was more illusion than
reality. Characters in Ferber's novels achieve assimilation and acceptance
that was periodically denied Ferber herself throughout her life.
Archie Rand's The Eighteen and Postmodern (Mis)Recognition
Authors: Kaufmann David
Published: February 2007

Archie Rand's series of paintings, The Eighteen, presents
an interesting test for the supposed inclusiveness of "postmodern"
theory. A frankly redemptive investigation of Jewish prayer, it rejoices
in the freedoms of postmodern figuration, but because it offers neither
critique nor an account of identity formation, it is not—or rather
cannot be—recognized as a "valid" postmodern work. In the end,
this judgment says less about the quality of the work than it does about
the limits of postmodernism as it has been construed.
Lionel Trilling's The Middle of the Journey and the Complicated Origins of the Neo-Conservative Movement
Authors: Kimmage Michael
Published: February 2007

The Middle of the Journey (1947) contains the ideological
dilemmas out of which the neo- conservative movement would grow in
the 1970s. The origins of this movement lie in the novel's subject,
the break with communism. Trilling was himself Jewish, as were many
neo-conservative intellectuals, but his novel is conspicuous for its lack
of Jewish characters. The novel's ideological content helps to explain
this. Trilling made a stark separation between religious conservatism and
the secular liberalism to which he personally adhered. He foresaw the ways
in which anti-communism would legitimate both liberalism and conservatism,
yet his novel offered no room for its characters fo synthesize ethnicity
or religion with involvement in the modern world. The absence of Jewish
characters allowed Trilling to explore a liberalism uncomplicated
by religion or ethnicity. Jewish neo- conservatives perpetuated the
anti-communist world of Trilling in 1947, but they dis covered within
it the possibility of being Jewish, conservative, and modern; hence the
com plexity of Trilling's relationship to them.
It's Splendid When the Town Whore Gets Religion and Joins the Church: The Rise of the Jewish Neoconservatives as Observed by the Paleoconservatives in the 1980s
Authors: Klingenstein Susanne
Published: February 2007

During the Reagan administration a new group of consevative intellectuals,
with deep roots in the anti-Stalinist left and Jewish New York,
was gaining influence in Washington. Their ascent was observed with
ill-concealed envy by older conservatives who themselves had only recently
gained a foothold in Washington. As the marginalization of the paleocon
servatives by the neoconservatives became irreversible, the paleos lashed
out in rhetoric subtly laced with antisemitic stereotypes.
Jewish Intellectuals and the Deep Places of the Imagination
Authors: Krupnick Mark
Published: February 2007

This essay considers whether American Jewish intellectuals have achieved
the sublime combination of emotion and intellect characteristic of
the very greatest art. Lionel Trilling is a keystone figure here, one
cut off from his Jewish past by assimilationist tendencies and tied to
an unfulfilling middle class liberalism. Trilling's only novel, Th e
Middle of the Journey, succeeds as an intellectual exploration yet
fails in portraying full-bodied characters emblematic of the "deep places
of the imagination." Only occasionally does Trilling begin to touch upon
the fullest artistic vision, notably in his short story "Of This Time
of That Place," and in his literary-critical discussion of Isaac Babel.

The essay argues that Trilling's lack of artistic success is emblematic
of those who followed in his wake. One such figure is Alfred Kazin,
a writer of potent emotion but limited intellectual achievement. Irving
Howe, another metaphorical son of Trilling, is comparable intellectually,
but, like Trilling, is emotionally detached from his roots. As celebrated
as the New York intellectuals may be, the essay argues that they fail
to achieve works of lasting artistic greatness.
Eating Kosher Ivy: Jews as Literary Intellectuals
Authors: Schwarz Daniel R
Published: February 2007

This essay considers the place of the Jewish literary intellectual,
the Diaspora of Jewish public intellectuals from New York urban culture
to the American universities, and the consequent transformation of
public intellectuals into literary intellectuals. The beginning section,
entitled "Situating Myself," discusses my own diaspora from a suburban
enclave into the academic world and how I, like many Jews, have been a
not always comfortable guest in the house of English Literature.

"Eating Kosher Ivy" considers the discomfort Jews felt with New Criticism
and its emphasis on an ideal gentile reader, and the importance
of the work of Leslie Fiedler in freeing Jews from the shackles of
New Criticism. It stresses the work of important Jewish scholars who
emphasized representation rather than aesthetics and proposed major synthe
sizing visions of how literary periods functioned in terms of history
and philosophy. The role of Jews as public intellectuals is considered
at a time when Jews were still having difficulties finding a place in
prestigious universities, especially those in the Ivy League. Jewish
Studies was a way for scholars to rediscover themselves both as Jews
and public intellectuals.
Genetics and Deafness: Impacts on the Deaf Community
Authors: Arnos Kathleen S
Published: February 2007

Genetics has great relevance to the lives of deaf people. More than half of all deafness that is present at birth or in early childhood is caused by genetic factors. The reaction of deaf people to genetics has depended, in part, on sociohistorical events of the past and, for some, experiences with genetics professionals who have little or no understanding of the cultural aspects of deafness. Genetics technologies in the last few years have led to an explosion in knowledge regarding the genetic causes of deafness and the characteristics of common genes for deafness. Genetic testing for deafness will become more common in the future and has already begun to affect the lives of deaf people. Genetic knowledge can empower deaf people to make decisions that were never before possible. With these technological advances come ethical considerations that should be of concern to medical professionals and deaf people alike. It is imperative for deaf people to become knowledgeable about genetics technologies and the potential impact on the Deaf community in order to fully participate in discussions with family members, medical professionals, genetics researchers, and genetics counselors regarding the appropriate use of the technologies.
The Study of Natural Sign Language in Eighteenth-Century France
Authors: Fischer Renate
Published: February 2007

In 1779 the French Deaf author Pierre Desloges published a book on sign language and deaf education. This publication, together with additional contemporary sources, provides insights into an early phase of sign language use in eighteenth-century Paris as well as into the history of ideas on signs.
The Racial Profile of a Rural Mexican Province in the “Costa Chica”: Igualapa in 1791
Authors: Vinson Ben
Published: February 2007

Late colonial Mexico possessed one of the largest free-colored populations in Spanish America, numbering around 370,000 in 1793. The colony's pardos, morenos, and mulattos were highly dispersed, being found throughout the major urban centers, coastal zones, rural areas, and in selected portions of the northern frontier. Studies conducted over the past two decades have assisted enormously in reconstructing the free-colored demographic profile, with particular emphasis on occupational and marriage patterns. Much of this research has resulted from sustained examinations of the caste vs. class debate, which has attempted to understand the manner in which the caste system worked in structuring colonial social relations. Broader, regional histories have added even more to our understanding by situating Blacks within the economic, cultural, and social context of important towns and their hinterlands. Institutional studies have also referenced the Afro-Mexican presence and contributions. However, numerous gaps still exist in our portrait of colonial Afro-Mexicans. Notably, the Pacific coastal regions have received proportionately little attention in comparison to the area of Veracruz. This is surprising since the Costa Chica, occupying portions of the modern states of Guerrero and Oaxaca, remains home to some of the more significant concentrations of Afro-Mexicans.
Obstetrics and the Emergence of Women in Mexico's Medical Establishment
Authors: Penyak Lee M.
Published: February 2007

La medicina científica was a popular journal read by Mexican doctors at the end of the nineteenth century. Each edition contained articles on the latest research and developments in the profession and also medical news from around the world of potential interest to subscribers. An excerpt from a February 1889 entry noted that Carolina Schultze had recently passed her medical oral exams in France. One of the evaluators acknowledged her obvious skill and “the great service she will perform to society.” But the article's focus, and the probable reason for its inclusion in this Mexican journal, quickly turned to whether or not other women could match her talent. The author presumed that she was, in fact, unique. “The female doctor,” he said, “neither has been nor is nor ever will be more than an exception, as there are exceptional women in all fields of knowledge, art, science, and literature.” Even more suggestive about late nineteenth-century bias were the reasons why he thought that female doctors, if they must exist, should only specialize in the illnesses of women and children: “when women enter into the practice of a profession appropriate only to the strong sex, they are never satisfied with a secondary role and always want to shine in the front row.”
In Pursuit of Standardization: The British Ministry of Healthis Model 8F Wheelchair, 1948-1962
Authors: Woods Brian , Watson Nick
Published: February 2007

As Brian Woods and Nick Watson note, for millions of people the wheelchair has been a significant site of technological innovation over the last hundred years, yet few historians or sociologists have paid it much attention. With "In Pursuit of Standardization: The British Ministry of Health's Model 8F Wheelchair, 1948–1962, "Woods and Watson aim to rectify that situation, at least in part. The article surveys "the effects of the interplay between the state, medical professionals, and disabled peopleÃboth as individuals and in organized groupsÃon wheelchair innovation in Britain during the 1950s." Although it is "primarily a sociotechnical history of the emergence of a standardized wheelchair" that proceeds from a starting point in the social construction of technology approach, the authors are aware that a focus on "the circulation of power veils the processes of structural exclusion." They draw on the "social model of disability, first developed in Britain as a political tool to explain disability in social terms and later refined . . . as a sociological theory" to complement SCOT and shed light on "the relationships between wheelchair developments and the structural exclusion of disabled people."
Border Crossings and Intra-National Trespasses: East German Bodies in Sasha Waltz's and Jo Fabian's Choreographies
Authors: Giersdorf Jens Richard
Published: February 2007

Even though Jo Fabian and Sasha Waltz each base one of their dance
theatre pieces on East German identity during and after the opening of
the Berlin Wall in 1989, their distinct approaches and trainings produce
dramatically different choreographies. By examining the dialectical
relationships of their productions with East German citizens' conscious
pedestrian movements at that time, I illuminate the role of choreography
in the creation of societal structures.
Modern Visions of Greek Tragic Dancing
Authors: Ley Graham
Published: February 2007

Dancing must be an integral part of our understanding of Greek tragedy as
a form of dance drama, but its reconstruction is obscure. The methodology
of significant proposals made in the modern period by researchers Lawler,
Webster, and Prud-hommeau is placed under critical scrutiny in this essay,
with important ancient terms examined, and a broad problematic exposed.
Arthur Miller's Ironic Resurrection
Authors: Mason Jeffrey D. (Jeffrey Daniel)
Published: February 2007

Arthur Miller's Resurrection Blues (2002) is a political satire that attacks the combination of government, business, and the media that arrogates so much social power in the contemporary world. Expressed through his plays, essays, and testimony before the House Committee on Un-American Activities in 1956, MillerÕs politics and activism are complex and sometimes contradictory, and in this play, he takes the cynical view that belief, aspiration, and revolution are no longer tenable. In the end, MillerÕs is the theatre of irony, and his trust in the individual and liberalism is equivocal, so he offers grim laughter as the only viable response to experience.
Re-imagining Identity and Re-centering History in Tlaxcalan Performance
Authors: Ybarra Patricia
Published: February 2007

"Re-imagining Identity and Re-centering History in Tlaxcalan Performance" examines the celebration of the Departure of the 400 families, an historical re-enactment of the 1591 colonization of Northern New Spain by Christianized Tlaxcaltecan Indians, first performed in 1981. Concentrating specifically on the performance's development between 1981 and 1991, coinciding with Mexican financial and political crises, this essay argues that this celebration, commonly called the Salida, encouraged local pride, civic investment, and limited local activism to combat these adverse circumstances via its re-imagination of Tlaxcalan history and identity. Ironically, perhaps, my examination of the most recent Salida suggests that the processes of decentralization and democratization that followed these crises may have limited, rather than expanded, the celebrationÕs role in fomenting local civic investment in today's Tlaxcala.
Resisting Amnesia: Yuyachkani, Performance, and the Postwar Reconstruction of Peru
Authors: A'Ness Francine Mary
Published: February 2007

In 2002 the transition government of Alejandro Toledo established a Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Peru. Its aim, like that of similar commissions created to deal with the democratization of a country after a period of violent intra-ethnic conflict and widescale abuses of human rights, was to record the testimonies of the victims and offer recommendations ranging from reparation to radical structural change in the governing of the country. Working alongside the Peruvian commission was El Grupo Cultural Yuyachkani, one of Latin America's oldest and most impressive activist theatre collectives. To facilitate the truth-gathering process as well as publicly honor and remember the dead, five members of Yuyachkani traveled to the mountainous regions of the Andes most affected by the war. There, over a period of eight months, they held workshops, performed in the streets, and participated in local demonstrations. Through a range of stylized performance pieces and street-art installations directly related to the recent crisis and translated into an idiom accessible to all, they converted ordinary streets and plazas into ritual spaces for reflection and remembrance. In doing so, they dignified the victims and their relatives and transformed the personal stigma of abuse into the collective trauma of a nation needing to heal. This essay details the collaboration between Yuyachkani and the TRC and explores the critical intersection of secular ritual and "embodied memory" for the process of postwar reconstruction in Peru.
The Abstract Allegory of Griselda Gambaro's Stripped (El despojamiento)
Authors: Puga Ana Elena
Published: February 2007

In this one-act play, written as Argentina began to slide into a repressive dictatorship and produced just as the country was returning to democracy, Griselda Gambaro improvises on the allegorical genre so as to allow for multiple, simultaneous, interdependent perspectives on an enigmatic theatrical universe. "Abstract allegory," as practiced by Gambaro, is a more sophisticated political and aesthetic strategy than either what Fredric Jameson calls "national allegory," which simply tells one (private) story to refer to another (public) issue, or what Doris Sommer refers to as "dialectical" allegory, in which two narratives are equally significant and mutually constructed. Just as any one of the fractured forms in an abstract painting might hint at a landscape or a human figure, the drama simultaneously alludes to several antagonisms between powerless individuals and menacing authority figures: 1) women oppressed by abusive men; 2) ordinary civilians at the mercy of low-level torturers; and 3) civilian leaders subjugated by military authorities.
Spectacle and Music
Authors: Devin Lee
Published: February 2007

Spectacle and Music, the qualities of tragedy remarked by Aristotle as indispensable to the form, are hard to study or think about. They happen in present time only, and are not part of a play's script. Considering them leads to a distinction between scripts and plays that can help us think more clearly about the dramatic art.
The Dramaturg's Progress
Authors: Shteir Rachel
Published: February 2007

Although the rent case has propelled dramaturgy into the mainstream, it has also made the focus of the discipline too oriented towards commercial deal making.
The Efficacy/Effeminacy Braid: Unpacking the Performance Studies/Theatre Studies Dichotomy
Authors: Bottoms Stephen J. (Stephen James)
Published: February 2007

This article explores the origins of the disciplinary separation between Performance Studies and Theatre Studies, with particular attention to the polemical stance of The Drama Review during the 1960s. It argues that the moves at this time toward studying cultural performance, as distinct from theatre, were motivated in part by a homophobically-inflected anti-theatrical prejudice. The paper then goes on to locate this historical analysis in relation to current debates over the relationship between the two fields, arguing that certain rhetorical habits of PS discourse need to be re-examined. Theatre scholars, the paper concludes, can afford to be less defensive and more pro-active in their discussions with Performance Studies colleagues over the relative "efficacy" of their subjects of study.
Joy on Beale Street
Authors: Kimmel Eric A
Published: February 2007

The author of such Jewish children's classics as Hershel and the Hanukkah Goblins and The Chanukah Guest discusses the personal and emotional roots of his stories.
Editors' Introduction
Authors: Rahn Suzanne , Sokoloff Naomi B
Published: February 2007

The Jewish presence in english-language children's literature has never been
fully analyzed or explored. to suggeest it rich potential for future scholarship, articles on Jewish themes, authors, and characters are
included in this volume.
Gender, Feminism, and Attitudes toward International Conflict: Exploring Relationships with Survey Data from the Middle East
Authors: Tessler Mark , Warriner Ina
Published: February 2007

In an effort to contribute to the dialogue between gender studies and international studies, this report presents findings from an empirical investigation based on the integrated secondary analysis of survey data from Israel, Egypt, Palestine, and Kuwait. The goal is to assess the utility of both gender and attitudes pertaining to the circumstances of women in accounting for variance in views about war and peace, and thereafter to examine the degree to which political system attributes constitute conditionalities associated with important variable relationships. Major findings include the absence of gender-linked differences in attitudes toward international conflict in all four of the societies studied and a significant relationship in each of these societies between attitudes toward gender equality and attitudes toward international conflict. Based on data from the Arab world and Israel, with attitudes about a peaceful resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict treated as the dependent variable, the research also aspires to shed light on more practical considerations pertaining to the international relations of the Middle East.
Bargaining, Uncertainty, and Property Rights in Fisheries
Authors: Alcock Frank
Published: February 2007

Garrett Hardin's “tragedy of the commons” metaphor is commonly invoked to account for the unfortunate state of world fisheries. But the world s oceans are no longer a global commons and have not been so for the past two decades. Open-access regimes have persisted within many exclusive economic zones (EEZs) during this time, but coastal states' authority to regulate domestic fisheries has existed for more than a generation. Faced with the prospect of Hardin's tragedy, coastal states have had more than twenty years to devise institutional constraints that would prevent it. This article asserts that the dismal experience with EEZs is in large part attributable to distributive bargaining problems that arose within coastal states in the wake of EEZ extension. Moreover, the article argues that high levels of uncertainty that characterize the early stages of institutional development have exacerbated these problems. Finally, the article demonstrates how the variety of institutional designs and paths of institutional development that are observed in the cases of Iceland, Norway, and Atlantic Canada result from the different configurations of political power and political structure within each case. While the empirical discussion is focused upon property rights and fisheries, the theoretical discussion of bargaining and uncertainty has widespread application across comparative and international politics.
Introduction
Authors: James Harold
Published: February 2007

The tragic events of September 11, 2001, came as a terrible surprise, except of course to those who perpetrated them. The four aircraft hijackings, the use of the seized and fully fueled large aircraft as incendiary bombs directed against the perceived centers of American financial, military, and legislative life (on the assumption that the fourth jet was to have been targeted at the U.S. Capitol), and the massive loss of life shattered all assumptions. The terror immediately produced a flood of analysis, instant commentary, articles, books, and gradually also a smaller tide of semiacademic and academic analysis.
Clientelism and Voting Behavior: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Benin
Authors: Wantchekon Leonard
Published: February 2007

The author conducted a field experiment in Benin to investigate the impact of clientelism on voting behavior. In collaboration with four political parties involved in the 2001 presidential elections, clientelist and broad public policy platforms were designed and run in twenty randomly selected villages of an average of 756 registered voters. Using the survey data collected after the elections, the author estimated the effect of each type of message by comparing voting behavior in the villages exposed to clientelism or public policy messages (treatment groups) with voting behavior in the other villages (control groups). The author found that clientelist messages have positive and significant effect in all regions and for all types of candidates. The author also found that public policy messages have a positive and significant effect in the South but a negative and significant effect in the North. In addition, public policy messages seem to hurt incumbents as well as regional candidates. Finally, the evidence indicates that female voters tend to have stronger preference for public policy platforms than male voters.
Adjectives and the Work of Modernism in an Age of Celebrity
Authors: Jaffe Aaron
Published: February 2007

This essay compares the uses and abuses of the authorial adjective (i.e., "Jamesian," "Joycean," etc.), tracing an emergent economy of literary reputation to the critical wings of modernism. It argues that the modes of criticism inaugurated by T.S. Eliot and Ezra Pound and elaborated by I.A. Richards and F.R. Leavis were predicated on certain influential assumptions about the scarcity of elite literary reputation. Further, many of these assumptions--in particular, the impersonality of critical method and autonomy of critical objects--disguise deep resemblances between public literary persona and the ideal, magisterial author presupposed in modernist theories of literary production.
Metaphors of identity in dating ads and newspaper articles
Authors: Marley Carol
Published: February 2007

This article investigates metaphors of identity in dating ads and in two types of newspaper writing, ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ news articles. It focuses on issues of textualization and processing, and particularly on the role of cotext in decoding metaphors. Taking a pragmatic approach founded in the cooperative principle, it argues that the maxims of quality and relation play related but separable roles in the interpretation of identity metaphors; and that this process is guided and constrained by cotextual selections in the environment of the metaphorical term. The particular kinds of cotextual guidance provided by the writer are seen to vary according to genre-driven issues. These include the purpose and stylistic conventions of the genre in which the metaphor occurs and the circumstances under which the text is composed and read. Differing functional motivations are suggested for the use of identity metaphors in each of the genres considered.
Gαq-Coupled Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors Enhance Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Signaling inCaenorhabditis elegansMating Behavior
Authors: Liu Yishi , LeBoeuf Brigitte , Garcia L. René
Published: February 2007

In this study, we address why metabotropic and ionotropic cholinergic signaling pathways are used to facilitate motor behaviors. We demonstrate that a Gαq-coupled muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) signaling pathway enhances nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) signaling to facilitate the insertion of theCaenorhabditis elegansmale copulatory spicules into the hermaphrodite during mating. Previous studies showed that ACh (acetylcholine) activates nAChRs on the spicule protractor muscles to induce the attached spicules to extend from the tail. Using the mAChR agonist Oxo M (oxotremorine M), we identified a GAR-3(mAChR)-Gαqpathway that promotes protractor muscle contraction by upregulating nAChR signaling before mating. GAR-3(mAChR) is expressed in the protractor muscles and in the spicule-associated SPC and PCB cholinergic neurons. However, ablation of these neurons or impairing cholinergic transmission reduces drug-induced spicule protraction, suggesting that drug-stimulated neurons directly activate muscle contraction. Behavioral analysis ofgar-3mutants indicates that, in wild-type males, GAR-3(mAChR) expression in the SPC and PCB neurons is required for the male to sustain rhythmic spicule muscle contractions during attempts to breach the vulva. We propose that the GAR-3(mAChR)/Gαqpathway sensitizes the spicule neurons and muscles before and during mating so that the male can respond to hermaphrodite vulva efficiently.