bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sex-Dependent Behavioral Effects of Cerebral Cortical Lesions in the Developing Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Goldman Patricia S. , Crawford Howard T. , Stokes Linton P. , Galkin Thelma W. , Rosvold H. Enger
Published: October 2006

Male rhesus monkeys with orbital prefrontal lesions were impaired on behavioral tests at 2½ months of age whereas similar deficits were not detected in females with comparable lesions until 15 to 18 months of age. The results suggest that the maturation of a cortical region in the primate brain proceeds at different tempos in males and females.
Space Perception in Early Infancy: Perception within a Common Auditory-Visual Space?
Authors: McGurk Harry , Lewis Michael
Published: October 2006

Human infants aged 1 to 7 months were exposed to modifications of the normal spatial relationship between their mothers' face and voice. There was no evidence that such modifications were experienced by the infants as violations of a preexisting expectancy for face and voice to occupy the same spatial location.
Hypoxemia and the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Authors: Naeye Richard L.
Published: October 2006

Infants with known chronic hypoxemia before death retained a large proportion of the brown fat cells that are normally replaced by white fat cells after birth. Many of these hypoxemic infants also had an abnormal retention of extramedullary hematopoiesis. These same abnormalities were found in many victims of the sudden infant death syndrome.
Amorphous Solid Water: An X-ray Diffraction Study
Authors: Venkatesh C. G. , Rice S. A. , Narten A. H.
Published: October 2006

Water vapor that condenses on a metal surface at 10°K forms a noncrystalline phase of estimated density 1.2 grams per cubic centimeter. X-ray diffraction data of high precision and resolution have been analyzed to yield oxygen atom pair correlation functions. The positional correlation in amorphous solid water extends over only a few molecular radii, and the radial distribution of near-neighbor oxygen atoms in amorphous solid water is qualitatively different from that found in the low-pressure ice modifications. Amorphous solid water is a useful material for liquid water models because it can be studied under conditions such that the effects of static disorder and thermal excitation can be separated.
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome: Evidence for Abnormal Adrenergic Function
Authors: Rockson Stanley , Stone Richard , van der Weyden Martin , Kelley William N.
Published: October 2006

Subjects with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency with self-mutilation) exhibit an apparently unique pattern of adrenergic dysfunction characterized by elevated plasma dopamine β-hydroxylase activity and an absence of pressor response to acute sympathetic stimulation. Patients with a partial deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase without self-mutilation do not exhibit these abnormalities of adrenergic function.
Gastric Brooding: Unique Form of Parental Care in an Australian Frog
Authors: Corben C. J. , Ingram G. J. , Tyler M. J.
Published: October 2006

The recently described leptodactylid frog
Rheobatrachus silus
of Queensland, Australia, exhibits a unique form of parental care. The female carries embryos and young in the stomach, propulsively ejecting the juveniles.
Human Vaginal Secretions: Volatile Fatty Acid Content
Authors: Michael Richard P. , Bonsall R. W. , Warner Patricia
Published: October 2006

Vaginal samples (682) were collected by a tampon method from 50 healthy young women. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography. The volatile aliphatic acids increased during the late follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and declined progressively during the luteal phase. Women on oral contraceptives had lower amounts of volatile acids and did not show any rhythmic changes in acid content during the menstrual cycle. These same substances possess sex-attractant properties in other primate species.
Identification of a Mutation in Porcine Ryanodine Receptor Associated with Malignant Hyperthermia
Authors: Fujii Junichi , Otsu Kinya , Zorzato Francesco , de Leon Stella , Khanna Vijay K. , Weiler Janice E. , O'Brien Peter J. , MacLennan David H.
Published: October 2006

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) causes neurological, liver, and kidney damage and death in humans and major economic losses in the swine industry. A single point mutation in the porcine gene for the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (ryr1) was found to be correlated with MH in five major breeds of lean, heavily muscled swine. Haplotyping suggests that the mutation in all five breeds has a common origin. Assuming that this is the causal mutation for MH, the development of a noninvasive diagnostic test will provide the basis for elimination of the MH gene or its controlled inclusion in swine breeding programs.
Freon Consumption: Implications for Atmospheric Ozone
Authors: Wofsy Steven C. , McElroy Michael B. , Sze Nien Dak
Published: October 2006

Freons are a potential source of stratospheric chlorine and may indirectly cause serious reductions in the concentration of ozone. The reduction could be as large as 3 percent by 1980, or 16 percent by 2000, if Freon consumption were to grow at 10 percent per year. Even if Freon use were terminated as early as 1990, it could leave a significant effect which might endure for several hundred years.
Corn Stunt Spiroplasma: Isolation, Cultivation, and Proof of Pathogenicity
Authors: Chen Tseh An , Liao Ching Hsing
Published: October 2006

A spiroplasma isolated from corn infected with corn stunt disease has been successfully cultivated in vitro. Acid formation was associated with its growth in liquid medium, and fried egg-shaped or granulated colonies developed on solid agar medium. Healthy leafhopper vectors injected with or allowed to feed on isolates from various serial passages through liquid medium were able to transmit the corn stunt agent to healthy corn plants, inducing typical corn stunt disease in the plants. The spiroplasma was reisolated and cultivated from such diseased plants and was indistinguishable morphologically from the original isolates. These results provide the first definite proof that the corn stunt disease is caused by the corn stunt spiroplasma.
Differential Phosphorylation of the Transcription Factor Oct1 During the Cell Cycle
Authors: Roberts Susan Boseman , Segil Neil , Heintz Nathaniel
Published: October 2006

Orderly progression through the somatic cell division cycle is accompanied by phase-specific transcription of a variety of different genes. During S phase, transcription of mammalian histone H2B genes requires a specific promoter element and its cognate transcription factor Oct1 (OTF1). A possible mechanism for regulating histone H2B transcription during the cell cycle is direct modulation of Oct1 activity by phase-specific posttranslational modifications. Analysis of Oct1 during progression through the cell cycle revealed a complex temporal program of phosphorylation. A p34
cdc2
-related protein kinase that is active during mitosis may be responsible for one mitotic phosphorylation of Oct1. However, the temporally controlled appearance of Oct1 phosphopeptides suggests the involvement of multiple kinases and phosphatases. These results support the idea that cell cycle-regulated transcription factors may be direct substrates for phase-specific regulatory enzymes.
Past Orientation of the Lunar Spin Axis
Authors: Ward William R.
Published: October 2006

The orientation of the lunar spin axis is traced from the early history of the earth-moon system to the present day. Tides raised on the earth by the moon have caused an expansion of the lunar orbit. Tides raised on the moon by the earth have de-spun the moon to synchronous rotation and driven its spin axis to a Cassini state—that is, in a coprecessing configuration, coplanar with the lunar orbit normal and the normal to the Laplacian plane (which is at present coincident with the normal to the ecliptic). This combination of events has resulted in a complex history for the lunar spin axis. For much of the period during which its orbital semimajor axis expanded between 30 and 40 earth radii, the obliquity of the moon was of order 25° to 50°. In fact, for a brief period the obliquity periodically attained a value as high as 77°; that is, the spin axis of the moon was only 13° from lying in its orbit plane.
Solar Proton Events: Stratospheric Sources of Nitric Oxide
Authors: Crutzen Paul J. , Isaksen Ivar S. A. , Reid George C.
Published: October 2006

The production of nitric oxide (NO) in the stratosphere during each of the solar proton events of November 1960, September 1966, and August 1972 is calculated to have been comparable to or larger than the total average annual production of NO by the action of galactic cosmic rays. It is therefore very important to consider the effect of solar proton events on the temporal and spatial distribution of ozone in the stratosphere. A study of ozone distribution after such events may be particularly important for validating photochemical-diffusion models.
Solar Energy Conversion by Water Photodissociation
Authors: Balzani V. , Moggi L. , Manfrin M. F. , Bolletta F. , Gleria M.
Published: October 2006

The basic concepts for direct and catalyzed photodissociation of water have been summarized. Water dissociation in closed-cycle processes based on endothermic photochemical reactions offers a potential solution to the solar energy conversion problem. Transition metal complexes, whose excited state chemistry is extremely rich although mostly unexplored, are, in principle, suitable "catalysts" for cycles of this type. The most interesting cycles are those involving metal hydrido complexes or binuclear complexes in which the two metal atoms are bound into a macrocyclic ligand. Systematic investigations of the photochemistry of transition metal complexes with the aim of designing suitable systems for solar energy conversion have long-range promise and merit further consideration.
Chestnut Blight: Biological Control by Transmissible Hypovirulence in
Endothia parasitica
Authors: Van Alfen N. K. , Jaynes R. A. , Anagnostakis S. L. , Day P. R.
Published: October 2006

Hypovirulence in
Endothia parasitica
is caused by a cytoplasmic determinant that is transferred by hyphal anastomosis in host tissue and in culture. Transmission of this determinant affects the virulence of the fungus to the extent that host invasion by previously virulent isolates is limited.
Estimating Evaporation: A Technique Adaptable to Remote Sensing
Authors: Idso Sherwood B. , Jackson Ray D. , Reginato Robert J.
Published: October 2006

A procedure is presented for calculating 24-hour totals of evaporation from wet and drying soils. Its application requires a knowledge of the daily solar radiation and the maximum and minimum air temperatures (standard Weather Service measurements), moist surface albedo (readily estimated or obtainable from a one-time measurement), and maximum and minimum surface temperatures (obtainable from surface or airborne sensors). Tests of the technique on a bare field of Avondale loam at Phoenix, Arizona, have shown it to be independent of season.
Paleoclimatological Analysis of Late Quaternary Cores from the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Emiliani Cesare , Gartner Stefan , Lidz Barbara , Eldridge Koneta , Elvey Dwight K. , Huang Ting Chang , Stipp Jerry J. , Swanson Mary F.
Published: October 2006

Oxygen isotopic, radiocarbon, and micropaleontological analysis of deep-sea cores from the northeastern Gulf of Mexico identify an episode of rapid ice melting and sea-level rise at about 9600 years B.C. This age coincides, within the limits of all errors, with the age of the Valders ice readvance and with the age assigned by Plato to the flood he describes.
Computer Vision
Authors: Aloimonos Yiannis , Rosenfeld Azriel
Published: October 2006

The field of computer vision is devoted to discovering algorithms, data representations, and computer architectures that embody the principles underlying visual capabilities. This article describes how the field of computer (and robot) vision has evolved, particularly over the past 20 years, and introduces its central methodological paradigms.
p53 Mutations in Human Cancers
Authors: Hollstein Monica , Sidransky David , Vogelstein Bert , Harris Curtis C.
Published: October 2006

Mutations in the evolutionarily conserved codons of the p53 tumor suppressor gene are common in diverse types of human cancer. The p53 mutational spectrum differs among cancers of the colon, lung, esophagus, breast, liver, brain, reticuloendothelial tissues, and hemopoietic tissues. Analysis of these mutations can provide clues to the etiology of these diverse tumors and to the function of specific regions of p53. Transitions predominate in colon, brain, and lymphoid malignancies, whereas G:C to T:A transversions are the most frequent substitutions observed in cancers of the lung and liver. Mutations at A:T base pairs are seen more frequently in esophageal carcinomas than in other solid tumors. Most transitions in colorectal carcinomas, brain tumors, leukemias, and lymphomas are at CpG dinucleotide mutational hot spots. G to T transversions in lung, breast, and esophageal carcinomas are dispersed among numerous codons. In liver tumors in persons from geographic areas in which both aflatoxin B
1
and hepatitis B virus are cancer risk factors, most mutations are at one nucleotide pair of codon 249. These differences may reflect the etiological contributions of both exogenous and endogenous factors to human carcinogenesis.
Reproductive Condition and the Response of White-Crowned Sparrows (
Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli
) to Song
Authors: Petrinovich Lewis , Patterson Thomas , Peeke Harmon V. S.
Published: October 2006

The pattern of responses of both male and female white-crowned sparrows to playback of recorded song depends on whether the female has eggs, nestlings, or fledglings, and on the behavior under consideration. These patterns can be understood in the context of the behavior patterns appropriate during each of the different stages of the reproductive cycle.
Vapor Pressure of Water at Its Triple Point: Highly Accurate Value
Authors: Guildner L. A. , Johnson D. P. , Jones F. E.
Published: October 2006

The vapor pressure of water at its triple point was measured with greatly increased accuracy. The triple point was realized with newly designed equipment that enhanced the stability of the pressure and permitted any air released from solution to be removed by pumping. A diaphragm pressure transducer separated the water vapor from the helium used to transmit the pressure to the manometer. The pressure was measured with the National Bureau of Standards precision mercury manometer. The vapor pressure at the triple point was found to be 611.657 pascals with random uncertainties at the 99 percent confidence level of ± 0.010 pascal. The systematic errors are estimated to be relatively insignificant.
Atomic Force Microscopy and Dissection of Gap Junctions
Authors: Hoh Jan H. , Lal Ratneshwar , John Scott A. , Revel Jean-Paul , Arnsdorf Morton F.
Published: October 2006

An atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to study the structure of isolated hepatic gap junctions in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The thickness of these gap junctions appears to be 14.4 nanometers, close to the dimensions reported by electron microscopy (EM). When an increasing force is applied to the microscope tip, the top membrane of the gap junction can be "dissected" away, leaving the extracellular domains of the bottom membrane exposed. When such "force dissection" is performed on samples both trypsinized and fixed with glutaraldehyde, the hexagonal array of gap junction hemichannels is revealed, with a center-to-center spacing of 9.1 nanometers.
Tool Use in a Social Insect and Its Implications for Competitive Interactions
Authors: Fellers Joan H. , Fellers Gary M.
Published: October 2006

Four species of myrmicine ants,
Aphaenogaster rudis
,
A. treatae
,
A. tennesseensis
, and
A. fulva
, use pieces of leaf, mud, and sand grains as tools to carry soft foods from distant sources to the colony. Tools are tended on the food and removed by colony members without regard to which individual brought the tool. Food is gathered more efficiently by tool use than by internal transport. Tool-using behavior may increase the competitive ability of
A. rudis
in an interspecific dominance hierarchy.
Size Variations in Planktonic Foraminifera: Implications for Quantitative Paleoclimatic Analysis
Authors: Hecht Alan D.
Published: October 2006

Populations of planktonic foraminiferal species and phenotypes, distinguished on the basis of color and coiling direction, reach maximum average test sizes in their regions of optimum development. Therefore, tropical species are largest in tropical waters, while polar species are largest in polar waters. Species living in subtropical and subpolar waters decrease in test size with both increasing and decreasing temperature.
Long-Term High-Titer Neutralizing Activity Induced by Octameric Synthetic HIV-1 Antigen
Authors: Wang C. Y. , Looney D. J. , Li M. L. , Walfield A. M. , Ye J. , Hosein B. , Tam J. P. , Wong-Staal F.
Published: October 2006

A titer for homologous viral neutralization activity (> 1:19,683) was observed after a 3.5-year immunization period with an octameric, branching peptide representing the principal neutralizing determinant (PND) of the human immunodeficiency virus-1
IIIB
envelope protein. Booster immunizations elicited persistent and potent antibodies in guinea pigs, exceeding responses produced by a conventional bovine serum albumin conjugate by 100-fold. Peptide length, central presentation of a conserved sequence, and inclusion of an upstream sequence contributed to immunogenicity. Titers (> 1:1,000) of heterotypic neutralizing antibodies also developed. Octameric PND peptides are a promising approach for an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) vaccine.
Plant Defense Guilds
Authors: Atsatt Peter R. , O'Dowd Dennis J.
Published: October 2006

Optimal plant defense should incorporate any mechanisms that influence the feeding behavior of potential pests. From a diverse collection of examples suggesting that the defense of a plant may be improved in the company of specific neighbors, we discuss a framework of operational mechanisms that begin to clarify some aspects of the recognized influence of species diversity on herbivory. Neighbors serve as insectary plants for herbivore predators and parasites, and influence herbivore feeding behavior by repelling, masking, attracting, and decoying. Insectary plants lower the numerical response of herbivores by increasing the efficiency of their predators and parasites. Repellent plants primarily lower functional response by causing the predator to fail to locate or reject its normal prey. Attractant-decoy plants dilute herbivore impact by drawing off herbivores, either increasing or decreasing their numerical and functional response (or either).

The concept of gene conservation guilds adds diversionary and delaying tactics to the adaptation-counteradaptation view of plant-herbivore coevolution. The useful life of a given gene for resistance may best be extended by mechanisms that disrupt genetic tracking (specialization) by herbivores. Some plants may remain inedible not because their chemistry or morphology represents an evolutionary impasse, but because they live in an environment that provides acceptable options of variable quality. Feeding environments that provide little or no choice promote specialization by forcing physiological adaptation. Conversely, the evolutionary momentum of specializing herbivores may be lowered by enhancing their susceptibility, either by selection against virulent individuals, or by decreasing the exposure frequency of susceptible genotypes. The latter mechanism of conserving susceptible individuals takes advantage of herbivore behavioral sensitivity to variable plant quality. Direct selection against virulent genotypes requires temporal cycling of the herbivore population between resistant and nonresistant hosts. Both events may occur within defense guilds that provide acceptable feeding options of similar but distinctive quality.
Role of
Erythronium americanum
Ker. in Energy Flow and Nutrient Dynamics of a Northern Hardwood Forest Ecosystem
Authors: Muller Robert N. , Bormann F. Herbert
Published: October 2006

The aboveground activity of the spring herb,
Erythronium americanum
, is restricted to the period between snowmelt and forest canopy development. Its phenology and production capacity closely adapt the species to this temporal niche in northern deciduous forests. While
E. americanum
has a minor effect on energy flow, it may reduce losses of potassium and nitrogen from the ecosystem during the period of maximum removal by incorporating these elements in accumulating biomass. Later, during the summer, these nutrients are made available when the aboveground, nonperennating tissues decay.
Isotopic Composition of Nitrogen: Implications for the Past History of Mars' Atmosphere
Authors: McElroy Michael B. , Yung Yuk Ling , Nier Alfred O.
Published: October 2006

Models are presented for the past history of nitrogen on Mars based on Viking measurements showing that the atmosphere is enriched in
15
N. The enrichment is attributed to selective escape, with fast atoms formed in the exosphere by electron impact dissociation of N
2
and by dissociative recombination of N
2
+
. The initial partial pressure of N
2
should have been at least as large as several millibars and could have been as large as 30 millibars if surface processes were to represent an important sink for atmospheric HNO
2
and HNO
3
.
Preliminary Results from the Viking X-ray Fluorescence Experiment: The First Sample from Chryse Planitia, Mars
Authors: Toulmin Priestley , Clark Benton C. , Baird A. K. , Keil Klaus , Rose Harry J.
Published: October 2006

Iron, calcium, aluminum, silicon, and sulfur are major elements in the first surface sample of Mars that has been analyzed by the Viking x-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Titanium is present in minor quantities. This is consistent with the sample being a mixture of fine silicate and oxide mineral grains, with a significant proportion of sulfates, possibly hydrated. Ferric oxide is regarded as the red pigmenting agent on the martian surface, but if it coats silicate grains, the coatings must be very thin (≤ 2 micrometers) or discontinuous. A high abundance of Fe, relatively low abundances of Al, Rb, Sr, and Zr, and a high Ca/K ratio are distinctive features of the spectra. Preliminary determinations indicate the following abundances (as percentages by weight): Fe, 14 ± 2; Ti < 1; S, 2 to 5; the Ca/K ratio by weight is greater than 5.
Ecologic and Paleoclimatic Implications of Morphologic Variation of
Orbulina universa
in the Indian Ocean
Authors: Hecht Alan D. , Bé Allan W. H. , Lott Leroy
Published: October 2006

Multivariate cluster analysis of various morphologic indices of
Orbulina universa
populations from the Indian Ocean indicate the existence of two major groups whose geographic distribution corresponds to the equatorial and central water masses. An abrupt change in shell porosity between populations of this planktonic foraminiferal species in plankton as well as sediment samples occurs within or near the 10°S Hydrochemical Front.
Orbulina universa
is an excellent indicator of oceanographic conditions in the Indian Ocean today, and may be used as an independent check on shifts in water masses during the last glaciation.
The Atmosphere of Mars: Detection of Krypton and Xenon
Authors: Owen T. , Biemann K. , Rushneck D. R. , Biller J. E. , Howarth D. W. , LaFleur A. L.
Published: October 2006

Krypton and xenon have been discovered in the martian atmosphere with the mass spectrometer on the second Viking lander. Krypton is more abundant than xenon. The relative abundances of the krypton isotopes appear normal, but the ratio of xenon-129 to xenon-132 is enhanced on Mars relative to the terrestrial value for this ratio. Some possible implications of these findings are discussed.
Early Meteorological Results from the Viking 2 Lander
Authors: Hess S. L. , Henry R. M. , Leovy C. B. , Mitchell J. L. , Ryan J. A. , Tillman J. E.
Published: October 2006

Early results from the meteorological instruments on the Viking 2 lander are presented. As on lander 1, the daily patterns of temperature, wind, and pressure have been highly repetitive during the early summer period. The average daily maximum temperature was 241°K and the diurnal minimum was 191°K. The wind has a vector mean of 0.7 meter per second from the southeast with a diurnal amplitude of 3 meters per second. Pressure exhibits both diurnal and semidiurnal oscillations, although of substantially smaller amplitude than those of lander 1. Departures from the repetitive diurnal patterns begin to appear on sol 37.
Pulmonary Surfactant Protein B (SP-B): Structure-Function Relationships
Authors: Cochrane C. G. , Revak S. D.
Published: October 2006

SP-B is a protein in pulmonary surfactant that is, in greatest part, responsible for resistance to surface tension and prevention of collapse of pulmonary alveoli. Peptides of 21 residues, synthesized following the sequence of SP-B or resembling the hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains of SP-B (such as RLLLLRLLLLRLLLLRLLLLR, R, Arg, and L, Leu), enhanced the abilities of phospholipids to reduce surface tension both in vitro and in vivo. Intermittent positively charged residues were essential for this activity. The SP-B-like peptides were found by tryptophan fluorescence to partition within the phospholipid layer in contact with both polar head groups and acyl side chains. These data, together with findings that the SP-B-related peptides increase inter- and intramolecular order of the phospholipid layer, suggest that SP-B resists surface tension by increasing lateral stability of the phospholipid layer.
Oscillations of Cytosolic Sodium During Calcium Oscillations in Exocrine Acinar Cells
Authors: Wong Monica M. Y. , Foskett J. Kevin
Published: October 2006

In acinar cells from rat salivary glands, cholinergic agonists cause oscillations in cytoplasmic free calcium concentration, which then drive oscillations of cell volume that reflect oscillating cell solute content and fluid secretion. By quantitative fluorescence ratio microscopy of an intracellular indicator dye for sodium, it has now been shown that large amplitude oscillations of sodium concentration were associated with the calcium and cell volume oscillations. Both calcium and sodium oscillations were dependent on the continued presence of calcium in the extracellular medium and were abolished by the specific sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase inhibitor ouabain. Thus, calcium oscillations in salivary acinar cells, by modulating the activities of ion transport pathways in the plasma membrane, can cause significant oscillations of monovalent ions that may in turn feed back to regulate calcium oscillations and fluid secretion.
DNA Bending by Fos and Jun: The Flexible Hinge Model
Authors: Kerppola Tom K. , Curran Tom
Published: October 2006

DNA bending is essential for the assembly of multiprotein complexes that contact several DNA sequence elements. An approach based on phasing analysis was developed that allows determination of both the directed DNA bend angle and the orientation of DNA bending. This technique has been applied to the analysis of DNA bending by the transcription regulatory proteins Fos and Jun. Complexes that contained different combinations of full-length and truncated Fos and Jun induced DNA bends of different magnitudes and orientations. The DNA bends induced by the individual proteins were determined on the basis of a quantitative model for DNA bending by dimeric complexes. This information was used to visualize the consequences of DNA bending by Fos and Jun for the structures of Fos-Jun-DNA and Jun-DNA complexes.
The Atom Economy—A Search for Synthetic Efficiency
Authors: Trost BM
Published: October 2006

Efficient synthetic methods required to assemble complex molecular arrays include reactions that are both selective (chemo-, regio-, diastereo-, and enantio-) and economical in atom count (maximum number of atoms of reactants appearing in the products). Methods that involve simply combining two or more building blocks with any other reactant needed only catalytically constitute the highest degree of atom economy. Transition metal-catalyzed methods that are both selective and economical for formation of cyclic structures, of great interest for biological purposes, represent an important starting point for this long-term goal. The limited availability of raw materials, combined with environmental concerns, require the highlighting of these goals.
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the Pathogenesis of asthma
Authors: Wegner Craig D. , Gundel Robert H. , Reilly Patricia , Haynes Nancy , Letts L. Gordon , Rothlein Robert
Published: October 2006

Airway eosinophilia, epithelial desquamation, and hyperresponsiveness are characteristics of the airway inflammation underlying bronchial asthma. The contribution of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) to eosinophil migration and airway responsiveness was studied. ICAM-1 partially mediated eosinophil adhesion to endothelium in vitro and was upregulated on inflamed bronchial endothelium in vivo. ICAM-1 expression was also upregulated on inflamed airway epithelium in vitro and in vivo. In a primate model of asthma, a monoclonal antibody to ICAM-1 attenuated airway eosinophilia and hyperresponsiveness. Thus, antagonism of ICAM-1 may provide a therapeutic approach to reducing airway inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and asthma symptoms.
Antarctic Soft-Bottom Benthos in Oligotrophic and Eutrophic Environments
Authors: Dayton Paul K. , Oliver John S.
Published: October 2006

The benthos of the east and west sides of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, is characterized by dramatically different infaunal assemblages. The eutrophic East Sound has higher infaunal densities than almost any other benthic assemblage in the world. In contrast, the oligotrophic West Sound, bathed by currents from beneath the Ross Ice Shelf, has patterns of mobile epifauna and low infauna density similar to bathyl deep-sea communities.
Species Turnover Rates on Islands: Dependence on Census Interval
Authors: Diamond Jared M. , May Robert M.
Published: October 2006

Measurements of species turnover in island bird communities demonstrate two trends with increasing census interval
t
: (i) Apparent turnover rates
T
decrease greatly with
t
, and (ii) the coefficient of variation of
T
decreases asymptotically to a constant value. These effects are predicted by a statistical model whose parameters are the immigration and extinction probabilities of each species. Available bird censuses at intervals of decades underestimate turnover rates by about an order of magnitude.
Solar Proton Event: Influence on Stratospheric Ozone
Authors: Heath Donald F. , Krueger Arlin J. , Crutzen Paul J.
Published: October 2006

Large-scale reductions in the ozone content of the middle and upper stratosphere over the polar cap regions were associated with the major solar proton event of 4 August 1972. This reduction, which was determined from measurements with the backscattered ultraviolet experiment on the Nimbus 4 satellite, is interpreted as being due to the catalytic destruction of ozone by odd-nitrogen compounds (NO
x
) produced by the event.
Carbon-13/Carbon-12 Ratio Is Relatively Uniform Among Honeys
Authors: Doner Landis W. , White Jonathan W.
Published: October 2006

The variability of the carbon-13/carbon-12 ratio in honeys was evaluated preliminary to use of the ratio to detect the addition of high-fructose corn syrup to honey. Eighty-four honey samples representing 34 states and including 37 floral types from 17 plant families were analyzed. The mean value of the per mil increment in carbon-13 (δ
13
C) for all samples is –25.2 per mil, and the coefficient of variation is 3.7 percent. This is the smallest variation yet encountered for a honey constituent or physical property. The range and magnitude of the values suggest that the floral sources are C
3
plants.
Induction of
Salmonella
Stress Proteins Upon Infection of Macrophages
Authors: Buchmeier Nancy A. , Heffron Fred
Published: October 2006

Regulated expression of bacterial genes allows a pathogen to adapt to new environmental conditions within the host. The synthesis of over 30
Salmonella
proteins is selectively induced during infection of macrophages. Two proteins induced by
Salmonella
are the heat shock proteins GroEL and DnaK. Two avirulent, macrophage-sensitive mutants of
Salmonella
synthesize GroEL and DnaK but fail to synthesize different subsets of proteins normally induced within the macrophage. Enhanced expression of selected
Salmonella
proteins contributes to bacterial survival within macrophages and may also contribute to the apparent immunodominance of heat shock proteins.
Alteration of α1 Na
+
,k
+
-ATPase
86
Rb
+
Influx by a Single Amino Acid Substitution
Authors: Herrera Victoria L. , Ruiz-Opazo Nelson
Published: October 2006

The sodium- and potassium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Na
+
,K
+
-ATPase) maintains the transmembrane Na
+
gradient to which is coupled all active cellular transport systems. The R and S alleles of the gene encoding the Na
+
,K
+
-ATPase α1 subunit isoform were identified in Dahl salt-resistant (DR) and Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats, respectively. Characterization of the S allele-specific Na
+
,K
+
-ATPase α1 complementary DNA identified a leucine substitution of glutamine at position 276. This mutation alters the hydropathy profile of a region in proximity to T
3
(Na), the trypsin-sensitive site that is only detected in the presence of Na
+
. This mutation causes a decrease in the rubidium-86 influx of S allele-specific sodium pumps, thus marking a domain in the Na
+
,K
+
-ATPase α subunit important for K
+
transport, and supporting the hypothesis of a putative role of these pumps in hypertension.
Expression and Activity of the POU Transcription Factor SCIP
Authors: Monuki Edwin S. , Kuhn Rainer , Weinmaster Gerry , Trapp Bruce D. , Lemke Greg
Published: October 2006

POU proteins have been shown to transcriptionally activate cell-specific genes and to participate in the determination of cell fate. It is therefore thought that these proteins function in development through the stable activation of genes that define specific developmental pathways. Evidence is provided here for an alternative mode of action. The primary structure of SCIP, a POU protein expressed by developing Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system, was deduced and SCIP activity was studied. Both in normal development and in response to nerve transection, SCIP expression was transiently activated only during the period of rapid cell division that separates the premyelinating and myelinating phases of Schwann cell differentiation. In cotransfection assays, SCIP acted as a transcriptional repressor of myelin-specific genes.
Glutamate, the Dominant Excitatory Transmitter in Neuroendocrine Regulation
Authors: van den Pol Anthony N. , Wuarin Jean-Pierre , Dudek F. Edward
Published: October 2006

Glutamate has been found to play an unexpectedly important role in neuroendocrine regulation in the hypothalamus, as revealed in converging experiments with ultrastructural immunocytochemistry, optical physiology with a calcium-sensitive dye, and intracellular electrical recording. There were large amounts of glutamate in boutons making synaptic contact with neuroendocrine neurons in the arcuate, paraventricular, and supraoptic nuclei. Almost all medial hypothalamic neurons responded to glutamate and to the glutamate agonists quisqualate and kainate with a consistent increase in intracellular calcium. In all magnocellular and parvocellular neurons of the paraventricular and arcuate nuclei tested, the non-NMDA (non-
N
-methyl-D-aspartate) glutamate antagonist CNQX (cyano-2,3-dihydroxy-7-nitroquinoxaline) reduced electrically stimulated and spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic potentials, suggesting that the endogenous neurotransmitter is an excitatory amino acid acting primarily on non-NMDA receptors. These results indicate that glutamate plays a major, widespread role in the control of neuroendocrine neurons.
Tree-Ring-Drought Relationships in the Hudson Valley, New York
Authors: Cook Edward R. , Jacoby Gordon C.
Published: October 2006

Annual tree-ring chronologies from certain well-drained sites in the Hudson Valley of New York record past changes in temperature and precipitation. This information accounts for much of the July variation in Palmer drought severity indices during the period 1931 to 1970 and is used to develop a preliminary reconstruction of drought as long ago as 1728.
The Photographic Determination of Group Size, Composition, and Stability of Coastal Porpoises (
Tursiops truncatus
)
Authors: Würsig Bernd , Würsig Melany
Published: October 2006

During a 21-month study, 53 individual bottle-nosed porpoises were recognized by photographs of their dorsal fins. They traveled in small subgroups (mean size = 15) composed of a stable core of five animals plus other individuals that varied greatly from sighting to sighting.
Beef Production Efficiency
Authors: Trenkle Allen , Willham R. L.
Published: October 2006

In the production of high quality protein, feed grains will continue to be used to finish cattle for market as long as economics dictates. Production systems could be developed that would make ruminant animals less competitive with humans for feed grains, but the costs of instituting such programs would be prohibitive. Sufficient genetic variation exists either between or within breeds for the cattle population to be adapted to new management programs and for current methods of beef production to be significantly improved.
Coadapted Competitors: The Flowering Seasons of Hummingbird-Pollinated Plants in a Tropical Forest
Authors: Stiles F. Gary
Published: October 2006

A system of compensating phenological responses of different species to unusual rainfall conditions may play a major role in maintaining an orderly, staggered sequence of flowering peaks among the hummingbird-pollinated plants of a Costa Rican rain forest. Quantitative phenological studies over several years may be essential to understanding the temporal organization of many tropical communities.
Hypertension: Increase of Collagen Biosynthesis in Arteries but Not in Veins
Authors: Iwatsuki K. , Cardinale G. J. , Spector S. , Udenfriend S.
Published: October 2006

In two models of hypertension in rats, it was shown that collagen synthesis and deposition are increased in arteries where blood pressure is elevated. By contrast, there were no alterations in any of the markers of collagen synthesis in veins, where blood pressure was only slightly elevated. It would appear that the stimulus for vascular collagen synthesis is provided by a direct effect of the increased pressure on the arterial cells rather than by a humoral factor released into the general circulation.
Phenobarbital: Effects of Long-Term Administration on Behavior and Brain of Artificially Reared Rats
Authors: Diaz Jaime , Schain Richard J.
Published: October 2006

Two doses of phenobarbital were given daily for 2 weeks to infant rats fed by intragastric cannulas. The larger dose (60 milligrams per kilogram of body weight) resulted in decreased spontaneous activity and increased responses to novel stimuli. The smaller dose (15 milligrams per kilogram) resulted in increased spontaneous activity and also an increase of responses to novel stimuli. The larger dose produced a 12 percent reduction in brain growth, while the smaller dose was associated with a 3 percent reduction in brain growth.
Adaptive Significance of Reproductive Cycles in the Fiddler Crab
Uca pugilator
: A Hypothesis
Authors: Christy John H.
Published: October 2006

Semimonthly peaks in courtship behavior of male crabs coincide with peaks in the temporal distribution of receptive females. Females mate once each month, 4 to 5 days before one of the semimonthly spring tides. The relation of the time of reproduction to tide cycles may be an adaptation to increase to a maximum the probability that the final stage of the planktonic larvae will be transported by tidal currents to substrates suitable for adults.
Industrial Energy in Transition: A Petrochemical Perspective
Authors: Wishart Ronald S.
Published: October 2006

The future growth of the petrochemical industry depends in part on the industry's ability to improve efficiency in the use of oil and gas feedstocks and to develop promising alternatives. Technological innovation is proving to be the key to the long-term viability of the industry. The next 6 to 7 years will be characterized by the commercialization of new technologies designed to improve the efficiency of petroleum as a feedstock. Union Carbide's advanced cracking reactor, now nearing the demonstration stage, exemplifies this type of effort. The increasing price of oil and gas will make coal-based synthesis gas more attractive as a feedstock, particularly for oxygenated petrochemical products. A further development involves the conversion of biomass, through fermentation, to useful chemical products and the gasification of municipal wastes to raise steam for electricity generation and as a possible, supplemental feedstock. By the year 2000, it is predicted that feedstocks from all sources other than oil and gas may constitute 10 to 14 percent of the total new material requirement for the petrochemical industry.
Isolation and Cultivation in vitro of the Actinomycete Causing Root Nodulation in
Comptonia
Authors: Callaham Dale , Del Tredici Peter , Torrey John G.
Published: October 2006

The soil actinomycete causing formation of nitrogen-fixing symbiotic nodules on roots of the woody angiosperm
Comptonia peregrina
(L.) Coult. (Myricaceae) has been isolated from surface-sterilized root nodules after incubation and enzyme maceration. The filamentous bacterium grows slowly in pure culture on a yeast extract medium, producing sporogenous bodies which form large numbers of ovoid spores. Reinfection of sand-grown or aeroponically grown seedlings of
Comptonia
was achieved repeatedly with inocula prepared from suspensions of the
Comptonia
isolate. The same actinomycete has been reisolated from these seedling nodules. The induced nodules are highly active in the acetylene-reduction assay, and plants grow vigorously without an exogenous supply of fixed nitrogen.
Imbrian-Age Highland Volcanism on the Moon: The Gruithuisen and Mairan Domes
Authors: Head James W. , McCord Thomas B.
Published: October 2006

The Gruithuisen and Mairan domes on the moon represent morphologically and spectrally distinct nonmare extrusive volcanic features of Imbrian age. The composition, morphology, and age relationships of the domes indicate that nonmare extrusive volcanism in the northern Procellarum region of the moon continued until about 3.3 × 10
9
to 3.6 × 10
9
years ago and was partially contemporaneous with the emplacement of the main sequence of mare deposits.
Identification of the
1
H-NMR Spectra of Complex Oligosaccharides with Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Meyer Bernd , Hansen Torben , Nute Donald , Albersheim Peter , Darvill Alan , York William , Sellers Jeffery
Published: October 2006

Artificial neural networks can be used to identify hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (
1
H-NMR) spectra of complex oligosaccharides. Feed-forward neural networks with back-propagation of errors can distinguish between spectra of oligosaccharides that differ by only one glycosyl residue in twenty. The artificial neural networks use features of the strongly overlapping region of the spectra (hump region) as well as features of the resolved regions of the spectra (structural reporter groups) to recognize spectra and efficiently recognized
1
H-NMR spectra even when the spectra were perturbed by minor variations in their chemical shifts. Identification of spectra by neural network-based pattern recognition techniques required less than 0.1 second. It is anticipated that artificial neural networks can be used to identify the structures of any complex carbohydrate that has been previously characterized and for which a
1
H-NMR spectrum is available.
Pituitary Nuclear 3,5,3′-Triiodothyronine and Thyrotropin Secretion: An Explanation for the Effect of Thyroxine
Authors: Silva J. E. , Larsen P. R.
Published: October 2006

An excellent correlation was observed between nuclear triiodothyronine (T
3
) and the ensuing suppression of thyrotropin (TSH) after a single intravenous injection of T
3
to thyroidectomized (hypothyroid) rats. At 1 and 2 hours after injection of thyroxine (T
4
), in amounts equally potent to the administered T
3
in terms of acute suppression of TSH, the same quantities of T
3
were found in the pituitary nuclei. Virtually no nuclear T
4
was present, and plasma T
3
was negligible at these short intervals after T
4
injection. These results suggest that suppression of TSH release in hypothyroid rats occurs by interaction of T
3
with the nuclear receptor of the thyrotroph. After T
4
injection, the T
3
found in the nucleus is derived from rapid intrapituitary monodeiodination.
Carbon: A New View of Its High-Temperature Behavior
Authors: Whittaker A. Greenville
Published: October 2006

An increasing body of research indicates that carbon can exist in a number of polymorphic "carbyne" forms. It is proposed that these forms occur because of a shift to triple bonding in the carbon system as temperature increases above 2600 K. It is also proposed that graphite can dissociate into triple-bonded molecules by a simple mechanism.
Lancefield Swamp and the Extinction of the Australian Megafauna
Authors: Gillespie R. , Horton D. R. , Ladd P. , Macumber P. G. , Rich T. H. , Thorne R. , Wright R. V. S.
Published: October 2006

Excavations into the Australian swamp of Lancefield show that a bone bed dated at 26,000 years ago contains perhaps 10,000 giant extinct animals. Associated artifacts suggest that humans were in the area, but the direct cause of death of the animals is, on present evidence, not explicable. Such a recent date for the classic megafauna shows that it was living together with humans for at least 7000 years in southeast Australia. This enduring association argues against a catastrophic and rapid overkill in the Australian Pleistocene.
Copper Porphyrins in Deep-Sea Sediments: A Possible Indicator of Oxidized Terrestrial Organic Matter
Authors: Palmer Susan E. , Baker Earl W.
Published: October 2006

Copper porphyrins have been isolated from deep-sea sediments collected during six legs of the Deep Sea Drilling Project-International Program of Ocean Drilling. These pigments are present in depositional areas receiving high inputs of terrestrially derived oxidized organic matter. Such areas include the Black Sea, the Bay of Biscay, the Blake-Bahama Basin, and slumped Miocene deposits off Cape Bojador on the west coast of Africa.
Seismic Amplitude Measurements Suggest Foreshocks Have Different Focal Mechanisms than Aftershocks
Authors: Lindh Allan , Fuis Gary , Mantis Constance
Published: October 2006

The ratio of the amplitudes of
P
and
S
waves from the foreshocks and aftershocks to three recent California earthquakes show a characteristic change at the time of the main events. As this ratio is extremely sensitive to small changes in the orientation of the fault plane, a small systematic change in stress or fault configuration in the source region may be inferred. These results suggest an approach to the recognition of foreshocks based on simple measurements of the amplitudes of seismic waves.
Obsidian Hydration Profiles Measured by Sputter-Induced Optical Emission
Authors: Tsong I. S. T. , Houser C. A. , Yusef N. A. , Messier R. F. , White W. B. , Michels J. W.
Published: October 2006

The variation of concentrations of hydrogen, sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, silicon, and aluminum as a function of depth in the hydration layer of obsidian artifacts has been determined by sputter-induced optical emission. The surface hydration is accompanied by dealkalization, and there is a buildup of alkaline earths, calcium and magnesium in the outermost layers. These results have clarified the phenomena underlying the obsidian hydration dating technique.