bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extracellular Vesicles: A Novel Target for Exercise-Mediated Reductions in Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Authors: Eichner Natalie Z. M. , Erdbrügger Uta , Malin Steven K.
Published: June 2018

Regular exercise is important for reducing type 2 diabetes (T2D) and/or cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, only about 40–50% of this CVD risk reduction is accounted for by adiposity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Herein, we present the novel hypothesis that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are candidate biomarkers that may relate to impaired endothelial function and insulin resistance independent of obesity risk factors. EVs are small membrane-bound particles that are generated by cells following stimulation, stress, or activation. They carry markers of their parent cell and are thought to be potent bioactivators and communicators. We discuss the underlying physiology of specific cell type EVs, as well as examine how acute and chronic exercise interventions impact EV count and phenotype. We also propose that current gaps in the field are in part related to use of different detection techniques and the lack of standardized measurements of EV affecting the pre- and postanalytical phase. Ultimately, improving the understanding of how EVs impact cardiometabolic health and their function will lead to improved approaches for enhancing diagnostic options as well as designing exercise interventions that treat and/or prevent T2D and CVD.
The Central Neck Dissection or the Modified Sistrunk Procedure in the Treatment of the Thyroglossal Duct Cysts in Children: Our Experience
Authors: Pucher Beata , Jonczyk-Potoczna Katarzyna , Kaluzna-Mlynarczyk Agata , Kurzawa Pawel , Szydlowski Jaroslaw
Published: June 2018

Background. The aim of the study was to present the surgical techniques providing the lowest recurrence rate in treatment of the primary and recurrent thyroglossal duct cyst (TGDC) in children. Methods. The study included 73 patients operated on because of TGDC in years 2011–2016. Ultrasound was performed in all patients preoperatively. In 8 patients with the recurrence of the disease, the CT or MR was carried out before the surgery. Children with the primary disease underwent the modified Sistrunk procedure. In the revision cases the central neck dissection was a method of choice. Results. In 45 children, the modified Sistrunk procedure was performed and 28 underwent the central neck dissection. In 2 patients, hematoma occurred after the modified Sistrunk procedure with the need of the surgical revision in one. No complications were observed after the central neck dissection. Conclusions. A modified Sistrunk procedure is method of choice in the treatment of the uncomplicated TGDC. In selected cases of the TGDC with a history of infected cyst or incision of an abscess or in revision cases the central neck dissection should be considered in order to avoid the risk of the further recurrences.
Influence of Smoking, Body Mass Index, and Other Factors on the Preventive Effect of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on Colorectal Cancer Risk
Authors: Wang Xiaoliang , Chan Andrew T. , Slattery Martha L. , Chang-Claude Jenny , Potter John D. , Gallinger Steven , Caan Bette , Lampe Johanna W. , Newcomb Polly A. , Zubair Niha , Hsu Li , Schoen Robert E. , Hoffmeister Michael , Brenner Hermann , Le Marchand Loic , Peters Ulrike , White Emily
Published: June 2018

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs’ (NSAID) use has consistently been associated with lower risk of colorectal cancer; however, studies showed inconsistent results on which cohort of individuals may benefit most. We performed multivariable logistic regression analysis to systematically test for the interaction between regular use of NSAIDs and other lifestyle and dietary factors on colorectal cancer risk among 11,894 cases and 15,999 controls. Fixed-effects meta-analyses were used for stratified analyses across studies for each risk factor and to summarize the estimates from interactions. Regular use of any NSAID, aspirin, or nonaspirin NSAIDs was significantly associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer within almost all subgroups. However, smoking status and BMI were found to modify the NSAID–colorectal cancer association. Aspirin use was associated with a 29% lower colorectal cancer risk among never-smokers [odds ratios (OR) = 0.71; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.64–0.79], compared with 19% and 17% lower colorectal cancer risk among smokers of pack-years below median (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.71–0.92) and above median (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.74–0.94), respectively (P interaction = 0.048). The association between any NSAID use and colorectal cancer risk was also attenuated with increasing BMI (P interaction = 0.075). Collectively, these results suggest that obese individuals and heavy smokers are unlikely to benefit as much as other groups from the prophylactic effect of aspirin against colorectal cancer.

Significance: Obesity and heavy smoking attenuate the benefit of aspirin use for colorectal cancer prevention. Cancer Res; 78(16); 4790–9. ©2018 AACR.
Tumor-Educated Platelets as a Noninvasive Biomarker Source for Cancer Detection and Progression Monitoring
Authors: Best Myron G. , Wesseling Pieter , Wurdinger Thomas
Published: June 2018

Liquid biopsies represent a potential revolution in cancer diagnostics as a noninvasive method for detecting and monitoring diseases, complementary to or even replacing current tissue biopsy approaches. Several blood-based biosources and biomolecules, such as cell-free DNA and RNA, proteins, circulating tumor cells, and extracellular vesicles, have been explored for molecular test development. We recently discovered the potential of tumor-educated blood platelets (TEP) as a noninvasive biomarker trove for RNA biomarker panels. TEPs are involved in the progression and spread of several solid tumors, and spliced TEP RNA surrogate signatures can provide specific information on the presence, location, and molecular characteristics of cancers. So far, TEP samples from patients with different tumor types, including lung, brain, and breast cancers, have been tested, and it has been shown that TEPs from patients with cancer are distinct from those with inflammatory and other noncancerous diseases. It remains to be investigated how platelets are “educated,” which mechanisms cause intraplatelet RNA splicing, and whether the relative contribution of specific platelet subpopulations changes in patients with cancer. Ultimately, TEP RNA may complement currently used biosources and biomolecules employed for liquid biopsy diagnosis, potentially enhancing the detection of cancer in an early stage and facilitating noninvasive disease monitoring. Cancer Res; 78(13); 3407–12. ©2018 AACR.
Choroidal Thickness in Birdshot Retinochoroiditis Over a 2-Year Period
Authors: Forte Raimondo , Aptel Florent , Thia-Soui-Tchong Kim , Salmon Lenore , Mailhac Adriane , Bouillet Laurence , Chiquet Christophe
Published: June 2018

Purpose: To evaluate 2-year choroidal changes in eyes with birdshot retinochoroiditis (BRC). Methods: Thirteen patients (26 eyes) with BRC were prospectively evaluated during a 2-year period with standard automated perimetry (SAP), fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography and optical coherence tomography (Spectralis Heidelberg Retinal Angiograph + optical coherence tomography). Enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography was performed. Results: Eight patients (61%) were females; the patients mean age was 60 ± 4.7 (range 49–66) years. At baseline, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.08 ± 0.2 and foveal sensitivity threshold (FST) at SAP was 34.04 ± 2.6; at 2-year visit, no significant changes were observed (BCVA 0.06 ± 02, p = 0.1 and FST 34.36 ± 2.6, p = 0.1). In all cases, at the 2-year visit, a significant reduction of choroidal thickness was present only at the fovea (p = 0.01). The rate of foveal choroidal thinning was 1.8 ± 1.6 µm per month. When compared to baseline, suprachoroidal fluid (SCF) was more frequent (42.3 vs. 23%; p = 0.002). The amount of foveal choroidal thinning was associated with the presence of SCF at baseline (p = 0.005). Conclusion: In patients with BRC, foveal choroidal thinning and increase of SCF at 2-year follow-up can be observed, even in the absence of visual loss.
Teachers’ Working Postures and Their Effects on the Voice
Authors: Rantala Leena , Sala Eeva , Kankare Elina
Published: June 2018

Objective: To evaluate associations between voice and working postures used during teaching. Methods: A researcher assessed 30 teachers’ typical working postures of the torso, head, shoulders, upper back, and arms by observing and/or asking questions about them. Teachers’ options to rest and to adjust furniture according to their needs were also elicited. Voice symptoms were evaluated through 2 self-assessment forms. Fundamental frequency, sound pressure level (SPL), and alpha ratio were calculated from voice samples recorded before, during, and after teaching. Results: The head was most typically in an unergonomic posture while speaking (in 60% of participants). Other frequently used unergonomic postures were hunched upper back (55%), raised shoulders (46%), and twisted torso (43%). Head and torso twisted and arms upheld were associated with specific voice symptoms and head postures and hunched upper back with voice use. The number of postures was also connected with voice use: if the teachers used over 3 unergonomic postures, their SPL was higher and the voice broke more often than in those with a lower number of postures. Conclusion: Unergonomic postures during speaking affect the voice. It is important to evaluate working postures as part of voice ergonomic assessment in voice patients.
Battery Longevity Comparison of Two Commonly Available Dual Channel Implantable Pulse Generators Used for Subthalamic Nucleus Stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Fisher Benjamin , Kausar Jamilla , Garratt Hayley , Hodson James , White Anwen , Ughratdar Ismail , Mitchell Rosalind
Published: June 2018

Objectives: Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease (PD) utilises an implantable pulse generator (IPG) whose finite lifespan in non-rechargeable systems necessitates their periodic replacement. We wish to determine if there is any significant difference in longevity of 2 commonly used IPG systems; the Medtronic Kinetra, and the Medtronic Activa Primary Cell (PC), which has come to replace it. Methods: All patients with bilateral Subthalamic Nucleus stimulators for PD performed in our centre were included. Battery life was then assessed using a Kaplan-Meier approach and comparisons between the Kinetra and Activa PC batteries were performed using log-rank tests. Results: Complete data was available for 183 patients. There was a significant difference in the average battery duration with an estimated median battery life in the Kinetra cohort of 6.6 years (95% CI 6.4–6.7), compared to 4.5 years (95% CI 4.4–4.5) in the Activa PC cohort (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The Activa PC IPG demonstrates a significantly reduced battery life of 2.1 years, with a median battery life of 4.5 years in comparison to 6.6 years in the Kinetra IPG. Future technology developments should therefore be focused on improving the battery life of the newer IPG systems.
Pediatric Intracranial Hydatid Cyst: A Case Series with Literature Review
Authors: Tanki Humam , Singh Harshita , Raswan Uday S. , Bhat Abdul R. , Kirmani Altaf R. , Ramzan Altaf U.
Published: June 2018

Hydatid disease is an endemic zoonotic disease in many areas of the world. An intracranial hydatid cyst is a relatively rare entity, accounting for only 1–2% of all intracranial space-occupying lesions. Most commonly they are seen in children and young adults. Here, we present 9 cases of pediatric intracranial hydatid cyst operated at Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India, between 2009 and 2015. The mean age of presentation was 11.5 years. The male to female ratio was 5: 4. In 7 cases, a history of contact with pet dogs was present. Seizure was the most common finding, present in 7 cases. Seven patients had solitary cysts and 2 had multiple cysts on presentation. All patients were operated on, and recurrence was observed in 2 patients. The features of this rare disease are retrospectively analyzed in this presentation and the literature is reviewed.
Isolated Nonvisualization of the Fetal Gallbladder Should Be Considered for the Prenatal Diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Bergougnoux Anne , Jouannic Jean-Marie , Verneau Fanny , Bienvenu Thierry , Gaitch Natacha , Raynal Caroline , Girodon Emmanuelle
Published: June 2018

Background: Cystic fibrosis (CF) can be revealed during fetal life by diverse ultrasound digestive abnormalities (USDA) such as fetal echogenic bowel or fetal intestinal loop dilatation, nonvisualization of the fetal gallbladder (NVFGB) being rarely observed in isolation. Only 6 cases of CF revealed by isolated NVFGB have been reported so far in the literature. Furthermore, recent studies suggested that this sign is of poor predictive value for CF. Methods: We report on the results of a 6-year French tricenter study on 1,124 cases of fetal USDA for whom a comprehensive molecular study was performed for CF. Results: Among the 37 CF fetuses, 5 (13.5%) presented with isolated NVFGB at ultrasound (US) examination at 24–31 weeks of gestation. This sign was more frequently observed in CF fetuses than in non-CF fetuses, with a likelihood ratio of 2.7. The genotypes included three c.1521_1523del (F508del) homozygous cases and two compound heterozygous cases for a frequent and a rare CF-causing variant. Discussion: These observations highlight the importance to report on the presence and aspect of the fetal gallbladder at the second trimester US scan and to consider prenatal CFTR molecular analysis in cases of isolated NVFGB.
How Should We Define Postnatal Growth Restriction in Preterm Infants?
Authors: Zozaya Carlos , Díaz Celia , Saenz de Pipaón Miguel
Published: June 2018

Background: Postnatal growth restriction is very common among preterm infants. Growth restriction might be associated with neurodevelopment impairment. The definition of postnatal growth restriction varies among studies. It has often been based on statistical parameters, but we lack biological data to support this definition. Objectives: The aim here was to study the association between neurodevelopment and postnatal growth restriction defined applying 2 different strategies. Methods: Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II was performed at 2 years corrected age in 168 preterm infants. Postnatal growth restriction was defined as a weight z-score at 36 weeks <–1.5 or treated as a continuous variable (fall in weight z-scores from birth to 36 weeks postmenstrual age). Results: Weight z-scores fell in almost all patients (98.8%), and 44.1% had z-scores <–1.5 at 36 weeks. After adjusting for gestational age and small for gestational age at birth, every 1-point fall in weight z-score was associated with a 5.6 point (95% CI 1.7 to 9.4) decrease in the Mental Developmental Index. A weight z-score <–1.5 at 36 weeks was not associated with a worse mental or psychomotor result. Conclusion: A fall in the weight z-score from birth to 36 weeks is a more rational definition of postnatal growth restriction, and it could predict neurodevelopment.
CD56 Expression Is an Important Prognostic Factor in Multiple Myeloma Even with Bortezomib Induction
Authors: Skerget Matevz , Skopec Barbara , Zadnik Vesna , Zontar Darja , Podgornik Helena , Rebersek Katarina , Furlan Tadej , Cernelc Peter
Published: June 2018

Objectives: In this retrospective study, we evaluated the impact of CD56, CD117, and CD28 expression on clinical characteristics and survival in newly diagnosed myeloma patients treated with bortezomib-based induction therapy. Methods: We analyzed 110 myeloma patients. Immunophenotype was determined using panels consisting of CD19/CD38/CD45/CD56/CD138 and CD20, CD28, and CD117 were used additionally. All samples were tested for recurrent chromosomal aberrations. Results: CD56, CD117, and CD28 expression rates were 71, 6, and 68%, respectively. The lack of CD56 expression was associated with light chain myeloma. The lack of CD117 expression was associated with elevated creatinine levels (p = 0.037). We discovered the correlation between CD 28 expression and female gender. The median progression-free survival (PFS) for patients with revised International Staging System stage 2 disease with CD56 expression or the lack of CD56 expression was 20.5 vs. 13.8 months (p = 0.03). In patients undergoing autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT), we found no difference in PFS and overall survival regarding the CD56 expression. We found no impact of CD117 and CD28 expression on PFS in patients regarding aHSCT. Conclusions: Induction treatment incorporating bortezomib diminishes the negative impact of the lack of CD117 expression and aberrancy of CD28 but does not overcome the negative impact of the lack of CD56 expression.
Use of Gene Expression Analysis for Discrimination of Primary and Secondary Adenocarcinoma of the Liver
Authors: Hass Holger G. , Vogel Ulrich , Scheurlen Michael , Jobst Jürgen
Published: June 2018

Background: Due to late diagnosis and resistance to chemotherapy, most patients with cholangiocarcinoma have an unfavorable prognosis. Despite the use of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in clinical routine, differentiation between intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) and secondary adenocarcinomas of the liver is frequently not clear, leading to false diagnosis and treatment decisions. Methods: Oligonucleotide microarrays (Affymetrix Hu133A©) were used for gene expression analysis of ICC (n = 11) and secondary adenocarcinomas (colorectal metastases; n = 6). By two-dimensional cluster analysis a specific gene expression profile of these tumors was established and confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and IHC. Results: A total of 338 genes were significantly dysregulated (gene expression/fc ≥2; dysregulation in ≥60%) in both tumor groups. Using two-dimensional cluster analysis a fast, clear, and reproducible differentiation between ICC and colorectal metastases was possible in all cases. As potential biomarkers for differentiation, twelve genes (ICC: KRT7, DBN1, LCTB, LIF, STK17A, PIGF; metastases: TDGF1, HOXA9, TFF3, MYB, ABP1, BCL11A) were detected and will be used for further investigations. Conclusions: A specific gene expression profile for discrimination of primary and secondary adenocarcinoma of the liver could be established. In addition, marker genes for both cancers and their potential use as discrimination markers in clinical routine were also described partially for the first time.
Characteristics of Adolescents Referred to a Gender Clinic: Are Youth Seen Now Different from Those in Initial Reports?
Authors: Chiniara Lyne N. , Bonifacio Herbert J. , Palmert Mark R.
Published: June 2018

Background/Aims: To examine characteristics, including mental health comorbidities, among adolescents presenting to a transgender clinic and to compare these data to previous reports. Methods: Retrospective chart review among youth seen at The Hospital for Sick Children between January 2014 and June 2016. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, and mental health comorbidities were assessed. Baseline and repeat blood work were also examined. Results: Charts from 203 adolescents aged 12–18 years were reviewed (156 assigned female at birth [AFAB] (77%) aged 16.3 ± 1.63 years, 47 assigned male at birth [AMAB] aged 16.1 ± 1.70 years). There was no statistically significant difference between gender groups except for Tanner stage (AFAB, mean 4.42 ± 0.8 and AMAB, mean 4.03 ± 1.1, p = 0.040). Individuals from racial/ethnic minority populations were under-represented compared to the background population. Self-report and baseline psychological questionnaires showed high levels of gender dysphoria, mood disorders, and suicidal ideation, with higher levels of anxiety detected on questionnaires among AFAB (p = 0.03). Laboratory abnormalities identified on baseline and repeat testing were minor; on cross-sex hormones, hemoglobin levels increased slightly in AFAB (p = 0.002, highest = 166 g/L) and decreased among AMAB (p = 0.02, lowest = 132 g/L). Conclusion: Our study supports an evolving demographic trend with more AFAB than AMAB youth now presenting to gender clinics. The data also corroborate studies indicating that extensive laboratory testing may not be a necessary part of caring for these youths. Why more AFAB are now presenting to clinic and racial/ethnic minorities are underrepresented is not clear, but these trends have important implications for clinical care and warrant further study.
An Update on Cellular MicroRNA Expression in Human Papillomavirus-Associated Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Emmett Sarah , Whiteman David C. , Panizza Benedict J. , Antonsson Annika
Published: June 2018

Squamous cell carcinoma of mucosal sites in the head and neck (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cause of cancer worldwide, and despite advances in conventional management, it still has significant morbidity and mortality associated with both diagnosis and treatment. Advances in our understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying this disease have demonstrated a significant difference between human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated, HPV and tobacco associated, and HPV-negative disease. It remains important to further elucidate the biologic and genetic differences between HPV-associated and tobacco-associated disease, with the aim of earlier diagnosis through screening, and advances in management including the development of novel therapeutic agents. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that function as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, and have effects on almost every cellular function, and have potentially important applications to diagnosis, management and prognosis in HNSCC. Establishing a cellular miRNA expression profile for HPV-associated disease may therefore have important implications for the screening and treatment of this disease. This review summarises the current findings regarding miRNA expression in mucosal HNSCC, and focuses particularly on miRNA expression in HPV-associated tumours.
Short-Form Bomanins Mediate Humoral Immunity in Drosophila
Authors: Lindsay Scott A. , Lin Samuel J.H. , Wasserman Steven A.
Published: June 2018

The Bomanins (Boms) are a family of a dozen secreted peptides that mediate the innate immune response governed by the Drosophila Toll receptor. We recently showed that deleting a cluster of 10 Bom genes blocks Toll-mediated defenses against a range of fungi and gram-positive bacteria. Here, we characterize the activity of individual Bom family members. We provide evidence that the Boms overlap in function and that a single Bom gene encoding a mature peptide of just 16 amino acids can act largely or entirely independent of other family members to provide phenotypic rescue in vivo. We further demonstrate that the Boms function in Drosophila humoral immunity, mediating the killing of the fungal pathogen Candida glabrata in an in vitro assay of cell-free hemolymph. In addition, we find that the level of antifungal activity both in vivo and in vitro is linked to the level of Bom gene expression. Although Toll dictates expression of the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) drosomycin and metchnikowin, we find no evidence that Boms act by modifying the expression of the mature forms of these antifungal AMPs.
Salivary Inflammatory Markers in Trichotillomania: A Pilot Study
Authors: Grant Jon E. , Chamberlain Samuel R.
Published: June 2018

Background: Immune dysregulation has been hypothesized to be important in the development and pathophysiology of compulsive disorders such as obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), which has a high comorbid overlap with trichotillomania (both are OC-related disorders). The role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of trichotillomania has garnered little research to date. Methods: Individuals with trichotillomania provided saliva sample for analysis of inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, these participants were examined on a variety of demographic variables (including body mass index [BMI], previously found to relate to inflammation) along with clinical measures (symptom severity, functioning, and comorbidity). Results: Thirty-one participants, mean age of 24.7 (±10.2) years, 27 (87.1%) females were ­included. The mean score on the Massachusetts General Hospital Hair Pulling Scale was 15.7 (±4.2), reflective of moderate symptom severity. Compared to normative data, the mean inflammatory marker levels in the trichotillomania sample had the following Z scores: interleukin-1β (IL-1β) Z = –0.26, IL-6 Z = –0.39, IL-8 Z = –0.32, and tumor necrosis factor-α Z = –0.83. Levels of inflammatory markers did not correlate significantly with BMI, depressive mood, symptom severity, or disability. Conclusions: The relatively low level of inflammatory saliva cytokines observed in the current study (negative z scores versus normative data with medium effect sizes) indicates that evaluation of blood inflammatory levels in trichotillomania versus matched controls would be valuable in future work. If a hypoinflammatory state is confirmed ­using blood samples, this would differentiate trichotillomania from other mental disorders (such as OCD, schizophrenia, and depression), which have typically been linked with high inflammatory measures in the literature, at least in some cases.
Estudo de inclusões fluidas em quartzo do garimpo do Papagaio, um sistema magmático-hidrotermal, Província Aurífera de Alta Floresta (MT), Cráton Amazônico
Authors: Galé Marcelo Garcia , Costa Paulo César Corrêa da , Assis Rafael Rodrigues de , Pinho Francisco Egídio Cavalcante , Juliani Caetano
Published: June 2018

O garimpo aurífero do Papagaio, localizado em Paranaíta, Mato Grosso, insere-se no setor noroeste da Província Aurífera de Alta Floresta, sul do Cráton Amazônico. Está hospedado em dacito porfirítico inicialmente afetado por alteração potássica, sobreposta por forte alteração sericítica pervasiva e, por fim, por alteração propilítica. O minério é representado pela paragênese pirita + calcopirita + esfalerita ± galena ± calcocita ± covelita e ocorre associado a sistemas de veios de quartzo e stockworks que truncam os setores de alteração potássica e sericítica. Estudos de inclusões fluidas dos veios mineralizados e estéreis presentes no garimpo permitiram identificar três grupos de inclusões fluidas: tipo I) inclusões aquocarbônicas; tipo II) aquosas bifásicas; tipo III) aquosas tri a multifásicas. Nos veios mineralizados houve a crepitação das inclusões do Tipo I a 325ºC. Foram encontradas temperaturas de homogeneização de 115,1 a 216,2ºC e salinidades entre 0,5 a 24,0% para as inclusões do Tipo II. Nos veios estéreis, as inclusões do Tipo II resultaram em temperaturas de homogeneização total entre 135,9 e 190,3ºC e salinidades de 26,0 a 30,2%. No Tipo III a homogeneização total ocorreu entre 323,2 e  402,9ºC com salinidade superior a 40,0%. Portanto, fluidos de elevada temperatura e salinidade com características de origem magmática tiveram um papel essencial na formação das zonas mineralizadas do garimpo. Nesse contexto, a colocação de corpos subvulcânicos teria sido essencial na gênese da mineralização aurífera do Papagaio, pois teria servido como fonte de calor, fluido e metais para a instalação de um sistema magmático-hidrotermal profundo, relacionado ao ambiente dos depósitos do tipo pórfiro e intrusion-related gold systems (IRGS).
Soviet Inturist and Foreign Travel to the Latvian SSR in the Post-Stalin Era: A Case of Ethnic Tourism
Authors: Zake Ieva
Published: June 2018

This article shows that foreign tourism to the USSR from the 1950s on evolved from a political propaganda tool into what is defined in tourism studies as “ethnic tourism.” Ethnic tourism designates a type of exposure that centers on experiencing a different and presumably “authentic” ethnic culture. This change in the nature of Soviet foreign tourism was particularly explicit in the ways the Soviet authorities organized and framed travel to peripheries such as the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic for the sake of earning profit for the Soviet state. As tourism to Latvia increased and drew a larger and more diverse tourist population, the ethnic uniqueness of Latvians and their culture took precedence over demonstrations of the general superiority of Communist society. These arguments are substantiated with archival materials from the Riga branch of Inturist (the Central Administration of Foreign Tourism under the USSR Council of Ministers) stored in Latvia's Central State Archives in Riga.
To Balance or Not to Balance: How Denmark Almost Stayed out of NATO, 1948–1949
Authors: Olesen Mikkel Runge
Published: June 2018

This article proposes a theoretical model for understanding foreign policy formation and change, especially regarding alliances and what might be called “balancing” foreign policy behavior. The article combines a realist focus on power with the perceptions of actors based on their experiences and the lessons they draw from them. When uncertainty about threat level is high, the “lessons” that actors or groups draw from the past play an indispensable role in helping them make sense of the world. The model is applied to the case of Denmark's decision to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949, which was arguably the most significant shift in Danish foreign policy of the twentieth century. The model explains why Danish officials decided to joined NATO only after the Scandinavian Defense Union had failed.
Did I Do That? Expectancy Effects of Brain Stimulation on Error-related Negativity and Sense of Agency
Authors: Hoogeveen Suzanne , Schjoedt Uffe , van Elk Michiel
Published: June 2018

This study examines the effects of expected transcranial stimulation on the error(-related) negativity (Ne or ERN) and the sense of agency in participants who perform a cognitive control task. Placebo transcranial direct current stimulation was used to elicit expectations of transcranially induced cognitive improvement or impairment. The improvement/impairment manipulation affected both the Ne/ERN and the sense of agency (i.e., whether participants attributed errors to oneself or the brain stimulation device): Expected improvement increased the ERN in response to errors compared with both impairment and control conditions. Expected impairment made participants falsely attribute errors to the transcranial stimulation. This decrease in sense of agency was correlated with a reduced ERN amplitude. These results show that expectations about transcranial stimulation impact users' neural response to self-generated errors and the attribution of responsibility—especially when actions lead to negative outcomes. We discuss our findings in relation to predictive processing theory according to which the effect of prior expectations on the ERN reflects the brain's attempt to generate predictive models of incoming information. By demonstrating that induced expectations about transcranial stimulation can have effects at a neural level, that is, beyond mere demand characteristics, our findings highlight the potential for placebo brain stimulation as a promising tool for research.
Decoupling of Early V5 Motion Processing from Visual Awareness: A Matter of Velocity as Revealed by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Authors: Grasso Paolo A. , Làdavas Elisabetta , Bertini Caterina , Caltabiano Serena , Thut Gregor , Morand Stephanie
Published: June 2018

Motion information can reach V5/MT through two parallel routes: one conveying information at early latencies through a direct subcortical route and the other reaching V5 later via recurrent projections through V1. Here, we tested the hypothesis that input via the faster direct pathway depends on motion characteristics. To this end, we presented motion stimuli to healthy human observers at different velocities (4.4°/sec vs. 23°/sec) with static stimuli as controls while applying transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pulses over V5 or V1. We probed for TMS interference with objective (two-alternative forced choice [2AFC]) and subjective (awareness) measures of motion processing at six TMS delays from stimulus onset (poststimulus window covered: ∼27–160 msec). Our results for V5–TMS showed earlier interference with objective performance for fast motion (53.3 msec) than slow motion (80 msec) stimuli. Importantly, TMS-induced decreases in objective measures of motion processing did correlate with decreases in subjective measures for slow but not fast motion stimuli. Moreover, V1–TMS induced a temporally unspecific interference with visual processing as it impaired the processing of both motion and static stimuli at the same delays. These results are in accordance with fast moving stimuli reaching V5 through a different route than slow moving stimuli. The differential latencies and coupling to awareness suggest distinct involvement of a direct (i.e., colliculo-extrastriate) connection bypassing V1 depending on stimulus velocity (fast vs. slow). Implication of a direct pathway in the early processing of fast motion may have evolved through its behavioral relevance.
Alpha and Beta Oscillations Index Semantic Congruency between Speech and Gestures in Clear and Degraded Speech
Authors: Drijvers Linda , Özyürek Asli , Jensen Ole
Published: June 2018

Previous work revealed that visual semantic information conveyed by gestures can enhance degraded speech comprehension, but the mechanisms underlying these integration processes under adverse listening conditions remain poorly understood. We used MEG to investigate how oscillatory dynamics support speech–gesture integration when integration load is manipulated by auditory (e.g., speech degradation) and visual semantic (e.g., gesture congruency) factors. Participants were presented with videos of an actress uttering an action verb in clear or degraded speech, accompanied by a matching (mixing gesture + “mixing”) or mismatching (drinking gesture + “walking”) gesture. In clear speech, alpha/beta power was more suppressed in the left inferior frontal gyrus and motor and visual cortices when integration load increased in response to mismatching versus matching gestures. In degraded speech, beta power was less suppressed over posterior STS and medial temporal lobe for mismatching compared with matching gestures, showing that integration load was lowest when speech was degraded and mismatching gestures could not be integrated and disambiguate the degraded signal. Our results thus provide novel insights on how low-frequency oscillatory modulations in different parts of the cortex support the semantic audiovisual integration of gestures in clear and degraded speech: When speech is clear, the left inferior frontal gyrus and motor and visual cortices engage because higher-level semantic information increases semantic integration load. When speech is degraded, posterior STS/middle temporal gyrus and medial temporal lobe are less engaged because integration load is lowest when visual semantic information does not aid lexical retrieval and speech and gestures cannot be integrated.
La Lettre 64 de Saint Jérôme et le symbolisme des couleurs
Authors: Canellis Aline
Published: June 2018

Dans sa Lettre à Fabiola (Epistula 64) Jérôme décrit les vêtements du Grand Prêtre Aaron (Lv 21, 10-15 ; Ex 28, 1-43) ; son exégèse est influencée non seulement par Philon et Flavius Josèphe, mais aussi par Origène. Comme à son habitude, il s’attache aux deux niveaux d’interprétation de la péricope, historique et allégorique.
Children’s Rights to Education – Where is the Weight for Children’s Views?
Authors: Cairns Liam , Byrne Seamus , Davis John M. , Johnson Robert , Konstantoni Kristina , Kustatscher Marlies
Published: June 2018

This paper analyses the views and preferences of children and young people who experience barriers when attempting to engage with schools and schooling. It specifically considers processes of formal and informal exclusion and the manner in which “stigmatised” children are treated within a system where attendance to children’s rights is, at best, sketchy and at worst – downright discriminatory. The paper poses a number of critical questions concerning the extent to which the views of children are given due weight in decision-making processes in schools, whether the background a child comes from affects the way school staff listen to them and whether school rules act as a barrier or enabler for children’s rights. In turn, these questions are related to what educational processes might look like that place due weight on the views of children, what cultures create barriers to listening in practice, and what we can learn from children’s overall experiences. The paper presents findings from a participatory empirical peer research project (funded by a Carnegie Research Incentive Grant and the University of Edinburgh Challenge Investment Fund), conducted with and by young people in schools in Scotland and the north of England. This paper is innovative as it is the product of collaborative working between academics at the University of Edinburgh, staff at Investing in Children and the young researchers who co-authored this article for publication.
Feminist Methodologies
Authors: Caufield Catherine
Published: June 2018

Given changing contexts and social discourses, it is theoretically enriching to enlarge the research emphasis of the secular academic discipline of Religious Studies to consider ways in which women who self-identify as religious contribute to their various traditions in ways that deepen spiritual experience for the communities as a whole and make contributions to their larger social contexts. Religious Studies scholars value scientific approaches but also, to be respectful of the communities studied, must recognize that they do a disservice to those communities if they reduce findings to the confines of these approaches. Interdisciplinary work that draws on methodological concepts developed in feminist theological thought, together with naturalist approaches, serves to increase knowledge about and by women in faith communities. By continuing to develop theology in rigorous and thoughtful ways, modern women are carrying forward an important interpretive tradition that strengthens analyses of religion in the secular humanities and social sciences.
Diakonia and the Stranger
Authors: Eurich Johannes
Published: June 2018

Migration has put the issue of the stranger into the centre of attention in many European societies. This article reflects upon the experience of alienness from a phenomenological and biblical perspective in order to show how complex the processuality is which alone can adequately relate the own to the other. On this basis, the engagement with the stranger is displayed as a diaconal challenge and points of reference for the diaconal praxis are developed.
Spirit Possession in Jesus Research
Authors: Craffert Pieter F.
Published: June 2018

Except for demon possession, possession is a neglected and under-researched topic in New Testament studies in general and Jesus research in particular. That is unlike scholars from other disciplines who realise that spirit possession is a central feature in the emergence and growth of most religious traditions. This article first explains possession as a complex neurocultural phenomenon that is widely distributed in human societies where they fulfil a range of functions. It secondly introduces the anthropological study of possession in order to show that it cannot be invoked uncritically. The anthropological study of possession contains a range of theoretical perspectives on possession which needs to be accounted for in the cross-cultural appropriation of such research. Possession is described as the culturally appropriated practice of a common neurobiological propensity at dissociation. It is suggested that such experiences and practices were common in the world of Jesus and need to be recovered as one of the roots of the emergence of the Jesus movements.
European bees of the genera Epeolus Latreille, 1802 and Triepeolus Robertson, 1901 (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Nomadinae: Epeolini): taxonomy, identification key, distribution, and ecology
Authors: BOGUSCH PETR , HADRAVA JIŘÍ
Published: June 2018

Seventeen species of Epeolus Latreille, 1802 and one species of Triepeolus Robertson, 1901 have been recorded from Europe. Members of these genera are cuckoo bees, cleptoparasites that appropriate provisions of other bee genera (Colletes Latreille [hosts of Epeolus] and Tetraloniella Ashmead [hosts of Palaearctic Triepeolus]) for their own offspring. We present an identification key to all European species plus four species known from neighbouring regions (the Middle East and North Africa) that might also occur in Europe. The taxonomy of all species is reviewed, with new synonymies proposed, one subspecies elevated to a species (Epeolus eriwanensis Bischoff, 1930, stat. nov.), and a new species (Epeolus ibericus Bogusch, sp. nov.) described. Five new synonymies are proposed: E. giannelli Gribodo, 1894 syn. nov. and Epeolus speculifer Pérez, 1895 syn. nov. under E. fallax Morawitz, 1872, E. berlandi Benoist, 1943 syn. nov. and E. laevigatus Bischoff, 1930 syn. nov. under E. flavociliatus Friese, 1899, and E. julliani Pérez, 1884 syn. nov. under E. transitorius Eversmann, 1852. The following species are redescribed because their identity is less clear due to type specimens and/or vague original descriptions: Epeolus aureovestitus Dours, 1873, Epeolus cruciger (Panzer, 1799), Epeolus fallax Morawitz, 1872, Epeolus schummeli Schilling, 1849, Epeolus siculus Giordani Soika, 1944, and Epeolus variegatus (Linnaeus, 1758). Males are described for the first time for the following species: Epeolus compar Alfken, 1938, Epeolus eriwanensis Bischoff, 1930, Epeolus intermedius Pérez, 1884, Epeolus laevifrons Bischoff, 1930, and Epeolus subrufescens Saunders, 1908. Distribution maps created using records from the literature and data from private and museum collections are also provided, which show changes in the distributions of epeoline bees before and after 1990. Several species are considered endangered, especially Epeolus fasciatus Friese, 1895, which is nearly extinct, and Epeolus tarsalis Morawitz, 1874, which was recently reported only from the coastal parts of the Netherlands and Belgium. Epeolus variegatus is the only common and widespread species still encountered in most of Europe. Comprehensive information on the ecology of these cuckoo bees is also included.
The Impact of the Nocturnal Transition on the Lifetime and Evolution of Supercell Thunderstorms in the Great Plains
Authors: Gropp Matthew E. , Davenport Casey E.
Published: June 2018

Predicting the evolution of supercell thunderstorms during and after the evening transition is a known challenge due to an incomplete understanding of how these events evolve in response to associated environmental changes. To quantify the connection between storm evolution and environmental changes during the nocturnal transition, 157 initially isolated Great Plains supercell thunderstorms occurring between 2005 and 2016 are examined. Each supercell is categorized as either maintained, dissipating, growing upscale, or merging. Changes in the inflow environment are quantified using hourly RUC and RAP model proximity soundings between 1 h prior to local sunset time and 5 h postsunset. Using these soundings, numerous thermodynamic and kinematic parameters are derived, and distributions of these parameter values are statistically compared among the evolution categories. It was found that each evolution classification existed in a unique set of kinematic and thermodynamic parameters; this distinction was most evident when comparing maintained and dissipation categories. In particular, storm-relative helicity, most unstable convective inhibition (MUCIN), and associated composite parameters were best able to distinguish supercell evolution. Notably, maintained supercells were characterized by significant increases in storm-relative helicity and comparatively smaller increases in the magnitude of MUCIN during the nocturnal transition; together, these parameters promote a sustained and robust rotating updraft. A convective inhibition–scaled supercell composite parameter is proposed to further assist in predicting supercell maintenance during the nocturnal transition.
Progressive Hearing Loss among Patients with Cystic Fibrosis and Parenteral Aminoglycoside Treatment
Authors: Zettner Erika M. , Gleser Malcolm A.
Published: June 2018

Objective

Hearing loss is a significant and growing problem as patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) live longer and experience frequent courses of intravenous aminoglycoside antibiotics (hereafter, “IVs”). This study seeks to document that risk in a large adult population with CF, accounting for age and aminoglycoside exposure.

Study Design

Retrospective case review of patients with CF who had multiple audiograms over years.

Setting

Tertiary care cystic fibrosis setting.

Subject and Methods

The first and last audiograms recorded over a 10‐year period were compared for 165 adult patients with CF. Patients were divided into 3 study groups: 34 patients with no intervening aminoglycoside IVs (0 IVs), 103 patients with 1 to 9 IVs, and 28 patients with ≥10 IVs. Threshold shift (TS) between the audiograms were examined for the 3 groups before and after age/sex adjustments. Two new hearing loss metrics were tested.

Results

At first examination, 48% of patients (average age, 30.0 years) already had hearing loss. At last examination (average, 4.4 years later), 64% of the patients had hearing loss even with age/sex adjustment. Use of the age/sex hearing threshold adjustment eliminated the TS in the 0 IVs group. Two new metrics calculated for each patient demonstrated that 48% of patients who had 1 to 9 IVs had ototoxic scores, while almost 80% of the ≥10 IV group had ototoxic scores.

Conclusion

The majority of adult patients with CF are (often repeatedly) exposed to parenteral aminoglycosides and lose hearing at a rate that far exceeds that predicted from aging alone.
A place-based approach to social entrepreneurship for social integration – Cases from Norway and Sweden
Authors: Hermelin Brita , Rusten Grete
Published: June 2018

Social innovation has gained an important position in policy agendas at the international, national, and local levels. The article investigates two empirical cases of local social entrepreneurship initiatives in two comparable small towns located in Norway and in Sweden. These projects endeavour for social integration of young persons into education programmes and adult persons into work. Through these empirical cases, this article aims to conceive how place conditions the capacities and practices of social entrepreneurship. The place-based approach of the discussion shows how the interplay of local and multiscalar relations impacts social entrepreneurship initiatives. The analysis of the empirical cases involves considering the role of the local context as well as the institutional systems of the welfare states and wider policy regimes endorsing social investment strategies. The discussion employs a model for organisational arrangements focusing on capacities of learning, exploiting, and linking. The capacity of linking across organisations and sector boundaries is found to be a particularly intriguing aspect of the investigated social entrepreneurship initiatives and is something that the place-based approach of the article is able to explicate.