bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The biology and host range of Neoaplectana leucaniae, a new species of insect-parasitic nematode
Authors: Hoy J. M.
Published: June 2009

The morphology and life history of a new species of insect-parasitic nematode, Neoplectana leucaniae are described. This nematode, which may be cultured on a veal pulp medium, was used in a number of experiments against larvae and adults of New Zealand Melolonthinae, and was found capable of parasitizing all test hosts used. Lack of persistence of the nematode in soil makes it unsuitable for use in the biological control of soil-inhabiting pest insects.
Paramphistomum sukari n.sp. from Kenya cattle and its intermediate host
Authors: Dinnik J. A.
Published: June 2009

Paramphistomumi sukari n.sp. from the reticulum of cattle in the Kenya Highlands (East Africa) is described. An intermediate snail host of P. sukari was shown to be Biophalaria pfeifferi (Krauss).
The Domestic Fowl of Uganda as a Host for Trypanosomes of the Brucei Group
Authors: Duke H. Lyndhurst
Published: June 2009

For many years it has been known that the domestic fowl, together with some other species of birds, is susceptible to experimental infection by trypanosomes of the brucei group. The successful experiments were performed in European laboratories with strains whose virulence had been greatly exalted as the result of long maintenance in small laboratory animals. Infection was induced by inoculation of infected blood into the comb, the peritoneum or a vein. A natural infection of birds with these trypanosomes has, as far as I know, never yet been reported.
On the Morphology and Life History of Aproctonema entomophagum Keilin, a Nematode Parasite in the Larvae of Sciara pullula Winn. (Diptera—Nematocera)
Authors: Keilin D. , Robinson V. C.
Published: June 2009

1. An account is given of Aproctonema entomophagum Keilin 1917, a Nematode parasite of the larvae of a Mycetophilid fly, Sciara pullula Winn., inhabiting decaying wood.

2. The life history of this parasite is remarkable in the following respects:

(a) The free-living stage is very short.

(b) Both sexes are parasitic.

(c) The usual host is the larva of the fly, from which the parasite escapes by actively breaking through the skin; but some parasites may be carried through to the imagines, from which they escape largely by the aid of the egg-laying movements provoked by them in the flies.

3. Metamorphosis of the Sciara larva is delayed by the parasitism, so that at least two generations of Nematodes may be found in one host.

4. All the parasitised imagines so far examined have been females.

5. The systematic position of Aproctonema is discussed, the conclusion being that this worm and its near relative, Tetradonema plicans Cobb 1919, represent two closely allied genera of the family Mermithidae, but are not synonymous with Mermis. It is proposed to dispense with the family Tetra-donematidae Cobb.
Studies on the Monogenea (Trematoda) of Plymouth. I. Microbothrium caniculae (Johnstone 1911)
Authors: Jones E. Idris
Published: June 2009

On the skin of the dorsal surface, and particularly on the dorsal fins of Scyllium canicula at Plymouth, occurs a parasite which appears to be identical with Paracotyle caniculae Johnstone 1911. In British waters it was first noticed by Scott (1906) who queried it as a species of Epibdella. Johnstone (1911) gave an account of the species but his specimens were immature, being in the male phase of their development and considerably smaller than those found at Plymouth.
On the Gregarine, Lankesteria culicis (Ross), in the Mosquito, Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus Skuse
Authors: Ray Harendranath
Published: June 2009

My observations on Lankesteria culicis, as it appears in Aedes albopictus in Calcutta, show that the trophozoites are intracellular in the anterior and extracellular in the posterior regions of the mid-gut, with epimerite rudimentary in the former and well developed in the latter condition. Full-grown forms measure 150–200 × 31–41μ. Association is lateral. Sporocysts measure about 10 × 6μ and are broadly spindle-shaped with slightly flattened ends, with a-residual body situated more toward one pole than the other.

Septate eugregarines in general, excepting the Stenophoridae Léger and Duboscq, grow extracellularly with the epimerite attached to the host cell. Therefore, judging from the foregoing description, we are no longer justified in retaining Lankesteria culicis among the Haplocyte gregarines (Acephalina) and in the family Diplocystidae Bhatia (1930). The presence of a well-developed epimerite and what I consider to be a rudimentary protomerite, clearly distinguish it from any of the Acephalina. Its place should be among the septate gregarines (Cephalina), and perhaps a new genus may have to be erected to receive it there.
Biographical Notes bearing on Koch, Ehrlich, Behring and Loeffler, with their Portraits and Letters from three of them
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

The four distinguished German men of science to whom the following biographical notes relate: Robert Koch (1843–1910), Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915), Emil von Behring (1854–1917), and Friedrich Loeffler (1852–1915), form a group of singular interest because of the relations that existed between them and the various problems to the solution of which they devoted their remarkable talents and energies. Each of them has left an indelible mark upon the annals of research and discovery in relation to infective diseases of man and animals, their etiology, prevention and cure. If it were at all possible to reckon up the sum of human and animal lives that they have saved from premature extinction through their collective efforts, direct and indirect, the total would attain gigantic proportions. Mankind should ever keep these men in grateful memory.
On the Development of the Human Hymenolepis nana (Siebold 1852) in the White Mouse; with remarks on “H. fraterna,” “H. longior” and H. diminuta
Authors: Woodland W. N. F.
Published: June 2009

1. Out of 57 mice (previously ascertained to have been free from “H. fraterna”) 30 were fed on fresh eggs of Hymenolepis nana, the other 27 serving as controls. Out of the 30 egg-fed mice, only 7 were found to be infected (23·3 per cent.) when examined from thirteen to twenty-six days afterwards. None of the 27 control mice showed infection.

2. This low percentage of infection (when compared with the 90 per cent, infection obtained in my previous work when I fed 20 mice on “H. fraterna” eggs) is probably due to one or more of three factors: (a) change of host (Grassi records that he found it very difficult to infect wild rats with “H. fraterna” eggs obtained from tame rats and in this case the animals were of the same or closely allied species); (b) the full-grown adult condition of the mice; (c) the perfect health of the mice, due to having been supplied with vegetable food (Vitamin B) every day, this condition rendering the mice refractory to infection. In my previous work the mice were in poor condition owing to deficiency of Vitamin B.

3. The proof that rats and mice can be infected with H. nana eggs from Man, the identity of structure of the two parasites and their eggs and their uniform geographical distribution render it practically certain that H. nana and “H. fraterna” are one and the same species. The fact that up to the present there is practically no evidence that Man can be infected with eggs derived from rats or mice does not militate against this conclusion.

4. Mature specimens of H. nana found in tame mice vary enormously in size (as already indicated by Joyeux)—between 7 mm and 80 mm. (measured in balsam) in length. “H. longior” (Baylis, 1922) does not exist as a distinct species.

5. I failed to infect two Cercopithecus monkeys fed with a plentiful supply of fresh H. nana eggs (from Man).

6. Experiments are described which confirm Joyeux's statement that H. diminuta (of the mouse), unlike H. nana, does not possess a direct one-host life-cycle.
Some Tick Investigations in Kenya Colony
Authors: Lewis E. Aneurin
Published: June 2009

Kenya Colony offers a rich field for the study of ticks and tick-borne diseases. The natural conditions under which both ticks and the diseases exist range from those of the hot, low-lying coastal lands to the equable climate of the highlands culminating in the colder upland country and mountain slopes. The variety of conditions is also attributable to the extensive tracts of bush-covered country, the high plateaux with their scanty growth of vegetation, and to the forest-clad ridges and mountains.
On the Water Reservoir of a Horse-Chestnut Tree
Authors: Keilin D.
Published: June 2009

In a previous paper (1927) I have given a general account of Dipterous larvae and their parasites living in the wounds of a horse-chestnut tree standing on the Downing site, Cambridge. This tree contained two types of wounds: (1) a surface wound with sap exudation or slime-flux, and (2) a large hollow or reservoir filled with water.
The effect of some metabolic inhibitors on the oxygen uptake ofTrypanosoma lewisiandTrypanosoma equiperdum
Authors: Thurston June P.
Published: June 2009

1. The oxygen uptake ofTrypanosoma lewisiandT. equiperdumwas measured with differential manometers using microflasks of 5 ml. capacity. Each flask contained 2–5 × 107trypanosomes.

2. The oxygen uptake of trypanosomes in heparinized infected blood was compared with that of washed trypanosomes suspended in Ringer–phosphate–glucose solution with or without added serum or blood. WithT. lewisi, the oxygen uptake began at a higher rate in the presence of blood or serum than with Ringer–phosphate–glucose solution. WithT. equiperdum, the oxygen uptake in the presence of blood or serum began at almost the same rate as with Ringer–phosphate–glucose solution, but the rate of oxygen uptake decreased more rapidly in the absence of blood or serum than when it was present.

3. High concentrations of iodoacetic acid (e.g. 3·3 × 10−2m) caused an increase in oxygen uptake when tipped into heparinized normal rat blood. Similar concentrations caused an inhibition of oxygen uptake when 2·0 × 10−4mmethylene blue was also present or when the blood had been treated with sodium nitrite to convert haemoglobin into methaemoglobin.

4. Iodoacetic acid caused little inhibition of oxygen uptake whenT. lewisiwas suspended in Ringer–phosphate solution containing glutamine or glutamine plus glucose, or when heparinized infected blood was tested. Inhibition was greatest when the substrate was glucose, while glucosamine, glycerol, or glucose plus serum gave intermediate results.

5. Iodoacetic acid caused least inhibition of oxygen uptake whenT. equiperdumwas suspended in Ringer–phosphate solution containing glycerol, or when heparinized infected blood was tested. Inhibition was greatest when the substrate was glucose, and was slightly less marked when the substrate was glucose plus serum or glucose plus glycerol.

6. Neoarsphenamine inhibited the oxygen uptake ofT. lewisito a similar extent whether glucose or glutamine was present.

7. Neoarsphenamine and reduced stovarsol thioglycollate inhibited the oxygen uptake ofT. equiperdumslightly less when the substrate was glycerol than when it was glucose. Sodium arsenite was as active as reduced stovarsol thioglycollate when the substrate was glucose, but 10−4msodium arsenite had little effect when the substrate was glycerol.
Globidium gilruthi (Chatton, 1910) infection in the digestive tract of sheep and goats in Egypt
Authors: Soliman K. N.
Published: June 2009

The occurrence of Globidium gilruthi in sheep and goats in Egypt is recorded. Preliminary investigation showed that 18 % of 250 sheep and 28 % of 150 goats were infected. The lesions caused by G. gilruthi are described.
On Cercaria mehrai Faruqui, 1930 with notes on its life-history
Authors: Jain G. P.
Published: June 2009

The object of the present investigation was a more complete description of the structure, and the elucidation of the life cycle, of Cercaria mehrai Faruqui, 1930, which was found to infect about 50% of snails, Indoplanorbis exustus, in the Allahabad district during the months of July to December.
The physiology of digestion in the larvae of the horse bot-fly,Gasterophilus intestinalis(de Geer)
Authors: Tatchell R. J.
Published: June 2009

1. Evidence is produced to show that the larvae ofGasterophilus intestinalisare occasional blood feeders but normally feed on tissue exudate.

2. The demonstration, by Roy (1937), of the following enzymes has been confirmed and curves of their activity at different hydrogen-ion concentrations have been constructed: mid-gut amylase, proteinase and lipase.

3. The following enzymes have been demonstrated and curves of their activity at different hydrogen-ion concentrations have been obtained: maltase, invertase, polypeptidase and di-peptidase of the mid-gut and amylase, maltase and invertase of the salivary glands.

4. The haemolymph was shown to contain a lipase as well as an amylase and an anticoagulin.
An in vitro method for the chemotherapeutic investigation of anthelminthic potency
Authors: Baldwin Ernest
Published: June 2009

A method is described for the detection of anthelminthic potency. The procedure does not call for exceptional technical skill, is relatively economical of drugs and living material alike, and is rapid and convenient in application. It has certain limitations such as are inherent in any in vitro method, and a special limitation in that it is not applicable to the study of drugs which act otherwise than on the neuro-muscular mechanisms of nematodes. Within these limitations it responds to compounds of known anthelminthjc efficiency and shows little or no response to compounds known to be devoid of anthelminthie value. Approximate quantitative data can be obtained with its aid, the reactions provoked by a given drug are substantially the same in different individuals, and each test provides a visible record of the influence of the drug under examination.

We do not claim that this procedure can in any sense replace experiments upon infested hosts, but must rather be followed up by such experiments when a promising degree of anthelminthie potency has been detected with its aid. We do, however, believe that it has a very real usefulness within the field to which its application is limited. As a preliminary device which allows the selection of promising compounds from large groups of new synthetic products it has already demonstrated its value in tests carried out in this laboratory on a series of about fifty new compounds prepared by Prof. Friedmann.
A morphological and histochemical study of egg formation in a cyclophyllidean cestode
Authors: Johri L. N.
Published: June 2009

1. The morphology and histochemistry of the genitalia concerned in the formation of the egg in Multiceps smyihi n.sp. are described.

2. The vitelline cells are devoid of the phenolic protein globules, which occur in the vitelline cells of the Pseudophyllidea; this result is correlated with the absence of a true external egg-shell.

3. The hardened embryophore (often mistakenly termed the egg-shell) gives none of the reactions of sclerotin (tanned protein) or chitin, but gives a strong P.F.A.S. reaction for disulphide bonds, suggesting that it is a ‘keratin’ type of protein.

4. The cells of Mehlis' gland secrete a material which is intensely P.A.S.-positive and is not digested by saliva, α-amylase or hyaluronidase. This suggests that it may be secreting a mucopolysaccharide or muco- or glycoprotein.
Note on a new host of Myxobolus aeglefini
Authors: Kabata Z.
Published: June 2009

Some time ago Mr E. Wilson, of the Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, brought to notice the abnormal appearance of the cranial cartilage in a plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) which had been tagged (in St Andrews Bay) and subsequently recaptured (24 miles south-south-east of Arbroath). The fish was a 44·5 cm. long female, 6 years old, with mature ovary and in good condition generally. The cartilage, exposed by the opening of the cranium to remove the otoliths, seemed hypertrophied and full of whitish splotches giving it a mottled appearance. These ‘splotches’ were formed by irregular, vein-like branching canals, in many places along their length swelling into cyst-like, subspherical cavities up to 3 mm. in diameter. They were filled by a mass of soft substance which was found to be an accumulation of Cnidosporidian spores. Small granules of the substance were also found inside the otic capsules. It is possible, however, that these granules were displaced into the capsules during the opening of the cranium.
Harmosticana garnhami gen.nov., sp.n. (Lygaeidae: Hemiptera-Heteroptera) associated with a mammal in East Africa
Authors: Miller N. C. E.
Published: June 2009

The genus and species of Lygaeidae described and figured herein was obtained with several others from a squirrel's nest at Kodera, S. Nyanza Province, Kenya, East Africa, by Dr Garnham, Professor of Medical Protozoology at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
Preparasitic Moults in Nippostrongylus Muris, with Remarks on the Structure of the Cuticula of Trichostrongyles
Authors: Lucker John T.
Published: June 2009

Rhabditiform first-stage larvae of Nippostrongylus muris are about 270–550μ long. The development of these larvae culminates in a moult, which occurred 36–48 hours after cultures were prepared. The first moult is preceded by an unusually early separation of the first cuticle, which is fine and unstriated, from the body tissue in the tail region and, later, by the formation of an underlying new cuticle, which is thicker and prominently striated.

Early second-stage rhabditiform larvae differ in certain morphological respects from first-stage larvae. Second-stage larvae are about 470–750μ long.

A second preparasitic ecdysis occurs and the infective larva is a true third-stage larva. This moult was the only one previously known to occur during the preparasitic development of N. muris.

The post-cervical cuticular inflation in N. muris is regarded, on the basis of a comparative study of the cuticle of this species and of Haemonchus contortus and other trichostrongyles, as resulting from the separation of the second and third layers of the cuticle. Yokogawa's view that Nippostrongylus muris has two cuticulae is rejected. N. muris has a single cuticula, apparently made up of four layers.

N. muris undergoes four complete moults and the development of this species does not differ in any essential respect from that reported for other strongyles.
A Revision of the Subfamilies of the Streblidae and the Genera of the Subfamily Streblinae (Diptera Acalypterae) including a Redescription of Metelasmus pseudopterus Coquillett and a Description of Two New Species from Africa
Authors: Jobling B.
Published: June 2009

In a very important revision of the Streblidae, Speiser (1900) classified them into two subfamilies: (1) the Nycteriboscinae and (2) the Streblinae. To the first subfamily he referred all the genera of the world, with the exception of Strebla and Euctenodes. Upon the presence of the ctenidium and some other characters these two American genera were included in the second subfamily. This classification of the subfamilies was also adopted by Kessel (1924, 1925).
Observations on the Sporozoa Inhabiting the Gut of the Polychaete Worm Polydora flava Claparède
Authors: Fowell R. Ralph
Published: June 2009

1. A detailed description is given of a coccidian which parasitises the nuclei of the intestinal cells of the polychaete worm Polydora flava Claparède. The final stages in sporogony have not been observed; nevertheless, this is the first record, from an annelid worm, of an eimeriid which shows a striking resemblance to those Coccidia occurring in the higher animals. It is also the first record of an intranuclear parasite from an annelid.

2. From the gut of the same worm, a new species of Selenidium is described. It differs from all other species, hitherto recorded, in the possession of an axial tube, which completely encloses the nucleus and extends from one end of the organism to the other: hence it is proposed to name this organism Selenidium axiferens. The anterior end of the trophozoite shows a circlet of siderophilous bodies, which Ray (1930 a) has shown to be characteristic of the genus.

3. Both uninucleate and multinucleate intracellular forms, with polar groups of chromatic globules, have been discovered in great abundance on six occasions; no merozoites have been found, but evidence is submitted to show that these intracellular forms represent the schizogonic phase in the life-cycle of the Selenidium.

4. Sporogony follows closely that described for other species, but the final stages have not been observed. The gametocysts measure 48 × 50–70 × 63μ.

5. Association and cyst formation are described in Polyrhabdina polydorae Caul. & Mesn. (?) for the first time. Innumerable nuclei make their appearance in each gametocyte, before ejection of the cysts into the sea-water takes place. Gametocysts can easily be distinguished from those of Selenidium axiferens, not only by their morphology, but also by their greater size (98 × 90–105 × 100μ).
On a Chalcidoid Parasite bred from a Flea Larva
Authors: Waterston James
Published: June 2009

For the opportunity to examine the material on which the following descriptions are based I am indebted to the courtesy of Dr P. A. Buxton and Miss E. Sikes of the London School of Tropical Medicine, where the life-history of certain fleas is being studied. A detailed examination of the parasite showed it to be referable to the Pirenine tribe of the Miscogasteridae—a family of Chalcidoid wasps. The genus and species appeared to be new. The fact, however, that the parasite had been bred from a species of flea known to have been recently introduced into Britain suggested the advisability of comparison with American representatives of the Pirenine group. This has now been done by my friend Mr A. B. Gahan of the Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C., to whom my hearty thanks are due. As the result we are agreed that a new genus is required. Bairamlia n.g. has obvious affinities with Pirene Hal., but differs in antennal, neurational and propodeal characters. Ecrizotes Forst. (fide A. B. Gahan) may also be a nearly related genus. genus. As regards the species, I am satisfied that it is very different from anything described by Walker of which material is still extant in the British Museum. Mr Gahan, however, tells me that Pirene marylandensis Gir. (Canad. Ent. 48, p. 116, 1916) is a congeneric though distinct species.
Resistance of larvae and nymphs of Hyalomma savignyi gerv. to various conditions of temperature and humidity
Authors: Feldman-Muhsam B.
Published: June 2009

1. The longevity of the fasting larvae and nymphs of Hyalomma savignyi is investigated under different conditions of temperature and humidity.

2. It is found that both larvae and nymphs are much more sensitive to humidity than to temperature. Their longevity at low humidity is short as compared with that at high humidity at the same temperature. The longevity of the fasting larvae varies between very wide limits. The mean lenght of life varies between 1·25 and 162·6 days, whereas the maximum longevity obtained varies between 2 and 241 days, according to temperature and humidity.

3. The mean longevity of the nymphs varies between 6·8 and 149·2 days. The maximum varies between 10 and 246 days.

4. The relative dispersion of longevity varies within restricted limits under different experimental conditions.
The Experimental Infection of Amphibia with Cultures of Trichomonas
Authors: Bishop Ann
Published: June 2009

1. Cysts of Trichomonas batrachorum have never been found in repeated examinations of faeces nor of cultures made from them from Bufo vulgaris and Rana temporaria.

2. In dilutions of cultures in rain water with large surfaces exposed to the air Trichomonas batrachorum dies in forty-eight hours; but in long columns of water and absence of oxygen they live, in some cases, for months.

3. T. batrachorum will not live at 37° C., and T. hominis, though it lives at room temperature, will not multiply.

4. Tadpoles of Rana temporaria and Bufo vulgaris and larvae of Salamandra maculosa have been reared free from Protozoa.

5. Tadpoles of all three species of Amphibia have been infected with Trichomonas by feeding them on cultures free from cysts.

6. Tadpoles of Rana temporaria can be infected with Trichomonas batrachorum isolated from Bufo vulgaris, and tadpoles of B. vulgaris with Trichomonas from Rana temporaria. It is concluded therefore that Trichomonas batrachorum in frogs and toads is one true species.

7. Trichomonas sp. isolated from Lacerta viridis will not infect tadpoles of Bufo vulgaris and Rana temporaria.

8. Cultures of Trichomonas batrachorum from Bufo vulgaris will infect larvae of Salamandra maculosa though this species of Trichomonas has not been described from this amphibian.
On the Biology of Anagrus atomus (L.) Hal.: an Egg Parasite of the Leaf-Hopper Erythroneura Pallidifrons Edwards
Authors: MacGill Elsie I.
Published: June 2009

1. Anagrus atomus (L.) Hal. is a mymarid parasite of the eggs of Erythro-neura pallidifrons Edwards.

2. The parasite is parthenogenetic, at any rate for the greater part of the year.

3. Two larval stages are described.

4. More than one egg may be laid in a single host egg and these eggs may hatch, but only one of the Anagrus larvae reaches maturity.

5. The development of Anagrus atomus takes about sixteen days.

6. The species is multi-voltine.
Nematostrigea serpens (nom.nov.) a Redescription of Holostomum serpens Nitzsch 1819
Authors: Sandground J. H.
Published: June 2009

The material upon which this paper is based was secured in May, 1930, from a specimen of Scopus umbretta bannermani C. H. B. Grant (Ciconiiformes) which had been shot by a native on the Buzi River in Mozambique, about 40 miles from the eastern border of the Melsetter District of Southern Rhodesia. Several hours elapsed before the bird was brought into camp and its skin prepared for museum purposes, and our parasitological examination of the specimen was carried out under some difficulty with failing light. No worms were found in the alimentary tract, but on removing the liver and teasing this organ apart about twenty trematodes were recovered. To the naked eye these appeared very similar to schistosomes and, accepting this as a tentative diagnosis, we assumed that the parasites had been loosened from an abode in the branches of the hepatic portal vein. Considerably later, when we sought to identify the formalin-preserved specimens, it became evident that we had chanced upon an infection with a species of “holostome” closely related if not identical with that atypical and obscurely known form, Holostomum serpens.
Studies on the Symbiosis of the Body Louse
Authors: Aschner Manfred
Published: June 2009

A simple method is described for eliminating the symbionts from the body louse during the egg stage, and thus producing symbiont-free larvae. The behaviour of lice freed of their symbionts by this method is described and compared with that of lice freed of their symbionts by extirpation of the larval mycetome.

The complete accord of the results obtained by the different methods warrants the conclusion that the symbionts play an essential role in the life of the louse, so much so that without them death of the larvae results. It is, therefore, justifiable to consider this relationship true symbiosis.
The Status of Species of Trichostrongylus of Birds
Authors: Cram E. B. , Wehr E. E.
Published: June 2009

Two species of Nematodes belonging to the genus Trichostrongylus, namely, T. tenuis (Mehlis 1846) Railliet and Henry 1909, and T. pergracilis (Cobbold 1873) Railliet and Henry 1909, have been described from birds, the location of both species being the caeca. A third species, described as Strongylus douglasi Cobbold 1882 emend. Gedoelst 1911, from the proventriculus of the ostrich, is considered by some authors as belonging to the genus Trichostrongylus, and by others, notably Lane (1923) and Nagaty (1932), as necessarily referred to a distinct genus, Libyostrongylus, with which latter opinion we are inclined to agree, as a result of examination of specimens of this species.
The Development of a Colony of Aphelinus mali Hald
Authors: Thompson W. R.
Published: June 2009

In theory, a parasite whose effective reproductive rate remains, under practically all conditions, equal to, or greater than, the effective reproductive rate of its host, ought eventually to annihilate it, or, at least, to produce an abrupt reduction in the host population, so great, that it is almost impossible for the vast majority of the emerging parasites to find any prey; so that the parasite population suffers, in its turn, an abrupt and catastrophic reduction, after which the host again increases, followed in due course by the parasite. The numerical fluctuations occurring as a result of this interaction, under various conditions, have been the subject of much theoretical study, but relatively little is known about what really happens in nature. The following brief account of the development of a colony of the Chalcid parasite, Aphelinus mali Hald., at the expense of its host, Eriosoma lanigerum Hausm., may therefore be of interest.
Studies on the function of the pseudosuckers and holdfast organ of Diplostomum Phoxini Faust (Strigeida, Trematoda)
Authors: Lee D. L.
Published: June 2009

1. The pseudosuckers and holdfast organ of the metacercaria and adult stages of Diplostomum phoxini do not secrete acid mucopolysaccharide.

2. Alkaline phosphatase is present in the holdfast organ and in the cuticle lining the holdfast organ but not in the forebody glands or pseudosuckers.

3. Non-specific esterase has been shown to be present in the metacercaria and adult, especially in the pseudosuckers, the forebody glands which supply the pseudosuckers and in the holdfast organ. There is very little non-specific esterase in the posterior lobe of the adult.

4. Results of tests with enzyme inhibitors have shown that there are probably both A-esterase and B-esterase in the pseudosuckers, forebody glands and holdfast organ and that there is a cholinesterase present in the nervous system.

5. Cystine is present in most of the cuticle of the metacercaria but is absent from the cuticle lining the holdfast organ and the pseudosuckers.

6. The pseudosuckers and forebody glands as well as the holdfast organ appear to play a part in extracorporeal digestion.
Paramphistomum daubneyi sp.nov. from cattle and its snail host in the Kenya Highlands
Authors: Dinnik J. A.
Published: June 2009

Paramphistomum daubneyi sp.nov., recovered from Bos taurus in Kenya, East Africa, is described and differentiated from the other species of the genus possessing a Microbothrium type of genital atrium.

Lymnaea truncatula Müller was infected experimentally with miracidia of P. daubneyi and the development in the snail host is briefly described.
On three new trypanosomes from freshwater fishes
Authors: Qadri Syed Shamsuddin
Published: June 2009

A description is given of the following three new trypanosomes from freshwater fishes: (1) Trypanosoma winchesiense sp.nov. of Mirror carp, Cyprinus carpio (variety), obtained in Essex, England; (2) T. batrachi sp.nov. of Clarias batrachus from India, and (3) T. danilewskyi var.nov. saccobranchi of Saccobranchus fossilis from India.
Observations on the growth and trematode infections of Peringia ulvae (Pennant) 1777 in a pool in the Tamar saltings, Plymouth
Authors: Rothschild Miriam
Published: June 2009

Samples of Peringia ulvae were collected and measured on eight occasions, over a period of two years from an isolated pool in the saltings of the River Tamar. Growth conditions in this pool are at a maximum. Spawning occurs in the autumn and the greatest number of small specimens are found in the sieve (1 mm. mesh) in February. Maximum growth takes place during April-July. After ten months of age,.uninfected snails which have reached a length of 5¾ mm. grow only 1–1¼ mm., and gradually die off from 17 months of age onwards. Infected snails display gigantism and variation and attain dimensions of 9–10 mm. They are probably no older than uninfected specimens measuring 6¾ mm. long.

The infection rate is high and shows certain seasonal fluctuations, no doubt linked with the migrations of the wading birds which are the principal final hosts of the trematodes.
A new cycloposthiid ciliate (Triplumaria hamertoni gen.n., sp.n.) parasitic in the Indian rhinoceros
Authors: Hoare Cecil A.
Published: June 2009

In August, 1933, I received from Colonel A. E. Hamerton, C.M.G., D.S.O., R.A.M.C. (ret.), Pathologist to the Zoological Society of London, samples of a stool obtained from an Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) on exhibition in the Society's Gardens. The animal in question was at that time suffering from severe diarrhoea and wasting, and its faeces—preserved in 5 per cent formalin—contained numerous undetermined ciliates. On examination of the material I found that two kinds of ciliates were present, one a typical Entodinium (Entodiniomorpha Ophryoscolecidae), and the other an entodiniomorphous form obviously belonging to the Cycloposthiidae, but differing from all the members of this family hitherto described.
Albertia vermicularis (Rotifera) parasitic in the earthworm Allolobophora caliginosa
Authors: Rees B.
Published: June 2009

Although the majority of rotifers are free-living, there are many records of rotifers parasitizing both plants and animals (Thompson, 1892; Budde, 1925; Remane, 1929). The most marked development of this parasitic habit is found in the genera Balatro, Drilophaga, Zelinkiella and Albertia. In these forms, with the exception of the genus Zelinkiella, attachment to the host is performed by the mastax. Albertia vermicularis Dujardin (1838) has been recorded as a parasite of the intestine and body cavity of earthworms. This author also found specimens in slugs, but he did not indicate the host species involved in either case. This original description was rather incomplete, and it is the object of this paper to expand it by a description of specimens from Allolobophora caliginosa.
Autoradiographic studies on Fasciola hepatica L.
Authors: Pantelouris E. M. , Gresson R. A. R.
Published: June 2009

Iron-59 (as a ferric chloride solution or as a component of haemoglobin) was introduced into the lumen of the gut of Fasciola hepatica. It was detected by autoradiography in high concentrations in the intestinal epithelium, the cuticular epithelium, the myoblasts and the cells forming the walls of the excretory tubules. Carbon-14, introduced as l-phenylalanine-C-14, was concentrated in the same tissues, with the exception of the intestinal epithelium. These findings are discussed in relation to the function of the respective tissues.
Notes on Limnophora exsurda Pand. (Diptera, Anthomyidae)
Authors: Tate P.
Published: June 2009

The eggs of Limnophora exsurda are described. The larva is in the 3rd stage when it emerges from the egg. The absence of larval trimorphism has been described in a number of dipterous larvae and appears to be correlated with a carnivorous mode of life in the larval stage. Notes on the nomenclature of L. exsurda by Mr J. E. Collin are given.
Cytœcetes microti, n.g., n.sp., a parasite developing in granulocytes and infective for small rodents
Authors: Tyzzer Ernest E.
Published: June 2009

The morphology of a micro-organism,Cytœcetes microti, new genus, new species, which invades the granulocytes and occasionally the lymphocytes, is described. It occurs naturally in the vole,Microtus pennsylvanicus, is transmissible to white-footed mice,Peromyscus leucopusandPeromyscus eremicus, the common tame mouse, the white rat, but inoculations of guinea-pigs. domestic rabbits, a kitten and young chickens have resulted negatively. The only pathological effect attributable thus far to this organism is an increase in the number of granulocytes found in certain organs such as the spleen and adrenals, and degenerative changes in the individual cell invaded. Splenectomy performed soon after the microscopic disappearance ofCytœcetesfrom the circulating blood may result in its reappearance, when it may occur in a considerable proportion of the granulocytes, but nevertheless in smaller numbers than at the height of early infection. Overwhelming infections have in no instance followed splenectomy. The probable relationship of the organism toÆgyptianella pullorum(Carpano, 1928) is pointed out, but grounds for placing it in a separate genus are presented.
Developmental stages of Panopistus pricei Sinitsin in Agriolimax agrestis
Authors: Reynolds Bruce D.
Published: June 2009

Various stages in the life cycle of Panopistus pricei are reported from Agriolimax agrestis. These are essentially the same as those reported by Krull from Zonitoides arboreus. The excretory system of a developing metacercaria is described.
A parasite of Sciuropterus volans L
Authors: Redikorzev V.
Published: June 2009

Some time ago I received for identification a microscopic preparation of parasites taken, on 11 March 1929, from a flying squirrel (Sciuropterus volans L.) in the neighbourhood of Agraz, Tartar Republic. The preparation mounted in Canada balsam contained one male and two females. Later I examined a rather large collection of flying squirrels in the Division of Mammals of the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of U.S.S.R. In one jar containing a flying squirrel from Verchoijansk, Yakutia, 67° 33′ N, 133° 51′ E, I found, among the debris on the bottom, a single specimen of the same parasite.
Further studies on a virus found in the roots of certain normal-looking plants
Authors: Smith Kenneth M.
Published: June 2009

The results are described of further studies on a virus found in the roots of certain normal-looking plants. It is shown that the virus is a contamination arriving from outside sources. The virus has been detected in the sludge at the bottom of the water tanks, and the experimental evidence shows that it is water-borne to the soil whence it reaches the roots of the plants. Experiments to test the possibility that the virus is also air-borne have so far proved negative.

The virus is exceedingly resistant, it can be completely desiccated and remains infective in the dry state for many weeks. It is also unaffected by alcohol and is still infective after being stored in absolute alcohol for 6 months.

The virus is thought to be a transitional stage between a pathogen and a non-pathogen.
Immunity in trypanosomiasis
Authors: Soltys M. A.
Published: June 2009

Antibody-resistant strains are less sensitive to suramin and antrycide than antibody-sensitive strains. When living trypanosomes were exposed to suramin and antrycide in vitro, antibody-resistant strains needed 50 times more drugs than antibody-sensitive trypanosomes in order to make them non-infectious to mice. In therapeutic experiments in mice the minimal therapeutic dose of drugs for antibody-sensitive strains was 0·1 mg. but for resistant strains it was 0·3 mg./20 g. mice. Rabbits treated prophylactically with suramin resisted infection with the antibody-sensitive strain for a period of 4 months, but failed to resist infection with the antibody-resistant strain after 2 months.

Rabbits treated prophylactically with antrycide pro-salt, resisted infection with antibody-sensitive strains for a period of 2 months, but failed to resist infection with the antibody-resistant strain even 1 month after injection with the drug. Although trypanosomes can become drug resistant without being antibody resistant it is suggested that, under natural conditions, drug-resistant strains in animals and man develop from antibody-resistant strains, particularly when trypanostatic drugs are used. It is suggested in conclusion from these experiments that strains of trypanosomes which are exposed for some time to antibodies and become antibody resistant after passage through animals like rabbits, as well as those strains frequently passaged through mice, should be used in all tests for the efficiency of chemotherapeutic drugs.
Monogenea of Indian freshwater fishes
Authors: Jain S. L.
Published: June 2009

A new genus,Sprostonia, is erected in the Family Dactylogyridae, subfamily Tetraonchinae, from the study of trematodes of some Indian freshwater fishes, from Lucknow, India. The new genus differs from allied genera by the characteristically two-piece shape of the ventral bar, the articulation of the cirrus and accessory piece together at the base and the presence of a dextral vagina. The genotypeS. indicasp.nov. was recovered from the gills ofEutropiichthys vacha. Three other new species,S. wallagonia, S. gomtiaandS. asiatica, were also recovered from other Indian fishes and assigned to the new genus. The text is illustrated with twenty-one camera lucida figures and is followed by a key to the species of the new genus,Sprostonia.
Morphological and taxonomic studies on mammalian trypanosomes
Authors: Hoare Cecil A.
Published: June 2009

Owing to inadequate and conflicting descriptions, there have always been doubts about the identity of Trypanosoma dimorphon, which is commonly regarded as a synonym of T. congolense. However, the occurrence of atypical strains, with characters like those of T. dimorphon, has re-opened the question of the possible independence of this species.

To solve this problem, the author has undertaken a complete revision of T. dimorphon, based on Laveran and Mesnil's original type-material. In the course of this work, a total of 1200 trypanosomes, belonging to samples taken from animal passages in the course of 4 years, were studied biometrically and morphologically.
Leptomonas sp., parasitic in the fly Leia sp. (fam. Mycetophilidae), with special reference to the metacyclic forms
Authors: Gibbs Alfred J.
Published: June 2009

The Leptomonas described in this paper has been studied principally in the gut contents and faeces of the larva of the fly, Leia sp., and in moisture obtained from the decaying vegetable matter within which the larvae grow and pupate. The incidence of infection of the larvae has been found to be almost 100 %, only one or two very young specimens being found unparasitized among the hundreds studied.
Rhipicephalus camelopardalis n.sp. (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae), a new species of tick from East African giraffes
Authors: Walker Jane B. , Wiley A. J.
Published: June 2009

Among the ticks collected by Major E. W. Temple-Boreham from a giraffe at the Talek River, Cis-Mara area of W. Masai, Kenya, in October 1955, were eleven males and eight females which represent an undescribed species of the genus Rhipicephalus. Another female was collected by W. A. Hilton from a giraffe near mile 70 south of Arusha on the Great North Road, Tanganyika, on 10 July 1956, and G. H. Swynnerton collected three males from a giraffe at Nkonko, S. Manyoni district, Tanganyika, on 29 September 1958. The following is a description of these specimens.
A cytological study of the early oocysts of seven species of Plasmodium and the occurrence of post-zygotic meiosis
Authors: Bano L.
Published: June 2009

1. The cytological study of 4–8 hr. old zygotes of seven species of Plasmodium, i.e. P. gallinaceum, P. berghei, P. cynomolgi, P. gonderi, P. inui, P. knowlesi and P. vivax, revealed a uninucleate condition at the resting phase.

2. Ookinetes of these species at 12–24 hr were uninucleate and of the usual dimorphic form.

3. In the present studies post-zygotic meiosis was demonstrated in the early oocysts of the above seven species of Plasmodium. The times of investigation for the beginning and completion of meiosis in the early oocysts of these species of Plasmodium were as follows:

4. Different forms of spireme at prophases were observed in the early oocysts of the above species of Plasmodium. This fact indicated that each species has its own characteristic form of spireme; for instance, ‘bow-shaped’ in P. gallinaceum, beaded, filamentous net-work in P. cynomolgi.

5. The diploid and haploid number of chromosomes were demonstrated step by step, during the first reduction division in the early oocysts of seven species of Plasmodium.

6. The succeeding nuclear divisions following the post-zygotic meiosis were traced in early oocysts of seven species of Plasmodium. The divisions took place mitotically, giving rise to tetra- to multinucleate oocysts. The haploid group of chromosomes in each species was quite distinct during the different mitotic phases found in these oocysts.

7. The results obtained from the cytological study of different meiotic and mitotic phases found in the early oocysts of seven species of Plasmodium show that the number of chromosomes is a specific character, for instance, P. gallinaceum has a complex of two haploid chromosomes, P. cynomolgi, four; P. gonderi, three; P. inui, four; P. knowlesi, P. berghei and P. vivax, two.
Rhipicephalus pulchellus Gerstäcker 1873: a description of the larva and nymph with notes on the adults and on its biology
Authors: Walker Jane B.
Published: June 2009

1. The larva and nymph of Rhipicephalus pulchellus are described for the first time and comments are made on the degree of variation in structure seen amongst adults of a single generation.

2. Information on various aspects of the biology of this tick and on classification is given.
On two new species and new records of Acarina mainly from the Ethiopian region
Authors: Lavoipierre M. M. J.
Published: June 2009

In this paper two new species of Acarina are described, the first a new species of Pterygosoma from a West African agamid lizard and the second a new species of Schöngastiella from two West African rodents. In addition, several new records of Acarina are given, most of these from the Ethiopian region of Africa. The writer wishes to extend his thanks to all those who have contributed material, and in particular Mr W. Crewe and Dr R. Taufflieb.
A review of the Laelaptid paraphages of the Myriapoda with descriptions of three new species (Acarina: Laelaptidae)
Authors: Evans G. Owen
Published: June 2009

1. A review is given of the Laelaptid paraphages of the Myriapoda with a key to the genera.

2. One new genus, Scolopendracarus (type: S. brevipilis) and a new subgenus, Parajacobsonia (type: Jacobsonia tertia Vitzthum) of the genus Jacobsonia Berl. are proposed.

3. The following three species are described as new to science: Jacobsonia (Jacobsonia) audyi, Scolopendracarus brevipilis, Hypoaspis (Hypoaspis) polydesmoides.

4. The phylogeny and classification of the family Laelaptidae Berl. are discussed. A key is given to the subfamilies of the Laelaptidae.
The formation, structure, and histochemistry of the metacercarial cyst of Philophthalmus gralli Mathis & Léger
Authors: Thakur Amar S. , Cheng Thomas C.
Published: June 2009

The presence of three types of cystogenous gland cells, designated as protein, mucopolysaccharide, and mucoprotein cells, in P. gralli cercariae has been demonstrated.

The protein cells are PAS-negative but positive for tyrosine-, histidine-, and arginine-containing proteins. No tryptophane is detectable in this type of cell. The mucopolysaccharide cells are positive for acid mucopolysaccharides and are gamma-metachromatic. The mucoprotein cells are PAS-positive and diastaseresistant.

The mechanism of metacercarial cyst formation is described. The fully formed cyst consists of three walls designated inner, middle and outer walls. The outer wall is subdivided into a basal and a peripheral layer.

Histochemical studies on the cyst walls have shown that the outer and middle walls are PAS-negative but the inner wall is PAS-positive and diastase-resistant. All the walls include proteins but differ in their amino acid contents.

By comparing the chemical composition of the cyst walls with that of the three types of cystogenous gland cells, it is evident that each cyst wall is formed from the secretions of two or more types of cells. The outer and middle walls appear to be formed from the secretions of both protein and mucopolysaccharide cells, and the inner wall from protein, mucopolysaccharide, and mucoprotein cells.

This research was supported in part by a grant from the American Cancer Society.