bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGURANGAN GAS RUMAH KACA DARI LIMBAH CAIR DI PABRIK KELAPA SAWIT PT PERUSAHAAN NUSANTARA, RIAU
Authors: Febijanto Irhan
Published: August 2020

Waste water utilization in palm oil mills (POMs) in Indonesia is limited only for land application and in some palm oil mills the waste water is unutilized and it is only discharged to a river. The technology of methane gas utilization produced from waste water have been developed, unfortunately economical barrier is a big problem to implement it in the POMs. Since Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) have been being introducing in Indonesia, many foreign investors who looking for Certified Emission Reduction (CER) visit and investigate potential reductions in Indonesia. Using CDM Mechanism, it will change feasibility of an activity of methane gas capture. An income from selling CER makes theeconomical feasibility of methane gas capture increase. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential methane gas produced in waste water pond in all POM owned by PTPN V, located in Riau Province. Area of own plantation, amount of processed (Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB) and distance of the location are proposed as a consideration for selecting candidate locations. The potentialmethane gas captured was calculated. It was known that four POMs have a potential methane gas amount produced from waste water pond, and the investment in those locations were feasible based on the NPV calculation result. Utilization of captured methane gas as a fuel for power generation is inconsiderate, because negotiation is predicted will be takes a long time.Key words: green house gasses, palm oil mill, empty fruit bunch, fresh fruit bunch, palm mill oil effluent, clean development mechanism
PENAMBAHAN ENZIM CAIRAN RUMEN LIMBAH RUMAH POTONG HEWAN PADA PAKAN BERBASIS WHEAT POLLARD DENGAN PROSES PENGOLAHAN PADA KOMPOSISI KIMIA PAKAN
Authors: Pantaya., dkk Dadik
Published: August 2020

The present study was conducted to clarify the effect of addition of enzymes from rumen liquor on performance broiler of pelleting feed with basal ration of wheat pollard with addition of enzymes and processing broiler diets. Ruminal enzymes were extracted from Australian Commercial Cross (ACC) cattles. Application of enzyme on wheat pollard. Enzyme was reacted with wheatpollard and mixed with another feedstuff before steam pelleting process. The combination nine experimental diets were used as follows three levels enzyme supplementation (0, 620 and 1.240 U/kg) and three levels steam temperature at (60, 80 and 100 oC) Feed particles size, hardness, PDI (Pellet Durability Index), moisture content, protein, GE and hemicellulosa were evaluated parameter devided into nine treatmens were used in this research. Data from Completely Randomized Design factorial 3 x 3 were analyzed with Anova, if differences were continued by Duncanâ€™s new multiple range test. Enzyme supplementation decreased feed hardness and PDI. There were interaction beetwen enzyme and temperature for feed moisture content. Hemicellulosa was significantly reduced by steam temperature at 80 and 100 oC and enzyme supplementation 1.240 U/kgKey Words: enzyme liquor rumen, wheat pollard, steam pelleting, feed Chemical composition
MODEL DINAMIK PENANGANAN SAMPAH (STUDI KASUS SOSIAL MASYARAKAT DI DKI JAKARTA)
Authors: Sidik M. Ansorudin
Published: August 2020

Social dynamic of of waste management is rarely discussed in a paper. Using causal loop diagram, this issue will be analyzed in this paper based on the case study of waste management in Jakarta. Problems occurred in Jakarta were identified using metaplan method carried out by BPPT to explore social problem of solid waste management. It is started from the fact that for managing waste,the regional government tends to use the top down approach rather than bottom up approach. The analysis shows the result that the problems are dynamic as social problems always changes, not static. Such dynamic tendency can be anticipated in the future by the regional government in accordance with the social changes occurred to people live in Jakarta.Key Wods : social dynamic, waste management, model dinamic
PEMANFAATAN TANAMAN GULMA KAYAMBANG (Salvinia Molesta) SEBAGAI BAHAN PAKAN AYAM BURAS MELALUI ENERGI METABOLISMENYA
Authors: Akhadiarto Sindu
Published: August 2020

Kayambang is water seed from Indonesia which can be used for animal feed. In village it is usually used for duck and village fowl (kampong chicken). Kayambang grows very much on water surface and have hight nutrition include energy and protein. Animal feed are used for growth requirement and to support sintetics reactionsform its body. Energy from the feed is not used for animal infull. In each ingredient at least has 4 kind of energy : Gross Energy, Digestible energy, Metobalic energy and netto energy. Metabolic energy is impotant to measure form each ingredient because it is used for all requirement such as maintanance, growth, feedlot and layer. This research has goal for knowing about metabolic energy which can be used for animal especially for village fowl.The methodology was done by 14 male village fowl (11 chicken for metabolic energy, 3 chicken for endogenous nitrogen). Individual was caged to collect feces. Kayambang was used as meal and given to the chicken. The results showed that Kayambang has energy contains potentially for village fowl. Total metabolic energy is 2857,56 and apparent metabolic energy is 2433,66 Kkal/kg.Key words : kayambang, village fowl, animal feed, nutrition.
EVALUASI KONDISI LINGKUNGAN PERAIRAN KAWASAN PULAU ABANG, GALANG BARU, BATAM BERDASARKAN ANALISA INDEKS STORET DAN SIMILARITAS CANBERA
Authors: Sachoemar., dkk Suhendar I
Published: August 2020

Evaluation of the water quality status at Abang Island Region was conducted by using the STORET and Canbera Similarity Indeks during Mei, June and October 2006. Thes analysis result shows that the water quality within this region was within the range of good to moderate. This condition indicate that the water quality status is still suitable and support for living marine biotic organism. During May, water quality was good and decrease in June and October due to the additional of the organic material from the land surface driven by precipitation as response to monsoonal change.Keywords : water quality, Abang island, Storet Index, Similarity Index, Canbera.
PEMBENIHAN DAN AKLIMATISASI PADA SISTEM ANAEROBIK
Authors: Indriyati Indriyati
Published: August 2020

Seeding in Fixed Bed anaerobic reactor are infl uenced by several condition such as the growth rate total population of microbial, bacterial adaption to infl uent and the retention ofÂ biomass in reactor. The aim of this observation is to fi nd out the seeding and acclimation process in anaerobic process by using plastic as support material. Seeding and acclimatization process run smoothly can be seen from the increasing of infl uent or substrate and following by the increasing degradation of soluble COD, beside that the decreasing of VSS concentration indicates that microorganism are all ready fi x in support material, therefore reactor can be operated continuously and the acclimatization process can be stopped.Keywords : anaerobic seeding, acclimation anaerobic process
PENDUGAAN PERKEMBANGAN POPULASI ORYCTES RHINOCEROS L. (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) DI PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT (ELAEIS GUINEENSIS JACQ.)
Authors: Pujiastuti., dkk Yulia
Published: August 2020

Approximately 1.000 species of insects are associated with coconut worldwide. Over 40 species of coleopteran pests have been recorded â€“ most are under effective natural control but some require interventions. In view of the increasing and devastating damage by coconut beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros) to coconut palms in the many countries, many efforts are made to find appropriate method to forecast its population. The basic procedures of these monitoring programs are outlined together with forecasting method. A study to forecast coconut beetle population has been carried out in palm oil estate, near Palembang. Study was aimed to estimate population after several observations of beetle population. Another aim was to assess the influences of environmental factors, i.e. temperature, relative humidity and rainfall intensity, which could affect to the beetle population fluctuation. Results showed beetle population could 65.12 percent in average due to unsuitable environmental factors. At first observation temperature was recorded 26 â€“ 30 0C and 1185 larvae werefound. At last observation larvae population decreased to 392 larvae at temperature 29 â€“ 33 0C. It was found that relative humidity and rainfall intensity also played important role in decreasing beetle population.Keywords: coconut beetle, time series analysis, population estimation, environmentalfactors
TIMBULAN SAMPAH KAWASAN KANTOR BPPT
Authors: Shochib Rosita
Published: August 2020

Solid Waste genartion is amount of wastes generated by a given source or category of. Sources per day in weight or volume. Data of waste generation is necessary in design of solid waste management system. For that purpose, a research about waste generation will be performed. The analysis is focused to office solid waste, base on SNI 19-3964-1994 for 8 days. Based on waste collection, the sourses of office solid waste are working place, Canteen, and yard. The researchâ€™s result shows that everage of office solid waste generation in BPPT is 0.15 kg/employee/day or 0.222 kg/sq meter/perday in weightKeywords : office waste generation, waste, waste collection, sources of office waste, unity of solid waste
INTEGRATED OFFICE WASTE MANAGEMENT
Authors: Shochib Rosita
Published: August 2020

Municipal waste from day to day has increased its production in line with the increase of urban population. However, running a waste management system has been unable to solve the problem of waste properly. Therefore, a new breakthrough is needed to deal with. With the enactment of Law No. 18 of 2008 on Waste Management, each source must be to reduce the amount of waste to be disposed of to the final processing of waste. The office is one of the sources of waste, also must reduce the amount of waste that must be disposed of to the final processing of waste (landfill). The purpose of this paper is to examine waste management in an integrated manner to maximize the waste management office. In the process of management, garbage collector used by officers in the study. The rest moved to the TPS waste. In this place officers also collect that is still valuable economic and processed organic waste into compost. Of these operations, the rest of office waste disposed to landfill about 48.7%keywords : office waste, integreted office waste management
ANALYSIS OF THERMAL DISPERSION IN SELAT SEMBILAN WATERS, NORTH SUMATRA
Authors: Aziz Amiral
Published: August 2020

Pangkalan Susu Coal Fire Steam Power Plants (CFSPP) are planned to build in Tanjung Pasir Village, Langkat Regency taking sea water as cooling condenser of power plants, and through it back into the sea. To explore the possibilities of re-entry of the circulation of hot water to the intake, it is necessary to study the termal dispersion within the framework of those plans. In this study, numerical modeling to determine termal distribution pattern that comes out from CFSPP outlet. From the study it could be concluded that with the given intake inlet â€“ discharge outfall design configuration and under the worst scenario, cooling water system of Pangkalan Susu unit 3 & 4 is safe i.e. re-circulation of warmcooling water will not happen. The Pangkalan Susu unit 3 & 4 will consume intact sea water (30.5oC). However, the Pangkalan Susu unit 1 & 2 will be influenced by the warm cooling system that may decrease its cooling system efficiency since its inlet is covered by shattered sea water (31.2oC â€“ 32.2oC).keywords : thermal dispersion, power plant. numerical modeling
PROSPECT OF SEAWEED AS ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY RAW MATERIALS FOR PAPER INDUSTRY
Authors: Kustantiny Anny
Published: August 2020

Seaweed is a commodity which has great potency to be developed and commonly used in food and non-food industry, such as cosmetic and pharmaceutical. Currently, seaweed can also be utilized as raw material for pulp to support an environmental friendly paper industry. Research has been done by scientists from Korea who developed the processing technology of red algae by using extraction and bleaching process. The process is very simple, need less energy and environmental friendly chemical material. Red algae species which is used in this process is Gelidium amansii, which is very suitable for paper industry purposes and can be harvested in around 3 months, therefore this is different with wood pulp. There is a cooperation between Korea and Indonesiain producing Gelidium in Indonesia. This paper presents the assessment of red algae pulp processing technology and examines several matters that should be considered in developing red algae pulp industry in Indonesia. In term of resources, support from the government, universities and research institutions and acceptance of the industry.keywords : seaweed, red algae, extraction, paper, environment
PROTEASE FROM Bacillus sp. AS A DEGRADING CHICKEN FEATHER FOR PRODUCING FEATHER MEAL
Authors: Setyahadi., dkk Siswa
Published: August 2020

Chicken feathers are a significant source of protein for livestock because ofhigh protein content and contain large amounts of cystine, glycine, arginine, and phenylalanine. Chicken feathers are not hydrolyzed, it is very difficult to digest by nonruminant animals because they contain high keratin. Hydrolyzed chicken feathers are not very difficult to digest by nonruminant animals because they contain high keratin. Raw chicken feathers must be hydrolyzed to be used as a feed ingredient for nonruminant species. Processing through bio-fermentation of chicken feathers would lead to overhaul the structure of the network, termination of disulfide bonds,hydrogen bonds and decreased levels of keratin. One of the processing of chicken feathers into feather meal is to utilize the specific proteases that degrade keratin. Bacillus sp. which has been isolated from Kawah Putih crater, Ciwidey, Bandung is a protease-producing bacterium. Fermentation using a medium containing: 2.8% (w/ v) glucose, 0.5% (w / v) urea and 0.005% (w / v) yeast extract with the conditions of the process carried out at pH 7.5; temperature 37 0C; shaker incubator 150 rpm will produce protease with the activity of 121 U / ml and prote in content 6.65 mg /ml in 36 hours. Hydrolysis of chicken feather needs to be pepsin digestibility tested to ensure that it has been processed correctly. Chicken feathers was obtained from slaughterhouses in Bogor. Pepsin digestibility of feather meal after hydrolyzed by proteases from Bacillus sp. is 67.4%.Keywords: feather meal, protease, fermentation, Bacillus sp.
DELIVERY MODEL FORAGE FEED FOR SUPPORTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF BALI CATTLE ON MARGINAL LAND (Case Study District Gerokgak, Buleleng, Bali)
Authors: Yasa., dkk I Made Rai
Published: August 2020

This research is aimed at overcoming the limited forage problem at marginal land that adversly affects the sustainability of forest. The research was done at Gerokgak District, Buleleng Regency, Bali Province from April 2010 until March 2011. Because the feed problem is complex and dynamic, systems dynamic modelling was used as the method. This method supported with participatory rural appraisal methods for system identification, mean absolute percentage error method for analysis validity of model, and sensitivity analysis to determine the scenarios of feed scenarios. Simulation results showed that the feed available on the actual conditions (in 2009) is only able to meet 64.5% of the total feed required, and potentially to 48.5% in the long term (year 2034). In that period, the feed supply of 52,629 tons / year increased to 74,886 tons/year while consumption increased from 81,403 tons/year to 155,834 tons/year, thus it potentially increases the damage of forest because the burden of forests as the source of feed would increase from 35.5% to 51.5%. To overcome these problems, five scenarios was developed to increase the feed supply. From the five alternative scenarios, the highest increase of feed supply successively given by Scenario 2 (planting field boundary with forage plants), followed by Scenario 1 (introducing the new technology in maize and rice cultivation), Scenario 5 (building feed storages), Scenario 4 (increasing the number of forest community groups from four to 14) and the last is the Scenario 3 (plantingcorn in the dry season by utilizing irrigation ponds) Those scenarios give the potential additional supply of feed 51.6%, 30.1%, 10.1 %, 3.1% and 0.1% respectively. Partially, no single scenario can provide sustainable feed supply; to do so the combination of at least two scenarios must be implemented.keywords: forage supply model, Bali cattle, marginal land, system dynamicRai
PERFORMANCE TESTS OF COMPOST AND PADDY SOIL MEDIA BED ON GHG (CH4 & CO2) ELIMINATION IN LANDFILL
Authors: Purwanta Wahyu
Published: August 2020

One method to reduce emissions of CH4 from municipal solid waste landfill is to modify the final cover layer. Methane (CH4) oxidation by methanotrophs bacteria in the soil cover layer can reduce the concentration of the CH4 emission to the atmosphere. Through field experiments, tested the effect of media bed thickness, moisture and nutrient content in the form of a media bed type that is compost and paddy soil. In general, the efficiency of oxidation by using compost media is higher than the use of paddy soil cover. For both media bed, moisture content 30% more efficient in the oxidation of CH4 compared to 20%. Moisture content determines the rate of gas diffusion between media bed with its gas phase (CH4 and O2). While for a thickness of 25 cm also produced a higher oxidation rate than the 15 cm because of the methanotrophs population.keywords: landfill gas; biofiltration; methane oxydation
SELF-MONITORING ANALYSIS RESULTS DATABASE DESIGN FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT INSTALATION IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY PACKAGING CANS
Authors: Sulaeman Oman , Setiadi Imam
Published: August 2020

In monitoring the environmental quality, besides it needs the data analysis also requires the presentation of accurate data so as to display an useful information. If the data is not immediately available it is feared worsening quality changes that will lead to difficulties in recovery. Self-monitoring analysis results database design for wastewater treatment instalation in manufacturing industry packaging cans aims to create a new procedure in terms of the storage and management to create a new procedure in termsof the storage and management of data replaces the old method is still conventional. Database design also features graphic user interface (GUI) as a medium for user interaction with the database software. Database database software is designed with the Logical database design method in which the process of making a model of the information used in the company based on the model-specific data, but does not depend on the Database Management System (DBMS). DBMS is a software that allows users to define, create, maintain, and control access to the database. Results to be achieved with the existence of this database is that users can easily perform datastorage, update the data, speed up retrieval of earlier data, and assist to present a report. Given this self-monitoring analysis results database, the data can be stored properly and safely on the database to be managed in the future as well as complementary data sources in reporting self-monitoring of wastewater treatment.keywords : self monitoring, database,DMBS, data update, and wastewater treatment plant
STATUS PEMANFAATAN PERIKANAN KEPITING MERAH (Scylla olivacea) DI PERAIRAN MIMIKA DAN SEKITARNYA, PAPUA
Authors: Pane Andina Ramadhani Putri , Alnanda Reza , Suman Ali
Published: August 2020

Red mud crab (Scylla olivacea) is an economic commodity that is traded into foreign countries such as China, Malaysia, and Singapore so that fishing activities are carried out intensively. Therefore, we need scientific information about the status of red mud crab fishery stock. Information about the natural mortality, fishing mortality, and the exploitation level of crabs can be used as the basis for crab fisheries management. The study was conducted for 2 (two) years, February to October 2017, and March to December 2018 using the survey method. The results showed that 36% of the crabs were caught below the 120 mm size as regulated in Regulation of the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries No. 12 Year 2020. The carapace width of the first capture (CWc) is smaller than the size of the carapace width of the first gonad maturity (CWm).  This shows that the crab has been captured before the first gonad maturity (CWc < CWm). The growth rate (K) is 0.65 per year with fishing mortality (F) higher than natural mortality (M). Exploitation level (E) 0.70 which indicates that the status fisheries of red mud crab in Mimika have been overexploited. Efforts need to be done by the Regional Government in collaboration with local community leaders in providing counseling and information about the size of red mud crabs that can be caught and reduce efforts to use crabs by as much as 40% of what is currently done.    

Keywords: status explotation, red mud crabs, Mimika, FMA 718
Growth and Graduation of Vannamei Shell Life (Litopenaeus Vannamei) with Feeding Tray (ANCO) System in AV 8 Lim Shrimp Organization (LSO) in Sumbawa District
Authors: Bahri Syamsul , Mardhia Dwi , Saputra Osi
Published: August 2020

Vannamei shrimp species look for lunch and dinner. These properties need to be known related to the amount of feed and frequency of feeding to be given. Because wasted feed is expensive and can reduce water quality, optimizing feeding practices is an important issue in shrimp culture management. The use of some ANCOs is intended to monitor feed consumption and estimate feed adjustments. So it is necessary to conduct research on the growth and graduation of vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus Vannamei) with the feeding tray (ANCO) system in Av 8 Lim Shrimp Organization (LSO) in Sumbawa Regency. The method used in this research is descriptive method, namely research based on reality and the facts of the situation as it is. The results showed that the amount of feed every week or sampling is always different, this is because the amount of feed adjusted to the addition of shrimp growth every sampling. Addition and reduction of feeding is adjusted to the results of checking feed consumption on ANCO, adding the amount of feeding is done if when checking ANCO there is no feed left. Reduction in the number of gifts is done if when checking ANCO still left feed. In the 8th sampling the amount of feed decreased to 38 kg, this was due to the first partial harvest. In the 10th sampling is the lowest amount of feeding which is 30 kg, this is due to the second partial harvest, but in the 11th sampling the number of feeding again increased so that the shrimp could grow to its maximum potential during panentotal.
Reputasi Brand “Wonderful Indonesia” Saat Pandemi Covid-19
Authors: Chotijah Siti Jhe , Indiyati Diyah , Khusnia Hartin Nur , Muhlis Muhlis
Published: August 2020

Wonderful Indonesia as national brand Tourism Indonesia has built such a reputation through communication and branding activities. In 2018, Wonderful Indonesia has ranked 47th in the world, beating its closest competitors, Truly Asia Malaysia and Amazing Thailand. This brand has been able to compete with 180 countries in the world by winning more than 40 awards over the past 3 years and encouraging tourism growth through foreign tourist visits and foreign exchange earnings. During the pandemic covid19 tourism became the worst sector not only in Indonesia but in the world. Maintaining reputation and brand becomes very important in pandemic conditions as an effort to maintain the market. Kemenparekraf as a state agency in charge of tourism issued a policy for the use of contextual logos during a pandemic namely "Thoughfull Indonesia". This brand does not replace Wonderful Indonesia but is used as the main and official communication and replaces the Wonderful Indonesia logo in official communication institutions. This will automatically affect the brand awareness and reputation of the Wonderful Indonesia brand. The contextual logo in communication is not something that is prohibited as long as it takes into account the rules of branding such as not resembling the brand master logo while still supporting the main logo.
Application of Multimodal MRI in Cerebral Infarction
Authors: Wei Mengjiao
Published: August 2020

Symptomatic atherosclerotic intracranial artery stenosis often causes ischemic cerebral infarction or transient ischemic attack in the stenosis area. Early detection of cerebral infarction and evaluation of ischemic penumbra and hemodynamics in the infarct area Information plays an extremely important role in clinical treatment and prognosis. This article briefly introduces the application of multimodal MRI in cerebral infarction.
Maatalousmuovin keräyksen kuljetuskustannustehokkuuden arviointi
Authors: Tepponen Joni , Kumpula Timo , Tykkyläinen Markku
Published: August 2020

This study develops and applies a logistic route-optimizing model of the collection of bale wrap waste from farms in North Karelia, Finland. To assess cost-efficiency the model analyzed three collection scenarios for one- and three-year collection intervals by full trailer combination truck and annually by lorry. According to our study the cheapest per tonne cost to collect bale wrap waste is to carry out a collection every third year by full trailer combination truck. In the three-year option the per tonne cost is 54,5 percent of the cost collecting waste by lorry annually and 42,2 percent of the per tonne cost collecting waste by full trailer combination truck annually. To maximize the loading grade of a vehicle only, the collection of waste can be made most efficiently by lorries. The study demonstrates the importance of purposefully selecting the vehicle type and the collection intervals in collecting bulk plastic waste.
The distance variation due to mass transfer and mass loss in (13.6+8) Mand (13+10) M binary star systems
Authors: Abdulameer Mohammed R.
Published: August 2020

In this research the change in the distance of the two stars in two binary star systems (13.6+8)M8and (13+10)M8 was studied, through the calculations the value  (rate of mass transfer) of the two phases of dynamical stages of mass which are mass loss and mass transfer has been extracted in its own way ,by extracting the value of  the value of (the distance variation between the two stars) has been found only in the mass transfer stage by using mathematical model ,in mass loss stage  and   were calculated from the change and the difference between the values of each at different times of binary star system evolution ,it was found that  the maximum values of  and  are in mass transfer state in binary star system , in other words the maximum values of  depend on the mass transfer between the two component stars of the binary star system.
Simulation of indoor solar illumination system for a library hall in Baghdad city
Authors: Maliek Hisham A.
Published: August 2020

A concept of indoor solar illumination is described and simulated. The solar illumination system is composed of a tracking primary reflector, a selective secondary reflector, a visible light guide and a scattering solid glass tube fixture. Each part of the solar illumination system is optically suited and compatible with other parts to realize high efficiency. The simulation is conducted for Baghdad city for a library hall. Two major days over a year are chosen to investigate the illumination system for acceptable visible light level for reading hall. The two days are: summer solstice day and winter solstice day at 8:00 AM and 12:00 PM for each. Research results showed that the design of the solar system is achieved on the base of minimum solar illuminance level at the starting day for office work at 8:00 AM on 21 December. Aluminum coated dish  is the preferred comparing with silver coated dish which their solar illuminance for one meter dish diameter are so close for reading hall visible light level. Their values are 538Lux for Aluminum and 589Lux for Silver.
Determining the concentrations of radon and the rate of annual effective dose in some types of drinking water available in the Iraqi markets
Authors: Al-Hamidawi Ali A.
Published: August 2020

In this research, radon concentrations in some types of healthy drinking water samples available in Iraq's market were measured using a technique called Durridge RAD-7-H2O with closed loop. Then the rate of annual effective dose in human taken this water is determined.

          It was found that, radon concentrations in studied samples ranged between 1.2 Bq.m-3 to 142 Bq.m-3. The results of the radon concentrations and the rate of annual effective dose for drinking water samples were significantly lower than the USEPA and WHO recommended limits that equal 500 Bq/m3 and 1 mSv/y respectively.
Comparison study of CC and CH vibration frequencies and eelectronic properties for mono, Di, Tri, and tetra-rings layer of arm chair (SWCNTs)
Authors: Al-Ani Huda N.
Published: August 2020

Semi-empirical methods were applied for calculating the vibration frequencies and IR absorption intensities for normal coordinates of the {mono (C56H28), di (C84H28), tri (C112H28) and tetra (C140H28)} -rings layer for (7,7) armchair single wall carbon nanotube at their equilibrium geometries which were all found to have D7d symmetry point group.

Assignment of the modes of vibration (3N-6) was done depending on the pictures of their modes by applying (Gaussian 03) program. Comparison of the vibration frequencies of (mono, di, tri and tetra) rings layer which are active in IR, and inactive in Ramman spectra. For C-H stretching vibrations, the results showed that vibration frequencies value increased with increased of length nano tube (rings layer SWCNT).

The results include the relation for axial bonds, which are the vertical C-C bonds (annular bonds) in the rings and for circumferential bonds which are the outer ring bonds. Also include the assignment of puckering, breathing and clock-anticlockwise bending vibrations. They allow a comparative view of the charge density at the carbon atom too.
Effect of green colour on glass quality
Authors: M.Al-azzawi Shatha S.
Published: August 2020

The study of green colour in glass has a special importance on the glass quality, specially the effect of ferrous oxides content of the limestone. Results obtained that there was a reduction in green colour when different ferrous oxide contents in the limestone were added in glass production, limestone sources from two quarries, and the first contains 0.67% ferrous oxide and the second posses less ferrous oxide.

Reduction of green colour showed higher transmittance12% and it could be suggested that reduction of ferrous oxides content in the limestone is of special importance on the optical properties of glass.
Laser energy effect on the properties of ZnS thin films prepared by PLD technique
Authors: Hamed Esraa K.
Published: August 2020

Zinc sulfide (ZnS) thin films were deposited on glass substrates using pulsed laser deposition technique. The laser used is the Q-switched Nd: YAG laser with 1064nm wavelength and 1Hz pulse repetition rate and varying laser energy 700mJ-1000mJ with 25 pulse. The substrate temperature was kept constant at 100°C. The structural, morphological and optical properties of ZnS thin films were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM) and UV-VIS spectrophotometer.
The dependence of resonant tunneling transmission coefficient on well width and barriers number of GaN/Al0.3Ga0.7N nanostructured system
Authors: Abdulrida Moafak Cadim
Published: August 2020

A numerical computation for determination transmission coefficient and resonant tunneling energies of multibarriers heterostructure has been investigated. Also, we have considered GaN/Al0.3Ga0.7N superlattice system to estimate the probability of resonance at specific energy values, which are less than the potential barrier height. The transmission coefficient is determined by using the transfer matrix method and accordingly the resonant energies are obtained from the T(E) relation. The effects of both well width and number of barriers (N) are observed and discussed. The numbers of resonant tunneling peaks are generally increasing and they become sharper with the increasing of N. The resonant tunneling levels are shifted inside the well by increasing the well width and vice versa. These features and the transmission coefficient as a function of incident energetic particles play an important role in fabrication of high speed devices and a good factor for determination the peak-to-valley ratio of resonant tunneling devices respectively.
Study of optical properties of (PMMA) doped by methyl red and methyl blue films
Authors: Abdul-Allah Muhammad H.
Published: August 2020

The effect of doping by methyl red and methyl blue on the absorption spectra and the optical energy gap of poly (methyl methacrylat) PMMA film have been studied. The optical transmission (T%) in the wavelength range 190-900 nm for films deposited by using solvent casting method were measured. The Absorptance data reveals that the doping affected the absorption edge as a red and blue shift in its values. The films show indirect allowed interband transitions that influenced by the doping. Optical constants; refractive index, extinction coefficient and real and imaginary part of dielectric constant were calculated and correlated with doping.
The effect of deformation parameter of heavy nuclei on level density parameter
Authors: Jasim Mahdi Hadi
Published: August 2020

The possible effect of the collective motion in heavy nuclei has been investigated in the framework of Nilson model. This effect has been searched realistically by calculating the level density, which plays a significant role in the description of the reaction cross sections in the statistical nuclear theory. The nuclear level density parameter for some deformed radioisotopes of (even- even) target nuclei (Dy, W and Os) is calculated, by taking into consideration the collective motion for excitation modes for the observed nuclear spectra near the neutron binding energy. The method employed in the present work assumes equidistant spacing of the collective coupled state bands of the considered isotopes. The present calculated results for first excited rotational band have been compared with the accumulated values from the literature for s-wave neutron resonance data, and were in good agreement with those data.
A nonlinear edge –preserving smoothing filter for edge detection on color and gray satellite images
Authors: Hamdan Suhad A.
Published: August 2020

A nonlinear filter for smoothing color and gray imagescorrupted by Gaussian noise is presented in this paper. The proposedfilter designed to reduce the noise in the R,G, and B bands of thecolor images and preserving the edges. This filter applied in order toprepare images for further processing such as edge detection andimage segmentation.The results of computer simulations show that the proposedfilter gave satisfactory results when compared with the results ofconventional filters such as Gaussian low pass filter and median filterby using Cross Correlation Coefficient (ccc) criteria.
Mechanical and thermal properties of cockles shell cementing material
Authors: Al-Zubaidi Aseel Basim
Published: August 2020

Mortar of ordinary Portland cement was blended with cockles shellpowder at different weight ratios to investigate the effect of powderadmixture on their strength and thermal conductivity. Results showedthat addition of cockles shell powder at 50% of mortar weightimproves hardness and compressive strength notably and reduces thethermal conductivity of the end product. Results suggest thepossibility to incorporate cockles shell powders as constituents incement mortars for construction and plastering applications.
Nuclear structure study of some tin isotopes using the self-consistent mean field method
Authors: Majid Mohammed F.
Published: August 2020

Hartree-Fock calculations for even-even Tin isotopes usingSkyrme density dependent effective nucleon-nucleon interaction arediscussed systematically. Skyrme interaction and the general formulafor the mean energy of a spherical nucleus are described. The chargeand matter densities with their corresponding rms radii and thenuclear skin for Sn isotopes are studied and compared with theexperimental data. The potential energy curves obtained withinclusion of the pairing force between the like nucleons in Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov approach are also discussed.
A study of the effect of acid immersion on some physical properties of ( Epoxy – MgO) composites
Authors: H. Jabir Jinan M.
Published: August 2020

In this study a polymeric composite material was prepared by handlay-up technique from epoxy resin as a matrix and magnesium oxide(MgO) as a reinforcement with different weight fraction (5,10,15,and 20)% to resin. Then the prepared samples were immersed undernormal condition in H2So4(1 M) solution, for periods ranging up to10 weeks. The result revealed that the diffusion coefficientdecreasing as the concentration of MgO increase. Also we studiedHardness for the prepared samples before and after immersion. Theresult revealed that the hardness values increase as the concentrationof MgO increase, while the hardness for the samples after immersionin H2SO4 decreased as compared to those before immersion. Inaddition, the dielectric strength decreasing by increasing the MgOconcentration with time immersion.
Experimental study for the properties of Fe3O4 dusty plasma using the air in vacuum chamber system
Authors: Ahmed Ala’ Fadhil
Published: August 2020

In this work, we carried out an experimental study of thedustyplasma by taking the dust material Fe3O4 with radius of the any grain0.1μm - 0.5μm. In experiment we use air in the vacuum chambersystem under different low pressure (0.1-1) Torr. The resultsillustrated that the present of dust particles in the air plasma did noteffect on Paschen minimum which is 0.5 without dust and with Fe3O4dusty grains.The effect of Fe3O4 dust particles on plasma parameters can benotice in direct current system in glow discharge region. The plasmaparameters which were studied in this work represent plasmapotential, floating potential,electron saturation current, temperatureof the electron, the density of the (electron, ion), and Debye length.The measurements of parameters are taken by four cylindrical probeswhich diagnosed at distance 4cm from the diameter of the cathode inPaschen minimum at pressure 0.5 Torr. The diameter profiles ofplasma parameters in the present of dust are non- uniform. Plasmapotential and the floating potential of probe becomes more negativelywhen the dust immersed into plasma region. The electron densityincreases in the present of dust particle which lead to decrease theelectron temperature and Debye length. The behavior of thoseparameters shows the discharge current and discharge voltageincreases without dust while the discharge current and voltagedecreases when Fe3O4 dust particles embedded.
Preparation of TiO2 nanorods by Sol–Gel template method and measured its photo- catalytic activity for degradation of methyl orange
Authors: Al-Shabander Ban M.
Published: August 2020

Titanium dioxide nanorods have been prepared by sol-gel templatemethod. The structural and surface morphology of the TiO2 nanorods wasinvestigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy(AFM), it was found that the nanorods produced were anatase TiO2 phase.The photocatalytic activity of the TiO2 nanorods was evaluated by thephoto degradation of methyl orange (MO). The relatively higherdegradation efficiency for MO (D%=78.2) was obtained after 6h of exposedto UV irradiation.
A study of the Zn:Sn mixing ratio effect on the gas detector properties
Authors: Abdul-Hamead Alaa A.
Published: August 2020

Semiconductor-based metal oxide gas detector of five mixed from zinc chloride Z and tin chloride S salts Z:S ratio 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% were fabricated on glass substrate by a spray pyrolysis technique. With thickness were about 0.2 ±0.05 μm using water soluble as precursors at a glass substrate temperature 500 ºC±5, 0.05 M, and their gas sensing properties toward CH4, LPG and H2S gas at different concentration (10, 100, 1000 ppm) in air were investigated at room temperature which related with the petroleum refining industry.Furthermore structural and morphology properties were scrutinize. Results shows that the mixing ratio affect the composition of formative oxides were (ZnO, Zn2SnO4, Zn2SnO4+ZnSnO3, ZnSnO3, SnO2) ratios mentioned in the above respectively, and related with the sensitivity of the reduction tested gases, best sensitivity was for H2S gas, have sensitivity about 80.61% and a response time of 10 seconds for the binary oxides and 89.57% and a response time of (5-2) seconds for the mixed ternary oxides.
Enhancement of the solubility of polyaniline and studying the optical properties of (PANI+PVA) polymers blends.
Authors: Hassan Nadia M.
Published: August 2020

The optical transmission and UV-VIS absorption spectra have been recorded in the wavelength range (200-1100m) for different composition of polyaniline and polyvinyl Alcohol(PVA ) blends thin films. Polyaniline was prepared in acidic medium to enhancement the solubility and processibility, The optical energy gap (Eopt) refractive index and optical dielectric constant real and imaginary part have been evaluated. The effects of doping percentage of prepared polyaniline on these parameters was discussed and the non –linear behavior for all these parameters was investigated.
Evaluated the level density for proton induced nuclear resonances in (P+48Ti) reaction using different models
Authors: Jasim Mahdi Hadi
Published: August 2020

The experimental proton resonance data for the reaction P+48Ti have been used to calculate and evaluate the level density by employed the Gaussian Orthogonal Ensemble, GOE version of RMT, Constant Temperature, CT and Back Shifted Fermi Gas, BSFG models at certain spin-parity and at different proton energies. The results of GOE model are found in agreement with other, while the level density calculated using the BSFG Model showed less values with spin dependence more than parity, due the limitation in the parameters (level density parameter, a, Energy shift parameter, E1and spin cut off parameter, σc). Also, in the CT Model the level density results depend mainly on two parameters (T and ground state back shift energy, E0), which are approximately constant in their behavior with the proton energy compared with GOE model. The RMT estimation used to calculate the corrections of the incompleteness proton resonance measurement data by using two methods; the conventional analysis method, which depends on the resonance widths and the updated, developed, tested and applied a new analysis method, which depends mainly on the resonance spacings. The spacing analysis method is found much less sensitive to non-statistical phenomena than is the width analysis method. Where the analysis of a given data set via these two independent analysis methods indicated the increasing in the reliability of the determination of the missing fraction of levels, the observed fraction f between 0.87+0.13−0.11 – 0.68+0.12−0.12 for different spin-parity of this reaction and then the distinguishability in the level density calculations can be achieved. The modified Porter Thomas distribution along with the maximum likelihood function have been used to get the missing levels corrections for 5 proton resonance sequences in the present reaction. To estimate the present long-range correlations for pure sequence of levels the mean square of the deviation of the cumulative number of levels from a fitted straight line represented by the Dyson and Mehta Δ3 statistic has been employed for spin parity 12+, and calculated the <Δ3> against the cumulative number of proton levels.
Structure dependence of gamma ray irradiation effects on polyurethane and epoxy resin studied by PAL technique
Authors: Hussain Hayder S.
Published: August 2020

Positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) technique has been employed tostudy the microstructural changes of polyurethane (PU), EUXIT 101and epoxy risen (EP), EUXIT 60 by Gamma-ray irradiation with thedose range (95.76 - 957.6) kGy. The size of the free volume hole andtheir fraction in PU and EP were determined from ortho-positroniumlifetime component and its intensity in the measured lifetime spectra.The results show that the irradiation causes significant changes in thefree volume hole size (Vh) and the fractional free volume (Fh), andthereby the microstructure of PU and EP. The results indicate thatthe γ-dose increases the crystallinity in the amorphous regions of PUand increase the cross-linking of EP.
Characterization of silver polyaniline nanocomposite thin films prepared by microwave induced plasma
Authors: Wassfi Ahmad S.
Published: August 2020

Polyaniline (PANI) and Ag/PANI nanocomposite thin films have prepared by microwave induced plasma. The Ag powder of average particle size of 50 nm, were used to prepare Ag/PANI nanocomposite thin films. The Ag/PANI nanocomposite thin films prepared by polymerization in plasma and characterized by UV-VIS, FTIR, AFM and SEM to study the effect of silver nanoparticles on the optical properties, morphology and structure of the thin films. The optical properties studies showed that the energy band gap of the Ag/PANI (5%wt silver) decreased from 3.6 to 3.2 eV, where the substrate location varied from 4.4 to 3.4 cm from the axis of the cylindrical plasma chamber. Also the optical energy gap decreased systematically from 3.3 to 3 eV with increasing Ag nanoparticles, where Ag concentration increased from 5% to 11%wt. The FTIR measurement showed a shifting in the FTIR absorption peaks with Ag concentration. AFM and SEM images indicate that there are a few clusters of Ag and there is a uniform distribution of the Ag nanoparticles in the PANI matrix. It can be concluded that Ag/PANI nanocomposite thin films with controlled optical energy band gap can be prepared by microwave induced plasma technique.
Structural and photoluminescence properties of CdO doped TiO2 thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Mohammed Ghusson H.
Published: August 2020

TiO2 thin films have been deposited at different concentration ofCdO of (x= 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2) Wt. % onto glass substratesby pulsed laser deposition technique (PLD) using Nd-YAG laserwith λ=1064nm, energy=800mJ and number of shots=500. Thethickness of the film was 200nm. The films were annealed todifferent annealing (423 and 523) k. The effect of annealingtemperatures and concentration of CdO on the structural andphotoluminescence (PL) properties were investigated. X-raydiffraction (XRD) results reveals that the deposited TiO2(1-x)CdOxthin films were polycrystalline with tetragonal structure and manypeaks were appeared at (110), (101), (111) and (211) planes withpreferred orientation along 2Ɵ around 27.30. The results ofphotoluminescence (PL) emission show that there are two peakspositioned are around 320 nm and 400 nm for predominated peakand 620 nm and 680 nm for the small peaks.