bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eficacia y seguridad de clonidina versus placebo para ansiedad en odontología
Authors: Bermúdez-Reyes Patricia , Támara-Eraso Ana Karina , Vargas Jorge William
Published: June 2016

Introducción: para el control de la ansiedad en la atención odontológica existen diferentes estrategias. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la eficacia y la seguridad de la medicación con clonidina versus placebo, para disminuir la ansiedad y el dolor en la extracción de terceros molares. Métodos: ensayo clínico, placebo controlado, aleatorizado, triple ciego y diseño de grupos paralelos; participaron 40 pacientes sanos con edades entre 14 y 40 años, que serían sometidos a cirugía de terceros molares, con puntuación ≥ 13, según la escala de ansiedad dental modificada (mdas); 20 pacientes participaron por grupo y recibieron clonidina de 150 mcg, al control placebo. Se aleatorizaron por bloques balanceados y el enmascaramiento consistió en un tableteado uniforme. Desenlace primario: cambio en la ansiedad, según mdas; secundario: signos vitales, cambio en la escala del dolor y efectos secundarios. Resultados: la ansiedad disminuyó en ambos grupos, sin diferencias significativas entre el grupo clonidina y el grupo placebo (p = 0,704); en el grupo experimental disminuyó la presión media al compararla con la del grupo placebo (p = 0,033). Conclusión: la clonidina es segura, y aunque al compararla con el placebo no mostró diferencias significativas en disminución de la ansiedad, en el grupo que la recibió se observó un descenso en la presión arterial media, lo que puede reflejar menor ansiedad, si consideramos sus signos somáticos.
Evaluación de la eficacia de la esterilización del instrumental odontológico en la Clínica de Odontología de Unibe
Authors: Chávez-Fermín Elizabeth , Domínguez-Cuevas Nicolle Marie , Acosta-Carrasco Scarlet , Jiménez-Hernández Lorenley , De-la-Cruz-Villa Ronaldo , Grau-Grullón Patricia , Pereyra Guerrero Dulce
Published: June 2016

Introducción: en el área de la odontología, una de las maneras para prevenir que se produzca una contaminación cruzada entre pacientes es eliminando los residuos de sangre y otros fluidos que han sido obtenidos durante la utilización de los instrumentos. El objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar la eficacia de la esterilización en la autoclave del instrumental odontológico del Área de Endodoncia y Periodoncia. Métodos: se realizó un estudio in vitro, experimental y transversal en una población de 75 estudiantes que se encuentran en la clínica integral III, IV y V de la clínica dental de Unibe. Se tomaron 60 muestras, a las cuales se les realizó un frotis; estas fueron inoculadas en placas petris cromo-agar orientación y posteriormente incubadas. La muestra estuvo constituida por 10 limas endodónticas en cajas cerradas antes de esterilizar en la autoclave, 10 limas endodónticas después de esterilizar en la autoclave, 10 instrumentos periodontales (curetas y jaquetes) antes de esterilizar en paños en la autoclave en cajas perforadas, 10 de los mismos instrumentos después de esterilizar en paños en la autoclave, 10 instrumentos periodontales antes de esterilizar en fundas en la autoclave en cajas perforadas y estas mismas 10 después de haber sido esterilizadas en fundas en la autoclave. Conclusión: se determinó que el 60% de las limas, después de esterilizar, no estaba contaminado y que el 69%, para ambos paños y fundas, no presentaba contaminación.
Manejo interdisciplinario de un lateral impactado
Authors: Orozco-Páez Jennifer , Rovira-Ortiz Carmen Julia , Díaz-Caballero Antonio José
Published: June 2016

Resumen. Un órgano dentario impactado es aquel cuya erupción es impedida por una barrera física, que puede ser hueso, tejidos blandos o patología asociada. Establecer un plan de tratamiento adecuado ante estos casos implica realizar interconsulta y dar un manejo interdisciplinario. Se presenta a consulta paciente femenina de 17 años de edad, por la permanencia de un diente deciduo en boca en el sector anterosuperior. En el examen clínico se observó la persistencia de órgano dentario 52, radiográficamente se observó lesión radiopaca con borde radiolúcido compatible con odontoma. Como plan de tratamiento se realizó fase higiénica, extracción del órgano dentario deciduo 52, enucleación del odontoma y tracción ortodóntica del diente impactado para alinearlo en el plano oclusal. En una cita de reevaluación se propuso una cirugía mucogingival para corregir defectos estéticos posterior a la tracción ortodóntica. El objetivo del presente caso es la descripción del abordaje interdisciplinario de un lateral retenido en el maxilar superior.
Resiliencia y felicidad: el impacto de hechos vitales negativos y positivos en adolescentes
Authors: González-Arratia López-Fuentes Norma Ivonne , Valdez-Medina José Luis
Published: June 2016

Se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo con adolescentes para identificar diferencias de resiliencia entre hombres y mujeres y su relación con la felicidad después de vivenciar hechos tanto positivos como negativos del pasado reciente y que son referidos por los participantes. Cien adolescentes, hombres y mujeres, entre 15 y 19 años de edad, participaron del estudio aplicándose el cuestionario de resiliencia para adolescentes (González-Arratia, 2011), la escala de felicidad (Alarcón, 2006) y la escala de Corsini (2004). Los resultados indican que no hay diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres. Se reporta relación positiva entre las variables resiliencia y felicidad. Los hechos negativos tienen un efecto sobre la resiliencia, mientras que los positivos la favorecen. Se concluye que se requiere continuar analizando estas variables con el fin de obtener respuestas consistentes.
La mente moral corporizada: aproximación a la naturaleza embodied de la cognición moral
Authors: Olivera-La Rosa Antonio
Published: June 2016

Diversos estudios realizados durante la última década sugieren que la cognición moral está ampliamente sustentada en procesos psicológicos automáticos. En este contexto, la correspondencia psicológica existente entre ciertos estados corporales y ciertos procesos cognitivos (embodiment) ha sido ampliamente documentada en los estudios relacionados con la moralidad. Por consiguiente, la presente revisión tiene como objetivo esclarecer la naturaleza del componente corpóreo de  nuestra cognición moral, con especial énfasis en la relación interdependiente entre la emoción de repugnancia, la sensación de limpieza física y los juicios morales. Se concluye que si bien la automaticidad de la cognición moral parece facilitar la ocurrencia del embodiment, la evidencia sugiere que la naturaleza de las metáforas corpóreas implicadas en nuestra vida moral es variable.
Coeficiente de congruencia: propuesta de cálculo
Authors: Dominguez-Lara Sergio Alexis
Published: June 2016

Este trabajo presenta un módulo en ms Excel para el cálculo del coeficiente de congruencia. Su importancia y su falta de implementación en los paquetes estadísticos tradicionales justifica la construcción de la herramienta para el apoyo investigador en psicología, debido a que es necesario realizar la comparación de las estructuras factoriales con las encontradas en otros análisis con el fin de comprobar si son congruentes o no. Se discute el uso de la herramienta.
Changes in Prudential Policy Instruments---A New Cross-Country Database
Authors: Correa Ricardo , Cerutti Eugenio , Fiorentino Elisabetta , Segalla Esther
Published: June 2016

This paper documents the features of a new database that focuses on changes in the intensity in the usage of several widely used prudential tools, taking into account both macro-prudential and microprudential objectives. The database coverage is broad, spanning 64 countries, and with quarterly data for the period 2000Q1 through 2014Q4. The five types of prudential instruments in the database are: capital buffers, interbank exposure limits, concentration limits, loan to value (LTV) ratio limits, and reserve requirements. A total of nine prudential tools are constructed since some useful further decompositions are presented, with capital buffers divided into four sub-indices: general capital requirements, real state credit specific capital buffers, consumer credit specific capital buffers, and other specific capital buffers; and with reserve requirements divided into two sub-indices: domestic currency capital requirements and foreign currency capital requirements. While general capital requirements have the most changes from the cross-country perspective, LTV ratio limits and reserve requirements have the largest number of tightening and loosening episodes. We also analyze the instruments’ usage in relation to the evolution of key variables such as credit, policy rates, and house prices, finding substantial differences in the patterns of loosening or tightening of instruments in relation to business and financial cycles.
Leveraging VGI Integrated with 3D Spatial Technology to Support Urban Intensification in Melbourne, Australia
Authors: Sabri Soheil , Rajabifard Abbas , Ho Serene , Amirebrahimi Sam , Bishop Ian
Published: June 2016

High density residential development in metropolitan Melbourne, where contradictory imperatives of neighbourhood character and urban intensification play important roles, remains an uncertain practice. One key issue for plan implementation is the lack of consistency between authorities, developers and the community in interpreting the standards, design guidelines, and state/local strategies, especially those relating to neighbourhood character. There is currently no mechanism to incorporate community perceptions and place experiences as subjective aspects of neighbourhood character in development assessments. There is also little use of micro-scale and multi-dimensional spatial analysis to integrate these subjective aspects with objective measures (e.g. building volume and height; streetscape) to communicate effectively—and in a limited timeframe—with all stakeholders. This paper explores the potential of two emerging geospatial technologies that can be leveraged to respond to these problems. Evidence in the literature suggests that volunteered geographic information (VGI) can provide community input around subjective aspects of the urban environment. In addition, a deluge of three-dimensional (3D) spatial information (e.g. 3D city models) is increasingly available for micro-level (building- or property-level) assessment of the physical aspects of the urban environment. This paper formulates and discusses a conceptual framework to link these two spatial technological advancements in a virtual geographic environment (VGE) that accounts for micro-scale 3D spatial analysis incorporating both subjective and objective aspects of neighbourhood character relevant in implementing compact city strategies.
Tumor Fibroso Solitário do Rim: Relato de Caso
Authors: Mafra Rogério Saint-Clair Pimentel , Oliveira Rafael Morroni de , Castro Arthur Guilherme Lobato de , Alberti Luiz Ronaldo
Published: June 2016

Trata-se de um caso de um raro tipo de câncer em rim esquerdo de um paciente do sexo masculino, com 63 anos de idade, admitido no serviço e que foi submetido a uma propedêutica minuciosa, incluindo exames de imagem de ultrassom e ressonância nuclear magnética, por queixas de dor lombar esquerda, microhematúria e sintomas francos de prostatismo e disfagia progressiva. Os achados ultrassonográficos e radiológicos da massa encontrada sugeriram o diagnóstico de um tumor maligno, de origem parenquimatosa. Os estudos anátomo-patológico e imuno-histoquímico da peça ressecada, no entanto, diagnosticaram uma variante benigna do raro tumor fibroso solitário, originário do polo inferior do rim esquerdo.
Análise das Ações da Rede Cegonha no Cenário Brasileiro
Authors: Guerra Heloísa Silva , Hirayama André Bubna , Silva Alline Karolyne Cândida da , Oliveira Bruno de Jesus Silva , Oliveira Jaqueline Francisca de Jesus
Published: June 2016

A Rede Cegonha (RC), lançada em 2011 pelo Ministério da Saúde (MS), é uma estratégia instituída no Sistema Único de Saúde, com objetivo de reduzir a morbimortalidade materna no Brasil. Os objetivos deste estudo são analisar as ações de saúde materna e infantil implementadas no Brasil após a publicação da portaria 1.459 de 2011, que institui a RC, e identificar possíveis avanços decorrentes desta. Estudo descritivo de revisão da literatura especializada, por meio de busca on line entre abril e julho de 2015, nas bases Medline, Lilacs, Scielo, Google Acadêmico e Periódicos Capes e em documentos oficiais produzidos pelo MS. As publicações deveriam atender aos critérios de terem sido publicadas em português, no período compreendido entre 2011 e 2015. Foram encontrados oito artigos e dez documentos do MS relacionados ao tema. Na revisão, foram identificadas ações implementadas pela Rede Cegonha, que tem como bases organizacionais regionalização e integralidade. Uma das ações implantadas em todas as Unidades Básicas de Saúde é o Teste Rápido de Gravidez, criado para detecção precoce da gestação, com acolhimento da equipe de Atenção Básica e orientações baseadas nas necessidades de cada usuária. A RC ampliou o Plano de Qualificação das Maternidades (PQM) em extensão territorial. No quadro atual de atenção obstétrica, é imprescindível que a gestante seja informada sobre seus direitos. A RC mostrou avanço na proteção integral aos processos de gestação, parto, nascimento, puerpério e início da vida, mas, por envolver políticas de educação em saúde, seus efeitos serão mais tocantes apenas em longo prazo.
Efast na Sala de Emergência no Diagnóstico de Pneumotórax: Relato de Caso
Authors: Shehadeh Imad , Bogdan Claudio Ricardo Capela , Fernandes Marcelo da Silva Pereira , Shehadeh Fabiane Vieira Berg , Fracasso Luiz Alfredo Calvo , Osaku Lis
Published: June 2016

A presença de ar livre no espaço pleural pode ocorrer de maneira espontânea ou adquirida e é uma condição clínica frequente no cotidiano de um pronto socorro. Vítimas de traumas torácicos podem desenvolver pneumotórax e complicações à vida. Uso de EFAST (Extended Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma) permitiu avanço no diagnóstico dessas lesões ameaçadoras à vida. Este relato mostra o precoce diagnóstico de pneumotórax, usando EFAST, em paciente vítima de trauma torácico fechado. Paciente masculino, 65 anos, admitido em sala de emergência de um hospital universitário, após colisão automobilística há dois dias. Apresentava dor torácica ventilatório-dependente, principalmente à esquerda, e dispneia aos grandes esforços. O murmúrio vesicular estava presente no hemitórax direito, mas abolido no terço inferior do hemitórax esquerdo. Submetido à EFAST, que mostrou pneumotórax à esquerda. A toracostomia com drenagem pleural à esquerda foi realizada sem intercorrências e o pneumotórax foi resolvido. Recebeu alta após quatro dias de internação, com melhora clínica satisfatória e reexpansibilidade pulmonar adequada. O exame ultrassonográfico do tórax em vítimas de trauma tem a vantagem de ser não invasivo, de imediata avaliação e fácil portabilidade. Tem se mostrado superior ao exame de raios-X de tórax, em termos de sensibilidade, e à tomografia computadorizada do tórax, quanto ao tempo de execução e exposição do paciente à radiação. Seu uso deve ser estendido e aplicado na avaliação primária de todo paciente politraumatizado atendido em sala de emergência.
Estrategias de gestión y dirección para prevenir y paliar la obesidad infantil desde el ámbito educativo
Authors: García Rubio Alberto José , Sellés Pérez Sergio , Cejuela Anta Roberto
Published: June 2016

Actualmente, la obesidad infantil es uno de los problemas de salud más importante en el mundo, ya que en los últimos años, ha aumentado significativamente en los países desarrollados. El origen de esta problemática, se debe a unos hábitos de vida basados en la escasa o nula práctica de actividad física, sumado a una mala y poco equilibrada alimentación. Esta patología, a su vez, puede influir negativamente en el proceso de formación de los alumnos, debido a la baja autoestima, depresiones y otros problemas psicológicos. Las medidas que se proponen, son la formación constante a los familiares de los alumnos y a los propios alumnos, a través de charlas y talleres semanales, que se llevarían a cabo en el propio centro educativo. Además, otra de las medidas sería la de aumentar el número de horas de actividad física dentro del horario lectivo, aprovechando los horarios de recreo y comedor.El objetivo del trabajo expuesto es la de aportar una propuesta, como herramienta para prevenir y tratar el sobrepeso y la obesidad infantil, desde el mismo ámbito educativo.La hipótesis de partida del proyecto, es que el IMC de la muestra del centro educativo seleccionado se va a reducir significativamente, debido a los cambios de hábitos, fomentados desde ésta iniciativa, mejorando de esta manera su rendimiento escolar. No hay resultados concluyentes, debido a que no se ha puesto en marcha hasta el momento.
Las TIC en Educación Física desde la perspectiva del alumnado de Educación Primaria
Authors: Navarro Patón Rubén , Fernández Basadre Ricardo , Herrera-Vidal Núñez Ignacio
Published: June 2016

La incorporación de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) a la Educación se ha convertido en un desafío y controversia. Desafío ya que requiere de una formación específica del profesorado, y controversia porque en la mayoría de los centros educativos el uso de diferentes dispositivos, por ejemplo de las tabletas o teléfonos móviles, está prohibido en el recinto escolar.  El objetivo de este estudio ha sido explorar los hábitos en el uso de las TIC por parte de los escolares de Educación Primaria y su creencia de si les facilita su educación, más específicamente en el área de Educación Física. En esta investigación participaron un total de 100 alumnos (57 niños y 43 niñas) de entre 6 y 12 años. Para la recogida de datos, se ha elaborado un cuestionario ad hoc consistente en 15 preguntas. Como resultados destacables hemos obtenido que el alumnado considera que el uso de las TIC facilita mucho las tareas escolares (67%), y cuando se les plantea la realización de actividades como carreras de orientación o búsqueda del tesoro, un 70% dice que las TIC las haría más atractivas. Además de ello, un 81% del alumnado del tercer ciclo poseen teléfono móvil propio. Como conclusión más relevante podemos decir que los avances tecnológicos deberían ser utilizados como herramientas pedagógicas para la mejora y complemento de las diferentes áreas de conocimiento del currículo escolar y aprovechar la gran acogida que estas tienen en niños y adolescentes.
Nuevos retos para Sportis Revista Técnico Científica
Authors: Arufe Giráldez Víctor
Published: June 2016

En la editorial de este número os queremos adelantar dos grandes acontecimientos, el primero de ellos es informar que la Revista Sportis pasará a partir del 1 de septiembre,  a formar parte de las revistas oficiales científicas de la Universidad de A Coruña, con esta integración se pretende mejorar la difusión de la revista en las bases de datos más prestigiosas de nivel internacional y contribuir a la visibilidad de la Universidad de A Coruña como universidad comprometida por la investigación en el deporte escolar, la psicomotricidad y la Educación Física.

 

La segunda noticia que os queremos dar, es que los días 5-7 de noviembre tendrá lugar en la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad de A Coruña, el V Congreso Mundial del Deporte Escolar, Educación Física y Psicomotricidad. Podéis participar presentando una comunicación, póster o póster virtual, los mejores trabajos serán invitados a publicar como artículo su trabajo de investigación en los siguientes números de la revista. Disponéis de más información en la web www.sportis.es .

 

En este tercer y último número del año, hemos batido record de publicación de artículos, en parte debido al incremento en el número de artículos recibidos, en total se publicarán 10 trabajos realizados por expertos y profesionales de diferentes países. Algunas de las temáticas que se abordan son: los primeros auxilios en la formación de docentes, la actitud hacia los alumnos con discapacidad, fútbol sala, uso de acelerómetros, entrenamiento de bodyboard en jóvenes, presentación de propuestas innovadoras como es la Unidad Didáctica basada en método hipopresivo, psicomotricidad acuática, estudio de organizaciones deportivas, estudios en los que participaron diferentes expertos de distintos países, análisis de las competencias en Educación Física... Sin lugar a dudas un interesante número para disfrutar con un buen café o té y adquirir una mayor conocimiento técnico-científico.

 

 

Todo el equipo de Sportis desea que sea de vuestro agrado esta nueva publicación y os invitamos a enviar vuestros trabajos para futuros números.

 

Recibid un afectuoso saludo,

 

Prof. Dr. Víctor Arufe Giráldez

Editor Jefe Sportis. Revista Internacional del Deporte Escolar, Educación Física y Psicomotricidad
Integración estratégica y evaluación previa de proyectos de ciencia e innovación en organizaciones deportivas ecuatorianas
Authors: Barroso Rodríguez Gloria , Sánchez Córdova Beatriz , Delgado Fernández Mercedes , Montero Delgado Rogelio
Published: June 2016

El trabajo muestra el diseño de un procedimiento para la evaluación del nivel de integración estratégica de los proyectos de ciencia e innovación que se desarrollan en el ámbito de la actividad física y deporte, y la validación de éste a través del criterio de expertos para su aplicación a organizaciones deportivas ecuatorianas. Como resultado se logró demostrar la validez del procedimiento diseñado, por lo que será posible la utilización del mismo para facilitar la toma de decisiones en relación a la ejecución de este tipo de proyectos teniendo en cuenta, como juicio de valor, el nivel en que se integran sus componentes esenciales para el logro de objetivos alineados a las prioridades estratégicas de las organizaciones deportivas ecuatorianas.
The comparison of 7 different classes (4th grade), from 7 different countries (fitness tests in a comenius project - ted´s project)
Authors: Amoroso José Pedro
Published: June 2016

9 testswere performed to check whether there are statistically significant differences among the seven countries studied. The countries with the best results are those where children are more autonomous, with a more active lifestyle. In terms of anthropometry, we did not get results with great differences. But we have learned, the countries who have more hour of PE during the year, have best results.
Pensamientos relacionados con la actividad física y el género en adolescentes de Galicia
Authors: Alvariñas Villaverde Myriam , Novoa Pérez Antón
Published: June 2016

La finalidad principal de este trabajo es analizar algunas percepciones vinculadas al género en el contexto de la práctica deportiva. La muestra la componen 616 estudiantes de educación secundaria de Galicia. Se utiliza el cuestionario como instrumento de recogida de datos y la estrategia de análisis es la prueba de chi-cuadrado. Se ha demostrado la existencia de cierto avance en relación con los estereotipos tradicionales. Además, observamos diferencias significativas entre chicas y chicos a favor de ellas, que tienen menos prejuicios respecto a estas concepciones.
Los juegos motores sensibilizadores y su efecto en las actitudes hacia la discapacidad mostradas por futuros maestros de Educación Física
Authors: Abellán Hernández Jorge , Hernández Martínez Andrea
Published: June 2016

La Educación Física se está postulando como una herramienta muy poderosa para lograr actitudes positivas hacia la discapacidad. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue examinar el efecto de una intervención basada en la realización de juegos sensibilizadores con el objetivo de mejorar las actitudes hacia la discapacidad de los futuros maestros de educación física, además en esta ocasión no se presentó el habitual contacto con personas con discapacidad, muy presente en investigaciones previas. Los resultados muestran que existe una tendencia de mejora en las actitudes hacia la discapacidad mostradas, ya que la mayoría de las variables mejoran (VCL, RND, CG, AR y EAD). Sin embargo, la ausencia de diferencias significativas, así como el descenso en los valores de algunas variables (IP y RICE), hace necesario que se continúe investigando en esta dirección con el objetivo de obtener resultados más concluyentes.
Influencia de la actividad física y el sobrepeso en el rendimiento académico: revisión teórica
Authors: Abalde-Amoedo Natalia , Pino-Juste Margarita
Published: June 2016

La actividad física es un tema de preocupación mundial en la actualidad. Sus implicaciones sobre la salud física y mental de las personas se encuentran ampliamente documentados. La inactividad física se sitúa como el cuarto factor de riesgo de mortalidad y además es una causa directa para la aparición del sobrepeso y, en un grado mayor, la obesidad, por lo que requiere un elevado gasto público por parte de los Servicios de Sanidad. La actividad física produce una serie de procesos fisiológicos que están íntimamente relacionados con los procesos cognitivos, como son la secreción de neurotransmisores, el aumento del volumen del hipocampo o la segregación del factor neurotrófico derivado del cerebro. Procesos como la memoria y la atención son incrementados gracias a la práctica regular de la actividad física. Por ello, en la actualidad existen evidencias científicas de que la actividad física está estrechamente relacionada con el rendimiento académico. En la misma línea, el sobrepeso y la obesidad se han alzado como variables asociadas negativamente al rendimiento académico y ciertos aspectos psicológicos, como el auto-concepto. El objetivo de esta revisión, por tanto, es realizar una recopilación y descripción de los resultados obtenidos en diferentes investigaciones respecto a los beneficios de la actividad física sobre el rendimiento académico y los efectos adversos del sobrepeso o la obesidad infantil sobre el mismo.
Andres Trapiello, el Quijote y Las vidas después de la muerte de Alonso Quijano
Authors: Sánchez Dueñas Blas
Published: June 2016

Al morir don Quijote de A. Trapiello se presenta como un nuevo eslabón dentro de la cadena de relatos que parten del Quijote para continuar fabulando sobre las vidas de los personajes ideados por Cervantes. Este estudio examina algunas de las claves compositivas de la novela de Trapiello a través del análisis de sus personajes, de sus intertextualidades y de la particular visión y tratamiento que desde el texto cervantino realiza el escritor leonés
Commentary: Considering Assumptions in Associations Between Music Preferences and Empathy-Related Responding
Authors: O'Neill Susan A
Published: June 2016

This commentary considers some of the assumptions underpinning the study by Clark and Giacomantonio (2015). Their exploratory study examined relationships between young people’s music preferences and their cognitive and affective empathy-related responses. First, the prescriptive assumption that music preferences can be measured according to how often an individual listens to a particular music genre is considered within axiology or value theory as a multidimensional construct (general, specific, and functional values). This is followed by a consideration of the causal assumption that if we increase young people’s empathy through exposure to prosocial song lyrics this will increase their prosocial behavior.  It is suggested that the predictive power of musical preferences on empathy-related responding might benefit from a consideration of the larger pattern of psychological and subjective wellbeing within the context of developmental regulation across ontogeny that involves mutually influential individual–context relations.
How, Rather Than What Type of, Music Increases Empathy
Authors: Rabinowitch Tal-Chen
Published: June 2016

In their article on music and empathy, Greenberg, Rentfrow and Baron-Cohen propose to employ the Emphasizing–Systemizing (E-S) theory as a framework for analyzing the intrapersonal and social psychological processes that underlie the capacity of music to promote empathy. In particular, the authors consider the implications of E-S theory for autism, and speculate about which types of music might be most effective for increasing empathy in individuals with autistic spectrum conditions (ASC). The main premise of the article is that different personality types, characterized as empathizers versus systemizers, prefer different types of music, and that the key for increasing empathy with music is to choose the type of music that is most associated with empathizers. This commentary attempts to shift the focus of analysis from the type of music, to the more fundamental mechanisms by which music in general may promote empathy. From this alternative perspective E-S theory leads to surprising theoretical predictions about music, empathy, and ASC.
Empathy in Piano Duet Rehearsal and Performance
Authors: Haddon Elizabeth , Hutchinson Mark
Published: June 2016

The multiple definitions of empathy (Batson, 2011) suggest that despite attempts to rationalize terminology its nature might only be understood by those engaged in particular relational experiences. In music, these include the dimensions of co-player relationships as well as empathy concerning the actual piece of music being rehearsed or performed (Laurence, 2009). This article explores the concept of empathy within the construct of the piano duet. Analysis of data created through reflective writing following each of eight rehearsals revealed bodily, verbal, emotional and cognitive empathy concerning increasing instinctive understanding and tacit communication, unspoken conflict resolution, and the development of creative empathy in relation to the piece of music being rehearsed. The findings highlight the importance of empathy in developing fluidity of roles in rehearsal and in the creation of a “safe space” for musical collaboration.
Extension, Variability, and Normativity: Deniz Peters on Musical Experience
Authors: Alperson Philip
Published: June 2016

In his essay, “Musical Empathy, Emotional Co-Constitution, and the ‘Musical Other,’” Deniz Peters aims to present a non-reductive account of musical empathy in musical experience that takes seriously the contributions of bodily experience through what he terms “emotional co-constitution.”  I set Peters’ view in the context of what I call the Structural Object Model of musical experience and elaborate on some of the challenges Peters’ essay raises for both theoretical and empirical research on musical experience, concentrating on implications concerning ranges of cases covered by the theory, the variability of listeners’ experiences, the normativity of the theory, musical sophistication, and the cultural roots of musical experience.
Turning Our Gaze to Prosocial Media Effects: What is and isn’t Known
Authors: Prot Sara , Gentile Douglas
Published: June 2016

Clark and Giacomantonio (2015) raise several valuable research questions concerning the relationship between empathy and music genre preferences, and present interesting exploratory analyses concerning this issue. This response provides a review of findings from similar past studies in this area and draws out some of the themes that can help the field progress. An overview is given of established effects of prosocial media use on prosocial behavior in real life as well as past findings concerning empathy as a mediator of these effects. Several key research questions that remain to be explored are also considered (such as a need for research concerning potential mediators and moderators of prosocial media effects).
How Down is a Downbeat? Feeling Meter and Gravity in Music and Dance
Authors: Still Jonathan
Published: June 2016

The idea that metrical accent might be related to an embodied sense of “up” and “down” is implied by the terms “upbeat” and “downbeat,” and is central to theories of meter as gravitational field, such as those evolved by Robert Hatten and Steve Larson. Yet as Hatten himself notes, upbeats and downbeats do not always map conveniently on to upward or downward movements in dance. Drawing on ethnographic research among trainee ballet teachers and recent theories of musical meter, this article discusses some practical and theoretical problems that arise when trying to teach about meter in the context of ballet training. It is suggested that empathic listening and perspective taking, rather than appeals to common embodied experiences of meter, may be key to developing better interdisciplinary understanding between musicians and dancers.
Ubiquitous Motor Cognition in Musical Experience: Open Peer Review of Jacques Launay’s “Musical Sounds, Motor Resonance, and Detectable Agency”
Authors: Godoy Rolf Inge
Published: June 2016

Motor cognition, defined as the capacity to conceive, plan, control, perceive, and imagine body motion, is here seen as an ubiquitous element in music: music is produced by body motion, people often move in various ways when listening to music, and images of body motion seem to be integral to mental images of musical sound. Given this ubiquity of motor cognition in musical experience, it could be argued that motor cognition is a fundamental element in music, and thus could be hypothesized to also have been an essential element in the evolution of music, regardless of whether music is seen as primarily a social or as a more solitary phenomenon. It could furthermore be argued that music in all cases has intersubjective significance because of shared motor cognition among people, and also that this motor cognition may be applied to most perceptually salient features of music.
Music, Empathy, and Affiliation: Commentary on Greenberg, Rentfrow, and Baron-Cohen
Authors: Vuoskoski Jonna K
Published: June 2016

Empathy and social cognition arguably play a crucial role in our engagement with music. In response to the account offered by Greenberg, Rentfrow, and Baron-Cohen, this commentary considers an alternative—yet complementary—explanation for how music making and music listening might be able to evoke empathy and affiliation. This alternative explanation stems from the perception–action model of empathy, and the affiliation-evoking effects of mimicking and synchronized actions. In light of this alternative account, I will also explore the potential contribution of dispositional empathy to music preferences and music perception as suggested by Greenberg and colleagues.
Feeling the Emotions of Acted Characters: Commentary on Heisel
Authors: Goldstein Thalia R
Published: June 2016

This commentary addresses the hypothesis that empathy is a tool for embodiment and skillful performance in the presentation of opera and art song. It discusses the need to clearly and effectively define the term “empathy,” and considers research from acting and theatre that speaks directly to how embodiment occurs in vocal performance, when that performance is attached to a character specifically. It concludes with some additional acting exercises singers may find useful.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Music and Empathy: Part 1
Authors: Waddington Caroline
Published: June 2016

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Please Don’t Stop the Music: Commentary on “Musical Sounds, Motor Resonance, and Detectable Agency”
Authors: Molnar-Szakacs Istvan
Published: June 2016

Music allows the expression of emotion, evokes pleasure, and creates the sense of social belonging. Surprisingly, since the advent of recorded music, asocial music listening has become increasingly popular. Launay (2015) presents the argument that music is imbued with qualities that allow the listener to attribute it with agency, thus, making music listening a fundamentally social experience, even in the absence of a human agent. I agree that music listening is an inherently social experience for humans, and propose that the biological correlates of music’s inherent sociality lie in the study of the interaction of neural systems of empathy, motor resonance, and pleasure and reward. However, where Launay dismisses emotional empathy as peripheral to the music perception question, I propose that it is indeed central to the mystery of the universal power of music.
Disanalogies Between Physical Space and Metaphoric Musical Space: Response to Jonathan Still’s Essay
Authors: Cox Arnie
Published: June 2016

Jonathan Still’s exploration of differences in how dancers and musicians experience and conceptualize beats, rhythm, and meter raises issues that scholars interested in these temporal components of music ought to consider, particularly with respect to the relationship between embodiment, physical gravity, and the notion of “musical gravity.” This response offers a brief explanation of how the musicians’ concept of downbeat is motivated by a different reasoning than that which motivates a sense of melodic “gravity.” It also extends another issue raised by Still concerning the range in the degree of congruence, across various kinds of dancing, between dancers’ steps and musical rhythm and meter.
A Model for Scale-Degree Reinterpretation: Melodic Structure, Modulation, and Cadence Choice in the Chorale Harmonizations of J. S. Bach
Authors: De Clercq Trevor
Published: June 2016

This paper reports a corpus study of the 371 chorale harmonizations by J. S. Bach. Specifically, this study investigates what kinds of events are typical at phrase endings given various melodic conditions, i.e., how well melodic structure is a predictor of modulation and cadence choices. Each fermata event was analyzed by ear and encoded with regard to the local key area and the cadence type. The frequency of each cadence type was then tabulated with respect to categorizations of the melodic structure (in terms of the intervallic pattern and scale degree content) prior to the fermata. It is shown that most fermata events can be categorized by a small collection of event types. As a result, a simplified conceptual model of cadence choice is posited. This model proposes that a basic harmonization default is to (re-)interpret the soprano note at the fermata as scale-degree 1, 2, or 3 in some closely-related key area via an authentic or half cadence. The efficacy of this model is found to be very good, especially given certain conditions. Moreover, an overall success rate above 90% can be achieved through only four additional concepts.
The Role of Absolute Pitch Memory in the Oral Transmission of Folksongs
Authors: Olthof Merwin , Janssen Berit , Honing Henkjan
Published: June 2016

Absolute Pitch (AP) is the ability to identify or produce isolated tones in the absence of contextual cues or reference pitches. While AP is thought to differ from other human abilities in its bimodal distribution (Takeuchi & Hulse, 1993) – either you have it or you do not – recent evidence suggests that memory for absolute pitch in a melody is actually widespread (Schellenberg & Trehub, 2003). In the current project the Dutch collection of historic audio recordings, Onder de Groene Linde (Grijp, 2008), is used as a source to explore the potential role of AP in the memory of songs transmitted in oral traditions. Since the melodies in this database are grouped by tune family and are available as sound files, they can serve as empirical support for the Absolute Pitch Memory (APM) hypothesis predicting that these tunes are memorized and transmitted over time and geographical location based on their absolute pitch height. To this end, a between- and a within-tune family analysis was performed. In the between tune family analysis, two tune families showed significant inter-recording tonic pitch consistency. The within tune family analysis further substantialized that effect, while controlling for possible factors of variance, such as gender, geographical origin, and lyrics. Together, the results are taken as empirical support that APM plays a significant role in the oral transmission of folksongs.
“The Times They Were A-Changin’”: A Database-Driven Approach to the Evolution of Musical Syntax in Popular Music from the 1960s
Authors: L Hubert
Published: June 2016

The goal of this research is to investigate the pitch structures of popular music in the 1960s through a large corpus study in order to identify any consistent changes in harmonic and tonal syntax.  More specifically, two studies based on the Billboard DataSet (Burgoyne, Wild & Fujinaga, 2011; Burgoyne, 2011), a new corpus presenting transcriptions for more than 700 songs, is presented. The first study looks at the incidence of multi-tonic songs throughout the decade, while the second study focuses on the incidence of flat-side harmonies (e.g. bIII, bVI, and bVII) over the same period of time. While no difference was observed in the frequency of multi-tonic songs, the study showed a significant increase in the incidence of flat-side harmonies during the second half of the decade.
Theoretical Proposals on How Vertical Harmony May Convey Nostalgia and Longing in Music
Authors: Lahdelma Imre , Eerola Tuomas
Published: June 2016

Music is often associated with the emotions of nostalgia and longing. According to previous survey studies both nostalgia and longing are among the most commonly evoked emotions by music (Juslin, 2011). Despite nostalgia’s significance as a musical emotion, research on the specific properties of music that might contribute to this particular emotion has been scarce. A recent empirical experiment by Lahdelma and Eerola (2014) sought to explore whether single chords could be effective at conveying musical emotions to listeners, which spanned complex emotions such as nostalgia. According to the results single chords such as the minor triad, the minor seventh and the major seventh communicate the emotion of nostalgia effectively. The aim of the current paper is to raise several possible explanations that might account for single chords’ ability to convey the emotion of nostalgia. In these explanations we consider cultural, music-theoretical and psychoacoustic issues, as well as their possible interactions. The three proposed candidate explanations are (1) learning, (2) intrinsic emotional connotations arising from tonal relations, and (3) clashing conventions arising from concurrent yet separate affective associations, stemming from certain triad and interval combinations. Finally, we propose experimental designs for future research to empirically test these explanations.
Absolute Pitch in Oral Transmission of Folk Tunes as Constrained Random Walks
Authors: Frieler Klaus
Published: June 2016

In this commentary, I would like to add a few of our own, still unpublished, empirical observations concerning the possible role of absolute pitch memory (APM) in the oral transmission of folksongs. This empirical data poses some questions on the likelihood of the observed inter-recording tonic pitch consistency of Olthof, Janssen & Honing (2015) and how these could come about. Based on simulations of absolute pitch class of tonics during oral transmission of folk songs, I argue that the interplay of melodic range and vocal range might actually be the main reason for the observed non-uniformity, in contrast to the conclusions presented in Olthof et al. (2015). However, this does not invalidate the therein presented evidence, but makes the case more puzzling, consequently calling for more empirical research on the interaction of melodic and vocal range and latent APM as well as for more detailed modeling of oral transmission of folk songs.
Absolute Pitch in Naturalistic Singing: A Commentary on Olthof et al. (2015)
Authors: Halpern Andrea
Published: June 2016

The parent article looks at pitch stability in an archive of folksongs recorded over several decades. Some evidence for pitch stability was found. Here, I consider some additional aspects of the archive that could be examined, offers some extensions to relevant laboratory studies, and considers some inherent strengths and limitations of the naturalistic, archival approach.
Timing Variations in Two Balkan Percussion Performances
Authors: Goldberg Daniel
Published: June 2016

Many songs and dance pieces from the Balkan Peninsula employ aksak meter, in which two categorically different durations, long and short, coexist in the sequence of beats that performers emphasize and listeners move to. This paper analyzes the durations of aksak beats and measures in two recorded percussion performances that use a particular aksak beat sequence, long-short-short. The results suggest that the timing of beats varies in conjunction with factors including melodic grouping and interaction among members of a performing ensemble and audience. Timing variation linked to melodic groups occurs on a solo recording of a Macedonian Romani folk song. The performer, Muzafer Bizlim, taps an ostinato while singing, and the timing of his taps seems to mark some local and large-scale group boundaries. Melodic organization also seems relevant to the timing of beats and measures on a recording of Bulgarian percussionist Mitko Popov playing the tŭpan, a double-headed bass drum, in a small folk music ensemble. In Popov’s performance, however, timing differences might be related to characteristics of the ensemble dynamic, such as the coordination of multiple musical participants. These interpretations generate possibilities for future study of timing variations in relation to rhythm and meter.Supplemental files available for this article: Audio Example 1 and Audio Example 2
Aksak Patterns and Entrained Interaction in Transylvanian Village Music
Authors: Clayton Martin
Published: June 2016

In this response to Filippo Bonini Baraldi, Emmanuel Bigand and Thierry Pozzo’s article ‘Measuring aksak rhythm and synchronization in Transylvanian village music by using motion capture’, I present supplementary analyses of (a) the ratio between Short and Long beats, and (b) the entrainment between the two musicians in the motion capture recordings. The main findings reported are: the mean S:L ratio is close to 1:√2, although there is some evidence for the role of 2:3 as an attractor ratio; the distribution of S:L ratios and other measures vary depending on whether the period is taken as S+L or L+S; and the S:L ratio varies with tempo. Since the viola part is much less variable than the violin part, the former should be taken as a reference; the violinist tends to play ahead of the beat articulated by the violist, significantly so except for the Short beat in one recording (Duo 14), in which the musicians exhibit a form of soft entrainment, alternating between small and large phase differences.
More Rhythmic Interactions in Two (or Three) Aksak Performances
Authors: Benadon Fernando
Published: June 2016

Goldberg (this issue) presents evidence of interactions between percussive timing and song structure in two 3+2+2-meter Balkan performances. Using interonset measurements and checking carefully for statistical significance, he shows that formal and contextual characteristics of each performance coincide with timing changes at the level of the beat and bar, with durations becoming slightly shorter or longer at consistent locations. I review Goldberg’s main findings and contribute brief supporting analyses. For one of the songs, I provide additional context regarding verse meter, melodic structure, anacrustic drive, links between timing and breathing, and offsets between taps and syllabic onsets. For the other song, I attempt to tease out the difference between shortened non-isochronous beats (an altered aksak ratio) and shortened bars (an accelerated tempo). I end with a brief analysis of a different song by the same performer as the first song, showing that the timing effects Goldberg observed in one are also present in the other.
Editor's Note
Authors: London Justin
Published: June 2016

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