bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The spectroscopic examination of pomegranate‐seed oil
Authors: Ahlers N. H. E. , McTaggart N. G.
Published: November 2006

A detailed quantitative study of the ultra‐violet and the infra‐red spectra of pomegranate‐seed oil has been made. The ultra‐violet data confirm the presence of a conjugated triene system for which the infra‐red measurements suggest a cis‐cis‐trans‐orientation as the most likely configuration.
A comparative study of the pigments in microbial fractions from the sheep's rumen and in the corresponding diet
Authors: Davidson J.
Published: November 2006

In microbial fractions separated from the rumen contents of a hay‐fed sheep pigmentation was found to be caused by pigments normally associated with plant chloroplasts. The extent of this pigmentation was greater than might be expected from the concentration in the hay feed. No chlorophyll typical of the known pigmented bacteria was found. An assessment of plant‐particle contamination of microbial fractions, based on the pigment concentrations found, agreed in general with an assessment by a new direct‐observation technique. The lowest contamination found was calculated to be of the order of 10%.

Degradation of chlorophylls in the rumen was demonstrated and was found to be more extensive when artificially dried grass was fed than when hay was fed.

The implications of these findings are discussed.
The field fumigation of groundnuts in bulk
Authors: Hayward L. A. W.
Published: November 2006

Sacks of decorticated groundnuts stored in two types of open‐air stacks in Kano, Northern Nigeria, were fumigated with methyl bromide under gas‐proof sheets to control Trogoderma granarium Everts. The distribution of the gas during fumigation was investigated.
The mineral constituents of some nyasaland tea leaves and tea soils
Authors: Laycock D. H.
Published: November 2006

Analyses of the mineral constituents of some Nyasaland tea leaves and tea soils were made during investigations into the cause of a mal‐growth of tea bushes on one estate. The analytical work was supported by injection and spraying experiments in the field. Results from both investigations are given and indicate that it is unlikely that a serious ill‐balance of any mineral exists. The prime purpose of this paper is to place on record a catalogue of analytical results, since there is no previous record of this kind for Nyasaland.
The toxicity of phenyl benzenesulphonate and some chlorinated derivatives towards eggs of certain tetranychid mites
Authors: Kirby A. H. M. , Read W. H.
Published: November 2006

Certain chlorinated phenyl benzenesulphonates in current use for the control of mites infesting plants appear to function mainly as ovicides. 4‐Chlorophenyl 4‐chlorobenzenesulphonate and 2 : 4‐dichlorophenyl benzenesulphonate have been selected as being the most effective by American workers, whereas 4‐chlorophenyl benzenesulphonate appeared to be the most ovicidal of the esters examined in Britain.

This paper describes the results of replicated assays of the ovicidal activities of phenyl benzenesulphonate and certain chlorinated derivatives towards the glasshouse red spider mite, and of leaf‐permeation studies involving summer eggs of the fruit tree red spider mite.

4‐Chlorophenyl benzenesulphonate was found to be at least as ovicidal as 4‐chlorophenyl 4‐chlorobenzenesulphonate; differences between the five most potent compounds were significant at the LD50 level, but not at the LD95 level. Phenyl 4‐chlorobenzenesulphonate and the esters containing three or four chlorine atoms were of low or negligible activity.

The ability of 4‐chlorophenyl benzenesulphonate to exert ovicidal action against eggs on the under surfaces of leaves after its application to their upper surfaces exceeded that of 4‐chlorophenyl 4‐chlorobenzenesulphonate and that of phenyl benzenesulphonate.

Chlorination in the para‐position of the phenyl ring of phenyl benzenesulphonate enhanced ovicidal action, whereas para‐chlorination in the benzenesulphonic ring reduced it greatly. The effects of para‐chlorination in both rings do not appear to be merely a summation of the effects of chlorination in either ring.
Fumigation of agricultural products. IX.—Sorption of fumigants at reduced pressures
Authors: Page A. B. P. , Blackith R. E.
Published: November 2006

The adoption of vacuum‐fumigation techniques alters the rate of penetration of fumigants into stored products. The sorption of fumigants by wheat and other seeds is known to depend on the concentration‐time product attained at the position from which the sample for analysis is taken, and on the shape of the curve representing the rise and fall of fumigant concentration at that position. Reports of laboratory investigations suggested that reduced pressure did not influence sorption. Trials on a pilot scale have suggested that some influence was exerted. This discrepancy can be eliminated by allowing for the influence of reduced pressures on the distribution of fumigants in space and time within the commodity during pilot‐scale trials. Reduced pressures, per se, do not modify sorption in the experiments analysed.
Recent advances in fertilizer placement. I. Fertilizer placement for swedes and turnips in Scotland
Authors: Reith J. W. S.
Published: November 2006

During 1947‐52 over 40 field experiments were carried out to compare broadcast and band applications of sulphate of ammonia, superphosphate, muriate of potash, 40% potash salts and two granular NPK fertilizers. Placement positions at distances up to 3 in. to the side of the row and up to 3.5 in. below the soil surface were examined by using a special drill machine developed by the National Institute of Agricultural Engineering. Placing superphosphate directly below the seed at a depth of about 3.3.5 in. from the soil surface has consistently given higher yields than placing it in other positions or broadcasting. The results show that there is no advantage in placing sulphate of ammonia, and that placing it directly below the seed may be harmful to early growth. There is no benefit or disadvantage from placing muriate of potash (60% of K2O), but with 40% potash salts broadcasting is likely to be better than placing below the seed. With NPK fertilizer mixtures there does not appear to be any benefit from placing, and this seems to be due to the positive effect from superphosphate being counterbalanced by the negative effect from a mixture of nitrogen and potash.
The fractionation of the non‐protein nitrogen of grassland herbage
Authors: Ferguson W. S. , Terry R. A.
Published: November 2006

The total non‐protein nitrogenous (NPN) fraction of oven‐dried grassland herbage has been examined. The NPN was obtained by extraction of dried herbage with boiling water and it was fractionated as follows : (1) precipitation of part of the peptide‐nitrogen with 75% alcohol, followed by (2) precipitation of purines with silver sulphate (this treatment also precipitated some peptides), followed by (3) passage through a cation‐exchange resin, which gave three main fractions : (a) non‐adsorbed nitrogen compounds, including nitrate, pyrimidines and unidentified substances, (b) adsorbed compounds which were eluted with sodium hydroxide—amino‐acids, amides, ammonia, betaines, peptides or ‘bound’amino‐acids, and unidentified substances and (c) basic compounds, including choline, and strongly adsorbed compounds that could not be eluted from the column with strong acid, probably mainly peptides and possibly including nucleotides.

Two grasses, a clover and a lucerne sample were used and the proportion of their total nitrogen present as NPN varied from 23 to 30%. An analysis including amino‐nitrogen after hydrolysis, amide‐nitrogen, ammonia‐nitrogen, nitrate‐nitrogen, purine‐nitrogen, betaine‐nitrogen and choline‐nitrogen accounted for 77‐88% of the NPN. The fractionation gave higher recoveries when assumptions were made on the probable peptide content and it indicated where unidentified substances might be found.
The seed fat of omphalea queenslandiae
Authors: Hatt H. H. , Szumer A. Z.
Published: November 2006

The large seeds of Omphalea queenslandiae, a member of the Euphorbiaceae, contain 28% of an edible, semi‐drying oil. Its component glycerides consist almost entirely of those of the four common fatty acids, which in one sample were present in the proportions : palmitic 12.7, stearic 8.1, oleic 47.0 and linoleic 31.7%. The composition of the oil is variable.
Studies on protein hydrolysis. II.—The use of sulphurous acid for the control of humin formation and loss of tryptophan during acid hydrolysis
Authors: Pedersen J. W. , Baker B. E.
Published: November 2006

The autoxidation of sulphurous acid has been investigated with the aim of finding suitable conditions under which the acid might be used, either alone or in the presence of strong mineral acids, for the hydrolysis of proteins.

Sulphurous acid alone was used to hydrolyse casein, lactalbumin, ovalbumin and fibrin to 34‐37% of complete hydrolysis. Losses of tryptophan ranged from o to 3% of the total. Use of N‐sulphuric acid with the sulphurous acid gave 65‐70% hydrolysis with losses of tryptophan ranging from 2 to 10% of the total. Amounts of 10 g. of sulphur dioxide per 100 ml. of N‐sulphuric acid and 15 g. of sulphur dioxide per 100 ml. of N‐hydrochloric acid were required to give effective tryptophan preservation.

Preliminary rat‐feeding tests indicated that a sulphurous acid‐sulphuric acid casein‐hydrolysate would support growth and that it was not grossly toxic.
The behaviour of methyl bromide in the vacuum fumigation of jute bags
Authors: Monro H. A. U. , King J. E.
Published: November 2006

Two methods of vacuum fumigation were compared under practical conditions, by using methyl bromide in 3‐ or 4‐hour treatments of bales of jute bags: (1) sustained‐vacuum treatments, in which the low pressure of the system was sustained after introduction of the fumigant; (2) treatments in which atmospheric pressure was restored after 1 or 2 hours of exposure at the initial low pressure. The second method led to greatly increased concentrations of fumigant at or near the centre of the bale and correspondingly improved insecticidal results in this region. In both methods, gas concentrations in the free space of the chamber were lower than in the bales, and insecticidal effect was poor in this part.
The expressible fluid of fish fillets. I. —Nucleic acid as an index of cell damage in fillets frozen from both sides
Authors: Love R. M.
Published: November 2006

The appearance of deoxypentosenucleic acid (DNA) in muscle expressible fluid has been taken to indicate rupture of the sarcolemmas, with liberation of nuclear material. When fish fillets are frozen more and more rapidly, the expressible nucleic acid suddenly rises to a maximum, which is thought to correspond with the point of formation of intracellular ice crystals. In ultra‐rapid freezing, there is also a rise in expressible DNA, probably owing to a different kind of cell damage.
The fate of labelled insecticide residues in food products. IV. —The possible toxicological and nutritional significance of fumigating wheat with methyl bromide
Authors: Winteringham F. P. W.
Published: November 2006

The major products of the chemical reactions between methyl bromide and the constituents of wheat under the conditions of fumigation have been characterized or identified. Their rate of absorption by an adult human consuming fumigated flour products has been estimated. The likely nature of the effective end‐products of human digestion has been considered and is believed to be represented by the compounds, methanol, methylglucoses, S‐methylcysteine, methyl methionine sulphonium salts, and N‐methyl derivatives of histidine and lysine. These appear to be compounds which have been fed experimentally to mammals at concentrations very much larger than those likely to obtain in fumigated wheat. In some cases their metabolism in vivo has also been studied. On the basis of all the available data an appraisal has been made of the toxicological and nutritional significance of consuming fumigated flour products. There is no evidence that the principal fumigant decomposition products are toxic or that their formation would be associated with any significant reduction in essential food constituents.
Losses associated with groundnuts infested with Trogoderma granarium everts
Authors: Hayward L. A. W.
Published: November 2006

It was desired to ascertain to what extent measurement of the frass produced in groundnuts infested with Trogoderma granarium Everts could be used to assess total damage. A laboratory storage experiment is described in which the dry weight of frass produced is shown to be approximately equal to the loss of dry matter. Loss of edible nut is thus shown to be about equal to twice the frass weight.
Variation of ultimate pH within pig muscles
Authors: Scaife J. F.
Published: November 2006

The muscles of cattle and sheep have been examined with a view to elucidating the effect which connective tissue, oxygen and proximity to bone have upon the ultimate pH attained by a muscle. Pig muscles show variability in their ultimate pH values and in the distribution of total pigment within individual muscles. This variation of ultimate pH and total pigment in pig muscles is related; the higher the concentration of total pigment then the higher is the ultimate pH.
The colorimetric determination of phosphorus in plant materials
Authors: Cavell A. J.
Published: November 2006

The determination of phosphate in the presence of hydrochloric acid with Cavell's ammonium vanadate‐ammonium molybdate reagent2 has been studied and made quantitative.
Spontaneous heating and ignition in stored palm kernels—the role of anaerobic fermentation
Authors: Palmer K. N.
Published: November 2006

The rate of absorption of oxygen by moist palm kernels which had previously fermented under anaerobic conditions has been studied. No evidence was found of the formation of reactive fermentation products able to absorb oxygen rapidly and heat the kernels, thus leading to spontaneous ignition. It is concluded that the spontaneous ignition of palm kernels in jute bags is less likely than was originally believed, and that the observed outbreaks of fire in these materials may have been due to other causes.
Some thermodynamic properties of fish and their effect on the rate of freezing
Authors: Long R. A. K.
Published: November 2006

Theoretical analyses and experiments are described which show the considerable variation of thermal conductivity, density and apparent specific heat of fish muscle with temperature. The variation of these properties is‐found experimentally to introduce a number of interesting phenomena.

A preliminary investigation into the freezing of small packages of fillets by refrigerated air blast indicated : (i) the necessity for precision in thermocouple positioning and uniformity in heat transfer to obtain accurate thermal arrest measurements, (ii) the effect of air speed, temperature and thickness of pack on thermal arrest time, (iii) the effect of different conditions on evaporative weight losses, and (iv) the edge effects obtained with small packages.

It had been found during this investigation that the initial loading temperature had a significant effect on the thermal arrest time. This phenomenon, whereby an increase in initial temperature affords a reduction in thermal arrest time, is studied in detail. The effect is so marked under certain conditions as to invalidate much experimental work for which initial temperatures were not recorded. The thermal arrest may be reduced by as much as one half under identical plant operating conditions, and an attempt is made to explain this effect.
Starch and vanillin
Authors: Rutgers R.
Published: November 2006

Vanillin, when added to maize or potato starch in concentrations of 0‐1 to 1‐5%, becomes bound to the starch in the course of a few weeks so that it is no longer removed completely by ether extraction. Almost complete recovery can, however, be obtained by gelatinization of the starch in cold aqueous alkali and ether extraction after acidification.

Waxy maize starch showed much less extensive and rapid binding of vanillin. As a possible explanation of the difference between the two types of starch, the packing of vanillin in the amylose spirals is postulated and discussed.
The effect of feeding different seaweed meals on the mineral and nitrogen metabolism of laying hens
Authors: Hand C. J. E. , Tyler C.
Published: November 2006

Three different seaweed meals, Laminaria cloustoni, Ascophyllum nodosum and Laminaria saccharina, were fed to poultry in three different experiments. In each experiment levels of 10% and 20% in a basal ration were compared with the basal ration itself.

When the seaweed was low in energy the birds showed loss in weight or lowered egg production or both. The high chloride intake when the ration contained seaweed resulted in a greatly increased water intake and a heavy excretion of both chloride and water, but this did not appear to affect the general health of the birds. Changes observed in calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen retentions and balances could be explained on the basis of changes in egg production. The seaweeds had no effect on the chemical composition of egg content and shell, nor on porosity and shell thickness. On the basis of these criteria seaweed meals therefore had no beneficial effects and at the higher level of 20% were detrimental in some respects.

In a further, long‐term feeding experiment Laminaria cloustoni (stipe), Laminaria cloustoni (frond) and Ascophyllum nodosum were fed at levels of 10% and 15%, each level being given for 100 days. The results, as far as they were comparable, supported the more detailed balance experiments.
The analysis of organic mercurials
Authors: Chambers V. H. , Cropper F. R. , Crossley H.
Published: November 2006

This paper is a Progress Report on the work of the Joint Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Association of British Insecticide Manufacturers on the determination of total mercury in organo‐mercurials. Consideration of the methods available and of the various types of product which might be encountered led to trials of selected methods on suitable mixtures; from this experience, the Committee developed a relatively simple method involving reduction with zinc in glacial acetic acid, filtration, dissolution of the zinc amalgam in nitric acid, and titration with thiocyanate. With minor modifications, the method is applicable t o samples containing benzene hexachloride or chalk; a further modification to cover samples containing lead arsenate and/or Prussian Blue is under investigation. The method has given reliable results for common types of product, with and without benzene hexachloride, but further work is necessary to cover other possible additives.
Organic acid metabolism in cider and perry fermentations. I.—A preliminary study
Authors: Phillips J. D. , Pollard A. , Whiting G. C.
Published: November 2006

The organic acid constituents of cider‐apple and perry‐pear juices and the microbiological changes which they undergo during fermentation have been investigated using methods based on ion‐exchange and paper chromatography. The main changes observed during fermentation were the conversion of malic acid to lactic acid and of quinic acid to dihydroshikimic acid, both of which were brought about by lactic acid bacteria. These bacteria also broke down citric acid, present in considerable amount in some perry‐pear juices.
Some seed fats of the santalaceae family
Authors: Hatt H. H. , Schoenfeld R.
Published: November 2006

The octadecenynoic acid, ximenynic acid, is present in quantity in the seed fats of three members of the Santalwn genus: S. acuminatum, S. Murrayanum and S. spicatum. The composition of the fatty acids from the seed fat of S. acuminatum was calculated to be: palmitic acid, 3%; stearic acid, 1%; oleic acid, 50%; linolenic acid, 2%; and ximenynic acid, 44%. The higher ethenoid acids which accompany ximenynic acid in the seed fats of the Ximenia genus, are here either absent, or present only in small amount.
Carbon‐nitrogen relationships in soil. I.—The immobilization of nitrogen in the presence of carbon compounds
Authors: Winsor G. W. , Pollard A. G.
Published: November 2006

Immobilization of nitrogen has been studied in soils treated with starch and sucrose. The conversion of inorganic nitrogen into organic form reached its maximum on incubation at 23.5° for approximately two days. The organisms concerned in the immobilization of nitrogen showed a marked preference for ammonia rather than nitrate, although some nitrate was invariably assimilated at the higher levels of added carbon compounds. The assimilation of ammonia lowered the pH of the soil, whereas assimilation of nitrate increased it markedly.
The fate of labelled insecticide residues in food products. V.—The nature and significance of ethylene dibromide residues in fumigated wheat
Authors: Bridges R. G.
Published: November 2006

Ethylene dibromide labelled with bromine‐82 has been used to study the absorption and decomposition of ethylene dibromide in wheat under the conditions of fumigation and on subsequent airing and heating. In spite of the high physical sorption of the fumigant and its slow rate of airing, the amount of chemical reaction between it and the wheat is small at room temperature. On heating imperfectly aired, fumigated wheat some decomposition of the ethylene dibromide to ethylene glycol occurs. There is some evidence that the glycol so formed reacts with the —SCH3 of the methionine residues of the wheat protein. The hydrogen bromide liberated when ethylene dibromide is decomposed on heating appears to cause some splitting of the starch‐granule sheaths. A brief appraisal of the possible nutritional and toxicological significance of the residues occurring as a result of ethylene dibromide fumigation has been made.
Studies on the effects of treatment with chlorine dioxide on the properties of wheat flour. III.—Lipid changes and vitamin content of treated flours
Authors: Frazer A. C. , Hickman J. R. , Sammons H. G. , Sharratt M.
Published: November 2006

This investigation shows that, in the development of rancidity of the flour lipid by air oxidation or by chlorine dioxide overtreatment of the flour, the palatability of the flour is affected, but that, even so, there is no demonstrable alteration in the nutritional value of the flour protein.

Vitamin E is destroyed by all oxidative methods, but as it contributes only about 10% of the total dietary vitamin E, this, on present evidence, is not considered to be of serious nutritional significance to man.
The identification and estimation of soil inositol phosphates
Authors: Anderson G.
Published: November 2006

A technique is described for the identification and estimation of inositol phosphates by paper partition chromatography, in either one or two dimensions. Development with methanol/aqueous ammonia resolved inositol mono‐, di‐, tri‐, tetra‐ and hexa‐phosphates into four spots, the tri‐ and tetra‐phosphate moving together. Acid solvents, such as acetone/acetic acid, moved all these compounds in a compact group.

The method has been used to estimate the inositol phosphates in soils. The inositol phosphates were extracted with sodium hydroxide and, after the removal of many organic and inorganic concomitants, were precipitated as the barium salts, converted to the free acids or sodium salts, and examined chromatographically. In the soils so far examined, inositol hexaphosphate accounted for about one‐third of the soil organic phosphate; the tetra‐/tri‐phosphate was present in very small quantity, but neither the di‐ nor the monophosphate was detected.
Studies on the effects of treatment with chlorine dioxide on the properties of wheat flour. IV.—The biological properties of untreated, normally treated and overtreated flours
Authors: Frazer A. C. , Hickman J. R. , Sammons H. G. , Sharratt M.
Published: November 2006

Previous studies indicate that no significant nutritional damage to flour protein was incurred by the use of chlorine dioxide, even at ten times the normal level of treatment, and that no abnormal substances were formed.1–3 In confirmation of this previous work, further studies on animals have been made which form the subject of this report.

The object of the experiment described in this paper was to apply classical group feeding experimental methods to the comparison of normally and ten times normally chlorine dioxide‐treated flour. Since it was already known1–3 that no significant damage to known nutrients had occurred, the main emphasis was on the possible occurrence of any consistent differences indicative of toxic action. As a further check on this study, a group received the same flour untreated in Generations 0 and 1. All the observations were also compared with standard figures obtained from a much larger group of animals not receiving chlorine dioxide‐treated flour, but otherwise living under similar conditions.
Effect of drying conditions on the nutritive value of a processed stock diet for animals
Authors: Harms A. J. , Scott Patricia P.
Published: November 2006

Tests carried out with weanling rats showed that a diet containing fish, whalemeat, meat and liver meal, biscuit waste and propyl gallate, dried in air at temperatures below 140°, supported good growth, whereas the same diet dried at 140–160° produced successively inferior growth. Rats given the diet dried at 160° were thin, lethargic and incapable of reproduction, resembling rats maintained on a diet deficient in protein or in amino‐acids rather than in vitamins. Chromatographic analysis did not indicate any destruction of essential amino‐acids, but the diet dried at 160° was more resistant to peptic digestion. It is suggested, and is supported by the findings of other workers, that the poor nutritional value of the diet dried at 140° and above was due to failure to digest the protein which had been ‘damaged’ at this relatively low temperature by the formation of N‐glycosides in the presence of reducing sugars.
Ammonia liquor as a nitrogenous fertilizer
Authors: Tod H. , Simpson K.
Published: November 2006

On grassland, raw ammonia liquor from gasworks (0.75–2.30% N) may be a useful source of nitrogen. In a large series of experiments it was not so effective as ammonium sulphate. Precautions must be taken to avoid scorching the grass with the liquor, as such scorch has very serious effects. Experiments with concentrated ammonia liquor (about 12% N) on potatoes and swedes suggest that this material may have toxic effects.
The effect of certain sprout‐depressant treatments on sugar accumulation in stored potatoes
Authors: Gooding E. G. B. , Hubbard A. W.
Published: November 2006

King Edward potatoes were treated with maleic hydrazide as a pre‐harvest foliar spray or with a preparation containing 3% of tetrachloronitrobenzene. In neither case was there any effect on the accumulation of reducing sugars when the potatoes were stored under cool conditions. A second experiment, in which two different maleic hydrazide treatments were given, also showed no effect on reducing sugar or sucrose behaviour during subsequent cool storage of the tubers.
Behaviour of fumigants during vacuum fumigation. III.—Penetration of Methyl Bromide into Bagged Whalemeat Meal
Authors: Brown W. Burns , Heuser S. G.
Published: November 2006

The penetration of methyl bromide into packages during treatment by various methods of vacuum fumigation has been further studied using bagged whalemeat meal of high protein content. Results are compared with those obtained in similar tests on bagged wheatfeed previously described. The time during the fumigation at which restoration of the pressure to atmospheric secures the maximum effective penetration of fumigant is established. Whether or not such enhancement of the effectiveness of penetration is desirable in the case of a highly sorptive product such as whalemeat meal is discussed in the light of evidence that effective concentrations of methyl bromide remain at the centre of the bag for a considerable period after the usual airing procedures. Airing at reduced pressure is suggested as being likely to be more effective than the procedures at present followed.
Carbon‐nitrogen relationships in soil. IV.—Mineralization of Carbon and Nitrogen
Authors: Winsor G. W. , Pollard A. G.
Published: November 2006

Production of carbon dioxide and accumulation of inorganic nitrogen have been studied in a group of 27 soils differing widely in origin. Samples of each soil were incubated for 28 days at 23.5° and 30°. Further batches of soil were incubated at 23.5° after partial sterilization by steaming, and others after air‐drying and re‐moistening.

Significant relationships were found between the carbon and nitrogen mineralized under each of the experimental conditions tested. Steaming and air‐drying the soils generally increased the mineralization of both carbon and nitrogen, as compared with untreated soils incubated at the same temperature, and resulted in a lower ratio of carbon to nitrogen mineralized.

The amounts of nitrogen and carbon mineralized were significantly correlated with the total nitrogen and organic carbon contents of the soils. Evidence was obtained that the organic matter of intensively cultivated soils is more resistant than that of maiden soils to further microbiological decomposition.
EFFECT OF A FUNGICIDAL WAX COATING ON THE STORAGE BEHAVIOUR OF MANGOES
Authors: Mathur P. B. , Subramanyam H.
Published: November 2006

Badami (Alphonso) mangoes were dipped in 1.7–2.7% aqueous emulsions of a fungicidal wax containing 5% of o‐phenylphenol* and after drying in a current of hot air the fruit was stored at 79–86° F and R.H. 55–87%. The treatment was found to lessen the physiological losses in weight, increase the retentions of vitamin C and moisture, delay ripening, decrease the percentage wastage and increase the storage life of the fruit.
The phospholipids of fish
Authors: Lovern J. A.
Published: November 2006

Of the relatively few investigations that have been made of the phospholipids of fish tissues, many have yielded inexact results, for a variety of reasons.

Detailed studies have now been made of the phospholipids of the flesh of cod and haddock. The component phospholipids of this tissue show a general similarity in the two species. A complex mixture of phospholipids is present, in which lecithins predominate (50–60% of the total phospholipids). There is also a group of unidentified phospholipids, temporarily named A, B and C, with A greatly predominating. Two of these lipids (A and C) may be derivatives of a bis‐phosphatidic acid. Three types of inositol phosphatide have been detected. Phosphatidyl‐ethanolamine is a minor component, there are traces of plasmalogens, sphingomyelin is doubtful, and phosphatidyl‐serine is absent.

The fatty acids of the lecithins are remarkable for their high content of C20 and C22 polyethylenic acids and for the virtual absence of hexadecenoic acid. Part of the lecithin fraction is soluble in cold acetone, and this material is more unsaturated than the acetone‐insoluble lecithins. Phospholipid‐A contains an unusually high proportion of stearic acid, while phospholipid‐B is virtually devoid of C22 acids. The fatty acids of phospholipid‐C resemble those of the lecithins.
Deterioration of dehydrated meat during storage. II.—Effect of pH and temperature on browning changes in dehydrated aqueous extracts
Authors: Sharp J. G.
Published: November 2006

The rate of development of brown discoloration in dehydrated aqueous extracts of meat has been shown to increase with pH over the range 3 to 7.

The Q10 of the rates of loss of free sugar and development of brown discoloration in such extracts during storage in the range 15° to 50° are the same and lie between 3.2 and 4.3.
The use of differential curves in the dilatometry of fats
Authors: Jasperson H. , McKerrigan A. A.
Published: November 2006

Differential dilatometric curves, in which the rate of expansion is plotted against temperature, provide a ready means of distinguishing between the melting properties of various fats and fat blends. Characteristic curves are given of single fats, hydrogenated fats and blended fats and they are discussed in relation to their predominant glycerides.
The susceptibility to insecticides of laboratory cultures of an insect species
Authors: Holborn J. M.
Published: November 2006

Adult Calandra of the same age but some reared from a wild strain and the others from a laboratory strain were used in tests with pyrethrins powders. The laboratory strain was found to be between three and a half and six and a half times as susceptible to pyrethrins as the wild strain, which was not appreciably less susceptible to synergized pyrethrins (pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide) than was the laboratory strain.

Several strains of adult Tribolium of the same age showed differences in susceptibility to γ‐BHC, pyrethrins and, to a lesser degree, to synergized pyrethrins. These strains were developed from cultures from different laboratories.

γ‐BHC was found to be four times, and pyrethrins three and a half times, more effective against the most susceptible strain of Tribolium than against the least susceptible strain.

Differences in susceptibility are believed to be due to differences in vigour.
Relation between the solubilization of pectin and the fate of organic acids during maturation of apples
Authors: Doesburg J. J.
Published: November 2006

The amount, degree of esterification and molecular weight of pectins in apples were investigated weekly during some months before and after harvest. Since molecular weight of pectin has been found constant during that period and the molecular weights of insoluble and soluble pectins in ripe fruits are nearly equal, there seems to be no shortening of chains of pectin molecules during the solubilization of a part of the pectins during ripening.

The correlation between changes in solubility of pectin and in solubility of calcium, changes in the composition of the mixture of organic acids in the fruits, and some experimental evidence of a change of the pH of cell walls during that period, may be an indication that solubilization of pectin during ripening of fruits is caused by movement of calcium in the cell walls.

Experiments on the relation between behaviour of calcium and solubility and swelling of pectin in cell walls and in artificial pectin films are discussed.
In vitro studies on the reduction of nitrate by rumen liquor
Authors: Barnett A. John G. , Bowman I. B. R.
Published: November 2006

A study has been made, using five artificial rumens, of the reduction of nitrate by rumen liquor in the presence of different substrates—cellulose, glucose and dried grass. It has been shown that the presence of easily utilizable carbohydrate (glucose) promotes a speedy reduction of nitrate to nitrite but that other factors—probably hydrogen donators in the dried grass—may also be involved. The further reduction of nitrite to ammonia and the uptake of the latter to form protein have also been noted where these reactions occurred.
The amino‐acid composition of some pakistani pulses
Authors: Khan N. A. , Baker B. E.
Published: November 2006

A sample of horsebean (Vicia faba L.) was analysed for its amino‐acid contents, by chromatography on buffered filter paper. The results were in general agreement with those obtained by microbiological assay and already reported in the literature. The coefficients of variation for the determination of different amino‐acids ranged from 1.5% to 8.5%.

Eighteen amino‐acids have been determined similarly in the whole grains of five species of pulses commonly grown in West Pakistan.
The isolation of n‐heptadecanoic acid (margaric acid) and (+)‐14‐methylhexadecanoic acid from hydrogenated ox perinephric fat
Authors: Hansen R. P. , Shorland F. B. , Cooke N. June
Published: November 2006

Hydrogenated ox perinephric fat has been found to contain n‐heptadecanoic acid (margaric acid) and (+)‐14‐methylhexadecanoic acid.
Studies on organic fluorine compounds. VIII.—N‐Substituted fluoroacetamides as insecticides and rodenticides
Authors: Bergmann Ernst D. , Moses P. , Neeman M.
Published: November 2006

N‐Mono‐ and NN‐disubstituted fluoracetamides have been tested as potential larvicides, contact insecticides and rodenticides.

All monosubstituted amides were toxic to larvae of Musca vicina Macq. at a concentration of 100 p.p.m. Disubstituted amides were inactive or only slightly active. Only the amides monosubstituted by relatively small aryl radicals (phenyl, p‐tolyl, p‐fluorophenyl and p‐chlorophenyl) showed contact toxicity to adult Musca vicina Macq. of a strain highly resistant to DDT.

All compounds were toxic to laboratory rats. The approximate LD50 values were lowest (4 to 8 mg./kg.) for N‐mono‐arylamides with small aryl radicals. Those with larger aryl substituents (α‐ and β‐ naphthyl, p‐diphenylyl and p‐bromophenyl) had somewhat higher LD50 values. The molar LD50 values of the N‐arylamides fall within a narrow range.

The possible mode of action of the toxicants is discussed.
The fatty acid composition of lipids in the muscle and fatty tissues of loin mutton chops
Authors: Hartman L. , Shorland F. B.
Published: November 2006

Dissection of loin mutton chops showed 13.4–17.0% bone, 42.2–48.5% muscle and 38.1–40.8% fatty tissue. In a sample showing fatty degeneration, the muscle tissue was not apparent and the dissection revealed 19.6% bone and 80.4% fatty tissue. In the bone‐free tissues of normal chops 84.2–87.3% of the total fat was concentrated in the fatty tissues. The fatty acid composition of the lipids of the muscle and fatty tissues of the chops was similar to that observed by other investigators for sheep depot and muscle fats. The loin chop muscle lipids contained a somewhat higher proportion, approx. 3%, of C20 unsaturated acids as compared with 1% or less usually observed in sheep fats by other investigators. The fat in the fatty tissues contained more stearic acid and trans‐acids, but less di‐ and polyethenoid acids and particularly tetraenoic (arachidonic) acid than the muscle fat.
A rapid procedure for the chromatographic separation and spectrophotometric estimation of certain pasture lipoids. I.—Carotene, xanthophyll and chlorophyll
Authors: Workker N. A.
Published: November 2006

A method is described for the extraction and chromatographic separation of carotene, xanthophyll and chlorophyll from pasture plants.

Species examined in the present investigations included ryegrass, cocksfoot, red and white clovers, but there is no reason why the method should not be used for examining other pasture or crop plants

The pigments are extracted with acetone, transferred to light petroleum, chromatographed on alumina into three fractions and then estimated spectrophotometrically. The method is rapid and accurate and is suitable as a routine assay procedure.
Tall oil: Isolation of the branched‐chain fatty acid (+)‐14‐methylhexadecanoic acid and of the straight‐chain acid palmitic acid
Authors: Hansen R. P. , Cooke N. June
Published: November 2006

Investigations on a sample of New Zealand tall oil produced in the manufacture of wood pulp from New Zealand‐grown Pinus radiata, have shown it to contain trace quantities of the branched‐chain fatty acid (+)‐14‐methylhexadecanoic acid. Palmitic acid has also been shown to be present. Branched‐chain acids have not formerly been detected in tall oil, although their presence in wool grease,1 milk fat,2,3 animal depot fats,4,5 shark‐liver oil,6,7 the coccygeal glands of ducks and geese,8 and the lipids of certain bacilli9,10 is well established.
Mercury residues in sprayed crops. I.—tomatoes
Authors: Beidas A. S. , Higgons D. J.
Published: November 2006

Mercury residues have been determined on glasshouse crops of tomatoes which have been treated with mercury aerosols. The results show that in some cases 0.5 p.p.m. (as metallic mercury) may be present on the fruit as it is harvested. This mercury contamination is situated mainly in the pulp of the tomato and is a potential health hazard to the consumer.
Chemical aspects of soil advisory work
Authors: Blood J. W.
Published: November 2006

A series of reference plots designed as an aid for giving advice on lime and fertilizer problems both in agriculture and horticulture have been described.

The effect of soil reaction (pH) on plant growth and on the mineral composition of crops is recorded. An attempt has been made to differentiate between the level of soil acidity for optimal crop growth and the level at which complete failure occurs.

Correlation between fertilizer treatment and the mineral uptake of some plants at varying degrees of soil acidity is given and discussed.
The mammalian oral toxicity of fluoroacetamide
Authors: Phillips M. A. , Worden Alastair N.
Published: November 2006

The oral LD50 of fluoroacetamide for two strains of laboratory rat has been found to be 15 mg./kg. The simultaneous administration of sodium acetate is without effect, but when acetamide or L‐cysteine hydrochloride are dosed in the proportions by weight of 4: 1 or 9: 1 parts of fluoroacetamide, the LD50 of the latter is raised to 25–30 mg./kg. Acetamide dosed at the rate of 200 mg./kg. has been found to prevent fatalities when given 30–40 minutes after doses of 35 mg./kg. of fluoroacetamide and up to 65 minutes after doses of 20 mg./kg.

Repeated sub‐lethal dosage suggests that fluoroacetamide does not have any marked cumulative effect, and that the bulk is excreted unchanged in the urine. Fluoroacetamide may be absorbed percutaneously by the rat with fatal results, but even when decontamination is delayed for 30 minutes, and an antidote is not given, doses corresponding to 100 mg. for an adult human (65 kg.) do not produce symptoms. Solutions containing 1% and 2% w/v fluoroacetamide have not been found to give off detectable fluoroacetamide into the atmosphere even at 45°. It is concluded that fluoroacetamide is a much safer substance to handle than either sodium fluoroacetate or the fluoroacetic esters.
Bitter principles of the cucurbitaceae. VIII.—cucurbitacins in seedlings—occurrence, biochemistry and genetical aspects
Authors: Rehm S. , Wessels J. H.
Published: November 2006

The bitter principle content of the seedlings of twenty‐one species and a large number of varieties of cucurbits has been investigated. The cucurbitacins B and E are the main bitter principles in all seedlings. The biogenesis of the cucurbitacins, the taxonomy of the family and the genetics of bitterness are discussed in the light of these results.
Studies on the ‘fermentation’ of ceylon tea. X.—pectic enzymes in tea leaf
Authors: Ramaswamy M. S. , Lamb J.
Published: November 2006

Fermenting tea leaf produces methanol as the result of enzymic demethylation of pectins contained in the leaf. The enzyme concerned (which was isolated and purified) is very similar to pectin‐methylesterases found in other plants.

The activity of tea pectin‐methylesterase is partially inhibited by tea catechins and their oxidation products, but nevertheless a continuous demethylation process gives rise to pectic acid during the course of fermentation. In one particular case, a leaf mass exceptionally rich in pectin and pectase gave indications of gel formation.

The significance of the pectic acid formed during tea ‘fermentation’ is discussed.
The toxicity of organic sulphides to the eggs and larvae of the glasshouse red spider mite. IV.—Benzyl phenyl sulphides (substituted by halogens and other groups)
Authors: Brookes R. F. , Clark N. G. , Cranham J. E. , Greenwood D. , Marshall J. R. , Stevenson H. A.
Published: November 2006

A series of benzyl phenyl sulphides substituted by halogens and other groups, together with some of the corresponding sulphoxides and sulphones, are characterized, and their toxicities to the eggs and young mites of the glasshouse red spider (Tetranychus telarius, L.) are tabulated and discussed, especially as regards the effect of substituent groups on toxicity.
Determination and isolation of the non‐volatile acids of pome fruits and a study of acid changes in apples during storage
Authors: Hulme A. C. , Wooltorton L. S. C.
Published: November 2006

A comprehensive scheme using ion exchange and partition chromatography is described for the determination of non‐volatile organic acids of pome fruits. The method is used to investigate changes occurring in the acids of the peel and pulp of mature Bramley's Seedling apples during storage at 15°. These changes involve not only the aliphatic acids malic, citramalic and citric, but also the alicyclic acids quinic and shikimic.
The chemistry of naras seed (acanthosicyos horrida, hook). III.—The amino‐acid composition of the protein
Authors: Schwartz H. M. , Bürke R. P.
Published: November 2006

The amino‐acid composition of naras protein is shown to be, in general, very similar to that of edestin which it resembles in physical properties. There are, however, significant differences in the content of tryptophan, arginine and glutamic acid.

From the point of view of nutritive value, naras protein is deficient in lysine.
The phenolic substances of manufactured tea. II. — Their origin as enzymic oxidation products in fermentation
Authors: Roberts E. A. H.
Published: November 2006

The brown acidic pigments and the yellow neutral pigments of black tea are provisionally named thearubigins and theaflavins respectively. These and other substances characteristic of black tea are formed during the fermentation process, mainly as the result of the enzymic oxidation of (—)‐epigallocatechin and (—)‐epigallocatechin gallate. It is probable that the theaflavins are intermediates in thearubigin formation.
The influence of soya flour on bread doughs. III.—The distribution of the papain‐inhibiting factor in soya‐beans
Authors: Learmonth E. M.
Published: November 2006

The papain‐inhibiting factor of soya is shown to be concentrated almost entirely in the germ. The cotyledon is without inhibiting power and sometimes has a slight activating effect. A similar distribution of papain‐inhibiting factors is shown to exist in other leguminous seeds. Additions of 0–2% to 0–4% of raw soya germ alter the Chopin alveogram of the wheat flour in the same sense as do additions of oxidizing improvers.
Saponins. I.—Triterpenoid saponins from lucerne and other species
Authors: Coulson C. B.
Published: November 2006

Triterpenoid saponins from various plants have been subjected to paper electrophoresis and paper chromatography and a special examination has been made of lucerne saponins. These bulk saponins and those from a number of other plants appear to be mixtures, probably varying both in glycosidic and sapogenin structure. An explanation is suggested for some striking differences between paper chromatographic and paper electrophoretic results given by certain saponins.
Biscuit stability, the effect on oxidative changes of certain natural and synthetic antioxidants
Authors: Ottaway F. J. H. , Coppock J. B. M.
Published: November 2006

Antioxidants can be used in one of three ways to protect baked products against oxidative rancidity: (1) direct incorporation in the product, (2) antioxidant‐impregnated papers and (3) spraying of antioxidants.

The oxidative stability of baked products is influenced considerably by factors such as raising agent residues, flour extraction rate, moisture content and trace‐metal content which can make the practical assessment of the value of an antioxidant a matter of some difficulty. The legal position regarding the use of antioxidants is briefly discussed.
The ‘conventional’ crude fibre content of roughages in relation to their ‘acid‐fibre’ content
Authors: Dougall H. W.
Published: November 2006

It is known that there is a linear relationship between the crude fibre content of roughages determined by the A.O.A.C. method and their ‘acid‐fibre’ content. The present work shows that there is also a relationship between crude fibre determined by the method laid down in the Fertilizers & Feeding Stuffs Regulations and the 1±5N‐H2SO4‐fibre. It is suggested that a relationship between these two variables might better be expressed if a correction be made for the crude protein content of ‘acid‐fibre’ residues.