bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decision‐making method for critical load restoration by using MGs
Authors: Ghasemi Sasan , Khodabakhshian Amin , Hooshmand Rahmat‐Allah
Published: August 2019

After occurring extreme events distribution systems might be disconnected from the main grid, and there will be a complete blackout in the distribution network. In such situations, the only way to re‐energise loads is to use available microgrids (MGs). Since power outputs of MGs are limited, the major concern for system operators is to energise the maximum critical loads (CLs) during the time needed for fault isolation and maintenance. To solve this problem, this study provides a systematic restoration process by using MGs. First, after the fault clearance the shortest paths between MGs and CLs are identified by Dijkstra’s algorithm. Then, the best paths are determined by using a new modified analytic hierarchical process (AHP) algorithm and fuzzy logic to achieve four goals: increasing restored energy, reducing path preparing time, decreasing number of switching operations and reducing unavailability of path. In the modified AHP, the parameters are so tuned that the engineers’ personal preferences are eliminated for selecting the best restoration paths. Also, the uncertainty of available energy of MGs is considered. The IEEE 123‐node distribution network with MGs and CLs is used for simulations. Results clearly show the benefits of using this method for CL restoration.
Ranking and quantifying the effects of load model parameters on power system stability
Authors: Zhu Yue , Milanović Jovica V. , Hasan Kazi N.
Published: August 2019

Power system loads have been proven to have a significant influence on power system stability, and their accurate modelling is essential for reliable assessment of dynamic system behaviour. This study first applies an efficient sensitivity analysis method, to rank power system load model parameters based on their influence on system voltage, frequency, and angular stability considering a range of load models, operating conditions, and parameter correlations. Following this, the required accuracy levels of identified critical parameters for different types of stability studies are determined. Finally, this study demonstrates the importance of modelling correlation between load model parameters on establishing the parameter accuracy requirements for different types of stability studies. The practical significance of the approach is in enabling power system operators to identify and focus on accurate (with specified accuracy) modelling of only a subset of loads while being confident that the accuracy of system stability studies will not be compromised.
Trends in the protection of inverter‐based microgrids
Authors: Mahamedi Behnam , Fletcher John Edward
Published: August 2019

The study reviews the current trends in the protection of inverter‐based microgrids. This topic is currently given significant attention, as the inverter‐interfaced distributed generation is likely to become dominant in microgrids. Since low fault current is a well‐known signature of microgrids, the emphasis is on the complicated fault characteristics in inverter‐based microgrids, bearing in mind that low‐magnitude fault current and complicated fault responses are inter‐related. The fault characteristics are rooted in the inverter controllers that can control inverter voltages and currents during the fault period such that they are completely different from the conventional fault characteristics. Given that these differences could impact conventional protection schemes, challenges to different elements of fault identification, i.e. fault detection, fault polarisation, and faulted phase selection in microgrids are separately addressed in detail. The existing preliminary solutions that define the current trends are discussed and gaps are identified accordingly. The review classifies techniques into three categories: modified classical techniques, heuristic techniques, and differential‐based techniques. The explanations are supported by simulation case studies to provide clarification. The purpose is to provide the current status of microgrid protection and assist in developing new effective solutions to protect these grids.
Low‐profile dual‐band antenna with on‐demand beam switching capabilities
Authors: Iqbal Amjad , Bouazizi Amal , Smida Amor , Basir Abdul , Naeem Umair
Published: August 2019

In this study, a dual‐band pattern‐reconfigurable monopole antenna is designed and experimentally validated for C‐band satellite communication systems and sensing UWB‐radar applications. The proposed antenna has three resonances at 3, 7 and, 8.5 GHz. To incorporate the reconfigurability, two switches are applied in the ground plane to reshape the radiation pattern and focus the radiated power in the desired direction. Thus, the desired beam from the antenna can be obtained by adjusting the states of the switches. The proposed antenna has good impedance matching ( for both operating bands), reasonable gain (>4.1 dBi), and high efficiency (>83%) for all switching states. A good agreement is observed between the simulated and measured results.
Beam‐space direct localisation using passive arrays with random shape errors
Authors: Zhang Ning , Zhao Hanying , Zhang Ran , Jiang Naiti
Published: August 2019

Passive localisation with high accuracy is attractive in numerous fields. Beam‐space direct position determination (BS‐DPD) using antenna arrays is a promising positioning method which possesses both excellent performance and moderate complexity. Optimised beam‐space design is a vital ingredient for practical BS‐DPD systems. In this work, BS‐DPD schemes using receiving arrays with random shape errors have been investigated. Performance limits are derived by using Fisher information analysis. Besides, robust formulation based on the compressed Taylor approximation is proposed to counter the randomness existing in antenna positions. Simulation results are provided to reveal the information loss induced by the non‐idealities in receiving arrays and also to validate the robustness of the proposed BS‐DPD algorithm.
Weighted target detector via estimated SNR in a multipath environment
Authors: Zhou Hao , Hu Guoping , Shi Junpeng , Xiao Yu
Published: August 2019

Multipath effect cause serious performance degradation in low‐altitude target detection. To overcome the negative multipath effect in a low‐altitude environment, a novel weighted detector based on the estimated signal‐to‐noise ratio (ESNR) is proposed. By introducing the multipath intensity factor, the signal models for different radar systems in the low‐altitude environment are established. Then, inspired by the recent development of cognitive theory, the weighted detector based on ESNR is proposed to strengthen the high SNR channels and suppress the low SNR channels. The eigenfunction method is adopted to derive the theoretical detection probability of the proposed detector. Simulation results suggest that, compared with the traditional equal weight detector, the proposed detector can effectively overcome the negative influence of multipath and improve the detection performance in the low‐altitude environment. It is also proved that in most cases, with the proposed method, multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) radar has better detection performance than that of other radars in the low‐SNR region.
Effect of atmosphere on GEOSAR focusing performance
Authors: Wang Zhuoqun , Li Yajun , Shao Sheng , Li Shuangshuang
Published: August 2019

Due to high attitude and long synthetic aperture time of geosynchronous synthetic aperture radar (GEOSAR), working in the L band, ionosphere and troposphere severely impact the focusing performance of this radar. In this study, considering the movement characteristics of GEOSAR, the range error model caused by the atmospheric refractive index based on non ‘stop‐and‐go’ assumption is inferred. Then, the echo signals under the influence of ionosphere and troposphere are deduced, respectively. Finally, the influences of ionosphere and troposphere on GEOSAR focusing performance are analysed and simulated. The simulated results validate that troposphere and ionosphere are the important factors that affect the imaging quality. The tropospheric effects are relatively small. The influence of ionosphere on imaging performance along range and azimuth is much greater, often resulting in image drift and azimuth resolution decline. Change of ionospheric total electron content is more intense, they lower the imaging quality.
SAR ground moving target's along‐track velocity estimation in the complex image domain via SoWVD
Authors: Huang Zuzhen , Ding Zegang , Meng Canzhen , Ge Yinchao
Published: August 2019

A ground moving target is always defocused in the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image domain due to the along‐track velocity. In the image domain, a moving target's complex response along the azimuth direction can be modelled as a linear frequency‐modulated signal, therefore, its Doppler rate, as well as the along‐track velocity, can be estimated based on the recently proposed second‐order Wigner–Ville (SoWVD) distribution transform. The proposed method has a low computational complexity without the search procedure and can be well combined with the SAR ground moving target detection algorithms in image domain, where the signal to clutter‐plus‐noise ratio is higher than other domains. Finally, the effectiveness of this method is verified with some numerical experiments.
Registration method for GIS vector road data and SAR image
Authors: Tao Feixiang , He Zhihua , Liu Yujing
Published: August 2019

Road detection of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image is an important part of SAR image interpretation. Thus, in the influence of sophisticated background and speckle noise, it is hard to directly extract the road information from the SAR image. So a SAR image registration method using existing geographic information system (GIS) road data is proposed to assist road detection for SAR image in this paper. By making full use of road geometry structure information, a road structure support is defined. Then all the positions in the SAR image are searched to find the biggest structure support as the optimum matching centre. The image registration for SAR image and road vector data is finally realised. Experimental results show that the registration accuracy of the proposed method is ∼2 pixels, which can be used for shoreline extraction, target positioning and so on.
Simulations of the OFDM signal from distinguishing the aircraft from the chaff jamming
Authors: Qiu Feng , Wu Dao‐qing , Liu Wei
Published: August 2019

This study discusses the capability of the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) radar recognition on the aircraft in the chaff jamming, in contrast to the linear frequency modulation (LFM) signal form. The process result of the LFM signal form induces a fake target in the recognition on the aircraft in the chaff jamming, because the range and the Doppler are coupled. The process result of the OFDM signal form can separate the real target and the chaffs clearly, because the range and the Doppler are uncoupled from the signal form. The OFDM signal form is a novel and efficient way to solve the chaff jamming.
Compensation methods for radiowave propagation influence on the operation of above‐the‐horizon VHF radars: modern trends
Authors: Ivanov Vsevolod B. , Nasarenko Ivan P. , Potapov Alexander A. , Savelyev Sergey M. , Stuchilin Alexander I. , Scherbinko Alexander V. , Shustov Efir I.
Published: August 2019

By using the operation of two VHF radars of the Voronezh and Resonance class of the Russian Federation as an example, an analysis of the main directions of radiowaves propagation characteristics influence on the operation of such radars and improving the algorithms for correcting this influence was made.
Activity recognition with cooperative radar systems at C and K band
Authors: Shrestha Aman , Li Haobo , Fioranelli Francesco , Le Kernec Julien
Published: August 2019

Remote health monitoring is a key component in the future of healthcare with predictive and fall risk estimation applications required in great need and with urgency. Radar, through the exploitation of the micro‐Doppler effect, is able to generate signatures that can be classified automatically. In this work, features from two different radar systems operating at C band and K band have been used together co‐operatively to classify ten indoor human activities with data from 20 subjects with a support vector machine classifier. Feature selection has been applied to remove redundancies and find a set of salient features for the radar systems, individually and in the fused scenario. Using the aforementioned methods, we show improvements in the classification accuracy for the systems from 75 and 70% for the radar systems individually, up to 89% when fused.
Object‐based method for optical and SAR images change detection
Authors: Wan Ling , Zhang Tao , You Hongjian
Published: August 2019

This study introduces an automatic method for change detection of multi‐sensor remote‐sensing images (e.g. optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images). As object‐based image analysis can effectively reduce the spurious changes and the sensitivity to registration, first, multi‐date segmentation is employed to generate homogeneous image objects in spectral, spatial, and temporal, in order to weak the intensity variation effects of multi‐sensor images. Then, modified fuzzy c‐means (FCM) algorithms are employed to preliminarily classify optical and SAR images, and a criterion is defined using membership values of parcels to select the sample parcels for each class and image. Finally, a change detection principle, which takes statistical properties as the feature space, is introduced to detect changes between multi‐sensor images. The experiment results verify that the proposed method is able to cope with optical and SAR images change detection.
Second-order derivative of domain-dependent functionals along Nehari manifold trajectories
Authors: Bobkov Vladimir , Kolonitskii Sergey
Published: August 2019

Assume that a family of domain-dependent functionals EΩt possesses a corresponding family of least energy critical points ut which can be found as (possibly nonunique) minimizers of EΩt over the associated Nehari manifold N(Ωt). We obtain a formula for the second-order derivative of EΩt with respect to t along Nehari manifold trajectories of the form
αt(u0(Φt−1(y)) + tv(Φt−1(y))), y ∈ Ωt, where Φt is a diffeomorphism such that Φt(Ω0) = Ωt, αt ∈ ℝ is a N(Ωt)-normalization coefficient, and v is a corrector function whose choice is fairly general. Since EΩt [ut] is not necessarily twice differentiable with respect to t due to the possible nonuniqueness of ut, the obtained formula represents an upper bound for the corresponding second superdifferential, thereby providing a convenient way to study various domain optimization problems related to EΩt. An analogous formula is also obtained for the first eigenvalue of the p-Laplacian. As an application of our results, we investigate the behaviour of the first eigenvalue of the Laplacian with respect to particular perturbations of rectangles.
Application of a chamfer slab technology to reduce internal cracks of continuous casting bloom during soft reduction process
Authors: Zong Nanfu , Zhang Hui , Wang Minglin , Lu Zhifang
Published: August 2019

The stress concentrations over the brittle temperature range (BTR) in the bloom continuous casting are the main reason of internal cracks. In order to analyze the stress distribution in the BTR of the blooms during soft reduction stage, a three-dimensional thermo-mechanical finite-element model with different corner structures (i.e. chamfer angle and chamfer length) was established. The relationship between corner structures, maximum tensile stress, as well as shear stress is analyzed, and the influence of corner structure of bloom on the internal cracks is studied. The results show that the tensile stress and the shear stress decreased gradually by properly adjusting the chamfer angle and the chamfer length of the bloom. Compared with the use of the right-angle bloom casting, the application of chamfer bloom casting is able to reduce the stress concentration over the BTR, therefore reduces the internal cracks. In addition, as a side benefit, the chamfer bloom casting can save energy required in deforming the bloom during the soft reduction process.
Delayed hemorrhage after cold and hot snare resection of colorectal polyps: a multicenter randomized trial (interim analysis)
Authors: Aizawa Masato , Utano Kenichi , Tsunoda Takuya , Ichii Osamu , Kato Takashi , Miyakura Yasuyuki , Saka Mitsuru , Nemoto Daiki , Isohata Noriyuki , Endo Shungo , Ejiri Yutaka , Lefor Alan Kawarai , Togashi Kazutomo
Published: August 2019

Background and study aims Delayed bleeding is believed to occur less frequently after cold snare polypectomy (CSP), but this has not been validated in clinical trials. This study aimed to compare rates of delayed bleeding after CSP and hot snare polypectomy (HSP).

Patients and methods We conducted a multicenter, randomized controlled trial. Participants scheduled to undergo endoscopic resection of colorectal polyps ≤ 10 mm were enrolled and randomly assigned to CSP or HSP. Prophylactic clipping was performed at the endoscopists’ discretion. The primary outcome was delayed bleeding rate. Secondary outcomes included immediate bleeding rate and clipping rate. Sample size calculation showed that 451 patients were required in each arm.

Results At the end of the study period decided in advance, 308 participants were recruited and an interim analysis was performed. A total of 273 patients (mean age 62.2 ± 8.8 years; 188 males) were analyzed, with 139 patients allocated to CSP and 134 to HSP. In total, 367 polyps were resected with CSP and 360 polyps with HSP. There were no significant differences in patient demographics or polyp characteristics. In per-patient-based analysis, delayed bleeding rates were 0.7 % after CSP and 0.7 % after HSP. Per-polyp analysis showed similar results (CSP: 0.3 % vs. HSP: 0.6 %). The immediate bleeding rate was significantly higher with CSP vs. HSP (54 % vs.14 %, P < 0.0001), while clipping rates were 18 % and 19 %, respectively.

Conclusion This interim analysis did not demonstrate that delayed bleeding after CSP is less frequent than after HSP. The delayed bleeding rate after HSP was lower than expected.

Meeting presentations: Digestive Disease Week 2017
EUS-guided gallbladder drainage in patients with cirrhosis: results of a multicenter retrospective study
Authors: James Theodore W. , Krafft Matthew , Croglio Michael , Nasr John , Baron Todd
Published: August 2019

Background and study aims Cirrhosis has historically been considered a relative, if not absolute, contraindication to cholecystectomy. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage (EUS-GBD) has been developed for use in non-operative candidates with cholecystitis; however, little data exist for use of the procedure in patients with cirrhosis.

Patients and methods This was a retrospective series involving two large tertiary referral centers performing EUS-GBD. Patients with cirrhosis who underwent EUS-GBD for cholecystitis between August 2014 and December 2018 were identified. The primary endpoint was the rate of technical success, defined as EUS-guided placement of a lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS) from duodenum to gallbladder. Patient demographics, procedural details, adverse events (AEs), post-procedural symptoms, and clinical success were recorded.

Results Fifteen patients (9 females, 6 males) with cirrhosis underwent EUS-GBD during the study period. Mean patient age was 61 ± 17.1yrs, mean MELD-Na 15 ± 7. Etiology of cirrhosis was HCV (n = 2), alcohol (n = 4), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (n = 8), and autoimmune hepatitis (n = 1).

The technical success rate was 93.3 % and mean procedure time was 64 ± 59 minutes. Initial puncture site was duodenum (n = 11), stomach (n = 3) and jejunum (n = 1) and portion of gallbladder used for drainage was neck (n = 4) and body (n = 11). Fourteen patients went on to clinical success and two AEs occurred in this cohort. One decompensation event occurred in a patient with Child-Pugh class C disease 3 weeks post-procedure. Mean length of follow-up was 373 ± 367.3 days; one death occurred due to underlying malignancy.

Conclusion EUS-GBD is safe and efficacious in managing cholecystitis in patients with Child-Pugh A and B cirrhosis who are non-operative candidates. Further studies are needed to determine optimal patient selection and procedural technique.
Personalisierte Medizin beim Prostatakarzinom
Authors: Pfister David , Haidl Friederike , Paffenholz Pia , Nestler Tim , Heidenreich Axel
Published: August 2019

Das Prostatakarzinom ist das häufigste solide Karzinom des Mannes. Die Inzidenz steigt mit zunehmendem Alter an. Durch die Etablierung neuer Therapiekonzepte insbesondere im progredienten Tumorstadium und in der metastasierten Erkrankung kann zum einen eine deutlich verbesserte Tumorkontrolle, damit verbunden aber auch eine erhöhte Belastung des Gesundheitssystems erreicht werden. Mittlerweile haben wir beim Prostatakarzinom, ähnlich wie beim Nierenzellkarzinom, die Möglichkeit aus einem Pool von verschiedenen Medikamenten zu wählen. Diese zeigen eine vergleichbare Effektivität bei einem unterschiedlichen Nebenwirkungsspektrum. Zur effektiven Diagnostik und Therapie des Prostatakarzinoms sind neben klinischen Parametern weitere Faktoren erforderlich, um ein individualisiertes Vorgehen zu erlauben. In der Diagnostik haben sich einige genetische Tests etabliert, während im metastasierten Tumorstadium eine intensivere genetische Aufarbeitung von liquid biopsies oder Gewebeproben zunehmend in der Routine Einklang findet. Möglichkeiten im kastrationsresistenten Prostatakarzinom mit der möglichen Patientenselektion zur individuellen Therapie sollen im folgenden Review aufgearbeitet werden.
Remission, Response und deren Prädiktion nach einer kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie der Zwangsstörung im stationären Setting
Authors: Nowak Susanne , Osen Bernhard , Kröger Christoph
Published: August 2019

Die kognitive Verhaltenstherapie einschließlich Exposition und Reaktionsmanagement gilt bei Zwangsstörungen als Psychotherapie der ersten Wahl. In dieser Studie wurde der Therapieerfolg von 799 Patienten im Rahmen einer stationären kognitiv-behavioralen Psychotherapie untersucht. Als zentrales Erfolgsmaß wurde die Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) eingesetzt. Der Therapieerfolg wurde in Effektstärken (ES) sowie in Remissions- und Responseraten ausgedrückt. Im Prä-Post-Vergleich der Y-BOCS betrug die ES 1,32. Response wurde nach 2 verschiedenen Definitionen klassifiziert: dem Reliabel Change Index (RCI) und der prozentualen Symptomverbesserung (PSV). Die Responseraten betrugen 75,5% (RCI) bzw. 37% (PSV). Remission erreichten 39,3% nach RCI und 32,2% nach PSV. Von den eingeschlossenen Patienten beendeten 10,4% die Therapie vorzeitig. Das Abbruchrisiko war bei Männern sowie bei Patienten, die zusätzlich mit Neuroleptika behandelt wurden, erhöht. Der negative Einfluss von Neuroleptika auf den Therapieverlauf legt nahe, dass eine entsprechende Medikation im Rahmen der Expositionsbehandlung kritisch überprüft werden sollte.
Niobium Pentachloride Mediated (Hetero)aromatic Aldehyde Friedel–Crafts Hydroxyalkylation with Arenes: An Efficient Strategy to Synthesize Triarylmethanes
Authors: Rodrigues Shirley M. M. , Previdi Daniel , Baviera Giovanni S. , Matias Alexandre A. , Donate Paulo M.
Published: August 2019

Niobium pentachloride is an efficient and useful Lewis acid to conduct Friedel–Crafts hydroxyalkylation between arenes and (hetero)aromatic aldehydes, to generate triarylmethanes. This practical methodology offers several advantages, such as short reaction time, mild experimental conditions, and excellent yields.
A influência genética na degeneração discal – Revisão sistemática da literatura
Authors: Teles Filho Ricardo Vieira , Abe Guilherme de Matos , Daher Murilo Tavares
Published: August 2019

A degeneração discal é uma condição que compromete as funções do disco intervertebral, podendo levar a vários processos patológicos importantes, como hérnias discais e estenoses de canal. Apesar de sua etiologia ainda ser desconhecida, cada vez mais estudos têm demonstrado o papel preponderante de fatores genéticos em detrimento de fatores ambientais. Com o objetivo de revisar o conhecimento atual sobre os genes associados à degeneração do disco intervertebral, foi realizada uma revisão narrativa da literatura inglesa nos últimos 10 anos sobre o tema. Concluímos que há uma série de genes que foram associados à degeneração discal em seres humanos, incluindo genes codificando colágeno I α-1 (COL1A1), colágeno IX (COL9A2 e COL9A3), colágeno XI (COL11A2), interleucina 6 (IL-6), agrecano (AGC1), receptor de vitamina D (VDR), metaloproteinase de matriz 3 (MMP-3), além de microRNAs. Dessa forma, a presente revisão enfatiza os últimos avanços na associação de genes com fenótipos de discos degenerados específicos, polimorfismos de nucleotídeos únicos, hereditariedade e interações genético-ambientais em relação à degeneração discal, com o intuito de permitir ao clínico entender esse mecanismo de degeneração e estar preparado para as novas terapêuticas que estão por vir baseadas na genética.
Revisiting the Transverse Cervical Artery and Vein for Complex Head and Neck Reconstruction
Authors: Prisman Eitan , Baxter Peter , Genden Eric M.
Published: August 2019

Background Chemoradiotherapy is the primary treatment modality for glottic and pharyngeal subsites. Management of recurrence or second primaries in this setting is a surgical challenge requiring complex free flap reconstruction. One of the major barriers to effective reconstruction is the availability of suitable recipient vessels. We propose that the transverse cervical artery (TCA) is a viable option for complex head and neck reconstruction.

Methods A retrospective chart review of 230 consecutive free tissue reconstructive cases was performed by the senior author (EG).

Results Forty cases were identified that used the TCA for arterial anastomosis. Twenty-six patients had prior treatment, 13 of which had multimodality treatment. There were no microvasculature free flap failures and 5 minor flap complications.

Conclusions Our experience with the TCA suggests it is a viable option for complex head and neck reconstruction, particularly in the setting of prior comprehensive neck dissection or radiation. In addition, the location of the TCA provides favorable pedicle geometry for microvascular anastomosis.
Classificação pós-tratamento para lesões condrais acetabulares na artroscopia de quadril
Authors: Polesello Giancarlo Cavalli , Viamont-Guerra Maria-Roxana , Zego Fábio , Rabelo Nayra Deise dos Anjos , Ricioli Junior Walter , Queiroz Marcelo Cavalheiro
Published: August 2019

Objetivo Descrever um sistema de classificação de tratamento pós-artroscópico para as lesões condrais acetabulares no quadril e relatar as confiabilidades intra e interobservador deste sistema.

Métodos Esta é uma revisão retrospectiva de 99 gravações de vídeo digital realizadas durante artroscopia. Os pacientes submetidos a tratamento artroscópico para impacto femoroacetabular e avaliados no ambulatório de quadril entre março de 2015 e março de 2016 foram incluídos no estudo. Os pacientes com histórico de cirurgia anterior do quadril, evidência radiológica de osteoartrose avançada (Tönnis > 2), pacientes submetidos à ressecção labral ou cujas gravações digitais estavam incompletas ou de qualidade insuficiente para avaliação adequada foram excluídos. Dois ortopedistas, que não participaram da cirurgia, revisaram de forma independente as gravações de vídeo e classificaram a cartilagem acetabular remanescente usando o sistema de classificação pós-tratamento. A análise intra e interobservador foi então realizada utilizando o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI).

Resultados Excelente confiabilidade intraobservador (CCI = 0,790; p < 0,001) e confiabilidade interobservador (CCI = 0,882; p < 0,001). Ambos os valores de CCI foram estatisticamente significativos.

Conclusão a classificação pós-tratamento da cartilagem acetabular remanescente possui excelente confiabilidade intra e interobservador.
Typical Trigeminal Neuralgia: Comparison of Results between Patients Older and Younger than 65 Years Operated on with Microvascular Decompression by Retrosigmoid Approach
Authors: Mastronardi Luciano , Caputi Franco , Rinaldi Alessandro , Cacciotti Guglielmo , Roperto Raffaelino , Scavo Carlo Giacobbo , Stati Giovanni , Sufianov Albert
Published: August 2019

Objective The incidence of typical trigeminal neuralgia (TN) increases with age, and neurologists and neurosurgeons frequently observe patients with this disorder at age 65 years or older. Microvascular decompression (MVD) of the trigeminal root entry zone in the posterior cranial fossa represents the etiological treatment of typical TN with the highest efficacy and durability of all treatments. This procedure is associated with possible risks (cerebellar hematoma, cranial nerve injury, stroke, and death) not seen with the alternative ablative procedures. Thus the safety of MVD in the elderly remains a topic of discussion. This study was conducted to determine whether MVD is a safe and effective treatment in older patients with TN compared with younger patients.

Methods In this retrospective study, 28 patients older than 65 years (elderly cohort: mean age 70.9 ± 3.6 years) and 38 patients < 65 years (younger cohort: mean age 51.7 ± 6.3 years) underwent MVD via the keyhole retrosigmoid approach for type 1 TN (typical) or type 2a TN (typically chronic) from November 2011 to November 2017. A 75-year-old patient and three nonelderly patients with type 2b TN (atypical) were excluded. Elderly and younger cohorts were compared for outcome and complications.

Results At a mean follow-up 26.0 ± 5.5 months, 25 patients of the elderly cohort (89.3%) reported a good outcome without the need for any medication for pain versus 34 (89.5%) of the younger cohort. Twenty-three elderly patients with type 1 TN were compared with 30 younger patients with type 1 TN, and no significant difference in outcomes was found (p > 0.05). Five elderly patients with type 2a TN were compared with eight younger patients with type 2a TN, and no significant difference in outcomes was noted (p > 0.05). There was one case of cerebrospinal fluid leak and one of a cerebellar hematoma, both in the younger cohort. Mortality was zero in both cohorts.

Conclusions On the basis of our experience and the international literature, age itself does not seem to represent a major contraindication of MVD for TN.
Prolonged Suppressive Effects of Periodontitis on Salivary TFF3 Production
Authors: Hormdee Doosadee , Prajaneh Saengsome , Kampichai Amonrujee , Tak Ranuch , Chaiyarit Ponlatham
Published: August 2019

Objective As a follow-up to our previous study that demonstrated decreased salivary trefoil factor family 3 (TFF3) peptide levels in chronic periodontitis patients, this current study aimed to observe the effects of nonsurgical periodontal treatment on salivary TFF3 peptides in patients with periodontal diseases.

Materials and Methods Eighty-seven volunteers that comprised of 30 individuals with healthy periodontium, 31 with gingivitis, and 26 with chronic periodontitis were considered for the study. Prior to periodontal treatment, a general periodontal examination was performed along with collection of saliva samples from each volunteer. Nonsurgical periodontal treatments were provided to patients with gingivitis and periodontitis. Two weeks post-treatment, saliva samples were recollected, and the periodontal status was re-evaluated. Salivary TFF3 concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Statistical Analysis Mann–Whitney U test was used when the investigated data were not normally distributed. Chi-squared test was used when dealing with categorical data. Kruskal–Wallis test with post-hoc corrections was used to compare data among the three investigated groups. Two-tailed p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results Prior to the periodontal treatment, salivary TFF3 concentrations in patients with gingivitis and periodontitis were significantly lower than those with healthy periodontium. Two weeks post-treatment, increased levels of salivary TFF3 were observed in patients with gingivitis, whereas the concentrations decreased in patients with chronic periodontitis.

Conclusion This study demonstrated the effects of periodontal disease on the production of salivary TFF3 peptides. Interestingly, nonsurgical periodontal treatment also affected the recovery of salivary TFF3 peptides but varied in their outcomes between gingivitis and periodontitis patients.
Acupuncture in Adult and Pediatric Headache: A Narrative Review
Authors: Doll Elizabeth , Threlkeld Brooke , Graff Danielle , Clemons Rob , Mittel Olivia , Sowell Michael K. , McDonald Mark
Published: August 2019

Headaches in children and adolescents remain a very common problem with migraine being the most common headache disorder to present to medical attention. The approach to the treatment of migraine in children has consisted of treatment with acute and preventive medications, combined with lifestyle modification and behavioral interventions, such as cognitive behavioral therapy. With increasing frequency, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) approaches, including acupuncture, are often recommended in the pediatric population to address significant disability with limited evidence-based treatment options. In this article, the authors conduct a review of acupuncture in pediatric headache, including neurobiological mechanisms, adult headache studies, pediatric headache studies, safety, and use of acupuncture in other conditions in children. This article aims to summarize the currently available evidence with which to recommend acupuncture in children for the adjunctive treatment of headache. Acupuncture appears to be safe and effective for the treatment of migraine in children.
Mode selection characteristics in a circular waveguide loaded with a left-handed metamaterial
Authors: Fan Zhiqiang , Sun Jun , Cao Yibing , Song Zhimin , Wu Ping , Shi Yanchao
Published: August 2019

We theoretically study mode selection characteristics in a left-handed metamaterial (LHM) loaded into a circular waveguide. The existent modes in the circular waveguide are closely related to the radius of the coaxially loaded LHM, and a general rule that determines whether one mode can exist in the structure is given in this paper. Therefore, the modes in the circular waveguide can be controlled by adjusting the radius of the loaded LHM. For a specific, normalized boundary radius, only one mode is capable of existing in the structure. Moreover, we discuss the variation in the cutoff frequency for different modes as a function of the LHM radius. We find that the eigenfrequencies of almost all waveguide modes increase sharply when the LHM radius approaches half the waveguide radius. These properties may lead to a wide range of applications such as controllable mode microwave generators and perfect waveguide reflectors.
Statistics of overpressure fluctuations behind a weak shock wave interacting with turbulence
Authors: Inokuma Kento , Watanabe Tomoaki , Nagata Koji , Sakai Yasuhiko
Published: August 2019

The overpressure fluctuations behind a weak shock wave interacting with turbulence are studied by wind tunnel experiments, where a spherical shock wave propagates in grid turbulence. The experiments are conducted for various values of the shock Mach number MS0 of the shock wave and turbulent Mach number MT of the grid turbulence. The experimental results show that the root-mean-squared peak-overpressure fluctuation divided by the averaged peak-overpressure, σΔp/⟨Δp⟩, where the inherent noise caused by the experimental facility is removed, follows a power law of MT2/(MS02−1). The probability density functions of the overpressure fluctuations are close to the Gaussian profile for a wide range of MT2/(MS02−1). A shock deformation model based on the deformation due to nonuniform fluid velocity is proposed for the investigation of the influences of turbulence on the shock wave. The deformation changes the cross-sectional area of the ray tube, which is related to the shock Mach number fluctuation of the area. The model for a weak shock wave yields the relation σΔp/⟨Δp⟩≈(1/3)[MT2/(MS02−1)]1/2, which agrees well with the experimental results. The model also predicts the Gaussianity of the peak-overpressure fluctuations behind the shock wave interacting with Gaussian velocity fluctuations. Good agreements between the model and experiments imply that the change in the shock wave characteristics by the interaction with turbulence is closely related to the shock wave deformation caused by the fluctuating turbulent velocity field.
An electrochemiluminescent sensing matrix for real-time probing of cell-output reactive oxygen species
Authors: Fang Chen , Du Dan , Li Dongning , Huang Jie , Tu Yifeng
Published: August 2019

Herein, a novel cell-based electrochemiluminescent (ECL) sensing matrix was developed for probing reactive oxygen species (ROSs) produced from mouse macrophage cells. Uniformly sized Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) with an average diameter of 16 nm were decorated on the surface of indium tin oxide (ITO) glass through the connection of hydrolyzed 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (APTMS) serving as a sensor substrate. Then, the surface was covered with a poly-l-lysine thin film, where mouse macrophage cells were successfully cultured. The morphology of the electrodes obtained was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, and their electrochemical properties were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. A linear response was observed from the AuNPs/APTMS/ITO substrate with a sensitivity of 0.465 units per mg/l of H2O2, and a higher sensitivity of 207 units per mg/l of zymosan. Thereafter, a factor of 84 molecules of H2O2 produced by a single glycogen was estimated. The results demonstrated that the ECL response of this cell-based sensor quantitatively correlated with yielded ROSs during cell oxygen metabolism under the stimulation of zymosan. This work suggests that the prepared sensing matrix is efficient for monitoring the oxygen metabolism of living cells and can be applied in biological and clinical fields to provide significant information on the regular or abnormal function of cells.
Low-loss single-photon NbN microwave resonators on Si
Authors: Carter Faustin W. , Khaire Trupti , Chang Clarence , Novosad Valentyn
Published: August 2019

We present coplanar waveguide (CPW) microwave resonators with exceptionally low loss produced from NbN sputtered on Si. The NbN films are deposited with a modest RF substrate bias during reactive DC magnetron sputtering at a substrate temperature of 250 °C and can achieve a critical temperature as high as 15 K depending on the N2 flow rate. We measure the internal quality factors (Qi) of two such resonators at high-powers near saturation and report high-power quality factors in excess of 1.2 × 106 at 200 mK and 3.5 × 105 at 2 K. We also measure the temperature-dependent frequency shift at high power levels and the quality factor at single-photon power levels. From these measurements, we find a low-power (average photon number less than one) Qi value of 4.2 × 105 at 200 mK, which is consistent with a system limited by two-level-system loss.
What is the oscillation amplitude of a vibrating cantilever?
Authors: Sader John Elie
Published: August 2019

Resonant amplification of vibrational amplitude underpins the application of nanomechanical sensors. For cantilever sensors, this amplification is widely reported to be equal to the sensor’s quality factor, which strongly underestimates its true value. Here, we present a simple analytical formula for this amplification factor, valid for three-dimensional resonators of arbitrary shape, that will find utility in practice.
Global scanning of anatoxins in aquatic systems: environment and health hazards, and research needs
Authors: Lovin Lea M. , Brooks Bryan W.
Published: August 2019

Surface water contamination from the neurotoxic cyanotoxin anatoxin-a and its analogues present risks to global public health and the environment. Understanding aquatic hazards is critical for cyanobacterial blooms increasing in magnitude, frequency and duration. We examined published data to identify exceedances of guideline values (GVs) globally in various aquatic systems to understand hazards when exposure occurs. Environmental exposure distributions of surface water data (intra- and extracellular toxins) from recreational and potable source waters exceeded common GVs of 0.1, 1 and 300µgL–1 when blooms occur 79.62, 48.37 and 1.42% of the time respectively. In total, 66% of occurrences were from lacustrine ecosystems compared with reservoir, river, coastal and other systems, with almost all data from Asia–Pacific, Europe and North America, highlighting the need for more monitoring efforts in diverse systems and in developing regions. Reservoirs had greatest exceedances of the highest GV compared with other systems, especially in Europe, where an exceedance of 19.92% was observed. Aquatic toxicity and bioaccumulation data were examined and compared to these environmentally relevant concentrations, though a lack of high-quality data highlights major research needs. This study further identifies the utility of probabilistic cyanotoxins assessments to support identification of where environmental monitoring and research may be more effectively focused.
Investigation of the formation mechanism of proline-containing cyclic dipeptide from the linear peptide
Authors: Otsuka Yuuki , Arita Hikaru , Sakaji Michio , Yamamoto Kenji , Kashiwagi Takehiro , Shimamura Tomoko , Ukeda Hiroyuki
Published: August 2019

Cyclic dipeptides, 2,5-diketopiperazines (DKPs), are well-known bioactive and taste compounds in food. DKPs have also been reported in various foods and particularly, Pro-containing DKPs (cyclo(-X-Pro)) are more predominant in heated and fermented foods than other type of DKPs. However, the mechanism underlying the preferential formation of Pro-containing DKPs in food remains uncertain. Herein, we attempted to elucidate the effects of reaction conditions and the mechanism of DKPs formation. The reaction conditions (heating time, heating temperature, and pH) and amino acid sequence of the linear peptides were important for the DKPs formation from linear peptides. In addition, Pro-containing DKPs were significantly formed from linear peptides with the second amino acid from the N-terminus being Pro. Based on these results, the underlying mechanism of the enrichment of Pro-containing DKPs in foods was proposed.
Gasdermin D in peripheral myeloid cells drives neuroinflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Li Sheng , Wu Yuqing , Yang Dongxue , Wu Chunyan , Ma Chunmei , Liu Xue , Moynagh Paul N. , Wang Bingwei , Hu Gang , Yang Shuo
Published: August 2019

The NLRP3 inflammasome is critical for EAE pathogenesis; however, the role of gasdermin D (GSDMD), a newly identified pyroptosis executioner downstream of NLRP3 inflammasome, in EAE has not been well defined. Here, we observed that the levels of GSDMD protein were greatly enhanced in the CNS of EAE mice, especially near the areas surrounding blood vessels. GSDMD was required for the pathogenesis of EAE, and GSDMD deficiency in peripheral myeloid cells impaired the infiltration of immune cells into the CNS, leading to the suppression of neuroinflammation and demyelination. Furthermore, the loss of GSDMD reduced the activation and differentiation of T cell in the secondary lymphoid organs and prevented T cell infiltration into CNS of EAE. The administration of inflammasome-related cytokines partially rescued the impairment of pathogenesis of EAE in GSDMD KO mice. Collectively, these findings provide the first demonstration of GSDMD in peripheral myeloid cells driving neuroinflammation during EAE pathogenesis.
An anti-CRF antibody suppresses the HPA axis and reverses stress-induced phenotypes
Authors: Futch Hunter S. , McFarland Karen N. , Moore Brenda D. , Kuhn M. Zino , Giasson Benoit I. , Ladd Thomas B. , Scott Karen A. , Shapiro Melanie R. , Nosacka Rachel L. , Goodwin Marshall S. , Ran Yong , Cruz Pedro E. , Ryu Daniel H. , Croft Cara L. , Levites Yona , Janus Christopher , Chakrabarty Paramita , Judge Andrew R. , Brusko Todd M. , de Kloet Annette D. , Krause Eric G. , Golde Todd E.
Published: August 2019

Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction contributes to numerous human diseases and disorders. We developed a high-affinity monoclonal antibody, CTRND05, targeting corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). In mice, CTRND05 blocks stress-induced corticosterone increases, counteracts effects of chronic variable stress, and induces other phenotypes consistent with suppression of the HPA axis. CTRND05 induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy and increases lean body mass, effects not previously reported with small-molecule HPA-targeting pharmacologic agents. Multiorgan transcriptomics demonstrates broad HPA axis target engagement through altering levels of known HPA-responsive transcripts such as Fkbp5 and Myostatin and reveals novel HPA-responsive pathways such as the Apelin-Apelin receptor system. These studies demonstrate the therapeutic potential of CTRND05 as a suppressor of the HPA axis and serve as an exemplar of a potentially broader approach to target neuropeptides with immunotherapies, as both pharmacologic tools and novel therapeutics.
Surface dose accuracy in VMAT head and neck radiation treatment using bolus
Authors: Alexander KM , Gooding J , Schreiner LJ , Olding T
Published: August 2019

The accuracy of EclipseTM-calculated head and neck VMAT plan dose delivery was assessed in the situation when there is a gap between placed bolus on a head and neck thermoplastic mask and the body surface. GafchromicEBT3 film dosimetry was used for dose delivery validation. The results from 3%, 3 mm 2D gamma comparison indicate better than 95% agreement between measured film dose and calculated plan dose for gap widths up to 25 mm between placed bolus and body surface.
Polymer gel-based measurements of the isocenter accuracy in an MR-LINAC
Authors: Dorsch S , Mann P , Elter A , Runz A , Klüter S , Karger C P
Published: August 2019

As magnetic resonance-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) is becoming increasingly important in clinical applications, the development of new quality assurance (QA) methods is needed. One important aspect is the alignment of the radiation and imaging isocenter. MR-visible polymer gels offer a way to perform such measurements online and additionally may allow for 3-dimensional (3D) evaluation. We present a star shot measurement irradiated and scanned with a 0.35 T MR-LINAC device evaluating the polyacrylamide gelatin (PAGAT) gel dosimeter immediately and 48 h after irradiation. The gel was additionally scanned at a 3 T MR device 5 h and 52 h after irradiation. The evaluation revealed an isocircle radius of 0.5 mm for both imaging devices and all image resolutions and time points after irradiation. The distance between radiation and imaging isocenter varied between 0.25 mm and 1.30 mm depending on the applied image resolution. This demonstrates that evaluation of a star shot measurement in a 0.35 T MR-LINAC is feasible, even immediately after irradiation.