bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COPYRIGHT ORIGINALITY AND JUDICIAL ORIGINALITY
Authors: Stern Simon
Published: April 2013

Whereas eligibility for copyright protection requires originality, that criterion is not normally applied to judicial opinions. Like other forms of legal prose, judgments are collaborative products that reflect a wide range of imitative writing practices, including quotation, paraphrase, and pastiche. Yet the definition of originality in copyright law has important commonalities with the generic expectations associated with judicial decisions. One way in which judges show that they have considered all sides of a dispute is to explain the outcome by means of an independently produced rationale. Precisely because judicial prose typically includes a significant amount of copying, however, it is doubtful that any requirement concerning original prose is desirable or could be consistently applied. To explore that issue, this article considers the least demanding standard that might plausibly satisfy the parties – namely, a standard demanding that judges display their own skill and judgment in every part of the judgment that may determine the outcome. This requirement, it turns out, would be difficult to apply and would promote meritless appeals. The analysis shows why judicial copying is different from plagiarism, and this distinction sheds light on recent disputes over various forms of copying in trial judgments, involving copying from the pleadings (with or without attribution) and unattributed copying from law journal articles or from other judgments by the same judge or by others.
Interannual variations of ice cover and wave energy flux in the northeastern Baltic Sea
Authors: Zaitseva-Pärnaste Inga , Soomere Tarmo
Published: April 2013

The major factor shaping the coast of the micro-tidal Baltic Sea is wave activity, the impact of which is limited by the presence or absence of sea ice. Existing studies have revealed almost no correlation between the annual mean wave height and the duration of the ice season. We attempt to evaluate the correlation between ice season duration and bulk wave energy flux (wave power), mean energy and average wave height over the ice-free season for three segments of the Estonian coast (Vilsandi, Pakri and Narva-Joesuu). Statistically significant correlation at the 95% confidence level exists between the duration of the ice season at Vilsandi (a site fully open to the predominant winds) and bulk wave energy flux derived from both observed and modelled wave properties. Similarly strong correlation exists between the mean wave energy and the duration of the ice season at the largely sheltered Narva-Joesuu site.
Undernutrition and Adiposity in Children and Adolescents: A Nutrition Paradox in Bangladesh
Authors: Sayeed M Abu , Rhaman Mir Masudur , Banu Akhter , Mahtab Hajera
Published: April 2013

Many studies reported a high prevalence of undernutrition in the under-5 children in Bangladesh. But very few information are available about undernutrition and adiposity among school children and adolescents in Bangladesh. This study addressed the prevalence of undernutrition and obesity among school going children and adolescents. A total of 15 secondary schools were purposively selected from rural, suburban and urban areas. The teachers were detailed about the study protocol. Then the teachers volunteered to register the eligible (age 10  18y) students for the study. Each students parent was interviewed for family income. Height (ht), weight (wt), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and blood pressure were taken. Fasting blood samples were collected for fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol (Chol), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated (ht/wt in met. sq) for diagnosis of undernutrition (BMI <18.5), normal weight (BMI 18.5  22.9) overweight (BMI 23.0  25.0) and obesity (BMI >25.0). A total of 2151 (m-1063, f-1088) students volunteered the study. Of them, the poor, middle and rich social classes were 25.4, 53.1 and 21.5%, respectively. Overall, the prevalence of underweight, normal, overweight and obesity were 57.4%, 35.0%, 4.9% and 2.7%, respectively. For gender comparison, there has been no significant difference of BMI between boys and girls. By social class, the prevalence of underweight was significantly higher in the poor than in the rich (62.2% v. 43.6%) and obesity was higher in the rich than in the poor (6.1% v. 1.2%) [for both, p<0.001]. Logistic regression showed that the participants from urban (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.03  2.22) and the rich (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.24  3.33) social class had excess risk for obesity. The risk for undernutrition was found just reverse. Undernutrition was found most prevalent among the rural students and among the poor social class; whereas, prevalence of overweight and obesity appears to be increasing with urbanization and increasing family income. Thus, the study showed a nutrition paradox  adiposity in the midst of many undernourished children and adolescents in Bangladesh. Further study may be undertaken in a large scale to establish diagnostic criteria for age specific nutrition assessment in Bangladesh. A prospective children cohort may help assessing the cut-offs for unhealthy sequels of undernutrition and adiposity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v6i1.14710 Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(1): 1-8
Gitelman's Syndrome Presented with Tetany: A Case Report
Authors: Alam Md Zahid , Safdar AMB , Hoque Shabnam Jahan , Tamanna Rownak Jahan , Ara Rowsan , Khan MM Zahurul Alam
Published: April 2013

Gitelmans syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a defect of the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride co-transporter at the distal tubule, characterized by hypomagnesemia, hypokalemic alkalosis and hypocalciuria. We report a case of Gitlmans syndrome in a 44 years old female patient who presented with generalized muscle weakness and carpal spasm and characteristic electrolyte abnormalities. This condition is sometimes confused with Bartters syndrome. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v6i1.14724 Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2012; 6(1): 34-36
Impact of Biochar on Organic Contaminants in Soil: A Tool for Mitigating Risk?
Authors: Ogbonnaya Uchenna , Semple Kirk
Published: April 2013

The presence of biochar in soils through natural processes (forest fires, bush burning) or through application to soil (agriculture, carbon storage, remediation, waste management) has received a significant amount of scientific and regulatory attention. Biochar alters soil properties, encourages microbial activity and enhances sorption of inorganic and organic compounds, but this strongly depends on the feedstock and production process of biochar. This review considers biochar sources, the production process and result of pyrolysis, interactions of biochar with soil, and associated biota. Furthermore, the paper focuses on the interactions between biochar and common anthropogenic organic contaminants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, and dioxins, which are often deposited in the soil environment. It then considers the feasibility of applying biochar in remediation technologies in addition to other perspective areas yet to be explored.
A Sequential, Implicit, Wavelet-Based Solver for Multi-Scale Time-Dependent Partial Differential Equations
Authors: McLaren Donald , Campbell Lucy , Vaillancourt Rémi
Published: April 2013

This paper describes and tests a wavelet-based implicit numerical method for solving partial differential equations. Intended for problems with localized small-scale interactions, the method exploits the form of the wavelet decomposition to divide the implicit system created by the time-discretization into multiple smaller systems that can be solved sequentially. Included is a test on a basic non-linear problem, with both the results of the test, and the time required to calculate them, compared with control results based on a single system with fine resolution. The method is then tested on a non-trivial problem, its computational time and accuracy checked against control results. In both tests, it was found that the method requires less computational expense than the control. Furthermore, the method showed convergence towards the fine resolution control results.
Using the Choquet Integral in the Fuzzy Reasoning Method of Fuzzy Rule-Based Classification Systems
Authors: Barrenechea Edurne , Bustince Humberto , Fernandez Javier , Paternain Daniel , Sanz José
Published: April 2013

In this paper we present a new fuzzy reasoning method in which the Choquet integral is used as aggregation function. In this manner, we can take into account the interaction among the rules of the system. For this reason, we consider several fuzzy measures, since it is a key point on the subsequent success of the Choquet integral, and we apply the new method with the same fuzzy measure for all the classes. However, the relationship among the set of rules of each class can be different and therefore the best fuzzy measure can change depending on the class. Consequently, we propose a learning method by means of a genetic algorithm in which the most suitable fuzzy measure for each class is computed. From the obtained results it is shown that our new proposal allows the performance of the classical fuzzy reasoning methods of the winning rule and additive combination to be enhanced whenever the fuzzy measure is appropriate for the tackled problem.
DNA/RNA Detection Using DNA-Templated Few-Atom Silver Nanoclusters
Authors: Obliosca Judy , Liu Cong , Batson Robert , Babin Mark , Werner James , Yeh Hsin-Chih
Published: April 2013

DNA-templated few-atom silver nanoclusters (DNA/Ag NCs) are a new class of organic/inorganic composite nanomaterials whose fluorescence emission can be tuned throughout the visible and near-IR range by simply programming the template sequences. Compared to organic dyes, DNA/Ag NCs can be brighter and more photostable. Compared to quantum dots, DNA/Ag NCs are smaller, less prone to blinking on long timescales, and do not have a toxic core. The preparation of DNA/Ag NCs is simple and there is no need to remove excess precursors as these precursors are non-fluorescent. Our recent discovery of the fluorogenic and color switching properties of DNA/Ag NCs have led to the invention of new molecular probes, termed NanoCluster Beacons (NCBs), for DNA detection, with the capability to differentiate single-nucleotide polymorphisms by emission colors. NCBs are inexpensive, easy to prepare, and compatible with commercial DNA synthesizers. Many other groups have also explored and taken advantage of the environment sensitivities of DNA/Ag NCs in creating new tools for DNA/RNA detection and single-nucleotide polymorphism identification. In this review, we summarize the recent trends in the use of DNA/Ag NCs for developing DNA/RNA sensors.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some New Thieno[2,3-b]thiophene Derivatives
Authors: Mabkhot Yahia , Kheder Nabila , Farag Ahmad
Published: April 2013

A series of thieno[2,3-b]thiophene moiety-containing bis-cyanopyrazoles 5a–c, bis-aminopyrazole 9 and bis-pyridazine derivatives 11 were synthesized and evaluated in vitro for their antimicrobial potential. The antimicrobial activity of some selected products was evaluated and showed good results. 5,5'-(3,4-Dimethylthieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2,5-diyl)bis(3-acetyl-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile) (5d) was found to be more potent than the standard drug amphotericin B against Geotricum candidum and equipotent to amphotericin B against Syncephalastrum racemosum. In addition, it was found to be equipotent to the standard drug Penicillin G against Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, it was more potent than the standard drug streptomycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli.
Optimal Periodic Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Based on Weight Fusion in Cognitive Radio Networks
Authors: Liu Xin , Jia Min , Gu Xuemai , Tan Xuezhi
Published: April 2013

The performance of cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio (CR) networks depends on the sensing mode, the sensing time and the number of cooperative users. In order to improve the sensing performance and reduce the interference to the primary user (PU), a periodic cooperative spectrum sensing model based on weight fusion is proposed in this paper. Moreover, the sensing period, the sensing time and the searching time are optimized, respectively. Firstly the sensing period is optimized to improve the spectrum utilization and reduce the interference, then the joint optimization algorithm of the local sensing time and the number of cooperative users, is proposed to obtain the optimal sensing time for improving the throughput of the cognitive radio user (CRU) during each period, and finally the water-filling principle is applied to optimize the searching time in order to make the CRU find an idle channel within the shortest time. The simulation results show that compared with the previous algorithms, the optimal sensing period can improve the spectrum utilization of the CRU and decrease the interference to the PU significantly, the optimal sensing time can make the CRU achieve the largest throughput, and the optimal searching time can make the CRU find an idle channel with the least time.
Classification of Sporting Activities Using Smartphone Accelerometers
Authors: Mitchell Edmond , Monaghan David , O'Connor Noel
Published: April 2013

In this paper we present a framework that allows for the automatic identification of sporting activities using commonly available smartphones. We extract discriminative informational features from smartphone accelerometers using the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). Despite the poor quality of their accelerometers, smartphones were used as capture devices due to their prevalence in today’s society. Successful classification on this basis potentially makes the technology accessible to both elite and non-elite athletes. Extracted features are used to train different categories of classifiers. No one classifier family has a reportable direct advantage in activity classification problems to date; thus we examine classifiers from each of the most widely used classifier families. We investigate three classification approaches; a commonly used SVM-based approach, an optimized classification model and a fusion of classifiers. We also investigate the effect of changing several of the DWT input parameters, including mother wavelets, window lengths and DWT decomposition levels. During the course of this work we created a challenging sports activity analysis dataset, comprised of soccer and field-hockey activities. The average maximum F-measure accuracy of 87% was achieved using a fusion of classifiers, which was 6% better than a single classifier model and 23% better than a standard SVM approach.
Greek Exit from the Crisis—A Pressing and Much-Needed Public Service Reform
Authors: Argyriades Demetrios
Published: April 2013

Greece is in a deep crisis; the worst in all of Europe and the worst experienced in 45 years. Greece is no stranger to crises, but most have been exogenous: the Second World War and the Cold War, for instance. Sadly, unlike these crises, the present one is home-made. The wounds that it has caused are largely self-inflicted. It is especially difficult to fathom the logic of strikes by public service unions—repeated, relentless and militant. They paralyzed the country, drove investors and tourists away and added to the burdens that the economy and the people have had to bear. These strikes, and some public servants’ attitudes in the face of the crisis itself, brought into sharp relief the serious capacity deficit in the Greek administrative system, which has been at the root of the problem the country is currently facing. This statement begs the question: how can that be? What, after 30 years of public service reform, presumed to modernize and help the country approximate the standards embedded in the Common European Administrative Space? The paper will suggest that the reforms of the 1980s were only superficially reforms to improve the effectiveness and quality of the Service. Like parallel changes in higher education, the principal objective was harnessing officialdom, and as many voters as possible, to the chariot of PASOK—the political party established by Andreas Papandreou—which effectively governed the country for most of the period in question. The lesson from this experience may be none other, in fact, than clear convincing proof that partisan concerns and institution-building seldom make a good combination. For Greece, in light of the crisis, effective integration in the EU remains a daunting challenge. It calls for bold reforms, but these must be undertaken with institution-building, the country’s general interest, and long term needs in mind.
Do We Teach What We Preach? An International Comparison of Problem- and Project-Based Learning Courses in Sustainability
Authors: Brundiers Katja , Wiek Arnim
Published: April 2013

Problem- and project-based learning (PPBL) courses in sustainability address real-world sustainability problems. They are considered powerful educational settings for building students’ sustainability expertise. In practice, however, these courses often fail to fully incorporate sustainability competencies, participatory research education, and experiential learning. Only few studies exist that compare and appraise PPBL courses internationally against a synthesized body of the literature to create an evidence base for designing PPBL courses. This article introduces a framework for PPBL courses in sustainability and reviews PPBL practice in six programs around the world (Europe, North America, Australia). Data was collected through semi-structured qualitative interviews with course instructors and program officers, as well as document analysis. Findings indicate that the reviewed PPBL courses are of high quality and carefully designed. Each PPBL course features innovative approaches to partnerships between the university and private organizations, extended peer-review, and the role of knowledge brokers. Yet, the findings also indicate weaknesses including paucity of critical learning objectives, solution-oriented research methodology, and follow-up research on implementation. Through the comparative design, the study reveals improvement strategies for the identified challenges and provides guidance for design and redesign of PPBL courses.
From the Gut to the Brain: Journey and Pathophysiological Effects of the Food-Associated Trichothecene Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol
Authors: Maresca Marc
Published: April 2013

Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites contaminating food and causing toxicity to animals and humans. Among the various mycotoxins found in crops used for food and feed production, the trichothecene toxin deoxynivalenol (DON or vomitoxin) is one of the most prevalent and hazardous. In addition to native toxins, food also contains a large amount of plant and fungal derivatives of DON, including acetyl-DON (3 and 15ADON), glucoside-DON (D3G), and potentially animal derivatives such as glucuronide metabolites (D3 and D15GA) present in animal tissues (e.g., blood, muscle and liver tissue). The present review summarizes previous and very recent experimental data collected in vivo and in vitro regarding the transport, detoxification/metabolism and physiological impact of DON and its derivatives on intestinal, immune, endocrine and neurologic functions during their journey from the gut to the brain.
Contrôle d'entreprises et réseaux stratégiques, une étude exploratoire
Authors: Dumoulin Régis , Gbaka Alfred
Published: April 2013

À partir d’une étude empirique sur quatre cas d’entreprises à structure organisationnelle de type réseau, cet article présente les configurations de contrôle (nature et variables) dans la coordination des partenaires. Après une présentation des points essentiels développés par la littérature sur les réseaux stratégiques, les investigations sur les dispositifs de contrôle mis en œuvre se sont conceptuellement raccrochés à la théorie de l’agence. Ce travail montre que deux configurations types de contrôle sont associées aux deux types de réseaux stratégiques identifiés.
La complémentarité entre contrôle « formel » et contrôle « informel » : le cas de la relation client-fournisseur
Authors: Guibert Nathalie , Dupuy Yves
Published: April 2013

Cet article a pour objectif de montrer que la complémentarité entre le contrôle formel et le contrôle informel est garante de la cohésion de l’organisation. Sur le plan théorique, cette complémentarité est en effet déterminante du climat de confiance nécessaire à la cohésion. L’application de cette proposition au cas de la relation client-fournisseur interentreprises de long terme, supposée homogène en terme de contrôle informel, permet aux auteurs de formuler deux hypothèses : celle de l’absence de liaison entre la formalisation contractuelle du contrôle et le degré de confiance en vigueur entre les partenaires, et celle de l’effet positif de la réduction du suivi technologique et financier sur le degré de confiance. La discussion des résultats met en avant l’importance d’une réflexion sur les effets de la normalisation d’une part et sur le rôle de l’informel d’autre part.
La commission de contrôle des marchés dans la normalisation comptable : comparaison entre la COB et la SEC
Authors: Dessertine Philippe
Published: April 2013

La pression de l’environnement économique, conjuguée aux problèmes du processus de normalisation comptable, pousse la COB à participer de plus en plus à l’évolution de la comptabilité en France. Cette tendance a été concrétisée en 1996 par la réforme de l’organisation des instances comptables. Le système américain demeure un exemple d’évolution intéressant, car malgré des différences sensibles, il bénéficie d’un recul et d’une expérience sur des problèmes très comparables permettant de mieux définir pour l’avenir les rôles respectifs de la COB et des nouvelles institutions comptables.
Sous les pavés la plage… ou les multiples fonctions du vocabulaire comptable : l'exemple de la performance
Authors: Bourguignon Annick
Published: April 2013

Depuis quelques années, le mot performance est au cœur des discours du contrôle de gestion. Rarement défini, polysémique, ce mot contient en outre des métaphores qui suggèrent des représentations additionnelles. Ce flou sémantique remplit diverses fonctions sociales et idéologiques qui servent l’intérêt des divers acteurs.
La naissance du contrôle budgétaire en France (1930-1960) : rôle des consultants, apprentissage organisationnel et jeu des acteurs chez Pechiney et Saint-Gobain
Authors: Berland Nicolas
Published: April 2013

Les différentes tentatives de mise en place du contrôle budgétaire entre 1930 et 1960, dans deux des plus grandes entreprises françaises de l’époque, ont été menées par des cabinets de consultants ayant des racines communes. Elles débouchent sur des applications sensiblement différentes. Cette hétérogénéité est difficile à comprendre compte tenu de la relative stabilité des intervenants sur la période, des liens qui unissent les consultants et de la similitude apparente des processus de production. L’article essaie d’expliquer ces divergences en mobilisant différents champs théoriques empruntés à l’apprentissage organisationnel et à l’analyse stratégique.
Marché, bureaucratie et clans dans les réseaux stratégiques
Authors: Dumoulin Régis
Published: April 2013

Cet article présente les résultats d’une recherche analysant les configurations de contrôle qui s’observent dans les réseaux stratégiques dynamiques et stables. L’article adopte une définition précise du contrôle organisationnel, issue des travaux de W.G. Ouchi et la transpose aux relations réticulaires. Une analyse de cas identifie les dispositifs de contrôle rencontrés dans deux réseaux dynamiques RALI et AREN, et dans deux réseaux stables, TANC et UBIK. Cette recherche montre que les réseaux dynamiques développent une prédominance du contrôle par le marché tandis que les réseaux stables offrent une plus grande diversité. TANC, en raison d’un déséquilibre structurel qui lui est favorable, développe une prédominance du contrôle par la bureaucratie, alors que UBIK, constituant une adhocratie, oriente son contrôle par le clan.
Enjeux éthiques de la réalité environnementale dans un contexte d'audit financier : une étude empirique
Authors: Fortin Jacques , Martel Louise
Published: April 2013

Phénomène récent et pourtant d’une importance grandissante, la comptabilité environnementale pose, par les questions éthiques qu’elle soulève, des défis particuliers à la profession comptable. Étant donné le peu de normes de comptabilité et d’audit qui la régissent, elle comporte des risques pour les experts-comptables et auditeurs financiers, notamment au niveau de leur responsabilité professionnelle. Dans un tel contexte, on peut s’interroger sur les dilemmes éthiques que rencontre l’auditeur financier dans sa pratique et tenter de cerner les variables qui influencent son jugement professionnel à l’égard du traitement de la question environnementale dans son rapport d’audit. Pour explorer cette problématique, nous présentons les résultats d’une recherche réalisée auprès d’experts-comptables exerçant dans des cabinets montréalais. Après avoir revu la littérature sur le sujet, nous exposons le canevas de notre étude et nous discutons les résultats obtenus.
Le périmètre de consolidation dans le secteur public : identification et validation
Authors: Lande Évelyne
Published: April 2013

Ce travail lait suite aux différentes expérimentations sur la consolidation dans le secteur public qui ont, dans la plupart des cas, opté pour une transposition des définitions et méthodes utilisées dans le secteur privé. La pertinence de cet alignement des pratiques est testée dans la première partie par l’étude de la définition du périmètre de consolidation. Pour cela, les besoins des utilisateurs des états financiers dans le secteur public et privé sont comparés et mis en relation avec l’impact de la définition de l’entité comptable sur le contenu informationnel des états financiers. Cette première partie débouche sur une proposition de définition de l’entité comptable publique prenant en compte les spécificités du secteur public français qui a été validée auprès des élus des villes de 10 000 habitants et plus courant mars 1995 (deuxième partie).
De la réforme 1996-1998 du dispositif français de normalisation comptable
Authors: Colasse Bernard , Standish Peter
Published: April 2013

Sont examinées les relations qui existent entre l’histoire de la normalisation comptable française et l’histoire économique et sociale de la France. Quatre périodes sont distinguées et caractérisées. La première (1946-1957) est celle de la naissance de la normalisation comptable « à la française » ; la deuxième (1958-1973), celle de son renforcement au service des intérêts fiscaux de l’État ; la troisième (1974-1983), celle de son apogée sous l’impulsion européenne ; la quatrième (depuis 1984), celle de sa mise à l’épreuve face à la normalisation internationale. À chacune de ces périodes, se trouve associée une certaine configuration des relations entre l’État, les professions comptables et les entreprises. Cette mise en perspective historique de la normalisation française permet d’interpréter la réforme 1996-1998 du dispositif institutionnel qui la soutient comme une opération de sous-traitance par l’État de l’élaboration des normes comptables à la profession comptable et aux grandes entreprises.
La révision comptable : des perspectives à renouveler
Authors: Briand Louise
Published: April 2013

L’étude consiste en une réflexion critique sur la recherche en révision comptable. Par une analyse documentaire, l’auteur examine deux courants de recherche et montre qu’ils ne rendent pas compte de la complexité de la révision comptable. L’étude propose l’abandon des perspectives objective et formelle afin de mieux comprendre ce mécanisme social qui a pour but d’améliorer le fonctionnement des marchés des valeurs mobilières et du marché du travail des cadres.
Inefficacité des mécanismes de contrôle managerial : le rôle de l'information comptable dans le gouvernement de l'entreprise
Authors: Pochet Christine
Published: April 2013

L’efficacité des mécanismes de contrôle managérial est remise en cause par le comportement des dirigeants. En manipulant l’information et en ayant recours à la dissuasion, ceux-ci tentent de se soustraire à la contrainte de création de valeur pour les actionnaires. Le rôle de l’information comptable (comptabilité financière) dans le gouvernement d’entreprise est étudié à travers l’examen des manipulations comptables et dé l’organisation de l’audit légal.
Qu'est-ce qui est préfabriqué dans la langue ? – Réflexions au sujet d'une définition élargie de la préformation langagière
Authors: Schmale Günter
Published: April 2013

La préformation langagière, dont la linguistique fait état depuis plus d’un siècle, connaît de nouveaux développements depuis quelque temps, notamment un assouplissement de la notion de figement ainsi qu’un élargissement du champ de recherche à d’autres types d’expressions préformées. Sur la base de sept caractéristiques définitoires de la préformation relatives au degré de l’extension, de la stabilité ou du figement, de l’idiomaticité, de l’ancrage pragmatique, de la saturation lexicale des « constructions », de la dissémination et durabilité de l’usage, ainsi que de la présence d’activités non verbales concomitantes, la présente contribution développe une définition nouvelle élargie des expressions préformées qui seront désormais appelées unités de construction préformées (UCP).
Dispositifs autoritaires et changements politiques. Les cas de l'Égypte et du Maroc
Authors: Ferrié Jean-Noël
Published: April 2013

La légende dorée de la Révolution française nous a accoutumée à considérer que le Peuple renversait les régimes et que l’explication du changement se trouvait d’abord dans le mouvement social qui se formait. Le « Printemps arabe » n’a pas contribué à tempérer cette manière de voir, bien au contraire. Je vais m’attacher à montrer qu’en amont même de ces crises politiques, il y a eu un affaiblissement de l’autoritarisme lui-même. Il faut chercher, en premier, dans cet affaiblissement l’explication du « Printemps arabe ». L’étude porte principalement sur une comparaison entre le Maroc et l’Egypte.
Exposure of laying hens to mycotoxins through naturally contaminated feed
Authors: Rossi C.N. , Takabayashi C.R. , Ono M.A. , Bordini J.G. , Itano E.N. , Kawamura O. , Pinheiro J.W. , Hirooka E.Y. , Ono E.Y.S.
Published: April 2013

The objective of the present study was to assess the degree of exposure of laying hens to mycotoxins through naturally contaminated feed and the hygienic quality of feeds. For this purpose, the natural mycoflora and the occurrence of aflatoxins and fumonisins were evaluated in 95 feed samples intended for laying hens collected from January to December 2010 at the Experimental Farm of the State University of Londrina, Northern Paraná State, Brazil.Fusarium was the prevalent genus (99%), followed byAspergillus (89%).Fusarium spp. were detected at a low contamination level (<103 to <104 colony forming units (cfu)/g) in 54% of the samples.Aspergillus spp. were detected in 73% of the samples at the same contamination range. The total mould and yeast count ranged from 5.0×102 to 8.7×105 cfu/g; in 60% of the samples the values exceeded 1.0×104 cfu/g, the maximum limit established to ensure good hygienic quality of the product. Aflatoxins and fumonisins were detected in 69.7 and 89.5% of the samples, with mean values of 9.61 ng/g and 1.28 µg/g, respectively. The estimated daily intake of fumonisin B1 for laying hens (0.038 mg/kg body weight/day) was below the lowest observed adverse effect level (2 mg/kg body weight/ day). Regarding aflatoxins, most of the positive samples (85.1%) showed aflatoxin levels below the maximum level laid down by the European Commission. Nevertheless, continuous monitoring of mycotoxin levels in laying hen feed is essential to minimize threats to human and animal health. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the degree of exposure of laying hens to mycotoxins through naturally contaminated feed in Brazil.
Cervantes ante la palabra lírica: el Quijote
Authors: Romo Feito Fernando
Published: April 2013

Este artículo examina los poemas líricos incluidos en la primera y la segunda parte del Quijote. Las diferentes clases de poemas se estudian en su contexto narrativo, pero se estudian también en relación con categorías métricas y estéticas como realismo, parodia, manierismo…
Don Quijote y Celia: el deseo de vivir otras vidas
Authors: Fraga Fernández-Cuevas María Jesús
Published: April 2013

En este artículo se estudian los paralelismos entre El Quijote y las novelas de Celia de Elena Fortún. Se enumeran primero las distintas actividades que prueban el interés de la autora por Cervantes y su obra, así como la posible intervención de su mentora, María Martínez Sierra, en la génesis del personaje infantil. Ambas novelas, de carácter dialogístico, comparten una estructura episódica articulada por un débil hilo argumental. Sus protagonistas, animados por el deseo de vivir las vidas de los personajes de sus lecturas favoritas y por su carácter intervencionista, provocan situaciones cuyos resultados les son casi siempre hostiles. Si don Quijote muere al volver a la razón, Celia-niña lo hará al entrar en la vida adulta donde tendrá que renunciar a representar el mundo fantástico de los cuentos, reservado ya a las nuevas generaciones infantiles.
Sparta e Atene tra Francia e Prussia: da Benjamin Constant a Georg Busolt (1804-1878)
Authors: Pisano Carmine
Published: April 2013

Dans la période comprise entre l’occupation napoléonienne à Berlin et la guerre franco-prussienne, « la guerre des Péloponnésiens et des Athéniens » devient modèle des conflits politiques et scientifiques qui opposent France et Prusse et qui prennent dans l’historiographie contemporaine les connotations idéologiques du conflit entre Athènes et Sparte. Le phénomène a été étudié par Pierre Vidal-Naquet et Nicole Loraux dans le contexte de l’historiographie française, où l’opposition à la Prusse est définie à travers le conflit entre « une Athènes bourgeoise et lettrée » et « une Sparte vertueuse et militaire ». La présente contribution se propose d’évaluer dans quelle mesure changent, de la France à l’Allemagne, l’analyse de la Guerre du Péloponnèse et la représentation des modèles républicains anciens, c’est-à-dire d’analyser comment les intellectuels français et allemands relisent et redéfinissent les catégories de « Spartiate » et « Athénien » dans les limites du débat politique-culturel du xixe siècle.
Le château de Bournazel, l’Antiquité retrouvée
Authors: Tollon Bruno
Published: April 2013

À l’occasion de l’analyse du décor de ce château de l’Aveyron, à l’architecture précocement classique, l’auteur s’interroge sur le sens de l’iconographie des métopes étonnement variées (où apparaît en particulier Jupiter Amon) et de la présence d’une série de bustes évoquant des figures impériales à côté de héros et de femmes illustres. On peut y voir une stratégie seigneuriale ambitieuse, qui convoque Venus armata ou la Fortune, à côté d’un rapport nouveau à l’Antiquité, propre aux élites urbaines des villes méridionales riches en monuments de l’ancienne Narbonnaise.
L’invention de la numismatique : des arts décoratifs aux sciences auxiliaires de l’histoire
Authors: Guillemain Jean
Published: April 2013

Le médaillon avec tête de profil apparaît en Italie au milieu du xve siècle, d’abord dans les représentations d’architectures imaginaires puis dans la sculpture monumentale. Ce motif s’exporte en Europe au début du siècle suivant et connaît sa plus grande expansion au moment où fleurissent les recueils de portraits d’hommes illustres tirés des monnaies et médailles (vers 1520-1560). Après les artistes et les décorateurs, les antiquaires s’intéressent aux revers monétaires, dont ils découvrent le sens grâce aux sources littéraires. Dans le domaine de l’histoire du livre, l’évolution de la page de titre reflète les changements de la mode, depuis les titres à encadrement avec médaillons sur les pilastres et les écoinçons, jusqu’aux marques d’imprimeurs qui se fondent sur l’iconographie des revers, considérée alors comme de nature emblématique.
Dioses postmodernos y mitología tecnológica: Ilión y Olympo, de Dan Simmons
Authors: López Gregoris Rosario , Unceta Gómez Luis
Published: April 2013

Réécrire les poèmes homériques avec une pointe de science-fiction peut être considéré comme une transgression contre l’un des monuments littéraires de la civilisation occidentale, d’autant plus si cette réécriture s’opère à partir de profondes connaissances littéraires qui favorisent l’établissement d’un réseau complexe de jeux intertextuels. Ce travail prétend analyser les mécanismes de subversion des référents littéraires et mythologiques utilisés dans deux œuvres-clés de la science fiction contemporaine : Ilium et Olympos de l’auteur américain Dan Simmons.
Online Machine Learning
Authors: Fontenla-Romero Óscar , Guijarro-Berdiñas Bertha , Martinez-Rego David , Pérez-Sánchez Beatriz , Peteiro-Barral Diego
Published: April 2013

Machine Learning (ML) addresses the problem of adjusting those mathematical models which can accurately predict a characteristic of interest from a given phenomenon. They achieve this by extracting information from regularities contained in a data set. From its beginnings two visions have always coexisted in ML: batch and online learning. The former assumes full access to all data samples in order to adjust the model whilst the latter overcomes this limiting assumption thus expanding the applicability of ML. In this chapter, we review the general framework and methods of online learning since its inception are reviewed and its applicability in current application areas is explored.
Kolmogorov Superpositions
Authors: Sprecher David
Published: April 2013

Kolmogorov’s superpositions enable the representation of every real-valued continuous function f defined on the Euclidean n-cube in the form , with continuous functions that compute f, and fixed continuous functions dependent only on n. The functions specify space-filling curves that determine characteristics that are not suitable for efficient computational algorithms. Reversing the process, we specify suitable space-filling curves that enable new functions that give a computational algorithm better adaptable to applications. Detailed numerical constructions are worked out for the case n = 2.
The Effects of Culture on Planning and Technology in the Internationalisation of Medellín’s SMEs
Authors: Bustamante Luis
Published: April 2013

As an emerging market, global business is of greatest importance in Colombia and several efforts are implemented to keep up with the international competitive environment. However, these efforts should be accompanied with the development of entrepreneurial capabilities in a wide range of ambits, among others, cross-cultural management. This chapter describes cultural influences in internationalisation activities of Medellin’s small and medium enterprises based on original research results using descriptive multi-case methods within five companies and documentary review of business publications. It starts with an overview of the Colombian SME and cross-cultural management theories; then, the cultural influences on planning and internationalisation are listed, suggesting that systematic plans during internationalisation are not followed and technology tools are not properly seized due to management styles, a changing business environment, and small education levels.
Entry Strategies and Distribution Channels of Italian SMEs in the Chinese Market
Authors: de Luca Patrizia , Vianelli Donata , Marzano Fabio Claudio
Published: April 2013

The present chapter explores the internationalization process of Italian SMEs in the Chinese market, focusing on entry and distribution choices, in the framework of facilitating factors and perceived difficulties. The following main research questions were formulated: how do Italian SMEs enter the Chinese market and distribute their products? Which are the main facilitating factors and difficulties perceived by Italian companies selling in the Chinese market? This exploratory study that is part of an extensive field research was conducted through two steps: a quantitative research, based on a structured questionnaire; and a qualitative research, with open-ended interviews. The findings could provide marketing executives useful insights in developing entry and distribution strategies for SMEs in the Chinese market.
Ontology-Based Analysis of Cryptography Standards and Possibilities of Their Harmonization
Authors: Atiskov Alexey Y. , Novikov Fedor A. , Fedorchenko Ludmila N. , Vorobiev Vladimir I. , Moldovyan Nickolay A.
Published: April 2013

Security means for shared computer, networking, and information resources are not balanced, inefficient, and poorly integrative. This chapter gives a brief overview of certain discrepancies and incompletenesses of ISO standards ISO 15408, ISO 18045, ISO 27k, etc., which are not balanced. Formal methods for their harmonization and coordination are described. Then the chapter discusses Hybrid Ontology Technology using Unified Modeling Language, State Transitions Model (state machine diagrams), and a special tool based on Equivalent Transformations of syntax graph-scheme.
GOST Encryption Algorithm and Approaches to its Analysis
Authors: Babenko Ludmila , Ishchukova Evgeniya , Maro Ekaterina
Published: April 2013

This chapter considers approaches to analysis of the GOST 28147-89 encryption algorithm (also known as simply GOST), which is the basis of most secure information systems in the Russian Federation. As soon as the GOST algorithm is characterized by a simple structure and uses widely known mathematical operations, approaches to its analysis can be easily propagated to other cryptographic systems. In the conclusion, the authors consider some interesting observations that are related to the structure of GOST encryption and can be useful for further development of cryptanalysis.
Enhancing Security at Email End Point
Authors: Sokouti Babak , Sokouti Massoud
Published: April 2013

Although email security needs more attention, a small amount of research has been conducted. Most of the security properties that can be applied to the email messages are based on encryption and digital signatures. The cryptography techniques that can be both symmetric and asymmetric algorithms cannot prove the identity of the sender and receiver in the real world, which is related to the end point security. Additionally, these techniques are not capable of preventing the spams, scams, and spoofing attacks. A new secure email system based on fingerprint identification is proposed to overcome the recognition of the real identity of the email sender and receiver. This method uses the user’s username and password hashes, their full name and personal image, and fingerprint hashes along with the email message hash. The proposed method is successfully evaluated against security, maintenance, operational, and privacy issues.
Theory and Practice of Secure E-Voting Systems
Authors: Peng Kun
Published: April 2013

Electronic voting is a popular application of cryptographic and network techniques to e-government. Most of the existing e-voting schemes can be classified into two categories: homomorphic voting and shuffling-based voting. In a homomorphic voting, an encryption algorithm with special homomorphic property (e.g. ElGamal encryption or Paillier encryption) is employed to encrypt the votes such that the sum of the votes can be recovered without decrypting any single vote. An advantage of homomorphic voting is efficient tallying. Tallying in homomorphic voting only costs one single decryption operation for each candidate. In this chapter, the existing e-voting solutions in both categories are surveyed and analysed. The key security properties in both categories are presented and then the existing e-voting schemes in each category are checked against the corresponding security properties. Security and efficiency of the schemes are analysed and the strongest security and highest efficiency achievable in each category is estimated. Problems and concerns about the existing solutions including vulnerability to malicious voters and (or) talliers, possible failure of complete correctness, imperfect privacy, dependence on computational assumptions, and exaggerated efficiency are addressed. New approaches will be proposed in both kinds of solutions to overcome the existing drawbacks in them. In homomorphic e-voting, the authors deal with possibly malicious voters and aim at efficient vote validity check to achieve strong and formally provable soundness and privacy. It can be implemented through new zero knowledge proof techniques, which are both efficient and provably secure. In mix-network-based e-voting, the authors deal with possibly deviating operations of both voters and talliers and aim at efficient proof of validity of shuffling, which guarantees the desired security properties and prevent attacks from malicious participants. It can be based on inspiring linear algebra knowledge and the new zero knowledge proof of existence of secret permutation.
Sealed-Bid Auction Protocols
Authors: Peng Kun
Published: April 2013

In the Internet era electronic commerce is an important and popular industry. Electronic auctions provide a key function in e-commerce, enabling effective and fair distribution of electronic as well as non-electronic goods. Like other fields of e-commerce, e-auctions face serious security threats. Fraud can be committed by bidders or auctioneers. Most popular Internet auctions sites use an open-cry bidding process. This can add excitement to an auction in progress and possibly encourage new bidders to join an auction. However, there are serious difficulties in maintaining the security requirements often required in commercial auctions, particularly in terms of protecting bid confidentiality and bidder privacy. Additionally, some of the current auction techniques are interactive and require many rounds of communication before completion so that more time is required to determine the final winning price. Intensive communication over the insecure Internet is also a problem from the perspective of availability of service and network security. For these reasons most recent research in this area has concentrated on sealed-bid auctions. Sealed-bid auctions are the focus of this chapter. In this chapter, security requirements in e-auction including correctness, fairness, non-repudiation, robustness, public verifiability, bid privacy, and other desired properties like price flexibility and rule flexibility are introduced. The existing approaches to realize them are investigated. The authors show that the key requirement is bid privacy and the main challenge to the design of an e-auction is how to protect bid privacy without compromising other requirements and properties. Techniques to achieve bid privacy are presented in this chapter according to different application environments.
Nonblocking Supervisory Control of Flexible Manufacturing Systems Based on State Tree Structures
Authors: Chao Wujie , Gan Yongmei , Wonham W. M. , Wang Zhaoan
Published: April 2013

Much research has been addressed to nonblocking supervisory control of Discrete-Event Systems (DES) such as Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS), and a variety of approaches have been developed. One especially powerful approach, due to Chuan Ma, is based on DES representation by means of State Tree Structures (STS). Using STS, this chapter develops nonblocking supervisory control of a well-known benchmark FMS example taken from the literature, for which the description was given originally as a Petri net. The authors straightforwardly obtain the optimal (maximally permissive) and nonblocking supervisory control, and display the control logic for each (controllable) event transparently as a binary decision diagram.