bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ministrokes in Channelrhodopsin-2 Transgenic Mice Reveal Widespread Deficits in Motor Output Despite Maintenance of Cortical Neuronal Excitability
Authors: Anenberg Eitan , Arstikaitis Pamela , Niitsu Yoichi , Harrison Thomas C. , Boyd Jamie D. , Hilton Brett J. , Tetzlaff Wolfram , Murphy Timothy H.
Published: January 2014

We evaluated the effects of ministrokes targeted to individual pial arterioles on motor function in Thy-1 line 18 channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) transgenic mice within the first hours after ischemia. Using optogenetics, we directly assessed both the excitability and motor output of cortical neurons in a manner independent of behavioral state or training. Occlusion of individual arterioles within the motor cortex led to a ministroke that was verified using laser speckle contrast imaging. Surprisingly, ministrokes targeted to a relatively small region of the forelimb motor map, with an ischemic core of 0.07 ± 0.03 mm2, impaired motor responses evoked from points across widespread areas of motor cortex even 1.5 mm away. Contrasting averaged ChR2-evoked electroencephalographic, spinal (ChR2 evoked potential), and electromyographic responses revealed a mismatch between measures of cortical excitability and motor output within 60 min after stroke. This mismatch suggests that apparently excitable cortical neurons (even >1 mm into peri-infarct areas, away from the infarct core) were impaired in their capacity to generate spinal potentials leading to even more severe deficits in motor output at muscles. We suggest that ischemia, targeted to a subset of motor cortex, leads to relatively small reductions in excitability within motor cortex, and cumulative depression of both descending spinal circuits and motor output in response to the activation of widespread cortical territories even outside of the area directly affected by the ischemia.
The Limits of Human Stereopsis in Space and Time
Authors: Kane David , Guan Phillip , Banks Martin S.
Published: January 2014

To encode binocular disparity, the visual system determines the image patches in one eye that yield the highest correlation with patches in the other eye. The computation of interocular correlation occurs after spatiotemporal filtering of monocular signals, which leads to restrictions on disparity variations that can support depth perception. We quantified those restrictions by measuring humans' ability to see disparity variation at a wide range of spatial and temporal frequencies. Lower-disparity thresholds cut off at very low spatiotemporal frequencies, which is consistent with the behavior of V1 neurons. Those thresholds are space–time separable, suggesting that the underlying neural mechanisms are separable. We also found that upper-disparity limits were characterized by a spatiotemporal, disparity-gradient limit; to be visible, disparity variation cannot exceed a fixed amount for a given interval in space–time. Our results illustrate that the disparity variations that humans can see are very restricted compared with the corresponding luminance variations. The results also provide insight into the neural mechanisms underlying depth from disparity, such as why stimuli with long interocular delays can still yield clear depth percepts.
The Electrogenic Sodium Bicarbonate Cotransporter NBCe1 Is a High-Affinity Bicarbonate Carrier in Cortical Astrocytes
Authors: Theparambil Shefeeq M. , Ruminot Iván , Schneider Hans-Peter , Shull Gary E. , Deitmer Joachim W.
Published: January 2014

The electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter NBCe1 (SLC4A4) is a robust regulator of intracellular H+and a significant base carrier in many cell types. Using wild-type (WT) and NBCe1-deficient (NBC-KO) mice, we have studied the role of NBCe1 in cortical astrocytes in culture andin situby monitoring intracellular H+using the H+-sensitive dye BCECF [2′,7′-bis-(carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein] in wide-field and confocal microscopy. Adding 0.1–3 mmHCO3−to an O2-gassed, HEPES-buffered saline solution lowered the intracellular H+concentration with aKmof 0.65 mmHCO3−in WT astrocytes, but slowly raised [H+]iin NBCe1-KO astrocytes. Human NBCe1 heterologously expressed inXenopusoocytes could be activated by adding 1–3 mmHCO3−, and even by residual HCO3−in a nominally CO2/HCO3−-free saline solution. Our results demonstrate a surprisingly high apparent bicarbonate sensitivity mediated by NBCe1 in cortical astrocytes, suggesting that NBCe1 may operate over a wide bicarbonate concentration in these cells.
Cav2.1 Channels Control Multivesicular Release by Relying on Their Distance from Exocytotic Ca2+Sensors at Rat Cerebellar Granule Cells
Authors: Satake Shin'Ichiro , Imoto Keiji
Published: January 2014

The concomitant release of multiple numbers of synaptic vesicles [multivesicular release (MVR)] in response to a single presynaptic action potential enhances the flexibility of synaptic transmission. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying MVR at a single CNS synapse remain unclear. Here, we show that the Cav2.1 subtype (P/Q-type) of the voltage-gated calcium channel is specifically responsible for the induction of MVR. In the rat cerebellar cortex, paired-pulse activation of granule cell (GC) ascending fibers leads not only to a facilitation of the peak amplitude (PPFamp) but also to a prolongation of the decay time (PPPdecay) of the EPSCs recorded from molecular layer interneurons. PPFampis elicited by a transient increase in the number of released vesicles. PPPdecayis highly dependent on MVR and is caused by dual mechanisms: (1) a delayed release and (2) an extrasynaptic spillover of the GC transmitter glutamate and subsequent pooling of the glutamate among active synapses. PPPdecaywas specifically suppressed by the Cav2.1 channel blocker ω-agatoxin IVA, while PPFampresponded to Cav2.2/Cav2.3 (N-type/R-type) channel blockers. The membrane-permeable slow Ca2+chelator EGTA-AM profoundly reduced the decay time constant (τdecay) of the second EPSC; however, it only had a negligible impact on that of the first, thereby eliminating PPPdecay. These results suggest that the distance between presynaptic Cav2.1 channels and exocytotic Ca2+sensors is a key determinant of MVR. By transducing presynaptic action potential firings into unique Ca2+signals and vesicle release profiles, Cav2.1 channels contribute to the encoding and processing of neural information.
CLAC-P/Collagen Type XXV Is Required for the Intramuscular Innervation of Motoneurons during Neuromuscular Development
Authors: Tanaka Tomohiro , Wakabayashi Tomoko , Oizumi Hiroaki , Nishio Shu , Sato Takashi , Harada Akihiro , Fujii Daisuke , Matsuo Yuko , Hashimoto Tadafumi , Iwatsubo Takeshi
Published: January 2014

Formation of proper neuromuscular connections is a process coordinated by both motoneuron-intrinsic and target-dependent programs. Under these programs, motoneurons innervate target muscles, escape programmed cell death during fetal development, and form neuromuscular junctions (NMJ). Although a number of studies have revealed molecules involved in axon guidance to target muscles and NMJ formation, little is known about the molecular mechanisms linking intramuscular innervation and target-derived trophic factor-dependent prevention of motoneuron apoptosis. Here we studied the physiological function of CLAC-P/collagen XXV, a transmembrane-type collagen originally identified as a component of senile plaque amyloid of Alzheimer's disease brains, by means of generatingCol25a1-deficient (KO) mice.Col25a1KO mice died immediately after birth of respiratory failure. InCol25a1KO mice, motor axons projected properly toward the target muscles but failed to elongate and branch within the muscle, followed by degeneration of axons. Failure of muscular innervation inCol25a1KO mice led to excessive apoptosis during development, resulting in almost complete and exclusive loss of spinal motoneurons and immaturity in skeletal muscle development.Baxdeletion inCol25a1KO mice rescued motoneurons from apoptosis, although motor axons remained halted around the muscle entry site. Furthermore, these motoneurons were positive for phosphorylated c-Jun, an indicator of insufficient supply of target-derived survival signals. Together, these observations indicate that CLAC-P/collagen XXV is a novel essential factor that regulates the initial phase of intramuscular motor innervation, which is required for subsequent target-dependent motoneuron survival and NMJ formation during development.
A Novel Function forFoxm1in Interkinetic Nuclear Migration in the Developing Telencephalon and Anxiety-Related Behavior
Authors: Wu Xiaojing , Gu Xiaochun , Han Xiaoning , Du Ailing , Jiang Yan , Zhang Xiaoyun , Wang Yanjie , Cao Guangliang , Zhao Chunjie
Published: January 2014

Interkinetic nuclear migration (INM) is a key feature of cortical neurogenesis. INM functions to maximize the output of the neuroepithelium, and more importantly, balance the self-renewal and differentiation of the progenitors. Although INM has been reported to be highly correlated with the cell cycle, little is known about the effects of cell cycle regulators on INM. In this study, by crossingFoxm1fl/flmice withEmx1-Cre line, we report that a conditional disruption of forkhead transcription factor M1 (Foxm1) in dorsal telencephalon results in abnormal cell cycle progression, leading to impaired INM through the downregulation ofCyclin b1andCdc25b. The impairment of INM disturbs the synchronization of apical progenitors (APs) and promotes the transition from APs to basal progenitors (BPs) in a cell-autonomous fashion. Moreover, ablation ofFoxm1causes anxiety-related behaviors in adulthood. Thus, this study provides evidence of linkages among the cell cycle regulatorFoxm1, INM, and adult behavior.
Vigor of Movements and the Cost of Time in Decision Making
Authors: Choi Jennie E. S. , Vaswani Pavan A. , Shadmehr Reza
Published: January 2014

If we assume that the purpose of a movement is to acquire a rewarding state, the duration of the movement carries a cost because it delays acquisition of reward. For some people, passage of time carries a greater cost, as evidenced by how long they are willing to wait for a rewarding outcome. These steep discounters are considered impulsive. Is there a relationship between cost of time in decision making and cost of time in control of movements? Our theory predicts that people who are more impulsive should in general move faster than subjects who are less impulsive. To test our idea, we considered elementary voluntary movements: saccades of the eye. We found that in humans, saccadic vigor, assessed using velocity as a function of amplitude, was as much as 50% greater in one subject than another; that is, some people consistently moved their eyes with high vigor. We measured the cost of time in a decision-making task in which the same subjects were given a choice between smaller odds of success immediately and better odds if they waited. We measured how long they were willing to wait to obtain the better odds and how much they increased their wait period after they failed. We found that people that exhibited greater vigor in their movements tended to have a steep temporal discount function, as evidenced by their waiting patterns in the decision-making task. The cost of time may be shared between decision making and motor control.
Short-Term Synaptic Depression Is Topographically Distributed in the Cochlear Nucleus of the Chicken
Authors: Oline Stefan N. , Burger R. Michael
Published: January 2014

In the auditory system, sounds are processed in parallel frequency-tuned circuits, beginning in the cochlea. Activity of auditory nerve fibers reflects this frequency-specific topographic pattern, known as tonotopy, and imparts frequency tuning onto their postsynaptic target neurons in the cochlear nucleus. In birds, cochlear nucleus magnocellularis (NM) neurons encode the temporal properties of acoustic stimuli by “locking” discharges to a particular phase of the input signal. Physiological specializations exist in gradients corresponding to the tonotopic axis in NM that reflect the characteristic frequency (CF) of their auditory nerve fiber inputs. One feature of NM neurons that has not been investigated across the tonotopic axis is short-term synaptic plasticity. NM offers a rather homogeneous population of neurons with a distinct topographical distribution of synaptic properties that is ideal for the investigation of specialized synaptic plasticity. Here we demonstrate for the first time that short-term synaptic depression (STD) is expressed topographically, where unitary high CF synapses are more robust with repeated stimulation. Correspondingly, high CF synapses drive spiking more reliably than their low CF counterparts. We show that postsynaptic AMPA receptor desensitization does not contribute to the observed difference in STD. Further, rate of recovery from depression, a presynaptic property, does not differ tonotopically. Rather, we show that another presynaptic feature, readily releasable pool (RRP) size, is tonotopically distributed and inversely correlated with vesicle release probability. Mathematical model results demonstrate that these properties of vesicle dynamics are sufficient to explain the observed tonotopic distribution of STD.
Involvement of Bcl-2-Associated Transcription Factor 1 in the Differentiation of Early-Born Retinal Cells
Authors: Orieux Gaël , Picault Laura , Slembrouck Amélie , Roger Jérôme E. , Guillonneau Xavier , Sahel José-Alain , Saule Simon , McPherson J. Peter , Goureau Olivier
Published: January 2014

Retinal progenitor proliferation and differentiation are tightly controlled by extrinsic cues and distinctive combinations of transcription factors leading to the generation of retinal cell type diversity. In this context, we have characterized Bcl-2-associated transcription factor (Bclaf1) during rodent retinogenesis. Bclaf1 expression is restricted to early-born cell types, such as ganglion, amacrine, and horizontal cells. Analysis of developing retinas inBclaf1-deficient mice revealed a reduction in the numbers of retinal ganglion cells, amacrine cells and horizontal cells and an increase in the numbers of cone photoreceptor precursors. Silencing ofBclaf1expression byin vitroelectroporation of shRNA in embryonic retina confirmed that Bclaf1 serves to promote amacrine and horizontal cell differentiation. Misexpression of Bclaf1 in late retinal progenitors was not sufficient to directly induce the generation of amacrine and horizontal cells. Domain deletion analysis indicated that the N-terminal domain of Bclaf1 containing an arginine-serine-rich and a bZip domain is required for its effects on retinal cell differentiation. In addition, analysis revealed that Bclaf1 function occurs independently of its interaction with endogenous Bcl-2-related proteins. Altogether, our data demonstrates that Bclaf1expression in postmitotic early-born cells facilitates the differentiation of early retinal precursors into retinal ganglion cells, amacrine cells, and horizontal cells rather than into cone photoreceptors.
Propagation of Epileptiform Activity Can Be Independent of Synaptic Transmission, Gap Junctions, or Diffusion and Is Consistent with Electrical Field Transmission
Authors: Zhang Mingming , Ladas Thomas P. , Qiu Chen , Shivacharan Rajat S. , Gonzalez-Reyes Luis E. , Durand Dominique M.
Published: January 2014

The propagation of activity in neural tissue is generally associated with synaptic transmission, but epileptiform activity in the hippocampus can propagate with or without synaptic transmission at a speed of ∼0.1 m/s. This suggests an underlying common nonsynaptic mechanism for propagation. To study this mechanism, we developed a novel unfolded hippocampus preparation, from CD1 mice of either sex, which preserves the transverse and longitudinal connections and recorded activity with a penetrating microelectrode array. Experiments using synaptic transmission and gap junction blockers indicated that longitudinal propagation is independent of chemical or electrical synaptic transmission. Propagation speeds of 0.1 m/s are not compatible with ionic diffusion or pure axonal conduction. The only other means of communication between neurons is through electric fields. Computer simulations revealed that activity can indeed propagate from cell to cell solely through field effects. These results point to an unexpected propagation mechanism for neural activity in the hippocampus involving endogenous field effect transmission.
Differential Neuronal Targeting of a New and Two Known Calcium Channel β4Subunit Splice Variants Correlates with Their Regulation of Gene Expression
Authors: Etemad Solmaz , Obermair Gerald J. , Bindreither Daniel , Benedetti Ariane , Stanika Ruslan , Di Biase Valentina , Burtscher Verena , Koschak Alexandra , Kofler Reinhard , Geley Stephan , Wille Alexandra , Lusser Alexandra , Flockerzi Veit , Flucher Bernhard E.
Published: January 2014

The β subunits of voltage-gated calcium channels regulate surface expression and gating of CaV1 and CaV2 α1subunits and thus contribute to neuronal excitability, neurotransmitter release, and calcium-induced gene regulation. In addition, certain β subunits are targeted into the nucleus, where they interact directly with the epigenetic machinery. Whereas their involvement in this multitude of functions is reflected by a great molecular heterogeneity of β isoforms derived from four genes and abundant alternative splicing, little is known about the roles of individual β variants in specific neuronal functions. In the present study, an alternatively spliced β4subunit lacking the variable N terminus (β4e) is identified. It is highly expressed in mouse cerebellum and cultured cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) and modulates P/Q-type calcium currents in tsA201 cells and CaV2.1 surface expression in neurons. Compared with the other two known full-length β4variants (β4aand β4b), β4eis most abundantly expressed in the distal axon, but lacks nuclear-targeting properties. To determine the importance of nuclear targeting of β4subunits for transcriptional regulation, we performed whole-genome expression profiling of CGCs from lethargic (β4-null) mice individually reconstituted with β4a, β4b, and β4e. Notably, the number of genes regulated by each β4splice variant correlated with the rank order of their nuclear-targeting properties (β4b> β4a> β4e). Together, these findings support isoform-specific functions of β4splice variants in neurons, with β4bplaying a dual role in channel modulation and gene regulation, whereas the newly detected β4evariant serves exclusively in calcium-channel-dependent functions.
Functional Regulation of the SLC26-Family Protein Prestin by Calcium/Calmodulin
Authors: Keller Jacob Pearson , Homma Kazuaki , Duan Chongwen , Zheng Jing , Cheatham Mary Ann , Dallos Peter
Published: January 2014

The solute carrier gene family 26 (SLC26) encodes membrane proteins with diverse physiological roles but with the common feature of halide involvement. Here, we present bioinformatic and biochemical evidence that SLC26 proteins have intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) in their C-terminal domains and that these regions contain calmodulin (CaM) binding sites. The veracity of these predictions and the functional consequences of CaM binding were examined in prestin, SLC26A5, as a model for the SLC26 family and as one of the most investigated and best understood members. We found that CaM binds directly to the IDR in the C-terminal domain of prestin in a calcium-obligate manner. Using both isolated murine outer hair cells (OHCs) and a heterologous expression system, we also found that this calcium-obligate CaM binding shifts the operating point of the protein to more hyperpolarized potentials with consequent alteration of the function of the prestin. Because calcium is the main intracellular second messenger used by the efferent medial olivocochlear (MOC) pathway of the auditory system and CaM is abundant in OHCs, the CaM–prestin interaction may be involved in the MOC-mediated modulation of cochlear amplification. However, this regulatory mechanism is not likely to be restricted to cochlear OHCs, in light of both clear bioinformatic evidence and the fact that calcium and CaM are ubiquitous intracellular second messengers used by virtually all cell types. Hence, the calcium/CaM-dependent regulatory mechanism described herein is likely applicable to most, if not all, SLC26 paralogs.
Fabrication and tuning soft magnetic and magneto-optical properties of BMGs based Fe-B-Nb-Ni transparent thin films, obtained by Pulsed Laser Deposition.
Authors: Masood Ansar , Afridi A. A. , Ström V. , Riazanova A. , Belova L. , Rao K. V.
Published: January 2014

We have fabricated by pulse laser deposition very thin (∼5-7 nm) and thick (∼27-408 nm) films of composition Fe66B24Nb4Ni6 on silicon and quartz substrates respectively, and studied their magnetic and magneto-optic properties at room temperature. We find that the thicker films on silicon can be tuned by appropriate thermal annealing to exploit soft magnetic characteristics with low HC, and high MS values. The magnetic hysteretic loops of the as-deposited thicker films on silicon substrates show two interesting characteristics: 1) increase in the coercivity with the film thickness and 2) the onset of a two stage process during the approach to magnetic saturation. The initial in-plane characteristic of the hysteresis loop is followed by a linear anisotropic behavior between remanence and saturation- that changes into square soft-magnetic loops on decreasing the film thickness. By suitable annealing the intrinsic strain disappears at relatively low temperatures (≤200 oC); the thicker films can be tailored to exhibit a simple soft-magnetic square loop with low HC. The ∼5-7 nm films deposited on glass are transparent and have been investigated for their magneto-optic properties using Faraday rotation (FR) measurement technique. Very high values of FR in the range 4-20 deg/µm almost linearly dependent on the wavelength of light in the range 405-611 nm are observed. The observed high values of Faraday rotation over a wide range of wavelength of light are useful for the applications as magneto-optic sensors in the UV to visible range.
Espécies de Phytophthora associadas à gomose em pomares de citros no Estado do Paraná, Brasil
Authors: Caixeta Marilda Pereira , Nunes William Mário de Carvalho , Santos Alvaro Figueredo dos , Tessmann Dauri José , Vida João Batista
Published: January 2014

A gomose dos citros é considerada uma doença de grande importância para a citricultura no Brasil e em nível mundial. A etiologia desta doença compreende um complexo de espécies de Phytophthora. Embora importante, pouco se conhece sobre a gomose nas regiões produtoras de citros no Estado do Paraná. Por isso, este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar espécies de Phytophthora associadas à gomose em pomares de citros no Paraná. Nas regiões Norte, Noroeste e Vale do Ribeira foram retiradas amostras de raízes de plantas com sintomas de gomose e também de solo da rizosfera. Em laboratório, empregando pêra cv. D'anjou como isca e meio de cultivo batata-dextrose-ágar, foram obtidos 21 isolados de Phytophthora spp. Todos os isolados infectaram mudas de limão 'Cravo', reproduzindo os sintomas de gomose e também apresentaram crescimento micelial a 8º C e a 36º C, com exceção do isolado PR20 para 36º C . "In vitro", esses isolados foram heterotálicos, sendo 20 compatíveis ao tipo padrão A2 e um compatível ao tipo padrão A1. Vinte isolados formaram esporângios persistentes e papilados, com 25,5 - 62,0 µm de comprimento (C) e 27,9 - 49,6 µm de largura (L) e a relação C/L foi de 1,38:1. Um isolado (PR20) apresentou esporângios medindo 40,3 - 55,8 µm de comprimento e 27,9 - 37,2 µm de largura, formando esporângios persistentes, papilados ou bipapilados e de formas distorcidas, não formando clamidósporos. A temperatura ótima para crescimento desse isolado foi entre 20 a 28º C, enquanto para os demais foi de 24 a 32º C, tendo estes produção abundante de clamidósporos globosos de diâmetro variando entre 21,7 a 43,4 µm. De acordo com as características morfofisiológicas apresentadas, dos 21 isolados analisados, 20 pertenceram à espécie P. nicotianae e um à espécie P. citrophthora. A análise de sequências de genes da região ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 do rDNA e usando o teste de "Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism" (SSCP), confirmou P. nicotianae e P. citrophthora como as duas espécies de Phytophthora associadas à gomose em pomares de citros no estado do Paraná.
Weather requirements and rain forecast to time fungicide application for Fusarium head blight control in wheat
Authors: Brustolin Ricardo , Zoldan Sandra Maria , Reis Erlei Melo , Zanatta Tiago , Carmona Marcelo
Published: January 2014

The aim of this study was to determine the minimum conditions of wetness duration and mean temperature required for Fusarium head blight infection in wheat. The weather model developed by Zoldan (2008) was tested in field experiments for two wheat cultivars grown in 2005 (five sowing dates) and 2006 (six sowing dates) in 10 m² plots with three replicates. The disease was assessed according to head incidence (HI), spikelet incidence (SI), and the interaction between these two methods was called head blight severity (HBS). Starting at the beginning of anthesis, air temperature and head wetness duration were daily recorded with an automatic weather station. With the combination of these two factors, a weather favorability table was built for the disease occurrence. Starting on the day of flowering beginning (1 - 5% fully exserted anthers), the sum of daily values for infection favorability (SDVIF) was calculated by means of a computer program, according to Zoldan (2008) table. The initial symptoms of the disease were observed at 3.7% spikelet incidence, corresponding to 2.6 SVDFI. The infection occurs in wheat due to rainfall which results in spike wetting of > 61.4 h duration. Rainfall events forecast can help time fungicide application to control FHB. The name of this alert system is proposed as UPF-scab alert.
Podridão peduncular em manga: patogenicidade, agressividade e caracterização de isolados pela análise isoenzimática
Authors: Lins Severina Rodrigues de Oliveira , Melo Adriana Pereira de , Oliveira Sônia Maria Alves de
Published: January 2014

Trinta e quatro isolados de Lasiodiplodia theobromae coletados de diferentes órgãos de mangueira, em duas épocas sazonais diferentes, em distintas regiões geográficas, foram avaliados quanto à patogenicidade, agressividade e produção de enzimas em substratos sólidos específicos e em sistemas de géis de poliacrilamida. Independente do órgão do qual foram isolados, todos foram patogênicos quando inoculados em manga, diferindo no grau de agressividade, sendo separados em três grupos: altamente, medianamente e fracamente agressivos. As atividades amilolítica, celulolítica, lipolítica e proteolítica foram estimadas por meio da difusão enzimática em meio sólido específico e mensuração do halo de degradação do substrato. As atividades das enzimas á-esterase, â-esterase, leucina-aminopeptidase, fosfatase ácida e proteínas totais foram analisadas em géis de poliacrilamida com meios de revelação específicos para cada análise. Os padrões eletroforéticos bem como as análises das enzimas extracelulares apresentaram polimorfismo, demonstrando a diversidade na base genética dos isolados, independente da época de coleta, região geográfica e órgão de isolamento.
Sensitivity reduction in Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei to triadimenol fungicide applied as barley seed treatment
Authors: Reis Erlei Melo , Zanatta Mateus , Brustolin Fernando , Danelli Anderson Luiz Durante
Published: January 2014

Experiments were carried out in a growth chamber with controlled temperature and photoperiod to test two populations of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei from Guarapuava, Paraná State, and Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Treatments consisted in application of the fungicide triadimenol (Baytan 150 SC®) at three rates of its commercial formulation: 150, 250, 350 mL/100 Kg barley seeds. The experiments were conducted separately in a growth chamber for each population, adopting the same temperature and photoperiod. For inoculation, pots containing barley seedlings colonized by the fungus were placed among the plots. After emergence of the first symptoms, the disease severity was assessed at two-day intervals. The experiments were repeated twice for each fungus population. Data were expressed as area under the disease progress curve and as powdery mildew control by comparing the severity after the fungicide treatments to that of control. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and regression analysis; the area under the disease progress curve was also calculated. Comparing the data obtained in the present study with those reported in the literature and the control, the maximum value of 26.1% is considered insufficient to prevent the damages caused by the disease. The control response to the fungicide rate was significant. We can conclude that there was a reduction in the sensitivity of both B. graminis f.sp. hordei populations to the fungicide triadimenol, which explains the control failure observed in barley farms.
Efeito da temperatura no crescimento micelial, produção e germinação de conídios de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, isolados de frutos de palmeira juçara (Euterpe edulis Mart)
Authors: Poltronieri Tathianne Pastana de Sousa , Azevedo Luís Antônio Siqueira de , Silva Diene Elen Miranda da
Published: January 2014

A palmeira juçara (Euterpe edulis) é uma das espécies mais importantes da Mata Atlântica. E. edulis faz parte da lista das espécies florestais ameaçadas de extinção. A antracnose, causada por Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, é a principal doença do fruto da juçara. O patógeno prejudica a germinação das sementes e pode causar perda total da produção da polpa do fruto. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da temperatura no desenvolvimento de quatro isolados de C. gloeosporioides obtidos de frutos de juçara. Os isolados foram obtidos de frutos doentes da região de Paraty-RJ e Ubatuba-SP. Dos isolamentos monospóricos de C. gloeosporioides, discos de micélio com 7 mm de diâmetro foram transferidos para placas de Petri contendo meio BDA e submetidos às temperaturas de 20º, 25º, 28º, 32º e 35ºC durante sete dias sob fotoperíodo de 12 horas em câmara tipo BOD. Foram avaliados as variáveis: crescimento micelial diariamente por meio de medições ortogonais na placa, produção e germinação de conídios aos sete dias de idade (inoculação). A maior taxa de crescimento micelial de C. gloeosporioides ocorreu aos 28ºC, seguida pela temperatura de 25ºC. A produção de conídios foi maior a 28ºC, seguida na temperatura de 30ºC. A germinação de conídios foi maior a 28ºC atingindo 84% a 87%. Concluiu-se que o crescimento micelial, a produção e germinação dos conídios dos isolados de C. gloeosporioides é maior na temperatura de 28ºC.
Relato de Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 HG I em crisântemo (Papiro Branco e Amarelo) e R. solani AG-4 HG III em gipsófila no estado de São Paulo, Brasil, e sua patogenicidade cruzada
Authors: Bueno César Júnior , Bettiol Wagner , Mesa Edisson Chavarro , Ceresini Paulo Cézar
Published: January 2014

Atualmente, grupamento de anastomose (AG) de Rhizoctonia sp. em crisântemo e ocorrência deste fungo em gipsófila ainda não foram relatados no Brasil. Assim, realizou-se teste de patogenicidade normal e cruzada e sequenciamento da região ITS-5.8S rDNA para identificar o AG de isolado obtido de plantas de crisântemo (Papiro Branco) e de gipsófila, ambas originárias de Holambra / São Paulo, Brasil. Após os testes, relata-se pela primeira vez a ocorrência de R. solani AG-4 HG I em crisântemo (Papiro Branco e Amarelo) e R. solani AG-4 HG III em gipsófila, no estado de São Paulo, Brasil, e, também, a sua patogenicidade cruzada.
Eficiência de produtos naturais no controle de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides em pimenta na pós colheita
Authors: Gomes Edilene Carvalho , Serra Ilka Márcia Ribeiro de Souza
Published: January 2014

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de produtos naturais na expressão da resistência a Colletotrichum gloeosporioides agente etiológico da antracnose, em frutos pós-colheita de pimenta. Os produtos acadian®, biopirol®, neemseto®, quitosana e rocksil® foram aplicados em duas épocas, 48 e 72 horas antes da inoculação do patógeno, em tratamentos independentes, utilizando-se duas dosagens para cada indutor. Verificou-se uma diminuição no desenvolvimento do patógeno em todos os tratamentos, diferindo estatisticamente da testemunha. Na primeira época de aplicação (48h) os tratamentos com biopirol® seguidos do acadian® nas maiores dosagens, apresentaram menores lesões de antracnose em relação aos demais tratamentos desta época. Na segunda época de aplicação (72h) o produto acadian® foi o único que apresentou efeito significativo entre os demais tratamentos. Os resultados obtidos demonstram potencial dos indutores naturais no controle da antracnose em frutos de pimenta na pós-colheita.
Mycoplasma agalactiae in semen and milk of goat from Pernambuco state, Brazil
Authors: Alves Bruno H.L.S. , Silva José G. , Mota André R. , Campos Ana C. , Júnior José W.P. , Santos Sandra B. , Mota Rinaldo A.
Published: January 2014

In goat and sheep flocks, mycoplasmosis is a disease that may cause severe economical losses associated with polyarthritis, mastitis, agalactia, conjunctivitis, pneumonia and reproductive failure. The latter may involve repeat breeding, granular vulvovaginitis, infertility and abortions. The aim of the present study was to assess the occurrence of Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma) in semen and milk samples from naturally infected goat in the semiarid region from Pernambuco State, Northeast from Brazil. Thirty-nine semen samples and 81 milk samples were submitted to DNA extraction using a commercially available kit and following the manufacturer's instructions. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was then performed in accordance with protocols described in the literature. The results of the present study revealed the presence of Ma in the DNA of 17.9% (7/39) of the semen samples and 3.7% (3/81) of the milk samples. The results obtained in the present study confirm the elimination of the DNA of Ma in the semen and milk samples. The presence of this agent in goat flocks is considered very risky in terms of reproductive disorders and contagious agalactia outbreaks in the Northeast region of Brazil.
Activity of disinfectants and biofilm production of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
Authors: Sá Maria da C.A. , Veschi Josir L.A. , Santos Grace B. , Amanso Evandro S. , Oliveira Samily A.S. , Mota Rinaldo A. , Veneroni-Gouveia Gisele , Costa Mateus M.
Published: January 2014

To verify the occurrence of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats on farms of Pernambuco, Brazil, and in animals slaughtered in two Brazilian cities (Petrolina/PE and Juazeiro/BA), and to characterize the susceptibility profile of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis to disinfectants and antimicrobials, and its relationship with biofilm production were the objectives of this study. 398 samples were tested for sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs, disinfectants, and biofilm production. Among the 108 samples collected on the properties, 75% were positive for C. pseudotuberculosis. Slaughterhouse samples indicated an occurrence of caseous lymphadenitis in 15.66% and 6.31% for animals slaughtered in Petrolina and Juazeiro respectively. With respect to antimicrobials, the sensitivity obtained was 100% for florfenicol and tetracycline; 99.25% for enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and lincomycin; 98.99% for cephalothin; 98.74% for norfloxacin and sulfazotrim; 97.74% for gentamicin; 94.22% for ampicillin; 91.71% for amoxicillin; 91.21% for penicillin G; 89.19% for neomycin and 0% for novobiocin. In analyzes with disinfectants, the efficiency for chlorhexidine was 100%, 97.20% for quaternary ammonium, 87.40% for chlorine and 84.40% for iodine. 75% of the isolates were weak or non-biofilm producers. For the consolidated biofilm, found that iodine decreased biofilm formation in 13 isolates and quaternary ammonia in 11 isolates. The reduction of the biofilm formation was observed for iodine and quaternary ammonium in consolidated biofilm formation in 33% and 28% of the isolates, respectively. The results of this study highlight the importance of establishing measures to prevent and control the disease.
Novos aspectos sobre a intoxicação por Trema micrantha (Cannabaceae) em equídeos
Authors: Pavarini Saulo Petinatti , Bandinelli Marcele Bettim , Bassuino Daniele Mariath , Correa Gabriel Laizola Frainer , Bandarra Paulo Mota , Driemeier David , Hohendorff Raquel Von , Both Maria do Carmo
Published: January 2014

Trema micrantha é uma planta arbórea distribuída amplamente no Brasil. Descrevem-se nesse trabalho novos aspectos epidemiológicos e patológicos relacionados com a intoxicação por essa planta em equídeos. Dois equinos adultos da raça Crioula e dois asininos, de localidades distintas, foram intoxicados naturalmente por Trema micrantha, após consumirem grande quantidade da planta que ficou disponível a eles após uma poda. Além disso, um cavalo adulto, de outra propriedade, que estava passando por restrição alimentar, se intoxicou após consumir as partes baixas de um grande número de árvores jovens de T. micrantha. Clinicamente, em todos os equídeos a doença se caracterizou por alterações neurológicas, que apareceram três a quatro dias após o consumo da planta, com curso clínico de dois a quatro dias (abreviadas por eutanásia). Os principais achados de necropsia foram observados no fígado, que estavam levemente aumentados e com padrão lobular evidente e no sistema nervoso central (SNC), com múltiplas áreas amareladas, focos de malacia e hemorragia, principalmente, no tronco cerebral e cerebelo. Histologicamente, havia necrose hepática aguda, edema acentuado no SNC com degeneração fibrinoide da parede de vasos associada a hemorragia e trombose e, frequentemente, com infiltrado de neutrófilos. Outras alterações observadas nos encéfalos foram: grande quantidade de astrócitos de Alzheimer tipo II na substância cinzenta, acúmulos de células Gitter e degeneração Walleriana próxima a focos de lesões vasculares.
Tomografia computadorizada de mastocitomas em cães: avaliação pré e pós-tratamento quimioterápico
Authors: Lorigados Carla A.B. , Matera Julia Maria , Coppi Antonio A. , Macedo Thaís R. , Ladd Fernando V.L. , Souza Vanessa A.F. de , Pinto Ana Carolina B.C.F.
Published: January 2014

Foram avaliados, por meio da tomografia computadorizada, 19 cães com mastocitomas tratados com quimioterapia. Aspectos como contorno, atenuação, realce pós-contraste e presença de clivagem com estruturas adjacentes foram avaliados. Aplicaram-se os critérios RECIST e a mensuração volumétrica das lesões para se avaliar a resposta ao tratamento. Quanto à atenuação, os mastocitomas se mostraram como lesões homogêneas ou heterogêneas, com tendência a limites definidos e contornos regulares e apresentaram realce moderado após administração do contraste iodado intravenoso. Os métodos RECIST e a mensuração volumétrica apresentaram uma excelente concordância na classificação da resposta terapêutica, fornecendo um bom parâmetro da resposta ao tratamento instituído. O exame de tomografia computadorizada se mostrou útil na delimitação do tumor e importante ferramenta no planejamento das margens cirúrgicas.
Effect of sex and seasons of the year on hematologic and serum biochemical variables of captive brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira)
Authors: Camargo Clara M.S. , Duarte José M.B. , Fagliari José J. , Santana André M. , Simplício Kalina M.M.G. , Santana Aureo E.
Published: January 2014

The Brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) is the most common free-living and captive deer in South America, especially in Brazil, and has great ecological and scientific significance. However, data on hematological and biochemical parameters in brown brocket deer are scarce. The goal of this study was to establish reference ranges for hematological and biochemical parameters of Mazama gouazoubira, comparing differences during the seasons of the year and between sex. Blood samples from ten adult healthy brown brocket deer (6 female and 4 male) were collected during daytime, monthly, during 12 months. The animals were maintained in individual stable, protected from noise and fed ad libitum with commercial ration and green fodder. For blood collection, animals were submitted to physical restrain for no longer than 2 minutes. The following parameters were determined: red blood cell count (RBC), haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), white blood cell count (WBC), platelet count, enzyme activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatine kinase (CK), total protein (TP), albumin, cholesterol, total calcium, ionic calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, triglycerides, creatinine and urea. Values were compared according to season and sex. RBC count, WBC count and MCV suggested seasonal influence. Haemoglobin concentration, PCV and MCV were influenced by sex. Serum concentration of total calcium, ionic calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium were influenced by season. Serum magnesium was also influenced by sex. The blood parameters herein reported may be useful as reference values for diagnostic and prognostic purposes in captive brown-brocket deer.
Morfologia da glândula mamária do quati (Nasua nasua)
Authors: Casals Juliana B. , Mançanares Celina A. , Pieri Naira C.G. , Miglino Maria A. , Ambrósio Carlos E. , Carvalho Ana F.
Published: January 2014

Nasua nasua é um animal onívoro, encontrado em todo Brasil. A reprodução da espécie ocorre somente uma vez ao ano, na primavera. As fêmeas são matriarcas e amamentam suas crias até os 5 meses de idade, vivem com seus filhotes em bandos de até 30 indivíduos. Para descrição morfológica da glândula mamaria do Nasua nasua foram utilizados seis animais provenientes do Criatório Cientifico (Cecrimpas), Unifeob. Autorizado pelo Ibama (Proc.02027.002322/98-99). Para análise macroscópica um animal foi injetado com látex neoprene, sendo a artéria femoral injetada com látex de cor vermelha e a veia jugular de cor azul. Os demais animais foram fixados em solução aquosa a 10% de formaldeído. Para análise microscópica, fragmentos glandulares foram coletados e submetidos ao processo rotineiro, embebido em parafina e corados com Hematoxilina e Eosina, Picrossírius e Azul de Toluidina. Macroscopicamente foram evidenciados três pares de glândulas mamárias, sendo dois pares posicionados na região abdominal e um par na região inguinal. Microscopicamente, notou-se epitélio de revestimento externo das papilas mamárias, epitélio pavimentoso estratificado queratinizado, o qual seguia por toda glândula de forma irregular. Na entrada do óstio, o epitélio da epiderme era modificado ocorrendo uma transição de epitélio pavimentoso estratificado para um epitélio cúbico no ducto papilar. O parênquima glandular era caracteristicamente túbulo alveolar com células secretoras, evidenciado principalmente no animal lactente. Os resultados macroscópicos e microscópicos assemelham-se aos já descritos nas cadelas (Canis familiaris) e os do Procyon cancrivorus pertencente à mesma família do quati, Família Procyonidae.
Producción mediática y religiosidad: dinámicas transnacionales de las comunicaciones evangélicas
Authors: Miguel Gloria
Published: January 2014

La circulación internacional de bienes simbólicos a través de los medios de comunicación ha generado numerosos debates sobre los modos de interpretar y analizar los procesos comunicacionales en las tramas culturales contemporáneas. En este trabajo nos referimos a la conformación de una cadena de radiofonía evangélica con sede en Miami, integrada por radios afiliadas que retransmiten la señal en distintas ciudades de Latinoamérica. Las características de esta red nos permiten indagar las problemáticas de la globalización, transnacionalización y localización cultural en el ámbito de la religiosidad y los medios de comunicación. Profundizamos en las articulaciones espaciales, las mediaciones culturales y las interrelaciones entre iglesias, medios de comunicación y públicos evangélicos configuradas en el contexto de la producción cultural evangélica internacional.
Apropriações indígenas pela Nova Era: a Mística Andina no Brasil
Authors: Steil Carlos Alberto , Sonemann Raquel
Published: January 2014

Este artigo se propõe a problematizar as conexões entre espiritualidade e ecologia, entendidas como determinantes de uma nova concepção de bem-estar físico e espiritual que passa a configurar o horizonte de um universo de formas de religiosidades. Neste contexto situa-se o movimento espiritual Mística Andina, que visa resgatar a comunhão com a natureza e o distanciamento da sociedade de consumo. O praticante espera atingir um conhecimento cada vez mais íntimo de si, conectando-se com a Mãe Terra (Pachamama). Como parte do movimento Nova Era, a Mística Andina articula uma diversidade de crenças, práticas e ensinamentos que formam um mosaico espiritual de tradições pré-colombianas, cristãs e orientais que se alinham com os valores ambientais e místicos das religiões do self.
A eficácia simbólica e terapêutica de práticas religiosas entre os trabalhadores brasileiros no Japão
Authors: Matsue Regina Yoshie , Ogasavara Mário Henrique
Published: January 2014

Este artigo explora a noção de apoio social e de eficácia simbólica das práticas terapêuticas oferecidas pela Igreja Messiânica entre os migrantes brasileiros no Japão. Uma grande parcela destes trabalhadores enfrenta problemas de saúde relacionados à pressão no trabalho, isolamento social e dificuldade em comunicar-se. Este trabalho baseia-se no modelo etnográfico. Durante a pesquisa de campo foram realizadas frequentes visitas e entrevistas com líderes e membros do grupo nas cidades com grande concentração de brasileiros. Neste contexto, a Igreja Messiânica percebe um ambiente propício para desenvolver suas práticas de cura. Por outro lado, o grupo mobiliza os membros em prol da difusão de sua doutrina e ideais.
Toca de Assis em crise: uma análise dos discursos dos que permaneceram na comunidade
Authors: Medeiros Katia Maria Cabral , Mariz Cecília Loreto
Published: January 2014

Fundada em 1994 em Campinas, a "Toca de Assis" se destacava como grupo católico que atraía jovens para uma vida de pobreza radical, consagrada à adoração do Santíssimo Sacramento e ao cuidado com a população de rua. Em 2009, o líder-fundador, Pe. Roberto Lettieri, é afastado e uma crise se instala com a saída da maioria dos membros. Realizado em 2010-11 numa casa masculina, esse estudo analisa os discursos dos membros remanescentes buscando identificar os sentidos atribuídos à referida crise. Valorizando a Igreja Católica, os entrevistados confiam nas decisões de sua hierarquia e acionam os conceitos de "maturidade", "humildade", "Providência Divina" e "purificação" para dar coerência às mudanças identificando nelas continuidade a proposta inicial do próprio fundador.
O corte interpretativo em psicanálise
Authors: Triska Vitor Hugo Couto , D'Agord Marta Regina de Leão
Published: January 2014

Este estudo propõe uma construção teórica sobre a função do corte como fundamento formal da interpretação psicanalítica. Através da abordagem dos aspectos topológicos do corte em Lacan, interpretação e ato psicanalítico serão reunidos sob o conceito de corte interpretativo. Para tanto, o inconsciente será considerado superficial, o que permite uma discussão com noções clássicas da psicanálise freudiana e suas incidências no campo da técnica psicanalítica, principalmente em relação à interpretação.