bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Specific barriers to the conduct of randomized trials
Authors: Duley Lelia , Antman Karen , Arena Joseph , Avezum Alvaro , Blumenthal Mel , Bosch Jackie , Chrolavicius Sue , Li Timoa , Ounpuu Stephanie , Perez Analia Cristina , Sleight Peter , Svard Robbyna , Temple Robert , Tsouderous Yannis , Yunis Carla , Yusuf Salim
Published: February 2008

Large randomized trials are required to provide reliable evidence of the typically moderate benefit of most interventions. To be affordable, such trials need to be simple; to be widely applicable, they need to be close to normal clinical practice. However, current regulations and guidelines have hugely increased trial complexity, effectively becoming barriers to their design and conduct. Key barriers include inadequate funding, overly complex regulations producing needlessly complex trial procedures, excessive monitoring, over restrictive interpretation of privacy laws without evidence of subject benefit, and inadequate understanding of methodology.

Complex regulations result in multiple ethics approvals for a multi-center study, unnecessary complexity in the study protocol, delays in securing regulatory approval, and cumbersome regulatory procedures, even for drugs widely used in clinical practice. The type of detailed safety monitoring currently needed in trials of new drugs is being applied indiscriminately to all studies including a simpler and basic level of monitoring that constitutes good practice in most trials could be agreed on, with that level being exceeded only in specific instances. More evidence about the pros and cons of alternative approaches to data quality monitoring would help inform this process. Complex procedures in the form of multiple-page consent forms, overzealous monitoring of side effects and adverse events, source data verification, and over-restrictive approaches to protocol amendments, can impede, rather than facilitate, trial objectives. Finally, further education on the nuances and functions of randomisation would facilitate trial conduct, and reduce the need for burdensome complexity. A radical re-evaluation of existing trial guidelines is needed, based on a clear understanding of the important principles of randomized trials, with the objective of eliminating unnecessary documentation and reporting without sacrificing validity or safety. Researchers should encourage public debate about how best to strike the balance between regulation and cost. Clinical Trials 2008; 5: 40—48. http://ctj.sagepub.com
Use of dose modification schedules is effective for blinding trials of warfarin: evidence from the WASID study
Authors: Hertzberg Vicki , Chimowitz Marc , Lynn Michael , Chester Cristen , Asbury William , Cotsonis George
Published: February 2008

Background Randomized clinical trials are blinded to prevent knowledge of treatment assignment from influencing outcomes and their assessments, thus protecting the trial's scientific integrity. Trials involving a warfarin treatment arm are difficult to blind due to the need to continuously adjust dose.

Purpose We sought to examine the effectiveness of blinding secondary stroke prevention trials with a warfarin treatment arm in which the blinding system incorporates use of placebo warfarin dose modification schedules for patients in the placebo warfarin arm.

Methods We examined treatment assignment guesses of 569 patients or their next of kin as well as study coordinators and principal neurologists at the clinical sites in a multicenter, randomized, double-dummy, double-blinded clinical trial of warfarin and aspirin using dose adjustment schedules for management of placebo warfarin. Results Overall, the crude rates of correct responses are 60% for patient/proxy, 66% for study coordinator, and 56% for principal neurologist. Several indices were used to assess the consistency of guesses with what would be expected if the guessing were done completely at random, and all measures indicate adequate blinding. Limitations Comparison to other trials using warfarin is difficult due to limited data and differences in assessment of blinding. However, results compared favorably to one existing trial.

Conclusions Placebo warfarin dose adjustment schedules can protect blinding adequately in trials involving warfarin. Clinical Trials 2008; 5: 23—30. http://ctj.sagepub.com
Do we need to adjudicate major clinical events?
Authors: Granger Christopher B , Vogel Victor , Cummings Steve R , Held Peter , Fiedorek Fred , Lawrence Mitzi , Neal Bruce , Reidies Hiedi , Santarelli Leanne , Schroyer Rosemary , Stockbridge Norman L , Feng Zhao
Published: February 2008

Purpose The use of centralized systems to adjudicate clinical events is common in large clinical trials, in spite of relatively little published literature concerning the rationale and justification. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the reasons for central adjudication and to discuss whether trials could be simplified by limiting or streamlining the adjudication process.

Methods We reviewed the literature concerning central adjudication and documented the experience of adjudication in several clinical trials. Since definitions for nonfatal events are generally heterogeneous and subjective, one reason for a central process of adjudication is to assist in assuring systematic application of the definition used in the trial. In open-label trials, assuring that the adjudication is done blinded to treatment assignment may provide protection against differential misclassification. Regulatory authorities, including the FDA, derive confidence in the validity of results when central adjudication is performed. The clinical community has become accustomed to a certain amount of adjudication and may criticize trials that lack adjudication.

Limitations It is difficult to document the value of adjudication in trials that have reported adjudicated and nonadjudicated event rates and related treatment effects. Making rationale decisions about when and how to adjudicate is hampered by the lack of published study of when and how central adjudication is helpful to improve the quality and validity of trials and at what cost.

Conclusions Adjudication has not been shown to improve the ability to determine treatment effects. Thus, adjudication may be overly complex and overused in many large simple trials. The appropriate role of central adjudication — which trials, which outcomes, what methods — deserves scrutiny and further study. Clinical Trials 2008; 5: 56—60. http://ctj.sagepub.com
Structure-based nomenclature for cyclic organic macromolecules (IUPAC Recommendations 2008)
Authors: Mormann W. , Hellwich K.-H.
Published: February 2008

A structure-based nomenclature system for monocyclic and polycyclic organic macromolecules is presented. Single-strand mono- and polycyclic macromolecules as well as spiro macrocyclic compounds are covered. However, rotaxanes and catenanes, which contain interlocked rings, and rings or ring systems formed by noncovalent bonds are excluded. Also, polypeptides and carbohydrate polymers are not included. The nomenclature of cyclic macromolecules is based on the existing nomenclature of regular and irregular macromolecules, which in turn is based on the nomenclature of organic chemistry also published by IUPAC. The procedure for naming a cyclic macromolecule consists of transforming it to an open-chain regular or irregular macromolecule in such a way that naming of units proceeds in descending order of seniority but otherwise follows the rules established for these types of macromolecules. For polycyclic macromolecules, the same principles are followed after the main ring, bridges, and branch units are identified and locants for branch units as well as bridges are assigned. The complete names are assembled by citing the component names and locants in the appropriate order according to the rules in this document. Wherever possible, examples for illustration of the naming procedure have been chosen from the literature.
Glossary of terms related to solubility (IUPAC Recommendations 2008)
Authors: Gamsjäger Heinz , Lorimer John W. , Scharlin Pirketta , Shaw David G.
Published: February 2008

Phenomena related to the solubility of solids, liquids, and gases with one another are of interest to scientists and technologists in an array of disciplines. The diversity of backgrounds of individuals concerned with solubility creates a potential for confusion and miscommunication and heightens the need for an authoritative glossary of terms related to solubility. This glossary defines 166 terms used to describe solubility and related phenomena. The definitions are consistent with one another and with recommendations of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry for terminology and nomenclature.
Graphical representation standards for chemical structure diagrams (IUPAC Recommendations 2008)
Authors: Brecher Jonathan
Published: February 2008

The purpose of a chemical structure diagram is to convey information - typically the identity of a molecule - to another human reader or as input to a computer program. Any form of communication, however, requires that all participants understand each other. Recommendations are provided for the display of two-dimensional chemical structure diagrams in ways that avoid ambiguity and are likely to be understood correctly by all viewers. Examples are provided in many areas, ranging from issues of typography and color selection to the relative positioning of portions of a diagram and the rotational alignment of the diagram as a whole. Explanations describe which styles are preferred and which should be avoided. Principal recommendations include: 1) Know your audience: Diagrams that have a wide audience should be drawn as simply as possible; 2) Avoid ambiguous drawing styles; 3) Avoid inconsistent drawing styles.
"What Our Boys Are Reading": Lydia Sigourney, Francis Forrester, and Boyhood Literacy in Nineteenth-Century America
Authors: Parille Ken
Published: February 2008

Reading has long been talked about in studies of nineteenth-century culture and of children's literature as a way to discipline adult and child readers in general or women and girls in particular, but it has received less attention as a source for ideas about disciplining boys. This article explores debates about boys and reading as theorized in novels, essay collections, children's periodicals, and conduct manuals, focusing on the work of Lydia Sigourney and Francis Forrester. While many writers favored an approach in which boys read narratives about historical figures and replay their typically masculine attitudes or actions, Sigourney, Forrester, and others were critical of this model.
Shadows of War: Fascist and Anti-Fascist Representations of Childhood in Triumph of the Will, A Letter to Santa Claus, and The Little Princess
Authors: Frost Leslie
Published: February 2008

This article examines the anti-fascist appeals of the Federal Theatre Project’s production A Letter to Santa Claus and 20th Century Fox’s The Little Princess to consider issues of home front patriotism raised by both productions in late 1930s America. The project brings into comparison changing discourses of childhood that construct differing connections between home and nation. An introductory comparison to fascist representations of the child in Triumph of the Will highlights the manner in which children’s symbolic plenitude is utilized to enact national values and model citizen behavior in both fascist and anti-fascist productions.
"Saving the World Before Bedtime": The Powerpuff Girls, Citizenship, and the Little Girl Superhero
Authors: Hager Lisa
Published: February 2008

In The Powerpuff Girls , little girls take center stage as action heroes exactly because they are both little girls and superheroes, and, just as adult female action figures are challenging gender stereotypes, the Powerpuffs are revising definitions of girlhood within mainstream American popular culture. Significantly, the challenges faced by these superheroic animated girls frame current competing and often contradictory discourses about twentieth-century American girlhood in popular culture, revealing the transformational and yet deeply conservative character of American notions of feminine strength, sexuality, and agency.
Moving Masculinities: Memories and Bodies Across Oceania
Authors: Jolly Margaret
Published: February 2008

Past studies of Oceanic masculinities have tended to see masculinity in the singular, through the lens of unchanging cultural traditions, wherein types of men were iconic of cultural differences. This special issue considers masculinities in the plural, both within and between cultures, exploring the relations between hegemonic and subordinate masculinities and how masculinities are configured in the context of colonial histories, militarism, and globalization. It connects a historical and relational approach to masculinities to embodied experience and individual and collective memories across the diversity of Oceania.
Contending Masculinities and the Limits of Tolerance: Sexual Minorities in Fiji
Authors: George Nicole
Published: February 2008

Despite the fact that Fiji is one of only a handful of states to have given constitutional recognition to the rights of sexual minorities in its most recent constitution enacted in 1998, controversy over the issue of individual sexual orientation, and powerful condemnation of those who choose to publicly demonstrate a homosexual or transgender identity, has flourished in the public domain. The focus on male homosexuality has been predominant in this debate, with many influential political actors framing discourses of masculinity in ways that affirm Christian ideals of morality while also reinforcing the Christian Church's normative political authority. However, as this article demonstrates, public discourses of masculinity have also been articulated in a highly selective manner. This becomes clear when public debate that construes homosexuality in Fiji as a threat to the integrity of the country's key social institutions is contrasted with some church and political leaders' far more lenient responses to the forms of violent and lawless masculine behavior that predominated during the 2000 coup. While these developments have increased the political and social vulnerability of Fiji's homosexuals, young gay men have also employed strategies that contest mainstream discriminatory attitudes. In this article, I describe how the terrain of sexual minority politics is configured in ways that authorize certain varieties of masculine behavior and subordinate others, and consider the strategies deployed by local gay males to contest homophobic sentiments articulated in the public domain.
Re-membering Panalā'au: Masculinities, Nation, and Empire in Hawai'i and the Pacific
Authors: Tengan Ty P Kāwika
Published: February 2008

Between 1935 and 1942, over one hundred thirty young, mostly Native Hawaiian men (later known as the Hui Panalā'au) "colonized" five small islands in the Equatorial Pacific as employees of the US Departments of Commerce and Interior. Students and alumni from the Kamehameha Schools served exclusively in the first year, and their experiences largely structured the ways that the project was represented at the time and would be remembered later in a 2002 Bishop Museum exhibit. In this essay, I examine the ways that the bodies and memories of the Kamehameha colonists became fertile grounds for re-membering masculinities, a type of gendered memory work that facilitates the formation of group subjectivities through the coordination of personal memories, historical narratives, and bodily experiences and representations. The colonists embodied a Hawaiian American masculinity that allowed a wide range of interlocutors and audiences to make (sometimes divergent) claims to racialized citizenship and gendered belonging. Their experiences spoke to the predicament of Hawaiian men working in and against US colonialism, and thus they enabled a collective re-membering of Hawaiian masculinities that helped counter notions of Hawaiian men's laziness, marginality, and absence, both in the political economy of the territory and the present-day movements for self-determination and decolonization.
"The Martial Islands": Making Marshallese Masculinities between American and Japanese Militarism
Authors: Dvorak Greg
Published: February 2008

For over a century, the Marshall Islands have been entangled between the United States and Japan in their conquest of the Central Pacific; yet because of this, these islands have also been a place where multiple masculinities have converged, competed, and transformed each other. This is especially true around the site of Kwajalein Atoll, where terrain understood in Marshallese terms as female or maternal has been reshaped and masculinized through the semiotics of colonialism and militarization. This article focuses specifically on three local representations of masculinity: the knowledgeable but strategic Marshallese "Etao," symbolized by a creative and resourceful male trickster spirit; the heroic but paternalistic American "Patriot," as enacted via the perpetual battlefield of military and weapons-testing missions; and the adventurous but self-sacrificing "Dankichi," deployed in Japan during the 1930s and echoed nowadays in the long-distance tuna-fishing industry. Cross-reading Judith Butler and R W Connell, this is an exploration of the "theater" of these masculinities in relationship to one another, and the story of how different superpowers strive for domination by emasculating a third colonial site and its subjects.
Globalizing Drag in the Cook Islands: Friction, Repulsion, and Abjection
Authors: Alexeyeff Kalissa
Published: February 2008

Male to female cross-dressing and performing have a long indigenous history in the Cook Islands. In recent years, Western-style drag shows have also been included in the Cook Islands cross-dressing repertoire. This article takes the highly cosmopolitan vehicle of the drag show and uses it to track the relationship between local and global models of gender and sexuality. It examines ways in which the iconography of domesticity and motherhood has been used to signify an uneasy relationship between local and global ideas of sexuality and gender.
Bios, Immunity, Life: The Thought of Roberto Esposito
Authors: Campbell Timothy
Published: February 2008

Intended both as an introduction to the thought of the Italian philosopher Roberto Esposito and as a mapping of current biopolitical practice, this essay traces the contributions and the limits of recent Italian contributions to the discussion of biopolitics. The essay offers a summary of Esposito's insight into the relation of community and immunity and compares his thinking to other philosophers who take immunity as their object of study (particularly Jacques Derrida). Campbell goes on to read Esposito's privileging of bios in the light of Giorgio Agamben's emphasis on zōē, while making reference as well to Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt's understanding of biopower. He concludes by arguing that the stakes of Esposito's analysis for an affirmative biopolitics concern fundamentally the nature of community and its opening to all life forms as bios.
Interview
Authors: Esposito Roberto , Paparcone Anna
Published: February 2008

In his first interview to appear in English, Esposito answers a number of questions as they relate to his elaboration of an affirmative biopolitics. He suggests where his own understanding of biopolitics converges and diverges with other contemporary Italian thinkers working on biopolitics, namely Giorgio Agamben and Antonio Negri, and then offers a concise summary of his own work on immunity, especially as it emerges in his Bios: Biopolitics and Philosophy . He concludes the interview with a series of reflections on the meaning of death and birth for Nazism in light of its perverted concept of biopolitics.
Immunity and Negation: On Possible Developments of the Theses Outlined in Roberto Esposito's Immunitas
Authors: Donà Massimo , Comparone Loredana , Righi Andrea
Published: February 2008

What is the relation of risk to negativity? Is it possible to think a notion of the negative that doesn't exclude the other via inclusion? These two questions are at the heart of Massimo Donà's discussion of immunity. Drawing on Roberto Esposito's genealogy of immunity in community, Donà shows how immunity depends upon a paradox of separation that brings the common and the immune closer together. After sketching the relation of immunity to the notion of polemos, Donà argues that the immune subject, by including the other, negates itself so that the other becomes the true self. The essay closes with a series of reflections on how to think negation and immunity together through pregnancy; a negation that affirms a nonsubstitutive or alternative way of being.
World History as Ecumenical History?
Authors: Sachsenmaier Dominic
Published: February 2008

This article discusses the challenges and constraints on the way toward more ecumenical forms of world historical scholarship. Refuting the charge that world history is necessarily Eurocentric in nature, the article points out that it is impossible to discuss intercultural conceptions of world history without touching on the international structures, flows, and hierarchies that characterize the field. The article argues that several transformations within the social sciences and humanities may prove to be relevant for transcultural and world history. The article concludes that internationally convincing perspectives can be gained only if the international landscapes of historiography become more ecumenical.
The Problematic Authority of (World) History
Authors: Sutherland Heather
Published: February 2008

Modern professional history developed in symbiosis with the bureaucratic nation-state and institutionalized science in nineteenth-century Europe, and the conventional grand narrative reflects an idealized view of modernity and modernization. Postcolonial states continued to conform, and location within the national narrative became central to entitlement. Any ostensibly universal account must try to transcend the epistemological and ideological bases of a heterogeneity of histories (vernacular, statesponsored, and transnational), although any claim to epistemic sovereignty is entangled with the practice of power. Despite the realities of cultural difference and political interest, global interdependence requires a usable past. This article considers problems and possibilities.
The Female-Friendly Public Library: Gender Differences in Adolescents’ Uses and Perceptions of U.S. Public Libraries
Authors: Agosto Denise E. , Paone Kimberly L. , Ipock Gretchen S.
Published: February 2008

This article reports the results of a written survey of ninety-seven female and male adolescents, ages fourteen through seventeen, at two U.S. public libraries. In addition to exploring gender-related variance in the reasons for which teenagers use public libraries, the survey investigated how frequently the respondents needed information relating to twelve major topic areas and how useful they considered public libraries in helping them to find information relating to these topics. For the most part, the results indicated no significant gender difference in the respondents’ reasons for using libraries or in their frequency of information needs. The only major gender difference was the girls’ tendency to rate libraries as more useful in helping them to meet their personal information needs, making public libraries “female-friendly spaces” for adolescent girls. The authors conclude with suggestions for helping both female and male adolescents realize the full potential of public libraries and public library services.
Women’s Studies Databases: A Critical Comparison of Three Databases for Core Journals in Women and Gender Studies
Authors: Ingold Cindy
Published: February 2008

In the last decade, online databases in the field of women and gender studies have matured. There are now a variety of bibliographic and full text databases available, both free on the Internet and through fee-based subscriptions. This article provides an in-depth analysis of three major fee-based databases: Women’s Studies International, Contemporary Women’s Issues, and GenderWatch. The author compares the databases by searching a core list of scholarly journals and feminist magazines to determine the coverage in each system including dates, number of citations for each periodical title, and whether full text is available for each title. The author also analyzes article coverage from those periodical titles common to all three systems for a specific year to determine which database provides the most comprehensive coverage. This analysis will provide libraries with a means to determine which of these databases will be most beneficial to their clientele, and it will encourage librarians with responsibility for selecting women’s studies online resources to advocate for more comprehensive inclusion of women’s studies journals in key databases.
Women’s Health: Librarian as Social Entrepreneur
Authors: Allison Melody M.
Published: February 2008

It may take up to two decades before research findings become routinely used in clinical practice (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001). Librarians are uniquely positioned to maximize the accessibility of research. The author believes that research about gender biology and gender medicine needs to be integrated into clinical practice sooner than later, and that librarians can play a key role in connecting users with research. Utilizing the entrepreneurial approaches, techniques, methods, strategies, and tactics that are used for packaging and promoting their information products and services for social purpose, librarians can become social entrepreneurs. GenderBiology.net, a gateway to news and resources about gender biology and gender medicine, was created to assist information and health care professionals and consumers in this endeavor (Allison, 2006). This article provides an introduction to gender biology and medicine with selected events leading up to the concept of gender-specific medicine, as well as specific ways that librarians can become important players in getting genderspecific biomedical research information translated to real world application.
Gender and the Politics of Information: Reflections on Bringing the Library into the Classroom
Authors: Broidy Ellen
Published: February 2008

New technologies offering different ways to generate and access information, as well as revolutionary changes in how (and why) we communicate, led to an effort to reconceptualize the nature of library instruction. Combining some key tenets of the information literacy movement with core feminist principles and critical theoretical approaches, two academic librarians created a course designed to explore the changing nature of information and to explode the myth of its neutrality. Through discussion of the development of the initial course proposal, the creation of the syllabus and the structure of the class, a case is presented for altering (and expanding) the role of the librarian in the classroom.
Public Library Response to Women and Their Changing Roles Revisited
Authors: Cassell Kay Ann , Weibel Kathleen
Published: February 2008

Updating research done in 1980, the authors survey the current status of programming for women in public libraries, concentrating on the largest U.S. public libraries. The designation of National Women’s History Month was assumed to provide a legitimizing factor that libraries could use to develop women’s programming. Many libraries have indeed developed programming for women during National Women’s History Month, but many more have planned women’s programming as part of their regular offering of programs. Women’s programming has been strengthened by a greater visibility of the diverse needs and interests of women, funding for programs for women, and greatly expanded publishing activity that continually provides new titles on women’s issues for public library collections. Women themselves have been a catalyst for programming as they have been avid users of public libraries and often the primary audience for library programs. Although librarians seem reluctant to identify their target audience by gender, they continue to develop programming that attracts more women than men.
How We Construct Subjects: A Feminist Analysis
Authors: Olson Hope A.
Published: February 2008

To organize information, librarians create structures. These structures grow from a logic that goes back at least as far as Aristotle. It is the basis of classification as we practice it, and thesauri and subject headings have developed from it. Feminist critiques of logic suggest that logic is gendered in nature. This article will explore how these critiques play out in contemporary standards for the organization of information. Our widely used classification schemes embody principles such as hierarchical force that conform to traditional/Aristotelian logic. Our subject heading strings follow a linear path of subdivision. Our thesauri break down subjects into discrete concepts. In thesauri and subject heading lists we privilege hierarchical relationships, reflected in the syndetic structure of broader and narrower terms, over all other relationships. Are our classificatory and syndetic structures gendered? Are there other options? Carol Gilligan’s In a Different Voice (1982), Women’s Ways of Knowing (Belenky, Clinchy, Goldberger, & Tarule, 1986), and more recent related research suggest a different type of structure for women’s knowledge grounded in “connected knowing.” This article explores current and potential elements of connected knowing in subject access with a focus on the relationships, both paradigmatic and syntagmatic, between concepts.
New Perspectives: An Analysis of Gender, Net-Generation Children, and Computers
Authors: Dresang Eliza T. , Gross Melissa , Holt Leslie
Published: February 2008

In the Project CATE (Children’s Access to and Use of Technology Evaluation), based on grades 4–8 children’s responses from surveys, focus group participations, and observations in the Saint Louis Public Library, girls’ attitudes toward computers and toward their skill level were equally as positive as those of their male counterparts. Girls differed little from boys in what they wanted to learn and how they used computers, with games the largest portion of observed computer use for both genders. Eighty-five parents queried by survey and ten by focus group responded very similarly about their children’s attitudes and use. Juxtaposing this study with other contemporary research findings suggests that some former research results, as well as conventional wisdom about gender differences in relation to computers, no longer hold true for net-generation youth. The need for moving on beyond these already-addressed issues into more sophisticated analyses is established. The Project CATE study is unique in speaking to these gender-related questions in a public library setting. The results draw attention to the public library as a venue for studying informal use of computers and for self-generated information seeking and recreation, as well as homework-related use, in a gender-neutral environment.
Biographical Reference Works for and about Women, from the Advent of the Women’s Liberation Movement to the Present: An Exploratory Analysis
Authors: Searing Susan E.
Published: February 2008

Hundreds of English-language biographical reference books devoted to women subjects were published between 1966 and 2006. These works compensated for underrepresentation of women in standard sources and responded to the intense interest in women’s lives on the part of feminist scholars. The findings in this article are derived from a bibliographic database that includes works limited by nationality, race, occupation, and other factors, as well as general biographical dictionaries. A decade-by-decade analysis reveals trends in subject content that parallel developments in the scholarly field of women’s studies and the public arena. Problems with duplicative content, subjectivity, and factual errors are described, and points for evaluation are recommended. As biographical information about women is increasingly available on the open Web, questions remain about the nature and future of this type of information source.
Women and the Public Library: Using Technology, Using the Library
Authors: Fidishun Dolores
Published: February 2008

In today’s rapidly changing world of technology and information, libraries find themselves trying to understand more about their users. The results of a qualitative survey of 184 women library patrons give insight into why and how they use library and information technology and how they learned to use that technology. Women discuss what services they particularly value, including traditional services like printed books and reference, but also their appreciation and use of the Internet, including the library’s Web site and databases. Trends showed that women are still the ones who bring children to the library and encourage their use of books. They also value the library as a place of solitude where they can find books or just be by themselves. Women use a variety of resources outside of the library to locate information as they make choices about how to find information in everyday life. It will be important for public libraries to discover ways to increase their role in educating women about library use, particularly electronic resources, and how to effectively locate and evaluate information from the Web and other resources so libraries can remain a vital part of lifelong learning.
Developing Children’s Interest in Reading
Authors: Stauffer Suzanne M.
Published: February 2008

Librarians have always discussed methods of developing children’s interest in reading, but they have focused more on the books being read than on the act of reading. Although many touted the need to “establish the reading habit,” a closer reading of the literature reveals that this referred specifically to reading “good books,” those which socialized children into culturally acceptable sex roles. As early as 1876, articles warned of the dangers of sensational fiction for both girls and boys. By the 1940s, comic books had replaced sensational fiction as a potential “corrupting influence.” Only in the late 1950s did public librarians begin to address the new problem of a reluctance to read at all among children in general and among boys in particular. This paper will examine the effect of gender role expectations on librarians’ efforts to promote reading to children in the twentieth century. In particular it will explore the questions of whether these strategies continue to be designed to promote reading literature that reinforces society’s gender role expectations and of whether they are designed to promote reading to both boys and girls equally, or whether one group is privileged at the expense of the other.
Collecting the Wretched Refuse: Lifting a Lamp to Zines, Military Newspapers, and Wisconsinalia
Authors: Dodge Chris
Published: February 2008

Newspapers/periodicals librarian James Danky does collection building wherever he goes and with whomever he communicates, it seems. Thanks to his efforts, the Madison-based Wisconsin Historical Society collects materials from categories other librarians usually overlook, including zines (homemade periodicals, produced for reasons other than to make money, usually photocopied and published irregularly), something he compares to "other print forms that served the same purposes"—radical handbills of the 1880s, poetry pamphlets of the 1950s, and underground newspapers of the 1960s. Danky also collects Wisconsin-based periodicals, no matter how small their circulation, nor how esoteric their content, from Cheese Reporter to Clothed with the Sun; prison publications; and military, embassy, and consulate publications. WHS is the only institution in the United States collecting military base publications, a genre full of racy-sounding titles like Shoot 'Em Down and Danger Forward. These magazines and papers provide unique, close-up views of soldiers' lives, or at least a glimpse at the culture in which they work.
Native American Press in Wisconsin and the Nation, 1982 to the Present
Authors: Littlefield Daniel F , Parins James W
Published: February 2008

In late April 1982, James P. Danky organized a conference titled "Native American Press in Wisconsin and the Nation," an extension of the work Danky had been engaged in as newspapers and periodicals librarian at the Wisconsin Historical Society, which brought native editors and publishers together with academic historians. We were engaged in writing a historical reference guide to American Indian and Alaska native newspapers and periodicals, and we learned that Danky and colleague Maureen Hady were involved with a similar project. At the conference we all agreed to cooperate in our research and share information. Attendees reached consensus on a number of issues at that time: the Native press was under significant financial difficulty; press freedoms were often abused; a need existed for an association of native publishers and editors. Other issues came to light, including the need for a systematic, ongoing project to collect the products of the native press and report research on the subject as a means of documenting contemporary native life. Danky and Hady's work helped to lay the foundation for this project that continues to this day at the Sequoyah Research Center.
The Write Stuff: U. S. Serial Print Culture from Conservatives out to Neonazis
Authors: Berlet Chip
Published: February 2008

Insufficient scholarly attention has been devoted to alternative or "oppositional" serials from the political right, even though a number of scholars have used these materials as primary sources for studies in several academic disciplines. This overview reviews some of the terms used to describe these serials, explores the development of distinct post–WWII right-wing ideologies, and proposes that these serials usefully can be analyzed through a sociological lens as movement literature that both reflects and shapes different sectors through frames and narratives. How oppositional serials can play a role in constructing rhetorical pipelines and echo chambers to take movement grievances and push them into mainstream political policy initiatives is explored. The sectors defined and examined are the secular right, religious right, and xenophobic right. Examples from each sector are provided, with selected periodicals highlighted in detail.
Reconstructing a Life: The Archival Challenges of Women's History
Authors: Sachs Honor R
Published: February 2008

The field of women's history emerged and developed through the joint efforts of scholars, librarians, and archivists. When the field emerged in the early 1970s, the combined labor of individuals in these academic disciplines unearthed otherwise obscure archival evidence, shaped a new framework for research, and fueled dynamic inquiry into the historic experiences and modern understandings of women's lives. Despite such collaborative origins, historians do not always incorporate a broad understanding of library and archive practice into their scholarship. By illustrating efforts to reconstruct the life of one eighteenth-century woman on the Kentucky frontier, this essay illustrates how knowledge of archival collection and provenance provides vital perspective on historic experience. Given the long tradition of collaboration between librarians, archivists, and women's historians, this essay suggests that renewed attention to such relationships will provide important new opportunities for future research.
Net Cohort Migration in England and Wales: How Past Birth Trends May Influence Net Migration
Authors: Dorling Daniel , Rigby Janette E
Published: February 2008

An established role for statistical social science is to try to uncover the extent to which aggregate behaviour is conditioned by context as exemplified by the work of Durkheim. A decade prior to Durkheim's seminal work, eleven 'laws' of human migratory behaviour were proposed by Ravenstein. In this paper we suggest an extension to this work, that: migration balances the relative worth of people to places over the course of human lifetimes; not in days, month or years: people follow the tides of life. We explore the concept of net cohort migration to demonstrate this for England and Wales, for which long-term quality datasets are available.
Population Size, Economic Development, and Attitudes Towards Inequality: Evidence from 30 Nations
Authors: Evans M. D. R , Kelley Jonathan
Published: February 2008

How does population size affect social life? In accord with Durkheim's classic argument about the shift from the rigid "mechanical" solidarity of small societies to the more differentiated and interdependent "organic" solidarity of large societies, data from 30 nations and 19,568 respondents shows that the citizenry of large societies prefer more inequality in earnings than do citizens of small societies, net of the level of economic development. One reason for this is that citizens of large countries support larger rewards for education and occupational success. In most societies, the actual level of inequality is close to the ideal level, or a little higher. Data are from the World Inequality Study, which pools data from many excellent international survey projects; analysis is by OLS and multi-level regression.
Rural Responses to Political Unrest in Oaxaca City, Mexico: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Cohen Jeffrey H. (Jeffrey Harris)
Published: February 2008

Strikes, violence and economic crisis characterized life in Oaxaca City, Oaxaca, Mexico from the spring through late fall of 2006. Demonstrations began around the efforts of striking teachers and grew throughout the summer to include many groups critical of the state's governor. The confrontations led to blockades, violence and several acts of murder along with the cancellation of important events that had negative implications for the city's tourism economy. Nevertheless, little has been said about the rural response to these events. In this paper I present preliminary results interviews in three rural villages to better understand the impacts of political and economic unrest on rural communities.
Overexpression of Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 Suppresses Osteoblast Differentiation and Matrix Mineralization In Vitro
Authors: Wang Hua , Yoshiko Yuji , Yamamoto Ryoko , Minamizaki Tomoko , Kozai Katsuyuki , Tanne Kazuo , Aubin Jane E , Maeda Norihiko
Published: February 2008

Introduction: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)23 is produced primarily in bone and acts on kidney as a systemic phosphaturic factor; high levels result in rickets and osteomalacia. However, it remains unclear whether FGF23 acts locally and directly on bone formation.

Materials and Methods: We overexpressed human FGF23 in a stage-specific manner during osteoblast development in fetal rat calvaria (RC) cell cultures by using the adenoviral overexpression system and analyzed its effects on osteoprogenitor proliferation, osteoid nodule formation, and mineralization. Bone formation was also measured by calcein labeling in parietal bone organ cultures. Finally, we addressed the role of tyrosine phosphorylation of FGF receptor (FGFR) in mineralized nodule formation.

Results: Nodule formation and mineralization, but not osteoprogenitor proliferation, were independently suppressed by overexpression of FGF23 in RC cells. Increased FGF23 levels also suppressed bone formation in the parietal bone organ culture model. FGF23 overexpression enhanced phosphorylation of FGFR, whereas the impairment of mineralized nodule formation by FGF23 overexpression was abrogated by SU5402, an inhibitor of FGFR1 tyrosine kinase activity.

Conclusions: These studies suggest that FGF23 overexpression suppresses not only osteoblast differentiation but also matrix mineralization independently of its systemic effects on Pi homeostasis.
Sex-Specific Genetic Loci for Femoral Neck Bone Mass and Strength Identified in Inbred COP and DA Rats
Authors: Alam Imranul , Sun Qiwei , Liu Lixiang , Koller Daniel L , Carr Lucinda G , Econs Michael J , Foroud Tatiana , Turner Charles H
Published: February 2008

Introduction: Hip fracture is the most devastating osteoporotic fracture type with significant morbidity and mortality. Several studies in humans identified chromosomal regions linked to hip size and bone mass. Animal models, particularly the inbred rat, serve as complementary approaches for studying the genetic influence on hip fragility. The purpose of this study is to identify sex-independent and sex-specific quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for femoral neck density, structure, and strength in inbred Copenhagen 2331 (COP) and Dark Agouti (DA) rats.

Materials and Methods: A total of 828 (405 males and 423 females) F2 progeny derived from the inbred COP and DA strains of rats were phenotyped for femoral neck volumetric BMD (vBMD), cross-sectional area, polar moment of inertia (Ip), neck width, ultimate force, and energy to break. A whole genome screen was performed using 93 microsatellite markers with an average intermarker distance of 20 cM. Recombination-based marker maps were generated using MAPMAKER/EXP from the COP × DA F2 data and compared with published Rat Genome Database (RGD) maps. These maps were used for genome-wide linkage analyses to detect sex-independent and sex-specific QTLs.

Results: Significant evidence of linkage (p < 0.01) for sex-independent QTLs were detected for (1) femoral neck vBMD on chromosomes (Chrs) 1, 6, 10, and 12, (2) femoral neck structure on Chrs 5, 7, 10, and 18, and (3) biomechanical properties on Chrs 1 and 4. Male-specific QTLs were discovered on Chrs 2, 9, and 18 for total vBMD, on Chr 17 for trabecular vBMD, on Chr 9 for total bone area, and on Chr 15 for ultimate force. A female-specific QTL was discovered on Chr 2 for ultimate force. The effect size of the individual QTL varied between 1% and 4%.

Conclusions: We detected evidence that sex-independent and sex-specific QTLs contribute to hip fragility in the inbred rat. Several QTLs regions identified in this study are homologous to human chromosomal regions previously linked to QTLs contributing to femoral neck and related phenotypes.
Attenuated Response to In Vivo Mechanical Loading in Mice With Conditional Osteoblast Ablation of the Connexin43 Gene (Gja1)
Authors: Grimston Susan K , Brodt Michael D , Silva Matthew J , Civitelli Roberto
Published: February 2008

Introduction: In vitro data suggest that gap junctional intercellular communication mediated by connexin43 (Cx43) plays an important role in bone cell response to mechanical stimulation. We tested this hypothesis in vivo in a model of genetic deficiency of the Cx43 gene (Gja1).

Materials and Methods: Four-month-old female mice with a conditional Gja1 ablation in osteoblasts (ColCre;Gja1−/flox), as well as wildtype (Gja1+/flox) and heterozygous equivalent (Gja1−/flox) littermates (eight per genotype), were subjected to a three-point bending protocol for 5 d/wk for 2 wk. Microstructural parameters and dynamic indices of bone formation were estimated on sections of loaded and control contralateral tibias.

Results: ColCre;Gja1 −/flox mice had significantly thinner cortices, but larger marrow area and total cross-sectional area in the tibial diaphysis, compared with the other groups. The ColCre;Gja1−/flox mice needed ∼40% more force to generate the required endocortical strain. In Gja1+/flox mice, the loading regimen produced abundant double calcein labels at the endocortical surface, whereas predominantly single labels were seen in ColCre;Gja1−/flox mice. Accordingly, mineral apposition rate and bone formation rate were significantly lower (54.8% and 50.2%, respectively) in ColCre;Gja1−/flox relative to Gja1+/flox mice. Intermediate values were found in Gja1−/flox mice.

Conclusions: Gja deficiency results in thinner but larger tibial diaphyses, resembling changes occurring with aging, and it attenuates the anabolic response to in vivo mechanical loading. Thus, Cx43 plays an instrumental role in this adaptive response to physical stimuli.