bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Schools Self-Administering Substance Abuse Surveys: An Evaluation
Authors: van Valey Thomas L. , Hartmann David , Post William
Published: June 2006

The literature suggests that administering drug surveys to public school students is best done by persons outside of the school system (or at least unfamiliar to the students). This is the approach used by the long-time Monitoring the Future project. Because of the increased costs that administration by outside research associates requires (both time and transportation), we decided to design an experiment that would compare it to administration by school personnel. Six school systems were split, and 3756 surveys were administered, about half by outside research associates and half by school personnel. The results indicate that there were minimal and non-significant differences between the two groups. On the basis of these results, we draw the conclusion that school personnel are able to administer survey instruments without affecting the quality of the results and, thus, that school districts may safely use such data in the evaluation of their drug education and drug prevention programs.
Prakticni problemi kointegracione analize
Authors: Mladenovic Zorica
Published: June 2006

In this paper the solutions some practical problems of cointegration analysis are discussed. We mainly focus on the following phases of the Johansen procedure: the baseline model specification, t determination of the number of cointegrating vectors, the inclusion of the determines components and design of partial mode This is the most commonly used approach analyzing nonstationary macroeconomic time series, due to its complexity and simple modeling based on the computer packages. However, as the application of statistic packages may be useless when methodology is partly known, its full understanding makes computer software a reliable source. The purpose of this paper is to popularize (correct) application of cointegration methods. .
Da li inflacija sve unistava i kome, ili samo bogatstvo preraspodeljuje
Authors: Ivovic Miodrag
Published: June 2006

This paper probably presents one of the first attempts to draw a parallel between certain regularities in physics and some regularities and categories in economics. On the basis of a parallel which can be drawn between mechanical energy in physics, especially the law of energy sustain-ability, and the power of money in economics, the paper shows that in economics as well the power of money is indestructible, independent of whether it is observed in inflationary or non-inflationary conditions. In addition to a parallel which is drawn in this paper between energy in physics and the power of money in economics, it is also possible to draw a parallel between physical values such as: mass, force, labor, power, etc. , and certain values in economics and draw interesting conclusions. However, this can be a topic of some future paper.
Kompenzacije za ogranicenja u ekonomskom i socijanom zivotu
Authors: Maksin-Micic Marija
Published: June 2006

A short review of approaches to management and guidance of development and space utilization and its relation to the role of planning in the European countries and in Serbia have been given. The targets and conflict of interests connected to land use have been discussed and possibilities of conflict relativization have been pointed out. The idea of space protection and reservation has been explained, together with the differences in space utilization regimes. Regimes and measures for space protection produce numerous limitations and development problems to the local communities in the involved areas. Special attention has been paid to research into various effects of social benefits and losses subsequent to proclamation of space protection and reservation, especially those related to removal of the population and the settlements. Possible forms and ways of providing compensations to the population and the local communities in the protected and reserved areas have been presented. Problems and possibilities of using experience of the European countries in the management of protected and reserved areas have also been pointed out.
Raskid ugovora prema Konvenciji UN o medjunarodnoj prodaji robe
Authors: Perovic Jelena
Published: June 2006

The breach of a international sales contract by one party gives the other party a right to recover damages, but we are here concerned with more specialized remedy - avoidance of the contract. In the UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG) as in national legal systems, avoidance is not available for every breach of contract. The question whether the party affected by the disturbance may avoid the contract instead of being restricted to a claim for damages or other remedies with the contract continuing in force, depends of the seriousness of the breach of contractual obligation. In the Convention, a party may avoid the contract when the other party commits a 'fundamental breach'. The party affected by breach must suffer a detriment which must be such 'as substantially to deprive him of what he is entitled to expect under the contract unless the party in breach did not foresee and a reasonable person of the same kind in the same circumstances would not have foreseen such a result'. The definition of 'fundamental breach of contract', as a fruit of world-wide compromise, is not always easy to apply both for the parties and the judges and it's notions of 'substantial detriment' and 'foreseeability' may give rise to divergent judicial interpretation and application. .
Uticaj nacionalne kulture na organizacionu strukturu preduzeca u Srbiji
Authors: Janicijevic Nebojsa
Published: June 2006

The paper aims to point out the limitations of the partial and the need for a holistic approach to researching the influences of national culture on the management. Using the case study of organizational restructuring of Serbian enterprises, the paper shows how the complete understanding of the influences of national culture on management will be possible only if all dimensions of the national culture are simultaneously included in the analysis. The main hypothesis of the paper is that the low degree of formalization of Serbian companies' organizational structure, even with a high degree of uncertainty avoidance in Serbian national culture, results from the forces of collectivism and "female" values in this culture.
Liberalizacija trgovine, privredni razvoj i STO posle Dohe
Authors: Kovacevic Radovan
Published: June 2006

This paper analyzes the actions that could be taken in the context of the WTO Doha negotiations to assist countries in benefiting from deeper trade integration. It discusses the policy agenda faced by many developing countries and identifies a number of focal points that could be used both as targets and as benchmarks to increase the likelihood that the WTO negotiations will support development. To achieve these targets a number of negotiating modalities are proposed both for goods and services-related market access issues, as well as rule making in regulatory areas. Developing countries must approach the WTO negotiations with a firm view of their national priorities, and seek to ensure that multilateral obligations will assist in, and not detract from, the realization of development objectives. For the development community this implies that the priority should be given to strengthening the capacity to identify national priorities and to analyze the cost and benefits of the proposed agreements in light of those priorities.
Politicke institucije i izbori politika
Authors: Joksimovic Ljubinka
Published: June 2006

First, I consider several fundamental reasons why the analysis of incentives should be included in political institutions in modern economics. Second, I explore two fundamental features of political institutions: the electoral rule contrasting majoritarian and proportional electoral systems and the regime type, contrasting presidential and parliamentary regimes. I derive specific theoretical predictions regarding policy choice. Empirical results of policy outcomes in democratic countries, either in pure cross-sections or in panel confirm predictions and I highlight important analogy between the obtained results by comparing electoral rules and regime types. The main finding that political institutions determine the extent of competition among voters or politicians is manifested here as: more competition always brings about a lower supply of public goods, lower rents for politicians, lower taxes, smaller welfare programs and small size government (majoritarian electoral rule and presidential regime). The third section deals with the advantages and the disadvantages of the choice of majoritian vs. proportional systems and presidential vs. government for quality of governance in new democracies in transition countries and accentuates that the absence of any serious constitutional debate remains one of the puzzles of transition from communism. In the fourth section I try to focus on the basic constitutional dilemmas in Serbia.
Znacaj porekla proizvoda u evropskim sporazumima o trgovini
Authors: Kovacevic Radovan
Published: June 2006

The key element of the EU's free trade and preferential trade agreements is the extent to which they deliver improved market access and thus contribute to the EU's foreign policy objectives towards developing countries and neighbouring countries in Europe, including the countries of the Balkans. The previous preferential trade schemes have been ineffective in delivering improved access to the EU market. The main reason for this is probably very restrictive rules of origin that the EU imposes, coupled with the costs of proving consistency with these rules. If the EU wants the 'Everything but Arms' agreement and free trade agreements with countries in the Balkans to generate substantial improvements in access to the EU market for products from these countries, then it will have to reconsider the current rules of origin and implement less restrictive rules backed upon by a careful safeguards policy. Governments apply rules to distinguish between foreign and domestic products and to define the foreign origin of a product where some imports receive preferential treatment. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the issue of the rules of origin, and on the "cummulation" of such rules within the EU preferential trade agreements. It does this, firstly, through detailing rules of origin, secondly, by providing a conceptual discussion of the impact of (the cummulation of) rules of origin, and thirdly, by exploring characteristics of preferential trade agreements.
Uticaj transevropskih saobracajnih koridora na regionalni razvoj i aglomeracione sisteme - iskustva Evropskih zemalja
Authors: Maksin-Micic Marija
Published: June 2006

The trans-European transport network has different effects at inter-regional, macro-regional and mezzo-regional level, and its effectiveness rises at the lower regional levels. Possible approaches to the trans-European transport network impact and effect survey and policy options have been pointed out. In that respect the brief review of surveys, strategic framework and policies in the European Union has been given. The importance of increased accessibility and mobility for regional expansion and for a more balanced and polycentric system of city networks has been underlined. The question is how the new major transport infrastructure affects the development of functional complementarity between cities and regions. The new trans-European or major transport infrastructure does not per se create regional and urban system network development, although it can affect the conditions for the processes that create growth and development. The effects can be reinforced by co-ordination of measures of regional and urban policy, land use, transport and other policies. The necessary measure is the introduction of spatial impact assessment as an instrument for spatial assessment of large transport infrastructure projects.
Slobodne zone - oaze izvoznih podsticaja?
Authors: Kozomara Jelena
Published: June 2006

The production in the free export zones, or free zones for short, has enabled many countries to integrate into international trade. By locating their domestic industries as well as foreign investors in a specially enclosed space, free trade zones, a large number of countries, closed for foreign trade transactions, have succeeded in expanding their exports, increasing employment of the population and capacities and developing their markets. This process was typically accompanied by an increase in national competitiveness of the domestic country, its free zone and its share in the international market. This paper aims to point out the role of free export production zones in the strategy of increasing Serbian exports as well as in the strategy of attracting export-oriented direct foreign investments into Serbia.
Resavanje problema nedostajucih podataka metodom visestrukog umetanja
Authors: Vasic Vladimir
Published: June 2006

In censuses as well as in various surveys, some respondents do not give answers to the stated questions. This, unavailability is a component of surveying. The problem arising from the sample unavailability is that the units selected to be included in the sample are, in fact, missing. Not only do these missing values cause less efficient estimates (due to the reduction in the sample size), but they also make impossible the use of standard statistical methods (which assume that there are no missing units). The multiple embedding method is a technique which replaces each missing or incomplete datum by two or more acceptable values drawn from the data distribution. It means that each lost value is replaced by m embedded values in the form of a vector.
Mehanizam uticaja promene deviznog kursa na inflaciju
Authors: Miljkovic Dejan
Published: June 2006

The implementation of an adequate exchange rate policy inevitably leads us to the pass-through of exchange rate changes on export prices and inflation. During the last decade of 20th century, there was a lot of research done on the pass-through of exchange rate changes from the microeconomic aspect. This approach, known as New Open Economy Macroeconomics, is theoretically grounded mainly on producers' ability to price discriminate in markets for export goods. Consistent with the established theoretical framework, the focus of this research has been directed towards studying the pass-through of exchange rate changes to export prices. Relatively few research papers, also based on theoretical grounds of basically macroeconomic character, have dealt with the pass-through of exchange rate changes to inflation. This paper observes the pass-through of exchange rate changes to inflation from the macroeconomic aspect. The starting point of our theoretical consideration of the pass-through of exchange rate changes to inflation is the well-known Dornbusch's overshooting model. The observation of the pass-through of exchange rate changes to inflation within the overshooting model allows us to observe two dimensions through which changes in the exchange rate pass through to inflation. The first dimension observes the pass-through of nominal exchange rate changes to inflation, whereas the second one observes the deviations of the nominal exchange rate from the equilibrium nominal exchange rate, having simultaneous internal and external equilibrium. The final pass-through of exchange rate changes to inflation will depend on the joint influence of both dimensions. Also, the pass-through of exchange rate changes to inflation will be observed in the countries with a fixed exchange rate system, which so far has not been a common situation in practice. We believe that exchange rate changes pass through to inflation even in a fixed exchange rate system, when a change in the exchange rate is equal to zero, which is manifested in deviations of the nominal exchange rate from the equilibrium exchange rate.
Balanced scorecard i strategijski fokusirana organizacija - okvir za uspesnu operacionalizaciju strategije i njenu implementaciju u informatickoj eri
Authors: Kalicanin Djordje
Published: June 2006

The main problem of strategic management is not strategy formulation, but its implementation. A basic reason for this state is strategy not-focused organization. Balanced Scorecard is a framework that enables strategy to be translated into operational terms, organization to be aligned with the strategy, strategy to be everyone's everyday job a continual process. Such popularity of Balanced Scorecard has arisen from these results of successful world's firms.
Razmena informacija na kreditnim trzistima - kreditni biroi i javni kreditni registri
Authors: Vasiljev Dejan
Published: June 2006

Information exchange in credit markets is favourably reflected on the volume and quality of credit activity, thereby on economic growth. The main transfer mechanism of this exchange, credit bureaus as private initiatives and public credit registrars, as regulatory solutions, as well as their emergence, characteristics of their functioning and the history of their development will be considered in this paper.
Feasibility of reforms regarding their reaches: An outline of an impossibility theorem
Authors: Madzar Ljubomir
Published: June 2006

Reform endeavors run up against various sorts of constraints. A major set of constraints is the one derived from the lack of information and knowledge. This category of constraints is inextricably linked with the size of the reform undertakings. The architects of reforms do not have the knowledge needed for designing big institutional changes. Moreover, the big changes take the system far a field from its initial position, the one to be overcome by the reform process. Both features generate two distinct types of uncertainty which are sources of potential hazards and could easily produce the breakdown of the system as a whole with well-known disastrous consequences. This reasoning turns down to the standard argument of feasibility and (there- fore) desirability of the Popper-like piecemeal engineering. Another important issue is the necessity/desirability of preserving old institutions while the new ones are being built lest institutional vacua be developed with disastrous consequences. The argument is analogous to the tenor of the Burke critique of the French Revolution. The upshot of the analysis is that quick implementation of the far-reaching changes is not to be expected and that the going criticisms of the alleged sluggishness of reforms are to some extent ill-advised.
Approaches to the process of measuring and analysis of web site visits
Authors: Stankic Rade
Published: June 2006

How to learn more about your Web-site's visitors by using Web-traffic statistics? One of the principal methods used by online advertisers, online communities and online businesses to keep track of their visitors' behavior is to employ tracking devices. Data gathered through log-file analysis customer registration, cookies and other tracking devices can be used to personalize each visitor's experience, find trends in customer use and measure the effectiveness of a Web site over time.
Economic and financial relations of Serbia with foreign countries in the period 2000-2003
Authors: Kovacevic Mladjen
Published: June 2006

The dissolution of the federation, war in the immediate environment, the UN sanctions, scarce investment as well as the NATO air-attacks had disastrous consequences for trade and financial relations of Serbia with foreign countries. Simultaneously, its foreign debt rose sharply due to the accrued interests, being at the end of 2000 substantially higher than Serbian gross domestic product. Thanks to the write-off of 51% of debt towards the Paris club, a windfall of donations and obtaining new favorable medium-term and long-term credits, the condition of Serbia's international financial relations considerably improved in the period 2001-2003, thus enabling it to run a foreign-exchange surplus during this period. Due to the policy of de facto floating exchange rate, sudden and drastic liberalization of imports and the lack of non-tariff protection, exports of goods and services in the last three years, contrary to plans, have increased much more slowly than imports, resulting in a large increase in growth and an enormously high level of trade deficit unsustainable in the long run. Due to new credits euro-denominated and other foreign-currency denominated debts being converted into the increasingly weaker dollar and the accrual of interests Serbian foreign debt increased sharply reaching an all-time high at the end of last year and being twice as high as was officially predicted three years before. The level of foreign debt is very high. Trade deficit and foreign indebtedness have become the most serious problems of Serbian economy and unless appropriate measures are taken, it will soon face a serious debt crisis.
Systems approaches to solving practical management problems
Authors: Petrovic Slavica
Published: June 2006

The third main methodological stream of the systems movement is applied systems thinking, beside the study of systems in their own right and systems thinking in the disciplines. Applied systems thinking, represented by different systems methodologies for structuring problem situations, is based on appropriate frameworks of ideas, on the one hand, and is addressed to creative intervening in the real world to solve practical management problems, on the other. According to its Tran disciplinary interdisciplinary and Tran paradigmatic nature, systems thinking, through its theories, methodologies, models can add significant value in a variety of fields. In comparison with the management "fads", high status ought to be granted to applied systems thinking due to the theoretical and methodological founded ness and practical capabilities verified of various systems approaches to solving the complex, interactive and multi-meaning management problems.
The IMF supported program in Serbia & Montenegro
Authors: Dragutinovic Dijana
Published: June 2006

On December 20, 2000 Yugoslavia was readmitted to the IMF, which led to the approval of emergency post conflict assistance. On June 11, 2001, the Executive Board of the IMF approved a Stand-by arrangement. On May 13, 2002 the Executive Board of the IMF approved an Extended Arrangement. In general the IMF supported programs are focused on the following: (I) restrained fiscal policy; (II) consistent monetary and exchange rate policies; (III) wage and price policies; and (IV) structural policy. In the period from 2001 to 2003, considerable progress was made in the creation of an appropriate institutional environment for the operation of a market economy. Serbia & Montenegro is growing at rate that are about twice as large as EU growth rate; however, after a two year period of recovery and accelerated reforms 2003 has seen a slowing in the rate of economic growth. Although inflation was relatively low in 2003, large imbalances continued: (I) the fiscal deficit amounted to 4.2 percent of GDP on a cash basis; (II). the current account deficit was 12.5 percent of GDP. Having in mind two potential causes of macroeconomic instability, discussions between the IMF and country authorities focused on the need to tighten fiscal policy to reduce the pace of domestic demand and improve the current account deficit in the short run.
Expectation-maximization estimators for incompletely observed data
Authors: Vasic Vladimir
Published: June 2006

Expectation-maximization is a broadly applicable approach to the iterative computation of maximum likelihood estimates. Each iteration of expectation-maximization method consists of two steps: the expectation step and the maximization step. Expectation-maximization method is useful in a variety of problems where the maximum likelihood estimates are very difficult to find. The basic idea of expectation-maximization method is to relate incomplete data problems to complete data problems where estimation by maximum likelihood method is much simpler.
Human dimension of strategic partnerships
Authors: Petkovic Mirjana , Aleksic Ana
Published: June 2006

This paper aims to point to the widespread practice of neglecting behavioral aspects of different forms of fusions and integrations of enterprises that have emerged in the process of privatization through strategic partnerships with foreign companies among Serbian enterprises. The initial hypothesis in this paper is that the process of privatization, restructuring and transformation in Serbian enterprises cannot be completely successful and equally advantageous for all the subjects involved if there is no concern for human dimension of these processes. Without this concern there is a possibility for behavioral problems to arise, and the only way to resolve them is through post festum respecting and introducing elements that should never have been neglected in the first place. This paper refers to the phenomenon of collision of cultures and the ways of resolving it while forming strategic partnerships.
The transition from industrial (traditional) to new (information) economy
Authors: Ilic Bogdan
Published: June 2006

At the end of 20th century a new economy and a new information society emerged, as a result of achieving the third and the transition to the fourth scientific and technological revolution. The basis of this new economy lies in the transition from the industrial production to the production based on information and technology. The new economy contributes to changing the character of the factors of production, the structure of the value produced the motives of production, the workers? position (robots replacing slaves) etc. Besides labor, capital, land and entrepreneurship, information appears to be the fifth and the most important factor of production. The Internet is becoming the foundation of the new economy and contributes to changing the way people learn and do research, as well as to reducing the burden of administration, changing the way of competition, reducing operating costs crossing national borders and leading to the process of globalization of the world economy into an integral entity. Some basic characteristics of this new economy are the following: the information basis of production, rapid changes of products, flexible production systems, network organization of production, integration, services backed by products, skills and knowledge generalization, education, knowledge and talent becoming the most important factor of the socio-economic growth and development, etc. The new economy leads to a number of advantages when compared to the traditional one. However, it also has a number of negative consequences: pollution indebtedness of underdeveloped countries, widening the gap between the development level of regions, countries and individuals, growing inflation unemployment etc. But the new economy is objectively conditioned and the task of each national economy is to determine the most favorable way of its incorporation into this new economy (globalization).
Dilemmas over the theory and practice of the modern world pseudoconcreteness and scientific thinking
Authors: Anicic Radosav
Published: June 2006

The reality of the modern world has become characteristic in many aspects even historically, due to a large number of almost insoluble contradictions of social-economic development most often accompanied by seriously warning retrograde processes, existential problems of a large part of the world population and other phenomena that are difficult to solve by using knowledge of contemporary science. Starting from this, as well as from a well known premise of the philosophy of science dating from the Plato age that "a thought arises from the opposite", it is possible to conclude that there have been few periods in recent human history so inspiring and at the same time so aggravating for the science as the period in which we are living. This paper deals with the following question: is the contemporary scientific thought and to what extent, capable of facing this challenge especially bearing in mind that it has been argued that, due to a general crisis of practice, science itself, as its reflective form, is also facing a crisis. The paper aims at critical reviewing of those attitudes and beliefs in which the essence of science and its interdependency upon the reality it studies are incomplete or inadequate.
Employer-sponsored pension plans
Authors: Rakonjac-Antic Tatjana
Published: June 2006

Apart from pension plans within social insurance, in developed pension systems there are also available to individuals schemes which may to a large extent ensure a significant part of their total pension. Among them are the following: employer-sponsored pension plans or individual pension plans. The most widely used employer-sponsored pension plan in the USA is 401(k), in which both the employer and the employee contribute to the financing of the pension. These contributions as well as the return to their investment have a preferential tax treatment, i.e. do not enter a tax base. The funds are taxed only when drawn from the account in the form of a pension. This paper aims to present the functioning of 401(k) pension plan as the most widely used employer sponsored pension plan in the USA, which is likely, in a modified form, to have an important place within our future reformed pension insurance system.
The uneven results of institutional changes in Central and Eastern Europe: The role of culture
Authors: Pejovic Svetozar
Published: June 2006

It has been widely observed that the same formal rules, enacted in the parliaments in the form of written laws, give vastly different results in different social and cultural environments. This phenomenon came to be particularly pronounced in the process of transition of the formerly communist countries to market economies and politically pluralized societies. Highly similar and occasionally identical institutional changes turned out to be unequally accepted by the societies under consideration and produced widely different results in the material restructuring of the economies. It became clear that the notion of institutions had to be widened so as to encompass the informal rules: the customs, the traditions, cultural values and national myths. Informal rules define the constraints for implementing the formal ones and, on the other hand, determine the actual effects of the latter once they are implemented. Forcing the formal rules upon the transition societies cannot be successful unless preceding and/or contemporaneous changes of informal rules are provided for. The paper ends with a design of the strategy for the decisively important changes in values and other components of informal rules.
Strategic framework for sustainable development industry and opportunities for harmonization of Serbia
Authors: Zekovic Slavka
Published: June 2006

This paper offers an analysis of the strategic EU's framework in the planinning of sustainable industrial development and possibilities for harmonisation of Serbia. The aim of this analysis is finding an acceptable formulation of new approaches to sustainable industrial planning in relation to the European strategic framework based on the Lisabon Summit (agenda), the European Spatial Development Perspective towards sustainable territorial development EU (ESDP) and possibilities of introducing the EU Directive IPPC in industry (Integrated Pollution Prevention Control) and Directive of the EU Parliament and Council on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment (SEA -strategic environmental assessment). This paper deals with various strategic frameworks, approaches and aims of sustainable industrial development in the EU and proposes its harmonisation for Serbia in the period of transition towards market economy. The paper also takes into account the advantages and disadvantages of the application of this approach of sustainable industrial planning during the transition in Serbia, and proposes the formulation of new industrial policies that would contain combined elements of market and environmental mechanisms and the way of implementing (standards, indicators, set of various policies, instruments, measures,etc.). Different proposals are offered for strategic planning of territorial industrial development
Teorijski model korupcije u pravosudju
Authors: Begovic Boris
Published: June 2006

The paper is focused on the formulation of the theoretical model of corruption in judiciary, aimed at explaining the behaviour of all agents. Hence minimum amount of bribe (the amount below which no corruption service will be provided) and maximum amount of bride (the maximum amount that corruptors are prepared to pay for the service) are specified. The model?s equilibrium is a modified Bertrand equilibrium: a special feature of this equilibrium is that probability of winning outcome is equal with or without bribing judges. For the equilibrium to be sustainable, assumption of symmetrical corruptors must be relaxed. With the introduction of the assumption of endogenous probability of corruption detection, the basic model is further developed. In addition, two alternative models of bribe appropriation (simultaneous and "auction ") are formulated.
The microstructure of foreign exchange rate and foreign exchange rate formation
Authors: Vuckovic Vladimir
Published: June 2006

The subject matter of market microstructure analysis are processes through which investor activities are transferred to quantities and prices. This direction indicates the fact that has been unjustifiably neglected in fundamental theories ? foreign exchange rate results from the interactions between market participants. Spot foreign exchange market can best be described as a decentralised market with a number of dealers. There is no organised physical place (stock exchange) where dealers meet their clients nor is there an electronic system which enables quotations of all dealers in a currency market to be simultaneously shown on the screen. The theory of order flows has resulted from the answer to the essential question of market microstructure: do trading mechanisms affect the price formation process of the trading subject, and how do they affect it. Information is scattered and not available to all subjects in an aggregate form, which is the consequence of a decentralised structure, lack of regulations and nontransparent trading on the foreign exchange market. In such a setting, market participants are incessantly aggregating signals based on scattered information, and no sooner than collective orders for foreign currency sales and purchases are formed do they build into the foreign exchange rate in the process of new information trading. are a good explanation for changes in the foreign exchange rate. Several studies have shown that order flows.
Globalno poslovanje i transfer tehnologije
Authors: Brkic Luka
Published: June 2006

In this paper we make a distinction between condifiable and non-condifiable knowledge (R.R. Nelson) and want to emphasize, contrary to the neoclassical theory, the general social importance of routine behaviour and impossibility of reducing "the tacit knowledge" (M. Polanyi) or "the unteachable knowledge" (E. Penrose) to information because it is partly rooted in unconscious reactions and cannot be encoded. The validity of the diffusion hypothesis depends on balance between condifiable and non-condifiable knowledge in economy. Our intention is to show that the presumed model of technological development in the diffusion hypothesis does not suffice for understanding of the complexity of knowledge and technology under conditions of productive advantage. In contrast to Kaldor?s, Gomulka?s, and Olson?s analyses, we take account of differences in knowledge transferable functions of economic structures and institutions and draw a conclusion that the institutional model, based on indicators of institutional rigidity or flexibility, is equally successful in theoretical and empirical terms as other available theories.
Strategic positioning of retail entrepreneurship in marketing channels
Authors: Ristic Milos
Published: June 2006

Both the actual market flows and dynamiting of power ratios bring about the revolutionary changes within the marketing strategies and basic management approaches, while completely deranging the traditional value system (i.e. system established through marketing channel members' interaction). What is being altered are the market performance patterns, channel communication standards, and forms of institutional pressure manifestation toward the remainder of members which is being performed by the institution with highest economic and negotiating power. Retail company becomes the leader in development of break-the-rule strategies as well as the mutual revolutionary and innovational processes in marketing channel functioning. The final objectives of initiation of co-revolutionary retail strategy with the remainder of marketing channel members are identification and removal of all non-efficient points in the process of development and the process of adding value at all levels of distribution. In addition, these goals are the advanced management of supply chain and integration of consumers with appropriate marketing channel on a long-term basis.
Exchange rate system and policy in the present world
Authors: Grubisic Zoran
Published: June 2006

The choice of exchange rate regime is important, not only in terms of its effect on trade flows, but also with respect to inflation expectations. Countries facing disinflation may find that pegs regimes are more appropriate solution. But where the trade balance account is significantly deteriorated and growth has been sluggish, a more flexible regime might be called for. The natural classification in eighties and early nineties suggests that intermediate regimes may provide important advantages ? to capture some of the benefits of both extremes while avoiding many of the costs. However today many experts predicted that exchange rate regimes would move in a "bipolar" manner to the extremes of "hard" pegs or free floats. An increasing number of countries did announce their intent to allow greater exchange rate flexibility. But, in practice, countries had a "fear of floating ". Distinction is made among advanced, emerging and other developing countries. Emerging markets have stronger links to international capital markets than do other developing economies. Thus, while non-emerging market developing economies may gain credibility through pegging their exchange rates, emerging markets find it harder to do so and could benefit from investing in "learning to float". More advanced economies with their access to international capital market are best positioned to enjoy the benefits of flexibility. It is found that the proportion of countries adopting intermediate regimes has indeed been shrinking in favor of greater flexibility or greater fixity, especially for countries more integrated with international markets. But, there is no final conclusion on the idea that intermediate regimes will dissapear.
Znacaj i uloga faktoringa kao instrumenta finansiranja izvoza – iskustva novih clanica Evropske unije
Authors: Kovacevic Radovan
Published: June 2006

In recent years factoring has experienced phenomenal growth and has become an important source of financing ? ecpecially short term working capital ? for small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs). This paper explores the advantages of factoring over other types of lending for firms in developing economies. The paper also discusses the informational, legal, tax and regulatory barriers to its growth. It examines the role of factoring in the eight Eastern European countries that became EU members on May 1, 2004.
Dinamicke igre ulaska na trziste
Authors: Stojanovic Bozo
Published: June 2006

Market processes can be analyzed by means of dynamic games. In a number of dynamic games multiple Nash equilibria appear. These equilibria often involve no credible threats the implementation of which is not in the interests of the players making them. The concept of sub game perfect equilibrium rules out these situations by stating that a reasonable solution to a game cannot involve players believing and acting upon noncredible threats or promises. A simple way of finding the sub game perfect Nash equilibrium of a dynamic game is by using the principle of backward induction. To explain how this equilibrium concept is applied, we analyze the dynamic entry games.
The priority of economic institutes
Authors: Draskovic Veselin
Published: June 2006

The subject of the paper is to point out the need of compatibility between economic institutes and economic freedom in which the former are given priority. The aim of the paper is to try to explain - with a critical view of theoretical recommendations of neo-liberal economic pseudo-reformers certain aspects, dilemmas, errors and negative results of the post-socialist transition and privatization, especially the imbalance between defeating practical results and rhetorical theoretical absolutism of the private property institute as the basis of economic freedoms, entrepreneurial and market business.
Coherence of proof-net categories
Authors: Dosen Kosta , Petric Zoran
Published: June 2006

The notion of proof-net category defined in this paper is closely related to graphs implicit in proof nets for the multiplicative fragment without constant propositions of linear logic. Analogous graphs occur in Kelly's and Mac Lane's coherence theorem for symmetric monoidal closed categories. A coherence theorem with respect to these graphs is proved for proof-net categories. Such a coherence theorem is also proved in the presence of arrows corresponding to the mix principle of linear logic. The notion of proof-net category catches the unit free fragment of the notion of star-autonomous category, a special kind of symmetric monoidal closed category.
Completeness theorem for a logic with imprecise and conditional probabilities
Authors: Ognjanovic Zoran , Markovic Zoran , Raskovic Miodrag
Published: June 2006

We present a prepositional probability logic which allows making formulas that speak about imprecise and conditional probabilities. A class of Kripke-like probabilistic models is defined to give semantics to probabilistic formulas. Every possible world of such a model is equipped with a probability space. The corresponding probabilities may have nonstandard values. The proposition "the probability is close to r" means that there is an infinitesimal ?, such that the probability is equal to r ? ? (or r + ?). We provide an infinitary axiomatization and prove the corresponding extended completeness theorem.
Cospectral graphs with least eigenvalue at least -2
Authors: Cvetkovic Dragos , Lepovic Mirko
Published: June 2006

We study the phenomenon of cospectrality in generalized line graphs and in exceptional graphs. We survey old results from today's point o view and obtain some new results partly by the use of compute. Among.other things we show that a connected generalized line graph L(H) has an exceptional cospectral mate only if its root graph H, assuming it is itself connected has at most 9 vertices. The paper contains a description of a table of sets of cospectral graphs with least eigenvalue at least ?2 and at most 8 vertices together with some comments and theoretical explanations of the phenomena suggested by the table.
On minimal ordered structures
Authors: Tanovic Predrag
Published: June 2006

We partially describe minimal, first-order structures which have a strong form of the strict order property.
On the operator equations ABA = A2 and BAB = B2
Authors: Schmoeger Christoph
Published: June 2006

We generalize a result of I. Vidav concerning the operator equations ABA = A2 and BAB = B2.
Holomorphy angles and sectional curvature in Hermitian elliptic planes over fields and tensor product of fields
Authors: Rosenfeld Boris
Published: June 2006

Holomorphy angles and sectional curvature in Hermitian elliptic planes over field C of complex numbers, skew field H of quaternions, and alternative skew field O of octonions are considered, and analogues of holomorphy angles in planes over tensor products of these fields and sectional curvature in these planes are found.
Liquid-phase sintering of Al with addition of Ti
Authors: Romanov G.N. , Tarasov P.P. , D’yachkovskiy P.K. , Savitskii A.P. , Martsunova L.S.
Published: June 2006

Samples made from aluminium-titanium elemental powder blend with titanium contents ranging from 5 to 20 at. % were prepared by die pressing and subsequent sintering under vacuum in a dilatometer quartz tube at 700, 800 and 900 ?C. Dilatometric and heating curves of sintering were analysed and discussed in connection with X-ray data and results from microstructural investigations. .
Magnetic properties of sintered high energy sm-co and nd-fe-b magnets
Authors: Talijan Nadezda
Published: June 2006

Magnetic properties of permanent magnetic materials based on intermetallic compounds of Sm-Co and Nd-Fe-B are in direct dependence on the microstructure. In the first part of this paper, having in mind the importance of the regime of sintering and heat treatment to obtain the optimal magnetic structure, yet another approach in defining the most adequate technological parameters of the sintering process for applied heat treatment conditions was made. The goal of these investigations was to use the correlation that exists between sintering conditions (temperature and time) and intensity of the diffraction peak of the (111) plane of the SmCo5 phase to optimize. In the second part a brief overview of high energy magnetic materials based on Nd-Fe-B is presented with special emphasis to the current research and development of high remanent nanocomposite magnetic materials based on Nd-Fe-B alloys with a reduced Nd content. Part of experimental results gained during research of the sintering process of SmCo5 magnetic materials were realized and published earlier. The scientific meeting devoted to the 60th anniversary of Frankel?s theory of sintering was an opportunity to show once more the importance and role of sintering in optimization of the magnetic microstructure of sintered Sm Co5 magnetic materials.
A Comparison of Two Sub-structuring Techniques for Representing the Modal Properties of Tires
Authors: Tsihlas D. , Lacroix T. , Clayton B.
Published: June 2006

Different numerical sub-structuring techniques for the representation of tire modal behavior have been developed in the past 20 years. By using these numerical techniques reduced dynamic models are obtained which can not only be used for internal studies but also be provided to the automobile industry and linked to reduced dynamic vehicle models in order to optimize the coupled vehicle-tire response for noise vibration and harshness purposes. Two techniques that have been developed in a custom-made finite element code are presented: 1) the component mode synthesis type models for which the wheel center interface is free and 2) the Craig and Bampton type models for which the wheel center interface is fixed. For both techniques the interface between the tire and the ground is fixed. The choice of fixed or free wheel center boundary condition is arbitrary. In this paper we will compare the formulation of these two numerical methods, and we will show the equivalency of both methods by showing the results obtained in terms of frequency and transfer functions. We will show that the two methods are equivalent in principle and the reduced dynamic models can be converted from one to the other. The advantages-disadvantages of each method will be discussed along with a comparison with experimentally obtained results.
An Analytical Transient Tire Model
Authors: Ghazi Zadeh A. , Fahim A.
Published: June 2006

The dynamics of a vehicle's tires is a major contributor to the vehicle stability, control, and performance. A better understanding of the handling performance and lateral stability of the vehicle can be achieved by an in-depth study of the transient behavior of the tire. In this article, the transient response of the tire to a steering angle input is examined and an analytical second order tire model is proposed. This model provides a means for a better understanding of the transient behavior of the tire. The proposed model is also applied to a vehicle model and its performance is compared with a first order tire model.