bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simplified Solution for Stresses and Deformations
Authors: Hamrock B. J. , Brewe D.
Published: November 2009

A shortcut to the classical Hertzian solution for local stress and deformation of two elastic bodies in contact is presented. The shortcut is accomplished by using simplified forms for the ellipticity and for the complete elliptic integrals of the first and second kinds as a function of the geometry. Thus the interdependence of these variables can be uncoupled, and the resulting transcendental equation, which must be solved through use of the computer or design charts, avoided. Simplified formulas that make the elastic deformation at the center of contact easy to calculate have been previously reported by the authors. However, the range of applicability was limited to ellipticities greater than or equal to 1. This paper extends the range of validity to include ellipticities less than 1, that is, where the semimajor axis in the elliptical contact lies in a direction parallel to the rolling direction rather than being perpendicular as in previous studies. Furthermore an auxiliary shear stress parameter is expressed in simplified form as a function of the geometry. This enables a shortcut calculation to be made for the location and magnitude of the maximum subsurface shear stress.
A Generalized Steady-State Reynolds Equation for Non-Newtonian Fluids, With Application to Journal Bearings
Authors: Dien I. K. , Elrod H. G.
Published: November 2009

The purpose of this paper is to derive lubrication equations suitable for constant-property fluids exhibiting inelastic non-Newtonian characteristics. The analysis results in a slightly modified form of Reynolds equation. Fluid characteristics show up in this equation through an equivalent power-law. Data are presented for journal bearing performance over a range of L/D’s and rheological exponents.
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Finite Line Contacts
Authors: Mostofi A. , Gohar R.
Published: November 2009

In this paper, a numerical solution to the elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) problem is presented for a cylindrical roller with axially profiled ends, rolling over a flat plane. Convergence was obtained for moderate load and material parameters (glass, steel, and a mineral oil). Isobars, contours, and section graphs, show pressure variation and film shape. Predictions of film thickness compare favorably with experiments which use the optical interference method, as well as with other theoretical results for an infinite line contact, or an ellipse having a long slender aspect ratio. The maximum EHL pressure occurs near the start of the profiling and can exceed pressure concentrations there predicted by elastostatic theory.
Comparing planning time, delivery time and plan quality for IMRT, RapidArc and tomotherapy
Authors: Oliver Mike , Ansbacher Will , Beckham Wayne A.
Published: November 2009

The purpose of this study is to examine plan quality, treatment planning time, and estimated treatment delivery time for 5‐ and 9‐field sliding window IMRT, single and dual arc RapidArc, and tomotherapy. For four phantoms, 5‐ and 9‐field IMRT, single and dual arc RapidArc and tomotherapy plans were created. Plans were evaluated based on the ability to meet dose‐volume constraints, dose homogeneity index, radiation conformity index, planning time, estimated delivery time, integral dose, and volume receiving more than 2 and 5 Gy. For all of the phantoms, tomotherapy was able to meet the most optimization criteria during planning (50% for P1, 67% for P2, 0% for P3, and 50% for P4). RapidArc met less of the optimization criteria (25% for P1, 17% for P2, 0% for P3, and 0% for P4), while IMRT was never able to meet any of the constraints. In addition, tomotherapy plans were able to produce the most homogeneous dose. Tomotherapy plans had longer planning time, longer estimated treatment times, lower conformity index, and higher integral dose. Tomotherapy plans can produce plans of higher quality and have the capability to conform dose distributions better than IMRT or RapidArc in the axial plane, but exhibit increased dose superior and inferior to the target volume. RapidArc, however, is capable of producing better plans than IMRT for the test cases examined in this study.

PACS number: 87.55.x, 87.55.D, 87.55.de, 87.55.dk
Value Added to What? How a Ceiling in the Testing Instrument Influences Value-Added Estimation
Authors: Koedel Cory , Betts Julian
Published: November 2009

Value-added measures of teacher quality may be sensitive to the quantitative properties of the student tests upon which they are based. This article focuses on the sensitivity of value added to test score ceiling effects. Test score ceilings are increasingly common in testing instruments across the country as education policy continues to emphasize proficiency-based reform. Encouragingly, we show that over a wide range of test score ceiling severity, teachers' value-added estimates are only negligibly influenced by ceiling effects. However, as ceiling conditions approach those found in minimum-competency testing environments, value-added results are significantly altered. We suggest a simple statistical check for ceiling effects.
Analysis of Diversity-Preserving Mechanisms for Global Exploration
Authors: Friedrich Tobias , Oliveto Pietro S. , Sudholt Dirk , Witt Carsten
Published: November 2009

Maintaining diversity is important for the performance of evolutionary algorithms. Diversity-preserving mechanisms can enhance global exploration of the search space and enable crossover to find dissimilar individuals for recombination. We focus on the global exploration capabilities of mutation-based algorithms. Using a simple bimodal test function and rigorous runtime analyses, we compare well-known diversity-preserving mechanisms like deterministic crowding, fitness sharing, and others with a plain algorithm without diversification. We show that diversification is necessary for global exploration, but not all mechanisms succeed in finding both optima efficiently. Our theoretical results are accompanied by additional experiments for different population sizes.
Statistical Methods for Convergence Detection of Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms
Authors: Trautmann H. , Wagner T. , Naujoks B. , Preuss M. , Mehnen J.
Published: November 2009

In this paper, two approaches for estimating the generation in which a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) shows statistically significant signs of convergence are introduced. A set-based perspective is taken where convergence is measured by performance indicators. The proposed techniques fulfill the requirements of proper statistical assessment on the one hand and efficient optimisation for real-world problems on the other hand. The first approach accounts for the stochastic nature of the MOEA by repeating the optimisation runs for increasing generation numbers and analysing the performance indicators using statistical tools. This technique results in a very robust offline procedure. Moreover, an online convergence detection method is introduced as well. This method automatically stops the MOEA when either the variance of the performance indicators falls below a specified threshold or a stagnation of their overall trend is detected. Both methods are analysed and compared for two MOEA and on different classes of benchmark functions. It is shown that the methods successfully operate on all stated problems needing less function evaluations while preserving good approximation quality at the same time.
Translating the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Into Arabic
Authors: Suleiman Khaled H. , Yates Bernice C. , Berger Ann M. , Pozehl Bunny , Meza Jane
Published: November 2009

This descriptive correlational study describes the translation process and the psychometric testing of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The PSQI has been successfully translated into Arabic and back-translated into English by 10 Arabic bilingual translators. Then the PSQI is tested in a sample of 35 healthy Arabic bilinguals.The internal consistency reliability for the Global PSQI demonstrates borderline acceptability (Cronbach’s alpha = .65). The reliability is further supported by moderate to high correlations between five PSQI components and the global PSQI score ( r = .53 to .82, p < .01). Convergent validity is supported by the global PSQI correlating strongly with the Insomnia Severity Index ( r = .76) and moderately with the related construct of the Medical Outcome Study Short Form—36 vitality subscale ( r = —.33). Further testing of the PSQI is needed in a larger Arabic population, both clinical and healthy populations, living in their native countries.
Processes Inherent in Mammography-Screening Decisions of Rarely or Never-Screened Women
Authors: Purtzer Mary Anne
Published: November 2009

Breast cancer is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity. A strong association exists between survival and early detection through regular mammography. Impoverished women underuse this life-saving screening, resulting in a disproportionate cancer burden. The study purpose is to discover the process of rarely or never-screened women’s mammography-screening decisions. The sample consists of five rural, low-income, uninsured, and rarely or never-screened women. Grounded theory methodology is used to generate a new theoretical explanation of mammography-screening decision making. Findings include the central conceptual categories, intuitive dominance and intuitive certainty, which contribute toward an intuitive decision-making default. This intuitive thinking style weaves throughout two interrelated categories: (a) scarce, supportive, relational resources for learning and (b) dichotomous health care—seeking behaviors. Implications focus on a nontraditional client assessment whereby nurses can facilitate relational-based knowledge construction. Recommendations for future research include examination of the process of integrating intuition with reasoned thought for more fully informed decisions.
Trends and Patterns of Foreign Direct Investments in Asia
Authors: Athukorala Prema-chandra
Published: November 2009

This paper examines foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing Asia over the past three decades with emphasis on two key issues: the implications of the ongoing process of international production fragmentation and the alleged ‘crowding out’ effect of China’s rise as a major host to FDI on the other countries in the region. The evidence suggests that assembly processes within vertically integrated global industries (in particular, electrical goods and electronics) has gained prominence over the past two decades as the major area of attraction for foreign investors in the region. Contrary to the popular crowding out fear, China’s rise as a major assembly centre within global production networks seems to have added further dynamism to region-wide multinational enterprise (MNE) operations in the regions. A key policy inference from our analysis is that, in designing policies of outward-oriented development, investment and trade policies must be considered together as co-determinants of the location of production and patterns of trade.
Fertiliser Use, Nutrient Imbalances and Subsidies
Authors: Chand Ramesh , Pandey L.M.
Published: November 2009

Fertiliser use in India has seen higher growth rates than any other major agricultural input in the last four decades. There has recently been a serious slowdown in the growth of fertiliser use, primarily caused by supply-side constraints. The composition of fertiliser use has also resulted in serious imbalances in the use of major plant nutrients, which could cumulatively have a detrimental effect on soil health and crop productivity. The main cause of the imbalance is found in the price distortions resulting from the structure of fertiliser subsidies. The trend in the prices of agricultural products offers scope for reducing and rationalising fertiliser subsidies to boost fertiliser production and reduce nutritional imbalances.
India’s Tryst with the Global Financial Crisis
Authors: Gupta Abhijit Sen
Published: November 2009

This paper analyses the impact of the global financial crisis on India. Contrary to early beliefs, India was significantly affected by this crisis through the trade and financial channels. Moreover, India was at an especially vulnerable point when the crisis hit as it was already experiencing an autonomous slowdown due to other adverse domestic and external factors, which got aggravated by the crisis. The Indian policy response has been swift with fiscal policy geared to provide stimulus, and the monetary policy aimed at providing liquidity. However, with limited fiscal space and a relatively weak monetary transmission mechanism, the impact of these measures is likely to be muted in the immediate future. The recovery to a high growth rate will depend on rejuvenating exports and private investment in the medium term. While recovery of the global growth rate is essential to stimulate exports, certain domestic policies like a competitive exchange rate, cost of capital, etc. will be crucial for revival.
Examining Evidence for Autonomy and Relatedness in Urban Inuit Parenting
Authors: McShane Kelly E. , Hastings Paul D. , Smylie Janet K. , Prince Conrad ,   The Tungasuvvingat Inuit Family Resource Centre
Published: November 2009

Inuit have experienced significant lifestyle changes in the past 50 years. Most recently, urbanization has resulted in greater numbers of Inuit living in urban centres in southern Canada. Little is known about Inuit parenting, and nothing has been published on Inuit parenting in an urban context. The present study sought to address this gap by describing the parenting of Inuit living in a large Canadian city and examining emergent themes for evidence of autonomy and relatedness. In partnership with the Tungasuvvingat Inuit Family Resource Centre, 39 Inuit parents completed an interview about their parenting experiences. Based on interviews, major parenting themes included: child characteristics; parenting behaviours and beliefs; affection and love; stressors; and responsive and respectful parenting. The majority of parenting themes linked to relatedness, although there was evidence of autonomy in both parenting behaviours and child characteristics. Results are interpreted in light of the autonomy—relatedness framework and theoretical implications of findings are discussed.
Life Course Staging as Cultural and Subjective Practice: Review, Critique, and Theoretical Possibilities
Authors: Janssen Diederik F.
Published: November 2009

This paper identifies and critically assesses various research approaches to subjective and cultural-historical notions of life stages through the lens of comparative-cultural, psychometric, discursive psychological and ethnographic perspectives. Included is an overview of 48 studies of subjective attributions of life stages (1984—2007) covering 14 national settings, with a discussion of their limitations. Possibilities for cross-fertilizing critical gender theory with life stage theory are briefly discussed. It is suggested that analytic notions of citationality and hegemony, both pioneered in the context of gender studies, may be productively appropriated in cultural psychology.
Commentary: Opening Up Perspectives on Autonomy and Relatedness in Parent—Children Dynamics: Anthropological Insights
Authors: Rasmussen Susan
Published: November 2009

Many studies have shown widely varying human child-rearing practices; no child is ever a tabula rasa in the eyes of the culture. The article by McShane et al. (2009) on parenting themes of autonomy and relatedness among Inuit migrants from the northern countryside to Ottawa, a medium-sized city and the capital of Canada, offers important findings on previously less-studied child-rearing among Inuit in that southern urban setting. More broadly, the article contributes insights into how child-rearing practices and beliefs reflect local conceptions of the person and the world, and how the child should be prepared to live in it. Issues raised here include the challenges of distinguishing among cultural, psychological, and political economic influences of migration, urbanization, and globalization, and delineating the ways in which intimate personal concepts interweave with wider forces in child-rearing. Also at issue are definitions of relatedness and autonomy, concepts which are widely deployed in cross-cultural studies of child-rearing, but which are based upon Western philosophical formulations, and which McShane et al. analyze in the Inuit urban case. These concepts are difficult to formulate in culture-’neutral’ or ‘etic’ terms. The article shows both the uses and the limitations of retaining analytical ‘odd-job’ concepts for heuristic purposes. The present commentary argues that it is necessary to deconstruct critically such concepts as relatedness and autonomy, and to approach them as tendencies contingent upon context, rather than as universal polarized basic needs.
Autonomous and controlled motivation and interpersonal therapy for depression: Moderating role of recurrent depression
Authors: McBride Carolina. , Zuroff David C. , Ravitz Paula. , Koestner Richard. , Moskowitz Debbie S. , Quilty Lena. , Bagby R. Michael.
Published: November 2009

Objectives. We examined the moderating role of depression recurrence on the relation between autonomous and controlled motivation and interpersonal therapy (IPT) treatment outcome.

Design. The investigation was conducted in an out‐patient mood disorders clinic of a large university‐affiliated psychiatric hospital. The sample represents a subset of a larger naturalistic database of patients seen in the clinic.

Methods. We examined 74 depressed out‐patients who received 16 sessions of IPT. The Beck Depression Inventory‐II, administered at pre‐treatment and post‐treatment, served as a measure of depressive severity. Measures of motivation and therapeutic alliance were collected at the third session.

Results. In the entire sample, both the therapeutic alliance and autonomous motivation predicted higher probability of achieving remission; however, the relation differed for those with highly recurrent depression compared to those with less recurrent depression. For those with highly recurrent depression, the therapeutic alliance predicted remission whereas autonomous motivation had no effect on remission. For those with less recurrent depression, both autonomous motivation and the therapeutic alliance predicted better achieving remission. Controlled motivation emerged as a significant negative predictor of remission across both groups.

Conclusion. Taken together, these results highlight the possible use of motivation theory to inform and enrich therapeutic conceptualizations and interventions in clinical practice, but also point to the importance of modifying interventions based on the chronicity of a client's depression.
Does serving the community also serve the company? Using organizational identification and social exchange theories to understand employee responses to a volunteerism programme
Authors: Jones David A.
Published: November 2009

Little is known about how employees might respond to their company's socially responsible business practices. Hypotheses derived from organizational identification and social exchange theories were tested to explain why employees (N=162) may respond positively to their company's volunteerism programme, a programme through which employees could spend time volunteering during their paid work hours. Support was found for mediated effects suggesting that employees' attitude towards the volunteerism programme ultimately predicted outcomes (e.g., intentions to stay) through its effect on organizational identification. Results also showed that exchange ideology moderated the effects of volunteer‐programme attitudes on supervisor‐reported organizational citizenship behaviour measured 6 months later, suggesting that some employees reciprocate the benefits they receive from a volunteerism programme. The implications of these findings are discussed for theory and research, and for leveraging volunteerism programmes and other socially responsible business practices to benefit companies and their employees.
Protection motivation theory and the prediction of physical activity among adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in a large population sample
Authors: Plotnikoff Ronald C. , Lippke Sonia , Trinh Linda , Courneya Kerry S. , Birkett Nick , Sigal Ronald J.
Published: November 2009

Objectives. To investigate the utility of the protection motivation theory (PMT) for explaining physical activity (PA) in an adult population with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Design. Cross‐sectional and 6‐month longitudinal analysis using PMT.

Methods. Two thousand three hundred and eleven individuals with T1D (N =697) and T2D (N =1,614) completed self‐report PMT constructs of vulnerability, severity, response efficacy, self‐efficacy, and intention, and PA behaviour at baseline and 6‐month follow‐up. Multi‐group structural equation modelling was conducted to: (1) test the fit of the PMT structure; (2) determine the similarities and differences in the PMT structure between the two types of diabetes; and (3) examine the explained variance and compare the strength of association of the PMT constructs in predicting PA intention and behaviour.

Results. The findings provide evidence for the utility of the PMT in both diabetes samples (χ2/df =1.27−4.08, RMSEA=.02–.05). Self‐efficacy was a stronger predictor of intention (β=0.64–0.68) than response efficacy (β=0.14–0.16) in individuals with T1D or T2D. Severity was significantly related to intention (β=0.06) in T2D individuals only, whereas vulnerability was not significantly related to intention or PA behaviour. Self‐efficacy (β's=0.20–0.28) and intention (β's=0.12–0.30) were significantly associated with PA behaviour.

Conclusions. Promotion of PA behaviour should primarily target self‐efficacy to form intentions and to change behaviour. In addition, for individuals with T2D, severity information should be incorporated into PA intervention materials in this population.
Buffalo Field High-Pressure-Air-Injection Projects: Technical Performance and Operational Challenges
Authors: Gutiérrez D. , Miller R. J. , Taylor A. R. , Thies B. P. , Kumar V. K.
Published: November 2009

The Buffalo field air-injection units, located in northwest South Dakota, are the oldest high-pressure-air-injection (HPAI) projects currently in operation. Air injection began in January 1979, and as of December 2007, approximately 240 Bscf of air has been injected into the field. A total of 17.2 million bbl of incremental oil has been produced by the HPAI process, which is equivalent to 9.4% of the original oil in place (OOIP). The cumulative air/oil ratio (AOR) after 29 years of air injection is approximately 14 Mscf of air/bbl of incremental oil.

This paper summarizes the performance of the projects and the overall experience gained by the operators after nearly 30 years of air injection. It covers almost every aspect of the entire operation since its inception; it discusses general management practices, technical and operational challenges encountered, injection and production facilities, and drilling and well-completion practices. It also includes estimates of incremental oil recovery caused by air injection and discusses how the air use has changed over time

To date, the three HPAI projects in the Buffalo field continue to be a commercial success. In the last 3 years, horizontal laterals have been drilled out of more than 40 old vertical wells to enhance production, to take advantage of accumulated reservoir energy, and to improve sweep efficiency. Drilling injection wells out of old vertical wells was not possible because the openhole laterals cross a porosity zone that would have taken away some of the injection into nonproductive reservoir.
Interim Report on Pressure Effect on Waxy-Crude Pipeline-Restart Conditions Investigated by a Model System
Authors: Ekweribe Chiedozie , Civan Faruk , Lee Hyun Su , Singh Probjot
Published: November 2009

A comprehensive review of literature concerning wax crystallization, deposition, and gelation, as well as the yielding behavior of waxy crude gels during pipeline restart is presented. Detailed experimental investigation of the temperature and pressure effects on gel strength is carried out. Influence of testing temperature on gelation kinetics is studied using a controlled stress rheometer (CSR), and the data is analyzed by applying a modified Avrami model for isothermal crystallization. The effect of system pressure on restart conditions is studied using a model pipeline system. It is observed that this system provides the best reproducibility of yield pressures. The model pipeline results are compared with the yield point tests obtained on a CSR. The results of the experimental work reported in this paper suggest that weaker gels may be formed at higher shut-in pressures, which is a favorable condition for pipeline restarting operations.
The Accounting Doctoral Shortage: Time for a New Model
Authors: Trapnell Jerry E. , Mero Neal , Williams Jan R. , Krull George W.
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT: The crisis in supply versus demand for doctorally qualified faculty members in accounting is well documented (Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business [AACSB] 2003a, 2003b; Plumlee et al. 2005; Leslie 2008). Little progress has been made in addressing this serious challenge facing the accounting academic community and the accounting profession. Faculty time, institutional incentives, the doctoral model itself, and research diversity are noted as major challenges to making progress on this issue. The authors propose six recommendations, including a new, extramurally funded research program aimed at supporting doctoral students that functions similar to research programs supported by such organizations as the National Science Foundation and other science-based funding sources. The goal is to create capacity, improve structures for doctoral programs, and provide incentives to enhance doctoral enrollments. This should lead to an increased supply of graduates while also enhancing and supporting broad-based research outcomes across the accounting landscape, including auditing and tax.
Walking the Walk: Integrating Lessons from Multiple Perspectives in the Development of an Accounting Ethics Course
Authors: Massey Dawn W. , Van Hise Joan
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT: The post-Enron era shares an important similarity with previous time periods following high-profile ethical lapses: post-Enron, there have been clear calls for educators to increase ethics instruction provided to students majoring in accounting (e.g., Mintz 2007; National Association of State Boards of Accountancy [NASBA] 2005, 2007). Educators' response to the calls—present and past—has been generally limited and has been attributed, in large measure, to three challenges accounting educators (including us) have faced: (1) a lack of space in the curriculum, (2) inadequate instructional resources, and (3) faculty members' discomfort in teaching ethics due to a lack of formal training (Blanthorne et al. 2007; Mintz 1990).

In light of the calls for educators to increase ethics instruction provided to students majoring in accounting, it is incumbent on faculty to help each other overcome these hurdles. In this paper, we endeavor to do so by drawing upon insights gleaned from the philosophy, ethics, accounting ethics, and education literatures to describe not only why, but more importantly, how we designed an accounting ethics course. Additionally, we provide an overview of our course and append our syllabus to assist faculty members who are interested in adopting (or adapting) our course. Finally, we include assessment measures that evidence the success of our course and offer concluding comments.
Treatment of Symptomatic Incurved Toenail with A New Device
Authors: Kim J-Young , Park Jun Sic
Published: November 2009

Background: The purpose of this study was to report our results treating symptomatic incurved toenail with a K-D® (S&C Biotech, Seoul, South Korea) device. Materials and Methods: Between October 2007 and March 2008, 19 patients (31 cases) underwent treatment of symptomatic incurved toenails with a K-D®. The mean age of the patients involved was 38.8 ± 12.4 years. The mean period of time at last followup was 13.3 ± 4.9 months. An American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) forefoot hallux score was assigned, and patients were evaluated at pretreatment and the last followup period. Patient satisfaction and the recurrence rate of the deformity were evaluated. For evaluation of improvement in toenail shape, the center to edge angle of the toenail was measured at pretreatment and last followup. The complication rate was also evaluated. Results: All ingrown toenails healed and the nail deformity was corrected within 3 weeks after the procedure. Among the 31 cases, only two cases of incurved toenails recurred on last followup (6% recurrence rate). The mean pretreatment AOFAS forefoot hallux score was 71.1 ± 13.9 and improved to 100 by the last followup ( p < 0.001). Every patient was very satisfied or satisfied with the results of treatment including the two cases of recurrence. The mean center to edge angle of the toenail improved from 51.1 ± 9.5 degrees to 18.4 ± 5.2 degrees by the last followup ( p < 0.001). Minor paronychia, which were managed with local wound dressing and oral antibiotics, were identified in seven cases. No other complication associated with the K-D® were identified. Conclusion: The management of an incurved toenail with the K-D® was an effective and safe treatment method for patients having symptomatic incurved toenail deformity.

Level of Evidence: IV, Case Series
The Influence of Platelet-Rich Plasma on Angiogenesis During the Early Phase of Tendon Healing
Authors: Lyras Dimitrios N. , Kazakos Konstantinos , Verettas Dionysios , Polychronidis Alekos , Tryfonidis Marios , Botaitis Sotirios , Agrogiannis George , Simopoulos Constantinos , Kokka Anna , Patsouris Efstratios
Published: November 2009

Background: The poor vascularity of tendons is a major factor in their limited healing capacity. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) on angiogenesis during tendon healing. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight skeletally mature New Zealand White rabbits were used. The Achilles tendon was transected transversely and 0.5 ml of PRP was injected into the tendon mass on each side of the incision on both limbs. The injection in the control group consisted of saline. Six animals from each group (12 tendons each) were sacrificed after 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks following treatment. Three sections from each Achilles were stained with hematoxylinosin for microscopic examination. Further three sections were immunostained with a monoclonal antibody against CD31 (Daco Co), followed by image analysis to count new vessel numbers and statistical analysis was performed. Results: There was significantly more angiogenesis in the PRP group compared to the control group during the first two weeks of the healing process, i.e., inflammatory and proliferative phase ( p < 0.0001). The orientation of collagen fibers in the PRP group was better organized. The number of the newly formed vessels in the PRP group were significantly reduced at 4 weeks compared to the controls ( p < 0.0001) suggesting the healing process was shortened. Conclusion: PRP seems to enhance neovascularization which may accelerate the healing process and promote scar tissue of better histological quality. Clinical Relevance: Although these results need replication and further biomechanical research, PRP may promote tendon healing acceleration.
Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method
Authors: Bowen Glenn A.
Published: November 2009

This article examines the function of documents as a data source in qualitative research and discusses document analysis procedure in the context of actual research experiences. Targeted to research novices, the article takes a nuts‐and‐bolts approach to document analysis. It describes the nature and forms of documents, outlines the advantages and limitations of document analysis, and offers specific examples of the use of documents in the research process. The application of document analysis to a grounded theory study is illustrated.
Formulation, Preparation and Preservation of Lemon (Citrus limon L.) Cordial
Authors: Helali MOH , Ibrahim M , Shafique MZ , Rahman MM , Biswas SK , Islam MS
Published: November 2009

Lemon cordial was prepared and its storage conditions were studied. The prepared cordial was kept in 250 ml sterilized glass bottles, sealed and stored at ambient temperature (22°- 37°C) for 360 days. The chemical composition, keeping quality and consumers acceptability of the product was analyzed at an interval of 15 days up to 120 days and then at an interval of 30 days upto360 days. Except vitamin C content, no noticeable change was observed during the storage. Key words: Lemon, Cordial, Citric acid, Ascorbic acid, Reducing sugar, Non-reducing sugar   DOI:10.3329/jbs.v16i0.3755 J. bio-sci. 16: 125-127, 2008
Assessing the Impact of Canopy Structure Simplification in Common Multilayer Models on Irradiance Absorption Estimates of Measured and Virtually Created Fagus sylvatica (L.) Stands
Authors: Biliouris Dimitrios , Van der Zande Dimitry , Verstraeten Willem  W. , Muys Bart , Coppin Pol
Published: November 2009

Multilayer canopy representations are the most common structural stand representations due to their simplicity. Implementation of recent advances in technology has allowed scientists to simulate geometrically explicit forest canopies. The effect of simplified representations of tree architecture (i.e., multilayer representations) of four Fagus sylvatica (L.) stands, each with different LAI, on the light absorption estimates was assessed in comparison with explicit 3D geometrical stands. The absorbed photosynthetic radiation at stand level was calculated. Subsequently, each geometrically explicit 3D stand was compared with three multilayer models representing horizontal, uniform, and planophile leaf angle distributions. The 3D stands were created either by in situ measured trees or by modelled trees generated with the AMAP plant growth software. The Physically Based Ray Tracer (PBRT) algorithm was used to simulate the irradiance absorbance of the detailed 3D architecture stands, while for the three multilayer representations, the probability of light interception was simulated by applying the Beer-Lambert’s law. The irradiance inside the canopies was characterized as direct, diffuse and scattered irradiance. The irradiance absorbance of the stands was computed during eight angular sun configurations ranging from 10° (near nadir) up to 80° sun zenith angles. Furthermore, a leaf stratification (the number and angular distribution of leaves per LAI layer inside a canopy) analysis between the 3D stands and the multilayer representations was performed, indicating the amount of irradiance each leaf is absorbing along with the percentage of sunny and shadow leaves inside the canopy. The results reveal that a multilayer representation of a stand, using a multilayer modelling approach, greatly overestimated the absorbed irradiance in an open canopy, while it provided a better approximation in the case of a closed canopy. Moreover, the actual stratification of leaves differed significantly between a multilayer representation and a 3D architecture canopy of the same LAI. The deviations in irradiance absorbance were caused by canopy structure, clumping and positioning of leaves. Although it was found that the use of canopy simplifications for modelling purposes in closed canopies is demonstrated as a valid option, special care should be taken when considering forest stands irradiance simulation for sparse canopies and particularly on higher sun zenith angles where the surrounding trees strongly affect the absorbed irradiance and results can highly deviate from the multilayer assumptions.
A Cluster Within the Continuum of Biopsychosocial Distress Can Be Labeled “Fibromyalgia Syndrome” — Evidence from a Representative German Population Survey
Authors: HÄUSER WINFRIED , SCHMUTZER GABRIELE , BRÄHLER ELMAR , GLAESMER HEIDE
Published: November 2009

Objective.

We tested the hypothesis that “fibromyalgia syndrome” is a biopsychosocial continuum disorder.

Methods.

A cross-sectional survey of a representative sample of the German general population with persons ≥ 14 years of age was conducted based on face-to-face contacts. Physical distress was measured by the regional pain scale (RPS) and the Patient Health Questionnaire 15 (PHQ-15), psychological distress by the PHQ-9, and social distress by the Oslo Social Support Scale. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) was measured by the 12-item form of the Medical Outcome Study Short Form Health Survey. A k-means clustering procedure with 2–8 clusters preset was used to classify the scores of the RPS, PHQ-9, and PHQ-15. The number of clusters retained was based on the stability and interpretability of the clusters. The cluster analysis was first performed with a randomly selected half of the sample and then cross-validated on the second half of the total sample.

Results.

A 4-cluster solution produced the most stable and meaningful results. Cluster 1 was very low on all symptom scores. Cluster 2 was low on pain sites, somatic symptoms, and depression. Cluster 3 was high on pain scores, moderate on somatic symptoms, and low on depression. Cluster 4 was high on all symptom scores. The centroids of cluster 4 met the survey criteria of fibromyalgia syndrome. Cluster 4 reported a lower HRQOL and less social support compared to the other 3 groups.

Conclusion.

A cluster within the continuum of biopsychosocial distress can be labeled fibromyalgia syndrome.
The Effect of Profiles on Wheel and Rail Damage
Authors: Iwnicki Simon D.
Published: November 2009

This paper outlines the historical development of the wheel and rail profiles currently used on railway vehicles. It also presents the key damage mechanisms involved in wheel-rail contact and summarises the methods that have recently been developed by railway engineers to predict the level of wheel and rail damage from these mechanisms. Tools for predicting the key damage modes of wear and rolling contact fatigue (RCF) are explained. Methods of optimising the wheel and rail profiles to reduce the overall damage and therefore improve the efficiency of the railway system are discussed and a case study from the UK of an ‘anti-RCF’ wheel profile is presented. Finally a novel method using a genetic algorithm is discussed which uses a penalty index to optimise the wheel profile for good running, low track forces and rail stress, low wear and RCF.
Technical note: The effect of midshaft location on the error ranges of femoral and tibial cross‐sectional parameters
Authors: Sládek Vladimír , Berner Margit , Galeta Patrik , Friedl Lukáš , Kudrnová Šárka
Published: November 2009

In comparing long‐bone cross‐sectional geometric properties between individuals, percentages of bone length are often used to identify equivalent locations along the diaphysis. In fragmentary specimens where bone lengths cannot be measured, however, these locations must be estimated more indirectly. In this study, we examine the effect of inaccurately located femoral and tibial midshafts on estimation of geometric properties. The error ranges were compared on 30 femora and tibiae from the Eneolithic and Bronze Age. Cross‐sections were obtained at each 1% interval from 60 to 40% of length using CT scans. Five percent of deviation from midshaft properties was used as the maximum acceptable error. Reliability was expressed by mean percentage differences, standard deviation of percentage differences, mean percentage absolute differences, limits of agreement, and mean accuracy range (MAR) (range within which mean deviation from true midshaft values was less than 5%). On average, tibial cortical area and femoral second moments of area are the least sensitive to positioning error, with mean accuracy ranges wide enough for practical application in fragmentary specimens (MAR = 40–130 mm). In contrast, tibial second moments of area are the most sensitive to error in midshaft location (MAR = 14–20 mm). Individuals present significant variation in morphology and thus in error ranges for different properties. For highly damaged fossil femora and tibiae we recommend carrying out additional tests to better establish specific errors associated with uncertain length estimates. Am J Phys Anthropol 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphometric variation in the papionin muzzle and the biochronology of the South African Plio‐Pleistocene karst cave deposits
Authors: Gilbert Christopher C. , Grine Frederick E.
Published: November 2009

Papionin monkeys are widespread, relatively common members of Plio‐Pleistocene faunal assemblages across Africa. For these reasons, papionin taxa have been used as biochronological indicators by which to infer the ages of the South African karst cave deposits. A recent morphometric study of South African fossil papionin muzzle shape concluded that its variation attests to a substantial and greater time depth for these sites than is generally estimated. This inference is significant, because accurate dating of the South African cave sites is critical to our knowledge of hominin evolution and mammalian biogeographic history. We here report the results of a comparative analysis of extant papionin monkeys by which variability of the South African fossil papionins may be assessed. The muzzles of 106 specimens representing six extant papionin genera were digitized and interlandmark distances were calculated. Results demonstrate that the overall amount of morphological variation present within the fossil assemblage fits comfortably within the range exhibited by the extant sample. We also performed a statistical experiment to assess the limitations imposed by small sample sizes, such as typically encountered in the fossil record. Results suggest that 15 specimens are sufficient to accurately represent the population mean for a given phenotype, but small sample sizes are insufficient to permit the accurate estimation of the population standard deviation, variance, and range. The suggestion that the muzzle morphology of fossil papionins attests to a considerable and previously unrecognized temporal depth of the South African karst cave sites is unwarranted. Am J Phys Anthropol 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trabecular bone structure in the mandibular condyles of gouging and nongouging platyrrhine primates
Authors: Ryan Timothy M. , Colbert Matthew , Ketcham Richard A. , Vinyard Christopher J.
Published: November 2009

The relationship between mandibular form and biomechanical function is a topic of significant interest to morphologists and paleontologists alike. Several previous studies have examined the morphology of the mandible in gouging and nongouging primates as a means of understanding the anatomical correlates of this feeding behavior. The goal of the current study was to quantify the trabecular bone structure of the mandibular condyle of gouging and nongouging primates to assess the functional morphology of the jaw in these animals. High‐resolution computed tomography scan data were collected from the mandibles of five adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), saddle‐back tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis), and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), respectively, and various three‐dimensional morphometric parameters were measured from the condylar trabecular bone. No significant differences were found among the taxa for most trabecular bone structural features. Importantly, no mechanically significant parameters, such as bone volume fraction and degree of anisotropy, were found to vary significantly between gouging and nongouging primates. The lack of significant differences in mechanically relevant structural parameters among these three platyrrhine taxa may suggest that gouging as a habitual dietary behavior does not involve significantly higher loads on the mandibular condyle than other masticatory behaviors. Alternatively, the similarities in trabecular architecture across these three taxa may indicate that trabecular bone is relatively unimportant mechanically in the condyle of these primates and therefore is functionally uninformative. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A qualitative study of student responses to body painting
Authors: Finn Gabrielle M. , McLachlan John C.
Published: November 2009

One hundred and thirty‐three preclinical medical students participated in 24 focus groups over the period 2007–2009 at Durham University. Focus groups were conducted to ascertain whether or not medical students found body painting anatomical structures to be an educationally beneficial learning activity. Data were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Five principal themes emerged: (1) body painting as a fun learning activity, (2) body painting promoting retention of knowledge, (3) factors contributing to the memorability of body painting, (4) removal from comfort zone, and (5) the impact of body painting on students' future clinical practice. Students perceive body painting to be a fun learning activity, which aids their retention of the anatomical knowledge acquired during the session. Sensory factors, such as visual stimuli, especially color, and the tactile nature of the activity, promote recall. Students' preference for painting a peer or being painted is often dependent upon their learning style, but there are educational benefits for both roles. The moderate amounts of undressing involved encouraging students to consider issues surrounding body image; this informs their attitudes towards future patients. Body painting is a useful adjunct to traditional anatomy and clinical skills teaching. The fun element involved in the delivery of this teaching defuses the often formal academic context, which in turn promotes a positive learning environment. Anat Sci Educ 3:33–38, 2010. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.
Dietary selenium plus folic acid as an antioxidant therapy for ethanol‐exposed pups
Authors: Ojeda M. L. , Nogales F. , Jotty K. , Barrero M. J. , Murillo M. L. , Carreras O.
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND:Nutrients such as folic acid and selenium are decreased in dams exposed to ethanol during gestation and lactation, affecting their metabolism, antioxidant balance, and the future health of their progeny. We will study whether the supplementation of the maternal diet with folate and selenium can prevent ethanol‐induced oxidative liver disorders in the offspring.METHODS:Dams were randomised into four groups: control, alcohol, alcohol+folic acid+Se, and control+folic acid+Se. We determined selenium by graphite‐furnace atomic absorption and antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonyl by spectrophotometry in the offspring.RESULTS:Alcohol increased serum Se levels and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. However, in the liver of pups from ethanol‐exposed dams a decrease in selenium was provoked and GPx activity increased with the double supplementation. Glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase (CAT) activities increased with ethanol, while double supplementation significantly decreased the GR activity. The supplemented diet reduced the protein peroxidation found in ethanol pups.CONCLUSIONS:These results suggest that folic acid+Se could be effective in neutralising the damage of ethanol consumption in pups since it prevents peroxidation protein products.Birth Defects Res (Part B)86:490–495, 2009.  © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Special issue on patient‐specific computational modelling
Authors: Nithiarasu P. , Löhner R.
Published: November 2009

A total of eight papers in the area of patient‐specific computational modelling are collated and presented in this special issue. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.