bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Explanation of (Bant Sua'ad) between Ibn Al-Haddad Al-Bajali and Ibn Hisham Al-Ansari A Research on Effecting and Affecting
Authors: أ. م. د. صلاح حسن هاشم
Published: April 2024

Among the poems that got a great chance in explaining، commenting ، parsing and memorizing، is the poem (Bant Sua'ad) by Ka’b bin Zuhair. this poem has received the interest of linguists across their disciplines ، and historians، authors of biographies، hadith and interpretation، due to its connection with the Messenger of humanity Muhammad (may God bless him and his family). This interest made the later of explainers and Arabizers use the previous one. and we have two explanations that converged in time and style، one of which is for an immersed scholar between grammarians and Arabizers who is (Ahmed bin Muhammad bin al-Haddad al-Bajali، alive in the middle of the eighth century AH)، and the other of the most prominent grammarians is Ibn Hisham (d. 761 AH)، the author of the book (Mughni al-Labib). And Al-Bajali composed his explanation in 724 AH، while Ibn Hisham composed his explanation in 756 AH. we found between the two explanations a great similarity with which we proved the rightness of our point of view that Ibn Hisham had looked at the explanation of Al-Bajali، and he took from it without referring to him، and he did so in various books that we referred to in the folds of the research.
A Critical Study of Ibn Nama Al-Hilli's Narratives in Muthir Al-Ahzan
Authors: د. محسن رفعت
Published: April 2024

The book (Muthir Al-Ahzan) by Ibn Nama Al-Hilli is one of the books of the Maqtals of Imam Al-Hussein، returning to the seventh immigrant Century، which then left a great impact on the process of codification and reading the Maqtals. This research deals with the criticism of the influential narrations in Ibn Nama's statements، and to the deviations and narratives in which he is singled out in the book (Muthir Al-Ahzan) in an analytical critical manner.The significance of this study of the book Muthir Al-Ahzan lies in the fact that it is the basis quoted by Shia scholars quoted during the centuries that followed. Despite the scientific and moral personality of Ibn Nama، which played an important role in the fame of his book، the information contained therein - according to what we have reached - either it is not commensurate with the Sunnah، mind، accepted facts، and historical narrations، or it is unacceptable and needs to be analyzed and studied according to accepted criteria.
تنویعُ الحدیث عند العلامة الحليّ وأَثرُهُ في مناهج نقد الحدیث
Authors: أ.سعید شفیعي
Published: April 2024

كان قدماء الأصحاب یعتمدون الأحاديث، إما لشهرتها، وإما لاعتقادهم أنها غالبًا ما توافق القرائن العقلیة والعرفیة كالسید المرتضی، وإما تعبّدًا وهو ما كان یلزم عملًا شرعیًّا لا بدَّ منه كالشیخ الطُّوسيّ، فالنقدُ عندهم هو عرضُ الحدیث علی هذه القرائن، ولا یوجد عندهم النقد السندي بمفهومه المتأخر. ویمكننا أن نُسَمّي منهج قدماء الإماميَّة لتصحیح الحدیث بـ«نظام القرائن» الذي یعتمد القرائنَ المثبتة لصدور الحدیث من الأئمة ^، وهو وجود الحدیث فی كتب الرواة المشهورین المعتمَدین أو الشهرة الروائیة. فلمّا طالت المدة بين المتأخرین من الإماميَّة وبين المتقدمین منهم، اندرس بعض كتب الأصول المعتمدة والتبست الأحاديث المأخوذة من الأصول المعتمدة بالمأخوذة من غير المعتمدة واشتبهت المتكررة في كتب الأصول بغير المتكررة، فاحتاج المتأخرون من الشیعة إلى قانون تتميز به الأحاديث المعتبرة عن غيرها الموثوق بها عما سواها، فقرروا ذلك الاصطلاح الجديد یعني به «تنویع الحدیث» الی الأنواع الأربعة من الصحیح والحسن والموثق والضعیف.
DU MENAGE DU POLITIQUE, DU RELIGIEUX ET DU MILITAIRE DANS LE TERRORISME ISLAMISTE
Authors:   Université Pédagogique Nationale/Kinshasa-RDC, KABWITA Rigobert
Published: April 2024

Des Esséniens aux Assassins, des Anarchistes aux Nihilistes, des mouvements vandales aux inconditionnels du Ku Klux Klan…, des groupes semant la terreur dans les sociétés anciennes et modernes ont fait du chemin et existent depuis la haute antiquité. Mais de là à trouver des organisations irréductiblement terroristes, il a fallu attendre le concours de plusieurs événements de la fin du XXe siècle accompagnant la mondialisation, tremplin de toutes formes de circulations, y compris de l’idéologie terroriste. On peut s’en douter, l’internationalisation du terrorisme islamiste se revendique d’une structuration à la fois politique, religieuse et militaire : c’est aussi à la fois un nœud gordien pour l’Occident qui serait alors sa principale cible, mais surtout un cauchemar pour les sociétés musulmanes, premières victimes d’un combat politique sur fond d’application de la charia (la loi islamique) tout en usant des moyens militaires plutôt affreux et hautement spectaculaires. Nul dans le monde actuel ne peut ignorer la fulgurance des organisations islamistes déterminées à en découdre avec les « mécréants et les infidèles » par la seule voie de leur convenance : le terrorisme international.
DIALECTIQUE DES RELATIONS POLICE-POPULATION. ANALYSE SUR LA NOUVELLE POLICE DITE DE PROXIMITE DANS LA VILLE DE KINSHASA
Authors:   Université Pédagogique Nationale, Ngomba Felly Lukunga
Published: April 2024

Au cours des quatre dernières décennies, les organisations policières occidentales ont connu de profonds changements des doctrines qui les avaient gouvernées jusqu’aux années 1970. A cette époque, d’intenses pressions s’exerçaient sur l’ensemble des institutions étatiques par des populations qui réclamaient l’équilibre entre la préservation de l’ordre public et celle d’un État de droit. Elément le plus visible du contrôle formel, la police se trouvait souvent en situation délicate devant diverses manifestations de cette volonté. Placée dans la position inconfortable de protéger un statu quo en déficit de légitimité, la police était taxée de négliger la protection du public au profit de celle des politiques et de manquer d’indépendance dans l’accomplissement de sa mission en se laissant instrumentaliser par le pouvoir en place. C’est sur cette toile de fond qu’émergea le concept anglo-saxon de la « community policing ». Cette étiquette, maintes fois traduite et remodelée, fut apposée à de nombreuses variations du modèle au fil des ans. Certaines, inspirées des mêmes principes de base, ont fait leur chemin à travers plusieurs continents. D’autres versions, se réclamant de la même souche, ont plutôt servi à redorer le blason policier sans remettre en question la relation entre l’institution et les citoyens.Malgré ces changements périodiques de dénomination, la police de proximité, comme nous en sommes venus à la désigner, est demeurée fidèle à ses principes fondateurs grâce, entre autres, à des mécanismes transparents de participation citoyenne, d’imputabilité et d’efficacité. Ni panacée, ni moyen exclusif de contrôle social, la police de proximité ne peut répondre aux attentes qu’elle suscite, tant dans la population, dans les milieux politiques, chez les chercheurs, qu’auprès des policiers eux-mêmes, que si un certain nombre de conditions sont remplies. Cette réflexion cherche à relever le déficit de rapports qu’il y a dans le processus du rapprochement police-population et présenter les défis sécuritaires dans la ville de Kinshasa pour déboucher par les perspectives socio-politiques pour la proximité police-population. Mots-clés : police de proximité, population, ville de Kinshasa.
Efficacy of Propolis Tincture as Antiseptic in Wounds
Authors: Tuyan Arvin , Carolyn  , Arvin  , Shirley
Published: April 2024

The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of propolis tincture as affected by the concentrations and the time/duration of healing the wounds in male castrated piglets. The different concentrations of propolis tincture have comparable effects to Povidone iodine. However the 30% propolis tincture and Povidone iodine have comparably faster healing effects within 10 days compared to 10%and 20% propolis tincture. Significant decrease in the length of wounds was observed during the duration of the healing process. Results further revealed no significant interaction among the different concentrations of propolis tincture and the duration of healing the wounds. Production of propolis tincture was found to be profitable.
Tinjauan Terhadap Penyalahgunaan Dana dalam Yayasan Kemanusiaan: Studi Kasus pada Lembaga ACT
Authors: Jenniviera Johana , Maryam Salsabilla , Arief Aisah Putri , Bestari Qodri , Mahipal Dr. Mahipal
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This research analyzes the Islamic perspective, legal outlook, media role, and humanitarian foundation's responsibility concerning cases of fund misappropriation, focusing on the controversy involving the Aksi Cepat Tanggap (ACT) Foundation in Indonesia. From an Islamic standpoint, corruption and fund misuse are considered serious violations of justice, honesty, and trustworthiness values. The Quran and Hadith provide guidance on the importance of transparency, integrity, and responsible fund management. Legally, fund misappropriation violates regulations governing fundraising and management, as seen in the ACT case, which exceeded government-permitted limits. Media also play a crucial role in highlighting fund misappropriation cases, framing them as ethical breaches and betrayals of trust. Finally, the humanitarian foundation's responsibility, particularly ACT, in adhering to laws and financial principles, comes under scrutiny, with assessments of the foundation's organizational involvement in fund management. In conclusion, fund misappropriation by humanitarian foundations is not just a legal issue but also threatens the integrity and public trust in humanitarian missions. Law enforcement, transparency, and good governance are key to addressing challenges of corruption and fund misuse in the humanitarian sector.
 
Abstrak
Penelitian ini menganalisis pandangan Islam, perspektif hukum, peran media, dan tanggung jawab yayasan kemanusiaan terhadap kasus penyelewengan dana, dengan fokus pada kontroversi yang melibatkan Yayasan Aksi Cepat Tanggap (ACT) di Indonesia. Dari sudut pandang Islam, korupsi dan penyalahgunaan dana dianggap sebagai pelanggaran serius terhadap nilai-nilai keadilan, kejujuran, dan amanah. Al-Qur'an dan hadis memberikan pedoman tentang pentingnya transparansi, integritas, dan pengelolaan yang bertanggung jawab terhadap dana. Dari segi hukum, penyalahgunaan dana melanggar peraturan yang mengatur pengumpulan dan pengelolaan dana, seperti yang terjadi dalam kasus ACT yang melebihi batas yang diizinkan oleh pemerintah. Media juga memainkan peran penting dalam menyoroti kasus penyelewengan dana, dengan framing yang menggambarkan pelanggaran etika dan kepercayaan. Terakhir, tanggung jawab yayasan kemanusiaan, khususnya ACT, dalam mematuhi undang-undang dan prinsip-prinsip keuangan menjadi sorotan utama, dengan penilaian terhadap keterlibatan organ yayasan dalam pengelolaan dana. Kesimpulannya, penyelewengan dana oleh yayasan kemanusiaan bukan hanya masalah hukum, tetapi juga mengancam integritas dan kepercayaan publik terhadap misi kemanusiaan. Penegakan hukum, transparansi, dan tata kelola yang baik menjadi kunci dalam mengatasi tantangan korupsi dan penyalahgunaan dana di sektor kemanusiaan.
Regional Policy in Ukraine – Importance for Post-War Reconstruction
Authors: Mogiła Zbigniew , Bradley John , Zaleski Janusz
Published: April 2024

Our analysis sets out a methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of regional development programmes in Ukraine. Specifically, we investigate to what extent the Ukrainian approach to regional development policy resembles the successful approach taken by the EU programmes of Cohesion Policy in the post-2004 New Member States. In addition, drawing on initial versions of Ukrainian national and regional models, we illustrate how the bottom-up regional approach initiated in Ukraine needs to be co-ordinated with a top-down national perspective that identifies and distinguishes national development objectives from specifically regional objectives. Such methodologies, suitably adapted, will be required during post-war reconstruction.
Environmental protection between pollution, protection and legislation
Authors: Ilić Predrag , Govedar Zoran , Trkulјa Vojislav
Published: April 2024

Environmental pollution is a big problem for all countries of the world, especially developing countries. Pollution is very present in our country and manifests itself through air, water and soil pollution, but also the increased presence of noise, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation in the environment. Environmental protection is an area of great interest for citizens and competent authorities, especially in the perspective of European integration, and represents a major challenge for the authorities of each country. The environment is one of the most important chapters in the negotiations for accession to the European Union (EU). This chapter deals with EU and Republic of Srpska regulations, with an analysis of the situation in various areas of the environment. It is the obligation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republic of Srpska to implement the aforementioned regulations into the national legislation. A major problem of environmental management is the implementation and application of regulations due to various factors such as: the state of industrial development, national policy, financial situation, lack of trained personnel and laboratories, etc.
Evaluation of ambient air quality as a component of the environment
Authors: Ilić Predrag , Popović Zoran P. , Nešković Markić Dragana , Stojanović Bjelić Ljiljana , Rahman Farooqi Zia Ur
Published: April 2024

The problem of air pollution has been a challenge for modern humanity in recent times. The environment, including the air, is burdened by a large amount of pollutants that are released into the environment. The atmosphere contains primary and secondary pollutants, emitted as basic or specific pollutants. Air pollution is present in industrial areas and larger cities, with the fact that there are no areas without any impact of air pollution. Air pollution is also present in the Republic of Srpska, as is the case in other areas. Areas of increased pollution in Republic of Srpska, with high concentrations of pollution, can further worsen the impact on the population and lead to unwanted health effects.
Municipal Waste Management in Republic of Srpska: Current and Future Challenges
Authors: Nešković Markić Dragana , Bjelić Drazenko , Stojanović Bjelić Ljiljana , Ilić Predrag
Published: April 2024

Waste is a by-product of human activities and living. With the increase in the number of inhabitants, the standard of living and urbanization, the quantities of municipal waste are increasing day by day. Every segment of waste management starting from generation, through collection, storage, transport, treatment and disposal can pose a potential hazard to human health and the environment. Waste management in Republic of Srpska is organized at the regional level. Since only waste disposal is still present in the Republic of Srpska, the regional approach implies that there is a landfill on the territory of one of the local self-government units, where all local self-government units in the region dispose of waste. In addition, waste disposal in illegal and unregulated landfills is still evident. LGUs or utility companies often face a lack of money to organize waste collection, with the result that not all households are covered by waste collection. In recent years, a lot has been invested in infrastructure, such as the filling of containers and containers and the purchase of new or newer used waste collection vehicles. Future directions of improving the waste management system in Republic of Srpska must go in the direction of sustainable waste management, ie waste management in a way to reduce the negative impact on human health and the environment, as well as avoiding leaving this problem to future generations.
Influence of period number of superlattice electron barrier layer on the performance of AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet LED
Authors: Liu Ju , Cao Yi-Wei , Lv Quan-Jiang , Yang Tian-Peng , Mi Ting-Ting , Wang Xiao-Wen , Liu Jun-Lin ,   School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China,   Epitop Optoelectronic Co., Ltd., Ma’anshan 243000, China,   Ma’anshan Jason Semiconductor Co., Ltd., Ma’anshan 243000, China
Published: April 2024

The development of AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet light emitting diodes (DUV-LEDs) is currently limited by poor external quantum efficiency (EQE) and wall-plug efficiency (WPE). Internal quantum efficiency (IQE), as an important component of EQE, plays a crucial role in improving the performance of DUV-LEDs. The IQE is related to the carrier injection efficiency and the radiation recombination rate in the active region. In order to improve the IQE of AlGaN-based DUV-LEDs, this work proposes a scheme to optimize the period number of superlattice electron barrier layer (SL-EBL) to achieve better carrier injection efficiency and confinement capability. The effect of the period number of SL-EBL on the luminous efficiency, reliability and carrier recombination mechanism of AlGaN-based DUV-LEDs with an emission wavelength of 273 nm are investigated. The experimental results show that the light output power (LOP), external quantum efficiency (EQE) and wall-plug efficiency (WPE) of the DUV-LEDs tend to first increase and then decrease with the period number of SL-EBL increasing, while the leakage current decreases and the reliability is enhanced. The maximum EQE and WPE of the DUV-LED are 3.5% and 3.2%, respectively, at an injection current of 7.5 mA when the period number of SL-EBL is fixed at 7 (the thickness is 28 nm). Meanwhile, the numerical simulation results show that the electron potential barrier height is enhanced with the period number of SL-EBL increasing, and the variation of the hole potential barrier height is negligible. Therefore, increasing the period number of SL-EBL is beneficial to shielding the dislocations and suppressing the leakage of electrons into the p-type layer, which improves the luminous efficiency and reliability of DUV-LEDs. However, when the period number of SL-EBL exceeds 7, the excessively thick hole potential barrier prevents the holes from entering into the activation region and reduces the radiative recombination efficiency. Therefore, EQE and WPE will show an inflection point with the variation of the period number of SL-EBL. In addition, to investigate the carrier recombination mechanism of the active region, the experimental EQE curves are fitted by the ABC model as well as the different slopes in logarithmic light output power-current (L-I ) curves are calculated after aging. It can be found that increasing the period number of SL-EBL can effectively suppress the non-radiative combination of carriers in the active region. This investigation can provide an alternative way to enhance the photoelectric performance of DUV-LEDs.
Low-RCS electromagnetic metasurface antenna based on shared-aperture technique
Authors: Li Tong , Yang Huan-Huan , Li Qi , Liao Jia-Wei , Gao Kun , Ji Ke-Feng , Cao Xiang-Yu ,   Information and Navigation College of Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710077, China,   System Innovation Center of China Academy of Space Technology, Xi’an 710100, China
Published: April 2024

In this paper, a novel shared-aperture method of electromagnetic metasurface and antenna is proposed to obtain low radar-cross-section (RCS) performance. In this method, the low-RCS metasurface is first designed, then this metasurface is combined with traditional antenna to obtain novel low-RCS antenna based on shared-aperture technique. Besides, the analysis and corresponding local structure modification are also conducted to ensure that the antenna has good radiation performance while reducing broadband RCS. Using this method, a dual-layer polarization rotation unit cell is first proposed and its broadband working principle is investigated by both theoretical analysis and numerical comparison. Based on this unit cell, a broadband low-RCS metasurface is constructed. Then an initial shared-aperture metasurface antenna is obtained by substituting the middle cells in the metasurface with traditional patch antenna directly. Through careful analysis of surface current in radiation mode, the gain decrease of this metasurface antenna is revealed. On this basis, a finite removal strategy is put forward and some metasurface cells in the antenna are removed by using the electric current analysis. Consequently, an improved shared-aperture metasurface antenna is proposed. This improved antenna works in a frequency range from 6.3 to 7.48 GHz, which is slightly wider than the traditional patch antenna. Its gain is also higher than that of traditional antenna, with a maximum improvement of 1 dB. Meanwhile, the apparent RCS decreases from 6 to 16 GHz for any polarized incident wave, and the reduction peak is larger than 20 dB. Finally, fabrications and measurements are conducted. The measurement results and numerical calculations are in good agreement. The well-behaved radiation performance and broadband low-RCS property of this metasurface antenna verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Unlike most of reported design methods of low-RCS antennas directly from traditional antennas, the proposed method adopts reverse thinking to transform scattering optimization into radiation optimization, realizing the integration between metasurface and antenna, thus making low-RCS antenna design easier and faster.
Infraestructuras industriales obsoletas como oportunidad de integración urbana: reconversión de la ex fábrica IANSA de Linares
Authors:   , Muñoz Covarrubias Diego Ignacio
Published: April 2024

Hoy Chile se enfrenta a una crisis de acceso a la vivienda que afecta a alrededor de 650.000 familias (Déficit cero, 2023), y que ha traído consecuencias como el incremento de asentamientos precarios, personas en situación de calle, arriendos abusivos y un gran número de familias en condición de allegados lo que trae consigo el hacinamiento y malas condiciones de habitabilidad.Para combatir esta crisis, el Estado tomó el rol de promotor y protector de la vivienda publicando el Plan de Emergencia Habitacional (PEH) en 2022, el que busca cubrir parte del déficit; 260.000 viviendas en el período presidencial actual entre los años 2022-2025. Sin embargo, existe un obstáculo que impide cumplir con el requerimiento de construcción: la escasez y dificultad para obtener suelo residencial. Para esto, a través del PEH se definirá una Política de Gestión de Suelo que permita implementar un sistema de adquisición preferente de suelo con fines urbano-habitacionales, habilitándolos normativamente cuando sea pertinente y factible (PEH, 2022).Frente a este escenario, se debate la utilización de terrenos industriales obsoletos como paños potenciales para la integración social y su reconversión para el uso habitacional. Han desarrollado un gran interés inmobiliario por la oportunidad de generar una oferta de 740 mil nuevas unidades si se utilizaran todas sus superficies (Briones, 2020). Así también, con la incorporación de estas infraestructuras al tejido social, se puede impulsar la revitalización de estos lugares potenciando su patrimonio industrial y el valor sociocultural de los procesos productivos que marcaron la industrialización. Todo esto mediante la conservación y reconversión de estos terrenos adquiriendo nuevos usos, equipamientos y servicios que beneficien a la comunidad.Se trabajará en el caso de la ex fábrica IANSA construida en 1958 en Linares, que tuvo un gran impacto en la ciudad y sus habitantes posicionándose como un importante polo de empleo y beneficios sociales. Sin embargo, la planta cerró sus puertas en 2018 dejando a más de 4.000 personas sin empleo y 30 hectáreas en desuso. La presente tesis busca promover la integración urbana de este terreno y su densificación habitacional para contribuir al déficit de vivienda de la comuna y a su vez capturar el valor patrimonial mediante una reconversión de la industria. Se propone generar un proyecto urbano mediante un desarrollo de viviendas y la implementación de equipamientos que dé lugar a un nuevo sector habitacional y espacio público y cultural que responda a las necesidades de los habitantes de Linares.
La pedagogía del deshielo: relaciones escénicas entre cuerpos, territorios y memoria
Authors:   , Águila Rubilar Fernanda Paz
Published: April 2024

La presente memoria da cuenta del proceso desarrollado a través de una metodología de Práctica como Investigación (Borgdorff, 2010) para la creación de la experiencia escénica La pedagogía del deshielo. Proyecto que busca indagar en nuevos procesos metodológicos, enmarcados en las prácticas teatrales, que permitan realizar un ejercicio de memoria y traducción del territorio magallánico en la escena. Cuerpo, memoria y territorialidad son conceptos claves para dar cuerpo a esta investigación que reflexiona en torno a cómo desde un disparador biográfico se estructura una experiencia escénica que se dibuja desde la liminalidad y desde una búsqueda constante por hacer aparecer en escena cuerpos y territorios no presentes. Esta memoria contiene algunos ejercicios a modo collage que intentan dar cuenta, dentro de este formato, de las acciones escénicas que sostienen esta investigación, y también fotografías que sostienen visualmente los procesos metodológicos realizados desde y frente al territorio.
Analysis of the human behavior in mid- and high-rise residential buildings during the 2010, February 27 earthquake
Authors:   , Jordán Joannon María de los Ángeles
Published: April 2024

El presente trabajo examina el comportamiento inmediato y la toma de decisiones de evacuación de personas que se encontraban en edificios residenciales de altura media y alta en Santiago durante el terremoto del Maule el 27 de febrero del año 2010. Con el objetivo de recolectar datos empíricos confiables sobre su comportamiento durante el terremoto, se diseñó una encuesta que se administró a 335 residentes de edificios de la ciudad de Santiago seleccionados al azar. La encuesta recopiló información sobre el tiempo de reacción al terremoto, las acciones tomadas durante el evento, si evacuaron el departamento o el edificio y su comportamiento social. Se realizaron análisis bivariados, pruebas de chi-cuadrado y regresión logística para evaluar la significancia estadística de las variables independientes que influyeron en estos comportamientos. Las variables independientes incluyeron características demográficas, contexto físico y social, experiencias previas, educación sobre terremotos, daños observados y percepción de riesgo. Además, se realizó un análisis sísmico simplificado de edificios seleccionados para estimar su comportamiento durante el terremoto en términos de desplazamiento y aceleración del piso. Estas medidas de rendimiento se incluyeron como variables dependientes en el estudio. Los resultados indican que la presencia de personas que necesitaban ayuda fue el mejor predictor para ayudar a otros, mientras que estar solo aumentó la probabilidad de buscar refugio. Estos resultados concuerdan con estudios empíricos existentes, lo que sugiere que el comportamiento de las personas durante los terremotos es racional, adaptativo y cumple con roles sociales. Si bien no se encontró una correlación significativa entre los parámetros de demanda de terremotos específicos del edificio y el comportamiento de las personas durante el terremoto, se propone una metodología rápida y simple para futuros estudios que busquen explorar esta relación.
Validation of challenges in the management of conservation units considering the context of the Amazon Region
Authors: Albuquerque Lorenna Cristina Barros , Paula Manoel Tavares de , Martins Vitor William Batista , Melo Luiz Eduardo de Lima
Published: April 2024

This study aimed to identify challenges in the management of conservation units through a literature review and validate them from the perspective of professionals in the field, considering the context of the Amazon Region. To achieve this, a literature review and a survey were conducted with professionals working in the field of conservation unit management. The collected data were analyzed using the Lawshe method. The results indicated that ten out of fifteen analyzed challenges were validated by the professionals. The validated challenges included: lack of financial resources, urbanization advancement, land conflicts, monitoring and enforcement, climate change, deforestation and illegal exploitation, lack of environmental education, political bureaucracy, conflicts with local communities, and corruption. The validated challenges mainly relate to management issues and the lack of more efficient governance strategies. The findings provide valuable insights for the promotion of sustainable conservation policies in the Amazon.
Current Issues With Pediatric Cochlear Implantation
Authors: Tan Donald , Fujiwara Rance J.T. , Lee Kenneth H.
Published: April 2024

Cochlear implants (CIs) have demonstrated a clear functional benefit in children with severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and thus have gained wide acceptance for treating deafness in the pediatric population. When evaluating young children for cochlear implantation, there are unique considerations beyond the standard issues addressed during surgery in adults. Because of advances in genetic testing, imaging resolution, CI technology, post-implant rehabilitation, and other factors, issues related to CI surgery in children continue to evolve. Such factors have led to changes in candidacy guidelines, vaccine requirements, and lowering of age requirement for surgery. In addition, differences in the anatomy and physiology of infants require special attention to ensure safety when operating on young children. This review summarizes these issues and provides guidance for surgeons treating children with SNHL.
Genetic Diversity Analysis in Medium Duration Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.] Germplasm for Different Agronomic Traits and Biotic Factors
Authors: Sinha Surabhi , Kumar Niraj , P. Bhavana , Lal H. C. , Kumar Binay , Mahto C. S.
Published: April 2024

For the people living in tropical and sub-tropical regions, Pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.] is a very essential pulse crop because of its high nutrition along with several important features such as feed and fodder for animal consumption, fuel for household work etc. Despite being a multipurpose and attractive crop, its productivity has remained up to 700-800kg ha-1. Along-with low productivity, Pigeon pea is also affected by a number of biotic stresses such as fusarium wilt, pod borer, pod fly. It is therefore, need of the hour to search for the genetic diversity present in the existing cultivars along with wild relatives and landraces. The present investigation was conducted with forty Pigeon pea germplasm to assess the genetic diversity by principal component analysis (PCA). PCA is an important statistical technique which reduces the dimension of the much large data set into a more concise data set while retaining a significant amount of information from the original data. PCA analysis revealed a significant amount of variability present in the germplasm. PC1 contributed maximum variance towards diversity (22.05%) followed by PC2 (15.87%), PC3 (11.39%), PC4 (10.18%), PC5 (9.10%) and PC6 (8.18%). Scatter plot diagram showed that genotypes number 1 (CRG 82), 5 (GJP 1721), 19 (ICPL 15062), and 31 (BAUPP-18-8) exhibited the highest diversity.
Mitigating Urban Inundation through Capillary Rise and Surface Tension
Authors: Song Joonggeun , Jung Kwansue
Published: April 2024

In urban areas, flood damage often arises from urban inundation, particularly when stormwater accumulates in the lowlands during heavy rainfall. However, installing or upgrading rainfall-runoff reduction facilities in advanced land-use areas poses significant spatiotemporal and economic challenges. Therefore, an alternative approach is needed to manage runoff during periods of excessive rainfall without having to modify the existing facilities. In view of this, the rainfall-runoff reduction mechanism using the surface tension of water and capillary rise of porous materials was examined through experiments. Furthermore, the effect of flood prevention was evaluated within a study basin using the InfoWorks ICM model. The findings indicate that urban inundation can be reduced through the storage effect induced by capillary rise.
A Study on Securing the Safety of Electric Vehicle Charging Areas
Authors: Chae Jin
Published: April 2024

This study analyzes the risk and risk factors of fire based on the location of a specific firefighting object where an electric vehicle charging area is installed, and proposes a way to ensure safety through fire risk assessment. First, as an institutional measure, individuals should be prohibited from installing charging areas in high-risk underground parking lots. Second, as a managerial measure, fire agencies should develop and disseminate standardized charging-area checklists and manuals. Third, as a structural measure, the charging area should be fire-protected or bulkheads should be installed. Fourth, as a facility measure, a dedicated firefighting facility and smoke control and ventilation systems should be installed in the charging areas. Fifth, firefighting measures should be equipped with dedicated firefighting equipment in the case of new constructions.
Development and Evaluation of Flood Early Warning System for the Small Streams
Authors: Cheong Tae-Sung , Kim Seojun , Koo Kang-Min
Published: April 2024

As the frequency of local extreme rainfall increases due to climate change, frequent flood damage is occurring in small stream watersheds. Casualties in these small-streams can only be significantly reduced through non-structural measures, such as the development of flood early warning systems. Howeve owever, the development and evaluation of flood early warning systems have been limited due to a lack of measurement data in small streams. Recently, the National Disaster Management Institute operated five test beds for small streams across the country. A dditionally, the Ministry of Interior and Safety, along with local governments, established a smart measurement and management system for approximately 10% of all small streams, totaling 2,200, by 2027, making it possible to secure measurement data in small streams. Considering onsidering the flow characteristics of small streams, an optimization system is developed using the rainfall-discharge nomograph and rating curve rather than a numerical-based method that requires considerable calculation time. To evaluate the developed system, the discharge and depth data measured at the time of a flood accident on August 16, 2021, are compared on a one-to-one basis with the prediction results. The prediction results show that the measured discharge and depth distribution of the five small streams over time were accurately reproduced. Based on these results, the developed rainfall-discharge nomograph and rating curve are expected to serve as effective tools to support flood early warning systems.
Phosphonium Salt Organocatalysis
Authors: Werner Thomas
Published: July 2009

The field of organocatalysis is growing rapidly and attracts an increasing number of research groups. Most organocatalysts can be classified as Lewis bases, Lewis acids, Brønsted acids and Brønsted bases. However, examples of Lewis acid organocatalysis under homogeneous conditions are comparatively rare. Phosphonium salts are easily accessible and frequently used intermediates in organic synthesis, long known phase‐transfer catalysts and potential Lewis acid organocatalysts. This review covers the application of phosphonium salts as Lewis acidic catalysts for a variety of CC, CO and CN bond‐forming reactions under homogeneous conditions. Moreover, recent developments are included which show the potential of chiral phosphonium salts as asymmetric (phase‐transfer) catalysts.
Nanogele als pharmazeutische Trägersysteme: winzige Netzwerke mit großen Möglichkeiten
Authors: Kabanov Alexander V. , Vinogradov Serguei V.
Published: June 2009

Als Nanogele bezeichnet man gequollene Netzwerke aus hydrophilen oder amphiphilen Polymeren in der Größenordnung von einigen Dutzend bis Hundert Nanometern. Sie wurden als Trägersysteme für den Transport von Wirkstoffen entwickelt. Durch gezieltes Design können biologisch aktive Moleküle spontan eingebunden werden, sei es mithilfe von Salzbrücken, Wasserstoffbrücken oder hydrophoben Wechselwirkungen. Polyelektrolyt‐Nanogele sind in der Lage, gegensätzlich geladene niedermolekulare Wirkstoffe und Biomakromoleküle wie Oligo‐ und Polynucleotide (siRNA, DNS) sowie Proteine aufzunehmen. Die Gastmoleküle wechselwirken elektrostatisch mit den ionischen Polymerketten des Gels und werden dadurch in den winzigen Nanogelen gebunden. Zahlreiche chemische Funktionalitäten stehen zur Verfügung, um Gruppen für Bildgebungsverfahren und den gezielten Wirkstofftransport im Nanogel einzuführen. Letzteres kann z. B. durch abbaubare oder schaltbare Vernetzungen erreicht werden. Aktuelle Arbeiten zeichnen eine aussichtsreiche Zukunft für biomedizinische Anwendungen von Nanogelen.
Nanogels as Pharmaceutical Carriers: Finite Networks of Infinite Capabilities
Authors: Kabanov Alexander V. , Vinogradov Serguei V.
Published: June 2009

Nanogels are swollen nanosized networks composed of hydrophilic or amphiphilic polymer chains. They are developed as carriers for the transport of drugs, and can be designed to spontaneously incorporate biologically active molecules through formation of salt bonds, hydrogen bonds, or hydrophobic interactions. Polyelectrolyte nanogels can readily incorporate oppositely charged low‐molecular‐mass drugs and biomacromolecules such as oligo‐ and polynucleotides (siRNA, DNA) as well as proteins. The guest molecules interact electrostatically with the ionic polymer chains of the gel and become bound within the finite nanogel. Multiple chemical functionalities can be employed in the nanogels to introduce imaging labels and to allow targeted drug delivery. The latter can be achieved, for example, with degradable or cleavable cross‐links. Recent studies suggest that nanogels have a very promising future in biomedical applications.
Biological treatment of milk processing wastewater in a sequencing batch flexible fibre biofilm reactor
Authors: Abdulgader Mohamed , Yu Qiming Jimmy , Zinatizadeh Ali , Williams Philip
Published: July 2009

Biological treatment of dairy wastewater was investigated using a laboratory scale aerobic sequencing batch flexible fibre biofilm reactor (SBFFBR). The SBFFBR system was modified from a typical sequencing batch reactor system by using eight flexible fibre bundles with a very high specific surface area, which served as support for microorganisms. The reactor was operated under different influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations (610, 2041 and 4382 mg l−1) and constant hydraulic retention times of 1.6 days. The results have shown successful applicability of the SBFFBR system to treat this dairy wastewater. High COD removal efficiencies between 89.7 and 97% were achieved at average organic loading rates of 0.4 and 2.74 kg COD m−3 d−1, respectively. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and potential of new generation photocatalytic systems for air pollution abatement: an overview
Authors: Lim Melvin , Zhou Yan , Wang Lianzhou , Rudolph Victor , Lu Gao Qing (Max)
Published: July 2009

Photocatalysis is the process by which various undesired substrates are reduced or oxidised on the surface of a photoresponsive material when exposed to a sufficiently energetic irradiation source. Together with other processes like photolysis and ozonation, photocatalysis forms a larger, important group of technologies known as Advanced Oxidation Processes or AOPs.

This short review begins with an introduction to the fundamental processes and entities involved in general semiconductor photocatalysis. Various major air pollutants are considered, along with their health effects and traditional means of abatement. Recent advances in photocatalytic materials (including the use of novel materials other then titania), together with heterogeneous photoreactor design (in particular, of the flow‐type) are then described. Concluding remarks are included, along with some recommendations for possible future work. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on surface morphology and selectivity of precipitated iron catalysts of FTS
Authors: Xingjun Wang , Miao Gao , Bingqing Hong , Guofeng Shang , Ping Li , Yu Liu , Fuchen Wang , Zunhong Yu
Published: July 2009

The precipitated iron catalyst was prepared by co‐precipitation. The surface morphology of the catalyst was investigated under different reduction conditions by SEM (S‐250, USA). Under H2‐reduction, the surface morphology of the catalyst had the obvious changes, which the diameter reduced, adhered together, came into being wads considered as a group. But the surface morphology of the catalyst had almost no change under CO reduction. The crystal structure of the catalyst was studied under different reduction conditions by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) (Rigaku D/max, Japanese). It was found that the catalyst was reduced completely with H2, but it was reduced partly with CO. The crystal structure of the catalyst converted into the metallic phase with H2 reduction. However, most of the iron converted into iron oxide (Fe3O4) with CO reduction. And the predominant phase in a sample of a mature catalyst is χ‐Fe5C2, which is the active phase in the Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis (FTS). The experimental results showed that CO conversion and H2 conversion increase with the change of reaction temperature from 260 to 300 °C, under the conditions of pressure P = 2.6 MPa, space velocity = 0.86 Nl h−1 g‐Fe−1, n(H2)/n(CO) = 2/3, and most of the hydrocarbon products are C5−11 which hold half of the hydrocarbon products. The next content is C2−4 which holds the quarter of hydrocarbon products. Then it is C12+, which is equal to 18%. And the last is C1, which is equal to 7%. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of some aromatic polyimides
Authors: Butt M. Saeed , Akhter Zareen , Bolte Michael , Siddiqi Humaira Masood , Nawaz Haq , Zafar‐uz‐Zaman M.
Published: July 2009

The diamine 2‐methyl‐1,3‐bis(4‐aminophenyloxy)benzene was prepared via a nucleophilic substitution reaction and was characterized with Fourier transform infrared, elemental analysis, and 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy. The prepared diamine was also characterized with single‐crystal analysis. The geometric parameters of C19H18N2O2 were in the usual ranges. The dihedral angles between the central phenyl ring and the two terminal aromatic rings were 88.9 and 91.6°. The crystal structure was stabilized by NH···N hydrogen bonds. The diamine was then polymerized with 3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride, 3,4,9,10‐perylenetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, and pyromellitic dianhydride by either a one‐step solution polymerization reaction or a two‐step procedure. These polymers had inherent viscosities ranging from 0.61 to 0.85 dL/gm. Some of the polymers were soluble in most common organic solvents even at room temperature, and some were soluble on heating. The degradation temperatures of the resultant polymers fell in the range of 260–500°C in nitrogen (with only 10% weight loss). The specific heat capacity at 200°C ranged from 1.0 to 2.21 J g−1 K−1. The temperatures at which the maximum degradation of the polymer occurred ranged from 510 to 610°C. The glass‐transition temperatures of the polyimides ranged from 182 to 191°C. The activation energy and enthalpy of the polyimides ranged from 44.44 to 73.91 kJ/mol and from 42.58 to 72.08 kJ/mol K, respectively. The moisture absorption was found in the range of 0.23–0.71%. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis, characterization, and property evaluations of copolymers of diamantyl methacrylate with methyl methacrylate
Authors: Sinkel Carsten , Agarwal Seema , Fokina Natalie A. , Schreiner Peter R.
Published: July 2009

This work reports the homo‐ and copolymerization behavior of previously unknown 4‐diamantyl methacrylate (DMA) with vinyl comonomers like methyl methacrylate (MMA); the starting monomer DMA was synthesized in our laboratory using 4‐diamantanol and methacryloyl chloride. The structures of the homo‐ and copolymers were analyzed using NMR techniques. DMA was found to be more reactive than MMA during copolymerization. The reactivity ratios as determined by the Kelen‐Tüdos method are rMMA = 0.58 and rDMA = 1.75. The incorporation of a few mol % of diamantyl units into the PMMA backbone led to a significant increase in its thermal stability and glass transition temperature. The polymers with 15 and 42 mol % of DMA units in the copolymers showed increased Tg values of 126°C and 172°C, respectively. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Gold‐Loaded Carbon Nanoparticles from Poly(vinyl alcohol)‐b‐poly(acrylonitrile) Non‐Shell‐Cross‐Linked Micelles
Authors: Bryaskova Rayna , Willet Nicolas , Duwez Anne‐Sophie , Debuigne Antoine , Lepot Laurent , Gilbert Bernard , Jérôme Christine , Jérôme Robert , Detrembleur Christophe
Published: July 2009

Herein we show that a new amphiphilic poly(vinyl alcohol)‐b‐poly(acrylonitrile) block copolymer dispersed in water can be easily loaded with gold nanoparticles by addition of chlorauric acid followed by reduction by sodium borohydride. After deposition of the so‐loaded micelles onto a silicon wafer, followed by an appropriate thermal treatment, the poly(acrylonitrile) core of the micelles is carbonized, while the poly(vinyl alcohol) shell is completely decomposed and volatilized, leading to gold encapsulated in carbon nanoparticles. The morphology of the micelles is maintained during thermal treatment without requiring shell‐cross‐linking of the micelles prior to pyrolysis.
Pharmacokinetics of caffeic acid phenethyl ester and its catechol‐ring fluorinated derivative following intravenous administration to rats
Authors: Wang Xinyu , Pang Jihai , Maffucci Jacqueline A. , Pade Devendra S. , Newman Robert A. , Kerwin Sean M. , Bowman Phillip D. , Stavchansky Salomon
Published: June 2009

The pharmacokinetic profiles of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and its catechol‐ring fluorinated derivative (FCAPE) were determined in rats after intravenous administration of 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg for CAPE and 20 mg/kg for FCAPE, respectively. The plasma concentrations of CAPE and FCAPE were measured using a validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method. The pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using non compartmental analysis (NCA) and biexponential fit. The results showed that the area under the plasma concentration‐time curve for CAPE treatment increased in a proportion greater than the increase in dose from 5 to 20 mg/kg of CAPE. Total body clearance values for CAPE ranged from 42.1 to 172 ml/min/kg (NCA) and decreased with the increasing dose of CAPE. Similarly, the volume of distribution values for CAPE ranged from 1555 to 5209 ml/kg, decreasing with increasing dose. The elimination half‐life for CAPE ranged from 21.2 to 26.7 min and was independent of dose. That FCAPE was distributed extensively into rat tissues and eliminated rapidly was indicated by a high value of volume of distribution and similar short elimination half‐life as that of CAPE. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.