bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Pathological Pressure to Predict
Authors: Friedman Jeffrey
Published: January 2020

The premier technocrats of our age, neoclassical economists, are poorly equipped to balance homogenizing forces against heterogeneous ideas, as economists altogether ignore agents’ ideas. They do so by attributing to agents the automatic ability to act optimally, effacing the agents’ need to interpret their circumstances and thus the possibility that the ideas on which their interpretations are based will be mistaken. An error-free agent—meaning, for practical purposes, one whose interpretation of her circumstances matches that of the economist—is an agent whose actions the economist can conveniently predict. Similarly, attempts by economists of information and behavioral economists to render economics more realistic overlook ideational heterogeneity and the fact that ideas must form interpretations before they can guide actions. Thus, the agent depicted by these types of economist remains predictable despite the information asymmetries and putative irrationality identified in these literature. Even the recent shift toward empiricism in economics relies on an undertheorized positivism that, again, ignores the causal force of ideational heterogeneity. Nontechnocratic research in social psychology, however, suggests that the neglect of people’s ideas is not unique to economists, posing a wider cultural problem for technocracy—but also the hope that ideational changes might lead to a judicious form of technocratic governance.
Conclusion
Authors: Charnavel Isabelle
Published: January 2020

This very brief last chapter concludes by summarizing the main results of the book and offering methodological suggestions for further research.
Late Bronze Age Tombs at the Palace of Nestor, Pylos
Authors: Murphy Joanne M. A. , Stocker Sharon R. , Davis Jack L. , Schepartz Lynne A.
Published: January 2020

This chapter presents the results of a recent reexamination of the Late Bronze Age tombs excavated in the area of the Palace of Nestor at Pylos by Carl W. Blegen: three tholoi, seven chamber tombs, and one cist grave. New light can now be shed on the chronology of the construction and use of each. The various tombs range in date from MH III/LH I to LH IIIC late, although it appears that the tholos tombs and chamber tombs were not used intensively at the same time. Grave goods point to more wealth being invested in burials during MH III/LH I to LH II, less in LH IIIA. Most nonceramic imports in the tombs date to LH I–II; there are few ceramic imports with burials of any period. The object of the study was to examine burial customs in the context of social and political developments at the Palace of Nestor itself. Innovations in burial ritual reflect changes that occurred in the course of the Late Helladic period in the way that power was defined and expressed in the community associated with these graves.
“You Can’t Take It with You”
Authors: Shelton Kim
Published: January 2020

Using evidence from the extensive cemeteries at the palatial center of Mycenae and at Prosymna, a second tier settlement site within the territory of Mycenae, this chapter examines the burial practices, patterns, and traditions within the sociopolitical context of the Palatial period itself, but also with a longer diachronic lens toward what came before and what follows. In the form and scale of burial architecture, in the treatment of interments, and among the objects associated with burial practices, significant changes occur. During the period of state formation, tomb architecture and burial practices exhibit diverse and potentially competitive characteristics. The variety of exotica and specialized ceramic sets suggest conspicuous consumption and differential access to status as much as do the weapons and jewelry in valuable materials. A sociopolitical flourishing comes with the Palatial period. While there is great expansion in the numbers of tombs, at the same time the patterns of use both stabilize and standardize. Remarkable at both sites is a pronounced contraction of investment in the mortuary sphere when the Palatial period is at its height—burial traditions are simplified and streamlined including characteristics from constructional details down to a marked decline in grave provisions, especially among higher value and status materials and exotica. This previews by several generations the characteristics of the Postpalatial period, when a dramatic decline in material culture generally is reflected also in tomb construction and use.
The Mycenaean Cemetery at Clauss, Near Patras
Authors: Paschalidis Constantinos
Published: January 2020

This chapter presents various significant aspects of the tombs and the activities at the Mycenaean cemetery at Clauss, near Patras there, resulting from the study and analysis of both artifacts and skeletal remains. In particular, the Clauss cemetery provides considerable skeletal remains that were examined in detail, which show that both the site and Achaea were densely populated during the Mycenaean palatial period (14th–13th c. bc). This conclusion contrasts greatly with what scholars have previously proposed: a massive infiltration of population from the Argolid in LH III C. The study of the Clauss material distinguished all LH III C burials in six successive chronological phases, which correspond more-or-less to six generations of its people. This was accomplished with the combined and careful classification of the local pottery, workshops, and styles, together with the tombs’ stratigraphy. The evaluation of such a sequence gave the unique opportunity to trace the biographies of its people. Through the identification of mothers, children, farmers, craftsmen, traders, noble ladies of the oikos, hunters, and warriors—based on the grave goods and modes of burials—the story unfolds of a vivid local society at the periphery of the Mycenaean world toward the end of its era.
Hail Columbia!
Authors: Lohman Laura
Published: January 2020

This book examines music as political expression in the early American republic from the post-revolutionary era through the aftermath of the War of 1812. Americans used music as a discursive tool during every major political development. The nation’s leaders faced challenges ranging from threats to the structure of the government to impressment, all amid the nearly constant threat of embroilment in European war and insecurity about the republic’s viability. Americans responded by using music to protest, stifle protest, propagandize, and vie for political dominance. Through music they persuaded, intimidated, lauded, legitimated, and demonized their fellow Americans based on their political beliefs and actions. In music they debated crucial questions about the roles and rights of citizens, the structure of government, and the pursuit of peace and prosperity. They used music to construct powerful narratives about the nation’s history, values, and institutions; to celebrate the accomplishments of country, community, and individual; and to reinforce a sense of identity in national and partisan terms. Organized chronologically, chapters address musical forms of propaganda during ratification of the Constitution, musical expression of transnational revolutionary aspirations, Federalist and Republican narratives of political legitimacy in music, political debates in music during the embargo years, and musical myth-making during the War of 1812. The conclusion summarizes this music’s reception through the remainder of the nineteenth century.
Introduction
Authors: Lohman Laura
Published: January 2020

The introduction outlines why Americans turned to music for political expression in the early republic and how music shaped Americans’ visions of the nation through performance, imagination, and print. It situates Americans’ use of music for political expression in long-established and transatlantic practices, including those used in Britain and before and during the Revolutionary War. It introduces the wide range of Americans who created, circulated, interpreted, and performed political music in the early nation. The introduction surveys the types of sources that circulated this music and the musical genres that were commonly used. Chapter summaries and the challenges of studying this music are included.
Musical Myth-Making and the War of 1812
Authors: Lohman Laura
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines how Americans used music to craft powerful myths about the War of 1812. The war began amid strong sectional and partisan divisions, but Americans obscured these divisions by circulating a large volume of selective accounts of the war that ignored reversals of Republican policy and highlighted the Republican administration’s success in bringing peace with a navy of Federalist design. Understood in the context of the previous chapters, Francis Scott Key’s “The Star-Spangled Banner” illustrates the sonic transcendence of ideological and partisan debate. The American nationalism that the song came to symbolize developed not only in a transatlantic context but also alongside strong regional and other allegiances. Following years of economic stress and partisan strife, Americans used music to portray the nation as self-sufficient, militarily competent, and united in feeling.
A Mother’s Violence in Global Politics
Authors: Krulisova Katerina
Published: January 2020

Analyzing the cases of Biljana Plavšić and Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, two prominent female politicians accused of perpetrating political violence in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, respectively, this chapter focuses on the ways violent women represent themselves when accused of crimes against humanity, genocide, and genocidal rape. Employing the concepts of twisted motherhood, maternal love, and monstrous mothering, together with maternal naivety about realities of war-fighting, the work first traces the feminist theorization of politically violent womanhood and motherhood; second, the chapter discusses the conceptualization of female violence in relation to the dominant motherhood narratives; and, finally, it offers an alternative critical reading of mothering as connected representation of oneself when politically violent. Studying representation of the violent self through feminist lenses enable one to critically analyze the importance of motherhood narratives in global politics. Both women employ a motherhood narrative as a way to humanize themselves in response to accusations of violent crimes. A mother’s violence, in their narratives, is completely unintelligible and impossible, or becomes an unfortunate yet understandable result of a mothering instinct that dictates to protect one’s own mythical child. In both cases, the defense rests on narrating themselves as good mothers, disabling other potential narratives to be employed.
Privatized Bodies in Public Locations
Authors: Griffin Penny
Published: January 2020

Understanding motherhood as practices of mothering not necessarily limited to women’s bodies, this chapter sets out to examine some of the many and various ways in which neoliberalized public spaces enable, encourage, and reproduce motherhood. It asks, specifically, how, where, and why human, mothering bodies are subjected to the neoliberal “gaze,” how this gaze on motherhood privileges certain forms of identity and practice over others, and how this influences, overtly and indirectly, the moral status of “mothers” in neoliberal societies. Neoliberal governmentality has been vastly effective in enacting its own self-reproduction across divergent societies, masking the totalitarianism of its core focus on centralizing the “free” market in social life through clever reconstructions of conflicting social value systems and practices. This can be seen, this chapter argues, in the normalization of highly invasive medical procedures on mothering bodies, in the proliferation of professionalized parenting “experts,” and in the individualization and social segregation of “mothers” themselves. In particular, the author examines how everyday moments in and practices of motherhood have become highly effective normative technologies of neoliberal governmentality. The author takes as a starting point those “small” things about life as a mother (or as someone who mothers) in a neoliberal society in terms of how they represent two interwoven social elements: the impacts of the prejudiced gaze of neoliberal authorities, including hospitals, supermarkets, cafés, trains, and day care centers; and the apparent achievement of limitless neoliberal tolerance and acceptability.
“Being a Friend in a Nest of Vipers”
Authors: Gillies Alexandra
Published: January 2020

During the boom years, companies, banks, and other private sector players used all kinds of tactics to tilt the oil sector playing field in their favor. They wined and dined top decision-makers, went into business with political insiders, and paid bribes, often via middlemen or fixers. Collusion and tax avoidance reared their heads too. Stories from Angola, Australia, Chad, Congo-Brazzaville, Libya, Nigeria, Norway, and the United States reveal the risks companies took in order to win a piece of the oil boom action.
“An Octopus That Reaches around the Globe”
Authors: Gillies Alexandra
Published: January 2020

Corruption is an international undertaking. A global cast of enablers, including oil-rich players from Abu Dhabi and Saudi Arabia, Caribbean letterbox companies, banks in Switzerland and Singapore, American real estate agents, and the giant investment bank Goldman Sachs, helped an ambitious young Malaysian businessman capture and spend over $4 billion in just a few years. Most oil boom corruption cases followed roughly the same playbook: spirit away illicit funds via offshore shell companies and bank accounts and then sink them into foreign property, businesses, luxury goods, and public relations campaigns. Through these channels, corrupt money and its destabilizing influence spread around the world.
Corruption’s Motley Foes
Authors: Gillies Alexandra
Published: January 2020

While some political heavyweights used anticorruption campaigns to go after their enemies, many of the battles against oil sector corruption ended in true success. More and more, anticorruption actors are working across borders, just like the corruption they’re trying to fight. Foreign governments stepped up their enforcement of antibribery laws and debuted innovative tools for stemming the flow of dirty money. International networks of journalists exposed corruption on an unprecedented scale, and activists pushed an ambitious transparency agenda. Even the international enablers of corruption—those bankers, lawyers, and accountants who help the dirty money flow—showed on occasion that they could be anticorruption heroes too.
Evolutionary Neuropsychology
Authors: Coolidge Frederick L.
Published: January 2020

This book is designed to introduce the evolutionary origins of the human brain’s present structures and functions. Evolutionary neuropsychology is a new multidisciplinary science that embraces and uses empirical findings from the fields of evolution, neuroscience, cognitive sciences, psychology, anthropology, and archaeology. This book is designed for the intellectually curious, but styled especially for academics at any level and psychologists focusing on various aspects of human behavior. The bedrock foundation of evolutionary neuropsychology is the assumption that functionally specialized brain regions are adaptations naturally selected in response to various environmental challenges over the course of billions of years of evolution. These adaptations and their brain regions and circuitry may now serve new functions, which are called exaptations, and they are particularly involved in higher cognitive functions.
The Frontal Lobes
Authors: Coolidge Frederick L.
Published: January 2020

This chapter notes that the expansion of the brain, particularly the cortex, as well as increased behavioral flexibility, in mammals compared to that in reptiles, birds, and fishes. Mammalian brains have been typified by mosaic evolution and concerted evolution. The two most important influences on modern human brains have been the evolution of mammalian brains and primate brains, and the latter had the most profound influence on modern human brains. The prefrontal cortex is one of the major exaptations of the human brain, where the cognitive abilities known executive functions primarily reside. Those functions include decision-making, forming plans and goals, organizing, devising strategies to attain goals, inhibition, and the monitoring of effective performance. The frontal lobes of the earliest primates were under selective pressure to identify and eat fruits with their forelimbs. The brains of hominins may have exapted these same regions for object manipulation, tool-making, and eventually language functions such as word choice and word sequencing.
The Cerebellum
Authors: Coolidge Frederick L.
Published: January 2020

The cerebellum is estimated to contain about 80% of all of the brain’s neurons. Its original adaptation appears to be the seamless and smooth execution of motor movements. The dendritic branching of the cerebellum’s neurons is the most complex and extensive in the brain. The lateral and posterior portions of modern humans’ cerebellum have a more recent phylogenetic origin than that of other hominins. An exaptation of the human cerebellum is the cognitive control and refinement of higher cognitive functions, including lower- and higher-level abstract thinking. Numerous empirical studies link insight and creativity to the cerebellum.
The Evolution of Sleep and Dreams
Authors: Coolidge Frederick L.
Published: January 2020

Primitive sleep states developed from earth’s rotational cycle, where activities were constrained by alternating periods of light and dark. Extant reptiles, birds, mammals, and primates exhibit slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which suggests an early evolutionary development dating to at least 300 million years ago or earlier. There may have been no single purpose of sleep, however, multiple reasons for its evolution and different sleep stages have been suggested, including reduced energy demands, facilitation of learning and memory, removal of waste metabolites, priming for subsequently successful waking activities, and aiding creativity. When Homo erectus appeared about 1.9 million years ago, it made a full transition to terrestrial life, including sleeping on the ground instead of in nests in trees. Ground sleep resulted in a single integrated sleep period, which had many positive cognitive repercussions. The design for the Acheulean handaxe, attributed to Homo erectus, may have come to a stone knapper in a dream. Some handaxes, beginning about 500,000 years ago, had aesthetic qualities and may have been used as a means of sexual selection.
Bayesian Liberalism
Authors: Feeney Megan , Schellenberg Susanna
Published: January 2020

This article defends liberalism, that is, the view that perceivers are justified in their perceptual beliefs simply on grounds of the perceptions on which the beliefs are based. By critically discussing several conservativist objections, it shows that liberalism is compatible with standard Bayesianism. This argument calls into question an assumption in the conservatist objections, an assumption that can be traced back to Pyrrhonian skepticism, namely, that the acquisition of perceptual evidence is primarily a matter of forming introspective beliefs about seemings or appearances. By contrast, this essay argues that the formation of introspective beliefs is an extra step over and above the acquisition of perceptual evidence. Forming the relevant introspective beliefs requires the possession of seeming or appearance concepts. However, subjects can acquire perceptual evidence, on this view, even if they lack these concepts or are incapable of forming the relevant introspective beliefs. Thus, the essay defends Bayesian liberalism.
The Force of Assumptions and Self-Attributions
Authors: Pagin Peter
Published: January 2020

This essay provides a general, abstract characterization of the content-force connection: the force of an utterance applies the content to the actual index of evaluation, for instance the actual world. It then considers two possible counterexamples to this general connection: Sextus Empiricus’ claim that talk about appearances is not assertoric, despite being concerned with the actual world, and that assumptions made in arguments concern the actual world, despite lacking assertoric force. The chapter notes that by modern standards, talk about appearance is assertoric. It also argues that, contrary to appearance, assumptions do not concern the actual world. The possible counterexamples are therefore not real.
Hypothetical Syllogisms and Infinite Regress
Authors: Malink Marko
Published: January 2020

In his commentary on Aristotle’s De interpretatione, Ammonius puts forward an argument for the priority of categorical over hypothetical syllogisms. The argument relies on two of the Five Modes of Agrippa, the modes from infinite regress and from hypothesis. Much of the argument, however, remains unclear and open to doubt. The present chapter sheds new light on the argument by considering it against the backdrop of two related arguments given by Pseudo-Ammonius and Alexander of Aphrodisias in their commentaries on the Prior Analytics. The chapter argues that all three arguments originate in Theophrastus’ discussion of Aristotle’s treatment of syllogisms from a hypothesis. They rely on the view that stating a hypothetical proposition If P, then Q does not amount to the unqualified assertion of a conditional proposition, but rather to a conditional assertion of Q on the supposition that P.
Incomplete Ignorance
Authors: Haas Jens , Vogt Katja Maria
Published: January 2020

One can neither inquire into what one knows nor into what one doesn’t know. The first leg of this problem has recently been called the Dogmatism Puzzle. If knowledge is incompatible with inquiry, the thought goes, knowledge breeds dogmatism. Call the second leg of the problem the Ignorance Puzzle. Inquiry starts from not knowing what one seeks to know, and yet it cannot simply start from ignorance. A compelling solution, we argue, jointly addresses the Dogmatism and Ignorance Puzzles. Inquirers, we propose, are in Incomplete Ignorance. They have proleptic concepts, which enable them to ask questions. We defend a minimalist account of the complement of questions. Questions, this chapter argues, call for an improvement of the inquirer’s cognitive state regarding the issue. Such improvement may psychologically close off further inquiry. But the inquirer’s cognitive state is not thereby epistemically closed. In principle, it permits further inquiry.
Echoes of Sextus Empiricus in Nietzsche?
Authors: Bett Richard
Published: January 2020

The essay considers two related questions: (a) whether Sextus was a philosophical influence on Nietzsche, and (b) whether there are significant connections between their philosophies. On the first question, it is notable that while Nietzsche cites Sextus Empiricus numerous times in his early scholarly works, it is always for purely antiquarian reasons; he never shows interest in Sextus as a philosopher in his own right. On the second question, a considerable philosophical overlap is identified, especially concerning the perspectival character of all human thinking, and the possibility of forms of knowledge and inquiry that do not aspire to any absolute status. One significant difference, however, concerns Nietzsche’s moral anti-realism. This appears to be inconsistent with the general emphasis on perspective that he shares with Sextus—although paradoxically, it also puts him in contact with another part of Sextus’ writing, Against the Ethicists, that is itself inconsistent with Sextus’ outlook elsewhere.
Value Disagreement, Action, and Commitment
Authors: Tenenbaum Sergio
Published: January 2020

The problem of disagreement is a well-known tool in the arsenal of various anti-realist and skeptical views. Persistent disagreement is supposed to be evidence that our moral judgments do not track a realm of objective values. This chapter is concerned with a different form of skepticism that one might try to ground on the fact of value disagreement: namely, “commitment skepticism.” According to the commitment skeptic, the fact of value disagreement should, at least under certain circumstances, lower our confidence in our evaluative judgments. But such lowering of confidence, if taken seriously, leaves us with no way to move from our judgments to actions. According to this skeptic, we have justification neither for our usual moral commitments, nor for any particular course of action based on these evaluative judgments. This chapter argues that Kant’s view about our awareness of the moral law provides an important way of resisting commitment skepticism.
Testing relativity
Authors: Andersson Nils
Published: January 2020

Different tests of Einstein’s theory are introduced alongside a discussion of geodesic motion in a curved spacetime. The different classical tests are considered, from light bending to perihelion precession, the gravitational redshift and the Shapiro time delay. Observational contraints obtained from the Double Pulsar system are discussed.
Spinning black holes
Authors: Andersson Nils
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses the physics of rotating black holes, introducing new features like rotational frame dragging. The Kerr solution is discussed, as is the Newman–Penrose approach and the black-hole perturbation theory.
Relativistic asteroseismology
Authors: Andersson Nils
Published: January 2020

The ideas behind gravitational-wave asteroseismology are introduced and motivated by a set of phenomenological relations. The impact of general relativity on different classes of stellar oscillation modes is outlined and the emergence of a new family of modes (the w-modes) associated with the dynamcis of spacetime itself is explained. The impact of relevant physics on a given neutron star’s oscillation spectrum is discussed. The instability of the f-mode in fast-spinning neutron stars is considered.
The Concept ‘Scientifically Valid (Danish) Law’
Authors: Ross Alf
Published: January 2020

On the basis of the analysis of the game of chess and chess rules, Chapter I proposed the working hypothesis that, in principle, it must be possible to define and explain the concept ‘scientifically valid (Danish, Swedish, etc.) law’ along the same lines as the concept of a ‘scientifically valid norm of chess’. This chapter attempts to develop this working hypothesis into a comprehensive theory about what the concept ‘scientifically valid (Danish, Swedish, etc.) law’ actually means. The working hypothesis implies that the law, like the rules of chess, is a supra-individual, social phenomenon. This means that the legal notions of action give rise to a common ideology which is active in most judges’ minds, thereby creating an interpersonal context of meaning and motivation effectively guiding their actions in office because the legal rules are felt to be socially binding. In terms of content, the legal rules are directives to the judges for organizing the exercise of specific coercion through the courts. These directives fall into two categories: norms of conduct; and norms of competence. The former prescribe a certain course of action. The latter create a competence (power, authority) which, in turn, means that they are directives to the effect that norms created in conformity with a given mode of procedure shall be considered norms of conduct.
The Concept of Rights
Authors: Ross Alf
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses the concept of rights. It is a task for legal science to systematize the legal rules, that is, to provide a description of the law which is as simple and clear as possible. The concept of rights serves this purpose. It is argued that in itself the concept of rights does not refer to anything. It does not designate any phenomenon of any kind which inserts itself between conditioning facts and conditioned consequences. The concept of rights is solely a means through which it is possible to visualize—more or less accurately—the content of a set of legal rules, namely, those rules which connect a certain disjunctive plurality of conditioning facts with a certain cumulative plurality of legal consequences. Building on this analysis of the concept of rights, the chapter provides an account of the typical rights situation, of rights as substance, and of the structure of the right. In conclusion, this analysis of the concept of rights is compared with and distinguished from the critique of the concept of rights put forward by Duguit in France and Lundstedt in Sweden.
[378]Utilitarianism and the Chimera of Public Utility
Authors: Ross Alf
Published: January 2020

This chapter begins with a discussion of the relation of Bentham’s utilitarianism to natural law. It argues that Bentham’s break with the past is not as complete as he himself believed. Still, it would be wrong to lump utilitarianism together with natural law. Bentham’s criticism of the sense of morality and justice, and his claim that an action should be judged according to its real effects, are steps towards a realistic theory of permanent value. The chapter then discusses the dissonance between the maximization principle and people’s actual deliberative actions, and the chimera of public utility. It argues that in recent years, it has become quite customary to speak of public utility, of the needs of society and the like, instead of the sum of the pleasure of individuals. However, doing so conceals the fundamental flaws of the utilitarian principle without changing anything with respect to the real issue at hand.
The Possibility of Legal Politics: Between Fate and Utopia
Authors: Ross Alf
Published: January 2020

This chapter investigates the conditions that must be fulfilled if it is to be meaningful to develop a legal politics that would provide guidance to the legislator. It is argued that in general, the necessary precondition for politics conceived as a technique for influencing society with the aid of rational methods is the assumption that rational deliberations and arguments are among the factors determining human action. Accordingly, in the realm of legal politics, the decisive question is whether and to what extent the law is created by the legislator’s ‘will’, understood as an expression of a conscious activity determined by rational deliberations and rational arguments; or whether and to what extent the law is created in a process that is independent thereof. The chapter considers and dismisses two extreme but equally untenable views: the prophets of fate and the utopians. Instead, it argues for a balanced view. Legal politics is possible because the legislator is not impotent. However, the possibilities of legal politics are limited because the legislator is not omnipotent, either. The legislator encounters social forces (in particular legal consciousness, economic interests, and power relations) that cannot be invoked by mere words. On the other hand, it is not a question of a permanent and impassable barrier, either.
The Role Played by the ‘Sense of Justice’ in Legal Politics
Authors: Ross Alf
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses the legitimate role played by the sense of justice in scientific legal politics. It begins by introducing a distinction between ‘interests’ (attitudes based upon needs) and ‘moral attitudes’ as a contrasting pair. The standpoint based on interest is always conditioned by certain beliefs, and is thus the subject of justification in a rational argumentation. The moral attitude (the moral sense), on the other hand, is a direct and unconditioned attitude towards a norm of action or a social order. It is irrational in the sense that it is a direct expression of an emotion and inaccessible to justification and argumentation. These considerations concerning interest and moral attitude apply mutatis mutandis to policy considerations and the sense of justice as factors in scientific legal politics. Policy considerations express the evaluation of legal rules on the basis of rational arguments concerning the rules’ actual relevance in relation to presupposed interests. The sense of justice, on the other hand, is a disinterested and inculcated, immediate attitude of approval or disapproval towards a legal norm of action directed toward the social order.
Dual Objects
Authors: Heunen Chris , Vicary Jamie
Published: January 2020

Dual objects are abstract categorical structures that represent the quantum notion of entanglement. We prove a range of important results about dual objects and show how to use them to model quantum teleportation. Dual objects have an important topological representation, in terms of wires bending ‘backwards in time’, and we use this to characterize different sorts of duality structures, including pivotal, ribbon and compact structures. Dual objects interact well with any linear structure available, allowing us to capture linear-algebraic properties such as trace and dimension.
Practising Public Health
Authors: Ashton John
Published: January 2020

This book is based on over 40 years work in public health at a time of unprecedented change and challenge. The emphasis is on the practical aspects of working at different levels of action, very much ‘how to do it and how it was done’. As such it is a personal account. This period marked a new era in which the previous medical paradigm, dating from the mid-nineteenth century, was replaced by a broader, multidisciplinary approach, grounded in social science, the humanities, ecology, and public engagement with the politics of health once more coming into focus. The author uses case studies, storytelling, and real-life experience of establishing a new and revitalized public health system in the North West of England to bring the subject alive for a new generation of students and practitioners. Building on historic insights and timeless lessons from the Victorian and early-twentieth-century pioneers, he traces the evolution of the new thinking and its translation into action. The volume offers a rich menu of examples of responses to an array of new challenges ranging from new infections, such as HIV/AIDS and Ebola, to the lifestyle diseases of the new age, and the application of public health thinking to mental health and the problems of an ageing population. The external threats to health from the environment and as a result of man-made disasters and emergencies are extensively covered. The author brings a fresh approach to public health and the communication of public health issues. This work is accessible and stimulating, speaking to a wide range of audiences and sharing his passion for the subject.
Protecting health
Authors: Ashton John
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores the concept of health protection, defines its scope, and illustrates how health protection may be needed in relation to a wide range of issues with specific examples that the author has been involved with during his public health career. A framework for health protection which covers both communicable and non-communicable disease threats in both the natural and built environment is proposed. Examples covered include chemical incidents; the emergence of new and novel infectious diseases; the crisis in measles, mumps and rubella vaccination following the publication of a since-discredited scare in the Lancet by former Dr Andrew Wakefield; the Hillsborough football stadium disaster; the humanitarian crisis in North Macedonia during the Kosovo emergency; and a fatal mass shooting in Cumbria. The emergence of the threat of HIV infection to injecting drug users in Liverpool is described together with details of the response which included the first large-scale syringe exchange programme. The importance of preparedness, training, intelligence, and inclusive public communication is stressed as well as the dynamic nature of health protection.
Healthy cities
Authors: Ashton John
Published: January 2020

In this chapter the origins of the WHO Healthy Cities Project are described, beginning with the project group meeting in Copenhagen. The early days of the project are reported together with an account of how the project developed from small beginnings to become a global movement with political leadership from the city level. The achievements of the project are reported together with issues raised in creating a new dynamic for urban health. The chapter concludes with the latest phase of the project beginning in 2018, which saw Healthy Cities aligned to the pursuit of the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals for 2030.
Structuring Partisan Power
Authors: White Jonathan
Published: January 2020

Controls on emergency rule are often sought in legal constraints upheld by courts, or strategies of institutional design that make exceptionalism less appealing. As this chapter argues, what tends to be missing is an account of the political will that could support such initiatives. Challenging the transnational politics of emergency depends, it argues, on strengthened ties of partisanship, both as these may constrain directly the discretion of representatives holding executive authority, and especially as they may influence it indirectly from a position of opposition. The chapter draws and develops on debates concerning the possibility of transnational partisanship, and connects them to a discussion of the structural preconditions of political opposition, examining in particular its temporal aspects.
Introduction
Authors: Fieldhouse Edward , Green Jane , Evans Geoffrey , Mellon Jonathan , Prosser Christopher , Schmitt Hermann , van der Eijk Cees
Published: January 2020

What has changed in British politics? Volatility. The British party system, and the electorate within it, have become more volatile over time, delivering substantial increases in fragmentation, in 2015, and then the largest two-party share in decades, in 2017. This chapter explains the focus of the book; what we explain, and then how we go about doing so. We focus on long-term changes in volatility, what explains that volatility, and what explains the parties that benefit from this in general elections, specifically focusing on vote outcomes in the 2015 and 2017 Elections through novel explanations combining the effects of electoral shocks in a context of increasing vote switching between elections. The chapter provides an overview of the book.
Volatility and Electoral Shocks
Authors: Fieldhouse Edward , Green Jane , Evans Geoffrey , Mellon Jonathan , Prosser Christopher , Schmitt Hermann , van der Eijk Cees
Published: January 2020

The General Elections of 2015 and 2017 marked a historically high level of volatility, both at the aggregate level and at the level of the individual voter. In this chapter we describe how this increased volatility is part of a long-term trend in British politics, but one which accelerated markedly after 2010. At the aggregate level, 2015 and 2017 were the two most volatile elections since 1931. At the individual-level, they were the two most volatile elections we have data to measure. Unlike aggregate volatility, which has changed erratically over time, we show that individual-level volatility has been steadily and significantly increasing since 1964. Moreover, unlike many elections when vote flows favouring one party are compensated by counter-flows favouring another, voters in 2015 and 2017 moved systematically, first away from, and then towards the two major parties.
Brexit and the Reshaping of British Electoral Politics
Authors: Fieldhouse Edward , Green Jane , Evans Geoffrey , Mellon Jonathan , Prosser Christopher , Schmitt Hermann , van der Eijk Cees
Published: January 2020

In this chapter we show how the vote to leave the EU in 2017 brought about a return to two-party politics and a fundamental shift in the social and geographical alignment of party support. Electoral competition between the two main parties previously dominated by concerns relating to redistribution, taxation, and an emphasis on the free market versus social protection now also focused almost equally on the EU, immigration, and liberal–authoritarian values. For the first time in modern history, economic left–right competition between Labour and the Conservatives was accompanied by a commensurate emphasis on a second cultural, or social, dimension of politics. This was also reflected in changes in the demographic patterns of party support, especially age and education.
Moral Knowledge from Others
Authors: McGrath Sarah
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores a number of philosophical issues raised by the possibility of arriving at moral views by relying on other people. I defend the Moral Inheritance View, according to which a person whose earliest moral views are inherited from her social environment might very well have substantial moral knowledge even before she is in a position to begin critically reflecting upon or reasoning about those views. More generally, I argue that other people are in principle potentially rich sources of moral knowledge. To the extent that we have reservations about the propriety of forming moral views by relying on others—as opposed to through the exercise of our own autonomous judgment—what is legitimate in those reservations does not derive from its being impossible to acquire moral knowledge in this way, but rather from other sources.
Observation and Experience
Authors: McGrath Sarah
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores how experience and observation contribute to moral knowledge. It defends the view that experience and observation can contribute to moral knowledge in any of the ways in which they contribute to our ordinary, non-moral knowledge of the world around us, including by empirically confirming and disconfirming moral claims. I argue that moral testimony has important implications for the possibility of confirming moral views by non-moral observations. I also argue that membership in a moral community, which puts one in a position to compare the moral opinions of others with one’s own, can contribute to moral knowledge not only by affording evidence for or against one’s opinions, but also by providing feedback that can serve to calibrate one’s capacity for judgment so that future exercises of that judgment are more likely to deliver knowledge. The chapter concludes with a discussion of a priori moral knowledge.
Between Church and Empire
Authors: Bauer Stefan
Published: January 2020

Chapter 2 continues the discussion of Panvinio’s life. It begins with Panvinio’s journey to Germany in the summer of 1559. After his return to Rome in September 1559, in time for the conclave in which Pope Pius IV was elected, Panvinio started publishing only works on sacred matters, although he continued to produce unpublished studies on Roman antiquity. In 1565, he was given a position in the Vatican Library; but he held on to it for less than a year because the next pope, Pius V, did not renew it for financial reasons. In this period Panvinio also found new patrons in Germany and Spain: Hans Jakob Fugger, Cardinal Otto Truchsess von Waldburg, and, among royalty, the Habsburgs Maximilian II and Philip II. During this phase of his career, Panvinio employed several scribes—and the more he had to pay the scribes, the more funding he needed from patrons. This, in turn, meant that he had to produce yet more manuscripts for income. His feverish productivity was halted only by his untimely death on a journey to Palermo in 1568. This chapter ends with a discussion of the fate of Panvinio’s manuscripts, the publication of which after his death was held up by an order of Pius V as well as by the Congregations of the Index of Prohibited Books and the Inquisition.
Panvinio’s History of Papal Elections
Authors: Bauer Stefan
Published: January 2020

This chapter deals with Panvinio’s history of papal elections (De varia creatione Romani pontificis). Panvinio was the first author to write such a work. He put together an extensive range of relevant historical material to cover 1,500 years of history. Panvinio felt free to criticize past popes for their ‘lust’ for power, while at the same time defending papal primacy. He stated in his preface that he wanted to demonstrate two things: first, that there had been different forms of election from the time of St Peter to his own day; and second, that no variation in the electoral process had taken place without the authority and consent of the popes. One of the key issues was Panvinio’s presentation of change, discord, and diversity in the Church’s past. Panvinio stated ‘What I have written will not please the Christian reader’, and he included some hard-hitting criticism of the papacy’s growing bid for secular power from Gregory VII (1073–85) onwards. Panvinio did not attempt to publish the full version of De varia creatione, but instead presented an abridgement—which still contained much criticism of the Church’s past—to Pope Pius IV and his nephew, Cardinal Carlo Borromeo.
Church History, Censorship, and Confessionalization
Authors: Bauer Stefan
Published: January 2020

This chapter begins by examining the interrelationship of history and theology. From the Reformation onwards, church history presented a challenge to each confession in its own right. Protestants re-invented the prevailing models of church history; Catholics responded by underlining the uninterrupted continuity of the apostolic traditions. The second section of the chapter concentrates on the genre of papal biography, reviewing the various contemporary authors who wrote on the subject. By editing and continuing the humanist Bartolomeo Platina’s standard papal biographies from the fifteenth century, Panvinio put himself in the position of being considered the most important authority on papal history. The censorship of historical works by Catholic theologians is then discussed by comparing the cases of other important authors including Carlo Sigonio. The chapter investigates the question of the extent to which Panvinio’s unpublished Church History (Historia ecclesiastica) was an expression of the confessionalization of historiography. There follows a discussion of the censorships of several of Panvinio’s works, including that of his history of papal elections carried out by the Spanish jurist Francisco Peña and the German Jesuit Jakob Gretser.
Epilogue
Authors: Bauer Stefan
Published: January 2020

The Epilogue provides thoughts on the development of ecclesiastical historiography after c.1580. Catholics published relatively few works on church history during this period; this was largely because Catholic universities neglected the teaching of church history. After the Magdeburg Centuriators had created a new Protestant church history, historical criticism in the Lutheran camp remained subdued in the shadow of their great achievement. In the Catholic Church, the censorship of historical authors remained a widespread practice. Also, papal biographies were rarely printed as individual publications directly after a pope’s death. The official Catholic answers to the Magdeburg Centuries are well known. In the field of doctrine, these were provided by Robert Bellarmine, while Cesare Baronio provided the Catholic answer on the historical side. To sum up, both Catholics and Protestants had many reasons to appeal to and invoke history. Polemicists naturally preferred the solutions which were closest to their own interests; and, depending on these interests, they accepted or rejected the results of humanist scholarship. Panvinio trod a fine line, exploring the limits of what could be said and written—but at times overstepping this line grossly.