bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
River research and applications across borders
Authors: Pinter Nicholas , Brasington James , Gurnell Angela , Kondolf G. Mathias , Tockner Klement , Wharton Geraldene , Yarnell Sarah M.
Published: May 2019

Rivers flow across national borders, unfettered by political distinctions, and the ecological health of rivers is closely linked to their degree of connectivity. River research today is more global than it has ever been, but we show that river research, engineering, and management still operate within homegrown local paradigms. As a basis for this discussion, we studied the citation networks surrounding the most widely cited papers in our field, assessing the degree to which researchers have collaborated across geographical boundaries and fully drawn from the international literature. Despite gains over time, our field remains surprisingly and pervasively provincial. The likely explanation for provincial bias is that researchers are generally more familiar and comfortable with their own research methods, sites, and agendas. However, local focus has tangible consequences. For example, contrasting paradigms and differing approaches to river restoration and to flood‐risk management show that opportunities are lost when we fail to learn from the successes and failures of other regions. As we look to the future, increased engagement across political and intellectual and physical borders should propel the field of river science into new and exciting directions.
Convergence of Cell Pharmacology and Drug Delivery
Authors: Aijaz Ayesha , Vaninov Natalie , Allen Ashley , Barcia Rita N. , Parekkadan Biju
Published: May 2019

Cellular therapy is enabling new approaches to tackle significant unmet needs in areas such as regenerative medicine and immunotherapy. The pharmacology of cell therapeutics becomes of critical importance to assure that these new drugs work reproducibly and effectively. Cell pharmacology can benefit from adapting principles of classical molecular drug pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) to quantitatively understand rate-limiting constraints of cell fate after administration. Future innovations focused on improvements in drug delivery using a PK/PD perspective can aid in designing a cell therapeutic product to overcome any pharmacological barriers for a given disease application. Herein, we present a perspective on the development of an ex vivo mesenchymal stromal therapeutic using a PK/PD framework and also present examples of general cell engineering techniques that implicitly influence the PK/PD curve by genetically modifying cells to regulate their in vivo duration, biodistribution, and activity. Stem Cells Translational Medicine  2019;8:874–879
Does School Lunch Fill the “SNAP Gap” at the End of the Month?
Authors: Laurito Agustina , Schwartz Amy Ellen
Published: May 2019

This article investigates the relationship between the timing of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefit payments and participation in school lunch and breakfast using the National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey. An event study approach examines participation over the five‐day window before and after the SNAP payment. We find that school lunch participation decreases by 17–23 percentage points immediately after the SNAP payment among 11–18 year olds while breakfast drops by 19–36 percentage points. The decline begins the day prior to payment. We find no effects for 5–10 year olds. Models examining participation over the full SNAP month using individual fixed effects yield similar findings. Among teenagers, participation in school lunch and breakfast decline in the first two weeks of the SNAP month, increasing afterward. Non‐school meals show the opposite pattern. Overall, results indicate SNAP households rely more on school lunch and breakfast toward the end of the SNAP month.
Cross‐Country Evidence on Labor Market Institutions and Young Adult Employment through the Financial Crisis
Authors: Clemens Jeffrey
Published: May 2019

I develop and analyze a set of cross‐country facts regarding employment and wage setting institutions over the decade surrounding the 2008 financial crisis. Among long‐industrialized countries, young adult employment declined more than prime age employment over this time period. I show that differences in countries' wage setting institutions strongly predict variations in the magnitude of declines in young adult employment. Both unconditionally and conditional on changes in macroeconomic conditions, young adult employment declined 5 percentage points less in countries where wage setting is driven by collective bargaining arrangements than in countries with statutory wage floors. Evidence on the evolution of legislated minimum wage rates and of an asymmetry in the relationship between growth and young adult employment suggest an important role for a standard “wage rigidity” mechanism.
The limits of transparency: A systems theory view
Authors: Valentinov Vladislav , Verschraegen Gert , Van Assche Kristof
Published: May 2019

The paper explores the implications of Ludwig von Bertalanffy's general systems theory for the current debates on the nature of organizational transparency as an element of good governance. If transparency implies the exchange of information, then it may be taken, at a metaphorical level, to constitute a dimension of metabolism theorized by Bertalanffy's open systems model. Yet, the model likewise lays bare some of the limits of transparency idea. Bertalanffy's work on the nature of emergent properties, his critique of the stimulus–response scheme, and his perspectivistic account of the systemic perception of the environment all point in the direction of the impossibility of full transparency. Later systems‐theoretic work on operational closure and self‐referentiality has reinforced and even radicalized these insights, which are shown to resonate with some of the key arguments in the contemporary economics, sociology of knowledge, and business ethics.
Strain Rate Dependence on the Dynamic Recrystallization Phenomena and Processing Map of Low Carbon Q690 V‐N and V‐N‐Cr Microalloyed High‐Strength Steels
Authors: Liu Yue , Du Lin‐Xiu , Tu Ka‐Bin , Wu Hong‐Yan , Misra R. Devesh Kumar
Published: May 2019

Strain rate dependence on the dynamic recrystallization phenomena of low carbon Q690 V‐N and V‐N‐Cr microalloyed high‐strength steels is studied through thermo‐simulation in terms of the flow stress changes of the steels at the temperatures from 850 to 1100 °C and strain rate from 0.01 to 10 s−1. The experimental results show that low carbon Q690 V‐N and V‐N‐Cr microalloyed high‐strength steels are deformation temperature and strain rate sensitive. With the decrease of temperature and increase of strain rate, the value of flow stress increases and remains constant. Flow stress constitutive equations are developed with average deformation activation energy Q of 377 and 325.58 kJ mol−1, respectively. The addition of Cr promotes the dynamic recrystallization of V‐N microalloyed steel; meanwhile, the stress index n(V‐N) = 6.23, n(V‐N‐Cr) = 4.59, power dissipation efficiency value ηmax(V‐N) is 44.5% and ηmax(V‐N‐Cr) is 50.6%. According to the obtained processing map by material dynamic model, the thermal processing safety region occurred in the high temperature and low strain rate region (T = 917–1100 °C,  = 0.01–0.38 s−1); flow instability region occurred in the low temperature (T = 850–866 °C) low strain rate ( = 0.01–0.024 s−1) region and 880–970 °C high strain rate ( = 0.65–10 s−1) region. DRX behavior of V‐N and V‐N‐Cr microalloyed steels is sensitive to the strain rate and deformation temperature, the lower the strain rate and the higher temperature, the more likely is the dynamic recrystallization. The grain size increases with the increase of temperature and decrease of strain rate in the experimental steels, and the precipitates and/or inclusions play an essential role of the hot compressive deformation behavior in steel.
RNA control in pain: Blame it on the messenger
Authors: de la Peña June Bryan I. , Song Jane J. , Campbell Zachary T.
Published: May 2019

mRNA function is meticulously controlled. We provide an overview of the integral role that posttranscriptional controls play in the perception of painful stimuli by sensory neurons. These specialized cells, termed nociceptors, precisely regulate mRNA polarity, translation, and stability. A growing body of evidence has revealed that targeted disruption of mRNAs and RNA‐binding proteins robustly diminishes pain‐associated behaviors. We propose that the use of multiple independent regulatory paradigms facilitates robust temporal and spatial precision of protein expression in response to a range of pain‐promoting stimuli.

This article is categorized under:

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease

Translation > Translation Regulation

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability
Detector-size upper bounds on dark hadron lifetime from cosmology
Authors: Li Lingfeng , Tsai Yuhsin
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We show that in a confining hidden valley model where the lightest hidden particles are dark hadrons that have mass splittings larger than

$$ \mathcal{O}(0.1) $$

O

0.1

GeV, if the lightest dark hadron is either stable or decays into Standard Model (SM) hadrons/charged leptons during the big-bang nucleosynthesis (BBN), at least one of the heavier dark hadrons needs to decay into SM particles within

$$ \mathcal{O}(10) $$

O

10

nanosec. Once being produced at collider experiments, this heavier dark hadron is likely to decay within

$$ \mathcal{O}(10) $$

O

10

meter distance, which strengthens the motivation of searching for long-lived particles with sub-meter scale decay lengths at colliders. To illustrate the idea, we study the lifetime constraint in scenarios where the lightest dark particle is a pseudo-scalar meson, and dark hadrons couple to SM particles either through kinetic mixing between the SM and dark photons or by mixing between the SM and dark Higgs. We study the annihilation and decay of dark hadrons in a thermal bath and calculate upper bounds on the lightest vector meson (scalar hadron) lifetime in the kinetic mixing (Higgs portal) scenario. We discuss the application of these lifetime constraints in long-lived particle searches that use the LHCb VELO or the AT-LAS/CMS inner detectors.
One-loop QCD contributions to differential cross-sections for Higgs production at N3LO
Authors: Anastasiou Charalampos , Specchia Caterina
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We present one-loop contributions to the fully differential Higgs boson gluon-fusion cross-section for Higgs production via gluon fusion. Our results constitute a necessary ingredient of a complete N3LO determination of the cross-section. We perform our computation using a subtraction method for the treatment of soft and collinear singularities. We identify the infrared divergent parts in terms of universal splitting and eikonal functions, and demonstrate how phase-space integrations yield poles (up to 1/ε
6) in the dimensional regulator ε = (4 − d)/2. We compute the coefficients of the ε expansion, including the finite part numerically. As a demonstration of our numerical implementation, we present the corrections at N3LO due to one-loop amplitudes in the rapidity and transverse momentum of the Higgs boson.
New insights into copper homeostasis in filamentous fungi
Authors: Antsotegi-Uskola Martzel , Markina-Iñarrairaegui Ane , Ugalde Unai
Published: May 2019

Copper is a metal ion that is required as a micronutrient for growth and proliferation. However, copper accumulation generates toxicity by multiple mechanisms, potentially leading to cell death. Due to its toxic nature at high concentrations, different chemical variants of copper have been extensively used as antifungal agents in agriculture and medicine. Most studies on copper homeostasis have been carried out in bacteria, yeast, and mammalian organisms. However, knowledge on filamentous fungi is less well documented. This review summarizes the knowledge gathered in the last few years about copper homeostasis in the filamentous fungi Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus nidulans: The mechanism of action of copper, the uptake and detoxification systems, their regulation at the transcriptional level, and the role of copper homeostasis in fungal pathogenicity are presented.
Heterologous expression of the diazaquinomycin biosynthetic gene cluster
Authors: Braesel Jana , Tran Tuan Anh , Eustáquio Alessandra S
Published: May 2019

Members of the diazaquinomycin class of natural products have shown potent and selective activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, poor aqueous solubility has prevented extensive studies in animal models thus far. Our long-term goal is to harness knowledge regarding diazaquinomycin biosynthesis towards the generation of derivatives for structure–activity relationship studies. We have previously sequenced the genomes of two diazaquinomycin-producing, actinomycete bacteria and identified putative daq biosynthetic gene clusters. Here, we report the heterologous expression of the daq gene cluster from the marine Streptomyces sp. F001 in S. coelicolor M1152. In addition to serving as functional proof for gene cluster assignment, the heterologous expression system reported here is expected to facilitate investigations aimed at elucidating diazaquinomycin biosynthesis.
“Employers could use us, but they don’t”: voices from blue-collar workplaces in a northern periphery
Authors: Holm Anna-Elisabeth , O’Rourke Bernadette , Danson Mike
Published: May 2019

This article analyses labour market experiences of migrants of non-Nordic origin who have settled in the Faroe Islands, a small North Atlantic archipelago with a population of about 51,000 people. By examining the experiences of educated migrant workers who are employed in three different blue-collar workplaces: a cleaning company and two fish-processing plants, evidence is drawn from a cross-disciplinary study on language and migration in the Faroe Islands. This study explores the experiences of migrants in acquiring, using and becoming “new speakers” of Faroese and the challenges they face regarding labour market access and participation. In this article, framed within an ethnography of language policy, we highlight the institutional language policies which may be shaping migrants’ experiences, and how migrants enact their own language policy decisions and practices on the ground. We focus in particular on internal communication and language management in the three blue-collar worksites, comprising views and voices of both employers and employees, on the language policies and practices observed in these workplaces, and on workers’ views on language learning opportunities in blue-collar workplaces. Added to this, attention is drawn to implications of limited language learning opportunities in blue-collar jobs (which become the main barrier to accessing skilled jobs), to underutilisation of professional skills, and to long term implications of present macro- and micro-level language policies and practices affecting lived realities of workers of migrant origin.
Applications of MxSey (M = Fe, Co, Ni) and Their Composites in Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion
Authors: Zhou Huijie , Li Xiaxia , Li Yan , Zheng Mingbo , Pang Huan
Published: May 2019

Transition-metal selenides (MxSey, M = Fe, Co, Ni) and their composites exhibit good storage capacities for sodium and lithium ions and occupy a unique position in research on sodium-ion and lithium-ion batteries. MxSey and their composites are used as active materials to improve catalytic activity. However, low electrical conductivity, poor cycle stability, and low rate performance severely limit their applications. This review provides a comprehensive introduction to and understanding of the current research progress of MxSey and their composites. Moreover, this review proposes a broader research platform for these materials, including various bioelectrocatalytic performance tests, lithium–sulfur batteries, and fuel cells. The synthesis method and related mechanisms of MxSey and their composites are reviewed, and the effects of material morphologies on their electrochemical performance are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of MxSey and their composites as well as possible strategies for improving the storage and conversion of electrochemical energy are also summarized.
Critical Security History: (De)securitisation, ontological security, and insecure memories
Authors: Donnelly Faye , Steele Brent J.
Published: May 2019

This article makes a case for incorporating the concept of ‘Critical Security History’ (CSH) into security studies. While history plays a powerful role in a cornucopia of security stories, we contend that it often goes unnoticed in scholarly research and teaching. Against this backdrop, we present a detailed guide to study how history is told and enacted in non-linear ways. To do this, the article outlines how CSH can contribute to securitisation and ontological security studies. As shown, this lens casts a new light on the legacies of (de)securitisation processes and how they are commemorated. It also illustrates that ontological security studies have only begun to call into question the concept of historicity. Working through these observations, the article marshals insights from Halvard Leira's notion of ‘engaged historical amateurism’ to entice scholars interested in ‘doing’ CSH. While acknowledging that this research agenda is hard to achieve, our study of the 2012 Sarajevo Red Line project helps to illustrate the added value of trying to ‘do’ CSH in theory and in practice. We end with some reflections for future research and continued conversations.
Multi-scale proper orthogonal decomposition of complex fluid flows
Authors: Mendez M. A. , Balabane M. , Buchlin J.-M.
Published: May 2019

Data-driven decompositions are becoming essential tools in fluid dynamics, allowing for tracking the evolution of coherent patterns in large datasets, and for constructing low-order models of complex phenomena. In this work, we analyse the main limits of two popular decompositions, namely the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and the dynamic mode decomposition (DMD), and we propose a novel decomposition which allows for enhanced feature detection capabilities. This novel decomposition is referred to as multi-scale proper orthogonal decomposition (mPOD) and combines multi-resolution analysis (MRA) with a standard POD. Using MRA, the mPOD splits the correlation matrix into the contribution of different scales, retaining non-overlapping portions of the correlation spectra; using the standard POD, the mPOD extracts the optimal basis from each scale. After introducing a matrix factorization framework for data-driven decompositions, the MRA is formulated via one- and two-dimensional filter banks for the dataset and the correlation matrix respectively. The validation of the mPOD, and a comparison with the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), DMD and POD are provided in three test cases. These include a synthetic test case, a numerical simulation of a nonlinear advection–diffusion problem and an experimental dataset obtained by the time-resolved particle image velocimetry (TR-PIV) of an impinging gas jet. For each of these examples, the decompositions are compared in terms of convergence, feature detection capabilities and time–frequency localization.
Theory of tracer diffusion in concentrated hard-sphere suspensions
Authors: Peppin S. S. L.
Published: May 2019

A phenomenological theory of diffusion and cross-diffusion of tracer particles in concentrated hard-sphere suspensions is developed. Expressions for the diffusion coefficients as functions of the host particle volume fraction are obtained up to the close-packing limit. In concentrated systems the tracer diffusivity decreases because of the reduced pore space available for diffusion. The tracer diffusivity can be modelled by a Stokes–Einstein equation with an effective viscosity that depends on the pore size. Tracer diffusion and segregation during sedimentation cease at a critical trapping volume fraction corresponding to a tracer glass transition. The tracer cross-diffusion coefficient, however, increases near the glass transition and diverges in the close-packed limit.
Identifying linear absolute instabilities from differential eigenvalue problems using sensitivity analysis
Authors: Alves L. S. de B. , Hirata S. C. , Schuabb M. , Barletta A.
Published: May 2019

Identifying the convective/absolute instability nature of a local base flow requires an analysis of its linear impulse response. One must find the appropriate singularity in the eigenvalue problem with complex frequencies and wavenumbers and prove causality. One way to do so is to show that the appropriate integration contour of this response, a steepest decent path through the relevant singularity, exists. Due to the inherent difficulties of such a proof, one often verifies instead whether this singularity satisfies the collision criterion. In other words, one must show that the branches involved in the formation of this singularity come from distinct halves of the complex wavenumber plane. However, this graphical search is computationally intensive in a single plane and essentially prohibitive in two planes. A significant computational cost reduction can be achieved when root finding procedures are applied instead of graphical ones to search for singularities. They focus on locating these points, with causality being verified graphically a posteriori for a small parametric sample size. The use of root-finding procedures require auxiliary equations, often derived by applying the zero group velocity conditions to the dispersion relation. This relation, in turn, is derived by applying matrix forming to the differential eigenvalue problem and taking the determinant of the resulting system of algebraic equations. Taking the derivative of the dispersion relation with respect to the wavenumbers generates the auxiliary equations. If the algebraic system is decoupled, this derivation is straightforward. However, its computational cost is often prohibitive when the algebraic system is coupled. Other methods exist, but often they can also be too costly and/or not reliable for two wavenumber plane searches. This paper describes an alternative methodology based on sensitivity analysis and adjoints that allow the zero group velocity conditions to be applied directly to the differential eigenvalue problem. In doing so, the direct and auxiliary differential eigenvalue problems can be solved simultaneously using standard shooting methods to directly locate singularities. Auxiliary dispersion relations no longer have to be derived, although it is shown that they are the algebraic equivalent of the auxiliary differential eigenvalue problems obtained by this alternative methodology. Using the latter dramatically reduces computational costs. The search for arbitrary singularities is then not only accelerated in single wavenumber planes but it also becomes viable in two wavenumber planes. Finally, the new method also allows group velocity calculations, greatly facilitating the verification of causality. Several test cases are presented to illustrate the capabilities of this new method.
Suspension Taylor–Couette flow: co-existence of stationary and travelling waves, and the characteristics of Taylor vortices and spirals
Authors: Ramesh Prashanth , Bharadwaj S. , Alam Meheboob
Published: May 2019

Flow visualization and particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements are used to unravel the pattern transition and velocity field in the Taylor–Couette flow (TCF) of neutrally buoyant non-Brownian spheres immersed in a Newtonian fluid. With increasing Reynolds number ($Re$) or the rotation rate of the inner cylinder, the bifurcation sequence in suspension TCF remains same as in its Newtonian counterpart (i.e. from the circular Couette flow (CCF) to stationary Taylor vortex flow (TVF) and then to travelling wavy Taylor vortices (WTV) with increasing $Re$) for small particle volume fractions ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}<0.05$). However, at $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}\geqslant 0.05$, non-axisymmetric patterns such as (i) the spiral vortex flow (SVF) and (ii) two mixed or co-existing states of stationary (TVF, axisymmetric) and travelling (WTV or SVF, non-axisymmetric) waves, namely (iia) the ‘TVF$+$WTV’ and (iib) the ‘TVF$+$SVF’ states, are found, with the former as a primary bifurcation from CCF. While the SVF state appears both in the ramp-up and ramp-down experiments as in the work of Majji et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 835, 2018, pp. 936–969), new co-existing patterns are found only during the ramp-up protocol. The secondary bifurcation TVF $\leftrightarrow$ WTV is found to be hysteretic or sub-critical for $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}\geqslant 0.1$. In general, there is a reduction in the value of the critical Reynolds number, i.e. $Re_{c}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}\neq 0)<Re_{c}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}=0)$, for both primary and secondary transitions. The wave speeds of both travelling waves (WTV and SVF) are approximately half of the rotational velocity of the inner cylinder, with negligible dependence on $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$. The analysis of the radial–axial velocity field reveals that the Taylor vortices in a suspension are asymmetric and become increasingly anharmonic, with enhanced radial transport, with increasing particle loading. Instantaneous streamline patterns on the axial–radial plane confirm that the stationary Taylor vortices can indeed co-exist either with axially propagating spiral vortices or azimuthally propagating wavy Taylor vortices – their long-time stability is demonstrated. It is shown that the azimuthal velocity is considerably altered for $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}\geqslant 0.05$, resembling shear-band type profiles, even in the CCF regime (i.e. at sub-critical Reynolds numbers) of suspension TCF; its possible role on the genesis of observed patterns as well as on the torque scaling is discussed.
Unified theory for a sheared gas–solid suspension: from rapid granular suspension to its small-Stokes-number limit
Authors: Alam M. , Saha S. , Gupta R.
Published: May 2019

A non-perturbative nonlinear theory for moderately dense gas–solid suspensions is outlined within the framework of the Boltzmann–Enskog equation by extending the work of Saha & Alam (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 833, 2017, pp. 206–246). A linear Stokes’ drag law is adopted for gas–particle interactions, and the viscous dissipation due to hydrodynamic interactions is incorporated in the second-moment equation via a density-corrected Stokes number. For the homogeneous shear flow, the present theory provides a unified treatment of dilute to dense suspensions of highly inelastic particles, encompassing the high-Stokes-number rapid granular regime ($St\rightarrow \infty$) and its small-Stokes-number counterpart, with quantitative agreement for all transport coefficients. It is shown that the predictions of the shear viscosity and normal-stress differences based on existing theories deteriorate markedly with increasing density as well as with decreasing Stokes number and restitution coefficient.
Dynamics and evolution of turbulent Taylor rolls
Authors: Sacco Francesco , Verzicco Roberto , Ostilla-Mónico Rodolfo
Published: May 2019

In many shear- and pressure-driven wall-bounded turbulent flows secondary motions spontaneously develop and their interaction with the main flow alters the overall large-scale features and transfer properties. Taylor–Couette flow, the fluid motion developing in the gap between two concentric cylinders rotating at different angular velocities, is not an exception, and toroidal Taylor rolls have been observed from the early development of the flow up to the fully turbulent regime. In this manuscript we show that under the generic name of ‘Taylor rolls’ there is a wide variety of structures that differ in the vorticity distribution within the cores, the way they are driven and their effects on the mean flow. We relate the rolls at high Reynolds numbers not to centrifugal instabilities, but to a combination of shear and anti-cyclonic rotation, showing that they are preserved in the limit of vanishing curvature and can be better understood as a pinned cycle which shows similar characteristics as the self-sustained process of shear flows. By analysing the effect of the computational domain size, we show that this pinning is not a product of numerics, and that the position of the rolls is governed by a random process with the space and time variations depending on domain size.
Community insurance versus compulsory insurance: competing paradigms of no-fault accident compensation in New Zealand
Authors: Connell Simon
Published: May 2019

This paper presents a history of New Zealand's accident compensation scheme as a struggle between two competing normative paradigms that justify the core reform of the replacement of civil actions for victims of personal injury with a comprehensive no-fault scheme. Under ‘community insurance’, the scheme represents the community taking moral and practical responsibility for members who are injured in accidents, while for ‘compulsory insurance’ the scheme is a specific form of compulsory accident insurance. Understanding the history of the scheme in this way helps explain both the persistence of the scheme and important changes made to it by different governments.
Dependents or Dissidents? The Atlantic Provinces in Canada's Constitutional Reform Process, 1967–1992
Authors: Finbow Robert
Published: May 2019

This article reviews the positions taken by the Atlantic provinces in Canadian constitutional reform negotiations over the past 25 years. It is based on public statements and documents and interviews with advisors to Atlantic governments. The stereotypes of regional dependence on federal transfers and conservative political culture are challenged as explanations for Atlantic constitutional positions. Atlantic leaders have not acted as dependents of Ottawa. While seeking to preserve federal authority in fiscal and regional policy, these provinces have sought to make it more responsive through guarantees for equalization and regional development, and through more regionally sensitive intrastate institutions. In some fields, preserved or enhanced provincial authority has been sought. And at key junctures, regional leaders and populations have opposed and blocked federal government preferences. Conservative values are not evident in regional support for rights under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms or aboriginal self-government, among other relatively progressive positions. Differences among these provinces and between individual leaders, plus a shortage of bureaucratic resources in intergovernmental affairs, have limited the coherence and effectiveness of Atlantic interventions at times. While no common regional position has emerged, certain key goals are reasserted frequently. Selected reforms to intrastate institutions and the interstate division of powers have been sought to facilitate the use of both federal and provincial authority to end these provinces’ “have-not” status.
Les fonctions argumentatives de la référence aux personnes dans le débat politique télévisé: le débat Bourassa-Parizeau d'octobre 1992
Authors: Gauthier Gilles
Published: May 2019

In televised political debates, opponents refer to different types of persons. This article examines references to persons and the arguments emerging from them. First of all, four main types of reference are identified: self-reference, reference to an opponent, reference to third parties and reference to experts. The article identifies the fallacies and particularly the different typesof ad hominemarguments used by Robert Bourassa and Jacques Parizeau in referring to persons during a debate on the Canadian constitutional referendum of October 1992. Finally, a few theoretical considerations are developed on "peripheral" argumentation of political communication.
Cheerleader or Critic? Television News Coverage in Canada and the United States of the US Invasion of Panama
Authors: Soderlund Walter C. , Wagenberg Ronald H. , Pemberton Ian C.
Published: May 2019

The role of mass media in reporting United States military operations is a subject on which there is considerable interest as well as diversity of opinion. The significance of media coverage has been recognized by both supporters and opponents of American use of military force to achieve foreign policy objectives. However, analysts disagree on whether the media tend to be supportive or critical of such ventures.

This study examines the above question with respect to the US invasion of Panama which began on December 20, 1989. Coverage of the invasion by three American networks (ABC, CBS and NBC) and two Canadian networks (CBC and CTV) in their major nightly television newscasts was compared for a 23-day period from December 15, 1989 to January 6, 1990. The data set picks up material on Panama beginning five days prior to the invasion and continues for three days following the surrender of General Noriega. In total 197 news stories are analyzed.

Examined in the study are factors such as volume of coverage (number of stories and running time); placement of items in the newscast; substantive issues given prominence; news sources utilized, and whether these sources were favourable or unfavourable toward US foreign policy positions; positive and negative “images” presented of the key actors involved in the invasion (Manuel Noriega, Guillermo Endara and George Bush); and whether overall, in both text and visual impact, the story was likely to be interpreted as either pro- or anti-invasion by viewers.
Penitential Bequests and Parish Regimes in Late Medieval England
Authors: Burgess Clive , Kümin Beat
Published: May 2019

The orthodoxy which dismissed the pre-Reformation parish as the point where the many failings of the Church met to blight ordinary lives has exercised a tenacious grip on the historical imagination. Current opinion, on the other hand, perceives the parish as deserving of inquiry, not least because of a dawning realisation that it was a point where managerial expertise and a noteworthy buoyancy of spirit intersected. Ostentatious programmes of church rebuilding and embellishment testify both to competence and to a vitality bordering on exuberance in many parish communities. If more difficult to appraise, the liturgical life of many parishes seems to have flourished and was enhanced by the steady accumulation of vessels, vestments, lights, embroidered cloths and painted images. Many wealthier parishes also supported numerous auxiliary clergy and a sophisticated musical repertory and performance. But building and liturgical elaboration were not products merely of whim. In addition to an obligation to support the incumbent by regular payment of tithe, responsibility for maintaining church fabric and the wherewithal for worship within the church had been assigned to the parish community by canon law in the thirteenth century. Many parishes conspicuously exceeded their brief. In matters of securing revenues it seem at the very least safe to assume widespred competence. Historians, however, have by and large failed to respond to the laity's achievement and that in spite of abundant surviving documentation. Investigation of the financial regime of the late medieval parish is long overdue. If it has received any attention at all, parish finance has been charaterised in very general terms of corporate levy andad hocdonation.
Permian Brachiopods from Khios Island, Greece
Authors: Grant Richard E.
Published: May 2019

Fourteen species of brachiopods were collected from two measured sections on Khios, and although the sections are only about 4 km apart, they contain but one genus in common. Both collections are from the zone of Neoschwagerina, but the collection from the hill called Seladha is probably somewhat younger than the collection from the region called Agrelias, because it is accompanied by the first appearance of the fusulinid Verbeekina. The brachiopods at Agrelias are: Kotlaia aethopa n. gen. and sp., Schuchertella tapina n. sp., Derbyia dirata n. sp., Meekella megala n. sp., Seseloidia phlebodes n. gen. and sp., Tschernyschewia sp. indet., Marginifera ganota n. sp., Entacanthadus chioticus n. gen. and sp., Horridonia sp. A., and Linoproductus cf. L. lineatus Waagen. The fauna at Seladha contains: Linoproductus cf. L. lineatus, Composita sp. indet., Squamularia sp. indet., Hustedia sp. indet., and Timorina sp. indet. Both faunas are dated as middle Permian, Kungurian, perhaps equivalent to the lower and upper parts of the Wordian of North America. The type species of Kotlaia is K. capillosa n. sp. from the Permian of the Salt Range, Pakistan, and a new genus of hercosiid (Sicularia) from the Permian of Sicily is introduced for nomenclatural reasons, with type species Richthofenia sicula Gemmellaro.
Danian Mollusks from the Prince Creek Formation, Northern Alaska, and Implications for Arctic Ocean Paleogeography
Authors: Marincovich Louie
Published: May 2019

The marine molluscan fauna of the Prince Creek Formation near Ocean Point, northern Alaska, is of Danian age. It is the only diverse and abundant Danian molluscan fauna known from the Arctic Ocean realm, and is the first evidence for an indigenous Paleocene shallow-water biota within a discrete Arctic Ocean Basin faunal province.

A high percentage of endemic species, and two endemic genera, emphasize the degree to which the Arctic Ocean was geographically isolated from the world ocean during the earliest Tertiary. Many of the well-preserved Ocean Point mollusks, however, also occur in Danian faunas of the North American Western Interior, the Canadian Arctic Islands, Svalbard, and northwestern Europe, and are the basis for relating this Arctic Ocean fauna to that of the Danian world ocean.

The Arctic Ocean was a Danian refugium for some genera that became extinct elsewhere during the Jurassic and Cretaceous. At the same time, this nearly landlocked ocean fostered the evolution of new taxa that later in the Paleogene migrated into the world ocean by way of the northeastern Atlantic. The first Cenozoic occurrences are reported for the bivalvesIntegricardium(Integricardium),Oxytoma(Hypoxytoma),Placunopsis, Tancredia(Tancredia), andTellinimera, and the oldest Cenozoic records given for the bivalvesGari(Garum),Neilo, andYoldia(Cnesterium). Among the 25 species in the molluscan fauna are four new gastropod species,Amauropsis fetteri, Ellipsoscapha sohli, Mathilda(Fimbriatella)amundseni, andPolinices(Euspira)repenningi, two new bivalve genera,ArcticlamandMytilon, and 15 new bivalve species,Arcticlam nanseni, Corbula(Caryocorbula)betsyae, Crenella kannoi, Cyrtodaria katieae, Gari(Garum)brouwersae, Integricardium(Integricardium)keenae, Mytilon theresae, Neilo gryci, Nucula(Nucula)micheleae, Nuculana(Jupiteria)moriyai, Oxytoma(Hypoxytoma)hargrovei, Placunopsis rothi, Tancredia(Tancredia)slavichi, Tellinimera kauffmani, andYoldia(Cnesterium)gladenkovi.
Who is almighty?
Authors: KODAJ DANIEL
Published: May 2019

Peter Geach recommended conceiving of God as almighty, not as omnipotent. I argue that Geach's heuristic explanation of almightiness does not provide a workable definition, and I propose one on his behalf. The resulting notion turns out to have precisely those theoretical virtues that Geach advertised: it is immune to the logical puzzles that bedevil omnipotence, and it is better suited to religious contexts than the notion of maximal power that informs typical definitions of omnipotence.
Absorption, Translocation, and Phytotoxicity of Chlorimuron and 2,4-Db Mixtures in Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea) and Selected Weed Species
Authors: Wehtje Glenn R. , Wilcut John W. , Mcguire John A.
Published: May 2019

Mixtures of chlorimuron and 2,4-DB were additive with respect to crop injury and were either additive or slightly antagonistic with respect to weed control in greenhouse experiments. Absorption and translocation of14C following application of14C-chlorimuron and14C-2,4-DB were not affected by the presence of the other unlabeled herbicide, except in Florida beggarweed and peanut where 2,4-DB affected distribution of14C-chlorimuron in the treated leaf. In field studies, maximum efficacy was obtained with mixtures of chlorimuron plus 2,4-DB applied 7 or 9 wk after planting. Florida beggarweed control was greatest with chlorimuron or chlorimuron mixtures while the addition of 2,4-DB to chlorimuron improved morningglory and sicklepod control. At 9 and 11 wk after planting, addition of 2,4-DB to chlorimuron controlled Florida beggarweed better than chlorimuron alone. Peanut yields were increased by the addition of 2,4-DB at later applications.
Comparison of Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis) and Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Growth, Development, and Competitiveness under Three Temperature Regimes
Authors: Wall David A.
Published: May 2019

In a replacement series study, barley was more competitive than green foxtail and wild oat at 28/22 and 22/16 C. Wild oat was more competitive with green foxtail at 22/16 C than at 28/22 C. Maximum green foxtail dry weight and leaf area was produced at 28/22 C. As temperature increased, maximum dry weight and leaf area occurred earlier during plant growth. Similarly, maximum wild oat leaf area occurred earlier with increasing temperature, but the greatest leaf area was observed at 16/10 C. Leaf area ratio (LAR) and relative growth rate (RGR) of wild oat did not differ markedly between temperature regimes. Green foxtail LAR was higher while RGR was lower at 16/10 C than at 22/16 or 28/22 C. Under the 16/10 C regime green foxtail produced little mature seed. Greatest seed numbers were produced at 28/22 C. Wild oat produced mature seed under all temperature regimes with the greatest seed numbers produced at 22/16 C.
Impact of Agronomic Practices on Weed Communities: Tillage Systems
Authors: Derksen Douglas A. , Lafond Guy P. , Thomas A. Gordon , Loeppky Heather A. , Swanton Clarence J.
Published: May 2019

Adverse changes in weed communities are a limiting factor for the adoption of conservation tillage practices. Predictions of an increased association of annual and perennial grasses, perennial dicot weeds, wind-disseminated species, and volunteer crops as weeds, and decreased association of annual dicot weeds in reduced-tillage systems were tested. Field experiments involving zero-, minimum-, and conventional-tillage systems were conducted in Saskatchewan from 1986 to 1990 at Ituna and Waldron, and from 1986 to 1988 at Tadmore. Weed community composition was analyzed for years 1988 to 1990 by canonical discriminant analysis. An increased association of perennial and annual grasses with zero tillage did not generally occur. Wind-dispersed species and volunteer crops were associated with reduced tillage and summer annual dicots with conventional tillage, but exceptions occurred. Species responded differently among sites or within a site over time. Within the time frame of this research, changes in weed communities were influenced more by location and year than by tillage systems, indicating fluctuational rather than directional or consistent changes in community composition.
Effect of Nitrogen on the Glyphosate-Induced Inhibition of Rhizome Bud Growth in Quackgrass (Elytrigia repens)
Authors: Hunter James H. , Hsiao Andrew I. , Mcintyre Gordon I.
Published: May 2019

In experiments conducted under controlled conditions, glyphosate-induced inhibition of rhizome bud growth in quackgrass was reduced by increasing the nitrogen (N) concentration in the nutrient solution from 10.5 to 210 mg L−1either 2 or 4 d before foliar application of the herbicide, and for 7 d after the herbicide treatment. The additional N reduced the glyphosate-induced inhibition of rhizome growth on the intact plant at the lowest glyphosate dosage (2.8 μg per plant) but had no significant effect at higher dosages. Both the 2- and 4-d high N treatments significantly increased the length, dry weight, and water content of the lateral buds by the time the herbicide was applied. They also increased bud growth on the glyphosate-treated plants during the 7 d following the herbicide application and promoted release of the buds from inhibition during a subsequent bioassay of their regenerative growth on excised, single-node rhizome segments. These effects of N supply interacted significantly with glyphosate dosage, bud position on the rhizome, and duration of incubation. It is postulated that bud growth response to increased N supply may reduce the inhibiting effect of the herbicide by diluting the glyphosate concentration in the bud, or that the additional N may counteract the toxic action of glyphosate on amino acid metabolism or protein synthesis.
Fall Cultivation and Fertilization to Reduce Winterhardiness of Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula)
Authors: Lym Rodney G. , Messersmith Calvin G.
Published: May 2019

Reduced-tillage practices have allowed leafy spurge to infest cropland. The reduction in leafy spurge infestation and winterhardiness by fall tillage, N application, or herbicide treatment was evaluated. Cultivating leafy spurge twice each fall for 3 yr provided complete control. Cultivation followed by N application at 225 kg ha−1reduced the stand by 85% after 3 yr, whereas N applied alone had little effect. Picloram plus 2,4-D at 0.6 plus 1 kg ha−1reduced the infestation to 65% of the untreated control after 2 yr but then the infestation declined rapidly to 1% after a third application. Leafy spurge cold tolerance decreased as root depth increased. The GR50and LT50, the temperatures required to reduce total dry weight and survival, respectively, by 50% varied by root depth and treatment. For example, the LT50and GR50for untreated leafy spurge averaged −19 and < −20 C for crowns, respectively, compared to the −16 and −18 C for roots from 0 to 15 cm deep and −13 and −12.5 C for roots from 15 to 30 cm deep. The GR50and LT50temperature after 2 yr of treatment was reduced to 0 C by two cultivations in fall or picloram plus 2,4-D. Carbohydrate content was not a good indicator of winterhardiness. Cultivation reduced the leafy spurge root system faster than herbicide treatment especially at the 15- to 30-cm depth.
Photolysis of Aqueous Chlorimuron and Imazaquin in the Presence of Phenolic Acids and Riboflavin
Authors: Venkatesh Ramarao , Harrison S. Kent , Loux Mark M.
Published: May 2019

Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of three phenolic acids, acetone, and riboflavin on aqueous photolysis of chlorimuron and imazaquin. The phenolic acids investigated were caffeic acid (CA), ferulic acid (FA), andp-coumaric acid (PCA). Treatment solutions were contained in quartz vessels and irradiated with 300 to 400 nm UV light in a photoreactor. The extrapolated photolysis half-life of chlorimuron in pure solution was 107 h, compared to a half-life of 0.42 h for pure aqueous imazaquin. Chlorimuron in solutions containing 10 ppmw riboflavin, acetone, CA, FA, or PCA exhibited half-lives of 9, 57, 58, 67, and 146 h, respectively. Imazaquin in solutions containing 10 ppmw riboflavin, acetone, CA, FA, or PCA had half-lives of 0.70, 0.55, 0.55, 0.48, and 0.55 h, respectively. The presence of PCA in aqueous media delayed chlorimuron photolysis, whereas all other compounds, especially riboflavin, sensitized chlorimuron photolysis. In contrast, imazaquin photolysis was delayed in the presence of the test compounds, with riboflavin having the greatest effect and causing in a 68% increase in imazaquin half-life over that of imazaquin alone. Quantum yields for sensitized photolysis of chlorimuron by riboflavin and for riboflavin by imazaquin were 0.1134 and 0.0477, respectively. These results suggest that some soluble and naturally occurring organic compounds may enhance chlorimuron photolysis yet delay imazaquin photolysis in surface waters.