bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on Chick Embryo Thrombocytes
Authors: Stalsberg Helge , Prydz Hans
Published: June 2018

The formation of hemostatic plugs were studied in the chick embryo through in vivo microscopy, in sections of hemostatic plugs and by measurements of primary bleeding time. Thrombocytes were found to be their only cellular constituent. Ability to form adequate hemostatic plugs appeared rather abruptly in embryos of stages 16-17 and coincided with an increase in thrombocyte precursors (stages III and IV).

The thrombocytes initially adhere to the cut edge of the vessel. The extension of the hemostatic plug into the vessel lumen is a secondary step in plug development.
Coagulopathies avec temps de saignement prolongé
Authors: Bounameaux Y.
Published: June 2018

2 cas de temps de saignement allongé associés à un déficit du facteur StuartPrower (facteur X), l’autre à un manque de facteur PTA (facteur XI) sont décrits en même temps que 4 observations d’angéiohémophilie A (2 sujets masculins et 2 féminins). Un autre cas discutable de cette dernière affection est également rapporté. Dans la discussion, l’auteur étudie les limites du T. S. chez le sujet normal et chez les hémophiles à la lumière des données de la littérature. Comme Roskam, il insiste sur l’importance qu’il y a à pratiquer plusieurs fois l’épreuve de Duke chez le même sujet et il pense que l’emploi de deux méthodes (épreuve de Duke à l’oreille et mesure du T. S. à Pavant-bras) présente un grand intérêt.
Die Bestimmung der Euglobulin-Lysezeit mit dem Lysographen
Authors: Kuhnke E. , Tettenborn U.
Published: June 2018

Die Bestimmung der Euglobulinlysezeit mit dem Lysographen wird beschrieben.
Ein Nomogramm-Rechenstab zur Bestimmung der therapeutischen Dosis bei Streptokinase-Injektionen
Authors: Kuhnke E , Tettenborn U , Gill I. S
Published: June 2018

Die therapeutische Streptokinase-Dosis wird mit Hilfe eines Nomogramms bestimmt.
Action of Lysolecithin on Blood Platelets
Authors: Kirschmann Chava , Aloof Sara , de Vries Andre
Published: June 2018

Lysolecithin is adsorbed to washed blood platelets and, at sufficient concentration, lyses them, inhibits their clot-retracting activity and promotes their thromboplastin-generating activity. Lysolecithin adsorption to the platelet was studied by using P32-labelled lysolecithin obtained from the liver of rats injected with labelled orthophosphate. The amount of lysolecithin adsorbed to the surface of the washed platelet in saline medium is dependent on the concentration of lysolecithin in solution and reaches saturation — 5 × 10-8 jig per platelet — at a concentration of 9—10 µg per ml. Platelet lysis in saline medium begins at a lysolecithin concentration higher than 18 jig per ml. Plasma and albumin prevent adsorption of lysolecithin to the platelet and protect the platelet from damage by lysolecithin. Albumin is able to remove previously adsorbed lysolecithin from the platelet surface. The protective action of plasma explains the lack of platelet damage in blood, the plasma lecithin of which has been converted to lysolecithin by the action of Vipera palestinae venom phosphatidase, in vitro and in vivo.
Zur Klinik der Thrombozytenfunktionsstörungen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Ausbreitungsfähigkeit der Thrombozyten an silikonisierten Glasflächen
Authors: Breddin K , Bürck K. H
Published: June 2018

Es wird über Thrombozytenfunktionsprüfungen bei Thrombozytopenien, Thrombopathien und bei Patienten mit Leberzirrhose berichtet. Die Untersuchung der Ausbreitungsfähigkeit der Thrombozyten an silikonisierten Glasflächen erwies sich als eine wertvolle Ergänzung der bisher verwendeten Thrombozytenfunktionsprüfungen. Bei 14 Pat. mit einer Thrombozytopenie fand sich eine Vermehrung der großen und kleinen Ausbreitungsformen. 3 Fälle mit funktionellen Plättchendefekten wurden beschrieben (Thrombasthenie; erworbene Thrombozytopathie; Thrombozytopathie bei einem Beta-Gamma-Plasmozytom). Bei 27 Pat. mit einer Leberzirrhose und verminderter Thrombusfestigkeit im TEG ergab die Prüfung der Ausbreitungsfunktion eine relative Verschiebung im Sinne einer Ausbreitungssteigerung. Es wird angenommen, daß diese relative Zunahme der ausgebreiteten Plättchenformen durch eine vermehrte Zerstörung der älteren. nicht mehr ausbreitungsfähigen Thrombozyten in der Milz bei “Hypersplenie” zustandekommt.
Purification of Activated Bovine Hageman Factor
Authors: Schoenmakers John G. G , Kurstjens R. M , Haanen C , Zilliken F.
Published: June 2018

Activated Hageman Factor has been purified 3000 to 5000 fold from citrated bovine plasma as measured in a thoroughly devised assay procedure. The steps of purification include adsorption on aluminium hydroxide gel, glass, diethyl- aminoethyl cellulose and Sephadex G-200. A fractionation according to Cohn between step 2 and 3 renders the factor more stable for further purification. The purified preparations corrected the clotting defect in human plasma with Hageman trait. The most purified fractions were devoid of plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA), other clotting factors.
Die Fibrinagar-Elektrophorese
Authors: Heimburger N , Schwick G
Published: June 2018

Es wird eine neue Methode beschrieben, die Fibrinagar-Elektrophorese, die sowohl zum Nachweis von Proteinasen als auch von Proteinase-Inhibitoren und Proteinase-Aktivatoren geeignet ist. Die Kombination der Fibrinagar-Elektrophorese mit der Immuno-Elektrophorese erleichtert die Charakterisierung und Identifizierung bestimmter, biologisch wirksamer Proteine. Die vielseitige Verwendbarkeit der Methode wird an einigen Beispielen erörtert: Charakterisierung von Plasmin, Trypsin und Chymotrypsin und ihrer Inhibitoren im Serum, Nachweis des fibrinolytischen Systems im Serum und Unterscheidung von spontan wirksamer und durch Streptokinase aktivierbarer Fibrinolyse.
Die Fibrinagar-Elektrophorese
Authors: Heimburger N , Schwick G
Published: June 2018

1. Ein hochgereinigtes Proaktivator-Plasminogen-Präparat wird in der Immuno- und Fibrinagar-Elektrophorese antigenanalytisch und funktionell charakterisiert (Abb. 1).

2. Die immunoelektrophoretische Analyse von Aktivierungsansätzen, die konstante Mengen Streptokinase und abgestufte Mengen Proaktivator-Plasminogen enthalten, läßt erkennen, daß die Streptokinase von dem Proaktivator-Plasminogen gebunden wird (Abb. 3). Da sich das Proaktivator-Plasminogen-System aus dem Komplex mit der Streptokinase durch Chromatographie an DEAE-Zellulose herauslösen läßt, ist der Prozeß reversibel.

3. Der Komplex aus Streptokinase und Proaktivator-Plasminogen ist relativ labil, da die Streptokinase von dem entstehenden Plasmin abgebaut wird (Abb. 6).

4. Auch Epsilon-Aminocapronsäure wird von Proaktivator-Plasminogen gebunden, wie man aus der veränderten Beweglichkeit des Komplexes ersehen kann (Abb. 4). Da die Epsilon-Aminocapronsäure die Streptokinase aus ihrer Bindung mit dem Proaktivator-Plasminogen verdrängt (Abb. 5), dürfte der Inhibitoreffekt auf einer Konkurrenzreaktion mit der Streptokinase beruhen.

5. Der Streptokinase-Aktivierungsmechanismus wird diskutiert.
Thromboplastinase — an Experimental Anti-thrombotic
Authors: Gollub S , Ottolenghi A. C , Rutman J. R , Lisbinsky L , Ulin A. W
Published: June 2018

The enzyme thromboplastinase — a phospholipase elaborated by Bacillus cereus has been shown to be an effective antithrombotic in the experimental animal. Present impure preparations of this enzyme are well tolerated by the experimental animal and its quantitative presence in circulating blood has been detected at least 2 days after a single intravenous injection. The effects of this enzyme on the blood coagulation mechanism, methods of assay, and its possible biochemical mode of action as an antithrombotic are discussed.
Die Hämostaseinsuffizienz bei Thrombinblockade durch Hirudin
Authors: Witte S , Schricker K. Th
Published: June 2018

1. Der Einfluß einer Blockade der spezifischen Fermentwirkung des Thrombins durch intravenöse Hirudininjektion auf die Hämostase größerer muskulärer Blutgefäße des Rattenmesenteriums wurde vitalmikroskopisch untersucht.

2. Nach 1000 AT-E. Hirudin/100 g Körpergewicht kommt es zu einer signifikanten Hämostaseinsuffizienz mit Verlängerung der Blutungszeit an Arterien und Venen.

3. Der Hämostasedefekt beruht auf der mangelhaften Festigkeit des hämo-statischen Plättchenpfropfes, zum Teil auch auf dem Fehlen einer sichtbaren Plättchenagglomeration an der Gefäßwunde.

4. Die lokale Konstriktion des verletzten Blutgefäßes wird durch Hirudin nicht unterdrückt. Dagegen fehlt nach Venenverletzung die kollaterale umschriebene Vasokonstriktion der unverletzten Nachbargefäße.

5. An blutenden Venen macht sich eine Thrombinblockade stärker bemerkbar als an Arterien. Sie tritt an ihnen schon nach einer Hirudindosis von 500 AT-E./ 100 g in Erscheinung.

6. Auf Grund dieser Befunde beruhen die folgenden Vorgänge während der Hämostase größerer muskulärer Blutgefäße auf einer spezifischen Thrombin-wirkung: a) das Wachstum und die mechanische Resistenz des Plättchenwundthrombus, b) wahrscheinlich auch die Anheftung der Plättchen an der Gefäßwunde, c) die kollaterale Vasokonstriktion benachbarter größerer unverletzter Blutgefäße.
Effect of Reserpine on Hemostasis in the Rabbit
Authors: Salzman Edwin W.
Published: June 2018

The bleeding time of rabbits treated with reserpine and heparin is prolonged, although neither drug prolongs the bleeding time when given alone.

This effect of reserpine may result from its interference with the formation of a platelet plug, for platelets from rabbits receiving reserpine do not aggregate normally. The participation of platelets in blood coagulation is not impaired by reserpine.
Arginine Esterase Activity of the Contact (Hageman) Factor
Authors: Niewiarowski Stefan , Stachurska Jolanta , Wegrzynowicz Zenon
Published: June 2018

It was found that alcaline eluates obtained from kaolin shaken with normal intact plasma accelerated the clotting time of Hageman or exhausted plasma and exhibited significant arginine esterase activity. Alcaline kaolin eluate obtained in the same manner from Hageman plasma was lacking in any significant clotting and arginine esterase activity.

Arginine esterase activity of the alcaline kaolin eluate was inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBI) and pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (PI) and was completely destroyed after 1 hour incubation at 65° C. Optimal conditions for this activity were found at pH 7,5—8,0.

Arginine esterase activity of the alcaline kaolin eluates was not connected with the thrombin or plasmin contaminations. Purified preparations of a plasma thromboplastin were devoided of any significant arginine esterase activity.

It is concluded that arginine esterase activity contained in alcaline kaolin eluate is connected with the active Hageman factor or related to its activation by silica surfaces.
Acquired Factor X Deficiency in a Patient with Amyloidosis
Authors: Korsan-Bengtsen Kristoffer , Hjort Peter F , Ygge Johan
Published: June 2018

A patient with extensive amyloidosis and a selective factor X deficiency is described. The following observations indicate that the factor X deficiency in this case is not inherited.

1. The first symptoms of a bleeding tendency appeared at an age of 50 years.

2. The patient’s four children had no clotting defect.

3. After infusion of 1 liter of fresh plasma no increased factor X activity was observed. No anticoagulants could be demonstrated in vitro.
Congenital Deficiency of Fibrin Stabilizing Factor
Authors: Ikkala E , Nevanlinna H. R
Published: June 2018

A patient with congenital deficiency of the fibrin-stabilizing factor is reported.
Effects of Certain Phospholipids on Plasminogen Activation and Plasmin Activity
Authors: Gerbeck Claire , Koppel J. L , Olwin John H
Published: June 2018

Crude and partially purified phospholipid preparations have been studied for their effects on a) the activation of purified human plasminogen by streptokinase and b) the activity of plasmin resulting from such activation. Plasmin activity has been measured as BAMe esterase, caseinolytic, and fibrinolytic activities.

Plasmin BAMe esterase activity was significantly enhanced by phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidyl serine but only slightly by phosphatidyl ethanolamine. Preparations of asolectin and cephalin, although not having any effect on plasmin BAMe esterase activity per se, did appear to increase plasminogen activation by streptokinase. None of the above-mentioned effects was observed when plasmin caseinolytic activity was measured. The phospholipid preparation having the greatest effect on plasmin BAMe esterase activity, phosphatidyl inositol, also exhibited an effect on plasmin fibrinolytic activity. With both BAMe esterase and fibrinolytic activities the effects produced by the phospholipid materials were concentration dependent and, in the case of fibrinolytic activity, increased concentrations beyond the optimum level resulted in a gradual diminution in activity and eventual inhibition.
Versuche zur Klärung des Wirkungsmechanismus der thrombokinaseähnlich wirkenden Komponente des Russell-Vipern-Giftes
Authors: Markwardt Fritz , Walsmann Peter
Published: June 2018

Die blutgerinnungsfördernde Komponente des Russell-Vipern-Giftes wurde durch präparative Elektrophorese und Chromatographie an Ionenaustauschern IRC 50 isoliert. Zur Orientierung über die Beziehungen dieser thrombokinase-ähnlich wirkenden Komponente zu anderen biochemischen Wirkungen des Giftes wurde dabei der Verbleib der proteolytischen Wirkung, der Phospholipasewirkung und der esterolytischen Wirkung untersucht. Das gewonnene Präparat besaß eine Gerinnungsaktivität, die 15mal so stark ist wie die des Gesamtgiftes. Es spaltet keine Argininester und ist frei von Phospholipaseaktivität. Die gerin-nungsfordernde Aktivität wird bei Erhitzen auf 70° C zerstört; sie ist nicht hemmbar durch DFP.

Die thrombokinaseähnliche Wirkung der isolierten Giftkomponente wurde mit Hilfe gereinigten Prothrombins als Substrat untersucht. Dabei zeigte sich, daß die Giftkomponente zur Komplettierung ihrer Wirkung einen Lipoidfaktor (Kephalin) und Kalziumionen benötigt. Die Prothrombinaktivierung ließ sich in gleicher Weise wie die durch körpereigene Thrombokinase ausgelöste Prothrombin-Umwandlung mit spezifischen Thrombokinasehemmstoffen (Ixodin und Argasin) sowie Sojabohnen-Trypsin-Inhibitor hemmen.
Gerinnungsfaktoren in der Lymphe
Authors: Hansen H. G , Kämpfer M
Published: June 2018

Es wurde in Ergänzung zu früheren Experimenten der Gehalt der Lymphe an den wichtigsten in der Vorphase wirksamen gerinnungsfördernden Faktoren untersucht. Während der Faktor-VIII- und -IX-Gehalt den Faktoren der I. Phase entsprechend etwa 40—50% der Konzentration im Plasma beträgt, liegt der Gehalt der Lymphe an Faktor X mit einem Wert von etwa 70% deutlich höher. Abweichend von den anderen Faktoren der Lymphe, gleichsinnig lediglich mit dem Verhalten der prozentualen Thrombinzeitwerte, zeigt dieser Faktor nicht die im Verlaufe der Versuche eintretende deutliche Verminderung. Durch eine Reihe von Versuchsanordnungen ließ sich zeigen, daß den Lymphozyten bei der Gerinnung der Lymphe eine gerinnungsfördernde Funktion zukommt, deren Natur von derjenigen der Thrombozten verschieden ist. Ob diese Aktivität dem zur Gewebsthrombokinasebildung notwendigen Gewebefaktor entspricht, müssen weitere Untersuchungen zeigen.
Studies on the Anti-Heparin Activity of Serum
Authors: Holger-Madsen T
Published: June 2018

The anti-heparin activity of serum was investigated by adding serum to normal, platelet-poor plasma and determining the heparin thrombin time.

BaSO4-adsorbed serum and serum from platelet-poor plasma proved to exert a considerably less marked anti-heparin activity than plain serum. Even in platelet-poor serum, adsorbed with BaSO4 some anti-heparin activity still remained, but by far the greater part of the original activity had disappeared. In some patients, in whom determination of the plasma heparin thrombin time has shown increased heparin resistance, the serum may also exert a greater anti-heparin activity than normal serum. In patients on anticoagulant therapy with phenylindanedione even a considerable lowering of the prothrombin-proconvertin plasma level did not entail any reduction in the anti-heparin activity of the serum as compared with normal serum.
Clot Component Reacting with Thrombin
Authors: Kowarzyk Hugon , Głogowska Irena , Szymik Stanisław
Published: June 2018

The fibrin clot induced by a minimum amount of thrombin contains two components: one which forms the fibrin polymer spontaneously and another which does not form the polymer except in the presence of thrombin. The latter component produces non-protein nitrogen like fibrinogen itself, when reacting with thrombin. It is reasonable to conclude that the fissile component of the clot is an intermediate product of the fibrin formation.
Fibrinolytic Activity in Man During Surgery
Authors: Andersson Lennart , Nilsson Inga Marie , Olow Bertil
Published: June 2018

165 patients undergoing various operations were studied for any variation in the fibrinolytic activity of the blood, as measured by a modified fibrin plate method.

The fibrinolytic activity was found to increase somewhat already after induction of anaesthesia, and almost always slightly to moderately during the actual operation.

This activity is believed to be due to an increase of the plasminogen activator in the blood, since it can be inhibited by administration of ε-aminocaproic acid. It is presumably a normal reaction and, unless extreme or combined with some coagulation disorder, it probably has but little influence on blood loss at operation.
Bedeutung von Prostaglandinen und anderen Eicosanoiden für das Verhalten der Mikrozirkulation beim Schock
Authors: Schrör K.
Published: June 2018

Eicosanoide (Prostaglandine, Thromboxane, Fessäureperoxyde, Hydroxyfettsäuren, Leukotriene) sind eine heterogene Gruppe von Substanzen, die sich aus der gemeinsamen Vorstufe Arachindonsäure herleiten lassen. Sie warden nicht gespeichert, sondern bei geeigneten (Membran-) Reizen de novo synthetisiert und freigesetzt. Damit ist der Gewebe- bzw. Plasmaspiegel der Substanzen dem Ausmaϐ der Synthese gleichzusetzen und daher durch Syntheseinhibitoren leicht zu beeinflussen. Hierzu gehören neben Glukokortikoiden vor allem nichtsteroidale Antiphlogistika. Der wesentliche Unterschied zwischen beiden Substanzklassen ist, daϐ Glukokortikoide im Zusammenhang mit ihrer membranstabilistierenden Wirkung auch die Synthese aller Eicosanoide hemmen, während nichsteroidale Antiphlogistike nur die Bildung von Prostaglandinen und Thrombozanen inhibieren, aber die Bildung von Leukotrienen und analogen Verbindungen durch erhöhtes Subtratangeboteher erhöhen.

Die heute vorliegenden Untersuchungen über Eicosanoide beim Schock stamen ausschieϐlich aus Tierversuchen. Dabei wird bei allen Modellen eine Zunahme der Eicosanoidbildung gefunden. Hierbei spielen Zyklooxygenaseprodukte offensichtlich eine Rolle bei der für viele Schockformen typischen initialen pulmonalen Hypertension (z. B. PGF2α, thromboxan A2), während die Permeabilitätsstörungen in der Mikrozirkulation eher auf Lipoxygenaseprodukte (Hydroxysäuren, Leukotriene) bezogen warden. Neode Sinstamzklas sen förern insgesamt die Thrombozyten und Graunlozytenaggregation und können damit die Perfusionsstörung der Mikrozirkulation weiter verschlechtern.

Zyklooxygenaseinhibitoren (Azetylsalizylsäure, Indometzin u.a.) hemmen bei prophylaktischer Gabe den pulmonalen Druckanstieg, führen aber eher zu einer Verstärkung der Permeabilitätsstörung. Hier sind günstige Effekte von Glukokortikoiden sowie von Lipoxygenaseinhibitoren oder Antagonisten von Wirkungen dieser Substanzen zu erwarten und tierexperimentell beschrieben. Hierzu gehört auch die Beseitigung freier Sauerstoffradikale, die die nichtenzy matische Fettsäureperoxydation und damit die Bildung gewebetoxischer Substanzen fördern.

Auch Prostaglandine selbst sind therapeutisch bei verschiedenen tierexperimentellen Schockformen (Endotoxin, hämorrhagisch, traumatisch) eingesetzt worden. Günstige Effekte wurden für Inhibitoren der Thromboxansynthese und vor allem für Prostazyklin beschireben. Eline einheitliche und allgemein akzeptierte Erklärung dieser protektiven Effekte existiert bisher nicht, Auch ist die relative Bedeutung solcher Mechanismen beim Vergleich mit »konventionellen« Maϐnahmen der symptomatischen Schocktherapie noch zu definieren.
Thormbozytenaggregation, Physiologie und pharmakologische Beeinflussung
Authors: Walter E. , Weber Ellen
Published: June 2018

Um die Basis zu legen für die Darstellung der pharmakologischen Beeinflussung der Thrombozytenfunktion, wird ein kurzer aktueller Überblick gegeben über die Entwicklung der Thrombozyten, ihre Morphologie mit Bezug auf die Funktion und die biochemischen Vorgänge bei der Thrombozytenadhäsion und -aggregation. Soweit bekannt, wird die Wirkung der einzelnen Pharmaka im molekularen und funktionellen Bereich dargestellt, und zwar mit weitestgehender Begrenzung auf die beim Menschen nachgewiesenen Wirkungen. Damit wurde gezielt aus der Fülle der untersuchten Substanzen eine Auswahl getroffen zugunsten von Pharmaka, die auch therapeutisch und nicht nur zur Abklärung von Funktionsmechanismen genutzt werden können. Das Aufzeigen des Wirkungsprofils der Medikamente erleichtert ihren gezielten Einsatz. Dosierungsprobleme werden diskutiert.
Einsatz von Thrombozytenfunktionshemmern in der Prophylaxe und Therapie des Hirninfarktes
Authors: Dorndorf W. , Kaps M.
Published: June 2018

Der Einsatz von Thrombozyten-funktionshemmern soll Patienten mit transitorisch ischämischen Attacken vor einem Hirninfarkt schützen. Mehrere Therapiestudien lassen darauf schließen, daß die Behandlung Erfolg haben kann. Plättchenhemmer können aber weder Antikoagulantien noch Operationsverfahren ersetzen. Nach dem komplett gewordenen Infarkt verliert die Therapie mit plätt-chensuppressiven Substanzen ihre Berechtigung, es sei denn, die Mittel sollen der venösen Thromboseprophylaxe dienen. Wenn sich die Ausfälle später weitgehend zurückgebildet haben, kommen wieder dieselben Maßnahmen in Betracht wie nach einer Attacke. Letztlich wird die Wahl der optimalen Therapie nur unter Würdigung aller Umstände des Einzelfalls getroffen.
Electric-field-induced three-terminal pMTJ switching in the absence of an external magnetic field
Authors: Deng Jiefang , Fong Xuanyao , Liang Gengchiau
Published: June 2018

Since it is undesirable to require an external magnetic field for on-chip memory applications, we investigate the use of a Rashba effective field alternatively for assisting the electric-field-induced switching operation of a three terminal perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction (pMTJ). By conducting macro-spin simulations, we show that a pMTJ with a thermal stability of 61 can be switched in 0.5 ns, consuming a switching energy of 6 fJ, and the voltage operation margin can be improved to 0.8 ns. Furthermore, the results also demonstrate that a heavy metal system that can provide a large field-like torque rather than the damping-like torque is favored for the switching.
A fluid-kinetic framework for self-consistent runaway-electron simulations
Authors: Hirvijoki Eero , Liu Chang , Zhang Guannan , del-Castillo-Negrete Diego , Brennan Dylan P.
Published: June 2018

The problem of self-consistently coupling kinetic runaway-electron physics to the macroscopic evolution of the plasma is addressed by dividing the electron population into a bulk and a tail. A probabilistic closure is adopted to determine the coupling between the bulk and the tail populations, preserving them both as genuine, non-negative distribution functions. Macroscopic one-fluid equations and the kinetic equation for the runaway-electron population are then derived, now displaying sink and source terms due to transfer of electrons between the bulk and the tail.
Ultrafast time-resolved measurement of energy transport at the metal-liquid interface
Authors: Chen Chen , Vasudevan Iyer , Du Zhidong , Xu Xianfan , Pan Liang
Published: June 2018

The nanoscale light-matter interaction at metallic interfaces has many important applications, especially when it is crucial to enhance the surface-to-volume ratio and to achieve high spatial energy confinement. Here, we report an ultrafast time-resolved measurement to study photo-excited transport at the metal-liquid interfaces of colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). By using the transient absorption spectroscopy method together with the stimulated emission depletion of fluorescence molecules, we simultaneously measured the perturbations of energy states on both sides of the interfaces within a nanoscale distance. Our measurement results showed the evidence of ultrafast coupling between AuNPs and their surrounding solvent molecules at the picosecond time scale. This method can be extended to study the energy transfer mechanisms at the various interfaces for biology, chemistry, or optoelectronics.
Mixed state properties of iron based Fe(Se,Te) superconductor fabricated by Bridgman and by self-flux methods
Authors: Galluzzi A. , Buchkov K. , Tomov V. , Nazarova E. , Kovacheva D. , Leo A. , Grimaldi G. , Pace S. , Polichetti M.
Published: June 2018

The superconducting and transport properties of iron based Fe(Se,Te) superconductors fabricated by means of Bridgman (B) and Self-flux (S) methods have been compared using dc Magnetization (M) measurements as a function of temperature (T) and magnetic field (H). The M(T) measurements performed in Zero Field Cooling-Field Cooling conditions show higher critical temperature Tc and a lower spurious magnetic background signal for the sample (B) rather than the (S) one. By considering the superconducting M(H) hysteresis loops, the sample (B) shows a stronger superconducting signal together with the presence of a peak effect. The field and temperature dependence of the critical current densities Jc are extracted from the superconducting hysteresis loops M(H) within the Bean critical state model, and the high ratio between the JcB and the JcS, relative to the two typologies of samples, together with the comparison between their upper critical field Hc2, points out that the Bridgman method is most attractive for exploiting superconducting and transport properties in view of applications.
Interactions of three-dimensional solitons in the cubic-quintic model
Authors: Burlak Gennadiy , Malomed Boris A.
Published: June 2018

We report results of a systematic numerical analysis of interactions between three-dimensional (3D) fundamental solitons, performed in the framework of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) with the cubic-quintic (CQ) nonlinearity, combining the self-focusing and defocusing terms. The 3D NLSE with the CQ terms may be realized in terms of spatiotemporal propagation of light in nonlinear optical media, and in Bose-Einstein condensates, provided that losses may be neglected. The first part of the work addresses interactions between identical fundamental solitons, with phase shift φ between them, separated by a finite distance in the free space. The outcome strongly changes with the variation of φ: in-phase solitons with φ = 0, or with sufficiently small φ, merge into a single fundamental soliton, with weak residual oscillations in it (in contrast to the merger into a strongly oscillating breather, which is exhibited by the 1D version of the same setting), while the choice of φ = π leads to fast separation between mutually repelling solitons. At intermediate values of φ, such as φ = π/2, the interaction is repulsive too, breaking the symmetry between the initially identical fundamental solitons, there appearing two solitons with different total energies (norms). The symmetry-breaking effect is qualitatively explained, similar to how it was done previously for 1D solitons. In the second part of the work, a pair of fundamental solitons trapped in a 2D potential is considered. It is demonstrated that they may form a slowly rotating robust “molecule,” if initial kicks are applied to them in opposite directions, perpendicular to the line connecting their centers.
Reduced recombination and low-resistive transport of electrons for photo-redox reactions in metal-free hybrid photocatalyst
Authors: Rahman M. Z. , Tang Y. , Kwong P.
Published: June 2018

Photoinduced charge separation against their faster recombination is a rate determinant for photocatalytic proton reduction to hydrogen. Dissociation of electron-hole pairs into free electrons and holes in carbon nitrides greatly suffered from the inherent high recombination rate. This study has shown that coupling two energetically optimized, but with different phases carbon nitrides in the form of hybrid could significantly inhibit the charge carrier recombination and facilitate the overall charge transfer processes. It is also found that the potential gradient in this homojunction delocalizes electrons and holes, and increases the spatial charge separation. Therefore, this leads to a record high apparent quantum efficiency of 5% for photocatalytic H2 production from water under visible light irradiation in the absence of a precious metal (e.g., Pt) cocatalyst.
Design and analysis of a centripetal force type-magnetic bearing for a flywheel battery system
Authors: Zhang Weiyu , Wang Jianping , Zhu Pengfei
Published: June 2018

In this study, a novel centripetal force type-magnetic bearing (CFT-MB) for a flywheel battery system is proposed. First, the configuration, magnetic circuits, and working principles of the CFT-MB are analyzed in detail. Then, a backward step-by-step method based on magnetic field division is adopted for the parameter design. In addition, the proposed CFT-MB prototype is simulated and manufactured based on the design results. The simulation result verifies the accuracy of parameter design results and the superiority performance of the CFT-MB. Finally, the experiments and tests of the stiffness and gyroscopic effects are conducted. The experimental results show that the presented CFT-MB has superior performance than the traditional cylindrical magnetic bearing, and the gyroscopic effect can be obviously suppressed by adopting the CFT-MB.
Wind farm model helps study a blade-pitch approach to minimizing fatigue damage and power loss
Authors: Michaud Sarah
Published: June 2018

Large-eddy simulations of offshore wind turbine arrays were used to experimentally prevent downstream turbine damage caused by upstream wakes and minimize power loss caused by pitch controllers.
Should we switch from bendrofluazide to chlorthalidone as the initial treatment for hypertension? A review of the available medication
Authors: Arroll Bruce , Wallace Henry
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION
Thiazide diuretics are commonly prescribed in the treatment of hypertension. However, thiazide diuretics may not all be equal in their ability to reduce cardiovascular disease outcomes.

AIM
To determine if bendroflumethiazide/bendrofluazide, the most commonly used diuretic for hypertension in New Zealand, is as effective as other diuretics in terms of cardiovascular disease outcomes.

METHODS
Using recent reviews of thiazide-like (chlorthalidone or indapamide) and thiazide-type diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide and bendrofluazide) and a separate search of bendrofluazide, data on cardiovascular disease outcomes was extracted.

RESULTS
Nineteen relevant papers with 21 comparisons were found. All thiazide-based diuretics have been reported in at least one trial showing them to be more effective than placebo for cardiovascular disease outcomes, with the exception of chlorothiazide. There were no comparisons of bendrofluazide alone with other medications, but there were two studies with either bendrofluazide or hydrochlorothiazide compared with β-blockers; however, the pooled relative risk (RR) was not significant (RR = 1.10 (95% CI, 0.84–1.43)). For chlorthalidone, there were four comparisons with other medications, and the summary RR was statistically significant for cardiovascular disease outcomes (RR = 0.91 (95% CI, 0.85–0.98)). Chlorthalidone was significantly more effective for some cardiovascular disease outcomes when compared with doxazosin, amlodipine and lisinopril.

CONCLUSIONS
All thiazide-based medicines available in New Zealand are effective in terms of cardiovascular disease outcomes compared with placebo when used for treating hypertension, with the exception of chlorothiazide. Of the diuretics available in New Zealand for hypertension, only chlorthalidone has been shown to be more effective than other blood pressure-lowering medicines. It may be time to change from using bendrofluazide and start using chlorthalidone as a treatment for hypertension.
Social networks of patients with multimorbidity: a qualitative study of patients’ and supporters’ views
Authors: McKinlay Eileen , McDonald Janet , Darlow Ben , Perry Meredith
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION
Multimorbidity impacts on patients’ health and wellbeing, but relationships experienced within social networks can support people to live well.

AIM
This study sought to elicit the views of New Zealanders with multimorbidity about their social networks and the views of their nominated supporters.

METHODS
Ten patients with multimorbidity and their nominated supporters each independently recorded their views of the patient’s social network on a five-concentric-circle template, indicating supporting role and importance to each patient. Sets of patients’ and nominated supporters’ templates were compared followed by comparing matched pairs of patient–supporter templates. Nominated supporters’ views about the patients’ networks and why they were nominated were collated.

RESULTS
Three patients nominated family members as supporters and seven nominated health professionals. Nominated family members identified a greater range of supporters than nominated health professionals. Nominated family members perceived that they played an integral role, whereas health professionals were less comfortable viewing relationships with patients in this way. Family members were not surprised to be nominated as supporters, and some described a considerable burden of care. Health professionals described themselves as coordinators of support and having positive relationships with patients.

DISCUSSION
Patients with multimorbidity have rich and diverse social networks. They view partners, family and health professionals as providing significant support. Family members are more aware of their role and have a deeper understanding of other network members than health professionals. Further research is needed on the use of social networks in clinical practice to support the health and wellbeing of those with multimorbidity.
Safer Prescribing and Care for the Elderly (SPACE): feasibility of audit and feedback plus practice mail-out to patients with high-risk prescribing
Authors: Wallis Katharine , Tuckey Rebecca
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION
High-risk prescribing in general practice is common and places patients at increased risk of adverse events.

AIM
The Safer Prescribing and Care for the Elderly (SPACE) intervention, comprising audit and feedback plus practice mail-out to patients with high-risk prescribing, was designed to promote medicines review and support safer prescribing. This study aims to test the SPACE intervention feasibility in general practice.

METHODS
This feasibility study involved an Auckland Primary Health Organisation (PHO), a clinical advisory pharmacist, two purposively sampled urban general practices, and seven GPs. The acceptability and utility of the SPACE intervention were assessed by semi- structured interviews involving study participants, including 11 patients with high-risk prescribing. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using a general inductive approach to identify emergent themes.

RESULTS
The pharmacist said the SPACE intervention facilitated communication with GPs, and provided a platform for their clinical advisory role at no extra cost to the PHO. GPs said the feedback session with the pharmacist was educational but added to time pressures. GPs selected 29 patients for the mail-out. Some GPs were concerned the mail-out might upset patients, but patients said they felt cared for. Some patients intended to take the letter to their next appointment and discuss their medicines with their GP; others said there were already many things to discuss and not enough time. Some patients were confused by the medicines information brochure.

DISCUSSION
The SPACE intervention is feasible in general practice. The medicines information brochure needs simplification. Further research is needed to test the effect of SPACE on high-risk prescribing.
Trajectories in health recovery in the 12 months following a mild traumatic brain injury in children: findings from the BIONIC Study
Authors: Jones Kelly M. , Barker-Collo Suzanne , Parmar Priya , Starkey Nicola , Theadom Alice , Ameratunga Shanthi , Feigin Valery L. , for the BIONIC study group
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION There is growing consensus that adverse child outcomes may be evident in the early recovery phase following mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, controversy remains around the nature of children’s longer-term recovery. AIM To examine child cognitive, behavioural and quality-of-life outcomes over 12 months following mild injury, and to identify prognostic factors associated with outcomes. METHODS A prospective sample of 222 children (aged 2–15 years at injury) with mild TBI was assessed using a cognitive testing battery and parent-report questionnaires at ≤ 14 days, 1, 6 and/or 12-months post-injury. RESULTS Parents reported significant improvements in their child’s behavioural adjustment between baseline and 6 months (P = 0.003), with further improvements at 12 months following injury (P = 0.001). Cognitive recovery and quality-of-life improvements were more gradual with minimal changes in the first month (P > 0.05), but significant improvements by 12-months post-injury (P = 0.03, P = 0.02, respectively). Time since injury, male gender, living rurally and parent anxiety were associated with extent of recovery beyond the acute period. CONCLUSIONS Children’s recovery from mild TBI continues beyond the initial 6 months following injury. Health-care providers need to be vigilant about the varying trajectories in children’s recovery from TBI. On-going monitoring of children following injury will enable timely and proactive responses to persistent difficulties, with a view to minimising longer-term adverse consequences.
General practice evolution in New Zealand: hybridisation in action
Authors: Atmore Carol
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT This viewpoint outlines a brief history of primary care health reforms over the last 25 years, and how this history has influenced the business of caring. It also suggests where we should next look to improve the provision of equitable patient-centred care in the current climate of fiscal constraint, while meeting the challenges of an ageing population and increasing multimorbidity.
Multimorbidity in Māori and Pacific patients: cross-sectional study in a Dunedin general practice
Authors: Stokes Tim , Azam Mayur , Noble Fiona Doolan
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Multimorbidity is a major issue in primary health care. AIM To determine the prevalence of multimorbidity and polypharmacy in one general practice in relation to age, sex and socioeconomic deprivation in Māori and Pacific patients. METHODS A cross-sectional study using data manually extracted from electronic medical records was conducted using a stratified random sample of Māori and Pacific patients aged ≥ 35 years who were enrolled with a large urban Dunedin general practice. The data were analysed to identify the number and type of morbidities, and prevalence of multimorbidity and polypharmacy in relation to age, sex and socioeconomic deprivation. RESULTS Half (52.5% [95% CI 44.5–60.4]) of Māori and 64.3% (95% CI 51.9–75.4) of Pacific patients had multimorbidity; 22.8% (95% CI 16.6–30.1) of Māori and 10.0% (95% CI 4.1–19.5) of Pacific patients had physical and mental health co-morbidity. Fewer (13.6% [95% CI 8.7–19.8]) Māori than Pacific patients (32.9% [95% CI 22.1–45.1]) had polypharmacy. The prevalence of multimorbidity in both Māori and Pacific patients increased with age and with increasing levels of socioeconomic deprivation. The eight most prevalent chronic conditions in both Māori and Pacific patients were obesity, anxiety or depression, hypertension, asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, gout, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and osteoarthritis. CONCLUSION The high prevalence of multimorbidity in Māori and Pacific patients requires the New Zealand health system to deliver culturally competent primary health care and to re-orientate health-care delivery around multimorbidity.
Association of aspartate aminotransferase in statin-induced rhabdomyolysis
Authors: Ruan Xu Cong , Low Lian Leng , Kwan Yu Heng
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The risk of rhabdomyolysis in the general population is elevated by the increased prevalence of statin use. As the presentation of rhabdomyolysis is varied, there is a risk of delayed diagnosis leading to patient complications and increased healthcare costs. Creatine kinase (CK) alone is not sufficiently predictive for risk stratification. Beyond serum CK, other biomarkers such as transaminases may be used as surrogates to evaluate rhabdomyolysis severity and predict complication risks. AIM To assess if other biomarkers are associated with peak CK and severity of rhabdomyolysis to aid in clinical diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted at an acute care hospital from 2008 to 2011. Inclusion criteria were: (1) patients diagnosed with statin-induced rhabdomyolysis; and (2) peak CK levels of ≥1000 IU/L. Patients with post-operational rhabdomyolysis, acute myocardial infarction and who had suffered from road traffic accidents were excluded. A total of 24,332 patients were screened, and 78 patients fulfilled our inclusion criteria. RESULTS Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was found to be positively associated with peak CK levels in the multivariable linear regression model after adjusting for alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (P = 0.002; β = 83.18). Aspartate aminotransferase was found to be associated with severity of rhabdomyolysis in the multivariable logistics regression model after adjusting for ALT levels (P = 0.015; OR = 1.01). DISCUSSION Aspartate transferase is associated with raised peak CK levels and severity of rhabdomyolysis. Clinicians may consider ordering AST to aid in the clinical diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis.
Influence of student debt on health career location and specialty
Authors: Ling Steven , Jacobs Robert , Ponton Rhys , Slark Julia , Verstappen Antonia , Webster Craig S. , Poole Phillippa
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION
In New Zealand (NZ), there are shortages of health professionals in rural areas and in primary care.

AIM
This study aims to examine the association of student debt levels of medical, nursing, pharmacy and optometry students with: (1) preferred geographical location of practice, specifically preference to work in urban vs. rural areas; and (2) preferred career specialties, specifically interest in primary health care.

METHODS
Medical, nursing, pharmacy and optometry students completed a questionnaire at graduation that included questions about levels of New Zealand Government Student Loan debt and preferences regarding location of practice and career specialty. In an additional survey, medical students were asked to self-rate the effect of financial factors on their career choices.

RESULTS
Debt patterns varied across programmes. Medical and pharmacy students with high debt were significantly more likely than students with low debt to prefer rural over urban practice (P = 0.003). There was no difference in level of interest in a primary care specialty by debt level for any programme. Medical students reported little influence of debt on career choice, although students with high debt levels were less concerned over career financial prospects than students with lower levels of debt.

DISCUSSION
Current levels of student debt do not deter students from planning a career in rural or primary care settings. Somewhat surprisingly, higher levels of debt are associated with greater rural practice intentions for medical and pharmacy students, although the underlying reasons are uncertain.
Pounamu: Achieving health equity in Aotearoa New Zealand: the contribution of medicines optimisation
Authors: Te Karu Leanne , Bryant Linda , Harwood Matire , Arroll Bruce
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT This paper aims to consider the various parts of what is required to achieve the best possible health outcomes from medicines in partnership with the person for whom they are prescribed. Specifically, it looks to highlight the process from an Indigenous view with respect to Māori in Aotearoa New Zealand, and claims a multi-dimensional approach is imperative. Attaining optimal use of medicines is necessary to help achieve health equity. There is an urgent need to understand and investigate models of care that achieve this optimal state.
Universal inverse design of surfaces with thin nematic elastomer sheets
Authors: Aharoni Hillel , Xia Yu , Zhang Xinyue , Kamien Randall D. , Yang Shu
Published: June 2018

Significance

This work outlines an explicit protocol for preprogramming any desired 3D shape into a 2D liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) sheet. Namely, given an arbitrary 3D design, we show how to produce a flat sheet that can buckle into the desired shape when heated and return to flat when cooled—reversibly. We demonstrate this proof-of-principle of shape morphing in LCE sheets, relying on advances in both numerical and experimental methods presented here. Our protocol is not limited in materials or scale; it can be implemented on any “LCE-like” anisotropic material, thus opening the door for countless technological applications in flexible electronics, metamaterials, aerospace, medical devices, drug delivery, and more.
Metadiscourse and coherence in interpreting
Authors: Fu Rongbo
Published: June 2018

This paper aims to look closely at the achievement of coherence in interpreting through the prism of metadiscourse, a set of grammatical resources instrumental in organizing a discourse, guiding the recipients towards an author/speaker’s preferred interpretation while taking account of their needs and expectation. Despite a general consensus on the role of the umbrella term, opinions vary on what falls under it. Further, while the conception sets an illuminating framework for empirical endeavors to delve into the way in which meaning is negotiated and represented at discoursal level, its discussion is often confined to the analysis of written text in specific genre (e.g. academic treatise), leaving its role in oral discourse scarcely explored. In this paper, we propose an adapted taxonomy for the analysis of devices as such in interpretation and relate them to the building of coherence in interpreted events. Qualitative analysis of instances from real-life situations is then presented to show that successful communication in interpreting does not only come as a result of rendering the propositional message, but also involves a process of skillfully managing various metadiscoursal devices in reconstructing intertextual and intratextual conherences, both of which serve the same communicative goal with neither enjoying precedence over the other. The proposed taxonomy of metadiscourse may have some pedagogical and practical implications.