bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synaptic tagging, evaluation of memories, and the distal reward problem
Authors: Päpper Marc , Kempter Richard , Leibold Christian
Published: December 2010

Long-term synaptic plasticity exhibits distinct phases. The synaptic tagging hypothesis suggests an early phase in which synapses are prepared, or “tagged,” for protein capture, and a late phase in which those proteins are integrated into the synapses to achieve memory consolidation. The synapse specificity of the tags is consistent with conventional neural network models of associative memory. Memory consolidation through protein synthesis, however, is neuron specific, and its functional role in those models has not been assessed. Here, using a theoretical network model, we test the tagging hypothesis on its potential to prolong memory lifetimes in an online-learning paradigm. We find that protein synthesis, though not synapse specific, prolongs memory lifetimes if it is used to evaluate memory items on a cellular level. In our model we assume that only “important” memory items evoke protein synthesis such that these become more stable than “unimportant” items, which do not evoke protein synthesis. The network model comprises an equilibrium distribution of synaptic states that is very susceptible to the storage of new items: Most synapses are in a state in which they are plastic and can be changed easily, whereas only those synapses that are essential for the retrieval of the important memory items are in the stable late phase. The model can solve the distal reward problem, where the initial exposure of a memory item and its evaluation are temporally separated. Synaptic tagging hence provides a viable mechanism to consolidate and evaluate memories on a synaptic basis.
The software packageANAELUfor X-ray diffraction analysis using two-dimensional patterns
Authors: Fuentes-Montero Luis , Montero-Cabrera Maria Elena , Fuentes-Cobas Luis
Published: December 2010

A new software package for interpreting two-dimensional diffraction diagrams is presented. The application capabilities include representation of single- and polycrystal structures with an inverse pole figure treatment of texture phenomena, measurement and analysis of diffraction signals, and different approaches to the modelling of two-dimensional diffraction patterns obtained from both single-crystal and polycrystalline samples. Particular consideration is given to the effect of axially symmetric textures on two-dimensional diffraction patterns. An example showing the capabilities of the software is presented.
Angle calculations for a (2+3)-type diffractometer: focus on area detectors
Authors: Schlepütz Christian M. , Mariager Simon O. , Pauli Stephan A. , Feidenhans'l Robert , Willmott Philip R.
Published: December 2010

Angle calculations for a (2+3)-type diffractometer are presented with comprehensive derivations for both cases of either a vertical or horizontal sample configuration. This work focuses on some particular aspects of using area detectors in surface X-ray diffraction, namely the role of the detector rotation and the direct conversion of the angle-resolved diffraction signal recorded by the detector into a two-dimensional slice through reciprocal space.
Verification of the elastic constants for α-Al2O3using high-resolution neutron diffraction
Authors: Kisi Erich H. , Howard Christopher J. , Zhang Jianfeng
Published: December 2010

Precise lattice strains measured using high-resolution neutron diffraction from a solid polycrystalline sample are used to explore the single-crystal elastic constants of α-Al2O3(corundum). The analysis confirms a recent suggestion that, contrary to the long-accepted view, the sign ofs14should be negative. It also indicates that the magnitude ofs13should be adjusted from −0.38 × 10−12to −0.47 × 10−12 Pa−1. It is found that, micromechanically, the polycrystal responds to stress in a manner very close to the Reuss limit. The results confirm the applicability of the diffraction method, which could prove useful when other techniques give ambiguous results.
A synchrotron tomographic energy-dispersive diffraction imaging study of the aerospace alloy Ti 6246
Authors: Cernik R. J. , Hansson C. C. T. , Martin C. M. , Preuss M. , Attallah M. , Korsunsky A. M. , Belnoue J. P. , Jun T. S. , Barnes P. , Jacques S. , Sochi T. , Lazzari O.
Published: December 2010

A titanium alloy sample (#6246) containing a linear friction weld has been imaged nondestructively using tomographic energy-dispersive diffraction imaging (TEDDI). The diffraction patterns measured at each point of the TEDDI image permitted identification of the material and phases present (±5%). The image also showed the preferred orientation and size–strain distribution present within the sample without the need for any further sample preparation. The preferred orientation was observed in clusters with average dimensions very similar to the experimental spatial resolution (400 µm). The length scales and preferred orientation distributions were consistent with orientation imaging microscopy measurements made by Szczepanski, Jha, Larsen & Jones [Metall. Mater. Trans. A(2008),39, 2841–2851] where the microstructure development was linked to the grain growth of the parent material. The use of a high-energy X-ray distribution (30–80 keV) in the incident beam reduced systematic errors due to the source profile, sample and air absorption. The TEDDI data from each voxel were reduced to an angle-dispersive form and Rietveld refined to a mean χ2of 1.4. The mean lattice parameter error (δd/d) ranged from ∼10−4for the highly crystalline regions to ∼10−3for regions of very strong preferred orientation and internal strain. The March–Dollase preferred orientation errors refined to an average value of ±2%. A 100% correlation between observed fluorescence and diffraction peak broadening was observed, providing further evidence for vicinal strain broadening.
Formation mechanism of black LiTaO3single crystals through chemical reduction
Authors: Yan Tao , Zheng Feifei , Yu Yonggui , Qin Shubin , Liu Hong , Wang Jiyang , Yu Dehong
Published: December 2010

Lithium tantalate (LiTaO3, LT) wafers of different colors were prepared through chemical reduction of regular congruent LT wafers. Samples with different colors corresponding to different annealing temperatures were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and measurements of the Curie temperature and density. It was found that chemical reduction does not influence the basic LT structure. The Ta charge state change due to chemical reduction was found to be the main reason for the formation of black LT wafers.
Phase I study of intravenous ASA404 (vadimezan) administered in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin in Japanese patients with non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Hida Toyoaki , Tamiya Motohiro , Nishio Makoto , Yamamoto Nobuyuki , Hirashima Tomonori , Horai Takeshi , Tanii Hiromi , Shi Michael M. , Kobayashi Ken , Horio Yoshitsugu
Published: December 2010

ASA404 (5,6‐dimethylxanthenone‐4‐acetic acid, vadimezan), a flavone‐8‐acetic acid analogue, is a novel tumor‐vascular disrupting agent. In this study, the safety and tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ASA404 in combination with standard therapy of paclitaxel and carboplatin (P/C) were assessed. A total of 15 Japanese patients with stage IV advanced non‐small cell lung cancer were enrolled and P/C plus ASA404 at three dose levels (600–1800 mg/m2) was administered every 3 weeks. Dose limiting toxicities were observed in two patients during Cycle 1 of ASA404 treatment (Grade 3 febrile neutropenia at ASA404 1200 mg/m2 and Grade 3 QT prolongation at ASA404 1800 mg/m2) and the incidence of dose limiting toxicity was ≤1/3. The most frequently reported adverse events were injection site pain, peripheral sensory neuropathy, alopecia, neutropenia, nausea, anorexia and arthralgia, which were similar to those seen in previous Phase I/II studies. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed the plasma area under the curve (AUC) of total ASA404 increased in a mostly dose‐proportional manner within the dose range investigated. Administration of ASA404 raised plasma 5‐hydroxyindole‐3‐acetic acid level dose‐dependently by 116 and 204% after 1200 and 1800 mg/m2 doses, respectively. Partial response was observed in four patients (27%), and seven patients (47%) exhibited stable disease. Overall, the safety and preliminary efficacy profiles were comparable to those seen in non‐Japanese patients in previous Phase I and Phase II studies, and support the further evaluation of ASA404 (1800 mg/m2) in Phase III studies in combination with P/C in Japanese patients with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer. (Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 845–851)
Secondary mutations of BRCA1/2 and drug resistance
Authors: Dhillon Kiranjit K. , Swisher Elizabeth M. , Taniguchi Toshiyasu
Published: December 2010

Inherited mutations in the tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 cause increased risk of developing various cancers, especially breast and ovarian cancers. Tumors that develop in patients with inherited BRCA1/2 mutations are generally believed to be BRCA1/2‐deficient. Cancer cells with BRCA1/2 deficiency are defective in DNA repair by homologous recombination and sensitive to interstrand DNA crosslinking agents, such as cisplatin and carboplatin, and poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase inhibitors. Therefore, these agents are logical choices for the treatment for BRCA1/2‐deficient tumors and have shown to be clinically effective. However, BRCA1/2‐mutated tumors often develop resistance to these drugs. Restoration of BRCA1/2 functions due to secondary BRCA1/2 mutations has been recognized as a mechanism of acquired resistance to cisplatin and poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase inhibitors in BRCA1/2‐mutated cancer cells. This indicates that even disease‐causing inherited mutations of tumor suppressor genes can be genetically reverted in cancer cells, if the genetic reversion is advantageous for the cells’ survival. In this review, we will discuss this drug resistance mechanism. (Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 663–669)
Identification of HLA‐A*2402‐restricted epitope peptide derived from ERas oncogene expressed in human scirrhous gastric cancer
Authors: Iwauchi Takehiko , Tanaka Hiroaki , Yamazoe Sadaaki , Yashiro Masakazu , Yoshii Mami , Kubo Naoshi , Muguruma Kazuya , Sawada Tetsuji , Ohira Masaichi , Hirakawa Kosei
Published: December 2010

ERas is a recently identified oncogene involved in the tumorgenic growth of embryonic stem cells. We examined the significance of ERas expression in scirrhous gastric carcinoma, and the possibility of ERas as a tumor‐associated antigen of gastric cancer for developing a cancer vaccine. ERas expression was determined in scirrhous gastric carcinoma specimens by immunohistochemical staining. To assess the possibility of the ERas protein as an anticancer vaccine target, we examined whether ERas for HLA‐A‐restricted epitope peptides were capable of eliciting cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. Immunohistochemical analysis identified ERas protein in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cancer cells, yet ERas was not expressed in normal gastric epithelium. By western blotting, lysates of the scirrhous gastric cancer cell lines, OCUM‐8, OCUM‐2MD3 and OCUM‐2M were shown to contain a 25‐kDa band of ERas protein. ERas mRNA was detected in these cell lines by RT‐PCR. To investigate cytotoxicity, we successfully established cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones stimulated by HLA‐A*2402‐restricted ERas peptides (FALDDPSSL). These peptides have specific cytotoxicity against corresponding HLA‐A*2402‐positive target cells pulsed with the candidate peptide. We found that the cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones demonstrated cytotoxic activity against OCUM‐8 cells that endogenously express ERas. Our results suggest that ERas is a novel tumor‐associated antigen with the potential application to be a vaccine against scirrhous gastric cancer. (Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 683–689)
Hyperglycaemia and cerebral oedema in a patient with a meningioma receiving dexamethasone
Authors: Ramessur S. , Dinsmore J. , Zoumprouli A.
Published: December 2010

Dexamethasone is prescribed routinely to reduce cerebral oedema in neurosurgical patients undergoing craniotomy for tumour and is used increasingly as an anti‐emetic. Dexamethasone, however, has been shown to cause hyperglycaemia. We describe a case of hyperglycaemic crisis, cerebral oedema and death secondary to dexamethasone in a patient with a frontal meningioma. We highlight the risks of peri‐operative dexamethasone and discuss the diagnosis, treatment and complications of hyperglycaemic crises and cerebral oedema.
Evaluation of sulfonamide detoxification pathways in haematologic malignancy patients prior to intermittent trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis
Authors: Abouraya Mahmoud , Sacco James C. , Kahl Brad S. , Trepanier Lauren A.
Published: December 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT

• Previously, it was reported that patients with haematologic malignancies on daily trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis appeared to have a higher risk of sulfonamide hypersensitivity compared with the general population. However, the mechanisms for this apparent higher risk have not been explored.

WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS

• This paper provides the first prospective evaluation of antioxidant and reduction detoxification pathways in patients with haematologic malignancies prior to sulfonamide prophylaxis.

• It also provides the first prospective evaluation of sulfonamide hypersensitivity, including the development of drug‐specific T cells, in patients started on intermittent trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis.

• Our findings suggest that defects in the reduction of sulfonamide metabolites are not common in patients with haematologic malignancies, and further, that the incidence of skin rash and the development of drug‐specific T cells appears to be low in patients on intermittent, rather than daily, sulfonamide prophylaxis.

AIMS Patients with haematologic malignancies have a reportedly high incidence of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) hypersensitivity. The objective of this study was to determine whether deficiencies in sulfonamide detoxification pathways, to include glutathione (GSH) and ascorbate (AA), and cytochrome b5 (b5) and cytochrome b5 reductase (b5R), were prevalent in these patients. A secondary pilot objective was to determine whether the incidence of drug hypersensitivity following intermittent trimethoprim‐SMX (TMP‐SMX) prophylaxis approached that reported for high dose daily regimens.

METHODS Forty adult patients with haematologic malignancies (HM) and 35 healthy adults were studied; an additional 13 HM patients taking ascorbate supplements (HM‐AA) were also evaluated. Twenty‐two of 40 HM patients were prescribed and were compliant with TMP‐SMX 960 mg three to four times weekly.

RESULTS There were no significant differences between HM and healthy groups in plasma AA (median 37.2 µmvs. 33.9 µm) or red blood cell GSH (1.9 mmvs. 1.8 mm). However, plasma AA was correlated significantly with leucocyte b5/b5R reduction (r= 0.39, P= 0.002). Deficient b5/b5R activities were not found in HM patients. In fact, patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia or myeloma had significantly higher median activities (80.7 µmol mg–1 min−1) than controls (18.9 µmol mg–1 min−1, P= 0.008). After 3–4 weeks of treatment, no patients developed SMX‐specific T cells and only one patient developed rash.

CONCLUSIONS Deficiencies of blood antioxidants and b5/b5R reduction were not found in this population with haematologic malignancies, and the development of skin rash and drug‐specific T cells appeared to be uncommon with intermittent TMP‐SMX prophylaxis.
Interpreting population pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic analyses – a clinical viewpoint
Authors: Duffull Stephen B. , Wright Daniel F. B. , Winter Helen R.
Published: December 2010

The population analysis approach is an important tool for clinical pharmacology in aiding the dose individualization of medicines. However, due to their statistical complexity the clinical utility of population analyses is often overlooked. One of the key reasons to conduct a population analysis is to investigate the potential benefits of individualization of drug dosing based on patient characteristics (termed covariate identification). The purpose of this review is to provide a tool to interpret and extract information from publications that describe population analysis. The target audience is those readers who are aware of population analyses but have not conducted the technical aspects of an analysis themselves. Initially we introduce the general framework of population analysis and work through a simple example with visual plots. We then follow‐up with specific details on how to interpret population analyses for the purpose of identifying covariates and how to interpret their likely importance for dose individualization.
Understanding dispersal rates of invading weed biocontrol agents
Authors: Paynter Quentin , Bellgard Stan
Published: December 2010

1. Classical weed biological control programmes aim to rapidly establish biocontrol agent populations throughout the range of a weed. Release strategies, however, may often be suboptimal because the natural dispersal ability of a new agent is rarely known, potentially resulting in unnecessarily intensive release programmes for fast‐dispersing agents or inadequate release programmes for slowly dispersing agents.

2. We reviewed published dispersal data for 66 arthropod and 11 fungal pathogen weed biocontrol agents. We tested hypotheses regarding agent characteristics that were predicted to affect dispersal and whether agents that dispersed rapidly were more successful than those which dispersed more slowly.

3. Dispersal rates varied by four orders of magnitude: the fastest agents dispersed several hundred kilometres per year and the slowest by only tens of metres per year. Approximately 30% of arthropod agents and four of 11 pathogen agents dispersed <1 km year−1, indicating that intensive redistribution is often required for rapid widespread establishment. Successful agents were equally likely to be fast or slow dispersers indicating that effort made redistributing slowly dispersing agents can often be beneficial.

4. Both pathogen and arthropod dispersal rates were positively correlated with voltinism. Arthropod dispersal also significantly varied according to fecundity, dispersal type (crawling or passive wind dispersal vs. flight); taxon, life‐style, habitat and the diversity of parasitoids attacking the agent in the native range.

5. We developed dispersal models which explained up to 73% of the variance in arthropod agent dispersal rates and we validated these models by using them to predict the rate that invasive arthropod herbivores should invade.

6. Synthesis and applications. We conclude that knowledge of a few parameters (agent voltinism, parasitoid diversity in the native range, habitat, fecundity, taxon and life‐style category), prior to introduction of a biocontrol agent, could be used to predict how fast it is likely to invade a new environment. This should assist optimization of release strategies by determining the geographic scale at which to release agents, according to the agents’ ability to rapidly close the gaps by natural dispersal.
Can we use the tadpoles of Australian frogs to reduce recruitment of invasive cane toads?
Authors: Cabrera‐Guzmán Elisa , Crossland Michael , Shine Richard
Published: December 2010

1. Native to the Americas, cane toads Bufo marinus are an invasive species causing substantial ecological impacts in Australia. We need ways to control invasive species such as cane toads without collateral damage to native fauna.

2. We explored the feasibility of suppressing survival and growth of cane toad tadpoles via competition with the tadpoles of native frogs. Compared to the invasive toads, many native frogs breed earlier in the season and their tadpoles grow larger and have longer larval periods. Hence, adding spawn or tadpoles of native frogs to toad‐breeding sites might increase tadpole competition, and thereby reduce toad recruitment.

3. Our laboratory trials using tadpoles of eight native frog species gave significant results: the presence of six of these species (Cyclorana australis, C. longipes, Litoria caerulea, L. dahlii, L. rothii and L. splendida) reduced toad tadpole survival and/or size at metamorphosis. Litoria caerulea also increased the duration of the larval period of cane toad tadpoles. Tadpoles of the other two frog species (Litoria rubella and Litoria tornieri) did not affect survival or growth of larval cane toads any more than did an equivalent number of additional toad tadpoles. Native frog species with larger tadpoles exerted greater negative effects on toad tadpoles than did native species with smaller tadpoles.

4. Synthesis and applications. Encouraging the general public to construct and restore waterbodies in peri‐urban areas to build up populations of native frogs – especially the much‐loved green tree frog Litoria caerulea– could help to reduce recruitment rates of invasive cane toads in Australia.
Soil nutrient heterogeneity modulates ecosystem responses to changes in the identity and richness of plant functional groups
Authors: García‐Palacios Pablo , Maestre Fernando T. , Gallardo Antonio
Published: December 2010

1. Recent research has shown that biodiversity may have its greatest impact on ecosystem functioning in heterogeneous environments. However, the role of soil heterogeneity as a modulator of ecosystem responses to changes in biodiversity remains poorly understood, as few biodiversity studies have explicitly considered this important ecosystem feature.

2. We conducted a microcosm experiment over two growing seasons to evaluate the joint effects of changes in plant functional groups (grasses, legumes, non‐legume forbs and a combination of them), spatial distribution of soil nutrients (homogeneous and heterogeneous) and nutrient availability (50 and 100 mg of nitrogen (N) added as organic material) on plant productivity and surrogates of carbon, phosphorous and N cycling (β‐glucosidase and acid phosphatase enzymes and in situ N availability, respectively).

3. Soil nutrient heterogeneity interacted with nutrient availability and plant functional diversity to determine productivity and nutrient cycling responses. All the functional groups exhibited precise root foraging patterns. Above‐ and below‐ground productivity increased under heterogeneous nutrient supply. Surrogates of nutrient cycling were not directly affected by soil nutrient heterogeneity. Regardless of their above‐ and below‐ground biomass, legumes increased the availability of soil inorganic N and the activity of the acid phosphatase and β‐glucosidase enzymes.

4. Our study emphasizes the role of soil nutrient heterogeneity as a modulator of ecosystem responses to changes in functional diversity beyond the species level. Functional group identity, rather than richness, can play a key role in determining the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning.

5. Synthesis. Our results highlight the importance of explicitly considering soil heterogeneity in diversity–ecosystem functioning experiments, where the identity of the plant functional group is of major importance. Such consideration will improve our ability to fully understand the role of plant diversity on ecosystem functioning in ubiquitous heterogeneous environments.
Cryo‐electron tomography: methodology, developments and biological applications
Authors: VANHECKE D. , ASANO S. , KOCHOVSKI Z. , FERNANDEZ‐BUSNADIEGO R. , SCHROD N. , BAUMEISTER W. , LUČIĆ V.
Published: December 2010

Cryo‐electron tomography allows three‐dimensional visualization of frozen‐hydrated, vitrified biological material at molecular resolution. Here, we summarize the most important sample preparation methods and technical aspects relevant for cryo‐electron tomography, as well as its recent biological applications from isolated macromolecular complexes to entire cells and tissues.
Endogenous GDNF in ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens does not play a role in the incubation of heroin craving
Authors: Airavaara Mikko , Pickens Charles L. , Stern Anna L. , Wihbey Kristina A. , Harvey Brandon K. , Bossert Jennifer M. , Liu Qing‐Rong , Hoffer Barry J. , Shaham Yavin
Published: December 2010

Glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) activity in ventral tegmental area (VTA) mediates the time‐dependent increases in cue‐induced cocaine‐seeking after withdrawal (incubation of cocaine craving). Here, we studied the generality of these findings to incubation of heroin craving. Rats were trained to self‐administer heroin for 10 days (6 hours/day; 0.075 mg/kg/infusion; infusions were paired with a tone‐light cue) and tested for cue‐induced heroin‐seeking in extinction tests after 1, 11 or 30 withdrawal days. Cue‐induced heroin seeking was higher after 11 or 30 days than after 1 day (incubation of heroin craving), and the time‐dependent increases in extinction responding were associated with time‐dependent changes in GDNF mRNA expression in VTA and nucleus accumbens. Additionally, acute accumbens (but not VTA) GDNF injections (12.5 µg/side) administered 1–3 hours after the last heroin self‐administration training session enhanced the time‐dependent increases in extinction responding after withdrawal. However, the time‐dependent increases in extinction responding after withdrawal were not associated with changes in GDNF protein expression in VTA and accumbens. Additionally, interfering with endogenous GDNF function by chronic delivery of anti‐GDNF monoclonal neutralizing antibodies (600 ng/side/day) into VTA or accumbens had no effect on the time‐dependent increases in extinction responding. In summary, heroin self‐administration and withdrawal regulate VTA and accumbens GDNF mRNA expression in a time‐dependent manner, and exogenous GDNF administration into accumbens but not VTA potentiates cue‐induced heroin seeking. However, based on the GDNF protein expression and the anti‐GDNF monoclonal neutralizing antibodies manipulation data, we conclude that neither accumbens nor VTA endogenous GDNF mediates the incubation of heroin craving.
Influence of physico‐chemical parameters of the aquatic medium on germination of Eichhornia crassipes seeds
Authors: Albano Pérez E. , Ruiz Téllez T. , Sánchez Guzmán J. M.
Published: December 2010

The germination of seeds of Eichhornia crassipes in locations distant from the foci of infestation may be a means of dispersal of this invasive plant. Nonetheless, no modern studies have examined the influence of single components on germination, although the influence of temperature, oxygen and redox potential was examined in earlier studies. The effects of pH, conductivity, nitrate, phosphate, potassium, calcium, iron and boron on germination of E. crassipes were determined in seed germination tests. The results showed that external input of nutrients influences germination, since neither pH nor conductivity alone had any effect, but there was a significant increase in germination in growth media containing phosphorus at 3.95 mg·l−1 (P/L; 95.5%) and boron at 10 mg·l−1 (B/L; 97.5%); at higher concentrations, the latter was toxic. These findings contribute to knowledge of factors controlling the germination of E. crassipes seeds. Consequently, E. crassipes seeds would find very good conditions for germination in water classified as hypereutrophic, which may play a decisive role in expansion of this plant.
The life cycle of the amoeboid algaSynchroma grande(Synchromophyceae, Heterokontophyta) – highly adapted yet equally equipped for rapid diversification in benthic habitats
Authors: Koch C. , Brumme B. , Schmidt M. , Flieger K. , Schnetter R. , Wilhelm C.
Published: December 2010

Synchroma grande(Synchromophyceae, Heterokontophyta) is a marine amoeboid alga, which was isolated from a benthic habitat. This species has sessile cell stages (amoeboid cells with lorica and cysts) and non‐sessile cell stages (migrating and floating amoebae) during its life cycle. The different cell types and their transitions within the life cycle are described, as are their putative functions. Cell proliferation was observed only in cells attached to the substrate but not in free‐floating or migrating cells. We also characterised the phagotrophy of the meroplasmodium in comparison to other amoeboid algae and the formation of the lorica. The functional adaptations ofS. grandeduring its life cycle were compared to the cell stages of other amoeboid algae of the red and green chloroplast lineages.S. grandewas found to be highly adapted to the benthic habitat. One sexual and two asexual reproductive strategies (haplo‐diploid life cycle) support the ability of this species to achieve rapid diversification and high adaptivity in its natural habitat.
Prevalence of celiac disease in the northern part of India: A community based study
Authors: Makharia Govind K , Verma Anil K , Amarchand Ritvik , Bhatnagar Shinjini , Das Prasenjit , Goswami Anil , Bhatia Vidyut , Ahuja Vineet , Datta Gupta Siddhartha , Anand Krishnan
Published: December 2010

Background and Aim:  While celiac disease is estimated to affect about 1% of the world's population, it is thought to be uncommon not only in India but in Asia also. There is a lack of studies on the prevalence of celiac disease from Asian nations. The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of celiac disease in the community.

Methods:  In a cross sectional study, we estimated the prevalence of celiac disease in urban and rural populations in the National Capital Region, Delhi, India. A structured questionnaire was administered, by door‐to‐door visits, to all participants to collect socio‐demographic data and to screen for features of celiac disease, namely chronic or recurrent diarrhea and, anemia. In children, additional features, namely short stature (linear height below 5th percentile for age) and failure to thrive/gain weight were also used. All respondents who were screen positive (any one of above) and 10% of screen negative individuals were called for serological testing, which is anti‐tissue transglutaminase antibody. All serologically positive respondents were invited to undergo further evaluation including endoscopic biopsy. Celiac disease was diagnosed on the basis of a positive serology, the presence of villous atrophy and/or response to gluten free diet.

Result:  Among 12 573 contacted, 10 488 (83.4%) (50.6% male) agreed to participate. Based on screening, 5622 (53.6%) participants were screen positive. Of all those screen positive, 2167 (38.5%) agreed for serological testing; additionally 712 (14%) negatives were also tested. The overall sero‐prevalence of celiac disease was 1.44% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.22 1.69) and the overall prevalence of celiac disease was 1.04% (95% CI 0.85 1.25).

Conclusion:  The prevalence of celiac disease in this north Indian community is 1 in 96. Celiac disease is more common than is recognized in India.
Urethral strictures
Authors: Mundy Anthony R. , Andrich Daniela E.
Published: December 2010

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Urethral strictures are common and increasingly common in an ageing population. The treatment is controversial and particularly the relative roles of urethrotomy or urethral dilatation on the one hand and urethroplasty on the other. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the subject including less commonly discussed issues such as the history and pathology of stricture disease.

We would hope that a comprehensive overview of the subject will give a sharper perspective to aid the investigation and management of patients with urethral strictures.
‘Am I safe here and do you like me?’ Understanding complex trauma and attachment disruption in the classroom
Authors: O'Neill Linda , Guenette Francis , Kitchenham Andrew
Published: December 2010

Elementary and special education teachers and school counsellors currently provide support to children presenting learning disabilities and behavioural problems symptomatic of the more hidden diagnosis of complex trauma resulting from abuse or severe attachment disruption. Specific disorders such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) may be diagnosed in such children, but not the aetiology of complex trauma, resulting in missing information in the development of remedial and behavioural interventions. The evolving field of trauma counselling provides important information to special education teachers and school counsellors who work with children who have experienced trauma. In this review article authors Linda O'Neill of the University of Northern British Columbia (UNBC), Francis Guenette who is a doctoral student at the University of Victoria and Andrew Kitchenham of the University of Northern British Columbia summarise attachment, neurobiological, and complex trauma research that can be used in school settings to understand better the needs of these children. They conclude by suggesting that teachers and school counsellors would benefit from training on the consequences of childhood trauma and attachment disruption to develop interventions that will be effective and to identify what types of behaviours children can control and those they cannot.
Points from the SENCo‐Forum
Authors: Wedell Klaus
Published: December 2010

New policies – building on the past?
Corporate Boards, Audit Committees, and Earnings Management: Pre‐ and Post‐SOX Evidence
Authors: Ghosh Aloke , Marra Antonio , Moon Doocheol
Published: December 2010

Abstract:  Primarily motivated by the claims that the recent regulatory initiatives empowering boards and audit committees restrain earnings management, we examine whether board characteristics (composition, size, and structure) and audit committee characteristics (composition, size, activity, expertise, ownership, and tenure) are associated with earnings management before and after Sarbanes‐Oxley Act (SOX). Using absolute performance‐adjusted discretionary accruals, special items, and deferred tax expense as alternative constructs for earnings management, we find that earnings management does not vary with board composition and structure, or with audit committee composition, expertise, and ownership. In contrast, board size and audit committee size, activity, and tenure are associated with earnings management. More important, the strength of this association is considerably weaker for the post‐SOX years compared to the pre‐SOX years. Finally, we find no evidence to suggest that the overall level of earnings management declined following SOX.
The Market Impact of Relative Agency Activity in the Sovereign Ratings Market
Authors: Hill Paula , Faff Robert
Published: December 2010

Abstract:  Using a sample of 101 countries, over the period 1990 to 2006, we assess the relative credit‐rating activity of the major agencies at the sovereign level. Informed by this preliminary analysis, we then examine the market impact of rating actions (ratings changes, watch procedures and outlooks), allowing for various interactions across raters and rating events. Additionally, we carry out a separate analysis of crisis periods. We find that Standard and Poor's tend to be more active, provide more timely rating assessments and offer more new information than either Fitch or Moody’s. We find evidence of specialisation, however, among agencies, with Moody’s, for example, being the ‘leading’ agency among IMF ‘advanced economies’. In line with our rating activity analysis, we find some evidence of stronger reaction to changes in Standard and Poor's rating assessments than in those of the other agencies. We also find evidence that credit‐outlook and credit‐watch events are more timely and more informative than downgrades and upgrades, and that, as anticipated, reactions are stronger during crisis periods, but that events remain informative outside crisis periods.
Governance and Politics: Regulating Independence and Diversity in the Board Room
Authors: Bøhren ØYvind , Strøm R. Øystein
Published: December 2010

Abstract: This paper analyzes the economic rationale for board regulation in place and for introducing new regulation in the future. We relate the value of the firm to the use of employee directors, board independence, directors with multiple seats, and to gender diversity. Our evidence shows that the firm creates more value for its owners when the board has no employee directors, when its directors have strong links to other boards, and when gender diversity is low. We find no relationship between firm performance and board independence. These characteristics of value‐creating boards support neither popular opinion nor the current politics of corporate governance.
Characterization of the kynurenine pathway in NSC‐34 cell line: implications for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Chen Yiquan , Brew Bruce J. , Guillemin Gilles J.
Published: December 2010

J. Neurochem.(2011)118, 816–825.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common type of motor neuron degenerative disease for which the aetiology is still unknown. The kynurenine pathway (KP) is a major degradative pathway of tryptophan ultimately leading to the production of NAD+and is also one of the major regulatory mechanisms of the immune response. The KP is known to be involved in several neuroinflammatory disorders. Among the KP intermediates, quinolinic acid (QUIN) is a potent excitotoxin, while kynurenic acid and picolinic acid are both neuroprotectant. This study aimed to (i) characterize the components of the KP in NSC‐34 cells (a rodent motor neuron cell line) and (ii) assess the effects of QUIN on the same cells. RT‐PCR and immunocytochemistry were used to characterize the KP enzymes, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) test was used to assess the effect of QUIN in the absence and presence of NMDA receptor antagonists, kynurenines and 1‐methyl tryptophan. Our data demonstrate that a functional KP is present in NSC‐34 cells. LDH tests showed that (i) QUIN toxicity on NSC‐34 cells increases with time and concentration; (ii) NMDA antagonists, 2‐amino‐5‐phosphonopentanoic acid, MK‐801 and memantine, can partially decrease QUIN toxicity; (iii) kynurenic acid can decrease LDH release in a linear manner, whereas picolinic acid does the same but non‐linearly; and (iv) 1‐methyl tryptophan is effective in decreasing QUIN release by the rodent microglial cell line BV‐2 and thus protects NSC‐34 from cell death. There is currently a lack of effective treatment for ALS and ourin vitroresults provide a novel therapeutic strategy for ALS patients.
Relational aggression in young adults' friendships and romantic relationships
Authors: GOLDSTEIN SARA E.
Published: December 2010

This study examines young adults' experiences with relational aggression among friends and romantic partners. Results suggest that relational aggression occurs more frequently among romantic partners than among friends. A gender difference in relational aggression emerged in the romantic context (females were more aggressive), but no gender difference was found in the friendship context. Relationship exclusivity and normative beliefs about relational aggression predicted aggressive behavior across contexts, while rumination predicted relational aggression in the romantic context but not in the friendship context. Implications of these findings, as well as directions for future research, are discussed.
Attachment styles and relationship quality: Actual, perceived, and ideal partner matching
Authors: STRAUSS CAILEY , MORRY MARIAN M. , KITO MIE
Published: December 2010

Attachment dimension matching in dating relationships and how matching relates to relationship quality were investigated. Across 2 studies, individuals preferred similar but more secure partners (lower anxiety and lower avoidance) as reflected by their ideals. In Study 1, greater similarity between the self and perceptions of the partner's anxiety predicted more positive relationship outcomes (e.g., relationship satisfaction, trust). Similar results were found for ideal–perceived partner avoidance similarity, whereas ideal–perceived partner anxiety similarity was less important. Study 2 involved both partners in the relationship and indicated that relationship outcomes were predicted by the actor's and partner's attachment dimensions as well as by ideal–perceived partner similarity and self–perceived partner similarity.
Cannabidiol improves brain and liver function in a fulminant hepatic failure‐induced model of hepatic encephalopathy in mice
Authors: Avraham Y , Grigoriadis NC , Poutahidis T , Vorobiev L , Magen I , Ilan Y , Mechoulam R , Berry EM
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hepatic encephalopathy is a neuropsychiatric disorder of complex pathogenesis caused by acute or chronic liver failure. We investigated the effects of cannabidiol, a non‐psychoactive constituent of Cannabis sativa with anti‐inflammatory properties that activates the 5‐hydroxytryptamine receptor 5‐HT1A, on brain and liver functions in a model of hepatic encephalopathy associated with fulminant hepatic failure induced in mice by thioacetamide.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Female Sabra mice were injected with either saline or thioacetamide and were treated with either vehicle or cannabidiol. Neurological and motor functions were evaluated 2 and 3 days, respectively, after induction of hepatic failure, after which brains and livers were removed for histopathological analysis and blood was drawn for analysis of plasma liver enzymes. In a separate group of animals, cognitive function was tested after 8 days and brain 5‐HT levels were measured 12 days after induction of hepatic failure.

KEY RESULTS Neurological and cognitive functions were severely impaired in thioacetamide‐treated mice and were restored by cannabidiol. Similarly, decreased motor activity in thioacetamide‐treated mice was partially restored by cannabidiol. Increased plasma levels of ammonia, bilirubin and liver enzymes, as well as enhanced 5‐HT levels in thioacetamide‐treated mice were normalized following cannabidiol administration. Likewise, astrogliosis in the brains of thioacetamide‐treated mice was moderated after cannabidiol treatment.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Cannabidiol restores liver function, normalizes 5‐HT levels and improves brain pathology in accordance with normalization of brain function. Therefore, the effects of cannabidiol may result from a combination of its actions in the liver and brain.
Developing the next generation of monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Campbell Jamie , Lowe David , Sleeman Matthew A
Published: December 2010

Rheumatoid arthritis is one of the commonest autoimmune diseases affecting 0.8% of the population. Over the last decade the treatment of this chronic disease has been revolutionized by the use of monoclonal antibodies and fusion proteins, targeting molecules like tumour necrosis factor alpha. Nevertheless, approximately one‐third of subjects fail to respond to these therapies and therefore significant unmet medical need remains. Following a decade of use, clinical, government and regulatory agency expectations have changed for new antibodies therapies entering this highly competitive area. In this review, we discuss the current advances being made in antibody engineering and how they are being considered and used in the development of the next generation of antibodies to meet future expectations of healthcare providers, physicians and patients. Moreover, we discuss how pattern recognition receptors may provide new antibody tractable targets that may break the cycle of autoimmunity in rheumatoid arthritis.
Effects of Aerobic and Anaerobic Fluid Collection on Biochemical Analysis of Peritoneal Fluid in Healthy Horses and Horses with Colic
Authors: Romero Alfredo E. , Nieto Jorge E. , Dechant Julie E. , Hopper Kate , Aleman Monica
Published: December 2010

Objective:To determine whether in healthy horses and those with colic, exposure of peritoneal fluid to room air affects values obtained on biochemical analysis.

Study Design:Prospective study.

Animals:Adult horses with a primary complaint of acute abdominal pain (n=29) and 12 healthy horses.

Methods:Peritoneal fluid was aseptically collected under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. After collection, pH, PCO2, PO2, HCO3−, Na+, ionized Ca2+, K+, lactate, and glucose were immediately measured using a commercial blood gas analyzer. Biochemical variables were compared between aerobically and anaerobically obtained samples using a paired t‐test.

Results:In healthy horses, peritoneal fluid samples collected under anaerobic conditions had higher PCO2and ionized Ca2+and lower PO2, HCO3−, and pH compared with samples exposed to air. No differences were observed for K+, Na+, glucose, and lactate. In horses with colic, samples collected anaerobically had higher PCO2, ionized Ca2+, Na+, and glucose and lower PO2, HCO3−, and pH value compared with samples exposed to air. No differences were observed for K+and lactate.

Conclusion:Exposure of peritoneal fluid to room air had a significant effect on pH, PCO2, PO2, and variables associated or dependent on changes in pH such as HCO3−and ionized Ca2+. Interpretation of biochemical analysis of peritoneal fluid may be influenced by sample collection method.
Blood donations from previously transfused or pregnant donors: a multicenter study to determine the frequency of alloexposure
Authors: Rios Jorge A. , Schlumpf Karen S. , Kakaiya Ram M. , Triulzi Darrell J. , Roback John D. , Kleinman Steve H. , Murphy Edward L. , Gottschall Jerome L. , Carey Patricia M. ,   for the NHLBI Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study‐II
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND: Transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) mitigation strategies include the deferral of female donors from apheresis platelet (PLT) donations and the distribution of plasma for transfusion from male donors only. We studied the implications of these policies in terms of component loss at six blood centers in the United States.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We collected data from allogeneic blood donors making whole blood and blood component donations during calendar years 2006 through 2008. We analyzed the distribution of donations in terms of the sex, transfusion and pregnancy histories, and blood type.

RESULTS: A TRALI mitigation policy that would not allow plasma from female whole blood donors to be prepared into transfusable plasma components would result in nearly a 50% reduction in the units of whole blood available for plasma manufacturing and would decrease the number of type AB plasma units that could be made from whole blood donations by the same amount. Deferral of all female apheresis PLT donors, all female apheresis PLT donors with histories of prior pregnancies, or all female apheresis PLT donors with histories of prior pregnancies and positive screening test results for antibodies to human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) will result in a loss of 37.1, 22.5, and 5.4% of all apheresis PLT donations, respectively.

CONCLUSION: A TRALI mitigation policy that only defers female apheresis PLT donors with previous pregnancies and HLAs would result in an approximately 5% decrease in the inventory of apheresis PLTs, but would eliminate a large proportion of components that are associated with TRALI.