bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Barremian Textulariina, Foraminiferida from Lower Cretaceous beds, Mount Goodenough section, Aklavik Range, District of Mackenzie
Authors: Chamney T P
Published: December 2015

A Lower Cretaceous upper shale-siltstone division (Jeletzky, 1958) outcrops on the east flank or Mount Goodenough, west of Mackenzie River Delta. The basal beds contain abundant agglutinated forms of Foraminiferida. This micro fauna comprises fourteen genera,
twenty-eight determined species and one subspecies, and eight indefinite species taxa. Fourteen species and one subspecies are new. Some elements of the micro fauna compare with the zone V erne11ili11 o ides s11bfithiformis of Bartenstein (1954) from north western Germany, which is of Barremian
(Upper Neocomian) age.
Oncogene Overdose: Too Much of a Bad Thing for Oncogene-Addicted Cancer Cells
Authors: Amin Amit Dipak , Rajan Soumya S. , Groysman Matthew J. , Pongtornpipat Praechompoo , schatz Jonathan H.
Published: December 2015

Acquired resistance to targeted inhibitors remains a major, and inevitable, obstacle in the treatment of oncogene-addicted cancers. Newer-generation inhibitors may help overcome resistance mutations, and inhibitor combinations can target parallel pathways, but durable benefit to patients remains elusive in most clinical scenarios. Now, recent studies suggest a third approach may be available in some cases—exploitation of oncogene overexpression that may arise to promote resistance. Here, we discuss the importance of maintaining oncogenic signaling at “just-right” levels in cells, with too much signaling, or oncogene overdose, being potentially as detrimental as too little. This is highlighted in particular by recent studies of mutant-BRAF in melanoma and the fusion kinase nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK) in anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Oncogene overdose may be exploitable to prolong tumor control through intermittent dosing in some cases, and studies of acute lymphoid leukemias suggest that it may be specifically pharmacologically inducible.
Tilings of Normed Spaces
Authors: Alberto De Bernardi Carlo , Veselý Libor
Published: December 2015

By a tiling of a topological linear space
X, we mean a covering of
X by at least two closed convex sets, called
tiles, whose nonempty interiors are pairwise
disjoint. Study of tilings of infinite dimensional spaceswas initiated in the
1980's with pioneer papers by V. Klee. We prove some general properties of tilings
of locally convex spaces, and then apply these results to study the existence of
tilings of normed and Banach spaces by tiles possessing
certain smoothness or rotundity properties. For a Banach space
X, our main results are the following.

(i)

X admits no tiling
by Fréchet smooth bounded tiles.

(ii)

If X is locally uniformly rotund (LUR),
it does not admit any tiling by
balls.

(iii)

On the other hand, some spaces, г
uncountable, do admit a tiling by pairwise
disjoint LUR bounded tiles.
Mori's Program for with Symmetric Divisors
Authors: Moon Han-Bom
Published: December 2015

We complete Mori's program with symmetric divisors for the moduli space of stable seven-pointed rational curves. We describe all birational models in terms of explicit blow-ups and blow-downs. We also give a moduli theoretic description of the first flip, which has not appeared in the literature.
Spatial Homogenization of Stochastic Wave Equation with Large Interaction
Authors: Jiang Yongxin , Wang Wei , Feng Zhaosheng
Published: December 2015

A dynamical approximation of a stochastic wave equation with large interaction is derived. A random invariant manifold is discussed. By a key linear transformation, the random invariant manifold is shown to be close to the random invariant manifold of a second-order stochastic ordinary differential equation.
Viremia in North American Mammals and Birds After Experimental Infection with Chikungunya Viruses
Authors: Bosco-Lauth Angela M. , Nemeth Nicole M. , Kohler Dennis J. , Bowen Richard A.
Published: December 2015

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus, which is known to cause severe disease only in humans. To investigate its potential zoonotic host range and evaluate reservoir competence among these hosts, experimental infections were performed on individuals from nine avian and 12 mammalian species representing both domestic and wild animals common to North America. Hamsters and inbred mice have previously been shown to develop viremia after inoculation with CHIKV and were used as positive controls for infection. Aside from big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus), none of the mammals or birds developed detectable viremia or overt clinical disease. However, most mammals and a smaller proportion of birds developed neutralizing antibody responses to CHIKV. On the basis of these results, it seems unlikely that CHIKV poses a significant health threat to most domestic animals or wildlife and that the species examined do not likely contribute to natural transmission cycles. Additional studies should further evaluate bats and wild rodents as potential reservoir hosts for CHIKV transmission during human epidemics.
Análise do processo de elaboração da proposta de Lei Orçamentária Anual em uma instituição pública federal de ensino superior
Authors: Milioni Karoline Cristina , Behr Ariel , Goularte Jeferson Luís Lopes
Published: December 2015

O presente artigo descreve o processo de elaboração da Proposta de Lei Orçamentária Anual em uma Instituição Pública Federal de Ensino Superior (IFES) e os procedimentos internos que são adotados a partir das determinações do Ministério da Educação. É uma pesquisa descritiva e analítica que, para a consecução dos seus objetivos, conta com uma abordagem qualitativa na análise dos dados coletados. Assim, são apresentados os principais instrumentos que orientam o processo orçamentário: o Plano Plurianual, a Lei de Diretrizes Orçamentárias e a Lei Orçamentária Anual. Na sequência, é demonstrado o Ciclo Orçamentário desde a elaboração até o controle orçamentário. Este estudo é uma tentativa de evidenciar a forma de gestão orçamentária em uma IFES e contribuir para o conhecimento da sociedade em geral.
Las oficinas de relaciones internacionales en el proceso de internacionalización de la educación superior. Un análisis a través de variables de gestión
Authors: Abba María Julieta
Published: December 2015

En términos históricos, se considera que la dimensión internacional de las universidades estuvo presente desde la creación de las mismas. Sin embargo, recién en las últimas dos décadas ha cobrado un nuevo rumbo en un contexto de creciente globalización, en el cual las instituciones de educación superior ya no se conciben aisladamente, sino que, por el contrario, se encuentran interconectadas entre sí superando las barreras geográficas. Por tal motivo, en los últimos años se advierte un incremento en la participación de las universidades en el proceso de Internacionalización de la Educación Superior a través de la creación de espacios institucionales dedicados a su vinculación internacional.En este marco, el trabajo propone abordar la gestión de las Oficinas de Relaciones Internacionales de las Universidades Nacionales Argentinas, a través de un estudio de caso comparativo de dos universidades grandes (Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires y Universidad Nacional de La Plata), dos universidades medianas (Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires y Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata) y dos universidades pequeñas (Universidad Nacional de Tres de Febrero y Universidad Nacional de San Martín). La investigación se desarrolla mediante un análisis de seis variables de gestión de la internacionalización implementadas por las Oficinas de Relaciones Internacionales y su vinculación con el tamaño y trayectoria de las instituciones donde ellas se encuentran. Entre las variables seleccionadas están la planificación estratégica, la gestión de programas y proyectos, los procesos de evaluación y monitoreo, la decisión política de las autoridades universitarias, la profesionalización y capacitación del personal que trabaja en la ORI y, finalmente, la vinculación de la investigación en los procesos de gestión.
Comparison of measured and calculated collision efficiencies at low temperatures
Authors: Nagare B. , Marcolli C. , Stetzer O. , Lohmann U.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Interactions of atmospheric aerosols with clouds influence cloud properties and modify the aerosol life cycle. Aerosol particles act as cloud condensation nuclei and ice nucleating particles or become incorporated into cloud droplets by scavenging. For an accurate description of aerosol scavenging and ice nucleation in contact mode, collision efficiency between droplets and aerosol particles needs to be known. This study derives the collision rate from experimental contact freezing data obtained with the ETH CoLlision Ice Nucleation CHamber (CLINCH). Freely falling 80 μm diameter water droplets are exposed to an aerosol consisting of 200 and 400 nm diameter silver iodide particles of concentrations from 500 to 5000 and 500 to 2000 cm−3, respectively, which act as ice nucleating particles in contact mode. The experimental data used to derive collision efficiency are in a temperature range of 238–245 K, where each collision of silver iodide particles with droplets can be assumed to result in the freezing of the droplet. An upper and lower limit of collision efficiency is also estimated for 800 nm diameter kaolinite particles. The chamber is kept at ice saturation at a temperature range of 236 to 261 K, leading to the slow evaporation of water droplets giving rise to thermophoresis and diffusiophoresis. Droplets and particles bear charges inducing electrophoresis. The experimentally derived collision efficiency values of 0.13, 0.07 and 0.047–0.11 for 200, 400 and 800 nm particles are around 1 order of magnitude higher than theoretical formulations which include Brownian diffusion, impaction, interception, thermophoretic, diffusiophoretic and electric forces. This discrepancy is most probably due to uncertainties and inaccuracies in the description of thermophoretic and diffusiophoretic processes acting together. This is, to the authors' knowledge, the first data set of collision efficiencies acquired below 273 K. More such experiments with different droplet and particle diameters are needed to improve our understanding of collision processes acting together.
The influence of warm-season precipitation on the diel cycle of the surface energy balance and carbon dioxide at a Colorado subalpine forest site
Authors: Burns S. P. , Blanken P. D. , Turnipseed A. A. , Hu J. , Monson R. K.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Precipitation changes the physical and biological characteristics of an ecosystem. Using a precipitation-based conditional sampling technique and a 14 year data set from a 25 m micrometeorological tower in a high-elevation subalpine forest, we examined how warm-season precipitation affected the above-canopy diel cycle of wind and turbulence, net radiation Rnet, ecosystem eddy covariance fluxes (sensible heat H, latent heat LE, and CO2 net ecosystem exchange NEE) and vertical profiles of scalars (air temperature Ta, specific humidity q, and CO2 dry mole fraction χc). This analysis allowed us to examine how precipitation modified these variables from hourly (i.e., the diel cycle) to multi-day time-scales (i.e., typical of a weather-system frontal passage). During mid-day we found the following: (i) even though precipitation caused mean changes on the order of 50–70 % to Rnet, H, and LE, the surface energy balance (SEB) was relatively insensitive to precipitation with mid-day closure values ranging between 90 and 110 %, and (ii) compared to a typical dry day, a day following a rainy day was characterized by increased ecosystem uptake of CO2 (NEE increased by ≈ 10 %), enhanced evaporative cooling (mid-day LE increased by ≈ 30 W m−2), and a smaller amount of sensible heat transfer (mid-day H decreased by ≈ 70 W m−2). Based on the mean diel cycle, the evaporative contribution to total evapotranspiration was, on average, around 6 % in dry conditions and between 15 and 25 % in partially wet conditions. Furthermore, increased LE lasted at least 18 h following a rain event. At night, even though precipitation (and accompanying clouds) reduced the magnitude of Rnet, LE increased from ≈ 10 to over 20 W m−2 due to increased evaporation. Any effect of precipitation on the nocturnal SEB closure and NEE was overshadowed by atmospheric phenomena such as horizontal advection and decoupling that create measurement difficulties. Above-canopy mean χc during wet conditions was found to be about 2–3 μmol mol−1 larger than χc on dry days. This difference was fairly constant over the full diel cycle suggesting that it was due to synoptic weather patterns (different air masses and/or effects of barometric pressure). Finally, the effect of clouds on the timing and magnitude of daytime ecosystem fluxes is described.
Sources of interannual yield variability in JULES-crop and implications for forcing with seasonal weather forecasts
Authors: Williams K. E. , Falloon P. D.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. JULES-crop is a parametrisation of crops in the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES). We investigate the sources of the interannual variability in the modelled maize yield, using global runs driven by reanalysis data, with a view to understanding the impact of various approximations in the driving data and initialisation. The standard forcing data set for JULES consists of a combination of meteorological variables describing precipitation, radiation, temperature, pressure, specific humidity and wind, at subdaily time resolution. We find that the main characteristics of the modelled yield can be reproduced with a subset of these variables and using daily forcing, with internal disaggregation to the model time step. This has implications in particular for the use of the model with seasonal forcing data, which may not have been provided at subdaily resolution for all required driving variables. We also investigate the effect on annual yield of initialising the model with climatology on the sowing date. This approximation has the potential to considerably simplify the use of the model with seasonal forecasts, since obtaining observations or reanalysis output for all the initialisation variables required by JULES for the start date of the seasonal forecast would present significant practical challenges.
Turismo, urbanismo y colonialismo en Tánger, 1880-1939
Authors: D. Pack Sasha
Published: December 2015

Este artículo examina el ocio, los viajes y el turismo durante el período de mayor expansión urbana de Tánger. Varios factores favorecieron las posibilidades de Tánger para desarrollar una economía basada en los viajes y el ocio, entre ellas, el clima, su localización geográfica, la disponibilidad de una masa laboral procedente de Marruecos y el sur de Andalucía y el papel de la ciudad como sede euro-marroquí para la inversión, el comercio y la diplomacia. La ciudad era conocida por miles de viajeros y turistas residenciales desde finales del siglo XIX, lo que fomentó un optimismo considerable por lograr un mayor crecimiento de esta zona. Sin embargo, durante los años treinta una sucesión de problemas políticos locales e internacionales impidieron la consolidación de la ciudad como un gran destino turístico.
Manuel Murguía e Rosalía de Castro nos inicios como escritora de Narcisa Pérez Reoyo
Authors: López Teresa
Published: December 2015

En 1865 Narcisa Pérez Reoyo publica en A Coruña su primer poemario, Cantos de la infancia, prologado por Manuel Murguía y que incluye un poema dedicado a Rosalía de Castro. Este artículo se ocupa de las relaciones del matrimonio Murguía-Castro con la escritora novel, en el contexto de la literatura escrita por mujeres en el siglo XIX y de la construcción de la literatura gallega.
De Irlanda a Iberia: notas para a tradución de Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin do inglés ao galego
Authors: March Kathleen
Published: December 2015

La cuestión del género fue trabajada dentro de los estudios de traducción de diversas formas, incluyendo la asignación de género en la lengua meta, la traducción de lenguaje marcado de género y la traducción feminista. En este trabajo se estudia el uso o ausencia de marcas de género y de la praeterio a la hora de afrontar una traducción al gallego de la autora irlandesa Eiléan Ní Chuillanáin, feminista y nacionalista. Ambas situaciones se reflejan conscientemente en sus poemas de manera significativa. A través de ejemplos prácticos seleccionados, se reflexiona sobre la necesidad de tener en cuenta que la traslación de sus textos a una lengua que obligatoriamente establece elecciones lingüísticas entre el femenino y el masculino, debe hacerse respetando el sentido de la autora. Esto supone, para quien traduzca, compartir la perspectiva feminista y nacional de la autora familiarizándose con el marco y condicionantes de su obra poética.
Linguas en contacto na escrita electrónica galega
Authors: Mosquera Castro Estefanía
Published: December 2015

La escritura electrónica es en la actualidad una modalidad gráfica de gran éxito que en los últimos años comenzó a ser albo de diversas investigaciones lingüísticas. Sin embargo, un análisis exclusivamente gramatical, desvinculado del medio social en el que se utiliza, parece insuficiente para entender un fenómeno de tal complejidad. Consecuentemente, analizamos sus características en base a los condicionamientos sociolingüísticos presentes en el caso gallego. Así, examinamos las implicaciones de la situación de contacto y conflicto lingüístico entre el gallego y el español, señalamos las motivaciones de la alternancia de código y de las interferencias lingüísticas –que no siempre coinciden con las que operan en la lengua común- y observamos que estas prácticas son consecuencia de la confluencia de factores sociolingüísticos con otros de naturaleza pragmática.
As categorías non verbais. Análise dunha narración oral en galego
Authors: Rivas Aitor
Published: December 2015

A partir de la concepción de la estructura triple básica de la comunicación humana de Poyatos (1994a, 1994b) y las implicaciones analíticas y teóricas que se derivan de ella, concibo la comunicación humana como un todo inseparable en el que la comunicación verbal no puede separarse del comportamiento del cuerpo. En este artículo analizo las categorías no verbales utilizadas en la comunicación oral. El corpus de estudio consta de una narración oral en gallego en la que, utilizando el modelo propuesto por Bouvet (2001), individualizo algunos quinemas (unidades mínimas de movimiento corporal con significado) para completar la explicación de las categorías no verbales con ejemplos tomados de la grabación.
An Empirical Study on Effects of US Treasury Futures Market on the KTB Futures Market and Its Information Transfer Effect – Mainly after the Global Financial Crisis
Authors: Sung-Hyun Kim , Sang-Bum Park
Published: December 2015

Since the Global Financial Crisis in 2008, funds have been moved to safe assets from previously preferred risky assets on a global basis. Moreover, the financial crisis ignited in the U.S.A. led to strong quantitative easing policies, which played a major variable in the monetary policies of the major countries. So, the US treasury yield rates and Korean counterpart have showed signs of being synchronized. On the other hand, foreigners’ investments on Korean bonds became accelerated; the amount invested to Korean treasury by foreigners as well as their influence in the Korean treasury market has been expanded. Particularly, investment on the 10 year treasury bonds has increased, which spread influence of the Korean treasury market. In this regard, the study analyzed effects of the US treasury market on Korean counterpart. In order to analyze the volatility transfer effects from US treasury market to the KTB future market, in consideration of the synchronized maturity dates of the treasury and the officially announced prices, data on US 10 year treasury futures index and Korean 10 year treasury futures index . GARCH model was used for empirical analysis. Effects of the daily volatility and direction of US 10 year treasury futures index on the Korean counterpart was analyzed. Through the analysis, it was confirmed that information was transferred to the yield of Korean 10 year treasury futures index from the US counterpart. The study will be able to help establish more rational and efficient strategy for bond investment and operation.
Roles of Political and Economic Environments on Agricultural Commodity Import Demand in Developing Economy: A Case Study of Rice Sub-Sector in Nigeria
Authors: Akpan Sunday B. , Emmanuel Glory E. , Patrick Inimfon V.
Published: December 2015

Nigeria is currently the largest importer of milled rice in the world. The country has implemented several trade policies, set up institutions and incentives to boost domestic production with the intention to meet both domestic and international demands. Despite these attempts and favorable climatic, manpower and edaphic conditions in the country, Nigeria still spent millions of dollars on annual basis on rice imports. Based on this assertion, the study rather examined the roles of political and economic environments on rice import demand from 1960 to 2014 in Nigeria. Time series data were obtained from FAO, Central Bank of Nigeria and National Bureau of Statistics as well as World Bank. Augmented Dickey-Fuller-GLS unit root test showed that all series were integrated of order one. The long-run and short-run elasticity of rice import demand were determined using the techniques of co-integration and error correction models. The trend in rice import revealed that, the country had witnessed significant average positive exponential growth rate of about 15.975% in rice import from 1960 to 2014. The empirical results revealed that, the long run import demand function of rice responded negatively to the world price, industrial capacity utilization, nominal exchange rate, and the value of gross domestic production; whereas, it reacted positively to period of civilian rule, nominal value of external reserve, period of liberalization and the net volume of credit to the entire economy. The symmetric adjustment coefficient of rice import demand to a long run equilibrium stood at 39.65% per annum. In the short run, rice import had a significant negative and elastic relationship with the domestic and world price of rice; while it has significant positive inelastic association with external reserve and net credit to the economy. Based on these results; it is recommended that, the Nigeria government should designed programmes and incentives to boost industrial capacity utilization in the country. Markets determine nominal exchange rate should prevail in the economy. The country should regulate its foreign reserve policy by setting a threshold, above which excess deposit should be plough back to the domestic economy inform of investments rather than support excessive importation.
Reading and Mathematics Bound Together: Creating a Home Environment for Preschool Learning
Authors: Godwin Amber J. , Rupley William H. , Capraro Robert M. , Capraro Mary Margaret
Published: December 2015

The combination of mathematics and reading in family reading time can positively impact children’s ability to make sense of representations in both mathematics and reading. Four families volunteered to participate in this field based inquiry to learn how to integrate mathematics and reading in parent-supported activities. Four parents and their preschool aged children together attended training sessions to learn and practice how to create a home environment supportive of both reading and mathematics. Each parent completed questionnaires about implementation of the four training sessions with their child. Parent responses were overwhelmingly positive regarding the suggested behaviors for creating a pro-reading/mathematics home environment. Parents reported that the reading and mathematics home instruction activities gave children learning opportunities from combining early mathematics skills and reading skills and they also learned new vocabulary. Home learning activities also helped children learn effortful control skills when reading and talking about mathematics storybooks. There was also rapport building through family conversations that were attributed to parents’ use of instructional activities.
Elementary School Students’ Mental Models about Formation of Seasons: A Cross Sectional Study
Authors: TURK Cumhur , KALKAN Huseyin , KIROGLU Kasim , ISKELELI Nazan OCAK
Published: December 2015

The purpose of this study is to determine the mental models of elementary school students on seasons and to analyze how these models change in terms of grade levels. The study was conducted with 294 students (5th, 6th, 7th and 8th graders) studying in an elementary school of Turkey’s Black Sea Region. Qualitative and quantitative data collection methods were used in the study. The students first were asked 3 open ended questions (one of them was a drawing) in order to determine their mental models on seasons. Following this, the students took an achievement test on seasons that consisted of 4 multiple questions. Quantitative data were analyzed by SPSS 20.0 while the qualitative data were analyzed by the researchers by using content analysis technique. The results of the study showed that the students construct the formation of seasons in various ways in their minds. However, differently from the literature, the presence of some new mental models was found. For a full understanding of the seasons, the necessity of a set of pre-learnings has been recommended. It will be useful to design basic activities based on hands-on and learning by doing which will enable the most effective learning and to put this in the textbooks in the most suitable way. Additionally tangible physical-scale hands-on models, 3D simulation modeling and planetarium environment should be used in students’ education about formation of seasons.
Money as Medium and Tool
Authors: Coeckelbergh Mark ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: December 2015

This article explores the relevance of Georg Simmel’s phenomenology of money and interpretation of modernity for understanding and evaluating contemporary financial information and communication technologies (ICTs). It reads Simmel as a philosopher of technology and phenomenologist whose view of money as a medium, a “pure” tool, and a social institution can help us to think about contemporary financial media and technologies. The analysis focuses on the social-spatial implications of financial ICTs. It also makes links to media theory, in particular remediation theory and Marshall McLuhan, and refers to work in anthropology and geography of money to nuance the story of the progressive dematerialization and delocalization of modern life. The conclusion highlights Simmel’s continuing relevance for thinking about the relation between technologies and social change, and explores alternative social-financial media and institutions.
Sister kinetochore splitting and precocious disintegration of bivalents could explain the maternal age effect
Authors: Zielinska Agata P , Holubcova Zuzana , Blayney Martyn , Elder Kay , Schuh Melina
Published: December 2015

Aneuploidy in human eggs is the leading cause of pregnancy loss and Down’s syndrome. Aneuploid eggs result from chromosome segregation errors when an egg develops from a progenitor cell, called an oocyte. The mechanisms that lead to an increase in aneuploidy with advanced maternal age are largely unclear. Here, we show that many sister kinetochores in human oocytes are separated and do not behave as a single functional unit during the first meiotic division. Having separated sister kinetochores allowed bivalents to rotate by 90 degrees on the spindle and increased the risk of merotelic kinetochore-microtubule attachments. Advanced maternal age led to an increase in sister kinetochore separation, rotated bivalents and merotelic attachments. Chromosome arm cohesion was weakened, and the fraction of bivalents that precociously dissociated into univalents was increased. Together, our data reveal multiple age-related changes in chromosome architecture that could explain why oocyte aneuploidy increases with advanced maternal age.
Infant mortality and epidemic diseases. Wartime Finnmark in a comparative perspective
Authors: Mølmann Nina Planting , Jacobsen Bjarne K. , Elstad Ingunn
Published: December 2015

The effects of war on the health of the population have never been systematically studied. The article explores the impact of war on the general health condition of Finnmark’s population during the war years. The indicators chosen are infant mortality and the epidemic diseases diphtheria, scabies and acute gastroenteritis. The development of the indicators in Finnmark is compared with the averages in Norway and Finnish Lapland. The findings deserve attention. The article discusses the statistical indicators and findings in a social and historical context with a range of sources. The article is a broad as well as penetrating analysis of the war’s impact on the health of the civilian population of Finnmark and on their everyday living and survival.
Poster introductions
Authors: Presenters Poster
Published: December 2015

Introduction of the posters in plenum, see video.
A possible transoceanic tsunami directed toward the U.S. west coast from the Semidi segment, Alaska convergent margin
Authors: von Huene Roland , Miller John J. , Dartnell Peter
Published: December 2015

The Semidi segment of the Alaska convergent margin appears capable of generating a giant tsunami like the one produced along the nearby Unimak segment in 1946. Reprocessed legacy seismic reflection data and a compilation of multibeam bathymetric surveys reveal structures that could generate such a tsunami. A 200 km long ridge or escarpment with crests >1 km high is the surface expression of an active out‐of‐sequence fault zone, recently referred to as a splay fault. Such faults are potentially tsunamigenic. This type of fault zone separates the relatively rigid rock of the margin framework from the anelastic accreted sediment prism. Seafloor relief of the ridge exceeds that of similar age accretionary prism ridges indicating preferential slip along the splay fault zone. The greater slip may derive from Quaternary subduction of the Patton Murray hot spot ridge that extends 200 km toward the east across the north Pacific. Estimates of tsunami repeat times from paleotsunami studies indicate that the Semidi segment could be near the end of its current inter‐seismic cycle. GPS records from Chirikof Island at the shelf edge indicate 90% locking of plate interface faults. An earthquake in the shallow Semidi subduction zone could generate a tsunami that will inundate the US west coast more than the 1946 and 1964 earthquakes because the Semidi continental slope azimuth directs a tsunami southeastward.
Climatic and terrestrial storage control on evapotranspiration temporal variability: Analysis of river basins around the world
Authors: Zeng Ruijie , Cai Ximing
Published: December 2015

Knowledge of the temporal variability of evapotranspiration (ET) is fundamental to a comprehensive understanding of hydroclimatologic processes under a changing climate and anthropogenic interferences. This study applies a variance decomposition framework to assessing ET interannual and intra‐annual variance in 32 large river basins. It is found that climate (precipitation and potential ET) and terrestrial storage play different roles in ET variance with different time scales. At the interannual scale, ET variance is primarily controlled by climatic variability and dampened/enhanced by terrestrial storage change. At the intra‐annual scale, the sources of ET variance exhibit a geographic pattern: ET variance is controlled by terrestrial storage change in Middle Asia, by seasonality in the Indian monsoon region, by precipitation and terrestrial storage in low altitude arid regions, and by potential ET and terrestrial storage in boreal regions. Quantifying the components of ET variability will help scientists understand the factors on ET processes under various natural and anthropogenic conditions.
Transient seafloor venting on continental slopes from warming‐induced methane hydrate dissociation
Authors: Darnell K. N. , Flemings P. B.
Published: December 2015

Methane held in frozen hydrate cages within marine sediment comprises one of the largest carbon reservoirs on the planet. Recent submarine observations of widespread methane seepage may record hydrate dissociation due to oceanic warming, which consequently may further amplify climate change. Here we simulate the effect of seafloor warming on marine hydrate deposits using a multiphase flow model. We show that hydrate dissociation, gas migration, and subsequent hydrate formation cangenerate temporary methane venting into the ocean through the hydrate stability zone. Methane seeps venting through the hydrate stability zone on the eastern Atlantic margin may record this process due to warming begun thousands of years ago. Our results contrast with the traditional view that venting occurs only updip of the hydrate stability zone.
Delayed dynamic triggering: Local seismicity leading up to three remote M ≥ 6 aftershocks of the 11 April 2012 M8.6 Indian Ocean earthquake
Authors: Johnson Christopher W. , Bürgmann Roland
Published: December 2015

The 11 April 2012 M8.6 strike‐slip Indian Ocean earthquake (IOE) was followed by an increase in global seismic activity, with three remote M ≥ 6.0 earthquakes within 24 h. We investigate delayed dynamic triggering by systematically examining three offshore regions hosting these events for changes in microseismic activity preceding the IOE, and during the hours between the IOE surface‐wave arrival and the triggered‐event candidate. The Blanco Fault Zone, USA, and the Tiburón Fault Zone, Mexico, each host a strike‐slip event, and the Michoacán Subduction Zone, Mexico, hosts a reverse event. At these locations we estimate transient Coulomb stresses of ±1–10 kPa during the IOE. Each study area contains a regional seismic network allowing us to examine continuous waveforms at one or more nearby stations. We implement a short‐/long‐term‐average algorithm and template matching to detect events and assess the seismicity with the β‐statistic. Our results indicate low‐magnitude seismicity in the days prior to the IOE and the occurrence of earthquakes during the surface‐wave passage after more than 2 h of transient loading. We find both transtensional tectonic environments respond to the transient stresses with a substantial increase observed in the seismicity rates during the hours after the passage of surface waves. In contrast, seismicity rates remain constant in the subduction zone we investigate during the 14 h delay between the IOE and the large‐magnitude earthquake. The seismicity rate increases we observe occur after many hours of dynamic stresses and suggest the long duration of transient loading initiated failure processes leading up to these M ≥ 6.0 events.
Evidence of enhanced double‐diffusive convection below the main stream of the Kuroshio Extension
Authors: Nagai Takeyoshi , Inoue Ryuichiro , Tandon Amit , Yamazaki Hidekatsu
Published: December 2015

In this study, a Navis‐MicroRider microstructure float and an EM‐APEX float were deployed along the Kuroshio Extension Front. The observations deeper than 150 m reveal widespread interleaving thermohaline structures for at least 900 km along the front, presumably generated through mesoscale stirring and near‐inertial oscillations. In these interleaving structures, microscale thermal dissipation rates χ are very high
(
K2s−1), while turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates ϵ are relatively low
(
Wkg−1), with effective thermal diffusivity
of
(
m2s−1) consistent with the previous parameterizations for double‐diffusion, and,
is two orders of magnitude larger than the turbulent eddy diffusivity for density
. The average observed dissipation ratio Γ in salt finger and diffusive convection favorable conditions are 1.2 and 4.0, respectively, and are larger than that for turbulence. Our results suggest that mesoscale subduction/obduction and near‐inertial motions could catalyze double‐diffusive favorable conditions, and thereby enhancing the diapycnal tracer fluxes below the Kuroshio Extension Front.
Hygroscopicity of materials internally mixed with black carbon measured in Tokyo
Authors: Ohata Sho , Schwarz Joshua P. , Moteki Nobuhiro , Koike Makoto , Takami Akinori , Kondo Yutaka
Published: December 2015

Black carbon (BC) aerosols become internally mixed with non‐BC compounds (BC coatings) during aging in the atmosphere. In this study, we measured the hygroscopicity parameter κ on a single‐particle basis for both BC‐coating materials (κBC‐coat) and BC‐free particles (κBC‐free) in the urban atmosphere of Tokyo, using a single‐particle soot photometer (SP2). In our measurement system, dry ambient particles were first mass selected by an aerosol particle mass analyzer, then humidified, and then passed to the SP2 for detection of their refractory BC mass content and optical diameter. A quadrupole aerosol mass spectrometer was also employed to interpret the hygroscopicity data. During the observation period, the measured κBC‐coat generally agreed with κBC‐free to within ±25% and was usually in typical range for inorganic and organic aerosols. These results indicate that BC‐coating materials and BC‐free particles in Tokyo usually had similar chemical compositions, internal mixtures of inorganic and organic compounds, even in a source region. However, occasionally κBC‐coat was much higher than κBC‐free values, when the mass concentrations of BC and organic aerosols were poorly correlated. This indicates external mixing of BC‐containing and BC‐free particles from different sources. These findings improve our understanding of the cloud condensation nuclei activity of BC‐containing particles, which strongly influences their wet removal, and optical properties in the ambient air.
Validation of two independent photogrammetric techniques for determining body measurements of gorillas
Authors: Galbany Jordi , Stoinski Tara S. , Abavandimwe Disier , Breuer Thomas , Rutkowski William , Batista Nicholas V. , Ndagijimana Felix , McFarlin Shannon C.
Published: December 2015

The ability to accurately measure morphological characteristics of wild primates in the field is challenging, yet critical for understanding fundamental aspects of their biology and behavior. Recent studies have shown that digital photogrammetry can be used to non‐invasively measure morphological traits of wild primates, as it allows for the determination of geometric properties of objects remotely from photographic images. We report here on a rare opportunity to test this methodology by comparing measurements obtained directly from living great apes to those obtained from photographs. We test the accuracy and precision of two independent photogrammetric techniques, employing the use of parallel lasers and a distance meter, respectively, for obtaining measurements of static objects and captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) (n = 4) at Zoo Atlanta. For static objects, the mean percent error between corresponding measurements collected by the same observer directly versus using photogrammetry was 0.49–0.74% for the parallel laser method and 0.62–0.76% for the distance meter method. For gorillas, mean percent error between corresponding direct and remote measurements was 2.72–5.20% for the parallel laser method and 2.20–7.51% for the distance meter method. Correlations between direct measurements and corresponding parallel laser and distance meter measurements of gorillas were highly significant with R2 values and slopes approaching 1.0 (parallel lasers: R2 = 0.9989, P < 0.0001; distance‐meter: R2 = 0.9990, P < 0.0001). Further, variation between measurements of the same targets collected repeatedly by the same observer, and between different observers, was uniformly low across methods (CV, range = 0.003–0.013). While errors are slightly higher for the distance meter technique, both methods show great promise for addressing a wide range of questions requiring the non‐invasive collection of morphological data from wild primates. Am. J. Primatol. 78:418–431, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Variability of innate immune system genes in Native American populations—relationship with history and epidemiology
Authors: Lindenau Juliana Dal‐Ri , Salzano Francisco Mauro , Hurtado Ana Magdalena , Hill Kim R. , Petzl‐Erler Maria Luiza , Tsuneto Luiza Tamie , Hutz Mara Helena
Published: December 2015

Objectives

The immune system of a host, defending him/her against invading pathogens, has two main subsystems: innate immunity and acquired immunity. There are several evidences showing that Native American populations are immunologically different from non‐Native populations. Our aim was to describe the variability of innate immune system genes in Native American populations.

Materials and Methods

We investigated heterozygozities and patterns of population differentiation (FST) of 14 polymorphisms related to the innate immune response in five Native American populations (Aché, Guarani‐Kaiowá, Guarani‐Ñandeva, Kaingang, and Xavante) and the results were compared with the three major world population data (YRI, CEU, and CHB) available at the 1,000 genomes database.

Results

Mean heterozygosities ranged between 0.241 ± 0.057 (Aché) and 0.343 ± 0.033 (Kaingang), but no significant differences were observed (Friedman test, P = 0.197). Mean heterozygosities were also not significantly different when Amerindians were pooled and compared with the 1000 genomes populations (Friedman test, P = 0.506). When the Native American populations were grouped as Amerindians, a significantly higher FST value (0.194) was observed between the Amerindian and African populations. The Ewens‐Watterson neutrality test showed that these markers are not under strong selective pressure.

Discussion

Native American populations present similar levels of heterozygosity as those of other continents, but are different from Africans in the frequency of polymorphisms of innate immune genes. This higher differentiation is probably due to demographic processes that occurred during the out‐of‐Africa event. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:722–728, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inferring chronological age from DNA methylation patterns of human teeth
Authors: Giuliani Cristina , Cilli Elisabetta , Bacalini Maria Giulia , Pirazzini Chiara , Sazzini Marco , Gruppioni Giorgio , Franceschi Claudio , Garagnani Paolo , Luiselli Donata
Published: December 2015

Objective

Current methods to determine chronological age from modern and ancient remains rely on both morphological and molecular approaches. However, low accuracy and the lack of standardized protocols make the development of alternative methods for the estimation of individual's age even more urgent for several research fields, such as biological anthropology, biodemography, forensics, evolutionary genetics, and ancient DNA studies. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify genomic regions whose DNA methylation level correlates with age in modern teeth.

Methods

We used MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry to analyze DNA methylation levels of specific CpGs located in the ELOVL2, FHL2, and PENK genes. We considered methylation data from cementum, dentin and pulp of 21 modern teeth (from 17 to 77 years old) to construct a mathematical model able to exploit DNA methylation values to predict age of the individuals.

Results

The median difference between the real age and that estimated using DNA methylation values is 1.20 years (SD = 1.9) if DNA is recovered from both cementum and pulp of the same modern teeth, 2.25 years (SD = 2.5) if DNA is recovered from dental pulp, 2.45 years (SD = 3.3) if DNA is extracted from cementum and 7.07 years (SD = 7.0) when DNA is recovered from dentin only.

Discussion

We propose for the first time the evaluation of DNA methylation at ELOVL2, FHL2, and PENK genes as a powerful tool to predict age in modern teeth for anthropological applications. Future studies are needed to apply this method also to historical and relatively ancient human teeth. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:585–595, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Antiferromagnetic Stabilization in the Ti8O12 Cluster
Authors: Yu Xiaohu , Oganov Artem R. , Popov Ivan A. , Qian Guangrui , Boldyrev Alexander I.
Published: December 2015

Using the evolutionary algorithm USPEX and DFT+U calculations, we predicted a high‐symmetry geometric structure of the bare Ti8O12 cluster composed of 8 Ti atoms forming a cube, in which O atoms are at midpoints of all of its edges, in excellent agreement with experimental results. Using natural bond orbital analysis, adaptive natural density partitioning algorithm, electron localization function, and partial charge plots, we find the origin of the particular stability of bare Ti8O12 cluster: unique chemical bonding where eight electrons of Ti atoms interacting with each other in antiferromagnetic fashion to lower the total energy of the system. The bare Ti8O12 is thus an unusual molecule stabilized by d‐orbital antiferromagnetic coupling.
Advanced age is a risk factor for proximal adenoma recurrence following colonoscopy and polypectomy
Authors: Pommergaard H-C , Burcharth J , Rosenberg J , Raskov H
Published: December 2015

Background

Knowledge of risk factors for recurrence of colorectal adenomas may identify patients who could benefit from individual surveillance strategies. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for recurrence of colorectal adenomas in a high-risk population.

Methods

Data were used from a randomized clinical trial that showed no effect of aspirin–calcitriol–calcium treatment on colorectal adenoma recurrence. Patients at high risk of colorectal cancer who had one or more sporadic colorectal adenomas removed during colonoscopy were followed up for 3 years. Independent risk factors associated with recurrence and characteristics of recurrent adenomas were investigated in a generalized linear model.

Results

After 3 years, the recurrence rate was 25·8 per cent in 427 patients. For younger subjects (aged 50 years or less), the recurrence rate was 19 per cent; 18 of 20 recurrent adenomas were located in the distal part of the colon. For older subjects (aged over 70 years), the recurrence rate was 35 per cent, and 16 of 25 recurrent adenomas were in the proximal colon. Age (odds ratio (OR) 1·04, 95 per cent c.i. 1·01 to 1·07) and number of adenomas (OR 1·27, 1·11 to 1·46) at the time of inclusion in the study were independent risk factors for recurrence.

Conclusion

In contrast to current guidelines, advanced age is not a reason to discontinue adenoma surveillance in patients with an anticipated live expectancy in which recurrence can arise.