bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modulation of concanavalin A‐induced lymphocyte stimulation by human low‐density lipoproteins
Authors: Waelti Ernst R. , Glueck Reinhard , Hess Max W.
Published: February 2007

Spleen lymphocytes and T cells were stimulated by concanavalin A in the presence of various concentrations of human low‐density lipoproteins (LDL). The proliferative responses were measured by [14C]thymidine incorporation. Low LDL doses (5–50 μg/ml) significantly enhanced the stimulation of splenic lymphocytes and T cells. Further, LDL had the capacity to partially relieve the suppression produced by supraoptimal doses of concanavalin A.
Marginal zones: the major B cell compartment of rat spleens
Authors: Kumararatne Dinakantha S. , Bazin Hervé , MacLennan Ian C. M.
Published: February 2007

The marginal zones of rat and human spleens are a broad band of cells, which surround the small lymphocyte areas of the white pulp. Staining for acid phosphatase and α‐naphthyl acetate esterase activity indicates that the majority of cells in this compartment are intermediate‐sized lymphocytes. Macrophages only form a minor component. Using quantitative histology, it is shown that the marginal zones are the largest white pulp compartment in terms of volume. They contain approximately as many lymphocytes as the small lymphocyte zones. The cells of the marginal zone are strongly C3‐ and Fc receptor‐positive. While the cells of this zone have demonstrable surface membrane Ig, it is difficult to exclude that this is not passively absorbed. Other means were therefore sought to determine the lineage of lymphocytes in this area. First, the cells in this zone do not bear appreciable quantities of the rat T cell selective antigen detected by the monoclonal antibody W313. Second, marginal zone cells are present in normal numbers in congenitally athymic “nude” rats. Finally, marginal zones do not become populated with lymphocytes in rats treated from birth with anti‐μ antibody. Further experiments showed that marginal zone lymphocytes do not recirculate.
Monoclonal vs. heterogeneous anti‐H‐8 antibodies in the analysis of the anti‐phosphorylcholine response in BALB/c mice
Authors: Kearney John F. , Barletta Raul , Quan Zoe S. , Quintáns José
Published: February 2007

Biological activities of monoclonal A/J antibodies to the T15 idiotype in BALB/c mice were compared to heterogeneous antibodies raised by conventional immunization procedures. Two monoclonal antibodies, AB1‐2 and GB4‐10, which are of the γ1,ϰ class, appeared to have identical specificities by binding criteria and reacted similarly to conventional antibodies in their abilities to induce neonatal suppression, inhibit plaque‐forming cell induction by phosphorylcholine (PC) antigens and to inhibit specifically, anti‐PC plaque‐forming cells. However, in functional analyses of anti‐PC responses in various strains of mice, discrepancies were noted in the T15 responses as defined by monoclonal antibodies and conventional antisera. This heterogeneity was also observed in adult mice suppressed with the GB4‐10 monoclonal antibody. These animals eventually produced an anti‐PC response of AB1‐2 idiotype but lacking the GB4‐10 marker.

These results show that the T15 IgM anti‐PC response in BALB/c and other strains of mice is heterogeneous and probably consists of a family of clones. Particular clones can be precisely eliminated by the use of appropriate monoclonal antibodies, and the anti‐PC response that eventually recovers is still T15+ but lacking the suppressed clones.
Analysis of antigen‐specific, Ig‐restricted cell‐free material made by I‐J+ Ly‐1 cells (Ly‐1 TsiF) that induces Ly‐2+ cells to express suppressive activity
Authors: Yamauchi Katsumi , Murphy Donal , Cantor Harvey , Gershon Richard K.
Published: February 2007

A set of T cells defined by a unique profile of cell surface alloantigens (phenotype Ly‐1+2−; Qa‐1+; I‐J+) produces biologically active cell‐free material(s) (Ly‐1 TsiF) which induces another T cell set (cell surface phenotype Ly‐1,2+; I‐J+; Qa‐1+) to participate in the suppression of primary immune responses to heterologous erythrocytes. The suppression is specific for the inducing antigen, and the Ly‐1 TsiF binds antigen in a specific way. The activity of Ly‐1 TsiF can be removed by anti‐I‐J immunosorbents and will not be expressed if the functional producer and acceptor cells do not share gene products that are encoded in or are tightly linked to the VH portion of the Ig complex. There is no requirement for the Ly‐1 TsiF and its acceptor cell(s) to share major histocompatibility complex gene products.

Thus, for optimal induction of antigen‐specific suppression by cell‐free materials from Ly‐1 T cells, three necessary conditions must be met: (a) antigen recognition by Ly‐1 TsiF; (b) the expression of I‐J gene products and (c) identity of VH‐linked Ig locus gene products (or other products influenced by those genes) on both the inducer molecule and its acceptor cell. The role of the Ig‐linked restriction is particularly intriguing, and its possible meaning is considered in detail.
Natural killer activity of gut mucosal lymphoid cells in mice
Authors: Tagliabue Aldo , Luini Walter , Soldateschi Dario , Boraschi Diana
Published: February 2007

Intraepithelial lymphoid cells (IEL) obtained from the mucosa of mouse small intestine were tested for natural killer (NK) activity in a 20‐h 51Cr‐release assay against YAC‐1 and RL♂ 1 tumor cells. It was found that IEL possess a strong NK activity, higher than spleen cells, whereas lymphocytes from Peyer's patches (PPL) did not show any NK activity. The cytotoxic activity of IEL could be boosted by interferon (IFN‐β) treatment, but no NK activity could be induced in PPL by in vitro IFN‐β treatment. The characteristics of the NK effector cells present in the mouse intestine strictly resemble those of NK cells in the spleen. In fact, intestinal NK activity is not affected by depletion of adherent cells and only partially reduced by anti‐Thy‐1.2 antibodies plus complement. Moreover, the age dependency of NK cytotoxicity is identical for IEL and spleen. Finally, NK‐insensitive target cells are not lysed by IEL.
Inferferon induced in human leukocytes by concanavalin A: isolation and characterization of γ‐ and β‐type components
Authors: van Damme Jozef , De Ley Marc , Claeys Hendrik , Billiau Alfons , Vermylen Carl , De Somer Piet
Published: February 2007

Interferon (IFN) was induced in suspensions of fresh human leukocytes by incubation with concanavalin A (Con A). The crude supernatant was concentrated and partially purified by adsorption to silicic acid and elution with an ethylene glycol (EG)‐containing buffer. The EG eluate was shown to contain two antivirally active components (tentatively called 22K and 45K), separable from each other by gel filtration. The 45K component was strictly species specific, relatively sensitive to acid (pH 2) and poorly neutralized by anti‐human IFN‐β(HuIFN‐β) antibody. In all probability, it predominantly contained (a) molecular variant(s) of human γ‐type IFN (HuIFN‐γ). The 22K component was acid resistant and serologically indistinguishable from HuIFN‐β prepared from fibroblasts. However, in contrast to the latter, it had little activity on bovine kidney cells and no activity on human HEp‐2 and monkey Vero cells. A preparation with the same properties was obtained by substituting glycine buffer (pH 2) for EG in the elution of Con A‐induced IFN from silicic acid. This IFN failed to adsorb to a zinc chelate column, while HuIFN‐β from fibroblasts can easily be purified by affinity chromatography on this type of column. It was concluded that the Con A‐induced IFN contained an acid‐resistant component of apparent molecular weight 22000 serologically related to classical HuIFN‐β but differing by certain physicochemical and biological criteria.
Defective induction of antigen‐reactive proliferating T cells in B cell‐deprived mice
Authors: Ron Yacov , De Baetselier Patrick , Gordon Julius , Feldman Michael , Segal Shraga
Published: February 2007

Mice were injected from day of birth onward with rabbit anti‐mouse IgM antiserum or purified rabbit anti‐mouse IgM antibodies. These mice completely lacked Ig‐positive cells or serum Ig, as analyzed by specific fluoresceinated antibodies on the fluorescence‐activated cell sorter (FACS‐II), by polyclonal B cell mitogens and by specific precipitation in agar. These animals were then primed in vivo by antigen emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant, and, subsequently, their draining lymph nodes were tested for their T cell proliferative responses in vitro, to the relevant antigen and were found to be severely impaired. However, the antigen‐presenting capacity of both spleen cells and thioglycollate‐induced peritoneal cells was found to be intact.
Cell surface phenotype of cytolytic T lymphocyte precursors in aged nude mice
Authors: Maryanski Janet L. , MacDonald H. Robson , Sordat Bernard , Cerottini Jean‐Charles
Published: February 2007

The cell surface phenotype of cytolytic T lymphocyte precursors (CTL‐P) in congenitally athymic C57BL/6 nu/nu mice has been investigated. CTL‐P were detected and quantitated in a limiting dilution mixed leukocyte microculture assay system supplemented with interleukin 2. Minimal estimates of the frequency of CTL‐P among nylon wool passed (NWP) nude spleen cells were obtained following elimination of Thy‐1‐bearing or Lyt‐2‐bearing cells with monoclonal antibodies plus complement. Alternatively, NWP spleen cells bearing Thy‐1 or Lyt‐2 were positively selected on a cell sorter and assayed for CTL‐P frequency. Both positive and negative selection techniques demonstrated that essentially all (>98%) CTL‐P in NWP nude spleen expressed Thy‐1 and that the majority (80–90%) expressed Lyt‐2. In control NWP spleen cells from normal C57BL/6 mice, > 98% of CTL‐P were positive for both Thy‐1 and Lyt‐2. These data demonstrate that most functional alloreactive CTL‐P developing in the apparent absence of thymic influence already express both Thy‐1 and Lyt‐2 prior to exposure to antigen.
Activation of mouse complement by monoclonal mouse antibodies
Authors: Neuberger Michael S. , Rajewsky Klaus
Published: February 2007

The ability of monoclonal mouse IgM, IgD and IgG anti‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐nitrophenyl) acetyl (NP) antibodies to activate mouse complement was studied using a hemolytic assay. Efficient hemolysis was obtained with IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3 antibodies but no lysis was observed using a monoclonal IgD. Of several IgG1 antibodies tested, three gave no detectable hemolysis, although weak but significant hemoloysis was obtained with two other IgG1. IgM was found to be powerfully hemolytic in that it was effective at lower concentrations than were IgG. However, using complement from mouse strains carrying the H‐2k haplotype it was found that, under conditions of complement limitation and saturating antibody, a fixed amount of complement could lyse about 3 to 4 times as many IgG‐coated sheep red cells as IgM‐coated red cells. This discrimination between IgM and IgG as regards the efficiency of complement utilization is controlled by a gene in the S region of H‐2 and is not apparent with complement from mice carrying the b, d or s allele at that locus.
T helper cells change their Lyt‐1,2 phenotype during an immune response
Authors: Thomas D. B. , Calderon R. A.
Published: February 2007

Evidence is presented that T helper cells change their Lyt‐1,2 phenotype, from Lyt‐1+2− to Lyt‐1−2+, during a secondary response. In a secondary adoptive transfer the Lyt phenotype of carrier‐primed T cells was established before and after secondary challenge using monoclonal antibodies and both positive and negative selection in the fluorescence‐activated cell sorter. In a carrier‐primed donor, the T helper cells were Lyt‐1+2− whereas 3 days after boosting the majority were Lyt‐2+, and resistant to treatment with anti‐Lyt‐1 and complement. Parking experiments in lethally irradiated recipients confirmed that Lyt‐2+ T helper cells were generated from Lyt‐2− precursors. In a primary response, both Lyt‐2− and Lyt‐2+ T helper cells were present 4 to 20 days after immunization. Therefore T helper cells do not exhibit invariant expression of the Lyt‐1,2 alloantigens.
Metabolism of immunoglobulin A in lactating mice: origins of immunoglobulin A in milk
Authors: Halsey John F. , Mitchell Craig , Meyer Robyn , Cebra John J.
Published: February 2007

The metabolism of albumin and IgA was studied in normal and lactating mice. Lactation resulted in significant changes in the metabolism of these proteins. The serum albumin concentration was lowered from 47 mg/ml in normals to 24 mg/ml in lactating mice. However, only a slight decrease in the serum concentration of IgA was observed during lactation. The proportion of polymeric and monomeric IgA in serum and milk was evaluated by gel exclusion chromatography. The onset of lactation led to a rise in the proportion of polymeric IgA (P‐IgA) in serum from 37% to 51%. The proportion of P‐IgA in milk was 65% and remained constant throughout lactation. P‐IgA and albumin were shown to be efficiently transferred from the serum of lactating mice into their milk. Serum decay studies were performed to evaluate the turnover of the serum pools during lactation. The rates of disappearance from the serum of isotopically labeled albumin and P‐IgA were observed to increase dramatically during lactation, suggesting that both of these two milk proteins might be derived at least in part from the serum. The sites of synthesis of milk IgA (local vs. extra‐mammary gland) were evaluated by determining the extent of dilution of isotopically labeled serum IgA during transport through the mammary gland into the milk. Early in lactation, the majority of the IgA in mouse milk appeared to be derived from distant sites and transferred via the blood to the mammary gland. However, by day 8 of lactation, the isotopically labeled P‐IgA in milk was significantly.diluted by the IgA synthesized in the mammary gland. Albumin and IgG were not diluted by local synthesis indicating that these proteins were exclusively serum‐derived.
A systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)‐like disease in mice induced by abnormal T‐B cell cooperation. Preferential formation of autoantibodies characteristic of SLE
Authors: Gleichmann Ernst , Van Elven Evert H. , Van Der Veen J. P. W.
Published: February 2007

This is the first report describing the experimental induction of a full‐blown clinical syndrome strongly resembling systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The method used was the induction of a chronic graft‐vs.‐host reaction (GVHR) employing genetically nonautoimmune strains of mice. Many of the F1 mice undergoing a GVHR (GVH F1 mice) revealed the following pathological alterations: splenomegaly, periarteritis, immunecomplex glomerulonephritis accompanied by elevated proteinuria and ascites, dysgammaglobulinemia, persistently increased production of IgG in the spleen, and formation of autoantibodies to thymocytes, erythrocytes, nuclear antigens, double‐stranded DNA, and antibodies deposited along the basement membrane of skin.

In spite of the excessive T cell help, the GVH F1 animals failed to produce spontaneous serum antibodies to dextran and the bacteriophage fd. They also had no increased numbers of spontaneous indirect plaque‐forming cells to sheep red blood cells and trinitrophenyl. These negative findings indicate that antigen has to be present during the GVHR to trigger antibody formation. This in turn suggests that the persistent presence of self‐antigens was essential for the formation of IgG autoantibodies in GVH F1 mice. However, whereas autoantibodies typical of SLE were readily produced, none of the GVH F1 mice had autoantibodies to thyroglobulin, or other autoantibodies not typical of SLE.

Conceivably, not only the presence of self‐antigens, but also their antigenic configuration, may determine whether or not autoreactive B cells are successfully triggered during abnormal T‐B cell cooperation. Given the lack of carrier‐specific T helper cells in abnormal T‐B cell cooperation, protein self‐antigens, such as thyroglobulin, may be intrinsically less apt than the self‐antigens involved in SLE to bind to the corresponding autoreactive B cells. The self‐antigens involved in SLE, such as DNA and cell‐surface epitopes, are assumed to be capable of multipoint high‐avidity binding to and cross‐linking of the Ig receptors of these B cells, thus providing an effective signal 1.
Polymorphism of a Qa‐1‐associated antigen defined by cytotoxic T cells. I. Qed‐1a and Qed‐1d
Authors: Lindahl Kirsten Fischer , Hausmann Barbara , Flaherty Lorraine
Published: February 2007

Tlad mice have a distinct Qed‐1 allele, Qed‐1d. Its product is detected by cytotoxic T cells raised in C57BW6 (H‐2b, Tlab) mice against cells from a new recombinant, B6‐TL.123+ (H‐2b, Tlad/b). Qed‐1d is also found on cells from B10.M, A.CA and B10.STC90 mice. It cross‐reacts weakly with Qed‐1b. (C57BL/6 X BALB/c) F1 anti‐B10. A (SR) effectors discriminate Qed‐1a and Qed‐1d, while C3H/HeJ anti‐B10. BR effectors cross‐react extensively. CB6F1 anti‐5R effector cells also discriminate between the Qed‐1 antigens of B6‐Tlaa (H‐2b, Tlaa) and those of B10. BR and other H‐2k, Tlaa strains.
Ontogeny of acquired immunological tolerance to H‐2 alloantigens
Authors: Wood Peter J. , Wayne Streilein J.
Published: February 2007

The ontogeny of mixed lymphocyte reaction and cell‐mediated lymphocytotoxicity (CML) responsiveness was studied in mice that had been neonatally tolerized by the injection of 15 × 106 semiallogeneic bone marrow and spleen cells, and compared to that of unprimed littermates. Spleen cells from primed mice did not develop reactivity towards the tolerizing antigen but did develop reactivity towards third‐party alloantigens. Similarily, thymus cells from primed mice also failed to develop CML reactivity towards the tolerizing antigen. Thymus cell mixed lymphocyte reactivity, which was demonstrable in neonates before the tolerizing injection, declined rapidly between 2 and 4 days of age, compared to that of controls. Thus neonatal tolerance was shown to operate at least at a thymic, and perhaps pre‐thymic level; measurement of the levels of chimeric cells in the thymus and bone marrow favored the latter interpretation.
Human natural killer‐like activity against mouse spleen cells
Authors: Yamamoto Janet K. , Edwin Blalock J. , Johnson Howard M.
Published: February 2007

Unstimulated human peripheral lymphocytes were cytotoxic for normal mouse spleen cells and suppressed the in vitro antibody plaque‐forming cell (PFC) response of these cells to sheep red blood cells and dinitrophenylated Ficoll. The cells in the lymphocyte population that were responsible for the immunosuppression had properties of natural killer (NK) or NK‐like cells in that they were: (a) non‐E‐rosetting, (b) nonadherent, (c) unaffected by treatment with anti‐human immunoglobulin plus complement, (d) cytotoxic against an established human NK target, K562 leukemic cells, and (e) partially inactivated by mitomycin C. Addition of the human NK‐like cells to mouse spleen cell cultures at the time of antigen addition and at an effector cell to target cell ratio as low as 0.67:1 resulted in 85 to 96% suppression of the PFC response. Addition of NK‐like cells to cultures 18 h before harvesting in 5‐day cultures required higher concentrations and ratios (2.7 : 1) of effector to target cells to significantly suppress the PFC response. The data suggest that human NK‐like activity in suppression of the mouse PFC response is due to killing of the targets. The mouse spleen cell PFC system represents a potential model for assessment of human NK activity that is quite dramatic in its effect and can be used in addition to the well known 51Cr‐release assay. Also, since the mouse spleen cell is a normal cell, it provides a model in the PFC system for studying the mechanism of NK regulation of normal cellular function. An additional finding of this study was the observation that E‐rosetting T cells significanty enhanced the mouse PFC response. Thus, human peripheral lymphocytes contain discrete cellular populations that either enhance or suppress the mouse PFC response.
Mouse monoclonal antibodies against rat major histocompatibility antigens. Two Ia antigens and expression of Ia and class I antigens in rat thymus
Authors: Fukumoto Tetsuo , Robert McMaster W. , Williams Alan F.
Published: February 2007

A rat Ia (RT‐1B) antigen (called Ia‐A) equivalent to the mouse I‐A product has been defined with mouse monoclonal antibodies (W. R. McMaster and A. F. Williams, Eur. J. Immunol. 1979. 9: 426). To identify other Ia antigens mouse monoclonal antibodies were raised against rat spleen glycoproteins depleted of the Ia‐A antigen. An IgG antibody (called MRC OX 17) was obtained and used to purify a molecule which had a similar structure to the Ia‐A antigen and reacted with anti‐Ia alloantibodies. There was no cross‐reaction between the two Ia glycoproteins in assays with mouse monoclonal antibodies, alloantibodies or rabbit antibodies. In one alloantiserum almost all the detectable anti‐Ia antibodies reacted with a mixture of the two Ia glycoproteins. The MRC OX 17 antibody did not bind to mouse cells, but rabbit antibodies to the pure rat glycoprotein cross‐reacted and recognized determinants mapping to the mouse I‐E region. In the thymus the rat Ia‐E antigen was on cortical epithelial and medullary reticular cells.

An IgG monoclonal antibody (MRC OX 18) to isotypic determinants of rat histocompatibility RT‐1A antigens was also produced and used to analyze these antigens on thymus cells. The heavily labeled thymocytes were those with characteristics of mature T lymphocytes. Cortical epithelial cells and medullary dendritic‐like cells were also RT‐1A positive.
Expression of 20α‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in nonlymphoid hemopoietic cell lines
Authors: Garland J. M. , Lanotte M. , Dexter T. M.
Published: February 2007

Expression of 20α‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20α‐SDH), a putative T cell marker. has been examined in a number of nonlymphoid hemopoietic cell lines. Both promyelocytic and stromal bone marrow lines expressed significant 20α‐SDH activity which was not correlated with virus infection or growth rate. 20α‐SDH therefore is not a unique marker for T cells in hemopoietic tissues. This result is discussed in relationship to the action of the newly proposed interleukin 3.
Expression of HLA‐DR and common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigens on glioma cells
Authors: Carrel Stefan , De Tribolet Nicolas , Gross Nicole
Published: February 2007

The expression on several established human glioma cell lines of two well‐defined differentiation antigens, HLA‐DR and the common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA) has been demonstrated. Rabbit anti‐CALLA antiserum and monoclonal anti‐la antibodies specifically lysed glioma cells in the presence of complement. Absorption of anti‐CALLA antiserum and anti‐Ia antibodies by glioma cells abolished their cytotoxicity against blasts isolated from a common acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Immunoprecipitation of solubilized glioma cells by monoclonal anti‐Ia antibodies revealed two polypeptide chains of 28 and 33 kDa, whereas the anti‐CALLA antiserum precipitated a single polypeptide chain of 100 kDa.
Lymphocyte specificity to protein antigens V. Conformational dependence of activation of cytochrome c‐specific T cells
Authors: Buchmu Yolande , Corradin Giampietro
Published: February 2007

Variations in the immunogenic and antigenic properties of native and denatured forms of cytochrome c were observed depending on the strain of mouse tested. In C57BL/6 and (C57BL/6 X DBA/2)F1 (BDF1 mice, priming with either native or denatured cytochrome c (apocytochrome c) gave rise to T cell blasts responding in a similar fashion to the two forms of the antigen and to different peptides derived from CNBr cleavage of the protein when tested for proliferation in the presence of C57BL/6 or BDF1 accessory cells. A different pattern of proliferation was observed when apocytochrome c‐specific DBA/2 or BDFl T cell blasts were tested with DBA/2 accessory cells. In this case, no response was obtained to heme peptide 1‐65. This was not due to an inability of DBA/2 macrophages to process and present heme peptide 1‐65, as they were able to present this antigen to native cytochrome c‐specific BDF1 T cell blasts. Thus, it seems that different sets of clones are generated upon priming BDF1 mice with denatured cytochrome c which are able to recognize different sets of peptides depending on the nature of the accessory cells. The results obtained are consistent with the hypothesis that degradation and presentation of native and denatured cytochrome c by macrophages is dependent on the three‐dimensional conformation of the protein.
Syngeneic sensitization of mouse lymphocytes on monolayers of thyroid epithelial Cells. II. T and B cell involvement in primary responses
Authors: Charreire Jeannine
Published: February 2007

Using a previously developed in vitro model of sensitization of lymphoid cells against monolayers of syngeneic thyroid epithelial cells, the T or B nature of the population involved in the primary response has been investigated. For this purpose normal good responder CBA strain mice were used. T cell participation was clearly demonstrated in two ways: first, by the loss of primary sensitization after T cell depletion accomplished using several different techniques (including in vivo and in vitro anti‐Thy‐1.2 treatment, hydrocortisone and cyclophosphamide injections) and second, by the high response (measured by tritiated thymidine uptake) of T cell‐enriched suspensions obtained either by nylon wool filtration or Ig‐anti‐Ig columns.
Lectin‐binding proteins as potent mitogens for B lymphocytes from nu/nu mice
Authors: Gebauer Günter , Schimpl Anneliese , Rüdiger Harold
Published: February 2007

It was found that lectin‐binding proteins (LB) from leguminosae seeds can serve as mitogens for B lymphocytes from athymic nu/nu mice. Most of the experiments were performed using a LB from Vicia faba as this was the most potent mitogen among all LB tested. When mixed B and T lymphocyte populations were stimulated by LB, a bell‐shaped dose‐response curve resulted which is also characteristic of the corresponding lectins; LB, however, act at much higher concentrations than the lectins. In control experiments, using lymphocytes from C3H/HeJ mice which have a genetic defect with respect to lipopolysaccharide responsiveness, the enhancement of DNA synthesis by LB was comparable to that observed with other strains. This indicates that stimulation by LB does not result from contamination by lipopolysaccharides. B lymphocytes from nu/nu mice were stimulated by LB as efficiently as mixed T and B lymphocyte populations whereas lectins per se had no effect on nu/nu lymphocytes.

Cyclosporin A, a fungal metabolite, is known to specifically suppress T cell responses. Cyclosporin A did not influence the mitogenic activity of the LB from Vicia faba on unseparated spleen cells. Cell populations enriched for T cells (lymph node cells: nylon wool‐passed or nylon wool‐passed and anti‐Ia plus complement‐treated) responded poorly to LB, if at all, even in the presence of interleukin 2‐containing supernatants.
Production of IgG‐specific auto‐anti‐allotypes in b4.2‐suppressed rabbits
Authors: Naessens Jan , Vaeck Mark , De Smet Walter , Kulics Judit , Hamers Raymond
Published: February 2007

Rabbits were completely suppressed for kappa chain allotype b4.2, and autoantibodies against b4.1 or b4.2 could be raised in 2 out of 3 animals. The animal immunized with b4.1 produced anti‐b4 and anti‐Ms3, two activities which have never as yet been found together in one antiserum.

Both autoantisera lacked the capacity to bind b4.2‐IgM, whereas they precipitated b4.2‐IgG very well. In one animal, anti‐b4 IgM activity appeared after the sixth immunization, at the age of 14 months. Allotype suppression was maintained in both rabbits till the end of their lives whereas all control animals recovered within 6 months. The autoantisera which were specific for b4 IgG could not induce suppression in vivo. However, specific inhibition of b4 IgG secretion was observed in vitro.
A human‐human hybridoma system based on a fast‐growing mutant of the ARH‐77 plasma cell leukemia‐derived line
Authors: Edwards Paul A. W. , Smith Clare M. , Neville A. Munro , O'hare Michael J.
Published: February 2007

A rapidly‐growing, HAT‐sensitive cell line LICR‐LON‐HMy2 has been derived from the ARH‐77 human plasma cell leukemia‐derived line. It lacks the enzyme hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8). Hybrids have been reproducibly made for more than a year and in independent laboratories with lymphocytes from tonsils, lymph nodes and peripheral blood and tonsil lymphocytes cultured with antigens. The parent line and hybrids are very robust in culture and double in 20‐30 h. Hybrids clone easily and have stable karyotypes, most with modal numbers in the sixties. Stable Ig secretion patterns have been observed over 20‐30 passages, and after cloning. It was estimated that about half the hybrids produce new immunoglobulin chains in addition to the parent cell line's IgG1 (× light chain). High, but not limiting, density hybridoma cultures (approximately 5 × 105 cells/ml) typically produce 0.25‐2 μg/ml immunoglobulin per day, but some hybrids produce more. A high‐secreting variant of LICR‐LON‐HMy2 has been derived. The LICR‐LON‐HMy2 line is human and is distinct from the HAT‐sensitive human B cell‐lines SKO‐007 and GM 1500‐6TG A1 2. It is available for distribution.
Immune characteristics of graft rejection in nemerteans of the genus Lineus
Authors: Langlet Claude , Bierne Jacques
Published: February 2007

The rejection of xenogeneic grafts in marine worms of the genus Lineus (Nemertea) gives evidence for the occurence of immune mechanisms in these invertebrates. First, second‐set response is anamnestic with a three‐month memory component. Second, the accelerated rejection of second‐set grafts occurs anywhere in the body of the recipient, that is to say it is systemic. Third, the anamnestic response is species‐specific since it takes place only when second grafts are from donors of the same species as that of the first set. It is therefore plausible that the reaction to xenogeneic grafts is a cell‐mediated immune mechanism and that the self‐nonself discrimination may be a function of nemertean cells specialized for recognition at the species level and for memory.
Anti‐nuclear matrix antibodies in mixed connective tissue disease
Authors: Salden Martin H. L. , Van Eekelen Chris A. G. , Habets Winand J. A. , Vierwinden Gertie , van de Putte Leo B. A. , van Venrooy Walther J.
Published: February 2007

Purified serum antibodies of patients suffering from mixed connective tissue disease were tested for their immunological specificity against nuclear constituents of HeLa S3 cells. In the indirect immunofluorescent staining technique, using cells and nuclei as targets, a typical speckled intranuclear staining pattern was obtained, that persisted after degradation and extraction of all nucleic acids and their associated proteins. This treatment of nuclei with detergents, DNase, RNase and high salt concentrations leave intact only the so‐called nuclear matrix which is an intranuclear proteinaceous network. Further proof that nuclear matrix proteins were targets of the autoimmune reaction was obtained after separation of these proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electrophoretic transfer to nitrocellulose (blotting). A specific number of blot‐transferred matrix proteins reacted with purified serum antibodies of 10 patients with mixed connective tissue disease, whereas this reaction was negative with normal healthy individuals. IgG preparations of 7 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus showed a weak, if any, reaction with matrix constituents. Obviously, in some connective tissue diseases serum antibodies are expressed which are directed to specific nuclear matrix antigens.
Construction of a partial rabbit spleen cDNA library and identification of immunoglobulin clones
Authors: Pavirani Andrea , Mage Rose , Jacobsen Frederick W. , Reddy E. Premkumar , Bernstein Kenneth , Fitzmaurice Leona
Published: February 2007

A partial cDNA library was constructed from total poly A(+)‐RNA isolated from the spleen of a rabbit (kappa allotype b5; heavy chain allotypes a3d12e15) that had been hyperimmunized with Streptococcus pneumoniae (type III). In spite of the absence of either specific DNA probes for rabbit immunoglobulin (Ig) sequences or cross‐hybridizing mouse Ig DNA probes, recombinant clones containing cDNA sequences of rabbit γ heavy chain and x light chains were identified by a combination of screening techniques: (a) colony hybridization using labeled mRNA; (b) mRNA hybridization selection and translation and (c) hybridization to electrophoretically fractionated poly A(+)‐RNA (“Northern” analysis). Sequencing of three x light chain recombinant DNA sequences, including part of the 3′ untranslated (UT) region, has confirmed the fact that recombinant DNA for x light chain mRNA has been identified. An unexpectedly high degree of homology between the 3′ UT region sequence of this DNA from a rabbit of b5 allotype and the published 3′ UT sequence from a b4 rabbit was found. It appears that 3′ UT sequences from b4 and b5 alleles have diverged less than the coding sequences for the constant regions. The functional significance of this conservation of 3′ UT sequences remains to be elucidated.
Effect of cyclosporin A on spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis of Obese strain (OS) chickens
Authors: Wick Georg , Müller Pia‐Ulrike , Schwarz Siegfried
Published: February 2007

The spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT) which develops in the Obese strain (OS) of chickens depends on an intact B‐dependent portion of immune system. T helper cells have been shown to be required for the production of thyroglobulin autoantibodies (Tg‐AAb), but a possible contribution of cytotoxic T cells in the initial phases of SAT still remains to be elucidated. Cyclosporin A (CsA), an immunosuppressive drug with selective activity on T blast formation was used as a probe to clarify this issue: (a) the immunosuppressive potential of CsA was first verified for an avian species by demonstrating prolongation of skin allograft survival; (b) posthatching treatment of OS chickens with CsA until they were killed at 3 weeks of age did not alter the frequency and severity of SAT and the incidence and titer of Tg‐AAb; (c) treatment of OS embryos on days 15, 17 and 19 of incubation entailed the development of significantly more severe disease and higher titers of Tg‐AAb as compared to controls. A possible effect of CsA on precursors of suppressor T cells in the chicken is postulated. Cytotoxic T cells seem to play a minor role in the beginning of thyroid infiltration. It is concluded that CsA may not be the drug of choice for treatment of at least some autoimmune diseases.
Natural and antibody‐dependent killer cells in the thymus
Authors: Zöller Margot , Andrighetto Giancarlo , Heyman Birgitta
Published: February 2007

Thymocytes contain a small population of light (ϱ = 1.067), large cells with high cytolytic potential against natural killer target as well as against IgG‐ or IgM‐coated erythrocytes and nucleated cells, thus displaying natural killer and antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity functions, but not exhibiting T killer cell capacity.

As far as characterized, the cells show T cell characteristics: they are nonadherent, nonphagocytic, surface immunoglobulin‐negative, C3 receptor‐negative, partly Fey receptor‐positive, carry the receptor for Helix pomatia A agglutinin, and are, at least partly, cortisone‐resistant and Thy‐1‐positive.

The implications of this finding with respect to the lineage of natural killer and killer cells and their interdependence will be discussed briefly.
Suppressor cells in Lewis rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: Prevention of the disease and inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by the suppressor cells or their products
Authors: Beraud Evelyne , Varriale Simone , Farnarier Catherine , Bernard Dominique
Published: February 2007

Lewis rats primed with myelin basic protein (MBP) in complete Freund's adjuvant develop experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and suddenly recover 15 to 17 days later. It was previously found that nondraining lymph node (non‐DLN) cells taken at the time of convalescence and transferred into syngeneic normal animals inhibit the subsequent induction of EAE. In this report, it is shown that a suppressive factor can be extracted from non‐DLN cells which mimics the inhibitory effect of cells when injected into the recipients. Non‐DLN cells keep their suppressive activity on the induction of EAE after a culture of 48 h but their supernatant of culture failed to exert any protective effect in vivo. However, in vitro both the culture supernatant and the suppressor cells were found to have an inhibitory effect on the proliferative response of immune lymphoid cells to the antigen (MBP).
Antibody‐specific immunoregulation is restricted by the major histocompatibility gene complex
Authors: Speck Nancy A. , Pierce Susan K.
Published: February 2007

Experiments were carried out to examine the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction of an antibody‐specific immunoregulatory function that develops following conventional immunization with hapten‐carrier conjugates. It was found that carrier‐primed hosts reconstituted with Ly‐2.2+ T cells from hapten‐carrier‐immunized donors were able to suppress adoptively transferred primary B cells. The effective suppression of primary B cell responses was dependent on syngeny between the suppressing T cell population and the target B cells at both MHC and Igh. These findings indicate that T cells that function through the recognition of B cell antibody are restricted in their function by gene products of the MHC, similar to the restrictions observed for the recognition of conventional antigens.
Human in vivo antigenic modulation induced by the anti‐T cell OKT3 monoclonal antibody
Authors: Chatenoud Lucienne , Baudrihaye Marc F. , Kreis Henri , Goldstein Gideon , Schindler John , Bach Jean‐Francois
Published: February 2007

The anti‐pan T cell monoclonal antibody OKT3 was administered daily for 2 weeks in four human renal allograft recipients. The antibody induced a dramatic and immediate depletion of peripheral T cells followed by an in vivo antigenic modulation of the OKT3‐defined membrane antigen: after three injections, OKT3‐treated patients showed a limited but significant number of OKT3− cells of T cell nature (as defined by OKT4 and OKT8) which recovered the OKT3 receptor after an overnight in vitro incubation in the absence of the monoclonal antibody.
Large granular lymphocytes: Morphological studies
Authors: Huhn Dieter , Huber Christoph , Gastl Günther
Published: February 2007

Large granular lymphocytes from normal human blood were enriched by centrifugation on discontinuous Percoll density gradients. Their capacity for natural killing, but not for phagocytosis of yeast cells, was demonstrated. Large granular lymphocytes are characterized in electron microscopy by their fine structure, especially by typical granules and by inclusions of tubular structures in a parallel array. Their lymphocyte nature is supported by activity of acid‐α‐naphthyl acetate esterase and by the absence of myelo‐peroxidase (POX) and of macrophage POX. The Fcγ receptor of their cell membrane is marked by soluble POX‐anti‐POX‐complexes; labeled parts of their membrane are not incorporated into the cytoplasm as in monocytes.
Lysis of allogeneic human lymphocytes by nonspecifically activated T‐like cells
Authors: McMichael Andrew J. , Gotch Frances M. , Hildreth James E. K.
Published: February 2007

In the generation of cytotoxic effector cells specific for influenza A virus‐infected lymphocytes, three donors have given an unusual pattern of lytic activity, killing HLA‐mismatched target cells. This has been analyzed in detail for one donor and one of the other two shows similar results. Activation only requires culture in medium between 1 and 4 days and parallels development of cell line K562‐directed natural killer cells. Target lymphocytes do not need to be virus‐infected and appear to be normal lymphocytes. The effector cells carry the surface markers T3 and T8 defined by OKT3/anti‐Leu4 and OKT8/anti‐Leu2a monoclonal antibodies, respectively. Unlike HLA class 1‐restricted or ‐directed cytotoxic T cells, neither anti‐Leu2a/nor anti‐Leu4 blocked killing in the absence of complement. MHM23, a monoclonal antibody specific for the human lymphocyte function antigen, blocked lysis. The results indicate that these effector cells are related to cytotoxic T lymphocytes, but can lyse allogeneic target cells through a different recognition process. There is some specificity because autologous cells were not killed.
Effects of cyclosporin A on the immune system of the mouse. I. Evidence for a direct selective effect of cyclosporin A on B cells responding to anti‐immunoglobulin antibodies
Authors: Dongworth David W. , Klaus Gerhard G. B.
Published: February 2007

Previous in vivo studies have shown that the immunsuppressive peptide cyclosporin A (CsA) selectively suppresses antibody responses to nonmitogenic T‐independent (TI‐2) antigens, but not those to mitogenic (TI‐1) antigens. This report demonstrates that in vitro CsA suppresses the polyclonal proliferative response of B cells to anti‐Ig (anti‐μ) antibodies at 300‐400‐fold lower doses than are required to inhibit B cell proliferation induced by lipopolysaccharide. Since the proliferative response to anti‐μ requires neither T cells nor macrophages, it is concluded that CsA has a direct inhibitory effect on the B cells responding to this mitogen. The data support the concept that the B cells responding to TI‐2 antigens are contained within the population which is stimulated polyclonally by anti‐μ, and that lipopolysaccharide stimulates a distinct B cell subpopulation. They do not, however, exclude the possibility that anti‐μ. and lipopolysaccharide stimulate the same B cell population via two biochemically distinct triggering mechanisms, one of which is CsA‐sensitive and the other CsA‐resistant.
The presence of a common idiotype in anti‐H‐2 immune sera as detected by anti‐idiotype to a monoclonal anti‐H‐2 antibody
Authors: Ozato Keiko , Epstein Suzanne L. , Bluestone Jeffrey A. , Sharrow Susan O. , Hansen Ted , Sachs David H.
Published: February 2007

To study the idiotypes (Id) of the humoral response to H‐2Ld antigens, xenogeneic antisera were produced to three independent monoclonal antibodies, recognizing Ld determinants H‐2.64 or 65. The reactivity of each of these anti‐Id was specific for the immunizing antibody, no cross‐reactions among the three anti‐L hybridomas being detectable. Antisera produced in BALB/c H‐2dm2 mice hyperimmunized with BALB/c tissue were examined for the presence of cross‐reactive Id (IdCR). When the ability of these anti‐Id to inhibit the binding of alloantibodies to Ld splenic antigens was tested, a broadly shared Id was detected by one anti‐Id (anti‐23‐10‐1S). The shared Id represented between one‐fourth and one‐half of the total anti‐Ld humoral response and was found in every BALB/c H‐2dm2 anti‐BALB/c serum tested. The IdCR was limited to those alloantibodies reacting with the determinant H‐2.65 which corresponds with the serologic reactivity of monoclonal antibody 23‐10‐1S. The other two anti‐Id did not detect components of the anti‐Ld humoral response, even though one of these was made against monoclonal antibody 30‐5‐7S which also detects serologic specificity H‐2.65. The detection of a IdCR in anti‐Ld responses stands in contrast to our previous failure to detect IdCR in anti‐H‐2Kk responses. Among the possible reasons for this contrast are (a) the fact that 23‐10‐1S is an IgM antibody, whereas the anti‐H‐2Kk antibodies studies were IgG; (b) the chance occurrence of anti‐H‐2 hybridomas with dominant Id and (c) the possibility that the anti‐Ld antibody repertoire may be less heterogeneous than that directed to Kk antigens.
Modulation of B and T cell subsets in mice treated with fractionated total lymphoid irradiation. I. Blockage of differentiating B cell pathways
Authors: Zan‐Bar Israel
Published: February 2007

The effect of fractionated total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) on the maturation of B cells was examined in mice. At various times after irradiation of the mice, their spleen cells were tested for the mitogenic responses to dextran sulfate and lipopolysac‐charide. In parallel the cells were stained with fluorescent anti‐Thy‐1 and various anti‐Ig antisera, and were analyzed on a fluorescence‐activated cell sorter (FACS). By comparison with normal spleen cells the cells of TLI‐treated mice gave a high response to dextran sulfate and a low response to lipopolysaccharide. FACS analysis revealed that TLI‐treated spleen contains elevated numbers of B cells bearing high IgM and low IgD on the surface. The B cells of TLI‐treated mice retained these immature characteristics even two to four months after the last irradiation. These findings indicate that TLI causes a longlasting blockage in B cell maturation processes.
Fine specificity of guinea pig antibodies to angiotensin. II. A comparison with Ir gene control of T lymphocyte responses
Authors: Abruzzini Anthony F. , Thomas David W.
Published: February 2007

In this study, the octapeptide hormone, angiotensin II (H‐Asp1‐Arg2‐Val3‐Tyr4‐Ile5‐His6‐Pro7‐Phe8‐OH; AII), and various AII homologues and analogues were employed as an antigen system to investigate the binding specificities of guinea pig antibodies. Using small, precisely defined peptides facilitates the comparison of the antigen‐binding repertoire of antibodies with the antigen specificities of T cells since unconju‐gated AII elicits both cellular and humoral immune responses. The T cell proliferative response has previously been shown to be exquisitely specific and under Ir gene control. In contrast, antibody binding, as reported here, was decidedly less specific and independent or the Ir gene control reported for the T cell proliferative response. Antisera from individual strain 2 or 13 guinea pigs immunized with either AII or [Val5]‐AII contained IgG antibodies that were highly restricted by isoelectric focusing but capable of binding either antigen with nearly equal efficiency, as determined by competitive inhibition studies in radioimmunoassays. The fine specificity of antibody binding was examined through the use of a series of AII homologues and analogues for competitive inhibition. The important residues for peptide‐antibody binding were Phe8, His6, Tyr4, and Asp1, since analogues with residue substitutions at these sites were much less efficient inhibitors. These results are discussed with respect to the differences in recognition of peptide antigenic determinants by T and B cells.
Biological activity of anti‐thyrotropin anti‐idiotypic antibody
Authors: Islam M. N. , Pepper Barbara M. , Briones‐Urbina Rosario , Farid Nadir R.
Published: February 2007

Rabbit anti‐rat anti‐human thyrotropin anti‐idiotypic antibodies have been raised. These antibodies were active at the thyrotropin (TSH) receptor, in that they inhibited 125I‐labeled bovine TSH binding to thyroid plasma membranes, stimulated adenylate cyclase activity through a guanyl nucleotide‐dependent mechanism, augmented radioiodide transport into isolated porcine thyroid follicular cells and induced such cultured cells to organize into follicles. Aside from substantiating the expectation that anti‐hormone anti‐idiotypic antibodies may possess properties of the original hormone, this work raised the possibility that thyroid‐stimulating antibodies which cause the hyperthyroidism of Graves' disease may be anti‐TSH anti‐idiotypic antibodies.