bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation Index of a Hydrocyclone for Softwood Pulp Fiber Fractionation
Authors: Lu Xiao Jiang , Zhang Lian
Published: July 2012

Fractionation of softwood BCTMP pulp fiber was carried out with a cylindrical hydrocyclone. Pulp fiber length characterization in different streams have been examined using FQA. The fiber length fraction density function f is calculated and the separation index H(L) is used to evaluate fiber fractionation performance for different streams, and its specific expression was formed, so the new index may be widely used in the study of the evaluation of the separation performance of the hydrocyclone.
Effect of Microwave Treatment on the Extraction Speed and Quality of Camellia Seed Oil
Authors: Liu Rui Xin , Yao Fei , Wu Su Xi , Huang Shan Shan
Published: July 2012

The effects of microwave treatment on the microstructure, oil yield of camellia seeds, and main physicochemical indexes, fatty acid composition of the oil were researched. The results showed that microwave treatment can improve the speed of extracting oil, and have a certain impact on the fatty acid composition and the quality of camellia seed oil.
NURBS Fitting Optimization Based on Ant Colony Algorithm
Authors: Xiao Rong Rong , Zhang Jing , Liu Hai Qing
Published: July 2012

It is a key problem to fit curve and surface in many graphics and image computation programs. It is an NP-hard problem to obtain the estimation of the control parameters of NURBS (Non Uniform Rational B-Spline) for the result of fitted shape. Therefore, a modified ant colony optimization algorithm is used to estimate the weight and knot by minimizing the sum square error between the fitted and target curve and surface. The experiments results show that the optimization algorithm is a better opinion when a good initial location of vector is selected.
Global Piecewise Fitting Method for Modal Parameter Identification by Orthogonal Polynomials Based on Dynamic Systems
Authors: Wang Feng Li , Duan Shu Lin , Gao Hong Tao
Published: July 2012

Global estimation of modal parameters for dynamic Systems using fraction orthogonal polynomials possesses higher precision than the general rational fraction orthogonal polynomials algorithm. The object of this paper is to introduce a new technique to derive the global piecewise fitting method for modal parameter identification of dynamic Systems. Based on the global fraction orthogonal polynomials algorithm, a global piecewise fitting method for eliminating affections of modes outside of fitting bands is proposed. Both lower and higher modes outside of the fitting band are analyzed and processed. The frequency response data are revised by means of modes in two frequency bands close to the fitting band, and a curve fitting model is derived. The proposed method is compared with that of the traditional estimation without regard to the affections of modes outside of the fitting band. For this comparative study, simulated data are used. Simulation research indicates that the processed approach is effective.
Flotation to Recover Copper Minerals from a Low-Grade Copper-Bearing Iron Ore
Authors: Liu Si Qing , Li Peng , Wen Shu Ming , Liu Dian Wen
Published: July 2012

Large amount of sourrounding rocks in Jianshui China has been discarded for many years, and the “rock” is characterized by Cu-Fe polymetallic constituents and of low grade. According to the results of chemical and phase analysis as well as the mineralogy, a joint pocess of flotation and magnetic separation was proposed and used to process the ore. Flotation results show that the combined processing technology is efficient in utilizing the low grade rocks. A copper concentrate assaying 20.68% Cu at the recovery of 80.11% can be obtained, when the raw material assays 0.79% Cu.
Biovitroceramic Coatings on Modified Surface of 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Britchi Iulia Mirela , Olteanu Mircea , Ene Niculae , Stanica Niculae
Published: July 2012

Austenitic stainless steel 316L is widely used in implantology due to its biocompatibility, a lower price than titanium and because can be easily mechanically machined. The drawback is due to the fact that toxic nickel and chromium ions are released into human body fluids. Our proposal is to coat 316L austenitic stainless steel with biovitroceramic layers made of oxide system SiO2, B2O3, Na2O, CaO, TiO2, P2O5, K2O, Li2O and MgO by means of an enamelling procedure in order to hinder the release of Ni and Cr ions from the metallic implant surface toward the tissue around the implant. In order to achieve a firm adherence of biovitroceramic layer onto the metal, with an optimal composition for biocompatibility and bioactivity, we have modified the steel surface by a titanizing thermochemical treatment. The adherence of the biovitroceramic layer to the 316L stainless steel with modified surface is very good. The biovitroceramic coating - metallic substrate couple was studied by optical microscopy, electron microscopy (SEM and EDAX), X-ray diffraction analysis and microhardness trials.
Venation-Like Rib Layout Design in Plate under Bending Loads
Authors: Xue Kai , Li Yong Xin , Wang Wei Yuan
Published: July 2012

This paper concerns a venation-like design method of rib layout and its application on some plates subjected to bending loads. Main topological characters of dicotyledonous venation and two determinative mechanical parameters in leaf venation morphogenesis theories are extracted, on the basis of those elicitations, a venation growing algorithm is proposed as an attempt at the proper layout of ribs in plate. Energy criterion and shear stress is specified as the factor orienting mainvein and subveins respectively. Vectorial equation equilibrium is used in reorganization to calculate widths and adjust vein cells slightly. Finite element method functions as background technique, under which several simple-shaped plates under bending loads are designed by venation growing algorithm. The resultant venation-like ribs offer multi-balanced improvements.
Biomechanical Evaluation of Different Techniques in Double Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Huang Rong Ying , Zheng Hong Guang , Xu Qiang
Published: July 2012

Anterior cruciate ligament injuries commonly in traffic accident, sports activities and extreme sports. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is a common practice to help the patients restore the knee stability. However, there is no previous comparison study of single bundle reconstruction, double-femoral double-tibial tunnel reconstruction, single-femoral double-tibial tunnel reconstruction, and double-femoral single-tibial tunnel reconstruction with respect to biomechanical characteristics such as rotational stability, force and stress inside the ligament and grafts, stresses inside the soft tissues. In this study, we developed a pair of three-dimensional finite element models of a lower extremity including femur, tibia, fibula, cartilage, meniscus, and four major ligaments at 0°，25°，60° and 80°of knee flexion. Based on the intact models, single bundle reconstruction, double-femoral double-tibial tunnel reconstruction, single-femoral double-tibial tunnel reconstruction, and double-femoral single-tibial tunnel reconstruction models were also developed. Then, the anterior tibial translations, the forces and stresses inside the ACL and ACL replacements, as well as the stresses inside the menisci, femoral and tibial cartilage were predicted under a combined rotatory load of 10Nm valgus moment and 5 Nm internal torque, respectively using finite element analysis. The rotational stability, ligament forces and stresses in the menisci, femoral and tibial cartilage following double bundle augmentation were superior to the other reconstruction techniques, while there is little advantage in ligament stress compared to that of the single bundle reconstruction. We conclude that double-femoral double-tibial tunnel reconstruction may have advantages with regard to biomechanical characteristics such as rotational stability, force inside the ligament and grafts, stresses inside the soft tissues.
Finite Element Modelling of Rheological Property of Curing PMMA Bone Cement - Part 2 Effect of Bone Cement Amount
Authors: Rahman M.M. , Olabi Abdul Ghani , Hashmi M.S.J.
Published: July 2012

The only grouting material used for anchoring cemented arthroplasties to contiguous bones is PMMA (Polymethyl methacrylate) bone cement. In this study the flow of bone cement through porous cancellous bone is modelled to determine the degree of penetration in total hip replacement using FIDAP simulation software. Power law viscosity model is used with constant consistency index and power law index less than 1 for pseudoplastic behaviour of Simplex P® and Zimmer bone cement. The effect of bone cement amount has been investigated under four different prosthesis insertion velocity 5, 10, 15 and 20 mm/s. The result shows that the depth of penetration increases with decreasing bone cement amount. In the case of Zimmer bone cement more penetration through cancellous bone was observed than Simplex P® bone cement.
Analysis on Rigidity of Mitral Valve Leaflet (MVL) and Backflow Problems during Cardiac Cycle
Authors: Mohd Adib Mohd Azrul Hisham , Mohd Hasni Nur Hazreen , Osman Kahar , Maskon Oteh
Published: July 2012

Problems that occur in the mitral valve are now worrying an increasing number of patients each day. In the mitral valve, regional variations in structure and material properties combine to affect the biomechanics of the entire valve. Previous studies have shown that the mitral valve leaflet tissue is highly extensible. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the rigidity of mitral valves leaflet and backflow problems. Two stages of mitral valves analysis systolic and diastolic condition and also with and without ventricle were investigated. 2D models of the mitral valve leaflet (MVL) were created in ADINA-FSI for computational fluid dynamic analysis. The results show a linear relationship between rigidity of the mitral valves leaflet and volume of backflow. In conclusion, these computational techniques are very useful in the study of both mitral valve leaflet disease and failure of prostheses.
Achievement of Pentoxifylline for Blood Flow through Stenosed Artery
Authors: Shah Sapna Ratan , Siddiqui S.U.
Published: July 2012

Blood-viscosity reducing drugs like “Pentoxifylline” improve blood flow by making the blood less viscous. The resistance to flow of blood in diabetic patients is higher than in non-diabetic patients. Thus diabetic patients with higher resistance to flow are more prone to high blood pressure. Therefore the resistance to blood flow in case of diabetic patients may be reduced by reducing viscosity of the plasma. Viscosity of plasma can be reducing by giving Pentoxifylline. In this paper an attempt has been made to investigate the blood flow behaviour and significance of non-Newtonian viscosity through a stenosed artery using Bingham Plastic fluid model. Numerical illustrations presented at the end of the paper provide the results for the resistance to flow, apparent viscosity and the wall shear stress through their graphical representations. It has been shown that the resistance to flow, apparent viscosity and wall shear stress increases with the size of the stenosis but these increases are comparatively small due to non-Newtonian behaviour of the blood indicating the usefulness of its rheological character in the functioning of the diseased arterial circulation.
The Influence on Bamboo Fungi by Ultrasonic Dip Treatment
Authors: Zhou Ming Ming , Guan Ming Jie , Zhang Qi Sheng
Published: July 2012

This paper explored the influence of ultrasonic dip treatment method on bamboo fungi through comparing ultrasonic dip treatment with mold inhibitor dip treatment. Results showed that the appearance time sequencing in order was mold inhibitor dip treatment groups, ultrasonic dip treatment groups and control group. The control group had the highest mold rating. The mold ratings of ultrasonic groups were higher than the lower concentration mold inhibitor dip treatment groups and lower than the higher concentration mold inhibitor dip treatment groups.
Experimental Study on the Tensile Properties of Bamboo Related to its Distribution of Vascular Bundles
Authors: Huang Dong Sheng , Zhou Ai Ping , Li Hai Tao , Su Yi , Chen Guo
Published: July 2012

Considering bamboo as a 2-phase natural composite made up of vascular bundles (reinforcement or fiber) and matrixes (ground tissues) on the scale of micromechanics. By test of bamboo specimens and analysis of microscopic images of their cross sections, the distribution of vascular bundles along the axial and radial of bamboo culm were investigated. The relations between tensile properties of bamboo and its distribution of vascular bundles were studied. The results show that the vascular bundles are graded distributing along the radius of bamboo culm. The volume fraction of vascular bundles is larger near the outside, and attenuates rapidly to about 40 percent of that at the location away from outer side about 1/3 thickness of bamboo culm, and than slowly reduces to 0 near the inner side of culm. In axial direction, the volume fraction of vascular bundles in the bottom culm is smaller than that in the middle culm where the volume fraction is less variation, and reaches the largest value at the top culm. The tensile moduli and strength of bamboo are linearly related to the volume fraction of vascular bundles. The tensile moduli and the strength of vascular bundle are largely grater than that of matrix. The stiffness and the strength of bamboo are mainly offered by vascular bundles.
Test Research of Glubam and it's Engineering Application
Authors: Sun Yong Liang , He Min Juan
Published: July 2012

Bamboo is an ancient building material, but it is rarely applied in the modern buildings nowadays. The German-Chinese House in EXPO 2010 Shanghai China is mainly made up of bamboo members; it fully demonstrates the ideas of sustainable development and environmental protection. The 8m high pavilion is a two-storey building which is 25m long and 10m wide, and its first floor is 250 m2 and second floor is 80 m2. The exterior structure of the pavilion is made up of 96 JULONG bamboo canes whose diameter is approximately 200mm, and the inner two storey structure is made up of glubam beams and columns which have a section of 300mmX400mm. Obviously the designer had applied both the good compression capability of the pure bamboo canes and the excellent bending capability of the glubam members in this structure. As there is no bearing capacity data of the glubam, several tests for the glubam members had been carried and thus a lot of useful data had been got, therefore some structure analysis had been done. It indicates that glubam is a good structural material, and as a friendly environmentally building material, it can be widely applied in building engineering.[
Low Carbon Construction Using Guadua Bamboo in Colombia
Authors: Archila-Santos Hector F. , Ansell Martin P. , Walker Pete
Published: July 2012

Guadua Angustifolia Kunth (Guadua) is a tropical species of bamboo endemic to South and Central America and widely used as a mainstream material for construction in Colombia. Its rapid rate of biomass production, renewability, high level of CO2fixation and storage, wide diameter, long-length, and durability are distinctive and highly desirable features which can benefit the new built environment Research interest in Guadua construction increased significantly after many Guadua-constructed buildings withstood or suffered only minor damage during an earthquake which reached 6.2 on the Richter scale in 1999, resulting in the standardization of Guadua in the seismic-resistant Colombian code (NSR, 2010). However, Guadua buildings constructed in the Americas and other parts of the world, whilst considered to be sustainable, are not fully characterised in terms of the preparation, use and disposal of Guadua. Furthermore, workability, building durability and the construction process have not been specifically documented and evaluated. The structure, properties and availability of Guadua are described in this paper. A case study on a recently built holiday house is presented illustrating the architectural, structural, environmental and technical performance of a Guadua building. This paper presents the construction process, discusses difficulties encountered during the building life cycle and highlights the need for similar assessments. It is concluded that with the aim of achieving a low carbon construction system using Guadua bamboo, challenges regarding manufacture, bio-deterioration, integration with conventional systems, and environmental impacts must be addressed.
Projects Selection and Evaluation Tools for the of Non-Conventional Materials and Technologies (NOCMATS)
Authors: Ohayon P. , Ghavami Khosrow
Published: July 2012

The results of many successfully realized Research and Development (R&D) concerned with non-conventional materials and technologies (NOCMAT) in developing countries including Brazil have not been used in large scale in practice. This is due to the lack of selection and evaluation criteria and concepts from planning and designing to implementation programs by governmental agencies and private organizations concerned with the newly developed sustainable materials and technologies. The problems of selecting and evaluating R&D innovation outputs and impacts for construction are complex and need scientific and systematic studies in order to avoid the social and environmental mistakes occurred in industrialized countries after the Second World War. This paper presents a logical framework for the implementation of pertinent indicators to be used as a tool in R&D of NOCMAT projects selection and evaluation concerned with materials, structural elements and technologies of bamboo and composites reinforced with vegetable fibers. Indicators, related to the efficiency, effectiveness, impact, relevance and sustainability of such projects are considered and discussed.
Monotonic and Cyclic Tests of Round Bamboo Shear Walls
Authors: Li Zhi , Xiao Yan , Shan Bo , Li Lei , Wang Rui
Published: July 2012

This paper reports the first step of a study to evaluate the lateral resistance capacity of Round bamboo shear walls and its mechanical properties under Monotonic and cyclic loading conditions. The bamboo shear walls are built with round bamboo as its stub and with ply-bamboo sheet as its sheathing. Load-displacement curves of six round bamboo shear walls, with three different connection types, were obtained in this experiment, and the test results showed that the lateral resistance capacity of round bamboo shear walls can exceed 4.0kN/m, satisfying the projects requirement. A combination of nail and panel failures were observed in the test.
Experimental Study on Creep and Mechanical Behavior of Modern Bamboo Bridge Structure
Authors: Li Lei , Xiao Yan , Yang Rui Zhen
Published: July 2012

A full-scale testing model of laminated bamboo truck load bridge was made based on the original structure. The mid-span deflection of CFRP-reinforced bamboo girders, temperature and relative air humidity were obtained through over three years creep test under self-weight, and the analysis based on experimental results was finished. The results indicate that the average creep deflection of the girders after three years is approximately 8-mm. In addition, the increase in temperature and humidity may contribute to creep. On the basis of creep test, a short-term loading test was carried out applied with dead load, and the bridge collapsed under the load of 18.5-t. By the analysis of the experimental results, it is realized that long span CFRP-reinforced bamboo girders have sufficient capacity to meet the strength and durability needs of practical use. Although CFRP layers could improve the performance of bamboo girders effectively, there is a decrease in strength and stiffness when considering the long-term performance. All these studies may contribute to improving the design of bamboo bridge structures, and some construction measures are suggested for the bamboo bridge according to the results of the experimental and analysis results.
The Regional Expression in Utilization of Material Construction: The Landscape Sketch Practice of the Modern Bamboo Structures in Meixi Lake Project
Authors: Zhong Li Li , Wei Chun Yu , Xiao Yan , Shan Bo
Published: July 2012

Based on the practice of the landscape sketch bamboo buildings of Meixi Lake in Changsha, this thesis, from the perspective of material construction, aims to perceive the region and bamboo structure, to concern the bamboo frame form and space construction, to try to integrate bamboo structure with other materials and to explore the formation of bamboo-framed building and the related regional expression. Excavating bamboo value, improving bamboo performance and developing bamboo structural building can satisfy requirements as the main part of construction and expression in architecture and promote the using level of GluBam. Technological innovation such as suitable construction skills and reasonable structural system can promote the effective utilizing bamboo and development of modern bamboo structure. It is a alternative green building system for sustainable development.
Flexural Fatigue Study of Glubam Beams
Authors: Zhou Quan , Xiao Yan , Zeng Jing Yi , Huang Xu , Zhao Yu Bin
Published: July 2012

Three simply supported glue laminated bamboo (glubam), lengthened from bamboo veneer plate with glued and pressed techniques during the process of manufacture, under static experiments compare to three of fatigue experiments to analyze the fatigue damage on the stiffness and strength of bamboo elements followed by modal analysis in method of the integrated modal parameter estimator LMS PloyMax. The main outcomes of the experiments were: (1) fatigue experiment reduced the bearing capacity of glubam beams approximately by 10% due to the weakness of finger-joint and fatigued gluing; (2) when the upper value of cyclic load not surpassed its design value, there were no distinct reduction on the stiffness of specimens comparing to the static group that proved the applicability and validity of the fatigue design value; (3) Excellent flexibility of bamboo contributed to the fine stability of glubam beams in aspect of dynamic response during the fatigue loading. This paper provides an attempting experimental research as the fundamental work and reference for deeper results in the future.
Experimental Study of Glued Laminated Guadua Bamboo Panel as an Alternative Shear Wall Sheathing Material
Authors: Correal Juan Francisco , Varela Sebastian
Published: July 2012

Wood frame buildings have shown good performance on past earthquakes mainly because the lateral system of those buildings was able to dissipate energy without significant loss of lateral capacity. Typically, the lateral load resisting system is provided by wood shear walls, which consist of a wood frame sheathed with wood or wood-based composites, such as Plywood or OSB panels. Taking into account the increasing forest demand for wood, there is a global need to find alternative energy-efficient, renewable and eco-friendly construction materials. Giant bamboo like Guadua Angustifolia kunt emerges as an interesting construction material, since it has a fast growing rate (3 to 4 years), high strength to weight ratio and high carbon (CO2) capture capabilities. Results of a past study conducted at the Universidad de los Andes in Bogotá-Colombia reported that Glued Laminated Guadua Bamboo (GLG) has mechanical properties comparable to those of the best structural timbers in Colombia. Potential applications of GLG include not only laminated beams and columns, but also structural panels to be used as a sheathing material for wood frame shear walls. A comprehensive experimental study has been performed on GLG sheathed shear walls in order to find an alternative sheathing material for wood frame buildings as well as to explore their possible application for residential and/or commercial construction in Colombia. A series of tests were conducted on full-size shear wall specimens in order to study the influence of the wall aspect ratio and the edge nail spacing on the shear wall performance. Based on cyclic tests on shear walls, it was found that the stiffness and maximum load carrying capacity of the wall increases as edge nail spacing decreases. In contrast, the displacement ductility capacity decreases, since the rotation of the panels is restricted when the edge nail spacing is reduced. Experimental results also revealed that stiffness, maximum load capacity, and ductility of the GLG sheathed shear walls are not affected by the aspect ratio of the wall. The final stage of the present study included dynamic shake-table tests on full-size one and two-story housing units using GLG sheathed shear walls. Results showed that the units had similar performance characteristics to those of OSB and Plywood sheathed shear walls, and it was concluded that wood-GLG combination could be a viable construction alternative from a structural point of view.
Racking Performance of Traditional and Non-Traditional Engineered Bamboo Shear Walls
Authors: Arbelaez Juliana , Correal Juan Francisco
Published: July 2012

Guadua Angustifolia Kunt (G.A.K.) is a bamboo specie that has been considered an alternative material for construction in some of the Latin-American countries. In Colombia, specifically in coffee region, G.A.K. has been used mainly for residential buildings, having bahareque (Split bamboo and mortar connected to a guadua frame) as the preferred structural system for this type of structures. This system has shown an adequate seismic behavior during earthquakes like the one in Armenia (1999), [. Nowadays, there is not a real understanding of the structural behavior of this kind of bamboo shear walls. For that reason, a study on the seismic performance of engineering bahareque shear walls and two kinds of non-conventional G.A.K. shear walls is done. Throughout this article, the preliminary results of this study are presented, based on monotonic tests only. So far, 13 tests have been run on the different types of shear walls. In addition, 6 static tests were performed on the connection of the shear walls to the foundation, to understand the capacity and the behavior of this type of joint. The results show that the structural behavior of engineering bahareque shear walls is both adequate and better than the one observed on the two kinds of non-conventional shear walls. In spite of that, some changes on the constructive details could improve the structural behavior of these two kinds of shear walls. As for the connection of the shear walls to the foundation, it is observable that the capacity of the joint is related to the resistance of cement mortar. Also two types of failure, identified on the study, affect directly the connection behavior.
Design and Construction of Housing with Structural Elements of Bamboo (Guadua) Laminated
Authors: Takeuchi Caori Patricia
Published: July 2012

In 2008 began the research project "Design and construction of housing with structural elements of bamboo (guadua) laminated" of the research program Innovation for Guaduas productivity chain strengthening at the Rionegro province in Cundinamarca.In the first part of the project it was necessary to implement the production of laminated bamboo elements, for which, they were manufactured parallel saws for the production of slats, handheld devices for applying adhesive and a equipment for pressing. In Pacho and Ibama located in Rionegro province of Cundinamarca in Colombia two primary production sites for the production of slats were stablished. So, the bamboo was cut in the natural forest, the slats were obtained and were transported to the Universidad Nacional de Colombia (National University of Colombia) at Bogotá, where, after a selection process and machining, were pressed to obtain test samples and structural elements.After, it was performed the experimentation phase which included the testing of samples elaborated with four types of glue, under different types of solicitations, beams with four different configurations of slats density, solid and box section beams and columns, solid and sandwich panels, T-section boards and frames with two different types of panels.The last stage of the project included the architectural and structural design and construction of a housing prototype using structural elements in laminated bamboo.
Experimental Analysis of Frames Made with Glued Laminated Pressed Bamboo Guadua
Authors: Luna Patricia , Takeuchi Caori Patricia
Published: July 2012

This article presents the experimental tests results of frames made with glued laminated pressed bamboo guadua under lateral load. The tested frames had two floors with 1.40m of height each one and 2.80m of total height; the width of the frames was 2.10m. Beams and columns had square box cross-section of 0.10m side and 0.015m of wall. Three frames had bracing type K and other threes had panels. The adhesive used for the manufacture of beams, columns and braces was Urea Melamine Formaldehyde and for the elaboration of panels was Polyvinyl Acetate. The frames of glued laminated pressed bamboo guadua had elastoplastic behavior with great ductility.
Traditional Bamboo Houses of North-Eastern Region: A Field Study of Assam & Mizoram
Authors: Das Puspanjali , Chaaruchandra Korde , Sudhakar P. , Satya S.
Published: July 2012

The lifestyle of the North-Eastern rural population demonstrates the example of sustainable living where bamboo plays a major role. Bamboo has its home in this tropical climatic region of India. In order to understand various aspects of Traditional bamboo constructions, a field visit was made to Assam & Mizoram. This paper studies the patterns affecting the housing styles of these regions, the traditional method of construction including bamboo treatments. Various parameters which are required to be considered for constructing a house are also studied. It has been found in the field survey that the utilization of bamboo is mostly in wall panels. Therefore, various patterns of wall panels being majorly used for house construction in this region are documented in this paper.
Experimental Study of Twin Bamboo Concrete Composite Column under Laterally Restrained Pure Axial Loading
Authors: Chaaruchandra Korde , Gupta Ashok , Sudhakar P.
Published: July 2012

Bamboo has a huge potential to be used under affordable housing. The beauty about bamboo is that it has an inherent negative carbon foot print in its natural round form. This ability can aid in developing a nearly zero carbon foot print construction using round bamboo. Also, it has been observed in India that the traditional constructions of houses are with bamboo used as a load distributor and not as a main load bearing element. The key to achieve higher bending strength, required for main load bearing elements, is through enhancing the second moment of area to achieve desired bending strength. This is achieved using a new innovative jointing technology i.e. Haritha IITD Bamcrete Technology (HIB) for developing twin bamboo columns as main load bearing elements to develop bamcrete columns (bamboo concrete composite columns). The present study reports the performance of a twin bamboo column developed using HIB technology & tested to 32 kN load under pure axial loading, with lateral restrains, developing compressive stress of 14 MPa in bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus).
Experimental Study of Twin Round Bamboo Concrete Infill Parabolic Tied Arch
Authors: Chugh Smita , Kandya Anurag , Chaaruchandra Korde , Sudhakar P.
Published: July 2012

This paper is concerned about the experimental study of twin round bamboo concrete infill composite parabolic tied arch. Experimental investigation is undertaken to validate the structural load bearing capacity of haritha infill arch. The infill arch is tested under three types of loading condition viz a) crown point loading, b) centre half loading and c) distributed point loading. The experimental results brings out the stiffness of the arch to be 1 kN/mm under crown point loading, 1.67 kN/mm under centre half loading and 1.17 kN/mm under distributed loading. The stresses in the materials are well within their allowable limits. Thus this paper is able to successfully report the structural strength of parabolic tied infill arch which promises to be a structural load bearing element. Since, there is no additional formwork required in casting of the arch, apart from the bamboo which itself acts like the formwork, lesser quantity of steel and very small thickness of concrete being involved, the arch qualifies to be a potential structural element for affordable housing and green constructions.
Potentiality of Plaster Reinforced by Bamboo in Structural Elements
Authors: Silva Cibelle G. , Barbosa Normando Perazzo , Oliveira Marilia P.
Published: July 2012

The world crosses an energetic, environmental and social crisis without precedents. Architecture and Engineering are also responsible because the more used industrialized construction materials, as Portland cement, concrete and steel, in their production process, demand a lot of energy, cause serious impacts to the environment and need big investments. One possibility to decrease this problem is the non compulsory employment of products based on Portland cement and steel, but also using local materials with which is possible to construct worthily. This work has as proposal the development of a structural gypsum element reinforced with bamboo that can be used as lintel and against-lintel in the constructions. Prisms samples (4cm x 4cm x 16cm) of gypsum matrix reinforced with bamboo rods were prepared and flexural tests were made. To improve bond between the two materials, treatments in the bamboo were tested. The tests showed that the most efficient material for this treatment was epoxy glue. Pre-fabricated structural peaces in real size were also tested through flexion tests in laboratory and applied in an prototype built in the University campus. The casting was made using vibratory table. Results show that vibrated bamboo reinforced gypsum is viable to be used in small structural beams and even replacing wood peaces in roofs.
Shake Table Test of a Bamboo Frame Structure
Authors: Zhu Jin , Lv Qing Fang
Published: July 2012

Modern bamboo engineering material is a new fast-renewable green building material with light weight and high strength. Bamboo structure made of this material is a new structural system in China so far. A shake table test on a 1/3 scale model of a two-storey bamboo-frame pilot project were conducted, in which its dynamic responses including acceleration and relative interstory drift were tested. Finite element simulation was applied into structural analysis as well. The results indicate that this structure has satisfactory aseismatic property. Based on the results, some suggestions are put forward on aseismatic design and construction measures of bamboo frame structure.
Preliminary Study on Design and Manufacture of Modular Round Bamboo House
Authors: Gao Li , Wang Zheng , Wang Ge , Cheng Hai Tao
Published: July 2012

In this study, Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) was used as the main raw material to design and manufacture a prefabricated modular bamboo house which could meet modern residential requirements. Bamboo was designed as building components after main physical-mechanical properties were tested and analyzed. After assembling bamboo together into construction components such as trusses and walls by using special connectors and clamps to combine and reinforce bamboo culms, strength of the prefabricated parts were tested. At last a modular bamboo house was built up. The results showed that use round bamboo for modern building is feasible.
Bamboo Strengthened with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer for the Substitutes of Steel Substructures
Authors: Huang Zhen , Wu Yong Jun , Zhang Chang
Published: July 2012

This paper presents an investigation on the mechanical properties of bamboos Mao Zhu (Phyllostachys Pubescens) strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and used as the substitute of steel substructures for a low carbon construction. At first, a series experimental study is carried out to investigate the compressive strength, bending strength and tensile strength of Mao Zhu, which is strengthened with CFRP by different ways. Then the mechanical properties of bamboos with different strengthening methods of CFRP are compared. The most efficient strengthening method is suggested for the carbon fiber strengthened bamboos, with such method the compressive strength and bending strength of Mao Zhu could be increased more than 30% and 44% compared with that of Mao Zhu without strengthening. Finally this paper discusses the advantages of the carbon fiber strengthened bamboos used as the substitutes of the steel substructures, for example the purlins and bracings of steel portal frame structures. The effective use of the bamboos as the substitutes of steel substructures will reduce the steel amount used in the steel portal frame structure, which is commonly used as low-rise factory building structure worldwide.
Design and Mechanical Tests of Bamboo Masts
Authors: Moreira Luis Eustáquio , da Silva Fernando José , Rodrigues Francisco Carlos
Published: July 2012

Bamboos are smart natural tubes and a resistant material. Many species can be selected with 10 cm basal diameter, 12 m high and approximately straight longitudinal axis. A slender element like that has a relatively low load capacity under compression force. This limitation can be by passed through a composition of bamboo and cables. Through coherent design, this composition may produce an aesthetical and light mast with high axial compression resistance. This hybrid structure opens a big application for bamboo tubes, as for example, masts for the modern tents, known as tensile structures in the low weight architecture. Different compositions which use a large number of bamboos can be derived from this one. So, the mast mechanical performance investigation opens the way for another more complex systems understanding. In this paper, the design of a bamboo mast with 6 meters long is developed. A previous numerical investigation through SAP 2000 v14 structural analysis software was used for mast design and project. Cables and accessories; length and connections of the bracings and others constructive details are investigated until the conquest of a well fitted mast. A non destructive compression mechanical test of the mast rotation free at ends was done. Loads, tension in cables and lateral displacements were gauged in real time. Test results and numerical analysis show that masts can support compression forces many times bigger than bamboo itself.
Prospects for the Use of Wood in Residential Construction in Brazil - First Results
Authors: Punhagui Katia R.G. , Campos Érica F. , González José M.B. , John Vanderley M.
Published: July 2012

This paper is an exploratory study that aims to evaluate the prospects for the use of wood in residential construction in Brazil. For this purpose, a survey about the evolution of the stock of wooden houses was conducted. Social, environmental and economic indicators, which could interfere with the flow of Brazilian residential construction, were analyzed. The first results indicate that the stock of wooden houses has had a discrete growth (1.42%, from 1970 to 2009), but the percentage in the total number of houses has decreased (13.6%). Supply for housing demand has been provided by masonry. The population increase and the GDP demonstrated correlation with the building of houses and the changes in percentage between materials applied to it. Masonry is the construction technique preferred by the Brazilian. Most potential consumers (60.8%) declared that they could live in a wooden house. The aspects that would negatively influence the decision of living in a wooden house concerned market value, durability, fire and insect attack; and positively, was the material, construction process and patrimonial value. The image of a wooden house may be a greater problem than the material.
The Wu Zh Qiao Practice - Local Materials Applied in Rural Areas in the West China
Authors: Wan Li , Ng Edward , Mu Jun , Zhou Tie Gang
Published: July 2012

The New Countryside Construction has been launched in China several years. In one hand, the amount of building construction in rural area in China is increasing rapidly. In some areas, vernacular buildings were abandoned because of their relatively poor performance of durability, seismic behavior, construction speed, and so on. But simply copying the conventional urban construction model is not a sustainable solution for diversified situations in rural area. On the other hand, in lots of the remote rural areas, the public facilities of villages are not convenient and perfect enough, because the transportation costs is much higher than construction costs. To solve these problems, the Wu Zhi Qiao (Bridge to China) Charitable Foundation organized a series of studies and construction practice in rural area of west China. Among them, gabion bridge and anti-seismic rammed earth house are two of the representative high-science and low-tech solutions for rural China. This paper will present how the local materials applied in rural areas in gabion bridge and anti-seismic rammed earth house projects, and discuss the performance and sustainability of these high-science and low-tech solutions.
Impregnation of Bambusa Vulgaris with Polymeric Resins
Authors: Sobrinho Antonio , Torres Sandro Marden , Barbosa Normando Perazzo , Ortiz Sandra Reyes , Ghavami Khosrow
Published: July 2012

There are more than one thousand of bamboo species around the world, but in some areas the most common is theBambusa vulgaris. Comparing with other species used in construction, it is more susceptible to insect attack and its strength is slower. This work shows some studies made using culms of this bamboo with the aim to improve its durability and mechanical properties by impregnation of polymeric resins into their vases. Some information aboutBambusa vulgarismicrostructure is done. The percentage of vases, fibers and parenchyma was measured using an optical microscope. The absorption of this species in liquids with different viscosities was determined. Using an equipment to force the liquid into the vases, time of penetration of fluids with different viscosity was measured. Results show that the fluids penetrate most easily in the internal vases, where the diameter is greater than that close to external face of the culms and confirm that it is possible to fill the bamboo vases with viscous fluid as oil or polymeric resins. The attack of insect was eliminated when a impregnation with a resin made by 80 % de styrene + 20 % de metilmetacriyate was applied toBambusa vulgarisculms.
Study on Climate Adaptability of Traditional Houses with Earth-Envelopment Wall in Turpan
Authors: Bai Hui , Liu Jia Ping , Jiang Shu Guang , He Wen Fang , Li Long Ge
Published: July 2012

Precious Ecological Experience in Traditional houses should be inherited and developed. However, it is washing away as urbanization. In this study, based on the field study in villages in Turpan, the Climate Adaptability of traditional houses is summarized from building landform, function, internal space and construction mode. Then indoor thermal environment in winter is tested, and the results show that the traditional houses with earth-envelopment wall have the ecological properties, which can maintain a balanced indoor thermal environment. In addition, advice on sustainable development of these traditional houses is discussed.
A Research on the Energy-Saving Operating Mode of Large-Scaled Public Building Based on Energy Management Contract in Shaanxi Province
Authors: Zhang Xiao Jie , Song Qi
Published: July 2012

The implementation of the mechanism of Energy Management Contract is of great significance in promoting the energy saving for buildings in China. Combining relevant contents in the Twelfth Five-year Plan of Shaanxi Province, this dissertation introduces the operating mode of the mechanism of EMC, analyses the main problems existing in the field of energy saving in large-scaled public buildings in Shaanxi Province, brings forward the innovative mode for developing market-oriented energy saving with Shaanxi Provincial characteristics based on EMC mechanism, and hopefully provides theoretical bases for the applications of EMC mechanism in the field of energy saving in large-scaled public buildings in our province.
Study on the Building Material Optimization of Yi Minority's Tu-Zhang-Fang
Authors: Song Shang Nan , Cheng Bin
Published: July 2012

Tu-zhang-fang, which is a kind of Yi minoritys residential buildings with most ecological advantageous, not only can save energy, but also adapt to local climate, soil conditions and environment. It has good regional adaptation. But now, Tu-zhang-fang is facing the demise. In this paper, the mainly work is analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of Tu-zhang-fang about its rammed earth material, and designing experiments, which are about the modification of the material, to improve the water resistance, anti-freezing, bonding, plasticity and strength of shear force of the materials, and then giving reasonable points and direction of the optimization. The ultimate goal is to enhance the seismic behavior, increase building layers, optimal land utilization, enrich the interior space and meet the growing living requirements of comfort. This paper provides an effective way, by considering from the "re-build conservation ideas of residential culture, for the revival of these traditional distinctive residences with high value to be extended, as Tu-zhang-fang.
How to Build Affordable but High Quality Houses for Villagers: Appropriate Design for Aini Vernacular Houses in Xishuangbanna
Authors: Tang Li Zhou
Published: July 2012

Yunnan is very rich in natural resources, and using natural materials for building is an ancient tradition in local minority. In the remote poverty national areas, we always concern about making use of appropriate technical means, following the tradition of local construction, and efficiently applying local natural building materials. In addition, we pay close attention to improving their living quality effectively by the techniques. In this article, from a specific practice casethe United Nations GEF small grants programme, we make multiple detailed comparative analysis with traditional houses at the first, next we discuss appropriate design in the new residential construction of Aini in Xishuangbanna. And then we focus on using the local natural building materials such as bamboo, wood, adobe and other materials, by which we can make the improved design on roof system, wall system and floor system, so as to reduce construction costs and technical complexity, as well as we can effectively improve the living quality of construction at the same time. A demo project was constructed to show how these natural materials were integrated into a system to form the whole building. Joint team consists of local craftsmen and engineers constructed the demo-project so that the technology can be localized.
Asphalt Concrete with Fly Ashes of Different Sources as Filler Replacement
Authors: Stroeven Piet , He Huan , Hanh Pham Huu
Published: July 2012

Paper presents and discusses data obtained in a testing program on the replacement of limestone powder in asphalt concretes by fly ashes. This would combine economic, environmental and technical benefits. The finest fly ash of Vietnamese origin scored best. This is proposed due to the gap-graded design of the particulate mixture of coarse crushed rock fractions, fine fluvial sand and the mineral admixture. The test program encompassed Marshall tests, creep tests and splitting tensile tests.