bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The US Industrial Corporation and The Theory of the Growth of the Firm
Authors: Lazonick William
Published: November 2023

Today, more than four decades after its initial publication, Edith Penrose’s The Theory of the Growth of the Firm fits the definition of a ‘classic’ work: a book that everyone cites but few have read. Written in an abstract theoretical style that reflects the author’s training as an economist, the book is nevertheless rich in ‘real-world’ insights into a complex social phenomenon. The prime purpose of this chapter is to argue that to make full use of The Theory of the Growth of the Fim1 requires an understanding of both the substance of her theory of the modem industrial corporation and the actual social conditions of the industrial corporation that, when the book was written in the late 1950s, her theory sought to capture.
Function and Concatenation
Authors: Pietroski Paul M
Published: November 2023

For any sentence of a natural language, we can ask the following questions: what is its meaning; what is its syntactic structure; and how is its meaning related to its syntactic structure? Attending to these questions, as they apply to sentences that provide evidence for Davidsonian event analyses, suggests that we reconsider some traditional views about how the syntax of a natural sentence is related to its meaning.
A Grammatical Argument for a Neo-Davidsonian Semantics
Authors: Hornstein Norbert
Published: November 2023

Since the beginning of the modern generative enterprise a central question has concerned the ‘points of connection between syntax and semantics’ (Chomsky, 1957: 93). Different frameworks have postulated different points of contact; from the kernel sentences of Syntactic Structures, the deep structures of Aspects, through the multi-level theories of the extended standard theory (see Jackendoff, 1972) to the more recent LF-based proposals in the GB (Government-Binding) era. This last LF-centered approach has been widely adopted. The central idea is that LF, a post overt syntax phrase marker, is the unique level of linguistic representation to interface with the semantic component. It provides all the grammatical structure relevant to semantic interpretation.
Saving the Soul of the University: What is to be Done?
Authors: Benson Lee , Harkavy Ira
Published: November 2023

To begin this action-oriented, real-world, strategic, problem-solving chapter, we sketch a futurist good news/bad news scenario. In our scenario’s optimistic version, the twenty-first century becomes the global Democratic Century-the century in which the irrepressible information and communication (ICT) revolution powerfully contributes to the worldwide democratization, civic engagement, and action-oriented social responsibility of universities. In tum, socially responsible and engaged, participatory action-oriented, democratic universities powerfully contribute to the worldwide democratization of cosmopolitan

communities and societies committed to the worldwide abolition of poverty and racism. Greatly compressed, woefully oversimplified, that’s our futurist, optimistic, good news scenario.
Plato’s Refutation of Protagoras in the Theaetetus
Authors: Fine Gail
Published: November 2023

According to Protagoras, ‘a man is the measure of all things, of those that are that they are, and of those that are not that they are not’ ( Tht. 152 a 2–4).1 In Theaetetus 169 d–171 d, Plato argues that Protagoras’ measure doctrine (P) is in some sense self-refuting.2 It is unclear, however, precisely how we are to understand the measure doctrine, and so it is also unclear whether Plato succeeds in refuting it.
Relational Entities
Authors: Fine Gail
Published: November 2023

Aristotle’s theory of universals is sometimes thought to differ from Plato’s in being nonrelational;it does not hold that Socrates’ being a man, or being rational, consists in or involves his standing in some relation to the universal man, or to the universal rationality. Thus G. E. M. Anscombe, for example, writes that Aristotle was concerned ‘to attack the doctrine of the Platonists whereby if Socrates is a man, then Socrates stands in some relation to what he is said to be’.1 Matthews and Cohen, in their provocative article ‘The One and the Many’, agree: ‘In place of Plato’s relational account Aristotle’s doctrine of primary and secondary substance offers a nonrelational way of understanding what it is for Felix to be a cat.’2
Aristotle’s Scientific Demonstrations as Expositions of Essence
Authors: Tierney Richard
Published: November 2023

It is almost universally held that Aristotle’s theory of demonstrative science involves a conception of scientific demonstrations as being, in one way or another, inextricably linked to some notion of explanation.’ There is far less widespread agreement as to the exact nature of the relationship between the two, however, or of the explanatory relation thought to be associated with scientific demonstrations.
Aristotle’S Basic and Non-Basic Virtues
Authors: Gardiner Stephen M
Published: November 2023

The structure of Aristotelian virtue ethics has been substantially misunderstood. Conventional wisdom has it that Aristotle, as indeed all of the major philosophers of ancient Greece, believed that the virtues are reciprocally entailing (RV): a person can have one of the virtues of character if and only if she has them all.’ Since Aristotle claims that 1Jtiu,µovia, or happiness, requires a virtuous charnctcr, RV implies that a person needs all the virtues in order to be happy.
Introduction
Authors: Dupré John
Published: November 2023

This volume begins where my interest in its central topic began, with our everyday classification of animals. That central topic, which informs to some degree every chapter, is classification, the sorting of things into kinds. The first two sections concern the sorting of animals into kinds, the next two the sorting of humans into kinds, and the final section considers some of the main ways in which we are inclined to distinguish ourselves, as a kind, from non-human, ‘lower’, animals.
On the Impossibility of a Monistic Account of Species
Authors: Dupré John
Published: November 2023

By the classification of any series of objects, is meant the actual, or ideal, arrangement of those which are like and the separation of those which are unlike; the purpose of this arrangement being to facilitate the operations of the mind in clearly conceiving and retaining in the memory, the characters of the objects in question. Thus there may be as many classifications of any series of natural, or of other, bodies, as they have properties or relations to one another, or to other things; or, again, as there are modes in which they may be regarded by the mind.
Human Kinds
Authors: Dupré John
Published: November 2023

A critical dimension of debate about any large-scale scientific theory is the question of the scope of its generalizations. It is this issue, with respect to the application of evolutionary theory to behaviour, particularly human, that I want to address in this paper. Many very disparate academic disciplines claim relevance to the understanding of human behaviour, and these disciplines vary very widely in their pretensions to scope. At one extreme are the main humanistic disciplines (though excluding most of philosophy). Historians may or may not imagine universal processes or laws emerging from the narratives they construct, but they have not primarily achieved fame for the vindication of such generalizations. Literary critics may have general theories about the social functions of texts, but their main professional activity is the study of the most idiosyncratic of cultural artefacts.
What the Theory of Evolution Can’t Tell Us
Authors: Dupré John
Published: November 2023

Let me begin by saying that I am a great enthusiast for evolutionary theory. Darwin’s ideas and their subsequent development over the last 140 years are surely among the greatest insights into nature that humans have so far achieved. I make this perhaps perfunctory genuflection because scepticism about some of the more extreme claims made for the insights to be derived from evolutionary theory can incite accusations of insufficient respect for Darwin’s achievement. In further exculpation, let me note that it seems to me a common sequel to great scientific insight that enthusiasts will exaggerate the range of its implications. No disrespect is implied to Newton’s achievement by the observation that Laplacean visions of an entire universe to be understood in terms of the collisions of tiny billiard balls have proved to be an overstatement of his theory’s capabilities.
Introduction
Authors: Harding Jason
Published: November 2023

Michael Levenson’s challenging contention that the launch of the Criterion in 1922 marks a modernist ‘coming of age’ would require agreement about his definition and use of the nebulous terms ‘modernism’, ‘institutionalization’, and ‘cultural legitimacy’ to gain widespread assent. It does, all the same, neatly frame a number of methodological presuppositions raised in the study of the Criterion as a periodical text, and more broadly of literary journalism as a distinctive genre. In the first instance, consideration of the institutional role of the Criterion in the cultural and intellectual debates of the inter-war period necessitates constant attention to the periodical qua periodical; at the very least a more discriminating exploration of the Criterion’s contextual setting than has been the case in existing scholarship.
The Adelphi
Authors: Harding Jason
Published: November 2023

T. S. Eliot’s editorial policy on the Criterion dictated that the journal perform the office of a public platform upon which contributors and readers might come together and conduct debate about ‘fundamentals’. Examination of the prolonged classicism and romanticism debate in the Criterion and the Adelphi has become a sine qua non of studies of the intellectual development of Eliot and Murry. However, what accounts of this episode often overlook is the extent to which the exchange was not simply a contribution to intellectual debate, but an important means of providing good copy for both periodicals.
New Verse
Authors: Harding Jason
Published: November 2023

Geoffrey Grigson’s New Verse stands alongside Wyndham Lewis’s Enemy as the supreme example of a twentieth-century little magazine dominated by a combative and controversial editor. In 1980 Grigson explained: ‘There is no excuse for such a magazine unless it promulgates the strong message of a new clique or group.’ The strength and vigour of New Verse has never been in doubt and the image of Grigson plotting his literary campaigns from the brasserie of the Café Royal has not dimmed. New Verse occupies a central place in the literary-historical mythology of the 1930s. In the words of A. T. Tolley: ‘Undoubtedly the most important periodical in the history of poetry in the nineteen-thirties was New Verse.’
Michael Roberts and Janet Adam Smith
Authors: Harding Jason
Published: November 2023

Michael Roberts’s significance as an anthologist who provided a platform for a younger generation of poets in his anthologies New Signatures (1932), New Country (1933), and, most importantly of all, The Faber Book of Modern Verse (1936), has long been recognized. However, Eliot’s collaboration with Michael Roberts and his wife, Janet Adam Smith, on the Criterion has not received due attention. In fact, the extensive reviewing of Roberts and Adam Smith is particularly helpful in ascertaining the Criterion’s relative standing among the literary periodicals of the 1930s. It sheds some light on the silent rapprochement between the ‘Public School Communists’ (F. R. Leavis’s dismissive description of the Auden group of writers) and the Tory Anglican stalwarts who appeared in the Criterion.
Existentialism, Quietism, and the Role of Philosophy
Authors: Pettit Philip
Published: November 2023

David Hume remarks in his Treatise of Human Nature that while he is consumed by philosophy in his study, being often lost to questions that generate sceptical anxiety within him, he regains his composure as soon as he departs the study and takes up more practical pursuits. The suggestion often read into this remark—fairly or unfairly is that though philosophy may be a compelling and satisfying pastime, much philosophizing leaves no impact on ordinary experience or behaviour. Philosophy has no place in practice. It is a quiet and inert presence in life, not one that radiates its influence in other spheres.
Contemporary Opinion on Bank Lending
Authors: Collins Michael , Baker Mae
Published: November 2023

It has already been established that for the commercial banks the period 1860–1913 was one of significant institutional growth and systemic consolidation, and that the early and middle decades of the nineteenth century experienced a series of banking crises. Those crises raised anxieties about bank practices and the liquidity of bank balance sheets. By the beginning of the twentieth century, in contrast, English banks were apparently very sound, with possibly the most stable banking system in the world. As we have already argued, a number of factors contributed to this stability—not least, growth in the scale of banking firms’ resources and operations, the greater spread of risk achieved through bank amalgamations and the extension of branch networks, the adoption of a more liquid balance sheet, and (in the form of the Bank of England) the existence of an increasingly effective lender of last resort.
The Logic of Success
Authors: Kelly Kevin T
Published: November 2023

The problem of induction reminds us that science cannot wait for empirical hypotheses to be verified and Duhem’ s problem reminds us that we cannot expect full refutations either. We must settle for something less. The shape of this something less depends on which features of full verification and refutation we choose to emphasize. If we conceive of verification and refutation as arguments in which evidence entails the hypothesis or its negation, then the central problem of the philosophy of science is to explicate a relation of confirmation or support that is weaker than full entailment but that serves, none the less, to justify empirical conclusions.
The Theory of Knowledge: Saving Epistemology from the Epistemologists
Authors: Morton Adam
Published: November 2023

When philosophers of science address questions about confirmation, evidence, knowledge and rational belief they are usually addressing special cases of more general epistemological questions. But the flavor of the discussion is often quite different. Philosophers of science are concerned with a particular complex of belief acquiring institutions and practices. They want to know how they work, how well they work, and how they can be kept in good working order. Mainstream epistemologists, on the other hand, are usually motivated by concerns coming from within philosophy, or from pure intellectual puzzlement. This can make epistemology a very academic business.
Seneca in his Philosophical Milieu
Authors: Inwood Brad
Published: November 2023

The philosophical environment in which Seneca wrote was very different from the one which Cicero knew, and I want to present a somewhat exploratory sketch of that environment, one which will show how distinctive Seneca’s philosophical world was. No doubt many of the differences between them were matters of personal temperament and decision, and such factors cannot really be understood in a non-circular way. But many other differences were, I think, the result of social and political evolution at Rome; for during the century separating their careers, Roman society underwent a rapid and indeed revolutionary phase of social change. It would be remarkable if such change did not have some impact on the work of pagan Rome’s two greatest philosophical writers.
Moral Judgement in Seneca
Authors: Inwood Brad
Published: November 2023

We are all familiar with the notion of a moral judgement. In the vocabulary of ethical debate, this term is so common as to be acliche´. While we have different theories about how we make such judgements, it would seem distinctly odd to observe that ‘judgement’ is a term transferred from another semantic do- main and to attempt to sort out its meaning by scrutinizing its source or to impugn the clarity or usefulness of the term on the grounds that it began its conceptual career as a mere metaphor. Whatever origins the term may have had, they now seem irrelevant. But is this really so? I want to argue that moral judgement has not always been taken as a bland general synonym for moral decisions and that it need not be; to see that we can consider uses of the terminology of moral ‘ judgement’ in which the original semantic sphere for such language (the judicial sphere) is still relevant to understanding how it is used.
Reason, Rationalization, and Happiness in Seneca
Authors: Inwood Brad
Published: November 2023

In ancient Stoicism of all periods, the cultivation of rationality is taken to be the key to happiness. Following the Socratic ideal, the Stoics focused their efforts on the care of the soul, convinced that this was a necessary condition for human happiness and that perfection in this endeavour was indeed a sufficient condition. They held, further, that the adult human soul was essentially rational: reason permeates the entire soul and there are no distinct anti-rational forces within it which require cultivation or appeasement. It is true that they allowed for a division of the soul into eight ‘ parts’, but seven of these play such a clearly subordinate role that in practice only the ‘leading part’ of the soul, the he gemonikon, needs to be considered. (The subordinate seven are, of course, the five senses, necessary for supplying information about the world, the reproductive function, necessary for passing on our human nature to our off- spring, and the power of utterance, necessary for interaction with other rational and articulate agents.)
Seneca on Freedom and Autonomy
Authors: Inwood Brad
Published: November 2023

It is hardly a new notion that the idea of ‘freedom’ was crucially important to Stoic thought. But it is an issue which has been bedevilled by a number of misconceptions and confusions, most significantly the mistaken notion that ‘freedom’ was an import- ant part of the debate on determinism and responsibility— which is for us most often cast in terms of fate and ‘free will’ or determinism and human freedom. In the wake of an import- ant recent book, though, Determinism and Freedom in Stoic Philosophyby Susanne Bobzien, it is possible to disentangle these issues and to see how novel Epictetus’ contribution was. As Bobzien shows in her chapter 7, the concept of freedom and the concept of ‘what depends on us’ were originally quite distinct in Stoicism and it is only after Epictetus that we find them definitively linked.
Morality’s Progress
Authors: Jamieson Dale
Published: November 2023

Morality's Progress is the summation of nearly three decades of work by a leading figure in environmental ethics and bioethics. The twenty-two papers here are invigoratingly diverse, but together tell a unified story about various aspects of the morality of our relationships to animals and to nature. Jamieson's direct and accessible essays will convince sceptics that thinking about these relations offers great intellectual reward, and his work here sets a challenging, controversial agenda for the future.
Political Community Beyond the Sovereign State, Supranational Federalism, and Transnational Minorities
Authors: Bauböck Rainer
Published: November 2023

A cosmopolitan perspective needs not only a conception of global identities and global governance, but also of forms of political community beyond state borders. We can imagine the relations between political communities within a larger supranational context in four different ways: as separate, nested, multilevel or overlapping. The Hobbesian paradigm in international relations imagines sovereign states as separate communities; Kant’s vision of eternal peace promoted a confederation of free republics; the EU moves towards a regional model of multi-level governance and citizenship. These three ways of constructing a political community beyond the state, use existing state-based polities as building blocks for the larger structure. This is different from the transnational minorities whose political membership or aspirations for self-government cut across the boundaries of state-based communities. I discuss three types of such groups: trans border national minorities, indigenous minorities and immigrant minorities.
Bridging the digital divide : new route to development or new form of dependency?
Authors: Wade Robert Hunter
Published: November 2023

The Catholic Church has the practice of appointing a ‘devil’s advocate’ (Advocatus Diaboli) when considering a person for sainthood. The role of the advocate is to ferret out all the reasons why that person should not be made a saint and present them forcefully in the discussion among the cardinals who make the decision. The current campaign to promote the uptake of ICT in developing countries and to get aid donors to redirect their aid budgets needs devil’s advocates to challenge what J. S. Mill once called ‘the deep slumber of a decided opinion’.
Introduction
Authors: Ariew André , Perlman Mark
Published: November 2023

Humans often create objects with a purpose in mind, endowing the objects with particular functions. It is taken to be relatively unproblematic to have artifacts receive their functions from the intentions of their inventors. For example, can-openers are invented with the function of opening cans. But functions have a checkered philosophical history when applied to the natural world. In the past, they have been expected to carry a lot of explanatory weight, sometimes to the point of investing every event and every part of every object with either some cosmic function or some end-directing inner force.
Platonic and Aristotelian Roots of Teleological Arguments
Authors: Ariew André
Published: November 2023

The authors contributing to this anthology focus on a variety of issues concerning ‘functional explanations’ in both biology and psychology. ‘Functional explanation’ is our chosen term because ‘teleological explanation’ is thought to imply backwards causation or bizarre ontological categories (for example, vital forces) attributable to the teleological theories of Plato and Aristotle. Functional explanation is not so imbued and hence, as opposed to teleology, is an appropriate topic for naturalistic analysis. However, scholars of ancient Greek science and metaphysics know that Aristotle’s and Plato’s teleologies are richer and more interesting than many of the writers on modern functional explanation realize.
On the Normativity of Functions
Authors: Hardcastle Valerie Gray
Published: November 2023

Function is a strange concept: normative, on the one hand, and completely naturalistic, on the other. The word both describes what a thing is supposed to do and tells us something about the way the world works. The function of my microwave oven is to heat foods at an inordinate speed. My microwave has this function even if it is brand new and sitting unused in its original packing material. It has this function even if I have never used it to cook anything but instead use it for additional countertop space. It has this function even if it is broken and can no longer emit any microwaves, even if it has always been broken and I never fix it. Regardless, its function is still to heat food.
Pagan Teleology: Adaptational Role and the Philosophy of Mind
Authors: Perlman Mark
Published: November 2023

Since the 1980s, philosophers of mind have increasingly looked to biology, and biological functions, to supply a stable basis for mental content. Philosophy of mind has long been in need of naturalizing, to free it from what was the metaphysical approach to the mind that has dominated philosophy since at least Descartes. The central issues were the mind–body problem, freedom of the will, and the nature of ideas. Even among metaphysical problems, these are notoriously vague and seemingly insoluble. Moreover, they cut off the mind from the brain and the physical world in a way that increasingly clashed with the ever-increasing reach of science.
Locomotive Soul: The Parts of Soul in Aristotle’s Scientific Works
Authors: Whiting Jennifer E
Published: November 2023

This is remarkable in so far as it seems obvious that one can perceive something (e.g. giving up alcohol) as good without desiring to do it, and that one can perceive something (e.g. unsafe sex) as bad without having any aversion to it. Moreover, Aristotle himself—in so far as he recognizes the possibility of incontinence—must to some extent agree. So what is going on here?
Brand Values and Capital Market Valuation
Authors: Barth Mary E , Clement Michael B , Foster George , Kasznik Ron
Published: November 2023

There is growing recognition that intangible assets are important determinants of firm value. Examples of intangible assets include brands, technology, customer loyalty, and the human capital and commitment of employees. US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) do not consistently recognize such intangible assets as accounting assets. A major reason for not according these assets financial statement recognition is concern about whether their values are reliably estimable. This study tests hypotheses relating to whether brand values estimated and published by a well-respected financial magazine reflect valuation relevant information and are sufficiently reliable and timely to be reflected in share prices and returns.
Social Dialect in Attica
Authors: Colvin Stephen
Published: November 2023

Social varieties of speech are commonly designated social dialects or sociolects. The terms refer to speech variation that is correlated with social distinctions: immediately the term is more complicated than the unmarked term dialect, which refers of course to regional dialect. To identify regional dialect we have to know some basic facts about the geography of the speech community; but in the case of social dialect we are committing ourselves to a range of interlocking theories about the social structure of the community, which—at least in the case of a corpus language, and probably also in other cases—cannot be merely observed, but must be abstracted from whatever data are available to the investigator.
Langage de femmes et d’hommes en grec ancien: l’exemple de Lysistrata
Authors: Duhoux Yves
Published: November 2023

Nous aimerions savoir à quoi pouvait ressembler le grec parlé en Attique à l’époque classique. Ceci suppose que l’on définisse ce que peut être ce ‘grec parl’. Une premie›re difficulté vient évidemment de l’absence de tout document oral conservé Une deuxième, de ce que la situation linguistique attique classique ŉétait pas unitaire. Une troisie›me, de la me‹thodologie a› utiliser pour acce‹der, autant que faire se peut, au grec parle‹ a› travers le corpus attique
Consumer Issues: Beowulf 3115a and Germanic ‘Bison’
Authors: Stiles Patrick V
Published: November 2023

Manuscript weaxanhas the form of a well-established Old English word, the infinitive of the verb ‘to grow’, ModE. to wax. However, it does not suit the context, not least because it creates syntactic diffculties (being an intransitive verb). Omitting the problematic half-line, one can translate: ‘Now fire shall consume . . . the ruler of warriors’; the remaining two words denote ‘dark flame’. It has often been remarked that, if weaxan‘to grow’ is accepted, then 3115a must be taken as parenthetic—‘the dark flame (will) grow’—which is clumsy, as it comes between fretanand its direct object. It also interrupts the flow of the thought unduly. What is more, a parenthesis in the first half-line is very rare in the older poetry and may have been considered bad style. Cosijn trenchantly observed (1882: 573–4): ‘Es liegt auf der hand, dass weaxan wonna lêgentweder verdorben ist oder eine andere bedeutung hat als man bisher angenommen hat.’
The Parthian Abstract Suffix -yft
Authors: Sims-Williams Nicholas
Published: November 2023

Though the Manichaean Parthian suffix -yft[-I: ft] has long been recognized as functionally equivalent and etymologically cognate with Middle Persian -ih, its derivation from *-iya-θwa-has been seen as problematic. A hundred years ago Carl Salemann (ap. Müller 1904: 34 n. 1) apparently took it for granted that -ftis a direct outcome of Old Iranian *-θw-, and this view has been accepted by Wolfgang Lentz (1926: 253) and Philip Huyse (2003: 85 n. 125), both of whom refer to the development as a ‘metathesis’.
Perception Naturalized in Aristotle’s De Anima
Authors: Bolton Robert
Published: November 2023

Perhaps the most prominent feature of Aristotle’s general introduction to his psychological works, in the opening chapter of the De Anima, is his insistence that what he expects to do there is not only genuine science but also genuine natural science ( phusike). The first half of that first chapter (402a1–403a3) mainly introduces features of Aristotle’s intended method that are dictated by the fact that what he expects to do is science as he understands it.
A Puzzle In Stoic Ethics
Authors: Barney Rachel
Published: November 2023

This paper is an expression of perplexity. Recent decades have seen immense scholarly progress in our understanding of Stoicism; yet on some fundamental points the structure of Stoic moral theory remains, to me at any rate, quite obscure. This is true in particular of the Stoic doctrine of the ‘indifferents’[ineq], a doctrine so central to Stoicism that the puzzle I will be raising about it can also be phrased as the following general question: ‘How is a Stoic supposed to deliberate?’ If this question is as hard to answer as I think it is, then there is still a great deal which remains to be understood about Stoic moral theory.
Persons and their pasts
Authors: Shoemaker Sydney
Published: November 2023

Persons have, in memory, a special access to facts about their own past histories and their own identities, a kind of access they do not have to the histories and identities of other persons and other things. John Locke thought this special access important enough to warrant a special mention in his definition of “person,” viz., “a thinking, intelligent Being, that has reason and reflection, and can consider it self as it self, the same thinking thing, in different times and places...”1 In this essay I shall attempt to explain the nature and status of this special access and to defend Locke’s view of its conceptual importance. I shall also attempt to correct what now seem to me to be errors and oversights in my own previous writings on this topic.
Embodiment and behavior
Authors: Shoemaker Sydney
Published: November 2023

A prominent question in recent philosophy of mind is whether some of the connections between mental states and behavior are (in some interesting sense) “logical,” “necessary,” “internal,” or “conceptual,” as opposed to being “purely contingent.” Another prominent question, a much older one, is whether subjects of mental states, in particular persons, can exist in “disembodied form,” that is, whether it is possible (logically possible) for there to be something (or someone) that has mental states without having (or being) a body and so without having any physical states whatever.1 While both of these questions concern the relationships that hold between the realm of the mental and the realm of the physical, they are on the face of it very different questions, and they are often discussed as if their answers were independent of one another.
Immortality and dualism
Authors: Shoemaker Sydney
Published: November 2023

Someone who believes in immortality is not thereby committed, logically, to believing in dualism and in the possibility of disembodied existence. Nevertheless, any antidualist who believes in immortality is committed to believing things which most antidualists would find even less plausible than dualism. Observe that if at some future time I die and then undergo bodily resurrection, or if I arrange to have myself deep-frozen and then thawed a few millennia later,1 or if I have my brain transferred to a younger and healthier body, or if I have my brainstates transferred to a younger and healthier brain, or if I undergo rejuvenation at the hands of the microsurgeons, then no matter how much my bodily existence will have been extended beyond threescore years and ten, I will still have an eternity ahead of me. None of the imagined life-prolonging (or life-restoring) episodes would, by itself, bring one immortality, as opposed to mere increased longevity.
what happens to someone else
Authors: Sorabji Richard
Published: November 2023

I shall next examine the principle that survival cannot depend merely on what happens to someone else, and how it was applied in Antiquity to imaginary cases of fusion and in modern times to imaginary cases of fission.
Bundles and differentiation of individuals
Authors: Sorabji Richard
Published: November 2023

The differentiation of disembodied intellects has proved in chapter six to be very difficult. I want to go back down now to the more mundane differentiation of persons and things in the physical world. forms of individuals in aristotle Plato already had much to say on individuals,1 and I shall come back to him shortly, but I shall start with his pupil Aristotle.
Knowing Self Through Others Versus Direct And Invariable Self-Knowledge
Authors: Sorabji Richard
Published: November 2023

In chapter one, we encountered an idea opposite to Descartes ; suggestion in the Second Meditation that one knows oneself but cannot see other people, only the hats and coats that may cover automata. On the contrary, it is a prerequisite for an infant ;s acquiring a concept of self that it should engage, as tends to happen around nine months, in activities of shared attention and social referencing with someone else. It is by noticing that its gaze is not aligned with the other ;s gaze, or that its inclinations are not aligned with the other ;s approval, that it comes to see itself as having a mind of its own. It would be too grand to speak of it as yet having a concept of self, but this is a prerequisite for such a concept. Moreover, it has been suggested, we saw, that the interest in alignment of attention and intention is also a prerequisite for the later learning of language.
The Debate Between Ancient Buddhism And The Nyaya School
Authors: Sorabji Richard
Published: November 2023

I think there is great value in looking at another culture to which the question of a continuous self has been much more central, the culture of India. Among various Buddhists and Hindus we will find the idea that reductionism can be applied to bodies as well as minds. We will find the question of whether there are any basic entities at all to which a reduction can be made.
Morphosyntactic Change
Authors: Fischer Olga
Published: November 2023

This book presents a critical comparison of the two leading theories of linguistic change. After introducing the aims and methods of historical linguistics, Olga Fischer provides an exposition of the main theories used to describe morphosyntactic change and a full account of the causes and mechanisms by which their leading exponents seek to explain it. She measures the effectiveness of rival theories and methods in different contexts and in the process throws fresh light on the balance of factors influencing linguistic change. Professor Fischer emphazises the unity of form and meaning in the linguistic sign and examines the role played by analogy. She looks at how changes in discourse, lexicon, semantics, pragmatics, and sound interact with changes in morphosyntax, and explores the relationship between external and internal causes of change. She considers whether morphosyntactic change is gradual or abrupt and discusses how far rates of change reflect the degree to which grammar is innate or learned. She uses detailed case studies to illustrate different types of morphosyntactic change, and to show how each theory fares when put into practice. The author's clear style and her balanced approach to this fascinating and complex subject combine to make this a book that will be of central interest and value to scholars and students of linguistic change, at graduate level and above.
Singapore
Authors: Simpson Andrew
Published: November 2023

Singapore is a small island state located at the southern tip of the Malay peninsula which has undergone tremendous economic growth and modernization since 1965, resulting in a per capita income which is second only to that of Japan within Asia. During the course of its recent dramatic development, Singapore has also had to face up to and deal with important challenges to its national coherence which are present because of two simple facts about the country. First of all, Singapore is a very new state, with no sense of collective identity among its inhabitants existing prior to the establishment of full independence in 1965. Secondly, the population of Singapore is highly mixed, being composed of the descendants of immigrants into Singapore from (primarily) southern China, India, and Malaya. Confronted with the problem of how to accommodate such a broad ethnic mix in a single society and also build up a national identity, the post-independence government of Singapore made the significant decision to attempt to maintain cultural and linguistic pluralism within Singapore at the same time as building up an overarching Singaporean identity based on broad, traditional Asian values, and supported by increased prosperity.
Permanent relations? Love, marriage, and philosophical lives
Authors: Almond Brenda
Published: November 2023

Being single is, for some, a lifestyle choice. Indeed, the very idea of the couple relationship can meet with reflective philosophical opposition from those who believe that, in a couple culture based on sexual exclusivity, authenticity is at risk for the coupled, and that their preoccupation with each other rebounds on those who are alone: a world of couples, they argue, imposes on the uncoupled the risk of social isolation and loneliness.¹ For others, though, the need for intimacy and security can best be met in a relationship that offers some guarantee of continuity.
From philosophy to law
Authors: Almond Brenda
Published: November 2023

The idea that children make a difference is hardly new. Tradition has it that, when the Buddha was told of the birth of his child, he responded with the words: ‘A fetter has been forged for me.’ Nor is the idea that the difference may not be entirely positive — a view the idealist philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer certainly shared: ‘Happy marriages are well known to be rare; just because it lies in the nature of marriage that its chief end is not the present but the coming generation.
Feminist aims, family consequences
Authors: Almond Brenda
Published: November 2023

The portrait of today’s family is a mosaic built up from a variety of ingredients. But one major contribution to the changing fortunes of the family that must be added to this picture is the contribution made by developing philosophical perspectives on the role and position of women, spearheaded in the Western democracies by an emerging body of feminist thinking about gender roles and reproductive choices. Some of this philosophical thinking has been radical and rejectionist. It has taken the form of a demand for equality that cuts across traditional structures and expectations, especially those embedded in the concept of family, although there are other tendencies, too, within the feminist movement, that involve a more cautionary attitude to social change.
Having and not having children
Authors: Almond Brenda
Published: November 2023

Many of the new developments in medicine and reproductive technology have been welcomed as holding out the promise of help to families, whether they want to limit the number of their children or whether, on the other hand, they have problems of infertility or subfertility. Medically, the new technologies can be used to filter out serious genetic diseases, while, socially, they offer new kinds of choice, although not all of these choices are regarded by everyone as ethically or legally desirable. The more problematic possibilities include, for example, being able to choose whether to have a boy or a girl or whether to try for other more general characteristics through donor or embryo selection.
Finding a way through the wood
Authors: Almond Brenda
Published: November 2023

As Western societies contemplate with increasing misgiving the decline of the family and a painful struggle for the realignment of gender roles, the issues that have been touched on here reveal that ideas about sexuality and reproduction are deeply embedded in broader political and philosophical ideologies. Despite the fact that it is usually thought to be the most intimate and personal of human relations, sex has almost always been the subject of social and legal regulation. But the widely held libertarian view that personal and sexual relationships between adults belong entirely in the area of individual choice needs some qualification.
the aporetic interlude and fifth elenchus of Plato’s Euthyphro
Authors: Mcpherran Mark L
Published: November 2023

The philosophical fame of Plato’s Euthyphro stems almost entirely from its portrayal of Socrates’ relentless interrogation of Euthyphro’s five attempted definitions of piety (∊uδ∊βla) However, the overall characterization of the dialogue’s participants, and the complex motivations that drive them, also deserve careful scrutiny if we are fully to comprehend each argumentative episode as well as the entire import of the dialogue. That Plato himself wishes to provoke such scrutiny is indicated by the unusually vivid, complex, and long dramatic introduction he provides, amounting to roughly a third of the dialogue’s length. Various studies have rightly focused on this introductory section, attempting in particular to make sense of Euthyphro’s unusual suit against his father and, thus, its implications for our understanding of Socrates’ own forthcoming trial (in view of the parallels Plato clearly intends between Euthyphro and Socrates’ prosecutor Meletus, and Socrates and Euthyphro’s father).
The nature of pubIic management reform
Authors: Pollitt Christopher , Bouckaert Geert
Published: November 2023

Public management reform is usually thought of as a means to an end, not an end in itself. To be more precise we should perhaps say that it is potentially a means to multiple ends.
Commonalities and Conflicts Between Different Perspectives of the Employment Relationship: Towards a Unified Perspective
Authors: Coyle-Shapiro Jacqueline A-M , Taylor M Susan , Shore Lynn M , Tetrick Lois E
Published: November 2023

Part I allows us to view the employment relationship through a pentagonal prism composed of social exchange, justice, industrial relations, and economic and legal perspectives. As we rotate the prism, allowing the light to refract through different sides, various features of the employment relationship move into the foreground and dominate, while others recede. When gazing through some sides of the prism, the sur-rounding context so dominates our view that it is difficult to see the relationship at all, while in other cases, the context itself is virtually unnoticeable.
Job Creep: A Reactance Theory Perspective on Organizational Citizenship Behavior as Overfulfillment of Obligations
Authors: Dyne Linn Van , Ellis Jennifer Butler
Published: November 2023

“Doing more with less” characterizes many employee jobs and employment relationships in most organizations these days. This is because competitive pressures have triggered downsizing, reorganization, flattened hierarchies, and layoffs (Cappelli et al. 1997; Rousseau 1997). Large numbers of employees have lost their jobs and many fear the possibility of future cutbacks (Brockner et al. 1986). Accordingly, employees often feel they must protect their employment status by making sure that their contributions to the organization exceed their obligations.
Adjectives in Qiang
Authors: LaPolla Randy J , Huang Chenglong
Published: November 2023

Qiang is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken by 70,000-80,000 people in Northern Sichuan Province, China, classified as being in the Qiang or Tibetan nationality by the Chinese government’ the language is verb final, agglutinative (prefixing and suffixing), and has both head-marking and dependent-marking morphology.
The Accountability of Multinationals for Human Rights Violations in European Law
Authors: Schutter Olmer De
Published: November 2023

Multinational enterprises (MNEs) domiciled in the Member States of the European Union may generally be said to benefit from complete impunity when they commit human rights violations abroad. This is especially true in the typical situation in which they invest in developing countries, either by extending their activities to those countries or by creating subsidiaries with a distinct legal personality, because of the lack of interest of local governments in the protection of human rights or, more often, because of their inability to ensure that protection effectively. The impunity of MNEs is a reality, whether these enterprises are directly responsible for human rights violations or whether their responsibility is more indirect, such as when their presence in certain jurisdictions facilitates or encourages human rights abuses by governments.
Elusive Knowledge of Things in Themselves
Authors: Langton Rae
Published: November 2023

Kant argued that we have no knowledge of things in themselves, no knowledge of the intrinsic properties of things, a thesis that is not idealism but epistemic humility. David Lewis agrees (in ‘Ramseyan Humility’), but for Ramseyan reasons rather than Kantian. I compare the doctrines of Ramsey an and Kantian humility, and argue that Lewis’s contextualise strategy for rescuing knowledge from the sceptic (proposed elsewhere) should also rescue knowledge of things in themselves. The rescue would not be complete: for knowledge of things in themselves would remain elusive. Reading this may damage your epistemological health. Kant said that we have no knowledge of things as they are in themselves. Perhaps he was wrong. Perhaps you, gentle reader, do have knowledge, right now, of things as they are in themselves. But look out. In the halfhour it takes you to read this, you may lose it. Proceed at your own risk. The idea that we have no knowledge of things in themselves is famously linked with the name of Immanuel Kant. It is not famously linked with the name of David Lewis; yet in ‘Ramseyan Humility’, Lewis has said that he agrees. The thesis that ‘we find out nothing about [things] as they are in themselves’, is ‘true . or at least something very like it is’ [Lewis 2001:1]. > Some may find this surprising. Transcendental idealism seems an unlikely candidate for Lewis’s tolerance, much less his endorsement. But there is no cause for anxiety-or at least, there is not thatcause for anxiety. The candidate in question is not idealism after all, but a kind of epistemic humility, which says that we have no knowledge of the intrinsic propertiesof things. A thesis about the limits of knowledge is not a thesis about the mind-dependence of the known. Humility is not idealism. And humility, I have argued, is what Kant means by his claim that we have no knowledge of things in themselves [Langton 1998]. That interpretation is controversial, but I shall assume it in what follows. It is humility, not idealism, that Lewis defends.