bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Legal Expert Commentary on Lay Judgments of Judicial Decision Making
Authors: Simon Dan , Scurich Nicholas
Published: October 2013

The public's view of the judiciary is a key factor in the legitimacy of any legal system. Ideally, popular judgments of the adjudicative branch would be independent of the outcomes of the decisions it furnishes. In a previous study (Simon & Scurich 2011), we found that lay people's evaluations of the judicial decision‐making process were highly contingent on the decision outcomes. Participants gave favorable evaluations of the judges and their decisions when they agreed with the judges' outcomes, but reported negative evaluations when they disagreed with them. These results held true across four different types of judicial reasoning, and despite the fact that all decisions were described as having followed proper procedures and been argued by competent lawyers. That study left open the possibility that the public's judgments might be moderated by professional elites, namely, legal experts. Indeed, in real life, much of the public's information about judicial decisions is derived from legal experts who communicate and comment on them in the media. This study examined the effect of professional commentators on lay people's judgments of judicial decision making. We found that the experts' commentaries do not alter participants' evaluations of the courts' decisions, as the evaluations continue to be influenced strongly by the participants' agreement with the outcomes of the judges' decisions. Moreover, lay people's reactions to the experts follow a similar pattern: the experts are deemed competent and their commentaries are deemed reliable when the participants agree with the outcomes propounded by the experts, but the opposite is true when the participants' preferred outcomes are incongruent with the outcomes endorsed by the experts. These findings suggest that the outcome‐dominated judgments of courts cannot easily be tempered by professional elites. This conclusion could also provide some insight into the dynamic process that enables political polarization.
Providing quality nutrition care in acute care hospitals: perspectives of nutrition care personnel
Authors: Keller H. H. , Vesnaver E. , Davidson B. , Allard J. , Laporte M. , Bernier P. , Payette H. , Jeejeebhoy K. , Duerksen D. , Gramlich L.
Published: October 2013

Background

Malnutrition is common in acute care hospitals worldwide and nutritional status can deteriorate during hospitalisation. The aim of the present qualitative study was to identify enablers and challenges and, specifically, the activities, processes and resources, from the perspective of nutrition care personnel, required to provide quality nutrition care.

Methods

Eight hospitals participating in the Nutrition Care in Canadian Hospitals study provided focus group data (n = 8 focus groups; 91 participants; dietitians, dietetic interns, diet technicians and menu clerks), which were analysed thematically.

Results

Five themes emerged from the data: (i) developing a nutrition culture, where nutrition practice is considered important to recovery of patients and teams work together to achieve nutrition goals; (ii) using effective tools, such as screening, evidence‐based protocols, quality, timely and accurate patient information, and appropriate and quality food; (iii) creating effective systems to support delivery of care, such as communications, food production and delivery; (iv) being responsive to care needs, via flexible food systems, appropriate menus and meal supplements, up to date clinical care and including patient and family in the care processes; and (v) uniting the right person with the right task, by delineating roles, training staff, providing sufficient time to undertake these important tasks and holding staff accountable for their care.

Conclusions

The findings of the present study are consistent with other work and provide guidance towards improving the nutrition culture in hospitals. Further empirical work on how to support successful implementation of nutrition care processes is needed.
Weight loss in a UK commercial all meal provision study: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Mellor D. D. , Whitham C. , Goodwin S. , Morris M. , Reid M. , Atkin S. L.
Published: October 2013

Background

Effective approaches are needed to address the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity. The present study investigated whether all meal provision was a more effective and acceptable method for weight loss than a self‐directed diet.

Methods

This randomised controlled trial recruited 112 men and women with a body mass index in the range 27–35 kg m–2, who had no comorbidities, from the local area of Hull. Participants were randomised to receive either meal provision or follow a self‐directed diet for a 12‐week period that resulted in an estimated 2928 kJ day−1 (700 kcal day−1) deficit. A dietitian supervised both dietary interventions.

Results

At 12 weeks [mean (SEM)], percentage weight loss in the meal provision group was 6.6% (0.5%) compared to 4.3% (0.6%) for those on the self‐directed diet. In terms of clinically relevant weight loss, 61% of participants lost 5% or more of their body weight with meal provision compared to 22% on the self‐directed diet (P < 0.001). Weight loss was associated with wellbeing in both groups. Attrition was less apparent with 7% of those participants receiving meal provision withdrawing from the study compared to 41% of those following the self‐directed diet (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Meal provision was a more effective and accepted method for weight loss over a 12‐week period compared to a self‐directed diet. This may in part represent the difference between being given the meal provision food free of charge. However, longer‐term maintenance studies need to be undertaken to ascertain their effects on the maintenance of weight loss.
An exploratory study to evaluate whether medical nutrition therapy can improve dietary intake in hospital patients who eat poorly
Authors: Agarwal E. , Ferguson M. , Banks M. , Bauer J. , Capra S. , Isenring E.
Published: October 2013

Background

The Australasian Nutrition Care Day Survey (ANCDS) reported that two‐fifths of patients consume ≤50% of the offered food in Australian and New Zealand hospitals. After controlling for confounders (nutritional status, age, disease type and severity), the ANCDS also established an independent association between poor food intake and increased in‐hospital mortality. The present study aimed to evaluate whether medical nutrition therapy (MNT) could improve dietary intake in hospital patients eating poorly.

Methods

An exploratory pilot study was conducted in the respiratory, neurology and orthopaedic wards of an Australian hospital. At baseline, percentage food intake (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) was evaluated for each main meal and snack for a 24‐h period in patients hospitalised for ≥2 days and not under dietetic review. Patients consuming ≤50% of offered meals as a result of nutrition‐impact symptoms were referred to ward dietitians for MNT. Food intake was re‐evaluated on the seventh day after recruitment (post‐MNT).

Results

One hundred and eighty‐four patients were observed over 4 weeks; 32 patients were referred for MNT. Although baseline and post‐MNT data for 20 participants [mean (SD) age 68 (17) years, 65% females] indicated a significant increase in median energy and protein intake post‐MNT (3600 kJ day−1; 40 g day−1) versus baseline (2250 kJ day−1; 25 g day−1) (P < 0.05), the increased intake met only 50% of dietary requirements. Persistent nutrition impact symptoms affected intake.

Conclusions

In the present pilot study, although dietary intake improved, it remained inadequate to meet participants' estimated requirements as a result of ongoing nutrition‐impact symptoms. Appropriate medical management and early enteral feeding could be a possible solution for such patients.
Impact of Occluded Culprit Arteries on Long‐Term Clinical Outcome in Patients with Non‐ST‐Elevation Myocardial Infarction: 48‐Month Follow‐Up Results in the COREA‐AMI Registry
Authors: SHIN DONG IL , CHANG KIYUK , AHN YOUNGKEUN , HWANG BYUNG‐HEE , PARK HUN‐JUN , SEO SEOK MIN , KOH YOON‐SEOK , KIM PUM‐JOON , SEUNG KI‐BAE , JEONG MYUNG HO
Published: October 2013

Background

The prognostic impact of occluded culprit arteries in non‐ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) patients beyond 12 months has not been investigated.

Objectives

The impact of occluded culprit arteries on a composite of cardiac death (CD), recurrent nonfatal MI (RMI), and target vessel revascularization (TVR) in patients who presented with NSTEMI was investigated during a 48‐month follow‐up using propensity‐score (PS) matching.

Methods

A total of 2,878 NSTEMI patients in the COREA‐AMI (COnvergent REgistry of cAtholic and chonnAm university for Acute MI) Registry were classified according to the angiographic flow of culprit arteries (occlusion [OC], n = 1,070; nonocclusion, n = 1,808). After PS matching, the incidence of the primary end‐point, a composite of CD, RMI, and TVR was compared.

Results

The median follow‐up duration was 47.3 months (IQR 32.7–66.2). In the PS‐matched population, the 48‐month cumulative rates of the primary end‐point (27.5% vs. 17.9%, P < 0.001) and each event were higher in the OC group (CD: 9.0% vs. 5.4%, RMI: 16.3% vs. 9.4%, TVR: 10.5% vs. 5.6%, respectively, P < 0.05). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, occluded culprit arteries showed the significant statistical impact on the primary end‐point (HR 1.689 [1.385–2.059], P < 0.001) and each event (CD: 1.736 [1.218–2.475], RMI: 1.918 [1.468–2.505], TVR: 2.042 [1.453–2.869], respectively, P < 0.05). Furthermore, in the 12‐month landmark analysis, occluded culprit arteries were still associated with higher risk of primary end‐point beyond 12 months (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Occluded culprit arteries were independently associated with the higher risk of CD, RMI, and TVR in NSTEMI patients during the 48‐month follow‐up. (J Interven Cardiol 2014;27:12–20)
Immunohistochemical analysis of matrix metalloproteinases (1, 2, and 9), Ki‐67, and myofibroblasts in keratocystic odontogenic tumors and pericoronal follicles
Authors: de Oliveira Ramos Grasieli , Costa Aline , Meurer Maria I. , Vieira Daniella S. C. , Rivero Elena R. C.
Published: October 2013

Background

Keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) is a benign tumor that arises sporadically or associated with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS). Its locally aggressive behavior contrasts with its cystic histological appearance. To better understand the interaction between tumor cells and the stroma, the present study aimed to evaluate and compare the immunohistochemical expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP‐1, ‐2, and ‐9), the cellular proliferation index (Ki‐67), and the presence of myofibroblasts (MFs) in KCOTs.

Methods

Eleven cases of isolated KCOT (G1) and 12 cases of KCOT associated with NBCCS (G2) were selected for an immunohistochemical investigation of the proteins MMP‐1, MMP‐2, MMP‐9, Ki‐67, and α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) in MFs. A group of 6 pericoronal follicles (G3) was included as a normal odontogenic tissue control.

Results

Significant differences between the G3 and G1/G2 groups regarding the expression of MMP‐1, MMP‐9 (in connective tissue), and Ki‐67 were observed. In KCOT, there was a positive correlation between the Ki‐67 antigen and MMP‐1 and between MFs and MMP‐1 in the parenchyma. No statistical differences were found between G1 and G2 groups.

Conclusions

MMP‐1, MMP‐9, and proliferative activity appear to play important roles in KCOT pathogenesis. The increased proliferative activity with KCOT was associated with elevated MMP‐1 production in the parenchyma, which influenced the growth of the lesion in association with an increased number of MFs.
Fungal diseases mimicking primary lung cancer: radiologic–pathologic correlation
Authors: Gazzoni Fernando F. , Severo Luiz Carlos , Marchiori Edson , Irion Klaus L. , Guimarães Marcos D. , Godoy Myrna C. , Sartori Ana P. G. , Hochhegger Bruno
Published: October 2013

A variety of fungal pulmonary infections can produce radiologic findings that mimic lung cancers. Distinguishing these infectious lesions from lung cancer remains challenging for radiologists and clinicians. In such cases, radiographic findings and clinical manifestations can be highly suggestive of lung cancer, and misdiagnosis can significantly delay the initiation of appropriate treatment. Likewise, the findings of imaging studies cannot replace the detection of a species as the aetiological agent. A biopsy is usually required to diagnose the infectious nature of the lesions. In this article, we review the clinical, histologic and radiologic features of the most common fungal infections that can mimic primary lung cancers, including paracoccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, aspergillosis, mucormycosis and blastomycosis.
Now you see it, now you don't … A case of a displaced root during a routine dental extraction
Authors: Yeaton K. , Walshe A. , Kwok J.
Published: October 2013

Routine dental extractions are commonly carried out in general dental practice. Complications associated with extractions in the maxillary arch are rare but well recognised such as oral antral communications and fracture of the buccal plate. In this article, we describe an unusual complication of a ‘disappearing’ canine root and the difficulties in locating its position. To examine the different image modalities employed to determine the location of the root and the advantages of three‐dimensional assessment with cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in such cases. In this case, the use of CBCT was invaluable, as the missing root was not initially located using plain film radiographs, but was subsequently located with the use of CBCT. The inadequacy of the plain film and its interpretation in this case caused delay in the patient receiving the required treatment.
Statistics Making an Impact
Authors: Pullinger John
Published: October 2013

Statistics provides a special kind of understanding that enables well-informed decisions. As citizens and consumers we are faced with an array of choices. Statistics can help us to choose well. Our statistical brains need to be nurtured: we can all learn and practise some simple rules of statistical thinking. To understand how statistics can play a bigger part in our lives today we can draw inspiration from the founders of the Royal Statistical Society. Although in today’s world the information landscape is confused, there is an opportunity for statistics that is there to be seized. This calls for us to celebrate the discipline of statistics, to show confidence in our profession, to use statistics in the public interest and to champion statistical education. The Royal Statistical Society has a vital role to play.
Bioenergy Futures: Framing Sociotechnical Imaginaries in Local Places
Authors: Eaton Weston M. , Gasteyer Stephen P. , Busch Lawrence
Published: October 2013

Sociotechnical imaginaries are collectively imagined forms of social life reflected in the design and fulfillment of technological projects. While it is implied that there may be contention around sociotechnical imaginaries, the literature on how that contention is manifested is scant. We use a frame‐analytic approach to demonstrate the potency of collective action frames for making sense of the national imaginaries underpinning siting proposals. As a case study, we use woody biomass bioenergy development in northern Michigan. After briefly outlining the multiple frames that are encompassed in the imaginary of bioenergy development, we focus on the “wood for energy” frame, employing the concept of “frame keys” to demonstrate how national imaginaries are interpreted differently by local and nonlocal actors involved in community sitings of proposed facilities. We find not only that frame keys are essential to how the national imaginary of bioenergy is interpreted, (re)produced, and responded to but also that framing processes are related to social movements that coalesce around competing collective memories of place.
Navigating an inconvenient difference in antagonistic contexts: Doing fieldwork in Aceh, Indonesia
Authors: Schenk Christine G.
Published: October 2013

This article discusses the challenges of doing fieldwork in an antagonistic context. Such an antagonistic context can emerge when a non‐Muslim researcher conducts fieldwork in a Muslim country that experiences humanitarian intervention and reconstruction efforts after natural disasters or the end of conflict. This particular setting can create a conflation of Islamic and Western (liberal) values while a political settlement is about to be consolidated. The case discussed in this article is located in the province of Aceh in Indonesia, where a political settlement of a conflict which lasted more than 25 years converged with a massive influx of foreign aid for disaster mitigation vis‐à‐vis the desire to apply Islamic Law (shari'a). The combined effects of reconstruction efforts and political and armed conflict, forged a problematic co‐presence of Western and non‐Western values, which affected the relations between the (Western) researcher and (non‐Western) researched by creating tension or even hostility between the two. The article argues that methodological dilemmas stemming from such a setting require a relational approach drawing on empathy, sameness and the personal, thereby taking into account emotions when conducting fieldwork. For this particular case I suggest an approach based on teamwork crossing cultures and gender among the research team members. To deal with constraints in such a setting, the article proposes to contextualize any potential difference between the researcher and researched, and to explore various relational elements drawing on psychoanalytical approaches and/or cross‐cultural positioning through and in teamwork.
A multi‐dimensional analysis of the impacts of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme: A tale from Tamil Nadu
Authors: Novotný Josef , Kubelková Jana , Joseph Vanishree
Published: October 2013

This paper provides a multi‐dimensional analysis of the impacts of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme using a case study from rural Tamil Nadu. Drawing on structured interviews in households and semi‐structured interviews with local employers and officials, we analyse the effects of the workfare scheme when it is widely and properly implemented. We distinguish between different conceptualizations of the work scheme as a means of welfare provision, labour market policy and intervention directed towards other objectives. We found that the goals of the scheme were fulfilled unevenly in the given context. Among other findings, we show that positive effects on the welfare of participating and non‐participating households were accompanied by adverse effects on the local economy and negligible impact on out‐migration for work.
Cerebellar abscess caused by Listeria monocytogenes in a liver transplant patient
Authors: Choudhury N. , Khan A.B. , Tzvetanov I. , Garcia‐Roca R. , Oberholzer J. , Benedetti E. , Jeon H.
Published: October 2013

Brain abscesses are a rare but serious complication and have been documented in transplant recipients. Aspergillus is by far the most frequent etiology of post‐transplant brain abscesses. Bacteria, apart from Nocardia, have a low association with brain abscesses in transplant recipients. We report herein the case of a 52‐year‐old man who had undergone orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for end‐stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma secondary to chronic hepatitis, and who developed a cerebellar abscess (CA) from Listeria monocytogenes. Three months after transplantation, he presented with a 1‐week history of headache and vomiting. Computed tomography scan of the brain revealed a space‐occupying lesion in the right cerebellum, which was further confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. Emergency surgery was planned because of pressure effect on the surrounding structures. The patient recovered smoothly from the surgery. To our knowledge, no reports of Listeria CA following OLT have been published in the English literature. This case shows that, although extremely rare, L. monocytogenes may cause CA in liver transplant recipients, and clinicians should be aware of this, so that prompt diagnosis and treatment can be instituted before serious brain damage can occur.
Leflunomide as part of the treatment for multidrug‐resistant cytomegalovirus disease after lung transplantation: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Verkaik N.J. , Hoek R.A.S. , van Bergeijk H. , van Hal P.Th.W. , Schipper M.E.I. , Pas S.D. , Beersma M.F.C. , Boucher C.A.B. , Jedema I. , Falkenburg F. , Hoogsteden H.C. , van den Blink B. , Murk J.L.
Published: October 2013

Treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease in transplant patients is challenging and, with antiviral resistance to first‐line drugs, it remains uncertain which treatment algorithm to follow. Some data suggest that leflunomide, a pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor, can be used to treat resistant CMV infections. We report a 57‐year‐old CMV immunoglobulin‐G (IgG)‐seronegative woman, who received a bilateral lung transplant (LuTx) from a CMV IgG‐positive donor with CMV primary disease. The CMV strain was genotypically resistant to ganciclovir, foscarnet, and cidofovir. After starting leflunomide as add‐on therapy to a multidrug anti‐CMV regimen, viral load declined substantially in 2 months without adverse events. This experience is discussed against the background of existing literature on the use of leflunomide as an anti‐CMV agent in LuTx recipients.
Rab6 Dependent Post‐Golgi Trafficking of HSV1 Envelope Proteins to Sites of Virus Envelopment
Authors: Johns Helen L. , Gonzalez‐Lopez Claudia , Sayers Charlotte L. , Hollinshead Michael , Elliott Gillian
Published: October 2013

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) is an enveloped virus that uses undefined transport carriers for trafficking of its glycoproteins to envelopment sites. Screening of an siRNA library against 60 Rab GTPases revealed Rab6 as the principal Rab involved in HSV1 infection, with its depletion preventing Golgi‐to‐plasma membrane transport of HSV1 glycoproteins in a pathway used by several integral membrane proteins but not the luminal secreted protein Gaussia luciferase. Knockdown of Rab6 reduced virus yield to 1% and inhibited capsid envelopment, revealing glycoprotein exocytosis as a prerequisite for morphogenesis. Rab6‐dependent virus production did not require the effectors myosin‐II, bicaudal‐D, dynactin‐1 or rabkinesin‐6, but was facilitated by ERC1, a factor involved in linking microtubules to the cell cortex. Tubulation and exocytosis of Rab6‐positive, glycoprotein‐containing membranes from the Golgi was substantially augmented by infection, resulting in enhanced and targeted delivery to cell tips. This reveals HSV1 morphogenesis as one of the first biological processes shown to be dependent on the exocytic activity of Rab6.
The Vps35 D620N Mutation Linked to Parkinson's Disease Disrupts the Cargo Sorting Function of Retromer
Authors: Follett Jordan , Norwood Suzanne J. , Hamilton Nicholas A. , Mohan Megha , Kovtun Oleksiy , Tay Stephanie , Zhe Yang , Wood Stephen A. , Mellick George D. , Silburn Peter A. , Collins Brett M. , Bugarcic Andrea , Teasdale Rohan D.
Published: October 2013

The retromer is a trimeric cargo‐recognition protein complex composed of Vps26, Vps29 and Vps35 associated with protein trafficking within endosomes. Recently, a pathogenic point mutation within the Vps35 subunit (D620N) was linked to the manifestation of Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we investigated details underlying the molecular mechanism by which the D620N mutation in Vps35 modulates retromer function, including examination of retromer's subcellular localization and its capacity to sort cargo. We show that expression of the PD‐linked Vps35 D620N mutant redistributes retromer‐positive endosomes to a perinuclear subcellular localization and that these endosomes are enlarged in both model cell lines and fibroblasts isolated from a PD patient. Vps35 D620N is correctly folded and binds Vps29 and Vps26A with the same affinity as wild‐type Vps35. While PD‐linked point mutant Vps35 D620N interacts with the cation‐independent mannose‐6‐phosphate receptor (CI‐M6PR), a known retromer cargo, we find that its expression disrupts the trafficking of cathepsin D, a CI‐M6PR ligand and protease responsible for degradation of α‐synuclein, a causative agent of PD. In summary, we find that the expression of Vps35 D620N leads to endosomal alterations and trafficking defects that may partly explain its action in PD.
Paired analysis of plasma proteins and coagulant capacity after treatment with three methods of pathogen reduction
Authors: Coene José , Devreese Katrien , Sabot Bea , Feys Hendrik B. , Vandekerckhove Philippe , Compernolle Veerle
Published: October 2013

Background

The effect of photochemical pathogen reduction (PR) methods on plasma quality has been the subject of several reports but solid comparative data for the different technologies are lacking.

Study Design and Methods

Plasma (n = 24) photoinactivated with methylene blue (MB), riboflavin (RF), or amotosalen (AS) was compared using a pool‐and‐split design. Samples were taken before and after treatment with each method and tested for coagulation factors (fibrinogen, Factor [F] II, FV, FVIII, F IX, FXI), natural coagulation inhibitors (Protein C [PC], protein S [PS], antithrombin III [AT]), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and thrombin generation (TG). The three methods were mutually compared by repeated‐measures analysis of variance.

Results

All three PR methods cause significant reduction (p < 0.01) of activity of the procoagulant proteins fibrinogen, FII, FV, FVIII, F IX, and FXI. Coagulation is also affected, with significant changes in PT, APTT, and TG. RF treatment causes a significantly higher decrease in concentration of coagulation factors, PS, and AT than the other methods (p < 0.01). PT, APTT, and TG are also affected most by RF treatment. FII, FVIII, F IX, PC, AT, and PT are best preserved with the MB method and FV, FXI, and TG after AS treatment (p < 0.01). Coagulation factor loss due to the volume loss during PR treatment is more important for MB and AS than for RF.

Conclusion

PR treatment of plasma affects coagulation proteins and coagulant capacity. For the RF method this effect is most pronounced, although to some extent compensated by a smaller volume loss.
Further investigation of the blood characteristics of Australian quoll (Dasyurus spp.) species
Authors: Stannard Hayley J. , Young Lauren J. , Old Julie M.
Published: October 2013

Background

The Eastern and Spotted‐Tailed Quolls are “near threatened” Australian dasyurid marsupials that have undergone significant reduction in their geographic ranges in the past 200 years. Captive breeding and research colonies now exist, allowing further efforts to more fully understand the physiology of these carnivorous species.

Objectives

The aims of the study were to provide a more detailed study of blood chemistry and differential WBC counts for Eastern and Spotted‐Tailed Quolls, and to determine the influence by 3 biologic factors.

Methods

Blood samples were taken from conscious, captive, healthy Eastern Quolls. A small number of samples from Spotted‐Tailed Quolls were also available and were included in the study for comparison. Blood chemistry and differential WBC counts were compared to determine season‐, age‐, and sex‐related differences.

Results

For many of the analytes, blood chemistry results were comparable to other marsupial ranges, and no significant differences between sexes were detected (P > .05). Seasonal differences were determined for total bilirubin, glucose, creatinine, and potassium concentrations in the Eastern Quoll. Generally, higher concentrations of these analytes were observed in the summer; however, amylase activity was significantly higher in autumn (southern hemisphere). Eastern Quolls one year of age and younger had significantly (P < .05) higher ALP activities than older animals.

Conclusions

The normal ranges determined in this study can be used to assess clinical health of quolls and will assist with captive management and future reintroduction programs to the wild.
Challenges in Validation of Computational Weld Mechanics Code to Compute Residual Stress and Distortion in Welds
Authors: Goldak John , Asadi Mahyar
Published: October 2013

Validation of a computational weld mechanics (CWM) code for a particular welding application requires an estimate of the difference between experimentally measured parameters and parameters computed by a computational model. This requires estimates of the uncertainty in both the experimental data and the computational data and this requires careful design of both the experiment and the CWM model. The authors experience in performing validation tests for a CWM code is summarized. An example of a validation test for a welding application that compares measured and computed transient temperatures, displacements and strains is described in detail that demonstrates that model can accurately predict this data. Challenges on both the experimental side and computational side are discussed but the greatest challenge is the limited availability of experimental data that has a measure of uncertainty.
Coupled Thermomechanical Analysis of Autofrettaged and Shrink-Fitted Compound Cylindrical Shells
Authors: Abdelsalam Ossama R. , Sedaghati Ramin
Published: October 2013

In this study, different configurations of compound multilayer cylinders subjected to autofrettage and shrink-fit processes and under combined cyclic thermal and pressure loads have been investigated and their fatigue life has been evaluated and compared. Fully coupled thermo-elastic analysis is taken into consideration during the calculation of the temperature profile through the wall thickness. Finite element model for the compound two-layer cylinder has been constructed and then validated with previous work in the literature and experimental work. In the experimental work, the temperature has been measured at different locations through the thickness of a two-layer shrink-fitted cylinder (SFC), subjected to internal quasi-static and dynamic thermal loads. Besides, the hoop strain at the outer surface of the cylinder has been measured for the same thermal loads. Using the developed finite element model, the hoop stress distributions through the thickness of different configurations of the compound cylinder have been calculated under different loading conditions, including internal static pressure, internal cyclic thermal loads, and combination of these loads. The mechanical fatigue life has been calculated using ASME codes due to the internal cyclic pressure. Moreover, the stress intensity factor (SIF) has been calculated for these configurations under cyclic thermal loads or cyclic thermomechanical loads, considering thermal accumulation. The stress intensity factors for different configurations have been compared with the critical SIF which is the fracture toughness of the material. The number of stress cycles required until the SIF reaches the critical SIF has been considered as the fatigue life for each configuration. It has been found that for the cases of cyclic thermal loads and combined cyclic pressure and thermal loads, the shrink-fitting of two layers followed by the autofrettage of the assembly is the best configuration to enhance the fatigue life of the two-layer cylinder.
Simulating Periodic Unsteady Flows Using a Cubic-Spline-Based Time Collocation Method
Authors: Du Pengcheng , Ning Fangfei
Published: October 2013

Time-periodical unsteady flows are typical in turbomachinery. Simulating such flows using a conventional time marching approach is the most accurate but is extremely time consuming. In order to achieve a better balance between accuracy and computational expenses, a cubic-spline-based time collocation method is proposed. In this method, the time derivatives in the Navier–Stokes equations are obtained by using the differential quadrature method, in which the periodical flow variables are approximated by cubic splines. Thus, the computation of a time-periodical flow is substituted by several coupled quasi-steady flow computations at sampled instants. The proposed method is then validated against several typical turbomachinery periodical unsteady flows, i.e., transonic compressor rotor flows under circumferential inlet distortions, single stage rotor–stator interactions, and IGV–rotor interactions. The results show that the proposed cubic-spline-based time collocation method with appropriate time sampling can well resolve the dominant unsteady effects, while the computational expenses are kept much less than the traditional time-marching simulation. More importantly, this paper provides a framework on the basis of a time collocation method in which one may choose more compatible test functions for the concerned specific unsteady flows so that better modeling of the flows can be expected.
Comparison of Pin Surface Heat Transfer in Arrays of Oblong and Cylindrical Pin Fins
Authors: Kirsch Kathryn L. , Ostanek Jason K. , Thole Karen A.
Published: October 2013

Pin fin arrays are most commonly used to promote convective cooling within the internal passages of gas turbine airfoils. Contributing to the heat transfer are the surfaces of the channel walls as well as the pin itself. Generally the pin fin cross section is circular; however, certain applications benefit from using other shapes such as oblong pin fins. The current study focuses on characterizing the heat transfer distribution on the surface of oblong pin fins with a particular focus on pin spacing effects. Comparisons were made with circular cylindrical pin fins, where both oblong and circular cylindrical pins had a height-to-diameter ratio of unity, with both streamwise and spanwise spacing varying between two and three diameters. To determine the effect of relative pin placement, measurements were taken in the first of a single row and in the third row of a multirow array. Results showed that area-averaged heat transfer on the pin surface was between 30 and 35% lower for oblong pins in comparison to cylindrical. While heat transfer on the circular cylindrical pin experienced one minimum prior to boundary layer separation, heat transfer on the oblong pin fins experienced two minimums, where one is located before the boundary layer transitions to a turbulent boundary layer and the other prior to separation at the trailing edge.
Scaling of impact craters in unconsolidated granular materials
Authors: Dowling David R. , Dowling Thomas R.
Published: October 2013

A simple experiment suitable for introductory physical science laboratory instruction involves forming impact craters by dropping spherical objects into a bed of unconsolidated granular material. The experiment is straightforward, and laboratory results for different impact energies, spheres, and granular materials may be collapsed to a single power-law using parametric scaling determined from dimensional analysis. The resulting power law is extrapolated over more than 16 orders of magnitude to produce an estimate of the impact energy that formed the 1.2-km-diameter Barringer Meteor Crater in northern Arizona.
Resource Letter MPCVW-1: Modeling Political Conflict, Violence, and Wars: A Survey
Authors: Morgenstern Ana P. , Velásquez Nicolás , Manrique Pedro , Hong Qi , Johnson Nicholas , Johnson Neil
Published: October 2013

This Resource Letter provides a guide into the literature on modeling and explaining political conflict, violence, and wars. Although this literature is dominated by social scientists, multidisciplinary work is currently being developed in the wake of myriad methodological approaches that have sought to analyze and predict political violence. The works covered herein present an overview of this abundance of methodological approaches. Since there is a variety of possible data sets and theoretical approaches, the level of detail and scope of models can vary quite considerably. The review does not provide a summary of the available data sets, but instead highlights recent works on quantitative or multi-method approaches to modeling different forms of political violence. Journal articles and books are organized in the following topics: social movements, diffusion of social movements, political violence, insurgencies and terrorism, and civil wars.
A simple optics experiment to engage students in scientific inquiry
Authors: Etkina Eugenia , Planinšič Gorazd , Vollmer Michael
Published: October 2013

A cone of light appears in a tank of water when a laser pointer shines through the water onto a white piece of paper upon which the tank is sitting. We describe how students can understand the origins of this cone by constructing multiple explanations, then proposing and designing experiments to test their explanations. This process is the foundation of the Investigative Science Learning Environment (ISLE) framework, designed to engage students in the reasoning activities similar to those that physicists use to construct and apply new knowledge. We describe typical student ideas and provide a list of equipment and suggestions for facilitating student exploration relating to optics. We also explain the formal physics behind the phenomena that are involved in the experiment. Finally, we suggest how the ISLE framework can be used to help instructors find problems and experiments that engage students in devising and testing multiple explanations.
Functional MRI reveals two distinct cerebral networks subserving speech motor control
Authors: Riecker Axel , Mathiak Klaus , Grodd Wolfgang , Hertrich Ingo , Ackermann Hermann
Published: October 2013

To further delineate the neural basis of speech motor control, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed during syllable repetitions synchronized to click trains (8 subjects, 2–6 Hz; vs. passive listening task). (a) Bilateral hemodynamic responses emerged within mesiofrontal and sensorimotor cortex, putamen / pallidum, thalamus and cerebellum (two activation spots at either side). In contrast, dorsolateral premotor cortex and anterior insula showed left-sided activation. (b) Calculation of rate / response functions revealed a negative linear relationship between repetition frequency and hemodynamic activation within the striatum whereas both cerebellar hemispheres exhibited a step-wise response increase at about 3 Hz. (c) Analysis of the temporal dynamics of hemodynamic activation revealed these cortical and subcortical brain regions to be organized into two separate networks (medial and dorsolateral premotor cortex, anterior insula, superior cerebellum versus sensorimotor cortex, basal ganglia, inferior cerebellum). These data provide evidence for two levels of speech motor control bound, most presumably, to motor preparation and executions processes. Furthermore, these findings help to explain clinical observations such as an unimpaired or even accelerated speaking rate in Parkinsons disease and slowed speech tempo which does not fall below a rate of about 3 Hz in cerebellar disorders.
Multipath cancellation with a two-channel array
Authors: Piper John E.
Published: October 2013

A test pool experiment with direct and multipath signals incident on a small vertical array was conducted. To separate these signals a maximum likelihood method approach was used. This approach is based on exploiting the orthogonal nature of the signals in the maximum likelihood parameter space, which leads to a theoretically complete decoupling of the desired signal from the multipath interference. This approach has no analog in conventional signal processing. Results of the test pool experiment using this maximum likelihood method cancellation and conventional beamforming methods are presented.
Torpedo detection using mutli-path signals and fast orthogonal search techniques
Authors: Collins Jeff , McGaughey Donald , Theriault Jim , Pecknold Sean
Published: October 2013

Detecting a high speed torpedo by means of a passive acoustic detector is very challenging for most acoustic operators. Coupled with a very noisy environment, multiple sources in a multi-path scenario and varying environmental factors, a time-constrained assessment will prove difficult. In addition, a passive sensor cannot estimate the range of a torpedo approaching it at a constant bearing. The passive acoustic sensor will receive a direct path signal from the torpedo as well as a signal that has reflected off the surface. Due to the different angle of arrival, the direct-path and surface-reflected signals have different Doppler shifts. The Torpedo Detection Algorithm (TDA) employs the fast orthogonal search (FOS) algorithm for high-resolution spectral analysis to detect the closely spaced direct-path and surface-reflection signals. When a direct-path and surface-reflection are found, an automatic alert of a torpedo detection is initiated. In simulation, a torpedo is detected 20 times out of 20 as it travels from 5000 to 500 m from the receiver. Simple trigonometric expressions are used to estimate the torpedos range given the two frequencies estimated by FOS and a priori information about the torpedo speed and depth.
Tank experiments and model comparisons of shallow water acoustics over an elastic bottom
Authors: Collis Jon M. , Siegmann William L. , Collins Michael D. , Porse Erik C. , Simpson Harry J. , Soukup Raymond J.
Published: October 2013

A series of tank experiments are being conducted in order to obtain high quality data for acoustic propagation in environments with sloping elastic bottoms. Such problems can now be solved accurately with the parabolic equation method, which is being used to model the experiment. This paper will present results of the initial experiments and discuss plans for upcoming experiments, which will include propagation onto land. The initial experiments involved a broadband source over a block of PVC that was suspended in deionized water. Time series were collected at 100 to 300 kHz on horizontal and vertical arrays for two source positions. [Work supported by the Office of Naval Research.]
Chronological analysis of architectural and acoustical indices in halls for music performance
Authors: Kwon Youngmin , Siebein Gary W.
Published: October 2013

The objective of this study was to identify the changes in architectural and acoustical indices in halls for music performance built in the 18th through the 20th centuries. Seventy one halls were classified in five specific periods from the classical period (1750–1820) to the last two-decade contemporary period (1981–2000) based on chronology in music and architectural acoustics. Architectural indices such as room shape, seating capacity, room volume, balcony configuration, and the like as well as acoustical indices such as RT, EDT, G, C80, IACC, and the like for the halls found in the literature were chronologically tabulated and statistically analyzed to identify trends in architectural and acoustical design for each of the historical periods identified. For example, seating capacity increased from the eighteenth through the early twentieth century. It has decreased in the twentieth century while the room volume per seat has increased. This results in longer occupied reverberation times, higher G values and lower C80 values for contemporary halls compared to those built earlier in the century. Acoustical indices were in general found to be lower during the early twentieth century relative to other periods and to have increased since then.
Animal behavioral psychoacoustics: Issues related to methodology and interpretation
Authors: Kastak David , Schusterman Ronald , Southall Brandon , Holt Marla , Kastak Colleen
Published: October 2013

A brief survey of the literature in animal behavioral psychophysics shows that researchers use numerous methods to obtain information on sound detection, discrimination, and identification. Behavioral methodology in animal psychoacoustics includes both classical and operant conditioning, go/no-go or multiple alternative forced-choice tasks, and various methods of estimating detection and discrimination thresholds. Recent emphasis on comparing data across subjects, species, and media (e.g., hearing in air versus water), as well as investigations into the effects of age, noise, and ototoxins on auditory perception highlight the need for methodological standardization. In this paper we will discuss several important issues related to behavioral audiometrics, focusing primarily on marine mammals. These issues include variability among species, individual subjects, and laboratories; experimental concerns such as time constraints; adaptive versus non-adaptive psychophysical methodology and threshold reliability; signal detection theory versus threshold models of audition and the search for unbiased estimates of auditory performance; and measurement and interpretation of subject response bias. Standards for animal psychoacoustic methodology should be sensitive to each of these factors.
Body size and assessment of auditory function: A comparative conundrum
Authors: Walsh Edward J. , McGee JoAnn , Rosowski John , Peake William
Published: October 2013

One goal of the bioacoustics community is to compare auditory function among species representing the entire animal kingdom, including terrestrial mammals. As an alternative to behavioral measures, it is frequently necessary, and/or desirable, to assess auditory function using electrophysiological approaches. Body size is an important factor that can effect the distribution and amplitude of evoked brain potentials (EP) measured from the surface of the head and the ranges of body mass and size within Mammalia are extensive. Consequently, the development of comparison protocols must include consideration of factors affected by size differences, e.g., the distance between EP generators and recording electrodes and the thickness of the skull. Ultimately, these factors, along with the acoustical character of the recording environment itself, affect acquired signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). In this context it is notable that the SNR associated with large animals are reduced relative to those observed in smaller animals, making the comparison of results from one species to another complex. This procedural challenge is further complicated by the requirement to acquire data efficiently and rapidly in recording environments that are non-optimal from an acoustic perspective. These issues will be addressed by considering auditory brainstem responses in tigers, bobcats, manuls, sandcats and rodents.
High throughput high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment for tissue necrosis
Authors: Zderic Vesna , Foley Jessica , Burgess Sean , Vaezy Shahram
Published: October 2013

To increase HIFU throughput, a HIFU transducer (diameter of 7 cm, focal length of 6 cm, operating frequency of 3.4 MHz), coupled to an imaging probe (ICT 7-4, Sonosite), was driven by 100 W driving unit with 500 W amplifier. A water pillow connected to a circulation pump with degassed water provided transducer coupling and cooling. Input electrical power was 400 W, corresponding to focal intensity of 51300 W/cm2 (in water). HIFU was applied transcutaneously in porcine thigh muscle in vivo, and intraoperatively in liver hilum, for 30–60 s. After 30 s of treatment, muscle lesions had diameter of 2.1±0.4 cm and length of 2.0±0.4 cm. After 60 s of treatment, muscle lesions had diameter of 3.1±0.9 cm and length of 3.1±1.0 cm. In few cases of severe skin burns, the lesions were formed immediately under the skin and were shallow (∼1 cm). Liver lesions had diameter of 2.1±0.3 cm and length of 2.3±0.6 cm. In comparison, after the 30 s treatment with our standard HIFU device (focal intensity of 27000 W/cm2, in water) the muscle lesions had diameter of 1.3±0.6 cm and length of 1.1±0.6 cm. High power HIFU device can quickly coagulate large tissue volumes.