bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Online Deep Learning Hyperparameter Tuning based on Provenance Analysis
Authors: Kunstmann Liliane , Pina Débora , Silva Filipe , Paes Aline , Valduriez Patrick , De Oliveira Daniel , Mattoso Marta
Published: November 2021

Training Deep Learning (DL) models require adjusting a series of hyperparameters. Although there are several tools to automatically choose the best hyperparameter configuration, the user is still the main actor to take the final decision. To decide whether the training should continue or try different configurations, the user needs to analyze online the hyperparameters most adequate to the training dataset, observing metrics such as accuracy and loss values. Provenance naturally represents data derivation relationships (i.e., transformations, parameter values, etc.), which provide important support in this data analysis. Most of the existing provenance solutions define their own and proprietary data representations to support DL users in choosing the best hyperparameter configuration, which makes data analysis and interoperability difficult. We present Keras-Prov and its extension, named Keras-Prov++, which provides an analytical dashboard to support online hyperparameter fine-tuning. Different from the current mainstream solutions, Keras-Prov automatically captures the provenance data of DL applications using the W3C PROV recommendation, allowing for hyperparameter online analysis to help the user deciding on changing hyperparameters’ values after observing the performance of the models on a validation set. We provide an experimental evaluation of Keras-Prov++ using AlexNet and a real case study, named DenseED, that acts as a surrogate model for solving equations. During the online analysis, the users identify scenarios that suggest reducing the number of epochs to avoid unnecessary executions and fine-tuning the learning rate to improve the model accuracy.
Private Reverse Top-k Algorithms Applied on Public Data of COVID-19 in the State of Ceará
Authors: M. Silva Maria de Lourdes , C. Chaves Iago , C. Machado Javam
Published: November 2021

In this article we propose a differentially private reverse top-k query. Our strategy allows obtaining the less frequent data according to a search criteria, with a high guarantee of privacy of the individuals who contributed with personal data in the original database. We apply our strategy on public data for COVID-19 in the State of Ceará using two different queries. Our experimental results show that the result of the proposed top-k query returns a high degree of similarity to the result of a conventional top-k query, when the chosen budget is suitable, providing useful results for researchers, while ensuring a low probability of re-identification of individuals arising from the properties of differential privacy.
Privacy-preserving of patients with Differential Privacy: an experimental evaluation in COVID-19 dataset
Authors: B. Filho Manuel E. , Duarte Neto Eduardo R. , C. Machado Javam
Published: November 2021

The pandemic of the new coronavirus (COVID-19) has brought new challenges to health systems in almost every corner of the world, many of them overburdened. The data analysis has given support in the fight against the coronavirus. Through this analysis, government authorities, together with health care providers, adopted effective strategies. Yet, those strategies can not be careless of privacy concerns. The individuals’ privacy is a right of each citizen. Privacy techniques guarantee the analysis of health data without exposing individuals’ private information. However, a balance between data privacy and utility is essential for a good analysis of the data. This work will demonstrate that it is possible to guarantee the privacy of infected patients and maintain the utility of the data, allowing a sound analysis on them, from the visualization of the application of differentially private mechanisms on queries in the data of patients tested in the State of Ceará - Brazil.
COVID-19: Unilateral Involvement of Transplanted Lung, Sparing Contralateral Fibrotic Lung
Authors: Kazemi Mohammad Ali , Nikravangolsefid Nasrin , Abtahi Hamidreza , Amini Shahideh , Ghanaati Hossein , Sanei Taheri Morteza , Moradi Behnaz
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Organ transplant recipients might be more likely to develop COVID-19, as they receive long-term immunosuppressives and have comorbidities. Case Presentation: Herein, we reported the case of a 32-year-old man with unilateral lung transplantation due to unclassifiable lung fibrosis on pathologic evaluation who presented with cough, fever, and headache. After evaluation with RT-PCR test and chest CT scan, COVID-19 in the previously transplanted lung was diagnosed. However, the other non-transplanted fibrotic lung was not involved. Conclusions: Lack of COVID-19 involvement in the fibrotic lung tissue in our case without any other risk factors might be related to the fact that the lung with underlying diseases was less susceptible to COVID-19 as unhealthy lungs have lower ACE2 receptors, or it might be related to genetic differences between the donor and recipient.
Two Years of Specifications Grading in Philosophy
Authors: Earl Dennis ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: November 2021

Points-based grading, though now traditional, faces powerful critiques: Such grading creates a low road to passing, it undermines motivation, it wastes time, and it causes stress. It creates an illusion of mathematical precision. It is unfriendly to necessary conditions for satisfactory performance. This paper defends the alternative of specifications grading. Specifications grading grades only on whether work meets a set of expectations for satisfactory performance, with the expectations set at a high but reachable level. With a high bar also comes opportunities to revise unsatisfactory work. I summarize arguments from the literature in support of the system, but I also give account of my two-year experiment in philosophy courses with specifications grading. Compared with points-based grading, specifications grading appears to motivate students better and helps them learn more. I consider objections from both traditionalists and so-called ‘ungraders.’ The former hope to secure the benefits of specifications grading while still keeping points. The latter favor eliminating grading altogether.
PRÁTICAS DE CONSUMO DOS FÃS DE BIG BROTHER BRASIL E A CULTURA DE MEMES
Authors: Stefano Luiza de Mello , Vieira Soraya Maria Ferreira
Published: November 2021

Este artigo analisa o modelo particular de consumo, produção e circulação de conteúdo televisivo das comunidades de fãs no Twitter do programa de reality show Big Brother Brasil. As discussões refletem pesquisas feitas ao longo das quatro últimas edições, com foco na 18ª temporada, em que foi realizada uma imersão na comunidade de fãs com inspiração etnográfica. Identificamos de que maneira os usuários participam e se relacionam com os conteúdos e complexificam a experiência do consumo, com destaque para a produção de memes como forma de linguagem e engajamento. Os resultados nos fazem crer que a cultura de memes está intimamente relacionada à reconfiguração do consumo televisivo.
PRINCESAS RESSIGNIFICADAS: NUANCES FEMINISTAS EM A BELA E A FERA
Authors: Salgado Tiago Barcelos Pereira , De Carvalho Thayrone Marcos Soares Costa
Published: November 2021

O artigo busca investigar como a representação social do arquétipo princesa é ressignificada no live-action “A Bela e a Fera” (2017) pela apropriação de aspectos de teorias feministas. Este estudo se justifica pela reconstrução da trajetória de personagens femininas em produções desse tipo pela Disney, sobretudo conforme a remodelação da representação social, dada pela quebra do estereótipo feminino dos contos originais, e também devido à grande repercussão que live-actions têm no mercado. Recorremos aos contos originais, identificando aspectos de ruptura do patriarcado masculino, conforme a narrativa apresentada, realizando análise comparativa entre cenas do filme em live-action e do filme em animação. Conclui-se que o arquétipo princesa é ressignificado na obra em live-action por meio da apropriação de conceitos próximos a teorias feministas.
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Optimizing Therapy for Relapsed/Refractory Disease
Authors: Matasar Matthew J.
Published: November 2021

Despite a growing therapeutic arsenal to treat relapsed/refractory (R/R) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), outcomes remain poor. Only approximately half of patients with this disease are eligible to receive curative autologous stem cell transplant, and of those, only half will be cured. Moreover, for patients who are transplant-ineligible, there are few effective options. Dr. Matthew J. Matasar discussed the current unmet needs in the treatment of patients with R/R DLBCL, treatment strategies in the second- and third-line settings, and emerging therapeutic options.
[From Low-Enthalpy Geothermal to Geo-exchange: from Integrated Design to Works Supervision]
Authors: Valvassori Rimsky , Cerutti Paolo
Published: November 2021

[Article In Italian]
Para asociarse con gentes de razón: alfalfa y ‘civilización’ durante la habilitación del puerto boliviano de Cobija (Atacama, 1825-1860)
Authors: Carmona Yost Javier , Chiappe Carlos María , Gundermann Kröll Hans
Published: November 2021

Objective/Context: Atacama was a peripheral region of the Spanish Empire, but the independence of Bolivia gave it a certain centrality in 1825 since it forced the activation of a port and an altitude route through the only territory with sovereign access to the sea. We study this process through the agrarian reconfiguration of the oases in Atacama, with special attention to interactions between central and local authorities, private agents, and indigenous populations regarding the expansion of forage cultivation. Originality: We seek to broaden the understanding of processes that, although dialoguing with a broader framework related to the configuration of transoceanic and interregional trade in the context of the nascent Republic, had specific repercussions in local spaces through the dissemination of new actors, scarcely studied by anthropology and regional history. Methodology: We analyze primary and secondary sources, to examine this process through the articulation of discourses, expectations, reactions, and conflicts between different agents involved. Conclusions: The transformations produced during this period are basic to the understanding of future reconversion processes of the territory’s agricultural-mining landscapes. A characteristic feature of the Bolivian republican plan was the agricultural intensification of the desert through the dissemination of animals and alfalfa seeds in oases and other spaces adjacent to roads. Decades later, after the War of the Pacific, the Atacama Desert would be appropriated by Chile and the subsequent mining cycles would occur on previously reconverted agricultural landscapes, with an indigenous population especially qualified in cattle herding, knowledge of animal trails, and forage supply to the regional mining market.
“Everywhere there are distilled spirits”: Alcohol Consumption and Alcoholism on the Chilean Frontier at the Turn of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Hoth de Olano Christiane
Published: November 2021

Objective/Context: The incorporation of the Araucania region into Chilean territory, after the end of the military occupation in 1883, led to an increased process of colonization, exploration by traveling scientists, and the settlement of missionaries in the area. In addition, mestizo rural laborers (rotos) and European colonists joined the fronterizos, settlers who were already living on the frontier before the occupation. This article analyses the dynamics and effects of alcohol consumption and alcoholism regarding the perception of mestizo settlers and the indigenous population on the Chilean frontier at the turn of the twentieth century. Methodology: The analysis relies on primary sources, consisting mainly of travel books, reports, and scientific publications written by Chilean and European scientists, politicians, and missionaries, that have not yet been sufficiently studied. Originality: Using the less studied example of alcohol consumption on the Chilean frontier, this work’s contribution consists of demonstrating how the intense processes of occupation and colonization—and, in particular, the perceptions of different actors about indigenous and mestizo settlers—resulted in new forms of stigmatizing the settlers called rotos and the indigenous population, and, consequently, in the consolidation of social hierarchies. Conclusions: While alcohol consumption was acceptable for certain populations, as evidenced by the wine industry’s simultaneous prosperity, it was reprehensible for indigenous people and mestizo settlers. Because of the stigmatized perception of these social groups as drunk, lazy, and poor, especially in the context of intensive colonization that provoked increasing interest in lands occupied mainly by indigenous people and fronterizos, alcoholism can be interpreted as a vehicle for specific dynamics of exclusion. Ancient conceptions of a heroic indigenous culture, in the long run, led missionaries to strive to “protect” these groups from alcoholism, while traders used the images of heroic araucanos to establish extractive economies for national and foreign markets. The analyzed documents reveal that the indigenous population, as well as the rotos, became portrayed as helpless victims in need of moral education by intellectuals and missionaries, which sought to legitimize missionary work. In this sense, perceptions, social practices, and the mobility of knowledge on alcohol consumption proved to be a highly disputed field in the context of colonization and the incorporation of Araucania into the Chilean state.
DAAM mediates the assembly of long-lived, treadmilling stress fibers in collectively migrating epithelial cells in Drosophila
Authors: Sherrard Kristin M , Cetera Maureen , Horne-Badovinac Sally
Published: November 2021

Stress fibers (SFs) are actomyosin bundles commonly found in individually migrating cells in culture. However, whether and how cells use SFs to migrate in vivo or collectively is largely unknown. Studying the collective migration of the follicular epithelial cells in Drosophila, we found that the SFs in these cells show a novel treadmilling behavior that allows them to persist as the cells migrate over multiple cell lengths. Treadmilling SFs grow at their fronts by adding new integrin-based adhesions and actomyosin segments over time. This causes the SFs to have many internal adhesions along their lengths, instead of adhesions only at the ends. The front-forming adhesions remain stationary relative to the substrate and typically disassemble as the cell rear approaches. By contrast, a different type of adhesion forms at the SF’s terminus that slides with the cell’s trailing edge as the actomyosin ahead of it shortens. We further show that SF treadmilling depends on cell movement and identify a developmental switch in the formins that mediate SF assembly, with Dishevelled-associated activator of morphogenesis acting during migratory stages and Diaphanous acting during postmigratory stages. We propose that treadmilling SFs keep each cell on a linear trajectory, thereby promoting the collective motility required for epithelial migration.
Survival rates of adult and juvenile gyrfalcons in Iceland: estimates and drivers
Authors: Barraquand Frédéric , Nielsen Ólafur K.
Published: November 2021

Knowledge of survival rates and their potential covariation with environmental drivers, for both adults and juveniles, is paramount to forecast the population dynamics of long-lived animals. Long-lived bird and mammal populations are indeed very sensitive to change in survival rates, especially that of adults. Here we report the first survival estimates for the Icelandic gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus) obtained by capture-mark-recapture methods. We use a mark-recapture-recovery model combining live and dead encounters into a unified analysis, in a Bayesian framework. Annual survival was estimated at 0.83 for adults and 0.40 for juveniles. Positive effects of main prey density on juvenile survival (5% increase in survival from min to max density) were possible though not likely. Weather effects on juvenile survival were even less likely. The variability in observed lifespan suggests that adult birds could suffer from human-induced alteration of survival rates.
Acceptance of anomalous research findings: explaining treatment implausibility reduces belief in far-fetched results
Authors: Thompson W. Burt , Radell Milen L.
Published: November 2021

Research findings are best understood by considering contextual factors such as treatment plausibility: how likely it is that a studied treatment or manipulation is effective, based on theory and data. If a treatment is implausible, then more evidence should be required before believing it has an effect. The current study assessed the extent to which the interpretation of a research finding is affected by treatment plausibility. Participant age varied from 18 to 82 (M = 27.4, SD = 9.4), and about half of the participants (53%) were college students. A total of 600 participants read a brief news article about an experiment with a new type of psychotherapy for weight loss. The current study used a 2 (treatment plausibility) × 3 (results type) between-subjects factorial design. Treatment plausibility had two levels: (1) a plausible cognitive behavioral therapy and (2) an implausible ”psychic reinforcement therapy” that was described as employing psychic messages to promote weight loss. The three levels of the results type factor varied how the study results were presented in the article: (1) standard results with no mention of treatment plausibility, (2) standard results followed by interpretive statements focused on treatment plausibility, and (3) no results—the study was described as still in progress. Participants rated their belief in the effectiveness of the therapy on a scale of 0 to 100% in 10% increments. When treatment plausibility was not discussed in the article, average ratings for the implausible therapy were relatively high (M = 63.1%, SD = 25.0, 95% CI% [58.2–68.1]) and similar to those for the plausible therapy (M = 69.2%, SD = 21.5, 95% CI% [65.0–73.5]). Ratings for the implausible treatment were moderately lower when the article explained why the results supporting it were questionable (M = 48.5%, SD = 26.6, 95% CI% [43.2–53.8]). The findings of the current study suggest that students and other members of the public may draw incorrect inferences from research partly because they do not appreciate the importance of treatment plausibility. This could be remedied, though not completely, by explicitly discussing the plausibility of the treatment based on theory and prior data.
Violencia de Barrio y Crianza Materna en Medellín-Roma: Rol de la Autoeficacia Emocional Negativa
Authors:   Universidad de San Buenaventura (Colombia), Tilano Luz Magnolia , Luengo Kanacri Paula ,   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Pastorelli Concetta ,   Sapienza University of Rome (Italia), Di Giunta Laura ,   Sapienza University of Rome (Italia), Lunetti Carolina ,   Sapienza University of Rome (Italia), Uribe Tirado Liliana ,   Universidad de San Buenaventura (Colombia), Thartori Eriona ,   Sapienza University of Rome (Italia), Lansford Jennifer ,   Duke University (USA)
Published: November 2021

El estudio analiza el efecto de la percepción de violencia de barrio en la crianza positiva y si este es mediado por la autoeficacia percibida para la gestión de emociones negativas de las madres comparando los países de Colombia e Italia. Los participantes fueron 434 madres e hijos de 8 a 10 años (108 díadas de Medellín-Colombia y 109 díadas de Roma-Italia), seleccionados por conveniencia, de forma no probabilística y proporcionalmente al estrato social de cada ciudad. Madres e hijos respondieron la Escala de Percepción de Violencia de Barrio. Las madres además respondieron la Escala de Autoeficacia Emocional y los hijos el Cuestionario de Aceptación-Rechazo/Control. Un análisis multigrupo mostró que el rol de la gestión de emociones negativas de las madres es diferente en ambos países. En Medellín-Colombia la autoeficacia percibida para la gestión de emociones negativas de las madres media el efecto de la percepción de violencia de barrio sobre la crianza positiva. En Italia, la autoeficacia de las madres con respecto al manejo de las emociones negativas no media esta interacción. La autoeficacia percibida para la gestión de emociones negativas de las madres colombianas explica indirectamente el efecto adverso de la percepción de violencia de barrio sobre las prácticas educativas parentales positivas. Con las madres de Roma-Italia, no se evidencia una relación significativa entre la autoeficacia percibida para la gestión de emociones negativas con la crianza positiva.
Progressively Censored Data Analysis
Authors: Tony Ng Hon Keung
Published: November 2021

Statistical analysis of progressively censored data has received much attention during the past decades. This article features different statistical analysis procedures for data obtained with a progressive censoring scheme (PCS). In Section 1, valid and efficient statistical analysis procedures for PCS with progressive staggering and nonstaggering entry plans for the units are considered. The statistical analysis procedures, including estimation, prediction, and goodness‐of‐fit procedures, for PCS in the context of life testing are presented in Section 2.
Visualization‐Assisted Statistical Learning
Authors: Hurley Catherine B. , Domijan Katarina
Published: November 2021

Visualization techniques assist in getting to know data prior to modeling, and postmodeling, in exploring and comparing fits, diagnosing lack of fit, and understanding predictor effects. We give an overview of some techniques we have developed for visualization in the context of statistical learning. We explore the role of seriation or ordering in composing information‐rich data visualizations prior to modeling. Then, we present interactive techniques for exploring and building understanding of statistical learning fits over slices of feature space and compare these with more well‐knownpartial dependence(PD) andindividual conditional expectation(ICE) plots. Our techniques are demonstrated on three datasets, illustrating our methodology on regression, classification, and repeated measures problems. Software implementations are available in the CRAN packages DendSer and condvis2.
Elicitation of Priors
Authors: Garthwaite Paul H. , Elfadaly Fadlalla G.
Published: November 2021

Prior distributions provide a formal mechanism for including an expert's background knowledge in a statistical analysis. To exploit this knowledge, the expert is questioned through carefully chosen assessment tasks, and answers are encoded in a prior distribution that hopefully captures the main features of the expert's opinion. The procedure that does this is calledan elicitation method. This article gives an overview of elicitation methods, paying particular attention to assessment tasks and the sampling models that have attracted most attention.
Asynchronous Parallel Computing
Authors: Yan Ming
Published: November 2021

Many single‐core statistical algorithms do not scale well to learn the large‐scale data that we encounter. With the emergence of multiple core central processing units (CPUs), graphics processing units (GPUs), tensor processing units (TPUs), and supercomputers, parallel algorithms are developed to take advantage of multiple cores. However, parallel computing brings new challenges and bottlenecks. One major bottleneck is the synchronization among all the cores. Synchronization requires the cores that finish early to wait for other cores, and the waiting time could be very long when the number of cores is large. Asynchronous parallel computing lets the cores continue without waiting for others. However, the naive way of merely removing the synchronization step does not work in many cases. Adapting one algorithm to the asynchronous parallel environment is not trivial and usually requires careful reformulation. Moreover, the convergence of these asynchronous algorithms is challenging to show. In this article, we introduce several ways to implement asynchronous statistical algorithms. More specifically, we introduce asynchronous parallel coordinate algorithms that update the coordinates in parallel and asynchronous stochastic algorithms that evaluate the data samples in parallel.
Printed pH Sensors for Textile‐Based Wearables: A Conceptual and Experimental Study on Materials, Deposition Technology, and Sensing Principles
Authors: Jose Manoj , Mylavarapu Satish Kumar , Bikkarolla Santosh Kumar , Machiels Jarne , K. J. Sankaran , McLaughlin James , Hardy An , Thoelen Ronald , Deferme Wim
Published: November 2021

In this article, organic and polymeric materials, printing technology, and sensing principles are investigated toward a reliable printed wearable pH sensor realized on textiles. A literature study and experimental work of three different organic and polymeric material‐based pH sensors and their corresponding measurement methods are systematically made. Initially, the three different sensors, a conductometric PEDOT:PSS sensor, a voltametric carbon‐alizarin sensor, and a potentiometric graphene/polyaniline (PANI) sensor are selected based on specific established criteria and are reproduced on foils for a feasibility study. Mass production and feasibility for fabrication on textile substrates are also the objectives of this work, and lead to the deployment of printing and coating techniques for the sensor fabrication. These three sensors are printed on flexible foils and tested and verified for sensor performances. Based on the experimental results and literature study, a conclusive comparison between the sensing principles regarding device fabrication, functionality, and wearability is performed. As per this analysis, a potentiometric PANI sensor is printed on a textile substrate and tested for a buffer solution of pH ranging from 4 to 9.5. The potentiometric PANI sensor shows a sensitivity of 45 mV pH−1with linear sensor responses and repeatable characteristics.
Neutrophil Cyto‐Pharmaceuticals Suppressing Tumor Metastasis via Inhibiting Hypoxia‐Inducible Factor‐1α in Circulating Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Zhang Ying , Wang Cong , Li Weishuo , Tian Wei , Tang Chunming , Xue Lingjing , Lin Ziming , Liu Guilai , Liu Dongfei , Zhou Ying , Wang Qianqian , Wang Xu , Birnbaumer Lutz , Yang Yong , Li Xianjing , Ju Caoyun , Zhang Can
Published: November 2021

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are reported as the precursor of tumor metastases, implying that stifling CTCs would be beneficial for metastasis prevention. However, challenges remain for the application of therapies that aim at CTCs due to lack of effective CTC‐targeting strategy and sensitive therapeutic agents. Herein, a general CTC‐intervention strategy based on neutrophil cyto‐pharmaceuticals is proposed for suppressing CTC colonization and metastasis formation. Breast cancer 4T1 cells are infused as the mimic CTCs, and 4T1 cells trapped are first elucidated in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) expressing high levels of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) due to NET formation and thus promoting tumor cell colonization through enhanced migration, invasion and stemness. After verifying HIF‐1α as a potential target for metastasis prevention, living neutrophil cyto‐pharmaceuticals (CytPNEs) loaded with HIF‐1α inhibitor are fabricated to therapeutically inhibit HIF‐1α. It is demonstrated that CytPNEs can specially convey the HIF‐1α inhibitor to 4T1 cells according to the inflammatory chemotaxis of neutrophils and down‐regulate HIF‐1α, thereby inhibiting metastasis and prolonging the median survival of mice bearing breast cancer lung metastasis. The research offers a new perspective for understanding the mechanism of CTC colonization, and puts forward the strategy of targeted intervention of CTCs as a meaningful treatment for tumor metastasis.
Fast Uncooled Mid‐Wavelength Infrared Photodetectors with Heterostructures of van der Waals on Epitaxial HgCdTe
Authors: Wang Yang , Gu Yue , Cui Ailiang , Li Qing , He Ting , Zhang Kun , Wang Zhen , Li Ziping , Zhang Zhenhan , Wu Peisong , Xie Runzhang , Wang Fang , Wang Peng , Shan Chongxin , Li Hua , Ye Zhenhua , Zhou Peng , Hu Weida
Published: November 2021

Uncooled infrared photodetectors have evoked widespread interest in basic research and military manufacturing because of their low‐cost, compact detection systems. However, existing uncooled infrared photodetectors utilize the photothermoelectric effect of infrared radiation operating at 8–12 µm, with a slow response time in the millisecond range. Hence, the exploration of new uncooled mid‐wavelength infrared (MWIR) heterostructures is conducive to the development of ultrafast and high‐performance nano‐optoelectronics. This study explores a van der Waals heterojunction on epitaxial HgCdTe (vdWs‐on‐MCT) as an uncooled MWIR photodetector, which achieves fast response as well as high detectivity for spectral blackbody detection. Specifically, the vdWs‐on‐MCT photodetector has a fast response time of 13 ns (77 MHz), which is approximately an order of magnitude faster than commercial uncooled MCT photovoltaic photodetectors. Importantly, the device exhibits a photoresponsivity of 2.5 A W‐1, quantum efficiency as high as 85%, peak detectivity of 2 × 1010 cm Hz1/2 W‐1 under blackbody radiation at room temperature, and peak detectivity of up to 1011 cm Hz1/2 W‐1 at 77 K. Thereby, this work facilitates the effective design of high‐speed and high‐performance heterojunction uncooled MWIR photodetectors.
Optimizing Atomic Hydrogen Desorption of Sulfur‐Rich NiS1+x Cocatalyst for Boosting Photocatalytic H2 Evolution
Authors: Gao Duoduo , Xu Jiachao , Wang Linxi , Zhu Bicheng , Yu Huogen , Yu Jiaguo
Published: November 2021

Low‐cost transition‐metal chalcogenides (MSx) are demonstrated to be potential candidate cocatalyst for photocatalytic H2 generation. However, their H2‐generation performance is limited by insufficient quantities of exposed sulfur (S) sites and their strong bonding with adsorbed hydrogen atoms (SHads). To address these issues, an efficient coupling strategy of active‐site‐enriched regulation and electronic structure modification of active S sites is developed by rational design of core–shell Au@NiS1+x nanostructured cocatalyst. In this case, the Au@NiS1+x cocatalyst can be skillfully fabricated to synthesize the Au@NiS1+x modified TiO2 (denoted as TiO2/Au@NiS1+x) by a two‐step route. Photocatalytic experiments exhibit that the resulting TiO2/Au@NiS1+x(1.7:1.3) displays a boosted H2‐generation rate of 9616 µmol h−1 g−1 with an apparent quantum efficiency of 46.0%  at 365 nm, which is 2.9 and 1.7 times the rate over TiO2/NiS1+x and TiO2/Au, respectively. In situ/ex situ XPS characterization and density functional theory calculations reveal that the free‐electrons of Au can transfer to sulfur‐enriched NiS1+x to induce the generation of electron‐enriched Sδ− active centers, which boosts the desorption of Hads for rapid hydrogen formation via weakening the strong SHads bonds. Hence, an electron‐enriched Sδ−‐mediated mechanism is proposed. This work delivers a universal strategy for simultaneously increasing the active site number and optimizing the binding strength between the active sites and hydrogen adsorbates.
Enhanced Electrochemical Oxygen Evolution Reaction on Hydrogen Embrittled CoSe Surface
Authors: Karthik Pitchiah Esakki , Rajan Hashikaa , Jothi Vasanth Rajendiran , Ko Min Jae , Yi Sung Chul
Published: November 2021

In the design of structurally competent electrodes with prolonged lifecycles, a solid understanding of the gaseous hydrogen interaction in a metal lattice is highly desirable. During hydrogen evolution reaction, ingress of H severely affects the physical and mechanical properties of the material causing catastrophic brittle failures (hydrogen embrittlement). In this work, by chronoamperometry technique, an electrode with CoSe catalyst system is intentionally diffused with H to serve as a hydrogen stressed CoSe electrode. Surprisingly this H‐embrittled CoSe electrode exhibits enhanced oxygen evolution reaction (OER) behavior as confirmed by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), impedance, and Tafel analysis, a cathodic shift of 80 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm−2, impedance analysis reveals half the time of Rct decreasing in the OER on H‐embrittled CoSe than pristine CoSe. The Tafel slope of the H‐embrittled CoSe exhibits of 30 mV, which is relatively lower than the pristine CoSe at OER condition. These results collectively support the enhanced activity of the H‐embrittled CoSe electrode towards OER. Diffusion of hydrogen into metal lattice is confirmed by the high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM) fringes analysis, where a 22% decrease Q2 in the lattice distance is revealed by the H‐embrittled CoSe catalyst.
Electronic Band Structure Engineering of Transition Metal Oxide‐N,S‐Doped Carbon Catalysts for Photoassisted Oxygen Reduction and Oxygen Evolution Catalysis
Authors: Xiao Zuoxu , Lv Xuehui , Liu Shanshan , Liu Qi , Wang Fuling , Yan Wei , Xing Tao , Li Zhi , Li Xiyou , Chen Yanli
Published: November 2021

A novel “dual isolation of metal active sites” heterojunction engineering is developed in this work. The double isolation of the active sites is achieved through MN4 (M = Co, Fe) coordinating bonds in sulfonated‐substituted metalloporphyrin (MTPPS) and electrostatic interactions of MTPPS absorbed with poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) networks. Subsequent “in situ copyrolysis” over the precursors ensures effective contact between p‐type CoFe2O4 and n‐type Fe2O3 species with n‐type N,S‐doping carbon support, respectively. This leads to p–n CoFe2O4‐N,S‐C and n–n Fe2O3‐N,S‐C heterojunctions. Meanwhile, CoFe2O4‐N,S‐C has a higher EVB energy level (−6.22 eV) than Fe2O3‐N,S‐C (−6.31 eV), achieving lower energy barrier, and thus superior oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance with a higher half‐wave potential (0.84 V) of CoFe2O4‐N,S‐C than Fe2O3‐N,S‐C (0.82 V). In addition, CoFe2O4‐N,S‐C also exhibits higher oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance with 100 mV lower overpotential (0.41 V) than Fe2O3‐N,S‐C. The lower overpotential is a result of larger energy gap between ECB energy level and Fermi level of CoFe2O4‐N,S‐C. This is the first demonstration of a novel p–n heterojunction with a special band structure that plays a key role in highly active ORR and OER bifunctional catalysis. Moreover, CoFe2O4‐N,S‐C displays significant photoelectrochemical enhancement upon light irradiation.
Chipset Nanosensor Based on N‐Doped Carbon Nanobuds for Selective Screening of Epinephrine in Human Samples
Authors: Emran Mohammed Y. , El‐Safty Sherif A. , Elmarakbi Ahmed , Reda Abduallah , El Sabagh Ayman , Shenashen Mohamed A.
Published: November 2021

Chipset nanosensor design and fabrication are important for healthcare research and development. Herein, a functionalized chipset nanosensor is designed to monitor neurotransmitters (i.e., epinephrine (EP)) in human fluids. An interdigitated electrode array (IDA) is functionalized by N‐doped carbon nanobud (N‐CNB) and N‐doped carbon nanostructure (N‐CNS). The surface morphology of N‐CNB shows the formation of nanotubular‐like branches on sheets and micrometer‐size tubes. The N‐CNS design consists of the formation of aggregated sheets and particles in nanometer size. The irregular shape formation provides surface heterogeneity and numerous free spaces between the stacked nanostructures. N‐atoms ascertain highly active N‐CNS with multifunctional active centers, electron‐rich charged surface, and short distance pathway. The N‐CNB/IDA exhibits the best performance for EP signaling with high sensitivity and selectivity. The N‐CNB/IDA sensing performance for EP detection indicates the successful design of a highly selective and sensitive assay with low detection limit of 0.011 × 10−6 m and a broad linear range of 0.5 × 10−6 to 3 × 10−6 m. The N‐CNB/IDA exhibits a high degree of accuracy and reproducibility with RSD of 2.7% and 3.9%, respectively. Therefore, the chipset nanosensor of N‐CNB/IDA can be used for on‐site monitoring of EP in human serum samples and further used in daily monitoring of neuronal disorders.
High‐Efficiency Wideband Excitable Mechanoluminescence from a Yellow MOF Phosphor as White LED and Multicolor Thin Films
Authors: Ma Xiao , Xu Xiaojing , Duan Fengnan , Huang Wei , Chen Qun , Wu Dayu
Published: November 2021

High‐efficiency multifunctional metal‐organic framework (MOF) phosphor is highly desired for various practical applications, such as in lighting, anticounterfeiting, sensing, and so on. Herein, a highly yellow‐emitting MOF (Zn‐TPPA) phosphor is prepared via mechanical grinding for application as white light‐emitting diode (LED) and composite films. Under UV or visible‐light excitation, Zn‐TPPA exhibits the intense cyan emission (λem = 497 nm) with a high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). Zn‐TPPA undergoes an intriguing reversible mechanochromic luminescence through mechanical stimuli (grinding). Notably, the grinding not only induces emissive color changes from cyan to yellow but also obviously enhances the luminescence.More significantly, upon excitation with blue light (λex = 460 nm), the PLQY of yellow light approaches as high as 92.7 (±1.8) %, which makes the yellow MOF phosphor potential as high‐performance white LED. In addition, the MOF‐based composite films exhibit dual emission and excitation‐dependent emission color due to the presence of two emission sources (TPPA monomer and aggregation state). Hence, Zn‐TPPA with reversible mechanochromic luminescence would have potentials in the fields of luminescence sensor, display, and anticounterfeiting.
Ultrafast Response Optical Microfiber Interferometric VOC Sensor Based on Evanescent Field Interaction with ZIF‐8/Graphene Oxide Nanocoating
Authors: Huang Yan , Lin Wenfu , Huang Tiansheng , Li Zhenru , Zhang Ziruo , Xiao Ruitao , Yang Xiao , Lian Shuting , Pan Jiongshen , Ma Jun , Wang Wei , Sun Li‐Peng , Li Jie , Guan Bai‐Ou
Published: November 2021

Incorporating nanomaterials into photonic device to enhance light–matter interaction is a promising method to enhance photonic sensing, and investigating the interaction of nanomaterials with photonic devices is essential for evanescent field‐based photonic devices. In this study, the light–matter interaction of nanomaterial‐photonic devices is investigated via in situ synthesis of multilayer zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8) nanoparticles on a graphene oxide (GO) premodified optical fiber. The introduction of GO successfully refines the weak adhesion of ZIF‐8 on the optical microfiber, which aids the synthesis of highly uniform morphology. Based on the evanescent field change during the growth process of ZIF‐8 on the optical microfiber, the optical properties of ZIF‐8 are obtained through experiment and simulation. Ethanol is used to verify the capability of the sensing platform, and a concentration specific response with high sensor response at room temperature and low limit detection (5.26 ppm) is demonstrated, which matches the theoretical results. The incorporation of the GO/ZIF‐8 multilayer fiber sensor leads to ultrafast sensor response (118 ms), resulting from the high specific surface area and porous structure. The obtained sensor provides a guideline for metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) coated photonic devices with potential industrial applications and environmental benefits.
Bromo Radical‐Mediated Photoredox Aldehyde Decarbonylation towards Transition‐Metal‐Free Hydroalkylation of Acrylamides at Room Temperature
Authors: Sun Zhaozhao , Huang Huawen , Wang Qiaolin , Deng Guo‐Jun
Published: November 2021

Herein, we report a visible‐light‐mediated hydroalkylation reaction of alkenes using easily available aldehydes as alkyl sources via bromo radical‐promoted photoredox decarbonylation. This protocol provides an alternative entry to C(sp3)−C(sp3) bond formation and features considerable advantages including mild and clean reaction conditions, obviation for transition‐metal catalyst, and good functional group compatibility.

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Metal‐Free Tandem One‐Pot Construction of 3,3‐Disubsituted 3,4‐Dihydroquinoxalin‐2(1H)‐Ones under Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Yao Zhen , Luo Zhenli , Pan Yixiao , Zhang Xin , Li Bohan , Xu Lijin , Wang Peng , Shi Qian
Published: November 2021

Visible‐light photoredox‐catalyzed metal‐free tandem one‐pot synthesis of 3,3‐disubstituted 3,4‐dihydroquinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones from easily accessible 1,2‐diaminobenzenes, α‐ketoesters and 4‐alkyl Hantzsch esters has been described. This mild transformation affords the desired products in 47–93% yields for diversely decorated substrates, and can proceed on a gram‐scale. The efficacy of the current catalysis arises from the use of organic 1,2,3,5‐tetrakis(carbazol‐9‐yl)‐4,6‐dicyanobenzene (4CzIPN) as the photocatalyst and CF3CO2H as the additive.

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Activating Inert MXenes for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction via Anchored Metal Centers
Authors: Tahini Hassan A. , Tan Xin , Smith Sean C.
Published: November 2021

Hydrogen evolution under alkaline conditions is still a challenge, due to the lack of active and cheap cathode materials. The reaction is controlled by the kinetics of water molecules dissociation, along with a balance between OH* desorption and H* recombination steps. The focus in this study is to investigate pathways to tune the activity of—the usually inert—MXenes via anchored metal atoms, which can act as active centers to facilitate the dissociation of water and the subsequent release of H2 molecules. The most promising candidates are Fe anchored on V2CO2, Mn on Ti2CO2 and V2CO2 and Ir on Nb2CO2. These materials display low and facile H2O dissociation, with barriers as low as 0.25 eV in some cases, and favorable OH* desorption steps.
Vertical coordination and post‐harvest losses: Implications on food loss
Authors: Dsouza Alwin , Mishra Ashok K. , Webster Scott
Published: November 2021

This study investigates contract farming's impact on smallholders' profits and post‐harvest losses (PHLs). The study uses an endogenous switching regression (ESR) and farm‐level data from okra growers located in two different districts in India. Results show that okra growers under production contract (PC) or marketing contract (MC) have higher profits and PHLs than independent okra growers. However, under a low rejection‐rate scenario, growers under PC or MC have significantly lower PHLs and increased profits. The reduction in PHLs is not surprising, but the magnitude of the decrease shows that rejection rates are the major contributor to PHLs for contracted growers. Thus, contract farming with low rejection reduces PHLs and increases the profits of smallholders─a win‐win situation for growers and contracting firms.
Generating visual explanations with natural language
Authors: Hendricks Lisa Anne , Rohrbach Anna , Schiele Bernt , Darrell Trevor , Akata Zeynep
Published: November 2021

We generate natural language explanations for a fine‐grained visual recognition task. Our explanations fulfill two criteria. First, explanations are class discriminative, meaning they mention attributes in an image which are important to identify a class. Second, explanations are image relevant, meaning they reflect the actual content of an image. Our system, composed of an explanation sampler and phrase‐critic model, generates class discriminative and image relevant explanations. In addition, we demonstrate that our explanations can help humans decide whether to accept or reject an AI decision.
Aberrant crosstalk between insulin signaling and mTOR in young Down syndrome individuals revealed by neuronal‐derived extracellular vesicles
Authors: Perluigi Marzia , Picca Anna , Montanari Elita , Calvani Riccardo , Marini Federico , Matassa Roberto , Tramutola Antonella , Villani Alberto , Familiari Giuseppe , Domenico Fabio Di , Butterfield D. Allan , Oh Kenneth J. , Marzetti Emanuele , Valentini Diletta , Barone Eugenio
Published: November 2021

Introduction

Intellectual disability, accelerated aging, and early‐onset Alzheimer‐like neurodegeneration are key brain pathological features of Down syndrome (DS). Although growing research aims at the identification of molecular pathways underlying the aging trajectory of DS population, data on infants and adolescents with DS are missing.

Methods

Neuronal‐derived extracellular vesicles (nEVs) were isolated form healthy donors (HDs, n = 17) and DS children (n = 18) from 2 to 17 years of age and nEV content was interrogated for markers of insulin/mTOR pathways.

Results

nEVs isolated from DS children were characterized by a significant increase in pIRS1Ser636, a marker of insulin resistance, and the hyperactivation of the Akt/mTOR/p70S6K axis downstream from IRS1, likely driven by the higher inhibition of Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). High levels of pGSK3βSer9 were also found.

Conclusions

The alteration of the insulin‐signaling/mTOR pathways represents an early event in DS brain and likely contributes to the cerebral dysfunction and intellectual disability observed in this unique population.
Enzyme Control Over Ferric Iron Magnetostructural Properties
Authors: Wang Huan , Cleary Michael B. , Lewis Luke C. , Bacon Jeffrey W. , Caravan Peter , Shafaat Hannah S. , Gale Eric M.
Published: November 2021

Fe3+ complexes in aqueous solution can exist as discrete mononuclear species or multinuclear magnetically coupled species. Stimuli‐driven change to Fe3+ speciation represents a powerful mechanistic basis for magnetic resonance sensor technology, but ligand design strategies to exert precision control of aqueous Fe3+ magnetostructural properties are entirely underexplored. In pursuit of this objective, we rationally designed a ligand to strongly favor a dinuclear μ‐oxo‐bridged and antiferromagnetically coupled complex, but which undergoes carboxylesterase mediated transformation to a mononuclear high‐spin Fe3+ chelate resulting in substantial T1‐relaxivity increase. The data communicated demonstrate proof of concept for a novel and effective strategy to exert biochemical control over aqueous Fe3+ magnetic, structural, and relaxometric properties.
Diammonium Molecular Configuration‐Induced Regulation of Crystal Orientation and Carrier Dynamics for Highly Efficient and Stable 2D/3D Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhong Yang , Liu Gengling , Su Yang , Sheng Wangping , Gong Lingyun , Zhang Jiaqi , Tan Licheng , Chen Yiwang
Published: November 2021

The effects from the molecular configuration of diammonium spacer cations on 2D/3D perovskite properties are still unclear. Here, we investigated systematically the mechanism of molecular configuration‐induced regulation of crystallization kinetic and carrier dynamics by employing various diammonium molecules to construct Dion‐Jacobson (DJ)‐type 2D/3D perovskites to further facilitating the photovoltaic performance. The minimum average Pb‐I‐Pb angle leads to the smallest octahedral tilting of [PbX6]4− lattice in optimal diammonium molecule‐incorporated DJ‐type 2D/3D perovskite, which enables suitable binding energy and hydrogen‐bonding between spacer cations and inorganic [PbX6]4− cages, thus contributing to the formation of high‐quality perovskite film with vertical crystal orientation, mitigatory lattice distortion and efficient carrier transportation. As a consequence, a dramatically improved device efficiency of 22.68 % is achieved with excellent moisture stability.