bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GEM: Geospace Environment Modeling
Authors: Roederer Juan G.
Published: October 2006

Shortly after the beginning of the “space age” with the launching of the first man made object into terrestrial orbit, geospace assumed a fundamental role as a technological resource for all countries, advanced and developing alike. Today, satellite systems for communications, weather prediction, navigation, and remote sensing of natural resources are supporting, in an essential way, many facets of societal operations. We must expect that this trend will continue; for instance, in perhaps less than 3 decades, transatmospheric transportation will be routine and satellite systems will sustain human colonies in space.

The medium in which Earth‐orbiting systems operate is hostile. Far from a perfect vacuum, it is made up of high‐temperature gas and corpuscular radiation of varying densities and intensities; these solar‐activity controlled variations can reach proportions dangerous to orbital stability, to electronic systems performance, to shuttle and spaceplane reentry, and to the life of humans in orbit. Dramatic examples of solar‐activity‐induced satellite failures are the unexpected early degradation of the orbit of Skylab due to unusual upper atmosphere heating and the demise of satellite GOES‐5, most probably caused by a large injection of energetic electrons from the outer magnetoshere. The need to predict “weather and climate” in geospace is becoming as important as the need to predict weather and climate in the inhospitable regions on Earth into which industrial activity has moved during the last decades, such as the Arctic and some of the arid lands.
Artificial modification meeting reminder
Authors: Gordon W. E.
Published: October 2006

A symposium on artificial modification of the ionosphere by high‐powered radio waves (V. V. Migulin, Honorary Chairman) will be held September 19–23, 1988, at the Scandic Hotel, Tromso, Norway. The symposium, sponsored by Union Radio Scientifique Internationale Commissions (URSI) G and H, is in the URSI series which started at Suzdal in 1983. Information on the scientific program is available from V.V. Migulin, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, 103907, Moscow Center, Marx Avl8, U.S.S.R.; Peter Stubbe, Max‐ Planck‐Institut fuer Aeronomy, D‐3411 Katlenburg‐ Lindau 3, Federal Republic of Germany; or W.E. Gordon, Rice University, Space Physics and Astronomy Dept., Houston, TX 77251. For local arrangements information, contact Asgeir Brekke, Institute Matematisk Realfag, Aurora Observatory, Box 953, N‐9001, Tromso, Norway.
Minutes of SPR Executive Committee Meeting
Authors: Hudson Mary , Killeen Tim
Published: October 2006

The meeting was called to order at 7:10 AM by President‐Elect Chris Russell, who announced the results of the 1988 election in SPR. Vince Wickwar, Dan Baker, and Mel Goldstein are the new Aeronomy, Magnetospheric Physics, and Solar and Heliospheric Physics section secretaries, respectively, and Bruce Tsurutani is the new President‐Elect. Chris also reported that ballots were not received at four institutions: University of Californa— Los Angeles, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and Task. Therefore 329 members did not receive ballots (or first and second AGU subscription notices). AGU claims, as far as they can tell, that this is a U.S. mail or institutional mail handling problem.
Geostatistics in hydrology
Authors: Guven O. , Kitanidis P.
Published: October 2006

A special symposium on geostatistics in hydrology was held during the 1987 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco. The symposium was organized jointly by the Groundwater Committee and the Surface Runoff Committee of AGU's Hydrology Section. The objective of the symposium was to provide a forum for workers active in the hydrologic application of geostatistical theory and methods. The symposium was organized into one morning session of oral presentations and two afternoon sessions, (one poster and one oral), held on the same day. A total of 16 oral and 13 poster papers were presented. The morning session was chaired by Peter K., Kitanidis (Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.), and the afternoon sessions were chaired by Oktay Guven (Auburn University, Auburn, Ala.). The papers covered a wide range of topics including geostatistical analyses of data, stochastic analyses of flow and transport in porous media, optimization of sampling strategies, and new geostatistical methods.
Theories of the Earth and Universe—A History of Dogma in the Earth Sciences
Authors: Moore George W.
Published: October 2006

S. Warren Carey rejects the concept of subduction. In this book he links together four subequal themes, with a few autobiographical notes sprinkled throughout, listed as follows in order of decreasing length: a history of science, a lucid review of tectonics and structural geology, an updating of his hypothesis that the Earth is expanding, and a review of the frontiers of cosmology, leading finally to a suggested mechanism for the expansion. Tectonics and structural geology have served as the hub of Carey's long and wide‐ranging career, and the history of science section of this book emphasizes geology and geophysics, with special reference to the tribulations of scientists like Sam Carey himself, who marched to a different drummer and bucked the establishment.

Carey began his career, his dissertation work, in New Guinea, site of the world's most vigorous shearing (some would say transpression) between the Australia‐India and the Pacific “polygons” (Carey uses that term to distinguish his 2900‐km‐thick tectonic blocks that move on the liquid outer core of the Earth from the 100‐km‐thick plates of plate tectonic theory). He immediately became a mobilist, and for the next 20 years, along with a few other geologists of vision, had to grapple with a fixist establishment.
U.S. ocean scientists and engineers: A 1986–1987 profile
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

AGU has recently completed what is probably the most comprehensive human resources survey of U.S. ocean scientists and engineers ever conducted. For this survey, a questionnaire was developed and sent to all those listed in the National Academy of Science's U.S. Directory of Marine Scientists 1982, AGU members with a primary or secondary Ocean Sciences Section affiliation, individual subscribers to the American Meteorological Society (AMS) Journal of Physical Oceanography, and members of the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO), the Marine Technology Society (MTS), and the Coastal Society. Lists of faculty and graduate students from major institutions were also obtained to use as mailing lists, as were selected lists from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the Acoustical Society of America.

More than 17,000 questionnaires were mailed in 1986, followed by a reminder; 5757 questionnaires (about one third of the original total) were returned. In 1987, a follow‐up questionnaire was sent to all who responded to the first questionnaire, and 2100 people responded by the cutoff date.
Paleomagnetism and rock magnetism at Liblice–A personal view from a participant
Authors: Hoffman Ken
Published: October 2006

The New Trends and Databases in Paleomagnetism and Rock Magnetism Conference held in Liblice, Czechoslovakia, from June 27 to July 2, 1988, was indeed a most memorable event. In ways seldom experienced at large International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) assemblies, the quality of two‐way exchange between “east” and “west” was magical. For 5 days, “home” for most of the 68 participants was the baroque Liblice Castle, a remnant of 18th century Bohemian feudalism. The setting was serene, among acres of wheat produced by the local communal farm, located some 40 km north of Prague. Beyond the physical environment, the uniqueness of the gathering resulted from the demographic makeup of the participants. With small delegations from Scandanavia and the west—just four of us from the United States—the vast majority who descended on the castle came from the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and nearly every other eastern bloc neighbor. Even at IAGA in Prague just 3 years ago, where participation was more uniform, the sheer size of the assembly was to some degree an obstacle toward east‐west communication and perhaps tended to promote western views only. Not so at Liblice; we were definitely on different turf!
Administration, OTA differ on test verification
Authors: Maggs William Ward
Published: October 2006

When the explosion went off, a large area of barren brown ground above the test hole rose into the air, pitched and rippled like a stormy sea, and settled again in a cloud of dust. The scene was recorded by television cameras in helicopters above the desert at the Nevada Test Site, and, for the first time, by Soviet scientists. The outcome of this test and a similar experiment in the Soviet Union next month could set the tone for future test ban negotiations.

Meanwhile, a new study from the Office of Technology Assessment claims that seismic networks, traditionally favored by the Soviet Union, can be used to verify reliably compliance with current treaties and be the basis for a new 10‐kt testing limit. Seismic Verification of Nuclear Testing Treaties, released in late May, also concludes that the on‐site hydrodynamic CORRTEX technique favored by the Reagan administration is intrusive, no more accurate than remote seismic methods, and useless against clandestine testing. Defense department officials have harshly criticized the report, while many seismologists have defended its general conclusions.
U.S., U.S.S.R. Marine Expedition
Authors: Wainger Lisa A.
Published: October 2006

An historic expedition involving U.S. and U.S.S.R. scientists may open a new era of cooperation in marine research. A University of California, San Diego/Scripps Institution of Oceanography ship carrying a team that includes two Soviet scientists is on an expedition that will take the R/V Thomas Washington into the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the U.S.S.R. For the first time in a decade a U.S. research vessel has been given permission to operate in the Soviet Union's EEZ, according to Department of State representative Tom Cocke, who worked with Scripps on this project. The ship will also operate in the U.S. EEZ and international waters.
NASA/NSF/NCAR Computer Gateway
Authors: Koblinsky C. J. , Choy J.
Published: October 2006

Over the past decade, two large computer networks have developed to serve the U.S. science community—NASA's Space Physics Analysis Network (SPAN) and the National Science Foundation's NSFnet, including connections to the Department of Defense Internet. These networks use different protocols: SPAN is based on DECnet, and NSFnet is based on TC/PIP. The different protocols make it impossible for computers on one network to communicate with those on the other without a gateway computer.

The gateway computer translates one protocol into the other. Unfortunately, the number of gateway computers is small and they are overutilized. Until a standardized protocol is accepted and implemented, additional gateway computers will be needed. With this in mind, the Ocean Processes Branch at NASA Headquarters, with assistance from the Scientific Computing Division (SCD) at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), has recently implemented a gateway between SPAN and NSFnet at NCAR. The SCD has a Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) MicroVax II running the Ultrix operating system (DEC's version of UNIX) which can interpret both DECnet and TCP/IP protocols. This system is attached to both NSFnet and SPAN. It provides users with an internetwork mail server, file transfer capability, and remote log‐in access. No account or special access is needed on the gateway machine to make use of these capabilities.
Next goals for pollution control
Authors: Wainger Lisa A.
Published: October 2006

Reducing acid rain means reducing sulfur and nitrogen compounds in the atmosphere. Current pollution control methods require separate systems for removing sulfur and nitrogen compounds. DOE has just opened contract talks to award about $6 million to two firms for research to improve pollution control systems in coal plants. The project is to develop methods for removing sulfur and nitrogen compounds simultaneously while also making a system more effective in removing nitrogen oxide.
Tomales Bay, California
Authors: Hollibaugh J. T. , Cole B. E. , Dollar S. J. , Hager S. W. , Vink S. M. , Kimmerer W. J. , Obrebski S. , Smith S. V. , Valentino M. , Walsh T. W.
Published: October 2006

The Land‐Sea Interface (LSI) is a region of particular importance to human endeavor. The region includes the exposed outer coast, coastal waters, bays, estuaries, and deltas. Its area is small in comparison with that of the adjacent open ocean or land, but the LSI is at once a region of high biological productivity and complexity and the portion of the ocean most heavily impacted by human activities.

The LSI also has a profound effect on the transport of materials between the land and the sea. Chemically reactive materials transported from the land to the sea undergo intense biogeochemical cycling and net transformations within the LSI. There are, for example, important sorption reactions associated with the transition from freshwater to saltwater. These reactions alter the distribution and bioavailibility of metals and may affect their toxicity and bioaccumulation.
The Earth's Electrical Environment: Studies in Geophysics
Authors: Kelley Michael C.
Published: October 2006

As stated clearly in the preface, The Earth's Electrical Environment was written to aid policy members in assessing the importance of atmospheric electricity research. The reviewer has no idea whether this principle goal has been met and can only dicuss the text in relation to other works of the same general type.

This class of book is actually a relatively new invention by the scientific community, and there is a real doubt in the reviewer's mind whether it should be classified as a book at all. It is more a collection of short stories with, hopefully, a common thread binding them together. In literature, such an anthology is often viewed as a way of enjoying and/or understanding the breadth and versatility of an author. In the present case, each entry is written by a different person. This makes it impossible for a reviewer to make any useful comments on the style, completeness, or coherence. The review itself might then degenerate into 16 different reviews, each potentially too shallow to be meaningful. This leaves something of a dilemma. The reviewer cannot comment on the primary purpose of the text, cannot comment on the style of the text or author, and is not competent to judge the 16 different research areas. With this somewhat pessimistic preamble, I will try to make some useful, general comments.
Ocean Sciences Best Student Papers for 1988 Joint AGU/ASLO Meeting
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The Ocean Sciences Section has selected four students to receive Best Student Paper Awards for the 1988 Joint AGU and American Society for Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO) Meeting held last January in New Orleans.

Brad M. Bebout received a Best Student Paper Award for his paper “The Use of Agricultural Waste (Corn Slash) to Support Microzone‐Associated Nitrogen Fixation by Marine Microorganisms.” Bebout is an M.S. candidate in marine sciences at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. His thesis is on “The Role of Marine Fungi in Food Selection and Nutrition of the Salt Marsh Periwinkle Littorina irrorata Say (Gastropoda).” He received his B.A. in biology from the University of California, Santa Cruz.
Is Sierra Nevada at acid threshold?
Authors: Wainger Lisa A.
Published: October 2006

Three University of California, Santa Barbara, scientists have reported that even though rain and snowmelt with elevated levels of acidity have been found in California's Sierra Nevada mountains, acid has not yet harmed the lakes and streams. The researchers warn, though, that the same lakes and streams appear to be vulnerable to future increases in acid levels.

The study, reported August 17 at the Davis, Calif., meeting of the American Institute of Biological Sciences, was conducted at Emerald Lake in Sequoia National Park. The lake is considered representative of lakes in the region and has a pH in the low end of the neutral range (6.2–6.5), so it is more susceptible to acidification.
Reviews of Geophysics
Authors: Neugebauer Marcia
Published: October 2006

The Gulf Coast province provides an array of scientific dilemmas ranging from the origin of the gulf itself to the causes and effects of long‐lasting circulation of hot, deep waters throughout the thick sedimentary section. The nature of the underlying crust and superjacent sediments and their contained waters; the precise timing of rifting; depositional history and diagenesis of the sedimentary sequence; fluid dynamics; geochemistry; hydrocarbon generation and migration; thermal history, including unusually high thermal gradient; and the fluid pressure regime in the deep sedimentary section are too poorly understood to permit quantitative analysis of processes that are of enormous scientific and practical importance. The area centered on DeWitt and Victoria counties, Texas, on the southeastern extension of the San Marcos arch, is probably the best location for a deep borehole to investigate these important phenomena and problems. The arch extends southeastward from exposed Grenville‐age basement rocks of the Llano uplift and separates the deep South Texas and Houston embayment salt basins. Seaward of the Llano uplift, highly deformed and slightly metamorphosed rocks of the Ouachita‐Marathon orogen have been intersected beneath Cretaceous sediments. The inferred edge of continental crust underlies an extensive Lower Cretaceous reef trend southeast of known Ouachita orogen rocks. Rapid thickening of Tertiary and possibly of Cretaceous sediments southeast of the shelf edge, together with geophysical indications of a relatively shallow Moho, suggests that “transitional continental crust” underlies sediments basinward of the inferred edge of continental crust. This transitional crust, the ultimate objective for a proposed deep well, could be rifted Grenville basement, buried rocks of the Ouachita trend, an island arc related to the Ouachita trend, or exotic continental basement related to a proto‐South American continent. To achieve optimum results to guarantee adequate basement penetration, a borehole should be designed to penetrate a relatively thin succession of lower Mesozoic synrift, graben‐fill sediments seaward of the shelf edge. Because of expected high temperatures and pressures, new technologies will need to be developed to successfully drill and test the well.
Seismicity of the East Pacific Rise: Correlations With the Southern Oscillation Index?
Authors: Walker Daniel A.
Published: October 2006

The following article is being published with our recognition that it presents controversial material. The controversy lies not in the data or the statistical analyses, but stems rather from the lack of a well‐identified physical mechanism linking seismicity on the East Pacific Rise with El Nino events. Even the possibility of a physical linkage here should be of interest to both geophysicists and oceanographers, and it is hoped that this publication will result in a continuing and rewarding dialogue.
Nepal quake doesn't fit
Authors: Maggs William Ward
Published: October 2006

An earthquake in the foothills of the Himalaya Mountains in Nepal August 21 killed more than 700 people and caused landslides and damage to buildings over a wide area. Preliminary information on the location of the magnitude (Ms)‐6.6 quake may also send a tremor or two through generally accepted theories about the geometry and mechanics of India's subduction beneath Asia.

The earthquake occurred near the geologic boundary between the Indo‐Gangetic basin and the Himalayas, 200 km southeast of Katmandu. The epicenter of the quake, as determined by the U.S. Geological Survey's National Earthquake Information Service in Denver, Colo., was at 26.6°N, 86.6°E, nearly coincident with that of a magnitude‐8.3 earthquake that rocked the region in 1934. A series of great earthquakes [M⩾8] has taken place during the past 2 centuries along the length of the range, near the topographic break that marks the southern limit of Himalayan deformation. Most earthquakes in the region occur under the high Himalaya, 100–200 km farther north, and are typically of small to moderate size.
The Ceaseless Wind: An Introduction to the Theory of Atmospheric Motion
Authors: Bromley R.A.
Published: October 2006

When this book was first published in 1976; it consisted, like Gaul, of three parts, one setting out the basic mathematical and physical concepts that are used in atmospheric dynamics, another constructing the necessary equations, and a third discussing the application of the equations to the atmosphere. In this new paperback edition the author has added a chapter on mathematical modeling of the atmosphere, and he has taken the opportunity to make some corrections and revisions.

There have been many advances in meteorology in the decade since publication of the first edition, but this edition includes hardly any of them. This is essentially a book about theorectical rather than observational meteorology, so perhaps it is understandable that no account is given of recent satellite data for the stratosphere or for the southern hemisphere. However, to read the sections on the global energy budget, one might think that the Global Weather Experiment had never taken place. Only a few theoretical topics have been added, while others, such as cyclogenesis, have been left unaltered, with the result that what little attention they receive seems to be distinctly old‐fashioned. The new material at the end of the book includes a study of the possible flow regimes of the (global) atmosphere. This starts out in promising fashion and sets up some useful working approximations, but instead of going on to apply these in real situations, the discussion turns away to examine a set of canonical equations that owes as much to statistical mechanics as to meteorology. These additions are not made any easier to appreciate by the rather baffling decision to add an extra index for the new chapter. The reader may now have the pleasure of looking u p one subject in two indexes before discovering that it was never there in the first place.
AGU overview: The State of the Union
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

AGU is growing in membership, in publications, in meetings and in the myriad of public sector and educational programs on which the membership has placed a high priority. At the May 1988 Council Meeting, outgoing President Peter S. Eagleson outlined some of the major objectives that the Union had in 1986 and the accomplishments in those areas in a “State‐of‐the‐Union” message that reflected pride in the Union's accomplishments and optimism for the future.

In the area of public affairs, the Union had resolved to take an active role in elevating the national consciousness about geophysics and in influencing public decisions affecting our sciences. Among other things during the 1986–88 biennium, AGU:

Adopted a procedure for developing advocacy positions, which appears later in this issue;

Developed the Planet Earth Initiative and a position on earmarking of Federal funds, both of which are published in this issue;

Began a program of advocacy on behalf of the Planet Earth Initiative; and

Began the development of several other positions.
The paleomagnetic confirmation of continental drift
Authors: Irving E.
Published: October 2006

Paleomagnetic research in the period 1948–1954 established that the Earth had had a geomagnetic field since Late Precambrian time, that irrespective of reversals its direction varied very widely, and that at any one place these variations could be expressed as a path of apparent polar wander (APW). During the period 1955–1960, it was demonstrated, much to the chagrin of a community overwhelmingly fixist in belief, that each of the major continents had a very different APW path and that the differences were essentially those expected if continents had moved in the manner suggested by Wegener.
A model of Nevado del Ruiz Volcano, Colombia
Authors: Williams Stanley N. , Meyer Hansjürgen
Published: October 2006

A workshop was held at the Observatorio Vulcanologico de Colombia in Manizales, Colombia, March 28 to April 1, 1988, to review the accumulated data on the disastrous November 13, 1985, eruption and related activity of Nevado del Ruiz volcano (Figure 1). Approximately 30 scientists from eight countries presented data, developed a preliminary model, and addressed the future problems of Ruiz. The volcano (see Figure 2) erupted just prior to the meeting, covering the meeting site with 1–2 mm of ash.

The workshop was convened by Stanley N. Williams (Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge) and Hansjürgen Meyer (Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia). A special volume of the Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research is planned for the papers and letters presented at the workshop, with some additional contributions. Publication is expected in mid‐1989.
Navy ponders a total ban on bathymetry
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Can the ocean floor's topography be a state secret? The U.S. Navy is now deciding whether to deny U.S. scientists access to highly detailed bathymetrie data because of security imperatives it says it can't completely reveal. Government officials and scientists interviewed for this artcle agree that the central issue is the costs and benefits of secrecy in a scientifically open society.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has mapped nearly 128,000 km2 of the seafloor in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone, but since 1985, when Vice Admiral John Poindexter of the National Security Council banned the distribution of maps and charts produced in the program at the request of the Navy, scientists haven't been able to see or use the high‐resolution sonar data. The Navy is now considering extending that restriction to all multibeam bathymetry acquired through federally sponsored research anywhere in the world.
New venting in TAG Field
Authors: Nelsen Terry L.
Published: October 2006

The Trans‐Atlantic Geotraverse (TAG) Hydrothermal Field, which lies on the east wall of the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge at about 26°N, has been a focus of study since low‐temperature hydrothermal activity was discovered there in 1973. In July 1985, scientists making an intensive investigation of the site discovered the first black smokers on the ridge (Eos, 66, October 1, 1985, p. 682).

The smokers appeared in images from a towed deep‐sea photovideo camera. Water temperature anomalies were recorded by a near‐bottom thermister array mounted on the camera. A conductivity‐temperaturedepth (CTD)/nephelometer package sent real‐time data of plume depth, distribution, and concentration. Shipboard analysis provided total reactive Mn.
Auroral Physics A Chapman Memorial
Authors: Siscoe George L.
Published: October 2006

Auroras hold a special place in the field of solar‐terrestrial research. Of all the field's intriguing phenomena, they were known first. Aristotle explained them (in his system) ages before telescopes routinely brought sunspots into view and compass needles revealed the world of magnetic activity and Hertzian waves sounded the Heaviside layer and satellites probed the solar wind and magnetosphere. Unofficially, seniority of acquaintance gives auroras the status of emblem for the field as a whole.
Solar radiative output variations
Authors: Foukal Peter V.
Published: October 2006

A National Science Foundation sponsored workshop on Solar Radiative Output Variations was held at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colo., November 9–11, 1987. The aims were to review the status of this topic, identify research areas most likely to prove fruitful in the next 5–10 years, and make recommendations on desirable initiatives, particularly in ground‐based observations and theory.

Fifty three scientists participated in 2½ days of review and contributed papers, and in the organizational meetings of six working groups. The sessions covered subjects ranging from “what atmospheric and climate physicists need to know about the solar radiative output and its variations,” through direct and proxy observations of EUV, UV, and total irradiance variability of the Sun and similar stars, to the physical interpretation of such variations in the present and distant past.
Frederick L. Scarf 1930”1988
Authors: Greenstadt E. W. , Moses S. L. , Kennel C. F. , Russell C. T. , Coroniti F. V.
Published: October 2006

Frederick L. Scarf, chief scientist for Space Research and Technology in the Applied Technology Division of TRW Space and Technology Group, died suddenly July 17, while in Moscow attending the launch of the Russian missions to Phobos.

Fred died “with his boots on,” carrying out responsibilities that combined scientific, political, and international cooperation with the adventure and excitement of space exploration he loved so well. His presence in Moscow symbolized a reinvigorated era of Soviet‐American cooperation: Both Phobos spacecraft carried into space the newest Soviet built plasma wave experiments, in which Fred was an invited coinvestigator. On his last conscious day, Fred impressed his colleagues with his enthusiasm for the successful deployment of the Phobos plasma wave antennae, an enthusiasm as great as his pleasure at the deployment of his first experiment 20 years earlier.
NSF Continental Lithosphere Program
Authors: Mayhew Michael , MacGregor Ian
Published: October 2006

For several months the Continental Lithosphere Program (CL) of the National Science Foundation has been subject to a major review. The process was stimulated by a series of budget setbacks over the past few years. Although Presidential budget requests have been very favorable for the Division of Earth Sciences (EAR), and there has been strong support within the National Science Foundation and Congress, actual appropriations by Congress have been disappointing.

In each year the final allocation to EAR has been affected by external factors beyond the control of the Foundation. In the four fiscal years from 1986 through 1989 the factors include reductions tied to the Gramm‐Rudman deficit reduction measures, congressional reaction to the October 1987 stock market crash, and two years of protection for the Ocean Sciences part of the NSF budget that was paid for from the budgets of the Atmospheric and Earth Sciences divisions.
Medium‐term earthquake prediction
Authors: Gupta H. K.
Published: October 2006

There is a worldwide effort to study and identify spatial and temporal variation of seismicity and recognize patterns that precede earthquakes “Mogi, 1969, 1984; Ohtake et al, 1977a, b; Habermann, 1981; Wyss et al, 1983; Liu Puxiong et al, 1984; Ohnaka, 1984–1985; and many others”.

Gupta and Singh “1986” carried out a detailed study of earthquake swarms and quiescence which precede major earthquakes in the northeast India region and concluded: 1. Moderate magnitude to great earthquakes in the northeast India region are found to be preceded, generally, by well‐defined earthquake swarms and quiescence periods.
Environmental consequences of nuclear war
Authors: Pittock A.B.
Published: October 2006

As the end of the century approaches, humanity is seeking a broader, deeper sense of security. In this context the voice of the international scientific community must be clearly articulated in order to provide scientific judgment and advice to public policy makers: for example, from the likely global catastrophic effects of a major nuclear war to the resolution or avoidance of conventional conflicts; from the control of pollution and the effects of acid rain to the wider consequences of global warming; from the mounting strains that will arise from the world's growing population to the needs for more reliable methods and arrangements for food supply, health, education and sustainable development. The protection of the global environment is the responsibility of, and in the mutual interest of, all nations.

In the light of these concerns, the Myrdal Foundation and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences invited an international group of scientists to consider the specific issue of the environmental consequences of nuclear war and to evaluate the 1988 United Nations report on the subject.
SAMA: For how long?
Authors: Pinto O. , Gonzalez W. D.
Published: October 2006

The South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA) has been studied since the beginning of the sixties. This region of low field intensity in the South Adantic near Brazil is known to have important consequences in radiationbelt physics “e.g., Pinto and Gonzalez, 1986”. This feature of the field can be explained by the concept of an eccentric dipole. This concept, specified by the dipole and quadrupole terms of the multipole expansion of the geomagnetic field, account for about 90% of the surface field “Parkinson, 1983”.
Precambrian tidal sedimentary cycles and Earth's paleorotation
Authors: Williams George E.
Published: October 2006

Paleotidal cycles ranging from semidiurnal to the lunar nodal cycle apparently are recorded by late Precambrian (∼650 Ma) rhythmically laminated sedimentary rocks (rhythmites) of postulated ebb‐tidal origin in South Australia. The rhythmites may provide unique information on paleotidal periods and Earth's paleorotation: the late Precambrian year contained in ∼13.1 (±0.5) lunar months and ∼400 (±20) days, and the late Precambrian lunar month ∼30.5 (±1.5) days; the periods of the lunar apsides and lunar nodal cycles were then 9.7 (±0.3) and 19.5 (±0.5) years respectively. These values suggest that since late Precambrian time the average equivalent phase lag [the angle between the Earth‐Moon axis and Earth's tidal bulge, derived from the response of the solid and ocean tides; Lambeck, 1980] was near 3° rather than the present value of 6°. Precambrian sedimentary rhythmites may record much valuable information on the early history of Earth's rotation and the lunar orbit.
ITSA Planning
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The Organizing Committee for the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) Third Scientific Assembly (ITSA) met December 6 during the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco. A total of 743 provisional registrations and inquiries of interest had been received by the first of the year. On the basis of these preliminary statistics, actual attendance is estimated at well over 500. Interest has been indicated by potential attendees from 63 countries with the largest numbers from Canada, England, China, Netherlands, France, and Australia, in addition to the United States. ITSA will be held May 10–19 in Baltimore.
Artificial recharge of groundwater
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The Task Committee on Guidelines for Artificial Recharge of Groundwater, of the American Society of Civil Engineers' (ASCE) Irrigation and Drainage Division, sponsored an International Symposium on Artificial Recharge of Groundwater at the Inn‐at‐the‐Park Hotel in Anaheim, Calif., August 23–27, 1988. Cosponsors were the U.S. Geological Survey, California Department of Water Resources, University of California Water Resources Center, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, with cooperation from the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, International Association of Hydrological Sciences, American Water Resources Association, U.S. Agency for International Development, World Bank, United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development, and a number of local and state organizations.

Because of the worldwide interest in artificial recharge and the need to develop efficient recharge facilities, the Anaheim symposium brought together an interdisciplinary group of engineers and scientists to provide a forum for many professional disciplines to exchange experiences and findings related to various types of artificial recharge; learn from both successful and unsuccessful case histories; promote technology transfer between the various disciplines; provide an education resource for communication with those who are not water scientists, such as planners, lawyers, regulators, and the public in general; and indicate directions by which cities or other entities can save funds by having reasonable technical guidelines for implementation of a recharge project.
AGU Scholars
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Ten minority students were named AGU Scholars for the 1988–1989 academic year. They are among the recipients of scholarships under the American Geological Institute (AGI) Minority Participation Program. This designation recognizes AGU's continued strong support and substantial contribution to this program. Two of these students were designated AGU Sea Grant Scholars because part of the support for this program comes from a matching grant from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Sea Grant Program, which is aimed at increasing the number of minority students studying in fields related to the development of marine and coastal resources.
Solar physics news at NASA headquarters
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Three investigations were selected for the NASA Max ′91 Solar Balloon Program (SBP) from 12 submitted proposals. The purpose of Max ′91 SBP is to make observations of solar flares and activity with a new generation of visible light and high‐energy telescopes during the approaching epoch of maximum solar activity in the early 1990s.

The selected investigations are gamma‐ray imaging device (grid) on a balloon, C. J. Crannell, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC); high resolution gamma‐ray and hard x‐ray spectrometer (HIREGS), R. P. Lin, University of California, Berkeley; and balloon flights of the solar optical universal polarimeter (SOUP), T.D. Tarbell; Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory, California.
Mars during the 1988 opposition
Authors: Bell James F. , McCord Thomas B. , Lucey Paul G.
Published: October 2006

As far back as the 19th century the unmistakable orange‐red color of Mars led to initial suppositions, since proven correct, that iron oxides must be dominant components of the martian surface soil and rock mineralogy. In September 1988 Mars passed within 59×106 km (37×106 miles) of Earth, affording ground‐based astronomers their best view of the planet since 1971, and until 2001.

During this opposition, for the first time, high resolution spectral studies of Mars are being carried out at the University of Hawaii's 88‐inch telescope atop Mauna Kea. These measurements are concentrating on the 0.3–1.0 (Am wavelength region, where numerous absorption features long known to be associated with Fe2+ and Fe3+ mineralogies occur.
Science spending in FY 1990 budget
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Ronald Reagan's budget for Fiscal Year 1990 says “the ability of the nation to meet global competition, provide for national security, and improve the quality of life for all citizens depends on national investments in science and technology.” The budget includes large spending increases for the National Science Foundation and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, level spending at the U.S. Geological Survey, and a decrease for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

The $1.15 trillion Fiscal Year 1990 budget exceeds Gramm‐Rudman‐Hollings targets for reducing the budget deficit to $100 billion in 1990 without raising taxes. Initiatives such as the space station ($2.05 billion), the Strategic Defense Initiative ($5.9 billion), modernization and environmental cleanup of Department of Energy nuclear facilities ($3.3 billion), and AIDS research ($1.6 billion) all received increases of more than 20% over FY 1989. An analysis by the Congressional Budget Office shows that the FY 1990 budget cuts existing domestic programs by a total of $25 billion and terminates 82 programs.
Our changing planet
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

A report entitled “Our Changing Planet: A U.S. Strategy for Global Change Research,” was released on January 9 with President Reagan's 1990 budget. The report is intended to provide a coordinated foundation for planning the U.S. program to study changes in the Earth system, and it outlines a program of focused research that grows from $133.9 million in FY 89 to $190.5 million in FY 90. These funds are included in the budgets of the National Science Foundation, Department of Energy, Department of the Interior, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Department of Commerce, Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Department of Agriculture.

The report was prepared by the Committee on Earth Sciences (CES) of the Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology. The CES is chaired by Dallas Peck of the U.S. Geological Survey and has members from the Council on Environmental Quality, Department of State, Office of Management and Budget, Office of Science and Technology Policy, USDA, EPA, NASA, Department of Defense, DOE, DOC, Department of Transportation, and the NSF.
Arctic ozone study begins
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Scientists from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and other, institutions have begun an airborne study of stratospheric ozone depletion over the Arctic. The investigators will search for ozone‐depletion processes within the Arctic vortex and their possible influence on ozone concentrations over heavily, populated northern mid‐latitudes.

This Arctic study wiD be similar to one done last year over Antarctica that implicated chkxrofluorocarbons as the cause of the “ozone hole” during the austral spring. Results from the Antarctic study suggested to scientists that similar processes could be occurring in the Arctic, perhaps on a reduced scale: A brief field study in Greenland in early 1988 found elevated levels of chlorine compounds in the atmosphere over the Arctic, increasing scientists' suspicions.
AGU letter to George Bush
Authors: Anderson Don L.
Published: October 2006

As part of AGU's continuing efforts to enhance geophysics, AGU president Don Anderson, with Council approval, wrote to George Bush on January 18 urging that the Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President, provide strong leadership in understanding Earth processes. The letter, below, represents the Union position on this issue.
Lamont takes delivery of Conrad Replacement
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Lamont‐Doherty Geological Observatory has a new deep‐ocean research ship, to be paid for with $11.4 million from the National Science Foundation. The 239‐foot Bernier, formerly used for oil exploration, will replace the U.S. Navy research vessel Conrad, which has cruised more than a million miles over 26 years for Lamont‐Doherty.

The Bernier was purchased from Petro Canada for $6.5 million. Another $3.5 million will be spent to modify the 5‐year‐old ship for academic research. Under an agreement between NSF and Columbia University, which operates Lamont‐Doherty in Palisades, N.Y., the university will put up the $10 million for acquisition and renovation and will be reimbursed by NSF for that amount plus $1.4 million for servicing debt on the purchase. The cost of building and outfitting a ship like the Bernier for scientific purposes would be $30–40 million, according to NSF.
Geochemical Thermodynamics
Authors: Nordlie Bert E.
Published: October 2006

This textbook is designed for first‐year graduate students, with the authors' stated objectives of emphasizing the basic principles of thermodynamics and describing these principles within a geochemical framework. The book admirably achieves these goals. It also fills a gap in geoscience textbooks since other books on the topic are either out‐ofdate, out‐of‐print, somewhat specialized, or lack coverage of major aspects important to geochemistry. It is a friendly book.

For at least the past two decades, thermodynamics has become an integral part of geochemical investigations and this will almost certainly continue and increase. Students with advanced degrees in many fields of geoscience will be seriously handicapped if they are not able to critically read and understand articles that include thermodynamics and interact with colleagues who use this tool. Unfortunately, it is typically necessary to introduce students to the subject through a course designed for chemists or physicists. Such courses usually involve detailed, sophisticated derivations and problem solving that is theoretical or uninteresting to the geoscientist, a general flavor that that diverges considerably from the needs pertinent to geochemistry. Phase equilibria, solid solutions, and aqueous electrolyte solutions, are often given little, if any, attention. Students generally return from such an experience “wrung out” and unsure of the purpose for taking the course. To make the experience useful, the topics not covered must then be presented by the student's department with considerable rehashing of the basic principles. This unfriendly process is largely overcome by Nordstrom and Munoz with consistent use of geologically pertinent examples, minimization of derivations, emphasis of geochemical thermodynamics, a personal style of writing (“you” and “we”), and scattered humor such as the earthy example of the second law on p. 40 and the cartoons of “perplexed penguins” at the end of each chapter.
Congress targets DOE plants
Authors: Maggs William Ward
Published: October 2006

Calling the Department of Energy's management of the nation's crippled nuclear weapons production complex “a 35‐year secret chemical war waged against people living near DOE's sites,” Representative Thomas Luken (D‐OH) opened a congressional hearing on February 23 with an appeal to DOE Secretary‐designate James Watkins to release secret health records of workers at the plants. In testimony that followed, Comptroller General Charles Bowsher told a subcommittee of the House Energy and Commerce Committee that President Bush's new budget does not go far enough on the long and costly road of cleaning up and modernizing the contaminated and aging facilities. The renovation is expected to cost up to $155 billion.

By next month, 11 of the 17 installations that make up the DOE complex will be on the EPA's Superfund list of the nation's most contaminated waste sites. Some o f the DOE facilities, including the Rocky Flats plant in Denver, Colo., the Hanford Reservation in eastern Washington, and the Savannah River plant in South Carolina, are among the most polluted sites ever identified by EPA. The principal function of the facilities, the production of tritium and plutonium for nuclear weapons, has stopped, creating what DOE has characterized as a looming national security crisis.
Applied Hydrology, McGraw‐Hill Series in Water Resources and Environmental Engineering
Authors: Tobin Graham A.
Published: October 2006

Applied Hydrology is a valuable contribution to the literature. It is clearly written and meets all goals described by the authors. The book is intended as an upper level undergraduate or graduate level text but will also serve well as a reference handbook for applied hydrologists.

The book is divided into three parts. The first, on hydrological processes, comprises six chapters which examine different elements of the hydrologic system. For the most part, these chapters are descriptive, providing background information and outlining basic principles pertinent to hydrology. Topics range from atmospheric processes to surface and subsurface flows. Finally, hydrologic measurement is discussed in chapter six.