bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photosynthesis, water‐use and nitrogen relate to both plant height and leaf structure in 60 species from the Mediterranean
Authors: Garnier Eric , Vile Denis , Debain Sandrine , Bottin Lorraine , Laurent Gérard , Roumet Catherine
Published: January 2025

Within individuals and/or species of trees, the structure and gas exchange of sun‐exposed leaves from the outer part of the canopy have been found to relate to sampling height. Across species, the gas exchange of such leaves has been shown to relate to their structure and biochemical composition, but not to canopy height. Why are leaf traits related to height within tree species but not across a broader range of species? And what are the components of leaf structure involved in leaf‐level carbon, water and nitrogen economies?

Plant height, leaf mass per area (LMA) and its underlying components, gas exchange, leaf nitrogen and carbon isotopic discrimination were assessed for 60 species from different life and growth forms growing in the Mediterranean, spanning a wide range of height and LMA values.

Contrary to previous comparisons across species, our study shows that leaves of tall plants had a high LMA, a high leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and were slightly thicker; their stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate were low, while their intrinsic water‐use efficiency (iWUE) was high. LMA was related to all gas exchange variables as well as to leaf nitrogen. These effects were mostly mediated through LDMC, with limited effects of leaf thickness. These conclusions were hardly modified when phylogeny was account for.

Across species of varying life and growth forms, leaf functioning relates to both plant height and leaf structure. These results provide a generalization of previous conclusions found in trees at the intra‐individual and/or intraspecific levels. Inconsistencies among previous studies with respect to plant height are likely an issue of context‐dependency, which should be explicitly taken into account for a better understanding of plant form and function.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Differential Responses of Methylobacterium and Sphingomonas Species to Multispecies Interactions in the Phyllosphere
Authors: Schlechter R. O. , Remus‐Emsermann M. N. P.
Published: January 2025

The leaf surface, known as the phylloplane, presents an oligotrophic and heterogeneous environment due to its topography and uneven distribution of resources. Although it is a challenging environment, leaves support abundant bacterial communities that are spatially structured. However, the factors influencing these spatial distribution patterns are not well understood. To study the changes in population density and spatial distribution of bacteria in synthetic communities, the behaviour of two common bacterial groups in the Arabidopsis thaliana leaf microbiota—Methylobacterium (methylobacteria) and Sphingomonas (sphingomonads)—was examined. Using synthetic communities consisting of two or three species, the hypothesis was tested that the presence of a third species affects the density and spatial interaction of the other two species. Results indicated that methylobacteria exhibit greater sensitivity to changes in population densities and spatial patterns, with higher intra‐genus competition and lower densities and aggregation compared to sphingomonads. Pairwise comparisons were insufficient to explain the shifts observed in three‐species communities, suggesting that higher‐order interactions influence the structuring of complex communities. This emphasises the role of multispecies interactions in determining spatial patterns and community dynamics on the phylloplane.
Extremism and the potential dismantling of special education: Or moving forward with inclusive special education
Authors: Kauffman James M. , Hornby Garry
Published: January 2025

Extremism in special education has been an endemic feature for decades but its most recent iteration, the full inclusion movement (FIM), is pushing special education toward a radical ideology in which placement in mainstream schools, rather than providing effective instruction, is becoming the main focus of efforts to meet the needs of students with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND). We first review some realities that we believe are basic to special education as it has been conceptualised and practiced. Second, we provide examples of the rhetoric of supporters of the full inclusion movement that do not conform to those realities and consequentially threaten the existence of special education. Third, we suggest a way in which special education might be transformed through the adoption of policies that conform to those realities while being based on research evidence of their effectiveness in improving outcomes and a combination of the best aspects of special education and inclusive education. We conclude that there is an urgent need to recognise this extremist threat to special education, do what we can to prevent it, and avoid its potential negative consequences.
Cardiovascular Therapy Benefits of Novel Antidiabetic Drugs in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Complicated With Cardiovascular Disease: A Network Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Shi Saixian , Li Xiaofeng , Chen Ye , Li Jiahao , Dai Yan
Published: January 2025

Objective

Provide an evidence‐based basis for the selection of cardiovascular benefit drugs in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Methods

Conduct a comprehensive search of all relevant literature from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Clinical Trials.gov from their establishment until December 13, 2023, and select randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that meet the pre‐established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Use the Cochrane bias risk assessment tool to evaluate the quality of the included literature. Use R 4.3.2 software to conduct network meta‐analysis for drug category comparison.

Results

A total of 24 large‐scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included, including 19 intervention measures, and 172 803 patients participated in the study. The results of the network meta‐analysis show that: GLP1RA (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81–0.97) and SGLT2i (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.83–0.99) can reduce the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), GLP1RA (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.79–0.97) and SGLT2i (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81–0.99) reduced the risk of cardiovascular death. SGLT2i (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.62–0.75) reduced the occurrence of hospitalization for heart failure, GLP1RA (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.81–0.97) and SGLT2i (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.80–0.97) reduced the occurrence of all‐cause death.

Conclusion

In the comparison of new hypoglycemic drug classes, GLP1RA and SGLT2i reduced MACE, cardiovascular mortality and all‐cause mortality in T2DM patients with CVD, with no significant difference in efficacy, and DPP4i was noninferior to placebo. Only GLP1RA reduced the risk of nonfatal stroke, and only SGLT2i reduced the risk of HHF.
Self‐Reported Delayed Adverse Events and Flare Following COVID‐19 Vaccination Among Patients With Autoimmune Rheumatic Disease (AIRD) in Malaysia: Results From the COVAD‐2 Study
Authors: Shaharir Syahrul Sazliyana , Nawi Azmawati Mohammed , Mariamutu Theepa Nesam , Kamaruzaman Lydia , Said Mohd Shahrir Mohamed , Rajalingham Sakthiswary , Parodis Ioannis , Sarkar Manali , Shinjo Samuel Katsuyuki , Kadam Esha , Ziade Nelly , Tan Chou Luan , Gullemin Francis , Caballero‐Uribe Carlo Vincio , Tan Ai Lyn , Andreoli Laura , Parihar Jasmine , Yaadav Praggya , Saha Sreoshy ,   COVAD Study Group, Gupta Latika , Agarwal Vikas
Published: January 2025

Objectives

To determine the prevalence of self‐reported delayed adverse events (DAEs), major AEs, and flares following COVID‐19 vaccinations among patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases (AIRDs) in Malaysia.

Methodology

An electronically validated survey from the COVID‐19 vaccination in autoimmune diseases (COVAD) study group was distributed in July 2021 to patients with autoimmune diseases and healthy controls (HCs). The survey collected data on DAEs (any AE that persisted or occurred after 7 days of vaccination), any early or delayed major adverse events (MAEs), and flares following COVID‐19 vaccination. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) models were performed to determine the factors associated with repeated events of DAEs, MAEs, and flares.

Results

A total of 556 vaccines were administered to 204 subjects (150 AIRDs and 54 HCs), with 72.1% completing 3 doses. In multivariate GEE analysis, there was a greater frequency of minor DAEs among AIRDs versus HCs (OR 5.65, p = 0.052). The occurrence of MAEs was higher in AIRDs versus HCs (4.9% vs. 1.3%, p = 0.052), but it was no longer significant in the GEE model. In the AIRDs group, the BNT162b2 vaccine increased the risk for minor DAEs (OR4.68, p = 0.02) while patients with autoimmune multimorbidity showed a greater risk for MAEs (OR 8.25, p = 0.007). The rate of flare was 10.6% and multivariate GEE analysis revealed that The rate of flare was 10.6% and multivariate GEE analysis revealed that systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (OR0.31, p = 0.03) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) (OR 0.16, p < 0.001) were protective against flare.

Conclusion

The rates of minor DAEs, major AEs, and flares were comparable with other reported studies. Different types of vaccines, underlying AIRDs, and treatments may influence the symptoms of AEs and flares postvaccination against COVID‐19.
Diagnostic Value of Combined Test of Anti‐Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibody, AKA Antibody, Carp Antibody, and Rheumatoid Factor for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Zhou Qiongsong , Li Na , Hu Jing
Published: January 2025

Objective

To analyze the diagnostic value of a combined test of anti‐cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (CCP), anti‐keratin antibody (AKA), anti‐carbamylated protein antibody (Carp antibody), and rheumatoid factor (RF) in the early diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

Sixty cases of RA admitted to our hospital from 2021 to 2022 (observation group) were selected, along with 50 cases of healthy physical examiners (control group). The results of CCP antibody, AKA antibody, Carp antibody, and rheumatoid factor in both groups were analyzed: the concentration of CCP antibody, AKA antibody, Carp antibody, and rheumatoid factor in each group at different levels; the comparison of various testing methods with the “gold standard” test; and the ROC curve analysis of CCP antibody, AKA antibody, Carp antibody, and rheumatoid factor in each group.

Results

The concentrations of CCP antibody, AKA antibody, Carp antibody, and rheumatoid factor were significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the concentrations of CCP antibody, AKA antibody, Carp antibody, and rheumatoid factor from the mild to moderate group (p < 0.05), as well as from the moderate to severe group (p < 0.05). Additionally, when comparing the mild and severe groups, there was a significant elevation in the concentrations of CCP antibody, AKA antibody, Carp antibody (p < 0.05), and rheumatoid factor (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Anti‐cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody, AKA antibody, Carp antibody, and rheumatoid factor combined tests have high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of RA.
Fusarium spp. associated with asparagus crowns and the influence of the preplant fumigant metam‐sodium in Michigan crown nurseries
Authors: Buitrago‐Acosta Maria Camila , Minier Douglas H. , Getson Sara , Medina‐Mora Carmen M. , Hausbeck Mary K.
Published: January 2025

Fusarium crown and root rot (FCRR) of asparagus caused by Fusarium spp., results in plant stunting, wilting, vascular discoloration, and root rot reducing the longevity and productivity of this perennial vegetable. Metam‐sodium is a broad‐spectrum pre‐plant fumigant commonly used in Michigan asparagus nurseries to mitigate FCRR by reducing disease presence in 1‐year‐old crowns that are used for establishing production fields. The objective of the current study was to compare the diversity of Fusarium species associated with nursery‐grown asparagus crowns from soils fumigated preplant with metam‐sodium to those from unfumigated nurseries. Based on sequences of the TEF‐1α (transcription elongation factor 1‐alpha) region, seven Fusarium spp. were identified including F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. solani, F. acuminatum, F. avenaceum, F. graminearum and F. incarnatum‐equiseti. Fusarium oxysporum was the most frequently isolated species (92%). No significant differences were noted between Fusarium populations isolated from nurseries that had been fumigated with metam‐sodium and those isolated from the nursery that had not been fumigated. Pathogenic isolates of F. oxysporum were recovered from nurseries at a similar rate regardless of fumigation status. These findings indicate that metam‐sodium is inadequate as a pre‐plant treatment for Fusarium crown and root rot and alternative strategies need to be explored.
Cellular Senescence Contributes to the Dysfunction of Tight Junctions in Submandibular Glands of Aging Mice
Authors: Chen Zhuo , Mao Qian‐Ying , Zhang Jie‐Yuan , Wu Yu‐Xiao , Shan Xiao‐Feng , Geng Yan , Fan Jia‐Yi , Cai Zhi‐Gang , Xiang Ruo‐Lan
Published: January 2025

The current mechanism by which aging reduces salivary secretion is unknown. This study investigates the mechanism of aging‐related submandibular (SMG) dysfunction and evaluates the therapeutic potential of dental pulp stem cell‐derived exosomes (DPSC‐exos). We found that the stimulated salivary flow rate was significantly reduced in naturally aging and D‐galactose‐induced aging mice (D‐gal mice) compared to control mice. Acinar atrophy and periductal fibrosis in SMGs and parotid glands (PGs) were observed in naturally aging and D‐gal mice, whereas sublingual glands (SLGs) had no notable alterations. We observed the accumulation of senescent cells in the SMGs, along with a decrease in claudin‐3 (Cldn‐3) expression and alterations in the distribution of Cldn1 and Cldn3. Additionally, after D‐gal‐induced senescence of SMG‐C6 cells, there was a decrease in paracellular pathway permeability, reduced expression of Cldn3 and occludin, and changes in the distribution of Cldn1, 3, 4, and 7. Furthermore, injecting DPSC‐exos into the SMGs of D‐gal mice improved stimulated salivary flow rate, reduced acinar atrophy, and decreased SA‐β‐gal activity. Our study identified that increased senescence of SMGs in aging mice can cause a decrease in salivary secretion by disrupting the expression and distribution of tight junction molecules, and injection of DPSC‐exos ameliorates SMG secretory dysfunction. These findings may provide new clues to novel therapeutic targets for aging‐related dysfunction of SMGs.
Forest‐Water Ecotones: Flooding Impacts on Ant Species Distribution
Authors: de Almeida Maria Fernanda Brito , Campos Renata Bernardes Faria , da Costa Fernanda Vieira , de Campos Ricardo Idelfonso , Lourenço Giselle Martins , da Costa Milanez Cinthia Borges , Ribeiro Sérvio Pontes
Published: January 2025

Natural ecotones between forest and lake‐swamp succession impose severe environmental filters for ant fauna, compared to adjacent forest habitats. This filter effect may be more severe for soil than canopy fauna. We tested this hypothesis by investigating the patterns of species occurrence, richness and composition of soil and canopy ants in forest and lake‐swamp ecotones in a tropical river basin. We established two transects (250 m) at each site, one placed in the ecotone (i.e., flood zone) and the other inside the adjacent forest. Although upper and lower river basin had totally different ant species composition, the species occurrence, richness and composition distribution between habitats followed a similar pattern for both altitudes. Occurrence of soil ants and species richness was similar between interior and ecotone. The occurrence and species richness of canopy ants were both higher in the ecotones than in the forest interior. Ant species composition was similar between the ecotone and adjacent forest, for both soil and canopy fauna, and the ant species composition was different between seasons (dry and rainy) and between canopy and soil fauna. Most importantly, the environmental filter imposed by the ecotone and its unpredictable habitat conditions favoured fewer but opportunistic species, which drove the higher occurrence in these habitats. The years we studied were particularly dry and had a substantial decrease in lake depth. Hence, the abilities of species to best use unpredictable resources from the natural succession on the new dry grounds might have been defined by omnivorous, opportunistic and numerically dominant ants. The abiotic particularities of forest‐water ecotones are important in the temporal dynamics of ant species assemblages. Fluctuations in water dynamics can restrict soil assemblages, but subtle changes in soil flooding also affect canopy fauna and can have unpredictable effects due to intensified variations in seasonal dynamics.
Assessing genomic diversity and signatures of selection in Qingyuan Wapiti
Authors: Pi Te , Yi Wenfeng , Hu Mingyue , Quan Xinjiao , Tian Laiming , Sun Hao , Yan Shouqing
Published: January 2025

Red deer is a species of family Cervidae that is widely distributed in the world and is often raised to provide antlers, as a trophy or traditional medicine materials, and meat. Currently, the whole genomic data for red deer are very limited. Qingyuan Wapiti (QYW), China's first breed of red deer by artificial breeding, is well known for its high yield of antlers and large body size. The phylogenetic tree showed that QYW had a closer genetic relationship with Tarim red deer than European red deer. To explore the genetic diversity and selection signatures, the whole genome of 28 QYW individuals was sequenced, and 19 401 749 biallelic SNPs and 1 849 784 indels were obtained. The value of observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity, and nucleotide diversity were 0.258598, 0.268844, and 0.002193, respectively. Based on Tajima's D and integrated haplotype score analyses, the candidate regions containing 187 genes were detected, including PLD1, ANTXR1, PLCL1, CPE, and CTNNA3, which have been reported to be correlated with osteogenesis and mineralization, growth, and body size by previous studies. The results obtained in this study will contribute to elucidating the genetic mechanisms underlying the formation of excellent traits in QYW and provide the whole genome data for future exploration of genomic diversity and adaptation evolution of red deer worldwide.
Lactams Exhibit Potent Antifungal Activity Against Monospecies and Multispecies Interkingdom Biofilms on a Novel Hydrogel Skin Model
Authors: Abduljalil Hafsa , Alshanta Om Alkhir , Chougule Safa , Butcher Mark , Short Bryn , McLean William , Parry Neil , O'Keeffe Joanne , Ramage Gordon
Published: January 2025

Infections of intact and damaged skin barriers and keratin are frequently associated with complex biofilm communities containing bacteria and fungi, yet there are limited options for successful management. This study intended to focus on the utility of some novel proprietary lactam molecules, quorum sensing (QS)–derived halogenated furanones, which act to block the QS pathway, against key fungal pathogens of the skin (Candida albicans, Malassezia furfur and Microsporum gypseum). Moreover, we aimed to assess how these actives performed against complex interkingdom biofilms in a clinically relevant model. Two lactam derivatives were tested against a panel of important fungal pathogens and then quantitatively assessed against simple and increasingly complex interkingdom biofilm models on polystyrene coverslips and a novel keratin hydrogel system. The lactams were shown to be effective against a wide range of fungal species in the planktonic and biofilm forms, with no ability to regrow. The fungal component of the multispecies biofilm models was significantly reduced with lactam treatment. Lactam treatment was also comparably effective compared to the non‐prescription topical antifungal ‘Lamisil’ against C. albicans early and late biofilms. This study highlights the effectiveness of lactams as a novel antimicrobial for the management of the polymicrobial and interkingdom multispecies biofilms.
Exploring weight management beliefs during the menopausal transition (ME‐WEL project): A qualitative comparative study based on Health Belief Model
Authors: Leitão Mafalda , Pérez‐López Faustino R. , Marôco João , Pimenta Filipa
Published: January 2025

Objectives

While most women experience weight gain during the menopausal transition, a subset successfully maintains a healthy weight. This study explores the determinants influencing different weight experiences during the menopausal transition, using the Health Belief Model (HBM).

Design

Qualitative design.

Methods

Semi‐structured individual interviews with 62 Portuguese post‐menopausal women were performed. Among them, 31 women maintained a normal weight from pre‐menopause to post‐menopause, with a variation not exceeding 5% of pre‐menopausal weight, while another 31 women transitioned from normal weight in pre‐menopause to overweight or obesity in post‐menopause, with an increase above 7% of pre‐menopausal weight. Deductive‐dominant content analysis and multiple correspondence analysis were performed.

Results

Prominent differences exist between the Unhealthy Weight Gain Group (UWG‐G) and the Healthy Weight Maintenance Group (HWM‐G). The UWG‐G lacks perceived susceptibility in pre‐menopause and perceives obesity as stigmatizing. They prioritize immediate changes as benefits, while the HWM‐G focuses on self‐concept. Both groups face barriers like food cravings and weight loss challenges in middle‐aged. For cues to action, the UWG‐G emphasizes social support and self‐care resources, while the HWM‐G emphasizes age progression and healthy behaviour adherence. The HWM‐G presents higher self‐efficacy.

Conclusion

This study confirms the suitability of the HBM in understanding weight management beliefs among post‐menopausal women, highlighting differences between women who maintain a healthy weight and those who experience weight gain during this life phase. This facilitates identifying key determinants (perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action and self‐efficacy) crucial for future interventions in weight management.
Evaluation of Larger Side‐Group Functionalities and the Side/End‐Group Interplay in Ritonavir‐Like Inhibitors of CYP3A4
Authors: Samuels Eric R. , Sevrioukova Irina F.
Published: January 2025

A new series of 13 ritonavir‐like inhibitors of human drug‐metabolizing CYP3A4 was rationally designed to study the R2 side‐group and R3 end‐group interplay when the R1 side‐group is represented by phenyl. Spectral, functional, and structural characterization showed no improvement in the binding affinity and inhibitory potency of R1/R2‐phenyl inhibitors upon elongation and/or fluorination of R3‐Boc (tert‐butyloxycarbonyl) or its replacement with benzenesulfonyl. When R3 is pyridine, the impact of R2‐phenyl‐to‐indole/naphthalene substitution was multidirectional and highly dependent on side‐group stereo configuration. Overall, the R2‐naphthalene/R3‐pyridine containing 2f (R/S) was the series lead compound and one of the strongest binders/inhibitors designed thus far (Ks = 0.009 μM; IC50 = 0.10 μM). Introduction of a larger biphenyl or fluorene as R2 did not lead to any improvements. Contrarily, fluorene‐containing 13 was the series weakest binder and inhibitor (Ks = 0.734 μM; IC50 = 1.32 μM), implying that the fluorene moiety is too large to allow unrestricted access to the active site. The R2‐biphenyl, however, can switch positions with R3‐Boc to enable heme ligation. Thus, for small and chemically simple end‐groups such as Boc and pyridine, the R2/R3 interplay could lead to conformational rearrangement that would be difficult to foresee without structural information.
Protective Effects of Mdivi‐1 on Cognition Disturbance Following Sepsis in Mice via Alleviating Microglia Activation and Polarization
Authors: Hong Chen , Wang Li , Zhou Xiaowei , Zou Liyong , Xiang Xinming , Deng Haoyue , Li Qinghui , Wu Yue , Liu Liangming , Li Tao
Published: January 2025

Background

Neuroinflammation is one of the essential pathogeneses of cognitive damage suffering from sepsis‐associated encephalopathy (SAE). Lots of evidences showed the microglia presented mitochondrial fragmentation during SAE. This study investigated the protective effects and novel mechanisms of inhibiting microglia mitochondrial fragmentation via mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (Mdivi‐1) on cognitive damage in SAE.

Methods

The SAE model was performed by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), and Mdivi‐1 was administrated via intraperitoneal injection. Morris water maze was performed to assess cognitive function. Mitochondrial morphology was observed by electron microscope or MitoTracker staining. The qRT‐PCR, immunofluorescence staining, and western blots were used to detect the inflammatory factors and protein content, respectively. Flow cytometry was used to detect the polarization of hippocampal microglia. Bioinformatics analysis was used to verify hypotheses.

Results

Mdivi‐1 administration alleviated sepsis‐induced mitochondrial fragmentation, microglia activation, polarization, and cognitive damage. The mechanisms study showed neuroinflammation and oxidative stress were suppressed via NF‐κB and Keap1/Nrf2/HO‐1 pathways following Mdivi‐1 administration; meanwhile, pyroptosis in microglia was reduced, which was associated with enhanced autophagosome formation via p62 elevation following Mdivi‐1 administration.

Conclusion

Inhibition of microglia mitochondrial fragmentation is beneficial to SAE cognitive disturbance, the mechanisms are related to alleviating neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and pyroptosis.
Tailoring Kidney Transplant Strategies: Unraveling the Impact of Acute Kidney Injury and Preservation Methods Across Different Strata of Kidney Risk
Authors: Kaufman Daniel M. , Perkins James D. , Leca Nicolae , Bakthavatsalam Ramasamy , Sibulesky Lena
Published: January 2025

Background

The use of donor kidneys with acute kidney injury (AKI) aims to expand the organ pool, but uncertainty remains regarding their outcomes across different Kidney Donor Profile Index (KDPI) groups and preservation methods.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 108 160 deceased donor kidney transplants from the OPTN database, focusing on adult recipients of kidneys from donors with or without AKI between December 2014 and December 2022. Propensity matching was used for each KDPI group (1–20, 21–59, 60–84, and 85–100), comparing donors with AKIN stages 0–1 to AKIN stages 2–3. Cox proportional hazards analysis assessed graft survival by AKIN stages and preservation type.

Results

The use of AKIN stage 2–3 kidneys significantly increased over the study period. AKIN does not negatively impact graft survival in the KDPI 1–20 group and is linked to improved survival in KDPI 21–59 and 60–84. In the KDPI 85–100 group, AKIN stage 2–3 shows a trend toward increased graft failure. Pump preservation reduces delayed graft function (DGF) across most KDPI groups but does not consistently improve long‐term survival, except in KDPI 85–100.

Conclusion

Transplantation with AKIN stage 2–3 kidneys is viable, but outcomes vary by KDPI group. Tailored guidelines should consider transplant center capabilities.
Early development of the calcified exoskeleton of the polyplacophoran mollusk, with insight into the evolutionary history of shell plates and spicules
Authors: Yoshikawa Hiroki , Morino Yoshiaki , Wada Hiroshi
Published: January 2025

Recent molecular phylogenetic studies have raised two questions about the evolutionary history of the calcified exoskeleton of mollusks. The first question concerns the homology of the two types of skeleton: whether spicules and shell plates share an evolutionary origin. The second question is the homology of the shell plates between chitons and other mollusks, including gastropods and bivalves. To gain insight into these questions, we examined the early development of shell plates and spicules in chitons. We identified several developmental genes that are involved in both shell plates and spicules, suggesting that spicules and shell plates share a common evolutionary origin. We also found that subpopulations of the dorsal shell field (the ridge and the plate field) have specific gene expression profiles. The differential gene expression of the ridge and plate field is not identical to the profiles of the zones of the gastropod shell field. This observation may suggest an independent evolutionary origin of the shell plates in chitons and gastropods.
Favourable Outcome of Relapsed PCNSL Among Transplant Eligble Patients
Authors: Pellonperä Eetu , Puhakka Inka , Kuitunen Hanne , Rönkä Aino , Sunela Kaisa , Kuusisto Milla E. L. , Klaavuniemi Tuula , Jäkälä Pekka , Rajamäki Aino , Arkko Ulla‐Mari , Kuittinen Outi
Published: January 2025

Purpose

The prognosis of relapsed primary central nervous system lymphoma remains a concern. This study aimed to compare the effects of various patient‐ and disease‐related factors on the prognosis of relapsed primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL).

Methods

We retrospectively collected real‐world data from eight Finnish hospitals on 198 patients diagnosed with PCNSL between 2003 and 2020. Characteristics of the patients were available. At total of 63 patients with relapses were included after excluding seven isolated ocular relapses.

Results

The median progression‐free survival after relapse was 3 months. The median overall survival after the first relapse (OS2) was 4 months. Patients aged 70 or younger with good performance status who received autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) consolidation as second‐line treatment had significantly better OS2 of 39 months (p = 0.002). OS2 for patients without ASCT consolidation remained at 3 months. Age over 70 years, poor performance status, and a first‐line progression‐free survival of less than 6 months negatively impacted the prognosis.

Conclusion

This study confirms previous findings of poor outcomes in patients with relapsed PCNSL. Some subgroups, particularly those receiving ASCT consolidation, can achieve long‐term remission with current treatment options. New treatment strategies are needed for patients ineligible for ASCT or those who do not respond to salvage induction therapies.
Vital for Sustainable Agriculture: Pedological Knowledge and Mapping
Authors: Demattê José A. M. , Minasny Budiman , Hartemink Alfred E.
Published: January 2025

Over the past 60 years, efforts to enhance agricultural productivity have mainly focussed on optimising strategies such as the use of inorganic fertilisers, advancements in microbiology and improved water management practices. Here, we emphasise the critical role of pedology as a foundation in soil management and long‐term sustainability. We will demonstrate how overlooking the intrinsic properties of soils can result in detrimental effects on soil and overall sustainability. Communication between academia, extension experts, consultants and farmers often results in an overemphasis on the surface layer, for example, 20 to 40 cm, neglecting the functions that occur at depth. Soil health and regenerative agriculture must be coupled with an understanding of how soil functions as a dynamic system. We find that pedological knowledge and digital soil mapping technologies are underused for achieving sustainable agriculture. By bridging the gap between pedology and emerging agricultural technologies, we can provide land users with the tools needed to make informed decisions, ensuring that their practices not only increase production but also preserve the health of the soil for future generations.
BLOSOM: A Plant Growth Facility Optimised for Continuous 13C Labelling and Measurement of Soil Organic Matter Dynamics
Authors: Friggens Nina L. , England Neville , Murton Julian B. , Phoenix Gareth K. , Hartley Iain P.
Published: January 2025

Changes in soil carbon (C) stocks are largely driven by rhizosphere processes forming new soil organic matter (SOM) or stimulating SOM decomposition by rhizosphere priming effects (RPEs). Quantifying these changes is challenging and requires high spatial sampling densities or plant–soil experiments with highly distinct C isotopic signatures for plants and soils. Current methods for quantifying new SOM formation and RPEs rely on low labelling intensities, which introduces high levels of uncertainty. Here, we describe the design and operation of an experimental laboratory facility—BLOSOM (Botanical Labelling Observatory for Soil Organic Matter)—optimised for continuous 13C labelling of plants at high labelling intensities (> 500‰) to quantify new SOM formation and RPEs in temperature‐controlled soils from 216 experimental units. Throughout a > 6‐month experimental period, independent control of soil and air temperature was achieved across diurnal cycles averaging at 5.24°C ± 0.05°C and 21.4°C ± 1.2°C, respectively. BLOSOM can maintain stable CO2 concentrations and δ13C isotopic composition within 5% of setpoints (CO2: 440 ppm, δ13C: 515‰) across a > 6‐month period. This high‐precision control on atmospheric enrichment enables the detection of new SOM formation with a total uncertainty of ±39% to ±3% for a theoretical range of 0.5%–10% new SOM formation, respectively. BLOSOM has the potential improve quantification and mechanistic understanding of new SOM formation and RPEs across many different combinations of plants, soils and simulated climatic conditions to mimic a wide range of ecosystems and climate scenarios.
Opicapone as adjunct to levodopa in treated Parkinson's disease without motor complications: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Ferreira Joaquim J. , Rascol Olivier , Stocchi Fabrizio , Antonini Angelo , Moreira Joana , Castilla‐Fernández Guillermo , Rocha José‐Francisco , Holenz Joerg , Poewe Werner ,   the Epsilon Study investigators
Published: January 2025

Background

Catechol‐O‐methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitors are routinely used to manage motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease (PD). We assessed the effect of opicapone on motor symptom severity in levodopa‐treated patients without motor complications.

Methods

This was a randomized, double‐blind, 24‐week, placebo‐controlled study of opicapone 50 mg as adjunct to levodopa (NCT04978597). Levodopa‐treated patients without motor complications were randomized to 24 weeks of double‐blind treatment with adjunct opicapone 50 mg or matching placebo. The primary efficacy endpoint was the mean change from baseline to week 24 in Movement Disorder Society‐Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III (MDS‐UPDRS‐III) total score.

Results

A total of 355 patients were randomized (opicapone 50 mg n = 177, placebo n = 178) and 322 (91%) completed the double‐blind period. The adjusted mean [95% CI] change from baseline to week 24 in MDS‐UPDRS‐III subscore was −6.5 [−7.9, −5.2] in the opicapone group versus −4.3 [−5.7, 3.0] in the placebo group resulting in a significant difference of −2.2 [−3.9, −0.5] favoring opicapone (p = 0.010). There was no difference in the incidence of patients who developed motor complications (5.5% with opicapone vs. 9.8% with placebo) and the incidence of adverse events considered related to study medication was similar between groups (opicapone 10.2% vs. placebo 13.5%).

Conclusions

Treatment with once‐daily adjunct opicapone was well tolerated, improved motor severity, and did not induce the development of motor complications. These results support the clinical usefulness of opicapone in the management of PD patients without motor complications.
Hyperreflective retinal foci are associated with retinal degeneration after optic neuritis in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and multiple sclerosis
Authors: Klyscz Philipp , Vigiser Ifat , Solorza Buenrostro Gilberto , Motamedi Seyedamirhosein , Leutloff Carla Johanna , Schindler Patrick , Schmitz‐Hübsch Tanja , Paul Friedemann , Zimmermann Hanna Gwendolyn , Oertel Frederike Cosima
Published: January 2025

Background

Hyperreflective retinal foci (HRF) visualized by optical coherence tomography (OCT) potentially represent clusters of microglia. We compared HRF frequencies and their association with retinal neurodegeneration between people with clinically isolated syndrome (pwCIS), multiple sclerosis (pwMS), aquaporin 4‐IgG positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (pwNMOSD), and healthy controls (HC)—as well as between eyes with (ON+eyes) and without a history of optic neuritis (ON−eyes).

Methods

Cross‐sectional data of pwCIS, pwMS, and pwNMOSD with previous ON and HC were acquired at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin. HRF analysis was performed manually on the central macular OCT scan. Semi‐manual OCT segmentation was performed to acquire the combined ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer (GCIPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness. Group comparisons were performed by linear mixed models.

Results

In total, 227 eyes from 88 patients (21 pwCIS, 32 pwMS, and 35 pwNMOSD) and 35 HCs were included. HRF in GCIPL and INL were more frequently detected in pwCIS, pwMS, and pwNMOSD than HCs (p < 0.001 for all comparisons) with pwCIS exhibiting the greatest numbers. ON+eyes of pwMS had less HRF in GCIPL than ON−eyes (p = 0.036), but no difference was seen in pwCIS and pwNMOSD. HRF GCIPL were correlated to GCIPL thickness in ON+eyes in pwMS (p = 0.040) and pwNMOSD (p = 0.031).

Conclusion

HRF occur in ON+eyes and ON−eyes across neuroinflammatory diseases. In pwMS and pwNMOSD, HRF frequency was positively associated with GCIPL thickness indicating that HRF formation might be dependent on retinal ganglion cells.
A genome‐wide association study for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy in the Thoroughbred horse identifies a candidate gene that regulates myelin structure
Authors: McGivney Charlotte L. , McGivney Beatrice A. , Farries Gabriella , Gough Katie F. , Han Haige , Holtby Amy R. , MacHugh David E. , Katz Lisa Michelle , Hill Emmeline W.
Published: January 2025

Background

Equine recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) is an economically important upper respiratory tract (URT) disease with a genetic contribution to risk, but genetic variants independent of height have not been identified for Thoroughbreds. The method of clinical assessment for RLN is critical to accurately phenotype groups for genetic studies.

Objectives

To identify genetic risk loci for RLN in Thoroughbreds in a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) following high‐resolution phenotyping.

Study design

Case–control.

Methods

Thoroughbred horses were characterised as RLN cases and controls using resting and exercising URT endoscopic examinations and laryngeal ultrasonography, with the case‐cohort supplemented using a questionnaire. Genotypes for 43 831 autosomal single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from n = 235 horses (n = 110 cases; n = 125 controls) were used to estimate trait heritability and identify significantly associated SNPs in a GWAS. Haplotypes were examined in cases and controls and risk allele frequencies were examined in a population cohort (n = 3126).

Results

Heritability was h2 = 0.30 including sex and 5PCs as covariates. A SNP on ECA20 located between candidate genes, DAAM2 and LRFN2, was significantly associated with RLN. Six index SNPs with allelic effect sizes OR = 1.5–2.9 were identified on ECA1, ECA14, and ECA20 close to candidate genes ATPA10, KCNN2, and TFAP2A. Eleven ECA20 SNPs defined seven haplotypes with homozygous H2/H2 horses having a 3.1× higher risk of RLN. Risk alleles segregate in the population, and stallions are carriers.

Main limitations

The main study population was young. Horses in the control group had no evidence of RLN as 2‐ or 3‐year olds but may have developed RLN later.

Conclusions

Genetic markers for RLN were identified which may be useful for the development of a polygenic risk score. Candidate genes with functions in neuropathies may further the understanding of RLN pathobiology.
Non‐Genetic Biomarkers in Merkel Cell Carcinoma: Prognostic Implications and Predictive Utility for Response to Anti‐PD‐(L)1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Authors: Drum David L. , Jallorina Anika G. , Wan Leo S. , Chang Victor T. , Lee‐Wong Mary F.
Published: January 2025

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a skin cancer that arises due to either Merkel cell polyomavirus infection (MCPyV) or ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure, presenting primarily in the head and neck region of fair‐skinned males. The recent success of PD‐(L)1 immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in locally advanced/metastatic MCC, with an objective response rate (ORR) around 50% and improved survival, as a first‐line treatment has moved ICIs to the forefront of therapy for MCC and generated interest in identifying biomarkers to predict clinical response. The MCC tumour microenvironment (TME) contains various components of the adaptive and innate immune system. These components can contribute to tumour immune escape through immunosuppression by preventing entrance of other immune cells or by aiding in the cytotoxic clearance of tumour cells. We aim to combine information from studies of baseline and on‐treatment monitoring of the TME to help predict the success of ICIs in MCC. This review enhances the understanding of how CD8 T cells, γδ T cells and macrophages may impact predictions of response rates to ICIs in MCC patients. These immune cells are non‐genetic biomarkers that can also be used to determine prognosis in MCC treatment.
Costs of Influenza Illness and Acute Respiratory Infections by Household Income Level: Catastrophic Health Expenditures and Implications for Health Equity
Authors: Wodniak Natalie , Gharpure Radhika , Feng Luzhao , Lai Xiaozhan , Fang Hai , Tian Jianmei , Zhang Tao , Zhao Genming , Salcedo‐Mejía Fernando , Alvis‐Zakzuk Nelson J. , Jara Jorge , Dawood Fatimah , Emukule Gideon O. , Ndegwa Linus K. , Sam I‐Ching , Mend Tsogt , Jantsansengee Baigalmaa , Tempia Stefano , Cohen Cheryl , Walaza Sibongile , Kittikraisak Wanitchaya , Riewpaiboon Arthorn , Lafond Kathryn E. , Mejia Nelly , Davis William W.
Published: January 2025

Background

Seasonal influenza illness and acute respiratory infections can impose a substantial economic burden in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). We assessed the cost of influenza illness and acute respiratory infections across household income strata.

Methods

We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a prior systematic review of costs of influenza and other respiratory illnesses in LMICs and contacted authors to obtain data on cost of illness (COI) for laboratory‐confirmed influenza‐like illness and acute respiratory infection. We calculated the COI by household income strata and calculated the out‐of‐pocket (OOP) cost as a proportion of household income.

Results

We included 11 studies representing 11 LMICs. OOP expenses, as a proportion of annual household income, were highest among the lowest income quintile in 10 of 11 studies: in 4/4 studies among the general population, in 6/7 studies among children, 2/2 studies among older adults, and in the sole study for adults with chronic medical conditions. COI was generally higher for hospitalizations compared with outpatient illnesses; median OOP costs for hospitalizations exceeded 10% of annual household income among the general population and children in Kenya, as well as for older adults and adults with chronic medical conditions in China.

Conclusions

The findings indicate that influenza and acute respiratory infections pose a considerable economic burden, particularly from hospitalizations, on the lowest income households in LMICs. Future evaluations could investigate specific drivers of COI in low‐income household and identify interventions that may address these, including exploring household coping mechanisms. Cost‐effectiveness analyses could incorporate health inequity analyses, in pursuit of health equity.
Liquid Mulch Can Improve the Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Summer Maize (Zea mays L.) Planted in Furrow‐Ridge Rainwater Harvesting Systems
Authors: Guo Guangxu , Tang Yuren , Yan Zinan , Zhang Juanjuan , Zhang Yuehe , Zhang Yuqing , Cao Junbo , Sun Xu , Song Wei , Asad Muhammad Shoaib , Sun Weili , Cai Tie , Zhao Xining , Liu Enke , Ren Xiaolong
Published: January 2025

The frequent occurrence of drought is an important factor restricting economic as well as sustainable agricultural development. Therefore, to address the issue of seasonal drought during summer in dry semi‐humid areas of Guanzhong Plain, a biodegradable liquid film is used to replace the plastic film for ridge–furrow rainwater harvesting in summer maize cultivation. The experiment was conducted for 2 years (2022–2023), including seven treatments, such as three ridge–furrow ratios with two different mulching materials, while flat planting is a control treatment. The results showed that ridge covering with liquid film (RFL) enhances leaf area and dry matter accumulation as well as improves soil moisture and temperature during the early growth stages of maize. However, the average dry matter accumulation of RFL at maturity stage increased by 6.92% as compared to control (CK). Additionally, the average leaf area of RFL enhanced by 4.52% and 9.06% in contrast to no mulching of soil ridges (RFS) and CK treatments, whereas RFL delayed leaf senescence at the filling stage, providing favourable conditions for high yield. Although, in 2022, the yield as well as water use efficiency (WUE) under RFL increased by 3.3% and 16.13%, than CK treatments, in 2023, they boosted by 13.92% and 20.79%, respectively. In both years, instead of drought during the early growth stages of growth, RFL enhanced both the yield and WUE of summer maize. Therefore, liquid film can be preferred rather than plastic film in dry semi‐humid areas. However, the results also indicated that the optimal ridge–furrow ratio for both yield and WUE is significantly affected by different years and climate conditions. So, further research is needed to study the yield and WUE under various rainfall patterns.
Graphic Design Education in the Era of Text‐to‐Image Generation: Transitioning to Contents Creator
Authors: Hwang Younjung , Wu Yi
Published: January 2025

The advancement of generative artificial intelligence (AI) presents innovative opportunities and new challenges across various industries and academic fields. Particularly, recent advancements in generative AI, which can create images from text, are introducing new challenges in the field of graphic design education. This study discusses methods of graphic design education utilising generative AI, based on workshops conducted in the "Visual Culture and Contemporary Art" course in the first semester of 2023. Students utilised generative AI, such as Midjourney and DALL‐E, based on the "Technology Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCACK)" model, to create posters depicting European design history. Through the analysis of case studies and survey results, researchers confirmed that graphic design education in the era of generative AI requires different educational goals and methods from those of traditional education. Students require AI visual literacy skills to accurately convey images using suitable keywords. Additionally, it was discovered that preliminary design processes such as trend analysis and research have become more crucial. Additionally, educators should provide students with opportunities to derive creative keywords through graphic storytelling and present a vision as content creators who combine science, art, and technology. This research provides guidelines for the roles of graphic designers and the direction of visual design education in the era of generative AI.