bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Latent Heat Flux Profiles from Collocated Airborne Water Vapor and Wind Lidars during IHOP_2002
Authors: Kiemle C. , Ehret G. , Fix A. , Wirth M. , Poberaj G. , Brewer W. A. , Hardesty R. M. , Senff C. , LeMone M. A.
Published: April 2007

Latent heat flux profiles in the convective boundary layer (CBL) are obtained for the first time with the combination of the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) water vapor differential absorption lidar (DIAL) and the NOAA high resolution Doppler wind lidar (HRDL). Both instruments were integrated nadir viewing on board the DLR Falcon research aircraft during the International H2O Project (IHOP_2002) over the U.S. Southern Great Plains. Flux profiles from 300 to 2500 m AGL are computed from high spatial resolution (150 m horizontal and vertical) two-dimensional water vapor and vertical velocity lidar cross sections using the eddy covariance technique. Three flight segments on 7 June 2002 between 1000 and 1300 LT over western Oklahoma and southwestern Kansas are analyzed. On two segments with strong convection, the latent heat flux peaks at (700 ± 200) W m−2 in the entrainment zone and decreases linearly to (200 ± 100) W m−2 in the lower CBL. A water vapor budget analysis reveals that this flux divergence [(0.9 ± 0.4) g kg−1 h−1] plus the advection (0.3 g kg−1 h−1) are nearly balanced by substantial CBL drying [(1.5 ± 0.2) g kg−1 h−1] observed by airborne and surface in situ instruments, within the limits of the overall budget rms error of 0.5 g kg−1 h−1. Entrainment of dry air from aloft and net upward humidity transport caused the CBL drying and finally inhibited the initiation of deep convection. All cospectra show significant contributions to the flux between 1- and 10-km wavelength, with peaks between 2 and 6 km, originating from large eddies. The main flux uncertainty is due to low sampling (55% rmse at mid-CBL), while instrument noise (15%) and systematic errors (7%) play a minor role. The combination of a water vapor and a wind lidar on an aircraft appears as an attractive new tool that allows measuring latent heat flux profiles from a single overflight of the investigated area.
Effects of Atmospheric Stability on Wave and Energy Propagation in the Troposphere
Authors: Alexander Simon P. , Tsuda Toshitaka , Furumoto Junichi
Published: April 2007

The very high frequency (VHF) middle and upper atmosphere radar radio acoustic sounding system (MU-RASS) in Shigaraki, Japan, is able to provide tropospheric virtual temperature data with high temporal resolution on the order of a few minutes. The objective of this paper is to test the usefulness of MU-RASS as a tool for examining high-frequency changes in atmospheric stability and its effects on wave and energy propagation. For this study, temperature and wind data below 8-km altitude during a 2-day campaign period in October 2001 were used. A long-lasting inversion layer at 3.5-km altitude dominated the observation period. Large vertical wind perturbations with periods of less than 30 min were observed inside this inversion layer. Wavelet analysis was used to identify the dominant wave period for calculating the wind and temperature variances. The temperature variance characteristics exhibited a combination of the horizontal and vertical wind variance characteristics. In conclusion, the high temporal resolution of the MU-RASS enabled the study of short time-scale wind and temperature perturbations. These perturbations were related to the atmospheric stability, wave propagation, and energy in the troposphere, demonstrating the usefulness of the MU-RASS for this kind of study.
Fifty Years of Russian Revolution: The Chinese View
Authors: Kumar B.K.
Published: April 2007

[In the last two issues we published extracts from the Soviet press giving the Soviet assessment of the Cultural Revolution in China. We now publish extracts from two recent Chinese documents — one, a speech by Lin Piao at a mass rally held in the Great Hall of the People, Peking, on November 6, and two, a joint article by the editorial boards ofPeople's Daily, Red Flag andLiberation Army Daily, both in commemoration of the October Revolution — which give the Chinese assessment of 50 years of the Russian Revolution. Without staging a rival international commu nist gathering in Peking, the Chinese used the occasion to make it quite clear that they regard the present Soviet leaders as "renegades and scabs" who had betrayed the "great October Socialist Revolution", and regard themselves, together with the Albanicans, as the true successors to that Revolution. They also assert that the centre of the world revolution has in fact shifted from Moscow to Peking, and that Mao Tse-tung is its true leader, Ed.]
An Integrated Menu-Pricing System
Authors: Orkin Eric B.
Published: April 2007

A contribution-margin approach, coupled with a systematic analysis of demand, offers some alternatives to traditional pricing methods
in the Food Service Organization
Authors: Bellas Carl J. , Olsen Michael D.
Published: April 2007

What are the characteristics of the most successful food service firms?
Perceptions of Mental Illness in Mexico: a Descriptive Study in the City of Chihuahua
Authors: Parra Fernando
Published: April 2007

This work is a study of perceptions toward mental illness among respondents from the city of Chihuahua in Mexico. A non-probability sample of forty-seven respondents was taken during a two-week stay in the summer of 1985. To tap respondents' perceptions of mental illness, vignettes characterizing people normally thought to have symptoms of mental illness were employed.

The study reveals that men and women perceive mental illness differently. In three out of four vignettes, women perceive less mental disorder than men. It is argued that the reson for the disparity in perceptions between the sexes is the result of the sexual differentiation that exists in Mexico.

With regard to whom the respondents would refer the person for help, the majority of the respondents recommended that, whether or not the person in the vignette is characterized as mentally ill or simply "sick", the person should seek professional help.
A Comparison of Usa and New Zealand Patients' Requests and Clinicians Understanding of Patients' Requests
Authors: Deane Frank Patrick
Published: April 2007

This study compares USA and New Zealand psychiatric patients' requests at the initial psychiatric interview and examines clinician's accuracy in estimating patients' treatment request preferences.

Eighty-five of the 146 consecutive nonacute patients to the psychiatric unit of a public New Zealand hospital completed a 14-item Patient Request Form before their initial interview and their clinician completed an equivalent form at the end of the interview. Patients' treatment request preferences were similar in the USA and New Zealand samples as were clinician's tendency to underestimate the importance their patients placed on requests.

The results are discussed in relation to effective treatment planning.
Walk-in Clinic and Diagnostic Stability
Authors: Khosla Raman , Khanna Sumant , Channabasavanna S.M.
Published: April 2007

One hundred and six consecutively seen psychiatric patients who had undergone detailed evaluation had their diagnosis compared with that arrived at in a walk-in evaluation one week to one month prior to the index evaluation. There was a diagnostic change in 21 cases and a change in drugs in 14. The pitfalls of this method for administering rapid efficient psychiatric care in countries with inadequate psychiatric manpower are highlighted.
Problem Analysis: an Instrument in the Rehabilitation of Chronic Psychiatric Patients in the Community
Authors: Honig A. , Radstake S. , Romme M.A.J. , Breuls M.G.G.J.
Published: April 2007

In the light of governmental policy in European countries to enhance and reinforce community psychiatric services, the need to introduce a more systematic approach in the treatment of chronic psychiatric patients by the community psychiatric services is currently being stressed. In this paper the problem analysis (P.A.) is described. It is a practical, treatment-oriented instrument which methodically compiles information on chronic patients and their systems. The systematic acquisition and examination of such information provide clues to a rational rehabilitation plan, one that can be carried out by a multidisciplinary community psychiatric service. Such an approach has the added advantage of making education and research in the field feasible.
The Dilemmas of Chronicity: the Transition of Care Policies From the Authoritarian State to the Welfare State in Spain
Authors: Comelles Josep M. , Hernaez Angel Martinez
Published: April 2007

In this article, the constitution of the population of chronic mental patients is examined for the period 1885 to 1975 as well as its influence on the design of reform programmes in the crisis of the Franco-ist state. Then follows an assess ment of state reforms and regional policies with effect from 1980. Reference is made to the theoretical models utilised in this last period and to the tension and contradictions between professionals of bio-medical orientation and sectors sympathetic to community models sustained from the perspective of social psychiatry.
John Paul II Challenge to Democracy
Authors: Harris John
Published: April 2007

The author considers the significant role played by Pope John Paul II in the political history of the latter part of the twentieth century. He considers in particular the late pontiff's concern for the emerging democracies of Central and Eastern Europe, the moral dignity of the state and the threat to democracy from within.
The Eucharist and the Church in the Thought of Henri de Lubac
Authors: Le Lam T.
Published: April 2007

The author explores how, for Henri de Lubac, the Eucharist must be the centre or the base for ecclesiology.
On the Horns of a Dilemma
Authors: Green Adam Isaiah
Published: April 2007

The author draws from a qualitative study of 30 Black, gay-identified, urban men to capture the intersection of race and sexuality in their life histories. He finds that Black gay men encounter a disruptive, deep-cutting “push” out of local community institutions—including the family and church—but a highly conflicted and ambiguous “pull” into urban gay communities—including the predominantly White, urban, gay institutions of downtown Manhattan. These conditions situate Black gay men on the horns of a dilemma, alienated from Black communities because of their homosexual desires and unevenly integrated into urban gay communities because of their race. Consequently, these men experience protracted struggles over their sexual identities, found it difficult to develop socially supportive gay networks, and experienced problems with psychological adjustment and repair in urban gay communities. The author underscores the importance of capturing the nexus of race and homosexuality through analysis of changing institutional dimensions over the life history.
Living In Zion
Authors: White Carmen M.
Published: April 2007

The theme of repatriation figures prominently in a repertoire of symbols and concepts associated with Rastafarianism. Yet the experiences and perspectives of repatriated Rastafarians remains an uncharted area of research in Rastafarian scholarship and studies in the African diaspora, more broadly conceived. What impact does an actual physical repatriation have on the Rastafarian ethos of repatriates? For example, is there a reworking or confirmation of notions of Zion and Babylon that comes with actually experiencing the fulfillment of repatriation? Based on ethnographic research in Ghana, West Africa, this article explores the experiences and perspectives of repatriated Rastafarians from Jamaica.
Adolescent Sexual Debut
Authors: Ohalete Nnenna
Published: April 2007

African American adolescents mature earlier and have their sexual debut (first voluntary penile-vaginal penetration) earlier in adolescence and thus are at a disproportionately greater risk for more sexual partners, STIs, unwanted pregnancies, abortions, and adolescent motherhood and fatherhood despite rate reductions for other adolescents over approximately the past 20 years. Although the focus of most studies has been mothers' influence in adolescents' reproductive health, fathers' influence has been found to make a difference. However, the influence of African American fathers' reproductive health communication has not been addressed. Not only could much be revealed in exploring the influence of African American fathers' reproductive health communication, but these findings could guide interventions, thus reducing African American adolescents' reproductive health morbidity.
Axial Fatigue Failure Sequence and Mechanisms in Unidirectional Fiberglas Composites
Authors: Kim Hong C. , Ebert Lynn J.
Published: April 2007

A study was conducted to determine the fatigue failure sequence and mechanisms of E-glass reinforced vinyl ester polymers in cyclic tension- tension axial loading. From the measurement of changes in modulus and hysteresis loop area, and from microstructural changes during the fatigue cycling, it was found that the onset of fatigue damage is caused by the fiber surface flaw propagations. These fiber surface flaws then coalesce to produce fiber surface crackings which in turn create interface failures. As the fatigue cycling continues, the interface failures induce matrix cracks which propagate in both transverse and shear directions. The fatigue speci men was found to fail completely by through-delamination parallel to the loading direction.
Strength Distribution of a Unidirectional Fiber Composite
Authors: Sun C.T. , Yamada S.E.
Published: April 2007

Three existing strength criteria for composite materials have been ex tended to account for the statistical behavior of ultimate strength of glass- epoxy composites. The basic distribution functions for the longitudinal, the transverse and the in-plane shear strengths were obtained by fitting the experimental data into a two-parameter Weibull distribution. These three functions were then used to predict the strength distribution of the com posite under off-axis loads. Theoretical and experimental results were com pared and discussed.
Residual Strength in Fatigue Based on the Strength-Life Equal Rank Assumption
Authors: Pei Chi Chou  , Croman Robert
Published: April 2007

Equations for the distribution of the residual strength after fatigue are derived. They are compared with experimental data for a few graphite/ epoxy composites. The theory is based on an assumption first introduced by Hahn and Kim, which states that for a given specimen its rank in static strength is equal to its rank in fatigue life, or the strength-life equal rank assumption. The equations contain a free parameter which is more versatile in matching experimental data. It is found that two processes are present during fatigue, one degradates individual specimens and tends to lower the mean strength, the other is the weeding out of weak specimens by fatigue failure which tends to increase the residual mean strength. The change of residual strength can be of weak degradation, strong degradation, or in crease in strength. Among the test data studied, two have weak degrada tion, two have strong degradation and two have increase in strength.
The Chain-of-Bundles Probability Model For the Strength of Fibrous Materials I: Analysis and Conjectures
Authors: Harlow D. Gary , Phoenix S. Leigh
Published: April 2007

Analytical results are discussed for the chain-of-bundles probability model for the strength of fibrous materials. Two load sharing rules are considered for failed and nonfailed fibers in a bundle. The first is the equal load sharing rule of classical analysis, and the second is a local load sharing rule which is more realistic for composite materials. A rather detailed discussion of past statistical analysis is given. From a careful study of previous results, several conjectures and key questions about the behavior of the strength are generated. Also, an exact analysis of failure is per formed so that the properties of the strength distribution can be studied. Difficulties of a general analysis are discussed in detail. The sequel will contain a thorough numerical investigation of the model with emphasis on studying the convergence of certain transformed distributions and on answering key questions raised in this study.
Selected References Relating to the Field of Color Science
Authors: Nickerson Dorothy
Published: April 2007

This specialized bibliography is the second in a series which is planned for pub lication in TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL. The first , which appeared in the Octo ber, 1915, issue, was entitled " Selected References on Surface Chemistry and Physics." Each bibliography in the series is intended to present a list of books and other primary references in a restricted field, which will serve as a basis for the accumulation of a company or a personal library .
Connecting Organizational Environments With the Instructional Technology Practices of Community College Faculty
Authors: Mars Matthew M. , Ginter Mary Beth
Published: April 2007

The ongoing integration of instructional technology within community colleges has occurred for a variety of reasons. First, community colleges have implemented technology-based models to make operations more efficient and cost-effective. Second, instructional technology has been used to expand student markets through alternative course-delivery methods that reach those students unable to attend traditional campus courses because of geographical locations and constraints related to rigid work and family schedules. Third, community college courses are regularly updated to increase enrollment capacities and in many cases to better align content with today's high-tech economy. In this study, the authors use Karl Weick's conceptualization of loosely coupled organizations to explore the organizational environments of three community colleges in relation to the emphasis each institution places on the use of instructional technologies.
Research on Race and Ethnic Relations Among Community College Students
Authors: Maxwell William , Shammas Diane
Published: April 2007

Considerable research has been conducted in the past two decades on race and ethnic relations among community college students. The atheoretical underpinnings of this research have led to vague and conflicting findings regarding such concepts as campus climate, discrimination, and the benefits of campus diversity. This article briefly reviews potentially relevant theories and research methods and offers many specific suggestions for future research on student diversity.
East—West Differences in Employment Relations, Organizational Justice and Trust: Possible Reasons and Consequences
Authors: Rigotti Thomas , Otto Kathleen , Mohr Gisela
Published: April 2007

In a cross-sectional questionnaire study with 245 employees from West Germany and 357 employees from East Germany, the inferior labour market and economic situation in East Germany could be shown to be related, as expected, to the psychological contract, with a poorer delivery of the deal and lower levels of justice and trust. Affective commitment, on the other hand, was shown to be higher in the East than in the West German sample. Moderated multiple regression analyses revealed that the cognitive perception of psychological contract breaches is less related to emotional strain and distributive justice in the East German than in the West German sample. Results are discussed within the framework of economic and normative differences, and also with reference to social exchange theories.
Appraisal of the Diabetic Patient
Authors: Schumann Delores
Published: April 2007

Most nurses are now using the skills of physical assessment as an in tegral part of their practice. Delores Schumann, well known for her workshops and papers on diabetes assessment, has written this series of articles especially for THE DIA BETES EDUCATOR.

Starting with general appearance, each system is addressed pointing out only the features that are peculiar to diabetes. The first article of the ser ies — general appearance, skin, eyes, mouth — is presented in this is sue. Ed.
An Examination of Diabetes Educational Assessment Forms
Authors: Boutaugh Michele L. , Hull Alan L. , Davis Wayne K.
Published: April 2007

A survey was mailed to 1,518 health professionals to determine what information should be collected in an assessment of the educational needs of diabetic patients. Of the 802 respondents who returned com pleted surveys, 529 (66 percent) indicated that they were currently using an assessment form to deter mine the educational needs of their patients. Copies of 203 of these forms were collected and analyzed to determine the types of information health providers obtain from diabetes patients through the use of an assess ment form. The contents of the col lected forms were compared with the factor analysis of the results of the mailed survey. This comparison revealed a large discrepancy be tween what the total group of survey respondents considered important to assess and what was actually being assessed in the forms collected from some of the respondents. Multiple reasons may account for these results: a lack of awareness of exist ing assessment tools, a lack of skill in assessment methodology, a lack of readily available techniques which are transferable to busy practice set tings, and/or a lack of specification of program objectives.
The governance of homelessness: legality, lore and lexicon in the agency— maintenance of youth homelessness
Authors: Carlen Pat
Published: April 2007

'The article's main argument is that homelessness is not merely about housing scarcity but is also a site of struggle over social change. To support the argument, empirical research data is used to demonstrate how state agencies maintain homelessness via both the creation and subsequent deterrence, denial and disciplining of challenging popu lations.'
Beveridge, women and the welfare state
Authors: Colwill Jeremy
Published: April 2007

Fifty years after the publication of the Beveridge report women con tinue to confront the welfare state on terms that are discriminatory and oppressive - the enduring legacy of an ideology of womanhood articu lated by Beveridge in his plan for social security.

This paper returns to an examination of the Beveridge Committee proceedings as an arena of political struggle in which gender issues were to the forefront in order to understand the manner in which that ideology was constructed and how it came to achieve such dominance.

Historical records are examined identifying the involvement of the TUC, representing an overwhelmingly male organised labour move ment, and of a range of women's organisations. It is argued that Beveridge's ideological enterprise gained considerable legitimacy both from enthusiastic TUC support and from a disunited and incoherent form of politics from those women's organisations.

It is suggested that much can be learned from that period in the development of a progressive and gender-neutral agenda of social welfare reform.
Feminism and child abuse: opening up some possibilities?
Authors: Featherstone Brid , Fawcett Barbara
Published: April 2007

This article explores some of the issues raised by feminists who are engaging with the debates within postmodernism and poststructural ism. It specifically examines contributions in the areas of knowledge, gender and power. It then goes on to identify key debates within the field of gender and child abuse. It argues that areas of concern, cur rently, cohere around the kinds of theory required and how power and gender should be understood. The article explores some of the possibilities for theorising raised by the perspectives. It concludes with a brief look at some possible ways forward in relation to policy.
Predicting the use of aggressive conflict tactics in a sample of women arrested for domestic violence
Authors: Hughes Farrah M. , Stuart Gregory L. , Coop Gordon Kristina , Moore Todd M.
Published: April 2007

This study explored factors that might place women at risk for utilizing physical aggression in their relationships. Women (N = 103) court-referred to violence intervention programs completed measures of family of origin violence, relationship aggression, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and borderline personality features. Relationship aggression was correlated with reports of parent-to-child violence in the family of origin, borderline personality features, and the partner's use of violence. Regression analyses indicated that, controlling for partners' aggression, PTSD symptoms were negatively associated with physical aggression, and borderline features were positively associated with physical aggression. The relationship between family of origin violence and the use of physically aggressive conflict tactics was mediated by borderline features. Study limitations and implications for future research are discussed.
The role of relationship inequity in marital disruption
Authors: DeMaris Alfred
Published: April 2007

This study examines whether subjective or objective inequity in marriage is associated with later marital disruption. The sample of 1500 couples is from Waves 1 (1987—1988) and 2 (1992—1994) of the National Survey of Families and Households. The only subjective index of inequity associated with disruption is women's sense of being underbenefited, with greater underbenefit raising the risk of divorce. However, husbands' individual-level, as opposed to communal, orientation to the marriage also elevates the hazard of a break-up. Husbands' relative objective contributions to the relationship in the areas of freedom from disability, kinkeeping, domestic and paid labor, and organizational activities involving the children had either main or interactive effects on the risk of disruption.
Bereaved adolescents' evaluations of the helpfulness of support-intended statements: Associations with person centeredness and demographic, personality, and contextual factors
Authors: Servaty-Seib Heather L. , Burleson Brant R.
Published: April 2007

Currently, there is a lack of reliable methods for assessing how bereaved adolescents perceive the informal support they receive. This study provides methodological refinements in, and a theoretical grounding for, a recently developed measure designed to distinguish support efforts that bereaved adolescents find helpful versus harmful. Participants (114 bereaved adolescents) completed the Support Intended Statement Survey (SISS), which assessed the perceived helpfulness of 14 strategies intended to comfort the bereaved. These 14 strategies were coded for the degree of person centeredness they manifested. Level of strategy person centeredness was strongly correlated with perceived strategy helpfulness. Reported helpfulness of the strategies varied substantially as a function of participants' general levels of perceived support availability, but varied less as a function of demographic and contextual factors.
`Turning toward death together': The functions of messages during final conversations in close relationships
Authors: Keeley Maureen P.
Published: April 2007

The author explores final conversations from survivors' perspectives using a communication framework. Utilizing retrospective interviews, 55 people discussed their final conversations with a loved one who has since died. As a way to understand the survivors' end-of-life experiences, the author identified five types of messages that appear to be important for survivors and that satisfied numerous relational functions. The primary messages were love, identity, religion/spirituality, routine/everyday content, and difficult relationship issues. The functions that appear to be central to each of these messages (e.g., the confirmation of love, altering and bolstering of identity, validation of religious/spiritual beliefs, maintenance of the relationship, and stepping towards reconciliation) shed light on the value that each of the messages had for survivors.
Relational expression of ethnic identity in Chinese Americans
Authors: Kiang Lisa , Harter Susan , Whitesell Nancy R.
Published: April 2007

The conceptualization of ethnic identity as a dynamic construct differentially expressed as a function of relational context was examined in 207 Chinese Americans. Relational differentiations were made such that individuals expressed their ethnic identity most when with Asian peers, followed by parents, then Caucasian peers. Factor analysis supported differentiations across same-ethnic and different-ethnic contexts. To illustrate the utility of a relational approach, relationship-specific models were developed with relational ethnic identity implicated as a mediator between ethnic support and outcomes of relational adjustment and relationship quality. Across relationships, differences in the strength and significance of direct and mediational paths were found. Discussion emphasizes strengths of a relational framework in the study of ethnic identity and related constructs.
Sharing the Work
Authors: Romich Jennifer L.
Published: April 2007

This manuscript reports on a study of how low-income employed single mothers and young adolescents manage household daily life. Analysis is based on longitudinal ethnographic data collected from families of 35 young adolescents over 3 years following the 1996 welfare reforms. Although mothers worked, young adolescents spent time unsupervised, performed household chores, and provided child care for younger siblings. Mother-youth relationships marked by mutual understanding acted as resources that enabled the families to successfully navigate daily life. Discussion focuses on how relationship quality moderates the impact of maternal employment and household work on young adolescent well-being. Implications for further research on children's household work are considered.
Proactive and Reactive Aggression and Peer Delinquency
Authors: Fite Paula J. , Colder Craig R.
Published: April 2007

Prior research has found that proactive and reactive aggression differentially relate to many variables, including peer relations. However, no research has examined the relation between proactive and reactive aggression and peer delinquency, an important proximal predictor of adolescent antisocial behavior. The current study examined the relationship between proactive and reactive aggression and peer delinquency in a 2-year longitudinal study of 77 children ranging from 9 through 12 years of age (X̄ = 10.85). Of interest was whether proactive and/or reactive aggression predicted changes in peer delinquency, and whether peer delinquency predicted changes in proactive and/or reactive aggression. Results indicated that reactive aggression was associated with increases in peer delinquency and peer delinquency was associated with increases in reactive aggression, suggesting the role of both selection and socialization processes in the development of reactively aggressive behavior. Surprisingly, however, proactive aggression and peer delinquency were unrelated. Implications for the prevention and intervention of proactive and reactive aggression are discussed.
Women, Kinship, and Inheritance: Northamptonshire 1543-1709
Authors: Biggs Carmel
Published: April 2007

To assess the role of women in early modern society, this article will examine the evidence to be found contained in probate documents, in particular surviving wills. Historians have utilized the data contained within wills as a successful method to investigate kinship, inheritance, religion, and many other social patterns prevalent in the early modern period.1 To undertake this study of women in early modern Northamptonshire, the evidence collected from the will documents will indicate, through the items bequeathed, where women fitted within the inheritance process, how this reflects on their role within early modern families and communities, and if there were any marked differences between the inheritance, kinship, and community patterns to be found between the wills of men and women.
Turkish Family Narratives: The Relationships between Mothers- and Daughters-in-Law
Authors: Yakali-Çamoğlu Dikmen
Published: April 2007

Through an analysis of eighteen family history interviews conducted with elderly women from Istanbul, this article examines the nature of the relationships between mothers- and daughters-in-law in Turkey between 1923 and the 1940s. This period marks the foundation of the republic and the Kemalist reforms that transform the way of life in society. The theory of narrative identity and the definition of family as a group of people who narrate the same story from generation to generation form the backbone of this study. The main themes of the interview data point out a kind of power relationship similar to Foucault's understanding of power and its use in everyday life. Thus, a social constructionist/hermeneutic position is adopted which integrates seemingly different theoretical conceptualizations like narrative identity, Foucault's concept of power, and Bourdieu's concepts of economic and cultural capital.
Copolymers of 1,5-Dioxepan-2-one and Glycolide as Absorbable Monofilaments
Authors: Kafrawy Adel , Shalaby Shalaby W.
Published: April 2007

This is a study of the synthesis of absorbable fiber-forming copolymers based on the components of a traditionally absorbable, crystalline fiber-forming and a relatively new liquid slow-absorbing polymer. The copolymers of glycolide (GLY) and 1,5-dioxepan-2-one (DXO) were prepared and characterized. The properties of the fibers made therefrom were assessed for their biological ap plication as absorbable materials.
Uptake of 35S-sulfur from Sulfate by Pinus radiata Pollen
Authors: O'Connor Charmian J. , Ashford Kathryn P. , Singh Ragina M.D.
Published: April 2007

The rates of uptake of 35S from sulfate solutions by Pinus radiata pollen were measured at a variety of extracellular concentrations (0.049—1.96 mM) of sulfate and over the temperature range 1—50°C. The transport process is not one of diffusion but appears to be carrier assisted by two carriers having dif ferent sulfate affinities. Values of Km for both carriers exhibit bell-shaped pro files when plotted against temperature. The temperature for maximum values of Km are 22 ° C and 35 ° C for the high affinity (low concentration) and low affin ity (high concentration) carriers, respectively. The activation energies for all concentrations of sulfate are greater than 147 kJ mol-1 and these high values are consistent with a carrier mediated process. The uptake of 35SO42- from a 0.196 mM sulfate solution was inhibited by the metabolic inhibitors cyanide, azide and carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone but enhanced by the metabolic energy source, adenosine-5'-triphosphate. These results support the proposal that SO42- transport is assisted by a carrier molecule. The rate of up take did not decrease in the presence of the structural isomer MoO42-, suggest ing that the high affinity carrier is specific for SO42-.
Mimicry of Biological Macromolecules by Polyaromatic Anionic Compounds
Authors: Regan John R. , Bruno Joseph G. , Chang Mike N. , Sabatino Ralph , D'Alisa Rose , Ben-Sasson Shmuel A. , Eilat Dan
Published: April 2007

The preparation, characterization and biological properties of some polyanionic polymers are reported. These polymers are constructed with repeating phenol-based monomers. The anionic groups attached to the aro matic nucleus provide the basis for binding to basic domains of proteins. Scaf fold flexibility permits the polyanionic polymers to adopt low energy conforma tions suitable for interacting with coagulation proteins and an anti-DNA monoclonal antibody. Structure activity relationships (SAR) and comparisons with aurintricarboxylic acid are described. The polymers doubled the clotting time in the APTT assay with value ranging from 10-1000 μg/mL. Binding to an anti-DNA monoclonal antibody occurred with ICso values of 0.3-5.0 μg/mL.
Synthesis of a MDP Analogue/Chitin Conjugate That Stimulates Cultured Macrophages
Authors: Ohya Yuichi , Murata Jun-Ichi , Nishimoto Takehiro , Ouchi Tatsuro
Published: April 2007

To provide a new synthetic biological response modifier which ex hibits a high immunopotentiation activity and antitumor activity, a hybrid conjugate of chitin with immobilized D-glucose analogue of muramyl dipeptide (MDP) (GADP) was synthesized. The stimulation activity of the conjugate against cultured macrophages was evaluated as an immunopotentiation activ ity in vitro by glucose consumption using PMA (phorbol-12-myristate-13- acetate)-differentiated HL-60 (human promyelocytic leukemia) cells and by superoxide anion (O2-) production from PMA-differentiated HL-60 cells. The stimulation activity of the GADP/chitin conjugate against cultured macrophages was greater than that of GADP derivative, carboxymethyl-chitin and a mixture of these two. The stimulation activity of GADP against cultured macrophages was increased by conjugation with chitin.
Macromolecular Drug Conjugates II. Metronidazole-Dextran Prodrugs
Authors: Mocanu Georgeta , Airinei Anton , Carpov Adrian
Published: April 2007

The antimicrobial drug metronidazole was attached to dextran. Two methods of dextran-metronidazole synthesis were studied: (1) the reaction of metronidazole with chloroacetylated derivatives of crosslinked dextran microparticles in basic aprotic solvents, and (2) the reaction of metronidazole chloroacetic acid ester with crosslinked dextran microparticles in basic media. The release of metronidazole from the two types of macromolecular prodrugs was compared.
Northwest Economic Adjustment Initiative Assessment: Lessons Learned for American Indian Community and Economic Development
Authors: Middleton Beth Rose , Kusel Jonathan
Published: April 2007

Economic development interventions often do not account for the social, cultural, and political differences among populations being served. Factors that make economic development projects successful in Native American communities are not well known or adequately studied. Drawing on a capital asset framework and the governance hypothesis advanced by Cornell and Kalt, the authors analyze how six Pacific Northwest tribes applied Northwest Economic Adjustment Initiative funds to diverse projects, which strategies were successful, and why. The data presented show that culturally congruent, community-based projects that meet multiple tribal goals are particularly successful. The authors discuss the necessity of investing in tribal cultural, institutional, and social capital, the value of efficient tribal bureaucracy that maximizes the benefits of sovereignty, the particular importance of building outside entities' understanding of tribal legal and cultural differences, and how the initiative interfaced with existing tribal structures. They offer lessons learned for tribal economic and community development.
A Modular Arrangement of Neuronal Processes in Human Cortex: Disruption With Aging and in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Benes Francine M. , Majocha Ronald E. , Marotta Charles A.
Published: April 2007

Studies were undertaken to assess whether or not neuron-specific immunostaining of the human brain can reveal unique cytoarchitectural features that may be affected by healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Human prefrontal cortex (PFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) were stained with an antibody raised against the neurofilament protein 200,000 molecular weight subunit (NFP-200) using an avidin-biotin immunolocalization procedure. Immunostaining of cortex was neuron-specific and highlighted axons in particular. This staining has revealed an orderly arrangement of horizontal and vertical axon bundles which form latticelike compartments or modules throughout most of the matrix of the two cortical areas studied. The ACC shows this pattern to be intact in individuals through the ninth decade, while the PFC there was blurring of the modularity beyond the fifth decade. Irrespective of the age-related blurring of the latticelike arrangement of axons in PFC, neurologically normal elderly individuals nevertheless showed a highly organized appearance to the cortical matrix. By contrast, patients with AD showed a marked disruption of the modular arrangement of fibers in PFC, but not ACC. Differences between PFC fibers in controls and AD patients were also demonstrated with an axon-specific monoclonal antibody that reacted with phosphorylated epitopes of the NFP-200. The chaotic appearance of fiber staining in PFC seen in patients with AD was noted to be present in one subject who died in an early stage of the disease. The possible significance of this previously unknown aspect of cortical cytoarchitecture for normal cognitive functioning in humans is discussed. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1:3-10).
The Nature of Psychotic Symptoms in Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type
Authors: Rubin Eugene H. , Drevets Wayne C. , Burke William J.
Published: April 2007

The Alzheimer Disease Research Center at Washington University's medical school has gathered a large sample of subjects with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT) who are free of other potentially complicating medical, neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Using this homogeneous population, we have characterized psychotic symptoms associated with SDAT. Three groups of symptoms occur commonly: paranoid delusions, misidentification syndromes, and hallucinations. The nature and frequency of these syndromes are discussed. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1:16-20).
A Preliminary Study of Carbamazepine in the Treatment of Assaultive Patients With Dementia
Authors: Patterson John F.
Published: April 2007

Carbamazepine was administered in an open pilot study to 13 patients with primary degenerative dementia characterized by aggressive and assaultive behavior refractory to conventional treatment. Tentatively, from this preliminary study, carbamazepine appears to have advantages in the treatment of assaultive patients with dementia. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1:21-23).
Intellectual Impairment in Parkinson's Disease: Clinical, Pathologic, and Biochemical Correlates
Authors: Cummings Jeffrey L.
Published: April 2007

The prevalence of overt dementia in 27 studies representing 4,336 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients was 39.9%. The studies reporting the highest incidence of intellectual impairment (69.9%) used psychologic assessment techniques, whereas studies identifying the lowest prevalence of dementia (30.2%) depended on nonstandardized clinical examinations. Neuro-psychologic investigations reveal that PD patients manifest impairment in memory, visuospatial skills, and set aptitude. Language function is largely spared. Intellectual deterioration in PD correlates with age, akinesia, duration, and treatment status. Neuropathologic and neurochemical observations demonstrate that PD is a heterogeneous disorder: the classic subcortical pathology with dopamine deficiency may be complicated by atrophy of nucleus basalis and superimposed cortical cholinergic deficits, and a few patients have the histopathologic hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Mild intellectual loss occurs with the classic pathology, and the more severe dementia syndromes have cholinergic alterations or Alzheimer's disease. Thus, PD includes several syndromes of intellectual impairment with variable pathologic and neurochemical correlates. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1:24-36).
Clonazepam Treatment of Multi-infarct Dementia
Authors: Smeraski Philip J.
Published: April 2007

A patient with multi-infarct dementia and associated hypomanic features was treated effectively with clonazepam to control logorrhea, hyperactivity, agitation, intrusiveness, and impulsive violence and to promote cooperation and manageability. Plausible mechanisms discussed include the ability of clonazepam to stimulate serotonin synthesis, to bind highly and specifically to the active benzodiazepine binding site, and to raise the seizure threshold. ( J J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1:47-48).
Lithium Augmentation for Treatment-Resistant Depression in the Elderly
Authors: Lafferman Jeffrey , Solomon Kenneth , Ruskin Paul
Published: April 2007

Lithium has been used successfully to enhance the effectiveness of tricyclic and other antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and combinations of antipsychotics and antidepressants. The safety and efficacy of adding lithium to the treatment regimen was examined in 14 elderly patients with refractory depression. Seven of the 14 had a complete recovery, and three showed a partial response. Side effects, including peripheral weakness, severe fine tremor, and neurotoxicity, necessitated the discontinuation of lithium in three patients. In two other patients with side effects, lower dosages of lithium relieved their symptoms. Lithium augmentation appears to be a promising treatment for geriatric depressed patients who are unresponsive to or cannot tolerate other standard therapies. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1:49-52)
Delirium in the Elderly
Authors: Beresin Eugene V.
Published: April 2007

Delirium is an organic psychiatric syndrome characterized by acute onset and impairment in cognition, perception, and behavior. The most common and serious mental disorder in old age, delirium heralds death in about 25% of afflicted elderly patients. Despite this high mortality rate, it is usually a transient disorder, resulting in full recovery without progressing to a chronic mental disorder. Almost any physical illness may cause delirium in an elderly person. Prompt assessment, differential diagnosis, and treatment are essential to reverse the medical disorder and control behavior that may be life threatening. This paper presents an approach to the diagnosis of delirium, reviewing descriptive features of the syndrome, biological, psychological, and environmental variables predisposing to delirium in geriatric patients, and the most common medical etiologies. It describes effective therapeutics, including ward management, supportive psychotherapy, and pharmacotherapy. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1:127-143)
Depressive Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease: A Comparison With Disabled Control Subjects
Authors: Ehmann Thomas S. , Beninger Richard J. , Gawel Merek J. , Riopelle Richard J.
Published: April 2007

A high incidence of depressive symptoms has been observed in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). PD involves a loss of central monoamines, and a decrease of monoamines has been implicated in depression; therefore, it is possible that depressive symptoms in PD result from the loss of endogenous neurotransmitters. However, it is equally possible that depressive symptoms represent a reaction to the chronic disabling course of PD. By comparing depressive symptoms in PD patients to those in matched patients with other chronic disabling diseases not involving a loss of central monoamines, it may be possible to decide between these alternatives. Thus, depressive symptoms were assessed in 45 patients with PD and 24 disabled controls that did not differ from the PD subjects on a measure of functional disability. Results showed that PD subjects obtained significantly higher total scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) than controls. PD subjects scored significantly higher than controls on BDI items grouped to reflect cognitive-affective and somatic depressive symptoms. The BDI scores of PD subjects were not reliably related to age, sex, duration of PD, or clinical ratings of PD symptom severity or functional disability. Self-rated disability and the number of recent medical problems were the greatest predictors of depressive symptoms. These findings supported the hypothesis that depressive symptoms in PD may not represent solely a reaction to disability. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1989; 2:3-9).
Osteoporosis With Pathologic Hip Fractures in Major Depression
Authors: Van Vort Walter B. , Rubenstein Margot , Rose Robert P.
Published: April 2007

Osteoporosis and its sequelae have been associated with genetic predisposition, aging, nutritional factors, inactivity, substance abuse, and anorexia nervosa. We report three cases of pathologic osteoporotic hip fractures in elderly females with major depression. Biological consequences of depression and mobilization during hospital treatment are discussed as possible mediators of osteoporotic morbidity. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1990;3:10-12).