bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive Evaluation on the Use of Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil as Natural Additive against Different Serotypes of Salmonella enterica
Authors: Ed-Dra Abdelaziz , Nalbone Luca , Filali Fouzia Rhazi , Trabelsi Najla , El Majdoub Yassine Oulad , Bouchrif Brahim , Giarratana Filippo , Giuffrida Alessandro
Published: April 2021

Essential oils were proposed as natural additives to ensure food safety and quality in a more sustainable approach. The chemical composition of Thymus vulgaris essential oil (TV-EO) collected from Morocco, its antioxidant and antimicrobial activity against different serotypes of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica was investigated. A mathematical model was implemented to predict the Salmonella behavior when exposed to TV-EO. In situ antimicrobial activity and sensory influence were tested in minced poultry meat experimentally contaminated with Salmonella and treated with TV-EO. Hydrodistillation was used to extract TV-EO, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis found thymol as the most representative compound. Results of the antioxidant activity showed an IC50 of 0.29 ± 0.04 mg/mL, EC50 of 0.74 ± 0.08 mg/mL, and RC50 of 0.59 ± 0.06 mg/mL. All the Salmonella strains were susceptible to TV-EO with performing results for the disc diffusion method (inhibition diameters ranged between 24 ± 0.4 mm and 32 ± 0.6 mm), determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC; 0.5%) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC; 1%), sublethal-injured cells (7.99 ± 0.08%), in situ activity (growth inhibition after 3 days), and meat sensory preservation (up to 1 week). The implemented mathematical model well fitted the Salmonella growth curve. TV-EO with significant antioxidant and antibacterial activities was suitable to ensure food safety and quality consistent with the new sustainable trends in the food field.
System Dynamics as Ex Ante Impact Assessment Tool in International Development Cooperation: Study Case of Urban Sustainability Policies in Darkhan, Mongolia
Authors: Chica-Morales Patricia , Muñoz Victor F. , Domenech Antonio J.
Published: April 2021

In recent years, there has been a trend of increasing criticism towards official development assistance (ODA) and the optimization of ODA policies, in a world of growing inequality between the Global North and Global South. To contribute to efficient ODA planning, this article proposes to innovatively apply system dynamics as an optimal tool for ex ante impact assessment. The study case is located in the slums of Darkhan (Mongolia), whose citizens and environment suffer the consequences of poor urban planning and lack of municipal solid waste management (MSWM). In this context, the present research proposes a policy of education and infrastructure as key factors for the improvement of MSWM in the context of an international cooperation plan, carried out by the Korean agency KOICA. To evaluate its impact and anticipate its effects, a tailor-made system dynamics model of a Darkhan district has been created, with the focus on the education process in order to simulate the different options of the proposed policies. The results show that education policy is particularly relevant for behavioral change, in terms of reducing waste burned and waste on the ground, and increasing composted and recycled waste. However, in this context, the policy is ineffective for improving the district’s water and air pollution situation. This article also offers discussions and recommendations to be applied to the international cooperation plan, which takes place in real life. It is expected that the described process of model construction and its results will contribute to the further use of system dynamics as a planning tool in the international cooperation field.
Insights into Particle-Bound Metal(loid)s in Winter Snow Cover: Geochemical Monitoring of the Korkinsky Coal Mine Area, South Ural Region, Russia
Authors: Krupnova Tatyana G. , Rakova Olga V. , Struchkova Galina P. , Tikhonova Sardana A. , Kapitonova Tamara A. , Gavrilkina Svetlana V. , Bulanova Aleksandra V. , Yakimova Olga N.
Published: April 2021

Snow plays an important role in air quality and winter geochemical monitoring in the South Ural region. This study deals with the air pollution monitoring of particle-bound metal(loid) concentrations using snow cover around the deepest coal mine in Eurasia, the Korkinsky coal mine. We studied the concentrations and ratios of suspended and dissolved forms of metal(loid)s (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sr, and Zn) in snow samples. We examined 56 snow cover samples, collected at 12 sites located north, south, east and west of the Korkinsky coal mine. All snow samples were taken in January 2020. The spectral reflectance curves, cluster analysis, and spatial distribution maps were used to evaluate the potential sources of PM-bound metal(loid)s and the potential relationship among them. The highest concentrations (μg/L) were reported for Fe, Al, and Zn. In addition to the mine influence, burning coal for residential heating was identified as the major anthropogenic metal(loid) source. It was shown that elevated concentrations of some trace metals in snow samples were associated with southerly winds and the location of spoil heaps.
Room Temperature Syntheses of ZnO and Their Structures
Authors: Donia Domenica Tommasa , Bauer Elvira Maria , Missori Mauro , Roselli Ludovica , Cecchetti Daniele , Tagliatesta Pietro , Gontrani Lorenzo , Carbone Marilena
Published: April 2021

ZnO has many technological applications which largely depend on its properties, which can be tuned by controlled synthesis. Ideally, the most convenient ZnO synthesis is carried out at room temperature in an aqueous solvent. However, the correct temperature values are often loosely defined. In the current paper, we performed the synthesis of ZnO in an aqueous solvent by varying the reaction and drying temperatures by 10 °C steps, and we monitored the synthesis products primarily by XRD). We found out that a simple direct synthesis of ZnO, without additional surfactant, pumping, or freezing, required both a reaction (TP) and a drying (TD) temperature of 40 °C. Higher temperatures also afforded ZnO, but lowering any of the TP or TD below the threshold value resulted either in the achievement of Zn(OH)2 or a mixture of Zn(OH)2/ZnO. A more detailed Rietveld analysis of the ZnO samples revealed a density variation of about 4% (5.44 to 5.68 gcm−3) with the synthesis temperature, and an increase of the nanoparticles’ average size, which was also verified by SEM images. The average size of the ZnO synthesized at TP = TD = 40 °C was 42 nm, as estimated by XRD, and 53 ± 10 nm, as estimated by SEM. For higher synthesis temperatures, they vary between 76 nm and 71 nm (XRD estimate) or 65 ± 12 nm and 69 ± 11 nm (SEM estimate) for TP = 50 °C, TD = 40 °C, or TP = TD = 60 °C, respectively. At TP = TD = 30 °C, micrometric structures aggregated in foils are obtained, which segregate nanoparticles of ZnO if TD is raised to 40 °C. The optical properties of ZnO obtained by UV-Vis reflectance spectroscopy indicate a red shift of the band gap by ~0.1 eV.
Antibiotic Use and Treatment Outcomes among Children with Community-Acquired Pneumonia Admitted to a Tertiary Care Public Hospital in Nepal
Authors: Pokhrel Bhishma , Koirala Tapendra , Gautam Dipendra , Kumar Ajay , Camara Bienvenu Salim , Saw Saw , Daha Sunil Kumar , Gurung Sunaina , Khulal Animesh , Yadav Sonu Kumar , Baral Pinky , Gurung Meeru , Shrestha Shrijana
Published: April 2021

In the era of growing antimicrobial resistance, there is a concern about the effectiveness of first-line antibiotics such as ampicillin in children hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. In this study, we describe antibiotic use and treatment outcomes among under-five children with community-acquired pneumonia admitted to a tertiary care public hospital in Nepal from 2017 to 2019. In this cross-sectional study involving secondary analysis of hospital data, there were 659 patients and 30% of them had a history of prehospital antibiotic use. Irrespective of prehospital antibiotic use, ampicillin monotherapy (70%) was the most common first-line treatment provided during hospitalization followed by ceftriaxone monotherapy (12%). The remaining children (18%) were treated with various other antibiotics alone or in combination as first-line treatment. Broad-spectrum antibiotics such as linezolid, vancomycin, and meropenem were used in less than 1% of patients. Overall, 66 (10%) children were required to switch to second-line treatment and only 7 (1%) children were required to switch to third-line treatment. Almost all (99%) children recovered without any sequelae. This study highlights the effectiveness of ampicillin monotherapy in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children in a non-intensive care unit setting.
Antimicrobial Resistance among Neonates with Bacterial Sepsis and Their Clinical Outcomes in a Tertiary Hospital in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
Authors: Raghubanshi Bijendra Raj , Sagili Karuna D. , Han Wai Wai , Shakya Henish , Shrestha Priyanka , Satyanarayana Srinath , Karki Bal Man Singh
Published: April 2021

Globally, antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from neonatal sepsis is increasing. In this cross-sectional study conducted at a medical college teaching hospital in Nepal, we assessed the antibiotic resistance levels in bacteria cultured from neonates with sepsis and their in-hospital treatment outcomes. We extracted data of neonates with sepsis admitted for in-patient care from June 2018 to December 2019 by reviewing hospital records of the neonatal intensive care unit and microbiology department. A total of 308 neonates with sepsis were admitted of which, blood bacterial culture antibiotic sensitivity reports were available for 298 neonates. Twenty neonates (7%) had bacteriologic culture-confirmed neonatal sepsis. The most common bacterial species isolated were Staphylococcus aureus (8), followed by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (5). Most of these bacteria were resistant to at least one first-line antibiotic used to manage neonatal sepsis. Overall, there were 7 (2%) deaths among the 308 neonates (none of them from the bacterial culture-positive group), and 53 (17%) neonates had left the hospital against medical advice (LAMA). Improving hospital procedures to isolate bacteria in neonates with sepsis, undertaking measures to prevent the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and addressing LAMA’s reasons are urgently needed.
(E)-Guggulsterone Inhibits Dengue Virus Replication by Upregulating Antiviral Interferon Responses through the Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression
Authors: Chen Wei-Chun , Wei Chih-Ku , Hossen Monir , Hsu Yao-Chin , Lee Jin-Ching
Published: April 2021

Dengue virus (DENV) infection, which causes dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, and dengue shock syndrome, is a severe global health problem in tropical and subtropical areas. There is no effective vaccine or drug against DENV infection. Thus, the development of anti-DENV agents is imperative. This study aimed to assess the anti-DENV activity of (E)-guggulsterone using a DENV infectious system. A specific inhibitor targeting signal molecules was used to evaluate the molecular mechanisms of action. Western blotting and qRT-PCR were used to determine DENV protein expression and RNA replication, respectively. Finally, an ICR suckling mouse model was used to examine the anti-DENV activity of (E)-guggulsterone in vivo. A dose-dependent inhibitory effect of (E)-guggulsterone on DENV protein synthesis and RNA replication without cytotoxicity was observed. The mechanistic studied revealed that (E)-guggulsterone stimulates Nrf2-mediated heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, which increases the antiviral interferon responses and downstream antiviral gene expression by blocking DENV NS2B/3B protease activity. Moreover, (E)-guggulsterone protected ICR suckling mice from life-threatening DENV infection. These results suggest that (E)-guggulsterone can be a potential supplement for controlling DENV replication.
Impact of IL10, MTP, SOD2, and APOE Gene Polymorphisms on the Severity of Liver Fibrosis Induced by HCV Genotype 4
Authors: Hemeda Amr Ali , Ahmad Mohamed Amal , Aziz Ramy Karam , Abdel-Hakeem Mohamed S. , Ali-Tammam Marwa
Published: April 2021

Complications of hepatitis C virus (HCV) chronic infection cause ~400,000 deaths worldwide annually. One complication, liver fibrosis, is influenced by host genetic factors. Genes influencing fibrosis include immune, metabolic, oxidative stress, and viral entry genes, such as interleukin 10 (IL10), microsomal triglyceride-transfer protein (MTP), superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD2), and apolipoprotein E (APOE)-encoding genes, respectively. Thus, correlating variations in these genes with HCV-induced fibrosis represents an attractive biomarker for the prognosis of fibrosis severity in chronically infected patients. Here, we aimed to test whether polymorphisms in IL10, MTP, SOD2, and APOE genes correlated with the severity of fibrosis induced by HCV genotype 4 (HCV-gt4) in a cohort of chronically infected Egyptian patients. Our results demonstrate a significant association between the severity of fibrosis and specific SNPs in IL-10, SOD2, and ApoE-encoding genes. Haplotype-combination analysis for IL10, MTP, SOD2, and APOE showed statistically significant associations between specific haplotype combinations and fibrosis severity. Identifying biomarkers correlating with the severity of HCV-gt4-induced fibrosis would significantly impact precision prophylaxis and treatment of patients at risk.
The Impact of an Inactivated Hepatitis A Vaccine with One Dose in Brazil: A Retrospective Time-Series
Authors: Bierrenbach Ana Luiza , Choi Yoonyoung , Batista Paula de Mendonça , Serra Fernando Brandão , Parellada Cintia Irene , Julian Guilherme Silva , Nakajima Karina , Moreira Thais das Neves Fraga
Published: April 2021

Background: In 2014, a recommended one-dose of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine was included in the Brazilian National Immunization Program targeting children 12–24 months. This decision addressed the low to intermediate endemicity status of hepatitis A across Brazil and the high rate of infection in children and adolescents between 5 and 19 years old. The aim of the study was to conduct a time-series analysis on hepatitis A incidence across age groups and to assess the hepatitis A distribution throughout Brazilian geographic regions. Methods: An interrupted time-series analysis was performed to assess hepatitis A incidence rates before (2010–2013) and after (2015–2018) hepatitis A vaccine program implementation. The time-series analysis was stratified by age groups while a secondary analysis examined geographic distribution of hepatitis A cases. Results: Overall incidence of hepatitis A decreased from 3.19/100.000 in the pre-vaccine period to 0.87/100.000 (p = 0.022) post-vaccine introduction. Incidence rate reduction was higher among children aged 1-4 years old, with an annual reduction of 67.6% in the post-vaccination period against a 7.7% annual reduction in the pre-vaccination period (p < 0.001). Between 2015 and 2018, the vaccination program prevented 14,468 hepatitis A cases. Conclusion: Our study highlighted the positive impact of a recommended one-dose inactivated hepatitis A vaccine for 1–4-years-old in controlling hepatitis A at national level.
Field Evaluation of Commercial Vaccines against Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (Ibr) Virus Using Different Immunization Protocols
Authors: De Brun Laureana , Leites Mauro , Furtado Agustín , Campos Fabricio , Roehe Paulo , Puentes Rodrigo
Published: April 2021

Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 is ubiquitous in cattle populations and is associated with several clinical syndromes, including respiratory disease, genital disease, infertility and abortions. Control of the virus in many parts of the world is achieved primarily through vaccination with either inactivated or live modified viral vaccines. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of four commercially available BoHV-1 vaccines commonly used in Central and South America. Animals were divided into eight groups and vaccinated on days 0 and 30. Groups 1 to 4 received two doses of four different BoHV-1 commercial vaccines (named A to D). Groups 5 and 6 received vaccine D plus a vaccine for either Clostridial or Food-and-Mouth-Disease (FMD), respectively. Group 7 received one dose of two different brands of reproductive vaccines. Serum samples were collected from all animals on days 0, 30 and 60 to evaluate neutralizing and isotype-specific (IgG1 and IgG2) antibodies. Of the four commercial vaccines evaluated, only vaccine A induced neutralizing antibodies to titers ≥ 1:8 in 13/15 (86%) of the animals 60 days post-vaccination. Levels of IgG2 antibody increased in all groups, except for group 2 after the first dose of vaccine B. These results show that only vaccine A induced significant and detectable levels of BoHV-1-neutralizing antibodies. The combination of vaccine D with Clostridial or FMD vaccines did not affect neutralizing antibody responses to BoHV-1. The antibody responses of three of the four commercial vaccines analyzed here were lower than admissible by vaccine A. These results may be from vaccination failure, but means to identify the immune signatures predictive of clinical protection against BoHV-1 in cattle should also be considered.
Long-Term Oxbow Lake Trophic State under Agricultural Best Management Practices
Authors: Lizotte Richard E. , Yasarer Lindsey M. W. , Bingner Ronald L. , Locke Martin A. , Knight Scott S.
Published: April 2021

A key principle of agricultural best management practices (BMPs) is to improve water quality by reducing agricultural-sourced nutrients and associated eutrophication. Long-term (1998–2016) lake summer trophic state index (TSI) trends of an agricultural watershed with agricultural best management practices (BMPs) were assessed. Structural BMPs included vegetative buffers, conservation tillage, conservation reserve, a constructed wetland, and a sediment retention pond. TSI included Secchi visibility (SD), chlorophyll a (Chl), total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN). Summer TSI 1977 was >80 in 1998–1999 (hypertrophic) and decreased over the first 10 years to TSI 1977 ≈ 75 (eutrophic). TSI 1977 decrease and changing TSI deviations coincided with vegetative buffers, conservation tillage, and conservation reserve. The TSI(SD) decrease (>90 to <70) coincided with vegetative buffers and TSI(TP) decrease (>90 to <75) coincided primarily with conservation tillage and the sediment retention pond. TSI(Chl) increase (<60 to >70) coincided with conservation tillage and vegetative buffer. Results indicate watershed-wide BMPs can modestly decrease summer trophic state through increased water transparency and decreased TP, but these changes are off-set by increases in chlorophyll a to reach a new stable state within a decade. Future research should assess algal nutrient thresholds, internal nutrient loading, and climate change effects.
Meeting the Salinity Requirements of the Bivalve Mollusc Crassostrea gigas in the Depuration Process and Posterior Shelf-Life Period to Improve Food Safety and Product Quality
Authors: Silvestre João , Pires Sílvia , Pereira Vitória , Colaço Miguel , Costa Ana , Soares Amadeu , Matias Domitília , Bettencourt Filipa , Fernández-Boo Sergio , Rocha Rui , Rodrigues Andreia
Published: April 2021

Microbiological contamination of bivalve molluscs is one of the major concerns inherent to food safety, thus depuration is frequently needed to assure food safety levels associated with their consumption. Salinity plays an important role in the metabolic activity of bivalves and as such can influence their depuration capacity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of salinity (25, 30, 35 and 40) on the efficiency of the depuration process, along with the quality and shelf-life of Crassostrea gigas. For this, a 24-h depuration was carried out, followed by a storage period at 5 ± 1 °C for six days. Microbiological analyses and biochemical parameters related to oxidative stress response were analysed. Escherichia coli load was reduced in only 24 h, disregarding the salinity of the system. After the shelf-life period, the activity of the antioxidant defences at salinities 35 and 40 is higher but is still not sufficient to avoid lipid peroxidation. Over time, there is a decrease in oyster metabolism probably due to being chilled and to the action of exposure to air. In sum, this study suggests salinities between 25 and 30 as preferential for the depuration process of C. gigas and subsequent quality during shelf-life.
Mediating the Effects of Climate on the Temperature and Thermal Structure of a Monomictic Reservoir through Use of Hydraulic Facilities
Authors: Duka Maurice Alfonso , Shintani Tetsuya , Yokoyama Katsuhide
Published: April 2021

Climate warming can alter the thermal conditions of reservoirs. However, some hydraulic interventions can be explored to mitigate this impact. This study investigates the long-term effects of climate on the temperature and thermal structure of a monomictic reservoir that has had varying operations from 1959 to 2016. Reservoir progressively operated through three distinct periods, namely, (A) deep penstock withdrawal (DPW; 1959–1991), (B) purely selective withdrawal (SW; 1992–2001), and (C) combination of SW and vertical curtain (VC; 2002–2016). Although annual air temperatures are increasing (+0.15 °C decade−1) in the long term, the reservoir’s surface water temperatures have been found to be decreasing (−0.06 °C decade−1). Periods B and C produced colder profiles and exhibited lower heat content and higher potential energy anomaly than Period A. Furthermore, stronger thermoclines, as indicated by Brunt–Vaisala frequency, were observed in the two latter periods. The results of this study show that varying operations bear a stronger influence on the reservoir’s temperature and thermal structure than climate change itself. Mitigating the thermal impacts of climate warming in reservoirs appears promising with the use of SW and VC.
Laboratory and In Situ Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity and Their Validity in Transient Seepage Analysis
Authors: Nam Soonkie , Gutierrez Marte , Diplas Panayiotis , Petrie John
Published: April 2021

This paper critically compares the use of laboratory tests against in situ tests combined with numerical seepage modeling to determine the hydraulic conductivity of natural soil deposits. Laboratory determination of hydraulic conductivity used the constant head permeability and oedometer tests on undisturbed Shelby tube and block soil samples. The auger hole method and Guelph permeameter tests were performed in the field. Groundwater table elevations in natural soil deposits with different hydraulic conductivity values were predicted using finite element seepage modeling and compared with field measurements to assess the various test results. Hydraulic conductivity values obtained by the auger hole method provide predictions that best match the groundwater table’s observed location at the field site. This observation indicates that hydraulic conductivity determined by the in situ test represents the actual conditions in the field better than that determined in a laboratory setting. The differences between the laboratory and in situ hydraulic conductivity values can be attributed to factors such as sample disturbance, soil anisotropy, fissures and cracks, and soil structure in addition to the conceptual and procedural differences in testing methods and effects of sample size.
Growth and development of purebred young cattle of Black-and-White breed and crossbreds with Hereford breed
Authors: Kostomakhin N. M. , Safronov S. L.
Published: April 2021

Due to the intensifi cation of the cattle breeding industry, there is a need to fi nd ways and available methods to increase production and improve the quality of beef based on the use of existing breeding stock of dairy cattle. The success of industrial crossbreeding depends primarily on the correct selection of breeds and their compatibility. The purpose of the research was to study the growth and development of purebred young cattle of Black-and-White breed and crossbreeds with Hereford breed in the Leningrad region. Research and production experiment has been carried out in the training and research farm “Pushkinskoe” of the St. Petersburg State Agrarian University. In the control group purebred animals of Black-and-White breed (9 heads steers and 7 heads heifers), in the experimental group half-blood animals (9 heads steers and 7 heads heifers) have been selected obtained as a result of crossbreeding Black-and-White cows and Hereford sires. The researches have been conducted from birth to 18 months of age. Researches have shown that the crossbreed young animals in comparison with purebreds were distinguished by expressed meat type of physique, a squat body with a welldeveloped back, a fairly wide and deep chest and a strong bone structure. Crossbred animals have been characterized by increased growth intensity. Steers and heifers outperformed their Black-and-White herdmates in terms of daily live weight gain overall over the study period by 170,6 g or 18,8 % , and 130,2 g or 15,6 %, respectively (P ≤ 0,01–0,001). According to the research results, it is recommended that to increase the volume of beef production and more fully realize the productive potential of cattle in the Leningrad region, it is necessary to conduct industrial crossbreeding of holstinized Black-and-White cattle with Hereford cattle. The resulting crossbreed young animals should be raised and fattened up to 16 months of age when steers reach a live weight of 540 kg and feed expenditures per 1 kg of live weight gain of 6,4 EFU, and heifers more than 480 kg and 6,9 EFU, respectively.
SARS-CoV-2 Infection Risk Factors among Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients and Health Care Personnel In Outpatient Hemodialysis Centers
Authors: Gandra Sumanth , Li Tingting , Reske Kimberly A. , Dang Na Le , Farnsworth Christopher W. , Hock Karl G. , Miller Candace , Olsen Margaret A. , Kwon Jennie H. , Warren David K. , Fraser Victoria J.
Published: April 2021

Key Points

Increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with community prevalence.

Increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with exposure to infected family members and personal infection prevention measures
STRUKTUR EKONOMI RAPUH: PELAJARAN YANG DIDAPAT DARI BUMI DIPASENA LAMPUNG
Authors: Asmariadi Adi
Published: April 2021

Struktur ekonomi suatu wilayah merupakan gambaran aktivitas ekonomi di suatu daerah yang menjadi pilar dalam menyokong terjadinya pergerakan ekonomi wilayah. Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB) dapat menjadi salah satu indikator gambaran struktur ekonomi wilayah. Pada beberapa kasus, terdapat banyak kota yang akhirnya mati karena berhentinya aktivitas ekonomi di kota tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami proses runtuhnya struktur ekonomi suatu wilayah dalam suatu kasus, yang kemudian dari hasil pemahaman tersebut dibentuk sebuah pola kerapuhan struktur ekonomi. Pendekatan kualitatif digunakan untuk menggali ke dalam terhadap kasus ditinggalkannya suatu wilayah ekonomi. Wilayah Bumi Dipasena Lampung menjadi kasus utama dalam penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan pembelajaran atas kerapuhan struktur ekonomi. Penelitian terhadap kasus pada wilayah tersebut menghasilkan sebuah pola kerapuhan struktur ekonomi yang disebabkan oleh homogenitas struktur ekonomi. Pola tersebut membentuk alur bahwa struktur ekonomi yang homogen menyebabkan kerapuhan struktur ekonomi, dan kerapuhan struktur ekonomi menyebabkan terjadinya malapetaka ekonomi (catastrophic economic).
El capitalismo extractivo: el caso de Guyana
Authors:   Eastern Connecticut State University, Canterbury Dennis C.
Published: April 2021

El propósito de este artículo es analizar la actual situación de las industrias extractivas de Guyana a la luz de la creciente demanda global de minerales. Se centra, principalmente, en la minería de bauxita y oro, que constituye el corazón de las industrias extractivas en el país. ¿Cuál es el actual papel del capital extractivo en Guyana en el actual barullo por los minerales de las economías emergentes y los países capitalistas ricos? La observación básica es la siguiente: el capital de las economías emergentes está dedicado activamente a la producción de bauxita, mientras que el capital de los países capitalistas ricos se dedica a la exploración de yacimientos de metales que están a punto de comenzar la producción. En ausencia de una mina de oro de gran escala de propiedad extranjera, las minas de oro más pequeñas que se caracterizan por el capital nacional dominan el sector, que en la actualidad es el principal encargado de atraer divisas extranjeras al país.
América Latina y su teoría
Authors:   Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Mallorquín Carlos
Published: April 2021

El artículo discute una de las propuestas teóricas más ambiciosas de fechas recientes sobre la perspectiva latinoamericana: el estructuralismo latinoamericano desarrollado en un libro de Armando Di Filippo. Sigue de cerca el texto para subrayar la teoría del poder sustentada y su crítica a las desigualdades e injusticias generadas por las asimetrías de poder en las sociedades latinoamericanas actuales. La segunda parte del ensayo intenta cuestionar la pertinencia de introducir la figura de Aristóteles y la perspectiva de «sistemas» de Mario Bunge para pensar la perspectiva estructuralista. Se realiza una crítica general a la noción de sistemas y las consecuencias negativas «funcionalistas» que emanan de la misma.
Capitalism and poverty. Automation signals the final stage of capitalism. Basic income for a peaceful transition to post-capitalism
Authors:   El Colegio de México, Boltvinik Julio
Published: April 2021

This article provides an impressionistic history of recent capitalism by describing its intrinsic tendencies to produce poverty and crises. It argues that the automation revolution and globalization are generalizing and globalizing poverty, especially since neoliberalism replaced Keynesianism. This picture is contradicted by the poverty statistics of the World Bank, but when these are examined carefully it is shown that the decrease in global poverty that they show is false. An examination of Marxist and mainstream theories of capitalist crises shows both that financiarization has become the main mechanism to keep afloat financial monopoly capitalism, and that conventional economic theory is impotent to deal with the current crises. Total automation is bringing to an end the wage-based society, which is incompatible with generalized automation. This in turn opens up the possibility of human emancipation from «forced», alienated work. Finally, Universal Citizen Income is regarded as an alternative that solves the aforementioned contradiction by saving and radically transforming capitalism.
Políticas asistenciales para rezagos estructurales: el caso de Chiapas
Authors:   Universidad Tecnológica de México, Martínez Cuero Julieta , Peláez Herreros Óscar ,   El Colegio de la Frontera Norte
Published: April 2021

Con el objetivo de develar las causas del buen desempeño de los índices de marginación y rezago social durante los últimos años en Chiapas, se analizan en profundidad los componentes de estos indicadores, encontrando que, más allá de una presentación simplista de sus cifras principales, los problemas estructurales de la entidad persisten. Los progresos se han dado en aspectos con escaso impacto en el proceso de desarrollo. Apenas ha habido mejoras en los mecanismos de generación de ingresos o en la educación de los residentes. Por ello, se concluye que los avances recientes no son auto-sostenibles y que necesitan ser complementados con políticas enfocadas a la remoción de los problemas histórico-estructurales que aún padece la entidad. No obstante, se advierte de la falta de incentivos para efectuar este cambio en la orientación de las políticas públicas.
Capital social, neoliberalismo y cultura de autogestión para el desarrollo
Authors:   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ortiz Gómez María Guadalupe
Published: April 2021

El capital social es un concepto que ha alcanzado una enorme relevancia en dos ámbitos: a) la investigación social, y b) el diseño de políticas de desarrollo. Sin embargo, su uso es controversial. En primer lugar, no representa una categoría nueva de análisis, ya que su campo de estudio constituye el mismo núcleo del objeto de la sociología. En segundo lugar, ciertas perspectivas sobre el capital social son funcionales para el modelo neoliberal. Finalmente, el uso que se le ha dado en el diseño de políticas de desarrollo tiende a ser problemático para la dinámica de las relaciones sociales en comunidades intervenidas bajo esta perspectiva. Este trabajo hace un análisis del concepto y su relación con las políticas neoliberales de desarrollo. Se plantea que dicha noción forma parte de una estrategia de promoción de una cultura de autogestión para el desarrollo que es funcional para el modelo neoliberal.
Ciencia ficticia
Authors:   Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Foladori Guillermo
Published: April 2021

La ciencia y la tecnología, al igual que la investigación y el desarrollo se han convertido en un ámbito de inversión de capital al igual que cualquier otro sector económico. Este proceso ha distanciado las actividades de investigación y desarrollo de las necesidades sociales, a tal grado que una parte de esta investigación y desarrollo termina siendo ficticia, en el sentido de que adquiere precio en el mercado pero nunca se convierte en parte de los procesos materiales de producción. En este artículo argumentamos que, de ser un servicio a la comunidad, la ciencia y tecnología y la investigación y desarrollo se han convertido en un sector de inversión de capital orientado por los criterios de costo-beneficio a producir ganancia, aunque su utilidad nunca forme parte de procesos materiales de producción.
Desarrollo, paleontología (política) de una idea (neoliberal)
Authors:   Escuela Superior de Administración Pública, Colombia, Puello-Socarrás José Francisco
Published: April 2021

La impronta colonial del neoliberalismo puede rastrearse desde las reflexiones suscitadas por la Sociedad Mont-Pèlerin, primer escenario oficial neoliberal y cónclave que evoluciona en paralelo al periodo de descolonización de posguerra del siglo XX de la mano de la tesis acerca del desarrollo colonial sostenida por los países colonizadores. Gestada inauguralmente bajo esta perspectiva, la idea de desarrollo, sin adjetivos, resultaría ser una idea-guía característica del neoliberalismo, así como el referente crucial para materializar este paradigma socioeconómico, su proyecto político y su hegemonía a nivel global durante el último cuarto del siglo xx e, incluso, hoy en el nuevo milenio. En vista de que dos referencias centrales en este debate, tanto la arqueología realizada por Wolfgang Sachs, como la genealogía propuesta por Escobar, sobre la idea de desarrollo, fallan en establecer los vínculos estrechos que existen entre la emergencia/procedencia de esta idea y su origen eminentemente neoliberal, esta propuesta pretende ensayar una paleontología (politológica) del desarrollo «excavando» con mayor profundidad en las razones y en los argumentos de tal acontecimiento con el fin de reconstruir complementariamente la conceptualización del desarrollo como una construcción propia de la ideología y praxis neoliberales.
Neoliberalismo local fallido en Latinoamérica: el caso de la red Agencia de Desarrollo Económico Local (ADEL) del PNUD
Authors:   Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Bateman Milford
Published: April 2021

This article examines the Local Economic Development Agency (LEDA) «new paradigm» model of institutional support for local economic development (LED), a model of led that emerged in the 1990’s as the neoliberal political project began its global ascendancy. The paper draws upon rich primary data from Latin America to demonstrate that the LEDA model has been almost entirely ineffective. Notwithstanding, UNDP has continued to support the leda model because it reflects core neoliberal imperatives – that all development institutions must be (re) structured as private sector-led and financially self-sustainable. In addition, a constituency of support emerged, composed of senior UNDP career officials and external consultants, that derived specific career and financial benefits from the continued operation of the leda model, and this constituency was able to conceal the ineffectiveness of the LEDA model. The article thus demonstrates that ineffective international development policies may be kept alive, Zombie-fashion, so long as they help to promote core neoliberal ideological objectives.
Le parlement, acteur diplomatique pour le rayonnement du Cameroun à l’OIF
Authors: Nebeu Daniel
Published: April 2021

Le Cameroun, depuis la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale, est un pays multiculturel. Ce multiculturalisme bien qu’imposé, est devenu un atout et a consolidé son intégration au monde moderne. Il s’ensuit que l’accession du pays à l’indépendance de ses deux territoires, le Cameroun oriental et le Cameroun occidental, jadis administrés respectivement par la France et l’Angleterre, a encore enrichi sa diversité culturelle. D’emblée, le premier Président Ahmadou Ahidjo a dû faire face à un dilemme concernant l’adhésion de l’État aux organisations internationales à caractère culturel, notamment à la Francophonie et au Commonwealth pour des raisons de stabilité interne. L’embarras d’Ahidjo peut se justifier par le fait qu’il était au centre de la gestion des indépendances, de la réunification, du fédéralisme et de l’unification du Cameroun. Le deuxième Président Paul Biya, arrivé au pouvoir en 1982, a attendu près d’une décennie avant que le pays soit accepté comme membre à part entière de la Francophonie. Pour y parvenir, c’est l’activisme de l’institution parlementaire à travers les élus du peuple qui a aussi déterminé la présence de l’État dès 1991 à la Francophonie. À l’explication, lors de la première rencontre de création de l’Association internationale des parlementaires de langue française du 17 au 18 mai 1967, l’Assemblée nationale du Cameroun faisait partie des membres fondateurs qui ont su mener la diplomatie parlementaire avec délicatesse au sein de l’AIPLF puis de l’APF. Un elfe parlementaire qui a influencé la politique étrangère du Cameroun. C’est ce qui permet d’émettre l’hypothèse selon laquelle le parlement est le maillon essentiel dans le fonctionnement d’un État au regard des insidieuses problématiques transnationales sur lesquelles il est appelé à donner son avis. Il travaille pour l’intérêt commun des citoyens, il fait recours au compromis pour la stabilité des institutions, il amende et vote tous les textes de lois nationaux et internationaux, il contrôle les autres institutions… Bref, il exerce l’autorité de l’État. Il convient donc d’étayer le travail des parlementaires camerounais pour ce qui est de leur marge de manœuvre dans la politique étrangère au sein de la Francophonie. La présente réflexion s’intéresse à la contribution des acteurs nationaux dans la définition de la politique étrangère des États vis-à-vis de la Francophonie.
L’enjeu de la rencontre entre les francophones « venus d’ailleurs » et les francophonies canadiennes : le cas de l’immigration francophone en Acadie de l’Atlantique
Authors: Deschênes-Thériault Guillaume , Traisnel Christophe
Published: April 2021

Les communautés acadiennes de la région Atlantique au Canada, tout comme les autres communautés francophones en situation minoritaire dans ce pays, s’investissent depuis le début des années 2000 dans l’accueil d’immigrants francophones. Cet intérêt pour l’immigration s’inscrit dans un contexte d’une immigration qui ne reflète pas le paysage linguistique canadien d’un point de vue démographique et une décroissance démographique des francophones dans l’ensemble des provinces canadiennes. L’immigration francophone en Acadie est un enjeu à la convergence d’expériences individuelles, de volontés politiques et d’espoirs communautaires autour d’une cause commune : réussir la rencontre entre les nouveaux arrivants et les sociétés d’accueil. L’objectif de cet article est de mieux comprendre les conditions dans lesquelles s’opère cette rencontre entre l’immigrant et sa communauté d’accueil dans le contexte particulier de l’Acadie. Le nouvel arrivant fait face à des défis d’intégration sociale et économique rencontrés par un grand nombre d’immigrants, sans différenciation linguistique prononcée. Il rencontre aussi des problématiques liées au fait d’immigrer dans une communauté francophone en situation minoritaire. Nous cherchons à cerner les facteurs qui influencent l’expérience migratoire des francophones nés à l’étranger qui décident de s’installer dans l’une des quatre provinces de l’Atlantique, avec un accent particulier sur les facteurs linguistiques associés à cette insertion. Pour ce faire, nous avons effectué une dizaine d’entretiens informatifs avec des intervenants communautaires engagés dans l’accueil d’immigrants francophones. Nous avons aussi mené une cinquantaine d’entretiens auprès de francophones nés à l’étranger et installés au Canada Atlantique. Lors de ce terrain d’enquête, réalisé de juillet à novembre 2018, nous avons rencontré des immigrants dans l’ensemble des quatre provinces atlantiques. Cette démarche qualitative vise à enrichir notre compréhension du processus migratoire, en particulier des moments clés de la rencontre entre un individu et sa communauté d’accueil, à partir des expériences personnelles ou familiales des nouveaux arrivants. Nous cherchons à sortir d’une vision linéaire des parcours migratoires au profit d’un récit des expériences telles que racontées par les immigrants eux-mêmes.
L’affirmation identitaire du Canada français au moyen de la radio-télévision : un phénomène enraciné
Authors: Filion Michel
Published: April 2021

En notre époque de mondialisation triomphante, la question des spécificités nationales est-elle encore d’actualité ? Dans une perspective véritablement sociale, l’étonnant phénomène identitaire de la francophonie canadienne rappelle la nécessité de considérer le milieu culturel original tout autant, sinon davantage, que la stricte économie politique. Ce patrimoine résulte d’une succession de contextes historiques et ne saurait être compris qu’en reconnaissant le rôle des usagers : au Canada, ces derniers se divisent depuis longtemps en deux principales communautés linguistiques, pour ne pas dire deux entités nationales distinctes, qui arrivent à des niveaux forts différents quant à la constitution de l’identité collective au moyen des médias de masse.
Le développement et l’intégration régionale en Afrique, une dimension dans les coopérations sino-africaines
Authors: MENG Jin
Published: April 2021

Les frontières, en tant que partie intégrante des États-nations, occupent une place importante dans leur formation. Les États africains en construction sont confrontés en même temps aux défis de la mondialisation, caractérisée par l’affaiblissement des frontières et l’intensification des mouvements transnationaux. Ces derniers, vus comme moteurs du développement, sont facilités par l’intégration régionale. L’implication des pays émergents dans la régionalisation africaine modifie la nature des interactions entre les pays africains et les acteurs extérieurs. L’exemple de la coopération sino-africaine nous permet d’observer les spécificités des visions et approches chinoises concernant les enjeux du développement et l’intégration régionale.
Du bon usage des « pères fondateurs » : Jacques Chirac, un « père fondateur » oublié de la francophonie politique ?
Authors: Turpin Frédéric
Published: April 2021

Depuis la fin des années 1990, la francophonie institutionnelle a connu un tournant majeur. Elle a élargi ses missions au champ politique et est devenue une grande organisation multilatérale. Ce tournant doit beaucoup à la volonté d’un homme qui a œuvré et parfois bousculé ses pairs francophones pour bâtir l’OIF : Jacques Chirac. Si Léopold Sédar Senghor ou encore Hamani Diori sont présentés comme les « pères fondateurs » de la Francophonie (ACCT), l’action fondatrice de Jacques Chirac est peu ou pas reconnue. Pourquoi un tel paradoxe ? Qu’est-ce que cela révèle sur la place et les représentations de la France au sein de la Francophonie ?
Penser les réseaux en f/francophonie : lieux et non-lieux de la policy network analysis
Authors: Machikou Nadine
Published: April 2021

La présente contribution entend mettre à l’épreuve la dynamique réticulaire francophone à l’aune de la policy network dans l’analyse des politiques publiques. Elle interroge le potentiel heuristique de cet outil théorique en prenant en compte les expressions sociétales et institutionnelles de la cristallisation des réseaux en F/francophonie. Il apparaît que la portée taxinomique en est avérée avec l’existence d’un réseau mondial de la Francophonie décliné en une multitude de réseaux constitués en instruments de gouvernance « par le bas » de l’espace francophone. Cependant, la policy network présente des limites quant à sa capacité à penser le contenu des interactions au cœur des réseaux francophones et le poids des intérêts dans la formation et l’institutionnalisation desdits réseaux.
Mondialisation scientifique et dynamiques réticulaires de la science politique : une analyse des réseaux francophones de science politique
Authors: Eyebe Awono Philippe , Dang Hong Khanh
Published: April 2021

Les réseaux scientifiques sont des nœuds de relations (Lemieux 2004, 29) entre professionnels de la recherche ayant une expertise et une compétence reconnues (Hass, 1992, 3). Ils sont le fait de communautés épistémiques (Meyer, 2011, 141) et de communautés épistémiques linguistiques. Ces communautés évoluent dans un environnement mondial compétitif dont fait partie la science politique francophone. Celle-ci mérite d’être étudiée pour voir si sa démarche réticulaire peut constituer un facteur explicatif de son rapport à la mondialisation scientifique. La sociologie de la connaissance et de l’action collective met en lumière un réseau structuré autour d’un complexe de propriétés. Néanmoins, ces propriétés ne peuvent à elles seules, expliquer la place marginale de la science politique francophone dans la compétition scientifique mondiale.