bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Car Montréal, cette ville, ma ville, s'enflamme, mais n'est pas en flammes du tout
Authors: Bardini Thierry
Published: November 2014

Résumé Les manifestations du printemps érable à Montréal apparaissent dans les médias comme mettant la ville à feu et à sang. En fait, avant la répression policière, il y a des corps qui marchent ensemble, des airs de musique et des bouts de poèmes qui traversent les têtes, et surtout des rires, qui ont de quoi dissoudre les simulacres médiatiques où nous nous sommes crus enfermés.
S'indigner à Athènes
Authors: Karakostaki Charitini
Published: November 2014

Résumé L’article établit le récit du mouvement d’occupation de la place Syntagme à Athènes par les Indignés grecs au printemps 2011 suite aux annonces de différents plans d’austérité. Il décrit précisément les motivations des occupants, les différents publics qui se rassemblent sur la place, leur argumentation concernant le refus des différentes mesures économiques et la demande de démocratie directe. Différentes temporalités et espaces traversent le mouvement : des rassemblements massifs populaires à son épuisement au printemps 2012, en raison notamment d’un système politique peu favorable aux manifestants. L’article tire donc un bilan de cette action politique éphémère.
Occupy in Valsusa
Authors: Armano Emiliana , Pittavino Gian Luca , Sciortino Raffaele , Corsani Antonella , Querrien Anne
Published: November 2014

Résumé Depuis plusieurs années, habitants et militants de la vallée de Suse s’opposent à la construction d’une ligne à grande vitesse entre la France et l’Italie. La réaction des autorités est quasi-militaire mais le faible avancement des travaux ne justifie pas un tel emportement. La lutte expérimente pas à pas les nouveaux concepts de la construction du commun
Démocratie liquide
Authors: Marcil Ianik
Published: November 2014

Résumé Les soulèvements d’étudiants canadiens ne se contentent pas d’occuper les rues. Ils stimulent aussi l’émergence de modèles alternatifs de démocratie, comme la « démocratie liquide ». Celle-ci consiste à recourir régulièrement à des consultations populaires (sous forme de référendums, par exemple) sur des enjeux majeurs, avec la possibilité de transférer son vote à quelqu’un d’autre. De quoi raviver nos institutions sclérosées ?
Du design par la débrouille au Sénégal
Authors: Diop Papa Dijbril
Published: November 2014

En se focalisant sur le milieu sénégalais, l’article vise à montrer des exemples de la capacité des populations à faire preuve d’ingéniosité afin de s’adapter à des conditions précaires, à travers la récupération, le bricolage, le détournement ou tout simplement la débrouille.
Superflux ralenti
Authors: Peyricot Olivier , Beaubois Vincent
Published: November 2014

Olivier Peyricot appelle le design à faire le choix de la poésie, au lieu de réduire les œuvres à l’état d’objets. Pour repolitiser le design il propose d’occuper les hommes avec ou sans objets, dans la vacuité de leurs existences pour qu’ils puissent occuper enfin leurs vies
Si vient l'hiver, le printemps peut-il être loin ?
Authors: Neyrat Frédéric
Published: November 2014

Cet article présente le dossier « Politiques Romantiques » en définissant le romantisme comme une pensée risquée. Pour l’auteur, le romantisme est la figure avancée d’une aventure collective de l’intellect et des sens , le chargeur sensible et intellectuel d’un corps politique révolutionnaire.
Langage nu, vie nue
Authors: Guyer Sara
Published: November 2014

Wordsworth est peut-être le penseur le plus radical de la poésie démocratique – une poésie bien au-delà de la fiction de la poésie comme World Wide Web . L’auteure soutient que le romantisme est un discours qui entretient la vie humaine dans le langage. Le romantisme survit en incluant dans l’humain une vie non-encore-humaine qui dépasse l’homme sans le renier.
Allégorie des multitudes, ou William Blake comme économe défaillant
Authors: Hanson Lenora
Published: November 2014

Cet article soutient que la relation du Romantisme à la souveraineté politique doit être comprise à travers ce que l’auteur appelle une autopoïèse matérialiste . La poésie de William Blake théorise une telle autopoïèse comme la forme auto-organisatrice des multitudes, une forme qui déplace le souverain et créé un pouvoir politique non théologique.
Pénibles absences
Authors: Girard Mathilde
Published: November 2014

Par quelles voies nous est-il possible d’accéder au romantisme ? La pensée contemporaine est marquée par plusieurs tendances qui voient s’opposer la nécessité d’un geste, d’une incitation imaginaire, et la prudence d’une interruption liée à l’histoire politique des fictionnements. Ces tensions héritent en partie de l’expérience surréaliste et de ses dissidences. En revenant sur la querelle entre Breton et Bataille autour de la poésie, ce texte propose de revenir là où la question romantique s’est heurtée à son impossibilité.
Liens d'attachement à l'adolescence, une inscription dans le temps et dans l'espace de la famille et de la société
Authors: Habets Isabelle
Published: November 2014

Lorsque l’adolescent éprouve, grâce aux liens d’attachement secure issus de son enfance, un sentiment de sécurité, de confiance en soi et envers les autres, il est porté par le désir de découvrir le monde et il sait que sa vie n’a pas de prix et qu’elle vaut d’être vécue. Mais lorsque les liens d’attachement qu’il a tissés dans l’enfance sont insecure , quand le sentiment d’insécurité domine et s’accompagne d’un manque de confiance en soi et envers les autres, comment l’adolescent parvient-il à s’inscrire dans la vie et à investir le monde qui l’entoure ? Cet article envisage l’hypothèse du développement de conduites à risque comme une tentative de légitimer son existence et de trouver sa place tant dans la famille que dans la société.
Human intestinal mucosa-associated Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains with probiotic properties modulate IL-10, IL-6 and IL-12 gene expression in THP-1 cells
Authors: Čitar M. , Hacin B. , Tompa G. , Štempelj M. , Rogelj I. , Dolinšek J. , Narat M. , Matijašić B. Bogovič
Published: November 2014

Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria are considered one of the permanent genera of the physiological human intestinal microbiota and represent an enormous pool of potential probiotic candidates. Approximately 450 isolates of presumptive Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium strains were obtained from bioptic samples of colonic and ileal mucosa from 15 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years. On the basis of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR analysis, 20 strains were selected for further taxonomic classification and characterisation, as well as assessment of probiotic properties and safety. Importantly, selected strains showed the capability of colonising different parts of the intestine. The most frequently isolated species was Lactobacillus paracasei followed by Lactobacillus fermentum. The majority of isolates were susceptible to antimicrobials of human and veterinary importance, however, tetracycline and/or erythromycin resistance was observed in Lactobacillus plantarum and L. fermentum strains. Thirteen strains were able to ferment more than 19 different carbon sources and three out of five tested strains exerted antagonistic activity against several different indicator strains. Two Lactobacillus isolates (L. paracasei L350 and L. fermentum L930 bb) and one Bifidobacterium isolate (Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. animalis IM386) fulfilled in vitro selection criteria for probiotic strains and exhibited strong downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-12 and upregulation of anti-inflammatory IL-10. The selected strains represent suitable candidates for further studies regarding their positive influence on host health and could play an important role in ameliorating the symptoms of inflammatory bowel diseases.
Efecto de la microestructura en la tenacidad al impacto en aceros de elevada resistencia mecánica
Authors: Gutiérrez Isabel
Published: November 2014

El desarrollo de nuevos grados de acero se tropieza con frecuencia con la necesidad de incrementar la resistencia mecánica al mismo tiempo que se reduce la temperatura de transición dúctil-frágil y se eleva la energía del palier dúctil. Hacer frente a este reto requiere un diseño microestructural. La tenacidad en aceros está controlada por diferentes constituyentes microestructurales. Algunos de ellos, como las inclusiones son intrínsecos, pero otros que se manifiestan a diferentes escalas microestructurales dependen de las condiciones de proceso. Existen algunas ecuaciones empíricas que permiten calcular para ferrita-perlita en aceros de bajo carbono la temperatura de transición como suma de contribuciones de elementos en solución sólida, nitrógeno libre, carburos, fracción de perlita, tamaño de grano y, eventualmente precipitación. Con el objeto de desarrollar una formulación aplicable en aceros de alta resistencia mecánica, se han producido en laboratorio microestructuras con un grado de complejidad controlado. Como resultado de este estudio, se ha desarrollado un modelo que reproduce, partiendo de datos microestructurales, las curvas Charpy de un acero microaleado con microestructuras de ferrita-perlita, bainita y de temple y revenido. Este modelo es una herramienta útil para el diseño microestructural.
Meting van ultrasoniese pulssnelheid om die effektiwiteit van nabehandeling van kolherstel op beton te moniteer
Authors: Bester Johannes J. , Kruger Deon
Published: November 2014

Concrete patch repairing is a fairly new field in the concrete industry, so that there is only a limited number of standards available. Consequently there is also limited application of quality assurance for patch repairs. Curing has a major effect on the quality of the repair work; therefore the manufacturer of patch repair materials has very stringent guidelines with regards to curing methods. The question now is: How can it be ensured that the repair material was cured according to specification? So a need for a cost-effective, nondestructive test for the evaluation of the quality of patch repairing exists. This article presents the results of a research project on the use of ultrasonic pulse velocity to evaluate the quality of curing on concrete patch repairs. As part of the experimental work, three sets of four 1200 mm x 235 mm x 140 mm concrete test specimens were prepared in three concrete strengths (30 MPa, 40 MPa and 50 MPa). The results clearly indicate that there is a decline in the pulse velocities when inadequate curing is performed. This is due to the lower densities and poor strength development of the inadequately cured concrete patch material. This conclusion is supported by the corresponding pull-off tests that were done to determine the bond strength between the in situ concrete and concrete repair material. The measuring of the pulse velocities therefore proved an effective and fast nondestructive method to estimate the quality of concrete patch repairs, and can be used as a quality control method at the early stages of disrepair.
Steady flow past a sphere in an aligned magnetic field at high Reynolds numbers
Authors: Kumar Harish , Rajathy R
Published: November 2014

The flow of steady, incompressible, viscous, electrically conducting fluid past a sphere in the presence of an uniform magnetic field parallel to the undisturbed flow is investigated using the finite difference method. The multigrid method with defect correction technique is used to achieve the second order accurate solution. The Hartmann number, M is used as the perturbation parameter. It is found that the increase of magnetic field decreases the wake length and increases the drag coefficient. The graphs of streamlines, vorticity lines, drag coefficient, surface pressure and surface vorticity are presented and discussed. Keywords: Navier-Stokes equations, MHD, Hartmann number, Multigrid method, Defect correctionInternational Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2014, pp
Nitrogen feedbacks increase future terrestrial ecosystem carbon uptake in an individual-based dynamic vegetation model
Authors: Wårlind D. , Smith B. , Hickler T. , Arneth A.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Recently a considerable amount of effort has been put into quantifying how interactions of the carbon and nitrogen cycle affect future terrestrial carbon sinks. Dynamic vegetation models, representing the nitrogen cycle with varying degree of complexity, have shown diverging constraints of nitrogen dynamics on future carbon sequestration. In this study, we use LPJ-GUESS, a dynamic vegetation model employing a detailed individual- and patch-based representation of vegetation dynamics, to evaluate how population dynamics and resource competition between plant functional types, combined with nitrogen dynamics, have influenced the terrestrial carbon storage in the past and to investigate how terrestrial carbon and nitrogen dynamics might change in the future (1850 to 2100; one representative "business-as-usual" climate scenario). Single-factor model experiments of CO2 fertilisation and climate change show generally similar directions of the responses of C–N interactions, compared to the C-only version of the model as documented in previous studies using other global models. Under an RCP 8.5 scenario, nitrogen limitation suppresses potential CO2 fertilisation, reducing the cumulative net ecosystem carbon uptake between 1850 and 2100 by 61%, and soil warming-induced increase in nitrogen mineralisation reduces terrestrial carbon loss by 31%. When environmental changes are considered conjointly, carbon sequestration is limited by nitrogen dynamics up to the present. However, during the 21st century, nitrogen dynamics induce a net increase in carbon sequestration, resulting in an overall larger carbon uptake of 17% over the full period. This contrasts with previous results with other global models that have shown an 8 to 37% decrease in carbon uptake relative to modern baseline conditions. Implications for the plausibility of earlier projections of future terrestrial C dynamics based on C-only models are discussed.
Functioning conditions of the Casale pumping station in Mantova, Italy
Authors: Capponi C. , Ferrante M. , Pedroni M. , Brunone B. , Meniconi S. , Zaghini M. , Leoni F.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Pump speed, input power, pressure and discharge data are analyzed for evaluating functioning conditions of Casale pumping station in Mantova, Italy, managed by TeaAcque. A model based on the affinity laws is used to simulate the behavior of the installed variable speed pumps. Quadratic and cubic polynomial curves are used to fit the pump data given by the affinity laws. Such curves allow predicting the efficiency when the functioning conditions change. The relationship between the rotation speed and the efficiency is also derived.
Integrated seismic risk analysis using simple weighting method: the case of residential Eskişehir, Turkey
Authors: Pekkan E. , Tun M. , Guney Y.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. A large part of the residential areas in Turkey are at risk for earthquakes. The main factors that threaten residential areas during an earthquake are poor quality building stock and soil problems. Liquefaction, loss of bearing capacity, amplification, slope failure, and landslide risks must be taken into account for residential areas that are close to the fault zones and covered with younger sediments. If these risks were separately analyzed and these analyses were combined, this would be more realistic than analyzing several hazard maps based a single parameter. In this study, an integrated seismic hazard map of central Eskişehir was created based on two earthquake related parameters, liquefaction, and amplification, by using a simple weighting method. Other earthquake-related problems such as loss of bearing capacity, landslides, and slope failures are not significant for Eskişehir because of the geologic and the topographic conditions of the region. According to the integrated seismic hazard map of the Eskişehir residential area, the area is found to be generally at medium-high risk during a potential earthquake.
Energy Sector Innovation and Growth: An Optimal Energy Crisis
Authors: Hartley Peter , Medlock Kenneth B. , Temzelides Ted , Zhang Xinya
Published: November 2014

We study the optimal transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy in a neoclassical growth economy with endogenous technological progress in energy production. Innovations keep fossil energy costs under control even as increased exploitation raises mining costs. Nevertheless, the economy transitions to renewable energy after about 80% of available fossil fuels are exploited. The energy shadow price remains more than double current values for over 75 years around the switch time. Consumption and output growth decline sharply during the transition period, which we thus identify as an “energy crisis.” The model highlights the important role energy can play in influencing economic growth.
Przestrzenno-dynamiczne zróżnicowanie roślinności dolin w krajobrazie młodoglacjalnym na przykładzie Pojezierza Kaszubskiego [Spatial and dynamical diversity of the vegetation in valleys in a young-glacial landscape exemplified by the Kashubian Lakeland (northern Poland)]
Authors: Herbich Jacek
Published: November 2014

Yarious geobotanical, photointerpretative, cartographical and pedological methods were used to study the vegetation and the habitat conditions under which it occurred in the valleys of a representative fragment of a young-glacial landscape. The author determined changes in the real and potential natural vegetation in lake depressions during their transformations into river valleys and then during the development of the latter. A geobotanical description has been worked out for various valley types (subglacial channels, river valleys, gullies and denudation-caused valleys) in a young-glacial landscape, taking into account the origin of the latter. The role has been established of denudation and erosion processes and their intensity as habitat-forming factors in the formation of contemporary vegetation of valleys. Relationships were determined between the vegetation and the age of slopes and soils, measured in absolute years, and then the resultant changes in the natural forest vegetation. A relationship has been revealed between the distribution of oak-hornbeam forests and beech forests in lowlands, and erosion and denudation processes, and habitat age. Relationships were determined between the vegetation and slope microrelief during its development, and the differentiation-causing effect of the direction of slope on the vegetation. The historical real vegetation of the period preceding the current wave of anthropopressure has been reconstructed and contemporary changes in valley vegetation have been interpreted. More information has been gained on the role of the direction of sloping as a community-forming factor. The vegetation was analysed from the viewpoint of its bioindicative potential.
A unifying approach to the clinical diagnosis of melanoma including “D” for “Dark” in the ABCDE criteria
Authors: Goldsmith Stuart M.
Published: November 2014

Current clinical approaches to melanoma diagnosis have not been associated with a decrease in mortality from this cancer. The components of the new approach presented are, first, a screening examination to look for any lesion that stands out because of being dark, different, or changing; second, when a single lesion is recognized to be of concern for any reason, that lesion is then evaluated in more detail utilizing the ABCDE criteria, with the “D” signifying “Dark” and not “6 mm Diameter” in this mnemonic; and, third, additional discussion of the “ugly duckling” sign and of the recognition of nodular melanomas. Since the Georgia Society of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery was the first state or national society to endorse this approach, I refer to it as the Georgia approach.
A turbidity data verification project in Washington
Authors: Deem Steve , Feagin Nancy
Published: November 2014

Interacting with operators on site has proved a valuable way to assess turbidity data collection practices and identify areas for training and process changes to optimize plant operations and filter performance.
Twenty years of the Utah Water Quality Alliance
Authors: Nieminski Eva , Chaudhuri Sanwat , Paxman Scott W. , Reynolds Florence , Terry Shazelle , Wheeler Claudia , Yates Gerard
Published: November 2014

This article provides a history of the Utah Water Quality Alliance, a 20‐year‐old group whose successes can be used as an example of how utilities can engage with one another and with state agencies in a proactive approach to improve public health protection.
Thoughts From the Hot Seat
Authors: Bernosky Joseph
Published: November 2014

When Journal AWWA editor‐in‐chief Mike McGuire (and incidentally, my former boss) contacted me about writing a column for the Journal he asked, “As a water utility manager, what keeps you awake at night?” My mind immediately spun up like a natural gas‐fired turbine on a hot summer afternoon. What doesn't keep me and thousands of other water utility superintendents, directors, and general managers awake at night? Whether your utility serves 5,000 or 500,000 customers, there is nearly an endless list of challenges facing you and the rest of us on an almost daily basis ‐ all of them covered in the pages of the journal you're currently holding in your hands (or, for the technically sophisticated among you, reading on your computer or tablet screen).
Growth Traits of Anatolian and Anatolian x Italian Crossbred Buffalo Calves Under the Village Conditions
Authors: Sekerden Özel
Published: November 2014

The study was carried out to compare growth performances of Anatolian and crossbred (Anatolian x Italian) buffalo calves (53 F1, 66 Anatolian, 26 F1xAnatolian) raised at Ilıkpınar Village of Kırıkhan District of Hatay Province. Body measurements were determined in the period of 0-12 months of age. The effects of genotype, sex, birth year effects on each characteristic in each age were investigated using GLM variance analysis. The means of each characteristic in each age for each genotype were calculated. Duncan test was used in comparison of the averages of each characteristic SPSS program was used in the statistical procedures. Genotype created significant variation in live weight at 1 and 6 months of ages respectively and on almost every body measurement almost in every age. Genotype* birth weight, genotype*sex, and genotype*birth year* sex interactions were found statistically significant in the point of view of various characteristics in various ages. Factors had significant effects on various characteristics in various ages. It can be said that, F1 growth was the most speedly and Anatolian buffaloes stayed behind of the other genotypes from the point of view of all the traits.
The influence of salinity on tropical Atlantic instability waves
Authors: Lee Tong , Lagerloef Gary , Kao Hsun‐Ying , McPhaden Michael J. , Willis Joshua , Gierach Michelle M.
Published: November 2014

Sea surface salinity (SSS) data derived from the Aquarius/SAC‐D satellite mission are analyzed along with other satellite and in situ data to assess Aquarius' capability to detect tropical instability waves (TIWs) and eddies in the tropical Atlantic Ocean and to investigate the influence that SSS has on the variability. Aquarius data show that the magnitude of SSS anomalies associated with the Atlantic TIWs is ±0.25 practical salinity unit, which is weaker than those in the Pacific by 50%. In the central equatorial Atlantic, SSS contribution to the mean meridional density gradient is similar to sea surface temperature (SST) contribution. Consequently, SSS is important to TIW‐related surface density anomalies and perturbation potential energy (PPE). In this region, SSS influences surface PPE significantly through the direct effect and the indirect effect associated with SSS‐SST covariability. Ignoring SSS effects would underestimate TIW‐related PPE by approximately three times in the surface layer. SSS also regulates the seasonality of the TIWs. The boreal‐spring peak of the PPE due to SSS leads that due to SST by about one month. Therefore, SSS not only affects the spatial structure, but the seasonal variability of the TIWs in the equatorial Atlantic. In the northeast Atlantic near the Amazon outflow and the North Brazil Current retroflection region and in the southeast Atlantic near the Congo River outflow, SSS accounts for 80–90% of the contribution to mean meridional density gradient. Not accounting for SSS effect would underestimate surface PPE in these regions by a factor of 10 and 4, respectively.
Long‐lived mesoscale eddies in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Analysis of 20 years of AVISO geostrophic velocities
Authors: Mkhinini Nadia , Coimbra Andre Louis Santi , Stegner Alexandre , Arsouze Thomas , Taupier‐Letage Isabelle , Béranger Karine
Published: November 2014

We analyzed 20 years of AVISO data set to detect and characterize long‐lived eddies, which stay coherent more than 6 months, in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. In order to process the coarse gridded (
) AVISO geostrophic velocity fields, we optimized a geometrical eddy detection algorithm. Our main contribution was to implement a new procedure based on the computation of the Local and Normalized Angular Momentum (LNAM) to identify the positions of the eddy centers and to follow their Lagrangian trajectories. We verify on two mesoscale anticyclones, sampled during the EGYPT campaign in 2006, that our methodology provides a correct estimation of the eddy centers and their characteristic radius corresponding to the maximal tangential velocity. Our analysis reveals the dominance of anticyclones among the long‐lived eddies. This cyclone‐anticyclone asymmetry appears to be much more pronounced in eastern Mediterranean Sea than in the global ocean. Then we focus our study on the formation areas of long‐lived eddies. We confirm that the generations of the Ierapetra and the Pelops anticyclones are recurrent and correlated to the Etesian wind forcing. We also provide some evidence that the smaller cyclonic eddies formed at the southwest of Crete may also be induced by the same wind forcing. On the other hand, the generation of long‐lived eddies along the Libyo‐Egyptian coast are not correlated to the local wind‐stress curl but surprisingly, their initial formation points follow the Herodotus Trough bathymetry. Moreover, we identify a new formation area, not discussed before, along the curved shelf off Benghazi.
Intraseasonal variability of the subthermocline current east of Mindanao
Authors: Wang Qingye , Zhai Fangguo , Wang Fujun , Hu Dunxin
Published: November 2014

The intraseasonal variability (ISV) of the subthermocline current east of Mindanao was characterized and shown to be caused by the activity of subthermocline eddies using mooring observations at 8°N, 127.03°E and a high‐resolution numerical model. The ISV of the observed current east of Mindanao is vertically coherent in the upper 940 m but is significantly intensified below the thermocline. The ISV amplitude (8 cm s−1) of zonal subthermocline current is comparable with that (11 cm s−1) of the meridional current, revealing the nature of active eddies. The ISV of the subthermocline current was caused by the subthermocline eddies from three different pathways. The subthermocline eddies propagating along approximately 10°N–11°N contributed more to the ISV of the subthermocline current east of Mindanao than did those eddies propagating westward along 8°N or northwestward from the New Guinea coast. Subthermocline eddies mainly exist south of the bifurcation latitude of the North Equatorial Current in the western tropical Pacific, and their generation and propagation mechanisms are briefly discussed.
Subsecond pore‐scale displacement processes and relaxation dynamics in multiphase flow
Authors: Armstrong Ryan T. , Ott Holger , Georgiadis Apostolos , Rücker Maja , Schwing Alex , Berg Steffen
Published: November 2014

With recent advances at X‐ray microcomputed tomography (μCT) synchrotron beam lines, it is now possible to study pore‐scale flow in porous rock under dynamic flow conditions. The collection of four‐dimensional data allows for the direct 3‐D visualization of fluid‐fluid displacement in porous rock as a function of time. However, even state‐of‐the‐art fast‐μCT scans require between one and a few seconds to complete and the much faster fluid movement occurring during that time interval is manifested as imaging artifacts in the reconstructed 3‐D volume. We present an approach to analyze the 2‐D radiograph data collected during fast‐μCT to study the pore‐scale displacement dynamics on the time scale of 40 ms which is near the intrinsic time scale of individual Haines jumps. We present a methodology to identify the time intervals at which pore‐scale displacement events in the observed field of view occur and hence, how reconstruction intervals can be chosen to avoid fluid‐movement‐induced reconstruction artifacts. We further quantify the size, order, frequency, and location of fluid‐fluid displacement at the millisecond time scale. We observe that after a displacement event, the pore‐scale fluid distribution relaxes to (quasi‐) equilibrium in cascades of pore‐scale fluid rearrangements with an average relaxation time for the whole cascade between 0.5 and 2.0 s. These findings help to identify the flow regimes and intrinsic time and length scales relevant to fractional flow. While the focus of the work is in the context of multiphase flow, the approach could be applied to many different μCT applications where morphological changes occur at a time scale less than that required for collecting a μCT scan.
Modeling and mitigating natural hazards: Stationarity is immortal!
Authors: Montanari Alberto , Koutsoyiannis Demetris
Published: November 2014

Environmental change is a reason of relevant concern as it is occurring at an unprecedented pace and might increase natural hazards. Moreover, it is deemed to imply a reduced representativity of past experience and data on extreme hydroclimatic events. The latter concern has been epitomized by the statement that “stationarity is dead.” Setting up policies for mitigating natural hazards, including those triggered by floods and droughts, is an urgent priority in many countries, which implies practical activities of management, engineering design, and construction. These latter necessarily need to be properly informed, and therefore, the research question on the value of past data is extremely important. We herein argue that there are mechanisms in hydrological systems that are time invariant, which may need to be interpreted through data inference. In particular, hydrological predictions are based on assumptions which should include stationarity. In fact, any hydrological model, including deterministic and nonstationary approaches, is affected by uncertainty and therefore should include a random component that is stationary. Given that an unnecessary resort to nonstationarity may imply a reduction of predictive capabilities, a pragmatic approach, based on the exploitation of past experience and data is a necessary prerequisite for setting up mitigation policies for environmental risk.
The daily mean zero‐flux plane during soil‐controlled evaporation: A Green's function approach
Authors: Brutsaert Wilfried
Published: November 2014

A solution is presented of the linearized Richards equation with inclusion of gravity and with appropriate boundary conditions describing the combined soil‐controlled surface evaporation and the downward infiltration, following the application of a given amount of precipitation or irrigation. This solution is shown to agree with available field measurements, namely the evolution with time of the zero‐flux plane depth and of the rate of soil‐controlled evaporation from the bare soil surface. The problem is solved by means of the Green's function method; the result is general enough to be also applicable to flow problems in linear soils with boundary conditions substantially different from the ones considered herein.
Stufenweise halogenidgesteuerte Doppel‐ und Dreifach‐Catenierung von selbstorganisierten Koordinationskäfigen
Authors: Zhu Rongmei , Lübben Jens , Dittrich Birger , Clever Guido H.
Published: November 2014

Ein einfacher selbstorganisierter [Pd2L4]‐Koordinationskäfig bestehend aus vier Carbazol‐basierten Liganden dimerisiert nach Zugabe von 1.5 Äquivalenten eines Halogenidions (X=Cl−, Br−) zu einem verflochtenen Doppelkäfig [3 X@Pd4L8]. Die Halogenidionen agieren als Template, eingelagert in den drei Taschen der verschlungenen Käfigstruktur und umgeben von vier PdII Kationen. Zugabe höherer Mengen desselben Halogenidions bewirkt eine weitere strukturelle Umwandlung, die in einer dreifach verschlungenen Verbindung resultiert. Letztere enthält trans‐koordinierte PdII‐Zentren, die von zwei Pyridin‐Donor‐ und zwei Halogenidliganden umgeben sind. Dieses einfache System zeigt eindrucksvoll, wie molekulare Komplexität aus der graduellen Änderung der relativen Konzentrationen einer geringen Zahl an Reaktionspartnern erwachsen kann, insbesondere, wenn diese unterschiedliche strukturelle Rollen einnehmen können.
Die katalytische asymmetrische Abramov‐Reaktion
Authors: Guin Joyram , Wang Qinggang , van Gemmeren Manuel , List Benjamin
Published: November 2014

Die erste katalytische enantioselektive Abramov‐Reaktion wird beschrieben. Der Prozess beruht auf der Verwendung chiraler Disulfonimide, welche die mit metallbasierten Katalysatoren verbundenen Schwierigkeiten umgehen. Diverse funktionalisierte α‐Hydroxyphosphonate wurden mit guten Ausbeuten und ausgezeichneten Enantiomerenverhältnissen von bis zu >99:1 synthetisiert. Der Prozess ist skalierbar, und bis zu 1 g Substrat konnte unter milden Bedingungen eingesetzt werden.
Spherical Nucleic Acid Nanoparticle Conjugates Enhance G‐Quadruplex Formation and Increase Serum Protein Interactions
Authors: Chinen Alyssa B. , Guan Chenxia M. , Mirkin Chad A.
Published: November 2014

To understand the effect of three‐dimensional oligonucleotide structure on protein corona formation, we studied the identity and quantity of human serum proteins that bind to spherical nucleic acid (SNA) nanoparticle conjugates. SNAs exhibit cellular uptake properties that are remarkably different from those of linear nucleic acids, which have been related to their interaction with certain classes of proteins. Through a proteomic analysis, this work shows that the protein binding properties of SNAs are sequence‐specific and supports the conclusion that the oligonucleotide tertiary structure can significantly alter the chemical composition of the SNA protein corona. This knowledge will impact our understanding of how nucleic acid‐based nanostructures, and SNAs in particular, function in complex biological milieu.
Decomposition mechanisms of cured epoxy resins in near‐critical water
Authors: Gong Xianyun , Liu Yuyan , Wu Songquan , Ding Daowei , Wei Huige , Guo Zhanhu
Published: November 2014

A reaction mechanism based on the near‐critical water homolysis of bonds in the cured epoxy followed by the saturation of the resulting radicals by hydrogen abstraction from the donor was discussed. The compounds evolved during degradation were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometer. The materials prepared possess the characteristics of thermosets, due to the presence of ether groups in the polymer chains, which were broken at the beginning of degradation. The degradability increased when the reaction time and reaction temperature increased. Based on the experimental results, a probable macroscopic mechanism was proposed. The near‐critical water degradation mechanisms of polymers consist of three categories: random scission, unzipping, and side group elimination, which simultaneously occurs in the reactor. The first random scission of links caused a molecular weight reduction of the raw polymer, the second side‐group elimination caused the generation of the volatile product, and the last unzipping produced either fragmentation to smaller oligomeric units or unzipping all the way to monomers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41648.
Innovation in communications about marine protection
Authors: Day Andrew , Laffoley Dan , Davis John , Jeffrey Andy , Musard Olivier , Vick Charlotte
Published: November 2014

Most of the people working in the field of marine protection share a common goal: that decision‐makers, stakeholders, and the public should see marine protection as a priority and dedicate a portion of their attention and resources to it, making decisions and taking actions that reflect the value of marine protection to ecological and human well‐being.

If this goal is to be achieved, the field of marine protection needs to embrace the field of communication in a more concerted manner.

This paper outlines some of the latest trends, principles and issues relevant to communication in marine protection and illustrates these with a range of examples. Some of the key themes emerging from this review are discussed.

A number of strategies for strengthening the role of communications are discussed, including means for those involved in marine protection communications to connect with each other, increased testing and sharing of examples, the use of grounded theory methods to continuously define lessons and principles, and ways to increase coordination between marine protection organizations.

It is the intention that this paper will mark the beginning of a stronger cross‐disciplinary field of study, and that such a field will in turn advance marine protection locally and globally.

Readers can contribute to this goal and emerging field by connecting with each other around strategies, ideas and examples.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When is a marine protected area network ecologically coherent? A case study from the North‐east Atlantic
Authors: Johnson David , Ardron Jeff , Billett David , Hooper Tom , Mullier Tom , Chaniotis Peter , Ponge Benjamin , Corcoran Emily
Published: November 2014

Creating representative networks of marine protected areas (MPAs) as part of an ecosystem‐based management approach is generally advocated to protect the full spectrum of marine ecosystems and vulnerable species. Core objectives for designing MPA networks incorporate issues of scale, size and spacing. Ascertaining when such objectives have been met, and thus when a network can be judged to be ecologically coherent, presents an ongoing challenge. This paper presents a broad‐scale approach to assess the degree of ecological coherence within one such network.

In 2013 an independent ecological coherence assessment was requested by OSPAR, the Regional Seas Convention for the North‐east Atlantic, of the ecological coherence of its regional MPA network. As is often the case in the marine environment, the data were not sufficiently comprehensive or spatially inclusive to allow for a thorough assessment for the entire region. Consequently two levels of testing were applied: (1) basic tests applied to the whole OSPAR maritime area; and (2) a more sophisticated second level of tests directed at specific OSPAR regions and subregions for which more complete datasets were available. The former considered major gaps based on basic distribution thresholds and representativity (both biogeographic and bathymetric). The latter focused on broad‐scale habitat presence to determine replication, adequacy and connectivity.

On the basis of these tests it was concluded that while the OSPAR MPA network as a whole is not ecologically coherent, nonetheless significant progress towards global targets, such as protection of 10% of marine and coastal environments under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) has been made. Gaps in the distribution of MPAs were identified, particularly under‐representation of certain biogeographic provinces and bathymetric zones of depths greater than 75 m including bathyal (200–3000 m) and abyssal (3000–6000 m) depths.

To address such gaps, a cooperative region by region approach will be required by the OSPAR Parties to identify where positioning new MPAs can enhance ecological coherence.

A limitation of the 2013 assessment was that it did not consider which MPAs are designated and managed for the protection of specific features; rather, it assumed that all features that fall within an MPA are protected. With a redevelopment of the OSPAR MPA database underway it is hoped that reporting of such details by Parties will improve, allowing for more specificity in future analyses. However, as the first such assessment of its kind our two‐level approach serves as a case study of a pragmatic example of how assessments of ecologically coherent networks might be undertaken using GIS to contribute to systematic conservation planning.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Marine World Heritage: creating a globally more balanced and representative list
Authors: Abdulla Ameer , Obura David , Bertzky Bastian , Shi Yichuan
Published: November 2014

The World Heritage Convention provides the potential for a comprehensive policy framework that allows for identification, management, governance, and protection of the world ́s most outstanding natural marine areas.

Benefits of World Heritage (WH) listing include increased international attention and technical cooperation, governmental support and improvements to management, and enhanced funding opportunities.

There are currently only 46 (of 981 or 4.7%) World Heritage Sites (WHS) that have been inscribed for their outstanding marine values, and these marine WHS (mWHS) represent predominantly tropical as opposed to temperate and polar ecosystems.

Forty‐seven (76%) of the world's 62 nearshore biogeographic provinces do not contain any mWHS or contain a low (<1%) coverage that is unlikely to capture the full range of values and features present in these provinces. A large proportion of the world's offshore provinces, representing 40% of the global ocean, do not contain any mWHS.

To fulfill the World Heritage Committee's Global Strategy for a Representative, Balanced and Credible World Heritage List, States are encouraged to increase efforts to identify and nominate marine sites of potential Outstanding Universal Value (OUV), especially in biogeographic regions that are not yet represented, or underrepresented, on the WH List.

However, as the criteria and guidance for the Convention are based primarily on terrestrial systems, further guidance on using them in the marine context is provided here. It is proposed that physical oceanographic features be considered under criterion (viii) ‘geology and oceanography’, while biological oceanographic features be considered under criterion (ix) ‘ecological and biological processes’. Use of criteria (vii) ‘superlative phenomena’ and (x) ‘species’ can follow current guidance for terrestrial systems.

Potential approaches that can help address gaps in biogeographic representation of marine WHS and create a more balanced and representative marine World Heritage List are outlined here.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetal Growth and Preterm Birth in Children Exposed to Maternal or Paternal Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Rom Ane L. , Wu Chun S. , Olsen Jørn , Kjærgaard Hanne , Jawaheer Damini , Hetland Merete L. , Vestergaard Mogens , Mørch Lina S.
Published: November 2014

Objective

To assess indicators of fetal growth and risk of preterm birth in children of parents with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

Through linkage of Danish national registries, we identified all children born in Denmark between 1977 and 2008. We used general linear regression models to estimate mean differences in indicators of fetal growth among children with a parent with RA compared to unexposed children. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of preterm birth were calculated using a logistic regression model.

Results

Of the 1,917,723 children included, a total of 13,556 children were exposed to maternal RA or maternal preclinical RA. Children exposed to maternal RA (n = 2,101) had approximately similar length, head circumference, and abdominal circumference at birth compared with children of mothers without RA. Birth weight was 87 gm lower (mean difference −87.04 gm [95% CI −111.23, −62.84]) and placenta weight was 14 gm lower (−13.45 gm [95% CI −21.46, −5.43]) than those in children of mothers without RA. Rather similar results were found in children exposed to maternal preclinical RA (n = 11,455). Compared with unexposed children, a higher risk of preterm birth was found in children exposed to maternal RA (OR 1.48 [95% CI 1.20, 1.84]) and preclinical RA (OR 1.32 [95% CI 1.07, 1.64]). No associations were found with paternal RA.

Conclusion

Children exposed to either maternal RA or maternal preclinical RA are more often born preterm. However, indicators of fetal growth measured at birth were only slightly lower than those in unexposed children.
Multiple dimensions of epigenetic gene regulation in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Ay Ferhat , Bunnik Evelien M. , Varoquaux Nelle , Vert Jean‐Philippe , Noble William Stafford , Le Roch Karine G.
Published: November 2014

Plasmodium falciparum is the most deadly human malarial parasite, responsible for an estimated 207 million cases of disease and 627,000 deaths in 2012. Recent studies reveal that the parasite actively regulates a large fraction of its genes throughout its replicative cycle inside human red blood cells and that epigenetics plays an important role in this precise gene regulation. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of three aspects of epigenetic regulation in P. falciparum: changes in histone modifications, nucleosome occupancy and the three‐dimensional genome structure. We compare these three aspects of the P. falciparum epigenome to those of other eukaryotes, and show that large‐scale compartmentalization is particularly important in determining histone decomposition and gene regulation in P. falciparum. We conclude by presenting a gene regulation model for P. falciparum that combines the described epigenetic factors, and by discussing the implications of this model for the future of malaria research.
Exploring Parent–Child Discussions of Crime and their Influence on Children's Memory
Authors: Warren Kelly L. , Peterson Carole
Published: November 2014

When children witness or experience criminal events, the first people they go to are generally parents. Typically, no one else is privy to these conversations, and consequently little is known about their specific content. Research has shown that children can be quite accurate witnesses at times. However, they can also incorporate information from misleading and suggestive questions into their recall, and once their event memory has been changed, children may be unable to provide accurate reports. It is important then to assess parent–child discussions about crime. In the present study, 7‐ to 10‐year‐old children watched a video of a theft and talked about it with a parent immediately afterwards, and half had a second immediate interview with a researcher. All were interviewed by a different interviewer 1 week later. Results showed that: parents relied on direct and yes/no questions; children made errors of commission in response to questions; some parents asked leading or misleading questions; children incorporated all correct information from leading questions and nearly 40% of incorrect information from misleading questions; children provided additional information when interviewed by an interviewer 1 week later; and children remained relatively accurate in their descriptions but some were more accurate with parents than with an interviewer 1 week later. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.