bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photography and Bildung in The Magic Mountain
Authors: Downing Eric
Published: November 2023

In this chapter , I want to piece together an argument for how The Magic Mountain is a Bildungsroman and is not one, and is rather an Entwicklung-sroman, that is, a novel of development; and I want to try to account for these distinctions in terms of the insinuation of photography into the thematic space traditionally occupied by painting within the Bildungsroman genre. How, I want to ask, does the introduction of the discursive or metaphorical regime of the photograph fundamentally alter the project of Bildung, including the characteristic engagement of Bilder (pictures) in its program? On his fi rst evening at the Berghof sanatorium, after dining in the restaurant with his cousin, Joachim, Hans Castorp is introduced to Edhin Krokowski.
What Are Stem Cells? How Do They Function? What Might They Do?
Authors: Cohen Cynthia B
Published: November 2023

The prospect of human stem cell research has emerged as a frontier scientific and bioethical issue. Ever since investigators reported that they had succeeded in isolating and culturing human embryonic stem cells in 1998, research into these cells has attracted immense scientific and public interest. This newfound ability to grow human stem cells has opened the door to the generation of brand new cells and tissues that might be used to treat those with such serious diseases as Parkinson’s, heart disease, and diabetes. Moreover, it has improved our prospects for understanding the pro- cesses of early human development and offers a novel way of testing drugs for their safety and effectiveness without involving human subjects. Given the immense promise of stem cell research, it is important to understand just what stem cells are, where they come from, and what they might do before we go on to explore several major ethical and public policy issues that their application to human beings raises.
Working with Attorneys
Authors: Shuy Roger W
Published: November 2023

Communication is a big issue, especially when there is a long distance between the linguist and the lawyer. Most attorneys are busy with their own work on cases, and once they’ve asked you to analyze their data, many of them tend to be hard to reach. Face-to-face meetings are always best, if you can get their attention long enough to explain your analysis. This is true mostly in criminal cases but sometimes also in civil cases, mostly because civil cases have a deeper pocket and usually have a longer time period for preparation. A lot depends on the amount of time between when you are hired and when the trial is scheduled to start.
Using Your Experience to Write Articles or Books
Authors: Shuy Roger W
Published: November 2023

I have pointed out that experts need to have publications that support their linguistic expertise in their field. Once you’ve used linguistics to help with law cases, it can be useful to transform your experiences to articles or books. Expertise in linguistics will make you acceptable as an expert witness, and experience in actual law cases will open the door of acceptability even wider. An opposing attorney would have great difficulty complaining that you have no experience in the legal arena and therefore that you don’t belong in a trial. Even a few cases that you can cite will usually make such a complaint difficult. And when you can cite articles or books that you’ve published relating linguistics to law cases, objections to your expertise are even more difficult to make.
Using Your Experience to Teach Courses
Authors: Shuy Roger W
Published: November 2023

As mentioned earlier, there seems to be a growing tendency to teach college courses in various aspects of forensic linguistics. Although this may have certain benefits, I consider the major advantages for teaching to be the rich examples that law cases can provide to core linguistics courses, such as phonetics, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, speech acts, discourse analysis, sociolinguistics, lexicography, and language assessment. The examples taken from real-life contexts can stimulate student interest in ways that conventional made-up sentences often cannot. Data about the reality of bribes, solicitation to murder, confession statements, and other criminal case data can generate considerable excitement among today’s students, who have been brought up on television programs that regularly deal with solving crimes. Civil case topics of discrimination by age, gender, race, and employment; contract disputes; hazard statements on products; deceptive trade practices; and copyright disputes can provide stimulating revelations about how language works in the real world of commerce.
Introduction to the T-Box Genes and Their Roles in Developmental Signaling Pathways
Authors: Papaioannou Virginia E , Goldin Sarah N
Published: November 2023

The history of the T-box gene family began with the 1927 discovery of a semidominant mutation in mice, named Brachyury (short tail), or simply T, for tail. The mutation affects both embryonic viability in homozygotes and tail development in heterozygotes (DobrovolskaaZavadskaa, 1927). In the following decades, the embryological defects caused by the T mutation were exhaustively studied. In 1990, the T gene was cloned (Herrmann et al., 1990). At the same time, the Drosophila melanogaster optomotor-blind (omb) mutant, characterized by the absence of giant neurons in the lobular plate of the optic lobe, was being investigated. Upon cloning the omb gene, it was recognized that omb and T share a domain of homology and that this domain possesses a general DNA-binding af)nity (PPugfelder et al., 1992). Subsequently, the omb-homologous domain of T was shown to bind speci)cally to DNA, and its preferred in vitro target sequence was identi)ed (Kispert and Herrmann, 1993). Then, in 1995, it was shown that T encodes a transcription factor capable of regulating expression of a reporter through the identi)ed target sequence (Kispert, 1995). On the basis of the limited number of DNA-binding motifs and the observation that gene families are the norm for transcription factors, it seemed likely that T and omb represented just two members of a larger gene family. This prediction was borne out by Bollag et al. (1994), who demonstrated the existence of a family of T-related genes in the mouse genome, which was christened the T-box gene family after the region of homology that encodes most of the DNA-binding domain. Thus, the de)ning feature of the family is a conserved sequence encoding a polypeptide domain that extends across a region of 180–200 amino acid residues and is called the T-box domain or T domain (Kispert and Herrmann, 1993; Bollag et al., 1994).
Domestic Life and Literary Pursuits
Authors: Hayes Kevin J
Published: November 2023

Upon learning of the fire at Shadwell, Jefferson’s friends were quick to respond with sympathy and offers of help. Secretary of Virginia Thomas Nelson, for one, expressed his concern and offered to lend books from his personal library. His son, Thomas Nelson, Jr., upon receiving a letter from Jefferson listing several necessary books, forwarded the request to his bookseller. George Wythe sent some publishers’ catalogues and, regardless of the fire, some agricultural specimens: grapevines plus nectarine and apricot grafts. Though coincidence might seem the only connection between the grafts and the book catalogues, they functioned similarly. Just as a graft can improve the quality of fruit a tree bears, books can give readers new ideas to splice onto their existing knowledge.
Rude Bard of the North
Authors: Hayes Kevin J
Published: November 2023

Among the literary works Jefferson read for pleasure, few pleased him more than those James Macpherson assembled as the poems of Ossian, the legendary third-century Gaelic warrior-poet. Writing before the authenticity of these works came under close scrutiny, Jefferson praised Macpherson “for the collection, arrangement and elegant translation, of Ossian’s poems.” Fragments of Ancient Poetry, Collected in the Highlands of Scotland, and Translated from the Galic or Erse Language, Macpherson’s first Ossianic publication, appeared in 1760. The enthusiasm that greeted this work prompted Macpherson to research the traditional poetry of the Scottish Highlands further and to publish two additional titles, both ostensibly ancient Gaelic verse rendered into English prose. Fingal, An Ancient Epic, in Six Books, which also contained a number of shorter works attributed to Ossian, appeared in 1762. Temora, another Ossianic epic, appeared the following year.
The Book Culture of Philadelphia and Williamsburg, Contrasted
Authors: Hayes Kevin J
Published: November 2023

Living in Philadelphia while serving as a delegate to the Continental Congress, Jefferson immersed himself in the city’s literary culture. His Congressional colleagues included many of the finest readers and writers in America. Jefferson expanded his circle of acquaintances to include local booksellers and publishers, too. Seldom did he let a week go by without visiting one Philadelphia bookshop or another and making substantial purchases. His July 1776 accounts, combined with other surviving evidence, show him buying some pamphlets on the sixth and some more on the twelfth. He purchased a book on the fifteenth, a pamphlet on the twenty-sixth, more pamphlets on the twenty-ninth, and yet another pamphlet on the thirtieth. His accounts remain silent as to the titles of the books and pamphlets he purchased and the names of the booksellers he patronized, but other evidence can help identify some of the works Jefferson acquired and some of the shops he visited during his time in Philadelphia. He appears to have been best acquainted with three particular booksellers: Robert Bell, Robert Aitken, and John Dunlap. All exerted an influence on him that summer and would remain important contacts in the years to come.
Bookman in Paris
Authors: Hayes Kevin J
Published: November 2023

Boston harbor was cloaked in darkness as the Ceres left its mooring shortly before sunrise in early July 1784. The new minister plenipotentiary, his eleven-year-old daughter, and their coachman were snugly aboard, with their considerable baggage stored in its hold. Having driven his phaeton all the way from Monticello, Jefferson was not about to leave it behind. He had it carefully disassembled, crated, and brought aboard as part of his personal luggage. He planned to uncrate it in Le Havre de Grace and make his way to Paris at its reins. Like so many Americans after him, Jefferson was particular about his mode of travel and preferred having his own set of wheels wherever he went.
The President as Patron of Literature
Authors: Hayes Kevin J
Published: November 2023

In September 1807, Thomas Jefferson was at Monticello enjoying the end of his summer vacation before returning to Washington. The successful return of Lewis and Clark the previous year had marked the high point of his second term as president. Since then, he had experienced several difficulties, punctuated by an event that threatened an international crisis. On June 22, the H.M.S. Leopard, aggressively searching for deserters from the British navy, had fired on the Chesapeake, an American frigate, killing three sailors and wounding several others. Tensions between Great Britain and the United States had escalated through the summer. Many Americans clamored for war, and the situation remained unresolved. Jefferson would face some tough decisions upon his return to Washington.
The Role of Spirituality
Authors: Kreitzer Mary Jo , Dose Ann Marie
Published: November 2023

Spirituality: Spirituality has been defined in a multitude of ways and is generally understood to be related to but distinct from religiosity. In the broadest sense, spirituality is focused on purpose, meaning and connectedness with self, others and a higher power. Spirituality is recognized as an integral part of being human that is interconnected with health and well-being. Spiritual Assessment: A spiritual assessment or screening can be conducted by a physician, nurse, spiritual care provider, or other health professional as a routine part of providing care. It is common for screening questions to be incorporated into standard health history interviews and forms.
Snopes And Beyond: The Hamlet
Authors: Porter Carolyn
Published: November 2023

After Completing The Wild Palms But Before Beginning Go Down, Moses, Faulkner returned to material he had been developing from the outset of his career as a novelist-the tales of Snopeses. Headed by Flem, a sinister and sociopathic entrepreneur who rises from dirt farmer to bank president in the course of the three novels devoted to the family, the Snopeses are more a tribe than a family. They spread their prolific offspring across the county steadily as Flem brings in one cousin and then another to work at the enterprises he just as steadily takes over, from the store, the schoolhouse, and the blacksmith shop in Frenchman’s Bend to the restaurant and finally the bank in Jefferson.
Why Physicians Get It Wrong and the Alternatives to Consent: Patient Choice and Deep Value Pairing
Authors: Veatch Robert M
Published: November 2023

It should now be clear why it makes no sense to continue to rely on consent as the mode of transaction between professionals and their clients. In order for a physician to estimate which treatment best serves the patient’s interest, he or she first would have to develop a definitive theory of the relationship among various medical goods and pick the course that best serves the patient’s medical good. Next, the clinician would have to estimate correctly the proper relationship between the patient’s medical good and all other components of the good, so that the patient’s overall well-being is served.
Disinterring Darwin
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: November 2023

In 1882, when Charles Darwin died, his family planned to bury him in the churchyard of the village of Down in Kent, where, in his retreat from the bustle of scientific debate, he had spent the last 40 years of his life. Their private plans were overridden by a public campaign, orchestrated by those who had championed Darwin’s ideas, and it was decided quickly that he should be interred in Westminster Abbey, among the other luminaries of British science. Whatever doubts they may have harbored, leading figures of the church declared their satisfaction that “properly understood,” the evolutionary ideas that had seemed so inflammatory in the 1860s, were perfectly compatible with Christian doctrine. Darwin’s own agnosticism, well concealed by his cautious attempts to avoid alienating potential readers–as well as to ensure that the religious sensibilities of his wife Emma (née Wedgwood ) were not offended by his expression of his ideas–went unmentioned. Instead, the many tributes from the pulpit heralded him as an old-fashioned Deist, perhaps even as an interpreter of God’s
Goodbye to Genesis
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: November 2023

Like several other texts from the ancient Near East, the Bible recalls a great flood, in which virtually all of the living creatures of the earth were destroyed. In chapters 7 and 8 of Genesis, we are told that it rained for 40 days and 40 nights, that the fountains of the deep were opened, that the waters covered the tops of the mountains, that every living thing upon the face of the ground, “man and animals and creeping things,” perished in the deluge, and that the only survivors were the inhabitants of the ark that Noah had built and stocked. After 150 days the waters subsided, and, some months later, when the summit of Mount Ararat was uncovered, the ark finally came to rest upon it. Eventually the land became dry again, and Noah, his family, and his company of animals were able to emerge from their refuge.
FITTING IN
Authors: Adams Michael
Published: November 2023

Two friends stand in front of a mountainside inn holding between them a prize-winning fish. They went to the same prep school; they were fraternity brothers at the same university; they live in the same type of suburban neighborhood, one of them in Indianapolis, and the other in Cincinnati. Every year they pack their rods and flies and fish some river somewhere between the shining seas. They wear plaid shirts, khaki trousers, and barn jackets ordered from L. L. Bean; they endure frigid mountain streams in waders purchased from Lunkers. They have knives and needle-nose pliers in leather holders at their belts. As they grin their success at the camera, their teeth brightly reflect the advantages of dental insurance and orthodontia.
Family Bonds
Authors: Feder Ellen K
Published: November 2023

Feminist and critical race theorists alike have long acknowledged the "intersection" of gender and race difference; it is by now a truism that the ways we become boys and girls, men and women, cannot be disentangled from the ways we become white or Black men and women, Asian or Latino boys and girls. And yet, even as many have sought to attend to this intersection of difference, most critical treatments focus finally either on the production of gender or the production of race. Family Bonds proposes a new way to think about the categories of gender and race together. It first explicates and then puts to work Foucault's archaeological and genealogical methods to advance the main argument of the book: Gender is best understood primarily as a function of "disciplinary" power operating within the family, while race is primarily a function of a "regulatory" power acting upon the family. Each of the book's central chapters is an individual story, or history--the founding of Levittown, the definitive suburb after the Second World War (1950s and 60s); the development of the diagnosis of Gender Identity Disorder (1970s and 1980s); and the federal coordination of scientific research on violence (1980s and 1990s). Together they make up a larger story about the construction of race and gender in the U.S. in the second half of the twentieth century and demonstrate the centrality of the family in these constructions. Rather than a formal study of Foucault's own work, Family Bonds is an effort to produce genealogies of the sort that Foucault himself hoped his work would prompt.
Introduction: A Primer on Surgical Ethics
Authors: Jones James W , McCullough Laurence B , Richman Bruce W
Published: November 2023

Ethics is now recognized as an essential supporting discipline in the practice of surgery. Surgical ethics is the application of ethics to situations specific to surgical practice. We do not pretend that surgical ethics are of such specialized precision that they are completely unlike ethical situations and decisions found in other medical specialties. But surgery’s mainstay is the operative experience, and that kind of work requires a unique frame of mind. Some of the ethical principles you’ll read about in this book, such as avoidance of conflicts of interest, honesty with patients, and research integrity, can be easily extrapolated to any of the medical specialties. Other issues, such as suspension of do not resuscitate (DNR) orders, innovation versus controlled trials, ghost surgery, sham-controlled studies, and high-tech robotics, are largely specific to the surgeon’s work, and their ethical implications must be individually considered. Best ethical practices are now an essential component of best surgical practices. As a result, rigorous ethical practices have become critical to the success of even the most technically skillful surgery.
Informed Consent and Disclosure
Authors: Jones James W , McCullough Laurence B , Richman Bruce W
Published: November 2023

We begin our inquiries into the conundrums of surgical ethics with a series of explorations into the process of informed consent. Informed consent is the practical beginning of the surgeon’s clinical relationship with the patient and continues to be a vital influence throughout the episode of care. Informed consent is of further primary interest in any study of surgical ethics because it is a major manifestation of the bedrock ethical principle of respect for patient autonomy.
Chemists at War: Haber, Nernst, Langmuir, and Lewis
Authors: Coffey Patrick
Published: November 2023

On 22 April 1915, Fritz Haber, now a captain in the German army, looked out from the German trenches at Ypres and watched as his Pioneer regiment opened the valves on 6,000 cylinders of chlorine gas. The gas fed through manifolds to nozzles pointed toward 7,000 meters of the Allied lines. As it was released, the chlorine formed a cloud 10–30 meters high, white at 0rst from the water that condensed as the cold gas escaped, but then yellow-green. The cloud advanced with the wind at the pace of a slow walk. The soldiers in the French trenches were Algerians. They were used to artillery, to machine guns, to mortars, and even to the tear gas that the Germans called T-Stoff, but this was something new. Fritz Haber had organized the 0rst attack with lethal gas.
An Experimental Philosophy Manifesto
Authors: Knobe Joshua , Nichols Shaun
Published: November 2023

It used to be a commonplace that the discipline of philosophy was deeply concerned with questions about the human condition. Philosophers thought about human beings and how their minds worked. They took an interest in reason and passion, culture and innate ideas, the origins of people’s moral and religious beliefs. On this traditional conception, it wasn’t particularly important to keep philosophy clearly distinct from psychology, history, or political science. Philosophers were concerned, in a very general way, with questions about how everything fit together.
Taste–Immune Associative Learning
Authors: Pacheco-López Gustavo , Engler Harald , Niemi Maj-Britt , Schedlowski Manfred
Published: November 2023

Neuroimmune interactions appear to bring several adaptive advantages to those organisms that acquired and developed them further during phylogeny and ontogeny (Ottaviani, Valensin, & Franceschi, 1998; Schedlowski, 2006; Tada, 1997). This complex repertoire of immune, endocrine, neural, and behavioral responses may be orchestrated to achieve better adaptation of the organism to a constantly challenging environment. In vertebrates, it is well established that there are many intricate interactions between the immune and nervous systems and vice versa (Ottaviani & Franceschi, 1996; Salzet, Vieau, & Day, 2000; Straub & Besedovsky, 2003; Vishwanath, 1996). It was recently shown that invertebrate biology also evolved around acquiring and developing complex neuroimmune communication. For example, interaction between neurons and immune cells has been demonstrated in the mollusk Aplysia  californica (Clatworthy, 1998). Furthermore, invertebrates also express neuropeptides (e.g., opioids) in the neural and immune tissues and these played a key role as neuroimmune messengers during their evolution (Salzet et al., 2000). Neuroimmune interactions affect the behavior of insects as well, as demonstrated in bees andhumblebees. Noninfected honeybees whose immune systems were challenged by a non-pathogenic immunogenic elicitor (lipopolysaccharide) displayed a reduced ability to associate an odor with sugar reward in a classical conditioning paradigm (Mallon, Brockmann, & Schmid-Hempel, 2003; Riddell & Mallon, 2006).
The Medieval Era
Authors: ShrockP Dennis
Published: November 2023

The Medieval era spans the time from approximately 900 to 1500, or from the beginning of musical notation in a format that indicated pitches and rhythms on a sta to the end of poly- phonic music treated as a series of unrelated or nonintegrated separate voice parts. Before 900 musical notation was limited to neumes and other symbols that indicated only general pitch and rhythm; there were no means to convey the essential components of music so that it could be re- liably transmitted from written characters to aural sounds or from composer to performer. But during the early part of the tenth century treatises such as Musica enchiriadis and manuscripts such as the St Gall cantatorium and St Martial troper indicated either syllables of text or neumatic sym- bols on staves to fix pitches relative to each other, and during the latter part of the tenth century treatises and manuscripts indicated both pitches and rhythms. By the eleventh century a relatively standardized system of notation had been developed, and at the beginning of the twelfth century distinct genres and individual composers began to emerge and be identified.
The Renaissance Era
Authors: ShrockP Dennis
Published: November 2023

For convenience, historians generally list the beginning and ending dates of the Renaissance era at century markers—1500 and 1600, respectively. More accurately, the era began during the final decades of the fifteenth century and ended, for the most part, by the third decade of the seventeenth century. The attributes that would define and generally characterize the ini- tial years of the Renaissance—single texts, standard scoring for SATB ensembles, integrated musical material (i.e., motivic material distributed throughout all voice parts), and imitative tex- tures—began appearing as early as the 1470s in the music of such composers as Guillaume Dufay and Jean de Ockeghem. These composers also wrote in Medieval styles (e.g., isorhythmic configurations in sacred music and formes fixes structures in secular music), and thus the end of the fifteenth century was transitional, with relatively consistent application of Renaissance styles not being evidenced until the beginning of the sixteenth century in the music of Loyset Compère, Alexander Agricola, and Josquin Desprez. The change to new styles was not complete during the early years of the sixteenth century, however. A few Medieval compositional styles continued to be found—such as the combination of original Gregorian cantus firmus textual phrases along with other texts and long and prolix poems or prose narratives. Similarly, the styles of the Renaissance existed side by side with the new styles of the Baroque era during the first two decades of the seventeenth century. Fixing one date for both the ending of the Renais- sance and the beginning of the Baroque is particularly troublesome, for the Baroque began in 1600 but the Renaissance did not end until the deaths of Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck in 1621 and William Byrd in 1623. A few composers even carried the Renaissance style much later (e.g., Mel- chior Franck, who died in 1639, and Gregorio Allegri, who died in 1652).
I Think, Therefore I Err
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd
Published: November 2023

Why do we make errors? Are they blunders caused by the limitations of our cognitive system? Or are errors an indispensable property of every intelligent system? From the first perspective, all errors are at best unnecessary and at worst harmful. Consider an error commonly made by children. When asked to find the sum of one-half and one-third, the answer is often two-fifths. This is called the freshman error of adding numerators and adding denominators (Silver, 1986). But such errors are not limited to children.
The Evolution of Statistical Thinking
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd
Published: November 2023

Statistical thinking—learning to live with uncertainty—is one of the most important mathematical tools in everyday life. Thinking means calling certainties into question. It can be learned through good examples, the best of which are the problems that actually influenced the historical development of statistical thinking. These are the focus of this chapter.
In the Year 2054 Innumeracy Defeated
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd
Published: November 2023

It is the year 2054. The Great Hall at the Sorbonne is packed with flowers and guests to celebrate the final victory over an intellectual disability that has plagued humankind for centuries: statistical innumeracy, the inability to think with numbers that represent risks and uncertainties. The celebration coincides with a triple anniversary: the 400th anniversary of the mathematical theory of probability, the 200th of George Boole’s The Laws of Thought, and the 100th of the publication of Leonard Savage’s Foundations of Statistics.
How Terrorism is Wrong
Authors: Held Virginia
Published: November 2023

What is terrorism? How is it different from other kinds of political violence? Why exactly is it wrong? Why is war often thought capable of being justified? On what grounds should we judge when the use of violence to be morally acceptable? It is often thought that using violence to uphold and enforce the rule of law can be justified, that violence used in self-defense is acceptable, and that some liberation movements can be excused for using violence—but that terrorism is always wrong. How persuasive are these arguments, and on what bases should we judge them? How Terrorism is Wrong collects articles by Virginia Held that offer a moral assessment of various forms of political violence, with terrorism the focus of much of the discussion. Here and throughout, Held examines possible causes discussed, including the connection between terrorism and humiliation. Held also considers military intervention, conventional war, intervention to protect human rights, violence to prevent political change, and the status and requirements of international law. She looks at the cases of Rwanda, Kosovo, Iraq, and the Israeli/Palestinian conflict. Finally, she explores questions of who has legitimate authority to engage in justifiable uses of violence, whether groups can be responsible for ethnic violence, and how the media should cover terrorism. Held discusses appropriate ways of engaging in moral evaluation and improving our moral recommendations concerning the uses of violence. Just war theory has been developed for violence between the military forces of conflicting states, but much contemporary political violence is not of this kind. Held considers the guidance offered by such traditional moral theories as Kantian ethics and utilitarianism, and also examines what the newer approach of the ethics of care can contribute to our evaluations of violence. Care is obviously antithetical to violence since violence destroys what care takes pains to build; but the ethics of care recognizes that violence is not likely to disappear from human affairs, and can offer realistic understandings of how best to reduce it.
Legitimate Authority in Nonstate Groups Using Violence
Authors: Held Virginia
Published: November 2023

Can groups using violence we judge to be terrorism ever legitimately represent oppressed people? If terrorism can never be justified, those groups who use or condone it can perhaps never become the legitimate authorities of the people they claim to represent. But if struggles to attain independence can sometimes be otherwise justifiable and if terrorism is sometimes used in those that are, can this use be justifiable and its users the legitimate representatives of their groups?
Terrorism, Rights, and Political Goals
Authors: Held Virginia
Published: November 2023

An examination of usage is particularly unhelpful in deciding what terrorism is and whether it can be justified. Usage characteristically applies the term to violent acts performed by those whose positions and goals the speaker disapproves of and fails to apply it to similar acts by those whose positions and goals the speaker identi?es with. In addition, the term is much more frequently applied to those who threaten established conditions and governments than to those using similar kinds of violence to uphold them. There is a tendency to equate terrorism with the illegal use of violence, but of course the questions of who decides what is illegal and on what grounds they do so are often precisely those at issue.
Innateness and Genetic Information
Authors: Godfrey-Smith Peter
Published: November 2023

The idea that innateness can be understood in terms of genetic coding or genetic programming is discussed in this chapter. I argue that biology does not provide any support for the view that the whole-organism features of interest to nativists in psychology and linguistics are genetically coded for. This provides some support for recent critical and deflationary treatments of the concept of innateness.
Genes and Human Psychological Traits
Authors: Bouchard Thomas J
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate the fact that genetic variation is an important feature of virtually every human psychological trait and must be taken into account in any comprehensive explanation (theory) of human behavior. First, however, I will discuss the mistaken but widely held belief that “genetic variance” is an indicator of the biological or evolutionary unimportance of a trait. I will then turn to the role of quantitative genetic methods in modern biology. Such methods are impartial with regard to estimating genetic and environmental influences, are flexible, and provide for the simultaneous estimation of multiple influences on a character. They allow us to formally test competing theories regarding sources of human individual differences. Application of these methods across a very large number of quantitative characteristics of an equally large number of species leads to the conclusion that almost all quantitative characters are heritable (the first law of quantitative genetics). I will illustrate this truism for the major domains of normal human individual differences-mental ability, personality, psychological interests, and social attitudes. I will show that in comparison with effects in social psychology, ecology, and evolution, as well as psychological assessment and treatment, known quantitative genetic influence on human psychological traits should be considered large in magnitude. I will refute the argument that “there are no genes for behavior,” using “clockwork” genes as an example. I will also illustrate, using the example of corn oil, the fact that finding genes for a quantitative character can be very difficult.
Space and the Language¬ Cognition Interface
Authors: Papafragou Anna
Published: November 2023

Languages clearly differ in the ways in which they describe spatial location and motion. These cross-linguistic differences have given rise to the question of whether the corresponding nonlinguistic systems that process motion and location are affected by linguistic variation. We discuss a series of experimental findings addressing this question. Our findings mostly demonstrate independence of nonlinguistic spatial cognition from linguistic encoding preferences. We conclude by considering implications for models of the relationship between language and thought.
Adaptationism, Culture, and the Malleability of Human Nature
Authors: Sripada Chandra Sekhar
Published: November 2023

It is often thought that if an adaptationist explanation of some behavioral phenomenon is true, then this fact shows that a culturist explanation of the very same phenomenon is false, or else the adaptationist explanation preempts or crowds out the culturist explanation in some way. In this chapter, I show why this so-called competition thesis is misguided. I identify two evolutionary models, which I call the Information Learning Model and the Strategic Learning Model, which show that adaptationist reasoning can help explain why cultural learning evolved. These models suggest that there will typically be a division of labor between adaptationist and culturist explanations. I then show that the Strategic Learning Model, which has been widely neglected by adaptationist thinkers, has important and underappreciated implications for a question that has long been contentious in the behavioral sciences-the question of the malleability of human nature.
How to Compose/Submit Grant Applications
Authors: Schwartzkroin Philip A
Published: November 2023

The world of the research scientist revolves around grants that provide the funding to carry out experiments. Virtually every research project, whatever the field and whatever the level, is supported by some type of grant mechanism. Research costs money, often a lot of money, and certainly more money than scientists can provide themselves. Research grants are the means through which scientists can pay salaries (sometimes their own, as well as salaries for research assistants, students, and fellows), buy equipment (ranging from a few hundred dollars to many millions), pay for animal subjects and reimburse human volunteers, and provide essential supplies for the laboratory. Grants may pay for travel, consultants, contractual arrangements with other laboratories or institutions, rents for laboratory space, and virtually anything else you might imagine. They are, without exaggeration, the lifeblood of the research community.
Foundation
Authors: Schloss Joseph G
Published: November 2023

B-boying is a form of Afro-diasporic competitive dance that developed in the Bronx, NY in the early 1970s. Widely - though incorrectly - known as “breakdancing,” it is often dismissed as a form of urban acrobatics set to music. In reality, however, b-boying is a deeply traditional and profoundly expressive art form that has been passed down from teacher to student for almost four decades. Foundation: B-boys, B-girls and Hip-Hop Culture in New York offers the first serious study of b-boying as both unique dance form and a manifestation of the most fundamental principles of hip-hop culture. Drawing on anthropological and historical research, interviews and personal experience as a student of the dance, Joseph Schloss presents a nuanced picture of b-boying and its social context. From the dance’s distinctive musical repertoire and traditional educational approaches to its complex stylistic principles and secret battle strategies, Foundation illuminates a previously unexamined thread in the complex tapestry that is contemporary hip-hop.
Non-Epileptic Childhood Paroxysmal Disorders
Authors: Dimario Francis J
Published: November 2023

This is a book written for those of us who evaluate the many quirks and behaviors encountered in the lives of developing children. The number of important pathologic conditions that befall this age group is staggering. However, equally staggering is the number of episodic and often benign or developmentally programmed paroxysmal events encountered in this population. The nature of these episodic events in many circumstances leads to their erroneous identification as epileptic in nature. It is my hope that this book will serve as a compendium of those episodically manifest entities often uniquely observed in childhood. The book is organized with some foundations in terminology and an in depth analysis of epidemiology of many of these disorders. As best possible, epidemiologic data are compiled with incidence and prevalence figures provided for comparisons. Discussion on the deductive approach to their clinical assessment is provided along with emphasis on the diagnostic clues contained within the descriptive and observational information provided during clinical evaluation. A categorization of the differential features and ages of presentation are provided as a means to help direct logical diagnostic considerations. Subsequent chapters are organized by major topic (i.e.) Syncopes, Sleep Phenomena, Somatizaion, Factitious Illness, Movement Disorders, and Migraine Syndromes. Each chapter provides discourse on the general principles of underlying pthophysiologic mechanisms and curent knowledge about the chapter topic under discussion. Specific clinical entities encompassed within the general topic are then discussed individually with particular attention to their clinical descriptions and presentations, natural history, particular pathophysiology, genetics, pertinent laboratory, and treatments. The text is aplified by pertinent tables highlighting diagnostic criteria where this applies and reference information where needed. The text is generously referenced to encompass the most relevant information available.
Epidemic Depression and Burtonian Melancholy
Authors: Radden Jennifer
Published: November 2023

Data indicate the ubiquity and rapid increase of depression wherever war, want, and social upheaval are found. The goal of this essay is to clarify such claims and draw conceptual distinctions separating the depressive states that are pathological from those that are normal and normative responses to misfortune. I do so by appeal to early modern writing on melancholy by Robert Burton where, although the inchoate and boundless nature of melancholy symptoms are emphasized, universal suffering is separated from the disease states known as melancholy or melancholia, and normal temperamental variation is placed in contrast to such disease states.
Methodology
Authors: Thornhill Randy , Gangestad Steven W
Published: November 2023

Evolutionary biologists use a variety of methods to analyze the traits of organisms and understand how they have come about and been maintained. Our approach to understanding woman’s sexuality applies two classes of broadly de0ned methods: adaptationism and phylogenetics. For several reasons, we explicitly review the rationale of these two approaches prior to discussing their application to women’s sexuality. First, methodology in evolutionary biology has been controversial, and we wish to be clear about our own assumptions. Second, evolutionary biologists use analytic methods that fall outside of these two classes; we wish to state the reasons we implement our methods. Third, it is not always recognized that our two methods are not alternatives in the study of evolutionary history; they typically are used to address different ultimate causes that complement one another—indeed, both are needed to build a complete understanding of evolutionary history.
Female Ornaments and Signaling
Authors: Thornhill Randy , Gangestad Steven W
Published: November 2023

Sexual selection researchers refer to a variety of morphological features that capture the visual attention of conspeci0cs (notably, those of the other sex) but do not function as weapons or shields but as ornaments (Bradbury & Vehrencamp, 1998; the Latin root of the word means “to adorn or decorate”). Examples include patches of skin that are brightly colored, gatherings of colored feathers, feather plumes, and elongated or elaborated 0ns and tails. The same term, however, aptly applies to olfactory and acoustical traits that attract attention from conspeci0cs, notably in sexual contexts. In most animal species, males are the more ornamented sex (Andersson, 1994). Nonetheless, females in sex-role-reversed species, some socially monogamous species, some polygynous species with male territoriality or other mating systems, and some Old World primates possess ornaments. In Old World primates, female ornaments are referred to as sexual swellings—enlarged, often differentially colored anogenital areas. Old World primate females with multimale, multifemale social arrangements (e.g., most macaques, man- drills, baboons, and chimpanzees) typically possess sexual swellings, but so, to lesser degrees, do a monogamous gibbon and a harem polygynous langur (Dixson, 1998; cf. Pagel & Meade, 2006). Female sexual swellings occur in other mammalian taxa and at least one species of bird (see review in Dixson, 1998). Relatedly, some female primates and other species display a sexual skin, a differentially colored anogenital region with- out accompanying edema (swelling).
Reasons for Altruism
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: November 2023

We like to flatter ourselves with the false claim to a more noble motive . . . but if we look more closely at our planning and striving, we everywhere come upon the dear self.
Are All Species Equal?
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: November 2023

Species egalitarianism is the view that all living things have equal moral standing. To have moral standing is, at a minimum, to command respect, to be more than a mere thing. Is there reason to believe that all living things have moral standing in even this most minimal sense? If so—that is, if all living things command respect—is there reason to believe that they all command equal respect?
Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

Based on the definitions of lupus given in Chapter 2, 70% of all cases of lupus are systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), evenly divided into organthreatening (35%) and non-organ-threatening (35%) categories. The remainder of cases are cutaneous lupus (15%), mixed connective tissue disease (5%), overlap syndromes (5%), and drug-induced lupus (5%). There are seven undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD) patients for every lupus patient. The true incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus in the United States are difficult to ascertain. Surveys have shown that only one in three patients told by a physician that he or she has SLE meets the American College of Rheumatology criteria.Hospital discharge summaries may or may not list lupus as a comorbidity. Only 10,000 death certificates in the United States included lupus in a recent year, but these documents vary state to state and are not configured to determine whether conditions such as lupus are present, concentrating instead upon the immediate cause of death. Patients may not list lupus as a diagnosis on insurance forms to avoid higher premiums, and many lupus patients do not have health insurance. There is wide variance relative to racial, ethnic, and geographic factors. Overall, the worldwide prevalence of lupus ranges from 14 to 172 cases per 100,000 people, and its annual incidence is 1.8 to 7.6 cases per 100,000.
Life Unity out of diversity
Authors: Cordes Eugene H
Published: November 2023

Life! We celebrate its arrival and bemoan its passing. Between birth and death, we protect life, cling to it, and perhaps prepare for what may come after it. The birth of a healthy baby is one of the defining events in the course of a marriage. Like most people, I recall the birth of our children, a daughter first and later a son, with joy and pleasure. Without question, these are two of the most memorable events in what is now quite a long life. Later, I derived happiness from the births of our four grandchildren, a granddaughter followed by three grandsons. That happiness was widely shared by family and friends: at each birth, a new life brimming with possibility was brought into the world. My wife and I follow the progress of these lives with love and care. We will continue to do that until our lives have come to their inevitable end.
Life Central properties
Authors: Cordes Eugene H
Published: November 2023

The domain of living organisms is unified by the commonality of cells and in terms of mutual energy dependence. Living organisms are open systems that create order at the expense of disorder in the environment. Life can be defined by a series of characteristics, including evolved programs and chemical properties.
Amino acids The building blocks of proteins
Authors: Cordes Eugene H
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter, I introduced proteins as an amazing family of large molecules serving multiple roles in life, from catalysis to defense, to structure, and much more. Proteins are also a great example of one facet of our definition of life: chemical properties. Proteins are found in all living organisms and in many products of living organisms. They are also key constituents of viruses, at the edge between the living and nonliving. However, proteins do not occur in inanimate nature.
Steroids Sex and other good things
Authors: Cordes Eugene H
Published: November 2023

The steroids are a remarkable family of molecules. They are essential for health, responsible for the characteristics of our genders, useful medicinal agents, and drugs of abuse. Modest structural variations on the central theme of steroid structure profoundly alter the physiological response to the action of these molecules. Small differences in structure can create big differences in function.