bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Secrete Wallet for Password Protection
Authors: Baggyalakshmi Dr.N. , Amirthavarshni J. , Revathi Dr.R.
Published: February 2024

It basically deals with the secure of multiple data for remote systems connected to the Internet. This system is developed in visual basic.Net. It is purely Web based software. The scope of this product is to keep information safe and secure. The purpose of this application is to protect some sensitive information like credit card details, account details, passwords etc. It includes: Registration, storing passwords, storing documents, Storing Images, Storing favourite links. This project mainly focusses on Especially for the people who are all having accounts in banks, social networks like Gmail, Yahoo, Facebook, Viber etc. It facilitates users to keep their sensitive information like credit card details, passwords etc. Also, if facilitates to keep their favourite documents, links etc.
Backmatter (Publication Ethics, Copyright Transfer Agreement for Publishing Form)
Authors: Istadi Istadi
Published: February 2024

Backmatter (Publication Ethics, Copyright Transfer Agreement for Publishing Form)
Problem behaviours in abused and neglected children grown up: prevalence and co‐occurrence of substance abuse, crime and violence
Authors: Widom Cathy Spatz , White Helene Raskin
Published: April 2006

This paper describes the prevalence of and patterns of overlap among four problem behaviours (alcohol abuse, drug abuse, non‐violent crime and violence) in abused and neglected children grown up. Using data from a prospective cohort design study, abused and neglected children were matched with a control group and followed up into adulthood (n = 1190). After controlling for parental alcohol and drug problems, parental arrest, childhood poverty and ethnicity, we found that abused and neglected females, but not males, are at significantly higher risk for substance abuse/dependence diagnoses and arrests for violent crimes than control group subjects. Abused and neglected males and females, as compared with controls, have higher rates of comorbidity for substance abuse and non‐violent arrests. Abused and neglected females are at greater risk for comorbidity for substance abuse and violent arrests as well, as compared with control females. Overall, the results reveal gender differences in the consequences of childhood victimisation. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
TMS×OTf‐Catalyzed α‐Bromination of Carbonyl Compounds by N‐Bromosuccinimide.
Authors: Guha Samar Kumar , Wu Bo , Kim Beom Soo , Baik Woonphil , Koo Sangho
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Efficient Catalyst System for Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Aryltrialkoxysilanes with Aryl Halides.
Authors: Murata Miki , Yoshida Syo , Nirei Shin‐ichiro , Watanabe Shinji , Masuda Yuzuru
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Molecular Programming of Organogelators Which Can Accept [60]Fullerene by Encapsulation.
Authors: Shirakawa Michihiro , Fujita Norifumi , Shimakoshi Hisashi , Hisaeda Yoshio , Shinkai Seiji
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Series of 1‐[2‐Aryl‐1‐diazenyl]‐3‐({3‐[2‐aryl‐1‐diazenyl]perhydrobenzo [d]imidazol‐1‐yl}methyl)perhydrobenzo[d]imidazoles. Synthesis and Characterization.
Authors: Glister Julie F. , Vaughan Keith
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium‐Mediated Synthesis of 5‐Substituted 4‐Alkynylthieno[2,3‐c]pyran‐7‐ones.
Authors: Raju Sirisilla , Batchu Venkateswara Rao , Swamy Nalivela Kumara , Dev R. Vasu , Babu J. Moses , Kumar P. Rajender , Mukkanti K. , Pal Manogjit
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structure—Activity Relationship Study of 1,4‐Dihydropyridine Derivatives Blocking N‐Type Calcium Channels.
Authors: Shoji Masataka , et al. et al.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 9‐[1‐Benzyl‐5‐(alkylsulfonyl)‐1H‐2‐imidazolyl] perhydro‐1,8‐acridinediones.
Authors: Hadizadeh F. , Mehri N.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reactions of Alkyl Diazoacetates with Pyridinium Ylides.
Authors: Tomilov Yu. V. , Platonov D. N. , Dorokhov D. V. , Nefedov O. M.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Studies on the Biginelli Reaction: A Mild and Selective Route to 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones via Enamine Intermediates.
Authors: Mabry John , Ganem Bruce
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Simple Synthesis and Determination of Alkali Metal Binding Selectivities of Chiral Macrocyclic Tetraamides Derived from L‐Alanine.
Authors: Szczepanska A. , Tarnowski P. , Jurczak J.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Synthesis of (+)‐Obtusenyne.
Authors: Mak S. Y. Frankie , Curtis Neil R. , Payne Andrew N. , Congreve Miles S. , Francis Craig L. , Burton Jonathan W. , Holmes Andrew B.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Facile Synthesis of (S)‐Gizzerosine — A Potent Inducer of Gizzard Erosion in Chicks — Using Successive Zinc‐Mediated and Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Shimasaki Yasuharu , Kiyota Hiromasa , Sato Minoru , Kuwahara Shigefumi
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Formal Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Perhydrohistrionicotoxin via a Stepwise [3 + 3] Annelation Strategy.
Authors: Provoost Olivier Y. , Hedley Simon J. , Hazelwood Andrew J. , Harrity Joseph P. A.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of the C1—C21 Southern Hemisphere of the Originally Proposed Structure of Spirastrellolide A.
Authors: Paterson Ian , Anderson Edward A. , Dalby Stephen M.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthetic Studies of Pseurotin A (II): Preparation of an Advanced Lactam Aldehyde Intermediate (I).
Authors: Mitchell Judith M. , Finney Nathaniel S.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
In Silico Design and Synthesis of Piperazine‐1‐pyrrolidine‐2,5‐dione Scaffold‐Based Novel Malic Enyme Inhibitors.
Authors: Zhang Y. John , Wang Zhaolin , Sprous Dennis , Nabioullin Roustem
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthetic Applications of β‐Fluoroalkylated α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Billard Thierry
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Criss‐Cross Cycloaddition Reactions with Hexafluoroacetone Azine. Mechanism and Some Synthetic Applications
Authors: Burger Klaus , Hennig Lothar , Zeika Olaf , Lux Andrea
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Pharmacology of Galantamine
Authors: Marco‐Contelles Jose , do Carmo Carreiras Maria , Rodriguez Carolina , Villarroya Mercedes , Garcia Antonio G.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Evaluation of the β‐Turn Properties of 4‐Amino‐1,2,4,5‐tetrahydro‐2‐benzazepin‐3‐ones and of Their Spirocyclic Derivative
Authors: Van Rompaey Karolien , Ballet Steven , Tömböly Csaba , De Wachter Rien , Vanommeslaeghe Kenno , Biesemans Monique , Willem Rudolph , Tourwé Dirk
Published: April 2006

A series of 4‐amino‐tetrahydro‐2‐benzazepin‐3‐one derivatives (Ac–Aba–Xxx–NHMe) were prepared as tetrapeptide mimetics. Considering the structural resemblance with the so‐called Freidinger lactams, their propensity to adopt a β‐turn conformation was investigated by NMR spectroscopy (solvent and temperature dependence) and molecular modeling. Interestingly, most of these lactams adopt extended conformations, only the spiro‐benzazepinone 9 has a strong preference for the formation of a β‐turn. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Numerical Modeling of ECE‐ECE and Parallel EE‐EE Mechanisms in Cyclic Voltammetry. Reduction of 1,4‐Benzenedisulfonyl Difluoride and 1,4‐Naphthalenedisulfonyl Difluoride
Authors: Sanecki Przemysław , Skitał Piotr , Kaczmarski Krzysztof
Published: April 2006

A numerical model of the process where the ECE‐ECE sequence competes with the parallel EE‐EE mechanisms of reduction has been developed. The ECE‐ECE/EE‐EE model was applied to complex, experimentally observed processes, in which the parallel path of anion‐radical reduction could be expected. The applicability of the proposed model was examined experimentally for two chemical systems: (i) 1,4‐benzenedisulfonyl difluoride (1,4‐BDF) and (ii) 1,4‐naphthalenedisulfonyl difluoride (1,4‐NDF). For both model compounds the reduction processes on Hg and glassy carbon electrodes were investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry performed in DMF solutions containing 0.3 M of TBAP. In contrast to other reductive cleavage reactions such as the fragmentation of the C‐Hal–type bond, the electro‐reduction of anion‐radicals ArSO2F−. was evident. The elementary kinetic parameters of the process are determined and discussed.
Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Crystallographic Studies of Extended Guanine‐Based (lin‐Benzoguanine) Inhibitors for tRNA‐Guanine Transglycosylase (TGT)
Authors: Meyer Emmanuel A. , Donati Nicola , Guillot Marine , Schweizer W. Bernd , Diederich François , Stengl Bernhard , Brenk Ruth , Reuter Klaus , Klebe Gerhard
Published: April 2006

This paper describes the rational design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a new generation of inhibitors of the bacterial enzyme tRNA‐guanine transglycosylase (TGT), which has been identified as a new target in the fight against bacillary dysentery (Shigellosis). The enzyme catalyzes the exchange of guanine in the anticodon wobble position of tRNA by the modified base preQ1, a guanine derivative, according to a ping‐pong mechanism involving a covalent TGT‐tRNA intermediate (Fig. 2). Based on computer modeling (Fig. 3), lin‐benzoguanine (6‐aminoimidazol[4,5‐g]quinazolin‐8(7H)‐one (2)) was selected as an extended central scaffold, to form up to seven in‐plane intermolecular H‐bonds with the protein while sandwiching between Tyr106 and Met260. Versatile synthetic protocols were developed for the synthesis of 2, and derivatives with phenyl, benzyl, and 2‐phenylethyl side chains (i.e., 16, 17a, and 12a, 12b, 13, 17, resp.) to reach into the lipophilic pocket lined by Val282, Val45, and Leu68 (Schemes 1–3). To account for the limited solubility of the new ligands and in consequence of a recently developed detailed understanding of the mechanism of TGT catalysis (Fig. 2), the enzyme kinetic assay was completely redesigned, providing competitive (Kic) and uncompetitive (Kiu) inhibition constants with respect to tRNA binding by TGT. The modifications of the various parameters in the new assay are described in detail. Binding affinities of the new inhibitors were found to be in the single‐digit micromolar range (Kic values, Fig. 8). Decoration of the lin‐benzoguanine scaffold with lipophilic residues only gave a modest improvement in biological activity which was explained on structural grounds with the help of four crystal structures (Fig. 10) obtained by soaking the protein with inhibitors 2 and 12a–12c. Both biochemical and biostructural analyses reported in this paper provide a fertile basis for the development of more potent future generations of TGT inhibitors.
Three New Polyoxygenated Steroids from Two Species of the South China Sea Gorgonian Muricella flexuosa and Menella verrucosaBrundin
Authors: Zhang Wen , Huang Hui , Ding Yu , Gavagnin Margherita , Mollo Ernesto , Cimino Guido , Guo Yue‐Wei
Published: April 2006

Three new polyoxygenated steroids, muricesteroid (1), and menellsteroids A (2) and B (3), were isolated from two species of the South China Sea gorgonian Muricella flexuosa and Menella verrucosa Brundin, respectively. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, chemical methods and comparison with known related compounds.
Separation/fractionation of triglycerides in terms of fatty acid constituents in palm kernel oil using supercritical CO2
Authors: Md Zaidul IS , Nik Norulaini NA , Mohd Omar AK
Published: April 2006

Separation of triglycerides in terms of fatty acid constituents in palm kernel oil (PKO) from dehulled ground palm kernel using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) as a solvent at 40 and 80 °C and pressures of 20.7, 27.6, 34.5, 41.4 and 48.3 MPa was studied. The extraction was continuous and PKO was fractionated into four fractions. Triglycerides with differing fatty acid contents of caprylic (C8), capric (C10), lauric (C12), myristic (C14), palmitic (C16), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1) and linoleic (C18:2) acid were separated in different percentages in different fractions. About 70% of PKO comprises triglycerides with C8–C12 fatty acids and these fatty acids were mostly extracted in fractions 1and 2. As a result, higher yields were observed in these fractions, especially at pressures higher than 27.6 MPa. The C16 and C18:2 components were extracted in fractions 3 and 4. These triglycerides form only a part of the remaining 30% of the fatty acid composition of PKO, hence the evidently diminishing yield in the later fractions. However, the compositions were found to be statistically significant for higher pressures and fraction times according to the type of fatty acid constituents. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Interaction between patient and physiotherapist: a qualitative study reflecting the physiotherapist's perspective
Authors: Gyllensten Amanda Lundvik , Gard Gunvor , Salford Eva , Ekdahl Charlotte
Published: April 2006

Background and Purpose

The interaction between patient and physiotherapist (PT) is central in physiotherapeutic treatment. The purpose of this study was to investigate expert physiotherapists' perception of important factors influencing the quality of the interaction in physiotherapeutic treatment.

Method

Ten experienced PTs working in primary healthcare were interviewed twice, triangulating a sort of important events, an exemplar and a key informant interview. The data were transcribed, coded and analysed for main themes and categories according to the qualitative technique described by Shepard et al. (1993) and Merriam (1988).

Results

Important factors in interaction could be divided into the ‘Prerequisites dimension’ and the ‘Interaction dimension’. In the former, the most dominant theme was ‘Internal prerequisites of the PT’. The most‐cited category in this theme was ‘Practical professional skills and patient experience’. In the latter, the themes ‘Establishing contact’, ‘Ways of contact’, ‘Frames’ and the ‘Therapeutic process’ emerged. Here, the most‐cited categories were ‘Establishing contact and confidence’, having a ‘Therapeutic role’, ‘Being sensitive and intuitive’, ‘Encountering’, ‘Listening’ and ‘Identification of patient resources’. These factors were seen as essential for promoting a positive patient outcome. Interaction skills were reinforced by reflection on patients' experiences.

Conclusions

Interaction skills of the expert PT were thought to enhance the resources of the patient and lead to a positive patient outcome. Within professional development more emphasis ought to be put on reinforcing the reflective process of the PT, for instance by the use of supervision by an experienced colleague. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
How patients with fibromyalgia experience their symptoms in everyday life
Authors: Mannerkorpi Kaisa , Kroksmark Tomas , Ekdahl Charlotte
Published: April 2006

Background and Purpose

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is characterized by diffuse widespread pain and fatigue. The purpose of this study was to search for a deeper knowledge of the way patients with FMS experience their symptoms in everyday life.

Method

Qualitative interviews, applying the phenomenological method, were used. The respondents were interviewed twice and asked to describe a typical day. Eleven Swedish women, aged 24–54 years, fulfilling the ACR criteria for FMS participated in the study. The duration of pain ranged from three to 20 years. Three patients worked full‐time, six worked part‐time and two did not work outside the home.

Results

The effect of perceived symptoms on everyday life was considerable. Four different patterns of perceiving and managing symptoms were identified: Struggling: respondents who perceived that they managed their everyday life by mobilizing their physical and psychological strength to fight their pain and fatigue; Adapting: respondents who perceived that they managed their everyday life by planning their activities on the basis of their assumptions of limitations; In despair: respondents who were in despair as they could no longer cope with their pain and life situation; Giving up: respondents who had given up many activities of everyday life and felt that their symptoms dominated their life.

Conclusions

The study illuminates qualitative differences in FMS patients' experience and management of their symptoms in their everyday life. These differences ought to be considered when planning physiotherapy treatment. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
PredSL: A Tool for the N-Terminal Sequence-Based Prediction of Protein Subcellular Localization
Authors: Petsalaki Evangelia I. , Bagos Pantelis G. , Litou Zoi I. , Hamodrakas Stavros J.
Published: April 2006

The ability to predict the subcellular localization of a protein from its sequence is of great importance, as it provides information about the protein’s function. We present a computational tool, PredSL, which utilizes neural networks, Markov chains, profile hidden Markov models, and scoring matrices for the prediction of the subcellular localization of proteins in eukaryotic cells from the N-terminal amino acid sequence. It aims to classify proteins into five groups: chloroplast, thylakoid, mitochondrion, secretory pathway, and “other”. When tested in a five-fold cross-validation procedure, PredSL demonstrates 86.7% and 87.1% overall accuracy for the plant and non-plant datasets, respectively. Compared with TargetP, which is the most widely used method to date, and LumenP, the results of PredSL are comparable in most cases. When tested on the experimentally verified proteins of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome, PredSL performs comparably if not better than any available algorithm for the same task. Furthermore, PredSL is the only method capable for the prediction of these subcellular localizations that is available as a stand-alone application through the URL: http://bioinformatics.biol.uoa.gr/PredSL/.
Bubbly flow model for the dynamic characteristics of cavitating pumps
Authors: Brennen Christopher
Published: April 2006

This paper is concerned with understanding the dynamic behaviour of cavitating hydraulic machines during unsteady or transient operation. The linear transfer matrices which relate the small fluctuating pressures and mass flow rates at inlet and discharge are functions not only of the frequency but also of the mean operating state of the machine, especially the degree of cavitation. The recent experimental transfer matrices obtained by Ng & Brennen (1978) for some axial flow pumps revealed some dynamic characteristics which were unaccounted for by any existing theoretical analysis; their visual observations suggested that the bubbly cavitating flow in the blade passages could be responsible for these effects.

A theoretical model of the dynamic response of this bubbly blade-passage flow is described in the present paper. Void-fraction fluctuations in this flow result not only from pressure fluctuations but also because the fluctuating angle of attack causes fluctuations in the rate of production of bubbles near the leading edge. The latter causes kinematic waves which interact through the boundary conditions with the dynamic waves caused by pressure fluctuation. The resulting theoretical transfer functions which result are in good qualitative agreement with the experiments; with appropriate choices of two parameters (the practical values of which are difficult to assess) good quantitative agreement is also obtained. The theoretical model also provides one possible explanation of the observation that the pump changes from an essentially passive dynamic element in the absence of cavitation to a progressively more active element as the extent of cavitation increases.
Effects of small streamline curvature on turbulent duct flow
Authors: Hunt I. A. , Joubert P. N.
Published: April 2006

Mean velocity profiles, turbulence intensity distributions and streamwise energy spectra are presented for turbulent air flow in a smooth-walled, high aspect ratio rectangular duct with small streamwise curvature, and are compared with measurements taken in a similar straight duct.

The results for the present curved flow are found to differ significantly from those for the more highly curved flows reported previously, and suggest the need to distinguish between ‘shear-dominated’ flows with small curvature and ‘inertia-dominated’ flows with high curvature. Velocity defect and angular-momentum defect hypotheses fail to correlate the central-region mean flow data, but the wall-region data are consistent with the conventional straight-wall similarity hypothesis. A secondary flow of Taylor–Goertler vortex pattern is found to occur in the central flow region.

An examination of the flow equations yields a model for the mechanisms by which streamline curvature affects turbulent flow, in which a major effect is a direct change in the turbulent shear stress through a conservative reorientation of the turbulence intensity components. Data for the streamwise and transverse turbulence intensities show behaviour consistent with that expected from the equations, and the distribution of total turbulence energy in the central flow region is found to be nearly invariant with Reynolds number and wall curvature, in agreement with the model.

Energy spectra for the streamwise component are examined in terms of a Townsend-type two-component turbulence model. They indicate that a universal, ‘active’ component exists in all flow regions, with an ‘inactive’ component which affects only the low wavenumber spectra intensities. This is taken to imply that the effects of streamline curvature are determined by the central-region flow structure alone.
Turbulent diffusion and degradation of polymer molecules in a pipe and boundary layer
Authors: Sedov L. I. , Ioselevich V. A. , Pilipenko V. N. , Vasetskaya N. G.
Published: April 2006

Results from a series of pipe-flow experiments using a range of water-soluble drag-reducing polymers are presented. Degradation has been investigated by means of multiple passes of the solutions through a pipe. A theory predicting drag reduction in pipe flow has been devised which agrees with the experimental results. Changes in polymer molecular weight due to degradation are taken into account. The analysis is then applied to a turbulent boundary layer with polymer injection.
A ‘turbulent spot’ in an axisymmetric free shear layer. Part 2
Authors: Hussain A. K. M. F. , Kleis S. J. , Sokolov M.
Published: April 2006

The mechanics of a spark-induced coherent structure (called a ‘spot’) in the turbulent mixing layer of a 12.7 cm diameter incompressible air jet has been investigated through phase-locked measurements at three streamwise stations. Phase averages have been obtained from 200 realizations of X-wire (time-series) data after these are optimally time-aligned with respect to one another through an iterative process of maximization of cross-correlation of individual realizations with the ensemble average. Realizations that are grossly out of alignment owing to turbulence-induced distortions have been rejected; the rejection ratio increases with increasing radial position. Data include phase-average time series of background turbulence intensities, coherent and background Reynolds stresses, vorticity and intermittency at different transverse positions. Spatial distributions of these properties over the extent of the spot have been presented as contour maps. The computed pseudo-stream-functions have been compared with the phase-average streamlines inferred from the measured distributions of the velocity vector. Comparison with the phase-average intermittency contours show that the pseudo-stream-functions are reliable and, even though the integration involved produces smoothed-out stream functions, are most useful in deducing the structure dynamics and its convection velocity.

The spark-induced spot is an elongated large-scale coherent vortical structure spanning the entire thickness of the mixing layer, which moves downstream at a convection velocity of about 0.68Ue. The dynamics of the turbulent mixing layer spot, whose signature is buried in the large-amplitude background fluctuations, is much more complicated than that of the boundary-layer spot. The spot transports jet-core fluid outwards at its front and entrains ambient fluid primarily at its back; the outward-momentum transport dominates the inward transport. The Reynolds stress contribution by the spot structure is noticeably larger than that due to the background turbulence. The coherent structure vorticity is significantly modified by the structure-induced organization of the background Reynolds stress at the locations of ‘saddle points’ of the latter's distribution. The vorticity, intermittency and other turbulence measures, zone averaged over the extent of the spot, compare well with the time-average values, thus suggesting that the spark-induced ‘spot’ is probably not different from a naturally occurring large-scale coherent structure.
A new family of capillary waves
Authors: Vanden-Broeck Jean-Marc , Keller Joseph B.
Published: April 2006

A new family of finite-amplitude periodic progressive capillary waves is presented. They occur on the surface of a fluid of infinite depth in the absence of gravity. Each pair of adjacent waves touch at one point and enclose a bubble at pressure P. P depends upon the wave steepness s, which is the vertical distance from trough to crest divided by the wavelength. Previously Crapper found a family of waves without bubbles for 0 [les ] s [les ] s* = 0·730. Our solutions occur for all s > s** = 0·663, with the trough taken to be the bottom of the bubble. As s → ∞, the bubbles become long and narrow, while the top surface tends to a periodic array of semicircles in contact with one another. The solutions were obtained by formulating the problem as a nonlinear integral equation for the free surface. By introducing a mesh and difference method, we converted this equation into a finite set of nonlinear algebraic equations. These equations were solved by Newton's method. Graphs and tables of the results are included. These waves enlarge the class of phenomena which can occur in an ideal fluid, but they do not seem to have been observed.
The response of sheared turbulence to additional distortion
Authors: Townsend A. A.
Published: April 2006

In unidirectional flows, the ratios of Reynolds shear stress to total intensity (except near positions of zero stress) remain remarkably constant from one flow to another, but curvature or strong divergence of the mean flow causes very considerable changes in the stress ratios. A scheme for calculating the changes is described, based on the rapid-distortion approximation of the equations of motion. The results depend to some extent on the effective history of distortion of the turbulence and on the magnitude of an eddy viscosity that models the effect of nonlinear transfer of energy to smaller eddies of the dissipation sequence, but the correspondence with measured values in a distorted wake and in a curved mixing layer is fairly good. In particular, the curious behaviour of stress ratios in the curved mixing-layer can be reproduced qualitatively without any difficulty. Small perturbations of wall turbulence provide a simple application, and earlier calculations of the energy transfer between wind and water waves have been repeated including the changes in the stress ratios predicted by the scheme. In the latter case, very large changes in the distributions of pressure and shear stress are found, and the rates of energy transfer are much larger and in better agreement with observations.
Self-similar explosion waves of variable energy at the front
Authors: Barenblatt G. I. , Guirguis R. H. , Kamel M. M. , Kuhl A. L. , Oppenheim A. K. , Zel'Dovich Ya. B.
Published: April 2006

A set of self-similar solutions for blast waves associated with the deposition of variable energy at the front is presented. As a consequence of self-similarity, the results are applicable when the ambient atmosphere into which the wave front propagates is at a negligibly low pressure and temperature. Besides the class of (1) blast waves associated with energy gain that covers a regime bounded on one side by the well-known solution for adiabatic strong explosion waves (ASE) and, on the other side, by the solution for waves having the Chapman–Jouguet condition established immediately behind the front, included within the scope of our analysis are two others: (2) blast waves associated with energy loss that occupy a regime between the ASE solution and the case of infinite density ratio across the front, and (3) a non-unique class of solutions for blast waves associated with energy deposition that may have either locally sonic or supersonic flow immediately behind the front, extending over the regime between the waves headed by the Chapman-Jouguet detonation and the case of infinite rate of energy deposition. Specific results for a number of representative cases are expressed in terms of integral curves on the phase plane of reduced blast wave co-ordinates, as well as in the form of particle velocity, temperature, density, and pressure profiles across the flow field.
Roy Williams, in conversation with Aleks Sierz What Kind of England Do We Want?
Authors: Williams Roy
Published: April 2006

Roy Williams is one of the outstanding new voices in contemporary British theatre. Born in Fulham, south-west London, in 1968, he has already, by his mid-thirties, won a shelf-full of awards, with plays staged at the National Theatre and Royal Court. His debut, The No Boys Cricket Club, won the Writers' Guild New Writer of the Year award in 1996. Two years later, his follow-up, Starstruck, won three major awards: the John Whiting Award for Best New Play, an EMMA (Ethnic Multicultural Media Awards) for Best Play, and the first Alfred Fagon Award, for theatre in English by writers with Caribbean connections. In 2000, Lift Off was joint winner of the George Devine Award, and in 2001 Clubland received the Evening Standard Award for Most Promising Playwright. In 2002, Williams received a best school drama BAFTA (British Academy of Film and Television Arts) for Offside (BBC), and in 2004 he won the first Arts Council Decibel Award, given to black or Asian artists in recognition of their contribution to the arts. His most recent play, Little Sweet Thing, was a 2005 co-production between Ipswich’s New Wolsey Theatre, Nottingham Playhouse, and Birmingham Rep. What follows is an edited transcript of Aleks Sierz’s ‘In Conversation with Roy Williams’, part of the ‘Other Voices’ symposium at Rose Bruford College, Sidcup, Kent, in May 2004, organized by Nesta Jones. Williams is a graduate and now a Fellow of the college.
Performing Natural Folly: the Jests of Lean Leanard and the Touchstones of Robert Armin and David Tennant
Authors: Cockett Peter
Published: April 2006

Robert Armin, one of the ‘principal actors’ of Shakespeare’s plays named in the First Folio, probably joined the Lord Chamberlain’s Men in 1599 to take the place of Will Kempe as the company’s clown; and it was for him that Shakespeare wrote the parts of Touchstone, Feste, and the Fool in King Lear. Received wisdom, in part extrapolated from the nature of Armin’s roles, sees him as a more serious, even morose character than his predecessor, and he took his clowning seriously enough to write a book on ‘natural’ fools, Foole Upon Foole (1600), in addition to some minor verse, and a play, The History of the Two Maids of More-clacke, whence the only known illustration of him in performance derives. Although virtually disregarded by critics as little more than a jest book, Foole Upon Foole was also, argues Peter Cockett, a serious attempt to survey the variety of qualities and conditions of natural folly. It not only reveals much about Armin’s likely approach to his roles, but questions the conventional distinctions between the natural and the artificial fool. With close reference to Armin’s description of one of his subjects, Lean Leanard, Peter Cockett compares what this tells us about Armin’s possible approach to the role of Touchstone with the problems faced by the actor, David Tennant, in the RSC As You Like It of 1996. The author is a professional actor who emigrated to Canada in 1994. He now teaches acting and directing at McMaster University, Ontario, and is working with the University of Toronto’s medieval and renaissance players on a two-year project on the work and repertoire of the Queen’s Men.
Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for quantitative determination of capsular polysaccharide production in Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates
Authors: Cruz‐Leal Yoelys , Menéndez Tamara , Coizeau Edelgis , Espinosa Raúl Rafael , Canaan Leonardo , Blanco Francles , Carmenate Tania , Chang Janoi , Quiñones Dianelys , Tamargo Isis , Cremata José , Verez‐Bencomo Vicente , Guillén Gerardo
Published: April 2006

A simple, specific, sensitive and reproducible ELISA has been developed to quantify the level of CPS (capsular polysaccharide) production in supernatants of Streptococcus pneumoniae cell cultures. CPSs from Strep. pneumoniae have been widely used as vaccine antigens. The quantification method is based on two type‐23F serotype‐specific polyclonal antibodies: IgG, purified from sera of mice immunized with a pneumococcal type‐23F CPS conjugate, used in the coating step, and a serotype‐specific rabbit serum as the second antibody. Solutions of purified type‐23F CPS were used as standards. The relationship between A492 and type‐23F CPS concentration was linear over the range 1–310 ng/ml (r=0.989), with 1 ng/ml as the lower limit of sensitivity. The specificity of ELISA was assessed because purified type‐19F CPS and cell‐wall polysaccharide samples were not detected after their evaluation by the ELISA described in the present study. Repeatability and intermediate precision of the assay were good, the coefficients of variation being 3 and 10% respectively. This ELISA allowed selection of an appropriate vaccine strain, for a natural polysaccharide vaccine, among several 23F pneumococcal clinical isolates and constituted a valuable analytical tool for Strep. pneumoniae fermentation and CPS purification follow‐up.
Large enhancement of exchange bias in CoFe∕CrPt films through interfacial Mn addition
Authors: Dai B. , Cai J. W. , Lai W. Y. , Liu Y. Z. , Zhang Z. , Meng F. B. , Li Y. X.
Published: April 2006

The antiferromagnetic L10 CrPt film synthesized through annealing equiatomic [Pt∕Cr] multilayer stack can pin the adjacent Co0.9Fe0.1 film with medium exchange anisotropy and high stability. It has been found that when an ultrathin Mn layer is inserted between the Co0.9Fe0.1 film and the [Pt∕Cr] multilayer, the exchange anisotropy of the CoFe∕CrPt film is enlarged fourfold, reaching 0.48erg∕cm2 at room temperature, which is comparable to the best room-temperature result ever achieved in all practical biasing materials except the ordered IrMn3. Nevertheless, the interfacial Mn addition does not lower the high blocking temperature of CoFe∕CrPt films with its remaining value of 600°C. The structural characterization reveals that the added Mn atoms still distribute around the interface when the [Pt∕Cr] multilayer is transformed into ordered CrPt film after annealing. It seems that the Mn atoms are preferably combined with the neighboring Pt∕Cr layers during the annealing to form a modified interfacial antiferromagnetic layer, most likely (Cr1−δMnδ)Pt with L10 phase, which results in the significant enhancement of the exchange bias, meanwhile, the high thermal stability is sustained because of the strong exchange coupling between interfacial antiferromagnetic (Cr1−δMnδ)Pt and CrPt layers.
A new generalization of the Carnahan-Starling equation of state to additive mixtures of hard spheres
Authors: Hansen-Goos Hendrik , Roth Roland
Published: April 2006

We introduce an expansion of the equation of state for additive hard-sphere mixtures in powers of the total packing fraction with coefficients which depend on a set of weighted densities used in scaled particle theory and fundamental measure theory. We demand that the mixture equation of state recovers the quasiexact Carnahan-Starling [J. Chem. Phys. 51, 635 (1969)] result in the case of a one-component fluid and show from thermodynamic considerations and consistency with an exact scaled particle relation that the first and second orders of the expansion lead unambiguously to the Boublík-Mansoori-Carnahan-Starling-Leland [J. Chem. Phys. 53, 471 (1970); J. Chem. Phys. 54, 1523 (1971)] equation and the extended Carnahan-Starling equation introduced by Santos et al. [Mol. Phys. 96, 1 (1999)]. In the third order of the expansion, our approach allows us to define a new equation of state for hard-sphere mixtures which we find to be more accurate than the former equations when compared to available computer simulation data for binary and ternary mixtures. Using the new mixture equation of state, we calculate expressions for the surface tension and excess adsorption of the one-component fluid at a planar hard wall and compare its predictions to available simulation data.
Ferro-antiferromagnetic coupling and unusual transport properties of ferro-antiferromagnetic (100−x) La0.7Pb0.3MnO3+xPr0.63Ca0.37MnO3 (x=–85wt%) composites
Authors: Taran Subhrangsu , Karmakar S. , Chatterjee Sandip , Chaudhuri B. K. , Sun C. P. , Huang C. L. , Yang H. D.
Published: April 2006

We report a low field (H=0.5T) magnetoresistance of colossal magnetoresistive (CMR) composites prepared with ferromagnetic (FM)—antiferromagnetic (AFM) coupled system (100−x) La0.7Pb0.3MnO3(LPMO)+xPr0.63Ca0.37MnO3 with x=0–85wt%. A large increase (∼16% maximum) of magnetoresistance (MR) (∼10% for pure LPMO) is observed at a relatively higher optimum concentration (x=70% AFM). Interesting double peaks are observed for lower AFM concentrations (x⩽35%) in the resistivity-temperature [ρ(T)] curve: one due to the usual intrinsic double exchange interaction (between Mn3+ and Mn4+) mechanism and the other due to the stronger FM-AFM coupling for lower concentration. Unlike the usual ceramic CMR material, thermoelectric power (TEP) in this system is also nonadditive in character, indicating the presence of additional defects and strain in this composites. A two-channel (conducting and semiconductor) model has been used which fit well with the ρ(T) data near the optimum concentration x=70%. Around this highest AFM concentration, showing maximum MR, the corresponding TEP is also higher than those of the individual parent compound, which indicates the presence of maximum grain boundary effect and defects. Positron annihilation lifetime data of the composites also support the presence of such defects and strain in the system with maximum around the critical concentration xC=70%.
Motion of a charged particle in a periodic Aharonov-Bohm potential
Authors: Drăgănescu G. E.
Published: April 2006

In this paper we introduce a periodic Aharonov-Bohm potential, produced by two parallel infinite thin layers. The motion of a quantum charged particle without spin, under the action of this Aharonov-Bohm potential is examined. Finally we introduce a periodic Aharonov-Bohm potential, produced by a system of parallel solenoids and the motion of the charged particle in this field is also examined.
Band offsets of nitrided ultrathin hafnium silicate films
Authors: Barrett N. T. , Renault O. , Besson P. , Le Tiec Y. , Martin F.
Published: April 2006

Photoemission spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation was used to determine the band offsets, as a function of depth, of ultrathin (3.5nm) Hf-silicate grown by chemical vapor deposition onto SiO2∕Si and nitrided at 750 and 700°C using NH3. In agreement with recent studies on the nitridation of oxides, the nitridation raises the valence-band (VB) maximum by adding N2p states in the band gap. VB offsets of 1.6–1.9eV are measured after nitridation. Final state screening in the gate oxide and band-bending at the SiO2∕Si interface must be included in order to deduce accurate band offsets.
Detection and Molecular Characterization of Porcine Enteric Calicivirus in Korea, Genetically Related to Sapoviruses
Authors: Kim H. J. , Cho H. S. , Cho K. O. , Park N. Y.
Published: April 2006

Porcine enteric calicivirus (PECV) shares morphological and genetical similarities with Sapoviruses (SVs), which are the leading cause of epidemic, non‐bacterial gastroenteritis in children worldwide. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of PECV infection in pig farms in Korea, and to compare the evolutionary inter‐relationships between Korean PECVs and other caliciviruses. Among 102 diarrhoeic faecal samples of sucking (n = 50) and weaned (n = 52) piglets from 31 different farms in Korea, five samples (4.9%) were detected positive by reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR), but nine (8.8%) by nested‐PCR. Furthermore, we found that Korean PECVs are closely related to SVs.
Histopathological diagnosis of endobronchial endometriosis treated with argon laser
Authors: OZVARAN Mustafa K. , BARAN Reha , SOĞUKPMAR ÖZlem , UZMAN ÖZlem , ŞAHIN Kahraman , KOCADELIOGLU Inci , AKSOY Ferda , ALTUN Sedat
Published: April 2006

Abstract:  The authors present a case of endobronchial endometriosis with catamenial haemoptysis. The lesion was diagnosed as endobronchial endometriosis based on histopathological examination of a bronchial biopsy from the right second carina. Fibreoptic bronchoscopic examination revealed a tiny hyperaemic submucosal area with bleeding and a brown‐coloured diverticulum at bottom of this lesion encompassing a 2‐cm2 area at the right second carina. Multiplanar reconstructions of a spiral CT scan revealed a 0.5‐cm lesion that looked like a diverticulum at the right second carina. The patient was treated with argon laser at bronchoscopy. Following treatment, the patient has been asymptomatic with no recurrence of haemoptysis.
Human pulmonary dirofilariasis: A case report and review of the recent Japanese literature
Authors: MIYOSHI Tatsu , TSUBOUCHI Hiroaki , IWASAKI Akinori , SHIRAISHI Takeshi , NABESHIMA Kazuki , SHIRAKUSA Takayuki
Published: April 2006

Abstract:  Human pulmonary dirofilariasis is a rare zoonotic infection caused by the dog heartworm Dirofilaria immitis, which is transmitted via a vector/intermediate host, generally the mosquito. The authors present a case of histologically diagnosed human pulmonary dirofilariasis, in which the lesion was resected using video‐assisted thoracic surgery (VATS). The authors also review 24 cases of such zoonosis reported in Japan from 1998 to 2004. Of these 24 patients with human pulmonary dirofilariasis, 12 (50%) were men (mean age 54 years, range 29–80 years) and 67% were asymptomatic. Most patients (83%) had a solitary lung nodule, 95% of the lesions were <30 mm and 13% had a pleural effusion. VATS was performed to obtain a histopathological diagnosis in the majority (61%) of patients whom the authors reviewed. VATS would appear to be the best method for diagnosing pulmonary dirofilariasis.
Combined ‘symmetrical conjunctival flap transposition’ and intraoperative low‐dose mitomycin C in the treatment of primary pterygium
Authors: Uçakhan Ömür Ö , Kanpolat Ayfer
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Purpose:  To introduce a new technique of conjunctival reconstruction after primary pterygium excision, and to evaluate the efficacy of combined ‘symmetrical conjunctival flap transposition’ and intraoperative low‐dose mitomycin C application in preventing recurrence of primary pterygium.

Methods:  In a prospective, non‐comparative case series, 43 eyes of 41 consecutive patients with primary pterygium were studied. In all patient eyes, after excision of pterygia, 0.02% mitomycin C was applied topically for 2 min over the exposed scleral surface and ‘symmetrical conjunctival flap transposition’ was performed to reconstruct the conjunctival defect. The main outcome measures were pterygium recurrence or any complications related with surgery or mitomycin C.

Results:  The mean age of the patients was 47.5 ± 12.4 years (range 30–70 years). Among the 38 patients who were not lost to follow up, three patient eyes (7.5%) had grade 1, 24 eyes (60.0%) had grade 2 and 13 eyes (32.5%) had grade 3 pterygium. The mean follow up was 12.2 ± 5.7 months (range 7–28 months). No recurrence or sight‐threatening complications were encountered in any patient eye throughout the follow‐up period.

Conclusion:  Combined ‘symmetrical conjunctival flap transposition’ and intraoperative low‐dose mitomycin C application may be an effective surgical alternative in preventing recurrence of primary pterygium. Although the procedure seems to be free from severe complications, surgeons and patients should be well aware of the risk of late radiomimetic complications of mitomycin C. Comparative, randomized trials with more number of patients and longer follow up are required to further establish the safety and efficacy of this treatment strategy.