bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NaSr2Nb5O15:Yb3+, Ho3+, Tm3+ transparent glass ceramics: Up‐conversion optical thermometry and energy storage property
Authors: Xing Junhao , Luo Feng , Qin Yaoyi , Luo Ying , Gao Zhixin , Shang Fei , Chen Guohua
Published: September 2022

Rare earth tri‐doped precursor glasses (PGs) were prepared by traditional high‐temperature melting method, and NaSr2Nb5O15 transparent glass–ceramic (GC) was obtained by subsequent heat treatment. Results exhibit that the up‐conversion emission intensity of GC is greatly enhanced compared to PG. Benefiting from the multiple emission bands from Ho3+ and Tm3+ and their different temperature dependence, multi‐ratio optical temperature measurement is realized. The ultimate relative sensitivity (Sr‐max) can reach 2.00% K−1 between 298 and 598 K. It provides a possibility for self‐reference temperature measurement. Furthermore, under the actual charging and discharge conditions, the GC heated at 750°C has great energy density (Wd = 1.15 J/cm3@600 kV/cm) and high‐power density (Pd = 290.4 MW/cm3@600 kV/cm) with ultrafast discharge time (<15.8 ns). The previous results indicate that the obtained GC with good multifunctional properties is expected to be applied in the field of photoelectric conversion.
Disentangling the influences of parental genetics on offspring's cognition, education, and psychopathology via genetic and phenotypic pathways
Authors: Axelrud Luiza K. , Hoffmann Maurício S. , Vosberg Daniel E. , Santoro Marcos , Pan Pedro M. , Gadelha Ary , Belangero Sintia I. , Miguel Euripedes C. , Shin Jean , Thapar Anita , Smoller Jordan W. , Pausova Zdenka , Rohde Luis A. , Keller Matthew C. , Paus Tomáš , Salum Giovanni A.
Published: September 2022

Background

Specific pathways of intergenerational transmission of behavioral traits remain unclear. Here, we aim to investigate how parental genetics influence offspring cognition, educational attainment, and psychopathology in youth.

Methods

Participants for the discovery sample were 2,189 offspring (aged 6–14 years), 1898 mothers and 1,017 fathers who underwent genotyping, psychiatric, and cognitive assessments. We calculated polygenic scores (PGS) for cognition, educational attainment, attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and schizophrenia for the trios. Phenotypes studied included educational and cognitive measures, ADHD and psychotic symptoms. We used a stepwise approach and multiple mediation models to analyze the effect of parental PGS on offspring traits via offspring PGS and parental phenotype. Significant results were replicated in a sample of 1,029 adolescents, 363 mothers, and 307 fathers.

Results

Maternal and paternal PGS for cognition influenced offspring general intelligence and executive function via offspring PGS (genetic pathway) and parental education (phenotypic pathway). Similar results were found for parental PGS for educational attainment and offspring reading and writing skills. These pathways fully explained associations between parental PGS and offspring phenotypes, without residual direct association. Associations with maternal, but not paternal, PGS were replicated. No associations were found between parental PGS for psychopathology and offspring specific symptoms.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that parental genetics influences offspring cognition and educational attainment by genetic and phenotypic pathways, suggesting the expression of parental phenotypes partially explain the association between parental genetic risk and offspring outcomes. Multiple mediations might represent an effective approach to disentangle distinct pathways for intergenerational transmission of behavioral traits.
The impact of paid sick leave laws on consumer and business bankruptcies
Authors: Miller Michelle M.
Published: September 2022

This paper examines how missed income due to illness impacts household fragility. Specifically, it shows that paid sick leave laws, which provide households insurance against illness‐related income shocks, reduce consumer bankruptcy. Using a panel dataset at the county‐quarter level, this paper exploits the geographic and temporal variation in the adoption of paid sick leave laws to implement a difference‐in‐differences and event study analysis. It finds that paid sick leave laws reduce consumer bankruptcy filings by approximately 11%; this effect is seen within three quarters of the law's implementation and remains constant in magnitude and significance thereafter. As paid sick leave laws may come at a cost to businesses, this paper also examines the impact of such laws on business bankruptcy filings—it shows that paid sick leave laws have little to no impact on business bankruptcy filings.
Toward an integrative framework of intergenerational coparenting within family systems: A scoping review
Authors: Bai Xue , Chen Mengtong , He Ranran , Xu Tongling
Published: September 2022

Intergenerational coparenting has become increasingly prevalent globally. Based on 42 papers identified from a comprehensive search of published studies in five databases, this scoping review identified five major themes related to intergenerational coparenting: power and authority, division of labor, conflict, coping and adaptation, and reciprocity. Guided by family systems theory and an intersectionality perspective, we developed an integrative intergenerational coparenting framework that covers five key themes, illustrates their interrelationships, and links them to influential factors at the individual, familial, sociocultural, and policy levels. This framework can guide future studies on intergenerational coparenting and inform the development of interventions for effectively addressing pragmatic needs of joint childcare, preventing conflict in intergenerational and coparenting relationships, devising useful coping and adaptation strategies for obtaining desirable coparenting outcomes, and nurturing cooperation and reciprocity in the process of coparenting to safeguard the well‐being and functioning of the entire family system.
Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity and Inflation Dynamics during and after the Great Recession
Authors: MINEYAMA TOMOHIDE
Published: September 2022

In this paper, I develop a New Keynesian model that embeds heterogeneous workers with asymmetric wage adjustment costs to address two inflation puzzles: missing deflation during the Great Recession and the subsequent missing inflation. When the wage adjustment costs are estimated according to U.S. microwage data, downward nominal wage rigidity emerges, which flattens the observed price Phillips curve during and after recessions. Endogenous evolution of the cross‐sectional wage distribution generates nonlinear dynamics including the sign, size, and state dependence. These nonlinearities enable the model to address the inflation puzzles as well as matching microevidence on wage adjustments.
Frequency dependent, reversible focused ultrasound suppression of evoked potentials in the reflex arc in an anesthetized animal
Authors: El Hassan R. H. , Lawand N. B. , Al‐Chaer E. D. , Khraiche M. L.
Published: September 2022

Objective

To investigate the potential for noninvasive low frequency, low intensity ultrasound to suppress evoked potentials in the reflex arc neural pathway in anesthetized animal.

Material and Methods

Single unit Electromyographic recordings of gastrocnemius muscle activity were obtained in response to electrical activation of the sciatic nerve, in anesthetized animal, with and without US stimulation. Reflex related potentials were evoked via electrical stimulation and low‐intensity, low‐frequency ultrasound was applied to the sciatic nerve. Electromyogram (EMG) was recorded from the gastrocnemius muscle and amplitude and area under the curve were analyzed to determine the effect of ultrasound stimulation on potentials in the reflex arc. Thermal imaging was used to assess thermal effects of US stimulation and immunohistochemical was performed post‐US stimulation assess potential damage to the nerve.

Results

Our results show a drop in electromyogram amplitudes as high as 20%, and a drop in areas under the curve as high as 23%, with greater effects at lower frequencies (200 kHz) and lower acoustic intensities. The suppression of EMG scales with the magnitude of the electrical stimuli. Also, our results demonstrated transient reversibility of US suppression and our experiments eliminated thermal effects and mechanical and thermal damage.

Conclusion

The non‐invasiveness of US stimulation and its inhibitory and reversible effects emphasize the potential of US as a therapeutic modality and clinical tool for suppression of neural potentials in the reflex arc such as the case for pain treatments. The study lays the ground for potential applications of US stimulation in pain treatment.
Whitening effect of kojic acid dipalmitate loaded nanosized ethosomal gel for the treatment of hyperpigmentation: In vitro and in vivo characterization
Authors: Tanveer Nishma , Khan Haji Muhammad Shoaib , Akhtar Naveed
Published: September 2022

Background

In recent years, the demands of depigmenting agents in cosmetics have been increased to treat skin conditions such as hyperpigmentation and melasma. Tyrosinase is a major enzyme involve in hyperpigmentation. Kojic acid dipalimate (KAD) is an ester derivative of kojic acid and exhibit excellent tyrosinase inhibiting activity on human skin.

Objective

To develop and characterize a novel topical delivery system for KAD by using ethosomes and their in vitro, in vivo characterization for the treatment of hyperpigmentation.

Methods

Different KAD loaded ethosomal suspensions were prepared using soy phosphatidylcholine, ethanol, propylene glycol, and water with cold method. These formulations were evaluated for size, zeta potential, Polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency, FTIR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Afterward, the stability of optimized gel was checked and the in vivo studies were carried out in order to evaluate the skin benefits.

Results

The optimized formulation has zeta potential, size, and entrapment efficiency of −23.4 mV, 148 nm, and 90.0008%, respectively. SEM results showed vesicles were spherical in shape. Ethosomal gel had a good stability at lower temperature (8, 25°C). In addition, ethosomal gel gives significant decrease in skin melanin, erythema, and sebum level while it causes improvement in skin hydration level and elasticity during non‐invasive in vivo studies.

Conclusion

The overall findings indicated that the prepared KAD loaded ethosomal formulation was stable and provides deep penetration of KAD into the skin. It offers a promising therapeutic approach for use in skin hyperpigmentation as it has skin whitening and moisturizing effects.
The association between caffeine exposure during pregnancy and risk of gestational hypertension/preeclampsia: A meta‐analysis and systematical review
Authors: Chen Bangsheng , Zhang Mengting , He Yujing , Si Yuexiu , Shi Yetan , Jiang Ke , Shen Jingyi , Hong Jiaze , Ni Saisai
Published: September 2022

Background

The potential effect of caffeine exposure during pregnancy on gestational hypertension (GH)/preeclampsia has attracted attention but remains unclear.

Methods

A systematic literature search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases was performed until March 2022. Observational studies assessing the association between caffeine exposure during pregnancy and the risk of GH/preeclampsia were included. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO: CRD42022322387.

Results

Ten studies involving 114 984 pregnant women (2548 diagnosed with GH and 2473 diagnosed with preeclampsia) were included. Comparing caffeine exposure with noncaffeine exposure, no significant association was found between caffeine exposure during pregnancy and the risk of GH (odds ratio [OR] = 0.99, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.90–1.08, p = 0.800) and preeclampsia (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 0.97–1.31, p = 0.114). Subgroup analyses comparing low to moderate doses with no/lowest doses showed that caffeine exposure during pregnancy was not significant associated with GH (OR = 1.00, p = 0.987) or preeclampsia (OR = 1.03, p = 0.648). Besides, subgroup analyses comparing high doses with no/lowest doses showed that caffeine exposure during pregnancy was not significant associated with GH (OR = 1.06, p = 0.623) or preeclampsia (OR = 1.18, p = 0.192).

Conclusion

This study found that caffeine exposure during pregnancy was not significantly associated with the risk of GH/preeclampsia.
Assessing the deinstitutionalization of marriage thesis: Changes in the meaning of cohabitation over the relationship life course
Authors: Sassler Sharon , Miller Amanda Jayne
Published: September 2022

Objective

We assess Cherlin's deinstitutionalization of marriage thesis by examining the meaning couples ascribe to their cohabiting unions, how this differs between partners and by social class, and over the relationship life course.

Background

Cohabitation is often portrayed as a precursor to marriage. Declining shares of cohabitations that transition into marriage challenge this presumption.

Method

Data are from in‐depth interviews conducted with a class‐diverse sample of 61 different‐gender cohabiting couples (n = 122 individuals). We utilize open, axial, and selective coding to analyze our data.

Results

Cohabitation initially serves largely as a form of intensive dating, though over time many respondents described relationships that intensified to a trial for or a precursor to marriage. Maturation, relative comparisons with others' life course transitions, parenthood desires, and conforming to societal expectations abetted intensification, whereas discord—about domestic and fiscal responsibilities, sex, and life goals—and domestic abuse led to de‐escalation, with many in this category “waiting to break up.” Relationship intensification among the middle‐class highlighted continued adherence to the hegemony of marriage, supporting Cherlin's thesis about developmental change. Less advantaged cohabitors more often viewed cohabitation and marriage as equivalent, supporting transformational change. Gendered enactments both challenged and supported existing institutional norms.

Conclusion

In the early 21st century, cohabitation is part of the developmental change reshaping marriage among the middle‐class, but plays a more transformational role among the less advantaged, where the institution's hold has weakened.
Cancer‐therapy‐induced mucosal injury from 2001 to 2021: A bibliometric analysis
Authors: Qiu Ling , Zhang Duheyi , Ou Zhanpeng , Ren Siqi , Rong Haixu , Wu Fan , Chen Suling , Wang Ruixin , Wu Jiaying , Li Yanyan , Li Jintao , Fan Song , Li Jinsong
Published: September 2022

Background

Cancer‐therapy‐induced mucosal injury (CMI) is a common and deleterious complication that affects patients undergoing cancer therapies. This study was aimed at elucidating knowledge bases and predicting research trends of this field, by analyzing the bibliographic data of CMI.

Methods

The bibliographic data of CMI from 2001 to 2021 were extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection database in March 2022. After screening, a total of 8181 articles and reviews were included in the study. CiteSpace and VOSviewer were applied to analyze and visualize cooperation, cooccurrence, cocitation, and coupling networks.

Results

A steady increase in publications and a burst of citation since 2019 were seen in the subject. Supportive Care in Cancer, International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, Annals of Oncology, Cancer, and Radiotherapy and Oncology were the most influential journals of this field. The University of Adelaide, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center were the top three most productive institutions. ST Sonis, RV Lalla, JB Epstein, and DMK Keefe were the authors with impressive publications and citations. The intellectual base was the publication network of improved treatments based on updating knowledge of CMI. The future trends would be the pathogenesis of CMI, mechanism‐based interventions, microbiota of oral and gastrointestinal mucosa, and photobiomodulation.

Conclusion

This study introduced the evolving publication network and predicted the research trends of CMI, which helped researchers to obtain detailed and reliable knowledge of the discipline, and focus on the most urgent unsolved problems in this field.
Oversimplified models underestimate the role of local environmental filtering
Authors: Botta‐Dukát Zoltán , Kovács Bence , Gyalus Adrienn
Published: September 2022

Aims

Fitting community assembly via trait selection (CATS) models is a useful method of estimating the relative role of environmental selection in community assembly. In the simplest version of CATS models, only linear and additive trait–environment relationships are supposed. This paper explores the consequences of neglecting non‐linearity and trait interactions by analyzing simulated and field data.

Location

Northern Hungary, Central Europe.

Methods

Starting with Gaussian response curves, we discussed how more and more complex species–environment relationships can be modeled by CATS regression. Using simulated data, we calculated the bias unsatisfying linearity and additivity assumptions introduce in the estimated role of environmental filtering in community assembly. Field data collected in the forest understorey vegetation were used for illustrating the magnitude of the underestimation in a real data set.

Results

A non‐linear trait–environment relationship appeared even in the simplest, but realistic simulation (i.e., a Gaussian response curve). Neglecting both non‐linearity and trait interactions resulted in considerable underestimation of the strength of the trait–environment correlation. Moreover, this underestimation was stronger in the middle part of the environmental gradients, leading to a spurious pattern.

Conclusion

At least, a second‐order polynomial regression model (including interactions among traits) should be fitted to avoid the underestimation of the strength of environmental filtering.
Holistic management of hepatocellular carcinoma: The hepatologist's comprehensive playbook
Authors: Jaffe Ariel , Taddei Tamar H. , Giannini Edoardo G. , Ilagan‐Ying Ysabel C. , Colombo Massimo , Strazzabosco Mario
Published: September 2022

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common complication in patients with chronic liver disease and leads to significant morbidity and mortality. Liver disease and liver cancer are preventable by mitigating and managing common risk factors, including chronic hepatitis B and C infection, alcohol use, diabetes, obesity and other components of the metabolic syndrome. The management of patients with HCC requires treatment of the malignancy and adequate control of the underlying liver disease, as preserving liver function is critical for successful cancer treatment and may have a relevant prognostic role independent of HCC management. Hepatologists are the ideal providers to guide the care of patients with HCC as they are trained to identify patients at risk, apply appropriate surveillance strategies, assess and improve residual liver function, evaluate candidacy for transplant, provide longitudinal care to optimize and preserve liver function during and after HCC treatment, survey for cancer recurrence and manage its risk factors, and prevent and treat decompensating events. We highlight the need for a team‐based holistic approach to the patient with liver disease and HCC and identify necessary gaps in current care and knowledge.
Increased platelet ratio in patients with decompensated cirrhosis indicates a higher risk of portal vein thrombosis
Authors: Zanetto Alberto , Campello Elena , Burra Patrizia , Senzolo Marco , Simioni Paolo
Published: September 2022

Patients with decompensated cirrhosis are at risk of portal vein thrombosis (PVT). We prospectively investigated whether alterations of platelet aggregation can predict PVT in decompensated cirrhosis. At baseline, all patients underwent whole‐blood aggregometry (Multiplate®) to assess ADP‐induced platelet aggregation. Aggregometry results were expressed as the ratio between platelet aggregation and platelet count (PLT ratio). Then, patients with cirrhosis were prospectively followed for 1 year for PVT development. One‐hundred and twenty‐eight patients with decompensated cirrhosis were included (Child‐Pugh A/B/C 12/39/49%). The cumulative incidence of PVT was 14%. On multivariate analysis, the PLT ratio (OR 4.5, 95% CI 2.63–7.67; p < .0001) and Child‐Pugh C versus A/B (OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.18–14.80; p = .03) were independently associated with PVT. The discriminative ability of the PLT ratio was higher than Child‐Pugh (AUC 0.92 vs 0.70, p < .0001). A PLT ratio > 0.75 had 83% sensitivity and 84% specificity for PVT. In conclusion, the PLT ratio by Multiplate® seems a promising thrombotic biomarker in decompensated cirrhosis.
The impact of fatigue on mortality of patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: Data from National Health and nutrition examination survey 2005–2010 and 2017–2018
Authors: Younossi Zobair M. , Paik James M. , Golabi Pegah , Younossi Youssef , Henry Linda , Nader Fatema
Published: September 2022

Objective

Fatigue among patients with NAFLD may negatively impact their health‐related quality of life and clinical outcomes (mortality). We determined fatigue prevalence and its association with all‐cause mortality among patients with NAFLD.

Design

NHANES 2005–2010 and 2017–2018 data were used with linked mortality data. NAFLD was defined by fatty liver index for NHANES 2005–2010 and by transient elastography for NHANES 2017–2018. Fatigue was assessed by Patient Health Questionnaire.

Results

NHANES 2005–2010 cohort (n = 5429, mean age 47.1 years, 49.7% male, 69.9% white), 37.6% had NAFLD. Compared to non‐NAFLD controls, fatigue was more common in NAFLD (8.35% vs 6.0%, p = .002). Among NHANES 2017–2018 cohort (n = 3830, mean age 48.3 years, 48.6% male, 62.3% white), 36.9% had NAFLD. Compared to non‐NAFLD controls, fatigue was more common among NAFLD (8.7% vs 6.2%). NAFLD had more sleep disturbance (34.0% vs 26.7%), cardiovascular disease (CVD) (10.7% vs. 6.3%), significant hepatic fibrosis (liver stiffness>8.0 kPa, 17.9% vs 3.5%) and advanced hepatic fibrosis (>13.1 kPa, 5.4% vs 0.9%; all p < .003). The presence of depression (OR: 11.52, 95% CI: 4.45–29.80, p < .0001), CVD (OR: 3.41, 95% CI: 1.02–11.34, p = .0462) and sleep disturbance (OR: 2.00, 95% CI: 1.00–3.98, p = .0491) was independently associated with fatigue; good sleep quality (OR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.35–0.96, p = .0366) had an inverse association. By multivariable Cox model, NAFLD adults with fatigue experienced 2.3‐fold higher mortality than NAFLD without fatigue (HR: 2.31, 95% CI: 1.37–3.89, p = .002).

Conclusions

Fatigue among those with NAFLD is associated with increased risk for mortality and is mainly driven by depression, sleep disturbance and CVD. These findings have important clinical implications.
Anonymous Gamete Donation in Iran: Lineage Revisited
Authors: Tremayne Soraya
Published: September 2022

Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) were legitimized in Iran through the rulings (fatwa) of some of the Shia Islamic jurists, who, in allowing third‐party gamete donation, specified that the resulting child will belong to its biological parent from whom it will take its lineage and inherit. However, three decades on and in practice, the recipients of gamete are increasingly resorting to seeking third‐party gamete from anonymous donors, an act which defies the above rulings. Currently, a proposal including legalizing anonymous gamete donation is examined by the parliament and the question of anonymity remains in flux. This article examines the factors leading to the emergence of the preference by both the infertile couples and the practitioners for anonymous donation. It further examines the implications of anonymous gamete donation for lineage and biological relatedness, which form the cornerstone of family and kinship, and which are paramount in Islam and in Iranian culture.
Fertility Decline, Small Families, and Son Selection in the Arab World: The Controversial Convergence of Contraceptive and Repro‐genetic Technologies
Authors: Inhorn Marcia C.
Published: September 2022

The Arab world has experienced one of the most dramatic fertility declines in modern history, the result of both contraceptive technologies and couples’ desires for smaller families. Assisted reproductive and genetic technologies have also become widespread across the region, leading to new practices of in vitro fertilization (IVF) with sex selection. This article examines the desire for small families with sons, and the introduction of the repro‐genetic technology of preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) for son selection. Islamic opinions on sex selection are divided, but permissivefatwas have fueled practices of son selection in some Arab countries, including the United Arab Emirates, the focus of this study. As shown in this article, the “bioethical aftermath” of these repro‐genetic practices may include son preference and daughter discrimination, with future distortions of population sex ratios across the Arab world.
Antagonistic interactions by a high H2O2‐producing commensal streptococcus modulate caries development by Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Kim Dongyeop , Ito Tatsuro , Hara Anderson , Li Yong , Kreth Jens , Koo Hyun
Published: September 2022

Dental caries (tooth‐decay) is caused by biofilms harboring polymicrobial communities on teeth that leads to the onset of localized areas of enamel demineralization. Streptococcus mutans has been clinically associated with severe caries in childhood. Although commensal bacteria can combat S. mutans using self‐generated antimicrobials such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), constant sugar‐rich diet consumption disrupts microbial homeostasis shifting toward cariogenic community. Recently, Streptococcus oralis subsp. tigurinus strain J22, an oral isolate, was identified as a uniquely potent H2O2 producer. Here, we assess whether a high H2O2‐producing commensal streptococcus can modulate the spatial organization and virulence of S. mutans within biofilms. Using an experimental biofilm model, we find that the presence of S. oralis J22 can effectively inhibit the clustering, accumulation, and spatial organization of S. mutans on ex vivo human tooth surface, resulting in significant reduction of enamel demineralization. Notably, the generation of H2O2 via pyruvate oxidase (SpxB) from S. oralis J22 is not repressed by sugars (a common repressor in other mitis group streptococci), resulting in enhanced inhibition of S. mutans growth (vs. Streptococcus gordonii). We further investigate its impact on biofilm virulence using an in vivo rodent caries model under sugar‐rich diet. Coinfection of S. mutans with S. oralis results in reduced caries development compared to either species infected alone, whereas coinfection with S. gordonii has negligible effects, suggesting that the presence of an efficient, high H2O2‐producer can disrupt S. mutans virulence. This work demonstrates that oral isolates with unusual high H2O2 production may be capable of modulating biofilm cariogenicity in vivo. The findings also highlight the importance of bacterial antagonistic interactions within polymicrobial communities in health and in disease‐causing state.
Cry‐wolf syndrome in recommendation
Authors: Li Baixun , Li Meng , Liang Chao
Published: September 2022

In this paper, we examine the effects of the cry‐wolf syndrome in a setting where a manufacturer hires a forecaster to make a recommendation on the capacity decision. In this context, we define cry wolf as a behavioral syndrome in which the manufacturer becomes less compliant with a forecaster's valuable recommendation after the forecaster's prior recommendation is known to be ex post nonoptimal. We find that, although the cry‐wolf syndrome unequivocally leads to lower performance for the manufacturer when the forecaster's forecast ability is exogenous, cry wolf can help boost the forecaster's investment in improving forecast ability when the ability can be endogenously determined by the forecaster and, thus, benefit the manufacturer. Moreover, cry wolf can improve the performance of the system—the manufacturer and forecaster together—when the commission that the manufacturer pays to the forecaster is not low. Our findings are helpful for understanding the conditions under which cry wolf can be detrimental or beneficial, and for indicating the need for caution with regard to actions curtailing the cry‐wolf syndrome among managers.
Post‐promotion redemption, exposure, and spillover effects of electronic coupons: An empirical analysis
Authors: Zhang Xingyue (Luna) , Yao Yuliang , Zhang Jiantong , Fang Chencheng
Published: September 2022

Coupon promotions have been increasingly used with the development of electronic commerce technologies. The post‐promotion effects of coupon promotions have been mixed. Using a randomly selected customer sample at a firm that operates a large online classified ads website, we examine the exposure, redemption, and spillover effects of coupon promotions. We find a negative exposure effect and a positive redemption effect. For customers who received coupons but did not redeem them (i.e., exposure effect), they purchased less than those who did not receive coupons after the promotion ends; and for the customers who redeemed coupons (i.e., redemption effect), they purchased more than those who did not redeem them after the promotion ends. We find that the positive redemption and negative exposure effects can spill over to other products that are not on promotion (i.e., spillover effect). Further investigations show that the negative exposure effect is exacerbated when customers purchase more often. Managerial and theoretical implications are discussed.
The Intergenerational Transmission of Party Preferences in Multiparty Contexts: Examining Parental Socialization Processes in the Netherlands
Authors: Durmuşoğlu Linet R. , de Lange Sarah L. , Kuhn Theresa , van der Brug Wouter
Published: September 2022

Research shows that parents have a strong influence on the party preferences of their children. Yet little is known about how such preferences are transmitted in multiparty systems with weak party identification and high electoral volatility. We propose a model of intergenerational transmission that includes both direct effects of parents' party preferences on those of their children, as well as indirect effects through left–right and issue positions. We test this model with original survey data of Dutch adolescents (14–20 years old) and their parents (N = 751 adolescent‐parent pairs). We find two paths through which parents exert influence on the party preferences of their adolescent children. On the first path, parental party preferences function as a direct predictor of adolescent party preferences. On the second path, adolescent left–right and issue positions function as a mediator between parental left–right and issue positions and adolescent party preferences, with the effect of left–right positions being stronger than that of issue positions. The frequency with which adolescents discuss political topics with their parents moderates these effects.
MiPDCD6 effector suppresses host PAMP‐triggered immunity to facilitate Meloidogyne incognita parasitism in tomato
Authors: Kamaruzzaman Md , Zhao Li‐Feng , Zhang Jin‐Ai , Zhu Le‐Tian , Li Yuan , Deng Xiao‐Da , Cai Shu‐Jing , Lian Xiao‐Cong , Chen Fang‐Ni , Jia Ning , Wang Xinrong
Published: September 2022

Plant‐parasitic nematodes secrete several effectors that suppress host PAMP‐triggered immunity for successful parasitism. Here, we have characterized a novel effector from the root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, named MiPDCD6. The MiPDCD6 gene is expressed in the subventral oesophageal glands and is upregulated in the mid‐stages of M. incognita parasitism in plants. Tobacco rattle virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) targeting MiPDCD6 attenuated M. incognita parasitism. Compared with the control, in tomato plants with MiPDCD6 VIGS, the numbers of root knots were significantly reduced by 46.3%, giant cell development was delayed by 7 days (as shown by the improved paraffin section technique), and the expression levels of both PR‐1 and PR‐5 tomato genes were significantly higher, as shown by reverse transcription‐PCR. Although MiPDCD6 lacks a classic signal peptide for secretion at its N‐terminus, results of immunofluorescence localization showed that MiPDCD6 could be secreted by M. incognita, transported and function in giant cells of tomato. Transient expression of MiPDCD6 in Nicotiana benthamiana suppressed cell death triggered by BAX and callose deposition induced by PIAvh142, inhibited reactive oxygen species accumulation induced by flg22, and reduced expression of PR1 and PR5, which are marker genes of the salicylic acid (SA)‐mediated immune signalling pathway. These results indicate that M. incognita deploys MiPDCD6 to suppress SA‐mediated plant immunity to promote its parasitism.
The dynamic effects of monsoon rainfall shocks on agricultural yield, wages, and food prices in India*
Authors: Brey Björn , Hertweck Matthias S.
Published: September 2022

This paper shows that, first, the effects of monsoon rainfall shocks on agricultural yield in India are highly asymmetric: yield falls strongly after droughts, whereas excessive rainfall has only little effects. Second, our key novel finding is that the short‐lived yield loss after a widespread drought elicits a persistent decline (increase) in wages (food prices), which lasts for up to five years. Third, affiliation to the same National Sample Survey region (and thus to the same state) seems to be a key determinant of internal migration, whereas distance appears more relevant for food arbitrage trading.
Applicability of the drainage effectiveness of Blake drains and Tenckhoff catheters in the peritoneal dialysis of healthy rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Authors: Pereira Ana Camila , Geraldes Silvano S. , Maia Suellen R. , de Azevedo Maria Gabriela P. , da Silva Gustavo G. , de Souza Bruna N. , García Henry David M. , Melchert Alessandra , Brandão Cláudia Valéria S. , de Souza Fabiana F. , Guimarães‐Okamoto Priscylla T. C.
Published: September 2022

Objective

To compare the efficacy of dialysate drainage between Tenckhoff (TC) catheter and Blake (BL) in peritoneal dialysis (PD) in healthy rabbits.

Design

Prospective experimental study.

Setting

University Teaching Hospital and University research laboratory.

Animals

Twenty healthy, male, New Zealand rabbits.

Interventions

PD via the TC catheter and the BL abdominal drain was compared during 3 consecutive days of dialysis delivery.

Measurements and Main Results

One session of PD was performed per day for 3 consecutive days (S1: first session, S2: second session, S3: third session) and each session included 4 cycles of infusion, dwell of dialysate in the abdomen, and drainage. Data collection included daily urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, albumin, and potassium, in addition to hematological parameters (eg, RBC, HCT, hemoglobin, WBC, and platelet count). Statistical analysis using a mixed linear model with multiple comparisons was performed. The BL drain resulted in an increase in volume drained (ml/kg) when compared to TC catheter on S2 (third and fourth cycles) and S3 (first and second cycles).

Conclusions

The BL drain proved to be superior to the TC catheter, being capable of draining a larger volume of dialysate during the drainage processes in the peritoneal PD of healthy rabbits. The TC catheter had major complications with regard to fluid retention in the abdomen, representing reduced drainage efficiency, while the BL drain showed a greater tendency for the peritoneal fluid to leak.
A proposed improvised pleural drainage system for veterinary use
Authors: Hardjo Sureiyan
Published: September 2022

Background

Active pleural suction devices may be required for continuous drainage of pleural fluid or air. Such devices may not always be available or economical to stock at all veterinary hospitals. Three designs of pleural drainage systems adapted from standard suction canisters are proposed.

Key Findings

The designs were constructed from readily available materials from the veterinary hospital and consist of (1) a 1‐bottle system intended for use with pneumothoraces, (2) a 2‐bottle system, which can be used for draining air and fluid, and (3) an abbreviated 2‐bottle system. The suction pressure was tested using a water manometer for each design. The suction pressure was consistently accurate with designs 1 and 2, with mild fluctuations, intermittently increasing suction pressure in design 1 due to bubbling through the air vent. Design 3 demonstrated a greater degree of pressure fluctuations, which was attributed to having the least water volume, reaching suction pressures up to 1 cm H2O above what was set.

Significance

The improvised devices appear effective, allow accurate delivery of a set suction pressure, and can be rapidly constructed from inexpensive and readily available equipment.
Perception of challenges in management of neurological cases in the emergency room
Authors: Meyer Franziska B. , Hoehne Sabrina N. , Murthy Vishal D. , Maiolini Arianna , Stein Veronika M. , Rathmann Justus M. K. , Guevar Julien
Published: September 2022

Objective

To investigate emergency clinicians’ comfort level in assessing neurological emergencies and to identify opportunities to foster enhanced training of clinical neurology in the emergency room.

Design

Internet‐based survey.

Setting

University teaching hospitals and private referral centers.

Subjects

One hundred and ninety‐two emergency and critical care specialists and resident trainees (ECC) and 104 neurology specialists and resident trainees (NEUR) in clinical practice.

Interventions

An internet‐based survey was distributed via veterinary professional organizations’ listserves and message boards and responses were collected between March and April 2020. ECC completed a survey evaluating stress levels associated with neurological emergencies, confidence with neurological examinations, and neuroanatomical localization. NEUR completed a similar survey to report their perception of their ECC colleagues’ confidence in the assessment of neurological cases. Chi‐square and Mann–Whitney U‐tests were used to compare categorical responses and confidence scores between groups. P < 0.002 was considered significant.

Measurements and Main Results

Fifty‐two percent of ECC found neurological emergencies slightly challenging, whereas 85% of NEUR found them moderately to extremely challenging for ECC (P < 0.0001). ECC's median self‐reported confidence score in performing a neurologic examination on a scale of 0–100 was 75 (interquartile range [IQR], 27), while NEUR reported a median ECC confidence of 44 (IQR, 25; P < 0.0001). Median self‐reported ECC confidence in localizing intracranial, spinal, and neuromuscular disease was 67 (IQR, 40), 88 (IQR, 21), and 60 (IQR, 37), respectively, which was significantly higher than median NEUR‐reported ECC confidence of 35 (IQR, 38), 51 (IQR, 31), and 18 (IQR, 20), respectively (all P < 0.0001). Following case transfer, 34% of ECC received NEUR feedback in >75% of cases.

Conclusions

Noticeable discrepancies between ECC and NEUR perceptions of ECC clinical confidence were seen, while no firm evidence of neurophobia could be inferred. Improvements in interdepartmental communication and teaching of clinical neurology may be warranted.
Retrospective evaluation of transportation and outcome of dogs on a mechanical ventilator: 9 cases
Authors: Bingham Emily , Haire Lauren , Buckley Gareth J. , Allen‐Durrance Ashley E.
Published: September 2022

Objective

To describe the transportation and clinical outcome of 9 dogs transported to a referral hospital on mechanical ventilation (MV).

Design

Retrospective case series (2015–2020).

Setting

University teaching hospital.

Animals

Nine dogs transported to a referral center on MV.

Interventions

All dogs underwent MV during vehicular transport.

Measurement and Main Results

The medical records of 9 dogs transported on a MV to a university teaching hospital were reviewed. Data collected included signalment, reason for MV, ventilator settings, sedation protocol, monitoring in transit, distance traveled, complications, clinical outcome, and cost. All dogs transported survived transport to the referral hospital and 8 of 9 were successfully weaned from the ventilator and discharged home.

Conclusions

MV during transport in this setting was practical and safe. Dogs in this study had a high survival rate compared to previous studies of dogs undergoing MV, likely due to selection of cases assessed to have a correctable underlying disease.
The Decision to Intervene Militarily in Afghanistan
Authors: Ro'i Yaacov
Published: September 2022

The chapter describes the dilemma and considerations of the Soviet leadership in 1979 when the leaders of the Marxist regime that took power in Kabul the year previously appealed for military assistance to quell the revolt that broke out in Afghanistan. Unwilling to “lose Afghanistan," the Kremlin eventually agreed to send in a military force - after over-ruling its own military leadership that realized a priori the futility of the intervention. The decision evoked some qualms and even open opposition within the Soviet Union, but reservations remained mainly behind closed doors, while those that were voiced were quickly silenced.
The Implications of the Soviet-Afghan War for the Soviet Military
Authors: Ro'i Yaacov
Published: September 2022

The Soviet-Afghan War was the first involvement of any major Soviet force in actual fighting since the end of World War II. It was also the first experiment in applying conventional military doctrine to guerrilla warfare – typically, the Soviets had no word for counter-insurgency. The generals who tasted war in Afghanistan returned home and played important roles in the command of Military Districts and taught in military academies. What they had learned in Afghanistan was introduced into Soviet military thought, particularly the need for flexibility of military doctrine and leadership. Weaponry and other military equipment, too, were updated and accommodated to modern technologies and specifically to fighting guerrillas in mountainous territory. Some of this was already done in the war's course. Yet, the First Chechen War in the mid-1990s demonstrated that the military establishment had not effectively internalized the lessons of Afghanistan.
Public Opinion
Authors: Ro'i Yaacov
Published: September 2022

The media's gradual revelations regarding the war enhanced public awareness and engendered protest. So did foreign broadcasts with more detailed and more convincing accounts of the fighting. General disgruntlement, especially among young people, bred into irritation with the way the war was going, regime attempts to conceal it and the fact that it was being conducted on foreign territory. The zinc coffins that brought home those who died and the young invalids in the streets provoked further consternation. The critique figured in contemporary song, film and literature. Some extrapolated from the war to question the credibility of the regime's entire, all-pervasive, propaganda effort. The war barely over, the call mounted to bring to account those responsible for launching it and to grant privileges to its veterans, although many in society transferred their critique of the war to those who had fought it.
Travel Motivation, Destination Image, and Stage of Intention to Visit Anak Krakatau Mount: a Study of Volcano Tourism in Indonesia
Authors: Suhud Usep , Allan Mamoon
Published: September 2022

This study aims to measure the impact of travel motivation and destination image on stage of intention to visit a volcano site, particularly Anak Krakatau. "Anak" means "child". This mount is a volcano created by the deadly eruption of the Krakatau volcano which killed 36,417 people in 1883 and had a wide-ranging impact on some of the world's ecosystems. This mountain is located on a small island between two large islands of Sumatra and Java, Indonesia. Anak Krakatau is more popular among domestic tourists. Data were collected using an online questionnaire platform and the study used a convenience sample of 250 participants. Data were analysed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, as well as structural equation model. Stage intention consisted of visit intention in the period of one, three, and five years and each of them were treated as individual variable unless for visit intention in a year due to insignificance. As a result, travel motivation had a significant impact on destination image and destination image significantly affects stage of intention.
The Contaminate Infiltration Model for Heat and Concentration Transport Within Porous Media Under Electromagnetic Fields
Authors: Montienthong Prempreeya , Rattanadecho Phadungsak , Gibson Andy
Published: September 2022

This paper studies the groundwater model of the influence of physical parameters, including input frequency of the electromagnetic, and input concentration of contaminants in groundwater, on the velocity pattern, temperature distribution, and concentration distribution of convective heat transfer in saturated porous media as soil. The mathematical models have solved seven equations in this simulation study, i.e., Maxwell's equation, heat transfer in fluid and solid phases, momentum, and concentration equations. The effect of frequencies and input concentrations of contaminants on the convective heat transfer and concentration distribution in porous media as soil under an electromagnetic wave is investigated. The results indicate that the electromagnetic wave frequency of 2.45 GHz has the most influence on the temperature distribution, velocity patterns, and concentration distribution of the fluid within the porous media as soil during saturated flow in groundwater. The inlet fluid concentration of the contaminant at 30 mol/dm3 has the most impact on the temperature distribution between the implementation of an electromagnetic wave of 2.45 GHz. So, this numerical model provides simple decision data based on comparing the maximum contaminant concentrations of porous media as soil samples with surface soil screening levels such as petroleum engineering and agricultural engineering. This result can be used by the engineer as a guide to determine whether further investigation is needed.
Determination of the Chip–Tool Contact Length in Orthogonal Cutting
Authors: dos Santos Anderson Júnior , Bonfim Matheus Tavares , Rosa Ribeiro da Silva Leonardo , Batista da Silva Rosemar , Câmara Marcelo Araújo , Magalhães Frederico de Castro , Abrão Alexandre Mendes
Published: September 2022

This work presents an experimental–numerical approach aimed at determining the chip–tool contact length during orthogonal cutting of annealed AISI 4340 steel (223 HV) with TiN-coated tungsten carbide inserts. Initially, pin-on-disc tests were performed, followed by orthogonal cutting tests. The components of the cutting force were used to calculate the coefficient of friction in orthogonal cutting, and its value was compared with those obtained under sliding. Moreover, the cutting force components obtained experimentally were used to assess the reliability of the finite element model and estimate the temperature in the cutting zone. The contact length between chip and rake face was calculated based on the experimental feed force and shear strength of the work material and was compared with the results provided by an analytical model. The experimental–numerical approach can be considered more accurate due to the fact that it considers the effect of the tool–chip interface temperature on the shear strength of the work material. However, the analytical model is quite straightforward, since it only requires the values of chip thickness and undeformed chip thickness to estimate the tool–chip contact length.