bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PLAYING IT SAFE: AMERICAN LITERATURE AND THE TAMING OF CHANCE
Authors: CRANE GREGG
Published: March 2014

The term “modernity” is often introduced by means of a storyline moving from one to another of opposed terms. One thinks of Sir Henry Maine's status and contract, Ferdinand Tönnies'sGemeinschaftandGessellschaft, and Henry Adams's Virgin and the dynamo. In such narratives, modernity comes with an increasing awareness of the fluid and apparently random nature of events characterizing modern existence (other terms, such as anomie, alienation, and disenchantment, also come to mind). Darwin's description, in chapter 4 ofThe Origin of Species, of the process of natural selection offers a defining instance of both change and its haphazard nature. While he doesn't use the phrase “random variation,” Darwin, as he apologetically notes at the beginning of chapter 5, uses the word “chance” repeatedly to name the occasional and sometimes critically important biological changes that he can't explain.
ACROSS THE GREAT DIVIDE: FREE MARKETS FROM RIGHT TO LEFT
Authors: BURNS JENNIFER
Published: March 2014

“One book is a book, two books is a trend,” goes an old adage in publishing. And what of three books? The 2012 publication of Angus Burgin's The Great Persuasion: Reinventing Free Markets since the Depression and Daniel Stedman Jones's Masters of the Universe: Hayek, Friedman, and the Birth of Neoliberal Politics, together with the 2011 publication of Nicholas Wapshott's Keynes Hayek: The Clash That Defined Modern Economics, suggests that the intellectual history of conservatism is not merely a trend, but an interest that is here to stay. At least the study of free markets, that is, for the books under consideration here focus more on conservative economic ideas than on religious or cultural ideals, capturing the intellectual history of free markets in the twentieth century through the Mont Pelerin Society, transatlantic policy, and the debate between John Maynard Keynes and Friedrich Hayek. While remarkably similar in subject and source, these are three different books, distinguished from each other in interpretation, execution, and focus. All three, however, display a similar temperament, assessing conservative ideas in an evenhanded if not overtly sympathetic tone suggesting that scholars have finally found a shared register through which to consider the most controversial and politically consequential ideas of the late twentieth century. They also converge upon a perhaps surprising synthesis, positioning free-market thought not only at the interstices of America and Europe, but between and across left and right, conservative and liberal.
Template-induced polymorphic selectivity: the effects of surface chemistry and solute concentration on carbamazepine crystallisation
Authors: Parambil Jose V. , Poornachary Sendhil K. , Tan Reginald B. H. , Heng Jerry Y. Y.
Published: March 2014

Crystallisation of form II, form III or forms II + III (concomitant) carbamazepine by varying nucleant surface chemistry and solute concentration.
A fluorescence polarization assay for the experimental validation of anin silicomodel of the chemokine CXCL8 binding to receptor-derived peptides
Authors: Girrbach Maria , Meliciani Irene , Waterkotte Björn , Berthold Susann , Oster Alisha , Brurein Fiona , Strunk Timo , Wadhwani Parvesh , Berensmeier Sonja , Wenzel Wolfgang , Schmitz Katja
Published: March 2014

A binding assay was established to validate the effects of amino acid exchanges in a peptide on its affinity to the protein CXCL8 predicted by a computer model.
Ordered mesoporous polymer-derived ceramics and their processing into hierarchically porous boron nitride and silicoboron carbonitride monoliths
Authors: Bernard Samuel , Miele Philippe
Published: March 2014

This review describes the elaboration of ordered mesoporous non-oxide materials such as BN and SiBCN and the subsequent fabrication of derived monoliths by spark plasma sintering using the as-prepared powders.
Constitutional self-selection from dynamic combinatorial libraries in aqueous solution through supramolecular interactions
Authors: Solà Jordi , Lafuente Maria , Atcher Joan , Alfonso Ignacio
Published: March 2014

Cooperative supramolecular interactions induce the formation of a major constitution from topologically diverse dynamic combinatorial libraries of pseudopeptides in aqueous solution.
Brominated single walled carbon nanotubes as versatile precursors for covalent sidewall functionalization
Authors: Hof Ferdinand , Hauke Frank , Hirsch Andreas
Published: March 2014

Brominated SWCNTs serve as versatile building blocks for the facile generation of sidewall functionalized SWCNT derivatives.
Mannitol-assisted solvothermal synthesis of BiOCl hierarchical nanostructures and their mixed organic dye adsorption capacities
Authors: Tian Fan , Xiong Jinyan , Zhao Huiping , Liu Yunling , Xiao Shengqiang , Chen Rong
Published: March 2014

BiOCl hierarchical nanostructures have been successfully synthesized via a facile solvothermal process with the assistance of mannitol, and exhibited excellent adsorption capacity and favorable recycling ability for mixed organic dye removal.
Interactions of ionic liquids with hydration layer of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide): comprehensive analysis of biophysical techniques results
Authors: Reddy P. Madhusudhana , Umapathi R. , Venkatesu P.
Published: March 2014

PNIPAM aqueous solution exhibits a single phase transition in the presence of ionic liquids.
Designed hierarchical MnO2 microspheres assembled from nanofilms for removal of heavy metal ions
Authors: Guo Yuanyuan , Guo Hong , Wang Yapeng , Liu Lixiang , Chen Weiwei
Published: March 2014

Hierarchical MnO2 microspheres assembled by nano thin film are fabricated through an environmental route with subsequent drying under vacuum, and exhibit remarkable removal efficiency of heavy metal ions in water treatment.
Effects of impurity and Bose-Fermi interactions on the transition temperature of a dilute dipolar Bose–Einstein condensation in trapped Bose-Fermi mixtures
Authors: Yavari H. , Mokhtari M.
Published: March 2014

The effects of impurity and Bose-Fermi interactions on the transition temperature of a dipolar Bose–Einstein condensation in trapped Bose-Fermi mixture, by using the two-fluid model, are investigated. The shift of the transition temperature consists of four contributions due to contact, Bose-Fermi, dipole-dipole, and impurity interactions. We will show that in the presence of an anisotropic trap, the Bose-Fermi correction to the shift of transition temperature due to the excitation spectra of the thermal part is independent of anisotropy factor. Applying our results to trapped Bose-Fermi mixtures shows that, by knowing the impurity effect, the shift of the transition temperature due to Bose-Fermi interaction could be measured for isotropic trap (dipole-dipole contributions is zero) and Feshbach resonance technique (contact potential contribution is negligible).
Nano-magnetism of magnetostriction in Fe35Co65
Authors: Lisfi A. , Ren T. , Khachaturyan A. , Wuttig M.
Published: March 2014

The nature of the large magnetostriction in body-centered Fe-based solid solutions has been widely discussed in the literature. Here, we use a combination of magnetostriction, magnetization, torque, and transmission electron microscopy measurements of specially annealed Co65Fe35 to show that the magnetostriction is caused by coherent uniaxial nano-precipitates. We show further that these nano-precipitates lower the magnetocrystalline anisotropy in these alloys to K1 = −2.16 × 104 J/m3.
Measuring coalignment of retroreflectors with large lateral incoming-outgoing beam offset
Authors: Schütze Daniel , Farrant David , Shaddock Daniel A. , Sheard Benjamin S. , Heinzel Gerhard , Danzmann Karsten
Published: March 2014

A method based on phase-shifting Fizeau interferometry is presented with which retroreflectors with large incoming-outgoing beam separations can be tested. The method relies on a flat Reference Bar that is used to align two auxiliary mirrors parallel to each other to extend the aperture of the interferometer. The method is applied to measure the beam coalignment of a prototype Triple Mirror Assembly of the GRACE Follow-On Laser Ranging Interferometer, a future satellite-to-satellite tracking device for Earth gravimetry. The Triple Mirror Assembly features a lateral beam offset of incoming and outgoing beam of 600 mm, whereas the acceptance angle for the incoming beam is only about ±2 mrad. With the developed method, the beam coalignment of the prototype Triple Mirror Assembly was measured to be 9 μrad with a repeatability of below 1 μrad.
Radford's biproducts and Yetter-Drinfeld modules for monoidal Hom-Hopf algebras
Authors: Liu Ling , Shen Bingliang
Published: March 2014

Let (H, α) be a monoidal Hom-bialgebra and (B, β) be a left (H, α)-Hom-module algebra and also a left (H, α)-Hom-comodule coalgebra. Then in this paper, we first introduce the notion of a Hom-smash coproduct, which is a monoidal Hom-coalgebra. Second, we find sufficient and necessary conditions for the Hom-smash product algebra structure and the Hom-smash coproduct coalgebra structure on B ⊗ H to afford B ⊗ H a monoidal Hom-bialgebra structure, generalizing the well-known Radford's biproduct, where the conditions are equivalent to that (B, β) is a bialgebra in the category of Hom-Yetter-Drinfeld modules $^{H} _{H}\mathcal {HYD}$HYDHH. Finally, we illustrate the category of Hom-Yetter-Drinfeld modules $^{H} _{H}\mathcal {HYD}$HYDHH and prove that the category $^{H} _{H}\mathcal {HYD}$HYDHH is a braided monoidal category.
Theory of activated dynamics and glass transition of hard colloids in two dimensions
Authors: Zhang Bo-kai , Li Hui-shu , Tian Wen-de , Chen Kang , Ma Yu-qiang
Published: March 2014

The microscopic nonlinear Langevin equation theory is applied to study the localization and activated hopping of two-dimensional hard disks in the deeply supercooled and glass states. Quantitative comparisons of dynamic characteristic length scales, barrier, and their dependence on the reduced packing fraction are presented between hard-disk and hard-sphere suspensions. The dynamic barrier of hard disks emerges at higher absolute and reduced packing fractions and correspondingly, the crossover size of the dynamic cage which correlates to the Lindemann length for melting is smaller. The localization lengths of both hard disks and spheres decrease exponentially with packing fraction. Larger localization length of hard disks than that of hard spheres is found at the same reduced packing fraction. The relaxation time of hard disks rises dramatically above the reduced packing fraction of 0.88, which leads to lower reduced packing fraction at the kinetic glass transition than that of hard spheres. The present work provides a foundation for the subsequent study of the glass transition of binary or polydisperse mixtures of hard disks, normally adopted in experiments and simulations to avoid crystallization, and further, the rheology and mechanical response of the two-dimensional glassy colloidal systems.
Skutterudites under pressure: An ab initio study
Authors: Ram Swetarekha , Kanchana V. , Valsakumar M. C.
Published: March 2014

Ab initio results on the band structure, density of states, and Fermi surface (FS) properties of LaRu4X12 (X = P, As, Sb) are presented at ambient pressure as well as under compression. The analysis of density of states reveals the major contribution at the Fermi level to be mainly from the Ru-d and X-p states. We have a complicated Fermi surface with both electron and hole characters for all the three compounds which is derived mainly from the Ru-d and X-p states. There is also a simpler FS with hole character derived from the P-pz orbital for LaRu4P12 and Ru-dz2 orbital in the case of As and Sb containing compounds. More interestingly, Fermi surface nesting feature is observed only in the case of the LaRu4P12. Under compression, we observe the topology of the complicated FS sheet of LaRu4As12 to change around V/V0 = 0.85, leading to a behaviour similar to that of a multiband superconductor, and in addition, we have two more hole pockets centered around Γ at V/V0 = 0.8 for the same compound. Apart from this, we find the hole pocket to vanish at V/V0 = 0.8 in the case of LaRu4Sb12 and the opening of the complicated FS sheet gets reduced. The de Haas van Alphen calculation shows the number of extremal orbits in the complicated sheet to change in As and Sb containing compounds under compression, where we also observe the FS topology to change.
Hard magnetohydrodynamic limit in 1/3 sawtooth like activity in LHD
Authors: Varela J. , Watanabe K. Y. , Ohdachi S. , Narushima Y.
Published: March 2014

The optimization of LHD discharges in inward-shifted configurations with 1/3 sawtooth like activity is an open issue. These relaxation events limit the LHD performance driving a periodic plasma deconfinement. The aim of this study is to analyze the 1/3 sawtooth like activity in plasmas with different stability properties to foreseen the best operation conditions and minimize its undesired effects. We summarize the results of several MHD simulations for plasmas with Lundquist numbers between 105 and 106 in the slow reconnection regime, studying the equilibria properties during the onset of a chain of 1/3 sawtooth like events. The research conclusions point out that the hard MHD limit can be reached in the inner plasma region after the onset of a strong 1/3 resonant sawtooth like event and trigger a plasma collapse. The collapse can be avoided if the system remains in the soft MHD limit, namely, in a regime with a pressure gradient and a magnetic turbulence below the critical values to drive the soft-hard MHD transition. In the soft MHD limit the system relaxations are the non resonant 1/3 sawtooth like events or a weak version of the 1/3 resonant sawtooth like events. A system relaxation in the soft MHD regime drives a minor plasma deconfinement that does not limit the LHD performance if the event periodicity is not very high.
Noncovalent π⋅⋅⋅π interaction between graphene and aromatic molecule: Structure, energy, and nature
Authors: Wang Weizhou , Zhang Yu , Wang Yi-Bo
Published: March 2014

Noncovalent π⋅⋅⋅π interactions between graphene and aromatic molecules have been studied by using density functional theory with empirical dispersion correction (ωB97X-D) combined with zeroth-order symmetry adapted perturbation theory (SAPT0). Excellent agreement of the interaction energies computed by means of ωB97X-D and spin component scaled (SCS) SAPT0 methods, respectively, shows great promise for the two methods in the study of the adsorption of aromatic molecules on graphene. The other important finding in this study is that, according to SCS-SAPT0 analyses, π⋅⋅⋅π interactions between graphene and aromatic molecules are largely dependent on both dispersion and electrostatic type interactions. It is also noticed that π⋅⋅⋅π interactions become stronger and more dispersive (less electrostatic) upon substitution of the very electronegative fluorine atoms onto the aromatic molecules.
Heteroepitaxial growth of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin film on sapphire substrate by radio frequency magnetron sputtering
Authors: Song Ning , Wang Yu , Hu Yicong , Huang Yidan , Li Wei , Huang Shujuan , Hao Xiaojing
Published: March 2014

The heteroepitaxy of tetragonal Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films on hexagonal sapphire (0001) single crystal substrates is successfully obtained by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The sputtered CZTS film has a mirror-like smooth surface with a root mean square roughness of about 5.44 nm. X-ray θ-2θ scans confirm that CZTS film is (112) oriented on sapphire with an out of plane arrangement of CZTS (112) ‖ sapphire (0001). X-ray Phi scan further illustrates an in plane ordering of CZTS [201¯] ‖ sapphire [21¯1¯0]. The high resolution transmission electron microscopy image of the interface region clearly shows that the CZTS thin film epitaxially grows on the sapphire (0001) substrate. The band gap of the film is found to be approximately 1.51 eV.
Supercooled-liquid and plastic-crystalline state in succinonitrile-glutaronitrile mixtures
Authors: Götz M. , Bauer Th. , Lunkenheimer P. , Loidl A.
Published: March 2014

We report a thorough characterization of the glassy phases of mixtures of succinonitrile and glutaronitrile via dielectric spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. This system is revealed to be one of the rare examples where both glassy states of matter, a structurally disordered supercooled liquid and an orientationally disordered plastic crystal, can be prepared in the same material. Both disordered states can be easily supercooled, finally arriving at a structural-glass or a glassy-crystal state. Detailed investigations using broadband dielectric spectroscopy enable a comparison of the glassy dynamics in both phases. Just as previously demonstrated for supercooled-liquid and plastic-crystalline ethanol, our experiments reveal very similar relaxational behavior and glass temperatures of both disordered states. Thus the prominent role of orientational degrees of freedom in the glass transition, suggested on the basis of the findings for ethanol, is fully corroborated by the present work. Moreover, the fragilities of both phases are determined and compared for different mixtures. The findings can be qualitatively understood within an energy-landscape based explanation of fragility.
Phase transformations of nano-sized cubic boron nitride to white graphene and white graphite
Authors: Dang Hongli , Liu Yingdi , Xue Wenhua , Anderson Ryan S. , Sewell Cody R. , Xue Sha , Crunkleton Daniel W. , Shen Yaogen , Wang Sanwu
Published: March 2014

We report quantum-mechanical investigations that predict the formation of white graphene and nano-sized white graphite from the first-order phase transformations of nano-sized boron nitride thin-films. The phase transformations from the nano-sized diamond-like structure, when the thickness d > 1.4 nm, to the energetically more stable nano-sized white graphite involve low activation energies of less than 1.0 eV. On the other hand, the diamond-like structure transforms spontaneously to white graphite when d ≤ 1.4 nm. In particular, the two-dimensional structure with single-layer boron nitride, the so-called white graphene, could be formed as a result of such transformation.
Decrease of the surface resistance in superconducting niobium resonator cavities by the microwave field
Authors: Ciovati G. , Dhakal P. , Gurevich A.
Published: March 2014

Measurements of the quality factor, Q, of Nb superconducting microwave resonators often show that Q increases by ≃10%–30% with increasing radio-frequency (rf) field, H, up to ∼15–20 mT. Recent high temperature heat treatments can amplify this rf field-induced increase of Q up to ≃50%–100% and extend it to much higher fields ≃100 mT, but the mechanisms of the enhancement of Q(H) remain unclear. Here, we suggest a method to reveal these mechanisms by measuring temperature dependencies of Q at different rf field amplitudes. We show that the increase of Q(H) does not come from a field dependent quasi-particles activation energy or residual resistance, but rather results from the smearing of the density of state by the rf field.
Plasmonic interferometry: Probing launching dipoles in scanning-probe plasmonics
Authors: Mollet Oriane , Bachelier Guillaume , Genet Cyriaque , Huant Serge , Drezet Aurélien
Published: March 2014

We develop a semi-analytical method for analyzing surface plasmon interferometry using scanning-probe tips as SP launchers. We apply our approach to Young double-hole interferometry experiments in a scanning tunneling microscope discussed recently in the literature as well as to new experiments—reported here—with an aperture near-field scanning optical microscope source positioned near a ring-like aperture slit in a thick gold film. In both experimental configurations, the agreement between experiments and model is very good. Our work reveals the role of the launching dipole orientations and magnetic versus electric dipole contributions to the interference imaging process. It also stresses the different orientations of the effective dipoles associated with the two different scanning-probe techniques.
Magnetic vortex crystal formation in the antidot complement of square artificial spin ice
Authors: de Araujo C. I. L. , Silva R. C. , Ribeiro I. R. B. , Nascimento F. S. , Felix J. F. , Ferreira S. O. , Mól L. A. S. , Moura-Melo W. A. , Pereira A. R.
Published: March 2014

We have studied ferromagnetic nickel thin films patterned with square lattices of elongated antidots that are negative analogues of square artificial spin ice. Micromagnetic simulations and direct current magnetic moment measurements reveal in-plane anisotropy of the magnetic hysteresis loops, and the formation of a dense array of magnetic vortices with random polarization and chirality. These multiply-connected antidot arrays could be superior to lattices of disconnected nanodisks for investigations of vortex switching by applied electric current.
Three-dimensional cell migration does not follow a random walk
Authors: Wu Pei-Hsun , Giri Anjil , Sun Sean X. , Wirtz Denis
Published: March 2014

Significance

The motility of cells in the absence of gradients has long been described in terms of random walks. Most of what we know about eukaryotic cell migration has stemmed from well-controlled studies of cell migration on flat dishes. However, cells in vivo often move through 3D environments. Despite this difference, cell speed and persistence are typically extracted from fits using the same persistence random walk (PRW) model. This paper shows that the assumptions of the PRW model are erroneous for 3D cell migration. We introduce and validate a new model of 3D cell migration that takes into account cell heterogeneity and the anisotropic movements induced by local remodeling of the 3D matrix.
Structural basis of Flavivirus NS1 assembly and antibody recognition
Authors: Edeling Melissa A. , Diamond Michael S. , Fremont Daved H.
Published: March 2014

Significance

Flavivirus nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is a versatile nonstructural glycoprotein that is expressed on the cell surface and secreted into the extracellular space, where it has immune evasion functions. To date, the structural biology of NS1 is limited, which has hampered a complete understanding of its functions. We describe the previously unidentified high-resolution structure of the C-terminal half of West Nile virus (WNV) and Dengue virus-1 (NS1172–352) NS1 proteins and a separate structure of WNV NS1172–352with a protective antibody Fab. NS1172–352forms a head-to-head dimer and adopts a unique fold with an extended β-sheet platform and opposing loop face. These structures have allowed us to develop an architectural model for NS1 assembly and function.
Economics in the Church Fathers
Authors: Stander Hennie
Published: March 2014

The “Fathers of the Church” is used to refer, broadly speaking, to all the theological writers of the first six centuries who represent orthodox teaching. Their writings are not homogeneous, and there are important shifts in the fourth century when Christianity moves from being persecuted to being the religion of the Roman Emperors, with substantial property holdings and with the rise of monastic communities. Certain themes recur, and this chapter considers the Fathers’ writings on property ownership, the nature of wealth, trade, charity and almsgiving, slavery, and interest.
Voluntary Exchange and Coercion in Scholastic Economics
Authors: Langholm Odd
Published: March 2014

The economic model of the scholastics involves the following fundamental concepts: need or necessity, justice and the validity of agreements, and the nature of the will and of consent in the face of coercion. Need is the motive for engaging in exchange. But need is a relative thing. A hungry or sick person buying food or medicine is motivated by a different quality of need than someone in the market for a luxury article. Different needs place different obligations on others to supply them. If someone lacks food or other basic necessaries and has nothing to offer in exchange, it may be a duty of charity to succor him with a free gift of alms, that is, without recompense. In extreme cases it may even be a duty of justice. Conversely, it may be a duty of charity to sell cheap to, or to buy dear from, someone in deep distress.
Economics and Theology after the Separation
Authors: Emmett Ross B.
Published: March 2014

The date of the separation of economics from Christian theology is debated, as is its explanation. The process also differs in Britain and America. Richard Whately and Philip Wicksteed’s accounts of the basis of separation in nineteenth-century Britain are considered, and in America the twentieth-century accounts of the impact of the Social Gospel on the founding of the American Economic Association, and of Frank Knight and Reinhold Niebuhr. Knight is a particularly interesting case in that he considered economics to be inadequate on its own while vigorously rejecting the contribution of existing Christian ethics. Economic theory ignored theology, and theology also came to ignore economic theory. The connection between the separation and the wider secularization thesis is discussed, drawing on the work of Charles Taylor.
Anglicanism
Authors: Hawtrey Kim
Published: March 2014

Earlier Anglican approaches to economics were influenced by its historical position as an established church with considerable political influence. This position has changed in the past half century, and Anglican economists since the pioneering post war work of Denys Munby in Britain and Paul Heyne in North America are moving toward a position of practical neutrality of theology with respect to economic science. Anglicans like Geoffrey Brennan correspondingly defend the economists’ scientific model of the atomistic agent as a legitimate tool for Christian economists. By the same token, Anglican thinking gives a role to theology in motivating economic enquiry and assessing the operation of a virtuous market economy, with the work of Donald Hay and historian Anthony Waterman representing examples of this. To date, arguably, Anglican ethical critiques are yet to convincingly dislodge the classical proposition that markets raise the net supply of positive behaviors congruent with moral sentiments, doing so more predictably and at lower cost than any feasible alternative. Equally, observed short run moral deviations still occur in practice, and Anglicans have shown interest in the ordained role of government and how theology might guide remedial economic policy, with much room still left for further calibration of this question.
Weber, Theology, and Economics
Authors: Stackhouse Max L.
Published: March 2014

Max Weber was neither a theologian nor an economist. He did not aspire to advocate, refine, or refute the doctrines taught in the Bible, by Augustine, Thomas, Luther, Calvin, Wesley, Schleiermacher, any other major Christian thinker. Instead, he is the founder of a mode of social science that sought to account for changes and variations in economic and political attitudes, structures, and behavior in different social contexts and over time. These include religious contexts. Christians have always attended to ethical issues raised by economic life and they have reservoirs of theories about work, exploitation, honesty in dealings, theft, covetousness, gluttony, usury, taxes, charity, wealth and poverty, just wages, fair prices, slavery, hospitality, the blessings of plenty, the need for generosity, etc. How should the discipline of economics take religion, faith-based ethics, and theology into account? In what senses was Weber right, that economics should take theology and faith-based ethics seriously?
Faith, Religion, and International Development
Authors: Marshall Katherine
Published: March 2014

Discussion of faith, religion, and development often raises controversy, including over terminology. This chapter considers the various formal dialogues among development practitioners and faith-inspired actors, recounting the history and assessing future prospects. Ignoring or mismanaging the dialogue is likely to be costly for development, especially in some of the poorest parts of the world where faith and religion are particularly important.
Christianity and the Global Economic Order
Authors: Williams Paul S.
Published: March 2014

Christianity and global capitalism are both religious systems. Historically, Christianity was important in the formation of capitalism and continues to have strong affinities with it, though some of the strongest criticisms of global capitalism come from within Christianity. Comparing them as religious systems, they are both confidently progressive, though Christianity offers a clearer and more attractive view of the end, which is connected to a view of human nature. The Jubilee principle reveals much about the Christian vision, as it resists the concentration of wealth and power, with the associated damage to relationships and community. It also resists the limitless accumulation of debt, a feature of contemporary capitalism that is connected to its nihilism.
Economic Models of Churches
Authors: Mochrie Robert
Published: March 2014

The economics of religion lays aside transcendent claims of the church to study it as a social organization that uses scarce resources to achieve its ends. In contrast to the secularization models deployed by some sociologists of religion, economic models of religion tend to suggest that free markets for religious services will encourage continual entry of new organisations, steadily enriching religion. There is, however, no unified economic model of religion. In this chapter, we consider the role of models that treats strictness in religious practice as a screening device that has the effect of reducing free riding where religious goods are collectively produced, the role of voluntary contributions as the main financing mechanism of churches, a characterisation of a denominational church as a franchise organisation, and the possibility that officials of monopoly churches might engage in rent seeking behaviour at the expense of church members.
Religious Labor Markets
Authors: Smith Ian
Published: March 2014

Given the pivotal role of clergy inputs in church outputs, it is important to understand religious labor markets: how clergy are allocated to churches, how they are motivated and remunerated, and the implications of these factors for the performance of churches and denominations. Religious labor markets have particular characteristics. Like other motivated agents, clergy’s sense of call conditions their contractual and incentive structures. They have an unusual degree of discretion over time and for many important tasks, such as prayer and sensitive pastoral counseling, monitoring quality and quantity is difficult. Performance evaluation is further complicated by the importance of volunteers and teamwork for outcomes. Denominational governance structures, ranging from the centralized control of the Roman Catholic Church to the local congregational autonomy of Pentecostal churches, greatly affect clergy employment arrangements and incentives. Long-term labor market trends include the feminization of the clergy and problems in recruitment and retention.
Behavioral Economics of Religion
Authors: Tan Jonathan H.W.
Published: March 2014

This chapter concerns the behavioral economics of religion. Themes considered include how religion potentially shapes individual preferences, the possible implications of religious affiliation for interaction within and between social groups, and the religious institution as a unit of the economy at large. This chapter is written with three main purposes in mind. The first is to consider different ways by which religion and economic behavior are potentially related. The second purpose of this chapter is to consider the research methods employed, especially issues regarding the identification of motives, and in turn the interpretation of results. The third purpose is to contemplate significance of results from behavioral studies for economic theory and religious practice, including ways by which different dimensions of religious background, such as religiosity and religious affiliation, relate to pro-sociality and group processes.
Economic Justice
Authors: Barrera Albino
Published: March 2014

Christianity has had a long-standing interest in economic justice, rooted in its Scriptures, especially Old Testament prophets and the New Testament Gospels. It was taken up by the Church Fathers and the Scholastics, in their concern for the poor, just prices, and usury. Taking this concern to modern market economies is complicated but important. After all, globalization has resulted in rampant problems of materialism, consumerism, and individualism. It has led to the commodification of the human person who is viewed only as a consumer or as a factor of production. Collective-action problems have become even more severe, as in the cases of global warming and the depletion of fish stocks. Christian thought and practice have unique contributions to offer on these challenges. In particular, its linkage of justice and charity as an inseparable pair, its notion of the common good, and its theological anthropology are well suited to addressing these issues in a rational fashion.
Usury
Authors: Harper Ian , Smirl Lachlan
Published: March 2014

Usury has a long and varied history. Originally the term referred to the charging of interest per se—that is, requiring a borrower to repay more than the principal sum borrowed from a lender. Over time borrowing and lending evolved to become an integral part of commercial life, and usury came to refer to the charging of excessive or unconscionable rates of interest on loans. The Christian church no longer opposes the charging of interest, although moral sanctions are upheld against certain exploitative lending practices. Bans on interest are recognized as an ineffective means of protecting the vulnerable, and may even have the opposite effect. Contemporary Islamic societies prohibit predetermined returns on loans, instead favoring profit-sharing arrangements. Islamic banking has grown significantly in recent years, but it is unclear how meaningfully these arrangements differ from Western-style commercial lending.
Gender
Authors: Miles Carrie A.
Published: March 2014

Despite a large literature on gender in both theology and economics, economists and theologians have had little to say to each other on the subject. The intersection of economics, theology, and gender proves a fruitful one for biblical hermeneutics, however, showing the economics of gender to be intrinsically part of the biblical story of creation ideal, fall, and redemption. In the paradise of creation, absent scarcity, there is no gender difference. Woman is created equal to the man, who rejoices in her creation as someone like him. Gender appear only after the rupture of humankind’s relationship with God, when they must leave paradise. The resulting scarcity opens the door to economic choice, the sexual division of labor, and gender difference. In redemption, Jesus taught explicitly against gender norms. Christianity provides personal and institutional resources that enable its adherents to behave in ways that are at odds with prevailing economic and social structures.
Quantitative integration of genetic factors in the learning and production of canary song
Authors: Mundinger Paul C. , Lahti David C.
Published: March 2014

Learned bird song is influenced by inherited predispositions. The canary is a model system for the interaction of genes and learning on behaviour, especially because some strains have undergone artificial selection for song. In this study, roller canaries (bred for low-pitched songs) and border canaries (whose song is higher pitched, similar to the wild-type) were interbred and backcrossed to produce 58 males that sorted into seven genetically distinct groups. All males were tutored with the same set of songs, which included both low- and high-pitched syllables. Individuals were consistent within genetic groups but differed between groups in the proportion of low- versus high-pitched syllables they learned and sang. Both sex-linked and autosomal factors affected song learning and song production, in an additive manner. Dominant Z-chromosome factors facilitated high-pitched syllable learning and production, whereas the sex-linked alleles associated with the switch to low-pitched syllables under artificial selection were largely recessive. With respect to autosomal effects, the most surprising result is that males in the same genetic group had almost identical repertoires. This result challenges two common preconceptions: that genetic changes at different loci lead to distinct phenotypic changes, and that genetic predispositions affect learning in simple and general ways. Rather, different combinations of genetic changes can be associated with the same phenotypic effect; and predispositions can be remarkably specific, such as a tendency to learn and sing one song element rather than another.
Does ‘information control the living state’?
Authors: Wallace Rodrick
Published: March 2014

We generalize the recently-uncovered Data Rate Theorem in the context of cognitive systems having a ‘dual’ information source, including those of the living state that is particularly characterized by cognition at every scale and level of organization. The unification of information theory and control theory via the Data Rate Theorem is not additive, but synergistic, generating new statistical tools that greatly constrain the possible dynamics of that state. Thus, in addition to providing novel conceptual approaches, this emerging body of theory permits construction of models that, like those of regression analysis, can provide benchmarks against which to compare experimental or observational data.
SORTING NEXIN1 Is Required for Modulating the Trafficking and Stability of the Arabidopsis IRON-REGULATED TRANSPORTER1
Authors: Ivanov Rumen , Brumbarova Tzvetina , Blum Ailisa , Jantke Anna-Maria , Fink-Straube Claudia , Bauer Petra
Published: March 2014

Dicotyledonous plants growing under limited iron availability initiate a response resulting in the solubilization, reduction, and uptake of soil iron. The protein factors responsible for these steps are transmembrane proteins, suggesting that the intracellular trafficking machinery may be involved in iron acquisition. In search for components involved in the regulation of Arabidopsis thaliana iron deficiency responses, we identified the members of the SORTING NEXIN (SNX) protein family. SNX loss-of-function plants display enhanced susceptibility to iron deficiency in comparison to the wild type. The absence of SNX led to reduced iron import efficiency into the root. SNX1 showed partial colocalization with the principal root iron importer IRON-REGULATED TRANSPORTER1 (IRT1). In SNX loss-of-function plants, IRT1 protein levels were decreased compared with the wild type due to enhanced IRT1 degradation. This resulted in diminished amounts of the IRT1 protein at the plasma membrane. snx mutants exhibited enhanced iron deficiency responses compared with the wild type, presumably due to the lower iron uptake through IRT1. Our results reveal a role of SNX1 for the correct trafficking of IRT1 and, thus, for modulating the activity of the iron uptake machinery.
Genotypic diversity and trait variance interact to affect marsh plant performance
Authors: Hughes A. Randall
Published: March 2014

Intraspecific diversity can have important effects on population, community and ecosystem processes, yet we have little understanding of the relative importance of genetic‐ versus trait‐based measures of intraspecific diversity.

I conducted a manipulative field experiment of plant (Spartina alterniflora) genotypic diversity and trait diversity to examine their independent and interactive effects on plant performance and community structure. I focused on variation within and among genotypes in plant stem height, a trait that varies substantially across environmental gradients and can be an important predictor of plant competition intensity.

Trait and genotypic diversity interactively affected multiple metrics of plant performance. Both stem density and spatial spread increased with genotypic diversity in the low trait diversity combinations, yet there were negligible to weak negative effects in the high trait diversity treatments.Spartina alterniflorapercentage cover also varied with genotypic and trait diversity, but not in a clear linear pattern.

There were no effects of trait or genotypic diversity on associated macrofauna above‐ground, yet they interactively affected below‐ground measures. Infaunal abundance and sediment oxygen availability mirrored the idiosyncratic response of plant percentage cover.

Despite the interactive effects of genotypic and trait diversity, high trait diversity consistently increased plant performance in genotypic monoculture.

Synthesis. The effects of intraspecific plant trait diversity on a range of plant and community responses in this study reinforce the premise that functional differences underlie ecological effects of genetic diversity and suggest that readily measured trait variance may serve as a valuable predictor of plant performance.
Diversity and potential sources of microbiota associated with snow on western portions of the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Cameron Karen A. , Hagedorn Birgit , Dieser Markus , Christner Brent C. , Choquette Kyla , Sletten Ronald , Crump Byron , Kellogg Colleen , Junge Karen
Published: March 2014

Snow overlays the majority of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS). However, there is very little information available on the microbiological assemblages that are associated with this vast and climate‐sensitive landscape. In this study, the structure and diversity of snow microbial assemblages from two regions of the western GrIS ice margin were investigated through the sequencing of small subunit ribosomal RNA genes. The origins of the microbiota were investigated by examining correlations to molecular data obtained from marine, soil, freshwater and atmospheric environments and geochemical analytes measured in the snow. Snow was found to contain a diverse assemblage of bacteria (Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria) and eukarya (Alveolata, Fungi, Stramenopiles and Chloroplastida). Phylotypes related to archaeal Thaumarchaeota and Euryarchaeota phyla were also identified. The snow microbial assemblages were more similar to communities characterized in soil than to those documented in marine ecosystems. Despite this, the chemical composition of snow samples was consistent with a marine contribution, and strong correlations existed between bacterial beta diversity and the concentration of Na+ and Cl−. These results suggest that surface snow from western regions of Greenland contains exogenous microbiota that were likely aerosolized from more distant soil sources, transported in the atmosphere and co‐precipitated with the snow.
Reciprocal effects between intrinsic reading motivation and reading competence? A cross‐lagged panel model for academic track and nonacademic track students
Authors: Schaffner Ellen , Philipp Maik , Schiefele Ulrich
Published: March 2014

Previous research has demonstrated positive relations between intrinsic reading motivation and reading competence. However, the causal direction of these relations and the moderating role of relevant background variables (e.g., students' achievement level) are not well understood. In the present study, a cross‐lagged panel model was applied to academic track and nonacademic track fifth grade students (N = 396) to test whether intrinsic reading motivation and reading competence are reciprocally related depending on the students' achievement level (indicated by school track affiliation). According to expectations, the cross‐lagged effect of intrinsic reading motivation on reading competence was only significant for academic track students. In the nonacademic track group, neither the effect of intrinsic reading motivation on reading competence nor the reverse effect proved to be significant. Thus, the nature of the relation between intrinsic reading motivation and reading competence seems to depend on students' school track affiliation.
Rheological Analysis of Sucrose Solution at High Temperatures Using a Microwave‐Heated Pressurized Capillary Rheometer
Authors: Ros‐Polski Valquíria , Schmidt Flávio L. , Vitali Alfredo A. , Marsaioli Antonio , Raghavan Vijaya G.S.
Published: March 2014

Thermal process design, optimization, and deviation require the knowledge of engineering properties of food, such as rheological behavior, which is highly dependent on temperature. If a process is calculated based on the parameters obtained by extrapolation, it might lead to over‐ or underprocessing. The long time required for the product to reach the desired temperature, which is usual in many rheometers, may induce unexpected changes on the product. Model solutions are often used in engineering projects in order to simulate characteristics of real products. Thus, the objective of this study was to obtain rheological data of sucrose model solution at the actual high UHT (ultra‐high temperature) process temperatures using a pressurized capillary rheometer, heated by a microwave system. The results provide the rheological behavior of the sucrose solutions and show that there is no deviation of the linearity of the Arrhenius plot above 100 °C for this product. This work was useful to illustrate the use of the applied methodology and to validate the newly built microwave‐heated capillary rheometer. The data obtained confirm the stability of nonsaturated sucrose solution when treated above 100 °C and presents an important contribution to the literature database, since sucrose solutions are used as models for many table syrups, such as maple and sorghum syrups.
Tanning bed and nail lamp use and the risk of cutaneous malignancy: A review of the literature
Authors: O'Sullivan Niamh‐Anna , Tait Clare P
Published: March 2014

Malignant melanoma (MM) and non‐melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) are increasingly common and both can be fatal. In 2009 the World Health Organization (WHO) classified the whole ultraviolet spectrum and tanning beds as carcinogenic to humans, placing them in the same category as asbestos and tobacco. Despite this, the trend for indoor tanning continues. A growing body of evidence has now associated indoor tanning with an increased risk of MM and NMSC. As a result, there has been an upsurge in regulations in the tanning industry ranging from age restrictions to complete bans on commercial tanning. This article examines the evidence and strengthens the case for a complete ban of a recognised modifiable risk factor for cutaneous malignancy.