bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effective, same‐day preoperative embolization and surgical resection of carotid body tumors
Authors: Katagiri Kartsunori , Shiga Kiyoto , Ikeda Aya , Saito Daisuke , Oikawa Shin‐ichi , Tshuchida Kodai , Miyaguchi Jun , Tamura Akio , Nakasato Tatsuhiko , Ehara Shigeru , Ishida Kazuyuki
Published: May 2019

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the procedure by analyzing the blood loss and duration of carotid body tumor (CBT) surgery following same‐day preoperative embolization.

Methods

We reviewed the medical records of subjects retrospectively. Fifteen patients with 16 CBTs were enrolled in this study. Our same‐day procedure comprises preoperative embolization of the feeding arteries in the morning followed by surgery within 3 hours after the embolization is completed.

Results

The mean operative time and the mean amount of blood loss were 138 minutes and 29.3 mL, respectively. The tumor volume after embolization was markedly reduced and the mean reduction rate was 50%. We found that 13 CBTs had more than three feeding arteries. Almost all the postoperative complications, mainly cranial nerve paralyzes, resolved within months after surgery.

Conclusion

Our same‐day procedure is a safer and superior alternative to traditional CBT surgery, having good outcomes.
Comparing Options for Deriving Chemical Ecotoxicity Hazard Values for the European Union Environmental Footprint, Part II
Authors: Saouter Erwan , Wolff Deidre , Biganzoli Fabrizio , Versteeg Donald
Published: May 2019

Using the European Union's Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) ecotoxicity data, this paper compares 3 different approaches to calculate final substance toxicity hazard values using the USEtox approach (chronic EC50 + acute EC50/2), using only acute EC50 equivalent data (EC50eq), and using only chronic no observed effect concentration equivalent (NOECeq) data. About 4008, 4853, and 5560 substance hazard values could be calculated for the USEtox model, acute only, and chronic only approaches, respectively. The USEtox model provides hazard values similar to the ones based on acute EC50 data only. Although there is a large amount of variability in the ratios, the data support acute EC50eq to chronic NOECeq ratios (calculated as geometric mean) of 10.64, 10.90, and 4.21 for fish, crustaceans, and algae respectively. Comparison of the calculated hazard values with the criteria used by the EU chemical Classification, Labelling, and Packaging regulation (CLP) shows the USEtox model underestimates the number of compounds categorized as very toxic to aquatic life and/or having long-lasting effects. In contrast, use of the chronic NOEC data shows a good agreement with CLP. It is therefore proposed that chronic NOECeq are used to derive substance hazard values to be used in the EU Environmental Footprint. Due to poor data availability for some chemicals, the uncertainty of the final hazard values is expected to be high. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;15:796–807. © 2019 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
Cancer incidence in relation to body fatness among 0.5 million men and women: Findings from the China Kadoorie Biobank
Authors: Wang Lu , Jin Guangfu , Yu Canqing , Lv Jun , Guo Yu , Bian Zheng , Yang Ling , Chen Yiping , Hu Zhibin , Chen Feng , Chen Zhengming , Li Liming , Shen Hongbing ,   on behalf of the China Kadoorie Biobank Collaborative Group
Published: May 2019

High body mass index (BMI) has been associated with an increased risk of several cancers. Evidence relating body fatness, especially based on different anthropometric measures, to risk of major cancers in China from prospective cohort studies is lacking. The prospective China Kadoorie Biobank study recruited 0.5 million adults aged 30–79 years from 10 diverse areas across China during 2004–2008, recording 21,474 incident cancers during 8.95 years of follow‐up. BMI, body fat percentage (BFP), waist circumference (WC) and waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) were measured at baseline. We assessed the associations of body fatness with 15 major cancers by calculating Cox regression yielded adjusted hazard ratios (HRs). Each 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI was associated with an increased risk of endometrial (HR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.72–2.35), postmenopausal breast (HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.18–1.40), colorectal (HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.10–1.25) and cervical (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.03–1.29) cancer, whereas it was associated with a reduced risk of esophageal (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.67–0.79), lung (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.74–0.82), liver (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.79–0.92) and gastric (HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.82–0.94) cancer. Significant linear trends of BMI‐cancer associations were observed, excluding for lung, gastric and cervical cancer (both overall and nonlinear p < 0.05). The relation between BFP, WC and WHR and the above cancers was similar to that of BMI. Our study indicates that either high or low body fatness contributes to the incidence of different types of cancer in China.
Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry three‐dimensional imaging of surface modifications in poly(caprolactone) scaffold pores
Authors: Taylor Michael J. , Graham Daniel J. , Gamble Lara J.
Published: May 2019

Scaffolds composed of synthetic polymers such as poly(caprolactone) (PCL) are widely used for the support and repair of tissues in biomedicine. Pores are common features in scaffolds as they facilitate cell penetration. Various surface modifications can be performed to promote key biological responses to these scaffolds. However, verifying the chemistry of these materials post surface modification is problematic due to the combination of three‐dimensional (3D) topography and surface sensitivity. Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) is commonly used to correlate surface chemistry with cell response. In this study, 3D imaging mass spectrometry analysis of surface modified synthetic polymer scaffolds is demonstrated using PCL porous scaffold, a pore filling polymer sample preparation, and 3D imaging ToF‐SIMS. We apply a simple sample preparation procedure, filling the scaffold pores with a poly(vinyl alcohol)/glycerol mixture to remove topographic influence on image quality. This filling method allows the scaffold (PCL) and filler secondary ions to be reconstructed into a 3D chemical image of the pore. Furthermore, we show that surface modifications in the pores of synthetic polymer scaffolds can be mapped in 3D. Imaging of “dry” and “wet” surface modifications is demonstrated as well as a comparison of surface modifications with relatively strong ToF‐SIMS peaks (fluorocarbon films [FC]) and to more biologically relevant surface modification of a protein (bovine serum albumin [BSA]). We demonstrate that surface modifications can be imaged in 3D showing that characteristic secondary ions associated with FC and BSA are associated with C3F8plasma treatment and BSA, respectively within the pore.
18F-NaF PET/CT IMAGING IN FIBROUS DYSPLASIA OF BONE
Authors: Papadakis Georgios Z , Manikis Georgios C , Karantanas Apostolos H , Florenzano Pablo , Bagci Ulas , Marias Kostas , Collins Michael T , Boyce Alison M
Published: May 2019

Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a mosaic skeletal disorder resulting in fractures, deformity, and functional impairment. Clinical evaluation has been limited by a lack of surrogate endpoints capable of quantitating disease activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the utility of 18F-NaF PET/CT imaging in quantifying disease activity in patients with FD. Fifteen consecutively evaluated subjects underwent whole-body 18F-NaF PET/CT scans, and FD burden was assessed by quantifying FD-related 18F-NaF activity. 18F-NaF PET/CT parameters obtained included (i) SUVmax (standardized uptake value [SUV] of the FD lesion with the highest uptake); (ii) SUVmean (average SUV of all 18F-NaF–positive FD lesions); (iii) total volume of all 18F-NaF–positive FD lesions (TV); and (iv) total FD lesion activity determined as the product of TV multiplied by SUVmean (TA =  TV ×  SUVmean) (TA). Skeletal outcomes, functional outcomes, and bone turnover markers were correlated with 18F-NaF PET/CT parameters. TV and TA of extracranial FD lesions correlated strongly with skeletal outcomes including fractures and surgeries (p values ≤ 0.003). Subjects with impaired ambulation and scoliosis had significantly higher TV and TA values (P < 0.05), obtained from extracranial and spinal lesions, respectively. Craniofacial surgeries correlated with TV and TA of skull FD lesions (P < 0.001). Bone turnover markers, including alkaline phosphatase, N-telopeptides, and osteocalcin, were strongly correlated with TV and TA (P < 0.05) extracted from FD lesions in the entire skeleton. No associations were identified with SUVmax or SUVmean. Bone pain and age did not correlate with 18F-NaF PET/CT parameters. FD burden evaluated by 18F-NaF-PET/CT facilitates accurate assessment of FD activity, and correlates quantitatively with clinically-relevant skeletal outcomes. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
A novel strategy of identifying circRNA biomarkers in cardiovascular disease by meta‐analysis
Authors: Li Jia‐Jiang‐Hui , Wang Wei , Wang Xue‐Qing , He Yan , Wang Si‐Si , Yan Yu‐Xiang
Published: May 2019

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are stable and abundantly expressed in vivo but are abnormally expressed in several diseases. This study aimed to identify circRNAs acting as potential biomarkers for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Research were retrieved from the articles published by September 2018 in eight databases to compare circRNA expression profiles between CVD and non‐CVD in human and animal models. Meta‐analysis under a random effects model was conducted. Subgroup analysis of tissue, species, and disease‐specific circRNAs was examined. Sensitivity analysis was performed to explain the uncertainty among all studies. Diagnostic accuracy of circRNAs in CVD was analyzed to testify the discriminative ability. Bioinformatics analysis including Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis was conducted. Among 6,284 differentially expressed circRNAs from 32 original studies, only 322 circRNAs were reported in three or more studies. The meta‐analysis identified 63 significantly dysregulated circRNAs, 44 upregulated and 19 downregulated. Among the tissue‐specific or disease‐specific circRNAs identified in the subgroup analysis, two circRNAs (circCDKN2BAS and circMACF1) showed the potential to be circulating biomarkers for CVD. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated 69% of circRNAs were in conformity with the overall analysis. The pooled diagnostic odds ratio was 2.94 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.35–3.58), and the overall area under the curve value was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.83–0.89). GO and KEGG enrichment analyses indicated that the target genes of circRNAs participate in cardiogenesis‐related processes and pathways. This study demonstrates circRNAs have a high diagnostic value as potential biomarkers for CVD, and two candidate circRNAs, circCDKN2BAS and circMACF1, are potential circulating biomarkers for CVD diagnosis and treatment.
Design and development of the theranostic pair 177Lu‐OPS201/68Ga‐OPS202 for targeting somatostatin receptor expressing tumors
Authors: Mansi Rosalba , Fani Melpomeni
Published: May 2019

Radiolabeled somatostatin receptor (sstr) antagonists have shown superiority in different preclinical and clinical settings compared with the well‐established and clinically used agonists for targeting sstr‐expressing tumors, with regard to pharmacokinetics, tumor uptake, and retention. The theranostic pair 177Lu‐OPS201/68Ga‐OPS202, based on the sstr2 antagonist JR11 (Cpa‐c[d‐Cys‐Aph(Hor)‐d‐Aph(Cbm)‐Lys‐Thr‐Cys]‐d‐Tyr‐NH2), is the most advanced pair of the antagonist family in terms of preclinical development and is currently under clinical evaluation. OPS201 and OPS202 share the same amino acid sequence (JR11) but feature different conjugated chelators needed for radiolabeling, DOTA for OPS201 and NODAGA for OPS202. In this review, the design and development of the peptidic analog, JR11, and the selection of chelators and radiometals that led to 177Lu‐OPS201/68Ga‐OPS202 are discussed. Furthermore, the preclinical evaluation of both radiolabeled analogs from bench to bedside and the clinical trials involving the theranostic pair are presented.
MRI anatomy and pathology of the anal canal
Authors: Erlichman David B. , Kanmaniraja Devaraju , Kobi Mariya , Chernyak Victoria
Published: May 2019

The normal function of the anal sphincter complex is crucial for quality of life, as it is the mechanism by which fecal continence is maintained. Additionally, the anal sphincter complex is an integral part of the coordinated effort of defecation. As imaging plays an important role in assessment of pathologic conditions involving the anal region, understanding the normal anatomy of the anal sphincter complex is important for correct image interpretation and accurate diagnosis. This review discusses the anatomy and function of the anal sphincter complex, important technical considerations for MRI, and various inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic processes, as well as pathologic structural conditions that affect the anal region.

Level of Evidence: 5

Technical Efficacy Stage: 3

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:1018–1032.
Galectins‐1 and ‐3 in Human Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: Non‐Uniform Distribution Profiles and Activation of Disease Markers Involving NF‐κB by Galectin‐1
Authors: Elshamly Mahmoud , Kinslechner Katharina , Grohs Josef G. , Weinmann Daniela , Walzer Sonja M. , Windhager Reinhard , Gabius Hans‐Joachim , Toegel Stefan
Published: May 2019

Degeneration of the human intervertebral disc (IVD) is assumed to underlie severe clinical symptoms, in particular chronic back pain. Since adhesion/growth‐regulatory galectins are linked to arthritis/osteoarthritis pathogenesis by activating a pro‐degradative/‐inflammatory gene expression signature, we hypothesized a similar functional involvement of galectins in IVD degeneration. Immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of galectins‐1 and ‐3 in IVD is provided comparatively for specimens of spondylochondrosis, spondylolisthesis, and spinal deformity. Immunopositivity was detected in sections of fixed IVD specimens in each cellular compartment with age‐, disease‐, and galectin‐type‐related differences. Of note, presence of both galectins correlated with IVD degeneration, whereas correlation with age was seen only for galectin‐3. In addition, staining profiles for these two galectins showed different distribution patterns in serial sections, an indication for non‐redundant functionalities. In vitro, both galectins bound to IVD cells in a glycan‐dependent manner. However, exclusively galectin‐1 binding triggered a significant induction of functional disease markers (i.e., IL6, CXCL8, and MMP1/3/13) with involvement of the nuclear factor‐kB pathway. This study thus gives direction to further network analyses and functional studies on galectins in IVD degeneration. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research® published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res 37:2204–2216, 2019
Restoration of Cellular Proliferation and Characteristics of Human Tenocytes by Vitamin D
Authors: Min Kyunghoon , Lee Ji Min , Kim Mi Jin , Jung Sang Youn , Kim Kyung‐Soo , Lee Soonchul , Choi Yong‐Soo
Published: May 2019

Vitamin D (Vit D) increases calcium absorption in the intestine after binding to the Vit D receptor (VDR). The VDR has also been identified in muscle cells. Vit D supplementation resulted in improved muscle strength. However, there is a paucity of studies of the role of Vit D on tenocytes. We investigated the effects of Vit D on damaged tenocytes. Human tenocytes were treated with dexamethasone (Dex) to induce cell injury. Expression of the tenocyte‐related markers tenomodulin (Tnmd), tenascin C (Tnc), scleraxis (Scx), mohawk (Mkx), and collagen (Col) 1 and 3 were measured. Then, tenocytes were cotreated with Vit D. 1‐α‐Hydroxylase and VDR were explored in tenocytes. With 10 μM Dex, the growth of tenocytes was significantly inhibited, and the gene expression of Tnmd, Tnc, Scx, Mkx, Col 1 and 3 also decreased. When tenocytes were cotreated with Vit D, cell proliferation recovered in a dose‐dependent manner, and the expression of TNMD and Col 1 improved. When studying the mechanisms of the effects of Vit D on tenocytes, reactive oxygen species produced by Dex decreased with Vit D, and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal–regulated kinase and p38 was stimulated by Vit D cotreatment. 1‐α‐Hydroxylase and VDR were found in tenocytes, indicating that the cells have the ability to use an inactive form of Vit D and interact with it. Vit D is known to perform diverse actions and its protective effects on tenocytes suggest its beneficial role in tendon in addition to muscle and bone. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:2241–2248, 2019
Mesenchymal stem cell therapies for intervertebral disc degeneration: Consideration of the degenerate niche
Authors: Vickers Louise , Thorpe Abbey A. , Snuggs Joseph , Sammon Christopher , Le Maitre Christine L.
Published: May 2019

We have previously reported a synthetic Laponite crosslinked poly N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐N, N′‐dimethylacrylamide (NPgel) hydrogel, which induces nucleus pulposus (NP) cell differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) without the need for additional growth factors. Furthermore NP gel supports integration following injection into the disc and restores mechanical function to the disc. However, translation of this treatment strategy into clinical application is dependent on the survival and differentiation of hMSC to the correct cell phenotype within the degenerate intervertebral disc (IVD). Here, we investigated the viability and differentiation of hMSCs within NP gel within a catabolic microenvironment. hMSCs were encapsulated in NPgel and cultured for 4 weeks under hypoxia (5% O2) with ± calcium, interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) either individually or in combination to mimic the degenerate environment. Cell viability and cellular phenotype were investigated. Stem cell viability was maintained within hydrogel systems for the 4 weeks investigated under all degenerate conditions. NP matrix markers: Agg and Col II and NP phenotypic markers: HIF‐1α, FOXF1, and PAX1 were expressed within the NPgel cultures and expression was not affected by culture within degenerate conditions. Alizarin red staining demonstrated increased calcium deposition under cultures containing CaCl2 indicating calcification of the matrix. Interestingly matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), ADAMTS 4, and Col I expression by hMSCs cultured in NPgel was upregulated by calcium but not by proinflammatory cytokines IL‐1β and TNFα. Importantly IL‐1β and TNFα, regarded as key contributors to disc degeneration, were not shown to affect the NP cell differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the NPgel. In agreement with our previous findings, NPgel alone was sufficient to induce NP cell differentiation of MSCs, with expression of both aggrecan and collagen type II, under both standard and degenerate culture conditions; thus could provide a therapeutic option for the repair of the NP during IVD degeneration.
Ecological engineering projects increased vegetation cover, production, and biomass in semiarid and subhumid Northern China
Authors: Niu Quanfu , Xiao Xiangming , Zhang Yao , Qin Yuanwei , Dang Xinghai , Wang Jie , Zou Zhenhua , Doughty Russell B. , Brandt Martin , Tong Xiaowei , Horion Stephanie , Fensholt Rasmus , Chen Chi , Myneni Ranga B. , Xu Weiheng , Di Guangzhi , Zhou Xiaoming
Published: May 2019

Multiple ecological engineering projects have been implemented in semiarid and subhumid Northern China since 1978 with the purpose to combat desertification, control dust storms, and improve vegetation cover. Although a plethora of local studies exist, the effectiveness of these projects has not been studied in a systematic and comprehensive way. Here, we used multiple satellite‐based time‐series data as well as breakpoint analysis to assess shifts in leaf area index (a proxy for green vegetation cover), gross primary production, and aboveground biomass in Northern China. We documented increased vegetation growth in northwest and southeastern parts of the region, despite drought anomalies as documented by the standardized precipitation‐evapotranspiration index during 1982–2016. Significant breakpoints in leaf area index were observed for over 72.5% of the southeastern and northwestern regions, and 70.6% of these breakpoints were detected after 1999, which correspond well to the areas with the highest ecological engineering efforts. Areas with negative trends were mainly located in the Inner Mongolian Plateau, Hulun Biur, Horqin Sand Land, and urban areas. The Loess Plateau had the largest increase in vegetation growth, followed by the north parts of Northern China where biomass increased more in the provinces of Shanxi, Liaoning, Shannxi, Hebei, and Beijing than Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tianjin, and Qinghai. Our results show that multiple ecological engineering projects in the region have increased vegetation cover, production, and aboveground biomass that have led to improved environmental conditions in the study area.
Distinct response patterns of soil bacteria to oxalate imply their role in buffering soil acidification: Evidence from red soils with long‐term fertilisation regimes
Authors: Xu Qicheng , Li Kaisong , Ruan Yang , Kong Yali , Liu Manqiang , Ling Ning , Shen Qirong
Published: May 2019

Long‐term chemical‐only fertilisation (NPK) decreases soil pH, but this soil acidification is rarely reported with manure fertilisation (M). Soil acidification always leads to a negative effect on sustainable development. As oxalate oxidation is accompanied by soil alkalisation, it is still unknown how and to what extent bacterial oxalate oxidation in soils with different fertilisation regimes contributes to buffering of soil acidification. To assess the potential role of oxalotrophy in buffering soil acidification, two soils that underwent contrasted fertilisation regimes for over 30 years were used. The oxalotrophic communities were characterised based on a biomarker of oxalotrophic taxa (the frc gene), and their responsiveness to calcium oxalate (CaOx) addition was assessed. In addition, stable isotope probing was employed to explore the active bacteria responding to CaOx addition. Despite similar abundances of oxalotrophic bacteria between NPK and M soils before microcosm incubation, the M soil harboured more oxalotrophic bacteria belonging to Deltaproteobacteria, and the NPK soil was colonised by more oxalotrophic bacteria affiliated with Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, and Betaproteobacteria. In the incubation experiments, the M soil took half of the time that the NPK soil needed to deplete the added CaOx. The faster CaOx consumption rate could be explained by the higher functional redundancy and higher proportion of fast‐response oxalotrophic taxa in M soil. The most dominant active oxalotrophic taxa were Oxalicibacterium and Burkholderia in the M and NPK soils, respectively. Furthermore, the better performance of oxalate oxidation was conjectured to contribute to a higher soil acidification buffering ability. This study obtained an important cue to the feasibility of active oxalotrophic taxa in buffering acidification in soils with different fertilisation regimes, which provides valuable evidence for exploring alternative ways for alleviating soil acidification.
Plant‐mycorrhizae association affects plant diversity, biomass, and soil nutrients along temporal gradients of natural restoration after farmland abandonment in the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Liu Hongfei , Liang Chutao , Ai Zemin , Zhang Jiaoyang , Wu Yang , Xu Hongwei , Xue Sha , Liu Guobin
Published: May 2019

The interaction between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere plays a vital role in driving vegetation recovery and restoration of soil nutrients. However, how this interaction affects vegetation succession and how soil nutrient recovery is driven by vegetation restoration and rhizosphere processes are still largely unknown. In this study, a well‐documented grassland restoration chronosequence on the Loess Plateau, China (fields at 0, 7, 12, 17, 22, and 32 years after farmland abandonment and a natural grassland reference) was selected. The species richness and diversity reached maximum values between 17 and 22 years after farmland abandonment, whereas the plant total above and belowground biomasses simultaneously peaked at 22 years and then remained stable. In the dominant plant rhizosphere and bulk soil concentrations of total glomalin‐related soil protein (including both old and recently produced fungal proteins) substantially increased from 3.58 to 4.87 g kg−1 and from 2.67 to 3.86 g kg−1, respectively, between 12 and 32 years after farmland abandonment. The concentrations of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in the plant rhizosphere and bulk soil significantly increased between 17 and 32 years and reached the levels of the natural grassland. The aboveground plant biomass, soil SOC, and TN concentrations were positively correlated with the glomalin‐related soil protein (GRSP) concentration (p < .05). Our study suggested that interactions among plant‐mycorrhizae association, plant diversity, and biomass promote GRSP and nutrient accumulation in the plant rhizosphere and bulk soil, and GRSP largely contributes to SOC stabilization and the accumulation of SOC and TN.
Nitrogen transformations differentially affect nutrient‐limited primary production in lakes of varying trophic state
Authors: Scott J. Thad , McCarthy Mark J. , Paerl Hans W.
Published: May 2019

The concept of lakes “evolving” phosphorus (P) limitation has persisted in limnology despite limited direct evidence. Here, we developed a simple model to broadly characterize nitrogen (N) surpluses and deficits, relative to P, in lakes and compared the magnitude of this imbalance to estimates of N gains and losses through biological N transformations. The model suggested that approximately half of oligotrophic lakes in the U.S.A. had a stoichiometric N deficit, but 72–89% of eutrophic and hypereutrophic lakes, respectively, had a similar N deficit. Although reactive N appeared to accumulate in the most oligotrophic lakes, net denitrification perpetuated the N deficit in more productive lakes. Productive lakes exported reactive N via biological N transformations regardless of their N deficit. The lack of N accumulation through N fixation underscores the need for a modern eutrophication management approach focused on reducing total external nutrient loads, including both N and P.
Recent Advances in the Design of Ionenes: Toward Convergence with High‐Performance Polymers
Authors: Bara Jason E. , O'Harra Kathryn E.
Published: May 2019

Ionenes, condensation polymers wherein the charge (typically cationic) lies directly within the polymer backbone, have been known for over 85 years. Historically, ionenes have been synthesized from 3odiamines and α,ω‐dihaloalkanes, forming chains of ammonium cations tethered by flexible hydrocarbon linkages with “free” halide anions. However, the requisite building blocks of ionenes are by no means limited only to such molecules. In recent years, ionenes with more sophisticated backbone chemistries have been produced, with a trend toward the use of functionalities associated with classical “high‐performance” condensation polymers such as polyimides and polyarylamides. The expansion of ionenes is also catalyzed by the rapid growth of research in imidazolium‐based ionic liquids (ILs), wherein the combination of ionenes with ILs can yield unexpected behaviors. Furthermore, when considering the largely unexplored experimental space in anionic ionenes, the opportunities for new materials are virtually endless. This review primarily focuses on developments in ionenes published in the scientific literature since 2010, but also includes some older examples that may not have received sufficient attention at the time of their original publication yet can provide some key lessons for the future of ionene design.
The interaction effect of mobile phone screen and product orientation on perceived product size
Authors: Schmidt Lennard , Maier Erik
Published: May 2019

Perceived product size is a key concern in online retail, particularly in fashion and grocery. The screen on which consumers view a product (e.g., desktop or mobile) might constitute a frame that biases size perception, on the basis of assimilation and contrast effects (pool and store theory). The rise of mobile commerce exacerbates this issue, as framing effects might be stronger versus desktop settings as screens are smaller. Further, as mobile phone's screen orientation varies situationally (vertical vs. horizontal), the perceived product size might vary, depending on the interaction of screen and product orientation. By introducing the framing ratio as a means to predict extent, dimensionality and symmetry of size biases, we generalize specific findings from extant research. Empirically, four experimental studies demonstrate that contextual frames (i.e., vertical vs. horizontal screens) and product orientation (e.g., jeans vs. shoes) interact to bias the size perception, in that sizes are overestimated on the dimension that approaches the frame (high framing ratio), compared with conditions where the frame is distant (low framing ratio). If product size is misperceived, willingness to pay might be affected (e.g., for groceries). Thus, size perceptions have a direct impact on managerially relevant variables.
Biochemical and clinical response after umbilical cord blood transplant in a boy with early childhood‐onset beta‐mannosidosis
Authors: Lund Troy C. , Miller Weston P. , Eisengart Julie B. , Simmons Katrina , Pollard Laura , Renaud Deborah L. , Wenger David A. , Patterson Marc C. , Orchard Paul J
Published: May 2019

Background

Deficiency in the enzyme β‐mannosidase was described over three decades ago. Although rare in occurrence, the presentation of childhood‐onset β‐mannosidase deficiency consists of hypotonia in the newborn period followed by global development delay, behavior problems, and intellectual disability. No effective pharmacologic treatments have been available.

Methods

We report 2‐year outcomes following the first umbilical cord blood transplant in a 4‐year‐old boy with early childhood‐onset disease.

Results

We show restoration of leukocyte β‐mannosidase activity which remained normal at 2 years posttransplant, and a simultaneous increase in plasma β‐mannosidase activity and dramatic decrease in urine‐free oligosaccharides were also observed. MRI of the brain remained stable. Neurocognitive evaluation revealed test point gains, although the magnitude of improvement was less than expected for age, causing lower IQ scores that represent a wider developmental gap between the patient and unaffected peers.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that hematopoietic cell transplant can correct the biochemical defect in β‐mannosidosis, although preservation of the neurocognitive trajectory may be a challenge.
Effect quantification and value prediction of factors in noninvasive detection for specific fetal copy number variants by semiconductor sequencing
Authors: Zhang Chunhua , Liang Bo , Qiao Longwei , Xuan Liming , Li Hong , He Quanze , Wu Xiaojuan , Lu Jiafeng , Yu Bin , Wang Ting
Published: May 2019

Background

The detection limit of noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) by next generation sequencing for any given fetal copy number variants (CNV) can be influenced by several factors. In this study, we quantified the effects and predicted the value of parameters for CNVs detection by NIPT.

Methods

Genomic DNA from patient's leucocytes with 3.16 Mb microdeletion in 22q11.21 was mixed with DNA from aborted fetal tissues without CNV at various concentrations by an enzyme digestion method. Abnormal DNA at 0% served as negative control. Sequencing of mixture samples (at 0%, 4%, 12%, and 20%) by Ion Proton Sequencer was performed at flow 500, with WISECONDOR as the pipeline in CNV‐calling and bin of 500, 750 and 1,000 kb for counting unique reads. The parameters were evaluated with Box–Behnken design. The region with Z score ≦−3 was marked as a potential microdeletion.

Results

The equation of Z score depending on fetal fraction, unique read number and bin size was obtained by Box–Behnken design. The negative effect was quantified as the coefficient in the equation. The smallest values of these parameters were defined as 4 M unique read number, and 10.08% fetal DNA concentration at bin of 750 kb for detecting subchromosomal microdeletion of 3.16 Mb.

Conclusion

The quantification of effect and value of parameters as well as the method used in this study can benefit the establishment of quality standards for CNVs detection and interpretation of CNVs detection results.
Contralateral hemi‐fifth‐lumbar nerve transfer for unilateral lower limb dysfunction due to incomplete traumatic spinal cord injury: A report of two cases
Authors: Yu Bao‐Fu , Qiu Yan‐Qun , Du Mao‐Xin , Yin Hua‐Wei , Shen Jun , Ye Xuan , Cai Ze‐Yu , Xu Wen‐Dong
Published: May 2019

Current strategies for the chronic stage of spinal cord injury (SCI) had seen little progress. In this report, we present the use of contralateral L5 nerve transfer for the treatment of incomplete SCI patients with unilateral lower limb dysfunction in two male patients. One was diagnosed with L2 vertebral fracture and dislocation combined with coni medullaris injury 10 months prior, and the other was diagnosed with T6 and T7 vertebral fractures with SCI 24 months prior. The patients were treated with decompression surgery within 24 hr after injury. The patients reached a recovery plateau after 6–8 months of spontaneous recovery of locomotion and sustained paralysis in the right leg and were left confined to the wheelchair. The score on the lower‐extremity Fugl‐Meyer assessment (FMA‐LE) was 7 for both patients. The patients were then enrolled, and they underwent half of the anterior root of the contralateral L5 transfer to S1 and S2 to improve lower limb motor function. A posterior approach was performed to expose the L5, S1, and S2 nerve roots. Half of the anterior root of the left L5 was cut, and end‐to‐end neurorrhaphy from the left L5 to the right S1 and S2 was performed subdurally. After the surgery, routine rehabilitation treatments were prescribed. Muscle strength decreased transiently in the donor‐side before recovering within 12 months postoperatively. Muscle strength was significantly improved on the affected side 2 years postoperatively, when the FMA‐LE scores increased to 14 and 15, respectively. The patients regained independent walking ability with crutches. This report suggests that contralateral hemi‐5th‐lumbar nerve transfer is safe and can benefit incomplete SCI patients with unilateral lower limb dysfunction.
Visual Performance in the “Real World”: Contrast Sensitivity, Visual Acuity, and Effects of Macular Carotenoids
Authors: Roark Mark W. , Stringham James M.
Published: May 2019

Visual acuity (VA) is compared to contrast sensitivity (CS) testing in assessing “real‐world” visual performance, and it is recommended that both should be measured routinely in the clinic. The role of nutritional intervention in improving visual performance is reviewed and emphasized. A brief history and illustration of both VA and CS, within the scope of visual performance, is presented. Parameters for effective CS testing in the clinic, and guidelines for interpretation of results, including a new model for understanding the visual impact of changes in CS, are also presented. Relevant research that supports the use of the macular carotenoids lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso‐zeaxanthin to enhance visual performance is reviewed with suggested guidelines for supplementation. CS testing is easily performed at a single intermediate target size and is an excellent tool for the accurate assessment of a patient's overall visual experience. Research continues to uncover the strong link between nutrition and visual performance; the macular carotenoids appear to be especially effective in this regard, and their benefits to visual performance now importantly include contrast sensitivity. Clinicians can provide an improved level of care by incorporating into the examination protocol CS testing and, where appropriate, nutritional counseling and intervention.
Blueberry Supplementation Mitigates Altered Brain Plasticity and Behavior after Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats
Authors: Krishna Gokul , Ying Zhe , Gomez‐Pinilla Fernando
Published: May 2019

Scope

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) compromises neuronal function required for hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive function. Despite the high consumption of blueberries, information about its effects on brain plasticity and function under conditions of brain trauma is limited. The efficacy of dietary blueberry (BB) supplementation to mitigate the effects of TBI on plasticity markers and associated behavioral function in a rodent model of concussive injury are assessed.

Methods and results

Rats were maintained on a diet supplemented with blueberry (BB, 5% w/w) for 2 weeks after TBI. It is found that BB supplementation mitigated a loss of spatial learning and memory performance after TBI, and reduced the effects of TBI on anxiety‐like behavior. BB supplementation prevents a reduction of molecules associated with the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) system action on learning and memory such as cyclic‐AMP response element binding factor (CREB), calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). In addition, BB supplementation reverses an increase of the lipid peroxidation byproduct 4‐hydroxy‐nonenal (4‐HNE) after TBI. Importantly, synaptic and neuronal signaling regulators change in proportion with the memory performance, suggesting an association between plasticity markers and behavior.

Conclusion

Data herein indicate that BB supplementation has a beneficial effect in mitigating the acute aspects of the TBI pathology.
A continuous‐discontinuous model for crack branching
Authors: Tamayo‐Mas Elena , Feliu‐Fabà Jordi , Casado‐Antolin Montserrat , Rodríguez‐Ferran Antonio
Published: May 2019

A new continuous‐discontinuous model for fracture that accounts for crack branching in a natural manner is presented. It combines a gradient‐enhanced damage model based on nonlocal displacements to describe diffuse cracks and the extended finite element method (X‐FEM) for sharp cracks. Its most distinct feature is a global crack tracking strategy based on the geometrical notion of medial axis: the sharp crack propagates following the direction dictated by the medial axis of a damage isoline. This means that, if the damage field branches, the medial axis automatically detects this bifurcation, and a branching sharp crack is thus easily obtained. In contrast to other existing models, no special crack‐tip criteria are required to trigger branching. Complex crack patterns may also be described with this approach, since the X‐FEM enrichment of the displacement field can be recursively applied by adding one extra term at each branching event. The proposed approach is also equipped with a crack‐fluid pressure, a relevant feature in applications such as hydraulic fracturing or leakage‐related events. The capabilities of the model to handle propagation and branching of cracks are illustrated by means of different two‐dimensional numerical examples.
Effects of raster angle on the mechanical properties of PLA and Al/PLA composite part produced by fused deposition modeling
Authors: Zhang Xinzhou , Chen Lan , Mulholland Tom , Osswald Tim A.
Published: May 2019

This paper studies the mechanical properties of polylactic acid (PLA) and aluminum fiber–reinforced PLA composite (Al/PLA) specimens fabricated by fused deposition modeling (FDM) process. The effect of raster angle (0°, 90°, 45°, 0°/90°, and ± 45°) on dynamic mechanical thermal property and tensile property of FDM‐printed PLA and Al/PLA has been studied. The results show reduced tensile strength and Young's modulus in Al/PLA composite specimen in comparison with pure PLA specimen. However, the elongation‐at‐break increases, which is due to Al fiber with the higher elasticity and lower tensile strength than PLA. The addition of Al fibers improves the dynamic mechanical thermal property of pure PLA because of the good interaction of the PLA matrix with the surrounding Al fibers. Raster angle plays an important role in FDM process. All specimens printed with 0° raster angle show highest tensile strength and dynamic mechanical properties, while specimens printed with 90° raster angle have the lowest values. Fractured surfaces indicate that the failure of the specimen with 0° raster angle is due to breaking of individual layers, while for 90° raster angle, specimen fails under separation of the adjacent raster layers.
Comprehensive evaluation of context dependence of the prognostic impact of MYCN amplification in neuroblastoma: A report from the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) project
Authors: Campbell Kevin , Shyr Derek , Bagatell Rochelle , Fischer Matthias , Nakagawara Akira , Nieto Adela Canete , Brodeur Garrett M. , Matthay Katherine K. , London Wendy B. , DuBois Steven G.
Published: May 2019

Background

MYCN amplification (MYCN‐A) is an established adverse prognostic factor in neuroblastoma. The extent to which the prognostic impact of MYCN‐A depends on other factors has not been fully characterized.

Patients and methods

Using the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group database, we constructed Cox models of overall survival (OS) to obtain hazard ratios of the effect of MYCN‐A within subgroups defined by other prognostic factors. Cox models assessed the degree to which the prognostic impact of MYCN‐A was modulated by each other covariate. We used absolute hazard ratio (HR) differences to construct classification trees to identify subgroups with greatest differential prognostic effect of MYCN‐A.

Results

In a cohort of 6223 patients with known MYCN status, the OS hazard ratio associated with MYCN‐A was 6.3 (95% confidence interval 5.7‐7.0, P < .001). Age at diagnosis conferred the largest HR absolute difference for MYCN‐A between subgroups (HR absolute difference 16.6; HRs for MYCN‐A of 19.6 for <18 months, 3.0 for ≥18 months). MYCN‐A remained significantly prognostic of OS after controlling for other factors, abrogating their prognostic strength. Patients whose outcome was most impacted by MYCN status were those who were <18 months, had high mitosis karrhyohexis index (MKI) and low ferritin.

Conclusion

The prognostic strength of MYCN‐A varies depending on which patient subgroup defined by other neuroblastoma risk factors is examined, with greatest strength in patients with otherwise favorable features. MYCN‐A has little effect within some subgroups, aiding clinical decision‐making if MYCN status cannot be assessed. Subgroups where MYCN‐A has large effect may be prioritized for agents targeting Myc family proteins.
Image‐Guided Sacroiliac Joint Injections: an Evidence‐based Review of Best Practices and Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Zheng Patricia , Schneider Byron J. , Yang Aaron , McCormick Zachary L.
Published: May 2019

Injections into the intraarticular sacroiliac joint (SIJ) are commonly done for both diagnostic and therapeutic reasons. Injection of an anesthetic can aid in the diagnosis of SIJ pain. Corticosteroids can be administered with the goal of providing a therapeutic effect. This article summarizes the literature regarding the diagnostic and therapeutic effects of these injections. It includes a review of the various imaging modalities including fluoroscopy, ultrasound, and computed tomography guidance, as well as a discussion on the prevalence data and other variables that may affect the reported outcomes.
Micellization behavior of bile salt with pluronic (F‐127) and synthesis of silver nanoparticles in a mixed system
Authors: Rub Malik Abdul , Azum Naved , Asiri Abdullah M. , Khan Anish , Alamry Khalid A. , Kosa Samia A. , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja
Published: May 2019

The sequestrant is a substance used to cure bile salt diarrhea. They bind to bile salts by hydrophobic and electrostatic forces to stop them from contact with colon mucosa. The block copolymer could be used as bile salt binding agents. Herein, the physicochemical parameters between bile salt and block copolymer have been studied for a new potential sequestrant. The mixed micellization behavior of bile salt, sodium deoxycholic acid (NaDC) with pluronic (F‐127) was investigated by the tensiometry method. Various micellar and thermodynamic parameters were computed. The results of the present study have been analyzed by using different theoretical models for mixed binary systems. The obtained data indicate attractive interactions (synergistic interactions) among two components upon mixing. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized by using a chemical reduction method. We used single and mixed amphiphilic solution in different compositions for stabilizing silver nanoparticles. The resulting silver sol was analyzed using UV‐visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Synthesis and self‐assembly of thermoresponsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐b‐poly(oligo ethylene glycol methyl ether acrylate) double hydrophilic block copolymers
Authors: Giaouzi Despoina , Pispas Stergios
Published: May 2019

We report on the synthesis of novel poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐b‐poly(oligo ethylene glycol methyl ether acrylate) (PNIPAM‐b‐POEGA) thermoresponsive block copolymers using reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization methodologies. The synthesized block copolymers are characterized by gel permeation chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques in terms of molecular weight and composition. Their thermoresponsive self‐assembly in aqueous media is investigated using dynamic and static light scattering. The PNIPAM‐b‐POEGA thermoresponsive block copolymers formed aggregates in water by increasing the temperature above the lower critical solution temperature value of PNIPAM block. Solution pH seems to affect the self‐assembly behavior in some cases due to the presence of COOH end groups. Therefore, the copolymers were utilized as “smart” nanocarries for the hydrophobic drug indomethacin, implementing a novel encapsulation protocol taking advantage of the thermoresponsive character of the PNIPAM block. The empty and loaded self‐assembled nanocarriers systems were studied by light scattering techniques, ultraviolet–visible, and FTIR spectroscopy, which gave information on the size and structure of the nanocarriers, the drug loading content and the interactions between the drug and the components of the block copolymers. Drug loaded nanostructures show stability at room temperature, due to active drug/block copolymer interactions. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 1467–1477