bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender and Racial Prejudice of Conservative College Women
Authors: Eisenman Russell
Published: August 2011

Sirgo and Eisenman (1990) reported that conservatives believed the federal government favors minorities. Data are presented from a survey commissioned by In View magazine of 504 college females at 16 college campuses across the nation which supports the notion that female conservatives may tend to be prejudiced against women and against African-Americans.
How Do Mentorships Differ from Typical Supervisory Relationships?
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , McKenna Catherine S. , McKeen Carol A.
Published: August 2011

This study compared mentor relationships with typical supervisory relationships. Data were collected from 94 managers employed in high technology firms using questionnaires completed anonymously. Proteges were rated more promotable, tended to be more similar, in longer relationships, and hired and placed by managers, but were communicated with less frequently and tended to be physically further away from managers than were typical subordinates. Managers reported providing significantly more psychosocial functions, but not more career development functions, to proteges than to typical subordinates.
Long-Term Effects of Travel and Study: The Semester at Sea Program
Authors: Dukes Richard L. , Johnson Ruth Hulbert , Newton Harvey
Published: August 2011

Ten years after completion of a voyage, a random sample of 40 participants in the Semester at Sea Program were contacted by telephone and mail to explore possible long-term effects of the travel-study experience. Respondents answered open-ended questions about outcomes of Semester at Sea, and they completed the Purpose in Life Test of Crumbaugh. Participants maintained a global perspective, and they obtained high test scores. If they had become parents, the participants showed further discovery of meaning. The effect of Semester at Sea is discussed within the context of a lifespan developmental model.
Treatment Outcomes of Vietnam Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Funari David J. , Piekarski Alexander M. , Sherwood Roger J.
Published: August 2011

This study examined changes on the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory for 45 Vietnam veterans who completed a specialized inpatient treatment program. The average length of stay for these veterans was 140 days. Patients' scores on the Millon decreased on 12 of the 20 scales and increased on 8, and their Posttraumatic Stress Disorder-related symptoms of anxiety and dysthymia decreased significantly. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder-related character styles, schizoid, avoidant, and passive-aggressive, also showed significant decreases.
Optimizing Letter Design for Donation Requests
Authors: Kettlewell Neil M. , Evans Liz
Published: August 2011

The possibility that there might be an optimum size and color for selecting the physical appearance of a letter asking for donations to an art museum was examined in this study. University students' self-reports of willingness to give was the dependent variable. Size, color, and their interaction were statistically significant factors. The results were interpreted as supporting the idea that an optimum letter size and color do exist for letters soliciting charitable donations for an art museum.
Effects of Hazard Warning on Workers' Attitudes and Risk-Taking Behavior
Authors: Farid Mamdouh I. , Lirtzman Sidney I.
Published: August 2011

Until recently, the issue of job hazards has been largely ignored as a research and theoretical topic in business and management disciplines although workers' perceptions and assessments of job hazards are of significance to managers. In this paper are reported results of an experiment conducted in Egyptian chemical firms to test the generality of an implicit rational model used to explain employees' reactions to and perceptions of job hazards. Four hypotheses were tested: (1) workers' subjective estimates of their job hazards are positively related to the objective hazard, (2) workers' subjective estimates of a prospective new job hazard will vary directly with the extent of hazard communicated by the new product label, (3) workers' demand for new hazard wage premiums will vary directly with perceived prospective new work hazards, (4) workers' intention to quit the job will vary directly with subjective and objective estimates of job hazards. All hypotheses were supported. The rational worker model appears to be a general explanation for workers' responses to hazardous jobs and information on hazards. This model not only holds for USA workers but also for those in a nonwestern culture. Implications for management and the industrial setting are discussed.
Toward a Psychology of Parimutuel Behavior: Test of Gluck's Laws
Authors: Kopelman Richard E. , Minkin Betsy Lampert
Published: August 2011

Two propositions based on the observations and deductions of Fred H. Gluckstein are tested, both relating to parimutuel behavior. Because they were originally pronounced with emphatic certitude, they were never seen as speculations or theories—they were Gluck's Laws. The first proposition, that weekday bettors bet better was supported: the within-race rank-order correlations between parimutuel odds and order of finish were .57 and .42 for weekday and weekend races, respectively. The second proposition, that favorites tend to be avoided in the last race (bettors trying to recoup their losses), was strongly supported. Moderator variables are discussed; suggestions are offered for research.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Revised Self-Monitoring Scale over a Two-Year Period
Authors: Anderson Lynn R.
Published: August 2011

The Revised Self-monitoring Scale of Lennox and Wolfe was administered to 83 staff nurses in 1987 and in 1989 as part of on-going research. Test-retest correlations were: for Factor A, Ability to Modify Self-presentation, .53, for Factor B, Sensitivity to the Expressive Behavior of Others, .52, and for the Total Self-monitoring Score .55. These scores were sufficiently strong to warrant continued, but cautious use of this revised test.
Relationship of the Children's Form of the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study to Children's Behavior, Gender, and Fantasies
Authors: Graybill Daniel , Williams Paula G. , Bodmer Bethia , Peterson Steven P.
Published: August 2011

To examine the validity of the Children's Form of the Picture-Frustration (P-F) Study, the instrument was administered to 245 children in Grades 1 through 6. Children were also administered the Make A Picture Story (MAPS) and the Response Hierarchy Measure. Teachers rated children's aggression on the Conners Teacher Rating Scale. Hostile responses on the P-F Study were related to self-reported verbal and physical aggression in conflict situations but were unrelated to teachers' ratings of aggressive behavior. Hostile responses were exhibited more often by boys than girls. Responses on the measure were related to children's fantasy patterns. Results supported the validity of the P-F Study as a measure of children's thought content in response to frustration.
Social Predispositions for the Development of Sense of Community
Authors: Davidson William B. , Cotter Patrick R. , Stovall James Glen
Published: August 2011

The study examined whether two types of social variables set the stage for the development of sense of community in 236 adults (91 men, 145 women) from 41 of the 67 counties in Alabama. Multiple regression showed both types of social variables, the need for affiliation and having been raised with siblings, were significantly and positively related to scores on a measure of sense of community
Relationship of Religiosity to Wellness and other Health-Related Behaviors and Outcomes
Authors: Oleckno William A. , Blacconiere Michael J.
Published: August 2011

The relationship of religiosity to health-enhancing attitudes and behaviors (wellness), health-compromising behaviors, and adverse health-related outcomes was examined in a sample of 1,077 college students from a large, comprehensive mid-western university. In general, religiosity was positively correlated with wellness and inversely correlated with health-compromising behaviors and illnesses. Interpretation of the findings was complicated in some instances by significant interactions between study variables.
Demographic Predictors of Self-Reported Loneliness in Adults
Authors: Page Randy M. , Cole Galen E.
Published: August 2011

The relative magnitude of individual demographic characteristics, compared with other demographic characteristics, in the prediction or explanation of frequency of loneliness has not been examined or reported in the literature. The relative strengths of a series of demographic variables (gender, age, marital status, household income, educational attainment, race or ethnicity, employment status, and occupation) in explaining frequency of loneliness in a random sample of 8,634 adults residing in a large metropolitan county were examined. Logistic regression analysis indicated several variables significantly affected group membership as lonely vs not lonely: marital status, household income, gender, and educational attainment. The strongest predictor of all was marital status. Age group as a predictor variable approached significance, but employment status, occupation, and race/ethnicity were not significant predictors of group membership as lonely vs not lonely in the logistic regression model.
Higher Trait- and State-Anxiety in Female Law Students than Male Law Students
Authors: McCleary Roseanna , Zucker Evan L.
Published: August 2011

To assess sex differences in anxiety, law students completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory prior to rating one-panel printed comics for humor level or copying text. Subjects completed the State-Anxiety subscale following the task. Although the humor-rating task was not more effective in reducing state anxiety than the copying task, scores on the anxiety subscales indicated that women law students scored consistently and significantly higher than men on both pretask measures and on the posttask measure. This finding is consistent with results from other studies in which other instruments were given. Analyses showed elevated anxiety and stress among preprofessional women; this supports the need for stress-management programs for law students.
Correlates of Work Responses in Tourist Industry
Authors: Ross Glenn F.
Published: August 2011

634 college students from an Australian tourist region responded to three tourist industry work requests focusing on employment preference, retraining, and ascribed job attainment criteria. Also included were measures of the Protestant Work Ethic, Locus of Control, and a number of sociodemographic variables. Women were more likely to evince an interest in tourist industry work and also in retraining. Subjects with a greater experience of the tourist industry had a more realistic grasp of selection criteria. Higher scorers on the Protestant Work Ethic and internal Locus of Control were also more likely to show greater knowledge of job selection. Implications of these findings for the tourist industry and potential employees are examined.
Influence of Interpersonal Relationships on Helping Norms among Japanese University Students
Authors: Ibusuki R. , Naito T.
Published: August 2011

The present research assessed the effect of interpersonal relationships on two aspects of Japanese university students' moral judgment, manner of application and contents of helping norms. In Study 1, 68 university students (34 men, 34 women) answered questionnaires which requested evaluation of behaviors in helping situations with variable behaviors by agents and different interpersonal relations between agent and victim and between subject and agent. Subjects were asked to evaluate each case on two scales, moral evaluation and expectation. Female Japanese students showed strong relation-based morality on these two dimensions. In Study 2, 30 female students were interviewed using questions from the questionnaire given in Study 1 and others about the moral reasoning behind their relation-based judgments. Their answers showed that the female Japanese university students tended to make judgments without reference to the principle of universality or justice even when they knew the principle. The result suggests a relation-based moral orientation rather than a justice orientation.
Suicide and Homicide among Native Americans: Anomie Or Social Learning?
Authors: Young Thomas J.
Published: August 2011

Analysis of data for 12 areas of the Indian Health Services from the US Department of Health and Human Services yielded a rho of .61 between poverty and suicide for men and a significant rho of .65 for poverty with homicide rates. The Navajo area is an exception, raising for study questions about social disintegration. For the women, poverty was not significantly related to suicide or homicide rates, raising additional questions about social disintegration.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: LXXXI. The Friendship of Anna Freud and Dorothy Tiffany Burlingham
Authors: Jackson D. Joyce
Published: August 2011

Anna Freud and Dorothy Tiffany Burlingham, pioneers in child psychoanalysis, were soulmates for 55 years. They lived and worked together until their deaths, Dorothy in 1979, Anna in 1982. Theirs was a deep and caring relationship, Anna serving as a surrogate parent for Dorothy's four children. It was a bonded friendship likened to those which women cherished in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Their hope was to spend eternity together.
Incorporating Normative Social Influence into a Diffusion Model
Authors: Evans Richard H.
Published: August 2011

This research examined a diffusion model that included normative social influence. Findings were based on responses of 137 undergraduate business school students who served as subjects and examined the product, athletic shoes, and indicate that normative social influence may be included in the diffusion model by using Newton's Method to provide a good fit with the data.
Self-Identity as a Helping Professional: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Royse David , Rompf Elizabeth Lewis
Published: August 2011

640 respondents to a statewide telephone survey were asked if they consider their jobs or occupations to be one of the helping professions. Two-thirds of the respondents answered affirmatively. These data suggest the public does not know the attributes of a profession.
Breastfeeding and Cognitive Development of Three-Year-Old Children
Authors: Bauer G. , Ewald L. S. , Hoffman J. , Dubanoski R.
Published: August 2011

A prospective study of 50 children in Hawaii found that the duration of breastfeeding was associated with higher cognitive scores at 3 years of age.
Psychological Aspects of Sex Differences in Moral Reasoning
Authors: Mwamwenda Tuntufye S.
Published: August 2011

Psychologists, such as Freud, Piaget, and Kohlberg, have indicated that there are sex differences in moral reasoning of men and women. Generally men's moral reasoning is more advanced than that of women. This is attributed to various factors such as culture and over-all child-rearing practices which include greater expectation of men than of women. Despite this conclusion, it is doubtful whether some assessments of women's moral reasoning are accurate and fair.
Status Inconsistency, Traditionality and Marital Distress in the Netherlands
Authors: Lange Alfred , Hageman Willem , Markus Evelyn , Hanewald Gerrit
Published: August 2011

Based on recent literature, when the wife occupies a higher socioeconomic status than her husband, the marital adjustment of couples is expected to be worse than the marital adjustment of couples when the husband has greater status. This was tested in a sample of 37 Dutch dual-career couples. Initially, evidence for the hypothesis was found but was less strong when ‘duration of the relationship’ was taken into account as a covariate. Traditionality of the husband with regard to sex-role patterns was a more important factor. When the wife had the higher socioeconomic status and when the wife had a lower status position, traditionality was strongly related to low marital adjustment of the couples. Couples who had been together less than five years had better relationships than couples who had been together longer. Altogether this sample of dual-career couples showed better marital adjustment than the average Dutch couple. In the discussion the implications of these findings are considered.
Single versus Multiple Causes of the Age/Job Satisfaction Relationship
Authors: Snyder Robert A. , Mayo Franette
Published: August 2011

The results of survey research with 457 employees of a social service organization did not confirm any of three preexisting hypotheses, each of which had been posited as the primary explanation for the often obtained relationship between age and job satisfaction. Despite these findings, each hypothesis may be partially valid, that is, each may be valid for some, if not most, organization members. The hypotheses may be viewed more reasonably as alternative rather than competing explanations within a more molar framework.
Adaptors and Innovators: Selection versus Induction
Authors: Holland P. A. , Bowskill I. , Bailey A.
Published: August 2011

The hypothesis that predictable differences would exist between the mean cognitive style of new entrants and those of the longer serving “established” employees in certain departments while not in others was tested. Data from 99 employees from four departments of a large British pharmaceuticals company who completed the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory provided results broadly in line with the expectations of adaption-innovation theory and past research. The mean innovative cognitive style of new entrants to adaptive departments regressed towards the mean of the establishment and the occupational mean over time. In departments where there was no initial significant difference between the mean cognitive style of the new entrants and the established group, no significant shift was shown over time. Implications of these findings are suggested. The data also indicated norms for two occupational groups where previously they did not exist.
Body-Image Correlates of Anxiety in a Sample of Male Alcoholics
Authors: Jensen Carl F.
Published: August 2011

Body-image testing of 10 male alcoholics with and 7 without anxiety disorders showed those with panic disorder had low barrier scores. Those with phobias emphasized their hearts and those with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder emphasized their backs. The barrier score correlated positively with both intensity of physical symptoms and with sense of blocked body openings.
Measuring Depressive Mood in Elderly Israeli: Reliability and Validity of the Depression Adjective Check Lists
Authors: Lomranz Jacob , Eyal Nitza , Lubin Bernard , Joffe Alik
Published: August 2011

To establish the psychometric properties of the state form of the Depression Adjective Check List (DACL) with elderly Israeli, a 1981 Hebrew version of the DACL by Lomranz, Lubin, Eyal, and Medini, along with the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale and Cantril's Self-anchoring Striving Scale, were administered to 86 independently functioning elderly persons (35 men and 51 women) living in a home for the aged. Reliability estimates (alphas and test-retest) were moderate to high; validity estimates (concurrent and construct) were again moderate to high. It was concluded that the state form of the Depression Adjective Check List is suitable for use with elderly Israeli.
On the Stress/Parasuicide Or Parasuicide/Stress Relationship
Authors: Clum George A. , Luscomb Richard L. , Patsiokas Anne T.
Published: August 2011

The question of whether high stress leads to attempting suicide (parasuicide) or suicide attempters are more likely to report high stress was examined in a one-year follow-up study of 98 persons, 47 of whom had attempted suicide. Cross-lagged panel correlations between stress and parasuicide provided both concurrent and predictive validity that stress as measured by life changes leads to parasuicide. A high relationship between stress at baseline and stress at follow-up provided support for the notion that some individuals experience chronic stress and that such individuals may be the ones at risk for future suicide attempts.
Relationships among Defense Style, Existential Anxiety, and Religiosity
Authors: Bylski Norene C. , Westman Alida S.
Published: August 2011

63 participants whose mean age was 26.8 yr. answered a questionnaire which measured defense style, existential anxiety, and religiosity. Defense style was generalized to existential concerns; repressors, who tend to avoid threatening stimuli, were likely to have less existential anxiety than sensitizers, who tend to approach threatening stimuli. Religiosity was related to neither defense style nor existential anxiety. It was suggested that religiosity was more influenced by socialization than by individual anxieties or personality variables such as defense style.
Self-Esteem and Social Desirability in Relation to College Students' Retrospective Perceptions of Parental Fairness and Disciplinary Practices
Authors: Joubert Charles E.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationships that fathers' and mothers' interactive or disciplinary behaviors have with college students' Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory scores, Social Desirability scale scores, and their retrospective perceptions of their parents' fairness (50 sons, 84 daughters). Sons with higher scores in self-esteem reported that their mothers were fairer, had more interest in their activities, and were less likely to use verbal put-downs (abuse). Daughters with high self-esteem reported both of their parents were more interested in their activities, used praise more often, and refrained from verbal abuse. Also, these daughters reported that their mothers were more fair and encouraged their independence more. Daughters who reported their fathers as being more strict had lower self-esteem scores. There was no evidence that spanking, grounding, scolding, or monetary rewards had any effect on children's self-esteem scores, whether these methods were used by mothers or by fathers. Both sons and daughters who perceived their parents as being more fair also saw them as being more interested, having used praise more often, and having been less likely to have used verbal abuse. Daughters were less likely to view either fathers or mothers as being more fair if they had used spanking, grounding, or scolding more, and had been over-all stricter. Sons who had less strict fathers or who had received monetary rewards from them tended to regard them as being more fair. Higher social desirability scores correlated with higher self-esteem of women. Also, women with these higher social desirability scores tended to report that both their fathers and mothers used scolding and grounding less often.
Psychology of Computer Use: XXIII. Validating a Measure of Computer-Related Stress
Authors: Hudiburg Richard A. , Jones T. Morris
Published: August 2011

Prediction of the final grade in a computer course using the Computer Technology Hassles Scale, a measure of computer-related stress, was investigated. A sample of 154 university students enrolled in computer courses completed questionnaires covering demographic data, information on computer use, the Computer Technology Hassles Scale, and somatic complaint items of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist. Pearson correlations indicated scores on the Computer Technology Hassles Scale were significantly associated .27 with somatic complaints, -.24 with computer-course grades, and -.18 with self-rated computer knowledge. Regression analysis indicated that self-rated computer knowledge and scores on the Computer Technology Hassles Scale significantly predicted computer-course grade.
Reliability of a Behavioral Avoidance Test for the Assessment of Dog Phobic Children
Authors: Hamilton David I. , King Neville J.
Published: August 2011

The temporal stability of approach scores on a Behavioral Avoidance Test designed for dog phobic children was confirmed. Small gains in scores among the 14 children were observed at retest without treatment only for those displaying relatively mild fears.
Test of the Korman Hypothesis: Performance, Self-Esteem, and Job Satisfaction among Dentists
Authors: Kaldenberg Dennis O. , Becker Boris W.
Published: August 2011

Contrary to the Korman hypothesis, this study of 416 dentists showed positive relationships between job satisfaction and productivity-based measures of performance for individuals of both low and high self-esteem.
Loneliness Related to Self-Concept
Authors: Kalliopuska Mirja , Laitinen Marketta
Published: August 2011

The Differential Loneliness Scale and the UCLA Loneliness Scale were given to 30 persons attending a mental growth group (test group) and 36 adult students of psychology (the control group). Ages of the subjects ranged from 19 to 45 years. Self-concept was measured by Fitts' Tennessee Self-concept Scale and scored using both Clinical and Counselling forms. The first group showed greater loneliness, lower scores on physical self, and higher scores on moral-ethical self than the controls, and also had significantly lower scores on the neurosis scale and the defensive positive scale. A trend towards social maladjustment and personality disordered behavior was observed. Shyness and the typical introverted character for many Finns are discussed in connection with loneliness, social maladjustment, and lack of social skills.
The Reasons for Living Inventory: Psychometric Properties
Authors: Osman Augustine , Jones Keith , Osman Joylene R.
Published: August 2011

The test-retest reliability, internal consistency reliability, normative, and item analysis data of the Reasons for Living Inventory were investigated in a sample of 116 college students. The inventory has six subscales, each of which assesses a category of adaptive beliefs and expectations considered reasons for not committing suicide. The inventory was administered twice, with a 3-week interval between testings. Test-retest coefficients for the men, women, and total sample were moderate to high. The alpha coefficients and item-total correlations for the subscales and the total inventory provided strong support for internal consistency. 26 items were consistently endorsed by 30% or more of our total sample as “extremely important,” while only four were suggested as “not at all important” reasons for not committing suicide.
Relations among Scores on Matrix Analogies Test, Draw-A-Person, and the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills for Low Socioeconomic Children
Authors: Haddad Frederick A. , Juliano Jane M.
Published: August 2011

82 normal Grade 4 students of low socioeconomic status were administered the Matrix Analogies Test, Draw-A-Person Test, and the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills. The partial correlation coefficient between the Matrix Analogies Test and the Iowa Tests was .51 while that between the Draw-A-Person Test and the Iowa Tests was .30. The correlation coefficient between the Matrix Analogies Test and the Draw-A-Person Test was .32. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Mothers and Fathers of Young Children: Comparison of Parenting Styles
Authors: Bentley Kathleen S. , Fox Robert A.
Published: August 2011

This study compared the developmental expectations and parenting behaviors of 52 mothers and fathers with children between the ages of 1 and 4 years, using the Parenting Inventory: Young Children. While both mothers and fathers were nurturing parents, mothers obtained significantly higher nurturing scores. Possible reasons for this difference were discussed. Developmental expectations and discipline strategies did not differ between mothers and fathers.
Relationship between Career Age and Research Productivity for Academic Dentists
Authors: Jones James E. , Jones Wayne P. , Preusz Gerald C.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the effects of aging (career age) and research performance for full-time clinical dental faculty. The 489 respondents represented a response rate of 71 3% from a 40% stratified random sample of faculty. Respondents reported a mean number of years in full-time dental education of 10.7 (range = 1 to 45, SD = 7.7) and mean number of career publications of 11.1 (range = 0 to 110, SD = 15.2). A significant positive association of career age and life-time research productivity was observed. A significant positive association of career age and mean two-year research productivity was also noted. Implications of the findings were discussed with respect to similar studies reported for other academic disciplines.
Uncritical Inference Making and Intellectual Functioning
Authors: Milford Gary E. , Soper Barlow , Weeks Christine
Published: August 2011

The relationship between uncritical inference making and intelligence has been uncertain. In the present study a group of 30 advanced undergraduate students were administered the Uncritical Inference Test and the Otis-Lennon Test of Mental Ability A significant Pearson correlation of .52 indicates that this measure of intellectual functioning is associated with uncritical inference making. Further research needs to be conducted using standard intelligence measures of specific kinds of intellectual processes.
Does Suicidal Intent Mean the Same in Completed Suicides as it Does in Attempted Suicides?
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

A measure of objective suicidal intent was found to have different correlates in a sample of 235 completed suicides and a sample of 208 attempted suicides, suggesting that the scale measures different qualities in the two groups for whom 20 personal characteristics were available.
Preliminary Reliability and Validity of an Instrument Measuring Separation-Individuation Outcomes
Authors: Bartolomucci Eileen , Taylor Jerome
Published: August 2011

The developmental sequence through which an infant moves from early neonatal life to an awareness of social reality and the achievement of separate identity was labeled in 1975 by Mahler, Pine, and Bergman the separation-individuation process. They have identified six developmental subphases-Autism, Symbiosis, Differentiation, Practicing, Rapprochement, and Libidinal Object Constancy-which are estimated by the Separation-Individuation Inventory recently developed and evaluated by Taylor and Bartolomucci. In the current study we have further evaluated the validity of the inventory, noting expected patterns of intercorrelations among subphases: correlations between adjacent phases were higher than correlations between more distant phases.
The Caring Morality and Gender Differences
Authors: Stimpson David , Neff Wayne , Jensen Larry C. , Newby Timothy
Published: August 2011

Subjects were asked to rate 18 adjectives on a five-point scale of goodness. The items were adjectives extracted from the Bern inventory which loaded on a factor called ‘interpersonal sensitivity’ or ‘caring.’ Women (college students, ages 18 to 22 years) rated these adjectives significantly higher than male peers. Women do not consistently rate other items from the Bern inventory higher on the dimension of goodness. The results are interpreted as supporting Gilligan's and Nodding's theory that there is a difference in men's and women's construction of a world view.
Psychology of the Scientist: LXIV. Work-Related Attitudes of U.S. Scientists
Authors: Trankina Michele L.
Published: August 2011

It is logical to think that doing important, meaningful work contributes to job satisfaction. In contrast to all other professional workers, however, evidence from nationwide surveys shows that scientists are more likely to prefer important, meaningful work but are less satisfied in their jobs. This suggests that various factors in the work environment of U.S. scientists somehow may prevent them from achieving the satisfaction they desire in their jobs. This paper speculates about the nature of some of these factors.
MMPI Experimental Scale Correlates of the MAACL—R with Male Alcoholics
Authors: Lubin Bernard , Rinck Christine M. , Rahaim Sara , Nickel Elizabeth J.
Published: August 2011

Concurrent and discriminative validity of the MAACL—R scales were studied by means of correlations with selected MMPI experimental scales (AR, DR, HOS, Poor Morale, and ES) for a sample of 88 male VA alcoholics. Concurrent validity of Anxiety, Depression, Hostility and PASS, and discriminative validity of the Anxiety scale were confirmed.
Parental Identification of Rapists and Pedophiles
Authors: Levant Marc David , Bass Barry A.
Published: August 2011

It is well documented that sex offenders experience a higher incidence of sexual abuse and are more likely to have been reared in dysfunctional families than are individuals in most comparison groups. It is unclear, however, whether growing up in an abusive or dysfunctional family affects the extent to which the potential sex offender would subsequently identify with his parents. Sixteen rapists, 18 pedophiles, 9 general offenders, and 11 college students completed the Parental Identification Scale to assess their parental identification. It was predicted that the rapists and pedophiles would identify less with their parents than would college students or general offenders. Analysis indicated a strong and significant correlation between group membership and parental identification. Rapists and pedophiles identified less with their mothers and fathers than did members of corresponding control groups.
Historical Reliability: A Key to Differentiating Populations among Patients Presenting Signs of Multiple Personality Disorder
Authors: Leavitt Frank , Braun Bennett
Published: August 2011

The clinical value of inconsistencies in the historical data of patients presenting with signs of multiple personality disorder was assessed. Three major inconsistencies in historical data were identzied in 23 patients who were admitted to a Dissociative Disorders Program with a diagnosis of Multiple Personality Disorder. This group showed psychological disturbance that was quite different from 23 patients with a similar discharge diagnosis but who did not exhibit inconsistencies in history. The former group reported less psychological disturbance and fewer dissociative experiences. Patients who are less credible by virtue of inconsistencies in their historical reports may belong to a different diagnostic group. The findings point to the need to chart history carefully in authenticating genuine cases.
The Dual Nature of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Lie Scale among College Students in the USA
Authors: Francis Leslie J. , Philipchalk Ronald , Pearson Paul R.
Published: August 2011

This study, conducted among 132 undergraduate students in the USA, confirms the findings of two studies conducted among students in England and Australia that the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Lie Scale contains two empirically distinct components. Component A functions as an index of socially conforming behaviour. Component B produces a purer index of lying or dissimulation less contaminated by social conformity.
Psychology of Computer Use: XXIV. Computer-Related Stress among Technical College Students
Authors: Ballance Collin T. , Rogers Sydney U.
Published: August 2011

Hudiburg's Computer Technology Hassles Scale, along with a measure of global stress and a scale on attitudes toward computers, were administered to 186 students in a two-year technical college. Hudiburg's work with the hassles scale as a measure of “technostress” was affirmed. Moderate, but statistically significant, correlations among the three scales are reported. No relationship between the hassles scale and achievement as measured by GPA was detected.
Symptom-Positively and -Negatively Worded Items in Two Popular Self-Report Inventories of Anxiety and Depression
Authors: Mook Jaap , Kleijn Wim Chr. , van der Ploeg Henk M.
Published: August 2011

Substantially higher mean scores on symptom-negatively versus symptom-positively worded items have consistently been reported in the literature for the balanced State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. In this study we aimed to replicate and extend these findings to Dutch trait versions of the inventory and Zung's similarly balanced Self-rating Depression Scale. Analysis indicated significantly higher mean subscale scores for symptom-negative as opposed to symptom-positive items of both measures, across sexes and age groups as well as across different levels of distress in nonclinical ( n = 863), subclinical ( n = 450), and clinical subject samples ( n = 96). Sex and age differences were mainly confined to symptom-positive subscales. Scale intercorrelations were lowest between symptom-positively and symptom-negatively worded scales both within and across measures. Factor analyzing the combined measures identified a symptom-negative and a symptom-positive factor, tentatively labeled “absence of positive affect” and “presence of negative affect.” Several explanations of the findings among which item-intensity specificity, the response style of social desirability, and the trait model of positive and negative affectivity are discussed.
On Processing the Roman and Arabic Orthographies of Malay: Some Implications from the Stroop Color-Word Test
Authors: Baluch Bahman , Abdullah-Darlan Kamsiah
Published: August 2011

Malay, the language spoken in Singapore, Brunei, and Malaysia, is transcribed by both Arabic and Roman orthographies. Skilled Malay readers are trained in reading their language printed in these two dissimilar orthographies. This unique feature of Malay enables a study of the effects of orthography on processes of reading independently of language constraints. Using a Stroop Color-Word paradigm, naming the color of the ink used to print incongruent Malay color words in Roman is significantly longer (and more error-prone) than naming the same colors used to write incongruent color words in Arabic orthography. The results are discussed in relation to the effects of orthography on perceptual processes mediating lexical access.
Assertiveness of Social Work Students
Authors: Pardeck John T. , Anderson Carolanne , Gianino Emily A. , Miller Betty , Mothershead Mindy S. , Smith Stacey A.
Published: August 2011

A goal of social work education is to increase assertiveness in students. This study of 162 undergraduates in social work suggests their training did not accomplish this goal.
Effects of Class Standing on Academic Adjustment
Authors: LeSure G. Evelyn
Published: August 2011

A survey measuring academic adjustment was administered to 539 lower- and upperclassmen. Analysis of responses indicated, as expected, that academic adjustment was better for upperclassmen than for lowerclassmen. The results were discussed in terms of maturation.
Correlations between Self-Handicapping and Self-Defeating Personality
Authors: Schill Thomas , Morales Joann , Beyler Jane , Tatter Terisha , Swigert Lori
Published: August 2011

In this study scores on Strube's self-handicapping scale were correlated with scores on Schill's self-defeating personality scale. Berglas believes there are subtypes of self-defeating personality and that his concept of self-handicapping should be correlated with the three criteria which represent a self-protective component of self-defeating personality. Some support for Berglas' proposition was found, particularly for men. However, correlations with other components of self-defeating personality suggest the criteria thought to be self-protective may need to be reconsidered.
Clinical-Analog Research: A Reply to Galassi
Authors: Francis Ronald D.
Published: August 2011

The several points raised critically by Galassi are answered.
Dropping Out: Relationship of Speaking Anxiety to Self-Esteem, Crime, and Educational Achievement
Authors: Witherspoon Arnold D. , Long Carolyn K. , Nickell Eugenie B.
Published: August 2011

This study focused on the relationship that anxiety about speaking has to educational achievement, self-esteem, and type of crime The data gathered from 46 female felons indicated significant relationships and suggested that programs designed to decrease anxiety about speaking can be effectively presented. Perhaps such treatment should be the first step in developing and correcting deficiencies in skills thereby preventing the skid toward dropping out and delinquency.
Personality, Stress, and Motivational Factors in Drinking as Determinants of Risk for Cancer and Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Grossarth-Maticek R. , Eysenck H. J.
Published: August 2011

Alcohol consumption is a well-known risk factor for cancer, coronary heart disease (CHD), and various other diseases. It is here suggested that motivational factors may be important in mediating any effects of drinking on health. In particular, the hypothesis was tested that drinking to drown one's sorrows (S-type) was much more a risk factor than pleasure drinking (P-type). A total of 1,706 men were tested and followed for 13 years, when death and cause of death were established. The hypothesis was supported for all levels of drinking. In addition, subjects were divided into those 900 who were under stress at the beginning of the study and those 806 who were not. Stress and drinking combined in a complex fashion to form a risk factor for disease, and motivation combined with both in the predicted direction.
Smoking-Specific Locus of Control
Authors: Bunch J. M. , Schneider H. G.
Published: August 2011

A smoking-specific locus of control scale was developed by modifying a drinking-related locus of control scale. The new scale, Rotter's I-E scale, and a smoking questionnaire were administered to 70 subjects. Estimates of reliability indicated that the new scale had reasonably high internal consistency. Scores differed as a function of subjects' reports of their addiction to cigarettes but not as a function of their current smoking status. 15 addicted individuals scored more externally on the new scale than did 24 nonaddicted individuals. There were no differences for scores on the Rotter I-E scale as a function of reported addiction or smoking status. The new scale appears to be a more sensitive measure of locus of control than Rotter's scale. The two locus of control scales were not significantly correlated, indicating their independence. Individuals apparently maintain a distinct locus of control for smoking rather than having a general expectation for control.
Factor Analysis of the Career Decision Scale on South African High School Students
Authors: Watson Mark B. , Foxcroft Cheryl D. , Stead Graham B.
Published: August 2011

A factor analytic study of the Career Decision Scale—High School version of Hartman and Hartman on 312 white South African adolescents from Grades 11 and 12 was undertaken. A simple two-factor structure emerged which accounted for 47.36% of the total variance in the scores. These results support the use of the version as a differential measure of career indecision and indicate that the number and structure of factors can change across populations. The implications of these results for research in South Africa are considered.
Evangelical Renewal Therapy: A Proposal for Integration of Religious Values into Psychotherapy
Authors: Saucer Patrick R.
Published: August 2011

The importance of incorporating religious values into psychotherapy that is used in treating the mental health needs of Evangelical Christians was examined. Rationality and pathology were analyzed from an Evangelical Christian perspective. Guilt was seen as the primary psychological consequence of self-defeating behaviors. Evangelical Renewal Therapy was offered in response to the apparent need for a religious psychotherapy that would focus on the mental health needs of Evangelical Christians. The Atheistic Ideation Complex purports that atheistic ideations as measured by the Atheistic Ideation Reference Scale lead to unwanted emotional consequences. Repentance, the process of change in Evangelical Renewal Therapy, is achieved through the analysis of moral action, rebuke, confession, prayer, recompense, and mortification through good works.
Differences between Essential and Reactive Alcoholics on Tests of Neuropsychological Functioning and Affect
Authors: Braggio John T. , Pishkin Vladimir , Parsons Oscar A. , Fishkin Steven M. , Tassey John R.
Published: August 2011

This study tested the hypothesis that Essential Alcoholics ( n = 15) develop a more severe form of alcoholism than Reactive Alcoholics ( n = 12). VA alcoholic patients were classified as Essential or Reactive Alcoholics, using the Rudie-McGaughran questionnaire, and tested on four neuropsychological tests, the Neuropsychological Impairment Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, Tarter's Hyperactivity/Minimal Brain Dysfunction questionnaire, and Latcham's Measure of Antisocial Behavior. While the two groups did not differ in age, education, or Family History of alcoholism, Essential Alcoholics had an earlier age of onset and a longer chronicity of alcoholism. After analysis of covariance was used to control for group differences in age of onset and chronicity, Essential Alcoholics were still significantly higher on depression and significantly more impaired on five subtests of the Neuropsychological Impairment Scale: global measure, total items, general, learning-verbal, and frustration. Nonsignificant group differences, in the expected direction, were found for the Shipley Mental Age and Tarter's questionnaire. These results suggest that Essential Alcoholics have higher depression scores and greater impairments in neuropsychological functioning than Reactive Alcoholics.
Self-Esteem, Alcoholism, Sensation Seeking, GPA, and Differential Aptitude Test Scores of High School Students in an Honor Society
Authors: Baker Karla , Beer Joe , Beer John
Published: August 2011

29 high school students (10 boys, 19 girls), members of an honor society from a rural north central Kansas school district, were administered the MacAndrew Alcohol Scale, the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory—School Form, and the Sensation Seeking Scale (Form V). Their GPAs and the Differential Aptitude Test scores (verbal reasoning, numerical reasoning, verbal plus numerical reasoning) were collected from their school files. Although ranges were restricted, this group's scores fell within normal levels on these measures. Boys scored higher on the MacAndrew scale, verbal plus numerical reasoning, and sensation seeking than girls. The seniors and juniors scored higher on sensation seeking than the sophomores. Correlations among scores were of low magnitude and likely reflected social pressures on this small scholastically able group.
Humor-Value Assessment as a Function of Sex, Age, and Education
Authors: Vitulli William F. , Barbin Jane M.
Published: August 2011

A sense of humor may be related to our survival, yet the value one places on humor is typically not very explicit. Sex, age, and education were selected as variables to examine how participants would respond to Vitulli's Humor Rating Scale. 217 volunteers (108 men and 109 women) were distributed among four levels of education: Grade 8, high school, college, and a combined sample of graduate students and professors. The rating scale measured attitudes toward male-oriented humor, female-oriented humor, general humor values, and an index of “differentiation of humor by gender.” Significant interactions between sex and humor scales and between educational levels and humor scales were found in a 2 × 4 × 4 factorial (split-plot) design. Scheffé tests of multiple comparisons between sample means showed significant sex differences on the male-oriented scale and on the differentiation scale. Significant differences between educational levels occurred on the male- and female-oriented scales, as well as on the differentiation scale. The ‘egalitarian hypothesis’ and the ‘androgyny hypothesis’ were evaluated to assess under what conditions they do or do not account for the data.
Childhood Trauma and Adult Life Satisfaction in a Random Adult Sample
Authors: Royse David , Rompf Beth Lewis , Dhooper Surjit S.
Published: August 2011

640 randomly selected adults were surveyed about childhood traumatic events and their current life satisfaction. Respondents who had experienced traumatic childhood events rated themselves significantly less satisfied with life and were less likely to be home owners and more likely to live in families with lower incomes than respondents who had not experienced traumatic events (ns ranged from 44 to 232, depending on the items).