bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Macronutrient fertilizers on basil growth and yield
Authors: Lima Janderson Carmo , Nascimenro Marilza Neves , Oliveira Uasley Caldas , Santos Anacleto Ranulfo , Silva Alinsmario Leite
Published: May 2020

The objective of this work was to determine the macronutrient doses that allow the highest phytomass yield and growth of basil plants. The experiment was carried out in the experimental area of ​​the Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia, in Cruz das Almas, BA, in a greenhouse. The treatments were obtained according to the Baconian matrix statistical arrangement, in which one of the nutrients is supplied in variable amounts, while the others are kept at a referential level. Six nutrients (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S)) were evaluated in three different doses, and two additional treatments, one with reference doses and another without nutrient addition, totaling 20 treatments that were arranged in a completely randomized design with five replications, totaling 100 experimental units. At 50 days after treatment distribution, the growth parameters were evaluated: Plant height, number of leaves, leaf dry mass, stem, root and leaf area. It was observed that the highest leaf dry mass accumulation was estimated with the dose of 250 mg dm³ of N giving an average of 8.01g per plant, being significantly higher when compared to all other tested elements, this parameter is extremely relevant because the leaves are characterized as the main product of this species. Phosphorus doses allowed significant results in height and leaf area, whereas K favored higher leaf emission. Positive responses were verified for nutrients Ca, Mg and S in all parameters tested at levels above those tested as reference.
Morphophysiological characteristics of okra plants submitted to saline stress in soil with organic fertilizer
Authors: Sousa Geocleber Gomes de , Mendonça Andreza de Melo , Sales Jonnathan Richeds da Silva , Silva Junior Francisco Barroso da , Moraes João Gutemberg Leite , Sousa José Thomas Machado de
Published: May 2020

The excess of salts may compromise the growth and physiological functions of plants, but the use of bovine organic fertilizer can mitigate these effects. It was intended was to evaluate the saline stress in soil with and without bovine organic fertilizer on the initial growth, the accumulation of biomass and the gas exchanges of the okra culture. The test was conducted at the UNILAB’s experimental farm, in Piroás, in Redenção – CE city. The treatments were distributed in a completely randomized design with five replications, in a 5 x 2 factorial concerning five irrigation water salinity levels (1.0; 2.0; 3.0; 4.0 and 5.0 dS m-1), in the presence and absence of bovine organic fertilizer. Plant height, stem diameter, root length, a dry mass of shoot, photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance were evaluated. The bovine organic fertilizer promoted better means in initial growth and biomass in okra plants compared to the control treatment, thus showing efficiency in the attenuation of the salts present in irrigation water. The increase in the saline concentration of the irrigation water reduced the gas exchange (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration) in okra plants. Nonetheless, in smaller proportions in the soil with the bovine organic fertilizer.
Physico-chemical properties of different formulations of pequi pulp with milk
Authors: Moraes Maria Suiane , Esmero Janaina Almeida Dantas , De Figueirêdo Rossana Maria Feitosa , Queiroz Alexandre José de Melo
Published: May 2020

The objective of this work was to perform the physical-chemical characterization of different formulations of the pequi pulp with the addition of different concentrations of whole milk, in order to identify promising products for commercial use. Three formulations of pequi pulp with whole milk were prepared: PL1- 90% pequi pulp and 10% milk, PL2 - 70% pequi pulp and 30% milk, PL3 - 50% pequi pulp and 50% milk. The formulations were evaluated for physical and physical-chemical parameters of color, water activity, water content, ash, total soluble solids (SST), pH, total titratable acidity (ATT), SST/ATT ratio, ascorbic acid, proteins, lipids, total, reducing and non-reducing sugars. The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and comparison between means by the Tukey test at 5% probability. Among the three tested formulations, the best results were obtained for PL3, where it presented lower total titratable acidity, water activity, red intensity, yellow intensity and chromaticity, however, higher content of total soluble solids, ratio SST/ATT, ash, lipids, sugars (total, dimmer and non-dimmer), luminosity and tint angle. The inclusion of milk in the pequi pulp changed the physical and physical-chemical characteristics of the pulp, and it can be an alternative to add nutritional value to the fruit and consequently a promising product for the market.
O SANEAMENTO BÁSICO DE IPIAÚ E SUA INFLUÊNCIA NA QUALIDADE DAS ÁGUAS DO RIO DE CONTAS
Authors: Sampaio Sarah Andrade , Lima Gomes Ronaldo
Published: May 2020

A cidade de Ipiaú se desenvolveu às margens do rio de Contas e de seus afluentes, acarretando em prejuízos à qualidade das águas destes mananciais, em virtude da carência de infraestrutura de saneamento básico, particularmente, na coleta e tratamento de esgotos domésticos. Nesse contexto, este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar a influência do Uso e Ocupação do Solo das Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP) do rio de Contas, relacionando com a qualidade de suas águas, assim como, espacializar as fontes geradoras de poluição hídrica por esgotamento doméstico. Para tanto, o método adotado se ampara na análise integrada de dados referentes às classes de Uso e Ocupação do Solo a partir de mapeamento de imagens de satélite; de infraestrutura de saneamento provenientes dos setores censitários do IBGE e dados pré-existentes de qualidade da água do trecho em estudo. Os resultados obtidos atestam que os setores censitários urbanos que margeiam o rio de Contas apresentam cerca de 43 % de seus domicílios com descarte de seus esgotos domésticos sem tratamento adequado, numa área urbana que ocupa 73,9 ha dentro da APP no município. Tal situação de uso implica em consequências diretas e indiretas de poluição hídrica.
DEGRADAÇÃO DE ÁREAS DE NASCENTES NA SUB-BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO CÓRREGO DAS PITAS-MT: O QUE PENSAM OS PEQUENOS PRODUTORES RURAIS?
Authors: Mariano Santiago Schiavinato Vanusa , Dominguez Gonzalez Alfredo Zenen
Published: May 2020

Considerando os efeitos da degradação das nascentes na disponibilidade de recursos hídricos em Mato Grosso, a pesquisa objetivou identificar a percepção de uma amostra de pequenos produtores rurais da sub-bacia hidrográfica do córrego das Pitas sobre o manejo das suas áreas de nascentes. A metodologia utilizada compreendeu observações in loco e aplicação de questionário a produtores selecionados, intencionalmente. Os resultados indicam que a intensa ocupação da sub-bacia atingiu todas as nascentes estudadas, onde a diversidade de usos provocou impactos ambientais que explicam a sua atual degradação. Entretanto, a percepção dos proprietários sobre o manejo das suas nascentes é inadequada, associado, principalmente, ao baixo nível de escolaridade, falta de assistência técnica e cursos profissionalizantes, e insuficiente fiscalização das ações de proteção estabelecidas na legislação vigente. Conclui-se que é necessário propor ações prioritárias orientadas a estimular uma adequada gestão ambiental nas propriedades rurais, envolvendo os atores sociais que poderiam protagonizar a sua implementação.

Palavras-chave: Ocupação; Impactos ambientais; Avaliação; Percepção.
AS (NÃO)REPRESENTAÇÕES DA PAISAGEM NO MOVIMENTO CUBISTA: PERCURSOS E INQUIETAÇÕES GEOGRÁFICAS NAS PINTURAS DE ALBERT GLEIZES
Authors: Soares de Freitas Jéssica , Geralda de Almeida Maria
Published: May 2020

O movimento cubista, que rompe com as estruturas da pintura, rompe também com seus gêneros. No presente ensaio, será apresentado como o cubismo, pela ótica das obras de Abert Gleizes, pode contribuir para o estudo da representação e da paisagem na Geografia Cultural. Ao considerar que o movimento quebrou com mais impacto a representação e o gênero de pintura da paisagem, tem-se como objetivo compreender o conceito de paisagem e sua (não)representação com base no Cubismo. Para tal, realizou-se estudo principalmente em ensaios constituídos na época do movimento e em livros de história da arte em conjunto com textos geográficos. Como metodologia principal utilizaram-se as geografias criativas, com o intuito de aproximar a arte em diálogo com Geografia. Com tais motivações pode-se concluir que, se houve a ruptura, o gênero da paisagem ainda continua na pintura, bem como a representação. Outrossim, essa representação é olhada de maneira paralela para seus limites, ao se compreender a não representação, ao se entender a vivência da paisagem como prática.
DISTRIBUIÇÃO ESPACIAL DO CONSUMO RESIDENCIAL DE ÁGUA TRATADA NA CIDADE DE UBERLÂNDIA-MG: ESTUDO DE CASOS PARA OS MESES DO ANO DE 2015.
Authors: Amaral Matheus Ferreira do , Endo Faleiros Fernanda , Carvalho Guimarães Ednaldo
Published: May 2020

A água é um recurso natural responsável pela origem da vida e sua sustentação no nosso planeta Terra. É considerada fundamental para o exercício das atividades econômicas como a agricultura e a indústria, exercendo também importância crucial na qualidade de vida das populações, especialmente, no que se refere ao abastecimento de água e a coleta e tratamento de esgotos, que têm forte impacto sobre a saúde pública. Assim para um melhor controle desse recurso, é necessária uma maior compreensão espacial e temporal do consumo. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o comportamento espacial do consumo médio diário de água potável na cidade de Uberlândia-MG, ao longo dos meses, para o ano de 2015. A análise da dependência espacial foi feita por meio dos semivariogramas, que foram utilizados na interpolação por krigagem e no mapeamento do consumo residencial de água. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a variável estudada, apresenta dependência espacial; o modelo que melhor se ajustou aos dados pertence a família Gaussiana, com um grau moderado de dependência; em relação a distribuição espacial, observa-se predominância de maior consumo de água residencial na região central da figura representativa da área de estudo.
POBREZA SOB A ÓTICA MULTIDIMENSIONAL NO ESTADO DA BAHIA, BRASIL: UMA ANÁLISE DO RURAL E URBANO
Authors: Rusciolelli Barbosa Camilla , Midlej do Espírito Santo Monick , Da Silva Gomes Andréa , De Moura Pires Mônica , Calasans Costa Lacerda Pessoti Fernanda
Published: May 2020

A abordagem da pobreza possui caráter dinâmico, sendo crescente as discussões entre a adoção da abordagem unidimensional ou multidimensional para defini-la e mensurá-la. Este trabalho se propõe a mensurar a pobreza rural e urbana sob a perspectiva multidimensional no estado da Bahia, Brasil, com base em dados sobre a população desse estado. Discutiram-se as principais abordagens sobre essa temática, seguido pela mensurabilidade da pobreza através da aplicação do Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional (IPM) proposto por Alkire e Foster (2007). O índice é composto por dez indicadores distribuídos em três dimensões igualmente ponderadas: educação, saúde e padrão de vida. A maior parcela de indivíduos privados tanto na área rural quanto urbana foram os referentes aos indicadores tempo de escolaridade, saneamento e coleta de lixo. Os resultados apontaram maior intensidade e incidência da pobreza multidimensional na área rural da Bahia, justificando a necessidade de maior investigação dos atributos nesse meio.
Implementation of Asynchronous Online Competency-based Language Course: English for Informatics
Authors: Iswari Lizda
Published: May 2020

English for Informatics is a compulsory subject that facilitates students' listening, reading, speaking and writing skills in English. Previously, this course was held in a full face to face meeting with a large number of students in a class which brought some weaknesses, such as difficulty in meeting the learning needs of students with varying abilities and levels of speed resulting in the lack of personal interaction between lecturers and students. This paper describes the implementation of a full asynchronous online learning aimed at building a more personal and creative learning environment. The research model used is an ADDIE development model (Analyse, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). In preliminary analysis, students' self-assessment and students expectations shows that students need to strengthen their English communication skills both verbally and in writing. Based on the need of students in the study program and the needs after graduation, this course is designed to achieve four competencies, namely English for daily communication, English in the IT field, English for academic purposes, and English for the workplace. Each competency will have an outcome that requires students to study more personally and have a thorough learning experience. Course content is designed to support the competencies needed by fourth-year Informatics students, i.e. research study, student exchange, student internships, student entrepreneur or community services. The learning evaluation shows that students get improved communication skills in English as well as readiness to choose a concentration in the fourth-year of study.
Investigation of Electrochemical, Thermal and Electrical Performance of 3D Lithium-Ion Battery Module in a High -Temperature Environment
Authors: Sharma Snigdha , Panwar Amrish Kumar , Tripathi Madan Mohan
Published: May 2020

In the present time, the rechargeable lithium-ion battery is being commercialized to meet the sustained market’s demands. To design a more reliable, safe, and efficient Li-ion battery, a 3-D simulation study has been presented in this paper. In this study, a lithium-ion coin-cell is proposed which has LiFePO4 as a positive electrode with a thickness of 1.76 µm, carbon as a negative electrode with a thickness of 2.50 µm and Celgard 2400 polypropylene sheet as a separator between the electrodes with a thickness of 2 µm. The proposed Li-ion battery has been designed, analyzed, and optimized with the help of Multiphysics software. The simulation study has been performed to analyze the electrochemical properties such as cyclic voltammetry (CV) and impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Moreover, the electrical and thermal properties at the microscopic level are investigated and optimized in terms of surface potential distribution, the concentration of electrolyte, open circuit, and surface temperature with respect to time. It has been noticed that the peak voltage, 3.45 V is observed as the temperature distribution on the surface varies from 0 OC to 80 OC at a microscopic scale with different C-rates. The analysis of simulation results indicates a smoother electrode surface with uniform electrical and thermal properties distribution resulting in improved reliability of the battery. The performed simulation and optimization are helpful to achieve control over battery performance and safe usage without any degradation of the environment.
Generating Organic Liquid Products from Catalytic Cracking of Used Cooking Oil over Mechanically Mixed Catalysts
Authors: Onlamnao Khajornsak , Phromphithak Sanphawat , Tippayawong Nakorn
Published: May 2020

Used cooking oil is unsuitable to use again in the food process, but it may be harnessed as raw material in biofuel production. In this work, used palm oil was reactedvia cracking over mechanically mixed catalystsbetween ZSM-5 and Y-Re-16to generate organic liquid products (OLP). The catalysts used were known for highacidity and lowcost for decomposition, degradation,and deoxygenation of triglycerides. The cracking experiments were conducted in a flow reactor. The experimental variables included reaction temperature between 300-500°C, catalyst loading between 5-20 % w/w, and ratio of mixed catalyst between ZSM-5 and Y-Re-16 from 0-100 % w/w. They were setvia response surface methodology and central composite design of experiments. Both catalysts showed good cracking reaction. The optimum condition for generating the OLP of about 85 % w/w was found at 300°C, 5 % catalyst loading, 97 % ratio of mixed catalyst. The OLPs with different short-chain hydrocarbons between C7-C21 were identified. The main components were 71.43% of diesel, 12.11% of gasoline, and 8.95% of kerosene-like components.
The acute and chronic effects of resistance training with blood flow restriction on hormonal responses in untrained young men: A comparison of frequency
Authors: Sharifi Saman , Monazzami Amirabbas , Nikousefat Zahra , Heyrani Ali , Yari Kheirollah
Published: May 2020

The present study aimed to determine the effect of low-intensity training with blood flow restriction (BFR) on the response rate of anabolic hormones. Forty healthy and untrained young men, aged 18 to 25 years old, were randomly divided into five groups: one session of BFR training (BFR1), two sessions of BFR training (BFR2), one session of resistance training without BFR (WBFR1), two sessions of resistance training without BFR (WBFR2), and the control group (without training). BFR groups had three sets of 20 repetitions with 20-30% 1RM, and none-BFR groups had three sets of 10 repetitions with 70-80% 1RM for six weeks. Both BFR1 and WBFR1 groups trained 3day a week (1 session in a day and three sessions a week), BFR2 and WBFR2 groups trained three days a week (but two sessions a day and six sessions in a week) and Control group did not perform any training. The mean changes in growth hormone(GH), testosterone(TS), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) hormones were determined by ELISA technique before, after a first training session and after six weeks of the training program. To the analysis of data, two way repeated measures ANOVA at a significant level of P<0.05  also were used. The results showed a significant increase in GH levels in each of the four training groups as compared with the pre-test and the control group after a first training session and after six weeks of the training program (P<0.05). There was no significant increase in TS levels in each of the four training groups, as compared with the pre-test and the control group in both acute and chronic TS response (P>0.05). Only the WBFR1 group did not significantly increase in VEGF levels after the first training session (P>0.05). In chronic VEGF response, there were no significant changes observed in all training groups as compared with the control group(P>0.05). Despite the effectiveness of low-intensity BFR training, such as high-intensity resistance training on hormonal responses, two sessions per day training with the same volume does not necessarily result in larger responses in all hormones than one session per day training.
Myricitrin regulates proliferation, apoptosis and inflammation of chondrocytes treated with IL-1Î²
Authors: Sun Tao , Xue Jian-Bo , Zhou Ying-Ling , Wang Xiao-Feng
Published: May 2020

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a clinical disease which seriously affects the quality of life of sufferers. Although the pathogenesis of OA has not been fully unraveled, it is may be due to increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, activation of inflammation-related signaling pathways, and degradation of extracellular matrix. Osteoarthritis is characterized by chronic joint pain, swelling, stiffness, limited movement or joint deformity, all of which seriously affect the quality of life and health of the affected individuals. Myroside (Myr) is a polyphenolic hydroxyflavone glycoside extracted from the fruits, bark and leaves of myroside and other natural plants. It has many pharmacological properties, especially anti-inflammatory effects. In the present study, primary chondrocytes of IL-1Î² rats were used to simulate pathological environment of chondrocytes in OA, and to explore the effect of Myr on chondrocytes. It was found that Myr improved the viability and proliferation of chondrocytes, and also inhibited apoptosis in these cells. Moreover, Myr reduced the expressions of inflammatory factors, and inhibited inflammatory reactions in chondrocytes. These findings provide good experimental basis for the clinical application of Myr in the prevention and treatment of progressive degeneration of cartilage in OA.
Genetic variability of E. histolytica strains based on the polymorphism of the SREHP gene using nested PCR-RFLP in Erbil, North Iraq
Authors: Mahmood Shler Akram Faqe , Mustafa Bakr Hawri
Published: May 2020

E. histolytica is an intestinal parasite that causes asymptomatic infection mostly; however, it may also cause amoebic dysentery and liver abscess. Molecular identification is required in epidemiological studies due to the presence of morphologically identical nonpathogenic species. Therefore, this study was conducted to first evaluate the prevalence rate of E. histolytica among symptomatic individuals of Erbil city, and to investigate the genetic diversity of the parasite in a limited geographic area. Accordingly, a total of 2026 samples were examined microscopically, and confirmed by nested PCR for 18s rRNA gene. The results showed that the prevalence rate of E. histolytica was 1.97% (40 samples) among symptomatic patients. The SREHP gene was used as a marker to show the genetic polymorphism of E. histolytica; however, to compare the genetic diversity of symptomatic with asymptomatic isolates, 57 asymptomatic samples were obtained from our previous study. The amplified products of the SREHP gene were digested by AluI endonuclease, and DNA banding patterns were analysed. Results showed 29 different DNA patterns among the 97 symptomatic and asymptomatic samples, 62 of which shared similar DNA patterns. However, 8 different DNA patterns were observed among asymptomatic samples, whereas 15 distinct patterns were observed among symptomatic isolates. In conclusion, this study found that the prevalence rate of E. histolytica was relatively low; relatively high genetic diversity was observed in a restricted endemic area; with higher rates of variability in symptomatic rather than in asymptomatic isolates, indicating a possible correlation between the genotype of E. histolytica and their clinical outcome.
Chromosome location of ISSR markers and genes controlling seed germination under drought stress in wheat-barley disomic addition lines
Authors: Farshadfar Mohsen
Published: May 2020

Alien disomic addition lines are valuable genetic resources for breeding programs under wide hybridization. The present study was carried out to identify the chromosome location of ISSR markers and genes controlling seed germination under drought stress in wheat-barley disomic addition lines. Germination experiment was performed at 0, -4 bar and -8 bar levels in a completely randomized design with three replications. The Germination Index, Germination Percentage, Coefficient of Germination Velocity, Mean Germination Time, Mean Germination Daily, and Plantlet Growth Speed were measured. Based on karyotype analysis, the presence of addition chromosomes was confirmed. The IS10 (0.494) and IS15 (0.395) primers showed the greatest polymorphism among the addition lines. The primers amplified most parts of the chromosomes 2H, 3H, and 7H, indicating these ISSR primers are located on these chromosomes. It is also indicated that most of the genes responsible for the seed germination under drought stress are located on chromosomes 4H and 5H.
Evaluation of in vitro biological activities: antioxidant; anti-inflammatory; anti-cholinesterase; anti- xanthine oxidase, anti-superoxyde dismutase, anti-Î±-glucosidase and cytotoxic of 19 bioflavonoids
Authors: Khelifi Imen , Hayouni El Akrem , Cazaux Sylvie , Ksouri Riadh , Bouajila Jalloul
Published: May 2020

Pure compounds belonging to phenolic family were studied for their biological potential such as 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (M1), rutin hydrate (M2), 2,3-dichloro-5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (M3), taxifolin (M4), myricetin (M5), plumbagin (M6), silibinin (M7), dihydromyricetin (M8), shikonin (M9), quercetin 3-Î²-D-glucoside (M10), (±)-taxifolin hydrate (M11), cardamonin (M12),(âˆ’)-epicatechin (M13), 9-chloro-10-hydroxy-anthracene-1,4-dione (M14), 9-chloro-10-hydroxy-2,3-dimethyl-anthracene-1,4-dione (M15), 2-chloro-3-(2-hydroxy-5-methylanilino)-1,4-naphthoquinone (M16), 2-chloro-3-(4-hydroxy-phenylamino)-(1,4) naphthoquinone (M17), 2-chloro-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-(1,4)-naphtoquinone (M18), and myricitrin dihydrate (M19). These molecules were chosen based on two reasons; the limited or total absence of their exploitation in several studied activities and the use of other tests for the same activity. The evaluation of the in vitro anti-acetyl-cholinesterase (AChE), anti-5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), anti-xanthine oxidase (XOD), anti-alpha glucosidase, anti-superoxide dismutase (SOD), anti-oxidant (DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2, 2- azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate)), and anticancer activities of mentioned 19 molecules was explored during this work. M3, M14, M15, M16, M17, M18, M19 were exploited for the first time for such purposes. Tested compounds were shown to have interesting radical scavenging abilities against DPPH radicals, and the highest molecules among them were M19 and M5 (IC50 = 12.0 and 15.5 µM, respectively), and M4, M19 and M2 against ABTS (IC50= 1.9, 4.3 and 4.3 µM, respectively). Moreover, the majority of products showed very important cytotoxic activity since IC50 values were ranging between (IC50= 0.2 µM (M1) and 79 µM (M8)) against HCT116 cell line, and values of IC50= 0.2 µM for M1 against MCF7 cell line. All new molecules (non studied before) were shown to have great cytotoxic effect against both cancer cell lines.Furthermore, molecule M5 was shown to have anti-inflammatory potential via the inhibition of 5-LOX enzyme (65% at 100 µM). In addition, M19 showed important anti XOD activity with 47% of inhibition at 100 µM. Also, it has been found that compound M3 had the best anti alpha glucosidase activity with 43.8 % of inhibition at 100 µM, the highest anti-AChE effect (IC50= 14.5 µM), and the best effect towards SOD (IC50= 10.0 µM).  A structure-activity relationship study was also performed.
Phytochemical screening of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts and their antimicrobial activities
Authors: Bagheri Gholamreza , Martorell Miquel , Ramí­rez-Alarcón Karina , Salehi Bahare , Sharifi-Rad Javad
Published: May 2020

Moringa oleifera is a tree native to tropical and subtropical regions of South India and used in traditional medicine. The aim of this study was characterize the phytochemicals present in M. oleifera leaf extracts and study their antimicrobial activities. Solvent extractions with Soxhlet apparatus of leaves were obtained using hexane, benzene, isopropanol, methanol, and water. The crude extracts were concentrated and screened for qualitative phytochemical analysis, and the antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities of crude extracts were measured by in vitro methods. Alkaloids, carbohydrates, tannins, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, amino acids, oils and fats were found in the different crude extracts analyzed. Water and methanol extracts showed antibacterial activity against all selected bacteria, hexane and benzene extracts showed antifungal activity against all fungi tested, and hexane, benzene and isopropanol extracts showed activity against Hepatitis B virus. In conclusion, the leaves of M. oleifera have antimicrobial phytochemicals.
Tormentic acid confers protection against oxidative stress injury in rats with Parkinson's disease by targeting the Wnt/Î²-catenin signaling pathway
Authors: Yue Yamin , Qiao Bai , Jiang Xiaohua
Published: May 2020

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease (AD). Studies have shown that oxidative stress (OS) may contribute to the cascade of reactions leading to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the brain. The present study investigated the protective effect of tormentic acid (TMA) on OS-induced injury in rat model of PD, and the underlying mechanism. Evaluation of learning and memorizing ability was done using Morris water maze (MWM) test. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in substantia nigra were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The protein and mRNA expressions of Î²-catenin, GSK-3Î², and GSK-3Î²-Ser9 were determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting. The effect of TA on cell viability and proliferation was determined in vitro on rat adrenal pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell line using MTT assay. The results showed that the escape latency of rats in negative control group was significantly higher than that in normal control group (p < 0.05). However, treatment with TMA significantly and time-dependently reduced the escape latency of the rats (p < 0.05). The extent of apoptosis was significantly  reduced after treatment with TMA (p < 0.05). Besides, treatment with TMA significantly increased the viability of brain cells (p < 0.05). The activities of SOD and GPx were significantly lower in negative control group than in normal control group, but were significantly increased after treatment with TMA (p < 0.05). The level of MDA was significantly higher in negative control group than in normal control group, but was significantly reduced after treatment with TMA (p < 0.05). The results of qRT-PCR and Western blotting showed that treatment with TMA significantly activated Wnt/Î²-catenin signaling pathway (p < 0.05). TMA treatment significantly reversed the effect of 6-hydroxydopamine on the expression levels of these proteins and their mRNAs (p < 0.05). These results suggest that TMA confers protection against OS-induced injury in rats with PD by targeting the Wnt/Î²-catenin signaling pathway.
Ferulic acid confers protection on islet Î² cells and placental tissues of rats with gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Zhao Jian , Gao Jianrong , Li Huan
Published: May 2020

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) refers to glucose intolerance of variable degree with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. It causes polyhydramnios, ketoacidosis, fetal macrosomia, and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. The incidence of GDM has greatly increased, hence the search for new interventions that can effectively treat it. The present study investigated the protective effect of ferulic acid on islet Î² cells and placental tissues of rats with GDM. Female Sprague Dawley rats (n = 30) were used in this study. The rats were randomly assigned to three groups of 10 rats each: control group, GDM group and ferulic acid group. The rats were fed high-fat diet consecutively for 12 weeks, except those in control group. In addition, ferulic acid group rats received ferulic acid at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight (bwt) intragastrically daily for 12 weeks. The expressions of insulin signal transduction proteins and inflammatory factors were determined in rat placental tissue. Apoptosis and levels of expression of apoptosis-related proteins were assessed in isolated islet Î² cells. The results showed that the expressions of p-IRS1, p-IRS2, p-PI3K, GLUT1, GLUT3, and GLUT4 were significantly reduced by GDM, but were significantly upregulated after treatment with ferulic acid (p < 0.05). The levels of expression of NF-kB, ICAM-1, TNF-Î± and IL-Î² in placental tissues were significantly higher in GDM group than in control group, but were significantly reduced by ferulic acid treatment (p < 0.05). However, the protein expression of visfatin was significantly reduced by GDM, but was significantly increased by ferulic acid treatment (p < 0.05). Apoptosis was significantly promoted by GDM in islet Î² cells, but was significantly and concentration-dependently reduced after treatment with ferulic acid (p < 0.05). Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) also significantly down-regulated the expression of bcl-2, but markedly upregulated the expressions of bax and caspase-3 (p < 0.05). However, treatment with ferulic acid significantly and concentration-dependently upregulated the expression of bcl-2, but down-regulated bax and caspase-3 protein expressions (p < 0.05). These results indicate that ferulic acid protects Î² cells from GDM-induced apoptosis and improves insulin signaling in placenta of female rats with GDM.
Macelignan protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury via inhibition of inflammation and apoptosis of renal epithelial cells
Authors: Long Jianhua , Qian Kun , Tan Shubo , Liu Jia , Li Jianjun
Published: May 2020

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) refers to tissue damage that occurs when blood supply returns to tissue after a period of ischemia, anoxia or hypoxia. It occurs frequently during shock, organ transplantation and heart failure. It can cause impairment or even renal failure. Macelignan is a lignin isolated from the seeds of Myristica fragrans. It has been reported to inhibit neuroinflammation and oxidative toxicity. The preventive or therapeutic effects of macelignan on renal IRI has not been reported. The present study investigated the effects of macelignan on renal IRI in rats, and the underlying mechanism(s). Healthy adult male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 50) aged 7 – 9 weeks (mean weight = 220 ± 20 g) were used in this study. The rats were randomly assigned to five groups of 10 rats each: sham   treated group, IRI group and 40 mg macelignan/kg body weight (bwt) group, 80 mg macelignan/kg bwt group, and 160 mg macelignan/kg bwt group. Ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced in the rats using standard procedure. The results showed that serum levels of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor Î± (TNF-Î±) and gamma interferon (IFN-Î³) were significantly higher in IRI group than in sham treated group, but were significantly and dose-dependently reduced after treatment with macelignan (p < 0.05). The activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced glutathione (GSH) level were significantly reduced in IRI group, when compared with sham treated group, but were significantly and dose-dependently increased after treatment with macelignan (p < 0.05). However, the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly higher in IRI group than in sham treated group, but treatment with macelignan reduced it significantly and dose-dependently (p < 0.05). Macelignan also significantly and dose-dependently inhibited IRI-induced apoptosis in epithelial cells of renal tubules (p < 0.05). The results of Western blotting showed that IRI significantly upregulated the expressions of bax and caspase-3, and down-regulated the expression of bcl-2 in epithelial cells of renal tubules (p < 0.05). However, treatment with macelignan significantly and dose-dependently down-regulated the expressions of bax and caspase-3 in these cells, but significantly and dose-dependently upregulated the expression of bcl-2. These results show that macelignan confers protection on renal IRI via mechanisms involving inhibition of inflammation and apoptosis, and stimulation of natural antioxidant defense system.
Institutional Challenges In Managing County Government Resources In Kenya
Authors: ORIBU WILLIAM SAGINI
Published: May 2020

In 2010 the Government of Kenya promulgated a new Constitution, articulating a devolved-system of Government entailing a National Government and County Governments. As a key pillar to the constitution of Kenya, devolution seeks to bring governance closer to the people. Kenyans are therefore looking at the county governments to derive the required change in the country. However, fundamental challenges have continued to dog the Counties including irregular or delayed disbursement of devolved funds from the national Exchequer; low revenue collection levels from local sources; weak and uncoordinated planning and execution among others. This has led to several stalled projects; indebtedness to suppliers; inadequate capacity at the county level to effectively and efficiently perform the devolved functions; inadequate financial resources among others. Although there are opportunities for Foreign Direct Investment and capital inflow; Public-Private Partnerships; Grants; Exchange programs; and wider markets for the local products, that the Counties need to explore and pursue, most of them are not in a position to sustain themselves. The purpose of this paper is to review the Institutional and Legal frameworks as provided by the Constitution of Kenya using the business sustainability model of the seven Ps (i.e. Preparation, People, Processes, Preservation, Place, Product and Production). It is hoped that the paper will form a conceptual framework to inform future county Government’s strategic decisions in order to utilize grants from development partners for the improvement of their citizens welfare. Further the paper will inform policy makers and development partners on fundamental areas that may need to be looked at in order to ensure effective utilization of available resources.
Cost Effectiveness Of Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Research Framework
Authors: SULAIMAN SUZANA , SAHOL NAZREEN
Published: May 2020

The growing of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) has contributed to higher risk and costs in managing Type 2 Diabetes patients. Diabetes patients are exposed to develop serious health complications. It can lead to related diseases affecting heart, eyes, kidneys, nerves and teeth. There is no proper framework on operation management and cost effectiveness in treating diabetes patients in Malaysia. Hence, it demanded on the elements and associated costs incurred by both healthcare provider and patients.

This paper adopted five stages in analyzing its relevant literatures. Cost effectiveness, healthcare provider, operation management and self-management were the literatures studied. It also highlighted on management accounting gained its relevancy and contribution towards health industry. As a result, a cost effectiveness of Type 2 Diabetes framework was developed. Cost effectiveness is a key component in determining value for money. This framework provides the value for money model for Type 2 Diabetes patients. The framework clearly provides the components of cost-effectiveness and 3Es: Economy, Efficiency; Effectiveness. Objectives, resources, input, processes, output, outcomes (intended or intended) and other influences are the components.
INFLUENCE OF PROJECT PLANNING STRATEGY ON IMPLEMENTATION OF ENERGY ACCESS PROJECTS IN UNDERSERVED COUNTIES IN KENYA
Authors: Avedi Evans Kituzi , Mulwa Dr. Angeline Sabina , Kyalo Prof. Dorothy Ndunge
Published: May 2020

The purpose of this article was to examine the extent to which project planning influence implementation of rural energy access projects in underserved counties in Kenya. The unit of analysis was households, commercial centers, schools, hospitals and a sample size of 373 respondents was selected from a target population of 5,604 respondents in areas where rural electrification has been implemented in underserved counties in Kenya through stratified sampling and purposive sampling techniques. Data was collected from the respondents through questionnaires, interviews and observation. The research outcome depicted that project planning had significant influence on the implementation of energy access projects in underserved counties in Kenya. The coefficient of determination R2 was 0.042 and it depicted that project planning explained 4.2 % of variations in implementation of energy access projects in underserved counties in Kenya. The remaining 95.8% of variations in implementation of energy access projects in underserved counties remained unexplained and were explained by other variables other than project planning that were not captured in this model. The overall F statistic of F = 4.399(p = 0.05) was statistically significant at P=0.000<0.05 hence was suitable to measure project planning. This study found out that while each country has its own priorities and needs, many have invested in policy reforms and capacity building, mainstreamed energy access within development programs, and used various incentive-based instruments to catalyze finance for energy access markets.
Spiders or Butterflies? Despite Student Preference, Gender-Biased Lesson Models. Do Not Impact Interest, Attitude, and Learning in Biology
Authors: Buxton Amy , Jensen Jamie , Wright Geoff , Bybee Seth , Phillips Andrea , Phillips Tanner , Steadman Michael
Published: May 2020

Background:  Educational research often emphasizes the prevalent gender gap between males and females in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. In our study, we took a new approach on gender research by specifically considering whether there is a gender-oriented preference in curricular models (the specific lesson examples and content used to teach a broader biology topic, e.g., dust mites as a model of symbiosis) implemented to teach biology and how these models affect student interest, attitude, and learning. We sampled kindergarten through sixth grade students to determine whether a gender-oriented preference concerning lesson models exists and when that preference is most prevalent. We then designed active-learning curricula surrounding the models showing the largest gender preference and measured whether lesson model or presenter gender impacted student interest, attitude, and learning. 

Results: Our findings show that students do indeed indicate a preference to learn using their own gender-oriented lesson models from kindergarten through sixth grade, but that the lesson model and presenter gender do not impact student interest, attitude, or learning during an active learning biology presentation.

Conclusions:  Our findings suggest that teachers as early as kindergarten should be aware and sensitive to the gender-based preferences for models used in teaching science that may exist within their classrooms and opt to alternate between male- and female-oriented lesson models to create a more inclusive classroom and to encourage especially females to pursue science.  However, we offer strong advice to teachers to implement active-learning lessons as this may be the key to eliminating such gendered effects, as shown by our research.
A AN ANALYSIS OF HERITAGE LEGAL LAW FOR FOREIGN NATIONAL HEIRS ON THE PERMANENT OBJECT (PROPERTY) BASED ON CIVIL LAW
Authors: Pandiangan L.Elly AM
Published: May 2020

In Indonesia, there is still no national legal entity regarding the inheritance law that can be applied to all Indonesian citizens. Therefore, the inheritance law that is applied to all Indonesian citizens is still different due to the classifications of the citizens. This study basically describes the inheritance rights of Foreign Citizens (foreigners) over fixed objects (treasure) especially the land in Indonesia. In the legal structure in Indonesia until now there has not yet been established national inheritance law provisions that regulate the rights of inheritance from foreign citizenship, while in the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA) Law. No. 5 0f 1960, foreign nationals may not obtain ownership rights over land. Marriage law is legal, if it is done according to the law of each religion and belief as explained in article 2 paragraph (1) of law number 1 of 1974 concerning the marriage. Thus differences in citizens do not prevent a person from marrying and obtaining his inheritance rights, this difference in citizenship is a series of existing laws that are subject to customary law, how in terms of inheritance that are fixed objects will they be synchronized with International Civil Law (ICL) in obtaining objects that are usually done by way of buying and selling, grants, or by inheritance. The result of this study are the transfer of the inheritance of Foreign Citizens, especially regarding the land. Foreign citizens must relinquish their rights as heirs to the land, and within one year have to relinquish their rights. The rare several obstacles in the application of this law because there is no national inheritance law that regulates such cases because in religious and customary laws, there are no rules that limit the inheritance rights of foreign countries in Indonesia.
THE BRIDGE to LEARNING is you the TEACHER!
Authors: Notar Charles E. , Sorbet Stefanie R.
Published: May 2020

Teachers in today’s classrooms are called to “build a bridge” in order to best meet the needs of their students. Through organizing a classroom, building procedures and rules, fostering intrinsic motivation in students, providing engaging lessons that attain meaningful objectives all while self-reflecting and adjusting along the way are just some of the steps taken by classroom teachers each day in order to best “build a bridge” and meet their students’ needs. Teachers with well-planned and thoughtfully organized classrooms that are constructed with a foundation of support, lead students with routines to succeed. Through accepting feedback and engaging in self-reflection, teachers can adjust lessons and management techniques throughout the school year based on students’ response and achievement. This article provides a guided approach for teachers from setting up the classroom, establishing rules and procedures, to the organization and delivery of content area in a manner that best supports the successes of all students involved.
A Cognitive Linguistic Study of Verb-copying Sentences in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Xu Yuting
Published: May 2020

This study concerns the verb-copying structure “S+V+Object+V+Resultative” in Chinese from the perspective of cognitive grammar. It views the construction as composited from component structure “S+V+Object” and “V+Resultative” and reveals the compositional path and mental representation of this construction. The results indicate that component SVO elaborates the schematic trajector of V in Component VR. This conceptual correspondence lays the foundation for the integration of component SVO and VR, which constitutes the internal motivation of SVOVR construction. Component SVO serves as the cognitive reference point for the conceptualization. The elements in the dominion of action that SVO designates are extracted as conceptualization target. SVOVR construction is organized in the pattern of Baseline and Elaboration. In local terms, each stratum provides the potential for the next and the conceptualization result - the linear structure - is completed in a cumulative fashion. In global terms, component SVO and VR serve as dual baseline whose mutual elaboration yields a composite structure of greater complexity. SVOVR construction imposes some restrictions on the repeated verb. The verb needs to designate the actions that can be repeated and continued. Structure One cannot have any tense or the aspect markers. SVOVR construction does not stand in isolation from other units in linguistic system; it is categorized by the conventionalized SVO structure and predicate-complement VR structure in Chinese language system, which is the external motivation for this construction.