bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polymorphic sequence in the D‐loop region of equine mitochondrial DNA
Authors: Ishida N , Hasegawa T , Takeda K , Sakagami M , Onishi A , Inumaru S , Komatsu M , Mukoyama H
Published: July 2010

The D‐loop regions in equine mitochondrial DNA were cloned from three thoroughbred horses by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The total number of bases in the D‐loop region were 1114bp, 1115bp and 1146bp. The equine D‐loop region is A/T rich like many other mammalian D‐loops. The large central conserved sequence block and small conserved sequence blocks 1, 2 and 3, that are common to other mammals, were observed. Between conserved sequence blocks 1 and 2 there were tandem repeats of an 8bp equine‐specific sequence TGTGCACC, and the number of tandem repeats differed among individual horses. The base composition in the unit of these repeats is G/C rich as are the short repeats in the D‐loops of rabbit and pig. Comparing DNA sequences between horse and other mammals, the difference in the D‐loop region length is mostly due to the difference in the number of DNA sequences at both extremities. The similarities of the DNA sequences are in the middle part of the D‐loop. In comparison of the sequences among three thoroughbred horses, it was determined that the region between tRNAPro and the large central conserved sequence block was the richest in variation. PCR primers in the D‐loop region were designed and the expected maternal inheritance was confirmed by PCR‐RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism).
A microsatellite within the bovine K‐casein gene reveals a polymorphism correlating strongly with polymorphisms previously described at the protein as well as the DNA level
Authors: Levéziel H , Rodellar C , Leroux C , Pepin L , Grohs C , Vaimaan D , Mahé M F , Martin P , Grosclaude F
Published: July 2010

The polymorphism of a (TA)n(CA)n repeat microsatellite present in the third intaron of the bovine K‐casein gene (CASK) has been investigated. The existence of six alleles differing only in the number of dinucleotide repeats has been established. A total of 330 animals belonging to nine different pure bred Bos Taurus French breeds or to a cross‐bred Bos taurus*Bos indicus population (Créole) were genotyped. The distribution of the microsatellite alleles was examined and clear breed differences were noted. Genotyping of animals by isoelectric focusing (IEF) or restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) (TaqI) was performed, in order to examine the relationship of the microsatellite polymorphism to other previously described CASK polymorphisms, at the protein and DNA levels. Strong correlation was seen, indicating that evolution of the various polymorphisms was not independent, and nine CASK haplotypes were observed.
Evidence for the expression of two distinct MHC class II DRβ like molecules in the sheep
Authors: Dutia B M , McConnell I , Ballingall K T , Keating P , Hopkins J
Published: July 2010

This study used monoclonal antibodies to sheep MHC class II molecules as well as an L cell transfectant (T8.1) which expresses DRA and DRB genes to show that two distinct DRβ chains are expressed in the sheep. Two anti‐β chain specific monoclonal antibodies VPM37 and VPM43 react with DR antigen but not DQ antigen by ELISA. These two antibodies do not react with the DRβ chain expressed in the T8.1 cell line. Two‐dimensional immunoblotting shows that these antibodies recognize a subgroup of the spots recognized by the DR‐specific monoclonal antibody VPM57 which does react with the T8.1 β chain. Amino‐terminal sequence analysis of the α chain associated with VPM37β chain shows that this α chain is homologous to the human DRα chain strongly indicating that the β chain is DR‐like. VPM37 and VPM43 are shown to be directed against different epitopes on sheep MHC class II molecules so it is highly unlikely that the data can be explained by the presence of posttranslational modifications or the existence of a very common allele. These data provide clear evidence for the expression of two distinct DRP chains in the sheep.
Mapping quantitative trait loci with DNA microsatellites in a commercial dairy cattle population
Authors: Ron M , Band M , Yanai A , Weller J I
Published: July 2010

Individual loci affecting economically important traits can be located using genetic linkage between quantitative trait loci and genetic markers. In the ‘granddaughter’ experimental design, heterozygous grandsires and their sons are genotyped for the genetic marker, while the quantitative trait records of the granddaughters are used for statistical analysis. Ten DNA microsatellite markers were used to look for associations with quantitative trait loci affecting milk production traits in seven Israeli Holstein grandsire families. At least 60% more grandsires were heterozygous, and 40% fewer individuals were discarded because of unknown paternal allele origin, as compared with diallelic markers. The effects of paternal alleles for locus D21S4 on kg milk and protein were significant (P < 0.025). The allele substitution effects for sire 783 were 283 kg milk and 5.7 kg protein. For both traits, progeny of sire 783 that inherited allele ‘18’ had higher evaluations than progeny that inherited allele ‘21’. These results were verified by genotyping 151 of his daughters. Thus, the rate of genetic gain for protein production can be increased by selecting progeny of sire 783 carrying allele ‘18’ at this locus.
Isolation of polymorphic AGC repeats located 3‘ to bovine SINEs
Authors: Band M , Ron M
Published: July 2010

A bovine genomic library was screened for the presence of (AGC)n repeats. All isolated AGC repeats were located adjacent to the 3′ end of bovine short interspersed nuclear elements (SINE). Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) using either two unique primers or one unique and one SINE primer produced high‐resolution products without the secondary artifact ladders typical of dinucleotide microsatellites. Four AGC microsatellites were found to be polymorphic with 2–4 alleles each and polymorphism information context (PIC) values ranging between 0.26 and 0.49. One microsatellite, AR025, was mapped to chromosome 26 with the CSIRO reference families. Because of their strong association with AGC repeats and high frequency in the genome, SINE‐3′ PCR may prove to be a novel source of polymorphic trinucleotide markers in the bovine genome.
Linkage mapping and partial sequencing of 10 cDNA loci in the chicken
Authors: Bumstead N. , Young J. R. , Tregaskes C. , Palyga J. , Dunn P. P. J. , Bumstead N. , Young I. R. , Tregaskes C. , Palyga I. , Dunn P. P. J.
Published: July 2010

Ten cDNA clones derived from chicken spleen cell mRNA have been partially sequenced and the genes which encode the mRNAs have been located within the linkage map of the chicken genome. The sequences of five of these clones show strong homology to known mammalian genes, the remainder show little homology to sequences present in the current databases. Interestingly, one of these clones appears to be the chicken homologue of the mammalian peptide transporter gene TAP2 and is located within the major histocompatibility complex. Two other clones are homologous to genes involved in protein synthesis and these are tightly linked in chickens, as in mice. These results suggest that partial sequencing and mapping of clones from selective cDNA libraries may be an efficient way of adding candidate genes to the chicken linkage map and that on a local scale there may be some conservation of grouping of genes between chickens and mammalian species.
A polymorphic monoclonal anti‐BOLA class I antibody
Authors: Simon M. , Duŝinský R. , Horín P. , Duraj J. , Bilka F. , TomASková J.
Published: July 2010

Cytotoxic monoclonal antibody IVA 44 was generated after the intraperitoneal immunization with peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells and the boost by the intrasplenic inoculation of skin graft. The detected membrane antigen isolated by immunoprecipitation appears to be composed of two subunits characteristic for the MHC class I molecules. The antibody IVA 44 exhibited a different reactivity: it recognized the BoLA A14 (A8) specificity in animals typed in the Fifth BoLA workshop, while it reacted with all A8 positive animals including subtypes A14 and A15 in Czech and Slovak cattle. It is concluded that mAb IVA 44 might detect the broad subtype of A8 covering A14 and certain A15 split(s). The diverse A15 reactivity of this mAb in the workshop and our population could be explained by the different occurrence of A15 splits in both populations.
RFLP and linkage analysis of the porcine casein loci—CASAS1, CASAS2, CASB and CASK
Authors: Archibald A. L. , Coupewhite S. , Haley C. S. , Beattie C. W. , Alexander L. J.
Published: July 2010

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were revealed at the porcine casein loci with the following combinations of restriction endonucleases and porcine cDNA clones: αs1,‐casein (TaqI); αs2‐casein (BamHI); and ß‐casein (Sacl). These RFLPs were shown to be under simple monogenic control by segregation analysis of two‐ and three‐generation families. The CASAS1, CASAS2 and CASB casein loci were also shown to be linked with no recombinant haplotypes observed amongst 77 meioses in Large White and Meishan F1 and F2 crosses. No recombinants were observed in a further 106 meioses that were informative for linkage between CASAS1 and CASAS2.
Identification of new apolipoprotein B epitopes and haplotypes and their distribution in swine populations
Authors: Rapacz J , Hasler‐Rapacz J O , Hu Z L , Rapacz J M , Vögeli P , Hojný J , Janik A
Published: July 2010

Results from comparative immunogenetic studies on inheritance and identification of four new apolipoprotein B (apoB) allotypes and three additional apoB haplotypes and their distribution in miniature and domestic swine are presented. Immunological surveys on the four new and 16 previously described Lpb allotypes and genetic analysis of their segregation in progenies, of miniature and domestic swine and their crosses, indicate that three new allotypes designated Lpb9, Lpb10 and Lpb101 are individual (mutant) apoB epitopes, each representing a discriminating marker for one of the new apoB haplotypes specified by three new apoB alleles designated Lpb9, Lpb10 and Lpb101. The fourth allotype, Lpb20, is one of the common epitopes forming the alternative epitope pair with Lpb10, and is a constituent of each of the eight previously described and two new apoB haplotypes. The new apoB alleles have so far been found only in miniature swine, with Lpb10 being the most frequent in the Göttingen, Vietnamese Potbelly and Japanese Miniature, Lpb9 was detected only in Minnesota Miniature and Lpb101 only in Vietnamese Potbelly. The common allotype, Lpb20, shares immunological similarities with human apoB indicating its ancestral origin, whereas none of the alloreagents detecting the three individual apoB variants, Lpb9, Lpb10 or Lpb101, showed cross‐reactivity with human apoB, suggesting their exclusive swine origin and evolvement during speciation through mutations.
Co‐segregation of the malignant hyperthermia and the Arg615‐Cys615 mutation in the skeletal muscle calcium release channel protein in five European Landrace and Pietrain pig breeds
Authors: Vögeli P , Bolt R , Fries R , Stranzinger G
Published: July 2010

A total of 392 pigs of European Landrace and Pietrain origin segregating for malignant hyperthermia (MH) were genotyped using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/restriction endonuclease test for the C—T mutation at nucleotide (nt) 1843 in the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (RYR1) gene, earlier identified as the causal mutation for MH. All pigs had been halothane tested and genotyped at linked polymorphic marker loci. There was complete correlation between MH status of the 392 animals, as diagnosed by a combination of the halothane challenge test with S, GPI, H, A1BG, PGD haplotyping, and the DNA‐based test. DNA‐based detection of the MH status in 238 MH‐susceptible heterozygous (N/n) and homozygous (n/n) pigs was shown to be accurate, eliminating the 2% diagnostic error that is associated with the halothane challenge test. The mutation was also associated with an allele of a polymorphic microsatellite (ETH5 001) at the RYR1 locus.
Population genetics of Great Basin feral horses
Authors: Bowling A T
Published: July 2010

The genetic make‐up of Great Basin wild (feral) horses was investigated by blood typing studies. Blood samples of 975 feral horses from seven trap sites in Nevada and Oregon were tested by serological and electrophoretic techniques for genetic markers at 19 polymorphic loci. The average number of variants for the seven feral populations [72·1 ± 3·2 (SEM), range 62–85] was not significantly different from that of 16 domestic breeds (75·0 ± 11·5, range 58–105). The expected average frequency of heterozygotes per locus (average heterozygosity) for the feral populations (0·402 ± 0·009, range 0·368–0·442) was not significantly different from the domestic breeds (0·389 ± 0·045, range 0·295–0·443). Dendrograms constructed using pairwise comparisons of Nei's distance measurements substantiated anecdotal accounts of the origins of Great Basin horses from Iberian, American saddle horse and draft horse breeds.
Estimates of relatedness and inbreeding in goose strains from DNA fingerprints
Authors: Grunder A A , Sabour M P , Gavora J S
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine if DNA fingerprints (DFPs) could be used to estimate relatedness and inbreeding of strains of geese and to compare three methods of calculating relatedness indices. Strains included a control and selected strain from each of the Chinese and Synthetic (Chinese, Hungarian and Pilgrim) breeds. DFP patterns for each strain were based on individual DNA samples from six females, or on pooled DNA from 15 females different from those used for individual samples. Three relatedness indices were used, namely, genetic distance, modified Rogers distance and band sharing. All relatedness indices showed a closer relationship of strains within than between breeds. Correlation coefficients among relatedness indices were higher based on pooled DNA (r ≥|0·97|) than those based on individual DNA (r ≥|0·741). Inbreeding estimates were higher for selected compared with control strains. It appears that the use of DFPs to estimate relatedness, regardless of index used, and inbreeding can be valuable for studying geese where there is a limited breeding history.
The influence of haemoglobin types on reproduction and production in Hungarian Merino sheep
Authors: Fésüs L
Published: July 2010

Fewer Hb A and AB lambs were born than expected in the investigated Hungarian Merino population but the factors responsible for these differences could not be identified. The Hb A and AB breeding ewes were not inferior to their B type herd mates with respect to average daily weight gain (when lambs), reproductive performance (prolificacy) and survival rate. Their reproductive performance was, in some cases, even better than that of the ewes with other haemoglobin types. The haemoglobin types cannot be used as markers when selecting for higher prolificacy.
Zebu‐taurine variation in Y chromosomal DNA: a sensitive assay for genetic introgression in West African trypanotolerant cattle populations
Authors: Bradley D. G. , MacHugh D. E. , Loftus R. T. , Sow R. S. , Hoste C. H. , Cunningham E. P.
Published: July 2010

Owing to increasing scientific and agricultural interest in the disease‐resistant (trypanotolerant), indigenous cattle breeds of West and Central Africa, there is a need for a rational genetically based description of populations in the region. The greatest threat to the invaluable genetic resource represented by these animals is that of extensive genetic introgression of distantly related zebu cattle from northern populations which do not share their inherited tolerances. Southern blotting with a chromosome Y‐specific probe, btDYZ‐1 (locus DYZ1) is shown to be a sensitive assay to detect such introgression. Evidence of historical crossbreeding is reported in two important N'Dama populations previously classed as purely taurine.
Randomly amplified DNA polymorphisms in dogs are reproducible and display Mendelian transmission
Authors: Rothuizen J. , VAN Wolferenn M
Published: July 2010

Many inherited diseases occur in pure‐bred dogs, but diagnosis at the level of DNA is impossible because the canine genome is largely unknown. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) provides many polymorphisms, but the reproducibility and Mendelian inheritance are not beyond doubt. An optimized polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed for canine DNA with respect to the annealing temperature and the concentrations of MgCl2, template DNA and primers. RAPD amplification products were in the range of 100–1500 base pairs. With six primers, 21 different reactions with different electrophoretic patterns were obtained, yielding 9–29 products per reaction. In DNA from dogs of 16 different breeds, 14% of the products were polymorphic; when only beagles were included the rate of polymorphism was 10%. All of the reaction products were completely reproducible in 16 DNA samples. Mendelian transmission was analysed in six beagle families (42 dogs). The segregation of polymorphic amplification products in 21 reactions performed on DNA from all beagles was nearly complete; in only two of the 630 reactions was there a product that could not be traced back to either of the parents. The reproducibility and Mendelian behaviour of polymorphisms generated by RAPD in dogs makes this tool very suitable for development of DNA markers of canine inherited diseases.
Pronounced differences in the frequency of TaqI βA‐inhibin alleles between sheep breeds with different reproductive performance
Authors: Leyhe B. , Hiendleder S. , Jaeger C. , Wassmuth R.
Published: July 2010

A total of 419 individuals of four breeds with differing fecundity (Rhoenschaf, Merinolandschaf, East Friesian Milksheep, Romanov) and several wild sheep of the Ovis musimon, O. orientalis, O. vignei and O. ammon groups were screened for genetic variation at the βA‐inhibin (INHBA) locus with up to 11 enzymes. The four breeds differed significantly (P< 0.001) in TaqI allele frequencies. The frequency of the TaqI A allele coincided with the average litter size in each breed.
Minisatellite DNA markers in the chicken genome
Authors: Bruford M. W. , Hanotte O. , Burke T.
Published: July 2010

The isolation of chicken minisatellites is reported. Two charomid libraries were constructed from fractions of size‐selected MboI‐digested genomic DNA. A total of 5985 colonies were screened with the multilocus probes 33.6 and 33.15; 137 positives were obtained (2.35%). A total of 55 clones were tested against four unrelated chickens; 30 revealed variable single locus patterns. More detailed characterization was made of 15 probes, which were tested against four families comprising a total of 53 offspring. Of parent/offspring comparisons 51% were informative for segregation. No mutations were detected. Three minisatellites were linked on the same autosome, implying that these loci may occur in clusters, and one was Z chromosome‐linked. Heterozygosity and allelic variability were measured in 67 individuals to several different strains and breeds. Mean heterozygosity ranged from 50 to 84%. Minisatellite loci appear to be highly variable in the chicken and should provide highly informative markers in intraspecific crosses in genome mapping studies.
Intrageneric amplification of horse microsatellite markers with emphasis on the Przewalski's horse (E. pmewalskii)
Authors: Breen M. , Downs P. , Irvin Z. , Bell K.
Published: July 2010

Primer sequences flanking 13 microsatellite loci isolated from the domestic horse (E. caballus) were successfully used to amplify homologous loci in the Przewalski's horse (E. przewalskii). The results demonstrate that the level of polymorphism at all 13 loci in the Przewalski's horse was comparable to that in the domestic horse and the overall exclusion probability in the Przewalski's horse was calculated to be 0.9994. The results suggest that it should be possible to use E. caballus‐derived microsatellite markers to provide parentage verification and additional valuable information to the captive management of E. przewalskii. The ability to amplify corresponding loci in the remaining five species of the genus was also confirmed, illustrating the general application of markers isolated from the domestic horse to the evaluation of polymorphism in the other six species of the genus.
Polymorphism in two genes for B2 high sulfur proteins of wool
Authors: Rogers G R , Hickford J G H , Bickerstaffe R
Published: July 2010

Variation in the nucleotide sequence of the B2 high‐sulfur protein genes has not been reported previously. This paper reports 15 nucleotide substitutions in each of the genes for the B2A and B2C proteins and a length of polymorphism in the B2A gene which translates to the insertion/deletion of one 30‐nucleotide repeat sequence. Evidence is presented for gene conversion occurring within the B2 high‐sulfur multigene family. These DNA polymorphisms may account for some of the microheterogeneity observed in the B2 high‐sulfur proteins and may also be useful genetic markers of the B2 high‐sulfur protein gene loci for future use in analysing wool fibre characteristics.
Genetic markers for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): single locus inheritance and joint segregation analyses of minisatellite (VNTR) DNA loci
Authors: Taggart J B , Prodöhl P A , Ferguson A
Published: July 2010

Relatively few genetic markers are available for detailed studies of Atlantic salmon. The detection of 12 distinct minisatellite DNA loci in this species (by 10 Atlantic salmon and brown trout derived probes) and subsequent inheritance analyses in two half‐sib families are reported here. Disomic Mendelian inheritance was confirmed at all loci. Only a single aberrant progeny genotype (at Ssa‐A60) was observed among 138 progeny screened. None of the loci was sex‐linked. The tight linkage association Str‐A22/1 with Str‐A22/2, previously reported for brown trout, was found to be conserved in the Atlantic salmon genome. An additional male‐specific linkage group, Ssa‐A34 with Str‐A9/2, was also noted. These highly polymorphic loci should find widespread use as chromosomal, individual, familial and, probably, population markers.
A genetic and physical map of bovine chromosome 3
Authors: Vaiman D , Eggen A , Mercier D , Bahri‐Darwich I , Grohs C , Bruneau D , Laurent P , Chaput B , Oustry A , Frelat G , Levéziel H , Cribiu E P
Published: July 2010

This paper reports a map of nine polymorphic microsatellite markers previously assigned to bovine chromosome 3 (BTA3) by somatic cell genetics. The linkage group covers 101 cM on the chromosome with an average intermarker distance of 13‐9 cM. One marker (INRA200) was isolated from a peak of flow sorted chromosomes 2 and 3. Another marker (INRA197) was derived from a cosmid. The localization of the cosmid by in situ hybridization enabled the orientation of the linkage group on BTA3. Markers were relatively evenly spaced and consequently can be used to complement other mapping data about this chromosome. This establishes a framework of polymorphic markers that can be used to search for quantitative trait loci (QTL).
Enzyme polymorphism in the freshwater mussel species, Aspatharia pfeifferiana (Mollusca, Lamellibranchiata) from southern Africa
Authors: van der Bank F H , van der Bank M
Published: July 2010

Gene products of 31 protein coding loci in Aspatharia pfeifferiana examined by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis revealed genetic variation at 10 (32.26%) of the loci studied. The mean number of alleles per locus was 1±39 (±0±11), and the average heterozygosity value was 0±074 (±0±026). Not only is this the first account of electrophoretic variants of this species, but also the results show that the species has less genetic variation than most other molluscs. Genetic variation compares favourably with values obtained for other invertebrate species and for fish from the same geographical region. A. pfeifferiana has sufficient variation to adapt to environmental changes or to be used in selection programmes. The results are useful for conservation stocking and it will undoubtedly aid in improving the systematics and phylogeny of freshwater clams in general.
Four new alleles at the mannose‐6‐phosphate isomerase locus in rabbit
Authors: Vieira J , Ferrand N
Published: July 2010

Four new alleles at the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) mannose‐6‐phosphate isomerase (E. C. 5. 3. 1. 8, MPI) locus are proposed to account for phenotypes observed after starch gel electrophoresis and enzymatic staining of red cell lysates and tissues. Population data from various wild and domestic rabbit populations are presented.
Unusual D system inheritance in Anglo‐Arab horse
Authors: Kakoi H , Gawahara H , Miura N
Published: July 2010

An unusual D system phenogroup appeared in one family line of Anglo‐Arab horse. This phenogroup probably originated from inheritance with an apparent absence of factors and was transmitted through successive generations.
Genotyping bovine milk proteins using allele discrimination by primer length and automated DNA sizing technology
Authors: Lindersson M , Lundén A , Andersson L
Published: July 2010

A method for genotyping K‐casein (A, B, E), β‐casein (A1, A2, A3, A5, B) and β‐lactoglobulin (A, B) simultaneously by the use of allele discrimination by primer length combined with automated detection of fragments with a sequencing instrument is described. Seven different mutations within the milk protein genes were analysed in order to distinguish between the alleles examined. The samples were amplified in two separate multiplex polymerase chain reactions (PCRs), which were then pooled and separated according to size in a single lane on the gel. By using stringent PCR conditions, we have been able to achieve allele‐specific amplifications and minimize amplification of mismatched primer for all seven mutations.
Turkey microsatellite DNA loci amplified by chicken‐specific primers
Authors: Levin I , Cheng H H , Baxter‐Jones C , Hillel J
Published: July 2010

Forty‐eight primer‐pairs complementary to unique DNA sequences flanking chicken (genus Gallus) genomic (TG)n microsatellite repeats were previously designed. These primer‐pairs were used in the polymerase chain reaction to amplify turkey (genus Meleagris) genomic DNA loci. Results indicated that the majority (92%) of these primer‐pairs generated amplification products in turkey genomic DNA. Hybridization using end‐labelled (TG)8 as a probe showed that, out of 41 primer‐pairs tested, only 14 generated an amplification product that also contained a detectable (TG)n microsatellite repeat when turkey DNA was the template. Among 18 primerpairs tested for polymorphism, using three commercial turkey lines, five were found to exhibit length polymorphism, three of which did not contain a detectable TG repeat. Therefore, a significant portion of chicken microsatellite markers can be useful for genomic mapping and linkage analysis in the turkey, reducing the costs involved in producing turkey‐specific microsatellite markers.
Development and mapping of ten porcine microsatellite markers
Authors: Groenen M A M , Ruyter D , Verstege E J M , de Vries M , van der Poel J J
Published: July 2010

Thirty (TG)n microsatellite clones were isolated from a pig genomic library, sequenced, and tested for their suitability to detect polymorphism on a panel of animals by means of the polymerase chain reaction. Ten of these clones were developed into suitable markers and subsequently segregation of these markers was determined in the five PiGMaP reference pedigrees. A linkage analysis was performed on these 10 microsatellites together with 365 other loci that have been typed on these reference families. Eight of the microsatellites have been mapped to eight different linkage groups that have been previously assigned to different chromosomes (chromosomes 1, 6, 7, 9, 14, 15, 17 and 18). Of the remaining two markers, one is X‐linked and the other shows no linkage. The number of alleles detected by these microsatellites, in the reference pedigrees, varied from six to sixteen and the heterozygosity varied from 42 to 85% in the 26 unrelated founder animals of these reference pedigrees.
Alignment of two genetic linkage maps on porcine chromosome 13
Authors: Davies W , Høyheim B , Skogtvedt S
Published: July 2010

A set of four microsatellite markers from the USDA genetic linkage map of porcine chromosome 13 were mapped in the European Pig Gene Mapping Project (PiGMaP) reference pedigrees. A two‐point linkage analysis was performed between these markers and a set of markers known to map to chromosome 13. Pairs of markers that had a lod score greater than three were used to construct a multi‐point linkage map, permitting alignment of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) map to the PiGMaP.
SSCP analysis of pig mitochondrial DNA D‐loop region polymorphism
Authors: Takeda K , Onishi A , Ishida N , Kawakami K , Komatsu M , Inumaru S
Published: July 2010

The sequence polymorphism that occurs in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) displacement (D)‐loop region is useful as a cytoplasmic DNA marker. We cloned the mtDNA D‐loop regions of five breeds of pig by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and determined their sequences. The sequence diversities in D‐loop regions among five breeds of pig were located in the starting area of heavy‐strand replication. From these sequences, we designed primers for PCR‐mediated single‐strand conformation polymorphism (PCR‐SSCP) analysis that amplified the most polymorphic 227 bp fragment of the D‐loop region. The results of PCR‐SSCP analysis clearly showed that four types of polymorphism (A to D) are found in Landrace (A), Large White (A, B), Duroc (A), Göttingen miniature pig (B) and Meishan (C, D). The same polymorphisms were also detected from each porcine embryo by this method. Our results show that PCR‐SSCP analysis is useful in detecting polymorphisms in the D‐loop region of pigs and pig embryos.
Sheep gene mapping: assignment of ALDOB, CYP19, WT and SOX2 by somatic cell hybrid analysis
Authors: Payen E , Saidi‐Mehtar N , Pailhoux E , Cotinot C
Published: July 2010

Twenty‐four hamster‐sheep hybrid cell lines representing eleven ovine synteny groups were used to make syntenic assignments for seven loci ALDOB (aldolase B, fructose biphosphate); AMH (anti‐Müllerian hormone); CYP19 [cytochrome P450 aromatase, subfamily XIX (aromatization of androgens)]; WT (Wilms' tumour gene); SOX2 (SRY‐related HMG‐box gene 2); FSHB (follicle‐stimulating hormone, beta polypeptide); and SRY (sex region of Y chromosome). These loci were assigned to synteny groups U11(chr2) (ALDOB); U19 (AMH); U3(chr7) (CYP19); and to chromosomes 15 (WT) and 1 (SOX2). SRY defines the hybrids containing the Y chromosome.
Mapping the soluble angiotensin binding protein (ABP1) locus to porcine chromosome 16
Authors: Zhang W , Haley C S , Moran C
Published: July 2010

A highly polymorphic (AT)nTm microsatellite located in a PRE1 SINE element in the 3'UTR of the soluble angiotensin binding protein (ABP1) gene has enabled the linkage mapping on the PiGMaP reference families of the ABP1 gene to porcine chromosome 16, to a region homologous with the short arm of human chromosome 5.
A monoclonal antibody to swine erythrocytes recognizes the B blood group on the major glycophorin
Authors: González A , Friend M , Moreno A , Pintado C O , Vögeli P , Llanes D
Published: July 2010

Recently monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to swine red blood cells have been described. One of them (1AC11) was specific for the major swine glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 45 kDa and another mAb, 2G2, recognized the Ba allele in the B system of swine blood groups. Immunoblotting experiments to characterize the mAb 2G2 indicated that it reacts with an antigen of 45 kDa, present on the aqueous phase, glycophorin fraction, of swine red blood cells with the Ba allele and does not react with BbBb homozygous cells. The antigen recognized by 2G2 has the same characteristics as the major glycophorin recognized by 1AC11, so we can conclude that the B system of the swine blood group is on the major glycophorin of swine erythrocyte membranes.
A set of polymorphic DNA microsatellites useful in swamp and river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Moore S S , Evans D , Byrne K , Barker J S F , Tan S G , Vankan D , Hetzel D J S
Published: July 2010

DNA microsatellites have found widespread application in gene mapping, pedigree determination and population genetics. In closely related species such as bovids, heterologous polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers may in some cases be used, bypassing the need to isolate and characterize microsatellite‐containing sequences and design PCR primers. We report on the ability of a set of eighty bovine derived DNA microsatellite primers to amplify sequences in the two types (swamp and river) of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Number of alleles and per cent heterozygosities in a large number of animals were determined on a subset of microsatellite loci selected on the robustness of the primers. These loci will form the basis of a set of polymorphic DNA markers for use in water buffalo.
Alignment of the PiGMaP and USDA linkage maps of porcine chromosomes 2 and 5
Authors: Zhang W , Haley C , Moran C
Published: July 2010

The PiGMaP and USDA porcine linkage maps for chromosomes 2 and 5 have been aligned by typing five USDA microsatellite markers from chromosomes 2 and 4 from chromosome 5 on the PiGMaP reference families. The markers in the two maps can be successfully aligned except for Sw395 on chromosome 2, which is the end‐most marker in the USDA map 22 cM remote from the next marker, but which maps to a more central location and in the same position as Sw776 in the PiGMaP families. The mapping of four additional chromosome 5 markers has enabled amalgamation of the two previously separate PiGMaP linkage groups assigned to chromosome 5 and has more than doubled the length of its map. The USDA map of chromosome 5 is considerably shorter than the revised PiGMaP version, particularly between DAGK and Sw1071, where the corresponding lengths are 9 cM versus 33 cM.
Mutations in the equine plasma transferrin and esterase systems
Authors: Bell K , Arthur H , Breen M
Published: July 2010

Eleven apparent mutations of the equine plasma transferrin and esterase gene (10 in TF and one in ES) were found in an analysis of approximately 240000 thoroughbred horses. Eight of the transferrin mutations produced variants not previously recognized in horses. In the two remaining transferrin mutations and the esterase mutation, reduced plasma concentrations of the proteins were demonstrated by immunological techniques and together with the family data indicated the existence of ‘null’ alleles.
Genetic variation in domestic reindeer and wild caribou in Alaska
Authors: Cronin M A , Renecker L , Pierson B J , Patton J C
Published: July 2010

Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) were introduced into Alaska 100 years ago and have been maintained as semidomestic livestock. They have had contact with wild caribou (R. t. granti) herds, including deliberate crossbreeding and mixing in the wild. Reindeer have considerable potential as a domestic animal for meat or velvet antler production, and wild caribou are important to subsistence and sport hunters. Our objective was to quantify the genetic relationships of reindeer and caribou in Alaska. We identified allelic variation among five herds of wild caribou and three herds of reindeer with DNA sequencing and restriction enzymes for three loci: aDQAlocus of the major histocompatibility complex (Rata‐DQA1), K‐casein and the D‐loop of mitochondrial DNA. These loci are of interest because of their potential influence on domestic animal performance and the fitness of wild populations. There is considerable genetic variation in reindeer and caribou for all three loci, including five, three and six alleles forDQA, K‐casein and D‐loop respectively. Most alleles occur in both reindeer and caribou, which may be the result of recent common ancestry or genetic introgression in either direction. However, allele frequencies differ considerably between reindeer and caribou, which suggests that gene flow has been limited.
Genetic control of PI and GC variants in the American Mink
Authors: Borodin G P , Perelygin A V , Axenovich T I , Trapezov O V , Serov O L
Published: July 2010

Genetic polymorphism of the serum α‐protease inhibitor (PI) and group‐specific component (GC) in minks was revealed using one‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Two codominant alleles were identified at each of the two loci. The data ruled out the possibility of any linkage between the PI, GC and the coat colour gene Crystal (Cr).
Five regional localizations to the sheep genome: first assignments to chromosomes 5 and 12
Authors: Pearce P. D. , Ansari H. A. , Maher D. W. , Broad T. E.
Published: July 2010

The regional localization of five reference loci to sheep chromosomes is reported. The newly mapped loci are the T‐cell receptor, beta (TCRB), coagulation factor X (F10), laminin gamma 1 (LAMC1), cyclic GMP rod phosphodiesterase, alpha (PDEA) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). The assignments of PDEA and LAMC1 to chromosomes 5q23–q31 and 12q22–q24 respectively provide the first markers physically assigned to these chromosomes. They also allow the provisional assignment of sheep syntenic group U19 to chromosome 5 and U1 to chromosome 12. The mapping of FGF2 to chromosome 17q23–q25 anchors the unassigned linkage group ‘A’ to chromosome 17, and the assignment of TCRB to chromosome 4q32–qter facilitates the orientation of a linkage group on sheep chromosome 4. The mapping of F10 to sheep chromosome 10q23–qter supports the recent assignment of bovine syntenic group U27 to cattle chromosome 12, as sheep chromosome 10 and cattle chromosome 12 are banded homologues.
Genetic analysis of three loci homologous to human G9a: evidence for linkage of a class III gene with the chicken MHC
Authors: Spike C. A. , Lamont S. J.
Published: July 2010

The cDNA clones of two newly discovered genes in the class III region of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) were hybridized to chicken DNA. One of these cDNA clones (pG9a‐4C7), which detects the single‐copy human G9a (BAT8) gene, gave a repeatable restriction pattern. This heterologous cDNA clone was used to detect and map three different PstI restriction fragment length polymorphisms among the two internationally recognized chicken reference populations. Two of the loci were unlinked to previously mapped markers, but one polymorphism cosegregated with the EaB locus in the Compton mapping population. These results provide evidence that some genes of the mammalian class III region, such as G9a, may be linked to the MHC in chickens.
A rapid PCR‐based test for the endogenous viral element ev3 of chickens
Authors: Benkel B. F. , Perreault J , Gagnon C , Conklin K
Published: July 2010

A short fragment of chicken genomic DNA encompassing the insertion site of the endogenous avian leucosis viral element ev3 was isolated using the inverse polymerase chain reaction (inverse PCR) technique. The nucleotide sequence of the unoccupied site was used to design PCR primers that can be used to unambiguously determine the genetic status of any chicken, with respect to ev3. Screening of a small number of individuals from exotic breeds of chickens suggested that the frequency of ev3 is highly variable. The ev3 integration site shows a high degree of sequence homology with the macrophage‐specific tyrosine kinase gene, bmk, in mice.
Two new variants of the bovine PAS‐1 glycoprotein
Authors: Sacchi P , Macchi E , Rasero R , Fiandra P
Published: July 2010

Two new alleles (A and E) of the bovine MUC locus which encodes PAS‐1 protein, a glycoprotein of the milk fat globule membrane, are reported. The A allele was found in Italian Brown while E was present in the Jersey and the Piedmont breeds.
Porcine alpha‐1‐antitrypsin (PI): cDNA sequence, polymorphism and assignment to chromosome 7q2.4‐ > q2.6
Authors: Archibald A. L. , Couperwhite S. , Mellink C. H. M. , Lahbib‐Mansais Y. , Gellin J.
Published: July 2010

A cDNA clone encoding the complete coding sequence for porcine alpha‐1‐antitrypsin (or α1‐protease inhibitor, PI) was isolated and its DNA sequence determined. The cDNA is assumed to encode alpha‐1‐antitrypsin on the basis of its sequence similarity to the corresponding cDNAs for human, baboon, rat, mouse, sheep and cow. The porcine cDNA clone was used in conjunction with BamHI, KpnI, MspI, SacI, TuqI and XbaI to develop restriction fragment length polymorphism‐based genetic markers for linkage mapping in pigs. The cDNA has also been used to map the porcine PI locus to chromosome 7q2.4‐ > q2.6 by radioactive in situ hybridization. Thus, the PI locus has been added to the developing physical and genetic maps of the porcine genome.
Sequence comparison of mitochondrial tRNA genes and origin of light strand replication in Bos taurus and Nellore (Bos indicus) breeds
Authors: Pegoraro L. , Yang Z. , Samaké S. , Meirelles F. V. , Bordingnon V. , Moquin L. , Smith L. C.
Published: July 2010

Although the complete bovine mitochondrial DNA molecule has been previously sequencedand sequence comparisons of the mitochondrial displacement loop have been performed, detailed sequence information is limited on coding regions of mitochondrial DNA within and among breeds of Bos taurus and Bos indicus. This study analysed polymorphism of the mitochondrial DNA transfer RNA genes for trypto‐phan, alanine, asparagine, cysteine, tyrosine and the origin of light strand replication among Ayrshire, Canadian, Belgium Blue, Brown Swiss, Hereford, Jersey, Limousine, Piedmon‐taise, Red Angus, Simmental (Bos taurus) and a Nellore (Bos indicus). Nucleotide sequence analysis of a 420‐bp fragment of mitochondrial DNA comprising the five transfer RNA genes showed 100% homology among single individuals of the Bos taurus breeds. The Nellore breed showed guanine to adenine substitutions in the DHU arm of asparagine tRNA and in the origin of light‐strand replication. This equates to a 0.5% sequence difference between the Nellore andBos taurus breeds and may reflect an independent evolutionary origin of the species.
Unequivocal identification of the equine Dcfmqr phenogroup
Authors: Bell K. , Colling D. T.
Published: July 2010

An alloimmune reagent has been produced that distinguishes the equine factor Df in the D phenogroup, cfmqr, from that occurring in cefmqr and dfklr. Using this reagent it has been possible to correctly genotype Dc, d, f, k, l, m, q and r positive cells without recourse to family data.
Chromosomal assignment of porcine EAD, EAO, LPR and P3 genes by linkage analysis
Authors: čepica S. , Moser G. , Schröffel J. , Knorr C. , Geldermann H. , Stratil A. , Hojný J.
Published: July 2010

A two‐point linkage analysis was performed between blood group (14), allotype (8), polymorphic protein (11), DNA type I (2), and microsatellite (2) loci in Wild Boar x Pietrain and Meishan x Pietrain three‐generation families. The following new pairwise linkages were detected: LPR‐EAN (Zmax= 60.68, Ø= 0.055), EAD‐GH1 (Zmax= 17.43, Ø= 0.246), EAO—P3 (Zmax= 15.81, Ø= 0.239), and P3—S0003 (Zmax= 5.43, Ø= 0.312). This study and published mapping data enabled the localization of LPR (LPR allotype) to chromosome 9, EAD (erythrocyte antigen D) to chromosome 12, and EAO (erythrocyte antigen O) and P3 (P3 allotype) to the q arm of chromosome 6 with gene order SOOO3—P3—EAO, EAO being the most distal.
A parentage evaluation test in North American Elk (Wapiti) using microsatellites of ovine and bovine origin
Authors: Talbot J. , Haigh J. , Plante Y.
Published: July 2010

DNA microsatellites originally detected in sheep and cattle are also detectable in North American elk (Wapiti) using polymerase chain reactions. We have developed a parentage test in elk using eleven microsatellite markers that are highly polymorphic and informative.
A MspI polymorphism in the bovine ornithine decarboxylase gene and its possible association with selection for milk production in Holstein bulls
Authors: Yao J. , Zadworny D. , Kuhnlein U. , Aggrey S. E. , Hayes J. F.
Published: July 2010

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based method for detection of a MspI‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in the bovine ornithine decarboxylase gene was developed, and the allele frequencies of the polymorphism in two groups of Holstein bulls representing progeny‐tested bulls during the 1950s‐1960s and 1980s, respectively, were estimated. The frequencies of the MspI(‐) allele were 0.229 and 0.077 and that of MspI(+) were 0.771 and 0–923 in the progeny‐tested bulls of the 1950s‐1960s and 1980s, respectively. The difference in allele frequencies between the two groups was statistically significant (P< 0.005). Genetic drift could be responsible for the changes in allele frequencies; however, it could also be possible that selection for milk production was associated with the changes of the allele frequencies in the two bull populations.
Intra‐ and interbreed genetic variations of mitochondrial DNA major non‐coding regions in Japanese native dog breeds [Canis familiaris)
Authors: Okumura N. , Ishiguro N. , Nakano M. , Matsui A. , Sahara M.
Published: July 2010

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) major non‐coding regions were amplified from 73 dogs of eight Japanese native dog breeds and from 21 dogs of 16 non‐Japanese dog breeds by the polymerase chain reaction and their DNA sequences were determined. A total of 51 nucleotide positions within the non‐coding region (969–972 base pairs) showed nucleotide variations of which 48 were caused by transition. These nucleotide substitutions were abundant in the region proximate to tRNAPro. In addition to the nucleotide substitutions, the dog mtDNA D‐loop sequences had a heteroplasmic repetitive sequence (TACACGTÀCG) involving size variation. The DNA sequences of the non‐coding region were classified into four different groups by phylogenetic analysis and the deepest branchpoints of this dog phylogeny was calculated to about 100 000 years before the present. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Japanese native dog breeds could not be clearly delimited as distinct breeds. Many haplotypes found in members of some clustering groups were seen in each dog breed, and interbreed nucleotide differences between Japanese dog breeds were almost the same as the intrabreed nucleotide diversities.
The relative abundance of a salivary protein, bSP30, is correlated with susceptibility to bloat in cattle herds selected for high or low bloat susceptibility
Authors: Rajan G H , Morris C A , Carruthers V R , Wilkins R J , Wheeler T T
Published: July 2010

Pasture bloat is a serious economic and animal welfare problem in cattle grazed on legumes in New Zealand. Analysis of salivary proteins from dairy cattle in herds bred for either low or high susceptibility to bloat has resulted in the identification of a 30 kilodalton protein, which we term bSP30, whose relative abundance is negatively correlated with bloat score (r = ‐0.40 ± 0.12). From 74 animals sampled, relative abundance of bSP30 was 66 ± 15% higher in the low‐susceptibility herd than in the high‐susceptibility herd. Relative abundance of bSP30 also varied significantly within individuals, according to feeding or time of day, and from day to day, A sequence homology search of 38 amino acids derived from three tryptic fragments of the protein suggests that the amino acid sequence of bSP30 has not been described previously. Amino acid analysis indicates that bSP30 is not a member of the proline‐rich family of salivary proteins. The function of bSP30 is unknown but it is conceivable that it plays a role in the aetiology of bloat.