bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Biculturation”: Transnational social workers navigating movement into indigenous space in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Staniforth Barbara , Connor Helene
Published: October 2021

“Biculturation”: Transnational social workers navigating movement into indigenous space in Aotearoa New Zealand Based on 20 semi-structured interviews, participants identified their learning, including formal learning, learning through practice, and learning by being in relationship with Māori. Challenges identified by participants involved having little structured orientation to a new culture, feeling judged and significant cultural differences. Suggestions from participants to improve the process of transition include having a systemic approach to learning about the bicultural environment, provision of mandatory bicultural work induction and providing cultural supervision once in practice.
Presentation and aetiology of paediatric trigger finger: a systematic review
Authors: Wong Alison L. , Wong Michael J. , Parker Robin , Wheelock Margaret E.
Published: October 2021

Paediatric trigger finger is a rare condition distinct from paediatric trigger thumb and adult trigger digits. We performed a systematic review of paediatric trigger finger presentation and aetiology in order to guide workup and management. Fifty-one studies with 193 patients and 398 trigger fingers were included. Most patients had a single, unilateral trigger finger (54%). Fifty-five patients (29%) had an underlying condition, such as mucopolysaccharidosis; these cases appeared to be associated with multiple or bilateral trigger fingers or with carpal tunnel syndrome. All patients with mucopolysaccharidosis were treated surgically. Conservative management was reported in 33% of all patients, and two-thirds of these did not need further intervention. Patients undergoing surgical release infrequently had recurrence of triggering (6%). We propose an algorithmic approach for patients presenting with paediatric trigger finger. Presence of bilateral or multiple trigger digits or concomitant carpal tunnel syndrome should raise suspicion for an atypical underlying pathology.
Invisible experience to real-time assessment in elite tennis athlete training: Sport-specific movement classification based on wearable MEMS sensor data
Authors: Wu Mingyue , Wang Ran , Hu Yang , Fan Mengjiao , Wang Yufan , Li Yanchun , Wu Shengyuan
Published: October 2021

This study examined the reliability of a tennis stroke classification and assessment platform consisting of a single low-cost MEMS sensor in a wrist-worn wearable device, smartphone, and computer. The data that was collected was transmitted via Bluetooth and analyzed by machine learning algorithms. Twelve right-handed male elite tennis athletes participated in the study, and each athlete performed 150 strokes. The results from three machine learning algorithms regarding their recognition and classification of the real-time data stream were compared. Stroke recognition and classification went through pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction, and classification with Support Vector Machine (SVM), including SVM without normalization, SVM with Min–Max, SVM with Z-score normalization, K-nearest neighbor (K-NN), and Naive Bayes (NB) machine learning algorithms. During the data training process, 10-fold cross-validation was used to avoid overfitting and suitable parameters were found within the SVM classifiers. The best classifier was achieved when C = 1 using the RBF kernel function. Different machine learning algorithms’ classification of unique stroke types yielded highly reliable clusters within each stroke type with the highest test accuracy of 99% achieved by SVM with Min–Max normalization and 98.4% achieved using SVM with a Z-score normalization classifier.
Blended learning: Barriers and drawbacks for English language lecturers at Vietnamese universities
Authors: Le Thi Nguyet , Allen Bill , Johnson Nicola F
Published: October 2021

Although blended learning (BL) has emerged as one of the most dominant delivery modes in higher education in the 21st century, there are notable barriers and drawbacks in using BL for English language teaching and learning in Vietnamese universities. This study reports on research into the use of BL, conducted through semi-structured interviews with 30 English as a Foreign Language (EFL) lecturers from 10 different universities across the two major cities of Vietnam. The findings revealed that EFL lecturers identified eight groups of barriers and four groups of drawbacks to the successful implementation of BL. The most significant barriers included: lack of infrastructure and technology, institutional policies and support; lack of knowledge, experience and investment in using BL; lack of technological competence and information technology (IT) skills and lack of teaching time to employ web-based technologies and online resources in classrooms. Meanwhile, the most crucial drawbacks were: lecturers’ workload, ineffective use of BL, time consumption and demotivation. The authors point to the underlying factors contributing to these barriers and drawbacks and make implications for how some of these can be effectively addressed through constructive changes to policy and practice.
The Successful Vaccination of an IVIgG Naive CVID Patient with an mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine
Authors: Jalil Maaz , Abraham John M. , Hostoffer Robert
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Different subtypes of vaccines have been developed to help protect populations from COVID-19. Currently, three vaccines have been authorized by the United States Food and Drug Administration for emergency use to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. With COVID-19 vaccination rates increasing, it is important to know whether immunodeficient patients have the capacity to mount an immune response with the available vaccines.

Case Report

A 78-year-old female with Common Variable Immunodeficiency and anti-IgA antibodies who is naïve to IVIgG treatment responded positively to a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. Successful seroconversion was proved by having positive COVID-19 spike protein IgG antibodies weeks after the vaccination. Her recent IgG, IgA, and IgM levels were all significantly reduced. Previously, she had no response to the polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine, but did maintain titers afterTdap vaccination.

Discussion

Immunodeficient patients are a susceptible population during a pandemic. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of research on the infectivity, vaccination, and outcome of these patients during the COVID-19 outbreak. Our patient with CVID was able to respond to protein/toxoid vaccines, but did not respond to polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine. After inoculation with an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine she was able to create COVID-19 spike protein IgG antibodies.

Conclusion

We present a case of successful vaccination to COVID-19 by an mRNA vaccine in an IVIgG naïve CVID patient.
Are We Transitioning Toward Person-centered Practice on Self-management Support? An Explorative Case Study Among Rheumatology Outpatient Clinic Nurses in Norway
Authors: Fischer Heike , Grønning Kjersti
Published: October 2021

Introduction

There are only a few studies investigating nurses’ views on self-management in the care of patients with rheumatic diseases.

Objective

The aim of this study is to explore how Norwegian rheumatology outpatient nurses describe their ways of supporting patients’ self-management focusing on the core dimensions of person-centered self-management support.

Methods

Ten individual semistructured interviews with rheumatology outpatient nurses were conducted in Norway from March to September 2017. The interviews were audiorecorded and transcribed verbatim. NVIVO was used to support a systematic analysis of themes and patterns.

Results

Nurses’ views on self-management support fell into three approaches; (1) narrowly biomedically orientated, (2) biomedically and holistic, and (3) person-centered. The nurse's views of self-management support varied and did not fully align with the core dimensions of person-centered practice.

Conclusion

The findings indicate that the biomedical paradigm continues to influence Norwegian rheumatology outpatient clinic nurses’ approach to self-management support. If person-centered principles of self-management support are to be translated into standard nursing practice, including identifying and supporting patient-defined self-management goals and processes, there is a need to challenge established structures in health care systems.
Unusual Findings in Trials Evaluating Adjuncts to Scaling and Root Planing: Reporting Quality (Part 2)
Authors: Al-Abedalla K. , Gunsolley J.C. , Shaqman M. , Ioannidou E.
Published: October 2021

Introduction:

On the topic of adjuncts to scaling and root planing (SRP), numerous randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were published by a single group of authors and frequently reported unusually large effect sizes. A meta-analysis in part 1 of this project failed to explain the causes for these unusual findings. We assessed the reporting quality and trial registration discrepancies to examine the possibility of replicating the work of this research group as well as the overall rigor of the research methodology.

Methods:

This study was preregistered at the Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/4meyd/ ). The Scopus platform was utilized for the RCT search on SRP adjuncts in intrabony defects in patients with periodontitis as compared with SRP alone. The search analysis was limited from 2010 to 2017, and RCTs on SRP adjuncts published by a single research group were selected for screening and inclusion. RCT registration records were assessed for consistency.

Results:

Out of 92 studies that were retrieved from Scopus and PubMed, 32 were included for quality assessment per the CONSORT guidelines (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials). Results showed that all RCTs were characterized by a low reporting quality. The majority of CONSORT items scored <50%, including critical items (randomization, registration, and blinding). When registration records were compared with published RCTs, several discrepancies were found. The per-protocol follow-up duration was compared against the study’s initiation and termination dates. Only 38% of the RCTs presented a follow-up period within the initiation and termination dates. The remaining RCTs showed inconsistent follow-up in comparison with the initiation and termination dates.

Conclusion:

RCTs by this group were characterized by poor adherence to reporting quality guidelines. Crucial RCT elements, such as randomization, blinding, and primary outcomes, were not reported properly. RCT registration records revealed systematic inconsistencies when compared with RCT publication. Therefore, the unusually large effects reported by this group should be viewed with extreme caution.

Knowledge Transfer Statement:

The included randomized clinical trials were characterized by poor adherence to reporting quality guidelines, missing information about important trial items, and discrepancies between the reports and trial registrations. This quality assessment should guide clinical research and show clinicians that they should be cautious when applying evidence in their clinical practice.
Reflections on the Contemporary World Mission
Authors: Stockwell Eugene L.
Published: October 2021

We come together today as a new Unit Committee of the Division of Overseas Ministries (DOM) at the beginning of the 1976–1978 triennium of the National Council of Churches. During this meeting, and in the months ahead, we will face important decisions which, given the magnitude of both the problems we confront and the resources we can tap, will be pressing and fateful. It would be foolish to exaggerate our role — there is very real sense in which our ecumenical vehicle is fragile and weak, far less influential on the world, national, ecclesiastical, scenes than we are prone to admit — but it would be folly as well to underrate the realistic and timely role we can assume in the exercise of the Christian stewardship expected of us in our day.

Allow me to commence with a very personal recollection — perhaps unduly personal. Exactly fifty years ago this year – in 1926 — my father and mother sailed out of New York harbor bound for Buenos Aires, Argentina. I was three years old at the time and they took me along. They were setting out on an overseas ministry in the year of our nation's sesquicentennial though I doubt that they gave that fact much importance. I now look back on this ministry from the year of our nation's bicentennial and wonder at the immense changes in the context of mission and ministry between 1926 and 1976. My father was quite clear about one purpose in 1926, a clarity he never lost however unclear he might have felt in other areas of his work — he was determined to do what he could to train young men and women for the fulltime
Hematologic complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors
Authors: Kroll Michael H. , Rojas-Hernandez Cristhiam , Yee Cassian
Published: October 2021

Immune checkpoint inhibitors are a class of antineoplastic therapies that unleash immune cells to kill malignant cells. There are currently 7 medications that have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of 14 solid tumors and 2 hematologic malignancies. These medications commonly cause immune-related adverse effects as a result of overactive T lymphocytes, autoantibody production, and/or cytokine dysregulation. Hematologic toxicities are rare and of uncertain mechanism, and therefore management is often based on experiences with familiar conditions involving these perturbed immune responses, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia, immune thrombocytopenia, and idiopathic aplastic anemia. Management is challenging because one must attend to the hematologic toxicity while simultaneously attending to the malignancy, with the imperative that effective cancer therapy be maintained or minimally interrupted if possible. The purpose of this review is to help clinicians by providing a clinical and pathophysiological framework in which to view these problems.
Proton export alkalinizes intracellular pH and reprograms carbon metabolism to drive normal and malignant cell growth
Authors: Man Cheuk Him , Mercier Francois E. , Liu Nian , Dong Wentao , Stephanopoulos Gregory , Jiang Li , Jung Yookyung , Lin Charles P. , Leung Anskar Y. H. , Scadden David T.
Published: October 2021

Proton export is often considered a detoxifying process in animal cells, with monocarboxylate symporters coexporting excessive lactate and protons during glycolysis or the Warburg effect. We report a novel mechanism by which lactate/H+ export is sufficient to induce cell growth. Increased intracellular pH selectively activates catalysis by key metabolic gatekeeper enzymes HK1/PKM2/G6PDH, thereby enhancing glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathway carbon flux. The result is increased nucleotide levels, NADPH/NADP+ ratio, and cell proliferation. Simply increasing the lactate/proton symporter monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) or the sodium-proton antiporter NHE1 was sufficient to increase intracellular pH and give normal hematopoietic cells a significant competitive growth advantage in vivo. This process does not require additional cytokine triggers and is exploited in malignancy, where leukemogenic mutations epigenetically increase MCT4. Inhibiting MCT4 decreased intracellular pH and carbon flux and eliminated acute myeloid leukemia–initiating cells in mice without cytotoxic chemotherapy. Intracellular alkalization is a primitive mechanism by which proton partitioning can directly reprogram carbon metabolism for cell growth.
Targeting cholesterol homeostasis in hematopoietic malignancies
Authors: Brendolan Andrea , Russo Vincenzo
Published: October 2021

Cholesterol is a vital lipid for cellular functions. It is necessary for membrane biogenesis, cell proliferation, and differentiation. In addition to maintaining cell integrity and permeability, increasing evidence indicates a strict link between cholesterol homeostasis, inflammation, and hematological tumors. This makes cholesterol homeostasis an optimal therapeutic target for hematopoietic malignancies. Manipulating cholesterol homeostasis by either interfering with its synthesis or activating the reverse cholesterol transport via the engagement of liver X receptors affects the integrity of tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. Cholesterol homeostasis has also been manipulated to restore antitumor immune responses in preclinical models. These observations have prompted clinical trials involving acute myeloid leukemia to test the combination of chemotherapy with drugs interfering with cholesterol synthesis (ie, statins). We review the role of cholesterol homeostasis in hematopoietic malignancies as well as in cells of the tumor microenvironment and discuss the potential use of lipid modulators for therapeutic purposes.
Acute kidney injury and COVID-19
Authors: Al-kuraishy Hayder M. , Al-Gareeb Ali I.
Published: October 2021

Background

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a recent pandemic infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 may lead to acute kidney injury (AKI).

Main text

SARS-CoV-2 uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and dipeptidyl peptidase 4(DPP4) as entry point receptors in the alveolar type II cell of the lung. However, the expression of ACE2 is 100-fold higher in kidney tissue than the lung, though the potential entry point of SARS-CoV-2 for renal tissue and induction of AKI remains undefined. Therefore, reduction of ACE2 and high circulating angiotensin II in COVID-19 may together participate in the induction of AKI. Thereby, direct ACE2 activator is under investigation to be used as an effective therapy in the management COVID-19-induced AKI. Besides, the direct effect via invasion of SARS-CoV-2 may lead to glomerulopathy and renal proximal tubular necrosis.

Conclusion

COVID-19 may associate with AKI due to direct effect of SARS-CoV-2 through ACE2 and DPP4 receptors or indirectly through the development of cytokine storm. Both ACE2 and DPP4 are interacted mutually in the pathogenesis of AKI. Thus, DPP4 inhibitors or ACE2 activators could reverse early AKI in COVID-19. Therefore, emerging of clinical trials is warranted to confirm the role of ACE2 and DPP4 modulators in COVID-19-induced AKI.
Psychiatric disorders diagnosed in adolescence and subsequent long-term exclusion from education, employment or training: longitudinal national birth cohort study
Authors: Ringbom Ida , Suvisaari Jaana , Kääriälä Antti , Sourander Andre , Gissler Mika , Ristikari Tiina , Gyllenberg David
Published: October 2021

Background

Long-term ‘not in education, employment or training’ (NEET) status is an important indicator of youth marginalisation.

Aims

To carry out a comprehensive overview of the associations between different psychiatric illnesses and long-term NEET status.

Method

We used the register-based 1987 Finnish Birth Cohort study, which includes all live births in Finland during that year. The analyses comprised 55 273 individuals after exclusions for intellectual disability, death or emigration. We predicted that psychiatric disorders, diagnosed by specialist services between 1998 and 2007 when the cohort were 10–20 years of age, would be associated with subsequent long-term NEET (defined as NEET for at least 5 years between 2008 and 2015, when they were 20–28 years of age).

Results

In total, 1438 individuals (2.6%) were long-term NEET during follow-up and the associations between long-term NEET and the 11 diagnostic categories we studied were statistically significant (P < 0.001). In multivariate models we included sociodemographic characteristics and upper secondary education as covariates, and the highest effect sizes, measured by odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), were found for psychosis (OR = 12.0, 95% CI 9.5–15.2) and autism spectrum disorder (OR = 17.3, 95% CI 11.5–26.0). If individuals had not successfully completed this education, 70.6% of those with autism spectrum disorder and 48.4% of those with psychosis were later long-term NEET.

Conclusions

Adolescents who receive treatment for psychiatric disorders, particularly autism spectrum disorder or psychosis, need support to access education and employment. This could help to prevent marginalisation in early adulthood.
Impaired Muscle Mitochondrial Function in Familial Partial Lipodystrophy
Authors: Simha Vinaya , Lanza Ian R , Dasari Surendra , Klaus Katherine A , Le Brasseur Nathan , Vuckovic Ivan , Laurenti Marcello C , Cobelli Claudio , Port John D , Nair K Sreekumaran
Published: October 2021

Context

Familial partial lipodystrophy (FPL), Dunnigan variety is characterized by skeletal muscle hypertrophy and insulin resistance besides fat loss from the extremities. The cause for the muscle hypertrophy and its functional consequences is not known.

Objective

To compare muscle strength and endurance, besides muscle protein synthesis rate between subjects with FPL and matched controls (n = 6 in each group). In addition, we studied skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and gene expression pattern to help understand the mechanisms for the observed differences.

Methods

Body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, insulin sensitivity by minimal modelling, assessment of peak muscle strength and fatigue, skeletal muscle biopsy and calculation of muscle protein synthesis rate, mitochondrial respirometry, skeletal muscle transcriptome, proteome, and gene set enrichment analysis.

Results

Despite increased muscularity, FPL subjects did not demonstrate increased muscle strength but had earlier fatigue on chest press exercise. Decreased mitochondrial state 3 respiration in the presence of fatty acid substrate was noted, concurrent to elevated muscle lactate and decreased long-chain acylcarnitine. Based on gene transcriptome, there was significant downregulation of many critical metabolic pathways involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Moreover, the overall pattern of gene expression was indicative of accelerated aging in FPL subjects. A lower muscle protein synthesis and downregulation of gene transcripts involved in muscle protein catabolism was observed.

Conclusion

Increased muscularity in FPL is not due to increased muscle protein synthesis and is likely due to reduced muscle protein degradation. Impaired mitochondrial function and altered gene expression likely explain the metabolic abnormalities and skeletal muscle dysfunction in FPL subjects.
Fetal Estrogens are not Involved in Sex Determination But Critical for Early Ovarian Differentiation in Rabbits
Authors: Jolivet Geneviève , Daniel-Carlier Nathalie , Harscoët Erwana , Airaud Eloïse , Dewaele Aurélie , Pierson Cloé , Giton Frank , Boulanger Laurent , Daniel Nathalie , Mandon-Pépin Béatrice , Pannetier Maëlle , Pailhoux Eric
Published: October 2021

AROMATASE is encoded by the CYP19A1 gene and is the cytochrome enzyme responsible for estrogen synthesis in vertebrates. In most mammals, a peak of CYP19A1 gene expression occurs in the fetal XX gonad when sexual differentiation is initiated. To elucidate the role of this peak, we produced 3 lines of TALEN genetically edited CYP19A1 knockout (KO) rabbits that were devoid of any estradiol production. All the KO XX rabbits developed as females with aberrantly small ovaries in adulthood, an almost empty reserve of primordial follicles, and very few large antrum follicles. Ovulation never occurred. Our histological, immunohistological, and transcriptomic analyses showed that the estradiol surge in the XX fetal rabbit gonad is not essential to its determination as an ovary, or for meiosis. However, it is mandatory for the high proliferation and differentiation of both somatic and germ cells, and consequently for establishment of the ovarian reserve.
Genetically altered animal models forATP1A3-related disorders
Authors: Ng Hannah W. Y. , Ogbeta Jennifer A. , Clapcote Steven J.
Published: October 2021

Within the past 20 years, particularly with the advent of exome sequencing technologies, autosomal dominant and de novo mutations in the gene encoding the neurone-specific α3 subunit of the Na+,K+-ATPase (NKA α3) pump, ATP1A3, have been identified as the cause of a phenotypic continuum of rare neurological disorders. These allelic disorders of ATP1A3 include (in approximate order of severity/disability and onset in childhood development): polymicrogyria; alternating hemiplegia of childhood; cerebellar ataxia, areflexia, pes cavus, optic atrophy and sensorineural hearing loss syndrome; relapsing encephalopathy with cerebellar ataxia; and rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism. Some patients present intermediate, atypical or combined phenotypes. As these disorders are currently difficult to treat, there is an unmet need for more effective therapies. The molecular mechanisms through which mutations in ATP1A3 result in a broad range of neurological symptoms are poorly understood. However, in vivo comparative studies using genetically altered model organisms can provide insight into the biological consequences of the disease-causing mutations in NKA α3. Herein, we review the existing mouse, zebrafish, Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans models used to study ATP1A3-related disorders, and discuss their potential contribution towards the understanding of disease mechanisms and development of novel therapeutics.
Development of Artificial Receptors Based on Assembly of Metal Complex Units and Desymmetrization of Molecular Components
Authors: Nakamura Takashi
Published: October 2021

This highlight review summarizes our recent studies of macrocyclic receptors with precise molecular recognition properties based on two concepts, assembly of metal complex units, and desymmetrization of molecular components. The metallomacrocycles realized a unique molecular binding by utilizing multipoint coordination and rigidity of the metal complex units. The desymmetrized homooligomeric macrocycles achieved a precise multipoint recognition by employing the unsymmetrically arranged interaction moieties.
Birch Reduction of Arenes Using Sodium Dispersion and DMI under Mild Conditions
Authors: Asako Sobi , Takahashi Ikko , Kurogi Takashi , Murakami Yoshiaki , Ilies Laurean , Takai Kazuhiko
Published: October 2021

An easy-to-handle sodium dispersion in paraffin oil (SD), in combination with inexpensive and environmentally benign 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI) as an additive enables the Birch-type reduction of a variety of arenes with high yields, selectivity, and tolerance of functionality such as ether, alcohol, amine, amide, and carboxylic acid.
Can artificial intelligence replace ultrasound as a complementary tool to mammogram for the diagnosis of the breast cancer?
Authors: Mansour Sahar , Kamal Rasha , Hashem Lamiaa , AlKalaawy Basma
Published: October 2021

Objective:

To study the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the performance of mammogram with regard to the classification of the detected breast lesions in correlation to ultrasound-aided mammograms.

Methods:

Ethics committee approval was obtained in this prospective analysis. The study included 2000 mammograms. The mammograms were interpreted by the radiologists and breast ultrasound was performed for all cases. The Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) score was applied regarding the combined evaluation of the mammogram and the ultrasound modalities. Each breast side was individually assessed with the aid of AI scanning in the form of targeted heat-map and then, a probability of malignancy (abnormality scoring percentage) was obtained. Operative and the histopathology data were the standard of reference.

Results:

Normal assigned cases (BI-RADS 1) with no lesions were excluded from the statistical evaluation. The study included 538 benign and 642 malignant breast lesions (n = 1180, 59%). BI-RADS categories for the breast lesions with regard to the combined evaluation of the digital mammogram and ultrasound were assigned BI-RADS 2 (Benign) in 385 lesions with AI median value of the abnormality scoring percentage of 10 (n = 385/1180, 32.6%), and BI-RADS 5 (malignant) in 471, that had showed median percentage AI value of 88 (n = 471/1180, 39.9%). AI abnormality scoring of 59% yielded a sensitivity of 96.8% and specificity of 90.1% in the discrimination of the breast lesions detected on the included mammograms.

Conclusion:

AI could be considered as an optional primary reliable complementary tool to the digital mammogram for the evaluation of the breast lesions. The color hue and the abnormality scoring percentage presented a credible method for the detection and discrimination of breast cancer of near accuracy to the breast ultrasound. So consequently, AI- mammogram combination could be used as a one setting method to discriminate between cases that require further imaging or biopsy from those that need only time interval follows up.

Advances in knowledge:

Recently, the indulgence of AI in the work-up of breast cancer was concerned. AI noted as a screening strategy for the detection of breast cancer. In the current work, the performance of AI was studied with regard to the diagnosis not just the detection of breast cancer in the mammographic-detected breast lesions. The evaluation was concerned with AI as a possible complementary reading tool to mammogram and included the qualitative assessment of the color hue and the quantitative integration of the abnormality scoring percentage.
Αξιολόγηση συνδεσιμότητας δικτύων με κινητά τερματικά με έμφαση σε τεχνικές πρόσβασης μέσου
Authors: Ηλωρίδου Μαρία
Published: October 2021

Το αντικείµενο της παρούσας διατριβής συνίσταται στη µελέτη τεχνικών τυχαίας πρόσβασης στο µέσο για ασύρµατα δίκτυα διαφόρων µεγεθών και συγκεκριµένα ασύρµατα δίκτυα µητροπολιτικής περιοχής (metropolitan area networks) WiMAX, ασύρµατα δίκτυα αισθητήρων µε κινητούς κόµβους (mobile wireless sensor networks) και δίκτυα περιοχής σώµατος (body area networks). Εξετάζονται ο κύριος µηχανισµός σταθµοσκόπησης ευρυεκποµπής (broadcast polling) και ο προαιρετικός µηχανισµός επωµισµού (piggybacking) που ορίζονται στο πρότυπο ΙΕΕΕ 802.16 για υπηρεσίες αποστολής δεδοµένων σε δίκτυα WiMAX. Αναπτύσσεται ενα µαθηµατικό µοντέλο για τη συνδυαστική χρήση των δύο µηχανισµών και εκφράζεται αναλυτικά η πιθανότητα ανάθεσης εύρους ζώνης σε ένα αίτηµα που µεταδίδεται µέσω broadcast polling υπό τη ϑεώρηση πεπερασµένου εύρους ζώνης στην ανερχόµενη ζεύξη. Κατόπιν, εξετάζονται τεχνικές πρόσβασης στο µέσο συνδυαστικά µε τεχνικές συσταδοποίησης στα ασύρµατα δίκτυα αισθητήρων µε κινητούς κόµβους. Αξιολογείται η επίδραση διαφόρων µοντέλων κινητικότητας στην επίδοση του δικτύου και διερευνάται η µεταβαλλόµενη διάρκεια των κύκλων λειτουργίας του δικτύου υπό τη ϑεώρηση της κινητικότητας των κόµβων. Προτείνεται ένα σχήµα δυναµικού προσδιορισµού της διάρκειας του κύκλου που λαµβάνει υπόψη τις απώλειες πακέτων σε κάθε συστάδα λόγω των αποσυνδέσεων των κόµβων. Επιπλέον, διερευνάται η εφαρµοσιµότητα ενός σχήµατος που υπολογίζει τη διάρκεια του κύκλου ϐάσει της καταναλισκόµενης ενέργειας στα δίκτυα αισθητήρων µε κινητικότητα.Τέλος, η διατριβή εστιάζει σε τεχνικές τυχαίας πρόσβασης σε δίκτυα περιοχής σώµατος µε κινητικότητα και ειδικότερα στην αναµετάδοση των πακέτων δεδοµένων. Προτείνεται ένα κινησιακά ενήµερο σχήµα αναµετάδοσης των πακέτων για τη µείωση των απωλειών που προκύπτουν λόγω των αποσυνδέσεων. Η αποτελεσµατικότητα του προτεινόµενου σχήµατος εξετάζεται συγκριτικά µε αυτήν του σχήµατος επέκτασης τοπολογίας αστέρα του προτύπου.
A digital territory to be appropriated: the state and the nationalization of cyberspace
Authors: Koulos Thanos
Published: October 2021

Next to land, water, air and space, cyberspace is the complex socio-technical setting often called the ‘fifth domain’. Nationalism has taken over the organization of the first four domains, in the form of constructing national states, national territorial waters and national airspace. The basic proposition of this article is that the ideology of nationalism has also infiltrated the fifth domain – cyberspace – in two ways. First, through state-led cyber-nationalism via official government websites that present ‘national’ achievements and propagate the official state positions on disputes about territory, symbols or history. Second, through individual communities who use the internet to sustain a sense of national belonging and/or to promote and disseminate their nationalist ideals. Both ways are important in an online national identity (re)production framework that, in a fluid, global, modern world, functions supportively towards the traditional national identity (re)production mechanisms.

This article aims to examine the patterns of the nationalization of cyberspace through an analysis of state-led institutions and government websites that aim to enhance national identity and the sense of national belonging in a globalized world, as well as to propagate official state positions. It will focus on Greek, Dutch, US and Israeli websites. The term ‘nationalization’ in this context denotes the ideological charging of the cyber-footprint of the nation: how the internet produces and re-produces the nation, how the users partake in the national community by way of ‘consuming’ the digitalized national ideology, and the way cyber-nationalism defines people’s sense of belonging.
LA PROHIBICIÓN DE LOS REPARTIMIENTOS DE MERCANCÍAS A LOS INDIOS EN LA SUBDELEGACIÓN DE FRESNILLO A FINALES DEL SIGLO XVIII
Authors: Cuesta Alonso Marcelino , Medina Moreno José Ramón
Published: October 2021

La Real Ordenanza de 1786 prohibía el repartimiento de mercancías a los indios, como pago adelantado a cambio de su trabajo, sin embargo esta costumbre no fue respetada por las autoridades de la subdelegación de Fresnillo en la intendencia de Zacatecas (México) y contaron para ello con la complicidad de los diferentes intendentes, lo que motivó continuas llamadas de atención de las autoridades virreinales para que se cumpliera la prohibición.
CARLOS V Y LOS FRANCISCANOS EN TRÁNSITO AL NUEVO MUNDO. EL CONVENTO SANLUQUEÑO DE SANTA MARÍA DE JESÚS
Authors: Cruz Isidoro Fernando
Published: October 2021

Para Carlos V, la evangelización del Nuevo Mundo fue asunto de estado, y favoreció el tránsito de los franciscanos, que debían esperar en precario en Sevilla y otros lugares, con el cambio jurisdiccional de su convento de Sanlúcar de Barrameda a la custodia de las Indias en 1533, por su especial ubicación, junto al punto de atraque de la flota de Indias. El edificio, que necesitó añadir un amplio dormitorio de celdas, refectorio y claustro, quedó arruinado a mediados del siglo XVIII.
CHILOÉ EN LA GUERRA HISPANO-SUDAMERICANA: MEMORIA HISPÁNICA Y NACIONALIDAD EN EL SUR DE CHILE, 1864-1866.
Authors: Paredes Navarro Pablo
Published: October 2021

La provincia de Chiloé, último bastión realista de Chile durante la guerra de independencia, aparece entre 1864 y 1866 como escenario de un nuevo enfrentamiento entre su antigua y su nueva autoridad. En este marco, el objetivo de este estudio es analizar, a partir de fuentes documentales españolas y chilenas, las características de identidad y lealtad nacional de su población durante este conflicto armado.
LUIS ARAQUISTÁIN Y LA REVISTA HISPANIA (LONDRES, 1912-1916): SOCIALISMO, COLONIALISMO E IBEROAMERICANISMO
Authors: García Manuel Andrés
Published: October 2021

Los estudios historiográficos sobre Luis Araquistáin giraron, en un principio, en torno a su trayectoria durante la II República, la Guerra Civil y el exilio. Intelectual autodidacta, periodista de renombre y figura destacada del PSOE de aquellos años, los posteriores trabajos han ido revelando un Araquistáin complejo y cambiante, manifestándose su evolución en sus obras precedentes y en los muchos artículos escritos en las distintas cabeceras para las que trabajó. Este artículo incide, precisamente, en sus colaboraciones en una de ellas, Hispania, una revista fundada por exiliados colombianos en Londres y no muy dilatada en el tiempo pero que, sin embargo, se convertiría en toda una referencia para la intelectualidad hispanohablante de su tiempo.
NUEVA GRANADA Y SUS VIRREYES: UN SOLIO FALTO DE ORNATO
Authors: Panduro Sáez Iván , Romero-Sánchez Guadalupe
Published: October 2021

El presente artículo pretende ofrecer una visión de la retórica y concepción del virrey en Nueva Granada durante el siglo XVIII y de espacios de poder como las Casas Reales de Santa Fe que debieron servir de cómodo aposento para la corte virreinal, como ocurría en las de Nueva España y el Perú, -a espejo de la madrileña-, pero que, se vieron parcialmente desatendidas entre dificultades económicas, disputas locales y proyectos arquitectónicos que nunca se cumplieron.
LA PRESENCIA DE AFROGOYANOS EN DOCUMENTOS NOTARIALES Y JURÍDICOS DURANTE LA PRIMERA MITAD DEL SIGLO XIX
Authors: Darío López Edgardo , Carolina Portillo Nadia
Published: October 2021

A mediados del siglo XIX el puerto de Goya fue un importante espacio de intercambio comercial. Esto generó la formación de una relevante élite local. En este trabajo se indaga respecto de la propiedad de los esclavos como símbolo de riqueza y estatus que aparecen tanto en los testamentos como así también en otros documentos notariales y jurídicos como el registro, la dote matrimonial y los de compraventas. El periodo abordado va entre los años 1800-1834 haciéndose especial hincapié en las hijuelas de los herederos sobrevivientes de Don Francisco de Soto.
Dzieje Pałacu Biskupiego w Krakowie w latach 1815-1894
Authors: Hajduk Marlena
Published: October 2021

THE HISTORY OF THE BISHOP’S PALACE IN THE 19TH CENTURY KRAKOW The subject of my doctoral dissertation is the history of the Bishop’s Palace in Krakow in the 19th Century. The main issue I tried to solve in my thesis was to establish what kind of function had the Bishop’s Palace in Krakow in the 19th Century. In order to gather relevant information I searched archival documents in 26 archives, including in particular: The Archive of the Metropolitan Curia in Krakow, The Archive of the Chapter of the Cathedral in Krakow, The National Archive in Krakow, The Jagiellonian Library, The Central Archive of Historical Records in Warsaw, The Secret Vatican Archive in Rome, The National Archive in Vienna.
Distributionally Robust Optimization with Confidence Bands for Probability Density Functions
Authors: Chen Xi , Lin Qihang , Xu Guanglin
Published: October 2021

Distributionally robust optimization (DRO) has been introduced for solving stochastic programs in which the distribution of the random variables is unknown and must be estimated by samples from that distribution. A key element of DRO is the construction of the ambiguity set, which is a set of distributions that contains the true distribution with a high probability. Assuming that the true distribution has a probability density function, we propose a class of ambiguity sets based on confidence bands of the true density function. As examples, we consider the shape-restricted confidence bands and the confidence bands constructed with a kernel density estimation technique. The former allows us to incorporate the prior knowledge of the shape of the underlying density function (e.g., unimodality and monotonicity), and the latter enables us to handle multidimensional cases. Furthermore, we establish the convergence of the optimal value of DRO to that of the underlying stochastic program as the sample size increases. The DRO with our ambiguity set involves functional decision variables and infinitely many constraints. To address this challenge, we apply duality theory to reformulate the DRO to a finite-dimensional stochastic program, which is amenable to a stochastic subgradient scheme as a solution method.
Conjuring up the correspondence of high-school students’ self-determination and classroom climate with reading achievement
Authors: Joulide Shahrbanoo , Faravani Akram , Boori Ali Akbar
Published: October 2021

A prevalent goal of education in schools is reading comprehension enhancement. Therefore, a critical issue in   educational psychology is investigating the factors contributing to increase the reading achievement including both classroom climate and self-determination. This study explored the relationships of Iranian High School students’ self-determination and classroom climate with their reading achievement.  150 Iranian (male and female) students from Sama and Fazele high schools in Mashhad were selected through convenience sampling. The instruments were IOWA self-determination, Classroom Climate Questionnaires, and a validated researcher-made test. It was a type of quantitative and correlational research. Results revealed a significant and positive relationship between self-determination and reading ability. They also showed that among the six subscales of the self-determination, financial management had a significant relationship with the reading achievement scores of students. However, the emotional independence of peers had a negative correlation with the reading achievement scores of students. The results showed that teachers’ skill in orienting tasks can enhance reading achievement score and make the classroom climate more motivating. This study has potentially helpful implications for English language teachers, English institutes, and students. Teachers can enhance student’s self-determination by providing a friendly classroom environment and indirectly boost the students’ reading score.
Temporary pacing: an overview
Authors: Eftekhari Helen
Published: October 2021

This article will review pacing in the context of acute care, with a focus on temporary pacing. Beginning with an overview of the heart's intrinsic electrical conduction system and its function, the discussion moves on to pacing, acute clinical presentations and indications for pacing. This includes an overview of temporary pacing, with the different approaches being percussion, transcutaneous, transvenous and epicardial. There are specific cardiac patient groups at high risk of developing bradyarrhythmias and, in the absence of other measures, potentially requiring emergency pacing. These groups include patients who have experienced a myocardial infarction following cardiac surgery and post transcatheter aortic valve implant. Nurses providing care for patients with temporary transvenous wires need an understanding of the potential complications and to recognise indications for moving on to a permanent pacing system.
Understanding the pharmacology of heart failure
Authors: Easa Jamshid , Easa Najma , Chappell Jacob , Warriner David
Published: October 2021

Heart failure (HF) is a common clinical syndrome with ever-increasing prevalence in the Western world. It is associated with extensive morbidity and mortality, as well as being a significant burden on global healthcare systems. It is due to impairment of ventricular filling or contraction, resulting in a constellation of physical symptoms and signs, primarily due to salt and water retention. An understanding of the pharmacological options to manage the condition is imperative to quickly alleviate symptoms and avert a rapidly progressive downward spiral, improving not only quality but also quantity of life.
Changing the way type 2 diabetes is managed
Authors: Syed Hannah , Jenkinson Dan
Published: October 2021

A number of well organised randomised control trials have demonstrated benefits of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists in reducing major adverse cardiac events. Secondary endpoints for SGLT-2is have also shown improvement in outcomes for those with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and chronic kidney disease with albuminuria. These therapeutic advantages enable risk stratification and for treatment to be individualised depending on patient baseline characteristics. This article discusses the place of different therapeutic agents in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and describes why we should adopt a holistic approach in managing the cardio-renal risk associated with type 2 diabetes in light of the current best practice evidence.
Progress on the Starshot laser propulsion system
Authors: Worden S. Pete , Green Wesley A. , Schalkwyk James , Parkin Kevin , Fugate Robert Q.
Published: October 2021

The Breakthrough Starshot research program envisions a laser-propelled sail that will probe our neighboring stars within a human lifetime. Starshot spacecraft weigh no more than a few grams and are accelerated by photon momentum transfer with a beam generated by a kilometer-scale, ground-based 100 GW coherent phased-array laser. We describe some of the major challenges for the laser and early exploratory efforts to overcome them. While challenges remain, we find no physical or economic restrictions that would preclude such a laser for the Starshot mission.
Radiative effects of atmospheric aerosols on the average channel capacity of free-space optical communication systems
Authors: Sunilkumar K. , Anand N. , Satheesh S. K. , Krishna Moorthy K. , Ilavazhagan G.
Published: October 2021

Free-space optical (FSO) communication systems employ unguided light beams propagating through the atmosphere to carry a large volume of data. The reliability of such data transfer can be hampered by various atmospheric effects. Based on an analytical model of a differential phase-shift keying FSO system through exponentiated Weibull turbulence, we investigate the effectiveness of beam width optimization and improved beam alignment, along with aperture averaging on the average channel capacity. Our results show significant signal deterioration produced due to the aerosol-induced optical turbulence, which substantially shadows the performance gain achieved through beam width optimization. Strong aerosol-induced atmospheric heating and the consequent enhanced optical scintillations result in reduction of the channel capacity by as much as 50% of its value when these effects are not considered or negligible. FSO systems are more resilient to aerosol-induced optical turbulence when the normalized beam width is less, and the average channel capacity can be significantly improved by improved beam alignment. These variations are weakly dependent under poor transmitter–receiver alignment conditions. Furthermore, the receiver aperture has a strong control on the link performance. While FSO systems with higher magnitude of normalized beam width have improved performance under all aperture diameter conditions; for a given beam configuration, large aperture diameter ensures a significant improvement in the link performance due to reduction in effects of scintillations.
Multipoint fiber optics refractive index sensor based on multimode interference effects
Authors: Fuentes-rubio Yadira-Aracely , Domínguez-Cruz René-Fernando , Guzmán-Sepúlveda José-Rafael
Published: October 2021

We demonstrate a fiber optics sensing structure for the measurement of the refractive index of liquid samples at multiple spatial locations simultaneously. The sensing architecture is all-fiber and consists of standard single-mode–multimode-single-mode multimodal interference (MMI) devices working in parallel. The spectral response of each MMI device is carefully engineered to have nonoverlapping responses, such that the entire system can be interrogated with a single broadband light source and single optical spectrum analyzer. In proof-of-concept experiments, we tested the proposed system with aqueous saline solutions and binary solutions of water–glycerol and water–ethylene glycol. Our results validate the use of the proposed platform for the simultaneous monitoring of the refractive index of liquid samples at different locations.