bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Site of decomposition of methyl bromide in cocoa beans
Authors: Asante‐Poku Stephen , Aston W. Peter , Schmidt Donald E.
Published: November 2006

The main site of decomposition of methyl bromide in cocoa beans was shown to be in the alcohol‐insoluble proteins of the shells. The methyl group of the fumigant becomes covalently bonded to the α‐amino group of the various amino acids, the imidazole ring of histidine and the ε‐amino group of lysine. An amino acid analysis of cocoa beans shows that methionine is the limiting essential amino acid and that cysteine is concentrated in the alcohol‐insoluble proteins of the nib.
Superficial scald, a functional disorder of stored apples X. Control of α‐farnesene autoxidation
Authors: Anet Edward F. L. J. , Coggiola Iliano M.
Published: November 2006

A wide range of antioxidants (amine, phenolic and one sulphur‐containing) were all found to inhibit the autoxidation of α‐farnesene in vitro. Some were somewhat more effective than others but no class showed any marked superiority.

When added to apples as a dip or by injection, only amine type antioxidants inhibited the autoxidation of α‐farnesene in vitro. Phenolic antioxidants were ineffective and some acted as pro‐oxidants, notably α‐tocopherol. In all instances the severity of superficial scald was proportional to the extent of α‐farnesene oxidation.
Superficial scald, a functional disorder of stored apples. XI. Apple antioxidants
Authors: Anet Edward F. L. J.
Published: November 2006

Sixteen varieties of apples were examined for their cuticular content of antioxidants. Eleven antioxidants were detected by t.l.c., α, γ and δ‐tocopherol being the only ones identified. α‐Tocopherol and four of the unidentified antioxidants were of general occurrence in fresh apples, whilst the presence of the others depended not only on variety but also on maturity and origin of the sample. Superficial scald did not occur during storage if the antioxidant content remained adequate to prevent or sufficiently limit the extent of α‐farnesene autoxidation. The amount required depends largely on the quantity of α‐farnesene produced by the apple during storage.
A quantitative extension of the phenol test to assist in the identification of cereal varieties
Authors: Crisp Phillip T. , Wrigley Colin W.
Published: November 2006

A procedure is described for quantitation of results from the phenol test, an established qualitative procedure for checking purity and identity of grain samples. After grains have reacted with phenol, the extent of browning is determined by boiling the grains for 20 minutes in alkaline buffer and by estimating the brown coloration of the extract photometrically. Results are expressed as the phenol ratio which is calculated by dividing the absorbance of this extract by the absorbance of a similarly prepared extract of grains untreated with phenol. The phenol ratio is virtually independent of grain size and is useful in characterising the genotype of a grain sample.
The goitrogenicity of kale and its relation to thiocyanate content
Authors: Paxman P. J. , Hill R.
Published: November 2006

The goitrogenic activities of small young leaves of different types of kale were compared using the depression of thyroid uptake of radioactive iodine in the rat as the index of goitrogenic activity. Rape kale was slightly more goitrogenic than the other types tested, thousand head, marrow stem, Canson and Maris Kestrel, but there were no large and consistent differences in activity among the kales studied.

Small, young leaves of all kale types had much greater activity than corresponding large, fully formed leaves.

The goitrogenic activities of thousand head, marrow stem, Canson and Maris Kestrel kales were attributable largely, if not wholly, to thiocyanate while only a small proportion of the activity of rape kale was given by thiocyanate.
Effects on urine volume and composition of rats fed protein concentrates from rapeseed and sunflower seed, with blood, post‐mortem and histo‐pathological observations
Authors: Eklund Anders , Ågren Gunnar , Nordgren Hans , Stenram Unne
Published: November 2006

Rapeseed and sunflower‐seed protein concentrates were used as the sole source of dietary protein for male and female rats for a 90‐day period at 10 or 20 % levels of protein. Urine and blood analysis as well as histo‐pathological examinations of organs were carried out in order to evaluate the safety of the products. An increased diuresis was provoked by both types of protein supplement but the renal excretion of α‐amino nitrogen, urea, protein, reducing substances and phosphate seemed unchanged. Rats fed on sunflower‐seed protein showed an increase in multivesicular lysosome‐like bodies in the liver cell cytoplasm. Otherwise no adverse effects were observed.
An automated procedure for the determination of aluminium in soil and plant digests
Authors: Lancaster Lai Aim , Balasubramaniam Rajadurai
Published: November 2006

An automated procedure for the determination of aluminium in soil and plant digests using the Technicon Autoanalyzer is described. Aluminium is determined with the complexing dye sodium alizarin‐3‐sulphonate (Alizarin Red S). The interfering effect of iron is removed with thioglycollic acid. The reagent gives a very reproducible and linear response up to 15 parts/million of aluminium. Leaf tissue samples tested included those from rubber, tea, maize, coconut, oil palm, sorghum and rice. Soil types tested were Serdang, Rengam, Munchong and peat.
Effects of micronising on the utilisation of field beans (Vicia faba L.) by the young chick
Authors: McNab James M. , Wilson Brian J.
Published: November 2006

The major changes in the composition of field beans (Vicia faba L.) caused by micronising were as follows: the moisture content was reduced from 16.5 to 13.2%, the trypsin inhibitor activity reduced from 2.49 to 0.21 trypsin inhibitor units/mg dry matter and the available carbohydrate content raised from 40.6 to 50.2%. Growth and food consumption of broiler chicks from 1 to 2 weeks of age were not affected significantly when micronised beans replaced raw beans in their diets at a level of 300 g/kg. However, food conversion efficiency, apparent dry matter digestibility and nitrogen retention were significantly improved and pancreas size significantly reduced when the birds were fed the diet containing the micronised beans. The nitrogen‐corrected metabolisable energy (m.e.) of the diet containing 500 g of micronised beans/kg (10.88 MJ/kg) was significantly higher than that of a diet containing 500 g of raw beans/kg (10.33 MJ/kg). It was calculated that the m.e. of the beans had been raised from 10.59 to 11.67 MJ/kg dry matter by micronisation. The improvement in nutritive value is attributed partly to the destruction of the trypsin inhibitor and partly to the increased availability of the carbohydrate fraction of the beans.
The triglyceride composition of Hibiscus esculentus seed oil
Authors: Sengupta A. , Roychoudhury S. K. , Saha S.
Published: November 2006

The fatty acid composition of Hibiscus esculentus seed oil was determined by spectrophotometry and gas‐liquid chromatography. The percentages of individual acids were found to be: myristic, 0.2; palmitic, 30.2; stearic, 4.0; palmitoleic, 0.4; oleic, 24.4 and linoleic, 40.8. Triglyceride composition was calculated from the fatty acid compositions of the native oil and of the monoglycerides produced from it by pancreatic lipase hydrolysis. The oil is composed of 1.8, 27.7, 48.1 and 22.4% GS3, GS2U, GSU2 and GU3, respectively.
Effect of refining on the nutritional value of rapeseed oils for the chick and rat
Authors: Lall Santosh P. , Slinger Stanley J.
Published: November 2006

Experiments were conducted to examine the effect of refining upon the energy utilisation from high erucic acid rapeseed oil, low erucic acid rapeseed oil, maize oil, soya bean oil and herring oil.

When fed to chicks and rats, refined high erucic acid rapeseed oils were markedly lower in m.e. and d.e. content and gave poorer growth and feed efficiency than the corresponding crude oils. Removal of the gums present in the crude oils was partially responsible for the reduction in the available energy of the oils. Alkali refining caused a further decrease while bleaching was the major step responsible for the reduced m.e. value for the chick. Low erucic acid rapeseed oil also showed a decrease in m.e. upon refining but the decrease was relatively small as compared with high erucic acid rapeseed oils. The refining of soya bean oil, maize oil and herring oil resulted in slight increases in m.e. and thus these oils responded quite differently to rapeseed oil upon refining.
Modified wood waste and straw as potential components of animal feeds
Authors: Hartley Roy D. , Jones Edwin C. , King Norman J. , Smith Gordon A.
Published: November 2006

Beech, oak and poplar sawdusts and barley straw were modified by physical, chemical and fungal treatments and then evaluated for their possible usefulness as components of animal feeds by measuring their digestibility using a rumen liquor‐acid pepsin in vitro method. The most successful modification of sawdust was achieved by fungal treatment with Fomes lividus followed by NaOH treatment. The apparent organic matter digestibility (o.m.d.) of beech was increased from 5 to 59, and of oak sapwood from 14 to 56. By the same treatments, the o.m.d. of straw was increased from 46 to 70.
The influence of the level of potassium supply to young tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) on short‐term uptake and utilisation of nitrate nitrogen (15N)
Authors: Koch Klaus , Mengel Konrad
Published: November 2006

The influence of the level of potassium supply on the incorporation of labelled nitrogen (15N) was studied in young tobacco plants. During a 4‐h period the plants, which were well supplied with potassium, absorbed a greater amount of labelled nitrogen and utilisation of this nitrogen for the synthesis of organic nitrogen compounds occurred more rapidly. The results clearly indicate that in the plants with lower K supply soluble amino acids accumulated whereas in the “+K” plants the incorporation of amino nitrogen into the protein fraction was accelerated.
Effect of foliar fungicides on aflatoxin, oil and protein content and maturing rate of peanut kernels
Authors: Beuchat L. R. , Smith D. H. , Young C. T.
Published: November 2006

Arachis hypogaea L. ‘Tifspan’ and ‘Florunner’ peanuts (groundnuts) were treated with selected foliar fungicides for control of Cercospora leafspot. Peanut fruits were harvested on three different dates and analysed for aflatoxin, oil and protein content and degree of maturity. No significant differences (P = <0.05) in aflatoxin incidence were associated with either fungicide treatments or harvest dates. Significant differences were observed, however, in the percentage protein and oil content of the peanut kernels, depending upon the fungicide treatment. Delayed maturity was caused by specific fungicide treatments.
Ammoniation of kenaf tops prior to dehydration
Authors: Knowles Richard E. , Livingston A. Lyle , Edwards Richard H. , Kohler George O.
Published: November 2006

The leafy tops of kenaf plants grown as a paper pulp crop were analysed to assess their potential value as a feedstuff. Procedures were investigated for incorporating ammonia nitrogen into the material to enhance its nutritive value. Nitrogen thus fixed was stable during subsequent hot‐air drying of the product.
Flavour changes in dry bulb onions during overwinter storage at ambient temperature
Authors: Freeman George G. , Whenham Robert J.
Published: November 2006

Flavour changes in onions stored at ambient temperature for 40 to 224 days have been investigated by sensory and biochemical methods on freeze‐dried samples. A probable explanation for the observed increases in flavour strength with increasing periods of storage is discussed.
Biochemical changes in the water‐soluble carbohydrates during the development of chicory (Cichorium intybus Linn) roots
Authors: Bhatia Iqbal S. , Mann Sukhwant K. , Singh Rangil
Published: November 2006

Qualitative and quantitative changes in the water‐soluble carbohydrates have been studied during the development of chicory roots. Besides sucrose, glucose and fructose, some inulin‐type glucofructosans have been detected at all stages of development of the roots. The contents of the total water‐soluble carbohydrates, free glucose and bound fructose increase whereas bound glucose decreases with the advancement in the growth of the roots. The ratio of the concentration of bound fructose to that of bound glucose increases with the ageing of the roots and reaches its maximum value around the month of June, indicating thereby that the maturity of the plant is characterised by an increase in the content of glucofructosans at the expense of sucrose.
A collaborative study on the determination of tryptophan in feedingstuffs
Authors: Westgarth David R. , Williams Alwyn P.
Published: November 2006

The results are reported of collaborative work carried out at eight laboratories to assess the Miller1 and Spies and Chambers2 procedures for the determination of tryptophan in protein concentrates and gave values for groundnut, soya bean and cottonseed meals of 1.0, 1.4 and 1.2 g/16 g N, respectively. The results obtained by both methods were similar, though collaborators preferred the Miller method.
Non‐enzymic browning reactions of ascorbic acid and their inhibition. The production of 3‐deoxy‐4‐sulphopentosulose in mixtures of ascorbic acid, glycine and bisulphite ion
Authors: Wedzicha Bronislaw L. , McWeeny David J.
Published: November 2006

The inhibition of browning of ascorbic acid‐glycine mixtures by bisulphite ion has been studied at pH 3.0. Glycine enhances the formation of coloured products from ascorbic acid but it is not involved in the stages leading to the formation of 3‐deoxy‐pentosulose as a reactive intermediate in browning. One of the actions of bisulphite on the browning reaction is to interrupt the sequence of events leading from reactive carbonylic intermediates, such as 3‐deoxypentosulose, to other reactive intermediates and ultimately to coloured products. The reaction of bisulphite with 3‐deoxypentosulose or its dehydration product 3,4‐dideoxypentosulos‐3‐ene can give rise to 3‐deoxy‐4‐sulphopentosulose. This product has been isolated from a model system where it accounted for one third of the reacted bisulphite.
Non‐enzymic browning reactions of ascorbic acid and their inhibition. The identification of 3‐deoxy‐4‐sulphopentosulose in dehydrated, sulphited cabbage after storage
Authors: Wedzicha Bronislaw L. , McWeeny David J.
Published: November 2006

The presence of 3‐deoxy‐4‐sulphopentosulose in dehydrated, sulphited cabbage has been confirmed by mass spectrometry and good evidence is presented for the occurrence of 3‐deoxy‐4‐sulphohexosulose. These are the first “stable” organic sulphonates, derived from sulphite, to have been identified in a food. The former product arises from the inhibition of the non‐enzymic browning reaction of ascorbic acid by sulphite whereas the latter comes from the interaction of the additive with intermediates in Maillard browning.
Degradation of higher fatty acids in perennial ryegrass and white clover following drying and storage
Authors: Molloy Leslie F. , Giltrap David J. , Collie T. Wynne , Metson Alan J.
Published: November 2006

Bulk samples of perennial ryegrass and white clover were deep frozen immediately after harvesting. Within 2 days one portion was freeze‐dried, one was oven dried at 108 ºC, and the remainder was stored intact at −16 ºC. The two dried samples, after grinding, were stored either in air at ambient temperature, or under nitrogen at −16 ºC. Portions of the deep‐frozen, intact sample were withdrawn after storage for 2, 4 1/2 and 9 months, freeze dried and ground, immediately prior to analysis. Determinations of the total higher fatty acids (HFA) by titration and individual higher fatty acids by gas‐liquid chromatography, were made on all samples after storage for the above periods.

HFA in the dried and ground ryegrass or clover fluctuated throughout the experimental period under all conditions of storage. The greatest deterioration was exhibited by freeze‐dried, air‐stored ryegrass which lost linolenic acid at a rate of 0.55 mmol 100 g−1 month−1. Negligible changes in total nitrogen occurred in all dried samples after 9 months storage. Non‐protein nitrogen extracted from clover, however, was significantly higher after oven‐drying as compared with freeze‐drying.

The most satisfactory mode of storage was to store the intact, undried herbage at −16 ºC and then freeze dry and grind immediately before analysis. Under these conditions, HFA changed little over 2 months.
Physical characterisation of the wheat protein purothionin
Authors: Nimmo C. C. , Kasarda D. D. , Lew Ellen J.‐L.
Published: November 2006

The α‐ and β‐purothionins, which differ slightly in amino acid composition and have slightly different mobilities in gel electrophoresis, were not different in other physical properties. Molecular weights determined by sedimentation equilibrium were 5100 and 5300, respectively, by osmotic pressure, 6100, and by gel permeation chromatography, about 7500. Circular dichroism (c.d.) spectra were compatible with about 40% α‐helical structure for the purothionins. An unusually strong negative band near 268 nm was found in the near‐u.v. region of the c.d. spectrum. The optical activity in this region may be attributed primarily to the high disulphide content of the molecule, since the purothionins contain no tryptophan and only a single tyrosine residue which appears to contribute some fine structure in the 270 to 290 nm region of the c.d. spectrum. The u.v.‐fluorescence spectrum was characteristic of tyrosine, but the low quantum yield was indicative of quenching by disulphide or other groups in the protein. An intrinsic viscosity of 2.7 cc/g suggests a compactly folded, globular structure for the purothionins. Mobilities of 11 × 10−5 cm2 V−1 s−1 at pH 3.1 and 7.2 × 10−5 cm2 V−1 s−1 at pH 8.6 were obtained from free‐boundary electrophoresis.
Comparison of methods for dry matter determination of high moisture roughages and faeces
Authors: Aerts J. V. , De Brabander D. L. , Cottyn B. G. , Buysse F. X. , Moermans R. J.
Published: November 2006

Dry matter contents of 41 high moisture roughage samples and 31 samples of faeces were determined by toluene distillation, freeze drying, microwave drying and oven drying at 70 and 100 ºC. Significant differences were recorded between the results on roughages, with a toluene distillation method giving the most accurate results. The dry matter values of faeces were not significantly different for faeces from low intake levels. Further work is needed to resolve the influence of intake level on dry matter losses incurred during the drying of faeces.
Determination of potassium in mixtures of potassium chloride and basic slag by using natural radioactivity
Authors: Hall Raymond F.
Published: November 2006

A rapid method is described for the determination of potassium in mixtures containing potassium salts and basic slag. Four Geiger Muller tubes connected in parallel are used to measure the natural radioactivity of 40K and the potassium contents of the mixtures are evaluated from a previous calibration. The effects of variation of particle size of both the potassium source and the basic slag are demonstrated, the count rate varying in different directions as the fineness increases in the two cases.

Use of the technique in the production of a mixture of potassium chloride and basic slag has shown that the results from the method are comparable with those of the flame photometer.
The yields of leaf protein from various short‐duration crops
Authors: Deshmukh M. G. , Gore S. B. , Mungikar A. M. , Joshi R. N.
Published: November 2006

The yields of leaf protein from several short‐duration crops were determined. The yields depended on species, variety, season, fertilisers and frequency of cutting. Many species responded with increased yields to fertilisers. Between 40 and 63% protein nitrogen was extractable from cowpea and the plant produced extractable protein at a rate of 11.2 kg‐ha‐day during the monsoon but only 4.5 kg‐ha‐day during the winter. Good yields were also obtained from the by‐product leaves of cauliflower, cabbage and knolkhol. Some varieties of wheat and Tithonia tagetiflora were also found promising for leaf protein production.
The yields of extracted leaf protein from lucerne (Medicago sativa L.)
Authors: Dev D. V. , Batra Usha Rani , Joshi R. N.
Published: November 2006

The effects of fertilisers, frequency of cutting, row spacing and simazine on the yields of dry matter and extractable protein from lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) were studied using the laboratory‐scale pulper and press. Between 40 and 65% protein nitrogen was extractable; extractability was not affected by the various treatments but altered with season. Lucerne responded with increased yields of dry matter and extractable protein to fertilisers, simazine (35 g/ha) and rows spaced at 30.5 cm. Six or 8 harvests were found to give greater yields than 5 harvests in 180 days. The annual yields of extractable protein reached 3100 kg/ha and it is felt that better control of pests could lead to even greater yields.
Studies on volatile compounds produced by apples in relation to the development of bitter pit
Authors: Wills Ron B. H. , Carroll Edward T. , Scott Kevin J.
Published: November 2006

Apples affected with bitter pit had higher levels of most volatile organic compounds than sound fruit. Reducing the susceptibility of fruit to pit by the application of calcium sprays also resulted in reduced levels of most volatiles. However, it appears that the volatiles are not causatively associated with pit as they did not cause an increase in the incidence of pit when added to the fruit.

A significant positive correlation between pre‐harvest levels of acetaldehyde and development of pit was found but the extent of the remaining variation precluded the use of the method for commercial grading of fruit for pit susceptibility.
Chloroanisoles as a cause of musty taint in chickens and their microbiological formation from chlorophenols in broiler house litters
Authors: Curtis R. Frank , Dennis Colin , Gee Jennifer M. , Gee Malcolm G. , Griffiths Nerys M. , Land Derek G. , Peel John L. , Robinson David
Published: November 2006

The cause and origin of musty taint in chicken from broiler systems has been established as 2,3,4,6‐tetrachloroanisole formed by microbial methylation of 2,3,4,6‐tetrachlorophenol present as a wood preservative on shavings used as litter. At least three of the fungi found in poultry litter (Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Aspergillus sydowi and Penicillium crustosum) can effect this methylation. 2,3,4,6‐Tetrachloroanisole formed in the litter was taken up by the chickens. The levels in various chicken tissues and factors affecting uptake and loss have been investigated.
Residual effects of controlled atmosphere storage on the production of volatile compounds by two varieties of apples
Authors: Patterson Brian D. , Hatfield Stephen G. S. , Knee Michael
Published: November 2006

Cox's Orange Pippin apples gradually lost their capacity to ripen normally when they were stored in 2% oxygen at 3.5 ºC. When the apples were transferred to air at 20 ºC, volatiles except ethylene were produced in much smaller amounts than from apples which had been stored in air or 5% carbon dioxide in air. When Golden Delicious apples were stored with different combinations of temperature and concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide, the rate of volatile production, its nature and the total amounts produced after storage were affected. There were residual effects also on the rate of chlorophyll loss and softening.
Composition and protein quality of sweet lupin seed
Authors: Hove Edwin L.
Published: November 2006

The proportion of seed coats (hulls) of four varieties of sweet lupin seeds ranged from 19 to 25%. The amount of hull varied inversely with the weight of the seed, within each variety. Lupinus luteus cv Weiko III had 40.1% protein (dry basis); of 3 cultivars of L. angustifolius cv Uniharvest had the highest protein (36.2%), while cv Uniwhite had the lowest (28.6%). The protein content of dehulled lupins was about 20% higher than that of the whole seeds.

L. angustifolius cv Uniwhite and L. luteus cv Weiko III were analysed for moisture, protein, lipid, ash, fibre, amino acids, carbohydrates, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, iron, copper and manganese. Whole seed, hulls and kernels were examined. Sulphur amino acids were limiting. The protein efficiency ratios of the two varieties, supplemented with methionine, were 2.40 and 2.56, respectively; these values increased by about 10% when the protein of the dehulled lupin seeds were tested. The requirement for added methionine for maximum p.e.r. was 0.65 g/kg diet. When dehulled lupin seed was steeped in water for a day and boiled and included in the diet of rats, slightly superior growth and p.e.r. resulted.

The two varieties of dehulled lupin seeds effectively supplemented the protein of barley meal in the diet of rats, especially when methionine supplements were added, but were less efficient in supplemental value than was casein.
Lipids of potato tubers. III. Effect of growth and storage on lipid content of the potato tuber
Authors: Berkeley Howard D. , Galliard Terence
Published: November 2006

The effect of physiological changes on the lipid content of six varieties of potato tubers was studied. No significant varietal differences were observed. A marked decrease occurred in the amount of total lipid and fatty acids during the initial weeks of growth, followed by a levelling off during maturation and subsequent storage at 5 ºC. After 6 months' storage, the early maturing varieties revealed a large degree of sprouting with an accumulation in both total lipid and fatty acid content. Palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids represented 95% of the fatty acids and throughout these studies the relative proportions of the major fatty acids remained constant. Chromatographic analysis demonstrated very little change in the polar lipids, but minor trends among the neutral lipid classes were detected. In the early stages of growth of the tuber the triglyceride level fell rapidly, but later, following the break of dormancy in the stored tuber, there was a regeneration of triglyceride accompanied by a noticeable rise in sterol and carotenoid content.
Chemical and nutritive changes in herring meal during storage at different temperatures with and without antioxidant treatment
Authors: El‐Lakany Safaa , March B. E.
Published: November 2006

Herring meals prepared with and without the addition of 0.025% of 1,2‐dihydro‐6‐ethoxy‐2,2,4‐trimethylquinoline (EQ) were stored for ten months at ‐20 ºC and 21 ºC. Storage changes in the biologically determined energy and protein values of the meals were monitored and related to changes in the chemical characteristics of the meal. Antioxidant treatment stabilised the meal lipid against oxidative changes resulting in loss of solubility, decline in iodine value and formation of peroxides and malonaldehyde. The effect of storage temperature on the course of oxidation depended upon whether the meal was treated with EQ. Lipid in meals without EQ tended to show greater change early in the storage period at ‐20 ºC. Antioxidant‐treated meals showed protection of the protein against changes leading to reduced digestibility and lysine availability. Either antioxidant treatment or storage at ‐20 ºC protected the biological availability of the energy‐supplying nutrients present in the meal.
Predicting dry matter digestibility from acid detergent fibre levels in grasses as affected by a pretreatment with neutral detergent
Authors: McLeod Mordaunt N. , Minson Dennis J.
Published: November 2006

Acid detergent fibre was determined on 50 grass samples of known in vivo dry matter digestibility with and without a preliminary extraction with neutral detergent. Pretreatment with neutral detergent reduced the mean yield of acid detergent fibre from 41.5 to 36.8%. This decrease in acid detergent fibre was mainly due to a reduction in the level of ash which accounted for 57% of the difference in fibre level.

The error in predicting dry matter digestibility of all feeds from acid detergent fibre was ±3.5 digestibility units and was increased to ±3.8 units following neutral detergent pretreatment. When acid detergent fibre was expressed on an ash‐free basis the corresponding residual standard deviations were ±4.4 and ±4.5 units, respectively. It was concluded that a pretreatment with neutral detergent or expressing results on an ash‐free basis did not improve the accuracy in predicting dry matter digestibility from acid detergent fibre.
Prediction of the digestibility of forages by treatment of their cell walls with cellulolytic enzymes
Authors: Hartley Roy D. , Jones Edwin C. , Fenlon John S.
Published: November 2006

A method is described for the prediction of the in vivo digestibility (d.m.d.) and in vivo cell wall digestibility of grasses: it involves incubating grass cell walls with a commercial cellulase for 16 h and measuring the optical density of the filtrate at 324 nm (O.D.). The prediction equation is based on a highly significant correlation (r = 0.978) between O.D. and d.m.d. using a total of 27 samples of three species of grass with d.m.d. between 60 and 83. The method could not be used for the prediction of d.m.d. of red clover and sainfoin due to their filtrates having low O.D. values. A second method for the prediction of d.m.d. of grasses is also described and is based on a highly significant correlation between d.m.d. and the percentage of cell walls digested by cellulase (r = 0.962): similar comparisons for the legumes gave lower correlation coefficients. Using either the O.D. or gravimetric method, inclusion of cell wall content in the regression equations reduced the S.D. of d.m.d. predictions.
Varietal differences in the amino acid composition of barley grain during development and under varying nitrogen supply
Authors: Rhodes Anthony P. , Mathers John C.
Published: November 2006

The amino acid composition of developing grains of the barley varieties Hiproly and Maris Mink was studied from heading to maturity. Hiproly accumulated approximately 50% more nitrogen per seed than Maris Mink, but maintained a balance of amino acids typical of a low nitrogen barley. The effect of varying nitrogen supply on the amino acid composition of Hiproly and a number of commercial varieties was investigated by growing plants in gravel culture in the glasshouse. In the commercial varieties the proportions of glutamic acid, proline and phenylalanine in the protein were positively correlated with protein content but the levels of the essential amino acids, particularly lysine, showed a strong negative correlation with protein content. Hiproly, however, deviated significantly from this negative correlation of the essential amino acids with protein content.
Investigations of the chemical form of chromium in lucerne
Authors: Blincoe Clifton
Published: November 2006

Chromium in lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) exists as one or more anionic complexes of approximate molecular weight 2900. They migrate as a single band on paper electrophoresis and during anion exchange chromatography. The properties of the chromium complex(es) from lucerne are different from those reported for the “glucose tolerance factor” and for other trace elements in plants.
Digestion and absorption of lipids by sheep fed chopped and ground dried grass
Authors: Outen George E. , Beever David E. , Osbourn Dennis F.
Published: November 2006

Three wether sheep equipped with re‐entrant cannulae at the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum were given dried cocksfoot in the chopped or ground form and the samples of duodenal and ileal digesta and faeces obtained for both diets were analysed for individual long‐chain fatty acids. The total quantities of fatty acids entering the proximal duodenum (15.2 and 15.4 g/24 h on chopped and ground feed, respectively) were markedly higher than the amounts consumed (8.7 and 7.8 g/24 h, respectively), whilst losses within the small intestine were 13.9 and 14.2 g/24 h, respectively. None of these effects was found to be significantly influenced by the processing of the diet (P > 0.05). The quantity of C18 unsaturated fatty acids in the two feeds comprised 78% of the total fatty acids but the level of these acids was considerably reduced (19%) in duodenal digesta and was not significantly influenced by diet (P > 0.05), whilst the levels of stearic acid (C18:0) entering the small intestine were markedly increased on both diets.
The effect of short term storage on the albumen quality of shell eggs
Authors: Sills Victor E.
Published: November 2006

Certain physical changes occur naturally in the albumen of shell eggs when stored under cool conditions which cause the thick white to become thin. The whipping characteristics of the albumen are changed during this process but the functional performance of the albumen as measured by the angel food cake method is not affected to any marked degree.

Three 10‐day storage trials were undertaken using day‐old shell eggs which demonstrated that a significant loss of albumen performance did not occur until the storage temperature reached 18 ºC. This conclusion clearly indicates the importance of maintaining shell eggs under cool conditions between collection at the farm and commercial distribution by the egg floors, particularly during the summer season.
Automated analysis of available lysine and tyrosine in foodstuffs
Authors: Bailey Christopher J.
Published: November 2006

An automated chromatographic procedure for FDNBa‐available lysine determination is presented. “Available tyrosine” values can be obtained from the results and it is suggested that measurement of 100% tyrosine availability is a useful control for complete reaction of feedstuffs with FDNB. Application of the method to a range of feedstuffs confirmed the high availability of lysine in commercial feedstuffs. Using the tyrosine availability figures as a control, it is suggested that low values of lysine availability for fishmeal and meat and bone meal are an artifact but that grassmeal contains incompletely available lysine.
Toxicity of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L). to conventional and gnotobiotic rats
Authors: Rattray Edward A. S. , Palmer Robert , Pusztai Arpad
Published: November 2006

Raw and irradiated diets containing kidney beans as the sole source of protein and providing 10% crude protein (N × 6.25) produced severe weight loss, followed in some cases by death, in conventional hooded rats. The mean weight loss of the surviving rats exceeded the mean weight loss of control animals fed a non‐protein diet. When fed to gnotobiotic rats the irradiated bean diet produced a slight gain in the mean weight of the animals over the 10 day experimental period and a net protein utilisation (n.p.u.) of 16. This figure fell far short of the value of 52 estimated from the chemical score. Diets containing beans + casein, each providing 5% crude protein gave n.p.u. value of 53 in gnotobiotic rats, a figure which approached that anticipated from the chemical score of the diet (=61). In conventional rats the same diet gave n.p.u. values of 14 (non‐irradiated) and 16 (irradiated).
Batch dry rendering: Influence of processing conditions on meat meal quality
Authors: Herbert L. S. , Dillon J. F. , Macdonald M. W. , Skurray G. R.
Published: November 2006

A series of meat‐and‐bone meal samples was prepared during batch cycles in a commercial dry‐rendering plant, in which offal was cooked to the usual end‐point, then the cooker contents were held at high temperatures for prolonged periods. The expected decrease in nutritive value was not detected by chick assays even for meals that had been heated at 145 ºC for 2 h after end‐point. An apparent increase in nutritive value was detected in meals heated at 115 ºC for up to 80 min after end‐point. Since chick assays were carried out using diets similar to industrial formulations, it is concluded that the experimental processing conditions had no detrimental effect on the meals as feed additives. Available lysine values showed no trends with processing conditions and tended to confirm that the biological value of the meal protein had not suffered. Results of chemical analyses showed some variability, attributable mainly to sampling errors that are hard to avoid when obtaining a small sample representative of the 5 to 10‐kg portions of meal used in chick assays.
Batch dry rendering: Influence of raw materials and processing conditions on meat meal quality
Authors: Skurray G. R. , Herbert L. S.
Published: November 2006

Eleven meat meals were prepared by batch dry rendering hard and soft offal from sheep and beef cattle. Meat meals prepared from hard offal (sheep heads, calves heads and trotters) had high calcium and collagen contents and low essential amino acid contents. Their nutritive values as determined by chick growth tests were low. On the other hand meat meals prepared from soft offal (sheep guts and rumens) had low calcium and collagen contents and high essential amino acid contents and nutritive values.

Pressure cooking for ½ hour at 275 kPa tended to decrease the nutritive value of sheep heads and trotters but prolonged pressure cooking for 1½ hour at 275 kPa reversed the trend.

The greater influence of the raw materials on meat meal quality compared to the effects of processing were discussed.
Production of the mycotoxin, zearalenone, by Fusarium graminearum growing on stored grain. I. Grain storage at reduced temperatures
Authors: Sherwood Roger F. , Peberdy John F.
Published: November 2006

The limiting conditions of grain moisture content (m.c.) and storage temperature for growth of Fusarium and production of the mycotoxin, zearalenone, were defined in maize, wheat, barley and oat culture. Grain moisture content was the major influence on establishment of the fungus, but storage temperature directly affected the rate of zearalenone synthesis. All the grains tested were susceptible to invasion by Fusarium above 18% m.c. (calculated on a wet‐weight basis), even when stored at 7 ºC. In the range 15 to 18% m.c. the grain was increasingly at risk as the storage temperature was raised. Maximum zearalenone yields (500 to 2000 μg/g grain) were obtained in cultures stored at 12 and 18 ºC, even though mycelial growth had been reduced. At 25 ºC, where there was rapid mycelial growth and almost total utilisation of grain after two months' storage, toxin yields were seldom higher than 100 μg/g grain.
Rapid concurrent analysis of fruit sugars and acids by gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Heatherbell D. A.
Published: November 2006

A rapid and simple procedure for the separation, identification and quantitative analysis of common fruit sugars and non‐volatile organic acids has been developed. Acids were precipitated as their lead salts from fruit ethanolic extracts and the sugars in the remaining supernatant and washings were partitioned into aqueous methanol. These preparations with internal standards were dried and converted to their trimethylsilyl derivatives for analysis by gas‐liquid chromatography. In model studies, conditions which permitted full recovery of sugars from the lead salts of acids, while minimising the loss of acids, were investigated. For fruit acids reported present in measurable amounts (10 mg/100 g of fruit), replicate analysis of aliquots from the same extract was within ±5% for malonic, phosphoric, succinic, malic, citric, ascorbic and galacturonic acids and within ±12% for quinic acid. The use of the method, its advantages and limitations, in determining individual and total sugars and acids is illustrated on some New Zealand grown fruit (New Zealand grapefruit, mountain pawpaw, tangelo, apricot). Total sugars and total acids determined by this procedure gave comparable results with those obtained by using standard A.O.A.C. procedures.
Yield‐nutrient concentration relationships in young maize, as affected by applied nitrogen
Authors: Terman Gilbert L. , Allen Seward E.
Published: November 2006

Responses of maize (Zea mays L.) to several rates of N as ammonium nitrate and urea were determined on Mountview silt loam in greenhouse pots, with other nutrients applied uniformly. Harvests of tip halves of leaves, remaining tops and roots were made at 28, 36 and 47 days after planting. Yields of dry matter and uptake of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn by the maize tops increased markedly with amount of applied N and length of growth period. Concentrations of N, P, Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn both in leaves and entire tops also increased at 28 and 36 days with rate of applied N, but K concentrations decreased. Dilution of other nutrients with response to N was the dominant trend at 47 days. Concentrations of all nutrients in the roots decreased with continuing growth and most nutrients were diluted with increasing response to higher N rates as a result of greater translocation to the tops.
Yields of extracted leaf protein from hybrid Napier grass
Authors: Gore S. B. , Mungikar A. M. , Joshi R. N.
Published: November 2006

In connection with the production of leaf protein in quantity, the effects of fertilisers and frequency of cutting on the yields of dry matter and extractable protein were studied with hybrid Napier grass (gajraj) during 1969 to 1973 using a laboratory‐scale extraction unit. The protein N extracted ranged from 21 to 38%: extractability was not affected greatly by fertiliser treatment, but there were seasonal and yearly variations. With liberal dressings of fertilisers, the crop can be expected to yield 40 metric tons of dry matter, 6000 kg of crude protein and about 2000 kg of extractable protein from a hectare per year in India. The fibrous residue, even after two extractions, contains 6 to 12% of crude protein and could still be used as cattle feed.
Determination of the fat content of meat using nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Casey John C. , Miles Christopher A.
Published: November 2006

A nuclear magnetic resonance method has been used to measure the fat content of lean meat and the accuracy assessed by comparison with standard chemical methods. There were linear relationships between the nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) fat content and those determined by two standard chemical methods; the residual standard deviations being 0.2 and 0.16% of the wet weight for total and extractable fat methods, respectively.
Mechanical strength of raw beef from cold‐shortened muscles
Authors: Rhodes Douglas N. , Dransfield Eric
Published: November 2006

The resistance to shear of standard samples of raw beef varies in proportion to the degree of extension above rest length or inversely with shortening, an effect opposite to the increase in toughness in cooked meat which follows shortening. An hypothesis which accounts for this effect is tested and discussed in terms of the structure of muscle.
Potassium and the absorption of calcium and magnesium by potato plants from soil
Authors: Addiscott Thomas M.
Published: November 2006

Potato plants were grown in soil in pots with various additions of K2SO4. Before and after the tubers formed, plants were taken and detopped just above the soil. The xylem sap exuded from the stump was collected; the stems and petioles were macerated under distilled water and the diluted “whole stem sap” (representative of all stem cells) retained. The soil was extracted with distilled water.

The K2SO4 increased the Ca and Mg concentrations in the soil extract, but consistently decreased the Ca concentration in the exuded xylem sap. Before the tubers formed, the Mg concentration in the exuded sap decreased with the smaller K additions but increased again with the larger; after the tubers formed, K had little effect on it. Giving K2SO4 sharply decreased the concentrations of both Ca and Mg in the “whole stem sap”.

Explanations for these observations are offered in terms of the possible influence of K nutrition on the potential difference between the xylem sap and the soil solution and on the phloem translocation of Mg into the roots from the tops.
Potassium and the distribution of calcium and magnesium in potato plants
Authors: Addiscott Thomas M.
Published: November 2006

In two experiments, varying amounts of K, and of K and Mg, were given to King Edward potato plants grown in soil in pots. Giving K decreased the Ca concentration in tuber dry matter but increased that of Mg more than giving Mg did; giving Mg did not increase the K concentration. The increased quantity of Mg in the tubers (18 to 50% of that in the plant) that resulted from added K was associated with decreased quantities in the stems and leaves because total Mg uptake was little altered. While the tubers were forming Mg moved from the stems if much K was given but not from the leaves; added K seemed to cause Mg to be diverted to the tubers without reaching the leaves. Only a small amount (about 5%) of the plants' Ca was in the tubers; this did not increase with K nutrition and so did not seem to be associated with the decrease in the quantity of Ca in the leaves that occurred with added K. These results are discussed in relation to the ways in which Ca and Mg may have entered the tubers.
Volatile constituents of leaf, stem and root oils of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum)
Authors: Wijesekera R. O. B. , Jayewardene A. L. , Rajapakse Lakshmi S.
Published: November 2006

Gas‐chromatographic analysis of the volatile oils of the leaves, stem‐bark and root‐bark of commercial cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), grown in Sri Lanka revealed interesting differences between them. All three oils possessed the same array of monoterpene hydrocarbons though in different proportions. The main constituents of leaf, bark and root oils are eugenol, cinnamaldehyde and camphor, respectively. Besides these, several other significant differences were observed. α‐Ylangene, methyl and ethyl cinnamate in leaf oil, benzyl benzoate in bark oil and 4‐terpinene‐1‐ol in root‐bark oil are reported for the first time.
The action of a muscle proteinase on the myofibrillar proteins of bovine muscle
Authors: Penny Ian F.
Published: November 2006

Myofibrillar proteins from bovine muscle have been treated with a Ca2+ activated muscle proteinase and the consequent changes in these proteins have been examined by various techniques. Tropomyosin, α‐actinin and troponin were substrates for the enzyme, the last losing its property of inhibiting actomyosin ATPase in the absence of Ca2+ ions. Actin and actomyosin were apparently not digested but the Mg2+‐activated ATPase activity of actomyosin was less after treatment whereas the Ca2+‐activated ATPase was unaffected. It is suggested that the observed destruction of the Z‐bands of the myofibrils by this proteinase is due to its digestion of the α‐actinin, rather than the actin component.
Death rate of Salmonella oranienburg in fish meals as influenced by autoxidation treatment
Authors: Lamprecht Engela C. , Elliott Marguerite C.
Published: November 2006

Fish meals and fish flour with low oil content were artificially infected with Salmonella oranienburg. In nine trials the effect of moisture content, temperature, atmospheric oxygen content, addition of an antioxidant, ethoxyquin (EQ) and of some short chain unsaturated organic acids, crude fish oil, a highly unsaturated fraction of fish oil, the free fatty acids derived from this fraction and of different extracts of fish meals on the death rate of Salmonella, was studied.

Elevated temperature (30 ºC), an oxygen atmosphere and material containing highly unsaturated oils or fatty acids accelerated Salmonella death rate. EQ was shown not to have a bactericidal action and when added in conjunction with highly unsaturated oil or fatty acids counteracted the bactericidal effect of these materials. A high death rate seemed to accompany active oxidation in the test media.