bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surgical Palatomaxilloschisis: An Avenue to the Pterygomaxillary Space
Authors: Tenta Louis T. , Caldarelli David D. , Keyes Geoffrey R.
Published: January 2017

The pterygomaxillary space (PMS) is a potential reservoir for expansion of the neoplasms originating in the epipharynx. Palatotomic and mandibulotomic approaches to this secluded site have been reported.

The advantages of surgical palatomaxilloschisis are twofold. First, the exposure of the operative field is panoramic. Second, the carotid arterial system is identifiable prior to surgical intervention.

The triangular pterygomaxillary recess is bounded superiorly by the greater wing of the sphenoid, posteriorly by the pterygoid process and anteriorly by the dorsal convexity of the posterior wall of the maxilla. Ascending laterally to the PMS in its route to penetrate the temporal bone is the internal carotid artery.

In Particular, juvenile angiofibromas which originate in the epipharynx may in their growth encroach upon the bounds of the PMS. The surgical objective is not only to extirpate the neoplasm but also to safeguard the carotid arterial system which may be displaced by the new growth and thereby become a surgical hazard.

A clinical experience illustrates the applicability of this approach.
Combined Therapy vs Curative Radiation in the Treatment of Pyriform Sinus Carcinoma
Authors: Persky Mark S. , Daly John F.
Published: January 2017

An attempt has been made to compare the long‐term results using preoperative radiation and surgery with radiation therapy alone in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the pyriform sinus. There is a 33% survival for the combined therapy group and a 6% survival for the curative radiation group. Large primary lesions and the presence of cervical adenopathy portend a grave prognosis. The various surgical procedures used are presented with the extent of the primary lesion as the determining factor.
The Bookend Nasal Septal Splint
Authors: Fischer Newton D. , Biggers W. Paul , Macdonald Henry J.
Published: January 2017

A malleable nasal septal splint is presented. Its purpose is to hold the septum in the midline, and to depress the floor of the inlet over the premaxillary wings. Blunting of the nasal valves is avoided. This appliance can be both firmly seated and well tolerated, since its pedestals can be curved up laterally within the lateral crura. Additional splints can be threaded onto the first one to reach high posterior synechiae. A useful modification is provided to support nasal bones when nasal packing must be avoided.
Dextranomer (Debrisan)
Authors: Koopmann Charles F. , Coulthard Stanley W.
Published: January 2017

CHAIRMAN'S COMMENTS: The management of open and infected wounds is one of those disagreeable tasks that face all surgeons. Infected wounds in the head and neck require extensive nursing care and are associated with high morbidity and an appreciable incidence of mortality.

Koopmann and Coulthard, from the University of Arizona, relate their experiences with a new agent, Dextranomer (Debrisan), that has shown remarkable ability for cleaning and debriding infected wounds. This material will be of interest to all otolaryngologists who deal with this problem.
Flamingo Forceps for Use in Microscopic Antrostomy
Authors: Dixon Hamilton S.
Published: January 2017

The Flamingo forceps is an upbiting cup forceps with an angulated shaft of 73/8 in for use in the maxillary sinus using the operating microscope. The design is such that the surgeon's hand is not in the line of vision and the instrument can be used on the right or left side and in various directions.
Evaluation of Systemic Absorption of Intraturbinally Injected Triamcinolone
Authors: Mabry Richard L.
Published: January 2017

As measured by depression of plasma Cortisol following intranasal injection of 40 mg triamcinolone acetonide, slight systemic absorption was evident after three days in approximately 60% of patients studied, with some depression of plasma Cortisol lasting up to one week in 30% of patients studied. However, Cortisol values were not lowered below normal limits at any time. No adrenal suppression was apparent after repeated injections. Comparison is made with the effect on plasma Cortisol of triamcinolone administered by intramuscular or intra‐articular injection.
Acute Coalescent Mastoiditis
Authors: Holt G. Richard , Young William C.
Published: January 2017

A retrospective review of 11 cases of acute coalescent mastoiditis from 1974 to 1979 is presented. The common historical data include the recent onset of purulent otitis media, which was often incompletely treated with antibiotics, and fever, lethargy, and irritability. The eardrums were red, bulging, and usually intact. A postauricular abscess was present, and the affected ear protruded downward and outward. The mastoid radiographs invariably showed cloudiness and dissolution of the air cell septations. Initial therapy included paracentesis for culture and sensitivity, and initiation of parenteral antibiotics. Surgical therapy consisted of wide myringotomy, drainage of the postauricular abscess, and complete mastoidectomy. Hearing was normal postoperatively in all cases.
Detailed Investigation of Alaryngeal Speech to Elucidate Etiology of Variation in Quality
Authors: Kelly David R. , Adamovich Brenda L.B. , Roberts Thomas A.
Published: January 2017

Multiple parameters in the postlaryngectomy patient were statistically investigated with regard to acquisition and quality of alaryngeal speech. The 15 most significant variables are discussed. Esophageal peristalsis occurred during attempts to inject air for vocalization in 100% of the poor or nonspeakers. This may serve as an early indication to proceed with a synthetic vocal prosthesis.
Otospongiosis: Morphologic and Microchemical Investigation after Naf‐Treatment
Authors: Bretlau Paul , Hansen Hans Jørgen , Causse Jean , Causse Jean‐Bernard
Published: January 2017

Element analysis of microareas of otospongiotic specimens is described. A total of 36 otospongiotic stapes are ultrasectioned without decalcification and examined using a transmission and a scanning electron microscope (STEM‐mode). The latter was equipped with an energy dispersive x‐ray analyzer. Twenty of the stapes came from patients who have had sodium fluoride (NaF) treatment (15 to 45 mg/day) for a minimum of 12 months. The otospongiotic stapes are classified as spongiotic and sclerotic according to their pathologic characteristics and state of mineralization. Using the Ca/P ratio as criterion—measured by the characteristic x‐ray fluorescence—it was shown in a blind study that the NaF‐treated otospongiotic stapes had a statistically higher Ca/P ratio, indicating that the fluoride may stabilize otospongiotic lesions, particularly the spongiotic type with unstable mineralization.
Reconstruction of the Mandible: Use of Combined Homologous Mandible and Autologous Bone
Authors: Defries Hugh O.
Published: January 2017

Loss of portions of the mandible as a result of trauma or cancer surgery poses a difficult problem in reconstruction. Experience in the use of the mandibular homograft combined with autologous bone and bone marrow in 26 patients is reviewed. It is evident that this method of reconstruction has many advantages but is a failure in patients who have received radiation therapy to the recipient site.
Internal Carotid Artery as Source of Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy Hemorrhage
Authors: Osguthorpe J. David , Adkins Warren Y. , Putney F. Johnson , Hungerford G. Douglas
Published: January 2017

There is a 1% incidence of congenital internal carotid tortuosity, which places this vessel into apposition with the superior pharyngeal constrictor instead of its usual location 2 to 3 cm lateral to it. Two angiographically documented cases are reported and the embryologic cause of this anomaly is discussed. Palpation of the pharyngeal wall prior to tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy is recommended.
Reflux Esophagitis: A Cause of Globus
Authors: Weisskopf Alex
Published: January 2017

It has been discovered that many of the vague throat symptoms designated as globus are due to gastroesophageal reflux. Several illustrative cases are reported to demonstrate the gamut of symptoms that may be encountered and their means of control.
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity
Authors: Olsen Kerry D. , Devine Kenneth D. , Weiland Louis H.
Published: January 2017

From 1950 through 1975, 54 patients with mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the oral cavity were treated at the Mayo Clinic. Metastatic disease occurred in 13 patients; nine patients died of their disease. Mucoepidermoid tumors of the hard palate should be treated by partial maxillectomy. Complete neck dissection is necessary for tumors larger than 2 cm in the base of the tongue. Other intraoral mucoepidermoid carcinomas are treated by wide surgical excision.
Anisocoria with Orbital Floor Fractures: Worry and Wait
Authors: Stillwater Lyle B. , Levine Paul A.
Published: January 2017

We present a new complication: Transient pupillary dilatation in an eye that sustained a posterior orbital floor blow‐out fracture. By reviewing the neural pathways involved with pupillary motor function, we surmise the causes of this complication to include trauma to the ciliary ganglion, short ciliary nerves, or the parasympathetic motor root. This type of injury has only recently been reported in the ophthalmologic literature, and has not, prior to this report, been included in the otolaryngologic literature.
Current Concepts of Malignant Hyperthermia
Authors: Jafek Bruce W. , Solomons C.C. , Masson N.C. , Mahowald M.C. , Gumprecht T.F.
Published: January 2017

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a chemically induced, genetic myopathy characterized by metabolic and respiratory acidosis, arrhythmias, hyperpyrexia, and muscular rigidity usually occurring during or within 24 hours postanesthesia. It is initiated by some anesthetic drugs, muscle relaxants, and possibly by catecholamines produced by stress. The incidence of the disease is 1:15,000 in populations who have received a general anesthetic. A recently developed platelet bioassay test allows for rapid identification of the susceptible individual, while medication with dantrolene sodium can usually prevent or reverse the syndrome.
Neonatal Laryngeal Fibromatosis
Authors: Close Lanny Garth , Rosenberg Harvey S. , Vogler Carole , Warshaw Herman E.
Published: January 2017

Two cases of fibromatosis arising in the larynx of neonates are presented, and the literature is reviewed. This tumor represents a rare cause for airway obstruction occurring clinically at birth or early in the neonatal period. Diagnosis and management of this benign but potentially life‐threatening lesion are discussed.
A Complication in the Use of a Fogarty Catheter for Foreign Body Removal during Bronchoscopic Management
Authors: Carpenter Robert J. , Snyder G. Gordon
Published: January 2017

The Fogarty catheter, developed originally for the removal of intravascular thrombi, has been used in recent years as an aid in bronchoscopic foreign body removal. Complications with the use of a Fogarty catheter are rare. We report the separation of the tip of a Fogarty catheter from the catheter body during rigid bronchoscopic management with resultant lodging of the catheter tip out of bronchoscopic range in the peripheral lower lobe of the lung. Use of a Fogarty catheter during bronchoscopic intervention is discussed as is the availability of different catheter models and their possible problems.
Pectoralis Myocutaneous Flap for Chin Augmentation
Authors: Conley John J. , Parke Robert B.
Published: January 2017

Radical resection of the anterior portion of the oral cavity, including a portion of the tongue, floor of the mouth, mandible, and neck, has always been, and remains, a perplexing problem in immediate rehabilitation of the area of the oral cavity and mentum. In the past, these deformities were classified as “Andy Gump.” Attempts at correction of this deformity are protracted and complex. The use of the pectoralis myocutaneous flap offers an improvement in the concept of management in that it supplies a skin lining for the oral cavity and augments the chin and neck in a single‐stage procedure that may be combined with the primary operation.
Early Antigen Titers in Pediatric Patients with Acute Cervical Lymphadenitis
Authors: Boyd Edwyn L. , McClung James E. , Veltri Robert W. , Sprinkle Philip M.
Published: January 2017

Eight pediatric patients with acute cervical lymphadenitis or neck mass, alone or in association with nonspecific upper respiratory complaints, were screened for the presence of a primary or reactivation Epstein‐Barr virus infection. All were found to have elevated antibodies to the early antigen (EA) and 75% (6) of these were found to be reactivations. Only one had a positive heterophile. Half of the patients had elevation of the EA‐specific IgA, and 75% (6) had elevation of viral capsid antigen‐specific IgA. All had elevated levels of soluble immune complexes. There was not a direct relationship between the EA titer or soluble immune complex level and severity of disease.
Total Extrathoracic Neoesophageal Construction by Combined Cutaneous and Myoepithelial Flaps
Authors: Tenta Louis T. , Keyes Geoffrey R.
Published: January 2017

The combined use of skin‐lined deltopectoral cutaneous and pectoralis major‐serratus anterior myoepithelial flaps to construct a total extrathoracic neoesophagus provides the surgeon with an effective, low‐morbidity technique, previously unreported, which may be employed as a method for, or as an adjunct to, enterocolonogastric replacement of the thoracic esophagus. The combined myoepitheliocutaneous flaps are surgically manuevered in a novel yet elementary method that culminates in the development of a total extrathoracic neoesophagus.
Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid Masquerading as Idiopathic Vocal Cord Paralysis
Authors: Hays Leonard L. , Luqman Wijdan A. , Davis R. Kim , Smith Dick R.
Published: January 2017

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) may masquerade for months as idiopathic vocal cord paralysis, especially in patients whose thyroid is difficult to accurately and completely palpate. A case of vocal cord paralysis secondary to invasion of the recurrent laryngeal nerve by nonfamilial MCT in a nonpalpable portion of the tracheoesophageal groove is presented. Serum calcitonin by radioimmunoassay proved to be the only definitive preoperative diagnostic test. This assay is also an effective marker to establish evidence of residual or recurrent disease.
Maturational Change of Early, Middle, and Late Components of the Auditory Evoked Responses in Rats
Authors: Iwasa Hideyuki , Potsic William P.
Published: January 2017

Using the far‐field averaging method, observations were made on the early, middle, and late components of auditory evoked responses (AER) in rat pups. These AERs, as well as a myogenic response, all appeared at nearly the same age—the 12th to 14th postnatal day. Latency decreased and amplitude increased rapidly during the two‐week period following the first appearance of responses. Early in the development of these responses a new wave appeared that had a shorter latency than wave I.
Tilt Responses of Semicircular Canal Primary Afferents
Authors: Clegg Tom , Perachio Adrian A. , Correia Manning J.
Published: January 2017

The purpose of our study was to determine the sensitivity of semicircular canal afferents to linear acceleration in intact animals prepared to preserve the physical integrity of the end organ and nerve. The responses of physiologically identified lateral and vertical canal afferents to static head tilts are described, and the implications of these findings, especially with regard to positional nystagmus, are discussed.
Transsphenoidal Surgery for Tumors of the Clivus
Authors: Laws Edward R.
Published: January 2017

Chordoma of the clivus is an uncommon lesion that can be difficult to manage. The transsphenoidal approach is useful in many cases and can provide the optimal means of exposure for lesions of the midclivus. In selected cases this route may be used for biopsy, for radical surgical removal, and for palliation of extensive or recurrent lesions.
The surgical exposure of penetrating injuries to the carotid artery at the skull base
Authors: Goldsmith Manning Miles , Postma Duncan S. , Jones F. Douglas
Published: January 2017

Injuries of the Internal carotid artery at the skull base present complex technical problems for the surgeon. Exposure is difficult, distal control of the vessel for shunting or repair is frequently impossible, and thus ligation of the ICA is often necessary as definitive treatment. Three cases involving penetrating Injury to the carotid artery at the skull base are presented. The issue of primary repair vs. ligation for carotid injuries is briefly addressed, and the various methods of surgical exposure of the distal extra‐cranial ICA are reviewed.
Implantable Venous Access Device: Use in Patients with Advanced Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Gruber Benjamin , Moran William J. , Vokes Everett E. , Dobleman Thomas J. , Shaw Gary Y. , Guarnieri Carol M. , Panje William R.
Published: January 2017

As a result of prolonged hospitalizations and the frequent administration of sclerosing antibiotics and/or chemotherapeutic agents, vascular access frequently becomes difficult in patients with advanced head and neck carcinoma. Eighty‐six totally implantable venous access devices were placed in 83 patients with advanced head and neck cancer to facilitate the administration of continuous intravenous infusion chemotherapy. Complications relating to surgical placement or usage of the device occurred in 29 of 86 ports (34%), leading to the removal of eight devices (9%). The implantation of two devices required revision. There were no serious sequelae from any of the complications. The port facilitated the administration of home chemotherapy in 11 patients. Because of our favorable experience, we now routinely recommend placement of these devices to all patients with advanced head and neck cancer at ourinstitution.
Rhinitis during pregnancy and rhinitis medicamentosa
Authors: Lekas Mary D.
Published: January 2017

Vasomotor rhinitis is a nonspecific disorder that is caused neither by infection nor allergy but rather by an imbalance of the autonomic nervous system with a preponderant action of parasympathetic fibers on nasal blood vessels. Rhinitis during pregnancy appears to result from the increased production of estrogen; increased estrogen levels caused by treatment, puberty, or liver disease may also cause rhinitis. Nasal saline mist, antihistamines, and topical corticosteroids are recommended; intranasal corticosteroid injections are also useful but must be administered under expert care. Rhinitis medicamentosa results from overuse of topical vasoconstrictors, which produce a rebound phenomenon. Rebound can also result from numerous medications, including antihypertensive preparations that reduce catecholamine levels, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and tranquilizers. Management of rhinitis medicamentosa consists in limiting the use of vasoconstrictors to no more than 3 days and giving the patient saline nasal sprays, daytime oral vasoconstrictors, and nocturnal antihistamines. Corticosteroids, preferably topical nasal steroids rather than even a short‐term course of systemic administration, should also be used.
Immunotherapy: Rationale and mechanisms
Authors: Gordon Bruce R.
Published: January 2017

Immunotherapy is defined as the controlled exposure to known allergens to reduce the severity of the allergic response. Although available since 1910, its exact mechanism of action is not known but may involve an increase in allergen‐specific IgG antibodies, a decrease in IgE synthesis, and alteration in T‐lymphocyte activity. Immunotherapy is indicated in patients with proven allergy who have significant symptoms. It may be used together with pharmacologic measures but is relatively contraindicated in patients receiving β‐blocker therapy. Immunotherapy may be continued during pregnancy and should not be initiated in patients with autoimmune diseases or in human immunodeficiency virus‐positive patients. Selection of appropriate diagnostic tests is important. Before immunotherapy is considered, there are two recommended in vivo tests (combined prick and intradermal skin test, and skin end point titration) and two recommended in vitro tests (radioallergosorbent test [RAST] and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays [ELISA]), all equally safe and sensitive. After appropriate test interpretation, treatment is initiated with slowly escalating doses of allergen. Effects are often apparent in 3 to 6 months and, after continuation for 3 to 5 years, patients usually achieve lasting benefit.
Crime, Punishment, and Victim Distress
Authors: Tontodonato Pamela , Erez Edna
Published: January 2017

The costs of crime to victims are well-known and research has described the physical, emotional, and financial injuries sustained by crime victims. To date, however, there has been little empirical work which investigates the correlates of victim distress vis-à-vis victim involvement in the criminal justice process. The present study explores the role played by the criminal justice experience in victim distress level and the relative importance of victim, offense, and system participation variables. Multivariate analysis revealed that the level of distress following the victimization is largely a function of offense type, victim perception of sentence severity, and victim demographic characteristics of sex and age. Investigation of the factors predictive of current victim distress level indicated that receiving restitution and the level of distress following the victimization are most important, in addition to the personal characteristics of race and marital status. The implications of these findings for research on victim participation and for policy concerning crime victims are discussed.
Epidemiology of Prostatic Cancer
Authors: Debré B. , Geraud M. , Flam T. , Steg A.
Published: January 2017

The worldwide incidence of prostatic cancer derived from data published by the Union Internationale contre Ie Cancer and the International Red Cross Committee has been estimated to be 200 000 new cases each year. Cases occur predominantly in the USA (75 per 100 000) and in northern Europe (40 per 100 000), whereas the incidence is low in Asia. Comparison of clinical series and autopsies confirms the high incidence of cancer in older age groups, although not all cases are seen clinically. Mortality increases more slowly than the incidence of the disease, indicating that diagnosis and treatment are increasingly effective. Aetiological factors remain the subject of much discussion, without any criteria appearing to be dominant.

L'incidence du cancer prostatique dans le monde, selon les publications de l'Union Internationale contre le Cancer et le Comité International de la Croix-Rouge (International Red Cross Committee) a été estiméeà 200 000 nouveaux cas par an avec une prédominance aux Etats-Unis (75 par 100 000) et en Europe du nord (40 par 100 000), les pays asiatiques se voyant épargnés. La comparaison de séries cliniques et d'autopsies confirme la haute incidence de ce cancer chez les personnes plus âgées, bien que tous les cas n'aient pas été vérifiés en pratique clinique. La mortalité croît moins vite que l'incidence de la maladie, ce qui traduit une meilleure performance du diagnostic et du traitement. Les données étiologiques restent très controversées sans critère dominant.

L'incidenza del cancro prostatico su scala mondiale, sulla base dei dati pubblicati dalla Union Internationale contre le Cancer e dal Comitate della Croce Rossa Internazionale, è stata stimata in circa 200.000 nuovi casi all'anno. La maggiore incidenza di casi si riscontra negli USA (75 su 100.000) e nell'Europa Settentrionale (40 su 100.000), mentre si registra un'incidenza minore in Asia. Il confronto delle cartelle cliniche e dei risultati delle autopsie conferma l'elevata incidenza del cancro nei gruppi di soggetti di et à più avanzata, sebbene non tutti i casi siano stati considerati clinicamente. Il tasso di mortalité registra un incremento più lento rispetto all'incidenza délia malattia, il che indica che le metodologie diagnostiche e terapeutiche divengono sempre più efficaci. I fattori eziologici rimangono l'oggetto di notevoli discussioni, senza che sia stato ancora individuato alcun criterio prédominante.
Telephone Surveys as an Alternative for Estimating Prevalence of Mental Disorders and Service Utilization: A Montreal Catchment Area Study
Authors: Fournier Louise , Lesage Alain D , Toupin Jean , Cyr Mireille
Published: January 2017

Background:

Large-scale mental health surveys have provided invaluable information regarding the prevalence of specific mental disorders and service use for mental health reasons. Unfortunately, because vast surveys conducted face to face are very costly, many countries and provinces do not embark upon this path of research, thus depriving themselves of a rich source of data useful for service planning.

Method:

As an alternative, the authors undertook a telephone survey with a sample of 893 residents from a Montreal catchment area. Mental disorders were assessed by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Simplified (CIDIS), an instrument especially designed to be used in mail or telephone surveys. Service utilization was measured by an instrument similar to those used in recent large Canadian or American surveys.

Results:

The prevalence rate for any mental disorder was lower in this study than in some large-scale epidemiological surveys reviewed. This could be explained by methodological differences, such as number of disorders covered and period of reference. With regard to specific mental disorders, results appeared very similar to those of other studies. Concerning service utilization, rates tended to be higher than in other studies, and this finding could reflect real differences between Quebec and other Canadian provinces or the United States.

Conclusions:

Aside from being lower in cost, telephone surveys can yield results comparable to those obtained in large-scale epidemiological surveys conducted by means of face-to-face interviews.
Expression of Depressed Mood: A Comparative Study among Japanese and Canadian Aged People
Authors: Komahashi Toru , Ganesan Soma , Ohmori Kenichi , Nakano Takashi
Published: January 2017

Objective:

To investigate differences of expression regarding depressed mood between Japanese and Canadian aged people.

Method:

The Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) was applied to people aged 65 and over in Ohira, Japan, and Steveston, British Columbia, Canada.

Results:

The number of subjects who filled out the SDS completely was 2180 for the Japanese sample and 183 for the Canadian sample. The mean SDS indexes of the Japanese and the Canadian samples were 44.03 and 44.34, respectively. The Canadian sample showed a higher average score in 11 items out of 20, whereas the Japanese sample showed a higher score on only 4 items. The factor analysis of those samples showed only small differences.

Conclusions:

The Canadian sample showed a higher average score in more items compared with the Japanese sample. This indicates that Canadian aged people express their depressed moods more clearly and spontaneously than Japanese aged people.
Imbricated Spaces
Authors: Loughran Kevin
Published: January 2017

This article explores how the socio-spatial relationship between cities and nature is changing under the cultural conditions of the twenty-first century. I argue that contemporary urban parks such as New York’s High Line, along with less cultivated sites of city-nature intersections such as vacant lots, represent variations of an emergent type of social space, which I term imbricated spaces. Imbricated spaces present “city” and “nature” as active agents in their creation through the decay of the built environment and the growth of the natural environment. The transformation of city-nature imbrications into culturally valued spaces, whether through architectural intervention, artistic representation, or phenomenological experience, reflects that such spaces not only have wide resonance but that their growing presence on the urban landscape is correlated with a broader recognition of how nonhuman agency—in particular, climate change and industrial decay—is shaping the social spaces of contemporary cities.
Carbon Dioxide Laser Upper Lid Blepharoplasty
Authors: Baker Sterling S.
Published: January 2017

A technique for CO2 upper lid blepharoplasty is presented. Disadvantages and complications are discussed. Conclusions include the comparative advantages of decreased intraoperative hemorrhage and postoperative ecchymoses, shortened operative time and improved patient satisfaction.
Lasers: Review of Current Systems and Applications
Authors: Newman Julius , Brandow Kirk R.
Published: January 2017

For years, dermatologists have treated vascular and cutaneous lesions with lasers, but only recently have cosmetic surgeons begun to realize the potential applications and advantages of lasers over convential “cold steel.” In the past lasers were inordinately expensive, complicated to maintain, and cumbersome to use. As a result of these problems and a relative lack of experience many physicians believed that lasers were “gimmicks” or “marketing tools.” Today, however, they are less costly, more compact, and easier to maintain. Handheld fiberoptics and contact tips simplify their mode of application and emulate the sensory feedback of a surgical scalpel. This article will attempt to foster a better understanding of lasers by reviewing the currently available systems, their individual functions, and their unique application.
The Cottle Push down Operation
Authors: Drumheller Glenn W.
Published: January 2017

The “push down” operation was developed by Maurice H. Cottle, M.D., of Chicago. This operation was developed as a more physiologic approach to the management of hump noses. This operation grew out of Dr. Cottle's observation of nasal trauma and his expertise with the handling of nasal septum deformities. He realized that there was a particular degree of support to the nasal dorsum given by the cartilaginous septum. Traditional hump removal, which involves amputation of the roof of the nasal dorsum, has serious physiologic and anatomical sequelae that are avoided using the push down operation. The push down operation not only lowers the dorsum of the nose, but also eliminates prominent bony humps. This effect is due to the flexibility of the chondro-osseous joint between the nasal bones and the cartilaginous vault. This area is known as the “K” area or keystone area. This is where the septum, upper lateral cartilages, and nasal bones join. This junction provides a hinge-like action, allowing for straightening of the dorsum and hump reduction. When performing the push down operation, the operating surgeon must have a thorough knowledge of septum, pyramid, and tip anatomy. The key to the push down operation is the septum, and thorough knowledge of its normal and abnormal anatomy is imperative.
Cellulite (Liposclerosis): Etiology and Treatment
Authors: Leibaschoff Gustavo H.
Published: January 2017

This article discusses in detail the pathophysiology of liposclerosis (cellulite). Clinical classifications, phytotherapeutic medications, and treatment methods are tabulated and discussed. Lymphoedema is identified as a major factor in the etiology of cellulite formation. The causes of lymphoedema with fibrosclerosis and dermal retraction as they relate to the formation of cellulite are presented.
High Tech Home Care: Surviving and Prospering in a Changing Environment
Authors: Viall Carolyn D. , Crocker Kathleen S. , Hennessy Kathryn A. , Orr Marsha E.
Published: January 2017

Managed care, downsizing, mergers, acquisitions, and fierce competition. Clinicians entering the home care setting may find that, in addition to clinical expertise, their marketability depends on a set of new skills.
The politics of skill and potential in an ‘emerging’ region: Upskilling initiatives in Istanbul
Authors: Hoyng Rolien
Published: January 2017

This article examines upskilling programs that involve information and communication technologies in the city of Istanbul, Turkey. While their learning aims range from basic computer skills to entrepreneurship and innovativeness, upskilling programs do not just stimulate skills and potential to learn, create and collaborate. They also introduce discourses and techniques that govern the latter. This article analyzes the politics of skill and potential in the so-called ‘emerging region’, where potential as a human resource becomes articulated to prognosticated macro-economic development yet where skill trends are equivocal. Focusing on both the curriculum design of upskilling programs and everyday practices of learning, I explore the subjection of skill and potential to rationalities of macro-economic development and informational-capitalist logics of accumulation as well as the possibility of resistance to such subjection. To this end, this article designs a nexus of upskilling/deskilling and empowerment/disempowerment, which highlights empirical and normative complexities in the debate on skill trends in cultural studies and adjacent fields.
Evaluating Behavioral Treatment of Disruptive Classroom Behaviors of an Adolescent with Autism
Authors: Gerdtz John
Published: January 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate on-site, behavioral treatment of the disruptive classroom behaviors of a 16-year-old, male, high school student diagnosed as having autism. Method: A descriptive analysis of the problem behaviors was conducted. A number of behavioral treatments, including environmental modification, relaxation training, and self-monitoring, were introduced under the direction of a social worker. Results: Seriously disruptive behaviors were reduced to zero frequency, and the frequency of less severe disruptive behaviors was also reduced. Outcomes remained positive during 1 year of intervention. Conclusion: Descriptive assessment and on-site behavioral interventions are potentially effective interventions for social workers treating disruptive behaviors of clients with autism and related developmental disabilities.
Influence of adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction algorithm on image quality in coronary computed tomography angiography
Authors: Precht Helle , Thygesen Jesper , Gerke Oke , Egstrup Kenneth , Waaler Dag , Lambrechtsen Jess
Published: January 2017

Background

Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) requires high spatial and temporal resolution, increased low contrast resolution for the assessment of coronary artery stenosis, plaque detection, and/or non-coronary pathology. Therefore, new reconstruction algorithms, particularly iterative reconstruction (IR) techniques, have been developed in an attempt to improve image quality with no cost in radiation exposure.

Purpose

To evaluate whether adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR) enhances perceived image quality in CCTA compared to filtered back projection (FBP).

Material and Methods

Thirty patients underwent CCTA due to suspected coronary artery disease. Images were reconstructed using FBP, 30% ASIR, and 60% ASIR. Ninety image sets were evaluated by five observers using the subjective visual grading analysis (VGA) and assessed by proportional odds modeling. Objective quality assessment (contrast, noise, and the contrast-to-noise ratio [CNR]) was analyzed with linear mixed effects modeling on log-transformed data. The need for ethical approval was waived by the local ethics committee as the study only involved anonymously collected clinical data.

Results

VGA showed significant improvements in sharpness by comparing FBP with ASIR, resulting in odds ratios of 1.54 for 30% ASIR and 1.89 for 60% ASIR ( P = 0.004). The objective measures showed significant differences between FBP and 60% ASIR ( P < 0.0001) for noise, with an estimated ratio of 0.82, and for CNR, with an estimated ratio of 1.26.

Conclusion

ASIR improved the subjective image quality of parameter sharpness and, objectively, reduced noise and increased CNR.
Lloyd and Susanne Rudolph: In Memoriam
Authors: Sarangi Asha
Published: January 2017

Lloyd and Susanne Rudolph were globally acclaimed scholars of India at the University of Chicago where they spent nearly four decades of their lives teaching and researching on India and South Asia. Their numerous works done in this intellectual partnership of more than six decades produced paradigmatic shift both methodologically and thematically in the study of Indian society and politics, more specifically about the nature of Indian state and its democratic institutionalism. Their critical concern for India about its experiments with democratic institutions and modernity of tradition was in consonance with their convictions about the durability of Indian social ethos and structures of social and political life. They belonged to the first generation of ‘area specialists’ who returned to their subjects of inquiry regularly with a critical gaze and newer perspectives over the years. For them, the field of study became an intellectual habitus that they nurtured with great discipline, care, conscience and craft.
Embryo–epithelium interactions during implantation at a glance
Authors: Aplin John D. , Ruane Peter T.
Published: January 2017

At implantation, with the acquisition of a receptive phenotype in the uterine epithelium, an initial tenuous attachment of embryonic trophectoderm initiates reorganisation of epithelial polarity to enable stable embryo attachment and the differentiation of invasive trophoblasts. In this Cell Science at a Glance article, we describe cellular and molecular events during the epithelial phase of implantation in rodent, drawing on morphological studies both in vivo and in vitro, and genetic models. Evidence is emerging for a repertoire of transcription factors downstream of the master steroidal regulators estrogen and progesterone that coordinate alterations in epithelial polarity, delivery of signals to the stroma and epithelial cell death or displacement. We discuss what is known of the cell interactions that occur during implantation, before considering specific adhesion molecules. We compare the rodent data with our much more limited knowledge of the human system, where direct mechanistic evidence is hard to obtain. In the accompanying poster, we represent the embryo–epithelium interactions in humans and laboratory rodents, highlighting similarities and differences, as well as depict some of the key cell biological events that enable interstitial implantation to occur.
The role of technology in clinical trials using stereotactic body radiotherapy
Authors: Aznar Marianne , Romero Alejandra Méndez , Heijmen Ben J M
Published: January 2017

Stereotactic body radiotherapy is a highly technology-driven treatment modality. The wider availability of in-room imaging and advanced radiotherapy delivery techniques has led to more institutions offering stereotactic ablative therapy (SABR). While some technological challenges remain, the crucial point for the next generation of SABR clinical trials is that today's technology is used correctly and close to its optimal potential for accuracy. The credentialing procedure of SABR needs to be extensive, but this investment will benefit the trial itself, the patients and the professionals involved.
EPHect – the Endometriosis Phenome (and Biobanking) Harmonisation Project – may be very helpful for clinicians and the women they are treating
Authors: Miller Laura M. , Johnson Neil P.
Published: January 2017

This article acts as a summary of the recently published papers by the World Endometriosis Research Foundation aiming to set up the Endometriosis Phenome and Biobanking Harmonisation Project.  The objective of this project is to standardise recording of patient history and characteristics, recording of surgical procedure and extent of disease as well as collection, processing and storage of specimens and consequently create a reliable resource for research into endometriosis.
United States policy toward Estonia and the Baltic states 1918–1920 and 1989–1991 [Kokkuvõte: Ameerika Ühendriikide välispoliitika Eesti ja Balti riikide suhtes 1918–1920 ja 1989–1991]
Authors: Arens Olavi
Published: January 2017

The following paper deals with US policy toward the Baltic states at two different time periods (1918–20 and 1989–91) and by two very different presidents (Woodrow F. Wilson and George H. W. Bush). The first period represented the time that saw the emergence of the United States on the world stage. Woodrow Wilson seemingly advocated self-determination as was understood by a number of his advisers at the Peace Conference, but eventually decided to support the unity of Russia as part of an anti-Bolshevik policy. During the second period, George H. W. Bush negotiated a settlement to end another conflict, the Cold War. While self-determination of the Baltic states (on the basis of the US non-recognition policy) was not of prime importance for the US, it nevertheless was brought up at very summit meeting with Mikhail Gorbachev and came to be linked to the resolution of economic issues between the two major powers.

Ultimately the restoration of independence was decided by developments in the Soviet Union, but US policy made the Baltic question an international issue and helped resolve it peacefully.
Beyond “caution, pragmatism and cynicism”? France’s relations with the Eastern Baltic in times of crisis (1918–1922; 1988–1992) [Kokkuvõte: Kas ainult “ettevaatlikkus, pragmatism ja künism”? Prantsusmaa ja Baltimaade suhted kriisiaastatel (1918–1922; 1988–1992)]
Authors: Bergmane Una , Clerc Louis
Published: January 2017

France’s relations with the small states in the Eastern Baltic have been the object of studies focusing mostly on geostrategic elements. Seen through that lens, France appears to concentrate mostly on supporting Russia as a stabilizing force in the Baltic, with little interest in the claims of small states. But there are other elements shaping France’s policy towards these small states, elements that this article will present and that allow for a more varied view of French policy towards Finland and the Baltic states.
Swedish political attitudes towards Baltic independence in the short twentieth century [Kokkuvõte: Rootsi poliitilised hoiakud Balti riikide iseseisvuse suhtes lühikesel 20. sajandil]
Authors: Kuldkepp Mart
Published: January 2017

This article considers the history of Swedish attitudes towards Baltic independence during the short twentieth century (1914–91), focusing primarily on the years when Baltic independence was gained (1918–20) and regained (1989–91). The former was characterized by Swedish skepticism towards the ability of the Baltic states to retain their independence long-term, considering the inevitable revival of Russian power. Sweden became one of the very few Western countries to officially recognize the incorporation of the Baltic states in the Soviet Union in the Second World War. During the Cold War, Sweden gained a reputation for its policy of activist internationalism and support for democratization in the Third World, but for security-related reasons it ignored breaches of human rights and deficit of democracy in its immediate neighborhood, the Soviet Union and the Baltic republics. However, in 1989–91 the unprecedented decline in Soviet influence, the value-based approach in international relations, feelings of guilt over previous pragmatism, and changes in domestic politics encouraged Sweden to support Baltic independence, and to take on the role of an active manager of the Baltic post-soviet transition.
Icelandic support for Baltic independence: myth, memory and detachment [Kokkuvõte: Islandi toetus Balti riikide iseseisvusele: müüt, mälu ja erapooletus]
Authors: Jóhannesson Guðni
Published: January 2017

This article describes Iceland’s support for Baltic independence in 1990‒91. It analyses the importance of Iceland’s initiatives. Did they affect the real turn of events or were they just empty gestures of a minor state, attempting in vain to have a say on the big stage of global politics? Furthermore, the study covers the later narration of events, the construction of a “grand narrative”. Clearly, there exists a mutual determination to recount the avowed heroics and influence of Iceland during these fateful years. Arguably, a more detached version might be constructed as well. Eyewitnesses and participants may offer a precious view of events, but surely it is influenced by their experiences, as well as the purpose of narrating the tale.
Paths of economic “Westernization” in the late Soviet Union: Estonian market pioneers and their Nordic partners [Majanduse integreerimine Läände: Eesti turumajanduse käivitajad ja nende Põhjamaade partnerid Nõukogude Liidu lõpuaastatel]
Authors: Stöcker Lars Fredrik
Published: January 2017

Estonia’s path towards a market economy started in 1987, when Gorbachev’s market-oriented reform course allowed for an unprecedented level of autonomous cooperation with capitalist countries. The developing networks with Western companies and economists, in particular from the neutral Nordic neighbours Finland and Sweden, played a key role in the process of implementing an increasingly radical pro-market agenda. Unrestricted by diplomatic constraints, Swedish and Finnish entrepreneurs, investors and advisors established numerous links to the evolving Estonian business environment, which was promoted as a bridge to the vast Soviet market. The Nordic connection facilitated the early transfer of market economy thinking and practices to Soviet Estonia and kicked off a long-term rearrangement of economic linkages across the Baltic Sea. Taking into account this transnational cooperation contributes to a new understanding not only of Estonia’s economic transformation, but also of the emergence of a new regional economic order that accompanied the geopolitical changes.
Historical consciousness, personal life experiences and the orientation of Estonian foreign policy toward the West, 1988–1991 [Kokkuvõte: Ajalooteadvus, isiklikud elukogemused ja Eesti välispoliitika pöördumine Läände, 1988–1991]
Authors: Piirimäe Kaarel , Grönholm Pertti
Published: January 2017

The years 1988 to 1991 were a critical juncture in the history of Estonia. Crucial steps were taken during this time to assure that Estonian foreign policy would not be directed toward the East but primarily toward the integration with the West. In times of uncertainty and institutional flux, strong individuals with ideational power matter the most. This article examines the influence of Foreign Minister Lennart Meri’s and Prime Minister Edgar Savisaar’s experiences and historical consciousness on their visions of Estonia’s future position in international affairs. Life stories help understand differences in their horizons of expectation, and their choices in conducting Estonian diplomacy.
Performance of American and Russian joint stock companies on financial market. A microstructure perspective
Authors: Osińska Magdalena , Dobrzyński Andrzej , Shachmurove Yochanan
Published: January 2017

This paper compares the periods before and after the Ukrainian crisis of 2014 from the perspective of market microstructure. The hypothesis is that the crisis influenced the fragile Russian financial market equilibrium. As financial markets adapt to the new equilibrium, the paper studies the effects of the crisis and the imposition of economic sanctions on Russia in terms of volatility, duration, prices and volume for selected joint stock companies listed on the U.S. and the Russian stock markets. Results reveal that the Moscow Stock exchange lacks an appropriate transmission mechanism from informed investors to the rest of the market.