bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tracing the Future
Authors: Morande Swapnil , Arshi Tahseen , Gul Kanwal , Amini Mitra , Tewari Veena
Published: August 2023

The chapter presents a comprehensive evaluation of the transformative role of blockchain and internet of things (IoT) in augmenting food supply chain transparency, primarily focusing on inventory management and food safety tracking. The global food supply chain, fraught with myriad challenges such as economic adulteration, microbial pathogens, and non-permitted additives, necessitates the integration of cutting-edge technology to ensure safety and sustainability. Blockchain and IoT, with their inherent qualities of traceability and transparency, can revolutionize the food industry by enabling real-time tracking, fostering responsible sourcing, minimizing waste, and bolstering consumer satisfaction. The chapter underscores these advantages while highlighting some existing challenges within the food supply chain and how these technologies can address them.
Assessing Food Safety and Food Waste Relatively Among Food Handlers' Practices in Developing Countries
Authors: Solak Birsen Bulut , Aydinli Feridun
Published: August 2023

Food waste is among the most important natural problems that threaten the future. In the last decade, food waste has received increased attention on both academic and societal levels. Food waste (FW) and food loss (FL) are also ecological, economic, and social problems. In developing countries, food handlers are one of the biggest sources of food waste due to lack food safety knowledge. It is figured out that people working in food production companies, such as restaurants and hotels, may cause food waste due to incomplete or incorrect information about food safety. It is necessary to have a clear understanding of the factors influencing food waste-related food handlers' perceptions, knowledge, and behaviours. Examining the hygiene and sanitation habits of food handlers and the level of knowledge of food handlers and their practice in the field are other reasons to carry out this book chapter linking with food waste.
Sustainable Approach to Food Packaging Materials Using Nanotechnology
Authors: Gautam Rajni
Published: August 2023

Ever rising population has resulted in the growth of food packaging industry. Time has come to look for new innovative materials for food packaging which are environment friendly along with improved barrier properties. The advent of Nanotechnology has revolutionized the food packaging industry and has led to extensive research on sustainable food packaging solutions using nanotechnology. The main objective is to reduce the plastic consumption and to look for a better replacement which can be recycled or supports low carbon circular economy apart from having improved antimicrobial/antioxidant, thermal, and mechanical properties. This chapter talks about the recent advancements and contributions of nanotechnology in providing sustainable food packaging solutions. Safety issues linked with the consumption of nanomaterials used in food packaging are also discussed at the end.
Sentiment Analysis of Online Consumer Reviews About Gastronomic Experiences
Authors: Marcos Jéssica C. P. , Ramos Célia M. Q.
Published: August 2023

Considering the fast growth and spread of the internet and information technologies, gastronomy had to improve due to the excellent communication facility between customer-business and costumer-costumer, showing the incredible power of eWoM (electronic word-of-mouth). The present research intends to do sentiment analysis on the restaurant's reviews to study how they can stay competitive in the market. The proposed methodology adopts a machine learning approach with social media commentaries classified as positive or negative sentiments and then analysed if they relate to the review ratings. The results reveal that although customers from two countries evaluate a restaurant by a similar rating on TripAdvisor, it doesn´t mean that the associated sentiment has the same value as the rating attributed. Sentiment analysis helps understand the motivations of each gastronomic consumer and realise what leads them to create reviews to express their emotions associated with the service.
Navigating the Landscape of Distributed Computing Frameworks for Machine and Deep Learning
Authors: Ramasamy Mekala , T Agila Harshini , Elangovan Mohanraj
Published: August 2023

For a number of reasons, distributed computing is crucial to machine learning and deep learning models. In the beginning, it makes it possible to train big models that won't fit in a single machine's memory. Second, by distributing the burden over several machines, it expedites the training process. Thirdly, it enables the management of vast amounts of data that may be dispersed across multiple devices or kept remotely. The system can continue processing data even if one machine fails because of distributed computing, which further improves fault tolerance. This chapter summarizes major frameworks Tensorflow, Pytorch, Apache spark Hadoop, and Horovod that are enabling developers to design and implement distributed computing models using large datasets. Some of the challenges faced by the distributed computing models are communication overhead, fault tolerance, load balancing, scalability and security, and the solutions are proposed to overcome the abovementioned challenges.
A Study on Distributed Machine Learning Techniques for Large-Scale Weather Forecasting
Authors: Balaji V.  , Sivagami M.
Published: August 2023

The weather data generated, processed, and collected by the sensor or shared by IoT devices and mobile devices has significantly increased weather data collection in daily life. The data generation speed also accelerated, and a vast amount of data has been collected and stored in distributed databases, improving weather forecasting. Still, the conventional processing method for massive data is distributed and centralized computing, and this chapter looks into how distributed machine learning techniques help as to increase the processing speed. Some distributed frameworks that play a significant role in massive data, like MapReduce, have been trained and tested to resolve various machine learning problems in a distributed environment. The aim of this chapter will provide different information about datasets, issues, platforms, and optimized approaches in a distributed environment. So, researchers can use and deploy new techniques in machine learning algorithms. It helps the researchers develop new strategies in distributed computing environments.
On the Detection of Faces With Masks Using Tiny YOLOv7 Algorithm
Authors: Kumar Akhil , Singh Megha
Published: August 2023

Today every individual is expected to wear a mask, which poses a new challenge to security and surveillance of individuals for any governing body. Though notable work has been done in the area of face mask detection, there still exists a bottleneck of fast detection. Additionally, the complexity of features, size of frames, and inhomogeneity of data poses a challenge to achieve a model with high accuracy. And law offenders are quick to exploit this opportunity to their advantage. Through this work, the aim is to propose a system that combines Tiny YOLOv7 and Jestson Nano which is able to detect faces with or without mask based on the recently introduced Tiny YOLOv7 algorithm. The proposed system was able to achieve a mAP of 55.94% and an average IoU of 53.70%. The average precision achieved for people with masks was 83.80% and 79.67% for specific detection of the mask region. The model uses a total of 5.527 BFLOPs and was able to achieve an average FPS of 71.8, which ensures a higher throughput leading to a faster model both in terms of training and detection.
The Post-COVID-19 Pandemic Economy of Ghana From the Consumer Perspective
Authors: Andoh-Quainoo Lydia , Onyina Paul Adjei
Published: August 2023

The Covid-19 global pandemic affected various dimensions, including social, cultural, behavioral, financial, and economic. Although various studies have focused on the effects of the pandemic on the economy, not many have been done on the economic outcomes from consumers' perspectives. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the economic effects of Covid-19 on the economy and its implications for consumers. The chapter seeks to contribute to ongoing discussions on economic shifts associated with Covid-19 with emphasis on the consumer perspective. Questionnaire was provided on social media platform for participants to respond using the same medium. Responses have been analyzed and found that people have been affected significantly by the pandemic. Their coping strategies in dealing with the pandemic have also been presented and implications for the government and employers provided in the tail end of the chapter.
Spatially-Aware Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Ahmad Munir
Published: August 2023

The use of spatially aware artificial intelligence in studying and monitoring Sustainable Development Goals is examined in this chapter. Spatially aware AI incorporates spatial data and AI algorithms to achieve particular SDGs, such as poverty eradication, hunger eradication, excellent health and wellbeing, quality education, clean water and sanitation, sustainable cities, climate action, life below the water, life on land, and partnerships. The incorporation of GeoAI presents ethical, legal, technical, and social challenges even while it provides useful insights. Collaboration, transparency, accountability, and addressing biases and discrimination are essential to ensure responsible and effective deployment. By overcoming these challenges, stakeholders can accelerate progress toward achieving the SDGs.
Lessons of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Peiris Malik
Published: August 2023

No abstract available
Health financing options for Sri Lanka
Authors: Gopalan Sundararajan S.
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this paper is to renew and stimulate the national discourse on how to further Sri Lanka’s aspirational goal of achieving Universal Health Coverage(UHC [1]) in line with the global sustainable development goals (SDG) to which Sri Lanka is a signatory. After a brief status update about UHC in Sri Lanka, the paper focuses on the financing function, justified on the basis of its central role in addressing the problems confronting the health system, in terms of its inherent inefficiencies as well as the specific context of the economic crisis which the country is currently facing. The paper argues for a well-managed prepaid, pooled health financing mechanism (such as the current tax-based system or social health insurance schemes), incorporating strategic purchasing approaches, leveraging the private sector (both for-profit and non-profit), in order to increase efficiency, equity and accountability by separating the financing and purchasing functions from service delivery.
Nutritional status and dietary intake of the population aged 1-60 years during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sri Lanka
Authors: Jayatissa Renuka , Jayawardana Ranbanda , Perera Amila , De Alwis Nawamali , Abeysingha Devisri , De Silva K. H. , Marasinghe Wasana
Published: August 2023

Background: There is a co-existence of different forms of malnutrition leading to a Triple Burden of Malnutrition(TBM) in Sri Lanka. Accessing basic needs and services was a challenge during COVID-19 pandemic, which led to issues in food security with an effect on nutrition status of the population.Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of malnutrition and dietary intakes of the population aged 1 to 60 years.Methods: This study was conducted in 2021. A multistage cluster sample was drawn to represent households at national level using 75 clusters, and 24-hour dietary recalls were compared with estimated average requirements of different age groups. Height and weight of all selected participants were measured.Results: A total of 1776 households and 2991 individuals were studied. The prevalence of wasting, stunting and overweight of children aged 1-4 years (n=486) was 14%, 16.3% and 0.8% respectively. Thinness, stunting, overweight and obesity of children aged 5-9 years (n=388) was 21.4%, 8.5%, 5.2%, 5.1%; children aged 10-17 years(n=355) was 21.1%, 14.1%,11%, 8.2%; and adults aged 18-60 years (n=1762) was 9.9%, 5.4%, 32.6% and 11.5% respectively. Dietary intake gaps were minimal with energy and protein while it was wider with majority of vitamins, iron and calcium. Stunting of children aged 1-4 years was significantly associated with the low calcium and iron intakes.Conclusions: The presence of TBM amongst children and adults were observed with a dietary gap of essential micronutrients. This study highlights the need to re-orient the nutritional interventions to control TBM at population level.
WHO and Sri Lanka: Celebrating 75 years of partnership for public health and well-being
Authors: Singh Poonam Khetrapal
Published: August 2023

No abstract available
Perinatal mental health in Sri Lanka, current status, programmes, gaps, and recommendations
Authors: Agampodi Thilini , Agampodi Suneth
Published: August 2023

No abstract available
A possible Sphingomonas paucimobilis endocarditis in a haemodialysed patient: A case report
Authors: Samarakoon P. S. M. J. U. , Bandara K. M. T. , Pathirana A. , Matthias T. , Chandrasiri N. S.
Published: August 2023

Sphingomonas paucimobilis is widely distributed in the environment and causes occasional human infections, most often in immunocompromised individuals. Reports of unusual invasive and severe infections include septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, respiratory tract infections in patients with cystic fibrosis and necrotising soft tissue infections. There are only few reported cases of endocarditis in the international literature. There are no published cases in Sri Lanka.We describe a possible case of Sphingomonas paucimobilis endocarditis. A 58 year old male patient presented with reduced responsiveness following haemodialysis. All three blood cultures taken on admission were positive for Sphingomonas paucimobilis. His echocardiography could not exclude endocarditis. He was treated with appropriate antibiotics but unfortunately expired due to septic shock following aspiration pneumonia. This case demonstrates that organisms of low virulence could cause endocarditis in patients with end stage renal disease. It also indicates that such patients are relatively asymptomatic or have few symptoms compared to patients with normal immunity.
Image de la réglementation de la vitesse et position sociale dans le système de circulation routière
Authors: Barjonnet P. , l'Hoste J.
Published: August 2023

Between 1970 and 1973, road safety in France took on a new political and social importance with the creation of Inter-ministerial Organisms (an interdepartmental government body consisting of a commission and a special safety delegation) and the adoption of three broad measures: setting of a maximum legal blood alcohol content, compulsory wearing of seat belts, speed limit throughout the road network. This last measure is perhaps a kind of borderline case which bears directly on one of the most basic characteristics of the automobile - that is, its "performance" - and will in all probability give rise to very important changes in the use and image of the private automobile. The different aspects of this problem are dealt with in this article, first from the point of view of the methods used, then with respect to the role of social attitudes and hierarchy in road traffic. This last aspect is concerned with social attitudes to speed regulation, the causes of road accidents, road hazards and lack of safety - in other words, the consensus of opinion on automobile use.

Au cours des années 1970-1973, la sécurité routière en France prend une dimension politique et sociale de premier plan avec la création d'organismes Interministériels (Mission puis Délégation à la sécurité routière) et l'adoption de 3 grandes mesures : taux légal d'alcoolémie, port obligatoire de la ceinture de sécurité, limitation de vitesse sur tout le réseau routier. Cette dernière mesure apparaît comme une sorte de cas limite ayant une incidence directe sur l'une des caractéristiques fondamentales de l'automobile, ses "performances", et devrait logiquement entraîner des modifications profondes de l'usage et de l'image de l'automobile individuelle. Les différents aspects de ce problème sont abordés dans cet article au niveau des principes méthodologiques puis sur celui des représentations sociales et positions dans le système de la circulation routière. Ce dernier aspect implique les problèmes de l'attitude à l'égard de la réglementation de la vitesse, l'image des causes de l'accident de la route, le risque et l'insécurité, enfin le consensus quant à l'usage de d'automobile.
Ramassage ouvrier et structuration de l'espace
Authors: Gerardin B.
Published: August 2023

The analyses of the systems organized for the transportation of the workers remain an area little studied in transportation economics. Recent researches undertaken at the initiative of the Institute for Transportation Research (IRT), Institute of Economic Studies (IEE) and the ATP socio-economy of Transports, have led to a better understanding of their importance both as transportation system and as elements of the personnel policy of the enterprise.The repercussions of these transportation systems on the structure of space and on the evolution of daily commuting have not been studied in-depth. This article, after having presented the results of several researches already completed tries to integrate the phenomenon of worker transportation with economic theories of space and migration. The confrontation of neo-classical models analyzing migration as a process of adjustment between regions of high and low salaries with the empirical results of the investigations of the transportation workers networks shows clearly the inadequation of these models. The behaviour of the workers concerned is influenced not only by the sphere of production, but also by family and socio-cultural factors. A vast field of research remains open.

Les services de transport-employeur restent un domaine mal connu de l'économie des transports. Quelques recherches récentes, menées a l'initiative de l'Institut de Recherche des Transports (IRT), de l'Institut des Etudes Economiques (IEE) et de l'ATP socio-économie des Transports ont permis de mieux mesurer l'importance, aussi bien en tant que système de transport, qu'en tant qu'élément de la politique du personnel de l'entreprise.Les répercussions de ces systèmes de transport sur la structuration de l'espace et l'évolution des phénomènes migratoires n'ont pas encore fait l'objet de travaux approfondis. Cet article, après avoir fait le point sur quelques-unes des recherches déjà réalisées, tente dans une deuxième partie, de lier le phénomène ramassage aux théories économiques de l'espace et des migrations. La confrontation des modèles théoriques néoclassiques analysant la migration comme un processus d'ajustement entre zones de bas et de hauts salaires, avec les résultats des enquêtes sur les systèmes de transport-employeur, met clairement en évidence l'inadéquation de ces modèles. Le salarié ramassé n'est pas totalement lié à la sphère de la production, mais réagit aussi en fonction de déterminants familiaux et de son environnement socio-culturel. Un vaste champ de recherche reste ouvert.
La desserte de la périphérie urbaine : recherche d'une intégration des transports collectifs et semi-collectifs
Authors: de La Morsanglière Hervé
Published: August 2023

The set-up of most various solutions to palliate the need for mass transportation in suburbs proves the existence of a still widerly unexploited "transportation field".First, the nickness of all these means of transportation, Rall-way between private and public transportation, is shown through a classification of paratransit. The potential adaptation of paratransit to the various needs of urban transportation is based upon this large technical, as well as economical, diversity of this unexploited transportation field.Then, it is shown how a complete integration of mass transportation and paratransit, within the frame of a global development policy of the suburbs, can fulfill the need for transportation in these areas.

La mise en place de solutions très diverses pour pallier l'insuffisance de l'offre de transports collectifs en périphérie urbaine prouve l'existence d'un "champ transport" encore largement inexploité.La première partie s'efforce de montrer à travers une typologie des transports semi-collectifs, toute la richesse de cet ensemble de modalités intermédiaires entre le transport individuel et les transports collectifs. C'est sur cette grande diversité tant technique qu'économique, que repose l'adaptation potentielle des transports semi-collectifs aux multiples expressions des besoins de déplacement urbain.Dans la seconde partie, nous montrons alors comment une intégration totale des transports collectifs et semi-collectifs permet de répondre à la desserte des zones urbaines périphériques, dans le cadre d'une politique globale d'aménagement de ces zones.
The French goods-traffic data under-estimate the activity of transport
Authors: Cornuel Didier
Published: August 2023

The goods-traffic data collected by the Ministry of Transport about road, railway, in-land, waterways and pipe-lines give the metric tons and tonne-kilometers of transported goods within the national borders. These statistics under-estimate the transport activity because (i) they don't take into account the domestic coasting-trade and the international road-transports carried out by foreign transporters, (ii) they don't include in their definition the foreign part of international transport distances. By estimating all these traffics, the 1976 transport activity is increased by 13 per cent. Traffic explanation models must be qualified too. At last, (iii) the appraisal of the value of the traffic could give a better understanding to the goods-transport phenomena.

Les données de trafic, réunies par le Ministère des Transports pour la route, le chemin de fer, la voie d'eau et les oléoducs donnent les tonnages et les tonnages-kilométriques des marchandises transportées à l'intérieur des frontières nationales. Cette statistique sous-estime l’activité du transport à cause (i) des insuffisances de mesure comme l'absence de mesure du cabotage et des transports routiers effectués par des étrangers (ii) des insuffisances de la définition, qui ne prend pas en compte la partie étrangère des transports internationaux. En estimant tous ces trafics, on majore de 13 % le trafic de 1976, ce qui n'est pas sans influence sur les modèles d'explications du trafic. Enfin (iii) la mesure du trafic en valeur permettrait de mieux comprendre les phénomènes du transport de marchandises.
Car ownerships modeling
Authors: Mogridge M.J.H.
Published: August 2023

This paper reviews the "state of the art" in car ownership modeling in Great Britain. The techniques can be divided into two classes, those of demand and those of supply: the former include aggregate and disaggregate models, whilst the latter include models of production of new vehicles and scrapping of old. The analysis of budgets, both of the expenditure of money and of time by households and individuals, shows promise in the reconciliation of these different classes of techniques.During the last decade, the development of official statistics in Great Britain and the rapid changes in the price of petrol has enabled us to study in more detail the way that car ownership is developing, and in particular the different influences in the short and long term on its growth. This has clearly shown that some models are appropriate for one or other of these time spans but not both : attempts within the structure of such models to predict car ownership growth for periods for which they are not appropriate are doomed to failure and, moreover, will in general be misleading for policy analysis. This is particularly important, since policies designed to promote energy and resource conservation in the long term are inflationary in the short term, as is clearly shown by budget analysis. A proper understanding of the difference between the short term and long term responses is therefore essential for policy analysis.

Cet article donne un aperçu de la situation en Grande-Bretagne de la modélisation de la motorisation. On peut diviser les techniques en deux groupes : celles qui concernent la demande, et celles qui concernent l'offre. Dans le premier groupe sont inclus les modèles agrégés et désagrégés; dans le second sont inclus les modèles de la production des véhicules neufs et la mise au rebut des véhicules anciens. L'analyse des budgets, à la fois des dépenses et du temps pour les ménages ou pour les individus, promet d'être utilisable pour réconcilier les différents groupes de techniques.Dans les dix dernières années, le développement des statistiques officielles en Grande-Bretagne, coïncidant avec les changements rapides du prix de l'essence, nous donne des moyens plus détaillés pour étudier l'évolution de la motorisation, et plus précisément les influences sur sa croissance dans le court terme et le long terme. Ceci montre très clairement qu'il y a des modèles qui sont appropriéspour une durée mais pas pour l'autre : si on cherche à prédire la croissance de la motorisation avec un modèle inapproprié pour une durée donnée, on court à l'échec et, ce qui est pire, on risque d'être égaré en ce qui concerne le développement de la politique. Ceci est très important, en particulier parce que la politique de conservation de l'énergie et des ressources dans le long terme est une politique inflationniste dans le court terme. L'analyse des dépenses le montre très clairement. Donc une compréhension solide des différences entre les réponses du court terme et du long terme est essentielle pour la politique.
Towards a new research politic in the field of transportation
Authors: Bonitzer J.
Published: August 2023

In the framework of the French Government's policy to develop research as well as its transport policy, the author of this article carried out an investigation and on the request of the Ministry of Transport, made a number of proposals. In this article, he présents a summary of the part of this study concerning land transport and insists particularly on:- the stakes involved in research, especially noting the great social and economic importance involved;- the desirable directions (development of basic research, notably in the field of the socio-economy of transport; the role of the research-development projects, problems of urban and inter-urban transport, of security and de opérations in road transport, working conditions in transport, design of transport vehicles; infrastructures, development of general scientific means);- the means (people and research institutes, the development of collaboration between the two);- the structures (the creation of advisory bodies and bodies which execute policies).

Dans le cadre de la politique de relance de la recherche et de la politique des transports du gouvernement français, l'auteur a effectué une enquête et fait des propositions à la demande du Ministre des Transports. Il présente un résumé de la partie de cette étude concernant les transports terrestres, et insiste particulièrement sur :- les enjeux de la Recherche, en dégageant des indicateurs montrant leur grande importance sociale et économique ;- les orientations souhaitables (développement de la recherche de base notamment en socio-économie des transports ; rôle des projets de recherche-développement ; problèmes des transports urbains, interurbains, sécurité et d'exploitation de la route, de conditions de travail dans les transports, de conception des véhicules de transport, d'infrastructures ; développement des moyens scientifiques généraux) ;- les moyens (les hommes et les institutions de la recherche ; le développement de leur collaboration) ;- les structures (création d'organes de conseil et d'exécution de la politique).
Road vehicle fuel price and consultation
Authors: Emangard Pierre-Henri
Published: August 2023

Better than the calculation in constant francs, the idea of real-equivalent-work price makes it possible to explain that "people are driving as if gasoline had not gone up".In fact, at the beginning of 1981, in real value, gasoline was no more expensive that at the beginning of 1973.From 1970 to 1981, consumption of road vehicle fuels was constantly sensitive to variations in their price. The simultaneity of their respective movements is perfect.Price elasticity is considerably greater than what was found by earlier analyses.However, its interpretation would seem quite complex, making it illusory to try to establish a mechanical relationship between price and consumption.Until present, consumers were able to stay mobile thanks to a number of subterfuges.Because it seems that for them, the essential thing is to keep their independent mobility.When faced with expected price rises, few families accept the bringing into question of this mobility.More than an economic chattel, mobility has become a social value.Consequently, a policy designed to raise the real price of gasoline (or a genuine increase in its price) would have major economic and social implications.

Mieux que le calcul en Francs constants, la notion de prix réel équivalent travail permet d'expliquer que "les gens roulent comme si l'essence n'avait pas augmenté". De fait, au début de 1981, l'essence n'était pas, en valeur réelle plus chère qu'au début 1973.De 1970 à 1981, les consommations de carburants routiers ont été constamment sensibles aux variations de leur prix réel. La simultanéité de leurs mouvements respectifs est parfaite.L'élasticité au prix est bien supérieure à celle trouvée par des analyses antérieures. Toutefois son interprétation apparaît fort complexe, rendant illusoire l'établissement d'une relation mécanique entre prix et consommation.Jusqu'à présent les consommateurs ont pu préserver leur mobilité grâce à plusieurs subterfuges.Car il semble que pour eux l'essentiel soit de sauvegarder leur mobilité automobile. Devant des perspectives de hausses, peu de ménages en acceptent la remise en cause.Plus qu'un bien économique, la mobilité est devenue une valeur sociale.Par conséquent une politique de renchérissement du prix réel de l'essence (ou une réelle augmentation de son prix) aurait des implications économiques et sociales majeures.
Tarification des infrastructures portuaires et aéroportuaires en France
Authors: Bauchet P.
Published: August 2023

The understructure's tariff conditions are going to change. A comparative study of ports and airports budget shows that the former are receiving more public funds that the second. This is due to hard competition between French and foreign ports to which heavy subsidies has been given since long. The result is a discrepancy between two tariff's principles.

La tarification des infrastructures sera remise en cause. L'étude comparée du budget des ports et des aéroports français conduit à penser que l'Etat et les collectivités publiques aident davantage les premiers que les seconds. L'explication en est la concurrence entre ports voisins qui pour des raisons historiques sont fortement aidés à l'étranger. Il en résulte une contradiction entre les principes de non exclusion et d'égalité de traitement qui devraient présider à une "bonne tarification".
La tarification des transports urbains : politique sociale et commerciale
Authors: Madre Jean-Loup
Published: August 2023

This paper begins with a presentation of fare structures in Paris and in the provincial towns. These fare structures are various and complex; a synthetic view is given by the mean price per trip for different categories of user.The social point of view is considered by using a progressivity Index. This indicator is calculated on ten examples for the main types of travel tickets. Classified by decreasing progressivity, we find: free passes for aged travel, passes for workers, travel passes for students and pupils, fare reductions for large families. The "big outlay" aspect acts as a considerable brake on the economically rational use for fare structure among the poorest sections of the population.The commercial point of view is considered from elasticity calculations of the mobility by public transport as a function of price and supply, mainly for home to work trips. There is no significant sensitivity of home to school mobility as a function of fare. On the contrary, price elasticity of non-obliged travels is rather high, mainly for old people.The main conclusion is that economic and social purposes are not so much contradictory on the field for public urban transport pricing.

Cet article commence par une présentation des structures tarifaires à Paris et en province. Les tarifications en vigueur sont complexes et très diverses. On a tenté une synthèse, notamment en situant le prix moyen du voyage pour différentes catégories de clientèle.On aborde ensuite la construction d'un indicateur de redistribution pour évaluer l'impact social des tarifications. Il a été calculé à partir de dix réseaux, pris comme exemple, pour les principaux types de titre de transport. Il en ressort un classement des tarifs par ordre de progressivité décroissante : la gratuité pour les personnes âgées, les abonnements utilisés pour aller au travail, les mesures en faveur des étudiants et élèves, les tarifs réduits pour familles nombreuses. Une mise de fonds élevée est un frein Important à l'utilisation économiquement rationnelle de la tarification par les usagers les plus modestes.L'enjeu commercial est abordé à partir de calculs d'élasticités de la mobilité en fonction de l'offre et des tarifs. Il en ressort que l'élasticité-prix dépend du niveau de l'offre, principalement pour le motif domicile-travail. Le motif domicile-école semble rigide en fonction des tarifs. Par contre, les motifs non-obligés semblent nettement plus sensibles au prix, surtout pour les personnes âgées.La principale conclusion est qu'il n'y a pas de contradiction majeure entre les objectifs commerciaux et sociaux présidant à l'élaboration de la tarification des transports urbains.
The question of choosing standards units of measure in maritime economics
Authors: Léonard Pierre
Published: August 2023

The presentation of facts in maritime economics is subject to many problems of methodology for companies as well as for nations.For companies, a new unit of measure for shipbuilding, the compensated registered ton, was developped in France and has been used internationally since 1968. The use of this new unit has resulted in marked improvements in the presentation of economics facts. There has, however, been no such development of unit of measure for maritime transport and for port and harbor activities, although research for the latter seems to be under way in France.At national level, the monetary measure of shipping and port and harbor services exchanges between one country and the rest of the world or between two countries has had a sporadic development. The balance of payments, computed on IMF bases, cannot provide an unquestionable accounting. In France, the balance of freight and passenger revenues "balance des frets et passages" and more particularly the National expenditures for maritime transport "Dépense Nationale de transport maritime" have more or less remedied this failing.The entry of France into bilateral agreements covering maritime commerce has provided the impetus for the creation of the freight revenue account "le compte de frets" to evaluate the balance of the exchange in shipping services. This method may sooner or later become indispensable as a result of the application of the UNCTAD Code of Conduct.

La représentation des faits en économie maritime souffre de nombreuses difficultés de méthode aussi bien au niveau des entreprises qu'à celui des nations.Au plan des entreprises, une nouvelle unité de mesure de l'activité physique de la construction navale, mise au point en France et adoptée depuis 1968 à l'échelle internationale, le tonneau de jauge compensée, a permis de faire un progrès décisif. Tel n'est pas encore le cas en ce qui concerne les entreprises de transport maritime et les activités portuaires, bien que les recherches paraissent en France bien engagées pour ces dernières.Au plan des nations, la représentation monétaire des échanges de transport maritime et de services portuaires entre un pays et le reste du monde ou entre deux pays a connu des progrès inégaux. La balance des paiements, établie sur la base des régies du FMI, ne peut fournir un décompte méthodologiquement indiscutable. La balance des frets et passages et surtout la dépense nationale de transport maritime ont en France plus ou moins pallié cet inconvénient. Pour apprécier les échanges de transport maritime entre deux pays, plusieurs accords bilatéraux conclus par la France ont donné l'occasion d'établir le compte de frets, un concept que l'application du code de conduite de la CNUCED pourrait tôt ou tard rendre indispensable!
Comments about the experience of twenty years of public transport planning in the Paris region
Authors: Barbier Michel
Published: August 2023

Urban public transport planning in the Paris Region started again in the sixties when the Urban Master Plan was established. To study this experience of twenty years of planning, the goals and the approach of planning are first analyzed. Then the changes in priorities and the history of decisions about the RER system, metro extensions and bus ways or light rail are examined. Decision results from political willingness. But planning plays an important role in the conception of projects, it insures coherence, enlights the choices by showing their main consequences and allows discussion between the decision-makers. Its iterative process allows to take advantage from experience, to value at each stage previous realizations, and to take into account changes in the environment.

La planification des transports collectifs urbains en région parisienne a été relancée dans les années 1960, dans le cadre de l'établissement du SDAU. Pour dresser le bilan de vingt ans d'expérience, les objectifs et la démarche de la planification qui en découle sont d'abord présentés. L'évolution des priorités et l'historique des décisions concernant le RER et l'interconnexion, les prolongements de métro, et les sites propres sont ensuite examinés. Si la décision résulte d'une volonté politique, la planification joue un rôle important dans la conception des projets, assure leur cohérence, éclaire les choix en explicitant les enjeux, et permet d'organiser la concertation entre les décideurs. Sa démarche itérative permet de tirer parti de l'expérience, de valoriser à chaque étape les réalisations précédentes, et de s'adapter aux modifications de l'environnement.
An historical review of strategic decisions
Authors: Frybourg Michel
Published: August 2023

Urban transport works as a sponge; they absorb the change of their socio-economic environment.This situation is usual for a services activity which is not an end by itself. One century of evolution of Parisian transport, the rehabilitation of surface transport in the country during the seventies and, at the end, the history of the Lyons Metro, give evidence, with a good perspective, of the existing inter-relations between town planning, technology and transport system. The supply economy and industrial domination are not recent phenomena, as the land speculation. The relative weight of the different determinants varies during the time and equity and accessibility considerations are not the only explanation of urban transport evolution.

Les transports urbains fonctionnent comme une éponge ; ils absorbent les mutations de leur environnement socio-économique. Il en est notamment ainsi de toute activité de services qui n'est pas une fin en soi. Un siècle d'évolution des transports parisiens, la réhabilitation des années 70 des transports collectifs de surface en Province et enfin l'histoire du Métro de Lyon montrent, avec le recul qui convient, les interactions entre les formes urbaines, la technologie et les systèmes de transport. L'économie de l'offre et la domination industrielle ne datent pas d'hier, comme la valorisation des sols par les transports. Le poids relatif des différents déterminants a simplement varié dans le temps et les préoccupations d'équité et d'accessibilité ne peuvent, à elles seules, expliquer l'évolution des transports urbains.
Emergence of network issues questions
Authors: Hanappe Odile
Published: August 2023

The renewal of interest in network questions opens new opportunities for developing and understanding of urban transport issues and the economic, social and cultural consequences of technical development.O. Hanappe looks first at what occurred during the last 40 years in the field of urban communication networks. Then she identifies four issues related to the changing pattern of networks: how they help new Industrial sectors (i.e. telecommunications) to shape new social forms; how urban transport planning enables the authorities to change the system of land values and land uses; the transportation as a way to chan¬ge urban life and communication styles; how to produce transportation tools and to manage the networks in an Increasing international economic system.

Le renouveau des problématiques "réseau" fournit de nouvelles opportunités de lecture, dans le champ des transports, des liens entre développement technique et enjeux socio-économiques et culturel. Dans une première partie, l'auteur pose, à travers un rapide survol des 40 dernières années, les déplacements comme réseaux urbains de communication. Dans une deuxième partie, l'auteur propose de distinguer 4 types d'enjeux de la transformation des réseaux. Le premier est lié à leur capacité d'être le vecteur de la nouvelle branche dominante des télécommunications. Le second, à travers l'expérience des Plans de Déplacements Urbains, est lié à la capacité de gérer plusieurs modes et réseaux de déplacements et de dégager de nouvelles rentes et opportunités pour la vie urbaine. Le troisième est lié au statut même du déplacement comme vecteur de communication et de nouvelle civilisation urbaine. Le dernier est lié à l'internationalisation de l'économie et à la transformation des liens entre compétitivité des Industries de matériels et maîtrise de la gestion des réseaux.
Historical and prospective analysis about the rela¬tions between state and local authorities and RATP
Authors: Montrade Catherine
Published: August 2023

As a public utility, the Parisian transport society (RATP: Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens) has always been very dependent upon state policies. We'll first study how the firm's choices about pricing, investment and employment were constrained by the economical policies of the seventies and early eighties. We'll then question the efficiency of macroeconomic tuning in the field of public transport and discuss unintended impacts such as the decrease of self-financing and the ever growing contribution of external money-lenders: employers, local communities and state. These resources enabled the firm to upgrade quality and image of public transportation. But, since 1984, the RATP bas been suffering from the deterioration of public finance.

En tant que service public, la RATP (Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens) a derrière elle une longue tradition de dépendance à l'égard des pouvoirs publics qui nous conduit à la définir comme une quasi-administration. Nous verrons dans un premier temps que les choix stratégiques de l'entreprise en matière de tarification, d'Investissement et d'emploi ont été fortement contraints par les politiques économiques conjoncturelles de la période 1970-1984. Nous questionnerons l'efficacité de ces pratiques eu égard, d'une part, aux objectifs visés de régulation à moyen terme, d'autre part, aux effets pervers induits par la déresponsabilisation financière de l'entreprise et l'accroissement de la contribution des financeurs externes : employeurs, collectivités locales et surtout Etat. Ces ressources ont permis à l'entreprise de rehausser sensiblement la qualité et l'image du transport public. Cependant, depuis 1984, la RATP subit les contrecoups du processus de détérioration des finances publiques.
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): developments and issues
Authors: Mittman Benjamin , Mittman Robert J.
Published: August 2023

Electronic data interchange (EDI) refers to a paperless, computer-to-computer method for exchanging a large class of business documents for the entire chain of business transactions.This paper has three main objectives;- to survey of the development and use of EDI in the U.S. and Canada,- to discuss a number of policy and strategic issues concerning EDI,- to propose a research agenda for future work.

L'échange de données informatisées (EDI) est une méthode d'échange sans papier, d'ordinateur à ordinateur, d'une large gamme de documents commerciaux pour toute la chaîne des transactions d'affaires.Cette communication a trois objectifs :- faire le point sur le développement et l'usage de l'EDI aux États-Unis et au Canada,- traiter d'un certain nombre de questions de politique publique et de stratégie de l'entreprise concernant l'EDl,- proposer un calendrier de recherche pour les travaux à venir.
Goods transport: service or manufacturing industry?
Authors: Savy Michel
Published: August 2023

Assuming that the distinction between services and manufacturing industries is relevant, goods transport is generally classified among services. Considering the technical conditions of its achievement and the economic status under which it is proposed, one can show that transport belongs to manufacturing industries. Therefore, the concepts and methods of industrial economics and management sciences can be applied to it, and the study of freight activities can be taken into account to consider some of today's keenest economics debates.

Si la distinction classique entre services et industries a un sens, le transport de produits est couramment classé parmi les services. Prenant en compte les conditions techniques de sa production et le statut économique sous lequel il est proposé, on peut montrer que le transport relève pleinement des activités industrielles. Les concepts et méthodes de l'économie industrielle et des sciences de gestion de la production peuvent alors lui être appliqués, et l'étude de l'industrie du fret peut venir enrichir les débats économiques les plus actuels.
Geography of transportation in France, 1983-1987
Authors: Lasserre Jean-Claude
Published: August 2023

This contribution has been written at the invitation of the President of the French National Committee for Geography, in view of the publication of a book in English on the present state of research in Geography in France, which will be issued for the next Congress of the International Geographical Union, in Sydney (Australia), in August 1988. It describes the main lines of the research by French geographers in the field of transportation: urban and regional transportation, water transportation (on the sea and on rivers), transportation and present changes, especially in the perspective of the future Free European Market.

Ce texte a été rédigé à la demande du Comité National Français de Géographie, en vue du Congrès de l'Union Géographique Internationale d'août 1988 à Sidney (Australie). Il définit les principales orientations des recherches des géographes français dans le domaine du transport, de 1983 à 1987 : transports urbains et régionaux, transports par voie d'eau (maritime et fluviale), transports et mutations actuelles, notamment dans la perspective du marché unique européen.