bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Means of Speech Expressiveness in the System of Arthur Miller’s Idiostyle
Authors: Glinka Nataliia , Sydorenko Iryna , Matkovska Hanna
Published: July 2022

The article deals with the means of speech expression as representatives of the idiostyle specifics of the American playwright Arthur Miller. The main aim of the study is to consider Arthur Miller’s idiostyle as a multilevel structured system of constant means and forms of linguistic expression actualized in the process of creating a new literary space following the aesthetic preferences and pragmatic intentions of the author. The methodology grounds of the research including method of theoretical generalization, method of analysis and synthesis, stylistic analysis, lexico-semantic analysis, structural-semantic analysis, contextual interpretation method, descriptive method, pragmatic analysis. It has been revealed that the speech-expressive level of Arthur Miller’s idiostyle system is presented by a variety of stylistically marked means of lexical, figurative, and syntactic sublevels, which converge in specific combinations, act as a tool for the embodiment of literary conception, and define pronounced expressive and emotional coloring of the playwright’s texts. Main findings have also made it possible to conclude about the symbiosis of elements of the intellectual, psychological, and routine as the distinctive features of the writer’s idiostyle.
Algorithms as folding: Reframing the analytical focus
Authors: Lee Francis , Bier Jess , Christensen Jeffrey , Engelmann Lukas , Helgesson Claes-Fredrik , Williams Robin
Published: July 2022

This article proposes an analytical approach to algorithms that stresses operations of folding. The aim of this approach is to broaden the common analytical focus on algorithms as biased and opaque black boxes, and to instead highlight the many relations that algorithms are interwoven with. Our proposed approach thus highlights how algorithms fold heterogeneous things: data, methods and objects with multiple ethical and political effects. We exemplify the utility of our approach by proposing three specific operations of folding—proximation, universalisation and normalisation. The article develops these three operations through four empirical vignettes, drawn from different settings that deal with algorithms in relation to AIDS, Zika and stock markets. In proposing this analytical approach, we wish to highlight the many different attachments and relations that algorithms enfold. The approach thus aims to produce accounts that highlight how algorithms dynamically combine and reconfigure different social and material heterogeneities as well as the ethical, normative and political consequences of these reconfigurations.
Verbalization of the Complex Concept Word/Language/Speech from Dual Linguistics Perspective
Authors: Tyshchenko Oleh , Mykhaylivna Smaglii Valeriia , Yukhymets Svitlana
Published: July 2022

The verbalization of the concept WORD / LANGUAGE / SPEECH is a complex phenomenon is viewed from the point of view of a new humanitarian branch – dual linguistics, a combination of scientific and naive interpretation of language in the contemporary English lexicography. Language means verbalizing and explaining such interrelated notions as language, word, and speech, constitutes a mosaic-like unity of nominative units fixed in current lexicographic resources. It is proved that the interpretation of this particular phenomenon in the conceptual and linguistic pictures of the world of an average speaker and professional linguist is radically different. The dual linguistics perspective makes it possible to distinguish the two nominative fields of the studied concept: one for the naive and the other for the scientific pictures of the world. Factual data of the study that has been analyzed were drawn, respectively, on the one hand, from general (explanatory) and, on the other hand, special (linguistic) dictionaries of the English language. The primary task of this research is to describe the nuclear zone of the nominative field of the concept WORD/ LANGUAGE / SPEECH, which presupposes the naïve and scientific understanding of language through the prism of English lexicography.
How should we theorize algorithms? Five ideal types in analyzing algorithmic normativities
Authors: Lee Francis , Larsen Lotta Björklund
Published: July 2022

The power of algorithms has become a familiar topic in society, media, and the social sciences. It is increasingly common to argue that, for instance, algorithms automate inequality, that they are biased black boxes that reproduce racism, or that they control our money and information. Implicit in many of these discussions is that algorithms are permeated with normativities, and that these normativities shape society. The aim of this editorial is double: First, it contributes to a more nuanced discussion about algorithms by discussing how we, as social scientists, think about algorithms in relation to five theoretical ideal types. For instance, what does it mean to go under the hood of the algorithm and what does it mean to stay above it? Second, it introduces the contributions to this special theme by situating them in relation to these five ideal types. By doing this, the editorial aims to contribute to an increased analytical awareness of how algorithms are theorized in society and culture. The articles in the special theme deal with algorithms in different settings, ranging from farming, schools, and self-tracking to AIDS, nuclear power plants, and surveillance. The contributions thus explore, both theoretically and empirically, different settings where algorithms are intertwined with normativities.
From an Old Problem to a New Solution: Identity and Ideology in The Egg and the Chicken by Clarice Lispector
Authors: Fatah Arsalan Afrasyaw , Mahmood Karzan Aziz
Published: July 2022

This paper analyzes the short story The Egg and the Chicken by Clarice Lispector by examining the issues of identity, ideology and gender. The selected text is one of the outstanding works by this increasingly well-regarded Brazilian author and reappraises the age-old question of which came first: the chicken or the egg. The short story is explicitly concerned with its own dialectical language and the attempt to open up new philosophical perspectives on the long-standing boundaries of this issue through a discussion of the concept of origins and its deconstruction. The formal language employed in the short story seems somewhat contradictory in its effect, primarily due to its syntactic and stylistic simplicity and clarity via short, informative sentences and simple tenses to break down the given mental images. However, the story is notable for obscuring the content, invoking semantic and philosophical engagement by utilizing paradoxical and dialectical expressions. The chicken-egg paradox is both a quotidian metaphor and a multi-dimensional problem that exists on numerous levels. This paper, therefore, examines the language of the short story and seeks to find the answer/s to the dilemma. Unlike the general conception of the problem as an eternal issue or chicken-precedence, this research concludes that Lispector’s work re-addresses and problematizes this age-old question by unfolding several other potential problems or challenges within the paradox by placing a particular focus on the aspects of identity, ideology and gender.
Earth Abides and COVID-19 Pandemic: A Critical Analysis
Authors: Akhter Tawhida
Published: July 2022

There is literature and philosophy on viruses, plagues, epidemics, and pandemics. Earth Abides (1949) is a masterpiece of the science fiction-post-apocalyptic subgenre by an American writer George R. Stewart. Earth Abides approaches the wake of civilization’s extinction in a very rational, functional, logical manner. This paper examines the novel as apocalyptic during the COVID-19 epidemic by looking Stewart’s network of scientific inspirations. Coronaviruses are a group of viruses that may cause anything from a common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and Extreme Acute Respiratory Syndrome. In 2019, a novel coronavirus (COVID-19) found in Wuhan, China. The COVID-19 pandemic rocked the global economy, causing severe economic destruction across the globe. COVID-19 has inflamed divisiveness and politics worldwide, with heated disputes erupting about who should blame and who should assisted first. One of the concerns is the establishment of no-entry enclaves, which would further restrict international trade. The story of Earth Abides, set among the few survivors of a planet-wide pandemic, provides a view into the status of an interdisciplinary human ecosystem at a critical juncture. In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, this paper examined the American novel Earth Abides and provided a plausible vision of the future. Ish (protagonist) conquered by science, attempting to exist in a world in which he may be the last human, and relates the story of how scientific goals contributed to the abolition of human civilization. The researcher highlights how the fiction portrays reality and how individuals are at fault for the deterioration of their environment.
How Consciousness Creates Reality. The Full Version
Authors: Janew Claus
Published: July 2022

DescriptionThe main argument in this book is the undeniable openness of every system to the unknown. And the fundamental question goes: What does this openness produce?We are a part of the infinite universe and an incorporation of its wholeness. Both for us means an individualized reality, through which the universe expresses itself and on the other hand through which it is built up with. It also means our necessity, importance and indestructibility for the sum of its incorporations. Most connections among ourselves are hardly conscious for us. Meanwhile the infinitesimality structure of all consciousness guarantees not only the logical lack of inconsistency of these connections but also the freedom of choice of every individual.Our goal by no means can be to decide completely consciously. Responsibility contains spontaneity or rather trust in a meaningful working together of the forces. We increasingly become aware of our role in the entire relationship and we learn to contribute optimally to the value fulfillment of all individuals, ourselves included. Beyond the supposed differences between objective and subjective reality, we at some point of awareness comprehend that we create our reality out of our innermost depths.
Are corporate biodiversity commitments consistent with delivering ‘nature-positive’ outcomes? A review of ‘nature-positive’ definitions, company progress and challenges
Authors: zu Ermgassen Sophus , Howard Michael , Bennun Leon , Addison Prue , Bull Joseph , Loveridge Robin , Pollard Edward , Starkey Malcolm
Published: July 2022

There are growing calls for businesses to implement ‘nature-positive’ strategies. Convergence around a precise definition is now needed. We review definitions of ‘nature-positive’, highlight differences between ‘nature-positive’ and previous iterations of organizational biodiversity strategies (e.g. net positive impact) and propose four key elements for ‘nature-positive’ strategies: 1) demonstrating positive biodiversity outcomes across the entire value chain (“scope”); 2) buy-in throughout the entire organization (“mainstreaming”); 3) integrated consideration of different components of nature (e.g. both biodiversity and climate; “integration”); and 4) measurable outcomes against a fixed baseline aligned with overall societal goals (e.g. post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework; “ambition”). We analyze trends in biodiversity commitments of the Global Fortune 100 companies and firms that have made recent ‘net impact’ commitments, evaluating alignment with these elements and where possible assessing their evolution since 2016. Uptake of biodiversity commitments has increased since 2016, but with limited progress towards adopting measurable, time-bound commitments (an increase from 5-10/100 Fortune 100 firms from 2016-2021). We review barriers to business implementation of strategies that can deliver socially equitable and ‘nature-positive’ outcomes. Major improvements are needed in data availability and transparency, regulation and sector-wide coordination that creates level playing fields and prevents impact leakage. Transformative action is required to create production and consumption systems that actively enhance nature.
Sensing salmonella: modes of sensing and the politics of sensing infrastructures
Authors: Lee Francis
Published: July 2022

The intent of this chapter is theoretical and empirical. First, theoretically, the chapter proposes an analytical concept, modes of sensing, that is intended to examine how sensing infrastructures become implicated in the politics of sensing. The point is that attending to conflicts between different modes of sensing allows the analyst to become sensitive to differences, oppositions, and hierarchies between sensing infrastructures. Thee argument is that if sensing infrastructures are linked with different politics, then we also need analytical tools that allow for the description and analysis of oppositions, hierarchies, and indeterminacies that arise between different sensing infrastructures – and the politics that these differences in sensing give rise to and are implicated in. Empirically, the chapter analyses how different sensing infrastructures create different understandings of what an epidemic is, where it originates and develops, and what its essential properties are. In essence: how different modes of sensing constitute disease outbreaks in different manners. !us, the chapter sketches how an emerging sensing infrastructure for disease surveillance – in this case a sensing infrastructure based on genetics – becomes both championed and contested as evidence of a disease outbreak.
Aplicação do modelo ARIMA para previsão de vendas da rede de farmácias Rossmann
Authors: Santana Marcos Vinicius Lira , Gonçalves Eva Wilma Senhorinho
Published: July 2022

É essencial para as empresas conseguir obter uma boa previsão de vendas diárias a partir de informações anteriores relacionadas às vendas de seus produtos e/ou serviços. Através dessa previsão a empresa pode se preparar para as variações de mercado, além disso uma previsão de vendas correta permite ter uma melhor percepção de pontos de melhoria na equipe. Dessa forma, este estudo teve como objetivo prever as vendas diárias de uma das maiores redes de farmácias da Europa, a Rossmann. Para isso, com o auxílio do software R, realizou-se uma análise dos dados coletados através de estatísticas descritivas e visualizações gráficas. Em seguida, utilizou-se o Modelo Autorregressivo Integrado De Médias Móveis (ARIMA) para a construção de 10 modelos, e a partir do valor do Critério de Informação de Akaike (AIC) foi escolhido o melhor modelo. Como resultado, percebeu-se que o modelo ARIMA (1,2,1) apresentou os melhores resultados.
Interconnections between religious hegemony, socio-political processes, & the mental wellbeing of pious LGBT+ citizens
Authors: Concannon Liam
Published: July 2022

Religiosity is associated with better mental health outcomes including lower levels of anxiety and depression; a greater sense of emotional wellbeing; and personal fulfilment. However, whether religiosity has the same bearing on the mental health of lesbians, gay men, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT+) individuals has yet to be fully established. What is clear is the social environment in which it operates is one that routinely rejects and stigmatises non-heterosexual people. Set within a global context, religion has been acknowledged to be a key agency hostile to the introduction of legislation protecting the civil rights of the LGBT+ populace. In this article, the interconnections between religious hegemony, LGBT+ Christians, and socio-political advances for the equal rights of gay people is explored through an assessment of the scholarly literature and research. This article seeks to contribute to an understanding of the relationship between traditional religion, secular society, and the mental wellbeing of LGBT+ citizens.
Reformy samorządności lokalnej w Indiach – przesłanki i determinanty
Authors: Bywalec Grzegorz
Published: July 2022

Following the Constitution of 1949, India is a democratic republic, a federation of states. However, in the early years of independence, the democratic rules of organising and functioning of the state applied to only two tiers – the federal one and the state one. The local tier remained undemocratic, which resulted in India being a semi-democratic country. Such a situation could not last long. It was necessary to launch reforms to democratise the local system of government and make India a fully democratic country. Numerous attempts at setting up democratic local self-government had been made, but all failed. It was not until the early 1990s that sustainable legal grounds were established for three-tier governance and its implementation began. Thirty years have passed since the Indian decentralisation. This fact induced the author to present the premises, determinants, and effects of the local government system’s democratisation and attempt to evaluate its role in the life of contemporary India.
Filozofia polityczna jako narzędzie badania prawa
Authors: Chmieliński Maciej
Published: July 2022

The article presents a methodological proposal, inspired by the concepts taken from “Political Liberalism” of John Rawls. The purpose of the article is to employ Rawlsian concepts of “public reason” and “social reason” to examine the reasonableness of positive law, i.e. the vision of fundamental justice and the concept of the general good that are manifested in law. The legislative process is seen as a kind of filter for contents representing the so-called background culture transferring it partly to the public reason. The examination of the reasonabless of positive law allows to check whether the law of a democratic community really reflects its goals, visions of the general good and values, or contradicts them. The presented methodology assumes a correction of the Rawlsian individualist vision, by distinguishing three models of reasonableness of law present in contemporary democracies and corresponding to three ways of understanding basic justice and the general good, i.e. the individualist, communitarian and collectivist model.
Polskie prawo kosmiczne – wyzwania i kompromisy
Authors: Kłoda Mariusz Tomasz , Malinowska Katarzyna , Malinowski Bartosz , Polkowska Małgorzata
Published: July 2022

The paper was prepared by members of the Task Force for Polish Space Law operating at the Centre for Space Studies, Kozminski University in Warsaw. The purpose of this paper was to examine the challenges associated with the adoption of a national space legislation, including an analysis of the position of professionals and entrepreneurs active in the Polish space sector on the content of future Polish legislation on space activities. The authors were tasked with presenting the essential issues of Polish regulation of space activity, i.e. its subject and scope, including establishing the spatial scope of statutory regulation and addressing the issue of liability for damage and insurance of such liability. The analysis was conducted both from the perspective of the formal foundations of national legislation on space exploration, which is supposed to reflect the international obligations of the country in this area, and from the perspective of the interests of all stakeholders who bear the main burden of carrying out this risky activity.
Najwyższy dostojnik autonomii. Instytucja marszałka krajowego w Galicji (1861–1920)
Authors: Szymczak Damian
Published: July 2022

At the early 1860s, the Habsburg Monarchy underwent a period of a profound reforms. These resulted in the birth of a constitutional monarchy and modern parliamentarism. Bodies of self-government were established in the individual provinces of the state. In Galicia, the National Sejm and the National Department, which was the executive organ of the Sejm, were established. Both of these institutions were headed by the Galician National Marshal, who in theory held the highest position in the Galician self-government, but in reality, had very limited powers. The actual rule in the province was exercised by the royal-imperial governor. Until the very end of the Habsburg Monarchy the Polish politicians unsuccessfully tried to raise the status of the office of National Marshal. They even failed to introduce the principle of his election by the Sejm. In total, 11 people held the post of National Marshal. It is a certain phenomenon that this institution survived the Habsburg Monarchy. The last National Marshal had to resign from the office in 1920.
Sprawa uczczenia ofiar mordów ludności polskiej na Wołyniu i Kresach Południowo-Wschodnich Rzeczypospolitej w latach 1943–1944 w związku z 60. rocznicą tragedii wołyńskiej w debacie parlamentarnej Sejmu IV kadencji
Authors: Wicha Tomasz
Published: July 2022

The matter of commemorating the victims of the murders of the Polish population in Volhynia and the South-Eastern Borderlands of the Republic of Poland in the years 1943–1944 in connection with the 60th anniversary of the Volhynia tragedy in the parliamentary debate of the 4th Sejm The parliamentary debate on commemorating murdered Poles on the 60th anniversary of the Volhynian tragedy showed the levels of political conflict in Poland. The parliamentary divisions on the commemoration of the tragic events did not follow the left – right axis. In principle, all political parties wanted to establish good Polish–Ukrainian relations. However, there were strong divisions in the assessment of historical facts which continually caused tension in bilateral Polish-Ukrainian relations.
Glosa do Wyroku austriackiego Trybunału Konstytucyjnego z dnia 14 czerwca 2017 r., sygn. akt G62/2017 ua G62/2017-12, G63/2017-14, stwierdzająca ponowne wejście w życie uprzedniego stanu prawnego
Authors: Tkaczyk Edyta
Published: July 2022

The Constitutional Court has ruled on the lapse of the provision and on its re-entry into the legal system. According to § 4(3) of the ruling G62/2017 ua G62/2017-12, G63/2017-14 the expression “and 3” in § 16(5) of the law of financing political parties (LGBl 79/1981, idFLGBl 7/2017), should be repealed as unconstitutional due to a violation of the principle of equality before the law which also binds the legislator. These provisions illustrate the status of the law, as they were part of the legal system for some time and could be properly applied by public authorities. The ruling was issued on 14 June 2017 and concerns the re-entry into force of the previous legal status. However the Court emphasized that this matter should be regulated by the legislator of the Land of Salzburg. Regardless of the actions taken by the law-makers, the Constitutional Court had to deliver a judgement that is in accordance with the logical principle elaborated on the basis of Article 140(6) of the Austrian Constitution (Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz).
Parlamenty jako determinanta legitymacji strategicznej w organizacjach międzynarodowych. Recenzja publikacji: Frank Schimmelfennig, Thomas Winzen, Tobias Lenz, Jofre Rocabert, Loriana Crasnic, Cristina Gherasimov, Jana Lipps, Densua Mumford, The Rise of International Parliaments: Strategic Legitimation in International Organizations
Authors: Jaskiernia Jerzy
Published: July 2022

The reviewed book concerns important issues related to the international activity of parliamentarians. The authors show the theoretical aspects of the activities of international parliaments and other international parliamentary institutions. They focused in particular on the importance of this activity for ensuring strategic legitimacy. They argue that international organizations establish international parliamentary institutions to legitimate themselves by creating the appearance of democratic governance. In addition to theoretical lectures, case studies were presented, showing parliamentary dimension of the individual international organizations (including e.g. the European Union, OSCE, the Commonwealth of Independent States, Andean Community, the East African Community and Mercosur). The work makes a significant contribution to getting to know the specifics of international parliamentary organizations and showing the conditions for undertaking parliamentary diplomacy.
Z dziejów badań nad parlamentaryzmem Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów w historiografii polskiej (do 1939 r.)
Authors: Michalska-Bracha Lidia
Published: July 2022

The article characterises research into the history of parliamentarism of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth conducted in Polish historiography in the 19th century and in the interwar period (until 1939). Due to the wide problematic and chronological range the publication is of a review nature. It presents profiles of the main researchers and the most important historiographical views on the history of the Sejm in the 16th–18th centuries, represented among others by Adolf Pawiński, Walerian Kalinka, Michał Bobrzyński, Władysław Smoleński, Oswald Balzer, Stanisław Kutrzeba, Stanisław Starzyński, and Władysław Konopczyński. This research was of a multi-faceted nature, and was undertaken both by historians of social and political history, as well as historians of law, with particular emphasis on the legal and constitutional research conducted at that time.
Evaluating the mechanisms of transitional justice in Iraq (a critical study)
Authors:   Center for Future Studies, زوردەشت پەریان
Published: July 2022

Transitional justice is one of the most important factors for the political stability of countries. Especially in countries whose political system is going through a stage of transition from a state of grave violations of human rights to a stage of commitment to the protection of human rights, or countries that are exposed to political and economic crises that force them to go through transitional stages. Among these experiences stands out the experience of transitional justice in Iraq, which began since the United States occupied Iraq in 2003, passed through several stages, adopted several mechanisms, and established many institutions and laws that took upon themselves the achievement of the goals of transitional justice, and were directly or indirectly reflected on the political process in Iraq. In view of the above, a number of questions are raised, perhaps the most prominent of which are: What are the mechanisms of transitional justice that were applied in Iraq after 2003? Were these mechanisms able to achieve the goals of transitional justice? In order to study this problem, The research stems from the hypothesis that “the implementation of transitional justice mechanisms in Iraq after 2003 was carried out in a selective manner that lacks transitional justice standards, and the achievement of national reconciliation, due to the different goals and orientations of the political elites in Iraq and their external connections, which led to the failure of transitional justice in Iraq.” The most important results of this study were; It is not to benefit from the international experiences of transitional justice, especially the models closest to Iraq, such as South Africa, and to seek the assistance of experts in the field from those countries that share with Iraq the past of dictatorial rule and division on racial grounds.
Foreign Policy Analysis from the Perspective of Neoclassical Realism
Authors:   Center for Future Studies, ساڵح دانا , عەلی كارزان
Published: July 2022

Neoclassical realism as a theoretical model belongs to the Realism School of Thought. It has its own vision about the state’s foreign policy analysis. This model’s assumption is interesting for scholars because it simplifies for the researchers in terms of how they analyze the different types of foreign policy decision-making. This model also is a result of its previous models in the same school such as classical realism and neorealism or structural realism. This work is a scientific effort for the sake of depicting the basic ideas behind the theory by showing and explaining the systemic and intervening variables on which this theory is working on them. The importance of this research is: the writer through using the original sources has made a precise explanation for the different assumptions of the theory, for this purpose, the study takes benefits from the comparison as well as the content analysis methods. In conclusion, the author concludes that Neoclassical realism theory has powerful theoretical assumptions for analyzing the state’s foreign policy because this model from two different levels of analysis is explaining foreign policy, internal and external factors, while the classical theory focuses on the internal issues, the neorealism focuses on the systemic factors.
The Nature of Disputes and its Resolve Mechanisms in the Federal States
Authors:   Center for Future Studies, رسول عابد
Published: July 2022

Federalism as a most modern type of states in the world has been investigated and so many researches have been made about it. But less investigation have been made about the nature of conflicts and the mechanism of their settlement, especially when federal states as a whole other types of states have their issues and problems which they need to be solved by a suitable mechanism. The most important issues which become causes to raise those conflicts includes the desire to empower authority by the central government and increasing the authority and independence of ingredients. Also, the distribution of incomes and financial resources is another issue which causes conflict because usually the central government hold a huge part of powers in his grip. The final issue of the conflict is the frame of the state identity while the majority of federal states in the world have a plural and diverse community, so federal states can’t properly manage that diversity , finally they face ethnic, national, and regional conflict. This research ends by the conclusion that those conflicts can be solved by two types of mechanisms which are: the permanent mechanisms and temporary mechanism. The most important mechanisms include: (federal constitution, the second legislative council, federal court), and the temporary mechanisms include: (negotiation and agreement, declaration of state of emergency, separation and declaration of independence). The use and effect of each of these mechanisms varies from a federal state to another federal state.
The Political change in The Conservatism Thought: from Traditional Conservatism to New right
Authors:   Center for Future Studies, شریف ئاریان , عبدللە کەنعان
Published: July 2022

The meaning of (Conservatism) as a political thought, is opposition to Change and defending the Status quo, the (conservatives) are emphasizing the respect for religions and traditions and considering the Status quo as an accumulated traditions result of history, so its maintenance is required. (Conservatism) is rejecting the notion of Social Contract, and consider the State as a result of man’s attempt to improve his life, in this regard they look significantly at the human action, and reject any actions which is not derived from human’s attempt. Thus, they assist practical politics and consider the politics as a result of human actions, not obstruct mind. The book of (Edmond Burke) (the reflection of the revolution of French) is consideed as a starting point of (conservatism) thoughts. (Burke) criticize (French revolution) that it was a devastated revolution and derived from an obstruct reason. (Conservatism) is moving through two historical stages: (Traditional conservatism), defends the liberal free market, but simultaneously demands a strong State to protect the security of Society. (new conservatism) at the twenty century: the first half of the century had a Left view, supported the welfare State, but at the second half under the title of (new right) inclined towards free marked economic notion. (Edmond Burk) as a representative of (traditional conservatism) and (miechel oaqshat), (Roger Scruton) as representatives of (modern conservatism), despite their disputes in some issues, they all agree in depending on religion and tradition in reforming Societies, and they consider radical changes as a danger for Society security and safety, and individual freedom and security.
SYNTHESIS OF AROMATIC POLYESTERS BASED ON NORBORNANE-CONTAINING DIOLS
Authors: Papava Givi , Chitrekashvili Ia , Gavashelidze Eter , Gurgenishvili Marina , Dokhturishvili Nora , Papava Shalva
Published: July 2022

Aromatic polyesthers were synthesized on the base of policiclicbisphenols and dichloroanhydride of aromatic dicarboxylic acid by the method of equilibrium polycondensation in solvent. The obtained polymers are characterized by high heat-and thermal stability, are well soluble in chlorinated hydrocarbons and they form transparent films from solutions which are characterized by good mechanical and dielectric properties.
Interpolyelectrolyte Complex Chitosan – Alginate for Soil Structuring
Authors:   Astana International University, Мussabayeva B.Kh. , Kassymova Zh.S. ,   Shakarim University, Orazzhanova L.K. ,   Shakarim University, Klivenko A.N. ,   Shakarim University, Sabitova A.N. ,   Shakarim University, Bayakhmetova B.B. ,   Shakarim University
Published: July 2022

The interpolyelectrolyte complex of the composition [chitosan]:[alginate] = [1]:[4] was prepared by mixing a hydrochloric acid solution of cationic polyelectrolyte chitosan and an aqueous solution of anionic polyelectro-lyte sodium alginate. The complex of chitosan and sodium alginate biopolymers was first used as a soil structurizer. Due to low humus and light mechanical composition, the dark chestnut soil of the dry-steppe zone of the East Kazakhstan region is subjected to erosion. Introducing a polymer complex into the specified soil contributed to the improvement of wind resistance, an increase in humidity, and a decrease in water per-meability. The soil surface treated with a complex of biopolymers showed pronounced resistance to the action of planar and trickle water erosion due to aggregation of particles with a diameter of < 0.01 mm. The fraction of soil particles obtained by mechanical destruction of structured aggregates with a diameter of 3-1 mm has a well-expressed ability to self-aggregate during the humidification - drying process. The results of the vegeta-tion and field experience in tillage with an interpolyelectrolyte complex showed a positive effect of the com-plex on the growth and development of radish of the Rubin variety and, as a result, an increase in radish yield by 2 times was achieved. The obtained results indicate the effectiveness of the structuring action of the chi-tosan-alginate complex for poorly structured soils.
Polymer Complexes for Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution
Authors:   Waseda University, Shinohara H. , Nishide H. ,   Waseda University
Published: July 2022

Electrocatalytic water oxidation for oxygen gas evolution has been widely studied from the perspective of sustainable technology. However, the use of organic polymers as catalyst layers for this reaction remains un-developed. We discuss, here, the prerequisites, characteristics, and advantages of π-conjugated polymers as electrochemical catalysts to modify anodic current collectors for water oxidation, including some examples by citing the previous works in literature. In section 3, we present our latest results, the use of an organic pol-ymer complex of poly(ethylenedioxythiophene) and phytic acid supported by a hydrophilic poly(hydroxy-ethyl methacrylate) platform, which efficiently generates oxygen gas through anodic water oxidation.
Reproductive History and Pregnancy incidence of Malian and Beninese Female Sex workers before and During Sex Work Practice
Authors: Alary Michel
Published: July 2022

Aim/Background: To reduce maternal mortality (MM), access to family planning and reproductive health care services are key strategies. Access to and use by marginalized populations pose a substantial challenge. The objective of this study was to describe the reproductive history of female sex workers (FSWs) before and during sex work. Materials and methods: FSWs aged ≥18 years were recruited in Benin, and Mali, to answer a questionnaire during a face-to-face interview. Descriptive analyses were carried out and comparisons made between countries (Pearson chi-square) and between the periods before (BSW) and during sex work (DSW) practice within women in each country (McNemar chi-square). In addition, multiple imputations were used to estimate and compare the incidence rate of pregnancy BSW and DSW calculated with a generalized linear model for count data with a Poisson distribution and a log link. Results: Mean age was 26 years in Mali (n=322) and 35 years in Benin (n=330). More women had at least one pregnancy BSW compared to DSW in both Mali (62.1%-vs-33.5%) and Benin (91.2%-vs-32.7%). The pregnancies occurring DSW had lower livebirth rates (57.9%-vs-74.7% Mali, 17.6%-vs-60.6% Benin) and ended more often with a therapeutic abortion, DSW compared to BSW, especially in Benin (65.2%-vs-25.6%). The level of complications associated with therapeutic abortion was high, both DSW (23%) and BSW (20%). The incidence rate of pregnancy was about twice lower DSW compared to BSW [incidence rate ratio (IRR): 0.49; 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.37-0.66-Mali and IRR: 0.45; 95% CI: 0.32-0.63-Benin]. Conclusion: In both Benin and Mali, FSWs had more pregnancies during the period preceding sex work practice, about twice more than during sex work when considering the differences in incidence rates. Single mothers need to be supported to avoid sex work as a financial solution. On the other hand, the reproductive needs of FSWs need to be acknowledged to reduce maternal mortality within this marginalized population. It is of paramount importance that interventions remain focused on reproductive health and prevent unwanted pregnancies, answer contraceptive needs and provide safe therapeutic abortions.
Uterine Extra-Abdominal Exposure in the Management of Anterior Placenta Previa and Accreta to Proceed Hysterotomy
Authors: Sena Martins Mauricio de
Published: July 2022

The rates of placenta praevia and accreta are rising, probably as a result of increasing rates of cesarean delivery, as well as maternal age and assisted reproductive technologyIn this paper, we present a case report of a pregnancy complicated by anterior placenta praevia and accreta, in which the uterine extra-abdominal exposure technique was used to proceed the hysterotomy in the uterine fundus in order to avoid excessive bleeding and also to better evaluate the lower segment and consequent hysterectomy requirement. The main objective of this procedure is to describe a surgical technique which should guide the hysterotomy, in a position far enough away from the placenta site (fundus or posterior), in order to prevent bleeding complications in placental accreta disorders.
Assess the Effectiveness of Using Kangaroo Mother Care on Reducing Postpartum Bleeding among Laboring Women: A Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Fouly Howieda
Published: July 2022

Background: Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) is one of the important interventions that must be implemented immediately after birth, contributing to minimizing postpartum bleeding. Aim: To assess the effectiveness of using KMC in reducing postpartum bleeding among laboring women. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled clinical trial (Posttest design) was used in the present study. The study was conducted in the labor and delivery unit at King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), Jeddah. 100 laboring women were recruited for the study randomly and divided into two equal groups. The intervention group had KMC while the control group received routine hospital care. Results: The homogeneity is shown among the participants and approved as there is no significant difference between both groups according to socio-demographic and obstetric data. There were statistically significant differences between the intervention and control groups regarding the amount of blood loss related to KMC (p-value = 0.000). Also, a successful ﬁrst breastfeeding was higher among the intervention group than the control group (p-value = 0.002). Conclusions: The mothers who had KMC immediately after birth had lesser amounts of blood loss and experienced early successful breastfeeding initiation and continuous education and training programs to all midwives and nurses working in the labor and delivery about the importance of implementing KMC.
A Case of Adrenal Pheochromocytoma Presenting with Anxiety
Authors: Karakaya Deniz
Published: July 2022

Pheochromocytoma is a rare, neuroendocrine tumor secreting catecholamine, arising from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Also, very rare cause of secondary hypertension in pediatric age, and however, it is important to suspect. Presentation of this tumor is highly variable but the most common pediatric cases being persistent hypertension, tachycardia, sweating, and headache. In addition, anxiety, weight loss and recurrent hypertension may also appear among the clinical manifestations of the disease. The diagnosis requires measurement of plasma metanephrines, with imaging studies performed for localization and identification of metastatic lesions. The definitive management of hypertension is surgical. We present a case with pheochromocytoma that was previously diagnosed as anxiety due to tachycardia associated with hypertension.
Prevalence and Clinico-Biological Characteristics of Viral Hepatitis B and C in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients at the National Hospital Center of Nouakchott-Mauritania
Authors: Ould Salem Mohamed Lemine
Published: July 2022

Introduction: Chronic renal insufficiency is a common pathology both nationally and worldwide, infections with hepatitis B and C viruses are the most common infectious complication in chronic hemodialysis patients. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B and C in chronic hemodialysis patients at the National Hospital Center of Nouakchott and to identify the risk factors for these infections as well as their clinical and biological complications in this population Material and Methods: This is a prospective study carried out at the nephrology-hemodialysis department of the National Hospital of Nouakchott over a period of one year from 1st, 2016 to December 31st, 2016 Demographic, clinical, epidemiological, and biological data were collected using a pre-established survey form The search for HBsAg was done by the ELISA technique and the detection of anti-HCV antibodies was done by the CMIA technique (Abbott®), the HCV RNA was searched for by real-time PCR (Abbott) Results The average age of our patients was 52 years old with a female predominance The prevalence of hepatitis B was 24.27% and that of hepatitis C was 5.82%, 1.92% of patients were coinfected with HBV and HCV The duration of dialysis and the number of transfusions were the main risk factors for catching these infections. Conclusion the risk factors found in our study were comparable to the literature; the high prevalence of hepatitis B in our series could be linked to its high prevalence in the general population but also to a nosocomial infection.
A Rare Anatomic Variant of the Superficial Palmar Branch of the Radial Artery Used for Arteriovenous Fistula Creation
Authors: Alam Choudhury Tauhidul
Published: July 2022

Anatomical knowledge regarding the variant branching patterns of the radial artery is considerably crucial for interventionalists, vascular, and plastic surgeons. We report a case of a rare variant branching pattern where the superficial palmar branch of the radial artery originated from the radial artery in the forearm instead of the wrist with a subcutaneous course in a 52-year-old patient with diabetic end-stage kidney disease who required haemodialysis initiation. This variant branch was used as inflow for the creation of the arteriovenous fistula for haemodialysis access.
Evaluation of the Difference Between non-COVID-19 Pneumonia and COVID-19 Pneumonia Nursing Care
Authors: ARSLAN GÜRCAN
Published: July 2022

Aim This study was aimed to contribute to the nursing care of COVID-19 pneumonia by determining the similarities and differences in nursing care for COVID-19 pneumonia and non-COVID-19 pneumonia. Methods This study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the nursing care applied to 84 pneumonia patients who were hospitalized in Sivas Numune Hospital Chest Diseases Service between 2018-2019 and 81 in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia between May and November 2020. Results COVID-19 pneumonia patients were older than non-COVID-19 pneumonia patients (p<0.001), and the majority of patients were hypertensive and diabetic (p<0.05). The most common symptom for COVID-19 pneumonia patients is dyspnea (p<0.05) while for non-COVID-19 pneumonia patients it is fever (p<0.001). 77.8% of COVID-19 pneumonia patients but non-COVID-19 pneumonia patients had bilateral pneumonia with the feature of multiple mottling and ground-glass opacity on CT images. LDH, CRP, PCT, AST/ALT, and D-dimer levels increased significantly higher in COVID-19 pneumonia patients than in COVID-19 pneumonia patients (p<0.001). 26.2% of non-COVID-19 pneumonia patients, all of COVID-19 pneumonia patients' liver function tests, and coagulation factors were regularly monitored. COVID-19 pneumonia patients received %100 of patients antiviral drugs, 74.1% of patients corticosteroids, 92.5% of patients anticoagulant, 39.5% psychological support different from non-COVID-19 patients. Conclusion D-dimer and procalcitonin elevation in patients who develop pneumonia due to COVID-19 may be indicators of the need for intensive care in nursing care. Besides, it was concluded that liver functions and DVT follow-up in COVID-19 pneumonia should be included in nursing care.
Subtypes of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Circulating in Professional Sex Workers Community: A Different Epidemiology
Authors: Ntambwe Kamangu Erick
Published: July 2022

Background: HIV-1 has a genetic diversity that is equal to the complexity of its management. Professional Sex Workers (PSW) have always been considered as a key population for Sexually Transmitted Infections around the world. They are often incriminated for transporting and introducing cosmopolitan subtypes into populations. Objective: The objective of this review was to present the different strains of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) which circulate in the population of Professional Sex Workers in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and their evolution. Methods: Various publications related to the identification of the different variants of HIV-1 among PSW in Kinshasa-DRC were the subject of this literature review. The research for these different works on the different variants of type 1 HIV was done on the internet from websites using specific keywords. The search was limited to published work and abstracts presented from 2000 to date. The manuscripts were selected according to the relevance of the methodology, the results as well as the representativeness of the samples. The socio-demographic information of the populations studied, the measurement methods and the objectives were taken into account in the evaluation of the articles. Results: From 2000 to 2021, 2 works were documented carried out mainly on the PSWs for Kinshasa-DRC meeting the various selection criteria. In 2012, according to the IBBS, subtype A was dominant with 4 PSWs (30.8%), followed by subtypes G with 2 PSWs (15.4%) and C with 1 PSW (7.7%). In 2014, according to Kamangu NE et al, the dominant subtype was K in 5 patients (25%), followed by subtypes A and G in 3 patients each (15%). Conclusion: It emerges from this work that this key population is a group with a complex and special epidemiology. The prevalence of subtype A has been declining over the years while other subtypes are on the rise.