bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stimulated emission of Cooper pairs in a high-temperature cuprate superconductor
Authors: Zhang Wentao , Miller Tristan , Smallwood Christopher L. , Yoshida Yoshiyuki , Eisaki Hiroshi , Kaindl R. A. , Lee Dung-Hai , Lanzara Alessandra
Published: July 2016

The concept of stimulated emission of bosons has played an important role in modern science and technology and constitutes the working principle for lasers. In a stimulated emission process, an incoming photon enhances the probability that an excited atomic state will transition to a lower energy state and generate a second photon of the same energy. It is expected, but not experimentally shown, that stimulated emission contributes significantly to the zero resistance current in a superconductor by enhancing the probability that scattered Cooper pairs will return to the macroscopically occupied condensate instead of entering any other state. Here, we use time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy to study the initial rise of the non-equilibrium quasiparticle population in a Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ cuprate superconductor induced by an ultrashort laser pulse. Our finding reveals significantly slower buildup of quasiparticles in the superconducting state than in the normal state. The slower buildup only occurs when the pump pulse is too weak to deplete the superconducting condensate and for cuts inside the Fermi arc region. We propose this is a manifestation of stimulated recombination of broken Cooper pairs and signals an important momentum space dichotomy in the formation of Cooper pairs inside and outside the Fermi arc region.
Time resolved X-ray Dark-Field Tomography Revealing Water Transport in a Fresh Cement Sample
Authors: Prade Friedrich , Fischer Kai , Heinz Detlef , Meyer Pascal , Mohr Jürgen , Pfeiffer Franz
Published: June 2016

Grating-based X-ray dark-field tomography is a promising technique for biomedical and materials research. Even if the resolution of conventional X-ray tomography does not suffice to resolve relevant structures, the dark-field signal provides valuable information about the sub-pixel microstructural properties of the sample. Here, we report on the potential of X-ray dark-field imaging to be used for time-resolved three-dimensional studies. By repeating consecutive tomography scans on a fresh cement sample, we were able to study the hardening dynamics of the cement paste in three dimensions over time. The hardening of the cement was accompanied by a strong decrease in the dark-field signal pointing to microstructural changes within the cement paste. Furthermore our results hint at the transport of water from certain limestone grains, which were embedded in the sample, to the cement paste during the process of hardening. This is indicated by an increasing scattering signal which was observed for two of the six tested limestone grains. Electron microscopy images revealed a distinct porous structure only for those two grains which supports the following interpretation of our results. When the water filled pores of the limestone grains empty during the experiment the scattering signal of the grains increases.
Specificity and mechanism of action of alpha-helical membrane-active peptides interacting with model and biological membranes by single-molecule force spectroscopy
Authors: Sun Shiyu , Zhao Guangxu , Huang Yibing , Cai Mingjun , Shan Yuping , Wang Hongda , Chen Yuxin
Published: July 2016

In this study, to systematically investigate the targeting specificity of membrane-active peptides on different types of cell membranes, we evaluated the effects of peptides on different large unilamellar vesicles mimicking prokaryotic, normal eukaryotic, and cancer cell membranes by single-molecule force spectroscopy and spectrum technology. We revealed that cationic membrane-active peptides can exclusively target negatively charged prokaryotic and cancer cell model membranes rather than normal eukaryotic cell model membranes. Using Acholeplasma laidlawii, 3T3-L1, and HeLa cells to represent prokaryotic cells, normal eukaryotic cells, and cancer cells in atomic force microscopy experiments, respectively, we further studied that the single-molecule targeting interaction between peptides and biological membranes. Antimicrobial and anticancer activities of peptides exhibited strong correlations with the interaction probability determined by single-molecule force spectroscopy, which illustrates strong correlations of peptide biological activities and peptide hydrophobicity and charge. Peptide specificity significantly depends on the lipid compositions of different cell membranes, which validates the de novo design of peptide therapeutics against bacteria and cancers.
Integrative analysis of cancer genes in a functional interactome
Authors: Ung Matthew H. , Liu Chun-Chi , Cheng Chao
Published: June 2016

The post-genomic era has resulted in the accumulation of high-throughput cancer data from a vast array of genomic technologies including next-generation sequencing and microarray. As such, the large amounts of germline variant and somatic mutation data that have been generated from GWAS and sequencing projects, respectively, show great promise in providing a systems-level view of these genetic aberrations. In this study, we analyze publicly available GWAS, somatic mutation and drug target data derived from large databanks using a network-based approach that incorporates directed edge information under a randomized network hypothesis testing procedure. We show that these three classes of disease-associated nodes exhibit non-random topological characteristics in the context of a functional interactome. Specifically, we show that drug targets tend to lie upstream of somatic mutations and disease susceptibility germline variants. In addition, we introduce a new approach to measuring hierarchy between drug targets, somatic mutants and disease susceptibility genes by utilizing directionality and path length information. Overall, our results provide new insight into the intrinsic relationships between these node classes that broaden our understanding of cancer. In addition, our results align with current knowledge on the therapeutic actionability of GWAS and somatic mutant nodes, while demonstrating relationships between node classes from a global network perspective.
Rhodium(iii)-catalyzed alkylation of primary C(sp3)–H bonds with α-diazocarbonyl compounds
Authors: Hou Wei , Yang Yaxi , Wu Yunxiang , Feng Huijin , Li Yuanchao , Zhou Bing
Published: June 2016

Rh(iii)-catalyzed intermolecular chelation-assisted insertion of primary sp3 C–H bonds into α-diazocarbonyl compounds, for the first time, is reported under mild reaction conditions.
A planar triangular Dy3 + Dy3 single-molecule magnet with a toroidal magnetic moment
Authors: Li Xiao-Lei , Wu Jianfeng , Tang Jinkui , Le Guennic Boris , Shi Wei , Cheng Peng
Published: June 2016

The modification of the axial coordination ligands of the Dy3 + Dy3 triangles results in a unique Dy6 complex, in which single-molecule magnet behavior and meanwhile a toroidal magnetic moment in the ground state have been observed.
Effect of hydrogen in controlling the structural orientation of ZnO:Ga:H as transparent conducting oxide films suitable for applications in stacked layer devices
Authors: Mondal Praloy , Das Debajyoti
Published: June 2016

Hydrogenation of the ZnO:Ga network has been chosen as a promising avenue to further upgrade the optoelectronic and structural properties of the films.
The fracture behaviors of monolayer phosphorene with grain boundaries under tension: a molecular dynamics study
Authors: Guo Yangyang , Qiao Chong , Wang Aihua , Zhang Jinping , Wang Songyou , Su Wan-Sheng , Jia Yu
Published: June 2016

The fracture behaviors of monolayer phosphorene with and without a grain boundary have been explored by molecular dynamics simulations.
Platinum-catalysed intermolecular addition of carbonyl compounds to 1,6-enynes: investigation of a new reaction pathway
Authors: Fourmy Kévin , El Louz Mohamed , Mallet-Ladeira Sonia , Daran Jean-Claude , Dechy-Cabaret Odile , Gouygou Maryse
Published: July 2016

A novel intermolecular addition of aldehydes to 1,6-enynes via a Pt–carbene intermediate provides the diastereoselective formation of valuable tricyclic compounds.
Multifunctional imine-POSS as uncommon 3D nanobuilding blocks for supramolecular hybrid materials: synthesis, structural characterization, and properties
Authors: Janeta Mateusz , John Łukasz , Ejfler Jolanta , Lis Tadeusz , Szafert Sławomir
Published: June 2016

Imino-functionalized cage-like octasilsesquioxanes provide unique examples of the 3D supramolecular network and their relationship to the assembly of tunable materials from nanobuilding blocks.
Strong-field-induced wave packet dynamics in carbon dioxide molecule
Authors: Rudenko Artem , Makhija Varun , Vajdi Aram , Ergler Thorsten , Schürholz Markus , Kushawaha Rajesh K. , Ullrich Joachim , Moshammer Robert , Kumarappan Vinod
Published: June 2016

Temporal evolution of electronic and nuclear wave packets created in strong-field excitation of the carbon dioxide molecule is studied employing momentum-resolved ion spectroscopy and channel-selective Fourier analysis. Combining the data obtained with two different pump-probe set-ups, we observed signatures of vibrational dynamics in both, ionic and neutral states of the molecule. We consider far-off-resonance two-photon Raman scattering to be the most likely mechanism of vibrational excitation in the electronic ground state of the neutral CO2. Using the measured phase relation between the time-dependent yields of different fragmentation channels, which is consistent with the proposed mechanism, we suggest an intuitive picture of the underlying vibrational dynamics. For ionic states, we found signatures of both, electronic and vibrational excitations, which involve the ground and the first excited electronic states, depending on the particular final state of the fragmentation. While our results for ionic states are consistent with the recent observations by Erattupuzha et al. [J. Chem. Phys.144, 024306 (2016)], the neutral state contribution was not observed there, which we attribute to a larger bandwidth of the 8 fs pulses we used for this experiment. In a complementary measurement employing longer, 35 fs pulses in a 30 ps delay range, we study the influence of rotational excitation on our observables, and demonstrate how the coherent electronic wave packet created in the ground electronic state of the ion completely decays within 10 ps due to the coupling to rotational motion.
Structural characterization and anti-aging activity of a novel extracellular polysaccharide from fungus Phellinus sp. in a mammalian system
Authors: Ma Xiao-kui , Guo Dan dan , Peterson Eric Charles , Dun Ying , Li Dan yang
Published: June 2016

A structurally new extracellular polysaccharide fromPhellinussp. culture, SHP-1, can alleviate oxidative damage and counteract aging and have a significant protective effect against oxidative stress or hepatotoxicity in mammalian system.
Local extracellular matrix alignment directs cellular protrusion dynamics and migration through Rac1 and FAK
Authors: Carey Shawn P. , Goldblatt Zachary E. , Martin Karen E. , Romero Bethsabe , Williams Rebecca M. , Reinhart-King Cynthia A.
Published: June 2016

Fiber alignment within tumor-mimetic engineered collagen matrices drives FAK- and Rac1-dependent cellular anisotropy that promotes protrusions along fibers and suppresses off-axis protrusions to direct cell migration.
Stem cells: to be born great, achieve greatness, or have greatness thrust upon them?
Authors: Tran Raymond , Hoesli Corinne A. , Moraes Christopher
Published: July 2016

In this Research Highlight, we describe recent innovations to several aspects of the pluripotent cell therapy pipeline.
Subsurface to substrate: dual-scale micro/nanofluidic networks for investigating transport anomalies in tight porous media
Authors: Kelly Shaina A. , Torres-Verdín Carlos , Balhoff Matthew T.
Published: June 2016

“Simple fabrication of complex and dual-scale micro/nanofluidic networks with TEM grid shadow masks for reservoir-on-a-chip platforms and other network applications.”
Construction of DNA nanotubes with controllable diameters and patterns using hierarchical DNA sub-tiles
Authors: Shi Xiaolong , Wu Xiaoxu , Song Tao , Li Xin
Published: June 2016

The design of DNA nanotubes is a promising and hot research branch in structural DNA nanotechnology, which is rapidly developing as a versatile method for achieving subtle nanometer scale materials and molecular diagnostic/curative devices.
Site-selective incorporation and ligation of protein aldehydes
Authors: Spears Richard J. , Fascione Martin A.
Published: June 2016

The incorporation of aldehyde handles into proteins, and subsequent chemical reactions thereof, is rapidly proving to be an effective way of generating homogeneous, covalently linked protein constructs that can display a vast array of functionality.
Synthesis of novel 5-arylidenethiazolidinones with apoptotic properties via a three component reaction using piperidine as a bifunctional reagent
Authors: Bathula Chandramohan , Tripathi Sayantan , Srinivasan Ramprasad , Jha Kunal Kumar , Ganguli Arnab , Chakrabarti G. , Singh Shailja , Munshi Parthapratim , Sen Subhabrata
Published: July 2016

Novel 5-arylidenethiazolidinones with apoptotic properties via a three component reaction.
Effect of nanosized and surface-structural-modified nano-pyroxene on adsorption of violanthrone-79
Authors: Hmoudah Maryam , Nassar Nashaat N. , Vitale Gerardo , El-Qanni Amjad
Published: July 2016

A new environmentally sound and low-cost yet highly efficient pyroxene nanoparticles employed for the first time as nanoadsorbents for violanthrone-79.
Efficacy of polyethylene Interpolymer membranes for fluoride and arsenic ion removal during desalination of water via electrodialysis
Authors: Bhadja Vaibhavee , Trivedi Jaladhi S. , Chatterjee Uma
Published: June 2016

We report the comparative fluoride and arsenic ion removal efficacies of three different pairs of ion exchange membranes via electrodialysis during the desalination of ground water.
Fast and real-time acetone gas sensor using hybrid ZnFe2O4/ZnO hollow spheres
Authors: Zhang Rui , Zhang Tong , Zhou Tingting , Lou Zheng , Deng Jianan , Wang Lili
Published: June 2016

Special hybrid ZnFe2O4/ZnO hollow spheres show excellent acetone sensing properties.
Enantioselective construction of novel chiral spirooxindoles incorporating a thiazole nucleus
Authors: Cui L.-Y. , Wang Y.-M. , Zhou Z.-H.
Published: July 2016

Enantioselective synthesis of novel thiazole-fused spirooxindoles has been realized via chiral thiourea catalyzed asymmetric cascade Michael addition/cyclization of thiazolones and 3-ylideneoxindoles.
Improved electromechanical properties of NBR dielectric composites by poly(dopamine) and silane surface functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles
Authors: Yang Dan , Ruan Mengnan , Huang Shuo , Wu Yibo , Li Shuxin , Wang Hao , Shang Yuwei , Li Bingyao , Guo Wenli , Zhang Liqun
Published: July 2016

Improved electromechanical properties of NBR dielectric composites were achieved using poly(dopamine) and silane surface functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles.
Electron dominated grating in a triphenylamine-based photorefractive composite
Authors: Giang Ha Ngoc , Sassa Takafumi , Fujihara Takashi , Tsujimura Sho , Kinashi Kenji , Sakai Wataru , Tsutsumi Naoto
Published: June 2016

Electron dominated grating is confirmed in a photorefractive composite using a triphenylamine polymer and moderate electric field.
Tryptophan and kynurenines: continuing to court controversy
Authors: Stone Trevor W.
Published: June 2016

The role of the amino acid tryptophan in the generation of 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT) has been expanded over the past 30 years with recognition that its oxidation by indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) results in the formation of kynurenine and metabolites which regulate neuronal excitability, psychiatric status, immune cell activity and balance, and probably implantation and the development of embryos. While the amount of work on this kynurenine pathway continues to accelerate, it is important that disagreements about results, differences of interpretation or problems with technical issues are presented openly and discussed thoroughly so that new research is not mis-led in ways that could have been foreseen. In this issue of Clinical Science, Badawy et al. discuss in depth two opposing views of how changes in tryptophan availability or utilisation bring about their effects on cell function. The original concept that local depletion of tryptophan is responsible seems to be less attractive than the view that kynurenine and its metabolites have direct, potent actions on cells. This conclusion not only clarifies our understanding of the importance of tryptophan metabolism to kynurenine but also raises the possibility that the actions of those metabolites could be novel targets for the development of agonists and antagonists with a range of medical implications.
Enhanced weighting factor selection for predictive torque control of induction motor drive based on VIKOR method
Authors: Muddineni Vishnu Prasad , Bonala Anil Kumar , Sandepudi Srinivasa Rao
Published: July 2016

Predictive torque control (PTC) is one of the widely used modern control techniques for induction motor drives due to its merits such as; implementation is straightforward and direct inclusion of control parameters into the cost‐function is possible. However, the main drawback of this technique is the selection of appropriate weighting factor in the cost‐function. In this study an attempt is made to simplify the weighting factor selection by using VlseKriterijuska Optimizacija I Komoromisno Resenje (VIKOR) method and the cost function of PTC is modified accordingly. Usage of VIKOR method in the cost‐function optimisation introduces the compromise ranking to select an optimal control action. Both simulation and experimental results are carried out for a two‐level voltage source inverter fed induction motor drive with the proposed control technique and the results are compared with conventional PTC technique. These results confirm that proposed method retains the dynamic response achieved by the conventional PTC along with reduced torque ripple and switching frequency.
Longitudinal Comparison of Auditory Steady-State Evoked Potentials in Preterm and Term Infants: The Maturation Process
Authors: Sousa Ana , Didoné Dayane , Sleifer Pricila
Published: July 2016

Introduction Preterm neonates are at risk of changes in their auditory system development, which explains the need for auditory monitoring of this population. The Auditory Steady-State Response (ASSR) is an objective method that allows obtaining the electrophysiological thresholds with greater applicability in neonatal and pediatric population.

Objective The purpose of this study is to compare the ASSR thresholds in preterm and term infants evaluated during two stages.

Method The study included 63 normal hearing neonates: 33 preterm and 30 term. They underwent assessment of ASSR in both ears simultaneously through insert phones in the frequencies of 500 to 4000Hz with the amplitude modulated from 77 to 103Hz. We presented the intensity at a decreasing level to detect the minimum level of responses. At 18 months, 26 of 33 preterm infants returned for the new assessment for ASSR and were compared with 30 full-term infants. We compared between groups according to gestational age.

Results Electrophysiological thresholds were higher in preterm than in full-term neonates (p < 0.05) at the first testing. There were no significant differences between ears and gender. At 18 months, there was no difference between groups (p > 0.05) in all the variables described.

Conclusion In the first evaluation preterm had higher thresholds in ASSR. There was no difference at 18 months of age, showing the auditory maturation of preterm infants throughout their development.
Oscillating plasma bubble and its associated nonlinear studies in presence of low magnetic field
Authors: Megalingam Mariammal , Sarma Bornali , mitra Vramori , Hari Prakash N. , Sarma Arun
Published: July 2016

Oscillating plasma bubbles have been created around a cylindrical mesh grid of 75% optical transparency in a DC plasma system with a low magnetic field. Plasma bubbles are created by developing ion density gradient around a cylindrical grid of 20 cm in diameter and 25 cm in height, inserted into the plasma. Relaxation and contraction of the plasma bubbles in the presence of external conditions, such as magnetic field and pressure, have been studied. A Langmuir probe has been used to detect the plasma floating potential fluctuations at different imposed experimental conditions. Nonlinear behavior of the system has been characterized by adopting nonlinear techniques such as Fast Fourier Transform, Phase Space Plot, and Recurrence Plot. It shows that the system creates highly nonlinear phenomena associated with the plasma bubble under the imposed experimental conditions. A theoretical and numerical model has also been developed to satisfy the observed experimental analysis. Moreover, observations are extended further to study the growth of instability associated with the plasma bubbles. The intention of the present work is to correlate the findings about plasma bubbles and their related instability with the one existing in the equatorial F-region of the ionosphere.
Simultaneous specimen current and time-dependent cathodoluminescence measurements on gallium nitride
Authors: Campo E. M. , Hopkins L. , Pophristic M. , Ferguson I. T.
Published: June 2016

Time-dependent cathodoluminescence (CL) and specimen current (SC) are monitored to evaluate trapping behavior and evolution of charge storage. Examination of CL and SC suggests that the near band edge emission in GaN is reduced primarily by the activation of traps upon irradiation, and Gallium vacancies are prime candidates. At the steady state, measurement of the stored charge by empiric-analytical methods suggests that all available traps within the interaction volume have been filled, and that additional charge is being stored interstitially, necessarily beyond the interaction volume. Once established, the space charge region is responsible for the steady state CL emission and, prior to build up, it is responsible for the generation of diffusion currents. Since the non-recombination effects resulting from diffusion currents that develop early on are analogous to those leading to device failure upon aging, this study is fundamental toward a holistic insight into optical properties in GaN.
Estimation of solar radiation in southern areas of Pakistan using radiation models
Authors: Khalid Habiba , Zakaria Muhammad
Published: July 2016

The paper estimates solar radiation in the Southern areas of Pakistan using the climate data of thirty years (1981–2010) for 25 meteorological stations located in the three provinces of Pakistan, i.e., Baluchistan, Punjab, and Sindh. For this purpose, five different radiation models are designed: Sunshine hour-based model, Temperature-based model, Cloud-based model, Meteorological parameters-based model, and Meteorological and Geographical Parameters-based Model. The forecasting efficiency of these models is evaluated using mean predicted errors and Theil inequality coefficient. The results reveal that the Meteorological and Geographical parameters-based models are the most accurate methods for estimating solar radiation in Pakistan. Forecasting efficiency results show that the estimates of solar radiation of all the models is much better for Baluchistan as compared to Punjab and Sindh.
Thermal transport across symmetric tilt grain boundaries in β-SiC: Effect of dopants and temperature
Authors: Goel N. , Webb E. B. , Rickman J. M. , Oztekin A. , Neti S.
Published: July 2016

The Kapitza resistance at a segregated, low-angle symmetric tilt grain boundary in β-SiC is investigated using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation. In particular, we assess the role of compositional and thermal disorder on the boundary resistance for various doping scenarios. By examining the local vibrational density of states, we identify a subset of modes that are significant for thermal transport in this system. This analysis is complemented by calculations of the projected density of states and a corresponding eigenmode analysis of the dynamical matrix that highlight important phonon polarizations and propagation directions. We also examine the dependence of the Kapitza resistance on temperature and dopant/matrix interaction strength, the latter parameter affecting grain-boundary structure and, hence, phonon scattering.
The Effect of Colour on the Numbers of Housefliesresting on Painted Surfaces
Authors: Waterhouse DF
Published: June 2016

Colour perception in insects has been reviewed extensively by Weiss (1943,1944, 1946), who points out' that most of the available information indicatesthat light intensity is more important than wavelength' in producing reactions.However, von Frisch and others have shown that, for bees at least, there is adefinite wavelength discrimination (Wigglesworth 1939).
Inactivation of Gonadotrophins
Authors: Whitten WK
Published: July 2016

Serum gonadotrophin was rapidly inactivated by preparations of receptordestroying enzyme from Vibrio cholerae arid also by allantoic fluid from chick embryos which had been infected with adapted LEE-B strain of influenza virus.
The Separation of Strains From a Virus X Complex by Passage Through Potato Seedlings
Authors: Hutton EM
Published: July 2016

A high proportion of the potato seedlings from the progenies of crosses between X tolerant parents, Katahdin being common to each cross, gave'light to medium necrotic reactions on leaves inoculated with a virus X complex. Localization of virus X was incomplete, and a small percentage of the necrotic reactors acted as strain separators so that masked, mild, severe, and necrotic strains of X were obtained. Strain separation by potato seedlings was influenced by environmental conditions.
On the Relative Importance of Aerobic Metabolism in Small Nematode Parasites of the Alimentary Tract I. Oxygen Tensions in the Normal Environment of the Parasites
Authors: Rogers WP
Published: July 2016

As a preliminary to the study of the relative importance . of aerobic mechanisms in the metabolism of Nippostrongylus muris, Nematodirus spathiger, Nematodirus filicollis, and Haemonchus contortus at oxygen pressures of the normal environmental fluids of these parasites, the determination of oxygen in the contents of the small intestine of the rat and sheep, and the abomasum of the sheep, has been carried out. The method which was used allowed measurements to be made close to the mucosa of the alimentary canal of anaesthetized animals in which the circulation was left intact, and the procedure ensured that conditions in the normal gut were very little disturbed.
The Biochemical Vcharacterization of a Serologically Active Lipid Fraction of the Nematode Haemonchus Contortus
Authors: Jennings AC
Published: July 2016

Protein, polysaccharide, and lipid fractions were prepared from Haemonchus contortus. The lipid fraction appeared to be the only one essentially concerned in reactions with natural antisera from sheep, and further work was carried out to determine the nature of the serologically active lipid. It was found to be hydrophilic, acidic, susceptible to oxidation, free from protein and polysaccharide, and to have a molecular weight greater than 1000. Its biochemical significance, role in the activity of the boiled antigen, and possible relation to other lipoidal antigens are discussed.
The Effect of Sympathectomy on Wool Growth
Authors: Ferguson KA
Published: July 2016

Five sheep (two Merinos, two Corriedales, and one crossbred) were subjected to unilateral thoracic sympathectomy. Fleece samples were collected at 28-day intervals, for a period of seven months, from tattooed areas of skin on both the sympathectomized and control sides.
The Enumeration of Heated Bacterial Spores
Authors: Olsen AM , Scont WJ
Published: July 2016

Experiments with 13 strains of types A and B Cl. botulinum have shownthat the detection and enumeration of spores surviving lethal heating becomeincreasingly difficult as the period of heating is increased. Media which arevery satisfactory for enumerating unheated spores may be unsatisfactory forenumerating spores which survive the heat treatment. By comparison withunheated spores the numerical estimates of spores surviving severe heat treatmentswere more dependent on thioglycollate in the medium and on the pHand temperature during incubation. As the amount of heating was increased,the surviving spores became progressively more sensitive to inhibitors� in themedium. These inhibitory substances were present in all media used, and theireffects were counteracted under a wide range of conditions by the incorporationof approximately 0.1 per cent. starch in the medium. The starch supplementproduced no significant effect on the estimates of unheated spores. Theeffects of starch are a feature of the amylose portion of the undegraded starchmolecule which, like charcoal or serum albumin, acts by adsorbing inhibitorsfrom the medium. The probability that at least part of the inhibition is dueto unsaturated fatty acids is discussed.
The Status of the Two Species of Lucilia (Diptera, Calliphoridae) Attacking Sheep in Austhalia
Authors: Waterhouse DF , Paramonovo SJ
Published: July 2016

Evidence presented demonstrates that L. cuprina and L. sericata are distinctspecies. A number of characters previously unrecognized are describedwhereby larvae and both sexes of adults of the two species may be recognizedwithout difficulty. The geographical distribution of the two species is different,as is also their habitat preference and their degree of attraction to living sheep.Furthermore, hybridization experiments indicate that there is great difficulty inobtaining successful matings. L. cuprina is the principal Australian sheepblowfly, whereas L. sericata is comparatively rare in sheep-raising country anddoes little damage. There are two subspecies of L. cuprina, one from theOriental and American regions (L. cuprina cuprina) and one from the Africanand Australian regions (L. cuprina dorsalis).
The Chemical Mechanism of The Oxidative Deamination of Amino Acids by Catechol and PolYPHENOLASE
Authors: Trautner EM , Roberts EAH
Published: July 2016

The continuous deamination of certain amino acids by the system catecholpolyphenolasetakes place through intensely coloured intermediate compounds.These intermediates are formed by the combination of equimolecular proportionsof o-quinone with amino acids or secondary amines. They are presentedas structural homologues of adrenochrome or hallachrome and probably ofSzent-Gyorgyi's tyrin (1925).
Sepahation of Saturated Mono-Hydhoxamic Acids by Partition Chromatography on Paper
Authors: R Thompson Adrienne
Published: July 2016

Separation of simple saturated hydroxamic acids with a chain length of one to nine carbon atoms has been achieved by partition chromatography on paper. The relative merits of a number of solvents are discussed.
Studies on the Depilatory Activity of Sodium Sulphide and Some Related Compounds
Authors: Gillespie JM
Published: July 2016

The depilatory action of sodium sulphide on sheepskin has been investigated by measuring the pull required to remove wool from skin, the swelling of wool root shafts, and the mechanical strength of wool. The rate of action is augmented by increase in temperature, pH value, and concentration of sulphide in the solution employed up to 1.0M, but is reduced by increase to higher concentrations. The reciprocal action of the hydroxyl and hydrosulphide ions in digesting keratin is explained in Appendix I in terms of the ionization of sulphydryl groups.
An age-Induced Variation in Susceptibility to Virus X in Nicotiana Tabacum L.
Authors: Hutton EM
Published: July 2016

Stage of maturity influences the susceptibility of N. tabacum to virus X. This phenotypic variation is evidenced by a discontinuity of X infection in the inoculated leaves and a lack of systemic invasion of plants inoculated at a late growth stage compared with a complete infection of the inoculated leaves and a rapid systemic invasion of plants inoculated at an early growth stage.
A Relationship Between Immunity and Localized Reaction to Virus X in the Potato (Solanum Tuberosum)
Authors: Hutton EM , Wark DC
Published: July 2016

The pattern of virus X development in the inoculated leaves of immune, localized reacting, and susceptible phenotypes in the potato has been studied. The results indicate that immunity is not absolute. Phenotypes giving a localized reaction cannot be regarded as hypersensitive. The evidence shows that an inactivating system restricts the development of the virus as soon as infection takes place.
Volatile Phoducts of Apples III. Identification of Aldehydes and Ketones
Authors: Huelin FE
Published: July 2016

The volatile aldehydes and ketones produced by whole Granny Smith apples at 30�C. were identified by paper chromatography and spectral absorption of the dinitrophenylhydrazones, and by conversion of the aldehydes to hydroxamic acids. Acetaldehyde was found to be the major constituent, with smaller amounts of propionaldehyde and acetone.
The Physiology of Growth in Apple Fruits V. Soluble Nitrogen Constituents
Authors: Mckee HS , E Urbach Gerda
Published: July 2016

The ninhydrin-reacting compounds of the apple fruit have been studied during its development on the tree. The compounds present show little variation, but glutamine, conspicuous in very young and in over-mature apples, disappears at intermediate stages. The increase in soluble nitrogenous compounds occurring in over-mature apples left on the tree (Pearson and Robertson 1953) is confirmed qualitatively. An account is given of the chromatographic behaviour of several unidentified ninhydrin-reacting substances found in extracts of apple fruits, leaves, and stems.
Enzymes of Aspergillus Oryzae IV. Fractionation and Preparation of Crystals Rich in Protease
Authors: Crewther WG , Lennox FG
Published: July 2016

Several methods have been examined for the separation of proteases from other enzymes and metabolic products in the culture filtrates obtained by surface culture of Aspergillus oryzae on sucrose-tartrate liquid medium. Concentration, by low-temperature precipitation with ethanol followed by ethanol fractionation of the dialysed concentrate at pH 4-5 in acetate buffer, is shown to be superior' to adsorption methods or precipitation with flavianic acid or ammonium sulphate.
Skin Transplantation in the Foetal Lamb
Authors: Schinckel PG , Ferguson KA
Published: July 2016

Skin autografts and homo grafts have been performed in foetal lambs between the ages of 80 and 117 days. By means of histological examination following grafting, visual and histological examinations after birth, and by the use of second-set homo grafts, it was stablished that homo grafts are actively rejected by the foetus. This rejection gave every indication of belonging to the general class of activity acquired immune responses and in all respects confirmed at the foetal stage the observations of Medewar (1944, 1945) on young and adult animals.
The Effect of Molybdate on the Activity of Tomato Acid Phosphat Ases
Authors: Spencer D
Published: July 2016

The effectiveness of sodium molybdate as an inhibitor of tomato acid phosphatases was examined. Significant inhibition of cell-free dialysed extracts was obtained with as low as 1O-7M sodium molybdate. A range of substrates, including a number of glycolytic intermediates, was tested and all except glucose I-phosphate were hydrolysed by tomato leaf phosphatase preparations. Hydrolysis was always inhibited by molybdate. The inhibition was competitive; Ki= IO-5M.
The Prevention of Temperature Shock of Bull and Ram Semen
Authors: Blackshaw AW
Published: July 2016

The decreased vitality of ram and bull spermatozoa caused by sudden cooling (cold shock) may be largely prevented by the presence of egg yolk in the dlluent.
Fungal Cellulases V. ENZYMIC PROPERTIES OF ST ACHYBOTRYS ATRA ,a-GLUCOSIDASE
Authors: Jermyn MA
Published: July 2016

The effect of enzyme and substrate concentration, pH, temperature, and the nature and concentration of added salts on the activity of the .a-glucosidase from StachybotrY8 atra have been investigated. The inactivation of the enzyme by heat and acid has also been studied.
The Iodine Compounds of Thyroid and Plasma Studied by Column Chromatography
Authors: Kennedy TH , Purves HD
Published: July 2016

A system of Goluum chromat.ography suitable for the separation of the biologically important iodine compounds is described. Analysis of hydrolysed i;hyroid tissue shows the presence of thyroxine, 3,5,3'-tri-iodothyronine enT), 3,5-di-iodotyrosille (DIT)', mono-iodotyrosine (MIT), and other unidentified iodinecontaining compounds. The relative abundance of thyroxiue and TIT present. as free amino acids in 'the thyroid is different. from that of the same amino acids in protein combinat.ion. The amount of freo t.hyroxine is less thall tho free TIT, whereas in the oombined amino acids thyroxine is in excess of TIT.
Metabolism of Sulphur Amino Acids I. the Uptake of Cysteine by Rat Liver
Authors: Eden Eva , B Granowski Helen , Jones WG , A Linnane Judith
Published: July 2016

Cysteine was administered to rats by stomach tube. or by intraperitoneal injection. In some animals the concentration of glutathione in the liver was first lowered to 10 per cent. of the normal level by injecting the animals with bromobenzene. When 30mg of cysteine were given by stomach tube, 75 per cent. of the cysteine taken up by the liver in normal rats was oxidized in 1 hr to products other than cystine. In animals treated with bromo benzene all the cysteine was converted to glutathione and no increase could be found in the oxidized sulphur fraction. In both groups of animals only traces of cysteine were present.
Prothromboplastin Activities of Some Mammalian Plasmas and Sera
Authors: Fantl P , Marr AG
Published: July 2016

The rate of formation of thromboplastin was determined in several mammalian plasmas and sera.
Correction for Regression on a Secondary Trait As a Method of Increasing the Efficiency of Selective Breeding
Authors: Osborne R
Published: July 2016

A revised estimate is given for the efficiency of a selection index investigated by Rendel (1954) which corrects the variations in a particular trait for linear regression on another.
Inheritance of Antibody Response III. Heritability of Response to Sheep Red Cells
Authors: Claringbold PJ , Sobey WR , Adams KM
Published: July 2016

The heritability of antibody response to a prunmg dose of sheep red cells is 41�8 � 19�4 per cent. and to a secondary dose-7'4 � 20�7 per cent.
On the Utilization of ?-Aminobutyric Acid by Wheat Seedlings
Authors: Rijven AHGC
Published: July 2016

Feeding experiments and enzyme tests were carried out to investigate the utilization of y-aminobutyric acid (ABA) by wheat seedlings.
The Effects of Injected Biotin and Dethiobiotin on Butter Yellow Carcinogenesis in Rats Fed a Protective Diet
Authors: Briggs MH
Published: July 2016

Following the discovery of the carcinogenicity of the azo dye butter yellow (N,N-dimethyl-p-aminoazobenzene), a number of investigators (Nakahara, Mori, and Fujiwara 1938a, 1938b) established that feeding yeast or liver extracts to rats afforded them considerable protection against tumor formation by the dye. Working with purified diets, two further groups (Gyorgy, Poling, and Goldblatt 1941; Kensler et al. 1941) demonstrated that excess casein and riboflavin together were also highly protective against the action of the dye. However, du Vigneaud et al. (1942) have reported that the daily addition of 2 p,g of crystalline biotin to such a diet destroys its protection. This finding was confirmed in more extensive experiments by Burk et al. (1943), though Kline, Miller, and Rusch (1945) demonstrated that the dietary casein could be replaced by egg white and injections of 6 p,g of biotin weekly without affecting the protection.
A Study of the Reproductive Tract of Helix Aspersa Müller After Partial Gonadectomy
Authors: Goddard CK
Published: July 2016

Surgioal gonadeotomy was attempted in H. aspersa; control operations were also carried out. Mortality was high among both groups of operated animals.
The Chromatography of Insulin on Deae-Cellulose in Buffers Containing 8m Urea
Authors: Thompson EOP , O'donnell IJ
Published: July 2016

The chromatography of four samples of insulin by elution analysis at con� stant pH and ionic strength on a diethylaminoethyl (DEAE).cellulose column has been studied. The presence of three components was apparent at pH 7�4 in a buffer containing 8M urea. The results are compared with those obtained on the same samples of insulin by other workers using countercurrent and chromatographic techniques. The experimental and theoretical curves for the major peak of the International standard insulin sample coincide.
Inflorescence Initiation in Lolium Temulentum l. II. Evidence for Inhibitory and Promotive Photoperiodic Processes Involving Transmissible Products
Authors: Evans LT
Published: July 2016

Plants of Lolium temulentum, raised in short days, were given an inductive treatment by exposure of one leaf blade to a 32-hr period of continuous illumination. Then either the leaf exposed to this one long light period or varying areas of lower leaves which were simultaneously in short-day conditions were removed at intervals after the long-day exposure. The longer the long-day leaves remained on the plants, the greater was the proportion of plants which initiated inflorescences and the greater the rate of development of their inflorescences. This was so even when short-day leaves were present above the long-day ones. The longer the short-day leaves remained, and the greater their area, the lower was the proportion of plants which initiated inflorescences.
Bioelectric Oscillations of Bean Roots: Further Evidence For a Feedback Oscillator I. Extracellular Response to Oscillations in Osmotic Pressure and Auxin
Authors: Jenkinson IS , Scott BIH
Published: July 2016

Bean roots subjected to oscillations in osmotic pressure or in the auxin concentration of their weakly conducting bathing medium exhibit corresponding oscillations in their bioelectric fields with a resonance at the natural period of oscillation (approx. 5 min). The amplitude and phase responses, expressed as a function of the periods of the applied oscillations, are in agreement with those predicted from a theoretical model of a feedback loop. A physiological model compatible with the theoretical one is suggested.
Inflorescence Initiation in Lolium Temulentum L. III. The Effect of Anaerobic Conditions During Photoperiodic Induction
Authors: Evans LT
Published: July 2016

The aim of the experiments reported here was to find some condition other than light which could selectively control the operation of the inhibitory and promotive photoperiodic processes in the long. day plant L. temulentum, and hence allow a resolution of the photoperiod requirements of these processes.
Studies in Translocation III. The Cytophysiology of the Phloem of Cucurbita Pepo
Authors: Duloy Margaret , Mercer FV , Rathgeber Nele
Published: July 2016

The phloem of Oucurbita pepo (Duchesne) consists of respiratorily inert conduit�like sieve tubes of low resistivity to flow, respiratorily active companion cells, possibly specialized for secretion or absorption, and highly vacuolated paren� chyma. The sieve pores are open and slime not cytoplasm is present in the lumen. This division of function is interpreted as evidence for the mass flow theory.
The Effect of Ammonia on the Rate of Termination of Diapause in Eggs of Acheta Commodus (Walk.) (Orthoptera : Gryllidae)
Authors: Hogan TW
Published: July 2016

Certain ammonium compounds applied at a concentration of o� 04M proved highly effective in terminating diapause in eggs of Acheta. The only obvious characteristic in common between the effective compounds was that all of them had an organic anion, whereas those with an inorganic acid radical were ineffective.
Glutamate Transaminase Activity in Sheep Tissues, and the Response to Prolonged Protein Depletion
Authors: Masters CJ , Horgan DJ
Published: July 2016

The glutamate transaminase activity of sheep tissues has been s~udied, along with the effect of such variables as age, sex, breed, and nutritional status of the animal. A wide range of normal activities has been found, with glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase always more active than glutamic-pyruvic transaminase. Most activity centres in heart muscle, liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle; there appear to be sex and age differences, but little variation between breeds.
Studies of Proteins of Developing Wheat Endosperm: Separation by Starch-Gel Electrophoresis and Incorporation of [35s]Sulphate
Authors: SD Graham Janet , Morton RK
Published: July 2016

It has been shown by starch-gel electrophoresis that no marked changes take place in types of protein components present in extracts of endosperm between the 12th day after flowering and maturity. Excised wheat heads at about 20 days after flowering rapidly take up and incorporate radioactivity from [35S]sulphate and [14C]glycine into endosperm proteins. 'I'he changes and distribution of radioactivity between different groups of proteins has been followed from 1�5 to 48 hI after exposure to the radioisotope. The significance of the findings are discussed.
Isolation and Characterization of Protein Bodies From Developing Wheat Endosperm
Authors: SD Graham Janet , Morton RK , Raison JK
Published: July 2016

Procedures are described for separation and purification of electron-dense bodies previously observed in intact endosperm by electron microscopy. Isolated bodies consist largely of protein. By starch-gel electrophoresis, the bodies contain predominantly slow-moving protein components similf1l' to those found in acetic acid extracts of whole endosperm.
Spermatozoa in the Genital Tract of the Ewe I. Rapidity of Transport
Authors: Mattner PE , Braden AWH
Published: July 2016

Spermatozoan transport in the genital tract of the ewe was investigated. Tl'Rctable animals that were thoroughly conditioned to laboratory management and experimental procedures were used in these experiments.
Spermatozoa in the Genital Tract of the Ewe II. Distribution After Coitus
Authors: Mattner PE
Published: July 2016

Observations were made on the distribution of spermatozoa in the genital tract of the ewe at 15 min, and at 4, 24, and 48 hr after coitus. A total of 60 animals was used. The number of spermatozoa in t,he cervix wa.s highest at 15 min and in the uterus the maximum number was recorded at 24 hr. Stress decreased the number of spermatozoa present in the fallopian tubes at 15 min after coitus but did not influence the transport of spermatozoa into the cervix, the distribution of spermatozoa within the genital tract at 4, 24, and 48 hI', the number of spermatozoa on the zona pellucida of recovered eggs, or the proportion of eggs fertilized.
Skin Grafting Between Sub-Lines of Inbred Strains of Mice
Authors: kindred Berenice
Published: July 2016

Skin grafts made between sub.lines of inbred strains of mice revealed no simple histocompatibility mutants. Some of the grafts were rejected, but the basis of this rejection is obviously complex.
Cytological Observations on Cell Strains Established in Culture From Insect Ovarian Tissue
Authors: Thomson JA , Grace TDC
Published: July 2016

Cytological and cytochemical observations made on cell strains from ovarian tissue of the saturniid moth Antheraea eucalypti Scott about 120 generations subsequent to their establishment in culture show that a high proportion of the cells are polyploid. Direct chromosome counts indicate that the nuclei range from diploid to at least approximately 128-ploid. The cells of the four strains at present in culture are of three morphologically distinct types differing in the frequency with which they show certain levels of ploidy.