bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Indeterminação do Sujeito na Linguística Descritiva: Novas Abordagens e Estratégias Alternativas / The Indeterminacy of the Subject in Descriptive Linguistics: New Approaches and Alternative Strategies
Authors: Souza Gilvanei De Oliveira , Sousa Valéria Viana
Published: March 2019

Este artigo consiste em uma releitura de algumas das importantes produções descritivas que tratam do fenômeno de indeterminação do sujeito no Português Brasileiro. Busca-se, com a presente análise, reunir algumas das discussões, presentes em abordagens alternativas à gramática tradicional, levantadas por pesquisadores da Linguística que consideram e contemplam estratégias de indeterminação do sujeito complementares às recorrentemente apresentadas pelos cânones. Trata-se, de uma pesquisa exploratória e de cunho bibliográfico, seguindo, portanto, os procedimentos de seleção, releitura, síntese e comparação dos resultados obtidos e posterior discussão dos resultados. Para efeito de fundamentação teórica, consideramos, dentre outras, as abordagens de Galves e Fernandes (2006), Mioto (2004), Sândalo (2001), Perini (2010), Bechara (2010) dos quais adotamos os conceitos e classificações de sujeito que nortearam a escrita deste texto.
Percepção de Adolescentes acerca do Processo de Envelhecimento / Adolescents' Perception of the Aging Process
Authors: Souza Maria Clara Torres e , Aguiar Cosmo Alexandre da Silva , Silva Maria Clara Barbosa e , Queiroz Santana Alves de , Santos Agostinho Porfírio dos , Santos Rosely Leyliane dos
Published: March 2019

A adolescência é um período que ocorre diversas mudanças já o envelhecimento é caracterizado como processo determinado por múltiplas etapas. Há estimativa de elevação dos números de idosos em virtude da adoção de melhoria nas condições de vida das pessoas. Objetivou-se compreender a percepção de adolescentes acerca do processo de envelhecimento. Tratou-se de um estudo exploratório, descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, realizado com adolescentes escolares, na faixa etária de 14 a 19 anos. O estudo demostrou que a compreensão desses adolescentes quanto ao envelhecimento referem-se ao sentimento de reflexão quanto a essa etapa da vida, relatam medo da solidão, da dependência de alguém para atividades de vida diária. Para os adolescentes, envelhecer é uma fase natural da vida, em que práticas de promoção da saúde devem ser adotadas a fim de envelhecer saudável. Sugere-se que outros estudos sejam realizados na perspectiva de ampliar essa temática.
Percepção dos docentes sobre afetividade no ensino superior em um curso da área da saúde / Teachers' perception about affectivity in Higher Education in a Health course
Authors: Silva Eliane Caldas da , Zucolotto Marcele Pereira da Rosa
Published: March 2019

Cada vez mais, devido a sua importância, o tema da afetividade entre os docentes e discentes no ensino superior está sendo objeto de estudos. O objetivo deste estudo é verificar quais são as percepções sobre a afetividade que os professores de Terapia Ocupacional têm nas suas práticas docentes. Este artigo é resultante de uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, empírica e exploratória, que foi realizada com seis docentes dos cursos de Terapia Ocupacional de duas universidades do interior do Rio Grande do Sul. As respostas foram agrupadas de acordo com as semelhanças das mesmas e através das análises, percebeu-se que, embora os professores não tenham um conhecimento concreto sobre conceitos de afetividade, eles aplicam os princípios de afetividade. Espera-se que com este estudo incentive os docentes a buscarem um aprofundamento sobre a importância da afetividade em suas práticas docentes.
Avaliação Glicêmica de Pacientes Diabéticos Atendidos na Estratégia Saúde da Família na Cidade de Assaré – CE / Glycemic Evaluation of the Diabetic Patients in the Family Health Strategy in the City of Assaré, State of Ceará
Authors: Freire Maria Thayane Pinto , Andrade José Marcio , Veras Helenicy Nogueira Holanda
Published: March 2019

Diabetes mellitus é uma doença crônica não transmissível que estabelece uma série de limitações aos seus portadores. O estudo teve como objetivo conhecer o perfil e o controle glicêmico de pacientes diabéticos atendidos na Estratégia Saúde da família (ESF) da sede do município de Assaré-CE. Foram avaliadas variáveis sociodemográficas, estilo de vida e clinicas através de resultados dos exames laboratoriais descritos nos prontuários, em 123 pacientes. A coleta dos dados foi realizada nos meses de setembro a novembro de 2018, e os participantes que aceitaram participar da pesquisa responderam ao questionário no momento da entrevista.Os dados demonstram maior proporção de pacientes do sexo feminino com 71,5% (n=88); 57% (n=70) possuíam idade entre 61 a 80 anos; 41% (n=50) com o ensino fundamental incompleto.A respeito dos fatores de risco 19% (n=23) já foram fumantes; 61% (n=75) possuíam familiares de primeiro grau com diabetes, e 123 foram pacientes com diabetes tipo 2; 38% (n=47) tinham mais de 10 anos de diagnóstico; 84% (n=103) faziam uso somente de hipoglicemiante oral. Em relação às características clinicas os resultados também apontaram que a presença de níveis alterados de glicemia e hemoglobina glicada pode ser associada ao tempo de duração da doença. As alterações lipídicas mais comuns no Diabetes mellitus Tipo 2 são a hipertrigliceridemia e a redução do HDL Entre as complicações decorrentes da doença, a grande maioria era hipertensa 67% (n=82). Sugere-se a adesão de medidas promocionais a saúde ao local da pesquisa, visando orientação aos pacientes sobre o auto cuidado. De forma que esses possam somar hábitos saudáveis aos seus conhecimentos, e portanto possam continuadamente obter melhor qualidade de vida.
Tempo de Leitura e Acurácia na Conversão Grafofonêmica na Relação entre Fluência e Compreensão Leitora / Reading Time and Accuracy in Grafophonic Conversion in the Relationship between Fluency and Reading Comprehension
Authors: Abreu Cristiane Vieira Costa , Guaresi Ronei
Published: March 2019

Sustentado em pressupostos teóricos psicolinguísticos, no tocante ao processamento cognitivo da leitura, inclusive e especialmente por meio dos modelos Botton-up e Top-down e Dupla Rota e, ainda, em estudos de revisão de literatura que tratam da relação entre fluência e compreensão leitora, este estudo objetiva avaliar a relação entre fluência e compreensão leitora. Avaliou-se a fluência leitora por meio do tempo disponibilizado para a leitura oral e pelo critério precisão de conversão grafema-fonema e a compreensão leitora, mediante respostas escritas de questões abertas de compreensão do texto lido. Participam da pesquisa 191 estudantes do 4º ano do ensino fundamental, entre 9 e 13 anos, de ambos os sexos, de escolas pública e particular do interior da Bahia. Observamos, a partir de dados preliminares, uma correlação forte entre as duas variáveis estudadas, quanto menor o tempo de leitura maior a compreensão leitora e menor a ocorrência de trocas, omissões, repetições, adições e inversões de letras, silabas ou/e palavras na conversão grafofonêmica. Leitores  mais fluentes usam, preferencialmente, a rota lexical e o modelo descendente. Leitores menos fluentes  utilizam, preferencialmente, a rota fonológica e o modelo ascendente. Ao que parece, a falta de reconhecimento automatizado dos grafemas impõe maior custo de processamento cognitivo, ou seja, o processamento pelas vias fonológica e ascendente parece consumir a gama essencialmente limitada de recursos cognitivos da memória de trabalho, como consequência, restam  poucos recursos cognitivos para acesso ao significado.
Schwannoma de Esôfago: Relato de Caso / Schwannoma of the Esophagus: A Case Report
Authors: Moraes Laysa Andrade Almeida , Nascimento Caio Andrade , Medeiros Maria Clara Rodrigues Lima , Araújo José Klerton Luz , Silva Igor Marcelo Castro e
Published: March 2019

Schwannoma é um tumor benigno, originário das células de schwann, raramente encontrado no trato gastrointestinal. Relata-se o caso de uma paciente, feminina, submetida a gastrectomia parcial associada a linfadenectomia, onde o exame anátomo patológico da peça cirúrgica demonstrou neoplasia fusocelular de baixo grau e a a pesquisa imunohistoquímica confirmou Schwannoma de esôfago. Conclusão: Com base na literatura disponível, optou-se por seguimento oncológico clínico trimestral do paciente.
Avaliação das interações medicamentosas entre antihipertensivos e hipoglicemiantes orais / Evaluation of drug interactions between antihypertensive and oral hypoglycemic agents
Authors: Alves Natália Rodrigues , Menezes Paula Denise Lima de , Diniz Joaquim Alves , Souza Francisca Andreza Fernandes de , Carvalho Poliana Moreira de Medeiros , Tavares Sâmia Macedo Queiroz Mota Castellao
Published: March 2019

As interações medicamentosas podem acontecer quando há o uso de dois ou mais medicamentos concomitantemente, ocasionado consequências clínicas que podem afetar a saúde do paciente. A partir destas interações a finalidade da terapia proposta pode não ser alcançada, causando muitas vezes ineficácia do tratamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as Interações Medicamentosas presentes nas prescrições médicas dos pacientes da Policlínica Tasso Jereissat portadores de Diabetes Mellitus e Hipertensão Arterial. Foi realizado uma entrevista individual com 22 pacientes da policlínica em forma de questionário, envolvendo indivíduos com idade entre 54 e 75 anos. O trabalho revelou que a maioria dos pacientes usavam 5 medicamentos ou mais, o que influenciou na ocorrência de Interações Medicamentosas. Os medicamentos mais frequentes foram Metformina e Losartana. Foram encontradas Interações Medicamentosas potenciais com relevâncias clínicas baixa, moderada e alta. A maioria das Interações Medicamentosas encontradas foram de relevância clínica Moderada. Entre os pares de Interações Medicamentosas mais frequentes, 61,54% foi entre Metformina e Hidroclorotiazida, resultando em hiperglicemia, intolerância a glicose e risco de acidose láctica. Foi observado que esse resultado se deve ao fato de 36% dos pacientes usarem Hidroclorotiazida e Metformina concomitantemente. A média de interações medicamentosas por prescrição foi de 0,60.  O trabalho concluiu que quanto maior o número de medicamentos maiores são as chances de ocorrência de Interações Medicamentosas e que a terapia medicamentosa pode ser deficiente mesmo com o uso correto.
A Subida de Clítico no Português Brasileiro: O Caso das Passivas / The Clitic Climbing in Brazilian Portuguese: The case of the passive sentences
Authors: Cruz Raiana Cristina Dias da , Namiuti Cristiane
Published: March 2019

O fenômeno entendido como subida de clítico (clitic climbing) caracteriza-se nos casos em que, numa sentença com dois ou mais verbos, ocorre um pronome clítico ligado ao verbo que não lhe fez atribuição de papel temático. O verbo que pode atribuir papel temático é o chamado “verbo principal”. Diz-se que houve subida de clítico quando o clítico se liga ao verbo auxiliar (seja como próclise ou como ênclise). Trata-se de um fenômeno presente, em geral, nas línguas românicas. O presente artigo discute, a partir da teoria gerativista, sobre a possibilidade de subida de clítico em construções passivas no Português Brasileiro (PB). Concluiu-se que a variação subida/não-subida de clítico é gerada por uma competição de gramáticas, o que indica que “o particípio da passiva teria diferentes estruturas em cada gramática”.
Genética Vegetal nos Livros de Biologia: Inventário e Análise Qualitativa por Professores de Ensino Médio / Plant Genetics in Biology Textbooks: List of Contents and Qualitative Analysis of Vision of Teachers of High School
Authors: Lemos Filho Danilo Dos Santos , Oliveira Antonio Carlos De
Published: March 2019

O presente trabalho teve como finalidade realizar uma reflexão de como vem sendo tratado assuntos referentes à Genética Vegetal, bem como o Melhoramento Genético Vegetal nos livros didáticos de ensino médio de Biologia. Para a execução do mesmo, foi necessária a realização de uma pesquisa bibliográfica para gerar bases durante as análises dos livros didáticos e uma pesquisa de campo, a qual foi submetida por meio de questionários para que professores da rede estadual de ensino médio pudessem emitir suas opiniões sobre aspectos relacionados. Verificou-se que há uma escassez dos conteúdos de Genética Vegetal nos livros didáticos de Biologia para o Ensino Médio, bem como a constatação da preocupação dos professores da rede de ensino Estadual com a ausência de tal tema considerado de grande importância para ser abordado em âmbito escolar.
Uma análise semântica: Sentidos de Zumbi dos Palmares em cordéis nordestinos / A semantic Analysis: The Meanings of Zumbi dos Palmares in the Northeastern Cordel Literature
Authors: Santos Sheila Ferreira dos , Santos Jorge Viana
Published: March 2019

Este artigo vincula-se a uma pesquisa de mestrado em desenvolvimento no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística (PPGLin) da Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), onde estudamos sentido(s) da palavra Zumbi dos Palmares em cordéis. Esta pesquisa pertence a um projeto maior, Sentidos de liberdade e escravidão no Brasil, coordenado pelo Prof. Dr. Jorge Viana (UESB/PPGLin). Tomando por base a Semântica do Acontecimento (GUIMARÃES, 2002, 2011), objetivamos, analisar um excerto do cordel Zumbi dos Palmares, (PAIXÃO, 2007), observando sentidos do nome Zumbi nessa materialidade. Considerando enunciados do cordel selecionados com o critério de apresentar a expressão Zumbi dos Palmares, examinamos o corpus, para, através da elaboração de um Domínio Semântico de Determinação (cf. GUIMARÃES, 2011), descrever sentidos de Zumbi dos Palmares, construídos pela natureza artístico-histórica do cordel, os quais, como demonstram os dados, tendem a veicular o personagem histórico Zumbi, como um rei de quilombolas que lutou contra a escravidão.
Controle Social: Ferramenta Para o Exercício da Cidadania / Social Control: Tool for the Exercise of Citizenship
Authors: Andrade Filho Aroldo Carlos Ferreira , Andrade Ailson De Menezes
Published: March 2019

Este trabalho constitui uma reflexão a respeito do exercício da cidadania, através do Controle Social, e como este reforça os valores democráticos na sociedade brasileira ao promover ganhos sociais e políticos, elementos fundamentais para uma gestão pública mais eficiente e eficaz. Desta forma se discute, no âmbito da Administração Pública, sobre a forma de gestão aplicada no país e o impacto das transformações ocorridas no ambiente institucional brasileiro. A trajetória metodológica apresenta, de forma sistemática, um caminho linear, que traz conceitos e fundamentos teóricos sobre a relação entre o Estado e a sociedade, além de elementos do orçamento público e planejamento para, por fim, demonstrar como a participação popular pode tornar a gestão pública mais dinâmica.
Research priorities for maintaining biodiversity’s contributions to people in Latin America
Authors: Pearson Richard , Martínez-Meyer Enrique , Andrade Velázquez Mercedes , Caron Mercedes , Corona-Núñez Rogelio , Davis Katrina , Paz Durán América , García Morales Rodrigo , Hackett Talya , Ingram Daniel , Loyola Díaz Rafael , Lescano Julián , Lira-Noriega Andrés , López-Maldonado Yolanda , Manuschevich Daniela , Mendoza Alma , Milligan Ben , Mills Simon , Moreira-Arce Darío , Nava Luzma , Oostra Vicencio , Owen Nathan , Prieto-Torres David , Rodríguez Soto Clarita , Smith Thomas , Suggitt Andrew , Tejo Haristoy Camila , Velásquez-Tibatá Jorge , Díaz Sandra , Marquet Pablo
Published: March 2019

Maintaining biodiversity is crucial for ensuring human well-being. We participated in a workshop held in Palenque, Mexico, in August 2018, that brought together thirty mostly early-career scientists working in different disciplines (natural, social and economic sciences) with the aim of identifying research priorities for studying the contributions of biodiversity to people and how these contributions might be impacted by environmental change. Five main groups of questions emerged: (1) Enhancing the quantity, quality, and availability of biodiversity data; (2) Integrating different knowledge systems; (3) Improved methods for integrating diverse data; (4) Fundamental questions in ecology and evolution; and (5) Multi-level governance across boundaries. We discuss the need for increased capacity building and investment in research programs to address these challenges.
BENTUK DAN FUNGSI KODE DALAM WACANA KHOTBAH JUMAT (Studi Kasus di Kota Surakarta)
Authors: Saddhono Kundharu
Published: March 2019

This study aims at describing the discourse of Friday sermons in the city of Surakarta. This study is a sociolinguistic study with qualitative research method. The language based code shows Indonesian language is used dominantly because the object of study is in Surakarta. Arabic is widely used because the Friday sermons are one kind of worships in Islam. Javanese language is used because of the speech location and cultural backgrounds. English only slightly appears and is influenced by the speakers’ background. The code based on the variations can be divided into the standard and non standard languages. Intra-sentential code switchings take the forms of words, reduplication, word repetitions, and phrases. This is due to attitudinal and linguistic factors. Inter-sentential code switchings are permanent and temporary. The determining factors are speakers, interlocutors, topics or subject matters, special speech functions/ends, and changes in circumstances. The functions of code switching in the Friday sermons are to express gratitude, purify God, glorify God, honor someone, express amazement, prohibit, sound prestigious, express permission, beg for forgiveness, beautify utterances, change the subject, pray for someone, declare an appointment, mention terms, express doubts, and regret something.
ORTOGRAFI ARAB DAN PROBLEMATIKANYA
Authors: Ni’mah Umi Nurun
Published: March 2019

The old Arabic orthography contains some flaws. Besides having no different symbols to differentiate short and long vowels, it had no diacritics to differentiate the letters, which caused significant reading problems. Those problems became more complicated when it became the means in the process of writing the Qur’an since it caused errors in its recitation. In the post-Mohammedan period, when Islam was spread outside the Arabic lands, some non-Arabic Moslems had difficulties to read the Qur’an. Those problems concerned many scholars and urged them to find solution. Some efforts were done by inventing the reader-friendly orthographic system as it is well known today. This paper aims to discuss that topic. However, some new flaws emerged. The orthographic modifications which have been sufficient for writing needs to be developed and adapted to present demands. Some scholars have proposed some new ideas. Generally, these ideas can be grouped into two opposing views: firstly, those which preserve the existing orthographic tradition, pioneered by Emīl Badī’ Ya’qūb; secondly, those which go beyond it, suggesting almost total transformation, pioneered by Anīs Farīḥa. This paper also discusses their ideas as its second purpose. Based on different epistemological bases, the application of each idea will affect differently in learning/teaching as well as in Arabic religiosity and nationalism.
ANALISIS KONTRASTIF KLAUSA VERBAL BAHASA ARAB DAN BAHASA INDONESIA SERTA IMPLIKASINYA DALAM PENGAJARAN NAHWU
Authors: Abdurrahman Maman
Published: March 2019

This study was conducted to gain an overview of aspects of the similarities and differences between verbal clause in Arabic and verbal clauses in Indonesian. The object of the problem focused on a single clause types in terms of construction and sequence patterns of syntax and functionality is limited to verbal clauses: 1) eka/ monotransitif, 2) dwi/bitransitif, 3) the transitive-taktransitif, 4) semi-transitive, 5) untransitive, and 6) prepositional. In this study used a comparative method-konstrastif with emphasis on contrastive terms. Source data used as study materials in this study refers to the eight books of grammar / syntax: four Arabic books and four books in Indonesian language. From the eighth book was drawn patterns or examples and clauses are selected purposively in accordance with the aims and interests of this study. Then the processed data observations in a qualitative way through seven steps, namely 1) description, 2) selection, 3) contrast, 4) interpretation, 5) conclusion, 6) prediction, and 7) implications. Based on data analysis can be concluded there are aspects of similarity and syntactic differences between Arabic language and Indonesian language clause in terms of construction and function of the sequence pattern syntax.
BAHASA MEDIA: ANALISA SENSITIVITAS GENDER DAN KONTESTASI KEKUASAAN
Authors: Witriani Witriani
Published: March 2019

This paper discusses about media analysis especially on language news of the current issues in both electronic and printed media of Indonesia. Focus on the gender issues on the headline news of media, the writer analyzes various types of gender insensitivity among the media as being portraited in the titles especially for such criminal cases in which women were involved both as the victims and the doer or lawbreakers. It’s a library research, in which the writer focuses on certain cases to be analyzed and collects all related data to support the analysis. Since the object of the analysis is the title of various headlines news, the theoretical approaches here are theory of semiotic and representation. The research finds out that as being represented in the titles, some media are not quite sensitive in viewing various cases happened in the society, especially related to gender inequality. The media only focused on how to get a lot of audience attention but ignoring the effects on the readers. The bias news would essentially causes and strengthens myths which only bring such benefit to a certain interest especially the power or those who control the rule. The research also finds that the power relation between men and women in the public area  also contribute in generating  such bias  statements or news, not only on the choice of words but also on  angle and gender perspective. The bias news represents the bias society.
STRUKTUR WACANA RITUAL (Studi Kasus Ritual Selametan di Pesarean Gunung Kawi, Malang, Jawa Timur)
Authors: Nuryani Nuryani
Published: March 2019

Rituals of selametan (celebrations of thanksgiving and / or to ask the blessingsand favours from the God, gods, or spirits)   can be found at Pesarean Gunung Kawi, Malang, East Java. In this place, the ritual has some purposes. These can be known from the discourse that is spoken by modin or the leader of the ritual ceremony. The objective of this study is to describe the structure of the speech discourse in ritual of selametan. Data recordings which are obtained in the form of implementation of the ritual were transcribed. Based on the research and analysis, some results can be concluded. The views of the structure of language or the speech discourse, in selametan ritual are composed of invitation, solicitation/expectations, and statement sentences. The invitations appear in the early discourse, expectations appear in all parts of the discourse, while statements also appear in each section.
SIRI’ DAN PACCE DALAM EPISODE PERJALANAN SAWERIGADING KE TANAH CINA
Authors: Ram Aminuddin
Published: March 2019

This paper deals with the so called siri’ and pacce which are the most important values in Buginese-Makassarese culture. The paper attempts to observe these two values as reflected in the episode of Sompe’na Sawerigading Lao ri Tanah Cina (Sawerigading’s Journey to Tanah Cina) which is one of the episodes of Lagaligo, the longest world literary work recognized by Unesco (United Nations, Educational, Social, and Cultural Organization) as a Memory of the World (MOW) in 2011. Siri’ and pacce, which are the core values of Buginese-Makassarese culture, function as a source of moral reference that strongly influences the way of thinking and behavior of Buginese-Makassarese people. The paper reveals that several characters in the story of Sompe’na Sawerigading Lao ri Tana Cina try to do their best to observe the two values in facing conflicts and challenges of life, but some of them fail. This is due to the fact that the implementation of siri’ and pacce may vary in accordance with one’s status, emotional and intellectual maturity as well as motivation. It is recommended that in order to reduce the destructive impacts of globalization and to minimize the deterioration of national identity and character there should be a holistic strategic policy and efforts taken both by the state and private institutions to seriously and continuously facilitate the transformation of noble values.
PENERJEMAHAN TEMA PADA TEKS HUKUM
Authors: Sriyono Sriyono
Published: March 2019

In translation, theme should be understood as the starting point of information flow. Furthermore, information structure in a legal text affect the interpretation of the legal meaning that will result in how the theme in legal text can be translated well. This study aims at describing kinds of theme and its translation both in the source text (Indonesian) and in the target text (English). It employs a qualitative-descriptive approach. The source of data is the document of Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the Government of Gunung Kidul District and International Relief and Development (IRD) in Indonesia and English version. Based on the analysis, this study indicates that the appearance of topical themes is more dominant than the appearance of textual themes is. The shift in the target text is influenced by the appearance of multiple themes in the source text. Conjunction as the representation of textual theme in the source text is also found in the form of double conjunction and possibly translated into verb and zero translation in the target text. Besides, emphasizing is a matter that specifically supports how the theme should be translated. Knowing and deciding the theme will enable to emphasize the information structure needed in either the source text or the target text.
WUJUD ALIH KODE DALAM MASYARAKAT TUTUR KONJO DI SINJAI
Authors: Herawati Herawati
Published: March 2019

Bilingual or multilingual speakers are often code-switch from one language to another, especially when two or more languages are used in the environment. This article explores the potential theoretical explanations for this language behavior and the role of language dominance in the direction of switch. The data consists of primary and secondary data. The primary data were collected from daily speech events in the various domains. The secondary data is any information other than the primary data which support the primary data. In short, code-switching follows the functional and the grammatical principles and is a complex, rule-governed phenomenon. The use of Buginese language (BDS), Malayic-Buginese language (DMB), and Indonesian language (BI) have led to the functional elaboration of all language beside Konjo language (BK) in the Konjo speech community in Sinjai. There are some factors governing the code-switching process in the Konjo speech community in Sinjai. They are: (1) the language abilities of the speaker and the addressee, (2) the setting and the situation, both official and non-official, (3) the participants in the interaction, and (4) the aim of the speech act.
REALISASI PEMENTINGAN INFORMASI PADA KALIMAT DALAM BAHASA INGGRIS
Authors: Oktavianti Ikmi Nur
Published: March 2019

To achieve the goal of using language, the speaker of a language is structuring the linguistic construction as effective as possible. Moreover, he is able to modify the linguistic construction based on the prominence of the information. By so doing, language will meet its function, serving as the tool of delivering message to the interlocutor. However, there are many ways to mark the important information, such as supra-segmental, morphological, and syntactic ways. Syntactic marking of information packaging is called syntactic choice. Thus, this paper aims at describing the ways to package important information in English as one of widely spoken languages worldwide. This study belongs to descriptive qualitative study. The data were taken from realiable sources, written or spoken by native speakers. From the analysis, it is evident that English has several ways of structuring prominent information and resulting in some noncanonical constructions, namely topicalization, dislocation, cleft, existential, and so forth.
PRANATA MANGSA JAWA (Cermin Pengetahuan Kolektif Masyarakat Petani di Jawa)
Authors: Badrudin Ali
Published: March 2019

The research studies the Javanese language in the context of it society. The main goal is to express the knowledge system and the thought patterns of the Javanese society, especially the Javanese farmers, in understanding their life and the world of their life. The steps of this research are: (1) collecting data, (2) analyzing data, and (3) presenting the research results. The analysis of the data finds the following results: (1) The language units classification pattern are analyzed grammatically; (2) the knowledge system and the collective thought of the Javanese society expressed in the pranata mangsa are as follows: (a) The uses of metaphor describes: the world/the earth, (parts of) human body, wind, sounds, finery, water, and family relationship; (b) The reasons of using the Kawi language in pranata mangsa are motivated by the intellectual values, the artistic values, aesthetic aspects, and common usage in the Javanese literature; and (c) In relation to pranata mangsa, the Javanese society has the concepts of the vertical and horizontal relationship, which cover: the concept of God, the world/the earth, time, and space. Through pranata mangsa, the farmers harmonizing themselves with the cosmos and the nature.
NILAI-NILAI KEHIDUPAN DALAM PUISI AL-MUTANABBI
Authors: Nurain Nurain
Published: March 2019

This study assumes that literary works are not neutral or value-free works. Poetry which is the main object of this article carries not only aesthetic values but also personal and social life values, either directly attributed consciously by the poet him/herself or by the audiences. Poetry is one of the main ways to express feeling and imagination among the Arabs since the era of jahiliy (the days of ignorance). Therefore, a poet was highly hallowed and respected like a priest, spokesman, tribal chief, or even prophet. This phenomenon reached its peak in the Abbasid period due to the caliphs’ support. One of the great poets in the Abbasid period was Al-Mutanabbi. This paper examines his poems with the purpose to explore their literary values as well as their various life values using a pragmatic approach. From this study, the writer discovers a number of values, such as intellectual, religious, social, patriotic or heroic, and philosophical, in addition to the poetic aesthetic values in his works. These values are not free from the dynamics of Al-Mutanabbi’s life and his association as a court poet, mainly of Saif al-Daulah’s.
KETABAHAN PEREMPUAN ARAB DALAM RᾹ’IYAH AL-AMAL KARYA RAUḌAH AL-DAKHĪL (Analisis Psikologi Sastra)
Authors: Sangidu Sangidu
Published: March 2019

This study reveals a number of psychological problems experienced by the characters. Those problems concern with the issue on a woman’s expectation of having a husband who can be a leader as well as a shepherd for her self and her children. It was found in the text of the short story called Rā'iyah al-Amal (Waiting For A Shepherd) by Rauḍah al-Dakhīl. Literary psychology theory is used to reveal the problems. Psychology of literature is a discipline that sees literature as a work containing events psychological life of human beings, played by imaginary or factual figures. Meanwhile, according to Allport, Kretch Crutchfield, dan Heuken said that personality of man and woman is the complex unity and consist of psychological aspects and physical aspects. The psychological aspects cover intelligency, nature, attitude, interest, aspiration, qualm, sadness, ambition, emotion, and etc. The qualm and sadness, which are experienced by a young woman in the story will be revealed in this research. The conclusion is that in the beginning of her marriage, the young woman expects her husband would be a Rā’iy al-Amal that is shepherd for her self and her children. But in reality, her marriage had lasted only in four years. Having children is not yet a reality. Therefore, the young woman tried hard to be the shepherd "Rā'iyah al-Amal" for herself in order to get out of a prolonged psychological pressure because she saw no solution. Finally, the young woman was successfully herding herself from her sadness and able to get pregnant and gave birth to become a real woman that benefit other human.
TELAAH SIMBOL DAN METAFOR: ANTARA TRANSENDENTALISME DAN “SUFISME SEKULER” DALAM KARYA RALPH WALDO EMERSON
Authors: Minderop Albertine
Published: March 2019

The aim of this study is to show the essence of transcendentalism in the context of the "Divine Light" which is assessed through figurative language style (metaphors and symbols). The scope of research is the study of literature, such as essays, and style; from the point of Transcendentalism philosophy. The theory used is the science of literature -the concepts of figurative language. The point of view is  philosophy of transcendentalism and Sufism. Stages in Sufism are Shari'a, congregations, nature, and ma'rifat. The results showed that Emerson’s essays called transcendentalism contains teachings as "Secular Sufism", focusing on human control efforts. In this case, Emerson Transcendentalism does not require any religious  means, therefore he was called “Secular Sufism”; whereas the teachings of Sufism emphasizes the teachings of religion. Conclusion of the study is the benefit of achieving the "Light Divine," that is, a mental reform that produces "true happiness" and forms a "whole person."
PRESIDEN JOKO WIDODO: POTRET TINDAK TUTUR PENANGANAN MASALAH SOSIAL-POLITIK BANGSA
Authors: Burhanuddin Burhanuddin , Sumarlam Sumarlam
Published: March 2019

This research intends to elaborate the types and domains of President Joko Widodo’s speaking politeness strategies in addressing the nation’s socio-political issues. The simplified Brown and Levinson’s (1987) speaking politeness strategies have been employed to achieve the intended purpose of this investigation. The data was collected through listening method and the extra-lingual equivalent method was employed to analyze the data (Sudaryanto, 1993; Mahsun, 2005). Among the eleven speaking politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987), never has President Joko Widodo employed a joke strategy. It might be because the strategy is thought inappropriate with the topic delivered and is considered as a threat for national socio-political stability. The avoid disagreement strategy and the promise-offer strategy are the most often used strategies by President Joko Widodo, sharing 20% of each; followed by the in-group identitiy markers strategy and the intensify interest-seek agreement strategy, sharing 12% of each; the strategy of notice; attend to interest-wants (2%), and the four remaining strategies which counted for 7% each. The speech acts performed by President Joko Widodo contain some politeness strategies with considerable perlucosion power. However, the dominant use of certain strategies is mainly caused by the socio-cultural inferences, which influence the speaker to perform speech acts, rather than the speaker’s awareness and consciousness for selecting those strategies. The knowledge of dominant strategies of speaking politeness practiced by President Joko Widodo can be used as a base for understanding the pattern of the president’s characteristics to deal with the nation’s social and political issues.
MANIFESTASI WUJUD DAN MAKNA PRAGMATIK KEFATISAN BERBAHASA DALAM RANAH PENDIDIKAN
Authors: Rahardi R. Kunjana
Published: March 2019

This research on phatic communion is aimed at describing the forms and the pragmatic meanings of phatic language in Indonesian society, especially in the educational domain. Based on its pragmatic meanings, the utterance in the educational domain can be categorized into five pragmatic meanings, namely (a) phatic function in utterances of acceptance, (b) phatic function in the form of utterances of rejection, (c) phatic function in the form of utterances of invitation, (d) phatic function in the form of utterances of thanking, and  (e) phatic function in the form of utterance of greeting.
Revolutionizing the Status Quo
Authors: Lee Ehinger Jessica
Published: March 2019

The works of Anastasius of Sinai offer an important window into the lives of Christians living under Muslim rule at the end of the seventh century. Writing after spending several decades traveling the Muslim-conquered Near East, Anastasius produced works that spoke simultaneously to both the theological significance of Muslim rule and to the continued doctrinal debates between Chalcedonians and anti-Chalcedonians. This article focuses on comparing how Anastasius characterizes Muslims and anti-Chalcedonian Christians, particularly in his Viae dux and collections of edifying tales. Although he often discusses Muslims in connection to demons or other evil forces, these references lack any real sense of horror. Moreover, his works have only limited references to Muslims, and he often use their presence as a pretext to discuss doctrinal variation and heresy instead. It is worth noting that modern study of Anastasius’ corpus has been complicated by confusion over authorship because his works also often lack internal historical references that could be used for consistent dating. Moreover, many aspects of his theology relate to post-Chalcedon doctrine, and therefore could easily be attributed to an author of the sixth century. However, given the monk's travels, which took place during the height of the Muslim incursion into the Levant, the Muslims’ absence may not be merely an accidental omission, but may rather represent a conscious choice by Anastasius to create works that echo pre-Islamic writing, in order to create a sense of continuity and a unified Christian world that was, in reality, disrupted by Muslim rule.
Suffering and Sacrifice
Authors: Wolf Sarah
Published: March 2019

This article offers the argument that suffering (yisurin) in the Babylonian Talmud functions as a locus for the relationship between God and rabbinic Jews. Scholars of rabbinic martyrdom and asceticism have tended to claim that the Talmud's positive portrayal of suffering is a theodical apology for unexplained evil in the world. However, the article argues that the Talmud—in contrast to earlier rabbinic texts—presents suffering as spiritually relevant not primarily to justify preexisting suffering, but rather to develop a site at which to interpret information about an individual's spiritual status.

The article draws on theories of sacrifice's structure and function, in conjunction with close analysis of rabbinic texts that relate suffering to sacrifice. The pericope at the core of the article's argument demonstrates a strikingly technical approach to the human experience of suffering, describing four examples of yisurin in which no real physical suffering occurs; in each instance the “victim” experiences extremely mild discomfort at most, and at the least barely registers an experience of inconvenience. Nonetheless, these experiences all qualify as “suffering,” and are thus still understood to bear indisputable soteriological import. Physical suffering in the Talmud is thus open for interpretation, yielding information about the status of the sufferer's spiritual self.

Human suffering is viewed as religiously desirable in both late rabbinic and early Christian literatures. By developing an understanding of its hermeneutical function for the rabbis, this article helps to elucidate the value of suffering for rabbinic literature as a subset of late antique religious discourse.
Frazeologijos samprata XVIII a. lituanistikos šaltiniuose
Authors: Aleknavičienė Ona
Published: March 2019

[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English]

This article addresses the problem of the concepts phraseologism and phraseology in modern linguistic literature. It analyses the history of the concepts phraseologism and phraseology in the Lituanistic sources of Prussian Lithuania (Lithuania Minor) of 18th century and strives to justify the need to use these terms in their broad rather than narrow sense.

The terms phraseology and phraseologism are not used in any Lituanistic sources of the 18th century. The Latin term idiotismus, used in the early 18th century philological polemic sources, such as Michael Mörlin’s, Johann Schultz’s and Jacob Perkuhn’s works, is not clearly defined. It could be understood either as (1) a peculiar saying or a figurative expression (i.e., a stable word combination or sentence) or (2) a case of common usage, a language norm recognized by society. The Latin terms Idiotismus, Phrase, Phraseologie, used in the German linguistic literature of the 17th–18th centuries, are not clearly defined either.

Due to the lack of clear definitions of the concepts phraseologism and phraseology in the Lituanistic sources of the 18th century and in the 18th century German linguistic literature, it would be appropriate to use the terms phraseologism and phraseology in their broad rather than narrow sense, i.e., to regard the stability of not only a word combination but also of a sentence as a distinctive feature of a phraseologism without emphasizing figurativeness or idiomaticity. The suggested definition would be as follows: a phraseologism is a stable word combination or sentence.

The researchers of old Lituanistic sources need the broad definition for two more reasons. First, in the old dictionaries, ethnographic works, and collections of small folklore genres, stable word combinations and sayings were recorded without selection; as they were presented together as specific linguistic facts of some regional variety, they should be analysed as wholes. Second, these combinations and sayings should also be taken as wholes in the analysis of the speech community that used them – phraseologisms, in the broad sense, can be treated as (re)constructive instruments of social and cultural identity, i.e., the analysis of phraseologisms could be used to recognize the mechanism defining the boundaries of identity and to reconstruct the content of social and cultural life.
Apie baltišką ir slavišką rankos pavadinimą
Authors: Cerri Adriano
Published: March 2019

[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English]

This paper focuses on the common Balto-Slavic term for “hand.” This somatonym is quite peculiar; despite the importance of its referent, it is not possible to reconstruct a common IE. root for “hand.” Here, the main extant etymological hypotheses on the Balto-Slavic forms are discussed.

Special attention is paid to a less-known hypothesis, accounting for these forms as a direct reflex of IE. *penkwe. Horowitz (1992) believes that the original meaning of this lexeme was “hand,” and that it had only later shifted to “5.” This reconstruction would provide a direct etymological/semantical connection between the somatonym and the numeral, which parallels similar cases in many of the world’s languages. I will point out the reasons why such an etymology would be tempting and, at the same time, a number of crucial difficulties that should lead to its rejection. The traditional connection with the activity of collecting (Lith. riñkti) still remains the more plausible hypothesis; however, other explanations are also theoretically valid. Some final remarks are proposed that suggest regarding these forms as a Baltic innovation. Innovative aspects are found (i) in the semantic scope of these words (from the shoulder to the fingertips) and (ii) in the absence of a gender opposition between the hand and the foot (gender opposition being an archaic feature). The action of collecting may be regarded as a case of global etymology, i.e., a root shared by several macro-families. Conversely, the root *(w)renk- is attested only in Baltic languages (Lithuanian). So, it is reasonable to believe that the somatonym originated in the Baltic and was later borrowed by the Slavic during the period of maximum proximity between these people.
Atitikmenų ekvivalentiškumo problema paraleliniuose XVII a. žodynuose
Authors: Judžentytė-Šinkūnienė Gintarė , Zubaitienė Vilma
Published: March 2019

[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English]

This paper deals with the parallel dictionaries of the 17th century Minor Lithuania, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Latvia: the anonymous manuscript Lexicon Lithuanicum (late 17th century) and Georg Mancelis’s Lettus (1638) as well as Konstantinas Sirvydas’s Dictionarium trium lingvarum (1642) and Georg Elger’s Dictionarium Polono-Latino-Lottauicum (1683). Two bilingual German-Lithuanian resp. Latvian language and two trilingual Polish-Latin-Lithuanian resp. Latvian language dictionaries were chosen for the research.

The aim of this study is to investigate the equivalence of Lithuanian and Latvian correspondences in the parallel dictionaries of the 17th century, i.e., to reveal how the meaning of the headword (compound word) is reflected in each different language. In order to achieve this aim, the paper identifies what kinds of equivalents (derivatives, adapted loanwords, periphery) are chosen – in other words, the attention is drawn to the formal expression of equivalence. If the number of equivalents is increased, the systematic relations among them are investigated (loanword – native word, neologism – descriptive compound, several synonyms etc.).

Next, the types of equivalents are defined according to their revealed semantic content: the equivalents corresponding or partially corresponding to the meaning as well as the equivalents that only explain the concept expressed by the word of the main language. The semantic content of the equivalents is analyzed based on thematic groups: (a) the names of persons; (b) the names of things; (c) the names of animals and plants; (d) place names; (e) names for a specific period of time; (f) food names; (g) the names of diseases. Later on, the influence of the headwords (German, Polish) on the correspondences of Lithuanian and Latvian is studied. The following step is to analyze the similarities and differences between the Lithuanian and Latvian equivalents in the parallel dictionaries when the same headwords or phrases are translated from German and Polish. It is quite clear that both the established loanwords and neologisms are chosen as equivalents in the researched dictionaries. Once the loanword has become established, it is taken as an equivalent and is regarded as the most relevant indicator of meaning. When a new reality and its translation are not known, a neologism is being created, the synonyms of the wider meaning are given or the meaning is described in a descriptive way. Foreign realities are often translated in a descriptive way by distinguishing an important semantic attribute. Lexicographers perceived the multiplicity of word meaning but did not always provide formal indicators.