bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AI-Driven Early Detection of Cardiovascular Diseases: Reducing Healthcare Costs and improving patient Outcomes
Authors: Ahmed Ahasan , Khaled Albatoul , Waqar Muhammad , Hashmi Dr Javaid Akhtar , Alfanash Hazem AbdulKareem , Almagharbeh Wesam Taher , Hamdache Amine , Elmouki Ilias
Published: February 2025

Purpose: It is worth identifying the objectives of this research: The purpose of this study is to discuss the main features of AI as well as their applicability for early CVD detection . Its general objective is not only to examine the possibility of applying artificial intelligence diagnostic tools to increase the efficiency of early diagnosis but also to minimize overall healthcare expenses while increasing patient satisfaction. Some of the emerging research questions that the study seeks to find a way in include questions like the delay in diagnosing the disease, the expenses that accompany the disease and individually tailored treatment plans that patients require.Materials and Methods: Thus, the nature of the systematic review approach was applied to assess 15 research articles published between 2012 and 2024. These publications were derived from standard databases and specified AI usage for the cardiovascular diagnostic field, cost, and patients. The criteria for inclusion were, therefore, the availability of empirical studies, methodological quality, and applicability to the purpose of the study. To learn more about challenges & opportunities of AI in cardiovascular healthcare, we also applied thematic analysis to the data collected.Results: It was seen that by integrating AI algorithms the diagnosis of CVD became more accurate and less time consuming. Machine learning models were able to yield both significant predictive accuracy for patient risk stratification with the ability for early treatment and intervention. The findings showed that the use of AI in clinical practice led to reduction of cost since patients required fewer invasive procedures and admissions. Additionally, exceptional patient care outcomes and satisfaction, due to the development of individual therapy profiles based on artificial intelligence studies, were achieved. Besides, the review also discussed the ethical issue and the matters of data protection relevant to AI applications.
TRANSFORMING HEALTHCARE DECISION-MAKING: THE ROLE OFAI IN EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE
Authors: Jamil Dr. Abeera , Fadare Stephen A. , Islam Syed Nurul , Faisal Shah Md.Wasif , Yamin Shagufta , Imran Mohd
Published: February 2025

Artificial intelligence (AI) integrated in health care portends to be a needle of transformative potential in providing evidence-based medicine as advancements in diagnostic precision and personalized treatment and patient care optimization. This paper explores the cutting edge of technologies including machine learning, natural language processing and predictive analytics in the pivotal role of AI in EBM. Through AI analysis of vast datasets, the methodology supports the use of clinical decision making that reduces human error and enables the development of optimal, personalized treatment plans for each patient. And we survey current AI uses in healthcare, such as AI based diagnostic tools, AI based predictive disease progression models, and AI based clinical decision support systems (CDSS). We also discuss the challenges and the ethical aspects of AI integration, especially issues related to data privacy, algorithmic bias and require for effective regulatory measures. We show how AI can strengthen EBM in practice through case studies and real world examples. Finally, the paper has a look forward to future prospects and novel trends in AI showing p.s.otential to transform healthcare delivery beyond even what is imagined today. Included are advances in the AI algorithms used in health care, the increased inter operability of AI systems in health care infrastructures, and the opportunity for AI to enable broader and more comprehensive, and thus inclusive, medical research. Our results highlight the importance of systems where technological innovation is carefully balanced with ethical considerations in realizing the full potential in AI for transforming healthcare clinical decision making and patient outcomes.
Does Status or Meaning Lead to Greater Well-Being at Work?
Authors: Westover Jonathan
Published: February 2025

This article explores the ongoing debate between whether pursuing status or finding meaning leads to greater well-being and job satisfaction in the long run. It reviews the latest research on the "status theory of happiness" versus the "meaning theory of happiness," which consistently shows that meaningful work, rather than status-seeking, is the key driver of employee happiness, engagement, and productivity. The article then provides practical recommendations for organizational leaders on how to cultivate more meaningful work, such as connecting jobs to personal values, fostering a sense of purpose, supporting growth and development, recognizing meaningful contributions, and building community. It highlights case studies of companies like Patagonia and Enterprise that have successfully implemented these principles to boost employee well-being and sustainable business success. The article concludes that prioritizing meaningful work should be a top strategic priority for leaders seeking to maximize both employee happiness and organizational performance.
Russia-Ukraine Crises and its Impact on Pakistan
Authors: Rida Noor
Published: February 2025

The ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine has sent shockwaves across the globe, with far-reaching implications for international relations, global economy, and regional stability. This article delves into the impact of the Russian-Ukraine crisis on Pakistan, exploring the economic, geopolitical, and geostrategic dimensions of this complex issue. The crisis has dealt a significant blow to Pakistan's economy, which is already grappling with inflation, trade deficits, and economic instability. The war has disrupted global supply chains, leading to shortages and price hikes in essential commodities like wheat, oil, and gas ¹. Pakistan, which relies heavily on imports to meet its food and energy needs, is particularly vulnerable to these disruptions. Furthermore, the crisis has significant geopolitical implications for Pakistan. The country's relations with Russia, China, and the European Union are being reevaluated in the wake of the conflict. Pakistan has traditionally maintained good relations with Russia, and the two countries have been exploring opportunities for cooperation in areas like energy, trade, and defense ². However, the crisis has created new challenges and opportunities for Pakistan's foreign policy. The article also examines the impact of the crisis on Pakistan's trade relations with Ukraine. Pakistan's exports to Ukraine have grown significantly over the years, with a annualized rate of 15.5% from 1996 to 2020 ³. However, the crisis has disrupted trade flows, and Pakistan's exporters are facing significant challenges in accessing the Ukrainian market. In addition to these economic and geopolitical implications, the crisis also has significant geostrategic implications for Pakistan. The country's location in a volatile region, surrounded by India, Afghanistan, and Iran, makes it vulnerable to the spillover effects of the conflict ⁴. Pakistan's military and diplomatic establishment are closely monitoring the situation, and the country is actively engaging with international partners to promote a peaceful resolution to the crisis. In conclusion, the Russian-Ukraine crisis has significant implications for Pakistan's economy, foreign policy, and geostrategic interests. As the situation continues to evolve, Pakistan must navigate this complex landscape carefully, balancing its relations with major powers, promoting regional stability, and protecting its economic interests. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of the crisis on Pakistan, highlighting the challenges and opportunities that arise from this complex and dynamic situation.
Applying Grice’s Maxims to Judicial Language: A Forensic Linguistic Study of the 2024 Supreme Court Case in Pakistan
Authors: Faizullah  , Faria Ejaz  , Dr. Muhammad Nawaz  , Madeeha Javed
Published: February 2025

This study examines the linguistic patterns in the Supreme Court judgment Sunni Ittehad Council V. Election Commission of Pakistan through the lens of Grice’s conversational maxims theory (1975), specifically focusing on their forensic implications. By analyzing how adherence to or deviation from Grice’s maxims—Quantity, Quality, Relation, and Manner—affects the clarity, interpretability, and transparency of the legal judgment, the study highlights key areas where legal language may hinder public understanding. Utilizing qualitative discourse analysis, this research identifies linguistic choices that influence public perception and forensic interpretation, offering insights into how judicial language can be made more accessible and trustworthy. The study's findings emphasize the importance of clear, concise, and relevant communication in fostering judicial transparency and public trust in the legal system. By providing actionable recommendations based on Grice's framework, this research contributes to the ongoing discourse on improving the accessibility of legal language and the legitimacy of judicial decisions.
War Challenges and Psychological Trauma: A Reading of the Women by Kristin Hannah Through the Lens of Trauma Theory
Authors: Sehar Rashid  , Phool Shehzadi  , Faiza Amber  , Hina Yaqoob
Published: February 2025

The present research examines the character of Frankie in the novel The Women and how war circumstances and the after-war behavior of society affect Frankie's mental health, which later became the cause of PTSD.The main objective of this research is to analyze the character of Frankie through the lens of PTSD and observe how the responses of her surroundings led to her trauma. Cathy Caruth’s trauma theory serves as theoretical lens, in interpreting the PTSD and trauma depicted in the novel. The research leaves a cognitive space to apply the feminism theory to novel The Women (2024) by Kristin Hannah
Machine Translation vs. Human Translation: A Comparative Study of Translation Quality
Authors: Muhammad Haseeb  , Dr. Muhammad Akbar  , Waseel Sarwar Abbasi
Published: February 2025

This research is deeply rooted into the ongoing debate surrounding machine translation (MT) and human translation (HT) by conducting a comprehensive comparative study of translation quality between the two methodologies. With the rapid advancements in artificial intelligence and natural language processing, machine translation systems have made significant progress towards the solution of real-life problems. By raising questions about their efficacy compared to the nuanced understanding and linguistic finesse inherent in human translation. Through a meticulous examination of various linguistic aspects such as accuracy, fluency, cultural sensitivity, and context comprehension, this study aims to provide empirical evidence on the strengths and limitations of both MT and HT. By analyzing a diverse set of text samples across multiple languages and domains, including literature, technical documents, and colloquial speech, we endeavor to offer insights into the relative performance of MT and HT in different translation scenarios. Furthermore, this research seeks to explore the evolving roles of MT and HT in the contemporary translation landscape and their potential implications for language professionals, technology developers, and end-users. Ultimately, this comparative study endeavors to contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex dynamics between machine and human translation, shedding light on the optimal utilization of both approaches to achieve superior translation outcomes.
The Effect of Teachers` Qualification on Students` Academic Advising Performance at Secondary Schools of District Kech Turbat Balochistan q
Authors: Baqir Ali  , Sanam Memon  , Hizbullah Kaka
Published: February 2025

This study aims to investigate the effect of teacher`s qualification on students` academic advising performance at secondary schools of district Kech Turbat Balochistan. The performance of the students truly pivots on how well the teachers advise them to continue their study to overcame the gaps of better academic learning and connects them with each other and the with the environment that fosters their academic performance. Hence, the qualified teachers are always beneficial to handle the gaps throughout the academic session which are pretty crucial for each and every teacher to get the better results during the academic session. This study was undertaken with the quantitative survey design. Whereas the data was collected by the help of self-developed questionnaire. The research tool was distributed to the teachers and students to collect their response. This research was comprised of 236 Secondary School Teachers and 3004 Students of District Kech Balochistan 23 teachers and 150 Students were selected based on the rule of thumb (Curry, 2006) to participate as the research sample. The random sampling method was applied to select the sample. Finally, the SPSS software was used to get the analysis of the data. The study found the facts which make an individual effective to manage the teaching and learning process effectively. The study concluded that the teachers` qualification has positive effect on advising students in academic performance. the results of the study reveal that well trained and qualified teachers can better lead students in advising o increase their academic performance.
The Dynamics of Political Instability in Pakistan: Causes, Impacts, and Pathways to Stability
Authors: Muhammad Ismail  , Asif Mehdi  , Fatima Ali  , Aminah Gilani  , Nisar Ahmad
Published: February 2025

Political instability has remained a persistent challenge in Pakistan since its inception in 1947, undermining its democratic development, economic growth, and social cohesion. This paper explores the multifaceted causes of political instability in Pakistan, including historical legacies of colonialism, weak institutional frameworks, military interventions, corruption, ethnic divisions, and economic disparities. The impacts of instability are examined through the lens of governance failures, economic stagnation, social unrest, and erosion of public trust in state institutions. Moreover, the study highlights external influences, such as geopolitical pressures and regional conflicts, as compounding factors. Finally, the paper proposes pathways to stability, emphasizing the importance of institutional reform, rule of law, economic inclusion, political accountability, and fostering national unity. Through the identifying key structural and systemic issues, this research aims to contribute to the discourse on sustainable governance and development in Pakistan, offering practical recommendations to mitigate instability and promote long-term resilience.
Assessing the Level of Knowledge Regarding Basic Life Support in Undergraduate Nursing Students at Private Colleges of Nursing at Peshawar, Pakistan
Authors: Muhammad Salman Alam  , Muhammad Yaqoob  , Muhammad Usman  , Muhammad Hammad Bacha  , Asad Ullah  , Sayed Amir Shah
Published: February 2025

This study looks at the level of knowledge about Basic Life Support (BLS) among undergraduate nursing students at private colleges in Peshawar, Pakistan. BLS is a crucial skill for healthcare workers, especially in emergency situations where quick action can make a life-or-death difference. The goal of this research is to assess how prepared nursing students are to perform BLS and to pinpoint areas where their training could be improved
Examining the Effects of Fortified Whey Protein Enteral Nutrition on Immune Response and Infection Risk
Authors: Shakeeb Ullah  , Faiqah Ramzan  , Mubarik Ali  , Norina Jabeen  , Qamar Ullah
Published: February 2025

This study investigated the impact of a fortified whey protein enteral nutrition intervention on cytokine responses, nutritional biomarkers and infection rates in patients who were following breast cancer surgery. The randomized controlled experiment had 180 patients, who were allocated into two groups: intervention group received enteral nutrition enriched with whey protein, intended to augment immune function and boost nutritional status, while the control group received normal postoperative care. The intervention yielded substantial impacts on immunological and nutritional markers. Levels of cytokines, including IL-2, IL-4, IL-17 and IFN-gamma, as well as nutritional markers such as serum albumin and total protein, were evaluated at three time points: baseline, day 15 and day 30 after the surgery. The intervention group demonstrated significant elevations in cytokine levels, suggesting a strong improvement in the immune response. The nutritional indicators also showed notable enhancements, indicating improved overall nutritional well-being, which is essential for successful recuperation. Furthermore, the intervention resulted in a substantial decrease in both the frequency and intensity of surgical site infections, demonstrating its efficacy in enhancing therapeutic results. The findings indicated that the use of enriched whey protein enteral nutrition can have a substantial positive impact on the recovery of patients undergoing surgery. This is achieved by improving immune responses and raising nutritional status.
The Implication of Different Volumes of Amniotic Fluid in Predicting Neonatal Outcome
Authors: Najia Kasi  , Shaista Ambreen  , Shazia Awan  , Arshad Khushdil  , Lubna Noor  , Nidda Yaseen  , Sehrish Raja
Published: February 2025

Background: Amniotic fluid index (AFI) variations has been associated with adverse perinatal outcomes, including increased cesarean delivery rates and neonatal complications. Accurate monitoring of AFI is essential for predicting and managing high-risk pregnancies effectively. Objective: To evaluate the predictive value of AFI for adverse perinatal outcomes, including neonatal morbidity and delivery mode, in term pregnancies. Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Duration and Place of Study: The study was conducted from June 2023 to December 2023 at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, CMH Multan. Methodology: A total of 60 term pregnancies were included, divided into two groups: Group A (AFI <5 cm) and Group B (AFI >5 cm). Patients were aged 18–40 years with singleton, non-anomalous pregnancies at ≥37 weeks gestation. Exclusion criteria included pre-existing medical conditions, multiple pregnancies, and prior cesarean delivery. AFI was measured using the four-quadrant technique, and neonatal outcomes such as Apgar scores, birth weight, NICU admissions, and respiratory distress were assessed. Non-stress test (NST) reactivity and delivery mode were also recorded. Results: Group A exhibited significantly higher rates of cesarean deliveries (66.7% vs. 20%, p<0.05), low Apgar scores (73.3% vs. 36.7%, p=0.004), and NICU admissions (80% vs. 46.7%, p=0.007) compared to Group B. Non-reactive NSTs were more frequent in Group A (33.3% vs. 6.7%). While low birth weight was more common in Group A (50% vs. 30%), the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.114). Conclusion: Low AFI is a significant predictor of adverse perinatal outcomes, including higher cesarean rates, poor neonatal outcomes, and increased NICU admissions. Routine AFI monitoring in term pregnancies is critical for identifying high-risk cases and improving neonatal outcomes, emphasizing its value in obstetric care.
Obstetric Outcomes of Fetal Malpresentation and Malpositions
Authors: Saira Khan  , Fauzia Anbreen
Published: February 2025

Background: Fetal malpresentation and malposition are leading contributors to the high rates of adverse obstetric outcomes such as obstructed labor, postpartum hemorrhage, and cesarean deliveries. Accurate data on these outcomes is critical in the improvement of maternal and neonatal care, particularly in resource-limited settings. Methodology: This descriptive study aimed to determine the frequency of obstetric outcomes in patients with fetal malpresentation and malposition. It was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, DHQ Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, over a period of five months, from August 2024 to December 2024. A sample size of 340 women aged 18 to 40 years with singleton pregnancy and ultrasound confirmation of fetal malpresentation or malposition. The excluded conditions are: stillbirth; placenta previa; uterine rupture, or any other major complication. Data of outcomes concerning obstetric cases were collected in relation to obstructed labor, postpartum hemorrhage, perineal tears, modes of delivery. The data analyzed were using SPSS version 26. Results: The mean age of participants was 28.09 ± 5.20 years, with a mean gestational age of 36.72 ± 2.95 weeks. Malpresentation was observed in 62.4% of cases, while 37.6% had malposition. Obstetric outcomes included obstructed labor in 12.9%, postpartum hemorrhage in 15.9%, and perineal tears in 4.7% of cases. Delivery modes comprised 6.5% vaginal deliveries, 74.4% emergency cesarean sections, and 15.9% elective cesarean sections. Malposition was significantly associated with perineal tears (p = 0.036). Conclusion: Fetal malpresentation and malposition are associated with a high prevalence of adverse obstetric outcomes, particularly emergency cesarean sections and obstructed labor.
Obstetric Study to Exploring the Prevalence and Determinants of Cesarean Sections at Timeragra Teaching Hospital Dir Lower
Authors: Nazia Wahid  , Ikram Ullah  , Humaira Bibi  , Sobia Ali  , Arooj Batool  , Lubna Islam  , Hina Iftikhar
Published: February 2025

Cesarean section (CS) is a pivotal surgical procedure in obstetrics, often performed to manage complications such as dystocia, prior cesarean deliveries, fetal distress, and post-term pregnancies. Despite its importance, the increasing prevalence of CS raises concerns about over medicalization and its associated risks. This study explores the factors influencing CS in District Dir Lower KP, Pakistan, providing insights into demographic, educational, obstetric, and neonatal determinants. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with a total sample size of 123. Data were collected on variables including maternal age, education level, parity, gestational age, infant size, and gender. Statistical analysis was performed using percentages to identify significant trends and associations. Results: Age Group: Women aged 25-34 years had the highest CS rate (60.97%), followed by those aged ≥35 years (21.14%). Education: Primary education was most prevalent among women undergoing CS (42.28%), while higher education showed the lowest association (7.32%). Parity: Women with three or more children exhibited the highest CS rates (53.66%), whereas first-time mothers accounted for 12.20%. Gestational Age: Normal-term pregnancies (37-40 weeks) had the highest CS prevalence (56.91%), while post-term pregnancies accounted for 14.63%. Baby Size: Average-sized infants (2.5-4 cm) were associated with the highest CS rates (52.85%), compared to small (32.52%) and large infants (14.63%). Infant Gender: Male infants were more commonly associated with CS (62.60%) than female infants (37.40%). Conclusion: This study highlights the significant role of maternal age, education level, parity, gestational age, and infant characteristics in influencing CS rates in District Dir Lower Findings emphasize the need for evidence-based maternal health policies to optimize delivery outcomes and address unnecessary surgical interventions.
THE EFFECT OF GRADED MOTOR TECHNIQUE VERSUS PROGRESSIVE CIRCUIT TRAINING FOR PAIN AND MOBILITY IN STROKE INDIVIDUALS
Authors: Qadri Khizer Mehmood , Babur Muhammad Naveed , Shah Muhammad Saleh , Peerzadi Javairya Amjad , Sadiqua Ayesha , Gulzar Ahmad
Published: February 2025

Background: Stroke is a leading cause of disability and mortality worldwide, significantly impacting functional independence and quality of life. Rehabilitation strategies play a crucial role in post-stroke recovery by enhancing motor function, reducing pain, and improving mobility. Graded Motor Imagery (GMI) and Progressive Circuit Training (PCT) are two distinct therapeutic approaches targeting neuromuscular reorganization and functional rehabilitation. However, comparative evidence regarding their effectiveness remains limited. This study evaluates and compares the efficacy of GMI and PCT in improving pain and mobility among stroke patients, providing insights into their therapeutic impact.
Objective: To determine the comparative effectiveness of Graded Motor Imagery and Progressive Circuit Training in improving pain levels and mobility in stroke patients.
Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted at Sehat Medical Complex, Rehab Cure, and the University Institute of Physical Therapy Teaching Hospital. A total of 28 ischemic stroke patients meeting the inclusion criteria were randomly allocated into two groups (14 participants per group). Group A received Graded Motor Imagery (3–5 sessions per week, 20–30 minutes per session, for four weeks), while Group B underwent Progressive Circuit Training (2–4 sessions per week, 30–60 minutes per session, for four weeks). Pain levels were assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and mobility was measured using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). Assessments were conducted at baseline and after four weeks. Data were analyzed using SPSS 27.0, with independent sample t-tests for between-group comparisons and paired sample t-tests for within-group analysis.
Results: At baseline, no significant differences were observed in pain (p = .848) or mobility (p = .323) between groups. Post-treatment, both groups showed significant improvements (p < 0.01). The GMI group demonstrated a greater reduction in pain (VAS: 7.14 ± 1.03 to 3.21 ± 0.802) compared to the PCT group (VAS: 7.07 ± 0.917 to 4.86 ± 1.23). Mobility improvements were also more pronounced in the GMI group (FIM: 85.50 ± 2.10 to 96.50 ± 2.07) than in the PCT group (FIM: 86.43 ± 2.74 to 91.14 ± 4.42). Statistical analysis confirmed superior effectiveness of GMI in reducing pain and enhancing mobility compared to PCT (p < 0.01).
Conclusion: Both Graded Motor Imagery and Progressive Circuit Training proved effective in reducing pain and improving mobility in stroke patients. However, Graded Motor Imagery demonstrated superior outcomes, highlighting its potential as a more effective rehabilitation technique for stroke recovery. The findings suggest that cognitive-motor rehabilitation strategies like GMI may play a crucial role in optimizing neuroplasticity and functional independence in stroke survivors.
Non-Hellenized Jews in the Semi-Hellenized East
Authors: Wasserstein Abraham
Published: February 2025

This article makes the case for a re-evaluation of the evidence for Hellenistic influence on Jewish society in Palestine, which must be distinguished from Hellenistic Jewry in the diaspora. The partial Hellenization of the former does not necessarily point to direct contact with Hellenism, but may well have been mediated by Aramaic culture, whose roots in the region ran deep. Hellenistic elements in non-hellenized Palestinian Judaism can, paradoxically, be seen not as deliberate and conscious adoption of foreign, Greek, ways, but, on the contrary, as a sign of belonging to the home-grown culture of the Aramaic East within the Empire as well as outside its borders.
Cum dignitate otium Senatorial domus in Imperial Rome
Authors: Eck Werner
Published: February 2025

Das kaiserzeitliche Stadtbild Roms ist in der historischen Überlieferung beherrscht von den Bauten, die von oder für Kaiser errichtet wurden. Das entspricht auch der realen Macht, die in den Händen der Kaiser lag. Doch neben ihnen spielte der Senat und seine einzelnen Mitglieder eine wesentliche Rolle, was auch für das konkrete Stadtbild galt. Viele Senatoren hatten prachtvolle domus in Rom, die auch gesellschaftliche und kultureller Mittelpunkt waren. Viele davon lassen sich durch epigraphische Zeugnisse nachweisen. Doch nur in ganz wenigen Fällen blieb der Name einer senatorischen Familie damit verbunden. Verursacht ist dies auch dadurch, dass viele dieser Familien nur für eine oder wenige Generationen einen Sitze im Senat hatten.
 
In the historical tradition, the imperial cityscape of Rome is dominated by the buildings that were built by or for emperors. This also corresponds to the real power that was in the hands of the emperors. But besides them, the Senate and its individual members played an essential role, which was also true for the concrete cityscape. Many senators had magnificent domus in Rome, which were also center of social and cultural life. Many of them are documented by epigraphic evidence. But only in very few cases the name of a senatorial family remained connected with it. This is also due to the fact that many of these families held a seat in the Senate for only one or a few generations.
New Manuscript Witness for the Tetrasticon autenticum de singulis mensibus
Authors: Hen Yitzhak
Published: February 2025

This paper discusses an hitherto unnoticed copy of the Tetrasticon authenticum de singulis mensibus (Anthologia Larina 395 [Riese], 391 [Shackleton-Bailey]) and the unusual manuscript context in which it is found, that is, a late tenth-century Sacramentary from the Abbey of Echternach. The presence of such a “pagan” poem in an utterly Christian liturgical compendium reflects the complexity of late Carolingian attitudes towards pagan scholarship and culture.
Aristotle, Topics 122a27-30 and Related Issues
Authors: Glucker John
Published: February 2025

In this article I suggest that at 122a27-8 we should emend μήτ’  αὐξήσεως  μήτ’  μειώσεως to μήτ’  αὐξήσεως  μήτ’  ἀλλοιώσεως. This although  μείωσις,  the opposite of αὔξησις, seems to be quite natural here. My reasons for this emendation are complex, and involve a discussion, with many quotations from Aristotle and from Alexander of Aphrodisias as testimonies for the various points I make. Much of my discusuon also helps in sorting out some details in Aristotle's discussions of κίνησις of various sorts, and is directed at students who have paid much attention to the Physics  in the original Greek.
Homer und Bibel als Ausdrucksmittel im 3. Sibyllenbuch
Authors: Amir Jehoshua
Published: February 2025

Homer und Bibel als Ausdrucksmittel im 3. Sibyllenbuch
Two Related Contradictions in Laws IX
Authors: Weiss Roslyn
Published: February 2025

Laws IX contain two paradoxes that seem unrelated at first. The first appears to address the coextensiveness of the just—even just sufferings—and the beautiful; the second, the voluntariness or involuntariness of injustice. Yet, the Athenian suggests that they both concern “the same matters” (860c)—namely, whether just sufferings are or are not disgraceful. By maintaining, perhaps paradoxically, that voluntary wrongdoing is involuntary—because it is specifically voluntary wrongdoing that introduces into the soul the kind of evil that no one wants, the Athenian can hold, too, that just suffering is beautiful, most welcome to the offender, since it relieves him of the evil that he really does not want. It is the many who are confused: they believe that all just things are beautiful but believe nevertheless that just sufferings are shameful.
Eduard Norden and his Students: A Contribution to a Portrait, Based on Three Archival Finds
Authors: Baumgarten Albert I.
Published: February 2025

This article is based on three archival sources - German originals and translations included, as appropriate - concerning Eduard Norden (1868-1941), the Berlin specialist in Latin literature. The first is a letter Norden wrote to his student Elias Bickerman (1897-1981) in December 1926, commenting on a paper Bickerman had written on Tacitus and rejecting Bickerman’s conclusions after careful consideration. The second source is Bickerman’s portrait of Norden, written for the Berlin student newspaper in October 1927, when Norden was elected Rector of the Friedrich-Wilhelm University. Bickerman introduced Norden to the students, illustrating his method and its important implications. The last document is a translation of parts of the Hebrew eulogy delivered in 1945 by Moshe Schwabe (1889-1956) of the Hebrew University in memory of Hans (Yohanan) Lewy (1901-1944), Norden’s other outstanding student.
The article examines and interprets these documents in each other’s light. Based on these sources, it elaborates the contrast between Norden’s approach to philology, history and the world of the Weimar era, and that championed by Werner Jaeger (1888-1961) in Paideia (3 vols.: German, 1933–1947), popular at the time. Lewy disapproved of the political message implicit in Paideia as too supportive of racist Nazism. At a more fundamental professional level, Jaeger’s analysis could descend into a fog of words, while Norden and his students favored a more disciplined philological method. Careful analysis of terms and their universe of meaning was to be their basis for synthesis. This aspect of Norden’s approach, praised by Bickerman, was then practiced by him and Lewy. They saw it as especially helpful, when writing the history of religious concepts, in distinguishing received traditions from new ideas and innovations. Norden taught them how to be successful philologists of religion.
A STUDY ON READING COMPREHENSION ABILITY AND READING HABITS IN RELATION TO THEIR COGNITIVE ABILITY
Authors: Naziya Khanum  , Prof. Venkoba Naryanappa
Published: February 2025

This study examines the connection between secondary school students' reading comprehension skills, reading habits, and cognitive abilities. Given the increasing significance of reading comprehension for academic achievement, especially in high-stakes exams, it is essential to comprehend its cognitive and behavioural underpinnings. Examining the relationship between reading comprehension skills, cognitive capacities, and reading habits in secondary school-aged boys and girls is the goal of this study. In the Raichur district of Karnataka, 720 secondary school pupils participated in a descriptive quantitative study. Using stratified random sampling, participants were chosen. According to the study, comprehension of language structures, syntax, and cognitive processes like memory, attention, and problem-solving are all important components of reading comprehension. The main results showed that cognitive abilities correspond with both reading habits and comprehension skills and that reading habits significantly improve comprehension ability. The study offers insightful information for teachers, indicating that pupils' comprehension skills can be greatly enhanced by encouraging positive reading habits and comprehending cognitive development. Additionally, it provides helpful suggestions for enhancing instructional methods, like tailored interventions based on reading habits and cognitive profiles. In order to promote improved learning outcomes, the results also emphasize how crucial it is to incorporate cognitive skill development into language instruction.
THE ROLE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION IN FOSTERING CREATIVITY OF ADOLESCENTS
Authors: PRITI SINGH
Published: February 2025

Technical education fosters the creativity of growing children since it offers them the practical skills, problem-solving skills, and innovative thinking required to flourish in a changing world. Technical education plays a vital role in fostering creativity by providing learners with problem-solving opportunities, practical applications, and interdisciplinary approaches This period of secondary education corresponds with an important period in children’s emotional and cognitive development so it is the most suitable time to consider incorporating technical education, since learning by doing will aid them in making sense of their education and stimulating their inner curiosity and creativity. In addition, many technical colleges sponsor cooperative projects which integrate various fields of study and allow the use of advanced technologies and creativity, which are all important factors in fostering creativity. It unchains the mind from concrete and abstract thinking, allowing them to achieve new things. Furthermore, it can assist students in developing a certain degree of confidence and flexibility in problem-solving and ultimately addressing issues in the modern economy, which draws many opportunities and expects many challenges. As the world continues to advance in technology, innovation will become an essential aspect. In this paper, technical education is later explored on how it influences changes to the adolescents' cognitive development so as to enhance creativity, critical thinking, and adaptability. It also great of importance to investigate the best practices for tackling the effective technical education issues. Finally, this paper seeks to offer guidance for enhancing the technical education design in order to address the gaps in the creativity of adolescents.
The Regulation of Digital Technologies in the EU:
Authors: Papakonstantinou Vagelis , De Hert Paul
Published: February 2025

EU regulatory initiatives on technology-related topics has spiked over the past few years. On the basis of its Priorities Programme 2019-2024, while creating “Europe fit for the Digital Age”, the EU Commission has been busy releasing new texts aimed at regulating a number of technology topics, including, among others, data uses, online platforms, cybersecurity, or artificial intelligence. This paper identifies three basic phenomena common to all, or most, EU new technology-relevant regulatory initiatives, namely (a) “act-ification”, (b) “GDPR mimesis”, and (c) “regulatory brutality”. These phenomena divulge new-found confidence on the part of the EU technology legislator, who has by now asserted for itself the right to form policy options and create new rules in the field for all of Europe. These three phenomena serve as indicators or early signs of a new European technology law-making paradigm that by now seems ready to emerge.
Of Horses and Other Animals of Cyberspace
Authors: Leenes Ronald
Published: February 2025

In this introductory article to the new journal Technology and Regulation, I give a somewhat personal account of the history of cyberlaw and technology law and the ‘struggles’ some scholars have finding their spot in the more general legal realm. It will recount some of the classic discussions in the field, such as whether cyberlaw is just a form of the ‘Law of the Horse’. It also outlines the contours of the field of technology regulation, some of the open questions in defining this field and some of its constituent elements. Finally, questions that I hope will be addressed in future articles in the journal are provided.
How Decisions by Apple and Google obstruct App Privacy
Authors: Kollnig Konrad , Shadbolt Nigel
Published: February 2025

Ample past research highlighted that privacy problems are widespread in mobile apps and can have disproportionate impacts on individuals. However, doing such research, especially through automated methods, remains hard and has become an arms race with those who engage in invasive data practices. This paper analyses how decisions by Apple and Google, the makers of the two primary app ecosystems (iOS and Android), currently hold back (automated) app privacy research and thereby create systemic risks that have previously not been systematically documented. Such an analysis is timely and pertinent since the newly enacted EU Digital Services Act (DSA) obliges Very Large Online Platforms to enable ‘vetted researchers’ to study systemic risks (Article 40) and to put in place reasonable, proportionate and effective mitigation measures against systemic risks (Article 35).
Not Hardcoding but Softcoding Data Protection
Authors: Tamò-Larrieux Aurelia , Mayer Simon , Zihlmann Zaïra
Published: February 2025

The delegation of decisions to machines has revived the debate on whether and how technology should and can embed fundamental legal values within its design. While these debates have predominantly been occurring within the philosophical and legal communities, the computer science community has been eager to provide tools to overcome some challenges that arise from ‘hardwiring’ law into code. What emerged is the formation of different approaches to code that adapts to legal parameters. Within this article, we discuss the translational, system-related, and moral issues raised by implementing legal principles in software. While our findings focus on data protection law, they apply to the interlinking of code and law across legal domains. These issues point towards the need to rethink our current approach to design-oriented regulation and to prefer ‘soft’ implementations, where decision parameters are decoupled from program code and can be inspected and modified by users, over ‘hard’ approaches, where decisions are taken by opaque pieces of program code.
Codes of Conduct in the Digital Services Act
Authors: Griffin Rachel
Published: February 2025

Articles 45-47 of the Digital Services Act provide for codes of conduct to ‘contribute to the proper application’ of the Act. Codes could therefore significantly shape the DSA’s implementation and its effectiveness. This article provides the most detailed analysis to date of the role of codes in the DSA, making three key contributions. First, it maps the functions and legal status of DSA codes, showing that they create de facto legal obligations for the largest platforms. This underlines the need to consider how they will shape the DSA’s interpretation. Second, the article argues that codes could significantly strengthen platform companies’ accountability by providing more detailed standards, mandating risk mitigation measures in under-addressed areas, and broadening stakeholder participation. Third, however, it identifies potential disadvantages such as capacity limitations, corporate capture, and legitimacy and accountability issues.
Designing Data Governance for Data Sharing
Authors: Scassa Teresa
Published: February 2025

Data governance for data sharing is becoming an important issue in the rapidly evolving data economy and society. In the smart cities’ context, data sharing may be particularly important, but is also complicated by a diverse array of interests in data collected, as well as significant privacy and public interest considerations. This paper examines the data governance body proposed by Sidewalk Labs as part of its Master Innovation Development Plan for a smart city development on port lands in Toronto, Canada. Using Sidewalk Lab’s Urban Data Trust as a use case, this paper identifies some of the challenges in designing an effective and appropriate data governance structure for data sharing, and analyzes the normative issues underlying these challenges. In this example, issues of data ownership and control are contested from the outset. The proposed model also raises interesting issues about the role and relevance of the public sector in managing the public interest; and the need to design data governance from the ground up. While the paper focuses on a particular use case, the goal is to distil useful knowledge about the design and implementation of data governance structures.
Towards a Human-Centred Approach to Data Extraction
Authors: Ugar Edmund Terem
Published: February 2025

Ethical principles, such as privacy, autonomy, and human rights, have been published to govern ethical data extraction and mining. These principles aim to protect individuals from unlawful data extraction for research, development, and other purposes. While these principles are necessary to protect individuals against unlawful data extraction and mining, I argue that they do not, in practice, provide solid foundations for a human-centred approach to data extraction, given the exponential growth of surveillance capitalism and data colonialism. I contend that it is best to reorient data-driven corporations to approach data extraction from a human-centred perspective, guided by collectivist principles, such as care, human dignity, and beneficence, which I develop from Ubuntu-centred African relational moral theory. I show how these principles can contest current principles, such as respect for autonomy, privacy, and human rights, to guide a human-centred approach to data extraction.
Algorithmic Price Discrimination and Consumer Protection
Authors: Grochowski Mateusz , Jabłonowska Agnieszka , Lagioia Francesca , Sartor Givanni
Published: February 2025

This paper investigates the practice of algorithmic price discrimination with a view to determining its impact on markets and society and making a possible plea for regulation. Online market players are gradually gaining the capacity to adapt prices dynamically based on knowledge generated through vast amounts of data, so that, theoretically, every individual consumer can be charged the maximum price he or she is willing to pay. The article discusses the downsides of data-driven price discrimination. It considers the extent to which such downsides are mitigated by European Union law, and what role remains for national provisions and consumer-empowering technologies. We find that the existing EU provisions address price discrimination only marginally and that full harmonisation, a goal pursued through many acts regulating consumer markets, restricts the Member States’ margin for independent legislation. Accordingly, consumer protection against algorithmic pricing may rely, in practice, on consumer-empowering technologies and initiatives. We investigate the implications of this state of affairs, arguing that an unbalanced “digital arms race” between the use of algorithms as market devices on the one hand, and their use as consumer protection tools on the other, does not ensure consumer protection. Based on these findings, we advance a claim for regulation which pursues two main goals: first, to make the race more balanced by strengthening the digital tools available to consumer protection actors and, second, to limit the battlefield by clarifying and refining the applicable rules and defining clearer categories of impermissible behaviours.
The Impacts of AdTech on Privacy Rights and the Rule of Law
Authors: Costello Róisín Áine
Published: February 2025

This article argues that the AdTech market has undermined the fundamental right to privacy in the European Union and that current legislative and fundamental rights protections in the EU have been unsuccessful in restraining these privacy harms. The article further argues that these privacy consequences have imported additional reductions in individual autonomy and have the capacity to harm the Rule of Law.
Tactics of Earthy Data
Authors: U+16DE Diane
Published: February 2025

This article presents that decolonizing cannot happen without acknowledging the role of land relations in constituting data and radically reconstituting what we are governing when we claim to govern ‘data.’ To this end, it reflects upon how the juxtaposition of the ‘data colonialism’ and the ‘Anthropocene’ discourses can be productive by highlighting their common settler colonial impulses in understanding the categories of the ‘material’ and the ‘epistemological’ as distinctive. Next, the article draws upon the Place-Thought framework proposed by Anishinaabe-Haudenosaunee scholar Vanessa Watts and others to argue that in addition to being a demand for giving land titles to Indigenous peoples, #LandBack movements should be understood as a decolonizing call for realizing the seamless coherence of the material-epistemological, both outside and within Europe. The last section proposes earthy data as decolonizing tactics against the settler understandings of data.