bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Large Atmospheric Waves Will Get Stronger, While Small Waves Will Get Weaker by the End of the 21st Century
Authors: Chemke R. , Ming Y.
Published: November 2020

Atmospheric waves control the weather and climate variability, by affecting winds, temperature, and precipitation. It is thus critical to assess their future response to anthropogenic emissions. Most previous studies investigated the projected regional changes in the intensity of atmospheric waves, by pooling across waves with different scales. However, the waves' projected changes might vary with their scale, and thus, their future climate impacts might also be scale dependent. Here we show that both in the tropics and midlatitudes while large waves will get stronger, small waves will get weaker by the end of this century. Thus, investigating the response of atmospheric waves to human activity by pooling across all wave scales masks the future climate impacts of large waves. We further reveal that the opposite response of large and small waves stems from the opposite effect of static stability and zonal wind on the growth rate of the different waves.
Geomorphological Analysis of the Southwestern Margin of Xanadu, Titan: Insights on Tectonics
Authors: Matteoni Pietro , Mitri Giuseppe , Poggiali Valerio , Mastrogiuseppe Marco
Published: November 2020

Evidence for tectonic activity on Titan is provided by the presence of eroded mountain ranges. Xanadu is an equatorial region of Titan characterized by a complex topography, even though, overall, it has a lower average elevation compared to its surroundings. We investigated Xanadu's southwestern margin, a part of the region composed of heavily eroded and rugged terrains to the north and east, and of smoother, more uniform terrains to the west and south. The central portions of southwestern Xanadu (SW Xanadu) are characterized by an extensive fluvial network. The presence of such a distinctive feature was the main reason motivating the study of this area, given its potential to provide tectonic indications. Through detailed geomorphological mapping (map scale 1:700,000) on Synthetic Aperture Radar data and analysis of both fluvial drainage patterns and Digital Terrain Models, we identified several putative tectonic structures in this area: normal faulting to the west and east, thrust faulting to the north, and small‐scale strike‐slip faulting in its central parts. Pull‐apart basins are depressions bounded by both dip‐slip faults and by (overlapping and/or bending) segments of a major transcurrent fault, i.e., they are basins generated in transtensional tectonic settings. We propose that central SW Xanadu is a pull‐apart basin, bordered by both normal and thrust faults and formed by transtensional tectonics, which we consider to be the most recent tectonic phase active in this area. This basin is characterized by small‐scale strike‐slip faulting within it, on which a fluvial network has subsequently imposed.
Ionospheric Horizontal Correlation Distances: Estimation, Analysis, and Implications for Ionospheric Data Assimilation
Authors: Forsythe Victoriya V. , Azeem Irfan , Crowley Geoff
Published: November 2020

The background covariance matrix establishes the transition from the data‐ to model‐driven regions in the ionospheric data assimilation algorithms. To construct the background covariance matrix, the information about the spatial ionospheric correlations of model errors is required. This paper focuses on the horizontal component of the covariance matrix. It is the first study that presents global maps of zonal and meridional ionospheric correlation lengths derived for IRI‐2016 model errors. The model errors were calculated using 20 years of GPS total electron content (TEC) values from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Global Ionospheric Maps (GIMs) for different seasons, geomagnetic conditions, and universal times. The correlation lengths derived from IRI model errors were analyzed and compared to correlation lengths derived from day‐to‐day ionospheric variability calculated from GIM. It was found that the global distributions of the zonal and meridional correlation lengths between the two approaches are very different and that the correlation lengths derived from day‐to‐day TEC variability cannot be used as a proxy for the construction of covariance matrix for ionospheric data assimilation. A new method is proposed for the modeling of azimuthal distribution of the correlation distances that considers the nonisotropic nature of the distribution of correlations around the reference point.
Determining the current size and state of subvolcanic magma reservoirs
Authors: Weber Gregor , Caricchi Luca , Arce José L. , Schmitt Axel K.
Published: November 2020

Determining the state of magma reservoirs is essential to mitigate volcanic hazards. However, geophysical methods lack the spatial resolution to quantify the volume of eruptible magma present in the system, and the study of the eruptive history of a volcano does not constrain the current state of the magma reservoir. Here, we apply a novel approach to Nevado de Toluca volcano (Mexico) to tightly constrain the rate of magma input and accumulation in the subvolcanic reservoir. We show that only a few percent of the supplied magma erupted and a melt volume of up to 350 km3 is currently stored under the volcano. If magma input resumes, the volcano can reawake from multi-millennial dormancy within a few years and produce a large eruption, due to the thermal maturity of the system. Our approach is widely applicable and provides essential quantitative information to better assess the state and hazard potential of volcanoes.
Anomalous mechanical materials squeezing three-dimensional volume compressibility into one dimension
Authors: Jiang Xingxing , Molokeev Maxim S. , Dong Liyuan , Dong Zhichao , Wang Naizheng , Kang Lei , Li Xiaodong , Li Yanchun , Tian Chuan , Peng Shiliu , Li Wei , Lin Zheshuai
Published: November 2020

Anomalous mechanical materials, with counterintuitive stress-strain responding behaviors, have emerged as novel type of functional materials with highly enhanced performances. Here we demonstrate that the materials with coexisting negative, zero and positive linear compressibilities can squeeze three-dimensional volume compressibility into one dimension, and provide a general and effective way to precisely stabilize the transmission processes under high pressure. We propose a “corrugated-graphite-like” structural model and discover lithium metaborate (LiBO2) to be the first material with such a mechanical behavior. The capability to keep the flux density stability under pressure in LiBO2 is at least two orders higher than that in conventional materials. Our study opens a way to the design and search of ultrastable transmission materials under extreme conditions.
ATF4 leads to glaucoma by promoting protein synthesis and ER client protein load
Authors: Kasetti Ramesh B. , Patel Pinkal D. , Maddineni Prabhavathi , Patil Shruti , Kiehlbauch Charles , Millar J. Cameron , Searby Charles C. , Raghunathan VijayKrishna , Sheffield Val C. , Zode Gulab S.
Published: November 2020

The underlying pathological mechanisms of glaucomatous trabecular meshwork (TM) damage and elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) are poorly understood. Here, we report that the chronic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced ATF4-CHOP-GADD34 pathway is activated in TM of human and mouse glaucoma. Expression of ATF4 in TM promotes aberrant protein synthesis and ER client protein load, leading to TM dysfunction and cell death. These events lead to IOP elevation and glaucomatous neurodegeneration. ATF4 interacts with CHOP and this interaction is essential for IOP elevation. Notably, genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition of ATF4-CHOP-GADD34 pathway prevents TM cell death and rescues mouse models of glaucoma by reducing protein synthesis and ER client protein load in TM cells. Importantly, glaucomatous TM cells exhibit significantly increased protein synthesis along with induction of ATF4-CHOP-GADD34 pathway. These studies indicate a pathological role of ATF4-CHOP-GADD34 pathway in glaucoma and provide a possible treatment for glaucoma by targeting this pathway.
Phase separation by the polyhomeotic sterile alpha motif compartmentalizes Polycomb Group proteins and enhances their activity
Authors: Seif Elias , Kang Jin Joo , Sasseville Charles , Senkovich Olga , Kaltashov Alexander , Boulier Elodie L. , Kapur Ibani , Kim Chongwoo A. , Francis Nicole J.
Published: November 2020

Polycomb Group (PcG) proteins organize chromatin at multiple scales to regulate gene expression. A conserved Sterile Alpha Motif (SAM) in the Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1) subunit Polyhomeotic (Ph) has been shown to play an important role in chromatin compaction and large-scale chromatin organization. Ph SAM forms helical head to tail polymers, and SAM-SAM interactions between chromatin-bound Ph/PRC1 are believed to compact chromatin and mediate long-range interactions. To understand the underlying mechanism, here we analyze the effects of Ph SAM on chromatin in vitro. We find that incubation of chromatin or DNA with a truncated Ph protein containing the SAM results in formation of concentrated, phase-separated condensates. Ph SAM-dependent condensates can recruit PRC1 from extracts and enhance PRC1 ubiquitin ligase activity towards histone H2A. We show that overexpression of Ph with an intact SAM increases ubiquitylated H2A in cells. Thus, SAM-induced phase separation, in the context of Ph, can mediate large-scale compaction of chromatin into biochemical compartments that facilitate histone modification.
Protrudin functions from the endoplasmic reticulum to support axon regeneration in the adult CNS
Authors: Petrova Veselina , Pearson Craig S. , Ching Jared , Tribble James R. , Solano Andrea G. , Yang Yunfei , Love Fiona M. , Watt Robert J. , Osborne Andrew , Reid Evan , Williams Pete A. , Martin Keith R. , Geller Herbert M. , Eva Richard , Fawcett James W.
Published: November 2020

Adult mammalian central nervous system axons have intrinsically poor regenerative capacity, so axonal injury has permanent consequences. One approach to enhancing regeneration is to increase the axonal supply of growth molecules and organelles. We achieved this by expressing the adaptor molecule Protrudin which is normally found at low levels in non-regenerative neurons. Elevated Protrudin expression enabled robust central nervous system regeneration both in vitro in primary cortical neurons and in vivo in the injured adult optic nerve. Protrudin overexpression facilitated the accumulation of endoplasmic reticulum, integrins and Rab11 endosomes in the distal axon, whilst removing Protrudin’s endoplasmic reticulum localization, kinesin-binding or phosphoinositide-binding properties abrogated the regenerative effects. These results demonstrate that Protrudin promotes regeneration by functioning as a scaffold to link axonal organelles, motors and membranes, establishing important roles for these cellular components in mediating regeneration in the adult central nervous system.
Localized spin-orbit polaron in magnetic Weyl semimetal Co3Sn2S2
Authors: Xing Yuqing , Shen Jianlei , Chen Hui , Huang Li , Gao Yuxiang , Zheng Qi , Zhang Yu-Yang , Li Geng , Hu Bin , Qian Guojian , Cao Lu , Zhang Xianli , Fan Peng , Ma Ruisong , Wang Qi , Yin Qiangwei , Lei Hechang , Ji Wei , Du Shixuan , Yang Haitao , Wang Wenhong , Shen Chengmin , Lin Xiao , Liu Enke , Shen Baogen , Wang Ziqiang , Gao Hong-Jun
Published: November 2020

The kagome lattice Co3Sn2S2 exhibits the quintessential topological phenomena of a magnetic Weyl semimetal such as the chiral anomaly and Fermi-arc surface states. Probing its magnetic properties is crucial for understanding this correlated topological state. Here, using spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/S) and non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) combined with first-principle calculations, we report the discovery of localized spin-orbit polarons (SOPs) with three-fold rotation symmetry nucleated around single S-vacancies in Co3Sn2S2. The SOPs carry a magnetic moment and a large diamagnetic orbital magnetization of a possible topological origin associated relating to the diamagnetic circulating current around the S-vacancy. Appreciable magneto-elastic coupling of the SOP is detected by nc-AFM and STM. Our findings suggest that the SOPs can enhance magnetism and more robust time-reversal-symmetry-breaking topological phenomena. Controlled engineering of the SOPs may pave the way toward practical applications in functional quantum devices.
Additive effects of simulated microgravity and ionizing radiation in cell death, induction of ROS and expression of RAC2 in human bronchial epithelial cells
Authors: Tan Shaobo , Pei Weiwei , Huang Hao , Zhou Guangming , Hu Wentao
Published: November 2020

Radiation and microgravity are undoubtedly two major factors in space environment that pose a health threat to astronauts. However, the mechanistic study of their interactive biological effects is lacking. In this study, human lung bronchial epithelial Beas-2B cells were used to study the regulation of radiobiological effects by simulated microgravity (using a three-dimensional clinostat). It was found that simulated microgravity together with radiation induced drop of survival fraction, proliferation inhibition, apoptosis, and DNA double-strand break formation of Beas-2B cells additively. They also additively induced Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2 (RAC2) upregulation, leading to increased NADPH oxidase activity and increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) yield. The findings indicated that simulated microgravity and ionizing radiation presented an additive effect on cell death of human bronchial epithelial cells, which was mediated by RAC2 to some extent. The study provides a new perspective for the better understanding of the compound biological effects of the space environmental factors.
Potential of Moroccan entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Mokrini Fouad , Laasli Salah-Eddine , Benseddik Youssef , Joutei Abdelmalek Boutaleb , Blenzar Abdelali , Lakhal Hicham , Sbaghi Mohamed , Imren Mustafa , Özer Göksel , Paulitz Timothy , Lahlali Rachid , Dababat Abdelfattah A.
Published: November 2020

The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann, is a deleterious pest worldwide affecting fruit production. The entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are a potential biocontrol agent that could be effectively used to control this Mediterranean fruit fly. In this study, five EPN strains reported from different fields in Morocco were evaluated for their efficacy against C. capitata. In laboratory assays, Steinernema feltiae-SF-MOR9, S. feltiae-SF-MOR10 and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora-HB-MOR7 strains showed significantly higher infectivity and penetration rates when compared to the other strains. S. feltiae-SF-MOR9 caused the highest larval mortality rate (80%) at 50 infective juveniles (IJs) cm−2. However, additional results showed that both S. feltiae strains were significantly effective in controlling C. capitata larvae in apricot (Prunus armeniaca) fruits on soil surface with high mortality rate at 50 and 100 IJs cm−2. Different soil textures and moisture levels resulted in a significant variation in EPN strain virulence against C. capitata. Sandy clay loam soil in combination with 50 IJs cm−2 of S. feltiae (SF-MOR9 or SF-MOR10) caused a higher mortality rate of C. capitata larvae. Furthermore, applying these EPN strains at 50–100 IJs cm−2 in combination with 10–15% moisture level showed optimal results against C. capitata larvae. Therefore, those two Moroccan EPN strains could be used as promising eco-friendly biological agents against C. capitata.
Prevalence and risk factors of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults visiting regional medical institutions from the Kadoma Sarcopenia Study
Authors: Kurose Satoshi , Nishikawa Satoru , Nagaoka Takayasu , Kusaka Masahiro , Kawamura Jun , Nishioka Yukari , Sato Shinji , Tsutsumi Hiromi , Kimura Yutaka
Published: November 2020

This study aimed to investigate risk factors for sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults visiting regional medical institutions. We retrospectively analyzed medical records of 552 participants (mean age: 74.6 ± 6.7 years, males 31.3%) who underwent body composition evaluation between March 2017 and December 2018 at one of 24 medical institutions belonging to the Kadoma City Medical Association in Japan. We collected the participant’s characteristics and laboratory data. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019. Sarcopenia, including severe sarcopenia, was detected in 22.3% of all participants, 17.3% of men, and 24.5% of women; rates increased with age. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed age (odds ratio [OR]: 2.12; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20–3.75), obesity (OR: 0.15; 95% CI 0.07–0.32), hypertension (OR: 0.44; 95% CI 0.25–0.76), certification of long term care (OR: 3.32; 95% CI 1.41–7.81), number of daily conversations (OR: 0.44; 95% CI 0.25–0.77), and malnutrition (OR: 2.42; 95% CI 1.04–5.60) as independent predictors of sarcopenia. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that the cut-off for daily conversations defining sarcopenia was 4.8 persons. The prevalence of sarcopenia in this study was 22.3%. Besides traditional risk factors for sarcopenia, the number of daily conversations was an independent factor.
Palatal rugae morphology is associated with variation in tooth number
Authors: Armstrong Jessica , Seehra Jadbinder , Andiappan Manoharan , Jones Allan G. , Papageorgiou Spyridon N. , Cobourne Martyn T.
Published: November 2020

This observational study compared palatal rugae morphology in adolescent subjects with normal tooth number and tooth agenesis. Maxillary dental study casts were used to compare rugae number, length and shape. Each study group contained 60 subjects (30 females and 30 males) mean age 13.4 (SD, 1.55) in control and 13.56 (SD, 1.54) years in tooth agenesis groups (p = 0.576). Mean number of missing tooth units in the tooth agenesis group was 2.1. Mean number of primary rugae in the whole sample was 4.35 (SD, 0.98) on the right and 4.33 (SD, 0.92) on the left with no significant differences (p = 0.236 and p = 0.404, respectively). However, the number of secondary rugae on the left (p = 0.006) and fragmentary rugae on the right (p = 0.004) was significantly increased in the tooth agenesis group. The shape of left primary rugae 2 and 3 also differed between groups, tending towards a wavy pattern in the control group and curved in the tooth agenesis group (p = 0.012 and p = 0.004, respectively). In addition, primary rugae 3 was more convergent (p = 0.008) whilst left primary rugae 3 and 5 were orientated in an antero-posterior direction (p = 0.04 for both rugae) in the tooth agenesis group. Subgroup analysis also identified significant associations between patterns of tooth agenesis and rugae number, in addition to shape of primary rugae. The identification of significant differences in rugae pattern between subjects with normal tooth number and agenesis suggests potential commonality in signal pathway disruption during establishment of these structures.
Inhabited subsurface wet smectites in the hyperarid core of the Atacama Desert as an analog for the search for life on Mars
Authors: Azua-Bustos Armando , Fairén Alberto G. , Silva Carlos González , Carrizo Daniel , Fernández-Martínez Miguel Ángel , Arenas-Fajardo Cristián , Fernández-Sampedro Maite , Gil-Lozano Carolina , Sánchez-García Laura , Ascaso Carmen , Wierzchos Jacek , Rampe Elizabeth B.
Published: November 2020

The modern Martian surface is unlikely to be habitable due to its extreme aridity among other environmental factors. This is the reason why the hyperarid core of the Atacama Desert has been studied as an analog for the habitability of Mars for more than 50 years. Here we report a layer enriched in smectites located just 30 cm below the surface of the hyperarid core of the Atacama. We discovered the clay-rich layer to be wet (a phenomenon never observed before in this region), keeping a high and constant relative humidity of 78% (aw0.780), and completely isolated from the changing and extremely dry subaerial conditions characteristic of the Atacama. The smectite-rich layer is inhabited by at least 30 halophilic species of metabolically active bacteria and archaea, unveiling a previously unreported habitat for microbial life under the surface of the driest place on Earth. The discovery of a diverse microbial community in smectite-rich subsurface layers in the hyperarid core of the Atacama, and the collection of biosignatures we have identified within the clays, suggest that similar shallow clay deposits on Mars may contain biosignatures easily reachable by current rovers and landers.
Amavadin and Related Complexes as Oxidation Catalysts
Authors: Da Silva José Armando L. , Guedes da Silva M. Fátima C. , Sutradhar Manas , Pombeiro Armando J. L.
Published: November 2020

Amavadin is a vanadium metallobiomolecule present in a few fungi Amanita that exhibits an unusual structure and coordination chemistry. This non-oxido-metal complex bears two particular N-oxyiminodicarboxylate ligands with single coordination bonds from all the eight donor atoms to the metal centre. Its biological role is yet unknown, although it mediates water oxidation and displays nitrite reductase-, catalase- and peroxidase-type activity, the latter on some thiols (including biological ones). Amavadin and its models can also catalyse peroxidative oxidation, peroxidative halogenation and carboxylation of alkanes and other hydrocarbons, as well as oxidation of alcohols, although under unlikely biological conditions. All these topics are addressed in this chapter.
Carbon-supported Vanadium Catalysis
Authors: Carabineiro Sónia A. C. , Martins Luísa M. D. R. S. , Sutradhar Manas
Published: November 2020

This chapter deals with two types of carbon-supported vanadium catalysts: vanadium (soluble) complexes anchored on different types of carbon supports and vanadium oxides supported on carbon materials. The first type of catalysts is still scarce in literature, consisting mainly on the heterogenisation of Schiff base complexes (with vanadyl acetylacetonate being the most common). The second type is much more abundant. The most common materials include V2O5 in its composition and the most used carbon support is activated carbon. However, more recent works deal with other types of supports, such as carbon nanotubes and other graphene or graphitic-based materials.
Acid-etched Fe/Fe2O3 nanoparticles encapsulated into carbon cloth as a novel voltammetric sensor for the simultaneous detection of Cd2+ and Pb2
Authors: Zhu Fudan , Shi Huilan , Yu Zhe , Wang Cunli , Cheng Wenjing , Zhou Xian , Yang Fengchun , Zhang Yuxi , Zhang Xin
Published: November 2020

A portable electrode with usability, availability, and high-sensitivity is of great significance for effective on-site detection in practical situations.
A nitrogen doped carbon dots-enhanced peroxynitrous acid chemiluminescence method for 2-naphthol detection
Authors: Pang Chunhua , Yang Yaqiong , Jiang Yamei , Han Suqin
Published: November 2020

A weak CL emission produced from the NaNO2-H2O2 in H2SO4 solution was enhanced significantly by NCDs, and 2-naphthol showed a inhibition effect for this enhancement.
17O NMR spectroscopy as a tool to study hydrogen bonding of cholesterol in lipid bilayers
Authors: Rowlands Lucy J. , Marks Adam , Sanderson John M. , Law Robert V.
Published: November 2020

Solid state NMR of17O enriched cholesterol in bilayers reveals the chemical shift depends on extent of hydrogen bonding.
Synthesis of Mo and Ru solid-solution alloy NPs and their hydrogen evolution reaction activity
Authors: Okazoe Shinya , Kusada Kohei , Wu Dongshuang , Yamamoto Tomokazu , Toriyama Takaaki , Matsumura Syo , Kawaguchi Shogo , Kubota Yoshiki , Kitagawa Hiroshi
Published: November 2020

We report the synthesis of MoRu solid-solution alloy nanoparticles using carbonyl complexes as a precursor through a thermal decomposition, and their catalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reaction.
Promotion of the water oxidation activity of iridium oxide by a nitrogen coordination strategy
Authors: Liu Ning , Cheng Yan , Qi Hui , Hou Changmin , Zhang QiaoQiao , Guan Jingqi
Published: November 2020

Due to the coordination effect, the intrinsic activity of iridium oxide can be improved for the water oxidation reaction.
Self-assembled structures of bent-shaped π-conjugated compounds: effect of siloxane groups for nano-segregation
Authors: Seki Atsushi , Uemura Shinobu , Funahashi Masahiro
Published: November 2020

The tuning of nanostructures is successfully achieved by introduction of siloxane unit to bithiophene-modified bent-shaped skeleton.
Multifunctional fluorescence responses of phenyl-amide-bridged d10 coordination polymers structurally regulated by dicarboxylates and metal ions
Authors: Liu Guocheng , Han Shengwei , Gao Yue , Xu Na , Wang Xiuli , Chen Baokuan
Published: November 2020

Metal/carboxylate co-induced 1D → 3D phenyl-amide-bridged d10 coordination polymers that show multifunctional fluorescent responses for cations, anions and pesticides.
Adsorption of acetylene on a rutile TiO2(110) surface: a low temperature STM study
Authors: Shi Hong , Liu Huihui , Li Zhe , Wang Wenyuan , Shao Xiang
Published: November 2020

Structure evolution of acetylene on the TiO2(110) surface.
All-electron relativistic spin–orbit multireference computation to elucidate the ground state of CeH
Authors: Kondo Yusuke , Goto Yuri , Kobayashi Masato , Akama Tomoko , Noro Takeshi , Taketsugu Tetsuya
Published: November 2020

The all-electron relativistic spin–orbit multiconfiguration/multireference computations with the Sapporo basis sets were carried out to elucidate the characters of the low-lying quasi-degenerate electronic states for the CeH diatomic molecule.
Role of coherent nuclear motion in the ultrafast intersystem crossing of ruthenium complexes
Authors: Kim JunWoo , Kang Dong-gu , Kim Sang Kyu , Joo Taiha
Published: November 2020

Ultrafast intersystem crossing (ISC) of ruthenium complexes is time-resolved directly. Coherent nuclear wave packets suggest that metal–ligand stretching or symmetry breaking vibrational modes are strongly coupled with the ISC.
Structural diversity of ethylzinc derivatives of 3,5-substituted pyrazoles
Authors: Komorski Szymon , Leszczyński Michał K. , Justyniak Iwona , Lewiński Janusz
Published: November 2020

A series of alkylzinc pyrazolates was synthesized and the propensity of these complexes to undergo ligand scrambling such as in the case of the Schlenk equilibrium was evidenced.
A water-stable multi-responsive luminescent Zn-MOF sensor for detecting TNP, NZF and Cr2O72− in aqueous media
Authors: Wang Xiaohe , Lei Mingyuan , Zhang Tianjun , Zhang Qingfu , Zhang Rufen , Yang Ming
Published: November 2020

A water-stable Zn-MOF has been solvothermally synthesized, which exhibits multi-responsive detection of TNP, NZF and Cr2O72− in aqueous media.
Inventory of country-specific emissions of engineered nanomaterials throughout the life cycle
Authors: Kuenen Jeroen , Pomar-Portillo Vicenç , Vilchez Alejandro , Visschedijk Antoon , Denier van der Gon Hugo , Vázquez-Campos Socorro , Nowack Bernd , Adam Véronique
Published: November 2020

This study presents a country-specific European release dataset for engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) for 2015, featuring updated products containing ENMs and distribution over countries. The main goal is to assist ENM fate and risk assessments.
Yeast β-glucan, a potential prebiotic, showed a similar probiotic activity to inulin
Authors: Wang Huali , Chen Guijie , Li Xiang , Zheng Fuping , Zeng Xiaoxiong
Published: November 2020

β-Glucan, an economical by-product of yeast,  showed a similar probiotic activity to inulinw, which is expected to be a potential prebiotic for the modulation of gut microbiota.
Assessment of elemental fractionation and matrix effects during in situ Rb–Sr dating of phlogopite by LA-ICP-MS/MS: implications for the accuracy and precision of mineral ages
Authors: Redaa Ahmad , Farkaš Juraj , Gilbert Sarah , Collins Alan S. , Wade Ben , Löhr Stefan , Zack Thomas , Garbe-Schönberg Dieter
Published: November 2020

The effect of physical/chemical properties and Rb/Sr elemental fractionation on the accuracy of in situ Rb–Sr dating via LA-ICP-MS/MS.
Microfluidic Raman biochip detection of exosomes: a promising tool for prostate cancer diagnosis
Authors: Wang Yanlin , Li Qiaoyu , Shi Haimei , Tang Keqi , Qiao Liang , Yu Guopeng , Ding Chuanfan , Yu Shaoning
Published: November 2020

Tumor-derived exosomes, which contain RNA, DNA, and proteins, are a potentially rich non-invasive source of biomarkers.
Near-infrared heptamethine cyanines (Cy7): from structure, property to application
Authors: Feng Lan , Chen Weijie , Ma Xiaoxie , Liu Sheng Hua , Yin Jun
Published: November 2020

Heptamethine cyanine dyes (Cy7) have attracted much attention in the field of biological application due to their unique structure and attractive near infrared (NIR) photophysical properties.
Artificial intelligence and automation in computer aided synthesis planning
Authors: Thakkar Amol , Johansson Simon , Jorner Kjell , Buttar David , Reymond Jean-Louis , Engkvist Ola
Published: November 2020

In this perspective we deal with questions pertaining to the development of synthesis planning technologies over the course of recent years.
Clausal Density Between Ages 4 and 9 Years for the Edmonton Narrative Norms Instrument: Reference Data and Psychometric Properties
Authors: Guo Ling-Yu , Schneider Phyllis , Harrison William
Published: November 2020

Purpose

This study provided reference data and examined psychometric properties for clausal density (CD; i.e., number of clauses per utterance) in children between ages 4 and 9 years from the database of the Edmonton Narrative Norms Instrument (ENNI).

Method

Participants in the ENNI database included 300 children with typical language (TL) and 77 children with language impairment (LI) between the ages of 4;0 (years;months) and 9;11. Narrative samples were collected using a story generation task, in which children were asked to tell stories based on six picture sequences. CD was computed from the narrative samples. The split-half reliability, concurrent criterion validity, and diagnostic accuracy were evaluated for CD by age.

Results

CD scores increased significantly between ages 4 and 9 years in children with TL and those with LI. Children with TL produced higher CD scores than those with LI at each age level. In addition, the correlation coefficients for the split-half reliability and concurrent criterion validity of CD scores were all significant at each age level, with the magnitude ranging from small to large. The diagnostic accuracy of CD scores, as revealed by sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios, was poor.

Conclusions

The finding on diagnostic accuracy did not support the use of CD for identifying children with LI between ages 4 and 9 years. However, given the attested reliability and validity for CD, reference data of CD from the ENNI database can be used for evaluating children's difficulties with complex syntax and monitoring their change over time.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.13172129
Target Selection Considerations for Speech Sound Disorder Intervention in Schools
Authors: DeVeney Shari L. , Cabbage Kathryn , Mourey Theresa
Published: November 2020

Purpose

Clinicians working with children who have speech sound disorders that involve multiple errors often prioritize particular errored sounds for intervention. However, this prioritization is not always an easy or clearly defined clinical decision, as there are many target selection considerations to weigh, some of which directly oppose one another. Conversely, sometimes there are multiple justified reasons to target a particular process or sound over others produced in error. Having a well-advised rationale regarding what sounds/sound classes to prioritize in treatment is a critical tenet of high-quality clinical service provision. Therefore, speech-language pathologists need to be mindful of differing rationales for prioritizing therapy targets and note that the same prioritization may not be appropriate for all children receiving therapy.

Conclusions

This clinical focus article provides an overview of a wide variety of pediatric target selection considerations (e.g., stimulability, complexity, frequency of occurrence, and interference with intelligibility) and offers clinicians theoretical and research-based rationales for each. Limitations and/or controversies that hamper practical clinical application of each target selection consideration are noted and described. Aspects in need of further research are highlighted. Additionally, through presentation of hypothetical case studies, the authors illustrate an individualized approach to target selection appropriate for a pediatric caseload.
Mask‐guided class activation mapping network for person re‐identification
Authors: Lian Sicheng , Hu Haifeng
Published: November 2020

In this Letter, the authors propose a novel mask‐guided class activation mapping (MCAM) network for person re‐identification, which learns background‐invariant and view‐invariant features. Specifically, a novel loss function named mask‐guided mapping loss is meticulously formulated to utilise the human binary masks, which contain helpful body shape information as the reference standard, thereby guiding the model to place more emphasis on human body regions. Moreover, they propose a new weighted channel attention (WCA) module, which replaces the global average pooling with a global depthwise convolution layer. By virtue of this particular WCA module, the feature information distributed across the spatial space can be individually weighted and dynamically compressed into a more precise channel attention map. Extensive experiments have been carried out on three widely‐used re‐identification data sets. Compared with the baseline model, MCAM has gained rank‐1 accuracy improvement of 2.0% on Market‐1501, 6.0% on DukeMTMC‐reID, and 7.5% on CUHK03‐NP, confirming its effectiveness.
Robust spatial information based tumour detection for brain MR images
Authors: Maharana A. , Patra D. , Pradhan S.
Published: November 2020

Multimodal brain MR image analysis is still a challenging research area due to its complex intensity distribution and sensitivity towards the noise. Tumourous cells have different characteristics than normal human cells, which makes them more salient. In this Letter, the authors propose a novel unsupervised spatial information based saliency boosting tumour detection method which will help to identify tumourous cells by making it more clearly visible. Initially, a pseudo‐coloured MR image is formed using the CIELab colour space. Saliency map has been established by calculating distance among scales varying elliptical windows in both spatial and colour space. Elliptical windows endeavour to cover‐up curved outliers of the brain images. The average intensity value is kept constant by fixing the axis ratio for each window. The proposed algorithm has been evaluated on both real and simulated brain images of different patients from MICCAI‐BRATS database. The performance analysis of the new algorithm exhibits higher accuracy with a low computational complexity as compared to other state of the art. The efficacy is due to the immobility of the window across rows and columns to move over the image. The novelty of the proposed technique is that neither it downscales the input images nor require any training bases.
Efficient image classification technique for weather degraded fruit images
Authors: Singh Gill Harmandeep , Singh Khehra Baljit
Published: November 2020

Fruit image classification is an ill‐posed problem. Many machine learning techniques have been developed until now to improve the classification problem of fruit images. However, the performance of these techniques depends upon the quality of acquired fruit images. Thus, the performance of competitive fruit classification techniques reduces for images captured under poor environmental conditions, such as haze, fog, smog etc. To overcome this issue, type‐II fuzzy‐based fruit image improvement approach is employed to improve the visibility of weather degraded fruit images. After that, fruit images will be classified using an integrated classification model. The integrated model combines two well‐known models (i.e. CNN and RNN). CNN is utilised to evaluate the discriminative features of fruit images. RNN is utilised to asses sequential labels. Extensive analysis shows that the proposed integrated classification model outperforms competitive fruit image classification techniques in terms of accuracy and coefficient of correlation.
Simple algorithm for L1‐norm regularisation‐based compressed sensing and image restoration
Authors: Qin Shun
Published: November 2020

L1‐norm regularisation plays an important role in compressed sensing reconstruction and image restoration. However, the discontinuity of L1‐norm function makes solving the involved optimisation problem very challenging with traditional optimisation methods. In this article, a simple but efficient algorithm is proposed for the L1‐norm regularised compressed sensing and image restoration problem. In the proposed algorithm, the L1‐norm regularised optimisation problem is converted to a non‐linear optimisation problem with L1‐norm approximation by a smoothening function, which then can be solved by existing powerful non‐linear optimisation methods. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is more efficient and results in a higher accurate solution. Compared to existing methods, the proposed algorithm is very easy to implement and promising for applications in medical and biological imaging.
The use of bisoprolol in comprehensive treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs
Authors: Elena Kuryatova , Gruzdova Olesya , Us Olga , Chubin Aleksey
Published: November 2020

Dilated cardiomyopathy is a chronic progressive heart disease leading to the death of the animal. To provide timely and effective medical assistance to dogs suffering from dilated cardiomyopathy, early diagnosis is essential. It allows identifying sick animals before the development of cardiac decompensation and clinical manifestations of congestive heart failure. There are two major diagnostic methods for dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs at the symptomless stage: echocardiography and 24-hour Holter monitoring. If untreated, this pathology progresses over time. For this reason, the clinicians are faced with a challenge of enhancing the quality of an animal’s life and prolonging it. Given this, we set the objective of studying the effects of the beta-blocker Bisoprolol (Concor) on myocardial conduction and contractility in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy and comparing tolerance to this drug taken by dogs in various initial dosages with their therapeutic efficacy. The study object was beta-blocker Bisoprolol (Concor). The experiments were performed on dogs, age 2–5 years, weight 15-30 kg, with dilated cardiomyopathy in the developed chronic Stage С Index B heart failure stage. All dogs underwent comprehensive clinical examinations, tonography, echocardiography, and Holter monitoring. It was established that usage of Bisoprolol (dosage 0.25 mg/kg) led to blood pressure decrease, reduced ejection fraction, shortening fraction, and deterioration of the general condition of sick dogs. We have proved therapeutic efficacy and good tolerance of Bisoprolol in the initial dosage of 0.15 mg/kg taken by dogs every 12 hours.
Effect of balancing feed additive on growth, development and productivity of cattle
Authors: Tuaeva Evgeniya , Krasnoshchekova Tamara , Sogorin Sergei , Pasechnik Nikolay , Kurkov Yuri
Published: November 2020

The ecological conditions of fodder production and agricultural technology for the cultivation of fodder resources have a great influence on the characteristics in the chemical composition and nutritional value of local fodders, determines their yield and the economic aspect of production. The Amur Region belongs to a biogeochemical region with a sharp deficiency in the biosphere of a number of normalized macro-and microelements vital for animals. In this regard, mineral supplements and premixes for animals and poultry imported from other regions can be not only useless, but even harmful. In order to determine the need for feeding with minerals, you need to know which chemical elements are contained in feed and in the diet in insufficient quantities, and which in excess. Along with this, the normalized microelements introduced into the composition of feed and rations in the form of mineral salts are poorly digested by all types of animals. It is most effective to feed them in combination with organic nutrients. In this regard, the purpose of the experimental research was to study the possibility of using feed additives made from local non-traditional feed resources in feeding cattle. As a result of scientific, economic and physiological (balance) experiments, the effectiveness of using feed additives made from local fodder resources in feeding cattle for growth, metabolism and milk productivity was determined.
Biochemical activity of the microflora of a free-living bird
Authors: Litvinova Zoya , Mandro Nikolay , Yakubik Olga
Published: November 2020

Free-living birds have a wide range of habitats, can be present in the wild, near human homes, livestock and poultry complexes, farms. As a result of migration and migration of birds, the probability of spreading infectious diseases increases. In the body of birds, the pathogen can persist, multiply, be released into the external environment, and then enter the body of a healthy animal or bird, becoming the cause of new cases of the disease. Detection of pathogenic microflora in the body of free-living birds, determination of their biochemical activity is one of the aspects of studying pathogens in the parasitic phase of existence. The identification of biologically active bacteria allows us to predict the probability of free-living poultry participating in the epizootic process, and to plan appropriate preventive measures in poultry and animal husbandry. The purpose of the study is to study the species composition and biochemical activity of the microflora of the free-living birds of the Amur region. For research on the territory of the Amur region, impregnations from beaks and cloaks. The study identified such microorganisms as Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Citrobacter, Actinobacillus, Escherichia, Micrococcus, Aspergillus, Enterobacter, Salmonella, Proteus, and Staphylococcus. Biochemical activity was detected in microorganisms of Enterococcus faecalis, Acinetobacter iwoffi, Actinobacillus species, Enterobacter aecum, Staphуlococcus кloossi, Staphуlococcus hуicus, Staphуlococcus aureus, Staphуlococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus saprophуticus. Enzymatic properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.8%), Pseudomonas species (6.4%), and Micrococcus candidus (1.2%) had weakly expressed enzymatic properties.
Coronaviruses of wild animals in Russia
Authors: Gilmutdinov Rustam , Shalamova Guzel , Domolazov Sergey
Published: November 2020

The review considers wild animal coronaviruses that live in Russia and present certain epidemic and epizootic risks. It is believed that coronaviruses entered the human population from representatives of the wild fauna and bats (the main hosts are natural reservoirs), as well as snakes, pangolins, civets, camels (intermediate hosts) are proposed as candidates. Meanwhile, this list is much wider and the intermediate link may be feline (tigers, leopards, Pallas’s cats, caracals, European wildcat and eurasian lynxs), mustelidae (american minks, ferrets and siberian weasel), rodents (mice and rats), marine mammals (harbour seal, bottlenose dolphin and beluga whale), as well as insectivores, namely hedgehogs (European, Amur and other species). The majority (60-75 %) of viral pathogens enter the human population from animals, of which at least 70% are wild. The influence of the exploitation of wild animals by mankind on the appearance of pandemics has been observed, which in itself provokes the emergence of new viruses in nature. Flora and fauna, adapting to the growing anthropogenic impact, are geographically redistributed.
Influence of the probiotic Levusell SB Plus on the productive qualities of hens in broiler breeders
Authors: Pilyukshina Elena , Khaustov Vladimir , Rusanova Valentina , Popelyaev Alexey , Mashkina Elena , Sarychev Vladislav
Published: November 2020

More and more probiotics are used in poultry feeding. Understanding that the inclusion of beneficial microorganisms in the diet contributes to the normalization of intestinal microflora serves to prevent metabolic disorders, improves the activity of the gastrointestinal tract, increases immunity and, as a result, has a positive effect not only on the health of the bird, but also on its productivity indicators. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to establish the effect of the probiotic Levusell SB Plus on the productive qualities of hens in broiler breeders. The experiment was carried out in the production conditions of Kamenskaya Poultry Farm LLC, Kamensky District, Altai Territory on hens of the parent stock of the Ross 308 cross. The use of the probiotic Levusell SB Plus at a dose of 1.0 kg/t as a part of the complete feed for laying hens of the parent stock at the age of 23 to 63 weeks led to an increase in poultry livability, an increase in the total egg production and the intensity of egg-laying capacity. The addition of a probiotic to the poultry ration contributed to the optimization of the egg weight, an increase in the yield of hatching eggs, an increase in the hatch of chickens and the yield of broilers per initial layer by 3.9%.
Applying methods of replication and recovery of potato microplants (Solanum tuberosum l.) in seed production
Authors: Kim Irina , Barsukova Elena , Fisenko Petr , Chekushkina Tatyana , Chibizova Alena , Volkov Dmitry , Klykov Alexey
Published: November 2020

Potatoes are strongly affected by pests and by pathogens of fungal, bacterial and viral nature. The most common and economically significant potato viruses are Y (PVY), X (PVX), S (PVS), M (PVM), and potato leaf twisting virus (PLRV). The development of a virus-free bio-resource collection in vitro is the basis for plant breeding development and transferring seed production to a healthier foundation. In this regard, the aim of this research was to apply methods of recovery and select optimal conditions for in vitro propagation of a collection of virus-free potato varieties. A collection of 22 healthy virus-free potato varieties was developed and kept in vitro in the FSBSI “FSC of Agricultural Biotechnology of the Far East named after A. K. Chaika". The recovery from viruses through joint use of tissue culture (apexes 2-4 mm) and chemotherapy (ribavirin) of the new potato variety Avgustin was carried out. The recovered test-tube plants, as well as the samples of six in vitro potato varieties that are in demand in plant breeding and seed production (Smak, Sante, Yantar, Zhukovsky ranny, Dachny, Adretta), were tested by enzyme immunoassay method (ELISA) for latent infection with viruses Y (PVY), X (PVX), S (PVS), M (PVM), and L (PLRV). The evaluation for Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid (PSTVd) was performed using PCR method. As a result of the study, no viral infections were detected in the recovered material and plants in vitro. The composition of nutrient medium for the microclonal propagation of potatoes that provides maximum value of the propagation rate is detected.