bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coding traumatic brain injury with the abbreviated injury scale following a standardised radiologic template will improve classification of trauma populations
Authors: van Ditshuizen Jan C. , Niemeyer Menco J. S. , Van Lieshout Esther M. M. , Den Hartog Dennis , Visser Jan-Jaap , van Wessem Karlijn J. P. , Verhofstad Michiel H. J.
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Injury coding with the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) is an important element for benchmarking, trauma registries and research.

Objective

To compare the severity of traumatic brain injury (TBI) coding derived from the AIS with or without the use of a standardised radiologic template.

Methods

A retrospective two-centre cohort study including patients aged ≥ 18 years with isolated TBI admitted to an intensive care between 2011 and 2016 was conducted. TBI was re-coded to conform the AIS by coders, and CT-brain imaging was reassessed by a neuro-radiologist following a standardised radiologic template from which AIS codes were derived.

Results

A total of 560 patients were included (median age 57, 37% female). The percentage of MAIS ≥ 4 and major trauma was higher when AIS coding for TBI was derived from a standardised radiologic template vs. coding without (n = 456 (81.4%) and n = 374 (66.8%), p < 0.001; n = 441 (78.8%) and n = 352 (62.9%), p < 0.001, respectively). There was an inter-centre difference in the proportion of MAIS ≥ 4 re-coded without a standardised radiologic template (n = 212 (68.2%) and n = 140 (56.2%), p = 0.004), and no difference when re-coded with the template (n = 251 (80.7%) and n = 190 (76.3%), p = 0.206).

Conclusion

Coding TBI with AIS based on a standardised radiologic template results in fewer missed AIS head codes, more detailed AIS head codes, and more patients classified as ‘major trauma’.

Key Points

Question

Radiologic reports are an important source for injury coding with the abbreviated injury scale (AIS) and are often not sufficiently specific.

Findings

An AIS-based standardised radiologic template for reporting resulted in more detailed AIS head codes and more patients classified as major trauma.

Clinical relevance

Injury coding with the AIS based on a standardised radiologic template will improve exchanging medical information in the acute health care setting and classification of trauma populations.
Gender-specific improvements in cognitive resources
Authors: Krumpolt Marlene , Rahil David , Schumacher Anneke , Sannemann Lucas , Witte Kerstin
Published: January 2025

Background

Neuroanatomical parameters deteriorate with age and this process varies among individuals. Gender differences in these parameters have been documented but their effects on cognition remain unclear. Physical activity, continuous learning and social interactions are recognized strategies to prevent cognitive decline.

Aim

This study investigated the effects of multidimensional training on selective attention and reaction speed in physically inactive but healthy older adults, exploring gender-specific differences in cognitive abilities.

Material and methods

The study employed a pre-post design and included a 24-week exercise program. A total of 60 participants (30 male, 30 female) aged 65–69 years completed the program, which consisted of 90 min of fitness and 90 min of recreational sports each week. Cognitive performance was assessed using the STROOP (a visual test for selective attention) and reaction time (RT) tests administered through the Vienna Test System.

Results

Significant gender differences were observed. Women were initially slower than men but significantly improved their reaction speed after the training (p < 0.001, d = 1.144). Conversely, men showed significant improvements in controlled and automated actions (p = 0.021, d = 0.5).

Discussion

Multidimensional training enhances cognitive performance in physically inactive older adults. Gender-specific differences in reaction time were confirmed, while differences in other cognitive domains were revealed. The underlying causes of these differences are still unclear, raising the question of whether training programs should be tailored differently for men and women.
Ferroptosis- and stemness inhibition-mediated therapeutic potency of ferrous oxide nanoparticles-diethyldithiocarbamate using a co-spheroid 3D model of pancreatic cancer
Authors: Abu-Serie Marwa M. , Gutiérrez-García Ana K. , Enman Macie , Vaish Utpreksha , Fatima Huma , Dudeja Vikas
Published: January 2025

Background

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive disease with a high mortality rate and exhibits a limited response to apoptosis-dependent chemotherapeutic drugs (e.g., gemcitabine, Gem). This is mainly attributed to the antioxidant defense system (glutathione and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) 1A1), which sustains stemness features of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs)-generated excess stromal proteins. This dense stroma retards drug delivery.

Methods

This study established co-spheroid model consisting of mouse PDAC cell line (KPC) and PSCs (1:5) to accurately investigate the anti-PDAC activity of nanocomplex of ferrous oxide nanoparticles-diethyldithiocarbamate (FeO NPs-DE), compared to Gem, using in vitro and in vivo 3D models.

Results

In vitro and in vivo co-spheroid models demonstrated higher therapeutic efficacy of FeO NPs-DE than Gem. FeO NPs-DE induced selective accumulation of iron-dependent ferroptosis (non-apoptosis)-generated a lethal lipid peroxidation that was potentiated by DE-mediated glutathione and ALDH1A1 suppression. This led to collapse of stemness, as evidenced by down-regulating CSC genes and p-AKT protein expression. Subsequently, gene and/or protein levels of PSC activators (transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, ZEB1, and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase) and stromal proteins (collagen 1A2, smooth muscle actin, fibronectin, and matrix metalloproteinase-9) were suppressed. Moreover, DE of nanocomplex enhanced caspase 3-dependent apoptosis with diminishing the main oncogene, BCL-2.

Conclusions

FeO NPs-DE had a stronger eradicating effect than Gem on primary and metastatic peritoneal PDAC tumors. This nanocomplex-mediated ferroptosis and stemness inhibition provides an effective therapeutic approach for PDAC.
Poromechanical Behavior of a Deep Shale Core for Geological Radioactive Waste Storage
Authors: Braun Philipp , Alavoine Axelle , Ghabezloo Siavash , Delage Pierre , Giger Silvio B.
Published: January 2025

In the context of deep geological radioactive waste disposal in Switzerland, this study investigates the hydromechanical behavior of Opalinus Clay from a borehole in Northern Switzerland at around 800 m depth. Laboratory experiments include the determination of petrophysical and water retention properties, and hydromechanical tests in a high-pressure isotropic cell. Various loading sequences were conducted on samples saturated under conditions approximating in situ stress. The cyclic drained loading and unloading revealed linear deformation above initial stress and nonlinear volume increases below it, with both reversible (elastic) and inelastic strains exhibiting anisotropy. Inelastic swelling, potentially indicative of damage, was gradual and nonlinear. Main poroelastic properties, drained bulk modulus, pore pressure modulus, and undrained bulk modulus, each with anisotropic strain components were identified. Positive correlations with effective stress were observed for the drained bulk modulus and the pore pressure modulus. The anisotropy ratio of strains perpendicular and parallel to bedding did not show significant effective stress dependency. Very low permeability was observed, at least one order of magnitude lower than measured at other sites, with negligible effective stress dependency. This study enhances the Opalinus Clay database concerning various geomechanical properties and provides direct input properties for a poroelasticity constitutive model, in particular the stress-dependent Biot tangent tensor components

$$b_{ij}$$

b

ij

which are compatible with the Voigt–Reuss–Hill average of the mineral compressibilities, and the unjacketed pore modulus

$$K_\phi$$

K
ϕ

.
Comparison of surgical approaches and outcome for symptomatic pineal cysts: microscopic/endoscopic fenestration vs. stereotactic catheter implantation
Authors: Schmutzer-Sondergeld Michael , Gencer Aylin , Schmidlechner Tristan , Zimmermann Hanna , Niedermeyer Sebastian , Katzendobler Sophie , Stoecklein Veit M. , Liebig Thomas , Schichor Christian , Thon Niklas
Published: January 2025

Purpose

Treatment strategies for space-occupying/symptomatic pineal cysts (PC) are still up for debate. In this study we present PC management, outcome data and risk factors for recurrence after surgery, focusing on microscopic/endoscopic procedures vs. stereotactic catheter implantation as alternative treatment concept to permanently drain PC into ventricles/cisterns.

Methods

This monocentric retrospective analysis included clinical data from all consecutive PC patients treated surgically between 2000 and 2022. Postoperative neurological and functional outcomes, along with perioperative complications, as well as time to PC recurrence and MR-morphological data were evaluated.

Results

39 patients (median age 32.6 years, range: 5.1–71.6 years) were analyzed. Main presenting symptoms were headaches, visual impairment, and epileptic seizures. In 18 patients (46.2%) an enlarged ventricular system was preoperatively found with 7 patients (18.0%) suffering from occlusive hydrocephalus. 14 patients underwent microscopic/endosocopic surgery, in 25 cases stereotaxy was preferred. No complication was seen in the microsurgery/endoscopy group compared to one intracystic postoperative bleeding (2.6%) and two CSF leaks (5.1%) after stereotaxy (p = 0.5). Overall, clinical improvement and significant cyst volume reduction (p < 0.0001) was seen in all patients. Recurrent PC were seen in 23.1%, independent of surgical procedure (p = 0.2). In cases of recurrence, TTR was 25.2 ± 31.2 months. Male gender (p = 0.01), longer surgery time (p = 0.03) and preoperatively increased Evans index (EI) (p = 0.007) were significant risk factors for PC recurrence in multivariate analysis.

Conclusion

In patients suffering from PC, microsurgical and stereotactic approaches can improve clinical symptoms at low procedural risk, with equal extent of volume reduction. However, preoperative ventricular enlargement and EI values should be considered for optimal treatment planning to reduce recurrence.
Self-diffusion in fluorite-structured materials
Authors: Chroneos Alexander , Rushton Michael J. D. , Kilner John A.
Published: January 2025

Fluorite-structured materials such as cerium dioxide (ceria or CeO2), zirconium dioxide (zirconia or ZrO2), uranium dioxide (urania or UO2), and thorium dioxide (thoria or ThO2) are technologically important for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) and nuclear fuels. As such, they have an important role in the future energy mix, and their properties under a range of pressure and temperature conditions need to be understood. There is significant research effort on the material properties of classic oxide systems, both from an experimental and theoretical perspective, aiming to improve these systems using doping or external parameters such as strain. Here, we briefly review cation and oxygen diffusion in fluorite-structured materials. Emphasis is given on the impact on the diffusion of external parameters such as strain.
Determination of Diffraction Elastic Constants Using the Maximum Entropy Method
Authors: Krause Maximilian , Zürn Michael , Gibmeier Jens , Böhlke Thomas
Published: January 2025

X-ray diffraction methods are an established technique to analyze residual stresses in polycrystalline materials. Using diffraction, lattice plane distances are measured, from which residual stresses can be calculated by using diffraction elastic constants which can be inferred from experimental measurements or calculated based on micromechanical model assumptions. We consider two different generalizations of existing micromechanical models for the case of texture-free, i.e. statistically isotropic, single-phase polycrystals. The first is based on the singular approximation method of classical micromechanics, from which existing Voigt, Reuss, Hashin-Shtrikman and self-consistent methods are recovered. The second approach, which is newly proposed in this work, is based on the micromechanical Maximum Entropy Method. Both approaches are applied to the problem of calculating diffraction elastic constants of texture-free cubic polycrystals and are found to be consistent with each other in that case. Full-field FFT simulations are used to validate the analytical models by simulating X-ray diffraction measurements of copper. In the simulative setting, many sources of experimental measurement error are not present, which results in a particularly accurate validation of theoretical bounds and approximations. The first core result of the paper is a formulation of diffraction elastic constants for texture-free polycrystals in terms of the macroscopically measurable effective shear modulus. These diffraction elastic constants can be adapted to the properties of a given material sample. The second core result is the validation of the Maximum Entropy Method for X-ray diffraction stress analysis of texture-free single-phase materials as a preliminary step before extending the method to textured and multi-phase materials.
Multimodal Assessment of Adolescent Coping with Family Conflict Incorporating Video-Mediated Recall Methodology
Authors: Watson Kelly H. , Siciliano Rachel E. , Anderson Allegra S. , Ciriegio Abagail E. , Henry Lauren M. , Gruhn Meredith , Vreeland Allison , Torres Sofia , Kuhn Tarah , Ebert Jon , Compas Bruce E.
Published: January 2025

The strategies adolescents use to cope with stress are key determinants of psychological adjustment. Research has most often utilized questionnaire methods to assess coping, which can be limited by recall bias and broad time frames. This study used a novel application of video-mediated recall methodology to assess adolescent coping during discussion of a family conflict. We examined associations between coping, observed emotions and behavior, and internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Caregiver-adolescent dyads (N = 89; ages 10 to 15) completed questionnaires on adolescent coping, family conflict, and symptoms of psychopathology. Caregiver-adolescent dyads were videorecorded during a 10-min conflict task. Adolescents then participated in a video-mediated recall procedure to self-report their use of coping strategies while reviewing segments of the conflict task. In addition, video recordings were coded for adolescent emotions and behaviors. Bivariate correlations revealed modest correspondence between questionnaire and recalled reports of in-the-moment adolescent coping strategies. In-the-moment coping was associated with observed and reported emotional and behavioral problems across strategies. In multivariate analyses, questionnaire reports of coping were significantly associated with questionnaire reports of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, while in-the-moment coping responses were uniquely associated with observed emotions and behaviors. Differences in questionnaire and laboratory measures of coping underscore the need for comprehensive assessment to capture the complexity of coping in adolescence and their unique influence on emotions and behaviors and suggest that questionnaire measures may be sufficient to understand associations with global reports of symptoms. The conceptual, methodological, and clinical implications of the present study are discussed.
Predicting Factors in Coping Profiles Among Out-of-Home Care Leavers in Aftercare Services: A Document-Based Bayesian Analysis
Authors: Petäjä Ulla-Kaarina , Terkamo-Moisio Anja , Ryynänen Olli-Pekka , Häggman-Laitila Arja M.
Published: January 2025

Adolescents in aftercare services and transitioning from out-of-home care, also known as care leavers, are more prone to social exclusion, risk behaviors, mental health problems, and lower quality of life compared to adolescents without a history in out-of-home care. These factors have a detrimental effect on their coping. This study was a cross-sectional document analysis which examined Finnish care leavers’ coping profiles and identified health related, educational, and behavioral background factors as well as their combinations predicting those profiles by utilizing Bayesian method. The data comprised information on care leavers that were aftercare services’ clients in one large Finnish city in the Fall 2020 (N = 698). Care leavers were divided into three groups based on the severity of factors affecting their coping: a minority belonged to the “moving on” group (6.7%), the majority (73.4%) to the “survivors” group, and a fifth (19.9%) to the – most problematic – “strugglers” group. Overall, 16 independent health related, educational, and behavioral factors were found to be associated with coping profiles. The most strongly associated variables were alcohol and drug use in personal history as well as during aftercare, and impulsivity. In addition, having access to a student’s social benefits had a protective effect on care leavers’ coping. Therefore, coping is a multifaceted phenomenon, which emphasizes the importance of service development and multiprofessional collaboration. In addition, the factors affecting the coping profile are also interconnected, which emphasizes the significance of further research, including intervention studies, to increase the knowledge of the phenomenon.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Photoluminescence Properties of High and Low-Temperature Dimorphs of Pb2WO5 Glass-Ceramic for Photocatalytic Application
Authors: Abdel-Hameed S. A. M. , Margha Fatma H. , Almasarawi Ola N. , Marzouk M. A.
Published: January 2025

In this study, pure Pb2WO5 with its two dimorphs, high temperature (HT) and low temperature (LT) forms, were successfully crystallized via melt-quenching technique in the system PbO. WO3. Al2O3. The influence of adding definite amounts of different transition metal oxides (TMO) such as ZnO, TiO2, CuO, MnO2, and V2O5 on the crystalline structure, optical, and photocatalytic activity were investigated. X-ray diffraction revealed a high degree of crystallization of pure Pb2WO5 in undoped and ZnO, TiO2, CuO, and MnO2 -doped samples. Only the V2O5-doped sample revealed crystallization of PbWO4 beside Pb2WO5. LT- Pb2(WO5) is the preferred isomorph in the undoped and ZnO, TiO2, CuO, and MnO2 -doped samples, while HT- Pb2WO5 is preferred in the V2O5-doped sample. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) depicted an undeveloped rectangular pillar with a crystal size of 400–900 nm. Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) analysis certifies the existence of transition metal in the crystals at the expanse of Pb ions. Photoluminescence measurements under ultraviolet (UV) excitation revealed an emission band at 470 nm for undoped sample and exhibited a series of peaks spanning from 400 nm to 620 nm for doped samples. The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) chromaticity coordinates for all the samples are situated within the blue color region of the chromaticity diagram. The undoped sample displays CIE coordinates at (0.117, 0.091), corresponding to a deep blue hue; while the doped samples are shifted towards the light blue area of the chromaticity diagram. Utilizing ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) diffused reflectance, the optical bandgap energy (Eopt) for all glass-ceramic samples was estimated, revealing values within the semiconductor range (2.52–3.01 eV). Photocatalytic activity, evaluated through methyl orange (MO) degradation under UV light. The undoped sample revealed a higher degradation efficiency (33.7% after 3 h). This study is thus considered a significant step toward the facile synthesis of moderately efficient UV light novel photocatalysts, semiconducting materials, and photoluminescent glass-ceramics.
Do job seekers really understand what managers want in an employee? A between-subjects analysis of perceived graduate attributes
Authors: Timming Andrew R. , Borg Jessica , French Michael T. , Mortensen Karoline
Published: January 2025

There has been increasing interest worldwide on the matter of graduate employability, namely the skills and attributes that render new graduates valuable contributors to the workforce. The extant literature points to a need for a better understanding of desired graduate attributes from different stakeholder perspectives. Using multivariate analysis of covariance, the present study evaluates the extent to which graduate job seekers and managers align in their ratings of 24 graduate attributes. Two distinct samples, one consisting of graduate job seekers (n = 705) and the other consisting of managers (n = 245), were sourced and subsequently merged into a single sample (n = 950), thus enabling between-subjects analyses. The results indicate that job seekers and managers agree on the importance of half of the 24 employability traits. For the remaining half, graduate job seekers both over- and under-estimate how important the attributes are in the eyes of managers. The results have important theoretical contributions to human resource management and practical implications that can benefit job applicants, employers and universities aiming to boost graduate employability.
Feed intake, preferences, in vivo digestibility, and nutritional value of tedera (B. bituminosa var. bituminosa) and maralfalfa (Pennisetum purpureum) in Canary sheep
Authors: Barbera M. , Mendoza-Grimón V. , Espinosa J. , Rodriguez-Ponce E. , Gracia A. , SanJuán E. , Ventura M. R.
Published: January 2025

This study evaluated the nutritional value and energy content of tedera (B. bituminosa var. bituminosa) and maralfalfa (Pennisetum purpureum) through analyses of chemical composition, digestibility, intake, and preference trials. Tedera was compared with maralfalfa and alfalfa hay (Medicago sativa). Tedera showed higher crude protein (193 g CP/kg DM) and estimated energy (10.5 MJ DE/kg DM) but lower dry matter (286.3 g DM/kg) and neutral detergent fiber (373 g NDF/kg DM) than both maralfalfa and alfalfa hay. The in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) of tedera was 61.7%, compared to 51.0% for alfalfa hay and 66.3% for maralfalfa. Digestible organic matter (DOM) ranged from 467 g/kg DM in alfalfa hay to 566.4 g/kg DM in tedera. Four Canary sheep with a mean body weight (BW) of 42.2 ± 5.0 kg were used for digestibility and preference trials. The live weights of the sheep were recorded at the start and end of the 12-day trial. Feed offered and refusals were weighed and recorded daily for eight days, while feces were collected for four days to calculate apparent in vivo digestibility. For tedera, the apparent in vivo OM digestibility, estimated digestible energy, and digestible organic matter were 69.4%, 11.8 MJ/kg DM, and 637.7 g/kg DM, respectively. Preference and feed intake were compared between tedera, maralfalfa and alfalfa hay. Total DM consumption was 1091.3 g/day (tedera + maralfalfa + alfalfa hay), with alfalfa hay intake representing 40.8%, maralfalfa 37.3%, and tedera 21.9% of the total DM consumed. However, no significant differences were observed in the ratio of forages consumed/offered (44.8% for tedera and 51.8% for maralfalfa) or in the total grams of DM, CP, and MJ/kg of DE consumed by the sheep with both forages. The sheep adopted different feeding strategies in response to the chemical composition and nutritive value of the forages. Preferences and intake in this trial were associated with high NDF content in maralfalfa and alfalfa hay and with the high CP content in tedera rather than digestibility results. This may be due to the complementarity of the three forages and the higher CP content in tedera affecting intake. Nevertheless, tedera and marafalfa could be a good forage considering its nutritive value, digestibility, and proven growth performance in herbivores.
Chemical composition and biological activity of ethanolic leaf extract from Tillandsia usneoides in a murine model of acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Rojas Laura , Lasso Paola , Murillo Natalia , Costa Geison M. , Fiorentino Susana
Published: January 2025

Medicinal plants constitute a valuable reservoir for discovering novel therapeutic compounds that target leukemia and various other forms of cancer. Plants of the genus Tillandsia, such as T. recurvata, have different ethnobotanical uses, including the treatment of hemorrhoids, gastritis, arthritis, ulcers, sore throats, cancer, and diabetes. Specifically, T. usneoides has been used by the indigenous Zenúes in the Urabá region for diabetes management. However, few studies have been published on T. usneoides. The aim of this work was to determine the chemical composition of T. usneoides extracts and evaluate their biological activity in vitro and in vivo in a murine model of acute myeloid leukemia. The chemical composition of the extracts and fractions were analyzed by chromatographic techniques revealed the presence of cycloartane-type triterpenes and methoxylated flavonoids. The in vitro cytotoxic effects on the breast cancer (4T1 and MCF-7), melanoma (B16-F10), and leukemia (K562 and DA-3/ER-GM) cell lines of the ethanolic extract and fractions were evaluated. Furthermore, T. usneoides extract decreased the proliferation rate of DA-3/ER-GM cells, as well as their glucose consumption, and exerted a pro-oxidant effect. Despite the in vitro cytotoxic effects exerted on the murine leukemia cell line, the ethanolic extract of T. usneoides did not exhibit antitumor activity in a murine model of acute myeloid leukemia, which suggests that ex vivo analysis has no direct correlation with the in vivo effect. This observation also highlights the role of the microenvironment in regulating the activity of antitumor molecules, particularly the extract studied here. Therefore, for the development of phytomedicines, as for other antitumor molecules, extensive in vitro and in vivo analyzes are warranted to demonstrate the various interactions necessary to control tumor growth.
Digital but not crypto: possible design pitfalls and rebound effects for green monetary policy using central bank digital currency
Authors: Stöckel Michael
Published: January 2025

This article examines the role of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) in the context of central banks' efforts to green the financial system. It underscores the importance of CBDC design, particularly cautioning against the use of blockchain technology due to its energy-intensive nature. The argument posits that a conventional database is a more environmentally sustainable choice for CBDCs. The article provides a structured discussion on the background, theoretical considerations, climate-friendly interventions, and the potential impact of CBDCs. It aims to contribute to the ongoing debate by emphasizing the need for clear design choices in CBDC discussions, given the environmental concerns associated with certain technologies.
The number of individuals alive in a branching process given only times of deaths
Authors: Ball Frank , Neal Peter
Published: January 2025

The study of many population growth models is complicated by only partial observation of the underlying stochastic process driving the model. For example, in an epidemic outbreak we might know when individuals show symptoms to a disease and are removed, but not when individuals are infected. Motivated by the above example and the long-established approximation of epidemic processes by branching processes, we explore the number of individuals alive in a time-inhomogeneous branching process with a general phase-type lifetime distribution given only (partial) information on the times of deaths of individuals. Deaths are detected independently with a detection probability that can vary with time and type. We show that the number of individuals alive immediately after the kth detected death can be expressed as the mixture of random variables each of which consists of the sum of k independent zero-modified geometric distributions. Furthermore, in the case of an Erlang lifetime distribution, we derive an easy-to-compute mixture of negative binomial distributions as an approximation of the number of individuals alive immediately after the kth detected death.
Revisiting Keynes’ predictions about work and leisure: A discussion of fundamental questions about the nature of modern work
Authors: Kaplan Seth A. , Aitken John A. , Allan Blake A. , Alliger George M. , Ballard Timothy , Zacher Hannes
Published: January 2025

Nearly 100 years ago, economist John Maynard Keynes predicted that, by today, technological advancements would allow the workweek to dwindle to just 15 hours, or 3 hours per day, and that the real problem of humanity would be filling their time with leisure. Although much has changed in the world of work since this prediction, such a drastic change has not taken place. In this article, several industrial-organizational psychology scholars discuss why this is the case. Why do we continue to work as much as we do, and how might that change? More fundamentally, what do these trends, contra Keynes’ prediction, tell us about the nature of work itself? We use this discussion to propose several research directions regarding the nature of work and how it might change in the future. We depict the phenomenon of working hours as multilevel in nature, and we consider both the positive and negative possible implications of working less than we do now.
Expert Stakeholder Perspectives on Emerging Technology for Neuroimaging Research with Highly Portable MRI: The Need for Guidance on Ethical, Legal, and Societal Issues
Authors: Madzelan Molly K. , Lawrenz Frances , Wolf Susan M. , Shen Francis X.
Published: January 2025

Portable MRI (pMRI) technology, which promises to transform brain imaging research by facilitating scanning in new geographic areas and the participation of new, diverse populations, raises many ethical, legal, and societal issues (ELSI). To understand this emerging pMRI ELSI landscape, we surveyed expert stakeholder views on ELSI challenges and solutions associated with pMRI research.
Posthumous Use of Sperm: Legal and Bioethical Reflections on Israeli Policy
Authors: Gilbar Roy
Published: January 2025

Bassan’s article on the posthumous use of sperm presents a complicated picture of Israeli law.1 On the one hand, as previous reviews show,2 Israel is unique in terms of the extent of this phenomenon. The number of applications to the courts to approve the use of sperm posthumously is substantial and has been increasing since the outbreak of the war on October 7. On the other hand, there is no clear legal policy in this area. In other words, Bassan’s article shows that the rights of relevant parties in this context are not adequately regulated. This, as elaborated below, is the result of a lack of primary legislation, together with disagreement among relevant policymakers. The outcome is feelings of frustration, confusion, and even anger among the deceased’s close relatives.3
A Regulatory Roadmap for Repurposing: Comparing Pathways for Making Repurposed Drugs Available In The EU, UK, And US
Authors: Scholte Mirre , Bendicksen Liam , Grimm Sabine E. , Abu-Zahra Teebah , Pauly Bianca , Joore Manuela , Kesselheim Aaron S.
Published: January 2025

To help academic and non-profit investigators interested in drug repurposing navigate regulatory approval processes, we compared pathways for repurposed drugs to obtain approval at EMA, UK MHRA, and the US FDA. Though we found no pathways specifically for repurposed drugs, pathways to market are available in all repurposing scenarios.
OSL dating of glacial outburst flood deposits in NE Poland and their bleaching problem inferred from the landform-sediment associations and regional context
Authors: Kalińska Edyta , Weckwerth Piotr , Alexanderson Helena , Piotrowski Jan A. , Wysota Wojciech
Published: January 2025

A continental-type glacial flood termed the Suwałki megafloods took place in NE Poland during the last glaciation and significantly transformed the proglacial area. This study aims, for the first time, to establish the chronology of this flood. Twenty-two sediment samples from two meltwater spillways were dated by optically stimulated luminescence. Sixteen ages from the flood megadunes are between 83 ± 11 ka and 16.9 ± 0.9 ka, whereas six ages from the outwash tracks range from 71.5 ± 9.9 ka to 20.3 ± 2.5 ka. Three dates from the uppermost part of the megadune sedimentary successions are 16.9 ± 0.9 ka, 17.9 ± 1.9 ka, and 18.8 ± 1.3 ka, and they may mark the likely true age of the Suwałki megafloods. We found no consistent relationships between the sedimentary structures and bleaching characteristics suggesting that the two are largely independent, contrary to what is typically assumed for fluvial deposits. Similarly, the transport distance from the ice margin did not exert a consistent influence on the sediment bleaching characteristics. A new hypothesis considers the stage of flooding to have a relevant impact on sediment bleaching: sediment deposited during the flood waning is well bleached and has a high potential for constraining the flood age.
Lethal and sublethal effects of selected bacterial and neem-based novel insecticides on cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii and the predator, Coccinella septempunctata
Authors: Shannag Hail Kamel , Al-Salman Aseel Atallah
Published: January 2025

We evaluated the lethal and sublethal effects of two novel Betaproteobacteria-based insecticides (Burkholderia spp. strain A396 as Venerate® XC; Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 as Grandevo® WDG) and two neem-based insecticides (1.2% azadirachtin A and B as Azatrol and 3% azadiractin as Molt-X) on the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, and its natural enemy, Coccinella septempunctata. Aphids were given both residual and direct treatments, i.e. exposed to residues applied by leaf dipping, or by spraying the insects and foliage, while the predator was treated directly with insecticides. Well-established spirotetramat (Movento® 240 SC) was used as standard due to its effectiveness against a wide range of pests, its unique mode of action, and its systemic properties. All insecticides were effective against aphid mostly in concentration-dependent manner, as do exposure time, but at different magnitudes. Spirotetramat and Azatrol induced the highest toxicity to adult aphids, while spirotetramat and Molt-X were more noxious to aphid nymphs. C. subtsugae and Burkholderia were less effective, inducing only moderate levels of aphid mortality. Azatrol and spirotetramat were more detrimental to the fecundity of aphid compared to other products. Insecticides significantly increased the development time of nymphs surviving exposure to insecticides, except Burkholderia. Azatrol were more destructive to eggs, larvae and adult of Coccinella septempunctata, together with spirotetramat for young larvae and adults, relative to other treatment. The development time of predator larvae remained unaffected by treatment. New Betaproteobacteria- and neem-based insecticides except Azatrol seem to be a promising tool to suppress population of Aphis gossypii and integrate pest management programmes.
Adopt process-oriented models (if they're more useful)
Authors: Schuetze Brendan A. , Rutten Luke D.
Published: January 2025

Though we see the potential for benefits from the development of process-oriented approaches, we argue that it falls prey to many of the same critiques raised about the existing construct level of analysis. The construct-level approach will likely dominate motivation research until we develop computational models that are not only accurate, but also broadly usable.
Postcard from inside the black box
Authors: Spurrett David
Published: January 2025

There are indeed questionable motivation constructs in psychology. The diagnosis and proposed remedies in the target article both neglect the crucial consideration that all tendencies to behaviour compete for the same finite set of degrees of freedom. Action selection also has irreducibly economic aspects which should constrain motivation constructs and already inform healthy research programmes.
Stronger Evidence of a Subsurface Ocean Within Callisto From a Multifrequency Investigation of Its Induced Magnetic Field
Authors: Cochrane Corey J. , Vance Steven D. , Castillo‐Rogez Julie C. , Styczinski Marshall J. , Liuzzo Lucas
Published: January 2025

The magnetometer investigation of the Galileo mission used the phenomenon of magnetic induction to produce the most compelling evidence that subsurface oceans exist within our solar system. Although there is high certainty that the induced field measured at Europa is attributed to a global‐scale subsurface ocean, there is still uncertainty around the possibility that the induced field measured at Callisto is evidence of an ocean. This uncertainty is due to the presence of a conductive ionosphere, which will also produce an induction signal in response to Jupiter's strong time‐varying magnetic field. Therefore, it is not yet known whether the observed induced field is attributable to the ionosphere, an ocean, or a combination of both. In this work, we use previously published simulations of Callisto's plasma interaction in combination with both an inverse and an ensemble forward modeling method to highlight the plausible range of interior properties of Callisto. We further constrain the ocean thickness and conductivity, ice shell thickness, and ionospheric conductivity that are required to explain the Galileo magnetometer observations. This is the first study to jointly consider all flybys to constrain the driving field and three flybys (C03, C09, and C10) to assess the induction response. Our results suggest that Callisto's response more likely arises from the combination of a thick conductive ocean and an ionosphere rather than from an ionosphere alone.
The Contrasting Roles of Land and Oceanic Moisture Contributions to Summer Rainfall Over the Southeastern United States
Authors: Sala C. M. , Zorzetto E. , Li L.
Published: January 2025

Summer precipitation in the Southeast United States (SEUS) is classified into three categories—light, moderate, and heavy—using a Bayesian statistical model. We find that heavy rainfall events explain most of the interannual variance of summertime cumulative precipitation in the region, influencing regional hydroclimate patterns. For each rainfall category, we track the respective moisture sources using the 2‐Layers Water Accounting Model driven by reanalysis data. We find that the Atlantic Ocean is the primary moisture source across all rainfall categories and becomes more important with increasing rainfall intensity. Conversely, land moisture contributions decrease with rainfall intensity. In the case of heavy rainfall, the moisture originating from the Atlantic Ocean is transported to the SEUS via a southeastward positioning of the North Atlantic Subtropical High (NASH) Western Ridge. The ample supply of moisture fluxes is further propelled by reduced surface pressure which promotes ascending motion in the SEUS. Analysis of mid‐troposphere circulation indicates that this anomalous low‐pressure might stem from wave trains originating over the North Pacific Ocean. Thus, heavy rainfall events involve increased Atlantic Ocean moisture fluxes directed by the NASH to the SEUS, which, in turn, is modulated by anomalous atmospheric circulation produced over the Pacific Ocean. Furthermore, we observe that the heavy and moderate (light) rainfall event frequency has increased (decreased) by five days throughout the 1970–2019 analysis period.
Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Weakening Warmed the Southern Tibetan Plateau in Spring During the 8.2 ka Cold Event
Authors: Zhang Xiaojian , Chen Chunzhu , Zhao Wenwei
Published: January 2025

Past North Atlantic abrupt cold events have the potential to provide insights into the future climatic response to the slowdown of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). This study explores spring temperature changes on the southern Tibetan Plateau during the 8.2 ka cold event through simulations forced by North Atlantic freshwater hosing. Simulation results reveal anomalous warming on the southern Tibetan Plateau due to hosing‐induced AMOC slowdown. This warming was primary caused by the increase of net solar flux and the presence of an anomalous warm anticyclone over the Tibetan Plateau. The enhanced net solar flux resulted from the decrease in snowfall, which led to a reduction in albedo. The snowfall was mainly reduced by the decrease in westerly moisture transport, resulting from weakened lower‐level westerlies induced by AMOC‐driven climate variabilities over the North Atlantic and tropical Indian Ocean. The warm anticyclone was induced by the anomalous vertical northerly shear over the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, which resulted from enhanced diabatic heating released by Asian monsoon rainfall. Asian monsoon rainfall increased due to anomalous lower‐level cyclone over the tropical Indian Ocean. This anomalous cyclone was induced by the Mastuno‐Gill response over the tropical Indian Ocean and amplified by a wave train propagating from the North Atlantic, both of which were resulted from the AMOC slowdown. The AMOC weakening is likely to play an important role in the recent and ongoing amplification of spring warming on the southern Tibetan Plateau.
Impact Gardening Affects the Composition of Chang'e‐5 Lunar Soils
Authors: Su Yanze , Xu Luyuan , Zhu Meng‐Hua
Published: January 2025

The composition of lunar samples sheds light on the Moon's evolutional history. Analyses of Chang'e‐5 (CE‐5) lunar soils showed <5% of foreign materials, significantly less than numerical predictions (∼10%). To address this inconsistency, we simulated the impact gardening process, accounting for distal ejecta, and tracked the compositional changes in the top 1 m layer at CE‐5 landing area over time. Our results show that impact gardening brings deeper local materials to the surface, leading to a mixture that reduces the distal ejecta proportion within the top 1 m layer from which the soils were collected. After 2.0 Gyr of impact gardening, most materials of the top 1 m layer originate from the upper layer (depth <30 m) of local basalts, with distal ejecta as a minor component (∼2.7 vol.%), consistent with CE‐5 soils analyses. Our results emphasize the profound influence of impact gardening on the composition of lunar soils.
Depth‐Distribution Patterns of Soil Organic Matter in the Tidal Marshes of the Venice Lagoon (Italy): Signatures of Depositional and Environmental Conditions
Authors: Puppin A. , Tognin D. , Ghinassi M. , Franceschinis E. , Realdon N. , Marani M. , D’Alpaos A.
Published: January 2025

Salt marshes are depositional landforms lying at the upper margin of intertidal environments. They provide a diverse range of valuable ecosystem services and yet are exceptionally vulnerable to climate change and human pressure. Salt marshes are intrinsically dynamic environments, shaped by complex feedback between hydrodynamic, morphological, and biological processes. Soil Organic Matter (SOM) has a crucial role within salt marsh environments, as on the one hand, its accumulation contributes to the build‐up of marsh elevation which is necessary for marshes to keep pace with sea‐level rise, and on the other it supports the high carbon sink potential of wetlands. To better understand variations in SOM depth distribution and further comprehend SOM drivers, we analyzed soil organic content in 10 salt marshes of the microtidal Venice Lagoon from 60 sediment cores to the depth of 1 m, relating SOM spatial and vertical patterns to the temporal and spatial variability of depositional sub‐environments recorded in the study deposits. Our results suggest that changes in the depositional environment are of primary importance in determining organic matter depth distribution and caution is needed in SOM prediction at unsampled soil depths. We observed relationships between SOM vertical patterns and factors such as autochthonous and allochthonous organic inputs, sediment properties, relative sea level rise, fluvial inputs and wave action. Our findings emphasize the considerable carbon storage potential of marshes in intertidal environments and provide a conceptual framework for understanding the dynamics of SOM and their drivers, which can inform and enhance coastal management strategies.
How Does Pore Structure Affect the NMR Relaxation in Unsaturated Porous Media: A Simulation Study
Authors: Zhou Junwen , Zhang Chi
Published: January 2025

Monitoring groundwater dynamics within the vadose zone is important for the investigation of many hydrological and ecological processes. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology can be utilized to reveal these dynamics due to its unique sensitivity to water. The correlation between water content and distribution with NMR signals (relaxation times and amplitude) aids in discerning water retention patterns in porous media. However, interpreting NMR data to understand unsaturated pore‐water dynamics is challenging due to complex pore environments and fluid‐rock‐air interactions. Especially, previous studies often misinterpret the increased amplitude of shorter relaxation T2 components of unsaturated T2 to erroneously imply that the small pore exceeds their maximum saturation capacity. We develop a simulation framework to accurately track pore‐water dynamics and NMR responses (T2 and T1‐T2) in unsaturated multi‐pore systems. Dual‐spherical and dual‐triangular pore systems with different pore size distributions modeled the imbibition process. Simulations clarified the decrease in shorter relaxation T2 components in unsaturated states, revealing that unsaturated macropores and saturated micropores can exhibit the same short relaxation times when their fluid volume to fluid occupied surface area ratio is identical. Our simulation also demonstrates that different pore shapes and pore size distributions lead to distinct unsaturated NMR signals. Furthermore, we propose a new method evaluating water distribution in various natural porous media at various saturations by interpreting experimental unsaturated NMR data. Our work enhances unsaturated NMR data interpretation, providing accurate insights into water distribution and pore structure in unsaturated porous media.
Comparing vasectomy techniques, recovery and complications: tips and tricks
Authors: Borrell Joseph A. , Gu Catherine , Ye Nancy , Mills Jesse N. , Andino Juan J.
Published: January 2025

Vasectomies are safe and effective, achieving up to 99.7% in sterilization, with complication rates around 1–2%. As vasectomy uptake rises, physicians should stay informed about counseling, isolation and occlusion techniques, post-op recovery, and associated risks and complications. Historically, pre-vasectomy counseling has been performed in-person, but recent literature has shown that telehealth is a viable alternative, and a physical exam may not be necessitated. With regard to vas isolation and occlusion, current international guidelines support a minimally invasive approach such as no-scalpel vasectomy with mucosal cautery and fascial interposition, as they are the most effective in achieving vasectomy success and have the lowest complication rates. After a vasectomy, patients should undergo a post-vasectomy semen analysis 8–16 weeks after the procedure to ensure severe non-motile oligozoospermia (≤100,000 non-motile sperm/mL) or azoospermia. While risks and complications from vas isolation and occlusion are rare, patients should be informed about the potential for hematomas, infections, postoperative pain, and vas recanalization. In the U.S, vasectomies have increased in utilization from previous years, likely in the setting of increased access to telehealth and restricted female reproductive access. This trend raises questions about future fertility options such as vasectomy reversals and highlights the need for informed decision-making.