bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sodium valproate increases the brain isoform of glycogen phosphorylase: looking for a compensation mechanism in McArdle disease using a mouse primary skeletal-muscle culture in vitro
Authors: de Luna Noemí , Brull Astrid , Guiu Josep Maria , Lucia Alejandro , Martin Miguel Angel , Arenas Joaquin , Martí Ramon , Andreu Antoni L. , Pinós Tomàs
Published: March 2015

McArdle disease, also termed ‘glycogen storage disease type V’, is a disorder of skeletal muscle carbohydrate metabolism caused by inherited deficiency of the muscle-specific isoform of glycogen phosphorylase (GP-MM). It is an autosomic recessive disorder that is caused by mutations in the PYGM gene and typically presents with exercise intolerance, i.e. episodes of early exertional fatigue frequently accompanied by rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria. Muscle biopsies from affected individuals contain subsarcolemmal deposits of glycogen. Besides GP-MM, two other GP isoforms have been described: the liver (GP-LL) and brain (GP-BB) isoforms, which are encoded by the PYGL and PYGB genes, respectively; GP-BB is the main GP isoform found in human and rat foetal tissues, including the muscle, although its postnatal expression is dramatically reduced in the vast majority of differentiated tissues with the exception of brain and heart, where it remains as the major isoform. We developed a cell culture model from knock-in McArdle mice that mimics the glycogen accumulation and GP-MM deficiency observed in skeletal muscle from individuals with McArdle disease. We treated mouse primary skeletal muscle cultures in vitro with sodium valproate (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor. After VPA treatment, myotubes expressed GP-BB and a dose-dependent decrease in glycogen accumulation was also observed. Thus, this in vitro model could be useful for high-throughput screening of new drugs to treat this disease. The immortalization of these primary skeletal muscle cultures could provide a never-ending source of cells for this experimental model. Furthermore, VPA could be considered as a gene-expression modulator, allowing compensatory expression of GP-BB and decreased glycogen accumulation in skeletal muscle of individuals with McArdle disease.
Hollow Microspheres Fabricated from Aqueous Bubbles Stabilized with Latex Particles
Authors: Nakayama Saori , Fukuhara Kenta , Nakamura Yoshinobu , Fujii Syuji
Published: March 2015

Aqueous bubbles stabilized solely by micrometer-sized, near-monodisperse, sterically stabilized polystyrene (PS) latex particles can be transformed into polymeric hollow microspheres containing air by exposure to a solvent: the PS particles adsorbed at the air–water interface are plasticized with the solvent to form a polymer film on the surface of the aqueous bubbles.
Pioneers of Adsorption Science 2. Sidney John Gregg
Authors: Sing Kenneth S. W.
Published: March 2015

A short account is given of the life and work of Dr. S. John Gregg (1902–1999). Gregg's first research paper on the physical adsorption of gases appeared in 1927 and his last review of the subject was published in 1986. His extensive research contributions to adsorption science and surface chemistry should be remembered along with the generous guidance and encouragement he gave to three generations of academic and industrial scientists.
Adsorption of Cu2+ on Epichlorohydrin-Modified Magnetic Fe3O4 Microspheres Prepared by One-Step Solvothermal Synthesis
Authors: Xiao Shiwei , Liu Rong , Ma Jiping , Chen Fengxi
Published: March 2015

Monodisperse epichlorohydrin (ECH)-modified magnetic Fe3O4 microspheres (Fe3O4–ECH-n, where n indicates the initial ECH-to-Fe molar ratio) were prepared by a one-step solvothermal method using mono-ethylene glycol. ECH was grafted onto the surface of Fe3O4 microspheres by in situ dehydrochlorination and hydrolysis. The ECH-derived organic groups (e.g. 1, 2-dihydroxypropyl) provide surface functional sites for the adsorption of Cu2+ on Fe3O4–ECH-n. The Fe3O4–ECH-0.8 microspheres were found to have the highest Cu2+ adsorption capacity (17.5 mg/g), and were magnetically recoverable and reusable for Cu2+ adsorption for at least seven times without significant loss in their adsorption capacity. The addition of 2.5 wt% of NaCl significantly enhanced its Cu2+ adsorption (from 17.5 to 28.5 mg/g). The apparent activation energy of the adsorption process was 14.7 kJ mol−1. The adsorption process was endothermic (ΔH° = 11.8 kJ mol−1) and resulted in an increase in the entropy (ΔS° = 56.7 J mol−1 K−1). The negative value of ΔG° ensures that the adsorption occurs spontaneously.
Adsorption-Based Model for Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Response to NO2 Gas
Authors: Abdelhay A. , Abdulhay E. , Zeatoun L. , Albiss B.
Published: March 2015

In this work, the response of single-wall carbon nanotube as a resistive NO2 sensor was investigated. A model was developed based on the Freundlich adsorption isotherm and a multi-exponential function was used to describe the relationship between the sensor response and the gas concentration. The model predicts both static and dynamic responses in a closed sampling system. In addition, the model considers the effect of different variables such as the operating temperature, NO2 concentration in air and the two phases (adsorption and desorption) of response. The developed model is in good accordance with the experimental data. This model could be used to design new environmental detection devices and interpret experimental data by providing some insight into the sensor behaviour during the transient phase.
Effects of Hydrophobic Nanospaces on Structures of Lysozyme
Authors: Takenaka Koki , Ohaba Tomonori , Takei Kazuo , Akama Kuniko , Silvestre-Albero Joaquin , Kanoh Hirofumi
Published: March 2015

Adsorption of lysozyme on carbon nanospaces was studied by measurement of structures and biological activities of the adsorbed lysozyme. Carbon aerogel (CA) was used as the carbon material. Several kinds of CAs with different pore sizes were prepared. Porosities of CAs were characterized by a nitrogen adsorption measurement at 77 K. Adsorption measurements showed that mesopores with diameters between 15 and 25 nm were the most suitable for lysozyme adsorption. However, because the size of lysozyme is less than 5 nm in length, this adsorption behaviour suggests that lysozyme molecules may associate with one another to form clusters on mesopores of CAs. This is a unique behaviour because it is well-known that lysozyme indicates monolayer adsorption on the flat surface. The X-ray diffraction patterns of lysozyme-adsorbed CA showed a few peaks originating from the structure of lysozyme. The strongest peak of a bulk species of lysozyme was shifted by heating because of changes in its secondary structures. Lysozyme-adsorbed CA showed behaviours different from that of bulk species of lysozyme on heating. The recovery of biological activity of lysozyme denatured by heating was promoted by CA. Thus, hydrophobic mesopores of CA influence the stability of the structure of lysozyme.
Effects of Dynamic Fluid-Structure Interaction on Seismic Response of Multi-Span Deep Water Bridges Using Fragility Function Method
Authors: Pang Yutao , Kai Wei , Yuan Wancheng , Shen Guoyu
Published: March 2015

This paper employs the fragility function method to study the effects of dynamic fluid-structure interaction on seismic response of multi-span deep water bridges. Currently, two approaches are widely used to study the dynamic fluid-structure interaction effect of structures: the analytical ‘added mass’ method and full-scale two- or three dimensional finite element modeling. This paper offers a computationally economical yet adequate procedure. In this procedure, Morrison equation is employed to calculate the added mass for piles and columns, and a water-foundation coupling system is modeled to calculate the added mass for pile cap. In this water-foundation coupling system, a pile beam-element was adopted to avoid the thorough water domain modeling. A typical multi-span continuous composite girder bridge in China lying in deep water environment is used as a case study. The uncertainty of modeling parameters is considered using an experimental design method. The limit state functions are derived through a simple fuzzy model. Fragility functions of pier column and pile foundation are developed using nonlinear time history analysis. Fragility curves conditioned on different parameters in fuzzy models and different water depth are then compared to illustrate the effects of fuzziness and seismic hydrodynamic pressure. In general, for bridges with only pile surrounding water, the influence of water on potential damage of bridges is small and can be practically negligible. However, for the cases which the pile cap is under the water, increasing the water depth can generally increase the damage probability. It is concluded that for deep water bridges, the influence of dynamic fluid-structure interaction can be harmful to bridge responses, which aggravates with water depth by increasing the displacement of pile cap and introducing larger seismic demands on pier columns.
Linear and Nonlinear Seismic Structural Impact Response Spectral Analyses
Authors: Chase J. Geoffrey , Boyer Florent , Rodgers Geoffrey W. , Labrosse Gregoire , MacRae Gregory A.
Published: March 2015

This paper describes analyses of single-degree-of-freedom structures with different spacing, coefficients of restitution, structural periods, and both linear and nonlinear cases, to a suite of earthquake records with equivalent probability of occurrence. A methodology to relate the probability of impact, and the probability of different levels of percentage peak, spectral displacement increase over a suite of events with equivalent probability of occurrence. Thus, both analyses provide a design risk assessed for these different design parameters, which provides a framework for risk analysis and design that is developed and illustrated. It is shown that smaller gaps between structures and greater difference between structural periods independently lead to greater probabilities of impact. Also, smaller gaps, greater coefficients of restitution and structural linearity (i.e. less yielding) lead to increases of structural displacement as a result of impact. The overall results provide significant insight into the design parameters and their sensitivity around structural impact, and provide these results within a risk based framework amenable to designers and the profession. The approach developed may be generalized to other cases with more degrees of freedom, different masses or damping values.
A Numerical Fluid-Solid Coupling Model for the Dynamics of Ships in Atrocious Sea Conditions
Authors: Chen Xin , Zhou XinCong , Zhang Shesheng , Li Dan
Published: March 2015

Adopting fluid dynamics theory and time-dependent solid dynamics theory of ship, the fluidsolid coupling dynamics numerical model is built. The linear fluid-solid coupling equation is derived from ship surface integral formula. The time-dependent hull displacement is calculated by solving the non-linear elastic equations. The results show that Green function has some interesting properties, and that the maximal displacement will appear when the wave-hull resonance number becomes an integer.
Interactive Three-Dimensional Segmentation Using Region Growing Algorithms
Authors: Yuan Youwei , Chen Dou , Yan Lamei
Published: March 2015

This paper presents a new interactive three-dimensional(3D) segmentation using region growing algorithms. The principle of this method is to build region growing sequence by increasing the maximal homogeneity threshold recursively until it satisfied with the needs. Firstly we calculate the average of the markers' coordination to get the seed point. Then calculate the difference between the neighbours and the average intensity of the seed points as well as using the modification of the Euclidean distance. Finally by conducting extensive performance evaluation to prove the proposed method more accurate and robust to the noise in CT images. We have successfully applied this approach to 3D segmentations of human femur obtained from CT scans. Satisfactory results have been achieved showing the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.
A Constructive Method and a Guided Hybrid GRASP for the Capacitated Multi-Source Weber Problem in the Presence of Fixed Cost
Authors: Luis Martino , Salhi Said , Nagy Gábor
Published: March 2015

This paper presents a new variant of the capacitated multi-source Weber problem that introduces fixed costs for opening facilities. Three types of fixed costs are considered and experimented upon. A guided constructive heuristic scheme based on the concept of restricted regions and a greedy randomized adaptive search procedure (GRASP) are proposed. The four known data sets in the literature, typically used for the uncapacitated multi-source Weber problem, are adapted by adding capacities and facility fixed costs and used as a platform to assess the performance of our proposed approaches. Computational results are provided and some research avenues highlighted.
Flight Control of a Quadrotor under Model Uncertainties
Authors: Xu Yu , Tong Changfei , Li Huaizhong
Published: March 2015

Quadrotor type helicopters continue to grow in popularity for academic research and unmanned aerial vehicle applications. However, the model uncertainties caused by battery voltage drop, payload variation and flight condition change, have rarely been considered in control design. This work proposes a quantitative feedback theory based robust design approach to deal with these uncertainties. By analyzing the rigid body dynamics and aerodynamic forces/moments under different voltages, payloads and flight conditions, we model quadrotor dynamics as a set of linear models with parameter uncertainties, which represent a larger flight envelop than models linearized from hover condition. These model uncertainties, as well as the robust stability requirements and performance specifications of flight control system are then used for designing and tuning the controllers, to perform tradeoff between controller complexity, robust requirements, and performance specifications. We also implemented a prototype system, and conducted a serial of experiments in realtime outdoor flights to evaluate its performance. The results show good, robust, and reliable performances of the designed system in autonomous hovering, takeoff, waypoint navigation and landing flights.
Free Flight Testing and Performance Evaluation of a Passively Morphing Ornithopter
Authors: Wissa Aimy , Grauer Jared , Guerreiro Nelson , Hubbard James , Altenbuchner Cornelia , Tummala Yashwanth , Frecker Mary , Roberts Richard
Published: March 2015

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are proliferating in both the civil and military markets. Flapping wing UAVs, or ornithopters, have the potential to combine the agility and maneuverability of rotary wing aircraft with excellent performance in the low Reynolds number flight regimes. The purpose of this paper is to present new free flight experimental results for an ornithopter equipped with single degree of freedom compliant spines. The compliant spines are designed and optimized in terms of mass, maximum von-Mises stress, and desired wing bending deflections. The spines are inserted in an experimental ornithopter wing leading edge spar, in order to achieve a set of desired kinematics during the up and down strokes of a flapping cycle. The ornithopter is flown at Wright Patterson Air Force Base in the Air Force Research Laboratory Small Unmanned Air Systems (SUAS) indoor flight facility. Vicon® motion tracking cameras are used to track the motion of the vehicle for four different wing configurations. The effect of the presence of the compliant spine on the wings and body kinematics, as well as the leading edge spar deflection during free flight is presented in this paper. Several metrics were used to evaluate the vehicle performance with various compliant spine designs inserted in the leading edge spar of the wings. Results show that passively morphing the wings, via adding compliance in the leading edge spar, does not require additional power expenditure and is beneficial to the overall vertical and horizontal propulsive force production.
Analysis and Fabrication of Unconventional Flapping Wing Air Vehicles
Authors: Jung Han-Kyo , Choi Jung-Sun , Wang Chen , Park Gyung-Jin
Published: March 2015

ßRecently, numerous research groups are actively studying the design of the flapping wing air vehicles (FWAV). The FWAV was inspired by flying birds and insects. The lift and thrust forces are simultaneously generated from the flapping motion. The FWAV design is classified into either a biomimetic design or a biomorphic design. First, the bird-mimicking FWAV, which has one pair of wings, is fabricated as a biomimetic design. The driving mechanism is simplified to implement the flapping motion in the vertical plane. Second, unconventional FWAVs, which are the X-type wing FWAV, two pairs of X-type wings FWAV and three pairs of X-type wings FWAV, are developed to improve the performance of the bird-mimicking FWAV. The X-type wing FWAV is developed as a biomorphic design. The two pairs of X-type wings FWAV and three pairs of X-type wings FWAV are developed as a combination of the biomimetic and biomorphic designs. Various flight tests are carried out and the performances of FWAVs are analyzed by measuring the thrust-to-weight ratio and the lift-to-weight ratio. The results indicate that the unconventional FWAV with an appropriate combination of biomimetic and biomorphic designs has superior performance to the bird-mimicking FWAVs with a biomimetic design.
ActivePapers: a platform for publishing and archiving computer-aided research
Authors: Hinsen Konrad
Published: March 2015

The lack of replicability and reproducibility of scientific studies based on computational methods has lead to serious mistakes in published scientific findings, some of which have been discovered and publicized recently. Many strategies are currently pursued to improve the situation. This article reports the first conclusions from the ActivePapers project, whose goal is the development and application of a computational platform that allows the publication of computational research in a form that enables installation-free deployment, encourages reuse, and permits the full integration of datasets and software into the scientific record. The main finding is that these goals can be achieved with existing technology, but that there is no straightforward way to adapt legacy software to such a framework.
Fused embryos and pre-metamorphic conjoined larvae in a broadcast spawning reef coral
Authors: Jiang Lei , Lei Xin-Ming , Liu Sheng , Huang Hui
Published: March 2015

Fusion of embryos or larvae prior to metamorphosis is rarely known to date in colonial marine organisms. Here, we document for the first time that the embryos of the broadcast spawning coral Platygyra daedalea could fuse during blastulation and further develop into conjoined larvae, and the settlement of conjoined larvae immediately resulted in inborn juvenile colonies. Fusion of embryos might be an adaptive strategy to form pre-metamorphic chimeric larvae and larger recruits, thereby promoting early survival. However, future studies are needed to explore whether and to what extent fusion of coral embryos occurs in the field, and fully evaluate its implications.
FDA approved drugs as potential Ebola treatments
Authors: Ekins Sean , Coffee Megan
Published: March 2015

In the search for treatments for the Ebola Virus, multiple screens of FDA drugs have led to the identification of several with promising in vitro activity. These compounds were not originally developed as antivirals and some have been further tested in mouse in vivo models. We put forward the opinion that some of these drugs could be evaluated further and move into the clinic as they are already FDA approved and in many cases readily available. This may be important if there is a further outbreak in future and no other therapeutic is available.
Military-specific application of nutritional supplements: a brief overview
Authors: Hoedebecke Kyle , Brink Will
Published: March 2015

The Soldiers of America's military endure numerous physical and mental challenges that demand strict physical fitness regimens, extreme mental agility, and a perpetual readiness to deploy at a moment's notice. The chronicity of these stressors has the potential to dramatically reduce performance - both directly and indirectly.  Because of this risk, many Soldiers turn to nutritional supplements with hopes of optimizing performance. Increasing amounts of research have demonstrated that various supplements may enhance overall physical prowess, health, and offer quicker recovery in the face of corporal or psychological extremes. Most individuals, including many medical and nutrition professionals, possess only an elementary comprehension of nutritional supplements and their effect on Soldiers in training or combat environments. Nevertheless, a grasp of these details is required for safety and optimal benefits. Various compounds have been evaluated - to include evidence within the military setting - and found to augment endurance, increase cognitive function, decrease knee pain, or offer hearing or lung protection in the face of high-energy impulses. These efficacious outcomes may serve to augment the health and longevity of these Soldiers; however, continued research is needed for efficacy and long-term safety within specific environments.
An Empirical Investigation of Dynamic Ordering Policies
Authors: Larson Chad R. , Turcic Danko , Zhang Fuqiang
Published: March 2015

Adaptive base stock policy is a well-known tool for managing inventories in nonstationary demand environments. This paper presents empirical tests of this policy using aggregate, firm-level data. First, we extend a single-item adaptive base stock policy in previous literature to a multi-item case. Second, we transform the policy derived for the multi-item case to a regression model that relates firm-level inventory purchases to firm-level sales and changes in sales forecasts. We focus on two research questions: Can the adaptive base stock policy explain cross-sectional ordering behaviors under sales growth? To the extent that the adaptive base stock policy fails to explain ordering behaviors under sales growth, are there frictions that explain such a finding? Our empirical results demonstrate disparities in ordering behaviors between firms experiencing high and moderate sales growth. Contrary to theoretical prediction, this implies that inventory purchases are a function of not only current sales and changes in sales forecast but also past sales growth. As potential explanations for this departure from theoretical prediction, we show that both future demand dynamics and inventory holding risks depend on past sales growth. In addition, we find that firms' inventory holding risks may also be affected by purchasing constraints imposed by supply chain contracts. Our results provide managerial implications for practitioners and inform future theoretical research.

This paper was accepted by Martin Lariviere, operations management.
‘On the Right Trach?’ A review of the care received by patients who undergo tracheostomy
Authors: Wilkinson K , Freeth H , Kelly K
Published: March 2015

An National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD) study published in June 2014 reviewed the care of more than 2000 patients who had a new tracheostomy formed during an 11-week period in 2013 in the UK, two thirds of which were inserted at the bedside in a critical care unit. Many more patients in hospitals now have a tracheostomy, and this article summarizes the lessons from the report which are particularly important for secondary care clinicians.
IUCrJ celebrates its first year of publication
Authors: Agbenyega Jonathan
Published: March 2015

To coincide with the International Year of Crystallography (IYCr2014), IUCr Journals launched the comprehensive open-access journal IUCrJ in January 2014. The journal has had an excellent first year, and has already started to establish itself within the wider scientific communities that use results obtained from diffraction methods. All the indications are good in terms of the journal making a strong impact in attracting high-quality science papers of wide scientific significance from these communities. First impressions from authors, readers, referees and commentators are very positive with a number of papers receiving high downloads in line with high-impact publications.

In addition to providing high-impact high-profile publications, IUCrJ also aims to provide fast publication for authors. Submissions undergo preliminary screening by a panel consisting of the five Main Editors (Ted Baker, Richard Catlow, Gautam Desiraju, Sine Larsen, John Spence) and the Editor-in-Chief (Samar Hasnain), and this has helped to provide a rapid and efficient review process. Preliminary screening is generally complete within 72 hours, and any articles that do not meet the journal's requirement for broad scientific significance are usually transferred, with the agreement of the authors, to one of our other journals. Such transfers are seamless and do not require any further work by the authors.

The six issues of IUCrJ published in 2014 have featured papers from a wide variety of areas including biology, chemistry, crystal engineering, materials, physics and FELs.

The number of articles submitted to the journal in its first year was 130; this was well ahead of our target of 100 articles. A total of 72 papers have been published with an average turnaround time of 14 weeks.

IUCrJ has set out to become the natural home for reporting breakthroughs and 'full' science reports rather than simply reporting a structure or how it was determined.We welcome your impressions of the first year of IUCrJ and ideas of measures we should collectively take for its widest acceptance by the broadest possible community.

We feel that we have made an excellent start and have attracted many high-quality submissions in all of the areas we cover. To maintain this confident start we encourage continued pro-active engagement from the whole structural community in improving the rate of submission of high-quality papers across the board.

We want IUCrJ to become the leading journal for high-quality structure-based papers in the chemical and biological sciences. We remind these communities to consider IUCrJ as one of their first choice journals for their work that may have broader appeal. In addition, we will continue to work closely with physicists, material scientists, computational crystallographers and pioneering FEL scientists to ensure that IUCrJ is able to meet the expectations of these communities.
Oscillating spectral multipliers on Riemannian manifolds
Authors: Georgiadis Athanasios G.
Published: March 2015

Suppose that M is a Riemannian manifold satisfying the doubling volume property. Let L be a self-adjoint positive definite operator on M. We consider the heat semigroup

e

-
t
L

$e^{-tL}$

and we assume that the associated heat kernel

p
t

(
x
,
y
)

$p_{t}(x,y)$

satisfies certain upper Gaussian estimates. We study the Lp
boundedness of oscillating spectral multipliers

m

α
,
β

(
L
)

$m_{\alpha ,\beta }(L)$

.
The challenges in defining and measuring diagnostic error
Authors: Zwaan Laura , Singh Hardeep
Published: March 2015

Diagnostic errors have emerged as a serious patient safety problem but they are hard to detect and complex to define. At the research summit of the 2013 Diagnostic Error in Medicine 6th International Conference, we convened a multidisciplinary expert panel to discuss challenges in defining and measuring diagnostic errors in real-world settings. In this paper, we synthesize these discussions and outline key research challenges in operationalizing the definition and measurement of diagnostic error. Some of these challenges include 1) difficulties in determining error when the disease or diagnosis is evolving over time and in different care settings, 2) accounting for a balance between underdiagnosis and overaggressive diagnostic pursuits, and 3) determining disease diagnosis likelihood and severity in hindsight. We also build on these discussions to describe how some of these challenges can be addressed while conducting research on measuring diagnostic error.
Thermoelectric Material Tensor Derived from the Onsager–de Groot–Callen Model
Authors: Feldhoff Armin
Published: March 2015

The Onsager–de Groot–Callen model describes thermoelectricity in the framework of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes, which uses rather abstract kinetic matrix and generalized forces to describe the flux of the substance-like quantities electric charge and thermal energy (“heat”). A brief review of the derivation of the basic equations according to this model is given. Primarily, this model relies on the total differential of energy as in Gibb’s thermodynamics, but it then removes entropy to capture the energy production rate as a measure of irreversibility. Depending on the fluxes of interest, “proper” generalized forces are identified. The use of Onsager’s reciprocal relations helps to determine the coefficients of a kinetic matrix to link the generalized forces with the generalized potentials. The present article places entropy back into the as-obtained basic equations. The equations are then transformed such that the flux densities of electric charge and entropy appear with equal ranks. The respective conjugated intensive variables electrochemical potential and temperature then appear as the thermodynamic potentials. Moreover, the thermoelectric material is described by a material-specific tensor, which is composed only of the isothermal electric conductivity, the Seebeck coefficient and the entropy conductivity. The result is identical to that recently obtained by Fuchs using a direct entropic approach, which does not require Onsager’s reciprocal relations as a prerequisite. The benefit of this approach is the appearance of a material-specific thermoelectric tensor rather than a so-called kinetic matrix, which not only provides a new quality to the discussion but also facilitates descriptions of the thermoelectric phenomenon and the underlying energy conversion process. The latter can easily be understood as the transfer of energy from thermal to electric phenomenon or vice versa when fluxes of entropy and electric charge, as well as the local thermodynamic potentials temperature and electrochemical potential, are known.
Effect of Heat Treatments on Phase Transformation and Tensile Properties in Cast Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb Alloy
Authors: Su Meike , Zheng Lijing , Yan Jie , Zhang Hu
Published: March 2015

Microstructural refinement by two steps heat treatment in Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb at.% alloy, with samples' dimension of
Influence of Withdrawing Rates on Elements Segregation and Creep Properties of A Single Crystal Nickel-Based Superalloy
Authors: Tian Sugui , Zhang Chao , Yu Xingfu , Zeng Zheng , Su Yong
Published: March 2015

The single crystal nickel-based superalloys with different dendrite spacings were prepared by using various withdrawing rates, and the influence of withdrawing rates on elements segregation and creep properties of them is investigated through creep property measurements and microstructure observation. Results show that relatively bigger withdrawing rate leads to the smaller dendrite spacing and lower segregation extent of elements between the dendrite/interdendrite regions, which further causes the better creep resistance of the alloy. Dislocations climbing over the rafted
Improvement in wear and corrosion resistance of AISI 1020 steel by high velocity oxy-fuel spray coating containing Ni-Cr-B-Si-Fe-C
Authors: Prince M. , Thanu A. Justin , Gopalakrishnan P.
Published: March 2015

In this investigation, AISI 1020 low carbon steel has been selected as the base material. The Ni based super alloy powder NiCrBSiFeC was sprayed on the base material using high velocity oxy-fuel spraying (HVOF) technique. The thickness of the coating was approximately 0.5 mm (500 μm). The coating was characterized using optical microscopy, Vickers microhardness testing, X-ray diffraction technique and scanning electron microscopy. Dry sliding wear tests were carried out at 3 m
Fundamental Researches on the High-speed and High-efficiency Steelmaking Reaction
Authors: Kitamura Shin-ya , Shibata Hiroyuki , Maruoka Nobuhiro
Published: March 2015

Traditionally, steelmaking reactions have been analyzed by thermodynamics. Recently, software packages that can be used to calculate the equilibrium conditions have improved greatly. In some cases, information obtained in this software is useful for analyzing the steelmaking reaction. On the other hand, in industrial operation, steelmaking reactions, i.e., decarburization, dephosphorization, desulfurization or nitrogen removal, do not reach the equilibrium condition. Therefore, the kinetic model is very important for gaining a theoretical understanding of the steelmaking reaction. In this paper, the following recent research activities were shown; 1) mass transfer of impurities between solid oxide and liquid slag, 2) simulation model of hot metal dephosphorization by multiphase slag, 3) evaluation of reaction rate at bath surface in gas-liquid reaction system and 4) condition for forming of metal emulsion by bottom bubbling.
Effect of Process Variables on the Formation of Streak Defects on Anodized Aluminum Extrusions: An Overview
Authors: Zhu Hanliang , Couper Malcolm J. , Dahle Arne K.
Published: March 2015

Streak defects are often present on anodized extrusions of 6xxx series aluminum alloys, increasing the fabrication cost of these products. Moreover, streaking often only becomes visible after etching and anodizing treatments, rather than in the as-extruded condition, making it difficult to identify the original causes and influencing factors of these defects. In this paper, various process variables that influence the formation of streak defects on anodized aluminium extrusions are reviewed on the basis of a literature review, industrial practice and experimental results. The influencing factors involved in various processing steps such as billet quality, extrusion process, die design and etching process are considered. Effective measures for preventing the formation of streak defects in industrial extrusion products are discussed.
Prediction of Properties of Metals Relevant to Process Simulation
Authors: Robinson Jim A. J. , Brooks Rob F. , Quested Peter N.
Published: March 2015

Industrial metal processes, such as casting, primary production and welding are frequently simulated using physical models which require alloy properties including liquidus and solidus temperatures and fraction solid; properties associated with heat flow: enthalpy, heat capacity and thermal conductivity and properties associated with fluid flow: density, surface tension and viscosity. These properties are required both as a function of temperature and composition. In recent years, significant developments in the experimental methods for measuring these properties have occurred, but their measurement still remains difficult and expensive. These constraints have driven the development of methods for the prediction of the properties based upon the chemical composition of the alloy.

The paper describes a software program to predict properties of alloys based upon their chemical composition. The properties included are enthalpy, enthalpy of fusion, heat capacity, density, volume, fraction solid during solidification, solidification range, thermal conductivity, phases formed during solidification and viscosity. Most of the underlying models are based upon thermodynamic calculations using MTDATA, a software tool for the calculation of thermodynamics and phase equilibria developed at NPL. Transport properties such as thermal conductivity and viscosity are difficult to model and for example, thermal conductivity is estimated using empirical relationships. The program has been deliberately designed for the engineer who is not expert in thermophysical properties. The predictions will be compared with measurements for selected alloys.
Contribution to Kinetics of Superplastic Deformation of Dispersion Strengthened Al-Al4C3 System
Authors: Besterci Michal , Varchola Marián , Kováč Ladislav , Velgosová Oksana
Published: March 2015

The influence of temperature at constant strain rate has been evaluated with respect to superplastic behavior of dispersion strengthened Al-Al
Characterization of Alloys and Liquidus Projections of Ternary Bi-Sb-Sn system
Authors: Minić Duško , Kolarević Milan , Manasijević Dragan , Ćosović Vladan , Živković Dragana , Talijan Nadežda , Marković Miljana
Published: March 2015

Given that Sn-based lead-free solders are considered as possible substitution for standard lead-tin solders, properties of the alloys from ternary Bi-Sb-Sn system were characterized by microstructural SEM-EDS analysis, Brinell hardness tests, and electrical conductivity measurements. Isothermal cross section at 298 K and liquidus surface projection were calculated by application of CALPHAD method and software package PANDAT 8.1. The experimentally determined phase compositions in analyzed microstructures were found to be in a good agreement with phases on calculated cross sections.
Influence of Processing Route and Section Size on Elevated Temperature Tensile Properties of 9Cr-1Mo Ferritic Steel
Authors: Choudhary Binod Kumar
Published: March 2015

Tensile tests were performed on specimens obtained from 20 mm plate in normalised and tempered condition and quenched and tempered thick section tubeplate forging to assess the influence of processing route and section size on room and elevated temperatures (300–873 K) tensile properties of 9Cr-1Mo ferritic steel. Yield and ultimate tensile strength values of plate and tubeplate forging exhibited a gradual decrease up to intermediate temperatures followed by a rapid decrease at high temperatures. Ductility values displayed a gradual decrease to a minimum at intermediate temperatures followed by an increase at high temperatures. The fracture mode remained transgranular. At intermediate temperatures, 9Cr-1Mo steel in both the product forms exhibited similar serrated flow, an important manifestation of dynamic strain ageing. At all temperatures, thick section tubeplate forging exhibited lower strength and higher ductility values compared to normalised and tempered steel. The inferior strength values were attributed to coarse microstructure of the forging.
Processing and Characterization 43Ni-14Cr Nickel-Iron Base Superalloy
Authors: Gupta R. K. , Tharian K. Thomas , Sinha P. P.
Published: March 2015

Nickel-Iron based superalloy (43Ni-14Cr, wt%) is used as high temperature material in space based transportation systems. It retains its high strength (
Wie kommt die Aussprache ins (Aussprache-)Wörterbuch? Methoden, Probleme und Ergebnisse normphonetischer Untersuchungen zur deutschen Standardaussprache
Authors: Hirschfeld Ursula , Stock Eberhard
Published: March 2015

Based on the terms normphonetics and standard pronunciation aims, methods and problems of (German) standard pronunciation studies and its codification in pronunciation dictionaries will be shown, also in terms of history. Normphonetical transcription in the list of words as well as means of describing phonostilistical variation will be explained by the example of Deutsches Ausspracheworterbuch (German Pronunciation Dictionary, DAWB 2009).
Diaxenische Markierungen in monolingualen Wörterbüchern des Spanischen, Italienischen und Französischen
Authors: Schöntag Roger
Published: March 2015

The concepts and terms of modern lexicography and variational linguistics (sociolinguistics) give clear evidence of a common interdependent history. The present study will first give a short overview of the genesis of the diasystem and the accompanying terms ‘diachronic’, ‘diaphasic’, ‘diastratic’ coined by Flydal, Weinreich and Coseriu as well as the later adoption and enlargement by Hausmann for lexicographic purposes. The second aim of the study is therefore not to question the still useful metalexicographic model in general, but just to contribute to a precise terminology by replacing the Hausmann term ‘diaintegrative’ by ‘diaxenic’ which for several reasons might be more adequate to express the foreignness of the so marked lexemes. Thirdly the present article tries to show the differences in the marking system of several Spanish, Italian and French dictionaries. To detect the gap between theoretical claim and practical application, the treatment of foreign words, especially the often controversial anglicisms, seemed to be most promising. The result of this empiric study showed not only the discrepancy between the dictionaries’ philosophies, expressed in the forewords, and the application under the respective lemma, but also that tolerance towards loanwords and adoption of modern linguistic research knowledge depends very much on lexicographic traditions.
Der Europäische Master für Lexikographie in 2014
Authors: Vázquez María José Domínguez , Schierholz Stefan J.
Published: March 2015

The following report shows the changes of EMLex concerning the organisation and implementation of the course and a short overview over the international summer term which took place 2014 at the University of Santiago de Compostela.
Preparation and characterization of non-isocyanate polyurethanes based on 2-hydroxy-6-naphthalenesulfonic acid as a monomer of the rigid phase
Authors: Bakar Mohamed , Białkowska Anita , Kostrzewa Marcin , Lenartowicz Marta
Published: March 2015

The present study investigates the properties and structure of condensation non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPURs) prepared by reacting 2-hydroxy-6-naphthalenesulfonic acid (HNSA) with phenolsulfonic acid, urea and formaldehyde. Instrumental analyses confirmed a linear and segmented structure of the obtained condensation NIPURs. It was found that NIPUR films containing 20% HNSA and an equimolar ratio of rigid to flexible segments exhibited maximum values of tensile strength and tensile strain at break. All prepared samples showed a very high water resistance. The operating temperature of NIPUR samples based on HNSA was set between -33°C and +145°C. The first temperature was attributed to the glass transition of flexible segments, while the second one was associated with rigid segments melting. The higher the transition temperature, the higher the rigid segment content and the higher the HNSA content in the NIPUR sample.
Reduction in Responding for Sucrose and Cocaine Reinforcement by Disruption of Memory Reconsolidation
Authors: Exton-McGuinness Marc T. J. , Lee Jonathan L. C.
Published: March 2015

Stored memories are dynamic and, when reactivated, can undergo a process of destabilization and reconsolidation to update them with new information. Reconsolidation has been shown for a variety of experimental settings; most recently for well-learned instrumental memories, a class of memory previously thought not to undergo reconsolidation. Here we tested, in rats, whether a weakly-trained lever-pressing memory destabilized following a shift in reinforcement contingency. We show that lever-pressing memory for both sucrose and cocaine reinforcement destabilized under appropriate conditions, and that the reconsolidation of this memory was impaired by systemic administration of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) antagonist [5R,10S]-[+]-5-methyl-10,1-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine (MK-801). We went on to investigate the potential role of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in the reconsolidation of sucrose-reinforced instrumental memories, showing that co-infusion of the NMDAR antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP-5) and the dopamine-1 receptor (D1R) antagonist 7-chloro-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-8-ol (SCH23390) into the NAc prior to memory reactivation impaired reconsolidation; however, there was no effect when these drugs were infused alone. Further investigation of this effect suggests the combined infusion disrupted the reconsolidation of pavlovian components of memory, and we hypothesize that coactivation of accumbal D1Rs and NMDARs may contribute to both the destabilization and reconsolidation of appetitive memory. Our work demonstrates that weakly-trained instrumental memories undergo reconsolidation under similar parameters to well-trained ones, and also suggests that receptor coactivation in the NAc may contribute to memory destabilization. Furthermore, it provides an important demonstration of the therapeutic potential of reconsolidation-based treatments that target the instrumental components of memory in maladaptive drug seeking.
La hibridación en las Cartas de Luis de Carvajal, el Mozo
Authors: Silverstein Stephen
Published: March 2015

En 1595, Luis de Carvajal el Mozo fue encarcelado por la Inquisición en la Nueva España por segunda y última vez, junto con su madre Francisca y sus hermanas Ysabel, Leonor, Catalina y Ana. Durante su encarcelación, Carvajal compuso cartas dirigidas a sus familiares. Sus epístolas también tienen como interlocutores implícitos a sus inquisidores, quienes, como Carvajal bien sabía, interceptaban sus misivas secretas. De este modo las cartas funcionan como una polémica oculta en la que Luis lucha de manera discursiva para reivindicar una subjetividad marginada. Su apropiación consciente de elementos del discurso dominante demuestra que la noción de sincretismo religioso como una amalgama inconsciente, en este caso, de elementos judíos y católicos, no está lo suficientemente matizada. Por tanto, como marco teórico para aproxi-marse a los textos cripto-judíos, propongo el empleo de las teorías de la hibridación formuladas por Mijaíl M. Bajtín.

In 1595, Luis de Carvajal, the Younger, along with his mother Francisca and sisters Isabel, Leonor, Catalina, and Ana, was jailed by the Inquisition in New Spain for the second and final time. During their incarceration, Carvajal composed letters that were addressed to his family members. If Carvajal’s explicit addressees were his family members, his epistles also figure his inquisitors as implicit interlocutors, who, as Carvajal well knew, were intercepting his secret missives. In this way, the letters function as a hidden polemic in which Carvajal struggles to defend a marginalized subjectivity. Carvajal’s deliberate appropriation of elements from the master discourse indicates that the notion of religious syncretism as an unconscious amalgam of, in this case, Jewish and Catholic components, is not a sufficiently nuanced critical model with which to analyze Crypto-Jewish writing, religiosity, and subjectivity. Therefore, I propose applying the theories of hybridity formulated by Mikhail M. Bakhtin.
Еколого-біологічна характеристика північного варіанта байрачних лісів Південно-Східної України
Authors: Bozhko K. M.
Published: March 2015

Наведено матеріали біогеоценотичних досліджень байрачних лісів північного варіанта. Подано детальний геоботанічний опис і біоекологічну паспортизацію травостою пробних площ. Встановлено залежність видового складу травостою пробних ділянок північного варіанта байрачних лісів від світової структури.
Структура нерестової популяції ляща (Abramis brama) водойм Дніпровсько-Орільського природного заповідника
Authors: Bondarev D. L.
Published: March 2015

Розглянуто стан популяції цінного промислового виду іхтіофауни Дніпровського водосховища – Abramis brama Linnaeus, 1758 на акваторії Дніпровсько-Орільського природного заповідника. Визначено основні популяційні характеристики виду у водоймах заповідника. Надано оцінку сучасному стану нерестової популяції та розглянуто перспективи подальшого існування ляща на акваторії заповідника.
Розповсюдження карантинних iнфекцiй у м. Дніпропетровськ та межівському районi
Authors: Gavrilyuk V. G. , Gritsai L. V. , Vinnikov A. I.
Published: March 2015

Показано динамiку розповсюдження карантинних iнфекцiй у мiстi Днiпропетровськ та Межiвському районi. Дослiджено поширення повiтряно-крапельних і гострих кишкових захворювань за останні 10 років (з 1996 по 2006-й). По м. Дніпропетровськ зареєстровано спалахи захворювань на дифтерiю, менiнгiт, сальмонельоз, дизентерiю та ешерихiози, по Межівському району – на дифтерiю та сальмонельоз.