bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analisis Kemampuan Smash Bola Voli Ditinjau dari Kelentukan Pergelangan Tangan Permainan Bola Voli di SMAN 5 Barru
Authors: Saharullah Saharullah , Arsy Ahmad Zaky , Saripin Saripin , Muhammadong Muhammadong
Published: March 2024

Analisis kelentukan pergelangan tangan pemain bola voli SMAN 5 Barru.” memiliki persentase, yaitu 2 orang  yang masuk dalam kriteria Sangat Rendah dengan persentase 10%. 2 orang yang masuk dalam kriteria Sedang dengan persentase 10%, 9 0rang yang masuk dalam kriteria Baik dengan presentase 45%. dan 7 Orang yang masuk dalam kriteria Sangat Baik dengan presentase 35%, Analisis kemampuan smash bola voli pemain bola voli SMAN 5 Barru.” memiliki persentase, yaitu 2 orang  yang masuk dalam kriteria Sangat Rendah dengan persentase 10%. 4 orang yang masuk dalam kriteria Sedang dengan persentase 20%, 7 0rang yang masuk dalam kriteria Baik dengan presentase 35%. dan 7 Orang yang masuk dalam kriteria Sangat Baik dengan presentase 35% dan data kontribusi kemampuan smash bola voli di tinjau dari kelentukan pergelangan tangan pemain Bola Voli di SMAN 5 Barru yaitu sampel terdapat 20 orang, R squer 0.878, dan Sig 0.000 dengan kata lain kontribusi dari kelentukan pergelangan tangan pemain Bola Voli di SMAN 5 Barru terhadap kemampuan smash bola voli memiliki persentase 87.8%
Pengembangan Modul dengan Pendekatan React pada Materi SPLDV di SMPN 2 Banyakan
Authors: Putri Hani Yuanta Risma , Sulistyono Bambang Agus , Handayani Aprilia Dwi , Jatmiko Jatmiko
Published: March 2024

Modul merupakan media pembelajaraan yang dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran, modul biasanya disebut sebagai bahan belajar sendiri (self material learning). Sebagian besar siswa memiliki kendala ketika belajar matematika, karena menurut siswa matematika merupakan ilmu yang sulit untuk dipelajari. Berdasarkan hal tersebut peneliti mengembangkan modul dengan mengkaitkan materi dengan kehidupan nyata siswa. Salah satu pendekatan dalam matematika yang berkaitan dengan kehidupan nyata adalah dengan pendekatan REACT (Realiting, Experiencing, Applyinh, Cooperating, Transfering). Penelitian ini dilakukan di SMPN 2 Banyakan dengn jumlah siswa 21 siswa. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengembangkan media pembelajaran modul yang valid, praktis, dan efektif bagi siswa. Model pengembangan yang digunakan peneliti adalah ADDIE yang meliputi 5 tahapan yaitu analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. Teknik pengumpula data yang dilakukan oleh peneliti dengan memberikan angket validasi kepada para validator, memberikan angket respon untuk mengetahui kepraktisan media, dan memberikan soal pre-test dan post-test. Dari hasil validasi yang telah dilakukan peneliti diperoleh presentase sebesar  dari ahli materi,  dari ahli media, dan  dari ahli praktisi. Berdasarkan dari hasil validasi yang telah dilakukan media dinyatakan sangat layak untuk digunakan. Sedangkan kepraktisan media diperoleh presentase  dengan kategori praktis. Dan hasil validasi media dikatakan efektif diperoleh nilai rata-rata .
Usulan Standar Tingkat Pencapaian Perkembangan Anak Usia 0-1 Tahun
Authors: Palupi Diana Indah , Lesmana Diana Earlyana , Farista Dian , Yusnita Erlin , Rahmani Emma , Gustina Hera , Pertiwi Hikmah , Susanti Debie
Published: March 2024

This article discusses the process of growth and development of children aged 0-1 years which is continuous throughout the stages of life, but the speed of growth varies according to the stages of age. Growth is a change in the number, size, size of the body or limbs, which can be physically measured through weighing, measuring height, measuring head circumference, arm circumference and others. Development is the increase in abilities or skills in more complex body structures and functions in a regular and predictable pattern as a result of experience and the process of movement, intellectual, social and emotional maturation. Development is influenced by heredity, environment, culture and family values in each individual. The combination of these factors gives rise to the wide variety of variations that can be observed in children. Growth and development occur very rapidly, therefore stimulation of children at this age is very important because healthy and intelligent children will grow and develop optimally. The rate of growth and development of children aged 0-1 years which is described in various sources and guidelines in the national curriculum, there are proposed indicators of development in aspects of language development, namely the ability to express language and listen through non-verbal communication through children's reading books.
Guest Editor’s Column
Authors: Arvidsson Alf
Published: March 2024

The wide span of themes, methods and perspectives in this issue of Puls testifies to the expansion of the epistemological expectations in ethnomusicology, or, the increasing number of fields in which ethnomusicology can claim a position and make substantial contributions. The articles in this issue address themes such as:

•The affordance to make music that an audience offers musicians.•The technical possibilities and restraints of different media and the conventions on how to handle them.•The changing of meanings and performance practices when music is moved across time, space and social networks.•Music being comprehensible by establishing patterns – and patterns of deviating from patterns.•Music representing audiences and musicians, musicians and audiences representing music, musicians and audiences representing or challenging each other by the means of music.• Music and society constructing and reconstructing each other.
”Ett värdefullt arv till kommande generationer av estlandssvenskar”
Authors: Joons Gylling Sofia
Published: March 2024

This article analyses the creation and maintenance of a certain Estonia-Swedish cultural heritage: songs written in dialect by the singer-songwriter Mats Ekman (1865–1934) from Rickul/Riguldi in Estonia. The aim is to look into how Ekman’s song repertoire has been compiled, published and transmitted and what this process says about Estonia-Swedish identity. The author describes the Estonia-Swedes’ maintenance of culture within their community in exile after World War II as a multifaceted phenomenon that consisted of both memory production and culture heritage processes. Since Ekman’s songs have not been preserved in either official or NGO archives, the publications have acted both as a means of preservation and of transmitting Ekman’s repertoire. Characteristic for the transmission is that both the compilers of the publications and the primary target-groups belonged to the Estonia-Swedish community. The author suggests this kind of transmission of culture to be termed publikativt kulturarvande (publicative cultural heritageing), as the goal for the publication is to pass on cultural heritage to potential heirs and not to preserve a song-repertoire or amuse readers outside the community. Over time, an internal change took place within the target-group that went from consisting of the older generation, with their own memories of the songs, to younger generations, with none of their own memories of pre-war life in Estonia. This change affected the content of the publications as translations to standard Swedish, notes, background information and recordings of the songs were added. In the initial context, the publications with Ekman’s songs had a role of activating memory, which later evolved into a memory-creating role. During the transition between these two functions, Ekman’s songs began to be presented as Estonia-Swedish cultural heritage.
“It Has Seldom Been So Difficult to Try to Dress Up a Sound Experience in Words”
Authors: Nilsson Bo , Edin Kerstin
Published: March 2024

The aim of this paper is to explore the rhetoric of sound in high fidelity magazines, and how this rhetoric is linked to a technological discourse. Rhetoric of sound refers to the magazines’ efforts to describe sound and music experiences in words. The aim is also to show how an identified technological discourse legitimizes a specific social order. The paper argues that the technological discourse naturalizes the link between technology and masculinity based on notions of gender differences, and that it reproduces a technological worldview in general by offering multiple positions of identification.
Guest Editor’s Column
Authors: Ronström Owe
Published: March 2024

The theme of this issue of Puls is music and minorities. Three words, a perspective, and a field of research. The first word states the field’s raison d’etre, its empirical research focus, aim and objective. The last sets the starting point that serves to place the field within specific social and cultural geographies and to populate it with a certain kind of research objects. And in the middle that little connecting word that establishes the productive intersection that makes the field meaningful. It is this ‘and’ that sets up and signals a relation to be explored, about expressive forms and certain types of groups, about power, visibility, recognition, cultural complexity and more. The articles are based on presentations at the 11th Symposium of the ICTM Study Group of Music and Minorities, held in Uppsala, Sweden, 25–29 October 2021. After being postponed due to the Covid pandemic some 50 ethnomusicologists from 19 countries in four continents gathered, onsite and online, to discuss themes like music of minorities as national cultural heritage, ecological issues on music and minorities, new research, theory and method. All the articles discuss the roles and functions of music for groups that position themselves or are positioned as minorities in some respect, either the emphasis is on how music helps to establish, shape and gather, or to express, manifest, symbolise and represent such groups.
Capitalismo y esclavitud contemporánea: interrelaciones y políticas de lucha por su erradicación en Brasil
Authors: Rudowski Tomasz , Soares Mesquita Lucas Isaac
Published: March 2024

El objetivo del artículo es analizar y explicar la relación entre capitalismo y es-clavitud, así como mostrar la lucha contemporánea por su erradicación en Brasil. En el artículo se utiliza el eclecticismo analítico para contribuir a una mejor comprensión del fenómeno en cuestión. Este artículo propone vincular el capitalismo a nivel teórico con la esclavitud, en lugar de relacionarlo con el trabajo asalariado, lo que conduce a reevalua-ciones radicales en las que se profundiza. El caso de Brasil es importante porque fue el último país latinoamericano en abolir la esclavitud (1888) y actualmente se encamina hacia el récord de rescate de trabajadores esclavizados en la última década. Los autores subrayan el rol de la actuación de la sociedad civil organizada en el actual combate y el estableci-miento de políticas públicas para la erradicación del trabajo esclavo en Brasil.
Fetal liver macrophages contribute to the hematopoietic stem cell niche by controlling granulopoiesis
Authors: Kayvanjoo Amir Hossein , Splichalova Iva , Bejarano David Alejandro , Huang Hao , Mauel Katharina , Makdissi Nikola , Heider David , Tew Hui Ming , Balzer Nora Reka , Greto Eric , Osei-Sarpong Collins , Baßler Kevin , Schultze Joachim L , Uderhardt Stefan , Kiermaier Eva , Beyer Marc , Schlitzer Andreas , Mass Elvira
Published: March 2024

During embryogenesis, the fetal liver becomes the main hematopoietic organ, where stem and progenitor cells as well as immature and mature immune cells form an intricate cellular network. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in a specialized niche, which is essential for their proliferation and differentiation. However, the cellular and molecular determinants contributing to this fetal HSC niche remain largely unknown. Macrophages are the first differentiated hematopoietic cells found in the developing liver, where they are important for fetal erythropoiesis by promoting erythrocyte maturation and phagocytosing expelled nuclei. Yet, whether macrophages play a role in fetal hematopoiesis beyond serving as a niche for maturing erythroblasts remains elusive. Here, we investigate the heterogeneity of macrophage populations in the murine fetal liver to define their specific roles during hematopoiesis. Using a single-cell omics approach combined with spatial proteomics and genetic fate-mapping models, we found that fetal liver macrophages cluster into distinct yolk sac-derived subpopulations and that long-term HSCs are interacting preferentially with one of the macrophage subpopulations. Fetal livers lacking macrophages show a delay in erythropoiesis and have an increased number of granulocytes, which can be attributed to transcriptional reprogramming and altered differentiation potential of long-term HSCs. Together, our data provide a detailed map of fetal liver macrophage subpopulations and implicate macrophages as part of the fetal HSC niche.
Phosphorylation, disorder, and phase separation govern the behavior of Frequency in the fungal circadian clock
Authors: Tariq Daniyal , Maurici Nicole , Bartholomai Bradley M , Chandrasekaran Siddarth , Dunlap Jay C , Bah Alaji , Crane Brian R
Published: March 2024

Circadian clocks are composed of transcription-translation negative feedback loops that pace rhythms of gene expression to the diurnal cycle. In the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa, the proteins Frequency (FRQ), the FRQ-interacting RNA helicase (FRH), and Casein-Kinase I (CK1) form the FFC complex that represses expression of genes activated by the white-collar complex (WCC). FRQ orchestrates key molecular interactions of the clock despite containing little predicted tertiary structure. Spin labeling and pulse-dipolar electron spin resonance spectroscopy provide domain-specific structural insights into the 989-residue intrinsically disordered FRQ and the FFC. FRQ contains a compact core that associates and organizes FRH and CK1 to coordinate their roles in WCC repression. FRQ phosphorylation increases conformational flexibility and alters oligomeric state, but the changes in structure and dynamics are non-uniform. Full-length FRQ undergoes liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) to sequester FRH and CK1 and influence CK1 enzymatic activity. Although FRQ phosphorylation favors LLPS, LLPS feeds back to reduce FRQ phosphorylation by CK1 at higher temperatures. Live imaging of Neurospora hyphae reveals FRQ foci characteristic of condensates near the nuclear periphery. Analogous clock repressor proteins in higher organisms share little position-specific sequence identity with FRQ; yet, they contain amino acid compositions that promote LLPS. Hence, condensate formation may be a conserved feature of eukaryotic clocks.
Blinding reduces institutional prestige bias during initial review of applications for a young investigator award
Authors: Hultgren Anne E , Patras Nicole MF , Hicks Jenna
Published: March 2024

Organizations that fund research are keen to ensure that their grant selection processes are fair and equitable for all applicants. In 2020, the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation introduced blinding to the first stage of the process used to review applications for Beckman Young Investigator (BYI) awards: applicants were instructed to blind the technical proposal in their initial Letter of Intent by omitting their name, gender, gender-identifying pronouns, and institutional information. Here we examine the impact of this change by comparing the data on gender and institutional prestige of the applicants in the first four years of the new policy (BYI award years 2021–2024) with data on the last four years of the old policy (2017–2020). We find that under the new policy, the distribution of applicants invited to submit a full application shifted from those affiliated with institutions regarded as more prestigious to those outside of this group, and that this trend continued through to the final program awards. We did not find evidence of a shift in the distribution of applicants with respect to gender.
Offloading the computational complexity of transfer learning with generic features
Authors: Safdar Ali Khan Muhammad , Husen Arif , Nisar Shafaq , Ahmed Hasnain , Shah Muhammad Syed , Aftab Shabib
Published: March 2024

Deep learning approaches are generally complex, requiring extensive computational resources and having high time complexity. Transfer learning is a state-of-the-art approach to reducing the requirements of high computational resources by using pre-trained models without compromising accuracy and performance. In conventional studies, pre-trained models are trained on datasets from different but similar domains with many domain-specific features. The computational requirements of transfer learning are directly dependent on the number of features that include the domain-specific and the generic features. This article investigates the prospects of reducing the computational requirements of the transfer learning models by discarding domain-specific features from a pre-trained model. The approach is applied to breast cancer detection using the dataset curated breast imaging subset of the digital database for screening mammography and various performance metrics such as precision, accuracy, recall, F1-score, and computational requirements. It is seen that discarding the domain-specific features to a specific limit provides significant performance improvements as well as minimizes the computational requirements in terms of training time (reduced by approx. 12%), processor utilization (reduced approx. 25%), and memory usage (reduced approx. 22%). The proposed transfer learning strategy increases accuracy (approx. 7%) and offloads computational complexity expeditiously.
Ultrasound and ultraviolet: crypsis in gliding mammals
Authors: Newar Sasha L. , Schneiderová Irena , Hughes Bryan , Bowman Jeff
Published: March 2024

Gliding is only present in six extant groups of mammals—interestingly, despite divergent evolutionary histories, all mammalian gliders are strictly nocturnal. Gliding mammals also seem to have relatively high rates of ultrasound use and ultraviolet-induced photoluminescence (UVP) in contrast with their close relatives. Therefore, we hypothesized that, despite diverging lineages, gliding mammals use similar modes of cryptic communication compared to their non-gliding counterparts. We developed two datasets containing the vocal range (minimum-maximum of the dominant harmonic; kHz) and UVP of 73 and 82 species, respectively; we report four novel vocal repertoires and 57 novel observations of the presence or absence of UVP. We complemented these datasets with information about body size, diel activity patterns, habitat openness, and sociality to explore possible covariates related to vocal production and UVP. We found that the maximum of the dominant harmonic was significant higher in gliding mammals when vocalizing than their non-gliding relatives. Additionally, we found that nocturnality was the only significant predictor of UVP, consistent with the previous hypothesis that luminophores primarily drive UVP in mammal fur. In contrast, however, we did not find UVP ubiquitous in nocturnal mammals, suggesting that some unknown process may contribute to variation in this trait.
The interaction of InvF-RNAP is mediated by the chaperone SicA in Salmonella sp: an in silico prediction
Authors: Farias André B. , Cortés-Avalos Daniel , Ibarra J. Antonio , Perez-Rueda Ernesto
Published: March 2024

In this work we carried out an in silico analysis to understand the interaction between InvF-SicA and RNAP in the bacterium Salmonella Typhimurium strain LT2. Structural analysis of InvF allowed the identification of three possible potential cavities for interaction with SicA. This interaction could occur with the structural motif known as tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) 1 and 2 in the two cavities located in the interface of the InvF and α-CTD of RNAP. Indeed, molecular dynamics simulations showed that SicA stabilizes the Helix-turn-Helix DNA-binding motifs, i.e., maintaining their proper conformation, mainly in the DNA Binding Domain (DBD). Finally, to evaluate the role of amino acids that contribute to protein-protein affinity, an alanine scanning mutagenesis approach, indicated that R177 and R181, located in the DBD motif, caused the greatest changes in binding affinity with α-CTD, suggesting a central role in the stabilization of the complex. However, it seems that the N-terminal region also plays a key role in the protein-protein interaction, especially the amino acid R40, since we observed conformational flexibility in this region allowing it to interact with interface residues. We consider that this analysis opens the possibility to validate experimentally the amino acids involved in protein-protein interactions and explore other regulatory complexes where chaperones are involved.
Characterization of molecular gas substructures in the protoplanetary disk HD 163296 using ALMA interferometric data
Authors:   , Maluenda Berna Michel Yan Luis
Published: March 2024

This thesis conducts an extensive examination of molecular gas substructures, specifically HCN and C2H, within the protoplanetary disk surrounding HD 163296. Utilizing ALMA interferometric data in two rotational transitions, the study resolves structures down to 10 au scales, focusing on characterizing gas substructures and comparing them with millimeter dust in the disk. The methodology involves parameterizing relative abundance, incorporating Gaussian functions, and employing MCMC analysis to model observed bright ring substructures. The study reveals three bright line emission rings for both HCN and C2H, indicating a high abundance within 150 au of the central star. Interestingly, no universal connection is found between dust and molecular substructures, suggesting complex dynamics. The inner disk (<150 au) exhibits a peak relative abundance of ∼6.8 × 10−11 for HCN and ∼5.0 × 10−11 for C2H, implying active organic chemistry or hidden molecular emissions. Furthermore, a significant overlap between dust and chemical substructures within 150 au is observed, diminishing in the outer disk. The outermost bright rings at approximately 309 and 385 au for HCN and C2H respectively lack correlation with CO substructures, challenging conventional understanding of protoplanetary disk composition and dynamics. Chemical conversion of CO into other species is proposed as a partial explanation for observed vertical substructures and high C/O ratios influencing C2H and HCN abundance. This research enhances our understanding of complex dynamics and chemical processes in protoplanetary disks, providing valuable insights for future planet formation studies.
A critical analysis of Shuryak’s Predictive Radiocarcinogenesis Model
Authors:   , Heumann Schröder Nicolás Matthias
Published: March 2024

Objective: To critically analyze, simplify and implement a predictive radiocarcinogenesis model to estimate the risk of secondary cancer after RT which can effectively compare different radiotherapy treatment plans with the aim of having an additional element of information during the decision-making process for the best RT plan.Methodology: A Python software was developed that was able to implement the model proposed by Shuryak et al. (2009). Simplifications and minor corrections were made which allowed for more compactness and more efficient run times. The model was then reparametrized with newer data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) database and several epidemiological studies using Bayesian Inference. Uncertainty propagation studies were then conducted to understand their propagation better. Finally, the model with its new parameters was applied to a selection of prostate plans to determine if it could construct a risk hierarchy.Results: The model was successfully reparametrized with newer data. Although some parameters show significant deviation from Shuryak’s original parameters, they are mostly on the same order of magnitude, and the differences arise likely due to differences in fitted data and the fitting process itself. Shuryak’s model successfully built a risk hierarchy between prostate plans, although it deviated from the more simplistic linear non-threshold BEIR VII model. It was also possible to simplify some complex mathematical equations, both in general and for particular cases, allowing for easier implementation and more efficient run times.Conclusions: Shuryak’s model was successfully reparametrized and implemented, showing potential to become clinically applicable. However, more comparisons between the model’s result and epidemiological data must be made to evaluate its accuracy better, and more concise and complete second primary cancer studies must be used before the model is reliable enough for clinical decision-making.
Reaching for the future: The education‐focused possible selves of low‐income mothers
Authors: Lee Shawna J. , Oyserman Daphna
Published: June 2007

This chapter describes the educational possible selves of low‐income mothers as they make the transition from welfare to work.
Possible selves and career transition: It's who you want to be, not what you want to do
Authors: Plimmer Geoff , Schmidt Alison
Published: June 2007

This chapter provides background theory and practical steps for a possible selves approach to career development in adult education settings. It also identifies methods to foster development, enhance motivation, and manage setbacks.
Mental retardation and verbal dyspraxia in a new patient with de novo creatine transporter (SLC6A8) mutation
Authors: Battini Roberta , Chilosi Anna , Mei Davide , Casarano Manuela , Alessandrì M. Grazia , Leuzzi Vincenzo , Ferretti Giovanni , Tosetti Michela , Bianchi M. Cristina , Cioni Giovanni
Published: June 2007

We report on a 9.5‐year‐old Italian boy affected by creatine transporter deficit (CT1), due to a de novo mutation in SLC6A8 gene. The patient was investigated by means of a comprehensive neuropsychological protocol and presented with an unusual alteration of speech and expressive‐language function, associated with mental retardation, that differed from CT1 patients described to date. In particular, he exhibited a developmental apraxia of speech (DAS) with motor planning and execution deficit, while receptive language was consistent with his mental age. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor in a patient with Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome
Authors: Jackson Eric M. , Shaikh Tamim H. , Zhang Fan , Wainwright Luanne M. , Storm Phillip B. , Hakonarson Hakon , Zackai Elaine H. , Biegel Jaclyn A.
Published: June 2007

Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a genetic disorder associated with an increased risk of childhood tumors. Here we describe a patient with BWS who developed a central nervous system atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT). To our knowledge, despite the known cancer predisposition, this patient is the first described with BWS to develop an AT/RT. Due to the high propensity of these patients to develop childhood tumors, in addition to routine diagnostic tests, analysis of the tumor DNA using the Illumina Infinium whole‐genome genotyping 550K Beadchip was performed to investigate a possible common underlying mechanism for his BWS and AT/RT. The only alteration detected was monosomy 22, which was accompanied by a somatic mutation in the INI1 rhabdoid tumor gene. These results suggest that, despite an underlying cancer predisposition, the occurrence of BWS and AT/RT in this patient may be unrelated. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aqueous‐solution and solid‐film properties of poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), gelatin, starch, and carboxymethylcellulose polymers
Authors: Mutalik Venkatesh , Manjeshwar Lata S. , Wali Ashwini , Sairam Malladi , Sreedhar Bojja , Raju K. V. S. N. , Aminabhavi Tejraj M.
Published: June 2007

With the density and viscosity results for five polymers—poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), gelatin (Ge), starch (St), and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)—measured in aqueous solutions at different temperatures, we have computed the excess molar volumes and activities. Smaller excess molar volumes for PVA solutions are attributed to specific types of interactions, whereas for other polymers, these data are quite large, indicating dispersion‐type interactions. The activity data of the polymer solutions vary widely, depending on the nature of the polymers and their intermolecular interactions. The freestanding film properties of the polymers indicate that Ge and PVA produce stable films, whereas brittle films can be obtained for PVP and St. The mechanical strength properties of PVA and CMC have been found to be suitable for membrane fabrication. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Preparation of a poly(vinyl chloride)/layered double hydroxide nanocomposite with a reduced heavy‐metal thermal stabilizer
Authors: Chen Guangming
Published: June 2007

A novel poly(vinyl chloride) nanocomposite with layered double hydroxide was successfully prepared via a melt‐compounding process in which the positively charged platelets were dramatically exfoliated and homogeneously dispersed. Because of the absorption of the released hydrochloric vapor by both layered double hydroxide platelets and an organomodifier (stearate anions), the added amount of the conventional toxic heavy‐metal heat stabilizer could be reduced. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Rheological behavior of polypropylene/novolac blends
Authors: Cui Limei , Zhou Zhen , Zhang Yong , Zhang Yinxi , Zhang Xiangfu , Zhou Wen
Published: June 2007

The rheological behavior of polypropylene/novolac blends was investigated with special reference to the effects of the blend ratio, compatibilization, and dynamic cure. The polypropylene and all the polypropylene/novolac blends presented evidence of shear‐thinning behavior. The novolac, compatibilizer, and dynamic cure had dramatic effects on the rheological behavior of the polypropylene. Various rheological plots, including plots of the viscosity, storage modulus, loss modulus, and loss angle, Han plots, and Cole–Cole plots, were used to analyze the polypropylene/novolac blends. The results showed that the compatibilization together with the dynamic cure could increase the viscosity and modulus because of the formation of a grafting polymer between the maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene and the curing novolac resin. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Effect of the carboxylic acid monomer type on the emulsifier‐free emulsion copolymerization of styrene and butadiene
Authors: Abdollahi Mahdi , Rahmatpour Ali , Khoshniyat Ali Reza
Published: June 2007

Carboxylated styrene–butadiene rubber latexes were prepared through the emulsifier‐free emulsion copolymerization of styrene and butadiene with various carboxylic acid monomers. The effects of various carboxylic acid monomers on the particle formation process were investigated. The type of carboxylic acid monomer strongly affected the particle nucleation. The number of particles and thus the polymerization rate increased with the increasing hydrophobicity of the carboxylic acid monomers. There was a significant difference in the polymerization rate per particle. The results showed that particle nucleation and growth were dependent on the hydrophilic nature of the carboxylic acid monomers. The average particle diameter of the carboxylated styrene–butadiene rubber latexes in the dry state was obtained through some calculations using direct measurements of the average particle diameter in the monomer‐swollen state by a dynamic light scattering technique. Several parameters, such as the polymerization rate, number of latex particles per unit of volume of the aqueous phase, and polymerization rate per particle, were calculated. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Synthesis and enantioselectivities of soluble polymers incorporating optically active binaphthyl and binaphthol
Authors: Zou Xiaowei , Zhang Shuwei , Cheng Yixiang , Liu Yan , Huang Hui , Wang Chunyan
Published: June 2007

A polymer (P‐1) was synthesized through the polymerization of (S)‐6,6′‐dibromo‐3,3′‐dibutyl‐1,1′‐binaphthol with (S)‐2,2′‐dioctoxy‐1,1′‐binaphthyl‐6,6′‐boronic acid in a Pd‐catalyzed Suzuki reaction, and another polymer (P‐2) was synthesized through the polymerization of (S)‐6,6′‐dibromo‐3,3′‐dibutyl‐1,1′‐binaphthol with (S)‐6,6′‐diethynyl‐2,2′‐dioctoxy‐1,1′‐binaphthyl in a Pd‐catalyzed Sonogashira reaction. The two polymers showed good solubility in some common solvents and were characterized with NMR, Fourier transform infrared, gel permeation chromatography, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The application of the chiral monomers and polymers in the asymmetric addition of diethyl zinc to benzaldehyde was studied. The results indicated that P‐1, P‐2, and the monomer (S)‐3,3′‐dibutyl‐1,1′‐binaphthol were efficient ligands in the asymmetric addition of diethyl zinc to benzaldehyde. The chiral polymer ligands P‐1 and P‐2 were more efficient than their monomeric version, (S)‐3,3′‐dibutyl‐1,1′‐binaphthol, and could be easily recovered and reused without a loss of catalytic activity or enantioselectivity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Preparation of poly(lactic acid) and pectin composite films intended for applications in antimicrobial packaging
Authors: Liu L. S. , Finkenstadt V. L. , Liu C.‐K. , Jin T. , Fishman M. L. , Hicks K. B.
Published: June 2007

A pectin and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composite was compounded by extrusion. A model antimicrobial polypeptide, nisin, was loaded into the composite by diffusion. The incorporation of pectin into PLA resulted in a heterogeneous biphasic structure, as revealed by scanning electronic microscopy, confocal laser microscopy, and fracture–acoustic emission. The incorporation of pectin also created a rough and cragged surface, which was hydrophilic and facilitated the access and absorption of nisin. The nisin‐loaded composite suppressed Lactobacillus plantarum growth, as indicated by agar diffusion and liquid‐phase culture tests. The incorporation of pectin at the concentration of ∼ 20% of the total mass did not alter the Young's modulus of the film from that of the pure PLA. The composite materials were able to retain their tensile strength, flexibility, and toughness to an extent that satisfied the requirements for packaging materials. Results from this research indicate the potential of pectin/PLA composites for applications in antimicrobial packaging. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.‡ J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Crystal morphology and nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of short carbon fiber/poly(trimethylene terephthalate) composites
Authors: Run Mingtao , Song Hongzan , Yao Chenguang , Wang Yingjin
Published: June 2007

The crystal morphology and nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of short carbon fiber/poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (SCF/PTT) composites were investigated by polarized optical microscopy (POM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The optical micrographs suggest that the more content of SCF in composites, the smaller size of the spherulites is. Moreover, the addition of SCF can lead to forming banded spherulites in composites. The Avrami equation modified by Jeziorny, Ozawa theory and the method developed by Mo were used, respectively, to fit the primary stage of nonisothermal crystallization of various composites. The results suggest that the SCF served as nucleation agent, accelerates the crystallization rate of the composites, and the more content of SCF, the faster crystallization rate is. Effective activation energy calculated by the differential iso‐conversional method developed by Friedman also concludes that the composite with more SCF component has higher crystallization ability than that with less SCF content. The kinetic parameters U* and Kg are determined, respectively, by the Hoffman–Lauritzen theory. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Biodegradable foams of poly(lactic acid)/starch. I. Extrusion condition and cellular size distribution
Authors: Zhang Jian‐Feng , Sun Xiuzhi
Published: June 2007

Biodegradable foams derived from poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and starch were prepared by extrution using water as a blowing agent and talc as nucleation agent. Foam cellular size and size distribution was significantly affected by extrusion conditions (i.e., extruder temperature profiles, die diameters, and screw speed), and material compositions, (i.e., water concentration, PLA/starch ratio, and nucleation agent concentration). Foam with a relatively fine cellular size and uniform cellular size distribution was obtained under optimized conditions of PLA/starch ratio at 40/60, 15% water, 195°C temperature before the die, 3‐mm die nozzle diameter, 200‐rpm screw speed, and 2% talc. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Kinetics of hydroxymethyl phenols formation by in‐line FTIR spectroscopy
Authors: Poljanšek Ida , Likozar Blaž , Krajnc Matjaž
Published: June 2007

The kinetics of phenol–formaldehyde prepolymers catalyzed by sodium hydroxide at various temperatures was studied. Several reactions were conducted with different phenol to formaldehyde as well as phenol to sodium hydroxide molar ratios. The React‐IR system was used to monitor the reaction as well as to determine residual free phenol and formaldehyde.

The changes in the concentrations of phenol and formaldehyde with the reaction time were determined. The value of the concentration of the hydroxide ion, [OH−], was obtained by measuring the pH value of reaction mixture. The concentration of the hydroxide ion, [OH−], expressed as a function of reaction time, was fitted by the six‐order polynomial to the experimental data. On the basis of the proposed reaction scheme the kinetic model was developed. The kinetic parameters were obtained by adjusting the experimental evolution of phenol and formaldehyde during the synthesis. Using this method the changes in the concentrations of five species of hydroxymethyl phenols with the reaction time was also been calculated. The activation energy and preexponential factor have been calculated for individual reactions. The accuracy of the kinetic model was confirmed by comparing experimental concentration profiles of formaldehyde and phenol with the calculated ones for different molar ratios. The experimental tendencies are in agreement with the results of the model. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Purification and characterization of an analgesic peptide from Buthus martensii Karsch
Authors: Shao Jianhua , Kang Ning , Liu Yanfeng , Song Shuang , Wu Chunfu , Zhang Jinghai
Published: June 2007

The scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch (BmK) has been one of the indispensable materials in Chinese traditional medicine for thousands of years. In this work, an analgesic peptide was purified through four continuous chromatographic steps. The mouse twisting test was used to identify the target peptides in every separation step. The molecular weight, isoelectric point, and N‐terminal residues of the purified peptide were determined. Based on the N‐terminal sequence, the cDNA was also cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA ends from the cDNA pool of scorpion glands. This peptide was identical to BmK AS, an agonist of rabbit skeletal muscle ryanodine receptors. Preliminary pharmacodynamics revealed the following: the dose–effect curve plotted by the mouse twisting test showed an ED50 of 1.42 mg/kg; and the time–effect curves plotted by a hot plate procedure showed a similar effect to the painkiller morphine. We report a purification procedure that yields substantial amounts of natural BmK AS having high activity. BmK AS has the potential to become a new analgesic medicine. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a two‐step chromatography procedure that allows the purification of a high‐purity anti‐histone H1 monoclonal immunoglobulin M antibody with immunosuppressant activity
Authors: Shimada Yayoi , Goto Takeshi , Kawamoto Seiji , Kiso Takashi , Katayama Akiko , Yamanaka Yasushi , Aki Tsunehiro , Chiang Kuei‐Chen , Nakano Toshiaki , Goto Shigeru , Chen Chao‐Long , Ohmori Naoya , Ono Kazuhisa , Sato Shuji
Published: June 2007

In organ transplantation, the development of a novel immunosuppressant free of the need for permanent administration and any serious side effects has eagerly been awaited. We have previously reported that an anti‐histone H1 polyclonal antibody has immunosuppressant activity. Here we prepared an anti‐histone H1 monoclonal antibody as an analytical tool to elucidate its mechanism of immunosuppression. The isotype of this monoclonal antibody was immunoglobulin M. A monoclonal antibody prepared for administration to organ transplantation model animals should not contain any allogenic proteins and should have high purity. Therefore, we conducted a two‐step chromatography procedure, consisting of strong anion‐exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography, to purify an anti‐histone H1 monoclonal immunoglobulin M antibody from the serum‐free culture supernatant of hybridomas. Consequently, we successfully purified the monoclonal antibody at 96%, a purification rate at which its administration to organ transplantation model animals is possible. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid and simple liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of zidovudine in rat plasma
Authors: Mudigonda Koteshwara , Jukanti Raju , Apte Shashank S. , Kishan Veerabrahma , Maurya Santosh , Kandikere Vishwottam , Nirogi Ramakrishna
Published: June 2007

A high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the quantification of zidovudine in rat plasma. Following solid‐phase extraction, the analytes were separated using an isocratic mobile phase on a reverse phase column and analyzed by MS/MS in the multiple reaction monitoring mode using the respective [M + H]+ ions, m/z 268/127 for zidovudine and m/z 230/112 for the internal standard. The method exhibited a linear dynamic range of 5–500 ng/mL for zidovudine in rat plasma. The lower limit of quantification was 5 ng/mL with a relative standard deviation of less than 8%. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for concentrations over the standard curve range. A run time of 1.5 min for each sample made it possible to analyze more than 400 plasma samples per day. The validated method was applied for pharmacokinetic studies of the novel drug delivery systems of zidovudine in rats. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Herstellung von Acylheterocumulenen aus fünfgliedrigen Ringen mit Hilfe von Phosphinen
Authors: Goerdeler Joachim , Haag Jürgen , Lindner Christian , Losch Rainer
Published: June 2007

Die Eliminierung von Schwefel aus Derivaten des 1,2,4‐Dithiazols, 1,2,4‐Thiadiazols und Isothiazols mit Hilfe von tertiären Phosphinen (Phosphiten) ergab Thiocarbamoyl‐isothiocyanate (2a–c). Imidoyl‐carbodiimide (7a–c) und ‐ketenimine (10a–c). Sie wurden teils in Substanz, teils als Folge‐ oder Abfangprodukte isoliert. Aus zwei 1,2‐Dithiol‐3‐thionen wurden nach dieser Methode in Gegenwart von Cyclohexylamin Verbindungen (5c,d) erhalten. die mit der Intermediärbildung von Thioacyl‐thioketenen (4) gedeutet werden können.
Kernresonanzspektroskopische Untersuchungen an Borverbindungen, VI. 14N‐ und 11 ‐Kernresonanzstudien an Silylaminen und Silylaminoboranen
Authors: Nöth Heinrich , Tinhof Wolfgang , Wrackmeyer Bernd
Published: June 2007

Die chemischen Verschiebungen δ14N von 39 Silylaminen [(CH3)3SiNR2, [(CH3)3Si]2NR, [(CH3)3Si]3N und Si‐chlorierte Bis(silyl)amine] werden zusammen mit den δ14N‐ und δ11B‐Daten von 19 Silylaminoboranen mitgeteilt. Sie sind mit dem Modell der SiN‐(pd). π‐Bindung interpretierbar.

Die Borylierung führt zu einem Abschirmungsverlust am Stickstoff. (pp)‐π‐Bindung zwischen Bor‐ und Stickstoff sowie geometrische Effekte werden zur Deutung der δ14N‐und δ 11B‐Daten herangezogen.
13C‐NMR‐Spektren von π‐Komplexen des Indens zur Bestimmung der Haptoeigenschaften von Liganden
Authors: Köhler Frank H.
Published: June 2007

Die Analyse der 13C‐NMR‐Spektren von Inden und einigen π‐Komplexen des Indens erlaubt, zwischen h6‐, h5‐ und h3‐Verbindungen zu unterscheiden. Insbesondere wird die Struktur von Bis(h3‐indenyl)nickel geklärt und über eine verbesserte Synthese dieser Verbindung berichtet.
Über Reaktionen des Trioxotrifluorcyclotrithiazens (Sulfanurfluorids) mit Aminen
Authors: Wagner Hartmut , Mews Rüdiger , Lin Teh‐Pei , Glemser Oskar
Published: June 2007

Je nach Wahl des Lösungsmittels und der Reaktionstemperatur lassen sich in (NSO)3F3(1) mit sekundären Aminen ein oder zwei Fluoratome unter Bildung von (NSO)3F2NR2 (2) oder (NSO)3F(NR2)2 (2) austauschen. Primäre Amine reagieren zu (NSO)3F3· 3RNH2 [(NSO)3‐F2NHR. RNH2 (3) + RNH3F]; die freien Amine (NSO)3F2NHR (4) entstehen bei der Umsetzung dieses Produktgemisches mit HCl. Die Addukte 3 sind in wäßriger Lösung in lonen dissoziiert, mit Ph4PCl fallen die entsprechenden Salze[Ph4P]+(NSO)3F2NR−(5) aus. Mit Butyllithium ergeben die Amine 4 die entsprechenden Lithiumverbindungen LiNR(NSO)3F2 (6).
Die Kristall‐ und Molekülstruktur von 2,4‐Bis(diäthylamino)‐1,3‐ cyclobutadiendicarbonsäurediäthylester
Authors: Lindner Hans Jörg , von Gross Brigitte
Published: June 2007

Die Röntgenstrukturanalyse der Titelverbindung zeigt, daß in der Elementarzelle zwei Paare symmetrieunabhängiger aber zentrosymmetrischer Moleküle liegen, deren Daten im Rahmen der Fehlergrenzen übereinstimmen. Danach hat der viergliedrige Ring die Form eines deformierten Quadrates mit Bindungslängen von 1.46 Å und Winkeln von 87 bzw. 93°. Die an die Estergruppe gebundenen Zentren des viergliedrigen Rings weisen Knickwinkel von 23° auf.
Röntgenographische Kristallstrukturbestimmung von 1,1,3,3‐Tetrakis(dimethylamino)allyl‐perchlorat
Authors: Oeser Ernst
Published: June 2007

Die Struktur des Tetrakis(dimethylamino)allyl‐Kations wurde mit Hilfe der Röntgenstrukturanalyse seines ClO4‐Salzes bestimmt. Die sterischen und π‐ Elektronenwechselwirkungen innerhalb des Ions führen zu einer Aufweitung von Bindungswinkeln bis auf 125° und zu einer Verdrillung von 30° aus der ebenen anordnung um sämtliche C‐C‐ und C‐N‐Bindungen. Das Ion besitzt die Symmetrie C2.
Über die Darstellung neuer Chlorformamidine
Authors: Appel Rolf , Warning Klaus , Ziehn Klaus‐Dieter
Published: June 2007

Durch Einwirkung von Phosphin/Tetrachlorkohlenstoff oder von Dichlortriphenylphos‐phoran auf N,N,N′‐trisubstituierte Harnstoffe können auch solche Chlorformamidine dargestellt werden, die nach den bisherigen Methoden nicht oder nur schwer zugänglich sind. Die spektroskopischen und analytischen Daten der neuen Verbindungen sind angegeben.
Die Kristall‐ und Molekülstruktur des 6,6‐Bis(dimethylamino)fulvens
Authors: Böhme Reinhild , Burzlaff Hans
Published: June 2007

Das 6,6‐Bis(dimethylamino)fulven kristallisiert in der Raumgruppe Pn21a mit den Gitter‐konstanten ao = 13.344 Å, bo = 7.844 Å und co = 9.438 Å. Die Struktur wurde durch Superposition und anschließende Resymmetrisierung der Patterson‐Funktion und mit direkten Methoden in der zentrosymmetrischen Obergruppe Pnma gelöst.
Darstellung und Schwingungsspektren von Trimethylsilyl‐, Trimethylgermyl‐ und Trimethylstannyl‐tert‐butylphosphinen
Authors: Schumann Herbert , Rösch Lutz
Published: June 2007

Trimethylchlorsilan reagiert mit Magnesium und Di‐tert‐butylchlorphosphin, tert‐ Butyl‐dichlorphoshin oder PCl3 in Tetrahydrofuran unter Bildung von Di‐tert‐butyl(trimethylsilyl)phosphin, tert‐Butylbis(trimethylsily)phosphin bzw. Tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphin in hohen Ausbeuten. Durch Umsetzung dieser Organosilylphosphine mit Trimethylgermaniumchlorid oder Trimethylzinnchlorid erhält man die entsprechenden Trimethylgermanium‐bzw. Trimethylzinn‐phosphine. Die Infrarot‐und Raman‐Spektren werden diskutiert.
Glycoside von Aminozuckern, IV. Synthese von Disacchariden der 2‐Amino‐2‐desoxy‐ und der 3‐Amino‐3‐desoxy‐D‐glucose
Authors: Zu Reckendorf Wolfgang Meyer , Radatus Bruno , Bischof Eberhard , Weber Rolf
Published: June 2007

Die Koenigs‐Knorr‐Reaktion zwischen zwei Derivaten der 2‐Amino‐2‐desoxy‐D‐glucose (3 und 4) wurde in Abhängigkeit vom Lösungsmittel untersucht. Die höchste Ausbeute an α‐Disaccharid 5 konnte in einem Gemisch von Toluol und 1,2‐Dimethoxyäthan erhalten werden. Die Kondensation zweier Derivate der 3‐Amino‐3‐desoxy‐D‐glucose (11 und 13) unter ähnlichen Bedingungen führte zu den bisher unbekannten 1,6‐verknüpften α‐ und β‐Disacchariden (15 bzw. 14) dieses Zuckers.