bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A non-parametric approach to estimate multiplicity of infection and pathogen haplotype frequencies
Authors: Kayanula Loyce , Schneider Kristan Alexander
Published: July 2024

Introduction

The presence of multiple genetically distinct variants (lineages) within an infection (multiplicity of infection, MOI) is common in infectious diseases such as malaria. MOI is considered an epidemiologically and clinically relevant quantity that scales with transmission intensity and potentially impacts the clinical pathogenesis of the disease. Several statistical methods to estimate MOI assume that the number of infectious events per person follows a Poisson distribution. However, this has been criticized since empirical evidence suggests that the number of mosquito bites per person is over-dispersed compared to the Poisson distribution.

Methods

We introduce a statistical model that does not assume that MOI follows a parametric distribution, i.e., the most flexible possible approach. The method is designed to estimate the distribution of MOI and allele frequency distributions from a single molecular marker. We derive the likelihood function and propose a maximum likelihood approach to estimate the desired parameters. The expectation maximization algorithm (EM algorithm) is used to numerically calculate the maximum likelihood estimate.

Results

By numerical simulations, we evaluate the performance of the proposed method in comparison to an established method that assumes a Poisson distribution for MOI. Our results suggest that the Poisson model performs sufficiently well if MOI is not highly over-dispersed. Hence, any model extension will not greatly improve the estimation of MOI. However, if MOI is highly over-dispersed, the method is less biased. We exemplify the method by analyzing three empirical evidence in P. falciparum data sets from drug resistance studies in Venezuela, Cameroon, and Kenya. Based on the allele frequency estimates, we estimate the heterozygosity and the average MOI for the respective microsatellite markers.

Discussion

In conclusion, the proposed non-parametric method to estimate the distribution of MOI is appropriate when the transmission intensities in the population are heterogeneous, yielding an over-dispersed distribution. If MOI is not highly over-dispersed, the Poisson model is sufficiently accurate and cannot be improved by other methods. The EM algorithm provides a numerically stable method to derive MOI estimates and is made available as an R script.
Artificial intelligence in marine ecosystem management: addressing climate threats to Kenya’s blue economy
Authors: Gesami Brigid K. , Nunoo Jacob
Published: July 2024

This study investigates the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in monitoring and managing marine ecosystems to address the impacts of climate change on Kenya’s Blue Economy. It aims to assess the threats posed by climate change to these ecosystems and explore the potential of AI solutions to enhance adaptation and resilience. The research employs a comprehensive review of secondary data sources, including academic publications, reports from reputable institutions, and other relevant materials. The study analyzes existing literature on AI applications in marine ecosystem management and climate change mitigation, focusing on the specific context of Kenya’s Blue Economy. The study reveals that climate change poses significant threats to Kenya’s marine ecosystems, including coral bleaching, ocean acidification, sea-level rise, and disruptions to ocean currents. AI technologies offer promising solutions for monitoring and managing these impacts, with applications in predictive modeling, resource optimization, and decision support. The research highlights the need for further exploration into specific AI applications tailored to Kenya’s unique coastal challenges and the importance of incorporating diverse stakeholder perspectives. Additionally, it emphasizes the necessity for long-term impact assessments of AI technologies in the context of climate change mitigation. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on AI applications in environmental management, particularly within the context of Kenya’s Blue Economy. By identifying the potential of AI to enhance resilience and sustainability in marine ecosystems, the research offers valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners involved in climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts.
Cholelithiasis and cholecystectomy increase the risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease and Barrett’s esophagus
Authors: Huang Yu , Cai Yicong , Chen Yingji , Zhu Qianjun , Feng Wei , Jin Longyu , Ma Yuchao
Published: July 2024

Background

Cholelithiasis or cholecystectomy may contribute to the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett’s esophagus (BE), and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) through bile reflux; however, current observational studies yield inconsistent findings. We utilized a novel approach combining meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, to assess the association between them.

Methods

The literature search was done using PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases, up to 3 November 2023. A meta-analysis of observational studies assessing the correlations between cholelithiasis or cholecystectomy, and the risk factors for GERD, BE, and EACwas conducted. In addition, the MR analysis was employed to assess the causative impact of genetic pre-disposition for cholelithiasis or cholecystectomy on these esophageal diseases.

Results

The results of the meta-analysis indicated that cholelithiasis was significantly linked to an elevated risk in the incidence of BE (RR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.37–2.29; p < 0.001) and cholecystectomy was a risk factor for GERD (RR, 1.37; 95%CI, 1.09–1.72; p = 0.008). We observed significant genetic associations between cholelithiasis and both GERD (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.02–1.10; p < 0.001) and BE (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.11–1.32; p < 0.001), and a correlation between cholecystectomy and both GERD (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02–1.06; p < 0.001) and BE (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.06–1.19; p < 0.001). After adjusting for common risk factors, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and BMI in multivariate analysis, the risk of GERD and BE still persisted.

Conclusion

Our study revealed that both cholelithiasis and cholecystectomy elevate the risk of GERD and BE. However, there is no observed increase in the risk of EAC, despite GERD and BE being the primary pathophysiological pathways leading to EAC. Therefore, patients with cholelithiasis and cholecystectomy should be vigilant regarding esophageal symptoms; however, invasive EAC cytology may not be necessary.
Single-cell magnetotaxis in mucus-mimicking polymeric solutions
Authors: Bradley Brianna , Escobedo Carlos
Published: July 2024

Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are promising candidates for use as biomicrorobots in biomedical applications due to their motility, self-propulsion, and the ability to direct their navigation with an applied magnetic field. When in the body, the MTB may encounter non-Newtonian fluids such as blood plasma or mucus. However, their motility and the effectiveness of directed navigation in non-Newtonian fluids has yet to be studied on a single-cell level. In this work, we investigate motility of Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 in three concentrations of polyacrylamide (PAM) solution, a mucus-mimicking fluid. The swimming speeds increase from 44.0 ± 13.6 μm/s in 0 mg/mL of PAM to 52.73 ± 15.6 μm/s in 1 mg/mL then decreases to 24.51 ± 11.7 μm/s in 2 mg/mL and 21.23 ± 10.5 μm/s in 3 mg/mL. This trend of a speed increase in low polymer concentrations followed by a decrease in speed as the concentration increases past a threshold concentration is consistent with other studies of motile, flagellated bacteria. Past this threshold concentration of PAM, there is a higher percentage of cells with an overall trajectory angle deviating from the angle of the magnetic field lines. There is also less linearity in the trajectories and an increase in reversals of swimming direction. Altogether, we show that MTB can be directed in polymer concentrations mimicking biological mucus, demonstrating the influence of the medium viscosity on the linearity of their trajectories which alters the effective path that could be predefined in Newtonian fluids when transport is achieved by magnetotaxis.
Food environment in Burkina Faso: priority actions recommended to the government using Food-EPI tool
Authors: Tapsoba Viviane Aurelie , Compaore Ella W. R. , Zeba Augustin Nawidimbasba , Some Jerome Winbetourefa , Manga Julien Soliba , Diouf Adama , Moubarac Jean-Claude , Vandevijvere Stefanie , Dicko Mamoudou Hama
Published: July 2024

Introduction

The food environment is an important factor in the efforts of countries worldwide to achieve a transition to sustainable food systems. The objective of this study is to formulate and prioritize actions to be addressed to the government of Burkina Faso for the creation of a healthy food environment, which will contribute to reducing malnutrition in all its forms and non-communicable diseases.

Methods

National experts were brought together to identify and prioritize actions to fill the gaps identified through a multi-step assessment process following the methodology of the Healthy Food and Environment Policy Index (Food-EPI).

Results

Up to 20 priority policy actions were recommended to the Burkina Faso government. Actions in the policy component focused mainly on regulation of food promotion and marketing, particularly to children, and others in the infrastructure support component focused largely on political leadership, i.e., strong and visible political support from the government to improve the food environment, population nutrition, diet-related non-communicable diseases and their inequalities.

Conclusion

The priority actions to be recommended to the government will strengthen advocacy for government decisions to create a healthier food environment in the country.
Testicular choriocarcinoma with pelvic and pulmonary metastases: a case report
Authors: Bai Xin , Liu Xiao H. , Liang Hai W. , Li Yi S. , Shan Biao F. , Tang Jian M.
Published: July 2024

Testicular tumors represent a common form of solid tumor in young men, with choriocarcinoma of the testis being a rare, non-granulomatous germ cell tumor. It accounts for less than 0.3% of all testicular germ cell tumors. Pelvic and pulmonary metastases originating from testicular choriocarcinoma are exceptionally uncommon in men. This study describes a case of a 27-year-old male diagnosed with testicular choriocarcinoma, presenting initially with nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Furthermore, this review encompasses cases of testiclar choriocarcinoma in individuals aged 30 years and below, both in China and internationally, over the past 20 years.
Case report: Sequential treatment strategy for advanced basal cell carcinoma in Gorlin-Goltz syndrome: integration of vismodegib, radiotherapy, surgery, and high-intensity focused ultrasound
Authors: Calik Jacek , Oślizło Małgorzata , Słocka-Romaniuk Beata , Elsaftawy Ahmed , Sauer Natalia
Published: July 2024

Managing advanced basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in patients with Gorlin-Goltz syndrome presents unique clinical challenges due to the tumor’s aggressive nature and potential for widespread metastasis. This case study details a sequential treatment regimen for a 68-year-old female patient with an extensive, inoperable BCC. Employing a multimodal approach that integrates radiotherapy, the Hedgehog pathway inhibitor vismodegib, and High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU), we demonstrate the potential for nearly complete remission in a patient with advanced BCC. Initial treatment with radiotherapy and vismodegib reduced tumor size significantly, but the largest mass displayed resistance over time, signifying the need for innovative therapies. Subsequent HIFU treatment targeted individual lesions, showcasing a non-invasive method that provided precise treatment while mitigating systemic side effects. The case emphasizes the necessity of continual adaptation in treatment plans to address the development of resistance and underscores the importance of incorporating new technologies and targeted therapies for complex BCC cases. The successful outcome of this integrated strategy suggests a promising direction for future research and highlights the importance of multidisciplinary approaches that tailor treatment to individual patient needs, tumor characteristics, and evolving therapeutic landscapes.
Case report: Dezocine’s rapid and sustained antidepressant effects
Authors: Wang Han , Lyu Nan , Zhao Qian
Published: July 2024

Anhedonia and motivational impairments are cardinal features of depression, against which conventional antidepressants demonstrate limited efficacy. Preclinical investigations and extant clinical trial data substantiate the promise of opioid receptor modulators in addressing anhedonia, depression, and anxiety. While synthetic opioid agents like dezocine are conventionally employed for analgesia, their distinctive pharmacological profile has engendered interest in their potential antidepressant properties and translational applications. Herein, we present a case in which persistent bupropion treatment was ineffective. However, the incidental administration of a single low-dose intravenous injection of dezocine resulted in a rapid and sustained amelioration of depressive symptoms, particularly anhedonia and motivational deficits. Our findings posit a potentially novel role for the “legacy drug” dezocine.
Artemvulactone E isolated from Artemisia vulgaris L. ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in both RAW264.7 and zebrafish model
Authors: Zhao Zibo , Lin Shimin , Liu Tao , Hu Xiao , Qin Shurong , Zhan Fengyun , Ma Jiaqi , Huang Chen , Huang Zhibin , Wang Yifei , Zheng Kai , Zhang Wenqing , Ren Zhe
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Natural plants are valuable resources for exploring new bioactive compounds. Artemisia vulgaris L. is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb that has been historically used for treating multiple diseases. Active compounds isolated and extracted from A. vulgaris L. typically possess immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Artemvulactone E (AE) is a new sesquiterpene lactone isolated and extracted from A. vulgaris L. with unclear biological activities.

Methods

The immunoregulatory effects of AE on macrophages were assessed by ELISA, RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence, and western blot assay. The effect of AE on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -relates signaling pathways was examined by western blot assay. In zebrafish models, the larvae were yolk-microinjected with LPS to establish inflammation model and the effect of AE was evaluated by determining the survival rate, heart rate, yolk sac edema size, neutrophils and macrophages infiltration of zebrafish. The interaction between AE and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was examined by molecular docking and dynamic stimulation.

Results

AE reduced the expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), inflammatory mediators iNOS and COX-2, as well as decreases the production of intracellular NO and ROS in LPS-stimulated macrophages. In addition, AE exerted its anti-inflammatory effect synergistically by inhibiting MAPK/JAK/STAT3-NF-κB signaling pathways. Furthermore, AE enhanced the survival rate and attenuated inflammatory response in zebrafish embryos treated with LPS. Finally, the molecular dynamics results indicate that AE forms stable complexes with LPS receptor TLR4 through the Ser127 residue, thus completely impairing the subsequent activation of MAPK-NF-κB signaling.

Conclusion

AE exhibits notable anti-inflammatory activity and represents as a potential agent for treating inflammation-associated diseases.
Medicinal polypharmacology—a scientific glossary of terminology and concepts
Authors: Stefan Sven Marcel , Rafehi Muhammad
Published: July 2024

Medicinal polypharmacology is one answer to the complex reality of multifactorial human diseases that are often unresponsive to single-targeted treatment. It is an admittance that intrinsic feedback mechanisms, crosstalk, and disease networks necessitate drugs with broad modes-of-action and multitarget affinities. Medicinal polypharmacology grew to be an independent research field within the last two decades and stretches from basic drug development to clinical research. It has developed its own terminology embedded in general terms of pharmaceutical drug discovery and development at the intersection of medicinal chemistry, chemical biology, and clinical pharmacology. A clear and precise language of critical terms and a thorough understanding of underlying concepts is imperative; however, no comprehensive work exists to this date that could support researchers in this and adjacent research fields. In order to explore novel options, establish interdisciplinary collaborations, and generate high-quality research outputs, the present work provides a first-in-field glossary to clarify the numerous terms that have originated from various individual disciplines.
Exogenous application of selenium on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to enhance drought stress tolerance by morpho-physiological and biochemical adaptations
Authors: Ameen Muaz , Zia Muhammad Anjum , Najeeb Alawadi Hussam F. , Naqve Maria , Mahmood Athar , Shahzad Ahamad Naeem , Khan Bilal Ahmad , Alhammad Bushra Ahmed , Aljabri Maha , Seleiman Mahmoud F.
Published: July 2024

Drought stress poses a significant obstacle to agricultural productivity, particularly in the case of oilseed crops such as sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Selenium (Se) is a fundamental micronutrient that has been recognized for its ability to enhance plant resilience in the face of various environmental stresses. The FH-770 sunflower variety was cultivated in pots subjected to three stress levels (100% FC, 75% FC, and 50% FC) and four Se application rates (0 ppm, 30 ppm, 60 ppm, and 90 ppm). This research aimed to investigate the effect of exogenously applied Se on morpho-physiological and biochemical attributes of sunflower to improve the drought tolerance. Foliar Se application significantly lowered H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide; ROS) (20.89%) accumulation that markedly improved glycine betaine (GB) (74.46%) and total soluble protein (Pro) (68.63%), improved the accumulation of ascorbic acid (AA) (25.51%), total phenolics (TP) (39.34%), flavonoids (Flv) (73.16%), and anthocyanin (Ant) (83.73%), and improved the activity of antioxidant system superoxide dismutase (SOD) (157.63%), peroxidase (POD) (100.20%), and catalase (CAT) (49.87%), which ultimately improved sunflower growth by 36.65% during drought stress. Supplemental Se significantly increased shoot Se content (93.86%) and improved calcium (Ca2+), potassium (K+), and sodium (Na+) ions in roots by 36.16%, 42.68%, and 63.40%, respectively. Selenium supplements at lower concentrations (60 and 90 ppm) promoted the growth, development, and biochemical attributes of sunflowers in controlled and water-deficient circumstances. However, selenium treatment improved photosynthetic efficiency, plant growth, enzymatic activities, osmoregulation, biochemical characteristics, and nutrient balance. The mechanisms and molecular processes through which Se induces these modifications need further investigation to be properly identified.
Interventions for loneliness in older adults: a systematic review of reviews
Authors: Patil Uday , Braun Kathryn L.
Published: July 2024

Loneliness in older persons is a major risk factor for adverse health outcomes. Before the COVID-19 pandemic led to unprecedented isolation and hampered programs aimed at preventing or reducing loneliness, many interventions were developed and evaluated. However, previous reviews provide limited or conflicting summaries of intervention effectiveness. This systematic review aimed to assess previous review quality and bias, as well as to summarize key findings into an overarching narrative on intervention efficacy. The authors searched nine electronic databases and indices to identify systematic reviews of interventions to reduce loneliness in older people prior to the COVID-19 pandemic; 6,925 records were found initially. Of these, 19 reviews met inclusion criteria; these encompassed 101 unique primary intervention studies that varied in research design, sample size, intervention setting, and measures of loneliness across 21 nations. While 42% of reviews had minimal risk of bias, only 8% of primary studies appraised similarly. Among the 101 unique articles reviewed, 63% of tested interventions were deemed by article author(s) as effective or partially effective. Generally, interventions that included animals, psychological therapies, and skill-building activities were more successful than interventions focused on social facilitation or health promotion. However, interventions that targeted multiple objectives aimed at reducing loneliness (e.g., improving social skills, enhancing social support, increasing social opportunities, and changing maladaptive social cognition) were more effective than single-objective interventions. Future programs should incorporate multiple approaches, and these interventions should be rigorously tested.
Semantic learning from keyframe demonstration using object attribute constraints
Authors: Sen Busra , Elfring Jos , Torta Elena , van de Molengraft René
Published: July 2024

Learning from demonstration is an approach that allows users to personalize a robot’s tasks. While demonstrations often focus on conveying the robot’s motion or task plans, they can also communicate user intentions through object attributes in manipulation tasks. For instance, users might want to teach a robot to sort fruits and vegetables into separate boxes or to place cups next to plates of matching colors. This paper introduces a novel method that enables robots to learn the semantics of user demonstrations, with a particular emphasis on the relationships between object attributes. In our approach, users demonstrate essential task steps by manually guiding the robot through the necessary sequence of poses. We reduce the amount of data by utilizing only robot poses instead of trajectories, allowing us to focus on the task’s goals, specifically the objects related to these goals. At each step, known as a keyframe, we record the end-effector pose, object poses, and object attributes. However, the number of keyframes saved in each demonstration can vary due to the user’s decisions. This variability in each demonstration can lead to inconsistencies in the significance of keyframes, complicating keyframe alignment to generalize the robot’s motion and the user’s intention. Our method addresses this issue by focusing on teaching the higher-level goals of the task using only the required keyframes and relevant objects. It aims to teach the rationale behind object selection for a task and generalize this reasoning to environments with previously unseen objects. We validate our proposed method by conducting three manipulation tasks aiming at different object attribute constraints. In the reproduction phase, we demonstrate that even when the robot encounters previously unseen objects, it can generalize the user’s intention and execute the task.
Assessing the impact of oral health disease on quality of life in Ecuador: a mixed-methods study
Authors: Krishnan Nupur , Manresa-Cumarin Karem , Klabak Jessica , Krupa Greg , Gudsoorkar Priyanka
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Globally, oral health diseases surpass all other non-communicable diseases in prevalence; however, they are not well studied in underserved regions, where accessibility to dental services and oral health education is disparately worse. In Ecuador, further research is needed to understand such disparities better. We aimed to assess the effect of oral health disease on individuals' quality of life and how social disparities and cultural beliefs shape this.

Methods

Individuals 18 or older receiving care at mobile or worksite clinics from May to October 2023 were included. A mixed-methods approach was employed, involving semi-structured interviews, Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) measures, and extra-oral photographs (EOP).

Results

The sample (n = 528) included mostly females (56.25%) with a mean age of 34.4 ± 9.44. Most participants (88.26%) reported brushing at least twice daily, and less than 5% reported flossing at least once per day. The median OHRQoL score was 4 (min-max), significantly higher among individuals ≥40 years old, holding high school degrees, or not brushing or flossing regularly (p < 0.05). Identified barriers to good oral health included affordability, time, and forgetfulness. Participants not receiving care with a consistent provider reported fear as an additional barrier. Participants receiving worksite dental services reported these barriers to be alleviated. Dental providers were the primary source of oral hygiene education. Most participants reported oral health concerns, most commonly pain, decay, dysphagia, and halitosis - consistent with EOP analysis.

Discussion

Findings underscore a need for multi-level interventions to advance oral health equity.
Magnetic fields and electric currents around the dayside magnetopause as inferred from data-constrained modeling
Authors: Tsyganenko N. A. , Semenov V. S. , Erkaev N. V. , Gubaidulin N. T.
Published: July 2024

Based on a new mathematical framework and large multi-year multi-mission data sets, we reconstruct electric currents and magnetic fields around the dayside magnetopause and their dependence on the incoming solar wind, IMF, and geodipole tilt. The model architecture builds on previously developed mathematical frameworks and includes two separate blocks: for the magnetosheath and for the adjacent outer magnetosphere. Accordingly, the model is developed in two stages: 1) reconstruction of a best-fit magnetopause and underlying dayside magnetosphere, based on a simple shielded configuration, and 2) derivation of the magnetosheath magnetic field, represented by a sum of toroidal and poloidal terms, each expanded into spherical harmonic series of angular coordinates and powers of normal distance from the boundary. The spacecraft database covers the period from 1995 through 2022 and is composed of data from Geotail, Cluster, Themis, and MMS, with the total number of 1-min averages about 3 M. The modeling reveals orderly patterns of the IMF draping around the magnetosphere and of the magnetopause currents, controlled by the IMF orientation, solar wind pressure, and the Earth’s dipole tilt. The obtained results are discussed in terms of the magnetosheath flux pile-up and the dayside magnetosphere erosion during periods of northward or southward IMF, respectively.
The application of gradually expanding pedicle technology in the placement of screws in thinner pedicle of patients with idiopathic scoliosis
Authors: Chen Fei , Li Jianyi , Li Tao , Xi Yongming
Published: July 2024

Objective

To propose a technique of gradual expansion of pedicle diameter to place screws on the thinner pedicle that is difficult to place screws in scoliosis orthopedic surgery, in order to place thicker pedicle screws in the premise of good safety to achieve good stability and orthopaedic effect.

Methods

The authors reviewed that 36 patients with Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) (20 females, 16 males) in our department from June 2020 to March 2024 underwent posterior spinal correction and internal fixation were enrolled in the present study. 194 pedicles had narrower diameter ranging from 0 mm to 4.5 mm. After analysis, 155 pedicles (internal diameter: 2.5 mm–4.5 mm) were treated with gradually expanding pedicles technology. The angle between the inserted screws and the upper endplate of the vertebral body was measured 1 week after operation and 3 months after operation to evaluate the placement of the screws after pedicle expansion.

Results

All operations were completed without dura mater rupture, nerve root injury, infection and poor incision healing. There was no screw breaking or screw pull-out in DR film at 3 months after operation compared with 1 week after operation. There was no significant difference in the angle between screw and upper endplate measured by the three observers at 3 months and 1 week after operation (Wilcoxon's signed rank test, p > 0.05). In the measurement at 1 week or 3 months after operation, there was no statistically significant difference among the three observers. There is a good consistency between the observers (Cronbach's alpha > 0.80).

Conclusion

In AIS patients, the thinner pedicle with a diameter range of 2.5 mm to 4.5 mm can be safely inserted with relatively thicker pedicle screws after gradually expanding pedicle technology.
Case Report: Atypical visual presentation caused by a large convexity meningioma—a nerve stretching and stalk indentation effect
Authors: Chiu Chia-Hsun , Chen Ko-Ting
Published: July 2024

Visual field defects are commonly present in patients with brain tumors, particularly due to direct compression on the optic apparatus. However, there are instances where brain tumors, despite not directly compressing the optic pathway, can still cause visual symptoms, albeit rarely reported but not uncommonly observed. These mechanisms are thought to be associated with increased intracranial pressure (IICP). We report a case of a 32-year-old man who presented with right blurred vision and was diagnosed with a right convexity meningioma. Upon reviewing his magnetic resonance images, we hypothesized that the indentation of the pituitary stalk on the optic chiasm and the stretching of the optic nerve, combined with a focal effect of IICP, could be responsible for his atypical visual field defect.
Prices for veterinary care of dogs, cats and horses in selected countries in Europe
Authors: Egenvall Agneta , Höglund Odd V. , Hoffman Ruben , Valle Paul S. , Andersen Pia Haubro , Lönnell Cecilia , Byström Anna , Bonnett Brenda N.
Published: July 2024

Introduction

In recent years, prices for veterinary care have received considerable attention in mainstream media, yet scientific literature has not delved into actual figures. This study aims to elucidate veterinary care costs for dogs, cats, and horses across five countries [Sweden (SE), Norway (NO), Denmark (DK), United Kingdom (UK), and Ireland (IR, with limited data)] through web searches.

Methods

Utilising online business directories, we located URLs featuring veterinary care prices in autumn 2022, and repeated tri-monthly five times. Vetpris.se (VP), a price comparison site for SE, NO, and DK, emerged from the search. Additionally, we sought to compare price data from veterinary clinics (ranging from animal hospitals to small private clinics) using a similar approach to VP. We targeted elective procedures (e.g., gonadectomy, GDY) and common procedures (e.g., pyometra surgery in dogs).

Results

Comparing data from the same clinics’ websites and from VP within extraction from autumn 2022 to winter 2023/2024, median prices for dog and cat GDY were largely consistent. By October 2023, median prices for male cat GDY ranged from €72 (SE) to €230 (DK), and €130 (SE) to €361 (DK) for females; for dog GDY from €390 (SE) to €599 (DK) for males, and €461 (UK) to €1015 (DK) for females. Across sources, median prices for cat and dog GDY increased by 2–24% over a year for procedures with at least 10 clinics per extraction. Equine GDY (per sedation and local analgaesia) in SE saw a 64% increase by year-end, with a median price of €492. Emergency surgeries during regular-hours (e.g., pyometra and caesarean section) in SE were approximately €2,300 at the last extraction, marking a 27% increase for pyometra surgery during regular-hours and 15% after-hours compared to the previous year. Variability existed within and across countries and diagnoses/procedures.

Discussion

Cross-validation suggested VP generally provided reliable information, though data points for emergencies were limited. Our web searching tool necessitated extensive manual verification, indicating room for further development. We recommend enhancing price transparency for animal owners to become better informed about the cost of veterinary care and be able to make informed choices.
Canine paroxysmal dyskinesia—a review
Authors: Mandigers Paul J. J. , Santifort Koen M. , Lowrie Mark , Garosi Laurent
Published: July 2024

Paroxysmal dyskinesias (PDs) are a group of involuntary, hyperkinetic movement disorders that recur episodically and may last seconds to hours. An important feature of PD is that there is no loss of consciousness during the episode. Using a clinical classification, three main types of PDs have been distinguished in canine PD: (1) paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) that commences after (sudden) movements, (2) paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia (PNKD) not associated with exercise and can occur at rest, and (3) paroxysmal exertion-induced dyskinesia (PED) associated with fatigue. Canine PDs are diagnosed based on the clinical presentation, history, and phenomenology. For the latter, a video recording of the paroxysmal event is extremely useful. An etiological classification of canine PDs includes genetic (proven and suspected), reactive (drug-induced, toxic, metabolic, and dietary), structural (neoplasia, inflammatory, and other structural causes), and unknown causes. In this review, an overview of all reported canine PDs is provided with emphasis on phenotype, genotype, and, where possible, pathophysiology and treatment for each reported canine PD.
Extracellular vesicles and cancer stem cells: a deadly duo in tumor progression
Authors: Tayanloo-Beik Akram , Eslami Azin , Sarvari Masoumeh , Jalaeikhoo Hasan , Rajaeinejad Mohsen , Nikandish Mohsen , Faridfar Ali , Rezaei-Tavirani Mostafa , Mafi Ahmad Rezazadeh , Larijani Bagher , Arjmand Babak
Published: July 2024

The global incidence of cancer is increasing, with estimates suggesting that there will be 26 million new cases and 17 million deaths per year by 2030. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are key to the resistance and advancement of cancer. They play a crucial role in tumor dynamics and resistance to therapy. CSCs, initially discovered in acute myeloid leukemia, are well-known for their involvement in tumor initiation, progression, and relapse, mostly because of their distinct characteristics, such as resistance to drugs and the ability to self-renew. EVs, which include exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, play a vital role in facilitating communication between cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). They have a significant impact on cellular behaviors and contribute to genetic and epigenetic changes. This paper analyzes the mutually beneficial association between CSCs and EVs, emphasizing their role in promoting tumor spread and developing resistance mechanisms. This review aims to investigate the interaction between these entities in order to discover new approaches for attacking the complex machinery of cancer cells. It highlights the significance of CSCs and EVs as crucial targets in the advancement of novel cancer treatments, which helps stimulate additional research, promote progress in ideas for cancer treatment, and provide renewed optimism in the effort to reduce the burden of cancer.
Structural Design and Control Performance Study of Flexible Finger Mechanisms for Robot End Effectors
Authors: Zhang Yeming , Wang Kai , Cai Maolin , Shi Yan , Gong Sanpeng , Zhang Hui , Zhang Pengyun
Published: July 2024

Most traditional rigid grippers can cause damage to the surface of objects in actual production processes and are susceptible to factors such as different shapes, sizes, materials, and positions of the product. This article studies a flexible finger for flexible grippers, more commonly described as PneuNet, designs the structure of the finger, discusses the processing and manufacturing methods of the flexible finger, and prepares a physical model. The influence of structural parameters such as the thickness of the flexible finger and the angle of the air chamber on the bending performance of the finger was analyzed using the Abaqus simulation tool. An RBF-PID control algorithm was used to stabilize the internal air pressure of the flexible fingers. A flexible finger stabilization experimental platform was built to test the ultimate pressure, ultimate bending angle, and end contact force of the fingers, and the simulation results were experimentally verified. The results show that when the thickness of the flexible finger is 2 mm and the air chamber angle is 0 deg, the maximum bending angle of the flexible finger can reach about 136.3°. Under the same air pressure, the bending angle is inversely correlated with the air chamber angle and finger thickness. The experimental error of the bending angle does not exceed 3%, which is consistent with the simulation results as a whole. When the thickness is 2 mm, the maximum end contact force can reach about 1.32 N, and the end contact force decreases with the increase in the air chamber angle. The RBF-PID control algorithm used has improved response speed and a better control effect compared to traditional PID control algorithms. This article provides a clear reference for the application of flexible fingers and flexible grippers, and this research method can be applied to the analysis and design optimization of other soft brakes.
Farmers’ Perception and Practice of Soil Fertility Management and Conservation in the Era of Digital Soil Information Systems in Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Akinbode Sakiru O. , Folorunso Olusegun , Olutoberu Taiwo S. , Olowokere Florence A. , Adebayo Muftau , Azeez Sodeeq O. , Hammed Sarafadeen G. , Busari Mutiu A.
Published: July 2024

This study assessed the perception and use of digital applications for soil fertility management and conservation strategies among small-scale crop farmers in southwest Nigeria. A total of 376 farmers were randomly selected across the six southwest states. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The majority of the farmers relied on perception and other non-scientific approaches such as the appearance of weeds and performance of crops in the previous season to assess soil fertility. Only 1.1% and 0.3% of the farmers assessed soil fertility through soil tests and digital applications, respectively. Most farmers adopted bush fallowing and the use of inorganic fertilizers to improve soil fertility. Although 4.8% of the farmers indicated that they had digital applications on their mobile phones, only 2.9% claimed to have used these. More than half (56.4%) of the farmers stated that a lack of awareness of the existence of digital applications and internet-enabled telephones were the reasons they have not been able to use digital applications. The majority of the farmers (97.3%) indicated their willingness to embrace the use of new farm decision digital applications which could provide more information, especially on soil fertility, if introduced. More extensive services focusing on older, less literate farmers and farmers who hitherto did not belong to any farmers’ association are advocated for in order to encourage the use of digital applications and soil fertility management and conservation practices.
Decentralization versus Centralization: What Ensures Food Security? Empirical Evidence from 170 Prefecture-Level Cities in China’s Major Grain-Producing Areas
Authors: Li Jiahao , Chu Liqi
Published: July 2024

Whether fiscal decentralization will lead to agricultural land “non-grainization” has been widely debated in academic circles. How to improve the efficiency of financial support to agriculture and optimize the grain planting structure by clarifying the relationship between central and local powers and responsibilities is the key to ensuring food security. Based on the panel data of 170 cities in China from 2004 to 2017, this paper uses system moment estimation and a threshold effect model to explore the impact of fiscal decentralization on grain planting structure. The results show that (1) fiscal decentralization has a significant negative effect on the share of food crop cultivation in the major grain-producing areas. (2) Taking the wage level, financial support for agriculture, and land finance as the threshold variables, the test finds that there is a threshold effect of fiscal decentralization on the proportion of food crop cultivation, in which land finance dependence and rises in the wage level are conducive to mitigating the negative effect of fiscal decentralization on the proportion of food crop cultivation. (3) For the three major types of food crop varieties, the negative impact of fiscal decentralization on the share of wheat and corn crop cultivation is subject to the threshold effect of wage level, financial support for agriculture, and land finance, while the impact of fiscal decentralization on the share of rice crop cultivation is not significant. The results of the study have an important guiding role for the government to deepen the reform of the tax-sharing system, improve the long-term mechanism of stable growth of financial support for grain, and optimize the layout of the grain industry.
Optimizing Cover Crop Management in Eastern Nebraska: Insights from Crop Simulation Modeling
Authors: Shiferaw Andualem , Birru Girma , Tadesse Tsegaye , Schmer Marty R. , Awada Tala , Jin Virginia L. , Wardlow Brian , Iqbal Javed , Freidenreich Ariel , Kharel Tulsi , Khorchani Makki , Mersha Zelalem , Begna Sultan , Sohoulande Clement
Published: July 2024

Cover crops (CCs) offer ecosystem benefits, yet their impact on subsequent crop yields varies with climate, soil, and management practices. Using the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln’s Eastern Nebraska Research, Education, and Extension Center (ENREEC), we identified optimal cereal rye management strategies focusing on planting, termination, and the intervals between CC termination and corn planting. Results showed minimal impact of CC management variations on corn yield, underscoring corn’s resilience to management changes. Delayed planting notably decreased CC biomass, nitrogen uptake, and biomass nitrogen content on average by 8.8%, 11%, and 9.2% for every five-day delay from 25 September. Every 5-day increase in the interval between CC termination and corn planting reduced biomass by 19.3%. Conversely, each 5-day delay in CC termination from 10 September to 10 October increased biomass by 30%, enhancing SOC accumulation. SOC changes over the 30-year simulation ranged from 5.8% to 7.7%, peaking with late May terminations. The earliest termination showed the highest nitrogen content in biomass (3.4%), with the lowest (0.69%) in mid-May. Our results demonstrate that strategic CC management supports soil health without negatively impacting corn yield in Eastern Nebraska, providing valuable insights for farmers and practitioners aiming to implement sustainable CC practices while preserving crop productivity.
Does the Farming Method Influence the Porcine Vomeronasal Organ Condition? A Histological Study
Authors: Mechin Violaine , Asproni Pietro , Teruel Eva , Boutry Marion , Cozzi Alessandro , Pageat Patrick
Published: July 2024

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) plays a key role in mammals, since it detects pheromones thus enabling social interactions between congeners. VNO inflammatory changes have been shown to severely impact animal life, leading to impaired social interactions in groups, such as in pigs. Environmental air is known to be strongly modified in farms, and it is suspected to be one of the causes of this alteration. This study aimed to compare via histology the VNOs of pigs housed in intensive conditions (n = 38) to those of pigs housed in free-range farming conditions (n = 35). VNO sections were stained in hematoxylin and eosin to assess the presence of nonsensory and sensory epithelium alterations and collagenolysis. The nonsensory epithelium was significantly more inflamed in animals in free-range farming conditions than those in intensive conditions (p < 0.0001) and was more strongly affected by signs of collagenolysis (p < 0.0001). The sensory epithelium seemed to be less altered by the different environmental conditions (p = 0.7267). These results suggest that species-typical pig behaviors, such as digging and rooting for food, could facilitate the presence of microparticles in the oral cavity and their entrance into the vomeronasal canals, leading to changes to the VNO.
The Role of Wastewater Treatment Plants in Dissemination of Antibiotic Resistance: Source, Measurement, Removal and Risk Assessment
Authors: Drane Kezia , Sheehan Madoc , Whelan Anna , Ariel Ellen , Kinobe Robert
Published: July 2024

Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) are contaminants of emerging concern with marked potential to impact public and environmental health. This review focusses on factors that influence the presence, abundance, and dissemination of ARGs within Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) and associated effluents. Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (ARB) and ARGs have been detected in the influent and the effluent of WWTPs worldwide. Different levels of wastewater treatment (primary, secondary, and tertiary) show different degrees of removal efficiency of ARGs, with further differences being observed when ARGs are captured as intracellular or extracellular forms. Furthermore, routinely used molecular methodologies such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction or whole genome sequencing may also vary in resistome identification and in quantifying ARG removal efficiencies from WWTP effluents. Additionally, we provide an overview of the One Health risk assessment framework, as well as future strategies on how WWTPs can be assessed for environmental and public health impact.
Arcobacteraceae: An Exploration of Antibiotic Resistance Featuring the Latest Research Updates
Authors: Buzzanca Davide , Chiarini Elisabetta , Alessandria Valentina
Published: July 2024

The Arcobacteraceae bacterial family includes species isolated from animals and related food products. Moreover, these species have been found in other ecological niches, including water. Some species, particularly Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus, have been isolated from human clinical cases and linked to gastrointestinal symptoms. The presence of antibiotic-resistant strains is a concern for public health, considering the possible zoonoses and foodborne infections caused by contaminated food containing bacteria resistant to antibiotic treatments. This review aims to highlight the importance of antibiotic resistance in Arcobacter spp. isolates from several sources, including information about antibiotic classes to which this bacterium has shown resistance. Arcobacter spp. demonstrated a wide spectrum of antibiotic resistance, including several antibiotic resistance genes. Antibiotic resistance genomic traits include efflux pumps and mutations in antibiotic target proteins. The literature shows a high proportion of Arcobacter spp. that are multidrug-resistant. However, studies in the literature have primarily focused on the evaluation of antibiotic resistance in A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus, as these species are frequently isolated from various sources. These aspects underline the necessity of studies focused on several Arcobacter species that could potentially be isolated from several sources.