bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conditions of Functioning of Entrepreneurial Structures and Modernization of the Economy of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Authors: Абдурахманов К. , Abdurahmanov K. , Убайдуллаева Л. , Ubaydullaeva L.
Published: September 2017

Features of functioning of the enterprise structures in the Republic of Uzbekistan are considered in the article. For further development of enterprises key directions are formulated that will increase efficiency of entrepreneurial activity, which is the basis for modernizing the economy of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Beyond the Startup Stage: The Founding Team’s Human Capital, New Venture’s Stage of Life, Founder–CEO Duality, and Breakthrough Innovation
Authors: Tzabbar Daniel , Margolis Jaclyn
Published: September 2017

Using a unique longitudinal study of U.S. biotechnology ventures, we advance extant research by showing that a founding team’s educational heterogeneity and prior founding experience have a positive and significant effect on the likelihood of a firm’s creating breakthrough innovation. However, we demonstrate that these relationships depend on the firm’s stage of life and decision-making structure as reflected in its founder–CEO duality. Specifically, we show that the positive effect of a founding team’s human capital is stronger in the growth stage than the early stages of a startup. While founder–CEO duality increases the positive effect of the founding team’s human capital in the startup stage, during the growth stage, such a structure reduces the impact of the founding team’s human capital. Therefore, to fully appreciate the effect of human capital on a venture’s success in breakthrough innovation, we must consider both the firm’s stage of life and its decision-making structure. As such, our theory provides a meeting ground for economists and organizational theorists on issues associated with human capital, founder’s power, the life cycle of new ventures, and technological entrepreneurship.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2017.1152 .
A apropriação de Heidegger sobre Santo Agostinho: o Livro X das Confissões
Authors: Lopes Marcos Daniel
Published: September 2017

Neste artigo pontuamos a primeira interpretação de Heidegger sobre Sto. Agostinho (1921) mostrando como o filósofo alemão se apropriou de sua exposição confessional a fim de caracterizar a concretude fática da existência humana. Em termos gerais, a tarefa que Agostinho encetava a partir do reconhecimento da própria penúria era a de resgatar a sua vida da dispersão e fracionamento peculiares através do reencontro com Deus. O filósofo alemão, por sua vez, procede através da coleta e assimilação dos elementos elaborados na busca do bispo de Hipona e os indicia formalmente. Nessa etapa inicial do seu itinerário, o processo de interpretação consiste na transmutação da aflição confessada por Agostinho posta em caracterização modal-existencial fenomenológica. Nos anos seguintes à preleção vemos as determinações desencobertas sendo realocadas com a ampliação do escopo do seu projeto filosófico, que culminará com a publicação de Ser e tempo em 1927.
A experiência hermenêutica a partir da noção de jogo
Authors: Neubauer Vanessa Steigleder , Da Silva Geovanni Tognon
Published: September 2017

DOI:10.12957/ek.2017.28727O conceito de experiência pautado na hermenêutica filosófica de Gadamer pode ser pensado a partir da noção de Jogo. Esclareceremos o conceito de experiência implicado na estrutura do jogo, tensionado pelo círculo hermenêutico, onde se estabelece um diálogo sério que traz o sentido de uma verdadeira experiência filosófica. A noção de experiência significativa é o movimento de instauração de sentido da existência individual e coletiva, que decorre de seu próprio modo de ser, assumindo uma compreensão ontológica, pois é na conversação de um aí dado e finito, considerado em sua dinamicidade, que temos uma unidade de sentido factual.
Pré-Compreensão e círculo hermenêutico em Rudolf Bultmann: investigações sobre as influências em Hans-Georg Gadamer
Authors: Pereira Sales José Edvaldo
Published: September 2017

DOI:10.12957/ek.2017.30173O artigo inicia com uma breve introdução ao pensamento de Rudolf Bultmann quanto ao Kerygma e à desmitologização (Entmythologisierung) com ênfase para as influências da analítica existencial de Martin Heidegger. São dados dois destaques à teologia existencialista de Bultmann: a pré-compreensão (Vorverständnis) e o círculo hermenêutico (Hermeneutischer Zirkel), a partir dos quais são feitas comparações entre Bultmann e Gadamer, influenciados por Heidegger, com o objetivo de identificar as influências sofridas por Gadamer.
O Cotidiano e a Caverna: a Vida Comum entre Heidegger e Platão
Authors: Prado Germano Nogueira
Published: September 2017

DOI:10.12957/ek.2017.30176A crítica heideggeriana à metafísica já se tornou lugar-comum nos meios acadêmicos. Também é moeda corrente o fato de que Heidegger caracteriza a metafísica como platonismo: o mais conhecido escrito de Heidegger sobre Platão – A doutrina de Platão sobre a verdade – assinala explicitamente que os traços essenciais da metafísica, que teriam determinado a história do Ocidente desde então, “aparecem” pela “primeira vez” no pensamento platônico. Assim, a imagem do Heidegger “crítico” de Platão se tornou igualmente bem conhecida. Menos célebre e, talvez, algo controversa, é a ideia de que entre a obra de Platão e o caminho de Heidegger haja não apenas distância, mas proximidades essenciais. O escopo do presente trabalho é ensaiar dois passos na direção dessa ideia: 1) uma indicação da relação entre Heidegger e Platão, culminando em e tendo como pano de fundo uma compreensão da relação entre Heidegger e a tradição (filosófica (ocidental)); 2) um esboço que procura o comum entre o modo como esses dois pensadores pensam o cotidiano, a vida comum.
Smoking in pregnancy and after childbirth: An update
Authors: Wareing Hilary
Published: September 2017

Figures show that progress to reduce the rates of smoking in pregnancy has slowed over the last year. Hilary Wareing looks at the role of the health visitor in achieving the government's aim to reduce the prevalence of smoking in pregnancy from 10.7% to 6%.
More than just foodbanks: The Trussell Trust
Authors: Thorogood Emma
Published: September 2017

Thirteen million people live below the poverty line in the UK, with families going hungry every day for a variety of reasons. Emma Thorogood explains how The Trussell Trust partners with local communities to help stop UK hunger.
A practical guide to expressing breast milk
Authors: Noakes Amy
Published: September 2017

Breast milk provides both long-and short-term health benefits for mother and infant, including reduced risk of respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases for the child and osteoporosis and some cancers for the mother ( Renfrew et al, 2012 ). The World Health Organization (2013) recommends exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months and subsequent feeding until 2 years complemented by nutritious foods. In the past, expressed breast milk feeding was chiefly associated with the premature or unwell infant; however, the domestic personal breast pump has evolved into an efficient and aesthetically pleasing device, meaning it has become increasingly common for healthy term infants to be fed via this route ( Rasmussen and Geraghty, 2011 ; Jiang, 2015 ). This article will provide an overview of expressing milk and a guide for health visitors to advise mothers on the best methods to use.
A project to improve the way in which complementary feeding advice is issued to families
Authors: Kelly Emma
Published: September 2017

Complementary feeding (CF) is seen as one of the most significant milestones for the developing infant and one that has a lifelong impact on health and wellbeing ( Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN), 2011 ). This article describes a project that looked at the issuing of CF advice, to undertake a service improvement with the aim of improving the timing, consistency and quality of CF advice to infants under 6 months of age and their families. In the current financial climate it is important to implement a change without increasing staff levels or caseloads. The change consisted of issuing CF advice universally at the already established 6–8 week contact, enabling parents to better understand the rationale behind current guidelines to make informed choices about when to start solid food and what food to offer.
Tips and resources for new PSHE leads
Authors: Barksfield Jenny
Published: September 2017

With relationships and sex education soon to become a statutory curriculum subject and the importance of PSHE ever-increasing, Jenny Barksfield offers those who are new to leading this vital subject some practical advice and tips to get you started
Improving the learning process
Authors: Bromley Matt
Published: September 2017

In the second part of his series on how students learn and the practical implications for teachers and teaching, Matt Bromley continues to explain the process of learning, discusses the secrets to accessing pupils' long-term memories and offers three steps to improving the learning process
How ‘direct’ is your CPD?
Authors: Brosnan Jessica
Published: September 2017

If CPD is to have a positive impact on pupil outcomes, then it has to be ‘direct’. Jessica Brosnan explains how you can redesign your CPD for maximum pupil impact
Treatment of scapholunate ligament injury
Authors: Andersson Jonny K.
Published: September 2017

Injuries to the scapholunate joint are the most common cause of carpal instability. An isolated injury to the scapholunate ligament may progress to abnormal joint mechanics and degenerative cartilage changes. Treatment for scapholunate instability is aimed at arresting the degenerative process by restoring ligament continuity and normalising carpal kinematics. Early arthroscopic diagnosis of scapholunate injury is mandatory for establishing the prognosis of the injury, as a proper ligament repair is recommended within four to six weeks after trauma. In this review, anatomy, diagnosis and treatment of scapholunate ligament injury and carpal instability are discussed. Recommendations for treatment based on the stage and classification of injury and the degree of instability and arthritic changes are proposed.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2017;2:382–393. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.2.170016
Comparison between bicarbonate-based and Stewart methods to assess metabolic acid-base disorders in internistic patients. A pilot study
Authors: Maria Valenti , Francesca Bruno , Shirin Demma , Marcello Bruno Cosimo
Published: September 2017

Aim: To assess the acid-base status in a cohort of internistic patients, using traditional and “modern” methods, to compare their different sensitivity to detect metabolic disorders and to evaluate a possible relationship between classical and alternative parameters.Patients and Methods: 143 assessment of acid-base and electrolytes balance on 121 internistic patients (76 males and 45 females, mean age 73.9 ± 10,8 years) were examined according to bicarbonate-based and Stewart methods.Results: The traditional method detected 81 cases (56.6 %) of metabolic alkalosis and 15 cases (10.4 %) of metabolic acidosis. The Stewart method detected 92 cases (64.3 %) of metabolic alkalosis and 22 cases (15.3%) of metabolic acidosis.Traditional method failed to detect 11 cases of metabolic alkalosis (chi square = 1.443; p = 0.226), and 7 cases of metabolic acidosis (chi square = 1.118; p = 0.290) when compared to Stewart's method. A significant relationship was observed between Strong Ion Gap (SIG) and Anion Gap corrected for albumin concentration (AGcorr) (r= 0.53; p <0.001).Conclusions: Our result showed that traditional method is useful to assess acid-base status in internistic clinical setting as well as Stewart's method because no significant difference was found between the two approaches. Nevertheless, the light disagreement observed between the two methods suggests that in a small percentage of cases the traditional method can fail to detect metabolic acid-base abnormalities.
T. C. Boyle’s The Harder They Come: Violence in America
Authors: Freese Peter
Published: September 2017

T. C. Boyle’s fifteenth novel The Harder They Come (2015) offers a fictional inquiry into the American propensity for violence and takes its title from Jimmy Cliff’s 1972 reggae song and its motto from D. H. Lawrence’s characterization of the “essential American soul [as] hard, isolate, stoic, and a killer” (1978: 68). The article investigates how Boyle creates a metafictional historiography by combining two unrelated historical events – the bare-handed killing of a mugger by an elderly American veteran in Costa Rica and the long police hunt for the schizophrenic murderer Aaron Bassler in the Mendocino Redwoods – with a fictional character who represents the paranoid fringe worlds of sovereign citizens. The article then shows how Boyle embeds his plot in a general atmosphere of menace and incorporates the legend of the heroic mountain man John Colter, thus adding historical depth and evoking the world of wilderness survivalists. It also examines the narrative techniques, such as the choice of a schizophrenic’s point of view, and the stylistic features employed in order to fuse these ingredients into a thrilling tale that reveals the hidden relations between American foundation myths and the threats of contemporary gun violence.
The physicochemical properties of offal from Puławska gilts in relation to carcass meatiness
Authors: Babicz Marek , Kropiwiec Kinga , Szyndler-Nędza Magdalena , Skrzypczak Ewa
Published: September 2017

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the meatiness of the Puławska pig carcass and selected physical and chemical parameters of pork offal. The study was conducted on a group of 50 porkers of the native Puławska breed, whose carcasses were classified into five classes: E, U, R, O, and P, covering 10 specimens each. Samples were collected from the tongue, heart, lungs, liver and kidneys, and the pH (pH45, pH24), percentage of free water and chemical composition (ash, fat, protein) were determined. To summarise the obtained results, it can be concluded that the increase of the meat content in carcass significantly and primarily affects the reduction of the offal’s weight and then the reduction of the pH45 as well as the increase of the free water content primarily in the kidney and the lungs. In the case of chemical composition an increase of the meatiness in the carcass affected the reduction of fat content in the kidneys, lungs, heart and liver. The liver and the heart were the offal with the greatest susceptibility to the effects of the carcass meatiness. In this offal the increase of the carcass meatiness significantly decreased the fat content and energy value, and also increased the ash and protein content. Offal from the studied meatiness classes of the pigs’ carcasses was characterised by adequate quality and suitability for processing.
Diversity and gradients of vegetation of Sivrihisar Mountains (Eskişehir-Turkey)
Authors: Balpinar Neslihan , Kavgaci Ali , Bingöl M. Ümit , Ketenoğlu Osman
Published: September 2017

This study was carried out to determine the plant communities and understand the main topographical driving factors of floristic differentiation in the Sivrihisar Mountains (Eskişehir Province). Vegetation samplings were carried out according to the Braun-Blanquet approach. The relevés were stored in the TURBOVEG database management program. Hierarchical classification was carried out in PC-ORD program with Ward’s method and Euclidean distance as a resemblance measure. The diagnostic species were identified by a fidelity measure in the JUICE program. The results of the classification were visualized by ordination techniques in the CANOCO package by using principal component analysis. In conclusion, except for the degraded forest community, all the 7 steppe and 1 scrub plant communities studied were identified and described as new associations. Also, a syntaxonomical scheme for the vegetation of Sivrihisar Mountains was suggested.
Rare plants of threatened habitats – the Croatian case of Corrigiola litoralis L. (Caryophyllaceae)
Authors: Vuković Nina , Šegota Vedran , Alegro Antun , Sedlar Zorana
Published: September 2017

Corrigiola litoralisis the only member of the genus in the Croatian flora. Most available data are more than 50 years old, and include only four localities in Croatia, exclusively in the islands of the Mediterranean region. During a floristic survey of the island of Molat (Northern Dalmatia) we recorded a small population in Zapuntelsko polje, in a damp, shallow depression, seasonally occurring as a temporary pond. Comparison with the existing literature shows thatC. litoralisoften occurs in Mediterranean temporary ponds and similar globally important and threatened habitats. We strongly believe that careful studies of populations ofC. litoralisand other species with similar ecologies are necessary in order to preserve these habitats and therefore propose actions to achieve this goal.
Identification and expression profiling of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) polyamine oxidase genes in response to stimuli
Authors: Eom Seung Hee , Lee Jae Kook , Kim Dong-Ho , Kim Heekyu , Jang Keum-Il , Ryu Hojin , Hyun Tae Kyung
Published: September 2017

Polyamine oxidases (PAOs) are known to be involved in either the terminal catabolism or the back conversion of polyamines, which affect a range of physiological processes, including growth, development, and stress responses. In this study, based on genome-wide analysis, we identified five putative PAO genes (LuPAO1toLuPAO5) in flax (Linum usitatissimumL.) that contain the amino-oxidase domain and FAD-binding-domain. The expression analysis using quantitative real-time PCR revealed spatial variations in the expression ofLuPAOsin different organs. In addition, the expression level ofLuPAOsin the flax cell suspension culture was increased by treatment with methyl-jasmonate (MeJA) or pectin, but not with salicylic acid or chitosan. This indicates that LuPAOs might be involved in the MeJA-mediated biological activities. Taken together, our genome-wide analysis of PAO genes and expression profiling of these genes provide the first step toward the functional dissection of LuPAOs.
Inflation and Economic Growth: a Review of The International Literature
Authors: Akinsola Foluso A. , Odhiambo Nicholas M.
Published: September 2017

This paper surveys the existing literature on the relationship between inflation and economic growth in developed and developing countries, highlighting the theoretical and empirical indications. The study finds that the impact of inflation on economic growth varies from country to country and over time. The study also finds that the results from these studies depend on country‑specific characteristics, the data set used, and the methodology employed. On balance, the study finds overwhelming support in favour of a negative relationship between inflation and growth, especially in developed economies. However, there is still much controversy about the specific threshold level of inflation that is appropriate for growth. Most previous studies on this subject just assume a unidirectional causal relationsship between inflation and economic growth. To our knowledge, this may be the first review of its kind to survey, in detail, the existing research on the relationship between inflation and economic growth in developed and developing countries.
A Summary Assessment of Innovativeness of The New Member States of The European Union
Authors: Dworak Edyta , Grzelak Maria Magdalena
Published: September 2017

This paper attempts to assess the level of innovativeness of the economies of the ‘new’ EU member states1 in the years 2008–2015, with particular attention paid to the position of the Polish economy. This assessment was carried out on the basis of a summary index constructed with the use of statistical methods of linear ordering. The paper also presents conclusions from the analysis of the evolution of selected factors characterizing the innovativeness of the new EU member states. In the conducted analysis, statistical data from Eurostat were used to de­scribe the innovativeness of economies with respect to two areas: (a) science and technology; and (b) education and training. The developed ranking of innovativeness of the new EU Member States, built on the basis of a summary index, makes it possible to state that the countries with the highest level of innovativeness among 13 analyzed countries were Slovenia, the Czech Republic and Malta. Poland’s above‑average value of the summary index for these countries occupied sixth position in the ranking, which indicates a relatively low level of innovativeness of the Polish economy.
Higher weight on GL(3). I: The Eisenstein series
Authors: Buttcane Jack
Published: September 2017

The purpose of this paper is to collect and make explicit the results of Langlands [16], Bump [3], Miyazaki [18] and Manabe, Ishii and Oda [17] for theGL⁢(3){\mathrm{GL}(3)}Eisenstein series and Whittaker functions which are non-trivial onSO⁢(3,ℝ){\mathrm{SO}(3,\mathbb{R})}. The final goal for the series of papers is a complete and completely explicit spectral expansion forL2⁢(SL⁢(3,ℤ)∖SL⁢(3,ℝ)){L^{2}(\mathrm{SL}(3,\mathbb{Z})\setminus\mathrm{SL}(3,\mathbb{R}))}in the style of Duke, Friedlander and Iwaniec’s paper [8]. We derive a number of new results on the Whittaker functions and Eisenstein series, and give new, concrete proofs of the functional equations and spectral expansion in place of the general constructions of Langlands.
Frechet differentiability in Besov spaces in the optimal control of parabolic free boundary problems
Authors: Abdulla Ugur G. , Goldfarb Jonathan M.
Published: September 2017

We consider the inverse Stefan type free boundary problem, where information on the boundary heat flux and the density of the sources are missing and must be found along with the temperature and the free boundary.
We pursue the optimal control framework analyzed in [1, 2], where the boundary heat flux, the density of the sources, and the free boundary are components of the control vector.
We prove the Frechet differentiability in Besov spaces, and derive the formula for the Frechet differential under minimal regularity assumptions on the data.
The result implies a necessary condition for optimal control and opens the way
to the application of projective gradient methods in Besov spaces for the
numerical solution of the inverse Stefan problem.
Performance Analysis of Hybrid Fiber/FSO Backhaul Downlink over WDM-PON Impaired by Four-Wave Mixing
Authors: Pham Tu V. M. , Nguyen Thang V. , Nguyen Nga T. T. , Pham Thu A. , Pham Hien T. T. , Dang Ngoc T.
Published: September 2017

In this paper, we examine the hybrid optical fiber (OF)/free-space optics (FSO) architecture for a backhaul downlink over a wavelength-division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM-PON). The hybrid backhaul architecture is able to provide not only high-data-rate but also flexibility and quick deployment. The performance analysis is carried out for the hybrid OF/FSO backhaul downlink over a four-wavelength WDM-PON under the effect of four-wave mixing (FWM). The impact of atmospheric turbulence-induced fading and major noise components, including amplifier’s noise, shot noise, beat noise, background noise, and thermal noise, is also taken into account. The numerical results show that, although high transmitted power and amplifier’s gain at the transmitter side help to mitigate the impact of noise and fading, they should be limited to a specific value to avoid the influence of FWM. Therefore, the use of amplifier or avalanche photodiode at the receiver side would be a better solution to keep the bit-error rate (BER) at the low levels.
Urban Protests, Coups d’état and Post-Coup Regime Change
Authors: Gerling Lena
Published: September 2017

This study investigates the impact of urban protests on coup attempts and subsequent regime change in a sample of 39 Sub-Saharan African countries for the period from 1990 to 2007. Widespread public discontent, especially when occurring in urban centers, can act as a trigger of coups d’état in autocratic regimes. Yet, it is less clear how elites respond to protests in terms of post-coup institutional change and democratization. To account for potential endogeneity of protests and coups, variation in rainfall is used as an instrument for urban protests. The results show that rainfall-related urban protests raise the likelihood that a coup is staged, but have no effect on subsequent democratization.
Similarities and Differences in Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Cerebral and Myocardial Ischemic Disease
Authors: Stevanovic Angelina , Tasic Danijela , Tasic Nebojsa , Dragisic Dalibor , Mitrovic Miroslav , Deljanin-Ilic Marina , Ilic Stevan , Citakovic Zoran
Published: September 2017

Ischemic heart disease and cerebral ischemia represent the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Both entities share risk factors, pathophisiology and etiologic aspects by means of a main common mechanism, atherosclerosis. The autors aimed to investigate differences and similarities in epidemiology and risk factors that could be found between both entities. In a retrospective sudy 403 patients were included and divided into two groups: group of 289 patients with history of myocardial infarction (AMI), and group of 114 patients with history of ischemic stroke (IS). All patients were evaluated for nonmodifiable risk faktors, which included age and sex, and modifiable, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, obesity, physical activity and smoking. Diff erences in some epidemiological aspects were also considered: occupation, marital status, alcohol consumption, exposure to stress. Patients with history of IS were significantly older then AMI patients (64.0 ± 9.9 vs 64.0 ± 9.9, p=0,028), with higher diastolic blood pressure (87,1 ± 10,2 vs 83,6 ± 10,4, p=0,003) and higher Sokolow-Lyon index in ECG, an also index of left ventricular hypertrophy (19,2 ± 9,1 vs 14,7 ± 6,5). Th ere were no significant differences between groups in the estimated body mass index and waist circumference. Differences between groups in stress exposure, occupation, alcohol consumption or physical activity were no significant. Patients in AMI group were more frequently male (199 (69%) vs 59 (52%), p=0,001), married (252 (87%) vs 88 (77%), p=0,037), smokers (162 (56%) vs 50 (44%), p=0,018) and with higher incidence od dyslipidemia (217 (75%) vs 73 (64%), p=0,019) compared with IS group. Incidence of arterial hypertension and diabetes was similar in both groups. Both entities share similar pathophysiological mechanisms and, consequently, main traditional risk factors. However, incidence of myocardial infarction increases with male sex, dyslipidemia, smoking and marital status, while incidense of ischemic stroke increases with age, higher diastolic blood pressure and also with ECG signs of left ventricular hypertrophy.
Charakterisierung von supraleitenden Josephson-Cantilevern für Messungen im THz-Mikroskop
Authors: Hampel Benedikt , Tollkühn Marco , Jungclaus Jörgen , Martens Michael , Schilling Meinhard
Published: September 2017

Zur Messung der räumlichen Verteilung von elektromagnetischen Hochfrequenzfeldern über elektronischen Schaltungen wurde am Institut für Elektrische Messtechnik und Grundlagen der Elektrotechnik ein THz-Mikroskop entwickelt. Als Sensor kommt hierbei der so genannte. Josephson-Cantilever zum Einsatz. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden der Messprozess und einige Ergebnisse zur Charakterisierung dieser Sensoren vorgestellt. Diese Messungen sind vor dem Einbau der Sensoren in das THz-Mikroskop nötig, um die Eigenschaften für die jeweilige Messfrequenz optimieren zu können.
Hinchas e identidad. Alcances y limitaciones de la ética del aguante / Fans and identity. Scope and limitations of the ethics of endurance
Authors: Hasicic Germán
Published: September 2017

A partir de un conjunto de entrevistas, diálogos, conversaciones y charlas informales se transformaron en los protagonistas de una investigación que aborda, entre otros ejes, las subjetividades desde una perspectiva socio-cultural y no meramente discursiva. Es decir, el análisis de las prácticas discursivas forma parte de un entramado analítico más amplio y complejo, articulándose a las preguntas por la violencia y la discriminación subyacentes. Para adentrarnos aún con mayor profundidad en la construcción  identitaria de los hinchas de River, es preciso realizar una revisión de las discusiones y avances más significativos en torno a los estudios vinculados a la construcción de identidades futboleras: cómo se constituyen, perciben y autoperciben las identidades de estos sujetos, reparando en el comportamiento social permitido y atendiendo al uso de la violencia como práctica legítima/ilegítima, desarrollada en el capítulo anterior. Al hacerlo, hemos puesto en tensión una categoría moral: la ética del aguante.
Fortifications in the ancient Mediterranean and Near East
Authors: García Sánchez Jesús
Published: September 2017

The two volumes under review are the outcome of the ‘Focus on Fortifications Project’, or ‘FoFo’ as its many participants refer to it here. In their insightful introduction, the editors explain that this project is best characterised as a scholarly network intended to foster new knowledge of ancient fortifications in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Near East (Asia Minor, Syria and Jordan). The resulting two volumes, published in the monograph series of the Danish Institute at Athens, encompass theoretical and methodological considerations (Volume 1), and the results of new studies of specific fortifications (Volume 2).
Mycenaeans in Bavaria? Amber and gold from the Bronze Age site of Bernstorf
Authors: Harding Anthony , Hughes-Brock Helen
Published: September 2017

In August 1998 the German archaeological world was stunned when two amateur archaeologists found decorated gold-sheet ornaments on a hill in Bavaria north of Munich, near a farm named Bernstorf, in the commune of Kranzberg. A Bronze Age fortified enclosure was known there, local amateurs having excavated it earlier in the 1990s; later, permission was granted for gravel extraction, trees were cleared and it was in this disturbed area that the gold appeared. The authorities were quickly alerted. Both the Staatssammlung in Munich (Bavarian State Archaeological Museum) and the Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege (BLfD, Bavarian State Office for Monument Care) took part in inspections and, subsequently, excavations. More gold, including a ‘diadem’, appeared and, in late September 1998, perforated lumps of amber. Then in November 2000, on the edge of an area under excavation by the BLfD, came the sensational discovery of two incised pieces of amber hailed as Mycenaean.
A palimpsest grave at the Iron Age cemetery in Estark-Joshaqan, Iran
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Javad , Javeri Mohsen , Montazerzohouri Majid , Banitaba Ali , Shadmahani Reza Nori , Makvandi Leila , Sołtysiak Arkadiusz
Published: September 2017

At the onset of the Iron Age, after c. 1200 BC, Iran was a place of major social transformation. After the collapse of the Bronze Age urban civilisations, the land was inhabited mainly by groups of mobile pastoralists that gradually transitioned from tribal organisation into loose federations, before finally developing into the Median and Persian early states (Potts 2014). This transition is still poorly recognised, as settlement sites from this period are scarce and most evidence is from cemeteries that were excavated many decades ago. Here we report results of excavations at a recently discovered cemetery that may provide new insights into the social complexity and cultural affinities of Iron Age nomads in Iran.
EDITORIAL
Authors: Scarre Chris
Published: September 2017

Archaeology takes the long view: that is one of the things that distinguishes it from history. Many of us (prehistorians in particular) deal with dates ending in multiple zeros that can easily confuse the uninitiated. The spans of time are vast, the evidence challenging and the pace of change, for much of that timescale, seemingly very slow. How far that impression is caused by taphonomy—the further back we look, the less there is to go on—and how far by the conservative nature of small-scale societies is a good question. There is no doubt about the gathering pace of change as we approach the present, however, and that is hardly surprising given the ballooning size of human populations. Twenty-first-century technology does not make us cleverer, but there are more of us around to invent things.
Quantifying the External and Internal Loads of Professional Rugby League Training Modes: Consideration for Concurrent Field-Based Training Prescription
Authors: Weaving Dan , Jones Ben , Till Kevin , Marshall Phil , Earle Keith , Abt Grant
Published: September 2017

Weaving, D, Jones, B, Till, K, Marshall, P, Earle, K, and Abt, G. Quantifying the external and internal loads of professional rugby league training modes: consideration for concurrent field-based training prescription. J Strength Cond Res 34(12): 3514–3522, 2020—Practitioners prescribe numerous training modes to develop the varied physical qualities that professional rugby league players must express during competition. The aim of this study was to determine how the magnitude of external and internal training load per minute of time differs between modes in professional rugby league players. These data were collected from 17 players across 716 individual sessions (mean [SD] sessions: 42 [13] per player) which were categorized by mode (conditioning [CON], small-sided games, skills, and sprint training). Derived from global positioning systems (5 Hz with 15 Hz interpolation), the distances covered within arbitrary speed and metabolic power thresholds were determined to represent the external load. Session rating of perceived exertion and individualized training impulse represented the internal load. All data were made relative to the session duration. The differences in time-relative load methods between each mode were assessed using magnitude-based inferences. Small-sided games and CON very likely to almost certainly produced the greatest relative internal and external loads. Sprint training provided players with the greatest sprinting and maximal-power distances without a concomitant increase in the internal load. The metabolic power method complements speed-based quantification of the external load, particularly during small-sided games and skills training. In practice, establishing normative loads per minute of time for each mode can be useful to plan future training by multiplying this value by the planned session duration.
Preseason Functional Test Scores Are Associated With Future Sports Injury in Female Collegiate Athletes
Authors: Brumitt Jason , Heiderscheit Bryan C. , Manske Robert C. , Niemuth Paul E. , Mattocks Alma , Rauh Mitchell J.
Published: September 2017

Brumitt, J, Heiderscheit, B, Manske, R, Niemuth, PE, Mattocks, A, and Rauh, MJ. Preseason functional test scores are associated with future sports injury in female collegiate athletes. J Strength Cond Res 32(6): 1692–1701, 2018—Recent prospective cohort studies have reported preseason functional performance test (FPT) measures and associations with future risk of injury; however, the findings associated with these studies have been equivocal. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of a battery of FPTs as a preseason screening tool to identify female Division III (D III) collegiate athletes who may be at risk for a noncontact time-loss injury to the lower quadrant (LQ = low back and lower extremities). One hundred six female D III athletes were recruited for this study. Athletes performed 3 FPTs: standing long jump (SLJ), single-leg hop (SLH) for distance, and the lower extremity functional test (LEFT). Time-loss sport-related injuries were tracked during the season. Thirty-two (24 initial and 8 subsequent) time-loss LQ injuries were sustained during the study. Ten of the 24 initial injuries occurred at the thigh and knee. At-risk athletes with suboptimal FPT measures (SLJ ≤79% ht; (B) SLH ≤64% ht; LEFT ≥118 seconds) had significantly greater rates of initial (7.2 per 1,000 athletic exposures [AEs]) and total (7.6 per 1,000 AEs) time-loss thigh or knee injuries than the referent group (0.9 per 1,000 AEs; 1.0 per 1,000 AEs, respectively). At-risk athletes were 9 times more likely to experience a thigh or knee injury (odds ratio [OR] = 9.7, confidence interval [CI]: 2.3–39.9; p = 0.002) than athletes in the referent group. At-risk athletes with a history of LQ sports injury and lower off-season training habits had an 18-fold increased risk of a time-loss thigh or knee injury during the season (adjusted OR = 18.7, CI: 3.0–118.1; p = 0.002). This battery of FPTs appears useful as a tool for identifying female D III athletes at risk of an LQ injury, especially to the thigh or knee region.
Kinetic Determinants of Reactive Strength in Highly Trained Sprint Athletes
Authors: Douglas Jamie , Pearson Simon , Ross Angus , McGuigan Mike
Published: September 2017

Douglas, J, Pearson, S, Ross, A, and McGuigan, M. Kinetic determinants of reactive strength in highly trained sprint athletes. J Strength Cond Res 32(6): 1562–1570, 2018—The purpose of this study was to determine the braking and propulsive phase kinetic variables underpinning reactive strength in highly trained sprint athletes in comparison with a nonsprint–trained control group. Twelve highly trained sprint athletes and 12 nonsprint–trained participants performed drop jumps (DJs) from 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 m onto a force plate. One familiarization session was followed by an experimental testing session within the same week. Reactive strength index (RSI), contact time, flight time, and leg stiffness were determined. Kinetic variables including force, power, and impulse were assessed within the braking and propulsive phases. Sprint-trained athletes demonstrated higher RSI vs. nonsprint–trained participants across all drop heights {3.02 vs. 2.02; ES (±90% confidence limit [CL]): 3.11 ± 0.86}. This difference was primarily attained by briefer contact times (0.16 vs. 0.22 seconds; effect size [ES]: −1.49 ± 0.53) with smaller differences observed for flight time (0.50 vs. 0.46 seconds; ES: 0.53 ± 0.58). Leg stiffness, braking and propulsive phase force, and power were higher in sprint-trained athletes. Very large differences were observed in mean braking force (51 vs. 38 N·kg−1; ES: 2.57 ± 0.73) which was closely associated with contact time (r ±90% CL: −0.93 ± 0.05). Sprint-trained athletes exhibited superior reactive strength than nonsprint–trained participants. This was due to the ability to strike the ground with a stiffer leg spring, an enhanced expression of braking force, and possibly an increased utilization of elastic structures. The DJ kinetic analysis provides additional insight into the determinants of reactive strength which may inform subsequent testing and training.
Reliability and Measurement Error of Tensiomyography to Assess Mechanical Muscle Function: A Systematic Review
Authors: Martín-Rodríguez Saúl , Loturco Irineu , Hunter Angus M. , Rodríguez-Ruiz David , Munguia-Izquierdo Diego
Published: September 2017

Martín-Rodríguez, S, Loturco, I, Hunter, AM, Rodríguez-Ruiz, D, and Munguia-Izquierdo, D. Reliability and measurement error of tensiomyography to assess mechanical muscle function: A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 31(12): 3524–3536, 2017—Interest in studying mechanical skeletal muscle function through tensiomyography (TMG) has increased in recent years. This systematic review aimed to (a) report the reliability and measurement error of all TMG parameters (i.e., maximum radial displacement of the muscle belly [Dm], contraction time [Tc], delay time [Td], half-relaxation time [½ Tr], and sustained contraction time [Ts]) and (b) to provide critical reflection on how to perform accurate and appropriate measurements for informing clinicians, exercise professionals, and researchers. A comprehensive literature search was performed of the Pubmed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Cochrane databases up to July 2017. Eight studies were included in this systematic review. Meta-analysis could not be performed because of the low quality of the evidence of some studies evaluated. Overall, the review of the 9 studies involving 158 participants revealed high relative reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]) for Dm (0.91–0.99); moderate-to-high ICC for Ts (0.80–0.96), Tc (0.70–0.98), and ½ Tr (0.77–0.93); and low-to-high ICC for Td (0.60–0.98), independently of the evaluated muscles. In addition, absolute reliability (coefficient of variation [CV]) was low for all TMG parameters except for ½ Tr (CV = >20%), whereas measurement error indexes were high for this parameter. In conclusion, this study indicates that 3 of the TMG parameters (Dm, Td, and Tc) are highly reliable, whereas ½ Tr demonstrate insufficient reliability, and thus should not be used in future studies.
Hamstring Myoelectrical Activity During Three Different Kettlebell Swing Exercises
Authors: Del Monte Michael J. , Opar David A. , Timmins Ryan G. , Ross James A. , Keogh Justin W.L. , Lorenzen Christian
Published: September 2017

Del Monte, MJ, Opar, DA, Timmins, RG, Ross, JA, Keogh, JWL, and Lorenzen, C. Hamstring myoelectrical activity during three different kettlebell swing exercises. J Strength Cond Res 34(7): 1953–1958, 2020—Kettlebell exercises have become an increasingly popular form of resistance training and component of lower-body rehabilitative training programs, despite a lack of scientific literature illustrating internal mechanisms and effectiveness of these approaches. Participants (n = 14) performed 3 different styles of kettlebell swings (hip hinge, squat, and double knee extension) and were assessed for medial hamstrings (MHs) and biceps femoris (BF) myoelectrical activity through surface electromyography (sEMG). Bipolar pregelled Ag/AgCl sEMG electrodes (10 mm diameter, 20 mm interelectrode distance) were placed on the participant's dominant limb after correct skin preparation. There was a main effect for swing type (p = 0.004), where the hip hinge swing elicited a greater overall MH and BF sEMG in comparison with the squat swing (mean difference = 3.92; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.53–6.32; p = 0.002) and the double knee extension swing (mean difference = 5.32; 95% CI = 0.80–9.83; p = 0.020). Across all swing types, normalized percentage of MH sEMG was significantly higher compared with the BF (mean difference = 9.93; 95% CI = 1.67–18.19; p = 0.022). The hip hinge kettlebell swing produced the greatest amount of hamstring sEMG for the 3 styles of kettlebell swings assessed. These findings have implications for the application of kettlebell swing exercises in strength and conditioning, injury prevention, and rehabilitation programs.
A Review of Physio-Biochemical Properties of Natural Fibers and Their Application in Soil Reinforcement
Authors: Bordoloi Sanandam , Garg Ankit , Sekharan Sreedeep
Published: September 2017

The use of natural materials in place of synthetic materials has been the focus of research in sustainable geotechnics. In this context, use of natural plants/weeds as randomly distributed fiber-reinforced soil (RDFS) is extensively researched as a possible soil-improvement technique. The behavior of soil–natural fiber composite is dependent on the biochemical, physical, and mechanical properties of natural fibers. These natural-fiber properties are inherently different from those of conventional synthetic fibers, in which mechanical properties essentially govern the soil-fiber composite behavior. Very few geotechnical applications using natural geo-reinforcement materials have taken into consideration the biochemical and physical properties of the fiber. Moreover, there is rarely any systematic assessment and compilation of the work encompassing the application of natural fibers in soil reinforcement. This review summarizes the use of natural fibers in soil reinforcement. The study explores the importance and impact of natural-fiber properties on the performance of natural fibers in subsoil conditions. The treatment methodologies used in natural fibers to increase their longevity and reinforcement capabilities are also discussed. Based on this review, some key research gaps and the future scope of research have been highlighted. The review strongly recommends potential natural flora as RDFS fibers from a sustainability perspective. The review brings out the importance of biochemical composition (cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, etc.) on fiber performance in subsoil conditions and highlights the use of treatment methodologies for fibers.
Risk, Uncertainty, and Institutional Failure in the 2014 West Virginia Chemical Spill
Authors: Lukacs Heather A. , Sawe Nik , Ulibarri Nicola
Published: September 2017

On January 9, 2014, 4-methylcyclohexanemethanol (MCHM), a chemical used to process coal, spilled into West Virginia’s Elk River and contaminated the drinking water of over 300,000 people. In the following weeks, the public uncovered a series of institutional failures—among the private sector, local utilities, and government agencies—preceding and following the spill. This case study introduces students to the institutional complexities and ecological vulnerabilities that slowed and confounded response to the disaster due to an unclear chain of responsibility across sectors. This case study also assesses how West Virginia residents and agencies perceived the environmental risk and the responsibility of different institutional agencies and how these perceptions added to the complexity and uncertainty surrounding response to the spill. This case study aims to teach students how risk assessment and perception interact with environmental governance.
Multicystic dysplastic kidney: a new association of Wolcott–Rallison syndrome
Authors: Deeb Asma , Al-Zidgali Faisal , Ofoegbu Bibian N
Published: September 2017

Wolcott–Rallison syndrome (WRS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder due to mutations in the EIF2AK3 gene. It is characterized by permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus, skeletal dysplasia, liver impairment, neutropenia and renal dysfunction. Liver is the most commonly affected organ and liver failure is the commonest cause of death in this syndrome. The EIF2AK3 gene encodes a transmembrane protein PERK, which is important for the cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The absence of PERK activity reduces the ER’s abilities to deal with stress, leading to cell death by apoptosis. On acquiring febrile illness, affected patients suffer from liver injury, which may progress into liver failure and death. Renal involvement is less common and is mainly in the form of functional renal impairment at the advanced stage of the disease. Structural renal anomalies have not been reported in WRS. We report a 6-month-old girl who presented with neonatal diabetes on day 1 of life. Her genetic testing confirmed WRS due to missense mutation in the EIF2AK3 gene (c.2867G > A, p.Gly956Glu). Parents are first-degree cousins and both are heterozygous carriers to the mutation. 2 paternal uncles had the same mutation and died of liver disease at 1 and 14 years of age. Neither had a renal disease. She presented with hematuria during a febrile illness at the age of 5 months. Ultrasound scan showed right ectopic multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first patient with WRS who is reported to have an MCDK disease.

Learning points:

Neonatal diabetes should be considered in babies presenting with early hyperglycemia particularly if there is a family history.

Genetic diagnosis in neonatal diabetes enables disease confirmation, genetic counseling and anticipation of potential complications during concomitant situations such as acute illness, trauma or major surgery.

There is lack of phenotype–genotype correlation in Wolcott–Rallison syndrome.

Structural kidney abnormality, in our case MCDK, can be seen in WRS.