bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi Response Optimization of Friction Stir Spot Welding Process
Authors: ER Onur , KÜLEKCİ Mustafa Kemal , EŞME Uğur , BOĞA Cem
Published: August 2021

Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is a solid state welding method mainly used to join non-ferrous metals and their alloys. When opposed to other welding processes, FSSW has the benefits of being pollution-free and having no filler material. In this study an attempt was made for multi response optimization of friction stir spot welded EN AW 5005 aluminum alloy using Taguchi method and Grey relational analysis (GRA). Pin height (h, mm), tool rotation (S, rpm), and welding time (t, s) were used as input parameters while tensile shear strength (TSS, MPa) and joint efficiency (JE, %) were used as multi response parameters. Therefore, Taguchi’s L8 orthogonal design matrix was used in order to plan the experiments. GRA was then applied to determine the optimum condition which gives the higher grey relational degree. Analysis of Variance method (ANOVA) was also carried out in order to show the most significant parameter. Finally, confirmation test was applied to confirm the results and determine the improvement in grey relational grade throughout this method. The best results were obtained with parameters such as
2.6 mm pin height, 1500 rpm tool rotation and 10 s welding time with 122.16 MPa TSS and 111.05 JE. A significant improvement of 0.310 was obtained in the optimal parameter in grey relation grade.
İletim Hatlarında Meydana Gelen Elektromanyetik Alanın İnsanlar Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Analizi
Authors: ÖZÜPAK Yıldırım
Published: August 2021

Güç sistemlerinde yüksek gerilim, güç kayıplarını azaltmak ve enerjinin dağıtım yerinden uzak mesafelere iletilmesi amacıyla kullanılmaktadır. Fakat akım taşıyan yüksek gerilim iletim hatlarının yakınında elektromanyetik alan da meydana gelmektedir. Bu elektromanyetik alanlar, iletim hatlarının çevresinde yaşayan insanlar için zararlıdır. Bu çalışmada, yüksek gerilim (YG) iletim hatlarında oluşan elektromanyetik alan dağılımının analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analiz ve simülasyon için Sonlu Elemanlar Yöntemine (SEY) dayalı çözüm gerçekleştiren ANSYS simülasyon programı kullanılmıştır. Programın temel çalışma prensibi, yapıyı, gövdeyi veya belirlenen alanı sonlu elemanlar ile alt alanlara bölerek çözüm gerçekleştirmektir. Elektromanyetik alan dağılımını elde etmek için, güç iletim hattı, akım yükü, faz hatlarındaki sarkma, elektrik direklerinin konumları gibi farklı elektriksel ve geometrik parametreler dikkate alınarak 154 kV’luk iletim hattı ve iletim hattı yakınında yaşayan halk için simüle edilmiştir. Simülasyonlardan insanların elektrik ve manyetik alanlara maruz kalmasına ilişkin analiz sonuçları elde edilmiştir.
Van Gölü Havzasında Hidrometeorolojik Verilerin Eğilim Analizi
Authors: AYDIN Mahsum , ÖZ Arif
Published: August 2021

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin en büyük ikinci kapalı havzası olan Van Gölü Havzası ele alınmaktadır. Çalışmada havza sınırları içerisinde ve yakınında bulunan 9 adet meteoroloji gözlem istasyonuna ait 1968-2017 yılları arasındaki yağış ve sıcaklık verilerinin eğilimleri incelenmiştir. Eğilimlerin belirlenmesi için 3 farklı trend analizi metodu (Şen-YEÇ, Mann-Kendall (M-K) Testi ve Spearman’ın Rho (S-R) Testi) uygulanmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra M-K mertebe korelasyon testi yardımı ile eğilim başlangıç yılı belirlenmiştir. Yağış verileri üzerinde yapılan analizler incelendiğinde, Erciş ve Ahlat istasyonlarında istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir azalma olduğu, geriye kalan istasyonlarda eğilim olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Sıcaklık verilerinin incelemesi sonucunda ise Erciş ve Ahlat istasyonlarında eğilim olmadığı ancak diğer tüm istasyonlarda artan yönde eğilim olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan eğilim analizleri sonucu havza üzerine düşen yağışta azalma, sıcaklıkta ise artış eğilimi olduğu, bu durumun ise gelecek yıllarda havza üzerinde kuraklık riskini artırabileceği belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, havzanın gelecek dönemlerde ciddi kuraklık riski ile karşılaşabileceğini gösterdiğinden gerekli önlemlerin alınması önerilmektedir.
TBDY 2018 Yönetmeliğinde Verilen Süneklik Düzeyi Yüksek Betonarme Taşıyıcı Sistemler için Maliyet ve Deprem Performansı Bakımından Bir Karşılaştırma
Authors: ÜNSAL İsmail , ŞAHAN M. Fatih
Published: August 2021

Bu çalışmada, “Deprem Etkilerinin Tamamının Moment Aktaran Süneklik Düzeyi Yüksek Betonarme Çerçevelerle Karşılandığı Taşıyıcı Sistemler” ile “Deprem Etkilerinin Tamamının Süneklik Düzeyi Yüksek Boşluksuz Betonarme Perdelerle Karşılandığı Taşıyıcı Sistemler” maliyet ve deprem performansları bakımından karşılaştırmalı olarak irdelenmiştir. Bu amaçla 18 katlı konut tipi bir bina esas alınmış ve her iki taşıyıcı sistemi karşılaştırmak üzere STA4CAD yazılımında iki farklı model hazırlanmıştır. Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği-2018 (TBDY 2018) esas alınarak yapılan analizlerden her iki modelle elde edilen maliyetler karşılaştırılmıştır. Çok Modlu İtme Yöntemi kullanılarak yapılan analizler sonucunda elde edilen eleman hasar durumları üzerinden yapılan değerlendirmede perdeli modelin deprem performansının çerçeveli modelin performansından daha iyi olduğu gözlenmiştir. Kaba yapı maliyeti esas alınarak yapılan karşılaştırmada, deprem etkilerinin tamamının betonarme perdelerle karşılandığı taşıyıcı sistem modelinin, deprem etkilerinin tamamının betonarme çerçeveler ile karşılandığı taşıyıcı sistem modeline kıyasla daha ekonomik olduğu gözlenmiştir.
Targeting Microenvironment of Melanoma and Head and Neck Cancers
in Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Ratkaj Ivana , Mušković Martina , Malatesti Nela
Published: August 2021

Background:

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), in comparison to other skin cancers,
is still far less effective for melanoma, due to the strong absorbance and the role of
melanin in cytoprotection. The tumour microenvironment (TME) has a significant role in
tumour progression, and the hypoxic TME is one of the main reasons for melanoma progression
to metastasis and its resistance to PDT. Hypoxia is also a feature of solid tumours
in the head and neck region that indicates negative prognosis.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to individuate and describe systematically the main
strategies in targeting the TME, especially hypoxia, in PDT against melanoma and head
and neck cancers (HNC), and assess the current success in their application.

Methods:

PubMed was used for searching, in MEDLINE and other databases, for the
most recent publications on PDT against melanoma and HNC in combination with the
TME targeting and hypoxia.

Results:

In PDT for melanoma and HNC, it is very important to control hypoxia levels,
and amongst the different approaches, oxygen self-supply systems are often applied. Vascular
targeting is promising, but to improve it, optimal drug-light interval, and formulation
to increase the accumulation of the photosensitiser in the tumour vasculature, have to
be established. On the other side, the use of angiogenesis inhibitors, such as those interfering
with VEGF signalling, is somewhat less successful than expected and needs to be
further investigated.

Conclusion:

The combination of PDT with immunotherapy by using multifunctional nanoparticles
continues to develop and seems to be the most promising for achieving a
complete and lasting antitumour effect.
Structure-Activity Studies of Novel Di-substituted [1,2,5]oxadiazolo [3,4-b]pyrazine Analogs Targeting the A-loop Regulatory Site of p38
MAP Kinase
Authors: Carrasco Esther , Gomez-Gutierrez Patricia , Campos Pedro M. , Vega Miguel , Messeguer Angel , Perez Juan Jesus
Published: August 2021

Introduction:

In the quest for novel allosteric inhibitors of the p38 MAP kinase, we recently
described the A-loop regulatory site, identified by means of molecular modeling studies together with
the disclosure of a small molecule hit with a moderate inhibitory profile. Starting from this structure,
we subsequently identified two additional hits with simpler molecular structures from an in silico
screening study, using a substructure search in the SciFinder database. After corroboration of their inhibitory
profile, analysis of their structures permitted to conclude about the suitability of the
[1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4-b]pyrazine (furazano[3,4-b]pyrazine) scaffold for the development of potent Aloop
regulatory site p38 MAP kinase inhibitors. Accordingly, we report the synthesis and pharmacological
evaluation of a series of di-substituted analogs with a potent inhibitory profile of p38 MAP kinase,
as shown by in vitro assays of their capability to inhibit IL-1β secretion in human monocyte-derived
macrophages.

Objective:

To find small molecule potent inhibitors of the p38 MAP kinase A-loop regulatory site.

Methods:

Starting from this structure, we subsequently identified two additional hits with simpler molecular
structures from an in silico screening study, using a substructure search in the SciFinder database.
After corroboration of their inhibitory profile, we carried out a hit-to-lead optimization process
guided by molecular modeling using a [1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4-b]pyrazine (furazano[3,4-b]pyrazine)
scaffold.

Results:

We report the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a series of di-substituted analogs
with a potent inhibitory profile of p38 MAP kinase, as shown by in vitro assays of their capability to
inhibit IL-1β secretion in human monocyte-derived macrophages.

Conclusions:

We describe in the present work a series of [1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4-b]pyrazine (furazano[
3,4-b]pyrazine), which are potent inhibitors of IL-1β secretion in human monocyte-derived macrophages
allosteric modulators of the p38 MAP kinase A-loop regulatory site.
Mucoadhesive Nanosystems for Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery in the
Treatment of Central Nervous System Diseases
Authors: Di Filippo Leonardo Delello , Duarte Jonatas , Fonseca-Santos Bruno , Tavares Júnior Alberto Gomes , Araújo Victor , Roque Borda Cesar Augusto , Vicente Eduardo Festozo , Chorilli Marlus
Published: August 2021

The diseases affecting the Central Nervous System (CNS) can have varied etiopathology,
but they have in common silent progression, global incidence, and significant
impacts on the quality of life of patients and public health systems. With the advance of
biomedicine and pharmaceutical technology, new and more modern diagnostic methods
and treatments were developed, repurposing the use of drugs currently available for the
treatment of CNS diseases. An attractive approach is the use of alternative drug delivery
platforms, such as nanocarriers, and less invasive administration routes, such as the noseto-
brain, extensively explored for the delivery of drugs into the CNS. Despite many promising
results, the nose-to-brain route has some physiological limitations that make it difficult
to deliver drugs satisfactorily to exert therapeutic activity in the CNS. To overcome
these limitations, nanostructured systems with mucoadhesive properties have stood out
over the last few years in pharmaceutical R&D. In this review; we discuss how the noseto-
brain route limitations can influence the delivery of drugs to the CNS and highlight the
benefits that mucoadhesion can bring to these nanostructured systems. The main findings
in the literature are brought together and discussed critically, focusing on how mucoadhesion
can improve the biopharmaceutical properties of molecules used in the clinic, as well
as their biological performance. Finally, conclusions are drawn about the points of
strength of mucoadhesive nanosystems and the points that still need attention to successfully
use the nose-to-brain route for the treatment of diseases that affect the CNS.
Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids in Glycoscience: Opportunities and Challenges#
Authors: Rajkhowa Sanchayita , Kale Raju R. , Sarma Jyotirmoy , Kumar Abhijeet , Mohapatra Prabhu P. , Tiwari Vinod K.
Published: August 2021

:

Carbohydrates are fascinating molecular scaffolds known for their diverse applications
in chemistry, biology, medicine, technology, and materials science. In addition, owing
to the notable features of Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids (RTILs) such as high-yield, short
reaction time, simple handling, excellent recyclability, and environmentally benign nature,
they have been extensively utilized as green solvents, catalysts, or both in a wide range of
organic transformation methodologies for easy access of a diverse range of biologically relevant
molecules. This review highlights the importance of RTILs that offer promising solutions
in glycoscience, particularly in relevance to the dissolution, functionalization, glycosylation,
and modification of carbohydrates as well as their challenges, impact, and future perspectives.
Reduction of Oximes and Hydrazones: Asymmetric and Diastereoselective Approaches
Authors: Ribeiro João L. P. , Alves Cláudia , Cardoso Ana L. , Lopes Susana M. M. , Pinho e Melo Teresa M. V. D.
Published: August 2021

:

The asymmetric reduction of oximes and hydrazones is an attractive and versatile
strategy for the synthesis of chiral amines, which are valuable building blocks in organic synthesis.
This review summarizes the relevant developments made in the last decade on the enantioselective
and diastereoselective reduction of oximes and hydrazones involving metalcatalyzed
hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis reactions, hydride donor reactions, and electrochemical
reactions.
Free Convective Flow of Hamilton-Crosser Model Gold-water Nanofluid
Through a Channel with Permeable Moving Walls
Authors: Bhatti Muhammad Mubashir , Pattnaik Pradyumna Kumar , Abbas Munawwar Ali , Mishra Satyaranjan , Khan Sami Ullah
Published: August 2021

Background:

The present manuscript analyzes the influence of buoyant forces of a
conducting time-dependent nanofluid flow through porous moving walls. The medium is also filled
with porous materials. In addition to that, uniform heat source and absorption parameters are
considered that affect the nanofluid model.

Introduction:

The model is based on the thermophysical properties of Hamilton-Crosser's
nanofluid model, in which a gold nanoparticle is submerged into the base fluid water. Before
simulation is obtained by a numerical method, suitable transformation is used to convert nonlinear
coupled PDEs to ODEs.

Method:

Runge-Kutta’s fourth-order scheme is applied successfully for the first-order ODEs in
conjunction with the shooting technique.

Result:

Computations for the coefficients of rate constants are presented through graphs, along
with the behavior of several physical parameters augmented by the flow phenomena.

Conclusion:

The present investigation may be compatible with the applications of biotechnology.
It is seen that the inclusion of volume concentration and the fluid velocity enhances near the
middle layer of the channel and retards near the permeable walls. Also, augmented values of the
Reynolds number and both cooling and heating of the wall increase the rate of shear stress.
Evaluation of Antibodies Directed Against Two GPCRs, Anti-AT1R and
Anti-ETAR, on Kidney Transplant Outcome
Authors: El band Jaouad El kaaoui , Llorente Santiago , Martinez-Garcia Pedro , Alfaro Rafael , Jimenez-Coll Victor , Boix Francisco , Galián José A. , Martinez-Banaclocha Helios , Botella Carmen , Moya-Quiles María R. , Minguela Alfredo , Legaz Isa , Muro Manuel
Published: August 2021

Background:

The role of an alloimmune response against non-self-antigens is established
in organ transplantation. HLA incompatibilities are mainly responsible for this recognition
between donor and recipient, but they may also be involved in the reactivity against other alloantigens
expressed on the allograft resulting from an autoimmune response developed against selfantigens.

Objective:

Our study aimed to determine the presence of non-anti-HLA antibodies (anti-AT1R and
anti-ETAR) in sera from patients with end-stage renal disease, who underwent kidney transplantation
in pre- and post-transplantation samples to study their influence on the development and evolution
of acute humoral rejections and DSAs.

Method:

Antibodies (Abs) against two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), angiotensin II type 1
receptor (AT1R) and endothelin-1 type A receptor (ETAR), have been detected in the sera of transplant
recipients, who experience allograft dysfunction, patients with coronary heart disease, marginal
hypertension and refractory, vascular lesions, myocardial hypertrophy and chronic inflammatory
diseases, such as atherosclerosis or sclerosis.

Results:

Kidney graft recipients were monitored for anti-ETAR, -AT1R, and -HLA Abs in pre-and
post-transplant evolution, and anti-AT1R and/or -ETAR Abs were detected in 24% of recipients
(22.4% with anti-AT1R Abs and 9.8% with anti-ETAR Abs). Due to acute humoral rejection, Graft
loss was detected in 6.4% of patients with anti-GPCRs non-HLA Abs, and 3.2% had DSA anti-HLA
Abs. In this research, we have described how the function of the anti-GPCRs autoAbs and how
these Abs that activate GPCRs could influence graft outcome.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, there is a high association of non-HLA anti-GPCRs Abs levels with
reduced kidney function after transplantation, especially in the presence of DSA anti-HLA Abs.
Although more studies are needed, anti-AT1R and anti-ETAR antibodies may be helpful biomarkers
that allow the risk of graft loss to be assessed.
Dysregulation of Lysyl Oxidases Expression in Diabetic Nephropathy and Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Añazco Carolina , Cerro Sebastián , Pereira Nicolás , Rojas Camila , Torres Álvaro , Vidal-Beltrán Isabel
Published: August 2021

Lysyl oxidases (LOXs) are amino oxidase enzymes that catalyze the oxidative deamination
of lysine and hydroxylysine residues to form allysine, the first step towards the development
of the final cross-linking reaction in collagens, a crucial macromolecule that reinforces extracellular
matrices. Basement membranes are specialized extracellular matrices that are essential components
of the glomerular filtration barrier, which also support tubular epithelial cells. Lysyl oxidases
are post-translational enzymes indispensable for tissue architecture, participating actively in the development
and function of kidneys. The differential expression and dysregulation of these enzymes
promote diabetic nephropathy, one of the major complications observed in end-stage renal diseases.
In addition, these enzymes act as transcription factors that trigger the epithelial-mesenchymal
transition responsible for the generation of different cancers. In the kidney, the expression studies
in physiological conditions identified LOXL1 and LOXL2 as constituent proteins of glomerular
basement membranes. Besides, LOX and LOXL2 are upregulated in fibrosis and renal cell carcinoma.
The current review summarizes the physiological expression of LOXs enzymes in the
nephrons, including glomerulus and tubules. Their roles in renal diseases are particularly highlighted
in diabetic nephropathy and renal cell carcinoma, two pathophysiological conditions where these
enzymes have been demonstrated to participate. The focus of the present study is to describe
and discuss the current understanding in this field. The current potential of LOXs enzymes as a biomarker
and pharmacological target to kidney diseases that involves extracellular matrix cross-linking
enzymes is also discussed. LOXs isoforms and their capacity as therapeutic targets could be
used for diagnostic and prognostic purposes and in treating these renal complications.
Adipocyte Fatty Acid Binding Protein (A-FABP) as a Potential New
Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Obesity - Associated Cancers
Authors: Majchrzak Kinga , Piotrowska Marta , Krajewska Julia , Fichna Jakub
Published: August 2021

:

Fatty acid binding protein A (A-FABP) is one of FABPs isoforms found mainly in adipose
tissue and macrophages. It works through many integrated pathways, regulating inflammation
and lipid metabolism, promoting glucose production, impairing insulin function, and contributing
to diseases such as atherosclerosis and diabetes. A-FABP is upregulated in the adipose tissue of
obese patients and its increased release into the bloodstream is positively associated with body
mass index. Consequently, A-FABP plays a key role in regulating metabolism in obese people. Recent
studies in mouse models and humans demonstrated the role of A-FABP in increasing the risk
of obesity-related cancers. Here we summarized the state of research on the link between obesity,
cancer and A-FABP as a new potential therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity - associated
cancers.
A Brief Review of the Essential Role of Nanovehicles for Improving the Therapeutic Efficacy of Pharmacological Agents Against Tumours
Authors: Patel Rakesh , Gupta Nitin , Yadav Virendra
Published: August 2021

Cancer is the leading cause of death globally. There are several differences between cancer
cells and normal cells. Of all the therapies, chemotherapy is the most prominent therapy to treat
cancer. However, the conventional drug delivery system that is used to deliver poorly aqueous soluble
chemotherapeutic agents has several obstacles such as whole-body distribution, rapid excretion,
degradation before reaching the infected site, side effects, etc. Nanoformulation of these insoluble
aqueous agents is the emerging delivery system for targeted and increasing solubility. Among all
the three methods (physical, chemical and biological) chemical and biological methods are mostly
used for the synthesis of Nanovehicles (NVs) of different sizes, shapes and dimensions. The passive
targeting delivery system in which NVs supports the pharmacological agents (drugs/genes) is
a good way for resolving the obstacles with a conventional delivery system. It enhances the therapeutic
efficacy of pharmacological agents (drugs/genes). These NVs have several specific characters
like small size, large surface area to volume ratio, surface functionalization, etc. However, this
delivery is not able to deliver site-specific delivery of drugs. An active targeting delivery system in
which pharmacological agents are loaded on NVs to attack directly on cancer cells and tissues is a
superior way for delivering the pharmacological agents compared to the passive targeting delivery
system. Various targeting ligands have been investigated and applied for targeting the delivery of
drugs such as sugar, vitamin, antibodies, protein and peptides, etc. This targeted ligand’s support to
guide the NVs, accumulated directly on the cancer cells with a higher level of cellular internalization
compared to passive targeting and conventional delivery system.
Curcumin, Resveratrol and Cannabidiol as Natural Key Prototypes in
Drug Design for Neuroprotective Agents
Authors: Viegas Flávia P. Dias , Gontijo Vanessa Silva , de Freitas Silva Matheus , Ortiz Cindy Juliet Cristancho , dos Reis Rosa Franco Graziella , Ernesto Januário Tomás , Damasio Caio Miranda , Silva Isabela Marie Fernandes , Campos Thâmara Gaspar , Viegas Claudio
Published: August 2021

:

Nowadays, neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alz-heimer’s disease (AD), Huntington’s disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), repre-sent a great challenge in different scientific fields, such as neuropharmacology, medicinal chemistry, molecular biology and medicine, as all these pathologies remain incurable, with high socio-economic impacts and high costs for governmental health services. Due to their severity and multi-factorial pathophysiological complexity, the available approved drugs for clinic have not yet shown adequate effectiveness and exhibited very restricted options in the therapeutic arsenal; this high-lights the need for continued drug discovery efforts in the academia and industry. In this context, natural products, such as curcumin (1), resveratrol (2) and cannabidiol (CBD, 3) have been recog-nized as important sources, with promising chemical entities, prototype models and starting materi-als for medicinal organic chemistry, as their molecular architecture, multifunctional properties and single chemical diversity could facilitate the discovery, optimization and development of innovative drug candidates with improved pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics compared to the known drugs and, perhaps, provide a chance for discovering novel effective drugs to combat NDs. In this review, we report the most recent efforts of medicinal chemists worldwide devoted to the explora-tion of curcumin (1), resveratrol (2) and cannabidiol (CBD, 3) as starting materials or privileged scaffolds in the design of multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs) with potential therapeutic proper-ties against NDs, which have been published in the scientific literature during the last 10 years of research and are available in PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science databases.
Morelloflavone as Potential Anticancer Agent Against MCF-7 Breast
Cancer Cell Lines: In vitro and In silico Studies
Authors: Darwati  , Nurlelasari  , Mayanti Tri , Ambardhani Nurul , Kurnia Dikdik
Published: August 2021

Background:

Breast cancer is most commonly reported to contribute to people's death. Nowadays,
cancer treatment is focused on investigating anticancer drugs from natural compounds. Various
methods, including in vitro, in vivo, and in silico methods, are used to assess the potential of anticancer
compounds. The efficacy of bioactive compounds from medicinal plant origin lies in their affordability
and minimized side effects. The Garcinia genus contains bioactive compounds, such as xanthones, benzophenones,
triterpenes, biflavonoids, and benzoquinones.

Purpose:

The study aimed at investigating an active compound that can inhibit cancer cell growth and
proteins that contribute to cancer cell growth, such as Caspase-9, TNF-α, ER-α, and HER-2.

Methods:

This study is divided into three steps. The first step is the isolation of the active compound from
G. cymosa. The second step is an assessment of cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cell by using MTT assay,
and the last one is an investigation of the molecular mechanism of an active compound against
Caspase-9, TNF-α, ER-α, and HER-2 by using in silico studies utilizing various programs, such as PyRx
0.8, PYMOL, and Discovery Studio.

Results:

Morelloflavone from G. cymosa stem barks has exhibited anticancer activity (55.84 μg/mL)
eight times lower than doxorubicin (6.99 μg/mL), but it can block the activity of Caspase-9, TNF-α, ER-
α, and HER-2. The binding affinity of morelloflavone is the strongest of all ligands.

Conclusion:

The natural flavonoid, morelloflavone, may be a new lead candidate for anticancer agent
inhibiting action mechanism of Caspase-9, TNF-α, ER-α, and HER-2, respectively.
Use of Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter as a Facilitator in the Juvenile
Cancer Therapeutic Process
Authors: Gascón Thaís Moura , Liubartas Natalia Cristina , Filipini Rosangela , Fonseca Fernando Luiz Affonso
Published: August 2021

Objective:

The objective of this study is to analyze the characteristics of insertion and
maintenance of 163 peripherally inserted central venous catheters in juvenile patients oncological.

Methods:

This is an observational study of a cross-sectional and longitudinal collection, with quantitative
approach of secondary data from patient’s medical records that underwent the procedure
for a peripheral insertion central catheter implantation, carried out in a non-profit Health Institution
(HI) in Sao Paulo, Brazil, specialized in the treatment of childhood-juvenile cancer, and which attends
children and adolescents from all regions of Brazil.

Results:

The measurement of the external catheter, when greater than 2 centimeters, negatively influences
the period of the segment used (p = 0.007) and is associated with catheter removal for unforeseen
causes (p = 0.013); displacement was the main cause of unexpected removal of peripherally
inserted central venous catheter.

Conclusion:

Peripherally inserted central venous catheter is a safe option when the entire therapeutic
trajectory is reached.
Diabetes Mellitus during the Pandemic Covid-19: Prevalence, Pathophysiology,
Mechanism, and Management: An updated overview
Authors: Ved Akash , Rais Nadeem , Ahmad Rizwan , Parveen Kehkashan , Ishrat Tauheed , Prakash Om , Shadab Mohd , Bari Darakhshan Gazala , Siddiqui Nasir Ali
Published: August 2021

Background:

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is among the most frequently reported comorbidities
in patients tainted with the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). With a high pervasiveness of diabetes
mellitus, there is an urgency to understand the special aspects of COVID-19 in hyperglycemic patients.
Diabetic patients are at higher risk than the general population of viral or bacterial infections,
thus require special attention since diabetes is linked with severe, critical, and lethal modes
of COVID-19.

Objective:

The objective of this study was to focus on epidemiology, pathophysiology, mechanism,
and management of DM with COVID-19.

Method:

The search was carried out on databases portals such as Pubmed, EMBASE, Google
Scholar, and CINAHL with the keywords, i.e., COVID-19, coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, diabetes,
covid-19, etc.

Result:

DM and COVID-19 disease conditions can impact each other in terms of clinical progression
and outcome. Available laboratory/clinical observations suggest that hyperglycemia-induced
immune dysfunction, inflated lactate grades, and cytokines storm may play critical roles in the seriousness
of COVID-19 in patients with diabetes; however, the exact mechanisms linking diabetes
and COVID-19 remain to be further clarified.

Conclusion:

Standards to constrain the disease spread at the individual and community level are
the key to extenuate the speedily rising pandemic, while definitive treatment, like plasma therapy,
chemoprophylaxis, or vaccine for COVID-19, has yet to be discovered.
A Comparison of Liver MRI and Contrast-Enhanced CT as Standard Workup Before Treatment for Rectal Cancer in Usual Care - A Retrospective Study
Authors: Park Jennifer , Block Mattias , Bock David , Kälebo Peter , Nilsson Peter , Prytz Mattias , Haglind Eva
Published: August 2021

Background:

The liver is the most common site for rectal cancer metastases. Recommended
standard pre-treatment workups have involved Computed Tomography (CT) for abdominal
metastases, however, few hospitals have replaced this with Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI).

Introduction:

The aim of this study was to compare MRI with CT as an index examination of the
liver in the pre-treatment workup in usual care. The primary endpoint was the need for supplementary
liver investigations.

Methods:

Consecutive patients from two hospitals during 2013-2015 were identified in the Regional
Swedish Colorectal Cancer Register and included in this retrospective study. Hospital records
and radiology reports were reviewed. Inconclusive reports were re-evaluated by two radiologists.

Result:

A total of 320 patients were included, and 293 were available for analysis. Some 175 and
118 patients had undergone CT and MRI respectively, as their index pre-treatment liver examination.
Thirty-four (19.4%) in the CT group and 6 (5.1%) patients in the MRI group underwent supplementary
liver investigation due to inconclusive index examination (RR 3.82, 95% CI: 1.66;
8.81, p=0.0017). Median time (q1; q3) from index examination to start of treatment was 50 (36;
68) days in the CT group and 34 (27; 45) days in the MRI group.

Conclusion:

This retrospective study of two modalities within usual care found that MRI of the liver
as index radiological workup before treatment for rectal cancer was associated with fewer supplementary
liver investigations and a shorter time to start of treatment. Based on these findings, a
prospective trial should be undertaken before implementing MRI as a standard.

Clinicaltrials.gov registration number:

NCT03463616.
Endogenous Liver Protections Against Lipotoxicity and Oxidative
Stress to Avoid the Progression of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver to
more Serious Disease
Authors: Barrios-Maya Miguel-Angel , Ruiz-Ramírez Angélica , El-Hafidi Mohammed
Published: August 2021

:

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a metabolic disorder
characterized by an ectopic accumulation of lipids in at least 5% of hepatocytes. The
first phase of the disease, called hepatic steatosis, progresses over time to chronic
conditions, such as steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and finally, hepatic insufficiency and
cancer. The accumulation of free fatty acids in hepatocytes, particularly saturated fatty
acids, is a key process in the development and progression of NAFLD. Furthermore, the
accumulation of oxidative stress markers in NAFLD is closely linked to lipotoxicity due to
impaired lipid metabolism and increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
However, endogenous mechanisms are activated early in the liver to protect against
lipotoxicity and oxidative stress, thus preventing liver mass loss and disease
progression. Thus, in order to develop appropriate therapies, the purpose of this review
is to discuss recent data from the literature regarding the importance of intrinsic
mechanisms deployed by the liver in protecting itself against the adverse effects related
to chronic lipid accumulation and ROS generation.
Coronavirus Disease 2019: Hysteresis Effect of Chest CT and the Correlation
with its Severity
Authors: Li Kui , Wang Wei , Wu Lei , Zhao Changwu , Jiang Zicheng , Liu Shengxi , Li Tao
Published: August 2021

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influencing factors for chest
CT hysteresis and severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Methods:

The chest CT data of patients with confirmed COVID-19 in 4 hospitals were retrospectively
analyzed. An independent assessment was performed by one clinician using the DEXIN
FACT Workstation Analysis System, and the assessment results were reviewed by another clinician.
Furthermore, the mean hysteresis time was calculated according to the median time from progression
to the most serious situation to improve chest CT in patients after fever relief. The optimal
scaling regression analysis was performed by including variables with statistical significance in univariate
analysis. In addition, a multivariate regression model was established to investigate the relationship
of the percentage of lesion/total lung volume with lymphocyte and other variables.

Results:

In the included 166 patients with COVID-19, the average value of the most serious percentage
of lesion/total lung volume was 6.62, of which 90 patients with fever had an average hysteresis
time of 4.5 days after symptom relief, with a similar trend observed in those without fever. Multivariate
analysis revealed that lymphocyte count in peripheral blood and transcutaneous oxygen saturation
decreased with the increase of the percentage of lesion/total lung volume.

Conclusion:

There is a hysteresis effect in the improvement of chest CT image relative to fever relief
in patients with COVID-19. The pulmonary lesions may be related to the severity as well as decreased
lymphocyte count or percutaneous oxygen saturation.
Visualized Analyses of Investigations Upon Mesenchymal Stem/stromal
Cell-based Cytotherapy and Underlying Mechanisms for COVID-19 Associated
ARDS
Authors: Aitong Wang , Leisheng Zhang , Hao Yu
Published: August 2021

:

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) triggered by severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a widespread pandemic globally and seriously
threatened public health. Patients with COVID-19 infection, and in particular, those with severe
pneumonia-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) manifested rapid disease
progression and the resultant high mortality and morbidity. Advances in fundamental and clinical
studies have suggested the feasibility of mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC)-based therapy as
an inspiring alternative for ARDS administration. However, the systematic characteristics of the
MSC-based cytotherapy and underlying mechanism for COVID-19 associated ARDS by bibliometric
analyses are still unknowable. Herein, we took advantage of visual analyses to reveal the
overview of ARDS-associated updates, core authors and focused issues, as well as to summarize
the comprehensive knowledge of the keywords, authors, institutions with the aid of indicated software.
Meanwhile, we have provided a brief overview on the molecular mechanisms and discussed
the safety and efficacy of MSC-based therapy for ARDS on the basis of clinical trials.
The World Against Versatile SARS-Cov-2 Nanomachines: Mythological or
Reality?
Authors: Tavakol Shima , Tavakol Hani , Alavijeh Mo S. , Seifalian Alexander
Published: August 2021

:

Nanomachines hold promise for the next generation of emerging technology; however, nanomachines
are not a new concept. Viruses, nature’s nanomachines, have already existed for thousands
of years. In 2019, the whole world had to come together to confront a life-threatening nanomachine
named “SARS-CoV-2”, which causes COVID-19 illness. SARS-CoV-2, a smart nanomachine,
attaches itself to the ACE2 and CD147 receptors present on the cell surfaces of the lungs,
kidneys, heart, brain, intestines, testes, etc. and triggers pathogenesis. Cell entry triggers a cascade of
inflammatory responses resulting in tissue damage, with the worst affected cases leading to death.
SARS-CoV-2 influences several receptors and signalling pathways; therefore, finding a biomaterial
that caps these signalling pathways and ligand sites is of interest. This research aimed to compare the
similarities and differences between COVID-19 and its elderly sisters, MERS and SARS. Furthermore,
we glanced at emerging therapeutics that carry potential in eliminating SARS-CoV-2, and the
tissue damage it causes. Simple prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for the treatment of COVID-
19 infection have been put forward.
Ultrasound-Mediated Cancer Therapeutics Delivery using Micelles and Liposomes: A Review
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Debasmita , Sano Catherine , AlSawaftah Nour , El-Awady Raafat , Husseini Ghaleb A. , Paul Vinod
Published: August 2021

Background:

Existing cancer treatment methods have many undesirable side effects that greatly reduce the quality of life of cancer patients.

Objective:

This review will focus on the use of ultrasound-responsive liposomes and polymeric micelles in cancer therapy.

Methods:

This review presents a survey of the literature regarding ultrasound-triggered micelles and liposomes using articles recently published in various journals, as well as some new patents in this field.

Results:

Nanoparticles have proven promising as cancer theranostic tools. Nanoparticles are selective in nature, have reduced toxicity, and controllable drug release patterns making them ideal carriers for anticancer drugs. Numerous nanocarriers have been designed to combat malignancies, including liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, solid nanoparticles, quantum dots, gold nanoparticles, and, more recently, metal-organic frameworks. The temporal and spatial release of therapeutic agents from these nanostructures can be controlled using internal and external triggers, including pH, enzymes, redox, temperature, magnetic and electromagnetic waves, and ultrasound. Ultrasound is an attractive modality because it is non-invasive, can be focused on the diseased site, and has a synergistic effect with anticancer drugs.

Conclusion:

The functionalization of micellar and liposomal surfaces with targeting moieties and the use of ultrasound as a triggering mechanism can help improve the selectivity and enable the spatiotemporal control of drug release from nanocarriers.
Lipid Nanocarriers for Neurotherapeutics: Introduction, Challenges,
Blood-brain Barrier, and Promises of Delivery Approaches
Authors: Javed Md. Noushad , Aslam Mohammed , Deeb Hala Hasan , Nicola Michel Kaisar , Mirza Mohd. Aamir , Alam Md. Sabir , Akhtar Md. Habban , Waziri Aafrin
Published: August 2021

:

Significant efforts have been made in research to discover newer neurotherapeutics, however,
the rate of reported neurological disorders has been increasing at an alarming speed. Neurotherapeutics
delivery in the brain is still posing a significant challenge, owing to the blood-brain
barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. These physiological barriers restrict the passage of
systemically available fractions of neurotherapeutics into the brain, owing to low permeability and
drug localization factors. Neurotherapeutics encapsulating lipid carriers favor a significant increase
in bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs by enhancing solubility in the gastrointestinal tract
and favoring stability. Due to their small size and lipid-based composition, these carriers offer enhanced
permeability across the semi-permeable blood-brain barrier to effectively transport encapsulated
loads, such as synthetic drugs, nutraceuticals, phytoconstituents, herbal extracts, and peptides,
thereby reducing incidences of off-target mediated adverse impacts and toxicity. The most significant
advantage of such lipid-based delivery systems is non–invasive nature and targeting of neurotherapeutics
to the central nervous system. Critical attributes of lipid-based carriers modulate release
rates in rate-controlled manners, enable higher penetration through the blood-brain barrier,
and bypass the hepatic first-pass metabolism leading to higher CNS bioavailability neurotherapeutics.
The current review discusses a brief and introductory account of the limitations of neurotherapeutics,
pharmacological barriers, challenges in brain-targeted delivery, and the potential of nanotechnology-
processed lipid-based carriers in the clinical management of neuronal disorders.
Omega-3 as an Adjunctive Therapy of Sertraline and Venlafaxine Substantially Improves Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder: A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study
Authors: Moghaddam Mohammad A. , Farid Malihe , Natanzi Mahboobeh M. , Khodaii Zohre , Badrfam Rahim , Zandifar Atefeh
Published: August 2021

Background:

Due to the possible effect of omega-3 fatty acids on reducing depressive symptoms, in this study, we investigated these effects in combination with other antidepressants.

Methods:

The study was a double-blind clinical trial on 100 patients with major depressive disorder who were divided into four groups of 25 each and treated with 50 mg daily sertraline plus placebo, 50 mg daily sertraline plus two grams Omega 3 daily, 75 mg daily venlafaxine plus placebo, and 75 mg daily venlafaxine plus 2 g Omega 3 daily for 6 weeks.

Results:

The mean Hamilton depression rating score of sertraline and venlafaxine plus omega-3 after treatment were 4.42 and 4.23 respectively versus sertraline and venlafaxine plus placebo 14.4 and 14.2 respectively (P value=0.0001).

Conclusion:

Omega-3 enhanced the clinical function of sertraline and venlafaxine to reduce the severity of depression. Adding omega-3 to either sertraline or venlafaxine does not have a comparative advantage over each other in terms of the improvement of severity of depressive symptoms.
Implementation of Embedded Unspecific Continuous English Speech Recognition Based on HMM
Authors: Lu Xiaoli , Shah Mohd Asif
Published: August 2021

Background:

To improve the usage of computers, a very important role is played by the
Human-computer interaction through Natural Language Conversational Interfaces. Speech recognition
technology allows the machine to understand human language. To achieve this function, a
speech recognition algorithm is used.

Methods:

In order to realize the embedded speech recognition function based on HMM under the
ARM platform, this paper, mainly based on the basic theoretical research of speech signals, establishes
the HMM model, uses speech collection, recognition and other methods, simulates on
MATLAB, and integrates the recognition system ported to ARM for debugging and running.

Results:

The research results show that the accuracy of HMM model experimental recognition can
reach 98%, and the speed of speech recognition simulation on ARM is faster than speech recognition.
The innovation of this paper is to make a comprehensive system introduction to embedded
speech recognition from the perspective of embedded systems, and perform speech recognition simulation
on MATLAB.

Conclusion:

The conclusion shows that the HMM-based embedded unspecific continuous English
speech recognition system has high recognition accuracy and fast speed.
Scaffolds Designing from Protein-loadable Coaxial Electrospun Fibermats of poly(acrylamide)-Co-poly(diacetone acrylamide) and Gelatin
Authors: Tanikawa Yuji , Obata Akiko , Nagata Kenji , Kasuga Toshihiro , Mizuno Toshihisa
Published: August 2021

Background:

Aiming at in situ regenerative therapy, the tailored design of cytokine-releasing
scaffolds is still one of the crucial issues to be studied. A core-shell fibermat is one of the attractive
platforms for this purpose. But, very few detail the importance of choosing the right material
for the shell units that can endow efficient release properties.

Objective:

In this study, we characterized the effectiveness of core-shell fibermats that possess
cross-linked gelatin (CLG) as the shell layer of constituent nanofibers, as a protein-releasing cell-incubation
scaffold.

Methods:

For the core nanofibers in the core-shell fibermats, we utilized a crosslinked copolymer
of poly(acrylamide)-co-poly(diacetone acrylamide) (poly(AM/DAAM)) and adipic acid dihydrazide
(ADH), poly(AM/DAAM)/ADH. By coaxial electrospinning and the subsequent crosslinking
of the gelatin layer, we successfully constructed core-shell fibermats consisting of double-layered
nanofibers of poly(AM/DAAM)/ADH and CLG. Using fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled lysozyme
(FITC-Lys) as a dummy guest protein, we characterized the release behavior of the coreshell
fibermats containing a CLG layer. Upon loading basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) as cargo
in our fibermats, we also characterized impacts of the released bFGF on proliferation of the incubated
cells thereon.

Results:

Although the single-layered poly(AM/DAAM)/ADH nanofiber fibermats did not adhere
to the mammalian cells, the core-shell fibermat with the CLG shell layer exhibited good adherence
and subsequent proliferation. A sustained release of the preloaded FITC-Lys over 24 days without
any burst release was observed, and the cumulative amount of released protein reached over 65%
after 24 days. Upon loading bFGF in our fibermats, we succeeded in promoting cell proliferation,
and highlighting its potential for use in therapeutic applications.

Conclusion:

We successfully confirmed that core-shell fibermats with a CLG shell layer around
the constituent nanofibers, were effective as protein-releasing cell-incubation scaffolds.