bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What’s Going On?
Authors: Caputi Jane
Published: July 2020

Mother Nature-Earth is probably humanity’s oldest religious, philosophical, and scientific idea, recognizing a non-binary mothering power, the encompassing womb that both gives and takes life through a process of continuing rebirth and renewal. Western culture reduces Mother Nature-Earth to a folkloric figure, but cognitive justice challenges the assumed supremacy and centrality of Eurocentric and male-dominated theory mostly associated with father figures. The Anthropocene is not only a geological event but also a political, philosophical, and theological one. Key to its undoing is decolonization, including of lands, waters, minds, and spirit, by drawing upon unjustly discredited knowledges, including Indigenous ontological conceptions of spiritual meanings that recognize the awareness and being of all terrestrial life, the inherent value of matter and the agency of Nature-Earth.
The Gods We Worship
Authors: Caputi Jane
Published: July 2020

Anthropocene Man worships himself via a creed of human exceptionalism and idolization of “tower of power” gods—speed, profit, domination, and accumulation. Anthropocene Man proclaims that he is becoming god—able to engineer a new genesis to replace nature, yielding a fully controlled manmade world. The divine role model for this project is the heaven-based and reportedly immortal, omnipotent, and purely male father god. Man’s self-deification is contingent upon deicide—simultaneously ecocide and matricide—of the original earth deity Mother Nature-Earth. Western ways of thinking reduce Mother Nature-Earth to mere metaphor, but this is wrong. Environmental justice theorists and activists worldwide speak to the reality of Mother Nature-Earth and call for the defense of the planetary Mother, including through the legal establishment of Mother Earth Rights.
The Anthropocene Is a Motherfucker
Authors: Caputi Jane
Published: July 2020

Critical Anthropocene analyses, including those naming the era the Capitalocene and the Plantationocene, neglect to analyze the gendered-sexual domination, or rapism, that founds the era. The origins of the Anthropocene extend back some seven thousand years to the establishment of patriarchal systems, based in ruling men establishing control over women’s sexual and reproductive powers. That model of domination then extended into the enslavement of others, ownership of land, and establishment of social hierarchies. These patterns mark the founding of the United States through the European rapist genocide of Indigenous peoples and theft of land, as well as the rapism at the core of chattel slavery. These enactments of motherfucking enabled a world-wide cotton industry, which in turn made possible the global and rapacious capitalist system that is most responsible for the Anthropocene. Gendered sex and violence infuse ecocidal activities, past and present, including plowing, drilling, nuking, and fracking—which all double as slang terms for fucking.
Color Mother Nature Gone
Authors: Caputi Jane
Published: July 2020

Color is a living presence and natural symbol, experienced through the heart as well as the eyes. In the Anthropocene, a pervasive colorlessness reveals the diminishment and departure of the life force-source, which manifests in the glorification of whiteness signifying White supremacy as well as in the proliferation of artificial color signifying Man’s goal of copying and replacing of nature. Whiteness as the hallmark of modernity and the conquest of nature marked two industrial-age world fairs, one in Chicago and the other in Rio de Janeiro. The ecocidal drive to eliminate and replace nature is epitomized by the production of plastics and the accompanying synthetic rainbow of man-made color. The keystone symbol for the Anthropocene is the mechanical bride, or white-face fembot, meant to signify man’s defeat of nature, but actually a Sterility Goddess, signposting an apocalyptic departure of Mother Nature-Earth.
“Feed the Green”
Authors: Caputi Jane
Published: July 2020

This dream-inspired chapter seeks the spiritual meanings of green, the color announcing the living presence of nature. Multitudinous green beings appear in sacred, artistic, and popular traditions, and are all emblematic of Mother Nature-Earth. Familiar greenness signifies the continuous renewal of the energetic patterns that sustain life as we know it, patterns that must be fed or else they dissipate. A new strain of symbolic mutagenic green signposts the Man-made insults that result in the disruption of those ecological patterns. Humans, who have not been so doing, need to feed the green and practice ritual renewal of the patterns that sustain us, though all aspects of lifestyle, work, arts, and ceremony, both private and public.
Call (On) Your “Mutha’ ”
Authors: Caputi Jane
Published: July 2020

Throughout world oral traditions, literature, pop culture, and the visual arts, numerous stories, ancient and new, feature a solution to social and environmental crisis that takes shape in a calling and a calling upon the “Mutha’,” resulting in a return of a departed life force-source and a renewal of the world. Examples come from Hopi, Greek, and Japanese traditions, as well as contemporary culture. A call to the mother particularly characterizes Afrofuturism, including the poetry of June Jordan, the art of John Thomas Biggers, Kevin Sampson, and Wangechi Mutu, the novels of Octavia Butler, and the musical compositions and poetry of Nicole Mitchell. These stories offer wisdom and direction for spiritual-political activism to bring about a world other than the Anthropocene.
Coda
Authors: Caputi Jane
Published: July 2020

This coda is inspired by a dream in which an elemental being advises that those of us seeking to make life in the face of ecological, political, and spiritual disaster “gather and vote.” Voting goes beyond casting a ballot at the polls as it derives from the same root as devotion and convocation. Undoing the Anthropocene requires devotion to the Earth “Mutha’ ” as well as recognition that life is a convocation, a coming together of all participating in the continuous process of making life. This is perhaps the most needful of knowledges in the Anthropocene. This knowing cannot be abstract but must be felt with the heart and put into practice—individual, communal, ritual. Consider it, then, our most profound civic birthright and responsibility to recognize the larger earth-community of which we are a part and to gather and vote, in the sense of invoking and expressing devotion, for Mother Nature-Earth.
A Troubled/Troubling History
Authors: Klapper Melissa R.
Published: July 2020

Ballet has been and continues to be among the least diverse of the performing arts. Until well into the twentieth century, most African American children who wanted to take ballet class were forced to go to segregated studios, which played significant roles in local communities. African Americans also faced very limited opportunities for ballet careers. There were important exceptions who served as role models, and the creation of the Dance Theatre of Harlem in 1969 helped challenge the racist assumptions that dancers of color could not master the ballet aesthetic. A number of prominent Native American ballerinas faced less discrimination. Recent diversity initiatives are slowly improving the situation in both recreational and professional ballet.
Yes, Boys Take Ballet Class Too
Authors: Klapper Melissa R.
Published: July 2020

While it is true that girls have always outnumbered them, boys have always been present in ballet class, and their numbers have grown steadily over the twentieth century. Due to gendered associations of ballet with girls and women in the United States, boys in ballet class have faced questions about their masculinity and sexuality. The impact of second-wave feminism on ideas about gender roles made ballet a more socially acceptable activity for boys. There have also been a number of strategies from within the ballet world to appeal to more boys, including offering free tuition, emphasizing the athleticism of ballet, and stressing the greater professional opportunities for male dancers.
Diplomates of Dance
Authors: Klapper Melissa R.
Published: July 2020

Early dance programs and departments at colleges and universities tended to focus on modern dance rather than ballet, but ballet has been more central to dance in higher education since the 1960s. Many college dance programs started in physical education departments, signaling the early twentieth-century concern with women’s bodies and appropriate physical activity for women, but they eventually moved into performing arts divisions. This change reflected the shift from a more holistic approach to an emphasis on performance. Dance programs in higher education today are more likely to focus on producing professionals than on training dance teachers or educating those who see dance as a liberal art. As a result, a small but growing number of professional ballet dancers have graduated from college, which was rare until very recently. There is also a growing field of dance studies with roots in history, philosophy, art, and culture as well as performance.
Think Pink
Authors: Klapper Melissa R.
Published: July 2020

Ballet has come to be an important part of girl culture, in part because so many girls in the United States take ballet at some point in their lives. Consumer products like dolls and music boxes have brought ballet into girls’ homes and reinforce a problematic link between ballet and femininity, though real girls who take ballet class are often quite thoughtful about the way ballet empowers them. Books for children, both non-fiction and fiction, have been important examples of the intersection between ballet and girl culture since the early twentieth century. Children’s ballet books deal with artistic expression, physical challenges, competition, gender, sexuality, racial and ethnic diversity, class barriers, and many other elements of real girls’ experiences with ballet class.
Origins of the Chalumeau
Authors: Rice Albert R.
Published: July 2020

Chapter 1 describes the basic construction of the chalumeau and discusses its ancestors in Egyptian antiquity and from the tenth through the 17th centuries; the mock trumpet; chalumeaux during the 17th and 18th centuries; Jacob Denner’s chalumeaux and clarinets revealed in archival sources and three surviving two-key clarinets; an organ pipe that sounds like a chalumeau; chalumeau players; chalumeau descriptions from the mid-18th century; later documented chalumeau makers; and chalumeau reproductions. Ten surviving chalumeaux are described in detail and biographical information is presented on seven makers. Individual players are identified when playing specific musical works, and the chalumeau size as required in the music. Late-19th- and early-20th-century reproductions of chalumeaux and their makers are identified.
The Earliest Clarinets
Authors: Rice Albert R.
Published: July 2020

The makers, design, construction, and origin of the Baroque clarinet are discussed in this chapter. Two tables list chronologically all extant two- and three-key clarinets by country, and include maker, and city when known, maker’s dates, date of clarinet, number of clarinets, nominal pitch, and collection. There are 36 two-key and 22 three-key clarinets, made in Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Austria, Czech Republic, France, Sweden, and Finland. The earliest documentation for the invention of the clarinet is reviewed, and how and why Johann Christoph Denner improved the chalumeau and invented the clarinet is proposed, on the basis of previous studies of mechanical inventions. Biographies are provided for each clarinet maker when information was found.
Baroque Clarinet in Society
Authors: Rice Albert R.
Published: July 2020

The evidence for the acceptance and use of the Baroque clarinet in 18th-century society is discussed: in iconographical representations (engravings, paintings, etchings, mezzotints, stucco); by traveling musicians (August Freudenfeld, Francis Rosenberg, Mr. Charles); in court and aristocratic music (Stuttgart, Rastaat, Koblenz, Merseburg, Berleburg, Gotha, Karlsruhe, Mainz, Rudolstadt, Cologne, Paris, Olmütz, Darmstadt, Würzburg, Zweibrücken); in church and civic music (Nuremberg, Venice, Antwerp, Kremsmünster, Greiz, Kempten, London, Frankfurt, Salzburg, Schlosshof, Marienberg); and military music (Rastatt, London, New York, Paris, Stockholm, Salzburg). Newspaper advertisements include clarinet concerts; archival documents indicate the dates of clarinetists in court and monastery orchestras, and clarinets purchased by aristocrats and courts.
Introduction
Authors: Garvey Stephen P.
Published: July 2020

The Introduction distinguishes justice and legitimacy as distinct metrics by which to evaluate the rules of the substantive criminal law. It also distinguishes anarchists, who believe no state can or does possess authority (understood as the power to impose moral obligations), and for whom justice is the only metric by which to evaluate the rules of the substantive criminal law, from statists, who believe democratic states can possess authority, and for whom legitimacy is another metric by which the rules of the substantive criminal law can be evaluated. The Introduction introduces the concepts of actus reus (guilty act) and mens rea (guilty mind) as limitations, embodied in immunity rights, against the exercise of the otherwise legitimate authority of a democratic state to define rules ascribing culpability when someone is charged with committing a crime. It concludes with a roadmap briefly describing the plan of the book.
Authority
Authors: Garvey Stephen P.
Published: July 2020

Opening with the case of United States v. Campbell, a case from the Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit involving a real estate broker charged with money laundering, this chapter offers two stories. The first, involving a fictional king named Rex, illustrates the extent to which criminal law theorists (and citizens more generally) disagree about what justice requires across a range of rules governing the imposition of state punishment. In light of such disagreement, how is Rex to decide what, as a matter of justice, the criminal law should be? The second story, involving an imaginary island named Anarchia, illustrates how state authority provides an important good—authoritatively resolving reasonable disagreements among free and equal democratic citizens about the requirements of justice—and explains why those subject to a democratic state’s authority are morally bound to conform their conduct to the law resolving those disagreements. It then argues that a democratic state’s authority to resolve disagegreements among its citizens over the demands of justice is nonetheless limited authority. A democratic state has wide authority, but not unlimited authority. The actus reus and mens rea requirements limit the authority of a democratic state to ascribe guilt.
Ignorance
Authors: Garvey Stephen P.
Published: July 2020

This chapter begins Lambert v. California, a 1957 U.S. Supreme Court case involving a woman charged with a crime she didn’t realize she was committing. Lambert violated a Los Angles ordinance making it a crime for convicted felons to remain in the city for more than five days without registering with the police, but she was unaware of her duty to register. It describes in more detail what the actus reus and mens rea requirements entail when applied to a defendant who didn’t realize she was committing a crime. As a preface to that effort it discusses and criticizes the maxim that ignorance of the law is no excuse. It then introduces a test, in relation to actus reus, for determining if a defendant who didn’t realize she was committing a crime could have realized she was (the Lex test) and then compares the actus reus requirement to the existing defense of insanity. It thereafter turns to a discussion of the mens rea requirement as applied to ignorant defendants, analyzing some hard cases, and then concludes with a discussion of tracing.
Friendship and Advice
Authors: Tarrant Richard
Published: July 2020

This chapter discusses a selection of the odes in which Horace offers some kind of advice, instruction, or exhortation, which form a distinct subset of Odes 1–3. The poems analyzed are Odes 1.24 (to Virgil), 2.10 (to Licinius), 1.9 (to Thaliarchus, the so-called Soracte Ode), 2.3 (to Dellius), 2.14 (to Postumus), and 1.20, 2.12, and 3.29 (all to Maecenas). The discussions illustrate Horace’s skill in treating common themes (e.g., life is short, so one should enjoy the present) in a vivid and varied fashion. The three odes to Maecenas strikingly illustrate Horace’s growth in confidence and authority in the course of the collection.
Amatory Poems
Authors: Tarrant Richard
Published: July 2020

Horace’s love poetry is often faulted for its lack of passion. This chapter argues that Horace was deliberately taking an approach to amatory themes different from and opposed to the more romantic manner of Catullus and his elegiac successors such as Propertius. Horace’s more detached attitude and his enjoyment of short-term relationships are seen as consistent with his Epicurean stance. The following poems are discussed: Odes 1.5 (to Pyrrha), 1.33 (to Albius), 1.17 (to Tyndaris), 3.28 (to Lyde), 1.13 (to Lydia), 1.19 (to his servants), 1.22 (to Fuscus), 3.9 (a duet with Lydia), 2.17 (to Maecenas), and 3.11 (to Mercury).
Political Poems
Authors: Tarrant Richard
Published: July 2020

About a fifth of the poems in Odes 1–3 can be categorized as political. They fall into three subgroups: poems dealing with the civil wars and their aftermath, poems that reflect on the current state of Rome, and poems relating to Rome and Augustus. This chapter discusses examples of each subgroup. Horace is seen as balancing support for Augustus with a measure of independence; that balance becomes more difficult to maintain the closer Horace comes to Augustus himself. The poems considered are Odes 1.37 (the “Cleopatra Ode”); 2.1 (to Asinius Pollio); 3.1-6 (the sequence known as the “Roman Odes”), with particular attention to 3.6; and 3.14.
Introduction
Authors: Sisk Cheryl L. , Romeo Russell D.
Published: July 2020

Chapter 1 provides the context and conceptual framework for the authors’ approach to thinking about the science of puberty and adolescence. The overarching principle is that the transition from childhood to adulthood that occurs during puberty and adolescence involves complex and iterative interactions between the developing brain, hormones, and experience. This chapter first introduces the concepts of puberty and adolescence and discusses how they are separate, yet intricately linked, developmental processes. Examples of how puberty, defined as reproductive maturation, can be dissociated from adolescence, defined as maturation of the cognitive, emotional, and social behaviors associated with adulthood, are discussed. Other examples highlight the recurring interactions between the brain, pubertal hormones, and experience that ultimately result in an adult individual. The chapter then traces the evolution and growth of research on puberty and adolescence during the last half of the 20th century, which started with puberty being studied mainly by endocrinologists and adolescence being studied mainly by psychologists, and progressed to both puberty and adolescence becoming a focus for basic research conducted by psychobiologists and developmental neurobiologists. The advent of magnetic resonance imaging made possible imaging of the human brain in healthy adolescents; this methodological advance led to new knowledge of the scope and timing of adolescent brain development and how it is shaped by pubertal hormones.
Remodeling the Adolescent Brain
Authors: Sisk Cheryl L. , Romeo Russell D.
Published: July 2020

Chapter 3 covers the basic neural mechanisms by which the brain undergoes an extreme makeover during adolescence. It starts with the proposition that the nervous system has only so many tools in the toolbox to accomplish this makeover and these tools can be categorized as either progressive or regressive. Progressive tools include neurogenesis, migration, axon outgrowth, and synapse formation. Regressive tools include programmed cell death and experience-dependent synapse elimination. Two analogies are used to help readers understand this process: house remodeling and gardening. These analogies are woven into the concepts of progressive and regressive developmental events, and they can be imagined as mechanisms that result in either gain or loss of function (e.g., a house addition might equal new neurons or new projections) or maximize efficiency and success (pruning of seedlings might equal programmed cell death). Research on increased myelination during adolescence is also discussed.
Executive Function
Authors: Sisk Cheryl L. , Romeo Russell D.
Published: July 2020

Chapter 5 focuses on adolescent maturation of cognitive abilities and executive function—the capacity to control and coordinate thoughts and behavior. Executive function emerges from interactions among three major brain regions: the prefrontal cortex (behavioral modulation), amygdala (emotional valence), and ventral striatum (motivation and reward). The triadic model provides a conceptual framework for understanding the neural basis for higher risk-taking by adolescents. This model proposes that adolescent maturation of prefrontal cortex, striatum, and amygdala occurs along different time frames, with the striatum and amygdala maturing sooner than the prefrontal cortex. Thus, early in adolescence, decisions and behaviors are more heavily influenced by rewards and emotions in the face of relative lack of prefrontal control. As the prefrontal cortex matures during late adolescence, decisions and behaviors become more guided by executive function. This chapter also discusses research on the importance of social context and peer pressure in decision-making by adolescents. Finally, the chapter discusses how research showing that prefrontal maturation is protracted (extending into the third decade of life) has influenced court decisions and shaped policy in the U.S. juvenile justice system.
Drugs and the Adolescent Brain
Authors: Sisk Cheryl L. , Romeo Russell D.
Published: July 2020

Chapter 8 highlights some of the ways in which drugs can influence the adolescent brain and its development. Drug use typically begins during adolescence, in part because of increased risk-taking and reward sensitivity that characterizes adolescence. Adolescent drug use is concerning because the developing brain is often more vulnerable to many of the adverse consequences of drug use, and it is a predictor of drug abuse in adulthood. The chapter discusses how the commonly used drugs alcohol, nicotine, and marijuana acutely affect the brain and behavior differently during adolescence and in adulthood, as well as the longer-term effects on brain structure, cognitive function, and motivation that adolescent drug use may have. Research on the effects of anabolic androgenic steroids on aggressive behavior and of prescription drugs used to treat depression and ADHD during adolescence is also discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Menn Stephen , Smith Justin E. H.
Published: July 2020

The life of Anton Wilhelm Amo is summarized, with close attention to the archival documents that establish key moments in his biography. Next the history of Amo’s reception is considered, from the first summaries of his work in German periodicals during his lifetime, through his legacy in African nationalist thought in the twentieth century. Then the political and intellectual context at Halle is addressed, considering the likely influence on Amo’s work of Halle Pietism, of the local currents of medical philosophy as represented by Friedrich Hoffmann, and of legal thought as represented by Christian Thomasius. The legacy of major early modern philosophers, such as René Descartes and G. W. Leibniz, is also considered, in the aim of understanding how Amo himself might have understood them and how they might have shaped his work. Next a detailed analysis of the conventions of academic dissertations and disputations in early eighteenth-century Germany is provided, in order to better understand how these conventions give shape to Amo’s published works. Finally, ancient and modern debates on action and passion and on sensation are investigated, providing key context for the summary of the principal arguments of Amo’s two treatises, which are summarized in the final section of the introduction.
Philosophical Disputation Containing a Distinct Idea of Those Things That Pertain Either to the Mind or to Our Living and Organic Body (1734) (Latin and English)
Authors: Menn Stephen , Smith Justin E. H.
Published: July 2020

This section presents, in Latin and English, the entirety of Anton Wilhelm Amo’s 1734 Philosophical Disputation Containing a Distinct Idea of those Things that Pertain either to the Mind or to Our Living and Organic Body. In this work Amo attempts to work out the implications of the impossibility of being-acted-upon for the mind’s actions, and tries to show how the mind understands, wills, and effects things through the body by ‘intentions’ which direct motions in our body intentionally toward external things. Amo tries to show how far each type of human act belongs to the mind, how far to the body; he argues especially against Jean Le Clerc, who had attributed a broad range of acts to the mind.
The Chemical Philosophy of Robert Boyle
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola
Published: July 2020

This book examines the way in which Robert Boyle seeks to accommodate his complex chemical philosophy within the framework of a mechanistic theory of matter. More specifically, the book proposes that Boyle regards chemical qualities as properties that emerge from the mechanistic structure of chymical atoms. Within Boyle’s chemical ontology, chymical atoms are structured concretions of particles that Boyle regards as chemically elementary entities, that is, as chemical wholes that resist experimental analysis. Although this interpretation of Boyle’s chemical philosophy has already been suggested by other Boyle scholars, the present book provides a sustained philosophical argument to demonstrate that, for Boyle, chemical properties are dispositional, relational, emergent, and supervenient properties. This argument is strengthened by a detailed mereological analysis of Boylean chymical atoms that establishes the kind of theory of wholes and parts that is most consistent with his emergentist conception of chemical properties. The emergentist position that is being attributed to Boyle supports his view that chemical reactions resist direct explanation in terms of the mechanistic properties of fundamental particles, as well as his position regarding the scientific autonomy of chemistry from mechanics and physics.
Reassurance
Authors: Zhang Feng , Lebow Richard Ned
Published: July 2020

Reassurance seeks to alleviate causes of competition and conflict and induce accommodation and cooperation by reducing fear, mistrust, misunderstanding, and miscalculation between adversaries. This chapter identifies six forms of reassurance and assesses their value for managing Sino-American conflict: reciprocity, irrevocable commitment, self-restraint, norms of competition, limited security regimes, and trade-offs. All of them are useful for conflict management in four major areas of tension in the relationship: Taiwan, North Korea, Asian maritime tensions and disputes, and the US alliance system in Asia. This analysis of China’s response to the US alliance system suggests an additional form of reassurance: authority sharing.
Introduction
Authors: Brownlee Kimberley
Published: July 2020

For social creatures like us, enjoying lasting, stable, and secure relationships is neither a luxury nor a triviality: it is quintessential to leading a minimally good life. Our sociability is both intrinsically valuable and indispensable to the fulfilment of other important interests. This introduction briefly describes the nature of our core social needs and the social human rights to which they give rise. It maintains that human rights should be minimalistic, but such minimalism must prioritize social rights such as the human right against social deprivation. The duties that such rights generate apply to both governments and individuals, making the ethics of sociability a matter of both social justice and personal morality.
Social Beings
Authors: Brownlee Kimberley
Published: July 2020

This chapter explains what follows normatively from the fact that we are fundamentally social creatures. The chapter distinguishes our contingent social desires from our non-contingent, morally urgent social needs. The chapter appeals to empirical, phenomenological, and respect-based arguments to show that we have four core social needs for (1) basic social abilities, (2) adequate social opportunities, (3) access to persistent, stable social connections, and (4) the means to contribute directly to other people’s survival and well-being. These needs both to access and to contribute socially are encapsulated in our fundamental need to belong. After addressing worries about the normative standing of our core social needs, the chapter defends the belongingness hypothesis which gives rise to robust social rights.
Interactional Freedom
Authors: Brownlee Kimberley
Published: July 2020

Sometimes, solitude is blissful. Other times, we long for company. These truisms reflect two powerful interactional needs. First, we need interactional freedom to control whether and how we interact with strangers. Second, we need to be socially included. Which need should prevail when they conflict? A popular reply is that interactional freedom takes priority. But this view is mistaken. Although interactions are more fleeting than associations, they are nonetheless key sites of social inclusion. When someone makes an interactional bid, she does not merely express herself, but looks for a response. Ignoring her can be not just rude, but an assault on her humanity. A person who badly needs interactions has a right to be aided, and the duty to ensure she is aided (though not necessarily to interact with her ourselves) falls on everyone who can reasonably take note of her need. Hence, we have at most a conditional right to reject people’s bids when their basic interactional needs are met.
Dilemmas of Sociability
Authors: Brownlee Kimberley
Published: July 2020

Associational freedom can conflict with positive social rights. This chapter resolves this conflict by investigating a familiar problem: What if everyone did that? The dilemma is that associative and dissociative choices that can make each of us better off individually can make all of us worse off individually and collectively if everyone makes the same choice. I will be better off if I shun this person or group, but all of us will be worse off if this person or group is wholly isolated. The chapter explores both negative dilemmas that arise when we withdraw our social resources and positive dilemmas that arise when we seek to connect. Interestingly, positive social attitudes such as love do not create each-we dilemmas because love is multiplied, not depleted, when it is expended and received. Through the examination of each-we dilemmas, the chapter identifies a Kantian reason to conclude that we lack a general moral permission to associate as we please.
Associational Freedom
Authors: Brownlee Kimberley
Published: July 2020

The ethics of sociability shows that many liberal beliefs about associational freedom are untenable. Importantly, our moral permission to associate or dissociate does not always hinge on consent or burdensomeness. Moreover, our permission to dissociate is limited even when the state takes up its responsibility to administer well-functioning social institutions, because social resources are special: they are not only fundamentally important, but also necessarily rest within individual people. Furthermore, although we have a claim-right against interference with many of our poor associational choices, our freedom of association is nonetheless content-sensitive and process-sensitive. This chapter examines several kinds of voluntary and non-voluntary relationships of dubious moral standing that are not protected by freedom of association. The chapter notes that our freedom to dissociate is indeed content-insensitive, but it too can be overridden by the duty to associate.
Segregation
Authors: Brownlee Kimberley
Published: July 2020

This final chapter explores ways that we segregate people whom we deem to be socially threatening. One powerful but non-obvious way that we segregate is at the level of personal identity through our use of essentialist language such as ‘offender’, ‘perpetrator’, ‘alien’, ‘stranger’, and ‘patient’, which reduces people’s lives to a (perceived) threatening feature. We also segregate in concrete ways through institutions such as prisons, hospitals, and immigrations centres, which tend to undermine people’s social abilities, opportunities, and connections. The status of social rights is particularly precarious within the criminal justice system. Many people in prison lack privacy, struggle to maintain stable connections, endure periods of isolation, receive criminal sentences they can never spend, have their outside social bonds stretched or severed, and lack support to reintegrate, all of which runs counter to social human rights. Some social rights are too fundamental to be forfeitable, and their infringement must not be taken lightly.
Introduction
Authors: Robertson Simon
Published: July 2020

This opening chapter explains the book’s overarching aims, themes, structure, and approach. The book’s aim is to critically assess Nietzsche’s ethical thought and its significance for contemporary (broadly analytic) moral philosophy. It does this in two main ways: by developing a charitable but critical reconstruction of his ethics; and by using Nietzsche to contribute to a range of longstanding issues within normative ethics, metaethics, value theory, practical reason, and moral psychology. The chapter locates Nietzsche’s ethical project in his ‘revaluation of all values’, outlining a variety of interpretive and philosophical puzzles this raises. It then gives a chapter-by-chapter overview of the book’s topics and direction, and addresses some methodological matters bearing on its interpretive and philosophical ambitions.
Error Theory and Naturalism
Authors: Robertson Simon
Published: July 2020

This is the first of two chapters examining Nietzsche’s attacks on morality’s foundational presuppositions. Presenting him as an error theorist about morality and its categoricity, the chapter distinguish two approaches to arguing for it: ‘metaphysical’ and ‘conceptual’. The rest of the present chapter considers his metaphysical arguments. These comprise naturalistically motivated arguments from queerness and best explanation against the existence of metaphysically robust, categoricity-conferring, moral properties. Such arguments are standard antirealist fare; but they face significant problems. This motivates the need for an alternative approach, pursued in Ch.4. Nonetheless, the chapter shows that we can redeploy some of the same resources used in the earlier arguments to generate a series of challenges that together make it incumbent on the moralist to show there actually are categorical requirements.
Morality’s Disvalue
Authors: Robertson Simon
Published: July 2020

This and the next chapter turn to Nietzsche’s worries about the value of moral values. The present chapter focuses on objections he raises to specific moral values and features: Mitleid, equality, and blame/guilt. However, it argues, although his objections may be psychologically astute, as arguments against morality they are unconvincing. Nevertheless, there is a deeper concern underlying his objections, which gives rise to a different and more promising line of criticism, explored in Ch.6. The present chapter also includes an excursus on the value of pain and suffering, introducing two ideas we return to at various points: that pain/suffering can be constitutively (not just instrumentally) valuable; and that ‘good’ and ‘bad’ are not entirely separable.
Morality’s Disvalue
Authors: Robertson Simon
Published: July 2020

The central objection animating Nietzsche’s critique is that morality impedes the highest human excellences and hence value. The objection shares certain affinities with worries levied by more recent morality critics, who argue that moral theories are unable to accommodate the legitimate pursuit of various non-moral goods crucial to a minimally good life. One common response on behalf of morality is to defend a less demanding moral theory that does accommodate relevant non-moral goods. This chapter reconstructs Nietzsche’s objection via two arguments, showing that his version has bite even against undemanding moral theories: such theories would still impede the highest excellences. It then examines how the objection can be extended: how morality impedes not just the highest excellences but our lesser flourishing too.
Moral Psychology
Authors: Robertson Simon
Published: July 2020

Nietzsche gives an important role to psychology in his revaluative project. This and the next chapter focus on those aspects that concern the explanation of action and motivation. Many commentators place ‘will to power’ at the centre of his philosophical psychology. The present chapter considers two forms this takes: one treats power as a content of motivation; the other sees will to power as a thesis about the structure of motivation. Both face similar and serious difficulties. The chapter concludes that we should reject the kinds of totalizing power-based psychology often attributed to Nietzsche.
Instrumental Rationality
Authors: Brunero John
Published: July 2020

Rationality requires that we intend the means we believe are necessary for achieving our ends. This book explores several interrelated issues regarding the formulation and status of this requirement of means–ends coherence. I argue that means–ends coherence is a genuine requirement of rationality, and cannot be explained away as a myth, confused with a disjunction of requirements to have, or not have, specific attitudes. But nor, I argue, is means–ends coherence strongly normative in that we always ought to be means–ends coherent. Why is this requirement in place? One popular strategy looks to the connection between intention and belief, and aims to explain means–ends coherence by appealing to the requirements of theoretical rationality. I argue that this strategy is unpromising. I instead propose that we look to the constitutive aim of intention. Just as belief has a constitutive aim (truth) that can explain some of the theoretical requirements of consistency and coherence governing beliefs, intention has a constitutive aim (what I call “controlled action”) that can explain some of the requirements of consistency and coherence governing intentions. In particular, I argue that we can understand means–ends coherence by understanding the constitutive aims of both of the attitudes governed by the requirement, intention and belief. In being means–ends incoherent, you are setting yourself up to fail, assuring that you either have a false instrumental belief or your intention won’t issue in action.
Intention
Authors: Brunero John
Published: July 2020

This chapter develops a view according to which there is a constitutive aim of intention that parallels the constitutive aim of belief, and both of these constitutive aims can be used to explain some of the rational requirements governing intentions and beliefs. The chapter first considers in what sense there is an “aim of intention.” It begins by looking at many of the philosophical ideas associated with the “aim of belief,” noting that some of these won’t easily carry over to the “aim of intention” in the relevant way. However, if we understand constitutive aims in terms of the “job descriptions” of attitudes, there is room for optimism here. It then considers how the constitutive aims might explain certain consistency and coherence requirements, including means–ends coherence. The chapter critiques Michael Bratman’s suggestions for how these explanations might go, and offers an alternative view, which it calls “Non-normative Disjunctivism.”
Introduction
Authors: Grogan Jane
Published: July 2020

The Introduction maps out the ambitions and challenges for the collection of essays as a whole in foregrounding the many and varied significances of the ancient near east in early modern European classicism, across a range of disciplines. It describes the context of renewed European engagement—commercial, diplomatic, cultural—and exchange with the eastern Mediterranean, and the continued appeal of a host of classical works and authors describing that world in ancient times. It studies European familiarity with the material traces of that history—archaeological as well as textual—as well as the complex, often mediated routes of reception that texts of and about the ancient near east took. It highlights four key concepts or approaches to early modern studies that would benefit from closer attention to early modern familiarity with the ancient near east, and concludes by summarizing the key contributions of each essay in the collection.
From ‘Custom is King’ to ‘Custom is a Metal’
Authors: Hashhozheva Galena
Published: July 2020

In early modernity, the ancient Scythians were mostly the subject of ethnographic tales that delighted audiences with their exoticism and barbarity. Yet in an exceptional development, one stereotypical Scythian trait—the resistance to foreign cultural influences—became associated with a wider sixteenth-century discourse about custom in its philosophical, religious, and legal dimensions. This discourse was utilized in the service of imperialist agendas that had to reckon with the durability and obduracy of native culture. In Edmund Spenser’s colonial dialogue A View of the State of Ireland, the Irish are presented as genealogical descendants of the Scythians and are reviled for adhering to their Scythian-like customs. Paradoxically drawing on Herodotus and Lucian, authors largely sympathetic to the Scythians, Spenser allows the cultural conservatism of the colonized to illuminate what he perceives as the cultural degeneracy of the colonists, and turns the quarrel about ethnographic custom into an interrogation of customary law.
Antiquarianism in the Near East
Authors: Roebuck Thomas
Published: July 2020

This chapter provides an account of Thomas Smith’s pioneering account of the archaeology of the ancient Near Eastern church, his Survey of the Seven Churches of Asia, first published in Latin in 1672. The book remained a huge influence on travellers to Asia Minor well into the nineteenth century, as clergymen and amateur archaeologists retraced Smith’s steps, with his book as guide. Drawing upon the vast archive of Smith’s letters and manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, the chapter places the book firmly in its original context, unpicking the complex interweaving of patronage, religion, and international scholarship which shaped the work. In the end, Smith’s book looks backwards and forwards: back to the traditions of seventeenth-century English confessionalized scholarship and orientalism, and forwards to later eighteenth- and nineteenth-century archaeological traditions. As such, this study sheds light on a pivotal moment in Western European approaches to the ancient Near East.
Journeying to an Antique Christian Past
Authors: Armstrong Megan C.
Published: July 2020

Pilgrimage treatises fulfilled many functions—as sacred histories, polemics, and aids to contemplation—but they were first and foremost modes of spiritual journeying designed to take devout Christians on a virtual visitation of the Holy Places. Through their vivid descriptions of the journey of the pilgrim to Jerusalem, early modern Catholic narratives purposefully concretized the Holy Land as the place where Christ lived and evoked the transformative impact for the pilgrim of being there. Just as importantly, these narratives embedded the Catholic tradition, in the form of Catholic altars, ornamentation, and rituals, in the very fabric of the Holy Places. These twin strategies, concretization and embedding, illuminate the impact of Reformation debate over the nature and locus of Christian authority upon members of the traditional Church. They show that many Catholics staked a claim to the legitimacy of the traditional Church in the place where Christ first plied his ministry.
Richard Verstegan and the Symbol of Babylon in the Early Modern Period
Authors: Serjeantson Deirdre
Published: July 2020

By the early modern period, the city of Babylon was in ruins, but it continued to loom large in the imagination. This chapter takes the English recusant printer, polemicist, and spy Richard Verstegan as the lens through which to examine the diverse iconography of Babylon in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Verstegan’s treatment of the Tower of Babel reflects contemporary interest in questions about the origins of language and nation, but he also employed it to explore issues of tyranny in early modern England. He reclaimed the image of the harlot from the stock Protestant identification of the Whore of Babylon with the Roman Church, and used the biblical exile of the Jews in Babylon to frame his own religious exile. The chapter places Verstegan alongside his contemporaries, from Spenser to Milton, illuminating their use of the image of Babylon through consideration of his treatment of this very flexible symbol.
Casting Models
Authors: Conroy Derval
Published: July 2020

This chapter examines the representation of the women rulers Tomyris, Zenobia, and Artemisia II in the gallery books and dramas produced during Anne of Austria’s regency in seventeenth-century France. It examines the ways in which the dynamic of gender and sovereign virtue is varyingly cast, and the construction of exemplarity diversely negotiated, in the reception of the three rulers. While Artemisia is aligned with a gendered female virtue, Zenobia is cast as the morally androgynous ‘complete prince’, and Du Bosc’s Tomyris subverts the very concept of a binary sexual ethics. Furthermore, their reception demonstrates the ways in which the rhetoric of exemplarity at the time hinges on the erosion of distance and difference, as ancient and modern examples are merged in the instruction and glorification of contemporary women, not least the rulers Anne of Austria and Christina of France, duchess of Savoy.
Crises of Self and Succession
Authors: Hall Edith
Published: July 2020

This chapter addresses the theatrical reception of the Persian king Cambyses II as portrayed in Herodotus book III. The Achaemenid madman, whose death without issue creates an acute succession crisis, plays a noteworthy part as the ‘star’ of two of the most successful theatre works between 1560 and 1667. The first is Thomas Preston’s The Lamentable Tragedy Mixed Full of Pleasant Mirth Containing the Life of Cambises King of Persia (1560 or 1561, the earliest surviving Elizabethan tragedy). The second is Elkanah Settle’s Restoration drama Cambyses (1667). It is argued that both plays project the conflicted early modern English self and its fractured religious and political psyche and that Settle’s play foreshadows the emergent eighteenth-century ‘She-Tragedy’ and ‘Sentimental Drama’, in which the fantasy of familial domestic harmony, and honourable love, were to become the theatre’s ideological counterpart of the British bourgeois settlement.