bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Cohen Samy
Published: September 2019

This introduction raises two fundamental questions: the first one tries to give a definition of what a peace camp is. What we call “the peace movement” in Israel is, in fact, an indistinct galaxy, a world that subdivides into a multitude of organizations and individuals, some highly prominent, and others completely unknown. It is a complex realm, crisscrossed by multiple currents that are often at variance with one another. It resembles no other peace movement in the world. Four main tendencies can be distinguished within this heterogeneous movement in Israel. The second question is that of the decline in the movement's capacity to organize mass demonstrations. Some argue that it is a result of a host of sociological changes that have come about in Israeli society. But the weight of sociological factors is secondary to emotional factors. The feeling of fear inspired by the Palestinians, the lack of confidence in the “other” that a great majority of Israelis refuse to consider a “partner for peace” weighs far more heavily than any sociological variable. This is one of the book's central arguments.
1983: A Pivotal Year
Authors: Cohen Samy
Published: September 2019

This chapter deals with the beginning of the decline of Peace Now. The leaders of the movement locate the turning point in 2000, with two significant events: the collapse in the summer of the Camp David negotiations between Ehud Barak and Yasser Arafat, and the outbreak of the second Intifada in September, which led to the deaths of over a thousand Israelis. This interpretation, interesting as it may be, is not entirely faithful to the historical facts. Although 2000 was undoubtedly a significant year in the life of the peace movement, analysis of Peace Now's trajectory shows that its decline actually began in 1983, with the ending of the Lebanon War and Menachem Begin's withdrawal from political life. 1983 was the pivotal year, the date during which the movement appears to have reached its peak, and the moment at which its slow but steady decline began. The number and size of its demonstrations began to decrease.
Artisans of Hope
Authors: Cohen Samy
Published: September 2019

As the Israeli right has become firmly ensconced in power and the left shows signs of fatigue, a host of small peace organizations have proliferated that display amazing vitality. The most remarkable are reconciliation NGOs, which show an almost unbelievable dynamism. In a context that is increasingly difficult for the peace camp, these organizations simply refuse to give up and continue to fight for peace as though it were close at hand. They belie the most pessimistic diagnoses about the state of the dovish left. Their objective is ambitious and in many respects revolutionary. Their aim is to establish a partnership for peace on an equal footing. These NGOs strive to help Israelis and Palestinians live together and work towards mutual understanding by combating negative stereotypes and prejudices on either side. They view this form of action as a prerequisite to any political settlement of the conflict and make it the very cornerstone of their identity. This innovative position is an even greater challenge given that many Palestinian organizations feel they should adhere to the call to boycott Israel, while the large majority of Israelis either ignore them or look down on them.
Introduction
Authors: DiGirolamo Vincent
Published: September 2019

Selling and delivering newspapers was one of the first and most formative experiences of America’s youth throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, yet its history has been obscured by myth and mired in cliché. Crying the News takes the job of newspaper peddling seriously as work and not just as an object of romance or reform. It shows how child street labor changed over time in practice and in perception, while remaining integral to the survival of working-class families, the socialization of their children, and the fortunes of a major industry. Boys and girls found both opportunity and exploitation in the news trade, and they came to personify the spirit of capitalism and its discontents. This book aims not simply to distinguish history from myth but to explore the relationship between the two—to dissect how newsboys’ dual careers as workers and symbols shaped each other, creating wealth for some and meaning for many.
Voice of Young America
Authors: DiGirolamo Vincent
Published: September 2019

With their distinctive dress, speech, and style, newsboys formed one the most conspicuous youth subcultures in early America. Predominately Irish, they also earned reputations as brawlers, gamblers, and consummate theatergoers. The era’s most prominent artists, writers, and performers transformed them into symbols of Young America itself and drew them into campaigns to promote temperance, nativism, westward expansion, and war with Mexico. More than any other personification of the age, newsboys represented the liberating potential of a democratic society driven by a wide-open market economy. Yet they also epitomized the bamboozlement of mass politics and the sham of self-interest masquerading as concern for the greater good. Their shrill cries and saucy ways alternately annoyed and amused their elders, but these incorrigible habits also helped them to survive the hardships of street life.
Battle Cries
Authors: DiGirolamo Vincent
Published: September 2019

Newsboys were among the few civilians who regularly crossed back and forth between home front and battlefront during the Civil War. They were at the battles of Bull Run, Antietam, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg, as well as in prisoner of war camps. In supplying soldiers and sailors with the latest intelligence, newsboys did not just satisfy their hankering for news, but stimulated a feeling of unity and common purpose among combatants in distant theaters of war. Some boys profited handsomely from their work; others lost their lives to it. But all were instrumental in conveying the hazards and fortunes of war to their fellow citizens. Northern newsboys also participated in the New York City draft riots and resisted the wartime repression of Copperhead newspapers. Consequently, they were exposed as war profiteers, arrested as smugglers, and executed as spies. Their experiences illuminate the war’s impact on working-class families and the heightened symbolic power of youth during times of national crisis.
Disorder in the Air
Authors: DiGirolamo Vincent
Published: September 2019

Newsboys proliferated after the Civil War as the newspaper industry flourished but then reemerged as a social problem during the depression years of 1873 to 1877. Writers and artists such as Horatio Alger and J. G. Brown portrayed them as symbols of the uplifting potential of industrial capitalism, while white southerners turned them into emblems of Republican misrule. The New York press celebrated real Bowery newsboys such as Steve Brodie. But authors of sensational urban guidebooks cast these youths as enfants terribles whose discontents threatened the social order. Swept up in the burgeoning labor movement, newsboys mounted noisy strikes in Cincinnati, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Nashville, Philadelphia, Chicago, Detroit, and Baltimore. Catholic and Protestant philanthropists responded by founding homes for newsboys or advocating that they be licensed and supervised. Contrary to their mythic counterparts, real newsboys exposed and challenged the economic inequities of Gilded Age America.
Yelling the Yellows
Authors: DiGirolamo Vincent
Published: September 2019

The 1890s were the heyday of America’s newsboys. The nation’s newspapers rose in number and circulation and its cities swelled with poor immigrant families in need of extra income. African Americans also gravitated to the news trade but encountered much opposition due to Jim Crow segregation. Jacob Riis introduced photography as a tool of reform. Newsgirls came under special scrutiny due to their sexual vulnerability. As ubiquitous in popular culture as they were on city streets, newsies became versatile symbols of enterprise and exploitation in songs, stories, and the sassy color comic strip that gave “yellow journalism” its name. Newsboys’ cries stoked the jingoism that sparked America’s “splendid little war” abroad and rekindled the acrimony that fueled labor unrest at home. They expressed their own discontent in dozens of strikes, climaxing in 1899 with a two-week tussle with those two “great octopuses” of New York journalism, Joseph Pulitzer’s Evening World and William Randolph Hearst’s Evening Journal, all of which helped to remake and reawaken the American working class.
Call to Service
Authors: DiGirolamo Vincent
Published: September 2019

The Great War, from 1914 to 1918, hastened many changes in the American news trade that transformed both the meaning and experience of child street peddling. The war redefined the role of children in civic affairs and enhanced newsboys’ reputation for patriotism. From New York to Seattle, peddling papers came to be regarded less as a demoralizing form of labor and more as a branch of national service. Child labor reformers, many of whom opposed the war, lost much of their clout, while publishers gained stature and profit mobilizing newsboys to sell war bonds and form Scout troops. Thousands of former newsboys became part of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) and dozens won distinction for heroism. Those too young to bear arms sometimes showed their mettle by harassing “slackers” or German Americans. Yet boys who cried false news or mounted strikes faced their own charges of disloyalty. Whether as soldiers, sailors, strikers, or street sellers, America’s newsboys now entered the world’s stage.
The War of St Sardos and the Deposition of Edward II (1323–1327)
Authors: Bombi Barbara
Published: September 2019

This chapter investigates the bureaucratization of administrative and diplomatic practices during international political conflict and domestic turmoil at the time of the Anglo-French war of St Sardos (1323–5) and the deposition of Edward II (1327). The specific aim of this section is to demonstrate how domestic and international conflicts influenced record-keeping and diplomatic practice in England and the papal curia, ultimately questioning whether bureaucratic developments were entirely driven by what Weber called an ‘autonomous’ logic. Focusing on the surviving English and papal diplomatic correspondence, the chapter first looks at how John XXII arbitrated in the Anglo-French conflict and dealt with the English domestic crisis, drawing on the evidence of the registers of secret letters, which were created by the papal chamber as a new series of registers in order to record political correspondence. It then examines English diplomatic correspondence and record-keeping in the same period, in particular the Roman rolls and the Treaty rolls, emphasizing the practices adopted by the English crown’s administrative departments at times of internal and domestic crisis.
Why Do Some IOs Expand their Policy Portfolio?
Authors: Hooghe Liesbet , Lenz Tobias , Marks Gary
Published: September 2019

Chapter 5 explains change in an IO’s policy portfolio. The model is in two steps. In a first step, the extent to which an IO is grounded on an incomplete contract determines its responsiveness to exogenous shocks. Second and causally prior to this, contractual incompleteness is feasible only when the participants share norms that can allay fears of exploitation. Around three-quarters of the IOs in our sample exhibit change in their policy portfolios over the past sixty years, yet their trajectories vary widely. A model that specifies an IO’s contractual basis and its prior normative conditions explains more than half of the variance in the policy portfolio over time.
Why States Pool Authority
Authors: Hooghe Liesbet , Lenz Tobias , Marks Gary
Published: September 2019

Why do states sacrifice the national veto in international organizations? A large membership IO can exploit economies of scale and allow states to cooperate over problems that would otherwise confront them individually. However, cooperation among a large number of states brings the danger of decisional blockage. The most plausible explanation for why member states pool authority in international organizations appears to be the simplest: they do so in response to the number of potential veto players in the organization. This argument is assessed in a cross-sectional analysis for seventy-six international organizations using a measure of pooling that distinguishes the mode, bindingness, and substantive area of decision making.
Epilogue
Authors: Scarani Valerio
Published: September 2019

We first stress that nonlocality forces changes on our view of the world. One can adopt the orthodox view that one should not even attempt to describe individual events; or one can opt for a properly-speaking nonlocal model, with very unpleasant features like influences propagating at infinite speed in our space-time; or one can go all the way to some form of determinism. Then, the hope is formulated that the field of nonlocality, having reached maturity, may serve as starting point for future discoveries.
Utility, Publicity, and Law
Authors: Postema Gerald J.
Published: September 2019

The essays in this volume offer a reassessment of Jeremy Bentham’s strikingly original legal philosophy. Early on, Bentham discovered his “genius for legislation”—“legislation” included not only law-making and code writing, but also political and social institution building and engineering of public spaces for effective control of the exercise of political power. In his general philosophical work, Bentham sought to articulate a public philosophy to guide and direct all of his “legislative” efforts. Part I explores the philosophical foundations of his public philosophy: his theory of meaning and framework for analysis and definition of key concepts, his theory of human affections and motivations, and his utilitarian theory of value. It is argued that, while concepts of pleasure and happiness play nominal roles in his theory of value, concepts of publicity, equality, and interests emerge as the dominant concepts of his public philosophy. Part II explores several dimensions of Bentham’s jurisprudence, including his radically revised command model of law, his early reflections on justice and law in adjudication, his theories of judicial evidence, constitutional rights, the rule of law, and international law. The concluding essay demonstrates the centrality of the notion of publicity in his moral, legal, and political thought. Emerging from this study is a positivist legal theory and a utilitarian moral–political philosophy that challenge in fundamental ways contemporary understandings of those doctrines.
Revolution Rekindled
Authors: Jones Polly
Published: September 2019

A major late Soviet initiative, the ‘Fiery Revolutionaries’ (Plamennye revoliutsionery) series, was launched to rekindle popular enthusiasm for the revolution, eventually giving rise to over 150 biographies and historical novels authored by many key post-Stalinist writers. What new meanings did revolution take on as it was reimagined by writers including dissidents, leading historians, and popular historical novelists? How did their millions of readers engage with these highly varied texts? To what extent does this Brezhnev-era publishing phenomenon challenge the notion of late socialism as a time of ‘stagnation’, and how does it confirm it? Through exploring the complex processes of writing, editing, censorship, and reading of late Soviet literature, Revolution Rekindled highlights the dynamic negotiations that continued within Soviet culture well past the apparent turning point of 1968 through to the late Gorbachev era. It also complicates the opposition between ‘official’ and underground post-Stalinist culture by showing how Soviet writers and readers engaged with both, as they sought answers to key questions of revolutionary history, ethics, and ideology: it thus reveals the enormous breadth and vitality of the ‘historical turn’ amongst the late Soviet population. Revolution Rekindled is the first archival, oral history, and literary study of this unique late socialist publishing experiment, from its beginnings in the early 1960s to its collapse in the early 1990s. It draws on a wide range of previously untapped archives, uses in-depth interviews with Brezhnev-era writers, editors, and publishers, and assesses the generic and stylistic innovations within the series’ biographies and novels.
‘Mycenae Lookout’ and the Example of Aeschylus
Authors: Lavan Rosie
Published: September 2019

Discussing ‘Anything Can Happen’, his response, via Horace, to 11 September 2001, Heaney said to Dennis O’Driscoll: ‘For better or worse, you can’t be liberated from consciousness’. His version of the thirty-fourth of the odes in Book 1 was, he said, ‘partly an elegy—but, to quote Wilfred Owen’s “Preface”, it was also meant “to warn”’ (O’Driscoll 2008: 424). Working from the heavy collocation of time and mood Heaney offered in these remarks, uniting elegiac retrospect and uneasy anticipation, this essay explores the coincidence of classical sources and contemporary concerns in Heaney’s earlier sequence ‘Mycenae Lookout’. It attends especially closely to Heaney’s re-imagining of Aeschylus’ Cassandra, and the burden of consciousness she both bears and represents.
Speaking Truth to Power
Authors: Parker Michael
Published: September 2019

A recurrent feature in the last two decades of Seamus Heaney’s literary career was his immersion in classical, particularly Hellenic culture, which in itself sprang from a longstanding interest in literary translation and translating. Until recently relatively little critical attention was paid to Heaney’s role as a translator, due in part to the erroneous assumption that such activity was somehow peripheral to his literary project, rather than a significant element within it. Taking its cue from a contrary view first voiced by Alan Peacock, this essay offers a detailed analysis of The Burial at Thebes, the second of two of Sophocles’ plays adapted by Heaney, evaluating the quality of its poetry, tracing connections between it and Heaney’s other writings, identifying the contexts which helped shape its creation, and citing those crucial instances or clinamen where Heaney diverges from previous translators to forge ‘something new’.
Epilogue
Authors: Hardwick Lorna
Published: September 2019

This essay compares the forms, tone, and content of Heaney’s handling of Hellenic and Roman material and argues that the ambivalences and conflicts within and between these are at their most acute in displacing Heaney’s ‘middle voice’ from its moderating role in holding the balance between, on the one hand, anger and violence and, on the other hand, catharsis and resolution. The Antaeus/Heracles struggle is often read as a metaphor for the challenge presented to Heaney by the competing forces of his rural Irish roots and his elevated global status as a learned and feted poet. I argue here that the metaphor also signals profound conflicts in his handling of classical material. These can be read at a number of levels both within Heaney’s work and in and through the light it sheds on wider questions that are at the hub of aesthetic and political interaction. ‘Deep’ analysis of the differing trajectories of Heaney’s Greek and Roman voices reveals conflicted inscriptions of poetic, religious, and cultural memory and throws open windows into the poetics of repression and the study of trauma.
Open Ecosystems
Authors: Bond William J.
Published: September 2019

This book explores the geography, ecology, and antiquity of ‘open ecosystems’, which include grasslands, savannas, and shrublands. They occur in climates that can support closed forest ecosystems and often form mosaics with forest patches. With the aid of remote sensing, it is now clear that open ecosystems are a global phenomenon and occur over vast areas in climates that could also support forests. This book goes beyond regional narratives and seeks general explanations for their existence. It develops the theme of open ecosystems as being widespread and ancient, with a distinct biota from that of closed forests. It examines hypotheses for their maintenance in climate zones favouring the development of forests, including soils hostile for tree growth, fire, and vertebrate herbivory.
The nature of open ecosystems
Authors: Bond William J.
Published: September 2019

If open ecosystems were of recent anthropogenic origin, linked to human activity in the last millennia, they should support an impoverished biota assembled in large part from forest-dwelling species. Yet several of the world’s biodiversity hotspots are open ecosystems, rich in species and rich in endemics. This chapter introduces the diversity of open ecosystems and the distinction between old growth and secondary, early-successional vegetation. The functional traits of species in open ecosystems can be highly informative as to the dominant consumers maintaining their structure. Traits adapted to different fire regimes and those adapted to vertebrate herbivory are considered and compared. Faunal differences between open and closed vegetation are beginning to emerge from both invertebrate and vertebrate studies and indicate the importance of vegetation structure for habitat choice.
Fire and open ecosystems
Authors: Bond William J.
Published: September 2019

Can fire account for the widespread occurrence of open ecosystems? This chapter explores fire as a major consumer shaping vegetation in diverse regions worldwide. The concept of fire regime helps explain the diverse influences of fire on vegetation structure. Fire regimes select compatible growth forms from the species pool. These, in turn, create the fuel which in large part determines the fire regime. Experimental evidence can show whether fire is a major determinant of vegetation structure or merely an emergent property of ecosystems determined by climate and soils. Whether fires consume closed forests or stop at their margins will determine the dominant vegetation in mosaic landscapes. A mechanistic framework for analysing processes influencing fire effects on the boundary is introduced with examples. Pyrophilic open systems in mosaics with pyrophobic closed forests have been considered as examples of Alternative Stable States. Recent evidence for the patterns and processes expected by ASS theory are discussed.
Youth
Authors: Leventhal Fred , Stansky Peter
Published: September 2019

Leonard Woolf was born in London in 1880 to a prosperous Jewish family, whose roots went back for several generations. His father was a very successful barrister but his early death left the family in more straitened circumstances, forcing a move from Kensington to Putney. Though shaped by being Jewish, Leonard abandoned his faith in his early teens. Nevertheless his strict moral sense and his ideas were heavily influenced by his Jewish heritage, as they were also by his classical education at the eminent public school St Paul’s in London. It was during his time at St Paul’s that he developed the intellectual interests that provided the foundation for both his undergraduate years at Cambridge and his career as a writer, editor, and publisher.
Anti-Imperialist
Authors: Leventhal Fred , Stansky Peter
Published: September 2019

During his years as a colonial servant Leonard was an efficient and conscientious administrator, but he gradually became disenchanted with imperialism, with its paternalism and arrogance. When he came to analyse imperialism in three books after the First World War, he was prepared to disavow it as immoral, injurious to native culture, and economically oppressive. He advocated the introduction of self-government at a pace that conformed to colonial realities. In Empire and Commerce in Africa, based on massive research, he underscored how European control exploited African natives without enriching the imperial powers. His proposals included reserving African land for the natives, education with a view to training for eventual self-government, and the ultimate expropriation of European capitalists. As secretary to the Advisory Committee on Imperial Questions, Woolf prodded Labour Party leaders to advocate immediate independence for India, Ceylon, and Burma.
The Wars for Peace
Authors: Leventhal Fred , Stansky Peter
Published: September 2019

To Leonard, the outbreak of war in 1914 meant the destruction of civilization and way of life he had known. In contrast to Bloomsbury friends, he felt that German aggression should be resisted and could not claim conscientious objection on pacifist principles. He was exempted from military service because of his inherited nervous tremor. It was his writings about international government and the prevention of war that constituted his contribution to the British cause. In the 1920s he held out hope for the new internationalist spirit and looked to the League of Nations to mitigate national antagonism. Like others on the left, he perceived the failure to disarm as the root cause of mutual hostilities but refused to sanction rearmament under the National Government. By 1936 he had begun to despair at the impossibility of collective security under the auspices of the League of Nations and pressed for a policy of alliances with anti-Fascist powers, including the Soviet Union. Soon disabused of hopes for collaboration with Stalinist Russia, he advocated drastic changes in Labour attitudes towards rearmament and collective security, including a willingness to enter a coalition under Churchill. During the Second World War, Leonard urged Labour to work to revive international institutions and later opposed British building of nuclear weapons.
A theory of register for honorification
Authors: McCready Elin
Published: September 2019

This chapter provides a formal semantic framework for the analysis of honorifics which satisfies two key criteria. First, many languages have honorific forms which reference the current discourse context, specifically the relationshipswhich hold between the various contextual agents. This means that any semantics for honorifics must provide a model of a discourse context which makes available the requisite formality relationships and relativizes them to agents; further, given that honorific use can evolve over a discourse, it is necessary to make whatever contexts are introduced dynamic in a way that tracks patterns of honorific use. Provision must also be made for the introduction of expressive properties, which is done via the use of a type-theory based analysis of expressive content.
Language, World, and Limits
Authors: Moore A.W.
Published: September 2019

This is a collection of previously published essays that are all concerned, at some level, with the nature, scope, and limits of representation, where by representation is meant the act of representing, truly or falsely, how things are. The collection is divided into three parts. The essays in Part I deal with linguistic representation. One thesis that surfaces at various points in these essays is that some things are ineffable. The essays in Part II deal with representation more generally, and with the character of what is represented. They all touch more or less directly on the distinction between perspectival representation, that is representation from a point of view, and absolute representation, that is representation from no point of view. One thesis that surfaces at various points in these essays is that nothing is ineffable. The essays in Part III, deriving their inspiration from the early work of Wittgenstein, indicate how the resulting tension between Parts I and II is to be resolved. We can construe the first of these theses as a thesis about states of knowledge or understanding, and the second as a thesis about facts or truths.
What are these Familiar Words Doing Here?
Authors: Moore A.W.
Published: September 2019

This essay is concerned with six linguistic moves that we commonly make, each of which is considered in turn. These are: stating rules of representation; representing things categorically; mentioning expressions; saying truly or falsely how things are; saying vaguely how things are; and stating rules of rules of representation. A common-sense view is defended of what is involved in our doing each of these six things against a much more sceptical view emanating from the idea that linguistic behaviour is fundamentally messy. Both the fifth move and the sixth move involve vague concepts, and much of the essay is concerned with developing an approach to various problems and puzzles that attach to such concepts, most notably the sorites paradoxes.
Ineffability and Religion
Authors: Moore A.W.
Published: September 2019

It is argued that, although there are no ineffable truths, the concept of ineffability nevertheless does have application—to certain states of knowledge. Towards the end of the essay this idea is related to religion: it is argued that the language that results from attempting (unsuccessfully) to put ineffable knowledge into words is very often of a religious kind. An example of this is given at the very end of the essay. This example concerns the Euthyphro question: whether what is right is right because God wills it, or whether God wills it because it is right.
Finding and analysing long-term climate data
Authors: Schwartz Mark D. , Liang Liang
Published: September 2019

This chapter provides an overview of major sources of long-term climate and related data and gives some guidance and recommendations to help select the best data for specific research projects. Major long-term climate datasets are either station-based or gridded arrays (at different spatial resolutions). Terrestrial vegetation change can be monitored in real-time using satellite-derived data. Software tools have been developed that facilitate convenient retrieval and use of climate data for ecological research. Phenological models process weather data into indices directly related to growth and development of many plant species. A crucial consideration in any analysis of the relationships among climate data and biological activity is the period of influence, and downscaling can bridge spatial scales. Measurement issues, the impact of means or extremes, as well as variations in scale and time, are all important when pondering the best climate data for a specific study.
Ecological niche modelling
Authors: Zurell Damaris , Engler Jan O.
Published: September 2019

Impact assessments increasingly rely on models to project the potential impacts of climate change on species distributions. Ecological niche models have become established as an efficient and widely used method for interpolating (and sometimes extrapolating) species’ distributions. They use statistical and machine-learning approaches to relate species’ observations to environmental predictor variables and identify the main environmental determinants of species’ ranges. Based on this estimated species–environment relationship, the species’ potential distribution can be mapped in space (and time). In this chapter, we explain the concept and underlying assumptions of ecological niche models, describe the basic modelling steps using the silvereye (Zosterops lateralis) as a simple real-world example, identify potential sources of uncertainty in underlying data and in the model, and discuss potential limitations as well as latest developments and future perspectives of ecological niche models in a global change context.
A guide to two-dimensional conformal field theory
Authors: Teschner Jörg
Published: September 2019

This is a review of two-dimensional conformal field theory including the Virasoro algebra, the bootstrap, and some of the relations to integrable models. An effort is made to develop the basic formalism in a way which is both elementary but also as flexible as possible at the same time. Some advanced topics such as conformal field theory on higher genus surfaces and relations to the isomonodromic deformation problem are discussed; for other topics we offer a first guide to the literature.
Tracks
Authors: Woollings Tim
Published: September 2019

The chapter centres around a set of severe storms in November 2002 which began in the Pacific and then spread across North America and the Atlantic, leaving a trail of devastation behind them. It discusses how cyclones like these are grouped into storm tracks, and how they have a profound effect on wind patterns from the jet stream down the to surface and even the circulation of the ocean below.
Experiments
Authors: Woollings Tim
Published: September 2019

Our understanding of the jet stream has been built on many novel experiments, some with fluids in tanks in the laboratory and some on computers. This chapter gives an overview of some of these, starting from the early lab models of Dave Fultz in the years following the Second World War. This reveals the upiquity of jet streams in rotating fluid dynamics, from the oceans up to the atmospheres of distant planets.
Orality, Textuality, and the Homeric Epics
Authors: Ready Jonathan L.
Published: September 2019

This book queries from three different angles what it means to speak of Homeric poetry together with the word “text.” Scholarship from outside the discipline of classical studies on the relationship between orality and textuality motivates and undergirds the project. Part I uses work in linguistic anthropology on oral texts and oral intertextuality to illuminate both the verbal and oratorical landscapes our Homeric poets fashion in their epics and what the poets were striving to do when they performed. Looking to folkloristics, Part II examines modern instances of the textualization of an oral traditional work in order to reconstruct the creation of written versions of the Homeric poems through a process that began with a poet dictating to a scribe. Combining research into scribal activity in other cultures, especially in the fields of religious studies and medieval studies, with research into performance in the field of linguistic anthropology, Part III investigates some of the earliest extant texts of the Homeric epics, the so-called wild papyri. Written texts of the Iliad and the Odyssey achieved an unprecedented degree of standardization after 150 BCE. By looking at oral texts, dictated texts, and wild texts, this book traces the intricate history of Homeric texts from the Archaic to the Hellenistic period, long before the emergence of standardized written texts. Researchers in a number of disciplines will benefit from this comparative and interdisciplinary study.
Oral Texts and Entextualization in the Homeric Epics
Authors: Ready Jonathan L.
Published: September 2019

This chapter introduces to Homeric studies the concepts of oral texts—utterances capable of spiting the power of time—and entextualization—the process of making an oral text. It delves into a range of material, from the speeches Zeus entrusts to messengers to public laments over fallen warriors, from the narrator’s catalogues to moments in which the text engages in its own exegesis. It thereby explores the ways in which the Homeric characters talk about and craft oral texts and considers how the narrator text and the poem as a whole deploy mechanisms of entextualization. It concludes that our Homeric poets fashioned an utterance capable of outlasting the moment each time they performed, and that conclusion prompts revisions to how Homerists talk about texts.
Oral Intertextuality and Mediational Routines in the Homeric Epics
Authors: Ready Jonathan L.
Published: September 2019

Building on Chapter 1, this chapter works with a more precise model of oral intertextuality than Homerists have used heretofore. Returning to episodes involving messengers in the epics, it touches on the anticipatory intertextuality evident in such episodes and then explores the messenger’s performance. It focuses on how, as mediators, messengers negotiate the intertextual gap between the speech they are tasked with relaying and their own speech. This investigation illuminates the portrayal of oral texts in the world depicted in the epics, especially what can happen to oral texts in that world, and sheds light on the representation of mediators in the poems. One can then make some inferences about the Iliad poet and the Odyssey poet. The poet characterizes himself as a mediator, but as one who performs in his capacity as a mediator, and the poet seeks to craft an oral text that engages in particular ways with past and future presentations of the same story.
Community Ecology
Authors: Mittelbach Gary G. , McGill Brian J.
Published: September 2019

Community Ecology provides a broad, up-to-date coverage of ecological concepts at the community level and is suitable for advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and ecological researchers. The field of community ecology has undergone a transformation in recent years, from a discipline largely focused on processes occurring within a local area to a discipline encompassing a much richer domain of study, including the linkages between communities separated in space (metacommunity dynamics), niche and neutral theory, the interplay between ecology and evolution (eco-evolutionary dynamics), and the influence of historical and regional processes in shaping patterns of biodiversity. To fully understand these new developments, however, students continue to need a strong foundation in the study of species interactions, and how these interactions are assembled into community modules and ecological networks. Trait-based assembly rules are presented as another approach to understanding community assembly, especially for real-world communities that may contain hundreds of species. This new edition fulfils the book’s original aims, both as a much-needed up-to-date and accessible introduction to modern community ecology, and in identifying the important questions that are yet to be answered. This research-driven textbook introduces state-of-the-art community ecology to a new generation of students, adopting reasoned and balanced perspectives on as-yet-unresolved issues. Pictures and graphics throughout the text allow students to visualize advanced concepts.
Population growth and density dependence
Authors: Mittelbach Gary G. , McGill Brian J.
Published: September 2019

This chapter reviews the basic mathematics of population growth as described by the exponential growth model and the logistic growth model. These simple models of population growth provide a foundation for the development of more complex models of species interactions covered in later chapters on predation, competition, and mutualism. The second half of the chapter examines the important topic of density-dependence and its role in population regulation. The preponderance of evidence for negative density-dependence in nature is reviewed, along with examples of positive density dependence (Allee effects). The study of density dependence in single-species populations leads naturally to the concept of community-level regulation, the idea that species richness or the total abundance of individuals in a community may be regulated just like abundance in a single-species population. The chapter concludes with a look at the evidence for community regulation in nature and a discussion of its importance.
Species coexistence and niche theory
Authors: Mittelbach Gary G. , McGill Brian J.
Published: September 2019

Ecologists have long puzzled over the question of how multiple species may coexist in a community in the face of strong interspecific competition. This chapter explores the answers that modern coexistence theory provides to this question. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the environment, in conjunction with species differences in resource use and dispersal (niche differences and trade-offs) provide important general coexistence mechanisms. More specifically, theory shows that stable species coexistence is enhanced when intraspecific competition is stronger than interspecific competition (α‎jj>α‎ji). Recent theoretical developments show how this criteria for coexistence (α‎jj>α‎ji) is related to two different aspects of the niche. Less niche overlap between competing species provides a positive stabilizing effect on species coexistence, whereas greater equality in the invasion fitness of competing species provides a positive equalizing effect on coexistence. Analysis of models of apparent competition due to shared predation yield similar conclusions.
Food chains and food webs: controlling factors and cascading effects
Authors: Mittelbach Gary G. , McGill Brian J.
Published: September 2019

This chapter uses simple theory and experiments to address the fundamental question of what determines the biomass (abundance) of different trophic levels (plants, herbivores, carnivores) in a community. Theory predicts joint control of trophic-level abundance by bottom-up effects (resources) and top-down effects (predation), with the relative strengths of top-down and bottom-up effects depending on the number of trophic levels and species composition within a trophic level. Observations and experiments support these predictions. Trophic cascades provide evidence for the importance of top-down processes, but the existence of a trophic cascade says little about the relative importance of predator limitation versus resource limitation. Cascading effects result from either the consumptive or non-consumptive effects of predators, or both. Natural systems contain as few as three and as many as six trophic levels, but what determines this number is unknown. Evidence suggests that both productivity and ecosystem size, perhaps in combination, are the primary factors.
Community assembly and species traits
Authors: Mittelbach Gary G. , McGill Brian J.
Published: September 2019

There is perhaps no more fundamental question in ecology than what determines the number and kinds of species found in a community and their relative abundances. This chapter lays out a powerful approach to answering this question, based on the concepts of a regional species pool and environmental filters. The species pool is the set of species that could potentially colonize a local site or community. Of these potential colonists, some species are limited in their ability to disperse to site, some are limited by their ability to survive the abiotic environment, and some are limited by their interactions with other species. These “filters” act individually or in concert, and the functional traits of species determine their success in passing through these filters to colonize a local site. There is growing empirical evidence that both abiotic and biotic processes select for specific functional traits. Focusing on the functional traits of species may lead to rules of community assembly that are general and help unify a variety of more specific theories.
Troubles in Rome
Authors: Lake Peter , Questier Michael
Published: September 2019

The English College in Rome experienced, in the period up to 1597, a tsunami of chaos and disorder which hardly served to confirm the claims on the part of some Catholics that the seminaries were the spearhead of godly Counter-Reformation Christianity. As with the troubles at Wisbech, these problems seemed to demand new ways of providing Catholics with sufficient regulation of their community to prevent it fracturing and to make sure that disorders of this kind could not be exploited by the Protestant State.
Libel, History, and Polemic, or the Rights and Wrongs of Publicity in the Archpriest Controversy
Authors: Lake Peter , Questier Michael
Published: September 2019

One of the crucial features of the archpriest dispute was, as seen in Part I, the decision of some of the parties to it to go public when they saw that they were not getting their way. This was, however, the continuation of an appeal to public opinion which had been in train since the Wisbech Stirs in 1595. In the process the opposing sides in the controversy produced detailed narratives of the dispute which doubled as histories of the recent past and which touched, in places, on how far there had been a persecution of good Catholics by the queen’s government, and what the likelihood was of toleration at some or any point in the future.
The Archpriest Controversy and the Dynamics of the Post-Reformation Public Sphere
Authors: Lake Peter , Questier Michael
Published: September 2019

The case can be made that the Archpriest Controversy was a seriously significant instance of contemporary public politics and that it used the kinds of media that have, recently, interested scholars who have tried to reconstitute the early modern public political sphere even though, up till now, no one has really thought to explore the archpriest dispute from this perspective.
A Rebel’s Charter
Authors: Lake Peter , Questier Michael
Published: September 2019

Jesuits were attacked by the appellants as the epitome of political disobedience, and, it was also said, their shenanigans over issues such as the succession had nothing to do with the promotion of the Catholic faith but rather with their own betterment and the advantage of their Spanish paymasters, though, said the appellants, the Society of Jesus’s interests would always in the end take precedence over those of Spain. There was, to many people’s way of thinking, indeed a visible fit between these accusations and the kind of public and polemical politicking in which the likes of Robert Parsons, especially, had engaged. Writers such as William Watson found clear targets here in Parsons’s Conference about the Next Succession and in his manuscript memorandum concerning a potential future and sweeping reformation of the English Church and polity.
Politics and Religion Rightly Understood and Ordered
Authors: Lake Peter , Questier Michael
Published: September 2019

The burgeoning appellant critique of the Society of Jesus allowed for a major contemporary account of the (true) relationship between politics and religion, a topic or theme that is of course central to so much of the political debate of the period. In the case of the Archpriest Controversy, this also lent itself to an extended discussion of the place of the religious orders in the Church or, rather, whether the religious had appropriated a place within the Church to which they were not entitled. This allowed for yet more comparisons between Jesuits and puritans.
Introduction
Authors: Crisp Roger
Published: September 2019

This chapter introduces Sacrifice Regained: Morality and Self-interest in British Moral Philosophy from Hobbes to Bentham. The main topic of the book is explained within a framework first set out clearly by the Cambridge philosopher Henry Sidgwick, in the nineteenth century. The ancient background to the discussion is described, especially in connection to the views of Socrates and Plato. Psychological egoism—the view that the sole ultimate motivation of voluntary human action is self-interest—is elucidated. Rational egoism is defined as the view that the only reason any agent has for acting is to promote their own self-interest.
Butler
Authors: Crisp Roger
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses the views on self-interest and morality of Bishop Joseph Butler (1692–1752), often said to be one of the very greatest British moral philosophers of the eighteenth century. The chapter focuses particularly on Butler’s famous Fifteen Sermons. Butler’s view on human nature and the supremacy of conscience is explained. Discussion follows of his views on how to understand self-love and benevolence. His first-order ethics is shown to be both welfarist and, in effect, non-utilitarian. His arguments for the harmony of self-love and beneficence, including those depending on the idea of divine reward and punishment in the afterlife, are critically elucidated.