bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The life history of Rodolia iceryae Janson (Col., Coccinellidae) and the potential for use in innoculative releases against Icerya pattersoni Newstead (Hom., Margarodidae) on coffee
Authors: Kairo M. T. K. , Murphy S. T.
Published: August 2009

Rodolia iceryae Janson is a predator of Icerya pattersoni Newstead, which is a pest of coffee in Kenya. It was studied under controlled conditions at 27°C and 70% relative humidity. The beetle mates 1–2 days after emergence. Eggs were laid in very close association with the host suggesting that R. iceryae was well adapted to exploit I. pattersoni. The duration of immature development was 36.3 days and adult longevity ranged from 15 to 74 days. Measurements of the sizes of different developmental stages were also taken. The age‐specific fecundity and life table statistics under laboratory conditions were determined as follows: R0, 50.160; G, 61.175; rm, 0.064; Λ, 1.067; and population doubling time, DT, 10.830 days. These statistics suggest that the beetle may be an effective agent as it has the potential to multiply much faster than its host. The host specificity of R. iceryae is also discussed in relation to other Rodolia spp. and it is concluded that the beetle will be restricted to feeding on I. pattersoni.
Persistance and potency of Bacillus thuringiensis against Phthorimaea operculella (Zell.)(Lep., Gelechiida) in potato stores
Authors: Salama H. S. , Zaki F. N. , Ragaei M. , Sabbour M.
Published: August 2009

The persistance of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki HD‐1 and its potency as a control agent to reduce the losses caused by the potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella in stores has been investigated. In stores where shady conditions exist, the persistance of B. thuringiensis lasts longer as compared to the short persistance in the field where ultraviolet radiation is the main effective factor. B. thuringiensis proved that it could protect the potato tubers when applied inside stores for periods up to 255 days, particularly at high doses.
Nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffr.) (Hym., Diprionidae) retains infectivity in soil treated with simulated acid rain
Authors: Saikkonen K.
Published: August 2009

The effect of simulated acid rain on the infectivity of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffr.) was studied in southern Finland. Three‐year‐old saplings of Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.), were sprayed once with diluted N. sertifer virus nuclear polyhedrosis (NsNPV) suspension or distilled water; after this they were irrigated during the growing season with ground water (pH 7) or with acidified water of pH 4 or pH 3, adjusted by adding both H2SO3 and HNO3. The ability of virus‐killed N. sertifer larvae to shelter viruses was tested by killing larvae with NsNPV on half of the virus‐treated saplings before the beginning of the irrigation treatments. The persistence of the virus on the foliage and in the soil was tested the following summer by two separate bioassays with European pine sawfly larvae. In the first bioassay, in which larvae were fed once with the foliage of the experimental saplings, no significant difference in mortality among the various treatments was detected. In the second bioassay, in which larvae were fed on pine foliage contaminated with soil from the virus‐treated saplings, virus treatment had a significant effect. In that case, only 4–7% successfully formed cocoons, compared to larval survival of 22% in the absence of the virus. Of the larvae fed with pine twigs contaminated with soil from saplings on which virus‐infected larval cadavers were retained, the mortality rate was 100%. Acid rain treatments did not affect larval survival in either bioassay. Thus, NsNPV infectivity in the field is maintained in the soil but not on the foliage and appears to be unaffected by simulated acid rain.
Behavioural and chemical investigation of trail pheromone from the termite Reticulitermes hesperus Banks (Isopt., Rhinotermitidae)
Authors: Grace J. K. , Wood D. L. , Kubo I. , Kim M.
Published: August 2009

A single active fraction, eliciting both induction of trail‐following and trail orientation, was isolated by HPLC from dichloromethane extracts of excised fourth and fifth sternites of Reticulitermes hesperus workers. GC separation of the active high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fraction and subsequent bioassays indicated that a single major component is responsible both for induction of trail‐following and for orientation of termites on the trail. Solvent extracts of intact termite bodies and excised sternites elicited greater trail‐following activity than extracts of excised abdomens or thoraxes not separated from heads. Workers from two geographically separate colonies responded similarily to dichloromethane extracts of intact bodies and excised sternites from members of either colony, providing no evidence of extractable colony‐recognition compounds, although the results suggest that different colonies may produce different quantities of trail pheromone.
Factors influencing the distribution of larval mosquitos of the genera Aedes, Culex and Toxorhynchites (Dipt., Culicidae) on Moorea
Authors: Becker J.
Published: August 2009

Five habitat parameters were recorded during the sampling of larvae‐positive water‐filled containers located on the north side of Moorea in French Polynesia: container type, area of container aperture, organic load, water volume, and amount of canopy cover. This survey revealed that the amount of canopy cover significantly influenced both Toxorhynchites amboinensis and Culex quinquefasciatus larval distributions. Culex quinquefasciatus preferred containers in habitats with no canopy cover or light canopy cover compared to those with heavy canopy cover. Toxorhynchites amboinensis preferred heavy‐canopy habitat over habitat with no canopy cover. In addition, C. quinquefasciatus larvae were significantly more common in high‐water‐volume sites compared to low‐water‐volume sites. None of the habitat factors were correlated with a combined Aedes polynesiensis and Aedes aegypti larval distribution. Sampling of breeding sites in coconut groves revealed that sanitation efforts were highly successful in reducing the density of fourth instar mosquito larvae (88.93 individuals/100 m2 in unsanitized groves versus 0.36 individuals/100 m2 in sanitized groves). In the sanitized groves, there were less breeding sites per nr and less larvae per breeding site. Sixty‐nine percent of the coconut‐grove larvae were found developing in rat‐chewed coconuts. Roadside samples revealed similar success of sanitation with lower fourth instar mosquito density along sanitized roadside.
Seasonal and diurnal flight activity of Circulifer haematoceps (Hom., Cicadellidae), an important leafhopper vector in the Mediterranean area and the Near East
Authors: Kersting U. , Başpmar H.
Published: August 2009

Despite of the economic importance of Circulifer haematoceps (Mulsant et Rey) (Hom., Cicadellidae) transmitting at least three serious plant pathogens, little is known about the seasonal flight and diurnal activity of this leafhopper. Circulifer haematoceps flight activity was monitored by yellow sticky traps in first and second planting of sesame. In addition, the results of the trap captures were compared with the direct D‐VAC sampling in one sesame field. The diurnal activity was monitored over three successive days, 28–30 August, and again on 15 September by yellow sticky traps that were changed every two hours for most of the day and replaced every half hour between 05.30 h and 07.30 h and 17.30 h and 19.30 h. The yellow‐trap sampling revealed consistent seasonal activity patterns associated with both the first and second crop, characterized by a secondary maximum within the first 30 days and an absolute maximum between day 52 and 73 after sowing. Males made up > 85% of the sticky‐trap catches while females were better represented in the D‐VAC collections (74%). The diel activity was greatest between 17.30 h and 19.30 h and most concentrated within a 30 min period just before sunset. Very few individuals were captured during hours of high light intensity and during the night. During the period of greatest activity only males were trapped.
The parasite‐host relationship between Encarsia formosa (Hym., Aphelinidae) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hom., Aleyrodidae) XXVI. Leaf hairs reduce the capacity of Encarsia to control greenhouse whitefly on cucumber
Authors: van Lenteren J. C. , Hua Li Zhao , Kamerman J. W. , Rumei Xu
Published: August 2009

Host‐plant resistance and biological control are considered to be cornerstones of integrated pest management programs, but there are few studies that elucidate the intricate relationships among host plant, phytophagous insect and natural enemies. Our knowledge of interactions in systems that include three or more trophic levels is limited, yet the need for such knowledge is great. First, for understanding how selection forces shape these relationships, and secondly, for knowing how we can manipulate the systems to our benefit. Two aspects related to studies of tritrophic interactions deserve special attention for those working on biological control: (i) the incorrect assumption that host‐plant resistance always positively contributes to the suppressive effect of natural enemies, and (ii) the correct assumption that plants can be selected that promote the effectiveness of natural enemies. Examples are presented to illustrate the first point. A study of the relationships among cucumber, greenhouse whitefly [Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)] and the parasitoid Encarsia formosa Gahan illustrates the second point—selection of less‐hairy plants leads to the finding and killing of more hosts per unit of time by the parasitoid, and thus to improved biological control.
Arthropod associates of the spruce beetle Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) (Col., Scolytidae) in spruce stands of south‐central and interior Alaska
Authors: Gara R. I. , Werner R. A. , Whitmore M. C. , Holsten E. H.
Published: August 2009

The impact of competitors, parasites and predators on spruce beetle Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) broods was studied at an endemic population site near Fairbanks, Alaska, as well as at an epidemic area near Summit Lake and Cooper Landing, Alaska. Logs of white spruce, Picea glauca (Bong.) Carr., at the endemic area and Lutz spruce, Picea lutzii Little, at the epidemic site, were infested by spruce beetles. As logs became infested, associated insects were identified and their impact on the development of D. rufipennis broods evaluated. Competing Dryocoetes affaber Mann. broods were the most important interspecific mortality factor of larval D. rufipennis. The impact of dipteran and coleopteran predators and hymenopteran parasites on spruce beetle survival was of less importance than this interspecific competition.
Wound reactions of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L) to attacks by Tomicus piniperda L. and Ips sexdentatus Boern. (Col., Scolytidae)
Authors: Lieutier F. , Garcia J. , Yart A. , Romary P.
Published: August 2009

Bark beetles Tomicus piniperda and Ips sexdentatus were artificially inserted in Scots pines. Attacks were also provoked in other trees by attractants. Resin flow corresponding to each introduction was measured in the case of artificial insertions. In all cases, gallery length, reaction zone length and the total quantity of induced resin contained in the whole reaction were measured 5–6 weeks after insertions or attacks. The attempt of gallery construction (beginning of gallery boring) and the beginning of oviposition were also noted in each case, as well as the presence of associated fungi.

Resin flow discouraged T. piniperda, but not I. sexdentatus, to attempt a gallery construction. For the two beetle species, however, it played no role after gallery boring had started. Although tree induced reaction was present during gallery elongation, at least in the case of T. piniperda, it was not clear if it played a role in stopping gallery elongation and in failure of oviposition. Few beetles were killed by resin flow or by tree reaction. The existence of oviposition was not related to attack density, tree characteristics or presence of fungi. Fungi were involved in the development of the induced reaction in response to I. sexdentatus attacks, but not in response to T. piniperda attacks. When expressing reaction zone length or resin quantity as a function of gallery length, galleries where oviposition had begun were clearly separated from those where it had not. For galleries where oviposition did not occur, reaction zone length was always correlated with gallery length for T. piniperda, and not for I. sexdentatus, but in the latter case the correlations existed when considering only galleries without fungi. Accumulation of induced resin was always correlated with gallery length for the two species. Therefore, a tree's induced reaction is not basically a defense reaction. The results corroborate the hypothesis that it is a wound reaction induced by mechanical stress due to gallery boring, and amplified by fungi when they are effective. For T. piniperda, the beetle boring activity seems to be the only way to exhaust tree response capacity.
A preliminary study on the use of trap‐trees baited with ethylene for the integrated management of the olive beetle, Phloeotribus scarabaeoides (Bern.) (Col., Scolytidae)
Authors: González R. , Campos M.
Published: August 2009

Recent studies have established the importance of ethylene in the primary attraction of the olive beetle, Phloeotribus scarabaeoides. In light of this, two experiments were carried out in an olive grove in Granada province, Spain, these experiments utilized the increase of natural levels of ethylene produced by olive trees after the application of 2‐(chloroethyl)phosphonic acid. In the first experiment, a significant attraction of the emerging beetles for the treated trees was noted. The second experiment constitutes a first step in the use of poisoned ethylene‐baited trees in the integrated management of P. scarabaeoides. A barrier of trap‐trees sprayed with a mixture of 2‐(chloroethyl)phosphonic acid and lambda cyalothrine‐A had been set‐up along the edge of two selected plots of the olive grove. A significant reduction in the density of attacks and beetle population density has been observed in the zone located behind the barrier of trap‐trees. A decrease in the efficacy of the experimental set‐up was noted at the end of August. The factors influencing changes in density of beetle attack and population on the trees throughout the summer are discussed.
Monitoring of Helicoverpa armigera (Hbn.) by pheromone trapping in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
Authors: Srivastava C. P. , Srivastava R. P.
Published: August 2009

The peaks in the pheromone trap catches of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) moths were invariably followed by the peaks in egg and larval counts (early instars) of this insect in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during both years of experimentation. The correlation between pheromone trap catches of weekn‐1 and egg counts for weekn=0 were positive, r = +0.35 in 1986 and positive and significant r = +0.69 in 1987. The correlations between egg counts of weekn–1 and larval counts for weekn=0 were also significant and positive, r = +0.89 and +0.94 for the years 1986 and 1987, respectively.
Forecasting emergence and flight of some Ephestia spp. (Lep., Pyralidae) based on pheromone trapping and degree‐day accumulations
Authors: Ahmad T. R. , Ali M. A.
Published: August 2009

Forecasting system to monitor the emergence and flight activity of carob moth Ephestia calidella (Guen.), raisin moth E. figulilella (Greg.), tobacco moth E. elutella (Hüb.), and Mediterranean flour moth E. kuehniella (Zell.) in central Iraq, was established, with the aid of synthetic pheromone and relating cumulative emergence to physiological time (degree‐days, DDs). Data of moth catches indicated that the flight period occurs from early April to late November, with peaks from early May to late June, mid‐July to late August and late September to mid‐October. Data of first captures ranged from 4 April to 10 May and corresponded to a mean DD summation from 1 January of 367, 348, 608 and 453 for E. calidella, E. figulilella, E. elutella and E. kuehniella, respectively. The mean DD accumulation from 1 March was 283, 236, 496 and 350, respectively, and for E. kuehniella this allowed for a more accurate forecast of moth emergence. The regression equation governing the relationship between cumulative male capture and the DD values was determined. The usefulness of such a system is discussed in relation to control programmes.
Olfactory responses of the predatory mite Amblyseius andersoni Chant (Acari, Phytoseiidae) to bean plants infested by the spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari, Tetranychidae)
Authors: Koveos D. S. , Kouloussis N. A. , Broufas G. D.
Published: August 2009

The responses of the predatory mite Amblyseius andersoni Chant adult females to odours emanating from whole bean plants or excised leaves infested by adult females of Tetranychus urticae Koch, or to possible odours from females of T. urticae were studied in the laboratory using a Y‐tube olfactometer. A. andersoni females exhibited a stronger positive response to odours from infested plants or leaves than to the uninfested ones. This preference was maintained even after the colonies of the spider mite were removed from the surface of the infested leaves and the leaves were rinsed with water. However, A. andersoni females did not show a preference for possible odours released by adult females of T. urticae or pin‐pricked uninfested leaves. These results suggest that the factor(s) motivating the selection of infested plants by the predator is probably associated with the previous infestation of the plants by the spider mite.
Adaptation of Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant) (Col., Coccinellidae) to Icerya aegyptiaca (Douglas) (Hom., Margrodidae) as compared with Icerya purchasi Mask
Authors: Ragab M. E.
Published: August 2009

The Coccinellid beetle, Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant), was introduced into Egypt in 1902 to control Icerya purchasi Mask. Developmental stages of R. cardinalis have been found to be associated with populations of Icerya aegyptiaca (Douglas) on Ficus nitida trees in the Mansoura district of Egypt. The present work throws more light on the adaptation of this predator when feeding on Icerya aegyptiaca as compared with feeding on I. purchasi. Choice of prey type was found to have a marked effect on egg coloration but appears to have no effect on hatching success or incubation period. The development of R. cardinalis larvae when reared in culture on I. aegyptiaca was significantly faster than that fed on I. purchasi. The fecundity of R. cardinalis females was not affected by the prey type consumed as adults, and although the longevity of males and females was shorter in association with I. purchasi, this difference was not significant. The results indicate that R. cardinalis is well adapted to I. aegyptiaca in Egypt.
Gamma irradiation as a disinfestation and quarantine treatment for faba bean seeds infested with Bruchus dentipes Baudi (Col., Bruchidae)
Authors: Mansour M. Y. , Al‐Bacheer M.
Published: August 2009

A study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of gamma irradiation as a disinfestation and quarantine treatment for faba bean seeds which contain larvae and pupae of the faba bean seed beetle, Bruchus dentipes Baudi. The results showed that a dose of 90 Gy applied to the larval stage caused 100% mortality of the treated larvae regardless of their age or instar. A dose of 300 Gy applied to the late pupal stage caused 93.8% mortality and rendered the emerged adults unable to fly. In subsequent confirmatory trials in which 100 000 infested seeds were treated, no adults emerged, which assures quarantine security to probit 9 at the 95% confidence level. Our studies indicate that ionising radiation could be an alternative to chemical fumigants for disinfestation and/or quarantine treatment of faba bean seeds infested with B. dentipes. A dose of 90 Gy applied to faba bean seeds when the pest population is still in the larval stage, during the first 3 months after harvest, is suggested. To minimise losses in seed quality, however, irradiation treatment should be done as early as possible after harvest.
Grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch) (Hom., Phylloxeridae), population response to preformed tuberosities
Authors: Omer A. D. , De Benedictis J. A. , Granett J.
Published: August 2009

Laboratory tests were used to assess feeding and population growth of three grape phylloxera strains on preformed root tuberosities of the grape rootstock ‘AXR#1’. The tuberosities were formed on root sections by grape phylloxera biotypes A or B (first generation), after which the insects were removed and the roots were reinfested with a second cohort (second generation). Second generation phylloxera were of biotypes A or B, or a third strain, ‘SG’. Preformed tuberosities were preferentially colonized over non‐tuberosity portions of roots by all phylloxera irrespective of whether the first generation was biotype A or B. All three phylloxera types had a shorter time to maturity and a higher percentage reaching maturity when they fed on tuberosities preformed by biotype B rather than by biotype A; there was no difference in fecundities. Phylloxera also established, grew and reproduced on non‐tuberosity portions of the roots with preformed tuberosities. The time to maturity on the non‐tuberosity portions of the roots was longer and the fecundity was lower than on the preformed tuberosity portions of the same roots. After 45 days on AXR#1 roots previously infested by biotype A phylloxera, biotype A, B, and strain SG populations increased 11‐, 29‐ and 9‐fold, respectively. On roots previously infested by biotype B, the increases were 59‐, 107‐ and 44‐fold, respectively. Formation of tuberosities by phylloxera on AXR#1 increased the vulnerability of the root to subsequent attack at the preformed tuberosities, but not at other portions of the roots. Implications of these findings to population dynamics and bioassays for screening for phylloxera resistance in candidate rootstocks are discussed.
Visual trapping of theStrobilomyiaspp. (Dipt., Anthomyiidae) flies damaging Siberian larch cones in north‐eastern China
Authors: Roques A. , Sun Jiang‐Hua , Zhang Xu‐Dong , Turgeon J. J. , Xu Shan‐Bin
Published: August 2009

The influence of trap position and colour on the response of the flies infesting Siberian larch cones was investigated in 1993 at two sites located in the Da Khinggan Mountains, in north‐eastern China. A total of 339 flies were caught. SixStrobilomyiaspecies were identified, and 68.4% of them were females.S. svenssoniMich, and an undescribedStrobilomyiaspecies were recorded for the first time in China as larch cone pests. Species‐ and sex‐specific responses of flies to trap colour and trap position were observed. For most species, the number of flies alighting on blue traps hung within tree canopy was higher than that caught on yellow and yellow with purple striped traps placed in front of trees. Most flies trapped with blue were sexually‐immature females. The temporal succession of the six species and their oviposition patterns were related to the phenology of cone development. Five different types of eggs were also described.
Effects of constant and alternating temperatures on Trichogramma galloi Zucchi (Hym., Trichogrammatidae) biology II.—parasitism capacity and longevity
Authors: Cônsoli F. L. , Parra J. R. P.
Published: August 2009

This study was carried out to examine the effects of constant (18, 20, 22, 25, 30 and 32°C) and alternating temperatures (simulating the diurnal and nocturnal mean temperatures of the 4 seasons of the year) on the parasitism capacity and longevity of Trichogramma galloi, the most common sugarcane borer egg parasitoid species in the State of Sāo Paulo, Brazil. The lowest parasitism was observed at 18 and 32°C constant temperatures. The higher parasitism capacity was obtained at the summer thermal condition. The parasitism capacity at the summer and winter simulation was higher when compared to the constant corresponding temperatures. Longevity was higher at lower temperatures. Trichogramma galloi life span was not affected by alternating temperatures.

Effects des témperatures constantes et alternées sur la biologie de Trichogramma galloi Zucchi (Hym., Trichogrammatidae) II.—Capacité de parasitation et longevity: Ce travail a été realisé pour étudier les effects des temperatures constantes (18, 20, 22, 25, 30 et 32°C) et alternées (en simulant les temperatures moyennes diurnes et nocturnes des quatres saisons de l'année) sur la capacité de parasitation et longevité de Trichogramma galloi, l'espèce le plus commune de parasitoïde oophage de l'état de Sāo Paulo, Brésil. La plus baisse parasitation a été observé dans les temperatures constantes de 18 et 32°C. La parasitation plus elevé a été observé sous les conditions d'été. La plus grande capacité de parasitation a été observé dans les conditions simulés d'été et d'hiver, en comparaison à des temperatures eonstantes. La Longevité a été la plus grande dans les temperatures plus baisses. La longevité de T. galloi n'a pas été affecté par les temperatures alternées.
Predation on pupae of Helicoverpa armigera Hbn. (Lep., Noctuidae) and its relation to stem borer numbers in summer grain crops
Authors: Watmough R. H. , Kfir R.
Published: August 2009

Total predation on pupae of Helicoverpa armigera was correlated with the numbers of larvae and pupae of the lepidopteran stem borers Busseola fusca (Full.) and Chilo partellus (Swin.) in maize and grain sorghum crops. The rate of predation on planted H. armigera pupae was the same as that on pupae that had pupated naturally. In summer, levels of predation were positively correlated with rainfall and negatively correlated with maximum and mean temperature, but this was reversed in winter. During the first period of the season (December–March) the ant, Dorylus helvolus (L.), was the most important predator in three plots and the mouse, Mastomys natalensis (Smith), was dominant in three plots. During the rest of the year (April‐November) D. helvolus was dominant in two plots and mice in three. Predation by D. helvolus on H. armigera pupae was a numerical response with a higher percentage of pupae being taken when stem borer numbers in the crops were higher. None of the other predators responded in their predation on H. armigera pupae to stem borer numbers. The correlation of predation by D. helvolus on H. armigera pupae with stem borer numbers suggests that the latter were an important prey. Other predators in descending order of importance were Cardiophorinae larvae, the Doryline ant Aenictus sp., larvae of Astylus atromaculatus Bl. (Coleoptera, Melyridae), tenebrionid larvae, larvae and adults of Heteronychus arator F., carabid larvae and adults, staphylinids and Dermaptera.
Enzyme electrophoretic studies on the Aphis fabae group (Hom., Aphididae)
Authors: Jörg E. , Lampel G.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The taxa of the Aphis fabae group s.str. are morphologically difficult to separate or inseparable. Vertical starch gel electrophoresis of members of the Aphis fabae complex s.str. and s.l. was carried out to find specific isozymic characters. Analysis of the banding patterns of 17 genetic loci reveals that each of the 18 taxa investigated can be clearly identified. A biochemical key is presented.
Congruent spatial and temporal foraging by a dominant ant (Hym., Formicidae) and its replacement in an assemblage in a large urban structure in southeastern Brazil
Authors: Fowler H. G. , Bueno O. C.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: At fixed bait stations in a large institutional setting in Brazil, the temporal and spatial pattern of usage of the dominant species of ant was studied. The ant Crematogaster cf. magnifica, was found in 91 % of sampling points. These studies were conducted using the same points as a previous study of the then dominant ant, Monomorium pharaonis, which was found to have declined from 93% to 3% spatial point occupation. The frequency of point usage during this study was significantly different from the Poisson distribution for both species, indicating non‐random use of space. Crematogaster cf. magnifica was significantly more spatially exclusive than had been documented for M. pharaonis, and the probability of points originally occupied by M. pharaonis later becoming occupied by C. cf. magnifica was in excess of 90%. Temporal bait exploitation patterns of the two species did not differ. These data demonstrate that structural ant communities can change over time without human intervention, although short‐term stability is characteristic of the urban dominant ants in subtropical Brazil.
The influence of intercropping and mulches on the occurrence of polyphagous predators in carrot fields in relation to carrot fly (Psila rosae (F.)) (Dipt., Psilidae) damage
Authors: Rämert B.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: During 1989 and 1990 an inventory was made of beetles (Coleoptera), in the families Carabidae and Staphylinidae and spiders in carrot fields with a ley clipping mulch, a bark mulch, or lucerne (Medicago littoralis) as an intercrop. Two sites in central Sweden were included in the study. The most common carabid species at Uppsala were Bembidion quadrimaculatum, B. lampros, and Trechus quadristriatus. At Torslunda, B. lampros, Calathus melanocephalus, T. quadristriatus, Amara bifrons, and Harpalus rufipes were the most abundant. The most abundant staphylinid genera at Uppsala were Anotylus, Arpedium, Philonthus, and Aleochara, while at Torslunda Philonthus, Aleochara, and Anotylus were the most abundant. Differences in occurrence, measured as trap catch or numbers per soil sample, between treatments and over the season are presented and discussed. Emphasis was placed on assessing the potential importance of these predators in suppressing carrot fly populations.
Populations of predatory and pest mites in first‐level and second‐level commercial apple orchard blocks in Massachusetts
Authors: Hu XingPing , Prokopy R. J. , Mason J.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Populations of predatory and phytophagous mites were sampled weekly throughout the growing season in first‐ and second‐level integrated pest management (IPM) blocks in 12 commercial apple orchards in Massachusetts in 1993. In first‐level blocks, insecticides were used throughout the growing season. In second‐level blocks, no insecticides were sprayed after early June. Among the 12 orchards, 92% contained Amblyseius fallacis, 8% contained Typhlodromus pyri and 50% contained Zetzellia mali as predaceous species, while 100% contained Panonychus ulmi and 58% contained Tetranychus urticae as pest species. When averaged over the entire season, populations of predaceous A. fallacis and Z. mali and populations of pest P. ulmi were numerically, but not statistically, greater in second‐level blocks than in first‐level blocks. The opposite was true for T. urticae. Initial time of appearance of each species was about the same in both types of blocks. Panonychus ulmi peaked in mid‐July, much earlier than A. fallacis, the most frequently observed predaceous mite. Populations of the latter peaked in September at relatively low densities, too late in the growing season for this species to provide, by itself, timely biological control of pest mites. Winter mortality from cold temperatures and spring/summer mortality from the use of fungicides are suspected to be the principal agents responsible for the slow build‐up of A. fallacis. Zetzellia mali was present in early spring and increased slowly until reaching peak levels in autumn. Absence of pre‐bloom oil and other acaricide sprays in a small portion of each second‐level block did not facilitate build‐up of predaceous mites, but did result in rapid build‐up of P. ulmi.
Bionomics, ecology and economic importance of the fir weevil, Pissodes piceae (III.) (Col., Curculionidae) in mountain forests
Authors: Starzyk J. R.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The biology, ecology and ethology of Pissodes piceae, taking into account phenology, life cycle, kind and state of inhabited breeding material, factors limiting the reproduction and development, and its ecological requirements (species composition and structure of the stand, soil moisture, shading conditions, age and size of infested trees, quality of their crowns and stems, needle condition, coexistence with other species of cambio‐ and xylophagous insects in ecological communities and associations, etc.) are presented in a monographic manner on the basis of the long‐term field observations (1980–1992) carried out mainly in the Krynica Experimental Forest of the Faculty of Forestry, Agricultural University of Kraków (Western Carpathians, Southern Poland), supplemented with laboratory rearings. The results obtained during this study permitted us to determine the economic importance of the fir weevil in the pure fir and mixed mountain forests as well as to work out the methods of preventing the damages, forecasting its occurrence and controlling its numbers.
Comportement alimentaire des chenilles d'Helicoverpa armigera Hbn. (Lep., Noctuidae) sur tomate cultivée sous serre
Authors: Saour G. , Causse R.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Feeding behaviour of Helicoverpa armigera Hbn. (Lep., Noctuidae) on tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) in greenhouse: The feeding behaviour of larvae of Helicoverpa armigera was studied on tomato plants grown in a greenhouse using 32P‐labelled caterpillars. When first instar larvae emerged from eggs deposited onto usual egg‐laying sites, they fed on leaves, occasionally onto inflorescence, and some burrowed into fruit when they reached the third instar. During the fourth and fifth instar, they fed alternately on leaves and fruit, and occasionally on stems. Toward the end of their development, the caterpillars went through a searching phase to look for a shelter for metamorphosis. This typical sequence could be altered and become more complex in relation with the emerging site of the caterpillars. Green fruits of tomato are usually damaged by larvae of at least 7–8 day old which made several entry holes. These entries were not usually followed by feeding, but they nevertheless damaged an average of 2 ± 0.75 fruits.
Effect of larval diet on the performance of the predator Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuropt., Chrysopidae)
Authors: Osman M. Z. , Selman B. J.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Chrysoperla carnea larval diet exerts a significant effect on the rate of development, survival, cocoon weight and the fecundity of the adult females. For this predator, Pieris brassicae L. eggs proved to be as important a prey as aphids, and, although Drosophila melanogaster pupae and adults were accepted as prey, they proved to be relatively inferior as a prey source.
Selectivity of synthetic aggregation pheromones Linoprax® and Pheroprax® in the control of the bark beetles (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) in a timber storage yard
Authors: Babuder G. , Pohleven F. , Brelih S.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The selectivity of the synthetic aggregation pheromones Linoprax® and Pheroprax® in black flight barrier traps of the Theysohn type was determined by the response of the lineate bark beetle Trypodendron lineatum (Ol.), the eight‐toothed spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (L.), and other insects at the timber storage yard of a woodprocessing industry in Ljubljana, Slovenia. The information obtained can be used in establishing a pheromone‐based mass‐trapping program for bark beetles in the timber storage yard.

A total of 24 349 insects were captured in Linoprax baited traps, 78.5% of them belonged to T. lineatum, 19.9% to I. typographus while 1.6% of them were other insects.

A total of 22815 insects were caught on traps baited with Pheroprax, 92.8% of them were I. typographus, 5.8% of them belonged to T. lineatum and 1.4% were represented by other insects.

On the control unbaited traps, 3429 beetles were caught, 52.5% of them belonged to I. typographus, 38.4% were T. lineatum and 10.1% were other insects.

Spatial and temporal distribution patterns for T. lineatum and I. typographus were identified. The air temperature and the locations of the Theysohn traps affected the catch. The ecological meaning of selectivity of synthetic pheromones is discussed.
Search for quality parameters to estimate the condition of Pterostichus cupreus (Col., Carabidae) in view of population dynamic modelling
Authors: den Nijs L. J. M. F. , Lock C. A. M. , Noorlander J. , Booij C. J. H.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Habitat quality affects the condition of predatory beetles in terms of size and weight. Carabid body weight and size are defined and measured in many ways. The way of collecting and preserving of beetles affects these parameters. This makes comparison between studies difficult. This paper presents more precise methods to determine the condition of the carabid P. cupreus in farmland. Beetles were caught alive by using pitfall traps and were weighted. Elytra maximum length and area were measured by image analysis. The elytra area appeared to be a good indicator for beetle size. The relative fresh weight was defined as the fresh weight/elytra area. To convert weight from formalin trapped beetles into fresh or dry weight, relationships between different weighing procedures were established. Analyses were made of the relation between various weight and size parameters. The relative fresh weight of both sexes increases significantly early in the season. Weight and relative fresh weight do not differ significantly between sexes. Since females are expected to respond more clearly to environmental circumstances in terms of weight, variability should be higher. This is best reflected in the relative fresh weight which is much more variable in females than in males. Therefore this parameter is most suitable for assessing individual conditions. For P. cupreus the multiplication factor to transform alcohol weight into fresh weight is 1.19. Because all dry, fresh and alcohol weights are highly correlated it depends on the research questions and circumstances which method to choose.
Sensitivity of pruned maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait) to Dioryctria sylvestrella Ratz. (Lep., Pyralidae) in relation to tree vigour and date of pruning
Authors: Jactel H. , Menassieu P. , Raise G. , Burban C.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Infestation rate of Dioryctria sylvestrella was studied for the following three categories of maritime pine: (i) those trees that had been selected for pruning and pruned; (ii) those trees that had been selected for pruning but not pruned; and those trees that had neither been selected nor pruned. In comparing 10 diameter classes and 4 dates of pruning, the percentage of trees attacked was recorded. In both pruned and unpruned trees, the level of attack increased with tree diameter, according to a logistic curve. Pruned trees were significantly more infested than unpruned trees. Selection for pruning did not result in a significant higher rate of attack in unpruned trees. The percentage of pruned trees attacked did not differ significantly according to the date of pruning. The interaction between tree diameter and tree type did not induce any significant difference in infestation rate. The model of tree infestation, involving primary attraction for the female moth, was strengthened. Volatile attractants, originating in the constitutive oleoresin, might allow the selection of susceptible trees. Tree pruning, creating bark wounds, and tree vigour, increasing bark cracking, could similarly, though independently, increase constitutive resin flow, thus enhancing tree attractiveness.
Evaluation of the effects of two Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin strains on the development of Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake (Col., Coccinellidae)
Authors: Todorova S. I. , Côté J.‐C. , Coderre D.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The effect of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, strains ATCC 44860 and ARSEF 2991, on the development of the spotted ladybird beetle Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake larvae and pupae was evaluated at concentrations of 102, 104, 106 and 108 blastospores/ml. Duration of development of C. maculata was measured when fed on contaminated pollen or when allowed to prey on first and second instars Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Col., Chrysomelidae) larvae treated by pulverization. The two B. bassiana strains exhibited different effects on the duration of development of C. maculata. Pollen or Colorado potato beetle larvae treated with B. bassiana strain ATCC 44860 increased the C. maculata development time, whereas Colorado potato beetle larvae treated with strain ARSEF 2991 reduced development time but pollen treated with the same strain had no effect.
Comparative toxicities of some insecticides to Cacopsylla pyri L. (Hom., Psyllidae) and one of its important biological control agents, Anthocoris nemoralis F. (Het., Anthocoridae)
Authors: Berrada S. , Nguyen T. X. , Fournier D.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: This study determined toxicities of three insecticides/acaricides representing three classes (formamidines, avermectins, and norpyrethrates) to a prey‐predator complex consisting of anthocorid bug (Anthocoris nemoralis F.) and its phytophagous prey, pear psylla (Cacopsylla pyri L.). The anthocorid bug LD50s were generally lower than those of the pear psylla indicating greater susceptibility in the predator than the prey.

Determination of residual activities of the test insecticides indicates different selectivities to the beneficial insect. From this study, abamectin alone may be sprayed to control the pear psylla when the anthocorid bug populations are active.

Reasons for the susceptibility variations to insecticides in phytophagous‐entomophagous systems are suggested and discussed.
The population dynamics of the bark beetle Phloeotribus scarabaeoides (Col., Scolytidae) on European olive (Olea europaea)
Authors: Lozano C. , Kidd N. A. C. , Campos M.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The life‐stage mortalities of the bark‐beetle pest P. scarabaeoides were studied in a Spanish olive orchard by placing cut logs in the field for adult females to breed. Mortality was found to be greatest at the larval stage with about 25% of the original egg number surviving to adulthood. The density of eggs laid per maternal gallery does not appear to affect the degree of subsequent mortality at the egg, larval or pupal stages. However, the density of maternal galleries on a log has a positive (density‐dependent) influence on the mortality of larvae, but not of eggs or pupae. The density‐dependent larval mortality could be attributed to both insect parasitoids and intraspecific competition, but the relative contribution of each was unclear. The proportion of adult females excavating maternal galleries was also shown experimentally to be density dependent. A simple model, based on the information presented, showed that the population is regulated primarily by density‐dependence in the level of female attack, stabilizing the population at three attacking females/dm2. Mortality of overwintering adults in the trees is unlikely to affect this equilibrium significantly.
Observations on the occurrence of pathogens in the bark beetle Ips typographus L. (Col., Scolytidae)
Authors: Wegensteiner R. , Weiser J. , Führer E.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Pathogens occurring in adult Ips typographus from 15 distinct localities in Austria and in the Czech Republic were registered with exception of pathogenic fungi and bacteria. An Entomopoxvirus, Chytridoipsis typographi, Nosema typographi, Gregarina typographi and Malamoeba scolyti could be observed in varying frequency depending on locality and year. The most dominant species was Ch. typographi, whereas N. typographi and M. scolyti could be found only in some few specimens.
Experimental studies upon the parasitoid complex of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) (Lep., Lymantriidae) in lower host populations in eastern Austria*
Authors: Eichhorn O.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The parasitoid complex of low gypsy moth populations, using the host exposure technique, was studied in eastern Austria in the late 70s. The following 10 larval parasitoid species were recovered: Braconidae: Apanteles melanoscelus (Ratzeburg), Apanteles liparidis (Bouché), Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael); Ichneumonidae: Casinaria sp., Hyposoter tricoloripes (Viereck), Phobocampe disparis (Viereck); Tachinidae: Parasetigena silvestris (Robineau‐Desvoidy), Blepharipa pratensis (Meigen), Compsilura concinnata (Meigen), Exorista fasciata (Fallen).

Parasitism obtained from the rearing of 1961 host larvae amounted to 58.1% and based on both the larval rearings and the collection of parasitoid cocoons to about 87%. Parasitism encountered by dissecting gypsy moth larvae showed generally high values (37–89%) 3–4 weeks after release. The dominating parasitoid species were the braconid A. melanoscelus and the tachinids B. pratensis, P. silvestris and later in the season C. concinnata. The braconid suffered an average mortality of almost 50% by 16 hyperparasitoid species. Notes on the dominating parasitoid species are given.
Development of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.) (Hym., Diprionidae) on drought‐stressed pines: a laboratory experiment
Authors: Christiansen E. , Austarå Ø.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Potted Scots pine plants with a severely reduced water supply were used as food plants for Neodiprion sertifer. N. sertifer larvae remained caged on the plants from larval hatching to cocoon spinning. The treatment accelerated larval development and increased adult size, compared to insects on well‐watered controls. Larval mortality tended to be lower in stressed trees, but seemed partly determined by genetic factors. Such factors appeared to be of minor significance for developmental rates and adult size.
Zur Überwinterungsstrategie der Kleinen Fichtenblattwespe, Pristiphora abietina Christ. (Hym., Tenthredinidae)
Authors: Rosner S. , Führer E.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Studies on ecophysiological aspects of the hibernation of the Spruce Sawfly, Pristiphora abietina Christ. (Hym., Tenthredinida). Pristiphora abietina survives the winter as a nymph in a cocoon resting in the upper layer of soil litter. In order to understand the causes of doubtful nymph mortality, the cold resistance and some features related to it were tested by experiments. During the period from July to March, the nymphs exhibit poor supercooling abilities, in the range from −3.6 to −7.7°C. The mean supercooling points show seasonal changes, with the lowest temperatures in November/December. The nymphs usually survived freezing at temperatures a few degrees beyond the supercooling point in dry and wet environments. Thus, Pristiphora abietina nymphs appear to be tolerant to freezing, as well as to inoculative freezing. Because the cocoon is permeable to water it does not protect the nymphs from superficial wetting. The cocoons represent an efficient shelter against transpiration, but even naked nymphs lose water very slowly in dry air. Therefore, a negative correlation between sensitivity to desiccation and tolerance to inoculative freezing is presumed. Physiological and ecological aspects of this feature are discussed within the context of hibernation.