bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health Dialogue Experiences of Students, Teachers and School Nurses in Swedish Health-promoting Schools
Authors: Kostenius Catrine , Lundqvist Catarina
Published: September 2021

According to Swedish law, all students are to be offered health dialogues with a school nurse, which helps to promote students’ health literacy. However, research shows that the health dialogues are not being used to their fullest potential. To explore how health dialogues are experienced by school actors – students, teachers and school nurses. The 93 participants from 14 municipalities in northern Sweden wrote open letters sharing their experiences with health dialogues. Phenomenological analysis resulted in two themes with three sub-themes each that describe well-functioning health-promoting schools in which health promotion was seen as a shared practice among staff. In contrast, the participants expressed frustration or resignation with the challenges connected to health dialogues. When given a voice, school actors paint an informative collective picture of health dialogues. Based on our findings, we argue that health dialogues can \promote students' health literacy and enable collaboration between different actors within educational systems. Furthermore, promoting health in school must be viewed as a common assignment for all school staff, and support from school leadership is needed to systematically use the results from health dialogues to inform effective health promotion practice.
Assessment of Hepatitis B Virus Screening Behaviors among Asian-Americans through the Lens of Social Cognitive Theory
Authors: Le Daisy , Hong Alicia , Azor Hui Siu-Kuen , Rimal Rajiv N. , Juon Hee-Soon
Published: September 2021

Asian-Americans suffer from significant liver cancer disparity caused by chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Understanding psychosocial predictors of HBV screening is critical to designing effective interventions. Chinese-, Korean-, and Vietnamese-Americans in the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan region (N=877) were recruited from community-based organizations. Applying the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), three main theoretical constructs (knowledge, outcome expectancy, and self-efficacy) were tested. Descriptive analyses using Chi-square and ANOVA and multivariate logistic regression models were conducted. About 47% of participants reported ever having screening for HBV. Vietnamese-Americans had the lowest HBV screening rate (39%), followed by Korean-Americans (46%) and Chinese-Americans (55%). Multiple logistic regression analyses showed significant effects of HBV-related knowledge on screening in all three groups, whereas self-efficacy had significant effects in the Chinese and Korean subgroups, but not Vietnamese. HBV outcome expectancy had no effect on the screening outcome in any of the groups. Additionally, consistent in all three groups, those who had lived in the United States longer were less likely to have screening. HBV screening rates in Asian Americans remain low; targeted interventions need to consider the differences across ethnic subgroups and address the psychosocial risk factors.
On the underlying representation of contour tones in Wobe
Authors: Singler John Victor
Published: September 2021

In a 1980 article entitled "The tone puzzle of Wobe," Thomas Bearth and Christa Link argue that only by positing phonemic contour tones can one account satisfactorily for the tone facts of Wobe, a western Kru language spoken in the Ivory Coast. In their analysis, they posit the features [Rise], [Fall], and [Concave] in addition to [High], [Low], and [Extreme]. In fact their analysis abandons the assertion that surface glides can always be "de-composed" into sequences of underlying level tones, it represents an enrichment of phonological theory. The present account calls into question that enrichment, arguing not only that Bearth and Link's analysis obscures more insights than it captures but also that an analysis that uses only level tones at the phonemic level succeeds where Bearth and Link's account fails.
Auxiliary focus
Authors: Hyman Larry M. , Watters John R.
Published: September 2021

This paper examines the different properties of what we have termed "auxiliary focus": the interaction between focus and the semantic features of tense. aspect, mood. and polarity. We argue that auxiliary focus has every property of its counterpart (termed "constituent focus") and that in order to account for focus of any type. we shall have to address the following four parameters: (a) realization of focus (prosodic, morphological. syntactic). (b) type of focus (assertive vs. contrastive). (c) scope of focus (subject. object, verb, auxiliary, etc.), and (d) control of focus (pragmatic or grammatical). A particularly interesting side of auxiliary focus is found under point Cd): while in some cases. in some languages, speakers are free to choose [+focus] or [-focus] auxiliarv markers according to the context (pragmatic control), in other cases the choice is dictated by the language itself (grammatical control). We will show that some semantic features of the auxiliary are inherently focused on universal grounds, providing a typology of focus marking on the auxiliary. The relevance of the above considerations of auxiliary focus to the development of tense/aspect systems provides the conclusion to this work.
Swahili demonstratives evaluating the validity of competing semantic hypotheses
Authors: Leonard Robert A.
Published: September 2021

Swahili demonstratives h- and -Ie have traditionally been analysed to mean "proximity" and "non-proximity" respectively. However, this analysis fails in that it can only account for a small part of the distribution of these forms in actual texts. This paper suggests that meanings dealing with the speaker's relative concentration of attention on a referent are better able to account for the actual distribution of these forms. To validate this claim we will (1) show the relation of proximity to noteworthiness and thus explain the same range of data as the proximity hypothesis; (2) uncover other factors, e.g. new items, thematically important items, that override proximity and show their relation to noteworthiness to explain data not accounted for by the proximity hypothesis.
Dentality areal features and phonological change in northeastern Bantu
Authors: Nurse Derek
Published: September 2021

A minority of the world's languages appear to have a series of dental (as opposed to alveolar) obstruents. Proto-Bantu does not have such a series, nor do most East African Bantu languages. By contrast, three Bantu languages in northeastern Kenya (the northern Swahili dialects, Pokomo, Elwana) have acquired such a series, which thus merits explanation. There are three mechanisms involved: sounds along with loan vocabulary, (b) a simple phonological shift whereby inherited alveolars moved one place to become dental, and (c) a more complicated shift whereby inherited (pre) palatals bypassed an intervening alveolar series to become dental, a process little reported in the literature. It is hypothesised that these forms of denta1isation took place under historical conditions of contact with neighboring Cushitic communities--not the larger Eastern Cushitic communities of today (Somali, Orma), but rather the ancestral forms of what are now remnant languages, (probably) Southern Cushitic Dahalo and (possible) Eastern Cushitic Aweera. (a) the borrowing of loan 1.
Le verbe conjuge en Tem
Authors: De Craene Robert
Published: September 2021

Cet article est une description de la morphologie verbale en tern, langue gur du Togo en Afrique de l'Ouest. Les infinitifs verbaux sont divises en 17 types (premiere section) d'apres leur scheme syllabique-tonal et leur facon de former d'autres radicaux. Les morphemes (deuxieme section) sont decrits en termes de phonemes, archiphonemes,tons, zeros et jonctions. Les combinaisons possibles desradicaux avec les morphemes sont presentees sous forme detableau, suivi d'explications detaillees et d'examples (troisieme et quatrieme sections). Une cinquieme section a et ajoutee pour pr~senter sommairement les processus tonals en tern. Sont d'interet particulier, les tons volants qui font partie des morphemes.
Some Yoruba quantifier words and semantic interpretation
Authors: Lawal Nike S.
Published: September 2021

This paper examines the need to look at quantifiers from semantic perspectives unconnected with logical, existential, or universal claims. The focus here is on the quantifier 'many' in Yoruba. Among other observations it is noted that the Yoruba quantifier meaning 'many' may occur only with those NPs that are viewed as animate.
a reduction phenomena in Luyia
Authors: Dalgish Gerard M.
Published: September 2021

A discussion of the complex segmental morphophonemics of the distant past tense marker /a/ in OluTsootso. Its interaction with other rules and conditions in the language is placed in the perspective of unifying disparate data, demonstrating the power of the paradigm, and avoiding homophony.
Tone and affixation in Hausa
Authors: Newman Paul
Published: September 2021

In terms of their tonal behavior, Hausa affixes can be divided into two types. Tone integrating affixes (TIA's), all of which are suffixes, spread their tone(s) over the stem to which they are attached, overriding lexical stem tone in the process. Tonal assignment takes place in a regular right-to-left manner. Tone non-integrating affixes (TNI's) do not affect stem tone, the tone of resultant words simply being the sum of the parts. Most inflectional and derivational suffixes in Hausa, e.g. noun plurals and verbal grades, are tone integrating. Tone non-integrating affixes include a few suffixes, e.g. :waa "participial" and -aa "feminine", and the prefixes ba- "ethnonymic" and ma- "agential/instrumental/locational". Stems in Hausa typically drop their final vowel when a TIA is added; with most, but not all, TNI's, the stem-final vowel is retained.
In defence of the skeletal tier
Authors: Hayward R.J.
Published: September 2021

This paper investigates empirically the viability of a hypothesis (advanced by Lowenstamm & Kaye [1986]) that morphological classes (in particular, those typical in languages with nonconcatenative morphologies) are fully definable in terms of syllabic structure. This hypothesis has theoretical significance, for, if correct, the skeletal tier-generally regarded as a core object in autosegmental phonology--becomes a derivative and, consequently, redundant entity. Data from four Ethiopian Semitic languages are presented as evidence that it is not always possible to posit unique syllabifications for morphological classes and that underlyingly many such classes are only partially syllabified, full sy11abifiabi1ity being secured by processes occurring later in the derivation. Analyses are proposed for the data, which demonstrate the necessity for a non-derivative skeletal tier.
Focus and question formation in Edo
Authors: Omoruyi Thomas O.
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relations that hold between sentence constituents in focus constructions and the derivation of questions which involve focussing. We observe that word-order change plays a fundamental part in focussing as the elements in focus are moved to a sentence-initial position. As a result, these elements which are spoken about. questioned, or negated are made explicit. We examine the syntactic operations which occur when subject nouns. direct and indirect object nouns. genitival constructions. beneficiaries. locations. instruments and manner are focalized. Finally. we examine the derivational processes for polar and non-polar quesitons and the role focussing plays in eliciting appropriate responses from the hearers.
Tone in the Makonde dialects Chimaraba
Authors: Odden David
Published: September 2021

This study presents data and an analysis of tone in the Chimaraba dialects of Makonde. It is shown that, as in many Bantu languages of Southern Tanzanian, verbs in Makonde have no lexical tone properties. Verb stems all select a single H tone, which is then mapped to some stem vowel, or is deleted, depending on the tense of the verb. Theoretical issues arise in the course of the investigation. The question of adjacency constraints in phonology is raised: Meeussen's Rule in Makonde requires that the involved tones be in adjacent syllables, although they need not be on adjacent morae. We also find evidence for treating the final syllable as extratonal. Since extratonality is rarer than extrametricality in stress systems, every example of extratonality has the potential to contribute to the theory of extraprosodicity.
Resumptive pronouns in Tuki
Authors: Biloa Edmond
Published: September 2021

This paper argues that in Tuki, gaps construed with WH- or topicalized phrases are null resumptive pronouns rather than WH-traces. Gaps alternate with overt resumptive pronouns. Structures with a gap parallel analogous structures with overt resumptive pronouns with regard to subjacency violations and violations of the Condition on Extraction Domains of Huang [1982], coordination tests, and weak crossover phenomena: gaps and overt pronominals fail to produce weak crossover violations, unlike structures with quantified NP's. Moreover, both the gaps and the overt resumptive pronouns license parasitic gaps, further strengthening the analogy.
Characteristics of Omotic tone Shinasha Borna
Authors: Tesfaye Ashenafi , Wedekind Klaus
Published: September 2021

The article provides some phonological background and outlines the tonal system of Shinasha (Borna), an isolated North Omotic language of Ethiopia. There are two contrasting tones. Their behaviour shows characteristics which have also been observed for other Omotic languages: stability of lexical tone, limited use of tone in the syntax, and absence of sandhi. The article provides new evidence that vowel quality can have a strong influence on the tonetic realisation: Shinasha is not the only Omotic language where high vowel quality is associated with extra high pitch.
Lexical extraprosodicity in Chilungu
Authors: Bickmore Lee S. , Doyle Michael T.
Published: September 2021

Nouns in Chilungu, a Bantu language spoken in Zambia, exhibit more tonal distinctions synchronically than exist in many modern Bantu languages. There exists a five-way distinction in nouns with CVCV sterns and a four-way distinction in nouns with monosyllabic stems. We show that any synchronic analysis which assumes a two-way tonal distinction for each Tone Bearing Unit (e.g., H vs. L, or H vs. ¢) cannot predict the attested number of surface tonal patterns. We avoid this dilemma by proposing that the final mora of certain noun roots is extraprosodic. This assumption not only correctly predicts the attested surface patterns, but results in rules which are well-motivated both theoretically and typologically (in Bantu). We argue that lexical conditioning of extraprosodicity is a natural outgrowth of prosodic theory, parallel to the use of lexical stress and lexical accent.
Tone-accent and prosodic domains in Wolaitta
Authors: Amha Azeb
Published: September 2021

In Wolaitta, an Omotic language spoken in the south-central pan of Ethiopia. simple phonological words are usually restricted to one high tone-accent per word. Nouns and adjectives have a similar tone-accent pattern, while verb roots differ from these in many respects. Morphology may alter the pattern in simple lexical forms in the sense that derivation and inflection may result in the presence of more than one high tone-accent in a word or, alternatively, in that they cause shift of the original tone accent. In nouns this depends on definiteness and the location of tone-accent in the citation form, while in verbs it is determined by the presence or absence of high tone-accent on the verb root and the type of suffix attached to it. High tone-accent marking in phrases can be predicted from the tone-accent pattern of the citation form of the modifier(s).
Tonal feet and the adaptation of English borrowings into Hausa
Authors: Leben W. R.
Published: September 2021

This paper investigates how Hausa places a tonal interpretation on stress in English borrowings. A key intermediary in this process is the tonal foot, which is maximally disyllabic. Tonal feet are of two kinds, in complementary distribution in the data. One is interpreted as HL, or falling-toned, the other as High-toned. The analysis represents a significant advance over the less highly structured view that a simple substitution algorithm replaces stresses with tones, e.g., High tone for-stressed syllables and Low tone for unstressed. This provides a boost for the status of the tonal foot as a prosodic constituent. The analysis also has implications for Hausa non-loan word phonology in that it suggests a natural reinterpretation of claims made by Newman and Jaggar [1989].
The phonetic structures of Hadza
Authors: Sands Bonny , Maddieson Ian , Ladefoged Peter
Published: September 2021

Hadza is one of three East African languages with clicks. Previous field repons on this language have disagreed on several of its phonetic chanacteristics, including the number and nature of the clicks. This paper-based on acoustic and aniculatory analyses of data collected in recent fieldwork-presents a more detailed picture than any previous work. Special attention is given to the articulation of the click types and the acoustic features of the click accompaniments, the role of aspiration in distinguishing classes of consonants, and the fonnant structure of vowels.
The classification of the Masa group of languages
Authors: Shryock Aaron
Published: September 2021

The Chadic family of languages comprises approximately 140 languages classified into three major branches: West Chadic, Biu-Mandara, and East Chadic. Newman [l977b] has proposed an additional, fourth branch of Chadic consisting of the Masa group of languages, previously classified in the Biu-Mandara branch. This article provides supporting evidence for Newman's classification of the Masa group as a fourth branch by demonstrating that this group does not exhibit the phonological, lexical, and morphological innovations characteristic of the BiuMandara branch. It follows from the absence of these innovations that there is no evidence for the classification of the Masa group in the Biu-Mandara branch.
Two kinds of moraic nasal in Ciyao
Authors: Hyman Larry M. , Ngunga Armindo S.A.
Published: September 2021

A problematic issue in a number of Bantu languages concerns the phonological analysis of "preconsonantal nasality", i.e., the question of whether NC entities should be analyzed as single prenasalized consonants or as sequences of nasal + (homorganic) consonant. In this paper, the authors examine two kinds of moraic nasal---one syllabic, one not-in Ciyao, a Bantu language spoken in East Africa. They further demonstrate that there is a third type of preconsonantal nasality in Ciyao which is neither moraic nor syllabic.
Properties of applied objects in Kiswahili and Kindendeule
Authors: Ngonyani Deo
Published: September 2021

This paper examines objects which are licensed by the applicative affix in the Bantu languages of Kindendeule and Kiswahili. The data show that all verbs can take the applicative suffix deriving transitive verbs from intransitive verbs, and ditransitive verbs from transitive verbs. The applied objects can be interpreted as beneficiary, maleficiary, goal, instrument, reason, motive, ingredient, location, or theme. Only the agent role cannot be licensed by the applicative suffix. On the basis of object order, object marking, passivization, reciprocalization and reflexivization, the objects are classified into: (a) the benefactive type, (b) instrumental type, and (c) locative type.
The phonology of vocalic height in Kikuria
Authors: Chacha Chacha Nyaigotti , Odden David
Published: September 2021

Vowel height harmony is common in Bantu languages, but the language Kikuria has a particularly rich system of vowel height alternations, which are described in this paper. Included in the height-related phonology of the language are three regressive height harmonies and one progressive harmony. Certain of these processes are triggered by glides and palatal consonants, while for other processes these consonants are transparent, and stem-initial vowels behave exceptionally for some, but not all, of these processes.
Notes on tense and aspect in the Ijesa dialect of Yoruba
Authors: Fabunmi Felix Abidemi
Published: September 2021

Notes on the Tense and Aspect in the Ij~Sa dialect of Yoruba.
Three types of verbal logophoricity in African languages
Authors: Curnow Timothy Jowan
Published: September 2021

The term logophoric is most strongly tied to pronominal systems. However, most recent literature on logophoricity accepts the existence of verbal marking of logophoricity. Through examining the verbal logophoricity which has been reported in African languages, it can be seen that there are three different types of verbal marking: logophoric cross-referencing, first person logophoricity, and verbal logophoric affixation. These different types may appear as the only form of logophoric marking in a language, or they may combine with each other and with logophoric pronouns. Each of these types appears to have distinct properties and, hence, needs to be treated separately in typological literature.
Jumjum phonology
Authors: Andersen Torben
Published: September 2021

This article describes the basic aspects of the phonology of Jumjum, a littleknown Western Nilotic language. The treatment includes syllable structure and word shapes, vowels and vowel harmony, consonants and consonant assimilation, and tones and tonal processes.
The importance of word order in explaining tone patterns in Avokaya verbs
Authors: Kilpatrick Eileen , Gilley Leoma
Published: September 2021

This paper presents a set of ordered rules accounting for tone changes that occur in Avokaya verbs. The most prevalent shape for Avokaya verbs is monosyllabic. Disyllabic verbs roots behave the same way as disyllabic verbs which are composed of a derivational prefix plus a monosyllabic verb root. The derivational prefixation process is the same for verbs in all grammatical constructions. Verbs in SVO constructions and SOV constructions are treated separately, since different rules apply for these two sets of constructions. Avokaya syllables may carry a high, mid, low or rising tone, but not a falling tone. In this analysis of Avokaya, we show that the expected HL tone pattern has merged to form a M tone in the verbal system.
The pronominal system of Odual
Authors: Kari Ethelbert E.
Published: September 2021

This paper discusses the pronominal system of Odual, which has five subsets of pronouns: personal, reflexive, interrogative, demonstrative, and indefinite. A noteworthy feature of the system is the distinction between inclusive and exclusive first person plural personal pronouns. Reflexivity is marked by a noun meaning 'self plus a possessive pronoun, the noun varying in form depending on the singularity or plurality of the antecedent. It is noted that tense/aspect markers in Odual show limited agreement for person and number, and in some cases they do not have distinct forms to reflect the differences in the forms of pronouns occasioned by differences in person and number. Also noted is the fact that the basic word order in Odual simple clauses is SVO, and that word order in NPs to a large extent is typologically consistent with the basic word order, as many of the pronouns that function as modifiers follow the noun they modify.
Neutralization of contrast in the vowel system of Urhobo
Authors: Aziza Rose O.
Published: September 2021

Urhobo, a South Western Edoid language of the Niger-Congo family, is spoken in Delta State, Nigeria. In the synchronic phonology of the language, there are seven surface vowels: [i, e, E, a, J, 0, u], but the behavior of some vowels, especially e, 0, G, is sometimes at variance with their expected vowel behavior, indicating that there may be abstract underlying vowels */r, v, ;)1 which have merged with Ie, 0, EI. The result, when compared with sister languages such as Degema and Isoko, is that the Urhobo system appears quite complex. The focus of this paper is showing that abstract underlying */r, v, ;)1, which are Proto Edoid vowels, still have an effect in the synchronic phonology: thus, Ir, el become [e], lv, 01 become [0], and I;), EI become [E] and possibly [ a]. When we account for the 'awkward' behavior of apparent Ie, 0, E/, the Urhobo vowel system is clear and straightforward.
A templatic approach to gemination in the imperfective of Tashlhiyt Berber.pdf
Authors: Lahrouchi Mohamed
Published: September 2021

Tashlhiyt Berber uses, among other processes, gemination to form the imperfective. Most accounts of this phenomenon make reference to syllabic or prosodic structure. In this paper, I diverge from this trend, claiming that imperfective gemination is better analyzed as a templatic-based phenomenon resulting from morphological activity at the skeletal tier. I will argue for the use in the imperfective of a fixed-shape template over which consonant gemination is realized. Moreover, I will show that tri-, bi- and monoconsonantal verbs share the same template. The surface irregularity that bi- and monoconsonantal verbs display is viewed as the consequence of the identification of templatic positions.
Encoding polar questions in Dholuo
Authors: Ojwang Benson Oduor
Published: September 2021

Most languages have both content questions and polar questions (Dryer 2005a). Previous studies on Dholuo have considered content questions in detail (cf. Okoth 1997; Omondi 1982, 1993). However, research on the nature of polar questions in Dholuo remains inconclusive. Omondi (1993) identifies a few particles in polar interrogatives but does not offer the full range of possible pragmatic interpretations beyond the structural function of these words. Onyoyo (2001) also outlines some particles in interrogatives of Dholuo, but does not place them in context and simply states that such particles provide more meaning. In this paper, I present descriptive data to illustrate the semantic, syntactic and pragmatic properties of polar questions in Dholuo. The two main strategies considered here are interrogative uses of question particles and affixations to the verb.
A sketch of Afitti phonology
Authors: De Voogt Alex
Published: September 2021

Political conflict in the Sudan and the spread of Arabic are threatening Afitti, a North Eastern Sudanic language that has received relatively little scholarly attention. In addition to presenting original data on the language, this paper shows that Afitti is markedly different from Nyimang, its nearest linguistic neighbor, in respect to the absence of a third tone, the lack of a contrast between dentals and alveolars, the absence of distinctive vowel length, and its limited labialization.
Luganda verb morphology
Authors: Ferrari-Bridgers Franca
Published: September 2021

In this paper, I propose a novel morphological analysis of the Luganda (ISO 639-3: lug) verbal suffixes [-YE] and [-A]. I argue that the suffix [-YE] is bi-morphemic: [-Y] is a Perfective aspect morpheme, while [-E] is a functional suffix found in linguistic contexts indicating a change of state in the immediate past or in the immediate future. The data analysis further suggests that suffix [-A] is a default marker used as phonological filler. Finally, I show that the different linguistic contexts of use of the markers [-Y] [-A] and [-E] explain their distribution across the Indicative, Subjunctive and Imperative moods.
What happens to class when a language dies
Authors: Childs G. Tucker
Published: September 2021

This paper presents the first documentation of the noun class system of the dying language Mani (buy), “Bullom So” in Ethnologue, a.k.a. Mmani, Mandenyi, etc.) spoken in Guinea and Sierra Leone. Mani has some few hundred speakers, all of whom speak either Soso (sus) or Temne (tem) as their everyday language.
The Basse Mandinka "future"
Authors: Andrason Alexander
Published: September 2021

The present paper provides a detailed analysis of the semantic content of the BE…LA formation found in the Basse Mandinka language. It demonstrates that the meaning of this locution corresponds to a complex set of various temporal, aspectual and modal senses: perfective and imperfective future, future perfect, future-in-the-past, intentional future, future with imperative and prohibitive nuances, real factuality as well as real and unreal counterfactuality. The semantic potential of the construction composed of all the atomic values is explained as a consistent whole, i.e., as a manifestation of three typologically plausible evolutionary scenarios: future predestination path, conditional path and modal contamination path.
Clicks, stop bursts, vocoids and the timing of articulatory gestures in Kinyarwanda
Authors: Demolin Didier
Published: September 2021

This paper shows that differences in timing and coordination of articulatory gestures in Kinyarwanda’s complex consonants trigger the emergence of epiphenomenal clicks. Acoustic and aerodynamic data show that click bursts of weak intensity appear in sequences of front (bilabial or alveolar) and velar nasals. The possible consequences of this phenomenon for sound change are briefly discussed. The emergence of short vocoids due a different timing of articulatory gestures allows discussing the status of syllabic constituents in complex nasal consonants. Keyword: Kinyarwanda, clicks, phonetics, vocoids, articulatory gestures
Probing the interaction of language contact and internal innovation
Authors: Gibson Hannah , Marten Lutz
Published: September 2021

The Bantu language Rangi is spoken at the northern borderlands of Tanzania, where Bantu, Cushitic and Nilotic languages meet. In many regards, Rangi exhibits the morphosyntax typically associated with East African Bantu: SVO word order, an extensive system of agreement and predominantly head-marking morphology. However, the language also exhibits a number of features which are unusual from a comparative and typological perspective, and which may have resulted from language contact. Four of these features are examined in detail in this paper: 1) Verb-auxiliary order found in the future tense, 2) clause-final negation, 3) a three-way distinction in verbal deictic markers, and 4) an inclusive/exclusive distinction in personal possessive pronouns. These features are assessed with reference to three criteria: syntactic structure, lexical/morphological form and geographic distribution. The examination shows that two of the unusual features result from a combination of internal and external factors, while the other two appear not to be related to external influence through contact. The results of the study show the complex interaction between internal and external factors in language change, and the importance of investigating potentially contact-induced change in detail to develop a more complex and fine-grained understanding of the morphosyntactic process of innovation involved.
Lexical proximity of a Xri corpus to Khoekhoegowab
Authors: Haacke Wilfred H.G , Snyman Jan W
Published: September 2021

The present paper examines a corpus of some 1 130 Xri concepts collected by Jan Snyman (UNISA) in the early 1970s. This collection is by far the largest corpus of vocabulary of self-declared "Grie­kwa" speakers available, and is unlikely to be surpassed in future, as the language is mori­bund. 1096 concepts of this Xri corpus are compared dialectometrically to the equivalents in Namibian Khoekhoegowab (Khoekhoe, formerly “Nama/Damara”).  According to this method the rate of cognation between the Xri corpus and its Khoekhoe equivalents is 69% and consequently sets Xri aside as a lect distinct from Khoekhoegowab. While the entire word list is provided in an appen­dix, distinctive correspondences of the segmental phonology are discussed.  The crucial question whether Xri had a three-tone system like !Ora or a four-tone system like Khoekhoegowab cannot be investigated reliably because of the absence of tonal data for Xri. The fact, however, that Xri (like !Ora) distinguishes certain voiced and voiceless consonants permits the conclusion that it too had a pre-tonogenetic system where voicing still is distinctive and – assumedly - has not caused tonal depression as in Khoekhoegowab.   Although no dialectomeric comparison of !Ora and Xri lexicon has been undertaken, certain systematic phonological contrasts between these two lects set Xri aside also from !Ora as a distinct lect in this dialect continuum
Using a discourse adverb to correct expectations an analysis of mak in Iraqw
Authors: Catling Amy , Mous Maarten
Published: September 2021

The discourse verbal adverb mak was initially defined as both indicating stance and having the pragmatic function of hedging. In a further analysis using a corpus of Iraqw literature, this paper shows the function of the verbal adverb in Iraqw storytelling and proposes that mak is not related to stance. Instead, it was found that the verbal adverb acts at the discourse level highlighting an important aspect of a story, by organising contrasting information. In doing this, an Iraqw narrator has the ability to prevent audiences from making conclusions about a situation, by using mak to alert that more information is yet to come. This thorough analysis includes a comparison to five verbal adverbs that mak was initially grouped with (tsuwa, tó, lák, ák and alge), provides further insight into the functions of verbal adverbs, and a deeper understanding into the possible styles of storytelling from around the world
Clausal complementation in Ruuli (Bantu, JE103)
Authors: Sørensen Marie-Louise Lind , Witzlack-Makarevich Alena
Published: September 2021

This paper describes the morphosyntactic and semantic characteristics of clausal object complementation in the Great Lakes Bantu Language Ruuli (JE103). In addition to providing an overview of the complementation strategies in Ruuli, parallels will be drawn to constructions described for related languages as well as common cross-linguistic patterns in clausal complementation. Ruuli employs several different complementation strategies, including indicative, subjunctive, and infinitive constructions. Complement clauses can be either unmarked or marked with a complementizer, the most common of which is nti. These two options are also available for direct speech. Other less common complementizers, which cannot be used to introduce direct speech complements include oba, nga and ni. As individual complement-taking predicates do not allow for every complementation strategy, we will explore the semantic and morphosyntactic conditions which predict the choice of complement. To this end, we consider several predictors. We investigate the restrictions imposed by various complement-taking predicate types, e.g. knowledge predicates, phasal predicates and utterance predicates. Then we consider whether the complement expresses a proposition (a truth-valued meaning unit) or a state-of-affairs (a non-truth valued meaning unit) and whether the subject arguments in the two clauses are identical.
Roots of Ergativity in Africa (and Beyond)
Authors: Casaretto Antje , Dimmendaal Gerrit J. , Hellwig Birgit , Reinöhl Uta , Schneider-Blum Gertrud
Published: September 2021

In the literature, it is often assumed that ergative constructions originate in passive constructions. The present contribution explores the likelihood of such a passive-to-ergative analysis for one language (Tima, Niger-Congo, Sudan), showing that this analysis cannot be substantiated and suggesting an origin in active constructions instead. This study is situated in its areal context (outlining similarities to split case marking systems across the region, especially in the Southern branch of Eastern Sudanic) and against the background of discussions in the Indo-Iranian family (from where the passive-to-ergative hypothesis presumably spread).
Pendampingan Pembuatan Media Pembelajaran dan Evaluasi Nilai dengan Memanfaatkan Aplikasi Komputer bagi Guru-Guru di SMA Muhammadiyah 2 Beji Depok
Authors: Khoirunnisa Ratna , Ruswanto Sidiq , Shomami Amalina , Widiawaty Candra Damis
Published: September 2021

Perubahan kurikulum KTSP menjadi kurikulum 2013 yang kini mulai digunakan oleh sebagian besar Sekolah Dasar di Depok memberikan dampak terhadap kesiapan dan keterampilan guru-guru Sekolah Dasar. Perubahan kurikulum 2013 memerlukan sinergi yang luar biasa dari pemerintah, instansi, guru, dan orang tua. Kendala yang dihadapi guru antara lain pemaduan antara muatan pelajaran dalam pembelajaran tematik, pengusaan teknologi informasi, pembuatan media pembelajaran dan evaluasi nilai. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut, maka program studi Teknik Mesin Politeknik Negeri Jakarta menyelenggarakan kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat dalam bentuk pelatihan pembuatan media pembelajaran dan evaluasi nilai bagi guru SD dengan mengunakan aplikasi komputer. Tujuan pengabdian masyarakat bagi peserta adalah peningkatan wawasan dan keterampilan peserta dalam pembuatan media pembelajaran dan evaluasi nilai dengan aplikasi komputer. Metode pengabdian kepada masyarakat adalah menyelenggarakan pelatihan selama 10 jam dengan pemateri daridosen-dosen Jurusan Teknik Mesin Politeknik Negeri Jakarta,dan bimbingan langsung dari asisten pemateri yaitu para mahasiswa Jurusan Teknik Mesin Politeknik Negeri Jakarta. Sebelum pelatihan, tim pengabdian kepada masyarakat memberikan kuisioner (pre test) untuk mengetahui sejauh mana kemampuan para guru dalam mengoperasikan computer. Setelah pelatihan pun dilakukanpost test guna mengetahui peningkatan kemampuan guru dalam mengoperasikan computer. Pada saat pre test persentase guru yang menggunakan ms.office sebagai media pembelajaran hanya 22%, angka ini menunjukkan bahwa masih terdapat beberapa guru yang minim pengetahuan dalam memanfaatkan media computer. Kemudian setelah pelatihan selesai, hasil post test menunjukkan peningkatan keterampilan guru dalam memanfaatkan media computer, yakni sebanyak 44%. Berdasarkan analisis tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa pelatihan ini berhasil meningkatkan keahlian maupun kemampuan guru dalam membuat media pembelajaran dan mengolah hasil pembelajaran.
ПРІОРИТЕТИ ВДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ СИСТЕМИ МЕНЕДЖМЕНТУ ПОКРАЩЕННЯ ФІНАНСОВО-ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО СТАНУ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА
Authors: Августин Руслан , Демків Ірина
Published: September 2021

Стаття присвячена аспектам управління фінансово-економічним станом підприємств. За результатами прогнозування тенденцій зміни показників власного капіталу, суми активів та необоротних активів, поточних зобов’язань та забезпечень, оборотних активів, доходу і рентабельності аналізованого в дослідженні підприємства визначено та обґрунтовано головні напрями вдосконалення і завдання фінансово-економічної стратегії підприємства. Ідентифіковано структуру та охарактеризовано елементи системи управління фінансово-економічним станом підприємства. Сформовано алгоритм з базисними етапами розробки та реалізації стратегії покращення фінансово-економічного стану підприємства. Обґрунтовано напрями та засоби покращення фінансово-економічного стану підприємства, реалізація яких орієнтована на зміцнення позицій фінансово-економічної компоненти конкурентоспроможності підприємств.
МЕХАНІЗМ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ СОЦІАЛЬНОЇ СТАБІЛЬНОСТІ В УМОВАХ ІНТЕНСИФІКАЦІЇ МІГРАЦІЙНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ
Authors: Рущишин Надія , Мульска Ольга
Published: September 2021

У статті висвітлено суть соціальної стабільності держави. Охарактеризовано механізм забезпечення соціальної стабільності в державі та його особливості. Представлено модель структурно-функціональної взаємозалежності процесів забезпечення соціальної стабільності в контексті зменшення активності міграційних процесів в Україні. Подано послідовність формування механізму забезпечення соціальної стабільності держави в умовах інтенсифікації міграційних процесів. Наведено передумови загострення проблеми соціальної несправедливості в українському суспільстві та зростання міграційної активності населення. Окреслено пріоритетні напрями забезпечення соціальної стабільності в державі та стримування активності населення у сегменті зовнішньої трудової міграції. Визначено напрями структурної модернізації соціальної політики в умовах інтенсифікації міграційних процесів. Представлено агрегований механізм забезпечення соціальної стабільності держави в умовах інтенсифікації міграційних процесів.
ОРГАНІЗАЦІЯ ОБЛІКУ ТА МЕТОДИКА АУДИТУ ГРОШОВИХ КОШТІВ НА ПІДПРИЄМСТВІ
Authors: Сілівончик Олена , Скрипник Маргарита
Published: September 2021

Стаття присвячена дослідженню теоретичних аспектів організації та забезпечення обліку, а також методики планування етапів аудиторської перевірки грошових коштів на підприємстві. В статті розглянуто різні підходи науковців, до визначення поняття організації обліку та методів аудиту грошових коштів, також розглянуто підходи до суті поняття «грошові кошти». Визначено суть недосконалості та проблематику існуючих підходів при застосуванні у поточній господарській діяльності підприємства та зазначено головний недолік, що не дає можливості їх ефективного застосування. Наведено зразок тесту внутрішнього контролю готівково-розрахункових операцій, програми аудиту готівково-розрахункових операцій з (виділенням методичних прийомів проведення і організації), визначено типову класифікацію коштів підприємства та головні джерела інформації під час їх обліку та аудиту, запропоновано типові для використання робочі документи аудитора, що максимально враховують всі можливі аспекти.
L’école autrement? Les pédagogies alternatives en débat
Authors: Darbellay Frédéric , Moody Zoe , Louviot Maude
Published: September 2021

Quelle école pour nos enfants ? Quelle nouvelle éducation pour les générations du XXIe siècle ? Les changements climatiques, les crises politiques, sociales et sanitaires sont autant de défis complexes à relever dans une société globale en changement. La transmission de savoirs disciplinaires se conjugue désormais avec l’apprentissage interdisciplinaire de compétences collaboratives, psychosociales et créatives centrées sur les besoins, les intérêts et les rythmes des enfants. En s’inspirant des pionnières et pionniers de l’Éducation nouvelle (Montessori, Freinet, Decroly, Steiner, etc.) et ouvrant de nouvelles voies (Pédagogie par la nature, écoles démocratiques, etc.), les pédagogies alternatives proposent des manières différentes et complémentaires d’enseigner et d’apprendre. Penser l’école autrement, telle serait leur devise. Cet ouvrage offre une analyse critique et constructive des avancées plus ou moins disruptives des pédagogies alternatives, mais aussi des obstacles et des limites qu’elles peuvent rencontrer. La réunion des meilleures et meilleurs spécialistes francophones de ce champ d’études scientifiques donne une vue d’ensemble des enjeux théoriques et pratiques des pédagogies alternatives et apporte des réponses averties à ceux et celles qui s’interrogent sur leurs objectifs et perspectives. Destiné aux chercheurs et chercheuses, aux enseignants et enseignantes, formateurs et formatrices, aux parents, aux conseillers et conseillères pédagogiques, aux directeurs et directrices d’établissement, aux responsables éducatifs et politiques, mais également aux spécialistes en sciences de l’éducation et dans toutes disciplines intéressées par l’éducation, cet ouvrage propose un regard théorique et pratique sur les débats actuels sur le passé, le présent et l’avenir des pédagogies alternatives.
Fall from Standing Height, or Greater, and Mortality among Ambulance-Transported Patients with Major Trauma from Falls
Authors: Buzzacott Peter , Tohira Hideo , Bailey Paul , Arendts Glenn , Ball Stephen , Brown Elizabeth , Finn Judith
Published: September 2021

Introduction

This study describes the relationship between falls from standing height, or greater, and mortality in ambulance-transported patients with major trauma from falls.

Methods

Road ambulance records from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2016 were linked with WA State Trauma Registry records to identify ambulance-transported falls patients with major trauma.

Results

Of the patients who fell from standing level, 114/460 (25%) died within 30 days, compared with 47/222 (21%) who fell from height (p=0.64).

Conclusion

Mortality is relatively high, and fall height is not associated with 30-day survival, among ambulance-transported patients with major trauma in metropolitan Perth, Western Australia.
EFFECTIVENESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND ACQUISITION OF MATHEMATICAL SKILLS IN CHILDREN IN RURAL AND URBAN PRESCHOOLS
Authors:   Pope John Paul II State School of Higher Education in Biala Podlaska, Poland, Nazaruk Stanisława K. , Marchel Joanna ,   Pope John Paul II State School of Higher Education in Biala Podlaska, Poland
Published: September 2021

The aim of the research was to determine whether geometric skills of the children in rural preschools are at the same level as those of their peers in urban preschools. The research included 352 preschool-age children (5 to 7 years old) residing in Poland, both in cities and the countryside. The measurements were carried out in the Biała Podlaska Laboratory of Psycho-Motor Skills. A SensoMotoric Instrument (SMI) eye tracking device and the i ViewX platform registering data with a frame rate of 250 Hz were used. The device has a special measurement system which tracks and records eye movements in a sequence and at a pace of an analyzed person. With a view to demonstrate the differences between the correctness of task performance and the place of residence of the children, a Pearson’s Chi-squared test was performed. To evaluate the differences in the time of task execution, a single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Student’s t-test for independent samples were employed. In all of the analyzed cases, the level of statistical significance adopted was p=.05. The results of the research conducted on the studied group of children show that there are differences in the level of geometric skills between the children in rural and urban areas. It was established that a crucial factor which affected both the geometric knowledge and skills of the preschoolers were the place of residence, the age at which they started learning, and the duration of preschool education. Keywords: geometry teaching, mathematical skills, preschool-age child, preschool education.
COMBINED MEASURES OF STUDENTS' SUCCESS: RECENT TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN SCIENCE EDUCATION RESEARCH
Authors:   University of Novi Sad, Serbia, Rodić Dušica D.
Published: September 2021

Besides measures of students’ performances, a valid assessment of students’ efficiency in a teaching process should also include measures of invested mental effort. The research presented herein covers several approaches in measuring students’ mental effort including 5, 7 and 9-point Likert type scales, time on task, as well as eye tracking technique which in combination with performance measures provide valid information on students’ success. Results of the research showed good correlation between mental effort assessed by 7 and 5-point Likert type scales and students’ performance, while the use of the 9-point scale showed a low degree of correlation, thus recommending the use of a scales with 5 and 7 points for educational purposes over 9-point scales. The research presented herein illustrates how eye tracking can be used to support the evaluation of invested mental effort. Additionally, this method enabled the identification of some student difficulties in the analyzed area – Stereochemistry. Keywords: efficiency measure, mental effort, students’ performance, science education.
KEYNOTE SPEAKERS
Authors: Board Editorial
Published: September 2021

KEYNOTE SPEAKERS