bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pain‐focused psychological interventions in women with endometriosis: A systematic review
Authors: Samami Elahe , Shahhosseini Zohreh , Khani Soghra , Elyasi Forouzan
Published: June 2023

Aims

As a chronic inflammatory disease, endometriosis (EMS) is often associated with pain affecting different aspects of women's lives. Up to now, a wide variety of interventions have been implemented to alleviate pain in patients with this condition, including pharmacological, surgical, and rarely non‐pharmacological ones. Against this background, this review aimed to investigate pain‐focused psychological interventions among EMS women.

Methods

A systematic review of the articles published in this field was conducted through a comprehensive search on the databases of Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, the Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, and Scientific Information Database (SID). The quality of studies was then assessed by the Jadad Scale.

Results

In total, 10 articles were entered into this systematic review. The findings further revealed that the pain‐focused psychological interventions in patients with EMS were cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) (n = 2), mindfulness therapy (n = 4), yoga (n = 2), psychoeducation (n = 1), and progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) training (n = 1). Besides, the findings established that all the given interventions had improved and reduced pain in women living with this condition. Moreover, five articles were of good quality based on the Jadad Scale.

Conclusion

The study results demonstrated that all the listed psychological interventions had affected pain relief and improvement in women suffering from EMS. Considering the limited number of studies in this field and the fact that there were only five articles endowed with good quality, more high‐quality studies could provide stronger evidence to support the implementation of the mentioned interventions influencing pain in patients.
Conservative EQ1rot nonconforming FEM for nonlinear Schrödinger equation with wave operator
Authors: Wang Lingli , Li Meng , Peng Shanshan
Published: June 2023

In this paper, we consider leap‐frog finite element methods with element for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with wave operator. We propose that both the continuous and discrete systems can keep mass and energy conservation. In addition, we focus on the unconditional superconvergence analysis of the numerical scheme, the key of which is the time‐space error splitting technique. The spatial error is derived independently with order in ‐norm, where and denote the space and time step size. Then the unconditional optimal error and superclose result with order are deduced, and the unconditional optimal error is obtained with order by using interpolation theory. The final unconditional superconvergence result with order is derived by the interpolation postprocessing technique. Furthermore, we apply the proposed leap‐frog finite element methods to solve the logarithmic Schrödinger equation with wave operator by introducing a regularized system with a small regularization parameter . The detailed theoretical conclusions, including the mass and energy conservation laws of the continuous regularized and discrete regularized systems and the convergence and superconvergence results, are presented as prolongation of the previous work. At last, some numerical experiments are given to confirm our theoretical analysis.
Lower abdominal adipose tissue cannabinoid type 1 receptor availability in young men with overweight
Authors: Pekkarinen Laura , Kantonen Tatu , Oikonen Vesa , Haaparanta‐Solin Merja , Aarnio Richard , Dickens Alex M. , von Eyken Annie , Latva‐Rasku Aino , Dadson Prince , Kirjavainen Anna K. , Rajander Johan , Kalliokoski Kari , Rönnemaa Tapani , Nummenmaa Lauri , Nuutila Pirjo
Published: June 2023

Objective

Cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1R) modulate feeding behavior and energy homeostasis, and the CB1R tone is dysgulated in obesity. This study aimed to investigate CB1R availability in peripheral tissue and brain in young men with overweight versus lean men.

Methods

Healthy males with high (HR, n = 16) or low (LR, n = 20) obesity risk were studied with fluoride 18–labeled FMPEP‐d2 positron emission tomography to quantify CB1R availability in abdominal adipose tissue, brown adipose tissue, muscle, and brain. Obesity risk was assessed by BMI, physical exercise habits, and familial obesity risk, including parental overweight, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. To assess insulin sensitivity, fluoro‐[18F]‐deoxy‐2‐D‐glucose positron emission tomography during hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp was performed. Serum endocannabinoids were analyzed.

Results

CB1R availability in abdominal adipose tissue was lower in the HR than in the LR group, whereas no difference was found in other tissues. CB1R availability of abdominal adipose tissue and brain correlated positively with insulin sensitivity and negatively with unfavorable lipid profile, BMI, body adiposity, and inflammatory markers. Serum arachidonoyl glycerol concentration was associated with lower CB1R availability of the whole brain, unfavorable lipid profile, and higher serum inflammatory markers.

Conclusions

The results suggest endocannabinoid dysregulation already in the preobesity state.
BMI, insulin sensitivity, and cognition in early type 2 diabetes: The Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study
Authors: Luchsinger José A. , Kazemi Erin J. , Sanchez Danurys L. , Larkin Mary E. , Valencia Willy Marcos , Desouza Cyrus , Carlson Anders L. , Pop‐Busui Rodica , Seaquist Elizabeth R. , Florez Hermes J. , Barzilay Joshua ,   the GRADE Research Group
Published: June 2023

Objective

This study explored the association of BMI and insulin sensitivity with cognitive performance in type 2 diabetes.

Methods

A cross‐sectional analysis of data from the baseline assessment of the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: a Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE) was conducted. BMI was used as a surrogate of adiposity and the Matsuda index as the measure of insulin sensitivity. Cognitive tests included the Spanish English Verbal Learning Test, the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, and the letter and animal fluency tests.

Results

Cognitive assessments were completed by 5018 (99.4%) of 5047 participants aged 56.7 ± 10.0 years, of whom 36.4% were female. Higher BMI and lower insulin sensitivity were related to better performance on memory and verbal fluency tests. In models including BMI and insulin sensitivity simultaneously, only higher BMI was related to better cognitive performance.

Conclusions

In this study, higher BMI and lower insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes were cross‐sectionally associated with better cognitive performance. However, only higher BMI was related to cognitive performance when both BMI and insulin sensitivity were considered simultaneously. The causality and mechanisms for this association need to be determined in future studies.
Food reinforcement architecture: A framework for impulsive and compulsive overeating and food abuse
Authors: Burger Kyle S.
Published: June 2023

Few reward‐based theories address key drivers of susceptibility to food cues and consumption beyond fullness. Decision‐making and habit formation are governed by reinforcement‐based learning processes that, when overstimulated, can drive unregulated hedonically motivated overeating. Here, a model food reinforcement architecture is proposed that uses fundamental concepts in reinforcement and decision‐making to identify maladaptive eating habits that can lead to obesity. This model is unique in that it identifies metabolic drivers of reward and incorporates neuroscience, computational decision‐making, and psychology to map overeating and obesity. Food reinforcement architecture identifies two paths to overeating: a propensity for hedonic targeting of food cues contributing to impulsive overeating and lack of satiation that contributes to compulsive overeating. A combination of those paths will result in a conscious and subconscious drive to overeat independent of negative consequences, leading to food abuse and/or obesity. Use of this model to identify aberrant reinforcement learning processes and decision‐making systems that can serve as markers of overeating risk may provide an opportunity for early intervention in obesity.
How do teachers innovate? Role of efficacy for innovation and school climate perception
Authors: Kundu Anurupa , Roy Debdulal Dutta
Published: June 2023

Studies on teachers' innovative work behavior (IWB) have identified the importance of self‐efficacy beliefs and school climate. However, there is a lack of understanding of innovation‐specific self‐efficacy beliefs in earlier research. Further, the relative importance of these variables for teachers' IWB is yet to be examined. Objectives of the present study were to (i) conceptualize and develop an instrument to assess innovative self‐efficacy (ISE) of school teachers, and (ii) examine the dynamics of relationships among ISE, perceived school climate, and IWB of teachers. The research was classified into two studies. In both studies, data were collected randomly from secondary and higher secondary teachers of private, government, and government‐aided schools in Kolkata (INDIA) and adjoining areas. Study 1 dealt with the first objective, that is, the construction of the ISE scale. Factor structure and psychometric properties of the scale were tested on 300 teachers. Exploratory factor analysis revealed two dimensions: teaching reflection and teaching design implementation. In Study 2, ISE scale, IWB Scale, and Revised School Level Environment Questionnaire were administered to 400 teachers. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed, and goodness of fit estimates was calculated for the ISE scale, indicating an acceptable fit. Further, hierarchical regression analyses noted that school climate factors (collaboration, school resources, decision‐making, and instructional innovation) moderated the relationship between teaching reflection efficacy and IWB. In the current backdrop of different educational reforms, IWB is a thrust that needs to be promoted among school teachers. The present study implies that school administration can encourage teachers' innovativeness by increasing opportunities for innovation in school. Training and intervention programs aimed at enhancing teachers' ISE levels will also increase IWB in them.
Discriminating physiological from non‐physiological interfaces in structures of protein complexes: A community‐wide study
Authors: Schweke Hugo , Xu Qifang , Tauriello Gerardo , Pantolini Lorenzo , Schwede Torsten , Cazals Frédéric , Lhéritier Alix , Fernandez‐Recio Juan , Rodríguez‐Lumbreras Luis Angel , Schueler‐Furman Ora , Varga Julia K. , Jiménez‐García Brian , Réau Manon F. , Bonvin Alexandre M. J. J. , Savojardo Castrense , Martelli Pier‐Luigi , Casadio Rita , Tubiana Jérôme , Wolfson Haim J. , Oliva Romina , Barradas‐Bautista Didier , Ricciardelli Tiziana , Cavallo Luigi , Venclovas Česlovas , Olechnovič Kliment , Guerois Raphael , Andreani Jessica , Martin Juliette , Wang Xiao , Terashi Genki , Sarkar Daipayan , Christoffer Charles , Aderinwale Tunde , Verburgt Jacob , Kihara Daisuke , Marchand Anthony , Correia Bruno E. , Duan Rui , Qiu Liming , Xu Xianjin , Zhang Shuang , Zou Xiaoqin , Dey Sucharita , Dunbrack Roland L. , Levy Emmanuel D. , Wodak Shoshana J.
Published: June 2023

Reliably scoring and ranking candidate models of protein complexes and assigning their oligomeric state from the structure of the crystal lattice represent outstanding challenges. A community‐wide effort was launched to tackle these challenges. The latest resources on protein complexes and interfaces were exploited to derive a benchmark dataset consisting of 1677 homodimer protein crystal structures, including a balanced mix of physiological and non‐physiological complexes. The non‐physiological complexes in the benchmark were selected to bury a similar or larger interface area than their physiological counterparts, making it more difficult for scoring functions to differentiate between them. Next, 252 functions for scoring protein‐protein interfaces previously developed by 13 groups were collected and evaluated for their ability to discriminate between physiological and non‐physiological complexes. A simple consensus score generated using the best performing score of each of the 13 groups, and a cross‐validated Random Forest (RF) classifier were created. Both approaches showed excellent performance, with an area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.93 and 0.94, respectively, outperforming individual scores developed by different groups. Additionally, AlphaFold2 engines recalled the physiological dimers with significantly higher accuracy than the non‐physiological set, lending support to the reliability of our benchmark dataset annotations. Optimizing the combined power of interface scoring functions and evaluating it on challenging benchmark datasets appears to be a promising strategy.
Psychosexual development, sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction in long‐term childhood cancer survivors: DCCSS‐LATER 2 sexuality substudy
Authors: Priboi Cristina , van Gorp Marloes , Maurice‐Stam Heleen , Michel Gisela , Kremer Leontien C. M. , Tissing Wim J. E. , Loonen Jacqueline J. , van der Pal Helena J. H. , de Vries Andrica C. H. , van den Heuvel‐Eibrink Marry M. , Ronckers Cécile M. , Bresters Dorine , Louwerens Marloes , Neggers Sebastian J. C. C. M. , van der Heiden‐van der Loo Margriet , van Dulmen‐den Broeder Eline , Grootenhuis Martha
Published: June 2023

Objectives

Childhood cancer may negatively impact childhood cancer survivors' (CCS) sexuality. However, this is an understudied research area. We aimed to describe the psychosexual development, sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction of CCS, and identify determinants for these outcomes. Secondarily, we compared the outcomes of a subsample of emerging adult CCS to the Dutch general population.

Methods

From the Dutch Childhood Cancer Survivor Study LATER cohort (diagnosed 1963–2001), 1912 CCS (18–71 years, 50.8% male) completed questions on sexuality, psychosocial development, body perception, mental and physical health. Multivariable linear regressions were used to identify determinants. Sexuality of CCS age 18–24 (N = 243) was compared to same‐aged references using binomial tests and t‐tests.

Results

One third of all CCS reported hindered sexuality due to childhood cancer, with insecure body the most often reported reason (44.8%). Older age at study, lower education, surviving central nervous system cancer, poorer mental health and negative body perception were identified as determinants for later sexual debut, worse sexual functioning and/or sexual satisfaction. CCS age 18–24 showed significantly less experience with kissing (p = 0.014), petting under clothes (p = 0.002), oral (p = 0.016) and anal sex (p = 0.032) when compared to references. No significant differences with references were found for sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction, neither among female CCS nor male CCS age 18–24.

Conclusions

Emerging adult CCS reported less experience with psychosexual development, but similar sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction compared to references. We identified determinants for sexuality, which could be integrated in clinical interventions for CCS at risk for reduced sexuality.
Multi‐trait stability index for the identification of shoot fly (Atherigona soccata) resistant sorghum lines from a mini core collection
Authors: Madhusudhana Ragimasalawada , Padmaja Poluru Gunnampati
Published: June 2023

BACKGROUND

On sorghum, shoot fly (Atherigona soccata Rondani) is the most destructive insect pest causing enormous economic losses. Breeding for host plant resistance is the best and economically viable strategy to control shoot fly damage. For improving resistance, there is a need to identify better donors with resistance, stability and adaptability. Sorghum mini core set representing global genetic diversity offers opportunity to understand genetic diversity of resistance component traits, their genotype × year (G × Y), and to identify better donors based on mean performance of multiple shoot fly resistance traits coupled with stability.

RESULTS

Significant genetic variability and G × Y interaction was detected for all traits in the mini core set. Broad sense heritability and accuracy of selection for traits was high. Genetic correlation between deadhearts and leaf surface glossiness and with seedling height were negative while genetic correlation of deadhearts with oviposition was positive. The sorghum races did not establish any inherent relation with shoot fly resistance. Based on multiple trait stability index (MTSI), the study identified 12 stable resistant accessions. Selection differential and selection gains in the selected genotypes were positive for both glossiness and seedling height and were negative for deadhearts and Eggs.

CONCLUSION

The MTSI selected new sources of resistance may constitute a breeding population for providing a dynamic gene pool of different resistance mechanisms for improving shoot fly resistance in sorghum. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Probability‐type, Shewhart‐type and EWMA control charts for individual observations from the two‐parameter Lindley distribution
Authors: Demertzi Elisavet , Psarakis Stelios
Published: June 2023

Lindley distribution is a continuous distribution with various applications some of which are in medicine, genetics, epidemiology, biology, finance and actuarial sciences, ecology, meteorology, sociology, demography, agriculture, hydrology, geosciences, reliability and engineering, life testing and survival analysis, airborne systems and communications, environmental studies and modeling and describing of human mistakes, strikes, accidents, behavioural and emotional or IQ test scores and waiting times of customers in queues until service, etc. Due to its variety of applications, it appears to be important that control charts for detected shifts in a process should be constructed under the assumption that the quality characteristic of interest follows a Lindley‐related distribution. Here, we construct probability‐type, Shewhart‐type and EWMA control charts (and deal with the optimal choice of its parameters) for individual observations from the two‐parameter Lindley distribution, investigate and compare their performance and illustrate them using examples with both simulated and real data. The whole analysis reveals the superiority of using skewness correction for the construction of the control charts against not using it.
Robust adaptive control for nonlinear cyber‐physical systems with FDI attacks via attack estimation
Authors: Chen Lexin , Li Yongming , Tong Shaocheng
Published: June 2023

This article investigates the adaptive control problem for nonlinear cyber‐physical systems with network communication encountered false data injection (FDI) attacks. To address such attacks, the attack estimate method is designed whose objective is to minimize the vulnerability of FDI attacks. This article aim to find, using the historical FDI attack, a solution with guaranteed out‐of‐sample forecasting, so as for the attacker to plan its attacks such that the worst possible action on the system measurement. The approach is to formulate a robust optimization problem using the box‐like sets, and then transform it into a linear programming model for solving problems. Consequently, under the framework of backstepping, a robust adaptive state‐feedback control method is proposed. By using Lyapunov stability theory, the proposed control scheme can guarantee that all the closed‐loop signals are globally bounded and the stabilization error converges to the origin. Finally, simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
A mechanistic inquiry into the applicability of permanganate oxidizable carbon as a soil health indicator
Authors: Christy Isabel , Moore Amber , Myrold David , Kleber Markus
Published: June 2023

We determined the characteristics that render organic matter responsive to dilute permanganate oxidation to find a mechanistic explanation for the frequently observed responsiveness of permanganate oxidizable carbon (PoxC) to changes in soil health. We conclude that PoxC is primarily a measurement of phenolic and polyphenolic structures rather than of compounds traditionally viewed as preferred microbial food. Upon subjecting pure compounds to the PoxC method, we found that the susceptibility of organic molecules to permanganate oxidation was determined by the presence of specific structural features abundant in phenolic compounds, which were highly reactive (3–98 mg PoxC·g−1 C), and in a subset of low‐molecular‐weight organic acids (0–180 mg PoxC·g−1 C). In comparison, proteins were minimally reactive (0–13 mg PoxC·g−1 C) and carbohydrates were unreactive when subjected to the PoxC method. Permanganate reactivity was not found to be a predictor of decomposability in biosolids through the mirroring of C:N ratio. However, permanganate reactivity increased up to 27% throughout the decomposition process. We suggest a reinterpretation of the mechanisms that render PoxC useful as a soil health indicator. Rather than representing a preferred microbial food source, PoxC measures a carbon fraction with unique molecular properties that may be an indicator of plant‐mediated soil processes. Our research corroborates the usefulness of PoxC as a soil health indicator, albeit for entirely different reasons than previously assumed. This opens exciting avenues of further inquiry and sets the stage for intensified investigations into the general role of polyphenolic compounds in soil health.
Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation in broiler litter and its effect on soil pH
Authors: DeMontigny Wesley , Burt Christopher Daniel , Stidston Jaiden , Siggers Jordan , Weese David , Cabrera Miguel
Published: June 2023

Ureolytic microbes are abundant in broiler litter (BL), and previous research indicates that microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation via urea hydrolysis occurs in gypsum‐amended litters. Given that calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is used to correct soil acidity, we hypothesized that the soil‐liming potential of BL + gypsum is greater than that of unamended litter. First, an experiment was conducted to isolate ureolytic bacteria from BL and confirm their ability to precipitate CaCO3. To determine the effects of calcium on urea hydrolysis, six isolates were identified from screenings of 30 colonies collected from different BL sources. Calcium increased the ureolytic rate by 29%–160% and the precipitation of CaCO3by ~1500% in solution. The 16S rRNA of the isolate with the greatest rate of urea hydrolysis was sequenced and belong toLysinibacillus macroides. Broiler litter amended with gypsum was inoculated withL. macroidesand found to precipitate significantly more CaCO3than inoculated litter without gypsum. Finally, over the course of a 28‐day incubation, the pH and inorganic‐N of soil, soil + BL, and soil + BL + gypsum were measured. Surprisingly, soil + BL + gypsum was found to have a significantly lower pH than soil + BL for the first 21 days. We propose that the decreased liming ability of BL + gypsum is due to a combination of pH buffering mechanisms and increased nitrification. Although gypsum is a useful litter amendment, it cannot be used to increase the liming ability of litter, despite the fact that gypsum‐amended litter has more CaCO3.
Decoupling the role of renewable energy, green finance and political stability in achieving the sustainable development goal 13: Empirical insight from emerging economies
Authors: Behera Biswanath , Behera Puspanjali , Sethi Narayan
Published: June 2023

The quest for attaining ‘sustainable development goals (SDGs)’, especially ‘SDG‐13’, which addresses the policy towards lessening the risk of climate change, is impossible without abating CO2 emissions, which are a major contributor to climate change globally. Thus, this study inspects the decisive role played by renewable energy use, green finance, and political stability in achieving SDG‐13 by abating CO2 emissions for 14 emerging economies from 1990 to 2021. We have used the cross‐sectional autoregressive distributed lag and method of moments quantile regression estimators to analyse the impact of explanatory variables on the dependent variable, considering the probable endogeneity issue in the model. The outcome of the study signifies that renewable energy consumption and green finance substantially reduce CO2 emissions, whereas political stability is observed to have a positive impact on CO2 emissions. Moreover, the moderation effect of political stability and green finance is found to substantially reducing carbon emissions. This study thus suggests that emerging economies need a stronger political system to promote green financing and renewable energy consumption to attain SDGs by addressing climate change policy.
Varying‐coefficients for regional quantile via KNN‐based LASSO with applications to health outcome study
Authors: Park Seyoung , Lee Eun Ryung , Hong Hyokyoung G.
Published: June 2023

Health outcomes, such as body mass index and cholesterol levels, are known to be dependent on age and exhibit varying effects with their associated risk factors. In this paper, we propose a novel framework for dynamic modeling of the associations between health outcomes and risk factors using varying‐coefficients (VC) regional quantile regression via K‐nearest neighbors (KNN) fused Lasso, which captures the time‐varying effects of age. The proposed method has strong theoretical properties, including a tight estimation error bound and the ability to detect exact clustered patterns under certain regularity conditions. To efficiently solve the resulting optimization problem, we develop an alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) algorithm. Our empirical results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method in capturing the complex age‐dependent associations between health outcomes and their risk factors.
Atrioventricular septal defect: An extended approach to prenatal sonographic imaging of the atrioventricular valves
Authors: Quinton Ann E. , Kennedy Narelle , Gooi Alex
Published: June 2023

An atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) is diagnosed with prenatal sonography using the 4‐chamber view (4CV) of the fetal heart. Prenatal 2D sonographic imaging of normal and AVSD short axis (SAX) atrioventricular (AV) valve views have not been well described. The aim is to describe the 2D sonographic 4‐chamber and SAX view of the AV valves when an AVSD is present compared to normal AV valves. The 4CV AVSD heart demonstrates no offset of AV valves due to the abnormal valve structure. Complete and intermediate AVSD has a septum primum defect and inlet ventricular septal defect (VSD). The partial AVSDs have either a septum primum defect or just an inlet VSD with an intact primum septum. The SAX view of AVSD demonstrates the common AV junction and the bridging leaflets. In ventricular diastole valves have a “figure 8” and “dumbbell” shape in partial and complete AVSD, respectively. These appearances are not seen in the normal heart in SAX as both tricuspid and mitral valve are separate valves. The SAX view can be obtained by locating a sagittal aortic arch view and then scanning slightly towards the left side of the fetus, near the base of the heart and the AV valves. An in‐depth interrogation of the abnormal fetal heart is obtained without specialised 4D capable ultrasound machines providing information to assist in counselling during the pregnancy and for postnatal surgical planning. Future research to assess the feasibility of incorporating the SAX view into routine practice and by general sonographers is suggested.
An Engagement‐Focused Framework for Evaluating Storybooks for Young Children's Science Vocabulary Learning
Authors: Son Seung‐Hee Claire , Opatz Margaret Osgood , Rush Elisabeth Dibble
Published: June 2023

Given the emerging evidence on the importance of learning content‐specific vocabulary in the early years, many early childhood teachers try to incorporate science vocabulary teaching as part of classroom activities. In this article, the authors argue for the importance of teaching science vocabulary in engaging ways using read‐aloud and the usefulness of narrative informational storybooks as an engaging tool to introduce and build science concept knowledge and vocabulary. The authors show how to evaluate and select texts that can be effectively used for explicit and embedded teaching of science vocabulary, based on an engagement‐focused framework. The framework targets four aspects of engagement: concept learning engagement, word learning engagement, emotional engagement, and social engagement. The engagement framework empowers teachers to determine which science storybooks are appropriate and how to use them to teach science concepts and vocabulary.
The “LED‐version” of the electron gun
Authors: Bachmann M. , Düsberg F. , Pahlke A. , Edler S. , Schels A. , Herdl F. , Hausladen M. , Buchner P. , Schreiner R.
Published: June 2023

We report on our progress to develop and optimize electron sources for practical applications. A simple fabrication process is introduced based on a wafer dicing saw and a wet chemical etch step without the need for a clean room. Due to the formation of crystal facets the samples show a homogeneous geometry throughout the array. Characterization techniques are developed to systematically compare various arrays. A very defined measurement procedure based on current controlled IV‐sweeps as well as lifetime measurements at various currents is proposed. To investigate the current distribution in the array a commercial CMOS detector is used and shows the potential for in depth analysis of the arrays. Finally, a compact hermetically sealed housing is presented enabling electron generation in atmospheric pressure environments.
Prologue
Authors: Maulana Ridwan , Helms-Lorenz Michelle , Klassen Robert M.
Published: June 2023

There is a growing desire to improve the quality and the equity of education around the world. Educational improvement requires understanding that the chief actors in the education system – teachers and students – and the educational context in which they operate, are indispensable in this pursuit. This book contributes to understanding educational systems and personal factors that influence teaching behaviour and student learning and engagement. Particularly, the book focuses on the work of teachers – in terms of effective teaching – as key players in education. Effective teaching refers to classroom processes or instructional practices related to student learning (Wagner et al., 2013). This broad definition encompasses various terms used in the literature on teaching to refer to similar constructs and ideas. It is therefore important to note that the scope of this book represents various strands of research on teaching.
Teaching Quality in Indonesia: What Needs to Be Improved?
Authors: Irnidayanti Yulia , Fadhilah Nurul
Published: June 2023

Based on international testing results (e.g., PISA, 2015; TIMSS, 2015), the performance of Indonesian students remains poor. The low quality of education in Indonesia is determined by many factors, including the teacher’s quality. Teachers have a very strategic role in the learning process. Effective teaching behavior is used as an indicator of teaching quality and is the main target of this study, which is needed to improve the teaching quality of teachers in Indonesia. Research on effective, evidence-based, teaching behavior has identified six domains of effective teaching behavior, which are relevant to the Indonesian context. In this chapter, we will describe Indonesian secondary school teachers’ teaching behavior based on trained observers’ and students’ reports. The ICALT and My Teacher Questionnaire were used to gather data across 13 provinces in Indonesia, covering about 375 teachers and 6410 students. The quality level of effective teaching behavior was examined, and similarities and differences between observers and student reports were discussed. This study result shows the profile of teacher teaching quality in Indonesia that can be used as a basis for policy making related to improving teaching and professional development of teachers in Indonesia.
An Assessment of the Learning Environment and Teacher Interpersonal Behaviour at the Teacher Education Level
Authors: Gupta Adit , Sharma Priya
Published: June 2023

The Indian teacher education scenario has undergone numerous changes in the last few years especially with the shift to the two-year teacher preparation programmes. As a result of this change, both the teacher educators and the student teachers had to adapt to the modified curriculum, teaching methodologies and assessment process. This paper focuses on assessing student teachers’ perceptions about their classroom learning environments and teacher interpersonal behaviour. The study utilises the modified version of the What Is Happening In This Classroom (WIHIC) questionnaire and the Questionnaire on Teacher Interaction (QTI). The data was collected from 150 student teachers from a teacher education college studying in the third and fourth semester of the two-year B.Ed./B.Ed. Special Education programme. The results show that student teachers positively perceived their classroom learning environments. They expressed a lot of student cohesiveness, teacher support for the students, task orientation and involvement of students in the classroom activities. Students perceived an environment that promotes innovation, equity and a high level of cooperation. Results for teacher interpersonal behaviour show that student teachers perceived their teacher educators as good leaders who understand their needs. They are helpful and friendly and provided ample opportunities for students to express themselves freely. They also give responsibility to accomplish different tasks. The negative aspects of teacher interpersonal behaviour like uncertainty, admonishing and dissatisfied behaviour were given a low rating by the student teachers. They, however, felt that the teacher educators were strict in the class. Data analysis reveals that no significant associations exist between academic achievement and classroom learning environments and teacher interpersonal behaviour. Results also show that there were no significant gender differences in the learning environments. However, there were significant gender differences in the teacher interpersonal behaviour in favour of female student teachers. Also, no semester and programme based differences in the classroom learning environments and teacher interpersonal behaviour exist at the teacher education level.
Teaching Effectiveness in Spain: Towards an Evidence–Based Approach for Informing Policymakers
Authors: Fernández-García Carmen-María , Inda-Caro Mercedes , Viñuela-Hernández María-Paulina
Published: June 2023

This chapter uses a three-stage process of documentary analysis to illustrate how teaching effectiveness is assessed and studied in Spain. We begin by presenting the Spanish legal context, giving a historical overview of the most important education legislation. This is important, as there have been several reforms over recent years, and because of the decentralized model in Spain, which means that competencies and responsibilities are split between the Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sport and the regional administrations in the autonomous communities.

The second part focuses on educational innovations and effective teaching behaviors resulting from policy changes and the traditional and dominant paradigms in the Spanish educational landscape. We use the six teaching effectiveness domains from the ICALT project as a reference: safe learning climate, efficient classroom management, clarity of instruction, activating teaching, teaching-learning strategies, and differentiation. The third part describes empirical research undertaken in three autonomous communities in Spain to assess teaching quality. We look at organizational, human, and curricular factors which can help in interpreting teaching standards and their impact on student engagement.

Finally, the conclusions from the research are considered and discussed in terms of potential policy recommendations and practical decisions at both regional and national levels about teachers’ initial training, continued training, and professional development.
Teacher-Student Interactions: Theory, Measurement, and Evidence for Universal Properties That Support Students’ Learning Across Countries and Cultures
Authors: Hofkens Tara , Pianta Robert C. , Hamre Bridget
Published: June 2023

Across the globe, strategies and investments to strengthen teacher effectiveness are increasingly a core component of countries’ efforts to improve educational outcomes for their citizens and, for many, to elevate standards of living. In this chapter, we present evidence demonstrating the role of teacher-student interactions in teachers’ ability to positively influence student development and learning across countries and cultures. We conceptualize teacher-student interactions as proximal processes that drive students’ engagement and learning. Evidence clearly demonstrates that interactions can be assessed through observation and improved through professional development interventions. Drawing on our experience and data available on tens of thousands of classroom observations across different countries and cultures, we present a framework that describes core features of effective teacher-student interactions that appear in common across these highly varied settings and cultural contexts. We review research that evaluates this framework in different contexts to examine the effects of interaction quality on student outcomes across the globe. We discuss the cross-cultural applicability of the framework and outline suggestions for education policy and practice and future directions for research.
Exploring How Teachers’ Personal Characteristics, Teaching Behaviors and Contextual Factors Are Related to Differentiated Instruction in the Classroom: A Cross-National Perspective
Authors: Smale-Jacobse Annemieke , Moorer Peter , Maulana Ridwan , Helms-Lorenz Michelle , Fernández-García Carmen-María , Inda-Caro Mercedes , Chun Seyeoung , Shahzad Abid , Lee Okhwa , Adiyasuren Amarjargal , Irnidayanti Yulia , Galindev Ulziisaikhan , Fadhilah Nurul
Published: June 2023

Internationally, differentiated instruction (DI) is suggested as a teaching approach that can help teachers to meet the varying learning needs of students in the classroom. However, not all teachers reach a high level of implementation. Personal characteristics of the teacher as well as teaching quality may affect the degree and quality of DI. In addition, several classroom-, school-, and country characteristics may affect DI practices. In this chapter, literature is reviewed about personal factors, teaching characteristics and contextual factors influencing DI. Findings from the literature are connected to analyses of classroom observation-data collected in six countries including Indonesia, the Netherlands, Mongolia, Pakistan, South Korea and Spain. The chapter aims to contribute to insights into factors related to DI and into differences in these associations between the six countries. This chapter concludes by discussing scientific and practical implications.
Teachers’ Intrinsic Orientation, Self-Efficacy, Background Characteristics, and Effective Teaching: A Multilevel Moderated Mediation Modeling
Authors: Feng Xiangyuan , Helms-Lorenz Michelle , Maulana Ridwan
Published: June 2023

Teachers’ intrinsic orientation for the profession (TIOP) refers to a compound trait derived from the meaningfulness and positive affect teachers attribute to the profession. It can be validly measured by three conceptually correlated yet empirically separable factors of autonomous motivation, enthusiasm for teaching, and enthusiasm for the subject. Grounded in the previous findings of non-significant direct relationships between TIOP and effective teaching, the present study further tested the hypothesized indirect relationships between the two constructs. To better understand the underlying relational mechanisms, the potential mediating role of self-efficacy and the moderating effects of both teacher- and school-level background factors were addressed in single- and multi-level models. A total of 239 beginning teachers from 32 Dutch secondary schools responded to the questionnaires at the beginning of the first career year. Actual teaching behaviour was observed by means of classroom observations. The results of lower-level mediation analysis confirm the mediating effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between TIOP and activating teaching behaviour at career entry. The results of single- and cross-level moderated mediation analysis show that self-efficacy significantly mediates the links between TIOP and three specific teaching behaviour domains: providing safe and stimulating learning climate, classroom management, and clarity of instruction. These effects were respectively moderated by teachers’ qualification, age, and gender. The present study makes a unique contribution to understanding the importance of TIOP for beginning teachers’ well-being and effective teaching, providing insights for both teacher educators and mentors.
Teacher and Teaching Behaviour and Student Motivational Outcomes: Critical Reflections on the Knowledge Base and on Future Research
Authors: Opdenakker Marie-Christine
Published: June 2023

In this chapter, (a selection of) current conceptualizations, theories, measurements, and instruments of (quality of) teacher and teaching behaviour from a variety of perspectives, namely educational and teacher effectiveness research, learning environments research and research on motivational teaching are discussed. Furthermore, attention is paid to topics such as the dimensionality of teacher and teaching behaviour, and of teaching skills, as well as the existence of teaching styles and stages in teaching skill development. In addition, context, antecedents, informant as well as (in)stability issues concerning teacher and teaching behaviour are addressed. Relevant empirical findings concerning the already mentioned issues as well as empirical findings with regard to teacher and teaching effectiveness in relation to student motivational outcomes are reviewed and discussed. Attention is paid to unique and joint effects of teacher and teaching behaviour dimensions and relative sizes of effects. In addition, differential effectiveness of teacher and teaching behaviour in relation to student background characteristics such as gender, social-economic status, cognitive ability, race and ethnicity, and prior engagement is discussed. The chapter ends with conclusions, reflections, implications and suggestions for future research directions and practice related to effective teacher and teaching behaviour based on the findings discussed before.
Teacher Recruitment in Sweden Over the Last Two Decades: How Has Entering Teachers’ GPA Changed Over Time?
Authors: Johansson Stefan
Published: June 2023

The question about what constitutes teaching quality is widely discussed in many countries and Sweden is no exception. Teaching quality has been linked to individual characteristics assumed to be related to student learning that are not necessarily associated with specialised training for the craft of teaching. One of these are the standards for entry to the profession. This chapter highlights teachers’ academic performances. More specifically, it explores newly recruited teachers’ grade point average over a period of over 20 years. The findings are based on register data and are analysed with descriptive statistics. The findings demonstrate how newly recruited teachers’ school grade point average (GPA) has decreased the past decades but also that some quite striking differences exists depending on teachers’ certification status. Implications of the results are discussed in relation to the possible effects on student achievement.
Effective Teaching: Linking Outcomes of Active Citizenship to Learning Environments
Authors: Sturrock Gordon , Zandvliet David
Published: June 2023

This chapter discusses the use of a learning environment instrument, the Place-Based Learning and Constructivist Environment Survey (PLACES) in an environmental studies program that operated out of British Columbia, Canada. In order to access information about students’ perceptions, the instrument was implemented in an Integrated Environmental Studies program called Experiential Studies 10 (ES 10) as part of a range of evaluation methods. The study was retrospective in nature utilizing a mixed method approach to determine the long-term effects of the program on participants’ citizenship activities. Our findings demonstrate that learning environment and citizenship outcomes were linked, and key learning environment features were identified as being important for long term outcomes of active citizenship. This chapter will provide a brief overview of the study and shed light on how paying close attention to the learning environment created within environmental education programming can contribute to long-term outcomes of active citizenship.
Measuring Teaching Skill of South Korean Teachers in Secondary Education: Detecting a Teacher’s Potential Zone of Proximal Development Using the Rasch Model
Authors: van de Grift Wim , Lee Okhwa , Chun Seyeoung
Published: June 2023

Many observation instruments are in use to make the skills of teachers visible. These tools are used for assessment, for guidance and coaching, and for policy-oriented research into the quality of education. Depending on the purpose of use of an observation instrument, we not only need more observations about the same teacher, but the observation instrument must also meet higher psychometric requirements. Observation instruments only used to assess sample characteristics, such as the mean and dispersion, require less stringent psychometric requirements than observation instruments that are used to assess individuals. For assessing sample characteristics, it is also not necessary to do more than one observation with each respondent. Observation instruments used for individual assessments that lead to high stake decisions should meet the highest psychometric requirements possible. We can slightly mitigate the psychometric norms attached to an observation tool that is only used for guidance and coaching on the condition that the observed teacher explicitly informed that the observed lesson was representative and that this lesson offered sufficient opportunities to demonstrate all the skills the teacher has. Nevertheless, there are also additional requirements that must be met by observation instruments that are used for guidance and coaching. For good guidance and coaching, it is usually not very useful to tell an observed teacher only what went right or wrong. Teachers need concrete instructions to be able to improve. Many things that have not gone very well are often (and sometimes far) out of the reach of the teacher being observed. Coaching skills that are beyond the reach of the observed person will lead to disappointment rather than to the desired effect. The important thing in good guidance and coaching is to ensure that the observed teacher is going to take that very step, that is within his reach, but that he has not just set. Then, of course continue with the next steps, leading to incremental progress. For this, we need to have an insight into the successive difficulty of the different skills of teachers. In the past, we gained some experience with the use of the Rasch model to gain an insight into the successive level of difficulty in the actions of Dutch teachers working in elementary education. These studies are all done with the International Comparative Analysis of Learning and Teaching (ICALT) observation instrument. In this chapter, we are trying to make a next step by using the Rasch model for detecting the zone of proximal development of the observed teachers. Another new element in this study is the following: Until now, the ICALT observation instrument has been used mainly in (the culture of) European schools. In this chapter, we focus on Asian secondary education, as it takes shape in South Korea.