bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Salt effect in vapor‐liquid equilibrium, part II
Authors: Johnson A. I. , Furter W. F.
Published: February 2011

Previous work in the field of salt effect in vapor‐liquid equilibrium and the theory involved are reviewed briefly. Vapor‐liquid equilibrium data at atmospheric pressure are reported for the systems methanol‐water, ethanol‐water, and n‐propanol‐water, each saturated with a variety of common inorganic salts. A simple equation is proposed for the representation of salt effect. An attempt is made to ascertain the theoretical significance of this equation, and in so doing, to relate salt effect in vapor‐liquid equilibrium to the properties of the system components.
Polymeric self‐sealing distillation and extractor trays
Authors: Kilgallon J. D. , Streight H. R. L.
Published: February 2011

A suitable polymeric material offers several advantages over metals and alloys normally used for self‐sealing or friction‐fit trays in distillation and extraction columns, by reducing the capital cost and maintenance charges and by improving the efficiency of small diameter columns. The hydrophobic nature of polymeric materials also increases the plate efficiency of an extractor when the plate is wetted by a continuous organic phase which passes to a dispersed water phase.

The plate efficiency and performance of a small column are often reduced by leakage or by passing of vapor and liquor at the periphery of the trays. This problem can be overcome by using self‐sealing polymeric trays arranged in cartridges which are assembled and inserted into the column shell as a unit. The flexible nature of polymers ensures a tight fit between the trays and the shell of the column, notwithstanding normal out‐of‐roundness of the shell.
Concentration distribution in two‐phase pipe flow
Authors: Soo S. L. , Regalbuto J. A.
Published: February 2011

Concentration distribution of solid particles in two‐phase turbulent pipe flow was studied. Due to the inertia of solid particles, transport of solid particles across the velocity field of the turbulent stream by turbulent diffusion results in deceleration of particles in the region near the wall by the stream and acceleration of particles transported toward the high velocity core. In the core, the particles have lower mean velocity than the stream while near the wall the mean particle velocity is higher. This gives rise to a non‐uniform distribution of solid particles in fully developed turbulent pipe flow. Experimental determination of concentration distribution was made with an impact disk particle counter system.
A study of aggregative fluidization
Authors: Davies Geoffrey , Robinson Donald B.
Published: February 2011

The effects of size distribution on the expansion of a gas‐solid fluidized system have been studied by the fluidization of glass beads and char particles by air in a 2 1/4 inch diameter column. Log‐probability distributions of 5, 10, 25 and 100‐fold size variation, with an average size of 271 microns, were tested, and changes in the average diameter of the bed due to elutriation were obtained. Systematic tests with beds of closely sized particles ranging in size from 74 to 912 microns were also made. The results show that compared with the effect of particle diameter, size distribution has little influence on the shape of the bed expansion curves.

Various correlations, and in particular that suggested by Zenz for particulate fluidization, have been tested using the single size measurements. It is concluded that up to the present time, no really satisfactory correlation for aggregative fluidization has been proposed.
Fundamental aspects of solids‐gas flow: Part VI: Multiparticle behavior in turbulent fluids
Authors: Torobin L. B. , Gauvin W. H.
Published: February 2011

At Reynolds numbers approaching unity the particles in a solids‐gas system acquire a turbulent motion in response to the turbulence of the ambient fluid. This regime is of particular importance and a discussion of recent theoretical and experimental attempts to describe it is presented. The reaction of the fluid phase to the presence of the particles is equally important. The extent to which the mean and turbulent properties of the fluid motion are affected by the presence of the solids phase is governed by the particle concentration and the fluid and solids Reynolds numbers. The experimental evidence is as yet inconclusive owing to the difficulty of obtaining reliable data. The theoretical attack is similarly made difficult by the need to employ mixed Eulerian and Lagrangian coordinates. A discussion of electrostatic charging phenomena has also been included and it shows that in some systems it exerts an over‐riding influence on the particle motion and momentum transfer.
High‐speed photography in the study of two‐phase flow
Authors: Brown R. A. S. , Govier G. W.
Published: February 2011

Some of the possible applications of high‐speed motion picture photography in the study of two‐phase, two‐fluid flows are outlined. These include measurements of ripple or wave velocities in annular flow and bubble velocities in bubble and slug flows. Qualitatively, the motion pictures permit better understanding of the interactions between the two phases.

The equipment being used in the present photographic study of vertical flow of oil‐water mixtures is described. A 16‐mm. “Fastax” high‐speed motion picture camera having speeds to 8000 frames/sec. is being used in these studies. Auxiliary equipment includes a high intensity light source and a timing pulse generator.

In the oil‐water system being studied, bubble groups and bubble clusters are formed which rise at approximately constant velocities. Very little effect of bubble size on the velocity of the bubble was noted except in a few instances where the bubbles appeared to be close to the wall. Preliminary results of the effects of superficial oil and water velocities on the bubble velocity are presented.

Some other photographic techniques which might find application in the analysis of two‐phase flows are discussed.
Pelletization and diffusibility studies on silver catalysts
Authors: Amberg C. H. , Echigoya E.
Published: February 2011

Powders of silver catalyst of low calcium content and an 8.5% calcium in silver alloy were pelletized at different compacting stresses. The diffusibility of each pellet was measured, using hydrogen, and correlated with internal void volume, The surface area of the powders and of some representative pellets was obtained by nitrogen adsorption. All these parameters were used in an attempt to interpret the changes taking place with decreasing porosity. With the help of two plausible assumptions it was concluded that the tortuosity remained constant over the range examined. The figures obtained have limited usefulness for the prediction of approximate pellet diffusibilities from a knowledge of the compacting stresses applied to similar metal powders.
Chemical engineers and computers
Authors: Williams Theodore J.
Published: February 2011

Computers as tools for the chemical engineer have begun to revolutionize his concepts of reaction kinetic analysis, of plant design methods, and of plant control systems. The new field known as systems engineering has arisen to fulfill and exploit the promises which computers offer in these areas. This paper outlines the applications of analog and digital computers to chemical engineering problems, points out the specific advantages of each, and details the numbers and backgrounds of the operating personnel required. The newer field of application of computers to process control is reviewed in the light of progress to date and of present and future trends.
Diffusion coefficients for the liquid system: Ethanol‐water
Authors: Dullien F. A. L. , Shemilt L. W.
Published: February 2011

Measurements of the liquid diffusion coefficients over the complete range of compositions of the ethanol‐water system at 25°C. have been carried out using the porous diaphragm technique with a magnetically‐stirred and modified cell. Both the integral and differential coefficients agree very closely with the values reported by Hammond and Stokes, although an improved method of calculating the differential coefficients has been used. The limiting values at 0 and 100% concentrations differ somewhat from those previously reported. By means of an experimental investigation the work of Smith and Storrow on the same system has been shown to be in error. Analytical errors in calibration have been reduced to a probable error of ± 0.1%, although there is an average deviation of ± 2% for all experimental points relative to the best line drawn through them. The diffusion coefficients based on concentration as a driving force, show a minimum at 25 mole % ethanol, corresponding to the minimum for the relative decrease in volume on mixing and the maximum for the viscosity‐composition curve. For the dimensionless Schmidt number, a very sharp peaking to a value of 7500 occurs at the same composition.
Concurrent two‐phase upward flow of air and water through an open vertical tube and through an annulus
Authors: Carter Cecil O. , Huntington R. L.
Published: February 2011

The concurrent vertical upward flow of air and water has been made at various rates and ratios of air to water in a 2 1/8‐in. × 20 ft. open transparent Tenite tube as well as in a 1 5/16‐in. × 2 1/8‐in. annulus. Pressure drops and in‐place ratios of gas to liquid have also been observed in order to correlate such data with corresponding flow types and patterns. Motion pictures taken at normal and especially those at high‐speed have made it possible to see flow mechanisms indistinguishable to the naked eye.
Surface tension effects on the efficiency of an Oldershaw column
Authors: Ellis S. R. M. , Legg R. J.
Published: February 2011

An Oldershaw column has been operated with two negative systems; ethylene dichloride/toluene, and ethylene dichloride/224 trimethylpentane. The difference in surface tension between ethylene dichloride and toluene at 90°C. is about one‐seventh of the difference between ethylene dichloride and 224 trimethylpentane at the same temperature. It is shown that this surface tension difference does not significantly effect the overall performance of a perforated plate column. Photographs taken show no apparent change in foam structure for the two systems at all boil up rates.

Vapor‐liquid equilibrium data has been determined for the system ethylene dichloride/224 trimethylpentane at 750 mm. mercury pressure. There is an azeotrope of composition, 77.0 mole % ethylene dichloride.
Viscous flow around fluid spheres at intermediate reynolds numbers
Authors: Hamielec A. E. , Johnson A. I.
Published: February 2011

Approximate velocity profiles and terminal velocities have been predicted for fluid spheres moving in viscous media under the influence of gravity. The equations of motion were satisfied approximately using a numerical method after Kawaguti(1).

Predicted terminal velocities are compared with literature data and with data measured by one of the authors(2). The agreement is reasonable for Reynolds numbers up to about 80.

The effect of the asymmetry of the exterior flow upon the symmetry of the interior flow is discussed.
The horizontal pipeline flow of air‐water mixtures
Authors: Govier G. W. , Omer M. M.
Published: February 2011

A review and comparison of the various methods which have been proposed for the correlation of the pressure drop attending the flow of gas‐liquid mixtures is made. The friction factor and other terms employed in the correlations are related mathematically.

The horizontal flow of air‐water mixtures has been investigated in a 41 ft. length of cellulose acetate butyrate tubing of 1.026 in. i. d. The average system pressure was held constant at 36 p.s.i.a. maintaining a constant air density of 0.18 lb./cu. ft. Flow pattern, holdup and pressure drop data were obtained at air‐water volume ratios from 0.1 to 200 (700 in some cases) for 10 superficial water velocities from 0.01 to 5.03 ft./sec. These data overlap and extend the range covered by previous investigators.

The flow patterns observed at constant superficial water velocity with increasing air‐water ratio were: bubble, plug, stratified, wave or ripple, slug and film. Bubble, plug and slug flow were encountered only at superficial water velocities above about 0.1 ft./sec. while stratified flow was encountered only at superficial water velocities below about 1 ft./sec. and superficial air velocities below about 5 ft./sec.

The holdup ratio, a measure of the relative accumulation of the water in the flow section, increased with air velocity for all superficial water velocities reaching a maximum value of over 50. At constant superficial air velocity the holdup ratio increased rapidly with decrease in superficial water velocity.

The pressure drop data were converted to a friction factor based upon the density and the superficial velocity of the water. The friction factors were correlated with the superficial Reynolds number for the water, and the air‐water volume ratio. The data are compared in this form with previous data of Schneider, Thomsen, and Johnson and Abou‐Sabe.
Forced convection transfer around spheres at intermediate reynolds numbers
Authors: Baird M. H. I. , Hamielec A. E.
Published: February 2011

Approximate local and overall Sherwood numbers have been predicted theoretically for forced‐convection transfer around solid and fluid spheres for Reynolds numbers up to 100. The diffusion equation was solved analytically for the case of a thin concentration boundary layer (NPo » 1).

The predicted overall Sherwood numbers are in fair agreement with published semi‐empirical correlations.
Analog computer solution of the modified rayleigh equation and parameters affecting cavitation
Authors: Marique Lucien A. , Houghton Gerald
Published: February 2011

The modified Rayleigh equation is a non‐linear differential equation governing the growth of bubbles during cavitation. It has been programmed on an analog computer, and the effects on the growth of bubbles of the initial conditions and the physical properties of the system, such as density, viscosity and surface tension, have been made the subject of a detailed parameter study. The observations that the initial growth may be delayed and that the rate of bubble growth may pass through a minimum have been explained by an energy balance. A first order perturbation method has been applied to the case where the effect of viscosity is small.
Axial laminar flow in a circular pipe containing a fixed eccentric core
Authors: Redberger P. J. , Charles M. E.
Published: February 2011

Velocity profiles and volumetric rates for the axial, laminar flow of a Newtonian fluid in a circular pipe containing a fixed eccentric core were evaluated numerically using a digital computer. The velocity profiles agree exceptionally well with those evaluated from an analytical expression derived by Heyda(2). The effect of displacing the inner surface from a concentric position is to increase the volumetric flow rate for a given pressure gradient, the maximum increase for a diameter ratio of 0.9 being 240% and for a diameter ratio of 0.1, 60%.

The volumetric flow rates are presented graphically in terms of dimensionless ratios which enable the flow rate to be evaluated for any fluid, diameter ratio, relative displacement and pressure gradient.
Optimization study of chemical processes
Authors: Kuo M. T. , Rubin D. I.
Published: February 2011

In a large class of chemical systems, it may be desired to determine the inlet conditions that enables the process to be run in order to meet certain constraints, such as a specified product yield or required temperature. This paper uses Lagrangian Multipliers for solving, numerically, a particular aspect of this problem namely that of determining inlet conditions so as to maximize (or minimize) a characteristic of the reaction and simultaneously meet required constraints.
A two‐wavelength pyrometer for temperature measurements in gas‐solids systems
Authors: Themelis N. J. , Gauvin W. H.
Published: February 2011

The measurement of particle temperature in gas‐solids suspensions by conventional pyrometric methods is complicated by a lack of knowledge of the particle emissivity and the absorption strength of the cloud. Further difficulties may be caused by background re‐radiation, variations in geometrical factors and ‐ if the particles are undergoing chemical reaction ‐ rapid changes in the particle temperature. These difficulties can be eliminated if the radiant energies emitted by the particles at two different wavelengths (close in value) are measured simultaneously.

A pyrometer based on this principle was designed and constructed for measuring temperatures both in the infra‐red (500–900 C.) and the visible (800–1200°C.) ranges. The radiation from the particles was passed through suitable pairs of monochromatic filters inserted in diametrical opposition into a metal disk rotating at speeds up to 8,000 r.p.m. The two alternating beams were focused on the cathode of a photoelectric cell, and the resulting voltages measured by means of a cathode‐ray oscilloscope. The instrument was used successfully in an investigation of the rate of reduction of small iron oxide particles in the presence of hydrogen at temperatures ranging from 500 to 1100°C.
A generalization of the residence time concept
Authors: Rudd Dale F.
Published: February 2011

An abstraction and generalization of the residence time distribution function method of analysis of distributed property reactor systems is developed for the special cases of well‐mixed and fixed residence time reactors. By defining a generalized describing variable and applying a conservation law, the event space distribution function method is developed. With this method it is possible to formulate and solve reactor problems that are beyond the scope of the residence time distribution method. The residence time method is shown to be a special case of the event space method. Several applications of the method are presented.
Carbon dioxide absorption and desorption in a packed tower using water and solutions of sodium carbonate and of triethanolamine
Authors: Berg L. Van Den
Published: February 2011

The relative efficiencies of water, sodium carbonate solutions (0.025 to 0.4 M), and triethanolamine solutions (0.05 to 1.0 M) for the removal of carbon dioxide from air containing up to 12% of the gas, at 40–50°F., was determined using 12 in. diameter towers packed to a depth of 40 in. with 1‐in. Raschig rings. Coefficients of absorption for sodium carbonate and triethanolamine solutions were 30–60% less than comparable coefficients for water. Desorption coefficients for sodium carbonate and triethanolamine solutions were larger than absorption coefficients under comparable conditions but somewhat less than desorption coefficients for water, except for dilute conditions. Desorption coefficients for dilute solutions (less than 0.15 M) were up to three times as large as those for water. These results indicate that the use of sodium carbonate or triethanolamine solutions instead of water (as frequently used at present) would permit the use of smaller desorption equipment in applications such as scrubber systems for the removal of carbon dioxide from controlled atmosphere storage rooms for fruits and vegetables.

Solubility data for carbon dioxide in sodium carbonate and triethanolamine solutions at temperatures and carbon dioxide partial pressures of interest in this study were also determined.
Sieve tray gas and liquid film efficiencies
Authors: Ellis S. R. M. , Rose L. M.
Published: February 2011

A method is proposed for determining the relative number of solute gas and liquid phase transfer units by vaporising the solute and the solvent into air, and so using the relevant mass transfer data for the solvent to minimise differences in operating conditions on the measured value for mass transfer of the solute.

Experimental solute NOG and solvent NG values are determined from the amount of solute and solvent vaporised together into air from a low solute concentration in the liquid solvent. The NG of the solvent is used to calculate NG for the solute, and then, knowing NOG, to calculate NL for the solute. This method allows for variations in foam structure in different systems and gives more accurate NG and NL solute values than those calculated from water vaporisation and oxygen desorption experiments.

NG and NL results are presented for the solutes methyl alcohol and acetone in the solvents water and carbon tetrachloride from vaporisation experiments in a 4″ diameter sieve tray column.
The absorption of carbon dioxide by sodium hydroxide on a sieve plate
Authors: Harris I. J. , Roper G. H.
Published: February 2011

The absorption of carbon dioxide by sodium hydroxide solutions has been studied on a single sieve plate. For sodium hydroxide concentrations from 0.001 to 0.14 lb. mole/ft.3 and for carbon dioxide concentrations in the gas phase from 0.8 to 1.9%, the results were correlated by the equation‐

The rate of absorption was found to be a maximum with solutions approximately 0.125 lb.mole/ft.3 total sodium and at temperatures close to 125°F.
Kinetic studies on the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate
Authors: Ingraham T. R. , Marier P.
Published: February 2011

Kinetic studies have been made of the thermal decomposition of precipitated calcium carbonate, powdered calcite, and regular fragments of calcite crystals. The powdered materials were examined in the form of pellets, which were prepared by compacting the powder to about 70% of its theoretical density. The work was done at one atmosphere of pressure in a flow of air containing various amounts of carbon dioxide. It was observed that the decomposition of the pellets, which were prepared in a variety of shapes, was characterized by the same advancing interface mechanism as that observed for single specimens of crystal fragments. When the rates of decomposition were normalized for the change in of interfacial area accompanying decomposition, it was possible to correlate the observed rates of decomposition for a variety of pellet shapes, and to relate these rates, as a function of particle size and pellet roughness, to the rates of decomposition of large fragments of calcite crystals. The activation energy for the decomposition reaction was found to be 40.6 kcal./mole. At a constant temperature, the decrease in reaction rate with increasing carbon dioxide pressure was found to be proportional to the difference between the equilibrium dissociation pressure and the back pressure of carbon dioxide. A reaction mechanism based on diffusion through a constant thickness of active calcium oxide is suggested.
Kinetics of the reaction of niobium pentachloride with water vapor
Authors: Ingraham T. R. , Whalley B. J. P.
Published: February 2011

When niobium pentachloride is exposed to moist air, hydrogen chloride is liberated and hydrated niobium pentoxide or niobic acid remains. It is believed that the rate of the reaction is controlled by the rate of diffusion of water across a layer of unidentified intermediate product of constant thickness (about 0.2 mm.). The constant thickness of the layer is maintained by the spalling and cracking of the product after it exceeds a critical thickness. Since the reaction takes place at an interface between the niobium pentachloride and the layer of intermediate, it is necessary to normalize the results for the decrease in interfacial area as the reaction proceeds. When this is done, the rate of the reaction, expressed in terms of grams of niobium pentachloride reacting per square centimetre of interface per hour, is:
The pipeline flow of capsules: Part 3 ‐ An experimental investigation of the transport by water of single cylindrical and spherical capsules with density equal to that of the water
Authors: Ellis H. S.
Published: February 2011

As the first part of an experimental investigation of the transport of shaped solids through pipelines, laboratory studies have been made on the transport of single cylindrical and spherical capsules by a stream of water, the capsules having the same density as the water. The studies were concerned with the effects of water velocity and capsule/pipe diameter ratio on the velocity of both cylindrical and spherical capsules, and also with the effects of capsule length/diameter ratio and end‐shape on the velocity of cylindrical capsules.

The investigation was carried out in a 35‐ft. horizontal length of 1 1/4 in. diameter transparent acrylic plastic pipe. The velocity of the capsules was found to vary from 1.05 to about 1.5 times the average water velocity, which ranged from 0.20 to 12.15 ft./sec. A decrease of diameter increased the velocity of both cylindrical and spherical capsules relative to the average water velocity. Increasing the length of cylindrical capsules had a similar effect, while an ellipsoidal nose increased the velocity of smaller diameter cylindrical capsules, but the effect on the largest diameters was negligible. The presence of a capsule appeared to delay the onset of turbulence in the annulus between the capsule and the pipe wall to a much higher value of Reynolds number than would hold in unobstructed fluid flow.
Hydrocracking, an example of modern hydrogen processing
Authors: Maclaren D. D. , Cunningham A. R. , Hendricks G. W. , Kelley A. E.
Published: February 2011

Hydrocracking as defined in this paper is a catalytic process for converting relatively high boiling hydrocarbons to lower boiling products with a net consumption of hydrogen. As such, hydrocracking is a combination hydrogen/catalytic process. The paper discusses the modern hydrocracking process by reviewing its past history, discussing the mechanism of the reactions which occur, describing the types of catalysts which can be employed, presenting typical results on a variety of feedstocks and, finally, showing the economic attractiveness of hydrocracking by comparing the value of a variety of refinery stocks as hydrocracking feed as compared to their more normal alternate disposition.
Activation energy calculation from a linearly‐increasing‐temperature experiment
Authors: Ingraham T. R. , Marier P.
Published: February 2011

A simplified method has been developed for the determination of the activation energy of a heterogeneous reaction having linear kinetics.

The thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate has been used as an example and it has been shown that when the logarithm of the weight loss per unit area of powder compacts is plotted against the reciprocal of absolute temperature, for a run done with a linear heating rate, a linear relationship is obtained. When the logarithms of the heating rate and the absolute temperature are included, results for a variety of heating rates can be completely correlated. Heating rates of less than 5 degrees per minute are recommended.

An activation energy of 48.4 ± 2 kilocalories per mole has been estimated for the decomposition reaction and 7 ± 3 kilocalories per mole for the formation reaction.
Some segregation effects in packed‐fluidized beds
Authors: Sutherland J. P. , Wong K. Y.
Published: February 2011

In a fluidized bed, particles of different size are subject to a force imbalance that promotes segregation. However, in conventional gas‐fluidized systems this tendency is masked by the high solids mixing rates that exist. The addition of packing or baffles permits the use of high aspect ratios and also restricts large‐scale solids movement. As a result, segregation is more pronounced. Experiments have been carried out to assess the extent of segregation occurring in gas‐fluidized systems containing an open‐ended cylindrical screen packing. The degree of segregation has been found to depend on gas flow rate and bed height. Some rate studies have also been made.
Dehydrogenation of n‐butylenes over calcium nickel phosphate: Determination of relative adsorption coefficients
Authors: Firko J. , Alexander D. S.
Published: February 2011

The reaction rate constant, and the relative adsorption coefficients of steam and butadiene, were determined during the dehydrogenation of n‐butylenes over calcium nickel phosphate catalyst.

The calculated conversions from the integrated rate equation are in agreement with the experimental values obtained in a small reactor and with pilot plant data.

A method for estimating the conversions in commercial units at different operating conditions has been indicated.
Computational Investigation of the Effect of pH on the Color of Firefly Bioluminescence by DFT
Authors: Pinto da Silva Luís , Esteves da Silva Joaquim C. G.
Published: February 2011

In spite of recent advances towards understanding the mechanism of firefly bioluminescence, there is no consensus about which oxyluciferin (OxyLH2) species are the red and yellow‐green emitters. The crystal structure of Luciola cruciata luciferase (LcLuc) revealed different conformations for the various steps of the bioluminescence reaction, with different degrees of polarity and rigidity of the active‐site microenvironment. In this study, these different conformations of luciferase (Luc) are simulated and their effects on the different chemical equilibria of OxyLH2 are investigated as a function of pH by means of density functional theory with the PBE0 functional. In particular, the thermodynamic properties and the absorption spectra of each species, as well as their relative stabilities in the ground and excited states, were computed in the different conformations of Luc. From the calculations it is possible to derive the acid dissociation and tautomeric constants, and the corresponding distribution diagrams. It is observed that the anionic keto form of OxyLH2 is both the red and the yellow‐green emitter. Consequently, the effect of Luc conformations on the structural and electronic properties of the Keto‐(−1) form are studied. Finally, insights into the Luc‐catalyzed light‐emitting reaction are derived from the calculations. The multicolor bioluminescence can be explained by interactions of the emitter with active‐site molecules, the effects of which on light emission are modulated by the internal dielectric constant of the different conformations. These interactions can suffer also from rearrangement due to entry of external solvent and changes in the protonation state of some amino acid residues and adenosine monophosphate (AMP).
Stability‐indicating methods for the determination of mosapride citrate in the presence of its degradation products according to ICH guidelines
Authors: Hegazy Maha A. , Yehia Ali M. , Mostafa Azza A.
Published: February 2011

In the present work, different spectrophotometric methods and one spectrofluorimetric method have been developed and validated for the determination of mosapride citrate in the presence of its acid‐induced degradation products. The drug was subjected to stress stability study including acid, alkali, oxidative, photolytic, and thermal stress degradation. The developed spectrophotometric methods included the use of first order derivative (1D), derivative of ratio spectra (1DD), mean centring of ratio spectra (MC) and H‐point standard additions (HPSAM) spectrophotometric methods. For 1D method, the peaks amplitudes at 282.8 and 319.6 nm were measured, while for 1DD method those at 308 nm and 323 nm were measured. Mean centring of ratio spectra method used the values at 317 nm for calibration, while for HPSAM the absorbance at 273 and 288.6 nm were used. These methods were successfully applied for determination of mosapride in the concentration range of 5–70 µg.ml−1. The spectrofluorimetric method was based on measuring the native fluorescence of mosapride in 0.1 M NaOH using λexcitation 276 nm and λemission 344 nm and 684 nm with linearity ranges of 50–3000 ng.ml−1 and 50–9000 ng.ml−1, respectively. All the developed methods were validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines and were applied for bulk powder and dosage form. The results obtained were statistically compared to each other using one‐way ANOVA testing. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The emergence and analysis of synthetic cannabinoids
Authors: Hudson Simon , Ramsey John
Published: February 2011

In late 2008, several synthetic cannabinoids were detected in herbal smoking mixtures. Typical of these products were ‘Spice Gold’, ‘Spice Silver’ and ‘Yucatan Fire’, but many other products have since appeared. The analytes detected, such as JWH‐018 and CP47,497 are experimental compounds, some of which were never designed for human use.

Both scientific and anecdotal evidence suggest that these compounds are more potent than traditional cannabis and are being widely used. As a result, authorities around the world are now beginning to control them by either naming individual compounds or using generic legislation.

This, however, is easier said than done as the synthetic cannabinoids detected are constantly changing in attempts by manufacturers to evade legislation.

This paper includes background information in the style of a brief monograph, as an aid to rapidly understanding the pharmacological aspects of these compounds in the forensic context, and then presents a comprehensive set of data, obtained from analysis of purchased products by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
{Rh(PiBu3)2}+ Fragments Ligated to Arenes: From Benzene to Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons, Part I – An Experimental Approach
Authors: Woolf Anthony , Chaplin Adrian B. , McGrady John E. , Alibadi Muhsen A. M. , Rees Nicholas , Draper Sylvia , Murphy Frances , Weller Andrew S.
Published: February 2011

We report the synthesis, structural characterisation andsolution‐phase dynamics of a series of polyaromatic hydrocarbon complexes of the 12‐electron {Rh(PiBu3)2}+ fragment. Crystal structures of this fragment with benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, pyrene, triphenylene and coronene are described, alongside their solution NMR spectroscopic data. The ligands map out a systematic increase in size of the aromatic subunit, and represent an approach to the limiting case of coordination to a graphene surface. The solid‐state and solution structures of a {Rh(COD)}+ fragment coordinated to a hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronene are also reported.
{Rh(PiBu3)2}+ Fragments Ligated to Arenes: From Benzene to Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons, Part II – Computational Analysis of Pathways for Haptotropic Migration
Authors: Woolf Anthony , Alibadi Muhsen A. M. , Chaplin Adrian B. , McGrady John E. , Weller Andrew S.
Published: February 2011

Density functional theory has been used to probe the structures and solution dynamics of a series of polyaromatichydrocarbon complexes of the 12‐electron fragment {Rh(PiBu3)2}+. These studies suggest that the strength of the binding of the metal to the hydrocarbon surface is controlled by the electronic demands of both the metal (16‐electron configuration) and ligand (maximum retention of aromaticity). In cases where these two factors can be satisfied simultaneously an energetically isolated equilibrium structure emerges and haptotropic shifts are blocked. In cases where a compromise between the requirements of the metal and ligand is unavoidable the potential energy surface is rather flatter, leading to rapid haptotropic shifts between near iso‐energetic isomers.
High‐resolution temperature observations to monitor soil thermal properties as a proxy for soil moisture condition in clay‐shale landslide
Authors: Krzeminska Dominika M. , Steele‐Dunne Susan C. , Bogaard Thom A. , Rutten Martine M. , Sailhac Pascal , Geraud Yves
Published: February 2011

The heterogeneity of hillslope material and variations in its hydrological characteristics affect the spatial and temporal fluctuation of soil moisture patterns within a landslide. Moisture conditions of the unsaturated zone influence the distribution, intensity and time delay of groundwater recharge from precipitation. High‐resolution monitoring of hydrological features of the near‐surface soil layer is necessary to advance understanding of the temporal behaviour of complex landslides and their displacement dynamics. This paper aims to show the potential of high temporal and spatial resolution temperature sensing for hydrological analysis of unstable slopes. The main focus of this research is to detect the spatial and temporal variation in soil moisture conditions through the monitoring of soil thermal properties. We present qualitative and quantitative analyses of soil temperature data collected during three field campaigns in the black marls mudslide of Super‐Sauze (France). The temperature data are used to determine soil thermal parameters that are affected by bulk density and soil moisture content. On the basis of the spatial and temporal variation of the soil thermal parameters, the information about soil moisture content fluctuations could be obtained. Promising empirical relationships between apparent thermal diffusivity and soil moisture content have been obtained when accounting for local heterogeneities in soil characteristics. Furthermore, the requirements and limitation of the proposed methodology for clay shale material is elaborated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New insights into the prevention and treatment of familial breast cancer
Authors: Euhus David M.
Published: February 2011

Individuals who inherit a deleterious mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 are at very high risk for breast cancer but there are several strategies available for successfully managing this risk. Breast cancers that develop in the context of germline BRCA gene mutation present challenges for management but also opportunities. DNA damaging agents, like cisplatin, and the new class of drugs called PARP inhibitors exploit the underlying defect in DNA damage repair to great effect. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 103:294–298. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The promise of nanotechnology for solving clinical problems in breast cancer
Authors: Grobmyer Stephen R. , Morse David L. , Fletcher Bradley , Gutwein Luke G. , Sharma Parvesh , Krishna Vijay , Frost Susan C. , Moudgil Brij M. , Brown Scott C.
Published: February 2011

Approaches for breast cancer treatment are invasive, disfiguring, have significant side‐effects, and are not always curative. Nanotechnology is an emerging area which is focused on engineering of materials <100 × 10−9 m. There is significant promise for advancing nanotechnology to improve breast cancer diagnosis and treatment including non‐invasive therapy, monitoring response to therapy, advanced imaging, treatment of metastatic disease, and improved nodal staging. Current approaches and important future directions are discussed. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 103:317–325. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical outcomes of the KYOCERA Physio Hinge Total Knee System Type III after the resection of a bone and soft tissue tumor of the distal part of the femur
Authors: Matsumine Akihiko , Ueda Takafumi , Sugita Takashi , Yazawa Yasuo , Isu Kazuo , Kawai Akira , Abe Satoshi , Yakushiji Toshitake , Hiraga Hiroaki , Sudo Akihiro , Uchida Atsumasa ,   The Japanese Musculoskeletal Oncology Group
Published: February 2011

Background and Objectives

The KYOCERA Physio Hinge Total Knee System Type III (PHKIII) was developed to reconstruct bony defects of the distal femur. The PHKIII is originative in that the metallic parts are fully made of titanium alloy, and this prosthesis has a unique semi‐rotating hinge joint and was designed especially for people with the Asian physical body‐type. The clinical outcomes of the PHKIII after the resection of musculoskeletal tumors of the distal femur were evaluated.

Methods

There were 41 males and 28 females with a median age of 48‐years. The median duration of follow‐up was 57 months.

Results

Eleven early complications and 37 late complications were observed, including 10 recurrences, 7 deep infections, 7 aseptic loosenings, 4 stem breakages, 4 displacements of shaft cap, and one wear of rotation sleeve. Twenty four prosthesis (35%) required a secondary operation because of complications. The five‐year overall prosthetic survival rates, ‐prosthetic survival rate without aseptic loosening, and ‐limbs preservation rate were 85%, 90%, and 86%, respectively. The mean functional score according to the classification system of the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society was 20.5 points (68%).

Conclusions

Although continuous follow‐up is required, reconstructions using PHKIII are considered to achieve more acceptable functional results. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 103:257–263. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dispersion and Exfoliation of Graphene in Rubber by an Ultrasonically‐Assisted Latex Mixing and In situ Reduction Process
Authors: Zhan Yanhu , Wu Jinkui , Xia Hesheng , Yan Ning , Fei Guoxia , Yuan Guiping
Published: February 2011

NR/GE composites were prepared by an ultrasonically‐assisted latex mixing and in situ reduction process. Graphene oxide was dispersed in NRL using an ultrasonic field and was then reduced in situ, followed by latex coagulation to obtain the NR/GE masterbatch. The results show that the process produces a much better dispersion and exfoliation of GE in the matrix and contributes to an increase in the tensile strength compared to conventional direct mixing. Compared to pure rubber, the tensile strength and tear strength for NR/(2 wt.‐%)GE composites were increased by ≈47 and 50%, respectively. With increasing GE content, the maximum torque, crosslink density, elastic modulus, and thermal conductivity of NR/GE composites were found to increase.

magnified image
Night time fog detection using MODIS data over Northern India
Authors: Chaurasia Sasmita , Sathiyamoorthy V. , Paul Shukla Bipasha , Simon B. , Joshi P. C. , Pal P. K.
Published: February 2011

An algorithm for night time fog detection using satellite data was used to study 2009 and 2010 fog episodes over the North Indian plains. The algorithm employs a bispectral thresholding technique involving brightness temperature difference (BTD) between two spectral channels: 3.9 and 10.75 µm, combining radiative transfer simulations and satellite data. The prolonged fog episode of January 2010 was analysed in detail using this algorithm in conjunction with the meteorological parameters and it was found that upper tropospheric long waves passed over this region during the fog episode. These waves affect the circulation close to the surface and appear to have played an important role in the formation and persistence of fog during 2010. The present thresholding method can be used to monitor night time fog over the Indian subcontinent on an operational basis using the forthcoming geostationary satellite INSAT‐3D. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Spectral analysis and preconditioning techniques for radial basis function collocation matrices
Authors: Cavoretto R. , De Rossi A. , Donatelli M. , Serra‐Capizzano S.
Published: February 2011

Meshless collocation methods based on radial basis functions lead to structured linear systems, which, for equispaced grid points, have almost a multilevel Toeplitz structure. In particular, if we consider partial differential equations (PDEs) in two dimensions, then we find almost (up to a ‘low‐rank’ correction given by the boundary conditions) two‐level Toeplitz matrices, i.e. block Toeplitz with Toeplitz blocks structures, where both the number of blocks and the block‐size grow with the number of collocation points. In Bini et al. (Linear Algebra Appl. 2008; 428:508–519), upper bounds for the condition number of the Toeplitz matrices approximating a one‐dimensional model problem were proved. Here, we refine the one‐dimensional results, by explaining some numerics reported in the previous paper, and we show a preliminary analysis concerning conditioning, extremal spectral behavior, and global spectral results in the two‐dimensional case for the structured part. By exploiting the recent tools in the literature, a global distribution theorem in the sense of Weyl is proved also for the complete matrix‐sequence, where the low‐rank correction due to the boundary conditions is taken into consideration. The provided spectral analysis is then applied to design effective preconditioning techniques in order to overcome the ill‐conditioning of the matrices. A wide numerical experimentation, both in the one‐ and two‐dimensional cases, confirms our analysis and the robustness of the proposed preconditioners. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The success and future of gender‐specific fundraising propositions
Authors: Pidgeon Stephen , Lockier Pauline
Published: February 2011

Men and women use language very differently in conversation. They also use different types of information, presented in different ways, to make decisions. And yet in a targeted appeal for support, which is essentially a proposition providing information and seeking a positive decision, no account is taken by charities of the gender of the recipient.

This paper argues that all appeals will, in the matter of a few years, be written in gender‐specific style, and cites focus‐group research and a recent direct mail test (producing an 85 per cent uplift in response), as well as extensive literature on the use of language by the sexes, to support this argument.
Marketing and the church: Should god be sold or found?
Authors: Devlin James F. , Ennew Christine T. , Hull Alison K. , Sherman Ann
Published: February 2011

Recent years have seen an expansion of marketing in social causes and not‐for‐profit activities; there continues to he considerable debate about the extent to which this simply reflects a pragmatic application of established marketing techniques or whether it truly reflects efforts to be genuinely market orientated. Indeed some may argue that the nature of social cause marketing is such that it is difficult, if not impossible, to be customer‐driven. The marketing of the Church is one manifestation of social cause marketing where marketing programmes are calculated to influence the acceptability of social ideas. The paper seeks to examine whether the marketing techniques and approaches used in relation to the Church are really marketing or just a form of selling. It is argued that the core product of the Church, salvation, is not really subject to modification in response to customer needs and thus that questions may arise about the possibility of genuinely marketing the Church. However, where there is a willingness to develop and modify the expected and augmented products in response to the changing needs and expectations of a ‘marketplace’, arguably there is evidence of marketing, not just selling.
Developing a marketing database in the voluntary sector
Authors: Doyle Shaun
Published: February 2011

This paper explores the key issues that need to be addressed in the development and implementation of a marketing database in the voluntary sector.
Small and medium‐sized charities need a strong brand too: Crisis' experience
Authors: Dixon Michelle
Published: February 2011

This paper looks at the benefits and constraints for smaller charities of developing a strong brand image and identity. It focuses on Crisis' own example as a medium‐sized charity of defining, creating and building its brand over the past 18 months and seeks to summarise the lessons it learnt. The paper is based on a presentation given by the author at the Henry Stewart Conference Studies' conference ‘Creating a brand image and identity for charities’.