bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Altered Subcortical Brain Volume and Cortical Thickness Related to Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Cao Zidong , Ge Limin , Lu Weiye , Zhao Kui , Chen Yuna , Sun Zhizhong , Qiu Wenbin , Yue Xiaomei , Li Yifan , Qiu Shijun
Published: October 2024

Purpose

The objective of this study is to examine the alterations in subcortical brain volume and cortical thickness among individuals diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through the application of morphometry techniques and, additionally, to investigate the potential association between these modifications and insulin resistance (IR).

Materials and methods

The present cross‐sectional study comprised a total of 121 participants (n = 48 with healthy controls [HCs] and n = 73 with T2DM) who were recruited and underwent a battery of cognitive testing and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). FreeSurfer was used to process the MRI data. Analysis of covariance compared discrepancies in cortical thickness and subcortical brain volume between T2DM and HCs, adjusting for the potential confounding effects of gender, age, education, and body mass index (BMI). Exploratory partial correlations investigated links between IR and brain structure in T2DM participants.

Results

Compared with HCs, individuals with T2DM demonstrated a cortical thickness decrease in the right caudal middle frontal gyrus, right pars opercularis, left precentral gyrus, and bilateral superior frontal gyrus. Furthermore, this study for T2DM found that the severity of IR was inversely related to the volume of the left putamen and left hippocampus, as well as the thickness of the left pars orbitalis, left pericalcarine, right entorhinal area, and right rostral anterior cingulate gyrus.

Conclusion

The evidence for structural brain changes in T2DM was observed, and alterations in cortical thickness were concentrated in the frontal lobes. Correlations between IR and frontal cortical thinning may serve as a potential neuroimaging marker of T2DM and lead to various diabetes‐related brain complications.
Comparison of Clinical Effects and Physical Examination of Transforaminal and Caudal Steroid Injection With Targeted Catheter in Lumbar Radiculopathy: A Single‐Blind Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Imani Farnad , Mohammad‐Esmaeel Faezeh , Morsalli Seyedeh‐Fatemeh , Ahani‐Azari Ali , Alimian Mahzad , Nikoubakht Nasim , Emami Azadeh
Published: October 2024

Background

Transforaminal and caudal epidural injections are two methods of steroid injection in lumbar radiculopathy. Using a targeted catheter with the possibility of accessing the involved spinal roots and steroid administration selectively next to them during the caudal procedure may achieve the benefits of both transforaminal and caudal procedures. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical effects and physical examinations of transforaminal steroid injection compared to caudal through a targeted catheter in lumbar radiculopathy.

Methods

Fifty patients with lumbar radiculopathy candidates for epidural steroid injection were divided into transforaminal (T) and caudal (C) groups. Steroid injection under fluoroscopic guidance was performed in group T with the transforaminal method and in group C with the caudal method using a targeted catheter for each involved spinal nerve root. Pain intensity visual analog scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), daily analgesic consumption, and physical examinations on four follow‐ups (before injection, second week, first and third month) were evaluated.

Results

Pain score (VAS) and functional disability index (ODI) were similar in both groups, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (p > 0.05). The positive Lasègue test was significantly higher in the caudal group than in the transforaminal group only in the third month (p < 0.05). Other physical examinations in both groups did not have significant differences in all the follow‐ups. Moreover, there was no difference in the amount of analgesic consumption in the two groups. No complications were observed in both groups.

Conclusion

This study showed that transforaminal and caudal steroid injection (with a targeted catheter) in patients with lumbar radiculopathy had similar effects in controlling pain and improving functional disability of patients in the short term. Cases of recurrence of positive Lasègue test in physical examinations in the long term (third month) in the caudal group may indicate the preference of the transforaminal approach.

Trial Registration

Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) number: IRCT20111102007984N31
Vertebral body density role in determining vertebral osteoporotic fracture type and its progression
Authors: Smorgick Yossi , Pelleg‐Kallevag Ruth , Lindner Dror , Anekstein Yoram , Goldstein Sergey , May Hila
Published: October 2024

Vertebral osteoporotic fractures (VOF) are among the most frequent fractures in the elderly, often leading to an impaired lifestyle and a high economic burden. Although a reduced bone mass density is considered one of the main risk factors for VOF, its role in determining the fracture type, using the AO spine‐DGOU classification for osteoporotic thoracolumbar fractures, as well as its progression, is unknown. The current study aimed to: (1) reveal whether the bone density of the vertebral bodies of fractured and non‐fractured vertebrae predicts the type of fracture, (2) examine whether bone density is associated with the initial and progressive collapse of the vertebral body, and (3) provide predictive measures for fracture progression. The study sample included 124 patients (40 males and 84 females) with an acute osteoporotic vertebral fracture who underwent a computerized tomography scan at the time of diagnosis and an x‐ray at least 3 months later. The bone density of the fractured and adjacent (non‐fractured) vertebrae was measured at diagnosis. The magnitude of the collapse and the progression of the fracture over time were calculated from height measurements of the vertebral bodies at diagnosis and follow‐up. Age was a significant factor in predicting the fracture type and magnitude of collapse, whereas sex and bone density were not. The severity of the fracture was involved in predicting its progression, demonstrating that severe‐type fractures tended to continue to collapse after diagnosis. However, when each type was examined independently, the density of the fractured vertebra had a protective effect on fracture progression. To conclude, identifying the type of fracture is beneficial in determining patient prognosis. Furthermore, the density of the fractured vertebra, the magnitude of collapse, and patient age are valuable predictors of fracture progression.
Address accessibility in generative AI policy development
Authors: Aquino Katherine C. , Lalor Adam R. , Parnther Ceceilia
Published: October 2024

At this point, you have heard about generative artificial intelligence and, most likely, dabbled with it. You may have tried out a prompt with Chat GPT or created an image using Microsoft Copilot. At first, you were a bit cautious, but it was less intimidating with practice. You felt these practice sessions were necessary — everyone is talking about generative AI — and, with yet another lecture or webinar scheduled on your campus to discuss generative AI, these “exercises” allow you to participate in the current higher education environment with some working knowledge.
Design, Synthesis of Flurbiprofen Based 1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles and Constrained Anticancer, Antioxidant Agents: In silico Docking Analysis
Authors: Bhoomandla Srinu , Chennuri Bharath Kumar , Sirisha Surapaneni , Ganji Saidulu , Trivedi Rashmi , Karunasri Ananthoju , Pandiri Sreedhar
Published: October 2024

Flurbiprofen, a primary component of a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to relieve symptoms of arthritis, and is a considerable interest in medicinal chemistry due to its demonstrated potential as an effective agent in various therapeutic applications. In consideration of the 1,3,4‐oxadiazole therapeutic potential and anticancer activity, a new series of flurbiprofen scaffolds have been prepared through a straightforward reaction between 5‐(1‐(2‐fluoro‐[1,1′‐biphenyl]‐4‐yl)ethyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole‐2‐thiol (4) and various organic active 2‐chloro‐N‐phenyl acetamides (5). The synthesized series (6a–6k) was characterized using a combination of spectroscopic techniques, including FT‐IR, mass, 1H‐NMR, and 13C NMR, followed by physical data. The cytotoxicity of the newly synthesized congeners was investigated against MCF‐7 (human breast cancer cell line) and A‐549 (human lung carcinoma epithelial) cell lines and anti‐inflammatory activity as DPPH and H2O2 radical scavenging ability. In the series, analogues 6c, 6e, 6h, and 6k showed excellent inhibitory activity against MCF‐7 cells in the range of IC50 values of 9.10–13.67 μg mL−1 compared to DXN (IC50=9.24 μg mL−1). In this series, analogues 6c, 6f, 6h, and 6j show remarkable H2O2 radical scavenging inhibition IC50 of 48.25±0.21, 47.33±0.15, 51.10±0.25, and 44.40±0.07 μM by using ascorbic acid as a standard, whose IC50 is 49.90±0.27 μM. According to the docking results, the most potent cytotoxic compounds have a stronger binding affinity with the Flurbiprofen complex (PDB: 1R9O) because of their interactions with residues such as Arg416(A), Trp103(A), Phe97(A), Gly279(A), Ile188(A), Glu283(A), Thr287(A), Val462(A), Phe459(A), Leu345(A), Ile417(A), and Cys418(A). Furthermore, in silico drug‐likeness prediction analysis suggested that the majority of the synthesized compounds exhibit good oral bioavailability based on their Lipinski's Rule of Five and toxicity using ADME/Tox predictions.
Antiproliferative Effects of Methanolic Fruit Extract of Solanum xenthocarpum (L.) on Human Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Maurya Saumya , Swati Kumari , Suvetha S. , Ghosh Mayukh , Yadav Pavan Kumar
Published: October 2024

Solanum xanthocarpum, a perennial herb native to India, contains steroidal glycoalkaloids with notable anticancer properties. This study investigated the antioxidant and antiproliferative effects of methanolic fruit extract of S. xanthocarpum on human breast cancer cells (MDA‐MB‐231). Phytochemical screening and LC‐HRMS analysis confirmed presence of various primary and secondary metabolites. Antioxidant activity was assessed through DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging, reducing power, and phosphomolybdate assays. The extract demonstrated significant antioxidant potential with EC50 values of 60.10±0.88 μg/mL (DPPH) and 392.29±3.93 μg/mL (ABTS). Cytotoxicity against MDA‐MB‐231 cells was evaluated via morphological analysis, MTT assays, and IC50 determination (24.19±0.56 μg/L). Apoptosis was confirmed using dual staining techniques (AO/EB, Hoechst 33342/PI, DAPI), revealing condensed nuclei, apoptotic bodies, and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, as indicated by Rhodamine staining. Additionally, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were observed using H2‐DCF‐DA staining. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extract were 127.78±3.547 mg GAE/g and 98.06±4.289 mg QE/g, respectively. These findings suggest that the methanolic fruit extract of S. xanthocarpum possesses strong antioxidant and anticancer activities, indicating its potential role in cancer treatment. Further studies are warranted to explore its bioactive compounds for developing novel anticancer therapies.
Physicochemical Properties and Biological Activities of Polysaccharides from Panax Notoginseng Separated by Fractional Precipitation
Authors: Yu Xiaohong , Peng Mengli , Liu Xiaocheng , Shang Yueling , Wang Dujun , Jin Wenbin , Li Fengwei
Published: October 2024

The dried root of Panax notoginseng is a medicinal and food ingredient. P. notoginseng polysaccharides (PNPs) have physicochemical properties, which have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to identify a method to separate the PNP fractions and investigate their activities. PNPs were prepared from roots by hot water extraction, deproteinization, and decolorization. PNP20, PNP40, and PNP60 fractions were isolated through stepwise ethanol precipitation at 20 %, 40 %, and 60 % concentrations, respectively. The three polysaccharide fractions were characterized using chromatography, spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis, and their moisture retention, antioxidant, and tyrosinase‐inhibition properties were evaluated. Monosaccharide composition analysis showed that the three PNPs contained mannose (Man), galacturonic acid (GalA), glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), and arabinose (Ara) in different molar ratios. HPGPC analysis demonstrated that the polysaccharides precipitated with higher ethanol concentrations had lower molecular weights (Mw). Furthermore, all PNPs had distinct moisturizing and hygroscopic properties and antioxidant activities, with PNP60 showing better antioxidant properties and a competitive mixture of hygroscopic properties and tyrosinase inhibition. The chemical composition and structural characteristics of PNPs could affect their functional attributes. PNP60 has the potential to be a moisturizer and antioxidant and could be used in the development of cosmetic ingredients.
Investigating the Anticancer Potential of Biochanin A in KB Oral Cancer Cells Through the NFκB Pathway
Authors: Nivedha Jayaseelan , Vennila Lakshmanan , Sindhu Ganapathy , Kanimozhi Kaliyamoorthi , Raj Tani Carmel
Published: October 2024

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignancy primarily affecting squamous cells. Its development is linked to multiple risk factors, such as alcohol and tobacco consumption, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and Epstein‐Barr Virus (EBV) infection. Biochanin A (BCA), a phytoestrogen extracted from red clover, has been extensively researched for its therapeutic properties. It spans antioxidant activity, anti‐inflammatory effects, neuroprotection, cardioprotection, and anticancer potential in different bodily systems. However, its impact on oral cancer remains unexplored. Therefore, this investigation aims to assess the potential anticancer effects of BCA, specifically on KB oral cancer cells. This study utilized KB cells to evaluate the impact of BCA on various cellular parameters, including cell viability, apoptosis, intracellular ROS production, mitochondrial membrane potential, and cell migration. BCA treatment induced several notable effects on KB cells, including reduced cell viability, altered morphology suggestive of apoptosis, heightened oxidative stress, and alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential. Moreover, BCA treatment demonstrated an inhibitory effect on cell migration. The study further investigated the impact of BCA on antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation, revealing decreased antioxidant enzyme activities and increased lipid peroxidation across different BCA concentrations (IC50 and IC90). Immunocytochemistry and qRT‐PCR analyses unveiled that BCA treatment at varying doses (IC50 and IC90) downregulated the expression of nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) subunits p50 and p65, pivotal players in cancer progression. In summary, this study sheds light on the promising potential of BCA as an anticancer therapeutic agent for treating oral cancer. Its demonstrated ability to induce apoptosis, perturb cellular functions, and modulate gene expression within cancer cells underscores its significance. Nonetheless, further research, particularly following animal studies, is imperative to comprehensively grasp the breadth of BCA's effects and its viability for clinical applications.
Chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention of anomalous coronary arteries: insights from the PROGRESS CTO registry
Authors: Hirata Gustavo M. , Rempakos Athanasios , Walker Boyd A. , Alexandrou Michaella , Mutlu Deniz , Choi James W. , Poommipanit Paul , Khatri Jaikirshan J. , Young Laura , Davies Rhian , Gorgulu Sevket , Jaffer Farouc A. , Chandwaney Raj , Jefferson Brian , Elbarouni Basem , Azzalini Lorenzo , Kearney Kathleen E. , Alaswad Khaldoon , Basir Mir B. , Krestyaninov Oleg , Khelimskii Dmitrii , Aygul Nazif , Abi‐Rafeh Nidal , ElGuindy Ahmed , Goktekin Omer , Rangan Bavana V. , Mastrodemos Olga C. , Al‐Ogaili Ahmed , Sandoval Yader , Burke M. Nicholas , Brilakis Emmanouil S. , Frizzell Jarrod D.
Published: October 2024

Background

There is limited information about the frequency and outcomes of chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in anomalous coronary arteries (ACA).

Methods

We examined the clinical and angiographic characteristics and procedural outcomes of CTO PCI in ACA among 14,173 patients who underwent 14,470 CTO PCIs at 46 US and non‐US centers between 2012 and 2023.

Results

Of 14,470 CTO PCIs, 36 (0.24%) were CTO PCIs in an ACA. ACA patients had similar baseline characteristics as those without an ACA. The type of ACA in which the CTO lesion was found were as follows: anomalous origin of the right coronary artery (ARCA) (17, 48.5%), anomalous origin of left circumflex coronary artery (9, 25.7%), left anterior descending artery and left circumflex artery with separate origins (4, 11.4%), anomalous origin of the left anterior descending artery (2, 5.7%), dual left anterior descending artery (2, 5.7%) and woven coronary artery 1 (2.8%). The Japan CTO score was similar between both groups (2.17 ± 1.32 vs 2.38 ± 1.26, p = 0.30). The target CTO in ACA patients was more likely to have moderate/severe tortuosity (44% vs 28%, p = 0.035), required more often use of retrograde approach (27% vs 12%, p = 0.028), and was associated with longer procedure (142.5 min vs 112.00 min [74.0, 164.0], p = 0.028) and fluoroscopy (56 min [40, 79 ml] vs 42 min [25, 67], p = 0.014) time and higher contrast volume (260 ml [190, 450] vs 200 ml [150, 300], p = 0.004) but had similar procedural (91.4% vs 85.6%, p = 0.46) and technical (91.4% vs 87.0%, p = 0.59) success. No major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were seen in ACA patients (0% [0] vs 1.9% [281] in non‐ACA patients, p = 1.00). Two coronary perforations were reported in ACA CTO PCI (p = 0.7 vs. non‐ACA CTO PCI).

Conclusions

CTO PCI of ACA comprise 0.24% of all CTO PCIs performed in the PROGRESS CTO registry and was associated with higher procedural complexity but similar technical and procedural success rates and similar MACE compared with non‐ACA CTO PCI.
Fluorination or Not in Small Molecule Solar Cells: Achieving a Higher Efficiency with Halogen‐Free End Group
Authors: Chen Yao , Tian Gengsui , Huang Peihao , Hu Dingqin , Xiao Zeyun
Published: October 2024

Fluorination is an efficient strategy for improving organic solar cells (OSCs) efficiency, particularly by fluorinating the end group of emerging nonfullerene acceptors. Here, the fluorination effect was investigated by using small molecule donors with fluorine‐free (SBz) and fluorinated (SBz‐F) end groups, paired with the emerging nonfullerene acceptor Y6. Interestingly and unexpectedly, fluorination of the end group negatively affects OSCs efficiency, with fluorine‐free SBz:Y6 OSCs achieving a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 11.05 % compared to the fluorine‐containing SBz‐F:Y6 blends (PCE=9.61 %). Analysis of space‐charge limited currents reveals lower and unbalanced hole/electron mobility in SBz‐F:Y6 compared to the SBz:Y6 blends. These findings are further supported by charge recombination dynamics and donor‐acceptor miscibility analyses.
Electrochemical Enantioselective Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Aldehydes with Aryl Iodides
Authors: Hu Liangjian , Le Blanc Lele Fosso Jospin , Guillot Régis , Mellah Mohamed , Schulz Emmanuelle
Published: October 2024

The preparation of enantioenriched diarylmethanol derivatives is described using nickel‐catalyzed electrochemical cross‐couplings between various alkyl/aryl aldehydes and aryl iodides. Performed in an electrochemical cell equipped with an iron anode and a nickel cathode, this electrocatalytic variant led to the scalemic targeted products in the presence of 2,2‐bis((4 R,5S)‐4,5‐diphenyl‐4,5‐dihydrooxazol‐2‐yl)acetonitrile (L2), as enantiopure cyano‐bis(oxazoline) ligand. X‐ray structure analysis of a pre‐catalyst, for instance the [Ni(II)(L2)2] complex, with L2 as an anionic bisoxazolinate ligand, confirms the chemical formulation of one nickel surrounded by two ligands. The redox behavior of the new Ni complexes generated in situ was first assessed by cyclic voltammetry showing a redox wave at ca. −1.5 V that can be assigned to the two‐electron reduction of the Ni(II) center to the Ni(0) state. Oxidative addition between the electrogenerated Ni(0) complex and aryl iodide was evidenced. An intense current was observed in presence of a mixture of the two substrates pertaining an electrocatalytic process. Interestingly, we found that the sacrificial iron anode plays a crucial role in the catalytic mechanism.
Carbon‐13 Hyperpolarization of α‐Ketocarboxylates with Parahydrogen in Reversible Exchange
Authors: McBride Stephen J. , MacCulloch Keilian , TomHon Patrick , Browning Austin , Meisel Samantha , Abdulmojeed Mustapha , Goodson Boyd M. , Chekmenev Eduard Y. , Theis Thomas
Published: October 2024

Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange (SABRE) is a relatively simple and fast hyperpolarization technique that has been used to hyperpolarize the α‐ketocarboxylate pyruvate, a central metabolite and the leading hyperpolarized MRI contrast agent. In this work, we show that SABRE can readily be extended to hyperpolarize 13C nuclei at natural abundance on many other α‐ketocarboxylates. Hyperpolarization is observed and optimized on pyruvate (P13C=17 %) and 2‐oxobutyrate (P13C=25 %) with alkyl chains in the R‐group, oxaloacetate (P13C=11 %) and alpha‐ketoglutarate (P13C=13 %) with carboxylate moieties in the R group, and phenylpyruvate (P13C=2 %) and phenylglyoxylate (P13C=2 %) with phenyl rings in the R‐group. New catalytically active SABRE binding motifs of the substrates to the hyperpolarization transfer catalyst – particularly for oxaloacetate – are observed. We experimentally explore the connection between temperature and exchange rates for all of these SABRE systems and develop a theoretical kinetic model, which is used to fit the hyperpolarization build‐up and decay during SABRE activity.
Assessment of reliability and availability of wireless sensor networks in industrial applications by considering permanent faults
Authors: Heidari Arash , Amiri Zahra , Jamali Mohammad Ali Jabraeil , Jafari Nima
Published: October 2024

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are critical for communication within a mile radius and industrial applications. These networks are very prone to failure due to their enormous number of nodes and their unique hardware and software restrictions. To make sure network performance, a lot of study needs to be done to improve failure tolerance and stability. This study looks at how to judge the availability and dependability of WSNs that have long‐term issues. The suggested method checks how well a network works in various failure cases by using fault trees and Markov chain analysis. Such methods help us find and study possible failure scenarios and how they might impact the network's dependability in a planned way. The results show that WSNs have major flaws and give useful suggestions for making the systems work better. The findings show that using these evaluation methods may greatly enhance the ability to handle faults, lower the risk of damage, and allow developers of WSNs to make smart choices.
Dropout From Psychological Interventions for Pathological Health Anxiety: A Three‐Level Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Shi Congrong , Wu Ying , Wei Hongrui , Xiao Yang , Lv Xiaohui , Ren Zhihong
Published: October 2024

This study aimed to provide the first comprehensive evidence on the prevalence and predictors of dropout in psychological interventions for pathological health anxiety. A database search in Web of Science, EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials identified 28 eligible randomized controlled trials (40 intervention conditions; 1783 participants in the intervention condition), published up to 18 June 2024. Three‐level meta‐analytic results showed a weighted average dropout rate of 9.67% (95% confidence interval [CI] [6.49%, 14.17%]), with dropout equally likely from treatment and control conditions (odds ratio = 1.07, 95% CI [0.80, 1.44]). Moderator analyses indicated no statistically significant effects of study, participant, treatment or therapist characteristics, except for the country of study. These findings suggest that the average dropout rate is relatively low compared with those reported for other mental health conditions and highlight the importance of considering cultural and societal factors when evaluating treatment adherence. Future research should continue to explore the complex and multifaceted factors influencing dropout to improve the design and implementation of psychological interventions for pathological health anxiety.
Assessing realized genetic gains in biofortified cassava breeding for over a decade: Enhanced nutritional value and agronomic performance
Authors: Delgado Luis Fernando , Moreta Danilo E. , Morante Nelson , Lenis Jorge Ivan , Aparicio Johan Steven , Londoño Luis Fernando , Salazar Sandra Milena , Tran Thierry , Ospina Maria Alejandra , Melendez Jorge Luis Luna , Alzate Jhon Larry Moreno , Vargas Hernan Camilo , Duran Lizbeth Pino , Alpala Elvia Amparo Rosero , Zhang Xiaofei
Published: October 2024

Biofortified cassava (Manihot esculenta) plays a crucial role in enhancing the nutritional value of this essential staple, particularly in regions with limited dietary diversity and prevalent nutritional deficiencies. The cassava program at the International Center of Tropical Agriculture has dedicated over a decade to increase β‐carotene content in biofortified cassava, simultaneously focusing on improving yield, dry matter, and plant architecture. This paper presents realized genetic gains in biofortified cassava by analyzing the data from replicated multilocation breeding yield trials at the target population of environments spanning a 10‐year period (2013–2022). Following data curation, we observed significant positive genetic gains per year for β‐carotene content (7.03%), fresh yield (4.15%), dry matter content (0.55%), and height at the first branch (1.29%). A negative correlation between β‐carotene content and dry matter content was observed within 78% of trials. Moreover, our study uncovered a significant negative correlation between β‐carotene content and fresh root yield (r = −0.22, p < 0.01) and an unfavorable positive correlation between β‐carotene content and the number of branches (r = 0.23, p < 0.01). Such negative correlations between β‐carotene content and farm‐preferred traits presented substantial challenges for the development of biofortified cassava varieties. This research showed significant genetic gains and navigated the complexities of biofortified cassava development, providing breeding insights to enhance nutritional value while optimizing agronomic performance.
High‐Gain Z‐Source DC‐DC Converter With Low Voltage Stress for Photovoltaic Power Systems
Authors: Zhou Kai , Gao Shuchun , Li Zheng , Wang Jiulong
Published: October 2024

In photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems, to obtain the best energy conversion efficiency, effective DC‐DC converters must balance the solar panels output voltage with the voltage on the DC bus. The converter is designed to have low voltage stresses on each device, and it has the characteristics of a wide input range and high gain. The following actions were done to confirm that the proposed converter had a number of features appropriate for PV systems and an experimental verification platform was established based on theoretical analysis and small‐signal modeling. The input range of the scaled‐down experimental prototype is 40–80 V, with a rated output of 400 V and a rated power of 200 W. The experiment confirms the accuracy and feasibility of the theoretical analysis for the converter.
Enhancing Performance of In‐Direct Matrix Converter Through Improved PWM Techniques for Reduced Switching Loss and Optimal DC‐Link Voltage
Authors: Ahmad Khanday Sajid , Hamid Bhat Abdul , Chandra Sekhar Obbu
Published: October 2024

This article presents a comprehensive investigation into the improved operation of an in‐direct matrix converter (IMC) through the application of improved pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques. Matrix converters (MCs) draw a discontinuous and distorted input current from the AC source, reducing the input power factor and increasing harmonics. The primary objectives of this work are to maximize the DC‐link voltage and improve source current while simultaneously minimizing switching losses and the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the load voltage, thereby improving power quality standards. To achieve these goals, a symmetrical space vector PWM technique (SSVPWM) is employed on the rectifier side, and an improved bus‐clamping PWM technique (BCPWM) is implemented on the inverter side. By strategically controlling the switching patterns, the DC‐link voltage is maximized while adhering to the voltage and current constraints of the switching devices, which improves the input power factor and hence the overall power quality. Additionally, this technique optimizes the operation of the IMC, leads to a reduction of current ripple, and reduces switching losses, thereby leading to higher efficiency. The core principle behind this research lies in the decoupled control of the rectifier and inverter stages, allowing for independent optimization and maximum system performance. By carefully manipulating the modulation indices, the harmonic content in the output voltage is significantly minimized which is vital for applications requiring a high‐quality and low‐distortion power supply. Simulation studies substantiate the efficacy of the independent control approach, showcasing improvements in DC‐link voltage maximization, switching loss reduction, and reduced output voltage THD. Furthermore, the validation of the real‐time implementation of this study was carried out making use of the OPAL‐RT (OP4510) real‐time simulator.
Inflammatory‐associated myeloid dendritic cells reveals associations between chronic lung diseases and lung cancer
Authors: Chen Zhiyu , Zou Jiawei , Deng Fulan , Chu Yaoqing , Tan Lianjiang , Zou Xin , Hao Jie
Published: October 2024

The high risk of patients with chronic lung diseases in developing into lung cancer has been recognised, but the key factors driving such procedure are still barely known. Dendritic cells (DCs) as major antigen presenting cells take part in the immune response in the very upstream, and myeloid DCs regulate the inflammation in pulmonary diseases. In this article, we performed single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) analyses on DCs from pulmonary diseases. We explore the DC characteristics in chronic lung diseases, lung cancer and healthy control samples. We discover that a special type of DC, which is highly associated with inflammatory, inf‐DC, is abundant in lung cancer samples. Furthermore, we find that there are about 10% patients with chronic lung diseases also has such inf‐DC‐rich pattern. Such proportion is consistent to the fact that about 10% chronic lung disease patients finally developed into cancer. Our findings indicate inf‐DC could be a potential factor to predict the risk of chronic lung disease developing into cancer.
Lymphocyte activation gene 3 served as a potential prognostic and immunological biomarker across various cancer types: a clinical and pan‐cancer analysis
Authors: Liu Yifan , Yao Yuntao , Yang Xinyue , Wei Maodong , Lu Bingnan , Dong Keqing , Lyu Donghao , Li Yuanan , Guan Wenbin , Huang Runzhi , Xu Guofeng , Pan Xiuwu
Published: October 2024

Objectives

Lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3), an inhibitory receptor in T‐cell activation, is a negative prognostic factor. However, its impact on tumours has yet to be comprehensively elucidated on a pan‐cancer scale. Thus, we aim to reveal its role at the pan‐cancer level.

Methods

We performed IHC staining on a retrospective cohort of 370 patients. Then we assessed the prognostic effect of LAG3 using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis. In pan‐cancer analysis, we constructed competing endogenous RNA and protein–protein interaction networks, conducted gene set enrichment analysis and identified correlations between LAG3 gene expression and various factors, including clinical characteristics, tumour purity, mutations, tumour immunity and drug sensitivity across 33 cancer types.

Results

LAG3 was expressed higher in normal kidney tissues than in tumours. A high level of LAG3 gene expression was an independent prognostic factor for OS (HR = 6.60, 95% CI = 2.43–17.90, P < 0.001) and PFS (HR = 3.44, 95% CI = 1.68–7.10, P < 0.001). In pan‐cancer analysis, LAG3 exhibited robust correlations with survival and tumour stages in various cancers. Moreover, LAG3 was strongly associated with immune‐related genes, proteins and signalling pathways. LAG3 gene expression was positively associated with increased infiltration of activated immune cells and decreased infiltration of several resting cells. LAG3 gene expression was associated with tumour mutation burden and microsatellite instability in multiple cancers.

Conclusion

High LAG3 gene expression was an independent risk factor in kidney neoplasms. It also functioned as a biomarker for prognosis, TIME and immunotherapy efficacy in the pan‐cancer dimension.
89Zr‐Labeled DFO@Durvalumab‐HSA nanoparticles: In vitro potential for triple‐negative breast cancer
Authors: Yurt Fatma , Özel Derya , Karagül Şeyma , Tunçel Ayça , Durkan Kübra , Medine Emin İlker
Published: October 2024

This study presents the development and evaluation of a DFO@mAb‐NP (DFO@Durvalumab‐HSA‐DTX nanoparticle) nanoplatform for imaging in triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC). The nanoplatform demonstrated significant changes postconjugation with DFO, evidenced by increased particle size from 178.1 ± 5 nm to 311 ± 26 nm and zeta potential alteration from −31.9 ± 3 mV to −40.5 ± 0.8 mV. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet spectral analyses confirmed successful DFO conjugation, with notable shifts in peak wavelengths. High labeling efficiency was achieved with 89Zr, as indicated by thin layer radio chromatography and high‐performance liquid radio chromatography results, with labeling efficiencies of 98 ± 2% for 89Zr‐DFO@mAb and 96 ± 3% for 89Zr‐DFO@mAb‐NP. The nanoplatforms maintained stability over 24 h, showing less than 5% degradation. Lipophilicity assays revealed logP values of 0.5 ± 0.03 for 89Zr‐DFO@mAb‐NP and 0.98 ± 0.2 for 89Zr‐DFO@mAb, indicating a higher lipophilic tendency in the radiolabeled Durvalumab. Cell uptake experiments showed an initial high uptake in MDA‐MB‐468 cells (45.1 ± 3.2%), which decreased over time, highlighting receptor‐specific interactions. These comprehensive findings suggest the promising potential of the DFO@mAb‐NP nanoplatform for targeted imaging in TNBC, with implications for improved diagnostic accuracy and treatment strategies.
Assessment of suitable region of Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. under different climatic conditions in China by the MaxEnt model and HPLC analysis
Authors: Zhang Tong , Lv Xiangyang , Zhao Qian , Zhang Caijuan , Yin Honglin , Deng Shuyu , Yan Gui , Wang Guangzhi , Cao Xiaoyan , Ou Hong , Shen Gang
Published: October 2024

Asparagus cochinchinensis is a member of the Asparagaceae family whose medicinal part is the dried root tuber. The distribution of A. cochinchinensis and its secondary metabolites are closely associated with environmental factors, such as climate and soil properties. By establishing and optimizing a maximum entropy model, we analyzed and predicted the distribution pattern and migration direction of suitable habitats for A. cochinchinensis and determined the main environmental factors affecting the accumulation of secondary metabolites. Under current climatic conditions, the area of suitable habitats for A. cochinchinensis (208.38 × 104 km2) accounts for 21.71% of the land area of China, and the areas of lowly, moderately, and highly suitable areas were 64.15 × 104 km2, 113.66 × 104 km2, and 30.57 × 104 km2, respectively. Under future climate scenarios, the total area of suitable habitats hardly changes. The area of highly suitable habitats significantly decreases under the SSP1‐RCP2.6 scenario (to 83.22% of the current value) and the SSP3‐RCP7 scenario (to 48.94% of the current value), but eventually increases to 112.86% of the current value under the SSP5‐RCP8.5 scenario, which indicates that A. cochinchinensis might adapt better to a high‐carbon‐emissions scenario. Under different climate scenarios, low‐impact areas mainly occur in southern China and will correspond 92.07% of the current suitable area. Highly suitable habitats primarily occur in the southeastern Sichuan Basin, northern Guangxi, eastern Guizhou, and western Hunan. HPLC analysis showed that the content of protodioscin (0.373%) and protogracillin (0.044%) in S2 was the highest. The total saponins contents of S1 and S2 were the highest, which were 35.6586 and 33.1262 mg/g, respectively. The total polysaccharide content of S9 was the highest (16.9467%). The total contents of saponins and polysaccharides in A. cochinchinensis were significantly, but oppositely, correlated with temperature, precipitation, and other factors. This study has identified environmental factors affecting the growth and quality of A. cochinchinensis, which has guiding significance for resource conservation and site selection for large‐scale cultivation.
Environmental DNA Particle Size Distribution and Quantity Differ Across Taxa and Organelles
Authors: Verdier Héloïse , Datry Thibault , Logez Maxime , Konecny‐Duprè Lara , Gauthier Maïlys , Lefébure Tristan
Published: October 2024

The use of environmental DNA to detect species is now widespread in freshwater ecology. However, the detectability of species depends on many factors, such as the quantity of eDNA particles available in the environment and their state (e.g., free DNA fragments, organellar, or aggregated DNA particles). To date, the most advanced knowledge of the production and state of DNA particles concerns teleosts. Most often, these studies target mitochondrial genes, since they are present in multiple copies in a cell. However, it is likely that the characteristics of eDNA molecules vary greatly among taxa and genetic compartments, with direct consequences for species detection. Using an indoor mesocosm experiment, we compared the rate of mitochondrial and nuclear eDNA production and particle size distribution (PSD) of four distinct and common aquatic taxa (zebrafish, tadpole, isopod and mollusk). The tank water was filtered through a series of filters with decreasing porosity and mitochondrial and nuclear eDNA at each size fraction were quantified by qPCR. We found that the production and the size of eDNA particles varied greatly among taxa and genetic compartments. For most taxa, the number of nuclear eDNA particles released in water was higher than that of mitochondrial origin. The PSD of mt‐eDNA showed a pattern common to all taxa: the relative number of particles increased from the smallest size fractions (0.2 μm and less) to the largest (over 1.2 μm), while the distribution of nu‐eDNA was very different from one taxon to another. We also observed a high temporal variability in the quantity of eDNA particles and in PSD, although the latter was more complex to model. These results call for caution in how to sample and analyze eDNA in aquatic environments, particularly for organisms that emit small particles in small quantities such as isopods.
What Your Face Says: How Signals of Communion and Agency Inform First Impressions and Behavioural Intentions
Authors: Aquino Antonio , Fontanella Lara , Walker Mirella , Haddock Geoffrey , Alparone Francesca Romana
Published: October 2024

Two studies investigated how facial signals of communion and agency intersect to shape first impressions. Study 1 primarily investigated how enhancing or reducing facial signals of communion or agency affected impressions of these dimensions. Results demonstrated that the manipulation of facial signals of communion affected impressions of both communion and agency, whereas the manipulation of facial signals of agency affected only impressions of agency. Secondly, data from Study 1 were used to categorize the Basel Face Database stimuli into the four cells of the stereotype content model (SCM). Study 2 investigated how combined facial signals of communion and agency impact individuals’ evaluations, emotions and behavioural intentions towards targets. Results showed that communion signals in faces have a stronger impact on overall evaluations and behavioural intentions compared to agency signals. Furthermore, in line with the SCM, specific combinations of communion and agency evoked distinct emotions: admiration (high communion–high agency), pity (high communion–low agency) and contempt (low communion–low agency). Together, the research emphasizes the primary role of communion in social perception, highlighting theoretical and practical implications.
Mathematical Modeling and Optimization of Enzyme‐Based Amperometric Screen‐Printed Biosensors Using Horseradish Peroxidase as a Model
Authors: Garcia Secchi Sabrina , da Rosa Silva Eduardo , Sales da Rocha Guilherme , Nicolini João Victor , Moitinho Alves Tito Lívio , Conceição Ferraz Helen
Published: October 2024

In this study, a mathematical model was formulated to characterize the functioning of third‐generation enzyme‐based amperometric biosensors. This study utilized a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)‐based, screen‐printed biosensor. The model parameters were determined using the Environment for Modeling Simulation and Optimization (EMSO), validated with experimental data, and exhibited high determination coefficients, indicating the accuracy of the models in capturing biosensor behavior. Simulations based on this model emphasize diffusion as a limiting factor. Further sensitivity analysis was conducted using simulated response surfaces and biosensor performance optimization, which confirmed that higher concentrations of HRP in the thinnest polymeric film resulted in enhanced biosensor sensitivity.
Electrochemical Biosensors in Diagnostic Medicine: Detecting Lung Cancer Biomarkers – A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Sales da Rocha Guilherme , Nicolini João Victor , Conceição Ferraz Helen
Published: October 2024

Electrochemical biosensors use biomolecules, such as proteins, enzymes, and antibodies, to translate the analytical signals detected in a sample. They have diverse applications including pesticide detection in agriculture, water analysis in various sectors, and biomedical and forensic diagnostics. With the estimated number of cancer cases in the US in 2024 being over two million, particularly lung cancer, which is notoriously difficult to diagnose early, the integration of biosensors into the Point‐of‐care Testing (PoCT) strategy can significantly improve the detection of cancer biomarkers, contributing to early diagnosis and successful treatment. Three‐dimensional (3D) printing is a promising alternative for reducing production costs and customizing devices in various ways. This review highlights recent trends and research on the development of electrochemical biosensors for early detection of lung cancer. These biosensors are expected to be more sensitive and selective for a variety of real samples and are precise, accurate, and stable during their commercialization. Significant progress has been made in the development of electrochemical devices for the early diagnosis of lung cancer, with various biomarker anchoring and detection strategies addressed throughout the study. Overcoming these challenges is key to advancing the use of these biosensors, thus improving diagnostic accuracy and enabling the successful treatment of lung cancer patients.
Enhancement of kefir functionality by adding black elderberry and evaluation of its quality during storage
Authors: Barazi Ümran , Arslan Seher
Published: October 2024

The research explored the influences of 2% and 4% heat‐treated fresh elderberry fruit mash supplement and 0.5% and 1% dried elderberry powder supplement before and after fermentation in kefir production on certain features of kefir beverage. Antioxidant activity, total monomeric anthocyanin, and total phenolic content were 16.69–75.67 (μmol TE/kg), 14.64–88.20 (mg cyn‐3‐gly/kg), and 167.94–531.33 mg GAE/kg in the samples during storage, respectively. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were higher in kefir samples produced with elderberry powder when compared to the other samples. It was determined that L* and b* increased with the decrease in the fruit supplement in kefir production, and L* and b* values were mostly higher in kefirs with fruit supplement before fermentation. The highest ACE inhibitor activity was observed in the kefir sample (1‐DEPre sample) with 1% dried elderberry supplement before fermentation on the first day of storage. It was determined that the general appreciation scores were above 3, and the samples produced mostly with dried elderberry powder were appreciated more when compared to the samples produced with fresh elderberry.
Effect of Boiling and Roasting Treatments on the Nutrients, Lipid Quality, and Flavor of Peanuts
Authors: Zhang Ying , Zhu Weichao , Jin Yuanbao , Xu Jiyuan , Zhou Wenlong , Shen Tingting , Yang Anshu , Wu Zhihua , Chen Hongbing
Published: October 2024

Roasted peanuts (OPs) are more often used in daily life than boiled peanuts (BPs); the main reason may be related to the pleasurable flavor in OPs. This study comparatively investigated the effects of boiling and roasting on nutritional components contents, taste, and aroma to reveal the advantages of roasting in terms of the nutrition and flavor of peanuts. Results showed that boiling increased fat content to 54.47% of peanuts, diluted or reduced sugar content to an undetectable level, noticeably changed the contents of poly/monounsaturated fatty acids, and significantly decreased the content of free amino acid (FAA, 1.05 mg/g peanuts) in peanuts. Roasting simply decreased the contents of sugar and FAA to 2.78 and 1.82 mg/g peanuts, respectively. Compared with roasting, boiling had more discernible effects on fatty acids and FAAs. Both BPs and OPs have good dietary lipid quality. In terms of flavor, OPs had more FAAs (2 types) that contributed remarkably to the taste of peanuts than BPs (0 types), more volatile substances (40 types) than BPs (12 types), and a higher number of key volatile aroma components (8 types) than BPs (3 types). That is, roasting induced a relatively small effect on nutritional components and gave peanuts a richer taste and stronger aroma than boiling; therefore, roasting is an ideal peanut processing method. This study proved the different changes in peanuts caused by boiling and roasting on a material basis and corroborated the irreplaceability of roasting in peanut processing.
Routine ultrasound does not improve instrument placement at operative vaginal delivery: An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Orabona Rossana , Fichera Anna , Scala Carolina , Londero Ambrogio P. , Prefumo Federico
Published: October 2024

Synopsis

Routine ultrasound before operative vaginal delivery does not improve the accuracy of instrument placement.