bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation and comparison of two models based on the Mie theory to predict 8–14 µm emissivity spectra of mineral surfaces
Authors: García‐Santos Vicente , Valor Enric , Caselles Vicente , Doña Carolina
Published: March 2016

Remote sensing is a powerful tool for studying the planetary regolith surfaces through emission in the thermal infrared region (TIR, 8–14 µm). Theoretical emissivity models are needed to interpret the measured data and eventually to get surface characteristics (such as the refraction index) through model inversion. A new era of orbiting satellites carrying Hyperspectral TIR sensors is coming, and the necessity of understanding the thermal emission of Earth and other planet surfaces at all wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum is of prime interest. In this paper we review most of the existing analytical models for predicting the emissivity spectra of minerals for different viewing angles, which are based on the Mie theory, and validated and compared two of them: the Hapke model with two compactness correction methods not tested yet and a model based on the δ‐Eddington approximation, which has not been validated for mineral surfaces. The validation was performed using measurements over two samples rich in quartz and gypsum, respectively. The Hapke model showed the best results when compared with the Warren‐Wiscombe‐Dozier (WWD) model with respect to measured data, showing a RMSE of ±0.04 in emissivity for particle diameter size of a quartz sample greater than 75 µm. This model also showed improvements with regard to results of past published works, after applying to Mie solutions the compactness correction proposed for the WWD model. These results were confirmed for a gypsum sample, a mineral different to the widely used quartz. Finally, the results showed the deficiencies of both models in simulating mineral emissivity around 8.7 µm, probably due to the underestimation of multiple scattering for large values of the imaginary part of the refractive index.
Ocean bottom pressure records from the Cascadia array and short surface gravity waves
Authors: Peureux Charles , Ardhuin Fabrice
Published: March 2016

The ocean bottom pressure records from eight stations of the Cascadia array are used to investigate the properties of short surface gravity waves with frequencies ranging from 0.2 to 5 Hz. It is found that the pressure spectrum at all sites is a well‐defined function of the wind speed U10 and frequency f, with only a minor shift of a few dB from one site to another that can be attributed to variations in bottom properties. This observation can be combined with the theoretical prediction that the ocean bottom pressure spectrum is proportional to the surface gravity wave spectrum E(f) squared, times the overlap integral I(f) which is given by the directional wave spectrum at each frequency. This combination, using E(f) estimated from modeled spectra or parametric spectra, yields an overlap integral I(f) that is a function of the local wave age
. This function is maximum for f∕fPM = 8 and decreases by 10 dB for f∕fPM = 2 and f∕fPM = 30. This shape of I(f) can be interpreted as a maximum width of the directional wave spectrum at f∕fPM = 8, possibly equivalent to an isotropic directional spectrum, and a narrower directional distribution toward both the dominant low frequencies and the higher capillary‐gravity wave frequencies.
Observational study of formation mechanism, vertical structure, and dust emission of dust devils over the Taklimakan Desert, China
Authors: Liu Chong , Zhao Tianliang , Yang Xinghua , Liu Feng , Han Yongxiang , Luan Zhaopeng , He Qing , Rood Mark , Yuen Wangki
Published: March 2016

A field observation of dust devils was conducted at Xiaotang over the Taklimakan Desert (TD), China, from 7 to 14 July 2014. The measurements of dust devil opacity with the digital optical method and the observed atmospheric boundary layer conditions were applied to investigate the dust devils' formation mechanism, vertical structure, and dust emissions. The critical conditions in the atmospheric boundary layer for dust devil formation were revealed with the land‐air surface temperature difference of higher than 15°C, the enhanced momentum flux and sensible heat flux up to 0.54 kg m−1 s−2 and 327 W m−2, respectively, the weak vertical wind shear with the low wind shear index α < 0.10, and the unstable stratification in the lower atmosphere. Based on observed dust opacities, it is identified that a typical dust devil was vertically structured with central updrafts and peripheral downdrafts of dust particles with the asymmetrically horizontal distribution of dust in a rotating dust column. The vertical flux of near‐surface dust emissions was also estimated in a range from 5.4 × 10−5 to 9.6 × 10−5 kg m−2 s−1 for a typical dust devil event over TD.
Synoptic conditions during wintertime temperature extremes in Alaska
Authors: Cassano John J. , Cassano Elizabeth N. , Seefeldt Mark W. , Gutowski William J. , Glisan Justin M.
Published: March 2016

The large‐scale atmospheric state associated with widespread wintertime warm and cold extremes in southern Alaska was identified using 1989 to 2007 European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Interim Re‐Analysis (ERA‐I) data. Extremes were defined as days with the coldest and warmest 1% of daily temperatures. Widespread extreme events were identified for days when at least 25 50 km grid cells in the study domain met the extreme temperature criteria. A total of 55 cold and 74 warm extreme days were identified in 19 winters. Composites of the atmospheric state from 5 days before through the day of the extreme events were analyzed to assess the large‐scale atmospheric state associated with the extremes. The method of self‐organizing maps (SOMs) was used to identify the range of sea level pressure (SLP) patterns present in the ERA‐I December–February data, and these SLP patterns were then used to stratify the extreme days by their large‐scale atmospheric circulation. Composites for all warm or cold extreme days showed less intense features than those for specific SLP patterns. In all of the composites temperature advection, strongest at 700 hPa, and anomalous longwave radiation were the primary factors that led to the extreme events. The anomalous downwelling longwave radiation was due to either reduced cloud cover, during cold extremes, or to increased cloud cover, during warm extremes. The SOM composites provided additional insight into the temporal evolution of the extreme days and highlighted different portions of southern Alaska most likely to experience temperature extremes for a given SOM SLP pattern.
Atmospheric histories and global emissions of halons H‐1211 (CBrClF2), H‐1301 (CBrF3), and H‐2402 (CBrF2CBrF2)
Authors: Vollmer Martin K. , Mühle Jens , Trudinger Cathy M. , Rigby Matthew , Montzka Stephen A. , Harth Christina M. , Miller Benjamin R. , Henne Stephan , Krummel Paul B. , Hall Bradley D. , Young Dickon , Kim Jooil , Arduini Jgor , Wenger Angelina , Yao Bo , Reimann Stefan , O'Doherty Simon , Maione Michela , Etheridge David M. , Li Shanlan , Verdonik Daniel P. , Park Sunyoung , Dutton Geoff , Steele L. Paul , Lunder Chris R. , Rhee Tae Siek , Hermansen Ove , Schmidbauer Norbert , Wang Ray H. J. , Hill Matthias , Salameh Peter K. , Langenfelds Ray L. , Zhou Lingxi , Blunier Thomas , Schwander Jakob , Elkins James W. , Butler James H. , Simmonds Peter G. , Weiss Ray F. , Prinn Ronald G. , Fraser Paul J.
Published: March 2016

We report ground‐based atmospheric measurements and emission estimates for the halons H‐1211 (CBrClF2), H‐1301 (CBrF3), and H‐2402 (CBrF2CBrF2) from the AGAGE (Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration global networks. We also include results from archived air samples in canisters and from polar firn in both hemispheres, thereby deriving an atmospheric record of nearly nine decades (1930s to present). All three halons were absent from the atmosphere until ∼1970, when their atmospheric burdens started to increase rapidly. In recent years H‐1211 and H‐2402 mole fractions have been declining, but H‐1301 has continued to grow. High‐frequency observations show continuing emissions of H‐1211 and H‐1301 near most AGAGE sites. For H‐2402 the only emissions detected were derived from the region surrounding the Sea of Japan/East Sea. Based on our observations, we derive global emissions using two different inversion approaches. Emissions for H‐1211 declined from a peak of 11 kt yr−1 (late 1990s) to 3.9 kt yr−1 at the end of our record (mean of 2013–2015), for H‐1301 from 5.4 kt yr−1 (late 1980s) to 1.6 kt yr−1, and for H‐2402 from 1.8 kt yr−1 (late 1980s) to 0.38 kt yr−1. Yearly summed halon emissions have decreased substantially; nevertheless, since 2000 they have accounted for ∼30% of the emissions of all major anthropogenic ozone depletion substances, when weighted by ozone depletion potentials.
General circulation driven by baroclinic forcing due to cloud layer heating: Significance of planetary rotation and polar eddy heat transport
Authors: Yamamoto Masaru , Takahashi Masaaki
Published: March 2016

A high significance of planetary rotation and poleward eddy heat fluxes is determined for general circulation driven by baroclinic forcing due to cloud layer heating. In a high‐resolution simplified Venus general circulation model, a planetary‐scale mixed Rossby‐gravity wave with meridional winds across the poles produces strong poleward heat flux and indirect circulation. This strong poleward heat transport induces downward momentum transport of indirect cells in the regions of weak high‐latitude jets. It also reduces the meridional temperature gradient and vertical shear of the high‐latitude jets in accordance with the thermal wind relation below the cloud layer. In contrast, strong equatorial superrotation and midlatitude jets form in the cloud layer in the absence of polar indirect cells in an experiment involving Titan's rotation. Both the strong midlatitude jet and meridional temperature gradient are maintained in the situation that eddy horizontal heat fluxes are weak. The presence or absence of strong poleward eddy heat flux is one of the important factors determining the slow or fast superrotation state in the cloud layer through the downward angular momentum transport and the thermal wind relation. For fast Earth rotation, a weak global‐scale Hadley circulation of the low‐density upper atmosphere maintains equatorial superrotation and midlatitude jets above the cloud layer, whereas multiple meridional circulations suppress the zonal wind speed below the cloud layer.
Changes in the trophic status of fish feeding guilds in response to flow modification
Authors: Delong M. D. , Thoms M. C.
Published: March 2016

Rivers are among the most extensively modified ecosystems globally. Identifying linkages between critical drivers of change and ecological response is challenging because of the myriad of ways rivers are modified. This study examines longer‐term relationships (>70 years) between the trophic status of fish and historical flow changes in rivers of the Mississippi Basin. The flow regime of each river is regulated but differs in terms of character of hydrological modification. Tissue samples from specimens obtained from museum collections were used for determination of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios. Questions asked were as follows: (1) Are there differences in stable isotope ratios of fish feeding guilds prior to and following hydrological modification? (2) What hydrological attributes are associated with isotopic changes? And (3) are corresponding changes in stable isotope ratios and hydrology identifiable across different spatial scales? Significant and sustained changes in stable isotope ratios of fish feeding guilds occurred immediately following flow regulation in all rivers. These changes were not associated with human‐induced biogeochemical alterations. The subsequent response was complex because (1) different guilds exhibited pronounced shifts in isotopic ratios, (2) hydrological modification differed between rivers, and (3) differences in stable isotopic ratios varied between spatial scales.
Sensitivity analysis of simulated SOA loadings using a variance‐based statistical approach
Authors: Shrivastava Manish , Zhao Chun , Easter Richard C. , Qian Yun , Zelenyuk Alla , Fast Jerome D. , Liu Ying , Zhang Qi , Guenther Alex
Published: March 2016

We investigate the sensitivity of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) loadings simulated by a regional chemical transport model to seven selected model parameters using a modified volatility basis‐set (VBS) approach: four involving emissions of anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic compounds, anthropogenic semivolatile and intermediate volatility organics (SIVOCs), and NOx; two involving dry deposition of SOA precursor gases, and one involving particle‐phase transformation of SOA to low volatility. We adopt a quasi‐Monte Carlo sampling approach to effectively sample the high‐dimensional parameter space, and perform a 250 member ensemble of simulations using a regional model, accounting for some of the latest advances in SOA treatments based on our recent work. We then conduct a variance‐based sensitivity analysis using the generalized linear model method to study the responses of simulated SOA loadings to the model parameters. Analysis of SOA variance from all 250 simulations shows that the volatility transformation parameter, which controls whether or not SOA that starts as semivolatile is rapidly transformed to nonvolatile SOA by particle‐phase processes such as oligomerization and/or accretion, is the dominant contributor to variance of simulated surface‐level daytime SOA (65% domain average contribution). We also split the simulations into two subsets of 125 each, depending on whether the volatility transformation is turned on/off. For each subset, the SOA variances are dominated by the parameters involving biogenic VOC and anthropogenic SIVOC emissions. Furthermore, biogenic VOC emissions have a larger contribution to SOA variance when the SOA transformation to nonvolatile is on, while anthropogenic SIVOC emissions have a larger contribution when the transformation is off. NOx contributes less than 4.3% to SOA variance, and this low contribution is mainly attributed to dominance of intermediate to high NOx conditions throughout the simulated domain. However, we note that SOA yields have a more complex nonlinear dependence on NOx levels, which needs to be addressed by more integrated model‐measurement approaches focused on gaining a better process‐level understanding of anthropogenic‐biogenic interactions. The two parameters related to dry deposition of SOA precursor gases also have very low contributions to SOA variance. This study highlights the large sensitivity of SOA loadings to the particle‐phase processes such as oligomerization that rapidly cause large decrease in the volatility of SOA, which is neglected in most previous models.
Thermal convection of temperature‐dependent viscous fluids within three‐dimensional faulted geothermal systems: Estimation from linear and numerical analyses
Authors: Malkovsky Victor I. , Magri Fabien
Published: March 2016

Linear stability analysis and numerical simulations of density‐driven flow are presented in order to estimate the effects of temperature‐dependent fluid viscosity variation on the onset of free thermal convection within a three‐dimensional fault embedded into impermeable rocks. The strongly coupled equations of density‐driven flow are linearized. The solution was obtained through expansion into Fourier series. Simple polynomial expressions fitting the neutral stability curves are given for a range of fault aspect ratios, fluid viscosity properties, and thermal conductivity heterogeneity, providing a new tool for the estimation of critical Rayleigh numbers in faulted systems. The results are validated against the limiting case of temperature‐invariant viscosity (i.e., constant). 3‐D numerical simulations of free convection within a fault are run using the finite element technique in order to verify the theoretical results. It turned out that at average geothermal temperature conditions, thermal convection can develop within faults which permeability is up to 4 times lower than the case of a fluid with constant viscosity, in agreement with the developed linear theory. The polynomial expressions of this study can be applied to any numerical model for testing the feasibility of fault convection in 3‐D geothermal basin.
Active tectonics west of New Zealand's Alpine Fault: South Westland Fault Zone activity shows Australian Plate instability
Authors: De Pascale Gregory P. , Chandler‐Yates Nicholas , Dela Pena Federico , Wilson Pam , May Elijah , Twiss Amber , Cheng Che
Published: March 2016

The 300 km long South Westland Fault Zone (SWFZ) is within the footwall of the Central Alpine Fault (<20 km away) and has 3500 m of dip‐slip displacement, but it has been unknown if the fault is active. Here the first evidence for SWFZ thrust faulting in the “stable” Australian Plate is shown with cumulative dip‐slip displacements up to 5.9 m (with 3 m throw) on Pleistocene and Holocene sediments and gentle hanging wall anticlinal folding. Cone penetration test (CPT) stratigraphy shows repeated sequences within the fault scarp (consistent with thrusting). Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating constrains the most recent rupture post‐12.1 ± 1.7 ka with evidence for three to four events during earthquakes of at leastMw 6.8. This study shows significant deformation is accommodated on poorly characterized Australian Plate structures northwest of the Alpine Fault and demonstrates that major active and seismogenic structures remain uncharacterized in densely forested regions on Earth.
Psychopathic traits mediate the association of serotonin transporter genotype and child externalizing behavior
Authors: Brammer Whitney A. , Jezior Kristen L. , Lee Steve S.
Published: March 2016

Although the promoter polymorphism of the serotonin transporter (5‐HTTLPR) gene is associated with externalizing behavior, its mediating pathways are unknown. Given their sensitivity to serotonin neurotransmission and unique association with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), we tested callous‐unemotional (CU) traits and narcissism as separate mediators of the association of 5‐HTTLPR with ADHD and ODD. We evaluated 209 5–9 year‐old children with and without ADHD at baseline; approximately 2 years later (i.e., Wave 2), parents and teachers separately rated ADHD and ODD symptoms and youth self‐reported antisocial behavior. Controlling for race‐ethnicity and baseline ADHD/ODD, narcissism uniquely mediated predictions of multi‐informant rated Wave 2 ADHD and ODD from variation in 5‐HTTLPR; CU traits mediated predictions of Wave 2 ADHD from variations in 5‐HTTLPR, but did not mediate the associations of 5‐HTTLPR with ODD or youth self‐reported antisocial behavior. Specifically, the number of 5‐HTTLPR long alleles positively predicted CU traits and narcissism; narcissism was positively associated with Wave 2 ADHD and ODD symptoms, whereas CU traits were positively associated with Wave 2 ADHD. Child sex also moderated indirect effects of CU traits and narcissism, such that narcissism mediated predictions of ADHD/ODD in girls but not boys. Psychopathic traits may represent a relevant pathway underlying predictions of prospective change in ADHD and ODD from 5‐HTTLPR, particularly in girls. We consider the role of psychopathic traits as a potential intermediate phenotype in genetically sensitive studies of child psychopathology. Aggr. Behav. 42:455–470, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Are Additional Tests Needed to Rule Out Axial Spondyloarthritis in Patients Ages 16–45 Years With Short‐Duration Chronic Back Pain and Maximally One Spondyloarthritis Feature?
Authors: Bakker P. A. C. , Ez‐Zaitouni Z. , van Lunteren M. , van den Berg R. , De Hooge M. , Fagerli K. M. , Landewé R. , van Oosterhout M. , Ramonda R. , Reijnierse M. , van der Heijde D. , van Gaalen F. A.
Published: March 2016

Objective

To investigate whether HLA–B27 testing and imaging of the sacroiliac joints are needed in patients with ≤1 spondyloarthritis (SpA) feature, referred to a secondary care setting, after medical history collection, clinical examination, and measurement of acute phase reactants.

Methods

Baseline data from patients in the Spondyloarthritis Caught Early (SPACE) cohort visiting the rheumatology outpatient clinic of 5 centers across Europe (with back pain ≥3 months, ≤2 years, onset at ages <45 years) were used. All patients underwent a full diagnostic work‐up: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and radiographs of the sacroiliac joints, HLA–B27 testing, and assessment of all other SpA features. Patients were diagnosed according to the treating rheumatologist and classified according to the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) axial SpA criteria.

Results

Of the 354 patients, 133 (37.5%) showed 0 or 1 SpA feature after medical history collection, physical examination, and measurement of acute phase reactants (38 without SpA features, 95 with 1 SpA feature). Of the patients with ≤1 SpA feature, 18.4% (with 0 SpA features) and 17.9% (with 1 SpA feature) were diagnosed with axial SpA according to the rheumatologist after additional investigations (HLA–B27 testing and sacroiliac joint imaging). Additionally, 4 of 38 patients (10.5%) without SpA features fulfilled the ASAS axial SpA criteria (all according to the imaging arm only: 2 as MRI+/modified New York criteria (mNY)+, 1 as MRI+/mNY−, and 1 as MRI−/mNY+). Of the 95 patients with 1 SpA feature, 22 (23.2%) fulfilled the ASAS axial SpA criteria (all according to the imaging arm only: 3 as MRI+/mNY+, 15 as MRI+/mNY−, and 4 as MRI−/mNY+).

Conclusion

In these patients in a secondary care setting with ≤1 SpA feature, axial SpA could not be ruled out without sacroiliac joint imaging and/or HLA–B27 testing.
A Triple‐Collaborative Strategy for High‐Performance Tumor Therapy by Multifunctional Mesoporous Silica‐Coated Gold Nanorods
Authors: Luo Guo‐Feng , Chen Wei‐Hai , Lei Qi , Qiu Wen‐Xiu , Liu Yu‐Xin , Cheng Yin‐Jia , Zhang Xian‐Zheng
Published: March 2016

To integrate treatments of photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and chemotherapy, this study reports on a multifunctional nanocomposite based on mesoporous silica‐coated gold nanorod for high‐performance oncotherapy. Gold nanorod core is used as the hyperthermal agent and mesoporous silica shell is used as the reservoir of photosensitizer (Al(III) phthalocyanine chloride tetrasulfonic acid, AlPcS4). The mesoporous silica shell is modified with β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) gatekeeper via redox‐cleavable Pt(IV) complex for controlled drug release. Furthermore, tumor targeting ligand (lactobionic acid, LA) and long‐circulating poly(ethylene glycol) chain are introduced via host–guest interaction. It is found that the nanocomposite can specifically target to hepatoma cells by virtue of the LA targeting moiety. Due to the abundant existence of reducing agents within tumor cells, β‐CD can be removed by reducing the Pt(IV) complex to active cisplatin drug for chemotherapy, along with the releasing of entrapped AlPcS4 for effective PDT. As confirmed by in vitro and in vivo studies, the nanocomposite exhibits an obvious near‐infrared induced thermal effect, which significantly improves the PDT and chemotherapy efficiency, resulting in a superadditive therapeutic effect. This collaborative strategy paves the way toward high‐performance nanotherapeutics with a superior antitumor efficacy and much reduced side effects.
Acidity‐Triggered Tumor‐Targeted Chimeric Peptide for Enhanced Intra‐Nuclear Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Han Kai , Zhang Wei‐Yun , Zhang Jin , Lei Qi , Wang Shi‐Bo , Liu Jia‐Wei , Zhang Xian‐Zheng , Han He‐You
Published: March 2016

Photodynamic therapy suffers from poor tumor selectivity and poor therapeutical efficacy. In this paper, an amphiphilic chimeric peptide is fabricated to realize sequential acidity‐responsive tumor‐targeted transport of photosensitizer and in situ photodynamic therapy in nuclei. In vitro studies demonstrate that the acidic tumor microenvironment successfully sheds the mask of cationic nuclear localization sequence (NLS) of the negatively charged chimeric peptide. This charge reversal remarkably accelerates cellular uptake of chimeric peptide in tumor cells and maximizes the photodynamic therapeutical efficacy in nuclei. Most importantly, direct disguise of the biofunctional NLS sequence decreases the complexity and increases the performance of the chimeric peptide further by achieving long blood retention time, specific tumor accumulation, minimal side effects, and efficient antitumor therapy in vivo.
Cancer Cell Internalization of Gold Nanostars Impacts Their Photothermal Efficiency In Vitro and In Vivo: Toward a Plasmonic Thermal Fingerprint in Tumoral Environment
Authors: Espinosa Ana , Silva Amanda K. A. , Sánchez‐Iglesias Ana , Grzelczak Marek , Péchoux Christine , Desboeufs Karine , Liz‐Marzán Luis M. , Wilhelm Claire
Published: March 2016

Gold nanoparticles are prime candidates for cancer thermotherapy. However, while the ultimate target for nanoparticle‐mediated photothermal therapy is the cancer cell, heating performance has not previously been evaluated in the tumoral environment. A systematic investigation of gold nanostar heat‐generating efficiency in situ is presented: not only in cancer cells in vitro but also after intratumoral injection in vivo. It is demonstrated that (i) in aqueous dispersion, heat generation is governed by particle size and exciting laser wavelength; (ii) in cancer cells in vitro, heat generation is still very efficient, but irrespective of both particle size and laser wavelength; and (iii) heat generation by nanostars injected into tumors in vivo evolves with time, as the nanostars are trafficked from the extracellular matrix into endosomes. The plasmonic heating response thus serves as a signature of nanoparticle internalization in cells, bringing the ultimate goal of nanoparticle‐mediated photothermal therapy a step closer.
Emerging Diluted Ferromagnetism in High‐Tc Superconductors Driven by Point Defect Clusters
Authors: Gazquez Jaume , Guzman Roger. , Mishra Rohan , Bartolomé Elena , Salafranca Juan , Magén Cesar , Varela Maria , Coll Mariona , Palau Anna , Valvidares S. Manuel , Gargiani Pierluigi , Pellegrin Eric , Herrero‐Martin Javier. , Pennycook Stephen J. , Pantelides Sokrates T. , Puig Teresa , Obradors Xavier
Published: March 2016

Defects in ceramic materials are generally seen as detrimental to their functionality and applicability. Yet, in some complex oxides, defects present an opportunity to enhance some of their properties or even lead to the discovery of exciting physics, particularly in the presence of strong correlations. A paradigmatic case is the high‐temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7‐δ (Y123), in which nanoscale defects play an important role as they can immobilize quantized magnetic flux vortices. Here previously unforeseen point defects buried in Y123 thin films that lead to the formation of ferromagnetic clusters embedded within the superconductor are unveiled. Aberration‐corrected scanning transmission microscopy has been used for exploring, on a single unit‐cell level, the structure and chemistry resulting from these complex point defects, along with density functional theory calculations, for providing new insights about their nature including an unexpected defect‐driven ferromagnetism, and X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism for bearing evidence of Cu magnetic moments that align ferromagnetically even below the superconducting critical temperature to form a dilute system of magnetic clusters associated with the point defects.
Flexible 3D Graphene Transistors with Ionogel Dielectric for Low‐Voltage Operation and High Current Carrying Capacity
Authors: Ameri Shideh Kabiri , Singh Pramod K. , D'Angelo Anthony J. , Panzer Matthew J. , Sonkusale Sameer R.
Published: March 2016

In this paper, an ionogel‐gated flexible 3D graphene transistor made from graphene foam, consisting of a network of few layers graphene, is reported. The presented transistor, fabricated on thin, 28 μm parylene, flexible substrate, demonstrates low‐voltage operation (≤2.5 V) and exhibits 4.78 times higher current capacity than previously reported liquid‐gated 3D graphene transistor fabricated on glass substrate. This is also 26.72 times higher current capacity (93 mA at 2 V applied VD) than the equivalent long channel (≈600 μm) 2D transistor device. The high current capacity and low operating voltage of this transistor are attributed to higher surface area, 3D structure of the transistor, and the high capacitive coupling between the ionogel gate and graphene. The transistor is thoroughly characterized for I–V characteristics and evaluated for circuit functionality. As a representative example, high current capacity was demonstrated by driving an LED where brightness depends on the current level through them which was tuned using the gate bias of the 3D transistor. The proposed transistor may find application in large‐area electronics for interactive displays and for large‐area sensors in structural health monitoring.
Monte Carlo modeling of fluidized bed coating and layering processes
Authors: Rieck Christian , Bück Andreas , Tsotsas Evangelos
Published: March 2016

A stochastic modeling approach based on a Monte Carlo method for fluidized bed layering and coating is presented. In this method, the process is described by droplet deposition on the particle surface, droplet drying and the formation of a solid layer due to drying. The model is able to provide information about the coating coverage (fraction of the particle surface covered with coating), the particle‐size distribution, and the layer thickness distribution of single particles. Analytical solutions for simplified test cases are used to validate the model theoretically. The simulation results are compared with experimental data on particle‐size distributions and layer thickness distributions of single particles coated in a lab‐scale fluidized bed. Good agreement between the simulation results and the measured data is observed. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2670–2680, 2016
Development of gas‐phase SMB technology for light olefin/paraffin separations
Authors: Martins Vanessa F. D. , Ribeiro Ana M. , Santos João C. , Loureiro José M. , Gleichmann Kristin , Ferreira Alexandre , Rodrigues Alírio E.
Published: March 2016

The separation of ethylene from ethane is particularly complex due to their similar physical properties. Cryogenic distillation is the most common technology employed for this separation and is one of the most expensive operations in industry, being the driving force for the ongoing research to find a more cost‐effective alternative. In the present work, a gas‐phase simulated moving bed (SMB) bench unit was employed to produce polymer‐grade ethylene from ethane/ethylene mixtures, using binderless 13X zeolite beads as adsorbent, and propane as desorbent. The achieved performance parameters demonstrated the high efficiency of the current technology, since ethylene was obtained with a purity of 99.8%, a recovery of 99.8%, and a productivity of 59.7 kgC2H4·h−1·
. Considering the encouraging results obtained it is fair to say that the gas‐phase SMB is a competitive and strong candidate as alternative to the conventional process, especially when combined with enhanced performance adsorbents, such as binderless zeolites. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2490–2500, 2016
Multi‐scale analysis of acoustic emission signals in dense‐phase pneumatic conveying of pulverized coal at high pressure
Authors: He Lelu , Yang Yao , Huang Zhengliang , Liao Zuwei , Wang Jingdai , Yang Yongrong
Published: March 2016

Acoustic emission technique in conjunction with multiscale processing method has been utilized to investigate the flow behavior of the dense‐phase pneumatic conveying system at high pressure. A clearly defined classification of microscale, mesoscale, and macroscale signals has been put forward with the aid of wavelet transform and V statistics analysis. The detailed signals d1–d4, d5–d7, d8–d10were recomposed into the microscale, mesoscale, and macroscale signals, respectively, which represent microscale particle‐wall interactions, mesoscale interaction between gas phase and solid phase (such as bubbles, plugs, dunes), and macroscale flow‐induced pipe vibration. Further analysis shows that as the mass flow rate of pulverized coal increases, the energy fraction (energy of detailed signal divided by the energy of original signal) of microscale signals decreases while that of mesoscale signals increases, which indicates that particles are more likely to move as particle aggregates than individual particles when mass flow rate increases. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical EngineersAIChE J, 62: 2635–2648, 2016
Changes in the mandibular angle during adulthood in South Africans
Authors: Oettlé Anna C. , Ehlers René , Steyn Maryna
Published: March 2016

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to measure the mandibular angle as a reflection of the biomechanical forces acting on the mandible and relate it to aging and loss of teeth.

Methods

A total of 717 mandibles of adult individuals were selected from the Pretoria Bone Collection. These mandibles were allocated to dentition subgroups according to their pattern of tooth loss. The angle of the mandible was measured with a mandibulometer. The variation in the mandibular angle was statistically analyzed by age regressions and comparisons between adjusted means of dentition subgroups.

Results

Aging per se was not associated with a greater mandibular angle. With limited tooth loss, aging was associated with a smaller mandibular angle in females. Generally the mandibular angle increased with tooth loss and was accentuated when an even occlusion pattern was lost rather than with more extensive tooth loss. A more pronounced increase in mandibular angle with tooth loss was noted in females and individuals of European ancestry.

Conclusions

Tooth loss and not aging is associated with an increase in the mandibular angle. Masculinity and being from African ancestry provided some protection against an increase in the mandibular angle with tooth loss. The accentuated increase in the mandibular angle when an even occlusion pattern was disturbed supports the notion that an uneven loss of teeth was indeed associated with inefficient mastication. The unexpected decrease in angle noted in females with aging but limited tooth loss may be indicative of constructive changes beyond puberty. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:681–686, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Association between sedentary behavior time and waist‐to‐height ratio in preschool children
Authors: Mota Jorge , Silva Dos Santos Sandra , Santos Amanda , Seabra André , Vale Susana
Published: March 2016

Objectives

To explore the association between sedentary behavior time (SB), and waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR) in preschool children.

Methods

This study included 646 preschool children (4‐ to 6‐years old). WHtR was calculated as the ratio of waist/height with a cutoff of 0.5 used to define risk of abdominal obesity. Sedentary behavior was measured during 7 consecutive days by accelerometer. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between SB and WHtR.

Results

The prevalence of central obesity (WHtR) was 52.4 and 39.2% for girls and boys, respectively. Boys classified as being at risk for central obesity were more likely to spend more time in SB (OR: 1.6; CI: 1.1–2.5; P ≤ 0.05), adjusted by age (P ≤ 0.001).

Conclusions

Our data suggested that boys classified as having higher SB were more likely to having more central obesity. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:746–748, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Early severe scoliosis in a patient with atypical progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia (PPD): Identification of two WISP3 mutations, one previously unreported
Authors: Montané Lucia Sentchordi , Marín Oliver R. , Rivera‐Pedroza Carlos I. , Vallespín Elena , del Pozo Ángela , Heath Karen E.
Published: March 2016

Progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia (PPD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia associated with pain and stiffness of multiple joints, enlargement of the interphalangeal joints, normal inflammatory parameters, and absence of extra‐skeletal manifestations. Homozygous or compound heterozygous WISP3 mutations cause PPD. We report two siblings from a non‐consanguineous Ecuadorian family with a late‐onset spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia. Mutation screening was undertaken in the two affected siblings using a customized skeletal dysplasia next generation sequencing (NGS) panel and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Two compound heterozygous mutations were identified in WISP3 exon 2, c.[190G>A];[197G>A] (p.[(Gly64Arg)];[(Ser66Asn)]) in the two siblings, both of which had been inherited. The p. (Gly64Arg) mutation has not been previously described whilst the p. (Ser66Asn) mutation has been reported in two PPD families. The two siblings presented with atypical PPD, as they presented during late childhood, yet the severity was different between them. The progression was particularly aggressive in the male sibling who suffered severe scoliosis by the age of 13 years. This case reaffirms the clinical heterogeneity of this disorder and the clinical utility of NGS to genetically diagnose skeletal dysplasias, enabling adequate management, monitorization, and genetic counseling. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Carbonylation of Csp3−H Bonds through Oxidative Wittig‐Type Reaction: An Unprecedented Version of Wittig Reaction
Authors: Zhu Yingzu , Lü Shiwei , Ma Xingge , Zhang Liang , Luo Liangliang , Jia Xiaodong
Published: March 2016

A Wittig‐type reaction was achieved by radical cation salt induced aerobic oxidation of Csp3−H bonds. Different from the “standard” version of the Wittig reaction, in which a carbon‐carbon double bond is formed from a carbonyl, carbonyl groups can be installed by similar process.
Copper‐Catalyzed Regioselective Sulfenylation of Indoles with Arylsulfonyl Chlorides
Authors: Wu Zhimeng , Li Yan‐Chun , Ding Wen‐Zhang , Zhu Tao , Liu Shao‐Zhong , Ren Xuehong , Zou Liang‐Hua
Published: March 2016

A copper‐catalyzed regioselective sulfenylation of indoles and a pyrrolo[2,3‐b]pyridine with arylsulfonyl chlorides has been developed by using low loadings of a copper catalyst and the cheap reductant PPh3. This method is effective for both N‐protected and unprotected indoles, providing a series of structurally diverse indole thioethers in good to excellent yields with extremely high regioselectivity.
Towards intrinsic phonon transport in single‐layer MoS2
Authors: Peng Bo , Zhang Hao , Shao Hezhu , Xu Yuanfeng , Zhang Xiangchao , Zhu Heyuan
Published: March 2016

The intrinsic lattice thermal conductivity of MoS2 is an important aspect in the design of MoS2‐based nanoelectronic devices. We investigate the lattice dynamics properties of MoS2 by first‐principle calculations. The intrinsic thermal conductivity of single‐layer MoS2 is calculated using the Boltzmann transport equation for phonons. The obtained thermal conductivity agrees well with the measurements. The contributions of acoustic and optical phonons to the lattice thermal conductivity are evaluated. The size dependence of thermal conductivity is investigated as well.

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Ein Apoptose‐induzierendes Heptamer, das effizient den Todesrezeptor 5 bündelt
Authors: Valldorf Bernhard , Fittler Heiko , Deweid Lukas , Ebenig Aileen , Dickgiesser Stephan , Sellmann Carolin , Becker Janine , Zielonka Stefan , Empting Martin , Avrutina Olga , Kolmar Harald
Published: March 2016

Multivalente Liganden von Todesrezeptoren sind vielversprechende tumorspezifische Wirkstoffe, da sie eine apoptotische Kaskade in Krebszellen induzieren. Hier beschreiben wir einen modularen Ansatz für den Aufbau von Konstrukten, die an den Todesrezeptor 5 (“death receptor 5”, DR5) binden. In diesen Konstrukten sind mehrere Kopien gegen DR5 gerichteter Peptide (DR5TP) kovalent mit biomolekularen Gerüsten verknüpft. Mit dieser Strategie gelingt eine effiziente Oligomerisierung der Peptide in verschiedenen räumlichen Orientierungen durch enzymvermittelte Konjugationen oder rekombinante Produktion. Heptamere Konstrukte mit einem kurzen Gerüst (60–75 Reste) der C‐terminalen Oligomerisierungdomäne des humanen C4b‐Bindeproteins zeigten eine bemerkenswert hohe proapoptotische Aktivität (EC50=3 nm), wenn DR5TP an den Carboxyterminus ligiert wurde. Unsere Daten stützen die Ansicht, dass der Interligandabstand, die relative räumliche Orientierung und die Kopienzahl der rezeptorbindenden Module wesentliche Kriterien für die Rezeptoraktivierung und Zelltötung sind.
An Apoptosis‐Inducing Peptidic Heptad That Efficiently Clusters Death Receptor 5
Authors: Valldorf Bernhard , Fittler Heiko , Deweid Lukas , Ebenig Aileen , Dickgiesser Stephan , Sellmann Carolin , Becker Janine , Zielonka Stefan , Empting Martin , Avrutina Olga , Kolmar Harald
Published: March 2016

Multivalent ligands of death receptors hold particular promise as tumor cell‐specific therapeutic agents because they induce an apoptotic cascade in cancerous cells. Herein, we present a modular approach to generate death receptor 5 (DR5) binding constructs comprising multiple copies of DR5 targeting peptide (DR5TP) covalently bound to biomolecular scaffolds of peptidic nature. This strategy allows for efficient oligomerization of synthetic DR5TP‐derived peptides in different spatial orientations using a set of enzyme‐promoted conjugations or recombinant production. Heptameric constructs based on a short (60–75 residues) scaffold of a C‐terminal oligomerization domain of human C4b binding protein showed remarkable proapoptotic activity (EC50=3 nm) when DR5TP was ligated to its carboxy terminus. Our data support the notion that inter‐ligand distance, relative spatial orientation and copy number of receptor‐binding modules are key prerequisites for receptor activation and cell killing.
Thermal processing influence on mechanical, thermal, and biodegradation behavior in poly(β‐hydroxybutyrate)/poly(ε‐caprolactone) blends: A descriptive model
Authors: Vergara‐Porras Berenice , Gracida‐Rodríguez Jorge Noel , Pérez‐Guevara Fermín
Published: March 2016

Poly(β‐hydroxybutyrate) [PHB] is a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer produced by some bacteria genders. To improve mechanical properties, PHB has been blended with other polymers. Compression‐molded blends of PHB and poly(ε‐caprolactone) [PCL] (70/30 mass ratio) were cooled to room temperature following five different thermal treatments after molding at 180 °C. Blends processed with higher cooling rates were easier to biodegrade, nevertheless elongation at break and tensile strength decreased. Slower cooling kinetics and isothermal treatments increased perfection of crystals, as seen in differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction and spherulites size. A descriptive model is proposed herein where thermal, biodegradation, tensile properties, and crystal features were related to cooling kinetics applied. It is proposed that properties of 70/30 (PHB/PCL) blends can be predetermined by an adequate control of thermal conditions during processing. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43569.
How Narcissistic Injury May Contribute to Reactive Violence: A Case Example Using Stanley Kubrick's The Shining
Authors: Merced Matthew
Published: March 2016

To many observers, reactive violence can present as a puzzling phenomenon. Offenders often report experiencing cognitive distortions during the event. Offenders may have no history of violence, yet crime scenes are often described as “horrific.” When violence manifests, the motive often seems vastly disproportionate to any precipitating factor. Reactive violence is fueled by intense emotions, although they may not be evident before or during the event. How best to reconcile these findings and provide a parsimonious and coherent explanation? Psychoanalytic theory can illuminate the psychological processes that may underlie reactive violence. In particular, how narcissistic injury can generate impulsive aggression in vulnerable individuals. I draw upon Stanley Kubrick's film The Shining to study the phenomenon. While The Shining is a fictional horror film in which a family is tormented by supernatural forces, I argue that the horror does not emanate from paranormal sources; rather, it is found within human psychology. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brief Report: Changes in Antiphospholipid Antibody Titers During Pregnancy: Effects on Pregnancy Outcomes
Authors: Yelnik Cecile M. , Porter T. Flint , Branch D. Ware , Laskin Carl A. , Merrill Joan T. , Guerra Marta M. , Lockshin Michael D. , Buyon Jill P. , Petri Michelle , Sammaritano Lisa R. , Stephenson Mary D. , Kim Mimi Y. , Salmon Jane E.
Published: March 2016

Objective

To measure variance in antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) levels during pregnancy and to determine if variation affects pregnancy outcomes.

Methods

We used data from the PROMISSE (Predictors of Pregnancy Outcome: Biomarkers in Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) study, a multicenter prospective study of pregnant women with aPL and/or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Antiphospholipid antibodies were considered present if any of the following were positive: anticardiolipin (aCL), anti–β2‐glycoprotein I (anti‐β2GPI) titers ≥40 IgG phospholipid (GPL) or IgM phospholipid (MPL) units, and/or lupus anticoagulant (LAC). Antiphospholipid antibodies were measured every trimester and postpartum. Adverse pregnancy outcomes were defined as fetal/neonatal death, preterm delivery (<36 weeks) due to preeclampsia or placental insufficiency, or growth restriction.

Results

One hundred fifty‐two aPL‐positive patients were studied. Fifty‐seven percent had clinical antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and 36% had SLE. IgG aPL levels were significantly lower during the second and third trimesters compared to initial screening, but IgG aCL and anti‐β2GPI remained high‐positive through pregnancy in 93% of patients during the second trimester, and in 85% of patients during the third trimester. IgM aPL titers were negative in the majority of patients and decreased modestly during pregnancy among patients who were positive. LAC frequency also decreased, but 75% of patients remained positive through the second trimester. Only 4% of patients with aPL at baseline did not have aPL in either the second or third trimesters. Changes in aPL levels or aPL status were not associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. LAC was the only aPL associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Conclusion

The aPL in the cohort decreased marginally during pregnancy, and changes were not associated with pregnancy outcomes. Our results suggest that, among women with aPL and/or SLE, measuring aPL early in pregnancy is sufficient to assess risk. Repeat aPL testing through pregnancy is unnecessary.