bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From empathy to apathy: The bystander effect revisited
Authors: Hortensius Ruud , de Gelder Beatrice
Published: July 2018

The bystander effect, the reduction in helping behavior in the presence of other people, has been predominantly explained by situational influences on decision-making. Diverging from this view, we highlight recent evidence on the neural mechanisms and dispositional factors that determine apathy in bystanders. We put forward a new theoretical perspective that integrates emotional, motivational and dispositional aspects. In the presence of other bystanders, personal distress is enhanced and avoidance and freeze-like fixed action patterns dominate. Together, this new perspective suggests that bystander apathy results from a reflexive emotional reaction dependent on the personality of the bystander.
Reduced effective emotion regulation in night owls.
Authors: Norbury Ray
Published: July 2018

Previous research has demonstrated a clear link between late chronotype and depression. The vulnerability factors underpinning this link, however, are unclear. Here the relationship between two specific emotion regulation strategies, cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, and chronotype was investigated using multiple regression. Two hundred and fourty participants (age range 18- 80, 189 females) completed validated self-report questionnaires assaying chronotype, neuroticism, depression symptomatology, sleep quality and emotion regulation. Eveningness was associated increased expressive suppression and morningness was associated with increased cognitive reappraisal after controlling for age, gender, depressive symptomatology, neuroticism and sleep quality. Trait expressive suppression and reduced cognitive reappraisal are known to increase depression risk. Our results suggest that eveningness is associated with impaired emotion regulation which may confer risk for future depression. These findings suggest modifiable markers that could be therapeutically targeted to prevent the onset of depression in late chronotype individuals.
Testing Expectancy, but not Judgements of Learning, Moderate the Disfluency Effect
Authors: Geller Jason
Published: July 2018

Do students learn better with material that is perceptually harder-to-process? Previous research has been equivocal concerning this question. To clarify these discrepancies, the present study examined two potential boundary conditions to determine when disfluent text is, and is not, beneficial to learning. The two boundary conditions examined were: type of judgement of learning (JOLs) and testing expectancy. Boundary conditions were examined in separate Group (incidental aggregate JOLs vs. intentional aggregate JOLs vs. item-by-item JOLs) by Disfluency (Masked vs. Nonmasked) mixed ANOVAs. Results revealed that type of JOL did not moderate the disfluency effect, but testing expectancy did. These results bring forth questions pertaining to the utility of disfluency on learning.
A Meta Analysis of the Health Action Process Approach
Authors: Zhang Chun-Qing , Zhang Ru , Schwarzer Ralf , Hagger Martin S
Published: July 2018

Objective: The Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) is a social-cognitive model specifying motivational and volitional determinants of health behavior. A meta-analysis of studies applying the HAPA in health behavior contexts was conducted to estimate the size and variability of correlations among model constructs, test model predictions, and test effects of past behavior and moderators (behavior type, sample type, measurement lag, study quality) on model relations.Methods: A literature search identified 95 studies meeting inclusion criteria with 108 independent samples. Averaged corrected correlations among HAPA constructs and multivariate tests of model predictions were computed using conventional meta-analysis and meta-analytic structural equation modeling, with separate models estimated in each moderator group.Results: Action and maintenance self-efficacy and outcome expectancies had small-to-medium sized effects on health behavior, with effects of outcome expectancies and action self-efficacy mediated by intentions, and action and coping planning. Effects of risk perceptions and recovery self-efficacy were small by comparison. Past behavior attenuated the intention-behavior relationship. Few variations in model effects were observed across moderator groups. Effects of action self-efficacy on intentions and behavior were larger in studies on physical activity compared to studies on dietary behaviors, whereas effects of volitional self-efficacy on behavior were larger in studies on dietary behaviors.Conclusions: Findings highlight the importance of self-efficacy in predicting health behavior in motivational and volitional action phases. The analysis is expected to catalyze future research including experimental studies targeting change in individual HAPA constructs, and longitudinal research to examine change and reciprocal effects among constructs in the model.
Estimating Bayes Factors for Linear Models with Random Slopes on Continuous Predictors
Authors: Thalmann Mirko , Niklaus Marcel , Oberauer Klaus
Published: July 2018

Using mixed-effects models and Bayesian statistics has been advocated by statisticians in recent years. Mixed-effects models allow researchers to adequately account for the structure in the data. Bayesian statistics – in contrast to frequentist statistics – can state the evidence in favor of or against an effect of interest. For frequentist statistical methods, it is known that mixed models can lead to serious over-estimation of evidence in favor of an effect (i.e., inflated Type-I error rate) when models fail to include individual differences in the effect sizes of predictors ("random slopes") that are actually present in the data. Here, we show through simulation that the same problem exists for Bayesian mixed models. Yet, at present there is no easy-to-use application that allows for the estimation of Bayes Factors for mixed models with random slopes on continuous predictors. Here, we close this gap by introducing a new R package called BayesRS. We tested its functionality in four simulation studies. They show that BayesRS offers a reliable and valid tool to compute Bayes Factors. BayesRS also allows users to account for correlations between random effects. In a fifth simulation study we show, however, that doing so leads to slight underestimation of the evidence in favor of an actually present effect. We only recommend modeling correlations between random effects when they are of primary interest and when sample size is large enough. BayesRS is available under https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/BayesRS/, R code for all simulations is available under https://osf.io/nse5x/?view_only=b9a7caccd26a4764a084de3b8d459388
Methods for the Explanation of Machine Learning Processes and Results for Non-Experts
Authors: Diederich Joachim
Published: July 2018

Machine learning systems such as artificial neural networks (ANNs) and support vector machines (SVMs) are commonplace in science, technology, business and health. However, the lack of an explanation capability is an impediment to the more wide-spread use of machine learning systems. For more than 20 years, the field of rule extraction from ANNs and SVMs has tried to generate explanations for machine learning based decisions in the form of propositional, probabilistic or first-order rules. However, there is no generally accepted technique that works for all machine learning systems. In addition, there is no method that is tailored to the needs of a user who may not be a domain expert and may not have a technology background. This paper introduces a number of techniques for the generation of multi-media clips that explain the behavior of a machine learning system to a non-expert user.
Learning the language of time: Children’s acquisition of duration words
Authors: Tillman Katharine , Barner David
Published: July 2018

Children use time words like minute and hour early in development, but takeyears to acquire their precise meanings. Here we investigate whetherchildren assign meaning to these early usages, and if so, how. To do this,we test their interpretation of seven time words: second, minute, hour,day, week, month, and year. We find that preschoolers infer the orderingsof time words (e.g., hour > minute), but have little to no knowledge of theabsolute durations they encode. Knowledge of absolute duration is learnedmuch later in development – many years after children first start usingtime words in speech – and in many children does not emerge until they haveacquired formal definitions for the words. We conclude that associatingwords with the perception of duration does not come naturally to children,and that early intuitive meanings of time words are instead rooted inrelative orderings, which children may infer from their use in speech.
The effect of aging on response congruency in task switching: A meta-analysis
Authors: Grange James A. , Becker Raymond B
Published: July 2018

Response congruency effects in task switching are the observed slowing of response times for incongruent targets which afford more than one response (depending on task) in comparison to congruent stimuli that afford just one response regardless of the task. These effects are thought to reflect increased ambiguity during response selection for incongruent stimuli. The present study presents a meta-analysis of 27 conditions (from 16 separate studies) whose designs allowed investigation of age-related differences in response-congruency effects. Multilevel modelling of Brinley plots and state–trace plots showed no age-related effect on response congruency beyond that which can be explained by general age-related slowing. The results add to the growing body of evidence of no age-related decline in measures of attention and executive functioning.
Emergence, expectation and causal schemas
Authors: Powell Alexander
Published: July 2018

The concept of emergence, which came to renewed prominence with the rise of the complexity sciences, has proved surprisingly resistant to analysis. After summarizing some of the characteristics associated with phenomena typically described as emergent I contrast the apparent ease with which we make sense of human behaviour with the difficulties we encounter in relation to emergent phenomena. What distinguishes and unites such phenomena, I suggest, is not primarily a matter of their objective ontological nature. Rather, we regard such phenomena as emergent because we lack cognitive schemas capable of modelling their causal structure.
The Appraisal of Reactions to Success: The Benefits and Costs of Humility
Authors: Werz Johanna M.
Published: July 2018

Although praised in popular media and desired as a reaction to success, little is known aboutthe perception of humility. In social interactions, competence and liking are two crucialappraisal dimensions. The present research determines the effect of a humble vs. a proudexpression on these two dimensions. Participants (N = 199) took part in a word competitionand then read their alleged opponents’ reaction to victory. The reactions were proud, neutral,or humble. In line with its prosocial nature, humility elicited more warmth/liking than aneutral statement, whereas pride led to less warmth/liking. Pride, conveying high status andsuccess, was expected to lead to higher appraisals of competence than humble or neutraldemeanor. However, the three expressions neither affected competence perceptionsdifferently nor influenced the amount of money participants bet on their opponent winningagain as a behavioral measure of competence. Exploratory ANCOVAs and correlations hinttowards the hypothesis of pride conveying slightly more competence than humility. Relationsand effects of authentic pride and hubristic pride as well as appreciative humility and self-abasinghumility are reviewed. Explanations like the influence of prior success and theinterplay of warmth and competence are discussed and applied to individual advice and socialimplications.
Reconsidering What is Vital about Vital Signs in Electronic Health Records: Comment on Matthews et al. (2016)
Authors: Condon David M , Weston Sara J , Hill Patrick
Published: July 2018

The inclusion of psychosocial variables into electronic health records provides a unique opportunity for the translation of findings from social, psychological, and behavioral domains into patient care. This commentary is a response to the recommendations of a committee convened by the Institute of Medicine to address this opportunity (Matthews et al., 2016). We concur with the committee that the inclusion of psychosocial variables in electronic health records will broadly benefit researchers, practitioners, and patients and that there is clear need for a recommended panel of psychosocial measures that is ready for implementation in clinical settings. In fact, it seems likely that these recommendations will have lasting consequences. Given this, our response highlights several concerns about the recommendations and criteria. We suggest further clarification of the audience for these recommendations, reconsideration of the overly restrictive inclusion criteria, and more extensive engagement of psychosocial researchers in order to achieve broader consensus.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between brain data and the outcome in Disorders of Consciousness
Authors: Pavlov Yuri G.
Published: July 2018

A systematic search revealed 68 empirical studies of neurophysiological (EEG, ERP, fMRI, PET) variables as potential outcome predictors in patients with Disorders of Consciousness (diagnoses Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome [UWS] and Minimally Conscious State [MCS]). Data of 47 publications could be presented in a quantitative manner and systematically reviewed. Insufficient power and the lack of an appropriate description of patient selection each characterized about a half of all publications. In more than 80% studies, neurologists who evaluated the patients’ outcome were familiar with the results of neurophysiological tests conducted before, and may, therefore, have been influenced by this knowledge. In most subsamples of data sets effect size significantly correlated with its standard error, indicating publication bias toward positive results. Neurophysiological data predicted the transition from UWS to MCS substantially better than they predicted the recovery of consciousness (i.e., the transition from UWS or MCS to exit-MCS). A meta-analysis was carried out for predictor groups including at least three independent studies with N > 10 per predictor per improvement criterion (i.e., transition to MCS versus recovery). Oscillatory EEG responses were the only predictor group whose effect attained significance for both improvement criteria. Other perspective variables, whose true prognostic value should be explored in future studies, are sleep spindles in the EEG and the somatosensory cortical response N20. Contrary to what could be expected on the basis of neuroscience theory, the poorest prognostic effects were shown for fMRI responses to stimulation and for the ERP component P300. The meta-analytic results should be regarded as preliminary given the presence of numerous biases in the data.
Cognitive-behavioural and electrophysiological evidence of the affective consequences of ignoring stimulus representations in working memory
Authors: De Vito David , Ferrey Anne E. , Fenske Mark J. , Al-Aidroos Naseem
Published: July 2018

Ignoring visual stimuli in the external environment leads to decreased liking of those items; a phenomenon attributed to the affective consequences of attentional inhibition. Here we investigated the generality of this ‘distractor devaluation’ phenomenon by asking whether ignoring stimuli represented internally within visual working memory has the same affective consequences. In two experiments we presented participants with two or three visual stimuli and then, after the stimuli were no longer visible, provided an attentional cue indicating which item in memory was the target they would have to later recall, and which were task-irrelevant distractors. Participants subsequently judged how much they liked these stimuli. Previously-ignored distractors were consistently rated less favorably than targets, replicating prior findings of distractor devaluation. To gain converging evidence, in Experiment 2, we also examined the electrophysiological processes associated with devaluation by measuring individual differences in attention (N2pc) and working memory (CDA) event-related potentials following the attention cue. Larger amplitude of an N2pc-like component was associated with greater devaluation, suggesting that individuals displaying more effective selection of memory targets—an act aided by distractor inhibition—displayed greater levels of distractor devaluation. Individuals showing a larger post-cue CDA amplitude (but not pre-cue CDA amplitude) also showed greater distractor devaluation, supporting prior evidence that visual working-memory resources have a functional role in effecting devaluation. Together, these findings demonstrate that ignoring working-memory representations has affective consequences, and add to the growing evidence that the contribution of selective-attention mechanisms to a wide range of human thought and behaviors leads to devaluation.
Gays Don't Cause Storms
Authors: Bissell-Siders Aidan
Published: July 2018

A serious discussion of a serious topic: The hypothesis that same-sex couples cause storm damages is examined and rejected.
Crossing Ethical Boundaries in the Pursuit of Passion: How Passion Gaps Cause Unethical Pro-Organizational Behavior
Authors: Jachimowicz Jon , Brown Zachary , Brockner Joel , Galinsky Adam
Published: July 2018

Many contemporary organizations encourage their employees' pursuit of passion for work. However, we propose that this strategy may simultaneously increase the likelihood their employees engage in unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB), immoral acts that benefit the company. Specifically, we suggest that when employees fall short of desired levels of work passion-i.e., when they experience a "passion gap"-their sense of self is threatened. One way employees deal with the self-threat elicited by passion gaps is by engaging in UPB, which gives them the feeling that they are worthy organizational members. Eight studies (N = 2,695)-including two field studies, an experimental-causal-chain analysis, and two intervention studies-provide support for the proposed relationships between passion gaps, self-threat, and the tendency to engage in UPB. Two interventions highlight factors that directly attenuate the self-threat prompted by passion gaps: (1) having employees engage in self-affirmation, and (2) de-emphasizing the role of passion in predicting success. Our results suggest that organizations' increased emphasis on the pursuit of passion may have an unintended consequence: it leads those employees who fall short of desired levels of passion to engage in unethical behavior designed to help the company, which may harm the organization in the long-run.
Implicit and Explicit Influences of Religious Cognition on Dictator Game Transfers
Authors: McCullough Michael E. , Billingsley Joseph , Gomes Cristina
Published: July 2018

Does religious cognition motivate generosity toward strangers? Divergent results from recent meta-analyses and pre-registered replication efforts suggest the issue is not yet settled. Additional uncertainty lingers around whether (a) the effects of religious cognition on prosocial behaviour obtain through implicit cognitive processes, explicit cognitive processes, or both; (b) whether religious cognition might increase generosity only among religious people; and (c) whether religious cognition might increase generosity only among people otherwise disinclined to share with anonymous strangers. Here we report the results of two experiments designed to address these concerns. In Experiment 1 we sought to replicate the classic demonstration of the effect of implicit religious priming on Dictator Game transfers, but in an online environment that maximises anonymity. In Experiment 2, we gave subjects the option to take as well as to give money, allowing greater expression of baseline selfishness. In both experiments, we sought to activate religious cognition implicitly and explicitly, and we investigated the possibility that religious priming depends upon the extent to which subjects view God as a punishing, authoritarian figure. Bayesian statistical methods supported the null hypothesis that implicit religious priming did not increase Dictator Game transfers in either experiment, even among religious subjects. Collectively, the two experiments provided support for a small but reliable effect of explicit priming, though among religious subjects only. Neither experiment offered strong evidence to support the hypothesis that the effect of religious priming depends upon viewing God as a punishing figure. Finally, in a random-effects meta-analysis of relevant studies, we found that the overall effect of implicit religious priming on Dictator Game transfers was small and not statistically different from zero.
The Human Penguin Project: Climate, Social Integration, and Core Body Temperature
Authors: IJzerman Hans , Lindenberg Siegwart , Dalğar İlker , Weissgerber Sophia Christin , Vergara Rodrigo Clemente , Cairo Athena , Čolić Marija V. , Dursun Pinar , Frankowska Natalia , Hadi Rhonda , Hall Calvin , Hong Youngki , Hu Chuan-Peng , Joy-Gaba Jennifer , Lazarevic Dusanka A. , Lazarevic Ljiljana B. , Parzuchowski Michal , Ratner Kyle G. , Rothman David , Sim Samantha , Simao Claudia , Song Mengdi , Stojilović Darko , Blomster Johanna Katarina , Brito Rodrigo , Hennecke Marie , Jaume-Guazzini Francisco , Schubert Thomas W. , Schütz Astrid , Seibt Beate , Zickfeld Janis Heinrich
Published: July 2018

Social thermoregulation theory posits that modern human relationships are pleisiomorphically organized around body temperature regulation. In two studies (N=1755) designed to test the principles from this theory, we used supervised machine learning to identify social and non-social factors that relate to core body temperature. This data-driven analysis found that complex social integration (CSI), defined as the number of high contact roles one engages in, is a critical predictor of core body temperature. We further used a cross-validation approach to show that colder climates relate to higher levels of CSI, which in turn relates to higher CBT (when climates get colder). These results suggest that despite modern affordances for regulating body temperature, people still rely on social warmth to buffer their bodies against the cold.
Complex phenomena require sophisticated designs: Why we should not give up on replicability
Authors: Heino Matti Toivo Juhani , Fried Eiko I , LeBel Etienne P.
Published: July 2018

In an article in Frontiers in Psychology, titled “Reproducibility in psychological science: When do psychological phenomena exist”, the author argues that science cannot prove a negative, and that psychological phenomena are often subtle and fleeting. To him, this means that psychologists should conduct conceptual, rather than direct replications, and explore boundary conditions rather than the existence of replicable effects. To us, this position seems unreasonable, and we argue that study designs should match the phenomena under investigation – which, in the face of complexity, may be different than what we are accustomed to.
Observers Sympathize More When They Momentarily Share Others’ Concerns
Authors: Wondra Joshua Daniel
Published: July 2018

People’s goals, or concerns, drive the emotions they feel for themselves. But can they also drive how much they feel emotions for others? This study tested whether observers’ momentary concerns with heat and cold affected their emotions for others who were struggling to stay warm. During winter, participants read about people whose heat or water had been shut off, while they themselves were outside in the cold or indoors. Participants who were outside in the cold thought the situation was more unpleasant and felt more sympathy when they read about heat shutoffs, but not water shutoffs. The results suggest that observers’ momentary concerns affect their emotions for others with similar concerns.
Dynamically Engaged Smiling Predicts Cooperation Above and Beyond Average Smiling Levels
Authors: Danvers Alexander Francois , Shiota Michelle N.
Published: July 2018

Smiling has been conceptualized as a signal of cooperative intent, yet smiles are easy to fake. We suggest that contextually appropriate, dynamically engaged smiling imposes an attentional cost, thereby making engaged smiling a plausible “honest signal” of cooperative intent. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed data from 123 pairs of same-sex strangers having “getting-to-know-you” conversations who subsequently played a one-shot prisoner’s dilemma together. We calculated the strength of engagement in smiling using a cross-lagged auto-regressive model for dyadic data. We found that when an individual’s partner (the signaler) tended to smile in a more responsive way, that individual (the receiver) was more likely to cooperate. Conversely, when a signaler tended to smile in a less responsive way, the receiver was less likely to cooperate. These effects were present over-and-above the effects of average levels of smiling and self-reported liking, which also predicted likelihood of cooperation. However, dynamically engaged smiling did not predict cooperation on the part of the signaler, suggesting that receivers weight the importance of engagement more highly than they should, or even that engaged smiling might be a manipulative display. These results illustrate how conversational dynamics can influence evolutionary signaling.
Psychological Science needs a standard practice of reporting the reliability of cognitive behavioural measurements
Authors: Parsons Sam , Kruijt Anne-Wil , Fox Elaine
Published: July 2018

Psychological science relies on behavioural measures to assess cognitive processing; however, the field has not yet developed a tradition of routinely examining the reliability of these behavioural measures. Reliable measures are essential to draw robust inferences from statistical analyses, while subpar reliability has severe implications for the measures’ validity and interpretation. Without examining and reporting the reliability of cognitive behavioural measurements, it is near impossible to ascertain whether results are robust or have arisen largely from measurement error. In this paper we propose that researchers adopt a standard practice of estimating and reporting the reliability of behavioural assessments. We illustrate this proposal using an example from experimental psychopathology, the dot-probe task; although we argue that reporting reliability is relevant across fields (e.g. social cognition and cognitive psychology). We explore several implications of low measurement reliability, and the detrimental impact that failure to assess measurement reliability has on interpretability and comparison of results and therefore research quality. We argue that the field needs to a) report measurement reliability as routine practice so that we can b) develop more reliable assessment tools. To provide some guidance on estimating and reporting reliability, we describe bootstrapped split half estimation and IntraClass Correlation Coefficient procedures to estimate internal consistency and test-retest reliability, respectively. For future researchers to build upon current results it is imperative that all researchers provide sufficient psychometric information to estimate the accuracy of inferences and inform further development of cognitive behavioural assessments.
Predictors of grit: A multilevel model examination of demographics and school experiences
Authors: Wanzer Dana Linnell
Published: July 2018

Much of the research on grit has examined its predictive validity toward academic success; however, little research has treated grit as an outcome. This study uses multilevel modeling to examine how student-level demographics, school-level demographics, and students’ experiences in school predict grit. Results demonstrate that students’ experiences in school—including school engagement, relationships with adults and peers, and school culture—and self-reported GPA were most strongly related to grit, ethnicity was weakly related to grit, and gender and school demographics did not significantly relate to grit. Implications of this research on the potential malleability of grit are discussed.
Object closure affects the strength of object-based attentional filtering
Authors: Nicora Grace , Greenberg Adam
Published: July 2018

Shifts of object-based attention (OBA) are affected by object closure in the double-rectangle cueing paradigm (Marino & Scholl, 2005). The effect of closure on object-based selection and attentional filtering strength have not previously been investigated. Using a modified flanker paradigm (Eriksen & Eriksen, 1974), we presented subjects either a set of vertically oriented rectangles (rectangle condition) or those same rectangles with the horizontal top/bottom of each rectangle removed (line condition). In Experiments 1 & 2, a centrally presented object was flanked by four identical objects. One end of the central (target containing) object was then exogenously cued. Subjects performed a letter discrimination task on a color singleton target letter appearing on the central object in the presence of flanker letters (on flanking objects) that were either compatible or incompatible with the target response. Experiment 1 (homogeneously rectangle or line objects) showed that OBA selection is strong when objects are closed, preventing flankers from influencing performance. Experiment 2 (spatial attention control) showed that closure does not affect performance without OBA selection. Experiments 3 (flanking line objects) and 4 (flanking rectangle objects) showed that both target & flanking objects play a role in attentional filtering of distracters. During object-based attentional selection, flanking (non-selected) perceptual objects may serve to confine the effects of distracters while target (selected) perceptual objects may serve to shield the target from the effects of distracters.
Minecraft and Personality Manuscript Pre-print
Authors: Weiler Paul A
Published: July 2018

*Abstract:*Minecraft is an open world block-based game that has become increasinglypopular because of its freedom of self-determined gameplay and itspotential as a creative platform for self-expression. We conducted twostudies to examine the link between personality, including the Big Five andnarcissism, and Minecraft play. Study 1 (N=247) assessed personality andself-reported Minecraft play. Study 2 (N=121) measured personality andrecorded actions in a session of Minecraft play in the lab. Across bothstudies we found consistent but modest associations between personality,self-reported Minecraft motivations, and, to a lesser extent, actionsduring Minecraft play. In terms of the Big Five, Openness to experienceappeared to have the broadest implications for Minecraft play, reflecting adesire to explore and less defensive in game behaviors (e.g., fewer weaponsand armor). Narcissism predicted enjoying unprovoked killing as well as ahigher likelihood of actually killing in game. Implications forunderstanding personality in the virtual world are discussed.Keywords: Minecraft, personality, Big Five, narcissism
Introducing a replication-first rule for PhD projects (BBS commentary on Zwaan et al, "Making replication mainstream")
Authors: Kochari Arnold , Ostarek Markus
Published: July 2018

[This is a postprint/accepted version of the commentary.] Zwaan et al. mention that young researchers should conduct replications as a small part of their portfolio. We extend this proposal and suggest that conducting and reporting replications should become an integral part of PhD projects and be taken into account in their assessment. We discuss how this would help not only scientific advancement, but also PhD candidates’ careers.
Processing structure in language and music: a case for shared reliance on cognitive control
Authors: Slevc L. Robert , Okada Brooke M.
Published: July 2018

The relationship between structural processing in music and language has received increasing interest in the last several years, spurred by the influential Shared Syntactic Integration Resource Hypothesis (SSIRH; Patel, 2003). According to this resource-sharing framework, music and language rely on separable syntactic representations but recruit shared cognitive resources to integrate these representations into evolving structures. The SSIRH is supported by findings of interactions between structural manipulations in music and language. However, other recent evidence suggests that such interactions can also arise with non-structural manipulations, and some recent neuroimaging studies report largely non-overlapping neural regions involved in processing musical and linguistic structure. These conflicting results raise the question of exactly what shared (and distinct) resources underlie musical and linguistic structural processing. This paper suggests that one shared resource is prefrontal cortical mechanisms of cognitive control, which are recruited to detect and resolve conflict that occurs when expectations are violated and interpretations must be revised. By this account, musical processing involves not just the incremental processing and integration of musical elements as they occur, but also the incremental generation of musical predictions and expectations, which must sometimes be overridden and revised in light of evolving musical input.
Mindfulness and Legal Practice: A Preliminary Study of the Effects of Mindfulness Meditation and Stress Reduction in Lawyers
Authors: Minda John Paul , Cho Jeena , Nielsen Emily , Zhang Mengxiao
Published: July 2018

Research has shown that lawyers often experience symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress in their lives. Mindfulness meditation may be an effective way to reduce the many negative effects associated with work stress. We asked a group of 46 lawyers to participate in an eight week mindfulness meditation program that was designed for lawyers. The mindfulness program was based on The Anxious Lawyer by Cho and Gifford (2016) and guided audio meditations were made available online. Participants were assessed before beginning the program and again when the program was completed. The results indicated that the mindfulness meditation program significantly reduced self-described depression, anxiety, stress, and negative mood. The meditation program also increased positive mood and psychological resilience. As well, participants in the program viewed themselves as being more effective at their work. Despite the strong effects observed in this study, we argue that much more research is needed to understand these benefits.
Replication of Frank, Goldwater, Griffiths, & Tenenbaum (2010): Modeling human performance in statistical word segmentation, Experiment 1
Authors: Mu Jesse , Ledoux James , Hartshorne Joshua K.
Published: July 2018

We replicated Exp. 1 of Frank, Goldwater, Griffiths, & Tenenbaum (2010): Modeling human performance in statistical word segmentation, Cognition, 117(2), 107-125, as part of a multi-year project to replicate eery published adult statistical word segmentation study. With some minor differences likely associated with a higher sample size, we largely replicate the main conclusion that longer sentence length increases word segmentation difficulty.
Constructing and validating a new measure of ingroup identification.
Authors: Rubin Mark
Published: July 2018

In this study we constructed a scale that measures centrality, social, communal, andinterdependent identifi cation, and investigated the distinction between these four different typesof identifi cation with social groups. The general aim was to examine the psychometric propertiesof the newly designed Centrality, Social, Communal, and Interdependent Identifi cation Scale(CSCIIS) and to investigate whether differences in self-construal, relationship orientation,gender, and culture might predict each type of identifi cation. The results provided initial supportfor the validity and the reliability of the CSCIIS, revealed cross-cultural differences in ingroupidentifi cation, and supported predictions regarding the correlations between particular types ofrelationships orientation and particular types of identifi cation with social groups.
Observation Oriented Modelling revised from a Statistical Point of View
Authors: Sauer Sebastian , Luebke Karsten
Published: July 2018

Observation Oriented Modeling was proposed to overcome some of the problems in the application of statistical inference methods in the behavioral sciences. In this paper, we refine one part of this approach and show how it is connected to methods that are well known in statistical learning. Precisely, we argue that the Moore-Penrose pseudo inverse is superior to the initial solution from a statistical point of view. With this we also show that Observation Oriented Modeling can indeed be appropriate for some tasks in the analysis of observed data. To provide a practical example, we demonstrate the revised method by analyzing the effect of mindfulness training on attentional processes.
Psychological dependencies; The hidden dependencies of Altmetrics
Authors: Buttliere Brett
Published: July 2018

While we rely upon the technical dependencies in large regards, and these are extremely important, there is another side of Altmetrics dependencies, those of the humans who actually create the metrics. The machines, the websites, APIs, and tools that capture Altmetrics, and even the Altmetrics themselves, are ultimately designed to measure human behavior. And understanding these human behaviors will ultimately be what leads to a better understanding of Altmetrics and scientificproductivity more generally. A lack of DOIs in a particular area does lead to certain biases and it is important to identify those; but likely stronger are those biases built into the psychology of the people the Altmetrics measure. The technical dependencies affect how we, the human, interacts with it. Twitter’s 140 character limit is a technical dependency, but it also changes the way the psychology happens on the platform. Accurate measurements are important, but even more crucial is to understand what we are measuring and to make sure it is what we want to be measuring (Buttliere, 2017).
Modeling Across-Trial Variability in the Wald Drift Rate Parameter
Authors: Steingroever Helen , Wabersich Dominik , Wagenmakers Eric-Jan
Published: July 2018

The shifted-Wald model is a popular analysis tool for one-choice reaction time tasks. In its simplest version, the shifted-Wald model assumes a constant trial-independent drift rate parameter. However, the presence of endogenous processes –fluctuation in attention and motivation, fatigue and boredom– suggest that drift rate might vary across experimental trials. Here we show how across-trial variability in drift rate can be accounted for byassuming a trial-specific drift rate parameter that is governed by a positive valued distribution.
Complete recovery of values in Diophantine systems (CORVIDS)
Authors: Wilner Sean , Wood Katherine , Simons Daniel J.
Published: July 2018

Raw data are often unavailable, and all that may remain of a data set are its summary statistics. When these data are integers on a fixed scale, such as Likert-style ratings, and their mean, standard deviation, and sample size are known, it is possible to reconstruct every raw distribution that gives rise to those summary statistics using a system of Diophantine equations. We have developed the open-source program CORVIDS (COmplete Reconstruction of Values In Diophantine Systems) to deterministically reconstruct raw data from summary statistics using this technique. The solutions generated by the program are provably complete. Here we describe the implementation, provide examples and use cases, and prove the correctness of the underlying mathematics. CORVIDS is open-source and available as source code or as stand-alone, user-friendly applications for macOS and Windows.
Infants prospectively control reaching based on the difficulty of future actions – To what extent can infants’ multiple step actions be explained by Fitts’ law?
Authors: Gottwald Janna M. , De Bortoli Vizioli Aurora , Lindskog Marcus , Nyström Pär , Ekberg Therese L. , von Hofsten Claes , Gredebäck Gustaf
Published: July 2018

Prospective motor control, a key element of action planning, is the ability to adjust one’s actions with respect to task demands and action goals in an anticipatory manner. The current study investigates whether 14-month-olds are able to prospectively control their reaching actions based on the difficulty of the subsequent action. We used a reach-to-place task, with difficulty of the placing action varied by goal size and goal distance. To target prospective motor control, we determined the kinematics of the prior reaching movements using a motion-tracking system. Peak velocity of the first movement unit of the reach served as indicator for prospective motor control. Both difficulty aspects (goal size and goal distance) affected prior reaching, suggesting that both these aspects of the subsequent action have an impact on the prior action. The smaller the goal size and the longer the distance to the goal, the slower infants were in the beginning of their reach towards the object. Additionally we modeled movement times of both reaching and placing actions using a formulation of Fitts’ law. The model was significant for placement and reaching movement times. These findings suggest that 14-month-olds are able to plan their future actions and prospectively control their related movements with respect to future task difficulties.
Following one’s true self and the sacredness of cultural values
Authors: Kim Jinhyung , Christy Andrew Gregory , Rivera Grace Noelle , Schlegel Rebecca Jean , Hicks Joshua
Published: July 2018

People seem to share a widespread lay belief that true selves are morally good entities. This lay belief has downstream consequences for a variety of domains such as person perception and perceived self-knowledge. The current work examines whether it also has consequences for moral decision-making. We hypothesized that people would make more moral decisions when they were focused on being authentic as opposed to being focused on other decision-making strategies. This hypothesis rests on the idea that if people believe their true selves are morally good, then attempts to follow that true self will make them less willing to behave immorally. Consistent with this hypothesis, three within-subject studies (total N = 573) found that participants reported they would need more money to violate a moral norm if they were focused on trying to be authentic relative to if they were focused on being rational, intuitive or realistic.
Testing the Effectiveness of a Number-based Classroom Exercise
Authors: Landy David , Guay Brian , Chandler Caroline , Erkulwater Jennifer
Published: July 2018

Large numbers permeate political life; students of political science can expect toencounter a wide range of numbers in newspaper articles, course readings, and statistics. Recent research in cognitive psychology has demonstrated that American adults make systematic errors when comparing numbers in the millions, billions, and trillions. Political decisions made by voters often require weighing large quantities that range across many orders of magnitude, which is difficult without at least a basic understanding of relative magnitudes. If students also lack an understanding of large numbers, professors cannot meaningfully teach students about political phenomena involving such magnitudes. Therefore, we designed and tested an exercise to improve students’ accuracy in dealing with large magnitudes, which had immediate and sustained effects both on their abilities to accurately work with large numbers and their perceptions of numbers in political judgments.
Developing an Emotion- and Memory-Focused Group Intervention for PTSD with Complex Features: A Group Case Series with survivors of repeated interpersonal trauma
Authors: Clifford Georgina , Meiser-Stedman Richard , Johnson Rebecca , Hitchcock Caitlin , Dalgleish Tim
Published: July 2018

Individuals who experience repeated interpersonal trauma exposure often present with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with more complex features. There is currently no consensus regarding whether current evidence-based interventions for PTSD need to be tailored to better account for these complex features. However, one recommended adaptation is to adopt a phase-based or sequenced approach involving three phases, each with a distinct function. This paper describes the development of a 12-session Emotion- and Memory-Processing Group Programme, adapted from Cloitre’s Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation (STAIR) phase-based treatment protocol. A single case series provided a preliminary examination of the group-based intervention’s efficacy for three groups of women with a history of repeated interpersonal trauma and PTSD with complex features (N = 15; ages 19 years–46 years) at the Haven Sexual Assault Referral Centre in London. Results revealed significant reductions in: PTSD, complex features of PTSD, and depression, along with improvements in process measures of maladaptive cognitions and emotion processing. Results from this case series demonstrate that an Emotion- and Memory-Processing Group Programme holds promise for treating individuals with a history of interpersonal trauma in outpatient settings, and provides evidence to warrant the completion of a feasibility trial.
Political orientation and climate concern shape visual attention to climate change
Authors: Whitman Jennifer Carol , Zhao Jiaying , Todd Rebecca M.
Published: July 2018

Despite the scientific consensus, there is widespread public controversy about climate change. Previous explanations focused on interpretations hampered by political bias or insufficient knowledge of climate facts. We propose that public views of climate change may also be related to an attentional bias at a more basic level of cognitive processing. We hypothesized that selective visual attention toward or away from climate-related information would be associated with climate concern. To test prioritization of climate-related stimuli under conditions of limited attention, we asked participants to identify climate-related and neutral words within a rapid stream of stimuli. Undergraduate students attended to climate-related words more readily than neutral words. This attentional prioritization correlated with self-rated climate concern. We then examined this relationship in a more diverse community sample. Principal Component Analysis of survey data in the community sample revealed a component indexing a relationship between climate concern and political orientation. That component was correlated with the degree of selective inattention to climate-related words. Our findings suggest that climate-related communications may be most effective if tailored in a manner accounting for how attentional priorities differ between audiences – particularly those with different political orientations.
The cognitive prerequisites for language: insights from iterated learning
Authors: Smith Kenny
Published: July 2018

Human languages are transmitted by iterated learning: we learn the language of our community by observing language use in communicative interaction, and then in turn we produce linguistic behaviours which become the basis for learning in others. Computational and experimental models of iterated learning show that linguistic structure (including compositional structure, which underpins the open-ended expressivity of human language) evolves on a cultural timescale as a result of this iterated learning process. I consider the implications of this work for our understanding of the cognitive capacities required to support linguistic structure, highlighting the importance of the capacities to acquire compositionally-structured meaning-signal mappings from data, and to reason about the minds of others during learning and use.