bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Media is sensational’: Art and mediation in the experience economy
Authors: White Duncan
Published: September 2013

In May 2012, I organized the symposium ‘Lighting the Cave’ at Central Saint Martins in London. The symposium set out ‘to interrogate themes of light, reflection and “truth” in and across the expanded field of artists’ film and video’. Sean Cubitt’s article, which follows this article, is a revised version of the keynote presentation he gave that day, entitled, ‘The shadow’, and sets the tone for much of what follows. ‘Lighting the cave’ was in many ways an extension of the exhibition, ‘Platon’s Mirror’ by the German artist, Mischa Kuball, a subtle and contemporary re-staging of Plato’s allegory of the cave in the context of modern media culture (CSM, 3–25 May 2012). Kuball’s mixed-media installation was also shown in the Lethaby Gallery at CSM during the symposium and triggered a number of ‘dialogues’ around themes of mediation in relation to artists’ practice in the twenty-first century. Fittingly, Kuball describes himself as more of a ‘mediator’ than an artist; something I wish to explore more fully here in relation to contemporary moving image practices. As part of this role as ‘mediator’ – which is less about producing art objects and more about creating situations – Kuball employs in his work what David Joselit has described as different ‘formats’, a term that complicates traditional notions of ‘media’. Rather than identifying his work within strict definitions of ‘film’ or ‘video’, Kuball uses light, travel, dialogue, code and public/private space as some of his ‘mediums’ or indeed ‘formats’. Notwithstanding, he often makes videos and employs the photographic within these practices. With Kuball’s practice as a starting point, this article will attempt to uncover the interconnected themes of artist as mediator and art as experience in relation to historical works made by artists using film.
SENSIBILIDADE DOS ORGANISMOS MARINHOS UTILIZADOS EM TESTES DE TOXICIDADE NO BRASIL
Authors: RESGALLA Jr. C , LAITANO K. S.
Published: September 2013

Foram compilados e tratados 60 dados de testes de toxicidade utilizando organismosmarinhos sob efeito de 4 substâncias de referência; Cobre, Cromo, Zinco e DSS disponíveis na bibliografia e de dados arquivados no Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia do CTTMar/UNIVALI. A ordenação dos valores de CL50/CE50 mostraram que os microcustáceos copépodas e mysidáceos são os organismos mais sensíveis a todos os tóxicos testados. Os ouriços e moluscos também apresentaram uma alta sensibilidade, mas são mutuamente exclusivos, demonstrando com isto, especificidade quanto ao tipo de contaminate. Mediante uma análise de risco preliminar, utilizando o rank de sensibilidade das espécies e os limites aceitáveis presentes na resolução do CONAMA N° 20 de 1986, estas substâncias mostraram uma probabilidade de efeito de até 60 % sobre a biota aquática marinha.
An Unfamiliar and Positive Law: On Kant and Schiller
Authors: Winegar Reed
Published: September 2013

Abstract: A familiar post-Kantian criticism contends that Kant enslaves sensibility under the yoke of practical reason. Friedrich Schiller advanced a version of this criticism to which Kant publicly responded. Recent commentators have emphasized the role that Kant’s reply assigns to the pleasure that accompanies successful moral action. In contrast, I argue that Kant’s reply relies primarily on the sublime feeling that arises when we merely contemplate the moral law. In fact, the pleasures emphasized by other recent commentators depend on this sublime feeling. These facts illuminate Kant’s views regarding the relationship between morality, freedom, and the development of moral feelings.
Quantification of EGFR autoantibodies in the amplification phenomenon of HER2 in breast cancer
Authors: Olsen Dorte Aa. , Jakobsen Erik H. , Brandslund Ivan
Published: September 2013

Background:Gene amplification or overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor HER2/ErB2 is seen in 25–30% of patients with breast cancer and is related to an aggressive disease. The mechanism behind theHER2gene amplification is unknown, but it may be caused by continuous stimulation and activation. We hypothesised that autoantibodies against EGFR might have a stimulatory effect. To investigate this we developed a quantitative method to measure autoantibodies against EGFR in serum (S-EGFRAb).

Methods:Serum samples from primary breast cancer patients were selected based on the degree of HER2 protein and gene amplification in the cancer tissue. Fifty patients had low levels of HER2 (≤16 ng/mg total protein) and noHER2gene amplification; 43 patients had high levels of HER2 (≥200 ng/mg total protein) andHER2gene amplification. Serum was also collected from controls consisting of 50 healthy age-matched women. An ELISA was developed to measure S-EGFRAb quantitatively.

Results:No significant differences in S-EGFRAb concentrations were seen between patients with high and low levels of HER2 or between the patients and the controls. Furthermore, no significant correlations were observed between S-EGFRAb and stage, differentiation state, age or prognosis. A negative correlation (p=0.0022) was found between S-EGFRAb and disease free survival in the group of patients with relapse or death.

Conclusions:S-EGFRAb can be measured accurately using the ELISA we developed. We conclude that autoantibodies against EGFR do not seem to be associated with theHER2gene amplification phenomenon.
Enrichment and enumeration of circulating tumor cells by efficient depletion of leukocyte fractions
Authors: Wu Shiyang , Liu Zhiming , Liu Suyan , Lin Li , Yang Weiwei , Xu Jiasen
Published: September 2013

Enumeration and characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) can provide information on patient prognosis and treatment efficacy. However, CTCs are rare, making their isolation a major technological challenge. We developed a technique for enrichment, and subsequent characterization of CTCs based on efficient depletion of human leukocytes.

: The technique (CanPatrol

The spiking experiments showed that the average efficacy of leukocytes depletion was 99.98% and the average tumor cells recovery was not lower than 80%. FISH could be used to perform

The technique we developed allowed isolation and characterization of circulating epithelial tumor cells that do not express classical epithelial antigens. This potentially leads to a more accurate enumeration of the number of CTCs and is suitable for application to a broad range of cancers.
Finite dimensional representations of Khovanov–Lauda–Rouquier algebras I: Finite type
Authors: McNamara Peter J.
Published: September 2013

We classify simple representations of Khovanov–Lauda–Rouquier algebras in finite type. The classification is in terms of a standard family of representations that is shown to yield the dual PBW basis in the Grothendieck group. Finally, we describe the global dimension of these algebras.
Entrapment of the small bowel due to improper closure of the parietal peritoneum: a rare cause of re-laparatomy after caesarean section
Authors: Erkılınç Selçuk , Oruç Ayla Sargın , Çelen Şevki , Behram Mustafa , Uğur Mustafa
Published: September 2013

The most frequent surgical intervention in obstetric practice is a caesarean section, which is associated with several short- and long-term complications. Re-laparatomy after caesarean section is one of the most distressing of these complications and the reported incidence is 0.12–0.70%. The most common indications for re-laparatomy after caesarean section are bleeding, uterine atony, eventration and haematoma in the muscles. Herein, we report a case of entrapment of the small bowel caused by improper closure of the parieatal peritoneum after a caesarean section that required re-laparatomy. Closure of the parieatal peritoneum is recommended to avoid future development of adhesions, however, stitch intervals should be properly adjusted to prevent incarceration of the small bowel. We recommend closure of the peritoneum after caesarean section, however, stitch intervals should be kept at no more than 1.5 cm to avoid entrapment of the small bowel.
Ocular pharmacoscintigraphic and aqueous humoral drug availability of ganciclovir-loaded mucoadhesive nanoparticles in rabbits
Authors: Akhter Sohail , Ramazani Farshad , Ahmad Mohammad Zaki , Ahmad Farhan Jalees , Rahman Ziyaur , Bhatnagar Aseem , Storm Gert
Published: September 2013

The present report describes the improved ocular retention and aqueous humoral drug availability of ganciclovir (GCV) when administered via topical instillation of different kind of nanoparticles onto the rabbit eye. GCV was loaded into PLGA nanoparticles, chitosan-coated nanoparticles and chitosan-coated niosomal nanoparticles. All three formulations contained nanoparticles equally round in shape with a mean particle size in the range of 180–200 nm. The ocular corneal retention property was evaluated by gamma scintigraphy, revealing that the clearance was slowest in the case of the chitosan-containing formulations. GCV in chitosan-coated PLGA nanoparticles and chitosan-coated niosomal nanoparticles showed approx. 6-fold higher aqueous humor drug availability as compared to a GCV solution and nearly 2.5-fold higher as compared to the chitosan-lacking GCV-PLGA nanoparticles. The results indicate that the use of a mucoadhesive chitosan coating can improve the ocular residence time and aqueous humoral availability of GCV when administered topically in nanoparticles.
Why Invest In Art?
Authors: Frey Bruno S. , Cueni Reto
Published: September 2013

In recent years, the art market experienced a price explosion for paintings. Frey and Cueni shed light on the reasons for the price increase, on the rate of return in the art market, on the emergence and decline of art hedge funds, and on the risks of art investments.
Determinants of United States’ Vertical and Horizontal Intra-Industry Trade
Authors: Thorpe Michael William , Leitão Nuno Carlos
Published: September 2013

This paper investigates bilateral intra-industry trade between the United States and its major trading partners over the period 1995–2008. Intra-industry trade (IIT) is decomposed into horizontal (HIIT) and vertical (VIIT) components. HIIT dominates the total two-way trade of the United States and its share relative to VIIT has been rising over time, particularly with neighbouring trade partners and with China. Using pooled panel data, country-level determinants of IIT, HIIT and VIIT are investigated. The results, overall, tend to conform with a priori expectations and provide empirical support for a number of propositions suggested by theory. Findings indicate that the relative similarity of the economies of trading partners, their geographical proximity, FDI and overall market size are important influences on bilateral HIIT flows for the United States. VIIT, on the other hand, is found to be driven in large part by economic differences between partners as well as the market size and closeness of trading partners.
Design, synthesis, antibacterial, and antifungal studies of novel 3-substituted coumarinyl-triazine derivatives
Authors: Modh Rahul P. , Patel Amit C. , Chikhalia Kishor H.
Published: September 2013

A series of novel 3-substituted coumarinyl-triazine derivatives were designed and synthesized from 3-carboxycoumarins via consecutive Knoevenagel and Pinner reactions in water. All synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS, and elemental analysis. Further, in vitro screening was carried out against four bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi) and two fungal strains (Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus clavatus).
Physical therapy services in Israel for clients with developmental disabilities from a legal perspective
Authors: Jacob Tamar , Bruill Miriam , Cahana Carmit
Published: September 2013

Background: In Israel, physical therapy (PT) services for clients with developmental disabilities (DD) and with intellectual developmental disabilities (IDD) are based on several laws. Similar to other health services, they are provided to children 0–3 years provided at ambulatory Child Developmental Centers, at ages 3–21 years provided at special-education settings, or at the residential centers in which they live. At ages 21 years and older, clients residing in supported living centers, are treated at their place of residence, and the rest are treated in their respective communities. This study aimed to describe PT services available to clients with DD and IDD throughout the lifespan and to assess the degree to which these services are provided as intended by the legislators.

Methods: This is a qualitative study using data from the websites of the Ministries of Health, Education and Social Affairs, and from personal interviews with heads of PT services in Israel.

Results: All over Israel, clients with DD and IDD are entitled to receive health services, including PT, throughout their lifespan. However, physical therapy services provided by Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs), which act under the National Health Insurance Law, are limited after the age of 3 years. The Ministry of Education’s PT system mainly provides a response to clients with chronic conditions, whereas the Ministry of Social Affairs serves the entire population with IDD, in the absence of a suitable response by the HMOs. Supervision of PT services in both ministries is partial and performed within the system.

Conclusions: PT services for clients with DD and IDD are provided throughout Israel and to all ages, as dictated by the law. However, the HMOs only provide services to very young clients.
Inverse problems for differential equations with singularities lying inside the interval
Authors: Yurko V. A.
Published: September 2013

- We study the inverse spectral problems for second-order differential equations on a finite interval having a regular singularity inside the interval. For three classes of inverse problems the uniqueness theorems are proved. Necessary and sufficient conditions along with a procedure for the solution of the inverse problems are given.
Finding small inhomogeneities from scattering data
Authors: Ramm A. G.
Published: September 2013

- A new method for finding small inhomogeneities from surface scattering data is proposed and mathematically justified. The method allows one to find small holes and cracks in metallic and other objects from the observation of the acoustic field scattered by the objects.
On symmetry condition of images of Fourier – Gelfand – Graev integral transformation
Authors: Blagovestchenskii A. S. , Podymaka F.N.
Published: September 2013

- Considering some integral geometry problems it is used a so-called Fourier - Gelfand - Graev transformation. This mapping transforms an arbitrary function defined on the Lobachevsky space into a homogeneous function on a cone. For a function to be the Fourier -Gelfand -Graev image it is necessary and sufficient for some condition (symmetry condition) to be valid. In the present paper different forms of the symmetry condition are studied. A relation between the symmetry condition and a theorem of the expansion in continuous spectrum eigenfunctions of the Beltrami - Laplace operator on the Lobachevsky space is established.
Subdifferential inverse problems for evolution Navier – Stokes systems
Authors: Chebotarev A.Yu.
Published: September 2013

- A class of inverse problems in viscous flow is studied. A subdifferential condition is considered as an additional information about flow to determination not only the flow field but also the external conditions that bring on a flow. The abstract evolution inverse problem is reduced to evolution variational inequality. The applications to special inverse problems of hydrodynamics are considered.
On the Cauchy problem for a differential equation with unbounded operator coefficients
Authors: Atakhodjaev M. A.
Published: September 2013

- In this note we prove the theorem on conditional well-posedness of the Cauchy problem for a differential equation of order m with unbounded operator coefficients.
Uniqueness theorems for a mammography inverse problem for the diffusion equation in the frequency domain
Authors: Romanov V. G. , He S.
Published: September 2013

- A mammography inverse problem for the diffusion equation in the frequency domain is considered. The extrapolated boundary condition is used in which the fluence is set to zero at an extrapolated boundary located a small distant away from (outside) the surface of the compressed breast. Uniqueness theorem is given for the linearized inverse problem of determining the diffusion and absorption coefficients from the reflection or transmission data at a single (non-zero) frequency.
Finding a Riemannian metric in the case when some of the components of a curvature’s tensor don’t depend on one of the variables
Authors: Amirov A.Kh. , Hacisalihoğlu H. H. , Rahmanov A.R.
Published: September 2013

- Existence and uniqueness of the solution of the problem of finding a Riemannian metric in the case when some of the components of a corresponding curvature tensor is independent of one of the variables, are investigated.
Direct and inverse problems for kinetic equations
Authors: Anikonov Yu.E. , Bardakov V.G.
Published: September 2013

- In this paper we develop the method of studying multi-dimensional inverse problems for kinetic equations. The method is based on spherical harmonics expansion. For finite expansion of given information, in particular, for finite Fourier transform, we formulate and prove the existence and uniqueness theorems in some classes of functions.
Location of a gas source in a geophysical problem
Authors: Bacchelli V. , Pagani C.
Published: September 2013

- A section of the Earth’s crust is bounded (in the vertical direction) by two parallel plane interfaces; beneath the lower interface there is an extended body of gas which diffuses through the crust to the upper surface, where it disperses in the atmosphere. Adopting a mathematical model proposed in [6] for this diffusion process, we want to locate the position of the lower subsurface by surface measurements of the pressure and concentration gradients at some time T . We estimate a value for the depth L of the subsurface and show that the relative error is small as we please, provided the time T is large enough.
Tikhonov regularization for an integral equation of the first kind with logarithmic kernel
Authors: Bruckner G. , Cheng J.
Published: September 2013

- In this paper, we discuss stability and Tikhonov regularization for the integral equation of the first kind with logarithmic kernel. Since the kernel is analytic in our case, the problem is severely ill-posed. We prove a convergence rate for the regularized solution and describe a method for its numerical calculation.
Identification of heat transfer functions in continuous casting of steel by regularization
Authors: Carthel C. , Engl H.W.
Published: September 2013

- For solving direct and inverse heat transfer problems in continuous casting of steel numerically, one needs to determine the heat transfer functions modelling secondary cooling as functions of the water flow rate. We present an approach based on regularization for identifying these heat transfer functions from temperature measurements on the strand surface; this approach works fine for simulated data with added noise and reasonably well for real data.
Control operators and iterative algorithms in variational data assimilation problems
Authors: Shutyaev V.
Published: September 2013

- A class of variational data assimilation problems of reconstructing initialvalue functions is considered for the case when the operator in the original evolution problem is nonlinear, nonsymmetric, and time-dependent. The properties of control operators are studied and solvability theorems are proved for linear and quasilinear data assimilation problems. Iterative algorithms are formulated and justified.
Carleman’s formulas for the Laplace and Poisson equations with operator coefficients
Authors: Arbuzov E. V. , Bukhgeim A. L.
Published: September 2013

- The Cauchy problems for operator analogues of the Laplace and Poisson equations with data known on a part of the domain boundary are considered. For solutions of these problems formulas of Carleman type are derived. The formulas obtained can be used in investigation of two-dimensional tomography problems with incomplete data.
Nonlinear inverse problems for elliptic equations
Authors: Kozhanov A. I.
Published: September 2013

- In this paper we prove the existence of regular solutions for some nonlinear coefficient inverse problems for elliptic equations.
Inverse problem for interior spectral data of the Sturm – Liouville operator
Authors: Mochizuki K. , Trooshin I.
Published: September 2013

- In this paper inverse problems for the Sturm-Liouville operator are studied. A set of values of the logarithmic derivative of eigenfunctions at some internal point and parts of two spectra are taken as data. Uniqueness theorems are obtained. The approach that was used in investigation of problems with partially known potential is employed.
Parabolic integrodifferential identification problems related to radial memory kernels. II
Authors: Favaron A. , Lorenzi A.
Published: September 2013

- We are concerned with the problem of recovering the radial kernel k, depending also on time, in the parabolic integro-differential equation

A being a uniformly elliptic second-order linear operator in divergence form. We single

out a special class of operators A and two pieces of suitable additional information for

which the problem of identifying k can be uniquely solved locally in time when the

domain under consideration is a ball or a disk.
Mathematical problems connected with construction of algorithms for atmosphere correction in remote sensing
Authors: Sultangazin U. M.
Published: September 2013

- Three-dimensional models of radiation transport in the Pn-approximation of the spherical harmonic method are considered. Algorithms for atmosphere correction of satellite images of the Earth’s surface are developed.
Differential and functional equations of inverse problems for nonlinear equations
Authors: Anikonov Yu.E.
Published: September 2013

- In this paper we develop research methods of inverse problems for nonlinear equations based on the special representations of the solutions [1].
Inverse dynamic problems, the Focker— Plank—Kolmogorov equation and the Laplace iterative process
Authors: Neshchadim M. V.
Published: September 2013

- In this paper the Focker-Plank-Kolmogorov equation based on the Laplace iteration process in the two-dimensional case is reduced to the system of differential equations for the right-hand sides of the dynamic system and system of equations on probability density. In some cases corollary systems can be integrated that allows to obtain the exact formulas for the right-hand sides of the dynamic system and probability density. To deduce some solutions group analysis of differential equations and invariant solutions are used [9, 10]. The solution obtained are functionally arbitrary. In the paper determination of probability density and right-hand sides of the dynamic system by the most probable motion path is also considered. Supposing probability density known, we obtain a differential equation of the second order in the partial derivatives of the right-hand sides of the dynamic system. At last, in the multidimensional case, we use the Focker-Plank-Kolmogorov equation to obtain an equation on the potential of the dynamic system forces.
Recovering a vector field with the aid of controlled noise
Authors: Inglese G.
Published: September 2013

- We derive an inversion formula for stationary Fokker-Planck equation that can be used for studing some inverse problems in dissipative dynamics.
A constraints relaxation technique for solving an identification of coefficients problem issued from hydrodynamic lubrication
Authors: El Alaoui Talibi M. , El Kacimi A.
Published: September 2013

- We investigate the identification of coefficients problem in Elrod- Adams’s model. From a numerical point of view, we relax the control problem; then using penalization methods and a qualification condition we get optimality conditions. Some numerical results are given.
Several remarks on numerical solution of the one-dimensional coefficient inverse problem
Authors: Karchevsky A. L.
Published: September 2013

- In the work we will introduce some results of numerical experiments, that allowed the author to choose a certain tactic for the numerical solution of onedimensional coefficient inverse problems which are reduced to minimization of the discrepancy functional. Principle distinction from the well-known approach is in the following: we will use the Laplace transform instead of the Fourier transform with respect to the time variable. In the work we will present a new method of derivation of a gradient for the discrepancy functional. The difference of this way is in the following: it is suitable to obtain analytic formulas for the gradient both in the case investigated for one equation and for a system of equations. As was shown in the numerical experiment which results are introduced in the work, represented considerations and recommendations may be useful for numerical solution of the coefficient inverse problem.
Précis of How the brain got language: The Mirror System Hypothesis
Authors: Arbib Michael A.
Published: September 2013

The short answer to the question of How the Brain Got Language is “through biological and cultural evolution.” The challenge is to be more specific. I use the term “the language-ready brain” to suggest that the brain of early Homo sapiens was adequate to support language but that it required tens of millennia for humans to be able to exploit these innate neural capabilities to develop, cumulatively, languages and the societies that made languages possible and necessary. The ability to surf the World Wide Web is a recent example of society's expanding ability to develop technologies and social structures which allow humans to exploit their neural capabilities in ways that were not part of the adaptive pressures for biological evolution.

The two-fold challenge of the book, then, is to understand (i) what are the mechanisms of the language-ready brain and what adaptive pressures evolved them biologically; and (ii) how did those mechanisms support the emergence of language as well as modern-day patterns of language change, acquisition and use, and the social interactions which support them?
Acquired mirroring and intentional communication in primates
Authors: Zuberbühler Klaus
Published: September 2013

Arbib offers a coherent proposal of how the brain has evolved to become language-capable. Integral to the argument are mirror neurons, cells discovered in macaque brains with interesting firing patterns, and studies on gestural communication of great apes. Here, I first discuss some complexities of the recent mirror neuron literature, which suggest that ‘mirroring’ may be an ontogenetically acquired, not an evolved, feature of neurons. Second, it is now clear that chimpanzee vocal behaviour is strongly mediated by social variables, and that individuals can use vocalisations to persuade and inform others, facts that have implications for gestural theories of language evolution. I conclude with discussing research most needed for making progress in understanding how human language has evolved.
The extended features of mirror neurons and the voluntary control of vocalization in the pathway to language
Authors: Fogassi Leonardo , Coudé Gino , Ferrari Pier Francesco
Published: September 2013

In this book it has been proposed that the mirror system can be a scaffold for building a language-ready brain, because of its property of matching action observation with action execution, a feature that can correspond to the “parity” requirement for communication. In this commentary we will first emphasize two properties of mirror neurons and motor cortex that may have contributed to language: the generalization of the property of understanding action goals and the capacity to decode the goal of action sequences. Then we will propose, based on recent behavioural and neurophysiological data in monkeys, that the vocalization in non-human primates could have reached a partial voluntary control, thus contributing to the emergence of a communicative system relying on the coordination of gestures and utterances.
Niche construction, too, unifies praxis and symbolization
Authors: Sinha Chris
Published: September 2013

Arbib hypothesizes that evolutionary modern language significantly postdates human speciation. Why should this be so? I propose an account based on niche construction theory, in which Arbib's language-ready brain is primarily a consequence of epigenetically-driven adaptation to the biocultural niche of protolanguage and (subsequently) early language. The evolutionary adaptations grounding language evolution were initially to proto-linguistic socio-communicative and symbolic processes, later capturing and re-canalizing behavioural adaptations (such as serial and hierarchical constructive praxis) initially “targeted” to other developmental and cognitive domains. The intimate link between praxic action and symbolic action is present not only in the human brain, but also in the human biocultural complex. The confluence of praxis and symbolization has, in the time scale of sociogenesis, potentiated the invention of domain-constituting and cognition-altering symbolic cognitive artefacts that continue to transform human socio-cultural ecologies. I cite in support of this account, which differs only in some emphases from Arbib's account, my colleagues' and my research on cultural and linguistic conceptions of time in an indigenous Amazonian community.
Towards low energy consumption integrated photonic circuits based on Ge/SiGe quantum wells
Authors: Marris-Morini Delphine , Chaisakul Papichaya , Rouifed Mohamed-Saïd , Frigerio Jacopo , Chrastina Daniel , Isella Giovanni , Edmond Samson , Le Roux Xavier , Coudevylle Jean-René , Vivien Laurent
Published: September 2013

Despite being an indirect bandgap material, germanium (Ge) recently appeared as a material of choice for low power consumption optical link on silicon. Thanks to a low energy difference between direct and indirect energy bandgap, optical transitions around the direct gap can be used to achieve strong electroabsorption or photodetection in a material already used in microelectronics circuits. However, many challenges have to be addressed such as the growth of germanium-rich structures on silicon or the modeling of these structures around both direct and indirect bandgaps. This paper will explore recent achievements in Ge/SiGe quantum wells structures. Quantum confined Stark effect has been studied for different quantum well designs and light polarization. Both absorption and phase variations have been characterized and will be reported. Carrier recombination processes is also an intense research topic, in order to evaluate the competition between direct and indirect band gap emission as a function of temperature. Main results and conclusion will be introduced. Finally, high performance photonic devices (modulator and photodetector) that have already been demonstrated will be presented. At the end the challenges faced by Ge/SiGe QW as a new photonic platform will be presented.
The Electoral Consequences of Welfare State Reforms for the Danish Social Democrats
Authors: Arndt Christoph
Published: September 2013

The article demonstrates that the big electoral defeat for Danish social democracy in the 2001 elections was not solely the consequence of the immigration issue, but of the welfare state reforms implemented by the Social Democratic government (1993–2001). Social democratic core voters opposed the reforms since they broke with the decommodification paradigm and turned away from social democracy. Against the arguments from the literature, the left-wing competitor Socialist People’s Party’s could not benefit from the reforms given its function as supporter party. Rather, the reforms caused the realignment of social democratic core voters with the Liberals and the Danish People’s Party having expanded their voter base in 2001 as a consequence of the welfare reforms.
Emergence of Sensory Patterns during Sleep Highlights Differential Dynamics of REM and Non-REM Sleep Stages
Authors: Ramot Michal , Fisch Lior , Davidesco Ido , Harel Michal , Kipervasser Svetlana , Andelman Fani , Neufeld Miri Y. , Kramer Uri , Fried Itzhak , Malach Rafael
Published: September 2013

Despite the profound reduction in conscious awareness associated with sleep, sensory cortex remains highly active during the different sleep stages, exhibiting complex interactions between different cortical sites. The potential functional significance of such spatial patterns and how they change between different sleep stages is presently unknown. In this electrocorticography study of human patients, we examined this question by studying spatial patterns of activity (broadband gamma power) that emerge during sleep (sleep patterns) and comparing them to the functional organization of sensory cortex that is activated by naturalistic stimuli during the awake state. Our results show a high correlation (p< 10−4, permutation test) between the sleep spatial patterns and the functional organization found during wakefulness. Examining how the sleep patterns changed through the night highlighted a stage-specific difference, whereby the repertoire of such patterns was significantly larger during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep compared with non-REM stages. These results reveal that intricate spatial patterns of sensory functional organization emerge in a stage-specific manner during sleep.
Abnormal Striatal Dopaminergic Neurotransmission during Rest and Task Production in Spasmodic Dysphonia
Authors: Simonyan Kristina , Berman Brian D. , Herscovitch Peter , Hallett Mark
Published: September 2013

Spasmodic dysphonia is a primary focal dystonia characterized by involuntary spasms in the laryngeal muscles during speech production. The pathophysiology of spasmodic dysphonia is thought to involve structural and functional abnormalities in the basal ganglia–thalamo-cortical circuitry; however, neurochemical correlates underpinning these abnormalities as well as their relations to spasmodic dysphonia symptoms remain unknown. We used positron emission tomography with the radioligand [11C]raclopride (RAC) to study striatal dopaminergic neurotransmission at the resting state and during production of symptomatic sentences and asymptomatic finger tapping in spasmodic dysphonia patients. We found that patients, compared to healthy controls, had bilaterally decreased RAC binding potential (BP) to striatal dopamine D2/D3receptors on average by 29.2%, which was associated with decreased RAC displacement (RAC ΔBP) in the left striatum during symptomatic speaking (group average difference 10.2%), but increased RAC ΔBP in the bilateral striatum during asymptomatic tapping (group average difference 10.1%). Patients with more severe voice symptoms and subclinically longer reaction time to initiate the tapping sequence had greater RAC ΔBP measures, while longer duration of spasmodic dysphonia was associated with a decrease in task-induced RAC ΔBP. Decreased dopaminergic transmission during symptomatic speech production may represent a disorder-specific pathophysiological trait involved in symptom generation, whereas increased dopaminergic function during unaffected task performance may be explained by a compensatory adaptation of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system possibly due to decreased striatal D2/D3receptor availability. These changes can be linked to the clinical and subclinical features of spasmodic dysphonia and may represent the neurochemical basis of basal ganglia alterations in this disorder.
Inhibiting Subthalamic D5Receptor Constitutive Activity Alleviates Abnormal Electrical Activity and Reverses Motor Impairment in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Chetrit Jonathan , Taupignon Anne , Froux Lionel , Morin Stephanie , Bouali-Benazzouz Rabia , Naudet Frédéric , Kadiri Nabila , Gross Christian E. , Bioulac Bernard , Benazzouz Abdelhamid
Published: September 2013

Burst firing has been reported as a pathological activity of subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurons in Parkinson's disease. However, the origin of bursts and their causal link with motor deficits remain unknown. Here we tested the hypothesis that dopamine D5receptors (D5Rs), characterized by a high constitutive activity, may contribute to the emergence of burst firing in STN. We tested whether inhibiting D5R constitutive activity depresses burst firing and alleviates motor impairments in the 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease. Intrasubthalamic microinjections of either an inverse agonist of D5Rs, flupenthixol, or a D2R antagonist, raclopride, were applied. Behavioral experiments,in vivoandin vitroelectrophysiological recordings, andex vivofunctional neuroanatomy studies were performed. Using [5S]GTPγ binding autoradiography, we show that application of flupenthixol inhibits D5R constitutive activity within the STN. Furthermore, flupenthixol reduced evoked burst in brain slices and converted pathological burst firing into physiological tonic, single-spike firing in 6-OHDA ratsin vivo. This later action was mimicked by calciseptine, a Cav1 channel blocker. Moreover, the same treatment dramatically attenuated motor impairment in this model and normalized metabolic hyperactivity in both STN and substantia nigra pars reticulata, the main output structure of basal ganglia in rats. In contrast, raclopride as well as saline did not reverse burst firing and motor deficits, confirming the selective action of flupenthixol on D5Rs. These results are the first to demonstrate that subthalamic D5Rs are involved in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease and that administering an inverse agonist of these receptors may lessen motor symptoms.
Endocannabinoids in the Brainstem Modulate Dural Trigeminovascular Nociceptive Traffic via CB1and “Triptan” Receptors: Implications in Migraine
Authors: Akerman Simon , Holland Philip R. , Lasalandra Michele P. , Goadsby Peter J.
Published: September 2013

Activation and sensitization of trigeminovascular nociceptive pathways is believed to contribute to the neural substrate of the severe and throbbing nature of pain in migraine. Endocannabinoids, as well as being physiologically analgesic, are known to inhibit dural trigeminovascular nociceptive responses. They are also involved in the descending modulation of cutaneous-evoked C-fiber spinal nociceptive responses from the brainstem. The purpose of this study was to determine whether endocannabinoids are involved in the descending modulation of dural and/or cutaneous facial trigeminovascular nociceptive responses, from the brainstem ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG). CB1receptor activation in the vlPAG attenuated dural-evoked Aδ-fiber neurons (maximally by 19%) and basal spontaneous activity (maximally by 33%) in the rat trigeminocervical complex, but there was no effect on cutaneous facial receptive field responses. This inhibitory vlPAG-mediated modulation was inhibited by specific CB1receptor antagonism, given via the vlPAG, and with a 5-HT1B/1Dreceptor antagonist, given either locally in the vlPAG or systemically. These findings demonstrate for the first time that brainstem endocannabinoids provide descending modulation of both basal trigeminovascular neuronal tone and Aδ-fiber dural-nociceptive responses, which differs from the way the brainstem modulates spinal nociceptive transmission. Furthermore, our data demonstrate a novel interaction between serotonergic and endocannabinoid systems in the processing of somatosensory nociceptive information, suggesting that some of the therapeutic action of triptans may be via endocannabinoid containing neurons in the vlPAG.
Transgenically Targeted Rabies Virus Demonstrates a Major Monosynaptic Projection from Hippocampal Area CA2 to Medial Entorhinal Layer II Neurons
Authors: Rowland David C. , Weible Aldis P. , Wickersham Ian R. , Wu Haiyan , Mayford Mark , Witter Menno P. , Kentros Clifford G.
Published: September 2013

The enormous potential of modern molecular neuroanatomical tools lies in their ability to determine the precise connectivity of the neuronal cell types comprising the innate circuitry of the brain. We used transgenically targeted viral tracing to identify the monosynaptic inputs to the projection neurons of layer II of medial entorhinal cortex (MEC-LII) in mice. These neurons are not only major inputs to the hippocampus, the structure most clearly implicated in learning and memory, they also are “grid cells.” Here we address the question of what kinds of inputs are specifically targeting these MEC-LII cells. Cell-specific infection of MEC-LII with recombinant rabies virus results in unambiguous labeling of monosynaptic inputs. Furthermore, ratios of labeled neurons in different regions are largely consistent between animals, suggesting that label reflects density of innervation. While the results mostly confirm prior anatomical work, they also reveal a novel major direct input to MEC-LII from hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Interestingly, the vast majority of these direct hippocampal inputs arise not from the major hippocampal subfields of CA1 and CA3, but from area CA2, a region that has historically been thought to merely be a transitional zone between CA3 and CA1. We confirmed this unexpected result using conventional tracing techniques in both rats and mice.
Opiate Exposure and Withdrawal Induces a Molecular Memory Switch in the Basolateral Amygdala between ERK1/2 and CaMKIIα-Dependent Signaling Substrates
Authors: Lyons Danika , de Jaeger Xavier , Rosen Laura G. , Ahmad Tasha , Lauzon Nicole M. , Zunder Jordan , Coolen Lique M. , Rushlow Walter , Laviolette Steven R.
Published: September 2013

Opiate reward memories are powerful triggers for compulsive opiate-seeking behaviors. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is an important structure for the processing of opiate-related associative memories and is functionally linked to the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) pathway. Transmission through intra-BLA DA D1-like and D2-like receptors independently modulates the formation of opiate reward memories as a function of opiate-exposure state. Thus, in the opiate-naive state, intra-BLA D1 transmission is required for opiate-related memory formation. Once opiate dependence and withdrawal has developed, a functional switch to a DA D2-mediated memory mechanism takes place. However, the downstream molecular signaling events that control this functional switch between intra-BLA DA D1 versus D2 receptor transmission are not currently understood. Using an unbiased place conditioning procedure in rats combined with molecular analyses, we report that opiate reward memory acquisition requires intra-BLA ERK1/2 signaling only in the previously opiate-naive state. However, following chronic opiate exposure and withdrawal, intra-BLA reward memory processing switches to a CaMKIIα-dependent memory substrate. Furthermore, the ability of intra-BLA DA D1 or D2 receptor transmission to modulate the motivational salience of opiates similarly operates through a D1-mediated ERK-dependent mechanism in the opiate-naive state, but switches to a D2-mediated CaMKIIα-dependent mechanism in the dependent/withdrawn state. Protein analysis of BLA tissue revealed a downregulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation and a dramatic reduction in both total and phosphorylated CaMKIIα signaling, specifically in the opiate-dependent/withdrawn state, demonstrating functional control of ERK1/2-dependent versus CaMKIIα-dependent memory mechanisms within the BLA, controlled by opiate-exposure state.
Endothelial VEGF Sculpts Cortical Cytoarchitecture
Authors: Li Suyan , Haigh Katharina , Haigh Jody J. , Vasudevan Anju
Published: September 2013

Current models of brain development support the view that VEGF, a signaling protein secreted by neuronal cells, regulates angiogenesis and neuronal development. Here we demonstrate an autonomous and pivotal role for endothelial cell-derived VEGF that has far-reaching consequences for mouse brain development. Selective deletion ofVegffrom endothelial cells resulted in impaired angiogenesis and marked perturbation of cortical cytoarchitecture. Abnormal cell clusters or heterotopias were detected in the marginal zone, and disorganization of cortical cells induced several malformations, including aberrant cortical lamination. Critical events during brain development-neuronal proliferation, differentiation, and migration were significantly affected. In addition, axonal tracts in the telencephalon were severely defective in the absence of endothelial VEGF. The unique roles of endothelial VEGF cannot be compensated by neuronal VEGF and underscores the high functional significance of endothelial VEGF for cerebral cortex development and from disease perspectives.
Adult Neurogenesis Produces Neurons with Unique GABAergic Synapses in the Olfactory Bulb
Authors: Valley Matthew T. , Henderson Lansdale G. , Inverso Samuel A. , Lledo Pierre-Marie
Published: September 2013

Neuronal regeneration occurs naturally in a few restricted mammalian brain regions, but its functional significance remains debated. Here we search for unique features in the synaptic outputs made by adult-born granule cell interneurons in the mouse olfactory bulb using optogenetic targeting of specific neuronal ages. We find that adult-born interneurons are resistant to presynaptic GABAB-mediated depression of GABA release compared with interneurons born just after birth that exhibit strong GABABneuromodulation. Correlated with this functional change, we found altered localization of the GABABR1 protein within adult-born granule cells. These results suggest that adult neurogenesis produces a population of functionally unique GABAergic synapses in the olfactory bulb.
c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Phosphorylation of Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein K Regulates Vertebrate Axon Outgrowth via a Posttranscriptional Mechanism
Authors: Hutchins Erica J. , Szaro Ben G.
Published: September 2013

c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) mediates cell signaling essential for axon outgrowth, but the associated substrates and underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We identified inXenopus laevisembryos a novel posttranscriptional mechanism whereby JNK regulates axonogenesis by phosphorylating a specific site on heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K). Both JNK inhibition and hnRNP K knockdown inhibited axon outgrowth and translation of hnRNP K-regulated cytoskeletal RNAs (tauandneurofilament medium), effects that were alleviated by expressing phosphomimetic, but not phosphodeficient, forms of hnRNP K. Immunohistochemical and biochemical analyses indicated that JNK phosphorylation of hnRNP K occurred within the cytoplasm and was necessary for the translational initiation of hnRNP K-targeted RNAs but not for hnRNP K intracellular localization or RNA binding. Thus, in addition to its known roles in transcription and cytoskeletal organization, JNK acts posttranscriptionally through hnRNP K to regulate translation of proteins crucial for axonogenesis.