bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE OXIDATION OF p-NITRO-p′-HYDROXYAZOBENZENE AND SOME RELATED COMPOUNDS WITH HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
Authors: Linton E. P. , Holder C. H. , Bigelow H. E.
Published: April 2011

p-Nitro-p′-hydroxyazobenzene, p-hydroxyazobenzene, and p-aminoazobenzene have been oxidized with 30% hydrogen peroxide. It has been found that in the case of the first two compounds prolonged treatment (25 hr.) disrupts both benzene rings and results in their complete oxidation to carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen, or oxides of nitrogen. Oxidation of the third compound is not complete after six days.
THE SYSTEM NAPHTHALENE-BENZENE CONSIDERED AS AN IDEAL SOLUTION
Authors: Campbell A. N.
Published: April 2011

An experimental study of the vapour pressure, and other physical properties, of an ideal system is described. Raoult's law is followed closely by benzene up to high concentrations of naphthalene. Such behaviour may be connected with the smallness of the dipole moments, although that of naphthalene is far from zero. Other physical properties investigated, viz., density, viscosity, and surface tension, show fairly close, but not exact, additive behaviour. In this respect, the behaviour is very similar to that of a system previously investigated, naphthalene–p-nitrophenol, where, however, the partial pressures show marked deviation from Raoult's law: this is in harmony with the (presumed) high electric moment of p-nitrophenol. It appears, in so far as the two systems studied are concerned, that marked deviation from Raoult's law may be associated with high dipole moment, but that this deviation does not necessarily cause any marked deviation from additivity in other physical properties not dependent on vapour pressure.
THE OXIDATION OF PYROLYTIC DISTYRENE
Authors: Marion Léo
Published: April 2011

The pyrolysis of polystyrene to distyrene is accompanied by the formation of 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene. When pyrolytic distyrene is oxidized with limited quantities of potassium permanganate, a mixture of β-phenylpropiophenone, benzoic acid, and α-hydroxy-α,γ-diphenylbutyric acid is obtained. This substituted butyric acid can further be oxidized to β-phenylpropiophenone and when it is treated with hydrogen bromide and subsequently with sodium amalgam it gives rise to α,γ-dïphenylbutyrolactone. The relation of these results to the structure of the ethylenic component of pyrolytic distyrene is discussed.
REACTION RATES OF THE OXIDATION OF LIQUID ACETALDEHYDE
Authors: Heatley A. H.
Published: April 2011

In the commercial process for producing acetic anhydride and acid by the oxidation of acetaldehyde the observed concentrations of anhydride could not be accounted for till allowance was made for an important side reaction. The paper gives the differential equations based on the suggested mechanism; their solution is shown for certain limiting values of the reaction velocity coefficients, but in the general case numerical methods are required. Calculated and observed values are compared. Continuous operation of the process is also studied briefly.
ENVIRONMENTAL REACTION OF PHYSIOLOGIC RACES OF PUCCINIA TRITICINA AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION IN CANADA
Authors: Newton Margaret , Johnson T.
Published: April 2011

Studies were made of the effect of temperature and light on the reactions to leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Erikss.) of the differential varieties of wheat used for the identification of physiologic races of this rust. With a large number of races both temperature and light were found to exercise a marked influence. The reactions of all varieties were not, however, influenced in the same direction. With lower temperature, Malakof and Democrat became increasingly susceptible, while Carina, Brevit, and Hussar became increasingly resistant. Webster and Mediterranean did not react consistently in either direction, and Loros was but little influenced by temperature. All of the differential varieties showed a more or less marked tendency to become increasingly resistant under conditions of short day length and weak light. In general, more pronounced changes in reaction were produced by variation of temperature than of light.Surveys for the distribution of physiologic races of leaf rust in Canada were conducted annually since 1931 with the exception of the years 1932 and 1935. Forty-nine races were identified. Most of the prevailing physiologic races were found to be widely distributed throughout the country. Evidence was, however, secured that certain races were largely confined to certain areas. Races 1, 58, 76, and 81 were common for several years in Eastern Canada but were not encountered in the Prairie Provinces until 1940 when one collection of each of the three first-mentioned was made in that area. Races 11 and 53 were largely limited to British Columbia and the adjacent province of Alberta. Races of wheat leaf rust have undergone no marked change in respect to identity or relative prevalence in the last few years in Canada.
FURTHER STUDIES ON CHANGES OF DIRECTION IN THE MAJOR COIL OF THE CHROMONEMA OF TRILLIUM ERECTUM L.
Authors: Wilson G. B. , Hutcheson Isabel
Published: April 2011

A detailed study of the direction of chromonema coiling at first meiotic metaphase and anaphase in Trillium erectum L. has shown that reversals in direction of coiling occur in the attachment region, at chiasmata, and in other regions. They occur with random frequency at the attachment. There is an average of two reversals at each "effective" chiasma. In other regions reversals were observed with a frequency of one in 17 gyres.The results indicate that there is no inherent pattern determining the direction of coiling and that reversals are effected by various interrupting mechanisms.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ON COLOUR OF LEAN, AND DEVELOPMENT OF RANCIDITY IN THE FAT, OF PORK DURING FROZEN STORAGE
Authors: Cook W. H. , White W. Harold
Published: April 2011

Pork cuts were stored at relative humidities of 83, 87, 92, 96, and 100% and temperatures of − 6.6°, − 12.2°, − 17.7°, and − 23 °C. for 48 weeks. Visual examination revealed various degrees of surface drying under all conditions, and pronounced methaemoglobin formation at − 6.6 °C. Quantitative colour measurements on both the exposed and internal surfaces of the lean, showed that storage temperature was the primary factor affecting the colour. Temperatures of − 18 °C., or lower, are required to prevent these changes. Samples that had suffered the greatest colour change during storage showed the least change during subsequent exposure.Temperature was also the primary factor affecting the development of rancidity in the fat. Both peroxide oxygen and free fatty acid increased significantly with increase in storage temperature, particularly between − 12.2° and − 6.6 °C., but the actual quantities of free fatty acid were small and of little consequence. Storage temperatures of − 18 °C., or lower, are essential if spoilage of pork fat is to be avoided over storage periods of approximately one year's duration.
LA DIAPAUSE CHEZ LES TENTHRÈDES: PARTIE I
Authors: Gobeil A. R.
Published: April 2011

not available
ABSORPTION OF LIGHT AND HEAT RADIATION BY SMALL SPHERICAL PARTICLES: II. SCATTERING OF LIGHT BY SMALL CARBON SPHERES
Authors: Ruedy R.
Published: April 2011

Spheres of carbon for which 2a/λ, the ratio between the diameter of the particle and the incident wave-length, is less than about [Formula: see text] scatter the light uniformly in all directions. The intensity of the scattered radiation for any angle is proportional to the square of the volume of the particle and inversely proportional to the fourth power of the wave-length. As the ratio 2a/λ increases from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] and greater values, the diffused light collects more and more into a main beam that appears as a continuation of the incident ray and that decreases in width as 2a/λ increases. Blue light prevails in the scattered radiation. When the size of the particles is unknown, the intensity, distribution, and polarization of the scattered light give an at least approximate value for the radius.
THE IDENTIFICATION OF BIOS V AS VITAMIN B1 AND OF A CONSTITUENT OF BIOS VII SOLUTION AS VITAMIN B6; THEIR EFFECT UPON THE REPRODUCTION OF SACCHAROMYCES HANSENIASPORA VALBYENSIS, YEAST 2335, AND SACCHAROMYCES GALACTOSUS
Authors: Marchant Cosmo
Published: April 2011

Experiments described in this paper show that both Saccharomyces hanseniaspora valbyensis and Yeast 2335 require the presence of crude Bios IIA, purified Bios IIB, vitamin B6 (in place of Bios VII solution), and vitamin B1 (in place of Bios V solution) in addition to meso-inositol in the culture medium to ensure a good crop; that Saccharomyces galactosus requires crude Bios IIA, purified Bios IIB, Bios VII solution (not vitamin B6), and vitamin B1 (in place of Bios V solution). They further show that the intermediates used in the synthesis of vitamin B1 when added to a medium containing no vitamin B1 increase the crop of Yeast 2335 and of S. galactosus, but not of S. hanseniaspora valbyensis.
STUDIES ON REACTIONS RELATING TO CARBOHYDRATES AND POLYSACCHARIDES: LXVII. SYNTHESIS OF METHYLATED GLUCOSE DERIVATIVES
Authors: Evans Taylor H. , Levi Irving , Hawkins W. Lincoln , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

The Haworth methylation technique has been modified to provide improved methods of synthesis of 2,3-dimethyl-α- and β-methyl glucosides and 2,3,4,6-tetramethyl glucose from glucose, and of 2,3,4-trimethyl methyl glucosides from levoglucosan. A new crystalline derivative of 2,3-dimethyl glucose, the gluconophenylhydrazide, has been prepared and found to serve as a valuable identification medium.
ENZYME INHIBITION BY DERIVATIVES OF PHENOTHIAZINE: II. INHIBITION OF CHOLINESTERASE
Authors: Collier H. Bruce , Allen Della E.
Published: April 2011

The cholinesterase activity of horse serum is strongly inhibited by phenothiazone and by some phenothiazine alkyl-sulphonium salts. The magnitude of this inhibition is about equal to that produced by methylene blue and by acriflavine. Alkaline phosphatase and serum lipase are not affected.The possible relation of this property of phenothiazine derivatives to certain nervous symptoms observed in treated pigs, and to insecticidal and anthelmintic action, is discussed.
THE SYNERESIS OF SILICA GELS CONTAINING ADDITION AGENTS
Authors: Munro L. A. , Monteith G. E.
Published: April 2011

The effect of addition agents on syneresis of silica gel is reviewed. Various methods of measurement of syneresis have been investigated and a convenient method that gave duplicate results agreeing within 1.2% is described. The effect of a series of alcohols—methyl, ethyl, glycol, glycerol, and erythritol—on syneresis has been studied. The results indicate that the total volume of syneretic liquid at equilibrium was the same as that of the control (within the experimental error) and that no adsorption had taken place in the gel itself. The data on the adsorption of the alcohols was determined by analysis of the syneretic liquid for its alcohol concentration by an oxidation method using chromic acid.
STUDIES ON THE RELATION OF GROWTH RATE TO WOOD QUALITY IN POPULUS HYBRIDS
Authors: Johnson L. P. V.
Published: April 2011

Experiments were conducted on the relation of growth rate to wood quality in a series of 43 hybrid and parental trees, which involved Populus alba, P. grandidentata, and P. tremuloides.Fibres in fast growth annual rings were longer on the average than those in slow growth rings from the same tree. In single annual rings, fibres of early wood were shorter and thicker than those of late wood.Average fibre diameter of individual trees was significantly correlated in a positive manner with growth rate, but the correlation between fibre length and growth rate was well below the level of significance.Short, thick habit of growth was significantly correlated with high density of wood, but correlations between growth rate (in terms of annual increment in volume) and wood density were insignificant.Experimental pulp and paper tests did not reveal any very striking differences in quality between fast growing hybrid and slow growing parental trees, although there remains some doubt as to the suitability of abnormally fast growth hybrid wood for some of the higher grades of soda pulp paper.The general, and tentative, conclusion is that the investigation revealed nothing to indicate that rapid growth is seriously detrimental to wood quality.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF THE CONIDIA OF ERYSIPHE POLYGONI DC. AND THEIR GERMINATION AT LOW HUMIDITY
Authors: Brodie Harold J. , Neufeld C. C.
Published: April 2011

The germination of the conidia of Erysiphe Polygoni DC. takes place through a range of relative humidity from approximately zero to 100% and, therefore, independently of the moisture content of the surrounding atmosphere. In germinating thus, they differ from the spores of some other erysiphaceous fungi and of non-erysiphaceous fungi in general.In E. Polygoni, the conidium is cut off from the conidiophore by a ring of wall material which is added to inwardly until a perforate disk is formed. Later, the pore is closed and the mature conidium remains attached to its conidiophore only by a minute papilla. The conidia have never been observed to germinate in situ, and they are passively discharged.The conidium wall is relatively impervious to water, stain passing into the spore only at the papillate end. Assuming the wall to be relatively impervious to gases also, an explanation is offered for the mechanism of germination of the conidia when they are dislodged from their conidiophores and allowed to fall on dry slides. The papilla provides a permeable spot in the spore wall. It is not exposed until after the spore has been detached. Upon exposure to air, the papilla allows carbon dioxide to pass out from the protoplast and oxygen to pass in, causing respiration and other germination processes to begin.Evidence in support of this suggestion is presented. When freshly detached conidia were held in an atmosphere containing 10% carbon dioxide, germination was checked. These conidia germinated perfectly when removed from the carbon dioxide. Germination was similarly checked by holding the spores in an atmosphere of nitrogen.No shrinkage of the conidia during germination was observed, but shrivelling and collapse take place when death is imminent.
THE MIGRATION OF FUNGAL NUCLEI IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD
Authors: Dowding E. S. , Gowan E. H.
Published: April 2011

The mycelium of Neurospora tetrasperma readily conducts an electric current. During the time an electric current of about 5 μa. is allowed to pass through cultures of N. tetrasperma or Gelasinospora tetrasperma, mycelial growth ceases almost entirely, but afterwards the fungi grow normally again and show no ill effects. Electric currents of the order of 1 or 10 μa. running in either direction through two fused strains of N. tetrasperma do not alter the normal direction of nuclear migration from one strain to the other.
RUST REACTIONS OF CHINESE WHEAT VARIETIES AND CERTAIN CANADIAN HYBRID STRAINS
Authors: Wang Yun-Chang
Published: April 2011

About 160 Chinese spring wheats and a number of Chinese winter wheats were tested in the seedling stage in the greenhouse to determine their reaction to eight physiologic races of stem rust (Puccinia graminis Tritici) and to four physiologic races of leaf rust (Puccinia triticina). The spring wheats were also subjected, in the field, to epidemics of stem rust and leaf rust in which a large number of physiologic races of each rust were employed. The wheats were classified as one or another of the following species: Triticum vulgare, T. compactum, T. durum, and T. turgidum.By means of these tests, it has been demonstrated that the Chinese wheats are rather highly susceptible to the physiologic races of stem rust prevalent in North America. Many of the wheats showed, however, considerable resistance to leaf rust in both the greenhouse and the field tests. Varieties resistant to leaf rust were present in all of the four above-mentioned species.Seventy-five lines of Canadian spring wheat derived from a cross between Renown Selection, which is resistant to stem rust and moderately resistant to leaf rust, and Garnet, which in North America is resistant to stripe rust (Puccinia glumarum), were tested in the seedling stage in the greenhouse for their reaction to stripe rust. Two physiologic races (race 6 and race 13) were used in these tests. The same lines were subjected to rust epidemics in the field to determine their resistance to stem rust and leaf rust. Several of these lines were found to possess resistance to all three rusts. These lines may prove valuable breeding material in case it is desired to develop by breeding methods Chinese varieties resistant to all three of these rusts.
INHIBITION OF MICRO-ORGANISMS BY A TOXIC SUBSTANCE PRODUCED BY AN AEROBIC SPORE-FORMING BACILLUS
Authors: Katznelson H.
Published: April 2011

A thermostable diffusible substance produced by an aerobic spore-forming bacillus in a potato dextrose peptone medium containing 2% dextrose, 1% peptone, and adjusted to pH 6.5 was found to inhibit the growth of 77 out of 81 species of parasitic and saprophytic fungi. Actinomycetes were more tolerant than fungi, though some were completely inhibited. The majority of streptococci, staphylococci, bacilli, lactobacilli, and clostridia tested were suppressed by the toxic medium. Gram negative organisms were unaffected. Bacillus subtilis and, to some extent, B. cereus and B. pumilus produced thermostable substances toxic to Rhizoctonia Solani. Soil, bentonite, and activated charcoal completely adsorbed the toxic agent, agar was less effective and talc not at all. The toxic substance passed through cellophane, parchment, and collodion, resisted autoclavingfor30 to 45 min. at 15 lb., but was destroyed rapidly by heating in alkaline, but less rapidly in acid solutions; it was not inactivated by aeration and retained its potency for many months at 0 °C.; ether, chloroform, benzene, ethyl acetate, and N butyl alcohol could not remove it from the toxic medium but it could be eluted partially from charcoal with 95% ethyl alcohol. The substance has not as yet been identified.
THE RESPIRATORY AND RIPENING BEHAVIOUR OF THE TOMATO FRUIT ON THE PLANT
Authors: Clendenning K. A.
Published: April 2011

The respiratory behaviour of tomato fruits during their growth and ripening on the plant has been studied in relation to the season and light intensity during growth. Growth was found to be associated with an absolute increase in respiration rate. Fruits of all populations showed a marked rise and fall in respiration rate during ripening. This senescent drift was confirmed in detail by following the respiration of individual fruits ripening while still attached to the plant. Although exhibiting the usual senescent drift as they changed colour, fruits grown in summer cloth house plots showed a consistently lower rate of respiration than that observed in all other populations. It also has been shown that the chief path of gaseous exchange of the mature attached fruit is localized at the stem end.
STUDIES ON ROOT ROT OF CORN IN ONTARIO
Authors: Richardson J. K.
Published: April 2011

Root rot of corn in Ontario is caused primarily by parasitic soil micro-organisms, the most important of which are species of Pythium, Helminthosporium, and Fusarium in that order. The disease causes a decrease in the stand by pre-emergence killing and a dwarfing of the plants by the parasitic invasion and destruction of their roots by the organisms. The pathogens have different optimum soil temperatures but the lower ranges favour those that cause the most severe damage. The roots of other field crops can be parasitized by the organisms found associated with corn root rot, but their effect on the development of the crop varies greatly. It has been proved under greenhouse conditions that the severity of the disease is greatly reduced if the corn is preceded by cover crops of soybeans and materially increased when preceded by timothy. Other crops tested have an intermediate effect.
CHROMOSOME BEHAVIOUR AND FERTILITY IN DIPLOID WHEAT WITH TRANSLOCATION COMPLEXES OF FOUR AND SIX CHROMOSOMES
Authors: Thompson W. P. , Hutcheson Isabel
Published: April 2011

Seven different reciprocal chromosome translocations involving six of the seven haploid chromosomes of Triticum monococcum have been studied in all possible heterozygous combinations. Plants with one complex of four chromosomes show only 5 to 10% sterility; those with two complexes of four, 10 to 20%; those with one complex of six, 20 to 30%. Completely random segregation in such types should cause 66.6, 88.8, and 90% sterility, respectively, while segregation directed only by the necessity that homologous centromeres go to opposite poles should cause 50, 75, and 75%, respectively. The very low sterility of translocation heterozygotes in wheat, as compared with these expectations, and with results reported in maize and other plants, is due to the fact that segregation is usually alternate (disjunctional) in complexes both of four and six.The forces of repulsion operating at metaphase are not restricted to the centromere but involve the whole body of the chromosome. In the absence of complicating features this naturally results in alternate segregation in complexes. Semisterility is due, not to basically random segregation, but to special conditions such as interstitial chiasmata, early opening of the complex, and crossing over between the centromere and the point of interchange. The latter is favoured by a non-median position of the centromere, great length of chromosomes, and shortness of at least one interchanged segment. The 50% sterility usually reported for translocations has no special significance; no particular percentage is characteristic of translocations in general.In complexes of six, double-cross configurations are more numerous than stars, and present many variations in form depending on the length and position of the segments exchanged. Additional factors producing sterility in large complexes are unwieldiness and crossing over in the segment that joins the two crosses.
STUDIES OF CROWN ROT OF APPLE TREES
Authors: Welsh Maurice F.
Published: April 2011

The form of apple tree crown rot that occurs in the irrigated orchards of British Columbia is confined to the below-ground bark tissues of the tree. It has been encountered in trees of all ages and of all the commercial varieties.Proof is given that this crown rot is caused by the fungus Phytophthora cactorum (L. & C.) Schroet. Typical symptoms of the disease have been reproduced in over 200 trees of various ages as a result of their inoculation with this fungus. Isolation has been possible only from the margins of active lesions, and has proved difficult even from these tissues. There is evidence that the activity of P. cactorum is inhibited in rotted tissues by the antagonistic effect of one or more secondary organisms.The influence of soil moisture and temperature on disease incidence has been studied by field observations and by the inoculation of two-year—old trees under controlled conditions in Wisconsin tank equipment in the greenhouse. The effects of these two factors seem to be interrelated, with the highest incidence of disease in an almost saturated soil at the highest temperature imposed, 32 °C. The influence of soil moisture is exerted particularly in the subsoil, rather than in the locus of crown rot attack.Certain varieties of apple have been found to vary in their resistance to crown rot. Deep wounds have proved necessary to allow entry of the fungus into bark tissues.The additional information now available is being utilized in a search for improved means of combating the disease.
EXPERIMENTS ON CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DAMPING-OFF IN PINUS RESINOSA AIT.
Authors: Johnson L. P. V. , Linton G. M.
Published: April 2011

Results from a series of greenhouse and nursery experiments on the relative control of damping-off in red pine, afforded by a wide range of chemicals, brought out the following points: (1) Semesan solutions in concentrations of 1:100 to 1:150 applied as soil treatment gave consistently the best control in both greenhouse and nursery. (2) Red copper oxide suspension in concentrations of 1:250 to 1:500 applied as a soil treatment was also effective, particularly in the greenhouse. (3) Red copper oxide and zinc oxide dusts used as seed treatments gave effective control under greenhouse conditions. (4) In the greenhouse, combinations of seed and soil treatments failed to prove more effective than treatments applied separately, while under certain nursery conditions the combined treatments were significantly less effective. (5) Fungicides as a group generally proved more effective than acidifying agents such as sulphuric acid and aluminium sulphate. It appeared that the acidifying agents gave good control in seasons of normal rainfall, but were more or less ineffective in dry seasons, when relatively large quantities of slightly alkaline irrigation water were applied, or in wet seasons, when excessive percolation occurred. (6) Seedlings from two-year–old red pine seed of somewhat reduced vitality proved to be much more susceptible than those from one-year–old seed.White spruce was used in some of the preliminary experiments and proved to be much less susceptible than red pine, although very similar in response to the various treatments.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO A STUDY OF THE FUNGOUS FLORA OF NOVA SCOTIA: VI. PYRENOMYCETES
Authors: Wehmeyer Lewis E.
Published: April 2011

The 170 species and two varieties of fungi listed from the province are distributed in 70 genera as follows: Perisporiales—seven species and one variety in five genera; Hypocreales—29 species in 12 genera; Sphaeriales—129 species and one variety in 49 genera; Dothideales—five species in four genera. The following species are described as new: Leptosphaeria anisomeres, Physalospora Laricis, Chaetosphaeria multiseptata, Massaria salilliformis, Cryptospora aurantiaca, Diaporthe quadruplex, Xylaria coprophila. The following new combinations are made: Bombardia (Sordaria) lutea (E. & E.), Pseudotrichia (Sphaeria) viridicoma (Cke. and Pk.), Pleospora (Teichospora) nitida (E. & E.), Apiognomonia (Gnomoniella) guttulata (Starb.), Gibberidea (Cucurbitaria) alnea (Pk.).
MARINE MACROPLANKTON FROM THE CANADIAN EASTERN ARCTIC: I. AMPHIPODA AND SCHIZOPODA
Authors: Dunbar M. J.
Published: April 2011

Twenty-four amphipod species (one a new species), three euphausiids, and two mysids are recorded from the coastal water of the Canadian eastern Arctic. Most of the records are new.The list is representative of a high arctic plankton, giving no evidence of the intrusion of Atlantic water. This is in agreement with the hydrographic observations made, and with available hydrographic data from other sources.The plankton is contrasted with that found in 1936 in Disko Bay, west Greenland, where there appears to be an upwelling of mixed Arctic and Atlantic water. The difference between the plankton of the two sides of Baffin Bay suggests the possibility of distinguishing water of Lancaster Sound (Canadian polar water) from that of west Greenland by means of their planktonic fauna.
PRESERVATION OF EGGS: III. STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF OIL TREATMENT AND EGG-CASE LINER BAGS IN THE PRESERVATION OF SHELL EGGS UNDER ADVERSE CONDITIONS
Authors: Reedman E. J. , Hopkins J. W.
Published: April 2011

Three replicate lots of eggs, each divided into half-case (15 doz.) sets on the treatments used, were stored at 70° F. and 90% relative humidity for 35 days. Different sets of eggs were conditioned at 32°, 40°, 60°, and 70° F. before being placed in the humidity chamber, but no resulting effect of initial condensate on the eggs and packaging material was demonstrated.Under the conditions of this experiment, oil treatment by the best commercially applicable method, followed by packaging in sealed egg-case liner bags, was found to retard greatly the development of internal defects and severe external mould. Oil treatment alone was definitely beneficial, but the use of egg-case liner bags on untreated eggs was detrimental. While these experiments show that the method of oil treatment combined with bagging was efficacious in these laboratory scale tests, the results obtained from three small test shipments to Great Britain were not in agreement, and indicated that somewhat different storage conditions may be encountered in the export of shell eggs in non-refrigerated holds. The length of time of storage may also be expected to influence directly the degree of spoilage.Differential spoilage of eggs located in the central and top and bottom trays within the case, and at the periphery and in the interior of individual trays, was also noted under certain conditions. This is considered to indicate the importance of humidity gradients within the case.
MAIN ARTERIES IN THE REGION OF THE NECK AND THORAX OF THE AUSTRALIAN CASSOWARY
Authors: Glenny Fred H.
Published: April 2011

A mature specimen of the Australian cassowary (Casuarius australis Wallace) was dissected and a diagram of the main arteries in the neck region prepared. In the arrangement and distribution of these arteries, the cassowary differs from other species of birds previously studied. The left radix aortae and left ductus Botalli remain as a ligamentous vestige, the ligamentum aortae. The left internal carotid artery alone enters the hypapophysial canal. The right internal carotid artery is lacking or has become modified to form the ascending oesophageal artery of the adult, in the basal portion of the neck. The pattern of the arrangement of the main arteries in the neck and thorax shows a relatively primitive avian condition.
THE RESONANCE METHOD OF MEASURING THE RATIO OF THE SPECIFIC HEATS OF A GAS, Cp/Cv: PART IV
Authors: Clark A. L. , Katz L.
Published: April 2011

This paper is a continuation of the work already published in three parts in this Journal (1, 2). In it a new theoretical treatment of the effect of the non-adiabatic behaviour of a gas subjected to alternate compressions and rarefactions is developed for both spherical and cylindrical chambers. This theory is then applied to the previous results as well as to some new ones. It is believed now that the results are as accurate as may be obtained by direct experimental methods, under the most favourable conditions.
A THEORY OF THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICLES IN A COMMINUTED SYSTEM
Authors: Griffith Laurence
Published: April 2011

It is shown that the problem of the size distribution of particles in a system that has been ground can be treated by the general methods of the theory of probability. The mathematical procedure employed is almost identical m form with that used in the classical statistical mechanics of gases, although the fundamental ideas are different, as the molecules of a solid are not free to move. The distribution laws developed agree with the known empirical laws for particles of sizes down to about one micron, but proof of the theory will depend upon study of size distributions in colloidal systems.
SCATTERING OF LIGHT BY SMALL DROPS OF WATER
Authors: Ruedy R.
Published: April 2011

When very small drops of water increase in size until their diameter is one-fourth of the wave-length of the incident light (2a/λ = 1/4), they scatter the light essentially according to Rayleigh's law for non-conducting particles. But when the diameter increases from λ/4 to λ/2, the intensity of light scattered along directions that point toward the source decreases almost to zero, the change being most marked between 2a/λ = 1/4 and 2a/λ = 3/8. The sharp increase in the proportion of scattered light with an increase in size, according to the sixth power of the radius, continues however in the directions along which the main part of the scattered light is radiated by the particle. As the scattering begins to deviate from that given by Rayleigh's law, colours other than blue appear with great strength; the dispersion of the colours increases with increasing size of the particles until mainly red light remains.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARIACEOUS PLANTS: XXXVI. CORYDALIS THALICTRIFOLIA FRANCH. AND THE CONSTITUTION OF A NEW ALKALOID, THALICTRIFOLINE
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

Corydalis thalictrifolia Franch. has yielded eight alkaloids, four of which, namely, protopine, stylopine, l-corypalmine, and adlumidine, are known bases. The remaining four, thalictrifoline (alkaloid F58) (C21H23O4N), and its dehydro-base, alkaloid F59 (C20H23O4N), and alkaloid F60 (C20H21O3N), are new. The constitution of thalictrifoline has been elucidated. It is corydaline in which the 9:10-methoxy-groups have been replaced by a methylenedioxy-group.
THE ALKALOIDS OF THERMOPSIS RHOMBIFOLIA (NUTT.) RICHARDS
Authors: Manske Richard H. F. , Marion Léo
Published: April 2011

In addition to 3-methoxy-pyridine, which had previously been isolated from Thermopsis rhombifolia (Nutt) Richards, the following known alkaloids have now been obtained—thermopsine, N-methyl-cytisine, and cytisine. Two other alkaloids that are regarded as new have also been obtained. They are now named rhombifoline (C15H20O2N2) and rhombinine (C16H22O2N2) and have been characterized as their perchlorates and picrates. The free bases have not been obtained crystalline and the given empirical formulae are regarded as tentative. Incidentally two neutral non-nitrogenous compounds were isolated. They are referred to as Compound A (C19H20O10) and Compound B (C22H16O6).
THE MERCURY PHOTOSENSITIZED DECOMPOSITION OF n-BUTANE
Authors: Hay A. W. , Winkler C. A.
Published: April 2011

The mercury photosensitized decomposition of n-butane at 100°, 175°, and 250 °C. yields hydrogen, octanes, and dodecanes as the main products. The mechanism of the reaction is concluded to be a C—H bond split, followed by radical combination reactions.
SEDIMENTATION VOLUMES AND ANOMALOUS FLOW IN LYOPHOBIC SUSPENSIONS
Authors: Gallay Wilfred , Puddington Ira E.
Published: April 2011

The sedimentation volumes of starch, magnesium oxide, ferric oxide, and talc in a series of liquids have been measured. The results are greatly influenced by the presence of small quantities of water. Increase in sedimentation volume is related to the degree of flocculation in the system, leading to a branched-chain scaffolding type of structure. Viscosity determinations show that such structures possess rigidity, which is absent in systems showing a small sedimentation volume. The effect of flocculation is particularly large in suspensions of aniso-dimensional particles.
THE SYNTHESIS OF 2-KETOCYCLOHEXYLSUCCINIC ACID AND RELATED SUBSTANCES: III. SYNTHESES INVOLVING ETHYLENE AND PROPYLENE OXIDES
Authors: McRae J. A. , Charlesworth E. H. , Archibald F. R. , Alexander D. S.
Published: April 2011

2-Oxotetrahydrofuran-3-acetic acid is produced when ethylene oxide, ethyl sodiomalonate, and ethyl chloroacetate are condensed and the resulting ester is hydrolysed and decarboxylated. If ethyl β-bromopropionate is used in place of ethyl chloroacetate, 2-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-propionic acid results.Condensation of propylene oxide with ethyl malonate in the presence of sodium ethylate, followed by hydrolysis and decarboxylation, yields γ-valerolactone (2-oxo-5-methyltetrahydrofuran) in rather poor yield.The β-halogenated esters may be replaced in condensations of this nature by benzyl chloride, 2-oxo-3-benzyltetrahydrofuran being produced.
THE PHYSICAL STATES OF ANHYDROUS SODIUM SOAPS
Authors: Gallay Wilfred , Puddington Ira E.
Published: April 2011

Density measurements and differential cooling curves have been carried out on sodium stearate and sodium oleate over a range of temperatures. For sodium stearate, the genotypical or unidimensional melting point at 70 °C. found by Thiessen et al. has been corroborated. A large transition has been noted at about 100 °C. and it is suggested that this phase transition is due to a melting in a second dimension at right angles to the molecular axis. A further large transition has been found at 125° to 130 °C. leading to a plastic state in the soap, and it is suggested that this transition point denotes the essential completion of bidimensional melting of the lattice. No further considerable phase change was found up to about 200 °C., when disruption of the polar bonds probably occurs to effect complete disruption of the lattice to the liquid crystalline state. Only the latter transition point was found for sodium oleate at about 135 °C.
A STUDY OF SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE PATHOGENICITY OF VERTICILLIUM ALBO-ATRUM R. & B.
Authors: McKeen Colin D.
Published: April 2011

An epidemic of Verticillium wilt, which occurred in the Niagara Peninsula in 1940, involved many hosts, from seven of which the fungus was isolated; the isolates were compared with respect to cultural characters and pathogenicity. Although the isolates varied slightly in morphology and pathogenicity, they are all referred to Verticillium albo-atrum R. & B.A considerable residuum of inoculum was demonstrated in the soil in May, 1941, following the 1940 epidemic. The optimum temperature for vegetative growth of the fungus is about 24 °C. which closely approximates the optimum for disease incidence. Wilt symptoms appear slightly sooner and the temperature range of heavy disease incidence is broader (18° to 29 °C.) at high than at optimum soil moisture (21° to 27 °C.). The fungus persisted and was equally aggressive after three months in fine sandy loam, medium clay loam, and red clay loam under cropped and fallow conditions, except when the soil was fallow and dry during the period. Growing a susceptible host in infested soil for three months did not influence the activity of Verticillium more than did an immune host. Inoculum in a resting condition must be incorporated in moist soil a few days before it can readily infect plants. The addition of green plant residues and two organic acids caused a slight suppression of fungous activity.Air and soil temperatures and precipitation for May, June, July, and August for 1939, 1940, 1941, and 1942 have been examined. It was found that soil temperatures high enough for disease development are not likely to be encountered before late June and then the disease developed seriously only when the soil moisture was uniformly high during the months of May, June, and July. The relative infrequency of serious outbreaks of Verticillium wilt on the Niagara Peninsula thus appears to be due to the low soil moisture that ordinarily pertains during that part of the growing season when soil temperatures are high enough to favour the fungus.
NUMBERS OF BACTERIA DEVELOPING ON PLATES IN RELATION TO SOIL ENVIRONMENT
Authors: James Norman , Sutherland Marjorie L.
Published: April 2011

Numbers of colonies on plates prepared from 30 dilutions of different strengths are studied in relation to the extent of diluting and to changes in moisture and in time.The actual number of colonies is consistently lower than the theoretical number; and this difference between actual and theoretical increases with increasing proportions of soil to water in a series of dilutions. This is a regular phenomenon, which is influenced by changes in moisture in the soil and in time of sampling. It differs in the fallow and wheat plots. When the data for each dilution are considered separately, it is apparent that each dilution fits into a general trend for a series of dilutions with increasing proportions of soil to water. This holds true whether the response is associated with differences in plots, in moisture, or in time. This regularity supports the hypothesis that each dilution defines a biological unit with a characteristic set of responses to environment.
STUDIES ON THE MICROBIOLOGY OF RECONTAMINATED STERILIZED SOIL IN RELATION TO ITS INFESTATION WITH OPHIOBOLUS GRAMINIS SACC.
Authors: Ludwig R. A. , Henry A. W.
Published: April 2011

In these studies recontaminated steam-sterilized black soil, when infested with the take-all fungus, Ophiobolus graminis, gave, as a rule, less severe infection of wheat seedlings than similarly infested unsterilized soil. One explanation suggested is that the microflora that develops in sterilized soil following recontamination has a greater suppressive action on Ophiobolus graminis than that normally present in unsterilized soil. These two microfloras were found to differ both quantitatively and qualitatively. In general the number of microorganisms, as determined by the plate count method, was found to be much greater in sterilized recontaminated soil than in unsterilized soil. The fact that the fungus Trichoderma viride develops rapidly and becomes a dominant organism in sterilized recontaminated soil is considered to be of especial significance. The antagonism of this fungus toward Ophiobolus graminis probably plays an important role in suppressing the latter.
ON SOURCES OF VITAMIN C: I. ROSE HIPS
Authors: Tuba J. , Hunter G. , Hutchinson M. J. , Kennedy L. L.
Published: April 2011

On the evidence of titration with 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, the newly ripe hips of Rosa acicularis contain 1800 to 3500 mg. % ascorbic acid in the wet flesh or about 4.5 to 7.6% ascorbic acid on a dry basis. The corresponding values for R. woodsii and R. arkansana are 1300 to 2000 mg. % or 4.0 to 6.0%. The hips of R. acicularis are the richest of the wild roses. The hips from cultivated roses have usually less ascorbic acid than the wild varieties with the exception of R. laxa, the richest examined, with 3000 to 4000 mg. % in the wet flesh or 8.0 to 10.3% on a dry basis.The ascorbic acid in rose hip extracts is remarkably stable to heat and oxidation, and methods are indicated for the preparation of products suitable for winter food supplements.The leaves and bark of wild rose bushes commonly contain 300 to 500 mg. % ascorbic acid in the fresh matter, and the petals 20 to 70 mg. %.
THE STANDARDIZING OF A LABORATORY METHOD FOR COMPARING THE TOXICITY OF CONTACT INSECTICIDES
Authors: Morrison Frank O.
Published: April 2011

Toxicity tests were conducted with nicotine sulphate and nicotine alkaloid using Drosophila melanogaster as the test animal, with a modified Tattersfield atomizer spray machine, and by an immersion technique. One hundred and fifty flies were treated at each concentration each day. Each experiment was replicated 8 or 10 times using 3 to 22 concentrations. Data were analysed by the method of analysis of variance and by means of probits.It appears from the data secured that careful standardization of any technique will be needed to secure comparable results. Results from spraying were the more uniform and consistent. Saponin spreader had a synergistic action with nicotine sulphate. It complicates results and its effect cannot be separated from that of the insecticide. Variations in observed mortalities result from different rates of spray application (slower applications were better), different ages of test animals (day-old flies and flies over four days old were most susceptible), different numbers of test animals per container (increased numbers increased the kill), different populations (these vary greatly in susceptibility), differences in larval and adult nutrition, and the use of different sized fly containers. All these factors must be standardized or accounted for. When this was done variations due to different experimenters were not significant.In general six or eight replications were enough to establish a curve. Analysis of variance on angular transformation values gives a good test for consistency and the method of probits reveals much heterogeneity in the data.
SOME NATIVE SAWFLIES OF THE GENUS NEODIPRION ATTACKING PINES IN EASTERN CANADA
Authors: Atwood C. E. , Peck O.
Published: April 2011

The genus Neodiprion has become more and more important in recent years because of the variety of species found on our native conifers and the increasing frequency of outbreaks caused by these insects. It is very difficult to distinguish between the species by means of adult characters only, so a study of different stages of the life history has been made. In this way it has been found possible to delimit most of the species with a fair degree of certainty.Keys are given for the determination of adult females of 11 and of larvae of 10 species attacking pines in Eastern Canada. Two of the species are described as new. The larvae of two species appearing in the first key and the adults of one species from the second are as yet unknown.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE FATE OF PHENOTHIAZINE IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS
Authors: Collier H. B. , Allen D. E. , Swales W. E.
Published: April 2011

The investigation of the fate of phenothiazine in sheep, horses, dogs, rabbits, and pigs has been based upon the identification of the urinary excretion products, which was facilitated by chromatographic analysis and observation of absorption spectra.In the sheep the drug is oxidized in the rumen and is excreted as leucophenothiazone conjugated with sulphuric acid. Horses and dogs also excrete leucophenothiazone, whereas rabbits excrete mainly leucothionol, all in conjugated form. The urine of pigs, after acidification, contains free phenothiazine, with smaller amounts of thionol and phenothiazone. These observations on the fate of phenothiazine indicate no fundamental difference between herbivorous and other animals.
STUDIES ON CESTODES OF THE GENUS TRIAENOPHORUS FROM FISH OF LESSER SLAVE LAKE, ALBERTA: I. INTRODUCTION AND THE LIFE OF TRIAENOPHORUS CRASSUS FOREL AND T. NODULOSUS (PALLAS) IN THE DEFINITIVE HOST, ESOX LUCIUS
Authors: Miller Richard B.
Published: April 2011

Triaenophorus crassus Forel and T. nodulosus (Pallas) occur in the intestine of the northern pike, Esox lucius. T. crassus is deeply imbedded in the gut wall of the host; T. nodulosus is but lightly attached. Pike weighing three pounds or over are more likely to be infected with the former species and smaller pike more often harbour the latter. The greatest number of mixed infections occur in pike around three pounds in weight.T. crassus liberates viable eggs into the host's intestine from the end of April to the middle of May; T. nodulosus is one month later and appears to liberate its eggs directly into the water. Pike are relatively free of T. crassus from mid-May to mid-June and of T. nodulosus in late June and early July.Data presented are interpreted as indicating that the cauda of T. crassus is produced by the progressive degeneration of the plerocercoid beginning at the posterior end.A third, apparently undescribed, species of Triaenophorus was found in the intestine of the pickerel, Stizostedion vitreum.
DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: IV. EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT ON KEEPING QUALITY
Authors: White W. Harold , Thistle M. W.
Published: April 2011

Dried whole egg powders, obtained from three different manufacturers, were adjusted to contain from 2 to 8.5% moisture, and held at temperatures ranging from 7.1° to 43.3 °C. Quality was assessed by determination of the fluorescence, potassium chloride, and refractometric values.Temperature was the most important single factor studied in affecting the keeping quality of dried egg. However, at all temperatures the rate of deterioration increased with increase in the moisture content. To maintain quality during storage and transport, dried egg should contain not more than 5% moisture and preferably 2% or less.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WILD TYPE AND BAR EYES OFDROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Steinberg Arthur G.
Published: April 2011

The histological development of the eyes of Bar and wild type Drosophila melanogaster during the larval and pupal stages is described. The onset of morphological differentiation of the ommatidia of both Bar and wild type occurs between 48 and 72 hr. after hatching from the egg (temperature = 25° ± 0.2 °C). At all stages the developing ommatidia of Bar and wild type are the same. At no time was evidence of degenerating ommatidia found in any region of the Bar eye. The data are discussed in the light of several hypotheses that have been advanced to explain the development of the Bar eye.