bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
β1-integrin-dependent migration of microglia in response to neuron-released α-synuclein
Authors: Kim Changyoun , Cho Eun-Deok , Kim Hyung-Koo , You Sungyong , Lee He-Jin , Hwang Daehee , Lee Seung-Jae
Published: April 2014

Chronic neuroinflammation is an integral pathological feature of major neurodegenerative diseases. The recruitment of microglia to affected brain regions and the activation of these cells are the major events leading to disease-associated neuroinflammation. In a previous study, we showed that neuron-released α-synuclein can activate microglia through activating the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) pathway, resulting in proinflammatory responses. However, it is not clear whether other signaling pathways are involved in the migration and activation of microglia in response to neuron-released α-synuclein. In the current study, we demonstrated that TLR2 activation is not sufficient for all of the changes manifested by microglia in response to neuron-released α-synuclein. Specifically, the migration of and morphological changes in microglia, triggered by neuron-released α-synuclein, did not require the activation of TLR2, whereas increased proliferation and production of cytokines were strictly under the control of TLR2. Construction of a hypothetical signaling network using computational tools and experimental validation with various peptide inhibitors showed that β1-integrin was necessary for both the morphological changes and the migration. However, neither proliferation nor cytokine production by microglia was dependent on the activation of β1-integrin. These results suggest that β1-integrin signaling is specifically responsible for the recruitment of microglia to the disease-affected brain regions, where neurons most likely release relatively high levels of α-synuclein.
A universal glucometer-based biosensor for portable and quantitative detection of transcription factors
Authors: Chen Junhua , Wu Wei , Zeng Lingwen
Published: April 2014

A universal biosensor for portable and quantitative analysis of transcription factors has been constructed using a glucometer as the sensing platform.
A gold-catalysed fully intermolecular oxidation and sulfur-ylide formation sequence on ynamides
Authors: Santos Mickaël Dos , Davies Paul W.
Published: April 2014

A chemoselective three-component oxidation-intermolecular sulfur ylide formation-rearrangement sequence provides efficient access to functionalised tertiary thioethers from ynamides.
Liberation of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) from thermally labile progenitors: protected NHCs as versatile tools in organo- and polymerization catalysis
Authors: Naumann Stefan , Buchmeiser Michael R.
Published: April 2014

The thermally triggered release of catalytically active, free NHCs from various heat-sensitive progenitors is discussed.
Thin film synthesis and properties of copper nitride, a metastable semiconductor
Authors: Caskey Christopher M. , Richards Ryan M. , Ginley David S. , Zakutayev Andriy
Published: April 2014

Copper nitride (Cu3N) thin films were grown by reactive sputtering using a high-throughput combinatorial approach with orthogonal gradients of substrate temperature and target–substrate distance.
XAS and XFM studies of selenium and copper speciation and distribution in the kidneys of selenite-supplemented rats
Authors: Weekley Claire M. , Shanu Anu , Aitken Jade B. , Vogt Stefan , Witting Paul K. , Harris Hugh H.
Published: April 2014

Se and Cu were colocalised in the kidneys of selenite-fed rats, but there was no evidence of Se–Cu bonding.
Hierarchical 3D TiO2@Fe2O3 nanoframework arrays as high-performance anode materials
Authors: Gao Lin , Hu Hao , Li Guojian , Zhu Qiancheng , Yu Ying
Published: April 2014

Hierarchical 3D TiO2@Fe2O3 nanoframework arrays with superior rate capability and cycling performance are synthesized via a facile hydrothermal reaction.
Multi-stimuli responsive poly(azodibenzo-18-crown-6-ether)s
Authors: Wiktorowicz S. , Duchêne R. , Tenhu H. , Aseyev V.
Published: April 2014

Multi-stimuli responsive polymers based on dibenzo-18-crown-6-ethers.
Zn(ii)-coordination modulated ligand photophysical processes – the development of fluorescent indicators for imaging biological Zn(ii) ions
Authors: Zhu Lei , Yuan Zhao , Simmons J. Tyler , Sreenath Kesavapillai
Published: April 2014

Knowledge of Zn(ii) coordination-modulated ligand photophysics is the foundation for developing fluorescent indicators that help address challenges in Zn(ii) biology.
Fabrication of multi-functional PVDF/RGO composites via a simple thermal reduction process and their enhanced electromagnetic wave absorption and dielectric properties
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Juan , Wang Guang-Sheng , Cao Wen-Qiang , Wei Yun-Zhao , Cao Mao-Sheng , Guo Lin
Published: April 2014

The PVDF/RGO composites synthesized by a thermal reduction process exhibit high values of reflection loss and excellent dielectric properties with low filler loading.
ZrCl4-promoted facile synthesis of indole derivatives
Authors: Tummatorn J. , Gleeson M. P. , Krajangsri S. , Thongsornkleeb C. , Ruchirawat S.
Published: April 2014

Zirconium(iv) chloride effectively activates nitrogen (N2) extrusion from aryl azidoacrylates followed by annulation to provide the desired indole products in moderate to good yields.
A high-conduction Ge substituted Li3AsS4 solid electrolyte with exceptional low activation energy
Authors: Sahu Gayatri , Rangasamy Ezhiylmurugan , Li Juchuan , Chen Yan , An Ke , Dudney Nancy , Liang Chengdu
Published: April 2014

A Li-ion conductor with an ultralow activation energy.
N-Alkyl functionalized barbituric and thiobarbituric acid bithiophene derivatives for vacuum deposited n-channel OFETs
Authors: Shu Ying , Mikosch Annabel , Winzenberg Kevin N. , Kemppinen Peter , Easton Christopher D. , Bilic Ante , Forsyth Craig M. , Dunn Christopher J. , Singh Th. Birendra , Collis Gavin E.
Published: April 2014

Modification of the barbituric acid acceptor group results in structural and optoelectronic changes that provide electron mobilities nearing 0.3 cm2 V−1 s−1.
Spatial degradation mapping and component-wise degradation tracking in polymer–fullerene blends
Authors: Pedersen E. B. L. , Tromholt T. , Madsen Morten V. , Böttiger A. P. L. , Weigand M. , Krebs F. C. , Andreasen J. W.
Published: April 2014

P3HT degrades homogeneously and the degradation rate is reduced by a factor of 3 in the presence of PCBM. Spatial photodegradation maps are obtained by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy near the carbon absorption edge.
Synthesis and optical nonlinear property of Y-type chromophores based on double-donor structures with excellent electro-optic activity
Authors: Yang Yuhui , Xu Huajun , Liu Fenggang , Wang Haoran , Deng Guowei , Si Peng , Huang Heyan , Bo Shuhui , Liu Jialei , Qiu Ling , Zhen Zhen , Liu Xinhou
Published: April 2014

New Y type chromophores were synthesized and the hyperpolarizability can be effectively translated into large electro-optic coefficients in poled polymers.
Laboratory observation of magnetic field growth driven by shear flow
Authors: Intrator T. P. , Dorf L. , Sun X. , Feng Y. , Sears J. , Weber T.
Published: April 2014

Two magnetic flux ropes that collide and bounce have been characterized in the laboratory. We find screw pinch profiles that include ion flow vi, magnetic field B, current density J, and plasma pressure. The electron flow ve can be inferred, allowing the evaluation of the Hall J×B term in a two fluid magnetohydrodynamic Ohm's Law. Flux ropes that are initially cylindrical are mutually attracted and compress each other, which distorts the cylindrical symmetry. Magnetic field is created via the ∇×ve×B induction term in Ohm's Law where in-plane (perpendicular) shear of parallel flow (along the flux rope) is the dominant feature, along with some dissipation and magnetic reconnection. We predict and measure the growth of a quadrupole out-of-plane magnetic field δBz. This is a simple and coherent example of a shear flow driven dynamo. There is some similarity with two dimensional reconnection scenarios, which induce a current sheet and thus out-of-plane flow in the third dimension, despite the customary picture that considers flows only in the reconnection plane. These data illustrate a general and deterministic mechanism for large scale sheared flows to acquire smaller scale magnetic features, disordered structure, and possibly turbulence.
High-frequency millimeter wave absorption of indium-substituted ε-Fe2O3 spherical nanoparticles (invited)
Authors: Yoshikiyo Marie , Namai Asuka , Nakajima Makoto , Yamaguchi Keita , Suemoto Tohru , Ohkoshi Shin-ichi
Published: April 2014

In this work, we prepared indium-substituted ε-iron oxide (ε-InxFe2−xO3) spherical nanoparticles by a combination method of reverse-micelle and sol-gel techniques. The powder X-ray diffraction pattern with Rietveld analysis shows that ε-InxFe2−xO3 has an orthorhombic crystal structure (space group: Pna21), and the In3+ ions mainly replace the Fe3+ ions at B site among the four nonequivalent Fe3+ sites (A–D sites). The magnetic measurements show that the coercive field (Hc) at 300 K decreases with increasing x, i.e., Hc = 21.9 kOe (x = 0), 12.2 kOe (x = 0.04), 11.6 kOe (x = 0.09), 7.8 kOe (x = 0.13), and 5.9 kOe (x = 0.18). Millimeter wave absorption was measured by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, and the decrease of resonance frequency (fr) is observed, i.e., fr = 182 GHz (x = 0), 160 GHz (x = 0.04), 143 GHz (x = 0.09), 123 GHz (x = 0.13), and 110 GHz (x = 0.18). This decrease in the fr value is understood by the decrease of magnetic anisotropy, which is caused by the replacement of Fe3+ (S = 5/2) with nonmagnetic In3+ (S = 0) at B site contributing to the magnetic anisotropy.
Analysis of the Lagrangian path structures in fluid turbulence
Authors: Wang Lipo
Published: April 2014

Because in the Lagrangian frame the time scale separation has a stronger Reynolds number dependence than the length scale case in the Eulerian frame, it is more difficult to reveal inertial range scaling laws, as predicted from dimensional arguments. The present work introduces a newly defined trajectory segment structure to tentatively understand Lagrangian statistics. When a fluid particle evolves in space, its Lagrangian trajectory encounters regions of different dynamics, which can be characterized by the magnitude of material acceleration, i.e., \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$|\vec{a}|$\end{document}|a⃗|, in certain time span. The extrema of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$|\vec{a}|$\end{document}|a⃗| are considered as the representative markers along the Lagrangian trajectories. A trajectory segment is defined as the part bounded by two adjacent extrema of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$|\vec{a}|$\end{document}|a⃗|. The time difference and magnitude of the velocity difference at the two ends of each segment are chosen as the characteristic parameters. It shows that such structure reveals interesting turbulence physics, such as the scaling of the structure function and the quantitative description of the time scale. The corresponding explanation and analysis of flow physics are provided as well to improve the understanding of some remaining challenging issues.
Free-flight measurement technique in the free-piston high-enthalpy shock tunnel
Authors: Tanno H. , Komuro T. , Sato K. , Fujita K. , Laurence S. J.
Published: April 2014

A novel multi-component force-measurement technique has been developed and implemented at the impulse facility JAXA-HIEST, in which the test model is completely unrestrained during the test and thus experiences free-flight conditions for a period on the order of milliseconds. Advantages over conventional free-flight techniques include the complete absence of aerodynamic interference from a model support system and less variation in model position and attitude during the test itself. A miniature on-board data recorder, which was a key technology for this technique, was also developed in order to acquire and store the measured data. The technique was demonstrated in a HIEST wind-tunnel test campaign in which three-component aerodynamic force measurement was performed on a blunted cone of length 316 mm, total mass 19.75 kg, and moment of inertia 0.152 kgm2. During the test campaign, axial force, normal forces, and pitching moment coefficients were obtained at angles of attack from 14° to 32° under two conditions: H0 = 4 MJ/kg, P0 = 14 MPa; and H0 = 16 MJ/kg, P0 = 16 MPa. For the first, low-enthalpy condition, the test flow was considered a perfect gas; measurements were thus directly compared with those obtained in a conventional blow-down wind tunnel (JAXA-HWT2) to evaluate the accuracy of the technique. The second test condition was a high-enthalpy condition in which 85% of the oxygen molecules were expected to be dissociated; high-temperature real-gas effects were therefore evaluated by comparison with results obtained in perfect-gas conditions. The precision of the present measurements was evaluated through an uncertainty analysis, which showed the aerodynamic coefficients in the HIEST low enthalpy test agreeing well with those of JAXA-HWT2. The pitching-moment coefficient, however, showed significant differences between low- and high-enthalpy tests. These differences are thought to result from high-temperature real-gas effects.
A simple method for controllable solution doping of complete polymer field-effect transistors
Authors: Ingram Ian D. V. , Tate Daniel J. , Parry Adam V. S. , Sebastian Sprick R. , Turner Michael L.
Published: April 2014

Controllable p-type doping of both poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and poly(triarylamine) (PTAA) organic field effect transistors (OFETs) was achieved by immersing complete top-contact OFETs in a solution of 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ) in acetone. As this method is applied to complete devices, it has a greater utility than methods involving doping of the solution prior to film deposition as it allows separation of the device processing and doping steps, facilitating the use of optimal processing conditions at each stage. It was found that by varying immersion time and the concentration of the dopant solution, it was possible to vary the threshold voltage for a P3HT OFET by over 30 V. Although PTAA devices are less sensitive to oxidation by F4-TCNQ than OFETs using P3HT, they can also be controllably doped by this method up to a threshold voltage of +12 V.
Effect of antisymmetric C–H stretching excitation on the dynamics of O(1D) + CH4 → OH + CH3
Authors: Pan Huilin , Yang Jiayue , Zhang Dong , Shuai Quan , Dai Dongxu , Wu Guorong , Jiang Bo , Yang Xueming
Published: April 2014

The effect of antisymmetric C–H stretching excitation of CH4 on the dynamics and reactivity of the O(1D) + CH4 → OH + CD3 reaction at the collision energy of 6.10 kcal/mol has been investigated using the crossed-beam and time-sliced velocity map imaging techniques. The antisymmetric C–H stretching mode excited CH4 molecule was prepared by direct infrared excitation. From the measured images of the CH3 products with the infrared laser on and off, the product translational energy and angular distributions were derived for both the ground and vibrationally excited reactions. Experimental results show that the vibrational energy of the antisymmetric stretching excited CH4 reagent is channeled exclusively into the vibrational energy of the OH co-products and, hence, the OH products from the excited-state reaction are about one vibrational quantum hotter than those from the ground-state reaction, and the product angular distributions are barely affected by the vibrational excitation of the CH4 reagent. The reactivity was found to be suppressed by the antisymmetric stretching excitation of CH4 for all observed CH3 vibrational states. The degree of suppression is different for different CH3 vibrational states: the suppression is about 40%–60% for the ground state and the umbrella mode excited CH3 products, while for the CH3 products with one quantum symmetric stretching mode excitation, the suppression is much less pronounced. In consequence, the vibrational state distribution of the CH3 product from the excited-state reaction is considerably different from that of the ground-state reaction.
Viscosity of liquid 4He and quantum of circulation: Are they related?
Authors: L’vov Victor S. , Skrbek Ladislav , Sreenivasan Katepalli R.
Published: April 2014

In the vicinity of the superfluid transition in liquid 4He, we explore the relation between two apparently unrelated physical quantities—the kinematic viscosity, ν, in the normal state and the quantum of circulation, κ, in the superfluid state. The model developed here leads to the simple relationship ν ≈ κ/6, and links the classical and quantum flow properties of liquid 4He. We critically examine available data relevant to this relation and find that the prediction holds well at the saturated vapor pressure. Additionally, we predict the kinematic viscosity for liquid 4He along the λ-line at negative pressures.
Quantum correlation of path-entangled two-photon states in waveguide arrays with defects
Authors: Dou Yiling , Xu Lei , Han Bin , Bo Fang , Xu Jingjun , Zhang Guoquan
Published: April 2014

We study the quantum correlation of path-entangled states of two photons in coupled one-dimensional waveguide arrays with lattice defects. Both off-diagonal and diagonal defects are considered, which show different effects on the quantum correlation of path-entangled two-photon states. Two-photon bunching or anti-bunching effects can be observed and controlled. The two photons are found to have a tendency to bunch at the side lobes with a repulsive off-diagonal defect, and the path-entanglement of the input two-photon state can be preserved during the propagation. We also found that defect modes may play an important role on the two-photon correlation of path-entangled states in the waveguide arrays. Due to the quantum interference effect, intriguing evolution dynamics of the two-photon correlation matrix elements with oscillation frequencies being either twice of or the same as that of a classical light wave, depending on the position of the correlation matrix element, is observed. Our results show that it is possible to manipulate the two-photon correlation properties of path-entangled states in waveguide arrays with lattice defects.
Investigation of the diffusion behavior of sodium in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 layers
Authors: Laemmle Anke , Wuerz Roland , Schwarz Torsten , Cojocaru-Mirédin Oana , Choi Pyuck-Pa , Powalla Michael
Published: April 2014

Sodium diffusion in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) layers was investigated over a temperature range from 157 °C to 400 °C. The diffusion profiles were measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry. Sodium ions diffused from a sodium fluoride (NaF) layer on the CIGS surface into the CIGS layer. From Na diffusion profiles, the diffusion along grain boundaries could be distinguished from the diffusion into the grain interior. Atom-probe tomography measurements reveal that even at a low temperature of 157 °C bulk diffusion of sodium into CIGS occurs. Based on this data, the slower diffusion coefficient in the volume can be described by the Arrhenius equation DNaV = 9.7 × 10−9 exp(−0.36 eV/kBT) cm2 s−1 and the fast diffusion along the grain boundaries by DNaGB = 6.5 × 10−9 exp(−0.21 eV/kBT) cm2 s−1. Hence, we propose that sodium ions do not only passivate grain boundaries, but also act as dopants in the CIGS bulk.
Hydrogen adsorption and anomalous electronic properties of nitrogen-doped graphene
Authors: Fujimoto Yoshitaka , Saito Susumu
Published: April 2014

We investigate hydrogen adsorption effects on stabilities and electronic properties of nitrogen defects in graphene using first-principles electronic-structure calculations within the density-functional theory. We find that the adsorption of hydrogen atoms on the pyridine-type nitrogen defects in graphene becomes energetically favorable, whereas in the case of the substitutional nitrogen defect the hydrogen adsorption becomes unfavorable. We also find that a transition from p-type to n-type doping properties occurs by hydrogen adsorption on the pyridine-type defects, suggesting that even the carrier type is controllable in nitrogen-doped graphene.
Localization of linear kinetic Alfvén wave in an inhomogeneous plasma and generation of turbulence
Authors: Sharma R. P. , Goyal R. , Scime Earl E. , Dwivedi N. K.
Published: April 2014

This paper presents a model for the propagation of Kinetic Alfvén waves (KAWs) in inhomogeneous plasma when the inhomogeneity is transverse to the background magnetic field. The semi-analytical technique and numerical simulations have been performed to study the KAW dynamics when plasma inhomogeneity is incorporated in the dynamics. The model equations are solved in order to study the localization of KAW and their magnetic power spectrum which indicates the direct transfer of energy from lower to higher wave numbers. The inhomogeneity scale length plays a very important role in the turbulence generation and its level. The relevance of these investigations to space and laboratory plasmas has also been pointed out.
Current-induced electrical self-oscillations across out-of-plane threshold switches based on VO2 layers integrated in crossbars geometry
Authors: Beaumont A. , Leroy J. , Orlianges J.-C. , Crunteanu A.
Published: April 2014

Electrically activated metal-insulator transition (MIT) in vanadium dioxide (VO2) is widely studied from both fundamental and practical points of view. It can give valuable insights on the currently controversial phase transition mechanism in this material and, at the same time, allows the development of original MIT-based electronic devices. Electrically triggered insulator-metal transitions are demonstrated in novel out-of-plane, metal-oxide-metal type devices integrating a VO2 thin film, upon applying moderate threshold voltages. It is shown that the current-voltage characteristics of such devices present clear negative differential resistance effects supporting the onset of continuous, current-driven phase oscillations across the vanadium dioxide material. The frequencies of these self-sustained oscillations are ranging from 90 to 300 kHz and they may be tuned by adjusting the injected current. A phenomenological model of the device and its command circuit is developed, and allows to extract the analytical expressions of the oscillation frequencies and to simulate the electrical oscillatory phenomena developed across the VO2 material. Such out-of-plane devices may further contribute to the general understanding of the driving mechanism in metal-insulator transition materials and devices, a prerequisite to promising applications in high speed/high frequency networks of oscillatory or resistive memories circuits.
Metastable defect in CuInSe2 probed by modulated photo current experiments above 390 K
Authors: Luckas Jennifer , Longeaud Christophe , Bertram Tobias , Siebentritt Susanne
Published: April 2014

Modulated photocurrent experiments have been widely used to study defects in semiconductors. Previous studies have found a number of defects in CuInSe2, which is used as an absorber in solar cells. We apply a method of analysis, which has previously not been used for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 semiconductors and which allows the determination of defect concentrations in addition to defect energies. We found that at least one of the previously discovered defects shows a metastable behaviour, increasing in concentration, and can be related to the efficiency loss in corresponding solar cells.
Analysis of optical near-field energy transfer by stochastic model unifying architectural dependencies
Authors: Naruse Makoto , Akahane Kouichi , Yamamoto Naokatsu , Holmström Petter , Thylén Lars , Huant Serge , Ohtsu Motoichi
Published: April 2014

We theoretically and experimentally demonstrate energy transfer mediated by optical near-field interactions in a multi-layer InAs quantum dot (QD) structure composed of a single layer of larger dots and N layers of smaller ones. We construct a stochastic model in which optical near-field interactions that follow a Yukawa potential, QD size fluctuations, and temperature-dependent energy level broadening are unified, enabling us to examine device-architecture-dependent energy transfer efficiencies. The model results are consistent with the experiments. This study provides an insight into optical energy transfer involving inherent disorders in materials and paves the way to systematic design principles of nanophotonic devices that will allow optimized performance and the realization of designated functions.
Temporal characteristics of polarization holographic gratings formed in a photosensitive polymeric film containing N-benzylideneaniline derivative side groups
Authors: Sasaki Tomoyuki , Shoho Takashi , Noda Kohei , Kawatsuki Nobuhiro , Ono Hiroshi
Published: April 2014

A polarization holographic grating was recorded in a transparent thin film formed from polymethacrylate with N-benzylideneaniline (NBA) derivative side groups. We measured the real time diffraction properties. The data were analyzed based on a theoretical model that accounted for the distribution of optical anisotropy caused by molecular reorientation as well as for surface relief (SR) deformation caused by molecular motion. Optical anisotropy rapidly increased and then slowly decreased, with increasing recording time. This phenomenon was described based on photoisomerization and photocleavage reactions of the NBA side groups. SR deformation was also induced in the film by polarization holographic recording, without any subsequent processes. The photoinduced optical anisotropy and SR deformation were retained after the recording was turned off.
Self-oscillation in spin torque oscillator stabilized by field-like torque
Authors: Taniguchi Tomohiro , Tsunegi Sumito , Kubota Hitoshi , Imamura Hiroshi
Published: April 2014

The effect of the field-like torque on the self-oscillation of the magnetization in spin torque oscillator with a perpendicularly magnetized free layer was studied theoretically. A stable self-oscillation at zero field is excited for negative β while the magnetization dynamics stops for β = 0 or β > 0, where β is the ratio between the spin torque and the field-like torque. The reason why only the negative β induces the self-oscillation was explained from the view point of the energy balance between the spin torque and the damping. The oscillation power and frequency for various β were also studied by numerical simulation.
Dry-cleaning of graphene
Authors: Algara-Siller Gerardo , Lehtinen Ossi , Turchanin Andrey , Kaiser Ute
Published: April 2014

Studies of the structural and electronic properties of graphene in its pristine state are hindered by hydrocarbon contamination on the surfaces. Also, in many applications, contamination reduces the performance of graphene. Contamination is introduced during sample preparation and is adsorbed also directly from air. Here, we report on the development of a simple dry-cleaning method for producing large atomically clean areas in free-standing graphene. The cleanness of graphene is proven using aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron spectroscopy.
Stress distribution in GaN nanopillars using confocal Raman mapping technique
Authors: Nagarajan S. , Svensk O. , Lehtola L. , Lipsanen H. , Sopanen M.
Published: April 2014

In this Letter, high-resolution confocal Raman mapping of stress distribution in etched and re-grown GaN nanopillar structures is investigated. Results of the E2(high) phonon line mapping of the top surfaces of individual nanopillars reveal differences in stress between both the center and edge of the nanopillar top surfaces and between the etched and re-grown GaN nanopillar structures. In-plane biaxial compressive stress with the values of 0.36–0.42 GPa and 0.49–0.54 GPa is observed at the center of etched and re-grown GaN nanopillars, respectively. The in-plane biaxial compressive stress decreases from center to edge in re-grown GaN nanopillar due to the tilted facets. Also, the A1(LO) phonon frequency increases from center to edges, or tilted facets, due to the tilt of the c-axis of re-grown GaN nanopillar.
First record of ‘climbing’ and ‘jumping’ by juvenile Galaxias truttaceus Valenciennes, 1846 (Galaxiidae) from south-western Australia
Authors: Close Paul G. , Ryan Tom J. , Morgan David L. , Beatty Stephen J. , Lawrence Craig S.
Published: April 2014

Upstream migration of juvenile stages of temperate Australian amphidromous fish typically coincides with seasonally low river discharge when hydraulic (e.g. cascades) and physical (e.g. rock bars) barriers may be common. The ability to ‘climb’ or ‘jump’ may be expected to assist in negotiating low-flow barriers; however, it is presumed to be limited to a few native Australian freshwater fishes. Juvenile stages of Galaxias truttaceus Valenciennes, 1846 were observed ‘climbing’ and ‘jumping’ to successfully negotiate a low, vertical weir wall during their upstream recruitment migrations in south-western Australia. Based on this observation, we propose initial definitions for ‘climbing’ and ‘jumping’ to describe locomotory strategies employed by fishes to negotiate obstacles that would otherwise prevent free passage by normal swimming behaviour. Greater knowledge of the climbing, jumping and swimming performance, especially for small-bodied species and early life stages, will help improve the management of instream barriers for this critically endangered species and other freshwater fishes of southern Australia.
PI3K isoform dependence of PTEN-deficient tumors can be altered by the genetic context
Authors: Schmit Fabienne , Utermark Tamara , Zhang Sen , Wang Qi , Von Thanh , Roberts Thomas M. , Zhao Jean J.
Published: April 2014

Significance

Aberrant activation of the PI3K pathway is a frequent event in human cancer, making PI3K an attractive target in cancer therapy. Early generation inhibitors have poor efficacy and intolerable side effects; new PI3K isoform-selective inhibitors are emerging in the clinic. Much work is ongoing to determine the isoform dependence of different cancers. Of the ubiquitously expressed isoforms, p110α is critical for activated receptor tyrosine kinases or oncogenes, whereas p110β seems essential in many tumors deficient of the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). We show for the first time, to our knowledge, that PTEN-null ovarian tumors requiring p110β can become dependent on p110α through concurrent activation of the rat sarcoma protein Kras
G12D
. Our results provide critical insights into patient selection and stratification in current and future clinical trial designs with PI3K inhibitors.
Aversive behavior induced by optogenetic inactivation of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons is mediated by dopamine D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens
Authors: Danjo Teruko , Yoshimi Kenji , Funabiki Kazuo , Yawata Satoshi , Nakanishi Shigetada
Published: April 2014

Significance

Dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) react to aversive stimuli mostly by transient silencing. It remains unclear whether this reaction directly induces aversive responses in behaving mice. We examined this question by optogenetically controlling DA neurons in the VTA and found that the inactivation of DA neurons resulted in aversive response and learning. The nucleus accumbens (NAc), the major output nuclei of VTA DA neurons, was considered to be responsible for this response, so we examined which of the fundamental pathways in the NAc was critical to this behavior by using knockdown of D1 or D2 receptor, and found that the D2 receptor-specific pathway was crucial for this behavior.
Text to Ideology or Text to Party Status?
Authors: Hirst Graeme , Riabinin Yaroslav , Graham Jory , Boizot-Roche Magali , Morris Colin
Published: April 2014

Recent papers have used support-vector machines with word features to classify political texts by ideology. Our own work on this topic led us to hypothesize that such classifiers are sensitive not to expressions of ideology but rather to expressions of attack and defense, opposition and government. We test this hypothesis by training on one set of parliamentary speeches and testing on another in which party roles have been interchanged, and we find that the performance of the classifier completely disintegrates. Moreover, some features that are indicative of each party ‘swap sides’ with the change of government. Our results suggest that the language of attack and defense, of government and opposition, will dominate and confound any sensitivity to ideology in these kinds of classifiers.
Sentiment Analysis in Parliamentary Proceedings
Authors: Grijzenhout Steven , Marx Maarten , Jijkoun Valentin
Published: April 2014

This chapter addresses the question whether opinion-mining techniques can successfully be used to automatically retrieve political viewpoints from parliamentary proceedings. Two specific preprocessing tasks were identified and systematically evaluated: automatically determining subjectivity in the publications and automatically determining the semantic orientation of the subjective parts. A corpus of recent parliamentary proceedings was collected and a gold standard annotation was created on both subjectivity and orientation. Following this, a number of models based on subjectivity lexicons and machine-learning algorithms were evaluated. Machine-learning algorithms perform best, but methods based on subjectivity lexicons also provide promising results. Based on these results we can conclude that opinion-mining techniques applied to political data score just as well as the state of the art in other more traditional domains of opinion mining like product reviews and blogs.
Between Union and a United Ireland
Authors: Filardo-Llamas Laura
Published: April 2014

This chapter concerns the double objective of political discourse: spreading ideological beliefs and allowing political progress. Political discourse can be effective by means of carefully chosen linguistic elements (pronouns, lexical referents, metaphors). If successfully constructed, the discourse can live on for many years, as we see in the Northern Irish Agreement of 1998 that is still resounding in current debates. Its ambiguity and vagueness allowed for different interpretations, in such a way that the support, or rejection, of the agreement could be legitimised, depending on the ideological beliefs of the community. An analysis of selected instances of its discourse over time shows how the ideological and political positions that are discursively constructed in such a way that they are close to both the producers and the interpreters of the document, but also to the political process of production and interpretation in which the texts are embedded. Text World Theory and Cognitive Linguistics are the tools for analysing the different types of mental representations that are recalled by each instance of discourse.
From Text to the Construction of Political Party Landscapes
Authors: Krouwel André , Wall Matthew
Published: April 2014

This chapter describes a new, hybrid methodology to measure and code party positions on salient political issues. This new method combines expert-judgements based on text analysis with self-placement of parties. The resultant reliable party positions can be used to construct online applications that help voters to decide which party is closest to their own political preferences. The chapter presents the methodology used to identify salient issues and to frame these issues into statements to which users of the online tools are asked to respond. Furthermore, consideration is given to how relevant party documentation is identified and how these textual sources are used to calibrate political parties on the issues. Finally, the chapter discusses the methodological problems of aggregating voters’ opinions into an easy-to-understand output.
Preverbal word order in Old English and Old French
Authors: Bech Kristin , Meklenborg Salvesen Christine
Published: April 2014

Old English (OE) and Old French (OF) are often referred to as verb-second (V2) languages. While it is the case that the verb may appear in second clause position after a non-subject-initial element in both languages, they are dissimilar in a number of features. In this paper, we consider the preverbal elements of OE and OF main clauses in which the subject also precedes the verb. First we give an overview of the word order distribution of the preverbal elements. Then we go on to consider the syntactic implications of the empirical findings, showing that OF is a homogeneous language with true V2 syntax, whereas OE has a much looser syntax. In the last section, we show how the syntax of OE provides a frame within which contextual factors are allowed to play their part in a subtle manner, a possibility OF does not have. We conclude that using the tag ‘V2’ in a comparison of the two languages does more to mask their nature than to reveal it.
On the interaction between syntax, prosody and information structure
Authors: Hinterhölzl Roland
Published: April 2014

In this paper, I argue that the distinction between OV and VO word orders should not be accounted for by a distinction in the base. More specifically, I argue that this distinction can be reduced to the workings of two parallel interface conditions that define the optimal mapping from syntax to PF and from syntax to LF, respectively. I discuss how mixed OV/VO orders in Old High German and Old English can be accounted for in this framework and then lay out the historical conditions and the possible grammatical factors that made English develop into a PF-transparent VO language and German into a scope-transparent OV language.
Large-scale preparation of glycopeptides harboring the TF-antigen unit from royal jelly
Authors: Maeda Megumi , Tanaka Tatsuya , Kimura Mariko , Kimura Yoshinobu
Published: April 2014

We have reported that new N-glycans carrying the TF-antigen occurred on a major royal jelly glycoprotein, and we have identified the glycosylation site to which the antigenic N-glycan is linked, but an appropriate procedure has not been established to prepare non-labeled immunoreactive glycopeptides in large amounts for functional analysis. In this study, we developed an effective method of preparing Asn-glycopeptide bearing TF-antigen.
A design for the control of apoptosis in genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Nishida Nao , Noguchi Misa , Kuroda Kouichi , Ueda Mitsuyoshi
Published: April 2014

We have engineered a system that holds potential for use as a safety switch in genetically modified yeasts. Human apoptotic factor BAX (no homolog in yeast), under the control of the FBP1 (gluconeogenesis enzyme) promoter, was conditionally expressed to induce yeast cell apoptosis after glucose depletion. Such systems might prove useful for the safe use of genetically modified organisms.
Potential of extracts from Saponaria officinalis and Calendula officinalis to modulate in vitro rumen fermentation with respect to their content in saponins
Authors: Budan Alexandre , Bellenot Denis , Freuze Ingrid , Gillmann Louisa , Chicoteau Pierre , Richomme Pascal , Guilet David
Published: April 2014

Saponins have the potential to favorably modulate rumen fermentation, but there is generally a lack of the chemical structures associated with the described effects. The activity of extracts from Calendula officinalis and Saponaria officinalis in the rumen was evaluated in vitro. The S. officinalis root extract, reduced CH4 production by 8.5% and increased total VFA concentration by 25.2%. C. officinalis and S. officinalis root extracts and the S. officinalis aerial part extract decreased the acetate to propionate ratio from 8.6 to 17.4%, according to the extract. An HPLC-ELSD analysis indicated that the saponin content ranged from 43.6 to 57.6 mg/g of dry matter (DM) in the C. officinalis extracts and from 224.0 to 693.8 mg/g of DM in the S. officinalis extracts, expressed as the hederacoside C equivalent. Identification of the saponin compounds present in the extracts by HPLC–MSn suggested that the saponin profile modulated the biological activities, showing the importance of determining the structure of saponins when evaluating extracts.
Construction of collagen gel scaffolds for mechanical stress analysis
Authors: Hara Masao , Nakashima Masahiro , Fujii Takahiro , Uehara Kazuki , Yokono Chisako , Hashizume Ron , Nomura Yoshihiro
Published: April 2014

We designed a cyclic compression system using readily available six-well culture plates to investigate the influence of mechanical stress on skin-like structures. The effects of cyclic mechanical stress on protein expression by cells were easily examined, and hence, this system should be useful for further analysis of skin responses to mechanical stress.
Biosurfactant-producing yeasts widely inhabit various vegetables and fruits
Authors: Konishi Masaaki , Maruoka Naruyuki , Furuta Yoshifumi , Morita Tomotake , Fukuoka Tokuma , Imura Tomohiro , Kitamoto Dai
Published: April 2014

The isolation of biosurfactant-producing yeasts from food materials was accomplished. By a combination of a new drop collapse method and thin-layer chromatography, 48 strains were selected as glycolipid biosurfactant producers from 347 strains, which were randomly isolated from various vegetables and fruits. Of the producers, 69% were obtained from vegetables of the Brassica family. Of the 48 producers, 15 strains gave relatively high yields of mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs), and were identified as Pseudozyma yeasts. These strains produced MELs from olive oil at yields ranging from 8.5 to 24.3 g/L. The best yield coefficient reached 0.49 g/g as to the carbon sources added. Accordingly, MEL producers were isolated at high efficiency from various vegetables and fruits, indicating that biosurfactant producers are widely present in foods. The present results should facilitate their application in the food and related industries.
Moderate food restriction suppresses the conversion of l-tryptophan to nicotinamide in weaning rats
Authors: Shibata Katsumi , Nakata Chifumi , Fukuwatari Tsutomu
Published: April 2014

Calorie restriction leads to a change in the metabolism of nutrients. Nicotinamide is biosynthesized from l-tryptophan. We attempted to determine the effects of food restriction on the biosynthesis of nicotinamide from l-tryptophan. Weaning male rats were fed a conventional chemically defined diet without preformed niacin for 63 d. However, the food intake was restricted to 80 and 65% of the intake of the ad libitum-fed control group of rats. The 24-h urine samples were periodically collected, and the urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its catabolites was measured. The conversion percentages were lower in both restricted groups than in the ad libitum-fed control group during the experimental period (control group, 1.37 ± 0.24%; 80%-restricted group, 0.20 ± 0.04%; 65%-restricted group, 0.15 ± 0.02%; control vs. restricted groups, p < 0.01). Food restriction, even at mild level, suppressed the conversion of l-tryptophan to nicotinamide when compared to the ad libitum-fed control group.
Trust, relevance, and arguments
Authors: Paglieri Fabio , Castelfranchi Cristiano
Published: April 2014

This paper outlines an integrated approach to trust and relevance with respect to arguments: in particular, it is suggested that trust in relevance has a central role in argumentation. We first distinguish two types of argumentative relevance: internal relevance, i.e. the extent to which a premise has a bearing on its purported conclusion, and external relevance, i.e. a measure of how much a whole argument is pertinent to the matter under discussion, in the broader dialogical context where it is proposed. Then, we argue that judgements of internal relevance heavily rely on trust, and that such trust, although occasionally misplaced (e.g. in some so-called fallacies of relevance), is nonetheless based on several reasons, and thus often justified, by either epistemic or pragmatic considerations. We conclude by sketching potential methods to formally model trust in argumentative relevance, and briefly discussing the technological implications of this line of research.
Introduction
Authors: Gruber M. Catherine
Published: April 2014

The Introduction presents the scope of this book: a study of a corpus of fifty-two defendant allocutions collected in three U.S. District courtrooms. Although a sentencing hearing constitutes an atypical setting for the production of an apology, the chapter argues that defendants’ apologetic allocutions are worth studying for a number of reasons. The fifty-two defendants and their offenses are briefly described, as is the coding system that is used to analyze the kinds of things that defendants say. Although allocution at sentencing has a long tradition as a protection for defendants, this book proposes that it serves the interests of the state at least as much as it serves those of defendants. The chapter closes with an overview of the structure and contents of the book.
Defendants Talk about the Past, the Future, and the Present: Mitigations, Future Behavior, and the Sentence
Authors: Gruber M. Catherine
Published: April 2014

This chapter unpacks the ways in which defendants offered mitigating information, talked about the future, and broached the topic of the sentence. Although the Federal Sentencing Guidelines permit defendants to “present any information to mitigate the sentence,” most of the mitigation attempts (e.g., explanations, referring to the needs of family members) subjected defendants to character-damaging implications. When defendants talked about what they had learned, they opened themselves to criticism if their claims lacked credibility. Defendants who made sentence-related requests tended to ask for “leniency” and “another chance.” Sentence requests were judged to be risky when the request suggested that the defendant believed the offense was less severe than the government had maintained it was. A few defendants claimed they would accept whatever sentence was imposed. The chapter proposes that accepting one’s sentence can be understood as an attempt to diminish the taint of one’s institutional role identity.
Broad Features of Defendants’ Allocutions
Authors: Gruber M. Catherine
Published: April 2014

This chapter examines features of defendant allocutions that pervaded differently coded utterances. Defendants’ conversational style was marked by nonstandard language, relatively infrequent use of politeness markers, and relatively frequent use of the adverb “just.” The paralinguistic features of wavering voice and crying while talking patterned with gender: while the voices of 3 (of 41) men wavered briefly, 7 of 11 women cried during their allocutions. This chapter argues that these broad features of defendants’ allocutions can be understood in very different ways. Thus, for example, when “just” restricts a metapragmatic frame of speaking (e.g., “I just wanna say that I’m sorry”), that restriction can be interpreted as either limiting what the defendant is able to say or as what the defendant is willing to say. These interpretations have very different implications for the defendant’s stance. The last section describes patterns of elements in defendants’ allocutions, such as correlations among sequential positions.
Conclusions
Authors: Gruber M. Catherine
Published: April 2014

This chapter reviews the pros and cons of the strategies that defendants employ during allocution at sentencing. For example, although performative conventional apologies are both expected and employed (e.g., “I’m sorry for what I did”), in this context constative statements about the offense (e.g., “I took money that didn’t belong to me”) make a better fit with the discursive constraint of monologicality. Further, constative statements about the offense allow defendants to perform their remorse as opposed to proclaiming it. This is helpful for defendants because the stigmatized institutional role they occupy frames them as unreliable narrators. As a result, implying that one is sorry is more effective than explicitly claiming to be sorry. The chapter closes with some ideas about what atypical apologies at sentencing can tell us about apologies more broadly and some final thoughts on the tradition of allocution.