bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Vanilla Olfactory Preference
Authors: O'Bert Amelia , Lange Katelynn , Nelson Heather , Hunter Stephanie , Connell Jennifer , Kluver Isaac , Villari Taylor , Wilson Ted
Published: June 2021

The aroma of vanilla compliments its taste making it one of the most popular flavoring agents globally, and consequently vanilla is a product of great economic importance. The compounds in vanilla vary in both type and abundance depending on the growing location and condition of the plant, with V. planifolia being the species used in vanilla extracts. This study sought to measure vanilla extract olfactory characteristics and sensory preference. Subjects (19.3±2.6 years; female = 100, male = 22) took part in a double blind olfactory analysis of an artificial vanilla product in water (A) and of pure vanilla extracts in ethanol (B and C). On a preference scale (1‐low to 10‐high) the overall rating of vanillas A, B, and C were 6.17±1.7, 5.27±1.93, and 4.79±1.81 (p=0.0001), with A > C (p=0.0001), A > B (p=0.0001), and B > C (p =0.0142). Subjects smelled each vanilla sample two times and were asked to rate the strength (1‐low to 5‐high) of six different aroma characteristics (floral, fruity, liquor, metallic, sweet, woody) in a randomized order. Vanilla A was perceived as being sweet (3.26±1.49) and floral (1.63±1.49), B as liquor (2.26±1.67) and sweet (2.22±1.65), and C as liquor (2.6±1.57) and sweet (1.81±1.6). Subjects preferred the ethanol‐free vanilla A (sweet and floral), while the presence of ethanol in B and C was associated with the prominent perception of liquor (alcohol). This study provides a set of word descriptors that were associated with the aroma of vanilla samples could be used to help determine point of origin or growing condition. Future studies may wish to standardize the alcohol content of all vanilla samples or use dealcoholized preparations.
Frequency of Metabolic Syndrome in a Sample of Brazilian Institutionalized Elderly
Authors: PEDROSA LUCIA , Sales Marcia , Sena‐Evangelista Karine , Oliveira Larissa , Lemos Telma , Santos Ana , Lima Kenio
Published: June 2021

Objective

measure the frequency of MS in institutionalized elderly in Natal, Northeastern Brazil.

Methods

a cross‐sectional study was conducted in elderly persons aged 蠅 60 years, from 12 nursing home care facilities. The frequency of MS was estimated according to the National Cholesterol Education Program ‐ Adult Treatment Panel III. Participants were clinically assessed for fasting glycemia, lipid profile, body mass index, waist circumference, physical activity level, smoking and food consumption.

Results

The study enrolled 203 elderly with mean age 81.97 (SD=9.11) years, 75% women and 72% residing in public nursing home care. The frequency of MS was 29.6%, low HDL cholesterol levels being the most frequent component (28%). Physical inactivity, overweight and altered waist circumference was observed in 73%, 33%, and 40% of the total sample, respectively. Habitual diet showed mean energy intake of 1394 kcal (SD=356) with high percentages of adequate ingestion of carbohydrate (74%) and saturated fat (97%). The associated factors of MS were age between 80 and 90 years (PR=7.64; 95% CI 1.86‐31.37) and 蠅 90 years (PR=6.22; 95% CI 1.40‐27.59); being female (PR=0.42; 95%CI 0.19‐0.94) and diabetes (PR= 14.01; 95% CI 6.29‐31).

Conclusions

the study population exhibited moderate prevalence of SM involving associated factors that should be considered in the care of the health of elderly individuals.
Low‐intensity Ultrasound Enhances Histon Acetylation and Improves Anti‐inflammatory Effects by Short Chain Fatty Acid Treatments in Human Dermal Fibroblasts
Authors: Maeshige Noriaki , Koga Yuka , Takegaki Junya , Tanaka Masayuki , Aoyama‐Ishikawa Michiko , Miyoshi Makoto , Usami Makoto , Fujino Hidemi
Published: June 2021

Short‐chain fatty acids such as butyrate (BT) with the emergence of prebiotics and probiotics improve colonic and systemic health. Especially BT has anti‐inflammatory effects and mediated by the inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC). However, the effect appeared to be concentration‐dependent, and lower concentrations of BT had no effect. Therefore, the facilitatory effect of low‐intensity ultrasound (US) on the anti‐inflammatory effects by BT was investigated in the present study. Human dermal fibroblasts were treated with 1 mM BT for 3 h with 20 min irradiation of 0.1 W/cm2 US at the beginning of the BT treatments. Whereas BT could not increase histone acetylation, the combined with BT and US treatments significantly increased histone acetylation in fibroblasts. In addition, this combined treatment significantly suppressed IL‐6 mRNA expression by lipopolysaccharide stimulation for 1 h after the combined treatments, but the treatment of BT alone could not decrease IL‐6 expression in fibroblasts. These effects were achieved with both of 20% pulsed and continuous US, and not observed at the treatments by US without BT. These results suggest the promotional effects of low‐intensity US on the physiological actions of BT as HDAC inhibitor, and the potential applicability of this combination in dermal fibroproliferative disorders. Supported by Grants‐in‐Aid for Scientific Research (247005300) from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.
Resveratrol ‐ induced Browning of White Adipose Tissue: Macrophages in the Loop
Authors: Rayalam Srujana , Mula Ramanjaneya , Karam Eva , Shashidharamurthy Rangaiah
Published: June 2021

Brown adipose tissue has been a recent target for obesity prevention and therapy. Identification of UCP1‐positive 'beige' adipocytes in the white adipose tissue (WAT) upon exposure to cold led multiple studies to investigate the mechanisms involved in the 'browning' of WAT. Adipose tissue microenvironment is comprised of large number of macrophages in obese than in lean individuals. However, the relative contribution of macrophages to the pathogenesis of obesity is not clearly understood. Recently, the thermogenic beige fat circuitry was identified to contain alternatively activated macrophages (M2‐Macrophages). Furthermore, catecholamine production by M2‐macrophages has been implicated in adaptive thermogenesis. In the current study, we investigated the novel mechanism through which a well‐studied anti‐obesity phytochemical resveratrol (RSV) induces browning of WAT. We observed that RSV significantly increased IL10 secretion; a signature cytokine of M2‐macrophages, at both transcriptional and translational level in LPS‐treated mouse macrophage cell line (RAW264.7). Further, RSV rescued RAW264.7 cells from LPS‐induced cell death. Additionally, RSV induced catecholamine secretion by RAW264.7 cells through upregulation of tyrosine hydroxylase in a time and dose dependent manner. Taken together, these studies suggest that RSV‐induced change in the polarity of macrophages leading to elevated levels of catecholamines will induce browning of WAT and contributes to the anti‐obesity effects of RSV. This work was supported by the CSO Intramural Funds from the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine ‐ School of Pharmacy.
Web‐based Child Health Promotion Program in South Korea Collaborating with US NASA: Behavioral Changes in Diet and Physical Activity in Preschool Children
Authors: Kim Jieun , Lim Hyunjung , Min Jungwon , Wang Youfa
Published: June 2021

Aims

As an international educational program, the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Mission X (MX) “Train Like An Astronaut” Program promote fitness and good nutrition in children in 29 countries worldwide. We adapted the MX program in South Korea for preschool children's, to promote physical activity, nutrition knowledge and healthy eating behavior.

Methods

Our intervention program consisted of 4 wk‐fitness and 2 wk‐nutrition education sessions during Nov and Dec 2014 and included 212 children (154 completed the study with survey). Each session each week lasted for 20‐50 min. Parents reported their children's health‐related characteristics, physical activity and eating behavior. At baseline and 6‐wk follow up, we assessed the physical activity, food record, and Nutrition Acknowledgement Test (NAT).

Results

At baseline, 13.3% of the subjects were overweight or obese (BMI蠅85th). After intervention, subjects' physical activity related interest increased by 49‐59%. Fat intake significantly decreased than baseline in the 10th蠄 BMI<85th group (49.0±16.2g vs 40.2±15.6g, p< 0.05). NAT scored improved, increased than baseline in the 10th蠄 BMI<85th group (75.8 vs 83.2, p<0.001), BMI<10th and BMI蠅85th groups (69.4 vs 78.9, 77.2 vs 88.3, p< 0.05).

Conclusions

The 6‐wk South Korea NASA MX Program has resulted in favorable changes in preschooler's physical activity, nutrition knowledge and eating.
Intestinal Anti‐Inflammatory Activity Of Ginger Extract: Unveiling The Mechanisms In Colonic Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kim Ji Yeon , Kim Dong Min
Published: June 2021

Recently, several studies described the health‐promoting effects of ginger, including anti‐inflammatory properties, however the molecular mechanisms underlying its beneficial role remain largely unknown. Ginger is rich in phenolic compounds and it has been suggested that the positive effect of ginger intake might be attributed not only to the antioxidant properties of these compounds but also to the modulation of signaling cascades in connection with physiological and pathophysiological conditions such as inflammatory processes. This study assessed the potential anti‐inflammatory action of a ginger extract enriched in polyphenols in a cellular model of intestinal inflammation using cytokines‐stimulated Caco‐2 epithelial cells. In order to develop an in vitro model of the acute phase of intestinal inflammation, Caco‐2 cells were exposed to the mixture of inflammatory mediators such as IL‐1β, TNF‐α, IFN‐γand LPS,. Responses to the stimulus for the mixture of inflammatory mediators were assessed by measuring the secretion level of IL‐6 and IL‐8, Cox2 and iNOS mRNA expressions. In addition the effect for NF‐κB activation was measured. Ginseng extract and the containing compounds such as 6‐shogaol and 6‐gingerol were improved the inflammatory responses through decreasing NF‐κB activation. Ginger extract also ameliorated iNOS and Cox‐2 mRNA expression levels, significantly. These results shows that ginger extract may be developed as functional ingredients targeting gastrointestinal health.
Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) inhibits RANTES/CCL5 induced MMP‐1 and MMP‐13 expression in human rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts
Authors: Agere Solomon , Akhtar Nahid , Riegsecker Sharayah , Ahmed Salahuddin
Published: June 2021

In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), activated synovial fibroblasts (FLS) produce chemokines to facilitate infiltration of inflammatory cells that result in inflammation and joint damage. RANTES/CCL5 is a potent chemokine shown to play an important role in RA pathogenesis, however, its role beyond chemotactic activity is not studied in RA. Using human RA‐FLS, we evaluated the effect of RANTES/CCL5 in inducing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐1 and MMP‐13 activation. We also tested the efficacy of epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), a potent anti‐inflammatory compound, in regulating RANTES/CCL5‐induced MMP‐1 and MMP‐13 activation. Stimulation of RA‐FLS with RANTES/CCL5 (20‐100 ng/ml) caused in a dose‐dependent increase in MMP‐1 and MMP‐13 production (p<0.05' n=3). Quantitative RT‐PCR results showed that RANTES/CCL5 also increased MMP‐1 and MMP‐13 mRNA expression in RA‐FLS. Western blot analysis of the MAPK pathway showed that RANTES/CCL5 selectively phosphorylated JNK/SAPK, but not p38‐MAPK in RA‐FLS. Blocking of JNK pathway using a chemical inhibitor completely abrogated RANTES/CCL5‐induced MMP‐1 and MMP‐13 expression (p<0.05). RA‐FLS pretreatment with EGCG (2.5‐20 mM) dose‐dependently inhibited RANTES/CCL5‐induced MMP‐1 and MMP‐13 production (p<0.05 for 10 and 20 mM; n=4). Furthermore, EGCG selectively inhibited RANTES/CCL5‐induced phosphorylation of JNK p46‐isoform in a dose–dependent manner (p<0.05; n=4). Thus, EGCG may be of potential benefit in regulating RANTES/CCL5‐mediated inflammation and tissue destruction in RA.
Improvement of biochemical parameters in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats after the leaves hydroethanolic extract of yacon treatment
Authors: dos Santos Klinsmann , Bueno Bianca , Pereira Luana , Francisqueti Fabiane , Minatel Igor , Corrêa Camila
Published: June 2021

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of extract of yacon leaves (EYL) on body weight, biochemical parameters (glucose and total cholesterol) and TNF in plasma of STZ‐diabetic rats. Forty male rats were divided into four groups (n=10): C: control; DM: STZ rats; DM+Y: STZ rats + Yacon leaves and C+Y: control rats + yacon leaves. DM1 was induced by streptozotocin (40mg/kg, i.p.). Yacon (100mg/weight/day) was administrated by gavage for 30 days. There was no difference in total cholesterol (C=58,54±6,62; DM=53,72±10,23; DM+Y=55,94±7,99; C+Y=50,50±7,22) and TNF (C=28,59±12,69; DM=23,68±14,99; DM+Y=25,48±5,77; C+Y=36,22±15,58). The final body weight was higher in C group compared to DM but no difference between the other groups (C=380,5±34,74; DM=331,1±53,76; DM+Y=332,11±16,13; C+Y=357,33±39,32). Initial glucose (C=128±5,86; DM=416,11±61,62; DM+Y=410,1±72,56; C+Y=119,6±4,24) was higher in DM and DM+Y, EYL decreased final glucose levels in DM+Y rats and showed higher in untreated group (C=94±6,37; DM=299,75±114,64; DM+Y=109,71±15,14; C+Y=88,66±5,63). In conclusion EYL decreased glucose levels in treated diabetic group (DM+Y). Since chronic hyperglycemia plays a major role in diabetes complications, reducing this initial trigger is a beneficial result.
Kola Acuminate (Bizzy Nut) Possesses Antimicrobial Activity Toward STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUSola
Authors: Telles Caroline , Robinson Augusta , Gray Wesley
Published: June 2021

Kola acuminate is a “cure‐all” herbal medicine in Jamaica. Kola acuminate (Bizzy nut), contains a putative phytochemical compound with a variety of bioactivity. Crude Kola extracts were found to exhibit important inhibitory activities against the growth of certain bacteria and fungi. However, the problem is that the specific phytochemicals responsible for this bioactivity have not been identified. Therefore, we hypothesized that solid‐liquid extractions of Bizzy nut, followed by an antimicrobial screening (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, MIC) would reveal its chemotaxonomic significance. As an initial method for identifying phytochemicals responsible for antimicrobial activity, we performed solid‐liquid extractions, using solvents of increasing polarity to identify and characterize putative antimicrobial compounds present in Bizzy nut. A sample of finely ground Bizzy nut was sequentially extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus using 100mL of 100% hexane, ether, acetone, methane, or water to produce five independent extracts of unique polarity. The antimicrobial activity of each extract was carried out using Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as test organisms. Our current results show that the ether (Biz‐2) and the acetone (Biz‐3) extract, possess antimicrobial activity on Staphylococcus aureus at concentrations as low as 1E5ppm, having comparable diameters of zones of inhibitions of 15±0.13mm and 20.0±0.5mm respectively. Surprisingly, none of our extracts showed antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in our initial screen. Our conclusion from this work is that the ether and/or acetone extract of Kola acuminate, contains antimicrobial bioactivity compounds.
Effects of Walnut Consumption on Mood in Young Adults
Authors: Pribis Peter , Bailey Rudolph , Hernandez Magaly , Grajales Tevni , Sabate Joan
Published: June 2021

Walnuts contain a number of potentially neuroprotective compounds like vitamin E, folate, melatonin, several antioxidative polyphenols and significant amounts of omega‐3 fatty acids. The present study sought to determine the effect of walnuts on mood. Sixty‐four college students were randomly assigned to two treatment sequences in a cross‐over fashion: walnut‐placebo or placebo‐walnut. Baseline data was assessed using Profiles of Mood States (POMS). Data was collected again after eight weeks of intervention. After six‐weeks of washout the intervention groups followed the diets in reverse order. Data was collected once more at the end of the eight‐week intervention period. No significant change in mood was observed in analysis that included both genders on the walnut supplemented diet. However, in gender specific analysis significant improvement was observed in males in the anger/hostility domain (p=0.013) and in the Total Mood Disturbance score (p=0.043). In young males, walnuts seem to have the ability improve some mood domains. The study was in part supported by the California Walnut Commision. The funders had no role in the implementation, data collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the study or preparation of this publication.
Methodological Quality of Meta‐Analyses on the Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Bihuniak Jessica , Huedo‐Medina Tania , Garcia Marissa , Kerstetter Jane , Kenny Ann
Published: June 2021

Several systematic reviews/meta‐analyses published within the last 10 years have examined the effects of Mediterranean style diets (MedSD) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, these reports have not been evaluated for satisfying contemporary methodological quality standards. To assess compliance with current standards, we applied a modified version of the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTARMedSD) quality scale to systematic reviews/ meta‐analyses retrieved from electronic databases that had met our selection criteria: (1) used systematic or meta‐analytic procedures to review the literature; (2) examined MedSD trials; and (3) had MedSD interventions independently or combined with other interventions. Reviews completely satisfied from 8% to 75% of the AMSTARMedSD items (Mean=31.6%±19.6%), with those published in higher impact journals having greater quality scores. At a minimum 50% of the 20 reports did not disclose full search details or apply appropriate statistical methods to combine study findings. Only two of the reviews included participant or MedSD diet characteristics in their analyses. These data suggest that current meta‐analyses evaluating the effect of MedSD on CVD risk do not fully comply with contemporary methodological quality standards. As a result they have contributed less than ideally to our understanding of how MedSD impacts CVD risk, or how these effects may be moderated by the participant or MedSD characteristics. In order to clarify the effects of MedSD on CVD risk,future meta‐analyses need to adhere to contemporary methodological quality standards.

Funding

USDA Hatch project 1000900, CONS000927
Early Sleep Midpoints are Associated with Increased Fruit, Water, and Fiber Intakes and Decreased Discretionary Calories in a Young Adult Cohort
Authors: Parker Amy , Morrell Jesse
Published: June 2021

Previous research suggests a link between poor sleep quality and increased consumption of energy dense foods. However, little is known about the timing [midpoint] of sleep and whether or not it affects dietary intake. The purpose of this study was to determine if early, middle, or late sleep midpoints were associated with healthier diets among students participating in the ongoing College Health and Nutrition Assessment Survey at the University of New Hampshire between 2012‐14 [n= 1,302; 69.6% female; mean age=19 years]. Sleep behaviors were collected from an online questionnaire and dietary intakes were assessed using three‐day food records and nutrient analysis software (Diet Analysis Plus). Sleep midpoints were calculated from self‐reported bed times and rise times on usual weekdays and subsequently divided into tertiles. On average, students reported 8.14 hours of sleep and had a sleep midpoint time of 3:54 am. As compared to those in the latest sleep midpoint tertile, students in the earliest tertile had higher intakes of fruit (1.5±.1 vs. 1.3±.1 cups, p<0.05), fiber (23.1±.4 vs. 19.8±.4 grams, p<0.05), total water (2.1±.1 vs. 1.8±.1 L, p<0.05), and a lower ratio of discretionary calories to total calories (28.9±.5 vs. 30.8±.5%, p<0.05). No differences were seen in total fat or carbohydrate intake between tertiles. Findings from this project suggest college students with earlier sleep midpoints consume healthier diets, including more fruit and less discretionary calories.
A Comparison of Food Supply Over the Recent 25 Years and Degree of Dietary Westernization in Taiwan With Asian Countries and World Continents
Authors: Peng Cheau‐Jane , Guo How‐Ran
Published: June 2021

Objective

To compare quality, quantity, and trends of food supply from 1984 to 2009 and degree of food westernization in Taiwan with Asian countries and world continents by using food balance data(FBS).

Methods

We compiled data from FBS of Taiwan and FAO, including five continents and three most populated countries each in Eastern, Southern, and South Eastern Asia over the period 1984‐2009. Quantity of food supply per capita was referenced to Taiwan food guides. The population‐weighted means of food supply from Europe, North America, South America, and Australia & New Zealand Continents in terms of energy and nutrient distributions, animal/plant sources, and sugar/alcohol contribution were used asindicators of westernization.

Findings

Taiwan's food supply, although currently provides sufficient food per capita, showed decreasing trends through recent years. The cereals/roots supply and rice to wheat ratio kept as the lowest, while the meat and oil supplies per capita were the highest among the 10 studied Asian countries. Judging by the indices of food energy from animal food (kcal, %), total food protein(g), protein to total energy(%), total food fat(g), fat to total energy(%), protein/fat from animal sources(%),Taiwan had the most westernized food patterns.

image

Conclusion

Food supply of Taiwan, although currently sufficient, indicated some security problems and high tendency of diet westernization.
Effect of maternal immune activation on pre‐ and postnatal murine brain development
Authors: McDermott Kieran , Pakan Janelle , O'Loughlin Elaine
Published: June 2021

Prenatal inflammation is considered a risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia. Models of maternal inflammation have been developed to study the cellular alterations in the fetal brain following challenge with agents such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Studies suggest that some gestation periods have higher risk for developmental abnormalities after such immune activation and different brain regions are populated by neurones and glia at different times. This study investigated the effect of early immune activation on development of the fetal and postnatal brain. Time mated c57BL/6 mice were used. On embryonic day 12 (E12), mice received either a single injection of LPS ( 50 μg/kg) or saline. Tissue was collected at prenatal and postnatal ages and used to investigate effects on the developing hippocampal and amygdalar brain structures. qPCR was carried out on placental and brain samples for relevant pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Immunohistochemistry was performed for astrocyte (GFAP), microglia (IBA‐1) and neuronal (DCX, Nestin) markers. Cresyl violet staining was used to investigate structural integrity. qPCR results showed altered pro‐inflammatory placental cytokine profile and altered cytokine profile in the pre‐and postnatal brain. The glial and neuronal environment was also altered in offspring of LPS treated mice. This preliminary data has shown that a single injection of a bacterial mimetic can have diverse effects on the neurodevelopmental process. This study found that a single low dose of LPS administered at E12 induces pro‐inflammatory cytokines which may lead to structural changes in the prenatal brain which, potentially, may persist in the adult brain.
Parents' Purchases of Kids' Meals for Children
Authors: Lee‐Kwan Seung Hee , Park Sohyun , McGuire Lisa , Maynard Leah , Blanck Heidi
Published: June 2021

Children who regularly eat fast food have worse diets and consume more calories than those who do not. We examined characteristics of parents' purchase of kid's meals, reasons for the purchase, and desire for healthy options in 1,147 parents (蠅18 y) using 2014 ConsumerStyles. The purchase of kids' meals was assessed by following question: “In the past month, have you purchased kids' meals for a child at a fast food/chain restaurant (including drive‐through)?” Follow‐up questions were: 1) if yes, “Did you buy any kids' meals at fast food/chain restaurants in the past month for the following reasons? Select up to 3 choices.” and 2) if no, “Would you be more likely to purchase kids' meals at a fast food/chain restaurant, if there were more healthy options?” Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression were used to estimate prevalence and adjusted odds ratios (OR) for kids' meals purchased by parental characteristics. Over half (51%) of parents reported purchasing kids' meals. Among those, the top reasons were 1) my child asked for them (48%), 2) I usually purchase them for my child (42%), and 3) they had healthier sides like fruits or fruit cups (25%). Among parents who had not purchased kids' meals, 47% younger parents (18–34 y) were willing to purchase kids' meals if there were more healthy options, while 28% older parents (蠅50 y) did so (p<0.05); no differences by sex, race/ethnicity. The odds of purchasing kids' meals were significantly higher for younger parents (OR=3.4 vs 蠅50 y) and daily sugary drink consumers (OR=2.7 vs none), but significantly less for low‐income parents (蠄$34K) (OR=0.4 vs 蠅$100K); no associations by sex, race/ethnicity, education, region, weight status, physical activity, smoking. Our findings may encourage fast food restaurants to improve quality of kid's meals.
Enhancement of Influenza Vaccine ‐ Induced Antibody Titers with Active Hexose Correlated Compound (AHCC)
Authors: Wang Reginald , Kudo Shotaro
Published: June 2021

AHCC® is a mushroom‐derived polysaccharide that has been shown to increase markers of immune activity including CD4, CD8 and NK cell numbers, TNF production and antibody responses to selected vaccines. This randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial was designed to further investigate the potential for enhancement of influenza antibody formation following vaccination and to explore the efficacy of AHCC in subjects who had a routine seasonal influenza vaccination. Prior to vaccination, Influenza A and B antibody titers in blood were analyzed (baseline). Twenty‐nine subjects were randomly administered 1 g of AHCC (2 capsules) or placebo daily for 4 weeks (n=15 for placebo; n=14 for AHCC). Antibody titers were analyzed again at 4 weeks (follow up). Titer increase for either Influenza Type A or B Antibody from baseline to follow up was significantly increased in 60% of placebo‐treated group and 85.7% of AHCC‐treated group (1 gram dosage). These results suggest that 1 gram AHCC can increase influenza vaccine efficacy of Type A and B.
Targeted Deletion of Selenium Transport and Recycling Pathways in Mice: Neurological and Metabolic Consequences
Authors: Berry Marla , Seale Lucia , Kremer Penny , Ogawa Ashley , Hashimoto Ann , Pitts Matthew
Published: June 2021

Selenoproteins function in essential biological functions, are particularly known for their key roles in antioxidant defense, and are synthesized via a unique translational mechanism involving recoding of UGA codons to specify selenocysteine instead of stop. Selenoprotein P (Sepp1) contains multiple selenocysteine residues and is thought to act in selenium transport. Selenocysteine lyase (Scly) decomposes selenocysteine to alanine and selenide, the latter of which is utilized for new selenoprotein biosynthesis. Genetic deletion of Sepp1 combined with feeding a selenium‐deficient diet results in severe neurological dysfunction and brainstem neurodegeneration. We hypothesized that mice lacking Scly might exhibit similar deficits. Surprisingly, Scly KO mice raised on a Se‐adequate diet exhibit hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia, glucose intolerance, and hepatic steatosis. Upon dietary Se restriction, Scly KO animals develop several characteristics of metabolic syndrome, such as obesity, fatty liver, and hypercholesterolemia, with aggravated hyperleptinemia, hyperinsulinemia, and glucose intolerance. In addition, they exhibit mild neurological deficits. We created novel transgenic mice constitutively lacking both genes and characterized the phenotype. Deletion of Sepp1 and Scly further aggravates the phenotypes of either single knockout mouse, as these mice needed supraphysiological selenium supplementation to survive, and surviving mice exhibited impaired motor coordination, audiogenic seizures, and brainstem neurodegeneration. These findings provide the first in vivo evidence that Scly and Sepp1 work cooperatively to maintain selenoprotein function in the mammalian brain.
Age and Sex Analysis on the Relationship between Serum 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D and Hypertension in General Korean Population
Authors: Kim Dasom , Kim Jihye
Published: June 2021

Background

Previous studies have suggested that serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] is associated with hypertension. However, it has not been examined the age difference on the relation between serum 25(OH)D and the risk of hypertension.

Objective

The present study examined the relationship between serum 25(OH)D and the risk of hypertension by age in general South Korean populations with considering potential risk factors for hypertension.

Methods

We conducted a population‐based, cross‐sectional study.20,440 adults aged 19 years or over that participated in 2009 to 2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition ExaminationSurveys were selected for the present study. Hypertension was defined as SBP 蠅140 mmHg, or DBP蠅90 mmHg, or current use of anti‐hypertensive medication.

Results

We found that serum 25(OH)D levels are inversely associated with the risk of hypertension in young and middle‐aged adults, but not in elderly. In young and middle‐aged adults, the adjusted ORs for hypertension tended to decrease according to the quartiles of serum 25(OH)D after adjustment for potential confounders significantly only in women (OR=0.73, 95% CI=0.58‐0.91, P for trend =0.0345). ). Although the adjusted ORs for hypertension showed the tendency to decrease with increasing serum 25(OH)Dconcentration, the association was not significant. There was no association between serum 25(OH)D concentration and the risk of hypertension in elderly subjects.

Conclusion

Higher serum 25(OH)D level was strongly associated with a lower risk of hypertension in young and middle‐aged Korean women, not in elderly.
Nutrient Composition of 'Kunnu‐ Zaki' Beverage Fortified with Blends of Groundnut (Arachis hypogeal), Tiger‐nut (Cyperus esculentus) and Brown Rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: Olyalawuba Nkeiruka , Ibe Oluchi
Published: June 2021

Objective

The objective of the study is to determine the nutrient composition of 'Kunnu – Zaki' based on blends of fermented sorghum with sugar, roasted groundnut with dried tigernut, and tigernut with sprouted brown rice.

Method

The samples sorghum, roasted groundnut, dried tigernut and brown rice were purchased from a local market in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. They were all separately cleaned, washed and processed in line with the traditional method common in the Bauchi and Gombe States of Nigeria where the beverage is widely consumed (Gaffa et al, 2002 b).

Result

The Kunnu – Zaki beverage prepared from Sample B (sprouted brown rice and tigernut) had the highest scores of carbohydrate (4.91g), protein (3.86g), fiber (0.187g) and lipid (1.05g) followed by Sample C (tigernut and groundnut) and lastly Sample A (Sorghum and sugar).

The micronutrient content of the Sample B was also highest. Organoleptic evaluation of the samples showed higher acceptability of the fortified samples B and C than the commonly consumed sample A. Table 1 shows the micronutrient composition of the samples.

Micronutrients
A; Sorghum
B; Rice and Tigernut
C; Tigernut and Groundnut

Ca (mg/100g)
0.40+/‐0.09
0.93+/‐0.12
0.80+/‐0.10

Fe (mg/100g)
4.73+/‐0.06
6.38+/‐0.08
5.63+/‐0.09

An (mg/100g
1.20+/‐0.06
1.70+/‐0.07
1.32+/‐0.05

I (ug/100g)
1.60+/‐ 0.06
1.67+/‐0.06
1.59+/‐0.09

B‐carotine (ug/100g)
3.10+/‐0.00
7.32+/‐0.03
5.93+/‐0.01

Frolic acid (u/100g)
0.27+/‐0.10
0.28+/‐0.02
0.26+/‐0.04

Sample
Color
Flavor
Consistency
Generalacceptability

A; Sorghum
6.55ab+/‐ 1.09
5.83a+/‐ 1.34
5.83a +/‐ 1.25
6.33a +/‐1.03

B; Rice and Tiger nut
7.17b +/‐0.86
5.83a +/‐1.51
6.05a +/‐ 1.39
7.33b +/‐ 0.77

C; Tigernut and Groundnut
6.22a +/‐ 1.17
6.88b +/‐ 1.13
7.61b +/‐ 1.14
7.78b +/‐ 0.94

Least significant difference
0.69
0.83
0.89
0.57

Conclusion

The fortified Kunnu – Zaki beverages were more nutritious for human consumption and had enhanced organoleptic qualities. The fortified beverages will improve the daily nutrient intake of an individual and therefore should be made available for consumption.
Protective Effect of Germinated and Fermented Soybean Extract Against tert‐butyl Hydroperoxide‐Induced Hepatotoxicity in the Rats
Authors: Kim Eun Young , Park Yooheon , Suh Hyung Joo
Published: June 2021

Current study was aimed to investigate antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of germinated andfermented soybean extract (GFSE) on tert‐butyl hydroperoxide(t‐BHP)–induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cell and rat liver. t‐BHP‐induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was significantly lowered by GFSE. The ROS reduction was associated with mRNA levels those are down‐regulated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate‐oxidase 4 (NOX4), a pro‐oxidant enzyme, and up‐regulated anti‐oxidant enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismuatase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), and glutathione reductase (GR) in the liver. In addition, mRNA level of antioxidant enzymes those are related to the enhancement of enzymatic activities of SOD, catalase, and glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) was also significantly increased. This antioxidant effect of GFSE was connected to the reduction of MDA (malondialdehyde) levels as well as the increase of glutathione (GSH) levels in the liver. Furthermore, GFS was shown to decrease the serum level of clinical markers for the liver function such as ALT (alanine aminotransferase), AST (Aspartate aminotransferase), and total cholesterol. These effects of GFSE were also confirmed by histopathological analyses.

This work was supported by “Food Functionality Evaluation program” under the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs and partly Korea Food Research Institute.
Serum Zinc Concentrations and Depression in Persons with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Poudel Krishna , Poudel‐Tandukar Kalpana
Published: June 2021

Background

HIV infection has been frequently associated with zinc deficiency and depression. Zinc deficiency may increase the risk of depression in people without HIV. However, research on the role of zinc in depression among HIV‐positive people is limited. We assessed the association between serum zinc concentrations and depression in HIV‐positive people.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted among 311 HIV‐positive people residing in Kathmandu, Nepal. Anthropometric and information on medical history, food habits, and life‐style factors were collected. Fasting blood samples were taken. The atomic absorption method was used to measure serum zinc concentrations and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)‐Ia was used to measure depression, with cut off score 20 or higher. The relationship of zinc concentrations to depression was assessed using both multiple linear regressions and multiple logistic regression analyses.

Results

In total, 26% of participants were depressed. The geometric means of depression scores in men and women were 8.18 and 12.38, respectively. The means of zinc concentrations in men and women were 75.62 µg/dL and 72.63 µg/dL, respectively. Serum zinc concentrations were inversely associated with log depression scores (β=‐0.02; P=0.0003). Men and women with the highest level of zinc concentrations had a significantly decreased risk of depression, with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the highest versus lowest tertile of serum zinc concentrations were 0.49 (0.25‐0.98), 0.28 (0.11‐0.71), and 0.98 (0.33‐2.89) for total participants, men, and women, respectively.

Conclusion

Serum zinc concentrations are inversely associated with depression scores in HIV‐positive people.
Resistance Training and Mitochondrial Metabolism
Authors: Flack Kyle , Davy Kevin , Hulver Matthew , Frisard Madlyn , Anderson Angela , Boutagy Nabil , Savla Jyoti , Winett Richard , Davy Brenda
Published: June 2021

Objective

To determine if resistance exercise training improves skeletal muscle substrate oxidative capacity in older adults.

Background

A decline in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity occurs with aging. Aerobic exercise increases skeletal muscle's ability to oxidize multiple substrates. The role resistance exercise training (RT) has on skeletal muscle substrate oxidative capacity is unclear.

Methods

19 males aged 蠅60 were randomized (RT=11, sedentary control=8). RT included 7 machine exercises, 1 set to failure ~8‐12 reps, 3x/week for 12 weeks. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the v. lateralis at baseline and 12 weeks. Palmitate and pyruvate oxidation, enzyme activity of 3‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (β‐HAD) and citrate synthase (CS) were assessed from muscle homogenates, strength from 3‐rep maximum (3RM).

Results

3RM improved 75 and 74 % (P<0.01) for chest and leg press with RT. No change in total fatty acid (1.23±4.76 vs. 0.64±6.74 nm CO2/hr) or pyruvate oxidation (150.11 ± 291.76 vs. 53.28±302.44 nm CO2/mg/hr, P>0.05) in RT vs control respectively. β‐HAD increased (6.89±8.94 ng/mg/min, P<0.05) but not CS with RT.

Conclusions

These results suggest that 12 weeks of RT does not change skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in older men.
Dietary (‐)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) supplementation counteracts metabolic disorders in senescence‐accelerated mouse
Authors: Chang Sue‐Joan , Liu Hung‐Wen , Chan Yin‐Ching , Wang Ming‐fu
Published: June 2021

Senescence‐accelerated mouse (SAM) prone 8 (SAMP8) displayed aging‐related insulin resistance has been reported; however, peripheral tissues like muscle and liver involved in modulation of glucose and lipid metabolism have not been reported in SAMP8 mice. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) with anti‐diabetes was postulated to delay age‐related insulin resistance. Thus, dietary (3 months) EGCG supplementation (0.32% w:w) on the metabolic defects in skeletal muscle and liver were investigated in SAMP8 (n=15) mice compared to control diet SAMP8 mice (n=15) and SAM resistant 1 (SAMR1, n=8). Higher levels of fasting glucose, insulin and free fatty acid, inhibited Akt activity, and decreased GLUT4 protein expression were observed in SAMP8 mice compared to age‐matched SAMR1 mice. EGCG treatment successfully decreased blood glucose and insulin levels via restoring Akt activity and GLUT4 expression and increasing AMPK activity. Histological examination of the liver revealed hepatocellular ballooning and increasing lipid accumulation in SAMP8 mice. Hepatic triacylglycerol and ALT activities were higher in SAMP8 mice. Decreased ATGL (the gene for triglycerides hydrolysis) and increased SREBP1c and ChREBP1 (genes involved in de novo lipogenesis) in mRNA levels were observed in SAMP8 mice in accordance with hepatic lipid accumulation. Prevented hepatic lipid accumulation was mainly attributed to inhibited SREBP1c gene expression by EGCG. Ultimately, EGCG supplementation is potential to counteract age‐related metabolic disorders.
Effects of Bisphenol A and Its Metabolites on Lipid and Glucose Metabolism in Differentiated Murine Adipocytes
Authors: Park Yooheon , Cho So Young , Jeong Minguem
Published: June 2021

We reported the effect of bisphenol A and its metabolites on the 3T3‐L1 cells, in terms of glucose and lipid metabolism. Bisphenol A metabolites were obtained from the human liver S9 fraction. Bisphenol A significantly increased mRNA level of Sterol Regulatory Element‐Binding Protein (SREBP) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (CEBP) alpha. Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL) was also significantly influenced by bisphnol A and it metabolite. Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC) and Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) mRNA level was elevated by bisphenol A as well as its metabolites. Taken all these results together, bisphenol A and it metabolite impaired glucose and lipid metabolism in vitro. Further investigation with synthesized bisphenol A metabolites suggestively needed.
Localization of Gut Microbiota Along Longitudinal and Radial Axes in the Healthy Neonatal Piglet
Authors: Lennon Dylan , Liu Lin , Allen Hannah , Lukosaityte Jurate , Zhao Lisa , Li Eric , Wang Gary , Borum Peggy
Published: June 2021

Background

Gut microbiota succession and configuration of the host‐microbe axis are important features of post‐natal development, but cannot be monitored in stool.

Methods

Paired samples of lumen contents and mucosa from 5 term, male piglets aged 1‐2 days (n=3) and littermates 9‐10 days older (n=2) were collected at 3 sites each from the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, and at 4 sites in the colon. A total of 130 samples from 5 piglets were analyzed and assayed for the 16S rRNA gene using an Illumina MiSeq platform.

Results

The duodenum, jejunum, and ileum each harbored more species compared to the colon (P<0.05). Clustering analyses suggested that the communities within the colon became less similar to the small intestine with older age. Interestingly, mucosal populations also possessed a rich number of species with respect to lumen samples. We detected species that significantly discriminated the lumen from the mucosa in younger and older piglets (Bonferroni‐P<0.05). The majority of these species could be attributed to a single different phyla for each comparison.

Lumen (# Species)
Mucosa (#Species)

Younger
Firmicutes (19)
Proteobacteria (10)

Older
Proteobacteria (9)
Firmicutes (6)

Conclusions

Post‐natal succession of microbes after 9 days of life has longitudinal and radial components, and showed the greatest diversity in small intestine mucosal regions, even in the youngest piglets. This detailed biogeographical map provides a level of resolution about the location of gut microbiome communities that cannot be obtained in stool.
Effect of Resistant Starch and Protein in Energy Bars on Circulating Glucose and Insulin
Authors: van Klinken B.Jan‐Willem , Wolever Thomas , Kaczmarczyk Melissa , Bolster Doug , Jenkins Alexandra , Harkness Laura
Published: June 2021

To determine the effect of varying the Resistant Starch RS and diary protein content of energy bars on blood glucose and insulin, we studied 12 healthy subjects using a randomized cross‐over design. The 3 hr glucose and insulin responses elicited by 5 whole grain energy bars containing Hi‐Maize260® (RS) and whey protein concentrate (WPC, 70% protein) in the following amounts (RS/WPC %w/w): 15/0, 15/0 low sugar, 15/5, 10/5 and 10/10 were compared with those elicited by a Control bar low in whole grains, protein and RS. Each test meal contained 40g available carbohydrate. For bars 15/0, 15/0 low sugar, 15/5, 10/5, 10/10 and Control, respectively, the mean±SEM incremental areas under the curve (AUC) were: glucose, 144±15, 169±14, 116±9, 117±12, 100±9 and 140±17 min×mmol/L; insulin, 1650±228, 1960±197, 2110±380, 1950±275, 2140±342 and 1820±297 min×uU/mL. There were no significant differences in AUC and peak rise for glucose or insulin between any of the bars and Control. Higher protein content was associated with lower glucose (p<0.05) and higher insulin AUC (p<0.10); higher RS content tended to be associated with higher glucose and insulin AUC (ns). Neither glucose nor insulin responses were significantly related to digestibility of the bars in vitro. We conclude that including protein in energy bar formulations may reduce glycemic response possibly through an enhanced insulin response. While RS may reduce glucose responses by displacing available carbohydrate, the present results are not consistent with an ability of RS to slow starch digestion in vivo. This might be due to limited quantity of RS in the products or may reflect limited effects on glycemic response.
Correlates and the Heritability Estimates of Metabolic Syndrome among African American: The Jackson Heart Study
Authors: Khan Rumana , Gebreab Samson , Crespo Pia , Xu Ruihua , Sims Mario , Davis Sharon
Published: June 2021

The study aimed to investigate the correlates of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and estimate the heritability of MetS and its components in African Americans (AA). We analyzed the data of 1909 men and 3318 women from the Jackson Heart Study (JHS). Participants were classified as having the MetS according to the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. We used logistic regression analyses to isolate significantly associated covariates. Heritability was calculated from the family study subset of JHS (1636 individuals, 281 families) using variance component methods. About 27% of men and about 40% of women participants had MetS. For men, factors associated with having MetS were older age, lower physical activity level, higher body mass index, higher homocysteine and lower adiponectin levels (p<0.05 for all). For women on the other hand, in addition to all these factors, low level of education, current smoking, alcohol drinking and higher stress also showed significant association (p<0.05 for all). After adjusting for covariates, the heritability for the MetS was 32% (p<0.0001). Among its individual components, treated as continuous traits, heritability ranged from 14% (p<0.01) for fasting glucose to 45% (p<0.0001) for waist circumference. Estimated heritability for other components like systolic and diastolic blood pressure, hypertriglyceridemia and HDL‐ cholesterol was 16%, 15%, 42% and 43% respectively. Our data suggests the inclusion of biomarkers like adiponectin and homocysteine to improve early prediction of MetS. The results also encourage efforts to identify the underlying susceptibility genes for this syndrome in AA.
Effects on River Macro‐invertebrates of Increased Urbanization Near Puerto Rico's Watersheds: Changes in Population Abundance and Locomotor and Aggressive Behavior
Authors: Ortiz‐Lugo José , Pedreira Patricia , Maldonado Esteban , Quiñones Michael , Rodríguez Nikitas , Rivera Nilsa , Sosa Maria
Published: June 2021

Urban development is a form of anthropogenic environmental disturbance that globally threatens waterways by altering the hydrology and water quality. We are assessing how increased urbanization near rivers of Puerto Rico impacts the aquatic biota. Here we compare the abundance of Macrobrachium carcinus prawns in representative rivers and asses the effects of water chemicals found in those near urban areas on prawn locomotor activity and aggression.

A monthly census of prawns along different gradients of urban intensity was conducted in four rivers of the island. The relative number of prawns collected by traps was significantly higher (144) in the non‐urban river, compared with 0, 0, and 2 prawns in comparable areas of three urban rivers.

Prawns from non‐urban rivers were exposed in the lab to concentrations the EPA defines as limits for drinking water of specific phthalates (0.006 mg/L) and metal contaminants (Cr3+;0.1 mg/L, Cd2+;0.005 mg/L, Mn2+;0.05mg/L). All contaminants increased locomotion and DBP, Cr3+ and Cd2+ increased total area covered by prawns in the tank, and altered their locomotor patterns. Prawns injected with DBP ventured more towards the center than remaining near edges. Submissive prawns injected with DBP, Cr3+, Cd2+ and Mn2+ also escalated aggression levels.

Results suggest that contaminants in urbanized watersheds are associated with prawn assemblage degradation and also have an impact on locomotion and aggressive behavior. These findings serve as important indicators of how low levels of anthropogenic contaminants, such as phthalates and metals, can impact behaviors essential for survival.