bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Allocation of Federal Money to House Committee Members
Authors: HEITSHUSEN VALERIE
Published: March 2007

Empirical tests of congressional organization theories have generally focused on the prerequisites for committee power (e.g., committee composition and rule-based institutional power) rather than on the policy implications of this alleged power. Although policy scholars have long studied the allocation patterns of federal outlays, congressional scholars have heretofore generally provided—but not systematically tested—hypotheses regarding the disproportionate allocation of policy benefits to committee members. This analysis presents a critical, but tractable, test of the policy expectations of distributive theory across two House committees with varying jurisdictional dimensionality. Based on 1980s federal outlays to districts in agriculture, education, and labor programs, the evidence indicates that committees differ in regard to the level of allocational benefits they can confer upon themselves and that this difference is likely related to jurisdictional characteristics. In addition, the results indicate that district need drives a large portion of relative district outlays.
Public Opinion and Support for U.S. Presidents' Foreign Policies
Authors: MEERNIK JAMES , AULT MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

We develop a model of public evaluations of U.S. foreign policies that emphasizes the role of core values and informational cues as a means to explain how the public renders judgments on complex issues. We argue that the public will most fundamentally be concerned with presidential success in maintaining U.S. peace and security and will rely heavily on presidential activities and media coverage of foreign policy events.
Issue Voting
Authors: Meier Kenneth J. , Campbell James E.
Published: March 2007

This paper argues that six conditions must be met to conclude that issue voting exists: (1) candidates must take different positions on the issues of the day; (2) the campaign issues must be salient to the voter; (3) voters must have a position on the issue; (4) voters must accurately perceive candidate positions; (5) issue-based candidate evaluations must be consistent with vote intention; and (6) vote intention must be based on a previously established issue evaluation not vice versa. This study estimates the number of voters who were able to meet these conditions for issue voting during the 1972 presidential election campaign.
The Impact of Home Ownership On Whites' Racial Attitudes
Authors: Jelen Ted G.
Published: March 2007

This article offers an update and extension of Kingston, Thompson, and Eichar's "The Politics of Home Ownership," using more recent data. The result reported by Kingston et al., that home ownership is not strongly related to general conservatism, voting for Republican presidential candidates, or Republican identification, is replicated in this study. However, this study shows that home ownership is significantly related to attitudes toward open housing, and to racial attitudes generally. Thus home ownership may be a more important source of political attitudes than previously thought.
Voter Turnout and Electoral Oscillation
Authors: Petrocik John R.
Published: March 2007

Declining levels of participation in elections and especially presidential elections, have prompted greater interest among academics and policy makers in the sources and practical consequences of low turnout. This article shows that although nonvoters have many characteristics which mark them as Democratic voters, there is no reason to believe that high turnout elections, especially at the presidential level, would benefit Democratic candidates. The lower levels of involvement and commitment which characterize chronic nonvoters and peripheral voters would simply promote greater interelection oscillation if these voters began to turn out.
Research Note
Authors: Pothier John T.
Published: March 2007

Recent Senate elections have seen a strong pro-Republican bias, resulting from inroads in the small population states overrepresented in the Senate and from lean victory margins. The bias allows the GOP to capture a majority of the seats with less than a majority of the aggregate Senate vote (1978-1980) and to exceed the historical norm when the Democrats win a landslide (1982). Although this bias will probably continue, the increased competitiveness and responsiveness of Senate elections may see the GOP alternate between the threadbare majorities of the 97th and the 98th Congresses and (when the Democrats can string together several landslides) very small minorities.
Show Horses, Work Horses, and Dead Horses
Authors: Langbein Laura I. , Sigelman Lee
Published: March 2007

This study brings data on House members' use of time to bear on the traditional distinction between show horses and work horses in Congress. Analysis fails to produce the hypothesized two-dimensional structure in the time allocations of House members, calling into question the empirical validity of the show horse-work horse distinction.
The Role of Media Coverage of Iowa and New Hampshire in the 1988 Democratic Nomination
Authors: Ridout Christine F.
Published: March 2007

Media coverage of Iowa and New Hampshire has traditionally played a significant role in presidential nominations. The 1988 Democratic race is no exception. However, the media's effect was not particularly dramatic, and no candidate ever acquired media-driven momentum. The absence of momentum should not, however, obscure the fact that early coverage was essential to Dukakis's victory. This finding points to three relatively stable aspects of presidential nominations that help explain early media effects. These are the sequential nature of the nominating process, the low information levels and unstable opinions typical of the electorate early in the process, and the media's emphasis on the early contests and on the horse race. These characteristics interact to produce significant early media effects on presidential nominations.
Does Bringing Out the Candidate Bring Out the Votes?
Authors: Jones Jeffrey M.
Published: March 2007

Scholars find that party mobilization efforts reliably increase voter turnout. Although many different forms of mobilization have been studied, one of the oldest—candidate campaigning—has not. This article examines the mobilizing potential of candidate campaign appearances in presidential elections. Analyzing aggregate election returns, I show that campaign visits can measurably increase both turnout and partisan vote percentages. The effects are often contingent, though, on how frequently candidates visit a particular area and on the timing of the campaign visits.
Campaign and Contextual Influences on Voter Participation in State Legislative Elections
Authors: HOGAN ROBERT E.
Published: March 2007

Recent studies suggest that campaign mobilization factors such as candidate spending and electoral competition play a substantial role in influencing voter participation in elections. This analysis focuses on the relative influence of these campaign effects along with a variety of contextual features on district-level turnout in state legislative elections. Models testing a variety of variables across seven states in 1994 point to the overwhelming influence of socioeconomic and political context, with campaign mobilization effects contributing a much smaller degree of explanatory power. While some mobilization factors (such as campaign spending) have the potential to exert a strong impact on turnout, factors beyond the control of candidate campaigns are responsible for much of the observed variation in turnout across state legislative districts.
Radioprotective Effects of Vitexina for Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Radiotherapy With Cobalt-60
Authors: Tran Van Hien  , Nguyen Boi Huong  , Pham Manh Hung  , Nguyen Ba Duc
Published: March 2007

Vitexina, a product containing the flavonoid vitexin as the main component, is derived from a plant, Vigna radiata (L.), that has been traditionally used in Vietnam for detoxifica tion. This remedy is also used to treat the symptoms of conditions classified as "hot" in traditional medicine. The present study is a randomized, placebo-controlled comparative clinical trial for investigating the radioprotective effects of Vitexina for breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy with cobalt-60. No relevant weight loss, (even weight gain), oc curred in 70% of patients in the Vitexina group, whereas 73% of the placebo group lost 1 to 2 kg of weight after 6 weeks of radiation therapy. The administration of Vitexina produced a significantly protective effect in peripheral blood cells in amount and in lymphocyte blast-transformation function. Condition of hot was observed in almost all cancer patients in this study by tongue examination. Hot condition did not change in the Vitexina group, but the incidence of hot and extreme hot cases were significantly increased in the placebo group after 6 weeks of radiation therapy. The results suggest that application of medicinal plants of the "clearing heat and detoxification" classification as an adjuvant would be a potential solution in integrative cancer therapy.
Doing Theology from the Perspective of the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians
Authors: Mombo Esther
Published: March 2007

The paper introduces the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians, popularly known as ‘the Circle’ begun in 1989, and the issues they raise for theological discussion. The Circle sets out to recreate and retrieve women's stories so that they become an integral part of the story of the Church and of Africa as a whole. The Circle and its methodology is set within the ecumenical and multi-faith context of its membership. The range of studies undertaken by its members is reviewed here. These come under four general headings: Biblical and Cultural Hermeneutics; Religion in Pluralistic Cultures; Theological and Ministerial Formation for Women; and Women in Religion, which focuses on the stories of women and religion in Africa.
Hooker the Theologian
Authors: Williams Rowan
Published: March 2007

For Hooker's opponents, sacraments could only be human actions designed to further the homogeneity of that community of uniform spiritual achievement which is the holy congregation. Hooker, on the other hand, affirms the possibility of uneven, confused faith, even the confused ecclesial loyalties of the ‘church papist’, as something acceptable within the reformed congregation. This is entirely of a piece with the defence of a liturgy that is more than verbal instruction. Hooker traces these two issues to a Christology which is centred upon divine gift and ontological transformation, and a consequent sacramental theology which affirms the hiddenness but effectiveness of divine presence and work in the forms of our ritual action.
The ARCIC Dialogue and the Perception of Authority
Authors: Tanner Mary
Published: March 2007

For more than twenty years the subject of authority has been in the forefront of discussions in the Anglican Communion and in ecumenical conversations. Authority in the Church was treated by the first Anglican Roman Catholic Commission. Both Communions recognized convergence in the Commission's reports but asked for further work. The most recent report, The Gift of Authority, is still being studied. It contains sharp challenges to both churches about their own exercise of authority. It is one thing to agree ideal statements about authority. It is quite another to move into visible unity with another church whose exercise of authority appears at odds with the ideal. If the two Communions can respond to these challenges then the suspicions that each has of the other will be alleviated and the move to visible unity made more possible. This article examines the content of the ARCIC reports and the challenges put to both Communions, arguing that there is much at stake in this conversation both for the internal life of the two Communions as well as for a life of communion in the future.
New Ways of Seeing: Theological Issues in Post-Apartheid South Africa
Authors: Pato Luke , Trisk Janet
Published: March 2007

Theology in the time of apartheid in South Africa involved clear choices—either one supported the regime or one challenged it, as did the Kairos theologians. Since democratic elections in 1994, the choices are less clear and the issues more complex. The authors are South African theologians attempting to consider some of the challenges to doing theology in South Africa today. They argue that fundamental to this enterprise is the willingness to search for a new vision.
Series on Church and State Church and State in the Legal Tradition of Australia
Authors: Young Peter
Published: March 2007

The relationship between church and state in Australia has been examined on many occasions, though principally by historians and theologians. This article examines how the legislature and courts of Australia have handled problems where there has been a conflict at the interface between secular and religious interests. The article deals with constitutional issues, conflict in education, in town planning and taxation as well as considering what we really mean by ‘church’ and ‘state’ in this context and how problems might manifest themselves in the twenty-first century.
New Ethylene-Methyl Acrylate Copolymers for Multilayer Flexible Packaging Applications
Authors: Halle Richard W.
Published: March 2007

Ethylene-Methyl Acrylate (E-MA) copolymers have been used for many years to improve the interlayer adhesion of tie layers in multilayered flexible packag ing. A key property of E-MAs in this application is their excellent adhesion to many different types of polymer substrates. The E-MA blends with low density polyethyl ene (LDPE) commonly used in industry today sometimes exhibit marginal bond strengths and can also cause processing difficulties.

The first of a new series of E-MA resins has performed significantly better than the equivalent E-MA/LDPE blend in initial extrusion coating and laminating pilot tests. Nearly a 50% improvement in adhesion to OPP film was obtained and similar results were observed for other substrates. The new E-MA resin also demonstrated good extrusion coating processing making it an attractive option for the flexible packaging manufacturer.
Orientation Development and Properties in Styrene/Maleic Anhydride Copolymers
Authors: Schwartz Steven A. , McCullough Michael J.
Published: March 2007

Styrene/maleic anhydride copolymers have been introduced com mercially for microwave food packaging applications. The conversion of the vis ibly transparent grades requires biaxial orientation of extruded sheet in order to render the sheet suitable for thermoforming. The optimum process condi tions must be defined to produce the desired level of molecular orientation for the particular thermoforming application. This article will discuss the sensi tivities of styrene/maleic anhydride copolymer structures and properties to molecular distributions, formulation modifications and processing variables.
Blown Film Bubble Forming and Quenching Effects On Film Properties
Authors: Butler Thomas I. , Patel Rajen
Published: March 2007

The blown film process is a complex manufacturing process in which film properties are found to be greatly influenced by the fabrication vari ables from which the film was produced. This article will focus on the control of these variables to demonstrate the methods of process control used for op timization of film properties for a linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE). The influences of crystallinity and orientation of polymer molecules must be correlated to fabrication variables to provide insight as to why the film proper ties vary.
Flexible Packaging 1994: Trends, Issues and Life Cycle Analysis
Authors: Dunn Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

The basic functions of flexible packaging remain: Appearance; Barrier; and Containment. However, current development work seeks to ex pand the form as well as functionality of flexible containers. This paper will review current trends. It then considers the discipline of Life Cycle Analysis and its role in flexible packaging development.
Prospects for Poverty in Britain in the First Twenty-Five Years of the Next Century
Authors: Bradshaw Jonathan
Published: March 2007

Considering the prospects for poverty in the next twenty-five years, this article argues that trends in poverty over the last two decades or so are not a good guide for the future because the increase in poverty occurring during that time was exceptional in the context of this century. Further, it was not an experience common to most other industrialised countries. Three key factors will determine future prospects for poverty. First, demographic prospects are mainly good - children and the elderly are high risk groups: the number of children will fall and the proportion of older people does not increase as much as in the last two decades. However, family change will continue to generate poverty. Secondly, prospects for the economy look as good as they have been for decades and, in particular, competition for jobs will decline, increasing the opportunities for those excluded from the labour market. The third and key factor will be the impact of politics on policy. Reducing poverty and abolishing child poverty within twenty years are targets of the Labour Government. However there are anxieties about their reliance on labour market solutions. There will still need to be redistribution in favour of those who cannot get access to paid work. There is then a discussion of some of the challenges for social research. In conclusion, the prospects for reducing poverty are good, particularly if government regains an appetite for redistribution.
Attitudes towards premarital screening for hepatitis B virus infection in Iran
Authors: Adibi Peyman , Hedayati Saeid , Mohseni Masood
Published: March 2007

Objective: To evaluate the attitudes of the young adult population towards premarital screening for hepatitis B virus (HBV).

Methods: Premarital counselling for reproductive health and testing for thalassaemia is required for couples wishing to be married in Iran. We added an information session about hepatitis B to the routine counselling programme, and then evaluated the attitudes of the enrolled population towards premarital screening for hepatitis B, through a self-administered questionnaire.

Results: From a total of 1342 participants, 1316 individuals returned the questionnaires (response rate: 98.1%). In total, 73.2% of participants were in agreement with HBV screening. Male sex and higher level of education were associated with more positive attitudes towards HBV testing.

Conclusion: Conducting a universal premarital HBV screening programme would be highly acceptable in Iran.
Removal of Copper(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Natural Kaolinite
Authors: Wang Xue-Song , Wang Jin , Sun Cheng
Published: March 2007

The potential of the low-cost adsorbent kaolinite for removing copper(II) ions from aqueous solutions was thoroughly investigated. The effects of relevant parameters, i.e. pH, adsorbent concentration, ionic strength and solution temperature, on the adsorption capacity were examined. The adsorption data followed the Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 16.79 mg/g at a pH value of 6.0, an initial Cu(II) ion concentration of 40 mg/dm3 and a temperature of 313 K. Various thermodynamic parameters, viz. the standard free energy change (ΔG0), the enthalpy (ΔH0) and the entropy (ΔS0), were evaluated for the process with the results indicating that it was spontaneous and endothermic in nature.

The dynamics of the adsorption process were also studied and values of the adsorption rate constant and the rate constant for intraparticle diffusion calculated. The activation energy (ΔEa) was found to be 19.84 kJ/mol in the present study, indicating a chemical adsorption process involving weak interactions between the adsorbent and the adsorbate. The interaction between Cu(II) ions and kaolinite is mainly attributable to ion exchange. The adsorption capacity increased with increasing solution pH, decreasing ionic strength and decreasing adsorbent concentration. Kaolinite can be used to separate Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions.
A New Method for the Selective Removal of Cadmium and Zinc Ions from Aqueous Solution by Modified Clinoptilolite
Authors: Hajialigol Saeed , Taher M.A. , Malekpour A.
Published: March 2007

Natural and modified clinoptilolite were used to remove zinc and cadmium ions from aqueous solution. The raw material was characterized by XRD and XRF analysis. Clinoptilolite was modified with benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride (BDTA) to increase the adsorption of neothorin [2-(2-arsenophenylazo)chromotropic acid disodium salt, C10H11AsN2Na2O11S2]. All experiments were undertaken using a continuous method. The ultimate goal of these studies was the selective removal of trace amounts of Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions from aqueous solution using a modified form of clinoptilolite.

The results obtained showed that Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions were adsorbed quantitatively onto modified clinoptilolite over the respective pH ranges of 4.0–5.4 and 3.3–4.5. The influence on the adsorption process of various parameters such as the ionic concentration, the flow rate, the particle size, the pH value and the presence of other cations was studied to obtain the optimum conditions. Although clinoptilolite and its surfactant-modified form were not capable of the selective adsorption of the cations studied, on the basis of the results obtained it was possible to selectively remove Zn(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solution by modified clinoptilolite using a two-step process, i.e. initial treatment with BDTA followed by treatment with neothorin.
Predicting the Acoustic Performance of HVAC Splitter Silencers
Authors: Kirby Ray
Published: March 2007

Mathematically modelling sound propagation in splitter silencers has the potential to provide a fast and effective method for optimising silencer design, and for alleviating the need to undertake repetitive and expensive experimental measurements. Moreover, understanding the physics behind sound attenuation in silencers will ultimately help to improve in situ silencer performance and to avoid current problems whereby commissioned silencers do not provide the attenuation expected from laboratory measurements. Accordingly, a mathematical model is discussed here that is capable of predicting silencer insertion loss and predictions are compared with experimental measurements. Results demonstrate the potential of this model for predicting silencer performance under laboratory conditions, but also illustrate that multi-modal sound fields significantly affect silencer performance so that laboratory tests are unlikely to represent accurately in situ silencer performance.
Noise-Induced Hearing Loss Modelling Using Fuzzy System in Mining Industry
Authors: Nanda Santosh Kumar , Tripathy D.P.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a fuzzy system approach to modelling noise-induced hearing loss in the mining industry. Hearing loss has been considered as a function of noise level, frequency, and exposure time. The model is implemented on Fuzzy toolbox of MATLAB using Mamdani inference mechanism. The model results are compared with the survey findings of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Pittsburgh, and were found to be in good agreement. The model clearly brings out the salient features of the surveys concerning the variation of hearing loss with frequency for various duration of exposure times. viz., the hearing loss is not appreciable below 2kHz and becomes pronounced between 2–4kHz in case of NIOSH and 3–5 kHz in case of EPA respectively. The model clearly reveals that the duration of exposure can be used to infer the hearing loss for industrial workers of different age groups.
The Politics of Fuel Pricing in Latin America and Their Implications for the Environment
Authors: Rogat Jorge
Published: March 2007

Historically, fuel prices in Latin America have not been set based on conventional marginal cost or opportunity cost principles. Instead, fuel prices have been based on political considerations, income distribution goals and the promotion of industrialisation. Although this has gradually changed in most of the countries of the region in the last years, it still applies to Ecuador, Venezuela and Mexico. These countries have been characterised by high degree of government intervention, which has resulted in very low fuel prices, and along with it, very high fuel consumption. In these countries, the transport sector accounts for a considerable share of emissions such as particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), which seriously affect public health. It also represents the fastest growing CO2 emitting sector. Steadily increasing demand for fuels, accompanied by continued low fuel prices in these countries, can be expected to counteract any efforts aimed at reducing both local and global emissions. This paper presents current pricing policies in some Latin American countries and discusses their implications for the environment.1
Voluntary Agreements for Energy Efficiency: Review and Results of European Experiences
Authors: Bertoldi Paolo , Rezessy Silvia
Published: March 2007

During the 1990s there was great attention and debate in the European Union (EU) and in OECD countries outside the EU on the use of voluntary agreements to attain environmental and sustainable energy policy goals. At the time there was a lot of theoretical analysis and discussions on this policy instrument and in particular on its effectiveness and cost efficiency. Before the debate was over, a number of important voluntary agreements to improve energy efficiency or reduce CO2 emissions were implemented in Europe both at national and European levels. These voluntary agreements cover end-use equipment and appliances (e.g. cars, electric motors, residential appliances, etc.), industrial processes, and industrial energy management policies and practices. The paper classifies and analyses the different types of voluntary agreements aiming at improving energy efficiency in Europe, and reviews voluntary agreements and other initiatives of similar nature (voluntary programmes, unilateral commitments, self-regulation) in industrial sectors in a number of Member States of the European Union. The paper also examines some successful European initiatives of voluntary nature, including unilateral agreements for improved energy efficiency of end-use equipment, such as the European agreement on energy consumption of washing machines, and the European agreement on power consumption in standby mode of televisions and video cassette recorders (VCRs). The paper concludes that, if set up under the right institutional framework (as presented and discussed in the paper), voluntary agreements can deliver energy savings in a flexible and cost effective manner and could represent an important instrument for improving energy efficiency and climate change mitigation, in addition and co-ordination with other important policy instruments.
The Hallowed Summoning of Tradition: Body Techniques in Construction of the Sacred Tanbur of Western Iran
Authors: Fozi Navid
Published: March 2007

In this article, drawing on my fieldwork in the Farmáni workshop in western Iran, I focus on the socially and ideologically informed body techniques of crafting the sacred lute-type tanbur. I show that the superiority of Farmáni tanburs transcends the family's pure Weberian "traditional authority" within the Ahl-e Haqq of Gurán; rather, this superiority is established upon Farmáni's informed body techniques that enable construction of unblemished tanburs, as the Ahl-e Haqq understand them. In order to provide insight into the Farmáni's embodied knowledge tradition, Barth's anthropology of knowledge framework, Marcel Mauss's concept of "body techniques" and Charles Hirschkind's notion of "perceptual capacities" are employed. Engaging the dialectical of the modern demands for more voluminous sound and the Farmáni's technical modification crafting the instrument, I contemplate the question of tradition in terms of "continuities of disciplined sensibility."
"Failed Development" and Rural Revolution in Nepal: Rethinking Subaltern Consciousness and Women's Empowerment
Authors: Leve Lauren G.
Published: March 2007

Rural women's active support for the decade-long Maoist insurrection in Nepal has captured the attention of academics, military strategists, and the development industry. This essay considers two theories that have been proposed to account for this phenomenon. The "failed development" hypothesis suggests that popular discontent with the government is the result of uneven, incomplete, or poorly executed development efforts and recommends more and better aid as the route to peace. In contrast, the "conscientization" model proposes that, at least in some cases, women's politicization may be the unexpected result of successful development programs that aimed to "empower" women by raising their consciousness of gender and class-based oppression. Drawing on the testimonies of women who participated in such programs in Gorkha district—a Maoist stronghold where women are reported to have been especially active—I argue that both of these explanations reflect assumptions about social subjectivity that are critically out of synch with the realities of rural Nepal. Gorkhali women's support for the rebels embodies a powerful critique of neoliberal democracy and the Nepal state, but one that is based on morally-grounded ideas about social personhood in which self-realization is bound up in mutual obligation and entails personal sacrifice—not the culturally-disembedded valorizations of autonomy, agency, and choice that most models presume. Theorists of subaltern political consciousness—and of the relations between development and violence—must engage with the gendered moral economies of the people they aim to empower if they ultimately hope to promote sustainable peace.
When Schism Becomes Heresy in Late Antiquity: Developing Doctrinal Deviance in the Wounded Body of Christ
Authors: Tilley Maureen A
Published: March 2007

Over the last millennium, the terms "schism" and "heresy" have been defined and codified in theological manuals and canon law, yet their nature and differences were not always clear in antiquity. The possibility of heresy becoming schism or vice versa was conditioned not only by the declaration of ecclesiastical authorities but also by the fiat of civil authority. This essay explores early Christian attempts at differentiating the terms and uses organizational theory to analyze schism and heresy in North Africa and Rome in the third to fifth centuries.
Reading, Race, and Charles Chesnutt's "Uncle Julius" Tales
Authors: Gilligan Heather Tirado
Published: March 2007

In "Reading, Race, and Charles Chesnutt's "Uncle Julius" Tales, I analyze the complex cultural role of plantation literature popularized in ante- and post-bellum American literary magazines in relation to Chesnutt's short stories, which debuted in the Atlantic Monthly in 1887. I argue that plantation literature in general, and Chesnutt's tales in particular, highlight an ongoing struggle between sentimental and realistic representations of racial difference in literary magazines. I conclude that Chesnutt's tales, usually read in the tradition of African-American folklore, are better understood as intervening in the debates about reading, writing, and race in these influential publications.
Grave Livers: On the Modern Element in Wordsworth, Arnold, and Warner
Authors: Graef Ortwin de
Published: March 2007

Romantic and postmodern ideology promise a release from the modern condition's material interruptions of the restricted economy of "life" by naturalizing representation. The present paper addresses a performance of this promise in Wordsworth's understanding of "low life" as "real life." I will read "Resolution and Independence" as testing the privatization of justice through pleasurable moral sympathy and death-denial; tracing Matthew Arnold's unstable negotiation between Wordsworth's rhetoric of community and the inscription of difference in the State of modernity; and intermittently articulating the legacy of modernity's unresolved crises in Alan Warner's Morvern Callar.
"And yet woll I stiell saye that I am I": Jake Juggler, the Lord's Supper, and Disguise
Authors: Sedinger Tracey
Published: March 2007

Jake Juggler, a mid-sixteenth century interlude, depicts Jake's efforts to convince his rival servant, Jenkin, that he is Jenkin and that a body can be in two places at once. The play thus promotes disbelief in the Real Presence by unleashing a corrosive and theatrical skepticism that converts individual body wholes into body parts\-\-with significant consequences for a body politic that was in the process of assimilating the corpus mysticum. Jake Juggler indicates how the theater could be harnessed for Reformation theology and speaks to contemporary critical efforts to complicate the Weberian representation of a modernity dominated by disenchantment.
A Power Analytic Investigation of Research in Adult Education: 1970-1982
Authors: West Russell F.
Published: March 2007

The statistical analysis procedures used by adult education researchers have become more sophisticated over the last decade. However, critics have charged that researchers have failed to examine the technical adequacy of their work. In this study, the methodological soundness of adult education research was examined through a power analysis of the statistical tests used in volumes 21-32 of Adult Education. For each of the 1666 statistical tests reported, power estimates were obtained for three levels of hypothesized effect size. The results indicate that the power of statistical tests appearing in the adult education research literature is low when researchers are interested in finding small and medium effects. Many studies are being conducted with little chance of making a correct rejection of the null hypothesis. These findings are consistent with results obtained from similar analyses conducted in related fields, and point to ways in which researchers can increase the power of their statistical tests.
Psychometric Properties of the Alternative Form of the Education Participation Scale
Authors: Boshier Roger
Published: March 2007

The Education Participation Scale (EPS) (A-form) measures motivational orientations and consists of seven 6-item factors comprised of items inductively derived from adult education participants. The final 42 items were those that survived processes designed to examine the reliability and construct validity of the scale. To investigate concurrent validity, EPS (A-form) scores were correlated with EPS (F-form) scores. Predictive validity was examined by relating interview data and "estimates" to actual EPS scores. Responses from 845 subjects living in North America and Asia were entered into discriminant function equations where the combined EPS (A-form) scores successfully classified 60% of respondents into their gender, 25% into their age, and 65% into their ethnic groups. Coefricient alphas ranged from .76 to .91; the mean scale test/retest coefficient was .65. The EPS (A-form) appears to be psychometrically sound and the author suggests that the F-form now be retired.
Historic Waves of Religious Interest in America
Authors: Smith Timothy L.
Published: March 2007

The current high prestige of religion has provoked a re-examination of earlier periods of spiritual awakening in America, but it has not yet produced any lessening of the traditional emphasis upon mass crusades conducted by professional evangelists. Most significant are four decades in American history—the 1790's, and 1850's, the ten years from 1895 to 1905, and the 1950's—when Christianity made major adjustments of thought and practice to cope with new social conditions. The latter three periods in particular differ from one another sufficiently to raise a question about attempts to generalize on the sociological conditions or the cyclical recurrence of religious revival. The awakening of the 1850's witnessed major attempts to apply Christian principles to the social needs of the growing new cities. That of the progressive era, perhaps similar in spirit but widely different in its forms, dealt with the amoral and revolutionary tendencies of industrial society. And the present groundswell of religious concern arises from a complex of factors whose kinship seems to be mostly one of timing. Industrialization seems to have created the kind of society in which stress along boundaries of social change increases rather than decreases man's need for clarification of the ultimate issues of life.
By Ship—The Salt of the Sea Not Withstanding
Authors: Will John M.
Published: March 2007

Years of constant study and controversy have always reaffirmed our national policy that a strong merchant marine is essential for economic and defense reasons. Yet, the status of the United States Merchant Marine today is continuing to be debated pro and con. High labor and construction costs place American maritime operators at an economic disadvantage, and political and nationalistic factors place them at a competitive disadvantage. Labor problems, marked by struggles between competing unions and accentuated by the advent of automation, create serious difficulties. With the heterogeneous nature of the industry ignored or misunderstood, the importance and function of essential portions of the United States merchant fleet are often distorted. As a matter of practice, foreign businessmen use their national ships to a greater degree than American shippers. The competitive position of the American operator is also affected by omnipresent government regulation. The increased dependence of the United States upon world trade, however, and the need to achieve a more favorable balance of payments have created a national awareness of the essentiality of an American-flag merchant fleet. This will help to create the atmosphere in business, government, and labor necessary for the solution of present problems and the achievement of a more effective national maritime policy.
An Assessment of Current American Influence in Latin America
Authors: Rubottom R. Richard
Published: March 2007

Influence is quite distinct from popularity or image. Our firm stance in the Dominican Republic last year was not popular in Latin America, but it had profound influence, and probably cleared up any remaining doubt as to the serious view taken by the United States toward the threat of another Communist takeover in a neighboring area by indirect aggres sion. Hopefully, in the future the Organization of American States will put enough teeth and timeliness into its collective security functions under the Rio Treaty so that member states will not again be faced with such a problem. But American in fluence is persistent and pervasive in areas other than that of realpolitik. The exemplar role of the United States has been significant since the era of Independence; this can stem as much from the conduct of our domestic affairs as it does from our foreign affairs, for example, on the positive side, the 1960 elec tion of the first Catholic President, John F. Kennedy, and, on the negative side, our civil-rights drama. Important influence is exercised through education, economic ties, and co-operative instruments like the Inter-American Bank and the Alliance for Progress. The influence of one constructive initiative is im measurable : Frank Laubach's theme, "each one teach one"; Rotary's "service above self"; the disaster relief of the Red Cross; and the living testimony to American concern for others of the Peace Corps.
Education and Inequality
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E.
Published: March 2007

In this essay, I propose first to describe and out line the links between the educational system and the genera tion of income inequality. The educational system has been criticized as one of the major institutions by which inequality has been perpetuated, especially in less developed countries. In response to this criticism, there have been a number of alternative proposals for modification of our present structure. I shall examine a few of the more important of these proposals and trace through their implications. The desirability of these proposals depends on certain factual assumptions and philo sophical presuppositions which may encounter substantial dis agreement. Thus, it is not surprising to find disagreement on the nature of desirable reforms for our educational system. This analysis does not lead to any clear-cut policy recommenda tions; if anything, it suggests that, so far at least, no convinc ing case has been made for any significant changes in the or ganization of our educational system.
The Press and the Committee System
Authors: Russell Mary
Published: March 2007

Committees rely on the press to inform the public about their proceedings and decisions; the press relies on committees, their members and staffs as sources of information. Committee members expect their committee work to further their career and to enhance their reputation. Reporters, in addition to competing for the news, feel they have a critical function to perform. What results is a complicated relationship with ambivalences on both sides. An unholy alliance between the press, committee and staff can exist, with the advantage that issues and facts are brought to light, publicized and needed action is taken. However, newsmen may be used by the staff to float an idea or they may become coopted by the committee point of view and report the story less than fairly. Similarly, committees may be seduced into going for headlines rather than doing less sensational, but equally important, work. Both committees and the press tend to take shortcuts because of the limits on their time. The system the press uses to cover Congress favors attention to subjects and issues rather than to the workings of Congress, itself; Congress, preferring that the press know only that which it wants to disclose, has institutionalized the attitude by closing the doors to some committee hearings. This brings about a conflict in the relationship, as does criticism from the press. In the end, the mutual interdependence of Congress and the press contributes to the good points and the failings of each. While reform would help, the relationship is ultimately based on human values of trust, fairness and responsibility—which rest with the individual.
Drugs and Public Health: Issues and Answers
Authors: Brown Bertram S.
Published: March 2007

Since shortly after the turn of the century, drug abuse in the United States has been defined and treated, at least in part, as a public health issue requiring the intervention and services of the federal government. Thus, over the years the government has developed a broad spectrum of specialized agencies and activities to deal with the drug problem. These range from the creation of a "Narcotics Farm" in 1935 to the establishment of the National Institute on Drug Abuse in 1973; from the study of mari huana use and its effects to the sponsorship of narcotic antagonist research; from the training of professional and paraprofessional treatment and rehabilitation personnel to the conduct of multi-modality field trials of heroin addict rehabili tation programs. Clearly, the principal weakness in the national public health approach to narcotic addiction and drug abuse lies in the area of primary prevention, particularly as it is directed to high risk adolescents. The intent of this paper is to highlight some of the drug abuse activities and accomplishments of the National Institute of Mental Health within the Public Health Service of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare; to examine some of the significant issues and demands of the national drug program in recent years; and to indicate the directions that have been pursued in an effort to find solutions to drug abuse problems.
Television and the Less-Interested Voter: The Costs of an Informed Electorate
Authors: Patterson Thomas E. , Mcclure Robert D.
Published: March 2007

In pre-television American politics, electoral research documented that less-interested voters paid little attention to newspaper coverage of presidential campaigns. The result was that many Americans went to the polls possessing little information about the candidates and issues. Relying on evidence from a panel survey conducted during the 1972 presidential election, this article challenges the common belief that the widespread appeal of television news has changed this condition and made the low-interest voter much more informed about presidential elections. In fact, the evidence clearly shows that televised network evening newscasts contribute almost nothing to the low- interest voter's election information. But the evidence also shows that another channel of television communication does inform the less-interested voter—televised political advertis ing. Televised advertising not only reaches low-interest voters, but also teaches them useful, accurate, issue informa tion. So for a candidate to get his message across to all the voters, he cannot simply rely on free television news time; he must buy costly television advertising time. The implica tions for campaign financing are obvious.
Report on Committee III
Authors: Honnold John
Published: March 2007

One committee session was devoted to problems resulting from division of power between the nation and the states and cities. The committee dealt with the dilemma of the need for the taxing power and capacity to deliver funds to the points of greatest need on the part of the national government, on one hand, and the greater respon siveness of local programs to local conditions, on the other. It was also noted that many problems are regional, and consideration was given to the question of whether the Constitution permitted the creation of regional governments. The final committee session dealt with vehicles for citizen impact on government, which has been enhanced by the growth of public interest groups. The view was expressed that most problems were too complex for citizens to play a large role in government operations. Citizen impact is greatest at election time, and ways to enhance citizen par ticipation in elections were considered.
The American Experience in Diffusing Administrative Technology
Authors: Braibanti Ralph
Published: March 2007

American efforts to improve the administrative capability of developing countries has been a massive en deavor extending over the last quarter century. The positive results of this activity in terms of increased efficiency, probity, and a more stable political system cannot yet be ascertained. Certainly administrative systems have not been recon stituted in the American image. In this respect, the results are different from the export of constitutionalism as a doctrine. The article argues that imitation and export are not the proper criteria for evaluating this endeavor. We enter a new period of global interrelations in which diffusion rather than transfer of ideas is the proper idiom. In this respect, the American effort may be judged moderately effective. We have created a global arena in which adminis trative technologies have been diffused. These will be adapted to the indigenous context. At the Tricentennial we shall not see the "American system" spread around the globe. We shall probably witness a new mosaic of adminis trative cultural fragments much as the British now observe an American mosaic which they could not have anticipated in 1776.