bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High pressure gases: Role of dynamic intracellular pH in pasteurization
Authors: Giulitti Stefano , Cinquemani Claudio , Spilimbergo Sara
Published: December 2010

Certain dense gases, including CO2 and N2O, are known to deactivate food pathogens safely. Complete deactivation requires disabling intracellular metabolic pathways by extracellular processing that causes membrane disruption, irreversible denaturation of proteins, or extraction of cell contents. At present, neither the precise physical and metabolic mechanisms nor their kinetics behind dense gas pasteurization are known. The mechanisms depend strongly on both the organism and the environment and may combine membrane disruption, membrane permeabilization, and altering pH. Herein we elucidate the mechanisms of dense gas inactivation with the aid of a novel approach for measuring intracellular pH (pHi) under high gas pressure. Using a pH‐sensitive GFP‐variant of S. cerevisiae as the probe, we demonstrate that membrane permeabilization by a non‐acidic gas, N2O, contributes to inactivation but at a rate that is relatively low compared to CO2. CO2 not only permeabilizes the membrane but also brings about a rapid drop in pHi, leading to greater deactivation. Mechanistic understanding is vital to develop safe and effective dense gas technologies for food treatment. Knowledge of pHi is also important in other cellular processes, including enzyme activity, gene transcription, and protein synthesis. The GFP technique has been demonstrated to be versatile even under pressure. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1211–1214. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modeling of shear stress experienced by endothelial cells cultured on microstructured polymer substrates in a parallel plate flow chamber
Authors: Brown Alan , Burke George , Meenan Brian J.
Published: December 2010

The application of physical stimuli to cell populations in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine may facilitate significant scientific and clinical advances. However, for the most part, these stimuli are evaluated in isolation, rather than in combination. This study was designed to combine two physical stimuli. The first being a microstructured tissue culture polystyrene substrate, known to produce changes in cell shape and orientation, and the second being laminar shear stress in a parallel plate flow chamber. The combined effects of these stimuli on endothelial cell monolayers cells were evaluated in a parallel plate flow chamber and using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. The topography of the cell monolayers cultured on different microstructured surfaces was determined using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and this topographic information was used to construct the CFD model. This research found that while the specific underlying structures were effectively planarized by the cell monolayer, significant differences in cell shape and orientation were observed on the different microstructured surfaces. Cells cultured on grooved substrates aligned in the direction of the grooves and showed higher retention after 1‐h LSS conditioning than those cultured on pillars. The modeled shear stress distributions also showed differences. While minor differences in the magnitude of shear stress were noted, aligned cell monolayers experienced significantly lower spatial gradients of shear stress when compared with cells that were not pre‐aligned by surface features. The results presented here provide an analysis of how one form of physical stimulus can be moderated by another and also provide a methodology by which the understanding of cell responses to topographic and mechanical stimuli can be further advanced. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1148–1158. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simple day-case surgery for pilonidal sinus disease
Authors: Thompson M R , Senapati A , Kitchen P
Published: December 2010

Background

Pilonidal disease is a common and usually minor disease. Although wide excisional surgery has been common practice, there are more simple alternatives. This review focused on the aetiology and management of pilonidal disease.

Methods

A comprehensive review of the literature on pilonidal disease was undertaken. MEDLINE searches for all articles listing pilonidal disease (1980–2010) were performed to determine the aetiology and results of surgical and non-surgical treatments. Single papers describing new techniques or minor modifications of established techniques were excluded. Further articles were traced through reference lists.

Results

Patients with minimal symptoms and those having drainage of a single acute abscess can be treated expectantly. Non-surgical treatments may be of value but their long-term results are unknown. There is no rational basis or need for wide excision of the abscess and sinus. Simple removal of midline skin pits, the primary cause of pilonidal disease, with lateral drainage of the abscess and sinus is effective in most instances. Hirsute patients with extensive primary disease and deep natal clefts, or with recurrent disease and unhealed midline wounds, may also require flattening of the natal cleft with off-midline skin closure. These more conservative procedures are usually done as a day case, require minimal care in the community and are associated with a rapid return to work. They also avoid the occasional debilitating complications of surgical treatment.

Conclusion

Simple day-case surgery to eradicate midline skin pits without wide excision of the abscesses and sinus is rational, safe and effective for patients with pilonidal sinus disease.
Modern chromatographic and electrophoretic measurements of antidepressants and their metabolites in biofluids
Authors: Plenis Alina , Bączek Tomasz
Published: December 2010

Depression is one of the most frequently occurring psychiatric conditions affecting the economic and social functioning of people all over the world. There are a few classes of drugs commonly used to treat patients with depression disorders. Therapeutic drug monitoring of antidepressants provides the possibility to reduce side effects and optimize the treatment of patients with depression. Hence, there is a need to develop reliable analytical methods for the determination of these agents in biological fluids. Moreover, an important part of understanding the mechanisms of action of these medicines is also associated with the recognition of the metabolites' function because of their potential influence on therapeutic benefits and/or adverse effects. Some of them possess the same primary activity as their parent compounds and may contribute to the therapeutic efficacy whereas the biochemical actions of other metabolites may be different from that of the parent drug. In this review, several validated high‐performance liquid chromatographic, gas chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic methods for quantification of antidepressants and their metabolites in biofluids are compared. In addition, the review covers areas such as mechanism of actions, structure–activity relationships and metabolism of the cited antidepressants. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aiding the understanding of novel freezing technology through numerical modelling with visual basic for applications (VBA)
Authors: Norton Tomas , Tiwari Brijesh
Published: December 2010

The rapid freezing of food is an important challenge faced by the frozen food industry, and investigations into more rapid and energy efficient ways of freezing foods are regularly carried out. Novel freezing technologies are not generally looked at by undergraduate engineers, as the techniques involved often require expensive or tightly regulated pilot equipment and may also involve complex underlying phenomena. However, computer‐aided studies can be used to put students in touch with the real engineering of novel freezing technology, and can add to their analysis and design skills by allowing them to study phenomena that may not have otherwise understood. In this paper, a one‐dimensional finite difference simulation procedure describing a novel freezing process, known as high‐pressure freezing, is presented. The freezing simulations are represented by an explicit enthalpy formulation, and agree well with experimental data. VBA was used during code development, and served as an attractive way to introduce engineering students to the analysis of novel freezing technology. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 21: 530–538, 2013
Double Friedel–Crafts Acylation Reactions on the Same Ring of a Metallocene: Synthesis of a 2,5‐Diacetylphospharuthenocene
Authors: Carmichael Duncan , Le Floch Pascal , Le Goff Xavier F. , Piechaczyk Olivier , Seeboth Nicolas
Published: December 2010

The synthetic outcome of the Friedel–Crafts acylation of 1′,2′,3,3′,4,4′,5′‐heptamethylphospharuthenocene reflects the nature of the acylating agent, with alkanoyl anhydride/trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH) reagents giving monosubstitution at the phospholyl ring, whereas alkanoyl chloride/AlCl3 gives 2,5‐disubstitution. DFT calculations indicate that this unusual double acylation can be facilitated by the intervention of the phosphorus atom at an early stage in the reaction trajectory, with the acyl group being delivered from the phosphorus atom into the ring 2‐ or 2,5‐positions.
A Quantitative, Real‐Time Assessment of Binding of Peptides and Proteins to Gold Surfaces
Authors: Cohavi Ori , Reichmann Dana , Abramovich Renne , Tesler Alexander B. , Bellapadrona Giuliano , Kokh Daria B. , Wade Rebecca C. , Vaskevich Alexander , Rubinstein Israel , Schreiber Gideon
Published: December 2010

Interactions of peptides and proteins with inorganic surfaces are important to both natural and artificial systems; however, a detailed understanding of such interactions is lacking. In this study, we applied new approaches to quantitatively measure the binding of amino acids and proteins to gold surfaces. Real‐time surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements showed that TEM1‐β‐lactamase inhibitor protein (BLIP) interacts only weakly with Au nanoparticles (NPs). However, fusion of three histidine residues to BLIP (3H‐BLIP) resulted in a significant increase in the binding to the Au NPs, which further increased when the histidine tail was extended to six histidines (6H‐BLIP). Further increasing the number of His residues had no effect on the binding. A parallel study using continuous (111)‐textured Au surfaces and single‐crystalline, (111)‐oriented, Au islands by ellipsometry, FTIR, and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectroscopy further confirmed the results, validating the broad applicability of Au NPs as model surfaces. Evaluating the binding of all other natural amino acid homotripeptides fused to BLIP (except Cys and Pro) showed that aromatic and positively‐charged residues bind preferentially to Au with respect to small aliphatic and negatively charged residues, and that the rate of association is related to the potency of binding. The binding of all fusions was irreversible. These findings were substantiated by SPR measurements of synthesized, free, soluble tripeptides using Au‐NP‐modified SPR chips. Here, however, the binding was reversible allowing for determination of binding affinities that correlate with the binding potencies of the related BLIP fusions. Competition assays performed between 3H‐BLIP and the histidine tripeptide (3 His) suggest that Au binding residues promote the adsorption of proteins on the surface, and by this facilitate the irreversible interaction of the polypeptide chain with Au. The binding of amino acids to Au was simulated by using a continuum solvent model, showing agreement with the experimental values. These results, together with the observed binding potencies and kinetics of the BLIP fusions and free peptides, suggest a binding mechanism that is markedly different from biological protein–protein interactions.
Host–Guest‐Driven Copolymerization of Tetraphosphonate Cavitands
Authors: Tancini Francesca , Yebeutchou Roger M. , Pirondini Laura , De Zorzi Rita , Geremia Silvano , Scherman Oren A. , Dalcanale Enrico
Published: December 2010

The outstanding complexing properties of tetraphosphonate cavitands towards N‐methylpyridinium salts were exploited to realise a new class of linear and cyclic AABB supramolecular polymers through host–guest interactions. The effectiveness of the selected self‐association processes was tested by 1H NMR studies, whereas microcalorimetric analyses clarified the binding thermodynamics and revealed the possibility of tuning entropic contributions by acting on the flexibility of the guest linker. Although the formation of linear polymeric chains for a rigid system was demonstrated by X‐ray analysis, the presence of a concentration‐dependent ring–chain equilibrium was indicated by solution viscosity measurements in the case of a very flexible ditopic BB guest co‐monomer.
Heterogeneously Catalyzed Efficient Hydration of Alkynes to Ketones by Tin–Tungsten Mixed Oxides
Authors: Jin Xiongjie , Oishi Takamichi , Yamaguchi Kazuya , Mizuno Noritaka
Published: December 2010

The Sn–W mixed oxide prepared by calcination of the Sn–W mixed hydroxide precursor with a Sn/W molar ratio of 2:1 at 800 °C (SnW2‐800) acts as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the hydration of alkynes. Structurally diverse terminal and internal alkynes, including aromatic, aliphatic, and double‐bond‐containing ones, can be converted into the corresponding ketones in moderate to high yields. The catalytic activity of SnW2‐800 is much higher than those of previously reported heterogeneous catalysts and commonly utilized acid catalysts. The observed catalysis was truly heterogeneous, and the retrieved catalyst can be reused at least three times with retention of its high catalytic performance. The reaction rate for the SnW2‐800‐catalyzed hydration was decreased by addition of 2,6‐lutidine and the hydration hardly proceeded in the presence of an equimolar amount of this compound with respect to that of the Brønsted acid sites in SnW2‐800. Therefore, the present hydration is mainly promoted by the Brønsted acid sites in SnW2‐800.
Vagal afferent innervation of the proximal gastrointestinal tract mucosa: Chemoreceptor and mechanoreceptor architecture
Authors: Powley Terry L. , Spaulding Ryan A. , Haglof Stanley A.
Published: December 2010

The vagus nerve supplies low‐threshold chemo‐ and mechanosensitive afferents to the mucosa of the proximal gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The absence of a full characterization of the morphology and distributions of these projections has hampered comprehensive functional analyses. In the present experiment, dextran (10K) conjugated with tetramethylrhodamine and biotin was injected into the nodose ganglion and used to label the terminal arbors of individual vagal afferents of both rats and mice. Series of serial 100‐μm thick sections of the initial segment of the duodenum as well as the pyloric antrum were collected and processed with diaminobenzidine for permanent tracer labeling. Examination of over 400 isolated afferent fibers, more than 200 from each species, indicated that three vagal afferent specializations, each distinct in morphology and in targets, innervate the mucosa of the proximal GI tract. One population of fibers, the villus afferents, supplies plates of varicose endings to the apical tips of intestinal villi, immediately subjacent to the epithelial wall. A second type of afferent, the crypt afferent, forms subepithelial rings of varicose processes encircling the intestinal glands or crypts, immediately below the crypt‐villus junction. Statistical assessment of the isolated fibers indicated that the villus arbors and the crypt endings are independent, issued by different vagal afferents. A third vagal afferent specialization, the antral gland afferent, arborizes along the gastric antral glands and forms terminal concentrations immediately below the luminal epithelial wall. The terminal locations, morphological features, and regional distributions of these three specializations provide inferences about the sensitivities of the afferents. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:644–660, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular composition and organization of the subventricular zone and rostral migratory stream in the adult and neonatal common marmoset brain
Authors: Sawamoto Kazunobu , Hirota Yuki , Alfaro‐Cervello Clara , Soriano‐Navarro Mario , He Xiaoping , Hayakawa‐Yano Yoshika , Yamada Masayuki , Hikishima Keigo , Tabata Hidenori , Iwanami Akio , Nakajima Kazunori , Toyama Yoshiaki , Itoh Toshio , Alvarez‐Buylla Arturo , Garcia‐Verdugo Jose Manuel , Okano Hideyuki
Published: December 2010

The adult subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle contains neural stem cells. In rodents, these cells generate neuroblasts that migrate as chains toward the olfactory bulb along the rostral migratory stream (RMS). The neural‐stem‐cell niche at the ventricular wall is conserved in various animal species, including primates. However, it is unclear how the SVZ and RMS organization in nonhuman primates relates to that of rodents and humans. Here we studied the SVZ and RMS of the adult and neonatal common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a New World primate used widely in neuroscience, by electron microscopy, and immunohistochemical detection of cell‐type‐specific markers. The marmoset SVZ contained cells similar to type B, C, and A cells of the rodent SVZ in their marker expression and morphology. The adult marmoset SVZ had a three‐layer organization, as in the human brain, with ependymal, hypocellular, and astrocyte‐ribbon layers. However, the hypocellular layer was very thin or absent in the adult‐anterior and neonatal SVZ. Anti‐PSA‐NCAM staining of the anterior SVZ in whole‐mount ventricular wall preparations of adult marmosets revealed an extensive network of elongated cell aggregates similar to the neuroblast chains in rodents. Time‐lapse recordings of marmoset SVZ explants cultured in Matrigel showed the neuroblasts migrating in chains, like rodent type A cells. These results suggest that some features of neurogenesis and neuronal migration in the SVZ are common to marmosets, humans, and rodents. This basic description of the adult and neonatal marmoset SVZ will be useful for future studies on adult neurogenesis in primates. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:690–713, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unique photoreceptor arrangements in a fish with polarized light discrimination
Authors: Novales Flamarique Iñigo
Published: December 2010

In contrast to other vertebrates, some anchovies have cone photoreceptors with longitudinally oriented outer segment lamellae. These photoreceptors are axially dichroic (i.e., they are sensitive to the polarization of axially incident light) and form the basis of a polarization detection system in the northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax. Whether other cone types exist in the retina of this animal, and whether multiple cone opsins are expressed in the retinas of anchovies, is unknown. Likewise, a detailed examination of photoreceptor ultrastructure in nondichroic photoreceptors has not been carried out despite its importance to understand visual specializations within the retina and its use in the formulation of models to explain cellular structure. Here, I combined light and electron microscopy with immunohistochemical studies of opsin expression to infer mechanisms of lamellar formation and to evaluate the potential for color vision in the northern anchovy retina. Morphological observations revealed three cone formations: 1) continuous rows made up of alternating long and short (bilobed) cones with longitudinally oriented lamellae that are orthogonal between cone types; 2) continuous rows of alternating long and short cones in which only the short cones have longitudinally oriented lamellae; and 3) rows of triple cones with transversely oriented lamellae, each triple cone consisting of two lateral cones flanking a small central cone. Ultrastructure investigations supported two models of outer segment formation resulting in the longitudinally oriented lamellae of long and short cones. In the case of the long cone, lateral compression of the outer segment, potentially via the formation of guanine platelet stacks in neighboring pigment epithelium cells, results in a shape transformation from conical to cunate and a tilt from transverse to longitudinal lamellae. In the case of the short (bilobed) cone, membrane invaginations from the connecting ciliary structure grow longitudinally to form a dichroic stack. Opsin expression studies indicated that all cones express middle‐to‐long wavelength opsins, with long and lateral cones possessing a different opsin from that in short and central cones, confirming the potential for color vision. Together with the ultrastructural observations, these results suggest that the unique cone topography in the northern anchovy retina may underlie a visual system with segregated color and polarization detection channels. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:714–737, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transmitter release in the neuromuscular synapse of the protein kinase C theta‐deficient adult mouse
Authors: Besalduch Núria , Santafé Manel M. , Garcia Neus , Gonzalez Carmen , Tomás Marta , Tomás Josep , Lanuza Maria A.
Published: December 2010

We studied structural and functional features of the neuromuscular junction in adult mice (P30) genetically deficient in the protein kinase C (PKC) theta isoform. Confocal and electron microscopy shows that there are no differences in the general morphology of the endplates between PKC theta‐deficient and wild‐type (WT) mice. Specifically, there is no difference in the density of the synaptic vesicles. However, the myelin sheath is not as thick in the intramuscular nerve fibers of the PKC theta‐deficient mice. We found a significant reduction in the size of evoked endplate potentials and in the frequency of spontaneous, asynchronous, miniature endplate potentials in the PKC theta‐deficient neuromuscular preparations in comparison with the WT, but the mean amplitude of the spontaneous potentials is not different. These changes indicate that PKC theta has a presynaptic role in the function of adult neuromuscular synapses. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:849–855, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Projection patterns of single mossy fiber axons originating from the dorsal column nuclei mapped on the aldolase C compartments in the rat cerebellar cortex
Authors: Quy Pham Nguyen , Fujita Hirofumi , Sakamoto Yukiyo , Na Jie , Sugihara Izumi
Published: December 2010

Although cerebellar mossy fibers are the most abundant cerebellar afferents and are deeply involved in cerebellar function, the organization of their projection has remained obscure, particularly in relation to cerebellar compartmentalization. The dorsal column nuclei (DCN) are a major source of cerebellar mossy fibers and possess distinct somatotopic representations of specific somatosensory submodalities. We reconstructed individual dextran‐labeled DCN axons completely from serial sections and mapped their terminals on the longitudinal cerebellar compartments that were visualized by aldolase C immunostaining to clarify their projection pattern. Individual axons branched and formed about 100 rosette terminals in the cerebellar cortex, but infrequently projected to the cerebellar nuclei (1 out of 15 axons). Cortical terminals were clustered in multiple areas in the vermis and pars intermedia mostly, but not exclusively, ipsilateral to the origin of the axon. The gracile, cuneate, and external cuneate nuclei (ECuN) mainly projected to the copula pyramidis and lobule V, paramedian and simple lobules, and lobules I–V and VIII–IX, respectively, although there was some overlap. The majority of terminals were located within aldolase C negative or lightly positive compartments. However, terminals of a single axon can be located on aldolase C‐negative as well as on aldolase C‐positive compartments. In particular, the rostral ECuN, which is responsive to shoulder movements, projected consistently to lobule IX, which were mostly aldolase C‐positive. In sum, DCN‐cerebellar axons project to multiple compartments with terminals clustered mainly in the conventional spinocerebellar region with a coarse topography, which shows some relationship to the cortical compartments defined by aldolase C. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:874–899, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Renin
Authors: Morris Brian J.
Published: December 2010

The sections in this article are:

The Renin Paper

A blood pressure‐raising substance is formed in the kidneys and passed into the blood

Time course of the pressure elevation following injection of renin

Analysis of the mechanism underlying the pressure rise

Renin Release Regulation

Renin Gene: Structure and Control

Background

Renin Gene Structure

Renin Promoter Structure

Renin Promoter Control

Transcription Factors

Renin Messenger RNA

Synthesis and Activation

Biosynthesis of Prorenin

Processing of Prorenin

Structure of Renin

Binding Protein(s) of Renin

Genetic Studies

Studies in Rats

Studies in Humans

Transgenic Mice and Rats

Human Gene in Mice

Renin Promoter–Simian Virus 40 T Antigen Transgenic Mice

Human Promoter Transgenic Mice

Ren‐2 Hypertensive Transgenic Rats

Model of Malignant Hypertension

Renin and Angiotensinogen Transgenic Mice and Rats

Knockouts

Summary and Challenges
Angiotensinogen
Authors: Tewksbury Duane A.
Published: December 2010

The sections in this article are:

Primary Structure

Kinetics of the Renin‐Angiotensinogen Reaction

Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

Transcriptional and Translational Regulation

In VivoManipulation of Angiotensinogen Gene Expression

Tissue Renin–Angiotensin Systems

Brain

Pituitary

Kidney

Adrenal

Heart

Vascular Tissue

Adipose Tissue

Angiotensinogen and the Acute‐Phase Reaction

Angiotensinogen and Essential Hypertension

Angiotensinogen and Preeclampsia

Angiotensinogen and Heart Disease
Regional Neural Regulation of Immunity: Anatomy and Function
Authors: Bulloch Karen
Published: December 2010

The sections in this article are:

The Autonomic Nervous System

Overview

Central Control

Terminal Distribution of Fibers

The Neuroendocrine System

The Immune System

Acute‐Phase Response

Innervation of Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Immune Tissues

Primary Immune Tissues

Thymus Innervation

Secondary Immune Tissues

Tertiary Immune Tissues

Summary and Conclusions
Metastatic breast carcinoma to parathyroid adenoma on fine needle cytology sample: Report of a case
Authors: Fulciniti Franco , Pezzullo Luciano , Chiofalo Maria Grazia , Butera Daniela , Losito Nunzia Simona , Tommaselli Antonio Pasquale , Botti Gerardo
Published: November 2010

Metastases to the thyroid gland diagnosed by means of fine needle cytology or by excision have been reported in the literature. To our knowledge, metastatic neoplasms to the parathyroid gland have never been described up to now. In this article, we introduce a rare case of metastatic breast carcinoma to a parathyroid adenoma in a 56‐year‐old woman, which clinically simulated a left thyroid nodule. The patient had a history of left breast carcinoma; the recent discovery of a palpable mass in the left thyroid area had elicited fine needle cytology sampling for its diagnostic evaluation. The obtained cytopathological sample was cellular but limited to a single Diff‐Quik‐stained smear; hence, no ancillary studies could be entertained. A cytopathological diagnosis of positive for malignant cells of query metastatic breast origin was performed. The permanent histopathological examination of the surgical sample disclosed multiple small foci of metastatic high‐grade carcinoma of ductal type within a somewhat atypical adenoma of the parathyroid gland. The cytopathological findings and some differential diagnostic considerations are briefly commented, as well as the deranging imaging data concerning this interesting case. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Invariant NKT cells regulate experimental autoimmune uveitis through inhibition of Th17 differentiation
Authors: Oh Keunhee , Byoun Ok‐Jin , Ham Don‐Il , Kim Yon Su , Lee Dong‐Sup
Published: December 2010

Although NKT cells have been implicated in diverse immunomodulatory responses, the effector mechanisms underlying the NKT cell‐mediated regulation of pathogenic T helper cells are not well understood. Here, we show that invariant NKT cells inhibited the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into Th17 cells both in vitro and in vivo. The number of IL‐17‐producing CD4+ T cells was reduced following co‐culture with purified NK1.1+TCR+ cells from WT, but not from CD1d−/− or Jα18−/−, mice. Co‐cultured NKT cells from either cytokine‐deficient (IL‐4−/−, IL‐10−/−, or IFN‐γ−/−) or WT mice efficiently inhibited Th17 differentiation. The contact‐dependent mechanisms of NKT cell‐mediated regulation of Th17 differentiation were confirmed using transwell co‐culture experiments. On the contrary, the suppression of Th1 differentiation was dependent on IL‐4 derived from the NKT cells. The in vivo regulatory capacity of NKT cells on Th17 cells was confirmed using an experimental autoimmune uveitis model induced with human IRBP1–20 (IRBP, interphotoreceptor retinoid‐binding protein) peptide. NKT cell‐deficient mice (CD1d−/− or Jα18−/−) demonstrated an increased disease severity, which was reversed by the transfer of WT or cytokine‐deficient (IL‐4−/−, IL‐10−/−, or IFN‐γ−/−) NKT cells. Our results indicate that invariant NKT cells inhibited autoimmune uveitis predominantly through the cytokine‐independent inhibition of Th17 differentiation.
Dendritic cell‐restricted CD80/86 deficiency results in peripheral regulatory T‐cell reduction but is not associated with lymphocyte hyperactivation
Authors: Bar‐On Liat , Birnberg Tal , Kim Ki‐wook , Jung Steffen
Published: December 2010

Classical DC (cDC) are required for efficient protective T‐cell immunity. Moreover, recent data indicate that cDC also play a critical role in mediating homeostatic proliferation and maintenance of peripheral Treg. Here, we corroborate these findings by defining CD80/CD86 costimulation as an essential molecular component required for the cDC–Treg interactions. In contrast to earlier reports, the reduced Treg compartment of mice lacking cDC or selective CD80/86 expression on cDC, as such, did not render the respective animals prone to systemic lymphocyte hyperactivation or autoimmunity. Rather, we provide evidence that elevated immunoglobulin titers, as well as changes in T‐cell subset prevalence and activation status are strictly associated with the nonmalignant myeloproliferative disorder triggered by the absence of cDC.
Practical Synthesis of β‐Carbonyl Phenyltetrazolesulfones and Investigations of Their Reactivities in Organocatalysis
Authors: Zweifel Theo , Nielsen Martin , Overgaard Jacob , Jacobsen Christian Borch , Jørgensen Karl Anker
Published: December 2010

A practical synthesis of β‐carbonyl phenyltetrazolesulfones, useful for a series of enantioselective reactions, is shown. Aryl, alkyl and ester carbonyl compounds all proved to be efficiently synthesised, leading to products in up to >99 % yield over two steps. During this procedure, no special attention to conditions or laborious purification by chromatography is needed. Furthermore, X‐ray crystallography, kinetic studies, as well as NMR and IR investigations provide insights into the reactivities of these compounds in organocatalysis.
Preparation and Characterization of Graphite‐Epoxy Composite Modified with Zinc Hexacyanoferrate and Their Electrochemical Behaviour in Presence of Substituted Anilines
Authors: Fenga Paula Gonçalves , Stradiotto Nelson Ramos , Pividori Maria Isabel
Published: December 2010

The growth of zinc hexacyanoferrate (ZnHCF) hybrid film on the surface of graphite‐epoxy composite (GEC) electrodes was demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry. Surface morphology of the hybrid film was investigated by using scanning electron microscopy. The effect of the type of monovalent cations on the redox behaviour of hybrid film was also studied. This effect indicated that the radius of the hydrated cation mainly determines the ion permeability of the film.
Contemporary sample stacking in analytical electrophoresis
Authors: Malá Zdena , Gebauer Petr , Boček Petr
Published: December 2010

Sample stacking is of vital importance for analytical CE since it may bring the required sensitivity of analyses. A lot of new relevant papers are published every year and regular surveys seem to be very helpful for experts and practitioners. The contribution presented here is a continuation of a series of regularly published reviews on the topic and covers the last two years. It brings a survey of related literature organized, in accord with the main principle used in the procedure published, in the following mainstream sections: Kohlrausch adjustment of concentrations, pH step, micellar systems and combined techniques. Each part covers literature sorted according to the field of application as, e.g. clinical, pharmaceutical, food, environmental, etc.
A study of DNA damage recognition and repair gene polymorphisms in relation to cancer predisposition and G2 chromosomal radiosensitivity
Authors: Curwen Gillian B. , Murphy Samantha , Tawn Elizabeth J. , Winther Jeanette F. , Boice John D.
Published: November 2010

The previously reported association of the APEX Asp148Glu single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with cancer, and the suggestion of associations of the XRCC3 Thr241Met and hOGG1 Ser326Cys SNP sites with G2 chromosomal radiosensitivity were investigated in a new study of 30 childhood and young adult cancer survivors, their 30 partners, and 55 offspring. An additional SNP, hOGG1 Arg46Gln was also analyzed. Data on G2 chromosomal radiosensitivity was available on 29 of the families including 53 offspring. No significant associations of genotype with cancer or G2 chromosomal radiosensitivity were observed. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Palaeoenvironments and site formation processes at the Neolithic lakeside settlement of Dispilio, Kastoria, Northern Greece
Authors: Karkanas Panagiotis , Pavlopoulos Kosmas , Kouli Katerina , Ntinou Maria , Tsartsidou Georgia , Facorellis Yorgos , Tsourou Theodora
Published: December 2010

Dispilio is a lakeside settlement by the Orestias Lake, Kastoria, northern Greece. The site was inhabited from the Middle Neolithic to the Chalcolithic, with some surface evidence of Bronze Age occupation. Microfacies analysis of the sediments, supported by a suite of environmental indices, has provided detailed paleoenvironmental data and elucidated the main processes involved in the formation of the site and its history of occupation. The settlement was established on the lakeshore, on a shallow sand ridge and a shore marsh. Initially, houses were built on raised platforms above the water. After a major conflagration, a range of depositional microenvironments were established that caused local changes in the sedimentation rate. Therefore, some areas quickly emerged and became dry land, while some others continued to be flooded as part of the transitional supra‐littoral environment. On the dry land, houses were built directly on the ground, whereas in the transitional areas houses continued to be built on raised platforms. Thus, gradually, a mound was formed and further shaped by subsequent lake‐level fluctuations. One of the lake‐level rises is tentatively related to the abandonment of the mound in the Chalcolithic and the development of a hardpan on its surface. There is also evidence of later occupation during the Bronze Age in the form of a few, mostly surface, archaeological remains. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neuroinflammation is associated with changes in glial mGluR5 expression and the development of neonatal excitotoxic lesions
Authors: Drouin‐Ouellet Janelle , Brownell Anna‐Liisa , Saint‐Pierre Martine , Fasano Caroline , Emond Vincent , Trudeau Louis‐Eric , Lévesque Daniel , Cicchetti Francesca
Published: December 2010

It has been hypothesized that neuroinflammation triggered during brain development can alter brain functions later in life. We investigated the contribution of inflammation to the alteration of normal brain circuitries in the context of neuroexcitotoxicity following neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions in rats with ibotenic acid, an NMDA glutamate receptor agonist. Excitotoxic ibotenic acid lesions led to a significant and persistent astrogliosis and microglial activation, associated with the production of inflammatory mediators. This response was accompanied by a significant increase in metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) expression within two distinct neuroinflammatory cell types; astrocytes and microglia. The participation of inflammation to the neurotoxin‐induced lesion was further supported by the prevention of hippocampal neuronal loss, glial mGluR5 expression and some of the behavioral perturbations associated to the excitotoxic lesion by concurrent anti‐inflammatory treatment with minocycline. These results indicate that neuroinflammation significantly contributes to long‐lasting excitotoxic effects of the neurotoxin and to some behavioral phenotypes associated with this model. Thus, the control of the inflammatory response may prevent the deleterious effects of excitotoxic processes that are triggered during brain development, limiting the risk to develop some of the behavioral manifestations related to these processes in adulthood. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Astrocyte TLR4 activation induces a proinflammatory environment through the interplay between MyD88‐dependent NFκB signaling, MAPK, and Jak1/Stat1 pathways
Authors: Gorina Roser , Font‐Nieves Miriam , Márquez‐Kisinousky Leonardo , Santalucia Tomàs , Planas Anna M.
Published: December 2010

There is increasing evidence that astrocytes play important roles in immune regulation in the brain. Astrocytes express toll‐like receptors (TLR) and build up responses to innate immune triggers by releasing proinflammatory molecules. We investigate signaling pathways and released molecules after astrocyte TLR4 activation. Purified rodent brain astrocyte cultures were treated with the TLR4 activator bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Tools used to interfere with this system include small interference RNA, inhibitory drugs, and MyD88 or Stat1 deficient mice. LPS induced early activation of the transcription factor NFκB, through the MyD88 adaptor, and expression of TNF‐α, VCAM‐1, IL‐15, and IL‐27. LPS also induced delayed Jak1/Stat1 activation, which was MyD88‐independent but was not mediated by IFN‐β. Jak1/Stat1 activation induced the expression of negative cytokine regulator SOCS‐1 and CXCL10 chemokine (IP‐10). Mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) were also involved in TLR4 signaling in a MyD88‐independent fashion. p38 exerted a strong influence on LPS‐induced gene expression by regulating the phosphorylation of Stat1 and the transcriptional activity of NFκB, while JNK regulated the Jak1/Stat1 pathway, and ERK1/2 controlled the expression of Egr‐1 and influenced MyD88‐dependent MMP‐9 expression. Interplay between these signals was evidenced by the increased induction of MMP‐9 in Stat1‐deficient cells challenged with LPS, suggesting that Stat1 negatively regulates the expression of MMP‐9 induced by LPS. Therefore, astrocytes are responsive to TLR4 activation by inducing a complex set of cell‐dependent molecular reactions mediated by NFκB, MAPK and Jak1/Stat1 signaling pathways. Here we identified cross‐talking signals generating a proinflammatory environment that will modulate the response of surrounding cells. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Roles of glial cells in neural circuit formation: Insights from research in insects
Authors: Oland Lynne A. , Tolbert Leslie P.
Published: December 2010

Investigators over the years have noted many striking similarities in the structural organization and function of neural circuits in higher invertebrates and vertebrates. In more recent years, the discovery of similarities in the cellular and molecular mechanisms that guide development of these circuits has driven a revolution in our understanding of neural development. Cellular mechanisms discovered to underlie axon pathfinding in grasshoppers have guided productive studies in mammals. Genes discovered to play key roles in the patterning of the fruitfly's central nervous system have subsequently been found to play key roles in mice. The diversity of invertebrate species offers to investigators numerous opportunities to conduct experiments that are harder or impossible to do in vertebrate species, but that are likely to shed light on mechanisms at play in developing vertebrate nervous systems. These experiments elucidate the broad suite of cellular and molecular interactions that have the potential to influence neural circuit formation across species. Here we focus on what is known about roles for glial cells in some of the important steps in neural circuit formation in experimentally advantageous insect species. These steps include axon pathfinding and matching to targets, dendritic patterning, and the sculpting of synaptic neuropils. A consistent theme is that glial cells interact with neurons in two‐way, reciprocal interactions. We emphasize the impact of studies performed in insects and explore how insect nervous systems might best be exploited next as scientists seek to understand in yet deeper detail the full repertory of functions of glia in development. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Peripheral contributions to olfactory bulb cell populations (migrations towards the olfactory bulb)
Authors: Blanchart A. , Martín‐López E. , De Carlos J.A. , López‐Mascaraque L.
Published: December 2010

The olfactory system represents one of the most suitable models to study interactions between the peripheral and central nervous systems. The developing olfactory epithelium (olfactory placode and pit) gives rise to several cell populations that migrate towards the telencephalic vesicle. One of these cell populations, called the Migratory Mass (MM), accompanies the first emerging olfactory axons from the olfactory placode, but the fate of these cells and their contribution to the Olfactory Bulb (OB) populations has not been properly addressed. To asses this issue we performed ultrasound‐guided in utero retroviral injections at embryonic day (E) 11 revealing the MM as an early source of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells in later postnatal stages. Employing a wide number of antibodies to identify the nature of the infected cells we described that those cells generated within the MM at E11 belong to different cell populations both in the mesenchyma, where they envelop olfactory axons and express the most common glial markers, and in the olfactory bulb, where they are restricted to the Olfactory Nerve and Glomerular layers. Thus, the data reveal the existence of a novel progenitor class within the MM, potentially derived from the olfactory placode which gives rise to different neural cell population including some CNS neurons, glia and olfactory ensheathing cells. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ ligands regulate neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Morales‐Garcia Jose A. , Luna‐Medina Rosario , Alfaro‐Cervello Clara , Cortes‐Canteli Marta , Santos Angel , Garcia‐Verdugo Jose M. , Perez‐Castillo Ana
Published: December 2010

Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) belongs to a family of ligand‐activated nuclear receptors and its ligands are known to control many physiological and pathological situations. Its role in the central nervous system has been under intense analysis during the last years. Here we show a novel function for PPARγ in controlling stem cell expansion in the adult mammalian brain. Adult rats treated with pioglitazone, a specific ligand of PPARγ, had elevated numbers of proliferating progenitor cells in the subventricular zone and the rostral migratory stream. Electron microscopy analysis also showed important changes in the subventricular zone ultrastructure of pioglitazone‐treated animals including an increased number of migratory cell chains. These results were further confirmed in vitro. Neurosphere assays revealed significant increases in the number of neurosphere forming cells from pioglitazone‐ and rosiglitazone (two specific ligands of PPARγ receptor)‐treated cultures that exhibited enhanced capacity for cell migration and differentiation. The effects of pioglitazone were blocked by the PPARγ receptor antagonists GW9662 and T0070907, suggesting that its effects are mediated by a mechanism dependent on PPARγ activation. These results indicate for the first time that activation of PPARγ receptor directly regulates proliferation, differentiation, and migration of neural stem cells in vivo. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of habituation in hippocampus‐dependent spatial working memory tasks: Evidence from GluA1 AMPA receptor subunit knockout mice
Authors: Sanderson David J. , Bannerman David M.
Published: December 2010

Spatial alternation, win‐shift behavior has been claimed to be a test of working memory in rodents that requires active maintenance of relevant, trial‐specific information. In this review, we describe work with GluA1 AMPA receptor subunit knockout mice that show impaired spatial alternation, but normal spatial reference memory. Due to their selective impairment on spatial alternation, GluA1 knockout mice provide a means by which the psychological processes underlying alternation can be examined. We now argue that the spatial alternation deficit in GluA1 knockout mice is due to an inability to show stimulus‐specific, short‐term habituation to recently experienced stimuli. Short‐term habituation involves a temporary reduction in attention paid to recently presented stimuli, and is thus a distinct process from those that are involved in working memory in humans. We have recently demonstrated that GluA1 knockout mice show impaired short‐term habituation, but, surprisingly, show enhanced long‐term spatial habituation. Thus, GluA1 deletion reveals that there is competition between short‐term and long‐term processes in memory. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
γ‐Glutamyl‐S‐methylcystein und andere Peptide in der Mondbohne (Phaseolus lunatus L.)
Authors: Rinderknecht H. , Thomas Doris , Aslin Susan
Published: December 2010

γ ‐Glutamyl‐S‐methylcysteine has been isolated from extracts of lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus L.). Two further peptides, γ ‐glutamyl‐S‐methylcysteine sulfoxide and γ ‐glutamyl‐leucine have been tentatively identified. In addition, free S‐methylcysteine was found in such extracts. The presence of these constituents in varying amounts was observed in all of 6 other varieties of beans that were investigated. During germination S‐methylcysteine and all peptides occurring in lima beans are metabolized to unknown products. An oxidation‐reduction function during the early phases of growth is suggested for the system: γ ‐glutamyl‐S‐methylcysteine/ γ ‐glutamyl‐S‐methylcysteine sulfoxide.
Holafrin und Holarrhetin, zwei unbekannte Esteralkaloide aus Holarrhena africana A. DC.
Authors: Rostock H. , Seebeck E.
Published: December 2010

Aus Holarrhena africana A. DC. (H. floribunda G. Don) konnten zwei unbekannte Esteralkaloide, Holafrin und Holarrhetin, isoliert und deren Konstitution aufgeklärt werden. Holafrin ist der Brenzterebinsäureester des 12β‐Hydroxyconessimins und Holarrhetin der Brenzterebinsäureester des 12β‐Hydroxyconessins (Holarrhenin).
Fluoreszierende Stoffe aus Drosophila melanogaster. 7. Mitteilung. Synthese und Eigenschaften des L‐erythro‐2‐Amino‐6‐hydroxy‐8‐dihydroxypropyl‐pteridins und des D‐threo‐2‐Amino‐6‐hydroxy‐8‐dihydroxypropyl‐pteridins
Authors: Viscontini M. , Raschig H.
Published: December 2010

Die Synthesen von L‐erythro‐2‐Amino‐5‐hydroxy‐8‐dihydroxypropyl‐pte‐ridin und D‐threo‐2‐Amino‐6‐hydroxy‐8‐dihydroxypropyl‐pteridin werden be‐schrieben und die Eigenschaften dieser beiden Verbindungen mit denjenigen des Drosophila‐Pteridins HB, verglichen.
Stoffwechselprodukte von Actinomyceten. 13. Mitteilung. Über die Konstitution von Acetomycin
Authors: Keller‐Schierlein W. , Lj. Mihailović M. , Prelog V.
Published: December 2010

Die alkalische Hydrolyse von Acetomycin liefert 2,3‐Dimethyl‐cyclopenten‐(2)‐on‐(1), Kohlendioxyd und Essigsäure, die Hydrolyse mit Natriumacetat den α, β‐Dimethyllävulinaldehyd. Auf Grund dieser Hydrolyseprodukte und der früher

12. Mitt.: HeIv. 41, 216 (1958).

beschriebenen Eigenschaften konnte für das Acetomycin die für einen Naturstoff ungewöhnliche Konstitution Ia abgeleitet werden.