bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MATHEMATICAL MODELING REGIME STEADY STATE FOR DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACULTATIVE STABILIZATION PONDS
Authors: Sunarsih Sunarsih , Purwanto Purwanto , Budi Wahyu Setia
Published: October 2014

This paper presents a model for natural systems used in Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Sewon Bantul. The model is modeling development, derived from the physical and biochemical phenomena involved in the biological treatment process. The numerical solution of the resulting on 13 simultaneous systems of nonlinear equations by the Quasi_Newton. Data validation is measured by facultative pond at the inlet and outlet of the pond to the concentration of bacteria, algae, zooplankton, organic matter, detritus, organic nitrogen, NH3, organic phosphor, dissolved phosphorus, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), total coliform, faecal coliform and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). A simulation model is presented to predict ke performance regime steady state of domestic wastewater treatment facultative stabilization pond. The high degree of significant of at least 10% indicates that the effluent parameters can be reasonably accurately predicted.
Hand hygiene practices in a dental teaching center: Measures and improve
Authors: Thivichon-Prince Béatrice , Barsotti Odile , Girard Raphaele , Morrier Jean-Jacques
Published: October 2014

Objective: To measure the compliance and the quality of HH practices and the knowledge of the healthcare workers’ of the university dental care center. Materials and Methods: All educators and students present were eligible for inclusion in the study. Each healthcare professional was observed in care situation over a period of 30 min. The knowledge, attitudes and opinions were collected through a questionnaire. Results: Number of healthcare professionals included was 190 (64.4%). Study group consisted of 151 students (74.4%) and 39 educators (42.4%). Out of a total number of expected disinfection of hands (993), 396 were made (39.9%). Educators had a higher compliance rates than students (63.7-35.8%, P = 10−9). Large differences were found between care situations (compliance higher before the first care to a patient and lower during installation of patient in dental X-ray area or at exit of dental X-ray area). Concerning hand rubbing (HR), 36.6% were performed correctly, and the main error was all steps of HR not observed (54.4%), and shorter duration (46.7%). The observance and the quality of HR were associated with better knowledge. Conclusion: This data suggests areas of improvement: (1) A comprehensive intervention including care organization/clinic ergonomics/planning/anticipation of materials needed for care; (2) the development of HH education program should include the educators, since the behavior of students is strongly influenced and formed by their mentor's attitude and behaviors.
Quantitative evaluation of apically extruded debris during root canal instrumentation with ProTaper Universal, ProTaper Next, WaveOne, and self-adjusting file systems
Authors: Ozsu Damla , Karatas Ertugrul , Arslan Hakan , Topcu Meltem C.
Published: October 2014

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the amount of apically extruded debris during preparation with ProTaper Universal (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), ProTaper Next (Dentsply Maillefer), a reciprocating single-file (WaveOne; VDW GmbH, Munich, Germany), and a self-adjusting file (SAF; ReDent Nova, Ra'anna, Israel). Materials and Methods: Fifty-six intact mandibular premolar teeth were randomly assigned to four groups. The root canals were prepared according to the manufacturers’ instructions using the ProTaper Universal, ProTaper Next, WaveOne, and SAF. Apically extruded debris was collected in preweighted Eppendorf tubes during instrumentation. The net weight of the apically extruded debris was determined by subtracting the preweights and postweights of the tubes. The data were statistically analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance and the least significant difference tests at a significance level of P < 0.05. Results: A measurable amount of debris was apically extruded in all groups, and the amounts of debris extrusion in the groups were statistically significant (P < 0.001). The ProTaper Next and WaveOne groups resulted in less debris extrusion than the ProTaper Universal group (P < 0.05), and the SAF group resulted in the least debris extrusion. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present study, it can be concluded that all systems extruded debris beyond the apical foramen.
Spectrophotometric and computerized evaluation of tooth bleaching employing 10 different home-bleaching procedures: In-vitro study
Authors: Peskersoy Cem , Tetik Ayhan , Ozturk Veli Ozgen , Gokay Necmi
Published: October 2014

Objective: The aim of this in-vitro study was to evaluate the efficacy of bleaching products, determine the applicability and validation of the measurement methods. Materials and Methods: Freshly extracted 110 human incisor teeth were stained with whole blood and hemolysate solution prior to the application of 10 different home-bleaching products. Spectrophotometric measurements of the tooth shades were performed for each specimen before and after bleaching at the 1st, 3rd, 7th, and 14 days. Differences in lightness (Δl), chroma (Δc), hue (Δh) values and shade changes were measured to evaluate process. Computerized digital imaging analyses to determine the color changes were performed with Photoshop CS4 software (Adobe, San Jose, CA, USA). Statistical analyses were performed with analysis of variance, Scheffe and Tukey tests. Results: In all of the test groups regardless of the material used, a significant increase in lightness and hue, and decrease of chroma were observed, as compared to the control group. After recommended bleaching applications, Δl and Δh values respectively increased in group Zaris White and Brite (ZWB) and group Pola Night and Δc values showed significant decrease in groups ZWB and Rembrandt REM3 (P < 0.05). At the end of the procedure both spectrophotometric and digital imaging analysis showed ZWB was the most effective product among the others while Yotuel and Happy Smile were the least (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Home-bleaching systems showed slower but almost permanent bleaching effect likewise office-based methods. Both software and spectrophotometric analyses have advantages such as evaluating the results objectively and numerically, also treatment outcomes could be preserved.
A density version of the Carlson–Simpson theorem
Authors: Dodos Pandelis , Kanellopoulos Vassilis , Tyros Konstantinos
Published: October 2014

We prove a density version of the Carlson–Simpson Theorem. Specifically we show the following.

For every integer

k ≥ 2

and every set

A

of words over

k

satisfying

\limsup_{n\to \infty} |A \cap [k]^n|/k^n >0

there exist a word

c

over

k

and a sequence

(w_n)

of left variable words over

k

such that the set

\{c\}\cup \{c^{\smallfrown}w_0(a_0)^{\smallfrown}...^{\smallfrown}w_n(a_n):n\in\mathbb N \text{ and } a_0,...,a_n\in [k]\}

is contained in

A

.

While the result is infinite-dimensional its proof is based on an appropriate finite and quantitative version, also obtained in the paper.
Reduction of Income Inequality and Subjective Well-Being in Europe
Authors: Hajdu Tamás , Hajdu Gábor
Published: October 2014

Using four waves of the European Social Survey (179,273 individuals from 29 countries) the authors analyze the association of reduction of income inequality by governmental taxes and transfers (redistribution) with subjective well-being. Their results provide evidence that people in Europe are negatively affected by income inequality, whereas reduction of inequality has a positive effect on well-being. Since the authors simultaneously estimate the effects of income inequality and its reduction, their results might indicate that not only the outcome (inequality), but also the procedure (redistribution) that leads to the outcome influences subjective wellbeing. Their results also show that the positive effect of redistribution is stronger for less affluent members of the society and left-wing oriented individuals. While post-government inequality seems to have no significant effect in Western Europe, its impact is negative and highly significant in Eastern Europe.
Constraining mass–diameter relations from hydrometeor images and cloud radar reflectivities in tropical continental and oceanic convective anvils
Authors: Fontaine E. , Schwarzenboeck A. , Delanoë J. , Wobrock W. , Leroy D. , Dupuy R. , Gourbeyre C. , Protat A.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. In this study the density of ice hydrometeors in tropical clouds is derived from a combined analysis of particle images from 2-D-array probes and associated reflectivities measured with a Doppler cloud radar on the same research aircraft. Usually, the mass–diameter m(D) relationship is formulated as a power law with two unknown coefficients (pre-factor, exponent) that need to be constrained from complementary information on hydrometeors, where absolute ice density measurement methods do not apply. Here, at first an extended theoretical study of numerous hydrometeor shapes simulated in 3-D and arbitrarily projected on a 2-D plan allowed to constrain the exponent βof the m(D) relationship from the exponent σ of the surface–diameterS(D)relationship, which is likewise written as a power law. Since S(D) always can be determined for real data from 2-D optical array probes or other particle imagers, the evolution of the m(D) exponent can be calculated. After that, the pre-factor α of m(D) is constrained from theoretical simulations of the radar reflectivities matching the measured reflectivities along the aircraft trajectory. The study was performed as part of the Megha-Tropiques satellite project, where two types of mesoscale convective systems (MCS) were investigated: (i) above the African continent and (ii) above the Indian Ocean. For the two data sets, two parameterizations are derived to calculate the vertical variability of m(D) coefficients α and β as a function of the temperature. Originally calculated (with T-matrix) and also subsequently parameterized m(D) relationships from this study are compared to other methods (from literature) of calculating m(D) in tropical convection. The significant benefit of using variable m(D) relations instead of a single m(D) relationship is demonstrated from the impact of all these m(D) relations on Z-CWC (Condensed Water Content) and Z-CWC-T-fitted parameterizations.
The effect of low solubility organic acids on the hygroscopicity of sodium halide aerosols
Authors: Miñambres L. , Méndez E. , Sánchez M. N. , Castaño F. , Basterretxea F. J.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. In order to accurately assess the influence of fatty acids on the hygroscopic and other physicochemical properties of sea salt aerosols, hexanoic, octanoic or lauric acid together with sodium halide salts (NaCl, NaBr and NaI) have been chosen to be investigated in this study. The hygroscopic properties of sodium halide sub-micrometre particles covered with organic acids have been examined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in an aerosol flow cell. Covered particles were generated by flowing atomized sodium halide particles (either dry or aqueous) through a heated oven containing the gaseous acid. The obtained results indicate that gaseous organic acids easily nucleate onto dry and aqueous sodium halide particles. On the other hand, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images indicate that lauric acid coating on NaCl particles makes them to aggregate in small clusters. The hygroscopic behaviour of covered sodium halide particles in deliquescence mode shows different features with the exchange of the halide ion, whereas the organic surfactant has little effect in NaBr particles, NaCl and NaI covered particles experience appreciable shifts in their deliquescence relative humidities, with different trends observed for each of the acids studied. In efflorescence mode, the overall effect of the organic covering is to retard the loss of water in the particles. It has been observed that the presence of gaseous water in heterogeneously nucleated particles tends to displace the cover of hexanoic acid to energetically stabilize the system.
Socio-hydrologic modeling to understand and mediate the competition for water between agriculture development and environmental health: Murrumbidgee River basin, Australia
Authors: van Emmerik T. H. M. , Li Z. , Sivapalan M. , Pande S. , Kandasamy J. , Savenije H. H. G. , Chanan A. , Vigneswaran S.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Competition for water between humans and ecosystems is set to become a flash point in the coming decades in many parts of the world. An entirely new and comprehensive quantitative framework is needed to establish a holistic understanding of that competition, thereby enabling the development of effective mediation strategies. This paper presents a modeling study centered on the Murrumbidgee River basin (MRB). The MRB has witnessed a unique system dynamics over the last 100 years as a result of interactions between patterns of water management and climate driven hydrological variability. Data analysis has revealed a pendulum swing between agricultural development and restoration of environmental health and ecosystem services over different stages of basin-scale water resource development. A parsimonious, stylized, quasi-distributed coupled socio-hydrologic system model that simulates the two-way coupling between human and hydrological systems of the MRB is used to mimic and explain dominant features of the pendulum swing. The model consists of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations that describe the interaction between five state variables that govern the co-evolution: reservoir storage, irrigated area, human population, ecosystem health, and environmental awareness. The model simulations track the propagation of the external climatic and socio-economic drivers through this coupled, complex system to the emergence of the pendulum swing. The model results point to a competition between human "productive" and environmental "restorative" forces that underpin the pendulum swing. Both the forces are endogenous, i.e., generated by the system dynamics in response to external drivers and mediated by humans through technology change and environmental awareness, respectively. Sensitivity analysis carried out with the model further reveals that socio-hydrologic modeling can be used as a tool to explain or gain insight into observed co-evolutionary dynamics of diverse human–water coupled systems. This paper therefore contributes to the ultimate development of a generic modeling framework that can be applied to human–water coupled systems in different climatic and socio-economic settings.
Effects of the pathogenic fungus Melampsorella caryophyllacearum on radial growth of Abies alba
Authors: Sánchez-Miranda A. , Camarero J. J. , Solla A.
Published: October 2014

Long-term damages caused by fungi on tree radial-growth and its interaction with climate have been little studied. The incidence and the severity of damage caused by the pathogenic fungus Melampsorella caryophyllacearum on Abies alba in three plots sampled in the Irati forest (Western Pyrenees, Navarra) were quantified. The radial growth of 15 symptomatic trees and 15 asymptomatic trees using dendrochronological techniques were compared. The relationships between monthly climatic data (mean maximum temperature, precipitation) and radial growth of symptomatic and asymptomatic trees were established to determine the different responses of growth to climate between both types of individuals. Radial growth was significantly lower in symptomatic than in asymptomatic trees since the 1980’s when a higher frequency of traumatic resin ducts was detected. Different response functions according to the symptomatology of trees were not observed. The radial growth of A. alba was positively correlated to November mean maximum temperatures of the year prior to growth, and to February and April mean maximum temperatures of the year of growth. Negative relationships between growth and higher September mean maximum temperatures during the year before the tree-ring was formed, and with March and August mean maximum temperatures during the year of tree-ring formation were found. Finally, the radial growth of A. alba was also positively correlated to July precipitation during the year of growth.
Characterization and phytoclimatic potentialities of Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. and Quercus robur L. forests in Spain
Authors: García López J. M. , Allué Camacho C.
Published: October 2014

This paper presents some contributions to the phytoclimatic characterization of stands of Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. and Quercus robur L. in España. For the phytoclimatic characterization, 577 sampling points from the 2nd National Forest Inventory of actual vegetation in which Quercus petraea was the principle especies in the forest were considered and 1,780 sampling points for Quercus robur. The phytoclimatic diagnosis followed the phytoclimatic models of Allué-Andrade. Phytoclimatic territorial models were constructed in digital format on the basis of preliminary territorial factorial estimations, wich were used to determine climatic factors and phytoclimatic terns. The potential phytoclimatic area and the factorial ambits for the existence of oak stands was performed in five phases of increasing strictness, based on factorial comparison (convex hull), phytoclimatic terns comparison, phytoclimatic suitability and evaluation of competitor forest species. Quercus petraea stands are found in the phytoclimatic subtypes VI(IV)2, VI(IV)4, VI(V), VI(VII), VI and VIII(VI). Subtype VI is both the most prevalent of the species and the one with the highest index of phytoclimatic suitability. The highest phytoclimatic suitability is found in the phytoclimatic terns with genuine subtype in VI and first analogous subtype in VI(V). In the strictest phase this calculation determined potential areas of high phytoclimatic viability for Quercus petraea totalling 1,969,000 ha in the north of Spain. Quercus robur stands are found in the phytoclimatic subtypes VI(IV)2, VI(IV)3, VI(IV)4, VI(V) and VI. Subtype VI(V) is both the most prevalent of the species and the one with the highest index of phytoclimatic suitability. In the strictest phase this calculation determined potential areas of high phytoclimatic viability for Quercus robur totalling 2,989,000 ha.
Characterization of the electroantennographic response by Cerambyx welensii Küster and Prinobius germari Germar (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to olfactory stimuly
Authors: Sánchez-Osorio I. , Tapias R. , Domínguez I. , López G.
Published: October 2014

Xylophagous cerambycids of Cerambyx and Prinobius genus can play an important role in «oak decline» in Spain. New trends in the integrated pest management are dealing with control strategies based on the relation between olfactory perception of semiochemicals and insect behaviour. Electroantennography of olfactory stimuli enables to interpret the significance of the olfactory stimulation in host selection, an unknown aspect within many xylophagous insects. Cerambyx welensii and Prinobius germari (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae), have responded in EAG tests to two different compounds: a green-leaves volatile (E)-2-hexenal and turpentine; C. welensii also responded to acetic acid. Strong stimulatory conditions (20 μl of stimulating blend at 1:1 v/v doses) favour high EAG responses, without causing antennal saturation. Under these stimulatory conditions, and using complete insects, we have obtained stable EAG responses during, at least, five hours. Results show a good aptitude of these species for deeper electrophysiological experiments (such chromatography linked to electroantennography), in search of the olfactory cues involved in host location.
Partnerships Between Community Residents and Professionals: Issues of Power and Social Class Across the Lifespan of Neighbourhood Organizations
Authors: Derksen Barbara , Nelson Geoffrey
Published: October 2014

We describe a qualitative study of four neighbourhood centres jointly created by a sponsoring agency and community members to prevent problems in the lives of children and adults in these neighbourhoods. Individual and focus group interviews with staff, community members, and other agency workers were used to develop an understanding of issues involved at various stages across the lifespan of these settings. Two tensions noted in this process were between community members and professionals from the sponsoring organization and between lower-class and middle-class community members. We discuss the implications of these findings for practice in community development.
De La Prise En Charge Pénale à L'intervention Psychiatrique: Modes De Circulation Et Impacts De La Nouvelle Législation Criminelle
Authors: Laberge Danielle , Morin Daphné , Robert Marie
Published: October 2014

La question des rapports entre la psychiatric et la justice n'est pas nouvelle. On la retrouve au 19ième siècle dans les efforts de mise en place des systèmes contemporains de gestion sociale. Déjè è cette époque, on peut identifier les grands axes qui vont marquer aussi bien les analyses que les politiques développées par la suite. Ainsi, diverses questions se posent avec acuité: la maladie mentale est-elle la cause de la criminalité? Les «fous» doivent-ils ou non être tenus responsables de leurs crimes? Quelles sont les mesures appropriées pour guérir, réformer, ou contrôler? En d'autres termes, qui du malade ou du criminel dictera les mesures è prendre? Ces questions, si elles sont formulées aujourd'hui dans d'autres termes, n'en gardent pas moins toute leur actualité. Dans le présent article nous présenterons une esquisse des modes de prise en charge, par le système pénal, des personnes souffrant de problèmes de santé mentale. Ce portrait se fonde sur des études récentes menées è Montréal ainsi que des travaux récents entrepris dans des perspectives similaires ailleurs au Canada ainsi qu'aux États-Unis. Nous examinerons par la suite les grandes étapes du processus judiciaire et nous verrons où et comment se jouent les nouvelles dispositions du Code criminel, particulièrement en ce qu'elles vont modifier les rapports entre le tribunal et les instances psychiatriques.
L'Appropriation. Un Modèle Approprié Pour La Promotion De La Santé Mentale Des Enfants?
Authors: Jutras Sylvie
Published: October 2014

L'article a pour but d'estimer le potentiel du modèle de l'appropriation (empowerment) pour promouvoir la santé mentale des enfants. Certaines confusions correspondant è des enjeux fondamentaux du modèle sont relevées: la primauté du sujet de l'action d'appropriation et la perspective individuelle ou collective avec laquelle on se préoccupe de favoriser le gain de pouvoir ou de contrôle. Est synthétisée la documentation scientifique traitant de l'appropriation chez les enfants en matière de santé physique et mentale. Quelques considérations sur le bien-être des enfants, leurs besoins, leurs droits et leurs compétences sont ênoncées. En conclusion, les démarches d'appropriation s'adressant aux enfants sont présentées comme un tremplin pour leur santé mentale dans la mesure où l'on reconnaît les forces et les limites des enfants et où elles s'intègrent dans un ensemble de mesures préventives et promotionnelles.
Three Perspectives on the Rehabilitation Needs of Consumers
Authors: Calsaferri Kim , Jongbloed Lyn
Published: October 2014

Empowering individuals with serious mental health problems includes providing services which they themselves identify as needs. This paper reports on a study which examined needs for rehabilitation services from the perspectives of consumers with chronic mental health problems, their significant others, and case managers. In most instances far greater needs for services were expressed by consumers and significant others than by case managers, indicating that case managers pay insufficient attention to what consumers want. Professional control and power imbalance between case managers and consumers likely contribute to this situation. Study findings have been used to initiate change at the organizational level and at the level of individual professionals.
Defining Mental Illness and Accessing Mental Health Services: Perspectives of Asian Canadians
Authors: Li Han Z. , Browne Annette J.
Published: October 2014

Asian Canadians consistently underutilize mainstream mental health services. This study investigates how the definition and meaning of mental illness relates to barriers Asian Canadians find in accessing mental health services. Personal interviews were conducted with 60 Asian Canadians in a northern community in the province of British Columbia. Content analyses revealed six themes that defined a mental health problem: (a) feeling a lack of purpose in life, (b) feeling lonely, (c) difficulties understanding and dealing with a new environment, (d) high anxiety levels, (c) descriptions of mental health problems as somatic illnesses, and (f) perceptions of mental illness as serious and potentially not treatable. It was also found that poor English language ability and a lack of understanding of mainstream culture were major barriers to accessing mental health facilities. Findings of this study provided valuable insights concerning Asian immigrants' hesitancy accessing and utilizing mainstream mental health facilities. The many poignant personal anecdotes illustrate that the migration and adaptation processes can be painful and full of anguish. Unless their experiences are better understood and accepted, many Asian Canadians will likely remain outside of the available mainstream mental health facilities.
An Application of a Community Psychology Approach to Dealing with Farm Stress
Authors: Gerrard Nikki
Published: October 2014

Community psychology arose in the 1960s, in the United States, as a response to: (a) pressure to move toward more community based mental health services, and (b) clinical psychologists asking themselves why they were individually treating and conceptualizing large numbers of people who had similar presenting problems. They realized that the social context of their clients' lives was paramount in determining their emotional health. In 1990, 1 brought a community psychology perspective to designing and implementing a farm stress program in Saskatchewan. I describe how community psychology values and practices, community development, and mental health promotion are applied to this program. I discuss the value of conceptualizing mental health issues, such as farm stress, from the perspective of individuals-in-communities and discuss considerations for future applications of a community psychology approach to similar and other mental health issues.
Characteristics of Gamblers Taking Chartered Day Trips to Casinos
Authors: Ferland Francine , Fournier Patricia-Maude , Ladouceur Robert , Lemay Marianne , Montminy-Roberge Anne-Sophie , Noury Daniel , Turcotte Marie-Christine
Published: October 2014

Due to the increasing popularity of gambling, some travel agencies offer chartered bus trips to casinos. This study identifies the characteristics and gambling habits of gamblers who use these services. The 250 participants, recruited from participants in chartered bus trips to a casino, took part in a telephone interview, which included the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS). The results revealed that there were significantly more low-income individuals, elderly people, and women among chartered-trip participants than among casino gamblers in general. However, the percentage of pathological gamblers among chartered-trip participants was similar to that found among all Quebec casino gamblers
Kinetics and Mechanism of Mn(II) Catalyzed Periodate Oxidation of p-anisidine: Effect of pH
Authors: Kaushik Rajneesh Dutt , Singh Jaspal , Manila M. , Kaur Manmeet , Singh Prabha
Published: October 2014

The stoichiometry for the initial part of the reaction, Mn(II) catalysed periodate oxidation of p-anisidine (PMA), has been found to be 1 mol of PMA consuming 2 mol of periodate ion. The kinetic-mechanistic study of reaction in acetone-water medium was made spectrophotometrically by noting the increase in the absorbance of reaction intermediate. Reaction is first order in reactants and catalyst each. A decrease in dielectric constant of the medium results in decrease in the rate of reaction suggesting an ion-dipole type interaction. Free radical scavengers do not affect the reaction rate. A special type of rate-pH profile shows a maximum at pH = 7.0. This pH effect also suggests the involvement of at least three differently reactive reactant species in the reaction and this fact has been considered by us while deriv-ing the rate law. Under pseudo first order conditions [IO4-] >> [PMA] and in agreement with the derived rate law, the 1/kcat versus [H+] plot passes through the minimum and the results can be fitted to the equation: 1/kcat = (K2 / k K3 K4 [H+]) + {(Kw + Kb K2) / k K3 K4 Kw} + Kb [H+] / k K3 K4 Kw, where kK3K4 is the empirical composite rate constant, Kw is ionic product of water, K2 is acid dissociation constant of H4IO6- and Kb is base dissociation constant of PMA. The experimental value of [H+]min is in good agreement with the value calculated by using the derived rate law equation and is character-istic of the substrate involved relating to the base dissociation constant of PMA. The value of thermo-dynamic parameters have been evaluated. © 2014 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Hot upwelling conduit beneath the Atlas Mountains, Morocco
Authors: Sun Daoyuan , Miller Meghan S. , Holt Adam F. , Becker Thorsten W.
Published: October 2014

The Atlas Mountains of Morocco display high topography, no deep crustal root, and regions of localized Cenozoic alkaline volcanism. Previous seismic imaging and geophysical studies have implied a hot mantle upwelling as the source of the volcanism and high elevation. However, the existence, shape, and physical properties of an associated mantle anomaly are debated. Here we use seismic waveform analysis from a broadband deployment and geodynamic modeling to define the physical properties and morphology of the anomaly. The imaged low‐velocity structure extends to ~200 km beneath the Atlas and appears ~350 K hotter than the ambient mantle with possible partial melting. It includes a lateral conduit, which suggests that the Quaternary volcanism arises from the upper mantle. Moreover, the shape and temperature of the imaged anomaly indicate that the unusually high topography of the Atlas Mountains is due to active mantle support.
Pore size controls on the base of the methane hydrate stability zone in the Kumano Basin, offshore Japan
Authors: Daigle Hugh , Dugan Brandon
Published: October 2014

The base of the methane hydrate stability zone (MHSZ) in the Kumano Basin, offshore Japan, is marked by a bottom‐simulating reflection (BSR) on seismic data. At Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site C0002, which penetrates this BSR, the in situ temperature profile combined with bulk seawater methane equilibrium conditions suggest that the base of the MHSZ is 428 m below seafloor (bsf), which is 28 m deeper than the observed BSR (400 m bsf). We found that submicron pore sizes determined by mercury injection capillary pressure are sufficiently small to cause 64% of the observed uplift of the base of the MHSZ by the Gibbs‐Thomson effect. This is the most thorough characterization of pore sizes within the MHSZ performed to date and illustrates the extent to which pore size can influence MHSZ thickness. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering lithology and pore structure when assessing methane hydrate stability conditions in marine sediments.
Optimizing the real‐time ground level enhancement alert system based on neutron monitor measurements: Introducing GLE Alert Plus
Authors: Souvatzoglou G. , Papaioannou A. , Mavromichalaki H. , Dimitroulakos J. , Sarlanis C.
Published: October 2014

Whenever a significant intensity increase is being recorded by at least three neutron monitor stations in real‐time mode, a ground level enhancement (GLE) event is marked and an automated alert is issued. Although, the physical concept of the algorithm is solid and has efficiently worked in a number of cases, the availability of real‐time data is still an open issue and makes timely GLE alerts quite challenging. In this work we present the optimization of the GLE alert that has been set into operation since 2006 at the Athens Neutron Monitor Station. This upgrade has led to GLE Alert Plus, which is currently based upon the Neutron Monitor Database (NMDB). We have determined the critical values per station allowing us to issue reliable GLE alerts close to the initiation of the event while at the same time we keep the false alert rate at low levels. Furthermore, we have managed to treat the problem of data availability, introducing the Go‐Back‐N algorithm. A total of 13 GLE events have been marked from January 2000 to December 2012. GLE Alert Plus issued an alert for 12 events. These alert times are compared to the alert times of GOES Space Weather Prediction Center and Solar Energetic Particle forecaster of the University of Málaga (UMASEP). In all cases GLE Alert Plus precedes the GOES alert by ≈8–52 min. The comparison with UMASEP demonstrated a remarkably good agreement. Real‐time GLE alerts by GLE Alert Plus may be retrieved by http://cosray.phys.uoa.gr/gle_alert_plus.html, http://www.nmdb.eu, and http://swe.ssa.esa.int/web/guest/space‐radiation. An automated GLE alert email notification system is also available to interested users.
Surface Directed Phase Separation of Semiconductor Ferroelectric Polymer Blends and their Use in Non‐Volatile Memories
Authors: van Breemen Albert , Zaba Tomasz , Khikhlovskyi Vsevolod , Michels Jasper , Janssen Rene , Kemerink Martijn , Gelinck Gerwin
Published: October 2014

The polymer phase separation of P(VDF‐TrFE):F8BT blends is studied in detail. Its morphology is key to the operation and performance of memory diodes. In this study, it is demonstrated that it is possible to direct the semiconducting domains of a phase‐separating mixture of P(VDF‐TrFE) and F8BT in a thin film into a highly ordered 2D lattice by means of surface directed phase separation. Numerical simulation of the surface‐controlled de‐mixing process provides insight in the ability of the substrate pattern to direct the phase separation, and hence the regularity of the domain pattern in the final dry blend layer. By optimizing the ratio of the blend components, the number of electrically active semiconductor domains is maximized. Pattern replication on a cm‐scale is achieved, and improved functional device performance is demonstrated in the form of a 10‐fold increase of the ON‐current and a sixfold increase in current modulation. This approach therefore provides a simple and scalable means to higher density integration, the ultimate target being a single semiconducting domain per memory cell.
Diet, society, and economy in late medievalSpain: Stable isotope evidence from Muslims and Christians fromGandía,Valencia
Authors: Alexander Michelle M. , Gerrard Christopher M. , Gutiérrez Alejandra , Millard Andrew R.
Published: October 2014

This article investigates the diets of neighboring Christians and Muslims in late medieval Spain (here 13th–16th centuries) through the analysis of the stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) in adult human and animal bone collagen. Twenty‐four Christians and 20 Muslims are sampled from two adjacent and contemporaneous settlements in the township of Gandía on the Mediterranean coast, together with the remains of 24 animals. Statistical differences in both δ13C and δ15N reveal that the diets of the two faith communities differed, despite living side‐by‐side. These differences may relate to inequalities in their access to foodstuffs, particularly to C3/C4grain and/or possibly terrestrial meat sources, though cultural preferences are also highlighted. Isotopic values for animals were also found to vary widely, both between and within species, and this provides a window into the local livestock economy. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:263–273, 2015. © 2014 The Authors. American Journal of physical Anthropology published by Wiley Periodicals,Inc.
Modeling and analyzing semiconductor yield with generalized linear mixed models
Authors: Krueger D. C. , Montgomery D. C.
Published: October 2014

As the challenges and opportunities of using ‘big data’ expand, there is a need to explore different ways of analyzing large datasets. The semiconductor industry is a good example of a manufacturing process where many data are collected throughout the fabrication of the product. These massive datasets are used for various purposes, primarily to detect problems and determine root causes, control the process, and build models that predict yield. The yield predictions are used for process planning, optimization, and control. However, many current approaches to yield modeling are limited because the actual processes violate the model assumptions, limiting the power of the models' use.

This paper explores the use of generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) to predict semiconductor yield and to provide significant information about the process using a large semiconductor yield dataset. Both batch‐specific and population‐averaged GLMM approaches are used and compared. Differences in link functions, sample sizes, and levels of aggregation (die‐level and wafer‐level models) are also compared with each other and with the results from generalized linear models (GLMs).

The results of this study show that GLMMs are a reasonable approach to analyzing large datasets by providing additional insight into the fabrication process while maintaining or even improving prediction power compared with GLMs and some prior yield models found in the literature. This paper also provides a modeling strategy through suggestions regarding level of aggregation, link function, and sample size that are appropriate for different research goals. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chromogenic and fluorescent ‘turn‐on’ chemodosimeter for fluoride based on a F–‐triggered cascade reaction
Authors: Li Baiyun , Zhang Chuanxiu , Wang Yu , Liu Chuanxiang , Chen Jinju , Zhou Tian , Yi Fengping
Published: October 2014

We developed a new chromogenic and fluorescent ‘turn‐on’ chemodosimeter 1 based on a F–‐triggered cascade reaction. This system displayed significant changes in UV/vis absorption and fluorescence emission intensities selectively for F– over other anions in a mixture of CH3CN/H2O (95 : 5, v/v) and in acetonitrile. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linear Aliphatic Dialkynes as Alternative Linkers for Double‐Click Stapling of p53‐Derived Peptides
Authors: Lau Yu Heng , de Andrade Peterson , McKenzie Grahame J. , Venkitaraman Ashok R. , Spring David R.
Published: October 2014

We investigated linear aliphatic dialkynes as a new structural class of i,i+7 linkers for the double‐click stapling of p53‐based peptides. The optimal combination of azido amino acids and dialkynyl linker length for MDM2 binding was determined. In a direct comparison between aliphatic and aromatic staple scaffolds, the aliphatic staples resulted in superior binding to MDM2 in vitro and superior p53‐activating capability in cells when using a diazidopeptide derived from phage display. This work demonstrates that the nature of the staple scaffold is an important factor that can affect peptide bioactivity in cells.
Investigation of the Kinetics of a Surface Photocatalytic Reaction in Two Dimensions with Surface‐enhanced Raman Scattering
Authors: van Schrojenstein Lantman Evelien M. , Gijzeman Onno L. J. , Mank Arjan J. G. , Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: October 2014

Heterogeneous catalysis is a surface phenomenon. Yet, though the catalysis itself takes place on surfaces, the reactants and products rapidly take the form of another physical state, as either a liquid or a gas. Catalytic reactions within a self‐assembled monolayer are confined within two dimensions, as the molecules involved do not leave the surface. Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy is an ideal technique to probe these self‐assembled monolayers as it gives molecular information in a measured volume limited to the surface. We show how surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy can be used to determine the reaction kinetics of a two‐dimensional reaction. As a proof of principle, we study the photocatalytic reduction ofp‐nitrothiophenol. A study of the reaction rate and dilution effects leads to the conclusion that a dimerization must take place as one of the reaction steps.
Chemistry of Lipid A: At the Heart of Innate Immunity
Authors: Molinaro Antonio , Holst Otto , Di Lorenzo Flaviana , Callaghan Maire , Nurisso Alessandra , D'Errico Gerardino , Zamyatina Alla , Peri Francesco , Berisio Rita , Jerala Roman , Jiménez‐Barbero Jesús , Silipo Alba , Martín‐Santamaría Sonsoles
Published: October 2014

In many Gram‐negative bacteria, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its lipid A moiety are pivotal for bacterial survival. Depending on its structure, lipid A carries the toxic properties of the LPS and acts as a potent elicitor of the host innate immune system via the Toll‐like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor 2 (TLR4/MD‐2) receptor complex. It often causes a wide variety of biological effects ranging from a remarkable enhancement of the resistance to the infection to an uncontrolled and massive immune response resulting in sepsis and septic shock. Since the bioactivity of lipid A is strongly influenced by its primary structure, a broad range of chemical syntheses of lipid A derivatives have made an enormous contribution to the characterization of lipid A bioactivity, providing novel pharmacological targets for the development of new biomedical therapies. Here, we describe and discuss the chemical aspects regarding lipid A and its role in innate immunity, from the (bio)synthesis, isolation and characterization to the molecular recognition at the atomic level.
Optical Resolution and Optimization of (R,S)‐Propranolol Using Dehydroabietic Acid Via Diastereomeric Crystallization
Authors: Ge Li , Zhao Qiongqiong , Yang Kedi , Liu Shishi , Xia Fan
Published: October 2014

The optical resolution of (R,S)‐propranolol by the diastereomeric crystallization method was successfully performed using dehydroabietic acid (DHAA) as the resolving agent in methanol. The three important parameters: DHAA amount, solvent (methanol) amount, and crystallization temperature of diastereomeric salts were optimized employing the response surface methodology (RSM). When maintaining a lower limit of 95% for the purity of (S)‐propranolol, the optimal resolution conditions were a DHAA/(R,S)‐propranolol molar ratio of 1.1, solvent/(R,S)‐propranolol ratio of 16.2 mL.g‐1, and crystallization temperature of –5 °C. The desired (S)‐propranolol was prepared with 94.8% optical purity and 72.2% yield under the optimal conditions. Chirality 27:131–136, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human activity recognition based on transformed accelerometer data from a mobile phone
Authors: Heng Xia , Wang Zhongmin , Wang Jiacun
Published: October 2014

Mobile phones are equipped with a rich set of sensors, such as accelerometers, magnetometers, gyroscopes, photometers, orientation sensors, and gravity sensors. These sensors can be used for human activity recognition in the ubiquitous computing domain. Most of reported studies consider acceleration signals that are collected from a known fixed device location and orientation. This paper describes how more accurate results of basic activity recognition can be achieved with transformed accelerometer data. Based on the rotation matrix (Euler Angle Conversion) derived from the orientation angles of gyroscopes and orientation sensors, we transform input signals into a reference coordinate system. The advantage of the transformation is that it allows activity classification and recognition to be carried out independent of the orientation of sensors. We consider five user activities: staying, walking, running, ascending stairs, and descending stairs, with a phone being placed in the subject's hand, or in pants pocket, or in a handbag. The results show that an overall orientation independent accuracy of 84.77% is achieved, which is a improvement of 17.26% over those classifications without input transformation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and validation of a scale to measure caregiver skills in eating disorders
Authors: Hibbs Rebecca , Rhind Charlotte , Salerno Laura , Lo Coco Gianluca , Goddard Elizabeth , Schmidt Ulrike , Micali Nadia , Gowers Simon , Beecham Jennifer , Macdonald Pamela , Todd Gillian , Campbell Iain , Treasure Janet
Published: October 2014

Objective

The aim of this study was to develop and validate a new questionnaire designed to measure caregiver skills that, in line with the interpersonal component of the cognitive interpersonal maintenance model (Schmidt and Treasure, J Br J Clin Psychol, 45, 343–366, 2006), may be helpful in the support of people with anorexia nervosa (AN). A further aim is to assess whether this scale is sensitive to change following skills‐based caregiver interventions.

Method

The Caregiver Skills (CASK) scale was developed by a group of clinicians and caregivers. Preliminary versions of the scale devised for both caregivers and parents were given at baseline and at follow‐up after two studies of caregiver interventions (a clinical trial of the effectiveness of guided self‐help and training workshops). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were used to test the factorial structure of the CASK scale. Cronbach's alpha was used to measure internal consistency of the CASK scales.

Results

Exploratory Factor Analysis suggested a six component solution (Bigger Picture, Self‐Care, Biting‐Your‐Tongue, Insight and Acceptance, Emotional Intelligence and Frustration Tolerance) and this model was confirmed with CFA. Significant clinically relevant correlations were found between the CASK scales and other standardised measures of caregivers' attitudes and behaviours. Furthermore, greater improvements on abilities measured by the CASK scale were found in caregivers who received skills‐training than caregivers assigned to a ‘treatment as usual' condition.

Discussion

The CASK scale is a measure of the fidelity of interventions based on the cognitive interpersonal maintenance model and is sensitive to the intensity of the intervention provided. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:290–297)
Functional characterization of myeloid‐derived suppressor cell subpopulations during the development of experimental arthritis
Authors: Wang Wenhong , Jiao Zhijun , Duan Tanghai , Liu Meihong , Zhu Bo , Zhang Yingying , Xu Qiugui , Wang Rui , Xiong Yuyun , Xu Huaxi , Lu Liwei
Published: October 2014

Recent evidence indicates the existence of subpopulations of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) with distinct phenotypes and functions. Here, we characterized the role of MDSC subpopulations in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis in a collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model. The splenic CD11b+Gr‐1+ MDSC population expanded in CIA mice, and these cells could be subdivided into polymorphonuclear (PMN) and mononuclear (MO) MDSC subpopulations based on Ly6C and Ly6G expression. During CIA, the proportion of splenic MO‐MDSCs was increased in association with the severity of joint inflammation, while PMN‐MDSCs were decreased. MO‐MDSCs expressed higher levels of surface CD40 and CD86 protein, but lower levels of Il10, Tgfb1, Ccr5, and Cxcr2 mRNA. PMN‐MDSCs exhibited a more potent capacity to suppress polyclonal T‐cell proliferation in vitro, compared with MO‐MDSCs. Moreover, the adoptive transfer of PMN‐MDSCs, but not MO‐MDSCs, decreased joint inflammation, accompanied by reduced levels of serum cytokine secretion and the frequencies of Th1 and Th17 cells in draining lymph nodes. These results suggest that there could be a shift from potently suppressive PMN‐MDSCs to poorly suppressive MO‐MDSCs during the development of experimental arthritis, which might reflect the failure of expanded MDSCs to suppress autoimmune arthritis.