bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Educational Policy and Professional Status: A Case History of the Ontario Accountancy Profession
Authors: Richardson Alan J.
Published: December 2016

The paper explores the use of educational policy by accountants to secure privileges from the stale and to structure relations among competing groups within (he profession. The case study traces the evolution of educational policy from its early use as a rhetorical device to secure incorporation for accounting associations, through its rapid development during the period of intraprofessional competition, lo its current role in reproducing the status hierarchy within the profession.
Medical Professionalization and the Social Transformation of the Maritimes, 1850-1950
Authors: Howell Colin D.
Published: December 2016

This study investigates the relationship of medical professionalization to the continuing rehabilitation and redefinition of capitalism over the past century. Using the Maritimes as a test-case it addresses the early consolidation of professional authority, the late nineteenth century involvement of the profession in movements for progressive reform, the development of medical specialization and the standardization of technique, and the development of contemporary state medicine. In general, it concludes that professionalization has not served, as Harold Perkin has suggested, to supplant class relationships within modem society, but instead merely redefined the form that those relationships would take.
Labour Markets for Professionals in Canada: Some Economic Issues
Authors: Stager David
Published: December 2016

Different theoretical approaches employed by individual social science disciplines have inhibited trans-disciplinary studies. Economists have emphasized the impact of restricted competition on fees and earnings in the professions. Returns to investment in professional education declined during the 1960s and 1970s, then increased sharply in the 1980s. However, there was little change in the ranking of returns to different professions. The lawyers’ labour market provides an example of the difficulties in planning labour supply, and the advantage of permitting such markets to adjust without direct government intervention. Instead, governments can influence markets through policies on labour market information, immigration, and paraprofessionals.
'Painting Above Paint’: Telling Li(v)es in Emily Carr’s Literary Self-Portraits
Authors: Adams Timothy Dow
Published: December 2016

Although best known as a painter, Emily Carr was aiso the author of a number of autobiographical works in prose. In this paper I examine charges against her which claim that she was a best careless with facts and al worst a liar. My argument is that a careful look at the truth standards of the genres in which she wrote, making full use of contemporary autobiographical theory, demonstrates that she has produced authentic self-portraits.
Religion in Morley Callaghans Such Is My Beloved
Authors: Burbidge John W.
Published: December 2016

When we follow Wilfred Cantwell Smith in making faith and cumulative tradition the focus for our study of religion, we are committed to adopting an indirect procedure to isolate the nature of faith. Such an approach is applied to Callaghan’s novel about a priest and two prostitutes, first of all by showing that Callaghan explicitly presents an alternative to Marxist and Freudian explanations of human behaviour, and then by considering the novel as a commentary on the Song of Songs, using the four traditional modes of exposition: historical, allegorical, tropological and anagogical.
Ecumenists and Entrepreneurs: A Study of Coalition Leadership
Authors: Campbell Douglas F.
Published: December 2016

This paper is a sociological study of leadership in a Canadian social (religious) movement. Specifically, it is a study of a leadership coalition between ecumenists and entrepreneurs in the church union movement (1904-25) that produced the United Church of Canada. What is demonstrated is that representatives of two groups with dissimilar ideologies collaborated to achieve a common goal — a national organizational merger.
Quand Ti-Jean rencontre Dieu: les sept étages de la vérité
Authors: Labrie Vivian
Published: December 2016

L’expérience religieuse des humains se fabrique à même plusieurs registres dont celui des traditions non officielles. Si on a passablement étudié diverses manifestations de la religion populaire au Canada-Français, on a toutefois peu tenu compte de l’apport du conte populaire, notamment du conte merveilleux, qui fournit pourtant un miroir et une mémoire d’une réflex ion théologique originale portée par la tradition orale. En effet, le mécanisme de transmission orale qui regénère sans cesse ces récits, permet d’y envisager la quête de sens davantage comme recherche de la vérité dans la variation de la parole plutôt que dans son interprétation. Cette contribution polysémique des contes est examinée ici en regard de cinq domaines d’expérience liés au religieux: expériences de la voie, de ia métaphore et du sacré, de l’au-delà, des rites et des passages, du royaume et de la libération.
The Limits of Constraint: Canadian-American Relations and the Korean War, 1950-51
Authors: Prince Robert S.
Published: December 2016

Based on new research from documents in the National Archives of Canada and in the Foreign Relations of the United States series, this paper re-examines some of the key issues of Canadian-American diplomacy during the first seven months of the Korean War. Canadian foreign policymakers faced several difficult decisions during that period. As Denis Stairs has observed, Canada wanted to restrict American actions in Korea; yet at the same time, Canada was itself constrained by the need to preserve unity among the Western allies, by the desire to safeguard Canadian influence in Washington for more vital issues, and by the shared Cold War assumptions which dominated both Canadian and American perceptions of events in Korea.
An Anatomy of Melancholy: Cronenberg’s Dead Zone
Authors: Beard William
Published: December 2016

On the surface a commercial, Hollywood adaptation of a bestseller. The Dead Zone is a work highly characteristic of its director, David Cronenberg. The fate of its protagonist, emerging from a coma with unusual psychic powers, may be read as a metaphor for a largely self-generated sense of passivity and exclusion. These qualities are also to be found in the film’s visual realization. The work as a whole sustains a mood of unusual bleakness and melancholy, qualities as typical of Cronenberg’s work as they are unusual in mainstream cinema.
George Grant, The Free Trade Agreement, and Contemporary Quebec
Authors: Thomas Tim
Published: December 2016

This paper provides a summary of George Grant’s thought pertaining to Quebec in order to critique adequately Jacques-Yvan Morin’s recent interpretation of the value of this thought. In the process, the paper argues that Quebec’s overwhelming support for the Free Trade Agreement and the recent upsurge of language difficulties within the province have evolved out of a tacit awareness of some of Grant’s ideas, especially those which imply that Quebec’s pursuit of the neo-conservative agenda may in fact be incompatible with its traditional goals of cultural preservation.
Social Policy for an Aging Society
Authors: Gee Ellen M.
Published: December 2016

This paper provides a discussion of general issues and debates associated with population aging in Canada, using a framework that focuses upon: historical and present-day tensions regarding the principles underlying social policies, and between economic and social policies; the salience of gender to social policy; and the relevance of social policy challenges to persons of all ages in an aging population. Four policy issues regarding the aged are discussed: criteria for resource allocation, service delivery, models of care, and workplace policies. Selected social policy issues related to an aging society are examined, including intergenerational equity/economics of aging, demographie policies, child care policy, and informal care-giving.
Dix provinces appellent de leurs voeux la même politique de services de longue durée
Authors: Béland François
Published: December 2016

Les services de longue durée pour les personnes âgées ont fait l’objet de réflexions récentes dans la majorité des dix provinces canadiennes. Un bon nombre ont confié à des groupes d’experts un mandat d’étude de leur système de SLD et de recommendations pour une réforme. L’étude de ces documents démontre que les groupes d’experts s’entendent sur les valeurs qui doivent guider la conception et la marche des SLD, sur les principes de leur organisation, la forme de leur gestion et de l’allocation des ressources. Les provinces diffèrent à plusieurs points de vue: démographique, économique et culturel. Mais, le régime canadien d’assurance-maladie a donné aux provinces une responsabilité dans la planification et le financement des services de santé qui englobent une partie des SLD. Par ailleurs, il est difficile de dissocier les fonctions médicales et sociales des SLD, la santé et le bien-être des personnes en perte d’autonomie qui les reçoivent étant indistinctes. Cette double dynamique de la responsabilité provinciale et de la nature particulièrment complexe des SLD explique les ressemblances dans les orientations des politiques de SLD des groupes d’experts.
Environment and Aging
Authors: Haldemann Verena
Published: December 2016

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of research on environment and aging during the 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s. Three approaches have been identified that reflect the interplay between scientific and socio-political issues, namely, institutionalization and purpose-built housing, housing alternatives and maximization of choice, and aging in place. The bulk of this research draws upon the dominant person-environment paradigm, which is being revised and expanded to enhance the active role of the individual in shaping his or her residential world. It is hoped that future research in this field will give more attention to personal experience and group history as well as to social structural features and interrelations between all three.
The Youth Freeze and the Retirement Bulge: Older Workers and the Impending Labour Shortage
Authors: McDonald Lynn
Published: December 2016

A decline in the number of entry-level workers, coupled with a reduction in labour force participation rates, foretells a significant shortage of workers in the near future in Canada. Can and will older workers fill this gap? A review of the changes in the Canadian industrial and occupational structures in light of current retirement patterns suggests a tentative yes to the question. Highly skilled older workers found in managerial/professional and technical occupations may well fill the bill if they can be enticed to remain in the labour force.
The Politics of Muzzling “Lucifer’s Representative”: Godfroy Langlois’s Test of Wilfrid Laurier s Liberalism, 1892-1910
Authors: Dutil P.A.
Published: December 2016

One issue that tested the limits of Lauder’s Liberalism as well as his “alliance” with the church involved the muzzling of a journalist many people considered to be “Lucifer’s direct representative.” Indeed, successive Montreal prelates raged against Liberal editor Godfroy Langlois (1866–1928) and pressed their affiliate organizations to denounce him, but met with only limited success in compelling the Liberal Party leadership into a commitment to act against him. Frustrated, the church was made aware that its guiding words were not heeded by all Liberals and that rougisme still had a place, an important place, in the Liberal Party. Also frustrated were many Liberals who repeatedly protested the patronage Laurier seemed to be giving the radicals.
Canada’s “Gulag”: Project #51 Lac Seul (A Tale from the Great Depression)
Authors: MacDowell Laurel Sefton
Published: December 2016

Single men were particularly vulnerable to unemployment in the Great Depression. In 1932 the federal government established 144 relief work camps across the country. By March 1934 there were 15 camps constructed around Lac Seul in northern Ontario, making Project #51 the largest of the 37 assigned to Ontario. The work of the project — to clear the foreshores of Lac Seul — ran into serious problems including a severe climate, inexperienced personnel, a high turnover rate, disturbances among the men which reflected their discomfort, isolation, and some politics. There were additional problems including relations between camp workers and Indians in the area and between Oriental workers on the project and the others. The major difficulties were that the Lac Seul project was too large and the men were unpaid. After much criticism of the administration and policies of the camps, they became a political liability and in 1936 were closed down.
Planning for the “Most Serious Contingency”: Alien Internment, Arbitrary Detention, and the Canadian State 1938-39
Authors: Robinson Daniel
Published: December 2016

This paper examines the development of the Defence of Canada Regulations in 1938–39, with specific reference to alien internment and arbitrary arrest. The intent is to understand the governmental decision-making process and explain how and why these two areas of legislation came to be. The paper highlights how officials in the Department of National Defence and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police lobbied for widespread powers of arrest and detention and outmaneuvered liberal elements hoping to preserve as much individual liberty as possible.
Northern Distinctiveness, Representation by Population and the Charter: The Politics of Redistribution in the Northwest Territories
Authors: White Graham
Published: December 2016

This paper examines the process of the 1989-90 electoral boundary redistribution in the Northwest Territories and the substantive issues it encompassed. Significant elements of the redistribution exhibited distinctively northern features and attention to the social and political concerns of northern natives. However, the redistribution was also shaped by the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which emphasizes liberal-democratic values, such as representation by population, incompatible with northern and native conceptions of politics. Not only did charter-based litigation limit the options available to those redrawing riding boundaries, but the very existence of the charter significantly coloured the politics of the redistribution.
Present at the Creation: John Richardson and Souwesto
Authors: Duffy Dennis
Published: December 2016

Westbrook the Outlaw (1851), Richardson’s last and, for a century, lost novel stands at Souwesto’s literary beginnings. Demonizing a local figure, reshaping him to suit the ideology of the United States audience he sought after failing to find one in Canada, the novelist still could not discard his own origins and history enough to make his villain fit the new mold. Richardson’s shaping of local material places Westbrook in a new context, giving us a useful point from which to explore subsequent elements in the literature of Souwesto. Two tendencies emerge and can be witnessed to this day: the transmutation of history into legend and folklore, and the avoidance of historical incidents that might point to the wreckage caused by the collisions of class, race and power.
Le XIXe siècle et l’âge d’or des marchés publics au Québec
Authors: Bergeron Yves
Published: December 2016

Loin d’être simplement des centres d’alimentation, les marchés publics étaient des lieus de recontre qui jouaient un rôle important dans la vie sociale des habitants du Québec. Dans son article, Bergeron explore en détail le développement historique et le rôle social des places marchandes en milieu urbain.
Italian Traditional Song in Toronto: From Autobiography to Advocacy
Authors: Giudice Luisa Del
Published: December 2016

Moving from personal “memorates” in her own “musical autobiography," to traditional song in the life of Toronto’s Italian community, the author employs both emic (insider) and etic (outsider) perspectives in this preliminary ethnomusicologic history of the group (genres, contexts, performers, means of diffusion, role of media). Several key factors account for the transformation of Italian Canadian traditions: intergenerational dynamics, biculturalism, hierarchies of prestige (currents of regionalism, dialect, and peasant traditions intersecting those of pan-Italian, national, and bourgeois culture). The rediscovery of traditional song as a means of reintegrating and revitalizing cultural identity is advocated.
Des réfugiés vietnamiens á l’Ecole du Québec, Thaïlande: préliminaires aux rencontres interculturelles
Authors: Guilbert Lucille
Published: December 2016

Cel article présente une approche ethnologíque de la communication interculturelle fondée sur une experience d’enseignement du français dans un camp de réfugiés, en Thaïlande, à des Vietnamiens acceptés á immigrer au Quebec. L’analyse de récits racontés en classe montre comment les récits traditionnels et les récils d’expériences personnelles fournissent à l’individu des schèmes d’interprétation pour se familiariser à un nouveau contexte de vie et pour discuter des chocs culturéis inevitables. Ces récits tissent done la trame sur laquelle peut se fonder un apprentissage de la langue du pays d’accueil et une tentative de compréhension de la culture de l’Autre.
Pragmatism Over Principle: The Canadian Neutrality League, 1938-39
Authors: Lenarcic David A.
Published: December 2016

In the latter half of the 1930s, a loose and informal grouping of English-Canadian intellectuals became determined to keep Canada neutral in a British war or at least to have the Dominion’s right of neutrality recognized. The war-scare associated with the Munich crisis of September 1938 provided the catalyst for the most ambitious and organized campaign launched by these non-interventionists. However, the compromise strategy which differences among the non-interventionists forced them to adopt, the irreducible pro-British sentiment of the bulk of English Canadians, and the blatantly treacherous actions of Adolf Hitler combined to defeat the non-interventionist intellectuals by the spring of 1939.
Student Leaders at the University of Montreal from 1950 to 1958: Beyond the "Carabin Persona"
Authors: Neatby Nicole
Published: December 2016

This article modifies some commonly held assumptions about Quebec in the 1950s. A case study of the University of Montreal student leaders shows that as early as 1950 they were committed to international peace and global cooperation, the question of social reform within Quebec society, and the emerging debates over university reform. In fact, this third area of social action rapidly became the main focus of their reformist initiatives. While their increasingly radical pressure tactics did not change the policies of the Duplessis government, by 1958 these students had succeeded in establishing themselves as respected reformers in Quebec society. Their initiatives show that the 1950s was more a decade of transition leading up to the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s than a period of “Grande Noirceur.”
Class, Status and Crisis: Upper-Class Protestants and the Founding of the United Church of Canada
Authors: Campbell Douglas F.
Published: December 2016

The decision by the Congregational, Methodist and Presbyterian churches to merge in 1925 into the United Church of Canada produced a crisis. This paper examines the responses of upper-class members of these churches to this crisis and explains the results through the dynamic between social class and social status.
The Dionne Quintuplets: More Than an Ontario Showpiece — Five Franco-Ontarian Children
Authors: Welch David
Published: December 2016

This article seeks to situate the Dionne Quintuplets in the context of their own evolving ethnocultural community — Franco-Ontarian society of the 1930s and 1940s, with its own history and contradictions. By placing the community at the centre of the story, we can better understand how the family interacted with the larger French-Canadian community and how the community in turn responded to the reality of the Quints. The purpose here is not to consider the many events in the struggle of the Dionne family to regain custody of the Quints; rather, the focus will be on four examples that help us to understand the forms of the interaction between the Dionne family and the French-Canadian community.
“The Intellectual Possibilities of a Mere Colony”: The Week in Search of a New Canadian Soul
Authors: Tausky Thomas E.
Published: December 2016

In its time, The Week (1883-1896) was Canada’s leading political and literary periodical. Yet, unlike its Australian contemporary, The Bulletin, it did not create a coherent or enduring vision of a distinctive nationality. The Week was handicapped by the limited scope available for the pursuit of political and cultural independence in a country tom by the struggle between advocates of closerties with either the United States or Britain. Theories of nationalism, both those of present-day scholars and those articulated by The Week itself, indicate how fragile a sense of community existed in late-nineteenth-century Canada.
Sara Jeannette Duncan in the “Camp of the Philistines”
Authors: Hammill Faye
Published: December 2016

The newspaper columns Sara Jeannette Duncan wrote in the 1880s explore English Canada’s literary climate in relation to those of the United States and Britain, and this commentary is adapted and extended in her novel The Imperialist. Duncan’s own literary talents were not highly valued in Canada, and she was forced to seek recognition and publication abroad. Yet her veiled criticisms of Canada’s “colonial” and philistine attitudes coexist in The Imperialist with an affirmation of her country’s creative potential. Her analysis prefigures those offered almost a century later by Northrup Frye, D.G. Jones and Margaret Atwood, and it is significant that these critics all omit Duncan from their overviews of Canadian literature.
Pour une étude comparée de la littérature québécoise et des littératures coloniales américaines
Authors: Lamonde Yvan
Published: December 2016

Le présent article adopte Sa perspective de l’analyse des littératures postcoloniales dans la mesure où, affranchies, ces littératures peuvent donner lieu à une étude comparée originale de l’émergence des littératures coloniales panaméricaines. Prenant pour acquis qu’il faut tout autant comparer les littératures coloniales américaines entre elles qu’avec celles des métropoles européennes, l’auteur propose un modèle d’analyse de ces littératures coloniales américaines en émergence.aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles.
Colonial, Nev-Colonial, Post-Colonial: Images of Christian Missions in Hiram A. Cody’s The Frontiersman, Rudy Wiebe’s First and Vital Candle and Basil Johnston’s Indian School Days
Authors: Scott Jamie S.
Published: December 2016

Christian missionaries, mission stations and missionary educational policy have played a key role in relations among Canada’s indigenous and non-indigenous peoples. For the most part, historians and history books have furnished us with our understanding of these realities. But fictional images are also a part of this picture. This paper problematizes notions of the colonial, the post-colonial and the neocolonial by locating Rudy Wiebe’s First and Vital Candle over against Hiram A. Cody’s The Frontiersman: A Tale of the Yukon, on the one hand, and on the other, Basil Johnston’s Indian School Days. The appositioning of Wiebe’s novel and Cody’s antecedent colonial narrative suggests the postcolonial status of Wiebe’s novel. But Native writer Johnston’s depiction of life for Native children at a Christian Residential School implicitly interrogates some of the premises of Wiebe’s novel to suggest that its post-colonial status might easily be understood as a form of appropriative neo-colonialism. In so doing, Johnston writes back to the Christian missionary’s God. The paper closes with some remarks about post colonial reading as a form of ethical praxis, with specific reference to images of Christian missions and their legacy, the Residential School, in Canadian literature written in English.
Dancing to Perdition: Adolescence and Leisure in Interwar English Canada
Authors: Comacchio Cynthia
Published: December 2016

By the early-twentieth century, Canadian adolescents were spending much of their leisure time apart from their families. They were enjoying greater social freedom in the streets, in clubs, through organized entertainments and through new commercial amusements, shaping a youth culture expressed through leisure activity. Modem leisure and modem adolescence came to be connected in a multifarious critique that entwined these "problems" with larger issues of citizenship, national welfare and the nature of modernity. This essay is about the shaping of a modem adolescence during the interwar years through the attempted regulation of youthful pastimes. Examination of public discourses, as well as archival and documentary sources, allows us to see the formation of a notion of modem citizenship that was none the less premised on a “traditional” class, race and gender-defined Christian domestic ideal.
The Confusing Identities Attributed to Stadacona and Hochelaga
Authors: Pendergast James F.
Published: December 2016

This paper examines the several identities currently attributed to Jacques Cartier’s Stadacona and Hochelaga. Identities derived largely by historians from documentary sources originating prior to the last 40 years are contrasted with identities derived largely by anthropologists from the archaeological and linguistic evidence that has been available since the 1950s. Because the more current research is not being used by some historians who seek to explain sixteenth-century events in the St Lawrence Valley, their perceptions of New France in this context are skewed by limitations inherent in pre-1950 documentary and cartographic sources.
La Révolution tranquille: Rupture ou Tournant?
Authors: Rouillard Jacques
Published: December 2016

La Révolution tranquille représente un événement central dans l’histoire du Québec. L’interprétation traditionnelle, qui imprègne encore la mémoire collective des Québécois et qui se retrouve dans plusieurs travaux, dépeint le début des années 1960 comme un moment de rupture pour la société francophone après une longue période de conservatisme. Elle marquerait leur entrée dans le monde moderne et l’adoption de valeurs et d’orientations mieux en accord avec une société industrielle. Cette vision du passé est remise en cause depuis un peu plus d’une vingtaine d’années par un groupe d’historiens qui interprètent cet événement moins en terme de rupture que comme un tournant de son histoire. Loin d’être une société immobile, le Québec francophone se transformerait depuis longtemps, notamment sous le coup de l’industrialisation et de l’urbanisation.

Notre propos dans ce texte est de réaffirmer la pertinence de cette dernière interprétation pour comprendre le Québec contemporain à un moment où certains historiens la mettent en doutent Nous y regroupons les conclusions de nombreux travaux et présentons des données nouvelles pour mettre en relief les similitudes de développement du Québec avec les autres sociétés nord-américaines et montrer la diversité des forces qui façonnent son histoire. Nous nous attachons d’abord à démontrer dans quelle mesure l’industrialisation et l’urbanisation ont touché la société francophone. Puis, nous mettons en relief l’existence d’une bourgeoisie d’affaires dynamique et d’une classe ouvrière vigoureuse. Enfin, nous identifions les forces sociales qui diffusent la pensée libérale en milieu francophone, faisant ainsi contrepoids aux groupes clérico-conservateurs.
Mind, Medicine, and the Christian Science Controversy in Canada, 1888-1910
Authors: Jasen Patricia
Published: December 2016

Christian Science originated in the United States and arrived in Canada in the late 1880s. Its cultural antecedents lay in the vitalist reaction against the mechanistic vision of the human body which increasingly dominated Western medical orthodoxy. The new sect’s reception in Canada occurred in the context of other intellectual and social movements, including idealism, feminism and spiritualism. Among the most vocal opponents of Christian Science were church and medical leaders who believed that Canadians needed spiritual and legal protection against a system they viewed as anti-rational, immoral and dangerous. Largely overlooked in Canadian historical writing, Christian Science provoked a controversy of wide significance in Canada bearing on such issues as the interaction of mind and body, the role of faith in curing disease, and the state’s role in securing the hegemony of the medical profession.
Linguistic Schizophrenia: The Poetics of Acadian Identity Construction
Authors: Boudreau J. Paul , Gammel Irene
Published: December 2016

This article investigates the strategic mixing of French and English language in Acadian poems and songs as examples of what we have termed dialogue-intrusion. Our study is designed to highlight unique instances of the meshing of linguistic flexibility within the context of cultural identity construction. This case study reveals that in the hands of poets and songwriters language mixing can become a powerful tool of resistance. By examining institutional critiques, topographic mappings and use of cultural icons, this article argues that language mixing in Acadian poetry and songs presents a strategic mocking doubleness, while also creating the seeds of a distinctly Acadian identity and voice.
Negotiating the 1983 Canada-United States Agreement for the Test and Evaluation of US Defence Systems in Canada
Authors: Kirkey Christopher
Published: December 2016

The 10 February 1983 Canada-United States Test and Evaluation Program (CANUSTEP) Agreement, designed to permit American authorities to test and evaluate a broad range of new and emerging weapons systems in Canada, was the subject of intensive bilateral negotiations in 1982. Ottawa sought to conclude an overarching umbrella pact that would safeguard or promote a myriad of national interests, while the United States focussed on its need for guaranteed access to Canadian territory and airspace. The negotiations, shaped by American dependence on Canadian co-operation, shared alliance membership, and the longstanding co-operative relationship between the Canadian Department of National Defence and the US Department of Defense, resulted in a mutually satisfactory outcome for both parties.
With an Ear to the Ground: The CCF/NDP and Aboriginal Policy in Canada, 1926-1993
Authors: Tester Frank James , McNicoll Paule , Forsyth Jessie
Published: December 2016

The paper examines the historical role of the CCF/NDP in the making of federal Aborigina policy in Canada. It commences with an examination of the importance of the CCF/NDP rolt in influencing federal policy. This is followed by a critical examination of the prevailing attitudes and values held by the party's founders — including its first leader — J.S. Woodsworth It examines significant changes subsequently made to the Indian Act, culminating with the legislation of 1951, the party's response to the 1969 white paper, revisions to the Canada Act (1982) and subsequent attempts at amendment — the failed Meech Lake Accord (1987) and the Charlottetown Accord of 1992.

The party's position on key issues affecting Aboriginal peoples has often been contradictory and, particularly in the case of deliberations about the Canada Act (1981) have created rifts within caucus. What emerges, however, is evidence that the party, despite not always adopting the most progressive stance with respect to Aboriginal aspirations, has, con sistent with its populist roots, been willing to listen and to modify its position in accord with the emerging demands of Aboriginal peoples. The details of this process reveal the roles of populist leanings and ideological principles in shaping party policy.
The Northern Vision of Harold Innis
Authors: Evenden Matthew
Published: December 2016

Harold Innis, Canada's pre-eminent social scientist in the inter-war period, developed a northern vision for Canada in the 1920s. Through field research and study of communications, the fur trade and mineral production, he developed an understanding of the North as an industrial frontier and as a binding agent for national unity. This paper examines Innis's engagement with an imagined North by assessing the various cultural and intellectual impulses that focussed his attention on the region. It re-reads his field notes as cultural texts inscribing a gendered and racialized North, and considers his portrayal of the region to southern audiences.
Jules Sioui and Indian Political Radicalism in Canada, 1943-1944
Authors: Shewell Hugh
Published: December 2016

Two remarkable conventions of First Nations chiefs and political leaders in Canada occurred in Ottawa during the final years of the Second World War. Ostensibly protesting military conscription and income taxation, the issues at the conventions went to the heart of their oppression: the denial of aboriginal rights, nationhood and self-determination. The essay critically reviews the context of Indian policy leading up to the conventions, the impact of the protest led by Jules Sioui and the continuing divergence of First Nations' and state objectives concerning the future place of Indians in Canada. In conclusion, the essay discusses the idea of citizenship and the inclusion of indigenous peoples in states of European settler origins.
Economic Historiography in the 1950s: The Saskatchewan School
Authors: Neill Robin
Published: December 2016

This essay focusses on the economic history and policy of Saskatchewan in the 1940s and 1950s. In the 1930s it was fashionable to take note of the structured differences between regional economies in the Canadian federation. By the 1950s, however, the trend was towards Keynesian macroeconomic theory, which examined issues using a pan-national focus. This essay examines the means by which Saskatchewan theorists, George Britnell, Mabel Tinlin, Kenneth Buckley and Vernon Fowke, addressed this dichotomy, and contributed to Canadian economic thought in the 1950s.
Intuitive Nationalist Walter Gordon as Thinker
Authors: Azzi Stephen
Published: December 2016

This article examines Walter Gordon's influence on Canadian political thought, particularly, his ideas about Canada's economic relations with the United States. It argues that Gordon lacked understanding of the international economic issues that were central to much of his thought and that his views were based on intuition and personal experience, rather than examination of Canadian affairs. Nevertheless, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, his public prominence and connections with the media, coupled with a growing unease in Canada about the country's relations with the United States, allowed Gordon to amass broad support for his efforts to reduce Canada's reliance on American capital.
The Poetic Frye
Authors: O’Grady Jean
Published: December 2016

This essay surveys the major achievements and world-wide acclaim that give substance to Northrop Frye's reputation as one of the most influential Canadians of the twentieth century. It points out, however, that Frye did not succeed in his project to establish criticism as a discipline with its own accepted axioms based on an acknowledgement of the unity of literature. Rather than concluding that the more theoretical works have been superseded, however, the essay argues that they may now be read as imaginative creations approaching poetry, embodying an insight nourished by literature but focussed on the human condition itself.
Northrop Frye: Liberal Humanism and the Critique of Ideology
Authors: Long Douglas
Published: December 2016

Despite Northrop Frye's expressed desire to contribute to the discussion, within a very broad constituency of educated citizens, of fundamental socio-political issues such as societal cohesion amid cultural diversity, the validation of structures of power and the idea of progress, his reflections have received scant attention from social scientists.

After briefly illustrating some of Frye's political concerns and insights, this essay locates in his taxonomy of verbal structures, deployed most importantly in Words with Power (1990), the basis for an incisive critique of the modalities of political discourse. It concentrates specifically on his distinction between the divisive and iniquitous rhetoric of ideology, expressive of the human urge for domination and advantage, and the inclusive and unifying language of myth, expressive of what Frye calls “primary concerns.”
Long Time Coming: The Century of the Canadian Child?
Authors: Strong-Boag Veronica
Published: December 2016

The plight of poor children is a Canadian tragedy. Despite the magnitude of the problem, both in the past and in the present, Canadian studies has largely ignored the study of children in general and those of the poor in particular. This article explores the meaning of that indifference and suggests possible remedies, Canadian studies and this journal more especially could make a substantial contribution both to scholarship and to the nation if they made research on needy youngsters a priority in the new millennium.
All Things Canadian Are Now Regional
Authors: Savoie Donald J.
Published: December 2016

The process of national integration in Canada, it seems, is being brought to a halt. At a time when the economic consequences of globalization and neo-conservative policies are redefining how Canadian regions relate to one another, national political institutions are in a state of disrepair and are no longer in a position to promote national political integration. This will serve to weaken the central or federal government in the years ahead. Moreover, it will no longer be able to rely on its traditional supporters, notably the four Atlantic provinces, to claim a strong role for itself in the federation. The question to be addressed is that of how Canada can continue to function as a national union, as we come to terms with the fact that all things Canadian will increasingly become regional.
Will Canada Survive the Canadian State?
Authors: Whitaker Reg
Published: December 2016

There is a growing sense of unease about Canada’s capacity to survive politically in a globalized world. Conceptual problems regarding “nation,” “state” and “sovereignty” have plagued our understanding of the Canadian political community in the past, and continue to cloud thinking on Canada’s place in a changing world. Political ideology has focussed on a series of dichotomies (state v. society; centralization v. decentralization; public v. private) and the nation has been identified with one or other side of these dichotomies. In the 21st century, political discourses are changing, along with underlying structural conditions, but political science must transform its own analytical categories to come to terms with these changes. A new agenda for Canadian political studies might better focus not on older institutional boundaries, but on political actions taken by Canadians whether inside or outside the state, whether inside or outside Canada itself.
The State of Canadian Studies at the Year 2000: Some Observations
Authors: Symons T.H.B.
Published: December 2016

Much has changed, and some things have not, in the quarter century since the publication of To Know Ourselves, the report of the Commission on Canadian Studies. The chair of the Commission offers some observations about the current status of Canadian Studies and shares some concerns about the future of such studies and about the future of Canada.
Women's National and Gendered Identity: The Case of Canada
Authors: Sève Micheline de
Published: December 2016

In this text, the author explores the difficulties of integrating diversity into the pan-Canadian women's movement. She outlines how hard it was for Canadian feminists to understand the “différend” (unassimilable difference) between themselves and nationalist Québécoises. Gradually English-Canadian feminists learned that their claim to represent Canadian women was illegitimate because feminist Québécoises intended to represent themselves. She concludes that it has become normal for the Québec and English-Canadian movements to disagree on issues, although this disagreement does not preclude ad hoc coalitions. Moreover, women's movements in Canada and Québec are now jealous of their autonomy and are fragmented, precluding the emergence of a political perspective based on “unity-in-difference.”
Can National History Include a Feminist Reflection on History?
Authors: Dumont Micheline
Published: December 2016

To explore the many theoretical links between feminism and nationalism, this article follows many authors: Benedict Anderson, George Mosse, Cynthia Enloe, Ida Bloom and Susan Mann. The author presents new interpretations of four episodes in national history: ideas about women among the “Patriots of the 1837 Rebellion”; the relationship between French-Canadian nationalism and feminism in the first half of the twentieth century; the sexual symbolism found in the writings of the radical nationalists during the 1960s; and the sweet and sour links between feminists and the Parti Québécois.
Québec Women and the Constitutional Issue: A Scattered Group
Authors: Maillé Chantai
Published: December 2016

This text looks at how Québec women have participated in constitutional politics. In the first part of the text, some central ideas are presented, for example, “woman” as a political cohort, nationalism and nomadism. The role played by women in the shaping of the contemporary nationalist project is examined. Finally the results of the author's survey on women, constitutional options and support to feminism are presented.
Pluriculturalisme au Québec: la voix des auteurs allophones
Authors: Toonder Jeanette den
Published: December 2016

Les thèmes reliés à l'exil et à la domination sont partout présents dans l'histoire de la littérature québécoise. Malgré ce fait, les auteurs immigrés sont trop souvent placés en dehors de la tradition québécoise. C'est que leur écriture nuirait à l'homogénéité, et donc à l'identité, d'un groupe culturel bien défini. A l'aide d'une étude comparative de plusieurs œuvres publiées récemment par des auteurs allophones, je me propose d'étudier l'effet non pas nuisible mais enrichissant du pluriculturalisme sur la littérature québécoise. Les traits distinctifs de l'écriture des auteurs allophones fécondent la culture québécoise à un tel point qu'une tentative de redéfinition de sa littérature semble essentielle.
The Role and Practice of Racialized Discourse in Culture and Cultural Production
Authors: Tator Carol , Henry Frances
Published: December 2016

This article examines the discursive processes through which the cultural élite, including journalists and editors, and other cultural "authorities" responded to a controversy over three cultural events, the "Writing Thru Race" conference, "Into the Heart of Africa" and Show Boat. In analyzing the protests against racism in cultural production, the press employed a discourse aimed at delegitimizing dissent and stifling debate. Within a discourse of liberal principles and values the media and other cultural producers articulated and transmitted powerful and negative narratives, denigrating images and ideas about ethno-racial minorities. The authors contend, that in a racialized society, the repertoires of representation and representational practices are used to signal racial difference and signify the racialized "Other." The paper illuminates how social inequality is constructed and maintained through discursive practices in the cultural spaces of Canadian organizations, institutions and systems.
In and Around Canadian Music
Authors: Straw Will
Published: December 2016

Music occupies a curious and ambiguous place within national cultures. Its role in ceremony and tradition often makes music one of the most forceful forces in asserting the unity of national cultures. At the same time, music is a powerful reminder of social division. The role of government policy in nourishing music and the music industries is often unclear. In seeking to build secure foundations for a music industry, public policy risks closing off those processes which encourage innovation and diversity. The greatest problem facing the Quebec-based francophone music industries in recent years has come from success in creating tightly integrated firms and institutions - a success which risks leading to stylistic and economic stagnation. For the English-Canadian industries, weakness has come from the lack of integration between companies and sectors. This has led to a fragility. The recent establishment of a fully integrated English-Canadian music company, The Song Corporation, may alter this situation somewhat.
The Rhetoric of Culture: Some Notes on Magazines,Canadian Culture and Globalization
Authors: Szeman Imre
Published: December 2016

Through an examination of the government's most recent attempt to defend the Canadian magazine industry (Bill C-55), this essay considers the politics of defending Canadian culture in the era of globalization. It argues that the defence of Canadian culture cannot be taken as synonymous with the defence of ways of life that are opposed to the profit-driven logic of global capitalism. Rather, struggles over Canadian culture can impede our understanding of Canada's place in globalization by distracting us from the real issues. This is shown in the defence of the Canadian magazine industry on the grounds of its importance to national culture. Magazines are exemplary mass cultural commodities whose form and content both express the consumerist values of contemporary capitalism. This paper argues that worries about Canadian content are often articulated at the expense of a more general examination of the function of culture within capitalism and of the implicit politics of the forms of mass culture.
Tuning in the Future:Digital Technology and Commercial Radio Broadcasting in Canada
Authors: Parnis Deborah
Published: December 2016

Commercial radio, a pervasive part of the Canadian cultural landscape for nearly a century, is poised to undergo a fundamental transformation. Driven by a technology known as Digital Audio Broadcasting, radio broadcasters, with the support of the state, are proposing to replace conventional AM and FM radio, altering the familiar sounds we have known and re-organizing cultural practices associated with the medium. Prophesied as the "wave of the future," this digital technology and the new programming services it will engender, promise to draw Canadian radio into the "communications revolution," as well as the larger processes of globalization that are increasingly characterizing social, economic and political life. This essay outlines the nature of digital radio, the powers behind its development and stabilization, and some of the questions and issues that arise concerning not only the fate of radio broadcasting, but of commercial culture and cultural policy in Canadian national life.
Politiques culturelles de la visibilité, ou comment le spectre des classes sociales vient encore hanter le spectacle du multiculturel
Authors: Mavrikakis Catherine
Published: December 2016

Cet article tente de penser l'impact du multiculturalisme sur la culture canadienne. Il pose un regard critique sur l'étanchéité des diverses cultures en présence et s'interroge sur la hiérarchie qui les fonde. S'opposant à l'idée d’un multiculturalisme émancipateur et critique de l'Etat-Nation, cette réflexion veut penser les facteurs socio-économiques et la classe sociale sur lesquelles se base la notion même de multiculture. Le multiculturalisme permet à l'État de légiférer sur la représentation de l'hybridité de la nation et nous amène à réfléchir sur le néocolonialisme présent dans les pays du Nord à l'heure de la mondialisation.