bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Library and Its Place in Cultural Memory: The Grande Bibliothèque du Québec in the Construction of Social and Cultural Identity
Authors: MacLennan Birdie
Published: November 2007

The province of Québec, the sole province in Canada where the citizens are a French-language majority, is also the only province with its own national library. The Bibliothèque nationale du Québec and other significant libraries around the world collect and preserve memory in ways that create a context for cultural recall. The first part of this article traces the heated debates that took place in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries over the creation of a public or municipal library in Montréal. The second part traces the events leading to the development of the Bibliothèque nationale du Québec and its subsequent merger in 2005 with the Bibliothèque municipale de Montréal to form the Grande Bibliothèque, or "the new national library of Québec." The stages of evolution of the Bibliothèque nationale/Grande Bibliothèque, in parallel with the development of public libraries in Québec, can be viewed as a reflection of the evolution and metamorphosis of society and cultural memory in Québec throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to the present.
In Their Own Image: The Public Library Collection as a Reflection of Its Donors
Authors: Stauffer Suzanne M
Published: November 2007

Early library boards espoused the positive effects of socially beneficial and culturally substantive knowledge. The Ogden (Utah) Carnegie Free Library board was no exception. However, when the library opened in 1903, it included a large number of donated materials that reflected a library mission beyond education and self-improvement. Ogden's community and social leaders, many of whom were library board members, donated a wide range of material, creating a public library that responded to and reflected the community's needs and interests, not merely those expressed in public statements and official documents. This information yields insights into the donors' views of the broad role of the public library in the community as well as their desire to establish an individual, ethnic, religious, and political presence in the communal institution of the library.
Regina Andrews and the New York Public Library
Authors: Whitmire Ethelene
Published: November 2007

Chicago native Regina Anderson Andrews (1901–93) was a librarian in the New York Public Library (NYPL) system for nearly half a century beginning in 1923 at the 135th Street branch (now the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture) until her retirement from the Washington Heights branch in 1967. Andrews broke the color barrier by becoming the first African American supervising librarian in NYPL history. Her accomplishment was not an easy one. This article illustrates Andrews's groundbreaking career as a librarian and activist, including her fight, with W. E. B. Du Bois as a powerful ally, against the NYPL administration for opportunities for promotion and equal pay.
Finding Time for Scholarship: A Survey of Canadian Research University Librarians
Authors: Fox David
Published: November 2007

More than half the participants in a survey of Canadian research university librarians indicated that scholarship activities were required or encouraged at their universities, yet most university librarians have year-round schedules of assigned duties that present challenges to the engagement in sustained, meaningful scholarship. Full-time librarians reported spending an average of 47 hours per week on all of their responsibilities combined, but most librarians devote less than five hours per week to scholarly activities. Ideally, librarians would like to spend 15 percent of their time on scholarship. Strategies for increasing time and support for scholarship are considered.
Beyond Collaboration: Seeking Greater Scope and Centrality for Library Instruction
Authors: Owusu-Ansah Edward K
Published: November 2007

Despite progress made by academic libraries in advancing their instructional activities, their teaching role continues to be predominantly restricted to limited classroom engagements with students. Overwhelming professional support has been dedicated to practices that insist on disciplinary context and collaboration as the most viable mechanisms for information literacy education. This article argues for a more direct and involved credit-bearing role. It takes an approach that asserts the generic contribution of the library for development of information literacy competencies, which form a foundation for more successful discipline-based consolidation of such desired competencies. It also argues that granting the library the right to offer credit-bearing classes to achieve such a goal would legitimize the library's educational contribution.
The Privatization of Public University Research Libraries
Authors: Franklin Brinley
Published: November 2007

Are we witnessing the privatization of public university research libraries? There is convincing evidence that, in an era of decreasing state support for public higher education, public universities have begun to resemble private universities, particularly in their sources of revenue. A number of indicators demonstrate that public universities, like private universities, are increasingly dependent on tuition and fees, federal grants and contracts, private gifts, and revenues from auxiliary services. How has this shift in revenue sources affected public university research libraries? Are public university research libraries beginning to resemble private university research libraries in how they are funded as well? Preliminary findings suggest that public university research libraries may also be funded in ways increasingly similar to private university research libraries.
Evidence-Based Library Management: The Leadership Challenge
Authors: Lakos Amos
Published: November 2007

This paper is an extension of the author's earlier work on developing management information services and creating a culture of assessment in libraries. The author will focus observations on the use of data in decision-making in libraries, specifically on the role of leadership in making evidence-based decision a reality, and will review new opportunities for data analysis, assessment delivery, and decision-making in libraries. Developments in the information technology (IT) area, especially the increased dominance of very large networked infrastructures and associated services, large-scale digitization projects, collaborative frameworks, and economic and market trends, may have a positive impact on library options for data use and analysis by library management. The discussion is informed by a wide range of new products and services, which are becoming available in the marketplace and are designed to assist decision makers, and by interviews conducted by the author with over 20 library directors, mostly from the Association of Research Libraries.
Portals for Undergraduate Subject Searching: Are They Worth It?
Authors: Nichols Jane , Mellinger Margaret
Published: November 2007

In spring 2005, a task force of Oregon State University librarians investigated whether undergraduates would gravitate toward subject portals tentatively named "virtual college libraries." A literature review and Web site inventory shaped our definition of a virtual college library. A preliminary needs assessment consisting of an online survey, focus groups, and a usability study showed how students approach their information needs, what searching methods and technologies they typically use, and whether they use personalization features. The results changed the course of the project. We concluded that subject resources presented at the course level better meet undergraduate needs.
On-Premises Library versus Google-like Information Gateway Usage Patterns: A LibQUAL+® Study
Authors: Thompson Bruce , Kyrillidou Martha , Cook Colleen
Published: November 2007

Using LibQUAL+® data provided by 295,355 of the participants who completed the LibQUAL+® survey in 2003, 2004, and 2005, the present study was conducted to address three research questions. First, what differences, if any, have occurred across time in the use by (a) undergraduates, (b) graduate students/postgraduates, and (c) faculty of on-premises library information resources versus non-library information gateways such as Google? Second, what differences, if any, have occurred across international regions in the use by (a) undergraduates, (b) graduate students/postgraduates, and (c) faculty of on-premises library information resources versus non-library information gateways such as Google? Third, what differences, if any, are there in perceptions of library service quality across four user types ("Nonusers," "Traditionalists," "Web Techies," and "Voracious Users") reflecting different on-premises and Internet gateway usage frequencies? The results shed light on information use trends and patterns around the world.
Cooking Modernity: Nutrition Policies, Class, and Gender in 1940s and 1950s Mexico City
Authors: Aguilar-Rodríguez Sandra
Published: November 2007

As dawn broke in Mexico City's streets, steamy pots opened to offer the delicious smell of hot tamales andatole. Lupita woke up early that morning to sell tamales in the usual corner of Niño Perdido street in Mexico City's downtown. In that year, 1947, the construction of the Latin American Tower had just started. Lupita observed the builders digging deeply in the foundations while she sipped her atole and served red and green sauce tamales to her customers. In 1940s and 1950s Mexico City, workers and low-ranking bureaucrats started their day with this popular meal, as they had done since colonial times. Reformers, however, questioned the nutritional value of the working-class diet and considered it as a threat to the construction of modern Mexico.
The “Pre-Colombian” Era of Drug Trafficking in the Americas: Cocaine, 1945-1965
Authors: Gootenberg Paul
Published: November 2007

Before anyone heard of Colombiannarcotraficantes, a new class of international cocaine traffickers was born between 1947 and 1964, led by little-known Peruvians, Bolivians, Chileans, Cubans, Mexicans, Brazilians, and Argentines. These men—and often daring young women—anxiously pursued by U.S. drug agents, pioneered the business of illicit cocaine, a drug whose small-scale production in the Andes remained legal and above board until the late 1940s. Before 1945, cocaine barely existed as an illicit drug; by 1950, a handful of couriers were smuggling it by the ounce from Peru; by the mid-1960s this hemispheric flow topped hundreds of kilos yearly, linking thousands of coca farmers across the eastern Andes to crude labs, organized trafficking rings, and a bustling retailer diaspora in consuming hot-spots like New York and Miami. The Colombians of the 1970s, the Pablo Escobars who leveraged this network into one of hundreds of tons, worth untold billions, are today notorious. Yet historians have yet to uncover their modest predecessors or the actual start of Colombia's role: cocaine's “pre-Colombian” origins.
Black Rebels: The Cimarrons of Sixteenth-Century Panama
Authors: Pike Ruth
Published: November 2007

The strategic location of the Isthmus of Panama within the commercial network of the Spanish Empire and the need to defend it has greatly influenced historical writing on sixteenth-and seventeenth-century Panama. Most studies have emphasized military and economic history and with few exceptions, have shown little interest in other aspects of Panamanian life. An excellent review of the historical literature on colonial Panama can be found in Christopher Ward, Imperial Panama: Commerce and Conflict in Isthmian America, 1550-1800 (Albuquerque, 1993). Despite a continuing emphasis on the usual themes of trade and defense, there is a growing trend to focus on other topics such as population movements and social classes. One of the areas still awaiting further investigation and study is the history of the cimarrons of Panama. The two principal primary sources for the role of the cimarrons are the collections of documents from the Archivo General de Indias in Seville published by Irene Wright and Carol F. Jopling, respectively. Wright's Documents Concerning the English Voyages to the Spanish Main, 1569-1580 (London, 1932) contains the correspondence of Spanish officials on the Isthmus to the king relating to the activities of the English pirates and their alliance with the cimarrons.
In the Absence of Priests: Young Women as Apostles to the Poor, Chile 1922–1932
Authors: Yeager Gertrude M.
Published: November 2007

The Roman Catholic Church in Chile first acknowledged its inability to pastor its flock in the 1920s because of an acute shortage of priests. Alberto Hurtado Cruchaga, SJ addressed the clerical crisis in a 1936 article,La Crisis Sacerdotal en Chile. When critics found his analysis “exaggerated,” he conducted a survey of Chilean religious practices and published the findings in a controversial essay entitledEs Chile un país católico?which is said to have earned him the wrath of the hierarchy because it called attention to the woeful neglect of pastoral duties especially among the rural and working class populations. This empirical data demonstrated that the Catholic Church in Chile had 1615 priests, of whom 780 were secular and 835 regular clergy; of the same 1615 priests 915 were Chilean and 700 were foreigners. There were 451 parishes, some of which contained several towns and villages scattered over a thousand square kilometers with 10,000 parishioners to be ministered to by a single priest. Hurtado's solution—a larger and better-educated clergy—was a long-term solution to an urgent problem that would never be achieved. Something had to be done immediately to keep the faith alive. In the gendered world of Chilean Catholicism, the task of preserving the faith fell to young laywomen.
Transgressive Transformations: Representations of Maid Marian in Robin Hood Retellings
Authors: Cohoon Lorinda B.
Published: November 2007

During the twentieth century, numerous children's and young adult variations of the Robin Hood legend substantially expanded Maid Marian's role. Maid Marian figures in works by Carola Oman, Teresa Tomlinson, Robin McKinley, and Marcia Williams provide examples of playful experimentation with textual and cultural constructions of young womanhood. The retellings serve as "transgression" sites that both reinforce and test cultural and historical constructions of womanhood. In these permutations, Maid Marian figures blur gender boundaries, expose class conflicts, and demonstrate women's significant participation in the symbolic economies, social structures, and sexualities of the court, town, and forest.
The Victorian Sickroom in L. M. Montgomery's The Blue Castle and Emily's Quest : Sentimental Fiction and the Selling of Dreams
Authors: Lawson Kate
Published: November 2007

L. M. Montgomery's The Blue Castle and Emily's Quest interrogate idealism as a viable generic mode, the former exploiting its strength, the latter exposing its weakness. The Blue Castle employs an idealism that is not captive to the merely sentimental in order to resolve the dilemma Montgomery faced in 1924–26: how to reconcile her heroines' desires for sexual intimacy with their equally strong imaginative impulses. The Blue Castle achieves such a reconciliation through a strategic use of Victorian associations of illness with intimacy, pleasure, and imaginative potential. Emily's Quest, by contrast, is beset by a deadening heartsickness and a failed imagination.
Messages in a Bottle: The 2007 Lion and the Unicorn Award for Excellence in North American Poetry
Authors: Sorby Angela , Thomas Joseph T. , Flynn Richard
Published: November 2007

The third annual Lion and Unicorn Award for Excellence in North American Poetry essay evaluates the books of verse published for children in 2006. It celebrates the winner, JonArno Lawson, for his second book of children's poetry, Black Stars in a White Night Sky, and three honor books, while noting that this year's offerings include several important reprints. Thus the books submitted for this year's award are discussed in the context of their distinguished predecessors. The winning books compare favorably, reading, as the title of the essay suggests, as "messages in a bottle"-love letters from the past to the future.
Uniformity of Axial Displacement in Element Testing
Authors: Kim Woosung , Labuz Joseph , Chadbourn Bruce , Loken Marc
Published: November 2007

Uniform axial deformation is a basic assumption in element testing, where axial strain typically is determined from displacement measurements. In applying force through rigid platens, however, some rotation may occur such that the fundamental stress field is perturbed. Thus, nonuniformity among measures of axial displacement may be present, and the response may consist of a component due to uniform deformation and a component due to rotation. To estimate this nonuniformity for cylindrical specimens, at least three sensors are needed, and in general, the axial strain cannot be estimated without error from only two sensors. For equiangular placement of three sensors, it is shown that the mean of the displacement readings is equal to the displacement from the uniform component. The rotation does not affect the average value, but the rotation must be calculated to estimate the nonuniformity. The ratio of the measured maximum and minimum displacement does not provide an objective evaluation.
ROBO—A Bench Procedure to Replace Sequence IIIGA Engine Test
Authors: Kinker Bernard G. , Romaszewski Raymond , Palmer Pamela A.
Published: November 2007

A constant quest but a difficult goal is replacement of expensive and lengthy engine tests with more cost effective bench tests. This paper will report on development of a bench test, the ROBO, as a potential replacement for the Sequence IIIGA, an oxidative oil thickening engine test now part of ILSAC GF-4 specifications. Sequence IIIGA, a gasoline fueled engine running under severe conditions, is used to condition oils prior to determining TP-1 MRV viscosity, a cold temperature and low shear rate measurement. After Sequence IIIGA conditioning, candidate oils must meet SAE J300 pumpability limits at no more than 5°C warmer than its original SAE W grade. The ROBO bench procedure has been developed to potentially replace Sequence IIIGA engine aging by mimicking, to the degree possible, oxidative conditions found in the engine conditioning procedure. ROBO conditions were developed by employing the three Sequence IIIG ASTM matrix oils and comparing their used oil rheologies from multiple Sequence IIIG and ROBO runs. The results from the final ROBO conditions compare well not only for TP-1 MRV but also for KV 40°C and CCS. To further test the correlation of bench to engine conditioning, a set of diverse oils (various SAE viscosity grades and DI chemistries) have been examined; these viscometric data from ROBO and Sequence IIIG also compare favorably with only a few anomalies. Finally, the status of industry acceptance of ROBO will be discussed.
Study of Corrosion Initiation of a Steel Panel from a Defect in Coating Using Localized Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (LEIS)
Authors: Wu Xiaomei , Wang Tie , Montalvo Eva , Provder Theodore , Handsy Carl , Shen Weidian
Published: November 2007

Localized Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (LEIS) was used to study corrosion initiation of a cold-rolled steel panel covered by electrodeposited coating (Ecoat). LEIS technique, developed from the conventional electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) that usually measures the impedance over an area in square centimetres, can measure the impedance of a sample over a much smaller area, which makes it a more appropriate technique for studying the early stage of corrosion initiated from small defects, such as pinholes and voids in the protective coatings. In the presented study, an isolated pinhole in the coating was found first, and then the sample was immersed in a salt solution. Initiation and development of corrosion from the pinhole was closely monitored. LEIS spectra measured in different stages showed interesting variations. The corresponding equivalent circuits were introduced to study the process, followed by brief explanation of the process. The study helped us better understand the mechanism of the corrosion initiation and its early development.
Assessment of a low-cost, point-of-use, ultraviolet water disinfection technology
Authors: Brownell Sarah A. , Chakrabarti Alicia R. , Kaser Forest M. , Connelly Lloyd G. , Peletz Rachel L. , Reygadas Fermin , Lang Micah J. , Kammen Daniel M. , Nelson Kara L.
Published: November 2007

We describe a point-of-use (POU) ultraviolet (UV) disinfection technology, the UV Tube, which can be made with locally available resources around the world for under $50 US. Laboratory and field studies were conducted to characterize the UV Tube's performance when treating a flowrate of 5 L/min. Based on biological assays with MS2 coliphage, the UV Tube delivered an average fluence of 900±80 J/m2 (95% CI) in water with an absorption coefficient of 0.01 cm−1. The residence time distribution in the UV Tube was characterized as plug flow with dispersion (Peclet Number = 19.7) and a mean hydraulic residence time of 36 s. Undesirable compounds were leached or produced from UV Tubes constructed with unlined ABS, PVC, or a galvanized steel liner. Lining the PVC pipe with stainless steel, however, prevented production of regulated halogenated organics. A small field study in two rural communities in Baja California Sur demonstrated that the UV Tube reduced E. coli concentrations to less than 1/100 ml in 65 out of 70 samples. Based on these results, we conclude that the UV Tube is a promising technology for treating household drinking water at the point of use.
Effects of Earlier Sea Ice Breakup on Survival and Population Size of Polar Bears in Western Hudson Bay
Authors: REGEHR ERIC V. , LUNN NICHOLAS J. , AMSTRUP STEVEN C. , STIRLING IAN
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT  Some of the most pronounced ecological responses to climatic warming are expected to occur in polar marine regions, where temperature increases have been the greatest and sea ice provides a sensitive mechanism by which climatic conditions affect sympagic (i.e., with ice) species. Population‐level effects of climatic change, however, remain difficult to quantify. We used a flexible extension of Cormack‐Jolly‐Seber capture‐recapture models to estimate population size and survival for polar bears (Ursus maritimus), one of the most ice‐dependent of Arctic marine mammals. We analyzed data for polar bears captured from 1984 to 2004 along the western coast of Hudson Bay and in the community of Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. The Western Hudson Bay polar bear population declined from 1,194 (95% CI = 1,020‐1,368) in 1987 to 935 (95% CI = 794‐1,076) in 2004. Total apparent survival of prime‐adult polar bears (5–19 yr) was stable for females (0.93; 95% CI = 0.91‐0.94) and males (0.90; 95% CI = 0.88‐0.91). Survival of juvenile, subadult, and senescent‐adult polar bears was correlated with spring sea ice breakup date, which was variable among years and occurred approximately 3 weeks earlier in 2004 than in 1984. We propose that this correlation provides evidence for a causal association between earlier sea ice breakup (due to climatic warming) and decreased polar bear survival. It may also explain why Churchill, like other communities along the western coast of Hudson Bay, has experienced an increase in human‐polar bear interactions in recent years. Earlier sea ice breakup may have resulted in a larger number of nutritionally stressed polar bears, which are encroaching on human habitations in search of supplemental food. Because western Hudson Bay is near the southern limit of the species' range, our findings may foreshadow the demographic responses and management challenges that more northerly polar bear populations will experience if climatic warming in the Arctic continues as projected.
Rio Grande Wild Turkey Habitat Selection in the Southern Great Plains
Authors: HALL GALON I. , WALLACE MARK C. , BALLARD WARREN B. , RUTHVEN DONALD C. , BUTLER MATTHEW J. , HOUCHIN RACHAEL L. , HUFFMAN ROSS T. , PHILLIPS RICHARD S. , APPLEGATE ROGER
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT  We recorded telemetry locations from 1,129 radiotagged turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo intermedia) on 4 study areas in the Texas Panhandle and southwestern Kansas, USA, from 2000 to 2004. Analyses of telemetry locations indicated both sexes selected riparian vegetative zones. Females did not select grazed or nongrazed pastures for daily movements. However, females did select nongrazed pastures for nest sites on 2 study areas and males selected for grazed pastures at one study area during the breeding season. We compared nest sites (n = 351) to random sites using logistic regression, which indicated height of visual obstruction, percent canopy cover, and percent bare ground provided the highest predictive power (P ≤ 0.003) for characteristics describing nest‐site selection. Nest‐site vegetative characteristics between vegetative zones differed primarily in composition: upland zone nest sites had more (P ≤ 0.001) shrubs and riparian zone nest sites had more (P ≤ 0.001) grass. There were no differences in measured nest site vegetative characteristics between pasture types, but there were differences between available nesting cover in grazed and nongrazed pastures. Random plots in grazed pastures had less grass cover (P ≤ 0.001) and more bare ground (P = 0.002). Because of cattle impacts on average grass height and availability, grazing would likely have the highest impact on nesting in riparian zones due to turkey use of grass as nesting cover. An appropriate grazing plan to promote Rio Grande turkey nesting habitat would include grazing upland zones in the spring, when it likely has little impact on nesting‐site selection, and grazing riparian zones following breeding season completion. Grazing at light to moderate intensities with periods of rest did not affect male turkey pasture use and may have continued to maintain open areas used by male turkeys for displaying purposes.
Tolerancing of single point diamond turned diffractive optical elements and optical surfaces
Authors: Bittner R.
Published: November 2007

Single point diamond turning is now gaining increasing importance with the production of the surfaces for different optical systems such as infrared systems, the prototype production of camera phones or head mounted displays featuring plastic lenses, or master manufacturing for the injection moulding of plastic lenses for mass products.

Tolerances which occur during single point diamond turning of aspheric surfaces and diffractive elements or during polar coordinate laser plotting of computer-generated holograms will be examined. In both cases we expect similar tolerances, because the work piece is rotated in both diamond turning and laser plotting. The objective is to understand the typical tolerances and to simulate their influence on the aberrations in the optical system.
Bibliography of George L. Mosse
Authors: Tortorice John
Published: November 2007

Bibliography of George L. Mosse
George Mosse and the Culture of Antifascism
Authors: Rabinbach Anson
Published: November 2007

A survey of his extensive bibliography reveals that George Mosse wrote very little about the only movement that he ever called his political “Heimat”: antifascism. Nonetheless, in his last years, while writing his memoir Confronting History, he returned to the scenes of his youthful engagement on the left, acknowledging that his “political awakening” was due not merely to his being the refugee scion of the eminent Berlin German-Jewish family whose newspapers were excoriated almost daily by the Nazis. Rather, like many in his generation, at age seventeen George was roused from a sleepy indifference to his studies at the Quaker Bootham School in York-shire by the Spanish Civil War. If his activity on behalf of Spain was still “sporadic” during his last year at Bootham, at Cambridge, which George entered in the fall of 1937, commitment became more intense and eventually, he recalled, “marked my two years as an undergraduate.”
Mosse's Recasting of European Intellectual and Cultural History
Authors: Herf Jeffrey
Published: November 2007

George Mosse wrote European intellectual and cultural history in a way that recast its meaning. Because he did so without a specific theoretical program, the extent of his accomplishment in this regard at times went unnoticed. He was a member of the remarkable generation of European refugee historians who together formed the core of the American study of European culture and ideas in the postwar era. For his contemporaries, such as H. Stuart Hughes, Peter Gay, Leonard Krieger, Carl Schorske, and Fritz Stern, writing European intellectual history meant two things. First, it was a salvage operation, an effort to recall and preserve the traditions of humanism and liberalism destroyed by fascism and Nazism. Second, and related to that task, it entailed writing about other intellectuals—philosophers, social theorists, and novelists and artists of the first rank—who represented the best that had been thought in Europe.
Cold War and Post-Cold War Perspectives on Germany
Authors: Hamburg Roger
Published: November 2007

Jonathan P.G. Bach, Between Sovereignty and Integration: German Foreign Policy and Identity after 1989 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999)

David F. Patton, Cold War Politics in Postwar Germany (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999)

Marc Trachtenberg, A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945-1963 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999)

Celeste A. Wallander, Mortal Friends, Best Enemies: German-Russian Cooperation after the Cold War (Ithaca/London: Cornell University Press, 1999)
The Macroeconomics of Transformation: The Case of Eastern Germany
Authors: Pohl Rüdiger
Published: November 2007

The transformation process of eastern Germany began with the fall of the Berlin Wall on November 11, 1989. The time needed to formally replace the former socialist system with a market economy was short, not more than one year. But transformation should be defined in a broader sense and include the process of integrating the former socialist economies into the world markets and of establishing sustainable growth in that area. In that sense, the transformation of eastern Germany is far from finished (this is even more the case for central-eastern European economies).
Continuity and Change in Germany's Turbulent Twentieth Century
Authors: Howard Marc Morjé
Published: November 2007

Carl F. Lankowski, ed., Breakdown, Breakup, Breakthrough: Germany’s Difficult Passage to Modernity (New York: Berghahn Books, 1999)

John Brady, Beverly Crawford, and Sarah Elise Wiliarty, eds., The Postwar Transformation of Germany: Democracy, Prosperity, and Nationhood (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999)

Christopher S. Allen, ed., Transformation of the German Political Party System: Institutional Crisis or Democratic Renewal? (New York: Berghahn Books, 1999)
German Neoconservatism and the History of the Bonn Republic, 1968 to 1985
Authors: Muller Jerry Z.
Published: November 2007

German neoconservatism and its role in the political culture of the Federal Republic is largely uncharted scholarly territory. Especially for English-language historians and political scientists, its place on the historical map is marked, “Here lie monsters.” This article is intended not as a definitive treatment, but as a sketch suggesting the contours of the subject. It has become commonplace to regard 1968 as a pivotal year in the history of the Bundesrepublik. This article suggests that this may be true in a broader sense than is usually meant: that the significance of 1968 derives not only from the 68ers and their transformation of the political culture of the left, but also from the neoconservative reaction to the 68ers, which helped recast the political culture of the non-left. The article begins by exploring some of the difficulties in getting a conceptual and definitional handle on German neoconservatism. It then proceeds to examine in some depth the career and ideas of one of the most prominent German neoconservatives, Hermann Lübbe. Then the article discusses several key issues, events, and processes that defined neoconservatism, before touching briefly on the reasons for its dissolution as a coherent phenomenon and reflecting on its place in the history of the Bundesrepublik.
The Headaches and Heartaches of Globalization: A Review of Oskar Lafontaine’s Das Herz schlägt links
Authors: Sa'adah Anne
Published: November 2007

On March 11, 1999, Oskar Lafontaine stunned the Social Democratic

Party by resigning all his public positions: he stepped down as

Minister of Finance, chair of the SPD, and member of the Bundestag,

summoned his car, and headed for the Saarland. Lafontaine

seemed somehow to have believed that he would be able to operate

alongside Gerhard Schröder as a kind of co-chancellor; Schröder,

predictably, preferred other arrangements. In the postelection

euphoria of September 1998, the two rivals, whose cooperation had

been essential to the social democratic victory, acknowledged their

mutual dependence and pledged their continued “friendship.” In the

year and a half that followed, they clashed constantly: on policy, on

politics, on appointments.
Regional Differences and Political Leadership in the New German States
Authors: Yoder Jennifer A.
Published: November 2007

In the decade since German unification, there has been a tendency by scholars and politicians alike to frame discussions of this event in terms of west-east or old states-new states, treating the five new states of Germany as one homogeneous entity. Moreover, the underlying assumption of many such studies is that the goal of political development is convergence, whereby the east catches up to or emulates the west in terms of economic prosperity, values, and levels of political participation. Unification, in other words, should lead to uniformity in institutional as well as political-cultural terms. Indeed, in its stated goal of striving for “Einheitlichkeit der Lebensverhältnisse” (uniformity of living conditions), the Grundgesetz provides some basis for expecting relative uniformity. Although a decade is not a long time, it is enough time to move beyond assumptions of uniformity and consider that unification has resulted in greater diversity in German politics and society.
The Memories of Silence and the Silence of Memories: Postwar Germans and the Holocaust
Authors: Holub Robert C.
Published: November 2007

Thomas C. Fox, Stated Memory: East Germany and the Holocaust (Rochester: Camden House, 1999)

Ernestine Schlant, The Language of Silence: West German Literature and the Holocaust (New York: Routledge, 1999)
Immigration and Citizenship in Two Liberal Republics—A Review of Migration and Refugees: Politics and Policies in the United States and Germany
Authors: Hollifield James F.
Published: November 2007

Myron Weiner, ed., Migration and Refugees: Politics and Policies in the United States and Germany (Providence: Berghahn Books, 1997-1998)

Volume 1: Klaus J. Bade and Myron Weiner, eds., Migration Past, Migration Future: Germany and the United States

Volume 2: Rainer Münz and Myron Weiner, eds., Migrants, Refugees, and Foreign Policy: U.S. and German Policies Toward Countries of Origin

Volume 3: Kay Hailbronner, David A. Martin, and Hiroshi Motomura, eds., Immigration Admissions: The Search for Workable Policies in Germany and the United States

Volume 4: Kay Hailbronner, David A. Martin, and Hiroshi Motomura, eds., Immigration Controls: The Search for Workable Policies in Germany and the United States

Volume 5: Peter Schuck and Rainer Münz, eds., Paths to Inclusion: The Integration of Migrants in the United States and Germany
Between Logic and Politics: Three Recent Books on Heidegger
Authors: Gordon Peter Eli
Published: November 2007

Julian Young, Heidegger, philosophy, Nazism (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1997)

Herman Philipse, Heidegger’s Philosophy of Being: A Critical Interpretation. (Princeton: Princeton UP, 1998)

Michael Friedman, A Parting of the Ways: Carnap, Cassirer, and Heidegger (Chicago: Open Court, 2000)
"The Way We Are Today": Women Assess the Past
Authors: Sy-Quia Hilary Collier
Published: November 2007

Elke P. Frederiksen and Martha Kaarsberg Wallach eds., Facing Fascism and Confronting the Past. German Women Writers from Weimar to the Present (Albany, 2000)

Lorna Martens, The Promised Land? Feminist Writing in the German Democratic Republic (Albany, 2001)
Cinematic Ciphers: Postdamer Platz, Berlin
Authors: O'Sickey Ingeborg Majer
Published: November 2007

In November 1993, more than fifty years after patrons of the popular

Café Josty on the famed Potsdamer Platz in Berlin came to enjoy a

good cup of coffee and a piece of cake, or smoke a rare fine cigar

before the bombs would raze the café to the ground, a hydraulic excavator’s

bucket stopped in mid-air and miraculously saved five white

porcelain cups with the initials CJ engraved upon each one in red.

The delicate cups had rested under no more than ten feet of loose soil

and rubble near the place where the café’s basement had been. The

bombs that fell on the Potsdamer Platz between 1943 and May 1945

and a scoop by an excavator bucket bookend a series of perilous situations

the cups survived. The East German regime sent tanks across

the square during the uprising in June of 1953, and the wall separating

Berlin was built right through the middle of it in August of 1961.

After lying dormant and overgrown with weeds for many of its subsequent

thirty years, the Potsdamer Platz was finally all but leveled; the

Weinhaus Huth was the only building that escaped the dynamite and

wrecker ball. The swing of the wrecking ball made room for the most

controversial construction project in recent German history: the citywithin-

a-city Daimler-Benz would build on the Potsdamer Platz.
Local and National Elites in the German Empire: The Case of the Württemberg Varnbülers
Authors: Veit-Brause Irmline
Published: November 2007

The formation of a national elite in Germany during the period before and after political unification, 1871, is still a largely unexplored topic in German social history. The Prussocentric perspective in German historiography, which is still prevailing in much of the work done by the so-called critical history of the 1960s and 1970s, has tended to give scant consideration to the sociocultural diversity underlying and enshrined in the federal structure of the Empire. The process of national consolidation of Imperial society could profitably be studied along the center-periphery continuum of national integration. It would be interesting, in particular, to subject to closer scrutiny the notion of “preindustrial elites,” which held on to the reigns of power in Prussia-Germany at a time of such rapid social and economic change.
Experimentalism as a Tool of Economic Innovation in Germany
Authors: Jacoby Wade , Behrens Martin
Published: November 2007

Our purpose in this article is to analyze changes in the German wage

bargaining system, a system that has attracted enormous attention

from scholars of comparative political economy and comparative

industrial relations. We argue that the wage bargaining portion of

the German model is neither frozen in place, headed for deregulation,

nor merely “muddling through.” Rather, we see the institutional

capacities of the key actors—especially the unions and employer

associations—making possible a process we term “experimentalism.”

In briefest form, experimentalism allows organizations that combine

decentralized information-gathering abilities with centralized decision-

making capacity to probe for new possibilities, which, once

found, can be quickly diffused throughout the organization. We will

show that the capacity for such experimentalism varies across actors

and sectors. And, to make things even tougher, neither major German

social actor can sustain innovation in the longer term without

bringing along the other “social partner.”
Un-settling Scores: A Review of Michael H. Kater's Composers of the Nazi Era: Eight Portraits
Authors: Whiting Steven M.
Published: November 2007

After Different Drummers (1992) and The Twisted Muse (1997), Michael

H. Kater has presented Composers of the Nazi Era: Eight Portraits, as

“the last in a trilogy on the interrelationship between sociopolitical

forces on the one side, and music and musicians in the Third Reich,

on the other” (264). The author is Distinguished Research Professor

of History at the Canadian Centre for German and European Studies

(York University). The author of the present review, a musicologist,

must express his gratitude to Professor Kater for helping to

make it professionally unacceptable to restrict oneself anymore to

“the music itself” when considering certain composers active in Germany

of the 1930s. By the same token, Kater’s reticence about “the

music itself” (which presumably springs from humility) will leave

many a musicologist itching to adduce (if not consult) the scores to

confirm or to contest Kater’s points, for Kater is writing about lives,

not works, unless the works have impinged on biographical issues.
The “Ethics of Seeing” Photographs of Germany at War's End
Authors: Kattago Siobhan
Published: November 2007

Dagmar Barnouw, Germany 1945: Views of War and Violence (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1996)

Barbie Zelizer, Remembering to Forget: Holocaust Memory through the Camera’s Eye (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998)
The War that Took Place in Germany: Intellectuals and September 11
Authors: Neaman Elliot
Published: November 2007

The epigraph seems to border on hyperbole: were the debates in the

fall of 2001 really “exclusively” subsumed by domestic politics? But

Bassam Tibi, one of the hundreds of experts who made the rounds

on the endless talk shows and conferences in Germany, may be on to

something. In a recent book about how the public intellectuals, religious

leaders, and celebrities reacted to the terror attacks of September

11th, Der Spiegel essayist Hendryk Broder made a similar point as

he aimed his bittersweet satirical wit at the navel-gazing, self-righteousness,

and hypocrisy of Germany’s public intellectuals.2 Broder’s

book is a self-conscious example of that timeless German genre, the

Streitschrift, an erudite polemic in the service of both noble edification

and less high-minded settling of scores with one’s intellectual

opponents. Although exaggerated, one-sided, and terribly funny,

Broder’s analysis of the German public discourse of the fall of 2001

does contain some serious arguments that anyone interested in the

European perception of America cannot ignore. In this essay, I will

sketch the contours of that reaction by focusing first on the kinds of

issues that preoccupied German intellectuals in the wake of the

attacks of September 11th; second, I will contrast that reaction to how ordinary Germans and government officials perceived those

events; third, I will explore the role that anti-Americanism played in

the intellectual debates of fall 2001; and finally, I will reflect on the

significance of September 11th for German society in general.
Introduction: German Cities Between Globalization and Unification
Authors: Helm Jutta A.
Published: November 2007

For more than a century, Germany has had a well-balanced system

of cities showcasing considerable variety in their social and physical

make-up. It has lacked spectacular global cities like New York,

Tokyo, or London. Instead, western cities include industrial cities

like those in the Rhine-Ruhr Valley and cities shaped by universities

and research (Göttingen or Freiburg), media and publishing (Hamburg),

culture and high-technology sectors (Munich), banking and

finance (Frankfurt/Main), wholesale trade and insurance (Cologne

and Düsseldorf), as well as government and administration (Berlin,

Bonn, and most state capitals). Dramatic social or economic crises

that generate debates about urban decline have not happened.

Thanks in part to effective urban governments, no German city has

come close to the near-collapse of American rustbelt cities during

the early 1980s, or the fiscal meltdown of New York City in the

1970s. Crime has been consistently lower and less violent, and the

American racial divide has no equivalent in German cities. East German

cities, while more unevenly developed, have been no less stable.

East Berlin was the dominant center, linked to the industrial

cities in the North (Rostock) and South (Leipzig, Halle, Dresden) by

a rather creaky infrastructure.
Between State and Market: Local Governments and Immigration
Authors: Thränhardt Dietrich
Published: November 2007

In the mid- to late-nineteenth century, millions of Germans emigrated

to the New World. Today, however, immigration to Germany

is an integral aspect of everyday life in the country. The consequences

of immigration are far-reaching, ranging from the wealth of

culinary options offered by Italian, Greek, or Chinese restaurants, to

the social costs of employing thousands of foreign workers in Germany’s

construction sector. In the Ruhr River area, Germany’s

largest industrial melting pot, Turkish names are now as common as

Polish names—the latter representing an immigrant group that settled

in the area some 100 years ago.
Architecture and the Memory of Nazism in Postwar Munich
Authors: Roseneld Gavriel D.
Published: November 2007

Few issues have possessed the centrality or sparked as much controversy

in the postwar history of the Federal Republic of Germany

(FRG) as the struggle to come to terms with the nation’s Nazi past.

This struggle, commonly known by the disputed term Vergangenheitsbewältigung,

has cast a long shadow upon nearly all dimensions of

German political, social, economic, and cultural life and has prevented

the nation from attaining a normalized state of existence in

the postwar period. Recent scholarly analyses of German memory

have helped to broaden our understanding of how “successful” the

Germans have been in mastering their Nazi past and have shed light

on the impact of the Nazi legacy on postwar German politics and

culture. Even so, important gaps remain in our understanding of

how the memory of the Third Reich has shaped the postwar life of

the Federal Republic.
Berlin's Search for a "Democratic" Architecture: Post-World War II and Post-unification
Authors: Howell-Ardila Deborah
Published: November 2007

Berlin 1948 and the longest airlift in history simultaneously ushered

in the Cold War, with a divided Berlin its best-known symbol, and

transformed West Berliners in the eyes of the Allied world from

Nazis to victims of Soviet aggression. By 1950, with Germany officially

divided, political elites of the East (GDR) and West (FRG)

took up the task of convincing their citizens and each other of the

legitimacy of their own governments. In spite of the primacy of

Cold War rhetoric in the media of the day, however, the most

pressing challenge of postwar society for both sides lay in redefining—

in perception, if not in fact—political and social institutions in

opposition to the Nazi past.
National Interests Revisited: The German Case
Authors: Davis Patricia A.
Published: November 2007

There has been much debate recently on the role of cognition in

determining national interest and thus indirectly foreign policy. The

argument has been made by many poststructuralists that interestbased

arguments are static in that they do not allow for change in

the determination of national interest. These arguments allegedly fail

to take into account the powerful role of social norms and culture in

influencing what “states make of anarchy.”
Ursus Tyrannus or Teddy Bear? Berlin and its Neighbors
Authors: Merritt Anna J. , Merritt Richard L.
Published: November 2007

On 5 May 1996 the plebiscite to reunite the city-state of Berlin with its

surrounding Brandenburg province was sharply defeated. What went

wrong? Why was this move that seemed so natural to so many rejected?