bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Higher rates of triple‐class virological failure in perinatally HIV‐infected teenagers compared with heterosexually infected young adults in Europe
Authors: Judd A , Lodwick R , Noguera‐Julian A , Gibb DM , Butler K , Costagliola D , Sabin C , van Sighem A , Ledergerber B , Torti C , Mocroft A , Podzamczer D , Dorrucci M , De Wit S , Obel N , Dabis F , Cozzi‐Lepri A , García F , Brockmeyer NH , Warszawski J , Gonzalez‐Tome MI , Mussini C , Touloumi G , Zangerle R , Ghosn J , Castagna A , Fätkenheuer G , Stephan C , Meyer L , Campbell MA , Chene G , Phillips A ,   The Pursuing Later Treatment Options II (PLATO II) Project Team for the Collaboration of Observational HIV Epidemiological Research Europe (COHERE) in EuroCoord
Published: September 2016

Objectives

The aim of the study was to determine the time to, and risk factors for, triple‐class virological failure (TCVF) across age groups for children and adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV infection and older adolescents and adults with heterosexually acquired HIV infection.

Methods

We analysed individual patient data from cohorts in the Collaboration of Observational HIV Epidemiological Research Europe (COHERE). A total of 5972 participants starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) from 1998, aged < 20 years at the start of ART for those with perinatal infection and 15–29 years for those with heterosexual infection, with ART containing at least two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) or a boosted protease inhibitor (bPI), were followed from ART initiation until the most recent viral load (VL) measurement. Virological failure of a drug was defined as VL > 500 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL despite ≥ 4 months of use. TCVF was defined as cumulative failure of two NRTIs, an NNRTI and a bPI.

Results

The median number of weeks between diagnosis and the start of ART was higher in participants with perinatal HIV infection compared with participants with heterosexually acquired HIV infection overall [17 (interquartile range (IQR) 4–111) vs. 8 (IQR 2–38) weeks, respectively], and highest in perinatally infected participants aged 10–14 years [49 (IQR 9–267) weeks]. The cumulative proportion with TCVF 5 years after starting ART was 9.6% [95% confidence interval (CI) 7.0−12.3%] in participants with perinatally acquired infection and 4.7% (95% CI 3.9−5.5%) in participants with heterosexually acquired infection, and highest in perinatally infected participants aged 10–14 years when starting ART (27.7%; 95% CI 13.2−42.1%). Across all participants, significant predictors of TCVF were those with perinatal HIV aged 10–14 years, African origin, pre‐ART AIDS, NNRTI‐based initial regimens, higher pre‐ART viral load and lower pre‐ART CD4.

Conclusions

The results suggest a beneficial effect of starting ART before adolescence, and starting young people on boosted PIs, to maximize treatment response during this transitional stage of development.
Keratoconus, keratoglobus, keratotorus and pellucid marginal degeneration
Authors: Szentmary N.
Published: September 2016

Topo‐ and tomographical characteristics of different entities such as keratoconus, keratoglobus, keratotorus and pellucid marginal degeneration are shown and discussed. The audience will be guided how to discriminate between those pathologies, and the spectrum of treatment options will be discussed controversely.
Retinal structure in Down's syndrome; potential markers of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Walpert M. , Normando E.M. , Cordeiro M.F. , Holland A.
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this study is to investigate degeneration and apoptosis of retinal cells in people with Down's syndrome (DS) and the relationship with aging. People with DS have a high risk of developing early‐onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) with an increasing age‐related prevalence.

Spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) was used to investigate the structure of the retina in 51 people with DS between the ages of 18 and 56. Thickness and volume of the retinal layers has been compared to that of age‐and‐sex‐matched healthy control participants. SD‐OCT has not been used in a large DS study previously and our results show significant differences between the DS and control retinal structures. We found that people with DS had significantly thicker RNFL in all quadrants (p < 0.001) apart from the nasal quadrant. DS group also had significantly greater retinal volume than the control group (p < 0.001).

This finding is unexpected as research from the AD population shows thinning retinal layers and decreased retinal volume. Conclusions will be discussed and relationships with age and cognitive function explored. Future work will investigate the rate of apoptosing cells in the retinas of DS.
Layer‐by‐layer coated nanoparticles for glaucoma therapy: Focusing on the transport and cellular uptake in the trabecular meshwork
Authors: Breunig M. , Guter M. , Babl S. , Liebl R.
Published: September 2016

Primary open angle glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. The major risk factor is an elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), which leads to irreversible damage of the optical nerve head. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is thought to be one of the major mediators of these pathological effects. Topical eye drops are the first‐line medication for controlling an abnormally high IOP, but they have a long list of drawbacks. Consequently, there is a strong need for new therapeutic concepts to prevent vision loss.

We hypothesize that a reduction of CTGF would achieve a more permanent and causative effect in regulating the IOP compared to available standard treatment regimes. To follow up this goal we developed biodegradable layer‐by‐layer coated nanoparticles of well‐defined physicochemical properties that carry therapeutic doses of small interfering RNA for CTGF silencing. The nanoparticles had a size of about 200 nm as determined by laser light scattering and a zeta potential of about – 18 mV. We tested the CTGF silencing efficacy of the nanoparticles in primary trabecular meshwork cells. In addition, we determined the diffusion of nanoparticles in collagen I as a model for the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the trabecular meshwork by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. An important result was that hyaluronan is favorable material for nanoparticle assembly because it allows for receptor‐mediated uptake of the nanoparticles into trabecular meshwork cells on the one hand, and may provide for good nanoparticle mobility in the ECM on the other hand.
Sexual orientation and its impact on sexual behaviour of young people aged 15‐29: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Romero‐Estudillo Esperanza , García‐García Inmaculada , Luna‐del Castillo Juan de Dios , Mesa‐Franco María C. , González‐Jiménez Emilio
Published: September 2016

Aims

The aim of this study was to determine whether there was a direct relation between sexual orientation and sexual practices involving penetration; to analyse whether condom use in the first sexual relation was conditioned by sexual orientation; to verify whether consistent condom use in sexual relations was determined by sexual orientation.

Background

Recent research suggests that sexual orientation (i.e. heterosexuality, homosexuality or bisexuality) is a determining factor in high‐risk sexual behaviour.

Design

A cross‐sectional study with purposive sampling.

Methods

Data were collected between March 2013–April 2014 from 900 participants (524 males and 376 females). All participants were 15‐29 years of age. Their mean age was 20·93 years. The participants were given a socio‐demographic survey as well as a psychometric test on high‐risk sexual behaviour, which had been used in previous studies.

Results

There were no statistically significant differences in relation to sexual orientation and sexual practices involving penetration either in the general model for both sexes or in the models for men and women. It was also found that sexual orientation did not significantly affect condom use in the first sexual relation. Furthermore, consistent condom use had a protector effect in the general model for homosexuals and bisexuals. In the model for men, this was also true for homosexuals and in the model for women, this was the case for bisexuals.

Conclusion

Condom use in the first sexual relation was similar in all sexual orientations. However, the sexual orientation of the subject was found to be a determining factor in consistent condom use.
Treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea patients in community dental care: knowledge and attitudes among general dental practitioners and specialist dentists
Authors: Vuorjoki‐Ranta T.‐R. , Lobbezoo F. , Vehkalahti M. , Tuomilehto H. , Ahlberg J.
Published: September 2016

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is an increasing problem worldwide. Yet, a large number of patients may remain undiagnosed. Dentists could suspect OSA, but little is known about their knowledge and attitudes towards the topic. An email questionnaire was sent to dentists working in Helsinki Health Centre, Helsinki, Finland (n = 226). It consisted of demographic data, items on dentists' overall knowledge of OSA and factors associated with it, and their possibilities and willingness to take part in the recognition and treatment of OSA patients. Altogether, 70·9% (n = 134) of dentists eligible for the study completed the questionnaire. Of them, 79·1% (n = 106) were general practitioners and 20·9% (n = 28) dentists with specialty training. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) (99·3%) and weight control (99·3%) were both generally acknowledged as effective methods to treat OSA. Regarding the efficacy of other treatment modalities, significant differences were found between general practitioners' and specialists' opinions. For example, mandibular advancement devices (MAD) were less often reported by general practitioners (69·8%) than specialists (89·3%) (P < 0·05). The possible risk factors, signs and symptoms, and consequences of OSA were overall well recognised regardless the years in dental profession, but specialists saw more often that nocturnal sweating (P < 0·01) and snoring (P < 0·05) may signify OSA. Dentists could play an important role in suspecting OSA, but they may need more education to cope with that.
Effects of University–Industry Collaboration on Technological Newness of Firms
Authors: Wirsich Alexander , Kock Alexander , Strumann Christoph , Schultz Carsten
Published: September 2016

Exploring new technological opportunities and reacting to environmental changes are key factors for firm performance. Collaborating with external partners, especially universities, is considered to be a powerful engine of technological development. However, there are several barriers associated with university–industry collaboration (UIC), such as divergent cultures and competing objectives. Previous studies show rather mixed effects regarding the purported benefits of UIC, and empirical evidence on the effects of UIC on technological newness of innovation is lacking. This study investigates whether and under which conditions UIC enhances the recombination of extant knowledge across technologies and facilitates the implementation of novel technologies at the firm level. The paper is based on the resource based view of the firm and analyzes the interaction between collaboration diversity and UIC intensity. This longitudinal analysis examines joint publications and the patent data of 318 technology‐oriented companies from the S&P 500 Index in the years 1985–2007. This study focuses on technological newness as the dependent variable, defined as the extent to which new technology fields are discovered as a result of either exploration of completely new technologies or the novel combination of existing technology fields. Results show that UIC has a significant positive effect on technological newness, with a time lag of two years. The effect follows an inverted U‐shaped pattern in UIC portfolios with high diversity, and a U‐shaped pattern when diversity is low.
A Hybrid Branch‐and‐Bound and Benders Decomposition Algorithm for the Network Design Problem
Authors: Bagloee Saeed Asadi , Sarvi Majid , Patriksson Michael
Published: September 2016

Given a set of candidate road projects associated with costs, finding the best subset with respect to a limited budget is known as the network design problem (NDP). The NDP is often cast in a bilevel programming problem which is known to be NP‐hard. In this study, we tackle a special case of the NDP where the decision variables are integers. A variety of exact solutions has been proposed for the discrete NDP, but due to the combinatorial complexity, the literature has yet to address the problem for large‐size networks, and accounting for the multimodal and multiclass traffic flows. To this end, the bilevel problem is solved by branch‐and‐bound. At each node of the search tree, a valid lower bound based on system optimal (SO) traffic flow is calculated. The SO traffic flow is formulated as a mixed integer, non‐linear programming (MINLP) problem for which the Benders decomposition method is used. The algorithm is coded on a hybrid and synchronized platform consisting of MATLAB (optimization engine), EMME 3 (transport planning module), MS Access (database), and MS Excel (user interface). The proposed methodology is applied to three examples including Gao's network, the Sioux‐Falls network, and a real size network representing the city of Winnipeg, Canada. Numerical tests on the network of Winnipeg at various budget levels have shown promising results.
A functional link between hyphal maintenance and quorum sensing in Candida albicans
Authors: Polke Melanie , Sprenger Marcel , Scherlach Kirstin , Albán‐Proaño María Cristina , Martin Ronny , Hertweck Christian , Hube Bernhard , Jacobsen Ilse D.
Published: September 2016

Morphogenesis in Candida albicans requires hyphal initiation and maintenance, and both processes are regulated by the fungal quorum sensing molecule (QSM) farnesol. We show that deletion of C. albicans EED1, which is crucial for hyphal extension and maintenance, led to a dramatically increased sensitivity to farnesol, and thus identified the first mutant hypersensitive to farnesol. Furthermore, farnesol decreased the transient filamentation of an eed1Δ strain without inducing cell death, indicating that two separate mechanisms mediate quorum sensing and cell lysis by farnesol. To analyze the cause of farnesol hypersensitivity we constructed either hyperactive or deletion mutants of factors involved in farnesol signaling, by introducing the hyperactive RAS1G13V or pADH1‐CYR1CAT allele, or deleting CZF1 or NRG1 respectively. Neither of the constructs nor the exogenous addition of dB‐cAMP was able to rescue the farnesol hypersensitivity, highlighting that farnesol mediates its effects not only via the cAMP pathway. Interestingly, the eed1Δ strain also displayed increased farnesol production. When eed1Δ was grown under continuous medium flow conditions, to remove accumulating QSMs from the supernatant, maintenance of eed1Δ filamentation, although not restored, was significantly prolonged, indicating a link between farnesol sensitivity, production, and the hyphal maintenance‐defect in the eed1Δ mutant strain.
Advances in Spinal Interbody Cages
Authors: Jain Sukrit , Eltorai Adam E M , Ruttiman Roy , Daniels Alan H
Published: September 2016

Since the late 1980s, spinal interbody cages (ICs) have been used to aid bone fusion in a variety of spinal disorders. Utilized to restore intervertebral height, enable bone graft containment for arthrodesis, and restore anterior column biomechanical stability, ICs have since evolved to become a highly successful means of achieving fusion, being associated with less postoperative pain, shorter hospital stay, fewer complications and higher rates of fusion when than bone graft only spinal fusion. IC design and materials have changed considerably over the past two decades. The threaded titanium‐alloy cylindrical screw cages, typically filled with autologous bone graft, of the mid‐1990s achieved greater fusion rates than bone grafts and non‐threaded cages. Threaded screw cages, however, were soon found to be less stable in extension and flexion; additionally, they had a high incidence of cage subsidence. As of the early 2000s, non‐threaded box‐shaped titanium or polyether ether ketone IC designs have become increasingly more common. This modern design continues to achieve greater cage stability in flexion, axial rotation and bending. However, cage stability and subsidence, bone fusion rates and surgical complications still require optimization. Thus, this review provides an update of recent research findings relevant to ICs over the past 3 years, highlighting trends in optimization of cage design, materials, alternatives to bone grafts, and coatings that may enhance fusion.
BAP1 immunohistochemistry and p16 FISH results in combination provide higher confidence in malignant pleural mesothelioma diagnosis: ROC analysis of the two tests
Authors: Hida Tomoyuki , Hamasaki Makoto , Matsumoto Shinji , Sato Ayuko , Tsujimura Tohru , Kawahara Kunimitsu , Iwasaki Akinori , Okamoto Tatsuro , Oda Yoshinao , Honda Hiroshi , Nabeshima Kazuki
Published: September 2016

Differentiation of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) from benign mesothelial proliferation remains problematic. Loss of nuclear staining of BRCA1‐associated protein 1 (BAP1; detected using immunohistochemistry (IHC)) and homozygous deletion (HD) of p16 (detected using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)) are useful for differentiation of MPM from reactive mesothelial hyperplasia (RMH), but the correlation between BAP1 expression loss and p16 HD has not been fully described. We performed BAP1 IHC and p16‐specific FISH for 40 MPM and 20 RMH cases, and measured proportions of cells showing BAP1 expression and p16 HD for each case. The diagnostic accuracy for MPM and the cut‐off values of the two methods were assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. BAP1 expression loss, p16 HD and coexistence of both were present in 27 (67.5 %), 27 (67.5 %) and 17 (42.5 %) MPM cases, respectively. Three MPM cases (7.5 %) and all 20 RMH cases had neither BAP1 loss nor p16 HD. There was no correlation between the results of the two methods. Their combination showed higher sensitivity (92.5 %, 37/40) and estimated probability than BAP1 IHC and p16‐specific FISH used alone. BAP1 IHC and p16‐specific FISH have independent diagnostic value, and have increased reliability when used in combination, for MPM diagnosis.
Characteristics, incidence and outcome of patients admitted to intensive care because of pulmonary embolism
Authors: Winterton Dario , Bailey Michael , Pilcher David , Landoni Giovanni , Bellomo Rinaldo
Published: September 2016

Background and objective

Despite the clinical significance of major pulmonary embolism (PE), little is known about patients with a presentation severe enough to lead to intensive care unit (ICU) admission and nothing is known about PE requiring mechanical ventilation (MV). We aimed to examine the characteristics, incidence and outcome of patients with PE as their reason for ICU admission.

Methods

We performed a retrospective, cross‐sectional study of patients admitted to Australia's and New Zealand's ICUs because of PE from 2005 to 2013. We compared survivors with non‐survivors and mechanically ventilated with non‐ventilated patients. We analysed variations in incidence and mortality over time.

Results

We studied 2797 patients. PE accounted for 0.3% of all ICU admissions and had a population incidence of 11 cases/million people/year, which increased significantly during the study period (P < 0.0001). Co‐morbidities were common (24.1%) and the emergency department was the most common admission source (49.1%). However, patients who died were more commonly admitted from the wards (P < 0.0001). Overall mortality was 14.1% but reached 41.0% in patients requiring MV (P < 0.0001). Illness severity‐adjusted mortality rate did not change during the study period.

Conclusion

The incidence of PE requiring admission to ICU has increased over time; its mortality rate remains high, especially in mechanically ventilated patients, and its prognosis has not improved over time. Our findings imply the need for focused research in this high‐risk patient group.
Transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 and Smad signalling pathways: A likely key to EMT‐associated COPD pathogenesis
Authors: Mahmood Malik Q. , Reid David , Ward Chris , Muller Hans K. , Knight Darryl A. , Sohal Sukhwinder S. , Walters Eugene H.
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

Background and objective

COPD is characterized by poorly reversible airflow obstruction usually due to cigarette smoking. Transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of COPD, and in particular a process called epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), which may well be an intermediatory between smoking and both airway fibrosis and lung cancer. The downstream classical or ‘canonical’ TGF‐β1 pathway is via the phosphorylated (p) Smad transcription factor system.

Methods

We have investigated TGF‐β1 expression and its ‘pSmad fingerprint’ in bronchoscopic airway biopsies from patients with COPD, and in smoking and non‐smoking controls. A cross‐sectional immunohistochemical study compared TGF‐β1 and pSmad 2, 3 (excitatory) and 7 (inhibitory) expression in cells and blood vessels of three compartments of large airways: epithelium (especially the basal region), reticular basement membrane (Rbm) and underlying lamina propria (LP).

Results

TGF‐β1 expression was generally higher in COPD subjects throughout the airway wall (P < 0.01), while pSmad 2/3 expression was associated with smoking especially in current smoking COPD (P < 0.05). Expression of inhibitory pSmad 7 was also prominently reduced in patients with COPD in contrast to smokers and controls (P < 0.01). In addition, pSmad, but not TGF‐β1 expression, was related to airflow obstruction and a canonical EMT biomarker (S100 A4) expression.

Conclusion

Activation of the Smad pathway in the airways is linked to EMT activity and loss of lung function. The disconnection between TGF‐β1 and pSmad in terms of relationships to EMT activity and lung function suggests that factors other than or in addition to TGF‐β1 are driving the process.
Prognostic and pathophysiological marker for patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: Usefulness of diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide at diagnosis
Authors: Suda Rika , Tanabe Nobuhiro , Ishida Keiichi , Kato Fumiaki , Urushibara Takashi , Sekine Ayumi , Nishimura Rintaro , Jujo Takayuki , Sugiura Toshihiko , Shigeta Ayako , Sakao Seiichiro , Tatsumi Koichiro
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

Background and objective

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a progressive disease in some patients, despite improved treatments. Microvasculopathy has been implicated in the poor outcomes of patients with CTEPH. A reduction in the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO
) was previously suggested to indicate microvasculopathy in CTEPH patients; therefore, we assessed DLCO
/alveolar ventilation (DLCO
/VA
) as a prognostic and pathophysiological marker in CTEPH.

Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort study of 214 CTEPH patients consecutively diagnosed between 1986 and 2011. After exclusion of 24 patients because of missing DLCO
data or severe obstructive impairment, the mortality rates of medically treated patients classified with normal or decreased DLCO
values were compared, and prognostic factors were determined. The relationship between long‐term surgical outcomes and DLCO
/VA
was also investigated.

Results

Ninety‐one inoperable patients were treated medically, two of whom underwent balloon pulmonary angioplasty. Ninety‐nine underwent pulmonary endarterectomy. The 5‐year survival rate of medically treated patients was significantly lower in patients with decreased DLCO
/VA
than in those with normal values (61.4% vs 90.4%, P = 0.017). Decreased preoperative DLCO
/VA
was associated with a smaller percent decrease in post‐operative pulmonary vascular resistance, but not with the extent of proximal thrombi; these results may support our hypothesis that DLCO
reflects microvascular involvement.

Conclusion

Decreased DLCO/VA was associated with poor outcomes of medically treated CTEPH patients; and may be useful for identifying high‐risk patients, potentially leading to earlier and more appropriate interventions.
Relationship between pulmonary hyperinflation and dyspnoea severity during acute exacerbations of cystic fibrosis
Authors: Nicholson Trevor T. , Barry Peter J. , Waterhouse Deirdre F. , Nolan Geraldine M. , McKone Edward F. , Gallagher Charles G.
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

Background and objective

Acute exacerbations of cystic fibrosis (CF) occur frequently throughout the course of the disease. Dyspnoea is the most common and distressing symptom experienced by patients during these episodes. We tested the hypothesis that pulmonary hyperinflation is an important determinant of dyspnoea severity during acute exacerbations.

Methods

We studied patients during an acute exacerbation of CF. Lung volumes, spirometry and dyspnoea scores were measured at Day 0, Day 7, at the end of treatment (EOT) and 14 days following the EOT.

Results

At the start of treatment, mean residual volume (RV)/total lung capacity (TLC) was 54.9%, which decreased significantly with treatment, as did vital capacity (VC), inspiratory capacity (IC) and dyspnoea scores. IC was the only independent predictor of dyspnoea severity.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates significant improvements in hyperinflation, spirometry and dyspnoea scores with treatment of acute exacerbations of CF. Hyperinflation, rather than airflow limitation, may contribute towards the increased dyspnoea during exacerbations.
Counseling Women and Couples on Family Planning: A Randomized Study in Jordan
Authors: El‐Khoury Marianne , Thornton Rebecca , Chatterji Minki , Kamhawi Sarah , Sloane Phoebe , Halassa Mays
Published: September 2016

This article evaluates the effects of involving men in family planning counseling in Jordan using a randomized experiment. We randomly assigned a sample of 1,247 married women to receive women‐only counseling, couples counseling, or no counseling. We measured the effects of each type of counseling on family planning use, knowledge, attitudes, and spousal communication about family planning. Compared to no counseling, couples counseling led to a 54 percent increase in uptake of modern methods. This effect is not significantly different from the 46 percent increase in modern method uptake as a result of women‐only counseling. This outcome may be due, in part, to lower rates of compliance with the intervention among those assigned to couples counseling compared to women‐only counseling. To realize the possible added benefits of involving men, more tailored approaches may be needed to increase men's participation.
A parameter uniform almost first order convergent numerical method for non-linear system of singularly perturbed differential equations
Authors: Raj Ishwariya , Johnson Princy Mercy , Miller John J.H , Sigamani Valarmathi
Published: September 2016

In this paper an initial value problem for aВ non-linear system of two singularly perturbed first orderВ differential equations is considered on the interval (0,1].The components of the solution of this system exhibit initialВ layers at 0. A numerical method composed of a classicalВ finite difference scheme on a piecewise uniform ShishkinВ mesh is suggested. This method is proved to be almost firstВ order convergent in the maximum norm uniformly in theВ perturbation parameters.
Reconstruction of multiple‐pinhole micro‐SPECT data using origin ensembles
Authors: Lyon Morgan C. , Sitek Arkadiusz , Metzler Scott D. , Moore Stephen C.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

The authors are currently developing a dual‐resolution multiple‐pinhole microSPECT imaging system based on three large NaI(Tl) gamma cameras. Two multiple‐pinhole tungsten collimator tubes will be used sequentially for whole‐body “scout” imaging of a mouse, followed by high‐resolution (hi‐res) imaging of an organ of interest, such as the heart or brain. Ideally, the whole‐body image will be reconstructed in real time such that data need only be acquired until the area of interest can be visualized well‐enough to determine positioning for the hi‐res scan. The authors investigated the utility of the origin ensemble (OE) algorithm for online and offline reconstructions of the scout data. This algorithm operates directly in image space, and can provide estimates of image uncertainty, along with reconstructed images. Techniques for accelerating the OE reconstruction were also introduced and evaluated.

Methods

System matrices were calculated for our 39‐pinhole scout collimator design. SPECT projections were simulated for a range of count levels using the MOBY digital mouse phantom. Simulated data were used for a comparison of OE and maximum‐likelihood expectation maximization (MLEM) reconstructions. The OE algorithm convergence was evaluated by calculating the total‐image entropy and by measuring the counts in a volume‐of‐interest (VOI) containing the heart. Total‐image entropy was also calculated for simulated MOBY data reconstructed using OE with various levels of parallelization.

Results

For VOI measurements in the heart, liver, bladder, and soft‐tissue, MLEM and OE reconstructed images agreed within 6%. Image entropy converged after ∼2000 iterations of OE, while the counts in the heart converged earlier at ∼200 iterations of OE. An accelerated version of OE completed 1000 iterations in <9 min for a 6.8M count data set, with some loss of image entropy performance, whereas the same dataset required ∼79 min to complete 1000 iterations of conventional OE. A combination of the two methods showed decreased reconstruction time and no loss of performance when compared to conventional OE alone.

Conclusions

OE‐reconstructed images were found to be quantitatively and qualitatively similar to MLEM, yet OE also provided estimates of image uncertainty. Some acceleration of the reconstruction can be gained through the use of parallel computing. The OE algorithm is useful for reconstructing multiple‐pinhole SPECT data and can be easily modified for real‐time reconstruction.
Quantification of Training Load During Return to Play After Upper- and Lower-Body Injury in Australian Rules Football
Authors: Ritchie Dean , Hopkins Will G. , Buchheit Martin , Cordy Justin , Bartlett Jonathan D.
Published: September 2016

Context:

Training volume, intensity, and distribution are important factors during periods of return to play.

Purpose:

To quantify the effect of injury on training load (TL) before and after return to play (RTP) in professional Australian Rules football.

Methods:

Perceived training load (RPE-TL) for 44 players was obtained for all indoor and outdoor training sessions, while field-based training was monitored via GPS (total distance, high-speed running, mean speed). When a player sustained a competition time-loss injury, weekly TL was quantified for 3 wk before and after RTP. General linear mixed models, with inference about magnitudes standardized by between-players SDs, were used to quantify effects of lower- and upper-body injury on TL compared with the team.

Results:

While total RPE-TL was similar to the team 2 wk before RTP, training distribution was different, whereby skills RPE-TL was likely and most likely lower for upper- and lower-body injury, respectively, and most likely replaced with small to very large increases in running and other conditioning load. Weekly total distance and high-speed running were most likely moderately to largely reduced for lower- and upper-body injury until after RTP, at which point total RPE-TL, training distribution, total distance, and high-speed running were similar to the team. Mean speed of field-based training was similar before and after RTP compared with the team.

Conclusions:

Despite injured athletes’ obtaining comparable TLs to uninjured players, training distribution is different until after RTP, indicating the importance of monitoring all types of training that athletes complete.
Two faces of circulating breast cancer cells
Authors: Wood Kris C.
Published: September 2016

Powered by cutting-edge technologies, a study characterizes interconverting subpopulations of tumor cells that coexist in patients.
Longitudinal changes in neurodevelopmental outcomes between 18 and 36 months in children with prenatal triptan exposure: findings from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study
Authors: Wood Mollie E , Frazier Jean A , Nordeng Hedvig M E , Lapane Kate L
Published: September 2016

Objective

This study sought to determine whether changes in neurodevelopmental outcomes between 18 and 36 months of age were associated with prenatal exposure to triptan medications, a class of 5-HT receptor agonists used in the treatment of migraine.

Method

Using data from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, a prospective birth cohort that includes nearly 40% of all pregnancies in Norway from 1999 to 2008, we identified 50 469 mother–child dyads who met inclusion criteria and were present for at least one follow-up assessment at 18 or 36 months postpartum. Neurodevelopment was assessed using the Child Behaviour Checklist, the Emotionality, Activity, and Shyness Questionnaire, and the Ages and Stages Questionnaire. We used generalised estimating equations to evaluate change from 18 to 36 months for children prenatally exposed to triptans, relative to contrast groups, and used marginal structural models with inverse probability of treatment and censoring weights to address time-varying exposure and confounding as well as loss to follow-up.

Results

Among eligible participants (n=50 469), 1.0% used a triptan during pregnancy, 2.0% used triptans prior to pregnancy only, 8.0% reported migraine without triptan use and 89.0% had no history of migraine. Children with prenatal triptan exposure had greater increases in emotionality (r-RR 2.18, 95% CI 1.03 to 4.53) and activity problems (r-RR 1.70, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.8) compared to children born to mothers who discontinued triptan use prior to pregnancy.

Conclusion

Prenatal triptan exposure was associated with changes over time in externalising-type behaviours such as emotionality and activity, but not with internalising-type behaviours.
The FBXO7 homologue nutcracker and binding partner PI31 in Drosophila melanogaster models of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Merzetti Eric M. , Dolomount Lindsay A. , Staveley Brian E.
Published: September 2016

Parkinsonian-pyramidal syndrome (PPS) is an early onset form of Parkinson’s disease (PD) that shows degeneration of the extrapyramidal region of the brain to result in a severe form of PD. The toxic protein build-up has been implicated in the onset of PPS. Protein removal is mediated by an intracellular proteasome complex: an E3 ubiquitin ligase, the targeting component, is essential for function. FBXO7 encodes the F-box component of the SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase linked to familial forms of PPS. The Drosophila melanogaster homologue nutcracker (ntc) and a binding partner, PI31, have been shown to be active in proteasome function. We show that altered expression of either ntc or PI31 in dopaminergic neurons leads to a decrease in longevity and locomotor ability, phenotypes both associated with models of PD. Furthermore, expression of ntc-RNAi in an established α-synuclein-dependent model of PD rescues the phenotypes of diminished longevity and locomotor control.
Quantization and superselection sectors III: Multiply connected spaces and indistinguishable particles
Authors: Landsman N. P. Klaas
Published: September 2016

We reconsider the (non-relativistic) quantum theory of indistinguishable particles on the basis of Rieffel’s notion of [Formula: see text]-algebraic (“strict”) deformation quantization. Using this formalism, we relate the operator approach of Messiah and Greenberg (1964) to the configuration space approach pioneered by Souriau (1967), Laidlaw and DeWitt-Morette (1971), Leinaas and Myrheim (1977), and others. In dimension [Formula: see text], the former yields bosons, fermions, and paraparticles, whereas the latter seems to leave room for bosons and fermions only, apparently contradicting the operator approach as far as the admissibility of parastatistics is concerned. To resolve this, we first prove that in [Formula: see text] the topologically non-trivial configuration spaces of the second approach are quantized by the algebras of observables of the first. Secondly, we show that the irreducible representations of the latter may be realized by vector bundle constructions, among which the line bundles recover the results of the second approach. Mathematically speaking, representations on higher-dimensional bundles (which define parastatistics) cannot be excluded, which render the configuration space approach incomplete. Physically, however, we show that the corresponding particle states may always be realized in terms of bosons and/or fermions with an unobserved internal degree of freedom (although based on non-relativistic quantum mechanics, this conclusion is analogous to the rigorous results of the Doplicher–Haag–Roberts analysis in algebraic quantum field theory, as well as to the heuristic arguments which led Gell-Mann and others to qcd (i.e. Quantum Chromodynamics)).
Polygon sign rules of Majorana fermions in two-dimensional topological superconductors
Authors: Cheng Qiu-Bo , He Jing , Yu Jing , Zhao Xiao-Ming , Kou Su-Peng
Published: September 2016

Recently, Majorana fermions (MFs) have attracted intensive attention due to their exotic statistics and possible applications in topological quantum computation. They are proposed to exist in various two-dimensional (2D) topological systems, such as [Formula: see text] topological superconductor (SC) and nanowire–superconducting hybridization system. In this paper, we point out that Majorana fermions in different topological systems obey different types of polygon sign rules. A numerical approach is described to identify the type of polygon sign rule of the Majorana fermions. Applying the approach to study two 2D topological systems, we find that vortex-induced Majorana fermions obey topological polygon sign rule and line-defect-induced Majorana fermions obey normal polygon sign rule.
Isolated attosecond pulses generation from coherent superposition state of helium ion in static electric fields and spatial nonhomogeneous fields
Authors: Liu Hao , Zhang Zhengzhong , Wu Yangjiang , Jiang Shicheng , Yu Chao
Published: September 2016

We present a systematic study of high-order harmonic generation (HHG) from helium ion with the initial state prepared as a coherent superposition of electronic ground state and an excited state. As a result, the conversion efficiency of the harmonic spectrum is significantly enhanced. When we add a static electric field in fundamental field, the supercontinuum region of the harmonic spectrum is distinctly extended and an isolated 100 as pulse can be generated. Moreover, we use a spatial nonhomogeneous field to increase the cutoff energy in high-order harmonic generation spectrum, which can be extended to about 700 eV, and an isolated 50 as pulse can be obtained directly by the superposition of the supercontinuum harmonics.
EFFECT OF INHIBITOR AGENTS ADDITION ON CORROSION RESISTANCE PERFORMANCE OF TITANIA SOL–GEL COATINGS APPLIED ON 304 STAINLESS STEEL
Authors: SHANAGHI ALI , CHU PAUL K. , MORADI HADI
Published: September 2016

Hybrid organic–inorganic coatings are deposited on 304 stainless steel substrates by the sol–gel technique to improve the corrosion resistance. A titania-based nanostructured hybrid sol–gel coating is impregnated with three different microencapsulated healing agents (inhibitors) including cerium, Benzotriazole (BTA), and 8-Hydroxyquinoline (8H). Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are performed to investigate the barrier performance properties. The optimum conditions to achieve corrosion protective coatings for 304 stainless steel were determined. The Nyquist plots demonstrate that the activation time of the coating containing 8H as an organic healing agent shows improved behavior when compared to other coatings including cerium and BTA. Cerium as an inorganic healing agent is second and BTA is third and minimum. An increase in the impedance parameters such as resistance and capacitance as a function of immersion time is achieved in a 3.5[Formula: see text]wt.% NaCl solution by using healing agents such as BTA. Actually, over the course of immersion, the barrier performance behavior of the coatings changes and reduction of the impedance observed from the coatings containing Ce and 8H discloses deterioration of the protection system after immersion for 96[Formula: see text]h of immersion in the 3.5% NaCl solution. However, after 96[Formula: see text]h of immersion time, the concentration of chloride ions is high and causes increase in defects, micro cracks, hole on the surface of hybrid titania nanostructured coating containing Ce and 8H by destruction of coating, and also hybrid titania nanostructured coating containing BTA; BTA is released from coating to improve the resistance of passive film, which is created on the surface.
CONCURRENT VALIDITY AND TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY OF THE WALKBOT-K SYSTEM FOR ROBOTIC GAIT TRAINING
Authors: LEE DONG RYUL , SHIN YOON KYUM , PARK JI-HO , YOU JOSHUA HYUN
Published: September 2016

While the Walkbot-K robotic-assisted gait training systems have rapidly gained widespread acceptance for pediatric locomotor training in children with cerebral palsy, the validity and reliability for the Walkbot-K system have not been well established. The aim of this study is to investigate the validity and test-retest reliability of the innovative exoskeletal Walkbot-K system which is designed to help the active development and learning of fundamental locomotor skills in children with locomotor impairments. The electrogoniometer was used concurrently to compare the sagittal kinematic angular displacement data with that of the Walkbot-K system as a reference standard measure. Neuromechanical data obtained from kinematic measurement produced an excellent validity ([Formula: see text]). The test-retest reliability for kinematic knee angle data showed a remarkable consistency ([Formula: see text]). This study provides the first compelling evidence of the children’s robotic gait-assisted Walkbot-K system’s validity and reliability, indicating that the system is a highly valid and reliable robotic-assisted gait training system to evaluate and treat locomotor dysfunction.
Electroanalytical Approach for Determination of Tanshinone IIA Based on Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide Modified Gold Nanoparticles-Incorporated Carbon Paste Electrode
Authors: Zhang Xiuli , Li Jianwei , Wang Dong , Li Huiqin
Published: September 2016

In this work, a novel electrochemical sensor was presented for Tanshinone IIA determination. The as-prepared electrode was prepared by electrodepositing a reduced graphene oxide film onto a carbon paste electrode modified with gold nanoparticles, which combined the advantages of both gold nanoparticles and electrochemically reduced graphene oxide. It was characterized with scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The electrochemical behavior of Tanshinone IIA at the modified electrode was investigated for the first time. Results revealed that the modified electrode can effectively increase response toward Tanshinone IIA by significantly enhancing the redox peak currents and decreasing the peak-to-peak separation. Under the optimized conditions, the modified electrode showed a linear voltammetric response to Tanshinone IIA at concentrations ranging from [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]mol L[Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]mol L[Formula: see text], with a detection limit of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]mol L[Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]). The proposed method was successfully applied in determination of Tanshinone IIA in pharmaceutical samples with satisfactory results.
华人与马来半岛的锡矿业及新加坡锡贸易的消长
Authors: 吴 龙云
Published: September 2016

新加坡港口开埠之后，由于管理不当和犹豫不决，没得到很好的发展，贸易发展停滞不前，造成不少商家倒闭。随后的情势变化影响了新加坡发展。苏伊士运河开通之后，锡的出口量开始增长，但使得新加坡失去部分的转口贸易机会。因此，商人更为积极地进入马来半岛，以期开发半岛西岸的资源，其中锡矿最受到大家的注目。半岛西岸的不稳定情势，给海峡殖民地政府制造介入治理的机会。安定后的半岛西岸有利于锡的开挖。华人积极投资半岛西岸的锡矿，大量的华人矿工涌入开挖锡矿。20世纪初期，华人成为锡矿的主要投资与开挖者。锡的开挖，让不产锡的新加坡最终成为锡交易、提炼、出口的中心，带动新加坡的发展。华人投资与矿工投入开挖马来半岛西岸的锡，无疑对新加坡的贸易发展有着重要的意义。
Saturated fatty acids activate caspase-4/5 in human monocytes, triggering IL-1β and IL-18 release
Authors: Pillon Nicolas J. , Chan Kenny L. , Zhang Shitian , Mejdani Marios , Jacobson Maya R. , Ducos Alexandre , Bilan Philip J. , Niu Wenyan , Klip Amira
Published: September 2016

Obesity is associated with metabolic tissue infiltration by monocyte-derived macrophages. Saturated fatty acids contribute to proinflammatory gene induction in tissue-embedded immune cells. However, it is unknown how circulating monocytes, the macrophage precursors, react to high-fat environments. In macrophages, saturated fatty acids activate inflammatory pathways and, notably, prime caspase-associated inflammasomes. Inflammasome-activated IL-1β contributes to type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that 1) human monocytes from obese patients show caspase activation, and 2) fatty acids trigger this response and consequent release of IL-1β/IL-18. Human peripheral blood monocytes were sorted by flow cytometry, and caspase activity was measured with a FLICA dye-based assay. Blood monocytes from obese individuals exhibited elevated caspase activity. To explore the nature and consequence of this activity, human THP1 monocytes were exposed to saturated or unsaturated fatty acids. Caspase activity was revealed by isoform-specific cleavage and enzymatic activity; cytokine expression/release was measured by qPCR and ELISA. Palmitate, but not palmitoleate, increased caspase activity in parallel to the release of IL-1β and IL-18. Palmitate induced eventual monocyte cell death with features of pyroptosis (an inflammation-linked cell death program involving caspase-4/5), scored through LDH release, vital dye influx, cell volume changes, and nuclear morphology. Notably, selective gene silencing or inhibition of caspase-4/5 reduced palmitate-induced release of IL-1β and IL-18. In summary, monocytes from obese individuals present elevated caspase activity. Mechanistically, palmitate activates a pyroptotic program in monocytes through caspase-4/5, causing inflammatory cytokine release, additional to inflammasomes. These caspases represent potential, novel, therapeutic targets to taper obesity-associated inflammation.