bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solid‐State Homojunction Electrochemical Transistors and Logic Gates on Plastic
Authors: Kwak In Cheol , Lee Yoonjoo , Kim Min Je , Choi Young Jin , Roe Dong Gue , Kang Moon Sung , Woo Han Young , Cho Jeong Ho
Published: January 2023

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have attracted significant attention due to their unique ionic–electronic charge coupling, which holds promise for use in a variety of bioelectronics. However, the typical electronic components of OECTs, such as the rigid metal electrodes and aqueous electrolytes, have limited their application in solid‐state bioelectronics that requires design flexibility and a variety of form factors. Here, the fabrication of a solid‐state homojunction OECT consisting of a pristine polymer semiconductor channel, doped polymer semiconductor electrodes, and a solid electrolyte is demonstrated. This structure combines the photo‐crosslinking of all of the electronic OECT components with the selective doping of the polymer semiconductor. Three Lewis acids (gold (III) chloride (AuCl3), iron (III) chloride (FeCl3), and copper (II) chloride (CuCl2) ) are utilized as dopants for the metallization of the polymer semiconductor. The AuCl3‐doped polymer semiconductor with an electrical conductivity of ≈100 S cm−1 is successfully employed as the source, drain, and gate electrodes for the OECT, which exhibited a high carrier mobility of 3.4 cm2 V−1 s−1 and excellent mechanical stability, with negligible degradation in device performance after 5000 cycles of folding at a radius of 0.1 mm. Homojunction OECTs are then successfully assembled to produce NOT, NAND, and NOR logic gates.
Strain‐Tolerant, High‐Detectivity, and Intrinsically Stretchable All‐Polymer Photodiodes
Authors: Kang Hyunbum , Lee Yeongjun , Lee Gae Hwang , Chung Jong Won , Kwon Young‐Nam , Kim Joo‐Young , Kuzumoto Yasutaka , Gam Sangah , Kang Sung‐Gyu , Jung Ji Young , Choi Ajeong , Yun Youngjun
Published: January 2023

A skin‐like photodiode (PD) that is stretchable and skin‐conformable is crucial to opening the next‐generation wearable electronics for optical biometric monitoring, biomedical imaging, and others. To achieve reliable PD characteristics under large deformation, stretchable PDs with high detectivity and high mechanical stretchability must be developed. Herein, intrinsically stretchable polymer‐based PDs (is‐PPDs) comprising all‐polymeric constituent layers are demonstrated. In particular, elastomeric photoactive layers consisting of an elastomer with p‐/n‐type semiconducting polymers and conducting polymer‐based stretchable transparent electrodes with modulated work functions improve both the mechanical stability and the detectivity (D*) of is‐PPDs. Accordingly, is‐PPDs show excellent D* over 1013 Jones with a suppressed dark current density of 0.1 nA cm−2 before and after 100% stretching. The proposed is‐PPDs record high‐quality and stable photoplethysmography signals at the wrist with outward extension.
C‐Shaped Cartilage Development Using Wharton's Jelly‐Derived Hydrogels to Assemble a Highly Biomimetic Neotrachea for use in Circumferential Tracheal Reconstruction
Authors: Gao Erji , Wang Yao , Wang Pengli , Wang Qianyi , Wei Yuxuan , Song Daiying , Xu Huangfang , Ding Jinghao , Xu Yong , Xia Huitang , Chen Ru , Duan Liang
Published: January 2023

A highly biomimetic neotrachea with C‐shaped cartilage rings has promising clinical applications in the treatment of circumferential tracheal defects (CTDs) owing to its structure and physiological function. However, to date, most fabricated tracheal cartilages are O‐shaped. In this study, finite element analysis demonstrates C‐shaped cartilage rings that exhibit better compliance than O‐shaped. Hydrogel is developed using methacryloyl‐modified decellularized Wharton's jelly matrix (DWJMA) for the regeneration of C‐shaped cartilage rings. This novel hydrogel possesses adjustable physicochemical properties and favorable cytocompatibility. When loaded with chondrocytes, DWJMA hydrogels support the optimal cartilage regeneration both in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, a highly biomimetic neotrachea simultaneously simulating the structural and physiological properties of the normal trachea is regenerated via modular assembly of several individual C‐shaped cartilage rings. The results demonstrate the highly biomimetic neotrachea have better patency (88.6 ± 6.1% vs 74.4 ± 9.4%, p < 0.05), improve the survival rate, alleviate weight loss and mucoid impaction, than its O‐shaped counterpart when used for the treatment of CTDs in a rabbit model. Therefore, this study proposes a novel hydrogel for the regeneration of C‐shaped cartilage and provides new insights into the treatment of CTDs using a highly biomimetic neotrachea with C‐shaped cartilage rings.
Electrochemical Oxidation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural on CeO2‐Modified Co3O4 with Regulated Intermediate Adsorption and Promoted Charge Transfer
Authors: Zhao Gongchi , Hai Guangtong , Zhou Peiyun , Liu Zhimeng , Zhang Yanyan , Peng Baoxiang , Xia Wei , Huang Xiubing , Wang Ge
Published: January 2023

Electrocatalytic 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural oxidation reaction (HMFOR) can replace the kinetically slow oxygen evolution reaction to yield high value‐added chemicals. In this study, interface engineering is constructed by modifying CeO2 nanoparticles on Co3O4 nanowires supported by nickel foam (NF). The construction of the heterointerface can facilitate the structural evolution of catalysts and charge transfer, as a result, the successfully synthesized NF@Co3O4/CeO2 exhibits higher 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural conversion (98.0%), 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) yield (94.5%), and Faradaic efficiency (97.5%) at a low electrolysis potential of 1.40 VRHE compared to NF@Co3O4 and NF@CeO2. Density‐functional theory calculations indicate that the establishment of heterointerface can effectively regulate the intermediate adsorption and promote electron transfer, which greatly reduces the activation energy of the dehydrogenation step in 5‐formyl‐2‐furancarboxylic acid (FFCA), and promotes the further oxidation of FFCA to FDCA, thereby improving the performance of HMFOR. In this study, the HMFOR behavior of the Co3O4/CeO2 interface effect is deeply explored, which provides guidance for the future design of heterointerface catalysts with efficient HMFOR performance.
Bi‐Metallic Coupling‐Induced Electronic‐State Modulation of Metal Phosphides for Kinetics‐Enhanced and Dendrite‐Free Li–S Batteries
Authors: Zhou Chao , Hong Min , Hu Nantao , Yang Jianhua , Zhu Wenhuan , Kong Lingwei , Li Ming
Published: January 2023

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are considered as next‐generation promising batteries, yet suffer from severe capacity decay and low‐rate capability. Transition metal compounds can solve these problems due to their unique electronic band structure, good chemical adsorption ability, and exceptional catalytic capability. Unraveling the essence of electronic states of metal compounds can fundamentally guide their structure design and promote Li–S battery performance. Herein, bi‐metallic coupling‐induced electronic‐state modulation of metal phosphides is reported for kinetics‐enhanced and dendrite‐free Li–S batteries. Bimetallic phosphides nanoparticles‐anchored N, P‐co‐doped porous carbons (NiCoP–NPPC) are facilely constructed via a laser‐induced micro‐explosion strategy. Theoretical calculations reveal that the electronic‐state can be modulated via NiCo coupling, leading to lower polysulfides/Li+ diffusion and conversion barriers. As a result, the assembled Li–S full cells based on NiCoP–NPPC exhibit greatly improved capacity (1150 mAh g‐1 at 0.5 C) and cycle stability (84.3% capacity retention after 1000 cycles). Furthermore, they can be operated even under lean electrolyte (5.2 µL mg‐1) with a high sulfur loading (6.9 mg cm‐2), achieving a high areal capacity of 6.8 mAh cm‐2 at 0.5 C. This study demonstrates that bi‐metallic coupling‐induced electronic‐state modulation is an effective approach for developing high‐performance Li–S batteries.
X‐Ray‐Responsive Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework‐Capped Nanotherapeutics for Cervical Cancer‐Targeting Radiosensitization
Authors: Pan Shuya , Huang Guanning , Sun Zhengwei , Chen Xin , Xiang Xinli , Jiang Wenxiao , Xu Yanchao , Chen Tianfeng , Zhu Xueqiong
Published: January 2023

Developing radiosensitizers based on the characteristics of the tumor microenvironment can improve the effectiveness and overcome the bottleneck of cervical cancer radiotherapy. Herein, an in situ synthesis strategy is demonstrated by using a highly bioactive zeolitic imidazolate framework to cap Mn3O4 and folic acid as targeting molecules (FA‐Mn3O4@ZIF‐8) to achieve enhanced radiosensitization against cervical cancer. As expected, the ZIF‐8 cap on the surface of Mn3O4 responds more effectively to X‐rays. Meanwhile, by facilitating the presence of oxygen vacancies and valence transition of manganese on the surface of Mn3O4, the ZIF‐8 cap on Mn3O4 can increase the catalytic capacity for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glutathione as well as produce more singlet oxygen under X‐ray, alleviate hypoxia within the tumor microenvironment, and increase reactive oxygen species production. Moreover, FA‐Mn3O4@ZIF‐8 shows excellent radiotherapy‐sensitizing properties in vitro and in vivo by promoting DNA damage and apoptosis. Collectively, this study suggests that designing and construction of X‐ray responsive nanoradiosensitizers could be a good way for future clinical radiotherapy of malignant cervical cancer.
On‐Chip Tightly Confined Guiding and Splitting of Surface Acoustic Waves Using Line Defects in Phononic Crystals
Authors: Gao Feng , Benchabane Sarah , Bermak Amine , Dong Shurong , Khelif Abdelkrim
Published: January 2023

Phononic crystals (PnCs) exhibit acoustic properties that are not usually found in natural materials, which leads to the possibility of new devices for the complex manipulation of acoustic waves. In this article, a micron‐scale phononic waveguide constructed by line defects in PnCs to achieve on‐chip, tightly confined guiding, bending, and splitting of surface acoustic waves (SAWs) is reported. The PnC is made of a square lattice of periodic nickel pillars on a piezoelectric substrate. The PnC lattice constant, pillar diameter, and pillar height are set to 10, 7.5, and 3.2 µm, respectively, leading to a complete bandgap centered at 195 MHz. Interdigitated transducers are monolithically integrated on the same substrate for SAW excitation. The guiding, bending, and splitting of SAWs in the phononic waveguide are experimentally observed through measurement of the out‐of‐plane displacement fields using a scanning optical interferometer. The combination of destructive interference due to the Bragg bandgap and the interaction of the propagating wave with the pillars around the channel results in a tight confinement of the displacement field. The proposed phononic waveguides demonstrate the feasibility of precise local manipulation of SAW that is essential for emerging frontier applications, notably for phonon‐based classical and quantum information processing.
Interconnected Metallic Membrane Enabled by MXene Inks Toward High‐Rate Anode and High‐Voltage Cathode for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Chuanfang (John) , Zhao Wengao , Park Sang‐Hoon , Guo Tiezhu , Deng Shungui , Seral‐Ascaso Andrés , Si Mayan , Grissa Rabeb , Barwich Sebastian , Nicolosi Valeria
Published: January 2023

The ever‐increasing popularity of smart electronics demands advanced Li‐ion batteries capable of charging faster and storing more energy, which in turn stimulates the innovation of electrode additives. Developing single‐phase conductive networks featuring excellent mechanical strength/integrity coupled with efficient electron transport and durability at high‐voltage operation should maximize the rate capability and energy density, however, this has proven to be quite challenging. Herein, it is shown that a 2D titanium carbide (known as MXene) metallic membrane can be used as single‐phase interconnected conductive binder for commercial Li‐ion battery anode (i.e., Li4Ti5O12) and high‐voltage cathodes (i.e., Ni0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2). Electrodes are fabricated directly by slurry‐casting of MXene aqueous inks composited with active materials without any other additives or solvents. The interconnected metallic MXene membrane ensures fast charge transport and provides good durability, demonstrating excellent rate performance in the Li//Li4Ti5O12cell (90 mAh g−1at 45 C) and high reversible capacity (154 mAh g−1at 0.2 C/0.5 C) in Li//Ni0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2cell coupled with high‐voltage operation (4.3 V vs Li/Li+). The LTO//NMC full cell demonstrates promising cycling stability, maintaining capacity retention of 101.4% after 200 cycles at 4.25 V (vs Li/Li+) operation. This work provides insights into the rational design of binder‐free electrodes toward acceptable cyclability and high‐power density Li‐ion batteries.
High Thermoelectric Performance in Earth‐Abundant Cu3SbS4 by Promoting Doping Efficiency via Rational Vacancy Design
Authors: Zhang De , Wang Xincan , Wu Hong , Huang Yuling , Zheng Sikang , Zhang Bin , Fu Huixia , Cheng Zien , Jiang Pengfei , Han Guang , Wang Guoyu , Zhou Xiaoyuan , Lu Xu
Published: January 2023

Sulfides are well investigated as thermoelectric materials but their performance is typically limited by low electrical conductivity. High electrical performance in Cu3SbS4 is reported by creating high valence vacancies, which efficiently provides multiple carriers. It is revealed from the perspective of a chemical bond by calculations that Al can serve as vacancy stabilizer as its entry into the lattice forms intensified bonds with neighboring atoms and lowers the vacancy formation energy. As a result, the average power factor of Cu3SbS4 with 9 wt% CuAlS2 reaches 16.1 µW cm−1 K−2. Finally, by further addition of AgAlS2, a peak zT of 1.3 and an average zT of 0.77 are obtained due to the reduced thermal conductivity. The attained average power factor and average zT are superior to other low‐toxic thermoelectric sulfides. The findings shed light on the new strategy for creating favorable vacancies to realize high‐efficiency doping in thermoelectric materials.
In Situ Non‐Topotactic Reconstruction‐Induced Synergistic Active Centers for Polysulfide Cascade Catalysis
Authors: Zeng Pan , Zou Hao , Cheng Chen , Wang Lei , Yuan Cheng , Liu Genlin , Mao Jing , Chan Ting‐Shan , Wang Qingyuan , Zhang Liang
Published: January 2023

Most reported catalysts for lithium‐sulfur battery can work for only one of the multiple elementary reactions, thereby resulting in the gradual enrichment of unconverted polysulfides at the catalytic centers and aggravating the shuttle effect. Herein, the concept of cascade catalysis based on a ternary heterostructure, which divides sulfur redox reactions into distinct steps by multiple catalytic centers, is proposed to realize the tandem reduction of Li2S8 to Li2S. As a proof of concept, the ternary heterostructure Na0.67Ni0.25Mn0.75O2(NNMO)‐MnS2‐Ni3S4 achieved by in situ non‐topotactic electrochemical reconstruction successfully integrates three types of active centers into one structure to achieve cascade catalysis. More specifically, NNMO acts as an adsorption mediator to effectively capture polysulfides, MnS2 functions better in catalyzing the conversion of polysulfides into Li2S4 and Ni3S4 demonstrates an enhanced catalytic effect for Li2S precipitation. This synergistic cascade catalysis originates primarily from the dynamic energy‐level matching between the metal d‐band center and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the polysulfides, affording appropriate molecular orbital hybridization and facile interfacial electron transition and thus endowing favorable sulfur reduction kinetics. Eventually, the NNMO‐MnS2‐Ni3S4/S composite electrode exhibits excellent rate performance and high restraining ability toward the polysulfide shuttle under long cycling, high sulfur loading and low electrolyte conditions.
Dynamic Assembly of Cascade Enzymes by the Shape Transformation of a DNA Scaffold
Authors: Lin Peng , Dinh Huyen , Morita Yuki , Nakata Eiji , Morii Takashi
Published: January 2023

Within cells, the close spatial arrangement of cascade enzymes facilitates the channeling of intermediates and enhances cascade reaction efficiency. Reconfigurable DNA nanostructures, owing to their structural controllability and precise spatial addressability, are promising tools for mimicking such processes. In this study, a 3D DNA origami scaffold, with a dynamic shape transformation from its open boat form to a closed hexagonal prism induced by toehold‐mediated strand displacement, is designed to investigate the enzyme cascade reaction of xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase from D‐xylose metabolic pathway. Enzymes are assembled on the DNA scaffold in its open state, which is subsequently closed by the assistance of DNA sequence‐specific closing keys. The enzyme cascade efficiency is much higher in the static encapsulated closed state than in the open state due not only to the enzyme proximity but also the environmental factors of 3D DNA structure. These results provide novel insights into controlling enzyme cascade reactions by inducing the shape transformation of DNA nanostructures and how environmental factors affect the action of multi‐enzyme complexes in the cell.
Hierarchical Topography with Tunable Micro‐ and Nanoarchitectonics for Highly Enhanced Cardiomyocyte Maturation via Multi‐Scale Mechanotransduction
Authors: Ahn Hyunah , Cho Younghak , Yun Geun‐Tae , Jung Kwang Bo , Jeong Wonji , Kim Yesol , Son Mi‐Young , Lee Eunjung , Im Sung Gap , Jung Hee‐Tae
Published: January 2023

Enhancing cardiomyocyte (CM) maturation by topographical cues is a critical issue in cardiac tissue engineering. Thus far, single‐scale topographies with a broad range of feature shapes and dimensions have been utilized including grooves, pillars, and fibers. This study reports for the first time a hierarchical structure composed of nano‐pillars (nPs) on micro‐wrinkles (µWs) for effective maturation of CMs. Through capillary force lithography followed by a wrinkling process, vast size ranges of topographies are fabricated, and the responses of CMs are systematically investigated. Maturation of CMs on the hierarchical structures is highly enhanced compared to a single‐scale topography: cardiac differentiation of H9C2s (rat cardiomyocytes) on the hierarchical topography is ≈ 2.8 and ≈ 1.9 times higher than those consisting of single‐scale µWs and nPs. Both nPs and µWs have important roles in cardiac maturation, and the aspect ratio (height/diameter) of the nPs and the wavelength of the µWs are important in CM maturation. This enhancement is caused by strong focal adhesion and nucleus mediated mechanotransduction of CMs from the confinement effects of the different wavelengths of µWs and the cellular membrane protrusion on the nPs. This study demonstrates how a large family of hierarchical structures is used for cardiac maturation.
Metasurface‐Enabled Holographic Lithography for Impact‐Absorbing Nanoarchitected Sheets
Authors: Kagias Matias , Lee Seola , Friedman Andrew C. , Zheng Tianzhe , Veysset David , Faraon Andrei , Greer Julia R.
Published: January 2023

Nanoarchitected materials represent a class of structural meta‐materials that utilze nanoscale features to achieve unconventional material properties such as ultralow density and high energy absorption. A dearth of fabrication methods capable of producing architected materials with sub‐micrometer resolution over large areas in a scalable manner exists. A fabrication technique is presented that employs holographic patterns generated by laser exposure of phase metasurface masks in negative‐tone photoresists to produce 30–40 µm‐thick nanoarchitected sheets with 2.1 × 2.4 cm2 lateral dimensions and ≈500 nm‐wide struts organized in layered 3D brick‐and‐mortar‐like patterns to result in ≈50–70% porosity. Nanoindentation arrays over the entire sample area reveal the out‐of‐plane elastic modulus to vary between 300 MPa and 4 GPa, with irrecoverable post‐elastic material deformation commencing via individual nanostrut buckling, densification within layers, shearing along perturbation perimeter, and tensile cracking. Laser induced particle impact tests (LIPIT) indicate specific inelastic energy dissipation of 0.51–2.61 MJ kg−1, which is comparable to other high impact energy absorbing composites and nanomaterials, such as Kevlar/poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) composite, polystyrene, and pyrolized carbon nanolattices with 23% relative density. These results demonstrate that holographic lithography offers a promising platform for scalable manufacturing of nanoarchitected materials with impact resistant capabilities.
Conjugated Coordination Polymer as a New Platform for Efficient and Selective Electroreduction of Nitrate into Ammonia
Authors: Zhang Yizhe , Zheng Hui , Zhou Kangjie , Ye Jinyu , Chu Kaibin , Zhou Zhiyou , Zhang Longsheng , Liu Tianxi
Published: January 2023

Electroreduction of nitrate into ammonia (NRA) provides a sustainable route to convert the widespread nitrate pollutants into high‐value‐added products under ambient conditions, which unfortunately suffers from unsatisfactory selectivity due to the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Previous strategies of modifying the metal sites of catalysts often met a dilemma for simultaneously promoting activity and selectivity toward NRA. Here, a general strategy is reported to enable an efficient and selective NRA process through coordination modulation of single‐atom catalysts to tailor the local proton concentration at the catalyst surface. By contrast, two analogous Ni‐single‐atom enriched conjugated coordination polymers (NiO4‐CCP and NiN4‐CCP) with different coordination motifs are investigated for the proof‐of‐concept study. The NiO4‐CCP catalyst exhibits an ammonia yield rate as high as 1.83 mmol h−1 mg−1 with a Faradaic efficiency of 94.7% under a current density of 125 mA cm−2, outperforming the NiN4‐CCP catalyst. These experimental and theoretical studies both suggest that the strategy of coordination modulation can not only accelerate the NRA by adjusting the adsorption energies of NRA intermediates on the metal sites but also inhibit the HER through regulating the proton migration with contributions from the metal‐hydrated cations adsorbed at the catalyst surface, thus achieving simultaneous enhancement of NRA selectivity and activity.
Lasing by Template‐Assisted Self‐Assembled Quantum Dots
Authors: Aftenieva Olha , Sudzius Markas , Prudnikau Anatol , Adnan Mohammad , Sarkar Swagato , Lesnyak Vladimir , Leo Karl , Fery Andreas , König Tobias A.F.
Published: January 2023

Miniaturized laser sources with low threshold power are required for integrated photonic devices. Photostable core/shell nanocrystals are well suited as gain material and their laser properties can be exploited by direct patterning as distributed feedback (DFB) lasers. Here, the 2nd‐order DFB resonators tuned to the photoluminescence wavelength of the QDs are used. Soft lithography based on template‐assisted colloidal self‐assembly enables pattern resolution in the subwavelength range. Combined with the directional Langmuir–Blodgett arrangement, control of the waveguide layer thickness is further achieved. It is shown that a lasing threshold of 5.5 mJ cm−2 is reached by a direct printing method, which can be further reduced by a factor of ten (0.6 mJ cm−2) at an optimal waveguide thickness. Moreover, it is discussed how one can adjust the DFB geometries to any working wavelength. This colloidal approach offers prospects for applications in bioimaging, biomedical sensing, anti‐counterfeiting, or displays.
Light‐Triggered and Polarity‐Switchable Homojunctions for Optoelectronic Logic Devices
Authors: Li Kangjie , He Ting , Guo Nan , Xu Tengfei , Fu Xiao , Wang Fang , Xu Hangyu , Li Guohua , Liu Shuning , Deng Ke , Xiao Yunlong , Miao Jinshui , Hu Weida
Published: January 2023

Semiconductor homojunctions based on 2D materials are promising candidates for optoelectronic logic devices due to their excellent electrostatic tunability and photoelectric characteristic. However, to reach programmable logic functions, the 2D homojunctions usually suffer from compulsory combinations of electrical and optical inputs. Here, a light‐triggered and polarity‐switchable homojunction made from the vertically stacked MoTe2/CuInP2S6/Au layers in a dual‐floating gate transistor configuration, is demonstrated. Utilizing the band alignment between MoTe2 and CuInP2S6, the photocarriers in MoTe2 can be excited to Au layer across the insulating CuInP2S6 efficiently, serving as floating gate to modulate the polarity of the MoTe2 homojunctions which produce photocurrents simultaneously in photovoltaic mode. A logic gate XOR is achieved in one single device without the need for any applied voltage. Moreover, the devices exhibit both anomalous photoresponse and optical memory behaviors in photoconductive mode. The results provide a potential route for the development of optoelectronic logic devices with fully light‐actuated sensing capability.
Photoluminescence Enhancement for Efficient Mixed‐Halide Blue Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Chen Zhan , Liu Xiao‐Ke , Wang Heyong , Liu Xianjie , Hou Lintao , Gao Feng
Published: January 2023

The development of highly efficient blue perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) remains a big challenge, requiring more fundamental investigations. In this work, significant photoluminescence enhancement in mixed halide blue perovskite films is demonstrated by using a molecule, benzylphosphonic acid, which eventually doubles the external quantum efficiency to 6.3% in sky‐blue PeLEDs. The photoluminescence enhancement is achieved by forming an oxide‐bonded perovskite surface at grain boundaries and suppressing electron–phonon interaction, which enhances the radiative recombination rate and reduces the nonradiative recombination rate, respectively. Moreover, severe thermal quenching is observed in the blue perovskite films, which can be explained by a two‐step mechanism involving exciton dissociation and electron–phonon interaction. The results suggest that enhancing the radiative recombination rate and reducing the electron–phonon interaction‐induced nonradiative recombination rate are crucial for achieving blue perovskite films with strong emission at or above room temperature.
Deep Eutectic Solvents Synthesis of A2Sb(C2O4)Cl3 (A = NH4, K, Rb) with Superior Optical Performance
Authors: Zhang Die , Wang Qiang , Luo Han , Cao Liling , Dong Xuehua , Huang Ling , Gao Daojiang , Zou Guohong
Published: January 2023

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), which are considered as a new kind of green solvents, have been adopted for the synthesis of diverse functional materials. Herein, DESs synthesis is used to solve the problem of easy hydrolysis and oxidation of the emerging optical functional groups Sb3+ cations, producing three novel antimony chloride oxalates named A2Sb(C2O4)Cl3 (A = NH4, K, Rb). The three title compounds feature noncentrosymmetric structures consisted of [Sb(C2O4)Cl3]2– anionic clusters, which induce excellent linear and nonlinear optical properties of them. Particularly, Rb2Sb(C2O4)Cl3 exhibits a strong nonlinear optical response that is 2.1 times that of KH2PO4, as well as large calculated birefringence of 0.22@546 nm, indicating that antimony oxalates are promising optical materials. This work affords an effective strategy to settle the difficulties in crystallization of the materials including cations with low oxidation state and easy hydrolysis.
A Facile yet Versatile Strategy to Construct Liquid Hybrid Energy‐Saving Windows for Strong Solar Modulation
Authors: Li Jichang , Gu Pengyu , Pan Hongyu , Qiao Zhiyuan , Wang Jianfeng , Cao Yanxia , Wang Wanjie , Yang Yanyu
Published: January 2023

Smart windows with light management and indoor solar heating modulation capacities are of paramount importance for building energy conservation. Thermochromic poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) hydrogel smart windows exhibit advantages of the relatively suitable transition temperature of 32 °C, high cost‐effective and automatic passive sunlight regulation, but sustain slow response rate and unsatisfactory solar modulation efficiency. Herein, a strategy of one‐step copolymerization of NIPAm and different olefine acids (OA) using reverse atom transfer radical polymerization method is developed to fabricate various chain/microparticle hybrids (CMH) for liquid energy‐saving windows. Synergetic mechanisms of thermal‐induced dissolution and aggregation of linear polymer chains integrated with water capture and release of microgel particles contribute to tunable light‐scattering behaviors and adaptive solar modulation. Without any post‐treatment, the as‐prepared poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid) (P(NIPAm‐co‐AA))‐based CMH suspension is injected into sandwich glass to construct energy‐saving windows, which exhibits appreciated near‐room‐temperature transition (26.7 °C), rapid response (5 s), extraordinary luminous transmittance (91.5%), and solar modulation efficiency (85.8%), resulting in a substantial decline of indoor temperature of 24.5 °C in simulation experiment. Combining the versatile strategy with flexible adjustment on transition temperature, multifarious P(NIPAm‐co‐OA)‐based CMH windows with eminent light management capacity are obtained. This work will powerfully promote the development and renovation of energy‐efficient windows.
Ein praktikabler und robuster zwitterionischer kooperativer Lewis‐Säure‐/Acetat‐/Benzimidazolium‐Katalysator für direkte 1,4‐Additionen
Authors: Hans Andreas C. , Becker Patrick M. , Haußmann Johanna , Suhr Simon , Wanner Daniel M. , Lederer Vera , Willig Felix , Frey Wolfgang , Sarkar Biprajit , Kästner Johannes , Peters René
Published: January 2023

Ein Katalysatortyp wird vorgestellt, der eine außergewöhnliche Effizienz bei direkten 1,4‐Additionen ermöglicht. Der Katalysator ist eine zwitterionische Einheit, in der Acetat an CuII bindet, das formal negativ geladen ist und als Gegenion für eine Benzimidazolium‐Einheit dient. Alle 3 Funktionalitäten sind an der katalytischen Aktivierung beteiligt. Für Maleimide wurde die Produktivität im Vergleich zur Literatur um einen Faktor >300 gesteigert (Umsatzzahlen bis zu 6700). Eine hohe Stereoselektivität und Produktivität wurde auch für ein breites Spektrum anderer Michael‐Akzeptoren erreicht. Der polyfunktionelle Katalysator ist in nur 4 Stufen ausgehend von N−Ph‐Benzimidazol mit einer Gesamtausbeute von 96 % zugänglich und stabil während der Katalyse. Dies ermöglichte die mehrfache Wiederverwendung des gleichen Katalysators mit nahezu konstanter Effizienz. Mechanistische Studien, insbesondere durch DFT, liefern ein detailliertes Bild der Funktionsweise des Katalysators. Die Benzimidazolium‐Einheit stabilisiert das koordinierte Enolat‐Nucleophil und verhindert, dass Acetat/Essigsäure vom Katalysator dissoziieren.
Enantioselective N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed α‐Oxidative Coupling of Enals with Carboxylic Acids Using an Iodine(III) Reagent
Authors: Xu Yuan‐Yuan , Gao Zhong‐Hua , Li Cao‐Bo , Ye Song
Published: January 2023

The enantioselective α‐oxidative coupling of enals with carboxylic acids was developed via the umpolung of an NHC‐bound enolate with an iodine(III) reagent. The corresponding α‐acyloxyl‐β,γ‐unsaturated esters were afforded in good yields, with high regio‐ and enantioselectivities. The key step of the reaction involves the formation of enol iodine(III) intermediate from the enolate with iodosobenzene, which changes the polarity of α‐carbon of the enal from nucleophilic to electrophilic, and thus facilitates the subsequent addition of carboxylate.
Electron‐Rich Bi Nanosheets Promote CO2⋅− Formation for High‐Performance and pH‐Universal Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Li Zaiqi , Sun Bin , Xiao Difei , Wang Zeyan , Liu Yuanyuan , Zheng Zhaoke , Wang Peng , Dai Ying , Cheng Hefeng , Huang Baibiao
Published: January 2023

Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) to chemical fuels such as formate offers a promising pathway to carbon‐neutral future, but its practical application is largely inhibited by the lack of effective activation of CO2 molecules and pH‐universal feasibility. Here, we report an electronic structure manipulation strategy to electron‐rich Bi nanosheets, where electrons transfer from Cu donor to Bi acceptor in bimetallic Cu−Bi, enabling CO2RR towards formate with concurrent high activity, selectivity and stability in pH‐universal (acidic, neutral and alkaline) electrolytes. Combined in situ Raman spectra and computational calculations unravel that electron‐rich Bi promotes CO2⋅− formation to activate CO2 molecules, and enhance the adsorption strength of *OCHO intermediate with an up‐shifted p‐band center, thus leading to its superior activity and selectivity of formate. Further integration of the robust electron‐rich Bi nanosheets into III–V‐based photovoltaic solar cell results in an unassisted artificial leaf with a high solar‐to‐formate (STF) efficiency of 13.7 %.
In Situ Polymerized 1,3‐Dioxolane Electrolyte for Integrated Solid‐State Lithium Batteries
Authors: Mi Ye Qian , Deng Wei , He Chaohui , Eksik Osman , Zheng Yi Ping , Yao De Kun , Liu Xian Bin , Yin Yan Hong , Li Ye Sheng , Xia Bao Yu , Wu Zi Ping
Published: January 2023

Solid‐state lithium batteries are promising and safe energy storage devices for mobile electronics and electric vehicles. In this work, we report a facile in situ polymerization of 1,3‐dioxolane electrolytes to fabricate integrated solid‐state lithium batteries. The in situ polymerization and formation of solid‐state dioxolane electrolytes on interconnected carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and active materials is the key to realizing a high‐performance battery with excellent interfacial contact among CNTs, active materials and electrolytes. Therefore, the electrodes could be tightly integrated into batteries through the CNTs and electrolyte. Electrons/ions enable full access to active materials in the whole electrode. Electrodes with a low resistance of 4.5 Ω □−1 and high lithium‐ion diffusion efficiency of 2.5×10−11 cm2 s−1 can significantly improve the electrochemical kinetics. Subsequently, the batteries demonstrated high energy density, amazing charge/discharge rate and long cycle life.
Integrated Micro Space Electrostatic Field in Aqueous Zn‐Ion Battery: Scalable Electrospray Fabrication of Porous Crystalline Anode Coating
Authors: Guo Can , Zhou Jie , Chen Yuting , Zhuang Huifen , Li Jie , Huang Jianlin , Zhang Yuluan , Chen Yifa , Li Shun‐Li , Lan Ya‐Qian
Published: January 2023

The inhomogeneous consumption of anions and direct contact between electrolyte and anode during the Zn‐deposition process generate Zn‐dendrites and side reactions that can aggravate the space‐charge effect to hinder the practical implementation of zinc‐metal batteries (ZMBs). Herein, electrospray has been applied for the scalable fabrication (>10 000 cm2 in a batch‐experiment) of hetero‐metallic cluster covalent‐organic‐frameworks (MCOF‐Ti6Cu3) nanosheet‐coating (MNC) with integrated micro space electrostatic field for ZMBs anode protection. The MNC@Zn symmetric cell presents ultralow overpotential (≈72.8 mV) over 10 000 cycles at 1 mAh cm−2 with 20 mA cm−2, which is superior to bare Zn and state‐of‐the‐art porous crystalline materials. Theoretical calculations reveal that MNC with integrated micro space electrostatic field can facilitate the deposition‐kinetic and homogenize the electric field of anode to significantly promote the lifespan of ZMBs.
Embedding Lanthanide Organic Polyhedra into Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dyes
Authors: Lin Xiao‐Shan , Liao Wen‐Hua , Zhou Li‐Peng , Sun Qing‐Fu
Published: January 2023

Organic pollutants cause severe environmental problems because of their damage to human health and ecological systems. Photocatalytic degradation of persistent organic pollutants is of great importance to address these hazards. Herein, we report a lanthanide organic polyhedra‐based hybrid material Gd8L12⊂MSN with the capability of photocatalytic dye degradation. Gd8L12⊂MSN was prepared by embedding the Gd8L12 complex into mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) using a “ship‐in‐a‐bottle” strategy. Photocurrent response tests revealed that this hybrid material is a potential semiconductor and could generate a rapid and steady photocurrent upon irradiation. Further dye degradation experiments indicated that it could photocatalyze the degradation of familiar organic dyes. Thereinto, compared with the critical Gd8L12 complex, the hybrid material exhibited an acceleration of 2.4 times and realized reusability. This not only offers a potential advanced photocatalyst for degrading persistent organic pollutants, but also provides a strategy for the application of supramolecular materials in environmental science.
The Marshall Fire: Scientific and policy needs for water system disaster response
Authors: Whelton Andrew J. , Seidel Chad , Wham Brad P. , Fischer Erica C. , Isaacson Kristofer , Jankowski Caroline , MacArthur Nathan , McKenna Elizabeth , Ley Christian
Published: January 2023

The 2021 Marshall Fire was the costliest fire in Colorado's history and destroyed more than 1,000 homes and businesses. The disaster displaced over 40,000 people and damaged six public drinking water systems. A case study was developed to better understand decisions, resources, expertise, and response limitations during and after the wildfire. The fire caused all water systems to lose power. Power loss was sometimes coupled with structure destruction, distribution depressurization, and the failure of backup power systems. These consequences jeopardized fire‐fighting support and allowed for volatile organic compound and semi‐volatile organic compound contamination of water distribution systems. Water system staff, with help from neighboring systems and external technical experts, stabilized the infrastructure, found and removed the contamination, and restored services. Actions were identified for utilities, governments, and researchers that could help communities minimize wildfire impacts, better protect workers and the population, and enable water systems to more rapidly respond and recover.
Apoptotic mitochondrial poration by a growing list of pore‐forming BCL‐2 family proteins
Authors: Moldoveanu Tudor
Published: January 2023

The pore‐forming BCL‐2 family proteins are effectors of mitochondrial poration in apoptosis initiation. Two atypical effectors—BOK and truncated BID (tBID)—join the canonical effectors BAK and BAX. Gene knockout revealed developmental phenotypes in the absence the effectors, supporting their roles in vivo. During apoptosis effectors are activated and change shape from dormant monomers to dynamic oligomers that associate with and permeabilize mitochondria. BID is activated by proteolysis, BOK accumulates on inhibition of its degradation by the E3 ligase gp78, while BAK and BAX undergo direct activation by BH3‐only initiators, autoactivation, and crossactivation. Except tBID, effector oligomers on the mitochondria appear as arcs and rings in super‐resolution microscopy images. The BH3‐in‐groove dimers of BAK and BAX, the tBID monomers, and uncharacterized BOK species are the putative building blocks of apoptotic pores. Effectors interact with lipids and bilayers but the mechanism of membrane poration remains elusive. I discuss effector‐mediated mitochondrial poration.
Advances in polymer‐based cell encapsulation and its applications in tissue repair
Authors: Lu Tangfang , Xia Bin , Chen Guobao
Published: January 2023

Cell microencapsulation is a more widely accepted area of biological encapsulation. In most cases, it involves fixing cells in polymer scaffolds or semi‐permeable hydrogel capsules, providing the environment for protecting cells, allowing the exchange of nutrients and oxygen, and protecting cells against the attack of the host immune system by preventing the entry of antibodies and cytotoxic immune cells. Hydrogel encapsulation provides a three‐dimensional (3D) environment similar to that experienced in vivo, so it can maintain normal cellular functions to produce tissues similar to those in vivo. Embedded cells can be genetically modified to release specific therapeutic products directly at the target site, thereby eliminating the side effects of systemic treatments. Cellular microcarriers need to meet many extremely high standards regarding their biocompatibility, cytocompatibility, immunoseparation capacity, transport, mechanical, and chemical properties. In this article, we discuss the biopolymer gels used in tissue engineering applications and the brief introduction of cell encapsulation for therapeutic protein production. Also, we review polymer biomaterials and methods for preparing cell microcarriers for biomedical applications. At the same time, in order to improve the application performance of cell microcarriers in vivo, we also summarize the main limitations and improvement strategies of cell encapsulation. Finally, the main applications of polymer cell microcarriers in regenerative medicine are summarized.
International medical tourism of US cancer patients for alternative cancer treatments: Financial, demographic, and clinical profiles of online crowdfunding campaigns
Authors: Peterson John , Wilson Trevor F. , Watt Melissa H. , Gruhl Josh , Davis Sydney , Olsen Jaxon , Parsons Matthew W. , Kann Benjamin H. , Swire‐Thompson Briony , Fagerlin Angela , Warner Echo L. , King Andy J. , Chino Fumiko , Johnson Skyler B.
Published: January 2023

Background

Previous research has found that individuals may travel outside their home countries in pursuit of alternative cancer therapies (ACT). The goal of this study is to compare individuals in the United States who propose plans for travel abroad for ACT, compared with individuals who seek ACT domestically.

Methods

Clinical and treatment data were extracted from campaign descriptions of 615 GoFundMe® campaigns fundraising for individuals in the United States seeking ACT between 2011 and 2019. We examined treatment modalities, treatment location, fundraising metrics, and online engagement within campaign profiles. Clinical and demographic differences between those who proposed international travel and those who sought ACT domestically were examined using two‐sided Fisher's exact tests. Differences in financial and social engagement data were examined using two‐sided Mann–Whitney tests.

Results

Of the total 615 campaigns, 237 (38.5%) mentioned plans to travel internationally for ACT, with the majority (81.9%) pursuing travel to Mexico. Campaigns that proposed international treatment requested more money ($35,000 vs. $22,650, p < 0.001), raised more money ($7833 vs. $5035, p < 0.001), had more donors (57 vs. 45, p = 0.02), and were shared more times (377 vs. 290.5, p = 0.008) compared to campaigns that did not. The median financial shortfall was greater for campaigns pursuing treatments internationally (−$22,640 vs. ‐$13,436, p < 0.003).

Conclusions

Campaigns proposing international travel for ACT requested and received more money, were shared more online, and had more donors. However, there was significantly more unmet financial need among this group, highlighting potential financial toxicity on patients and families.
Flash Extraction, Characterization, and Immunoenhancement Activity of Polysaccharide fromHippophae rhamnoidesLinn
Authors: Zhu Yunwen , Wu Meifu , Li Xue , Wang Yahong , Li Mei , Zhou Hongli
Published: January 2023

Hippophae rhamnoidesL. polysaccharide was optimized with flash extraction by response surface design. The optimum process conditions were: rotation rate 5000 r/min, extraction time 15 s, extraction temperature 90 °C and liquid‐to‐material ratio 38 mL/g, the extraction yield was 15.28±0.02 %. HRP‐1 and HRP‐2 obtained by 40 % and 60 % graded alcohol precipitation were characterized. The results indicated that HRP‐1 and HRP‐2 both composed of mannose, ribose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose with different molar ratio and the molecular weights were 380.59 kDa and 288.24 kDa, respectively. In addition, thein vitroantioxidant and immunoenhancement activities of HRP‐1 and HRP‐2 were analyzed, and the two fractions showed good free radical scavenging activity against ⋅OH, ABTS⋅+, DPPH⋅, and extremely strong immunomodulatory activity against RAW264.7 cells. Indicating that flash extraction is suitable for extraction of HRP, the structural study of HRP provides a scientific theoretical basis for the development ofHippophae rhamnoides.
Antioxidant Activity and Phytopathogenic Control of Extracts and Fraction from Struthanthus calophyllus A.C.Sm. (Loranthaceae)
Authors: Suaza‐Gaviria Vanessa , Mesa‐Vanegas Ana María , Ocampo‐Jiménez Omar , Monsalve‐Fonnegra Zulma Isabel
Published: January 2023

Phytopathogenic microorganisms cause oxidative stress in host plants, thus affecting agricultural crops. Such stress could be controlled by antioxidant compounds from parasitic plants, given their antioxidant power. This article reports an evaluation of Struthanthus calophyllus antimicrobial activity and antioxidant mechanism by testing different polarity extracts. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against phytopathogens bacteria (e. g., Erwinia, Pectobacterium, Xanthomonas) using the agar diffusion method. Pectobacterium and Xanthomonas presented growth inhibition zones similar to streptomycin control. Antioxidant activity was determined by measuring total phenol content, DPPH⋅, and ABTS⋅+ radicals‐scavenging inhibition percentage (IP). Most polar extracts presented 76,9–95,9 % IP, which correlates with its phenolic content. Besides, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in a V14‐1 sub‐fraction from stem ethanolic extract, chose one for highest yield percentage, highest metabolites presence, and antimicrobial activity, showed triterpenic compounds mixture (α‐amyrin, β‐amyrin and 24‐methylenecycloartanol). Findings in this study are among the first reports for S. calophyllus, even the chemical characterization, that confirm its strong antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Further molecular composition research about parasitic plants could show how unknown compounds may combat pathogenic microorganisms.
A brief introduction to polymers and concepts of polymer modification of bentonite for barrier applications
Authors: Lieske Wolfgang , Verst Rowena , von Maubeuge Kent , Wichtmann Torsten
Published: January 2023

Polymer‐modified bentonite has reached significant attention in recent years, as polymers have been found to increase the resistance of clay barriers to detrimental environmental conditions. Studies on polymer modification of clays for barriers, in most cases, address a specific bentonite with a specific means of modification based on a specific polymer product. The term polymer, however, generally describes a broad category of macromolecules able to create a wide range of possible properties of the modified clay. This article reviews the basics of polymer modification of clays for use in hydraulic barriers to provide a general basis for comparison and design of different modification products and methods. Basics of both primary material categories, that is, polymer and clay, are presented, followed by possible polymer–clay interactions related to polymer charge properties and structure. Possible enhancements associated with polymer modification, but also open questions are addressed.