bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glacial Beds of Cambrian Age in South Australia
Authors: Howchin Walter
Published: October 2009

1. I
ntroduction
.

In April 1901, the present writer read a ‘Preliminary Note on the Existence of Glacial Beds of Cambrian Age in South Australia,’ before the Royal Society of South Australia. Subsequent investigations have demonstrated the great extent of these beds, both in thickness and in geographical prevalence, and have materially strengthened the evidences of their glacial origin. Publication of these results was delayed until the stratigraphical relationships of the beds in question had become better known. Researches into the geology of the Mount-Lofty and the Flinders Ranges were undertaken for this purpose, with the result that the subject can now be discussed upon definite data.

The beds under review have their southernmost outcrop on the Onkaparinga River, 20 miles south of Adelaide. South of this position they become obscured by the Tertiary sandstones of McLaren Vale, and by a fault of some magnitude in which the higher beds of the Cambrian series are brought into juxtaposition with the lower beds at a divergent strike.

North of the Onkaparinga, the glacial beds are occasionally seen as inliers of the Tertiary sandstones and clays, until the River Sturt is reached, 7 miles south of Adelaide. Here the beds cross the stream obliquely, about 1 mile from the main South Road, and occupy both sides of the valley for a distance of nearly 2 miles up stream. The glacial beds in this locality are determined on their northern side by a dip-fault, which cuts them off.

From this point, northwards, the deep
The Two Earth-Movements of Colonsay
Authors: Wright William Bourke
Published: October 2009

The field-work which forms the basis of the present communication was carried out by Mr. E. B. Bailey and the Author in the summer of 1907, in the course of the geological survey of the island of Colonsay. The systems of folding displayed here and in the sister isle of Oronsay were found to possess features of more than usual interest, and special attention was given to the subject as far as the rapid nature of the work permitted. The investigation was facilitated by the rocky character of the islands, the surface of which is but little obscured by superficial deposits. A fairly continuous series of observations was thus rendered possible, and although a thorough understanding of the subject was by no means arrived at, yet certain facts came to light which may possibly have an important bearing on the orogenic history of the Highlands. For clearness and convenience of reference the subject will be discussed under the following heads:—

I.

The Stratigraphy and Chief Tectonic Features of the Islands.

II.

The Igneous Rocks.

III.

The Two Earth-Movements.

IV.

The Relation of the Earth-Movements to the Lamprophyres.

V.

The Relation of the Earth-Movements to the Plutonic Masses.

VI.

The Varied Age of the Lamprophyres.

VII.

The Nature of the Second Cleavage.

The sedimentary rocks of supposed Lower Torridon age which form the greater part of Colonsay and Oronsay consist of an alternating
Notes on the River Wey
Authors: Bury Henry
Published: October 2009

1.
Introduction
.

That part of the River Wey which lies within the Wealden area may for convenience be divided into six sections; but it is almost entirely with the last three that the present paper is concerned. (See Pl. XXXVI.)

Section I is a consequent river, cutting through the Chalk at Guildford, and is marked on Pl. XXXVI as ‘River Wey (Consequent).’ It is the only portion of the Wey that rises in the Weald Clay, its upper waters being mainly derived from a subsequent river running nearly parallel to the Lower Greensand escarpment.

Section II is a subsequent stream flowing in from the east, parallel with the Chalk escarpment, and joining Section I at Shalford. It is described in Topley's ‘Geology of the Weald’ as the Tillingbourne.

Section III is another subsequent river joining Section I from the west at Broadford. Between Godalming and Broadford its course is north-easterly, but from Tilford to Godalming its general direction is easterly, parallel to the Hog's Back, which lies about 3 miles to the north. This branch, which may for convenience be called the Godalming River, receives several tributaries from the south, some from Hindhead, others from the Lower Greensand ridge between Hindhead and Hascombe. The latter form notches in that ridge, and seem to have been reduced in length by the retreat of the Lower Greensand escarpment before branches of the River Arun, Some unimportant obsequent streams drain the Lower Greensand area to the north, between this river and the Hog's
On the Subdivisions of the Chalk of Trimingham (Norfolk).
Authors: Brydone Reginald Marr
Published: October 2009

The Chalk in question is seen on the sea-shore when freed from shingle and sands by favourable tides, and portions of it rise as bluffs in the more recent deposits of the cliffs, being exposed from time to time as these beds in their turn are denuded away. This Chalk, by the evidence of its fossil contents, is younger than the Chalk of the
mucronata
-zone, which is the highest member of the White Chalk exposed elsewhere in England. This
mucronata
-Chalk dips generally eastwards, and, although exposed between Weybourne and Cromer, disappears just east of the latter place and is seen no more. The Chalk described in this paper lies on the top of
mucronata
-Chalk, and is correlated by its fossil-contents with the Chalk of Rügen. It is, therefore, in normal succession to the
mucronata
-Chalk, and represents the highest beds of the Cretaceous System existing in this country. It has not been found in any other part of the British Islands.

The literature on it is scanty, and for present purposes it will be useful to call attention to Mr. Clement Reid's ‘Geology of the Country around Cromer’ Mem. Geol. Surv. 1882; to the present writer's ‘Stratigraphy & Fauna of the Trimingham Chalk,’ 8vo, London (Dulau) 1900, and Geol. Mag. 1906, which gives a complete fauna of these beds and of the
mucronata
-Chalk between Weybourne and Cromer; also to Mr. A. J. Jukes-Browne's ‘Upper Chalk of England,’ vol. iii of the ‘Cretaceous Rocks of Britain’ Mem. Geol. Surv. 1904.

In a
The Carboniferous Rocks at Loughshinny (County Dublin).
Authors: Matley Charles Alfred
Published: October 2009

1.
Introduction
[C.A.M.].

Loughshinny, a tiny fishing-village on the coast of County Dublin, about midway between the larger villages of Rush and Skerries, is well known to Dublin geologists for the fine exposures of contorted strata exhibited in the neighbouring cliffs. These exposures form part of an extensive coast-section of Carboniferous rocks which may be followed, with a few interruptions, for about 5 miles from Rush on the south to Skerries on the north.

A description of the rocks in the southern portion of this coast section, from Rush as far north as a small cove called Brook's End, was given by us in 1905, together with an account of the faunal succession and correlation of the beds. The present paper continues the description northward from Brook's End, and is intended to be read in conjunction with our previous paper. The references given to former literature and maps in that paper apply equally to the ground now to be described.

Before, however, describing in some detail the rocks around Loughshinny, it seems desirable to recapitulate very briefly the sequence of the rocks in the Rush portion of the coast-section. At Rush the lowest beds are a thick mass of dark slates (Rush Slates), with intercalated limestone-bands; they pass up into the Rush Conglomerates, and the latter into a calcareous group (Supra-Conglomerate Limestones and Carlyan Limestones). The ascending succession is as a whole from south to north, and the beds mentioned appeared, from the palæontological evidence available at the time, to
On the Occurrence of Footprints in the Lower Sandstones of the Exeter District.
Authors: Clayden Arthur William
Published: October 2009

I have long felt, for reasons which need not be detailed here, that the Red Rock Series of the Exeter district was mainly of subaërial origin, the breccias and associated sands having accumulated on a strip of country bounded on the west by high hills carved out of the folded Culm, while a large sheet of water lay to the east. The frequent indications of aqueous deposit would be due to variations in the level of the water such that it occasionally over-spread much of the littoral region, and rearranged and levelled the subaerial accumulations.

Such a district seems to be exactly suited for the preservation of the footprints of any animals which might descend from the hills to wander over the low-lying sandy shores. I have, therefore, repeatedly searched the surfaces of blocks freshly fallen from the cliffs near Exmouth, where the ‘Lower Marls with occasional Sandstones’ reach the coast, and every other section that I could find in which the natural surfaces were laid bare.

Sun-cracks on the surfaces of thin lenticular seams of marl are often to be found, as well as other signs of the s opposed conditions. The upper part of some of the sandstones weathers out in a curious way, leaving an irregular network of concretionary structures, strongly suggestive of a matted network of underground stems, such as those of the sand
Carex
or the recent Equisetaceas. But nothing of undoubtedly organic origin has been found.

Away from the coast suitable exposures are rare.
On some Intrusive Rocks in the Neighbourhood of Eskdale, Cumberland
Authors: Dwerryhouse Arthur Richard
Published: October 2009

Chief amongst the group of intrusive rocks which it is my purpose to describe is the granite of Eskdale and Wasdale Head, which possesses petrological characters of peculiar theoretical interest; but I shall also deal with certain minor intrusions near the foot of Peers Gill in Upper Wasdale, and with several groups of dykes which have been usually thought to be associated with the Eskdale Granite, but appear to me to have had a separate origin at a period remote from that of the intrusion of the granite.

II.
The
Eskdale
Granite
.

The granite comes to the surface in two exposures. The larger and more southerly of these occupies an extensive tract of country in Eskdale and Mitredale, and extends southwards as far as Beetle Fell, while it reaches to within a mile of the sea in the neighbourhood of Ravenglass.

The smaller outcrop lies in the floor of Upper Wasdale and extends from Down-in-the-Dale, beneath the hotel at Wasdale Head, and up the valley to about half a mile above Burnthwaite Farm. The larger outcrop has a total length of some 12 miles and a breadth of 4 at its widest part, while the smaller mass measures about 1 mile in length by half a mile in breadth, and is roughly elliptical in form.

The rock is mentioned by Clifton Ward in a paper entitled ‘ The Granitic, Granitoid, & Associated Metamorphic Rocks of the Lake District,’ and also in the Geological Survey memoir on the district. In the
The Depth and Succession of the Bovey Deposits (Devon)
Authors: Jukes-Browne Alfred John
Published: October 2009

The
total thickness of the Tertiary Beds in the Bovey Basin has never yet been ascertained, because no boring has yet reached the bottom of the basin in which they lie; and no one has yet attempted to make out a stratigraphical succession from the sections exposed in the numerous clay-pits.

Some years ago, however, Messrs. Candy & Co., of the Heathfield Potteries, put down a boring which reached a depth of 526 feet from the surface. Having obtained some particulars concerning the beds traversed by this boring, the Author is able to discuss the succession of the Bovey deposits, so far as they hate been explored. The following is a generalized description of the strata seen in the Heathfield pit, and penetrated by the boring from the bottom of that excavation :—

The Author confirms the conclusion arrived at by Pengelly in 1861, with regard to the relative age of the beds exposed in the ‘ old coal-pit’ south-east of Bovey Tracey and those proved in a boring to the east of it. From all the data mentioned, and assuming the actual base of the Tertiary deposits to be not more than 30 feet below the bottom of the Heathfield boring, he estimates the total thickness of the ‘ :Eocene’ beds to be about 613 feet.

The Bovey Basin itself is regarded as a tectonic basin or post-Eocene centrocline, and not as a lake-basin; although, during the deposition of the higher part of the series, it may have formed
Palæolithic Implements, etc. from Hackpen Hill, Winterbourne Bassett, and Knowle Farm Pit (Wiltshire)
Authors: Kendall Henry George Ommanney
Published: October 2009

Implements are described from the localities mentioned in the title, which lie at heights of 885, 576, and 450 feet above O.D. respectively. Hackpen Hill forms a ridge of Chalk running north and south, capped by patches of Tertiary clay. Trimmed stones of eolithic nature were obtained from fields ploughed in Drift-gravels, together with abraded Upper Greensand chert, quartzite-pebbles, and small flints. The greater number of the flaked stones were found within and near shallow pits excavated in yellow Drift-clay, apparently newer than the Red Clay with Flints, exposed at the edges of the larger hollows. The implements are unabraded, abraded, and striated; some stained brown, some green, others unstained; evidently some are
in situ
, others were brought with the Drift. Implements taken from the clay are described, and a distinction is made between the palæoliths and neoliths obtained from the same surface. The similarity in the mineral condition of the former to palæoliths from Knowle Farm Pit is pointed out, and both are referred to the Chelléen period.

It is noteworthy that, while implements and flakes are numerous on the top of Hackpen Hill as compared with good, trimmed pieces, yet at this 570-foot level on the Winterbourne-Bassett plain implements and flakes are very scarce, while trimmed pieces are very numerous, although the level of the Winterbourne stones is 300 feet lower. Many of the latter, however, have been evidently rechipped, and are therefore of later date. The Author concludes that implements of at least three palseolithic periods are
On some Reptilian Remains from the Trias of Lossiemouth (Elgin)
Authors: Watson D. M. S.
Published: October 2009

The fore limb of
Ornithosuchus
woodwardi
is shown in a specimen in the Manchester Museum. It is small, only about one-half the size of the hind leg. The scapula is much expanded at both ends, and is indistinguishably fused with the coracoid. The latter bone is pierced by a large foramen. The humerus is a slender bone, somewhat twisted, but not much expanded at the ends; it has a distinct ectepicondylar groove. The ulna is very broad at the proximal end, but narrows distally; its proximal portion forms a thin plate of bone. The radius crosses the ulna, its proximal end lying entirely in front of it, while the distal ends of the two bones lie side by side. The carpus cannot be made out. Only metacarpals 1, 2, and 3 are functional; but a possible representative of 4 lies closely pressed to the back of the other three. Both phalanges of digit 1 are preserved, the last being a strong claw.

Ornithosuchus
is restored as an animal walking on all fours, with the head carried rather low. The proportions are identical with those of
Ætosaurus
.

A description is given of the skeleton of a very small reptile, interesting as recalling
Ætosaurus
in its armour, and because it shows the whole of the animal except the tail.
On some Reptillian Tracks from the Trias of Runcorn (Chesire)
Authors: Watson D. M. S.
Published: October 2009

Very little information exists as to the tracks of the smaller reptilia of the Trias, although several types of footprints have been described from isolated examples. Four types of tracks which occur on the slab of sandstone from Weston Point, described in 1840 by Dr. Black, are discussed in this paper. They belong to forms generally included in the Rhynchosauroid types and to the footprint I, Beasley.

Both pes and manus are impressed in three of the cases, the other being so small that it is doubtful whether the manus would have made a recognizable impression if it did touch the ground.

Footprint A 2, Beasley, has a manus very similar to the pes, but showing some traces of the palm.

Footprint A 8, spec. nov., has five toes in the pes connected by a web. The manus is also five-toed, but corresponds to some extent to I, Beasley. There is a well-marked tail-streak in the track.

E, Beasley, which is very similar to I, really has five digits, the fifth being directed backwards and only just touching the ground.

A very small footprint is described as A 9.

It is suggested that some of these prints may quite well belong to such Thecodonts as
Ornithosuchus
.
On the Geology of the Neighbourhood of Seaford (Sussex)
Authors: Elsden James Vincent
Published: October 2009

The following paper deals with that part of the South Downs which adjoins the coast between Beachy Head and Newhaven. Its primary object was to investigate the variations of the dip and strike of the Chalk strata in that area, with the view of discovering the interpretation of the sudden westerly dip of the Chalk at Seaford Head. Incidentally, the geological features of the surrounding country and their relation to the surface-contours are discussed, and reasons are given for the view that the true eastern extremity of the structural area known as the Hampshire Basin lies within this district. With regard to previous literature on this part of Sussex, the whole question is summed up by Mr. Jukes-Browne in the following statement, published in 1904:—

‘At Newhaven the beds are nearly horizontal, so there must be a quick recovery from the steep inclination which they show in Seafurd Head. Whether they are re-curved or faulted we have no means of knowing.’
A New Species of Sthenurus
Authors: Glauert Ludwig
Published: October 2009

In a large collection of remains of extinct Marsupial mammals from the Mammoth Cave, Margaret River (Western Australia), the Author recognized several mandibles of a new kangaroo of the genus
Sthenurus
. He now communicates a detailed description of one specimen, and shows that the new species most nearly resembles
Sthenurus oreas
(De Vis) and
Sth. atlas
(Owen).
The Carboniferous Limestone of County Clare (Ireland)
Authors: Douglas James Archibald
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

The work of examining the Carboniferous Limestone of County Clare was undertaken with a view to ascertaining whether the zonal sequence of the fauna, established by Dr. Arthur Vaughan for contemporaneous rocks in the Bristol district, and since proved to hold good for other localities in Great Britain, was also applicable to these beds in the West of Ireland. This district, which forms the western limit of the great limestone-plain of Central Ireland, furnishes one of the most typical examples of a limestone country in the British Isles, and it is strange that it has not attracted more attention from Irish geologists. Although Dr. Wheelton Hind has studied the overlying shales and shown them to be the equivalent of the Pendleside Series, the fauna of the limestone has up to the present remained undescribed.

A brief allusion to the limestone in the extreme south of the county is given in the recent Survey Memoir on the Geology of the Limerick District; but, with the exception of accounts of cave-explorations, there are, so far as I am aware, no papers bearing on the geology of Eastern Clare of more recent date than the original Memoirs published by the Irish Geological Survey in 1860 and 1863.

Mapping, at that time, was executed by sole reference to the lithological characters of the rocks, and little attention seems to have been paid to their fossil contents. The evidence, now adduced by a study of the latter, necessitates very little alteration in the
The Howgill Fells and their Topography
Authors: Marr John Edward , Fearnsides William George
Published: October 2009

The Howgill Fells form a well-defined geographical unit. They occur as an upland tract of roughly triangular form, the angles being blunted. The northern side of the triangle is defined by the valley in which the village of Ravenstonedale lies. It extends for 8 miles measured in a straight line, in a direction a little north of west, from a point 2 miles south-east of that village to the village of Tebay. This valley was originally watered by the streams of the Lune drainage, although (owing to subsequent diversion) the waters at its eastern end now find their way into the Eden.

At Tebay the main waters of the Lune flow southwards, and this part of the course of the Lune forms the western side of the triangle for a distance of 8 miles to a point a little west of the town of Sedbergh. The trend of this side is about 5° east of south.

The third and longest side is curved, and measured along the straight is about 9 miles long. At the north-eastern end it is defined by the Dent Fault and its parallel fractures as far as Rawthey Bridge, after which it follows the line of the Rawthey to the southern end of the second side immediately west of Sedbergh.

Along these lines a continuous depression separates the Howgill Fells from the adjoining heights on the west, north, and south-east. The bottom of this depression along the major portion of its length is less than 600
Certain Jurassic (‘Inferior Oolite’) Species of Ammonites and Brachiopoda
Authors: Buckman S. S.
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

T
he
species described or mentioned in the following pages have a more or less definite connexion with the Jurassic strata of the Dorset coast described in the foregoing paper; but, although this communication is offered as an Appendix to that one, it may perhaps more rightly be regarded as an Appendix to that and the other communications on similar strata mentioned on p. 53.

The Inferior Oolite rocks are so remarkably prolific in species of Mollusca and Molluscoids—there is so great a number of species yet awaiting description—that there seems to be an idea among those who have not studied the rocks in the field, that they receive a kind of preferential treatment in this respect. Another explanation may be suggested—that our judgment as to the time occupied in the forming of the so-called ‘Inferior Oolite’ strata is warped owing to their tenuity—that they represent a time during which destruction of strata was particularly active, therefore the remaining deposits are only the fragmentary representatives of a whole.

This is particularly the case in Dorset. A schoolboy once defined a net as a series of holes strung together, and the Dorset Inferior Oolite might be defined as a series of gaps united by thin bauds of deposit. And one reason for the prolificness of the deposits is that the amount of deposit can be no indication of the amount of time, as shown by the changes in successive faunas; and also that the deposits are so local—the deposits of
The Tremadoc Slates and Associated Rocks of South-East Carnarvonshire
Authors: Fearnsides William George
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

T
he
ancient parish of Ynyscynhaiarn lies along the northern shore of Cardigan Bay, at the mouth of the Afon Glaslyn, and forms the south-eastern corner of the county of Carnarvon. The area to be described in the present paper is the country represented upon the 6-inch Ordnance Survey maps of Carnarvonshire, Sheet XXXIV S.E. (Criccieth) and Sheet XXXIV S.W. (Portmadoc), with portions of Sheets XLII N.E. & N.W. and XXXIV N.E. & N.W. to the north and south of these. It includes portions of all four quarter-sheets of Sheet 75 of the 1-inch Geological Survey map.

This area is a rectangular block of some 20 square miles, and includes the townships of Portmadoc and Tremadoc (now united as the Urban District of Ynyscynhaiarn) and the flourishing health-resorts of Borth-y-gest and Criccieth. It is traversed by the Cambrian Railway, between Barmouth and Pwllheli, and is approached either by that railway or by the London and North-Western Railway (through Bangor and Afonwen), or again by the narrow-gauge railway from Ffestiniog.

For its scenery the district has long been famous, and there are few British districts which can show so great a variety of tide-flat, salt-marsh, sea-cliff, sand-dune, park, coppice, meadow, cornland, bog, moor, lake, and mountain, even over an area of many times its size. The bigger hills of the district, rising abruptly almost to 1000 feet above sea-level, occur in the north and east; and while, both geologically and topographically, Tremadoc may he said to lie among the Snowdonian
The Geological Structure of Southern Rhodesia
Authors: Mennell Frederic Philip
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroductory
.

T
he
region popularly denominated ‘South Africa’ is usually considered as extending from the Gape to the Zambezi River, and the latter is also the dividing-line between Northern and Southern Rhodesia. The South African area is made up principally of sedimentary rocks, which include an unbroken stratigraphical sequence from the base of the Devonian up to the Jurassic System. Even at the Gape, however, inliers of older rocks are exposed, which cannot, as palæontological evidence is lacking, be ascribed with certainty to any particular period. These ‘Pre-Cape’ rocks become increasingly important as the Transvaal border is approached; and in the southern part of that province we find, developed along the denuded axis of a great anticline, those ancient strata of the ‘Transvaal System’ which include the gold-bearing ‘banket.’

These old rocks have been subdivided into a number of separate groups, each of great thickness and all probably of Archæan age. They still present a comparatively normal sedimentary facies however, and it is only in places, towards the north, that we find areas of crystalline schists, associated, as usual, with huge granite masses. In fact, it is only near the Rhodesian border that we enter upon that great region of metamorphic schists which appears to occupy most of the central portion of the African continent. So limited is the distribution of unaltered stratified rocks over the greater part of this area that Mr. J. A. Chalmers & Dr. F. H. Hatch, in publishing the first brief references to the geology
The Rhætic and Contiguous Deposits of West, MID, & Part of East Somerset
Authors: Richardson Linsdall
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

I
n
Somerset the Rhætic rocks have a greater superficial extent than in any other county. It was anticipated that their investigation would prove of exceptional interest for several reasons: notably because—

(a) It has long been known that the Series attains an unusual thickness in places in this county, while it also frequently assumes a littoral facies when in contact with the Palæozoic rocks that formed land-areas during its time of deposition;

(b) The discovery in the top-portion of the ‘Grey Marls’ of Watchet of
Microlestes
teeth, associated with characteristic Rhætic fossils, has long been an important fact in the discussion as to whether the ‘Grey and Tea-green Marls’ (auctt.) should be classed with the Rhætic or with the Keuper;

(c) The
Pteria-contorta
Shales, with their associated hard beds, have yielded a rich assemblage of invertebrate fossils; and

(d) The White Lias is excellently developed, and its relationship to the Lower Lias can be studied in many sections.

In order, however, that students of the Series should have at their disposal easily-comprehended facts concerning the detailed stratigraphy, as also a knowledge of the position of certain strata bearing well-known names, and the horizons whence many of the well-preserved specimens now housed in our museums came, much detailed work was necessary. The main points that required to be settled were:—

(a) The stratigraphical position of the marls that had yielded the
Microlestes
teeth and other characteristic Rhætic fossils;

(β) The true position of the ‘Wedmore Stone,’ Moore's ‘Flinty Bed,’
Notes on the Culm of South Devon: Part I—Exeter District
Authors: Collins Frederick George
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

S
ome
ten years ago, my friend Mr. C. Davies Sherborn pressed upon me the desirability of making a thorough examination of the Culm Measures of South Devon, and promised every assistance in his power if I would undertake the task. He pointed out that a great part of the area was practically unexplored, and, if systematically worked, might yield results that would fix exactly the position of the beds in the Carboniferous System.

The sequel has shown the soundness of his judgment. But, living on the spot, I knew well the reputation of the beds. To quote some recent writers, Mr. E. A. Newell Arber says:—

From a palaeobotanical standpoint the Culm Measures offer a most unpromising field....; it is nowadays a matter of the greatest difficulty to obtain specimens sufficiently wel. preserved to admit of satisfactory determination.

Principal A. W. Clayden writes:—

They [the Exeter type of Culm Measures] are singularly devoid of recognizable fossils.

Occasional essays of my own at collecting had but confirmed me in a similar opinion. However, I at length undertook a more systematic search for fossils than appears to have hitherto been made. Since then my schoolboy son Oliver and I have spent much of our leisure in patiently searching the Culm rocks of the neighbourhood, and the examination of a definite line of country having now been completed, the time has arrived to publish the results thus far obtained.

The city of Exeter stands almost at the eastern extremity of the
The Carboniferous Succession in Gower (Glamorganshire), with Notes on its Fauna & Conditions of Deposition
Authors: Dixon Ernest Edward Leslie , Vaughan Arthur
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
[E.E.L.D. & A.V.].

T
he
object with which the Avonian rocks of Gower described in the present paper were examined was primarily the comparison of their faunal sequence with that of Bristol and other parts of the South-Western Province. In this connexion valuable pioneer work on parts of the sequence had already been done by Dr. W. B. Gubbin and it was desired that our knowledge should be extended to the whole development, as also to the relationship of the zones that are based on brachiopods and corals with the representative of the Pendleside Series which had been recognized in Gower by Dr. Wheelton Hind. For in Gower alone of the whole province was such a representative known. Between 1899 and 1902 the area had been mapped by the officers of H.M. Geological Survey, Dr. A. Strahan, Mr. R. H. Tiddeman, and Mr. B. S. N. Wilkinson, and our work was greatly facilitated by the knowledge then obtained, which was generously placed at our disposal and has since (in 1907) been published in the official maps and memoirs.

Our joint field-work, the examination of the Mumbles-Bishopston ground and the southern coast, was carried out in 1905, and in the following year one of us (E. E. L. D.) extended the work into the north-western part of the area in connexion with the Geological Survey; a summary of the information then obtained has since been published.

II. L
ithological
C
haracters of the
Z
ones
[E. E. L. D.].

The Avonian rocks of
The Geology of Cyrenaica
Authors: Gregory John Walter
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

C
yrenaica
, a province of Eastern Tripoli, is the projection on the northern coast of Africa between the Gulf of Sidra (the Greater Syrtis) on the west and the Bay of Bomba on the east. The name is sometimes used to include Marmarica and the Libyan coast, as far as the still undetermined western frontier of Egypt; but the restriction of Cyrenaica to the wide foreland occupied by the famous Greek colony whose capital was Cyrene renders it a more natural geographical division. It is thus equivalent to the Gebel el Akdar—the Green Hills—of Arab nomenclature; while the Gebel el Akabah—the Abrupt Hills,—its eastward continuation between the Bay of Bomba and the Bay of Salum, is the plateau of Marmarica.

Cyrenaica, as thus restricted, is a land of great classical interest: it includes the ancient Pentapolis; the city of Cyrene stood on the northern edge of its plateau; and the Garden of the Hesperides and the River Lethe lay in hollows in the limestone on its coastal plain. Cyrenaica is, however, geologically the least-known area on the shores of the Mediterranean. The geology of the parts of Egypt near the eastern frontier of Cyrenaica is known from the work of Ziittel and Fuchs at Siwa, and from collections made on the coast of Marmarica at Mersa Tobruk by Schweinfurth, and on the Libyan coast by Ball and by Pachundaki at Mersa Matruh, about half-way between Alexandria and the Bay of Salum. The correlation of the rocks on the eastern
The Fossil Echinoidea of Cyrenaica
Authors: Gregory John Walter
Published: October 2009

T
he
specimens were collected during the expedition of which the geological results have been recorded in the foregoing pages (572-615). The fossil Echinoidea collected in Cyrenaica during our journey include ten determinable species represented by over a hundred specimens. Many of them are imperfect, but were collected on account of the light which they might throw on the distribution of the species.

I have to express my thanks to Dr. F. A. Bather for having kindly compared some of the specimens of
Echinolampas
with specimens in the British Museum collection, and to M. J. Lambert for his careful examination of several of the species, as also for his valuable notes concerning their affinities.

The list of the chief echinoids collected is as follows:—

Description of the Species.

Clypeaster biarritzensis
Cotteau, 1873, var. Trotteri nov.

Clypeaster biarritzensis
Cotteau, 1873, in R. de Bouillé, ‘Pal. Biarritz,’ p. 10. [Not seen.]

Clypeaster biarritzensis
Cotteau, 1891, ‘Éch. Éoc., Pal. franc: Terr. Tort.’ vol. ii, p. 228 & pl. cclx.

Clypeaster biarritzensis
Flick, 1900, ‘Priab. en Tunisie’ C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, vol. cxxx, p. 149.

Clypeaster biarritzensis
Pervinquière, 1903, ‘Géol. Tunisie-Centrale’ Carte Géol. Tunisie, p. 199.

Characters.—Form and dimensions similar to those normal to the species. Petals of ambulacra shorter, and the distal ends less open than in the typical form.

Distribution.—Typical form: Upper Eocene; Lou Count near Biaritz. Gebel Batene, Tunisia.

Var.
trotteri
. In a pale-yellowish marly limestone containing many specimens of
Operculina libyca
.Half a mile east of the camp at Aint Sciachat
The Geology of the Districts of Worcester, Robertson, and Ashton (Cape Colony)
Authors: Rastall R. H.
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction and
B
ibliography
.

D
uring
the Long Vacation of 1910 I was enabled to pay a visit to South Africa, partly for the purpose of making collections for the Sedgwick Museum at Cambridge, and partly for original research in South African geology. Acting chiefly on the advice of Dr. A. W. Rogers, the head of the Geological Survey of Cape Colony, I undertook the investigation of the neighbourhood of the towns of Worcester, Robertson, and Ashton, in the Western Province of Cape Colony. Owing to special conditions, the geology of this district comprises some features of exceptional interest, and the elucidation of the problems there presented would cast valuable light on several obscure features of the geological history of the country as a whole. The most important of these problems refers to the origin and age of the Worcester-Swellendam Fault, one of the greatest dislocations of its kind with which we are acquainted. This forms the principal subject of the following paper; but several other questions are dealt with in considerable detail, especially the lithological character and structure of the Malmesbury Series, the oldest rocks of this part of the Colony—a subject on which hitherto little work has been done. Incidental reference is made to other points bearing on the principal objects of the investigation.

The district is comprised in Sheets 1, 2, and 4 of the geological map, on the scale of about 3
3
/
4
miles to the inch, issued by the Geological Commission of the Cape of Good Hope,
The Evolution of
Inoceramus
in the Cretaceous Period
Authors: Woods Henry
Published: October 2009

Introductory Remarks

Although the genus
Inoceramus
is found in deposits as early as the Lias, yet it is represented by comparatively few species until the close of the Lower Cretaceous Period, after which it underwent rapid evolution so that many species and varieties were developed; but, so far as we know, none of these survived the Cretaceous Period or left descendants. From the evidence which has been furnish0ed by a study of the variation of the species, their zonal distribution, morphological resemblances and development, and from the discovery of connecting links, it now seems possible to recognize the main lines of evolution in the
Inocerami
of the Cretaceous Period.

The species of
Inoceramus
found in the Gault, the Upper Greensand, and the Chalk appear to have originated from two stocks which occur in the Lower Greensand (Aptian), one being
I. salomoni
d'Orb., the other belonging to the type of
I. neocomiensis
d'Orb. and
I. ewaldi
Schlüt.

I. Species connected with
Inoceramus salomoni
.

We may first deal with the species which are connected with
I. salomoni
, namely:—
I. concentricus, I. concentricus
var.
subsulcatus, I. sulcatus, I. tennis
, and
I. etheridgei
, of which the distribution and relationship are shown in the accompanying diagram (A).

I. salomoni
d'Orb. (figs. 1–4, p. 3) is found in the Folkestone Beds (Lower Greensand) and in the
Mammillatum
Bed at the base of the Gault. The left valve is characterized by its subquadrate outline, the obliquely triangular hinge-area, the large anterior area bounded by a rounded ridge, the
The Faulted Inlier of Carboniferous Limestone at Upper Vobster (Somerset)
Authors: Sibly Thomas Franklin
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

The faulted inliers of Carboniferous Limestone at Luckington, Upper Vobster, and Tor Rock, Vobster, respectively, are three small masses lying in the Coal Measures of the southernmost portion of the East Somerset Coalfield, at distances varying from about a mile and a quarter to half a mile north of the main outcrop of the Carboniferous Limestone in the Eastern Mendips.

The highly disturbed condition of the Carboniferous strata in this coalfield is well known. Throughout the district east of Nettlebridge, in which these inliers are situated, the strata of the Coal Measures are overfolded and in places greatly contorted, as was shown by Buckland & Conybeare in 1824.

The anomalous position of these masses of Carboniferous Limestone has given rise to much comment and speculation by geological writers. Since attention was drawn to two of them by Buckland & Conybeare, the inliers have been the subject of several papers, apart from many incidental references made to them. The contributions of Mr. H. B. Woodward and Mr. James McMurtrie are particularly noteworthy, on account of the conflicting theories advanced by these authors to explain the position of the masses. Mr. Woodward has invoked a fan-shaped anticline broken by faults to explain the phenomena. Mr. McMurtrie, strongly combating this explanation, has elaborated an ‘overthrow theory’ in its place. The latter writer has given descriptive notes on each of the three inliers, and recorded many important facts in regard to them.

Two papers by the Rev. H. H. Winwood, which give
The Gopeng Beds of Kinta (Federated Malay States)
Authors: Scrivenor John Brooke
Published: October 2009

In a former paper describing the remarkable tourmaline-corundum rocks found on the western side of the Kinta Valley in Perak, I mentioned the fact that on the eastern side of the same valley, near Gopeng, sandy schists occurred, but no tourmaline-corundum rocks—although tourmaline alone was found, as also pieces of pure corundum (at Pulai). Since that paper was written, I have been chiefly engaged in detailed work in the neighbourhood of Gopeng, and have also carried out some prospecting work in the same locality by means of bores: with the result that, while the western side of the valley had afforded an interesting study in petrology, it was found that on the eastern side the geology was such as to throw into the shade all the information previously gained in the Federated Malay States, as regards both economic importance and scientific interest.

It is my object in the present paper to show that, in the neighbourhood of Gopeng, there are remains of an ancient Gondwanaland tin-field, older than the granite of the main range of the Peninsula, altered by it, and further enriched in tin-ore by it near the contact and in the vicinity of certain veins; that the beds composing this Gondwanaland tin-field were deposited under conditions that were connected with the action of glaciers or of masses of floating ice; and that these Gopeng Beds are probably on the same horizon as the Talchir Beds of Orissa, and therefore the probable equivalents of the Bacchus-Marsh and Murree marine
Late Glacial and Post-Glacial Changes in the Lower Dee Valley
Authors: Wills Leonard Johnston
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

This paper is the result of observations made in the Lower Dee Valley by myself and other members of H.M. Geological Survey, in the course of mapping in the Denbighshire Coalfield and neighbouring areas. My thanks are especially due to Mr. G. W. Lamplugh, F.R.S., for the help that his knowledge of Glacial geology has afforded me and for the generous way in which it has been offered; and also to Mr. D. A. Macalister and Mr. C. B. Wedd for observations relating to part of the Dee Valley.

Dr. Strahan's memoir on the Geology of Flint, Mold, and Ruthin, chapt. xii, appears to be the only work that has dealt directly with the post-Glacial history of the Dee. His observations relate to that part of its course which lies in the neighbourhood of Chester, and will be referred to in the sequel.

In § II of the present paper a general account of the Drift deposits of the critical area around Llangollen and Chirk is given; while § III deals with post-Glacial changes in the topography and in the drainage of the Dee from near the former place to its mouth.

II. The Composition of the Glacial Drifts.

The region in which the River Dee leaves its deep valley in the Welsh hills and enters the comparatively flat country formed by the Coal-Measures has been found to be a critical area in connexion with the post-Glacial history of the remainder of its course. In this district
On the Glacial Origin of the Clay-With-Flints of Buckinghamshire and on a Former Course of the Thames
Authors: Sherlock Robert Lionel , Noble Arthur Henry
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

During the years 1910 and 1911 we have surveyed on the 6-inch scale some 260 square miles in the counties of Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Hertfordshire, and Middlesex, and have obtained some results which we believe to be new. Perhaps we can now explain the mode of formation of the Clay-with-Flints and superficial gravels, so long a puzzle to geologists.

This paper falls naturally into two parts—first, the origin of the Clay-with-Flints and associated gravels of our area; and, secondly, the origin of the gravels which have sometimes been called Plateau Gravels, and are high above the ordinary river-gravels, though at lower levels than those associated with the Clay-with-Flints. These Plateau Gravels we believe to be of Fluvioglacial origin, and their formation is inseparably connected with the former course of the Thames, at a time when the ice had not yet reached its southern limit of extension.

Our classification of the superficial deposits is somewhat different from that of the Old Series Survey Map. The brick-earth accompanying the clay with flints is usually a clay-gravel, and differs only from the deposits coloured as Gravel in that it is worked for brickmaking. We have, therefore, in these cases mapped it as a gravel. Also, the Pebble Gravel which caps certain hills does not differ in some cases from the Glacial Gravel. On the other hand, the Glacial Gravel of the old map has been divided into two divisions—one of Gravelly Drift, and the other of Fluvioglacial Gravels.

II. The Clay-with-flints and the
On a Late Glacial Stage in the Valley of the River Lea, Subsequent to the Epoch of River - Drift Man
Authors: Warren S. Hazzledine
Published: October 2009

I. The Discovery of the Arctic Bed

For some few years past the Great Eastern Railway Company have been obtaining remains of the Mammoth from a large ballastpit, known as the Pickett's Lock pit, at Ponder's End (Middlesex). Many of these remains, through the instrumentality of Mr. A. Atkins, of the Engineers' Department of the Company, have been carefully preserved, and are placed in the Board Room at Liverpool Street Station, the London terminus of the Great Eastern Railway.

The Pickett's Lock pit at Ponder's End is an extensive one, and it is situated in the Low-Level River-Drift of the Lea Valley. The surface of the ground lies at about 43 feet above Ordnance datum, and is but slightly raised (to an amount of 2 or 3 feet) above the present alluvial flood-plane of the river. The pit exhibits a very fine section, chiefly composed of gravel and sand, showing the effects of strong current-action. There is a subordinate capping of brickearth, which does not exceed 4 feet in thickness, and is usually less. The greatest total thickness of the Drift amounts, I believe, to 22 feet; but towards the western side of the pit the underlying floor of London Clay gradually rises, and the thickness of the Drift is much less.

When I first visited the pit, Mr. Guy Leonard, the engineer in charge of the works, pointed out to me a dark bed, from 1 to 2 feet thick, intercalated in the lower part of the section. Some
List of the Flowering Plants [from the Arctic Bed]
Authors: Lewis Francis John
Published: October 2009

These plants occurred in a layer of peaty sand. Small stems and twigs were not uncommon, and all belonged to the genera
Betula
and
Salix
. In most cases these stems were decorticated, and bore evidence of drifting. Most of the seeds and fruits in the list were quite uninjured, but the character of the layer and the assemblage of plants indicate that they were drifted by water to the place where they are now found.

Several small pieces of charcoal 5 to 10 mm. square were also found in the general collection, but the carbonization may possibly be due to causes other than fire. A considerable portion of the material consisted of the leaves of
Salix herbacea
, felted together in lenticular masses.

In addition to the plants enumerated in the above list, the washings contained many small petal-like objects. These have not been identified, but they are certainly not the petals of
Dryas, Rubus chamœ morus
, or
Parnassia palustris
. Several small brownish flakes were present: these consisted of much-compressed fragments of epidermis and other plant-débris, felted together. The appearance of this material rather suggest the dung of some big mammal.

The presence of these plants at sea-level in the Lea Valley indicates a decided difference in climatic conditions from those of the present day.

At no place in the world do such plants as
Salix herbacea, Betula nana
, and
Potentilla sibbaldi
grow in quantity at sea-level along the annual isotherm of 10° C. or the July isotherm of 17° C.