Promoting Activity, Independence and Stability in early dementia and mild cognitive impairment (PrAISED): A randomised controlled trial
Authors: Harwood Rowan H , Goldberg Sarah E , Brand Andrew , van Der Wardt Veronika , Booth Vicky , Di Lorito Claudio , Hoare Zoe , Hancox Jennie , Bajwa Rupinder , Burgon Clare , Howe Louise , Cowley Alison , Bramley Trevor , Long Annabelle , Lock Juliette , Tucker Rachael , Adams Emma , O’Brien Rebecca , Kearney Fiona , Kowalewska Katarzyna , Godfrey Maureen , Dunlop Marianne , Junaid Kehinde , Thacker Simon , Duff Carol , Welsh Tomas , Haddon-Silver Annette , Gladman John , Logan Pip , Pollock Kristian , Vedhara Kavita , Hood Victoria , Nair Roshan Das , Smith Helen , Tudor-Edwards Rhiannon , Hartfiel Ned , Ezeofor Victory , Vickers Robert , Orrell Martin , Masud Tahir 
Published: December 2022

Background

Dementia is associated with frailty leading to increased risks of falls and hospitalisations. Interventions are required to maintain functional ability, strength and balance.

Design

Multi-centre parallel group randomised controlled trial, with embedded process evaluation. Procedures were adapted during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Participants

People with mild dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI), living at home, and a family member or carer.

Objectives

To determine the effectiveness of an exercise and functional activity therapy intervention compared to usual care.

Intervention

A specially-designed dementia-specific rehabilitation programme focussing on strength, balance, physical activity and performance of ADL, which was tailored, progressive, addressed risk and the psychological and learning needs of people with dementia, providing up to 50 therapy sessions over 12 months. The control group received usual care plus a falls risk assessment.

Main outcome measure

The primary outcome was the informant-reported Disability Assessment for Dementia (DAD) 12 months after randomisation. Secondary outcomes were: self-reported ADL, cognition, physical activity, quality of life, frailty, balance, functional mobility, fear of falling, mood, carer strain and service use (at 12 months) and falls (between months 4 and 15).

Results

365 people were randomised, 183 to intervention and 182 to control. Median age of participants was 80 years (range 65-95), median Montreal Cognitive Assessment score 20/30 (range 13-26), 58% were men. Participants received a median of 31 (IQR = 22-40) therapy sessions out of a possible maximum of 50. Participants reported completing a mean 121 minutes/week of PrAISED activity outside of supervised sessions. Primary outcome data were available for 149 (intervention) and 141 (control) participants. There was no difference in DAD scores between groups: adjusted mean difference -1.3/100, 95% Confidence Interval (−5.2 to +2.6); Cohen’s d effect size -0.06 (−0.26 to +0.15); p=0.5. Upper 95% confidence intervals excluded small to moderate effects on any of the range of secondary outcome measures. Between months 4 and 15 there were 79 falls in the intervention group and 200 falls in the control group, adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.78 (0.5 to 1.3); p= 0.3.

Conclusion

The intensive PrAISED programme of exercise and functional activity training did not improve ADLs, physical activity, quality of life, reduce falls or improve any other secondary health status outcomes even though uptake was good. Future research should consider alternative approaches to risk reduction and ability maintenance.

Trial registration

ISRCTN15320670.

Funding

National Institute for Health and Care Research

What is already known

Dementia is associated with progressive loss of functional ability, including activities of daily living and mobility, and a high risk of falls

Exercise programmes and rehabilitation therapies may improve ability, or slow the rate of decline, but evidence from trials and systematic reviews is equivocal

What this study tells us

We developed an intensive dementia-specific exercise and functional activity rehabilitation programme, lasting 12 months, taking account of motivation, learning needs and context, in particular the need to engage carers, and evaluated it in a randomised controlled trial

The programme was very well received by participants and therapists, but had no effect on activities of daily living, physical activity, quality of life, falls, cognition or any other health status outcome

We are unlikely to be able to change rate of loss of ability in dementia through exercise or functionally orientated rehabilitation therapy.

We need different ways of defining wellbeing after a dementia diagnosis.