bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation and Immediacy in Attitude Inference
Authors: Peterson Gerald L.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined attitude inference from speakers' statements varying in degree of directness or “immediacy” and positive or negative evaluation. Immediacy in a communication refers to the degree of closeness or intensity evident when communicating about an object or event. Using a Latin square design, combinations of positive, negative, and immediate, non-immediate statements were presented to Ss asked to infer the attitude of the speakers so represented. Analysis of ratings and written descriptions indicated the evaluative dimension had a significant effect on ratings, immediacy producing no significant effect on ratings or written descriptions. Results suggested the importance of involvement and need for specification of evaluative context in assessing verbal immediacy in communication.
Sex-Role Development and Response to Medication by Psychiatric In-Patients
Authors: Greenberg Roger P. , Fisher Seymour , Shapiro Jeffrey
Published: September 2011

This study explored the relationship between sex-role development and response to taking medication by male and female psychiatric inpatients. The major hypotheses were that the more feminine an S's orientation the less resistance he would show to taking medication, the fewer adverse side effects he would report, and the fewer unusual body distortions he would acknowledge. All hypotheses were supported for women, and trends were noted for the second and third hypotheses for men. Differences between the men and women in length of hospitalization and drug treatment may account for the difference in results.
MMPI Characteristics of Clergymen in Counseling Training and Their Relationship to Supervisor's and Peers' Ratings of Counseling Effectiveness
Authors: Jansen David G. , Bonk Edward C. , Garvey Frank J.
Published: September 2011

Normative MMPI data for 85 clergymen entering counseling training at a state hospital were computed. Basically, the mean MMPI scores of Ss were similar to those reported previously for male marriage counselors. The correlation between supervisor's and peers' ratings of counseling effectiveness was .64. Three MMPI clinical scales showed negative correlations of more than .30 with supervisor's ratings, whereas six clinical scales and one validity scale correlated –.30 or more with peers' ratings of effectiveness. Two two-scale combinations showed a negative multiple correlation of .50 or more with supervisor's ratings of effectiveness, while six such combinations correlated –.50 or more with peers' ratings of effectiveness.
Desensitization as an Habituation Phenomenon: II. Studies of Interstimulus Interval Length
Authors: Watts Fraser N.
Published: September 2011

Predictions about the effect of interstimulus intervals (ISIs) in desensitization were made from the habituation model and tested with a series of Ss, each serving as his own control. Strong items desensitized faster with long ISIs, though weak items were not affected. No effects on long-term response decrements were found. A second experiment examined an interpretation of the stimulus-length effect in desensitization in terms of an extension of the recovery period between stimulus onsets. The results permitted rejection of the hypothesis.
Swim-Tank Measurement of Radiation-Induced Behavioral Incapacitation
Authors: Casarett Alison P.
Published: September 2011

A swim tank was designed to measure behavioral incapacitation in rats. A preliminary experiment is reported in which the swim tank was used to identify both the phase of early transient incapacitation and that of permanent complete incapacitation which occur after a supralethal pulse of mixed neutron and gamma radiation.
Effect of Sound on Creative Performance
Authors: Kaltsounis Bill
Published: September 2011

Scores on simple creativity tasks were compared for the following sound conditions: quiet, speech, music, and industrial sound. Ss performed better with the music condition than with the industrial sound condition.
Attitudes toward School as Related to Nongrading and Intelligence
Authors: Hicks Jack M. , Edwards Kay T. , Sgan Arnold D.
Published: September 2011

This investigation compared attitudes toward school of nongraded and graded school children. Participants were 117 pupils enrolled in two public elementary schools in the same district. Both above and below average intelligence groups were represented. An analysis of variance showed that brighter children liked school better than less bright children. There was also a significant interaction reflecting more favorable attitudes in nongraded than in graded schools for less intelligent pupils but less favorable attitudes in nongraded than in graded schools for more intelligent pupils. It was speculated that more clear-cut symptoms of recognition provided by graded programs enhanced morale for brighter pupils but lowered morale for less bright pupils.
An Adaptation for Children of the Modified Role Repertory Test—A Measure of Cognitive Complexity
Authors: Vacc N. A. , Vacc N. E.
Published: September 2011

Bieri (1955) developed the Modified Role Repertory Test to measure cognitive complexity at the college and adult level based on Kelly's (1955) theory of personality. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether Bieri's instrument can be adapted for classroom use to enable measurement of the same personality constructs at the elementary school level. The adult and child forms, Modified Role Repertory Test and Adapted Modified Role Repertory Test, respectively, were found to be comparable.
Inter- and Intra-Rater Reliability of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale
Authors: Flemenbaum Abraham , Zimmermann Robert L.
Published: September 2011

Video-taped interviews and mock ratings of typical cases were employed to evaluate raters' consistency of 37 raters (14 staff psychiatrists, 11 psychiatric residents, 10 clinical psychologists and interns, 2 nurses). Total score across time was most stable, single scale scores least consistent. Trends between professional groups were not large and not always related to degree of training, but psychologists rated typical patients more consistently, psychiatric residents showed greater across-time and inter-rater consistency. The latter varied on taped interviews with symptoms being rated. Over-all, reliabilities on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale were as high as could be expected.
Effectiveness of Social and Correctness Reinforcers with Different Aged Children
Authors: Settles Douglas D. , Hamm Norman H.
Published: September 2011

The effectiveness of two classes of verbal reinforcers, correctness and social, were examined among 108 second-, fifth-, and eighth-grade, middle-class children using a marble-sorting task. Results indicated that correctness reinforcement was more rewarding across all levels of age than social approval; however, a post hoc analysis of the age by treatment effect indicated a significant reinforcer effect for only the eighth-grade Ss.
Effects of Awareness of Individual Group Membership on Group Problem-Solving under Constrained Communication
Authors: Schwartz Theodore M. , Eberle Robert A. , Moscato Donald R.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the influence of group awareness among individual members engaged in group problem-solving in an environment of constrained communication. A total of 243 graduate students in business were organized into groups of three based upon numerical ability and personality characteristics. An analysis of variance indicated that groups of individuals with high-group awareness tended to be less successful in problem-solving in an ad hoc problem-solving environment than groups of individuals with low-group awareness.
Words and Concepts
Authors: Ciborowski Tom
Published: September 2011

To investigate the relation between words and concepts conjunctive and disjunctive problems were generated from lists of adjectives and nouns. Half of the Ss were given a strong aid to memory by giving them a continuous record of all past concept instances. All Ss were required to describe the basis for their choices following each problem. Conjunctive performance proved superior to disjunctive performance both in terms of errors committed and the appropriateness of the verbal descriptions of the problems. Inclusion of a memory aid reduced errors for both conceptual rules but also decreased the appropriateness of the verbalizations of the problems. Some evidence was obtained that the ease of solution of a conceptual problem is related to the particular parts of speech comprising that problem.
Education, Occupation, and Age as Correlates of Work Orientation
Authors: Larson David L. , Spreitzer Elmer A.
Published: September 2011

Higher education Levels, older age, and higher status occupations were associated with an intrinsic orientation to work (e.g., interest in the work itself) in comparison to an extrinsic instrumental orientation (e.g., work for pay and security). An extrinsic-expressive orientation (e.g., concern for working conditions) theoretically and empirically reflected an intermediate category.
Locus of Control and Pre-Marital High School Pregnancy
Authors: Segal Steven M. , Ducette Joseph
Published: September 2011

The relationship between pre-marital pregnancy and locus of control was assessed for 165 female, junior and senior high school students from two metropolitan high schools, one middle-class white, and one lower-class black. No significant difference between the two schools in mean locus of control scores was found. Significant differences indicated that within the white middle-class school, pregnant girls tended to score external and non-pregnant girls tended to score internal. In the black lower-class school, the opposite tended to be true, i.e., pregnant girls tended toward internality, and non-pregnant girls toward externality. These seeming differences were not inconsistent and internally oriented girls in both environments were perceiving their environments accurately.
Self-Disclosure, Body-Accessibility, and Personal Space
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M.
Published: September 2011

Measures of self-disclosure, body-accessibility, and personal space were given to 170 male Ss. Body-accessibility toward mother, father, and best male friend were highly interrelated; body-accessibility toward best female friend was independent of the others Body-accessibility was related to self-disclosure toward each of the four target persons. Studying male peers only, personal space was not related to self-disclosure, but it was related to body-accessibility.
Personality Characteristics of Urban and Suburban Heroin Abusers: More Data and another Reply to Sutker and Allain (1973)
Authors: Sheppard Charles , Ricca Elizabeth , Fracchia John , Merlis Sidney
Published: September 2011

Sutker and Allain (1973) suggest that nonincarcerated heroin addicts who are involved in the “street life style” would tend to obtain elevated scores on the Hs, D, Hy and Pd scales of the MMPI. If these findings were cross-validated, then personality descriptions of addicts would have to be modified accordingly. Also, improvement measured by decreases on the Hs and Hy scales soon after entering a drug-free environment may be a result of milieu differences rather than personality change. Four groups of heroin addicts, two hospitalized, urban drug abusers who were free of drug influence at testing (Hospitalized1 and Hospitalized2) were compared with two street addict samples, one from an urban (StreetNARA), the other a suburban (StreetSCNCC) environment. It was hypothesized that both the StreetNARA and StreetSCNCC groups would score significantly higher than the hospitalized groups and that there would be no differences between the hospitalized groups. As was expected, the street samples scored statistically higher on the Hs and Hy scales. However, data for the D and Pd scales failed to cross-validate the Sutker-Allain hypothesis. These data suggest that personality characteristics play a more dominant role in MMPI score elevations than the “street life style.” This contention was also supported by test-retest data on the Hospitalized2 sample measuring the effect of 90 days of hospitalization in a drug-free environment.
Instrumental Learning in Autonomic Nervous System: Some Questions
Authors: Peters Michael
Published: September 2011

What appears to be instrumental learning of autonomic responses may in some cases be due to somato-visceral reflexes or state dependent autonomic responses. The autonomic nervous system is ill-suited for instrumental control for a good reason: voluntary interference with delicately balanced autonomic mechanisms can have adverse effects.
Effects of Information and Cueing on Recall and Organization of a Categorizable Word List
Authors: Hudson Robert L. , Roberts James D. , Davis Jerry L.
Published: September 2011

Ss in the information-category name group were told words could be categorized and were given the category names as cues at each recall; Ss with information but no category names were told the words could be categorized but were exposed to the category names only one time, and the no-information group was given no indication the words could be categorized. The results indicated that groups with information but no category name and no information did not differ on number of words recalled or subjective organization but did differ on category clustering. Ss with information and category name exceeded the no-information group on words recalled and subjective organization as well as clustering. The results were discussed in terms of the implications for storage-retrieval systems.
Transfer of Instruction in Introductory Psychology
Authors: McFarland Dennis J. , Jacobus Kenneth A. , Hines Kenneth M.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the extent to which for 2 classes ( ns = 72, 68) there would be positive transfer from instruction in introductory psychology to a reading task involving related psychological materials. Positive transfer occurred primarily for students with lower midterm exam scores. Transfer to the reading task was mainly restricted to materials of a non-advanced level of difficulty.
Comparing All Treatment Means with the Grand Mean
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

A procedure is described for comparing all treatment means with the grand mean, and data from a hypothetical experiment are used as an illustration.
Effectiveness of Contingent and Non-Contingent Electric Shock in Reducing Cigarette Smoking
Authors: Levine Bruce A.
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to examine the effects of negative practice with both contingent and non-contingent electric shock upon the cigarette smoking of 15 college students. A control group participated but received no treatment. An analysis of co-variance (co-varying initial smoking rate) yielded a significant experimental effect. Further analysis showed that significant decreases in smoking frequency occurred only in the contingent-shock group. It was suggested that this procedure might be useful in the initial phases of a program for reduction of smoking.
Re-Examination of the Fakability of the Gordon Personal Inventory and Profile: A Reply to Schwab
Authors: Braun John R. , Farrell Robert M.
Published: September 2011

61 undergraduates completed the Gordon Personal Inventory and 90 completed the Gordon Personal Profile, with approximately half of each group instructed to be honest and forthright, and half instructed to fake like an ideal candidate for a top-management executive position. The majority of scales on both devices were found to be markedly susceptible to faking, thus verifying previous studies by Braun. Total score on both instruments was again found to be useful in faking detection. The use of independent groups of Ss to represent performance under standard versus faking instructions was advocated in preference to repeated measurements with counterbalancing for order of administration.
Effect of Role Orientation and Instructions regarding Competition on Cognitive Performance of College Females
Authors: Dickstein Louis S. , Brown Nancy
Published: September 2011

Several studies conducted in the past two decades have suggested that the cognitive performance of female college students may be significantly influenced by the situation. College females were administered the Wellesley Role Orientation Scale as a measure of the acceptance of traditional sex roles. High and low role-orientation groups were formed. Half of each group took seven subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale under competitive instructions while the other half took the subtests under neutral instructions. As predicted, a significant interaction obtained between role classification and the experimental conditions. High role Ss performed better in the control condition while low role Ss performed better in the experimental condition.
Use of Teacher and Peers to Control Classroom Thumbsucking
Authors: Ross Joel A.
Published: September 2011

A child who habitually sucked his thumb in the classroom was rewarded if the teacher or any classmate did not catch him thumbsucking for a specified length of time. Each time S was caught by a peer, the peer was rewarded. Thumbsucking decreased markedly after introduction of the reinforcement contingencies. The decrease was maintained as frequency of reinforcement was reduced. During a follow-up period, when there was no attempt at behavioral control, thumbsucking reverted to the baseline level.
Environmental Control Beliefs and the Distribution of Time among Managerial Functions
Authors: Heisler W. J.
Published: September 2011

Internal-external control beliefs of 52 managers of a government agency were compared to the way in which the managers allocated their time among four management functions. “Externals” tended to spend more time planning and less time directing and controlling than did “Internals,” although the results were not statistically significant for the sample size. Internality-externality appeared unrelated to the amount of time managers spent in organizing.
Effect of Location of an Odd Response on Learning a Six-Unit Maze
Authors: Modrick John A. , Nylander Virgil C.
Published: September 2011

Learning by 60 hooded rats of 12 patterns in a six-unit multiple T-maze was measured. Each pattern contained one response in the direction opposite to the other five responses, differing only in the location of the odd response. The most and least difficult patterns (errors to criterion) had the odd response in the middle and the first two units of the maze, respectively. The distribution of errors over choice-points varied with maze patterns, which was reflected in a significant interaction of patterns and choice-points. Within a maze pattern the most difficult choice-point was the odd response; perseverative errors were fewer than anticipatory errors, and the latter occurred mostly in the unit preceding the odd response. The applicability of bi-directional or goal gradients to account for the results is discussed.
Moral Attitude and Suicidal Behavior
Authors: Beck Roy W. , Morris Jeffrey B.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between moral attitude and suicidal behavior was investigated in a sample of 301 attempted (nonfatal) suicides. Attempters who viewed suicide as being never morally wrong had significantly higher suicidal intent and were more depressed and hopeless than attempters who felt suicide was always morally wrong.
Interaction and Interviewer Bias in a Survey of the Aged
Authors: Freitag Carl B. , Barry John R.
Published: September 2011

Differential net interviewer effects were measured in a statewide survey of aged people. 54 interviewers (college faculty members, students, and members of a senior citizens organization) conducted the survery in a 29-county area in Georgia. Attitudes toward the aged were measured by a semantic differential administered to each interviewer. Three dimensions of Instrumental—Ineffective, Autonomous—Dependent and Personal Acceptability—Unacceptability were used along with demographic information to identify interviewers with contrasting characteristics. Life satisfaction indicators and number of not ascertained responses were used as criterion measures to test the effects of interviewer's age, sex, race, faculty-student status, intrusiveness, retired status, and attitudes toward the aged.
Reliability of Interview in Selecting Students for Postgraduate Study in Clinical Psychology
Authors: Broadhurst Anne
Published: September 2011

Reliability of screening for selection for postgraduate training in clinical psychology was assessed by correlating ratings by four readers of the application papers. Correlations for the 128 applicants were reasonably high. Reliability of the interview procedure used with 29 of the shortlisted applicants was assessed by correlating ratings from four interviewers who worked in pairs. Those who interviewed together correlated significantly but other correlations were disappointingly low. It was shown also that the selection of preferred candidates from the total interviewed did not differ from chance. The results are discussed in terms of the quality of the candidates applying for training and of the reliability and validity of the selection procedure.
Imagery and Verbal Elaboration in Learning and Multiple Associates
Authors: Whitely Susan E. , Taylor Arthur M.
Published: September 2011

From current theory on the differential effectiveness of imagery over verbal elaboration one would expect imagery to be especially effective when the task requires recall of more information for each associative unit. A modified paired-associate task, requiring recall of three responses for each stimulus, was administered to college students under both imagery and verbal mediation instructions. Contrary to expectation, no significant differences were obtained between mediation instructions. The results were interpreted with respect to the nature of instructions and the structural features of the task.
Profile Stability of a Clinical Rating Scale
Authors: Zimmermann Robert L. , Flemenbaum Abraham
Published: September 2011

A statistic for describing the reliability of clinical profiles is described. Videotaped interviews are utilized to hold day-to-day variability constant, permitting the evaluation of rater-specific errors. The stability of clinicians' conceptions of the pathology associated with “typical” patients representing various diagnostic categories was evaluated. Even when rater-specific variance is averaged out, patients' observed pathology does not match well with the profile of pathology ascribed to the diagnostic group to which the patient has been clinically assigned.
Intellectual Characteristics of Successful, Dropout, and Probationary Black and White University Students
Authors: Pandey R. E.
Published: September 2011

Performance on Verbal Comprehension, General Reasoning, and Numerical Operations tests of 350 freshmen: “good,” dropout, and probationary, was studied. Analyses of variance did not yield significant status effects over the three tests, but a significant interaction of race and status was found for Verbal Comprehension scores. Whites did not differ over status categories, but there was a significant difference in favor of the “good” black students compared with those on probation. Black dropouts performed as well as “good” black students.
Comparison for Mental Retardates of No-Choice, Initial-Choice, and Idiosyncratic-Choice Reward Strategies
Authors: Alexander Dean D.
Published: September 2011

45 mentally retarded persons (CA about 18 yr.) worked on both a two-choice discrimination task and a perseverance task under one of three reward conditions. An Idiosyncratic-choice condition, which offered trial-to-trial freedom in the selection of rewards, was expected to lead to higher levels of performance than No-choice or Initial-choice conditions. However, no reliable differences in task performance resulted from the employment of the three reward strategies. Sex and IQ predicted a posteriori performance at least as well as condition of reward. The findings are discussed in relation to “reinforcement menu” technique and incentive theory.
Effects of Dress on Self-Presentation
Authors: Schneider David J.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that because of greater self-confidence well-dressed Ss would present themselves more positively than poorly dressed Ss. Data confirm that well-dressed Ss did present themselves more positively but it was not clear this was mediated by self-confidence.
Drug Usage: An Experimental Comparison of Three Assessment Conditions
Authors: Horan John J. , Westcott Thomas B. , Vetovich Carolyn , Swisher John D.
Published: September 2011

66 Ss were randomly assigned to one of three drug usage assessment conditions: anonymous group-administered questionnaires, anonymous interviews, and interviews in which S‘s name was verified at the outset. No differences appeared in terms of expressed attitudes toward drugs and self-reported use of legal drugs. In spite of promises of confidentiality, however, differences did occur when “illegal” dependent variables were introduced. Since interviewed Ss may substantially minimize their drug-taking activity, much descriptive and experimental drug abuse research may be quite invalid.
Stress and Adaptation in Cross-Cultural Transition
Authors: Di Marco Nicholas
Published: September 2011

To explore the possible association of various stages in the cross-cultural adaptation process with different degrees of stress (imbalance in need-press relationship) and levels of human and skill resources, the Activities Index, Organizational Climate Index, Personal Orientation Inventory, and Adjustment Questionnaire were administered to 40 Peace Corps trainees. Peace Corps Assessment Ratings were used as measures of language, teaching and interpersonal skills, and cultural knowledge. One-way analyses of variance indicated significant differences between the defensive retreat, acknowledgement, and adaptation and change stages on the stress, and personal and skill resource areas. The step-wise regression procedure included language and teaching skills and the inventory's scale for acceptance of aggression in the equation explaining 94% of the variance in stage of adaptation.
On the Two Forms of the Law of Initial Values
Authors: Boismier James D.
Published: September 2011

Two forms of Wilder's Law of Initial Values are generally recognized, the raw-score form and the change-score form. Given the regression equation of either form, the other can be derived algebraically. If the graph of a given form of the law is linear, the graph of the alternative form may be determined easily.
Validation of the Spence-Helmreich Attitudes towards Women Scale
Authors: Kilpatrick Dean G. , Smith Alma Dell
Published: September 2011

In order to evaluate the validity of the Spence-Helmreich Attitudes Towards Women Scale, 13 women members of the National Organization of Women (NOW) were administered the scale, which purports to measure attitudes towards the rights and roles of women in contemporary society. In comparison with normative data for female college students and mothers of college students reported by Spence and Helmreich, the attitudes of the NOW members were significantly more feministic, suggesting that the scale is a valid measure of such attitudes.
Effectiveness of Recruits Assigned to Academic Remedial Training
Authors: Hoiberg Anne , Hysham C. J. , Berry N. H.
Published: September 2011

From April, 1967 until September, 1972, 1517 naval recruits at San Diego were assigned to the Academic Remedial Training Division after having failed to pass the initial academic test because of a reading disability. The rate of effectiveness (being on active duty or successfully completing an enlistment) for those men assigned to remedial reading and for a control sample of recruits not assigned to such training as well as to evaluate the predictive validity of variables related to effectiveness for men assigned to the remedial program was studied. Results indicated that 53.5% of the remedial readers and 62.3% of the controls were effective; higher values of final reading level, the Armed Forces Qualification Test, and educational attainment were predictive of military effectiveness. In addition to helping remedial readers remain on active duty, the academic remedial training program may have helped more than half of all men assigned to the school to perform effectively in the Navy.
Reinforcement Preferences and Personality Profiles of Hospitalized Schizophrenics
Authors: Plutchik Robert , Stein Stephen
Published: September 2011

The Reinforcement Survey Schedule developed by Cautela and Kastenbaum was applied to a random sample of hospitalized schizophrenics from several different wards of a state hospital. A personality test designed to identify the strengths of various emotional dispositions was also used. The most highly reinforcing items for the population as a whole were being entertained by TV, movies, or radio; babies; children; and happy people. Reinforcement preferences for men and women were quite different on a number of items. Results from the personality test indicated that schizophrenic patients who exhibit affect of any type (positive or negative) have more reinforcement preferences than those who are relatively apathetic.
Runway Performance as a Function of Positively and Negatively Correlated Olfactory Cues
Authors: Prytula Robert E. , Davis Stephen F.
Published: September 2011

Double-alternation runway performance of rats is shown to be influenced by 2 sources of odor, donor-odorant Ss and previous Ss that have traversed the runway. Performance in initial segments of the apparatus depended upon odors produced by start-box confined donor Ss, while performance in the terminal segment was predominantly influenced by odors produced by previous running Ss ( ns = 14).
Moon Phases and Telephone Counseling Calls
Authors: Weiskott Gerald N.
Published: September 2011

Analysis of telephone calls made to a college counseling service showed this measure of emotional disturbance was not related to lunar cycles.
Expectations of Parents' Behaviors Preceding Initiation of Contact Comfort with Children: An Extension
Authors: King Donald L. , Marcus Marlene
Published: September 2011

Responses to incomplete paragraphs indicated college students (192 males, 192 females) expected parents' exhibition of certain “positive” and “neutral” interpersonal behaviors, e.g., smiling, looking, is followed by their initiating contact comfort with 2-yr.-old and 7-yr.-old children more frequently than their exhibition of “negative” interpersonal behaviors. The expected absolute frequency of contact comfort initiation was less for 7-yr.-olds. The obtained results extend those of King (1973), further suggest that certain interpersonal behaviors become social reinforcers partly because they are conditioned stimuli for contact comfort and thereby conditioned reinforcers, and may relate to the problem of how interpersonal behaviors maintain their reinforcing strength in adulthood in the near absence of primary reinforcement.
Religious Beliefs and other Values of High School Students
Authors: Apfeldorf Max , Smith Walter J. , Nagley Ronald
Published: September 2011

The Religious Belief Questionnaire of Smith and Apfeldorf, a multi-denominational instrument, and the Waldrop revision of the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values were administered to eleventh grade student volunteers, 54 boys and 68 girls, during regular class periods. Males scored significantly higher than females on the theoretical, economic, and political scales of the Study of Values, females higher than males on the aesthetic, social, and religious scales, and on the Religious Belief Questionnaire. Correlations between scales, and between scales and the Religious Belief Questionnaire are presented. Results are discussed in relation to data in the Study of Values manual and also to findings of similar research on high school students.
An Extension of the Risk-Shift Phenomenon to Achievement and Affiliation Concerns
Authors: Kilmann Ralph H.
Published: September 2011

The experiment investigated whether achievement and affiliation concerns would induce the phenomenon encountered in the risk-shift and related group studies. Using three decision-problems involving such concerns, Ss first responded to the three problems individually, then in randomly assigned groups, and then separately again. In comparison to Ss in a control condition, results indicate that the risk-shift phenomenon generalizes to achievement and affiliation shifts, both in the group decision and in Ss post-group responses.
Need for Establishing Desensitization Programs on University Campuses
Authors: Oles Henry J. , Zunker Vernon G.
Published: September 2011

The level of self-perceived anxiety in 434 college students and their interest in formally dealing with their anxiety problems was assessed prior to establishing group-desensitization programs through the University counseling center. Various sources of anxiety were identified and group desensitization programs were successfully initiated.
Preference Assessment for Application of the Premack Principle
Authors: Whitehurst Carol , Domash Michelle
Published: September 2011

The efficacy of employing verbal choice or reinforcement-menu choice as an indicator of free-operant play preferences was assessed in 22 second grade Ss by employing all three preference measures over 10 daily sessions. The correspondence of choice via menu or verbal preference indices with free-operant measures of response preference did not exceed chance. Intersubject agreement on free-operant rank orders of five classes of toy play for males and females was not evidenced; although intrasubject reliability in operant choice behavior for the first and last sessions was significant for all five toy classes. The implications of these findings for defining preferred or high probability events in classroom applications of the Premack principle is discussed.
Relations of Personality Factors and Student Nurses' Attitudes toward Abortion
Authors: Jones James Marc
Published: September 2011

The present study, conducted just prior to the 1973 U. S. Supreme Court decision on abortion, focused on effects of personality characteristics and one health-profession choice (student nursing vs a liberal arts major) upon attitudes toward abortion. Ss were 96 students from an introductory psychology class, 49 student nurses, and 46 liberal arts majors. It was predicted that student nurses would be more negative toward legalizing abortion than would liberal arts majors. Results supported this prediction ( p < .025). Personality characteristics were assessed by the 16 PF (Cattell, Eber, & Tatsuoka, 1970) and were analyzed to yield four second-order factors: anxiety vs adjustment, extraversion vs introversion, subduedness vs independence, and tender-minded emotionality vs alert poise. Anxiety, introversion, subduedness, and tendermindedness were all expected to predispose Ss to be more against abortion than the other halves of these dichotomies. Predictions were supported ( ps from .05 to .025) for all but anxiety.
DRL Performance and Water Availability: Enhancement or Interference?
Authors: Spencer Boyd , McGown W. P.
Published: September 2011

8 female albino rats were divided into 2 groups that were exposed to a DRL 18-sec. schedule. One group had water available for the first 30 days while the second did not. Ss with water available initially showed more reinforced bar presses but by the end of the second week rats with no water available demonstrated superior performance. After the initial 30 days the conditions of availability of water were reversed. The animals with water available consistently received fewer reinforcements for the remaining 28 days of the experiment. Also, they consumed far less water than did the group which had water available during the initial 30 days. The results are discussed in terms of schedule-induced polydipsia.
Personality Characteristics of Super-Obese Persons as Measured by the California Psychological Inventory
Authors: Wunderlich Richard A.
Published: September 2011

23 super-obese males ( M = 341 lb.) and females ( M = 263 lb.) in a 6-mo. weight reduction program were compared with normative groups on the California Psychological Inventory. Females scored significantly different from the norm group on 6 of the 15 predicted scales, males on 9. A characteristic personality of the obese could not be described from the data.
College Women Want a Career, Marriage and Children
Authors: Bronzaft Arline L.
Published: September 2011

A sample of 210 female graduating seniors from one of the colleges of the City University of New York were questioned as to their educational and vocational plans. A very large majority, 79%, expected to pursue a career, marry and have children. Whether they expected to take time off from their careers to marry and rear children or to raise families while working was a question that needed further exploring.
Attitudes about Sex Roles, Sex, and Marital Status of Anti-Nixon Demonstrators, Comparison of Three Studies
Authors: Joesting Joan , Joesting Robert
Published: September 2011

Comparison of findings across three small studies of 10%, 6%, and 22% of an estimated attendance at demonstrations showed a sex difference of greater liberalism of the women's attitudes toward their own roles.
Self-Perceived Transformation of Negro-to-Black Identity
Authors: Krate Ronald , Leventhal Gloria , Silverstein Barry
Published: September 2011

To examine changes in self-perceptions, 25 male and 25 female low-income, black college students rated personal statements in accordance with how they (a) retrospectively viewed themselves (4 and 2 yr. ago), (b) presently view themselves, and (c) projectively will view themselves. Responses showed a significant transition away from a past Negro to a present and future black identity (χ2 = 97.89, df = 9, p < .001). Social and cultural forces over time probably led to changes in racial identity more than changes in personal identity.
Modes of Interpersonal Behavior: A Replication
Authors: Bochner Arthur P. , Kaminski Edmund P.
Published: September 2011

A portion of Lorr and Suziedelis' study (1969) of modes of interpersonal behavior was replicated. Lorr's Interpersonal Behavior Inventory was administered to 287 college students. Ss rated well-liked others and themselves. Factor analysis was performed on the two correlation matrices and the results were compared to those for Lorr's normal sample. Three factors were sufficient to account for the variance. Two major differences between the studies were found. The Nurturance and Sociability factors in the previous study were combined into one bipolar factor labeled Hostility-Affection and the scales comprising the Dependency category seemed considerably reduced in importance.
Smoking Habits of Smoking Researchers: Missionaries or Hypocrites?
Authors: Levenberg Stephen B. , Heckel Robert V. , Wagner Mervyn K.
Published: September 2011

A survey of the smoking behavior of researchers who produce literature related to smoking was conducted. This group's current rate of cigarette consumption did not differ from the national rate or that of a comparison group of researchers, but differences were found in the current rate of cigar and pipe smoking and in the speed with which producers of smoking research are ceasing the habit.
Concept Attainment as a Function of Method of Presentation, Training, and Concept Rule
Authors: Flaherty John J. , Shapiro Bernard J.
Published: September 2011

Concept rule, preliminary instruction, and presentation paradigm, three factors affecting concept attainment, were considered in an attribute identification study with 80 college undergraduates as Ss. A 4 × 2 × 2 factorial design was employed in which the variables were (a) concept rule (conjunction, disjunction, conditional, or biconditional), (b) pretraining (provided or not provided), (c) presentation paradigm (reception or selection). Reception was clearly superior to selection, while pretraining in truth-table strategy was effective in reducing the difficulty of the conceptual rules. Pretraining also affected the order of difficulty of the rules.
Electroconvulsive Therapy and the Illusion of Treatment
Authors: Giamartino Gary A.
Published: September 2011

The moral and ethical considerations surrounding the practice of electroconvulsive therapy have virtually been ignored. Most research has been devoted to noting this treatment's efficacy but conclusive empirical evidence in favor of it does not, as such, exist. The argument that psychiatrists use electroconvulsive therapy solely to prevent harm to the patient is examined and rejected. The illusion of treatment implies that psychiatrists may have ulterior motives in turning to this mode of therapy. If these ulterior motives influence a psychiatrist's choice of treatment, the treatment may be considered morally wrong.
Informational Feedback in Training Behavioral Coders
Authors: Nay W. Robert , Kerkhoff Thomas
Published: September 2011

Videotapes of children's behavior in a natural setting were used to train 24 Ss to use a coding system. Ss were randomly assigned to training under conditions of immediate feedback, delayed feedback, and no feedback. Analyses of Ss responses to a criterion videotape following training showed that feedback was superior to no feedback. The superiority of immediate feedback to delayed feedback was shown in evaluating performance during training but not in comparing criterion responses after training. These results were discussed and suggestions for methodology in future studies were offered.
Effect of Lens-Model and Outcome Feedback in a Social Judgment Analogue
Authors: Rudestam Kjell Erik , Sherman Richard C. , Jarnecke Roy
Published: September 2011

96 Ss judged the correct category designations of human-like figures which differed with respect to four facial cues. The task was designed so that the correct category was defined by a linear function of the cues. Ss were randomly assigned to one of 4 feedback conditions in which they received (1) traditional “right” vs “wrong” feedback after each trial, (2) the correct category of each figure, (3) the values of each cue for each figure, or (4) the linear function relating the cues to the categories. The results were analyzed by Tucker's modification of the Brunswikian lens model equations. Ss who received “lens” feedback gained significantly more knowledge of the task system than Ss in traditional outcome feedback conditions, exercised significantly greater control over that knowledge, and achieved a significantly higher level of accuracy in their judgments. These results are discussed in terms of their relevance for situations of social judgment.
Repeated Suppression and Recovery of Responding Using Response-Produced Electric Shock
Authors: Doleys Daniel M. , Davidson Robert S.
Published: September 2011

The responding of 3 pigeons was stabilized on an FR 60 schedule of reinforcement. Response-produced electric shock, contingent upon the 60th response in each ratio, was introduced and systematically increased until responding was totally suppressed (Shock 1). The electric shock was removed (Recovery 1), then reintroduced following the recovery of responding (Shock 2), and removed again after total suppression (Recovery 2). The relationship between increased intensity of the electric shock and rate of responding was observed to be nonlinear. At several junctures responding increased when the intensity of the electric shock increased, “facilitated” responding. In addition, the responding of each subject under selected intensities of electric shock differed during the two periods when contingent electric shock was programmed.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XIX. A Review of Selected Aspects of Texts in Child Psychology
Authors: Leunes Arnold
Published: September 2011

An in-depth look at 16 textbooks in child psychology was made. One notable outcome was 96 journal articles published prior to 1950 were cited in three or more instances. Some elaboration is provided for 36 of them. Second, these articles are found in a number of journals, though two dominate. Third, there are “classical” authors, persons who have made major contributions to the literature on developmental psychology. A fourth finding was that reverence for the past and reverence for bibliography in general varies widely in the reviewed textbooks. Finally, certain texts appear to include more of the major articles or “classics” than do others. Suggestions for further research are made.
A Review of Applications of Group-Contingency Procedures Used in Behavior Modification in the Regular Classroom: Some Recommendations for School Personnel
Authors: McLaughlin T. F.
Published: September 2011

The increasing popularity of behavior modification techniques has led to the development of contingencies applied on a group-wide basis. The use of group contingencies in regular school classroom research is reviewed and specific studies discussed. A comparison between the effectiveness of group and individual contingencies is made. The positive and negative features of group contingencies are presented. Questions for future research are posed. Finally, recommendations are presented for the practitioner in the school.
Impact of Behavior Modification Techniques on Locus of Control of Delinquent Boys
Authors: Eitzen D. Stanley
Published: September 2011

A locus of control scale was given to 21 juvenile delinquent boys residing in a treatment setting using behavior modification techniques. The scores at the posttest were significantly more internal than those from the pretest phase.
Comparison of Successful and Unsuccessful Students at Pahlavi University
Authors: Hosseini A. A.
Published: September 2011

In September, 1972, a survey was undertaken of all students at Pahlavi University who had a grade point average of 3.00 or more as well as those who had a grade point average of less than 2.00. The survey of students' files in the Office of the Registrar, covered 3872 students, of whom 324 were in the first group (successful) and 730 were in the second group (unsuccessful). The third group was comprised of 355 students selected randomly from the rest of the 2818 average students whose grade point average was 2.00 to 2.99. Analysis showed the over-all mean of the high school point average of the successful group was significantly higher than that of the unsuccessful group. Girls in general scored higher than boys both in the high school and the university. The change of major fields of study was less frequent among the successful group than among the unsuccessful students. The “fresh” high school graduates were more successful students in the college. Students of middle socio-economic status performed better than those of high and low socio-economic status.
Scales to Measure Autonomous and Social Achievement Values
Authors: Strümpfer D. J. W.
Published: September 2011

Inventory scales were constructed through factor analysis of Bendig's (1964) and Costello's (1967) items and then lengthened through item-analyses on additional items. Split-half and test-retest reliabilities were acceptable. The autonomous value scale correlated with university examination performance, differentiated between part-time and full-time students, was related to attitudes changed by an achievement motivation course for high school underachievers and correlated with inventory scales that converge on achievement behavior; high scorers seem to be highly socialized and have internalized standards of excellence. The social-value scale was not related to achievement behavior but seems to reflect needs for recognition, succorance, and sociability; males found these values socially undesirable, yet obtained higher means than females.