bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Topological characteristics of iterated line graphs in QSAR problem: Octane numbers of saturated hydrocarbons
Authors: Zakharov Anton B. , Dyachenko Anastasia V. , Ivanov Vladimir V.
Published: July 2019

Capabilities of line (edge) graph in quantitative structure‐activity relationship (QSAR) problem for constructing predictive models are demonstrated. The basic idea for proposed approach is to describe molecular structure using generated graph sequence: vertex and chain of line graphs. Every following graph in the sequence corresponds to the structure where vertices appear to be edges of the previous one. For every graph, it is proposed to compute corresponding topological and informational descriptors. Employing latter for derivation of predictive equations allows to realize progressive hierarchy of models. As a test problem, the forecast of research octane numbers for saturated hydrocarbons is chosen. Among the descriptors selected to be used for building regression models well‐known Randic connectivity index (χ(1)), first Zagreb index (ZM1) and theoretic‐informational index of vertex complexity (Vc) are employed. Derived hierarchy of regression equations shows systematic improvement in the description of desired property as every new graph is included in consideration. Determination coefficients for training sample and computed via leave‐one‐out cross‐validation procedure reveal that four‐parametric equation with Vc descriptor has satisfactory forecasting facilities. Efficiency of proposed approach was also demonstrated on the example of artificial neural networks.
Filtered incremental velocity: A novel approach in intensity measures for seismic collapse estimation
Authors: Dávalos Héctor , Miranda Eduardo
Published: July 2019

This study evaluates the performance of a new intensity measure, referred to as filtered incremental velocity FIV3, which is computed using time‐domain features extracted from an acceleration time series and is aimed at the evaluation of structural collapse. This novel approach focuses on the area under a small number of acceleration pulses in the ground motion instead of focusing on the peak response of linear elastic oscillators as in many recently proposed measures of ground motion intensity. FIV3 is developed based on previous research that has highlighted the close relation between the incremental velocity of a ground motion and its potential to induce large inelastic incursions on structures. However, unlike the original definition of incremental velocity which provides a single level of intensity for a ground motion, this new intensity measure is period‐dependent and computed as the sum of the three largest incremental velocities obtained from a low‐pass filtered ground acceleration time series. Efficiency and sufficiency with respect to several ground motion parameters such as magnitude, source‐to‐site‐distance, spectral shape, scale factor, and duration are carefully evaluated and compared against those computed with some traditional and recently proposed intensity measures using collapse results from a four‐story reinforced concrete frame. Results indicate that FIV3 leads to lower variability of collapse estimates and therefore higher efficiency as well as high sufficiency compared with those of other ground motion intensity parameters indicating that this new intensity measure is a promising parameter for structural collapse risk assessment.
Perspectives on HIV partner notification, partner HIV self‐testing and partner home‐based HIV testing by pregnant and postpartum women in antenatal settings: a qualitative analysis in Malawi and Zambia
Authors: Hershow Rebecca B , Zimba Chifundo C , Mweemba Oliver , Chibwe Kasapo F , Phanga Twambilile , Dunda Wezzie , Matenga Tulani , Mutale Wilbroad , Chi Benjamin H , Rosenberg Nora E , Maman Suzanne
Published: July 2019

Introduction

HIV testing male partners of pregnant and postpartum women can lead to improved health outcomes for women, partners and infants. However, in sub‐Saharan Africa, few male partners get HIV tested during their partner's pregnancy in spite of several promising approaches to increase partner testing uptake. We assessed stakeholders’ views and preferences of partner notification, home‐based testing and secondary distribution of self‐test kits to understand whether offering choices for partner HIV testing may increase acceptability.

Methods

Interviewers conducted semi‐structured interviews with HIV‐negative (N = 39) and HIV‐positive (N = 41) pregnant/postpartum women, male partners of HIV‐negative (N = 14) and HIV‐positive (N = 14) pregnant/postpartum women, healthcare workers (N = 19) and policymakers (N = 16) in Malawi and Zambia. Interviews covered views of each partner testing approach and preferred approaches; healthcare workers were also asked about perceptions of a choice‐based approach. Interviews were transcribed, translated and analysed to compare perspectives across country and participant types.

Results

Most participants within each stakeholder group considered all three partner testing strategies acceptable. Relationship conflict was discussed as a potential adverse consequence for each approach. For partner notification, additional barriers included women losing letters, being fearful to give partners letters, being unable to read and men refusing to come to the clinic. For home‐based testing, additional barriers included lack of privacy or confidentiality and fear of experiencing community‐level HIV stigma. For HIV self‐test kits, additional barriers included lack of counselling, false results and poor linkage to care. Preferred male partner testing options varied. Participants preferred partner notification due to their respect for clinical authority, home‐based testing due to their desire to prioritize convenience and clinical authority, and self‐test kits due to their desire to prioritize confidentiality. Less than half of couples interviewed selected the same preferred male partner testing option as their partner. Most healthcare workers felt the choice‐based approach would be acceptable and feasible, but noted implementation challenges in personnel, resources or space.

Conclusions

Most stakeholders considered different approaches to partner HIV testing to be acceptable, but concerns were raised about each. A choice‐based approach may allow women to select their preferred method of partner testing; however, implementation challenges need to be addressed.
Community‐led HIV testing services including HIV self‐testing and assisted partner notification services in Vietnam: lessons from a pilot study in a concentrated epidemic setting
Authors: Nguyen Van Thi Thuy , Phan Huong TT , Kato Masaya , Nguyen Quang‐Thong , Le Ai Kim A , Vo Son H , Thanh Duong C , Baggaley Rachel C , Johnson Cheryl C
Published: July 2019

Introduction

The HIV epidemic in Vietnam is concentrated in key populations and their partners – people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, sex workers and partners of people living with HIV. These groups have poor access to and uptake of conventional HIV testing services (HTS). To address this gap, lay provider‐ and self‐testing and assisted partner notification (aPN) were introduced and delivered by the community. We explored the feasibility and effectiveness of implementing aPN as part of community testing services for key populations.

Methods

Lay provider testing and self‐testing was started in January 2017, and targeted key populations and their partners. Since July 2017, aPN was introduced. HTS was offered at drop‐in houses or coffee shops in Thai Nguyen and Can Tho provinces. All self‐testing was assisted and observed by peer educators. Both in‐person and social network methods were used to mobilize key populations to test for HIV and offer HTS to partners of people living with HIV. Client‐level data, including demographic information and self‐reported risk behaviour, were collected on site by peer educators.

Results

Between January 2017 and May 2018, 3978 persons from key populations were tested through community‐led HTS; 66.7% were first‐time testers. Of the 3978 clients, 3086 received HTS from a lay provider and 892 self‐tested in the presence of a lay provider. Overall, 245 (6.2% of tested clients) had reactive results, 231 (94.3%) were confirmed to be HIV positive; 215/231 (93.1%) initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART). Of 231 adult HIV‐positive clients, 186 (80.5%) were provided voluntary aPN, and 105 of their partners were contacted and received HTS. The ratio of partners who tested for HIV per index client was 0.56. Forty‐four (41.9%) partners of index clients receiving HTS were diagnosed with HIV, 97.7% initiated ART during the study period. No social harm was identified or reported.

Conclusions

Including aPN as part of community‐led HTS for key populations and their partners is feasible and effective, particularly for reaching first‐time testers and undiagnosed HIV clients. Scale‐up of aPN within community‐led HTS for key populations is essential for achieving the United Nations 90‐90‐90 targets in Vietnam.
Effects of high‐speed shear homogenization on the emulsifying and structural properties of myofibrillar protein under low‐fat conditions
Authors: Zhou Lei , Feng Xiao , Yang Yuling , Chen Yinji , Tang Xiaozhi , Wei Sumeng , Li Shanshan
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND

Emulsification is important for food quality and processing functionality. Most emulsification occurs under high‐fat conditions that eventually cause health concerns. Protein emulsifiers also have drawbacks such as lower dispersity. This study considered the effects of different high‐speed shear homogenization (HSH) speeds on the emulsifying and structural properties of myofibrillar proteins (MPs) under low‐fat conditions.

RESULTS

High‐speed shear homogenization significantly increased the emulsifying activity and emulsifying stability of MPs at lower speeds (8000 to 14 500 rpm). The primary structure of MP was not altered significantly by HSH, whereas its secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures were changed. Particle size decreased first and then increased significantly, and reached a minimum when the HSH speed was 14 500 rpm. The absolute zeta potential values increased significantly and the dendritic fibrous structure of sample was destroyed when the speed exceeded 14 500 rpm. High‐speed shear homogenization (14 500 rpm) decreased the particle size and unfolded the protein, which improved the emulsifying properties of MPs. Excessive HSH speeds (20 500 rpm or higher) caused an aggregation of MP molecules, which was not conducive to improving their emulsifying properties.

CONCLUSION

Optimal HSH speed was achieved at 14 500 rpm to modify MPs' emulsifying and structural properties under low‐fatconditions. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
The effect of base chemistry choice in a generated n‐hexane oxidation model using an automated mechanism generator
Authors: Hilbig Martin , Malliotakis Zisis , Seidel Lars , Vourliotakis George , Keramiotis Christos , Mauss Fabian , Founti Maria
Published: July 2019

The present study describes the utilization of a reaction mechanism generator for the development of chemical kinetic models. The aim of the investigation is twofold. The in‐house developed mechanism generator is updated with reaction classes reported in the literature, and the effect of the lower hydrocarbon chemistry, that is, base chemistry, on the generation process is assessed. For this purpose, the algorithm is implemented on two different base chemistry mechanisms, that have previously been validated against a different range of hydrocarbons, that is, the mechanisms of the groups coauthoring the study. n‐Hexane has been used as a modeling target due to its important role in combustion studies as a surrogate for engine and aviation applications. The steps of the generation process are given in detail as this is the first time the current algorithm is utilized. The two generated mechanisms are compared against speciation data, ignition delay times, and flame velocities from the literature. The overall agreement of the generated mechanisms is satisfying; discrepancies exist in the negative temperature coefficient regime. Reaction path analysis and sensitivity analysis were performed, revealing the reactions that cause the different mechanism performance. Among others, the study reveals that the generated schemes pose a fast and adequate alternative to literature mechanisms; it is however evident that the latter may include more detailed reaction paths and are therefore superior in terms of validation.
Fast and accurate reconstruction of human lung gas MRI with deep learning
Authors: Duan Caohui , Deng He , Xiao Sa , Xie Junshuai , Li Haidong , Sun Xianping , Ma Lin , Lou Xin , Ye Chaohui , Zhou Xin
Published: July 2019

Purpose

To fast and accurately reconstruct human lung gas MRI from highly undersampled k‐space using deep learning.

Methods

The scheme was comprised of coarse‐to‐fine nets (C‐net and F‐net). Zero‐filling images from retrospectively undersampled k‐space at an acceleration factor of 4 were used as input for C‐net, and then output intermediate results which were fed into F‐net. During training, a L2 loss function was adopted in C‐net, while a function that united L2 loss with proton prior knowledge was used in F‐net. The 871 hyperpolarized 129Xe pulmonary ventilation images from 72 volunteers were randomly arranged as training (90%) and testing (10%) data. Ventilation defect percentage comparisons were implemented using a paired 2‐tailed Student's t‐test and correlation analysis. Furthermore, prospective acquisitions were demonstrated in 5 healthy subjects and 5 asymptomatic smokers.

Results

Each image with size of 96 × 84 could be reconstructed within 31 ms (mean absolute error was 4.35% and structural similarity was 0.7558). Compared with conventional compressed sensing MRI, the mean absolute error decreased by 17.92%, but the structural similarity increased by 6.33%. For ventilation defect percentage, there were no significant differences between the fully sampled and reconstructed images through the proposed algorithm (P = 0.932), but had significant correlations (r = 0.975; P < 0.001). The prospectively undersampled results validated a good agreement with fully sampled images, with no significant differences in ventilation defect percentage but significantly higher signal‐to‐noise ratio values.

Conclusion

The proposed algorithm outperformed classical undersampling methods, paving the way for future use of deep learning in real‐time and accurate reconstruction of gas MRI.
Class dynamics in Tajikistan: Development of urban middle class at the intersection of migration and capital
Authors: Zotova Natalia , Cohen Jeffrey H.
Published: July 2019

This study explores the formation of the urban middle class in Tajikistan, a low‐income country in which large outmigration has developed over the past decades. Our study uses a Bourdieusian framework to note the ways international migration creates opportunities for class in the context of socio‐political constraints, which hinder upward social mobility of Tajikistan's population. Drawing from ethnographic research in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, our study investigates the cultural production of the urban middle class and contextualises its contested nature. We address the dynamic quality of class distinctions through the lens of culture, status, and symbolic values to unpack social and cultural processes that shape the formation of class in post‐Soviet Tajikistan. We argue that although managing competing constraints, Tajik migrants use migration‐related capital to become a part of the growing middle class. Our study contributes to scholarship on migration and class and suggests that analytical attention to different types of capital allows for a better understanding of class formation in sending countries.
Mitochondria in the biology, pathogenesis, and treatment of hepatitis virus infections
Authors: Qu Changbo , Zhang Shaoshi , Li Yang , Wang Yijin , Peppelenbosch Maikel P. , Pan Qiuwei
Published: July 2019

Hepatitis virus infections affect a large proportion of the global population. The host responds rapidly to viral infection by orchestrating a variety of cellular machineries, in particular, the mitochondrial compartment. Mitochondria actively regulate viral infections through modulation of the cellular innate immunity and reprogramming of metabolism. In turn, hepatitis viruses are able to modulate the morphodynamics and functions of mitochondria, but the mode of actions are distinct with respect to different types of hepatitis viruses. The resulting mutual interactions between viruses and mitochondria partially explain the clinical presentation of viral hepatitis, influence the response to antiviral treatment, and offer rational avenues for novel therapy. In this review, we aim to consider in depth the multifaceted interactions of mitochondria with hepatitis virus infections and emphasize the implications for understanding pathogenesis and advancing therapeutic development.
Model‐based reconstruction of the succession dynamics of a large river floodplain
Authors: Ochs Konstantin , Egger Gregory , Kopecki Ianina , Ferreira Teresa
Published: July 2019

Most large rivers in Europe and North America suffered flow regulations and channelization in the 19th and 20th century. To study the effects of the altered site conditions on the development of floodplain vegetation and create a benchmark map for their restoration, we calibrated and applied a dynamic floodplain vegetation model that accounts for the processes recruitment as well as morphodynamic disturbance and physiologic stress on vegetation to reconstruct the succession dynamics of the floodplain vegetation of a segment of the Rhine River from shortly after it was channelized (1872) until today (2016). The model calibration was based on historical maps and hydrologic data.

Our simulation demonstrated a steady, one‐way progression of the vegetation communities towards mature phases without regression to younger stages. It was possible to attribute this development to a lack of morphodynamic disturbances strong enough to reset succession and to identify physiological stress caused by long inundations periods as the most relevant controlling factor of succession. The resulting vegetation distribution (2016) can be considered an estimation of the potential natural vegetation (PNV) under altered site conditions.

The good agreement of the model results with an expert‐based PNV map showed that our approach is a good alternative to create benchmark maps for floodplain conservation and restoration projects. From a research and practitioners' viewpoint, it has the big advantage over the traditional approach that it allows to analyse different points in time as well as to be comprehensive and reproducible.
Sequential optimal positioning of mobile sensors using mutual information
Authors: Schmidt Kathleen , Smith Ralph C. , Hite Jason , Mattingly John , Azmy Yousry , Rajan Deepak , Goldhahn Ryan
Published: July 2019

Source localization, such as detecting a nuclear source in an urban area or ascertaining the origin of a chemical plume, is generally regarded as a well‐documented inverse problem; however, optimally placing sensors to collect data for such problems is a more challenging task. In particular, optimal sensor placement—that is, measurement locations resulting in the least uncertainty in the estimated source parameters—depends on the location of the source, which is typically unknowna priori. Mobile sensors are advantageous because they have the flexibility to adapt to any given source position. While most mobile sensor strategies designate a trajectory for sensor movement, we instead employ mutual information, based on Shannon entropy, to choose the next measurement location from a discrete set of design conditions.
An online categorization task to investigate changes in students' interpretations of organic chemistry reactions
Authors: Lapierre Keith R. , Flynn Alison B.
Published: July 2019

In this study, we investigated how students organized their knowledge about organic chemistry reactions in a transformed curriculum, including their choices, abilities, and changes over time. This transformed curriculum focuses on interpreting the underlying mechanistic patterns of chemical reactions and emphasizes the principles of reactivity in organic chemistry. Data from this study were collected at beginning and end of an Organic Chemistry II course using an open and closed online categorization task with a set of organic chemistry reactions. In the open task, participants organized the set of reactions as they chose, giving us insight into how the participants preferred to organize their knowledge. In the closed task, participants were asked to organize the set of reactions in a specific way—by each reaction's governing mechanism—which would provide a measure of the students' ability to categorize the reactions in that way. We investigated the similarities and differences of the open and closed categorizations at each time of administration and analyzed the changes over time. Findings from this study emphasized the efficacy of the transformed curriculum for: (a) promoting a focus on process‐oriented features of reactions over static features of a reaction and (b) increasing the students' abilities to categorize a set of reactions according to the mechanism governing the reaction. Findings revealed implications for the transformed curriculum, which addresses key areas for improvements, potential implications for research, and also limitations of the current study. We further describe possible extensions of this study to how the open and closed categorization tasks may be used for research and instruction in other science, technology, engineering, and math disciplines.
The effectiveness of relativistic invariance in AdS3
Authors: Fontanella Andrea , Sax Olof Ohlsson , Stefański Bogdan , Torrielli Alessandro
Published: July 2019

Abstract

We use relativistic invariance to investigate two aspects of integrable AdS3 string theory. Firstly, we write down the all-loop TBA equations for the massless sector of the theory with R-R flux, using the recently discovered hidden relativistic symmetry. Secondly, for the low-energy relativistic limit of the theory with NS-NS flux we write down the S matrix, dressing factors and TBA. We find that the integrable system coincides with a restriction to AdS3 of the relativistic q-deformed AdS5 theory. We also comment on the relativistic limit of the small-k NS-NS theory.
Appeals to Science: Recirculation of Online Claims in Socioscientific Reasoning
Authors: Solli Anne
Published: July 2019

Conflicting knowledge claims regarding complex issues have become readily available through networked digital media, and the introduction of Internet access to classrooms has provided opportunities for accessing a huge number of sources. Science education plays an important role in providing students opportunities to seek and evaluate information and engage in reasoning. The aim of this article is to analyze ways upper secondary science students invoke recirculated online claims originating from a scientific paper in conversations regarding genetically modified organisms (GMO), and to understand how such invocations are effective in order for students to engage accountably. By using the notion of communicative activity types—the meaning and function of the recirculated claims were analyzed in (1) a peer discussion, (2) a debate, and (3) a reflective seminar. The persuasive power of the discursive resource “appeals to science” is illustrated when students enlist scientific objectivity and rigor to underpin the credibility of arguments in a debate, and when qualifying a reflective position in a seminar, whereas they reflect on how actors in a Web context use appeals to science rhetorically when engaged in a discussion with peers reporting online claims. The study offers insight into kinds of communicative competences involved in conversations and how “scientific facts” justify, in this case, opposition to GMO. Finally, it is reflected upon the importance of not only learning how to make well-founded knowledge claims, but also to understand how science is used rhetorically in order to develop appropriate responses to complex issues in the digital age.
Incidence of Clostridioides difficile infections among young and middle-aged adults: Veterans Health Administration
Authors: Russo Ellyn M. , Kuntz Jennifer , Yu Holly , Smith Jeremy , Hauser Ronald George , Halchenko Yuliya , Young-Xu Yinong
Published: July 2019

Objective:

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) remains a significant public health concern, resulting in excess morbidity, mortality, and costs. Additional insight into the burden of CDI in adults aged <65 years is needed.

Design/Setting:

A 6-year retrospective cohort study was conducted using data extracted from United States Veterans Health Administration electronic medical records.

Patients/Methods:

Patients aged 18–64 years on January 1, 2011, were followed until incident CDI, death, loss-to-follow-up, or December 31, 2016. CDI was identified by a diagnosis code accompanied by metronidazole, vancomycin, or fidaxomicin therapy, or positive laboratory test. The clinical setting of CDI onset was defined according to 2017 SHEA-IDSA guidelines.

Results:

Of 1,073,900 patients, 10,534 had a CDI during follow-up. The overall incidence rate was 177 CDIs per 100,000 person years, rising steadily from 164 per 100,000 person years in 2011 to 189 per 100,000 person years in 2016. Those with a CDI were slightly older (55 vs 51 years) and sicker, with a higher baseline Charlson comorbidity index score (1.4 vs 0.5) than those without an infection. Nearly half (48%) of all incident CDIs were community associated, and this proportion rose from 41% in 2011 to 56% in 2016.

Conclusions:

The findings from this large retrospective study indicate that CDI incidence, driven primarily by increasing community-associated infection, is rising among young and middle-aged adult Veterans with high service-related disability. The increasing burden of community associated CDI in this vulnerable population warrants attention. Future studies quantifying the economic and societal burden of CDI will inform decisions surrounding prevention strategies.
An Old Amharic poem from northern Ethiopia: one more text on condemning glory
Authors: Bulakh Maria , Nosnitsin Denis
Published: July 2019

This article presents a publication and translation (with linguistic and philological commentaries) of a recently discovered piece of Old Amharic poetry, possibly dating to the first half/middle of the seventeenth century. The published text bears the titleMärgämä kəbr(“Condemnation of glory”), but its content differs from that of several other Old Amharic poems (not entirely independent from each other) known under the same title. It is only the general idea and the main topics that are shared by allMärgämä kəbrpoems: transience of the earthly world, the inevitability of death and of God's judgement, and the necessity of leading a virtuous life. One can thus speak ofMärgämä kəbras a special genre of early Amharic literature, probably originally belonging to the domain of oral literature and used to address the Christian community with the aim of religious education and admonition of laymen.
Economics of wastewater management in China's industry
Authors: An Yao , Zhang Lin , Adom Philip Kofi
Published: July 2019

This article provides an economic investigation into the underlying causes of industrial wastewater emissions. We examine the direct and the structural break-induced effect of national environmental regulation on industrial wastewater emissions. The results show that strict environmental regulation can partially offset the energy-induced effects imposed by the scale effects of foreign direct inflows and cause positive behavioral responses by either limiting coal usage or improving upon coal usage technology and shift towards clean energy sources. We find the absence of scale economies in the provision of environmental services in the industrial sector due to the poor nature of the technical processes of industries. We further highlight the importance of raising the investment in environmental treatment and embracing trade liberalization in the improvement of industrial wastewater management.
Lowermost Mantle Anisotropy Beneath Africa From Differential SKS‐SKKS Shear‐Wave Splitting
Authors: Reiss M. C. , Long M. D. , Creasy N.
Published: July 2019

We investigate seismic anisotropy in the lowermost mantle in the vicinity of the African large low shear velocity province (LLSVP) using observations of differential SKS‐SKKS shear‐wave splitting. We use data from 375 permanent and temporary stations in Africa which enable us to map the spatial distribution of the anisotropic regions of the lowermost mantle in unprecedented detail. Our results corroborate previous findings that anisotropy is most clearly observed at the margins of the LLSVP, indicating strong deformation at its border, and they are generally consistent with a mostly isotropic LLSVP interior. We find that most discrepant SKS‐SKKS measurements sample the lowermost mantle close to what is inferred to be the root of the Afar plume. We also identify strongly discrepant splitting in the vicinity of a previously mapped ultralow velocity zone (ULVZ) at the base of the LLSVP, beneath Central Africa. This represents an unusual observation of lowermost mantle anisotropy that is spatially coincident with a ULVZ and may reflect a unique anisotropic mechanism such as alignment of partial melt or the presence of strongly anisotropic magnesiowüstite. We interpret discrepant measurements outside of the LLSVP as likely reflecting a change in flow direction from the horizontal plane to a more vertical direction, which may be caused by deflection at the steep LLSVP border. We propose that our observations of D″ anisotropy associated with the African LLSVP can be explained by a mantle flow regime that maintains passive thermochemical piles with slab‐driven flow and allows for the formation of upwellings at their edges.
Elastic and Mechanical Properties of Dune Sand: Experiments and Models
Authors: Muqtadir Arqam , Al‐Dughaimi Saud , Kandil Mohamed E. , Ali Abdulwahab , Dvorkin Jack P.
Published: July 2019

Ultrasonic elastic‐wave velocities, as well as the stress‐strain behavior, were measured on dry dune sand from Saudi Arabia under hydrostatic loading from 0 to 50 MPa. The samples came from the dune's crest, limb, and base. The experiments included several loading and unloading cycles. All samples exhibited irreversible deformation and porosity reduction during the tests due to grain repacking in low‐stress regimes and grain breakage at higher stress. The loading behavior was plastic, while the unloading/reloading behavior was elastic. In spite of noticeable porosity variations during the experiments, the elastic‐wave velocities mainly depended on the stress rather than on porosity. Our velocity versus stress data is very close to earlier published results, although the provenance of the sand is very different, pointing at a universality of such behavior in loose sand. Our results were matched by the contact Hertz‐Mindlin theory with varying coordination number and shear‐stiffness adjustment. We also offer a new theoretical model for the static bulk modulus measured in these experiments. This model is based on the concept of stress heterogeneity (stress chains or patches) in a granular pack and uses elastic bound averaging of the respective moduli of stressed and unstressed parts of the pack. The same model is used to describe the velocity versus stress behavior. These results and theory constitute a new installment into the published sparse data of the mechanical properties of unconsolidated sand as well as theoretical analyses thereof and are the first ever such data generated in Saudi Arabia.
Microglial TREM-1 receptor mediates neuroinflammatory injury via interaction with SYK in experimental ischemic stroke
Authors: Xu Pengfei , Zhang Xiaohao , Liu Qian , Xie Yi , Shi Xiaolei , Chen Jingjing , Li Yunzi , Guo Hongquan , Sun Rui , Hong Ye , Liu Xinfeng , Xu Gelin
Published: July 2019

Neuroinflammation is initiated in response to ischemic stroke, generally with the hallmarks of microglial activation and collateral brain injury contributed by robust inflammatory effects. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-1, an amplifier of the innate immune response, is a critical regulator of inflammation. This study identified that microglial TREM-1 expression was upregulated following cerebral ischemic injury. After pharmacologic inhibition of TREM-1 with synthetic peptide LP17, ischemia-induced infarction and neuronal injury were substantially alleviated. Moreover, blockade of TREM-1 can potentiate cellular proliferation and synaptic plasticity in hippocampus, resulting in long-term functional improvement. Microglial M1 polarization and neutrophil recruitment were remarkably abrogated as mRNA levels of M1 markers, chemokines, and protein levels of myeloperoxidase and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were decreased by LP17. Mechanistically, both in vivo and in vitro, we delineated that TREM-1 can activate downstream pro-inflammatory pathways, CARD9/NF-κB, and NLRP3/caspase-1, through interacting with spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK). In addition, TREM-1-induced SYK initiation was responsible for microglial pyroptosis by elevating levels of gasdermin D (GSDMD), N-terminal fragment of GSDMD (GSDMD-N), and forming GSDMD pores, which can facilitate the release of intracellular inflammatory factors, in microglia. In summary, microglial TREM-1 receptor yielded post-stroke neuroinflammatory damage via associating with SYK.
Determination of seven phenolic acids in honey by counter flow salting-out homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Shi Zhihong , Li Xinye , Ma Hongyu , Pang Weiyue , Sun Yamei , He Yifan , Li Meiting , Zhang Hongyi
Published: July 2019

CFSHLLE-UHPLC-MS/MS determination of phenolic acids in honey.
Selective mono- and dimetallation of a group 3 sandwich complex
Authors: Martínez-Martínez Antonio J. , Kennedy Alan R. , Paprocki Valerie , Fantuzzi Felipe , Dewhurst Rian D. , O’Hara Charles T. , Braunschweig Holger , Mulvey Robert E.
Published: July 2019

While lithium alkyls and lithium amides do not metallate the scandium compound [(η5-C5H5)Sc(η8-C8H8)], a synergistic lithium–aluminium base-trap partnership cannot resist taking a bite with one C–H bond selectively cleaved from both Cp and COT rings.
Molecular recognition of organophosphorus compounds in water and inhibition of their toxicity to acetylcholinesterase
Authors: Liu Wei-Er , Chen Zhao , Yang Liu-Pan , Au-Yeung Ho Yu , Jiang Wei
Published: July 2019

endo-Functionalized molecular tubes are able to recognize toxic organophosphorus compounds in water. They can be used as a fluorescent sensor and as an inhibitor to reduce the toxicity of paraoxon to acetylcholinesterase.
Direct surface modification of semiconductor quantum dots with metal–organic frameworks
Authors: Kumagai Kohei , Uematsu Taro , Torimoto Tsukasa , Kuwabata Susumu
Published: July 2019

Robust surface protective materials for luminescent semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are demonstrated by using metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) through a direct link between them.
Surface energies of non-centrosymmetric nanocrystals by the inverse Wulff construction method
Authors: Lai Fuming , Chen Yigang , Guo Haibo
Published: July 2019

Inverse Wulff construction is used to backtrack surface energies from experimentally observed particle shapes whose symmetry centers are undefined.
Microfluidic epigenomic mapping technologies for precision medicine
Authors: Deng Chengyu , Naler Lynette B. , Lu Chang
Published: July 2019

A review of microfluidic technologies for epigenetic and epigenomic analyses.
Extracellular vesicles as mediators ofin vitroneutrophil swarming on a large-scale microparticle array
Authors: Walters Nicole , Nguyen Luong T. H. , Zhang Jingjing , Shankaran Ajay , Reátegui Eduardo
Published: July 2019

Neutrophil swarming is a complex cell to cell communication process that helps our bodies to combat infections and promote healing damaged tissues. During swarming, neutrophils release extracellular vesicles that help coordinated cell migration.
Speech-Language Pathologist–Guided Morphological Awareness Instruction in the General Education Classroom
Authors: Henbest Victoria S. , Apel Kenn , Mitchell Alexis
Published: July 2019

Purpose

Research has shown that instruction in morphological awareness improves students' understanding and use of affixes. However, morphological awareness instruction, typically, is not provided in the general education classroom, and there are few documented collaborations between teachers and speech-language pathologists (SLPs), the latter of whom have a unique expertise in language. Thus, the purpose of this article was to determine the feasibility of an SLP-guided morphological awareness instructional program in a general education classroom.

Method

After completing a webinar training in morphological awareness, 2 general education teachers implemented morphological awareness lessons in their classrooms over an 8-week period. The teachers and collaborating SLP met weekly to discuss the lessons. Following implementation of the lessons, the teachers completed a questionnaire surveying their opinions on the collaboration. They, along with their students, also completed pre- and postmeasures of their morphological awareness.

Results

Results indicated that the teachers' morphological awareness, as assessed by the morphological awareness measure, did not improve as a result of implementing the lessons; however, the teachers reported that they valued the collaboration and the importance of morphological awareness instruction. Most importantly, the students' morphological awareness skills increased significantly following receipt of the morphological awareness lessons. The effects of these gains were moderate to large.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that teachers with limited morphological awareness can successfully implement scripted morphological awareness lessons that result in meaningful gains in their students' morphological awareness. Limitations and suggestions for future research on the collaboration between SLPs and teachers are discussed.
Observational constraints on dust disk sizes in tidally truncated protoplanetary disks in multiple systems in the Taurus region
Authors: Manara C. F. , Tazzari M. , Long F. , Herczeg G. J. , Lodato G. , Rota A. A. , Cazzoletti P. , van der Plas G. , Pinilla P. , Dipierro G. , Edwards S. , Harsono D. , Johnstone D. , Liu Y. , Menard F. , Nisini B. , Ragusa E. , Boehler Y. , Cabrit S.
Published: July 2019

The impact of stellar multiplicity on the evolution of planet-forming disks is still the subject of debate. Here we present and analyze disk structures around ten multiple stellar systems that were included in an unbiased, high spatial resolution survey performed with ALMA of 32 protoplanetary disks in the Taurus star-forming region. At the unprecedented spatial resolution of ~0.12′′ we detect and spatially resolve the disks around all primary stars, and those around eight secondary and one tertiary star. The dust radii of disks around multiple stellar systems are smaller than those around single stars in the same stellar mass range and in the same region. The disks in multiple stellar systems also show a steeper decay of the millimeter continuum emission at the outer radius than disks around single stars, suggestive of the impact of tidal truncation on the shape of the disks in multiple systems. However, the observed ratio between the dust disk radii and the observed separation of the stars in the multiple systems is consistent with analytic predictions of the effect of tidal truncation only if the eccentricities of the binaries are rather high (typically >0.5) or if the observed dust radii are a factor of two smaller than the gas radii, as is typical for isolated systems. Similar high-resolution studies targeting the gaseous emission from disks in multiple stellar systems are required to resolve this question.
Die Rechtsfrage: Darf ich ein Kind ohne Verordnung behandeln?
Authors: Bossow Karsten
Published: July 2019

„Kürzlich kam eine Mutter zu uns in die Praxis. Sie wollte mit ihrem Kind zur Therapie kommen, hatte aber keine Verordnung. Die Therapie würde sie selbst bezahlen. Ist das rechtlich möglich oder benötige ich auf jeden Fall eine Verordnung vom Arzt?“

Therapeutin via Facebook
Übung des Monats – Der Wall Drill
Authors: Keller Matthias , Volker Hacker
Published: July 2019

Der Wall Drill kommt ursprünglich aus dem Athletik- und Sprinttraining. Doch auch im Reha-Prozess eignet sich die Übung, um dynamische Bewegungsmuster und Belastungen wie Joggen oder Rennen vorzubereiten.
Kann man rheumatische Gelenke mit Fischöl schmieren?
Authors: Schmiedel Volker
Published: July 2019

EPA und DHA sind Präkursoren antientzündlicher Botenstoffe und beeinflussen den Stoffwechsel antiinflammatorischer Leukotriene. Daher haben die maritimen ω-3-Fettsäuren einen hohen Stellenwert in der Therapie von Rheuma. Rückgang von Schmerzen, Gelenkschwellungen und Morgensteifigkeit sind selbst bei schwerem Verlauf der Erkrankung möglich. Die in Studien gefundene Wirkung ist umso deutlicher, je höher die ω-3-Dosis ist, je mehr EPA im Verhältnis zu DHA eingesetzt und je länger die Therapie durchgeführt wird. Zur Einnahme eignen sich Fischöl und Algenöl, während Leinöl mit seinem hohen Gehalt an der ω-3-Fettsäure α-Linolensäure erwartungsgemäß keine antiinflammatorische Wirkung zeigt. In der Diagnostik chronisch entzündlicher Erkrankungen hilft eine Fettsäureanalyse, die benötigte Dosis festzulegen.
Reduction of ablated surface expansion in pulsed-power-driven experiments using an aerosol dielectric coating
Authors: Evans M. , Adams M. B. , Campbell P. C. , Jordan N. M. , Miller S. M. , Ramey N. B. , Shapovalov R. V. , Young J. , West-Abdallah I. , Woolstrum J. M. , McBride R. D. , Gourdain P.-A.
Published: July 2019

The quality of warm dense matter samples created by magnetic compression can be largely affected by material ablation. When the ablated material carries currents, local instabilities can grow, which can lead to nonuniformities in the final magnetic pressure. Extending the previous work by Peterson et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 135002 (2014)], Awe et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 065001 (2016)], and Hutchison et al. [Phys. Rev. E 97, 053208 (2018)], the experiments reported here demonstrate that the expansion of the ablated material can be significantly reduced by using a simple aerosol spray technique. Coating the current-carrying surfaces with a 30–60-μm layer of polyurethane reduced the expansion of the ablated material by a factor of 2 and eliminated material ejections from sharp corners. This technique, tested at the Michigan Accelerator for Inductive Z-Pinch Experiments pulsed power facility at the University of Michigan with currents up to 400 kA, could allow the production of homogeneous warm dense matter samples on pulsed-power drivers. Because of the simplicity of this method, this work brings forth an important contribution to pulsed-power-driven experiments designed to study nuclear fusion, material properties, and radiation science.
Comparative studies of compact kHz and MHz driven low pressure plasmas by emission and laser spectroscopy
Authors: Mitic S. , Kaupe J. , Riedl P. , Coenen D.
Published: July 2019

The temporal evolution of a low pressure argon plasma driven by a combination of radio frequency and kilohertz frequency power sources was characterized by phase resolved optical emission and laser absorption spectroscopy. The compact, low pressure plasma was formed in a hybrid surface/jet geometry and powered by a high voltage power supply operating at 31 kHz and by a lower voltage RF supply operating at 13.56 MHz. An accurate evaluation of the 1s state density dynamics was performed by means of laser absorption measurements of the 1s5 and 1s4 sublevels. The emission spectra were recorded with a submicrosecond temporal resolution and evaluated using an extended Corona model. In comparison with the modeling results, the phase dependent ratio of different Ar(2p) → Ar(1s) emission lines was used to determine temporal profiles of electron temperature and relative electron density. The results were compared with the results from time averaged emission measurements by performing an identical analysis. Strong spatial and temporal variations of plasma parameters were observed when the plasma was driven solely by the 31 kHz source, resulting in nonequilibrium conditions for long living states. Inconsistent observations in the reconstructed temporal development of plasma energy and density were further investigated by illustrating full spatiotemporal reconstruction of plasma parameters. These results permit clear identification of strong spatial gradients through the tube.
Impact of tab location relative to the nozzle exit on the shock structure of a supersonic jet
Authors: Arun Kumar P. , Aileni Manideep , Rathakrishnan E.
Published: July 2019

This paper presents an experimental study of a Mach 2.0 jet manipulated using rectangular tabs to understand the mixing enhancement at the overexpanded and perfectly expanded state of the jet. This paper also compares the mixing effectiveness of the tabs in comparison with the fluidic injection reported in our previous work [Kumar et al., “Empirical scaling analysis of supersonic jet control using steady fluidic injection,” Phys. Fluids 31(5), 056107 (2018)]. Tabs used in this investigation were rectangular strips of aspect ratio, AR, 2 (AR = length of the tab/width of the tab) and are positioned at 0De, 0.25De, 0.5De, and 0.95De (De is the nozzle exit diameter) downstream of the nozzle exit. Pitot pressure measurements were carried out along the jet centerline and in the radial directions to examine the supersonic core length (Lc*) and jet spread, respectively. The jet stream has been visualized using the shadowgraph technique in the orthogonal planes of the manipulated jet. The mixing capability of the manipulated jet quantified based on the reduction in supersonic core length ΔLc* strongly depends on the control technique and its location along the downstream direction. Three types of flow categories are identified, i.e., the “jet bifurcation,” “complex and strong shock-cell structure,” and “weak shock structure,” which depend on the tab location (xt*) and account for the jet mixing. The present study reveals that the tabs should be positioned downstream of the first shock crossover point which results in shorter core length and, hence, higher jet mixing. A conceptual model of the flow structure under control is proposed.
The global TEFL tourism industry.
Authors: Stainton H.
Published: July 2019

This chapter defines TEFL tourism (i.e., tourism that involves teaching English as a foreign language) before examining the TEFL opportunities worldwide. Voluntary versus paid positions, self-sourced positions, development agency positions, and tour operator positions are discussed. Ambiguities in TEFL tourism are also briefly considered, before discussing the regulation of the sector.
Revalorization of Europe's natural areas of spiritual value and pilgrimage routes: inspirational tendencies.
Authors: Mallarach J. M. , Gordi J.
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines the evolution of the sacred in the conservation of nature, together with a series of reflections and initiatives relating to the conservation of the heritage of natural places of high spiritual value and the lines that connect them, that is to say, the pilgrimage routes. The section on inspirational tendencies also considers a number of interesting developments in environmental education linked to these landscapes, and these guide the final discussion, which centres on the need to expand the perspective of the models for the governance of protected natural areas that currently prevail in most European countries and adopt more inclusive, fairer and more equitable approaches.