bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Municipal Water Systems—A Solution for Thermal Power Plant Cooling?
Authors: Hansen Rodney G. , Knoll Charles R. , Mar Brian W.
Published: February 2018

The authors consider many of the ramifications involved in the domestic use of water heated during the heat‐transfer cycle of power plant operation. One obvious benefit—lower bills for hot water. But there are many drawbacks and the authors consider whether these can be or should be surmounted.
Engineering Geology and the Central Valley Project
Authors: Prokopovich Nikola P.
Published: February 2018

The plan, design, construction, and operation of the multifaceted Central Valley Project's structures required the help of engineering geologists who faced—besides the usual investigation of foundations, tunneling, and construction materials—some unusual regional problems, such as land subsidence caused by overdraft of ground water, hydrocompaction of dry semiarid soils, subsidence of deltaic‐peaty deposits, and pollution and sedimentation in canals and reservoirs.
An Improved Method for Determining Organics by Activated Carbon Adsorption & Solvent Extraction—Pt. II (Test Method)
Authors: Buelow Ralph W. , Carswell J. Keith , Symons James M.
Published: February 2018

January's JOURNAL contained the description and ramifications of a new test procedure for organics in water. Here is the second installment of this two‐part article, which details the complete test procedure.*
Over 40 Yr of Regional Services
Authors: Gustafson Gilbert U. , Phillips Henry A.
Published: February 2018

Hartford, Conn., has had a successful metropolitan system for more than 40 yr and is continuing to provide water service to a growing area. Provisions are being made to extend this service well into the future.
Control of Reservoir Eutrophication
Authors: Eunpu Floyd F.
Published: February 2018

The Fairfax County Water Authority has used water aeration to advantage and has thereby eliminated a taste and odor problem. Here are the results for before and after treatment.
Should Industry Purchase or Seek Its Own Supply of Water?
Authors: Hardman Robert L.
Published: February 2018

There is an increasing trend by industrial plants to supply their own water rather than purchase from municipal water systems. This joint discussion, originally presented at the Annual Conference on Jun. 7, 1972, examines existing conditions and gives insight into future expectations.

The first article discusses the legislative controls exerted over water supplies in New Jersey. The second article explains how the Chester Water Authority, Pa., attracts industrial water use. The third article argues that industry is not interested in supplying its own water. The fourth article reveals how a large industry treats its own water supply at a substantial savings over purchasing its supply. In the fifth article, the purchase of water by industry is compared with the method of self‐supply.
Getting the Best From Painted Coatings
Authors: Sterlin Aaron
Published: February 2018

A well‐maintained water plant requires periodic painting. Here are some rudiments about what to look for in a paint and to expect from its performance.
Design of Wash‐Water and Alum‐Sludge Disposal Facilities
Authors: Inhoffer Wendell R. , Doe Peter W.
Published: February 2018

The Passaic River in New Jersey has the dubious distinction of being one of the most polluted watercourses in the U.S. Controls imposed on industries that have been casting foul effluents into the waterway have succeeded in improving the water's quality during the past 7 yr. However, the Passaic Valley Water Com., which draws on the river as a consumption source for the area that it serves, is, itself, a contributor to the pollution problem—dumping thousands of pounds of sludge per day into the Passaic. Here is a description of a plan developed for the commission that will end its wrongdoing.
Coagulation Considerations
Authors: Kawamura Susumu
Published: February 2018

This article presents some practical guidelines to both the design and operation of flocculation facilities and points out some areas that require further study.
Fire Protection for a Large Paper Mill
Authors: Birchler Gene J.
Published: February 2018

The growing accent on safety will be generating more fire‐fighting systems within industry. Commensurate emergency water needs—to be satisfied by water utilities—will also increase. This article describes an up‐to‐date industrial fire‐fighting system and, thereby serves two purposes: it is a model for safety installations of its type; it serves as a reference for utility managers who must expand capacity to meet fire‐fighting needs.
Public Health Aspects of Organics in Water
Authors: Ongerth Henry J. , Spath David P. , Crook James , Greenberg Arnold E.
Published: February 2018

Very little is known about organic products in water; less is known about their effects, individually or in combination, on man. The authors contend that the situation must be righted before water can be reused for consumptive purposes.
A Maintenance Program for Valves and Hydrants
Authors: Mogren Thomas D.
Published: February 2018

Proper inspection and maintenance of gate valves and fire hydrants fall largely within the domain of operations procedures. The author lists a series of checkpoints and hints that will be useful in making these duties more efficient and foolproof.
Let's get on With It
Authors: Symons George E.
Published: February 2018

Sensational headlines do not produce sensational results. AWWA knows what is wrong with the industry and is in the best position to bring about meaningful change.
WATER TECHNOLOGY‐Study of Arsenic Removal From Drinking Water
Authors: Shen Y. S.
Published: February 2018

In a certain area in Taiwan, there are wells whose water flows from a depth of more than 500 ft. The water, however, has a high concentration of arsenic and the incidence of a particular disease claiming the lives of village residents is said to stem from the “poisoned” water. The author describes the succession of procedures (and their results) adopted to prove the feasibility of leaching the arsenic from the water.
Removal of Arsenic (V) From Water by Adsorption on Aluminum and Ferric Hydroxides
Authors: Gulledge John H. , O'Connor John T.
Published: February 2018

The removal of arsenic from drinking water at water‐treatment plants is shown here to be affected by pH and doses of suitable coagulants.
What is the Cost of Money
Authors: Jackson Robert S.
Published: February 2018

Water utilities are natural monopolies, and each utility has an opportunity to earn a fair rate of return. Innovative thought regarding debt management is a must. The author illuminates the economic analyses that precede the issuance of debt and points out that debt management should be a continuing process.
Effects of Pending Federal Drinking ‐ Water Legislation
Authors: Atkinson Cliff
Published: February 2018

It is well known that EPA and USPHS drinking‐water standards are changing. This article explains what these changes are going to mean to the water‐utility industry.
Virus Removal in Hawaiian Soils
Authors: Young R. H. F. , Burbank N. C.
Published: February 2018

This article reveals the surprising degree to which some types of soil remove viruses before they reach water‐supply sources.
Trends in Water‐Main Extension Policy
Authors: Allen Gerald S.
Published: February 2018

The Little Rock Munic. Water Works conducted a survey of water‐main extension policies in five states. The responses covered master planning, system extension, financing, refunds, and miscellaneous matters, indicating the trends and presenting some new ideas for planners.
Water Resource Preservation by Planned Recycling of Treated Wastewater
Authors: Culp Gordon L. , Culp Russell L. , Hamann Carl L.
Published: February 2018

A pollution problem in the Washington, D.C., area sparked this study of natural and plant‐treatment processes for removing viruses, trace organics, heavy metals, and nutrients from reservoir water in order to make it safe for recreation and drinking.
A General Procedure for Consumption‐Density Studies
Authors: Morgan W. Douglas
Published: February 2018

The methods used at present to forecast short‐term water needs are time and money consuming. The use of a computer regression technique using binary variables can simplify and improve such forecasts and also make them less expensive.
Trace Organics in Water: Their Isolation and Identification
Authors: Burnham A. K. , Calder G. V. , Fritz J. S. , Junk G. A. , Svec H. J. , Vick R.
Published: February 2018

The need for information regarding organic impurities in drinking water is documented, and a new analytical method of concentrating, separating, and identifying organic substances in water is presented. The method has been used for concentrating and identifying neutral organic impurities in the water of two Iowa cities and of the Delaware River. Data on water from Ames, Iowa, show the distribution of hydrocarbons with respect to geographical proximity to a source of pollution.
Problems in Phenolics‐Modeling Methods in the Ohio River at Wheeling, W. Va.
Authors: McMichael Francis Clay , Vigani Frank C.
Published: February 2018

A method of fitting a time‐series model to historical data on raw‐water quality was found unsuitable for describing what was occurring in the river but revealed activities of the operators in the treatment plant. The problem of high values remains.
THE ANTIPARALLELING STATUTE: A NEW DIMENSION IN PUBLIC UTILITY CONDEMNATION
Authors: Pollak Stuart R. , Downs Howard M.
Published: February 2018

How does the doctrine of eminent domain affect private water suppliers? What happens when a municipal agency begins supplying water to an area previously served by a private company? What rights does a municipal agency have that are denied to the private water supplier? These questions and others are discussed in the following article, which is based on a recent California case.
Modern Construction Equipment and Methods
Authors: Holman Goyle R.
Published: February 2018

How pipeline is laid has altered over the decades because of increased automation, shifting populations, and changes in the attitudes of and about government. Today construction means, as well as construction ends, must be examined in terms of the opinions and convenience of an informed and vocal public.
Techniques and Equipment for Large Tunnels—Current and Future
Authors: Peck Ralph B.
Published: February 2018

The technique of tunneling goes back to ancient times. Many of the methods used and problems encountered then are still extant today. To improve these methods and overcome these problems, new procedures and machinery will have to be created.
The Underground Piercing Tool
Authors: Florence Harold V. , Frank J. Albert
Published: February 2018

A slender new underground piercing tool makes it easy and efficient to install lines under roadways.
Highlights of an OSHA Inspection
Authors: Marshall Donald H.
Published: February 2018

Having an OSHA inspection gives one an inside view of the standards and can give a new outlook about safety. Since the law is far‐reaching and varied, it is difficult to know all the regulations. Nevertheless, a familiarity with the standards and a knowledge of what the inspector will be looking for can be helpful in passing an inspection.
The Determination of Tannin and Lignin
Authors: Kloster Max B.
Published: February 2018

In recent experiments a new reagent that is not subject to some of the problems that arise with the traditional reagent has been developed. The experimental procedures and results are presented in this article.
An Investigation of the Influences of Some Physicochemical Variables on Porous‐Media Filtration
Authors: Boyd Russell H. , Ghosh iganka M.
Published: February 2018

Size, distribution of sizes, approach velocity, and surface charges were the variables examined in this study. Several conclusions are drawn concerning the mechanisms of transport and attachment.
The City of Fresno's Leaky Acres Ground‐Water Recharge Project—Construction and Performance
Authors: Manchi W. C. , Lang G. J.
Published: February 2018

This article presents construction details of the Leaky Acres spreading grounds, the problems encountered with water spreading on agricultural soils, and the costs and Performance figures relative to the first three spreadings.
Potable Water–Quality Goals
Authors: Bean Elwood L.
Published: February 2018

EPA has proposed new Standards for water quality. These are different from the present USPHS Standards and from AWWA goals. This article presents the figures and gives reasons why these Standards were chosen.
World's Greatest Source of Fresh Water
Authors: Waller Roger M.
Published: February 2018

The Great Lakes are the largest System of fresh‐water lakes in the World. As such, they offer opportunities for virtually unlimited supplies of fresh water to their region, provided the water is properly treated for reuse. Managing this fresh‐water System is one of the challenges to the water‐utility industry today.
That GAO Repo
Authors: Symons George E.
Published: February 2018

AWWA's President summarizes the content of the GAO Report, interprets its significance with regard to the water‐supply industry, and makes important recommendations for the future.
The Use of ERTS‐1 for Relaying Hydrologic Data in the Delaware River Basin
Authors: Paulson Richard w.
Published: February 2018

ERTS‐1 has been aloft for nearly a year. During that time many experiments have been performed to determine how ERTS can aid scientists in many fields. In the area of water sources one experiment is concerned with the Delaware River basin. How the data are collected by ERTS, how they are relayed to NASA, and how they finally reach the USGS Current Record Center in Pennsylvania for use are explained in this article.
How Chicago Manages its Distribution System
Authors: Starr John D.
Published: February 2018

The Water Distribution Div. is by far the largest in Chicago's Bureau of Water, maintaining more than 4 000 mi of water main. The water system effectively furnishes water at one of the lowest costs prevailing in any of the great metropolitan areas in the country.
Recruiting – A Proposal for Action
Authors: Babcock Russell H.
Published: February 2018

Recruitment of personnel into the water‐utility profession is certainly a vital affair. But of greater importance is the intuitiveness with which a recruiting program must be managed so that each department is adequately staffed and can retain its staff in the future.
Training Water‐Treatment Plant Operators
Authors: Counts Cary A.
Published: February 2018

The growing use of automatically controlled, monitored processes and the increasing complexity of water‐treatment procedures demand highly qualified and knowledgeable water‐utility operators. Although the need for proper training has been recognized, programs to improve training techniques have only recently received the emphasis they deserve.
Epoxy Lining for Steel Water Pipe
Authors: Frye S. C.
Published: February 2018

For years, hot‐applied coal‐tar was the popular lining used by the water industry. The research department of Bethlehem Steel has conducted lengthy and extensive tests into various types of organic coatings, especially epoxy‐phenolic, for use as lining material.
Treatment for Hydrogen Polysulfide
Authors: Monscvitz Joseph T. , Ainsworth Leonard D.
Published: February 2018

Despite recent advances in water‐utility technology, operators are still receiving consumer complaints of funny‐tasting water. Presented here is a new technique to rid treated water of polysulfide taste by sulfonating and by monitoring the process with Threshold‐Odor‐Number (TON) determination.
Laboratory Load Tests on Buried Reinforced Thermosetting, Thermoplastic, and Steel Pipe
Authors: Howard Amster K. , Selander Carl. E.
Published: February 2018

For the past several years, the Bureau of Reclamation (BuRec) has been investigating the load deflection characteristics of steel and plastic‐base pipe buried in a special laboratory test container. The results have been enlightening and have raised some interesting questions. This article is one of the first complete reports comparing the deflections.
Remote Sensing and Snowpack Management
Authors: Linlor William I.
Published: February 2018

Snowpack water reservoirs are of great importance. For proper management of reservoirs, extensive surveys must be made and regularly updated to take account of changing conditions. At the NASA‐Ames Res. Ctr. an active electromagnetic system is being developed to measure the depth and density of snowpacks, thus yielding the water equivalent.
Reaeration Dynamics of Reservoir Destratification
Authors: Neilson Bruce J.
Published: February 2018

Reservoir destratification with air‐injection systems has been used by US water suppliers as a means of alleviating the taste and odor problems that accompany low dissolved‐oxygen levels. This article discloses a laboratory measurement of the liquid film coefficients, K1' for the various modes of aeration.
Contracting Entity Liabilities
Authors: Dahl Milford W.
Published: February 2018

A public entity as well as a private citizen is liable for the acts of independent contractors should that public entity or individual employ an independent contractor. If the work involves “peculiar risk of physical harm to other,” then the contracting agency is liable for any possible injuries received by any employee.
Disinfection: Present and Future
Authors: White Geo. Clifford
Published: February 2018

The chairman of AWWA's Disinfection Com. recommends that changes in the physical as well as the philosophical aspects of disinfection be instituted in order to achieve totally acceptable drinking water.
The Occurrence of Organohalides in Chlorinated Drinking Waters
Authors: Bellar T.A. , Lichtenberg J.J. , Kroner R.C.
Published: February 2018

The national media have reported that the chlorination of water during treatment is responsible for the formation of potentially harmful chlorinated organic materials—notably chloroform—in the nation's water supplies. The following report by three research scientists from the Natl. Envir. Res. Ctr. of EPA describes that agency's research concerning these organohalides. The report concludes that the number of organohalides formed during the chlorination process does not constitute any immediate threat to the public health or welfare, but that more research into possible long‐term effects is warranted.
A Review of Ozone and Its Application to Domestic Wastewater Treatment
Authors: McCarthy Jeremiah J. , Smith Cecil H.
Published: February 2018

Since 1900 ozone has been used quite extensively as an oxidant and disinfectant in European waters. Because of the expense and other problems involved with using ozonators, ozone has not been favorably received in the US. Recently, however, technologists have discovered methods for controlling or eliminating a majority of the problems; moreover, water‐treatment researchers have found that ozone possesses additional favorable characteristics other than a pleasant odor.
Inactivation Kinetics of Viruses and Bacteria in Water by Use of Ozone
Authors: Katzenelson E. , Kletter B. , Shuval H I.
Published: February 2018

Although chlorine is the most widely used agent for disinfecting water, its use presents problems because of its relatively low effectiveness as a virucide and because of potentially toxic compounds that may be formed. Ozone is shown to have a much more rapid virucidal effect and may soon find its place in treating water and wastewater, alone or in combination with chlorine.
Potassium Permanganate as a Main Disinfectant
Authors: Hamilton John J.
Published: February 2018

Although potassium permanganate has been used for taste‐ and‐odor improvement for many years, only recently has this compound been considered as a disinfectant for newly laid mains, replacing such standard disinfecting agents as chlorine or hypochlorite solution.
Determining Volatile Organics at Microgram‐per‐Litre Levels by Gas Chromatography
Authors: Bellarand T. A. , Lichtenberg J. J.
Published: February 2018

Presented here is a method for quantitative recovery of volatile organic compounds followed by a description of apparatus and procedures employed to detect 0.5 μ.g/1 of the substances.
Zeta–Potential Control for Alum Coagulation
Authors: Gupta V. S. , Bhattacharjya S. K. , Dutta B. K.
Published: February 2018

The zeta potential of different clays such as kaolinite, montomorillonite, and fuller's earth at 100, 250, 500, and 1 000 mg/l in 0.145, 0.58, 1.45, and 5.8 times 10‐4 M of aluminium sulphate at various pHs has been studied and compared with results for a surface water. The clays were selected on the basis of cation‐exchange capacity. The results are discussed with respect to the isoelectric point as an indicant for achieving optimum destabilization with an economically efficient coagulant dose.
Variations in Raw‐Water Supply–Effect on Treatment and Cost
Authors: DeLonge Harry C. , Guarino Gerald C.
Published: February 2018

Once an industrial user has determined his water‐supply needs, his main problem is to select the most advantageous methods of treatment and waste disposal in terms of both efficacy and cost. The fluctuations in water quality, as well as its quantity, can play an important role in this decision.
Algae Control in Northwest Reservoirs
Authors: Courchene John E. , Chapman James D.
Published: February 2018

The use of surface waters for domestic water supplies in the Pacific Northwest entails problems not normally associated with ground‐water sources. The growth of algae in surface waters may produce problems of taste and odor, filter clogging, and slime production. Several methods for controlling these organisms have been found to be effective in Northwestern reservoirs.
Experiences With Nitrogen Compounds in Natural Waters
Authors: Sullivan William T.
Published: February 2018

Fluctuating levels of the amount of ammonia and nitrate within a source of raw water is a constant concern with which water suppliers must remain cognizant. Continuous sampling of the water supply is a mandatory requirement. This article relates some new analytical methods with notes on algal‐growth potential.
Emergency Supplies
Authors: Bell Frank A.
Published: February 2018

In the US water problems associated with disasters will revolve primarily around distribution systems and not supply shortages or treatment inadequacies. Good planning at the local, state, and federal levels of government can help communities prepare for such disasters.
The Effect of Alum Concentration and Chemical‐Addition Times on Coagulation
Authors: Jeffcoat W. Blake , Singley J. Edward
Published: February 2018

Although the literature contains many studies of the effects of such variables as turbidity differences, pH, and alkalinity on coagulation, research into the effects of the concentrations of alum solutions and the sequence of the addition of chemicals has been largely overlooked. In this study the authors found that better turbidity removals occurred with dilute alum solutions and when lime was added before alum.
Evaluation of Two Methylene Blue Methods for Analyzing MBAS Concentrations in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Wang Lawrence K. , Shuster William W. , Panzardi Pedro J.
Published: February 2018

The modified methylene blue method and the standard methylene blue method are herein evaluated for precision and accuracy.
Advances in Chlorine‐Residual Analysis
Authors: Morrow James J. , Rood Robert N.
Published: February 2018

Chlorine has historically been chosen for the disinfection of water supplies. Its germicidal efficiency and the long‐lasting effectiveness of chloramine residuals in the distribution system are responsible for its continued popularity. Unfortunately, techniques for continuous process analysis capable of differentiating between chlorine‐residual species and suitable for control are not fully appreciated. One such technique is presented in this article.
Forecasting Urban Water Use: Commercial Establishments
Authors: McCuen Richard H. , Sutherland Roger C. , Kim Jae R.
Published: February 2018

The establishment of water‐quality standards and the imposition of moratoriums on new sewer‐line hookups have created a demand for methods of forecasting commercial water use, the research for which has been limited up to this time. Presented here, however, is a study which includes water‐use‐prediction equations that may be helpful to urban‐design engineers and planners.
Formulation of Water Rates for Baltimore County Md.
Authors: Herberich William J.
Published: February 2018

The City of Baltimore operates all of the water facilities in Baltimore County. Under an act passed in 1924, in return for development of these supplies, the city provides the county with water at cost. In recent years rates for county water have not kept up with the cost of supplying that water. As a result, certain changes were made with regard to the method of allocating city‐incurred expenses to the county.
An Empirical Analysis of Water‐Price Determinants in Small Municipalities
Authors: Hollman Kenneth W. , Boyet Wayne E.
Published: February 2018

Because water is such a valuable resource and one that exists in finite amounts, it is imperative that it be priced and distributed in an efficacious manner. To meet this objective, a study was undertaken to review and evaluate pricing policies of Mississippi water systems, and it encompassed the formulation of a regression model that helped identify significant factors affecting prices.
Melbourne's Water‐Management Approach
Authors: Croxford Alan H.
Published: February 2018

Providing a satisfactory water‐supply system for a growing community requires a considerable amount of planning and time. The author discusses the organization of the Melbourne and Metropolitan Bd. of Wks., the resources with which they have to work, and action that has been taken to utilize those resources to meet the needs of the community.
Development of Water Supply in Metropolitan Manila
Authors: Ilustre Oscar I.
Published: February 2018

The author described action being taken to ensure that Manila's water supply is of consistently high quality and to provide sufficient quantities of water for an anticipated population increase. Some problems peculiar to that country are also pointed out.
Evaluation of the Benefits of Rural Water Supply Projects in Tanzanian Villages
Authors: Warner Dennis
Published: February 2018

Empirical data collected from a field study conducted in fifteen Tanzanian villages were evaluated to determine the effects of improved water supplies. The results are used to determine priorities of development objectives and to formulate methods of project planning and evaluation.
Quality Assurance in Water‐Analysis Contracts
Authors: Edwards Raymond R. , Daily Richard A. , Cruse Henry
Published: February 2018

As more advances are introduced into the water‐technology field, other previously isolated factors are becoming increasingly relevant to this area. A case inpoint is the legal concern for quality‐control measures in the laboratories of California.
Disinfection: The Last Line of Defense for Potable Water
Authors: White Geo. Clifford
Published: February 2018

The objectives of this presentatiort are to focus attention upon the importance of disinfection to the production of potable water, to provide guidelines for the selection of Optimum dosages and contact times to achieve disinfection, to outline the fundamentals of chlorination as it affects potable water production, and to present some ideas on the rationale of proof of disinfection.
Determination of Fluoride in Bulk Fluoride Chemicals
Authors: Altree‐Williams S. , Alter D.
Published: February 2018

A new method based on the use of the fluoride‐ion‐selective electrode was developed to analyze fluoride in the bulk Chemicals used in water fluoridation. It compares the fluoride activity in a Solution prepared from the bulk chemical with a Solution of known fluoride activity.
Effect of Cesspool Discharge on Ground‐Water Quality on Long Island, N. Y.
Authors: Smith Sheldon O. , Myott Donald H.
Published: February 2018

Large amounts of household wastes, discharged through cesspools, have resulted in deterioration of ground‐water quality on Long Island. Although nitrate pollution poses the greatest threat to the Islands water supplies, other constituents derived from cesspool leachings are increasing. Municipal sewering projects which have been undertaken as a Solution are discussed in the following.
Microscreening and Diatomite Filtration
Authors: Syrotynski Samuel , Stone Daniel
Published: February 2018

After a New York study was completed, it was determined that plankton organisms and amorphorous matter are more effectively removed by diatomite filtration than microscreening only and that microscreening, as a pretreatment process to diatomite and slow sand filtration, be considered for filtration efficiency.
Velocity Gradient Calibration of Jar‐Test Equipment
Authors: Lai Ruey J. , Hudson H. E. , Singley J. E.
Published: February 2018

During a study to determine mixing intensity, four groups of jars‐test Systems were utilized and mean velocity gradient, turbulent gross drag coefficient, and Reynolds and Power numbers were calculated. It was concluded that the same G, or mean velocity gradient, values could be produced by impellers of different shapes as long as projected areas were the same.
Quantitation of Chlorinated Pesticides—A Comparison of Methods
Authors: Brodtmann Noel V.
Published: February 2018

A long‐term study was made on the qualitative and quantitative recovery efficiency of the carbon adsorption method vs that of a continuous liquid‐liquid extraction method for several chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. Water from the Mississippi River, upstream from New Orleans, was extracted by both methods, and comparative results indicate that the latter method may be more efficient.
Real or Rash Regionalization
Authors: Capen Charles H.
Published: February 2018

Many large cities have difficulty obtaining compensation for water supplied, particularly from adjacent areas. Relatively few publicly owned Systems are subject to the strict regulation imposed on investor‐owned Systems. Of 30 studied, seventeen have no representatives from outside areas, whereas eight have special boards with representatives from areas served. Thirteen are subject to State regulation.
Problems Associated With Metals in Drinking Water
Authors: Craun Gunther F. , McCabe Leland J.
Published: February 2018

Recent EPA research has involved extensive investigations of hard‐ and soft‐water areas and metal intake effects relative to human health, in addition to the possibility of heavy metal removal. Discussed here is a review of information gathered by agency researchers and current research plans.
Cincinnati's Approach to Meter Reading and Billing
Authors: Laurence Daniel C.
Published: February 2018

Related here is a brief description of how the Cincinnati Water Works conducts its meter‐recording and accounting practices and collects more than S20 million a year.
Kinetics of Calcium Carbonate Precipitation in Lime–Soda Ash Softening
Authors: Alexander Harry J. , McClanahan Mark A.
Published: February 2018

Water softening through the precipitation of insoluble carbonates is practiced commonfy enough today via the lime–soda ash process. The actual kinetics involved in removing the hard‐ness‐causing cations are, nevertheless, not well understood. This article reports the results of a research effort seeking insight into the kinetics of calcium ion removal when such removal is accomplished through the precipitation of calcium carbonate.
The High Island Project
Authors: Vail A. J.
Published: February 2018

Hong Kong Colony has always had to cope with the problem of supplying its millions of people with adequate supplies of potable water. As a last resort the colony can rely on costly desalination. However, this article reports on the last major project for securing a natural water‐supply storage System by closing off both ends of the Straits of Kwun Mun, pumping out the trapped sea water, and allowing the newly exposed area to fill from natural and tunneled catchments.
Industrial Development Through Water‐Resources Planning
Authors: Kollar K. L. , Brewer R.
Published: February 2018

There have beert many changes during the past decade in the concepts of development planning and in the roles of sanitary engineers and other Professionals in the planning process. Although most professional knowledge is applied to solving environmental problems of communities, engineers are being called upon, more and more, to become involved in the comprehensive development planning of whole river basins, provinces, and even countries. In this broader planning effort engineers are also concerned with the water needs of economic sectors such as manufacturing, which is discussed here.
Frozen Water Services
Authors: Nelson LaVern M.
Published: February 2018

This article was presented during a joint discussion that took place at the 1975 AWWA Annual Conference in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Frozen water services in Madison, Wisconsin are examined. Materials, methods, electrical pipe thawing, value of current, time of flow, general cautions, and alternate thawing methods are covered.
Surface‐Water Treatment in Cold Weather
Authors: Cole Larry D.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the effects that low water temperatures have upon the processes used in water treatment and upon the quality of the processed water.
State Regulatory Agencies and the Safe Drinking Water Act
Authors: Barg Raymond
Published: February 2018

A year after the passage of the much publicized PL 93–523, states are beginning to realize the impact of the law which means more State work than anticipated with a minimum of federal funding.
A Utility Viewpoint of the Safe Drinking Water Act
Authors: Bailey Edward W.
Published: February 2018

Related here is a brief description of certain areas of water‐utility Operation that must be given consideration because of the effect that the Safe Drinking Water Act will have upon them.
Total Approach for Environmental Protection
Authors: Wolman Abel
Published: February 2018

Presented here are views on the hard decisions that have to be made in the often ill‐informed and high‐speed drive toward environmental protection. Also discussed are the reasons for delayed accomplishments and the needs for public acceptance and greater regard toward significant economic considerations.
Minimizing Public Inconvenience of Street Use by Utilities
Authors: Holman Gayle R.
Published: February 2018

Following is a discussion of the duality of use of the public right‐of‐way by traffic and drainage on the surface and by Utilities in the subsurface. Also discussed are the obligations of mutual coexistence, necessary because of cost of additional rights‐of‐way, and construction methods available to reduce public inconvenience.
Arvada 10‐mil gal Treated‐Water Storage Reservoir
Authors: Jorgensen Ib Falk , Close Steven R.
Published: February 2018

The Arvada, Colo., 10‐mil gal treated‐water storage reservoir, which is the largest circular prestressed concrete tank in the US constructed with a restrained base, provided the citizens of Arvada an economical, quality reservoir that also functions as a park and recreational facility.
Softened Water Need Not Be A Danger
Authors: Wolf Harold
Published: February 2018

The topic appearing in this commentary was selected by the AWWA Publications Advisory Com. on the basis of its timeliness and importance to the field. The contributor was solicited on the recommendations of the committee. The viewpoints expressed are those of the author and are not intended to reflect Association policy. Equal space for refutation will be provided in future JOURNAL issues. You are invited to respond.
Notes and Comments
Authors: Rands David G. , Stoica Elena
Published: February 2018

Further study of the effectiveness of the divalent ion electrode has indicated that different factors may lead to misrepresentation of test results.
Achievements in Water Supply Treatment and Technology in South America
Authors: Azevedo‐Netto Jose M.
Published: February 2018

Latin America has made great advancements in the potable water field. Relinquishing traditional designing procedures, South Americans are pioneering the application of modern technology on a large scale. Rapid mix, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, upflow filters, and double filtration are covered.
Research Achievements – Existing and Expected
Authors: Cleasby John L.
Published: February 2018

Research may be classified into two broad categories, research that seeks to understand more fully phenomena that are already observed or in use and research that seeks to develop completely new concepts, ideas, or technologies. Coagulation, flocculation, chlorination, sedimentation, granular media filtration, and reuse are discussed.
Disinfection of New Water Mains
Authors: Buelow Ralph W. , Taylor Raymond H. , Geldreich Edwin E. , Goodenkauf Arley , Wilwerding Leo , Holdren Fred , Hutchinson Malcolm , Nelson Irvin H.
Published: February 2018

The “AWWA Standard for Disinfecting Water Mains” (AWWA C601‐68) has fallen into disuse by a number of water utilities because of repeated bacteriological failures following initial disinfection with the recommended high‐dose chlorination. Other methods of disinfection, including the use of potassium permanganate and copper sulfate, do not alleviate this problem. Physical cleanliness of new mains is of primary importance and may result in successful disinfection with the low free‐chlorine residuals in distribution‐line water.
The Environmental Movement From the Water‐Supply Viewpoint
Authors: Phillips Robert V.
Published: February 2018

There are few developments in this country's history that have had more impact on its economy, its laws, and its ultimate welfare than the environmental movement, which has involved so much emotion, politics, and money toward a variety of goals. The water supply field must accept public involvement. By demonstrating to the public the technical and management skills, the professional integrity, and the financial awareness that it claims, the water industry may gain the public's confidence in its ability to do its job. That will be the best answer to the environmental movement.
Overview of the Energy Crisis
Authors: Sant Roger W.
Published: February 2018

Prospective exhaustion of fossil fuels in the US requires the efficient use of US energy resources. Conservation programs by the water service field and its customers, with attention to energy efficiency in design and operation of treatment plants, can substantially reduce consumption of irreplaceable energy.
Design and Operation Considerations for Coping With the Energy Crisis
Authors: Stovall John N.
Published: February 2018

Current and future shortages of energy require water‐treatment facilities to alter operation procedures to avoid waste. Alternate construction, equipment, and design criteria are suggested to deal with a situation in which dollars spent for nonrenewable resources are increasingly important. On‐site power generation, additional storage, and care in the selection of both pumps and pipes are discussed.
Legal Aspects of Backflow and Cross‐Connection Control
Authors: Davis Joseph H. , Murrell Lawrence R.
Published: February 2018

After watching a fire with his small children, Harry Drinkwater drank a glass of water treated by Clearwater Water Co. His widow brought suit against the utility, and Messrs. Davis and Murrell, meeting at the pre‐trial conference, provide a lively exposition of some of the legal problems that can arise from a case of cross‐connection.
An Updated Hartford Metropolitan District Water Rate Survey
Authors: Helt A. , Chambers D.L.
Published: February 2018

A survey conducted by the Hartford MDC to supplement and update the original Water Rate Survey done in 1974 by the District.
Communication—Key to Effective Labor Relations
Authors: McLeod Robert J.
Published: February 2018

The higher‐level needs of employees are too often ignored by management; the result is frequently union agitation and the presence of outsiders who cater to the employee's need for group identification. An expanded communication program and the establishment of advisory boards from all levels of employees provide ways to improve communication and enhance the employee's identification with the utility.
Workload Planning and Control—A Management Tool
Authors: Rice James T. , Erickson Eric F.
Published: February 2018

By ascertaining what jobs in this utility were measurable, and studying the time required to perform them, a team of eight employees who had been trained by consultants was able to institute plans and controls that led to greater efficiency and very large savings.
Training and Certification Program of the Ontario Ministry of the Environment
Authors: Doddridge Robert R.
Published: February 2018

The creation of an extensive training program has prepared Ontario for eventual certification of plant operators.
Survey and Analysis of Bill Collection Procedures
Authors: Roulier Maryann
Published: February 2018

A survey of delinquent account collection procedures shows that certain actions, such as the threat of shutoff, can be better than others. However public relations factors should be considered in deciding on the procedures to use.
Rate Making Practices of State Regulatory Commissions
Authors: Luthin John C.
Published: February 2018

A survey taken by members of the AWWA Valuation and Depreciation Com. reports the basis and permitted rate of return on regulated utilities in the 48 responding states.
Agricultural Runoff as a Source of Halomethanes In Drinking Water
Authors: Morris Robert L. , Johnson Lauren G.
Published: February 2018

Data on various raw‐water sources in Iowa are analyzed in relation to the finished waters produced from them; periods of high agricultural runoff are distinctly associated with peaks in halomethanes. Turbidity removal prior to chlorination is shown to be critical to minimize chloroform production during disinfection. Municipalities may be interested by the inexpensive new methodology developed to test for these substances, a current concern in the water‐supply field.
Direct Filtration of Lake Superior Water for Asbestiform‐Solids Removal
Authors: Robinson J.H. , Schmidt O.J. , Stukenberg J.R. , Jacob K.M. , Bollier G.H.
Published: February 2018

Granular filtration and diatomaceous earth filter runs with a variety of coagulant aids removed chrysotile and amphibole forms of asbestos from Lake Superior water. The information gained from the tests was used in the design of a new 30‐mgd treatment facility.
Benefit Estimation for Quality Improvements
Authors: Sonnen Michael B.
Published: February 2018

A procedure has been developed which permits the quantification of the economic values of municipal water‐supply treatment. Benefits appear substantially higher than projected in the past and, in the example given, are about eight times the cost of treatment.
Gastrointestinal Illness at Sewickley, Pa.
Authors: Lippy Edwin C. , Erb James
Published: February 2018

The process of a multi‐agency investigation of a waterborne disease outbreak which struck 62 per cent of the population served by the Sewickley water utility is described in this article. Recommendations for covering the distribution reservoirs and increasing patrols were among those resulting from the Investigation.
Cincinnati Intake Failure
Authors: Bolton Charles M.
Published: February 2018

It was midnight, Feb. 19, at Cincinnati's Ohio River plant. The Operator shut down one of two operating pumps and the Ohio River filled the entire Station. The water Utility had four days to get its flooded plant working again. Here is a running commentary on an event that wasn't supposed to happen—but did because of poor design, poor Communications, and criminatly improper workmanship.
Maintenance Problems With Wire‐Wound Prestressed Concrete Tanks
Authors: Hertzberg Lee B. , Westerback Arne E.
Published: February 2018

The discovery of moderate to severe corrosion problems in the stressing tendons of concrete distribution and sludge‐digesting tanks, some of them relatively young, the steps taken to repair all but one of them successfully, and the changes in design and construction necessary to obviate such problems, are the subjects of this article.
Financing Water Main Extensions in Connecticut
Authors: Novaro Joseph A.
Published: February 2018

Oiscovering an equitable way to apportion the charges for water main extensions has proven a difficult problem. The methods arrived at by the Connecticut Public Utilities Com. to finance extensions by charging those who benefit from them are described in this article.
Recognition of Aesthefic Values in Water Law
Authors: Cox William E. , Walker William R.
Published: February 2018

The conflict between aesthetic and utilitarian uses for water resources is growing and is being resolved in legislatures and courts. The evolution of water law in process to include aesthetic values in determining beneficial use is explored.
Organization and Statistical Analysis of Water‐Consumption Data at the Local Level
Authors: Yamauchi Hiroshi , Huang Wen‐yuan
Published: February 2018

A better understanding of the empirical nature of water demand has become an important prerequisite for further improvements in planning and management of urban water resources. The development and analysis of data are explored with emphasis on Computer analysis through multiple regression techniques.
Policies of Water‐Utility Management Concerning Rate Structure
Authors: Williams Theodore C. , Roberts Eugene E.
Published: February 2018

A discussion of the principles and policies of rate design is presented with special concern for the equity of cost distribution and fire‐protection charges.
The Interrelationship Between Water Consumption and Rates
Authors: Call Harrison
Published: February 2018

Changes in the social and economic climate are affecting Utilities' rate‐making process. Utilities must be prepared for and carefully consider suggested rate proposals, such as life‐line, universal block, and conservation discount, especially in conjunction with the elasticity of demand.
Old vs New Grading Schedules in Kansas City, Mo.
Authors: Burkhead K.E.
Published: February 2018

The Kansas City, Missouri Water Department has attempted to utilize the Insurance Services Office (ISO) grading schedule as a guideline for designing and maintaining a class 3 water system. A comparison of the old with the new grading schedule for fire protection is presented.
University Research
Authors: Report Staff
Published: February 2018

The universities are developing a more vital, meaningful role as practiced, practical providers of water technology. Here briefly is told the hows and therefores of their efforts.
The Art of Water Treatment in Japan
Authors: Tomono Katsuyoshi
Published: February 2018

The state of the art of water treatment in Japan has been refined steadily, especially in the last three decades. Various techniques, including flash mixing, flocculation, filtration, backwash, and sedimentation, are discussed as they are used in Japan. Also summarized are countermeasures used against pollution into and out of the treatment plant.
Occurrence of Sphaerotilus, Caulobacter, and Gallionella in Raw and Treated Water
Authors: McMillan Lilia , Stout Roy
Published: February 2018

Iron bacteria have been found in untreated Lake Michigan water for the past ten years. Sphaerotilus, the filamentous bacteria, are the most prevalent. The non‐filamentous bacteria, Caulobacter and Gallionella, found sporadically in the lake, are most common in iron‐bearing waters. These organisms are only a minor problem in the Chicago distribution system and are usually found only in dead‐end mains; however, they create difficulties in some systems. Various methods for the growth and isolation of iron bacteria are also discussed.