bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diode-pumped solid-state lasers for telecommunication applications
Authors: Anthon D. W. , Eggleston A. T. , Grubb S. G. , Kwasegroch J. G. , Leilabady P. A. , Sipes D. L.
Published: February 2023

Externally modulated solid-state lasers are increasingly used for analog fiber-optic applications such as cable television. The solid-state laser functions as an active filter for a laser diode array, converting its output to the required diffraction-limited, high power, low noise output. The main concerns in these systems are thermal management and diode lifetime. The two issues are closely related; 10°C of thermoelectric cooling can double both the diode lifetime and the system heat load. Diode lifetimes can also be enhanced by reducing the diode current. Increased Nd laser efficiency addresses all these issues. Recent work with Nd:YLF has shown a 40% optical-to-optical conversion efficiency at 1313 nm, 20% better than for Nd:YAG at 1319 nm. This suggests the possibility of ESA in Nd:YAG. Optimized focussing optics and laser rod length improved the performance of Nd:YLF at both 1313 and 1047 nm. The latter device has exhibited optical-to-optical conversion efficiencies of more than 55%. It has been used in telecommunication systems as a pump for high-power Yb,Er phosphosilicate fiber amplifiers. Outputs of more than 200 mW have been obtained at 1536 nm. This device is useful as a power amplifier, especially in analog fiber-optic systems.
Multilayer 3-D optical memory based on a polarization vectorial recording medium
Authors: Ho Z. Z. , Savant G. , Hirsh J. , Jannson T.
Published: February 2023

A high density erasable 3-D memory system based on a polarization vectorial holographic (PVH) dye-polymer medium as a novel approach to real-time rewritable optical storage was investigated. The polymer composite exhibits nondestructive reading at 633 nm, permitting unlimited number of reads per write. A multilayer page-oriented holographic memory architecture having five-dimensional bit addressing was evaluated. High resolution, high storage density, and superior recording data rates are achieved with random and highly parallel addressing. The material response of 80 ps was demonstrated, with potential to attain submicrosecond speed. With fatigue performance of over 1 million cycles measured, the material seems to be quite suitable for erasable all-optic, high density 3-D memory.
Polarizing properties of optical waveguides containing discontinuous metal films
Authors: Bloemer Mark J. , Haus Joseph W.
Published: February 2023

Silver films of less than 5 nm mass thickness are discontinuous and have unusual optical properties. The optical constants calculated from Maxwell–Garnett theory predict the discontinuous film to be birefringent, have a large refractive index, and have highly anisotropic extinction coefficients. The polarizing properties of waveguides containing such a film are examined theoretically and experimentally. Extinction ratios of 35 dB/mm at 836 nm with 2 dB/mm loss for the TM polarization have been measured on ion-exchanged waveguides overlayed with an ultrathin silver film.
Optical parametric oscillation with intracavity sum-frequency generation
Authors: Moore Gerald , Koch Karl
Published: February 2023

Theoretical calculations have been made for an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) containing, in addition to the OPO crystal, a second crystal for sum-frequency generation (SFG) of the pump and the OPO signal. The objective is efficient tunable generation of the sum frequency. Only the OPO signal oscillates in the cavity. The configuration where the SFG crystal precedes the OPO crystal is predicted to give superior operation. Nearly complete pump depletion can occur for over a factor-of-12 variation in the pump intensity. Other regimes of operation display period-doubling routes leading to chaotic solutions. Power loading in the OPO crystal at saturation can be less than the incident pump power. However, the SFG crystal reduces the small-signal gain, and transmission of the long-wavelength idler radiation limits the choice of OPO crystal. With an AgGaS2 OPO crystal and a KTP SFG crystal for conversion of 1064 nm to 589 nm radiation needed for guide-star generation in mesospheric sodium, the intensity conversion efficiency is calculated to be 86.6%.
Bilinear model adaptation to the chromatic environment
Authors: Iverson G. , D’Zmura M.
Published: February 2023

Procedures for recovering surface reflectance properties from reflected lights that rely on a fixed model of the way that illuminants may vary will fail if a scene’s illuminant is not described accurately by the fixed model. A color constancy algorithm that is designed to work best in outdoor, daylight environments, for instance, may not work well indoors under fluorescent light sources. A recovery procedure must adapt to a change in illumination environment if it is to maintain color constancy. An analysis of the chromatic motion in reflected lights shows that trichromatic bilinear models can use quantum-catch data to track the illumination environment and maintain color constancy. The adaptation procedure can be extended to accommodate both unknown illumination environments and unknown reflectance environments.
Pulse pattern formation and chaos in fiber ring lasers
Authors: Haelterman M. , Trillo S. , Wabnitz S.
Published: February 2023

Ring lasers containing a nonlinear dispersive fiber (eventually ion doped) should be described by an infinite dimensional map involving the nonlinear Schroedinger (NLS) equation. This includes, for example, sinchronously pumped modulational instability lasers and erbium doped soliton lasers. We show that, under proper hypotheses, spatial averaging procedures allow us to describe the periodic forcing and damping along the ring by means of a single partial derivative equation, in the form of a driven-damped NLS or forced Ginzburg–Landau equation. The model permits us to study the formation of dissipative temporal patterns from an injected signal (i.e., from modulational instability). The numerical integration of this equation, in agreement with that of the map, reveals the existence of regimes where either the stable emission of pulse trains or the chaotic emission of temporal structures may occur. We are able to determine the role of the different parameters, such as pump power, fiber dispersion, cavity detuning, and gain dispersion (for active fibers), in laser emission. A simple insight is given by means of linear stability analysis, whereas we describe the nonlinear depleted stage of the emission by means of a truncated modal expansion. The reduced description preserves the complexity of the original model and permits us to characterize the existence of Hopf bifurcations, leading to periodic emission of patterns as well as the chaotic regime of operation.
Study of diode laser spectrometer instrument response function in stable isotopic ratio measurements
Authors: Sauke T. B. , Podolske J. R. , Becker J. F. , Loewenstein M. , Dinh V. V. , Gutierrez T. D.
Published: February 2023

By using lead-salt tunable diode lasers (TDLs) it is possible to detect individual rovibrational lines and measure their intensity in order to determine gas concentration and isotopic ratio. The 2300 cm−1 spectral region is especially interesting because the 12CO2 and 13CO2 bands overlap in such a way that their rotational lines have almost equal absorbances at the anticipated isotopic ratio of carbon. Using sweep integration and signal averaging techniques, we have measured 3C/12C in CO2 to an accuracy of better than 0.4%. To improve accuracy we have used various techniques to measure, and incorporate into the data analysis programs, the Gaussian and Lorentzian parts of the instrument response function (IRF). A technique to minimize the Gaussian part of the IRF has been developed to remove spectral drift prior to spectrum coadding.
Networked metrology
Authors: House R. , Petty R. , Newey S.
Published: February 2023

Summary not available at press time.
Interference fringes in incoherent light using grating-beam deflectors
Authors: Cheng Yih-Shyang
Published: February 2023

Interference patterns formed by two light beams that are split and redirected by two or three line gratings, with grating lines oriented in the same direction, were analyzed. Either localized or nonlocalized fringes can be formed in the symmetric (with respect to the optical axis) achromatic grating interferometer, depending on the degree of spatial coherence of the illuminating light. For an asymmetric achromatic grating interferometer, only localized white light fringes can be produced. An incident light beam is split by the first grating into two beams in different directions. Each light beam is guided by a set of plane gratings with grating lines not necessarily parallel to one another. Ray tracing is used to obtain the expression of the interference pattern. White light fringes can be formed for equal-path arrangement. The illuminating source can be broadened in a direction if the projection of the interferometer from the orthogonal direction has equal length for all the parallel line segments. The fringe depth is inversely proportional to the angle between two arms, the spectral bandwidth, and the illuminating angle of the source.
Picometer distance gauges for POINTS
Authors: Noecker M. C. , Babcock R. W. , Phillips J. D. , Reasenberg R. D.
Published: February 2023

We have shown long term stability of two picometers in measurements on an unequal-arm Michelson distance gauge; we will soon test a design for point-to-point distance measurements. Frequency-modulated laser light enters the interferometer through a single-mode optical fiber; distance changes cause amplitude modulation of the emerging light, which is synchronously detected to provide a correction signal for a servo. We have also reduced the distance errors arising from ac interferometric production of amplitude modulation in the fiber; the angle-cleaved ends now reflect less than one-millionth of the incident laser intensity back into the fiber.
Determination of femtosecond-pulse asymmetries
Authors: Rudolph W. , Dorn P. , Heist P.
Published: February 2023

A convenient technique to estimate the duration of femtosecond pulses is the measurement of second-order intensity-autocorrelations. However, a disadvantage of this method is that it delivers no information about asymmetry of the pulses measured. Higher order autocorrelation functions could principally overcome these problems, but they usually are difficult to perform with low-repetition-rate systems. The method proposed by us utilizes the fact that self-phase modulation in an n2-medium is sensitive against pulse asymmetries and allows us to determine an integral asymmetry parameter. The quantities that are necessary are the spectrum of the original pulse and the spectrum after suitable self-phase modulation. By moving the sample along the focused beam, this spectrum can be adjusted to show a characteristic modulation. The features of this modulation contain information concerning the pulse asymmetry, which can be derived by a fitting procedure. Several pulse shapes and asymmetries as well as the influence of chirp for the applicability of this method are discussed.
The relative numbers of L and M cones and the cone density distribution in the peripheral retina
Authors: Otake Shiro , Cicerone Carol M.
Published: February 2023

The relative numbers of L and M cones were estimated at the fovea and at temporal 2°, 7°, 17°, and 28° and at nasal 2°, 7°, 28° eccentricity along the horizontal meridian in two color normal observers (methods of Cicerone and Nerger, 1989). Unique hues were also measured at these locations. The total cone density distributions are comparable to anatomical data (Curcio et al.,1990). The relative number of L and M cones remains constant at these eccentricities. One observer’s ratio of 2.00 falls within the range of 1.46 to 2.36 previously measured for nine observers (Cicerone, 1990). Unique yellow measured at the same locations was also constant (about 670 nm) with eccentricity. Another observer with a smaller L to M cone ratio has a unique yellow at a longer wavelength (about 580 nm). These results can be interpreted by assuming that the latter observer has relatively more M cones but has the same neural connections to the red–green opponent system.
New color-zone maps obtained by color-naming in the light-adapted peripheral retina
Authors: Takase Masanori , Uchikawa Keiji
Published: February 2023

Color-naming experiments were done at the 36 retinal positions with up to 70° eccentricity in the eight meridians for four spectral lights of nearly unique hues that were presented on the gray semi-sphere field of 120 nt (about 2000 scotopic Td). The four unique hues were chosen as typical hues based on another experiment. This level of light adaptation corresponds to the lower limit of the rod saturation. Test stimuli (2°) were equated in brightness to the white reference (250 nt, 2°) at the fovea and were presented for 1 s. The results of three observers' right eyes showed that (1) the chromatic component normalized at the fovea had trapezoidlike profiles for each stimulus, (2) its plateau roughly took an elliptical shape extended to the temporal side in the visual field and its shortest radius from the fovea was 20°–30°, and (3) the differences between plateau sizes for the four unique hues were not so large as those of the previous studies, e.g., the ones in OSA color zones (1953). We propose new color-zone maps in the periphery.
Real-time holographic pattern recognition with bacteriorhodopsin films
Authors: Hampp N. , Oesterhelt D. , Bräuchle C.
Published: February 2023

A modified dual-axis joint-Fourier-transform correlator with two liquid crystal spatial light modulators as input devices and a bacteriorhodopsin film as holographic recording material in the Fourier plane is capable of processing two independent video signals at a TV frame rate with a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 45 dB. The polarization recording properties of the bacteriorhodopsin films allow the effective suppression of, e.g., scattered light from the correlation signal, which leads to the high S/N ratio. The use of mutated forms of bacteriorhodopsin (BR), which are obtained by genetechnological modification of this biological photochrome, supplies materials with improved light sensitivity and/or a spectral range that allows the use of compact solid state lasers. The dense packing of the BR chromophores in a twodimensional crystalline lattice, the so-called purple membrane (PM), causes the excellent thermodynamic and photophysical stability of PM and facilitates the preparation of BR films with a thickness down to 10 µm but high initial optical densities of up to OD(570 nm) = 10. These films have a spatial resolution of about 5000 lines/mm and holographic diffraction efficiencies up to 7%.
3-dimensional imaging of fluorophores through scattering media
Authors: Modell M. D. , Yova D. , Doukas A. G.
Published: February 2023

We have developed a technique called laser heterodyne imaging (LHI) that extends the imaging capabilities of laser-induced fluorescence to map the depth profile of a fluorophore in tissue. LHI measures the fluorescence originating from the intersection of two laser beams that differ in frequency by a few tens of megahertz. The signal generated within the probe region is modulated by the different frequency, allowing for easy identification and processing. This technique discriminates against the background fluorescence, thus permitting the measurement of the depth profile of a fluorophore in a turbid medium. Experiments on phantoms show that the linearity of the apparatus holds over a wide range of dye concentrations and scatterers. The application of this technique to tissue in vitro will be discussed.
Subtelescope alignment tolerances for phased telescope arrays
Authors: Sweet J. Brooks , Harvey James E.
Published: February 2023

The field-of-view limitations of phased telescope arrays have been discussed extensively in the literature. Residual aberrations of the individual telescopes are perhaps the most fundamental error source for high-performance, wide-angle imaging phased telescope arrays.1 Simple telescope designs free from spherical aberration, coma, and astigmatism are readily obtained; however, field curvature and distortion severely limit the wide-angle performance of imaging phased telescope arrays.2 Much recent effort has thus been expended in obtaining telescope designs that are well corrected for both field curvature and distortion.3,4 However, the implementation of a given subtelescope design involves inevitable alignment errors that will primarily introduce third-order coma. An analytical treatment of the image degradation due to coma thus allowed us to establish alignment tolerances parametrically as a function of desired field of view, subaperture diameter, and array geometry.
Field statistics in the micromaser induced by a collective measurement
Authors: Vogel K. , Akulin V. , Schleich W.
Published: February 2023

We analyze a measurement strategy in which we first send N excited two-level atoms through a maser cavity and then measure the total excitation n of the atoms after their interaction with the maser field. In this case the field in the cavity after the measurement is governed by the quantum mechanical interference of probability amplitudes corresponding to all possible sequences of n excited and N − n de-excited atoms.
State-to-state rotational energy transfer in OH (χ2Πi) by N2 and Ar
Authors: Heard Dwayne E. , Westblom Ulf , Jeffries Jay B. , Crosley David R.
Published: February 2023

Rotational energy transfer in ground state OH has been studied by using a pump-probe method. A tunable infrared laser prepares OH in a specific N, J, e/f state in v = 2 in a discharge flow, and a time-delayed ultraviolet laser measures the population of that level or others populated by collisional RET by using LIF. For neither heavy collider is there conservation of total parity, a propensity seen in He collisions.1 For both Ar and N2, the rate of transfer between spin-orbit components is similar to that within each component, and the rate falls exponentially with increasing rotational energy of the final state.
A compact sub-microsecond optical image correlator using semi-insulating multiple quantum wells and diode lasers
Authors: Partovi A. , Glass A. M. , Chiu T. H. , Knox W. H. , Olson D. H. , Zydzik G. J. , Ferguson J. F. , O’Bryan H. M. , Liu D.T.H.
Published: February 2023

We describe the video-rate operation of a compact (30 × 30 × 10 cm) joint transform optical image correlator using two cw diode lasers and a semi-insulating GaAs/AlGaAs multiple-quantum-well photorefractive device as the erasable holographic element. The video images of the objects to be correlated are introduced to the system through a liquid crystal spatial light modulator (SLM) containing 320 × 220 pixels, and the resultant correlation is read out with a CCD camera. With only 1 mW incident write power at 830 nm, the response time of the photorefractive device is sub-microsecond, presenting the possibility of more than 106 correlations per second in a compact system. Furthermore, the small interaction length of the multiple-quantum-well device (2 μm) removes the spatial-bandwidth limitations of correlators based on thick photorefractive materials operating in the Bragg regime. We will discuss the performance of this system for pattern and character recognition.
One bit representation of nonlinearly transformed matched filters
Authors: Tang Qing , Javidi Bahram
Published: February 2023

In this presentation, we describe a technique to represent gray scale filters in a binary format such that both the magnitude and the phase of the filter function are preserved.1,2 We show how this technique is applied to represent kth-law nonlinearly transformed matched filters in a binary format. A linear matched filter function is binarized by using a multiple level threshold function to implement the gray scale filter. By selecting a proper threshold function to binarize the matched filter function, the first order correlation signal produced by the binary encoded matched filter becomes equivalent to the first order correlation signal produced by the gray scale nonlinearly transformed matched filter. The binary encoded matched filter function can be written onto a binary SLM in the Fourier plane, and the need for a gray scale SLM is eliminated. Optical experiments and computer simulation tests using the binary encoded filters are presented.
Cross talk in multiplexed volume holograms
Authors: Moharam M. G.
Published: February 2023

Dense optical data storage can be achieved by angular and wavelength multiplexing of volume data holograms. In sequential hologram recording fewer holograms are multiplexed because of a reduction in the recording medium dynamic range. In simultaneous recording inter-modulation holograms are also recorded. In the present work, the reconstruction of up to 10 angular and wavelength multiplexed holograms is investigated by using the rigorous coupled-wave approach. Two types of interaction between the holograms are observed: direct cross talk and indirect cross coupling through a common reference or object beam. The effect of the angular/wavelength changes and individual grating diffraction efficiency on the direct cross talk and on the indirect cross coupling is determined. It is shown that for low diffraction efficiency holograms the principal diffraction may approach the design value by reducing the cross talk through increasing the angular/wavelength separation. For high diffraction efficiency gratings, indirect cross coupling is significant even for large angular/wavelength separation. This process limits the total number of multiplexed holograms and therefore limits the storage capacity. The issue of angular multiplexed versus wavelength multiplexed holograms is discussed. The effect of the data hologram bandwidth on the angular and wavelength multiplexing is presented.
Rapid-access page-mode volume holograms
Authors: Weverka Robert T. , Wagner Kevin
Published: February 2023

Access speeds in optical storage media are limited by the optical power budget. By using acousto-optics, sequential read out of angularly multiplexed volume holograms can be achieved with page times as short as 1 ns. With 106 pixels per page, the data rate of such a system is 1015 samples per second. This exceeds the input bandwidth of all signal processing technologies except optical signal processing. Additionally, given the efficiency of angularly multiplexed holograms, the optical power required to reliably detect data at this bandwidth is excessive. The optical power budget constraints can be alleviated if the system that follows the rapid-access page-mode hologram has signal processing gain. We explore the use of optical correlators with a relatively slow external data input and matched filters stored in the volume hologram. The matched filters are accessed extremely rapidly by utilizing acousto-optic Bragg cells to cycle through the angularly multiplexed volume hologram pages. The correlators provide the signal processing gain to alleviate the signal to noise constraints on a system with up to 1015 reference samples per second data rate.
A class of packet-switched extended generalized shuffle networks
Authors: Krishnamoorthy Ashok V. , Kiamilev Fouad , Esener Sadik
Published: February 2023

Extended generalized shuffle (EGS) networks1 have recently been proposed as a broad class of multistage interconnection networks (MINs) that include strictly non-blocking networks as well as networks with finite blocking probabilities. These networks can be viewed as extensions to generalized shuffle networks2 (GSNs) that include the facility to fan-out and fan-in at the input and output stages, respectively, of the interconnection network. We present a new class of packets-witched EGS networks. At the heart of these networks is a unipath EGS network that allows a continuous tradeoff between a crossbar and a traditional MIN in terms of fan-out and fan-in versus number of stages. We show how switching networks with self-routing capability and arbitrarily low packet contention rates can be achieved by replicating the unipath network. We also compare the performance and cost of such networks with those of the GSN. Finally, we discuss the utility of these new packet-switched networks for photonic switching using smart pixels.
Integrated acousto-optic photonic switch
Authors: Wu K.-Y. , Kwiatkowski S. , McLeod R. , Weverka R. , Wagner K. , Mickelson A. , Garvin C.
Published: February 2023

An integrated acousto-optic implementation of optical fiber interconnection is presented. This space division switching configuration can permute up to a dozen single-mode fiber inputs to outputs without having the fan-in and fan-out losses suffered by other 3D optical interconnection techniques. An innovative acousto-optic interaction geometry is utilized to optimize throughput and minimize cross talk. The switching system permits the transmission of arbitrary format high bandwidth signals by avoiding any optical-electronic conversion. The reconfiguration time is equal to the aperture time of the Bragg cell, which is on the order of a few microseconds.
Design of reflective optical system by solving surface differential equations
Authors: Wang C. , Shealy D. L. , Tombrello J. F.
Published: February 2023

New developments will be reported on the theory of designing multi-mirror optical systems by solving differential equations of mirror surfaces. The surface differential equations are based on the Abbe sine condition, the condition of constant optical path length, and the generalized Coddington relations, which permit the optical system to be free of all orders of coma, spherical aberration, and astigmatism, respectively. Specific results on the application of three optical conditions for elimination of all orders of these aberrations will be presented for two- and three-mirror systems. The performance of these systems will be reported and compared with results of similar systems designed by conventional optical design methods.
Reconstruction of scattering potentials from incomplete data
Authors: Wolf Emil , Habashy Tarek
Published: February 2023

In many scattering experiments one frequently determines some but not all the Fourier components of a scattering potential.
External photodetection of cavity radiation
Authors: Lee C. T.
Published: February 2023

Two different approaches have been adopted to study theoretically the process of photo­electric detection; they can be conveniently classified as open-system1 and closed-system2 models.
Three-dimensional x-ray microscopy with sub-micron depth resolution
Authors: McNulty Ian
Published: February 2023

Three-dimensional x-ray imaging with a depth resolution that significantly exceeds that limited by the numerical aperture of the optics used can be achieved by applying tomographic methods to conventional x-ray microscopy.
Dynamics of Antiguided Semiconductor Laser Arrays
Authors: Ramanujan Sujatha , Winful Herbert G.
Published: February 2023

Antiguided semiconductor laser arrays have been the subject of considerable attention as the arrays can yield powers in excess of 0.5W cw in a single diffraction limited beam(1).
Terahertz radiation and spectroscopy
Authors: Grischkowsky Daniel
Published: February 2023

Various mechanisms for generating short pulses of terahertz radiation by excitation with ultrafast laser pulses are described, together with optoelectronic and bolometric means of terahertz detection.
Asteroid detection with military wide-area-surveillance technology
Authors: Shaffer William A. , McHugh Martin J.
Published: February 2023

Collisions of planetary bodies with the Earth have played an important role in the geological, biological, and climatological development of the Earth.
Further development of a high peak power single longitudinal mode tunable dye laser
Authors: Black J. F. , Valentini J. J.
Published: February 2023

We have developed a multi-role dye amplifier system which may be used alternatively for amplification of a pulsed dye oscillator or weak CW single mode sources such as tunable visible diode lasers [1].
Optical composite wavelet filters
Authors: Roberge Danny , Sheng Yunlong
Published: February 2023

As a local operator in both space and frequency domains the wavelet transform is a band-pass filter useful to enhance the selected image edge features.
Optical and x-ray lasers in nuclear spectroscopy
Authors: Kalmán P.
Published: February 2023

Recent results show that combined processes containing electron-nucleus interaction such as near-threshold internal conversion1, electronic-bridge2,3 and inverse electronic-bridge4 processes are expected to be modified by intense electromagnetic fields of optical and x-ray frequencies. Using the similarly recent result5 obtained for the leading term of the S-matrix element of the resonant, inverse electronic-bridge process the effect of optical and x-ray lasers on some nuclear isomeric transitions, which seem to be promising, are investigated. The possibility of the effect of synchrotron radiation on those processes, which contain bound-free electronic transitions is also discussed and the result obtained is compared to the effect made by the optical and x-ray lasers. This work was supported by the Hungarian National Research Fund (OTKA) through Grant. No. T4459.
Joint-transform-correlator-based fractional- power filtering
Authors: Inbar Hanni , Marom Emanuel
Published: February 2023

Recently, Kumar and Hassebrook1 defined a family of filters termed fractional-power filters (FPFs), to be utilized in frequency-plane correlators.
Model of amplified scattering in photorefractive media: comparison of numerical results and experiment
Authors: Parshall-Gujral Elaine R. , Cronin-Golomb Mark , Barakat Richard
Published: February 2023

(1) Amplified photorefractive scattering, also known as the fanning effect, is an important source of noise in photorefractive image processors and seeding for photorefractive oscillators.
Microprecision structures for next-generation NASA astrophysics missions
Authors: Laskin Bob
Published: February 2023

High performance space optical systems typically have total light pathlength stability requirements (i.e., OPD requirements) on the order of 1/ 20th to 1 /50th of a wave.
Dynamical hysteresis in a bistable semiconductor laser-amplifier system
Authors: Hohl Angela , Roy Rajarshi
Published: February 2023

Optical bistability in a semiconductor laser-amplifier system has been investigated previously and found to exhibit switching at very low intensities.
Stabilizing periodic orbits in a chaotic system with time-delayed feedback
Authors: Liu Yun , Ohtsubo Junji
Published: February 2023

In an active laser diode interferometer with a delayed feedback loop, it has been demonstrated that the laser output exhibits high dimensional chaotic behaviors.
Measuring oxygen atoms in low-pressure flames by using amplified spontaneous emission
Authors: Brown Michael S. , Jeffries Jay B.
Published: February 2023

We have measured the laser-induced amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) signal of oxygen atoms in premixed low pressure H2/O2 and CH4/O2 flames.
Observation of coherent x-ray scattering at grazing incidence
Authors: Cai Z.H. , Lai B. , Yun W.B. , McNulty I. , Huang K.G. , Russell T.P.
Published: February 2023

We have recently measured x-ray speckle patterns in a small-angle scattering geometry at 6-S keY from surfaces of thin films of symmetric diblock copolymers of polystyrene (PS) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA).
Polarization properties of ultraviolet-induced optical-fiber phase gratings
Authors: Erdogan Turan , Mizrahi Victor
Published: February 2023

The refractive index change induced in the core of a Gedoped fiber by ultraviolet (UV) radiation [1] is generally anisotropic with respect to the polarization of light propagating in such a fiber.
Versatile front-end laser system for laser fusion drivers
Authors: Tracy M. D. , Will I. , Merle C. K. , Roides R. G. , Thorp K. A. , Skeldon M. D. , Kelly J. H. , Seka W.
Published: February 2023

We present the design of a novel front end laser system suitable for a laser fusion driver.
Incoherent optical image correlators with crossed-Bragg cell implementation
Authors: Athale A.R. , van der Gracht J. , Mait J. N. , Prather D. W.
Published: February 2023

Coherent optical image correlators that use orthogonally oriented Bragg cells in the Fourier plane have been demonstrated [1].
Improved high-resolution color CCD scanner and camera
Authors: Olaru Gheorghe T.
Published: February 2023

The major issue in the design of a color CCD scanner for the high end segment of the printing industry is the optimum matching among the illumination system, the imaging lens, the color separator, the CCD(s) and the focusing system.
Sparse chromatic context and color appearance
Authors: Jenness James W. , Shevell Steven K.
Published: February 2023

We reported previously (ARVO, 1993) that sparse white or green dots randomly scattered throughout an otherwise uniform red background field (4.7°, 4.5cd/m2 ~50 td) affect the color appearance of a test superimposed on the background.
Unique diamond film-produced by laser ablation
Authors: Collins C. B.
Published: February 2023

Films of nanophase diamond1 can be prepared in vacuum by the laser ablation of graphite at intensities in excess of 1011 W cm-2.
Fast diagnostic of the pulsed-laser deposition process
Authors: Geohegan David
Published: February 2023

No abstract available.
Laser-generated nonlinear surface acoustic waves
Authors: Mikhalevich V. G. , Schuessler H. A.
Published: February 2023

The pressure generated in the process of laser ablation has been used for intensive SAW pulse generation on the surface of metals and semiconductors.
Simple self-heterodyne laser linewidth measurement
Authors: Ludvigsen Hanne , Bødtker Erik
Published: February 2023

The self-heterodvne laser linewidth measurement as originally proposed by Okoshi is an established standard method for measuring the linewidth of semiconductor lasers.1
Phase diversity for closed-loop control of interferometric telescopes
Authors: Acton D. S. , Kendrick R. L.
Published: February 2023

Phase diversity techniques can be used to maintain alignment between multiple telescopes.
Design and testing of a laser beam profile reshaping system
Authors: Jiang Wu , Shealy David L. , Baker Kenneth M.
Published: February 2023

Design and testing of a refractive lens system which reshapes a laser beam intensity profile will be presented. The optical design of this system is based on two conditions: conservation of energy and constant optical path length.
Free space interconnects for shuffle/ex- change networks
Authors: Haney Michael W.
Published: February 2023

The free-space 2-D optical perfect shuffle was suggested to overcome the bandwidth, crosstalk, skew, and power consumption limitations associated with metallic interconnections in parallel computing architectures.1
Computer aided analysis, simulation, and design of complex integrated optical circuits
Authors: Önal Gürkan , Ozaktas Haldun M. , Altintas Ayhan
Published: February 2023

Optical interconnections can be beneficially employed at the chip-to-chip or backplane level of high performance computing systems.
Large-scale optical WDM networks
Authors: Shankaranarayanan N. K.
Published: February 2023

We are at an exciting phase in the introduction of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) technology to optical networks.
SNR equalization of 20 WDM channels propagating through a cascade of EDFA’s
Authors: Willner A.E. , Hwang S.-M.
Published: February 2023

Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA’s) are revolutionizing both long-distance and distribution-based optical communication systems.
Single-particle quantum eraser
Authors: De Dominicis L. , De Martini F.
Published: February 2023

A novel general method for the generation of strongly sub-Poissonian light (clipped Poissonian) is presented.
Segmented waveguide gratings used for optical-beam analysis with application to optical recording
Authors: Brazas John C.
Published: February 2023

There has been continual interest in use of integrated optical devices for optical disk readout to analyze the beam returning from a disk surface for write-once and magneto-optical recording media.
Benzil: a promising third order nonlinear organic material
Authors: Abdeldayem Hossin , Shields Angela , Witherow William K. , Penn Benjamin G. , Frazier Donald O.
Published: February 2023

Although benzil (C6H5CO)2 crystals have shown very low energy damage thresholds in producing second harmonic generation, thin films of benzil doped in Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were found to be highly durable in withstanding high power lasers.
Measurements of optical nonlinearities in solutions of phthalocyanines
Authors: Said A.A. , Wamsley C. , Hagan D.J. , Van Stryland E.W. , Mansour K. , Alvarez D. , Marder S.M. , Perry J.W.
Published: February 2023

Solutions of metallophthalocyanines and naphthalocyanines have shown promising results for use in optical limiting devices.
Adaptive simulated annealing for image deblurring
Authors: Jones Peter F. , Aitken George J. M.
Published: February 2023

We are applying simulated annealing (SA) to the restoration and deblurring of 2-D and 3-D images in which one dimension is depth along the optical axis.
Adaptive thresholding filters for additive signal dependent noise reduction
Authors: Fu Jack , Khoury Jehad , Cronin-Golomb Mark , Woods Charles L.
Published: February 2023

Our previous work have experimentally demonstrated that photo-refractive two-beam coupling can be used as an effective device for artifact and defect noise reduction through constant thresholding.
Hybrid optical-electronic system for computation of the histogram of remote targets through laser scanning
Authors: Pieper R. J. , Poon T.-C. , Ho C.-M. , Lee T.-E.
Published: February 2023

A design for a real-time optical electronic system for the computation of the histogram of a remote target has been successfully tested.
Modeling and experimental verification of high-numerical-aperture imaging in photoresist films
Authors: Flagello Donis G. , Milster Tom , Rosenbluth Alan E.
Published: February 2023

A vector diffraction analysis based on a plane-wave decomposition in the exit pupil, coupled with a modified thin-film matrix technique, is used to formulate a general model of high numerical aperture (NA > .5) image formation in thin films.
Limitations of beam combining and routing with polarizing beam splitters
Authors: Pezzaniti J. Larry , Chipman Russell A.
Published: February 2023

Many optical computing architectures involve combining and routing polarized beams carrying logic information.
Atoms in 2- and 3-D optical lattices
Authors: Grynberg G.
Published: February 2023

The light-shifts of an atom in a standing wave are generally space-dependent because of the gradient of polarization or intensity in the standing wave.
Spin-polarized optical atom trap
Authors: Walker T. , Feng P. , Hoffmann D. , Williamson R. S.
Published: February 2023

We present our observations of a spontaneous-force atom trap in which the atoms are highly spin-polarized.
Polarization properties of a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with a fractional-layer-superlattice gain medium
Authors: Pirson Arturo Chavez- , Ando Hiroaki , Saito Hisao , Kanbe Hiroshi
Published: February 2023

We report on the polarization properties and time dynamic behavior of a vertical cavity surface emitting laser with (Al05Ga0.5As1/2 (GaAs)1/2 fractional-layer superlattice (FLS) material1,2 that is used as a wavelength-dependent anisotropic gain medium.
Transverse modes in cavities with distributed Bragg reflectors
Authors: Babić Dubravko I. , Ram Rajeev J. , Bowers John E. , Tan Michael , Yang Long
Published: February 2023

Transverse modes and threshold conditions have been determined for gain guided vertical cavity surface emitting laser structures with laterally infinite distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR) and thin active regions.
Transverse mode emission characteristics of gain-guided surface emitting lasers
Authors: Tai K. , Lai Y. , Huang K. F. , Huang T. C. , Lee T. D. , Wu C. C.
Published: February 2023

Surface emitting lasers are attractive for optical recording, communication, interconnect and computing applications.
Image-element cross talk in a Hughes liquid-crystal light valve
Authors: Warnky Carolyn , Bell Louis , Collins Stuart A.
Published: February 2023

We have used a feedback liquid crystal light valve to study the generation of flip-flop arrays.
Linewidth compression and intelligent control of LiB3O5/β-BaB2O4 optical parametric lasers
Authors: Huang Liu , Zhou Jin-Feng , Huang Fang
Published: February 2023

Based upon the theoretical study on the narrow linewidth optical parametric generation and amplification1,2, the optimum operation parameters for LiB3O5 and β-BaB2O4 wide band tunable lasers have been obtained.
What replaces the Lorentz-Lorenz formula for a cooled resonance gas?
Authors: Ghiner A. V. , Surdutovich G. I.
Published: February 2023

A rarefied gas of neutral atoms cooled and trapped by means of the resonance light pressure forces’ is an example of a system when n λ3 ≤ 1, but Nα ≥1. Here N denotes the density of atoms, λ is the light wavelength, a is the microscopic polarizability. It means that local field effects are essential, whereas Lorentz–Lorenz relation between α and refractive index n already, generally speaking, is not applicable. For rarefied gas even the question of the method integral equation2 applicability in itself is not evident, but in any case its application implies that the Lorentz’s sphere radius must be much larger than wavelength, which is incompatible with the traditional approach. With the choice of a large Lorentz sphere the variables substitution method3 allowed to calculate simultaneously linear and nonlinear medium characteristics and to obtain a connection between local and macroscopic fields when the spatial dispersion is taken into account. These characteristics essentially depend on the interaction law between the particles. In the no-interaction condition (ideal gas) Lorentz-Lorenz formula is valid for arbitrary densities, including the case Nλ3<< 1. It has been revealed that for repulsive forces between the atoms in a case Nα ≥ 1 an effect of the optical transparency (n2− 1 << 1) takes place.
Precise line-shape measurements of CO broadened by N2
Authors: Duggan Philip , Sinclair Peter M. , Le Flohic Marc P. , Berman Richard , May A. D. , Drummond James R.
Published: February 2023

Both the soft and hard collision models of lineshape require a knowledge of the bulk diffusion coefficient of the gas. The experimentally measured lineshapes were empirically fit to both models to obtain what is known as an “optical” diffusion coefficient. It has been found that at low densities, where the Doppler effect is the dominant broadening mechanism, there is good agreement between the “optical” and bulk diffusion coefficients. However as the density is increased, the optical diffusion coefficient is up to 300 lower than expected. It is felt that this effect can more simply be explained by a slight deviation in the pressure broadening mechanism from a simple exponential decay of dipole correlation. Evidence supporting this conclusion will be presented.
Thermal optical limiting and its hybridization with reverse saturable absorption
Authors: Justus B. L. , Huston A. L. , Kafafi Z. H. , Campillo A. J.
Published: February 2023

Optical limiting of 532 nm, 6 nsec duration laser pulses due to thermal defocusing and aberration of intense incident light is reported using absorbing dyes to heat solvents with large thermal figures of merit.
Higher-order limiting mechanisms in C60 solutions
Authors: McLean D. G. , Sutherland R. L. , Brant M. C.
Published: February 2023

Power limiting mechanism in C60 solutions have been extensively studied in the low fluence regime (<2 j/cm2)1-6.
Electromagnetic inverse-scattering analysis of diffraction gratings
Authors: Sohail S. , Naqvi H. , Minhas B. , Krukar Richard , Leland R.
Published: February 2023

Scatterometry, which is the angle resolved measurement of scattered light, is finding increasing usage in the metrology of semiconductor structures.
Effect of carrier transport on mode-locked vertical-cavity semiconductor lasers
Authors: Jiang Wenbin , Bowers John E.
Published: February 2023

Vertical-cavity semiconductor lasers have been mode-locked to generate ultrashort pulses with high peak power [1, 2].
Soliton and solitary fiber lasers
Authors: Fermann Martin E.
Published: February 2023

Kerr-type all-optical switches and semiconductor saturable absorbers are now well established as the two possible passive modelocking elements in fiber lasers.
Modeling of doped fiber lasers
Authors: Liou L. W. , Agrawal Govind P.
Published: February 2023

Doped fiber lasers have attracted attention due to their ability to generate mode-locked pulse trains with pulses on the order of a few hundred femtoseconds at a wavelength convenient for lightwave communication systems.1
Photon-density-wave diffraction tomography
Authors: Hielscher Andreas H. , Jacques Steven L. , Tittel Frank K.
Published: February 2023

Diffraction tomography was introduced as an imaging technique in medicine and geology using acoustic waves, in the early eighties.1
Photorefractive technique for detecting aberrations in the human eye
Authors: Roorda Austin J. , Cerniuk Shannon , Campbell Melanie C. W. , Bobier William R.
Published: February 2023

When a small light source is offset from the limiting aperture of a camera (eccentric photorefraction), the refractive state can be measured from the light distribution photographed in the pupil plane.
Alternating-field frequency dependence of the photorefractive response in BSO
Authors: Brost G. , Magde K. , Hotaling S.
Published: February 2023

The nonstationary recording technique of square-wave alternating electric fields can provide large enhancements to the photorefractive effect in crystals such as Bi12SiO20.
Arrays of monolithic surface-emitting laser logic devices
Authors: Lee Y. H. , Song J. I. , Yoo J. Y. , Shin J. H. , Scherer A. , Leibenguth R. E.
Published: February 2023

We report a monolithic version of the surface emitting laser logic (SELL) devices based on a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser integrated with an HPT connected in parallel and a resistor in series.
Fabrication of reliable gain-guided surfaceemitting lasers
Authors: Wu C C. , Tai K. , Huang T.C. , Fuh K.C. , Huang K.F.
Published: February 2023

We report the fabrication of 0.85 pm top surface emitting lasers and the reliability studies on these lasers.
Realities of phase-shifting lithography
Authors: Schellenberg F. M.
Published: February 2023

Phase-shifting has been discussed as a method for image resolution enhancement since the time of Lord Rayleigh [1], and the concept of phaseshifting for the improvement of photolithography has been with us for more than a decade [2].
Implementation of a multiwavelength optical full-adder
Authors: Wu Weishu , Campbell Scott , Yeh Pochi
Published: February 2023

A multiwavelength half adder was recently proposed and demonstrated1. In this paper, we propose a multiwavelength full adder to avoid the repeat of the SUM and CARRY operations. Similar to the half adder, discrete wavelengths are used to represent specific bits in a binary word. Bits are ‘1’ if power at their wavelength is present, or ‘0’ if not. To simultaneously compute the SUM, which is achieved using a Mach-Zahnder interferometer XOR gate, it is necessary to determine all the carries in advance. One way to achieve this carry look-ahead is to first obtain the original carries as in the case of the half adder. A given original carry will then propagate through the next higher bit if either number is ‘ 1 ’ at that bit, and such propagation continues until both input bits are ‘0’.2 Using these original carries and the input beams from (A+B) as the two writing beam sets into a second crystal, the propagation of these carries can be achieved. In a second approach, all the carries can be generated in a single crystal by appropriately re-injecting the original carries back into the crystal. The pathlengths of the writing beams and reinjected beams are carefully arranged so that interference can be only achieved between the desired beam pairs.