bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cascading Machine Learning to Monitor Volcanic Thermal Activity Using Orbital Infrared Data: From Detection to Quantitative Evaluation
Authors: Cariello Simona , Corradino Claudia , Torrisi Federica , Del Negro Ciro
Published: December 2023

Several satellite missions are currently available to provide thermal infrared data at different spatial resolutions and revisit time. Furthermore, new missions are planned thus enabling to keep a nearly continuous ‘eye’ on thermal volcanic activity around the world. This massive volume of data requires the development of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques for the automatic processing of satellite data in order to extract significant information about volcano conditions in a short time. Here, we propose a robust machine learning approach to accurately detect, recognize and quantify high-temperature volcanic features using Sentinel-2 MultiSpectral Instrument (S2-MSI) imagery. We use the entire archive of high spatial resolution satellite data containing more than 6000 S2-MSI scenes at ten different volcanoes around the world. Combining a ‘top-down’ cascading architecture, two different machine learning models, a scene classifier (SqueezeNet) and a pixel-based segmentation model (random forest), we achieved a very high accuracy, namely 95%. These results show that the cascading approach can be applied in near-real time to any available satellite image, providing a full description of the scene, with an important contribution to the monitoring, mapping and characterization of volcanic thermal features.
Classification of River Sediment Fractions in a River Segment including Shallow Water Areas Based on Aerial Images from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles with Convolution Neural Networks
Authors: Irie Mitsuteru , Arakaki Shunsuke , Suto Tomoki , Umino Takuto
Published: December 2023

Riverbed materials serve multiple environmental functions as a habitat for aquatic invertebrates and fish. At the same time, the particle size of the bed material reflects the tractive force of the flow regime in a flood and provides useful information for flood control. The traditional riverbed particle size surveys, such as sieving, require time and labor to investigate riverbed materials. The authors of this study have proposed a method to classify aerial images taken by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Our previous study showed that terrestrial riverbed materials could be classified with high accuracy. In this study, we attempted to classify riverbed materials of terrestrial and underwater samples including that which is distributed in shallow waters where the bottom can be seen using UAVs over the river segment. It was considered that the surface flow types taken overlapping the riverbed material on images disturb the accuracy of classification. By including photographs of various surface flow conditions in the training data, the classification focusing on the patterns of riverbed materials could be achieved. The total accuracy reached 90.3%. Moreover, the proposed method was applied to the river segments to determine the distribution of the particle size. In parallel, the microtopography was surveyed using a LiDAR UAV, and the relationship between the microtopography and particle size distribution was discussed. In the steep section, coarse particles were distributed and formed riffles. Fine particles were deposited on the upstream side of those riffles, where the slope had become gentler due to the dammed part. The good concordance between the microtopographical trends and the grain size distribution supports the validity of this method.
Spatial Patterns of Turbidity in Cartagena Bay, Colombia, Using Sentinel-2 Imagery
Authors: Eljaiek-Urzola Monica , Sander de Carvalho Lino Augusto , Betancur-Turizo Stella Patricia , Quiñones-Bolaños Edgar , Castrillón-Ortiz Carlos
Published: December 2023

The Cartagena Bay in Colombia has vital economic and environmental importance, playing a fundamental role in both the port and tourism sectors. Unfortunately, the water quality of the bay is undergoing a deterioration process due to the significant influx of sediment from the artificial channel known as Canal del Dique. Although field campaigns are carried out semiannually with 12 monitoring stations to evaluate these impacts, understanding the spatial dynamics of suspended solids in the bay remains a challenge. This article presents a spatial analysis of water turbidity in the Cartagena Bay during the years 2018 to 2022, using Sentinel-2 images. To achieve this objective, an empirical algorithm was developed through the Monte Carlo simulation. The validation of the algorithm demonstrated an R-squared value of 0.83, with an RMSE of 2.72 and a MAPE of 24.93%. The results showed the seasonal variability, with higher turbidity levels during the rainy season, reaching up to 35 FNU, and lower turbidities during the dry season, dropping to 1 FNU. Furthermore, these findings indicated that the southern area of the bay presents the most significant turbidity variations. This research enhances our understanding of the bay’s turbidity dynamics and suggests an additional tool for its monitoring.
Dual-Polarization Ambient Backscatter Communications and Signal Detection
Authors: Yang Youze , Yan Sen
Published: December 2023

Ambient backscatter communication (AmBC), an emerging mechanism for batteryless communications that can utilize ambient radio-frequency signals to modulate information and thus reduce power consumption, has attracted considerable attention and has been considered as a critical technology in green “Internet of Things” sensor networks due to its ultra-low power consumption. This paper presents the first a complete dual-polarization AmBC (DPAm) system model, which can extend AmBC into polarization diversity and improve the data-transmission rate of backscatter symbols. We proposed two scenarios: direct dual-polarization-based DPAm node structures and polarization-conversion-based DPAm node structures. In addition, we consider a parallel backscatter mode with differential coding and develop corresponding detectors, which also give the analytical detection thresholds. Moreover, we consider a simultaneous backscatter mode with Manchester coding in order to avoid complex-parameter estimation. To address the power imbalance problem of the DPAm system that arises because the polarization deflection angle would cause the power level to change with different polarization patterns, we also develop a power-average detector and a clustering detector. Simulation results show the throughput performance on each DPAm node structure with each detector, demonstrating the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed DPAm nodes and detectors. Compared with single-polarization AmBC (SPAm), the proposed DPAm node can achieve higher throughput in most cases. Finally, the clustering detector is shown to be more robust to short training sequences and complex environments.
High-Efficiency Multi-Channel Orbital Angular Momentum Multiplexing Enabled by the Angle-Dispersive Metasurface
Authors: Li Ying , Xia Qiang , Yang Jun , Deng Guangsheng , Yin Zhiping
Published: December 2023

Orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexing of electromagnetic (EM) waves is of great significance for high-speed wireless communication and remote sensing. To achieve high-efficiency OAM multiplexing for multi-channel incident EM waves, this paper presents a novel angle-dispersive meta-atom structure, which can introduce the required anti-symmetric phase dispersion as well as high transmission efficiency for OAM multiplexing. These meta-atoms are then arranged delicately to form an angle-dispersive metasurface working at the X band, which enables three-channel OAM multiplexing by converting highly directional transverse-magnetic (TM) waves incident from 0 and ±45° to coaxial OAM beams with l = 0 and ±2 modes, respectively. The simulation and experimental results reveal that the proposed metasurface can convert a higher proportion of energy to the required OAM modes compared to the conventional OAM multiplexing metasurfaces, which can significantly improve the coaxial transmission efficiency of multi-channel OAM multiplexing.
Transformer-Based Multiple-Object Tracking via Anchor-Based-Query and Template Matching
Authors: Wang Qinyu , Lu Chenxu , Gao Long , He Gang
Published: December 2023

Multiple object tracking (MOT) plays an important role in intelligent video-processing tasks, which aims to detect and track all moving objects in a scene. Joint-detection-and-tracking (JDT) methods are thriving in MOT tasks, because they accomplish the detection and data association in a single stage. However, the slow training convergence and insufficient data association limit the performance of JDT methods. In this paper, the anchor-based query (ABQ) is proposed to improve the design of the JDT methods for faster training convergence. By augmenting the coordinates of the anchor boxes into the learnable queries of the decoder, the ABQ introduces explicit prior spatial knowledge into the queries to focus the query-to-feature learning of the JDT methods on the local region, which leads to faster training speed and better performance. Moreover, a new template matching (TM) module is designed for the JDT methods, which enables the JDT methods to associate the detection results and trajectories with historical features. Finally, a new transformer-based MOT method, ABQ-Track, is proposed. Extensive experiments verify the effectiveness of the two modules, and the ABQ-Track surpasses the performance of the baseline JDT methods, TransTrack. Specifically, the ABQ-Track only needs to train for 50 epochs to achieve convergence, while that for TransTrack is 150 epochs.
A Real-Time Automated Defect Detection System for Ceramic Pieces Manufacturing Process Based on Computer Vision with Deep Learning
Authors: Cumbajin Esteban , Rodrigues Nuno , Costa Paulo , Miragaia Rolando , Frazão Luís , Costa Nuno , Fernández-Caballero Antonio , Carneiro Jorge , Buruberri Leire H. , Pereira António
Published: December 2023

Defect detection is a key element of quality control in today’s industries, and the process requires the incorporation of automated methods, including image sensors, to detect any potential defects that may occur during the manufacturing process. While there are various methods that can be used for inspecting surfaces, such as those of metal and building materials, there are only a limited number of techniques that are specifically designed to analyze specialized surfaces, such as ceramics, which can potentially reveal distinctive anomalies or characteristics that require a more precise and focused approach. This article describes a study and proposes an extended solution for defect detection on ceramic pieces within an industrial environment, utilizing a computer vision system with deep learning models. The solution includes an image acquisition process and a labeling platform to create training datasets, as well as an image preprocessing technique, to feed a machine learning algorithm based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) capable of running in real time within a manufacturing environment. The developed solution was implemented and evaluated at a leading Portuguese company that specializes in the manufacturing of tableware and fine stoneware. The collaboration between the research team and the company resulted in the development of an automated and effective system for detecting defects in ceramic pieces, achieving an accuracy of 98.00% and an F1-Score of 97.29%.
A Bibliometric and Comprehensive Review on Condition Monitoring of Metal Oxide Surge Arresters
Authors: Zacarias Tiago Goncalves , Sant’Ana Wilson Cesar
Published: December 2023

This paper presents a literature review on the subject of Condition-Based Maintenance of surge arresters. Both a bibliometric analysis and traditional comprehensive research are presented. The bibliometric analysis is useful for obtaining insights about the literature. It quantitatively highlights relationships between journals, authors and keywords (related to the monitoring methods) and reveals future trends for research based on the timeline of the keywords. The traditional comprehensive literature review is also presented. It summarizes the methods, their advantages and disadvantages and also points to some known measurement issues of the methods. Both online (leakage current, harmonic components, temperature, partial discharges, power loss and the counting of discharges) and offline (reference voltage, residual voltage, insulation resistance, polarization/depolarization, return voltage, microscopy, spectrometry, X-ray, RUS and the recent application of FRA) methods have been qualitatively analyzed.
Detection of Closing Cracks in Beams Based on Responses Induced by Harmonic Excitation
Authors: Tewelde Samrawit A. , Krawczuk Marek
Published: December 2023

The non-linear contact model was chosen to simulate a closed crack in a cantilever beam. This study examines the shape and characteristics of the phase diagram of a cantilever beam with closed cracks. It investigates how various crack properties influence the geometry of the phase diagram and proposes a method for identifying cracks based on their features. The area of each closed curve in the phase diagram was determined using the pixel method. Based on the results, the contact model proved effective in simulating closed cracks and was sensitive to nonlinear closing cracks. The vibration responses of beams with different damage severities and positions exhibited distinct geometric features. The crack parameter was identified by locating the intersection of contour lines on the maps. According to numerical calculations, the phase diagrams for super-harmonic resonance seem to be more susceptible to changes in closed cracks with varied damage locations and severities. The wavelet transform was also employed to identify closed cracks using RMS signals, and the results were compared with those obtained from the phase diagram.
Object Detection, Recognition, and Tracking Algorithms for ADASs—A Study on Recent Trends
Authors: Malligere Shivanna Vinay , Guo Jiun-In
Published: December 2023

Advanced driver assistance systems (ADASs) are becoming increasingly common in modern-day vehicles, as they not only improve safety and reduce accidents but also aid in smoother and easier driving. ADASs rely on a variety of sensors such as cameras, radars, lidars, and a combination of sensors, to perceive their surroundings and identify and track objects on the road. The key components of ADASs are object detection, recognition, and tracking algorithms that allow vehicles to identify and track other objects on the road, such as other vehicles, pedestrians, cyclists, obstacles, traffic signs, traffic lights, etc. This information is then used to warn the driver of potential hazards or used by the ADAS itself to take corrective actions to avoid an accident. This paper provides a review of prominent state-of-the-art object detection, recognition, and tracking algorithms used in different functionalities of ADASs. The paper begins by introducing the history and fundamentals of ADASs followed by reviewing recent trends in various ADAS algorithms and their functionalities, along with the datasets employed. The paper concludes by discussing the future of object detection, recognition, and tracking algorithms for ADASs. The paper also discusses the need for more research on object detection, recognition, and tracking in challenging environments, such as those with low visibility or high traffic density.
Update on the Use of Infrared Thermography in the Early Detection of Diabetic Foot Complications: A Bibliographic Review
Authors: Faus Camarena Marina , Izquierdo-Renau Marta , Julian-Rochina Iván , Arrébola Manel , Miralles Manuel
Published: December 2023

Foot lesions are among the most frequent causes of morbidity and disability in the diabetic population. Thus, the exploration of preventive control measures is vital for detecting early signs and symptoms of this disease. Infrared thermography is one of the complementary diagnostic tools available that has proven to be effective in the control of diabetic foot. The last review on this topic was published in 2015 and so, we conducted a bibliographic review of the main databases (PubMed, the Web of Science, Cochrane library, and Scopus) during the third quarter of 2023. We aimed to identify the effectiveness of infrared thermography as a diagnostic element in pre-ulcerous states in diabetic patients and to detect diabetic foot ulcer complications. We obtained a total of 1199 articles, 26 of which were finally included in the present review and published after 2013. After analyzing the use of infrared thermography in diabetic patients both with and without ulcers, as well as in healthy individuals, we concluded that is an effective tool for detecting early-stage ulcers in diabetic foot patients.
Isolation and Chemotaxonomic Implications of Tenelloside, a Novel Unusual C-Glycosyl Flavanone from Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb. in Tenerife Island
Authors: Francioso Antonio , Jiménez Díaz Ignacio Antonio , Reyes Carolina Pérez , González Montelongo Cristina , Pierini Marco , Villani Claudio , Bazzocchi Isabel López
Published: December 2023

Phyllanthus is a large genus of the Euphorbiaceae family, which has been widely used in traditional medicine. The current study reports the isolation of an unusual C-glycosyl flavonoid, named tenelloside, from Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb., a non-endemic plant present in Canary Islands. The chemical structure of this secondary metabolite was established employing combined spectrometric and spectroscopic techniques, including 1D and 2D NMR experiments and mass spectrometry. The absolute stereochemical configuration was determined via the comparison of experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism spectra. In our previous work, another C-glycosylated bioactive product was isolated from another Phyllanthus species, suggesting that this class of compounds can be produced in a genus-specific manner in different geographic regions. This work represents another important report for direct future studies on the biological and chemotaxonomic potential of C-glycosylated products of the Phyllanthus genus.
Rock Powder Enhances Soil Nutrition and Coffee Quality in Agroforestry Systems
Authors: Medeiros Fernanda de Paula , Carvalho André M. X. de , Gindri Ramos Claudete , Dotto Guilherme Luiz , Cardoso Irene Maria , Theodoro Suzi Huff
Published: December 2023

The use of rock powders is an agricultural practice that facilitates the agroecological transition and autonomy of many farmers. These inputs should be used in conjunction with management systems that enhance the weathering of the minerals contained in the rocks. This study aimed to assess the impact of incorporating gneiss powder on soil quality and coffee cultivation within agroecological and organic frameworks, encompassing agroforestry systems (AFSs) as well as areas fully exposed to sunlight (FS). Comprehensive analyses, including chemical, microbiological, and physical assessments, were carried out on the soil. The study involved evaluating various parameters such as electrical conductivity, grain density, total titratable acidity, and pH of the exudates to gauge the coffee quality. Following a 24-month application of rock powder, noteworthy observations included increased soil moisture in agroforestry systems (AFSs), presumably attributable to enhanced nutrient availability (potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, and zinc) derived from the gneiss powder. In addition, a higher level of CO2 was derived from microbial respiration than from soil production. Similarly, coffee beans presented lower electrical conductivity, higher density, and fewer defects in AFSs than fully exposed sun systems (FS). The total titratable acidity values remain consistent with the limits indicated in the literature for quality coffees; the pH values, however, were lower. The results suggest that the use of gneiss powder enhances soil microorganism activity and accelerates the biological weathering of minerals for coffee plantations in AFSs.
A Bidirectional Grid-Friendly Charger Design for Electric Vehicle Operated under Pulse-Current Heating and Variable-Current Charging
Authors: Jin Ningzhi , Wang Jianjun , Li Yalun , He Liangxi , Wu Xiaogang , Wang Hewu , Lu Languang
Published: December 2023

Low-temperature preheating, fast charging, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capabilities are important factors for the further development of electric vehicles (EVs). However, for conventional two-stage chargers, the EV charging/discharging instructions and grid instructions cannot be addressed simultaneously for specific requirements, pulse heating and variable-current charging can cause high-frequency power fluctuations at the grid side. Therefore, it is necessary to design a bidirectional grid-friendly charger for EVs operated under pulse-current heating and variable-current charging. The DC bus, which serves as the medium connecting the bidirectional DC–DC and bidirectional DC–AC, typically employs capacitors. This paper analyzes the reasons why the use of capacitors in the DC bus cannot satisfy the grid and EV requirements, and it proposes a new DC bus configuration that utilizes energy storage batteries instead of capacitors. Due to the voltage-source characteristics of the energy storage batteries, EV instructions and grid instructions can be flexibly and smoothly scheduled by using phase-shift control and adaptive virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control, respectively. In addition, the stability of the control strategy is demonstrated using small signal modeling. Finally, typical operating conditions (such as EV pulse preheating, fast charging with variable current, and grid peak shaving and valley filling) are selected for validation. The results show that in the proposed charger, the grid scheduling instructions and EV charging/discharging instructions do not interfere with each other, and different commands between EVs also do not interfere with each other under a charging pile with dual guns. Without affecting the requirements of EVs, the grid can change the proportion of energy supply based on actual scenarios and can also obtain energy from either EVs or energy storage batteries. For the novel charger, the pulse modulation time for EVs consistently achieves a steady state within 0.1 s; thus, the pulse modulation speed is as much as two times faster than that of conventional chargers with identical parameters.
Exploring the Relationship between Tourist Perception and Motivation at a Museum Attraction
Authors: Herman Grigore Vasile , Tătar Corina Florina , Stașac Marcu Simion , Cosman Victor Lucian
Published: December 2023

Tourism activity represents one of the most dynamic and defining activities for today’s society. In this context, knowing the perception and motivation of potential tourists visiting a museum attraction represents an essential approach with implications for the sustainable development of tourist destinations. The research methodology used in the present study involved the complementary use of survey methods for data acquisition and multicriteria analysis to identify and establish relationships between perception and motivation. The results obtained from the present study show a synthetic picture regarding the perception and motivation of the tourists who visited the Crișului Land Museum from Oradea, Romania, on the one hand, and the relationships that were established between perception and motivation, on the other hand, thus confirming the research hypothesis that perception influences motivation. The perception of tourists after visiting the Crișului Land Museum in Oradea is determined by personal and interpersonal reasons, as well as by the way they perceive the visited site. The study originality consists in the use of mixed-method approaches to collect and analyze data, as a means to complement different data sources.
An Advanced Driver Information System at Critical Points in the Multimodal Traffic Network
Authors: Tonec Vrančić Maja , Škorput Pero , Vidović Krešimir
Published: December 2023

Enhancing traffic safety is one of the fundamental objectives of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), and it aligns closely with the principles of sustainable transport. Due to specific differences in infrastructure, vehicles, and users’ behavior, places where different modes of traffic intersect are recognized as critical points of the traffic system, making them crucial areas for the implementation of Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs). The SUMPs aim to create urban mobility that is both environmentally friendly and safe for all users. The continuous development and widespread adoption of innovative ITS technologies have paved the way for a system that can provide drivers with real-time information about both immediate and potential dangers at these critical points. This paper presents a comprehensive review of prior research conducted in the field, investigating the impact of information systems on drivers’ behavior, various detection and communication solutions that can be effectively integrated into such a system, and a brief overview of the models and solutions that have been developed to warn drivers in a similar context. A review of the literature found that warning systems have a significant impact on driver behavior, which contributes to increased traffic safety. Furthermore, there are numerous solutions applicable to a multimodal environment. Yet, they mostly refer either to autonomous vehicles or require an additional unit of infrastructure for communication, which is not realistically applicable to the current state of traffic in most countries of the world. This paper proposes a system architecture framework for future research that would take advantage of widely available technologies and make the system accessible to different users in a multimodal environment.
The Spatiotemporal Eutrophication Status and Trends in the Paldang Reservoir, Republic of Korea
Authors: Cho Yong-Chul , Kang Ho-Yeong , Son Ju-Yeon , Kang Taegu , Im Jong-Kwon
Published: December 2023

The Paldang Reservoir (PDR), the largest artificial lake in the Republic of Korea, has recently experienced increased chemical oxygen demand (COD), eutrophication, and algal blooms due to climate change. This study aimed to analyze the hydrological characteristics and water quality of the PDR and assess its spatial and seasonal eutrophication status changes using the Korean-type trophic quality index (TSIKO) and the seasonal Mann–Kendall Test (SMK). The PDR’s water was graded “good” in terms of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and “fair” for COD, total phosphorous (TP), and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), according to Korean water quality standards. COD and Chl-a had a significant positive monotonic relationship. According to the TSIKO calculations, the trophic state of the PDR was mesotrophic, but eutrophic during the summer season. TSIKO (Chl-a) in summer tended to increase with a slope value of 0.22 mg/m3/year. The main causes of eutrophication in the PDR were proposed to be TP and phytoplankton overgrowth. Therefore, lake and reservoir functions need to be assessed, and solutions that can effectively protect them from excessive eutrophication to ensure sustainable clean water use and protect freshwater ecosystems need to be found.
The Optimisation of Storage Conditions for Pomegranate Juice during Its Maritime Transport
Authors: Ocieczek Aneta , Pukszta Tomasz , Kaizer Adam , Korzeniowska-Ginter Renata
Published: December 2023

It is estimated that the transport of plant-based food may be responsible for 50% of total CO2 emissions. The situation becomes highly unfavourable when the transported cargo deteriorates. Therefore, the optimisation of storage conditions during transport is a part of the concept of reducing food loss and waste. Moreover, it is an essential element of sustainable development. This study aimed to compare the stability of selected quality parameters of pomegranate juice under simulated conditions imitating maritime transport. The content of polyphenols and the ability to reduce free radicals were considered the critical quality parameters of this juice. The Folin–Ciocalteu method (polyphenols content) and the Brand-Williams method (ability to reduce free radicals) were used during the study. The simulation of maritime transport conditions consisted of different juice storage conditions. The differentiation was conducted regarding temperature, type of gas that filled the packaging, and mixing related to the ship’s motions during transport. The highest quality of pomegranate juice was ensured by modifying the atmosphere with nitrogen and lowering the temperature. It is also important that mixing the juice does not reduce its quality but stabilises it.
Effects of Stand Density on Growth, Soil Water Content and Nutrients in Black Locust Plantations in the Semiarid Loess Hilly Region
Authors: Zhai Bochao , Sun Meimei , Shen Xiaojuan , Zhu Yan , Li Guoqing , Du Sheng
Published: December 2023

Stand density is an important index of forest structure, which strongly affects local environments and functions in the forest. Many black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) plantations with low quality in the Loess hilly region are assumed to be caused by inappropriate stand density. In this study, the growth status, spatio-temporal variations in soil water and nutrient conditions were investigated in the nearly middle-aged plantations with three density classes. The proportion of stunted trees increased with the increase in density class. The stands of <2500 stems ha−1 not only had the distribution peak of diameter at breast height (DBH) being at a larger diameter class, but also showed relatively rapid growths in diameter and biomass per tree. However, stand density did not show a significant effect on the growth rate of both mean tree height and biomass density. The maximum biomass density and relatively high soil NH4+-N content appeared in the density class of 2500–3500 stems ha−1. The temporal stability of soil water content (SWC) on a seasonal scale increased with the deepening of the soil layer, and spatio-temporal variations in the SWC remained relatively stable in the deep layer (200–300 cm). While the infiltration depth after rainfall was rainfall-amount-dependent, the depth of effective replenishment reduced with the density class increasing. The average SWC and its temporal stability in 0–300 cm of soil layer are the best in a stand density of less than 2500 stems ha−1. No significant differences were observed among the stand density classes in the contents of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, NO3−-N, and available phosphorus in soils of these nearly middle-aged plantations that have experienced similar management history since the afforestation of abandoned cropland. Overall, the stand condition of density class I is superior at present. But thinning of stand density may be needed to maintain the best stand conditions in the future, with the stand age increasing. The results contribute to further understanding of the relations between density gradient and multiple variables in the plantations, which offer a reference for the forest management and sustainable development of ecosystems in the semiarid region of the Loess Plateau.
Analysis of Spatiotemporal Evolution and Influencing Factors of Vegetation Net Primary Productivity in the Yellow River Basin from 2000 to 2022
Authors: Tian Kunjun , Liu Xing , Zhang Bingbing , Wang Zhengtao , Xu Gong , Chang Kai , Xu Pengfei , Han Baomin
Published: December 2023

The Yellow River Basin (YRB) plays a very important role in China’s economic and social development and ecological security, so studying the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of net primary productivity (NPP) and its influencing factors is of great significance for protecting the stable development of its ecological environment. This article takes the YRB as the research area, based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, climate data, terrain data, land data, social data, and the gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE) data. The spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of vegetation NPP in the YRB from 2000 to 2022 were explored using methods such as trend analysis, correlation analysis, and geographic detectors, and the correlation characteristics of NPP with meteorological factors, social factors, and total water storage (TWS) were evaluated. The results indicate that the NPP of vegetation in the YRB showed an increasing trend (4.989 gC·m−2·a−1) from 2000 to 2022, with the most significant changes occurring in the middle reaches of the YRB. The correlation coefficient indicates that temperature and accumulated temperature have a significant positive impact on the change of NPP, while TWS has a significant negative impact. In the study of the factors affecting vegetation NPP in the YRB, the most influential factors are soil type (0.48), precipitation (0.46), and temperature (0.32). The strong correlation between TWS and vegetation NPP in the YRB is about 39%, with a contribution rate of about 0.12, which is a factor that cannot be ignored in studying vegetation NPP changes in the YRB.
The Water–Energy–Carbon Coupling Coordination Level in China
Authors: He Zigao
Published: December 2023

The water–energy–carbon (WEC) nexus is a complex, systematic relationship whose influential factors can be interdependent, as well as interactive. Although many action has been taken to achieve the goal of global carbon emission reductions, the disparity and unbalanced among water–energy–carbon systems hundles urban comprehensive development which can not be ignored. Therefore, investigating the water–energy–carbon (WEC) nexus become critical for the global. This study explores the relationship between water utilization, energy consumption, and carbon emissions systematically and take China, one of the largest global carbon emission countries in the world with high energy consumption and unevenly distributed water resources, as an example to investigate coupling coordination model. We selected 2004–2021 data from China’s 30 provinces as our research material, explored them using the entropy weight method, and attempted to study the coupling coordination level of the WEC nexus. Multiple linear regression (MLR) was used to identify the possible influential factors in the WEC nexus. In addition, Spatial correlation of the water-energy-carbon coupling coordination level in 31 provinces and cities has also been researched by Spatial Durbin Model(SDM). The results show that (1) in general, the level of WEC coupling coordination in China is increasing, and the spatial differences between different provinces are large; (2) the lowest level of WEC coupling coordination is mainly distributed in the central region, and the highest level is found in the southwestern region; and (3) water production and hydraulic engineering investment are important factors affecting the coupling coordination of the WEC nexus.
Effect of Calcium and Fullerene Symmetry Spatial Minimization on Angiogenesis
Authors: Rivas Manuel , Reina Manuel
Published: December 2023

The topological partition theory states that icosahedral group affine extensions (fullerenes symmetry) are the most effective way to energetically optimize the surface covering. In recent decades, potential applications of fullerene symmetry have emerged in the major fields of biology, like enzyme inhibition and antiviral therapy. This research suggests a novel perspective to interpret the underlying spatial organization of cell populations in tissues from the polyhedral graph theory. We adopted this theoretical framework to study HUVEC cell in vitro angiogenesis assays on Matrigel. This work underscores the importance of extracellular Ca2+ gradients, both from conditioned BJ and pretreated HUVEC cells, in angiogenesis fullerene-rule spatial minimization.
Proposing Effective Ecotoxicity Test Species for Chemical Safety Assessment in East Asia: A Review
Authors: Lee Jin Wuk , Shim Ilseob , Park Kyunghwa
Published: December 2023

East Asia leads the global chemical industry, but environmental chemical risk in these countries is an emerging concern. Despite this, only a few native species that are representative of East Asian environments are listed as test species in international guidelines compared with those native to Europe and America. This review suggests that Zacco platypus, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, Hydrilla verticillata, Neocaridina denticulata spp., and Scenedesmus obliquus, all resident to East Asia, are promising test species for ecotoxicity tests. The utility of these five species in environmental risk assessment (ERA) varies depending on their individual traits and the state of ecotoxicity research, indicating a need for different applications of each species according to ERA objectives. Furthermore, the traits of these five species can complement each other when assessing chemical effects under diverse exposure scenarios, suggesting they can form a versatile battery for ERA. This review also analyzes recent trends in ecotoxicity studies and proposes emerging research issues, such as the application of alternative test methods, comparative studies using model species, the identification of specific markers for test species, and performance of toxicity tests under environmentally relevant conditions. The information provided on the utility of the five species and alternative issues in toxicity tests could assist in selecting test species suited to study objectives for more effective ERA.
Parabens, Triclosan and Bisphenol A in Surface Waters and Sediments of Baiyang Lake, China: Occurrence, Distribution, and Potential Risk Assessment
Authors: Fu Liguo , Sun Yaxue , Zhou Jingbo , Li Hongbo , Liang Shu-xuan
Published: December 2023

The extensive use of the parabens triclosan (TCS) and bisphenol A (BPA) has potential adverse effects on human health and aquatic organisms. However, their monitoring information in freshwater lakes is still limited. This study simultaneously summarized the concentrations, spatial distribution characteristics, and correlations of four types of parabens, TCS, and BPA in the surface water and sediment of Baiyang Lake. Finally, the potential risks of target pollutants were evaluated from two aspects: human health risks and ecological risks. The average contaminations of target compounds in surface water and sediment—BPA, TCS, and ∑4 parabens—was 33.1, 26.1, 0.7 ng/L and 24.5, 32.5, 2.5 ng/g, respectively. The total concentration of target compounds at the inlet of the upstream Fu River and Baigouyin River is significantly higher than that near Hunan and the outlet. In addition, Spearman’s correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between compounds. The health hazards of target compounds in surface water were all within safe limits. However, the risk quotient results indicate that in some locations in surface water, TCS poses a high risk to algae and a moderate risk to invertebrates and fish, and appropriate attention should be paid to these areas.
Assessing Heavy Metals in the Sele River Estuary: An Overview of Pollution Indices in Southern Italy
Authors: Di Duca Fabiana , Montuori Paolo , De Rosa Elvira , De Simone Bruna , Russo Immacolata , Nubi Raffaele , Triassi Maria
Published: January 2024

Rapid industrialization, coupled with a historical lack of understanding in toxicology, has led in an increase in estuary pollution, frequently resulting in unexpected environmental situations. Therefore, the occurrence of heavy metals (HMs) constitutes a major environmental issue, posing a serious risk both to aquatic ecosystems and public health. This study aimed to evaluate the levels of eight HMs (As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in water, suspended particles, and sediment near the Sele River estuary (Italy) in order to assess their environmental impacts on the sea and health risks for humans. The results revealed an increasing order of HM concentration according to the scheme suspended particulate matter (SPM) > sediment (SED) > dissolved phase (DP) and a moderate contamination status in sediment. The health risk assessment indicated that the non-carcinogenic risk was negligible. Carcinogenic risk, expressed as the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), was negligible for Cd and Ni and within tolerable limits for As, Pb, and Cr. The findings suggested that, even if there are currently no specific limits for chemical parameters in the transitional waters of Italy, monitoring systems should be implemented to determine pollution levels and implement effective steps to improve river water quality and reduce human health risks.
Poisoning from Ingestion of Fungus-Infected Cicada Nymphs: Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes of Patients in Thailand
Authors: Trakulsrichai Satariya , Satsue Nattapon , Tansuwannarat Phantakan , Krongvorakul Jatupon , Sueajai Jetjamnong , Santanirand Pitak , Wananukul Winai
Published: December 2023

The current data regarding poisoning associated with ingestion of fungus-infected cicada nymphs are limited. We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients who ingested fungus-infected cicada nymphs and were referred to the Ramathibodi Poison Center for consultation from June 2010 to June 2022. Thirty-nine patients were included for analysis. Most were men (53.8%). Mean age was 40.2 ± 15.0 years. All nymphs were ingested as a health/food supplement. Thirty-one patients (79.5%) reported gastrointestinal symptoms. Median time from ingestion to symptom onset was 5 h. Twenty-nine patients (74.4%) reported neurological symptoms, including tremor, myoclonus, muscle rigidity, nystagmus/ocular clonus, drowsiness, dysarthria, seizure, and confusion. Some complained of dizziness, urinary retention, and jaw stiffness. Most patients (94.9%) were admitted to the hospital. Median hospital stay was 3 days. Ibotenic acid was detected in the blood and urine samples of one patient. All received supportive care. Four patients developed infectious complications. No deaths occurred. Consuming fungus-infected cicada nymphs may cause poisoning in humans. Gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms were common. Ibotenic acid might be the underlying cause. The main treatment is supportive care and appropriate management of complications. Education of the general public is advocated to prevent the incidence of this type of poisoning.
Clinical Differences between SARS-CoV-2 and RSV Infections in Infants: Findings from a Case–Control Study
Authors: Miron Victor Daniel , Raianu Raluca-Oana , Filimon Claudiu , Craiu Mihai
Published: December 2023

Infants are a unique pediatric group due to their high hospitalization rates and unfavorable outcomes from acute infectious diseases. Understanding the clinical differences and aftereffects of SARS-CoV-2 in comparison to other prevalent viruses in this age group, like RSV, is crucial for effective management. We conducted a retrospective case–control study of infants hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in one year, in a tertiary pediatric hospital in Bucharest, Romania. A total of 188 infants were included in the analysis in a 1:1 ratio (94 with SARS-CoV-2 infection and 94 with RSV infection). Infants with COVID-19 were 10.2 times more likely to have fever (p < 0.001) and 2.4 times more likely to have diarrhea (p = 0.016). Conversely, infants with RSV were 2.5 times more likely to have a cough (p < 0.001), 3.0 times more likely to have nasal congestion (p < 0.001), and 14.7 times more likely to present with dyspnea (p < 0.001). Increased lymphocyte count was more common in infants with RSV (p = 0.008), while lymphopenia was more frequent in infants with SARS-CoV-2 (p = 0.011). The median length of hospital stay was one day longer in infants with RSV infection (5 days vs. 4 days). Overall, infants with RSV infection had a 27.3-fold increased risk of developing respiratory failure (p < 0.001), while infants with COVID-19 had a 5.8-fold increased risk of laryngitis (p = 0.003). Our findings suggest that infants with SARS-CoV-2 infection may present with polymorphic symptoms, mostly dominated by fever, whereas infants with RSV often present with respiratory symptoms. Laboratory differentiation between the two infections is challenging; therefore, the use of rapid antigen or molecular diagnostic tests is crucial for accurate diagnosis, epidemiologically appropriate measures, and effective management. Continued surveillance of both viruses in infants, and beyond, and the implementation of specific control measures are needed to mitigate their impact on this vulnerable pediatric group.
Transcriptome Analysis of LLC-PK Cells Single or Coinfected with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and Porcine Deltacoronavirus
Authors: Lu Yanzhen , Yu Ruiming , Tong Lixin , Zhang Liping , Zhang Zhongwang , Pan Li , Wang Yonglu , Guo Huichen , Hu Yonghao , Liu Xinsheng
Published: December 2023

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) are the two most prevalent swine enteric coronaviruses worldwide. They commonly cause natural coinfections, which worsen as the disease progresses and cause increased mortality in piglets. To better understand the transcriptomic changes after PEDV and PDCoV coinfection, we compared LLC porcine kidney (LLC-PK) cells infected with PEDV and/or PDCoV and evaluated the differential expression of genes by transcriptomic analysis and real-time qPCR. The antiviral efficacy of interferon-stimulated gene 20 (ISG20) against PDCoV and PEDV infections was also assessed. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in PEDV-, PDCoV-, and PEDV + PDCoV-infected cells at 6, 12, and 24 h post-infection (hpi), and at 24 hpi, the number of DEGs was the highest. Furthermore, changes in the expression of interferons, which are mainly related to apoptosis and activation of the host innate immune pathway, were found in the PEDV and PDCoV infection and coinfection groups. Additionally, 43 ISGs, including GBP2, IRF1, ISG20, and IFIT2, were upregulated during PEDV or PDCoV infection. Furthermore, we found that ISG20 significantly inhibited PEDV and PDCoV infection in LLC-PK cells. The transcriptomic profiles of cells coinfected with PEDV and PDCoV were reported, providing reference data for understanding the host response to PEDV and PDCoV coinfection.
Histopathological Aspects of the Influence of Babesia microti on the Placentas of Infected Female Rats
Authors: Jasik Krzysztof P. , Kleczka Anna , Franielczyk Aleksandra
Published: January 2024

Babesiosis is perceived mainly an animal disease; however, awareness that Babesia spp. parasites that can cause diseases in humans is increasing significantly. Babesiosis is spread by the bite of an infected tick (Ixodes spp.), but it can also be transmitted by transfusion of infected blood and from an infected mother to her child during pregnancy or childbirth. The parasites multiply in the bloodstream and destroy red blood cells. This study aimed to assess the influence of Babesia microti on the histological structure of the placenta. Histopathological material collected from pregnant rats infected with Babesia microti was used in the experiment. Microscopic images of the placentas were assessed by Mallory staining and by using methylene blue-stained semi-thin sections. In addition, FISH was used to detect parasite DNA. The presence of piroplasms in both maternal and fetal vessels was demonstrated. Babesia microti infection caused vacuolization of syncytioblasts and cytotrophoblasts, accumulation of collagen fibers in placental villi, and increased adhesion of erythrocytes to the vascular walls. These results indicate that Babesia may influence the course of pregnancy and invite further research on the mechanism of piroplasm penetration into cells.