bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transformative rural tourism strategies as tools for sustainable development in Transylvania, Romania: a case study of Sâncraiu
Authors: Gica Oana Adriana , Coros Monica Maria , Moisescu Ovidiu Ioan , Yallop Anca C.
Published: April 2021

Purpose

According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization, sustainable tourism is a form of tourism that meets the needs of present tourists and host regions, while protecting and enhancing the opportunity for the future. It aims at having a low impact upon the environment and local culture; generating income and employment; and ensuring the conservation of local ecosystems. This paper aims to examine the ways in which the development and promotion of a new tourism product based on unique rural heritage and traditions contribute to the development of sustainable tourism by relating the practices to the sustainable development goals (SDGs) 1, 8, 10, 11, 12 and 17.

Design/methodology/approach

Drawing on a literature review on the topic of sustainable rural tourism, this paper uses a case-study methodological approach and provides an example of a sustainable rural tourism destination from the North Western development region of Romania (Cluj County, Transylvania) to depict specific sustainable tourism practices. The study uses a comprehensive desk-research based on secondary data from key industry and academic sources.

Findings

The research findings show that sustainable rural tourism can greatly support the development of rural destination and makes a significant contribution to the sustainable development of the Romanian tourism industry, in general, and rural economies in particular, as shown in the case examined in the paper. Sâncraiu represents an example of sustainable tourism practices that contribute to poverty reduction (SDG1 – Target 1.A), provide decent work and ensure economic growth (SDG8 – Target 8.9), help reducing inequalities (SDG10 – Target 10.3), protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage (SDG 11 – Target 11.4), promote responsible consumption and production (SDG 21 – Target 12.b) and last but not least this destination demonstrates that development is only possible when partnerships are forged (SDG 17).

Social implications

This paper illustrates that fostering unique rural heritage and traditions can contribute to the sustainable development of destinations. Sustainable tourism practices contribute not only financially to a destination but also to its social infrastructures, jobs, nature conservation, adoption of new working practices and the revitalisation of passive and poor rural areas.

Originality/value

This paper examines and depicts sustainable rural tourism development as a transformative strategy contributing to the long-term viability of a rural destination. The research findings can be viewed as an example of good practice, which may be applicable to other geographic regions with similar contexts.
Sea temperature effects on depth use and habitat selection in a marine fish community
Authors: Freitas Carla , Villegas‐Ríos David , Moland Even , Olsen Esben Moland
Published: April 2021

Understanding the responses of aquatic animals to temperature variability is essential to predict impacts of future climate change and to inform conservation and management. Most ectotherms such as fish are expected to adjust their behaviour to avoid extreme temperatures and minimize acute changes in body temperature. In coastal Skagerrak, Norway, sea surface temperature (SST) ranges seasonally from 0 to over 20°C, representing a challenge to the fish community which includes cold‐, cool‐ and warm‐water affinity species.

By acoustically tracking 111 individuals of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua, pollack Pollachius pollachius and ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta in 2015–2018, we examined how coexisting species within a fish community adjusted their behaviour (i.e. vertical distribution in the water column and habitat selection) to cope with the thermal variation.

Mixed‐effect models showed that thermal preference was a main driver of behaviour and habitat use of the fish community in a southern Norwegian fjord. Cod used colder waters, compared with pollack and ballan wrasse. Increases in SST during summer were associated with the use of deeper, colder waters by cod, especially by larger individuals, and conversely with the occupancy of shallower areas by pollack and ballan wrasse. During winter, when SST dropped and the thermal stratification reversed, pollack and ballan wrasse moved to deeper, relatively warmer areas, while cod selected shallower, colder habitats. Although habitat selection was affected by temperature, species‐specific habitat selection was observed even when temperature was similar throughout habitats.

This study shows how cohabiting fish species respond to thermal heterogeneity, suggesting that (a) temperature regulates the access to the different depths and habitats and (b) behavioural plasticity may be an important factor for coping with temperature variability and potentially for adaptation to climate change.
Twenty Years on: The Impact and Legacy of the Private Finance Initiative in UK Schools
Authors: Granoulhac Françoise
Published: April 2021

Between 1998 and 2010 public private partnership models, of which the private finance initiative (PFI) was the best‐known and most widely used, became the favoured option to procure school buildings and facilities in the UK. This article looks at the multifaceted legacy of PFI from a threefold perspective: financial, educational and architectural. It highlights the long‐term effects of those schemes on schools and local authorities and the challenges arising from the burden of the debt and the nature of the contracts. Positive changes have been observed over time, but also a growing financialisation of school projects which has deepened an already sharp divide between the different stakeholders. Financial value has been prioritised over educational value in the management of contracts, while the procurement and construction method has had a clear impact on the quality of school buildings. Twenty years on, the PFI experience in education shows the persistent flaws of a system in which public authorities cannot fully exercise control over projects but have retained responsibility for the provision of quality learning environments.
Viscozyme L hydrolysis and Lactobacillus fermentation increase the phenolic compound content and antioxidant properties of aqueous solutions of quinoa pretreated by steaming with α‐amylase
Authors: Zhang Jigang , Li Maoye , Cheng Jianghua , Zhang Xinhong , Li Kexin , Li Bin , Wang Chuyan , Liu Xinmin
Published: April 2021

In this work, red quinoa was successively subjected to α‐amylase steaming, complex enzyme Viscozyme (R) L hydrolysis, and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation. The total phenolic compound content (TPC), flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant capacities of the solvent‐extractable (free) and bound fractions and the individual phenolic compounds released were determined. Compared to steaming with α‐amylase, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of quinoa resulted in approximately 82.6, 26.9, 36.3, and 45.2% increases in the TPC (the sum of free and bound fractions), TFC, DPPH, and ORAC values, respectively. HPLC‐QqQ‐MS/MS analysis showed that enzymolysis and fermentation increased the content of protocatechuic acid, catechin, procyanidin B2, and quercetin by 126.3, 101.9, 524, and 296.3%, respectively. Moreover, a major proportion of individual phenolic compounds existed as bound form. The results indicated that complex enzymatic hydrolysis and LAB fermentation were practical and useful to release promising polyphenols. This research provides a basis for the processing of quinoa beverages rich in phenolic compounds.

Practical Application

In this work, liquefying with α‐amylase, hydrolyzing with cellulolytic enzyme mixture, and fermenting with Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), successively, were exploited to process quinoa. This is an innovative method of quinoa processing to produce beverage products. Complex enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation with LAB can significantly enhance phenolic compound, especially protocatechuic acid, catechin, procyanidin B2, and quercetin. In additional, LAB fermentation is very beneficial to improve the antioxidant activity of quinoa. We also found that a major proportion of phenolic compounds existed as bound forms in quinoa.
Social and spatial patterns of two Afromontane crag lizards (Pseudocordylus spp.) in the Maloti‐Drakensberg Mountains, South Africa
Authors: Riley Julia L. , Baxter‐Gilbert James H. , Whiting Martin J.
Published: April 2021

Understanding the evolution of vertebrate sociality requires comparative data on social associations across the vertebrate phylogeny. In the case of group‐living lizards (i.e. species that live in stable social aggregations often associated with a shared resource), most work has focused on the Egerniinae in Australia, resulting in a taxonomic and geographic skew to our understanding of reptile sociality. The African cordylid lizards (Cordylidae) are also a promising system to study the evolution of sociality because grouping behaviour varies across the clade. Here, we studied the conspecific grouping behaviour of two crag lizards, Pseudocordylus langi and P. melanotus subviridis that occur at high elevations in the Maloti‐Drakensberg Mountains of South Africa. To better understand their social organisation and mating system, we also present data on their spatial distribution, sexual dimorphism, and bite force. Both Pseudocordylus spp. were sexually dimorphic in morphology (males had larger heads than females of similar body size), colouration (males were more colourful) and female P. langi had a weaker bite force than males. Both P. langi and P. m. subviridis were associated with rocky habitat on the mountainside (e.g. cliffs, rock buttresses, and rock outcrops) and both were spaced apart and rarely in groups (79% of P. langi and 90% of P. m. subviridis were observed alone). Based on our findings, we hypothesise that both Pseudocordylus spp. have a territorial social structure and a polygynous mating system. This novel natural history information about crag lizards supports the assertion that Cordylidae is another model system for examining the evolution of sociality.
Biliary tract exploration via left hepatic duct stump versus the common bile duct incision in left‐sided hepatolithiasis: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Li Rui , Shan Biaofeng , Tian Ke , Zhang Xiaoqiang , Xie Xiaohai
Published: April 2021

Background

Left lateral hepatic resection is the preferred surgical approach for treating left hepatolithiasis. However, it is not clear whether cholangioscopy via left hepatic duct (LHD) orifice can replace conventional common bile duct (CBD) approach during laparoscopic procedures.

Methods

We performed a comprehensive literature search by screening medical databases, then compared perioperative outcomes and occurrence of recurrent stones between LHD and CBD approaches.

Results

A total of five studies, comprising 345 patients, were included in this meta‐analysis. The reported operative times, intra‐operative blood loss and incidence of post‐operative complications were comparable between the approaches. Pooled results revealed a positive correlation between LHD approach with shorter length of hospital stay (standard mean difference = −1.36; 95% confidence interval: −2.10, −0.61; P < 0.001). Additionally, bile duct exploration via LHD orifice was associated with similar rate of recurrent stones and cholangitis across both groups.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrated that biliary tract exploration via LHD stump can be safely performed in left‐sided hepatolithiasis. Additionally, the LHD approach was associated with comparable intra‐operative outcomes and shorter post‐operative hospitalization relative to CBD approach, and does not increase incidence of stone recurrence.
Latent profiles and transition of perceived parental control and their relationship with the psychosocial well‐being among rural‐to‐urban migrant adolescents
Authors: Li Xiaoyan , Su Shaobing , Xiao Jiale , Zhang Yiru , Lin Danhua
Published: April 2021

The present study examined what, if any, patterns of parental control are associated with multiple indicators of psychosocial well‐being and whether changes in these patterns over time predict subsequent psychosocial well‐being. Latent profile analyses and latent transition analyses were applied to identify subgroups of parental control and transitions of these patterns over time among rural‐to‐urban migrant adolescents who participated in two waves of surveys with 6‐month interval in 2014 (NT1 = 660, NT2 = 553). Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to explore their relationship with psychosocial well‐being. Four latent profiles were identified based on levels of parental control at wave 1 and wave 2, respectively. The high psychological and behavioral control (HPHB) group was associated with worse psychosocial well‐being whereas the low psychological control and high behavioral control (LPHB) group exhibited opposite relationships. Six transitioning groups were identified: “stably low‐risk” (14.92%), “stably medium‐risk” (7.37%), “stably high‐risk” (24.49%), “floating LPHB” (26.52%), “high‐decreasing” (15.10%), and “low‐increasing” (11.60%) groups. The “stably high‐risk” and “low‐increasing” groups showed a higher risk in psychosocial well‐being. Youth exhibiting higher risks of parental control (i.e. individuals in HPHB groups and higher‐risk transition patterns over time) should prioritize for interventions and services.
Stickin’ it to the man: The geographies of protest stickers
Authors: Awcock Hannah
Published: April 2021

Stickers are a frequent sight on city streets, adorning street furniture and walls around the world. They serve a range of purposes, including advertising, graffiti, and street art. Many stickers, however, are dedicated to resistance; they promote protest marches or rallies, radical or subversive opinions, and protest groups and social movements. Small, self‐adhesive pieces of paper, vinyl, or plastic, protest stickers range from the hand drawn to the professionally printed. Cheap to produce and easy to distribute, they are a common tactic in the repertoires of activists across the Global North. Despite their ubiquity, protest stickers have been overlooked by academics from across the social sciences and humanities. Using methodologies connected to both material and visual cultures, this paper utilises analysis of an archive of more than 5,000 photographs of protest stickers taken over six years in 53 locations to argue that protest stickers should be significant tools in attempts to understand the geographies of resistance, public space, and the right to the city. This paper explores what protest stickers are, the purposes they serve, how they communicate their messages, where they are located, and how they circulate. Finally, I propose a future research agenda including four key areas that should be pursued in order to better understand the relationships between protest stickers, public space, and the geographies of resistance.
Entangled bodies and visual ethnographies: Encounters in more‐than‐human worlds
Authors: Lobo Michele , Kindo Sara
Published: April 2021

In this special section we ask the question: “How can visual ethnographies that focus on sensory inhabitations of place make us attentive to diverse worlds?”
“Never Hire Those—!” Hiring stigma in Turkish organizations: An exploratory sequential mixed methods approach
Authors: Sever Melih , Özdemir Seyhan
Published: April 2021

This mixed method study aims to analyze how stigma and discrimination operate in hiring processes. Although numerous studies address hiring stigma, extensive research and multiple factor measures in the Turkish and broader context are lacking. We employed an exploratory sequential mixed method design in this three‐phase study (N = 423). Phase I was to analyze interviews from 23 employers/human resource managers in different sectors. Phase II was to develop a scale using findings to measure hiring stigma and to validate the scale, which is composed of 5 dimensions (people with criminal records, problematic alcohol and other drug use, disabilities, minority and/or nonconforming, and refugees) and 17 items. We then tested for discriminant and convergent validity on a different sample. Phase III was to administer the developed scale to a different sample in order to test factor analysis. Findings suggest that the hiring stigma scale is a valid and reliable measure and employers mostly stigmatize people with problematic use of alcohol and other drugs, people with criminal records, and refugees. We suggest organizing workshops, such as diversity trainings to increase awareness about stigmatizing attitudes of employers. Antidiscriminatory legislation should protect not only those with disabilities, but also other stigmatized groups at the state level.
High risk of relapse with intermediate dose cytarabine for consolidation in young favourable‐risk acute myeloid leukaemia patients following induction with 7+3: a retrospective multicentre analysis and critical review of the literature
Authors: Kolla Bhaskar C. , Halim Nurul A. A. , Cao Qing , Sachs Zohar , Warlick Erica , Weisdorf Daniel , Ho Aloysius Y. L. , Chuan Wong G. , Lao Zhentang , He Fiona
Published: April 2021

Following the 2017 European LeukemiaNet (ELN) guidelines, we changed our practice from using high‐dose cytarabine (HIDAC‐3 g/m2 q12h‐D1,3,5) to intermediate‐dose cytarabine (IDAC‐1·5 g/m2 q12h‐D1,3,5/D1–3) for consolidation in young(<60 years) favourable‐risk acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patients. We assessed the clinical impact of this practice change. Of 80 patients, 51 received HIDAC prior to the protocol change, and subsequently, 29 received IDAC. The three‐year risk of relapse was significantly higher with IDAC [61%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 40–82] compared with HIDAC (22%; 10–34), P < 0·01. Our findings suggest HIDAC, rather than IDAC, is the preferred dose for single‐agent cytarabine consolidation in young, favourable‐risk AML following 7+3 induction.
Clinical management among individuals with variant of uncertain significance in hereditary cancer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Makhnoon Sukh , Bednar Erica M. , Krause Kate J. , Peterson Susan K. , Lopez‐Olivo Maria A.
Published: April 2021

Improper medical use of variant of uncertain significance (VUS) remains a concern in hereditary cancer genetic testing. The goal of this study was to assess the association between pathogenic and likely pathogenic (P/LP), VUS, and benign and likely benign (B/LB) genetic test results and cancer‐related surgical and screening management. Systematic searches of Medline, Embase, EBSCO CINAHL Plus, and PsycINFO were conducted from 1946 to August 26, 2020. Eligible studies included individuals with cancer genetic test result and surgical or screening management outcomes. We reviewed 885 abstracts and 22 studies that reported relevant surgical and screening outcomes were included. Meta‐analysis revealed significantly higher surgical rates among individuals with P/LP than among those with VUS for therapeutic mastectomy with contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (OR = 7.35, 95% CI, 4.14–13.64), prophylactic mastectomy (OR = 3.05, 95% CI, 1.5–6.19), and oophorectomy (OR = 6.46, 95% CI, 3.64–11.44). There were no significant differences in therapeutic mastectomy, or breast conservation or lumpectomy rates between individuals with P/LP and VUS, or in any outcomes between patients with VUS and B/LB. Studies evaluating screening outcomes were limited, and results were conflicting. Comprehensive analysis do not indicate that a significant number of individuals with VUS results undergo inappropriate clinical management.
Erythritol airpolishing in the non‐surgical treatment of peri‐implantitis: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Hentenaar Diederik F. M. , De Waal Yvonne C. M. , Stewart Roy E. , Van Winkelhoff Arie Jan , Meijer Henny J. A. , Raghoebar Gerry M.
Published: April 2021

Objectives

To compare erythritol air polishing with piezoelectric ultrasonic scaling in the non‐surgical treatment of peri‐implantitis.

Material and methods

Eighty patients (n = 139 implants) with peri‐implantitis (probing pocket depth (PPD) ≥5 mm, marginal bone loss (MBL) ≥2 mm as compared to bone level at implant placement, bleeding, and/or suppuration on probing (BoP/SoP)) were randomly allocated to air polishing or ultrasonic treatment. The primary outcome was mean BoP (%) at 3 months after therapy (T3). Secondary outcomes were mean SoP (%), plaque score (Plq) (%), PPD (mm), MBL (mm), full mouth periodontal scores (FMPS) (%), levels of 8 classical periodontal pathogens, and treatment pain/discomfort (Visual Analog Scale, VAS). Patients who were considered successful at T3 were additionally assessed at 6, 9, and 12 months. Differences between both groups were analyzed using multilevel statistics.

Results

Three months after therapy, no significant difference in mean BoP (%) between the air polishing and ultrasonic therapy was found (crude analysis β (95% CI) −0.037 (−0.147; 0.073), p = .380). Neither secondary outcomes SoP (%), Plq (%), PPD (mm), MBL (mm), FMPS (%), and periodontal pathogens showed significant differences. Treatment pain/discomfort was low in both groups (VAS score airpolishing group 2.1 (±1.9), ultrasonic 2.6 (±1.9); p = .222). All successfully treated patients at T3 (18.4%) were still considered successful at 12‐month follow‐up.

Conclusions

Erythritol air polishing seems as effective as piezoelectric ultrasonic scaling in the non‐surgical treatment of peri‐implantitis, in terms of clinical, radiographical, and microbiological parameters. However, neither of the proposed therapies effectively resolved peri‐implantitis. Hence, the majority of patients required further surgical treatment.
The Editing Density of Moving Images Influences Viewers’ Time Perception: The Mediating Role of Eye Movements
Authors: Balzarotti Stefania , Cavaletti Federica , D'Aloia Adriano , Colombo Barbara , Cardani Elisa , Ciceri Maria Rita , Antonietti Alessandro , Eugeni Ruggero
Published: April 2021

The present study examined whether cinematographic editing density affects viewers’ perception of time. As a second aim, based on embodied models that conceive time perception as strictly connected to the movement, we tested the hypothesis that the editing density of moving images also affects viewers’ eye movements and that these later mediate the effect of editing density on viewers’ temporal judgments. Seventy participants watched nine video clips edited by manipulating the number of cuts (slow‐ and fast‐paced editing against a master shot, unedited condition). For each editing density, multiple video clips were created, representing three different kinds of routine actions. The participants’ eye movements were recorded while watching the video, and the participants were asked to report duration judgments and subjective passage of time judgments after watching each clip. The results showed that participants subjectively perceived that time flew more while watching fast‐paced edited videos than slow‐paced or unedited videos; by contrast, concerning duration judgments, participants overestimated the duration of fast‐paced videos compared to the master‐shot videos. Both the slow‐ and the fast‐paced editing generated shorter fixations than the master shot, and the fast‐paced editing led to shorter fixations than the slow‐paced editing. Finally, compared to the unedited condition, editing led to an overestimation of durations through increased eye mobility. These findings suggest that the editing density of moving images by increasing the number of cuts effectively altered viewers’ experience of time and add further evidence to prior research showing that performed eye movement is associated with temporal judgments.
Per‐rectal portal scintigraphy as an alternative measure of hepatic venous pressure gradient in chronic liver disease: A preliminary report
Authors: Kotani Kohei , Uchida‐Kobayashi Sawako , Yamamoto Akira , Kawamura Etsushi , Enomoto Masaru , Higashiyama Shigeaki , Kawabe Joji , Shiomi Susumu , Tamori Akihiro , Kawada Norifumi
Published: April 2021

Aim

Hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) measurement is a gold standard for the diagnosis of portal hypertension but can be invasive and difficult to conduct. Per‐rectal portal scintigraphy (PRPS) can estimate portal haemodynamics noninvasively. However, no report to date has examined the association between HVPG and PRPS in patients with chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis.

Methods

This single‐centre study included a total of 21 patients with chronic liver disease who underwent HVPG measurement and PRPS. For PRPS, the transit times from injection of the radiotracer to its inflow into the liver (TTL) and heart (TTH) were set and the time difference between TTL and TTH (TDLH) was calculated, while the shunt index (SI) was measured.

Results

Cirrhosis was observed in 18 cases (86%), and the median HVPG was 13 mmHg. HVPG (p = 0.028), TTL (p = 0.018), TDLH (p = 0.003) and SI (p = 0.033) were higher in patients with oesophageal varices (EV). Considering the diagnostic ability for EV, the area under the curve was 0.88 for TDLH and 0.80 for HVPG. TDLH was significantly correlated with the risk of EV rupture (p = 0.004).

Conclusion

Patients with chronic liver disease should undergo upper gastrointestinal endoscopy when the TDLH is high.
Field trials of synthetic sex attractants of Illiberis pruni in China
Authors: Liu Hongxia , Xu Shengli , Dou Rui , Wang Yang , Jing Xiaoyuan , Liu Jinlong , Wang Jifei , Wang Zhiling , Zhang Jintong
Published: April 2021

The objective of this work was to determine the best conditions for the use of synthetic sex attractants to monitor Illiberis pruni Dyar (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae) in the Helan Mountain National Nature Reserve, Ningxia, China. Traps with binary blends of 2‐butyl (7Z)‐dodecanoate (300 µg) and 2‐butyl (9Z)‐tetradecanoate (300 µg) at a ratio of 1:1 caught the most moths. Catches were significantly different across 5–45 m inter‐trap distances; the optimal trapping radius was 25 m. Trap height did not affect catches. The slope aspect, temperature, and humidity significantly influenced catches. More moths were caught as temperatures increased and relative humidity decreased. Traps placed on shady slopes caught significantly more moths than did traps placed on sunny slopes. This study elucidates how various factors influence the effectiveness of traps. The implications of these findings could facilitate safer and more environmentally friendly in situ management of I. pruni.
Plagues, wars, political change, and fiscal capacity: late medieval and Renaissance Siena, 1337–1556†
Authors: Fochesato Mattia
Published: April 2021

After the 1348 Black Death, the Republic of Siena went through a period of recurrent plagues, military threats, and famines. During this phase the city moved from the oligarchic system to a coalition formed by the participation of social groups previously excluded from politics, an institutional path almost unique among contemporary Italian states. Did the city maintain its fiscal capacity, and, if so, how? These questions are addressed using a quantitative analysis of a new dataset compiled from the fiscal archives of the city of Siena, which shows two main results. First, despite the increasing external threats, the coalitions were able to maintain fiscal capacity until the second half of the fifteenth century. Second, they did so by adopting progressive fiscal instruments that allowed the city to raise the resources needed to deal with increasing fiscal pressure. However, these instruments ultimately linked the fiscal capacity of Siena to the economic trends of northern and central Italy. When in the second half of the fifteenth century the region entered into an economic downturn, the fiscal capacity of Siena plummeted and the city lost its independence.
On the transcendental structure of Iris Murdoch's philosophical method
Authors: Jordan Jessy
Published: April 2021

Recent scholarship has focused on the provocative suggestion that there is a deep unity linking the philosophical projects of Iris Murdoch, Elizabeth Anscombe, Philippa Foot, and Mary Midgley. In addition to providing scholars with the opportunity to consider what these four shared, the unanimity story also offers an occasion to reflect on what is distinctive about each. Whereas Anscombe, Foot, and Midgley each turn to broadly Aristotelian resources for developing an alternative to the dominant non‐cognitivism of their day, Murdoch turns to Platonic ones. The nature of Murdoch's Platonism, however, is not always well understood and has been identified as a “recurring question.” This paper aims to contribute to the ongoing attempt to understand Murdoch's distinctive, Platonic alternative to the ethical non‐cognitivism of her day. I contend that Murdoch's philosophical method, especially its transcendental elements, is an unexplored resource for better understanding the character of her Platonism as a modest one.
A cross‐sectional survey of the diagnosis and treatment of distal limb cellulitis in horses by veterinary surgeons in the United Kingdom
Authors: Braid H. R. , Ireland J. L.
Published: April 2021

Background

Cellulitis is a commonly recognised condition in first opinion equine practice yet there is little published information regarding its diagnosis, treatment and management.

Objectives

To describe current approaches of veterinary surgeons working in the United Kingdom (UK) to the diagnosis, treatment and management of distal limb cellulitis in horses.

Study design

Cross‐sectional survey.

Methods

An online questionnaire was distributed via email and social media sites for a period of 12 weeks. Descriptive statistics were produced and chi‐square or Fisher’s exact tests were used to assess associations between categorical variables, with critical probability set at 0.05.

Results

Distal limb cellulitis is frequently encountered in the UK, with 83.5% (n = 224/268) of respondents having treated >5 cases in the preceding 12 months. Diagnosis was predominantly made based on clinical signs alone (89.2%; n = 239/268). The majority of respondents (95.5%; n = 256/268) treated cases with nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and antimicrobials. Phenylbutazone (93.8%; n = 240/256) and trimethoprim sulphonamide (TMPS) (72.3%; n = 185/256) were most frequently prescribed and 61.7% (n = 148/240) of respondents prescribed these drugs in combination. Duration of treatment was most frequently five days for NSAIDs (33.5%; n = 64/191), TMPS (84.4%; n = 119/141) and doxycycline (62.5%; n = 25/40), the longest prescribed duration of any treatments being 10 days. Corticosteroids were administered by 41.0% of respondents (n = 110/268). Management recommendations included cold hosing/ice packing of the affected limb (79.4%; n = 212/267) with light exercise (turnout or hand walking) if the horse was comfortable enough to do so (97.4%; n = 260/267).

Main limitations

Small sample size (n = 268) and low level of item omission for a small number of questions.

Conclusions

Cellulitis is common in the UK and is usually treated with NSAIDs and antimicrobials for 5–10 days, plus cold hosing and light exercise. Further study on the topics of diagnosis and treatment, with particular emphasis on the aetiology and necessity of antimicrobials, is warranted.
Epigenetic and metabolic interplay in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Pacella Gina , Capell Brian C.
Published: April 2021

With the ageing of the population and increased levels of recreational sun exposure and immunosuppression, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), is both an enormous and expanding clinical and economic issue. Despite advances in therapy, up to 5000–8000 people are estimated to die every year from cSCC in the U.S., highlighting the need for both better prevention and treatments. Two emerging areas of scientific discovery that may offer new therapeutic approaches for cSCC are epigenetics and metabolism. Importantly, these disciplines display extensive crosstalk, with metabolic inputs contributing to the chromatin landscape, while the dynamic epigenome shapes transcriptional and cellular responses that feedback into cellular metabolism. Recent evidence suggests that indeed, epigenetic and metabolic dysregulation may be critical contributors to cSCC pathogenesis. Here, we synthesize the latest findings from these fast‐moving fields, including how they may drive cSCC, yet also be harnessed for therapy.
Nonresidential Father Psychological Support and Offspring Physical Health Perceptions 15‐Years After Parental Divorce
Authors: Luecken Linda J. , Ibrahim Mariam Hanna , Jewell Shannon L. , Somers Jennifer A. , Wolchik Sharlene A. , Sandler Irwin N.
Published: April 2021

We evaluated the long‐term impact of father supportive behaviors post‐divorce on youth physical health perceptions, mediated through youth's protective resources. Youth (N = 240; 49% female, 88% Caucasian) reported on father supportive behaviors post‐divorce four times (between ages 9–12), protective resources once (age 15–19), and perceptions of physical health at age 24–28. Higher father support behaviors predicted more protective resources in adolescence which predicted better perceived health in young adulthood. Father support post‐divorce can have long‐term benefits for offspring health by promoting child‐level protective resources.
Mechanisms of viral persistence in the brain and therapeutic approaches
Authors: Nath Avindra , Johnson Tory P.
Published: April 2021

There is growing recognition of the diversity of viruses that can infect the cells of the central nervous system (CNS). While the majority of CNS infections are successfully cleared by the immune response, some viral infections persist in the CNS. As opposed to resolved infections, persistent viruses can contribute to ongoing tissue damage and neuroinflammatory processes. In this manuscript, we provide an overview of the current understanding of factors that lead to viral persistence in the CNS including how viruses enter the brain, how these pathogens evade antiviral immune system responses, and how viruses survive and transmit within the CNS. Further, as the CNS may serve as a unique viral reservoir, we examine the ways in which persistent viruses in the CNS are being targeted therapeutically.
Interneuron development and dysfunction
Authors: Yang Jiaxin , Yang Xiong , Tang Ke
Published: April 2021

Understanding excitation and inhibition balance in the brain begins with the tale of two basic types of neurons, glutamatergic projection neurons and GABAergic interneurons. The diversity of cortical interneurons is contributed by multiple origins in the ventral forebrain, various tangential migration routes, and complicated regulations of intrinsic factors, extrinsic signals, and activities. Abnormalities of interneuron development lead to dysfunction of interneurons and inhibitory circuits, which are highly associated with neurodevelopmental disorders including schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, and intellectual disability. In this review, we mainly discuss recent findings on the development of cortical interneuron and on neurodevelopmental disorders related to interneuron dysfunction.
Seagrass (Halophila stipulacea) invasion enhances carbon sequestration in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Wesselmann Marlene , Geraldi Nathan R. , Duarte Carlos M. , Garcia‐Orellana Jordi , Díaz‐Rúa Rubén , Arias‐Ortiz Ariane , Hendriks Iris E. , Apostolaki Eugenia T. , Marbà Núria
Published: April 2021

The introduction and establishment of exotic species often result in significant changes in recipient communities and their associated ecosystem services. However, usually the magnitude and direction of the changes are difficult to quantify because there is no pre‐introduction data. Specifically, little is known about the effect of marine exotic macrophytes on organic carbon sequestration and storage. Here, we combine dating sediment cores (210Pb) with sediment eDNA fingerprinting to reconstruct the chronology of pre‐ and post‐arrival of the Red Sea seagrass Halophila stipulacea spreading into the Eastern Mediterranean native seagrass meadows. We then compare sediment organic carbon storage and burial rates before and after the arrival of H. stipulacea and between exotic (H. stipulacea) and native (C. nodosa and P. oceanica) meadows since the time of arrival following a Before‐After‐Control‐Impact (BACI) approach. This analysis revealed that H. stipulacea arrived at the areas of study in Limassol (Cyprus) and West Crete (Greece) in the 1930s and 1970s, respectively. Average sediment organic carbon after the arrival of H. stipulacea to the sites increased in the exotic meadows twofold, from 8.4 ± 2.5 g Corg m−2 year−1 to 14.7 ± 3.6 g Corg m−2 year−1, and, since then, burial rates in the exotic seagrass meadows were higher than in native ones of Cymodocea nodosa and Posidonia oceanica. Carbon isotopic data indicated a 50% increase of the seagrass contribution to the total sediment Corg pool since the arrival of H. stipulacea. Our results demonstrate that the invasion of H. stipulacea may play an important role in maintaining the blue carbon sink capacity in the future warmer Mediterranean Sea, by developing new carbon sinks in bare sediments and colonizing areas previously occupied by the colder thermal affinity P. oceanica.
Quantifying high‐temperature stress on soybean canopy photosynthesis: The unique role of sun‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence
Authors: Kimm Hyungsuk , Guan Kaiyu , Burroughs Charles H. , Peng Bin , Ainsworth Elizabeth A. , Bernacchi Carl J. , Moore Caitlin E. , Kumagai Etsushi , Yang Xi , Berry Joseph A. , Wu Genghong
Published: April 2021

High temperature and accompanying high vapor pressure deficit often stress plants without causing distinctive changes in plant canopy structure and consequential spectral signatures. Sun‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), because of its mechanistic link with photosynthesis, may better detect such stress than remote sensing techniques relying on spectral reflectance signatures of canopy structural changes. However, our understanding about physiological mechanisms of SIF and its unique potential for physiological stress detection remains less clear. In this study, we measured SIF at a high‐temperature experiment, Temperature Free‐Air Controlled Enhancement, to explore the potential of SIF for physiological investigations. The experiment provided a gradient of soybean canopy temperature with 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0°C above the ambient canopy temperature in the open field environments. SIF yield, which is normalized by incident radiation and the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation, showed a high correlation with photosynthetic light use efficiency (r = 0.89) and captured dynamic plant responses to high‐temperature conditions. SIF yield was affected by canopy structural and plant physiological changes associated with high‐temperature stress (partial correlation r = 0.60 and −0.23). Near‐infrared reflectance of vegetation, only affected by canopy structural changes, was used to minimize the canopy structural impact on SIF yield and to retrieve physiological SIF yield (ΦF) signals. ΦF further excludes the canopy structural impact than SIF yield and indicates plant physiological variability, and we found that ΦF outperformed SIF yield in responding to physiological stress (r = −0.37). Our findings highlight that ΦF sensitively responded to the physiological downregulation of soybean gross primary productivity under high temperature. ΦF, if reliably derived from satellite SIF, can support monitoring regional crop growth and different ecosystems' vegetation productivity under environmental stress and climate change.
Linking climate niches across seasons to assess population vulnerability in a migratory bird
Authors: Ruegg Kristen , Anderson Eric C. , Somveille Marius , Bay Rachael A. , Whitfield Mary , Paxton Eben H. , Smith Thomas B.
Published: April 2021

Global loss of biodiversity has placed new urgency on the need to understand factors regulating species response to rapid environmental change. While specialists are often less resilient to rapid environmental change than generalists, species‐level analyses may obscure the extent of specialization when locally adapted populations vary in climate tolerances. Until recently, quantification of the degree of climate specialization in migratory birds below the species level was hindered by a lack of genomic and tracking information, but recent technological advances have helped to overcome these barriers. Here we take a genome‐wide genetic approach to mapping population‐specific migratory routes and quantifying niche breadth within genetically distinct populations of a migratory bird, the willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii), which exhibits variation in the severity of population declines across its breeding range. While our sample size is restricted to the number of genetically distinct populations within the species, our results support the idea that locally adapted populations of the willow flycatcher with narrow climatic niches across seasons are already federally listed as endangered or in steep decline, while populations with broader climatic niches have remained stable in recent decades. Overall, this work highlights the value of quantifying niche breadth within genetically distinct groups across time and space when attempting to understand the factors that facilitate or constrain the response of locally adapted populations to rapid environmental change.
The Indian Ocean Dipole and El Niño Southern Oscillation as major drivers of coral cover on shallow reefs in the Andaman Sea
Authors: Dunne Richard P. , Brown Barbara E. , Phongsuwan Niphon , Putchim Lalita
Published: April 2021

Shallow reefs are a major feature of coral assemblages in the Andaman Sea. At Phuket, Thailand sheltered reefs are dominated by massive corals, together with an increasing abundance of branching species during favourable growth conditions. The growth of coral on these reefs is moderated by long‐term increases in sea temperature and relative sea level but fluctuating decadal/intradecadal climate processes of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), which modulate sea level and temperature, are the main drivers of coral cover. In this study, the contribution of these two climate processes was identified and also quantified. Over a 34‐year study of fluctuating coral cover, the three major reductions in cover in 1997, 2010 and 2019 were linked to overlapping positive IOD (pIOD) and El Niños in 1997 and 2019, and with an El Niño alone in 2010. Combined pIOD and El Niño depressed sea level was the major factor in reducing cover in 1997 while El Niño extreme sea temperatures were responsible for large reductions in 2010. In 2019, a bi‐phasic pIOD and El Niño resulted in lowered cover at a time of both decreased sea level and high sea temperature. Under global warming scenarios, it is projected that extreme pIODs, such as those seen in 1997 and 2019, will occur more frequently while El Niño frequencies will continue to increase even after global mean temperature stabilization. In these circumstances, and with steadily rising background sea temperatures, the future risks to the shallow reefs of the Andaman Sea are substantial, despite any temporary respite gained from climate related or land subsidence sea‐level rise. Such findings have wider implications for all reefs affected by climatic‐driven sea‐level depressions, particularly those around Indonesian shores where similar El‐Niño‐related reductions in coral cover have been reported.
Lactobacillus rhamnosus JB3 inhibits Helicobacter pylori infection through multiple molecular actions
Authors: Do Anh Duy , Chang Chun‐Chi , Su Chiu‐Hsian , Hsu Yuan‐Man
Published: April 2021

Background

Eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection is the most direct and effective way for preventing gastric cancer. Lactic acid bacteria are considered as alternative therapeutic agents against H. pylori infection.

Methods

Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus JB3 (LR‐JB3) on the virulence gene expression of H. pylori and infection‐induced cellular responses of AGS cells were investigated by co‐cultivating infected AGS cells with different multiplicity of infections (MOIs) of LR‐JB3.

Results

LR‐JB3, specifically at a MOI of 25, suppressed the association ability of H. pylori and its induced IL‐8 levels, as well as the mRNA levels of vacA, sabA, and fucT of H. pylori, infection‐induced Lewis (Le)x antigen and Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) expressions in AGS cells. However, the apoptosis mediated by infection was inhibited by LR‐JB3 in a dose‐dependent manner. In addition, autoinducer (AI)‐2 was observed to have increased the association ability and fucT expression of H. pylori, and Lex antigen and TLR4 expression of AGS cells. Interestingly, an unknown bioactive cue was hypothesized to have been secreted from LR‐JB3 at a MOI of 25 to act as an antagonist of AI‐2.

Conclusions

LR‐JB3 possesses various means to interfere with H. pylori pathogenesis and infection‐induced cellular responses of AGS cells to fight against infection.
Identification of the source caldera for the Middle Miocene ash‐flow tuffs in the Kii Peninsula based on apatite trace‐element composition
Authors: Takashima Reishi , Hoshi Hiroyuki , Wada Yutaka , Shinjoe Hironao
Published: April 2021

A large caldera cluster consisting of at least four calderas (Omine, Odai, Kumano‐North and Kumano calderas) existed in the central–southern part of the Kii Peninsula approximately 14–15 Ma. On the other hand, thick Middle Miocene ash‐flow tuffs, referred to as the Muro Ash‐flow Tuff and the Sekibutsu Tuff Member, are distributed in the northern part of the Kii Peninsula. Although these tuffs are considered to have erupted from the caldera cluster in the central‐southern Kii Peninsula, identifying the source caldera in the cluster has been controversial because of similarities in the petrological characteristics and identical radiometric ages of the volcaniclastic rocks of these calderas. We successfully discriminated the characteristics of the eruptive products of each caldera in the caldera cluster based on the apatite trace‐element compositions of the pyroclastic dikes and ash‐flow tuffs of the calderas. We also demonstrated that the source caldera of at least the lower main part of the Muro Ash‐flow Tuff and the Sekibutsu Tuff Member was the Odai Caldera, which is located in the central Kii Peninsula. Our findings show possible correlations among the pyroclastic conduits and ash‐flow tuffs of the caldera‐fill and/or outflow deposits, even in cases where they have been densely welded and diagenetically altered. This method is useful for the study of deeply eroded ancient calderas.
A penny saved is a penny earned: How money‐view and self‐view jointly influence consumer financial behaviour
Authors: Kim Min Jung , Huang Yanliu , Chen Haipeng (Allan)
Published: April 2021

The prior literature suggests that money offers symbolic or exchange values, thereby directly or indirectly motivating behaviours (i.e., money as a direct or an indirect behavioural incentive). Building on this distinction, the current research argues that the way consumers perceive the value of money (i.e., money‐view) affects their preferences for financial strategies in enhancing their financial positions. Specifically, our finding shows that consumers tend to prefer financial strategies that focus on financial gains (vs. losses) when they perceive money as a direct (vs. indirect) behavioural incentive (Study 1). We further show that consumers are more motivated to enhance their financial positions, that is, have a higher hypothetical savings rate (Study 2) or a higher self‐reported savings rate (Study 3), when there is a fit between their preferences for financial strategies predicted by their money‐views (e.g., direct or indirect) and by their self‐views (e.g., independent or interdependent). This research contributes to existing knowledge on the psychology of money as well as consumer financial behaviour. Practically, the results offer valuable guidance in the development of more effective personal finance management.