bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of 3 Insecticides for Aphid Control on Cotton—Northeast Mississippi Location, 1989
Authors: Grant Robert R. , Reed Jack T.
Published: March 2022

The efficacy of 3 insecticides was evaluated in non-irrigated cotton planted 8 May at the Northeast Mississippi Branch Experiment Station, Verona, MS. Plots were 8 rows wide (40 inch centers) by 50 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to the center 4 rows by a high clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed-air plot spray system calibrated for 8 gal/acre at 4 mph using 3 TX-3 nozzles/row with the outside nozzles on 13 inch drops. Applications were made on 11 and 17 Aug. Prior to the test, the plots received applications of organophosphorus insecticide for early season thrips and for boll weevil control. Aphids were counted in each plot on each of 10 leaves picked at random from 2 levels of the plant; the third or fourth fully expanded leaf below the terminal, and a leaf arising from the mainstem approximately Vs of the plant height down the plant from the terminal. Leaves were collected in the field and transported to the laboratory in plastic bags to count aphids. All data were collected from the center 2 rows.
Evaluation of Insect Growth Regulators for Leafroller Control, 1989
Authors: Hull L. A. , Barrett B. A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to single-tree plots (mixed cultivars) arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Each plot was surrounded by an adjacent single-tree plot that was treated twice during each brood with a combination of Lannate 1.8 L plus Asana XL to prevent TABM larvae from dispersing onto the treated trees. The trees were planted to a spacing of 18 × 24 ft. Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer, 35 gal/min pump, equipped with a handgun to thoroughly wet the trees. Approximately 5.4 gal of spray was applied/replicate tree (ca. 540 gal/acre). Dates of application were 8 and 19 Jun, 1, 14 and 22 Aug. During the experiment, general maintenance sprays of fungicides Rubigan and Dithane M-45 and calcium chloride as well as 1 complete spray (17 Jul) of Vydate 2 L plus Omite 30 W (for mite control) were applied to all plots. Effectiveness of chemicals on the tufted apple bud moth was assessed counting the number of shelters observed in a 5 min observation/tree and by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and one picked sample of 150 apples/tree on 13 Sep. Apple samples averaged 192 apples/tree, 768 apples/treatment. Pest pressure was heavy.
Larvicide Trials, 1989
Authors: Hopkins S. W. , Hopkins H. B. , Pickel S. L. , Benedict J. H.
Published: March 2022

A laboratory study was conducted in Portland, TX, to measure the efficacy of binary mixtures combining Orthene and 3 pyrethroids against cypermethrin-susceptible (S) and -resistant (R) 3rd instar TBW (from ICI Americas). Treatments were compared in 1-row by 20-ft plots of commercially grown cotton and applied with a CO2-pressurized (40 psi) backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 4.4 gal/acre through 2 size 3X hollow-cone nozzles/row. Within 2-h following application of treatments, 160 leaves, less than 50-mm in diameter, were removed from plants in each treatment and placed individually into 50-mm Petri dishes containing moistened filter paper. The dishes were transported to the laboratory and one 3rd instar TBW was placed in each dish on the leaf and covered with the petri dish lid. The larvae were held for 48 h in the laboratory, then inspected for live or dead larvae. The percent of leaf eaten was rated for each larva. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a completely randomized design. A replicate consisted of 40—80 larvae.
Soybean Looper Control, Test 2, 1989
Authors: Felland C. M. , Pitre H. N.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides and insecticide mixtures for control of soybean looper were evaluated in Holmes County, MS, in a commercial field of maturity group V soybean planted on 26 May in 40-inch row spacing. The soybean was in the R6 growth stage, with mean height of 38 inches and closed canopy, and had not received prior insecticide applications. Treatments were 4 rows × 50 ft with 4 replications. The insecticides were applied between 5°7 p.m. on 11 Sep using a hand-held compressed-air sprayer and cone spray pattern at 30 psi in a total volume of 10 gallons of water per acre. Temperature at application was 84°F, with overcast skies, and wind speed of 2-3 mph. No rainfall occurred during the observation period. Treatments were evaluated 2 and 5 DAT using one 6 ft of row drop-cloth sample from each plot. Larval size was recorded as small (1st & 2nd instar), medium (3rd & 4th instar), or large (5th & 6th instar). Data were analyzed using the untreated check to estimate percent control in each replication, with the mean separation procedure performed on data subjected to the arcsine transformation.
Aerial Insecticide Control Against Mexican Rice Borer on Sugarcane, 1989
Authors: Scott A. W. , Meagher R. L. , Brown H. E.
Published: March 2022

Foliar spray concentrates were applied aerially to a field of sugarcane in Hidalgo Co., near Monto Alto, TX. The field was divided into plots consisting of 34 rows (60-inch centers) × 1027 ft, with the center 26 rows treated. Insecticide treatments were randomly assigned to plots in a complete block design with 4 replications. Each spray was applied to the crop canopy with two 55-ft swath widths at a rate of 5-gal finished formulation (material + water)/acre. All treatments included Val Buff (1 qt/100 gal) and Triton CS-7 (1 pt/100 gal). Treatments were applied during evening (6:00-7:45 pm CDT) on 27 May, 28 Jun, 16 Jul, and during morning (6:45-7:30 am CDT) 11 Aug, after leaf sheath infestations exceeded 10% (action threshold). Postspray counts of bored internodes (30 stalks/plot) were taken on 22 Sep to evaluate injury levels.
Second Generation Walh and WPM Insecticide Experiment, 1989
Authors: Beers E. H. , Browne R. W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were tested for efficacy against second generation WALH and effect on WPM. The test was conducted in a 10-yr-old orchard with under-tree irrigation. The experimental design was randomized complete block with 4 single tree replicates/treatment. Materials were applied on 3 Aug to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 300 psi. WALH densities were determined by counting nymphs on 20 leaves/tree. WPM densities were determined by brushing mites from 20 leaves/tree onto detergentcoated glass plates and counting them under a microscope.
Hessian Fly Control in Winter Wheat with Spring-Applied Foliar Insecticides, 1986, 1987
Authors: David Buntin G.
Published: March 2022

Selected foliar insecticides were evaluated for controlling the Hessian fly during the panicle emergence and grain-filling phase of wheat growth. Trial 1 was conducted at the Bledsoe research farm in northern Pike Co., GA. Trials 2, 3 and 4 were conducted in Sumter Co. near Plains, GA. Seed were planted in 8 inch rows at 90 lb/acre using a grain drill on 20 Oct 1986 in Trial 1, 29 Oct 1986 in Trial 2 and 3, and 1 Dec 1987 in Trial 4. Plots measured 7 by 20 ft in each trial and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with No. 4 flat fan nozzles which delivered 27.5 gal/acre. Plots in Trial 1 were treated on 1 Mar 1987 during the mid-joint stage. Plots in Trials 2 and 3 were treated at anthesis on 1 Apr 1987. Plants in Trial 4 were treated in the flag leaf stage on 8 Apr 1988. Hessian fly infestations were sampled in each plot by digging plants in a 1-ft section of row and determining the percentage of infested tillers. Pretreatment samples were taken 1 day before application. Posttreatment samples were taken on 25 May in Trial 1 and 12 May in Trial 2 and 3. Plots were harvested with a small plot combine. Grain weight, test weight and moisture content were meausred and yield was adjusted to 13.5% moisture content.
Texas Citrus Mite and Citrus Red Mite Pesticide Efficacy Test in Florida, 1989
Authors: Childers C. C. , Keen P. M. , Cowan T. R.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were replicated 5 times on single-tree plots. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied dilute with a handgun at 350 psi (ca. 3 gal/tree) using a truck-mounted sprayer on 4-5 May. Water pH was 7.4. Ten leaves from the spring flush were picked at random around each sample tree at designated intervals before and after spraying. Each 10 leaf sample was placed in a separate, labeled paper bag and returned to the laboratory. A stereomicroscope was used to examine the entire upper and lower leaf surfaces for living motile spider mites. The count by species on each leaf was recorded as one observation.
Control of Diamondback Moth, Imported Cabbageworm, and Cabbage Looper on Cabbage in A Seasonal Pro-Gram, 1989
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. , Eigenbrode S. D.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted on 26 Jun at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of 2 10-ft rows on 36-inch centers with 16-inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in an RCB design. A back pack sprayer with one row boom, having 3 nozzles/row with HC 12 hollow cone tips, and delivering 38 gal/acre at 40 psi and 2 mph, was used to apply a single application of each treatment. Treatments were applied on 31 Aug, 8, 20, and 29 Sep and evaluated 7 d after each spray date. Evaluations were made by randomly selecting 3 plants/plot, removing all leaves, and counting larvae. Damage ratings were made at harvest. Heads having no damage or damage amounting to less than $0.50 piece size were considered marketable. Heads with greater damage were considered unmarketable.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle on Potatoes, 1988
Authors: Smilowitz Zane , Cox David L. , Rebarchak Paul , Yocum John
Published: March 2022

The insecticide trials were conducted in Lancaster County, Landisville, Pa. Certified 'Katahdin' seed potatoes were planted on 3 May with 9 inch spacing between plants and 3 ft between rows. Plot size was 4 rows by 25 ft with 2 border rows arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Temik 15 G (1.0 lb [AI]/acre) was applied in furrow at planting for all treatments. The control received Temik at planting, however, no specific foliar insecticide was applied to the plot. The entire field was sprayed with 0.1 lb [AI]/acre permethrin on 8 and 15 Jun to protect the emerging plants from adult Colorado potato beetle (CPB). An application of Asana 0.0375 lb Al/acre was applied on 5 Jul to reduce the high density of CPB. Experimental treatments were applied on 30 Jun, 5, 22, 25 Jul, and 4 Aug. The entire field was sprayed again with Asana (0.0375 lb Al/acre) on 9 Aug. Border rows were sprayed with Pydrin (0.2 lb Al/acre) and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) (0.4 lb Al/acre). A George White boom sprayed delivering 30 gal/acre at 27 psi was used to spray the plants. A hand held COa pressurized spray was also used to apply the materials. Thirty gal of spray material was delivered/acre at 27 psi also with the hand sprayer. Sprays were applied by the tractor mounted sprayed at 3 mph; a Ty-18 type nozzle with 50 mesh screens were used. Five or 10 stems/plot were sampled before the spray was applied. Counts were taken 24-72 h following application with all stages of CPB being sampled. Average daily temperatures (°F) were 62.6° for May, 70.6° for Jun, 77.7° for Jul, and 75.2° for Aug. Departure from average was 8.8 degrees for this period. Rainfall totals were 5.99 inches in May, 1.16 inches in Jun, 7.97 inches in Jul, and 4.37 inches in Aug.
Control of Colorado Potato Reetle on Potatoes, 1989
Authors: Smilowitz Zane , Cox David L. , Yocum John , Rebarchak Paul
Published: March 2022

The insecticide trials were conducted in Lancaster County, Landi.sville, Pa. Certified 'Katahdin' seed potatoes were planted on 30 May with 9 inch spacing between plants and 3 ft between rows. Plots size was 4 rows by 25 ft with 2 border rows arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Temik 15 G (1.0 lb [AI]/acre) was applied in furrow at planting for all treatments. The control received the Temik application, however, no specific foliar insecticide was applied. The entire field was sprayed with 0.0375 lb (AI)/ acre esfenvalerate on 20 Jul to reduce the high density Colorado potato beetle (CPB). Experimental treatments were applied on 27 Jun, 11 Jul, and 2, 9, and 18 Aug. A George White boom sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 27 psi was used to spray the plants. A hand held CO2 pressurized spray was also used to apply the materials. Thirty gal of spray material was delivered/acre at 27 psi also with the hand sprayer. Sprays were applied by the tractor mounted sprayed at 3 mph; a Ty-18 type nozzle with 50 mesh screens were used. Five or ten stems/plot were sampled before the spray was applied. Counts were recorded 24-72 h after the sprays were applied with all stages being sampled. Two 25 ft rows/plot were harvested on 4 Oct, and graded by size two wk later. Average daily temperatures (degree Fahrenheit) were 72.2° for Jun, 74.6° for Jul, and 72.2° for Aug. Departure from average was 2.8 degrees for this period. Rainfall totals were 4.43 inches in Jun, 6.6 inches in Jul, and 1.58 inches in Aug. Total for the 3 mo was 12.61. Precipitation for Jun was 0.33 inches above normal. Jul precipitation was 2.24 inches above normal. Aug precipitation was 2.03 inches below normal. Rainfall following applications were 0.44 inches on 28 Jun.
Thrips Control in Tomatoes in North Florida, 1990
Authors: Funderburk J. , Olson S. , Brown A. , Snell J.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was located in Gadsden County, Fla. Plot size was 1 row by 27 ft. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Spray insecticide treatments were applied on 25 Apr, 8 May, and 22 May with a 1-row, CO2 powered backpack sprayer that was equipped with 5, D4-45 nozzles/row. The chemicals were applied at about 60 psi. The density of thrips in tomato flowers was estimated in each untreated control and insecticide plots 1, 3, 5, and 7 DAT. Ten flowers were randomly collected in each plot on each sample date. Each sample was placed in a prelabeled vial containing 70% ethyl alcohol. The number of thrips in each sample was determined by searching the contents of each vial under a 7 to 15 x dissecting microscope.
Bee Poisoning Hazard, Prosser, 1988-1989
Authors: Mayer D. F. , Miliczky E. R. , Lunden J. D.
Published: March 2022

A series of tests were conducted with insecticides applied to 0.01 acre plots of alfalfa. Applicants were with a R and D C02-pressurized sprayer at a rate of 25 gal/acre using a hand held boom with 4 (LF3) nozzles. Spray water pH was 7,5. Residual test exposures were replicated 4 times by caging 50—60 honey bees, 20 alkali bees, or 20 alfalfa leafcutting bees with each of 4 samples per treatment and time interval. Bees were placed in petri dish cages with screen inserts, fed sugar syrup and held at 75°F. for 24 hr mortality counts. Abbott’s formula was used to correct for the natural mortality
Evaluation of Corn Rootworm Soil Insecticide Efficacy, 1989
Authors: Calvin D. D. , Losey J. E. , McGahen J. , Hoffman L.
Published: March 2022

Two separate experiments were run to evaluate soil insecticides for corn rootworm control. In the first study, 7 soil insecticides were evaluated as T-band applications. In the second study, 3 rates of Dyfonate II 20 G were compared to Counter 15 G at 1.0 lb (AI)/acre. Both studies were conducted on a Hagcrstown silt loam soil ne r Rocksprings, Pa., during 1989. A randomized complete block design with 5 replications of 10 and 5 treatments WHS used, respectively, in the 2 studies. All insecticides and rates were applied as a T-band application. Plots were 6.1 m long by 2 rows wide. Treatments were applied using a Max Emerge John)eere 7000R corn planter on 22 May. T-Band applications were applied in 17.8 cm bands over the row, directed into the row in front of the press wheel. 1 ae corn was planted on 22 May in 76.2 cm rows at 60,000 plants/ha. The soil was moist with a temperature of approximately 14.4°C. The number of plants in each plot was determined on 12 Jun. On 19 Jul, 5 corn plants were dug per plot and the roots were rated for damage using the Iowa 6 category rating system (1 = no damage; 6 = all roots on 3 or more nodes cut). Corn was harvested on 20 Nov with yield (grain) measured from both rows of each plot. Grain weight was corrected to 15.5% moisture content for comparison.
Corn Borer Insecticide Efficacy Trial, 1990
Authors: Dick G. L. , Sloderbeck P. E. , Posler S. C.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted in a furrow-irrigated corn field at the Southwest Research- Extension Center. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots were 4 rows wide (10 ft), 50 ft long with a 10 ft border of untreated corn on each side and a 10 ft alley between plots. The simulated chemigation applications were made using 3 Delavan 100/140, .75- inch rain drop nozzles mounted on a high clearance sprayer at tassel height between rows. This sytem was calibrated to deliver the equivalent of a 0.2 inch irrigation on the 2 center rows (5227 gal/acre). The standard treatments were applied with a high clearance sprayer using a 10 ft boom with 3 nozzles directed at each row (1 nozzle directly over the row and 1 on each side of the row on 18 inch drop hoses). This system was calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre using a ground speed of 2.4 mph and 30 psi. Treatments were applied on 27 Jul except for the simulated chemigation application of Dipel which was applied on 30 and 31 Jul. Treatments were interrupted on 27 Jul by 0.88 inch of rain immediately following the application of the simulated chemigation application of MVP. Another 0.44 inch of rain fell on the morning of 28 Jul. Comite was applied on 6 Aug to one set of plots to produce a mite free check. The purpose of a mite-free check is to reduce mite pressure in order to help evaluate the effect of mites on the corn border populations and corn yields. Corn borer counts were made between 29 Aug and 10 Sep by dissecting 15 corn plants from the center two rows in each plot. The number of larvae, the number of tunnels, and length of tunneling was recorded for each plant and the results were analyzed using SAS Proc ANOVA. Results are reported as the amount per 15 plants.
Apple, Airblast Insect Experiment, 1990
Authors: Hull L. A. , Felland C. M.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to 2 tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of 'Yorking', 2 replicates of 'Golden Delicious', and 1 replicate of 'Stayman'. Trees were planted to a spacing of 20 × 30 ft and were 15 yr old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Friend Airmaster '309' at 25 gal/acre per alternate side spray (50 gal/acre both sides) driven at 2.3 mph. Rates for treatments are listed as amounts/acre/both sides spray. A routine schedule of fungicides (Nova 40 WP and Dithane M-45) was maintained throughout the experiment. Effectiveness of treatments on the aphid complex was evaluated by counting aphid-infested leaves/10 terminals and aphids on the most infested leaf/terminal. The effect of treatments on WALH was evaluated by counting nymphs/25 injured leaves/tree. STLM was sampled by a 5-min count of mines around the periphery of test trees. Effectiveness of treatments on ERM and Z. mali was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 125 leaves/treatment. The effect of treatments on S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. Effectiveness of treatments on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and 2 picked samples on 16 Aug and 20 Sep. Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season. Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (>51% russeted surface). Possible ranges are 0-30 (none to raised lenticels), 31-60 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 61-90 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface), 91-120 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 121-150 (26-50% to >51% russeted surface).
Caterpillar Control on Peanuts, North Carolina, 1990
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T.
Published: March 2022

Foliar applications of insecticides were evaluated for CEW control near Edenton in Chowan County. Relatively heavy populations of FAW were also present. Plots were established in peanuts grown under standard production practices in a light sandy soil (pH of 5.8; 0.7% humic matter). Each plot was 20 ft × 4 rows (36 inch centers) and the plots were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Plot ends were separated by a 5 ft barren strip. Treatments were applied on 15 Aug using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer delivering approximately 30 gal/acre, operating at 40 psi and using 8002 flat fan nozzles. Conditions at time of application were overcast and 82°F. Caterpillars were sampled on 20 Aug (5 DAT) by taking 2 standard 3 ft beat cloth counts/plot. Pretreatment counts determined the caterpillar population to be 50% CEW and all instars were present. Only live caterpillars were counted for analysis. All data were transformed × + 0.5 prior to analysis. Actual means are presented.
Apple, Midseason Mite Control, 1990
Authors: Lachance M. W. , Pfeiffer D. G. , Ponton L. F.
Published: March 2022

Several acaricides were compared with an untreated control in a 'Delicious' apple block at Steele's Tavern, Va. Four single-tree replicates were used in a completely randomized design. Applications were made using a truck-mounted Swanson sprayer with a handgun attachment. Treatment applications were applied when the ERM population exceeded an average of 7 mites/leaf, which occurred in the last week of Jul. Trees were sprayed on 30 Jul to the drip point (200 gal/acre). Control trees were sprayed with water. Mites were evaluated using a mite brushing machine and a single 20-leaf sample/tree. Mites were counted under a binocular microscope. The data on 30 Jul are pretreatment counts.
Mole Cricket Control on Golf Courses in South Mississippi, 1990
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted on 2 golf course fairways in Hancock and Jackson Counties with sandy loam soil on the Mississippi Gulf Coast. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 6 replications. Each replication was 1,000 ft2. Treatments were made on 18 Jul in Jackson County and on 19 Jul in Hancock County. Granular formulation was applied with a ferti-lome hand pushed spreader. Liquids were applied with a Solo knapsack sprayer using a fan nozzle at 25 psi, and a spray volume of 2 gal/1000 ft2. Immediately after application, treatments were watered in with 0.2 inch of water. Mole cricket density was determined by applying 2 gal of soapy water (2 fl oz liquid soap/gal water) to 4 ft2 of turf/plot. Pretreatment counts were made on 18 Jul and posttreatment counts were made on 27 Jul and 2 Aug.
Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Conventional Formulations and Beneficial Nematodes on a Golf Course Fairway in Mifflin County, PA., 1990
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (40%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid, WP, and SP formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi at a spray rate of 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (30 Aug), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 88°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 78°F; RH, 40%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 36.8% sand, 44.0% silt, 19.2% sand; soil moisture (oven baked), 20.5%; organic matter, 5.0%; water pH, 7.0; and soil pH, 5.2. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were mad recorded.
Greenhouse Whitefly Control on Marigolds, 1990
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A. , Stevens C. A.
Published: March 2022

Fifteen marigold plants were grown from seed in a research greenhouse at MSU. Plants were watered by a drip irrigation system for 2 min, 4 d per wk (Sun, Mon, Wed, and Fri). Each treatment was replicated 5 times. On 21 Aug precounts were made by sampling 3 leaves from the 4 inch tall plants for all immature life stages. Insecticide applications were made on 21 Aug, 30 Aug, and 4 Sep. Insecticides were applied with a R&D COa Sprayer at 50 psi with an 8003 nozzle. Plants were sprayed to runoff. Final whitefly larval and pupal counts (5 leaves/plant)were made on 13 Sep. Eggs were counted in the raw data to confirm that a new population of whiteflies was continuously growing.
Laboratory Tests with Insect Growth Regulators on Pear Psylla, 1990
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Winter form adult pear psylla collected from a commercial pear orchard were treated with topical sprays in a Potter Spray Tower. After sprays dried lots of 25 treated adults were caged on seedling pear trees until they deposited 100-300 eggs/seedling. Seedlings with PP eggs were held in a growth room at 22°C, 16L:8D until most eggs on controls had hatched. Seedlings were then examined under magnification and remaining eggs, dead and live nymphs were counted. Percent survival was calculated as (100 × live nymphs/total eggs). There were 5 replications of each treatment on each test date.
Insegar Rate Study, 1990
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Mature bearing 'Anjou' trees were sprayed with aircarrier equipment applying 400 gal/acre for control of pear pests. Three rates of Insegar were compared to a standard program including a 15 May application of Guthion 35% WP 3 lb, Agri-Mek . 15 E 20 oz and oil 1 gal/ acre followed by a 19 Jun application of Guthion 35% WP 3 lb/acre. Insegar was applied 4 times during the season beginning at first egg lay of codling moth as determined by DD accumulation and again 21 d later for first generation then 2 second brood sprays timed the same way. Application dates and corresponding DD post biofix were as follows: 23 Apr, 74; 15 May, 231; 19 Jun, 586 and 9 Jul, 993. Plots consisted of 3 replicates of 30-40 trees in rectangles. Treatments were evaluated for control of PP and phytophagous mite species by counts made at 2-wk intervals. Adults PP were counted from a 25-beating-tray sample per replication. PP nymphs and phytophagous mites were counted from a 50-leaf sample per replicate. Leaf samples consisted of the proximal leaf, distal leaf and 3 leaves from the middle of 10 terminal shoots. Leaves were brushed and resulting slides were examined under magnification. Pest damage was rated according to U.S. grade standards for fresh market pears on 2 samples of 25 mature fruits per replication. Factors of fruit quality including firmness, soluble solids and size were evaluated from 2 10-fruit samples per replicate at normal harvest maturity. Fruit and foliage were examined for phytotoxicity after each spray.
Control of Manzanita Leafgall Aphid on Greenleaf Manzanita, 1990
Authors: Valenti Michael A.
Published: March 2022

This study took place in a greenleaf manzanita brushfield, on land managed by the US DA Forest Service, 1.6 km west of Logan Lake in Shasta Co., Calif. The site was mechanically cleared in 1976 and planted with ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas) seedlings. Greenleaf manzanita sprouts readily from burls in the soil after being cut to ground level. In Aug 1990 the new sprouts averaged 1.4-1.6 m in height. Six 8 × 8 m plots were set up for 2 replications of each of 3 treatments: fall fertilization, insecticide, and control. The fertilization treatment consisted of spreading 1287 kg/ha of 16-20-0 fertilizer throughout the 2 plots on 27 Oct 1989. Manzanita plants on 2 plots were sprayed with Orthene 15.6 EC at a label rate of 12 ml/liter on 20 Jun and again on 27 Jun. Sprays were first applied approximately 7 d after budbreak. All manzanita plants in the 2 plots were sprayed until runoff with an 11 liter hand-held sprayer. Approximately 4.7 liters were used on each plot to attain complete coverage. The control plots received no treatment. Earlier in the season, prior to budbreak, 100, 30 cm branches were tagged and numbered in each of the 6 plots. Between 31 Jul and 5 Aug 1990 each branch was observed and the number of aphid galls tallied.
Preharvest Control of European Red Mite, 1990
Authors: Fouche C. F. , Van Steenwyk R. A.
Published: March 2022

Mature commercial pear trees in the Sacramento River delta were treated with aearicides using a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 200 psi and delivering 400 gal/acre of finished spray. Trees were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 7 treatments replicated 4 times. Buffer trees were utilized between each experimental unit (tree) in the row. All materials were applied on 29 Jun. Twenty-five leaves were removed weekly from 28 Jun through 25 Jul. The leaves were brushed and active mite stages counted under magnification.
Greenhouse Bioassays with Cabbage, 1990
Authors: Eastman C. E. , Oloumi-Sadeghi H.
Published: March 2022

'Market Prize' cabbage sown 31 Aug to 7 Sep was transplanted singly into 5-inch pots and grown in a greenhouse. Plants in the precupping stage (first evaluation, 15 Oct) or cupping stage (second evaluation, 16 Nov) were arranged in single 4-row plots on a grass alleyway near the Natural Resources Studies Annex, Champaign, 111. Each row (5 plants) was a replicate, with 3-4 replicates/treatment. Insecticides were applied with 3 hollow cone nozzles (TXSS-8)/row from a r-row sprayer delivering 27 gal/acre at 50 psi. Triton CS-7 was added to treatments as indicated in the following table at the rate of 6.6 ml/liter. For greenhouse bioassays, each plant was then caged by placing it inside a Fibe-Aire plant sleeve and infested with 10 midsized DBM or CL larvae from laboratory colonies (50 larvae per replicate) within 24 h after spray application. Untreated plants were caged and infested with larvae as controls. Caged plants were held in the greenhouse and examined for number of surviving larvae per plant after 5 d.
Codling Moth and Pear Psylla Control, 1990
Authors: Fouche C. F. , Van Steenwyk R. A. , Elkins R. B.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots were established in a commercial pear orchard near Kelseyville, Lake Co., Calif. A randomized complete block design was utilized with 5 single-tree replicates of 7 treatments. Applications were timed using a temperaturedriven CM phenology model of development. The fenoxycarb and Dimilin treatments were applied at the start of egg laying, with repeat applications timed to provide coverage during predicted egg laying activity (2 Apr, 18 Apr, 14 Jun, 2 Jul, 23 Jul). The Guthion treatments were applied at hatch timing with follow-up applications during predicted hatch periods (18 Apr, 10 May, 2 Jul, 23 Jul). CM infestation was evaluated by cutting 100 fruit from each tree on 16 Aug. PP and TSSM were evaluated every other week from 13 Jun through 8 Aug and in a postharvest sample on 5 Sep by brushing and counting under magnification 10 leaves each from the tops and bottoms of trees.
Responses of Susceptible and Resistant Myzus Persicae (Sulzer) to Ntn-33893, 1990
Authors: Herron G. A. , Horwood M. A.
Published: March 2022

An insecticide-susceptible strain of GPA (S) cultured under insecticide-free conditions for several years and a multiresistant strain (M-R) were tested. Strain M-R was field collected from a peach and nectarine orchard sprayed with twice the recommended rate of Pirimor. Prior to testing, both strains were maintained on potted cabbage in a mass culture laboratory under natural light at 25 ± 4°C. Neither strain had been previously exposed to NTN-33893, a nitromethylene. Initial laboratory screening categorized strain M-R with a 4 fold resistance to Monitor 580 (580 g/liter EC), a 17 fold resistance to Pirimor (500 g/kg W) and a 27 fold resistance to Meta- Systox (i) (250 g/liter EC) compared to strain S. Electrophoretic examination showed that 50 M-R individuals consisted totally of the R2 variant. Aphids were exposed to NTN-33893 by spraying directly with a 2 ml aliquot solution through a Potter spray tower producing a deposit of 1.6 mg/cm2. Apterous virginoparous adults from both strains were sprayed with a range of serially diluted concentrations of NTN-33893 (200 g/liter soluable liquid) in groups of 12-15 aphids on a 9 cm filter paper discs. Eight replicates were done at each concentration for strain S except the 8 mg/liter concentration which had 4 replicates. Four replicates were done at each concentration for strain M-R. All replicates included water-only sprayed controls. After being sprayed, aphids were transferred to cabbage leaves and held at 22°C ± 1°C under constant illumination. Knockdown, defined as the inability to walk in a coordinated manner, was assessed after 48 h and log dose probability (ld-p) curves were calculated using probit regressions after correcting for control mortality. Ld-p curves were compared to the KD50 level by relative potency analysis. Residual deviances were calculated and the changes in deviance compared to the relevant 5% value of X2 to determine if the lines were parallel.
Spider Mite Control on 'Hamlin' Orange in Florida, 1990
Authors: Childers C. C. , Keen P. M. , Cowan T. R.
Published: March 2022

Three rates of Agri-mek + petroleum oil were compared to the standard miticides, dicofol and Vendex for efficacy against both TCM and CRM. Treatments were assigned to 3 × 3 (9 tree) plots in a randomized complete block design and replicated 5 times in an orange grove with 15 × 25 ft spacing. Treatments were applied on 5 Apr using an FMC 4000 CP airblast sprayer with speed, nozzeling and pressure adjusted to deliver a spray volume of 125 gal/acre. Water pH was 7.5. Ten to 25 leaves from the spring flush were picked at random around each sample tree at designated time intervals before and after spraying. Each leaf sample was placed in a separate, labeled paper bag, and returned to the laboratory. A stereomicroscope was used to examine the entire upper and lower leaf surfaces for living motile spider mites on equal numbers of leaves per date. The count by species on each leaf was recorded as one observation.
Aphid Control with Foliar Applied Insecticides, 1990
Authors: Estes P. M. , Kouskolekas C. A.
Published: March 2022

Foliar applied insecticides were evaluated for control of BMA on pecans at the Gulf Coast Substation, Fairhope, AL. The test orchard consisted of 10 acres of 14-yr-old 'Cheyenne' pecan trees planted 35 ft × 35 ft. The test was arranged as a randomized block with 3 replicates; each plot was 3 rows × 5 trees with the center 2 trees for record. All applications were made with an air blast sprayer using 200 gal of spray/acre. Aphid populations were evaluated by counting all aphids on each of 10 leaves taken from each record tree. ANOVA was conducted on means for each plot. No additives were used in any treatment spray, prime oil was used alone and so was gasoline.
Foliar Sprays to Control Corn Earworms, Dusky SAP Beetle, Fall Armyworm and European Corn Borers in Sweet Corn, 1990
Authors: Linduska James J. , Embrey Mike , Dively Galen
Published: March 2022

'NK-199' sweet corn was planted in 4-row plots 50 ft in length on 1 Jun '90. On 4 Jun AAtrex (1.3 lb) + Lasso (1.35 qt) was applied Distance between rows was 3 ft. Distance between plants within the row was 8 inches. The center 2 rows of each plot were treated and the outer 2 rows were untreated guard rows. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with an International Harvester 770 Hi-Clear sprayer. The spray boom was adjusted to spray the silk area with each row being covered by 4 nozzles. This sprayer was equipped to treat 4 rows. All treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied at the rate of 25 gal/acre with 50 psi. Spray treatments were applied at late whorl-early tassel (26 Jul); 50% silk (30 Jul); 3 Aug and 9 Aug. At harvest (13 Aug), 50 ears from the center 2 rows of each plot were husked and evaluated for worm damage as fresh-market (clean ears, no damage evident), processing (evidence of tip feeding but less than 3.6 cm tip damage), and culls (tip damage beyond 3.6 cm to the side and/or bottom). All worms found within the husk or ear were identified. The soil type was a Galestown sandy loam.
Control of Corn Earworm on Sweet Corn, 1990
Authors: Winters S. , Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

On 19 Jun 1990, 'Florida Stay Sweet' sweet corn was seeded into fine, sandy loam soil at the Wes Watkins AREC, Lane, OK. Plots were 12 ft long and 4 rows wide with 3 ft spacing between rows and 6 in between plants. Plot buffers were 10 ft long and 2 unplanted rows were left between plots. A randomized complete block design was used with four replications. Fertilizer was applied according to soil test recommendations. Overhead irrigation was used to establish the plant stand initially, but was later replaced with trickle irrigation. Treatments with 2-day application schedules were sprayed on six dates: 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 and 20 Aug. Insecticide application on plots with 4-day application schedules had three applications made on 9, 13 and 17 Aug. Treatments were made using a tractor-mounted PTO-driven air pressure sprayer which delivered 16.7 gal/acre at 40 psi. Two TX-10 spray nozzles per row were suspended from the boom at the level of silks on both sides of plant. Harvests were made on 17 and 21 Aug. Each ear was evaluated for CEW damage by rating the tip (proximal 3.8 cm) and ear (excluding tip area) using a scale of 1-5 where 1 = no damage, 2 = slight damage (<20%), 3 = moderate damage (20-50%), 4 = heavy damage (50-75%) and 5 = severe damage (>75%). A rating system of 1- 5 was used to evaluate the degree of pollination on each ear, where 1 = complete pollination (100% full kernals) to 5 = no pollination. The percentage of ears with no damage was also calculated from these ratings.
Cucumber Beetle Control, 1990
Authors: Zehnder Geoffrey W. , Speese John
Published: March 2022

Cucumbers were planted on 9 Aug at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, Va. Each plot consisted of a 25-ft row bordered on each side by an untreated row. Plants were spaced 12 inches apart with 5-ft spacing between rows. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a propane compressed-gas backpack sprayer using 3 hollow-cone nozzles per row and delivering 70 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made weekly beginning 10 Sep-12 Oct.
Fall Planting Pre-Emergence Lettuce Insecticides, 1990
Authors: Rethwisch Michael D.
Published: March 2022

Coated lettuce seed were planted 25 Sep in double rows on beds with 40 inch centers at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center. Seed rows were left open to allow insecticide applications on 26 Sep. Plots were 1 bed (2 rows) by 25 ft long. Treatments were relicated four times in a randomized complete block design. A soil drench application, consisting of 250 ml of solution/25 ft of row applied via funnel directly over the seed row, was used for Orthene and NTN 33893 FS treatments. Granular formulations were applied by weighing insecticide for each 25 ft of row, mixing with filler, and applying via funnel by making several passes directly over the seed row. Furrow irrigation was utilized immediately after application for seed germination. Plots were sampled at the 2 leaf stage on 13 Oct by examining 25 consecutive plants/plot and insect numbers were counted and recorded. Insects in or on cotyledons were not counted. Plots were sampled again on 31 Oct for leafminer. Samples consisted of 5 plants/plot, obtained by removing every 12th plant. Samples were weighed fresh and leaf area measured. Plants were then placed in bags and held for 6 d for leafminer immature emergence, which were then counted.
Apple, Miticide Evaluations, 1991
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Kilmer S. W. , Cook K. E. , Cook M. K. , Warren J. R. , Dogger J. R.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 16 year old 'Triple Red Delicious' trees using single tree plots arranged in a randomized block design and replicated 4 times. Trees were sprayed to runoff using a Bean hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. All plots were inoculated twice (29 May and 12 Jun) with mite infested water sprouts (10 per replicate) which were taped to existing foliage. Insecticides used during the season follow; fungicides, nutrient sprays, herbidices, etc. used are listed separately. All plots were oversprayed with Pounce 3.2 EC, 814 kg/ha (7.5 lb/A) on 9 Apr and 10 May; Dipel 3.36 kg/ha (3 lb/A) 1 May; and Sevin 50 W 3.36 kg/ha (3 lb/A) 25 Jul to reduce predator numbers in the mite plots. Morestan 25 W, 28.38 g/ 189.25 1 (1 oz/50 gal), was applied on 2 Apr (pink spray). All other miticide plots were sprayed on 2 Jul. Populations of mites did not reach levels requiring treatment after 2 Jul. One hundred apples per replicate were picked at random at harvest and graded on a scale from 0-5 for both stem end and side russetting where 0 = no russetting and 5 = completely russetted. These data were used to place each fruit in the appropriate USDA grade (extra fancy, fancy, No. 1, utility). Each fruit was also examined for injury by RBLR, TABM, CM, and miscellaneous Lepidoptera (LEP) (primarily gypsy moth). No significant differences between treatments were found.
Control of Cabbage Looper in Early Fall Collards Using Combinations of Javelin and Asana, 1991
Authors: Teague T. G.
Published: March 2022

Collards transplants were set in single rows 12 inches apart on 18 Jul in a Calloway silt loam on the ASU Research Farm. Plots were 1 row, 20 ft long, spaced 6.6 ft apart, in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Applications were made with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer equipped with 2 hollow cone nozzles spaced 20 inches apart, directed at a 45° angle toward the center of the plant and calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made on 31 Jul, 4, 8, 12 Aug and evaluated 16 Aug by sampling 10 randomly selected plants per plot. No. of larvae, damaged leaves, and marketable leaves per plant were determined. In addition insect damage was rated on a 1 to 5 scale with 1 = no damage, 2 = slight damage (<2 leaves unmarketable), 3 = moderate damage (<3 leaves unmarketable), 4 = heavy damage (>3 leaves unmarketable with < 10% loss of leaf area), and 5 = severe damage (>3 leaves unmarketable with >10% loss of leaf area). Following evaluation all plants were shucked. Subsequent applications were made 29 Aug, 2, 6, and 10 Sep and evaluated on 14 Sep. Evaluation methods were the same as above except 5 plants/plot were sampled and no counts were made of marketable leaves.
Onion, Maggot Control, 1991
Authors: Webb D. R. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

The experiment planted 19 Apr in muck soil near Prattsburg, New York on Franjo Farms. Plots were single rows, 30 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Germination and damage data were recorded from the center 20 ft of each row. All seeds were sown and seed-furrow treatments of insecticides were applied using a hand-pushed cone seeder that planted 9 seeds/ft and delivered 75 gal/ acre through a gravity-fed system. Insecticide treatments were based on a 15 inch row width. Dithane F-45 was applied in the furrow at 2.4 qts formulation/ acre for control of onion smut, Urocystis cepulae, with each treatment. Stand counts were taken 21 May. Maggot damage was assessed by checking each row for wilted plants ca. twice/wk from the time of stand counts until 9 Jul.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Natural Product Insecticides, 1990
Authors: Lagnaoui Abdelaziz , RadclifFe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

Certified B-size seed potatoes were planted 15 May at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Crookston. Plots were 4 rows wide, 15.3 m (50 ft) long, with 91 cm (3 ft) spacing between rows and 30 cm (1 ft) spacing between plants. A completely randomized plot design with 3 replications was used. Plots were scouted daily for CPB egg masses beginning 20 Jun. When egg masses were found, they were flagged and checked daily for hatch. Timing of first spray application was at 30% hatch and subequent applications on a 7 d schedule. Plots were sprayed 3 times for each generation of CPB larvae: 28 Jun, 5 and 12 Jul for first generation and 25 Jul, 2, and 9 Aug for 2nd generation. Natural product insecticides used in this experiment were Bacillus thuringiensis var. san diego (MYX 1806), and B. thuringiensis var. tenebrionis (Trident) and neem (Margosan-O). Insecticidal sprays were applied using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer, with a single hollow cone nozzle over each row. Sprays were applied in 654 liters of water per ha (70 gal/acre) at 827 kPA (120 psi). Data were collected from the center 2 rows. Larvae were counted on 20 plants per plot. Data were expressed as mean number of larvae or plant injury (percent defoliation) × number of days elapsed, i.e., Area Under the Curve (AUC). AUC for CPB was computed separately for the first and second generation then summed. Two-way analysis of variance was used to test for treatment differences.
Potato, Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1991
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Stevenson Susan
Published: March 2022

Red Norland' potatoes were planted in 35 ft rows on 16 Apr '91. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 72 in and the distance between plants within the row was 9 in. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 1.0 gal of water and applied with a custom built compressed air row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 36 psi. Treatments were applied 23, 29 May; 6, 13, 20, 26 Jun; 3, 10, and 16 Jul. Plots receiving AC-303630 and NTN-33893 were treated 23 and 29 May; and 3 Jul. The B.t. plots were treated with Vydate 2 L at 0.75 lb Al/acre on 26 Jun to control adult Colorado potato beetles. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults, larvae and egg masses/10 stems, and the % defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hills 1978). Yields were taken on 8 Aug from 35 ft of row. Dry conditions prevailed for much of the growing season.
Control of Pyrethroid Resistant Colorado Potato Beetle, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 1991
Authors: Noetzel David , Ricard Michele , Heuser Laura , Hansen Roger
Published: March 2022

This experiment was located on the Red River Valley Potato Growers Research farm in Grand Forks, ND. The field was planted on 28 May using cut A-size 'Norchip' certified seed. Plots were four rows, 0.9 m wide, 7.6 m in length, with a 1.5 m fallow aisle at the end of each plot. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Soils at this site were Bearden silt-loam and moisture was adequate at planting. Soil systemics were applied just as the potato plants were emerging (21 Jun). Foliars were applied in 2 1 of total material per 0.0088 ha on 27 Jun, 5, 10, 19, and 25 Jul. Asana XL .66 E was combined i with the first treatment of each biological (i.e., Trident II, MYX-1806). Karate 1 E was combined with Trident II and MYX-1806 each time the biological was used. In this case a reduced dosage of each was applied. Monitor 4 E was applied, as needed, following the appropriate predetermined number of biological treatments. Percent defoliation was estimated on 19 Jul.