bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Voicing Antiquity
Authors: Fitzgerald William
Published: March 2022

In this chapter, the ancient collection of anonymous poems known as the Anacreontea and the Horatian pastiches of the French Parnassian poet Charles Leconte de Lisle (Études latines, 1852) are examined as ‘neoclassical’ versions of the ancient sympotic themes of drinking and loving. Here classicism meets cliché. Each of these collections is a stripped-down version of an earlier poet (the archaic Greek poet Anacreon and the Roman poet Horace) that aspires to a neoclassical simplicity. The chapter examines the relation between the drinking event and the timelessness of (neo)classicism; the role of pastiche as immortalization; and the emergence of a distinctive poetics of simplicity in these works. The reception of the Anacreontea, especially during the core neoclassical period, and the character of French Parnassian classicism’s obsession with whiteness are also discussed. The chapter ends by considering the difference between Leconte de Lisle’s use of ancient topoi of transience and the very different use in Baudelaire’s essay The Painter of Modern Life.
Soteria in Ancient Greece and Early Christianity
Authors: Jim Theodora Suk Fong
Published: March 2022

The final chapter moves beyond Classical and Hellenistic Greece to compare ancient Greek and early Christian uses of soter and soteria: where the Christian notion of soteria came from, how the terms were used and with what significance, and the extent to which they differed from or overlapped with ancient Greek uses. In particular, it asks whether Greek eschatological hopes were ever expressed in the language of soteria or in quite different terms. It argues that soteria for the Greeks concerned primarily this world rather than the next, and that its earthly character is remarkably consistent from its early attestations in the late Archaic period down to the imperial. Even after Christianity was legalized in the fourth century AD, soteria was still capable of being used by pagans and Christians alike in a this-worldly sense without necessarily suggesting post-mortem benefits, even though the concept also acquired a new aspect when adopted and adapted by Christianity. The continuities between pagan and Christian conceptions of soteria are therefore just as striking as the differences.
Introduction
Authors: Ogden Stephen R.
Published: March 2022

This introductory chapter acquaints readers with Averroes’ famous unicity thesis—the view that there is only one separate and eternal intellect for all human beings—and considers its historical and philosophical import. According to the author, the unicity thesis shockingly implies that human beings do not have their own individual intellects. The chapter briefly situates Averroes’ view in relation to other prominent interpretations of Aristotle’s theory of intellect (in De Anima III.4–5) in the Greek, Latin, and Arabic traditions. It also acknowledges past scholarship, showcasing the book’s distinct approach to Averroes’ primary arguments. An overview of the book’s chapters is also provided.
Introduction
Authors: Zazulia Emily
Published: March 2022

This introduction considers what unorthodox uses of late-medieval musical notation have to tell us about music writing more generally. It reframes our understanding of mensural notation from a dreary, outmoded topic to one that speaks to contemporary debates about technology, media, and sound studies. Mensural notation was not always obsolete, but was once innovative, cutting-edge, and dynamic. Using a series of three metaphors for music writing—technology, language, and discourse—this chapter reflects on the theoretical issues that underpin this book’s historical material.
Shrinking Songs
Authors: Zazulia Emily
Published: March 2022

The tenors of many fourteenth-century motets feature repeating structures. Sometimes composers would repeat a tenor’s pitch and/or rhythms exactly; other times they would transform these tenors by repeating them in smaller note values or even in retrograde. By the fifteenth century, these types of transformations would come to be executed only in performance, but the earliest examples were invariably written out in full. This chapter surveys the changes in tenor notation from clausula and motet tenors featuring different types of repetitive structures, particularly exact repetition and diminution, but also transposition and retrograde, in order to chart how we moved from these practical, written-out instances of musical transformations to ones in which the performers themselves must, for example, read in reverse. Mensural reinterpretation, whereby a single note shape can take on different meanings depending on the context in which it is interpreted, emerges as the catalyst for other kinds of notationally based transformations.
Signs and Metasigns
Authors: Zazulia Emily
Published: March 2022

This chapter identifies a moment around 1420 when, through the adoption of new notational symbols, the implicit signification of mensuration gave way to explicit methods. To understand the consequences of this change, in this chapter the author proposes a theoretical framework for a two-pronged notational system that included both “signs,” which include note shapes, rests, and their placement on the musical staff; and “metasigns,” which encompass mensuration signs, clefs, and verbal instructions, all of which establish the circumstances under which notes and rests are interpreted. This bifurcated system laid the practical and conceptual groundwork for fifteenth-century pieces featuring musical transformation. By changing the metasign, which sits on the literal and figurative margins of notation, composers could manipulate musical material without disturbing its graphic identity. In separating out the function of defining parameters from the organization of notes themselves, metasigns allowed for the type of notationally based aesthetics with which much fifteenth-century music engaged.
Policy Stability and Avoiding Blunders
Authors: Gueorguiev Dimitar D.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 6 explores the downstream implications of controlled inclusion. In particular, if consultation is contributing policy-relevant information, it is reasonable to expect that those policies that are discussed in public prior to implementation are less prone to implementation blunders and avoid the mass discontent that often arises when policies are formulated in private. Comparing across matched laws and regulations at the sub-national level between 2004 and 2012, the analysis shows that no provincial policies adopted with consultation were repealed during that same period, and that their amendment rates are significantly lower than for policies adopted without consultation. Because most of the consultation was conducted online, it is further expected that consultation effects will be larger in regions with better telecommunications infrastructure. Consistent with that logic, the analysis confirms Internet connectivity acts as an amplifier in the estimates.
Spending Together
Authors: Gueorguiev Dimitar D.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 7 focuses on the legitimizing effects of controlled inclusion. Specifically, if public engagement is indeed helping endear governments to their citizens, one should be able to observe such effects in public opinion. The author explores this logic with a focus on participatory budgeting and an original survey from a long-running budget participation experiment in coastal China. The experimental results reveal that public engagement significantly raises public confidence in government, but that these gains are directed toward the local governments who invited them to participate. Importantly, however, the field experiment also shows that participation impacts the way citizens evaluate their local government, shifting their priorities away from economic performance and toward accountability.
Constituting, Empowering, and Stratifying Individuals
Authors: Monaghan David B.
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores how the educational system impacts freedom.
Step 1: Identify an Issue
Authors: Libby Pat
Published: March 2022

This chapter describes the initial thought and research that citizens must consider and do before they can determine whether their idea is a good one. It warns people away from “groupthink” and encourages them to talk to others to test their ideas. The chapter describes how most laws cost money to implement and walks the reader through a simple way of acknowledging and finding out what those costs might be. It discusses how some laws. pass quickly because of popular sentiment. The chapter ends with Annamarie and Travis describing the circumstances that led them to want to pass a law.
Step 3: Create a Fact Sheet
Authors: Libby Pat
Published: March 2022

A double-sided fact sheet is one of the most powerful tools a lobbyist uses to advance a campaign. This chapter walks the reader through the essential components of a fact sheet in detail – describing how essential research, storytelling, and eye-catching graphics (among other elements) need to be combined to convey the key messages of a campaign to legislative decision-making and allies. The chapter then explains the core elements of the longer position paper and how it needs to be crafted so that legislators and their aides are able to use the information to advance the cause. The chapter ends with Annamarie and Travis sharing their fact sheet and position paper.
Step 10: Monitor Progress on the Issue
Authors: Libby Pat
Published: March 2022

This chapter provides the nuts and bolts of what happens after your campaign secures an author for its bill. It describes each aspect of the process in detail—from meeting committee members to testifying at a committee hearing to having a bill go to the floor of each chamber that needs to approve it. There is considerable detail about the key elements needed for preparing and delivering testimony before a committee – something that many new advocates find difficult. The chapter highlights the key stages in the process and provides an easy roadmap for advocates to follow. Annamarie and Travis end their story with a victory!
Now What? It Ain’t Over When It’s Over
Authors: Libby Pat
Published: March 2022

Passing a bill is not the end of the road – especially if your campaign was won after a fierce fight since your opponents will not slink off silently into the night once your bill is passed. In many respects, this is the beginning of the next phase in the process as you ensure that your law is properly implemented. This chapter describes various challenges that advocates face once their bill is passed, including efforts at repeal, funding the effort, and regulatory hurdles. It describes how to meet these challenges head-on using many of the steps the reader has learned along the way.
Concise Compendium of the Middle Way and Conferring the Definitive Meaning
Authors: Yakherds The
Published: March 2022

This chapter contains a translation of two texts by the ninth Karmapa, Wangchuk Dorjé, Concise Compendium of the Middle Way and Conferring the Definitive Meaning, which were written in tandem in defense of Taktsang. Wangchuk Dorjé outlines a radical approach to Prāsaṅgika Madhyamaka: Mādhyamikas hold no positions and only engage in debate through the use of reductio ad absurdum arguments. Even this statement is not a position, but rather a description of the Prāsaṅgika approach. Any statement is only made “from the perspective of others” and implies no philosophical or doctrinal commitments on the part of Mādhyamikas. Madhyamaka denies everything, and then rejects denial. No positive statement or philosophical claim can legitimately be part of Madhyamaka qua Madhyamaka.
Nijinska’s Apprenticeship
Authors: Garafola Lynn
Published: March 2022

After completing her training in 1908, Nijinska becomes a member of St. Petersburg’s Imperial Ballet, where she dances in works by Marius Petipa, Lev Ivanov, and others. The following year she takes part in the inaugural season of Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes in Paris, rising in the next four years from a member of the corps to a valued company soloist and performing a wide range of classical and character roles in Michel Fokine’s new ballets. She has a complicated relationship with her brother Vaslav Nijinsky. When he resigns from the Imperial Ballet to work full-time for the Ballets Russes, she follows. She plays a key role in the genesis of his first ballet, L’Après-midi d’un Faune, which awakens her desire to choreograph, and was the original Chosen Maiden in his Rite of Spring, a modernist landmark. Her failed romance with the singer Fedor Chaliapin, linked to the budding awareness of herself as a creative artist, becomes a theme of her diaries for the next twenty-five years. In 1912 she marries the dancer Alexander Kochetovsky and the following year gives birth to her daughter, Irina. Her pregnancy infuriates her brother, and he drops her from the cast of The Rite of Spring. When Nijinsky is dismissed from the Ballets Russes after his marriage, she resigns from the company and becomes both the ballerina and ballet mistress of his Saison Nijinsky in London. In 1914 she returns to Russia where she spends World War I and the Revolution.
Globalizing Modernism
Authors: Garafola Lynn
Published: March 2022

In addition to fulfilling other engagements, Nijinska spends most of 1926 and 1927 as ballet director at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires. Here she stages several of her Ballets Russes and Paris Opéra productions in addition to creating new ballets, including the Colón’s first dance work by an Argentine composer, Cuadro campestre. Les Noces, which premieres only four months after its first performance in London, is a triumph. As a teacher, she has a lasting impact on the rapidly professionalizing corps of young dancers, which includes several of the company’s future ballerinas, while as a choreographer, she aligns the repertory with the latest trends of European ballet modernism. The Colón’s generous salary allows her to pay off most of her debts, while supporting her mother and children in Paris, and paying her own living expenses and those of her husband in Buenos Aires. As her second nine-month engagement comes to an end, she vows to find work in Europe to remain close to her family.
Les Ballets de Madame Ida Rubinstein
Authors: Garafola Lynn
Published: March 2022

Back in Paris, in 1928 Nijinska becomes the choreographer of a new ballet company organized by Ida Rubinstein, an actress, sometime dancer, celebrity, and French music patron of note, who at forty-five dreams of being a classical ballerina. For the immensely wealthy Rubinstein, Nijinska assembles a company of fifty dancers, mostly Russian émigrés trained in Paris but with a sprinkling of dancers from England (including the young choreographer Frederick Ashton), the United States, and elsewhere. The company gives two seasons at the Paris Opéra, in addition to performances at La Scala, the Théâtre de la Monnaie in Brussels, and the Vienna Staatsoper. Despite Rubinstein’s insistence on starring in every work, Nijinska creates several important ballets, including Bolero, Le Baiser de la Fée, La Bien-Aimée, and La Valse, although Nijinska’s first realization of the Ravel score is excoriated by the Paris critics. Unlike the Ballets Russes, the Rubinstein company is female centered and exudes a new romanticism that looks forward to the 1930s. For a private soiree in 1929 she choreographs a second ballet to Poulenc’s music—Aubade.
Introduction
Authors: Djupe Paul A. , Erica Smith Amy , Edward Sokhey Anand
Published: March 2022

This chapter introduces our holistic view of knowledge production in sociology and political science. Enlarging our view beyond the individualistic publication pipeline metaphor, we press the conception of academics as citizens of a knowledge polity with rights and responsibilities. Knowledge production does not just mean research, but it also encompasses teaching, reviewing, blogging, commenting, and other activities, which signal its communal nature. We then advance an explanation for knowledge production that situates academics in institutional and social contexts—including the family—while maintaining individual agency. We search for inequalities by gender and racial/ethnic identification, but are careful to consider the changing compositions of political science and sociology (both are diversifying steadily) and different situations (e.g., faculty rank) when making comparisons. The chapter describes our PASS study, which sampled academic departments and surveyed 1,700 faculty in 2017. Respondent reports were linked with data on lifetime publications, Twitter activity, and other data.
Disposed to Publish or Teach?
Authors: Djupe Paul A. , Erica Smith Amy , Edward Sokhey Anand
Published: March 2022

While there is no one right person for academia, our dispositions may help us navigate the peculiar structure of academia that pairs immense freedom with high, ill-specified expectations and distant deadlines. Consistent with the broader “personality project,” we investigate the effects of the Big 5 personality dimensions on research productivity, in addition to the social and institutional supports that affect productivity. We begin by comparing the personalities of academics to the American population, then compare among academics by gender, race, and the life cycle. There are important differences in productivity by personality, which also affect how academics respond to their institutions—for example, extraverts spend less time on teaching, and the conscientious hew closer to institutional expectations. Agreeableness emerges as a prime explanation for the gender gap in productivity since women display more of it and it is linked to discomfort navigating the peer review process.
It Takes a Polity to Raise a Publication
Authors: Djupe Paul A. , Erica Smith Amy , Edward Sokhey Anand
Published: March 2022

Peer review—the gold standard of publishing—is one of the most fraught and essential activities in the knowledge polity, but also one of the most misunderstood. We approach this familiar activity with fresh data, finding that most academics are not overburdened with reviews, that many wish to do more, and that most pay their reviewer debt (especially post-tenure). The average number of reviews completed is between 4 and 5 a year; this varies predictably with article submissions, rank, and online presence. Early-career academics rack up reviewer debt (reviewing less than they submit), but pay it back after tenure. Social scientists strongly see the value in peer review, both for the work under review, as well as their own perspective and recognition as a scholar. Most scholars also believe peer reviewing should count toward tenure and promotion; they support institutions (e.g., ORCID, Publons) that facilitate recordkeeping.
Just Like Selling Cars, Real Estate, or Hamburgers
Authors: Gunderson Anna
Published: March 2022

The first chapter introduces the topic of prison privatization: how the industry has grown in the last few decades in the context of the massive growth of the American carceral state. How and why is this policy important to both politicians and the public at large? Most importantly, what does this book seek to accomplish? The author introduces the policy to emphasize its importance in the development of criminal justice since the 1980s, highlights the controversies surrounding the policies, situates the book and its findings squarely in contemporary political science debates about accountability and justice, and introduces the remaining chapters of the book.
The Rights Revolution and Prison Privatization
Authors: Gunderson Anna
Published: March 2022

Chapter 3 introduces the central theoretical framework of the book and argues that it is the advent of the prisoners’ rights movement and inmates’ use of litigation that prompted the rise of private carceral institutions. The author reviews the historical development of prisoners’ rights and the massive increase in inmate litigation before developing a set of hypotheses about how lawsuits influence the adoption of private prisons. The author argues that a higher number of inmate lawsuits make a state more likely to privatize its carceral facilities to avoid legal and political accountability for poor prison conditions. Alternatively, the second hypothesis argues that an increase in the number of court orders against a state will make a state less likely to privatize. Because the judicial decrees are effectively forcing states to develop coherent rules and standards, the incentive to privatize to limit accountability is removed.
Political Support from Inside the Corporation
Authors: Roe Mark J.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 12 looks at the political support for the stock market short-termism story. Executives and their spokespeople speak of it regularly and sincerely, and it is also often in their self-interest to do so. They are influential in corporate lawmaking.
Erasmus’s Vita Hieronymi (1516): Taking Editorial Work Personally
Authors: Pfeiffer Douglas S.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 3 shows how Erasmus refines the humanist practice of extrapolating authorial character from textual evidence, making it into the interpretive engine powering both his ambitious edition of Saint Jerome and, by virtue of Erasmus’s widespread influence, the larger sixteenth-century enterprise of ad fontes publication. An intensive focus on the person of Jerome pervades the project, from its overall architecture to its inclusion of a prefatory Vita Hieronymi. In the edition’s paratexts, Erasmus also articulates his singular style-man correspondence theory that undergirds his editorial process itself, including his persistent concern throughout this and his other textual editions with scrutinizing the authenticity of the received corpus. The chapter also approaches Erasmus’s editorial methods from a disciplinary perspective to show how his biographical focus meticulously integrates practices of both reception (scholarship and criticism) and production (fiction making) as against the conventionally jurisdictional nature of the humanistic fields then as now.
Analytical Approaches
Authors: Braeutigam Sven , Kenning Peter
Published: March 2022

This chapter on analytical approaches discusses a variety of data analysis methods commonly employed in consumer neuroscience. The emphasis is on the foundations of methods, such as time–frequency representations, phase space reconstruction, source localization, and dynamic causal modelling. In addition, a number of relevant statistical approaches are addressed, such as Bayesian inference and stochastic processes. The issue of so-called reverse inference is discussed in the context of machine learning algorithms that are becoming increasingly important for the analysis of complex data. The goal of the chapter is to equip the reader with a robust overview of what is an active field of research, where new algorithms are being developed at a staggering pace. The chapter concludes with a brief note on issues revolving around artefact rejection, data pre-processing, and analysis pipelines.
Individual Consumer Neuroscience
Authors: Braeutigam Sven , Kenning Peter
Published: March 2022

This chapter on individual consumer neuroscience discusses decision-making and choices of individual actors (i.e. consumers) whose utility level as well as decision-making does not depend on the behaviour of other actors. A typical example is the buying decision of an individual consumer. This chapter briefly discusses the well-known and influential prospect theory, which forms a basis for individual consumer neuroscience, and includes an overview of the most relevant concepts in consumer research and behavioural economics, such as the framing effect, the phenomenon of anchoring and the endowment effect, the phenomenon of temporal discounting, as well as decision-making under risk. After a short description of each of these concepts, the current state of affairs regarding related brain structures and processes of each of the concepts are introduced and discussed.
Social Consumer Neuroscience
Authors: Braeutigam Sven , Kenning Peter
Published: March 2022

This chapter addresses research related to social consumer neuroscience, a subfield of consumer neuroscience that focuses on interdependences between the consumer and other actors (e.g. family members or peers). A typical example for a research issue in this subfield is the decision of a consumer to trust a friend or a family member in a consumption-related decision (e.g. recommendation to buy a certain product in an online shop). After a description of some major concepts, such as trust, fairness, cooperation, and empathy, the chapter provides insights into the neural mechanisms and cognitive processes that are associated with these concepts. Although most of these insights are based on functional magnetic resonance imaging studies, the chapter provides some findings regarding the role of hormones in cognitive processing, for example, the relationship between serotonin and perceived unfairness.
Training Spiritual Perception
Authors: Aquino Frederick D.
Published: March 2022

An important part of the spiritual life involves the training of spiritual perception. People depend on structures, practices, and others to improve their perceptual capacities. Accordingly, this chapter offers a brief account of the phenomenon of training spiritual perception. It highlights the role that selective attention plays in forming fine-grained perceptual judgements. Drawing from the work of John Cassian, the chapter also focuses on two features of purity of heart (inner stability and discernment) and explains how they contribute to the process of training spiritual perception. It also takes up the question of whether this kind of trained perception necessarily leads to a kind of confirmation bias. It concludes by calling for further work on the nature and structure of other virtues and on how they contribute to the process of training spiritual perception.
Sensus Christi
Authors: Coolman Boyd Taylor
Published: March 2022

This chapter offers a modest proposal for resisting the ‘pornifying’ tendencies of contemporary Western culture. More precisely, it suggests that a certain set of liturgical and sacramental practices might help to facilitate the acquisition of a counter-sensibility, in relation to the perception of bodies, that is not only opposed to a pornographic sensibility but aims to transform the ‘pornographic gaze’ into a properly human sensorium capable of the fullest possible perception of others in their spiritual and physical dimensions. This approach is profoundly Christological and incarnational in that it focuses on the liturgical experience of and sacramental union with Christ, precisely in his own embodied reality and as depicted in his exposed and vulnerable nakedness on the Cross.
Spiritual Perception and the Racist Gaze
Authors: Coakley Sarah
Published: March 2022

This chapter tackles the question of how ‘perception’ in its sensual/spiritual forms can go awry, and in particular in the context of ‘structurally’ racist societies, such as the contemporary USA. It unfolds an exploratory argument of response to this crisis in three stages. Starting first with an analysis of recent deadly shootings of young American black men by the police, it proposes that the disturbing nature of these events makes the theological category of ‘sin’ newly indispensable, especially as it relates to distorted perception, both visual and moral. It then turns back to the 16th-century Carmelite John of the Cross, and to his unique exposition of how both sensual and spiritual perception may be cleansed and transformed from the effects of the Fall through the demanding journey of ‘contemplation’. In the third and last section a range of recent apposite analytic philosophical discussions of perception and racism is essayed, and brought into conversation with the earlier theological standpoint. It is concluded that, while the philosophical materials probe the presenting problems with increasing clarity, and precision, only the theological solutions can address the deeper spiritual issues at their root.
Divine Hiddenness, Agapē Conviction, and Spiritual Discernment
Authors: Moser Paul K.
Published: March 2022

Some people arguably perceive God at times, but others do not. So, we should ask whether God hides from some people but not others, relative to their perceptual experience. This essay identifies some important features of such hiding relative to one’s perceiving God. It proposes that humans are not in a position to remove divine hiding from their perceptual experience, even if they can put themselves in an improved position for perceiving God. The main factor is God’s choosing to self-manifest in human perception, and, according to this essay, this self-manifesting can be in human conscience under certain conditions, particularly conditions sensitive to a person’s evaluative attitude towards perceiving God. The constituting conditions for perceiving God, according to the essay, are determined by God’s own character and will, and they bear on the divine redemption of humans into God’s distinctive moral life, under circumstances of moral challenge.
Introduction
Authors: de Bruin Boudewijn
Published: March 2022

I begin this introductory chapter by noting how just before the Global Financial Crisis broke out in 2008, the literature on political freedom was in very good shape, with several monographs reinvigorating the debate about the correct analysis of the concept of freedom. But the crisis intervened, and academics and practitioners returned to earlier criticisms of capitalism and liberalism to understand the crisis. Yet as business law and ethics are often grounded in views about freedom going back to thinkers in liberal and republican traditions, the literature on political freedom is still highly relevant to us today. In this chapter, I show how I plan to put forward a theory of the epistemic, informational, or cognitive aspects of freedom that, while indebted to this literature, is developed in the broader context of business ethics, political theory, normative economics, and legal scholarship. Using this background, I briefly introduce the two ideals of known freedom and acknowledged freedom. An overview of the remaining chapters completes the introduction.
From Choice Overload to Discrimination
Authors: de Bruin Boudewijn
Published: March 2022

This chapter introduces three conceptions of freedom: negative freedom (Hobbes, Mill, Ian Carter, Matthew Kramer), positive freedom (T. H. Green, Charles Taylor), and republican freedom (Philip Pettit). I discuss arguments for the value of freedom based on desire satisfaction, responsibility, and self-realization, as well as Iyengar and Lepper’s work on choice overload, Deci and Ryan’s work on self-determination, and Hurka’s work on causal agency. The second part of the chapter offers an informational or ‘epistemic’ (Gr. episteme, knowledge) perspective on these arguments. I argue that the arguments for the value of freedom are best seen as arguments for what I call ‘known freedom’. You possess known freedom to the extent that you are correctly informed about your opportunity set. A discussion of self-employed workers, consumer obfuscation, naïveté-based discrimination, citizen fear of crime, and the 1972 case of Wisconsin v. Yoder on Amish education is offered as illustration.
Freedom of Speech and Consumer Autonomy
Authors: de Bruin Boudewijn
Published: March 2022

This chapter considers freedom of speech in relation to media violence. Freedom of speech is typically not protected by the harm principle, and therefore recourse is made to arguments deriving the value of free speech from its contributions to truth finding, democracy, autonomy, and so forth. Susan Hurley has argued against the argument from autonomy on the basis of findings from neuroscience and psychology purportedly showing a correlation between exposure to media violence and non-autonomously copied criminal violence. I argue that Hurley’s claim cannot be substantiated. I review the evidence, make a number of observations about policymaking, and discuss a potential way out based on a recent epistemological reading of free speech by Joseph Blocher.
Diseases of scleractinian corals
Authors: Bourne David G. , Smith Hillary A. , Page Cathie A.
Published: March 2022

Coral reefs are critical habitats that support an abundance of marine life while also being economically important to millions of people that rely on reef-based industries such as tourism and fishing to sustain local communities. However, reef ecosystems globally are degrading at alarming rates due to anthropogenic impacts including ocean warming, poor water quality and over exploitation of marine stocks. Contributing to the decline in reef health has been coral disease outbreaks that can change benthic community assemblages, influence trophic networks, and impact the broad ecosystem services provided by reefs. Coral diseases have been investigated for over 50 years and cases of disease reported from almost every reef ecosystem on the planet. Disease is a natural component of the reef ecosystem, though increased disturbances from anthropogenic impacts have driven unprecedented outbreaks with some coral species in the Caribbean region now listed on the endangered species register. An extensive array of coral diseases has been described (> 40), though many have poor macroscopic and diagnostic descriptions with little associated epizootic and etiologic information. This chapter explores the current epizoology and etiology understanding of coral diseases reported across a broad geographical footprint and with repeated observations. As management of coral reefs pivots to looking for novel approaches to maintain ecosystem health, mitigate the impacts of rapid climate change, and build reef resilience, a better understanding of the environmental drivers and biological causes of coral disease is central to ensuring these iconic ecosystems persist into the future.
Diseases of chelicerates
Authors: Coates Christopher J.
Published: March 2022

Chelicerates represent one of the oldest and second most speciose groups within the Phylum Arthropoda. Often referred to as ‘living fossils’, extant chelicerates inhabit terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites are usually mistaken for insects, just as horseshoe crabs are misidentified as crustaceans. The biological and commercial importance of chelicerates cannot be overstated; members represent vectors of devastating animal and plant diseases (acarids), wielders of poisons and venoms (arachnids), and critical for the detection of bacterial contaminants in pharmaceuticals (horseshoe crabs). For many of the chelicerates (e.g. pycnogonids), there is a knowledge deficit with respect to host-pathogen antibiosis and histopathological condition. From the available literature, the book lungs and book gills are critical sites of pathogen dissemination throughout the haemocoel. Recent data gathered using high throughput sequencing reveals spiders as rich sources of endosymbionts and pathobionts. More broadly, research efforts are focussed on integrated pest management strategies using acaropathogenic and araneogenous fungi for controlling terrestrial chelicerate pests. This chapter represents the first extensive review of the diseases and pathobiology of chelicerates in the context of their innate immune defences. Much information has been accrued from captive settings, such as scorpions from zoological collections and horseshoe crabs in aquaria.
Bacterial diseases of insects
Authors: Abdelgaffar Heba , Jackson Trevor , Jurat-Fuentes Juan Luis
Published: March 2022

Entomopathogenic bacteria are defined by their production of pathogenic factors to cause disease in insects. Although taxonomically diverse, these bacteria commonly use the alimentary tract to enter the host and their virulence factors target disruption of the gut epithelial barrier to reach the hemocoel and cause death by septicaemia. This chapter will discuss well-characterised and some more recently studied species of Gram-positive (Bacillus thuringiensis, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, Paenibacillus popilliae, and Brevibacillus laterosporus) and Gram-negative (Serratia entomophila, Chromobacterium subtsugae, Yersinia entomophaga, Burkholdheria rinojensis, and Pseudomonas, and Rickettsiella spp.) bacterial entomopathogens. Aspects discussed include the basic ecology and biology of each species, followed by a detailed presentation of the disease process and main pathogenic factors involved. Main diseases affecting pests and beneficial insects are discussed, with special consideration given to B. thuringiensis as the most studied and best-characterised entomopathogenic bacterium.
Parasitic diseases of insects
Authors: Whitten Miranda M.A.
Published: March 2022

Parasites of insects represent an exceptionally diverse group of organisms with equally varied lifecycles and adaptations. This chapter focuses primarily, but not exclusively, on the protozoan, helminth, and arthropod parasites of insects. Lethal and sub-lethal effects of parasitism are considered and especially in bee species these are considered alongside anthropogenic and environmental stressors that render insects more susceptible to infection. Parasites of insects are also notable for inducing host behavioural changes, some of which represent spectacular manipulative adaptations that favour parasite transmission. The infection and infestation of insects by parasites is a subject well represented in the published literature and it is understandably dominated by studies on commercially important insects such as honeybees and pests such as mosquitoes. This chapter, however, also identifies many neglected areas of research, such as the fascinating and often highly virulent entomopathogenic ciliates and amoebae that have considerable potential as biopesticides. The expanding commercial exploitation of diverse mass-reared insect taxa is stimulating further research into previously neglected areas of insect parasitology and the incorporation of ‘omic’-assisted technologies is at last allowing the complex host-parasite relationships in disease states to be teased apart.
Fungal and oomycete diseases of crustaceans
Authors: Rowley Andrew F. , Makkonen Jenny , Shields Jeffrey D.
Published: March 2022

This chapter provides an overview of the diseases of crustaceans caused by fungi and oomycetes. Knowledge of fungal diseases of crustaceans lags behind that for viruses and bacteria. Various diseases caused by fungi have been reported including black gill and burn spot diseases caused by Fusarium spp., and lethargic crab disease caused by Exophiala cancerae and Fonsecaea brasiliensis. Other diseases caused by fungi include mycosis of shore crabs (Carcinus maenas) and a similar disease of edible crabs (Cancer pagurus) caused by an Ophiocordyceps-like fungus. Over 60 species of microsporidians infect crustaceans including Ameson spp., Enterospora spp. and Pleistophora spp. Finally, a key disease of crayfish is crayfish plague (krebspest) caused by the oomycete, Aphanomyces astaci, that has adversely affected native populations of crayfish, particularly in Europe. Other oomycete pathogens include Lagenidium, Haliphthorus spp., Halocrusticida spp., and Halioticida sp. that affect eggs and larvae of aquatic crustaceans.
Parasites of crustaceans
Authors: Shields Jeffrey D.
Published: March 2022

As with all animals, crustaceans serve as hosts to a very diverse taxa of parasites. These parasites range from unusual dinoflagellates that parasitise the hemocoels or eggs of their hosts, to classical helminths that use crustaceans as intermediate hosts, and to the bizarrely adapted tantulocarid and rhizocephalan crustaceans with their highly derived life styles. Here, I review the major parasitic taxa that use Crustacea as hosts. The parasites of decapods, particularly those in shrimps, crabs, and lobsters are the best known, primarily because of their impact on populations of their commercially important hosts. Several of these parasites are outright pathogens that cause widespread mortality, feminisation, and stunting in their host populations. Other parasites, particularly those in copepods, cladocerans, and amphipods have also received attention because of the ecological importance of these hosts in food webs. They have received notable studies on vertical transmission, the influence of cryptic species complexes (both host and parasite), as well as the emergence of new pathogens in these hosts. A few parasites are also known from brine shrimp (Anostraca) and barnacles (Cirripedia) which have served as laboratory or ecological models, respectively, but few of these parasites have received much study other than their initial taxonomic descriptions and systematic placement. Although molecular tools have revealed the systematics of many of the parasitic taxa, their biology and ecology remain poorly known.
Ecological outcomes of echinoderm disease, mass die-offs, and pandemics
Authors: Smith L. Courtney , Byrne Maria , Gedan Keryn B. , Lipscomb Diana L. , Majeske Audrey J. , Tafesh-Edwards Ghada
Published: March 2022

Echinoderms are an ancient deuterostome phylum of marine animals that, under physiological stresses or increases in pathogen populations, often from environmental changes, can be infected and may succumb to diseases in both larvae and adults. Mass die-offs of echinoderms that are keystone species alter their essential functions in maintaining ecosystem structure and diversity. Changes in echinoderm population can alter trophic cascades that result in phase shifts to a different ecological structure composed of a different assemblage of species. An example is a shift to macroalgal dominated marine habitats when sea urchin populations decrease from disease. Alternatively, mass die-offs of predatory sea stars and the resulting population explosion of the prey echinoderm herbivores can drive phase shifts to barrens. The shifted ecosystems are either maintained for long periods or may return to the previous structure depending on the time required for echinoderm population recovery from disease, the recovery of the echinoderm predator, and the time required for recolonisation and growth to establish the alternative stable ecological structure. Hence, echinoderm pathology versus healthy echinoderm populations have direct impacts on marine ecology.
Untouched Raw Feels?
Authors: Lau Hakwan
Published: March 2022

When we don’t pay attention, we don’t perceive many details. But our experience may be subjectively “inflated” beyond what we actually represent in the sensory cortices. This poses troubles for local theorists. At the same time, the inflation account also suggests that the role played by the prefrontal cortex in consciousness isn’t as straightforward as global broadcast. This chapter relates current debates on the possibility of phenomenological overflow, to classic studies of attentional selection. One important suggestion is that we should move beyond asking whether attention is “necessary” for consciousness, and instead we should more broadly assess the relationship between the two. The inflation account put forward will also be compared with other views of unattended or peripheral vision, including those concerning filling-in and representations of summary statistics.
Are We Alone?
Authors: Lau Hakwan
Published: March 2022

In the chapter we address the remaining issues of consciousness in animals and robots. A good way to address this may be to first figure out what in principle accounts for consciousness in the human cases. From there, we can see if similar mechanisms exist or not in the animals or robots. To make this inductive generalization, we need a theory of consciousness. We introduce the perceptual reality monitoring theory, according to which some animals may not be conscious. And yet, perhaps even a robot or computer program could be. This is to say, it is a functionalist account, based on an empirical interpretation of a variant of higher-order theory of consciousness. To evaluate the theory, we should compare it against other existing theories in terms of plausibility.
Making Ourselves Useful
Authors: Lau Hakwan
Published: March 2022

The theory of perceptual reality monitoring connects two important notions of consciousness: subjective experience, and our rational grasp of reality. Studies in the social sciences, psychiatry, and clinical psychology have focused on this latter notion of consciousness for over a century. To many, that’s where the concept of consciousness really comes from, or at least that’s what makes the topic so interesting. How is this related to the kind of consciousness we have discussed so far? Here we will sketch out a framework of how the theory of perceptual reality monitoring can be extended to help us understand our rational grasp of reality (and its breakdown under conditions such as psychosis), our sense of self, free will, emotions, and social contagion.
What of the Hard Problem?
Authors: Lau Hakwan
Published: March 2022

This chapter argues that the subjective quality of a conscious experience can be understood in terms of how similar it is to all other possible experiences. We discuss how these similarity relationships can be implicitly and conveniently assessed, given the structure of the mammalian sensory cortices. These mechanisms allow the subject to “know”, without effort, what an experience is like. I will flesh out how this mental quality space view fits well with the theory of perceptual reality monitoring introduced in Chapter 7: subjective experience happens when qualitative sensory information acquires an assertoric force. We end by discussing why metaphysical theories generally don’t fare better in accounting for these qualitative aspects of consciousness, and may just hinder scientific progress.
The Language of Corruption
Authors: Agbiboa Daniel E.
Published: March 2022

Drawing upon critical discourse analysis, this chapter analyses the popular semiology of corruption in Africa. It looks closely at the ways in which corruption is commonly scripted in corporeal metaphors of eating (literally and figuratively), confirming the banality and commensality of corruption in Africa. By paying particular attention to the language and idioms of bribery and corruption, we gain a deeper understanding of the corruption complex and popular reactions to it. Foregrounding corruption as a “food for thought,” this chapter reclaims the ambiguous and multivocal power of language in how we think and talk about corruption. In so doing, it sheds new light onto what counts as corruption in the value acceptances of local populations.
Bringing Industry 4.0 to small and medium enterprises
Authors: Simone Carla , Wagner Ina , Müller Claudia , Weibert Anne , Wulf Volker
Published: March 2022

This chapter describes a research line undertaken in SMEs in industrial settings around Industry 4.0 concepts, including a ‘Competence Center’ offering training, research prototypes, and a design approach to companies in a region. The cases illustrate some of the conditions required for a research prototype to be appropriated in a real-use context and highlight the specific conditions of SMEs in manufacturing. They point out some of the challenges research needs to take account of, such as the impediments to evaluating the feasibility of a design solution with real data or in real use.