bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Native Speakers Pronunciation of Foreign Names
Authors: Rosenhouse Judith
Published: October 2007

Due to various reasons, proper names (personal names) are often considered a separate group within the noun category of a language. Nowadays, foreign names are much more wide-spread, perhaps, than ever before. This fact causes pronunciation difficulties to speakers in the native-language environment. Moreover, the foreign origin of a name remains long after an individual’s immigration, and many foreign names are integrated into the absorbing language.

Two problem areas arise for speakers of a certain language who have to pronounce foreign names: on the written modality level, letter-to-sound correspondence, and on the aural modality, the pronunciation of the foreign name (according to the speaker’s L1). These issues require decisions about phonological and phonetic features of the foreign language which are to be adopted or discarded in pronouncing a name. Based on our field study, various solutions of these problems are here described and discussed.

It appears that native speakers of English (not only American English, as our study reveals) do not base their decisions only on the graphic form of the names (letter sequences); their experience with other languages affects their productions. In addition, not all letter sequences yield identical pronunciation decisions. Thus, solutions are not uniform. Examples are given from French surnames and personal names that occur in English in the USA.
Needs assessment in translation teaching
Authors: Li Defeng
Published: October 2007

As we are advancing into the new millennium, changes are taking place in translation markets and technology is fast becoming omnipresent. In the face of changes and new technology, translation programs and courses must respond to the changing needs of society.

It is argued in this paper that in the process of planning/restructuring/innovating translation programs to address the changing social needs, needs assessment is crucial. Rather than sitting behind closed doors charting out the possible needs of our students, which often are considerably different from the actual needs of translators (Cheung, Xu, Chan and Yim 1993), we need to carry out serious needs assessment to find out what the real needs are.

It is further argued that needs assessment should be a continual process and take place throughout the instructional program (Burnaby 1989;Savage 1993), thus influencing materials selection, curriculum design and teaching approaches. Major assessment methods for translation programs/courses are then described in brief for reference. The paper concludes that (1) Whatever the format and focus of the needs assessment, the basic purpose is to determine what are the real needs of our students:and (2) When curriculum content, materials, and teaching approaches match social needs, student motivation and success are enhanced.
Drama translation strategies
Authors: Merino Raquel
Published: October 2007

This paper, which deals with drama translations in Spain (English-Spanish) from 1950, presents the results of a four-stage analysis carried out on a large corpus of translated plays.

Starting from the assumption that theatre is part of the field of drama (which includes cinema and television, among other spectacles), and taking into account drama’ś inherent specificity (written to be performed), as well as its peculiar structure (dialogue versus prose) this study on translated drama posits, as a starting point, an inherently dramatic unit (réplica) which is instrumental in describing and comparing drama texts, be they translated or not.

Starting from an outline of the four-stage process adopted, this paper elaborates fundamentally on extreme cases of translation strategies (addition, deletion and adequacy), found to have been applied in each of the three extreme cases studied, relating them with a previously uncovered twofold characterization (into reading and acting editions) of the translations under scrutiny.
Non-lexicalised concepts and degrees of effability
Authors: Pilkington Adrian
Published: October 2007

Some concepts — and hence the thoughts that contain them — are relatively ineffable. Some literary communication nevertheless
attempts to eff these concepts. This article is interested in the nature of such concepts and the extent to which pragmatics can
deal with them. I discuss the idea, familiar from Relevance Theory and developed in Carston (1996; forthcoming), that pragmatic
inferencing is involved in on-line ad hoc concept construction, certainly in the case of concept narrowing, but
also possibly in the case of concept loosening. I then discuss the relative effability of non-lexicalised concepts, borrowing from
Sperber and Wilson (1998) and focussing on phenomenal concepts (or concepts with a significant phenomenal component). I then
define poetic thoughts as thoughts containing such concepts.
Relevance Theory and the use of voice in poetry
Authors: MacMahon Barbara
Published: October 2007

This article explores the extent to which the Relevance Theory concepts of interpretive and echoic use can help to explain the
complexities of the use of voice in poetry. Echoic use in Relevance Theory is a sub-type of interpretive use, a use which can
allow a speaker to communicate one of many possible attitudes towards a proposition, ranging from endorsement through
disapproval to ridicule. My argument is that this model could be extremely powerful in accounting for the differences and
relationships between perceived poets’/authors’ views and views presented directly in literary works. This approach goes some
way towards integrating the study of poetry into a general account of communication. The article develops these arguments by
using the Relevance Theory model in analysing the use of voice in a selection of poems by Dorothy Parker, Robert Browning,
John Keats, Gerard Manley Hopkins, Fleur Adcock and Tony Harrison, and raises the question of whether all poetry might be
considered interpretive.
Testing for mathematical lineation in Jim Crace’s Quarantine and T.S. Eliot’s Four
Quartets
Authors: Constable John , Aoyama Hideaki
Published: October 2007

By employing a mathematical characterisation of the distinction between prose and verse, namely the randomword length features
of English prose and the non-random features of verse, it is possible to detect mathematical lineation in writings that are
not typographically lineated. For example, such lineation can be shown to be present in T. S. Eliot's poem Burnt
Norton (1941), and Jim Crace's prose ction Quarantine (1997). In the rst of these cases we show
that the verse is lineated in units of four syllables, while the other sections of The Four Quartets are not
lineated. In the second we show that Crace's text is lineated in syllabic groups of two, four, six, eight, ten, and subsequent
multiples of two. Quarantine, we demonstrate, is non-randomly segmented, and while it does not employ a core
isometric line length, and its lines do not follow on one from another, it is still, and in a novel and important sense,
lineated. In this paper we offer further comments on appropriate statistical methods for such work, and
also on the nature of formal innovation in these two texts. Additional remarks are made on the roots of lineation as a
metrical form, and on the prose-verse continuum.
Towards a pragmatic study of magic poetry
Authors: Golopentia Sanda
Published: October 2007

In this paper, we introduce the basic concepts needed for a pragmatic analysis of a specific kind of magic poetry, viz. Romanian
love charms. We first distinguish between five types of charms: charms for love and beauty; charms for knowing one’s fated
spouse; charms for bringing one’s fated spouse; charms for hate; charms for undoing hate. Our study concentrates on charm
scenarios, i.e. on the instructions transmitted by charm-performers. Each charm scenario combines two sets of textual data:
charm formulas (verses or poems) and charm techniques. The technique texts contain prose directions concerning the nonverbal
component of the charm. After analyzing an example of each type of charms, we suggest that some rhetorical topoi
of love charms (generally, metaphors) should be understood as modal indications that “guide” the magic process by
illustrating its ideal result.
Poetry and formulaic language
Authors: MacKenzie Ian
Published: October 2007

Corpora show that people are less original in using language than is generally believed. We routinely employ an immense
repertoire of semi-preconstructed phrases, though we also adapt them: creative extensions and adaptations of institutionalized
locutions sometimes occur more frequently than the ordinary form. Corpora also reveal that fiction uses verbal idioms rarely
found in other forms of writing or in conversation, which suggests that novelists draw on their own experience of stereotyped
fictional dialogue more than on real-life conversation. Oral epic poetry, from Homer to Beowulf, was, of
course, also formulaic, but the received view is that written poetry should be quite the opposite: it should consist of new
combinations of words. While it is easy to find poetry that does contain fixed expressions and poetic
transformations of them, such as the ‘conversational’ (and occasionally prosaic) poetry of Wordsworth, Frost, Auden and
McDiarmid, it is harder to argue that the poetry of Shakespeare, Donne, Shelley, Keats, Hopkins, Stevens or Ashbery is made up
of formulaic language. Conversely, however, it can be shown that canonical poetry is the source of hundreds of phrases in our
active verbal lexicons.
Meters and formulas
Authors: Paoli Bruno
Published: October 2007

This paper deals with the metrical and rhythmical foundations of the formulaic style of ancient Arabic poetry. It is first shown
how proper formulas can match different verse-patterns, by means of slight modifications such as the adjunction, deletion or
substitution of conjunctions, prepositions, interrogative pronouns or aspectual markers, which partly behave like “stop-gaps”,
keeping the meaning unchanged while modifying the metrical pattern of the formula. The analysis is then extended to
“rhythmical formulas”, i.e. to combined metrical and word-stress patterns which serve as models for a great number of
“formulaic expressions”. Word boundaries may be specified, as well as some morphological and syntactical informations, so that
expressions derived from a same rhythmical formula can be classified into a number of more or less abstract subcategories.
Finally, the syntagmatic combination of rhythmical formulas into lines leads to the identification of a small number of
prototypical verse-instances underlying the various actual instances of a same verse-pattern.
The CV-syllable in Egyptian-Arabic verse
Authors: Stoetzer Willem F.G.J.
Published: October 2007

This is a study of some metrical peculiarities of a corpus of 159 Egyptian-Arabic quatrains. The light CV-syllable, accepted in all
metrical positions, is the exclusive type in three of the eleven positions of the standard line, but it figures together with
heavy syllables in the eight remaining positions. Does quantity, therefore, matter in a restricted number of cases only? The
riddle is solved by distinguishing between two classes of CV-syllables, depending on whether the vowel is lax or tense: CVlax is
always light, CVtense is generally heavy, but light in a weak metrical position. Other findings concern CVCV, which may fill
several strong positions in the metre, and CVVC, which may be either heavy or superheavy. Superheavy CVVC can fill a strong + weak
position, or, together with CVlax, two strong positions. Nothing of the sort occurs in classical Arabic; still, classical and
vernacular Arabic metrics are related to a point where the existing differences are easily overlooked. Only a thorough
investigation of the vernacular metres on their merits can establish the exact relationship between classical and vernacular
prosodic systems.
From Vidal to Lentini
Authors: Duffell Martin J.
Published: October 2007

This article traces the origins of the Italian endecasillabo, the earliest surviving examples of which were
composed in the thirteenth century, soon after the Albigensian Crusades destroyed the Occitan-speaking culture of the Southern
French courts. It begins by discussing the achievements of that culture and, in particular, the ways in which the troubadours
delighted in formal innovation and experiment, constantly recombining the structural elements of their verse in new ways. It
then proceeds to analyse all the structural variants found in the earliest endecasillabi and demonstrates
that each had antecedents in Occitan verse. This analysis supports Beltrami (1986) and Billy (2000), who argue that the
endecasillabo evolved from the vers de dix largely as a result of the distinctive
lexicon and phonology of the Italian language. It then examines the alternative hypothesis, that the endecasillabo
evolved independently of its French and Occitan cognate metre, and finds all the arguments advanced in its favour
unsatisfactory: the forged evidence of Baruffaldi (1713), the Latin origin proposed by Gasparov (1996), and the hypothesis of
Meillet (1923) that all Indo-European verse has syllabic origins and a tendency to revert to them. This article concludes that
the endecasillabo is a lasting legacy of the Occitan poets.
Russian iambic pentameter
Authors: Klenin Emily
Published: October 2007

The Russian pentameter is historically associated with the English and German traditions, but typologically it has with some
justice been compared to the French decasyllable. The present article analyzes the structure and cultural context of Russian
pentameter and examines in detail the use of caesura in a small corpus of iambic pentameter poems by Afanasy Fet. It is shown
that the use of caesura correlates with patterns of word stress. In particular, the appearance of caesuraed lines in poems in
which caesura is relatively weak correlates with the stress patterns of the lines in question: caesuraed lines are less
heavily stressed than uncaesuraed ones, a correlation that theoretically should promote equalization of line length across the
text. Russian poetry has a general tendency to promote equality of line length, and the intrusion of occasional I6 lines into
I5 texts, a phenomenon known in many Russian I5 poems, can be viewed as a related strategy for handling ragged I5
lines.
Intonational factors in metrics
Authors: Piera Carlos
Published: October 2007

Current theories of meter tend to rely exclusively on stress-based properties. This paper argues that certain phenomena in
Spanish metrics — some well-known, some neglected — should be accounted for in terms of intonational primitives. Any standard
stress-based metrical pattern will be compatible with several Pierrehumbert-style intonational configurations, but there can
also be alignment conflicts between stress and tone which cause metrical tension and/or unmetricality. As a case in point, the
Spanish (hen)decasyllable, which has two possible stress patterns, discourages lines in which the intonational structure
corresponds to the pattern that is not actually instantiated by them. Intonation-based treatments are also proposed for
assonance and for the caesural features of the Spanish alexandrine.
Some Notes on Quotation
Authors: Abbott Barbara
Published: October 2007

This paper offers support for, and modification of, Recanati’s distinction between open and closed quotation. It also points out
two unresolved issues associated with quotation: the problem of reference to meaning, and a new category, tentatively named
“noncitational quotation”.
Who Needs Semantics of Quotation Marks?
Authors: Benbaji Yitzhak
Published: October 2007

This paper further develops the semantic approach to quotation marks first presented in Benbaji (2004a) and (2004b). The account
defended here is a version of the neo-Davidsonian semantic theory of quotation recently revived by Cappelen & Lepore. I
begin by providing two further pieces of evidence in support of a semantic account. I argue, contra Recanati, that quotation
marks cannot be “pragmatic indicators”, namely “expressions which have certain conditions of use, and whose use indicates that
the conditions in question obtain”. Facts about verb phrase anaphora and about the cancelability of conventional implicatures
clearly show, I believe, that quotation marks contribute to what is strictly and minimally said by the sentence in which they
appear. On the other hand, I argue, contra Cappelen & Lepore, that the semantics of these markers is not “innocent”.
Within some contexts, the semantic value of quotation marks is a component of the proposition expressed by the sentence in
which they appear, while within others it is part of the mechanism that determines which proposition is expressed by the
sentence given a context.
Varieties of Quotation Revisited
Authors: Cappelen Herman , Lepore Ernie
Published: October 2007

This paper develops the view presented in our 1997 paper “Varieties of Quotation”. In the first part of the paper we show how
phenomena such as scare quotes, echoing and mimicry can be treated as what we call Speech-Act Heuristics. We
then defend a semantic account of mixed quotation. Along the way we discuss the role of indexicals in mixed quotation and the
non-cancelability of reference to words in mixed quotation. We also respond to some objections raised by Recanati, Saka,
Stainton and Reimer.
Double-Duty Quotation
Authors: García-Carpintero Manuel
Published: October 2007

This paper starts by outlining relevant aspects of a view of how indexicals in general and demonstratives in particular work,
after which it presents a version of Davidson’s (1979) Demonstrative Theory of quotation that I have argued for in previous
work. On this form of the demonstrative view, the quoted material plays a role analogous to the demonstrated item in cases of
“deferred ostension” uses of ordinary demonstratives. The paper then examines the phenomenon that Recanati calls open
quotation, here called instead double-duty quotation, and argues that the version of the Demonstrative Theory
previously sketched is consistent with the existence of doubleduty quotation, and to that extent is confirmed by it even
though the theory was elaborated without regard for double-duty quotation.
Too Counter-Intuitive to Believe? Pragmatic Accounts of Mixed Quotation
Authors: Reimer Marga
Published: October 2007

Intuitively, an utterance of:

(1) Alice said that life is “difficult to understand”

would not be true unless Alice
uttered the very words “difficult to understand.” However, several recent theories of “mixed quotation” contend that the
intuition here is a misleading one. According to these theories, the truth conditions of (1) are identical to those
of:

(2) Alice said that life is difficult to understand.

On such accounts, the quotation marks in (1) are of only
pragmatic significance. That Alice uttered the quoted words is something the speaker might well convey in uttering (1); it is
not something literally expressed by the utterance itself. Whatever its theoretical motivations, these contentions are
undeniably counter-intuitive and the pragmaticist owes us an explanation of where they come from. This paper presents and
evaluates various strategies that a pragmaticist with respect to mixed quotation might appeal to in an effort to explain the
source of the counter-intuitive consequences of his theory.
Lost Hopes and Mixed Quotes
Authors: Tsohatzidis Savas L.
Published: October 2007

The analysis of mixed quotation proposed in Cappelen & Lepore (1997a), purportedly as a development of Davidson’s accounts
of direct and of indirect quotation, is critically examined. It is argued that the analysis fails to specify either necessary
or sufficient conditions on mixed quotation, and that the way it has been defended by its proponents makes its alleged
Davidsonian parentage questionable.
The Layered Internal Structure of Spatial PPs
Authors: Ayano Seiki
Published: October 2007

The principal goal of this paper is to show that spatial PPs in English and Dutch have a layered internal structure. In these languages, we find PP constructions containing multiple Ps, which can be analyzed as having a layered PP structure. That is, [+locational] PP headed by lexical P is embedded in [±directional] pP headed by functional p. Following van Riemsdijk (1990) and Emonds (2001), I further propose that in English, both [+locational] P and [±directional] p are head-initial, while in Dutch, the former is head-initial and the latter, head-final. This layered PP analysis has two desirable consequences for Dutch spatial PPs. First, it can account for the preposition-postposition alternation. This alternation is explained when we assume that an unambiguously [+directional] postpositional phrase is derived by the head-initial [+locational] P moving to adjoin to the morphologically covert [+directional] p which is head-final. Second, given this internal structure of Dutch spatial PPs and the Head Movement Constraint (Travis 1984), a contrast between the availability and unavailability of P-to-V incorporation can be readily accounted for. In [-directional] phrases, the preposition cannot undergo movement to adjoin to V since it cannot adjoin to the intermediate head, i.e., the morphologically covert [-directional] p. In contrast, the [+locational] P within a [+directional] pP can undergo incorporation into V because it can adjoin to the morphologically covert [+directional] p on its way to V.
The Particularity of Particles, or Why They Are Not Just ‘Intransitive Prepositions’
Authors: Cappelle Bert
Published: October 2007

Although the distinction between verb-preposition combinations (e.g., They fought over the money) and
prima facie similar transitive verb-particle combinations (e.g., They handed over the
money) is well known, some grammarians have taken the view that particles are in fact a sort of prepositions all
the same, namely, intransitive ones. While this view is not faulty in itself, I do not subscribe to any of three related
claims, namely (i) that directional particles and full directional PPs have the same syntactic distribution, (ii) that
directional particles are shortened versions of full PPs, and (iii) that the use of a directional particle only differs from
the use of a formally related full directional PP in leaving the reference object (i.e., the ‘landmark’ in Cognitive Grammar
terms) understood. I argue that, since even directional particles can be quite different from their
prepositional counterparts, it follows that we should consider all particles as a class distinct from
prepositions.
Some Observations on the Syntax of Adpositions of Movement
Authors: Melis Ludo
Published: October 2007

This paper discusses the internal structure of adpositional phrases and provides evidence for the view that, even when analyzing
one single language, distinct syntactic patterns need to be set up in order to cope adequately with the data. The focus of the
paper is on prepositions of movement in French. It is shown that, for a the case at hand, at least six patterns need te be
distinguished. Section 1 presents the standard view of prepositions as the lexical head of a PP; in section 2, it is shown
that this view is appropriate for handling most instances of prepositions of movement. The remainder of this paper discusses
various cases where the standard view does not hold. Section 3 deals with two instances where prepositions of movement do not
have the properties of a head, namely, when they function as case markers or as co-heads to the noun. Sections 4–6 treat three
additional patterns; they involve the use of prepositions as nonsubordinating interpositions, as particles tightly linked to
the higher predicate, and as specifiers of another preposition. The final section (7) will present a number of conclusions
that may be drawn from these observations.
Locative Complements of Verbs of Movement in Czech
Authors: Ungermanová Marta
Published: October 2007

This paper describes the syntactic properties of three types of locative complements in Czech that are compatible with verbs of
movement. The distinction between these complements (each with its own interpretation) is made in the first place on the basis of
several formal criteria (in particular, involving the rich Czech morphology), and, in addition, on semantic criteria. It is
examined whether there exists sufficient correspondence between these criteria, and in particular, to what extent they can
satisfactorily classify locative complements into essential and circumstantial ones. It is shown that there is no clear-cut
distinction between these two categories of locative complements with Czech movement verbs. Furthermore, the syntactic role of the
locative complements is shown to depend mainly on the verb, but also on other elements of the sentence. Finally, on the basis of
several examples, it is argued that, on the one hand, the form of the complement does not predict its syntactic role and
interpretation and, on the other hand, that two different forms can share the same syntactic role and interpretation.
Pronominal Adverbs Containing Adpositions of Direction in Dutch
Authors: Van Canegem-Ardijns Ingrid , Van Belle William
Published: October 2007

In Dutch, adpositional arguments and adjuncts which are semantically close to the verb easily form pronominal adverbs made up of an
adverb like er ‘there’ or daar ‘there’ and an adposition (e.g., erin
[there.in], daarop [there.on]). Such a semantically close relation typically exists between the verb and
objects or adjuncts of direction and place: direction and place narrowly delimit the type of action or situation described by the
verb. Moreover, even though there is a wide range of adpositions that can follow the verb to express direction or place, the
choice of the adposition is dependent on the verb meaning. This justifies the easiness with which objects and adjuncts of
direction and place pronominalize. Pronominal adverbs corresponding to objects of direction and place differ,
however, from those corresponding to adjuncts of direction and place, in that the former are more likely to occur
as separate forms. The explanatory motivation, it is shown in this paper, is that the adposition (i.e., the
second part) of a pronominal adverb of an object of direction or place needs to immediately precede the verbal end group, in
accordance with the inherence principle.
Catalan Adpositions of ‘Movement’ as Aspectual Particles
Authors: Alturo Nuria
Published: October 2007

This paper describes the aspectual uses of two Catalan prepositions: cap (a) ‘toward, by’ and fins (a) ‘up to, as far as’. Against some accounts of these prepositions in the literature, I claim that their basic meaning is not associated with motion, but with non-dynamic notions such as ‘orientation’ and ‘bounding’. Particularly, I argue that the preposition cap (a) expresses ‘orientation toward a reference point’, whereas fins (a) expresses ‘final boundary’. These senses license the aspectual uses of these prepositions, which, with some restrictions, contribute to express situation types in sentences. In their aspectual uses, cap (a) and fins (a) convey that the speaker has conceptualized a particular situation either as a discrete or as a non-discrete entity. In the first case, he/she has applied summary scanning; in the second, he/she has used dimensional scanning. Fins (a) imposes a final boundary on a situation and, thus, it favors a discrete interpretation of the situation that is being described. In contrast, cap (a) does not conceptualize final bounding, thus favoring a non-discrete interpretation.
Vers and Contre
Authors: Borillo Andrée
Published: October 2007

Among their different uses, the prepositions vers ‘toward’ and contre ‘against’ can both express the spatial relation of orientation or direction between two entities (figure and ground), although they provide two different ways of presenting this relation. This study tries to show how these two prepositions operate in French and what differences they convey with regard to the interpretation of the spatial relation they encode. Vers and contre are found in similar types of syntactic construction involving the same subsets of verbs, mostly directional motion verbs. But it appears that contre involves a particular way of dealing with spatial direction as it generally expresses a physical tension between two forces (force and counterforce) opposing each other, sometimes with just a counterbalance effect but quite often resulting in rough contact (and even violent impact). Contre can then be taken as a more specialized preposition than vers, as it brings in some specific features concerning tension, opposition, and even aggressiveness.
Rethinking English ‘Prepositions of Movement’
Authors: Evans Vyvyan , Tyler Andrea
Published: October 2007

In this paper, we argue against the view that prepositions designate motion. We make the case for prepositions such as to and through being associated with spatial properties in addition to a functional element. The functional element arises as a consequence of our daily interaction with the spatial configuration associated with the particular preposition. While to is associated with a spatial configuration in which a TR is oriented in the direction of a LM, its functional element is that of the LM constituting the TR’s goal. Due to the integration of spatial and functional elements with sentential context, particularly motion verbs, a movement reading is derived. Previous scholars have assumed this is due to the preposition itself. With regard to through, its semantics are associated with a spatial configuration involving contiguous locations from one side of a bounded LM to the other. The functional element is that of path, which, while correlating with motion, is distinct from it. The notion of motion which often arises in sentences involving through is due to the integration of the spatial and functional character of through with other sentential prompts for movement such as motion verbs. In essence, we argue for carefully articulating the nature of conventional content associated with prepositions, including both spatio-geometric and functional content, and for teasing apart distinct and distinguishable (albeit related) concepts such as orientation, path, trajectory, goal, and motion.
Motion, Path, and Aspect
Authors: Meex Birgitta
Published: October 2007

Previous research has revealed that polysemy patterns observed in spatial adpositions may correlate systematically with differences in the aspectual perspective that the speaker takes on the spatial event as a whole. Given the close interaction in the sentential context of the spatial adposition, the verb, the case marking, and the functional properties of the trajector and landmark, I claim that the perspectivization of a spatial event depends on the conceptualization of every single internal conceptual entity making up that event as a whole. In this paper, I want to explore the systematic general regularities that underlie and structure the path concepts conventionally associated with German durch ‘through’ and über ‘over’. After a brief presentation of the cognitive construal operations that are at work in German adpositions, I propose three different, yet interrelated Gestalts of path, which are schematic with respect to the path concepts specified by durch and über alike. They are incomplete traversal, complete traversal, and obstacle/boundary traversal. It is shown that these three schematic Gestalts vary substantially with respect to the aspectual properties of the complex motion events to which they belong.
Zum Begriff der Liebe in Platons Symposion oder
Authors: Engelen Eva-Maria
Published: October 2007

The feminine component which can be identified with creativity is, according to Plato, crucial for education and knowledge. This essay examines how Plato in the Symposium expresses his conception of educational and cognitive relationships in analogy to amorous relationships. This analogy makes it evident why Diotima is a woman. The essay shows in addition how Eros leads to knowledge and immortality, as well as how Socrates incarnates Eros in this Platonic conception. The question is also considered whether Plato subscribed to an abstract notion of Eros or rather to an individualised, personal one.
Pietro Pomponazzis De immortalitate and his clandestine De incantationibus
Authors: Zambelli Paola
Published: October 2007

The importance of Aristotelianism during the Renaissance is one of the points most emphasized in the past twenty years by American historians. In the Faculties of Arts, professors were obliged to illustrate Aristotelian texts and commentaries; but, of course, they did not subscribe to all of the original doctrines of Aristotle: so Van Steenberghen, Kristeller and C. B. Schmitt consider most of them, above all Pietro Pomponazzi (1462-1525), as »eclectics«. Having emerged unscathed from the dispute on his treatise »De immortalitate animae« and on its apologies, Pomponazzi circulated two handwritten treatises which were even more subversive of orthodox beliefs on fate and on the natural causes of prodigies and incantations. From a Stoic point of view and thanks to his readings of Bessarion, Ficino and Giovanni Pico, he analyzed the Neoplatonic theses on chance and determinism, astrology and magic, and the position of man in the universe. His late treatises deal with these questions (free will as attributed to the individual by Christian doctrine and by numerous philosophers, or, instead, the conditioning to which mans body, or his passions, or  according to a more radical thesis  his entire personality is subjected by the influence of the stars; the great conjunctions of the stars and the cyclical nature of history; the spontaneous generation of man; the capacity of the astrologer and the natural magician to produce incantations and prodigies, etc.).
Towards a Global Sustainable Information Society
Authors: Carrelli Claudio , Van Dijk Jan , Gray John , Majo Joan , Pestel Robert , Radermacher F.J.
Published: October 2007

We examine the challenge of identifying a route towards a sustainable global Information Society: a society that adequately meets economic, social, cultural and environmental concerns of the world, with a long-term perspective. Clearly, a model of development which simply extends the current resource-intensive lifestyles of the OECD to the entire population of the world would threaten both global ecological stability and many local cultures, eventually posing a threat to social harmony in Europe. The present patterns of economic globalization are forcing ever more deregulation, increasingly short-term orientation and an ever faster rate of change, which makes sustainability increasingly hard to attain. However, European experience can make a valuable contribution to developing a global sustainable Information Society, and to the work of policy-making bodies around the world.
2. Twenty Five Years of German Research and Development Programs “Humanization of Work / Work and Technology”
Authors: Fricke Werner
Published: October 2007

Within the German state financed programs “Humanization of Work” and (since 1989) “Work and Technology” 1,500 research and development projects have been executed since 1974 with a total budget of about 1.3 billion DM. The program activities, more design orientated than the Scandinavian programs with their predominant process orientation, generated many successful results, especially in the field of health and safety, reduction of work load, robotics, design of software, work restructuring, qualification of the work force etc. Many innovative concepts were developed, not all of which were realized.In general, due to conflicts between the social partners in the 80s and also the erosion of work reform strategies and concepts during the 90s, the programs are characterized by decline, both in financial and conceptual terms. At present, on the threshold of the 21st century, there is no visible initiative for a new labor policy.
3. The Finnish National Workplace Development Program as a New Approach in Public Policy
Authors: Alasoini Tuomo
Published: October 2007

This paper presents the aims and main focus areas of the Finnish National Workplace Development Programme. The Government-initiated programme in which also the social partners are involved was launched in 1996, and it will continue until 2003. The author considers that, using wisely, the high legitimacy programme-based workplace development enjoys in Finland today may prove to be an important source of competitive advantage for the country.
The corporation as a ‘community’: an oxymoron? Can business schools re-invent themselves?’
Authors: de Bettignies Henry-Claude
Published: October 2007

The paper is the inaugural public lecture given at INSEAD (6.11.1999) to the memory of Dean F. Berry, former Dean of INSEAD. The author aims at inviting a debate on the role and responsibility of business schools in today’s globalization process. He summarizes some of the arguments which question the globalization and the neo-liberal ideology and wonders whether there is still some place for developing the sense of the “community”. Today’s cult of individualism and the “I and We” debate are discussed, exploring whether the enterprise can become or remain a “community” (when the competitive pressure induces M&A and the cult of EVA). The answer does not encourage optimism. In that context the lecture explores whether business schools can bring a contribution to the development of a sense of community. The answer is a positive one if business schools are willing and able to redefine their role and models to develop “accountable citizens” sharing a community.
Toward a Differentiated Concept of Labor
Authors: Coenen Harry , Hortulanus Roelof
Published: October 2007

While most social strategies and policies reflect the notion that paid labor is the fundamental form of particpation in society, the wage labor system is in a state of crisis. The reasons for taking a more differentiated view of the current system are expounded, together with proposals for its reform. The problems are clearly illustrated by reference to two areas: Dutch labor market policies, and the forms of a-typical labor that have developed within the current situation.
On the use of psychoanalytic concepts in organizational social science
Authors: Klein Lisl
Published: October 2007

There is growing interest in the relevance of psychoanalytic concepts to our understanding of and work with organizations. A non-analyst here describes how some of these concepts have become part of the equipment of a social scientist — notably splitting, transference and counter-transference, the use of the self and transitional dynamics. Conversely, there is a need for psychoanalysts who work with organizations to take on board some elements of organizational social science: the role of evidence, the distinction between the individual and the collective, and the relevance of context.
Learning regions as development coalitions
Authors: Asheim Björn T.
Published: October 2007

The understanding of post-Fordist societies as learning economies, in which learning organizations such as learning firms and learning regions play a strategic role, has lately received some criticism. The critique has partly pointed at the structural limits to learning in a capitalist global economy, and partly argued that firms in capitalist societies have always been learning, referring especially to the role of innovation in inter-firm competition. Against the critics, it is argued that the learning region has great potential, both as a theoretical and normative concept and as a practical metaphor for formulating regional policy.
The development of labor process policies in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Oehlke Paul
Published: October 2007

In the years following the Second World War, the West German market economy was to distinguish itself as a social alternative, superior to the real socialism as it existed in East Germany with all its economic weaknesses and democratic deficits. Within the context of this social competition, the crisis of Fordist mass production led to increasing attempts to humanize the workplace. The result in 1974 was that the social/liberal coalition government instigated labor policies that the subsequent Christian Democrat/liberal government continued. As the policies were translated into reality, a reform constellation was to crystallize — a network which, in the 1980s, was able to develop innovative concepts for the labor process. Over the next decade, it promoted extended concepts for production, service and employment which, however, eventually stagnated against the background of increasingly neoliberal strategies of rationalization and deregulation. These resulted in problems for employment and employment policy, the solution of which demands wide-ranging labor policies.
Individual autonomy in new forms of work organization
Authors: Peters Klaus
Published: October 2007

New management methods are trying to reproduce the performance dynamics of self-employed entrepreneurs among their ‘regular’ employees, leading them to become the driving force of a company’s production growth. In order to do this, they have to replace the system of command and control by a system of indirect control, which makes the autonomous free will of the individual employee instrumental to the company’s purpose. Works councils and trade unions are thereby confronted with an entirely new situation, the main thrust of which is to render ineffectual the conventional means of conflict with which they are inclined to react to its negative consequences. To cope with this challenge agreement must be reached on our understanding of autonomy and the changes it encounters, associated with the changes in forms of management itself.
How we changed structures and processes
Authors: Kreienbaum Wolfgang
Published: October 2007

Over a period of several years, the employees and their superiors — together with their line manager,1 the author of this article — completely redesigned the labor process at and the structure of the Lemken Company, Rhineland, Germany. Decision making procedures and responsibility were transferred to work groups; middle management was reduced and decentralized; and the hierarchical organization was flattened out substantially. It was possible to create a shopfloor culture of trust based on direct communication between the work groups and the remaining management. Information, including that about the company’s financial situation, was made accessible to anyone in the company. Piecework payment was replaced by a fixed hourly wage. Flexitime and a voluntary profit sharing scheme were introduced.
From team ideology to sustainable work systems
Authors: Moldaschl Manfred
Published: October 2007

When we look at the bulging group work literature, there aren’t many bigger riddles to solve than the question of why the discrepancy between propagation and realization of teams is, at the least, not getting any smaller. In this article I analyze the reasons for the sobering practice and the team-bias in the scientific optic. I describe two theoretical concepts and a method for the study of the dynamics, contradictions and limitations in team-based organizations. They are part of a resource-centered perspective, which is based upon four axioms: (1) In the study of complex social environments the main focus must shift from strategic action to the side effects of inter-action, and to their continuous evaluation. (2) There is no a priori unit for the study and design of work systems like the ‘team’; the focus should lie on the contextual embeddedness of cooperative units. (3) Autonomy has been a fetish of emancipatory work design approaches in a dual sense: an unquestioned goal, and a reified category. The new reality of decentralized work forces us to abandon the dualistic thinking dichotomies like autonomy-heteronomy. Autonomy is not a resource itself; it has to be understood as relation between job requirements and resources, task and context. (4) Challenging traditional ideas of autonomy, the concept of sustainability offers a new perspective for understanding and developing work. It focuses on the balance of consumptive and creative effects in the use of human, social and cultural resources.
Towards social partnership
Authors: Gustavsen Bjørn
Published: October 2007

The article presents the most recent workplace development program in Norway, called Value Creation 2010. With the notion of broad employee participation on enterprise level at its core, the program aims at creating and sustaining learning networks between enterprises and at strengthening regional and branch-based coalitions between private and public actors. The program is a joint creation of research, a public development fund and the labor market parties and reflects the idea of social partnership.
A case of slow learning?
Authors: Qvale Thoralf Ulrik
Published: October 2007

The article outlines the continuous series of participative research and development projects and programs that have been run in Norwegian industry since 1962 in order to democratize work life and improve learning and the utilization of human resources. These efforts entered a new stage in 2000 through a national program for regional economic and industrial development in which ten applied research centers and associated networks of enterprises participate. The article discusses aspects of the strategy followed through the various generations of programs and attempts to explain why the country in general has been so slow in benefitting from the these programs. In spite of what formally seems to be positive cultural, political and administrative conditions for success, the social science-based, research-supported approach to work life development still has not reached critical mass nor given much international competitive advantage. The article concludes with a discussion of the likelihood for success with the current 10-year national change program.
The “New Economy”
Authors: Dörre Klaus , Beese Birgit , Röttger Bernd
Published: October 2007

The article discusses industrial political activities conducted in regional networks by German trade unions. Referring to the example of Dortmund it is shown that the industrial political strategies of local trade union sections are currently at a watershed. On the one hand, trade unions prove capable of socially compensating for the consequences of a radical structural change. On the other hand, however, they have great difficulties in gaining a foothold in the newly emerging economic sectors. ‘Action research’ will help the trade unions to develop adequate strategies for the new economic sectors.
Times of the city
Authors: Mückenberger Ulrich , Boulin Jean-Yves
Published: October 2007

Urban time policies have to be regarded and embarked upon as a democratic and cross-sectional process. For such policies to become institutionalised requires citizens’ forums, model experiments and surveys within the community as well as interdisciplinary cooperation between the various branches of the local authority administration. The article has its focus first on Eurexcter — a European action-research project in five European countries which has been promoting practical experiments with local time policies — and secondly on an empirical survey concerning time policies in Europe conducted for the European Foundation for the Improvement of Working and Living Conditions/Dublin.