bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current Issues of the Development of Employee Intercultural Competency in Work Environment (analysis of the experience of Lithuanian Organizations)
Authors: Gražulis Vladimiras , Markuckiene Elzbieta
Published: August 2017

During the past decade the interest of scientists in multiculturalism has increased significantly, as the need for the development of intercultural competency has become more explicitly manifested in the work environment of organizations. In Lithuania the analysis of intercultural competency is still quite a new research area and is conducted intermittently, i.e. only certain aspects related to intercultural competency are analysed. This article analyses various scientific approaches to the phenomenon of interculturalism and tendencies of its manifestation in the organizational environment. The authors present an empirical research which involved nearly half a thousand respondents (N=464) from the capital public institutions and small municipalities of Lithuania employees who work primarily in the public sector. The survey questionnaire allows to assess skills of intercultural competency, the geography and frequency of intercultural communication, dimensions of competencies of employees in Lithuanian organizations, etc. and to establish the problems characteristic of the competency development. Based on the obtained data the authors of the article establish the problems characteristic of the development of intercultural competence in Lithuanian organizations and provide an overview of future perspectives.
Ukraińcy na rynku pracy w Polsce – komplementarni czy substytucyjni?
Authors: Piotrowski Marek
Published: August 2017

Украинцы составляют самую значительную группу иностранцев, которые
оказывают трудовые услуги в Польше. Масштаб их занятости на основе заявлений
работодателей о намерении предоставить работу иностранцам в 2013 году превысил
200 тысяч, а масштаб занятых на основе предоставленных разрешений на работу
превзошёл 20 тысяч. Главные сферы, в которых они работают, ‑ это сельское хозяйство,
лесное хозяйство, рыболовство, охота и строительство. Относительно большой
популярностью пользуется тоже занятость украинцев в домашних хозяйствах.

Слова‑ключи: иностранцы, украинцы, спрос на работу, занятость иностранцев.
Wpływ zmian struktury wieku ludności na zasoby pracy w Polsce
Authors: Podogrodzka Małgorzata
Published: August 2017

Наблюдаемые с самого начала 90‑ых годов изменения интенсивности и
направлений демографических процессов существенно влияют на преобразования
структуры трудовых ресурсов по возрасту, особенно в простстранственном понятии.
Целью этой статьи является оценка, как эти изменения влияют на удовлетворение
ожидаемого спроса на рынке труда в 2030 году. Чтобы оценить эти явления принято
во‑первых, что число доступных мест труда по возрасту не будет изменяться,
во‑вторых, склоность к участию в работе потенциальными работниками по возрасту
будет постоянной во времени, и только изменяются трудовые ресурсы. Рассуждения
велись по воеводствам и годам 2010 и 2030.

Слова‑ключи: склонность начать работу, показателитрудоустройства, структура
населения по возрасту.
Where Is the Growth Potential of Demand?
Expenditure on Clothing and Footwear in Polish Households
Authors: Piekut Marlena
Published: August 2017

The aim of the article is to recognize the differences in the level and share of
expenditure on clothing and footwear in different types of households and identify
the characteristics of households with greatest financial potential influencing the
expenditure on clothing and footwear. In Poland every year spending on clothing
and footwear increased. The strongest determinants of spending were: income per
capita, age, education level head home. The largest expenditure on clothing and
footwear was recorded in households of people with the greatest income, among
young people, with higher level of education, in higher positions in the hierarchy
of the organization, in households with fewer children to support.
Działalność dydaktyczna praktyków w kontekście jakości kształcenia – analiza przypadku
Authors: Bugaj Justyna M.
Published: August 2017

Сотрудничество высшего учебного заведения с проксимальной и дистальной средой вытекает не только из правовых норм, но всё чаще из необходимости. Это может иметь разные формы, может использоваться разными способами и иметь разные последствия дла заинтересованных сторон. В статье внимание сосредоточено на одной из наиболее часто применяемых форм такого сотрудничества: лекциях, которые читают практики – представители высших уровней управления разных экономических субъектов. Цель этой статьи – найти ответ на вопрос: могут ли результаты этого сотрудничества иметь положительные эффекты для развития социальной компетентности студентов и можно ли вообще удержать высокий уровень обучения такой активности? Статья главным образом состоит из двух частей: первой, которая разработана при помощи анализа и второй, представляющей анализ примеров занятий, приготовленных совместно с людьми, которые в практике занимаются управлением для студентов Ягеллонского университета. Сильной стороной этих занятий было высокое качество обучения, в том числе очень хорошая подготовка докладчиков. Слова‑ключи: сотрудничество вуза с представителями высших уровней управления разных экономических субъектов, качество обучения, социальная компетентность студентов, Artes Liberales UJ.
Europejskie Standardy i Wskazówki zapewniania jakości w szkolnictwie
wyższym a polski model akredytacji
Authors: Chmielecka Ewa
Published: August 2017

Стандарты и руководства, гарантирующие качество образования для EOSW
(ESG), были введены в 2005 году и подвержены некоторой модификации в 2015 году,
как элемент Болонского процесса. Они создали основу для внешних и внутренних
моделей, гарантирующих качество обучения в высших учебных заведениях и других
системах высшего образования в Европе. До некоторой степени они сформировали
польскую модель аккредитации, однако между ней и рекомендациями ESG, можно
заметить расхождения, особенно, касающиеся постулата построения культуры
качества образования в польских высших учебных заведениях.

Слова-ключи: гарантия качества обучения, система высшего образования, Болонский
процесс, аккредитация, Европейские стандарты и руководства, гарантирующие
качество обучения (ESG).
Closer or Further? Comparison of Employee Development Trends in Polish and International Companies Operating in Poland
Authors: Suchodolski Adam
Published: August 2017

Knowledge, skills and talents of employees constitute a  significant source of competi‑ tive advantage. The consequence of this paradigm is the conclusion that organizations attempting to increase the efficiency must take steps to improve employees’ qualifica‑ tions. Caring for the employee development, the enterprises aspire to creation of the best practices in this area. Over time, best practices are converging in all the companies performing in various cultures and countries. However, the dissimilarity of Polish condi‑ tions, instead of convergence, may cause divergence or cross‑vergence in the employee development. In the article, there were juxtaposed and compared the practices of the employees development in Polish and international companies operating in Poland. The aim of the comparison is to indicate the similarities, differences and trends in changes in employee development.
On Positioning of Business, Management and Economics Fields of Study in the University Space
Authors: Nairz‑Wirth Erna , Wurzer Marcus
Published: August 2017

Celem prezentowanego badania jest sprawdzenie hipotezy dotyczącej awansu społecznego studentów narodowości austriackiej, rozpoczynających naukę na uniwersytetach w Austrii na kierunkach biznesowych, zarządzania oraz ekono‑ mii. W ramach badania określono korelacje pomiędzy wyborem kierunku studiów a  wykształceniem średnim oraz wyborem kierunku studiów a  płcią. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na istnienie wyraźnie ustrukturyzowanej przestrzeni uniwer‑ syteckiej. Hipoteza o wyborze kierunku studiów pod kątem awansu społecznego potwierdza się. Badania wykazały również feminizację analizowanych kierunków z  obszaru biznesu i  zarządzania: kobiety istotnie częściej wybierają kierunki otwierające drogę do kariery w kontekście pedagogicznym (edukacja biznesowa), społecznym (ekonomia społeczna) i językowym (międzynarodowy biznes i zarzą‑ dzanie). Na kierunku ekonomia stwierdzono istotnie wyższy odsetek studentów płci męskiej oraz najniższy odsetek osób traktujących wyższe wykształcenie jako drogę do awansu społecznego. Słowa kluczowe: biznes i  zarządzanie, ekonomia, kierunki studiów, wyższe wykształcenie, habitus, stratyfikacja, płeć, awans społeczny, Austria.
Personal Branding as Human Capital Management Challenge
for Contemporary Organizations
Authors: Sidor‑Rządkowska Małgorzata
Published: August 2017

The article presents analysis of the concept of personal branding as well as the
outcomes connected with the deliberate building of own brand by employees for
the management of human capital in the contemporary organizations. The author
considers the growth in the interest in the area of personal branding as well as the
principles of creating and reconstructing personal brand. Particular attention has
been paid to the problem of broadening activities related to employer branding and
different approach to building career paths of employees and the change of talent
management programmes.
Hospitacje zajęć ukierunkowane na wspieranie rozwoju kompetencji dydaktycznych nauczycieli akademickich
Authors: Wach‑Kąkolewicz Anna
Published: August 2017

Оценка процесса обучения в высших учебных заведениях, которая
предусматривает повышение качества обучения, чаще всего ассоциируется со сбором
мнений на тему педагогических занятий при помощи так называемой студенческой
анкеты и проведения оценки занятий, чаще всего вышепоставленным лицом. Чаще
всего это нужно для составления определённых рейтингов и принятия персональных
решений, но не даёт обратной связи, которая позволяет на усовершенствование
педагогичеких навыков и реальное повышение качества обучения.

Целью статьи является представление модели оценки занятий, которые помогают
развитию компетенции преподавателей высших учебных заведений как метода
оценки, применяемой в высших учебных заведениях.

В связи с этим автор проведёт характеристики разных этапов оценки, с особенным
обращением внимания на проведённую беседу с лицом, которого касалась оценка.

В итоге покажет также, что модель оценки занятий может быть ценным
инструментом, который помогает развивать умения, пригодные для обучения,
стимулирования саморефлексии и усведомлённости преподавателей высших учебных
заведений в процессе повышения качества обучения в высших учебных заведениях.

Слова‑ключи: оценка занятий, компетентность обучения, преподаватель высшего
учебного заведения, качество обучения.
First Report for Determination of d-Penicillamine in the Presence of Tryptophan Using a 2-Chlorobenzoyl Ferrocene/Ag-Supported ZnO Nanoplate–Modified Carbon Paste Electrode
Authors: Beitollahi Hadi , Gholami Abbas , Ganjali Mohammad Reza
Published: August 2017

In this work, a carbon paste electrode modified with Ag-ZnO nanoplates and 2-chlorobenzoyl ferrocene was prepared and applied for the determination of d-penicillamine in the presence of tryptophan. The morphologies of Ag-ZnO nanoplates were examined by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that under an optimum condition (pH 7.0), the oxidation of d-penicillamine at the surface of such an electrode occurs at a potential about 165 mV less positive than that of an unmodified carbon paste electrode. The diffusion coefficient (D = 7.6 × 10−6 cm2/s) and the electron transfer coefficient (α = 0.54) for d-penicillamine oxidation were also determined. The proposed method exhibited a wide linear dynamic range of 0.03–250.0 µM, with an LOD (S/N = 3) of 0.015 µM. Moreover, the modified electrode exhibited good reproducibility and high selectivity, demonstrating its feasibility for the analytical purpose. Lastly, this new sensor was used for the determination of d-penicillamine and tryptophan in real samples.
AS MULHERES ESTÃO QUEBRANDO AS TRÊS PAREDES DE VIDRO? UM ESTUDO COM EMPREENDEDORAS MINEIRAS
Authors: Santos Carolina Maria Mota , Carvalho Neto Antonio , Caeiro Mariana , Versiani Fernanda , Martins Mariana Geisel
Published: August 2017

O objetivo deste artigo é identificar as possíveis paredes de vidro (barreiras) encontradas pelas mulheres empreendedoras na condução dos seus negócios e suas estratégias para quebrar essas paredes. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa descritiva com 25 mulheres que empreenderam há pelo menos 5 anos. O referencial teórico explora as barreiras encontradas por mulheres empreendedoras a partir de Jonathan (2005; 2011). Além disso, trata de uma terminologia bastante usada para conceituar as barreiras na área da administração: Glass Ceiling (Steil, 1997; Mota Santos, Tanure, Carvalho Neto, 2014; Carvalho Neto, Tanure, Mota-Santos, 2014) e explora uma outra terminologia pouco retratada pela literatura: Glass Walls (Miller, Kerr, Reid, 1999). Para o tratamento dos dados foi utilizada a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados da pesquisa indicaram três paredes que cercam a carreira da mulher empreendedora: a primeira ocorre a partir da família, a segunda constituída por clientes, fornecedores e funcionários e, a terceira representada pela sociedade de maneira geral, ou seja, contempla pessoas que não se relacionam diretamente com a empreendedora, como vizinhos e proprietários de outros empreendimentos. Apesar destas paredes, o reconhecimento e a independência financeira influenciam essa dinâmica de forma positiva. 
UMA ANÁLISE EMPÍRICA DO MERCADO DUTOVIÁRIO NORTE-AMERICANO
Authors: Oliveira Fernando Nascimento
Published: August 2017

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar, através de modelos econométricos, quais variáveis podem explicar as tarifas praticadas no transporte dutoviário de petróleo e seus derivados. Para tanto foi utilizada uma base de dados de companhias dos Estados Unidos, com as tarifas praticadas entre os anos de 2011 e 2013. Os resultados das regressões estimadas mostram que a extensão e o diâmetro dos oleodutos são variáveis determinantes no preço do transporte dutoviário. Através de testes de robustez foi possível verificar que a inclusão de uma variável do tipo de produto também influencia o preço do transporte.
A DECISÃO EM ORGANIZAÇÕES E A FILOSOFIA NIETZSCHIANA
Authors: Favoreto Ricardo Lebbos
Published: August 2017

A despeito da extensa pesquisa sobre decisão em organizações, seus fundamentos ainda suscitam reflexões. A complexidade que envolve o meio organizacional enseja que as teorias desenvolvidas estejam, constantemente, sobre bases pouco seguras. Nietzsche, conquanto não enfoque a organização, fornece subsídios valiosos para a compreensão da decisão humana. Objetiva-se, neste ensaio, pensar a decisão organizacional a partir de elementos da filosofia nietzschiana. Empregam-se, para tanto, as noções nietzschianas de tempo, do “torna-te quem tu és” e de poder de decisão para discutir a relação entre aprendizagem e path dependence, o conceito de razão coletiva e o binômio voluntarismo-determinismo. Nietzsche, crítico implacável de pressupostos tomados como certos, proporciona que se chegue a conclusões inabituais, que fazem repensar a forma como usualmente se concebe a tomada de decisão em organizações.
A relação entre a sintomatologia depressiva e a evocação de memórias autobiográficas em pessoas idosas
Authors: Silvestre Daniela , Cláudio Victor
Published: August 2017

Objetivo

É evidente o envelhecimento da população e a prevalência elevada da depressão nos idosos. Propõe-se, nesta investigação, compreender a relação entre a sintomatologia depressiva e a evocação de memórias autobiográficas nos idosos, pois estudos nesta área têm mostrado que a sobregeneralização das memórias autobiográficas apresenta-se como uma característica estável que funciona como marcador e preditor da depressão.

Método

A amostra é constituída por 50 idosos, com idades entre os 65 e os 92 anos. Foram divididos por dois grupos: Sem Sintomatologia Depressiva (n = 32) e Com Sintomatologia Depressiva (n = 18). Aplicou-se um questionário sociodemográfico, o Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), o Inventário da Depressão de Beck (BDI), o Inventário de Ansiedade Estado e Traço (STAI) e a Tarefa de Memória Autobiográfica.

Resultados

Constata-se a inexistência de uma sobregeneralização das memórias autobiográficas nas pessoas com sintomatologia depressiva. Os idosos sem sintomatologia depressiva não diferem significativamente dos idosos com sintomatologia depressiva na evocação de memórias autobiográficas específicas, categóricas e alargadas, de valência emocional positiva e negativa e nos tempos de latência.

Conclusão

Levanta-se a hipótese da inexistência de diferenças significativas poderem ser explicadas pela severidade ligeira dos sintomas depressivos apresentados pela maioria dos idosos com sintomatologia depressiva. Sugere-se a expansão do conhecimento nesta área que permita a prevenção e o desenvolvimento de intervenções mais adequadas aos idosos.
Daily living functioning, social engagement and wellness of older adults
Authors: Zainab Noor , Naz Humaira
Published: August 2017

Aim

The present study aim to investigate the contributing role of daily living functioning and social engagement in enhancing wellness and various dimensions of wellness in older adults.

Method

A correlational research was designed. Socio-demographic data was collected. Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, Lubben Social Network Scale, and Perceived Wellness Survey were administered on a sample of 112 participants, including 56 men and 56 women.

Results

A correlation analysis found positive correlations between daily living functioning, social engagement and wellness of older adults. The results of regression analysis concluded that both the daily living functioning and social engagement predicted wellness and domains of wellness as well.

Conclusion

The obtained results indicate that older adults who are self-reliant lead a more satisfied life in old age and demonstrate to be more adjusted to the effects of aging.
Increasing physical activity in older adults: Walking by prescription in primary care
Authors: Morais Vera Paisana , Encantado Jorge , Santos Maria Isabel , Almeida Pedro , Leal Isabel Pereira , Carvalho Cláudia
Published: August 2017

Aim

The present study (PTDC/SAU-SAP/110799/2009) funded by the Portuguese Government (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia – FCT) aimed to test the effectiveness of a behaviour based intervention combined with a cognitive based one, designed to increase physical activity levels in older adults at Primary Health Care Centres.

Method

A total of 108 participants aged over 65 years participated in the study. Participants were referred by their General Practitioner (GP) and randomized by gender and marital status at the moment they started the program (single vs. couple), and allocated into one of three conditions: goal intention, action planning, action planning and coping planning. All participants received a pedometer and a logbook and were asked to register their daily number of steps for a period of 24 weeks. Study follows a longitudinal design with five assessments over a 6-month after baseline.

Results

The test between subjects’ effects revealed an interaction between condition and participating in the study as single vs. couple. Older adults participating as singles walked more steps on average in the condition goal intention plus action planning and coping planning, whereas participants that entered in the study with their spouse, goal intention without any other planning intervention was the most effective intervention.

Conclusion

The 24-week physical activity program based on the recent developments of behavioural-cognitive framework, has proven useful increasing older adults daily walking behaviour.
Emergence of Karachi as the Largest Industrial Region of Pakistan
Authors: Muhammad Jawed Iqbal  , Ahsan Ullah
Published: August 2017

The analysis based on the data published by the CMI (2005-06) remarkably brings out the outstanding position of Karachi as the largest industrial center of the country. Though the industrial development is spreading fast in other districts, Karachi continues to expand as the largest manufacturing region with unabated prospects and potential for further growth in the near future, since new areas in Karachi Division are being developed for export-oriented industry and hi-tech manufacturing. The high value addition in Karachi is a distinctive trend. McCarty’s measure of excess value added has been employed to ascertain the rank of Karachi as an apex industrial district in Pakistan.
Identification and Oviposition Response of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Dryophthorinae) on Various Food Grains
Authors: Ashraf Ali Jamali  , Tajwar Sultana Syed  , Imran Khatri  , Munawar Ali Shah  , Arshad Ali Kaleri  , Rameez Raja Kaleri  , Sheema Kanwal Sipio  , Allah Wasayo Kaleri
Published: August 2017

In this study weevils were collected from the local areas of Tandojam and its surroundings. While further identification was performed at the Laboratory of postgraduate student, | department of Entomology, Faculty of Crop Protection, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam. The collected weevils from the local areas of Tandojam, were killed in a jar by applying potassium cyanide and were mounted through entomological pins on their right elytron. The specimens were also labeled, which contains information about the date of collection, name of collector, host of plant if was known. After that abdomen were separated and put at 10% potassium hydroxide for overnight at room temperature separately and were heavily sclerotized. The specimens were also heated for 10 minutes. In the next day these specimen were rushed in water for 5 minutes. During this experiment habitus images were taken with the help of camera fitted in microscope. The examination of gentile and other remaining parts were performed under the microscope for capturing of necessary images. For habitus images model of camera canon Power shot (sx510 HS) were utilized and for the gentile organ images USB camera fitted microscope 350k pixel (1) Kyowa Medilux (2) Labomed CSM2 20 to 40x were used. For the oviposition response on various grains, tested grains include; wheat, barley, oat, maize, gram, millet. A pair of newly emerged Sitophilus oryzae (Fabricius, 1775) from a laboratory colony was placed in plastic jars of 150 ml. There were 6 treatments, each treatment with 3 replications. Eggs were counted in each jar containing pair of weevils. Analysis was carried out through statistical software SXW 8.0, to categorize the preference of Sitophilus oryzae.
A Geografia Histórica no contexto da História do Pensamento Geográfico e suas relações com as Ciências Humanas/Historical Geography in the Context of the History of Geogaphical Thought and its Relations with the Human Sciences
Authors: Vasconcelos Pedro Almeda
Published: August 2017

RESUMOO texto é iniciado com os pais fundadores da disciplina acadêmica, com a proposta da inclusão de I. Kant; segue pela apresentação de “Geógrafos clássicos”; pelas relações com os historiadores; pela Geografia Neopositivistae pela Geografia Crítica. A questão da Pós-Modernidade e o fim da História e do espaço são discutidas, seguida pelaGlobalização e a “revanche” da Geografia. O texto é concluído com as relações da Geografia Histórica com a História do Pensamento Geográfico e com as demais Ciências Humanas.  Abstract:The text begins with a review of the founding fathers of the academic discipline, with the proposal for the inclusion of I. Kant. It follows with the presentation of “Classical Geographers”; by relations with historians; by Neopositivist Geography and Critical Geography. The question of postmodernity and the end of History and space are discussed as well as the Globalization and the “revenge” of Geography. The text concludes with the relations of Historical Geography with the History of Geographical Thought and with the other Human Sciences.Key-words: Historical Geography; History of Geographical Thought.
Response of primary producers to the hydrographic variability in the southern region of the California Current System
Authors: Cepeda-Morales Jushiro , Durazo Reginaldo , Millán-Núñez Eduardo , De la Cruz-Orozco Martín , Sosa-Ávalos Ramon , Espinoza-Carreón Teresa Leticia , Soto-Mardones Luis , Gaxiola-Castro Gilberto
Published: August 2017

The response of primary producers to seasonal and interannual variabilities in the hydrographic conditions observed between 1997 and 2012 is analyzed for the southern portion of the California Current System (CCS). The analysis uses the optimum rate of primary productivity (PP) normalized by units of chlorophyll (Chla) in the water column (PBopt) and Chla concentration. In situ PP estimations using the 14C method were obtained as part of the seasonal cruises conducted by the Investigaciones Mexicanas de la Corriente de California program. Supplementary data included sea surface temperature (SST) as measured by the AVHRR sensor from 1985–2009. We found the mean value of PBopt to be at 5.1 ± 3.3 mg C·(mg Chla)–1·h–1, with maximum ranges of 0.5 and 17.5 mg C·(mg Chla)–1·h–1. The relationship between PBopt and SST suggested a phytoplankton community change at around 19 ºC, which characterized the transitional nature of the southern portion of the CCS. SST data suggested, on the one hand, that on average the 19 ºC isotherm is located in the vicinity of Punta Eugenia and, on the other, that its spatial variability defined the alternating cool–warm conditions. At the seasonal scale, this isotherm showed a marked latitudinal displacement (from 24ºN to 32ºN), which was observed to be even out of this range during interannual events associated with El Niño/La Niña. Under both cool-warm hydrographic conditions, the phytoplanktonic community showed large PBopt rates (~6 mg C·(mg Chla)–1·h–1). At the interannual scale, changes were associated to changes in the abundance and composition of nano-microphytoplankton. Additionally, data suggested that high PP rates during warm periods could be attributed to an enhanced picoplankton contribution.
Enantioselective, Rhodium‐Catalyzed 1,4‐Addition of Organoboron Reagents to Electron‐Deficient Alkenes
Authors: Burns Alan R. , Lam Hon Wai , Roy Iain D.
Published: August 2017

The rhodium‐catalyzed 1,4‐addition of organoboron reagents to electron‐deficient alkenes is a versatile method for the enantioselective construction of carbon–carbon bonds. The scope of these reactions is broad, and alkenes activated by adjacent carbonyls, imines, nitriles, phosphonyl groups, nitro groups, sulfonyl groups, C=N‐containing aromatic heterocycles, electron‐deficient arenes, or boryl groups are effective substrates. Regarding the pronucleophilic component, aryl‐, heteroaryl‐, and alkenylboron reagents have been successfully employed. In addition, numerous chiral ligands have been developed which impart high enantioselectivities onto these reactions. Importantly, these reactions usually proceed under mild, experimentally convenient conditions, with no requirement for precautions to exclude air or moisture.

This chapter presents the scope and limitations of this process, along with a discussion of the current understanding of the mechanistic and stereochemical features. Incorporation of this process into domino reactions is discussed, as is its application in the synthesis of biologically active molecules. The literature is covered up until the end of 2013.
Fuzziness enables context dependence of protein interactions
Authors: Miskei Marton , Gregus Andrea , Sharma Rashmi , Duro Norbert , Zsolyomi Fruzsina , Fuxreiter Monika
Published: August 2017

Proteins may undergo adaptive structural transitions to accommodate to their cellular milieu and respond to external signals. Modulation of conformational ensembles can rewire the intra‐ or intermolecular interaction networks and shift between different functional states. Adaptive conformational transitions are associated with protein fuzziness, which enables (a) rewiring interaction networks via alternative motifs, (b) new functional features via allosteric motifs, (c) functional switches upon post‐translational modifications, or (d) regulation of higher‐order organizations. We propose that all these context‐dependent functional changes are intertwined with structural multiplicity or dynamic disorder in protein assemblies and can only be described by stochastic structure–function relationships.
Assessment of interstate virtual water flows embedded in agriculture to mitigate water scarcity in India (1996–2014)
Authors: Katyaini Suparana , Barua Anamika
Published: August 2017

India is the largest global freshwater user despite being highly water scarce. Agriculture is largest consumer of water and is most affected by water scarcity. Water scarcity is a persistent challenge in India, due to a gap in science and policy spheres. Virtual Water (VW) flows concept to mitigate water scarcity is at the science‐policy interface. The paper aims to address the gap in VW research in India by first analyzing the interstate VW‐flows embedded in food grains, and then linking these VW‐flows with the water scarcity situation in the states, and elements of state and national water policies for the postreforms, and recovery periods of India's agriculture. There were net water savings (WS) of 207.5 PL during 1996–2014, indicating sustainable flows at the national level. WS increased from 11.2 TL/yr (1996–2005) to 25931.7 TL/yr (2005–2014), with the increase in interstate movement of food grains, and yield. However, unsustainable flows are seen at subnational scale, as VW‐flows are from highly water‐scarce states in North to highly water‐scarce states in West and South. These flows are causing a concentration of water scarcity in water‐scarce zones/states. Net VW imports were found to be driven by larger population and net VW exports by arable land. Further, the absence of state water policy cripples water management. Therefore, the paper argues that there is a need to rethink policy decisions on agriculture at the national and state level by internalizing water as a factor of production, through VW research.
Non‐Fickian dispersion in open‐channel flow over a porous bed
Authors: Bottacin‐Busolin Andrea
Published: August 2017

Solute transport in rivers has been traditionally represented using one‐dimensional models assuming advection and Fickian dispersion along the main flow direction and transient storage in surface and subsurface dead zones. Experimental evidence from several stream tracer studies has shown that the longitudinal scaling of the moments of the breakthrough curves (BTCs) is inconsistent with classic 1‐D solute transport models. In this work, simulations of advection and diffusion in a 2‐D and 3‐D channel flow over a porous bed are presented assuming an exponentially attenuated profile of the transverse mixing coefficient in the porous medium, as suggested by recent experimental and numerical studies. It is shown that the longitudinal transport in the channel is superdiffusive, and the skewness of the concentration distributions can be almost constant over a broad temporal range, with no sign of approaching zero at large times. A sensitivity analysis shows that, at large times, longitudinal dispersion is controlled by the cross‐sectional profile of the in‐bed transverse mixing coefficient, and by the difference between the average velocity in the channel and in the porous bed. The normalized concentration distributions can be approximated by beta‐distributions with time‐dependent parameters, and relationships are derived between the scaling of the parameters under power‐law approximation and the scaling of the spatial and temporal moments. The results provide new insights into the physical mechanisms that control the anomalous scaling of the moments observed in field tracer studies and opens new possibilities for predictive and inverse modeling of transport processes in rivers and their catchments.
Phase transition and equation of state of dense hydrous silica up to 63 GPa
Authors: Nisr C. , Leinenweber K. , Prakapenka V. , Prescher C. , Tkachev S. , Shim S.‐H. Dan
Published: August 2017

Although it has previously been considered to be essentially anhydrous, Al‐free stishovite can contain up to ∼1.3 wt % of H2O, perhaps through the direct substitution (
), according to recent studies. Yet the stability of such substitution and its impact on the properties of silica and rutile‐structured hydrous phases (such as δ‐AlOOH and phase H) are unknown at the conditions of the deeper mantle. We have synthesized hydrous and anhydrous Al‐free stishovite samples at 723 K and 9 GPa, and 1473 K and 10 GPa, respectively. Synchrotron X‐ray diffraction patterns show that the unit cell volume of hydrous stishovite is 1.3% greater than that of anhydrous stishovite at 1 bar, suggesting significant incorporation of OH in the crystal structure (3.2 ± 0.5 wt % H2O). At 300 K, we found a lower and broader transition pressure from rutile type to CaCl2 type (28–42 GPa) in hydrous dense silica. We also found that hydrous silica polymorphs are more compressible than their anhydrous counterparts. After the phase transition, the unit cell volume of hydrous silica becomes the same as that of anhydrous silica, showing that the proton incorporation through a direct substitution can be further stabilized at high pressure. The lower pressure transition and the pressure stabilization of the proton incorporation in silica would provide ways to transport and store water in the lower mantle in silica‐rich heterogeneities, such as subducted oceanic crust.
Seismic source spectral properties of crack‐like and pulse‐like modes of dynamic rupture
Authors: Wang Yongfei , Day Steven M.
Published: August 2017

Earthquake source properties such as seismic moment and stress drop are routinely estimated from far‐field body wave amplitude spectra. Some quantitative but model‐dependent relations have been established between seismic spectra and source parameters. However, large variability is seen in the parameter estimates, and it is uncertain how the variability is partitioned among real variability in the source parameters, observational error, and modeling error due to complexity of earthquake behaviors. Earthquake models with dynamic weakening have been found to exhibit two different modes of rupture: expanding‐crack and self‐healing pulse modes. Four representative models are generated to model the transition from crack‐like to pulse‐like. Pulse‐like rupture leads to development of a second corner frequency, and the intermediate spectral slope is approximately 2 in most cases. The focal‐sphere‐averaged lower P and S wave corner frequencies are systematically higher for pulse‐like models than crack models of comparable rupture velocity. The slip‐weighted stress drop ΔσE exceeds the moment‐based stress drop ΔσM for pulse‐like ruptures, with the ratio ranging from about 1.3 to 1.65, while they are equal for the crack‐like case. The variations in rupture mode introduce variability of the order of a factor of 2 in standard (i.e., crack model‐based) spectral estimates of stress drop. The transition from arresting‐ to growing‐pulse rupture is accompanied by a large (factor of ∼1.6) increase in the radiation ratio. Thus, variations in rupture mode may account for the portion of the scatter in observational spectral estimates of source parameters.
Complex conductivity of soils
Authors: Revil A. , Coperey A. , Shao Z. , Florsch N. , Fabricius I. L. , Deng Y. , Delsman J. R. , Pauw P. S. , Karaoulis M. , de Louw P. G. B. , van Baaren E. S. , Dabekaussen W. , Menkovic A. , Gunnink J. L.
Published: August 2017

The complex conductivity of soils remains poorly known despite the growing importance of this method in hydrogeophysics. In order to fill this gap of knowledge, we investigate the complex conductivity of 71 soils samples (including four peat samples) and one clean sand in the frequency range 0.1 Hz to 45 kHz. The soil samples are saturated with six different NaCl brines with conductivities (0.031, 0.53, 1.15, 5.7, 14.7, and 22 S m−1, NaCl, 25°C) in order to determine their intrinsic formation factor and surface conductivity. This data set is used to test the predictions of the dynamic Stern polarization model of porous media in terms of relationship between the quadrature conductivity and the surface conductivity. We also investigate the relationship between the normalized chargeability (the difference of in‐phase conductivity between two frequencies) and the quadrature conductivity at the geometric mean frequency. This data set confirms the relationships between the surface conductivity, the quadrature conductivity, and the normalized chargeability. The normalized chargeability depends linearly on the cation exchange capacity and specific surface area while the chargeability shows no dependence on these parameters. These new data and the dynamic Stern layer polarization model are observed to be mutually consistent. Traditionally, in hydrogeophysics, surface conductivity is neglected in the analysis of resistivity data. The relationships we have developed can be used in field conditions to avoid neglecting surface conductivity in the interpretation of DC resistivity tomograms. We also investigate the effects of temperature and saturation and, here again, the dynamic Stern layer predictions and the experimental observations are mutually consistent.
Electroencephalography (
Eeg
)
Authors: Read Glenna L. , Innis Isaiah J.
Published: August 2017

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a psychophysiological technique used to measure electrical activity in the brain. Of value to communication researchers, event related potentials (ERPs) are time‐locked responses that allow for the indexing of complex cognitive processing of stimuli. Also of interest are systematic frequency band fluctuations in EEG waveforms that are indicative of cognitive processes. This entry aims to describe recording practices and to provide context and support for the use of EEG, ERPs, and frequency activity in media research.
Measurement of, Cognitions
Authors: Ewoldsen David R.
Published: August 2017

The study of cognitive processes and representations has emerged as an important research area during the past 30 years. Measures of attention include eyes on screen, eye tracking, and secondary task reaction time. Measures of memory include recall, recognition, and word fragment completion tasks. Reaction times are used to measure accessibility and strength of association. Talk‐aloud measures can be used to study a variety of phenomenon including message elaboration. Physiological measures such as heart rate are beginning to be used to study cognition.
Contrast
Authors: Hall Daniel Currie
Published: August 2017

Václav Havel's playThe memorandum(Havel 1966) imagines a dysfunctional bureaucracy that suffers from, among other things, the imposition of two quite different but equally perverse artificial languages. The first of these, called Ptydepe, is designed to maximize redundancy, and thus distinctiveness. Every word of Ptydepe must differ from every other word of the same length by at least 60 percent. To mitigate the sesquipedalian consequences of this restriction, forms are allocated to meanings according to frequency; the shortest word of Ptydepe isgh, which means ‘whatever’ (Czechcokoliv). Ptydepe is eventually deposed as the official medium of communication, and replaced by Chorukor, which represents something like the opposite extreme. Words in Chorukor are minimally distinct, and semantically related words cluster particularly closely together; for example, the names of the days of the week differ from one another by only a single vowel. If a typographical error should cause a meeting scheduled for Friday to happen on Tuesday instead, then, the rationalization goes, that is only all the more efficient.
Markedness
Authors: Hume Elizabeth
Published: August 2017

Markedness is one of the most widely used concepts in phonology and other areas of linguistics. The picture is complicated, however, by the fact that the term is used in different ways, as summarized in (1) (see also Haspelmath 2006).
The Atoms of Phonological Representations
Authors: Pouplier Marianne
Published: August 2017

Phonology describes spoken language as a combinatorial system typically comprising 30–40 basic units. The smallest known inventories make use of about 10 contrastive units, the largest no more than 150 (Maddieson 1984). Phonological theories capture, on the one hand, the nature of these basic units themselves (the atoms of speech production and perception) and, on the other hand, the language‐specific patterns that the units show when they combine into larger structures. One of the key problems in relating this combinatorial system to the phonetic, physical side of speaking lies in the spatio‐temporal structure of speech, which does not seem to mirror the units of linguistic analysis. When we inspect instrumental records of speech, the discrete combinatorial system that underlies these records is by no means obvious. We see continuously changing, highly context‐dependent articulator motion and spectral energy patterns, with no clear boundaries between the individual sounds. The discrepancy between the symbolic units used to capture grammatical regularities and the dynamic complexities of speech as a motor act is so fundamental that some researchers have adopted the view that phonology and phonetics best be studied as separate sciences, since it seems difficult to see how the insights of each discipline could be relevant for the other. Current phonological and phonetic theories are, however, informed by the insight that phonetics and phonology are intertwined to such an extent that one cannot be understood without the other. How the relationship between phonetics and phonology can be negotiated has therefore been one of the key research topics in both disciplines (Pierrehumbert 1990; Boersma 1998; Flemming 2001; Hume and Johnson 2001; Keating
et al.
2003; Hayes
et al.
2004; Prince and Smolensky 2004; to name but a few); see also Kingston and Beckman (1990) and subsequent Laboratory Phonology volumes.
Sonorants
Authors: Botma Bert
Published: August 2017

The class of sonorants includes vowels, semi‐vowels, liquids, and nasals, with the sonorant consonants sometimes being referred to as “resonants” (e.g. Laver 1994). There is abundant cross‐linguistic evidence for natural class behavior of these segments. For example, in languages where consonants can be syllabic, the class of syllabic segments is almost always restricted to sonorants (Imdlawn Tashlhiyt Berber is an exception; see Dell and Elmedlaoui 2002). Further, there are quantity‐sensitive languages in which the set of weight‐bearing segments is restricted to sonorants, or to a subset thereof (see Zec 2007 andchapter57:quantity‐sensitivityfor examples). Similarly, in languages where consonants can support tone contrasts, the consonants involved are almost always sonorant (e.g. Yip 2002). In addition, in languages which permit complex onsets, the second element is typically restricted to a sonorant consonant (disregarding scclusters). Taken together, these observations suggest a distinctive feature, e.g. [sonorant], which distinguishes sonorants from obstruents (i.e. plosives and fricatives). These examples further suggest that the most straightforward evidence for the class behavior of sonorants comes from their patterning with respect to suprasegmental aspects such as syllable structure, moraic structure, and tone – an observation to which we return in §3.
Coronals
Authors: Hall T. A.
Published: August 2017

Numerous studies in the past two decades have argued that coronals like /t/ and /n/ have properties that differentiate them from labials like /p/ and /m/ and dorsals like /k/ and /ŋ/ (e.g. Paradis and Prunet 1991b). For example, in many languages coronals are the only sounds that undergo place assimilation or rules of epenthesis. Sounds like /t/ and /n/ are likewise often the output of rules neutralizing place contrasts. The present chapter summarizes the special properties of coronals and evaluates a number of theoretical and empirical claims made in the literature concerning these sounds.
The Organization of Features
Authors: Uffmann Christian
Published: August 2017

Early generative theory assumed that segments were specified by a bundle of distinctive features, but that there was no intrinsic order to these features, which were unordered lists. This position was not held for any principled reasons; it was born out of necessity, made explicit inThe sound pattern of English(SPE; Chomsky and Halle 1968). In their discussion of distinctive features inchapter7, Chomsky and Halle group them into sets of articulatorily related features but go on to state that
Secondary and Double Articulation
Authors: Van De Weijer Jeroen
Published: August 2017

This chapter deals with two categories of “complex segments,” viz. consonants with secondary articulation, such as /k
w
/ or /l
ɣ
/ (= /ɫ/ ‘dark
l
’), and consonants that involve two articulations of equal status, such as /

/. The main difference between these two types of sounds is that in the former there is a major (“consonantal”) articulatory stricture on which a vowel‐like minor articulation is superimposed, while in the latter the two articulations have a stricture type of equal status (typically, stop or nasal). While consonants with secondary articulation are very common in the languages of the world, consonants with double articulation are much rarer.
The Representation of Rhotics
Authors: Wiese Richard
Published: August 2017

Rhois the name of the Greek letter <ϱ>, corresponding to the Latin letter . Rhotics, a loanword from Latinrhotica, are thus r‐like sounds. The use of the classificatory termrhoticfrom the beginning of Latin grammar to present‐day linguistics implies the existence of a class of such sounds. However, the fact that this class is named by referring to a particular letter of the alphabet is telling, as will be discussed below. Languages or dialects displaying some variant of the phoneme /r/ in contexts where other closely related languages or dialects do not show this sound (such as syllable‐final position in Irish English in comparison to Standard British English) are also sometimes called rhotic languages or dialects, as opposed to non‐rhotic ones.
Syllable‐Internal Structure
Authors: Bosch Anna R. K.
Published: August 2017

There is no simple discovery procedure for determining phonological syllable structure (which, like phonological representations in general, may not be in a one‐to‐one relationship with systematic phonetic syllabification, and which may not necessarily conform to native speaker intuitions about syllable division). The nature of the mechanism which assigns syllabification (defines possible syllables) for a given language is an empirical hypothesis, whose confirmation depends on the extent to which linguistically significant generalizations can be expressed under it (Feinstein 1979: 255).
Precedence Relations in Phonology
Authors: Cairns Charles , Raimy Eric
Published: August 2017

“Precedence” in phonology refers to the fact that elements occur in ordered sequences. An understanding of precedence relations is key to explicating notions of locality, adjacency, and left–right asymmetries, which have played significant roles in the phonological literature, especially since the advent of autosegmental phonology (Goldsmith 1976;chapter14:autosegments). McCarthy (1989: 71) writes “nonlinear phonology imposes strict requirements of locality on phonological rules,” and “locality … ensures that the elements referred to in phonological transformations and constraints are adjacent at some level of representation.”