bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Common Transport Policy of the European Union: a Road Map for the Eurasian Economic Union
Authors: Pak Y. V. , Polyanova T. N.
Published: June 2021

The paper delivers a thorough organizational, economic and institutional analysis of the evolution of common transport policy (CTP) of the European Union (EU). Advanced European experience and practices on the issue are set as an unambiguous territorial and functional benchmark for the breakthrough integration project in the post-soviet space - the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU). When working out its own CTP the EEU faces similar challenges to that of the EU though Eurasian integration offers a unique opportunity to evade European mistakes on its way to creating a modern regional transport and logistics infrastructure at lower costs. The research identifies these failing points in the framework of the European CTP as following: (1) strong reluctance of the member states to surpass economic and political control over the transport industry on to the supranational level, (2) turning of special agencies responsible for the implementation of CTP into an independent actors with political ambitions and (3) inadequate involvement of public-private partnership mechanisms into the regional infrastructure projects. The authors claim a high potential of transport and logistics cooperation within the EEU stressing a pure economic rationale for the introduction of common norms and principles into the industry. Overall, they underline harsh negotiation process and consequently expect tangible results to come solely in the long-term perspective.
Public-Private Partnerships in Republic of Korea: Experience and Results
Authors: Jae Sung Lee
Published: June 2021

The Republic of Korea came to realize the acute necessity of launching the public-private partnership (PPP) at the turn of the 90s, the country happened to fall short of such infra facilities as roadways, railroads, sea ports and airports and the government found itself unable to fully finance their construction works. Although the PPP institutional framework started to get purposely and mostly formed in the first half of the 90s in Korea the PPP itself actually came into occasional practice even before, owing to some legislation, covering roadways and sea ports. There are four main stages to be noted in the development of PPP, consecutively ranging from 1968 to 1994, from 1994 to 1999, from 1999 to 2004 and since 2005 till now. The PPP periods are much related to various amendments to the basic PPP law, initially adopted in August 1994 as the Act on Promotion of Private Capital Investment in Social Overhead Capital which was transformed into the Act on Private Participation in Infrastructure (briefly called the PPP Act) in December 1998. Along with this Act, Korea's PPP institutional basis currently laid by the Enforcement Decree of the Act on Public-Private Partnerships in Infrastructure, the PPP Basic Plan and the PPP Implementation Guidelines. It is the PPP Act that determines 49 types of PPP project-eligible infra facilities, categorized into 15 groups such as roads, railroads, ports, airports, communications, water resources, energy, environment, forestry, logistics, welfare, public housing, military housing, education, culture/tourism. In the aspect of the globally-recognized types of PPP procurement methods, the PPP Act primarily determines the use of such mechanisms as BTL, BTO, BOT, BOO.
Foreign Language Mediation Activities in the Dialogue of Cultures
Authors: Voevoda E. V.
Published: June 2021

The article addresses the CEFR extended set of language proficiency descriptors. The author points out that education, as well as the language, make an integral part of national culture and reflect the problems existing in society including the problems in communication and social interaction. In the early 21st century the process of communication became largely monolingual with English as the global lingua franca. The Bologna process contributed to building the European education environment based on the principle of multilinguism, which implies that representatives of different ethnic groups with different mother tongues communicate in the same language within a single social group. In 2001, in order to synchronize the national curricula, the Council of Europe adopted CEFR - Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment which presents descriptors of the six levels of language proficiency. Ten years later it became evident that the descriptors needed to be revised. While economies were converging, cultures began to diverge. Globalization made Europeans realize the value of every single ethnic culture. That led to the idea of plurolinguism which argues that an individual can communicate in a variety of languages using a variety of language forms known to them. The process of communication thus calls for mediation activities that facilitates communication if the interlocutors are unable to understand each other directly. That means that the aim of language learning changes from perfecting a certain foreign language to building plurilingual and pluricultural competences.
Rhetoric by Avistotel: a Legal View
Authors: Rekosh K. Kh.
Published: June 2021

Analysis of any phenomenon, which is far from the researcher for thousands years, in the light of this or that department of knowledge, highlights one and obscures another, prefers one over another. It happened to the rhetoric which was snatched by philology and neglected by lawyers. Although nowadays it is natural that the same phenomena are studied by different Sciences, the ancient rhetoric is looked at by most researchers as the art of philology. But the approach by Aristotle, in his Rhetoric, was legal rather than linguistic. Among the Aristotle's 4 requirements concerning good style (correctness, clarity, relevance and eloquence) eloquence is only % and the % are closer to the law. Rhetoric has incorporated all the features of linguistic mechanisms and gave them to the law. The law perceived moral and ethical ideas: the good justice, virtue, ritual, law and techniques of philology and persuasion, among which the main one is syllogism already used in the dialectic, the main logic principle of legal reasoning. Towards the past, rhetoric is parallel to dialectic, but dialectic is focused on one person or on the speaker, and rhetoric aims at the audience, the first one tries to convince himself and the second tries to convince the audience and in this role rhetoric is linked with the law. As far as the evolution of law is concerned, instead of legal technique there was rhetoric (especially in its methodological form, defined by Aristotle), which can be considered as a step towards creating the law as a design in ancient Greece. It is proved by a comparison of the ancient institution of judicial process and judicial speeches with modern legal technicalities, which shows that the legal machinery embraced the principles of "rhetorical" technique. The methodological nature of the rhetoric by Aristotle is usually overlooked by linguists and lawyers.
The Content Form of the Lexeme “Average”: Synchrony and Diachrony
Authors: Svetonosova T. A.
Published: June 2021

Why can a word in the English language have various meanings? As a rule, such queries arise in English for General Purposes classes and their number is increasing in English for Specific Purposes classes. The word average is learnt in both above-mentioned classes and it is evident that it has different meanings. It is worth noting that not all these meanings can be found in monolingual dictionaries. Watching the usage of the word average while teaching has led to the given article. The synchronic and diachronic analysis of the content form of the lexeme average as the noun is conducted in the article. The theoretical part embraces points of semantics development, lexical semantics notions as well as concepts and definitions of semantics terms used in this article. Then the reasons for choosing the lexeme average are stated, the goal of the article is set, the research methods are provided. The practical part covers the synchronic and diachronic contexts in which the lexeme average operates - data from the British National Corpus, entries from monolingual dictionaries, materials from coursebooks, entries from etymological dictionaries. All these contexts are analyzed and inferences about the content form of the lexeme average are made. At the end of the article further possible research of the lexeme average is outlined.
20th Shishkin’s Reading: Science and Ethics Are in the Modern World
Authors: Article Editorial
Published: June 2021

25 апреля 2015 в МГИМО прошли юбилейные ХХ Шишкинские чтения - ежегодная конференция, которую проводит кафедра философии в память о своём первом заведующем Александре Федоровиче Шишкине. Александр Федорович Шишкин - видный отечественный учёный и философ. Его публикации оказали большое влияние не только на современные автору философские круги, но и на общество в целом. Как подчеркнул во вступительном слове заведующий кафедрой философии А.В. Шестопал, Шишкин стоял у истоков не только философской школы МГИМО, но и способствовал становлению этики как самостоятельной дисциплины в советской России. В послевоенные годы, в условиях довлеющей идеологии и политики, учёный вновь привлек внимание общественности к необходимости нравственных регуляторов всех сфер жизни. Он отстаивал самостоятельность этической проблематики, её значимость по отношению к политическим и экономическим процессам, роль нравственной сферы в условиях научно-технического прогресса, в условиях перехода от индустриального к постиндустриальному обществу. Одним из первых в стране он поднял вопрос о моральной ответственности учёного. Его работы сохраняю теоретическую и практическую ценность до сих пор. В этом году в рамках Шишкинских чтений обсуждалась тема «Наука и этика в современном мире». В конференции приняли участие А.В. Шестопал, К.М. Долгов, М.А. Шишкин, М.А. Мунтян, Н.НЗарубина, Т.В. Панфилова, В. С. Глаголев, Н.В. Литвак, М.В. Силантьева, С.М. Медведева, В.И. Коннов, В.А. Щипков, М.Р. Романова, А. В. Скиженок, И.А.Чупрова, Е.В. Неверова.
Preparation of the New Military Units for the Front (the Experience of the Siberian Military District)
Authors: Bayer A. G.
Published: June 2021

By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet armed forces were no match in overall power terms to the fully mobilized Wehrmacht, but in terms of the number of major weapons they surpassed it. By the summer of 1941, they totaled 5.7 million people. Ground troops of the Red Army included 303 Division 3 separate rifle and 16 airborne brigades. However, all of them, except the cavalry, were in the process of reorganization and formation and were unprepared to repel aggression. Incompleteness of reforms and a number of other reasons, led from the first days of the war to serious losses in the ranks of the Red Army. To make up for the losses it was required to mobilize significant resources, a substantial part of which has been lost in the abandonment of the western Soviet territories. The situation at the front in the first month of military operations required to supply the army with new compounds. In view of the fact that the mobilization plan did not provide for the formation of new compounds, it had to solve the problem from scratch. In addition to organizing training it had to urgently address the issue of creation of new military units. The task has been assigned primarily to internal military districts, including the Siberian Military District. In general, during the Great Patriotic War in the Siberian Military District 4 tactical formations, 43 infantry and 6 cavalry divisions, 30 infantry, mortar and ski teams were formed. Many of them have distinguished themselves in battle and have been awarded orders and honorary titles Guard names.
Yalta 1945: the Black Sea Straits and the War in the Far East
Authors: Monakov M. S.
Published: June 2021

In the scientific literature on the Yalta conference of leaders of the three powers of the coalition there are no studies that reveal its naval aspects. Meanwhile, among the issues that had significance for the Soviet delegation, they held even if not the first priority, but were quite prominent. In the Russian historiography attention to these matters appeared only in the early 1990s, most likely because the Soviet side in negotiations had a negative impact on the formation of the post-war world order. Contemporary Russian historians are in line with the tradition, a feature of which was a lack of attention to the maritime policy of the Soviet Union, especially in the 1921 - 1955. It is clear, however, that projects of this scale, which required the mobilization of all resources of the Soviet state, creation of the most advanced shipbuilding and entirely new industries for the country and high-tech industries, could not arise in a vacuum. Behind this processes were certain political goals, and when the war began Stalin stopped work on the first "big shipbuilding program" though it did not mean that he refused them. This hypothesis is based and presented in this article.
Syrian Crisis in the Context of Emerging Multipolar International Order
Authors: Khodynskaya-Golenischeva M. S.
Published: June 2021

The article looks into the Syria crisis in the context of emerging multipolar, polycentric system of international relations. The author focuses on Washington's attempts to maintain its dominance in world affairs by any means, by consciously destabilizing political situations in certain countries to weaken them and then act according to the "divide and rule" principle. Syria is no exception. In this context, the author lists methods implied before in a number of specific regions aimed at destabilizing situations in different countries and describes specific objectives that the US and its allies are seeking to achieve thereby. The author also shows how these methods have been used in Syria. At the same the article says that objective trends in the world system, including emergence of new centers of political and economic power and, as a consequence, formation of a democratic multi-dimensional system of international relations, lead to a situation when the methods used by Washington to destabilize internal political situations, cease to work properly. The most powerful levers of political, economic, financial and informational pressure lose their effectiveness. In the case of Syria, the new political realities literally "squeezed" Washington into political and legal sphere, and instead of US bombardment of Syria the world saw an agreement on the destruction of Syrian chemical weapons which was carried out under international community control. It is emphasized that these trends will only be strengthened, and multipolar world order will gradually neutralize new Western attempts to destabilize regions for gaining geopolitical advantage. This in turn gives a chance to create an atmosphere for a process of finding a comprehensive political solution to the crisis in Syria, which Russia is currently making efforts to launch.
Development of the Japanese Environmental Security Concept
Authors: Danilova V. I.
Published: June 2021

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the transformation of the Japanese environmental policy. Japan, which faced with the aggravation of environmental problems during rapid industrialization, is considered nowadays as a leader in the sphere of environmental security provision not only for its own territory, but also for the whole Asia-Pacific region. Therefore the author underlines the main periods of the Japanese environmental security concept development from the beginning of the Meiji era till the end of the 20th century. Special attention is paid to the study of historic backgrounds and basic features of the Japanese environment preservation and pollution control policy. At the same time the author deals with political actions aimed at the fight against environmental challenges. Thus, particular attention is paid to the Japanese government's turn to deliberate, systematic, long term activity on environmental conservation, which includes special legislative acts elaboration, pre- and postwar economic growth policy review. Key aspects of environmental conservation regulation, which take into account Japan's demands in this sphere and at the same time meet expectations of the international community, viewing Japan as a green power, are also discussed in the article. In conclusion the author examines the basic features of Japan's participation in major international conferences on the protection of the ozone layer, on the warming of the atmosphere, on preservation of the global environment, which had a great impact on the Japanese environmental legislation.
The Contemporary Chinese Policy in Southeast Asia
Authors: Vlasov N. V.
Published: June 2021

Although the PRC has been gradually turning into a genuinely global power recently, her regional interests particularly in SEA are not shrinking. Developing relations with ASEAN in general and its member states in particular is still among the key priorities of the Chinese foreign policy. This is motivated by the interest to ensure safe and controlled buffer along China's border perimeter - "belt of peace, stability and common prosperity". At present, Chinese standing in SEA is firm. Sino-ASEAN relations are based upon mutual pragmatism. The reason for that to a great extent is a tangible trade and economic and investment cooperation. Bilateral relations in political and security as well as defense spheres have been also steadily expanding. Humanitarian ties are closely interwoven, which may help make future ASEAN elites more pro-Chinese. Nevertheless, it has been all the more evident that Southeast Asian nations are seeking to lower their current overdependence on China. Their concern are rising due to China's growing political and military and economic muscles as well as because of increasing Chinese nationalism. Unresolved territorial disputes in the South China Sea also impede promotion of China's influence there. In this context China turns out to be sandwiched between the necessity to uphold her national interests, on the one hand, and the goal to keep a comfort regional atmosphere for facilitating her relationship with ASEAN, on the other. Moreover, lately there has been another sound factor jeopardizing China's leadership in SEA - Washington's Asia Pacific pivot.
Military-political Processes in the Caucasus Region and the Security of Russia
Authors: Vilovatykh A. V. , Rogovaya A. V.
Published: June 2021

The unipolar world breaking and the tightening of geopolitical struggle led to destructive military-political processes in different regions of the world. In conditions of instability along the perimeter of Russia's borders the significance of the Caucasus region increases, especially in geo-strategic and geoeconomic perspectives. The efforts of world politics actors for the transformation of the region environment increase substantially. As a result the dynamics and the scope of the proceeding military-political processes in the Caucasus are complicated. The failures in the assessment and the prediction of the processes development influence on the safety of Russia. Wrong gradation of existing threats and challenges can lead to disastrous and irreversible consequences for state security. Designated circumstances caused the need for the expert survey on assessing the impact of the current military-political processes in the Caucasus region on the security of the Russian state and necessity for the concretization of military dangers and threats, due to political and military developments in the Caucasus. An expert survey was conducted in June 2014. During it authors interviewed 40 Russian and foreign experts representing Federal and regional authorities, academic community, research centers, analytical structures. Implementation of the survey allowed to identify the experts positions and the degree of their coherence on the military-political processes in the Caucasus region and their impact on the modern Russia security. As a result the degree of destructiveness of the regional military-political processes was fixed. We conclude that anti-Russian processes in the countries of the Caucasus continue to determine the overall geopolitical situation, including in the military-political sphere. The reason is mainly seen in interests clashing of Russia and countries of the "Atlantic world." Analysis of the military-political processes in the Caucasus region has allowed to formulate the main directions of improving the efficiency of Russian state policy in security sphere in the North Caucasus and in the States of South Caucasus.
Diplomatic History of the Great Patriotic War and the New World Order
Authors: Borisov A. Y.
Published: June 2021

From ancient times, war was called "the creator of all things". And winners created the postwar world order. The article reveals the backstage, the diplomatic history of the Great Patriotic War, which make the picture of the main events of the war, that culminated in victory May 1945 in the capital of the defeated Third Reich, complete. The decisive role of the Soviet Union and its armed forces in the defeat of Nazi Germany and its allies was the strong foundation on which to build the strategy and tactics of Soviet diplomacy during the war. It was implemented in the course of negotiations with the Western Allies - the United States and Britain, led by President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill. World history teaches, large and small wars have been fought on Earth for centuries for specific political interests. In this context, the Second World War has been a shining example not only to curb the aggressor states, the liberation of peoples from the Nazi tyranny, but also an attempt by the victor to organize a new, better postwar world order to guarantee a durable and lasting peace based on the cooperation of the allied states. But the allies in the war did not become allies in the organization of the postwar world. Their collaboration briefly survived the end of hostilities and was overshadowed start turning to the Cold War. It was largely due to the US desire to realize their material advantages to the detriment of the Soviet Union after the war and build a system that would be a one-sided expression of the interests of Washington. Americans, especially after the death of President Roosevelt, and during his successor Truman understood international cooperation as an assertion of its global leadership while ignoring the interests of the Soviet Union, which bore the brunt of the war.
International Organizations: the Main Factors of Emergence and Development
Authors: Voronkov L. S.
Published: June 2021

The author argues that the emergence of the first permanent intergovernmental (IIGO) and non-governmental (INGO) organizationsin the second half of the XIX-th century was due to common causes. He tries to justify the need to consider them not as independent objects of study, but as the phenomenon, caused by the high level of internationalization of economic life of states and of socio-economic consequences of the industrial revolution, reached in this period. The emergence of IIGOs, based on international treaty, was accompanied by establishment of a large number of INGOs operating in similar fields of human activity, which performed supplementary functions and regulated areas of cooperation and public needs, not covered by interstate agreements. The article presents the main factors that in later stages of internationalization and development of contemporary international relations gave the impetus to emergence and development of international organizations, including the military-technological revolution, that gave birth to mass destruction weapons and avalanche-like growth of the number of human and material losses during wars and military conflicts, the Cold War between world communism and world capitalism, the collapse of the colonial system and formation ofa new main contradiction of the world politics between the "Club of rich countries" and states of the "global periphery", beginning of development of regional integration processes and, finally, the emergence of global problems. The article emphasizes that both IIGOs and INGOs evolved from the supportive tools in implementation of multilateral interaction of sovereign states towards becoming an integral part of contemporary international relations, fulfilling many vital functions of modern human society and its citizens. Given the involvement of the overwhelming majority of modern sovereign states and tens of thousands of civil society organizations in activity of numerical IIGOs and INGOs, none of the existing centers of world power can afford to trample down and to subordinate activities of all these international organizations. The development of IIGOs and INGOs makes any attempts to create a unipolar system of contemporary international relations impossible.
Global Internet Governance: Russian Approach and International Practice
Authors: Zinovieva E. S.
Published: June 2021

The article studies the processes of Internet governance at the international level in the context of the position and interests of Russia in this area. The theory of global governance was used as a theoretical and methodological framework of the study. Initially, Internet governance was carried out on the state level, with coordination carried out in the interests of the United States created the Internet. At the present stage states and other actors in world politics has to be integrated into the existing system of Internet governance, resulting in development of multi-level or multi-directional diplomacy, formation of the so-called "hybrid" organizations and new models of cooperation. There are new formats of regulation of international relations formed under the influence of scientific and technological progress. Russia's position on Internet governance is based on the goal to ensure equal consideration of interests of all states in the governance of the Internet.
Ensuring the Security of the Educational Environment: Cases of US, Russia and Europe
Authors: Kabernik V. V. , Timofeyeva O. A.
Published: June 2021

The article deals with security, including informational, educational environment. The article considers experience of the United States and Europe, including specific examples. Given a classification of the major threats and they are allocated on the basis of foreign and domestic experience. The article also determines the range of problems actually facing educational institutions and regularly described in special reports on the subject. Provides an overview of a set of measures designed to regulate access to inappropriate content, with special attention given to the phenomenon of social networks that put new challenges in ensuring security of the educational environment.
State Participation in Energy Security Provision of the People’s Republic of China
Authors: Rakhimyanova I. F.
Published: June 2021

The author investigates the role and place of government in the modern energy sector of China. Due to unprecedented scale industrial processes of modernization and urbanization in China, high rates of economic development, the growth of living standards, China's dependence on energy imports every year is growing significantly. And this trend will continue in the coming decades, or even increase. In the foreseeable future, China will feel an acute shortage of energy resources. In this regard, there is a growing concern of the Chinese state-owned energy companies. Obviously, such a prospect is the Chinese leadership worries associated with the risk of failure in international transfers, chronic instability in the region, exporting energy, and the vicissitudes of the global energy. This problem is considered on the analysis of materials of the White books, special attention given to White book «China's energy policy - 2012». The article outlines the contours of energy security of China, the role of major players, including public authorities, government energy corporations, private businesses and the population. Particular attention is given to the Commission of National Development and Reforms, which main function is to form the five years' development plans. The special attention is given to the Concept of National Security of the China. Although attention is paid to issues related to the provision of energy interests of China abroad, including the production and transportation of energy resources, cooperation with governments of countries rich in raw materials. Analyzes the role of the state in providing control over the energy segment, in the framework of China's involvement to globalization process.
Civilizations in World Politics: Reasons for Clash and Dialogue
Authors: Kharkevich M. V.
Published: June 2021

Civilizations are not a novel subject of research.Todaytheyareincreasinglypopularbothinaca demicandpoliticalspheres.State and non-state actors talk as if civilizations were real actors of world politics. The article outlines the intellectual map of civilizational research in world politics. It finds three actual and one possible directions of civilizational research, namely: civilizational dynamic, inter civilizational ethics, politics of civilizations and civilizational politics. The author stresses the importance of nonessentialist approach in civilizational dynamics studies, its leader being Peter Katzenstein. The rest of the article is devoted to cultivating the selected research direction. The author proposes to view civilizations as a strategic reference framework rather than a real actor of world politics. These reference frameworks are constructed on religious value basis and detailed in a shared literature corpus. They are heterogeneous and in a constant state of flux. It can be viewed as a continuum with one pole being a fundamentalist state of civilization and the opposite one - post secular state of civilization. The middle ground is occupied by secular civilization. The clash and dialogue are not among civilizations but rather among different states or social groups within and among civilizations. The most conflictual group is a fundamentalist one, its reference framework is totally determined by religious values. Compromise for such a group is impossible. The most cooperative group is post secular one since it is based on dialogue. The author concludes that dialogue is guaranteed among post secular societies within the Christian civilization. Within and among non-Christian civilizations dialogue is possible but not guaranteed.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOCIAL PROTEST IN CONTEMPORARY JAPAN
Authors: Streltsov D. V.
Published: June 2021

The author makes an attempt to classify the political manifestations of social protest in postwar Japanese history. The author identifies five types of politically orchestrated social protest: ideological, socio-class, problem centered, conservative and local. The specificity of concrete forms of protest is analyzed from the points of view of their substance and organization. After the end of the cold war the ideological type of social protest which had earlier played the role of the ideological basis for the consolidation of the left opposition political forces, loses its initial driving force. The aggravating crisis of the traditional corporate model decreases the significance of the social-class protest which had been an instrument of pressure over state power in favor of an active policy in the social sphere/ Also diminishing in the present-day Japan is the conservative protest as a public dissent against the ruling party caused by weakening of its ability to take into acount the interests of specific social minorities that had traditionally been prioritized by state support. Meanwhile the problem-centered and local types of protest are gaining more importance in today’s Japan as they rely on a relatively broad social support. For the opposition parties social protest is nothing more than an opportunity to attract additional votes. Lacking any real chance of coming to power, these parties use mass protest mood for the consolidation of their electoral base. Many voters, disillusioned with the ability of political parties to extrapolate their opinion on the sphere of public policy decision-making, become more and more inclined not to come to the polls at all.
European Uunion Energy Security and Russia
Authors: Simonia N. A. , Torkunov A. V.
Published: June 2021

The article deals with the retrospective of relations between Russia, USA and EU in the sphere of energy security, as well as their interaction regarding the current political crisis in the Ukraine. Particular attention is paid to the evolution of the key actors'positions and the development of their relations within the framework of the regulatory regimes established by the most significant agreements in the energy sphere. In conclusion the authors claim that what they say in their article not only does substantially reinforce the arguments set forth by Professor Giuseppe Guarino, who argues about the negative consequences caused by the dictatorship of the Brussels's bureaucracy within the EU, but also inflicts another blow on the Maastricht Treaty and the Treaty of Lisbon in terms of external policy and trade, since the both Treaties were designed to convert the EU in a real competitor of the United States in the then forming multipolar World. The Brussel's bureaucracy, having turned into a dutiful instrument of the US geopolitical strategy, hindered the movement of the EU in that direction, while its dictatorship in energy security aggravates the crisis situation of the EU, almost pushing the EU to the brink of collapse and disintegration. We have lately witnessed an evolving and growing phenomenon of the so called "Euroscepticism". The results of the Europarliament elections in late May, 2014, were a graphic demonstration of the symptoms of this alarming for the EU disease, when the anti-EU parties in the four out 22 EU countries won the elections (France, United Kingdom, Denmark, and Greece) Those results, regardless of the panic headlines in mass media and statements like "shocking" or "earthquake" made by some politicians, were not able to significantly affect the nature of the European Parliament, though they can significantly complicate its work. This is so far the first "alarming bell" tolling for the EU.
SOCIAL PROTEST IN INDIA
Authors: Lunev S. I.
Published: June 2021

Economic globalization creates unfavorable conditions for some countries and social groups while the situation in other countries and social is becoming worse. That is why social problems are on the rise worldwide. Thus, social protest became the major cause of the Arab spring is. Social wave overwhelmed Western Europe and the USA. The solution of social problems depends not on the political will of the elite, but on the activity of the population, as the ruling circles will not adopt a policy of self-restrictions and concessions to the majority without the hard push from the bottom. The peculiar feature of India is the general satisfaction of the society with the political system and economic situation. At the same time the protests against specific cases and events in the country mobilize hundreds of thousands of people, be it corruption scandals or violence against women. However, cultural- civilizational factors contribute to the non-violent character of almost all mass actions. Another distinctive feature of India is the desire of the organizers of the protest to reject support of the major parties due to the belief that political leaders are interested more in strengthening their social base rather than in solving the concrete problems. There are different categories of social protest in India: peasant movements; scheduled castes' (Dalits, the former untouchables) movements; anti-corruption movements; environmental movements; backward caste movements; women's movements; tribal movements; industrial proletariat movements; students' movements; middle class movements; human rights movements. The first four movements are currently the most noticeable. Social protest has not, so far, led to any serious political instability. However, a certain development of the situation can generate it, as well as the rejection of the mainly peaceful methods. In this respect, Dalit movements, especially in case of further erosion of the caste system, are the subject of the greatest concern.
SOCIAL PROTEST MOVEMENTS IN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN
Authors: Druzhilovsky S. B.
Published: June 2021

The article deals with causes and distinctive features of social protest movements in Iran through the prism of the effect that historic and contemporary developments have on them. The author analyses the most important factors that influence social activity during periods of exacerbating internal tensions in Iran. Great importance is attached to the Shia clergy ́s role in leading protest movements in the country before the Islamic revolution. Besides, the author evaluates the capacity of the ruling clergy to halt protests and ensure the majority ́s loyalty to the governing regime. Considerable attention is paid to the characteristics of the so-called «green movement» in which during 2011–2012. Again loudly declared himself to speak in support of popular uprisings in several Arab countries during the «Arab Spring». Under the influence of these events in Iran have again begun a protest against President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. In this regard, the Iranian authorities placed under house arrest of several opposition leaders, including Mousavi. Since then, the situation in Iran in general has stabilized. Moreover, the leaders of the «green» M. Mousavi and M. Kyarubi made a number of harsh anti-Western statements, in which he accused the West of choosing «wrong way» to resolve the Iranian nuclear issue by introducing anti-Iranian sanctions. They are, from the point of view of the opposition leaders, especially not hit the economic interests of the Iranian government and the Iranian citizen. The election in November 2013 the new president of Iran representative of the liberal camp Hassan Rouhani also had a positive impact on the containment of the Iranian opposition street protests.
POLITICAL CRISIS AND SOCIAL PROTEST IN THAILAND
Authors: Koldunova E. V.
Published: June 2021

The article focuses on socio-political activism, main features of socio-political contradictions and the couses of the recent social protests in Thailand. Thailand has the longest democratic tradition among ther countries of South-east Asia. Yetbackin 1932 the country has changed the absoulute monarchy to a constitutional one. However in the XXth century Thailand had lived through more than five decades of authoritarianism. The number of military coupd'etats which took place in Thailand now equals to almost twenty. At the same time, despite such a long authoritarian rule the country witnessed the formation of various elements of civil society. In the second part of the XX century the student protests of 1973–1976 became the most vivid example of civic activism. The social protest in Thailand reached its most active phase in the first decade of this century when the country splitted into two camps – one of thes-o-called «Red Shirts» and Another One of the «Yellow Shirts». The «Red Shirts» supported billionere Thaksin Shinawatra, a Prime Minister of Thaialnd in 2001–2006. The «Yellow Shirts» opposed him. Thet women tioned camps created new social movements – «People's Alliance for Democracy» («Yellow Shirts») and «United Front for Democracy against Dictatorship» («Red Shirts»). Since 2006 Thailand has seen several stages of the development of the social protest. The most recent one starte din November 2013 and end edin May 2014 when after more than half a year of mass meetings in the country's capital Bangkok the military took power again.
THE SOCIAL PROTEST «WITH CHINESE PARTICULARITY»: THE SHIFTING VECTOR
Authors: Korsun V. A.
Published: June 2021

The article analyzes current spiritual-political and socio-economic situation in postreform China with the emphasis on newest tendencies in the social feeling and conscience. Such a gigantic socio- cultural laboratory as China, with the processes of modernization and archaization proper to it, gives much material disproving conceptions of unilinear historical progress and brining to light the Chinese particularity. The content of China elite identity and the reasons of its stability and continuity are analyzed on the basis of a profound excursus into history of the evolution of the «Confucians way of governance», that quite differs from the European model. In consequence of thousands years of selective breeding through the examination system and the stratagem mentality there was created, in the author’s opinion, not the political culture, but some type of the specific Chinese administrative behavior mode, based on «the moral consensus» between different clans of elite, this time leaded by Xi Jinping, and composed by the «shanghai» and the «komsomol» factions. Contemporary partocracy regime of PRC inherited all the negative characteristics of soviet «nomenclature» such as hierarchy career based on loyalty, bureaucracy privileges, special rations and advantages, nepotism, corruption and so on, but has created specific Chinese system of «soft» succession of power from generation to generation. At the same time, the confluence of political and business elites is taking place and the state and society interests are more and more subordinated to their corporative Ames, that provoke so called «new leftist» movement against the irrational redistribution system. The CCP new leadership exploits the «Chinese dream» rhetoric and anticorruption assault to get the national consensus and conserve its monopoly on political power. However, the social-economic structures sophistication and the new social contradictions and conflicts intensification, the now days economic crisis evidences about, draw attention to the crucial importance of democratization and creation of the new nontraditional political system for up to date diagnosis, softening and salvation of such conflicts.
KEY ASPECTS OF CORPORATE FINANCIAL SOUNDNESS
Authors: Sotneva Y. D.
Published: June 2021

With increasing role of transnational corporation (TNC) questions of corporate financial soundness analysis and prediction methods are gaining momentum. This article highlights the key aspects of financial soundness of corporations. The author compared the economic notion of financial soundness in theory and in practice. Also, specified the concept of financial soundness («stability», «sustainability», «solvency», «soundness», «financial distress) used in Russia and internationally. The existing academic approach in terms of financial soundness assessment is different from the view of international organizations and corporations. The article stated that Russian researches in general see financial soundness as a mix of liquidity and solvency whereas in practice the financial soundness is a more multivariate concept. International Monetary Fund, Ministry of Regional Development and Central Bank of Russia extend the concept of financial soundness adding the profitability and specific ration into the analysis. Foreign authors use different models of financial soundness ranging from statistical, mathematical to special ratings. In practice there is also no definitive understanding of financial soundness based on the analysis of financial information of Rosneft, Alrosa, and Tatneft.

Compared Russian and foreign academic approach, government and international instructions of IMF, Ministry of Regional Development and Central Bank of Russia and stated the main characteristics of financial soundness, an author gives its definition.
Foreign Experience of Applying the Principle of "Pump or Pay" in the Field of Pipeline Transportation
Authors: Salygin V. I. , Guliyev I. A. , Khubaeva A. O.
Published: June 2021

This article reveals the practice of "ship or pay" principle in the US, Canada and Europe. The authors analyze the practice of concluding contracts for oil and petroleum products transportation, procedures, terms and conditions stipulated in the contract. The "take or pay" principle is a common practice in developed countries like the US, Canada and the UK. The specific feature of the United States is that the pipelines are not built only for one shipper, but rather for all market, which is caused the "open season" tradition. In Canada, "take or pay" principle applies to cover the capital costs of the carrier. The main reasons for usage of terms "take or pay" are to minimize risks of the carrier, building or expanding his own pipeline network, by guaranteeing shipper's financial benefits after the putting pipeline into operation. "Take or pay" contracts cover the carrier's obligation to provide agreed minimum amount of petroleum to the consignor within a certain period. In turn, the shipper is obliged to accept the minimum amount of petroleum and pay, regardless of the fact of acceptance of oil. "Take or pay" principle is a kind of risk-sharing mechanism, which allows to shift the risks of non-fulfillment of the contract to the shipper. Besides, the "take or pay" principle can be indirect guarantee in the context of project financing, and therefore, financing. The article emphasizes the main advantages of the application of this principle and opportunities for its use in Russia.
Methods and Models of Market Risk Stress-Testing of the Portfolio of Financial Instruments
Authors: Karminsky A. M. , Seryakova E. V.
Published: June 2021

Amid instability of financial markets and macroeconomic situation the necessity of improving bank risk-management instrument arises. New economic reality defines the need for searching for more advanced approaches of estimating banks vulnerability to exceptional, but plausible events. Stress-testing belongs to such instruments. The paper reviews and compares the models of market risk stress-testing of the portfolio of different financial instruments. These days the topic of the paper is highly acute due to the fact that now stress-testing is becoming an integral part of anticrisis risk-management amid macroeconomic instability and appearance of new risks together with close interest to the problem of risk-aggregation. The paper outlines the notion of stress-testing and gives coverage of goals, functions of stress-tests and main criteria for market risk stress-testing classification. The paper also stresses special aspects of scenario analysis. Novelty of the research is explained by elaborating the programme of aggregated complex multifactor stress-testing of the portfolio risk based on scenario analysis. The paper highlights modern Russian and foreign models of stress-testing both on solo-basis and complex. The paper lays emphasis on the results of stress-testing and revaluations of positions for all three complex models: methodology of the Central Bank of stress-testing portfolio risk, model relying on correlations analysis and copula model. The models of stress-testing on solo-basis are different for each financial instrument. Parametric StressVaR model is applicable to shares and options stress-testing;model based on "Grek" indicators is used for options; for euroobligation regional factor model is used. Finally some theoretical recommendations about managing market risk of the portfolio are given.