bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: Lyon Sarah M. , Rossman Milton D.
Published: February 2017

This review on pulmonary tuberculosis includes an introduction that describes how the lung is the portal of entry for the tuberculosis bacilli to enter the body and then spread to the rest of the body. The symptoms and signs of both primary and reactivation tuberculosis are described. Routine laboratory tests are rarely helpful for making the diagnosis of tuberculosis. The differences between the chest X ray in primary and reactivation tuberculosis is also described. The chest computed tomography appearance in primary and reactivation tuberculosis is also described. The criteria for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis are described, and the differential is discussed. The pulmonary findings of tuberculosis in HIV infection are described and differentiated from those in patients without HIV infection. The occurrence of tuberculosis in the elderly and in those patients on anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors is described. Pleural tuberculosis and its diagnosis are described. Efforts to define the activity of tuberculosis and the need for respiratory isolation are discussed. The complications of pulmonary tuberculosis are also described.
Fournier's gangrene: diagnosis and management aided by repeated clinical examination and ultrasound
Authors: George Jayan , Raja Aditya , Chun Hei Li David , Joshi Hrishi
Published: February 2017

We describe a case of a man aged 57 years admitted to our tertiary centre via his general practitioner, presenting with a 1-week history of scrotal pain, testicular swelling and fluctuance. He was initially managed in the community with flucoclaxacillin for 1 week, but failed to respond to treatment. Clinical history was suggestive of Fournier's gangrene, but initial examination was not conclusive. Repeated examination over the next hour aided diagnosis and helped to track the progression of the condition. The patient was treated with intravenous antibiotics and prepared for theatre. Since there was a delay in getting the patient to theatre, an ultrasound scan was performed to help ascertain the extent of the disease to aid surgical planning. Following successful debridement and skeletalisation of the testicles and ward recovery, he was transferred for plastic reconstruction.
Metformin-associated lactic acidosis treated with continuous renal replacement therapy
Authors: Nakamura Akihide , Suzuki Kei , Imai Hiroshi , Katayama Naoyuki
Published: February 2017

Metformin-associated lactic acidosis (MALA) is a rare but life-threatening complication. We report a case of MALA in a man aged 71 years who was treated with continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). The patient was brought to the hospital for prolonged and gradual worsening gastrointestinal symptoms. Although he received intravenous treatment, he developed catecholamine-resistant shock, and blood gas analysis revealed lactic acidosis. Bicarbonate and antibiotics for possible sepsis were initiated, but with no clear benefit. Owing to haemodynamic instability with metabolic acidosis, urgent CRRT was given: it was immediately effective in reducing lactate levels; pH values completely normalised within 18 hours, and he was stabilised. MALA sometimes presents with non-specific symptoms, and is important to consider when treating unexplainable metabolic acidosis. In severe cases, CRRT has potential merit, particularly in haemodynamically unstable patients. It is important to be familiar with MALA as a medical emergency, even for emergency physicians.
Cerebral cryptococcoma mimicking glioblastoma
Authors: Ulett Kimberly B , Cockburn James W J , Jeffree Rosalind , Woods Marion L
Published: February 2017

Cryptococcus neoformansandC. gattiicause invasive fungal disease, with meningitis being the most common manifestation of central nervous system (CNS) disease. Encapsulated cryptococcomas occur rarely, predominantly in immunocompetent hosts, usually related toC. gattii. Our patient was an immunocompetent man who presented with headache and a large cystic CNS lesion thought to be glioblastoma. Biopsy of a concomitant lung lesion confirmed cryptococcoma and empiric antifungal therapy was started for presumed CNS cryptococcoma. Antifungal therapy failed to shrink the CNS lesion, and surgical excision confirmedC. gattiiCNS cryptococcoma. Following surgery he had complete resolution of symptoms. This case highlights that cryptococcoma cannot be distinguished from tumour on clinical or imaging findings. A combined medical and surgical approach is optimal for the management of large or surgically accessible cryptococcomas, as antifungal therapy alone is unlikely to penetrate large lesions sufficiently to lead to a cure.
Problem-solving therapy for adults with diabetic retinopathy and diabetes-specific distress: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: Rees Gwyneth , O'Hare Fleur , Saeed Marian , Sudholz Bronwyn , Sturrock Bonnie A , Xie Jing , Speight Jane , Lamoureux Ecosse L
Published: February 2017

Objective

To provide preliminary evidence for the impact of problem-solving therapy for diabetes (PST-D) in adults with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetes distress.

Research design and methods

In a pilot randomized controlled trial, 40 participants with DR and diabetes distress were allocated to the PST-D or control groups. Diabetes distress (DDS), depressive symptoms (PHQ-9), self-care activities (SDSCA), and HbA1cwere assessed at baseline, and 3 and 6-month follow-ups.

Results

At the 6-month follow-up, the PST-D group showed significant improvements relative to the control group, in ‘regimen-related distress’ (PST-D: −1.3±1.4; control: −0.4±1.1), depressive symptoms (PST-D: −4.3±6.1; control: −0.3±4.6), and HbA1c(PST-D: −1.2%±1.01; control: 0.2%±1.2%) (all p<0.05). In multiple regression analysis, adjusting for baseline values and sociodemographic factors, PST-D was associated with significant improvement in ‘regimen-related distress’, depressive symptoms, and HbA1cat the 6-month follow-up (p<0.05).

Conclusions

PST-D is a promising intervention for improving psychological outcomes and glycemic control. A fully powered study is required to confirm these findings and examine mechanisms of change in HbA1c.

Trial registration number

ACTRN12616001010482; results.
Associations of participation in community assets with health-related quality of life and healthcare usage: a cross-sectional study of older people in the community
Authors: Munford Luke A , Sidaway Mark , Blakemore Amy , Sutton Matt , Bower Pete
Published: February 2017

Background

Community assets are promoted as a way to improve quality of life and reduce healthcare usage. However, the quantitative impact of participation in community assets on these outcomes is not known.

Methods

We examined the association between participation in community assets and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) (EuroQol-5D-5L) and healthcare usage in 3686 individuals aged ≥65 years. We estimated the unadjusted differences in EuroQol-5D-5L scores and healthcare usage between participants and non-participants in community assets and then used multivariate regression to examine scores adjusted for sociodemographic and limiting long-term health conditions. We derived the net benefits of participation using a range of threshold values for a quality-adjusted life year (QALY).

Results

50% of individuals reported participation in community assets. Their EuroQol-5D-5L scores were 0.094 (95% CI 0.077 to 0.111) points higher than non-participants. Controlling for sociodemographic characteristics reduced this differential to 0.081 (95% CI 0.064 to 0.098). Further controlling for limiting long-term conditions reduced this effect to 0.039 (95% CI 0.025 to 0.052). Once we adjusted for sociodemographic and limiting long-term conditions, the reductions in healthcare usage and costs associated with community asset participation were not statistically significant. Based on a threshold value of £20 000 per QALY, the net benefits of participation in community assets were £763 (95% CI £478 to £1048) per participant per year.

Conclusions

Participation in community assets is associated with substantially higher HRQoL but is not associated with lower healthcare costs. The social value of developing community assets is potentially substantial.
Specifying the content of home-based health behaviour change interventions for older people with frailty or at risk of frailty: an exploratory systematic review
Authors: Gardner Benjamin , Jovicic Ana , Belk Celia , Kharicha Kalpa , Iliffe Steve , Manthorpe Jill , Goodman Claire , Drennan Vari M , Walters Kate
Published: February 2017

Objectives

To identify trials of home-based health behaviour change interventions for frail older people, describe intervention content and explore its potential contribution to intervention effects.

Design

15 bibliographic databases, and reference lists and citations of key papers, were searched for randomised controlled trials of home-based behavioural interventions reporting behavioural or health outcomes.

Setting

Participants' homes.

Participants

Community-dwelling adults aged ≥65 years with frailty or at risk of frailty.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

Trials were coded for effects on thematically clustered behavioural, health and well-being outcomes. Intervention content was described using 96 behaviour change techniques, and 9 functions (eg, education, environmental restructuring).

Results

19 eligible trials reported 22 interventions. Physical functioning was most commonly assessed (19 interventions). Behavioural outcomes were assessed for only 4 interventions. Effectiveness on most outcomes was limited, with at most 50% of interventions showing potential positive effects on behaviour, and 42% on physical functioning. 3 techniques (instruction on how to perform behaviour, adding objects to environment, restructuring physical environment) and 2 functions (education and enablement) were more commonly found in interventions showing potential than those showing no potential to improve physical function. Intervention content was not linked to effectiveness on other outcomes.

Conclusions

Interventions appeared to have greatest impact on physical function where they included behavioural instructions, environmental modification and practical social support. Yet, mechanisms of effects are unclear, because impact on behavioural outcomes has rarely been considered. Moreover, the robustness of our findings is also unclear, because interventions have been poorly reported. Greater engagement with behavioural science is needed when developing and evaluating home-based health interventions.

PROSPERO registration number

ID=CRD42014010370
Systematic review of the effective components of psychosocial interventions delivered by care home staff to people with dementia
Authors: Rapaport Penny , Livingston Gill , Murray Joanna , Mulla Aasiya , Cooper Claudia
Published: February 2017

Objectives

This review aims to understand what elements of psychosocial interventions are associated with improved outcomes for people with dementia to inform implementation in care homes.

Design

A systematic review of qualitative and quantitative intervention studies was undertaken.

Eligibility criteria for included studies

We included primary research studies evaluating psychosocial interventions that trained care home staff to deliver a specific intervention or that sought to change how staff delivered care to residents with dementia and reported staff and resident qualitative or quantitative outcomes.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE, PsychINFO and EMBASE electronic databases and hand-searched references up to May 2016. Quality of included papers was rated independently by 2 authors, using operationalised checklists derived from standard criteria. We discussed discrepancies and reached consensus. We conducted a narrative synthesis of quantitative and a thematic synthesis of qualitative findings to find what was effective immediately and in sustaining change.

Results

We identified 49 papers fulfilling predetermined criteria. We found a lack of higher quality quantitative evidence that effects could be sustained after psychosocial interventions finished with no evidence that interventions continued to work after 6 months. Qualitative findings suggest that staff valued interventions focusing on getting to know, understand and connect with residents with dementia. Successful elements of interventions included interactive training, post-training support, aiming to train most staff, retaining written materials afterwards and building interventions into routine care.

Conclusions

Psychosocial interventions can improve outcomes for staff and residents with dementia in care homes; however, many trial results are limited. Synthesis of qualitative findings highlight core components of interventions that staff value and feel improve care. These findings provide useful evidence to inform the development of sustainable, effective psychosocial interventions in care homes.

Trial registration number

CRD42015017621.
Training in ERCP and EUS in the UK anno 2017
Authors: Bekkali Noor LH , Johnson Gavin J
Published: February 2017

In the last 20 years, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has evolved from being a diagnostic procedure to being almost exclusively therapeutic. Similarly, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is developing into ever-increasing therapeutic roles. Operator technique is central to diagnostic accuracy in EUS, as is effective and safer therapy for both ERCP and therapeutic EUS. Hence, effective training and robust standards for certification and revalidation are required to ensure ERCP and EUS in the UK are as effective and as safe as possible.
Biliary strictures: endoscopic assessment and management
Authors: Paranandi Bharat , Oppong Kofi W
Published: February 2017

The diagnosis of biliary strictures can be challenging. Endoscopy has an established role in the diagnosis and therapy of biliary strictures. However, the diagnostic yield from conventional endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography tissue sampling is modest. Improvements in existing technologies as well as the implementation of novel technologies and techniques have the potential to improve the diagnostic performance of endoscopy and expand its therapeutic role. Recent studies have enabled greater clarity about the role of preoperative biliary drainage and the choice of stents in this setting as well as the utility of metal stents in benign and malignant disease.
Endoscopic management of biliary stone disease
Authors: Wilson P , Webster GJM
Published: February 2017

The management of bile duct stone disease is the most common indication for endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP). The majority of cases may be resolved using standard approaches including endoscopic sphincterotomy and balloon stone extraction. Recent advances in the management of large or challenging stones has come from the clear evidence for the role of endoscopic papillary large balloon dilatation (EPLBD)/sphincteroplasty and the development of cholangioscopically directed lithotripsy. Perhaps the greatest improvement in endoscopic stone management will be achieved through the implementation of plans for more formalised training, reflection and audit of ERCP performance indicators and network-wide coordination of ERCP services.
Appearance of QRS fragmentation late after Mustard/Senning repair is associated with adverse outcome
Authors: Helsen Frederik , Vandenberk Bert , De Meester Pieter , Van De Bruaene Alexander , Gabriels Charlien , Troost Els , Gewillig Marc , Meyns Bart , Willems Rik , Budts Werner
Published: February 2017

Objective

To evaluate if development of fragmented QRS (fQRS) complexes, a marker of inhomogeneous ventricular activation due to myocardial fibrosis, is associated with adverse outcome in adults after Mustard/Senning repair for d-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA).

Methods

Adults with atrial switch repair for d-TGA were selected from the database of a tertiary care hospital. Exclusion criteria were systemic right ventricular (RV) assist device or heart transplantation (HTx) before the age of 16, or fQRS already present at first visit to the Adult Congenital Heart Disease clinic. A blinded expert reader retrospectively analysed all available ECGs after the age of 16 for the presence of fQRS. The appearance of fQRS was modelled for each patient as a time-dependent variable. Cox regression was performed to assess the relationship between covariates and the composite endpoint of cardiovascular mortality, HTx or systemic RV assist device.

Results

Records of 89 patients (34% female, 42% Mustard repair) were analysed. At latest follow-up, fQRS was noted in 26 patients (29%). Over a median follow-up time of 16.9 (IQR 12.6–22.9) years, the composite endpoint occurred in nine patients (10%). In multivariable Cox analysis, appearance of fQRS (HR 14.11; 95% CI 1.42 to 140.12) and development of severe RV dysfunction (HR 11.36; 95% CI 2.08 to 62.17) were significantly associated with the composite endpoint.

Conclusions

Appearance of fQRS complexes on a 12-lead ECG is associated with adverse outcome in adults after atrial switch repair for d-TGA. In this population, fQRS detection might be a promising and easily implementable tool to identify patients at risk for adverse events.
Clinical information has low sensitivity for postmortem diagnosis of heart valve disease
Authors: Coffey Sean , Harper Andrew R , Cairns Benjamin J , Roberts Ian SD , Prendergast Bernard D
Published: February 2017

Background

Accuracy of routinely collected information concerning cause of death is essential for public health and health systems planning. Since clinical examination has relatively low sensitivity for detection of valvular heart disease (VHD), mortality data based on clinical information alone might routinely underestimate the number of deaths due to VHD.

Methods

We compared autopsy findings against premortem clinical information for 8198 consecutive adult postmortems (mean age 69.1 years, 61.3% men), performed in a single UK tertiary referral centre with on-site cardiac surgical facilities over a 10-year period (2004–2013) during which 21% of the adult population underwent postmortem examination.

Results

Following postmortem, VHD was the principal cause of death in 165 individuals (2.0%), a principal or contributory cause (‘any cause’) of death in 326 (4.0%) and an incidental (ie, non-causal) finding in a further 346 (4.2%). Clinical documentation of VHD before death was highly specific but relatively insensitive for postmortem identification of VHD as the principal (specificity 96.8%; 95% CI 96.4% to 97.2%; sensitivity 69.7%, 95% CI 62.1% to 76.6%) or any (specificity 98.1%; 95% CI 97.8% to 98.4%; sensitivity 68.4%, 95% CI 63.1% to 73.4%) cause of death. VHD (principally aortic stenosis, endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease) was newly noted at postmortem and listed as a cause of death in 142 individuals (1.7%).

Conclusions

Clinical information recorded premortem is highly specific but relatively insensitive for the cause of death established at autopsy. Population-based mortality statistics that depend on premortem clinical information are likely to routinely underestimate the mortality burden of VHD.
Preventing deaths and injuries from house fires: a cost–benefit analysis of a community-based smoke alarm installation programme
Authors: Yellman Merissa A , Peterson Cora , McCoy Mary A , Stephens-Stidham Shelli , Caton Emily , Barnard Jeffrey J , Padgett Ted O , Florence Curtis , Istre Gregory R
Published: February 2017

Background

Operation Installation (OI), a community-based smoke alarm installation programme in Dallas, Texas, targets houses in high-risk urban census tracts. Residents of houses that received OI installation (or programme houses) had 68% fewer medically treated house fire injuries (non-fatal and fatal) compared with residents of non-programme houses over an average of 5.2 years of follow-up during an effectiveness evaluation conducted from 2001 to 2011.

Objective

To estimate the cost–benefit of OI.

Methods

A mathematical model incorporated programme cost and effectiveness data as directly observed in OI. The estimated cost per smoke alarm installed was based on a retrospective analysis of OI expenditures from administrative records, 2006–2011. Injury incidence assumptions for a population that had the OI programme compared with the same population without the OI programme was based on the previous OI effectiveness study, 2001–2011. Unit costs for medical care and lost productivity associated with fire injuries were from a national public database.

Results

From a combined payers' perspective limited to direct programme and medical costs, the estimated incremental cost per fire injury averted through the OI installation programme was $128,800 (2013 US$). When a conservative estimate of lost productivity among victims was included, the incremental cost per fire injury averted was negative, suggesting long-term cost savings from the programme. The OI programme from 2001 to 2011 resulted in an estimated net savings of $3.8 million, or a $3.21 return on investment for every dollar spent on the programme using a societal cost perspective.

Conclusions

Community smoke alarm installation programmes could be cost-beneficial in high-fire-risk neighbourhoods.
Incarceration and exposure to internally displaced persons camps associated with reproductive rights abuses among sex workers in northern Uganda
Authors: Erickson Margaret , Goldenberg Shira M , Akello Monica , Muzaaya Godfrey , Nguyen Paul , Birungi Josephine , Shannon Kate
Published: February 2017

Background

While female sex workers (FSWs) face a high burden of violence and criminalisation, coupled with low access to safe, non-coercive care, little is known about such experiences among FSWs in conflict-affected settings, particularly as they relate to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and rights. We explored factors associated with lifetime abortions among FSWs in northern Uganda; and separately modelled the independent effect of lifetime exposures to incarceration and living in internally displaced persons (IDP) camps on coerced and unsafe abortions.

Methods

Analyses are based on a community-based cross-sectional research project in Gulu District, northern Uganda (2011–2012) with The AIDS Support Organization (TASO) Gulu, FSWs, and other community organisations. We conducted questionnaires, sex worker/community-led outreach to sex work venues, and voluntary HIV testing by TASO.

Results

Of 400 FSWs, 62 had ever accessed an abortion. In a multivariable model, gendered violence, both childhood mistreatment/or abuse at home [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.96; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.99–3.90] and workplace violence by clients (AOR 3.57; 95% CI 1.31–9.72) were linked to increased experiences of abortion. Lifetime exposure to incarceration retained an independent effect on increased odds of coerced abortion (AOR 5.16; 95% CI 1.39–19.11), and living in IDP camps was positively associated with unsafe abortion (AOR 4.71; 95% CI 1.42–15.61).

Discussion and conclusions

These results suggest a critical need for removal of legal and social barriers to realising the SRH rights of all women, and ensuring safe, voluntary access to reproductive choice for marginalised and criminalised populations of FSWs.
A survey of intracranial aneurysm treatment practices among United States physicians
Authors: Fargen Kyle M , Soriano-Baron Hector E , Rushing Julia T , Mack William , Mocco J , Albuquerque Felipe , Ducruet Andrew F , Mokin Maxim , Linfante Italo , Wolfe Stacey Q , Wilson John A , Hirsch Joshua A
Published: February 2017

Background

Recent surveys have failed to examine cerebrovascular aneurysm treatment practices among US physicians.

Objective

To survey physicians who are actively involved in the care of patients with cerebrovascular aneurysms to determine current aneurysm treatment preferences.

Methods

A 25-question SurveyMonkey online survey was designed and distributed electronically to members of the Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery, Society of Vascular and Interventional Neurology, and the American Association of Neurological Surgeons/Congress of Neurological Surgeons Combined Cerebrovascular Section.

Results

211 physicians completed the survey. Most respondents recommend endovascular treatment as the first-line management strategy for most ruptured (78%) and unruptured (71%) aneurysms. Thirty-eight per cent of respondents indicate that they routinely treat all patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage regardless of grade. Most physicians use the International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms data for counseling patients on natural history risk (80%); a small minority (11%) always or usually recommend treatment of anterior circulation aneurysms of <5 mm. Two-thirds of respondents continue to recommend clipping for most middle cerebral artery aneurysms, while most (51%) recommend flow diversion for wide-necked internal carotid artery aneurysms. Follow-up imaging schedules are highly variable. Neurosurgeons at academic institutions and those practicing longer were more likely to recommend clipping surgery for aneurysms (p<0.05).

Conclusions

This survey demonstrates considerable variability in patient selection for intracranial aneurysm treatment, preferred treatment strategies, and follow-up imaging schedules among US physicians.
Exploration of the perceived and actual benefits of omega-3 fatty acids and the impact of FADS1 and FADS2 genetic information on dietary intake and blood levels of EPA and DHA
Authors: Roke Kaitlin
Published: February 2017

From a global health perspective, increased intake of omega-3 fatty acids (FAs), in particular eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are beneficial for human health. However, the consumption of EPA- and DHA-rich foods such as fatty fish is low in the Western diet. Therefore, finding new ways to motivate people to increase their consumption of omega-3 FAs is essential. To find effective ways to motivate individuals, understanding people’s awareness of omega-3 FAs and how they obtain their knowledge about nutrition and health is critical. Consequently, we developed an online survey to assess awareness and self-reported intake of omega-3 FAs and supplements in young adults. EPA and DHA are also produced endogenously to a limited extent through a pathway regulated by fatty acid desaturase 1 and 2 (FADS1 and FADS2) genes. Of relevance, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FADS genes influence levels of omega-3 FAs, where minor allele carriers have lower levels compared with major allele carriers. Accordingly, we conducted a clinical trial to investigate FA levels in response to dietary EPA and DHA supplementation in young adults stratified by SNPs in FADS1 and FADS2. The level of reported awareness of omega-3 terminology varied depending on an individual’s field of study and thus providing all participants with the same set of nutrition information could be an effective tool to increase knowledge and motivate behaviour change. Additionally, the variation in FA levels in accordance to SNPs in FADS1 and FADS2 could be used to create tailored nutritional recommendations which may improve lifestyle habits. The results discovered in the first 2 studies regarding awareness of omega-3 FAs and genetic variation were subsequently used to design a nutrigenetics intervention in young adults. Individuals who received their FADS1 genetic information were more aware of different omega-3 FAs and reported fewer barriers to their consumption by the end of the study, compared with those who did not receive their personal genetic information. All participants increased their intake of EPA and DHA, which was reflected in the analyses of red blood cells. Overall, this thesis demonstrates the power of combining nutritional and genetic information as motivators to increase omega-3 consumption.
Tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside inhibits α-synuclein aggregation and apoptosis in A53T α-synuclein-transfected cells exposed to MPP+
Authors: Zhang Ruyi , Sun Fangling , Zhang Lan , Sun Xuejing , Li Lin
Published: February 2017

Increasing evidence has solidified the involvement of α-synuclein (α-Syn) and neurotoxins in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD), suggesting a combination of genetic and environmental influences. 2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) is one of the main active components extracted from Polygonum multiflorum. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of TSG on α-Syn aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in vitro. A53T mutant α-synuclein-transfected cells (A53T AS cells) plus MPP+ exposure were used as a complex cell model of PD. The expression of proteins was determined by Western blot assay. Flow cytometry was utilized to measure mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis. The results showed that MPP+ exposure for 24 h induced more severe damage in A53T AS cells than in vector control cells. Pretreatment of TSG for 24 h significantly increased the cell viability; decreased lactate dehydrogenase leakage; inhibited α-Syn over-expression and aggregation; elevated mitochondrial membrane potential; decreased reactive oxygen species, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and caspase-3 activity; and inhibited apoptosis in A53T AS cells exposed to MPP+. These results suggest that TSG may be an attractive candidate for PD therapy.
Short-term effects of troxerutin (vitamin P4) on muscle fatigue and gene expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in the hepatic tissue of rats
Authors: Zamanian Mohammad , Shamsizadeh Ali , Esmaeili Nadimi Ali , Hajizadeh Mohammadreza , Allahtavakoli Fatemeh , Rahmani Mohammadreza , Kaeidi Ayat , Safari Khalegh Hamidreza , Allahtavakoli Mohammad
Published: February 2017

In the current study, the effects of troxerutin (TRX) on muscle fatigue and gene expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in the hepatic tissue of rats was investigated. Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups and designated as control and TRX treatment at 75 (TRX75), 150 (TRX150), and 300 mg/kg per day (TRX300). The treated groups and control group received TRX and water orally for 7 days. After an exhaustive swimming test on the 7th day, all animals were euthanized immediately and several biochemical parameters related to fatigue and gene expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in the hepatic tissue were measured. Our results showed that the exhaustion swimming time in the TRX300 groups significantly increased 1.2-fold compared with the control group (P < 0.001). TRX300 significantly reduced ALT (P < 0.05) activity and increased liver SOD activity compared with the control group (P < 0.01). Additionally, TRX significantly reduced the liver mRNA expressions of Bax (P < 0.001) and increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio (P < 0.001) compared with the control group. Based on our data, TRX possesses anti-apoptotic and hepatoprotective action following exhaustive swimming exercise.
The effectiveness of cyanobacteria nitrogen fixation: Review of bench top and pilot scale nitrogen removal studies and implications for nitrogen removal programs
Authors: Molot Lewis A.
Published: February 2017

One of the primary goals of eutrophication management of freshwater systems is to lower the risk of cyanobacterial blooms. This is typically accomplished at the watershed scale by placing controls on phosphorus (P) discharge from point sources. However, several researchers have questioned the predominance of the P management paradigm, arguing that dual nitrogen (N) and P controls would be more effective at preventing cyanobacteria blooms than P controls alone. This hypothesis is predicated in part on the hypothesis that if cyanobacteria are starved of N, which is an essential nutrient, cyanobacteria N2fixation rates will not be high enough to maintain growth rates and biomass yields at or near previous levels. However, several single species cultures of heterocystous cyanobacteria directly examining the effect of removing N show that, when deprived of ammonium and nitrate, N2fixing cyanobacteria compensate biochemically for the high energy cost of fixation when supplied with sufficient nutrients other than N. Biomass and growth rates were only slightly different under N2than when grown under ammonium and nitrate, which is consistent with observations from the long-term experimental fertilization of Lake 227. Collectively, these bench top and pilot scale studies suggest that N control programs will not have a major impact on the magnitude of freshwater cyanobacteria blooms, although cyanobacteria species composition and toxin production might be affected.
Structured Pyramidal Neural Networks
Authors: Soares Alessandra M. , Fernandes Bruno J. T. , Bastos-Filho Carmelo J. A.
Published: February 2017

The Pyramidal Neural Networks (PNN) are an example of a successful recently proposed model inspired by the human visual system and deep learning theory. PNNs are applied to computer vision and based on the concept of receptive fields. This paper proposes a variation of PNN, named here as Structured Pyramidal Neural Network (SPNN). SPNN has self-adaptive variable receptive fields, while the original PNNs rely on the same size for the fields of all neurons, which limits the model since it is not possible to put more computing resources in a particular region of the image. Another limitation of the original approach is the need to define values for a reasonable number of parameters, which can turn difficult the application of PNNs in contexts in which the user does not have experience. On the other hand, SPNN has a fewer number of parameters. Its structure is determined using a novel method with Delaunay Triangulation and k-means clustering. SPNN achieved better results than PNNs and similar performance when compared to Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM), but using lower memory capacity and processing time.
Convergence in capacity of plurisubharmonic functions with given boundary values
Authors: Hong Nguyen Xuan , Trao Nguyen Van , Thuy Tran Van
Published: February 2017

In this paper, we study the convergence in the capacity of sequence of plurisubharmonic functions. As an application, we prove stability results for solutions of the complex Monge–Ampère equations.
A New DVCC+ Based Second-Order Current-Mode Universal Filter Consisting of Only Grounded Capacitors
Authors: Abaci Ahmet , Yuce Erkan
Published: February 2017

In this paper, a new second-order current-mode universal filter using only two plus-type differential voltage current conveyors, three resistors and two grounded capacitors is proposed. The proposed circuit with two identical inputs and three outputs can simultaneously provide second-order high output impedance low-pass, band-pass and notch filter responses. Also, it can realize high-pass and all-pass filter responses with interconnection of relevant output currents. It can be easily tuned electronically. It can be operated properly at high frequencies. A number of simulations based on SPICE program and an experimental test are achieved in order to demonstrate the performance of the proposed filter.
Design of Low-Gate-Count Low-Power Microprocessors with High Code Density for Deeply Embedded Applications
Authors: Park Sungkyung , Park Chester Sungchung
Published: February 2017

Deeply embedded applications demand small area, low power, high code density, and low design complexity for high adaptability. Both a 16-bit microprocessor with a 4G byte linear memory space and a 4-bit processor are proposed and designed to achieve these goals. Hardware reuse and sharing, multicycle architecture, compact instruction set architecture, and counter-based instruction decoder are utilized to reduce gate count. As a result, gate count and power dissipation of the synthesized ASIC gate-level netlists of 16-bit and 4-bit processors are less than 14,000, 1,490, 0.5[Formula: see text]m W, and 0.06[Formula: see text]m W, respectively, at 10[Formula: see text]MHz in a 0.18[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m digital CMOS technology. The proposed 16-bit and 32-bit processors are extendable instruction set computers whose high code density is demonstrated to reduce code bytes by 40% over a reduced instruction set computer. The pipelined EISC processor only consumes 50[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]W/MHz with 10,800 gates in a 0.18[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m CMOS process.
Bifurcation Diagram of Saddle/Spiral Bimodal Linear Systems
Authors: Ferrer Josep , Peña Marta , Susin Antoni
Published: February 2017

We complete the study of the bifurcations of saddle/spiral bimodal linear systems, depending on the respective traces [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]: one 2-codimensional bifurcation; four kinds of 1-codimensional bifurcations. We stratify the bifurcation set in the [Formula: see text]-plane and we describe the qualitative changes of the dynamical behavior at each bifurcation point.
Bursting Types and Bifurcation Analysis in the Pre-Bötzinger Complex Respiratory Rhythm Neuron
Authors: Wang Jing , Lu Bo , Liu Shenquan , Jiang Xiaofang
Published: February 2017

Many types of neurons and excitable cells could intrinsically generate bursting activity, even in an isolated case, which plays a vital role in neuronal signaling and synaptic plasticity. In this paper, we have mainly investigated bursting types and corresponding bifurcations in the pre-Bötzinger complex respiratory rhythm neuron by using fast–slow dynamical analysis. The numerical simulation results have showed that for some appropriate parameters, the neuron model could exhibit four distinct types of fast–slow bursters. We also explored the bifurcation mechanisms related to these four types of bursters through the analysis of phase plane. Moreover, the first Lyapunov coefficient of the Hopf bifurcation, which can decide whether it is supercritical or subcritical, was calculated with the aid of MAPLE software. In addition, we analyzed the codimension-two bifurcation for equilibria of the whole system and gave a detailed theoretical derivation of the Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation. Finally, we obtained expressions for a fold bifurcation curve, a nondegenerate Hopf bifurcation curve, and a saddle homoclinic bifurcation curve near the Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation point.
Spatiotemporal Patterns Induced by Cross-Diffusion in a Three-Species Food Chain Model
Authors: Ma Zhan-Ping , Li Wan-Tong , Wang Yu-Xia
Published: February 2017

This paper focuses on a three-species Lotka–Volterra food chain model with cross-diffusion under homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions. The known results indicate that no spatiotemporal patterns happen in the corresponding reaction–diffusion system. When some cross-diffusion terms are introduced in the system, the existence of nonconstant positive steady-states as well as the Hopf bifurcation is studied. Our result shows that cross-diffusion plays a crucial role in the formation of spatiotemporal patterns, that is, it can create not only stationary patterns but also spatially inhomogeneous periodic oscillatory patterns, which is a strong contrast to the case without cross-diffusion.
Exact Solutions in the Invariant Manifolds of the Generalized Integrable Hénon–Heiles System and Exact Traveling Wave Solutions of Klein–Gordon–Schrödinger Equations
Authors: Li Jibin
Published: February 2017

In this paper, we consider the exact explicit solutions for the famous generalized Hénon–Heiles (H–H) system. Corresponding to the three integrable cases, on the basis of the investigation of the dynamical behavior and level curves of the planar dynamical systems, we find all possible explicit exact parametric representations of solutions in the invariant manifolds of equilibrium points in the four-dimensional phase space. These solutions contain quasi-periodic solutions, homoclinic solutions, periodic solutions as well as blow-up solutions. Therefore, we answer the question: what are the flows in the center manifolds and homoclinic manifolds of the generalized Hénon–Heiles (H–H) system. As an application of the above results, we consider the traveling wave solutions for the coupled [Formula: see text]-dimensional Klein–Gordon–Schrödinger Equations with quadratic power nonlinearity.
Heterogeneous population dynamics of active particles: Progression, mutations, and selection dynamics
Authors: Gibelli L. , Ełaiw A. , Alghamdi M. A. , Althiabi A. M.
Published: February 2017

This paper proposes a conceptual revisiting of population dynamics to include heterogeneous behaviors of individuals, mutations, and selection. The first part of the paper focuses on the derivation of a general mathematical structure which permits to describe systems composed of individuals whose interactions are stochastic. Hybrid models where some of the populations follow a deterministic dynamics are also discussed. The second part deals with two specific applications, namely the effect of the cellular aging in the virus infection process and the dynamics of virus mutation and competition with the immune system. Sample simulations are presented and classical models of population dynamics are critically analyzed in light of the proposed approach.
An averaging principle for fast diffusions in domains separated by semi-permeable membranes
Authors: Bobrowski Adam , Kaźmierczak Bogdan , Kunze Markus
Published: February 2017

We prove an averaging principle which asserts convergence of diffusion processes on domains separated by semi-permeable membranes, when diffusion coefficients tend to infinity while the flux through the membranes remains constant. In the limit, points in each domain are lumped into a single state of a limit Markov chain. The limit chain’s intensities are proportional to the membranes’ permeability and inversely proportional to the domains’ sizes. Analytically, the limit is an example of a singular perturbation in which boundary and transmission conditions play a crucial role. This averaging principle is strongly motivated by recent signaling pathways models of mathematical biology, which are discussed toward the end of the paper.
Porosity models and computational methods for compressible-flow aerodynamics of parachutes with geometric porosity
Authors: Takizawa Kenji , Tezduyar Tayfun E. , Kanai Taro
Published: February 2017

Spacecraft-parachute designs quite often include “geometric porosity” created by the hundreds of gaps and slits that the flow goes through. Computational fluid–structure interaction (FSI) analysis of these parachutes with resolved geometric porosity would be exceedingly challenging, and therefore accurate modeling of the geometric porosity is essential for reliable FSI analysis. The space–time FSI (STFSI) method with the homogenized modeling of geometric porosity has proven to be reliable in computational analysis and design studies of Orion spacecraft parachutes in the incompressible-flow regime. Here we introduce porosity models and ST computational methods for compressible-flow aerodynamics of parachutes with geometric porosity. The main components of the ST computational framework we use are the compressible-flow ST SUPG method, which was introduced earlier, and the compressible-flow ST Slip Interface method, which we introduce here. The computations we present for a drogue parachute show the effectiveness of the porosity models and ST computational methods.
A study of projections of 2-bouquet graphs
Authors: Aceves Elaina
Published: February 2017

We extend the concepts of trivializing and knotting numbers for knots to spatial graphs and 2-bouquet graphs, in particular. Furthermore, we calculate the trivializing and knotting numbers for projections and pseudodiagrams of 2-bouquet spatial graphs based on the number of precrossings and the placement of the precrossings in the pseudodiagram of the spatial graph.
CATTANEO–CHRISTOV HEAT FLUX MODEL FOR SQUEEZED FLOW OF THIRD GRADE FLUID
Authors: SHAFIQ ANUM , JABEEN SUMAIRA , HAYAT T. , ALSAEDI A.
Published: February 2017

This paper addresses the squeezed flow of third grade fluid between two parallel disks. Heat transfer in present flow is characterized by Cattaneo–Christov theory. Thermal relaxation time effects on the boundary layer is examined. Suitable transformations are invoked for a system of ordinary differential equations. Convergent series solutions are thus obtained using homotopic approach. Influences of different parameters on the velocity and temperature profile are discussed.
Qubit and fermionic Fock spaces from type II superstring black holes
Authors: Belhaj A. , Bensed M. , Benslimane Z. , Sedra M. B. , Segui A.
Published: February 2017

Using Hodge diagram combinatorial data, we study qubit and fermionic Fock spaces from the point of view of type II superstring black holes based on complex compactifications. Concretely, we establish a one-to-one correspondence between qubits, fermionic spaces and extremal black holes in maximally supersymmetric supergravity obtained from type II superstring on complex toroidal and Calabi–Yau compactifications. We interpret the differential forms of the [Formula: see text]-dimensional complex toroidal compactification as states of [Formula: see text]-qubits encoding information on extremal black hole charges. We show that there are [Formula: see text] copies of [Formula: see text] qubit systems which can be split as [Formula: see text]. More precisely, [Formula: see text] copies are associated with even [Formula: see text]-brane charges in type IIA superstring and the other [Formula: see text] ones correspond to odd [Formula: see text]-brane charges in IIB superstring. This correspondence is generalized to a class of Calabi–Yau manifolds. In connection with black hole charges in type IIA superstring, an [Formula: see text]-qubit system has been obtained from a canonical line bundle of [Formula: see text] factors of one-dimensional projective space [Formula: see text]
Jacobi stability analysis of modified Chua circuit system
Authors: Gupta M. K. , Yadav C. K.
Published: February 2017

In this paper, we analyze the nonlinear dynamics of the modified Chua circuit system from the viewpoint of Kosambi–Cartan–Chern (KCC) theory. We reformulate the modified Chua circuit system as a set of two second-order nonlinear differential equations and obtain five KCC-invariants which express the intrinsic geometric properties. The deviation tensor and its eigenvalues are obtained, that determine the stability of the system. We also obtain the condition for Jacobi stability and discuss the behavior of deviation vector near equilibrium points.
Potassium Humate-Derived Nitrogen-Doped Activated Carbons with Narrow Micropore Size Distribution for High-Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Xie Lingli , Kang Litao , Li Yae , Cui Mangwei , Chang Bo , Jiang Haiwei , Gao Lili , Wang Xiaomin , Yun Shan
Published: February 2017

Micro-porous activated carbons (ACs) with a narrow pore size distribution of 0.4–0.6[Formula: see text]nm and high specific surface areas (1160–1315[Formula: see text]m2[Formula: see text][Formula: see text] g[Formula: see text] are prepared from environment-friendly, low-grade potassium humate (HA-K, carbon resource) and mild activating agent potassium acetate (CH3COOK). Microstructure characterizations indicate that the introduction of activating agent CH3COOK is a key step to achieve high specific surface area and carbonization degree. These ACs contain small amount of oxygen and nitrogen, and show obvious pseudo-capacitance besides double layer capacitance. As a result, the optimized ACs achieve high specific capacitances of 311[Formula: see text]F[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text] and 317[Formula: see text]F[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text] at 0.1[Formula: see text]A[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text] in 2[Formula: see text]M KOH and 1[Formula: see text]M H2SO4aqueous electrolytes, respectively. This sample also shows a good charge-discharge cycling stability within 10 000 cycles.