bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrated fault detection and control for two‐dimensional Markovian jump systems
Authors: Li Zhiqiang , Li Qing , Ding Da‐Wei
Published: August 2019

This paper is concerned with the problem of integrated fault detection and control for a class of two‐dimensional (2D) discrete‐time Markovian jump systems. The mathematical model of 2D Markovian jump systems is established upon the well‐known Roesser model, and a faults detection filter/controller is proposed to detect faults and meet some control specifications simultaneously. In this strategy, it takes into account both the fault detection objective and the control objective simultaneously through certain performance levels. The integrated design problem is then formulated as a multi‐objective optimization problem, which is nonconvex in essence. Furthermore, a two‐step algorithm is developed to solve this nonconvex problem. Sufficient conditions for existence of the desired fault detection filter/controller are established in terms of LMIs. A numerical example is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Trajectory tracking control for manned submersible system with disturbances via disturbance characterization index approach
Authors: Fang Xing , Liu Fei , Zhao Shengya
Published: August 2019

This paper investigates a novel disturbance estimation and characterization‐based robust control scheme of the manned submersible in the presence of external disturbances and model uncertainties. First of all, a finite‐time disturbance observer is designed to estimate the lumped disturbances of the manned submersible system. Then, a novel disturbance characterization index is defined via Lyapunov theory to indicate whether the lumped disturbances harm or benefit the manned submersible system. The control law is developed via the disturbance characterization–based backstepping control (DCB‐BC) method to remove the detrimental disturbances and to keep the beneficial disturbances of the manned submersible. Additionally, the rigorous stability analysis is given based on Lyapunov theory. Furthermore, some simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed DCB‐BC method. The key novelty of this paper is that the disturbances are explicitly used in the controller design to achieve better control performance and disturbance rejection capability.
Diagnose barriers to sustainable development: A study on “desensitization” in urban residents' green purchasing behavior
Authors: Yang Xianchuan , Zhang Lei
Published: August 2019

It is of great significance to remove barriers to green purchasing to improve the environmental governance efficiency of the green market. For this purpose, this paper takes the validity of the environmental “fear appeals” as the starting point and explores the formation mechanism of the “desensitization” to green consumption. Based on structural equation modeling and multiple regression model, we carried out an empirical study on a sample of 479 urban adult residents. The results show that media persuasion exerted a positive impact on green purchasing behavior through the perceived seriousness of environmental problems. The perceived seriousness of environmental problems positively impacted green purchasing behavior and played a partial mediated effect between media persuasion and green purchasing behavior. Meanwhile, the mediated effect of the perceived seriousness of environmental problems was negatively moderated by both perceived effectiveness of environmental behavior and switching costs. Moreover, the analysis of urban adults' “desensitization” to green consumption indicates that the formation mechanism of adults' “desensitization” was different from that of the minors. Our conclusions bear certain theoretical and practical significance for the media to correctly use green persuasion strategies and rectify bias in green attitudes and behaviors, as well as for enterprises to conduct green marketing, etc.
Sustainable development across the supply chain: The missing link of socio‐environmental effect
Authors: Muzaffar Asif , Khurshid Aitzaz , Malik Muhammad Nasir , Azhar Aisha
Published: August 2019

This research investigates the relationship of environmental sustainability with the key supply chain stakeholders that form the base for the social dimension of sustainability. Employing the perspective of stakeholder theory in the area of supply chains, we find that improving environmental sustainability results in the strongest relationship with the customers in which it operates. Similarly, relationships with suppliers, employees, and community are also significant. The community relationship is the weakest Smart PLS for structural equation modeling is used to determine the nature of relationship. The results suggest that practitioners should strategize relationship with stakeholders by focusing on both social and environmental aspects of sustainability. It also enhances the reputation and brand value of the firm. The paper also contributes in extending the stakeholder theory within the domain of sustainable supply chain management.
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Porphodimethene Conjugates: Conformational Features and Acid‐Anion Binding Properties
Authors: Nagpal Ritika , Arora Smriti , Ponnan Prija , Kharu‐Nisa  , Dandia Anshu , Singh Chauhan Shive Murat
Published: August 2019

A series of trans substituted porphodimethenes carrying varied PAH (polyaromatic hydrocarbon) substituents from phenyl to hexabenzocoronene have been synthesized. Spectroscopic and DFT (Density Functional Theory) studies clearly show that PDMs (Porphodimethenes) exhibit distortion from rooftop structure and approach planarity with increase in size of PAH units. The diacid form H2(PDM).2X− upon addition of several acids to PDMs have been characterized where X denotes Cl−, Br−, CH3SO3−, CF3COO− accompanied by an exceptional chromogenic color change from yellow to dark pink initiating with higher aromatics. The unique conformational changes with distinct color changes were monitored by UV visible, 1H NMR spectroscopy, DFT computations.
Direct C‐H Arylation of N‐Heterocycles with Aryl Triazenes Using Molecular Oxygen as Oxidant
Authors: Chaubey Narendra R. , Vishwakarma Ramesh Kumar , Singh Krishna Nand
Published: August 2019

An efficient C−H arylation of N‐heterocycles has been developed using stable and easily accessible aryl triazenes in the presence of oxygen under metal‐ and peroxide‐free conditions. The methodology is regiospecific and applicable to a wide range of electron‐deficient N‐heterocycles and aryl triazenes as demonstrated by 20 examples with yields ranging from 32–83%.
ZrO2/SO42−/Cu as a Multifunctional, Durable, Efficient, and Heterogeneous Recoverable Inorgano‐Nanocatalyst for the Green Preparation of Quinolines
Authors: Nasseri Mohammad Ali , Alavi Seyyedeh Ameneh , Kazemnejadi Milad , Allahresani Ali
Published: August 2019

An efficient, simple and highly versatile method for the preparation of quinoline derivatives was developed via the Friedländer annulation reaction of 2‐aminoarylketones with carbonyl compounds using copper‐incorporated sulfated zirconium oxide (ZrO2/SO42−/Cu) as a heterogeneous recyclable nanocatalyst. The catalyst was characterized by FTIR, TG‐DTG, XRD, EDX, FE‐SEM and TEM analyses. Surface acidity of the catalyst was measured by pyridine adsorption followed by FTIR spectroscopy. The catalyst contains various Lewis‐ and Brønsted acid sites, which along with the incorporated copper, provides high to excellent yields for all compounds in water as a green solvent at room temperature for short reaction times. The catalyst could be efficiently reused for several runs without any appreciable loss of activity. In addition, the scalability of the process was investigated in this work. Finally, a plausible reaction mechanism was suggested for this transformation.
Preparation And Characterizations Of Poly(vinyl butyral)/Caprolactam/Polyethylene Glycols Hydrophilic Flat‐sheet Membrane Through Thermally Induced Phase Separation
Authors: Xu Yangyang , Luo Yunying , Wang Feng , Li Chengcai , Wang Jieqi , Zhu Hailin , Guo Yuhai
Published: August 2019

Poly(vinyl butyral)/caprolactam/polyethylene glycols hydrophilic flat‐sheet membranes were prepared via thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) for the first time. Poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) was used as polymers,caprolactam (CPL) and polyethylene glycols (PEG) were used as mixed diluent. In all situations, the system occurs liquid‐liquid (L−L) phase separation to obtain asymmetric honeycomb structures. The effects of PVB concentration and molecular weight of PEG on the structure and performance of the flat‐sheet membranes were investigated in detail. Herein, the obtained PVB/CPL/PEG microporous membrane has some hydrophilicity and high BSA rejection ratio. Particularly, when the PVB concentration was 30 wt%, the PVB/CPL/PEG200 membrane achieved the highest bovine serum albumin (BSA) rejection of 85.36%. The prepared membrane had good antipollution performance, and the minimum adsorption amount of BSA was 4.94 g/m2. Those results show the PVB microporous membrane has great application prospects in the field of water treatment.
Theoretical Analysis of Two‐Terminal and Four‐Terminal Perovskite/Copper Indium Gallium Selenide Tandem Solar Cells
Authors: Zhao Peng , Feng Liping , Lin Zhenhua , Wang Jiaping , Su Jie , Hu Zhaosheng , Zhang Jincheng , Ouyang Xiaoping , Chang Jingjing , Hao Yue
Published: August 2019

Perovskite/copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) tandem solar cells represent an attractive configuration to obtain ultrahigh efficiency. A detailed theoretical analysis is crucial for further improving the performance of tandem solar cells. Herein, four‐terminal and two‐terminal perovskite/CIGS tandem solar cells are intensively researched. For four‐terminal perovskite/CIGS tandem solar cell, the optimal thicknesses of CH3NH3PbI3 and CIGS are 0.5 and 3 μm, respectively, according to the simulation result. Reducing the thickness of TiO2 and Spiro‐OMeTAD can minimize the short‐wavelength parasitic absorption and long‐wavelength parasitic absorption, respectively. Meanwhile, using antireflection coating, such as 100 nm MgF2, is beneficial to increase the photon absorption. For two‐terminal perovskite/CIGS tandem solar cells, the thicknesses of perovskite and CIGS are tuned to meet the current matching. To further improve the efficiency of two‐terminal tandem cells, FTO thickness is reduced to minimize reflection, and the optimal doping concentration of CIGS (1 × 1018 cm−3) is used. In addition, results show that the quality of perovskite films should be improved by enlarging the grain size to decrease the trap states at grain boundary. Finally, the optimal efficiency of two‐terminal CH3NH3PbI2Br/CIGS tandem solar cells reaches 31.13%.
Blockchain‐based trusted data sharing among trusted stakeholders in IoT
Authors: Shi Peichang , Wang Huaimin , Yang Shangzhi , Chen Chang , Yang Wentao
Published: August 2019

Sharing trusted data among trusted stakeholders is very important to large‐scale Internet of Things (IoT) applications. However, the entities and organizations involved in IoT naturally lack trusted relationships, which poses significant challenges to the above vision. Specifically, the first challenge is to ensure that the data in the physical world can be objectively and truly injected into the information world of IoT. The second is to ensure the credibility of the entities' identities in IoT. The third is to ensure the authenticity of data, the credibility of identity, and the reliable transmission of data when a third trusted party is unable to provide the expected trusted services. In view of the above challenges, this paper proposes a secure and lightweight triple‐trusting architecture (SLTA), which fully uses a blockchain‐related supporting technology. The architecture includes an oracle‐based data collection mechanism, which ensures that the data collected from edge devices of IoT cannot be modified, and the distributed identity management mechanism, which enhances personal privacy, security, and control of digital identities. Furthermore, a series of innovative designs for applying the blockchain to special large‐scale cooperation scenario in IoT are proposed, which is also a part of the key mechanisms of the SLTA. The innovative design includes a new software‐defined blockchain structure model and a lightweight Byzantine fault‐tolerant algorithm that provides credible support for decentralized data collection, identity management, and data transfer, as well as low‐overhead sequential storage mechanism.
Systems Modeling Languageviewpoint utilization to facilitate shared mental models among system stakeholders
Authors: Thomas L. Dale , Patterson Elizabeth
Published: August 2019

Mental models are a vital part of complex engineered system design and operations and contribute to either success or failure in both system development and operations. This paper examines the Systems Modeling Language (SysML) viewpoints and views to determine whether they can illustrate elements of mental models and serve to increase communication and foster a common system understanding between individual stakeholders holding different perspectives. Two models were created in SysML, the first comparing SysML with established conceptual graphs of mental models and the second was the Lynx X‐ray Observatory, a project in concept development at National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This research revealed that shared SysML viewpoints and views can serve as conceptual graphs of shared mental models. It was also found that illustrating Lynx viewpoints and views was a valuable aid in eliciting concerns and desires of stakeholders, leading to a project more in line with desires of the stakeholders.
Influence of Intercritical Heating on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al‐Rich Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steel
Authors: Zheng Hua , Hu Feng , Zhou Wen , Isayev Oleg , Hress Oleksandr , Yershov Serhii , Wu Kaiming
Published: August 2019

The microstructure and mechanical properties with traditional and intercritical heating and quenching–partitioning–tempering (referred as Q–P–T and I&Q–P–T, respectively) treatment for the Al‐rich steel are revealed through optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and tensile testing. Results indicate that the multiphase microstructures of the Q–P–T and I&Q–P–T‐treated steel consist of martensite (M), ferrite (F), and retained austenite (RA). Meanwhile, the I&Q–P–T‐treated steel has much more ferrite and relatively less RA than those of the Q–P–T‐treated one. During tensile testing, more RA with optimized stability transforms to martensite in the I&Q–P–T‐treated specimen, which leads to a more pronounced transformation‐induced plasticity (TRIP) effect. Thus, with more ferrite and a remarkable TRIP effect, the elongation and product of strength–elongation of the I&Q–P–T steel are higher than those of the Q–P–T‐treated one.
Adsorptive removal of surfactant using dolochar: A kinetic and statistical modeling approach
Authors: Shami Shreya , Dash Rajesh Roshan , Verma Akshaya Kumar , Dash Aditya Kishore , Pradhan Abanti
Published: August 2019

Disturbingly high rates of consumption of surfactants in household and industries have led to mark them as emerging contaminants in the environment. In the present work, removal of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), an anionic surfactant, using an industrial waste (dolochar) was explored. The adsorbent material was characterized with the help of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Kinetic evaluation was performed using first, pseudo‐first, second, and pseudo‐second order models. Adsorption of SDS over dolochar was expressed best by pseudo‐second order kinetic model with regression coefficient (R2) of .99. Three input parameters including adsorbent dose (20–10 g/L), initial concentration (30–100 mg/L) of the surfactant, and contact time (2–60 min) were chosen for optimization using response surface methodology based on Box–Behnken design (BBD) approach. A total of 15 experiments were run to examine the effect of these variables on removal of SDS by dolochar in a multivariate system. A regression analysis indicated the experimental data fitted well to a quadratic polynomial model with coefficient of regression (R2) as .99. ANOVA and lack‐of‐fit test depicted the precision and efficiency of the model. The optimized conditions for SDS removal were found to be adsorbent dose 16.62 g/L, contact time 40 min, and initial concentration 47 mg/L with removal efficiency as 98.91%.

Practitioner points

Daily ablutions and use of personal care products introduce a number of surfactants and recalcitrant compounds into the environment.

Adsorption is a handy and easy to operate treatment technique to remove graywater pollutants.

Kinetic and statistical modeling may be recommended as one of the most prominent tools to understand the removal mechanism.

Decentralized treatment of graywater using industrial wastes is recommended as sustainable solution in the developing nations.
Solid organ donation from the emergency department – A systematic review
Authors: McCallum Jessica , Ellis Brittany , Dhanani Sonny , Stiell Ian G.
Published: August 2019

Objectives

A significant gap exists between people awaiting an organ transplant and organ donors. The purpose of this study was to determine what percent of successful donors come from the emergency department (ED), whether there are any missed donors, and to identify factors associated with successful and missed donation.

Methods

This systematic review used electronic searches of EMBASE, MEDLINE, and CINAHL according to PRISMA guidelines on July 7, 2017. We included primary literature in adults describing successful and missed organ donation. Two authors independently screened articles, and discrepancies were resolved through consensus. Quality was assessed using the STROBE checklist.

Results

This systematic review identified 1,058 articles, and 25 articles were included. For neurologic determination of death, ED patients comprised 4%–50% of successful donors and 3.6%–8.9% of successful donors for donation after circulatory determination of death. ED death reviews revealed up to 84% of missed neurologic determination of death, and 46.2% of missed circulatory determination of death donors who died in the ED are missed due to a failure to refer for consideration of organ donation. Clinical heterogeneity precluded pooling of the data to conduct a meta-analysis.

Conclusions

The ED is a source of actual and missed donors. Potential donors are often missed due to incorrect assumptions regarding eligibility criteria and failure of the healthcare team to refer for consideration of donation. ED healthcare professionals should be aware of organ donation referral protocols at their institution to ensure that no organ donors are missed.
Adherence of older emergency department patients to community-based specialized geriatric services
Authors: MacDonald Zachary , Stiell Ian G. , Genovezos Ioanna , Eagles Debra
Published: August 2019

Objectives

Our objective was to determine emergency department (ED) patient adherence to outpatient specialized geriatric services (SGS) following ED evaluation by the geriatric emergency management (GEM) nurse, and identify barriers and facilitators to attendance.

Methods

We conducted a prospective cohort study at two academic EDs between July and December 2016, enrolling a convenience sample of patients ≥ 65 years, seen by a GEM nurse, referred to outpatient SGS, and consented to study participation. We completed a chart review and a structured telephone follow-up at 6 weeks. Descriptive statistics were used.

Results

We enrolled 103/285 eligible patients (86 eligible but not enrolled, 86 declined specialized geriatric referrals, and 10 declined study participation). Patients were mean age of 83.1 years, 59.2% female, and 73.2% cognitively impaired. Reasons for referral included mobility (86.4%), cognition (56.3%), pain (38.8%), mood (35.0%), medications (33.0%), and nutrition (31.1%). Referrals were to Geriatric Day Hospital (GDH) programs (50.5%), geriatric outreach (26.2%), falls clinic (12.6%), and geriatric psychiatry (8.7%). Adherence with follow-up was 59.2%. Barriers to attendance included patient did not feel SGS were needed (52.1%), inability to recall GEM consultation (53.4%), and dependence on family for transportation (72.6%). Home-based assessments had the highest adherence (81.5%).

Conclusion

Adherence of older ED patients referred by the GEM team to SGS is suboptimal, and a large proportion of patients decline these referrals in the ED. Future work should examine the efficacy of home-based assessments in a larger confirmatory setting and focus on interventions to increase referral acceptance and address barriers to attendance.
Trends in the Fashion Business: Spain and Italy in Comparison, 1973–2013
Authors: BINDA VERONICA , MERLO ELISABETTA
Published: August 2019

This article investigates the dynamics that characterized the top fashion industry companies in Italy and Spain in the last three decades of the twentieth century and the first thirteen years of the new millennium. The first section describes the sources and the methodology adopted. The second compares the features and transformations of the largest firms in the industry. The third focuses on these companies in 2013. The fourth discusses our findings, focusing on the impact that globalization and a possible “advantage of backwardness” had on the emergence of Italy and Spain as trendsetters.
Numerical study of wedge-induced oblique detonations in unsteady flow
Authors: Yang Pengfei , Ng Hoi Dick , Teng Honghui
Published: August 2019

Oblique detonation waves (ODWs) have been studied widely to facilitate their employment in hypersonic propulsion, but the effects of continuous unsteady inflow have never been addressed so far. Thus, the present study investigates wedge-induced oblique detonations in unsteady flow via numerical simulations based on the reactive Euler equations with a two-step induction–reaction kinetic model. As a first step, the chemical and flow parameters are chosen for the simplest structure such that the ODW initiation occurs under a smooth transition with a curved shock. After a steady ODW with smooth initiation transition is established, the inflow is then subject to a continuous sinusoidal density/temperature disturbance. Cases with single-pulse inflow variation are also simulated to clarify whether the observed phenomena are derived solely from the continuous disturbance. Two aspects are analysed to investigate the features of ODWs in unsteady flow, namely, the formation of triple points on the surface, and the movement of the reactive front position. On the formation of triple points, the continuous disturbance generates at most one pair of triple points, less than or equal to the number of triple points in single-pulse cases. This indicates that the effects of continuous disturbance weaken the ability to generate the triple points, although there appear more triple points convected downstream on the surface at any given instant. On the movement of the reactive front, oscillatory behaviours are induced in either single-pulse or continuous disturbance cases. However, more complicated dynamic displacements and noticeable effects of unsteadiness are observed in the cases of continuous disturbance, and are found to be sensitive to the disturbance wavenumber,$N$. Increasing$N$results in three regimes with distinct behaviours, which are quasi-steady, overshooting oscillation and unstable ODW. For the quasi-steady case with low$N$, the reactive front oscillates coherently with the inflow disturbance with slightly higher amplitude around the initiation region. The overshooting oscillation generates the most significant variation of downstream surface in the case of modest$N$, reflecting a resonance-like behaviour of unsteady ODW. In the case of high$N$, the disturbed ODW surface readjusts itself with local unstable features. It becomes more robust and the reactive front of the final unstable ODW structure is less susceptible to flow disturbance.
RECONCILING JOHN MILBANK AND RELIGIOUS FREEDOM: “LIBERALISM” THROUGH LOVE
Authors: Deagon Alex
Published: August 2019

John Milbank's critique of the secular as a violent distortion of Christian theology is well established. Less clear is how Milbank's framework might bear upon secular liberalism as it specifically relates to liberal ideas of religious freedom and public or secular reasons in political contexts. This is especially worthy of investigation since “religious freedom” is part of the liberal framework Milbank so stridently critiques. This article attempts to reconcile Milbank's theological critique of secular liberalism with the idea of religious freedom by applying Milbank's theology and the law of love to liberal notions of public discourse for the purpose of redeeming and transforming that discourse. This redeemed “liberalism” provides a framework for persuasion to the Good by recognizing that all public positions (including secularism) are ultimately faith positions, and advocates a discourse governed by the law of love to produce genuine religious freedom that paradoxically transcends and fulfils the liberal ideals that secular liberalism proclaims but can never attain.
Effect of abusive supervision on subordinates’ discretionary behaviors
Authors: Samreen Farah , Amir Rashid Muhammad , Hussain Ghulam
Published: August 2019

Although previous studies provide diverse perspectives on subordinate's deviant behavior as a reaction to abusive supervision (ABS), the influence of ABS on subordinates’ inter-personal relations received little attention. Grounded on social exchange theory, this study proposes that subordinates who are being abused by the same supervisor develop a bond among each other. That further provides strength to each of the abused group member to exhibit deviant behaviors against supervisor and non-abused peer group. Data were collected and analyzed through mediation analysis using AMOS. Using a sample of 920 employees from multi-sector organizations it was found that abused employees show citizenship behavior toward other abused peer-group members and counter-productive behavior toward supervisor and non-abused peer-group members. Moreover, citizenship behaviors created among the abused peer-group members partially mediate the relationship of ABS and counter-productive work behavior.
Moving yet being still: exploring source domain reversal and force in explanations of enlightenment
Authors: RICHARDSON PETER , MUELLER CHARLES M.
Published: August 2019

abstract

Buddhist and Hindu discourse often juxtapose statements about the inexpressibility of ultimate reality with descriptions drawing on metaphor and paradox. This raises the question of how particular types of metaphor fulfill the role of expressing what is believed to be inexpressible. The current study employs a cognitive linguistic framework to examine how modern Buddhist and Hindu religious teachers use metaphor to talk about enlightenment. Adopting a usage-based approach focusing on how figurative language is recontexualized by the same speaker within a stretch of discourse, the study identifies a recurrent pattern within the discourse on enlightenment that consists of four elements. The first is source domain reversal, which we define as a speaker making use of a particular source domain to refer to a target, and then later, in the same discourse segment, using a source domain with a seemingly opposite meaning to refer to the same target. The other three involve a movement from force to object-based schemas, from the perceived revelation of more conventional to deeper truths, and from description of a process to description of a state. We conclude by briefly discussing our findings within the context of research on apophatic discourse in other religions.
Model category structures and spectral sequences
Authors: Cirici Joana , Egas Santander Daniela , Livernet Muriel , Whitehouse Sarah
Published: August 2019

LetRbe a commutative ring with unit. We endow the categories of filtered complexes and of bicomplexes ofR-modules, with cofibrantly generated model structures, where the class of weak equivalences is given by those morphisms inducing a quasi-isomorphism at a certain fixed stage of the associated spectral sequence. For filtered complexes, we relate the different model structures obtained, when we vary the stage of the spectral sequence, using the functors shift and décalage.
Instructing the Heavenly King: Joseph Edkins's Mission to Correct the Theology of Hong Xiuquan
Authors: KILCOURSE CARL S.
Published: August 2019

This paper examines Joseph Edkins's failed attempt to correct the theology of Hong Xiuquan during his trip to Nanjing in March and April 1861. Through his debates with individual rebels and his written exchange with Hong, Edkins learned that the Taipings were unwilling to accept ‘orthodox’ teachings and scriptural interpretations that conflicted with their established belief system. Challenging exclusionary and pathologising discourses, the paper shows that Hong's response to Edkins's efforts was rooted not in his ‘irrational’ modes of thinking, but in his desire to preserve both his revelation-based worldview and the personal authority that it legitimised.
Screening for vestibular schwannoma in the context of an ageing population
Authors: Basu S , Youngs R , Mitchell-Innes A
Published: August 2019

Objective

To review the literature regarding screening for vestibular schwannoma in the context of demographic changes leading to increasing numbers of elderly patients presenting with asymmetric auditory symptoms.

Methods

A systematic review of the literature was performed, with narrative synthesis and statistical analysis of data where appropriate.

Results

Vestibular schwannomas diagnosed in patients aged over 70 years exhibit slower growth patterns and tend to be of smaller size compared to those tumours in younger age groups. This fact, combined with reduced life expectancy, renders the probability of these tumours in the elderly requiring active treatment with surgery or stereotactic radiotherapy to be extremely low. Vestibular schwannomas in the elderly are much more likely to be managed by serial monitoring with magnetic resonance imaging. The weighted yield of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of vestibular schwannoma in all age groups is 1.18 per cent, with almost 85 scans required to diagnose 1 tumour.

Conclusion

An evidence-based approach to the investigation of asymmetric hearing loss and tinnitus in the elderly patient can be used to formulate guidelines for the rational use of magnetic resonance imaging in this population.
The Trade in Domestic Servants (Morianer) from Tranquebar for Upper Class Danish Homes in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Izquierdo Díaz Jorge Simón
Published: August 2019

This paper explores the Danish East India Company's slave trade practice in Tranquebar in the first half of the seventeenth century. In particular it focuses on a practice of acquiring blackMorianer(Moors) as prestigious servants for aristocratic homes. The court of the Danish king Christian IV was familiar with the exotic inlay of Morians as represented in pictures, theatre, carrousels, and other artistic manifestations of the upper classes of that time. In this sense, I suggest that Hans Hansson Skonning'sGeographia historica Orientalis(1641) provides seminal clues about ideology justifying slavery and representations of Africa and Asia in Scandinavian countries before they entered the slave trade.
Crossroads and Exchanges in the Scandinavian Atlantic and Atlantic West Africa: Framing Texts of Eighteenth-Century African Christians
Authors: Kea Ray
Published: August 2019

The interconnectedness of Atlantic West Africa and the Scandinavian Atlantic in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries exemplifies an entangled or shared history (histoire croisée). The present article maintains that in the context of the brutal transatlantic chattel trade this history manifests different historical trajectories as well as the temporality of episodic events and structural duration that are configured in the divergent itineraries of two eighteenth-century African Christians. Their texts and life histories reveal them as purveyors of intertwined Christian and non-Christian cultural codes and discursive fields, in one case according to a plantation-colony itinerary and in the other according to a world-port itinerary. The complex social realities of multiple texts and material cultures did not operate independently of socioeconomic structures intertwined with Atlantic world circuits.
Danish Colonial Healthcare Policy, St. Croix, Virgin Islands
Authors: Reifschneider Meredith
Published: August 2019

(Post)colonial scholarship in recent decades has undergone methodological and conceptual revisions and scholars have increasingly adopted the premise that social and political transformations are the product of both global and local struggles. The goal of this paper is to position healthcare as an “imperial force field” by focusing on the development of a colonial healthcare system in the nineteenth-century Danish West Indies. I argue that challenging seemingly self-evident concepts such as healthcare forces us to recognise that interventionist healthcare was contested and negotiated at multiple levels. This paper mobilises archival and archaeological research from a plantation hospital at Estate Cane Garden, St. Croix, Virgin Islands, to provide a context for interrogating the practical negotiations of colonial healthcare policy. While colonial administrative documents and physician reports depict a rather narrow range of healthcare practices, archaeological evidence from a plantation hospital suggests that healthcare, within plantation institutions, was more heterogeneous than the documents indicate. The goal of this paper is largely methodological. It mobilises colonial transcripts and material culture in ways that disrupt and reimagine taken-for-granted assumptions to show how those most affected by colonial policies complicate colonial institutions via on-the-ground practices.
Do social protection programs foster short-term and long-term migration adaptation strategies?
Authors: Mueller Valerie , Gray Clark , Handa Sudhanshu , Seidenfeld David
Published: August 2019

We examine how migration is influenced by temperature and precipitation variability, and the extent to which the receipt of a cash transfer affects the use of migration as an adaptation strategy. Climate data is merged with georeferenced panel data (2010–2014) on individual migration collected from the Zambian Child Grant Program (CGP) sites. We use the person-year dataset to identify the direct and heterogeneous causal effects of the CGP on mobility. Having access to cash transfers doubles the rate of male, short-distance moves during cool periods, irrespective of wealth. Receipt of cash transfers (among wealthier households) during extreme heat causes an additional retention of males. Cash transfers positively spur long-distance migration under normal climate conditions in the long term. They also facilitate short-distance responses to climate, but not long-distance responses that might be demanded by future climate change.
Euroscepticism and Protestant Heritage: The Role of Religion on EU Issue Voting
Authors: Scherer Margarete
Published: August 2019

This paper focuses on the historical ties between Protestantism and the nation-state, as well as between Catholicism and supranationalism, to widen the political science debate on different conditions ofEU issue voting. Research suggests that the political context in each nation-state shapes the extent to which individual Eurosceptic attitudes influence the decision to vote for Eurosceptic parties. In addition to this, I expect that a nations' religious background responds differently to this relationship. Using data from the 2014 European Parliament elections, I show that citizens from predominantly Protestant countries actually decide for Eurosceptic parties if they hold negative attitudes towards European integration. In contrast, citizens from predominantly Catholic countries may or may not vote for Eurosceptic parties, but their voting decision is not based on individual EU attitudes such as support for European integration, trust in EU institutions or European identity.
Survey reveals frequency of multiple resistance to glyphosate and dicamba in kochia (Bassia scoparia)
Authors: Westra Eric P. , Nissen Scott J. , Getts Thomas J. , Westra Philip , Gaines Todd A.
Published: August 2019

Glyphosate-resistant (GR) kochia has been reported across the western and midwestern United States. From 2011 to 2014, kochia seed was collected from agronomic regions across Colorado to evaluate the frequency and distribution of glyphosate-, dicamba-, and fluroxypyr-resistant kochia, and to assess the frequency of multiple resistance. Here we report resistance frequency as percent resistance within a population, and resistance distribution as the percentage and locations of accessions classified as resistant to a discriminating herbicide dose. In 2011, kochia accessions were screened with glyphosate only, whereas from 2012 to 2014 kochia accessions were screened with glyphosate, dicamba, and fluroxypyr. From 2011 to 2014, the percentages of GR kochia accessions were 60%, 45%, 39%, and 52%, respectively. The percentages of dicamba-resistant kochia accessions from 2012 to 2014 were 33%, 45%, and 28%, respectively. No fluroxypyr-resistant accessions were identified. Multiple-resistant accessions (low resistance or resistant to both glyphosate and dicamba) from 2012 to 2014 were identified in 14%, 15%, and 20% of total sampled accessions, respectively. This confirmation of multiple glyphosate and dicamba resistance in kochia accessions emphasizes the importance of diversity in herbicide site of action as critical to extend the usefulness of remaining effective herbicides such as fluroxypyr for management of this weed.
Applicant Perceptions of Initial Job Candidate Screening With Asynchronous Job Interviews
Authors: Hiemstra Annemarie M. F. , Oostrom Janneke K. , Derous Eva , Serlie Alec W. , Born Marise Ph.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Applicant fairness perceptions of asynchronous job interviews were assessed among panelists (Study 1, N = 160) and highly educated actual applicants (Study 2, N = 103). Furthermore, we also examined whether personality explained applicants’ perceptions. Participants, particularly actual applicants, had negative perceptions of the fairness and procedural justice of asynchronous job interviews. Extraverted applicants perceived more opportunity to perform with the asynchronous job interview than introverts. A trait interaction between Neuroticism and Extraversion was tested, but no significant results were found. Although the first selection stage is increasingly digitized, this study shows that applicant perceptions of asynchronous job interviews are relatively negative. The influence of personality on these perceptions appears to be limited.
Effects of Eddy‐Driven Subduction on Ocean Biological Carbon Pump
Authors: Resplandy Laure , Lévy Marina , McGillicuddy Dennis J.
Published: August 2019

Estimates of the ocean biological carbon pump are limited by uncertainties in the magnitude of the physical injection of particulate and dissolved organic carbon to the ocean interior. A major challenge is to evaluate the contribution of these physical pumps at small spatial and temporal scales (<100 km and <1 month). Here, we use a submesoscale permitting biophysical model covering a large domain representative of a subpolar and a subtropical gyre to quantify the impact of small‐scale physical carbon pumps.The model successfully simulates intense eddy‐driven subduction hot spots with a magnitude comparable to what has been observed in nature (1,000–6,000 mg C·m−2·day−1). These eddy‐driven subduction events are able to transfer carbon below the mixed‐layer, down to 500‐ to 1,000‐m depth. However, they contribute <5% to the annual flux at the scale of the basin, due to strong compensation between upward and downward fluxes. The model also simulates hot spots of export associated with small‐scale heterogeneity of the mixed layer, which intermittently export large amounts of suspended particulate and dissolved organic carbon. The mixed‐layer pump contributes ∼20% to the annual flux. High‐resolution measurements of export flux are needed to test models such as this one and to improve our mechanistic understanding of the biological pump and how it will respond to climate change.
Light Mg Isotopic Composition in the Mantle Beyond the Big Mantle Wedge Beneath eastern Asia
Authors: He Ye , Chen Li‐Hui , Shi Jin‐Hua , Zeng Gang , Wang Xiao‐Jun , Xue Xiao‐Qiu , Zhong Yuan , Erdmann Saskia , Xie Lie‐Wen
Published: August 2019

Low‐δ26Mg basalts are commonly interpreted to represent melts derived from carbonated mantle sources. The mantle domain feeding low‐δ26Mg Cenozoic basalts in eastern China overlaps the so‐called Big Mantle Wedge (BMW) above the stagnant Pacific slab in the mantle transition zone, which indicates that the BMW is an important carbon reservoir generated by the slab. However, Mg isotopic composition in the nearby mantle beyond the BMW and, thus, the spatial extent of carbonated components in the mantle beneath eastern Asia have not yet been extensively characterized. Therefore, it remains largely unconstrained if additional or alternative carbon reservoirs exist. Here we carried out a geochemical study on Cenozoic Huihe nephelinites, which crop out ~500 km west of the present‐day BMW. These rocks are characterized by negative K, Zr, Hf, and Ti anomalies, high Zr/Hf, Ca/Al ratios, and low δ26Mg values, which suggest that they are derived from a carbonated mantle source. The composition of the nephelinites demonstrates that low δ26Mg mantle components exist at significant distances from the present‐day BMW, which highlights that in addition to the stagnant Pacific slab, other oceanic slab(s) also contribute(s) carbonate‐bearing crustal materials to the mantle sources of Cenozoic volcanism in eastern Asia.
Three‐Dimensional Ground‐Penetrating Radar Imaging Through Multilayered Subsurface
Authors: Zhang Wenji , Hoorfar Ahmad , An Qiang
Published: August 2019

Most of existing ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) imaging algorithms are only capable of imaging of targets under a single‐layer subsurface. In this paper, a generalized three‐dimensional (3‐D) fast imaging algorithm for GPR imaging of targets buried under multilayered subsurface is presented. The exploding reflection model is employed to simplify the imaging algorithm, and then the layered media dyadic Green's function is expanded in spectral form to facilitate the easy implementation of the imaging algorithm with fast Fourier transform. The wave propagation effects through multilayered subsurface are efficiently taken into account and are properly compensated for in the imaging formulation through the multilayer media dyadic Green's function. The linearization of the inversion scheme and utilization of fast Fourier transform resolve the time‐consuming challenge in 3‐D GPR imaging and make the imaging algorithm suitable in several applications concerning the diagnostics of a large probed region. Representative numerical and experimental examples are presented to show the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm for 3‐D GPR imaging through multilayered media.
Palynological Evidence of Late Holocene Paleo‐Monsoon in Eastern Pamir
Authors: Zhao Keliang , Zhou Xinying , Ji Ming , Li Xiaoqiang
Published: August 2019

The Tibetan Plateau, which is climatically dominated by the westerlies and the Asian monsoon, has a major influence on the atmospheric circulation and water resources of Asia. However, it remains unclear of the long‐term (e.g., millennial‐ and orbital‐scale) status and origin of the water resources in the plateau. In this study, we used the presence of a long‐distance pollen component (e.g., Tsuga) in a sedimentary section from eastern Pamir as a tracer to characterize the air movements in the western Tibetan Plateau during the late Holocene. Based on modern backward trajectory analysis, we suggest that the pollen of Tsuga was transported by the paleo‐monsoon from the southeastern Tibetan Plateau to eastern Pamir during the late Holocene (e.g., 3,200–1,750 cal years B.P.). Our findings provide evidence of paleo‐monsoon movement and potential moisture transport paths from the southeastern Tibetan Plateau to eastern Pamir during the late Holocene.
Micromechanical Behavior of DNA‐1A Lunar Regolith Simulant in Comparison to Ottawa Sand
Authors: Sandeep C. S. , Marzulli V. , Cafaro F. , Senetakis K. , Pöschel T.
Published: August 2019

In this study, the micromechanical interparticle contact behavior of “De NoArtri” (DNA‐1A) grains is investigated, which is a lunar regolith simulant, using a custom‐built micromechanical loading apparatus, and the results on the DNA‐1A are compared with Ottawa sand which is a standard quartz soil. Material characterization is performed through several techniques. Based on microhardness intender and surface profiler analyses, it was found that the DNA‐1A grains had lower values of hardness and higher values of surface roughness compared to Ottawa sand grains. In normal contact micromechanical tests, the results showed that the DNA‐1A had softer behavior compared with Ottawa sand grains and that cumulative plastic displacements were observed for the DNA‐1A simulant during cyclic compression, whereas for Ottawa sand grains elastic displacements were dominant in the cyclic sequences. In tangential contact micromechanical tests, it was shown that the interparticle friction values of DNA‐1A were much greater than that of Ottawa sand grains, which was attributed to the softer contact response and greater roughness of the DNA‐1A grains. Widely used theoretical models both in normal and tangential directions were fitted to the experimental data to obtain representative parameters, which can be useful as input in numerical analyses which use the discrete element method.
Controlling Anthropogenic and Natural Seismicity: Insights From Active Stabilization of the Spring‐Slider Model
Authors: Stefanou Ioannis
Published: August 2019

We present a theoretical study focusing on exploring the possibility of controlling anthropogenic and natural seismicity. We actively control the pressure of injected fluids using a negative‐feedback control system. Our analysis is based on the spring‐slider model for modeling the earthquake instability. We use a general Coulomb‐type rheology for describing the frictional behavior of a fault system. This model leads to a nonautonomous system, whose steady state and stability are studied using a double‐scale asymptotic analysis. This approach renders the dominant order of the system time invariant. Established tools from the classical mathematical theory of control are used for designing a proper stabilizing controller. We show that the system is stabilizable by controlling fluid pressure. This is a central result for industrial operations. A stabilizing controller is then designed and tested. The controller regulates in real time the applied pressure in order to assure stability, avoid unwanted seismicity, and drive the system from unstable states of high potential energy, to stable ones of low energy. The controller performs well even in the absence of complete knowledge of the frictional properties of the system. Finally, we present two numerical examples (scenarios) and illustrate how anthropogenic and natural earthquakes could be, in theory, prevented.