bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Religion and Suicidal Behavior
Authors: Beit-Hallahmi Benjamin
Published: September 2011

While the predominance of a religious denomination may help determine the size and trend of nationwide suicide rates, religious affiliation seems to be of limited usefulness in predicting individual suicidal behavior. All the clinical studies reviewed below conclude that neither affiliation nor degree of religious involvement seems related in any significant way to suicide attempts. This conclusion appears to fit the general trend of secularization in Western society (Wilson, 1966), which signifies a reduction in the relative importance of religious factors in individual motivation.
Self-Control: Effects of Training and Presentation Delays of Competing Responses on Tolerance of Noxious Stimulation
Authors: Berger Sheldon , Kanfer Frederick H.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of several controlling response parameters on tolerance of noxious stimulation in the cold pressor test. The duration of the delay between subjects' initiating responses and the appearance of external cues for a controlling response (landscape slides), and prior training in producing the appearance of the distractors were varied. 90 female college students were assigned to 6 groups in a factorial design. Results indicated that short temporal delay, during the cold pressor test, between subjects' initiating response and appearance of a slide was more effective than long temporal delay in facilitating tolerance. Prior training had no significant effects. Questionnaire data showed a relationship between short delays, positive thoughts, and longer tolerance. Results were discussed in relation to several different self-control paradigms.
Internal-External Locus of Control: An Analysis and Bibliography of Two Years of Research (1973–1974)
Authors: Prociuk Terry J. , Lussier Richard J.
Published: September 2011

This report provides an analysis and bibliography of 277 locus of control studies published in 1973 and 1974. The references are classified into 17 categories which represent areas of current research interest. Further analyses indicate that: (1) the Rotter I-E scale was employed in 69% of the empirical studies; (2) the research was reported in 75 different journals; and (3) 19% of the studies were published in Psychological Reports.
An MMPI Comparison of U.S.A.F. Groups Identified as Drug Users
Authors: Jarvis L. G. , Simnegar Ray R. , Traweek Antony R.
Published: September 2011

The United States Air Force Special Treatment Center was established by Presidential order in 1971 to evaluate and treat personnel identified as drug users. The patient population was unique in that subjects were from world-wide assignments and had varied histories of drug-use. Subjects were male enlisted drug abusers rather than addicts. A stratified random-selection procedure balanced two comparison groups as to racial composition. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was used to compare a group of 85 subjects with disciplinary problems returned to the evaluation unit from the treatment unit, with a group of 85 who had no disciplinary problems and who finished the treatment program without problems. A significant difference ( t test) on the F, Hs, and Pd scales of the MMPI was found, the problem subjects scoring high. Persons on these scales would be less likely to profit from treatment. The findings of the present study indicate very similar personality organizations for both samples.
Comprehension of Textbook Vocabulary by First Year Students
Authors: Knox Robert E.
Published: September 2011

First-year students in an English course at the University of British Columbia were asked to define 53 non-technical words from Munn's introductory psychology text. In spite of generous scoring standards performance, over-all, was alarmingly poor. Half of the students could correctly identify no more than 29 of the 53 words, and such common words as “incidental” and “spontaneously” were missed by over 50% of our 57 subjects. Results are comparable to Hoffman's findings which were reported in this Journal 18 years ago.
Release from Proactive Inhibition as a Function of Interpolated Task Difficulty
Authors: Carlson Robert F. , Kincaid J. Peter
Published: September 2011

A three-part study investigates the effect of varying levels of interpolated task difficulty on recall, using a release from proactive inhibition methodology. It was hypothesized that difficulty of interpolated activity would affect recall levels. 544 college students served as Ss. Exp. 1 determined relative difficulty of four interpolated tasks, three of which are frequently used in proactive-inhibition studies, by measuring the amount of time necessary to complete each task. Utilizing a basic Peterson and Peterson format, Exp. 2 demonstrates that difficulty of the interpolated task will affect recall while not affecting the buildup of proactive inhibition. Again, incorporating the same format, Exp. 3 indicated the three commonly used distractor tasks, Stroop color-naming, counting backward, and color block-naming, can be used interchangeably; however, if the task is very easy (such as naming color blocks), recall may be so high that a ceiling effect is encountered. It is therefore suggested that researchers use one of the more difficult distractor tasks such as counting backward or the Stroop color-naming task for the prevention of rehearsal given the kind of Ss of the present study.
Public Views of Ex-Mental Patients: A Note on Perceived Dangerousness and Unpredictability
Authors: Fracchia John , Canale David , Cambria Eleanor , Ruest Elizabeth , Sheppard Charles
Published: September 2011

The adjectives most strongly attributed to the concept of ex-mental patient by a sample of 30 male and female suburbanites were excitable, strange, tense, strong, uncertain, unsure, unpredictable, convincing, active, and mysterious. In addition, an r of .74 was found between dangerous and unpredictable. These findings may suggest that although the public stereotype of mental patients has undergone positive change since 1960, ex-mental patients still tend to be perceived as potential threat-bearers to the community. Unfounded fears based upon this perception may motivate resistances to community-based treatment programs for this group.
Self-Concept and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Snyder Charles David , Ferguson Leonard W.
Published: September 2011

Authors outline procedures to construct 6 pair-comparisons, satisfaction-based, self-concept scales and show only one to produce scores related to employee satisfaction/dissatisfaction.
Irregular Discharge as an Unobtrusive Measure of … Something: Some Additional Thoughts
Authors: Martin Paul J. , Lindsey Carole J.
Published: September 2011

In a recent article Davis (1973) suggested that irregular discharges represent a valid, unobtrusive measure of patients' discontent with hospital treatment programs. Craig (1973) took issue with Davis' conclusion on the grounds that many other factors contribute to the production of irregular discharges. Both papers are reviewed here. It is concluded that, while Craig's implied criticism of Davis' papers is unwarranted, the data adduced in Davis−study do not support the hypothesized link between patient discontent and irregular discharge. Some evidence of the connection between irregular discharge and patients' discontent is available from a number of other sources, however, along with support for Craig's contention that irregular discharge has multiple determinants.
Effect of Arousal by Social Isolation, Grouping, and D-Amphetamine on Inter-Male Aggression in Mice (Mus Musculus)
Authors: Miley William M. , Shinn Bruce
Published: September 2011

24 adult male Swiss-Webster mice were randomly assigned to one of four equal experimental groups: a socially isolated group (8 days) which received a high dose of d-amphetamine prior to testing, a socially isolated group which received distilled water prior to testing, a social group of six (8 days) which received a high dose of d-amphetamine prior to testing, and a social group of six which received distilled water prior to testing. In the tests in which experimental animals were paired with stimulus animals which had their olfactory bulbs removed, inter-male aggression occurred even in the absence of aggressive retaliation by the stimulus animals. This suggests mutual arousal is sufficient to initiate and maintain biting attacks, aggressive retaliation is not necessary. Also, extremely high arousal in experimental mice induced by d-amphetamine and social isolation completely suppressed inter-male aggression whereas neither variable did so alone.
Effects of Expected Job Characteristics and Interview Factors on Organizational Choice
Authors: Rowe Patricia M.
Published: September 2011

Rankings of organizational preference and ratings of various job and interview factors were made by 28 freshmen. Best-liked jobs were perceived as providing greater opportunities for personal need satisfaction, and their interviews were generally rated more favorably. The relevance of the results for the recruiting of qualified, satisfied workers is discussed.
Relationship of Rigidity to Academic Achievement and Occupational Choice of Accounting Students
Authors: Dinius Sara H. , McIntyre Sherwood C.
Published: September 2011

250 university students were administered the “Einstellung” Water Jug Test. College grade point average, high school grade point average and American College Testing Program scores were collected for 184 of the subjects. Six measurements from the Einstellung test were analyzed to determine their power to (1) discriminate accounting majors from non-accounting majors (majors) and (2) discriminate students who were successful in accounting from those who were not (success). Two measurements significantly discriminated subjects by major and four measurements discriminated subjects by success. Three measurements from the Einstellung test were intercorrelated with the demographic data; nine of the correlations showed statistical significance. A multiple correlation, in which success was the criterion and the eight measures the predictors, showed a multiple R = .640. It was concluded that the addition of the Einstellung test to a traditional testing battery will raise the level of the “predictive plateau.”
Exposure to Females as a Variable in Territorial Aggression of the Laboratory Rat
Authors: Thor Donald H. , Flannelly Kevin J.
Published: September 2011

Four colonies of 4 male Long-Evans rats were tested for aggressive response to unfamiliar mature male isolates ( n = 16) before and after exposure to ovariectomized or intact females. The hypothesis that exposure to intact females would increase aggressive response to male intruders was rejected. Observations and physical indicators of attack and associated stress indicated minimal fighting before and after exposure to females.
Attitude Change as a Function of Self-Perceived Capacity for Counterattitudinal Advocacy
Authors: Finkelstein Jonathan C.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between perceived capacity to elaborate a counterattitudinal position and change in attitude resulting from counterattitudinal advocacy was examined in terms of self-attribution of attitude. Female participants (entering college freshmen) individually conveyed positive impressions of a boring task to a female accomplice, in a posttest-only control group design. Capacity for counterattitudinal advocacy was manipulated by the apparent duration (6 or 1½ min.) of the 3-min. advocacies. Participants in the 6-min. condition (high capacity) evidenced significantly more positive attitudes on posttest than did those in the 1½-min. condition (low capacity) ( F1,22 = 7.83, p < .01). Both experimental conditions yielded more change in attitude than the no-advocacy control group. These results are interpreted as supporting an “ability route” to self-attribution of attitude.
Study of Former Psychology Interns of the Texas Research Institute
Authors: Hays J. Ray
Published: September 2011

A follow-up study of 56 former clinical psychology interns was conducted to examine their present employment, funding, and activities in order to assess the relevance of training to employment. The data tend to indicate that training becomes less relevant as the psychologists progressed in jobs. The results indicate that some training should be provided in management and teaching skills in addition to the clinical aspects of an internship.
Use of Thought-Stopping and Self-Reinforcement in Treatment of Depression
Authors: Nigl Alfred J.
Published: September 2011

A treatment method which combines thought-stopping and a program of self-reinforcement is described as it was applied to a case of mild depression. The use of thought-stopping significantly decreased the patient's level of negative self-statements while the use of operant methods substantially increased positive self-statements. However, due to the uncontrolled nature of this case study, alternate hypotheses could not be ruled out. Therefore, the present results should be interpreted with appropriate caution.
Brainstorming, Convergent Thinking Tasks and Conceptual Tempo of Impulsive and Reflective Children
Authors: Silvestro John R.
Published: September 2011

From Grade 3, 45 impulsive and 45 reflective children were given a series of tasks involving either a convergent, a brainstorming, or a neutral control task. Latencies on the Matching Familiar Figures increased significantly for the convergent ( ns = 14 impulsive and 14 reflective) and control task groups ( ns = 17 impulsive and 17 reflective). Errors were unchanged. Additional development of a convergent task is needed.
Validity of Interview for Selecting Students for Postgraduate Training in Clinical Psychology
Authors: Broadhurst Anne
Published: September 2011

Validity of the interview procedure for selection of students for training in clinical psychology was assessed by comparing the careers and progress of those selected with those rejected at various stages of the selection process. No significant differences emerged. It was also possible to compare careers and progress of students accepted for training on the basis of interview and those accepted prior to or without interview. Again, there were no significant differences. However, when recent students admitted with or without interview were rated on clinical skills and likely future success as clinicians, the interviewed group showed significant advantage. The results are discussed in terms of the cost effectiveness of the interview procedures employed.
Correlates of Question-Asking by Emotionally Disturbed and Normal Children
Authors: Ollendick Thomas H. , Finch A. J. , Nelson W. M.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the question-asking behavior of emotionally disturbed and normal children (about 11 yr., mental age about 12 yr.) within a developmental framework. Emotionally disturbed children typically have shown more guessing and fewer constraint-type questions. 35 emotionally disturbed and 35 normal children served as subjects. Locus of control, cognitive reflection-impulsivity, and trait anxiety were significant correlates of question-asking. A developmental framework appeared useful in understanding the question-asking of the emotionally disturbed children.
Role Construct Repertory Technique: Some Relationships with Personality, Psychopathology and Intelligence for Neuropsychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Phillips Walter M.
Published: September 2011

The Role Construct Repertory Technique, the Cattell 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and Shipley-Institute of Living Scale of Intelligence were administered to 20 newly admitted neuropsychiatric patients in a regional Veterans Hospital in the Midwest. In view of the absence of observed relationships between the Bannister-Fransella Grid and personality and intelligence, and the presence of relationships between the Role Construct Repertory Technique and other personality measures, the purpose of this study was to investigate relationships among three scores of construct structure and measures of personality, psychopathology, and intelligence. Moderate correlations were found with each of the three measures, indicating that, rather than “clinically unique,” the Role Construct Repertory Technique provides a wealth of clinical information also discernible by other measures.
Directional Bias within the Usage and Perceptual Fields of Urban Consumers
Authors: Potter Robert B.
Published: September 2011

Empirical investigations have indicated that consumers within urban areas exhibit a bias toward patronizing those shopping centers which lie in a downtown direction from their places of residence. An analysis of the shopping behavior of 192 questionnaire respondents in Stockport, England reaffirmed the validity of this empirical notion. For every center visited which lay in an uptown direction from the consumers' places of residence, on average, two were visited which lay in a downtown direction. However, of greater significance was the finding that the same ratio of downtown bias was shown to apply to the centers which comprised the perceptual or information fields of the consumers.
Modes of Solution Used by Children in Concept-Identification Problems
Authors: Lowenkron Barry
Published: September 2011

87 nursery school children were exposed to a concept-identification problem in which the salient dimension was either also a relevant or nonrelevant dimension, depending on the condition. Responses to 2 of the stimulus pairs were followed by reinforcement while responses to the remaining 2 pairs were not. After acquisition or overtraining the reversal shift was introduced. Nonoutcome trial behavior was taken to indicate whether a conceptual solution, utilizing only values of the relevant dimension, or a nonconceptual solution, incorporating both the relevant and nonrelevant dimension, was attained. While not having any clear-cut effect on over-all performance, dimensional salience and relevance both affected the proportions of subjects solving conceptually and nonconceptually.
Use of Concrete Reinforcement to Control Content of Verbal Initiations in Group Therapy with Adolescents
Authors: Zweback Stanley
Published: September 2011

Tokens in the form of ½-in. diameter metal washers were used with 8 hospitalized adolescents in group therapy to reinforce two classes of verbalization content. Class I verbalizations were statements of group members' own problems, while Class II verbalizations were statements which dealt with problems of fellow group members. Baseline frequencies of emission of both content classes were collected. During the first and third experimental phases Class I verbalizations were reinforced, with Class II verbalizations reinforced only during Phase II. Reinforcement was administered on a variable ratio 3 (VR 3) schedule, so that an average of one token was received by a group member for every three emitted verbalizations subject to reinforcement during a given session. Tokens earned in therapy were used to purchase a variety of items and privileges within the basic structure of a token economy system. Results clearly supported the hypothesis that the content of verbalizations in group therapy could be controlled through the differential use of concrete reinforcement.
Factors of the Rotter Internal-External Scale
Authors: Kaemmerer William F. , Schwebel Andrew I.
Published: September 2011

Previous investigators have reported that the Rotter I-E scale (1966) may measure many dimensions rather than a unidimensional trait. Following Collins (1974), each of the 23 forced-choice internal and external alternatives of the I-E scale were separated and administered as 46 Likert-scale items. The Likert-format administration was equivalent to the original method. Principal factors analysis and varimax rotation yielded five factors: belief in a nonrational world, belief in a politically unresponsive world, belief in a predictable world, belief in a just world, and belief in the meaningfulness of personal effort. These factors are similar to those reported by Collins.
Validity Study of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
Authors: Wakefield James A. , Sasek Jan , Brubaker Melinda L. , Friedman Alan F.
Published: September 2011

The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was compared by means of canonical analysis to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and to the Adjective Check List, with samples of 79 and 53 individuals, respectively. The results supported the validity of Eysenck's Extraversion and Neuroticism scales but gave less support for the validity of the Psychoticism scale.
Mode of Inheritance of Emotionality in the Mouse (Mus Musculus): Sex Differences and the Effects of Trials and Illumination
Authors: Goodrick Charles L.
Published: September 2011

Inbred and hybrid mice ( N = 720) were tested in an open field to determine elimination differences as a function of inbred group, sex, trials, and illumination condition and to determine mode of inheritance of elimination. A/J, BALB/CJ, and DBA/2J inbred mice were more emotional than C57BL/6J inbred mice, male mice were more emotional than female mice, and emotionality increased as a function of trials. Emotionality was significantly lower for mice tested with dim illumination than for mice tested with bright illumination. Under the condition of bright illumination, the mode of inheritance of emotionality was dominant for both male and female mice, while under the dim illumination condition, the mode of inheritance was dominant for male mice but variable for female mice. The sex differences in mode of inheritance were possibly due to different adaptive functions of the elimination response under the two conditions of illumination. Elimination under bright illumination was possibly related primarily to emotionality, while elimination under dim illumination was possibly related to both emotionality and territorial marking.
Diagnostic Utility of WISC Digits Forward and Backward
Authors: Winne John F. , Schoonover Sarah M.
Published: September 2011

Statistically significant differences in performance on Digits Forward and Digits Backward but not on the difference between these measures were obtained for a sample of 321 children subdivided into 9 diagnostic groups. Age apparently plays an important role.
Offenders' Characteristics versus Decision-Makers' Attitudes as Determinants of the Outcome of Presentence Evaluations
Authors: Holland Terrill R. , Holt Norman
Published: September 2011

Presentence cases at a state prison diagnostic unit were studied on selected variables. Inmates receiving state-level sentencing recommendations from psychiatrists and psychologists committed offenses of higher severity, coupled with a higher estimated probability of recidivism, than inmates receiving recommendations for county-level case dispositions. Also, although the group-recommendation rates of psychiatrists and psychologists versus those of correctional counselors were similar, substantial variability was seen among individual decision-makers. This variability could not be accounted for on the basis of offenders' characteristics and was attributed to differences among decision-makers in attitudes toward sentencing. The need for uniformity among personnel making recommendations and decisions regarding prison release was discussed, along with possible methods of achieving goal.
Locus of Control and Two Measures of Irrational Beliefs
Authors: Martin Roger D. , McDonald Coralynne , Shepel Lawrence F.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between the concept of locus of control (Rotter, 1966) and irrational beliefs (Ellis, 1962) was examined through a correlational study with subjects scoring at the extreme “internal” and “external” poles of the James (1957) I-E scale, and scores on two measures of irrational beliefs. Moderately strong rs between these personality variables were obtained.
Effects of Victim's Physical Attractiveness on Juridic Judgments
Authors: Singleton Royce , Hofacre Susan
Published: September 2011

For written descriptions of cases, ratings of guilt of the defendant, recommended term of imprisonment, and seriousness of crime by 108 male and 72 female undergraduates do not support the hypothesis that the defendant who victimizes an attractive woman (photograph) is judged more harshly than one who victimizes an unattractive woman.
Factorial Structure of Intelligence: Cross-Cultural Study of Two Israeli Samples
Authors: Miron Mordechai , Kraemer Roberta
Published: September 2011

This study assessed the structure of intelligence among socially disadvantaged students and compared the structure of intelligence of a socially disadvantaged sample with that exhibited by a sample of high social status. The Hebrew translated version of the Lorge-Thorndike Intelligence Test, Level A Form 1, which has already been validated upon an Israeli sample of Western origin and high status was administered to a sample of students of Eastern origin and low socio-economic status. A matrix of product-moment correlations, computed between the subtest scores, was analyzed using the principal components solution. Results indicate very clearly that in large part what is being measured by the five subtests is one general factor which may be conveniently labeled “cognitive ability.” The search for a somewhat different presentation of the results led to a varimax rotation of five factors. Two factors were observed; it was suggested that the first be called a school-learning factor and that the second factor be called abstract thinking. While the general “cognitive ability” factor was found for both Israeli samples, the specific factorial structures differ considerably.
Transfer of Reversal Training on an Odor-Cued Discrimination in the Mouse
Authors: Rideout Bruce E.
Published: September 2011

A group of six mice received training on three successive reversals of an odor-cued discrimination problem. Another group of six mice received an equal amount of training on a single discrimination problem with the same stimuli. The mice that had received reversal training were faster in both the acquisition and reversal of a new odor task.
Personality Factors among Adolescent Boys
Authors: Handel Amos
Published: September 2011

A Hebrew version of Junior Eysenck Personality Inventory was administered to 557 boys from Grades 7 to 11 in Israel. Comparisons of the findings obtained for each of the five age groups indicate the equivalence of Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Lie scales for these particular ages, while comparisons with data from England suggest the cross-cultural equivalence of these personality measures. In the two sets of comparisons, the transferability of these scales was examined in terms of the estimates of internal consistency of the three scales, the pattern of their intercorrelations and of their relations with age and intelligence. Comparisons of factor loadings and item statistics of the Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Lie scale items further suggest that the transferability of the inventory extends to the level of items and also applies to the particular set of exceptional items which detract from the internal consistency and unifactorial structure of the scales.
Consistency of ‘Switch’ and ‘Stay’ Strategies in Concept-Identification Situations
Authors: Harpur John G. E.
Published: September 2011

An earlier experiment suggested that, if subjects in concept-identification experiments were treated as subgroups, rather than as a whole, then consistent ‘strategies’ could be defined for such subgroups of subjects. The experiment was designed to determine whether Trial 3 performance in hypothesis-testing could be predicted on the basis of the pattern which emerged on Trials 1 and 2 for the same subjects. The results indicated that subjects in general were consistent across trials but that forcing subjects to perform an intervening task between one hypothesis and the next had a more “detrimental” effect on some strategies than on others.
Moral Judgment and Generosity in Children
Authors: Grant Jeanne E. , Weiner Andrew , Rushton J. Philippe
Published: September 2011

Three sets of moral judgment stories and a measure of generosity were taken from 21 middle-class girls aged 8 to 11 yr. The moral judgment stories assessed the child's conception of Piagetian intentionality, Piagetian distributive justice, and Kohlbergian principled morality. While the three sets of stories showed some degree of interrelatedness, only the measure of distributive justice showed a positive (but marginal) relationship to children's generosity. Age and IQ effects were also assessed.
Influence of Interpersonal Distance in Serial Learning
Authors: Skeen David R.
Published: September 2011

This research investigated the influence of interpersonal distance between a male experimenter and his subjects ( n = 120 undergraduates) on acquisition of a serial learning task. The possible interactions of interpersonal distance with difficulty of task and sex were also explored. Results suggest that reduction of experimenter-subject interpersonal distance does influence learning; however, no support was obtained for an interaction of interpersonal distance with difficulty of task or sex.
Electrophysiological Basis for a Dichotomy in Schizophrenia
Authors: Belford Barbara
Published: September 2011

The nature of schizophrenia has long been debated. The following review presents an overview of the electrophysiological basis for the traditional process/reactive or typical/atypical distinction in schizophrenia. Evidence for this dichotomy was drawn from cortical EEG studies, with and without pharmacological activation, and from depth electrode research. The Japanese research in this area is also included. Both corticograms and subcortical studies indicate that the two schizophrenic groups are identifiable subtypes. Corticograms indicated abnormality in atypical schizophrenics but not in typical schizophrenics. Subcortical studies found both groups to be neurologically involved but with abnormal electrical activity emanating from the deep areas of the frontal and temporal lobes of typical and atypical schizophrenics, respectively.
Psychiatric Problems Precipitated by Transcendental Meditation
Authors: Lazarus Arnold A.
Published: September 2011

Like many procedures, Transcendental Meditation (TM) proves extremely effective when applied to properly selected cases by informed practitioners. It is not a panacea. In fact, when used indiscriminately, there are clinical indications that the procedure can precipitate serious psychiatric problems such as depression, agitation, and even schizophrenic decompensation.
Demographic and Self-Report Characteristics of Lesbians
Authors: Belote Deborah , Joesting Joan
Published: September 2011

82 Lesbians completed questionnaires concerning their characteristics. 80% accepted themselves as Lesbians, 74% did not consider themselves as either “Butch” or “Femme,” the majority had their first Lesbian experience between 15 and 19 yr. of age. All but two of the Lesbians reported they were mentally healthy. The majority thought they would be fired from their jobs if their employers knew they were gay, but only one had such experience.
Sex and Academic Field in Relation to Birth Order and Achievement
Authors: Bernstein Barbara Elaine , Grambs Jean
Published: September 2011

This survey concerned the effect of sex and academic field on the well-documented relationship between birth order and achievement of 414 graduate students. No difference was found in the tendency for firstborn males ( n = 240) and females ( n = 174) to be high achievers. Academic field (science, n = 156; social studies, humanities, n = 208) also had no bearing on the relationship between birth order and achievement. The study did show a strong link between scholastic achievement and ordinal position which is consistent with past research.
Effects of FI30 Sec. and FR15 Schedules of Social Reinforcement on Children's Response Rate and Persistence on a Simple Motor Task
Authors: Rosenbaum Michael
Published: September 2011

Based on comparisons of various studies of social reinforcement with children, it was hypothesized that children who were praised on an F30 sec. schedule would persist at a task longer than those praised on an FR schedule. The effects of the different schedules on response rate were also assessed. Subjects were 60 boys and 50 girls attending second and third grades. Half of the subjects were instructed to play a marble-dropping game and were stopped after 8 min., while the other half were permitted to play as long as they wished, up to a maximum of 30 min. For each instructional condition, praise was offered according to FR schedules (FR15 or FRn), F30 sec. schedule contingent on marble dropping or on a nonfocal response, or not at all. The major hypothesis was confirmed; subjects persisted longer when praised according to FI schedules than when praised according to FR schedules or not at all. An interaction obtained between the sex of the subject and the schedule of praise with the rate measures under the time-limit instructions. Boys had higher response-rate increments than girls under FR schedules, while girls performed faster under FI schedules. This finding was interpreted in light of various developmental studies which indicated that boys of this age are more task-oriented than girls, who are more person-oriented.
Note on the Self-Focus Sentence Completion Test
Authors: Rabinowitz Aaron
Published: September 2011

It was predicted that capacity for fantasy is positively correlated with scores on the Exner Self-focus Sentence Completion. A daydreaming questionnaire and the Self-focus Sentence Completion were administered to 45 Israeli college freshmen and sophomores. The hypotheses were not confirmed. The data were discussed in terms of the traits measured by the test. The similarity between the test profiles of these subjects and those of a homosexual group was noted, and an alternate explanation of the instrument was advanced.
Modification of Verbal Productivity in Shy Adolescents during a Short-Term Camping Program
Authors: Hobbs Tom R. , Radka Jerome E.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to modify the low-frequency verbal behavior of two shy adolescent boys within two situations, a recreational activity and a discussion group. The program of behavioral change consisted primarily of token reinforcement within the context of a 5-day camping trip. The results indicated functional control of verbal behavior of both subjects within the discussion group but only one subject in the recreation group. The applicability of behavioral techniques to therapeutic camping programs is discussed.
Biasing Effect of Respondents' Identification on Responses to a Social Desirability Scale: A Warning to Researchers
Authors: Becker W. Michael
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the potentially biasing effect of respondents' identification in regard to responses made to the Crowne-Marlowe Social Desirability Scale. The degree of manifest desirability as measured by the scale was inversely related to respondents' anonymity. There was some evidence that this effect was stronger for females ( n = 31) than for males ( n = 35). These findings are relevant to the potential biasing of responses to questionnaires which include socially sensitive items.
Birth Order, Family Environment, and Mental Abilities: A Regression Surface Analysis
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: September 2011

Regression surface analysis was used to examine relationships between birth order and the cognitive performance of 11-yr.-old Canadian boys. A detailed assessment of the family environment was included. At each level of family environment birth order has little or no relation with mental ability scores but, if families create differential learning environments for their children, then the regression surfaces indicate that a child's position in a family is related to cognitive performance.
Self-Concept and Attitude
Authors: Ferguson Leonard W. , Meckley Sheila , Ferguson Edith P.
Published: September 2011

Authors report limited success in relating scores on tailor-made, pair-comparisons, adjectival measures of self-concept to scores on primary social-attitude variables: Religionism ( r = .10), Humanitarianism ( r = .17, p < .05), and Nationalism ( r = .17, p < .05).
Derogation of Source: A Matter of Definition
Authors: Maile Carlton A. , Kizilbash A. H.
Published: September 2011

The frequent interchange of derogation of source with other terms hinders viable dissonance explanations of attitude data. For example, equating derogation of a source to low credibility of a source implies a lack of consideration for the possibility of derogation at high levels of credibility. A definition is proposed to overcome this drawback. This definition may facilitate a dissonance approach to badly needed explanations for a variety of relationships between persuasibility and other communications variables, e.g., communication discrepancy and self-esteem.
Relationship between Machiavellianism, External Control, and Cognitive Style among College Students
Authors: Maroldo G. K. , Flachmeier L. C. , Johnston L. K. , Mayer J. L. , Peter M. I. , Reitan E. J. , Russell K. L.
Published: September 2011

This experiment determined relationships between Machiavellianism, locus of control, and cognitive style. 115 subjects, 56 males, 59 females, ages 18 to 21, were selected from Interim students at Texas Lutheran College, Seguin, Texas. The M Mach IV test measured Machiavellian tendencies. The I-E scale measured external attitudes. The Object Sorting Test measured categorizing style and cognitive structure by having subjects divide 50-word representations into groups. A significant correlation for all subjects was found between M Mach IV and I-E, none between M Mach IV and Object Sorting or between I-E and Object Sorting. No sex differences were noted. A multiple correlation among the three scores indicated some relationship between Machiavellianism, locus of control, and cognitive style.
Effect of Attitudes toward Women on Sex Attribution
Authors: Greenberg Roger P. , Zeldow Peter B.
Published: September 2011

In a search for sources of bias in sex attribution, 88 subjects with liberal and conservative attitudes toward women were compared as to performance on the Sex Attribution Questionnaire. Among women, conservative judges made more inappropriate sex attributions than liberal judges. Liberal judges erred in another way by failing to make sex attributions when they were appropriate. Among men, attitudes toward women had relatively little effect on sex attributions. For all judges, female “speakers” rather than males were more commonly the victims of such biases. Discussion focused on the differential importance of attitudes toward women as a factor in the perception of men and women.
Relationship between Locus of Control and Reactions of Employees to Work Characteristics
Authors: Kimmons Gary , Greenhaus Jeffrey H.
Published: September 2011

To determine whether employees' locus of control moderated the relationship between several work characteristics (autonomy, feedback, performance-reward connections, job involvement) and job satisfaction 193 managers in a large utility company participated. Internals ( n = 58) perceived more autonomy, feedback, and performance-reward connections on their jobs than externals ( n = 69). Internals were more involved and satisfied with their jobs than were externals. However, the correlations between the work characteristics and job satisfaction were generally positive for both internals and externals but small.
Relative Frequencies of Publications on Behavioral Therapy and Psychoanalytic Therapy in Medical and Psychological Journals
Authors: Annis Lawrence V. , Baker Dorothy A.
Published: September 2011

A review of medical and psychological journals indicates that articles on behavior therapy have appeared with increasing frequency relative to articles on psychoanalytic therapy, in journals of the two professions, over the years 1965 through 1974. Publications in psychology have consistently contained relatively more behavioral articles than have medical journals.
Effects of Temporal Grouping on Multi-Trial Free Recall
Authors: Frankel Fred , Ames Steven G.
Published: September 2011

In two experiments, subjects were given 4 presentations of a list divided temporally into 5 groups of 3 items each (grouped) or received the same word lists at a constant rate of presentation (ungrouped) and matched for over-all presentation time. Grouped presentation enhanced recall only in the later serial positions while decreasing recall in the middle serial positions. Results of Exp. I also showed differences in order of recall. The results of Exp. II demonstrated that order of recall was not related to the differences in recall produced by grouping. Implications for short-term memory and memory consolidation were discussed.
Case Study: Use of Differential Reinforcement to Suppress Self-Injurious and Aggressive Behavior
Authors: Frankel Fred , Moss Debra , Schofield Susan , Simmons James Q.
Published: September 2011

A program of differential reinforcement of other behavior was employed to reduce the rates of aggression and head-banging in a 6-yr., 8-mo.-old profoundly retarded female. Whereas, two different time-out procedures were not associated with stable decreases in aggressive behavior, this program was associated with immediate and dramatic decreases in aggression and head-banging. The present results suggest that (a) initial values of such programs may be situation-specific and (b) either the procedure or the inclusion of contingencies for all maladaptives within one program may be superior to a time-out program which focuses on a subset of all maladaptive behavior.
Test of the Language-Aggression Hypothesis
Authors: Boone Sherle L. , Montare Alberto
Published: September 2011

This study tested the hypothesis that language is related to aggression in two ways: that relatively low levels of proficiency in the use of language should be associated with relatively high levels of observable aggression and that high levels of language proficiency should be associated with low levels of aggression. The vocabulary subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), the Metropolitan Achievement Test in Reading, the total number of words spoken during a free speech session, and the number of different words used during that session constituted the language measures. Aggression of 132 subjects, ranging in age from 9 to 13 yr., was measured using an adaptation of the physical and verbal aggression categories used by Walters, Pearce, and Dahms (1957). The results supported both predictions for the comparisons between black subjects and Puerto Rican subjects but not for the white subjects.
Item Validity of the Lie Scale of the Eysenck Personality Inventory
Authors: Wen Shih-Sung
Published: September 2011

Item validity of the nine-item Lie Scale of Eysenck Personality Inventory, Form A, from responses of 640 undergraduates was assessed. The corrected point-biserial correlations indicated that only two items were significantly valid across race and sex. The remaining seven items were valid for either race only or specific race-sex combinations. These results supported the hypothesis that social desirability in personality assessment may vary from one ethnic group to another and from one race-sex combination to another as well.
Criteria for the Differentiation of Success and Failure in Alcoholism Treatment Outcome
Authors: Hoffmann Helmut , Noem Avis A.
Published: September 2011

A 29-item follow-up inventory of a multidimensional nature was administered to 37 successfully (mean age 44.62 yr.) and 46 unsuccessfully (mean age 44.76 yr.) treated state hospital alcoholics. In general, the responses of the success group were significantly more favorable than the responses of the failure group in the areas of: drinking and sobriety, financial and employment status, social involvement, driving while intoxicated, attitude toward treatment, self-reliance supplemented with help and support from others, and future outlook. The 23 inventory items which discriminated significantly ( p ⩽ .02) were scored for each subject. The success group had a mean score of 17.16 and the failure group had a mean score of 6.37. A cut-off point of 13 points correctly identified 97.3% of the successful group and 95.7% of the failing group.
Psychology of Paradox and Vice Versa
Authors: Juhasz Joseph B.
Published: September 2011

Paradox, illogicality, contradictoriness—these ate words not often mentioned in psychology. Role theory, however, does provide a possible frame for accommodating paradox in that it does not attempt to objectivize human experience; and it views events and actions as equivocal. It is through a recognition of multivalence that role theory makes its primary contribution to psychology, speaking, as it does, in equi- and multi-vocalizations.
Proactive Interference in Short-Term Memory: Recall Probability as a Function of Prior Item Recall
Authors: Hoyenga Katharine Blick , Garrett James B.
Published: September 2011

In two different experiments, one with 23 brain surgery patients and one with 39 college students, proactive interference in short-term memory was evaluated as a function of the recall of the just preceding item in a Brown-Peterson distractor technique. In the first experiment, the probability of an error following an error was .25, and the probability of an error following a correct item was .24. In the second experiment, there was also no significant effect ( p > .05) of either prior item repetition or recall upon recall of the subsequent item, except in the case of prior items having a retention interval of 24 sec. In that case, well-remembered items exerted less proactive interference than items on which an error had been made. The results were evaluated in terms of a theory derived from the selector mechanism proposed for long-term memory (Postman, Stark, & Fraser, 1968).
Regional Suicide Rates as a Function of National Political Change
Authors: Andress Vern R. , Corey David M.
Published: September 2011

It has been reported that suicide rates are not a function of national instability. Assuming that the changes represented by presidential campaigns and elections might produce stress leading to increased suicide rates, this study tested the hypothesis that suicide might be a function of national elections. The suicide rates for California ( n = 49,897) and Riverside County. California ( n = 1,092) were studied for the 15-yr. period between 1960 and 1974. Both County and State suicide rates showed a 4-yr. cyclic fluctuation marked by yearly increases which peaked in the campaign year preceding the election and precipitously declined the year of the election. The notable exception was the election year of 1972, after which the rate climbed to a peak in 1973, the year of the Watergate scandal. The rate dropped again in 1974, after the president resigned. Rates were shown to have the greatest fluctuation in the County, where they deviated significantly from the regression line for each of the campaign/election years of the study period. The smoother rate curve for the State was explained as possibly representing a regression to the mean or as reflecting differences between metropolitan and non-metropolitan suicides.
Effect of Friday Afternoon Classes on Grades and Attendance
Authors: Gussett James C.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that more students would be absent from classes in the MWF afternoon sections than in the MWF morning sections or the morning and afternoon sections on TTh. Further, the increase in class absences would consequently mean lower grades. To test these hypotheses the data from 910 students were analyzed. There was a moderately significant relationship ( p < .10) between class absences and grades in the MWF-pm classes. Students who were absent from classes more frequently tended to earn lower grades. The mean number of class absences for the MWF-pm classes was 3.19; for the MWF-am classes it was 370. Students in the MWF-pm earned higher grades (x2 = 19.71, p < .10) than the other class meeting times.