bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epigenetic loss of the transfer RNA-modifying enzyme TYW2 induces ribosome frameshifts in colon cancer
Authors: Rosselló-Tortella Margalida , Llinàs-Arias Pere , Sakaguchi Yuriko , Miyauchi Kenjyo , Davalos Veronica , Setien Fernando , Calleja-Cervantes Maria E. , Piñeyro David , Martínez-Gómez Jesús , Guil Sonia , Joshi Ricky , Villanueva Alberto , Suzuki Tsutomu , Esteller Manel
Published: August 2020

Significance

Defects in transfer RNA (tRNA) modifications occur in human pathologies such as cancer; however, how these alterations contribute to the disease is poorly understood. One example is the tumor-specific hypomodification of position 37 of tRNA
Phe
, which was first described 45 y ago, although its cause and consequences have remained unknown. Here we report that the tRNA
Phe
hypomodification is due to promoter CpG island hypermethylation-associated transcriptional silencing of TYW2, a key enzyme in the synthesis of wybutosine derivatives. Furthermore, epigenetic loss of TYW2 in transformed cells provokes hypomodified tRNA
Phe
-mediated ribosome frameshifting, dysregulating mRNA abundance via nonsense-mediated decay. Importantly, TYW2 silencing in cancer cells confers enhanced migration and epithelial-to-mesenchymal features that are associated in early-stage colorectal cancer patients with poor clinical outcome.
Ancestral and derived transcriptional enhancers share regulatory sequence and a pleiotropic site affecting chromatin accessibility
Authors: Xin Yaqun , Le Poul Yann , Ling Liucong , Museridze Mariam , Mühling Bettina , Jaenichen Rita , Osipova Elena , Gompel Nicolas
Published: August 2020

Significance

Form diversity is fueled by changes in the expression of genes that build organisms. New expression often results from the emergence of new DNA switches, known as transcriptional enhancers. Many enhancers are thought to appear through the recycling of older enhancers, a process called evolutionary co-option. Enhancer co-option is difficult to assess, and the molecular mechanisms explaining its prevalence are elusive. Using state-of-the-art quantification and analyses, we reveal that the sequences of an ancestral and a derived enhancer overlap extensively. They contain specific binding sites for regulators imparting spatial activities. We found that the two enhancers also share a site facilitating access to chromatin in a region where they overlap.
Stochastic sampling provides a unifying account of visual working memory limits
Authors: Schneegans Sebastian , Taylor Robert , Bays Paul M.
Published: August 2020

Significance

We demonstrate that three of the most prominent accounts of visual working memory in the psychology and neuroscience literature—the slots+averaging model, the variable precision model, and the population coding model—can all be expressed in the common mathematical framework of sampling. This reformulation allows us to pinpoint the key differences between these models, and to determine which factors are critical to account for the observed patterns of recall errors across different human psychophysical experiments. Moreover, the sampling framework provides a possible neural grounding for these models in the spiking activity of neuronal populations, as well as a link to existing theories of capacity limits in visual attention.
Necrotic upper tips1
mimics heat and drought stress and encodes a protoxylem-specific transcription factor in maize
Authors: Dong Zhaobin , Xu Zhennan , Xu Ling , Galli Mary , Gallavotti Andrea , Dooner Hugo K. , Chuck George
Published: August 2020

Significance

When water deficits coincide with flowering in maize they result in severe developmental consequences such as leaf wilting, tassel browning, and sterility, a condition known as “tassel blasting.” Due to global warming, tassel blasting is becoming a major problem that can greatly reduce yields.
Necrotic upper tips1
(
nut1
) is a transcription factor that mimics tassel blasting when mutated. We show that NUT1 protein localizes to the developing protoxylem where it activates genes necessary for reinforcing the secondary cell wall, and thus enables these cells to withstand the high negative pressures required for long-distance water movement. Thus,
nut1
or its targets may be promising breeding targets to help maize resist the effects of rising temperatures in the future.
In-cell destabilization of a homodimeric protein complex detected by DEER spectroscopy
Authors: Yang Yin , Chen Shen-Na , Yang Feng , Li Xia-Yan , Feintuch Akiva , Su Xun-Cheng , Goldfarb Daniella
Published: August 2020

Significance

The question how does the intracellular environment affect the structure, dynamics, and stability of a protein and protein–protein interactions has been a center of interest in the context of understanding proteins function in their native environment. We addressed this question by exploring the conformational space and the stability of a homodimeric protein complex in human cells as compared to in dilute buffer solution and cell lysates. We showed that the dimer is destabilized in the cells, which is opposite to the theoretical predictions. Based on complementary in vitro measurements, we suggest that the destabilization originates from a combination of the crowding and shape of the dimer, the higher ionic strength in the cell, and potential attractive chemical interactions.
Optical properties of metasurfaces infiltrated with liquid crystals
Authors: Lininger Andrew , Zhu Alexander Y. , Park Joon-Suh , Palermo Giovanna , Chatterjee Sharmistha , Boyd Jonathan , Capasso Federico , Strangi Giuseppe
Published: August 2020

Significance

Nanostructured metamaterials have been engineered to generate a wide range of optical phenomena, allowing an unprecedented control over the propagation of light. However, they are generally designed as single-purpose devices without a modifiable optical response, which can be a barrier to applications. In this work, we report the nontrivial infiltration of a nanostructured planar silica metalens with nematic liquid crystals. We then demonstrate a measurable change in the metalens optical response after infiltration. Since the orientation-dependent optical properties of liquid crystals can be controlled with external stimuli, this technology could potentially enable dynamic control of the metalens optical response.
An ATP-dependent partner switch links flagellar C-ring assembly with gene expression
Authors: Blagotinsek Vitan , Schwan Meike , Steinchen Wieland , Mrusek Devid , Hook John C. , Rossmann Florian , Freibert Sven A. , Kratzat Hanna , Murat Guillaume , Kressler Dieter , Beckmann Roland , Beeby Morgan , Thormann Kai M. , Bange Gert
Published: August 2020

Significance

Flagella, bacterial organelles of locomotion, appear in a defined number and localization at the bacterial cell surface. The MinD-type ATPase FlhG numerically regulates flagellation patterns through a molecular mechanism only poorly understood. Depending on its ATP-dependent oligomerization state, FlhG interacts either with the C-ring protein FliM during flagellar assembly or with flagellar master regulator FlrA. This partner switch between FliM and FlrA establishes a regulatory network critical for the numerical regulation of flagella, in which the physical assembly of the flagellum transcriptionally feeds back to prevent the production of more building blocks.
Defect tolerant zero-bias topological photocurrent in a ferroelectric semiconductor
Authors: Hatada Hiroki , Nakamura Masao , Sotome Masato , Kaneko Yoshio , Ogawa Naoki , Morimoto Takahiro , Tokura Yoshinori , Kawasaki Masashi
Published: August 2020

Significance

Shift current is a photocurrent emerging in materials lacking inversion symmetry, without any external bias, originating from the change in the geometric Berry connection of electron bands upon optical transition. We experimentally demonstrate for a ferroelectric semiconductor that the shift current is insensitive to the defect density varying by several orders of magnitude. We also reveal by action spectroscopy that the shift current is scarcely disturbed by the surface defects. The robustness of shift current against both interior and surface defects demonstrated in this study is a hallmark of the topological origin of the shift current.
Evasion of MAIT cell recognition by the AfricanSalmonellaTyphimurium ST313 pathovar that causes invasive disease
Authors: Preciado-Llanes Lorena , Aulicino Anna , Canals Rocío , Moynihan Patrick J. , Zhu Xiaojun , Jambo Ndaru , Nyirenda Tonney S. , Kadwala Innocent , Sousa Gerós Ana , Owen Siân V. , Jambo Kondwani C. , Kumwenda Benjamin , Veerapen Natacha , Besra Gurdyal S. , Gordon Melita A. , Hinton Jay C. D. , Napolitani Giorgio , Salio Mariolina , Simmons Alison
Published: August 2020

Significance

NontyphoidalSalmonellaserotypes are a common cause of self-limiting diarrhoeal illnesses in healthy adults. However, recently, a highly invasive multidrug resistantSalmonellaTyphimurium sequence type 313 has emerged as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in children and immunosuppressed individuals. In this paper we describe escape from MAIT cell recognition as an additional mechanism of immune evasion ofS.Typhimurium ST313. As MAIT cells represent an early defense mechanism against pathogens at mucosal surfaces, and their frequency and function are altered in immunosuppressed individuals in sub-Saharan Africa, harnessing their function may offer an important therapeutic strategy to improve mucosal immunity.
A field-based quantitative analysis of sublethal effects of air pollution on pollinators
Authors: Thimmegowda Geetha G. , Mullen Susan , Sottilare Katie , Sharma Ankit , Mohanta Rishika , Brockmann Axel , Dhandapany Perundurai S. , Olsson Shannon B.
Published: August 2020

While the impact of air pollution on human health is well studied, mechanistic impacts of air pollution on wild systems, including those providing essential ecosystem services, are largely unknown, but directly impact our health and well-being. India is the world’s largest fruit producer, second most populous country, and contains 9 of the world’s 10 most polluted cities. Here, we sampled Giant Asian honey bees,
Apis dorsata
, at locations with varying air pollution levels in Bangalore, India. We observed significant correlations between increased respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) deposition and changes in bee survival, flower visitation, heart rate, hemocyte levels, and expression of genes related to lipid metabolism, stress, and immunity. Lab-reared
Drosophila melanogaster
exposed to these same sites also exhibited similar molecular and physiological differences. Our study offers a quantitative analysis on the current impacts of air pollution on insects, and indicates the urgency for more nonhuman studies to accurately assess the effects of pollution on our natural world.
Explaining the homogeneous diffusion of COVID-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions across heterogeneous countries
Authors: Sebhatu Abiel , Wennberg Karl , Arora-Jonsson Stefan , Lindberg Staffan I.
Published: August 2020

Significance

We investigate what drives OECD countries to adopt COVID-19 restrictive policies such as lockdowns and school closures, and find that government policies are strongly driven by the policies initiated in other countries. The level of democracy also matters: While strong democracies are slower to initiate restrictive policies, they are more likely to follow the policies of nearby countries. Following the lead of others rather than making decisions based on the specific situation of the country may have led to countries locking down either too early or too late. Conversely, if countries follow each other when easing restrictive policies or reinitiate such policies, there may be a situation where countries adopt epidemiologically suboptimal policies.
RNA abasic sites in yeast and human cells
Authors: Liu Yaojuan , Rodriguez Yesenia , Ross Robert L. , Zhao Ruoxia , Watts Jason A. , Grunseich Christopher , Bruzel Alan , Li Dongjun , Burdick Joshua T. , Prasad Rajendra , Crouch Robert J. , Limbach Patrick A. , Wilson Samuel H. , Cheung Vivian G.
Published: August 2020

Significance

Missing bases or abasic sites in the DNA were discovered in the 1960s and spawned the field of DNA repair and advanced our understanding of cancer and aging. In contrast, abasic sites in the RNA are not known except for the site in ribosomal RNA induced by the plant poison ricin. Here, we uncover RNA abasic sites in yeast and human cells, which are not as rare as assumed; there are about three abasic sites per million ribonucleotides. We identify a glycosylase that generates RNA abasic sites and an AP endonuclease that processes these sites. Additionally, we showed that RNA abasic sites are coupled to a regulatory nucleic acid structure, known as an R-loop, suggesting their role in RNA processing.
The New Statistics for applied linguistics
Authors: Mulder Gerben
Published: August 2020

The New Statistics is an approach to scholarly research which offers an alternative to the problematic overreliance on significance testing currently plaguing the research literature. This paper describes the problems associated with significance testing and introduces the key concepts of the data-analysis that best fits with the goals of the New Statistics: estimation of effect sizes and confidence intervals. These concepts will be applied in a reanalysis of the summary data from an article that was recently published in this journal. This makes it possible to compare the estimation approach advocated by the New Statistics to the standard significance tests and to discuss potential drawbacks of this approach as a means of gathering quantitative evidence in support of our substantive hypotheses.
The two faces of animacy
Authors: Santazilia Ekaitz
Published: August 2020

As pointed out by Corbett (2006, 2012), animacy manifests itself in the grammar of languages in two ways: as a feature and as a condition for the
realization of other features. In this work I explore this dual behavior by adding further crosslinguistic evidence. I provide
examples affecting number, person, case, and gender, and show that, regarding this distinction, they cannot be analyzed in the
same way. Moreover, I examine more closely the relation between these manifestations of animacy and show that they can operate
simultaneously not only within the same language but also in the same phenomenon. For these cases, I establish a hierarchy between
them that can be crossed with the equally hierarchical relation between the animate/inanimate and the human/nonhuman
distinction.
Contested languages and the denial of linguistic rights in the 21st century
Authors: Tamburelli Marco
Published: August 2020

In this chapter I argue that over-reliance on socio-political criteria (i.e.
Ausbau-centrism) in the linguistic literature is partly responsible for the discrimination to
which speakers of contested languages are subjected at both the social and the institutional level. Further, I argue
that an Ausbau-centred approach also leads to undersplitting of languages (i.e. recognising as few
languages as possible), which is ultimately detrimental to the maintenance of linguistic diversity. I conclude by
suggesting that the introduction of an Abstand-based perspective is necessary if we are to achieve a
taxonomy of “languages” that cuts through socio-cultural biases and that works in favour of language rights and
linguistic diversity.
Contested orthographies
Authors: Miola Emanuele
Published: August 2020

Piedmontese (today mainly spoken in Italy and Argentina) is one of the non-standardized languages
of Italy with the most highly normalized orthographies. Nonetheless, new orthographic reforms and revisions were
proposed in the early 2000s, allegedly in order to reflect the habitual choices of the speech community/ies, which are
fully literate, but only in Italian or in Spanish.

This chapter examines the graphic choices of Piedmontese speakers with no command of the written
language, when posting to Facebook groups in which the use of Piedmontese is possible and/or prescribed.

The data suggests that naïve writers of Piedmontese adhere closely to Standard Italian orthographic
choices when writing Piedmontese, and use a highly restricted range of allographs to represent the more distinctive
phonemes in the Piedmontese sound inventory. Interestingly, these allographs generally diverge from both a strictly
phonemic orthography, and the various orthographies proposed from a ‘top-down’ perspective for Piedmontese. They seem
rather to be consistent with the way in which writers of other non-standardised languages of Italy naïvely represent
phonemes that are not part of the Italian inventory.
Community-based language planning
Authors: Musumeci Andrea
Published: August 2020

In an attempt to design a proposal for sustainable language policies in peripheral communities,
this chapter provides ground for applying a sustainable network of activities related to interdisciplinary,
community-based language planning. Aiming beyond mere language description and documentation, the proposal revolves
around the concepts of community strengthening, land valorisation, and peripheral language use. The discussion is set
in the context of the Italian region of Sicily, though the format could be applicable to other communities around the
world. Considering macro-dynamics such as globalisation and historical change, I provide a description of the region’s
profile from a social and historical perspective, describing a plausible language planning strategy that may also bear
economic impact for the area. Revolving around theatre, local resources, and community involvement, the proposal
embraces social activities and local demands already present in Sicily, with the aim of making the local language less
peripheral within the community itself.
Which Sardinian for education?
Authors: Gobbo Federico , Vardeu Laura
Published: August 2020

According to the UNESCO Atlas, Sardinian is an endangered language, and the debate about its
promotion in Sardinia is lively and passionate (Moseley 2010). In fact,
over the past two generations, the language vitality and vigour of the limba (in Sardinian: language)
have been drastically reduced. Nowadays, youngsters tend to abandon the limba when the literacy process towards
Italian starts in school. The OCSE-PISA 2012 reports that students in Sardinia are among the lowest in literacy within
the Italian state: Bolognesi and Heeringa (2005) argue that youngsters are
losing Sardinian without mastering the Italian language. In order to reverse this language shift, a common written
standard, the Limba Sarda Comuna (LSC) was made official by the local government in 2006. However, the LSC is still
contested: “plastic language”, “Frankenstein monster idiom” are some of the epithets cast against it by the local
press. In this contribution, we show a successful pilot experiment of a concrete application of the
limba at school, that in our opinion could be easily applied on a wider scale in other parts of
Sardinia. In fact, in the academic year 2014–15, three classes in a middle school of Orosei (Nuoro) took part in a
laboratory where the limba was used both orally (local variety) and in written form (LSC, for the
didactic material) following the so-called CLIL approach. Students learned Sardinian history in a Mediterranean and
European perspective, using the LSC in reading and writing. No participant – L2 speakers included – rejected the LSC
for being “artificial”, even though the local variety is approximately 85% similar to the LSC, according to Bolognesi (2007). This pilot experiment shows that a concrete application of
the LSC in schools is possible and desirable. A discussion on how to expand this pilot experiment in different
settings will be provided.
The language ideology of Esperanto
Authors: Gobbo Federico
Published: August 2020

The status of Esperanto, the language launched by Zamenhof in 1887, has been contested since its
beginning. Esperanto became the most relevant of the International Auxiliary Languages (IALs) from a sociolinguistic
perspective, as it successfully survived two World Wars in spite of being explicitly persecuted by Hitler and Stalin,
among others (Lins 2017). The motivations of the pioneers of Esperanto were
put under scrutiny according to the different political context, both across time and place (Forster 1982). Therefore, its language ideology was adapted in order to reduce the level of
contestedness of the language, and this adaptation re-framed the self-perception of its speakers and their attitudes
toward Esperanto itself. For instance, before the Great War in Europe there was a strong connection between the
Esperanto movement and pacifism (Alcalde 2015), while in the 1930s in China
and Japan Esperanto was linked to anarchism and communism (Lins 2008). In
the aftermath of the Second World War, the language ideology deeply changed (Jordan 1987), and the link between Esperanto and linguistic rights became increasingly stronger (Pietiläinen 2010). Nowadays, the new generation of Esperantists is facing
the new challenges of the Digital Era. In particular, there is an ideological convergence with other contested
languages, in particular Regional and Minority Languages, also in the Esperanto speaker’s attitudes (Caligaris 2016; Gobbo and Miola
2016). This chapter aims to illustrate the evolution of the language ideology of Esperanto, in comparison
with other contested languages.
Monocyte-derived macrophages promote breast cancer bone metastasis outgrowth
Authors: Ma Ruo-Yu , Zhang Hui , Li Xue-Feng , Zhang Cheng-Bin , Selli Cigdem , Tagliavini Giulia , Lam Alyson D. , Prost Sandrine , Sims Andrew H. , Hu Hai-Yan , Ying Tianlei , Wang Zhan , Ye Zhaoming , Pollard Jeffrey W. , Qian Bin-Zhi
Published: August 2020

Bone metastasis is the major cause of death in breast cancer. The lack of effective treatment suggests that disease mechanisms are still largely unknown. As a key component of the tumor microenvironment, macrophages promote tumor progression and metastasis. In this study, we found that macrophages are abundant in human and mouse breast cancer bone metastases. Macrophage ablation significantly inhibited bone metastasis growth. Lineage tracking experiments indicated that these macrophages largely derive from Ly6C+CCR2+ inflammatory monocytes. Ablation of the chemokine receptor, CCR2, significantly inhibited bone metastasis outgrowth and prolonged survival. Immunophenotyping identified that bone metastasis–associated macrophages express high levels of CD204 and IL4R. Furthermore, monocyte/macrophage-restricted IL4R ablation significantly inhibited bone metastasis growth, and IL4R null mutant monocytes failed to promote bone metastasis outgrowth. Together, this study identified a subset of monocyte-derived macrophages that promote breast cancer bone metastasis in an IL4R-dependent manner. This suggests that IL4R and macrophage inhibition can have potential therapeutic benefit against breast cancer bone disease.
Gauss–Bonnet–Chern approach to the averaged Universe
Authors: Brunswic Léo , Buchert Thomas
Published: August 2020

The standard model of cosmology with postulated dark energy and dark matter sources may be considered as a fairly successful fitting model to observational data. However, this model leaves the question of the physical origin of these dark components open. Fully relativistic contributions that act like dark energy on large scales and like dark matter on smaller scales can be found through generalization of the standard model by spatially averaging the inhomogeneous Universe within general relativity. The spatially averaged 3 + 1 Einstein equations are effective balance equations that need a closure condition. Heading for closure we here explore topological constraints. Results are straightforwardly obtained for averaged 2 + 1 model universes. For the relevant 3 + 1 case, we employ a method based on the Gauss–Bonnet–Chern theorem generalized to Lorentzian spacetimes and implement a sandwich approach to obtain spatial average properties. The 3 + 1 topological approach supplies us with a new equation linking evolution of scalar invariants of the expansion tensor to the norm of the Weyl tensor. From this we derive general evolution equations for averaged scalar curvature and kinematical backreaction, and we discuss related evolution equations on this level of the hierarchy of averaged equations. We also discuss the relation between topological properties of cosmological manifolds and dynamical topology change, e.g. as resulting from the formation of black holes.
Improvements on perturbative oscillation formulas including non-standard neutrino interactions
Authors: Chaves M E , Gratieri D R , Peres O L G
Published: August 2020

We use perturbation theory to obtain neutrino oscillation probabilities, including the standard mass-mixing paradigm and non-standard neutrino interactions (NSI). The perturbation is made on the standard parameters

Δ

m

21

2

/
Δ

m

31

2

and sin2(θ
13) and on the non-diagonal NSI parameters, but keeps diagonal NSI parameters non-perturbated. We perform the calculation for the channels ν

μ
→ ν

e
and ν

μ
→ ν

μ
. The resulting oscillation formulas are compact and present functional structure similar to the standard oscillation (SO) case. They apply to a wide range in the allowed NSI space of parameters and include the previous results from perturbative approaches as limit cases. Also, we use the compact formulas we found to explain the origin of the degeneracies in the neutrino probabilities in terms of the invariance of amplitude and phase of oscillations. Then we determine analytically the multiple sets of combinations of SO and NSI parameters that result in oscillation probabilities identical to the SO case.
The analysis of results of radon/thoron measurements performed with the use of nuclear track detectors
Authors: Chalupnik Stanislaw
Published: August 2020

Radon has been identified as one of the most important hazards, causing lung cancer. The most important isotope of radon is 222Rn (3.83 d), while thoron 220Rn (55 s) is treated as the less important isotope due to its short half-life. The radon/thoron hazard for people is related to inhalation of their decay products, but usually, only measurements of radon gas are done in dwellings. For such a purpose nuclear track detectors are used in most of the cases. Since several years simultaneous measurements are done to estimate thoron contribution to indoor radon and thoron exposure with the use of track detectors, too. Typically, a set of two detectors are applied and thoron concentrations are calculated on the basis of discriminative calculations. Unfortunately, very often results of these surveys are not accurate due to underestimation of the lower limit of detection (LLD) for thoron in the presence of elevated radon concentrations. Therefore an analysis of thoron LLDs in relationship to radon concentrations is presented.
A new high-precision sphere-fitting method with small segment angles
Authors: Fei Zhigen , Fu Jixiang , Ma Jun , He Wenbin , Xiao Yanqiu
Published: August 2020

Measuring a spherical surface with small segment angle (e.g. 1°) precisely is a big challenge in scientific research and engineering applications. To fit sphere surfaces with small segment angles with high precision, a five-parameter constrained nonlinear least square fitting (CNLSF) method is presented in this work, where an Adam optimization algorithm with a prominent anti-interference ability is employed. We discuss various factors which influence the final uncertainty evaluation of the sphere’s radius. A Monte Carlo simulation is conducted by superimposing Gaussian noise on the ideal spherical data to simulate practical instrument errors, then the relationship between the fitting bias of the sphere’s radius and noise the level, the number of sampling points and the segment angle is investigated by comparing the performance of the linear least square fitting algorithm, the nonlinear least square fitting algorithm and the CNLSF algorithm. Finally, the simulated and experimental results show that the CNLSF method performs more precisely and robustly than the other algorithms, even when the corresponding segment angle approaches 1°, which illustrates that it is a promising and practical method in the real measurement world.
Age-related changes in pulse risetime measured by multi-site photoplethysmography
Authors: Allen John , O’Sullivan John , Stansby Gerard , Murray Alan
Published: August 2020

Objective: It is accepted that changes in the peripheral pulse waveform characteristics occur with ageing. Pulse risetime is one important feature which has clinical value. However, it is unclear how it varies across the full age spectrum from child to senior and for different peripheral measurement sites. The objectives of this study were to determine the association between age and pulse risetime characteristics over an 8-decade age range at the ears, fingers, and toes, and to consider effects arising from differences in systolic blood pressure (SBP), height and heart rate. Approach: Multi-site photoplethysmography (MPPG) pulse waveforms were recorded non-invasively from the right and left ears, fingers, and toes of 304 normal healthy human subjects (range 6–87 years; 156 male and 148 female). SBP, height, and heart rate were also measured. Multi-site PPG pulse risetimes, and their site differences, were determined. Main results: Univariate regression analysis showed positive correlations with risetime for age (ears, fingers and toes: + 0.8, + 1.9, and + 1.1 ms/year, respectively), SBP (+0.5, + 1.3, and + 0.9 ms/mmHg) and height (+0.5, + 1.2, and + 1.0 ms/cm), but with a clear inverse association with heart rate (−1.8, − 2.5, and − 1.6 ms min) (P < 0.0001). No significant differences between male and female subjects were found for pulse risetime. Significance: Normative multi-site PPG risetime characteristics have been defined in over 300 subjects and are shown to increase with age linearly up to the 8th decade. In contrast, we have shown that heart rate has a clear inverse relationship with risetime for all measurement sites.
A new benchmark problem for electromagnetic modelling of superconductors: the high-T
c superconducting dynamo
Authors: Ainslie Mark , Grilli Francesco , Quéval Loïc , Pardo Enric , Perez-Mendez Fernando , Mataira Ratu , Morandi Antonio , Ghabeli Asef , Bumby Chris , Brambilla Roberto
Published: August 2020

The high-T
c superconducting (HTS) dynamo is a promising device that can inject large DC supercurrents into a closed superconducting circuit. This is particularly attractive to energise HTS coils in NMR/MRI magnets and superconducting rotating machines without the need for connection to a power supply via current leads. It is only very recently that quantitatively accurate, predictive models have been developed which are capable of analysing HTS dynamos and explain their underlying physical mechanism. In this work, we propose to use the HTS dynamo as a new benchmark problem for the HTS modelling community. The benchmark geometry consists of a permanent magnet rotating past a stationary HTS coated-conductor wire in the open-circuit configuration, assuming for simplicity the 2D (infinitely long) case. Despite this geometric simplicity the solution is complex, comprising time-varying spatially-inhomogeneous currents and fields throughout the superconducting volume. In this work, this benchmark problem has been implemented using several different methods, including H-formulation-based methods, coupled H-A and T-A formulations, the Minimum Electromagnetic Entropy Production method, and integral equation and volume integral equation-based equivalent circuit methods. Each of these approaches show excellent qualitative and quantitative agreement for the open-circuit equivalent instantaneous voltage and the cumulative time-averaged equivalent voltage, as well as the current density and electric field distributions within the HTS wire at key positions during the magnet transit. Finally, a critical analysis and comparison of each of the modelling frameworks is presented, based on the following key metrics: number of mesh elements in the HTS wire, total number of mesh elements in the model, number of degrees of freedom, tolerance settings and the approximate time taken per cycle for each model. This benchmark and the results contained herein provide researchers with a suitable framework to validate, compare and optimise their own methods for modelling the HTS dynamo.
Heavy flavor quenching and flow: the roles of initial condition, pre-equilibrium evolution, and in-medium interaction *
Authors: Li Shu-Qing , Xing Wen-Jing , Liu Feng-Lei , Cao Shanshan , Qin Guang-You
Published: August 2020

Within an advanced Langevin-hydrodynamics framework coupled to a hybrid fragmentation-coalescence hadronization model, we study heavy flavor quenching and flow in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We investigate how the initial heavy quark spectrum, the in-medium energy loss and hadronization mechanisms of heavy quarks, the evolution profile of the pre-equilibrium stage, the medium flow, and the temperature dependence of heavy quark diffusion coefficients influence the suppression and elliptic flow of heavy mesons at the RHIC and the LHC. Our results show that the different modeling of initial conditions, pre-equilibrium evolution, and in-medium interactions can individually yield uncertainties of approximately 10-40% in D meson suppression and flow at a low transverse momentum. We also find that proper combinations of collisional versus radiative energy loss, coalescence versus fragmentation in hadronization, and the inclusion of medium flow are the most important factors for describing the suppression and elliptic flow of heavy mesons.
Orientation dichroism effect of proton scattering on deformed nuclei *
Authors: Ou Li , Xiao Zhi-Gang
Published: August 2020

Proton-induced scattering of 238U nuclei, with spheroidal deformations at beam energies above 100 MeV, is simulated using an improved quantum molecular dynamics model. The angular distribution of the deflected protons is highly sensitive to the orientation of the symmetrical long axis of the target nuclei with respect to the beam direction. As a result, in reverse kinematic reactions, an orientation dichroism effect is predicted, implying that the absorption rate of the 238U beam by a proton target discerns between the parallel and perpendicular orientations of the deformed 238U nuclei.
Impact of sugar factory pollutants on the insulators’ impurity
Authors: Sanjaya A M , Aripriharta A , Afandi A N , Fadlika I , Laya F R
Published: August 2020

This paper presents the impact of pollutants on the impurity of substation insulator around the sugar factory. We have conducted experiment and calculated the equivalent salt deposit density (ESDD) to determine pollutant’s level, which measure the conductivity of pollutants in insulators. Then synchronized with the weight of NaCl, so the conductivity is the same as the conductivity of pollutants. The results of experimental data from pollutants attached to the polymer isolator are in the medium category, with a value of 0.37 mg/cm2.
Renewable energy awareness in Vocational engineering high school students
Authors: Alfina F T , Pambudi N A , Biddinika M K , Widiastuti I , Rachmawati Y
Published: August 2020

The availability of ready-to-work human resources in the industry is key to successful industrialization in the renewable energy field. Although Indonesia has some potential renewable energy. One obstacle is the lack of industries that develop renewable energy, which is also not supported by the readiness of human resources to work. Indonesia has large renewable energy potential, but its utilization is minimal. Another obstacle is the lack of human resources capable of developing renewable energy. In order to achieve maximum renewable energy, efforts need to be put in place to improve the quality of human resources. This is where education comes into play and performs an active role in increasing the awareness and need for renewable energy. Furthermore, good and unique social-technical education and vocational school is a place to start the development of an individual’s awareness of renewable energy. A survival renewal source of energy is distributed to 82 respondents from different education, class, and levels. Respondents consist of students from the Mechanical Engineering Education Department of Engineering machinery and vocational techniques. This study will be one of the references in determining the direction of national policy, especially education in the field of development of renewable energy in Indonesia.
Catalytic effect of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) on the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of Tetraselmis chuii microalgae during the pyrolysis
Authors: Widiono A E , Sukarni S , Wulandari R , Puspitasari P , Permanasari A A , Prasetiyo A
Published: August 2020

The catalytic effect of TiO2 during the pyrolysis of Tetraselmis chuii (T.chuii) microalgae was studied using a thermal analyzer. Pyrolysis experiment was occupied on the sample that was a mixture of 10 mg microalgae and 5% TiO2 and the result was compared with microalgae and microalgae with 3% TiO2. The presence of 5% TiO2 into the microalgae affected decreasing the initial and final temperatures of degradation by approximately 17 °C (at Stage 2) and 35 °C (at Stage 3) respectively. The activation energy that was evaluated using the Coats-Redfern method for Stage 2 indicated the decreasing value of around 18.39 kJ/mol and increases in Stage 3 by 3.27 kJ/mol. The overall results indicated that addition of TiO2 has significantly influenced the conversion process of T. chuii microalgae.
Effect of redox gradients on Cu and Zn concentrations in water of Blanakan River, West Java
Authors: Takarina N D
Published: August 2020

Metal concentrations in water threat adjacent ecosystems due to the potential of metal mobilization and the subsequent uptake into water. Here, contents of heavy metals Cu and Zn were determined for river waters. We used factorial analysis (FA) to determine the metal contents in relation to environmental factors such as redox potential (Eh), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, salinity, temperature and turbidity in the Blanakan river. The Zn was ranging from 0.44 to 2.13 mg/L. The FA categorized Zn with salinity and temperature. Meanwhile, the Cu was ranging from 0.02 to 0.05 mg/L. The FA categorized Cu with Eh, turbidity, DO and pH. Such discrepancy in metal concentrations highlighted that redox gradient has more effects on Cu than Zn. Respectively, decrease of Eh from -38 to -41 mV can increase the Cu up to 0.05 mg/L. Correlation of Eh with Cu contents indicating that Cu was influenced by terrestrial inputs. Conversely, correlation of temperature and salinity with Zn contents indicating that Zn was influenced by aquatic inputs.
Problems and restoration of cascade Mahakam Lakes in the climate change perspective
Authors: Mislan  , Anwar Y
Published: August 2020

Cascade Mahakam Lake (CML) have function as a flood retention area, a freshwater fishery center, and settlements. Problems in CML include damage to catchment areas, reduced biodiversity, fisheries productivity, and decreased water quality. Climate change is believed to have an impact on increasing pressure on the ecosystem and problems on the CML. This research aims to deals with the problems and needs of restoration from the perspective of climate change. Rainfall, water level, and water quality data were obtained from secondary data, while the problems of flooding, drought, declining fisheries productivity, and environmental health as a result of climate change are obtained from field observations and interviews with communities in CML. The results showed that annual rainfall in the CML area tended to increase, fluctuations in water level during floods and very high tide with uncertain cycles, conditions of flooding and drought were difficult to predict, and trend water quality declined. These conditions reduce the ability of the community in aquaculture and agriculture, flooding and drought adaptation, providing clean water and increasing weed. Restoration of CML areas ware urgently needed, include rehabilitation of catchment areas, increasing aquatic vegetation, reducing pollutant sources, maintaining biodiversity and increasing fisheries productivity. The implementation of Restoration CML faces obstacles such as had not yet been established management plans, lake boundaries, lack of information and monitoring of lake conditions, community empowerment, and disaster risk reduction activities.
Distribution pattern of Gunung Sewu karst doline water utilization: a case study of doline in Semanu and Ponjong Sub Subdistrict, Gunungkidul Regency)
Authors: Reynaldi D T , Damayanti A , Taqyuddin
Published: August 2020

Gunungkidul Regency is part of the Gunung Sewu karst mega system, which has diverse morphology. The karst landscape has its uniqueness to the geohydrological system, which makes it difficult for people to use underground water. Consequently, people are more likely to use surface water. The presence of surface water is significant for the community to meet their water needs. Doline is one of the surface water resources in the karst region, which plays an essential role in meeting the water needs of the surrounding community. Semanu and Ponjong Sub Subdistricts in Gunungkidul Regency have surface water resources in the form of the doline. The purpose of this study is to determine the distribution pattern of doline water utilization based on altitude, slope, and characteristics of the doline. The variables used are doline location, land use, elevation, slope, and doline morphometry. Data were obtained from relevant agencies and field surveys. The approach method used was the spatial pattern to analyze the distribution pattern of doline water utilization. The types of doline water utilization in the research area consists of agricultural irrigation use and for domestic needs. Doline distribution in the study area has a clustering pattern. The water utilization pattern for agricultural irrigation tends to be towards the west and south of the doline. The water utilization for domestic and community consumption has a random pattern. Doline morphometry does not affect the variation of doline water utilization patterns. Meanwhile, the altitude and slope at the doline location result in a variety of the doline water utilization in the study area. The higher the doline location and the bigger the slope, then the more various usage of doline water will be.
Paleolimnology analysis: the reconstruction of Lake Maninjau with pollen as the proxy
Authors: Widyani K , Ridwansyah I , Syahrulyati T
Published: August 2020

Lake Maninjau is a lake formed due to volcanic processes. Located in Agam Regency, West Sumatra Province, the detail of lake genesis remains a debate among experts. The study of paleolimnology to the reconstruction of Lake Maninjau based palynomorph aims to find out how climate change is happening at Lake Maninjau after the formation of the lake as well as how environmental change suck as land use in the area around the lake. Using lake sediment samples, this research will address the specific reconstruction of the lake using pollen as the proxy. Based on the result of the study showed that 150 years ago, Lake Maninjau had a dry climate with climate change become humid 20 years later. Changes from warm to humid climate from 150 years ago can be seen from the growth of vegetation in wetlands, swamps to the mountain rain forest.
Ammonia toxicity to endemic fish (Rasbora maninjau) of Lake Maninjau as a reference for water quality guidelines
Authors: Yoga G P , Samir O
Published: August 2020

Unionized ammonia (NH3) is highly toxic to freshwater organisms. Yet, most of the available toxicity data on NH3 were predominantly generated from temperate regions, while toxicity data on NH3 derived from tropical species were limited. Bada (Rasbora maninjau) as an endemic fish in Lake Maninjau-West Sumatra, has an important economic value for local communities. They live in clearwater with sand to gravel lake/river beds. The catch of R. maninjau is decreasing along with the decline of the water quality. Nowadays, the water quality of Lake Maninjau is declining as the effect of organic wastes from domestic sources and floating cage aquaculture. Therefore, the information about toxicity of ammonia in fish is important as a management tool for fish conservation. This research was aimed to find the LC50 value of ammonia in R. maninjau. A static acute toxicity test was conducted for 96 hours. Mortality was recorded for calculating LC50-96h, No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) and Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC). Values of LC50-96h, NOEC and LOEC were 29.92 mg/L TAN or 0.7 mg/L NH3, 27 mg/L TAN or 0.63 mg/L NH3, and 38 mg/L TAN or 0.89 mg/L NH3, respectively. Maximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentration (MATC) of ammonia to Bada was 32 mg/l TAN or 0.59 mg/l NH3. The acute toxicity result showed that ammonia concentration affects the mortality of R manijau for 96 hours. The information about ammonia toxicity data will be used as a water quality guideline in Lake Maninjau.
Relationship between the surface sediment substrate characteristic with the abundance of macrozoobenthos in River Ranggeh, West of Sumatra
Authors: Aisyah S , Soedarso J , Satya A , Syawal M S
Published: August 2020

The bottom substrate is one of the main ecological factors that influence the structure of the aquatic organism. Macrozoobenthos are the organisms living either in the bottom waters or the bottom surface of the waters. The presence of macrozoobenthos in the water is strongly influenced by various environmental factors such as temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and substrate of the bottom water. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of the physico-chemical of waters and the substrate bottom of River Ranggeh, as well as their relationship to macrozoobenthos abundance. Samples were taken in 2019 for five times (February, March, April, July, and August). Survey method was used in this study. Purposive random sampling was carried out at four stations based on the environmental factors and land use. Insect class was the most dominant class found at all study area with the diversity index value of H’> 1 (high diversity). Type of the bottom substrate of River Ranggeh is argillaceous sand with high organic carbon concentration values. The results of the Canonical Correspondence Analysis showed that the abundance of macrozoobenthos was positively correlated with temperature, TSS, P-organic and C-organic, but it was negatively correlated with pH, water flow, DO, Total N, and substrate type.
Phytotechnology for eutrophic waters: ecological approach to increase benefits. A review
Authors: Chrismadha T
Published: August 2020

Phytotechnology utilizes plants as a strategic tool for resolving various environmental problems. One major problem of the lake in Indonesia is floating cage aquaculture practices that produce organic contamination which leads to water eutrophication. As a producer, plants play a central role in material and energy transfer in ecosystems, utilizing solar energy to perform photosynthesis and converting nutrients into biomass, which can be very useful for any purpose. A suitable plant can play phytoremediation function, while at the same time could produce biomass for feeding. Research by Research Centre for Limnology (RCL), Indonesian Institute of Sciences, using eutrophic lake water to grow minute duckweed (Lemna perpusilla Torr) has shown that the plant was able to grow while absorbing nutrients from the water. At the same time, cultivating the plant in an enclosed recirculated water pond enhanced double functions of water phytoremediation and biomass production for feed. It is also environmentally sound, as it could save water as much as 85 % as well as producing oxygen and uptake carbon dioxide, while the produced biomass can be used for additional feed to increase the pond productivity and efficiency. This study showed that phytotechnology is a reliable tool to remediate lake water eutrophication.