bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vocabulary acquisition: acquiring depth of knowledge through network building
Authors: Haastrup Kirsten , Henriksen Birgit
Published: April 2007

Lexical progression involves a process of network building whereby learners acquire depth of lexical knowledge. This includes the knowledge of a word's different sense relations, paradigmatic as well as syntagmatic, to other words. The focus of this article is a longitudinal study of young foreign language learners’acquisition of English adjectives. A series of tasks were developed to tap lexical relations between adjectives of emotion, e.g. the paradigmatic relations of synonymy and gradation, in order to study how a particular adjective such as thrilled finds its place among other near‐synonymous expressions in the subfield HAPPY. Data were collected over a three‐year period, so it was possible to study learner performance over time as well as across tasks. Findings revealed that network building is an extremely slow process and that some subfields are much more difficult than others. With the help of qualitative analyses, an account is given of the way in which particular adjectives become enmeshed – or fail to become enmeshed – in the meaning network of related words in the lexical field.
Linearity in rhetorical organisation: a comparative cross‐cultural analysis of newstext from the People's Republic of China and Australia
Authors: Ramsay Guy
Published: April 2007

Second or foreign language teachers would be familiar with student comments such as, “I can't follow what they're saying!”, “What are they getting at?”, or “What's their point?”, particularly when reading L2 texts of considerable length. This paper seeks to address the issues premised by such comments made by L2 learners of Modern Standard Chinese, within the rubric of contrastive rhetoric studies. Such studies to date have produced equivocal evidence of variation in rhetorical organisation across culturo‐linguistic groups. In order to contribute to this continuing debate, this study employs the Rhetorical Structure Theory analytic framework to produce pictorial representations of lengthy Chinese and Australian news journal text. Results obtained clearly demonstrate the feasibility of using the RST framework in this kind of analysis. While the small size of the newstext corpus severely limits the generality of other findings, they give tentative support to the contrastive rhetoric hypothesis. Pedagogical implications include the benefits of promoting awareness of such cross‐cultural variation within the L2 classroom.
TAHRIF OR THE ALTERATION OF THE BIBLE ACCORDING TO THE MOSLEMS Abbreviated and Translated from the Bessarione, xxvi, 1922
Authors: Ananikian M. H.
Published: April 2007

We are glad to be able to give this extract from an excellent and instructive article by the kind permission of the author Monsignor Ignazio de Matteo. Editor.
ISLAM AND CHRISTIANITY IN GUNTUR
Authors: Graefe J. E.
Published: April 2007

This careful study pf the Mohammedan forces in the Guntur District, South India, appeared in the Gospel Witness, a magazine published by the Lutheran Mission. As a study in comparative religion it iS illuminatng.‐Ed.
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KORAN TEXTS AND TRANSLATIONS1
Authors: Jr Woolworth Sage
Published: April 2007

This list, although so carefully prepared, is necessarily still incomplete and subject to revision and additions. The writer gives twenty‐seven Arabic printed texts; seven Arabic selections; nine English translations; eleven English translations, selections; six French translations; four French translations, selections; thirteen German translations; six German translations, selections; five Latin translations; three Latin translations, selections; one Hungarian translation; one Czech translation; five Dutch translations; one Greek translation; one Hebrew translation; one Hindi translation; one Hindustani translation; four Italian translations; three Persian translations; one Polish translation; one Russian translation; one Spanish translation; two Swedish translations; one Turkish translation; three Urdu translations. The total number of texts and translations here listed is one hundred and eighteen.

For additional information and facsimiles of some Oriental versions see The Moslem World Vol. V. pp. 244‐261. Editor.
VALUES IN CHRISTIANITY
Authors: Gairdner W. H. T.
Published: April 2007

[This is the second part of the invaluable paper prepared by the late Canon W. H. T. Gairdner for the Jerusalem meeting of the International Missionary Council and is printed by special permission. The title of the paper was “Christianity and Islam” and it was the first in a series of studies on the Christian Life and Message in Relation to Non‐Christian Systems. In addition to this paper on Islam, the Report Volume will also contain a report of the discussion in the Jerusalem Meeting and the Finding of the Sectional Meeting on Christianity and Islam, as well as the Findings on the Christian Message adopted by the full Council. There will k in the same volume papers and reports of discussions on other non‐Christian religious and systems.–EDITOR.]
AL‐SHAFI'I (MUHAMMAD IBN IDRIS) FOUNDER OF A LAW SCHOOL
Authors: BISHOP ERIC E. F.
Published: April 2007

The following was given as one of a course of lectures delivered in the Newman School of Missions, Jerusalem. It appears here as it was given but with a few minor changes. The great debt, verbal and otherwise, to Dr. Macdonald will be obvious to anyone familiar with his book on “Muslim Theology, Jurisprudence and Constitutional Theory.” The anecdotes are mostly taken from the Encyclopedia of Islam and Yaqut's Dictionary of learned men, edited by Dr. Margoliouth.)
THE SINLESSNESS OF JESUS
Authors: Garvie Alfred E.
Published: April 2007

This article meets some of the recent attacks of the Moslem Ahmadia press, and shows that scholarship is on the side of orthodox Islam and historic Christianity in its affirmation of the sinlessness of Jesus, according to all the records of the Gospel.—Editor.
WAS MUHAMMAD A PROPHET FROM HIS INFANCY?
Authors: Jeffery A.
Published: April 2007

In this and the following article, the spelling used by the authors has been purposely retained.— Ed.
FROM THE VINEYARD OF ATTAINMENT
Authors: MacCallum F. Lyman
Published: April 2007

[Yakup Kadri Bey, author of the following elegy, is one of the leading modem Turkish authors. Early in life he is believed to have had close relations with the Bektashi order of Dervishes in the vicinity of his home near Smyrna About eight years ago he published a book, “Nur Baba” in which he claims to revcal the darker side of life in the Bektashi monasteries. “Sodom and Gomorrah”, his most recent book, performs the same grimy service for the Allied A m y of Occupation, which spent an uneasy four years in Constantinople. His little book, “From the Vineyard of Attainment”, consists of a dozen such entreaties as the foIIowing, in all of which the disillusion and pessimism of the Bektashi finds beautiful and poignant expression. Those who have attained to a true knowledge of, or come into union with God, have reached the Vineyard of Attainment.—Translator.]
THE RELATION OF THE AGGADA TO ISLAMIC LEGENDS
Authors: Heller. Bernhard
Published: April 2007

[By special permission of Dr. Cyrus Adler, Editor of The Jewish Quarterly Review, we reproduce a portion of the extensive review of Ginzberg's “Legends of the Jews” written by Dr. Bernhard Heller of Budapest for that Quarterly (April, 1934).

An important work on the subject has recently appeared by D. Sidersky, Les Origines des Légendes musulmanes dans le Coran et dans la Vie des Prophètes, Paris, 1933. Our readers who desire to follow this interesting discussion will find additional references in the footnotes and in the Quarterly mentioned. The references in the text are to the larger work of Ginzberg. Editor].
THE QUALITIES OF THE PLANETS ASTROLOGY IN ISLAM
Authors: Donaldson. Dwight M.
Published: April 2007

Translated from the Nafā'is al‐funūn fi‘arā’is al‐‘uyūn, an encyclopaedia of Muslim arts and sciences, which was written early in the fourteenth century by Muhammad ibn Mahmūd al‐Āmili, lith. Teheran, 1898, vol. 2, pp. 176 ff.
“THE GLORY THAT EXCELLETH”1
Authors: Shaheeda
Published: April 2007

IN SOVIET PRISONS
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Robson James , Khadduri Majid , Elwell‐Sutton L. P. , Baly Denis
Published: April 2007

Book Reviews in This Article:

The Life of Muhammad. A translation of Ibn Ishāq's Sirat Rasǔl Allāh by A. Guillaume.

Jews and Arabs. By S. D. Goitein.

The Middle East, Oil and the Great Powers. By Benjamin Shwadran.

Dynamite in the Middle East. by Khalil Totah.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Ziadeh Farhat , Latham Edward , Rosenstock‐Huessy Eugen , Ettinghausen Richard , Aurbakken Hans L. , Kingsbury John K. , Young T. Cuyler , Spencer William , Calverley Eleanor T. , Elder E. E.
Published: April 2007

Book Reviews in This Article:

Islamic Law in Africa, by J. N. D. Anderson.

The United States and the Arab World 1945–1952. By Mohammed Shafi Agwani.

Mohammed and Charlemagne. By Henri Pirenne.

Islamic Architects and their Works. By L. A. Mayer.

Les Mardis de Dar El Salam Published under the direction of Louis Massignon, Librairie Philosophique, J. Vrin.

A History of Turkey: From Empire to Republic. By M. Phillips.

Iran, Past and Present. By Donald N. Wilber.

The Lycian Shore. By Freya Stark.

Kuwait Was My Home. By Zahra Freeth.

Islam in Africa and the Near East. Compiled by S. M. Ahmad.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Key Kerim K. , Cleland W. Wendell , Pickens Elisabeth , Lewis William H. , Ross Floyd H. , Goodsell Fred Field , Bishop Eric. F. F. , Baker Eric , Issawi Charles , Anderson J. N. D. , Shepard Flola L. , Bishop Eric F. F. , Cragg Kenneth
Published: April 2007

Book Reviews in This Article:

Turkism and the Soviets. By Charles W. Hostler.

Bureaucracy and Society in Modern Egypt. By Morroe Berger.

Expédition en Arabie Centrale. By Philippe Lippens.

Moroccan Drama: 1900 – 1955. By Rom Landau.

Avlcenna Commemoration Volume.

A Turkish – English Dictionary. By H. C. Hony.

The Names of Lebanese Cities and Villages with an Interpretation of their meaning: A Linguistic Study. By Anis Fraiha.

City of Beirut: A Socio – Economic Survey.

Ibn Khaldun's Philosophy of History. By Muhsin Mahdi.

The Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act. 1939. By K. N. Ahmed.

Étude Descriptive et Comparative du Gafat (Ethiopien méridional). By Wolf Leslau.

Islam and the West. Proceedings of the Harvard Summer School Conference on the Middle East, July 25–27, 1955. Edited by Richard N. Frye.

The Holy Qurān, Arabic text and translation. By the late Maulawi Sher Ali.
Book Reviews
Authors: Jamal K. S. S. , Boullata Issa J. , Bishop Eric F. F. , Marmura Michael E. , Liebesny Herbert J. , Fitzgerald M. L. , Speight R. Marston , Heggoy Alf Andrew , von Sivers Peter , von Sivers Peter
Published: April 2007

Book reviewed in this article:

The Crisis of the Arab Intellectual: Traditionalism or Historicism? By Abdallah Laroui

The Muslim Mind. By Charis Waddy

The Ethics of al‐Ghazali: A Composite Ethics in Islam. By Muhammad Abul Quassem

Studies in Old Ottoman Criminal Law. By Uriel Heyd. Edited by V. L. Ménage

The Muslim Filipinos. Their History, Society and Contemporary Problems. Edited by Peter G. Gowing and Robert D. McAmis.

Tunisie du Sud: Ksars et Villages de Crětes. By André Louis. Preface by H. E. Habib Bourguiba

The Surrogate Proletariat: Moslem Women and Revolutionary Strategies in Soviet Central Asia: 1919–1929. By Gregory J. Massell

Zur Soziologie der Dekolonisation in Afrika (On the Sociology of Decolonization in Africa). Edited by Gerhard Grohs and Bassam Tibi

Militär und Sozialismus in der Dritten Welt (Military and Socialism in the Third World). By Bassam Tibi
VOLATILE NITROSAMINES IN SOME TRADITIONAL SOUTHERN CHINESE FOOD PRODUCTS
Authors: HUANG DOLLY P. , HO JOHN H. C. , GOUGH TERRY A. , WEBB KENNETH S.
Published: April 2007

Previous epidemiological studies of nasopharyngeal carcinoma suggest that traditional food items, particularly salted fish, consumed by southern Chinese may play a role in the cause of the high frequency of the disease among them. We report here the results of an analysis by combined gas chromatography and high resolution mass spectrometry of six types of salted fish and ten other items of traditional southern Chinese salted food products for the presence of volatile nitrosamines. Only N‐nitroso‐dimethylamine (NDMA) was detected in some of the samples of salted fish examined. No volatile nitrosamine other than those added as internal standards was detected in any of the others.
THE EFFECT OF FUMIGANTS ON FOOD QUALITY
Authors: PLIMMER JACK R.
Published: April 2007

Fumigants are used to prevent pest infestations in food and other stored commodities. The quality of the commodity may be affected by fumigant treatment in several ways. Residues of unchanged fumigant may remain in the commodity. Reaction of the individual chemical components of the commodity with the fumigant may alter its chemical or physical properties, thus resulting in changes in flavor, taste, odor, nutritional value or processing qualities. Methyl bromide, ethylene dibromide, ethylene dichloride, carbon tetrachloride, phosphine and ethylene oxide are the major fumigants used for treatment of grains, vegetables and fruits. Their effects on food quality and the significance of residues in treated commodities are reviewed.
TOXICITY OF PURE HEXACHLOROBENZENE AND HCB‐CONTAMINATED PORK TO CATS
Authors: HANSEN LARRY G. , SCHAFER RONALD F. , WHITE VALARIE A. , HOFFMAN WALTER E.
Published: April 2007

Swine were fed a diet containing hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in order to generate contaminated pork which was subsequently cooked and fed to female cats. Feeding the fresh weight equivalent of 50 g cooked pork/day/cat (1 < mg HCB/kg/day) caused marginal weight loss. Oral dosing with 10 mg/kg/day purified HCB resulted in significant weight loss, mild anemia, neutropenia and hepatomegaly. Using the residue of HCB accumulating in the cat adipose tissue as the criterion, the low doses in the pork were absorbed and retained about five times more effectively than the larger oral bolus.
PHYSIOLOGICAL DISPOSITION, SUBCELLULAR DISTRIBUTION AND TISSUE BINDING OF α‐CHACONINE (3H)12
Authors: ALOZIE SYDNEY O. , SHARMA RAGHUBIR P. , SALUNKHE DATTAJIRAO K.
Published: April 2007

The distribution, absorption, metabolism and tissue binding of radioactivity were studied in hamsters after oral and intraperitoneal administration of α‐chaconine‐(3H). The material was well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and nearly 25% of the label was excreted in 7 days via urine and feces. The excretion was higher in urine (24%) than in feces (1%). Tissue concentrations of radioactivity peaked at 12 h following po administration, with the highest concentrations being in lungs, liver, spleen, skeletal muscle, kidney and pancreas, with heart and brain containing moderate amounts. Excretion of chloroform‐soluble products in the feces was 100 higher than that of chloroform‐insoluble metabolites after oral and ip administration. In urine, the activity was predominantly in the chloroform‐insoluble form and the chloroform‐soluble metabolites were relatively small in amounts (0.29, 0.85 and 2.45% versus 0.0, 0.14 and 0.19 for 12, 24 and 72 h, respectively). After 7 days, the chloroform‐soluble metabolites in urine increased to 20% of the excreted radioactivity, while the amount of chloroform‐insoluble metabolites was less than 1%. Subcellular distribution of the labeled compound indicated the highest concentration of radioactivity in the nuclear and microsomal fractions of brain, liver, and heart tissues. Binding of radioactivity was observed in brain, testes, kidney, lung, liver and heart. All of the label in brain appeared to be in bound form. The results indicated that α‐chaconine which is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration persists in various tissues, much of it in bound (nonextractable) form (in microsomal fraction).
NITROSAMINES IN ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES
Authors: SEN NRISINHA P. , SEAMAN STEPHEN , McPHERSON MARCIA
Published: April 2007

A limited survey was carried out to determine the nitrosamine content of several varieties of alcoholic beverages (beer and ale, whiskey, wine, cider, etc.) sold in Canada. Of 22 samples of different beers and ales analyzed all but one contained traces of dimethylnitrosamine; the overall mean level found was 1.5 ppb. Only one Canadian rye and one Scotch whiskey out of a total of 13 samples contained traces of either dimethylnitrosamine or diethylnitrosamine. All the 8 wines and 7 cider samples were negative.
PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN THE TOTAL DIET IN CANADA, V: 1976 TO 1978
Authors: McLEOD HARRY A. , SMITH DOROTHY C. , BLUMAN NATHAN
Published: April 2007

Foods, representative of Canadian eating habits as determined by a national nutritional survey were prepared for eating, categorized, and blended into eleven different groups or composites representing the dietary intake for each of five geographical regions. Portions were analyzed for pesticides, their derivatives and some industrial contaminants. Twenty‐four different residues representing organochlorine, organophosphorus, sulfur, nitroaniline, phthalonitrile and carbamate compounds were detected. Compounds reported for the first time are chlordane, methidathion, phosalone, toxaphene, chlorthalonil, dichloran, quintozene, sulfur, chlorpropham and PCB. Data are presented to show residue levels in different food composites, on a regional and seasonal basis. The average daily dietary intake is compared to previous survey data and indicates a general reduction in levels of organochlorine pesticides. All residues detected were within the FAO/WHO proposed acceptable daily intakes.
UPTAKE AND METABOLISM OF 1,3‐DICHLOROPROPENE IN PLANTS1
Authors: BERRY D. L. , CAMPBELL W. F. , STREET J. C. , SALUNKHE D. K.
Published: April 2007

Bush beans, carrots and tomatoes were shown to absorb 1,3‐dichloro‐propene from vermiculite, solution culture and sand. The dichloropro‐pene was translocated and metabolized rapidly in the plant to 3‐chloroallyl alcohol. The 3‐chloroallyl alcohol itself is similarly absorbed by these plants. Subsequent metabolism involved transformation to 3‐chloro‐1‐propanol and 3‐chloroacrylic acid enroute to a central metabolite and eventual incorporation into normal plant products. The dichloropropene isomers and chloroallyl alcohol had short half‐lives in the plant and were not measurable by 120 h after initial administration of these compounds to the plant. The plant residues appear to be of no environmental concern.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AFLATOXIN B2a‐HEMIGLUTARATE AND ITS USE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODY AGAINST AFLATOXIN B1
Authors: LAU H. P. , GAUR P. K. , CHU F. S.
Published: April 2007

Hemisuccinate (HS) and hemiglutarate (HG) of aflatoxin B2a (afla B2a) were prepared by refluxing afla B2a with the corresponding anhydride and 4‐N, N‐dimethylaminopyridine in tetrahydrofuran. Two epimers of the respective HS or HG which show different chromatographic behavior and physiochemical properties were isolated and characterized. Afla B2a‐HS hydrolyzes very rapidly in aqueous solution and was not used for further study. Afla B2a‐HG hydrolyzes at a much slower rate and was selected for the coupling to protein. Using the mixed anhydride method, as much as 12 moles of afla B2a‐HG were conjugated to each mole of bovine serum albumin (BSA). The antibody obtained from rabbits immunized with afla B2a‐HG BSA is most specific to afla B1 and shows little cross reaction with afla G1 and aflatoxicol. The lower limit for detection of afla B1 by radioimmunoassay using this antibody is in the range of 30–50 pg per assay.
TOXICITY OF SELECTED COMPOUNDS FOUND IN THE SECRETION OF TENEBRIONID FLOUR BEETLES12
Authors: OMAYE STANLEY T. , WIRTZ ROBERT A. , FRUIN JOHN T.
Published: April 2007

The acute oral LD 5 0 for a single administration of p‐benzoquinone, 2‐methyl‐1, 4‐ benzoquinone, or 2‐ethyl‐1, 4‐benzoquinone was: 165, 145, or 205 mg/kg, respectively in the male rat. Analysis of the dose percent lines for p‐benzoquinone and substituted p‐benzoquinones demonstrated that the curves did not deviate significantly (P > 0.05) from parallelism within this study. 2‐Methyl‐1,4‐benzoquinone was 0.4 times more potent than 2‐ethy1, 4‐benzoquinone. Subjective evaluation based on animal observations suggest that the quinones exert toxicity by respiratory impairment. The acute oral toxicity of a single dose of 1‐pentadecene was estimated to be greater than 10 g/kg.
MULTIELEMENT ANALYSIS OF FOODS STORED IN THEIR OPENED CANS1
Authors: CAPAR STEPHEN G. , BOYER KENNETH W.
Published: April 2007

A multielement analysis of canned foods was performed on foods stored in their opened containers. Canned fruits and fruit juices were sampled upon initial opening as well as two and five days after opening. After mineralization, the samples were analyzed for 25 elements using an inductively coupled argon plasma. The following elements were quantitated: Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Sn, Ti, and Zn. The concentration of Fe and Sn increased between successive sampling days. These increases did not exceed permissible limits of Sn in canned foods and the Fe concentrations may be of nutritional interest. A decrease in the concentration of P between successive sampling days was associated with insoluble material formation. Scanning electron microscope micrographs coupled with X‐ray fluorescence analysis of the can interior surfaces were used to characterize the corrosion of the interior surface of the cans.
AMELIORATION OF TOXIC EFFECTS OF ETHYLIDENE GYROMITRIN (FALSE MOREL POISON) WITH PYRIDOXINE CHLORIDE
Authors: VON WRIGHT ATTE , NISKANEN AIMO , PYYSALO HEIKKI , KORPELA HEIKKI
Published: April 2007

Repeated (five) doses of pyridoxine chloride (vitamin B6, 10 mg) reduced botht he neurological symptoms caused by ethylidene gyromitrin, the main poisonous compound of the mushroom false morel (Gyromitra esculenta pers. Fr.), and the overall mortality due to ethylidene gyromitrin poisoning in mice treated orally with this poison (400 mg/kg). In contrast, little or no effect was found when the mice were treated with γ‐aminobutyric acid (1 mg) or vitamin C (10 mg) after treatment with poison. The significance of these findings is discussed in perspective to possible treatments of human poisonings caused by false morel.
TRANSLOCATION OF LEAD AND CADMIUM FROM FEED TO EDIBLE TISSUES OF SWINE1
Authors: SHARMA R. P. , STREET J. C. , SHUPE J. L.
Published: April 2007

In separate experiments, growing and/or finishing swine were fed a control diet and diets supplemented with various low levels of lead and cadmium, for periods up to 24 weeks. The levels of lead in different treatment groups were 2 (control), 6 and 21 parts per million (ppm), whereas those for cadmium were 0.2 (control), 2.4 and 10.1 ppm, respectively. Lead did not accumulate in skeletal muscles, but a dose‐related increase was observed in bone, liver and kidney. In the case of cadmium, no increase was seen in skeletal muscles, bone or brain; the accumulation occurred primarily in kidney and liver. After cessation of lead supplementation the concentration of this metal declined in liver and kidney tissues. On the other hand, cadmium levels did not show any appreciable decline in kidney or liver during 12 weeks after an initial 12 weeks treatment. Lead and cadmium did not accumulate in edible muscles of swine, but the high concentrations of these metals that were recorded in liver and kidney would render these organs unfit for food purposes.
TOXICITY, MUTAGENICITY AND TERATOGENICITY OF BREVIANAMIDE, VIOMELLEIN AND XANTHOMEGNIN; SECONDARY METABOLITES OF PENICILLIUM VIRIDICATUM
Authors: DELUCCA ANTHONY J. , DUNN JOHN J. , LEE LOUISE S. , CIEGLER ALEX
Published: April 2007

The three major secondary metabolites of Penicillium viridicatum, brevianamide, xanthomegnin, and viomellein were tested for mutagenicity by the Salmonella/microsome test and for toxicity and teratogenicity by the chick embryo test. None were mutagenic. Viomellein was mildly toxic and teratogenic, xanthomegnin was the most toxic and was not a teratogen, and brevianamide was not toxic yet was the most teratogenic.
REGULATION OF PERITHECIA PRODUCTION IN FUSARIUM ROSEUM BY ZEARALENONE1
Authors: MIROCHA C. J. , SWANSON S. P.
Published: April 2007

Zearalenone, a phytoestrogen produced by various species of Fusarium, regulates perithecial formation in F. roseum ‘Graminearum’. The response is concentration dependent, enhancing at low concentrations (1–10 ng) and inhibiting at high concentrations (10–100 μg). The biological activity can be modified by varying the chemical structure of the parent molecule. Zearalenone binds to mammalian estrogen receptor protein competitively with estradiol. Conversely estradiol binds to specific receptor protein from Fusarium mycelium.
THE MICROBIOLOGY OF VEGETABLE SPROUTS DURING COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION
Authors: SPLITTSTOESSER D. F. , QUEALE D. T. , ANDALORO B. W.
Published: April 2007

Repeated surveys of a factory producing vegetable sprouts showed that these foods commonly yielded aerobic plate counts of 108/g and coliform counts of 107/g. Most of the microbial growth occurred during the first two days of the germination process. Mung beans germinated in the laboratory in sterilized containers yielded comparable counts indicating that growth of the bean microflora rather than insanitary conditions was responsible. Populations were reduced to a limited extent with germicidal rinses. None of the samples yielded high counts of Bacillus cereus or Staphylococcus aureus and all were negative for salmonellae.
IMMUNODIFFUSION METHOD FOR DETECTION OF CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM TYPES, A, B, E, AND F
Authors: FERREIRA J. L. , HAMDY M. K. , ZAPATKA F. A. , HEBERT W. O.
Published: April 2007

Factors affecting the immuno‐gel diffusion method for detecting toxigenic (tox+) C. botulinum type A and nontoxigenic (tax‐) C. sporogenes were studied. This procedure was extended to detect types B, E, and F using homologous and poly A‐F antitoxins for proper tox‐ types. Increasing glucose levels from 0 to 3% in the growth medium caused larger and more intense precipitin zones around colonies of C. botulinum type A. Precipitin zones were detected in TPGYA that contained no glucose, but better zones occurred at 4% and thereafter up to 7% glucose at pH 7.6. The most favorable titers of C. botulinum antitoxins incorporated either in gel‐diffusion agar (GDA) or in growth medium varied with the C. botulinum type. The method differentiates between C. botulinum types A, B, E, F and C. sporogenes.
TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF KARNAL BUNT WHEAT
Authors: BHAT RAMESH V. , BAPU RAO S. , ROY DWIJENDRA N. , VIJAYARAGHAVAN MALINI , TULPULE P. G.
Published: April 2007

Toxicological evaluation of Karnal bunt wheat was carried out in monkeys, feeding a diet containing 70% karnal bunt wheat, for 12 weeks. Blood was drawn once every two weeks. In addition to hematological parameters, total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase and transaminases were estimated in serum. The results of the study did not indicate any adverse effect in monkeys on consumption of up to 70% Karnal bunt affected wheat.
RADIATION PRESERVATION OF FOODS: SUBSTERILIZING APPLICATIONS
Authors: GIDDINGS GEORGE G.
Published: April 2007

Substerilization (or nonsterilization) food irradiation applications are a large, diverse and growing group that is typically classified according to dose levels or ranges, technical objectives, and to a lesser extent, according to commodity. Costing and pricing of service or contract radiation processing is determined ultimately by the singularly important variable, exposure time in the irradiator or the time needed to complete a run/load of product. This time is determined by two factors unique to radiation processing, the minimum required dose (energy absorption) and the bulk density of the product. Secondary influencing factors include the volume and regularity of processing of a given product, ease of pre‐ and post‐irradiation handling, and special handling requirements such as refrigerated or frozen temperatures. Since gamma irradiator cell capacity is fixed according to both volume and weight, although low bulk density product can be processed to a given dose more rapidly than high, the latter can have the price advantage on a weight basis because of greater weight processed per cell loading. A carrier or cell loading of very low bulk density product is likely to be limited by the volume maximum whereas for very high bulk density material the weight maximum is more likely to be limiting. The ideal target bulk density and dimensions are those which permit loading to the volume and weight maximums, thus providing maximum efficiency of process.
NEUTRALIZATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF LAURICIDIN BY TWEENS
Authors: BAKER ROBERT C. , VADEHRA DHARAM V. , GRAVANI ROBERT B.
Published: April 2007

The antimicrobial activities of Lauricidin (glycerol monolaurate) and its formulations Lauricidin Plus F, and Lauricidin 812 were neutralized by Tweens 20 and 80. The quantitative relationship depended on the formulation of Lauricidin, the test organism and the concentration of the Tweens. In general Tween 20 and Tween 80 were similar in their abilities to neutralize the antimicrobial properties of Lauricidin. In most cases, (74% of the observations) 3.0% Tweens completely neutralized Lauricidin and its formulations.

The effects of the Tweens on Lauricidin and Lauricidin Plus F were also studied quantitatively. In the presence of Lauricidin and Tweens, no inhibition was noticed and in most cases, the viable count was similar to the control. Lauricidin Plus F was much more potent than Lauricidin in inhibiting the organisms tested and the restoration of growth in the presence of the Tweens was not complete. The viable counts in the presence of Lauricidin Plus F and the Tweens were about two or more log cycles lower than the control.
INDIRECT ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS IN FOODS: PHOSPHATES
Authors: TOMPKIN R. B.
Published: April 2007

This review supplements the review by Hargreaves et al. (1972). Phosphate selection in the U.S. continues to be based upon achieving specific functional objectives other than microbial control. Current federal regulations limit the addition of phosphates to those levels which will achieve functionality. One notable exception is shelf stable pasteurized process cheese, cheese food, and cheese spreads. Adding relatively high levels of phosphates for emulsification coincidentally provides microbiological stability; however, the minimum levels for stability remain uncertain.

It is becoming increasingly evident that phosphates, under certain conditions, have potential value for enhancing the microbial safety and stability of foods. Certain phosphates or mixtures of phosphates are clearly more effective than others. Through future research, it should be possible to further exploit the potential value of phosphates. This review offers direction for such research.
ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS OF SPICES1
Authors: SHELEF L. A.
Published: April 2007

There is a renewed interest in the antimicrobial properties of spices. In vitro activities of several ground spices, their water and alcohol extracts, and their essential oils have been demonstrated in culture media. Studies in the last decade confirm growth inhibition of gram positive and gram negative food borne bacteria, yeast and mold by garlic, onion, cinnamon, cloves, thyme, sage and other spices. Effects in foods are limited to observations in pickles, bread, rice, and meat products. In general, higher spice levels are required to effect inhibition in foods than in culture media. Fat, protein, and water contents in foods affect microbial resistance as does salt content. Very few studies report on the effect of spices on spores, and on microbial inhibition in conjunction with preservatives and food processes. Of the recognized antimicrobial components in spices, the majority are phenol compounds with a molecular weight of 150 to 160 containing a hydroxyl group. Eugenol, carvacrol and thymol have been identified as the major antimicrobial compounds in cloves, cinnamon, sage and oregano.
THE ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF PHENOLIC ANTIOXIDANTS IN FOODS: A REVIEW1
Authors: RACCACH MOSHE
Published: April 2007

Phenolic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and monotertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) are hindered phenols with antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity of phenolic antioxidants appears to depend on the presence of a hydroxyl group on the molecule, the lipid solubility of the compound and the degree of steric hindrance. The use of phenolic antioxidants in food products is regulated by federal agencies. In general, these compounds are permitted in concentrations up to 200 ppm, based on the fat or oil content of the food product. Certain food products have special regulations. The antimicrobial activity of phenolic antioxidants has been studied in meat and its products, poultry and its products, milk and its products, seafood, rice, applesauce and food ingredients.

The antimicrobial activity of phenolic antioxidants is modified by at least 10 factors such as microbial species/strain, stressed microorganisms, type and concentration of phenolic antioxidants, concentration of microbial challenge, combination of phenolic antioxidants, combination of phenolic antioxidants with other antimicrobials, combination of phenolic antioxidants with temperature and food additives, food components, carriers of phenolic antioxidants and the mode of addition of phenolic antioxidants.

The antimicrobial activity of phenolic antioxidants in foods has been examined against growth and by‐products of bacteria (gram positive and negative, spore and nonspore formers, spoilage and pathogenic), molds and yeasts. The concentration of phenolic antioxidants that had antimicrobial activity in food products was in the range of 30–10,000 ppm.

The mechanism of inhibition by phenolic antioxidants has been found to affect the function and composition of the cellular membrane, the synthesis of DNA, RNA, protein and lipid, and the function of the mitochondrion.
EARLY DETECTION OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS ENTEROTOXIN AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SENSORY QUALITY OF COOKED CHICKEN
Authors: AL‐OBAIDY HAMEED M. , KHAN MAHMOOD A. , BLASCHEK HANS P. , KLEIN BARBARA P.
Published: April 2007

Growth, sporulation, and enterotoxin formation by Clostridium perfringens NCTC 8239 were determined in chicken thigh meat incubated at 45°C for 1.5 h and 37°C for up to 12.5 h. With an inoculum of 106 vegetative cells per g, the cell counts reached mean log 10 7.32/g after 6 h of incubation and remained in that range through 14 h. Heat‐resistant spores (log10 2.48/g) were first detected at 4 h, and the number increased to log10 5.19/g at 14 h. Enterotoxin (0.19 μg/g) was first detected after 2 h of incubation (1.5 h at 45°C and 0.5 h at 37°C) in the absence of detectable sporulation, and the enterotoxin concentration increased to 0.76 μg/g after 14 h. Significant differences (p < 0.01) in the odor, color, and texture scores for inoculated versus uninoculated cooked chicken following 2 h incubation correlated with the production of enterotoxin and suggested that these parameters could be used as indices of chicken spoilage by C. perfringens.
CARCINOGENICITY TEST OF THE PLANT, ZINGIBER MIOGA ROSCOE, IN FISCHER‐344 RATS WITH VESICAL CALCULI INDUCED BY DIMETHYL TEREPHTHALATE
Authors: YAMAJI TAKETO , HIRONO IWAO
Published: April 2007

We examined the carcinogenicity of mioga to the urinary bladder of male Fischer‐344 rats with vesical calculi induced by dimethyl terephthalate (DMT). Although urinary bladder papilloma and hyperplasia were induced in rats fed on DMT and mioga diet alternately, the carcinogenic activity of mioga was not found.
TOXICITY OF 1, 2‐DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE IN MICE: EFFECT OF DIET AND DEVELOPMENT OF TOLERANCE
Authors: TEMPLE N. J. , EL‐KHATIB S. M.
Published: April 2007

The effect of diet on the lethality of 1, 2‐dimethylhydrazine (DMH) injections was investigated using Swiss mice. Mortality was highest when mice were fed a nutrient‐diluted/high‐fat diet, was intermediate with a nutrient‐diluted/low‐fat diet and was lowest with laboratory chow. Wheat bran was not protective. Mice developed tolerance to DMH after receiving several injections of progressively increasing dose.
SPOILAGE OF ANCHOVY‐STUFFED OLIVES BY HETEROFERMENTATIVE LACTOBACILLI1
Authors: HARMON STANLEY M. , KAUTTER DONALD A. , MCKEE CHARLES
Published: April 2007

An unusual type of spoilage was encountered in canned green olives stuffed with anchovies. The spoilage was characterized by a gradual decrease in acidity of the olive brine from about pH 4.3 to 5.25 and a swelling of the cans caused by CO2. Spoilage of the product was caused by decomposition of the anchovies by proteolytic enzyme action, with subsequent decarboxylation and deamination of amino acids from the anchovies by heterofermentative lactobacilli. This type of spoilage, known as “protein swells”, occurs with canned fish marinades but, to our knowledge, does not occur with other acidified canned foods.
SELENIUM IN MILK OF DAIRY COWS FED THE NEWLY LEGALIZED 0.3 PPM SELENIUM‐SUPPLEMENTED DIET
Authors: ESSICK LINDA A. , LISK DONALD J.
Published: April 2007

The permissible concentration of selenium which can legally be added to dairy cattle rations has recently been increased from 0.1 to 0.3 ppm. A feeding study with lactating dairy cows was conducted in which 0.3 or 0.6 ppm of selenium as sodium selenite was added to their diets for 23 and 26 days, respectively. Analysis of milk and blood throughout this period showed no consistent increase in the concentration of selenium in these fluids.
PLASMIDS OF CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM TYPE A, B, E, F, AND OTHER CLOSTRIDIAL SPECIES
Authors: FERREIRA J. L. , HAMDY M. K. , ZAPATKA F. A. , McCAY S. G.
Published: April 2007

Plasmids from 46 strains of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, E, and F were isolated using a modification of the Minton and Morris procedure (1981). When these strains were examined, 54% contained one or more plasmids ranging in molecular weight from ∼ 69 to 3.4 megadaltons (MDa). Attempted curing of plasmids for two C. botulinum type A strains, 73A and Hall, using acridine orange and elevated growth temperatures (42 to 45°C) produced no changes in plasmid profiles or toxicity as determined by agarose gel electrophoresis and immunodiffusion tests, respectively. However, exposure of type E C. botulinum strain BL764 to 1000 Krad gamma irradiation resulted in loss of one plasmid (8.4 MDa) but toxicity was retained.
VIRULENCE FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PATHOGENICITY OF AEROMONAS ISOLATES
Authors: STELMA GERARD N.
Published: April 2007

Aeromonas species have been associated with diarrhea, and disseminating infections. Diarrhea is either “cholera‐like” or “dysentery‐like”. Both types of diarrhea are normally mild. However, either type can be severe enough to cause hospitalization. The sources of Aeromonas in these infections are foods and water. Two virulence factors associated with Aeromonas diarrhea are a relatively heat‐stable cholera‐like enterotoxin and a heat‐labile cytotoxic enterotoxin. Researchers who observed either of these enterotoxins rarely saw evidence of the other. These differences are probably due to the rare occurrence of the cholera‐like toxin and to differences in purification methods. Human feeding studies showed that enterotoxin production is not sufficient for causation of diarrhea. The Aeromonas must also be able to colonize the intestine or invade the intestinal lining. Virulence factors associated with colonization or invasion have not been identified.
FUNGAL INHIBITION BY A FUNGICIDE COUPLED TO AN IONOMERIC FILM
Authors: HALEK G. W. , GARG ANITA
Published: April 2007

Growth of Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium notatum was inhibited by a fungicide coupled to a packaging film. A chemical method was employed to attach a fungicide containing amino groups to an ionomeric packaging film containing pendent carboxyl groups. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide was used as the coupling agent and dimethylaminopyridine as the catalyst for the reaction. Infra‐red spectroscopy, weight gain and elemental analysis were used to demonstrate that the fungicide was coupled to the film.
DECONTAMINATION OF SPICES BY IRRADIATION
Authors: NARVAIZ P. , LESCANO G. , KAIRIYAMA E. , KAUPERT N.
Published: April 2007

The feasibility of inactivating microflora of foreign spices by means of gamma radiation, without causing significant organoleptic or chemical changes, was studied. Ground cinnamon, clove, coriander, nutmeg, white and black pepper were irradiated with doses of 7 and 10 kGy1 of 60Co.

Chemical analysis were performed so as to verify the Argentine Alimentary Codex specifications and the effect of radiation on those characteristics by which spices are appreciated, such as color and volatiles. No differences between control and irradiated samples could be found in any of these parameters.

Microbiological results showed that aerobic plate count was reduced by 2.5 to 4.0 log cycles with 7 kGy. At 10 kGy survivors could only be found in cinnamon (1.7 log cfu/g)2.

Cinnamon and clove were sensorily evaluated. No differences due to irradiation were found.

So, it can be concluded that 10 kGy of gamma radiation suffice the purpose of this work. This good market condition was held at least during one year.
GROWTH OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND ENTEROTOXIN A PRODUCTION IN FOODS CONTAINING POLYPHOSPHATES
Authors: SHELEF LEORA A. , WANG ZHI‐LING , UDEOGU ANTHONY C.
Published: April 2007

Effects of pyro‐, tripoly‐ and hexametaphosphates (0.5 and 1%, w/w) on growth of Staphylococcus aureus strain 196E and enterotoxin A (SEA) production were studied in cooked custard and beef at 22 and 30°C. No effect was observed in custard, where cell numbers/g increased from 103 to 108 and SEA reached 4.2 ng/g after 48 h at 22°C, irrespective of treatment. Cell numbers in cooked beef were ca. 109/g after 48 h, and reduced numbers (by 1.5–2 log cycles) were found in samples containing 0.5 and 1% pyrophosphate during incubation at 22%, but not at 30°C. SEA concentrations in beef were 28 ng/g after 48 h at 22°C, and 93 and 184 ng/g after 24 and 48 h, respectively, at 30°C. SEA concentration correlated with amount of growth, and was nondetectable when cell numbers were ± 106/g. Reduction of the meat pH by sodium acid pyrophosphate contributed to the observed inhibitory effect.
EFFECTS OF TRIMMING AND COOKING BY SEVERAL METHODS ON POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCB) RESIDUES IN BLUEFISH
Authors: ARMBRUSTER GERTRUDE , GALL KENNETH L. , GUTENMANN WALTER H. , LISK DONALD J.
Published: April 2007

Bluefish were captured in the Atlantic Ocean near Long Island to study the effects of trimming and cooking on reduction of residues of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The mean concentration (standard error) of PCBs in the raw untrimmed fillets of the fish captured was 1.76 ± 0.17 ppm on a dry weight basis with range of 0.58 to 7.47. A direct relation between the concentration of PCBs in the raw fish fillets and their fresh weight showed a correlation coefficient of only 0.39. About twice the concentration of PCBs were found in the skins as compared to the dorsal and ventral sections of the raw fillets. Trimming the fillets resulted in a reduction in PCB residues averaging 59.4% with a further average reduction of 7.4% from baking, broiling, frying or poaching. There were no significant (p > 0.05) differences among the combined trimming and various cooking methods in the magnitude of reduction of PCB residues. The total quantities of PCBs found in the oil collected after baking, broiling or frying the fillets were less than could be accounted for as total cooking losses thus indicating that vaporization of PCBs during cooking may also occur.
INACTIVATION OF MICROORGANISMS BY CARBON DIOXIDE UNDER PRESSURE
Authors: HAAS G. J. , PRESCOTT H. E. , DUDLEY E. , DIK R. , HINTLIAN C. , KEANE L.
Published: April 2007

Carbon dioxide under pressure killed bacteria, molds, and yeast. The effect was synergistic with raised temperature and acidic pH and antagonized by lowered Aw. Time of exposure was important, and conditions needed for the inactivation of different microbes varied, some organisms being much more resistant than others. The effect was tested on various foods, but disrupted the texture of some. Clostridial spores were very recalcitrant, but could be destroyed by further lowering the pH along with concurrent exposure at 70°C. The pH in media under pressure was measured and theories advanced for the antimicrobial effect.
VARIATION IN THE SELENIUM CONTENT OF INDIVIDUAL BRAZIL NUTS
Authors: Secor Carol L. , Lisk Donald J.
Published: April 2007

Brazil nuts are high in selenium content relative to other human foods. Since the limits between human selenium essentiality and toxicity are narrow, it is important to know the variation in selenium content of individual nuts. Analysis was performed on 72 individual nuts obtained in stores as shelled nuts in bulk and shelled and unshelled nuts in packages. Their average selenium content was 14.66 ppm with a range of 0.2 to 253.0. The agronomic and health aspects of these findings are discussed.
THE MICROBIOLOGY OF FOODBORNE DISEASE OUTBREAKS: AN UPDATE1
Authors: ZOTTOLA EDMUND A. , SMITH LORRAINE B.
Published: April 2007

Illnesses or diseases transmitted by food are referred to as foodborne illnesses and are the result of consumption of foods contaminated with pathogenic bacteria and/or their toxins, viruses, parasites, chemicals or other substances hazardous to human health.

The recent literature has been reviewed. Terminology, sources, economics, prevention and control of foodborne illness outbreaks in the United States in recent years are reported. Bacterial foodborne outbreaks far outweigh those caused by other sources. Three contributing factors are responsible for more than 87% of the foodborne outbreaks for the period 1980–1985.

Control of implicated microorganisms can reduce outbreaks of foodborne disease and assure a safe, wholesome and nutritious food supply.
MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF WHEAT STORED UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS IN TURKEY
Authors: SUMBUL YUSUF , HEPERKAN DILEK
Published: April 2007

Four different types of wheat storage systems are widely used in the Marmara region. The existing storage conditions were studied and changes in the microbiological quality of the stored wheat under these conditions were assessed.

Depending on the external conditions, ambient temperatures and relative humidities in the stores were 17–26°C and 50–65% RH during summer and 3–10°C and 62–83% RH during winter, respectively. The low relative humidity level during harvesting and subsequent storage was adequate for obtaining low levels of moisture content and water activity in the produci for safe storage. The increase in relative humidity of the air during winter months did not affect the moisture content of the product considerably and the low temperature prevented mold growth. Therefore, all of the four different storage facilities were suitable for safe storage of grain for a period of one year without significant losses in quality due to microbiological load.
EFFECT OF GROWTH TEMPERATURE AND MEDIA ON INACTIVATION OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES BY CHLORINE
Authors: LEE SHIN‐HO , FRANK JOSEPH F.
Published: April 2007

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of growth environment on the susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes to inactivation by hypochlorite sanitizer. Cells were grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB) at 35, 21, and 6°C and in 1:15 dilution of TSB (low nutrient medium, LNM) at 35°C. Late exponential phase cells were harvested, washed, and exposed to a 1 ppm sodium hypochlorite solution for periods up to 5 min. After 30 s exposure, cells grown at 35°C in TSB were reduced in number by 2.1 ± .3, at 21°C, 3.1 ± .3 and at 6°C, 3.4 ± .3 log units. After 30 s exposure to 5 ppm free chlorine cells grown at 35°C in TSB were reduced in number by 5.2 ± .2 and in LNM by 3.1 ± .1 log units. These data demonstrate that growth environment has a significant effect on chlorine inactivation of L. monocytogenes.