bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Planning, Mixed Economy, and Jawaharlal Nehru
Authors: Datta K. L.
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the circumstances which led the political leaders to adopt planning and use it as an instrument of policy in economic and social reconstruction in India after Independence. It elucidates how planning was initiated to modernize India’s resource-constrained, stagnant, and decaying economy, and dove-tailed with the mixed economy approach. It argues that the decision to use planning and the antecedent role to the state and the public sector was not taken by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru alone, as it also came from contemporary leaders. It dispels the notion that the planning model employed by the Soviet Union was straightjacketed in India. Appraising Nehru’s engagement with planners and policymakers, it refers to events that may have shaped his decision to rely on planning, in the context of India’s growth and development strategy that sought to increase income and improve the living standards of its people.
Has Agricultural Price Policy Benefitted Paddy Farmers?
Authors: Narayanamoorthy A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks at the impact of support price policy on the income from paddy crop. Markets for agricultural produces in India are mostly unorganized and distorted where farmers are often scrupulously exploited. Also since the elasticity of demand for agricultural commodities particularly foodgrains is less than unit, increased production during bumper harvest brings down the prices of agricultural commodities sharply. But, the support price provided to paddy has come under severe scrutiny for various reasons in recent years. Farmers have been demanding for higher support price for paddy but some economists argue that increase in paddy price is ‘dirty economics and dirtier politics’. With the help of time series data, chapter 4 provides an elegant analysis whether the support price scheme has helped paddy cultivating farmers in terms of increasing their income.
Agricultural Market Access and Farm Income Nexus
Authors: Narayanamoorthy A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter provides an explanation as to whether agricultural market access has any relationship with farm income. A plethora of studies confirm that rural infrastructure is a sine qua non for significantly improving agricultural production. Recent literature indicates that in addition to factors like human capital, credit markets, extension services and technology, the presence of reliable infrastructures such as roads and market sites increase the efficiency of both marketing and production by bringing down the transaction costs and ensuring more competitive pricing conditions in marketing than would occur in their absence. Making a departure from earlier studies by taking 235 Indian districts as the unit of analysis, chapter 5 attempts to provide an empirical basis for the perceived nexus between market access, agriculture infrastructure and value of agriculture output (VAO) from the Indian perspective using regression analysis.
China–India Myths in Xu Dishan’s ‘Goddess of Supreme Essence’
Authors: Gvili Gal
Published: January 2021

This chapter analyses the scholarship of prominent May Fourth writer Xu Dishan as gateway for understanding his fiction. A close examination of his engagement with Indian religions and mythology in his fiction constitutes a vision of a China–India literary horizon through a literary device termed as ‘transregional metonymy’: tropes that travelled between China and India through the cultural exchange of myths. The chapter elaborates on this literary device through a close reading of Xu Dishan’s ‘Goddess of Supreme Essence’ (1923). The reading shows how a shared China–India figurative domain emerges in the story to offer a new understanding of myths and how they function in modern life. It also suggests that instead of rewriting the past, myths can rewrite the present; instead of using myths to establish a national culture, literature can use myths to imagine a transregional horizon. Focusing on India to think about the nature of storytelling and the relationship between myth and reality, Xu Dishan undid the binary distinction between ancient India as a soul brother and colonial India as a cautionary tale.
India–China ‘Connectedness’
Authors: Sheel Kamal
Published: January 2021

Native-language source materials shed much light on the nature of modern subaltern perception of India–China ‘connectedness’. They have, however, remained scantily used. In this context, this chapter provides an overview of ‘native voices’ available in Hindi and other languages in burgeoning local print media in the late nineteenth- to mid-twentieth-century north India. Published in popular books, journals, and newspapers, they present an alternative discourse and open up new vista in our comprehension of areas of India–China interactions. Examples of this may be seen in books in Hindi on China by Thakur Gadadhar Singh and Dr Mahendulal Garg, or in editorials and independent commentaries on various events in China by Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, Rabindranath Tagore, Benoy Kumar Sarkar, and many other contemporary native intellectuals. Demonstrating yearnings for unity and harmony, these writings provide context to explore various vicissitudes of ‘connectedness’ as well as sources to the contemporary invocations of common ideas of ‘Asian values’ and pan-Asianism.
Mecca between China and India
Authors: Jeong Janice Hyeju
Published: January 2021

Through the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–45) and the Nationalist–Communist War (1946–9), several Chinese Islamic pilgrimage delegations set out on their journeys across the Indian Ocean. Mecca was more than a simple endpoint destination. These travels encompassed transits and sojourns in cities in between Nanjing/Shanghai and Mecca, offering the pilgrim-cum-delegates venues of encounters with foreign dignitaries and diaspora populations. This chapter examines the published records and private diaries of members of the Chinese Islamic Goodwill Mission to the Near East (1937–9) who had been aligned with the Republican Nationalist Party, with a focus on their actions and rhetoric in Calcutta, Bombay, Karachi, and Lahore. Claims to anti-imperial Islamic solidarity and routes of the pilgrimage provided accessible channels for the Chinese Muslim delegates to conduct meetings with leaders of both the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress Party, while simultaneously attempting to garner support from Cantonese/Shandong diaspora populations and Turki refugees from the war-stricken Xinjiang Province. The practices and networks of informal diplomacy that consolidated in wartime would outlast the Second Sino-Japanese War itself.
Archaeology and the Public Purpose
Authors: Lahiri Nayanjot
Published: January 2021

This book interleaves the history of post-Independence archaeology in India with the life and times of Madhukar Narhar Deshpande (1920–2008), a leading Indian archaeologist who went on to become the director-general of the Archaeological Survey of India. Spanning nearly a century, this is a tale about the circumstances which brought men like Deshpande to this career path; what it was like to grow up in a family devoted to India’s freedom; the watershed moment that created a large cohort that was trained by Mortimer Wheeler, the doyen of British archaeology who headed the Archaeological Survey in the twilight years of the British Raj; the unknown conservation stories around the Gol Gumbad in Bijapur and the Qutb Minar in Delhi; the forgotten story of how the fabric of a historic Hindu shrine, the Badrinath temple, was saved; the chemistry shared by the prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, and the archaeologist, Deshpande at historic cave shrines like Ajanta and Ellora, and; the political and administrative challenges faced by director generals of archaeology. The story is told through a main character—Deshpande himself—some of whose writings have been included here. Equally, there are others who figure in the narrative as it reconstructs and recounts the story of Indian archaeology after 1947 through those lives as also through the institutional history of the Archaeological Survey and the processes that were central to the discoveries it made and the challenges it faced.
The Archaeologist and the Prime Minister
Authors: Lahiri Nayanjot
Published: January 2021

This chapter showcases a memorable aspect of M.N. Deshpande’s years as Superintendent Archaeologist based in Aurangabad, when he escorted Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and his friend, Lady Edwina Mountbatten to Ajanta and Ellora. What was involved in getting historic cave sites ready for such high profile visitors, at what point of time in Nehru’s career did this visit materialize, how can the importance of India’s past in general and Ajanta in particular the life of the Prime Minister be explained and how did Deshpande act as the primary ‘sutradhara’ there are some of the themes that it looks at. The rapport that the archaeologist shared with the prime minister is best captured in the photographs of this visit, published here for the first time, which form part of the Deshpande archives.
Retirement and After
Authors: Lahiri Nayanjot
Published: January 2021

This is the concluding chapter and looks at Deshapande’s retirement years. The most noteworthy aspect was his work at the Western Indian rock-cut caves, where he returned to field research with vigor, consciously attempting to fill in the research void of his director-general years. Additionally, the writings that he did and the lectures that he gave as also his own public engagement in conservation and outreach are highlighted here. He clearly stood away from the Ramjanmabhoomi movement in Ayodhya and during those years, in fact, emphasized the inclusiveness of Bhakti. His was not a vision which had visualized the modern destruction of monuments by well-organized mobs. He eventually passed away some three decades after he left the Archaeological Survey, on August 7, 2008.
A Walk through the Caves of Ellora
Authors: Lahiri Nayanjot
Published: January 2021

This is an English translation of a Marathi piece that Deshpande wrote for children. It provides a detailed, evocative description of many of the caves at Ellora and reflects not just on the beauty of the place but also the author’s empathy and understanding of its sculptures and the sentiments captured there.
Tabo
Authors: Lahiri Nayanjot
Published: January 2021

The Tabo and Ki monasteries are described here, which are very important for understanding the art of the Gu-ge style that flourished in Western Tibet from the tenth century onwards. This style is best represented at Tabo and is indispensable in the history of art in India because, when Deshpande wrote this piece, it was the only surviving representation of this art here.
Archaeology’s Contribution to History in Recent Times
Authors: Lahiri Nayanjot
Published: January 2021

The article provides an overview of archaeological discoveries that had, by 1963, added to the study of India’s ancient past. The picture was a pan-Indian one and included pre-Harappan deposits at Kalibangan, the ochre-coloured ware culture in the Indo-Gangetic divide, the mud ramparts of chalcolithic Daimabad in Maharashtra and the pit dwellings in neolithic Kashmir. Many early historic cities like Kausambi, Sisupalgarh, Dharanikota and Nagarajunakonda also find a place here.
Gol Gumbad, Bijapur
Authors: Lahiri Nayanjot
Published: January 2021

This report on the Gol Gumbad provides a detailed explanation for this decay, as also an excellent summary of the repairs carried out since the early part of the twentieth century, even the views of various engineers and archaeologists who had examined it. The deterioration of the inner dome, it seems, was a consequence of rainwater annually finding its way into the masonry core, which was partially addressed by the guniting of the outer cover.
Konark Sun Temple
Authors: Lahiri Nayanjot
Published: January 2021

The unpublished observations of an expert committee headed by M.N. Deshpande in 1997 form the subject matter of this chapter. There are fairly critical observations here about the state of the temple and several suggestions made about how conservation should be undertaken at a World Heritage monument such as the Konark.
Gurudev Ranade
Authors: Lahiri Nayanjot
Published: January 2021

This is a remembrance dedicated to Gurudev R.D. Ranade which was originally published in Marathi. It reveals the importance of Gurudev in the life of Deshpande and beautifully weaves the personality of the Guru with the devotion of his primary archaeologist-shishya.
Things Fall Apart: Modernity and Entropy
Authors: Orvell Miles
Published: January 2021

“Modernity and Entropy” is about the gradual recognition that the industrial and urban fabric of America was falling apart in the twentieth century, as cities aged and factory production moved out of cities like Detroit to manufacturing facilities outside the US. Philadelphia photographer Vincent Feldman has portrayed the decaying structures of his city, while Detroit’s ruins have been elaborately portrayed in the work of outsiders like Andrew Moore, Marchand and Meffre, and Camilo José Vergara. The chapter examines the various techniques and strategies photographers have developed, from the high aesthetic of Moore to the documentary time-lapse imagery of Vergara. America’s love affair with urban ruins is also examined here in the “Urban Exploration” movement and in the cinematic representation of urban ruin as futuristic dystopia.
Destroying Modernity: The World Trade Center
Authors: Orvell Miles
Published: January 2021

This chapter centers on the World Trade Center disaster and how its significance was interpreted through photographic imagery and the mass media. The spectacle of destruction has never been more vividly recorded than in the imagery of 9/11. The chapter discusses the work of two influential documentary photographers—James Nachtwey and Joel Meyerowitz—and what they were trying to achieve. But 9/11 photographs were also collected in two major archives that are discussed in the chapter—Here Is New York and the Library of Congress’s September 11 project—with their contrasting goals. The question of the “iconic” image is discussed in terms of the Falling Man photos, and the chapter concludes with a consideration of the extreme aestheticizing of the event in the remarks of composer Karlheinz Stockhausen, which caused an uproar in Europe and the US.
The Pancrustacean Conundrum: A Conflicted Phylogeny with Emphasis on Crustacea
Authors: Bracken-Grissom Heather , Wolfe Joanna M.
Published: January 2021

Pancrustacea represents a diverse clade of arthropods and includes the crustaceans and insects. The morphological and ecological diversity is among the most impressive of all invertebrates, with representatives including barnacles, shrimps, crabs, copepods, ostracods, brine shrimp, dragonflies, grasshoppers, true bugs, butterflies, and beetles, among others. For decades, morphological and molecular studies have attempted to reconstruct the evolutionary relationships between the major lineages, but a consensus on pancrustacean phylogeny is still under debate. Much of the uncertainty surrounding the evolutionary history of this ancient group stems from uneven and unrepresentative sampling, conflicting data, and different analytical approaches. First, we will introduce the major lineages of Pancrustacea and discuss the evidence for monophyly within these groups. Next, we will review the pioneering morphological and molecular studies that have contributed to current understanding of higher-level (class/subclass) relationships within Pancrustacea, with an emphasis on Crustacea. Within these sections, we will start with a series of early studies and describe how the development of methods and technology allowed for the advancement of morphological and molecular phylogenetics. A summary of current knowledge of pancrustacean phylogeny will be followed by a brief discussion of new emergent methods in the field that can be applied to future phylogenetic and phylogenomic studies.
Colonization, Adaptation, Radiation, and Diversity in Fresh Water
Authors: Ahyong Shane T. , Huang Chao
Published: January 2021

About 12,000 of the 67,000 described species of crustaceans occur in fresh water. Crustaceans have colonized almost every type of freshwater environment in most parts of all continents. A common theme in marine-to-freshwater transitions is not only acquisition of osmoregulatory capabilities to cope with hyposalinity, but also optimizing reproductive strategies to cope with ecological and environmental variability. A key reproductive adaptation for fresh water is direct rather than extended planktonic development. Some groups, such as peracarids, were preadapted, already having direct development, whereas others, such as decapods, had to acquire it. Other crustaceans, such as branchiopods, are adapted not only to hyposalinity (and hypersalinity) but also to surviving in transient waters. Crustaceans have been colonizing fresh waters since the Middle Cambrian to Early Ordovician and have independently adapted to life in inland waters many times throughout geological history. The pattern and timing of invasions has shaped present-day distributions. Contemporary distributions and diversity of crustaceans in surface waters are surveyed in the context of their paleohistory. Different groups of crustaceans have very different current distributions that reflect the differential influence of different patterns of colonization, geological history, ecology, and the constraints (or benefits) of their evolutionary heritage.
A Problematic Book
Authors: Swenson Kristin
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses seven reasons why the Bible is problematic—in other words, more complicated than it appears at first glance. One is that the Bible is not a single book. As such, one cannot expect to read through the Bible, cover to cover, and encounter a neat dramatic structure defining a single story. Another reason is that there is more than one Bible, since what constitutes the whole of the Bible depends on the process of canonization. From there, the chapter argues that the Bible is problematic because the texts themselves were composed, and collected, over a long period of time. The Bible has a lot of different authors and editors, most of whom are anonymous. Even the latest texts come from a very long time ago. The Bible was written in languages that are utterly unfamiliar to most readers today. Finally, the chapter raises its final point: that most of the Bible's readers today “believe in” it.
Good People Behaving Badly
Authors: Swenson Kristin
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores how some major biblical “heroes” defy modern expectations of good behavior or otherwise fail to be ideal role models. It traces the various foibles of such figures as Abraham, David, and Peter. And it shows how the Bible depicts even Jesus and God behaving in ways that challenge modern theological assumptions or sensibilities. The chapter reveals that even the greatest heroes of the Bible have bad sides, too. And it concludes, in light of that, that, according to the Bible, God does not require perfection. This chapter also gives pause to readers tempted to reduce “the biblical God” to particular assumptions. Therefore, the chapter argues for a more nuanced approach to biblical heroes. Admitting that the Bible portrays its greatest characters (even God) as engaging in questionable behavior or exhibiting flaws and foibles should remind faithful readers that taking the Bible seriously does not mean reading, much less applying, it without thoughtful and informed critique.
Arguments behind Closed Doors
Authors: Swenson Kristin
Published: January 2021

This chapter addresses inconsistencies and disagreements within the Bible, the sorts of things that sometimes lead people to dismiss the Good Book out of hand. In general, there are at least four kinds of disagreement. The first is a function of the Bible’s disparate literary sources. The second is that the Bible reflects an evolving theology or worldview. The third shows how a particular issue considered in different contexts might generate conflicting claims. Finally, in some cases, the fourth reveals late biblical texts wrestling with received texts that were simply wrong but by then immutable. Yet another kind of disagreement may not be one at all, but is more a function of modern readers' interpretations than contradictions within the texts themselves. In the process of discussing both broad differences and specific inconsistences, this chapter also tempers readers' haste to toss out the Bible altogether. By bringing background information to bear, one can, if not make sense of these oddities, then accept them for what they are.
Identifying Beliefs and Inferences
Authors: Dornschneider Stephanie
Published: January 2021

This chapter analyzes direct speech to identify reasoning processes underlying participation in the Arab Spring protests. First, it introduces Corbin and Strauss’ qualitative open and axial coding procedures. The author introduces this coding scheme and explains how it was constructed. The chapter then presents numerous excerpts from interviews as well as Facebook entries and explains, line by line, how these coding procedures were applied to identify the main components of reasoning processes: beliefs, direct and indirect inferences, and decisions to join the uprisings or to stay at home instead. The chapter describes how emotions, which were central to protest decisions, were identified from direct speech by referring to the psychology literature on hope, courage, pride, and solidarity. It also elaborates on the analysis of quotes expressing safety considerations, which were central to decisions to stay at home.
Conclusions
Authors: Dornschneider Stephanie
Published: January 2021

The final chapter puts the findings in perspective by reflecting on the existing literature on the Arab Spring, political mobilization, and reasoning processes. It also discusses generalizability and policy implications of the findings related to current events in the Middle East. The analysis included individuals from two countries with very different protest levels and political outcomes. Some individuals were from Egypt, where the uprisings involved millions of people and led to the fall of the president, and other individuals were from Morocco, where mobilization levels were much lower and did not result in the resignation of the head of state. The finding that an unusually large number of protestors from such different contexts displayed signs of hot cognition, whereas a large number of non-protestors from these contexts displayed signs of cool cognition suggests that similar patterns might be observed in other settings as well.
An Immigrant’s Musical Memoir
Authors: Mercer-Taylor Peter
Published: January 2021

This chapter centers on the 1819 Original Collection compiled by Arthur Clifton, an English musician who had emigrated to Baltimore in 1817 (changing his name, from Antony Corri, in the process). Though not a commercial success, this pathbreaking volume was the first American publication to present a substantial body of material drawn from European classical music in psalmodic form, containing 21 psalm and hymn tunes culled variously from the work of Gluck, Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. Such adaptations had been enjoying a modest vogue in England since around the turn of the century, but only half a dozen or so had appeared in the United States. Clifton relied on existing London publications for inspiration—many of the European melodies he includes had already been adapted by English compilers. But he returns to the classical music sources themselves in almost every case, developing his own meticulously crafted body of adaptations.
Epilogue
Authors: Mercer-Taylor Peter
Published: January 2021

IN THE DECADES leading up to the Civil War, the realms of classical music, Protestant Christian song, and mass-market popular music vibrantly converged in a single American repertoire. That convergence, the topic of this book, was temporary.

Few of the cultural conditions that brought this repertoire into being persist to the present day. The notion that the United States is a normatively Christian nation is far from extinct, but its ultimate extinction seems likely. And most of Protestantism’s cultural trappings have thankfully lost whatever veneer they once enjoyed of unselfconscious universality. Choral music, meanwhile, is still performed in professional, ecclesiastical, convivial, and domestic settings alike. But most music enjoyed by Americans in daily life is recorded music, and when they make music themselves, it is mostly other kinds of music they make. Perhaps most important, that gulf that separated antebellum Americans’ nascent awareness of European classical music as a thing of value from opportunities for the actual experience of that music—the gap whose bridging comprised a core justification for this repertoire of psalmodic adaptations—has closed. For the great majority of Americans who care to seek them out, almost any of the European works tabulated in ...
Remaking Public Parks
Authors: Holtzman Benjamin
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the decline and subsequent revitalization of major parks through their control by public–private partnerships in the late twentieth century. The extensive private sector involvement in parks was far from the elite-initiated takeover that has been depicted. In contrast, this shift dates back to community residents’ organizing in the late 1960s and 1970s to revive degenerating greenspaces that had suffered municipal neglect. What first began as community park revitalization efforts in neighborhoods throughout New York spread to initiatives that involved broader elements of the private sector. Indeed, the subsequent involvement of businesses and corporations in the care and management of parks was spurred by years of campaigns by concerned residents, nonprofits, cultural institutions, and officials who had lost faith in the ability of local government to maintain parks, ultimately catalyzing the growth of public–private partnerships to manage city parks by the end of the century.
Introduction
Authors: Wink Paul
Published: January 2021

The “Introduction” traces the author’s interest in Maria Callas to his initial forays into the world of opera as a psychology graduate student at the University of California, Berkeley. It describes his research credentials as an expert in the fields of adult development and narcissism. A summary of major turning points in Callas’s life is used to show how the interplay between healthy (creativity) and less healthy (a split between an unintegrated sense of grandiosity and vulnerability) aspects of narcissism shed light on the magic of her artistry and the tragic ending to her life.
Prima Donna Assoluta
Authors: Wink Paul
Published: January 2021

This chapter “Prima Donna Assoluta: Psychological Mysteries,” uses two performances of Donizetti’s Anna Bolena to illustrate how, within the space of one year (1957–1958), Callas went from being the darling of Milan’s La Scala audiences to its utmost villain. This shift in attitude resulted from a series of cancelled appearances, including the infamous Roman fiasco. Callas’s polarization of public opinion reflects her own tendency to view the world in black or white terms. This dichotomy is a hallmark of a narcissistic self that oscillates between grandiosity and vulnerability without allowing for shades of gray in self-evaluation. These two faces of narcissism capture the disjunction between the self-assured and imperial la Callas, the operatic diva, and the vulnerable and insecure Maria, the woman. It is not Callas’s grandiosity and entitlement but her consciously experienced vulnerability, along with the sheer brilliance of her artistry, that distinguishes her personality from her operatic peers.
Samuel Barber
Authors: Heyman Barbara B.
Published: January 2021

Samuel Barber (1910–1981) was one of the most important and honored American composers of the twentieth century. Writing in a great variety of musical forms—symphonies, concertos, operas, vocal music, chamber music—he infused his works with poetic lyricism and gave tonal language and forms new vitality. His rich legacy includes such famous compositions as the Adagio for Strings, the orchestral song Knoxville: Summer of 1915, three concertos, and his two operas, the Pulitzer Prize–winning Vanessa and Antony and Cleopatra, a commissioned work that opened the new Metropolitan Opera House at Lincoln Center in New York. Generously documented by letters, sketchbooks, original musical manuscripts, and interviews with friends, colleagues, and performers with whom he worked, this book covers Barber’s entire career and all of his compositions. The biographical material on Barber is closely interspersed with a discussion of his music, displaying Barber’s creative processes at work from his early student compositions to his mature masterpieces. The book also provides the social context in which this major composer grew: his education; how he built his career; the evolving musical tastes of American audiences; his relationship with Gian Carlo Menotti and such musical giants as Serge Koussevitzky, Arturo Toscanini, Vladimir Horowitz; and the role of radio in the promotion of his music. A testament to the significance of neo-Romanticism, Samuel Barber stands as a model biography of an important American musical figure.
Voices from the South
Authors: Marrone Gaetana
Published: January 2021

In his adaptation of Carlo Levi's Cristo si é fermato a Eboli (Christ Stopped at Eboli, 1979), Rosi continues to confront the problems of the South—emigration, cultural marginalization, poverty—while reclaiming its rich, forgotten culture. The film signals a shift of Rosi's style, later evident in the slow-paced Cronaca di una morte annunciata (Chronicle of a Death Foretold, 1987), an epic adaptation of Gabriel García Márquez' 1981 novel that, like Cristo, is structured as an archetypal journey back to the past. In Tre fratelli (Three Brothers, 1981), Italy's chronic political instability is reflected in the tale of a self-assured judge, an idealistic teacher, and an angry factory worker and labor organizer. Summoned home for their mother's funeral, the brothers revisit their peasant roots, confront their present, and imagine their future. The film's concluding wide shot, which unites two generations, indicates Rosi's return to ahistorical values.
“A Holy Baptism of Fire and Blood”
Authors: Byrd James P.
Published: January 2021

The Bible marked the landscape of the Civil War—literally. Like Manassas and Bethel, Shiloh was a name taken from scripture. Shiloh had a tumultuous history in the Bible. It was a central place of worship for Israel, home to the Ark of God—the representation of God on earth, which contained the tablets of the law God delivered to Moses. Shiloh was also a military headquarters (Joshua 18:1, 22:9, 12). But above all, Shiloh was a place of tragedy. Shiloh rose again in the United States as many churches took its name. One of those churches stood in Tennessee near Pittsburg Landing, which became the site of the war’s bloodiest battle yet. Americans had never seen a battle with so many casualties—over 20,000. This chapter narrates how Americans cited the Bible in response to this devastating battle.
Sociolinguists and Rapport
Authors: Rampton Ben
Published: January 2021

‘Rapport’ in fieldwork involves the temporary interactional suspension of strangerhood and distance. In traditional ethnography, it has positive value as a fieldwork ideal sketched in advisory rules of thumb. But in reflexive contemporary sociolinguistics, rapport looks like a craft term concealing a great deal of ideological work, covering ethnocentricity in gate-keeping encounters and ‘synthetic personalization’ in consumer culture. Can these two traditions be reconciled and if so, how? The paper proposes playback—retrospective participant commentary on recordings of interaction—as a productive reconfiguration of rapport that avoids the bad faith with which rapport is so easily identified.
Rapport with God
Authors: Kuipers Joel
Published: January 2021

In taking up Brigg’s (1986) earlier cautions about researchers imposing their conceptual frameworks on communicative activities that are being studied, this chapter considers how rapport is conceptualized among a diverse array of Muslim Indonesians across time and space. In doing so, it examines the ideologization of the sign vehicles used for the mediation of rapport. At the same time, it provides insights into some of the understandings that constitute preconditions to rapport. In this case, it shows how different languages and embodied practices are constructed as mediums associated with different ways of establishing rapport with God. In looking at rapport in this way, the chapter models one way for exploring local theories of rapport.
The Wilderness at Home
Authors: Lalonde Amanda
Published: January 2021

Fanny Hensel’s songs on the theme of the German Romantic forest emphasize the transportive and emotive functions of music in Waldromantik (woods-romanticism) literature. In works by Joseph von Eichendorff and Ludwig Tieck, music announces the merging of the woods with the supernatural or the transcendent and also suggests human bewilderment or ecstasy in the midst of that experience. This chapter shows how, in “Morgenständchen” and the Anklänge cycle, Hensel accordingly centers her songs on the texts’ moments of sonic revelation, and creates a sense of expansiveness through harmonic adventurousness, dramatic ascents, textural juxtapositions, and musical allusions. Furthermore, these songs extend the worlds of their texts by providing glimpses of the unknown or by suggesting that domestic music performances are themselves implicated in the narrative. By enfolding distant realms into the home, these songs might be understood as subtly defying the gendered containment of domestic music culture.
Understanding the Mental Health Problems of Children and Adolescents
Authors: Painter Kirstin , Scannapieco Maria
Published: January 2021

Understanding Mental Health Problems of Children and Adolescents: A Guide for Social Workers provides a practical guide for social workers on promoting positive mental health in youth from a system of care perspective. Social workers will gain an understanding of the scope of mental health issues in youth, along with definitions, etiology, and evidence-based treatments. The book emphasizes the importance of collaborating with youth and caregivers, addressing issues from a strengths and trauma-informed perspective, and cultural humility practice. A unique aspect of the book is the presentation of real-life case studies that allow the reader to apply the information in each section of the book. Each diagnosis is presented in two chapters. The first chapter discusses the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the biological aspects of the disorder, and its differential diagnoses followed by a case study applying the diagnostic criteria. The second chapter presents evidence-based treatments and medications. Information on how to access evidence-based treatments for each diagnosis is provided, followed by a discussion of the outcomes of the case studies from the previous chapter. The final chapters discuss the importance of collaborating with schools, mental health providers, child protective services, and others.
Schizophrenia Spectrum and First-Episode Psychosis
Authors: Painter Kirstin , Scannapieco Maria
Published: January 2021

Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that results in strange thinking, abnormal feelings, and/or odd behaviors. It affects approximately 1 percent of the population. This chapter examines the genetics of schizophrenia and presents the research findings of brain studies, including a longitudinal study of children with early-onset schizophrenia. Next, the chapter provides an overview of the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia and discusses diagnosing schizophrenia in children and adolescents. An overview of autism spectrum disorder, while not considered a serious mental illness by most mental health professionals, is included in this chapter due to its shared genetic components and overlap in its presentation of symptoms with schizophrenia. The chapter ends with useful tools for assessing for the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia followed by real-life case studies and questions for class discussion.
Treatment of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and First-Episode Psychosis
Authors: Painter Kirstin , Scannapieco Maria
Published: January 2021

Currently there is no cure for schizophrenia and no sure way to prevent it. However, people who possess risk factors for schizophrenia can minimize their symptoms or prevent them from getting worse by taking preventative measures. And if symptoms do appear, early treatment may lessen the severity of the symptoms and improve the trajectory of the disorder. This chapter covers the prescribing of psychotropic medications for treating children and adolescents with schizophrenia and discusses promising and effective treatments, including multisystemic therapy-psychiatric, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and coordinated specialty care for first-episode psychosis. Chapter 16 returns to the case studies presented in Chapter 15 and describes the real-life outcomes along with questions for class discussion.
Rivers, Gatherings, and Infrastructures
Authors: Will Straw
Published: January 2021

From an interdisciplinary communications studies perspective, this chapter triangulates the relationship between several ascendant approaches to music, media, and infrastructure. The author notes that infrastructure and affect have performed certain “gathering” functions within the past decades of media studies, albeit as distant poles of attraction. The chapter registers a similarly productive tension in the ways that infrastructural studies of music reassemble their object as the point of convergence of multiple histories of materials, movements, and social processes, while infrastructural media studies trace the ways in which materials, networks, and assemblages of various kinds carry out the social distribution of meaning, affect, and memory.
Street Net and Electronic Music in Cuba
Authors: Boudreault-Fournier Alexandrine
Published: January 2021

Cuba has one of the lowest internet penetration rates in the world. This encourages Cubans to create alternative ways of coping with digital scarcity, including hidden wi-fi antennas and ethernet cables strung over streets and rooftops, and physical networks of digital media circulation that rely on memory sticks and other portable devices. These alternative networks counter the inefficiency and unreliability of the official media infrastructures, providing the population with access to digital media and to what presently circulates outside of Cuba. Electroacoustic and electronic musicians benefit from these physical networks of circulation by accessing text, audio, and image files, as well as cracked software, anti-virus definitions, and plug-ins. This chapter explores the creative impacts of evolving media infrastructures on the production and circulation of digital media in Cuba, looking at how wires, waves, and webs affect the creation of new collectives and new music during a period of rapid economic and political transformation. It addresses the strategies adopted by electronic musicians to access programs and software, and to create music in a context of digital scarcity and through illicit and legal infrastructures. The chapter discusses telecommunications networks and the digitalization of music on this island, where the creative strategies for dealing with such infrastructures (or the lack thereof) contribute to new fields of musical practice. Digital culture in Cuba is about alternative local intranets as much as the official global internet, hand-to-hand data sharing as much as peer-to-peer file transfers, human “servers” as much as computer servers.
Social Workers in Capital Defense Practice
Authors: Kammer Brian
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on how social workers are uniquely suited to the essential task of crafting mitigating social histories for capital defendants that can penetrate the fog of misconceptions, disinformation, and demonization/dehumanization endemic to the capital punishment process. Rooted in traditions of antiracism and community education, welfare, and empowerment, whose fundamental aspirations have been to identify and remedy systemic impediments to human welfare and to encourage human mutuality, the 150-year history of American social work places it in natural opposition to capital punishment. Mitigating narratives created by social workers recover defendants’ humanity and empower judicial decision-makers to act mercifully. Decades of social worker participation in capital defense have seen a sharp decline in death sentencing.
Linking the Social Services and Criminal Justice Systems
Authors: Ginsberg Leon
Published: January 2021

This chapter covers the criminal justice program structures and services and the ways in which social workers are involved in them. Social work’s involvement in the complex criminal justice system is extensive and varied. Direct or clinical practice with individuals, groups of individuals, and their families, are the primary activities of social workers in criminal justice. Social work, among the human services professions, is broader in its approaches than are most others. The social work profession not only focuses on direct or clinical services to clients and their families, but it also involves itself in larger system concerns, such as public policy and research. These nonclinical functions are included in the National Association of Social Workers’ Social Work Code of Ethics, social work licensing standards, and in programs of education for social workers.
Serious Mental Illness, Criminal Justice, and the Death Penalty
Authors: Scheyett Anna , Crawford Katherine J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter addresses the intersection of mental health and the criminal justice system. Individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) are at higher risk of involvement with the criminal justice system and at greater risk of more severe sentencing. Mental Health America estimates that 20% of persons on death row have a serious mental illness. Someone who was actively mentally ill at the time of a crime, but who has received treatment and is now stable, will proceed to trial as death eligible. This chapter holds that, as the majority of mental health professionals, social workers have a responsibility for educating lawmakers, community members, and those in the criminal justice system, as well as other practitioners about the multiple levels of injustice and inequity surrounding individuals with SMI and the criminal justice system. These issues range from inadequate and inconsistent treatment in the community, jails, and prisons to differential sentencing practices.
Intellectual Disability, Criminal Justice, and the Death Penalty
Authors: Sloan Cliff , Fraas Lauryn
Published: January 2021

This chapter introduces the reader to key cases analyzing claims of intellectual disability, describes the current clinical definition and diagnosis, and provides an overview of recurring issues in capital litigation. In 2002, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that individuals with intellectual disability may not be executed. The Court subsequently clarified that current medical standards must be used in assessing claims of intellectual disability in capital cases. The clinical diagnosis requires assessing three factors: (a) deficits in intellectual functioning; (b) deficits in adaptive behavior; and (c) the onset of deficits during the developmental period. Courts must be informed by current medical standards regarding issues that arise, including the standard error of measurement in IQ scores, the problems of offsetting weaknesses in adaptive behavior with perceived strengths, and other clinical topics. The principle that the death penalty must not be imposed on individuals with intellectual disability signals important responsibilities for social work practitioners.
Immigration, Foreign Nationals, and the U.S. Death Penalty
Authors: Nackerud Larry , Barner John R.
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the interplay between the policy arenas of immigration and the death penalty in the United States. Central to this interplay is the recognition of foreign national rights on U.S. soil—even when individuals stand accused of committing a capital crime such as murder. The authors provide a sociohistorical background of U.S. immigration policy. Specifically, they address the United Nations, the role of the United States in its development, and its promulgated policies protecting human rights; the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, including Article 36; and Optional Protocol Concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes. The chapter focuses on Mexican nationals, who represent 13 of 34 foreign nationals executed in the United States since 1976, despite internationally recognized protections. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how the failure of the United States to comply is a clear violation of international human and civil rights standards.
Advocacy, Activism, and Policy Practice
Authors: Dodson Marissa McCall
Published: January 2021

This chapter will discuss the role of social workers as activists in the pursuit of reforms to criminal legal system policies and practices, the disparities that social workers must advocate against, and the need to empower the people and communities most impacted by the issues. Disparity and injustice have been entrenched in criminal legal systems in the United States since chattel slavery ended at the end of the 19th century. Up until approximately 30 years ago, though, social workers were instrumental in the development of policies and practices that promoted fairness, dignity, and rehabilitation for impacted people and communities. While social workers in criminal legal systems have been on the decline for decades, the recent reforms of the last 15 years and the return to policies aimed at reducing incarceration and improving community-based treatment offer great opportunities for social work activists to reengage in advocacy efforts to improve these systems.
Introduction
Authors: Schofield Paul
Published: January 2021

This chapter introduces the concept of duties to the self, situating it within our everyday thought and talk, as well as within the history of moral philosophy. Contemporary dismissals of self-duty are discussed, as are contemporary Kantian attempts to appeal to the notion without vindicating it, and it is concluded that there exists a need for a comprehensive defense of duties to the self. The chapter concludes by noting the lack of discussion of self-duty within political philosophy, and by raising the possibility of paternalistic law justified through appeal to state-enforced duties to the self.