bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A surgical technique with connective tissue repair for the management of subconjunctival orbital fat prolapse
Authors: Sato Ken‐ichi , Yamaguchi Toru , Yokota Harumasa
Published: December 2006

Abstract

Subconjunctival orbital fat prolapse is an uncommon benign entity. In addition to insufficient information concerning the mechanisms of the prolapse, detailed surgical methods that can be followed are uncommon in the literature. We prospectively studied six consecutive eyes in four males who were to undergo our novel surgical sequence, attempting to avoid postoperative complications by reconstructing intermuscular septa on the basis of the assumption that the spontaneous prolapsed fat at the superior temporal quadrant stemmed from intraconal fat. Intraoperative findings were in agreement with our hypothesis that the anterior part of the herniated fat is covered by both the intermuscular septum and Tenon’s capsule. All the surgeries were uneventful and cosmetic improvement without postoperative complications was obtained. Our early results indicated the safety and efficacy of this newly developed technique for spontaneous orbital fat prolapse.
Nitric oxide reductase (norB) gene sequence analysis reveals discrepancies with nitrite reductase (nir) gene phylogeny in cultivated denitrifiers
Authors: Heylen Kim , Vanparys Bram , Gevers Dirk , Wittebolle Lieven , Boon Nico , De Vos Paul
Published: December 2006

Gene sequence analysis of cnorB and qnorB, both encoding nitric oxide reductases, was performed on pure cultures of denitrifiers, for which previously nir genes were analysed. Only 30% of the 227 denitrifying strains rendered a norB amplicon. The cnorB gene was dominant in Alphaproteobacteria, and dominantly coexisted with the nirK gene, coding for the copper‐containing nitrite reductase. Both norB genes were equally present in Betaproteobacteria but no linked distributional pattern of nir and norB genes could be observed. The overall cnorB phylogeny was not congruent with the widely accepted organism phylogeny based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, with strains from different bacterial classes having identical cnorB sequences. Denitrifiers and non‐denitrifiers could be distinguished through qnorB gene phylogeny, without further grouping at a higher taxonomic resolution. Comparison of nir and norB phylogeny revealed that genetic linkage of both genes is not widespread among denitrifiers. Thus, independent evolution of the genes for both nitrogen oxide reductases does also occur.
On the role of oxygen for nitrogen fixation in the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium sp.
Authors: Staal Marc , Rabouille Sophie , Stal Lucas J.
Published: December 2006

The marine, non‐heterocystous, filamentous cyanobacterium Trichodesmium shows a distinct diurnal pattern of nitrogenase activity. In an attempt to reveal the factors that control this pattern, a series of measurements were carried out using online acetylene reduction assay. Light response curves of nitrogenase were recorded applying various concentrations of oxygen. The effect of oxygen depended on the irradiance applied. Above a photon irradiance of 16 μmol m−2 s−1 nitrogenase activity was highest under anoxic conditions. Below this irradiance the presence of oxygen was required to achieve highest nitrogenase activity and in the dark 5% oxygen was optimal. At any oxygen concentration a photon irradiance of 100 μmol m−2 s−1 was saturating. When Trichodesmium was incubated in the dark, nitrogenase activity gradually decreased and this decline was higher at higher levels of oxygen. The activity recovered when the cells were subsequently incubated in the light. This recovery depended on oxygenic photosynthesis because it did not occur in the presence of DCMU [3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea]. Recovery of nitrogenase activity in the light was faster at low oxygen concentrations. The results showed that under aerobic conditions nitrogenase activity was limited by the availability of reducing equivalents suggesting a competition for electrons between nitrogenase and respiration.
Genetic and ultrastructural analysis of different mutants of Pseudomonas putida affected in the poly‐3‐hydroxy‐n‐alkanoate gene cluster
Authors: Sandoval Ángel , Arias‐Barrau Elsa , Arcos Mario , Naharro Germán , Olivera Elías R. , Luengo José M.
Published: December 2006

Functional analyses of the different proteins involved in the synthesis and accumulation of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) in P. putida U were performed using a mutant in which the pha locus had been deleted (PpUΔpha). These studies showed that: (i) Pha enzymes cannot be replaced by other proteins in this bacterium, (ii) the transformation of PpΔpha with a plasmid containing the locus pha fully restores the synthesis of bioplastics, (iii) the transformation of PpΔpha with a plasmid harbouring the gene encoding the polymerase PhaC1 (pMCphaC1) permits the synthesis of polyesters (even in absence of phaC2ZDFI); however, in this strain (PpUΔpha‐pMCphaC1) the number of PHAs granules was higher than in the wild type, (iv) the expression of phaF in PpUΔpha‐pMCphaC1 restores the original phenotype, showing that PhaF is involved in the coalescence of the PHAs granules. Furthermore, the deletion of the phaDFI genes in P. putida U considerably decreases (> 70%) the biosynthesis of PHAs consisting of hydroxyalkanoates with aliphatic constituents, and completely prevents the synthesis of those ones containing aromatic monomers. Additional experiments revealed that the deletion of phaD in P. putida U strongly reduces the synthesis of PHA, this effect being restored by PhaF. Moreover, the overexpression of phaF in P. putida U, or in its ΔfadBA mutant, led to the collection of PHA over‐producer strains.
Global update on defining and treating high‐risk localized prostate cancer with leuprorelin: a European perspective
Authors: Boccon‐Gibod Laurent
Published: December 2006

High‐risk prostate cancer can be defined as a cancer that, although clinically localized, will not be cured by monotherapy, whether surgery or radiation, and as a result will require some form of multimodal therapy, which will normally include luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone agonists. High‐risk localized prostate cancer can be identified at three specific points during the management of the patient; before starting treatment (based on the profile of some predictive criteria, e.g. pathological features, prostate‐specific antigen, PSA, level, and PSA velocity), on pathological evaluation of a surgical specimen taken during radical prostatectomy, or at the point of PSA relapse after radiotherapy or surgical therapy. Within Europe, therapeutic choice in patients identified as high‐risk is normally made based on their age and life‐expectancy. In those with a relatively long life‐expectancy (>10 years) androgen suppression therapy (AST) should form part of a multimodal approach to treatment, but neoadjuvant hormonal therapy should be limited to use in combined hormonal therapy/radiotherapy protocols. AST can also be used to treat patients with PSA relapse. Several studies investigated the relative advantages of giving AST continuously vs intermittent therapy, but there are no notable differences between these approaches. AST monotherapy can be indicated in those patients with a shorter life‐expectancy (<10 years), particularly if there are poor risk factors, e.g. a high PSA level (>50 ng/mL) or a short PSA doubling time (<12 months).
Global update on defining and treating high‐risk localized prostate cancer with leuprorelin: an Asian perspective
Authors: Mizokami Atsushi , Ueno Satoshi , Fukagai Takashi , Ito Kazuto , Ehara Hidetoshi , Kinbara Hiroyuki , Origasa Hideki , Usami Michiyuki , Namiki Mikio , Akaza Hideyuki
Published: December 2006

Data from the Japanese Urological Society showed that, in Japan, almost half of patients with localized prostate cancer are treated with hormone therapy (HT), regardless of disease stage, and that radiation therapy (RT) is also widely used to treat high‐risk patients. A retrospective study was undertaken in Japan to evaluate the potential benefits of using primary HT in locally advanced prostate cancer. Of 628 patients in the study, 63.5% were treated with combined androgen blockade (CAB; luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone agonists plus an antiandrogen) and 36.5% with medical or surgical castration. CAB treatment was significantly better than hormone monotherapy for disease‐specific survival. The results also showed that, even if a patient is classified as ‘high‐risk’, a good prognosis could normally be predicted based on certain variables: if their initial prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level was ≤ 20 ng/mL, their Gleason score was ≤ 6, and their nadir PSA decreased to ≤ 0.2 ng/mL within 6 months of HT. In this subgroup of ‘good responders’, any treatment, be it prostatectomy, RT or CAB, is likely to be effective. However, in ‘poor responders’, combined therapies with CAB and high‐dose rate brachytherapy are likely to be needed for a clinical response. While HT is effective, it might be associated with a reduction in the patient’s quality of life (QoL) due to adverse effects, e.g. a reduction in sexual function. Results from the analysis of QoL questionnaires completed by men of different ages with prostate cancer found that only sexual function, and not other QoL variables, in men aged 50–59 years appeared to be reduced in men who had HT, compared to age‐matched controls.
Global update on defining and treating high‐risk localized prostate cancer with leuprorelin: a Japanese perspective – the effect of primary androgen deprivation therapy on stage C prostate cancer
Authors: Akaza Hideyuki
Published: December 2006

Stage C prostate cancer, where the tumour has extended beyond the capsule of the prostate, is typically a high‐risk disease. According to the National Cancer Institute Physician Data Query the treatments of choice for stage C disease comprise external beam radiation therapy (with or without the addition of adjuvant hormone therapy), androgen deprivation by either surgery or hormone therapy, radical prostatectomy, or careful observation. From 2001, the Japanese Urological Association initiated computer‐based registration of all patients with prostate cancer in Japan. Data show that overall, 57% of all patients and 46% of those with T1c to T3 disease had primary androgen deprivation therapy (PADT). Similarly, the Japanese Prostate Cancer Group undertook a large‐scale epidemiological surveillance study in Japan and found that the most commonly used hormone therapy is PADT, regardless of disease stage. To date, two randomized, controlled trials of the effect of PADT on stage C prostate cancer in elderly (≥75 years old) patients have been undertaken in Japan. The results showed that patients with locally advanced prostate cancer treated with PADT are likely to have a life‐expectancy similar to that of the normal population. In one study, combined androgen blockade (CAB) with leuprorelin plus chlormadinone appeared to prolong time to disease progression when compared with leuprorelin monotherapy, but there was no difference in survival between these treatment groups. In a second study CAB with an luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist plus bicalutamide was found to prolong time to progression when compared with LHRH agonist monotherapy, but survival results for these regimens are still awaited.
A Primer on Topological Persistence
Authors: Edelsbrunner Herbert
Published: December 2006

The idea of topological persistence is to look at homological features that persist along a nested sequence of topo‐logical spaces. As a typical example, we may take the sequence of sublevel sets of a function. The combinatorial characterization of persistence in terms of pairs of critical values and fast algorithms computing these pairs make this idea practical and useful in dealing with the pervasive phenomenon of noise in geometric and visual data. This talk will

1. recall the relatively short history of persistence and some of its older roots;

2. introduce the concept intuitively while pointing out where algebra is needed to solidify the more difficult steps;

3. discuss a few applications to give a feeling of the potential of the method in dealing with noise and scale.

Besides the initial concept, the talk will touch upon recent extensions and their motivation.
Data‐driven Local Coordinate Systems for Image‐Based Rendering
Authors: Müller Gero , Sarlette Ralf , Klein Reinhard
Published: December 2006

Image‐based representations of an object profit from known geometry. The more accurate this geometry is known, the better corresponding pixels in the different images can be aligned, which leads to less artifacts and better compression performance. For opaque objects the per‐pixel data can then be interpreted as a sampling of the BRDF at the respective surface point. In order to parameterize this sampled data a coordinate frame has to be defined. In previous work this coordinate frame was either the global frame or a local frame derived from the base geometry. Both approaches lead to misalignments between sample vectors: Features of basically very similar BRDFs will be shifted to different regions in the sample vector leading to poor compression performance. In order to improve alignment between the sampled BRDFs in image‐based rendering, we propose an optimization algorithm which determines consistent coordinate frames for every sample point on the object surface. This way we efficiently align the features even of anisotropic reflection functions and reconstruct approximate local coordinate frames without performing an explicit 3D‐reconstruction. The optimization is calculated efficiently by exploiting the Fourier‐shift theorem for spherical harmonics. In order to deal with different materials in a scene, the technique is combined with a clustering algorithm. We demonstrate the utility of our method by applying it to BTFs and 6D surface reflectance fields.

Categories and Subject Descriptors (according to ACM CCS): I.3.3 [Picture/Image Generation]: Digitizing and scanning I.3.7 [Three‐Dimensional Graphics and Realism]: Color, shading, shadowing, and texture
Anisotropic Point Set Surfaces
Authors: Adamson A. , Alexa M.
Published: December 2006

Point Set Surfaces define smooth surfaces from regular samples based on weighted averaging of the points. Because weighting is done based on a spatial scale parameter, point set surfaces apply basically only to regular samples. We suggest to attach individual weight functions to each sample rather than to the location in space. This extends Point Set Surfaces to irregular settings, including anisotropic sampling adjusting to the principal curvatures of the surface. In particular, we describe how to represent surfaces with ellipsoidal weight functions per sample. Details of deriving such a representation from typical inputs and computing points on the surface are discussed.
Monetary Integration Initiatives in Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA): Sorting the Overlapping Membership*
Authors: Buigut Steven
Published: December 2006

Overlaps in membership of monetary integration initiatives in the Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) region is a major stumbling block to deeper integration. For example, a strict implementation of the East African Community (EAC) customs union concluded in 2004 would violate existing Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) free trade agreements. To resolve this problem the paper applies cluster analysis to assign countries to the most suitable monetary union initiative based on real and nominal convergence criteria. The results indicate that the ESA region is not converged enough for an ESA‐wide monetary union. Instead two fairly distinct clusters, one in the southern cone around South Africa and the other around the EAC, are identified. This implies that a two‐track monetary integration route is more appropriate for the region. The EAC is identified as a subgroup within COMESA, suggesting Tanzania should cede SADC membership for COMESA.
Effect of skin surface temperature on skin pigmentation during contact and intralesional cryosurgery of keloids
Authors: Har‐Shai Y , Dujovny E , Rohde E , Zouboulis CC
Published: December 2006

Background  This 15‐month study was designed to compare the effect of skin surface temperature on skin pigmentation following a single intralesional or contact cryosurgical treatment of keloids.

Patients/methods  Thirty Caucasian patients with 45 keloids present for more than 6 months were included in this study. Twenty‐one keloids were treated by the contact method while the remaining 24 scars were managed using an intralesional cryosurgery technique. The skin surface temperature at the keloids was measured and recorded using a Ni/Cd thermocouple. Four variables of the thermal history were evaluated with the contact and the intralesional methods, namely cooling rate, hold time, end temperature and thawing rate. Assessment of the local hypopigmentation was performed 6 months after the treatment using a pigmentation scale.

Results  Significantly slower cooling (6.09 ± 4.56 °C/min) and thawing rates (54.52 ± 32.17 °C/min) were recorded with the intralesional cryosurgery method when compared with the cooling rates (13.47 ± 9.04 °C/min) and thawing rates (89.00 ± 86.42 °C/min) of the contact method (P < 0.000001). The end temperature of the contact technique was significantly cooler (−46.77 ± 14.74 °C) when compared with that of the intralesional method (−15.55 ± 6.77 °C) (P < 0.000001). There was a trend for the hold time of intralesional cryosurgery to be longer (82.67 ± 138.03 s) than that of the contact method (16.86 ± 23.49 s) (P < 0.059). A significant difference in skin pigmentation was demonstrated between the two cryosurgical methods. In 91.7% of the keloids treated by the contact technique a significant hypopigmentation was noticed, while no marked hypopigmentation was detected in the skin surface of the keloids treated by the intralesional method (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion  We hypothesize that the thermal history of the skin surface during the intralesional cryosurgery technique provides a better survival environment for the melanocytes than the contact method, thus producing a lower rate of permanent hypopigmentation and disfiguring.
Basic knowledge in psychodermatology
Authors: Poot F , Sampogna F , Onnis L
Published: December 2006

Background  The authors try to define the framework of this approach, what should be acquired by “well‐informed” dermatologists and what is required to be a pyschodermatologist.

Objective  To better define the necessary knowledge to practice psychodermatology.

Results  1) The first level is dermatology psychology: there is a psychotherapeutical implicit effect of the dermatological consultation with a goal that is not psychological change. This effect can be improved by acquiring better communication skills and information. The second level needs a possibility to change the emotional individual process and the relational context in a continuum between counselling and psychotherapy. To practice this level a complete psychotherapeutic education with some specificity is needed. This can be reached by a dermatologist also being a psychotherapist or by a team consisting of both dermatologist‐psychotherapist. 2) The psychodermatological patient is characterized by alexithymia. He/she needs to be understood through the body language he/she presents. This kind of patient is coming from families where the theme of loss seems to dominate the histories and be associated with deep emotional experiences of separation anxiety. These characteristics must be known together with the different psychodermatological disorders and the mind‐body interaction to handle these patients. 3) Taking all of this complexity into account, the psychodermatologist or the psychodermatological team should be able to integrate the different points and adapt attitudes to the patient's difficulty during the whole therapeutic process. 4) The evaluation of the problem should be done using psychological tools here described.

Conclusion  The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV) together with the European Society for Dermatology and Psychiatry (ESDaP) are able to provide the specific education for dermatologist and psychotherapist. In the future, they could be responsible for the recognition of these special abilities and treatments on a governmental and European political level.
Cigarette smoking and acne in adolescents: results from a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Rombouts S , Nijsten T , Lambert J
Published: December 2006

Background  Previous studies on the association between smoking and acne have reported conflicting results.

Objective  To investigate the association between smoking and acne among school‐going adolescents.

Methods  A cross‐sectional study was conducted. Smoking was defined as smoking > 3 cigarettes daily for 6 months or more. We defined acne as having > 20 retentional and/or inflammatory facial acne lesions. Multivariate (proportional) logistic regression models were used to adjust for confounding variables.

Results  Of the 594 participants, 36.2% had acne. Acne sufferers were less likely to smoke (18.1 vs. 23.7%, P = 0.10). In girls, smoking was significantly associated with lower prevalence of acne (adjusted OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.13, 0.82). Smoking, daily cigarette consumption and duration of smoking appeared to be protective in the development of inflammatory acne in girls. No significant associations between acne and smoking variables were detected among boys. Limitations: although this study suggests a significant negative association between smoking and inflammatory acne in girls, it does not prove causality. This association did show a trend for linear relationship. Because of the unexpected differences between boys and girls, sample size may have affected our results.

Conclusion  The anti‐inflammatory effects of smoking may inhibit the development of papulopustular acne in girls more than in boys. However, smoking should not be considered a therapeutic option for acne. Additional studies that consider possible differences across age, gender and type of acne are needed to clarify the association between smoking and acne.
The effect of methotrexate on the expression of cell adhesion molecules and activation molecule CD69 in psoriasis
Authors: Torres‐Álvarez B , Castanedo‐Cazares JP , Fuentes‐Ahumada C , Moncada B
Published: December 2006

Background  The mechanism of the action of methotrexate (MTX) in the treatment of psoriasis has not been completely elucidated.

Objective  To assess the effect of MTX on the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1), vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1), E‐selectin, activation molecule CD69 and T‐cell phenotype in skin specimens from patients with psoriasis.

Methods  We performed an immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of T‐cell phenotype and cell adhesion/activation molecules in skin biopsies from patients with psoriasis treated with a fixed dose of MTX (12.5 mg/week). To determine data on the epidermal/dermal T‐cell infiltration we carried out a manual quantification.

Results  Skin samples prior to therapy showed a moderate to severe inflammatory infiltrate, mainly due to T lymphocytes with a helper/inducer (CD4) phenotype. Most of these cells also expressed ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1. Blood vessels showed expression of E‐selectin and VCAM‐1, and keratinocytes were positive for ICAM‐1 staining. The cell infiltrate was reduced after therapy, as well as the expression of cell adhesion molecules. However, we also noted the persistence of the T lymphocyte phenotype CD8+, expressing the CD69 activation molecule, after the MTX treatment.

Conclusions  MTX downregulates the expression of some adhesion molecules, a phenomenon that may contribute to its anti‐inflammatory therapeutic effect in psoriasis. The infiltrating T cells post‐treatment have an activated cytotoxic phenotype, which may suggest a pathogenic role in the continuation and/or recurrence of psoriasis.
Metronidazole 0.75% gel vs. ketoconazole 2% cream in the treatment of facial seborrheic dermatitis: a randomized, double‐blind study
Authors: Seckin D , Gurbuz O , Akin O
Published: December 2006

Background Recently, two placebo‐controlled studies have shown that topical metronidazole was effective in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis.

Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of metronidazole 0.75% gel with that of ketoconazole 2% cream in the treatment of facial seborrheic dermatitis.

Methods A total of 60 consecutive patients with facial seborrheic dermatitis were included. Patients were randomized into two groups. One group used ketoconazole 2% cream with metronidazole gel as vehicle; the other group used metronidazole 0.75% gel with ketoconazole cream as vehicle for a 4‐week treatment period. Main outcome measures were change in clinical severity scores, patients’ and investigator's global evaluation of improvement and frequency of side‐effects.

Results All the assessments were made by an investigator who was unaware of which group the patients were allocated to. Mean percentage decrease in clinical severity scores from baseline to last available visit was 63.4% (95% CI 57.7–69) and 54.4% (95% CI 47.9–61) in the ketoconazole‐ and metronidazole‐treated patients, respectively (P = 0.31). Eighty‐two per cent of patients in the ketoconazole group vs. 79% of patients in the metronidazole group rated their global improvement as significant or moderate (P > 0.05). No statistically significant difference in the frequency of side‐effects was detected between the two groups. The results of this study need to be confirmed in further studies involving large numbers of patients.

Conclusion Our data demonstrated that metronidazole 0.75% gel had a comparable efficacy and safety profile with that of ketoconazole 2% cream in the treatment of facial seborrheic dermatitis.
Some Hypotheses on the Valuation of Stock Warrants
Authors: HORRIGAN JAMES O.
Published: December 2006

Stock warrants are often portrayed as securities that yield supernormal returns while their counterpart stocks only earn moderate yields. Those returns seem inconsistent with efficient capital markets. A present‐value warrant model is developed in this paper. This model assumes that warrants grow at a rate appropriate to their risk class. The model suggests that warrant values vary directly with growth of the stock and the time remaining to exercise, and vary inversely with the warrant holder's cost of capital.
Controlling Risk in Accounts Receivable Management
Authors: MAO JAMES C. T. , SARNDAL CARL ERIK
Published: December 2006

In granting trade credit, the credit manager must weigh the expected profit from a sale against the risk of customer default. A common procedure is to sell on credit only to those customers whose risk of default is below some critical level. This procedure does not effectively control a firm's ratio of bad debt to sales. In this paper, formulas are derived for the variance of this ratio under various assumptions regarding the number and size distribution of customers. Knowledge of this variance enables the credit manager to more accurately control his credit losses.
The Price Determination of Convertible Loan Stock: a UK Model
Authors: SKERRATT L. C. L.
Published: December 2006

The paper develops a model of the price determination of convertible loan stock in the UK, the parameters of which are then estimated. The methodology employed is essentially an extension of the premium adjusted approach, the convertible price being calculated by adjusting the value of the inherent equity for the various differences between the two forms of security such as arise in income entitlement, downward protection and marketability. Also the results using this model are compared with similar models developed from USA data, showing a remarkable degree of similarity.
A SHORT NOTE ON “IS THE EMPHASIS OF CAPITAL BUDGETING THEORY MISPLACED?”
Authors: TINKER A.M.
Published: December 2006

This note relates to Paul King's article (in the Spring 1975 JBFA), which may add little to an earlier contribution by W.W. Haynes and M.B. Solomon, Jnr. Specifically, it is based on a “misplaced” caricature of “the scientific model”. There seem to be serious questions as to the empirical status of the model, and more recent contributions to the theory of organisational decision‐making also need to be considered.

Dans ce comnentaire, on s'eteńd sur l'article de Paul King paru dans le numéro de Printemps 1975 de ce journal. Son article ne semble fournir guère plus d'informations que la précédente étude présentée par W.W. Haynes et M.B. Solomon, Jnr. I1 insiste avant tout sur un aspect détourné du ‘modèle scientifique’, ce qui semble poser de sérieux problèes quant aux statuts empiriques attribues au modèle, et demande que l'on s'interroge devant de plus récentes études concernant la théorie de gestion des structures.

Diese Stellungnahme bezieht sich auf die Abhandlung von Paul King (in der Frühjahrsausgabe der JBFA), die wenig zum früheren Artikel von W.W. Haynes und M.B. Solomon, Jnr., beitragen mag. Insbesondere basiert diese Abhandlung aug einer unberechtigen Karikatur des “wissenschaftlichen Modells”. Ausserdem ist der empirische Status des Modells höchst fraglich. Darüberhinaus müssen die neuen Beiträge zur Theorie des Organisationsentscheidungsprozesses berücksichtigt werden.
TEMPORAL ADDITIVITY: A PROBLEM IN ACCOUNTING MEASUREMENT
Authors: MISTER WILLIAM G.
Published: December 2006

The currently accepted set of accounting principles and practices have been formulated such that the length of the accounting period, a non‐economic variable, has been incorporated into the accounting system as an independent variable. Accounting reports are, therefore, temporally non‐additive ‐ they will not add up over time. Interim reporting has become increasingly important in recent times. Interim reports for any period other than one year cannot articulate with the annual report unless temporal additivity is required of generally accepted accounting principles.

L'ensemble des principes et des pratiques comptables généralement admis a été formulé de telle facon que la durée de la période, une variable non économique, scit intiroduite dans le système comptable en tant que variable indépendante. Les rapports comptables sont donc non additifs: ils ne se totaliserunt pas dans le temps. Les rapports comptables établis dans une période provisoire ‐ c'est‐à‐dire dans une période inférieure à 12 mois ‐ ont récement pris une importance considérable. Ils peuvent ainsi difficilement constituer un ensemble flexible compatible avec le rapport annuel, à moins que cette additivité temporelle respecte les principes comptables généralement admis.

Die gegenwätigen Grundsätze und Prinzipien ordnungsmässiger Rechnungslegung sind so formuliert, dass die Dauer der Rechnungsperiode ‐ eine nicht‐ökonomische Variable ‐ als unabhängige Variable in das Rechnungssytem aufgenommen worden ist. Rechnungsberichte sind deshalb zeitlich nicht‐additiv. Vorläufige Berichterstattung ist in letzter Zeit von grGsserer Bedeutung geworden. Vorläufige Berichte für Rechnungsperioden, ausser für die Dauer ekes Jahres, können mit dem Jahresbericht nicht harmonisieren. falls nicht die zeitliche Additivität von den gegenwärtigen Rechnungsprinzipien verlangt wird.
THE REGRESSION PORTFOLIO: A STATISTICAL INVESTIVATION OF A RELATIVE DECLINE MODEL
Authors: JONES C.J. , TWEEDIE D.P. , WHITTINGTON G.
Published: December 2006

This paper reports the results of empirically testing a share selection system based upon the assumption that the stock market over‐values recent performance. This system, which is called the Regression Portfolio, had modest success in yielding above‐average income but was less successful in its capital performance. The results provide some interesting insights into the behaviour of the London Stock Exchange and the performance of quoted companies, during the period 1967–72, in addition to suggesting further work on share selection models.

Dans ce papier, on révèle les résultats de l'analyse à laquelle on a soumis un système sélectif d'actions fondé sur l'hypothèse que le marché des valeurs surestime les derniers rendements. Si ce systéme, appelé‘portefeuille régressif’, a relativement permis d'offrir des bénéfices supérieurs à la norme moyenne, il n'a pas su par contre justifier son entière efficacité en ce qui concerne la valeur en capital. Excluant le fait qu'une recherche plus approfondie s'impose sur les moèbles sélectifs d'une action, les résultats fournissent des renseignements intéressants quant au comportement de la Bourse de Londres et au rendement des sociétés cotées en Bourse, au cours de la période 1967–72.

Dieser Beitrag berichtet über die empirischen Teste eines Aktienauswahlsystems, welches davon ausgeht, dass der Börsenmarktneue Aktienrentabilität überbewertet. Dieses System, das Regressionsportefeuille heisst, hatte mässigen Erfolg bei der Auswahl von Dividenden, war aber weniger erfolgreich bezüglich der Aktienkurszuwachsrate. Die Ergebnisse beiten interessante Einblicke in das Verhalten der Londoner Börse, sowie in die Leistung von notierten Aktiengesellschaften in den Jahren 1967–72. Darüberhinaus zeigen sie neue Richtungen für weitere Porschungsarbeit auf diesem Gebiet.
YIELDS ON CONVERTIBLE SECURITIES: 1969–1974
Authors: BOND F.M.
Published: December 2006

In the last five years many of the convertible securities, whose issue was an outstanding feature of company finance in the 1960s, have reached conversion opportunities. This paper reports the results of some simple tests of ex‐post yields achieved on these securities from the date of issue to the last effective conversion opportunity. The results obtained are compared with the performance of the issuer's equity during the same period, and an attempt is made to evaluate convertibles as a form of investment with equity characteristics.

Au cours des cinq dernières années, la plupart des valeurs convertibles, dont l'émission tenait une place importante dans le financement des sociétés dans les années 1960, avaient atteint leur droit de conversion. Cet article donne les résultats de quelques tests simples s'appuyant sur les bénéfices ex‐post effectués sur ces titres de la date d'émission à la dernière occasion possible de convertir. On a rapproché les résultats obtenus et la marche réalisée par le capital propre au cours de la même période. On s'appuie aussi à regarder les valeurs convertibles comme étant une forme d'investissement Pqssédant les caractéristiques du capital propre.

In den letzten fünf Jahren haven zahlreiche Wandelanleihen, deren Emission als merkwürdiges Kennzeichen der Finanzierung emissionsfähiger Atktiengesellschaften in den sechziger Jahren war, Wandelmöglichkeiten erreicht. Diese Abhandlung berichtet über die Ergebnisse einiger einfachen Teste der ex‐post Renditen dieser Wertpapiere, von ihrer Emission bis zur letzten effektiven Wandelhglichkeit. Die abgeleiteten Ergebnisse werden mit den ex‐post Aktienärsrenditen des Emittents für die selbe Periode verglichen. Es wird versucht, Wandelanleihen als Wertpapiere mit Aktienart zu bewerten.
THE EFFICIENCY OF THE INTERNATIONAL MONEY MARKETS
Authors: McInish Thomas H. , Puglisi Donald J.
Published: December 2006

In markets which are efficient in the weak form, investors are not able to use the information contained in historical yields to earn excess returns. Using a rum test, this paper examines the weak form efficiency of a number of international money markets. While most of the markets examined were found to be efficient in the weak form, the study was not able to confirm the weak form efficiency of the markets for three‐month German DM bank deposits, Swiss Ffr. bank deposits, French Ffr. bank deposits, and six‐month Eurodollar CDs.
ON THE THEORETICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUSINESS RISK AND SYSTEMATIC RISK
Authors: Conine Thomas E.
Published: December 2006

This article develops a theoretical relationship between systematic risk and business risk. It is an area that has not been substantially developed in the literature. Rubinstein (1973) and Lev (1974) both developed theoretical models of systematic risk allowing for stochastic demand. A model is derived that allows for prices, variable costs and demand to be simultaneously stochastic, utilizing the covariance of the product of random variables. The temporal stationarity of unlevered systematic risk is dependent upon the temporal stationarity of the theoretical structure derived. Insight is gained as to a potential source of the empirically observed temporal instability of levered systematic risk.
BLACK‐SCHOLES vs. KASSOUF OPTION PRICING: AN EMPIRICAL COMPARISON
Authors: French Dan W.
Published: December 2006

This paper presents a comparison of the Black‐Scholes and Kassouf models for the pricing of options. Graphical presentations of simulated call option prices show the effects of changing the different variables on the prices of options. An empirical study using observed option prices shows that there is little practical difference between the values given by the two models, and that an investment strategy based upon using either of the two models would yield about the same return.
THE EFFECT OF AUDITOR INVOLVEMENT ON THE PREDICTIVE CAPACITY OF INTERIM FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Authors: Edmonds Thomas P.
Published: December 2006

Considerable controversy has arisen over auditor involvement with interim financial statements. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has taken an aggressive stance towards the advocacy of auditor involvement. The Commission cited anticipated improvements in the predictive capacity of interim data as justification for such advocacy. This study found evidence contrary to the expectations of the SEC. Earnings per share forecast errors generated through naive predictor models did not differ significantly when auditor involvement was introduced as in input segregation criterih. Accordingly, the data suggest that auditor involvement does not affect the predictive content of interim statements. In view of the finding of the study the author recommends a reassessment of the cost/benefit structure associated with auditor involvement in interim financial statements.
VALUATION AND RISK‐ADJUSTED DISCOUNT RATES
Authors: Haley Charles W.
Published: December 2006

There is a continuing controversy as to whether the use of a constant risk adjusted discount rate in capital budgeting decisions implies that the risk of the cash flows increases over time. This paper shows that valuation using these discount rates implies an increasing premium for risk over time but that the increasing premium is due to the net impact of the uncertainty in the cash flow; uncertainty in future market expectations of the cash flow; and changes in the market price of risk. The risk of the cash flow itself need not be increasing over time.
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE REGULATION AND INDIRECT ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES: AN ANALYSIS OF THE SALES DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENT OF THE 1934 SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE ACT
Authors: Chow Chee W.
Published: December 2006

This study analyzes an indirect economic consequence of accounting regdations ‐ that of inducing inter‐firm wealth transfers. This analysis is applied to the sales disclosure requirement of the 1934 Securities and Exchange Act. Using daily returns to the New York Stock Exchange and over‐the‐counter stocks, it was found that when Congressional deliberations favored passage of the 1934 Act, mturns to h s which had previously disclosed sales significantly exceeded those of non‐sales‐disclosing firms. This result is consistent with a wealth transfer having occurred from the latter to the former through an unexpected shift in competitive advantage.
A NOTE ON A CASH MANAGEMENT MODEL ALLOWING FOR OVERDRAFTS
Authors: Wirth Andrew
Published: December 2006

This paper considers the proportion of time a current bank account should be in credit, given the opportunity, overdraft and transfer costs involved. Recurrence relations for the overdraft limit and timing of transfers are also established.
STOCK PRICE DYNAMICS IN OVERLAPPED MARKET SEGMENTS: INTRA AND INTER‐INDUSTRY CONTAGION EFFECTS
Authors: Alli Kasim , Thapa Samantha , Yung Kenneth
Published: December 2006

This study examines stock price dynamics of contagion effects in overlapping markets using an exponential ARCH (Autoregressive Conditional Hetero‐scedastic) model. Specifically, the stock price dynamics among the oil and oil‐related industries of the US are examined to see how stock price movements in one industry affect those of the related industries. The results suggest that when the amount of price innovations is larger than the expected amount, volatility of stock returns will be affected. The results further show that this influence comes from the oil‐service industry and spreads to the oil industry and the gas industry. That is, inter‐industry contagion effects do exist. In addition, when the firms of the oil industry are grouped into three size categories ‐ large, medium and small ‐ the results indicate that the source of contagion is from the large and the small oil firms. The influence of their price innovations spread to medium‐sized oil firms, the oil‐service industry and the gas industry. That is, the inter‐industry and intra‐industry contagion effects exist simultaneously.
THE MARKET REACTION TO THE 1986 TAX OVERHAUL: A STUDY OF THE CAPITAL GAIN TAX CHANGE
Authors: Jang Hwee‐yong J.
Published: December 2006

The Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA) eliminated the favorable tax treatment on long‐term capital gains in the US. Using a standard event study… CONTENTS AND ABSTRACTS 111 methodology, this paper examines daily stock return reactions to the tax overhaul. The results show that high dividend yield stocks earned a significant positive abnormal return and low yield stocks a significant negative return during the legislation period. This finding is consistent with the notion that the TRA made the market valuation of stocks shift in favor of high yield stocks.
THE CLINICAL APPLICATION OF THE LOKARE'S MODIFIED JUNIOR MAUDSLEY PERSONALITY INVENTORY WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO 8‐ TO 12‐YEAR‐OLD CHILDREN
Authors: Lokare V. G.
Published: December 2006

The results of administering the LMJMPI to 280 normal children and 91 clinic children of 8–12 yr of age are reported. The analysis gave rise to two dimensions of personality which can be identified as neuroticism and extraversion and are completely independent of each other. The findings also show the ability of the LMJMPI to distinguish the clinical group from normals, even when used on a young population of 8–12‐yr‐old children. This suggests that the LMJMPI retains its reliability and validity when used with the younger children, and shows a reliable degree of concordance with psychiatric classification.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEXUAL DISCRIMINATION IN CHILDREN*
Authors: Levin Saul M. , Balistrieri James , Schukit Mark
Published: December 2006

Developmental data were obtained on the ability to discriminate between the sexes on the basis of dress, hair and genitalia. The focus of interest was on developmental changes in ability to discriminate on the basis of genitalia and in knowledge that the genital cue constitutes the critical characteristic. It was found that about half of a group of 7‐yr‐old children were able to discriminate on the basis of the genital cue while significantly more than half of the 9‐yr‐olds manifested such discrimination. However, it was only in the 11‐yr‐old group that more than half of the Ss appeared to be aware that the genital cue is the dominant characteristic differentiating boys from girls.
A NOTE ON THE EFFECTS OF ADMINISTRATION CONDITIONS UPON PERSONALITY SCORES IN CHILDREN
Authors: Nias D. K. B.
Published: December 2006

This paper raises the problem of respondent anonymity in test administration. A total of 380 children, aged 11 and 12 years, were given a revised version of the Junior Eysenck Personality Inventory that includes a psychoticism scale. An administration condition of anonymity was compared with one in which children were required to give their names. While the results gave no clear differences between the two conditions, the expected differences between boys and girls emerged. The correlations between the scales, and the internal consistency coefficients of the scales, also compared well with those from other versions of the inventory. It is suggested that under normal research conditions, children wilt tend to give honest, or al least consistent, answers to this type of questionnaire.
CRITICAL NOTICE
Authors: Wolff Sula
Published: December 2006

Education, Health and Behaviour, Michael Rutter, Jack Tizard and Kingsley Whitmore.
THE FIRST BORN
Authors: Fortes Meyer
Published: December 2006

I return thus to my starting point in Emanuel Miller's model of the cycle of the generations. What I have endeavored to show is that the first born marks a critical, perhaps the most critical stage in the cycle. Like him, I take parenthood to be the crucial factor in the cycle. It is a truism to say that parenthood is a universal human (some would say primate) institution. What is more to the point is that how it is created in each case and in general, and how it runs its course, the relationships and the patterns of custom and of behaviour it generates—these are phenomena where all the human sciences in which Miller was interested meet on common ground. I hope therefore that this lecture, deviously as it has wandered and perhaps tried your patience, will commend itself as a fining tribute to the memory of Emanuel Miller.
CHILDREN OF WEST INDIAN IMMIGRANTS—III. HOME CIRCUMSTANCES AND FAMILY PATTERNS
Authors: Rutter Michael , Yule Bridget , Morton Janis , Bagley Christopher
Published: December 2006

A total population survey was made of all 10‐yr‐old children in an inner London borough. As part of this study, systematic standardised interviews were held with random samples of parents of children from West Indian families and of children from non‐immigrant families. In contrast to the situation in the Caribbean, the nuclear family was the norm for West Indian families living in London, just as it was non‐immigrant families. In many respects the West Indians and non‐immigrant families were closely similar. No differences were found in rates of parental mental disorder or criminality and the quality of family relationships was the same in the two groups. However, the West Indian parents were more likely to hold semiskilled or unskilled manual jobs and to live in poor quality overcrowded housing. In spite of this, they were also more likely to own their own house. West Indian families had many more children and differed somewhat in their patterns of child rearing. The significance of these findings is discussed in terms of both likely effects on child development and also the future implications for West Indian families living in London.
EFFECTS OF BRIEF SEPARATION FROM PARENT ON YOUNG CHILDREN
Authors: Smith Lars
Published: December 2006

Data On Child‐Parent Interaction, Activity And Behaviour In A Test Situation Were Obtained From Young Children Who had had A Single 3‐Min Separation And From Non‐Separated Controls. During Separation, Crying Increased And Non‐Crying Vocalisation Decreased. No Other Immediate Effects Of Separation Were Observed. One Week Later, the Previously Separated Subjects Tended To Show Objects Less Frequently And Also Manifested Less Manipulative Play. There Were Marked Differences In Their Readiness To Separate Themselves From Their Parents.
CLUSTERING AND SOCIALLY‐DIRECTED BEHAVIORS IN A PLAYGROUP OF 1‐YR‐OLD BOYS
Authors: Mueller Edward , Rich Adrienne
Published: December 2006

This study aims at documenting the presence of clustering in a playgroup of five 1‐yr‐old boys. Clusters are of interest because they bring very young children in repeated contact. In addition, a method is developed for analyzing socially‐directed behavior in early peer contacts. When the method is applied to the sample of cluster contacts, it is found that both the frequency and complexity of socially‐directed behavior increase across the three‐mouth period studied. The results suggest that 1‐yr‐olds can profit from regular contact with a consistent group of children. They also indicate the promise of using the methods developed in additional studies.