bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Divergent anomaly in mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic circuits might be associated with different depressive behaviors, an animal study
Authors: Bai Mei , Zhu Xiongzhao , Zhang Li , Zhang Yi , Xue Liang , Wang Yuting , Zhong Mingtian , Zhang Xiuwu
Published: September 2017

Background

The mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, which originates from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and projects primarily to the prefrontal cortex (PFC), olfactory tubercle (OT), nucleus accumbens (NAc), dorsal striatum (ST), and the amygdala (AMy), plays a pivotal role in determining individual motivation and sensitivity to rewards, namely, anhedonia. Not all depressive individuals exhibited anhedonia, thus, it is natural to speculate that the heterogenous manifestations of depression might be related to the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system. Maternal deprivation (MD) and chronic unpredictable stress (CUPS) are two well‐established depressogenic stressors, and they were proven to induce different depressive phenotypes.

Methods

The depressive and anxiety‐like behaviors of MD and CUPS‐treated rats were measured by classical behavioral tests including open field, forced swimming, and sucrose preference test. The expression of D1‐5 dopamine receptors and DAT mRNA and protein in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system of rats exposed to MD and CUPS were measured by real‐time PCR and Western blot, respectively.

Results

Severe anhedonia was observed in MD but not CUPS rats. Divergent expression of D1 and D2 receptors and DAT mRNA and protein in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system were found between MD and CUPS rats. Significant correlations between different depressive behaviors and D1‐/D2‐like receptors and DAT protein levels in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system were observed.

Conclusion

Different depressive behaviors of rats such as anhedonia, passive coping behavior, and declined exploratory interest might be related to divergent dopaminergic pathways. Anhedonia is associated with the dysfunction of VTA‐NAc and VTA‐OT dopaminergic pathways, the passive coping behavior is related to the dysregulation of VTA‐PFC and VTA‐AMy pathways, and individual exploratory interest is associated with abnormal activity of VTA‐PFC and VTA‐ST pathways.
Clinimetrics of the Upright Motor Control Test in chronic stroke
Authors: Lunar Frances Rom M. , Gorgon Edward James R. , Lazaro Rolando T.
Published: September 2017

Introduction

Insufficient literature exists regarding the clinimetric properties of the Upright Motor Control Test Knee Extension and Flexion subtests (UMCT‐KE and UMCT‐KF, respectively). This study examined the interrater and test‐retest reliability of these subtests, and determined the relationship between the UMCT‐KE and a clinical measure of muscle function in a sample of adults with chronic stroke.

Methods

Three raters independently administered the UMCT‐KE and UMCT‐KF on adults with chronic stroke with spasticity/abnormal movement patterns. Testing of each participant occurred on two occasions (T1 and T2) separated by a two‐week interval. A fourth rater independently administered the Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSST), a measure of lower extremity muscle function (power), on T2.

Results

Twenty‐nine adults aged 55 ± 8 years, comprising 21 men (72%), and who were 9 ± 5 years poststroke, completed the study. Most of the participants (66%, 19/29) did not require an assistive device during walking. The UMCT‐KE and UMCT‐KF demonstrated substantial interrater reliability (W = 0.63–0.67 and 0.72–0.75, respectively) and substantial to almost perfect test‐retest reliability across the raters (W = 0.75–0.82 and 0.85–0.87, respectively). The UMCT‐KE showed positive inverse correlation with the FTSST (ρ = −0.52, p = .003).

Conclusions

Scores on both subtests are reproducible within raters and across different raters. The relationship of UMCT‐KE scores with FTSST scores implies that the UMCT‐KE can provide information that relates with the construct of muscle function in a weight‐bearing position.
A Single‐Framework Synthetic Antibody Library Containing a Combination of Canonical and Variable Complementarity‐Determining Regions
Authors: Maruthachalam Bharathikumar Vellalore , El‐Sayed Ayman , Liu Jianghai , Sutherland Ashley R. , Hill Wayne , Alam Md Kausar , Pastushok Landon , Fonge Humphrey , Barreto Kris , Geyer C. Ronald
Published: September 2017

Synthetic antibody libraries have been used to generate antibodies with favorable biophysical and pharmacological properties. Here, we describe the design, construction, and validation of a phage‐displayed antigen‐binding fragment (Fab) library built on a modified trastuzumab framework with four fixed and two diversified complementarity‐determining regions (CDRs). CDRs L1, L2, H1, and H2 were fixed to preserve the most commonly observed “canonical” CDR conformation preferred by the modified trastuzumab Fab framework. The library diversity was engineered within CDRs L3 and H3 by use of custom‐designed trinucleotide phosphoramidite mixes and biased towards human antibody CDR sequences. The library contained ≈7.6 billion unique Fabs, and >95 % of the library correctly encoded both diversified CDR sequences. We used this library to conduct selections against the human epidermal growth factor receptor‐3 extracellular domain (HER3‐ECD) and compared the CDR diversity of the naïve library and the anti‐HER3 selection pool by use of next‐generation sequencing. The most commonly observed CDR combination isolated, named Her3‐3, was overexpressed and purified in Fab and immunoglobulin G (IgG) formats. Fab HER3‐3 bound to HER3‐ECD with a KD value of 2.14 nm and recognized cell‐surface HER3. Although HER3‐3 IgG bound to cell‐surface HER3, it did not inhibit the proliferation of HER3‐positive cells. Near‐infrared imaging showed that Fab HER3‐3 selectively accumulated in a murine HER3‐postive xenograft, thus providing a lead for the development of HER3 imaging probes.
Complete remission of rare adenocarcinoma of the oropharynx with APCEDEN® (dendritic cell‐based vaccine): a case report
Authors: Kumar Chaitanya , Kohli Sakshi , Chiliveru Srikanth , Jain Minish , Sharan Bandana
Published: September 2017

Key Clinical Message

APCEDEN® is an autologous monocyte‐derived dendritic cell‐based immunotherapy. A 58‐year‐old man with adenocarcinoma of oropharynx shows complete remission after receiving APCEDEN® in conjunction with Geftinib validated by reduction in size, whereas Gefitinib alone lead to disease progression.
Automated Determination of Oxygen‐Dependent Enzyme Kinetics in a Tube‐in‐Tube Flow Reactor
Authors: Ringborg Rolf H. , Toftgaard Pedersen Asbjørn , Woodley John M.
Published: September 2017

The front cover artwork for Issue 17/2017 is provided by Prof. John M. Woodley and co‐workers from the Technical University of Denmark and EchoSkye. The image illustrates a tube‐in‐tube reactor, operated in the low‐dispersed flow regime, using an enzyme catalyst (in the inner tube). Oxygen flows in the outer tube, delivering a uniform concentration along the length of the tube. See the Communication itself at https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201700811.
Strength‐Based Narrative Résumé Counseling: Constructing Positive Career Identities From Difficult Employment Histories
Authors: Toporek Rebecca L. , Cohen Rachel Fuld
Published: September 2017

The résumé is a fixture within employment counseling, often viewed as a necessary product for securing employment. Résumés can also be a powerful vehicle for facilitating the development of positive career identities. The complex interplay of negative societal narratives with personal narratives can make the development of a positive identity, and the execution of an employment search, difficult for clients who have work histories complicated by personal and economic challenges (e.g., homelessness, intimate partner violence, histories of incarceration). The authors present résumé counseling as an opportunity for clients to develop stories of strength, reveal stories of difficulty, solidify a positive career identity, and rewrite positive future narratives. This article describes the strength‐based narrative approach to résumé and employment counseling, illustrates its application with a hypothetical case, and offers practice recommendations.
Advocating for Educational Standards in Counselor Licensure Laws
Authors: Lawson Gerard , Trepal Heather C. , Lee Robin W. , Kress Victoria
Published: September 2017

As the counseling profession evolves, educational standards for counselor licensure must be standardized from state to state. In this article, the authors discuss historical and current influences and present an advocacy model that has been used to standardize educational requirements in state counselor licensure laws.
Fused 1,2,3‐Thiaselenazoles Synthesized from 1,2,3‐Dithiazoles through Selective Chalcogen Exchange
Authors: Konstantinova Lidia S. , Baranovsky Ilia V. , Pritchina Elena A. , Mikhailov Maksim S. , Bagryanskaya Irina Yu. , Semenov Nikolay A. , Irtegova Irina G. , Salnikov Georgy E. , Lyssenko Konstantin A. , Gritsan Nina P. , Zibarev Andrey V. , Rakitin Oleg A.
Published: September 2017

A new approach to the synthesis of fused 1,2,3‐thiaselenazoles—rare five‐membered heterocycles that contain two different chalcogens—from the corresponding 1,2,3‐dithiazoles and SeO2was accomplished by selective exchange of S and Se atoms. The fused carbo‐ and heterocyclic units were indene, naphthalenone, cyclohexadienone, cyclopentadiene, benzoannulene, and benzoxazine. The molecular structures of two of the thiaselenadiazole products and one of the dithiazole precursors were confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The reaction is highly solvent selective; it only takes place in solvents that contain a C=O group (e.g., DMF or tetramethylurea). According to DFT calculations, the reaction is thermodynamically favorable. Based on the DFT calculations and77Se NMR spectroscopy, two tentative mechanisms that feature isomeric transition states and intermediates are suggested for the reaction via ring‐opening addition of SeO2to the S−X dithiazole bond (X=N or S). The DFT‐calculated first adiabatic electron affinities of the compounds were chalcogen independent and positive in all cases, which assumes formation of thermodynamically stable radical anions (RAs). These calculated RAs featured either normal or abnormal elongation of the S1−X2 (X=S or Se) bond relative to their neutral precursors and possessed π* or σ* SOMOs, respectively.
Host–Guest Complexes of Cyclodextrins and Nanodiamonds as a Strong Non‐Covalent Binding Motif for Self‐Assembled Nanomaterials
Authors: Schibilla Frauke , Voskuhl Jens , Fokina Natalie A. , Dahl Jeremy E. P. , Schreiner Peter R. , Ravoo Bart Jan
Published: September 2017

We report the inclusion of carboxy‐ and amine‐substituted molecular nanodiamonds (NDs) adamantane, diamantane, and triamantane by β‐cyclodextrin and γ‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD and γ‐CD), which have particularly well‐suited hydrophobicity and symmetry for an optimal fit of the host and guest molecules. We studied the host–guest interactions in detail and generally observed 1:1 association of the NDs with the larger γ‐CD cavity, but observed 1:2 association for the largest ND in the series (triamantane) with β‐CD. We found higher binding affinities for carboxy‐substituted NDs than for amine‐substituted NDs. Additionally, cyclodextrin vesicles (CDVs) were decorated with d‐mannose by using adamantane, diamantane, and triamantane as non‐covalent anchors, and the resulting vesicles were compared with the lectin concanavalin A in agglutination experiments. Agglutination was directly correlated to the host–guest association: adamantane showed lower agglutination than di‐ or triamantane with β‐CDV and almost no agglutination with γ‐CDV, whereas high agglutination was observed for di‐ and triamantane with γ‐CDV.
Synthesis of Functionalized Quinolines through a Reaction of Amides and Alkynes Promoted by Triflic Anhydride/Pyridine
Authors: Li Lian‐Hua , Niu Zhi‐Jie , Liang Yong‐Min
Published: September 2017

A concise, novel and flexible metal‐free single step to synthesize functionalized quinolines is reported. Triflic anhydride‐mediated (Tf2O) activation of amides is discussed in the presence of pyridine to offer strong electrophiles, thereby showcasing excellent productivity, high regio‐ and chemoselectivity, and widely tolerable substrates. This approach provides a straightforward and efficient way to construct azaheterocycle structures.
Berberinchlorid aus Berberitzenrinde
Authors: Eckhardt Katrin , Zeller Klaus‐Peter , Siehl Hans‐Ullrich , Berger Stefan , Sicker Dieter
Published: September 2017

Berberin und Berberinchlorid zählen als quartäre Ammoniumsalze zu den seltenen basischen Naturfarbstoffen. Berberin kommt z.B. in der Rinde der Gemeinen Berberitze vor. Es ist ein von Färbern geschätzter gelber Naturfarbstoff, der schon ohne Beize auf Wolle und Leder zieht. Biosynthese und Totalsynthese von Berberin werden beschrieben. Es ist als Alkaloid vielfältig physiologisch wirksam. Früher volksmedizinisch genutzt, wird es heute intensiv pharmakologisch erforscht. Wir beschreiben die Isolierung von Berberinchlorid aus Berberitzenrinde ohne Chromatografie, präsentieren und interpretieren seine Spektren. Außerdem sind Berberitzenfrüchte als pikante Delikatesse der persischen Küche interessant. Ein Färbe‐ und ein Kochrezept runden diesen Artikel ab. Dieser Beitrag setzt die Reihe zur Isolierung und Spektroskopie von Naturstoffen fort und basiert auf einer Bachelorarbeit. Er ergänzt die Kapitel des Buchs „Classics in Spectroscopy“ von S. Berger und D. Sicker (Wiley‐VCH 2009).
Physical function metric over measure: An illustration with the Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT)
Authors: Kaat Aaron J. , Schalet Benjamin D. , Rutsohn Joshua , Jensen Roxanne E. , Cella David
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUND

Measuring patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) is becoming an integral component of quality improvement initiatives, clinical care, and research studies in cancer, including comparative effectiveness research. However, the number of PROs limits comparability across studies. Herein, the authors attempted to link the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐General Physical Well‐Being (FACT‐G PWB) subscale with the Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Physical Function (PF) calibrated item bank. The also sought to augment a subset of the conceptually most similar FACT‐G PWB items with PROMIS PF items to improve the linking.

METHODS

Baseline data from 5506 participants in the Measuring Your Health (MY‐Health) study were used to identify the optimal items for linking FACT‐G PWB with PROMIS PF. A mixed methods approach identified the optimal items for creating the 5‐item FACT/PROMIS‐PF5 scale. Both the linked and augmented relationships were cross‐validated using the follow‐up MY‐Health data.

RESULTS

A 5‐item FACT‐G PWB item subset was found to be optimal for linking with PROMIS PF. In addition, a 2‐item subset, including only items that were conceptually very similar to the PROMIS item bank content, were augmented with 3 PROMIS PF items. This new FACT/PROMIS‐PF5 provided superior score recovery.

CONCLUSIONS

The PROMIS PF metric allows for the evaluation of the extent to which similar questionnaires can be linked and therefore expressed on the same metric. These results allow for the aggregation of existing data and provide an optimal measure for future studies wishing to use the FACT yet also report on the PROMIS PF metric. Cancer 2018;124:153‐60. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Histopathologic follow‐up and HPV test results with HSIL Papanicolaou test results in China's largest academic women's hospital
Authors: Tao Xiang , Austin R. Marshall , Zhang Hao , Zhang Lihong , Xiao Jianan , Zhou Xianrong , Wang Li , Zhao Chengquan
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUND

Cervical cancer screening in China is largely limited to occasional opportunistic screening in urban centers. The current study reports histopathologic follow‐up and human papillomavirus (HPV) results in women with high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) Papanicolaou (Pap) tests reported at the largest academic women's hospital in China and compares these findings with those of published Western studies among frequently screened women.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study documented HSIL Pap tests, patient age, HPV results, and histopathologic follow‐up from 2011 through 2015 in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University (OGHFU) in Shanghai, China. Of 886,122 Pap test results, 4269 (0.48%) reported HSIL. Histopathologic follow‐up was available for 2351 cases and HPV results were available for 2092 cases.

RESULTS

HSIL reporting rates increased with patient age from 0.16% at age <30 years to 0.58% at ages 30 to 49 years and 0.75% at age ≥50 years. HSIL rates were found to be significantly higher for women tested using liquid‐based cytology (0.52%‐0.55%) compared with conventional Pap tests (0.19%). Among 2351 cases with histopathologic follow‐up, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of type 2/3 was diagnosed in 74.1% of cases and squamous cell carcinoma in 14.2% of cases. Squamous cell carcinoma was diagnosed in 22.8% of patients aged ≥50 years who underwent biopsy. HPV‐positive HSIL rates using 3 different HPV tests ranged from 88.1% to 93.9%.

CONCLUSIONS

At OGHFU, the finding of an increase in HSIL cytology rates with increasing patient age contrasted with a finding of decreasing HSIL rates with increasing age previously reported in regularly screened cotested patients in the United States. The increasing HSIL rates with older age and high rates of cervical cancer diagnoses noted at OGHFU appear to be best explained by the absence of consistent intraepithelial lesion ablation achievable with frequent screening and treatment. Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:947‐53. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Computer‐assisted cytologic diagnosis in pancreatic FNA: An application of neural networks to image analysis
Authors: Momeni‐Boroujeni Amir , Yousefi Elham , Somma Jonathan
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUND

Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy is an accurate method for the diagnosis of solid pancreatic masses. However, a significant number of cases still pose a diagnostic challenge. The authors have attempted to design a computer model to aid in the diagnosis of these biopsies.

METHODS

Images were captured of cell clusters on ThinPrep slides from 75 pancreatic FNA cases (20 malignant, 24 benign, and 31 atypical). A K‐means clustering algorithm was used to segment the cell clusters into separable regions of interest before extracting features similar to those used for cytomorphologic assessment. A multilayer perceptron neural network (MNN) was trained and then tested for its ability to distinguish benign from malignant cases.

RESULTS

A total of 277 images of cell clusters were obtained. K‐means clustering identified 68,301 possible regions of interest overall. Features such as contour, perimeter, and area were found to be significantly different between malignant and benign images (P <.05). The MNN was 100% accurate for benign and malignant categories. The model's predictions from the atypical data set were 77% accurate.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the current study demonstrate that computer models can be used successfully to distinguish benign from malignant pancreatic cytology. The fact that the model can categorize atypical cases into benign or malignant with 77% accuracy highlights the great potential of this technology. Although further study is warranted to validate its clinical applications in pancreatic and perhaps other areas of cytology as well, the potential for improved patient outcomes using MNN for image analysis in pathology is significant. Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:926‐33. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
A crustacean lobula plate: Morphology, connections, and retinotopic organization
Authors: Bengochea Mercedes , Berón de Astrada Martín , Tomsic Daniel , Sztarker Julieta
Published: September 2017

The lobula plate is part of the lobula complex, the third optic neuropil, in the optic lobes of insects. It has been extensively studied in dipterous insects, where its role in processing flow‐field motion information used for controlling optomotor responses was discovered early. Recently, a lobula plate was also found in malacostracan crustaceans. Here, we provide the first detailed description of the neuroarchitecture, the input and output connections and the retinotopic organization of the lobula plate in a crustacean, the crab Neohelice granulata using a variety of histological methods that include silver reduced staining and mass staining with dextran‐conjugated dyes. The lobula plate of this crab is a small elongated neuropil. It receives separated retinotopic inputs from columnar neurons of the medulla and the lobula. In the anteroposterior plane, the neuropil possesses four layers defined by the arborizations of such columnar inputs. Medulla projecting neurons arborize mainly in two of these layers, one on each side, while input neurons arriving from the lobula branch only in one. The neuropil contains at least two classes of tangential elements, one connecting with the lateral protocerebrum and the other that exits the optic lobes toward the supraesophageal ganglion. The number of layers in the crab's lobula plate, the retinotopic connections received from the medulla and from the lobula, and the presence of large tangential neurons exiting the neuropil, reflect the general structure of the insect lobula plate and, hence, provide support to the notion of an evolutionary conserved function for this neuropil.
Viscous effects in pelvic floor muscles during childbirth: A numerical study
Authors: Vila Pouca M.C.P. , Ferreira J.P.S. , Oliveira D.A. , Parente M.P.L. , Natal Jorge R.M.
Published: September 2017

During vaginal delivery, women sustain stretching of their pelvic floor, risking tissue injury and adverse outcomes. Realistic numerical simulations of childbirth can help in the understanding of the pelvic floor mechanics and on the prevention of related disorders.

In previous studies, biomechanical finite element simulations of a vaginal delivery have been performed disregarding the viscous effects present on all biological soft tissues. The inclusion of the viscoelastic behaviour is fundamental, since it allows to investigate rate‐dependent responses. The present work uses a viscohyperelastic constitutive model to evaluate how the childbirth duration affects the efforts sustained by the pelvic floor during delivery.

It was concluded that viscoelasticity adds a stiffness component that leads to higher forces comparing with the elastic response. Viscous solutions are rate dependent, and precipitous labours could be associated to higher efforts, while lower reaction forces were denoted for normal and prolonged labours, respectively. The existence of resting stages during labour demonstrated the capability of the tissue to relax and recover some of the initial properties, which helped to lower the forces and stresses involved.

The present work represents a step further in achieving a robust non‐invasive procedure, allowing to estimate how obstetrical factors influence labour and its outcomes.
Accelerating Linux and Android applications on low‐power devices through remote GPGPU offloading
Authors: Montella Raffaele , Kosta Sokol , Oro David , Vera Javier , Fernández Carles , Palmieri Carlo , Di Luccio Diana , Giunta Giulio , Lapegna Marco , Laccetti Giuliano
Published: September 2017

Low‐power devices are usually highly constrained in terms of CPU computing power, memory, and GPGPU resources for real‐time applications to run. In this paper, we describe RAPID, a complete framework suite for computation offloading to help low‐powered devices overcome these limitations. RAPID supports CPU and GPGPU computation offloading on Linux and Android devices. Moreover, the framework implements lightweight secure data transmission of the offloading operations. We present the architecture of the framework, showing the integration of the CPU and GPGPU offloading modules. We show by extensive experiments that the overhead introduced by the security layer is negligible. We present the first benchmark results showing that Java/Android GPGPU code offloading is possible. Finally, we show the adoption of the GPGPU offloading into BioSurveillance, a commercial real‐time face recognition application. The results show that, thanks to RAPID, BioSurveillance is being successfully adapted to run on low‐power devices. The proposed framework is highly modular and exposes a rich application programming interface to developers, making it highly versatile while hiding the complexity of the underlying networking layer.
Site‐Selective Labeling of Chromium(III) as a Quencher on DNA for Molecular Beacons
Authors: Ma Huan , Li Wang , Zhou Wenhu , Liu Juewen
Published: September 2017

Molecular beacons typically use organic molecules or nanomaterials as quenchers. Many transition‐metal ions have excellent fluorescence quenching ability, and the aim of this study was to recruit them as small quenchers in DNA detection. Cr3+ has a slow ligand exchange rate, forming stable adducts with DNA. With its strong fluorescence quenching ability, the site‐specific labeling of Cr3+ on DNA to form a new type of molecular beacon was investigated. The kinetics of quenching by Cr3+ were measured for single‐ and double‐stranded DNA as a function of salt concentration, pH, and Cr3+ ion concentration. The goal was to achieve a selective reaction with the single‐stranded but not double‐stranded regions. The reaction mechanism was also probed by adding adenosine triphosphate, revealing two Cr3+‐binding modes: fast but unstable, and slow but stable. A partially complementary duplex was designed with a short polyguanine overhang, which, under optimal conditions, enabled selective labeling of the overhanging region with Cr3+. The resulting sequence was tested as a molecular beacon with a detection limit of 0.3 nm DNA and a saturated fluorescence enhancement of fivefold. With a 13‐nucleotide target DNA, the single mismatch discrimination of the beacon was 22‐fold. This study demonstrates the possibility of forming useful Cr3+ adducts with DNA. Such adducts are not only useful for developing biosensors but also for constructing new materials.
Influence of full mouth rehabilitation on oral health‐related quality of life among disabled children
Authors: Al‐Nowaiser Abeer M. , Al Suwyed Abdulaziz S. , Al Zoman Khalid H. , Robert Asirvatham A. , Al Brahim Tarfa , Ciancio Sebastian G. , Al Mubarak Sultan A. , El Meligy Omar A.
Published: September 2017

The efficacy of full mouth rehabilitation (FMR) on oral health‐related quality of life of physically disabled children was assessed. This prospective study was performed at Dental Department of Sultan Bin Abdulaziz Humanitarian City, Riyadh, and King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, during May 2012 to September 2014. A total of 186 physically disabled children aged 11–14 years were assigned to a test group (n = 97) or a control group (n = 89). FMR was applied for test group children at baseline and 3 months' visits, whereas those in the control group did not receive FMR. Both group children received dental kits and oral hygiene instructions. Children were asked to complete the Child Perceptions Questionnaire, whereas Parental‐Caregiver Perceptions Questionnaire and Family Distress Domain questionnaire were completed by the parents/caregivers at baseline and 6 months' visits. Children in both groups showed positive trends in oral symptoms at 6 months compared with those at baseline. However, when they were compared to control, significant improvement in oral symptoms was observed in the test group at 6 months' visit (p < .05). Also when they were compared to control, significant improvements were observed in the functional limitation, emotional, and social well‐being subscales of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire and on the Parental‐Caregiver Perceptions Questionnaire scales at the end of the study (p < .05). Compared to the parents/caregivers of the control children, the parents/caregivers of the test‐group children reported insignificant but positive trends in Family Distress Domain at the end of the study (p < .05). FMR in children reduced oral‐related problems subsequently to a better oral health‐related quality of life.
Changes in Tonsil B Cell Phenotypes and EBV Receptor Expression in Children Under 5‐Years‐Old
Authors: Wohlford Eric M. , Baresel Paul C. , Wilmore Joel R. , Mortelliti Anthony J. , Coleman Carrie B. , Rochford Rosemary
Published: September 2017

Background

Palatine tonsils are principally B cell organs that are the initial line of defense against many oral pathogens, as well as the site of infection for others. While the size of palatine tonsils changes greatly in the first five years of life, the cellular changes during this period are not well studied. Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is a common orally transmitted virus that infects tonsillar B cells. Naïve B cells are thought to be the target of primary infection with EBV in vivo, suggesting that they are targeted by the virus. EBV enters B cells through CD21, but studies of older children and adults have not shown differences in surface CD21 between naïve B cells and other tonsil B cell populations.

Methods

In this study, we used an 11‐color flow cytometry panel to detail the changes in B cell subpopulations in human tonsils over the first five years of life from 33 healthy US children.

Results

We provide reference ranges for tonsil B cell subpopulations over this age range. We show that the frequency of naïve tonsil B cells decreases over the early years of life, and that naïve B cells expressed higher surface levels of CD21 relative to other tonsil B cell populations.

Conclusions

We show that young children have a higher frequency of naïve tonsil B cells, and importantly that these cells express increased surface EBV receptor, suggesting that young children have a larger pool of cells that can be infected by the virus. © 2017 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Improving the peak‐to‐average power ratio of the single‐carrier frequency‐division multiple access system through the integration of tone injection and tone reservation techniques
Authors: Chen Houshou , Liang Hsin‐Ying , Chu Hung‐Chi , Lin Chuan‐Bi
Published: September 2017

This paper proposes a new method for reducing the peak‐to‐average power ratio of the single‐carrier frequency‐division multiple access system. The method is an integration of the tone injection (TI) and tone reservation (TR) techniques. A recommended method that uses TI to improve TR's low data transmission rate problem that is caused by the reservation of subcarriers. Additionally, to reduce the massive amount of computation required by the combined needs of TI and TR, an iterative flipping algorithm was adopted for this purpose. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method is not only capable of effectively improving the peak‐to‐average power ratio–reduction efficiency of the single‐carrier frequency‐division multiple access system but it can also improve the data transmission rate of the conventional TR technique.
Association of change in waist circumference and dyslipidaemia risk: The rural Chinese cohort study
Authors: Zhou Junmei , Ren Yongcheng , Wang Chongjian , Li Linlin , Zhang Lu , Wang Bingyuan , Zhao Yang , Han Chengyi , Zhang Hongyan , Yang Xiangyu , Luo Xinping , Pang Chao , Yin Lei , Feng Tianping , Zhao Jingzhi , Hu Dongsheng , Zhang Ming
Published: September 2017

Objective

To investigate the association of change in waist circumference (WC) and incidence of dyslipidaemia in a cohort study of a rural Chinese population.

Methods

Change in WC (ΔWC) was defined as the value at follow‐up minus the corresponding value at baseline. Risk of dyslipidaemia associated with ΔWC was assessed by odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals in a logistic regression model, and the odds ratios were transformed to relative risks (RRs).

Results

Among 7691 participants without dyslipidaemia at baseline, 3213 (41.78%) showed dyslipidaemia at 6 year follow‐up. Risk of dyslipidaemia was decreased for participants with the first quartile of ΔWC and normal baseline WC (adjusted RR [aRR] = 0.79 [95% confidence interval: 0.64‐0.98]) and was increased with the fourth quartile of ΔWC and male gender, age 18 to 30 years, age 31 to 50 years, or normal baseline WC (aRR = 1.55 [1.19‐2.03], 2.40 [1.16‐4.95], 1.32 [1.06‐1.64], and 1.66 [1.35‐2.04], respectively). The risk of dyslipidaemia increased with change in WC from normal at baseline to abnormal at follow‐up for both genders (aRR = 1.88 [1.39‐2.55] for men and 1.60 [1.30‐1.97] for women) and decreased with abnormal baseline WC changed to normal WC for women (aRR = 0.61 [0.45‐0.83]).

Conclusions

Dynamic change in waist circumference was closely related to the incidence of dyslipidaemia in a rural Chinese population. Waist circumference reduction could decrease dyslipidaemia risk, whereas WC increase may increase the risk. Interventions to control or reduce WC to within the normal range are important for early prevention of dyslipidaemia.
The where, what, and when of membrane protein degradation in neurons
Authors: Jin Eugene Jennifer , Kiral Ferdi Ridvan , Hiesinger Peter Robin
Published: September 2017

Membrane protein turnover and degradation are required for the function and health of all cells. Neurons may live for the entire lifetime of an organism and are highly polarized cells with spatially segregated axonal and dendritic compartments. Both longevity and morphological complexity represent challenges for regulated membrane protein degradation. To investigate how neurons cope with these challenges, an increasing number of recent studies investigated local, cargo‐specific protein sorting, and degradation at axon terminals and in dendritic processes. In this review, we explore the current answers to the ensuing questions of where, what, and when membrane proteins are degraded in neurons. © 2017 The Authors Developmental Neurobiology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 283–297, 2018
In vitro metabolism of the synthetic cannabinoids CUMYL‐PINACA, 5F–CUMYL‐PINACA, CUMYL‐4CN‐BINACA, 5F–CUMYL‐P7AICA and CUMYL‐4CN‐B7AICA
Authors: Staeheli Sandra N. , Poetzsch Michael , Veloso Veronica P. , Bovens Michael , Bissig Christian , Steuer Andrea E. , Kraemer Thomas
Published: September 2017

Synthetic cannabinoid consumption trends underlie fast changes and provide several challenges to clinical and forensic toxicologists. Due to their extensive metabolism, parent compounds are hardly detectable in urine. Therefore, knowledge of the metabolism of synthetic cannabinoids is essential to allow their detection in biological matrices. The aim of the present study was the elucidation of the metabolism of CUMYL‐PINACA, 5F–CUMYL‐PINACA, CUMYL‐4CN‐BINACA, 5F–CUMYL‐P7AICA, and CUMYL‐4CN‐B7AICA with a focus on the analytical and interpretational differentiation of the compounds. Microsomal assay mixtures containing co‐substrates, 10 μg/mL substrate and 1 mg/mL pooled human liver microsomes were incubated for 1 hour at 37°C. Investigation of the metabolites was performed on a Thermo Fischer Ultimate 3000 UHPLC system coupled to a Sciex 6600 QTOF System. Hydroxylation was observed to be a major biotransformation step for all 5 cumyl‐derivatives, followed by dihydroxylation. For CUMYL‐PINACA, a major metabolic pathway was hydroxylation at the pentyl moiety, followed by a second hydroxylation at that pentyl moiety or oxidation to ketone. A major metabolic pathway for the compounds containing a nitrile function was nitrile hydrolysis followed by carboxylation and further hydroxylation. For the fluorinated compounds, oxidative defluorination and carboxylation were abundant metabolic steps. Some of the metabolic transformations lead to structurally identical metabolites, which should not be used as marker for the intake of a particular parent compound. In addition, several constitutional isomers containing either an indazole or azaindole core structure were detected, which should be differentiated by retention time rather than by their mass spectra alone.
Between semelparity and iteroparity: Empirical evidence for a continuum of modes of parity
Authors: Hughes Patrick William
Published: September 2017

The number of times an organism reproduces (i.e., its mode of parity) is a fundamental life‐history character, and evolutionary and ecological models that compare the relative fitnesses of different modes of parity are common in life‐history theory and theoretical biology. Despite the success of mathematical models designed to compare intrinsic rates of increase (i.e., density‐independent growth rates) between annual‐semelparous and perennial‐iteroparous reproductive schedules, there is widespread evidence that variation in reproductive allocation among semelparous and iteroparous organisms alike is continuous. This study reviews the ecological and molecular evidence for the continuity and plasticity of modes of parity—that is, the idea that annual‐semelparous and perennial‐iteroparous life histories are better understood as endpoints along a continuum of possible strategies. I conclude that parity should be understood as a continuum of different modes of parity, which differ by the degree to which they disperse or concentrate reproductive effort in time. I further argue that there are three main implications of this conclusion: (1) that seasonality should not be conflated with parity; (2) that mathematical models purporting to explain the general evolution of semelparous life histories from iteroparous ones (or vice versa) should not assume that organisms can only display either an annual‐semelparous life history or a perennial‐iteroparous one; and (3) that evolutionary ecologists should base explanations of how different life‐history strategies evolve on the physiological or molecular basis of traits underlying different modes of parity.
Parameterization and validation of an ungulate‐pasture model
Authors: Pekkarinen Antti‐Juhani , Kumpula Jouko , Tahvonen Olli
Published: September 2017

Ungulate grazing and trampling strongly affect pastures and ecosystems throughout the world. Ecological population models are used for studying these systems and determining the guidelines for sustainable and economically viable management. However, the effect of trampling and other resource wastage is either not taken into account or quantified with data in earlier models. Also, the ability of models to describe the herbivore impact on pastures is usually not validated. We used a detailed model and data to study the level of winter‐ and summertime lichen wastage by reindeer and the effects of wastage on population sizes and management. We also validated the model with respect to its ability of predicting changes in lichen biomass and compared the actual management in herding districts with model results. The modeling efficiency value (0.75) and visual comparison between the model predictions and data showed that the model was able to describe the changes in lichen pastures caused by reindeer grazing and trampling. At the current lichen biomass levels in the northernmost Finland, the lichen wastage varied from 0 to 1 times the lichen intake during winter and from 6 to 10 times the intake during summer. With a higher value for wastage, reindeer numbers and net revenues were lower in the economically optimal solutions. Higher wastage also favored the use of supplementary feeding in the optimal steady state. Actual reindeer numbers in the districts were higher than in the optimal steady‐state solutions for the model in 18 herding districts out of 20. Synthesis and applications. We show that a complex model can be used for analyzing ungulate‐pasture dynamics and sustainable management if the model is parameterized and validated for the system. Wastage levels caused by trampling and other causes should be quantified with data as they strongly affect the results and management recommendations. Summertime lichen wastage caused by reindeer is higher than expected, which suggests that seasonal pasture rotation should be used to prevent the heavy trampling of winter lichen pastures during summer. In the present situation, reindeer numbers in northernmost Finland are in most cases higher than in the management solutions given by the model.
Population structure and genetic diversity of Bromus tectorum within the small grain production region of the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Lawrence Nevin C. , Hauvermale Amber L. , Dhingra Amit , Burke Ian C.
Published: September 2017

Bromus tectorum L. is an invasive winter annual grass naturalized across the United States. Numerous studies have investigated B. tectorum population structure and genetics in the context of B. tectorum as an ecological invader of natural areas and rangeland. Despite the wealth of information regarding B. tectorum, previous studies have not focused on, or made comparisons to, B. tectorum as it persists in individual agroecosystems. The objectives of this study were to assess the genetic diversity and structure, the occurrence of generalist and specialist genotypes, and the influence of climate on distribution of B. tectorum sourced exclusively from within small grain production regions of the Pacific Northwest. Genetic diversity of B. tectorum sourced from agronomic fields was found to be similar to what has been observed from other land use histories. Six distinct genetic clusters of B. tectorum were identified, with no evidence to indicate that any of the genetic clusters were better adapted to a particular geographical area or climate within the region. Given the apparent random spatial distribution of B. tectorum genetic clusters at the spatial scale of this analysis, unique genotypes may be well mixed within region, similar to what was reported for other inbreeding weedy grass species.
Survival of a specialist natural enemy experiencing resource competition with an omnivorous predator when sharing the invasive prey Tuta absoluta
Authors: Chailleux Anaïs , Droui Anthony , Bearez Philippe , Desneux Nicolas
Published: September 2017

Can specialist natural enemies persist in ecosystems when competing with omnivorous natural enemies for their shared prey? The consequences of omnivory have been studied theoretically, but empirical studies are still lacking. Omnivory is nevertheless common in nature and omnivorous predators coexist with specialists in many ecosystems, even when they are intraguild predators. This type of association is also common in agroecosystems in which biological control strategies are used. Our study provides an example of the outcome of such an association in the context of biological control of the invasive pest Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera) in a tomato agroecosystem. The two natural enemies involved, that is, a specialist (Stenomesius japonicus (Hymenoptera) parasitoid) and an omnivore (Macrolophus pygmaeus (Hemiptera) predator), were able to coexist for 3 months in our experimental cages in the absence of metacommunity mechanisms (i.e., emigration and recolonization), contrary to theoretical expectations. However, they negatively affected each other's population dynamics. We found that spatial resource segregation was not a mechanism that promoted their coexistence. Regarding pest control, the specialist and omnivorous natural enemies were found to exhibit complementary functional traits, leading to the best control when together. Mechanisms that may have promoted the coexistence of the two species as well as consequences with regard to the inoculative biological control program are discussed.
Thiophene‐Extended Nickel Thiazoledithiolene: π‐Extended Fused‐Ring Metal Dithiolenes with Stabilized Frontier Orbitals
Authors: Uzelac Eric J. , Rasmussen Seth C.
Published: September 2017

The preparation of tetrabutylammonium bis[2‐(2‐thienyl)‐4,5‐thiazoledithiolato]nickelate(1–) is presented as the first example of a new family of π‐extended fused‐ring metal dithiolenes. The optical, electronic, and structural properties of this complex have been characterized by UV/Vis‐NIR spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and X‐ray crystallography. Comparison of these properties to the analogous nickel thiophenedithiolene shows that incorporation of nitrogen into the fused ring stabilizes the frontier orbitals of the thiazole‐based complex, while preserving the planar geometry, electronic delocalization, and low‐energy NIR absorption of the previous thiophene‐based species.
CuII Binding to Various Forms of Amyloid‐β Peptides: Are They Friends or Foes?
Authors: Borghesani Valentina , Alies Bruno , Hureau Christelle
Published: September 2017

In the present microreview, we describe CuII binding to several forms of amyloid‐β peptides, the peptides involved in Alzheimer's disease. It has indeed been shown that in addition to the “full‐length” peptide that originates from the precursor protein after cleavage at the 1‐position, several other shorter peptides do exist in large proportion and might be involved in the disease as well. CuII binding to amyloid‐β peptides is one of the key interactions that impact both the aggregating properties of the amyloid peptides and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), two events that are linked to the etiology of the disease. Binding sites and affinity are described in correlation with CuII‐induced ROS formation and CuII‐altered aggregation for amyloid peptides starting at the 1‐, 3‐, 4‐, and 11‐positions, and for the corresponding pyroglutamate forms when they could be obtained (i.e., for peptides cleaved at the 3‐ and 11‐positions). It appears that the current paradigm, which points to a toxic role of the CuII–amyloid‐β interaction, might well be shifted towards a possible protective role when the peptides considered are the N‐terminally truncated ones.
Evidence of Spin Canting, Metamagnetism, Negative Coercivity and Slow Relaxation in a Two‐Dimensional Network of {Mn6} Cages
Authors: Dendrinou‐Samara Catherine , Walsh James P. S. , Muryn Christopher A. , Collison David , Winpenny Richard E. P. , Tuna Floriana
Published: September 2017

The synthesis, crystal structure and magnetic studies are reported for a two‐dimensional network of mixed‐valent {Mn6} cages. The compound contains three different bridging ligands: pivalate, phenylphosphonate and partially deprotonated triethanolamine. The result of using three bridging ligands is a complex structure involving a {MnIII2MnII4} edge‐sharing bitetrahedron that interlinks, forming a layered structure. Weak intercage interactions lead to a remarkably complicated magnetic behaviour, with a phase transition at 2.1 K leading to a canted antiferromagnetic state.
Diels–Alder and Formal Diels–Alder Cycloaddition Reactions of Ynamines and Ynamides
Authors: Duret Guillaume , Le Fouler Vincent , Bisseret Philippe , Bizet Vincent , Blanchard Nicolas
Published: September 2017

Nitrogen‐substituted alkynes such as ynamines and ynamides are competent partners in [4+2] cycloaddition reactions. This microreview aims to discuss in a historical context the main achievements in the work on this class of reactions that leads to valuable nitrogen‐containing heterocycles in a single‐step fashion. In the last section, our own work in the field of inverse‐electron‐demand Diels–Alder reactions between ynamides and pyrimidines is discussed.