bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lumped convolution integral models revisited: on the meaningfulness of inter catchment comparisons
Authors: Seeger S. , Weiler M.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. The transit time distribution of a catchment is linked to the water storage potential and affects the susceptibility of a catchment to pollution. However, this characteristic of a catchment is still problematic to determine within a catchment and to predict among catchments based on physiographic or geological properties. In this study, lumped response and transit time convolution models coupled with a distributed physically based snow model were applied to simulate the stable water isotope compositions in stream discharge measured fortnightly in 24 meso-scale catchments in Switzerland. Three different types of transfer function (exponential, gamma distribution and two parallel linear reservoirs) in two different implementation variants (strictly mathematical and normalised) were optimised and compared. The derived mean transit times varied widely for one and the same catchment depending on the chosen transfer function, even when the model simulations led to very similar predictions of the tracer signal. Upon closer inspection of the transit time distributions, it appeared that two transfer functions mainly have to agree on an intermediate time scale around three months to reach similarly good prediction results in respect to fortnightly discharge samples, while their short-term and long-term behaviour seem to be of minor importance for the evaluation of the models. A couple of topographic indices showed significant correlations with the derived mean transit times. However, the collinearity of those indices, which were also correlated to mean annual precipitation sums, and the differing results among the different transfer functions, did not allow for the clear identification of one predictive topographical index. As a by-product of this study, a spatial interpolation method for monthly isotope concentrations in precipitation with modest input data requirement was developed and tested.
How severe Space Weather can disrupt global supply chains
Authors: Schulte in den Bäumen H. , Moran D. , Lenzen M. , Cairns I. , Steenge A.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) strong enough to create electromagnetic effects at latitudes below the auroral oval are frequent events that could soon have substantial impacts on electrical grids. Modern society's heavy reliance on these domestic and international networks increases our susceptibility to such a severe space weather event. Using a new high-resolution model of the global economy we simulate the economic impact of strong CMEs for 3 different planetary orientations. We account for the economic impacts within the countries directly affected as well as the post-disaster economic shock in partner economies linked by international trade. For a 1989 Quebec-like event the global economic impacts would range from USD 2.4 to 3.4 trillion over a year. Of this total economic shock about 50% would be felt in countries outside the zone of direct impact, leading to a loss in global GDP of 3.9 to 5.6%. The global economic damages are of the same order as wars, extreme financial crisis and estimated for future climate change.
Estimation of sedimentary proxy records together with associated uncertainty
Authors: Goswami B. , Heitzig J. , Rehfeld K. , Marwan N. , Ambili A. , Prasad S. , Kurths J.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Sedimentary proxy records constitute a significant portion of the recorded evidence that allow us to investigate paleoclimatic conditions and variability. However, uncertainties in the dating of proxy archives limit our ability to fix the timing of past events and interpret proxy record inter-comparisons. While there are various age-modeling approaches to improve the estimation of the age-depth relations of archives, relatively less focus has been given to the propagation of the age (and radiocarbon calibration) uncertainties into the final proxy record. We present a generic Bayesian framework to estimate proxy records along with their associated uncertainty starting with the radiometric age-depth and proxy-depth measurements, and a radiometric calibration curve if required. We provide analytical expressions for the posterior proxy probability distributions at any given calendar age, from which the expected proxy values and their uncertainty can be estimated. We illustrate our method using two synthetic datasets and then use it to construct the proxy records for groundwater inflow and surface erosion from Lonar lake in central India. Our analysis reveals interrelations between the uncertainty of the proxy record over time and the variance of proxy along the depth of the archive. For the Lonar lake proxies, we show that, rather than the age uncertainties, it is the proxy variance combined with calibration uncertainty that accounts for most of the final uncertainty. We represent the proxy records as probability distributions on a precise, error-free time scale that makes further time series analyses and inter-comparison of proxies relatively simpler and clearer. Our approach provides a coherent understanding of age uncertainties within sedimentary proxy records that involve radiometric dating. It can be potentially used within existing age modeling structures to bring forth a reliable and consistent framework for proxy record estimation.
Consistency of the current global ocean observing systems from an Argo perspective
Authors: von Schuckmann K. , Sallée J.-B. , Chambers D. , Le Traon P.-Y. , Cabanes C. , Gaillard F. , Speich S. , Hamon M.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Variations in the world's ocean heat storage and its associated volume changes are a key factor to gauge global warming and to assess the earth's energy and sea level budget. Estimating global ocean heat content (GOHC) and global steric sea level (GSSL) with temperature/salinity data from the Argo network reveals a positive change of 0.5 ± 0.1 W m−2 (applied to the surface area of the ocean) and 0.5 ± 0.1 mm year−1 during the years 2005 to 2012, averaged between 60° S and 60° N and the 10–1500 m depth layer. In this study, we present an intercomparison of three global ocean observing systems: the Argo network, satellite gravimetry from GRACE and satellite altimetry. Their consistency is investigated from an Argo perspective at global and regional scales during the period 2005–2010. Although we can close the recent global ocean sea level budget within uncertainties, sampling inconsistencies need to be corrected for an accurate global budget due to systematic biases in GOHC and GSSL in the Tropical Ocean. Our findings show that the area around the Tropical Asian Archipelago (TAA) is important to closing the global sea level budget on interannual to decadal timescales, pointing out that the steric estimate from Argo is biased low, as the current mapping methods are insufficient to recover the steric signal in the TAA region. Both the large regional variability and the uncertainties in the current observing system prevent us from extracting indirect information regarding deep-ocean changes. This emphasizes the importance of continuing sustained effort in measuring the deep ocean from ship platforms and by beginning a much needed automated deep-Argo network.
An ecosystem approach to assess soil quality in organically and conventionally managed farms in Iceland and Austria
Authors: van Leeuwen J. P. , Lehtinen T. , Lair G. J. , Bloem J. , Hemerik L. , Ragnarsdóttir K. V. , Gísladóttir G. , Newton J. S. , de Ruiter P. C.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Intensive agricultural production can be an important driver for the loss of long-term soil quality. For this reason, the European Critical Zone Observatory (CZO) network adopted four pairs of agricultural CZO sites that differ in their management: conventional or organic. The CZO sites include two pairs of grassland farms in Iceland and two pairs of arable farms in Austria. Conventional fields differed from the organic fields in the use of artificial fertilizers and pesticides. Soils of these eight farms were analysed in terms of their physical, chemical, and biological properties, including soil aggregate size distribution, soil organic matter contents, abundance of soil microbes and soil fauna, and taxonomic diversity of soil microarthropods. In Icelandic grasslands, organically farmed soils had larger mean weight diameters than the conventional farms, while there were no differences in the Austrian farms. Organic farming did neither systematically influence organic matter contents or composition, nor soil carbon and nitrogen contents. Also soil food web structures, in terms of presence of trophic groups of soil organisms, were highly similar among all farms, indicating a low sensitivity of trophic structure to land use or climate. However, soil organism biomass, especially of bacteria and nematodes, was consistently higher in organic farms than in conventional farms. Within the microarthropods, also taxonomic diversity was systematically higher in the organic farms compared to the conventional farms. This difference was found across countries, farm-, crop- and soil-types. The results do not show systematic differences in physical and chemical properties between organic and conventional farms, but confirm that organic farming can enhance soil organism biomass, and that microarthropod diversity is a sensitive and consistent indicator for land management.
The past, present, and future of soils and human health studies
Authors: Brevik E. C. , Sauer T. J.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. The idea that human health is tied to the soil is not a new one. As far back as circa 1400 BC the Bible depicts Moses as understanding that fertile soil was essential to the well-being of his people. In 400 BC the Greek philosopher Hippocrates provided a list of things that should be considered in a proper medical evaluation, including the properties of the local ground. By the late 1700 and early 1800s, American farmers had recognized that soil properties had some connection to human health. In the modern world, we recognize that soils have a distinct influence on human health. We recognize that soils influence (1) food availability and quality (food security), (2) human contact with various chemicals, and (3) human contact with various pathogens. Soils and human health studies include investigations into nutrient supply through the food web and routes of exposure to chemicals and pathogens. However, making strong, scientific connections between soils and human health can be difficult. There are multiple variables to consider in the soil environment, meaning traditional scientific studies that seek to isolate and manipulate a single variable often do not provide meaningful data. The complete study of soils and human health also involves many different specialties such as soil scientists, toxicologists, medical professionals, anthropologists, etc. These groups do not traditionally work together on research projects, and do not always effectively communicate with one another. Climate change and how it will affect the soil environment/ecosystem going into the future is another variable affecting the relationship between soils and health. Future successes in soils and human health research will require effectively addressing difficult issues such as these.
Counterparty risk analysis using Merton's structural model under Solvency II
Authors:   Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Departamento de Economía Financiera y Contabilidad, Avda. do Burgo, s/n. Campus Norte, 15782, Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña). luis.otero@usc.es, Otero González Luis , Durán Santomil Pablo ,   Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Departamento de Economía Financiera y Contabilidad, Avda. do Burgo, s/n. Campus Norte, 15782, Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña). pablo.duran@usc. es, Fernández López Sara ,   Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Departamento de Economía Financiera y Contabilidad, Avda. do Burgo, s/n. Campus Norte, 15782, Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña). sara.fernandez.lopez@usc.es, Vivel Búa Milagros ,   Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Departamento de Economía Financiera y Contabilidad, Avda. do Burgo, s/n. Campus Norte, 15782, Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña). mila.vivel@usc.es
Published: June 2014

The new solvency regulation in the European insurance sector, denominated Solvency II, will completely transform the system of capital requirements estimation. Recently it has introduced the latest quantitative impact study (QIS5), which provides the calculation method in the internal model for the determination of capital requirements. The aim of this paper is to analyze the adequacy of the calibration of the counterparty credit risk by the models proposed in recent quantitative impact reports (fourth and fifth). To do this we compare capital requirements obtained by the two alternatives, against which that results from applying a simulation model based on the structural approach. The results shows that the use of probabilities based on the methodology of Merton, which can be used in an internal model, compared to those based on ratings (standard model) result in substantially higher capital requirements. In addition, the model proposed in QIS4 based on Vasicek distribution is not appropriate when the number of counterparties is reduced, a common situation in the European insurance sector. Moreover, the new proposal (QIS5 or Ter Berg model) is more versatile and suitable than its predecessor but requires further research in order to improve the calibration hypothesis and, thus, to better approximate estimates to the risk actually assumed.
Crowdsourcing: knowledge decentralization and its impact on production and business models
Authors:   Facultad de Economía y Empresa, Departamento de Administración de Empresas, Avenida del Cristo s/n, 33071, Oviedo (Asturias). ialonso@uniovi.es, Alonso de Magdaleno Mª Isabel , García García Jesús ,   Facultad de Economía y Empresa, Departamento de Contabilidad, Avenida del Cristo s/n, 33071, Oviedo (Asturias). jesgar@uniovi.es
Published: June 2014

Active participation of users on the Internet has not only begun to stimulate new production models, but also business models around it. Many companies are beginning to exploit competitive advantages in costs or differentiation, derived from people participation and their willingness to collaborate on various projects, which did not always have an economic return; and when this return exists is often less than required by a professional for the same work. This paper analyzes the phenomenon of crowdsourcing from both sides and the economic and social impact that it has produced during recent years. We begin with a critical approach to Internet consideration as a participative space that empowers individuals and economic agents, given that crowdsourcing foundations are on the network effect, and with a discussion about its advantages and limitations. Later, main features are structured, based on the study of different cases, in order to set three basic patterns depending on crowdsourcing shall be considered either as a business model, as an altruistic collaborative production mean or as an hybrid of the above two.
Origins, determinant factors and outcomes of a successful collaborative process among competitors and other actors: the cluster of Basque Haute Cuisine
Authors:   Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Dpto. Economía Financiera II, Avda. Lehendakari Aguirre, 83, 48015, Bilbao (Bizkaia). covadonga.aldamiz@ehu.es, Aldamiz-Echevarría Covadonga , Aguirre M. Soledad ,   Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Dpto. Economía Financiera II, Avda. Lehendakari Aguirre, 83, 48015, Bilbao (Bizkaia). marisol.aguirre@ehu.es, Aparicio M. Gloria ,   Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Dpto. Economía Financiera II, Avda. Lehendakari Aguirre, 83, 48015, Bilbao (Bizkaia). gloria.aparicio@ehu.es
Published: June 2014

The Basque Country is internationally famed for its cuisine and chefs. It is the geographical place of the world with more Michelin stars per square meter. This great reputation impacts positively on the entire gastronomic industry (restaurants and so on) and on the touristic image of the Basque Country and has been achieved due to the sustained efforts of an initial group of chefs, followed by others, that made and still make major efforts to collaborate and, at the same time, compete with each other (as a clear example of coopetition). The analysis of the relationship between these basque chefs and their environment, allows us to identify a cluster, which is currently in phase of maturity with a promising future and has yielded significant benefits to that industry in general, each of its members in particular and to the region as a whole especially in terms of innovation, notoriety and reputation. This paper is one of the main results of a cooperation agreement between the “Institute of Applied Economics to Business” (University of the Basque Country) and “Innobasque” (The Basque Agency for Innovation), in which the latter fixed the research objectives and the methodology. So the main methodology we used in order to develop this paper, in addition to the review of the relevant literature, was a qualitative one. We did seven indepth interviews to the chefs founders and patrons of Basque Culinary Center (the first University in Europe on Gourmet Studies).
Measuring the influence of customer-based store brand equity in the purchase intention
Authors:   Facultad Economía y Empresa, Dpto. Análisis Económico y Administración de Empresas, Campus Elviña s/n, 15071, La Coruña. ccalvo@udc.es, Calvo Porral Cristina , Martínez Fernández Valentín-Alejandro ,   Facultad Economía y Empresa, Dpto. Análisis Económico y Administración de Empresas, Campus Elviña s/n, 15071, La Coruña. valejand@udc.es, Juanatey Boga Oscar ,   Facultad Economía y Empresa, Dpto. Análisis Económico y Administración de Empresas, Campus Elviña s/n, 15071, La Coruña. oscarjb@udc.es, Lévy Mangín Jean-Pierre ,   Marketing Department, Campus Gatineau, Pavillon Lucient Beault, B2072, Boulevard Alexandre-Taché, 1250, Gatineau (Québec). jean-pierre.levy-mangin@uqo.ca
Published: June 2014

Store brands account for and important market share in the Spain and a further increase in expected in the next years due to the downturn. However, there is lack of research on store brand customer-based Brand Equity. This study attempts to propose an integrated model of Brand Equity in store or retailer brands, based on Aaker’s well-known conceptual model. We propose a consumer-based model, including the main sources or dimensions of Brand Equity and considering the intention to purchase as a consequence. Based on a sample of 362 consumers and 5 store brands, structural equation modeling is used to test research hypotheses. The results obtained reveal that store brand awareness, loyalty along with store brand perceived quality have a significant influence on consumers’ intention to purchase store brands. Our study suggests that marketers and marketing managers from retailing companies should carefully consider the Brand Equity components when designing their brand strategies, and develop marketing activities in order to enhance their brands’ awareness.
Early Russian Autobiography: Old Texts, New Readings
Authors: Zaretskiy Yury
Published: June 2014

The article discusses research perspectives in the study of Russian pre-modern first-person writings that are commonly called autobiographies. Its first part starts with definitions of what is “early russian” and “autobiographical,” briefly introduces six texts, gives a condensed review of the approaches to the study of these texts by literary and cultural historians from 1950s to the present, and concludes with suggestion of some new perspectives to their analysis. The article argues that re-questioning of early Russian autobiographical writings is prompted by some recent important changes in the humanities and social sciences and by some insights from historians and literary scholars who study first- person texts of the Western tradition. The second part of the article is a case- study that examines one autobiographical text, The Life (Zhitie) of monk Epifanii (? – 1682) and focuses on one topic: representation of the hero/author’s pain and healing. The analysis of this representation is conducted in relation to concrete social and political contexts of the text. The study concludes that con- textualizing pre-modern first-person narratives as social activities embedded in historically specific reality helps in better understanding of their meanings. Abstract in RussianРанняя русская автобиография: Старые тексты, новые прочтения В статье рассматриваются перспективы изучения древнерусских сочинений от первого лица, которые обычно называют автобиографиями. Ее первая часть начинается с определения понятий «древнерусские» и «автобиографические» затем дает краткие характеристики шести текстов, содержит сжатый обзор подходов к изучению этих текстов историками литературы и культуры с 1950-х гг. по настоящее время и завершается предложением возможных новых направлений их исследований. В статье утверждается, что новые вопросы к древнерусским автобиогра-фическим сочинениям диктуются недавними важными переменами в социальных и гуманитарных науках, а также результатами, полученными историками и литературоведами, изучающими сочинения от первого лица в западноевропейской традиции. Вторая часть статьи представляет собой кейс-стади, рассматри-вающий один текст, «Житие» инока Епифания (? – 1682), и сосредотачивающий внимание на одной теме: репрезентациях героем/автором боли и исцеления. Анализ этих репрезентаций осуществляется в связи с конкретными социальными иполитическими контекстами появления сочинения Епифания. Этот анализ приводит к заключению о том, что контекстуализация ранних рассказов от первого лица как социальных действий, укорененных в исторически обусловленной действительности, способствует лучшему пониманию их смыслов.
Lipid and Moisture Content of Commercial Reduced-Fat Deep-Fried Potatoes Compared to Advertised Claim
Authors: Stastny Sherri N. , Keith Jill F. , Hall III Cliff
Published: June 2014

Deep-fat frying is a common food preparation method for potatoes in the foodservice industry. Deep-fried potatoes (French fries) are top-sellers at fast food establishments such as Burger King® and McDonald’s™. Intake of calorie-dense foods without increasing physical activity can lead to unhealthy weight gain. Burger King® currently offers a healthier deep-fried potato option (Satisfries™) claiming 40% less fat and 30% less calories than McDonald’s™ French fries. The fat content of McDonald’s™ and Burger King® regular deep-fried potatoes and Satisfries™ were compared in this study to evaluate the accuracy of the health claim. Results indicated the Burger King® Satisfries™ averaged 36% less fat than McDonald’s™ and 22% less fat than regular Burger King® French fries. These results fall within 4% of the health claim advertised by Burger King®.
Phrase dharmaparyāyo hastagato in Mahāyāna Buddhist Literature
Authors: Apple James B.
Published: June 2014

This article examines the occurrence of the phrase dharmaparyāyo hastagato, “having the enumeration of the teaching in one’s hand,” in a select number of texts classified as Mahāyāna sūtras and theorizes its occurrence in relation to the use of the book (pustaka) in the religious cultures of middle period (Common Era to fifth/sixth centuries) Indian Mahāyāna Buddhism. In recent scholarly discourse, the “cult of the book” in Mahāyāna Buddhist formations has been hypothesized to occur in relation to shrines (caitya) or not even to have occurred at all. This article suggests an alternative hypothesis. The paper first analyzes the syntax and composition of the terms dharmaparyāya and the participle hastagata as well as their occurrences within Indian Buddhist literature in Indic languages and in Tibetan and Chinese translations. The paper then identifies the occurrence of the phrase dharmaparyāyo hastagato in a select number of Mahāyāna sūtras and relates this phrase to an observable gradual process of bibliofication, a process where texts increasingly reference themselves as protective objects, that is detectable in the layers of accretion found within the comparative analysis of extant manuscripts. Based on this analysis, the paper concludes that the “cult of the book,” rather than being a stable or local cult phenomena, was comprised of highly mobile and translocal textual communities who carried their object of veneration with them.
Borrowings to Create Anew
Authors: Seri Andrea
Published: June 2014

Enūma eliš exhibits a masterful array of intertextual borrowings that makes it exceptional among Akkadian literary texts. In this paper I discuss “intertextu- ity” as an analytical category and its suitability and limitations for the study of ancient compositions. I consider three different levels of intertextuality and present instances from an assorted group of texts. I finally show how a variety of intertextual types that are usually found in isolation are combined in Enūma eliš to create an original piece.
Epistemic Modality in Old Babylonian
Authors: Cohen Eran
Published: June 2014

Most Probably: Epistemic Modality in Old Babylonian by Nathan Wasserman is the first attempt to provide a description of the domain of epistemic modality in Old Babylonian Akkadian. This attempt is not entirely successful, for several reasons. Methodological inconsistency often impairs the author’s ability to convince the reader of his solutions. Both primary data and existing secondary literature are used only selectively, which renders the proposed description problematic. Finally, the lack of cross-referencing between the chapters evokes the feeling that the different particles do not quite constitute a system.
Convictions religieuses et engagement en Asie du Sud depuis 1850/Religious Convictions and Social Commitment in South Asia since 1850. Edited by Catherine Clémentin-oJha
Authors: Stoker Valerie
Published: June 2014

Convictions religieuses et engagement en Asie du Sud depuis 1850/Religious Convictions and Social Commitment in South Asia since 1850. Edited by Catherine Clémentin-oJha. Études thématiques. vol. 25. Paris: École Française d’Extrême-Orient, 2011, Pp. 228. €40.
Writing Science before the Greeks: A Naturalistic Analysis of the Babylonian Astronomical Treatise MUL.APIN. By Rita Watson and Wayne Horowitz
Authors: Steele John M.
Published: June 2014

Writing Science before the Greeks: A Naturalistic Analysis of the Babylonian Astronomical Treatise MUL.APIN. By Rita Watson and Wayne Horowitz. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East, vol. 48. Leiden: Brill, 2011. Pp. xxvi + 222. $137.
Narratives of Egypt and the Ancient Near East: Literary and Linguistic Approaches. Edited by Fredrik Hagen; John Johnston; Wendy Monkhouse; Kathryn Piquette; John Tait; and Martin Worthington
Authors: Hollis Susan Tower
Published: June 2014

Narratives of Egypt and the Ancient Near East: Literary and Linguistic Approaches. Edited by Fredrik Hagen; John Johnston; Wendy Monkhouse; Kathryn Piquette; John Tait; and Martin Worthington. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta, vol. 189. Louvain: Peeters, 2011. Pp. xxxvi + 558. €89.
Chishtī Sufis in the Sultanate of Delhi 1190–1400: From Restrained Indifference to Calculated Defiance. By Tanvir Anjum
Authors: Lawrence Bruce B.
Published: June 2014

Chishtī Sufis in the Sultanate of Delhi 1190–1400: From Restrained Indifference to Calculated Defiance. By Tanvir Anjum. Karachi: Oxford Univ. Press, 2011. Pp. xviii + 433. $31.95.
Front Matter
Authors: Editors
Published: June 2014

Front matter
Predictors of Response to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Patients With Tinnitus
Authors: Mueller Lauren , Kallogjeri Dorina , Frumkin Madelyn R. , Dizdar Karmela , Shin Jin , Rodebaugh Thomas , Piccirillo Jay F.
Published: August 2024

Importance

Clinical guidelines recommend cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as a treatment for tinnitus. However, patient response to CBT is variable, and currently, there are no known predictors of response to CBT treatment for tinnitus.

Objective

To identify the clinical predictors of patient response to CBT for treatment of tinnitus.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This was a secondary cohort analysis of a single-arm clinical study including adults with chronic bothersome tinnitus recruited from Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis (Missouri) from September 2019 to February 2023. Participants completed an 8-week group CBT program with a licensed clinical psychologist. Each week consisted of 2.5 hours of CBT, amounting to 20 hours of total CBT participation, primarily delivered through a virtual platform. Conjunctive consolidation was used to create a predictive classification system for response to CBT based on tinnitus bother and anxiety levels.

Main Outcome and Measure

Response to CBT was predefined as a 13-point or greater decrease in the Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI) survey score.

Results

The study sample included 88 adult patients (median [IQR] age, 59 [49-66] years; 47 [53%] females and 41 [47%] males) with chronic bothersome tinnitus, of whom 53 (60%) had at least 13-point decrease in TFI and were considered to be responders. In univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses, high to moderate anxiety level and severe tinnitus bother were associated with treatment response (adjusted odds ratio: anxiety, 3.33; 95% CI, 0.90-12.30; tinnitus bother, 12.08; 95% CI, 1.48-98.35). The clinical stratification system showed good predictive and discriminative ability (χ2 for linear trend = 20.0; C statistic = 0.75; 95% CI, 0.65-0.85).

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings of this study show that assessment of bother and anxiety levels in patients with tinnitus may be useful for identifying those who are more likely to respond to CBT. Before incorporation into clinical practice, future research should externally validate this finding in a separate population.
Synthesis of Diethyl (1‐Diazo‐2‐oxopropyl)phosphonate
Authors: Varongchayakul Cholapat , Danheiser Rick L.
Published: August 2024

This chapter presents the procedure for synthesis of Diethyl (1‐Diazo‐2‐oxopropyl)phosphonate. Diethyl and dimethyl (1‐diazo‐2‐oxopropyl)phosphonate are versatile building blocks for organic synthesis. These diazo compounds react via dipolar cycloaddition and other pathways to provide access to diverse classes of nitrogen heterocycles including phosphoryl substituted pyrazoles, triazolines, oxazoles, and thiazoles. Although commercially available, both diethyl and dimethyl (1‐diazo‐2‐oxopropyl)phosphonate are relatively expensive and so many labs opt to prepare the reagents which can then be stored indefinitely for use in the Ohira‐Bestmann homologation and other reactions. Several groups have reported the application of diazo transfer to dialkyl (2‐oxopropyl)phosphonate as an efficient method for the preparation of the “Ohira‐Bestmann reagents”. In addition, the sulfonamide byproduct formed in the reaction of the sulfonyl azide can be separated by filtration, simplifying the purification of the diazo product by chromatography.
Visible‐Light‐Promoted C−S Cross‐Coupling Reaction for Synthesis of Aromatic Thioethers
Authors: Lan Yingjun , Xu Junhua , Lim Chern‐Hooi , Miyake Garret M. , Liu Bin
Published: August 2024

This chapter presents the procedure for the visible‐light‐promoted C–S cross‐coupling reaction for synthesis of aromatic thioethers. Over the last 45 years, numerous procedures have been made for C–S bond formation. The authors investigated and developed a visible‐light‐driven method for C–S bond formation without the use of transition metal catalysts. This synthetic procedure tolerates a broad range of functional groups and a variety of substituted aryl halides can be transformed into the desired products in good yields. Moreover, therapeutics such as indomethacin and fenofibrate can be converted to the corresponding thiolated compounds in good yields. In summary, a practical method for the synthesis of aromatic thioethers is reported. This method features excellent functional group tolerance and good substrate scope.
Synthesis of 2‐Phenyl‐4,6‐bis(trifluoromethyl)pyridineviaNH4I/Na2S2O4‐Mediated Cyclization of Ketoxime Acetates
Authors: Huang Huawen , Xu Zhenhua , Deng Guo‐Jun
Published: August 2024

This chapter presents the procedure for synthesis of 2‐phenyl‐4,6‐ bis(trifluoromethyl) pyridine via NH4I/Na2S2O4‐ mediated cyclization of ketoxime acetates. O‐Acyl oximes have been used as versatile building blocks to form N‐containing heterocycles through catalytic N–O bond reduction by transition metal‐mediated oxidative addition. In this work, the authors have developed a NH4I/Na2S2O4‐based reductive system which enables the N–O bond cleavage of oximes and thereby promotes the assembly of pharmacologically significant fluorinated pyridines. Hence, this protocol provides a modular access to 4,6‐bis(trifluoromethyl)pyridines by the reductive cyclization of O‐acyl oximes and hexafluoroacetylacetone. Salient features of this method include easily available starting materials, broad functional group compatibility, good yields, and high regio‐ and chemo‐selectivity.
Synthesis of a Furoindoline Scaffold via an Interrupted Fischer Indolization
Authors: Scherer Georgia M. , Gonzalez Jordan , Wonilowicz Laura G. , Garg Neil K.
Published: August 2024

This chapter presents the procedure for the synthesis of a furoindoline scaffold via an interrupted Fischer indolization. The interrupted Fischer indolization has been leveraged to access a variety of bioactive natural products and other compounds of medicinal interest. It has also been used to access enantioenriched products via methods that utilize chiral acids and chiral auxiliaries. The interrupted Fischer indolization offers a rapid and efficient method for building fused indoline motifs. Its operational simplicity, convergency and scalability render the transformation an attractive alternative to other methods for the synthesis of fused indoline products. This methodology has been instrumental in accessing complex and bioactive compounds, including natural products that contain the furoindoline scaffold. The further development of this powerful methodology should allow the synthetic community access to valuable, medicinally relevant scaffolds.
Combating misinformation in the age of LLMs: Opportunities and challenges
Authors: Chen Canyu , Shu Kai
Published: August 2024

Misinformation such as fake news and rumors is a serious threat for information ecosystems and public trust. The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has great potential to reshape the landscape of combating misinformation. Generally, LLMs can be a double‐edged sword in the fight. On the one hand, LLMs bring promising opportunities for combating misinformation due to their profound world knowledge and strong reasoning abilities. Thus, one emerging question is:can we utilize LLMs to combat misinformation?On the other hand, the critical challenge is that LLMs can be easily leveraged to generate deceptive misinformation at scale. Then, another important question is:how to combat LLM‐generated misinformation?In this paper, we first systematically review the history of combating misinformation before the advent of LLMs. Then we illustrate the current efforts and present an outlook for these two fundamental questions, respectively. The goal of this survey paper is to facilitate the progress of utilizing LLMs for fighting misinformation and call for interdisciplinary efforts from different stakeholders for combating LLM‐generated misinformation.
Distinct Transcript‐Level Expression Profiles and Unique Alternative Splicing in Inflammatory Myopathies
Authors: Najjar Rayan , Alessi Hugh , Pinal‐Fernandez Iago , Mammen Andrew L. , Mustelin Tomas
Published: July 2024

Objective

The pathogenesis of inflammatory myopathies is poorly understood and there is a need to dissect the transcriptome in more granular ways beyond gene expression.

Methods

We used a set of muscle RNA‐sequencing data from different myositis subtypes grouped by their specific autoantibodies (n = 152). We quantified annotated RNA transcripts for each myositis subtype and identified uniquely expressed RNA as well as transcriptional similarities among myositis types. In addition, we quantified event‐based alternative splicing with predicted protein changes. And finally, we searched for cryptic exons.

Results

We saw considerable overlap in RNA expression among subtypes. In addition, MADCAM1 was previously shown to be uniquely expressed in Mi‐2 myositis; we discovered it was two noncanonical transcripts that predominantly contributed to the observed increased expression. At the transcriptional level, dermatomyositis subtypes were least similar to inclusion body myositis (IBM) or Jo1, followed by HMGCR, then SRP and other dermatomyositis subtype. Additionally, we discovered many alternative splicing events that were unique by myositis subgroup, including events in muscle dystrophy genes and one event in SRP72, which was seen uniquely in SRP myositis. Finally, we looked for previously reported cryptic exons in IBM and did not find them.

Conclusion

The large degree of transcriptional overlap among myositis subtypes reinforces the need to use disease (in addition to healthy) controls to find unique features of autoimmune disease. Unique alterations in the transcriptome that are seen in one myositis subtype and not others advance our understanding of distinct disease pathology.
Integrated Bionic Human Retina Process and In‐Sensor RC System Based on 2D Retinomorphic Memristor Array
Authors: Gong Yue , Xing Xuechao , Wang Xingli , Duan Ruihuan , Han Su‐Ting , Tay Beng Kang
Published: July 2024

The rapid development of machine vision has put forward higher requirements for image perception and visual learning systems. However, limited by the von Neumann bottleneck, traditional artificial vision systems rely on complex optical and circuit designs, and the separate distribution of sensors, memory, and computing modules results in high energy consumption and high latency. Memristor‐based reservoir computing (RC) system with integrated sensing and memory functions provides a solution to effectively improve the computational efficiency of artificial vision networks. Here, a complete artificial visual recognition system based on in‐sensor RC is developed by combining the excellent optoelectronic synaptic properties of 2D WS2 memristor array. Through effectively regulating the conductance of memristors by light or electrical stimulation, image information is converted into high‐dimensional information in the reservoir layer, and the classification can be completed by simple training, significantly reducing the training complexity and cost consumption. With this system, an effective recognition of hand‐written numbers with an accuracy of 88.3% is demonstrated, and a 100% recognition of traffic signals of different colors is achieved. The proposed in‐sensor RC system advances the development and application of artificial vision recognition, paving the way for efficient machine learning and neuromorphic vision systems.
Higher Order Topological Defects in a Moiré Lattice
Authors: Gambari Eugenio , Meyer Sebastian , Guesne Sacha , David Pascal , Debontridder François , Limot Laurent , Scheurer Fabrice , Brun Christophe , Dupé Bertrand , Cren Tristan , Hervé Marie
Published: July 2024

Topological defects are ubiquitous, they manifest in a wide variety of systems such as liquid crystals, magnets or superconductors. The recent quest for non‐abelian anyons in condensed matter physics stimulates the interest for topological defects since they can be hosted in vortices in quantum magnets or topological superconductors. In addition to these vortex defects, this study proposes to investigate edge dislocations in 2D magnets as new building blocks for topological physics since they can be described as vortices in the structural phase field. It demonstrates the existence of higher order topological dislocations within the higher order moiré pattern of the van der Waals 2D magnet CrCl3 deposited on Au(111). Surprisingly, these higher order dislocations arise from ordinary simple edge dislocations in the atomic lattice of CrCl3. This study provide a theoretical framework explaining the higher order dislocations as vortices with a winding Chern number of 2. It is expected that these original defects can stabilize some anyons either in a 2D quantum magnet or within a 2D superconductor coupled to it.
3D‐Printed and Recombinant Spider Silk Particle Reinforced Collagen Composite Scaffolds for Soft Tissue Engineering
Authors: Koeck Kim Sarah , Trossmann Vanessa Tanja , Scheibel Thomas
Published: July 2024

Collagen is one main component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in natural tissues and is, therefore, well suited as a biomaterial for tissue engineering. In this study, a method is presented to 3D‐bioprint collagen into a precipitation bath comprising recombinantly produced spider silk protein eADF4(C16) yielding a composite with excellent mechanical properties. The spider silk precipitation bath induced assembly of the collagen into fibrils, and subsequent addition of potassium phosphate buffer lead to the formation of silk particles and stabilization of the collagen fibrils. The produced collagen‐silk composite scaffolds show an internal structure of homogeneously distributed and interacting collagen fibrils and spider silk particles with significantly better mechanical properties compared to plain collagen scaffolds. Further, enzymatic degradation assays of the scaffolds over a 7‐day period show higher stability of the collagen‐silk scaffolds compared to plain collagen scaffolds in the presence of wound proteases. Using the spider silk variant eADF4(C16‐RGD) further increases compressive stress and elastic modulus compared to that of the unmodified variant. Finally, it is shown that the unique collagen‐spider silk composite scaffolds comprising the cell‐binding domains of collagen and the RGD sequence in the spider silk variant represent a promising material for soft tissue regeneration.
Enabling Ultra‐Narrow‐Band Deep‐Blue Light‐Emitting Diode Via Trapping Injected Holes by Carbon Dots
Authors: Shen Jian , Zhang Tianyang , Li Jiacheng , Li Zenan , Yu Haizhou , Yuan Weijie , Huang Hui , Liu Yang , Kang Zhenhui
Published: July 2024

Narrow‐band deep‐blue light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) (CIEy coordinate<0.08, full width at half maximum (FWHM)<20 nm) are important for the next generation of LED‐based displays. It remains a significant challenge for the design of narrow‐band deep‐blue emitters. Herein, a new strategy is proposed for constructing narrow‐band deep‐blue LEDs that are not dependent on the narrow‐band deep‐blue emitter, but only need to dope n‐type carbon dots (n‐CDs) in the active emission layer (EML) of the wide‐band blue LEDs. The n‐CDs‐LEDs show an ultra‐narrow deep‐blue emission at 430 nm with the color coordinates of (0.15, 0.04) and the FWHM of 19 nm. Wherein the EML is constructed by doping n‐CDs in Poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐co‐N‐(4‐butylphenyl) diphenylamine) (TFB), which neither changes the band structure of TFB nor produces new energy levels. Transient photovoltage (TPV) and various photoelectrochemical characterizations jointly reveal that n‐CDs can trap holes to realize the carrier injection into a single energy level of TFB and achieve ultra‐narrow deep‐blue light emission. This work provides a brand‐new and simple way to realize the narrow‐band deep‐blue LEDs.
Metal Chloride‐Induced Hydrogen Transfer Enables Efficient Conversion of Aromatic Hydrocarbons for Sodium Storage
Authors: Ji Lichang , Zhao Yun , Qi Xingguo , Li Yong , Wei Zhihong , Han Gaoyi , Shao Zongping
Published: July 2024

The cost‐effective synthesis of high‐performance hard carbons (HCs) is a key step of sodium‐ion batteries toward practical applications. Considering the rich resource of low‐value aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., pitch), there is tremendous interesting in its conversion into value‐added HCs. Unfortunately, it still lacks an efficient way for the synthesis, in addition to the time‐consuming oxygen contamination of the carbon framework. Herein, a universal strategy is reported that enables the efficient synthesis of HCs from pitch by modulating hydrogen transfer using metal chlorides. CuCl2 is selected as the model modulator and the effect of different metal chlorides (FeCl3, AlCl3, ZnCl2, and MgCl2) are further explored. Based on material characterizations and density functional theory calculation employing 1‐methylnaphthalene as the model molecule, it shows that the hydrogen capture and chlorination reactions mediated by CuCl2 and FeCl3 are thermodynamically favored, which promote the crosslinking of pitch to form HCs. After optimization, the derived HC exhibits superior performance of reversible capacity of 304.8 mAh g−1 and a high initial Columbic efficiency of 88.4%. These discoveries provide new insights into the synthesis of HCs from aromatic hydrocarbons, facilitating their utilization in electrochemical energy storage.
Engineering Synergetic Fe‐Co Atomic Pairs Anchored on Porous Carbon for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Wu Lingmin , Chen Yumi , Shao Chunfeng , Wang Liming , Li Baitao
Published: July 2024

The rational design of heteronuclear dual‐atom catalyst (DAC) is intricate due to the random dispersion of metal atoms under thermal treatment. Herein, a novel precursor pre‐orientation strategy is reported to construct Fe‐Co diatomic sites atomically dispersed on nitrogen doped carbon (Fe‐Co‐NC) via cubic Prussian blue analogue as metal source. Due to the specific synergy between Fe and Co centers, the obtained Fe‐Co‐NC catalyst renders outstanding oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance with positive half‐wave potential and good durability in wide pH range. Density functional theory further clarifies the active centers and reveals that the Fe‐Co‐NC dual atomic catalyst follows the modulation mechanism, where the intermediates tended to adsorb on Fe site, while the neighboring Co atom can assist by lowering the d‐band center of Fe site. Experimentally and theoretically emphasizes the priority of heteronuclear diatomic Fe‐Co catalysts over homonuclear Fe‐Fe‐NC and Co‐Co‐NC DAC. Moreover, the Zn‐Air battery (ZAB) and microbial fuel cell (MFC) assembled with Fe‐Co‐NC cathodes both exhibit splendid power density (382 mW cm−2 for ZAB, 2034 ± 103 mW m−2 for MFC) as well as excellent stability. This work provides a new perspective for rational construction and precise regulation for heteronuclear dual‐atom catalysts.
Multiple Dynamic Hydrogen Bonding Networks Boost the Mechanical Stability of Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhu Siyuan , Jin Xi , Tan Wenyan , Zhang Yu , Zhao Guijie , Wang Xinyue , Yang Yuxuan , Zhou Chao , Tang Zhaoheng , Wu Xiaoxue , Gong Xueyuan , Zhu Cheng , Chen Qi , Liu Zonghao , Song Peng , Li Minghua , Hu Jinsong , Liang Qijie , Ding Yong , Jiang Yan
Published: July 2024

Flexible perovskite solar cells often experience constant or cyclic bending during their service life. Catastrophic failure of devices may occur due to the crack of polycrystalline perovskite films and delamination at the perovskite and the substrate interfaces, posing a significant stability concern. Here, a multiple dynamic hydrogen bonding polymer network is developed to enhance the mechanical strength of flexible perovskite solar cells in two ways. The main chain of poly(acrylic acid) decreases the mismatch of the coefficient of thermal expansion between the perovskite and the substrate by 16.7% through its flexibility and spatial occupation. The dopamine branch chains provide multiple dynamic hydrogen bonding sites, which contribute to increased energy dissipation upon stress deformation and reduce Young's modulus of perovskite by 54.3%. The inverted flexible perovskite solar cells achieve a champion power conversion efficiency of 23.02% and retain 81.3% of the initial PCE over 2000 h under continuous 1‐sun equivalent illumination. Moreover, devices show excellent mechanical stability by remaining 90.2% of the original value after 5000 bending cycles.