bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A network perspective on comorbid depression in adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder
Authors: Jones Payton J. , Mair Patrick , Riemann Bradley C. , Mugno Beth L. , McNally Richard J.
Published: July 2018

People with obsessive-compulsive disorder [OCD] frequently suffer from depression, a comorbidity associated with greater symptom severity and suicide risk. We examined the associations between OCD and depression symptoms in 87 adolescents with primary OCD. We computed an association network, a graphical LASSO, and a directed acyclic graph (DAG) to model symptom interactions. Models showed OCD and depression as separate syndromes linked by bridge symptoms. Bridges between the two disorders emerged between obsessional problems in the OCD syndrome, and guilt, concentration problems, and sadness in the depression syndrome. A directed network indicated that OCD symptoms directionally precede depression symptoms. Concentration impairment emerged as a highly central node that may be distinctive to adolescents. We conclude that the network approach to mental disorders provides a new way to understand the etiology and maintenance of comorbid OCD-depression. Network analysis can improve research and treatment of mental disorder comorbidities by generating hypotheses concerning potential causal symptom structures and by identifying symptoms that may bridge disorders.
Injury talk: spontaneous parent-child conversations in the aftermath of a potentially traumatic event
Authors: Alisic Eva , Mangelsdorf Shaminka N , Barrett Anna , Conroy Rowena , Jowett Helen , Bressan Silvia , Babl Franz , McClure Roderick , Anderson Vicki , Mehl Matthias R.
Published: July 2018

This working paper reports the first insights from a naturalistic observation study with the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR). We audio-sampled the daily life of 71 families during 2 consecutive days after their child (3-16 years old) was discharged from hospital, and followed-up a subsample at 6 weeks and 3 months post-injury.
How many targets do you need for a person judgment study?
Authors: Satchell Liam , Julle-Danière Eglantine , Davis Josh P , Mayes Harry Sebastian , Marshman Paul
Published: July 2018

Person judgment studies require adequate sampling of both the targets of the judgments (K) and those who judge them (N). Despite person judgment studies being appraised in terms of both the size of N and K, there has been little research looking for the ‘right’ number of targets. The current study uses two datasets to investigate the effect of increasing K. Sample One studies judges’ (N=193) ratings of the threat posed by point light targets (K=23) and Sample Two investigates the accuracy of (N=792) judges’ Big Five judgments from targets’ (K=50) self-selected photographs. Accuracy values were created from randomly selected subsets of targets of increasing number (k=3, k=4, etc). Our results show that accuracy values stabilise at k≈10. We find evidence that effect sizes of sample performance increase with greater K. The results encourage, but do not mandate, as large as K as possible.
Internal control beliefs and reference frame concurrently impact early performance monitoring ERPs
Authors: Pfabigan Daniela M , Wucherer Anna M. , Lamm Claus
Published: July 2018

This study investigated the impact of criterion-based vs. social reference frames on behavioural and event-related potential correlates of performance monitoring while taking individual differences in control beliefs into account.
Transitioning towards official clinical guidelines for the diagnostics and treatment of severe behavioural problems in children across Europe: current state and future directions.
Authors: Gatej Alexandra-Raluca , Lamers Audri , Vermeiren Robert , van Domburgh Lieke
Published: July 2018

Severe behaviour problems (SBPs) in early childhood include oppositional and aggressive behaviours and predict negative mental health outcomes later in life. Although effective treatments for this group are available and numerous clinical practice guidelines have been developed to facilitate the incorporation of evidence-based treatments in clinical decision-making (NICE, 2013), many children with SBPs remain unresponsive to treatment (Lahey & Waldman, 2012). At present, it is unknown how many countries in Europe possess official clinical guidelines for SBPs diagnosis and treatment and what is their perceived utility. The aim was to create an inventory of clinical guidelines (and associated critical needs) for the diagnostics and treatment of SBPs in youth mental health across Europe according to academic experts and mental health clinicians’ opinions. To investigate the aim, two separate online semi-structured questionnaires were used, one directed at academics (N=28 academic experts; 23 countries), and the other at clinicians (N=124 clinicians; 24 countries). Three key results were highlighted. First, guidelines for SBPs are perceived as beneficial by both experts and clinicians. However, their implementation needs to be reinforced and content better adapted to daily practice. Improvements may include taking a multifactorial approach to assessment and treatment, involving the systems around the child, and multidisciplinary collaboration. Second, academic experts and clinicians support the need for further developing national / European guidelines. Finally, future guidelines should address current challenges identified by clinicians to be more applicable to daily practice.
Mind-Personality Relations from Childhood to Adolescence
Authors: Demetriou Andreas , Spanoudis George Charilaos , Zebec Mislav , Andreou Maria , Golino Hudson , Kazi Smaragda
Published: July 2018

We present three studies which investigated the relations between cognition and personality from 7 to 20 years of age. The first investigated developmental relations between three reasoning domains (inductive, deductive, and scientific) and Eysenck’s four personality dimensions in a design where 260 9-14-year-olds received the cognitive tests 3 and the personality test 2 times. It was found that initial social likeability and extroversion significantly shape developmental momentum in cognition and vice-versa, especially in the 9 to 11 years period. The second study involved 438 participants from 7 to 17 years, tested twice on attention control, working memory, reasoning in different domains, and once by a Big Five Factors inventory. Extending the findings of the first, this study showed that progression in reasoning is affected negatively by conscientiousness and positively by openness, on top of attention control and working memory influences. The third study tested the relations between reasoning in several domains, the ability to evaluate one’s own cognitive performance, self-representation about the reasoning, the Big Five, and several aspects of emotional intelligence, from 9 to 20 years of age (N=247). Network, Hierarchical Network, and Structural Equation modeling showed that cognition and personality are distinct but related, interfaced by the ability of self-knowing. Emotional intelligence was not an autonomous dimension. All dimensions but emotional intelligence influenced academic performance. A developmental model for mind-personality relations is proposed.
Better Off and Far Away: Reactions to Others’ Outcomes Depends on Their Distance
Authors: Yudkin Daniel Alexander
Published: July 2018

Research shows that people’s satisfaction with outcomes they receive (e.g., a prize) is influenced by their standing relative to targets of comparison. Here we asked whether the similarity of the comparison target impacts which features of outcomes people pay attention to. This is particularly important in situations in which more than one outcome feature may drive people’s sense of relative deprivation. Drawing on Construal Level Theory, which contends that people use high level construals to transcend psychological distance, we show that comparing to more dissimilar targets increases the salience of high- versus low-level features of outcomes. Experiment 1 demonstrates that people seek out high-level information when they believe they are comparing to psychologically distant others. Experiments 2-4 show that high-level information, relative to low-level information, exerts greater weight on satisfaction when the comparison target is far versus near. Experiment 5 shows these effects can be explained by variations in construal level. Overall, this research highlights the importance of distant others in influencing people’s sense of relative deprivation.
Repeated measures correlation
Authors: Bakdash Jonathan Z , Marusich Laura Ranee
Published: July 2018

Repeated measures correlation (rmcorr) is a statistical technique for determining the common within-individual association for paired measures assessed on two or more occasions for multiple individuals (Bland & Altman, 1995a; Bland & Altman, 1995b). Simple regression/correlation is often applied to non-independent observations or aggregated data; this may produce biased, specious results due to violation of independence and/or differing patterns between-participants versus within-participants. Unlike simple regression/correlation, rmcorr does not violate the assumption of independence of observations. Also, rmcorr tends to have much greater statistical power because neither averaging nor aggregation is necessary for an intra-individual research question. Rmcorr estimates the common regression slope, the association shared among individuals. To make rmcorr accessible, we provide background information for its assumptions and equations, visualization, power, and tradeoffs with rmcorr compared to multi-level modeling. We introduce the R package (rmcorr) and demonstrate its use for inferential statistics and visualization with two example datasets. The examples are used to illustrate research questions at different levels of analysis, intra-individual and inter-individual. Rmcorr is well suited for research questions regarding the common linear association in paired repeated measures data. All results are fully reproducible.
Eye-tracking evidence for active gap-filling regardless of dependency length
Authors: Chow Wing Yee , Zhou Yangzi
Published: July 2018

Previous work on real-time sentence processing has established that comprehenders build and interpret filler-gap dependencies without waiting for unambiguous evidence about the actual location of the gap (“active gap-filling”) as long as such dependencies are grammatically licensed. However, this generalisation was called into question by recent findings in a self-paced reading experiment by Wagers and Phillips (2014; W&P14) which may be taken to show that comprehenders do not interpret the filler at the posited gap when the dependency spans a longer distance. In the present study we aimed to replicate these findings in an eye-tracking experiment with better controlled materials and increased statistical power. Crucially, we found clear evidence for active gap-filling across all levels of dependency length. This diverges from W&P14’s findings but is in line with the long-standing generalisation that comprehenders build and interpret filler-gap dependencies predictively as long as they are grammatically licensed. We found that the effect became smaller in the long dependency conditions in the post-critical region, which suggests the weaker effect in the long dependency conditions may have been undetected in W&P’s study due to insufficient statistical power and/or the use of a self-paced reading paradigm.
Dark Triad personality traits vary across countries and predict antisocial behavior
Authors: Raihani Nichola , Deutchman Paul
Published: July 2018

Humans commonly punish exploitative group members but punishment is also frequently targeted at cooperative individuals. The proclivity for ‘antisocial punishment’ varies widely across societies, although the reasons for this variation remain unclear. Here, we identify personality factors associated with antisocial punishment, using a joy-of-destruction game with participants from India and the USA. This game allows players to harm one another, by destroying the partner’s earnings, without any strategic incentive for doing so. High Dark Triad scores, implying the presence of personality traits underlying selfish and aggressive behavior, predicted destruction in this game. Participants from India scored higher on the Dark Triad scale than players from the USA, and were more likely than US-based participants to destroy the partner’s endowment. These data suggest that Dark Triad personality traits could be a proximate explanation for antisocial behavior.
Pragmatic Inference of Intended Referents from Binomial Word Order
Authors: Ivanova Anna Aleksandrovna , Levy Roger Philip
Published: July 2018

How does listeners’ perceptual bias influence their interpretation of an ambiguous multiword utterance? We address this question by investigating the relationship between word order in a binomial (an expression of type "A and B") and visual properties of image pairs serving as its potential referents. We found that listeners’ choices were strongly influenced by iconicity and relative salience of images within the pair: participants preferred referents where the first mentioned image was located on the left, as well as pairs where the first image was larger than the second image. The effect of image order tended to be stronger than the influence of image size, and both were modulated by participants’ general visual field preferences (determined in a separate experimental condition). We further show that binomial phrase interpretation can be simulated by a Rational Speech Act model that includes both word order effects and utterance-independent preferences of the participants.
You are not your data: BBS commentary by Pennycook on Zwaan et al.
Authors: Pennycook Gordon
Published: July 2018

Scientists should, above all else, value the truth. To do this effectively, scientists should separate their identities from the data they produce. It will be easier to make replications mainstream if scientists are rewarded based on their stance toward the truth – such as when a scientist reacts positively to a failure to replicate – as opposed to a particular finding.
Analytic atheism: A cross-culturally weak and fickle phenomenon?
Authors: Gervais Will M , van Elk Michiel , Xygalatas Dimitris , McKay Ryan , Aveyard Mark , BUCHTEL Emma Ellen , Dar-Nimrod Ilan , Klocová Eva Kundtová , Ramsay Jonathan , Riekki Tapani , Svedholm-Häkkinen Annika M. , Bulbulia Joseph
Published: July 2018

Religious belief is a topic of longstanding interest to psychological science, but the psychology of religious disbelief is a relative newcomer. One prominently discussed model is analytic atheism, wherein analytic thinking overrides religious intuitions and instruction. Consistent with this model, performance-based measures of reliance on analytic thinking predict religious disbelief in WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, & Democratic) samples. However, the generality of analytic atheism remains unknown. Drawing on a large global sample (N = 3461) from 13 religiously, demographically, and culturally diverse societies, we find that analytic atheism is in fact quite fickle cross-culturally, only appearing robustly in aggregate analyses and in three individual countries. Such complexity implies a need to revise simplistic theories of religious disbelief as primarily grounded in cognitive style. The results provide additional evidence for culture’s effects on core beliefs, highlighting the power of comparative cultural evidence to clarify core mechanisms of human psychological variation.
How many causal pathways must symptoms form before we call them a borderline? A hierarchical network model of borderline personality disorder
Authors: Unoka Zsolt Szabolcs , Richman Mara J. , Czégel Dániel
Published: July 2018

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by impulsivity, emotion dysregulation, disturbed relationships, and identity disturbances. Despite the known variable co-occurrence of BPD symptoms, the possible causal relationships are not well understood. We addressed this by creating a hierarchical network model of BPD, which identifies the most likely acyclic causal pathways that are driving BPD development. Cross-sectional data was obtained from the Structured Clinical Interview-II (SCID-II), and possible causal relationships between symptoms were identified from conditional independence relations. The symptoms’ hierarchy values, assessing their role in causal pathways, was determined by a random walk-based algorithm. By analyzing the directed network of BPD symptoms, it was found that symptoms in initial stages of causal pathways were abandonment, physical fights, impulsivity, suicidal threats, identity disturbances, and affective instability. Based on the assessed role symptoms play in causal pathways of BPD development, specific symptoms can be targeted during early diagnosis and clinical assessment.
Estimating the false finding rate across scientific fields
Authors: Piraino Scott William
Published: July 2018

The possiblity of large amounts of false positives within the scientific literature has gained significant attention, particular in light of several replication projects in which large proportions of published studies have failed to replicate. I show through simulation that low replication rates can occur even when the published literature contains mostly true (non-null) findings. Using conservative estimates of the proportion of true null hypotheses within published studies based on replications, I show that the results of recent replication projects are consistent with the possiblity that most published research is true.
Popularity, theory of mind and interaction in experiments: Meta-regression
Authors: Imai Akihito
Published: July 2018

This study aims at investigating how interaction in experiments affects effect size in studies on an association between Theory of Mind and popularity. The analysis included 1946 children from 17 studies. Meta-regression was employed to compare effect sizes of an interaction group with that of non-interaction. Compared with an interaction group, a non-interaction group are more likely to have a small effect size, indicating that researchers drop hints about what answer is needed in the experiments. The result is consistent, when adjusting for gender and when conducting a permutation test. The result indicates that interaction with researchers in experiments could have an impact on Theory of Mind studies.
The Big Five Personality Traits, Big Two Metatraits and Social Media: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Campbell William Keith
Published: July 2018

This article reports a meta-analysis of the relationships between socialnetwork site use and the Big Five personality traits (openness,conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) as well asthe Big Two metatraits (plasticity and stability). A random effectmeta-analysis model was used to calculate the meta-results of Big Five.Extraversion and openness were the strongest predictors of SNS activities,while conscientiousness, neuroticism, and agreeableness only correlatedwith a few of the SNS activities. A meta-analytical structural equationmodel (SEM) further demonstrated that plasticity was positively correlatedwith SNS activities, whereas stability was a negative predictor. Practicalimplications for social media industry and users are discussed.
Are Tims hot and Toms not?
Authors: Hartung Franziska
Published: July 2018

Sound symbolism – the idea that there are motivated links between the sound of a word and its meaning has been established to be an existing phenomenon across different languages. Especially size sound symbolism seems to be a functional feature in many languages meaning that different types of vowels in words are associated with different physical size. Words with front vowels (e.g. little, tiny) are more likely to be used to indicate small physical size whereas words with back vowels (e.g. humungous, huge) are more likely to indicate large physical size. Because physical size plays an important role in ratings of attractiveness, we tested whether vowels in first names can influence how attractive the bearer of the name is perceived. In our experiment, participants saw faces paired with popular first names and rated the attractiveness of the depicted person. Masculine names were paired with pictures of men and feminine names with pictures of women. The names either contained a front or back vowel in the accented syllable and were within gender group randomly paired with pictures. We found that female raters preferred faces paired with back vowel names while male raters preferred faces paired with front vowel names, showing that the rater's gender – far more than the gender of the depicted person – determined the relationship between vowel quality and perceived attractiveness of faces. Our results confirm the role of sound symbolism in perception of attractiveness.
Comparison of 6 K-Means Algorithms with Application to College Risk Behaviors
Authors: Farrelly Colleen Molloy
Published: July 2018

Paper details and compares 6 different modifications to the k-means algorithm on simulated data and applies disparate algorithms to a college risk behavior dataset to understand risk groups among college populations. Study was MS thesis at University of Miami, 2014.
Development of children’s use of external reminders for hard-to-remember intentions
Authors: Redshaw Jonathan , Vandersee Johanna , Bulley Adam , Gilbert Sam
Published: July 2018

The current study explored under what conditions young children would set reminders to aid their memory for delayed intentions. A computerized task requiring participants to carry out delayed intentions under varying levels of cognitive load was presented to 63 children (aged between 6.9 and 13.0 years old). Children of all ages demonstrated metacognitive predictions of their performance that were congruent with task difficulty. Only older children, however, set more reminders when they expected their future memory performance to be poorer. These results suggest that most primary school-aged children possess metacognitive knowledge about their prospective memory limits, but that only older children may be able to exercise the metacognitive control required to translate this knowledge into strategic reminder setting.
Is national mental sport ability a sign of intelligence? An analysis of the top players of 12 mental sports
Authors: Kirkegaard Emil O. W.
Published: July 2018

Lists of top players for 12 different electronic sports (e-sports) or traditional mental sports were collected from a variety of sources (total n = 36k). National cognitive ability/IQ was found to be a predictor of the relative representation of countries among the top players. This was particularly true when an overall mental sports score was calculated. Controlling for population size, this metric correlated r = .79 with Lynn and Vanhanen’s published national IQs. The relationship was fairly robust to controls for geographical region (coefficient 74% of the original). Furthermore, it had been suggested that IQ estimates for Nigeria were spuriously low due to the country’s prominent performance on Scrabble. However, when performance across all other sports were taken into account, Nigeria’s performance was what one would expect based on the previously reported mean IQs near 70.
Generalized timing impairment in Autism Spectrum Disorders across time scales and paradigms
Authors: Isaksson Sofia , Salomäki Susanna , Tuominen Jarno , Arstila Valtteri , Falter Christine M. , Noreika Valdas
Published: July 2018

Background: Individuals with ASD have abnormal motor and perceptual functions that do not currently form diagnostic criteria of ASD, but nevertheless may affect every day behavior. Temporal processing seems to be one of such non-diagnostic yet impaired domains, although the lack of systematic studies testing different aspects of timing in the same sample of participants prevents a conclusive assessment of whether there is a generalized temporal deficit in ASD associated with diagnostic symptoms. Methods: 17 children diagnosed with ASD and 18 typically developing age- and IQ-matched developing controls carried out a set of motor and perceptual timing tasks: free tapping, simultaneity judgment, auditory duration discrimination, and verbal time estimation. Parents of participants filled in a questionnaire assessing the sense and management of time. Results: Children with ASD showed faster and more variable free tapping than controls. Auditory duration discrimination thresholds were higher in the ASD group than controls in a sub-second version of the task, while there were no group differences in a supra-second discrimination of intervals. Children with ASD showed more variable thresholds of simultaneity judgment, and they received lower parental scores for their sense and management of time. No group differences were observed in the verbal time estimation task in the minute-range. Different timing functions were correlated in the ASD group but not among controls, whilst several timing measures correlated with ASD symptoms. Conclusions: Children with ASD show a generalized temporal deficit spanning a range of temporal processing tasks including motor timing, perceptual timing, and temporal perspective.
Individual differences in children’s numerical comparison is independent of numerical precision
Authors: Prather Richard
Published: July 2018

Numeracy, as measured by performance on the non-symbolic numerical comparison task, is a key construct in numerical and mathematical cognition. The current study examines individual variation in performance on the numerical comparison task. We contrast the hypothesis that performance on the numerical comparison task is primarily due to more accurate representations of numbers with the hypothesis that performance dependent on decision-making factors. We present data from two behavioral experiments and a mathematical model. Taken together, results suggest that individual variation in numerical comparison performance is not predicted by variation in the precision of participants’ numerical value representation.
The costs of being consequentialist: Social inference from instrumental harm and impartial beneficence
Authors: Everett Jim Albert Charlton , Faber Nadira Sophie , Savulescu Julian , Crockett Molly
Published: July 2018

Previous work has demonstrated that people are more likely to trust “deontological” agents who reject harming one person to save many others than “consequentialist” agents who endorse such instrumental harms, which could explain the higher prevalence of non- consequentialist moral intuitions. Yet consequentialism involves endorsing not just instrumental harm, but also impartial beneficence, treating the well-being of every individual as equally important. In four studies (total N = 2,086), we investigated preferences for consequentialist vs. non-consequentialist social partners endorsing instrumental harm or impartial beneficence and examined how such preferences varied across different types of social relationships. Our results demonstrate robust preferences for non-consequentialist over consequentialist agents in the domain of instrumental harm, and weaker – but still evident – preferences in the domain of impartial beneficence. In the domain of instrumental harm, non-consequentialist agents were consistently viewed as more moral and trustworthy, preferred for a range of social roles, and entrusted with more money in economic exchanges. In the domain of impartial beneficence, preferences for non-consequentialist agents were observed for close interpersonal relationships requiring direct interaction (friend, spouse) but not for more distant roles with little-to- no personal interaction (political leader). Collectively our findings demonstrate that preferences for non-consequentialist agents are sensitive to the different dimensions of consequentialist thinking and the relational context.
Consciousness of the Future as a Matrix of Maybe: Pragmatic Prospection and the Simulation of Alternative Possibilities.
Authors: Baumeister Roy , Maranges Heather M. , Sjåstad Hallgeir
Published: July 2018

Thinking about the future highlights the constructive nature of consciousness, as opposed to merely representing what is there — because the future is not yet available to be seen. We elaborate this point to emphasize how consciousness deals in alternative possibilities, and indeed preconscious interpretation confers meaning by recognizing these alternatives. Crucially, the goal of prospection is less to predict what is sure to happen than to prepare for action in situations defined by sets of incompatible alternative options, each of which might or might not come true. We review multiple lines of evidence indicating that people conceptualize the future as just such a matrix of maybe. Thus, people think of the future as highly changeable. Most prospective thinking involves planning, which is designed to bring about one outcome rather than alternatives. Optimism may often reflect an initial, automatic response that is soon followed by conscious appreciation of obstacles and other factors that can produce less desired, alternative outcomes. People moralize the future more than the past, presumably to promote the more desirable outcomes. Anticipated emotion helps people evaluate future possible outcomes. People specifically anticipate the matrix of maybe and sometimes seek to preserve multiplicity of options. We integrate these patterns of findings with a pragmatic theory of prospection: Thinking of the future as a multi-maybe matrix is useful for guiding action.
Does Object Size Matter with Regard to the Mental Simulation of Object Orientation?
Authors: Chen Sau-Chin , de Koning Bjorn , Zwaan Rolf Antonius
Published: July 2018

Language comprehenders have been argued to mentally represent the implied orientation of objects. However, compared to the effects of shape, size, and color, the effect of orientation is rather small. We examined a potential explanation for the relatively low magnitude of the orientation effect: object size moderates the orientation effect. Theoretical considerations led us to predict a smaller orientation effect for small objects than for large objects in a sentence-picture verification task. We furthermore investigated whether this pattern generalizes across languages (Chinese, Dutch, and English) and tasks (picture-naming task). The results of the verification task show an orientation effect overall, which is not moderated by object size (contrary to our hypothesis) and language (consistent with our hypothesis). Meanwhile the preregistered picture-picture verification task showed the predicted interaction between object size and orientation effect. We conducted exploratory analyses to address additional questions.
Modelling group-level repeated measures of neuroimaging data using the univariate general linear model
Authors: McFarquhar Martyn
Published: July 2018

Group-level repeated measurements are common in neuroimaging, yet their analysis remains complex. Although a variety of specialised tools now exist, it is surprising that to-date there has been no clear discussion of how repeated-measurements can be analysed appropriately using the standard general linear model approach, as implemented in software such as SPM and FSL. This is particularly surprising given that these implementations necessitate the use of multiple models, even for seemingly conventional analyses, and that without care it is very easy to specify contrasts that do not correctly test the effects of interest. Despite this, interest in fitting these types of models using conventional tools has been growing in the neuroimaging community. As such it has become even more important to elucidate the correct means of doing so. To begin, this paper will discuss the key concept of the expected mean squares (EMS) for defining suitable F -ratios for testing hypotheses. Once this is understood, the logic of specifying correct repeated measurements models in the GLM should be clear. The ancilliary issue of specifying suitable contrast weights in these designs will also be discussed, providing a complimentary perspective on the EMS. A set of steps will then be given alongside an example of specifying a 3-way repeated-measures ANOVA in SPM. Equivalency of the results compared to other statistical software will be demonstrated. Additional issues, such as the inclusion of continuous covariates and the assumption of sphericity, will also be discussed. The hope is that this paper will provide some clarity on this confusing topic, giving researchers the confidence to correctly specify these forms of models within traditional neuroimaging analysis tools.
Wisdom as state vs. trait
Authors: Grossmann Igor , Kung Franki Y. H. , Santos Henri C.
Published: July 2018

Scholars have often characterized wisdom as a trait—a stable and invariable individual disposition. However, recent advances in behavioral sciences suggest that many features of wisdom can be viewed as situation-specific states—concrete instances of wise and not so wise behavior. We critically examine the evidence concerning the trait vs. state aspects of wisdom. First, we review the common individual qualities attributed to wisdom. The extent to which these qualities are seen as stable traits vs. variable states varies among both laypeople and scientists, and new evidence shows that pertinent folk theories about wisdom vary substantially across cultures as well. Next, we present empirical research on wisdom in everyday situations which demonstrates the systematic variability of wisdom-related characteristics as a function of situational demands and induced mindsets. To resolve the trait vs. state debate in wisdom, we argue for a whole trait theoretical framework, conceptualizing traits as a density distribution of states. Based on theoretical and empirical insights, we conclude by providing recommendations for best practices when measuring trait- and state-components of wisdom.
Affective evidence that inhibition is involved in separating accessory representations from the active representation in visual working memory
Authors: De Vito David , Fenske Mark J.
Published: July 2018

The multiple state theory of working memory suggests that representations are divided into two states: a focused-on active representation and accessory memories held for later use. Here, we tested two competing hypotheses regarding the neurocognitive mechanisms responsible for this separation: (1) that accessory memories undergo inhibition or (2) that accessory memories are amplified less than active representations. We explored if accessory memories undergo affective devaluation, a known index of the involvement of inhibition in a visual task. On each trial participants memorized four items, were cued to focus on one, and then completed a visual search or an affective evaluation task. While search distractors matching the colour of an active item slowed search, those matching an accessory memory did not, replicating previous findings that only active items guide search. Also, accessory items were affectively devalued compared to baseline and active items, supporting the hypothesis that accessory memories undergo inhibition.
Student satisfaction in the age of consumer driven higher education
Authors: Senior Carl , Fung Dilly , Howard Chris , Senior Rowena
Published: July 2018

The global Higher Education sector (HE) is undergoing a metamorphosis. No longer is HE the sole preserve of the privileged few but rather it is now accessible for the masses. The result of such an expansionist philosophy is here and today’s undergraduate students can expect to study at a university that is unrecognisable to higher education establishments of a few decades ago. This is not a one-sided affair and academic staff i.e., the professoriate who encounter the results of such expansionism on a daily basis are also faced with a vastly complex working environment (see e.g., Knight & Senior, 2017). Phrases such as internationalisation, employability, work-based learning as well as the almost ephemeral notion of student satisfaction, among many other things, regular assail the collective consciousness of academic staff around the world. Yet despite such complexity a new model is emerging and this is one firmly embedded within consumer psychology and it firmly places the student as a customer. Here we highlight some negative issues that may arise when HE embraces consumerism. We also discuss a potential solution that may not only ameliorate these issues but actually facilitate excellence in the student learning journeys. Higher education can meet this vast array of modern day concepts face-to-face and still ensure that it serves its core mission and that is to provide students with a higher understanding of various conceptual issues.
Are manipulation checks necessary?
Authors: Hauser David , Ellsworth Phoebe C. , Gonzalez Richard
Published: July 2018

Researchers are concerned about whether manipulations have the intended effects. Many journals and reviewers view manipulation checks favorably, and they are widely reported in prestigious journals. However, the prototypical manipulation check is a verbal (rather than behavioral) measure that always appears at the same point in the procedure (rather than its order being varied to assess order effects). Embedding such manipulation checks within an experiment comes with problems. While we conceptualize manipulation checks as measures, they can also act as interventions which initiate new processes that would otherwise not occur. The default assumption that manipulation checks do not affect experimental conclusions is unwarranted. They may amplify, undo, or interact with the effects of a manipulation. Further, the use of manipulation checks in mediational analyses does not rule out confounding variables, as any unmeasured variables that correlate with the manipulation check may still drive the relationship. Alternatives such as nonverbal and behavioral measures as manipulation checks and pilot testing are less problematic. Reviewers should view manipulation checks more critically, and authors should explore alternative methods to ensure the effectiveness of manipulations.
Holcombe Nguyen Goodbourn (in press). Implied reading direction and prioritization of letter encoding. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
Authors: Holcombe Alex O. , Nguyen Elizabeth , Goodbourn Patrick T.
Published: July 2018

Capacity limits hinder processing of multiple stimuli, contributing to poorer performance for identifying two briefly presented letters than for identifying a single letter. Higher accuracy is typically found for identifying the letter on the left, which has been attributed to a right-hemisphere dominance for selective attention. Here we use rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of letters in two locations at once. The letters to be identified are simultaneous and cued by rings. In a first experiment, we manipulated implied reading direction by rotating or mirror-reversing the letters to face to the left rather than to the right. The left-side performance advantage was eliminated. In a second experiment, letters were positioned above and below fixation, oriented such that they appeared to face downwards (90° clockwise rotation) or upwards (90° counter-clockwise rotation). Again consistent with an effect of implied reading direction, performance was better for the top position in the downwards condition, but not in the upwards condition. In both experiments, mixture modeling of participants’ report errors revealed that attentional sampling from the two locations was approximately simultaneous, ruling out the theory that the letter on one side was processed first, followed by a shift of attention to sample the other letter. Thus, the orientation of the letters apparently controls not when the letters are sampled from the scene, but rather the dynamics of a subsequent process, such as tokenization or memory consolidation. Implied reading direction appears to determine the letter prioritized at a high-level processing bottleneck.
The Future of Deception: Machine-Generated and Manipulated Images, Video, and Audio?
Authors: Bakdash Jonathan Z
Published: July 2018

Social sensing techniques were designed for analyzing unreliable data, but not explicitly built for adversarial generated and manipulated data. The adversarial use of social media to spread deceptive or misleading information poses a social, economic, and political threat. Deceptive information spreads quickly and inexpensively online relative to traditional methods of dissemination (e.g., print, radio, and television). For example, bots (i.e., dedicated software for sharing text information) can distribute information faster than humans. Such deceptive information is commonly referred to as fake (fabricated) news, which can be a form of propaganda (i.e., manipulation to advance a particular view or agenda). Information spread is particularly effective if the content resonates with the preconceptions and biases of social groups or communities because the spread will be reinforced by implied trust in information coming from other members (echo chambers and filter bubbles). We conjecture that the future of online deception, including fake news, will extend beyond text to high-quality, mass-produced machine-generated and manipulated images, video, and audio
The Glasgow Norms: Ratings of 5,500 words on 9 scales
Authors: Scott Graham G. , Keitel Anne , Becirspahic Marc , O’Donnell Patrick J. , Sereno Sara C
Published: July 2018

The Glasgow Norms are a set of normative ratings for 5,553 English words on 9 psycholinguistic dimensions: arousal, valence, dominance, concreteness, imageability, familiarity, age of acquisition, semantic size, and gender association. The Glasgow Norms are unique in several respects. First, the corpus, itself, is relatively large while simultaneously providing norms across a substantial number of lexical dimensions. Second, for any given subset of words, the same participants provided ratings across all 9 dimensions (32 participants/word, on average). Third, two novel dimensions of semantic size and gender association are included. Finally, the corpus contains a set of 379 ambiguous words that are presented alone (e.g., toast) or with information that selects an alternative sense (e.g., toast (bread), toast (speech)). Relationships between the dimensions of the Glasgow Norms were initially investigated by assessing their correlations. In addition, a principal component analysis revealed four main factors accounting for 82% of the variance (“visualization,” “emotion,” “salience,” and “exposure”). The validity of the Glasgow Norms was established via comparisons of our ratings to 14 different sets of current psycholinguistic norms. Alternative senses of ambiguous words (i.e., disambiguated forms), when discordant on a given dimension, seemingly led to appropriately distinct ratings. Informal comparisons between ratings of ambiguous words and their alternative senses showed different patterns that likely depended on several factors (the number of senses, their relative strengths, and the rating scales, themselves). Overall, the Glasgow Norms provide a valuable resource, in particular, for researchers investigating the role of word recognition in language comprehension.
Rational metareasoning and the plasticity of cognitive control
Authors: Lieder Falk , Shenhav Amitai , Musslick Sebastian , Griffiths Tom
Published: July 2018

The human brain has the impressive capacity to adapt how it processes information to high-level goals. While it is known that these cognitive control skills are malleable and can be improved through training, the underlying plasticity mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we develop and evaluate a model of how people learn when to exert cognitive control, which controlled process to use, and how much effort to exert. We derive this model from a general theory according to which the function of cognitive control is to select and configure neural pathways so as to make optimal use of finite time and limited computational resources. The central idea of our Learned Value of Control model is that people use reinforcement learning to predict the value of candidate control signals of different types and intensities based on stimulus features. This model correctly predicts the learning and transfer effects underlying the adaptive control-demanding behavior observed in an experiment on visual attention and four experiments on interference control in Stroop and Flanker paradigms. Moreover, our model explained these findings significantly better than an associative learning model and a Win-Stay Lose-Shift model. Our findings elucidate how learning and experience might shape people’s ability and propensity to adaptively control their minds and behavior. We conclude by predicting under which circumstances these learning mechanisms might lead to self-control failure.
Replication and open science: Tools for progress in psychotherapy research.
Authors: Christopherson Cody D
Published: July 2018

In this article, I present a brief outline of how publication bias andquestionable research practices such as p-hacking and HARKing may beinfluencing the field of psychotherapy research. I further outline foursolutions to investigate and advance the field: pre-registration, open dataand materials, directly probe the literature, and increased directreplications.
The development of linguistic prediction: Predictions of sound and meaning in 2-to-5-year-olds.
Authors: Gambi Chiara , Gorrie Fiona , Pickering Martin John , Rabagliati Hugh
Published: July 2018

Language processing in adults is facilitated by an expert ability to generate detailed predictions about upcoming words. This may seem like an acquired skill, but some models of language acquisition assume that the ability to predict is a pre-requisite for learning. This raises a question: Do children learn to predict, or do they predict to learn? We tested whether children, like adults, can generate expectations about not just the meanings of upcoming words but, also, their sounds, which would be critical for using prediction to learn about language. In two looking-while-listening experiments, we show that two-year-olds can generate expectations about meaning based on a determiner (Can you see one…ball/two…ice-creams?), but that even children as old as five do not show an adult-like ability to predict the phonology of upcoming words based on a determiner (Can you see a…ball/an…ice-cream?). Our results therefore suggest that the ability to generate detailed predictions is a late-acquired skill. We argue that prediction may not be the key mechanism driving children’s learning, but that the ability to generate accurate semantic predictions may nevertheless have facilitative effects of language development.
How can we be so blind?: Investigating interactions among instructions, perception, and navigation
Authors: Garcia Rafael Antonio , Jacobs W. Jake
Published: July 2018

Prior research suggests that instructions modify place learning and navigation behaviors in a virtual space. Two pilot studies indicated that under certain instructional sets, participants behaved as if they were navigating in a room without distal cues—even though their ability to identify icons present in the room appears unaffected. In this study, we did a follow-up replicating those findings. Additionally, we attempted to measure the quality of cognitive map formation using two alternative methods (signal detection and rank ordering methods). The results of these methods were mixed; however, the large sample size, and appropriate controls used in this study solidify the interpretations of the two earlier pilot studies. Even with the vast individual differences in instruction adherence, participants given instructions that do not match the environmental contingencies (incongruent) behaved as if they were navigating in a room without distal cues.