Correction of some indicators of blood of turkeys with cytomedines at different stages of growth and development
Authors: Лівощенко Євгенія , Лівощенко Людмила 
Published: June 2020

The effect of thymogen was determined by the formation of the central organ of the immune system in turkeys - fabric bag and peripheral organ - the spleen. Data on the effect of the drug on the relative weight of the fabric bag of turkey embryos. According to the data obtained, thymogen at a dose of 0.05 μg / egg causes the maximum increase in the relative weight of the fabric bag in turkey embryos. When compared with the control, this indicator was 1.47 times higher (P <0.01). When using thymogen at a dose of 0.1 μg / egg, the weight of the fabric bag increased 1.36-fold (P <0.01) compared to the control. A high dose of thymogen (up to 0.2 μg / egg) adversely affected the relative weight of the fabric bag. This group of embryos showed a decrease in the relative weight of the fabric bag by 1.55 times (P <0.001) compared with embryos, which injected 0.05 µg / egg thymogen into the chorion-allantoic shell and 1.05 times higher compared to the control. With the administration of thymogen embryos at a dose of 0.4 μg / egg the relative weight of the fabric bag decreased compared to the previous embryo group, but remained above control.

It was found that the maximum increase in the relative mass of the spleen was observed with the introduction of thymogen at a dose of 0.1 μg / egg. Compared to controls, the relative mass of the spleen increased 1.69 times (P <0.001). An increase in its weight by 1.39 times (P <0.01) when compared with the control was observed with the introduction of thymogen at a dose of 0.05 μg / egg. Increasing the dose of thymogen to 0.2 and 0.4 μg / egg increased the relative mass of the spleen compared to the control by 1.04 and 1.08 times, respectively. However, when compared with the experimental group (0.1 μg of thymogen per egg) there was a 1.63-fold decrease in spleen mass (P <0.001).

These data indicate a positive effect of thymogen on metabolic processes in the body. A significant (P <0.05) increase in hemoglobin content from 85.32 ± 1.18 g / l in turkeys in the control group to 97.51 ± 1.40 g / l in turkeys treated with thymogen was found. Serum content of total protein increased from 24.56 ± 0.84 g / l to 29.59 ± 0.73 g / l (P <0.01), total lipid concentration - from 1.52 ± 0.03 g / l to 2.18 ± 0.04 g / l (P <0.001).

Thus, these data indicate a positive effect of thymogen on the growth and development of immune competent organs of turkeys and on the subsequent level of immune processes in turkeys. It can reduce the effect of abiotic factors that occur in the technological process and in violation of conditions for growing turkeys.

Morphological parameters of blood.

The use of thymogen to stimulate indicators of nonspecific resistance of turkeys affected the morphological composition of the blood. The results of the studies indicate a positive effect of this drug on the number of red blood cells in the blood of turkeys.

Thus, in the control group, this indicator on the first day was 2.96 ± 0.08 T / l. In turkeys of the first group the number of erythrocytes under the action of thymogen increased slightly (3.02 ± 0.09 T / l). At the same time, in the bird of the second experimental group the number of erythrocytes decreased to 2.58 ± 0.11 T / l, which is 1.15 times lower (P <0.05) than in the control.

On the third day of research, the dynamics of red blood cell count in turkeys repeated the dynamics of the first day. That is, in the bird of the first group the number of erythrocytes in the blood increased to 3.17 ± 0.11 T / l, which is 1.14 times higher than in the control (P <0.05). At the same time, the erythrocyte count in the second group of birds decreased from 2.41 ± 0.09 T / l compared to the first day, and 1.15 times compared to the control (P <0.05). From the fifth to the 15th day in the bird of the first group, the number of red blood cells in the blood increased from 3.23 ± 0.09 T / l to 3.41 ± 0.11 T / l, which in 1.23 - 1.57 times higher compared to control (P <0.01 and P <0.001).

 In the second group of turkeys from the fifth day of the study there was a slight increase in the number of red blood cells. On the seventh day, the number of red blood cells in the blood of turkeys of the second experimental group corresponded to the parameters of this indicator in turkeys of the control group. It should be noted that in the control group birds from the seventh to the 15th day of the study observed a decrease in the number of red blood cells. At the same time, the number of red blood cells in the second group turkeys increased to 2.62 ± 0.10 T / l, 1.21 times higher than the control (P <0.01).

The results of studies indicate the effect of thymogen on hemoglobin content in turkeys.

On the first day of studies, the hemoglobin content of the blood of the control group turkeys was 92.1 ± 2.72 g / l. In the turkeys of the first experimental group this indicator in this period was slightly higher, and in the turkeys of the second experimental group it decreased by 1.16 times (P <0.05). On the third day of studies, the hemoglobin content of the blood of turkeys in the first group increased to 103.7 ± 2.93 g / l, which is 1.13 times higher than in the control (P <0.05). In subsequent periods of study (5-, 7- and 15-day) the hemoglobin content in the blood of turkeys of the first group increased from 111.3 ± 2.69 to 142.1 ± 2.74 g / l, which is 1.24, respectively and 2.02-fold higher compared to control (P <0.01 and P <0.001). At the same time, in the second group of birds for the fifth day of the study, the hemoglobin content in the blood remained 1.14 times lower than in the control (P <0.05). It should be noted that since the fifth day of studies, the content of hemoglobin in the blood of turkeys gradually increased and on the 15-th day amounted to 103.7 ± 2.73 g / l, which is 1.47 times higher (P <0,001), compared with control.

 Thus, the results of studies indicate a corrective effect of thymogen on hemoglobin content in the blood after the action of a thermal stimulus.

Changes in total erythrocytes in the blood and hemoglobin affected the average hemoglobin content of blood erythrocytes in turkeys. It should be noted that the average hemoglobin content in erythrocytes of blood of turkeys in the control group, practically, did not change and ranged from 31,12 ± 1,61 to 34,11 ± 1,77 pg.

In turkeys of the first experimental group there was a tendency to increase the average hemoglobin content in erythrocytes (by 1.08 times) on the seventh day and a probable increase of this indicator by the 15th day of researches. During this period, the average hemoglobin content of turkeys increased to 41.67 ± 1.86 pg, which is 1.28 times higher (P <0.01) than in the control.

In the turkeys of the second study group, the mean hemoglobin content in erythrocytes decreased from the first to the fifth day of the study compared to the control by 1.18 times (P <0.05). On the seventh and the 15th day there was a gradual increase of this indicator in turkeys of the second group. On the 15th day of studies, the average content of erythrocytes increased to 34.81 ± 1.72 PG, which is 8.3% higher than in the control group.

Age-related dynamics of the leukocyte count in the blood of the control group turkeys (group 3) was characterized by a slight decrease from the first to the seventh day of studies. This figure ranged from 19.18 ± 0.21 to 20.06 ± 0.18 G / l. Only on the 15th day compared to the first day of the study, this indicator decreased to 17.61 ± 0.22 G / l (1.16 times at P <0.05).

In turkeys of the first experimental group, the dynamics of leukocytes in the blood was characterized by a gradual increase in their number after the action of thymogen. On the first day of studies, this indicator in turkeys was 21.37 ± 0.26 G / l, which corresponded to the parameters of the control group. On the 15-th day of studies, the number of leukocytes in the blood of turkeys in this group was 1.66 times higher (P <0.001), compared with the control.

At the same time, the turkeys of the second experimental group, which were subjected to heat stress before the use of thymogen, responded to a decrease in leukocyte count by 1.07 times on the first day of the experiment. The number of leukocytes in the blood of the birds of the second experimental group increased to their number in the control over the next five days of the study from 19,32 ± 0,27 to 19,92 ± 0,26 G / l. From the seventh to the 15th day, this indicator continued to increase to 20.04 ± 0.24 - 21.47 ± 0.22 G / l. On the 15-th day, the leukocyte count in the blood of turkeys was 1.22 times (P <0.01) higher than that of the control group.

Thus, we have established the corrective effect of thymogen on the morphological parameters of blood in turkeys. The most significant was the effect of thymogen on indicators of morphological composition of blood in turkeys of the first experimental group.

The phagocytic activity of pseudo-eosinophils is essential for determining the effect of environmental factors on the body. An increase in the phagocytic response of leukocytes under the influence of thymogen indicates an increase in the protective functions of the body.

Under the influence of thymogen on the phagocytic activity of blood pseudo-eosinophils, turkeys of the first experimental group on the first day of research corresponded to the parameters of the bird of the control group. On the third day of research, this indicator in turkeys of the first group was slightly higher than in the control, with a general tendency to decrease the phagocytic activity of pseudoeosinophils in the blood of turkeys of the control and experimental groups. On the fifth day of the study, this indicator in turkeys of the first group was 1.13 times higher than in the control. In the following days of the study (7-th and 15-th day) the phagocytic activity of pseudo-eosinophils in the blood of turkeys of the first experimental group was higher than in the control by 1.15–1.26 times (P <0.05 and P <0.01). Similar dynamics of phagocytic activity of pseudoeosinophils in the blood of turkeys under the action of

thymogen is in our opinion that thymogen has immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory effect during the period of immunodeficiency in birds.

However, they noted a clear summation of effects in turkeys of the second group. The phagocytic activity of pseudoeosinophils after the action of the thermal stimulus and the use of thymogen decreased by 1.37-fold (P <0.001), which is associated with the suppressive effect of the thermal stimulus. On the third day of the study, the phagocytic activity of pseudo-eosinophils in the blood of turkeys of the second experimental group remained 1.38 times lower (P <0.001) than in the control. An increase in the phagocytic activity of pseudo-eosinophils was observed on the fifth day of study. On the seventh day of research, the phagocytic activity of pseudo-eosinophils in the blood of turkeys of the second experimental group corresponded to the parameters of the control group. On the 15th day of research, the phagocytic activity of pseudo-eosinophils in the bird of this group continued to increase and amounted to 37.8 ± 1.12%. Similar dynamics of phagocytic activity of pseudo-eosinophils in the blood of turkeys of the second experimental group can be associated with a high level of inhibitory effect of heat stress and the ability of thymogen to activate the phagocytic activity of pseudo-eosinophils at a later date.