bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trends in the use of biologicals and their treatment outcomes among patients with inflammatory bowel diseases – a Danish nationwide cohort study
Authors: Zhao Mirabella , Sall Jensen Morten , Knudsen Torben , Kelsen Jens , Coskun Mehmet , Kjellberg Jakob , Burisch Johan
Published: December 2021

Background

Therapeutic management of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is rapidly evolving, with an expanding armoury of biological drugs at our disposal. However, real‐world findings about treatment persistence and the impact of biologicals on surgery remain inconsistent.

Aims

This study aimed to investigate trends in biological use and surgery rates in a nationwide cohort of biological‐naïve IBD patients.

Methods

Patients with IBD who initiated biological treatment between 2011 and 2018 were identified in the Danish National Patient Registry. Data on use of biologicals, surgeries and healthcare costs were retrieved and analysed for time trends.

Results

Between 2011 and 2018, a total of 6,036 IBD (51% ulcerative colitis (UC), 49% Crohn's disease (CD)) patients received biological treatment for the first time. Cumulative use of biologicals increased from 5.0% to 10.8% among UC and 8.9%‐14.5% among CD patients. Infliximab remained the most‐prescribed first‐line biological for UC and CD. Treatment persistence was 44.3% and 16.9% after 1 and 3 years in UC, compared to 59.9% and 33.6% in CD patients. Overall, 32.8% of patients switched to a second biological. Surgery rates decreased in both UC (P = 0.015) and CD (P = 0.008) patients and remained significant for UC in the Cox regression model (P = 0.002). Outpatient and surgical costs also fell among both UC and CD patients.

Conclusions

Persistence rates for first‐line biologicals among IBD patients were low and one‐third switched treatment. Surgery rates and direct costs decreased over time, but whether this is related to the use of biologicals has yet to be determined.
Archaeological and archaeometric investigation of the Roman marble cargos of Porto Cervo (Arzachena, Sassari, Italy) and Secche della Meloria (Livorno, Italy)
Authors: Beltrame Carlo , Antonelli Fabrizio
Published: December 2021

Minero‐petrographic and geochemical analyses carried out on 35 samples of marble blocks belonging to shipwrecked cargos at Porto Cervo (Arzachena, Sassari, Italy) (23 samples) and Secche della Meloria (Livorno, Italy) (12 samples) indicated that the marble originated from the Apuan Alps (Italy), which implies that the ships presumably came from the Roman city of Luna. Ceramic finds enabled the dating of one shipwreck to the end of the second/beginning of the third centuries ce and the other one to the first–second centuries ce. After an archaeological discussion, authors propose that the destination of the important Porto Cervo cargo (around 222 tonnes) could have been Africa or Sicily, while a site on the way to Portus (Rome) is suggested as a possible destination for the smaller (84 tonnes) Secche della Meloria shipment.
Compositional modification of nonmetallic inclusions in bloomery iron during post‐smelting treatments and its implication
Authors: Park Jang Sik
Published: December 2021

The chemical composition of nonmetallic inclusions in finished iron artifacts often holds key information on the smelting and post‐smelting processes applied during their production. This possibility was tested with special iron objects deemed product intermediaries from a royal tomb constructed at Gyongju, the former capital of the Silla state during the Korean Three Kingdoms period (c. 300–668 ce). Metallographic examination identified two distinct groups of inclusions with features unique to slags derived from smelting in (a) bloomery furnaces and (b) blast furnaces. Clear evidence was also noted that type ‘a’ inclusions, when subjected to an environment of high carbon activity as in a carburization process, underwent a significant change in chemical composition and microstructure to emulate the other type. This observation is expected to remove significant ambiguities encountered in connecting slag compositions to pertinent engineering processes.
Development of DNA markers for improvement of meat quality in a Japanese Black cattle population in Hyogo Prefecture
Authors: Sasazaki Shinji
Published: December 2021

The polymorphisms associated with economic traits in livestock animals provide useful information as genetic indicators for breeding improvement. Over the last two decades, several DNA markers have been developed in Japanese Black cattle; however, the effect of these markers differs across populations due to differences in their genetic structures and backgrounds. As such, there is a need to verify the effectiveness of these markers in each population. This review summarizes the effectiveness of previously reported markers on carcass traits and the development of novel DNA markers in a Japanese Black cattle population in Hyogo Prefecture. As result of genome wide association studies and resequencing analyses, two novel significant markers associated with meat quality‐related traits (beef marbling and fatty acid composition) were developed. These findings will lead to the identification of responsible genes and polymorphisms and contribute to the development of novel DNA markers for numerous traits in various cattle populations.
Perinatal outcomes in women with sickle cell disease: a matched cohort study from London, UK
Authors: Oakley Laura L. , Mitchell Sian , von Rege Inez , Hadebe Ruth , Howard Jo , Robinson Susan E. , Oteng‐Ntim Eugene
Published: December 2021

There are limited data on contemporary outcomes for women with sickle cell disease (SCD) in pregnancy. We conducted a single‐site matched cohort study, comparing 131 pregnancies to women with SCD between 2007 and 2017 to a comparison group of 1310 pregnancies unaffected by SCD. Restricting our analysis to singleton pregnancies that reached 24 weeks of gestation, we used conditional Poisson regression to estimate adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) for perinatal outcomes. Infants born to mothers with SCD were more likely to be small for gestational age [aRR 1·69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·13–2·48], preterm (aRR 2·62, 95% CI 1·82–3·78) and require Neonatal Unit (NNU) admission (aRR 3·59, 95% CI 2·18–5·90). Pregnant women with SCD were at higher risk of pre‐eclampsia/eclampsia (aRR 3·53, 95% CI 2·00–6·24), more likely to receive induction of labour (aRR 2·50, 95% CI 1·82–1·76) and caesarean birth (aRR 1·44, 95% CI 1·18–1·76). In analysis stratified by genotype, the risk of adverse outcomes was highest in haemoglobin SS (HbSS) pregnancies (n = 80). There was no strong evidence that haemoglobin SC (HbSC) pregnancies (n = 46) were at higher risk of preterm birth, caesarean delivery, or NNU admission. Pre‐eclampsia/eclampsia was more frequently observed in HbSC pregnancies. Despite improvements in the care of pregnant women with SCD, the increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes remains.
LGBTQ+ Tensions in the 2018 Chilean Feminist Tsunami
Authors: Hiner Hillary , Troncoso Lelya
Published: December 2021

In this article, we will critically reflect on the 2018 feminist student mobilisations in Chile through an analysis of interviews and discussion groups with LGBTQ+ students who participated in the feminist student protests and occupations. We will argue that even though these feminist student mobilisations can be considered an example of transfeminist coalitions, some relevant conflicts and tensions remain, such as discourses and practices that still use an either/or, binary, cishet framework, maintaining a problematic separation between feminist and LGBTQ+ agendas, undermining the intersectional feminist understandings necessary for a more complex idea of social justice.
Debate: How can child and adolescent mental health professionals show leadership in the face of the ecological and climate crisis?
Authors: Le Feuvre Charles , Dey Cybele
Published: December 2021

The authors discuss the failure of political leadership in the face of the climate and ecological crisis, particularly in the Australian context.This failure exacerbates the climate distress of young people. The work of Psychology for a Safe Climate offers clinical leadership with its support model and Climate Aware Practitioner Network. It is argued that child and adolescent mental health professionals need to show leadership both as clinicians and advocates.
Can the Mind Command the Body?
Authors: Berent Iris
Published: December 2021

People naturally intuit that an agent's ethereal thoughts can cause its body to move. Per intuitive physics; however, one body can only interact with another. Are people, then, covertly puzzled by the capacity of thoughts to command the body? Experiment 1 first confirms that thoughts (e.g., thinking about a cup) are indeed perceived as ethereal—as less detectible in the body (brain), and more likely to exist in the afterlife relative to matched percepts (e.g., seeing a cup). Experiments 2–5 show that thoughts are considered less likely to cause behavior than percepts (e.g., thinking of a cup vs. seeing one). Furthermore, mind–body causation is more remarkable when its bodily consequences are salient (e.g., moving an arm vs. brain activation). Finally, epistemic causes are remarkable only when they are ascribed to mental‐ (e.g., “thinking”) but not to physical states (“activation”). Together, these results suggest that mind–body interactions elicit a latent dualist dissonance.
Anthropogenic pressures coincide with Neotropical biodiversity hotspots in a flagship butterfly group
Authors: Doré Maël , Willmott Keith , Leroy Boris , Chazot Nicolas , Mallet James , Freitas André V. L. , Hall Jason P. W. , Lamas Gerardo , Dasmahapatra Kanchon K. , Fontaine Colin , Elias Marianne
Published: December 2021

Aim

The biodiversity crisis has highlighted the need to assess and map biodiversity in order to prioritize conservation efforts. Clearwing butterflies (tribe Ithomiini) have been proposed as biological indicators for habitat quality in Neotropical forests, which contain the world's richest biological communities. Here, we provide maps of different facets of Ithomiini diversity across the Neotropics to identify areas of evolutionary and ecological importance for conservation and evaluate their overlap with current anthropogenic threats.

Location

Neotropics.

Methods

We ran species distribution models on a data set based on 28,986 georeferenced occurrences representing 388 ithomiine species to generate maps of geographic rarity, taxonomic, phylogenetic and Müllerian mimetic wing pattern diversity. We quantified and mapped the overlap of diversity hotspots with areas threatened by or providing refuge from current anthropogenic pressures.

Results

The eastern slopes of the Andes formed the primary hotspot of taxonomic, phylogenetic and mimetic diversity, with secondary hotspots in Central America and the Atlantic Forest. Most diversity indices were strongly spatially correlated. Nevertheless, species‐poor communities on the Pacific slopes of the Andes also sheltered some of the geographically rarest species. Overall, tropical montane forests that host high species and mimetic diversity as well as rare species and mimicry rings appeared particularly under threat.

Main conclusions

Remote parts of the Upper Amazon may act as refuges against current anthropogenic pressures for a limited portion of Ithomiini diversity. Furthermore, it is likely that the current threat status may worsen with ongoing climate change and deforestation. In this context, the tropical Andes occupy a crucial position as the primary hotspot for multiple facets of biodiversity for ithomiine butterflies, as they do for angiosperms, tetrapods and other insect taxa. Our results support the role of ithomiine butterflies as a suitable flagship indicator group for Neotropical butterfly diversity and reinforce the position of the tropical Andes as a flagship region for biodiversity conservation in general, and insect and butterfly conservation in particular.
Elevated liver enzymes and comorbidities in type 2 diabetes: A multicentre analysis of 51 645 patients from the Diabetes Prospective Follow‐up (DPV) database
Authors: Meyhöfer Svenja , Eckert Alexander J. , Hummel Michael , Laimer Markus , Roden Michael , Kress Stephan , Seufert Jochen , Meyhöfer Sebastian M. , Holl Reinhard W.
Published: December 2021

Aim

To assess the prevalence of elevated liver enzymes and associated diabetes‐related comorbidities in type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Subjects and Methods

Between 2010 and 2019, 281 245 patients with T2D (aged 18‐75 years) from 501 Diabetes Prospective Follow‐up (DPV) centres were evaluated, resulting in analysis of 51 645 patients with complete data on demographics and liver enzymes.

Results

Elevated liver enzymes were found in 40.2% of all patients. However, only 8.6% of these patients had International Classification of Diseases‐10 codes for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and/or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Adjusted for age, sex, diabetes duration, body mass index and glycated haemoglobin, a higher prevalence of arterial hypertension (P < 0.0001), dyslipidaemia (P < 0.0001), peripheral artery disease (P = 0.0029), myocardial infarction (P = 0.0003), coronary artery disease (P = 0.0001), microalbuminuria (P < 0.0001) and chronic kidney disease (P < 0.0001) was seen in patients with elevated versus normal liver enzymes. The prevalence of elevated liver enzymes was lowest in patients receiving sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibitors or a combination of SGLT2 inhibitors and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists.

Conclusion

Elevated liver enzymes are common in patients with T2D and clearly correlate with a higher prevalence of clinically relevant comorbidities. Assessing liver enzymes should be standard clinical routine in T2D due to a possible predictive role for comorbidities and complications.
A comparison of the National Clinical Audit of Psychosis 2019/2020 standards and First Episode Psychosis Services Fidelity Scale 1.0
Authors: Addington Donald , French Paul , Smith Jo
Published: December 2021

Aim

The authors compare two approaches to assessment of the quality of early psychosis intervention services, the National Clinical Audit of Psychosis used in the United Kingdom and the First Episode Psychosis Services Fidelity Scale used in North America and Europe.

Methods

We compare the two approaches on the source of standards, measurement type, data collection, time requirements, scoring and reliability. Finally, we review their strengths and limitations.

Results

Both measures are based on standards derived from the same research evidence base. Both methods rely on data from health records and administrative data. The audit is supplemented with user survey data, the fidelity scale with clinician interviews. The audit requires more time. The audit is based on quality indicators rated as present or absent which yields a statistical benchmark. The Fidelity Scale is based on quality indicators that are rated on a five‐point scale yielding a standards‐based measure. The two methods cover similar service components, but the FEPS‐FS has a broader coverage of team functioning. The National audit also collects data on the user experience directly from patients. The fidelity scale has achieved good to excellent inter‐rater reliability, the reliability of the audit has not been tested.

Conclusions

Both methods have face validity and provide reliable and useful measures of quality of care. The NCAP works in the context of a single provider health system, the FEPS‐FS works in a more variable health system. Comparing the two systems in the field would support international comparison of standards of care.
Pathogen transport amplifies or dilutes disease transmission depending on the host dose‐response relationship
Authors: Ng Wee Hao , Myers Christopher R. , McArt Scott H. , Ellner Stephen P.
Published: December 2021

Pathogen transport by biotic or abiotic processes (e.g. mechanical vectors, wind, rain) can increase disease transmission by creating more opportunities for host exposure. But transport without replication has an inherent trade‐off, that creating new venues for exposure decreases the average pathogen abundance at each venue. The host dose‐response relationship is therefore required to correctly assess infection risk. We model and analyse two examples—biotic mechanical vectors in plant–pollinator networks, and abiotic‐facilitated long‐distance pathogen dispersal—to illustrate how oversimplifying the dose‐response relationship can lead to incorrect epidemiological predictions. When the minimum infective dose is high, mechanical vectors amplify disease transmission less than suggested by simple compartment models, and may even dilute transmission. When long‐distance dispersal leads to infrequent large exposures, models that assume a linear force of infection can substantially under‐predict the speed of epidemic spread. Our work highlights an important general interplay between dose‐response relationships and pathogen transport.
First finding of Sophonia orientalis (Matsumura) in the Azores
Authors: Tarantino Elisa , Prieto Alejandra Ros , Lopes David João Horta , Borges Paulo Alexandre Vieira
Published: December 2021

Sophonia orientalis (Matsumura) (Hemiptera; Cicadellidae) is native to South‐East Asia and is a highly polyphagous pest, considered an invasive pest, that affects crops as well as endemic plants. This paper presents the first report of S. orientalis in the Azores (Portugal). The first individuals were found in 2018 in the botanic garden on Terceira Island and later in 2020 in banana orchards. In 2020, S. orientalis was found in Pico Island in mixed forests.
Thank u, next: Faith‐based agencies deny foster/adoption applications from LGBTQ prospective parents
Authors: Sidoruk Daria
Published: December 2021

Recently, the controversy pertaining to whether faith‐based institutions, which receive federal funding, can discriminate based on sexual orientation has received the United States Supreme Court's attention. However, before the Supreme Court decided to review this issue, the Every Child Deserve a Family Act was proposed to Congress. This bill would prohibit any child welfare agency, which receives federal financial assistance, from discriminating against potential foster or adoptive parents on the basis of religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, or marital status. This Note seeks to analyze whether the Every Child Deserves a Family Act is constitutional.
p62/SQSTM1 in liver diseases: the usual suspect with multifarious identities
Authors: Tan Chong Teik , Soh Natalie Jun Hui , Chang Hao‐Chun , Yu Victor C.
Published: December 2021

p62/Sequestosome‐1 (SQSTM1) is a selective autophagy receptor that recruits and delivers intracellular substrates for bulk clearance through the autophagy lysosomal pathway. Interestingly, p62 also serves as a signaling scaffold to participate in the regulation of multiple physiological processes, including oxidative stress response, metabolism, inflammation, and programmed cell death. Perturbation of p62 activity has been frequently found to be associated with the pathogenesis of many liver diseases. p62 has been identified as a critical component of protein aggregates in the forms of Mallory–Denk bodies (MDBs) or intracellular hyaline bodies (IHBs), which are known to be frequently detected in biopsy samples from alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Importantly, abundance of these p62 inclusion bodies is increasingly recognized as a biomarker for NASH and HCC. Although the level of p62 bodies seems to predict the progression and prognosis of these liver diseases, understanding of the underlying mechanisms by which p62 regulates and contributes to the development and progression of these diseases remains incomplete. In this review, we will focus on the function and regulation of p62, and its pathophysiological roles in the liver, by critically reviewing the findings from preclinical models that recapitulate the pathogenesis and manifestation of these liver diseases in humans. In addition, we will also explore the suitability of p62 as a predictive biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of liver diseases, including NASH and HCC, as well as recent development of small‐molecule compounds for targeting the p62 signaling axis.
Widespread recent ecosystem state shifts in high‐latitude peatlands of northeastern Canada and implications for carbon sequestration
Authors: Magnan Gabriel , Sanderson Nicole K. , Piilo Sanna , Pratte Steve , Väliranta Minna , van Bellen Simon , Zhang Hui , Garneau Michelle
Published: December 2021

Northern peatlands are a major component of the global carbon (C) cycle. Widespread climate‐driven ecohydrological changes in these ecosystems can have major consequences on their C sequestration function. Here, we synthesize plant macrofossil data from 33 surficial peat cores from different ecoclimatic regions, with high‐resolution chronologies. The main objectives were to document recent ecosystem state shifts and explore their impact on C sequestration in high‐latitude undisturbed peatlands of northeastern Canada. Our synthesis shows widespread recent ecosystem shifts in peatlands, such as transitions from oligotrophic fens to bogs andSphagnumexpansion, coinciding with climate warming which has also influenced C accumulation during the last ~100 years. The rapid shifts towards drier bog communities and an expansion ofSphagnumsect.Acutifoliaafter 1980 CE were most pronounced in the northern subarctic sites and are concurrent with summer warming in northeastern Canada. These results provide further evidence of a northward migration ofSphagnum‐dominated peatlands in North America in response to climate change. The results also highlight differences in the timing of ecosystem shifts among peatlands and regions, reflecting internal peatland dynamics and varying responses of vegetation communities. Our study suggests that the recent rapid climate‐driven shifts from oligotrophic fen to drier bog communities have promoted plant productivity and thus peat C accumulation. We highlight the importance of considering recent ecohydrological trajectories when modelling the potential contribution of peatlands to climate change. Our study suggests that, contrary to expectations, peat C sequestration could be promoted in high‐latitude non‐permafrost peatlands where wet sedge fens may transition to drierSphagnumbog communities due to warmer and longer growing seasons.
An update on cognitive frailty: Its definition, impact, associated factors and underlying mechanisms, and interventions
Authors: Sugimoto Taiki , Arai Hidenori , Sakurai Takashi
Published: December 2021

Since the concept and operational definition of “cognitive frailty” (simultaneous presence of physical frailty and cognitive impairment without concurrent dementia) were proposed by the International Academy of Nutrition and Aging and the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics, cognitive frailty has been widely investigated. This review is intended to address the operational definition of cognitive frailty, its consequences, contributing factors and underlying mechanisms, as well as interventions for cognitive frailty. Although the definitions and assessments of cognitive frailty vary among researchers, older adults with both physical frailty and cognitive impairment are shown to be at higher risk of adverse health outcomes, including death, disability, hospitalization and incident dementia, than those with either condition alone. While the underlying mechanisms of cognitive frailty are still unclear, factors shown to be associated with cognitive frailty include sociodemographic factors, social status, nutritional status, geriatric syndrome, physical and cognitive activities, functional status, comorbidities, medication use, gut‐derived metabolites and structural changes in the brain. Accumulating evidence indicates the need for comprehensive geriatric assessment that helps identify the possible causes of cognitive frailty and develop a multimodal individualized intervention to prevent adverse health outcomes for older adults with cognitive frailty. Further studies are required to clarify the mechanisms through which physical frailty and cognitive impairment interact to accelerate adverse health outcomes, particularly cognitive outcomes. In addition, for older adults with cognitive frailty, an effective flow diagram from primary screening through comprehensive assessment to multidimensional intervention needs to be developed for future implementation in both clinical and community settings. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22: 99–109.
Review of the alternative therapies for onychomycosis and superficial fungal infections: posaconazole, fosravuconazole, voriconazole, oteseconazole
Authors: Gupta Aditya K. , Talukder Mesbah , Venkataraman Maanasa
Published: December 2021

Terbinafine and itraconazole are the most commonly used oral antifungals to treat onychomycosis and superficial dermatomycoses. Recently, poor response to oral terbinafine has been reported. We have summarized the most appropriate dosing regimens of posaconazole, fosravuconazole, voriconazole, and oteseconazole (VT‐1161) to treat onychomycosis and superficial fungal infections. A structured search on PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted. Additionally, the bibliographies of selected articles were searched to identify relevant records. The number of records identified from the searches was 463, with 50 articles meeting the inclusion criteria for review. None of the new azoles are US FDA approved for onychomycosis treatment; however, an increasing number of studies have evaluated these agents. The efficacies (complete cure and mycologic cure) of the antifungal agents for dermatophyte great toenail onychomycosis treatment are terbinafine 250 mg/day × 12 weeks (Phase III trial) (38%, 70%), itraconazole 200 mg/day × 12 weeks (Phase III trial) (14%, 54%), posaconazole 200 mg/day × 24 weeks (Phase IIB) (54.1%, 70.3%), fosravuconazole 100 mg/day ravuconazole equivalent × 12 weeks (Phase III) (59.4%, 82.0%), and oteseconazole 300 mg/day loading dose × 2 weeks (Phase II), followed by 300 mg/week × 10 weeks (maintenance dose) (45%, 70%). Guidelines for monitoring are also presented.
Utilisation of dried shiitake, black ear and silver ear mushrooms into sorghum biscuits manipulates the predictive glycaemic response in relation to variations in biscuit physical characteristics
Authors: Tu Juncai , Brennan Margaret Anne , Hui Xiaodan , Wang Ruibin , Peressini Donatella , Bai Weidong , Cheng Ping , Brennan Charles Stephen
Published: December 2021

The nutritional quality of gluten‐free products is important to the health of individuals with coeliac disease. Mushrooms are good sources of vitamins, dietary fibres and proteins, and are a low‐calorie option that can be used in gluten‐free diets to improve their nutritional value. The effects of incorporating dried mushrooms on the hydration and pasting properties of sorghum flour, as well as the physicochemical characteristics and in vitro glycaemic response of sorghum biscuits were studied. Sorghum flour enriched with mushroom powders exhibited higher water absorption capacity and swelling power compared with the control (P < 0.05). The addition of shiitake (Lentinula edodes) mushroom significantly decreased the pasting viscosities, while the addition of black ear (Auricularia auricula) and silver ear (Tremella fuciformis) mushroom increased viscosity values (P < 0.05). Biscuit diameter, thickness and weight loss were reduced with increasing mushroom powder addition, and the colour parameters of biscuits were affected significantly. Enrichment with shiitake and black ear mushroom increased the hardness of biscuits (P < 0.05). Inclusion of mushroom powders significantly reduced the predicted glycaemic response of sorghum biscuits (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis was conducted to illustrate that hydration dynamics (such as water absorption capacity and swelling power) were negatively correlated with glycaemic response (P < 0.001).
An exploratory study of the prevalence and correlates of student maltreatment by teachers in Cameroon
Authors: Benbenishty Rami , Daru Etta Roland , Astor Ron Avi
Published: December 2021

Maltreatment of children takes place in many contexts and places around the world. Based on the model of Bullying, School Violence and Climate in Evolving Contexts, this study describes the prevalence and characteristics of maltreatment of students by their teachers in Cameroon. It examined the bivariate and multivariate correlations between victimization by educational staff with victimization by peers, school climate, and the students’ perpetration of violence against their own teachers. The sample consisted of 601 students in three schools. Of these, 62% were females, 63.3% were 13‒16 years old, and 28.8% 17‒20 years old. The study is based on self‐report questionnaires administered to the students. The findings show high levels of student maltreatment—physical, emotional, and sexual. Prevalence was higher among males. These reports were highly correlated with both victimization by peers and student perpetration against teachers. School climate perceptions were negatively associated with staff maltreatment. The discussion notes that the high prevalence of staff maltreatment in this study is similar to findings in developing countries and is higher than in other contexts. Implications and recommendations for policy changes, training, and intervention are presented.
Toward an inclusive system for informal workers? Diverging impacts of labor informality on Chinese workers’ pension enrollment
Authors: Yang Yujeong
Published: December 2021

The Chinese pension reform of 2011 allowed informal workers to enroll either in the employment‐based pension program or in the residency‐based pension program. Despite this historic pension reform, the question of how labor informality influences one's pension participation under the reformed pension regime has been insufficiently discussed. This article fills this gap by analyzing two waves of a national‐level survey—the China Labor Dynamic Survey of 2012 and 2014. This article makes the following two points. First, the impact of labor informality differs across the two pension programs. Second, local citizenship filters the negative impact of labor informality, but only for the residency‐based pension program. Having “local” citizenship does not offset the negative impact of labor informality on workers’ enrollment in the employment‐based pension program. These findings show how the recent reform is ironically reinforcing the existing social cleavages between different types of Chinese workers.
Network governance among actors involved in the government’s contracting out of foster care services: A case study in China
Authors: Lu Wei , Xu Yanfeng
Published: December 2021

The government's contracting out of foster care services in Guangzhou, China, introduced the possibility of partnerships between nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and government‐led human services. To understand network governance among actors involved in contracting out foster care services, service funders, service providers, and service users were interviewed. A thematic analysis of interviews combined with a critical review of archival data was conducted. Drawing from the policy network governance analytic framework, we found that network governance conditions in contracting out foster care services were characterized by close interdependence among actors, moderate standardization in work duties, but nonreciprocal patterns of interactions, and low to modest levels of autonomy, along with strong power in the government but limited self‐governance among NGOs and foster families. Our findings indicate that network governance was not fully achieved among actors involved in the contracting out of foster care services. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
Behavioural habits and underlying diseases associated with urolithiasis: A case–control study
Authors: Heidari Shiva , Shirazi Fatemeh , Ghanipour Badelbuu Sima
Published: December 2021

The prevalence of renal stones has been increasing due to changes in lifestyle and behavioural habits, causing major economic and health burdens worldwide. This study aimed to determine the relationship between urolithiasis and behavioural habits and underlying diseases. This case–control study was performed on 161 patients with urinary stone disease and 254 healthy controls who were age‐ and sex‐matched with the case group. All participants were interviewed by the researcher using a questionnaire. Among different behavioural habits, consuming alcoholic drinks and smoking were reported more frequently in the renal stone formers compared to the controls (p = 0.007 and p = 0.004, respectively). However, the amount of water intake and level of physical activity were lower among the stone formers (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.009, respectively). Investigation of the two groups' past medical history revealed that the positive history of diseases such as diabetes mellitus (p < 0.0001), hypertension (p = 0.004), hyperlipidemia (p = 0.004) and urinary tract infections (p < 0.0001) was more common in the patients with urinary stones compared to the control group. In terms of medications, the use of antihypertensive drugs (p = 0.045), antidiabetic drugs (p = 0.12), analgesics (p = 0.04) and anti‐inflammatory drugs (p = 0.047) was significantly higher in the case group than in the control group. The study findings showed that some behavioural habits and specific underlying diseases were associated with urinary stones. In this regard, by careful assessment of personal health history and medical history, it is possible to identify at‐risk individuals and take measures to reduce their risk of developing the disease.
A novel Eu2+/Tb3+ co‐doped phosphor with pyroxene structure applied for cryogenic thermometric sensing
Authors: Su Ke , Guo Qingfeng , Shuai Pengfei , Liu Ning , Mei Lefu , Liao Libing
Published: December 2021

Pyroxene‐type phosphors were widely developed due to the advantages of high chemical stability, luminous efficiency, and low production cost. In this contribution, a series of Eu2+/Tb3+ co‐doped Ca0.75Sr0.2Mg1.05Si2O6 (CSMS) phosphors with pyroxene structure were successfully synthesized by the solid‐state method. Under the 340 nm excitation, the emission peaks of the phosphor show a redshift with the increase of Eu2+ concentration. The emitting color of Eu2+/Tb3+ co‐doped samples shows a redshift attributed to the energy transfer from Eu2+ to Tb3+. Simultaneously, acquired thermometer exposes superbly temperature‐sensitive properties (Sa and Sr having maximum values 4.7% K−1 and 0.6% K−1, respectively) over the cryogenic temperature range (77–280 K). Furthermore, it has good stability and precision at cryogenic temperatures, indicating that CSMS:0.03Eu2+/0.03Tb3+ phosphor is a very promising fluorescent material suitable for cryogenic temperature sensing.
The U‐shape relationship between pulse pressure level on inpatient admission and long‐term mortality in acute coronary syndrome patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Wei Huang , Hongwei Li , Ying Sun , Dai Zhang , Man Wang
Published: December 2021

The association between pulse pressure and long‐term mortality was investigated among acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients who received percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The study population included 5055 ACS patients in the Department of Cardiology of Beijing Friendship Hospital who were enrolled from January 2013 to July 2019. The median duration of follow‐up was 24 months. Multivariate Cox regression was used to analyze the relationships between PP on inpatient admission and mortalities. Non‐linear associations were studied by restricted cubic splines. Considering the heart function, the analyses were performed in the whole cohort and the LVEF > = 0.5 cohort separately. Subgroup analyses were performed according to the different diagnosis (the myocardial infarction subgroup and the unstable angina pectoris subgroup). When PP was used as categorical variable, the high PP group (≥61 mm Hg) significantly increased the risk of death compared with the intermediate PP group (50–60 mm Hg) in the both cohorts. When PP was used as continuous variable, a U‐shape relationship were found between PP and mortalities in the whole cohort (p (for nonlinearity) = .005 and .003, respectively), with reference PP level of 55 mm Hg. However, this U‐shape relationship disappeared in the LVEF > 0.5 cohort (p (for nonlinearity) = .111 and .117, respectively). The similar results were obtained in MI subgroup. From this study, the U‐shape relationships between PP level and all‐cause and cardiac mortalities were found in ACS patients who underwent PCI. The U‐shape relationships disappeared in the LVEF > 0.5 cohort. The reference PP level was 55 mm Hg.
Shared familial risk factors between autism spectrum disorder and obesity – a register‐based familial coaggregation cohort study
Authors: Ahlberg Richard , Garcia‐Argibay Miguel , Hirvikoski Tatja , Boman Marcus , Chen Qi , Taylor Mark J. , Frans Emma , Bölte Sven , Larsson Henrik
Published: December 2021

Background

Meta‐analyses suggest an association between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and obesity, but the factors underlying this association remain unclear. This study investigated the association between ASD and obesity stratified on intellectual disability (ID). In addition, in order to gain insight into possible shared etiological factors, the potential role of shared familial liability was examined.

Method

We studied a cohort of 3,141,696 individuals by linking several Swedish nationwide registers. We identified 35,461 individuals with ASD and 61,784 individuals with obesity. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between ASD and obesity separately by ID and sex and by adjusting for parental education, psychiatric comorbidity, and psychotropic medication. Potential shared familial etiologic factors were examined by comparing the risk of obesity in full siblings, maternal and paternal half‐siblings, and full‐ and half‐cousins of individuals with ASD to the risk of obesity in relatives of individuals without ASD.

Results

Individuals with ASD + ID (OR = 3.76 [95% CI, 3.38–4.19]) and ASD−ID (OR = 3.40 [95% CI, 3.23–3.58]) had an increased risk for obesity compared with individuals without ASD. The associations remained statistically significant when adjusting for parental education, psychiatric comorbidity, and medication. Sex‐stratified analyses indicated a higher relative risk for males compared with females, with statistically significant interaction effects for ASD−ID, but not for ASD+ID in the fully adjusted model. First‐degree relatives of individuals with ASD+ID and ASD−ID had an increased risk of obesity compared with first‐degree relatives of individuals without ASD. The obesity risk was similar in second‐degree relatives of individuals with ASD+ID but was lower for and ASD−ID. Full cousins of individuals with ASD+ID had a higher risk compared with half‐cousins of individuals with ASD+ID). A similar difference in the obesity risk between full cousins and half‐cousins was observed for ASD−ID.

Conclusions

Individuals with ASD and their relatives are at increased risk for obesity. The risk might be somewhat higher for males than females. This warrants further studies examining potential common pleiotropic genetic factors and shared family‐wide environmental factors for ASD and obesity. Such research might aid in identifying specific risks and underlying mechanisms in common between ASD and obesity.
Analysing mortality patterns in salmon farming using daily cage registrations
Authors: Persson David , Nødtvedt Ane , Aunsmo Arnfinn , Stormoen Marit
Published: December 2021

This study describes the patterns of mortality and investigates the sources of variation in mortality during the marine phase of commercial salmon farming. The study included daily mortality records from stocking to harvest of 21 million salmon from ten hatcheries in 136 fish‐groups (fish in the same cage from the same hatchery). The fish was stocked in 2017–2018 at 21 marine farms within two Norwegian companies. The sources of variation in mortality were investigated using multilevel linear regression models with ‘fish‐group’ nested within ‘farm’ as a random effect, cross‐classified with ‘hatchery’. In the final model, ‘fish‐group’ was the source of most variation (70%). Furthermore, the mortality categories ‘smolt‐related mortality’, ‘infectious diseases’ and ‘handling and treatment’ were responsible for 10%, 17% and 29% of the total number of dead fish respectively. Overall, the study shows that smolt‐related mortality is one of the major causes of death in the first part of the production, while handling and treatment was the dominating cause of mortality in total. Mortality varied by fish‐group to a large extent. This means that targeted preventive strategies to decrease mortality for individual fish‐groups might be more effective than overall measures at farm or hatchery level.
Tibolone restrains neuroinflammation in mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Mancino Dalila N. J. , Lima Analia , Roig Paulina , García Segura Luis M. , De Nicola Alejandro F. , Garay Laura I.
Published: December 2021

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune‐mediated and degenerating disease in which myelin sheaths are damaged as a result of chronic progressive inflammation of the central nervous system. Tibolone [(7α,17α)‐17‐hydroxy‐7‐methyl‐19‐norpregn‐5(10)‐en‐20‐in‐3‐one], a synthetic estrogenic compound with tissue‐specific actions and used for menopausal hormone therapy, shows neuroprotective and antioxidant properties both in vivo and in vitro. In the present study, we analyzed whether tibolone plays a therapeutic role in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice, a commonly used model of MS. Female C57BL/6 mice were induced with the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein MOG35–55 and received s.c. tibolone (0.08 mg kg–1) injection every other day from the day of induction until death on the acute phase of the disease. Reactive gliosis, Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1), inflammasome parameters, activated Akt levels and myelin were assessed by a real‐time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and western blot analysis. Our findings indicated that, in the EAE spinal cord, tibolone reversed the astrocytic and microglial reaction, and reduced the hyperexpression of TLR4 and HMGB1, as well as NLR family pyrin domain containing 3‐caspase 1‐interleukin‐1β inflammasome activation. At the same time, tibolone attenuated the Akt/nuclear factor kappa B pathway and limited the white matter demyelination area. Estrogen receptor expression was unaltered with tibolone treatment. Clinically, tibolone improved neurological symptoms without uterine compromise. Overall, our data suggest that tibolone may serve as a promising agent for the attenuation of MS‐related inflammation.
New diagnosis of diabetes and severe hyperlipidemia at 3 months postpartum presenting as florid diabetic retinopathy and eruptive xanthomas
Authors: Zhen Xi May , Lee Kuo Luong , Sullivan David , Acharya Shamasunder
Published: December 2021

A 33‐year‐old woman presented to the Emergency Department at 3 months postpartum with a 2‐day history of a partial left sixth cranial nerve palsy, and several weeks' history of bilateral blurred vision and papular skin lesions. Brain imaging and ultrasound of the carotid and vertebral arteries were all normal. Investigations revealed severe hyperlipidemia and a venous blood glucose level of 19.6 mmol/L despite a negative result on a 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test at 32 weeks of pregnancy. Fundus photography demonstrated bilateral severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy with lipemia retinalis. The skin lesions were consistent with xanthomas on biopsy. The partial left sixth cranial nerve palsy and the bilateral rapidly progressive diabetic retinopathy were likely secondary to peripheral ischemia from serum hyperviscosity and displacement due to severe hyperlipidemia. The rapid progression of symptoms was likely triggered by a postpartum diet high in saturated fats in the context of presumed genetic predisposition.
Diversity and functions of microbes in surface sediments under heavy metal pollution of western Chaohu Lake
Authors: Shen Z. , Wang F. , Liang Y. , Li Y. , Liu Q. , Liu F.
Published: December 2021

Heavy metal pollution is a global concern. Targeting at the surface sediments in western Chaohu Lake and using metagenome sequencing, we probed into the mechanism of how microbes adapted to heavy metal-polluted sediments under natural conditions. It was found the heavy metal pollution intensity of the three typical sampling places ranked as estuary of Nanfeihe River (NFH) > Zhongmiao Town (HZ) > Hongshizui (HSZ). Totally 129 phyla, 2631 genera and 12 989 species were detected in the sediment samples, and HSZ, HZ and NFH had 35, 51 and 67 exclusive genera, respectively. The bacterial biomass and virus quantity from NFH accounted for 22·84 and 70·69% of total quantities, respectively, and the microbial community compositions in NFH were also different from those in HSZ and HZ. Metagenomics sequencing and functional gene annotation showed NFH contained many functional genes related to nucleic acid transport and metabolism, ribosome structures and biological origin, replication recombining and repair and inorganic ion transport and metabolism. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis suggested the sediments from NFH were rich in enzymes correlated with heavy metal transport and reduction. Our findings offer some scientific basis for Chaohu Lake control and microbe resource utilization.
Shock experiments on basalt—Ferric sulfate mixes and their possible relevance to the sulfide bleb clusters in large impact melts in shergottites
Authors: Rao M. N. , Nyquist L. E. , Asimow P. D. , Ross D. K. , Sutton S. R. , See T. H. , Shih C. Y. , Garrison D. H. , Wentworth S. J. , Park J.
Published: December 2021

Large impact‐melt pockets in shergottites contain both Martian regolith components and sulfide/sulfite bleb clusters that yield high sulfur concentrations locally compared to bulk shergottites. The regolith may be the source of excess sulfur in the shergottite melt pockets. To explore whether shock and release of secondary Fe‐sulfates trapped in host rock voids is a plausible mechanism to generate the shergottite sulfur bleb clusters, we carried out shock recovery experiments on an analog mixture of ferric sulfate and Columbia River basalt at peak pressures of 21 and 31 GPa. The recovered products from the 31 GPa experiment show mixtures of Fe‐sulfide and Fe‐sulfite blebs similar to the sulfur‐rich bleb clusters found in shergottite impact melts. The 21 GPa experiment did not yield such blebs. The collapse of porosity and local high‐strain shear heating in the 31 GPa experiment presumably created high‐temperature hotspots (~2000 °C) sufficient to reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+ and to decompose sulfate to sulfite, followed by concomitant reduction to sulfide during pressure release. Our results suggest that similar processes might have transpired during shock production of sulfur‐rich bleb clusters in shergottite impact melts. It is possible that very small CO presence in our experiments could have catalyzed the reduction process. We plan to repeat the experiments without CO.