bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kentucky Bluegrass, Sod Webworm Control, 1977
Authors: Schuder Donald L.
Published: March 2022

A series of 17 treatments was applied to a bluegrass lawn at the Federated Church in West Lafayette, Indiana, on May 25, 1977. At the time of treatment adult moths were flying and egg deposition had begun. Plots were 7 by 14 ft and the experiment was replicated five times. Sprays were applied with a boom mounted on a bicycle wheeled type frame. A pressure of 30 psi was maintained with a CO2 tank. Half of the Lannate applications were repeated two weeks after the initial treatment. Granular applications were made with a 7 ft wide John Deere granular applicator mounted on a bicycle wheeled type of frame. Half of each plot was sampled June 8, July 5 and 19, 1977. A mixture of “Diagnostic Aid” and water was applied to half of the plot with a sprinkling can and the number of larvae that emerged counted.
Insecticide Evaluation for The Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs, 1977
Authors: Warren Clifford , Nutter F. W.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were evaluated for the control of Japanese beetle grubs on an infested Kentucky bluegrass fairway. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications per treatment (10 x 12 ft) was utilized. Insecticides were applied on September 1, 1977. Sprayable formulations were applied with a hand-hold CO2 powered boom sprayer at 40 psi in 3 gal of water per 1000 sq ft. Granular formulations were applied with a Gandy 36-inch spreader.
Apple, Insect and Mite Control, 1977
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Test materials were applied to apple trees at Winthrop, Maine, as dilute sprays with a hand gun from a hydraulic sprayer operating at 300 psi and at a rate of 250-300 gal per acre. The trees were sprayed on May 25 (petal fall), June 3, 14, 28, July 12, 26, and August 9 (first cover through sixth cover). Each material was applied on all dates except as noted in Tables. The fungicide program consisted on Difolatan 4F (4 qt/100 gal)at half-inch green and Polyram 80W (2 lb/100 gal) at each cover; Polyram was tank-mixed with each treatment. There were 4 single-tree replications per treatment. A randomized complete block design was utilized with 2 Mcintosh and 2 Cortland cultivars per treatment in Test 1 and 4 Mcintosh per treatment in Test 2. Except for the test trees, these orchards were unsprayed. On August 26, 3/4 box of apples was picked from each tree and ca 550-610 apples were examined per treatment on September 4-11 for external egg punctures (apple maggot), egg-laying scars (plum curculio), and typical feed-ing injuries (codling moth and lesser appleworm).
Evaluation of Insecticide Baits for Cockroach Control, 1976
Authors: Bennett Gary W. , Lund Rea Dorette
Published: March 2022

Laboratory feeding experiments were conducted to compare efficacy of baits exposed to the air for various lengths of time prior to testing. Four treatments were tested for a bait: (1) a blank bait (containing no pesticide), (2) a test bait, (3) a blank bait with ground dog chow, and (4) a test bait with ground dog chow. Blank bait treatments served as checks and the dog chow served as a competitive food source. Cockroaches were confined in 50 lb lard cans, each containing a circular wooden platform (25 cm diam). Holes (3 cm diam) were cut in the platform to increase the surface area available and afford access to the bait. The sides of the can were coated with a petroleum jelly/mineral oil solution to confine the cockroaches to the can bottom and platform. Fifty adult German cockroaches, 1/2 male and 1/2 female, were placed in each can. Five g of bait were placed in the bottom half of a 60 x 15 mm plastic petri dish which was then placed on top of the wooden platform. Ground dog chow, in a similar container, was placed in the appropriate treatments.
Dairy, House Fly Control, 1977
Authors: Schmidtmann E. T. , Pendleton S. R. , Jones C. J.
Published: March 2022

Twelve stanchion-housing dairy barns, 6 in Tompkins County and 6 in adjacent Schuyler County, New York, were selected to evaluate residual wall treatments of Ectiban for house fly control. All barns had a historyo f house fly populations warranting control during summer months. Test treatments were applied to 4 barns in each area, 1 dosageper barn, 2 applications. Two barns in each area served as checks. Aqueous coarse droplet spray treatments were applied to appropriate interior barn surfaces with a doublenozzle spray boom at 100 psi of pressure. A first series of treatments was applied in early June, and second treatments were applied in either mid-July or the first week of August (0.5% treatments, Schuyler County). Insecticidal treatments used check barns were ap-plied by respective farmers and consisted of space sprays, electric grids, and baits; these treatments were used either individually or in various combinations. House fly populations were monitored weekly by the number of fly specks deposited on 1" x 8 1/2" white paper strips.
Chemicals Evaluated - Composition Known
Authors: Larson L. L.
Published: March 2022

The indexing done in this section is designed to provide the reader with basic information on the composition, formulation, and supplier of the products listed. Where such information is unavailable, the reader is directed to contact either the manufacturer of the product or the writer of the report in which the product was cited.
Apple, Prebloom Mite Treatments, 1977
Authors: Hill Clarence H. , Cobb Leonard J. , Thomas John H.
Published: March 2022

Treatments with four oil formulations along with commonly used and experimental acaricides were applied to mature York apple trees using a Bean, 35 gallon per minute hydraulic sprayer at 540 psi to single tree plots, replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. The trees were sprayed to run-off. The oils were applied on April 1 at the green bud stage. The other acaricides, except Malonoben were applied at pink stage, April 14. At petal-fall stage, May 3, Malonoben was applied and Omite 6E and 30W were reapplied. At first cover period, May 16 and third cover period, June 15, Omite 6E and 30W were reapplied. A modified standard spray program utilizing captan, Topsin M, Imidan, and Phosphamidon was applied to the test trees during the season with an air-blast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gallons of spray per acre.
Apple, Apple Aphid Control and Effect on Beneficials, 1977
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Parrella M. P. , McCaffrey J. P. , Ponton L. F.
Published: March 2022

The treatment area was divided into 2 blocks, A and B, consisting of spur and Top Red Delicious trees, respectively. The trees were 5-6 years old and .of uniform size. Various insecticide and miticide treatments were applied prior to the start of the aphid tests. These were: March 17 - Cyprex (1.12 kg/ha, Block A) and superior oil (37.415 litre/ha + Cyprex 1.12 kg/ha, Block B); March 25, 30 - Dikar (2.80 kg/ha, Block A) and superior oil (2.34 litres/ha + Benlate .28 kg/ha, Block B); April 6, 13 - Dikar (2.80 kg/ha, Block A) and superior oil (2.34 litres/ha + Benlate .28 kg/ha + Polyram 1.40 kg/ha, Block B). On April 20, the two blocks were put on different spray programs: Block A - Dikar (2.80 kg/ha + Zolone 1.12 kg/ha); Block B - Benlate (.28 kg/ha + Guthion .28 kg/ha). These materials were applied on April 20, 27 and on May 5, 12, 19 and 26. A pretreatment count of terminals infested with A. pomi was made on May 27. This was done by randomly selecting 200 branches per block; the terminal 20 cm of each branch was checked for apterous aphids; 80% infested in both blocks. Many predators were observed and recorded. Among these were: Deraceocorisnebulosus Uhler, Oriusinsidiosus Say, Stethoruspunctum LeConte, Leptothripsmali (Fitch), Leucopis sp., many species in the Syrphidae and Chrysopidae and a number of spiders. On May 28, the following materials were applied to different treatment plots in each block: Pirimor 50W (0.70 kg/ha), Pirimor 50W (0.35 kg/ha), Cygon 43.5EC (0.12 litres/ha), Cygon 43.5EC (0.06 litres/ha), Phosphamidon 8EC (0.60 litres/ha). The plots consisted of 6 trees each, with 6 plots in the same row. Treatment rows were spaced with a buffer row between them. Each treatment was replicated 4 times, twice in each block.
Apple, Spotted Cutworm Control, 1977
Authors: Howell J. Franklin
Published: March 2022

The spring treatment (Apr5) with test material at 3 rates was applied to the tree and to the area beneath the tree (2 m diameter area around trunk) in the delayed dormant stage of bud development with a handgun using a Bean piston pump sprayer (pump pressure of 500 psi). The summer application (July 13), also 3 rates, was applied only to the area beneath the trees. Each tree received 3 to 3-1/2 gal of spray/application. There were 4 replicates of each treatment, 4 trees/replicate. The effectiveness of the treatment was determined by caging ten 4th- and 5th-instar spotted cutworm larvae on the plots. In the spring the larvae were caged on the plot at 8 days posttreatment, and mortality was evaluated 5 days later. In the summer test, the larvae were caged on the plots at 2 days posttreatment, and mortality was evaluated 6 days later.
Apple, Integrated Test, 1977
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Asquith Dean
Published: March 2022

Several insecticide programs were evaluated for insect control, mite suppression, and influence on the predators, Stethoruspunctum and Hyaliodesvitripennis. Sprays were applied to 2-tree plots in a randomized block design with each plot consisting of a York and a Golden Delicious tree. Each treatment was replicated 3 times. Treated plots were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. Treatments were applied as 6X concentrates with a Friend Airmaster 393 sprayer at 25 gpa/alternate side spray driven at 2 mph, except for Ambush 2EC which was applied at 50 gpq/complete spray. Spray dates for the insecticide treatments were: May 3, 12, 20 & 27, June 4, 13, 20 & 27, July 5, 12, 19 & 26, Aug 2, 9, 16 & 24. The Ambush 2EC compound was applied: May 3 & 20, June 4 & 20, July 5 & 19, Aug 2 & 16. The 2 treatments of SD 43775 2.4EC were applied: May 2, 13 & 23, June 4, 14 & 24, July 5, 15 & 26, Aug 5, 15 & 25. Penncap M compound was increased to 177 ml/A and Cygon 25W was dropped on July 5. On July 29, 85 g Plictran 50W/25 gpa was applied to all treatments. Fungicides applied during the season were: Cyprex, Polyram, sulfur, captan and zineb. Avg. temperatures were: May 63.88°F, June 66.23°F, July 74.34°F and Aug 72.67°F. Rainfall in inches averaged: May 0.88, June 2.91, July 5.73, and Aug 2.57. Effectiveness on the apple aphid was evaluated by counting the number of infested terminals/10 terminals/tree, the number of aphid infested leaves/terminals, and the number of aphids/most infested leaf/infested terminals.
Apple, Preliminary Insecticides Test, 1977
Authors: Reissig Harvey , Dunham D. H. , Hebding Harold E.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied dilute to run-off with a hand sprayer (450 psi) 2nd through 6th cover sprays on June 13, June 27, July 12, July 25, and Aug 8. Each treatment was replicated 3 times on single tree plots (2 Mcintosh and 1 Cortland cultivars) arranged in a randomized block design. At harvest 150 fruit were scored from each replication. Ten actively growing terminals/tree collected on July 27 were placed in a Berlese funnel to sample apple aphids. White apple leafhoppers were counted on 100 spur leaves randomly selected from the 3 replications on Aug 23. The number of leaves infested with spotted tentiform leafminers was recorded during a search around the canopy of each tree from the ground to eye level on Aug 23.
Apple, Leafroller Control, 1977
Authors: Thomas John H. , Hill Clarence H. , Cobb Leonard J.
Published: March 2022

Four different experiments were run simultaneously in the Brumback Experimental Block, Winchester, VA. Experiment No. 1 was designed to compare the effectiveness of various commercial formulations of Bacillusthuringiensis (Dipel, Thuricide HPSC, Thuricide HPC 1976 material, Thuricide HPC 1977 material). Experiment No. 2 compares the efficacy of materials already registered to control other orchard pests. Experiment No. 3 provides an in-depth look at one B. t. formulation (Dipel) in combination with other compounds, currently used in orchards, in an attempt to determine if the efficacy of the B. t. would be enhanced Experiment No. 4 compares the effectiveness of synthetic pyrethroids (SD 43775, Ambush 2E) to standard orchard insecticides. The experi-ments were laid out as a randomized complete block with single-tree plots replicated 5 times using 1 Winesap, 2 York, and 2 Rome trees. Trees were sprayed to runoff with the experimental materials using a Bean high pressure sprayer (35 gal/min pump) operating at 540 psi on the following dates: 28 June; 13 July; 11 and 25 August. Cover sprays (100 gal/acre cone) included: 29 March, Polyram; 7 April, Captan + Topsin M + Systox; 15, 26 April and 6, 20 May and 1 June, Captan + Topsin M; 6 May and 20 June, Phosphamidon; 14, 27 June and 11, 26 July and 10 August, Dikar; 26 August, Captan + Topsin M. Efficacy was determined by summer leafroll examinations, midseason and harvest apple evaluations. Leafroll counts were made by examining each tree for 15 minutes on 2-3 August. On 5 August, each treatment was evaluated by examining 250 apples (50/tree) for leafroller damage. Harvest evaluation of damage was made by exam-ining 500 apples (100/tree).
Apple, Control of Two-Spotted Spider Mite, 1976
Authors: Thwaite W. G. , Kaldor Jill
Published: March 2022

Seven aearicides were applied dilute using a Bean sprayer with hand-held lance on December 24, 1975; about 12 litres was applied per tree. Five trees were sprayed with each acaricide in a completely randomized design with single tree plots. The trees were square planted with 6.5 m centres. Cothion 50 with Captan 83 added was applied dilute to all trees including five controls on January 14, 1976. Twenty mature leaves were picked on the dates given in the table 1-1.5 m and 2-2.5 m above ground. Two heights were sampled to detect any differences between treatments in vertical movement of the mites. The numbers of all active stages were recorded in each sample; direct counts were made except when the number per leaf exceeded 40 when a mite brushing machine was used. As the interaction between treatments and sampling height was not significant the average number of mites per 20 leaves in presented.
Apple, Test of Acaricides, 1977
Authors: Townsend Howard
Published: March 2022

Test materials were evaluated for efficacy against phytophagous and predatory mites. Treatments were applied using a Bean airblast sprayer at a rate of ca 250 gallons per acre. Pre-treatment counts were taken and the treatments applied on July 6, and post-treatment counts were taken on July 13. Mites were sampled by collecting 25 leaves at random from each 3 tree replicate.
Pear, Pear Psylla Control, 1977
Authors: Weires R. W. , Smith G. L.
Published: March 2022

A three-year-old pear block was divided into eight tree plots replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. The Morestan treatment was first applied at the white bud stage April 19. The two Ambush treatments were applied June 9 but 2.2 in. of rain fell before these treatments dried. All seven treatments were applied or reapplied on June 13. Treatments were applied dilute to runoff with high pressure handgun sprayer at 425 psi using ca 1.2 gal per tree (225 gal/acre). Treatments were evaluated by sampling four spurs per plot and counting all pear psylla nymphs and eggs on each spur under a binocular scope in the laboratory. The pre-treatment count on June 8 indicated a good 2nd brood nymphal population was present. Post-treatment counts were made June 17 and July 11.
Peach, Insecticide Evaluation, 1977
Authors: Hall F. R.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single tree plots in a randomized block design with 2-tree replicates each of Halehaven, Golden Jubilee, Elberta and Cumberland peach trees. Sprays were applied with a single hand gun from a truck-mounted Myers hydraulic sprayer at 450 psi. All plots except the check were treated on May 16, and 27, June 10, and 27, July 15, and 27. Approximately 2.5 - 3.0 gallons of spray were applied per replicate tree. All plots except the check included Captan 50WP at 2 lb/100 gal. at each spray date. Oriental fruit moth ratings were made by counting the total number of flagged terminals/tree on June 22. All fruits were harvested and rated per tree on August 4 for Golden Jubilee, August 9 for Cumberland, on August 12 for Halehaven, and September 1 for Elberta.
Control of Grape Berry Moth, 1977
Authors: Jubb Gerald L.
Published: March 2022

Five insecticides were screened for efficacy against grape berry moth on grapes in North East, PA. Plots consisted of 6 vines in a row replicated 3 times in a randomized block design. Three vines within rows and one row between treated rows isolated the plots. Sprays were applied using an Ortho Spray-ette Queen Size garden sprayer operated off a high pressure hose on a Myers 61256ET2 hydraulic sprayer. Operating pressure was 100 psi. Sprays were applied to run-off resulting in 200 gal of solution being applied per acre. The equivalent of 4 oz DuPont spreader sticker per 100 gal was used with each treatment. Spray application date was July 1, 1977. Treatments were evaluated on Auguit 1 by counting 50 berry clusters at random per plot to determine the number infested by first generation larvae.
Citrus Mealybug Control, 1977
Authors: French J. Victor
Published: March 2022

Conventional insecticides and Insect Growth Regulators (IGR’s) were evaluated for efficacy against citrus mealybug (CMB) in a completely randomized experiment on mature Ruby Red grapefruit trees. Each treatment was replicated four times on single-trees spaced 25 ft x 25 ft. Treatments were applied on Aug 18’77 with a handgun of a John Bean Model 1010-MBTB Sprayer at 250 psi, using about 20 gal per tree. Ten days after application, CMB infested fruit (16/tree) were collected at random and examined under a binocular scope. Mortality counts were made of the crawler, 2nd and 3rd nymphal, and adult stages. Percent mortality of each stage was computed for all treatments.
Control of Citrus Rust Mite with Vendex, 1977
Authors: French J. Victor , Reeve Reed J.
Published: March 2022

Vendex 50WP (0.125 lb and 0.50 lb ai/100 gal) was compared to Acaraben 4E (0.50 lb ai) in full season spray trials for citrus rust mite (CRM) control. Vendex formulated in water soluble bags was compared to the standard WP. Each treatment was applied to a single row of 40 mature grapefruit trees (15 ft x 25 ft spacing). Spray applications were made by a John Bean Model F-357 CP Speed Sprayer at 1 mph. Applications were made on May 3’77, Jul 9’77 and Sept 9’77. CRM counts were made at 30 and 60 days posttreatment. For each count, 10 fruit in each of 10 trees/treatment were examined for CRM and mite density was rated using the following scale: 0.0 = no mites; 1.0 = 1-5; 2.0 = 6-10; 3.0 = ≥10 mites per sample. A spray is normally recommended when CRM density ≥ 1.0/fruit. Rust mite damage evaluations were made at harvest on Nov 11 ‘77. Twenty fruit were randomly sampled from each of 10 trees, i.e., 200/treatment, and graded using the “United States Standards for Grades of Grapefruit” USDA Agric. Marketing Service Bui. Oct 1’69.
Citrus Red Mite Control with Zardex, 1977
Authors: Tuttle D. M. , Arvizo G. L.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied with a speed sprayer to 1-acre blocks on Apr 4 at 100 gal/ acre operating at 100 psi. The infestation was more or less uniform throughout the test area. Results were checked 7, 11, 16, 35, and 44 days after treatments.
Texas Citrus Mite Control, 1976
Authors: Vaughan A. W. , Fitzpatrick G. E. , Bullock Robert C.
Published: March 2022

Texas Citrus Mite Control, 1976: Six compounds were evaluated in dilute sprays vs. Texas citrus mites in a block of double-bedded ‘Temple’ orange trees. The 3-tree plots were replicated 4 times/treatment in randomized blocks and were separated from adjacent plots by unsprayed guard rows. Applications were made Feb 8 with a John Bean Royalier JK-20T hydraulic sprayer operated at 300 psi and equipped with a double Boyce gun. Approximately 6 gallons of spray were needed to spray each tree to ‘run-off’. At the indicated pre- and posttreatment intervals, 25 leaves, randomly selected from the center tree in each treatment plot, were picked into a pint Mason jar containing 50% alcohol and brought to the lab. Each jar was vigorously shaken and then leaves removed separately and surface-rinsed into the funnel of a Millipore filter system with a stream of 50% alcohol from a wash bottle. The leaf-wash and the liquid from the Mason jar were drawn through the filter. Mites on the filter disc were counted with the aid of a binocular dissecting scope.
Armored Scale Control with Non-Oil Scalecides, 1977
Authors: French J. Victor
Published: March 2022

Two rates each of SD 43775 and Imidan were compared to Supracide for scale control on Marrs Early orange trees. Treatments were completely randomized and replicated three times in single-tree plots. Applications were made using a 2 gal Hudson Sprayer with CO2 at 80 psi as a spray propellent. Spray was applied until runoff, with an area of ca. 2 square meters sprayed in each tree. Treatments were made on Aug 3’77, with scale mortality counts of both crawler and sessile stages at 2 and 6 weeks posttreatment. At each count, 8-10 terminals consisting of twigs, leaves and fruit were sampled from the treated areas in each tree and examined for scale under a binocular microscope. Any mortality from parasitism, chiefly by Aphytis sp., was recorded and subtracted from mortality due to the scalecide treatment.
Aphid Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1977
Authors: Boethel David J. , McBride Jere M.
Published: March 2022

Aphid Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1977: The experiment was conducted on mature “Success” pecan trees at Shreveport, La. The experimental design was a randomized block design consisting of 3 blocks with 2 trees per treatment per block. Applications were made August 15 with a John Bean 957 sprayer with each tree receiving ca. 33 gal of spray. Evaluation occurred on August 19 by counting the aphids present on 10 randomly selected compound leaves per tree. Data were subjected to analysis of variance.
Snap Beans, Insect Control, 1976
Authors: Sorensen Kenneth A.
Published: March 2022

’Slender White’ beans were planted using a Planet Jr. in 24-ft rows on 38-inch centers on July 1, 1976, at Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, North Carolina. Eight single-row plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The granular insecticides were applied at planting, while foliar insecticides were applied at approximately one-week intervals beginning July 27 and ending September 2 for a total of 6 applications. Sprays were applied with a 2.5-gallon CO2-pressurized hand sprayer operated at 40 psi with a single hollow-cone nozzle. A foliage rating was made on September 1 of two-spotted spider mite and Mexican bean beetle damage. On September 13 yields were obtained from 2 ft of row/plot. Harvested beans were then rated for damage by corn earworms.
Cabbage Looper Control on Cabbage, 1977
Authors: Gerhardt Paul D.
Published: March 2022

‘Golden Acre YR’ cabbage seed was planted August 11, 1977, using a Stanhay precision planter, which planted 2 seed rows per 40-inch bed. Planting was in Laveen clay loam soil, in a dry seed bed and the crop furrow irrigated. Plants were thinned on September 14 to 14-inch spacing. Plots were 4 beds wide and 25 ft long. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a complete randomized block. Spray applications were started September 15 and were made at approximately weekly intervals for a total of six treatments. Sprays were applied using a 2-gallon, CO2-pressurized, back-pack sprayer with a 2-nozzle boom operating at 50-55 psi and delivering 35 gallons of spray per acre. A single, hollow-cone nozzle was used per row on the young plants. As the plants became larger, 2 nozzles per row were employed. Effectiveness of the different materials was determined by counting the cabbage looper eggs and larvae on 10 plants from the middle two beds of each plot. Looper damage evaluation was made on plants in the middle 2 beds of each plot. A 1-5 rating scale was used: 1 indicating no damage and 5 indicating heavy damage. Cabbage looper populations began early and persisted throughout the season. There was extremely heavy population pressure present this year, which is indicated by counts as high as 191 eggs per 10 plants, early in the season. Although larvae counts were high for some treatments, such as 29 per 10 plants for Ambush and 21.8 for Lannate, most of these larvae were first and second instar with few reaching the larger instars. FMC-45498 appeared to be the most effective material in this trial.
Cabbage Looper and imported Cabbageworm Control On Cabbage, 1977
Authors: Hogenkamp Derk J. , Radcliffe E. B. , Cancelado Rafael E.
Published: March 2022

Eli Lilly and Co.’s experimental molt inhibiting insecticide EL-494 was tested against cabbage looper and imported cabbageworm. Treatments were applied to ‘Late Flat Dutch’ cabbages planted June 10at the University of Minnesota Rosemount Experiment Station. Field plots were single, 25-ft rows spaced 40 inches apart, with 18-inch in-row plant spacing. The insecticide was applied August 11 for the first test and August 19 for the second with a 2-gallon hand-operated compressed-air sprayer in 137 gal water/acre at ca 40 psi. Different plots were used for each test. The day after spraying cabbage leaves were cut from treated plants and from untreated checks, and larvae of both insect species were collected from untreated plants in an adjacent plot. The larvae used in the first test were fifth instar, in the second test the cabbage loopers were third instar and the imported cabbageworm fourth instar. Leaves were harvested from the treatments 1 day after application of thesprays, placed in plastic bags and held at 4°C until used. In the laboratory previously unexposed larvae were placed individually in petri dishes on ca 4 square inches of cabbage leaf. Each test consisted of 10 larvae and was replicated 3 times. Insects were examined daily and food changed as necessary.
Cabbage Looper Control on Cauliflower, 1977
Authors: Gerhardt Paul D. , Short Kevin
Published: March 2022

Trials were conducted on ’Snowball X’ variety of cauliflower, grown on Laveen clay loam at the University of Arizona, Mesa Branch Station. Seed was planted in a dry seed bed on August 11, 1977, and furrow irrigated. Planting was with a Stanhay precision planter on 40-inch-wide beds with 2 seed rows per bed. Plots were 25 ft long by four beds wide and replicated four times in a randomized complete block. Sprays were applied with a CO2-pressurized back-pack sprayer, operating at 50-55 psi and applying 35 gallons of spray mixture per acre. Initially sprays were applied with a hand boom having 1 hollow-conenozzle per plant row. As the plants became larger, 2 hollow-cone nozzles per row were used to obtain better coverage. All plots were sprayed September 6 with Lannate at 0.45 lb ai/acre to protect the seedling stand. Regular spray treatments were applied September 22, 29, October 5, 12, and 20 for a total of five applications. Insect counts for cabbage looper eggs and larve were made by examining 10 plants picked at random from the middle two beds of each plot. Looper larvae were classified as small, medium, and large, which is recorded here as looper larvae.
Foliar Treatments to Control the Cabbage Looper and Diamondback Larva on Collards, 1977
Authors: Hofmaster R. N. , Francis John
Published: March 2022

‘Votes’ collards were direct seeded in 3-ft rows on June 13, 1977, and thinned to 10-inch spacing 1 month later. Treatment plots were replicated 3 times and arranged in a randomized block design. Each plot consisted of a single, 30-ft-long row with an untreated row adjacent to each treatment plot. Insecticides were applied with a trailermounted Hudson Porta Power Sprayer at the rate of 100 gal/acre at ca. 250 psi, using 6 Myerj Fembro nozzles #6251A (#2 discs) per row. Two nozzles were placed directly over the center of the row and 4 nozzles, 2 spaced about 8 inches apart on droplines on each side of the row, directed inward. Applications were made on August 4, 11, and 20. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of loopers or diamondback larvae per 10 col lard plants or by foliage injury ratings. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1 to 5 and were categorized as follows: 1) Only occasional feeding - necessary to look very close toseeevidence of injury; 2) Visible signs of feeding but less than 10% of leaves severely damaged; 3) Heavy feeding on 25% of foliage; 4) Intense feeding on 50% of foliage; and 5) Practically 100% of the foliage severely injured - plants nearly defoliated.
Sweet Corn, Lesser Cornstalk Borer Control, 1977
Authors: All J. N.
Published: March 2022

‘Funks G80’ was planted June 20, 1977, University of Georgia Experiment Station, Oconee County. Soil type was Appling sandy loam. Randomized complete block experimental design with 2-row plots x 20 ft long x 38-inch row width x 2-ft alleys with 5 replicates. Granular formulations of insecticides were applied at planting time either in the seed furrow (ca. 0.25 inches above seed) or in a 7-inch band over the seed furrow and incorporated ca. 0.25 inches in the soil. All plants were examined in the 6-leaf stage for lesser cornstalk borer damage.
Sweet Corn, First Brood European Corn Borer Control, 1977
Authors: Bowman James S.
Published: March 2022

A block of ’Senica Star’sweet com planted April 16, 1977, on the Hugh Tuttle Farm, Dover, New Hampshire, was utilized. Each plot consisted of a 30-ft row, and each treatment was replicated 4 times arranged in a Latin square design. Granular treatments were apllied as a single application at whorl stage (18-20 inches tall) using a Gandy plot applicator which directed the granuals over the whorls. Spray treatments were applied to the whorls either 1, 2, or 3 times starting at whorl stage and extending into pretassel stage. Applications were made using a 1-gallon B&G CO2-pressurized sprayer at 40 psi and a volume of 26 gallons/acre. Evaluations were made on July 28, 1977, by examining all the stalks and ears in each treatmentand determining the percentage injured by the first brood European corn borer larvae.
European Corn Borer First Brood Control Study, 1976
Authors: Gauthier Norman L. , Bams John R.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted at the Musacchio Farm, Canastota, New York, to determine the effectiveness of foliar applied granular insecticides directed into the whorls and tassels of sweet corn at early green tasseling in controlling first brood European corn borer. Sweet corn of the variety ‘Butter and Sugar’ was planted May 19, 1976, in large randomized blocks (2 acres) with 3 replications of 4 rows (12 x 100 ft) and 30-inch row spacing. Sixty pounts of Nitrogen/acre in corn starter fertilizer was used at planting along with Atrazine + Bladex preemergence at 1 + 2 lb ai/A. At EGT on July 1, 1976, treatments were applied by hand using a cyclone granular spreader seeder to treat two rows at a time. G ranular materials were broadcast over tops, tassels, and whorl leaves of plants to direct granules into the whorl. Tassels were at EGT and visible but were still partially encased in the whorl leaves. Penncap-M was also sprayed on the remainder of the plot area July 2, 1976, at 0.5 lb ai/A at 40 gpa. At application time very young ECB larvae were present and beginning to bore into tassels; pin hole feeding was evident on many leaves.
Foliar Sprays to Control the Corn Earworm in Sweet Corn, 1977
Authors: Waites Robert E. , Gouger Richard
Published: March 2022

’Silver Queen’ sweet corn was planted with a 10-inch spacing in 3-ft rows on March 23, 1977, at the IFAS, Horticultural Unit, Gainesville. Treatment plots were replicated four times and arranged in a complete randomized block design. Each plot consisted of four 40-ft-longrows with two unplanted rows adjacent to each treatment plot. Insecticides were applied with a tractormounted, compressed-air sprayer at the rate of 50 gal/acre at 60 psi, using Spraying Systems Teejet Disc Type Cone Spray Tips D4-25. Nozzle arrangement was one over the row and one each side the row. Treatments were initiated at first silk on May 23 and continued on May 24, 27, 30, June 3, 7, 10, and 13, a total of 8 treatments. Twentyfive ears were harvested from the two center rows of each replicate and checked for earworms on June 14.
Mortality Effected by Pesticide Residues on Peas, Summer 1977
Authors: Halfhill J. E.
Published: March 2022

The peas were planted in 5x20-ft, 8-row beds with 7-inch interrow spacing. The treatments were applied to the beds on June 17, about 14 days before harvest, by using a rear-mounted boom sprayer fitted to a JD 1520 tractor traveling at 2.75 mph. An air pressure of 60 psi forced 80 gpm through D2-25 TEEJET nozzles mounted 11 inches apart on the spray boom. The boom height was adjusted to provide maximum coverage of the foliage. There were 3 replicates of each treatment. Immediately after treatment and 2, 4, 6, and 8 days later, bouquets were prepared from foliage selected at random from the middle of each bed. Each bouquet, consisting of five 12-inch-long plant terminals, was placed into a 1/2-gal polyethylene container together with 5 each of second- and fourth-stage larvae. Then the containers were closed with a piece of cheesecloth and held in the greenhouse in natural light and at temperatures of 65-75°F. The larvae in each container were examined every day for 5 days to determine both mortality and feeding damage.
Southernpeas, Leafminer Control, 1977
Authors: McFadden Thomas L. , Creighton Charlie S.
Published: March 2022

Two cultivars of southempeas were planted with a tractor-mounted Planet Jr. in 50-ft rows on 36-inch centers on May 19, 1977, at the Clemson Truck Crop Experiment Station. Soil type was Bladen sandy loam; adequate irrigation was applied. The treatments were arranged in randomized block design (4 replications). Each test plot consisted of a single row of peas. Insecticides were applied in 50 gallons of water per acre (40 psi) with hand-operated compressed-air knapsack sprayers. Twenty-five leaf samples were collected at random from each test plot, brought into the laboratory, and placed in 16-oz waxed cups. After the larva emerged and pupated, the number of pupae was counted and recorded. Two tests were run. In Test 1 insecticides were applied to ‘Blackeye’ on July 1 and 7; leaf samples were collected on July 7, 14, and 22; and the number of pupae were counted on July 18, 21, and 29. In Test 2 insecticides were applied to ‘Colossus’ on June 30 and July 7; leaf samples were collected on July 8, 14, and 22; and the number of pupae was counted on July 17, 20, and 27.
Control of Soil Insects in Peppermint, 1977
Authors: Berry Ralph E.
Published: March 2022

Plots (15 x 50 ft), replicated 3 times, were used to evaluate postharvest treat-ments with Furadan, Lorsban, and Vydate to control strawberry root weevil larvae (location 1) and F. fumalis (a root borer) (location 2). Three sq ft soil samples, 2 inches deep, were taken from each replicate prior to treatment and 7 and 14 days following treatment, and larvae extracted with Berlese funnels within 48 hours. Treatments were applied at both locations with a CO2 sprayer equipped with a hand-held boom fitted with T-jet 8003 flat fan nozzles calibrated to deliver 18gal/A at 30 psi. Plots were irrigated with overhead sprinklers for ca. 6 hours following treatment.
Comparison of Soil Treatments for Control of

M

.

Persicae

and

L

.

Decemlineata

. 1976
Authors: Powell D. M. , Mondor W. T.
Published: March 2022

On April 16, 1976, ‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were planted in open furrows inRitzville silt loam soil at Yakima, Washington. The granular insecticides were dribbled through a hand-operated, funnel-type applicator in the furrow over the potato seed pieces; in another series of plots the sprays of insecticide wettable powders were applied in 20 gallons of spray per acre (30.5 liters/ha) in the furrow over potato seed pieces with an experimental CO2 sprayer. After the furrow treatments, the seed pieces were covered with soil. On June 1, when about 75% of the plants had emerged, in another series of plots, granular insecticides were sidedressed with a tractor-mounted Gandyapplicator in 1-inch (2.5-cm)bands, 4inches (10.1 cm) to each side and about the same depth of the potato seed pieces. The plots were 2 rows wide, 34 inches (0.86 m) apart,and50ft (15.2 m) long and replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design.
Potato Pest Control with Soil Applied Systemic Insecticides, 1977
Authors: Radcliffe Edward B. , Cancelado Rafael E.
Published: March 2022

‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were p lanted May 18 at the University of Minnesota Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station. Plots were 6 rows, 60 ft long, in randomized complete blocks with 3 replications. The soil was a Waukegan silt loam with medium organic matter. Fungicide was applied weekly from June 13. The systemic insecticides were applied as in-furrow, split-band treatments at planting. No insecticidal sprays were applied. Nymphs of the potato leaf-hopper and apterae of the green peach aphid and the potato aphid were counted from 35 midplant leaves from the center 2 rows of each plot. Counts were made at 2-week intervals starting June 29.
Irish Potato, European Corn Borer Control, 1975
Authors: Sorensen Kenneth A.
Published: March 2022

‘Pungo’ Irish potatoes were planted on March 10, 1975, in single-row plots 100 ft long at the Tidewater Research Station, Plymouth, North Carolina. Plots were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. The five granular insecticides were applied adjacent to the sod pieces at planting using a shaker jar. The 12 foliar treat-ments were sprayed on May 6, 20, and 28. Insecticides were applied with a 2.5-gallon, CO2-pressurized hand sprayer operated at 40psi with a single hollow-cone nozzle. Replications I and II were accidentally sprayed with a tractor-mounted sprayer containing 2.0 lb of Sevin 50WP on May 2, 1975. European corn borer counts and canopy ratings (% damaged stems) were made on May 28 and June 10. Yields were taken from eight plants per plot on June 25. Twenty feet of row per plot were harvested and mechanically graded on June 26.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle and Green Peach Aphid with Soil Applied Systemic Insecticides, 1977
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Bishop Guy W. , Sandvol Larry
Published: March 2022

‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were planted April 19, 1977, at Kimberly, Idaho, in clay loam soil. Granular insecticides were applied at planting and banded on both sides of and 1 to 2 inches below the seed piece. Irrigation was applied by solid set sprinklers. All materials were replicated in 30-ft-long, 4-row plots, 34-inch row spacing, in a randomized complete block design. Three rates of Temik were side-dressed 51 days after planting to complete the test plots. Natural populations of Colorado potato beetles were recorded by walking through the center two plot rows and counting the number of larvae and adults observed. Counts were made 84, 90, 98, and 110 days after planting. Green peach aphids were released into the plots in June and allowed to reproduce. Aphid counts were made 84, 90, and 98 days after planting on 25 compound leaves per plot. Yields were taken by harvesting 20 ft of the center two plot rows.
Apple, Oystershell Scale Control, 1978
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Test materials were applied to 17-yr-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays with a hand gun from a hydraulic sprayer operating at 300 psi and at ca. 400 gal/acre. Spray dates were June 2 (petal fall), June 9 (first cover), and 14 (second cover); each insecticide was applied on all 3 dates because of excessive rainfall in early June. The standard pesticide program (rates are per 100 gal) through July consisted of Phygon 50W (.25 lb) on 2 dates in early May; Polyram 90W (2 lb) and Marlate 50W 3 lb) on June 1; captan 80W (1.25 lb) on 6 dates; Solubor (.5 lb) on May 18 and (1 lb) on June 7; Epsom salts (15 lb) and Marlate 50W 3 lb) on June 7 and 20; Amid-Thin 8.4W (35 ppm) on June 16; Imidan 50W (1.25 lb) on July 5 and 17; and Thiodan 50W (5 lb) on July 11 and 17. There were no tank-mixtures of test insecticides with other pesticides. There were 4 single-tree replications per treatment. A randomized, complete-block design was utilized with 2 Mcintosh and 2 Golden Delicious cultivars per treatment. On August 14-16 a count was made of all scales found on the 1978 vegetative growth of 10 terminals per tree; only those terminals which bore scales of 1977 growth were examined. European red mites were counted on 25 leaves collected mostly at chest-height around the periphery of each tree. The leaves were brought into the laboratory and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20-alcohol mixture; the mites were counted the same day. Mite populations were somewhat vigorous in this orchard in late July. There were frequent and heavy rains in early June.
Control of Wireworm on Sweet Potatoes, 1974
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

‘California’ sweet potato sprouts were planted on May 20‘74 in 3 row plots (32 inch row spacing) 40 feet in length. Plant population was approximately 14,000 plants/A. The treatments were arranged in a random-ized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All granular materials were applied broadcast with a PCB spreader Model B. The spray treatments were applied with a CO2 sprayer (25 gal water/A at 40 psi). Preplant treatments were applied May 16 and were incorporated 3-5 inches into the soil with a single discing. Soil temperature at the 4 inch depth at the time of preplant application was 21°C. Post plant treatments were applied over the foliage Jul 24, when the roots began to enlarge. Yield data were taken from 3 sections of row, 30 feet in length. At harvest time, 100 roots/treatment/replication were selected at random and examined for wireworm injury.
Tomatoes: Control of Fruitworms, Defoliators, and Leafminers, 1977
Authors: Chalfant R. B.
Published: March 2022

Tomatoes were transplanted Apr 25‘77. Plots were 1-row (6-ft spacing), 25-ft long and replicated 4x in randomized complete blocks. Soil was a loamy sand. Beginning at blossoming, plots were sprayed by hand with a 1-nozzle sprayer, 30 psi, 50 gal/acre for the 1st 3 applications and 100 gal/acre for the last 3. Spray dates were May 29, Jun 4, 10, 17, 28 and Jul 6. Immature fruit infested with fruitworm were removed as they occurred. Mature fruit was harvested from 2 vines/plot and examined for fruitworm damage. Five plants/plot were examined Jun 30 for cabbage looper defoliation and vegetable leafminer injury.
Tomatoes: Effect of Systemic Insecticides - Potting Soil Mix on Germination in the Greenhouse, 1977
Authors: Chalfant R. B.
Published: March 2022

Tomato seed was combined with Jiffy Mix potting soil at the rate of 1 gm seed/200 gms dry mix. Insecticides were then blended in using a contrarotating mixer for 10 min. One-fourth cup of treated mix was placed in 8 oz wax cups, watered uniformly and examined for germination and phytotoxicity.
Tomato Insect Control, 1977
Authors: Sorensen Kenneth A.n
Published: March 2022

‘Stakeless’ tomatoes were transplanted into single-row plots 25 ft long on 48" centers with 3-ft alleys between blocks on May 11 near Benson, NC. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied weekly beginning Jul 20 and ending Aug 17 for a total of 5 applications. Maneb fungicide was applied at all spray dates. All sprays were applied at the rate of 100 gallons per acre using a 2.5-gallon CO2 pressurized hand sprayer equipped with a hollow-cone nozzle operated at 40 psi. All red fruit was examined for fruitworm damage before each spray. Whitefly infestation ratings were mode on 3 plants/plot on Aug 19.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Insect Pests of Tomatoes, 1978
Authors: Waddill Van
Published: March 2022

Plots were direct seeded Dec 20‘77 in Rockdale soil. Plots were thinned to 1 plant per foot. Each plot was a single row on 6-ft centers, 15-ft long. Normal cultural practices were followed using black plastic mulch and drip irrigation. There were 4 replications per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied weekly (except the 3.0 lb rate of UC 21865 which was applied preplant in a 1 ft wide band and worked in to the upper 4 in of soil) from Jan 11 to Apr 19 for a total of 15 applications. They were applied with a tractor mounted sprayer with 5 nozzles per row, 250 psi, and in 100 gal of water per acre. On Apr 25 the number of tomato pinworm larvae per leaf were counted on 10 randomly selected leaves (fourth fully expanded leaf from growing terminal) per plot. Mature green to ripe fruit was harvested and weighed on Apr 28. The percent tomato pinworm and tomato fruitworm damaged fruit was determined by examining 25 randomly selected fruit per plot on Apr 28. H.zea is not normally a pest of tomatoes in S. Fla., but was abundant in the late spring of 1978. The tomato pinworm population build-up started some 2 months later than normal, and the vegetable leafminer was never abundant enough for meaningful counts to be taken. Duncan’s multiple range test was used to separate treatment means.
Potato Leafhopper Control, Third Cutting Alfalfa, 1977
Authors: Hellman John L.
Published: March 2022

A five year old stand of alfalfa (3rd cutting) Saranac AR was used for the test. Alfalfa was 8 to 10 inches tall at time of treatment. Treatment plots were 20 ft x 20 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Precounts and treatments were made on Aug 10‘77 when nymph counts in checks averaged 150/10 pendular sweeps (15 inch net) per plot. Sprays were applied with a “back-pack ” CO2 pressure sprayer calibrated to deliver 30 gpa at 40 psi. Post treatment counts were made on Aug 16‘77 and Aug 26‘77. Hopper damage was light and the alfalfa in full bloom at the time of sampling.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1978
Authors: Hower Arthur A.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted on the A. W. Benton Farm, Spring Mills, Centre County. Insecticide sprays were applied May 26 to 20 x 20 ft plots in a randomized complete block design with untreated check in 4 replications. Spray con-centrations were applied in 30 gallons of water per acre at 50 psi with a small plot boom type sprayer. Alfalfa weevil densities were estimated from 5 - 180° sweep samples taken randomly across each plot with a 15 in diameter, heavy duty insect net. The sweep arc was maintained approximately 18 in from the sweepers feet. All sweep samples were taken by the same person. Weevil densities were evaluated 5,7,14 and 21 days post treatment. Alfalfa yield was determined from 2 - 3 x 20 ft samples taken per plot on June 16.
Armyworm Control in Barsoy Barley, 1977
Authors: Hellman John L.
Published: March 2022

Eleven insecticides were tested to determine their efficacy in true armyworm control. Barley at time of treatment, May 23‘77 was mature and head clipping by armyworms averaged 2% in all plots. Armyworm larvae were mature. Treatment plots were 10 ft x 10 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Precounts and treatments were made on May 23‘77 and armyworms averaged 10/3 ft of row in all plots. Sprays were applied with a “back-pack” hand held CO2 pressure sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gpa at 30 psi. Post treatment counts were taken May 25‘77. Two random 3 ft of row counts were made between and within two adjacent barley rows and the number of larvae recorded.