bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discovery and validation of plasma proteomic biomarkers relating to brain amyloid burden by SOMAscan assay
Authors: Shi Liu , Westwood Sarah , Baird Alison L. , Winchester Laura , Dobricic Valerija , Kilpert Fabian , Hong Shengjun , Franke Andre , Hye Abdul , Ashton Nicholas J. , Morgan Angharad R. , Bos Isabelle , Vos Stephanie J.B. , Buckley Noel J. , Kate Mara ten , Scheltens Philip , Vandenberghe Rik , Gabel Silvy , Meersmans Karen , Engelborghs Sebastiaan , De Roeck Ellen E. , Sleegers Kristel , Frisoni Giovanni B. , Blin Olivier , Richardson Jill C. , Bordet Régis , Molinuevo José L. , Rami Lorena , Wallin Anders , Kettunen Petronella , Tsolaki Magda , Verhey Frans , Lleó Alberto , Alcolea Daniel , Popp Julius , Peyratout Gwendoline , Martinez‐Lage Pablo , Tainta Mikel , Johannsen Peter , Teunissen Charlotte E. , Freund‐Levi Yvonne , Frölich Lutz , Legido‐Quigley Cristina , Barkhof Frederik , Blennow Kaj , Zetterberg Henrik , Baker Susan , Morgan B. Paul , Streffer Johannes , Visser Pieter Jelle , Bertram Lars , Lovestone Simon , Nevado‐Holgado Alejo J.
Published: September 2019

Introduction

Plasma proteins have been widely studied as candidate biomarkers to predict brain amyloid deposition to increase recruitment efficiency in secondary prevention clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease. Most such biomarker studies are targeted to specific proteins or are biased toward high abundant proteins.

Methods

4001 plasma proteins were measured in two groups of participants (discovery group = 516, replication group = 365) selected from the European Medical Information Framework for Alzheimer's disease Multimodal Biomarker Discovery study, all of whom had measures of amyloid.

Results

A panel of proteins (n = 44), along with age and apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4, predicted brain amyloid deposition with good performance in both the discovery group (area under the curve = 0.78) and the replication group (area under the curve = 0.68). Furthermore, a causal relationship between amyloid and tau was confirmed by Mendelian randomization.

Discussion

The results suggest that high‐dimensional plasma protein testing could be a useful and reproducible approach for measuring brain amyloid deposition.
Differential expression of microRNAs in Alzheimer's disease brain, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Takousis Petros , Sadlon Angélique , Schulz Jessica , Wohlers Inken , Dobricic Valerija , Middleton Lefkos , Lill Christina M. , Perneczky Robert , Bertram Lars
Published: September 2019

Introduction

Several microRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, but the evidence from individual case‐control studies remains inconclusive.

Methods

A systematic literature review was performed, followed by standardized multistage data extraction, quality control, and meta‐analyses on eligible data for brain, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid specimens. Results were compared with miRNAs reported in the abstracts of eligible studies or recent qualitative reviews to assess novelty.

Results

Data from 147 independent data sets across 107 publications were quantitatively assessed in 461 meta‐analyses. Twenty‐five, five, and 32 miRNAs showed studywide significant differential expression (α < 1·08 × 10−4) in brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood‐derived specimens, respectively, with 5 miRNAs showing differential expression in both brain and blood. Of these 57 miRNAs, 13 had not been reported in the abstracts of previous original or review articles.

Discussion

Our systematic assessment of differential miRNA expression is the first of its kind in Alzheimer's disease and highlights several miRNAs of potential relevance.
Is Alzheimer Disease a Disease?
Authors: Joseph JT
Published: September 2019

Problem:

Alzheimer disease (AD) is defined as “an irreversible, progressive brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills” (National Institute on Aging) and is pathologically characterized by abnormal deposition of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques. However, these abnormal protein aggregates also accumulate with aging, which complicates the distinction between aging and AD.

Results:

This presentation will discuss the concepts of disease and then compare and contrast these with the definition of Alzheimer disease. It briefly discusses causality and examines how associations have to be conflated with causality in the pathological diagnoses of neurodegenerative diseases. It also indicates some inherent biases that pathologists have in identifying disease and the pathological changes resulting from diseases. The presentation will present examples from the Calgary Brain Bank of patients without known neurodegenerative disease who die at different ages, as well as different pathological presentations of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques. Several known causes of AD will be reviewed and contrasted with what is commonly considered “normal aging”.

Discussion:

This presentation argues that Alzheimer disease pathology represents a final common pattern of changes that results from several or possibly many different aetiologies. Recognizing that these changes have several different causes might better guide future research into late onset dementias.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

This presentation will enable the learner to:

1.

Consider observational biases used in the diagnoses of different dementias

2.

Distinguish several aetiologies of Alzheimer-type Neuropathology

3.

Contemplate how neuropathology has done a disservice in dementia research by focusing on accumulations of abnormal proteins
Stereologic measures of beta-amyloid load in postmortem autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease brain validate PiB-PET as a useful biomarker
Authors: Sinha N , Zhou A , Li Y , Joseph-Mathurin N , Xiong C , Morris JC , Bateman R , Benzinger TL , Cairns NJ ,   Knight ADRC and DIAN
Published: September 2019

In vivo positron emission tomography (PET) using [C11]-labeled Pittsburgh Compound B ([C11]PiB) has previously been shown to detect amyloid-β (Aβ) in late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD) brain; however, the sensitivity of this technique for detecting β-amyloidosis in autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease (ADAD) has not been systematically investigated. To validate [C11]PiB PET as a useful biomarker of β-amyloidosis, we measured the cortical and regional standardized uptake value ratios (SUVRs) in 16 ADAD and 15 LOAD cases and compared them with histopathologic measures of β-amyloidosis in postmortem brain. The PiB-PET data were obtained between 40–70 min after bolus injection of ∼15 mCi of [11C]PiB. MRI and PiB-PET images were co-registered and SUVRs were generated for several brain regions. Using Aβ immunohistochemistry (10D5, Eli Lilly), the burden of Aβ plaques was quantified in 16 regions of interest using an area fraction fractionator probe (Stereo Investigator, MicroBrightfield, VT). There were regional variations in Aβ plaque burden with highest densities observed in the neocortical areas and the striatum. On spearman correlations, in vivo PiB-PET correlated with postmortem Aβ plaque burden in both LOAD and ADAD, with strongest correlations seen in neocortical areas. In summary, [C11]PiB-PET has utility as a biomarker in both ADAD and LOAD.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

This presentation will enable the learner to:

1.

Discuss how PET-PiB beta-amyloid imaging is used as a potential biomarker of Alzheimer disease (AD)

2.

Correlate postmortem neuropathologic evidence of beta-amyloidosis with PET-PiB data, and learn that PET-PiB is a potentially useful tool to detect beta-amyloidosis in presymptomatic and symptomatic individuals
Parasagittal intraparenchymal hemorrhage in complicated second stage labour: a report of three cases
Authors: Grenier K , Basheer M , Shannon P
Published: September 2019

The increased use and mastery of ceasarian section for deliveries and the refinement of technologies for assisted delivery in the setting of dfficult second stage of labour have made intrapartum deaths more rare and modern obstetrical pracices are rarely accompanied by the classic forceps related intracranial injuries. We document a novel pattern of intracranial injury in three cases of neonatal death following prolonged labor, of which two out of three required vacuum and forceps.

All three showed similar bilateral parasagittal intraparenchymal haemorrhages and cerebral edema, in a pattern reminiscent of “gliding contusion, as well as subgaleal haemorrhage of varying amout. Two out of the three cases showed parietal bone fractures and one demonstrated extensive craniolcuniae. We briefly discuss the significance of these findings and implications for future cases.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

This presentation will enable the learner to:

1.

Explore the current theories leading to neonatal death in prolonged labor

2.

Summarize the known pathological findings associated with vacuum and forceps

3.

Discuss the significance of intraparenchymal hematoma in the setting of prolonged delivery
Canadian Association of Neuropathologists L’Association Canadienne des Neuropathologistes
Authors: Halifax Nova Scotia
Published: September 2019

Abstracts and unknown cases presented at the 58th annual meeting

The Canadian Association of Neuropathologists (CANP) held their 58th annual meeting at the Halifax Harbourfront Marriott from October 3rd to 6th, 2018, under the leadership of Dr Marc Del Bigio, CANP president, and Dr. Sidney Croul handled the local arrangements. The annual banquet was held at Chives restaurant in Halifax.

The academic program of 20 scientific abstracts and 8 unknown cases was compiled by the CANP Secretary-Treasurer Dr Julia Keith into 5 sessions; I. Traumatic and Neurodegenerative Neuropathology, II. Pediatric, Epilepsy and Miscellaneous Neuropathology, III. Tumour Neuropathology, IV. Infectious/Immune Mediated Neuropathology, and V. Quality Assurance in Neuropathology. The Quality Assurance session included a guided interactive forum led by Dr Marc Del Bigio, and the Neurodegenerative session included an invited talk on Butyrylcholinesterase as a Biomarker for Alzheimer’s Disease by Dr Sultan Darvesh (Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University). The digital pathology images from the 8 unknown cases are available for viewing online (www.canp.ca) thanks to the CANP webmaster, Dr Jason Karamchandani.

The Presidential Symposium explored the theme of Brain Inflammation. Dr Sean Pittock (Dept of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN) delivered the Dr Jerzy Olszewski Guest Lecture entitled Neural autoantibody discovery: the new era of autoimmune neurology – out with the old and in with the new! Dr Christian Pagnoux (Vasculitis Clinic, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto ON) was an invited speaker who spoke on Vasculitis – effects on the nervous system. Dr Alex Easton (Dept of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS) was the Dr Gordon Mathieson invited lecturer speaking about The blood brain barrier and inflammation, and Dr Serge Rivest (Directeur du Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec QC) delivered the Dr David Robertson invited lecture on Microglial roles in human neuropathology. The symposium concluded with a panel discussion and group Question and Answer session with the speakers moderated by Dr Marc Del Bigio.

Several trainee awards were handed out. The Dr Mary Tom Award for best clinical science paper was awarded to Dr Maryam Abdollahi (supervisor Dr David Munoz) and the Dr Morrison H. Finlayson Award for best basic science/research paper went to Dr Maliha Khara (Drs Zhou, Wong, Renwick).

The following abstracts were presented at the 58th annual meeting of the Canadian Association of Neuropathologists (CANP) in October 2018.
You have to be twice as good and work twice as hard: a mixed-methods study of perceptions of sexual harassment, assault and women's leadership among female faculty at a research university in the USA
Authors: Evans Dabney P. , Sales Jessica M. , Krause Kathleen H. , del Rio Carlos
Published: September 2019

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of institutional policies and practices for the prevention of and response to gender inequities as experienced by female faculty working in the health sciences at a US research university.

Methods

Data from the institution's Faculty Campus Climate Survey (n = 260 female faculty) were coupled with qualitative interviews (n = 14) of females in leadership positions, exploring campus climate, and institutional policies and practices aimed at advancing women.

Results

Two-thirds (59%) of the female faculty respondents indicated witnessing sexual harassment and 28% reported experiencing sexual harassment. Several organizational themes emerged to address this problem: culture, including cultural change, transparency, and accountability.

Conclusions

The findings reveal the ways in which university culture mimics the larger societal context. At the same time, the distinct culture of higher education processes for recruitment, career advancement – specifically tenure and promotion – are identified as important factors that require modifications in support of reductions in gender inequalities.
An examination of the factor structure of TeamSTEPPS measures in school mental health teams
Authors: Wolk Courtney Benjamin , Locke Jill , Salas Eduardo , Eiraldi Ricardo , Cronholm Peter F. , Mandell David
Published: September 2019

Team Strategies and Tools to Enhance Performance and Patient Safety (TeamSTEPPS™) is a tested strategy for improving communication and climate in hospitals. It is a promising but untested tool among school-based mental health teams. We examined the psychometric properties of the TeamSTEPPS Teamwork Perceptions Questionnaire (T-TPQ) and Teamwork Attitudes Questionnaire (T-TAQ) among 167 school mental health team members. Team members worked for one of five agencies in 33 K-8 urban public schools. Exploratory factor analyses and descriptive data are presented. For both the T-TPQ and T-TAQ, a unitary factor structure best fit the data for this sample. The T-TPQ and T-TAQ were not significantly correlated with one another and total scores did not significantly differ by staff role. Agencies differed in T-TAQ results, and one agency had lower T-TAQ total scores relative to other agencies. Results suggest that the factor structures are different among school mental health teams than among other healthcare providers.
Tu'utu'u le upega i le loloto—cast the net into deeper waters: exploring dance as a culturally sustaining mathematics pedagogy
Authors: Taeao Sinapi , Averill Robin
Published: September 2019

Abstract Improving educational outcomes for Pasifika learners is a national priority in New Zealand. Long-standing mathematics achievement differences between Pasifika and non-Pasifika indicate that looking beyond usual pedagogies may be essential for enhancing Pasifika student learning. Culturally sustaining pedagogy, drawing from the cultural experiences and values of Pasifika learners, offers strong potential for enhancing practice, but is, as yet, uncommon in most school settings. This article describes the results of a narrative literature review exploring the potential dance may afford as a culturally sustaining mathematics pedagogy for Pasifika learners. The review incorporates literature published between 2000 and 2018 from within and outside education. Findings include that dance has the potential to provide Pasifika learners with positive mathematical experiences that can enhance learning, engagement, achievement and wellbeing. Furthermore, using Pasifika dance pedagogically may help strengthen these learners' Pasifika cultural identities through connecting learning with cultural values, experiences and traditions. Dance can also provide opportunities for validating and appreciating Pasifika families' funds of knowledge and strengthening home-school partnerships. We describe one example of a dance relevant to secondary school mathematics learning, the sāsā. Implications for educators using dance as a mathematics pedagogy, including cultural and pedagogical challenges, are discussed.
Association between breakfast skipping and postprandial hyperglycaemia after lunch in healthy young individuals
Authors: Ogata Hitomi , Hatamoto Yoichi , Goto Yusuke , Tajiri Eri , Yoshimura Eiichi , Kiyono Ken , Uehara Yoshinari , Kawanaka Kentaro , Omi Naomi , Tanaka Hiroaki
Published: September 2019

Breakfast skipping has become an increasing trend in the modern lifestyle and may play a role in obesity and type 2 diabetes. In our previous studies in healthy young individuals, a single incident of breakfast skipping increased the overall 24-h blood glucose and elevated the postprandial glycaemic response after lunch; however, it was difficult to determine whether this response was due to breakfast omission or the extra energy (i.e. lunch plus breakfast contents). The present study aimed to assess the postprandial glycaemic response and to measure their hormone levels when healthy young individuals had identical lunch and dinner, and the 24-h average blood glucose as a secondary outcome. Nine healthy young men (19−24 years) participated in two-meal trials: with breakfast (three-meal condition) or without breakfast (breakfast skipping condition). During the meals, each individual’s blood glucose was continuously monitored. Skipping breakfast resulted in a significantly higher (P< 0·001) glycaemic response after lunch as compared with the glycaemic response after an identical lunch when breakfast was consumed. Despite the difference in the total energy intake, the 24-h average blood glucose was similar between the two-meal conditions (P= 0·179). Plasma NEFA level was significantly higher (P< 0·05) after lunch when breakfast was omitted, and NEFA level positively correlated with the postprandial glycaemic response (r0·631,P< 0·01). In conclusion, a single incident of breakfast skipping increases postprandial hyperglycaemia, and associated impaired insulin response, after lunch. The present study showed that skipping breakfast influences glucose regulation even in healthy young individuals.
Electron phase-space hole transverse instability at high magnetic field
Authors: Hutchinson I. H.
Published: September 2019

Analytic treatment is presented of the electrostatic instability of an initially planar electron hole in a plasma of effectively infinite particle magnetization. It is shown that there is an unstable mode consisting of a rigid shift of the hole in the trapping direction. Its low frequency is determined by the real part of the force balance between the Maxwell stress arising from the transverse wavenumber

$k$

and the kinematic jetting from the hole’s acceleration. The very low growth rate arises from a delicate balance in the imaginary part of the force between the passing-particle jetting, which is destabilizing, and the resonant response of the trapped particles, which is stabilizing. Nearly universal scalings of the complex frequency and

$k$

with hole depth are derived. Particle in cell simulations show that the slow-growing instabilities previously investigated as coupled hole–wave phenomena occur at the predicted frequency, but with growth rates 2 to 4 times greater than the analytic prediction. This higher rate may be caused by a reduced resonant stabilization because of numerical phase-space diffusion in the simulations.
Patient experiences and provider perspectives on a hospital-based food pantry: a mixed methods evaluation study
Authors: Greenthal Eva , Jia Jenny , Poblacion Ana , James Thea
Published: September 2019

Objective:

The purpose of this evaluation study was to identify strengths and opportunities for improvement in programme functioning and common aspects of patients’ experiences at a hospital-based food pantry.

Design:

Semi-structured, in-depth interviews with patients and a cross-sectional survey for providers were used. Interview transcripts were coded using both inductive and deductive approaches and assessed for inter-rater reliability. Descriptive statistics were produced from quantitative data.

Setting:

An academic urban safety-net hospital in the Northeastern US offering inpatient and outpatient services.

Participants:

Thirty patients and 89 providers.

Results:

Patients expressed feeling comfortable, trusting the food, high satisfaction with food quality, convenience, and lack of stigma at the hospital-based pantry. Patients mentioned the pantry helped them eat more fruits and vegetables, but expressed concerns about the healthfulness of other foods distributed. Providers believed they should discuss food insecurity (FI) with patients (99 %) and that the pantry improves the health of patients (97 %), but faced barriers to consistently screening for FI and referring patients to the pantry, such as insufficient training on FI (53 %) and time constraints (35 %).

Conclusions:

Findings suggest hospital-based food pantries may have several advantages. Hospitals with onsite food pantries must work to eliminate barriers to FI screening and pantry referral. To optimize their impact, such pantries should develop nutritional guidelines for food donations and connect patients with nutrition education resources. Future research should examine health outcomes for patients using hospital-based food pantries.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of iron-fortified flour on iron status of populations worldwide
Authors: Sadighi Jila , Nedjat Saharnaz , Rostami Rahele
Published: September 2019

Objective:

Assess the effectiveness of iron-fortified flour on iron status.

Design:

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Setting:

Argentina, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Brazil, Cameroon, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Denmark, India, Iran, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Mongolia, Morocco, Norway, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, UK, USA, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, and Zambia.

Participants:

Fifty-two articles (ninety-four trials) were examined. The main target groups were women, children, and infants/toddlers. The effects of different types of iron-fortified flour (wheat, maize, rice, soy, and beans) on iron status were examined.

Results:

A random effects analysis of before–after studies showed that iron-fortified flour led to significant increases of mean haemoglobin level (3·360 g/l; 95 % CI: 0·980, 5·730) and mean serum ferritin level (4·518 µg/l; 95 % CI: 2·367, 6·669); significant decreases of anaemia (−6·7 %; 95 % CI: −9·8 %, −3·6 %) and iron deficiency (ID) (−10·4 %; 95 % CI: −14·3 %, −6·5 %); but had no significant effect on iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). A random effects analysis of controlled trials indicated that iron-fortified flour led to significant increases of mean haemoglobin level (2·630 g/l; 95 % CI: 1·310, 3·950) and mean ferritin level (8·544 µg/l; 95 % CI: 6·767, 10·320); and significant decreases of anaemia (−8·1 %; 95 % CI: −11·7 %, −4·4 %), ID (−12·0 %; 95 % CI: −18·9 %, −5·1 %), and IDA (−20·9 %; 95 % CI: −38·4 %, −3·4 %).

Conclusions:

Flour fortification with iron is an effective public health strategy that improves iron status of populations worldwide.
A STABILITY VERSION OF THE GAUSS–LUCAS THEOREM AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: STEINERBERGER STEFAN
Published: September 2019

Let $p:\mathbb{C}\rightarrow \mathbb{C}$ be a polynomial. The Gauss–Lucas theorem states that its critical points, $p^{\prime }(z)=0$, are contained in the convex hull of its roots. We prove a stability version whose simplest form is as follows: suppose that $p$ has $n+m$ roots, where $n$ are inside the unit disk, $$\begin{eqnarray}\max _{1\leq i\leq n}|a_{i}|\leq 1~\text{and}~m~\text{are outside}~\min _{n+1\leq i\leq n+m}|a_{i}|\geq d>1+\frac{2m}{n};\end{eqnarray}$$ then $p^{\prime }$ has $n-1$ roots inside the unit disk and $m$ roots at distance at least $(dn-m)/(n+m)>1$ from the origin and the involved constants are sharp. We also discuss a pairing result: in the setting above, for $n$ sufficiently large, each of the $m$ roots has a critical point at distance ${\sim}n^{-1}$.
A Transformational Approach to Resource Analysis with Typed-norms Inference
Authors: ALBERT ELVIRA , GENAIM SAMIR , GUTIÉRREZ RAÚL , MARTIN-MARTIN ENRIQUE
Published: September 2019

In order to automatically infer the resource consumption of programs, analyzers track how data sizes change along program’s execution. Typically, analyzers measure the sizes of data by applying norms which are mappings from data to natural numbers that represent the sizes of the corresponding data. When norms are defined by taking type information into account, they are named typed-norms. This article presents a transformational approach to resource analysis with typed-norms that are inferred by a data-flow analysis. The analysis is based on a transformation of the program into an intermediate abstract program in which each variable is abstracted with respect to all considered norms which are valid for its type. We also present the data-flow analysis to automatically infer the required, useful, typed-norms from programs. Our analysis is formalized on a simple rule-based representation to which programs written in different programming paradigms (e.g., functional, logic, and imperative) can be automatically translated. Experimental results on standard benchmarks used by other type-based analyzers show that our approach is both efficient and accurate in practice.
Sensitivity of Ozone Dry Deposition to Ecosystem‐Atmosphere Interactions: A Critical Appraisal of Observations and Simulations
Authors: Lin Meiyun , Malyshev Sergey , Shevliakova Elena , Paulot Fabien , Horowitz Larry W. , Fares Silvano , Mikkelsen Teis N. , Zhang Leiming
Published: September 2019

The response of ozone (O3) dry deposition to ecosystem‐atmosphere interactions is poorly understood but is central to determining the potential for extreme pollution events under current and future climate conditions. Using observations and an interactive dry deposition scheme within two dynamic vegetation land models (Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory LM3.0/LM4.0) driven by observation‐based meteorological forcings over 1948–2014, we investigate the factors controlling seasonal and interannual variability (IAV) in O3 deposition velocities (Vd,O3). Stomatal activity in this scheme is determined mechanistically, depending on phenology, soil moisture, vapor pressure deficit, and CO2 concentration. Soil moisture plays a key role in modulating the observed and simulated Vd,O3 seasonal changes over evergreen forests in Mediterranean Europe, South Asia, and the Amazon. Analysis of multiyear observations at forest sites in Europe and North America reveals drought stress to reduce Vd,O3 by ~50%. Both LM3.0 and LM4.0 capture the observed Vd,O3 decreases due to drought; however, IAV is weaker by a factor of 2 in LM3.0 coupled to atmospheric models, particularly in regions with large precipitation biases. IAV in summertime Vd,O3 to forests, driven primarily by the stomatal pathway, is largest (15–35%) in semiarid regions of western Europe, eastern North America, and northeastern China. Monthly mean Vd,O3 for the highest year is 2 to 4 times that of the lowest, with significant implications for surface O3 variability and extreme events. Using Vd,O3 from LM4.0 in an atmospheric chemistry model improves the simulation of surface O3 abundance and spatial variability (reduces mean biases by ~10 ppb) relative to the widely used Wesely scheme.
Was Ahab Truly “Lord of the Level Loadstone”?
Authors: Dorritie Dan
Published: September 2019

Herman Melville’s bicentennial provides a good excuse to examine how well the Pequod’s monomaniacal mariner knew his geomagnetic magic.
Crustal Magmatism and Anisotropy Beneath the Arabian Shield—A Cautionary Tale
Authors: Bedrosian P. A. , Peacock J. R. , Dhary M. , Sharif A. , Feucht D. W. , Zahran H.
Published: September 2019

Volcanism in Saudi Arabia includes a historic eruption close to the holy city of Al Madinah. As part of a volcanic hazard assessment of this area, magnetotelluric (MT) data were collected to investigate the structural setting, the distribution of melt within the crust, and the mantle source of volcanism. Interpretation of a new 3‐D resistivity model includes a shallow graben beneath thin lava fields (Harrats), a melt‐free upper crust, and decompression melting in the asthenosphere below thin lithosphere. Within the lower crust the model images elongate conductivity anomalies, one of which was attributed in a previous MT study to melt. The regional MT data, combined with perspective from geology and geophysical modeling, suggest the lower crust is anisotropic with no interconnected melt zones. These divergent interpretations have distinct hazard implications and highlight the importance of large survey aperture and anisotropic modeling to MT studies of volcanic regions. Lower‐crustal anisotropy extends beyond the Harrat, with the most conductive direction oriented N10°E and a factor of 3–5, determined from 2‐D anisotropic inversion, between the most and least conductive directions. The enhanced conductivity is likely due to interconnected grain boundary graphite, while the anisotropy direction reflects either frozen‐in fabric from Neoproterozoic stabilization of the Arabian Shield or modern ductile deformation driven by channelized asthenospheric flow coupled through a thin rigid mantle lid. Asthenospheric melt is interpreted to transect the crust primarily through diking, with limited melt storage and short residence times in the crust.
Reply to Comment by G. Bagheri and C. Bonadonna on “A New One‐Equation Model of Fluid Drag for Irregularly Shaped Particles Valid Over a Wide Range of Reynolds Number”
Authors: Dioguardi Fabio , Mele Daniela , Dellino Pierfrancesco
Published: September 2019

In this manuscript we reply to the issues raised by G. Bagheri and C. Bonadonna in their comment 2019JB017697. We reiterate our definition of particle Reynolds number, which is appropriate for our data set of experimental measurements, and we show that the poor performance of Bagheri and Bonadonna (2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2016.06.015) model discussed in Dioguardi et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JB014926) was mainly due to the typos in the equations presented in their original manuscript. We believe that the iterative methodology for calculating the drag coefficient is not strictly necessary for our data set. In this reply, however, we also include results of the intercomparison study among different drag models using the iterative methodology. Results show that the performance of the different drag models considered in the intercomparison study is not significantly affected by the employed methodology (direct vs. iterative) and that, regardless the employed methodology and unlike what has been stated in the comment 2019JB017697, our model has the best performance in reproducing the experimentally measured terminal velocities.
Changing Arctic River Dynamics Cause Localized Permafrost Thaw
Authors: Zheng Lei , Overeem Irina , Wang Kang , Clow Gary D.
Published: September 2019

Permafrost in the Arctic regions is degrading in response to decades of amplified warming. Advanced degradation of ice‐rich permafrost could significantly alter the water balance by increasing runoff and flooding. How do the hydrological changes in river systems, in turn, affect the permafrost thermal state, specifically in floodplains? First, we develop a first‐order heat budget approach to simulate evolving river‐water temperature. The river‐water thermal model includes heat exchanges at both the air‐water and water‐subsurface interfaces and can accurately estimate water temperature. Then, river‐water temperature is employed as an upper boundary condition for the control volume permafrost model, which models the thermal state of shallow permafrost. The combined model is validated and applied in the Kuparuk River floodplain, Alaska. Results indicate that permafrost warms rapidly during inundation and that channelbelt active layer thickness can deepen by more than 1 m. We find that earlier arrival of the spring freshet and associated earlier inundation onset, as well as increase in river discharge, can significantly increase subsurface permafrost temperature and lead to a deepening of the active layer. In recent years Kuparuk River streamflow has arrived earlier, and mean annual river discharge has increased by 35% since the 1970s. New permanent water and seasonal water appeared throughout the river network of the Kuparuk River since the 1980s according to satellite observations. These hydrological changes likely have contributed to the expansion of riverbed thaw bulbs and the degradation of floodplain permafrost.
Role of Development on Youth Decision-Making and Recovery From Gender-Affirming Surgery
Authors: Bernacki Jessica M. , Weimer Amy K.
Published: September 2019

Objective: With greater numbers of transgender and gender-diverse youth seeking gender-affirming medical care at pediatric health centers ( Chen, Fuqua, & Eugster, 2016 ), it is important for pediatric psychologists to be informed about the needs of this population and the care they may be seeking. Pediatric psychologists are well suited to this role, not only with their history in the development of gender health programs but in the breadth and depth of their overall training ( Cousino, Davis, Ng, & Stancin, 2014 ; Edwards-Leeper & Spack, 2012 ; Palermo et al., 2014 ). Method: This article uses a case study of a 15-year-old transmasculine patient seeking gender-affirming chest surgery to discuss the impact of development on his perception of his surgical result and his immediate emotional adjustment postoperatively. Results: Stage of cognitive development; the presence and stability of co-occurring behavioral health concerns; and awareness and understanding of the risks, benefits, and expected outcomes of the discussed procedure were factors identified as important to evaluate when supporting youth pursuing gender-affirming medical care. Conclusions: The goal of this publication is to offer providers factors to consider when working with transgender and gender-diverse youth seeking gender-affirming medical interventions to optimize medical and emotional outcomes. Of particular importance is educating youth in detail about the recovery process and evaluating for the expectation of idealized results. This case study also highlights the value of an interdisciplinary team, with a behavioral health provider, for optimal patient care.

Implications for Impact Statement

This case highlights the importance of understanding the development of adolescent decision-making, consideration of youths’ ability to engage in future-oriented thinking about their expectations of gender-affirming surgical care, and robust support for youth with prior behavioral health histories.
Using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) With Transgender/Gender Nonconforming Children and Adolescents
Authors: Rider G. Nic , Berg Dianne , Pardo Seth T. , Olson-Kennedy Johanna , Sharp Carla , Tran Kathy M. , Calvetti Sam , Keo-Meier Colton L.
Published: September 2019

Objective: The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) is a widely used instrument to screen for emotional and behavioral problems in children and adolescents. This study examined the impact that the choice of scoring template (male/female) had on scale scores in transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) youth as well as scores in the clinical range. Method: The analytic sample consisted of 108 participants (including 55 TGNC children ages 6–11 years and 53 TGNC adolescents ages 12–18 years). Paired samples t tests, McNemar’s test for dependent samples, and Cohen’s d av effect sizes were used for comparisons. Results: While statistically significant differences were found for several syndrome and broad band scale scores, there were largely trivial differences when comparing female versus male templates. Further, the number of scores in the clinical range when comparing male versus female templates were not statistically significantly different. For example, parent/guardian report of transgender boys (12–18 years) showed significant differences between scores based on a male versus female template on 9 of 11 scales; however, only the somatic problems, rule-breaking behavior, and internalizing subscales showed a difference in the number of clinical range scores (albeit not statistically significant). Conclusions: Choice in template does not seem to significantly impact whether a score will be clinically significant or not in this community-based sample. More research that is inclusive of nonbinary youth, with clinical samples, and with larger sample sizes is needed to build upon this preliminary work.

Implications for Impact Statement

This study suggests that using the male versus female template for the Child Behavior Checklist does not result in significantly different numbers of scores that fall in the clinical range in this community-based sample of transgender children and adolescents.
Marked isotopic variability within and between the Amazon River and marine dissolved black carbon pools
Authors: Coppola Alysha I. , Seidel Michael , Ward Nicholas D. , Viviroli Daniel , Nascimento Gabriela S. , Haghipour Negar , Revels Brandi N. , Abiven Samuel , Jones Matthew W. , Richey Jeffrey E. , Eglinton Timothy I. , Dittmar Thorsten , Schmidt Michael W. I.
Published: September 2019

Riverine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contains charcoal byproducts, termed black carbon (BC). To determine the significance of BC as a sink of atmospheric CO2 and reconcile budgets, the sources and fate of this large, slow-cycling and elusive carbon pool must be constrained. The Amazon River is a significant part of global BC cycling because it exports an order of magnitude more DOC, and thus dissolved BC (DBC), than any other river. We report spatially resolved DBC quantity and radiocarbon (Δ14C) measurements, paired with molecular-level characterization of dissolved organic matter from the Amazon River and tributaries during low discharge. The proportion of BC-like polycyclic aromatic structures decreases downstream, but marked spatial variability in abundance and Δ14C values of DBC molecular markers imply dynamic sources and cycling in a manner that is incongruent with bulk DOC. We estimate a flux from the Amazon River of 1.9–2.7 Tg DBC yr−1 that is composed of predominately young DBC, suggesting that loss processes of modern DBC are important.
A general strategy for diversifying complex natural products to polycyclic scaffolds with medium-sized rings
Authors: Zhao Changgui , Ye Zhengqing , Ma Zhi-xiong , Wildman Scott A. , Blaszczyk Stephanie A. , Hu Lihong , Guizei Ilia A. , Tang Weiping
Published: September 2019

The interrogation of complex biological pathways demands diverse small molecule tool compounds, which can often lead to important therapeutics for the treatment of human diseases. Since natural products are the most valuable source for the discovery of therapeutics, the derivatization of natural products has been extensively investigated to generate molecules for biological screenings. However, most previous approaches only modified a limited number of functional groups, which resulted in a limited number of skeleta. Here we show a general strategy for the preparation of a library of complex small molecules by combining state-of-the-art chemistry – the site-selective oxidation of C-H bonds - with reactions that expand rigid, small rings in polycyclic steroids to medium-sized rings. This library occupies a unique chemical space compared to selected diverse reference compounds. The diversification strategy developed herein for steroids can also be expanded to other types of natural products.
Author Correction: Microbial spatial footprint as a driver of soil carbon stabilization
Authors: Kravchenko A. N. , Guber A. K. , Razavi B. S. , Koestel J. , Quigley M. Y. , Robertson G. P. , Kuzyakov Y.
Published: September 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Postnatal Zika virus infection of nonhuman primate infants born to mothers infected with homologous Brazilian Zika virus
Authors: Maness Nicholas J. , Schouest Blake , Singapuri Anil , Dennis Maria , Gilbert Margaret H. , Bohm Rudolf P. , Schiro Faith , Aye Pyone P. , Baker Kate , Van Rompay Koen K. A. , Lackner Andrew A. , Bonaldo Myrna C. , Blair Robert V. , Permar Sallie R. , Coffey Lark L. , Panganiban Antonito T. , Magnani Diogo
Published: September 2019

Recent data in a nonhuman primate model showed that infants postnatally infected with Zika virus (ZIKV) were acutely susceptible to high viremia and neurological damage, suggesting the window of vulnerability extends beyond gestation. In this pilot study, we addressed the susceptibility of two infant rhesus macaques born healthy to dams infected with Zika virus during pregnancy. Passively acquired neutralizing antibody titers dropped below detection limits between 2 and 3 months of age, while binding antibodies remained detectable until viral infection at 5 months. Acute serum viremia was comparatively lower than adults infected with the same Brazilian isolate of ZIKV (n = 11 pregnant females, 4 males, and 4 non-pregnant females). Virus was never detected in cerebrospinal fluid nor in neural tissues at necropsy two weeks after infection. However, viral RNA was detected in lymph nodes, confirming some tissue dissemination. Though protection was not absolute and our study lacks an important comparison with postnatally infected infants born to naïve dams, our data suggest infants born healthy to infected mothers may harbor a modest but important level of protection from postnatally acquired ZIKV for several months after birth, an encouraging result given the potentially severe infection outcomes of this population.
Aspergillus fumigatus establishes infection in zebrafish by germination of phagocytized conidia, while Aspergillus niger relies on extracellular germination
Authors: Koch Bjørn E. V. , Hajdamowicz Natalia H. , Lagendijk Ellen , Ram Arthur F. J. , Meijer Annemarie H.
Published: September 2019

Among opportunistically pathogenic filamentous fungi of the Aspergillus genus, Aspergillus fumigatus stands out as a drastically more prevalent cause of infection than others. Utilizing the zebrafish embryo model, we applied a combination of non-invasive real-time imaging and genetic approaches to compare the infectious development of A. fumigatus with that of the less pathogenic A. niger. We found that both species evoke similar immune cell migratory responses, but A. fumigatus is more efficiently phagocytized than A. niger. Though efficiently phagocytized, A. fumigatus conidia retains the ability to germinate and form hyphae from inside macrophages leading to serious infection even at relatively low infectious burdens. By contrast, A. niger appears to rely on extracellular germination, and rapid hyphal growth to establish infection. Despite these differences in the mechanism of infection between the species, galactofuranose mutant strains of both A. fumigatus and A. niger display attenuated pathogenesis. However, deficiency in this cell wall component has a stronger impact on A. niger, which is dependent on rapid extracellular hyphal growth. In conclusion, we uncover differences in the interaction of the two fungal species with innate immune cells, noticeable from very early stages of infection, which drive a divergence in their route to establishing infections.
Biological Deep Temperature Imaging with Fluorescence Lifetime of Rare-Earth-Doped Ceramics Particles in the Second NIR Biological Window
Authors: Chihara Takumi , Umezawa Masakazu , Miyata Keiji , Sekiyama Shota , Hosokawa Naoki , Okubo Kyohei , Kamimura Masao , Soga Kohei
Published: September 2019

Contactless thermal imaging generally relies on mid-infrared cameras and fluorescence imaging with temperature-sensitive phosphors. Fluorescent thermometry in the near-infrared (NIR) region is an emerging technique for analysing deep biological tissues but still requires observation depth calibration. We present an NIR fluorescence time-gated imaging (TGI) thermometry technology based on fluorescence lifetime, an intrinsic fluorophore time constant unrelated to observation depth. Fluorophore used is NaYF4 co-doped with Nd3+ and Yb3+ that emits fluorescence at 1000 nm. An agarose gel-based phantom with the fluorophore embedded at a 5-mm depth was covered by sheets of meat to vary the observation depth. The temperature was determined independently from depth by sequences of NIR fluorescence decay images, and the rate of change in the fluorescence lifetime per temperature was almost constant (−0.0092 ~ −0.010 °C−1) at depths ranging from 0 to 1.4 mm of meat, providing non-contact and absolute measurements of temperature in deep biological tissues.
Insight to aspirin sorption behavior on carbon nanotubes from aqueous solution: Thermodynamics, kinetics, influence of functionalization and solution parameters
Authors: Elamin Mohamed R. , Abdulkhair Babiker Y. , Elzupir Amin O.
Published: September 2019

The chronic exposure to the pharmaceuticals and personal care products contaminants in water represent a serious public health problem to man and animal. We studied the removal of aspirin (Asp) as an example to these hazardous materials from an aqueous solution using functionalized (FMCNT) and pristine multiwall carbon nanotubes (PMCNT). The characterization of synthetic sorbents was examined with scanning electron energy-dispersive microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The effects of adsorption time, sorbent mass, solution pH, ionic strength, and temperature were optimized. The functionalization increased the surface area from 151 to 181 m2 g−1. Consequently, the adsorption capacity increased from 41 mg g−1 to 58 mg g−1 for PMCNT and FMCNT, respectively. The results showed that the adsorption kinetic follows the pseudo-second-order model with very good agreement. Whereas, the adsorption mechanism study showed a partial agreement with the liquid-film diffusion model on PMCNT and FMCNT at 25 °C and 35 °C, respectively, with acceptable linear regression coefficients. The adsorption isotherm results revealed that the adsorption fits the Freundlich model. The thermodynamic study revealed that, Asp adsorption on both sorbents is exothermic, spontaneous and favorable. FMCNT showed relatively high removal efficiency when compared with the PMCNT when used for most of the conditions investigated.
Comparison of SEC and AF4 analytical tools for size estimation of typhoid Vi polysaccharides
Authors: Bayart Caroline , Jean Elisa , Paillagot Marie , Renoud Alexia , Raillard Alice , Paladino Joseph , Le Borgne Marc
Published: September 2019

Vi capsular polysaccharides (Vi-CPSs) and Vi conjugates are used as antigens in vaccines to protect againstSalmonella typhi.
One-step hydrophobization of tannic acid for antibacterial coating on catheters to prevent catheter-associated infections
Authors: Liu Lin , Shi Hengchong , Yu Huan , Zhou Rongtao , Yin Jinghua , Luan Shifang
Published: September 2019

A hydrophobic polyphenol was constructed via one-step electrostatic assembly for antibacterial coating with substrate-independence and stability.
Plasmonic resonance energy transfer from a Au nanosphere to quantum dots at a single particle level and its homogenous immunoassay
Authors: Liu Xiaojun , Zhang Yusu , Liang Aiye , Ding Hongwei , Gai Hongwei
Published: September 2019

PRET from a AuNS to a QD is discovered at a single particle level, and then is used to develop ultra-sensitive homogenous immunoassays.
The facile fabrication and formation mechanism of self-assembled spherical 3,3′-diamino-4,4′-azoxyfurazan (DAAF) hierarchical structures
Authors: Gao Han , Yao Xiaolu , Huang Ming , Cai Jialin , Suo Zhirong , Luo Guan
Published: September 2019

Herein, two insensitive high-explosive DAAF self-assembled structures were obtained by a simple solvent method, and the possible mechanisms were discussed.
Effect of confinement on the adsorption behavior of inorganic and organic ions at aqueous–cyclohexane interfaces: a molecular dynamics study
Authors: Hosseini Anvari Monir , Choi Phillip
Published: September 2019

Detachment of decanoate ions from the octahedral surface of kaolinite in the presence of Ca(Cl)2.