bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biomechanical Evaluation of Plantar Pressure Distribution towards a Customized 3D Orthotic Device: A Methodological Case Study through a Finite Element Analysis Approach
Authors: Serrato-Pedrosa Jesus Alejandro , Urriolagoitia-Sosa Guillermo , Romero-Ángeles Beatriz , Urriolagoitia-Calderón Guillermo Manuel , Cruz-López Salvador , Urriolagoitia-Luna Alejandro , Carbajal-López David Esaú , Guereca-Ibarra Jonathan Rodolfo , Murillo-Aleman Guadalupe
Published: February 2024

Plantar pressure distribution is a thoroughly recognized parameter for evaluating foot structure and biomechanical behavior, as it is utilized to determine musculoskeletal conditions and diagnose foot abnormalities. Experimental testing is currently being utilized to investigate static foot conditions using invasive and noninvasive techniques. These methods are usually expensive and laborious, and they lack valuable data since they only evaluate compressive forces, missing the complex stress combinations the foot undergoes while standing. The present investigation applied medical and engineering methods to predict pressure points in a healthy foot soft tissue during normal standing conditions. Thus, a well-defined three-dimensional foot biomodel was constructed to be numerically analyzed through medical imaging. Two study cases were developed through a structural finite element analysis. The first study was developed to evaluate barefoot behavior deformation and stresses occurring in the plantar region. The results from this analysis were validated through baropodometric testing. Subsequently, a customized 3D model total-contact foot orthosis was designed to redistribute peak pressures appropriately, relieving the plantar region from excessive stress. The results in the first study case successfully demonstrated the prediction of the foot sole regions more prone to suffer a pressure concentration since the values are in good agreement with experimental testing. Employing a customized insole proved to be highly advantageous in fulfilling its primary function, reducing peak pressure points substantially. The main aim of this paper was to provide more precise insights into the biomechanical behavior of foot pressure points through engineering methods oriented towards innovative assessment for absolute customization for orthotic devices.
Design of Indoor Visible Light Communication PAM4 System
Authors: Liang Jingyuan , Lin Shuiqing , Ke Xizheng
Published: February 2024

Four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) can transmit more information in the same symbol interval, effectively improving the information transmission rate and frequency band utilization of visible light communication (VLC). This paper proposes a method for encoding and decoding the PAM4 signal based on FPGA. The PAM4 signal is studied and analyzed under different channel noise models. The research results show that the bit error rate (BER) performance of the PAM4 signal is the best under the additive noise model. The influence of the multiplicative noise on the BER of the PAM4 signal is much greater than that of the additive noise. The BER performance of the PAM4 signal depends on the variance of the noise data. The greater the variance, the worse the BER performance. At the same time, an indoor VLC system based on PAM4 is designed. The simulation results verify that the system scheme is feasible and provides a way to further realize high-speed signal transmission.
Spatial Prediction of Soil Contaminants Using a Hybrid Random Forest–Ordinary Kriging Model
Authors: Han Hosang , Suh Jangwon
Published: February 2024

The accurate prediction of soil contamination in abandoned mining areas is necessary to address their environmental risks. This study employed a combined model of machine learning and geostatistics to predict the spatial distribution of soil contamination using heavy metal data collected in an abandoned metal mine. An exploratory data analysis was used to identify patterns in the collected data, the root mean squared error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) were used to verify the predicted values, and the model was validated using K-fold cross-validation. The prediction results were produced as a map by applying hyperparameter tuning to Random Forest (RF) and Ordinary Kriging (OK) through GridSearchCV using optimal parameter selections. Furthermore, the prediction residuals of the RF model were calculated, and the RF prediction map and OK interpolation results of the RF prediction residuals were summarized to construct an RF–OK prediction map. The RMSE and R2 values for the RF, OK, and RF–OK interpolation models were 66.214, 65.101, and 52.884 mg/kg and 0.867, 0.871, and 0.915, respectively. In addition, the optimization results with the minimum RMSE and maximum R2 were obtained through hyperparameter tuning. The proposed RF–OK hybrid model demonstrated superior prediction performance compared to the individual models.
Impact of Non-Surgical and Surgically Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion Procedures upon the Periodontium: A Systematic Review
Authors: Curtis Garret N. , Weber Holly A. , Tran Vy , Childs Christopher A. , Shin Kyungsup , Garaicoa-Pazmino Carlos
Published: February 2024

Background: Scarce evidence is available regarding the occurrence and prevalence of hard/soft tissue deficiencies among patients undergoing surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) as compared to non-surgical rapid maxillary expansion (NSRME) approaches. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of NSRME and SARME upon the periodontal structures. Methods: A literature search was performed to identify studies that fulfilled pre-established eligibility criteria, evaluating changes in the periodontium (e.g., probing depths) and hard/soft tissue deficiencies (e.g., bone levels, gingival recession) within patients undergoing NSRME and SARME procedures. Results: A total of 21 articles were included in the present review. Four of them evaluated the outcomes of both NSRME and SARME procedures, while six and eleven studies analyzed NSRME alone and SARME alone, respectively. The incidence of hard (e.g., changes in buccal bone width/height) and soft tissue deficiencies (e.g., gingival recession, keratinized tissue, and clinical attachment level) is slightly increased among patients undergoing maxillary expansion with worsened outcomes during NSRME procedures. Conclusions: The impact of NSRME and SARME upon the periodontium remains inconclusive.
Multiagent Reinforcement Learning for Active Guidance Control of Railway Vehicles with Independently Rotating Wheels
Authors: Wei Juyao , Lu Zhenggang , Yin Zheng , Jing Zhipeng
Published: February 2024

This paper presents a novel data-driven multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL) controller for enhancing the running stability of independently rotating wheels (IRW) and reducing wheel–rail wear. We base our active guidance controller on the multiagent deep deterministic policy gradient (MADDPG) algorithm. In this framework, each IRW controller is treated as an independent agent, facilitating localized control of individual wheelsets and reducing the complexity of the required observations. Furthermore, we enhance the MADDPG algorithm with prioritized experience replay (PER), resulting in the PER-MADDPG algorithm, which optimizes training convergence and stability by prioritizing informative experience samples. In this paper, we compare the PER-MADDPG algorithm against existing controllers, demonstrating the superior simulation performance of the proposed algorithm, particularly in terms of self-centering capability and curve-negotiation behavior, effectively reducing the wear number. We also develop a scaled IRW vehicle for active guidance experiments. The experimental results validate the enhanced running performance of IRW vehicles using our proposed controller.
Hydrometeorological Insights into the Forecasting Performance of Multi-Source Weather over a Typical Hill-Karst Basin, Southwest China
Authors: Mo Chongxun , Wan Xiaoyu , Lei Xingbi , Chen Xinru , Ma Rongyong , Huang Yi , Sun Guikai
Published: February 2024

Reliable precipitation forecasts are essential for weather-related disaster prevention and water resource management. Multi-source weather (MSWX), a recently released ensemble meteorological dataset, has provided new opportunities with open access, fine horizontal resolution (0.1°), and a lead time of up to seven months. However, few studies have comprehensively evaluated the performance of MSWX in terms of precipitation forecasting and hydrological modeling, particularly in hill-karst basins. The key concerns and challenges are how precipitation prediction performance relates to elevation and how to evaluate the hydrologic performance of MSWX in hill-karst regions with complex geographic heterogeneity. To address these concerns and challenges, this study presents a comprehensive evaluation of MSWX at the Chengbi River Basin (Southwest China) based on multiple statistical metrics, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), and a multi-site calibration strategy. The results show that all ensemble members of MSWX overestimated the number of precipitation events and tended to have lower accuracies at higher altitudes. Meanwhile, the error did not significantly increase with the increased lead time. The “00” member exhibited the best performance among the MSWX members. In addition, the multi-site calibration-enhanced SWAT had reliable performance (Average Nash–Sutcliffe value = 0.73) and hence can be used for hydrological evaluation of MSWX. Furthermore, MSWX achieved satisfactory performance (Nash–Sutcliffe value > 0) in 22% of runoff event predictions, but the error increased with longer lead times. This study gives some new hydrometeorological insights into the performance of MSWX, which can provide feedback on its development and applications.
Inverse Firefly-Based Search Algorithms for Multi-Target Search Problem
Authors: Zedadra Ouarda , Guerrieri Antonio , Seridi Hamid , Benzaid Aymen , Fortino Giancarlo
Published: February 2024

Efficiently searching for multiple targets in complex environments with limited perception and computational capabilities is challenging for multiple robots, which can coordinate their actions indirectly through their environment. In this context, swarm intelligence has been a source of inspiration for addressing multi-target search problems in the literature. So far, several algorithms have been proposed for solving such a problem, and in this study, we propose two novel multi-target search algorithms inspired by the Firefly algorithm. Unlike the conventional Firefly algorithm, where light is an attractor, light represents a negative effect in our proposed algorithms. Upon discovering targets, robots emit light to repel other robots from that region. This repulsive behavior is intended to achieve several objectives: (1) partitioning the search space among different robots, (2) expanding the search region by avoiding areas already explored, and (3) preventing congestion among robots. The proposed algorithms, named Global Lawnmower Firefly Algorithm (GLFA) and Random Bounce Firefly Algorithm (RBFA), integrate inverse light-based behavior with two random walks: random bounce and global lawnmower. These algorithms were implemented and evaluated using the ArGOS simulator, demonstrating promising performance compared to existing approaches.
Limitations of and Solutions to Using 6 mm Corneal Spherical Aberration and Q Value after Laser Refractive Surgery
Authors: Choi Sung Ho , Won Yeo Kyoung , Na Sung Jin , Nam DeokJo , Lim Dong Hui
Published: February 2024

This study aimed to evaluate the spherical aberration (SA) in different corneal areas before and after femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (fLASIK) and transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (tPRK), with the goal of identifying the limitations of and potential improvements in using SA within a 6 mm area. The study included 62 patients who underwent fLASIK and tPRK. Complete eye examinations including keratometry, corneal epithelial thickness, central corneal thickness, and topography were performed preoperatively and postoperatively. Anterior, posterior, and total corneal aberrations were measured preoperatively and three months postoperatively, with pupil diameters ranging from 2 to 8 mm. In the fLASIK group, compared to the preoperative SA, the anterior and total SA increased postoperatively in the 6 and 7 mm areas. In the tPRK group, meanwhile, the anterior and total SA of the 5 mm or larger areas increased postoperatively. An area of 6 mm or larger showed an increase in correlation with the changes in Q value and refractive correction. As the corneal SA and asphericity in the 6 mm zone cannot specifically demonstrate the status of areas smaller than 6 mm or changes in the optical zone after laser refractive surgery, comparison with normal values in various areas of the cornea is necessary.
Antimicrobial Potency of Fmoc-Phe-Phe Dipeptide Hydrogels with Encapsulated Porphyrin Chromophores Is a Promising Alternative in Antimicrobial Resistance
Authors: Apostolidou Chrysanthi Pinelopi , Kokotidou Chrysoula , Platania Varvara , Nikolaou Vasilis , Landrou Georgios , Nikoloudakis Emmanouil , Charalambidis Georgios , Chatzinikolaidou Maria , Coutsolelos Athanassios G. , Mitraki Anna
Published: February 2024

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health risk as a consequence of misuse of antibiotics. Owing to the increasing antimicrobial resistance, it became imperative to develop novel molecules and materials with antimicrobial properties. Porphyrins and metalloporphyrins are compounds which present antimicrobial properties especially after irradiation. As a consequence, porphyrinoids have recently been utilized as antimicrobial agents in antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation in bacteria and other microorganisms. Herein, we report the encapsulation of porphyrins into peptide hydrogels which serve as delivery vehicles. We selected the self-assembling Fmoc-Phe-Phe dipeptide, a potent gelator, as a scaffold due to its previously reported biocompatibility and three different water-soluble porphyrins as photosensitizers. We evaluated the structural, mechanical and in vitro degradation properties of these hydrogels, their interaction with NIH3T3 mouse skin fibroblasts, and we assessed their antimicrobial efficacy against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. We found out that the hydrogels are cytocompatible and display antimicrobial efficiency against both strains with the zinc porphyrins being more efficient. Therefore, these hydrogels present a promising alternative for combating bacterial infections in the face of growing AMR concerns.
Constructing and Evaluating a Mitophagy-Related Gene Prognostic Model: Implications for Immune Landscape and Tumor Biology in Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Wang Jin , Liu Kaifan , Li Jiawen , Zhang Hailong , Gong Xian , Song Xiangrong , Wei Meidan , Hu Yaoyu , Li Jianxiang
Published: February 2024

Mitophagy, a conserved cellular mechanism, is crucial for cellular homeostasis through the selective clearance of impaired mitochondria. Its emerging role in cancer development has sparked interest, particularly in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Our study aimed to construct a risk model based on mitophagy-related genes (MRGs) to predict survival outcomes, immune response, and chemotherapy sensitivity in LUAD patients. We mined the GeneCards database to identify MRGs and applied LASSO/Cox regression to formulate a prognostic model. Validation was performed using two independent Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) cohorts. Patients were divided into high- and low-risk categories according to the median risk score. The high-risk group demonstrated significantly reduced survival. Multivariate Cox analysis confirmed the risk score as an independent predictor of prognosis, and a corresponding nomogram was developed to facilitate clinical assessments. Intriguingly, the risk score correlated with immune infiltration levels, oncogenic expression profiles, and sensitivity to anticancer agents. Enrichment analyses linked the risk score with key oncological pathways and biological processes. Within the model, MTERF3 emerged as a critical regulator of lung cancer progression. Functional studies indicated that the MTERF3 knockdown suppressed the lung cancer cell proliferation and migration, enhanced mitophagy, and increased the mitochondrial superoxide production. Our novel prognostic model, grounded in MRGs, promises to refine therapeutic strategies and prognostication in lung cancer management.
Electrochemical Characterization of Neurotransmitters in a Single Submicron Droplet
Authors: Park Heekyung , Park Jun Hui
Published: February 2024

Single-entity electrochemistry, which employs electrolysis during the collision of single particles on ultramicroelectrodes, has witnessed significant advancements in recent years, enabling the observation and characterization of individual particles. Information on a single aqueous droplet (e.g., size) can also be studied based on the redox species contained therein. Dopamine, a redox-active neurotransmitter, is usually present in intracellular vesicles. Similarly, in the current study, the electrochemical properties of neurotransmitters in submicron droplets were investigated. Because dopamine oxidation is accompanied by proton transfer, unique electrochemical properties of dopamine were observed in the droplet. We also investigated the electrochemical properties of the adsorbed droplets containing DA and the detection of oxidized dopamine by the recollision phenomenon.
Hierarchical Nanobiosensors at the End of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic
Authors: Medrano-Lopez Jael Abigail , Villalpando Isaela , Salazar Ma Isabel , Torres-Torres Carlos
Published: February 2024

Nanostructures have played a key role in the development of different techniques to attack severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Some applications include masks, vaccines, and biosensors. The latter are of great interest for detecting diseases since some of their features allowed us to find specific markers in secretion samples such as saliva, blood, and even tears. Herein, we highlight how hierarchical nanoparticles integrated into two or more low-dimensional materials present outstanding advantages that are attractive for photonic biosensing using their nanoscale functions. The potential of nanohybrids with their superlative mechanical characteristics together with their optical and optoelectronic properties is discussed. The progress in the scientific research focused on using nanoparticles for biosensing a variety of viruses has become a medical milestone in recent years, and has laid the groundwork for future disease treatments. This perspective analyzes the crucial information about the use of hierarchical nanostructures in biosensing for the prevention, treatment, and mitigation of SARS-CoV-2 effects.
Quarter-Annulus Si-Photodetector with Equal Inner and Outer Radii of Curvature for Reflective Photoplethysmography Sensors
Authors: Na Yeeun , Kim Chaehwan , Kim Keunhoi , Kim Tae Hyun , Kwon Soo Hyun , Kang Il-Suk , Jung Young Woo , Kim Tae Won , Cho Deok-Ho , An Jihwan , Lee Jong-Kwon , Park Jongcheol
Published: February 2024

Reflection-type photoplethysmography (PPG) pulse sensors used in wearable smart watches, true wireless stereo, etc., have been recently considered a key component for monitoring biological signals such as heart rate, SPO3, and blood pressure. Typically, the optical front end (OFE) of these PPG sensors is heterogeneously configured and packaged with light sources and receiver chips. In this paper, a novel quarter-annulus photodetector (NQAPD) with identical inner and outer radii of curvature has been developed using a plasma dicing process to realize a ring-type OFE receiver, which maximizes manufacturing efficiency and increases the detector collection area by 36.7% compared to the rectangular PD. The fabricated NQAPD exhibits a high quantum efficiency of over 90% in the wavelength of 500 nm to 740 nm and the highest quantum efficiency of 95% with a responsivity of 0.41 A/W at the wavelength of 530 nm. Also, the NQAPD is shown to increase the SNR of the PPG signal by 5 to 7.6 dB compared to the eight rectangular PDs. Thus, reflective PPG sensors constructed with NQAPD can be applied to various wearable devices requiring low power consumption, high performance, and cost-effectiveness.
An Update on Emergent Nano-Therapeutic Strategies against Pediatric Brain Tumors
Authors: Ravi Kiran Ammu V. V. V. , Kumari G. Kusuma , Krishnamurthy Praveen T. , Johnson Asha P. , Kenchegowda Madhuchandra , Osmani Riyaz Ali M. , Abu Lila Amr Selim , Moin Afrasim , Gangadharappa H. V. , Rizvi Syed Mohd Danish
Published: February 2024

Pediatric brain tumors are the major cause of pediatric cancer mortality. They comprise a diverse group of tumors with different developmental origins, genetic profiles, therapeutic options, and outcomes. Despite many technological advancements, the treatment of pediatric brain cancers has remained a challenge. Treatment options for pediatric brain cancers have been ineffective due to non-specificity, inability to cross the blood–brain barrier, and causing off-target side effects. In recent years, nanotechnological advancements in the medical field have proven to be effective in curing challenging cancers like brain tumors. Moreover, nanoparticles have emerged successfully, particularly in carrying larger payloads, as well as their stability, safety, and efficacy monitoring. In the present review, we will emphasize pediatric brain cancers, barriers to treating these cancers, and novel treatment options.
Exploring the Impact of Social Media Use on Team Feedback and Team Performance in Construction Projects: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Karimi Razieh , Baghalzadeh Shishehgarkhaneh Milad , Moehler Robert C. , Fang Yihai
Published: February 2024

This systematic literature review examines the effects of social media use (SMU) and practices (SMPs) on team feedback (TF) and performance (TP) within the context of construction project management. It explores the complex interactions between SMU and SMPs and their impact on communication, collaboration, and stakeholder involvement in construction projects. The study investigates how these digital practices transform traditional methods of team interaction, feedback processes, and overall team performance amidst the challenging and diverse backdrop of construction sites. The goal of the review is to offer a detailed insight into the contribution of social media to contemporary construction project management, underscoring its value in boosting team communication, coordination, and effectiveness. This research is pivotal for decoding the changing dynamics of construction management, where digital tools and platforms play a crucial role in achieving project success. The anticipated outcomes are poised to provide significant implications for construction industry professionals, guiding them in harnessing social media for enhanced project management and team cooperation.
The Effect of Melatonin Supplementation on Cancer-Related Fatigue during Chemotherapy Treatment of Breast Cancer Patients: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Nimee Frantzeska , Gioxari Aristea , Papandreou Panos , Amerikanou Charalampia , Karageorgopoulou Sofia , Kaliora Andriana C. , Skouroliakou Maria
Published: February 2024

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a common distressing complaint of breast cancer (BC) patients treated with chemotherapy. Nutritional quality plays a pivotal role in CRF, while increased interest towards new pharmacological agents has been observed. Melatonin, an endogenous hormone that regulates the human sleep–wake cycle, could alleviate CRF. In the present randomized, placebo-controlled 3-month trial, we investigated the effects of melatonin intake (i.e., 1 mg/day) vs. placebo in BC patients on CRF. In both arms, the Mediterranean diet (MD) was implemented. Medical history, anthropometry and blood withdrawal were performed. CRF was evaluated by the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy—Fatigue questionnaire and MD adherence by the MedDietScore. In total, 49 BC women (median age 52 years) were recruited, namely N = 23 in the intervention arm and N = 26 in the placebo arm. At baseline, CRF was positively associated with body mass index (BMI), even when adjusted for age, waist circumference and blood indices related to disease prognosis (beta = −0.882, p = 0.003). At 3 months, both groups showed a BMI decrease (p < 0.05), but only the intervention group improved CRF compared to baseline (p = 0.003). No differences in CRF were observed between the groups. In conclusion, melatonin oral supplementation could ameliorate CRF in BC patients.
Tissue-Based Diagnostic Biomarkers of Aggressive Variant Prostate Cancer: A Narrative Review
Authors: Kouroukli Olga , Bravou Vasiliki , Giannitsas Konstantinos , Tzelepi Vasiliki
Published: February 2024

Prostate cancer (PC) is a common malignancy among elderly men, characterized by great heterogeneity in its clinical course, ranging from an indolent to a highly aggressive disease. The aggressive variant of prostate cancer (AVPC) clinically shows an atypical pattern of disease progression, similar to that of small cell PC (SCPC), and also shares the chemo-responsiveness of SCPC. The term AVPC does not describe a specific histologic subtype of PC but rather the group of tumors that, irrespective of morphology, show an aggressive clinical course, dictated by androgen receptor (AR) indifference. AR indifference represents an adaptive response to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), driven by epithelial plasticity, an inherent ability of tumor cells to adapt to their environment by changing their phenotypic characteristics in a bi-directional way. The molecular profile of AVPC entails combined alterations in the tumor suppressor genes retinoblastoma protein 1 (RB1), tumor protein 53 (TP53), and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). The understanding of the biologic heterogeneity of castration-resistant PC (CRPC) and the need to identify the subset of patients that would potentially benefit from specific therapies necessitate the development of prognostic and predictive biomarkers. This review aims to discuss the possible pathophysiologic mechanisms of AVPC development and the potential use of emerging tissue-based biomarkers in clinical practice.
Infectious Complications in Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes: A Report from the Düsseldorf MDS Registry
Authors: Kasprzak Annika , Andresen Julia , Nachtkamp Kathrin , Kündgen Andrea , Schulz Felicitas , Strupp Corinna , Kobbe Guido , MacKenzie Colin , Timm Jörg , Dietrich Sascha , Gattermann Norbert , Germing Ulrich
Published: February 2024

Despite notable advancements in infection prevention and treatment, individuals with hematologic malignancies still face the persistent threat of frequent and life-threatening complications. Those undergoing chemotherapy or other disease-modifying therapies are particularly vulnerable to developing infectious complications, increasing the risk of mortality. Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) predominantly affect the elderly, with the incidence rising with age and peaking at around 70 years. Patients with MDS commonly present with unexplained low blood-cell counts, primarily anemia, and often experience varying degrees of neutropenia as the disease progresses. In our subsequent retrospective study involving 1593 patients from the Düsseldorf MDS Registry, we aimed at outlining the incidence of infections in MDS patients and identifying factors contributing to heightened susceptibility to infectious complications in this population.
Unveiling the Exceptional Performance of ZnO/Zn2TiO4 Nanocomposites
Authors: Abbasi Husnain Ahmad , Al Moneef Maha M. , Khan Jahanzeb , Hafeez Muhammad , Hameed Muhammad Usman , Khan Muhammad Abdullah , Shahida Shabnam , Abbasi Habib Ahmad , Chang Sook-Keng
Published: February 2024

In this study, we engineered a sub-70 nm nanocomposite of ZnO/Zn2TiO4 using a low-temperature solution-phase method with titanium isopropoxide and zinc acetate as precursors, and isopropyl alcohol and water as solvents. The investigation focused on nanocomposite growth by varying precursor and surfactant concentrations and their efficiency within different pH ranges. All three ZnO/Zn2TiO4 nanocomposites exhibited hexagonal wurtzite ZnO and Zn2TiO4 structures. The crystallite size in these nanocomposites ranged from 39.50 nm to 62.67 nm for ZnO and 21.24 nm to 26.15 nm for Zn2TiO4. Morphological observations using FESEM revealed the formation of dispersed cotton packet-like nanocomposites with sizes ranging from 18 to 350 nm. FTIR analysis showed peaks indicative of Ti–O and Zn–O bond formation, and EDX spectrum confirmed the presence of Ti, O, and Zn. UV spectrums and photocatalytic investigations confirmed the successful formation of ZnO/Zn2TiO4 nanocomposites with notable photocatalytic degradation efficiency for methylene blue dye under various conditions. These findings suggest the potential applicability of the synthesized nanocomposites for environmental pollutant degradation.
Dental Pulp Cell Transplantation Combined with Regenerative Endodontic Procedures Promotes Dentin Matrix Formation in Mature Mouse Molars
Authors: Montenegro Raudales Jorge Luis , Okuwa Yuta , Honda Masaki
Published: February 2024

Regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) are promising for dental pulp tissue regeneration; however, their application in permanent teeth remains challenging. We assessed the potential combination of an REP and local dental pulp cell (DPC) transplantation in the mature molars of C57BL/6 mice with (REP + DPC group) or without (REP group) transplantation of DPCs from green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice. After 4 weeks, the regenerated tissue was evaluated by micro-computed tomography and histological analyses to detect odontoblasts, vasculogenesis, and neurogenesis. DPCs were assessed for mesenchymal and pluripotency markers. Four weeks after the REP, the molars showed no signs of periapical lesions, and both the REP and REP + DPC groups exhibited a pulp-like tissue composed of a cellular matrix with vessels surrounded by an eosin-stained acellular matrix that resembled hard tissue. However, the REP + DPC group had a broader cellular matrix and uniquely contained odontoblast-like cells co-expressing GFP. Vasculogenesis and neurogenesis were detected in both groups, with the former being more prominent in the REP + DPC group. Overall, the REP was achieved in mature mouse molars and DPC transplantation improved the outcomes by inducing the formation of odontoblast-like cells and greater vasculogenesis.
Real-Time Multiphoton Intravital Microscopy of Drug Extravasation in Tumours during Acoustic Cluster Therapy
Authors: Fernandez Jessica Lage , Snipstad Sofie , Bjørkøy Astrid , Davies Catharina de Lange
Published: February 2024

Optimising drug delivery to tumours remains an obstacle to effective cancer treatment. A prerequisite for successful chemotherapy is that the drugs reach all tumour cells. The vascular network of tumours, extravasation across the capillary wall and penetration throughout the extracellular matrix limit the delivery of drugs. Ultrasound combined with microbubbles has been shown to improve the therapeutic response in preclinical and clinical studies. Most studies apply microbubbles designed as ultrasound contrast agents. Acoustic Cluster Therapy (ACT®) is a novel approach based on ultrasound-activated microbubbles, which have a diameter 5–10 times larger than regular contrast agent microbubbles. An advantage of using such large microbubbles is that they are in contact with a larger part of the capillary wall, and the oscillating microbubbles exert more effective biomechanical effects on the vessel wall. In accordance with this, ACT® has shown promising therapeutic results in combination with various drugs and drug-loaded nanoparticles. Knowledge of the mechanism and behaviour of drugs and microbubbles is needed to optimise ACT®. Real-time intravital microscopy (IVM) is a useful tool for such studies. This paper presents the experimental setup design for visualising ACT® microbubbles within the vasculature of tumours implanted in dorsal window (DW) chambers. It presents ultrasound setups, the integration and alignment of the ultrasound field with the optical system in live animal experiments, and the methodologies for visualisation and analysing the recordings. Dextran was used as a fluorescent marker to visualise the blood vessels and to trace drug extravasation and penetration into the extracellular matrix. The results reveal that the experimental setup successfully recorded the kinetics of extravasation and penetration distances into the extracellular matrix, offering a deeper understanding of ACT’s mechanisms and potential in localised drug delivery.
In Vitro Glioblastoma Model on a Plate for Localized Drug Release Study from a 3D-Printed Drug-Eluted Hydrogel Mesh
Authors: Chehri Behnad , Liu Kaiwen , Vaseghi Golnaz , Seyfoori Amir , Akbari Mohsen
Published: February 2024

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive type of brain tumor that has limited treatment options. Current standard therapies, including surgery followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy, are not very effective due to the rapid progression and recurrence of the tumor. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more effective treatments, such as combination therapy and localized drug delivery systems that can reduce systemic side effects. Recently, a handheld printer was developed that can deliver drugs directly to the tumor site. In this study, the feasibility of using this technology for localized co-delivery of temozolomide (TMZ) and deferiprone (DFP) to treat glioblastoma is showcased. A flexible drug-loaded mesh (GlioMesh) loaded with poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles is printed, which shows the sustained release of both drugs for up to a month. The effectiveness of the printed drug-eluting mesh in terms of tumor toxicity and invasion inhibition is evaluated using a 3D micro-physiological system on a plate and the formation of GBM tumoroids within the microenvironment. The proposed in vitro model can identify the effective combination doses of TMZ and DFP in a sustained drug delivery platform. Additionally, our approach shows promise in GB therapy by enabling localized delivery of multiple drugs, preventing off-target cytotoxic effects.
Associations among Motor Competence, Physical Activity, Perceived Motor Competence, and Aerobic Fitness in 10–15-Year-Old Youth
Authors: Coe Dawn P. , Post Emily M. , Fitzhugh Eugene C. , Fairbrother Jeffrey T. , Webster E. Kipling
Published: February 2024

(1) Background: The developmental model describes possible mechanisms that could impact the trajectory of children and adolescents’ health behaviors related to obesity; however, few data are available that support this model in the adolescent population. This study investigated the associations among motor competence (MC), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), perceived motor competence (PMC), and aerobic fitness in children and adolescents and the mediating and moderating effects of PMC, aerobic fitness, and weight status on the MC–MVPA relationship. (2) Methods: Participants included 47 adolescents (12.2 ± 1.6 y; 55% male) who completed the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, 2nd Edition (MC), Harter’s perceived self-competency questionnaire (PMC), and the PACER test (aerobic fitness) and whose MVPA was measured via accelerometry. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated from measured height and weight. (3) Results: There were positive correlations between MC and fitness [rs(47) = 0.469, p < 0.01], PMC and fitness [rs(47) = 0.682, p < 0.01], and PMC and MC [rs(47) = 0.416, p < 0.01]. There were no associations among MVPA and MC, PMC, or fitness (p > 0.05). There were inverse associations between BMI and both MVPA [rs(44) = −0.410, p < 0.01] and fitness [rs(47) = 0.295, p < 0.05]. The association between MC and MVPA was mediated by fitness (β = 0.3984; 95% CI (0.0564–0.7985)). (4) Conclusions: The associations among MC, PMC, and fitness highlight the critical role of MC in health and partially support the proposed developmental model concerning the relationships that exist among MC, MVPA, PMC, fitness, and BMI.
Repairing Performance of Polymer-Modified Cement-Based Thin Spray-On Liners on Pre-Cracked Rock-like Specimens
Authors: Teng Jinlong , Yu Xiaotong , Wang Ping , Liu Guoming , Cui Lingnan , Cui Xiangfei
Published: February 2024

With the development of coal mining and the increase in excavation depth, the stress on roadway surrounding rock is also increasing. This creates conditions for crack development in the roadway, so it is urgent to develop rock repair materials with excellent performance. The ability of thin spray-on liner (TSL) to repair rock and concrete opens up the possibility of reusing abandoned roadways. The ability of TSL to support the surrounding rock is also important in preventing the generation of roadway waste. In this paper, styrene–acrylic emulsion (SAE), vinyl acetate–ethylene copolymer emulsion (VAE), and polyvinyl alcohol powder (PVA) were used to prepare three TSLs. Rock-like materials were configured using cement mortar according to similar principles. Three types of TSLs were tested for basic properties such as viscosity and mechanical strength, which provided data to support the explanation of the repair performance of TSLs. Three TSLs were used to repair pre-cracked rock-like specimens (PR). The number of brushing times and the angle of PR’s cracks were regarded as test variables. Changes in the mechanical strength of repaired PRs were tested by compressive and flexural tests. TSL repair performance was evaluated with the help of mechanical strength changes. Results show that polyvinyl alcohol powder modified cement-based thin spray-on liner is most suitable for repairing rock cracks; as the thickness of the brush slurry increases, its repair performance continues to improve. This paper can provide experience and a theoretical basis for the research of other rock repair materials, and it is also instructive for repairing shotcrete in the roadway.
NIR to LWIR Dichroic Beamsplitter Designed and Manufactured for Space Optical Remote Sensor
Authors: Jiang Lin , Qin Yang , Yu Tianyan , Duan Weibo , Liu Dingquan
Published: February 2024

The infrared dichroic beamsplitter plays an important role in infrared multi-band imaging systems, especially for infrared remote sensing. This paper presents the design and preparation of a dichroic beamsplitter that is capable of reflecting near infrared (NIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR), and transmitting medium wave infrared (MWIR) as well as longwave infrared (LWIR). A single crystal germanium (Ge) sheet is used as the substrate of the dichroic beamsplitter, while Ge, zinc sulfide (ZnS) and ytterbium trifluoride (YbF3) are selected as coating materials. The average reflectance of the dichroic beamsplitter is more than 95% in bands 1.28 to 1.38 μm, 1.58 to 1.83 μm, and 1.95 to 2.32 μm, and the average transmittance is more than 92% in bands 3.7 to 6.2 μm and 7.5 to 12.5 μm at an incident angle of 45°. The dichroic beamsplitter has been successfully applied in the optical system of infrared remote sensing. It provides a technical approach for other optical systems to separate the optical spectrum from NIR to LWIR.
Microstructure, Wear Resistance and Corrosion Resistance of CrN Coating with Platinum-Iridium Co-Doping
Authors: Yang Di , Yan Feng , Zhang Weilun , Xie Zhiwen
Published: February 2024

A novel Pt-Ir co-doping strategy was devised to enhance the corrosion resistance of CrN coating. The deposited CrN coating exhibits a coherent growth pattern, resulting in significant mechanical strength and large grain sizes. However, during the corrosion process, corrosive fluids infiltrate through growth defects, leading to inadequate corrosion resistance of the coating. By incorporating Pt-Ir atoms as dopants, coherent grain growth is effectively hindered, yielding a uniformly smooth surface. Simultaneously, localized non-coherent lattice growth occurs due to co-doping in the coatings, impacting the mechanical properties of CrN-PtIr coatings and causing multidirectional fracture. Nevertheless, this dense coating surface impedes the penetration of corrosive fluids and enhances the corrosion resistance of the coating to some extent.
Isolated Sagittal Craniosynostosis: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Spazzapan Peter , Velnar Tomaz
Published: February 2024

Sagittal craniosynostosis, a rare but fascinating craniofacial anomaly, presents a unique challenge for both diagnosis and treatment. This condition involves premature fusion of the sagittal suture, which alters the normal growth pattern of the skull and can affect neurological development. Sagittal craniosynostosis is characterised by a pronounced head shape, often referred to as scaphocephaly. Asymmetry of the face and head, protrusion of the fontanel, and increased intracranial pressure are common clinical manifestations. Early recognition of these features is crucial for early intervention, and understanding the aetiology is, therefore, essential. Although the exact cause remains unclear, genetic factors are thought to play an important role. Mutations in genes such as FGFR2 and FGFR3, which disrupt the normal development of the skull, are suspected. Environmental factors and various insults during pregnancy can also contribute to the occurrence of the disease. An accurate diagnosis is crucial for treatment. Imaging studies such as ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and three-dimensional reconstructions play a crucial role in visualising the prematurely fused sagittal suture. Clinicians also rely on a physical examination and medical history to confirm the diagnosis. Early detection allows for quick intervention and better treatment outcomes. The treatment of sagittal craniosynostosis requires a multidisciplinary approach that includes neurosurgery, craniofacial surgery, and paediatric care. Traditional treatment consists of an open reconstruction of the cranial vault, where the fused suture is surgically released to allow normal growth of the skull. However, advances in minimally invasive techniques, such as endoscopic strip craniectomy, are becoming increasingly popular due to their lower morbidity and shorter recovery times. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of sagittal craniosynostosis, highlighting the aetiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and current treatment options.
Orofacial Manifestation of Systemic Sclerosis: A Cross-Sectional Study and Future Prospects of Oral Capillaroscopy
Authors: Antonacci Anna , Praino Emanuela , Abbinante Antonia , Favia Gianfranco , Rotondo Cinzia , Bartolomeo Nicola , Giotta Massimo , Iannone Florenzo , Orrù Germano , Agneta Maria Teresa , Capodiferro Saverio , Barile Giuseppe , Corsalini Massimo
Published: February 2024

Background and objectives: oral alterations in Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) patients are widespread and include microstomia, periodontitis, telangiectasias, mandibular resorption, bone lesions, and xerostomia. This cross-sectional study aims to evaluate the differences between SSc patients (cases) and healthy subjects (controls) regarding oral manifestations, quality of life (QoL), and microcirculation alterations. Methods: plaque index (PCR), periodontal index (PSR), DMFT, salivary flow rate, and buccal opening were measured by expert clinicians. S-HAQ test, the Self-Rating Anxiety State (SAS), the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and the WHOQOL-BREF test were administered to patients to evaluate their QoL. Microvascular alterations were assessed by oral videocapillaroscopy, performed on gingival and labial mucosa. A statistical analysis was conducted to find significant differences between healthy people and SSc patients. Results: 59 patients were enrolled in this study. Standard salivary flow is significantly more frequent in controls, while xerostomia, reduced flow, microstomia, lip retraction, and periodontitis are significantly more frequent in the cases. Gingival capillaroscopy showed differences concerning loop visibility, thickening of the gum, tortuosity of gingival loops, and reduced gingival density. Labial capillaroscopy demonstrates that visibility of the labial loops, the labial ectasias, and the tortuosity of the loops are significantly associated with the presence of scleroderma. Hand and facial deformities, hypomobility of the tongue, cheeks, lips, microstomia, and xerostomia significantly compromised the quality of life of SSc patients, which was significantly worse among them. Moreover, oral videocapillaroscopy could be a proper diagnostic method to detect oral microcirculation alterations. SSc patients often present ectasias, rarefaction of the reticulum, microhemorrhages, and megacapillaries, which negatively impact their oral health. Conclusions: periodontitis, reduced salivary flow, and microstomia could be considered SSc oral manifestations. Joint deformities, facial appearance, and comorbidities significantly reduce the QoL of SSc patients compared to healthy subjects. Oral videocapillaroscopy could be an innovative and reliable technique to detect oral microcirculation anomalies.
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Imaging Modalities and the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Analyzing CT and MRI Images
Authors: Anghel Cristian , Grasu Mugur Cristian , Anghel Denisa Andreea , Rusu-Munteanu Gina-Ionela , Dumitru Radu Lucian , Lupescu Ioana Gabriela
Published: February 2024

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) stands out as the predominant malignant neoplasm affecting the pancreas, characterized by a poor prognosis, in most cases patients being diagnosed in a nonresectable stage. Image-based artificial intelligence (AI) models implemented in tumor detection, segmentation, and classification could improve diagnosis with better treatment options and increased survival. This review included papers published in the last five years and describes the current trends in AI algorithms used in PDAC. We analyzed the applications of AI in the detection of PDAC, segmentation of the lesion, and classification algorithms used in differential diagnosis, prognosis, and histopathological and genomic prediction. The results show a lack of multi-institutional collaboration and stresses the need for bigger datasets in order for AI models to be implemented in a clinically relevant manner.