bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spot Weld Inspections Using Active Thermography
Authors: Verspeek Simon , Ribbens Bart , Maldague Xavier , Steenackers Gunther
Published: June 2022

Spot welds have a significant part in the creation of automotive vehicles. Since the integrity of, for example, a car, is dependent on the performance of multiple welds, it is important to ensure the quality of each spot weld. Several attempts have been made in order to determine the quality of spot welds, but most of them do not focus on the applicability in the manufacturing process. Spot weld inspections are often performed using back heating. However, during manufacturing, robotic inspections are desired, and since the bodywork of a car is a complex shape, the accessibility from the inside of the vehicle is minor. Therefore, inspections using front heating are more suitable. In this manuscript, multiple excitation methods are compared as well as different post-processing techniques. The used excitation techniques can be divided into light heating and inductive heating. Light heating is further divided in lock-in thermography and pulse thermography. The used post-processing techniques are principle component analysis and fast Fourier transform. Inductive heating turns out to be the most suitable measurement technique since it is fast and can be performed as front and back heating. Both investigated post-processing techniques deliver suitable information, such as relief images and information of the internal structure of the spot weld.
Atmospheric Propagation Studies and Development of New Instrumentation for Astronomy, Radar, and Telecommunication Applications in the Subterahertz Frequency Range
Authors: Balega Yurii , Bubnov Gregory , Glyavin Mikhail , Gunbina Aleksandra , Danilevsky Dmitry , Denisov Grigory , Khudchenko Andrey , Lesnov Ilya , Marukhno Andrey , Mineev Kirill , Samsonov Sergey , Shanin Gennady , Vdovin Vyacheslav
Published: June 2022

Current progress in the development of new subterahertz instruments discussed in this paper, including antennas, high-power gyrotrons, and low-noise receivers, provides a wide range of possible applications. Atmospheric absorption has now become a major limitation in the application of such high-performance subTHz systems, and the choice of the optimal location of antennas for astronomical, radar, and communication systems is important. The latest results of studying the microwave astroclimate in northern Eurasia are presented. Based on these studies, new perspectives and corrected plans for installing new antennas at the Suffa Plateau and in the Caucasus are formulated, and possible applications of new instruments such as radars for locating space debris and communication hubs for deep space communications, which are based on extremely-high-power gyrotrons and low-noise superconducting receivers, are discussed.
Identification Overview of Industry 4.0 Essential Attributes and Resource-Limited Embedded Artificial-Intelligence-of-Things Devices for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises
Authors: Barton Martin , Budjac Roman , Tanuska Pavol , Gaspar Gabriel , Schreiber Peter
Published: June 2022

Nowadays there is a growing demand for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to improve their level of digitalisation. This situation becomes even more critical in cases when SMEs act in the role of a subcontractor of large enterprises who demand the utilisation of certain digital operations. This paper aims to identify the essential Industry 4.0 attributes for the requirements of SMEs that enterprises can purchase to deploy an adequate solution with a view of increasing their competitiveness in the market. By analysing research articles and statistical data from the worldwide Web of Science database, we identify the major Industry 4.0 attributes for SME: Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Cloud Computing, Simulation and Cybersecurity. Based on the review results and a survey by the European Commission, we propose devices primarily designed to implement AI tasks in industrial environments that meet the essential attributes for SMEs and have low entry costs. The subject of IoT is thoroughly addressed. Its subsets and the relationship between Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) are introduced and described. The characteristics of the listed devices as related to usability in the identified attributes are verified. Therefore, the description of the devices is provided with respect to their usability in SMEs. The main purpose of this paper is to identify attributes for SMEs and to develop strategic plans for the digitalisation requirements, particularly in the development of Artificial Intelligence as part of the implementation of the IoT pillar.
Effects of Propanol on the Performance and Emissions of a Dual-Fuel Industrial Diesel Engine
Authors: Jamrozik Arkadiusz , Tutak Wojciech , Grab-Rogaliński Karol
Published: June 2022

The search for alternative fuels that can limit the use of traditional fossil fuels to power internal combustion engines is one of the main tasks faced by both the modern automotive industry and the modern energy industry. This paper presents experimental tests of a compression ignition engine, in which the conventional fuel, i.e., diesel, was partially replaced with propyl alcohol, i.e., a renewable biofuel. Studies on the co-combustion of diesel fuel with propanol were carried out, in which the energy share of alcohol varied from 0 to 65%. The research showed that an increase in the proportion of propanol, up to 30%, resulted in a significant increase in the rate of heat release and the rate of pressure increase in the cylinder of a compression-ignition engine. Increasing the alcohol content to 65% resulted in an increase in the ignition delay time and significantly shortened the duration of combustion. During the combustion of diesel fuel with a 50% propanol share, the engine was characterized by maximum efficiency, higher than diesel fuel combustion by 5.5%. The addition of propanol caused a slight deterioration of the combustion stability determined by the coefficient of variation for IMEP. The study of engine exhaust emissions has shown that the combustion of diesel fuel with a small proportion of propanol, up to 30%, causes an increase in nitrogen oxide emissions, while up to 50% contributes to a decrease in HC emissions. The increased share of alcohol contributed to a significant decrease in the emissions of both carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, and caused a significant reduction in the concentration of soot in the exhaust of the compression-ignition engine.
An Asymmetric Bargaining Model for Natural-Gas Distribution
Authors: Janjua Shahmir , Ali Muhammad Umair , Kallu Karam Dad , Zafar Amad , Hussain Shaik Javeed , Gardezi Hasnain , Lee Seung Won
Published: June 2022

For the sustainable socio-economic growth, the energy supply is one of the foundations for any country. The gas shortage is one of the most significant impediments to any emerging country’s economic progress, making it a contested and disputed resource. In the middle of a supply–demand mismatch, distributing limited available gas across administrative units/provinces with competing requirements is a key challenge. In this work, an asymmetric gas allocation bargaining model is proposed under gas shortage to resolve natural gas-related disputes among Pakistan’s administrative units/provinces. Each administrative unit/province is characterized by its gas demand. Results show that the Nash bargaining theory, when applied under equal and bargaining weights, can address the supply–demand mismatches of the gas sector in Pakistan. Such an approach could help policymakers to make a fair gas-supply management system during gas shortage periods and would help in resolving the disputes between the provinces.
Research on Electric Field Detection of Degraded Insulators Based on a Sensitive Detection Method under Complex Operating Conditions
Authors: Gao Song , Jia Jun , Huang Xinyu , Liu Yunpeng , Zhang Boyu , Zhang Yuming , Geng Jianghai
Published: June 2022

Insulators are the basis of the stable operation of transmission lines, and it is particularly important to regularly detect the insulation performance of insulators. After several years of research, contactless space electric field detection technology for degraded insulators, based on an unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) platform, has developed rapidly. However, the existing technology is only limited to the typical vertical/horizontal state research category and cannot apply to complex operating conditions such as attitude disturbance and path tilt. This paper builds a simulation model of insulators at a voltage level of 220 kV by COMSOL finite element software and analyzes the space electric field distribution characteristics of degraded insulators and the influence of different surface conditions, attitude disturbance, path tilt, etc., on the space electric field distribution of insulators. To reduce the error of UAV detection under complex operating conditions of insulators, a method for detecting the electric field of degraded insulators based on sensitive insulators is proposed and verified by experiments. According to the research results, surface conditions of insulators have little influence on their space electric field, while the attitude disturbance and path tilt of UAVs have a great influence on the electric field of insulators. Sensitive insulators at a level of voltage below 220 kV are generally located at the low-voltage end. The principles of sensitive insulators are combined with the space electric field measurement method to measure the space electric field distribution, thus effectively judging whether there are degraded insulators in the string. The method specified in the paper greatly improves the accuracy and detection efficiency of the contactless electric field detection of insulators, which is of great significance for the promotion of the electric field detection method of insulators in practical applications.
Acute Pulmonary Embolism in COVID-19: A Potential Connection between Venous Congestion and Thrombus Distribution
Authors: Nevesny Franck , Rotzinger David C. , Sauter Alexander W. , Loebelenz Laura I. , Schmuelling Lena , Alkadhi Hatem , Ebner Lukas , Christe Andreas , Platon Alexandra , Poletti Pierre-Alexandre , Qanadli Salah D.
Published: June 2022

Background: Vascular abnormalities, including venous congestion (VC) and pulmonary embolism (PE), have been recognized as frequent COVID-19 imaging patterns and proposed as severity markers. However, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to characterize the relationship between VC, PE distribution, and alveolar opacities (AO). Methods: This multicenter observational registry (clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT04824313) included 268 patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection and subjected to contrast-enhanced CT between March and June 2020. Acute PE was diagnosed in 61 (22.8%) patients, including 17 females (27.9%), at a mean age of 61.7 ± 14.2 years. Demographic, laboratory, and outcome data were retrieved. We analyzed CT images at the segmental level regarding VC (qualitatively and quantitatively [diameter]), AO (semi-quantitatively as absent, <50%, or >50% involvement), clot location, and distribution related to VC and AO. Segments with vs. without PE were compared. Results: Out of 411 emboli, 82 (20%) were lobar or more proximal and 329 (80%) were segmental or subsegmental. Venous diameters were significantly higher in segments with AO (p = 0.031), unlike arteries (p = 0.138). At the segmental level, 77% of emboli were associated with VC. Overall, PE occurred in 28.2% of segments with AO vs. 21.8% without (p = 0.047). In the absence of VC, however, AO did not affect PE rates (p = 0.94). Conclusions: Vascular changes predominantly affected veins, and most PEs were located in segments with VC. In the absence of VC, AOs were not associated with the PE rate. VC might result from increased flow supported by the hypothesis of pulmonary arteriovenous anastomosis dysregulation as a relevant contributing factor.
The LDL Apolipoprotein B-to-LDL Cholesterol Ratio: Association with Cardiovascular Mortality and a Biomarker of Small, Dense LDLs
Authors: Silbernagel Günther , Scharnagl Hubert , Saely Christoph H. , Reinthaler Markus , Rief Martin , Kleber Marcus E. , Larcher Barbara , Chapman John , Schaefer Juergen R. , Drexel Heinz , März Winfried
Published: June 2022

Background and Objective: Small, dense low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are considered more atherogenic than normal size LDLs. However, the measurement of small, dense LDLs requires sophisticated laboratory methods, such as ultracentrifugation, gradient gel electrophoresis, or nuclear magnetic resonance. We aimed to analyze whether the LDL apolipoprotein B (LDLapoB)-to-LDL cholesterol (LDLC) ratio is associated with cardiovascular mortality and whether this ratio represents a biomarker for small, dense LDLs. Methods: LDLC and LDLapoB were measured (beta-quantification) and calculated (according to Friedewald and Baca, respectively) for 3291 participants of the LURIC Study, with a median (inter-quartile range) follow-up for cardiovascular mortality of 9.9 (8.7–10.7) years. An independent replication cohort included 1660 participants. Associations of the LDLapoB/LDLC ratio with LDL subclass particle concentrations (ultracentrifugation) were tested for 282 participants. Results: In the LURIC Study, the mean (standard deviation) LDLC and LDLapoB concentrations were 117 (34) and 85 (22) mg/dL, respectively; 621 cardiovascular deaths occurred. Elevated LDLapoB/LDLC (calculated and measured) ratios were significantly and independently associated with increased cardiovascular mortality in the entire cohort (fourth vs. first quartile: hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) = 2.07 (1.53–2.79)) and in statin-naïve patients. The association between calculated LDLapoB/LDLC ratio and cardiovascular mortality was replicated in an independent cohort. High LDLapoB/LDLC ratios were associated with higher LDL5 and LDL6 concentrations (both p < 0.001), but not with concentrations of larger LDLs. Conclusions: Elevated measured and calculated LDLapoB/LDLC ratios are associated with increased cardiovascular mortality. Use of LDLapoB/LDLC ratios allows estimation of the atherogenic risk conferred by small, dense LDLs.
Whole-Blood Transcriptional Profiles Enable Early Prediction of the Presence of Coronary Atherosclerosis and High-Risk Plaque Features at Coronary CT Angiography
Authors: Andreini Daniele , Melotti Eleonora , Vavassori Chiara , Chiesa Mattia , Piacentini Luca , Conte Edoardo , Mushtaq Saima , Manzoni Martina , Cipriani Eleonora , Ravagnani Paolo M. , Bartorelli Antonio L. , Colombo Gualtiero I.
Published: June 2022

Existing tools to estimate cardiovascular (CV) risk have sub-optimal predictive capacities. In this setting, non-invasive imaging techniques and omics biomarkers could improve risk-prediction models for CV events. This study aimed to identify gene expression patterns in whole blood that could differentiate patients with severe coronary atherosclerosis from subjects with a complete absence of detectable coronary artery disease and to assess associations of gene expression patterns with plaque features in coronary CT angiography (CCTA). Patients undergoing CCTA for suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) were enrolled. Coronary stenosis was quantified and CCTA plaque features were assessed. The whole-blood transcriptome was analyzed with RNA sequencing. We detected highly significant differences in the circulating transcriptome between patients with high-degree coronary stenosis (≥70%) in the CCTA and subjects with an absence of coronary plaque. Notably, regression analysis revealed expression signatures associated with the Leaman score, the segment involved score, the segment stenosis score, and plaque volume with density <150 HU at CCTA. This pilot study shows that patients with significant coronary stenosis are characterized by whole-blood transcriptome profiles that may discriminate them from patients without CAD. Furthermore, our results suggest that whole-blood transcriptional profiles may predict plaque characteristics.
Early Experience of Land Readjustment in Hong Kong: Case Study of the Kowloon Walled City
Authors: Chua Mark Hansley , Yau Yung
Published: June 2022

Since the early 2010s, sub-divided flats have been proliferating in Hong Kong—one of the world’s most compact and expensive cities to live in. The growth of informal housing in the city has long been attributed to the shortage of housing supply. Apart from developing new land for housing, one possible approach to deal with the land supply constraint is to speed up the redevelopment of old buildings in the city centre in order to maximise the land use potential. Yet, this approach brings about many socio-economic issues that drive up the transaction costs for its implementation. To get around the hurdles of urban redevelopment, a land management technique called land readjustment (LR) has been recommended, but its use has never been institutionalised in the city. Using declassified archival documents and maps, this article argues that LR was already implemented—albeit informally—in Hong Kong during the 1960s–70s within the Kowloon Walled City. With the historical experience of the City of Darkness, the aim of this article is to shed light on the in situ resettlement of original site residents—very much at the heart of land readjustment—as a means to bring down the transaction costs of deep urban redevelopment.
Efficacy of Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus T-VEC Combined with BET Inhibitors as an Innovative Therapy Approach for NUT Carcinoma
Authors: Ohnesorge Paul , Berchtold Susanne , Beil Julia , Haas Simone , Smirnow Irina , Schenk Andrea , French Christopher , Luong Nhi , Huang Yeying , Fehrenbacher Birgit , Schaller Martin , Lauer Ulrich
Published: June 2022

NUT carcinoma (NC) is an extremely aggressive tumor and current treatment regimens offer patients a median survival of six months only. This article reports on the first in vitro studies using immunovirotherapy as a promising therapy option for NC and its feasible combination with BET inhibitors (iBET). Using NC cell lines harboring the BRD4-NUT fusion protein, the cytotoxicity of oncolytic virus talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) and the iBET compounds BI894999 and GSK525762 were assessed in vitro in monotherapeutic and combinatorial approaches. Viral replication, marker gene expression, cell proliferation, and IFN-β dependence of T-VEC efficiency were monitored. T-VEC efficiently infected and replicated in NC cell lines and showed strong cytotoxic effects. This implication could be enhanced by iBET treatment following viral infection. Viral replication was not impaired by iBET treatment. In addition, it was shown that pretreatment of NC cells with IFN-β does impede the replication as well as the cytotoxicity of T-VEC. T-VEC was found to show great potential for patients suffering from NC. Of note, when applied in combination with iBETs, a reinforcing influence was observed, leading to an even stronger anti-tumor effect. These findings suggest combining virotherapy with diverse molecular therapeutics for the treatment of NC.
Chemoresistant Cancer Cell Lines Are Characterized by Migratory, Amino Acid Metabolism, Protein Catabolism and IFN1 Signalling Perturbations
Authors: Acland Mitchell , Lokman Noor A. , Young Clifford , Anderson Dovile , Condina Mark , Desire Chris , Noye Tannith M. , Wang Wanqi , Ricciardelli Carmela , Creek Darren J. , Oehler Martin K. , Hoffmann Peter , Klingler-Hoffmann Manuela
Published: June 2022

Chemoresistance remains the major barrier to effective ovarian cancer treatment. The molecular features and associated biological functions of this phenotype remain poorly understood. We developed carboplatin-resistant cell line models using OVCAR5 and CaOV3 cell lines with the aim of identifying chemoresistance-specific molecular features. Chemotaxis and CAM invasion assays revealed enhanced migratory and invasive potential in OVCAR5-resistant, compared to parental cell lines. Mass spectrometry analysis was used to analyse the metabolome and proteome of these cell lines, and was able to separate these populations based on their molecular features. It revealed signalling and metabolic perturbations in the chemoresistant cell lines. A comparison with the proteome of patient-derived primary ovarian cancer cells grown in culture showed a shared dysregulation of cytokine and type 1 interferon signalling, potentially revealing a common molecular feature of chemoresistance. A comprehensive analysis of a larger patient cohort, including advanced in vitro and in vivo models, promises to assist with better understanding the molecular mechanisms of chemoresistance and the associated enhancement of migration and invasion.
Survival Benefit of Statin with Anti-Angiogenesis Efficacy in Lung Cancer-Associated Pleural Fluid through FXR Modulation
Authors: Tsai Chen-Liang , Changchien Chih-Ying , Chen Ying , Lai Chine-Rui , Chen Tzu-Min , Chang Hsin-Han , Tsai Wen-Chiuan , Tsai Yu-Ling , Tsai Hao-Chung , Lin Hung-Yi , Wang Chieh-Yung , Shen Ming-Sheng , Lin Yu-Huei
Published: June 2022

Lung cancer-related pleural fluid (LCPF) presents as a common complication with limited treatment. Beyond its function in lipid digestion, bile acid was identified as a potent carcinogen to stimulate tumor proliferation. Previous research indicated a correlation between serum bile acid levels and the risk of developing several gastrointestinal cancers. Our study identified elevated bile acid levels in LCPF and increased farnesoid X receptor (FXR) expression as bile acid nuclear receptors in pleural microvessels of lung adenocarcinoma. Additionally, LCPF stimulated the expression of proteins involved in bile acid synthesis and cholesterol metabolism in HUVECs including CYP7A1, StAR, HMGCR, and SREBP2. LCPF-induced endothelial motility and angiogenesis were counteracted by using β-muricholic acid as an FXR antagonist. Moreover, we investigated the efficacy of cholesterol-lowering medications, such as cholestyramine, fenofibrate, and atorvastatin, in regulating LCPF-regulated angiogenesis. Along with suppressing endothelial proliferation and angiogenesis, atorvastatin treatment reversed cholesterol accumulation and endothelial junction disruption caused by LCPF. Statin treatment inhibited LCPF-induced endothelial FXR expression as well as the downstream proteins RXR and SHP. Based on the positive findings of suppressing endothelial angiogenesis, our group further incorporated the effect of statin on clinical patients complicated with LCPF. A Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed the clinical benefit of statin exposure in patients with lung adenocarcinoma with LCPF. Conclusively, our study demonstrated the ability of statin to alleviate LCPF-induced angiogenesis in patients with LCPF via FXR modulation.
Genetic Aspects of Mammographic Density Measures Associated with Breast Cancer Risk
Authors: Li Shuai , Nguyen Tuong L. , Nguyen-Dumont Tu , Dowty James G. , Dite Gillian S. , Ye Zhoufeng , Trinh Ho N. , Evans Christopher F. , Tan Maxine , Sung Joohon , Jenkins Mark A. , Giles Graham G. , Hopper John L. , Southey Melissa C.
Published: June 2022

Cumulus, Altocumulus, and Cirrocumulus are measures of mammographic density defined at increasing pixel brightness thresholds, which, when converted to mammogram risk scores (MRSs), predict breast cancer risk. Twin and family studies suggest substantial variance in the MRSs could be explained by genetic factors. For 2559 women aged 30 to 80 years (mean 54 years), we measured the MRSs from digitized film mammograms and estimated the associations of the MRSs with a 313-SNP breast cancer polygenic risk score (PRS) and 202 individual SNPs associated with breast cancer risk. The PRS was weakly positively correlated (correlation coefficients ranged 0.05–0.08; all p < 0.04) with all the MRSs except the Cumulus-white MRS based on the “white but not bright area” (correlation coefficient = 0.04; p = 0.06). After adjusting for its association with the Altocumulus MRS, the PRS was not associated with the Cumulus MRS. There were MRS associations (Bonferroni-adjusted p < 0.04) with one SNP in the ATXN1 gene and nominally with some ESR1 SNPs. Less than 1% of the variance of the MRSs is explained by the genetic markers currently known to be associated with breast cancer risk. Discovering the genetic determinants of the bright, not white, regions of the mammogram could reveal substantial new genetic causes of breast cancer.
Dimethyl Ether Oxidation over Copper Ferrite Catalysts
Authors: Smyrnioti Maria , Ioannides Theophilos
Published: June 2022

The depletion of fossil energy sources and the legislation regarding emission control demand the use of alternative fuels and rapid progression of aftertreatment technologies. The study of dimethyl ether (DME) catalytic oxidation is important in this respect, as DME is a promising clean fuel and at the same time a VOC pollutant present in the tail gases of industrial processes. In the present work, copper ferrite catalysts synthesized via the citrate complexation method have been evaluated in DME oxidation. N2-physisorption, XRD, H2-TPR, and XPS were employed for the characterization of the mixed oxide catalysts. The copper ferrite spinel phase was detected in all samples accompanied by a gradual decrease in the bulk CuO phase upon increase in iron content, with the latter never vanishing completely. The Fe0.67Cu0.33 catalyst exhibited the highest catalytic activity in DME oxidation, attaining approximately a 4-fold higher oxidation rate compared to the respective pure copper and iron oxides. The enhanced catalytic performance was attributed to the higher specific surface area of the catalyst and its enhanced redox properties. Highly dispersed copper species were developed owing to the formation of the spinel phase. DME-TPD/TPSR experiments showed that the surface lattice oxygen of the Fe0.67Cu0.33 catalyst can oxidize preadsorbed DME at a lower temperature than all other catalysts which is in agreement with the H2-TPR findings.
Facile Synthesis of Various ZrO2 Phases and ZrO2-MO2 (M = Ti, Hf) by Thermal Decomposition of a Single UiO-66 Precursor for Photodegradation of Methyl Orange
Authors: Jannah Ira Nur Arba’atul , Sekarsari Hanu Fiorena , Mulijani Sri , Wijaya Karna , Wibowo Arief Cahyo , Patah Aep
Published: June 2022

A zirconia-based catalyst with controlled crystalline phases is synthesized through a simple thermal decomposition of a parent UiO-66 single precursor. The introduction of Ti(IV) and Hf(IV) cation into the Zr(IV) framework has been successfully obtained to tune the photocatalytic activity over methyl orange (MO) solution. Their resulting crystalline phases, morphologies, elemental analysis, band gap values, surface area, and photocatalytic degradation study over MO dye are presented and discussed. The tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO2) catalyst exhibits the highest photocatalytic activity with 89% decoloration efficiency under UV irradiation (λ = 254 nm) for 300 min compared to m-ZrO2 (67%), the mixed phases (t-ZrO2 and m-ZrO2), as well as the synthesized mixed oxides ZrO2-MO2 (M = Ti or Hf), where the photocatalytic activities are 74% and 63%, respectively. This result is on par with commercially available anatase TiO2 and other reported t-ZrO2 catalysts.
Circulating miRNA Fingerprint and Endothelial Function in Myocardial Infarction: Comparison at Acute Event and One-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Mompeón Ana , Pérez-Cremades Daniel , Paes Ana Belén , Sanchis Juan , Ortega-Paz Luis , Andrea Rut , Brugaletta Salvatore , Sabate Manel , Novella Susana , Dantas Ana Paula , Hermenegildo Carlos
Published: June 2022

MicroRNAs (miRNA) are major regulators of intercellular communication and key players in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to determine the miRNA fingerprint in a cohort of 53 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with non-ST-segment elevation (NSTEMI) relative to miRNA expression in healthy controls (n = 51). miRNA expression was initially profiled by miRNA array in the serum of patients undergoing cardiac catheterization during NSTEMI (n = 8) and 1 year past the event (follow-up, n = 8) and validated in the entire cohort. In total, 58 miRNAs were differentially expressed during AMI (p < 0.05), while 36 were modified at follow-up (Fisher’s exact test: p = 0.0138). Enrichment analyses revealed differential regulation of biological processes by miRNA at each specific time point (AMI vs. follow-up). During AMI, the miRNA profile was associated mainly with processes involved in vascular development. However, 1 year after AMI, changes in miRNA expression were partially related to the regulation of cardiac tissue morphogenesis. Linear correlation analysis of miRNA with serum levels of cytokines and chemokines revealed that let-7g-5p, let-7e-5p, and miR-26a-5p expression was inversely associated with serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, and the chemokines MCP-3 and MDC. Transient transfection of human endothelial cells (HUVEC) with let-7e-5p inhibitor or mimic demonstrated a key role for this miRNA in endothelial function regulation in terms of cell adhesion and angiogenesis capacity. HUVEC transfected with let-7e-5p mimic showed a 20% increase in adhesion capacity, whereas transfection with let-7e-5p inhibitor increased the number of tube-like structures. This study pinpoints circulating miRNA expression fingerprint in NSTEMI patients, specific to the acute event and changes at 1-year follow-up. Additionally, given its involvement in modulating endothelial cell function and vascularization, altered let-7e-5p expression may constitute a therapeutic biomarker and target for ischemic heart disease.
Specific Learning Disorders and Special Educational Needs during COVID-19 Pandemic; Pilot Survey Study Performed in Local District Schools in Italy
Authors: Marchese Flavia , Grillo Assunta , Mantovani Massimo Pettoello , Gargano Giulia , Limone Pierpaolo , Indrio Flavia
Published: June 2022

Specific Learning Disorders (SLD) are a group of heterogeneous health deficits frequently diagnosed in early childhood that cause difficulties in general intellectual functioning. In the last decades in Italy new laws have been developed to give practical guidelines for the best education plans for children with SLD. Background: The aim of our study was to determine the efficacy of the educational treatment on SLD in Primary and Secondary schools in the Italian city of Barletta. We acquired valuable data to evaluate Special Education Needs during COVID-19. Methods: Our study was conducted from April to June 2021, during the second “lockdown” period in Italy. A fact-finding survey was conducted to schools with a questionnaire provided to the teachers to acquire data on the SEN applied in the management of distance learning for children. Results: The study involved 15 male and 6 female pupils with SLD in Primary Schools and 18 male and 6 female in Secondary Schools. The schools participating in the study organized distance learning programs with a support teacher with a 1:1 ratio. Data showed that all children with SLD needed a support teacher. Conclusions: The findings of this pilot study suggest that distance learning programs are able to achieve adequate educational goals, despite the difficulties of the lockdown period.
A Study on the Safety and Effects of Amorpha fruticosa Fruit Extract on Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats with Induced Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Simeonova Rumyana , Shkondrov Aleksandar , Kozuharova Ekaterina , Ionkova Iliana , Krasteva Ilina
Published: June 2022

Metabolic syndrome is characterized by a variety of diagnostic criteria: obesity, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, and arterial hypertension. They contribute to the elevated risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The potential for Amorpha fruticosa L. (Fabaceae) to improve diabetes and metabolic disease is promising, based on in vitro tests. This is why a further investigation of the species is needed. Additionally, a toxicity review in relation to safety revealed that to date, there are no published data regarding the toxicity of A. fruticosa towards humans. This species could provide abundant and cheap resources because it is an aggressive invasive plant that grows almost unrestrictedly. The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of a purified extract of A. fruticosa (EAF), and to assess its antioxidant, antihypertensive, and antihyperglycemic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The EAF was slightly toxic (LD50 = 2121 mg/kg, b.w.) when administered orally, and moderately toxic (LD50 = 316 mg/kg, b.w.) at intraperitoneal administration, both in mice. The oral administration of EAF (100 mg/kg) for 35 days to SHRs caused significant decreases in the systolic pressure, blood glucose levels, and MDA quantity. It also increased the hepatic level of the endogenous antioxidant GSH, not only in diabetic SHRs, but also in the control group. An additional potential benefit to human health might be conferred through the environmental management of A. fruticosa based on its large-scale use for medicinal purposes, as this aggressive invasive species brings problems to natural habitats in many European countries.
Plasmonic Nano Silver: An Efficient Colorimetric Sensor for the Selective Detection of Hg2+ Ions in Real Samples
Authors: Abbasi Nasir Mahmood , Hameed Muhammad Usman , Nasim Najma , Ahmed Farid , Altaf Faizah , Shahida Shabnam , Fayyaz Sana , Sabir Syed Mubashar , Bocchetta Patrizia
Published: June 2022

Environmental pollution caused by heavy metal ions has become a major health problem across the world. In this study, a selective colorimetric sensor based on starch functionalized silver nanoparticles (St-Ag NPs) for rapid detection of Hg2+ in real samples was developed. The environmentally friendly green approach was utilized to synthesize starch functionalized silver nanoparticles (St-AgNPs). A multi-technique approach involving UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used for the characterization of St-Ag NPs. These starch functionalized AgNPs were tested for the detection of heavy metals at 25 °C. The screening process revealed clear changes in the AgNPs color and absorption intensity only in the presence of Hg2+ due to the redox reaction between Ag0 and Hg2+. The color and absorption intensity of nanoparticles remain unchanged in the presence of all the other tested metals ion. The proposed method has strong selectivity and sensitivity to Hg2+ ions, with a detection limit of 1 ppm revealed by UV-visible spectrophotometry. The proposed procedure was found to be successful for the detection of Hg2+ in real samples of tap water.
Biomechanical Properties of Strictures in Crohn’s Disease: Can Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography and Magnetic Resonance Enterography Predict Stiffness?
Authors: Wilkens Rune , Liao Dong-Hua , Gregersen Hans , Glerup Henning , Peters David A. , Buchard Charlotte , Tøttrup Anders , Krogh Klaus
Published: June 2022

Strictures and abdominal pain often complicate Crohn’s disease (CD). The primary aim was to explore whether parameters obtained by preoperative contrast-enhanced (CE) ultrasonography (US) and dynamic CE MR Enterography (DCE-MRE) of strictures associates with biomechanical properties. CD patients undergoing elective small intestinal surgery were preoperatively examined with DCE-MRE and CEUS. The excised intestine was distended utilizing a pressure bag. Luminal and outer bowel wall cross-sectional areas were measured with US. The circumferential stricture stiffness (Young’s modulus E) was computed. Stiffness was associated with the initial slope of enhancement on DCE-MRE (ρ = 0.63, p = 0.007), reflecting active disease, but lacked association with CEUS parameters. For structural imaging parameters, inflammation and stricture stiffness were associated with prestenotic dilatation on US (τb = 0.43, p = 0.02) but not with MRE (τb = 0.01, p = 1.0). Strictures identified by US were stiffer, 16.8 (14.0–20.1) kPa, than those graded as no or uncertain strictures, 12.6 (10.5–15.1) kPa, p = 0.02. MRE global score (activity) was associated with E (ρ = 0.55, p = 0.018). Elastography did not correlate with circumferential stiffness. We conclude that increasing activity defined by the initial slope of enhancement on DCE-MRE and MRE global score were associated with stricture stiffness. Prestenotic dilatation on US could be a potential biomarker of CD small intestinal stricture stiffness.
Quantitative Assessment of the Restoration of Original Anatomy after 3D Virtual Reduction of Long Bone Fractures
Authors: Kim Moo-Sub , Yoon Do-Kun , Shin Seung-Han , Choe Bo-Young , Rhie Jong-Won , Chung Yang-Guk , Suh Tae Suk
Published: June 2022

Background: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the usefulness of 3D image-based virtual reduction by validating the evaluation criteria according to guidelines suggested by the AO Surgery Reference. Methods: For this experiment, 19 intact radial ORTHObones (ORTHObones radius, 3B Scientific, Germany, Hamburg) without any fractures were prepared. All ORTHObones with six cortical marking holes (three points on the distal part and three points on the proximal part) were scanned using a CT scanner twice (before/after intentional fracture of the ORTHObone). After the virtual reduction of all 19 ORTHObones, accuracy evaluations using the four criteria (length variation, apposition variation, alignment variation, Rotation Variation) suggested in the AO Surgery Reference were performed. Results: The mean (M) length variation was 0.42 mm, with 0.01 mm standard deviation (SD). The M apposition variation was 0.48 mm, with 0.40 mm SD. The M AP angulation variation (for alignment variation) was 3.24°, with 2.95° SD. The M lateral angulation variation (for alignment variation) was 0.09°, with 0.13° SD. The M angle of axial rotation was 1.27° with SD: 1.19°. Conclusions: The method of accuracy evaluation used in this study can be helpful in establishing a reliable plan.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in XMN1-HBG2, HBS1L-MYB, and BCL11A and Their Relation to High Fetal Hemoglobin Levels That Alleviate Anemia
Authors: Mohammad Siti Nur Nabeela A’ifah , Iberahim Salfarina , Wan Ab Rahman Wan Suriana , Hassan Mohd Nazri , Edinur Hisham Atan , Azlan Maryam , Zulkafli Zefarina
Published: June 2022

Anemia is a condition in which red blood cells and/or hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations are decreased below the normal range, resulting in a lack of oxygen being transported to tissues and organs. Those afflicted with this condition may feel lethargic and weak, which reduces their quality of life. The condition may be manifested in inherited blood disorders, such as thalassemia and sickle cell disease, whereas acquired disorders include aplastic anemia, chronic disease, drug toxicity, pregnancy, and nutritional deficiency. The augmentation of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) results in the reduction in clinical symptoms in beta-hemoglobinopathies. Several transcription factors as well as medications such as hydroxyurea may help red blood cells produce more HbF. HbF expression increases with the downregulation of three main quantitative trait loci, namely, the XMN1-HBG2, HBS1L-MYB, and BCL11A genes. These genes contain single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that modulate the expression of HbF differently in various populations. Allele discrimination is important in SNP genotyping and is widely applied in many assays. In conclusion, the expression of HbF with a genetic modifier is crucial in determining the severity of anemic diseases, and genetic modification of HbF expression may offer clinical benefits in diagnosis and disease management.
End-to-End Calcification Distribution Pattern Recognition for Mammograms: An Interpretable Approach with GNN
Authors: Yao Melissa Min-Szu , Du Hao , Hartman Mikael , Chan Wing P. , Feng Mengling
Published: June 2022

Purpose: We aimed to develop a novel interpretable artificial intelligence (AI) model algorithm focusing on automatic detection and classification of various patterns of calcification distribution in mammographic images using a unique graph convolution approach. Materials and methods: Images from 292 patients, which showed calcifications according to the mammographic reports and diagnosed breast cancers, were collected. The calcification distributions were classified as diffuse, segmental, regional, grouped, or linear. Excluded were mammograms with (1) breast cancer with multiple lexicons such as mass, asymmetry, or architectural distortion without calcifications; (2) hidden calcifications that were difficult to mark; or (3) incomplete medical records. Results: A graph-convolutional-network-based model was developed. A total of 581 mammographic images from 292 cases of breast cancer were divided based on the calcification distribution pattern: diffuse (n = 67), regional (n = 115), group (n = 337), linear (n = 8), or segmental (n = 54). The classification performances were measured using metrics including precision, recall, F1 score, accuracy, and multi-class area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. The proposed model achieved a precision of 0.522 ± 0.028, sensitivity of 0.643 ± 0.017, specificity of 0.847 ± 0.009, F1 score of 0.559 ± 0.018, accuracy of 64.325 ± 1.694%, and area under the curve of 0.745 ± 0.030; thus, the method was found to be superior compared to all baseline models. The predicted linear and diffuse classifications were highly similar to the ground truth, and the predicted grouped and regional classifications were also superior compared to baseline models. The prediction results are interpretable using visualization methods to highlight the important calcification nodes in graphs. Conclusions: The proposed deep neural network framework is an AI solution that automatically detects and classifies calcification distribution patterns on mammographic images highly suspected of showing breast cancers. Further study of the AI model in an actual clinical setting and additional data collection will improve its performance.
Frequency and Consequences of Cervical Lymph Node Overstaging in Head and Neck Carcinoma
Authors: Schartinger Volker Hans , Dejaco Daniel , Fischer Natalie , Lettenbichler-Haug Anna , Anegg Maria , Santer Matthias , Schmutzhard Joachim , Kofler Barbara , Vorbach Samuel , Widmann Gerlig , Riechelmann Herbert
Published: June 2022

Clinical lymph node staging in head and neck carcinoma (HNC) is fraught with uncertainties. Established clinical algorithms are available for the problem of occult cervical metastases. Much less is known about clinical lymph node overstaging. We identified HNC patients clinically classified as lymph node positive (cN+), in whom surgical neck dissection (ND) specimens were histopathologically negative (pN0) and in addition the subgroup, in whom an originally planned postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) was omitted. We compared these patients with surgically treated patients with clinically and histopathologically negative neck (cN0/pN0), who had received selective ND. Using a fuzzy matching algorithm, we identified patients with closely similar patient and disease characteristics, who had received primary definitive radiotherapy (RT) with or without systemic therapy (RT ± ST). Of the 980 patients with HNC, 292 received a ND as part of primary treatment. In 128/292 patients with cN0 neck, ND was elective, and in 164 patients with clinically positive neck (cN+), ND was therapeutic. In 43/164 cN+ patients, ND was histopathologically negative (cN+/pN−). In 24 of these, initially planned PORT was omitted. Overall, survival did not differ from the cN0/pN0 and primary RT ± ST control groups. However, more RT ± ST patients had functional problems with nutrition (p = 0.002). Based on these data, it can be estimated that lymph node overstaging is 26% (95% CI: 20% to 34%). In 15% (95% CI: 10% to 21%) of surgically treated cN+ HNC patients, treatment can be de-escalated without the affection of survival.
Feasibility of Cell-Free DNA Measurement from the Earlobe during Physiological Exercise Testing
Authors: Haller Nils , Tomaskovic Aleksandar , Stöggl Thomas , Simon Perikles , Neuberger Elmo
Published: June 2022

Circulating, cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has been discussed as an upcoming blood-based biomarker in exercise physiology, reflecting important aspects of exercise load. cfDNA blood sampling has evolved from elaborate venous to efficient capillary sampling from the fingertips. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the principal feasibility of cfDNA blood sampling from the earlobe. Therefore, we obtained cfDNA concentrations from the fingertips, earlobe, and the antecubital vein during physiological exercise testing. Significantly higher concentrations were obtained from the earlobe compared to fingertip samples. All of the measurement methods showed good to excellent repeatability (ICCs of 0.85 to 0.93). In addition, the control experiments revealed that repeated sampling from the earlobe but not from the fingertips increased cfDNA at rest. In summary, cfDNA sampling is feasible for all sampling sources. However, at rest, cfDNA collected from the earlobe tend to increase over time in the absence of physical load, potentially limiting this sampling method.
Neck Circumference as a Screening Tool for Metabolic Syndrome among Lebanese College Students
Authors: Haidar Suzan A. , de Vries Nanne , Poulia Kalliopi-Anna , Hassan Hussein , Rached Mohammad , Karavetian Mirey
Published: June 2022

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of symptoms that, when present, increase the risk for cardiovascular disease. There is a need for reliable screening tools that are ethnically sensitive. Two hundred and sixty-six college students were assessed anthropometrically. They had a fasting blood sample drawn, and blood pressure measured. They then completed a demographic questionnaire and The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The prevalence of MetS was found to be 10.1% in males and 4.5% in females. Neck circumference (NC) was positively associated with BMI in males (r = 0.55, p < 0.001) and females (r = 0.53, p < 0.001) and was positively associated with hip circumference in both males (r = 0.47, p < 0.001) and females (r = 0.50, p < 0.001) and with waist circumference in males (r = 0.46, p < 0.001) and females (r = 0.49, p < 0.001.) An area under the curve (AUC) was calculated using receiver operating characteristics (ROC), and NC > 38 cm in males and NC> 36 cm in females were found to be appropriate cut-offs for diagnosing MetS. NC is a reliable and non-invasive screening tool that can be used to screen for MetS in males. NC could also serve as an anthropometric instrument to assess abdominal obesity and could be valuable for college students.