bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Building neural network models for morphological and morpheme analysis of texts
Authors: Sapin Alexander Sergeevich
Published: October 2021

Morphological analysis of text is one of the most important stages of natural language processing (NLP). Traditional and well-studied problems of morphological analysis include normalization (lemmatization) of a given word form, recognition of its morphological characteristics and their morphological disambiguation. The morphological analysis also involves the problem of morpheme segmentation of words (i.e., segmentation of words into constituent morphs and their classification), which is actual in some NLP applications. In recent years, several machine learning models have been developed, which increase the accuracy of traditional morphological analysis and morpheme segmentation, but performance of such models is insufficient for many applied problems. For morpheme segmentation, high-precision models have been built only for lemmas (normalized word forms). This paper describes two new high-accuracy neural network models that implement morphemic segmentation of Russian word forms with sufficiently high performance. The first model is based on convolutional neural networks and shows the state-of-the-art quality of morphemic segmentation for Russian word forms. The second model, besides morpheme segmentation of a word form, preliminarily refines its morphological characteristics, thereby performing their disambiguation. The performance of this joined morphological model is the best among the considered morpheme segmentation models, with comparable accuracy of segmentation.
Quitosano aplicado en el tratamiento del agua residual de la producción de aceite de palma
Authors: Rodríguez-Jiménez Dalia Milena , Burbano-Erazo Esteban , Díaz-Rodríguez Yim James
Published: October 2021

Introducción. El uso de biopolímeros en el tratamiento de efluentes permite controlar el impacto ambiental asociado a la descarga de aguas residuales agroindustriales. Objetivo. Evaluar la efectividad del quitosano como coagulante natural en el tratamiento de efluentes de producción de aceite de palma. Materiales y métodos. Se determinaron los parámetros: demanda química de oxígeno (DQO), los sólidos suspendidos totales (SST) y volátiles (SSV), turbidez y grasas y aceites (GYA) sobre en el agua residual asociada a la producción de aceite de palma proveniente del municipio de Agustín Codazzi en el departamento del Cesar (Colombia), por el ensayo de pruebas de jarras. Se aplicó quitosano en dosis de: 100, 200, 300, 400 y 0 mg L-1 a tres niveles de pH 4, 5 y 6 del agua. Se implementó un diseño experimental completamente aleatorizado, de dos vías, con efectos fijos. Para el análisis de datos se utilizó un análisis multivariado de los parámetros fisicoquímicos del efluente industrial. El estudio se realizó en el año 2012. Resultados. El quitosano permitió reducir más del 87 % de turbidez, DQO, SST, SSV y grasas y aceites en todas las dosis del coagulante, mientras que el control (0 mg L-1) fue diferente estadísticamente (p<0,05) a todos los tratamientos. En el análisis multivariado de los datos, el componente principal 1 (PC1) explicó el 79,3 % de la varianza total de las variables. Conclusión. Dosis de 100, 200, 300 y 400 mg L-1 de quitosano evaluado como coagulante natural en el tratamiento de aguas, disminuyeron la concentración de contaminantes en efluentes asociados a la producción de aceite de palma.
Pityphyllum mercedes-abarcae (Maxillariinae) a new species from Euador
Authors: Vélez-Abarca Leisberth , Jiménez Marco M. , Moreno Juan Sebastián , Baquero Luis E.
Published: October 2021

A new species of Pityphyllum from south-eastern Ecuador was found during an investigation of the orchids of the Cordillera del Cóndor. Pityphyllum mercedes-abarcae is described and illustrated. Information concerning its distribution, habitat, and phenology is provided. The new proposed taxon is morphologically similar to P. pinoides, from which it differs by the smaller plants, the spathulate petals with an erose margin in the middle third, lip flattened is square in the middle third, wedge in the basal third and acute in the apical third with two small parallel calluses in the apical third, presents a slight cell thickening in the abaxial part of the apical third and elongated trichomes below the stigma.
Competencia motriz en escolares de primer y segundo año de primaria en la región de Araucanía, Chile
Authors: Martinez-Lopez Nicolas , Espinoza-Silva Miguel , Carcamo-Oyarzun Jaime
Published: October 2021

La competencia motriz es un componente importante para la participación en la cultura del juego, deportes y actividad física, por lo que su desarrollo es fundamental en el inicio de la trayectoria escolar. Este estudio tuvo como propósitos describir el desempeño en la competencia motriz de Control de Objetos y Control del Cuerpo de estudiantes de primer y segundo grado de primaria de Chile; determinar la relación entre la competencia motriz y la edad; y establecer la existencia de posibles diferencias según el sexo de los estudiantes. Se utilizó un enfoque cuantitativo, siendo un estudio no experimental de corte transversal y de tipo descriptivo-correlacional. Participaron 289 escolares (51,2% niñas, 48,8% niños) de entre seis y ocho años de cinco establecimientos educacionales de la región de La Araucanía, Chile. Se utilizó el test MOBAK 1-2 para la evaluación de la competencia motriz en dos dimensiones (Control de Objetos y Control del Cuerpo). Para establecer la relación entre competencia motriz y edad se utilizó el coeficiente rho de Spearman, y para determinar la existencia de diferencias según sexo se utilizó la prueba U de Mann-Whitney, determinando el tamaño del efecto a través del cálculo de probabilidad de superioridad (PS). Los resultados indican que la edad se relaciona de forma positiva con el Control de Objetos (p<0.001, r=0.315) y el Control del Cuerpo (p<0.001, r=0.261). Al comparar los desempeños motrices según sexo, los niños presentan mejores resultados que las niñas en tareas motrices asociadas al Control de Objetos (U=13533.000, Z=4.439, p<0.001, PSest=0.61), mientras que en Control del Cuerpo no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Tanto la edad como el sexo de los estudiantes son variables asociadas al desarrollo de la competencia motriz. Estos resultados aportan información relevante para diseñar de estrategias pedagógicas que busquen fomentar la competencia motriz de manera óptima y equitativa.
Effect of bio-fertilizers on foliage and floral traits of chrysanthemum cv Little Pink
Authors: Dixit Shashank , Panday A.K. , Bajpay Anurag
Published: October 2021

Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora) is a leading commercial flower crop from asteraceae family grown for cut and loose flowers and also as a pot plant. It is preferred practically due to vast range of shapes and size of flowers, brilliance of colour tones, long lasting floret life, diversity of height and growth habit of the plant, especially hardy nature, relative ease to grow all the year round and versatility of use. Biofertilizers are the multiplied live cells of beneficial strains of micro-organism, are used as biological nitrogen fixers, Phosphate solubilizing, and also used for mineralization of nitrogen and transformation of several elements like sulphur and iron etc. into available forms. The present investigation was conducted at the Horticulture experimental field of Janta College, Bakewar in Complete Randomize Design with 4 treatments and 4 replications. Observations were recorded for vegetative and floral traits upon various biofertilizers treatments viz., T1: Control, T2: (FYM 50% + Soil 50% + 2gm PSB @Per pot), T3 : (FYM 50% + Soil 50% + 2gm Azotobacter @Per pot) and T4: (FYM 50% + Soil 50% + 1gm PSB + 1g Azotobacter@Per pot).
Yield potential of linseed genotypes influenced by nutrient levels under rainfed condition in Vidarbha region
Authors: Katore J.R. , Nair Beena , Rananaware Shilpa , Damdar Rupali , Parbat J.M. , Kavalkar G.R.
Published: October 2021

All India coordinated Research Project on linseed conducted a field experiment on Agriculture Farm, College of Agriculture, Nagpur under Dr. PDKV, Akola, Maharashtra during Rabi Season of 2019-20 in Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replication. Three genotypes NL – 356, JLS-95, T-397 were tested with three nutrient levels i.e. 50 % RDF, 100% RDF and 150 % RDF. The result revealed yield potential of the entry NL-356 was 26% highest over JLS-95 and 13% more on T-397 under rainfed condition. However, the increase in nutrient level from 50 % RDF to 150 % RDF influence the growth and yield attributes which favours the increase in yield. Therefore, it is concluded that genotype NL 356 with 100 % RDF achieve higher growth rate i.e. plant height, number of branches as well as yield attributes number of capsules per plant, number of seed per capsule and highest NMR and B:C ratio.
Influence of spacing and different seed rates on growth, yield and economics of linseed under irrigation
Authors: Katore J.R. , Nair Beena , Damdar Rupali , Rananaware Shilpa , Kavalkar G.R.
Published: October 2021

Row spacing and seed rate are management practices that affect flax seed yield. Hence to find out the optimum quantity of seed rate and spacing for higher production in irrigated linseed, the present experiment was conducted under AICRP on Linseed, College of Agriculture, Nagpur during the Rabi Season of 2019-20. The Experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications in which Factor A consist of two spacing i.e. T1 - 30 cm and T2 - 45 cm and Factor B includes four seed rate S1- 10 kg/ha, S2- 15 kg/ha, S3- 20 kg/ha, S4- 25 kg/ha. Results showed significant effects of seed rates and spacing on all growth and yield attributes, which reflecting the importance of seeding rate and spacing for linseed. Maximum plant height was recorded after using the seed rate at 25 kg/ha (S4) and with 30cm spacing (T1) which was at par with seed rate 20 kg/ha (S3). The other growth parameters like number of branches, number of capsules per plant and test weight was found higher in the treatment having the seed rate of 10 kg/ha (S1) and in the spacing of 45cm (T2). Seed yield of linseed was recorded highest by using the seed rate at 15 kg/ha, which was at par with at the seed rate of 20 kg/ha and in the closer spacing of 30cm between rows i.e. 9.15% more as compare to row spacing of 45cm. Gross monetary returns, net monetary returns and B:C ratio was also recorded maximum in the seed rate of 15 kg/ha and with 30cm row spacing. It is concluded that advancement in seed rate by lowering down up to 15 kg/ha increases the productivity and profitability of linseed.
Impact of liquid and carrier based biofertilizers on fruit and quality traits in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Authors: Lakshmikala K. , Babu B. Ramesh , Babu M. Ravindra , Devi P. Rama
Published: October 2021

The present investigation “Influence of liquid and carrier based biofertilizers on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”was laid out in randomized block design with two factors and three levels comprising of nine treatment combinations in three replications at Horticultural Research Station, Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University, Venkataramannagudem, West Godavari during Rabi, 2018. The application of 80 % recommended dose of fertilizers along with liquid biofertilizers resulted in significant higher differences in number of fruits per cluster (4.90), number of fruits per plant (60.0), fruit set % (98.34), fruit length (5.83 cm), fruit width (5.45 cm), average fruit weight (96.96 g), fruit yield per plant (7.27 kg), TSS (4.670 Brix), ascorbic acid content (16.53 mg/100 g), lycopene content (31.72 mg/100g) and titrable acidity (0.53 %) when compared to other treatment combinations.
Effect of treatment and drying method (Solar and convective) on physico-chemical quality of dried moringa leaves
Authors: Aggarwal Kanika , Singh Manpreet , Zalpouri Ruchika
Published: October 2021

Moringa is one of the promising crop high nutritional and therapeutic values. While drying of moringa leaves, there is significant loss in physical, chemical and nutritional composition of leaves. So, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of different treatment and drying method (solar and convective) on physico-chemical quality of moringa leaves. Moringa leaves that were sorted, washed and surface dried were considered non-treated whereas leaves that were blanched at 7.5 min after sorting were considered treated. The following samples were dried in three dryers viz., PAU advanced domestic solar dryer, PAU domestic solar dryer and convective tray dryer. Samples that were treated had better physico-chemical quality than untreated sample. Similarly, samples dried in PAU advanced domestic solar dryer had better quality retention i.e. had low moisture content, low colour change, higher protein content, higher ascorbic acid and higher total antioxidant activity.
Effect of seed rate on linseed genotypes under utera condition
Authors: Katore J.R. , Nair Beena , Rananaware Shilpa , Damdar Rupali , Parbat J.M. , Kavalkar G.R.
Published: October 2021

A field experiment was conducted under All India coordinated Research Project on linseed at Agriculture Farm, College of Agriculture, Nagpur in Rabi Season 2019-20. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replication in which effect of three seed rate i.e. 30, 40 and 50 Kg/ha was tested on three genotypes i.e. BRLS-106, Shekhar and T- 397. The results revealed that among the genotype BRLS -106 was found superior over Shekhar and T-397 genotypes under utera condition with respect to growth, yield and yield attributes. However, the seed rate 50 kg-1 found superior in yield, GMR and NMR. The interaction of BRLS-106 with seed rate 40kg/ha has recorded the highest seed yield and net monetary returns also.
Resource use and economic potential of pigeonpea cultivation in Haryana
Authors: Pawar Neeraj , Bishnoi Nirmal , Malik D.P.
Published: October 2021

Pigeonpea is one of the protein-rich legumes of the semi-arid tropics grown throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world.India is the largest producer of pigeonpea sharing for 66 percent of total production and the other major pigeonpea producing countries are Myanmar, Malawi, Kenya and Tanzania. The crop is cultivated on marginal land by resourcepoor farmers, who commonly grow traditional medium and long-duration landraces. Conventionally, the use of inputs such as chemical fertilizers, irrigation and pesticides is minimal as cultivated in rainfed areas. Greater attention is being given to raise productivity to meet growing demand in India. The data pertains to various aspects of pigeonpea cultivation was collected from 60 cultivators of Haryana during 2019-20. Simple budgeting technique was employed to draw practical implications and Cobb- Douglas production function was used for measure the extent of resourceuse in pigeonpea cultivation for taking policy decisions to encourage its cultivation in Haryana. The positive growth rate of area, production and yield of pigeonpea was estimated in India during last two decades (1998-2018). But negative growth of area and production of pigeonpea was observed in Haryana in same period owing large replacement of area towards cotton, sugarcane and pushing cultivation on marginal land.The gross and net returns of pigeonpea cultivation in Haryana worked out were Rs. 54487 ha-1 and Rs. 7073 ha-1. The MVP of human labour, machine hour, seed, chemical fertilizers, plant protection chemicals and irrigation was greater than unity revealing the lower utilization of these resources.
Effficacy of fungicides, phytoextracts and cow urine against seed mycoflora of rice
Authors: Parmar R.G. , Patel Dipan R.
Published: October 2021

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important cereal crop belongs to the family Poaceae and native to south-east Asia. Rice crop needs a hot and humid climate. It is best suited to regions which have high humidity, prolonged sunshine and assured supply of water. It is an indispensable cereal essentially used in daily Indian meal in the form of dal-rice, roti, many south Indian foods and alcoholic beverages. Rice suffers heavy yield losses from diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses many of which are carried through seed. Major seed borne fungi infecting rice includes Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium moniliforme, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Alternaria padwickii and Curvularia lunata. Among all the fungicidal treatments, carbendazim + mancozeb gave minimum per cent seed mycoflora (5.00%). Among all the phytoextracts treatments, minimum per cent seeds showed mycoflroa was by neem (9.66%) and lowest mycelial growth and highest growth inhibition per cent found in 15% concentration cow urine.
Effect of urea modified hydroxyapatite nano fertilizer on nitrogen release pattern in red soil
Authors: Rashmi C.M. , Prakash S.S.
Published: October 2021

A laboratory incubation study was conducted during 2018 at College of Agriculture V.C. Farm, Mandya using CRD design with eight treatments and three replication. Treatments included were T1:100% Nitrogen-Urea (NU), T2 to T4: NU: UHA @ 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75 per cent, respectively and T5 to T7: UHA @ 50, 75 and 100%, respectively, T8: Absolute control. Results revealed that application of 100 per cent N through nano UHA increased the content of ammonical-N at 5 DAI (653.3 μg g-1) but the content decreased at 10 DAI (583.3 μg g-1) and increased to 716.7 μg g-1 at 15 DAI and maintained it upto 20 DAI while, it decreased at 45 DAI. The nitrate –N release was highest (596.7 μg g-1) at 10 DAI in T7 treatment and maintained it upto 20 DAI and decreased at 45 DAI. Similar pattern was observed with the application of 75 and 50 per cent N-UHA treatments (T6 and T5, respectively). The amount of release of ammonical and nitrate N was proportional to the amount N added through UHA at any sampling interval.
Response of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) to different plant growth regulators
Authors: Katore J.R. , Nair Beena , Damdar Rupali , Rananaware Shilpa , Kavalkar G.R.
Published: October 2021

The commercial importance of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) has attracted Agronomist to increase its seed yield using various agronomical and breeding approaches. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) have a significant role in enhancing yield and its related traits in linseed. Hence, to find out effect of different growth regulators on growth, yield attributes, yield and economics of linseed, the present experiment was conducted under AICRP on Linseed, College of Agriculture, Nagpur. Growth regulator shows significant effect on growth, yield attributes and yield of linseed. Plant height and number of capsules per plant was observed highest and significantly superior after application of 400 ppm Gibberellic acid (GA) and application of 0.1 % Tebuconazole which was at par with T7 i.e. 1.0 ppm Auxin + 200 ppm GA and T5 i.e. 75 ppm salicylic acid. Number of branches and number of capsules per plant were also observed at par in the treatment T3 i.e. 200 ppm GA. The seed yield of linseed was recorded significantly higher in T4 i.e. 400 ppm GA which was at par with T7 i.e. 1.0 ppm Auxin + 200 ppm GA and treatment T3 i.e. 200 ppm GA and treatment T5 i.e. 75 ppm salicylic acid. The gross monetary return was found maximum in the treatment T4 i.e. 400 ppm GA, this might be due the maximum seed yield after application of 400 ppm GA, but net monetary return and B:C ratio resulted minimum due to the high market cost of GA (Rs. 9000/- for 400 ppm). Net monetary return and B:C ratio was found maximum in treatment T5 i.e. 75 ppm salicylic acid, this might be due to the low cost of Salicylic acid.
Evaluation and identification of promising advanced breeding lines for quality and yield traits in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Authors: Kona Praveen , Mahatma M.K. , Gangadhara K. , Ajay B.C. , Kumar Narendra , Reddy Kiran Kumar , Dagla M.C. , Kumar T. Lokesh , Gor H.K.
Published: October 2021

Kernel size coupled with the nutritional quality will determine the worth of groundnut for direct consumption or export. Focusing on this objective one hundred and fifty advanced breeding lines (ABLs) in both Spanish and Virginia botanical varieties were evaluated with four checks under Augmented Design during Kharif, 2018 at ICAR- Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh, Gujarat. Significant difference was observed for days to 50% flowering, hundred pod weight (g), hundred kernel weight (g), sound mature kernel (%), shelling percent, pod weight per plant (g), and protein percent. Pod yield per plant (g) registered highest estimates of GCV and PCV. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for 100 pod weight (g), 100 kernel weight (g), sound mature kernel percentage and pod yield per plant (g) traits which indicates a significant role of additive gene action for inheritance of these traits which may be exploited through simple selection methods. Eleven genotypes viz., PBS 19013, PBS 19015, PBS 19018, PBS 29079 B, PBS 29082, PBS 29124, PBS 29167, PBS 29196, PBS 29197, PBS 29212 and PBS 29219 had good confectionery quality traits viz., large seed size (HKW: >55 g; KL: >1.5cm and KW: >0.7cm), high protein (>30%), high total soluble sugar (>5 %), moderate oil (42- 48%), uniform pod size and shape, high pod yield per plant (> 10g) and good shelling percentage (>60%). These promising genotypes can directly be released as a variety after testing in multi-location AICRP-G trials or can be used in hybridization programmes as donor parents for improving confectionery qualities in groundnut.
Comparative study of microbial inoculants of cultivated and virgin soils of Nilgiri Biosphere for plant growth promotion
Authors: Raja P. , Santhi V.P.
Published: October 2021

In virgin soils, microorganisms and plants live in harmony and both are dependent on each other for their livelihood. Absence of cultivation practices, undisturbed soil condition, high organic matter condition and other favourable conditions enables to flourish beneficial microbes. The research work was started to identify beneficial microbes from undisturbed virgin soils of Nilgiri biosphere with the ability to grow under low pH and under low temeperature conditions. Bio-inoculants viz., Azospirillum, Phosphobacteria, Azotobacter, Rhizobium and pseudomonas were obtained from cultivated and virgin soil samples of Nilgiris biosphere. When compared with type cultures, virgin soil isolates of respective inoculants have recorded better results in promoting plant dry weight in paper towel method. In cross streak assay, selected isolates found to be compatible with each other. In lignite carrier base formulation, the inoculants have reached a maximum population level of 107 and phosphobacteria reached 108 level. The population remained steady at this level up to 3 months. In the field trial studies conducted, the treatment of Azospirillum + Azotobacter + Phosphobacteria + Pseudomonas + 75% RDF has recorded maximum population of all the inoculants at 45th day after sowing. However, the maximum yield was observed in 100% RDF and bio-inoculant consortium applied treatment. This was closely followed by 75% RDF and bio-inoculant consortium applied plots. The results of the field trial have shown that bio-inoculant consortium along with 75% RDF application will lead to maximum yield with 25% saving in chemical fertilizer application.
Sustainable agriculture through organic farming in India
Authors: Singh Rajkaranbir
Published: October 2021

Organic products are grown under a system of agriculture without the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides with an environmentally and socially responsible approach. Organic agriculture is developing rapidly and today 186 countries produce organic food commercially. Currently, only 1.5 percent of the world’s agricultural land is farmed organically. The status of organic farming in India is bestowed with lot of potential to produce all varieties of organic products due to its various agro climatic regions. In several parts of the country, the inherited tradition of organic farming is an added advantage. This holds promise for the organic producers to tap the market which is growing steadily in the domestic market related to the export market. India ranks 9th in terms of World’s organic agricultural land and 1st in terms of total number of producers. The popularity of organic food is growing dramatically as consumer seeks the organic foods that are thought to be healthier and safer. As per the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare (MoAFW), 2.78 million ha was covered under organic farming in India which is about 2 per cent of the 140.1 million ha net sown area in the country. Of this, 1.94 million ha (70%) area is under National Project on Organic Farming NPOP, 0.59 million ha (21.5%) under Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY), 0.07 million ha (2.6 %) under Mission Organic Value Chain Development for North East Region (MOVCDNER) and 0.17 million ha (6.1% ) under state schemes or non-schemes. The certified organic production for all crop categories stood at 2.6 million metric tons.in 2018-19. Sugar crops (sugarcane), oilseeds, cereals and millets, fiber crops, pulses, medicinal, herbal and aromatic plants, and spices/condiments are the highest produced organic commodities in India. However, the Indian organic food industry is curtailed by multiple challenges including reduced farm production per hectare, a general apprehension among farmers to forego the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and higher storage and transportation costs due to the lack of preservatives required for long-term storage. The states should step up their action in a concerted way to promote organic and natural farming. States can play an instrumental role in helping farmers sell their organic and natural produce by developing organic value chains, procuring organic produce and helping farmers get remunerative prices.
Relationship between personal and socio-economic characteristics of the cashewnut growers and their adoption level
Authors: Raykar S. S. , Ekhande Y. S. , Holkar S.C. , Palkar V. A.
Published: October 2021

India is the largest producer of raw cashew in the world which ranks first in area under cashew (8, 55, 000 ha) with an annual production of 6.20 lakh MT. Nigeria ranks second in area under the cashewnut cultivation, but ranks first in cashewnut production with annual production of 6.36 lakh MT. In the year 2007-2008, India had exported 1,34,340 metrics tonnes of raw cashew valued Rs.11.97crore. The cashew production in Maharashtra is mainly concentrated in Konkan region particularly in Ratnagiri district. In Maharashtra, the area under cashew was 1.65lakh ha. In Ratnagiri, area under cashew was 88,612ha with production of 85,822 tonnes of cashewnuts. The exploratory survey research design was used for the present study. The study was conducted in Ratnagiri district of the Konkan region of Maharashtra state. Three tahsils namely, Khed and Dapoli were selected purposively on the basis of the maximum area under cashewnut cultivation. The main objective of this study is to study the relationship between personal and socio-economic characteristics of the cashewnut growers and their adoption level. It was observed during the study that, The relationship between selected characteristics of the cashew growers and adoption of recommended critical crop management practices for the cashew crop revealed that the characteristics namely age, family size, and number of bearing cashewnut trees were non-significantly related with the adoption level of critical crop management practices for the cashew crop. On the other hand, education, land holding, annual income, age of orchard, production from cashewnut tree, experience in cashew cultivation and market orientation were significantly related with adoption level. The present study was used as a multistage sampling procedure. Collected data were classified, tabulated and analyzed by using statistical methods like frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and Chi-square.
Impact of technical trainings on socio-economic status and knowledge to farmers for the management YMV and charcoal rot diseases of soybean by antagonistic microorganism and chemical pesticides
Authors: Sharma S. R. , Singh V. K. , Gupta O.M. , Singh D. P.
Published: October 2021

On the basis of Socio Economic Status of farmers records, technical trainings to Farmers and knowing the constraints of farmers faced during last years, an experiment was conducted in the year 2017 and 2018 Kharif season with four soybean verieties namely JS 20-29, JS 97-52, RVS 2001-4 and JS20-69 in four replications with control plot. Personal contact with farmers indicated that majority of farmers (60%)came under small land holders categories having only 3.0 ha cultivated area whereas 13.33% farmer occupied > 10ha cultivated areas considered large land holding farmers. More than 57% young farmers having age below 35 years seriously engaged in agricultural work than old age (>50years) whose interest was 26.66% followed by middle age groups ( 35-50years). As for as educational level was concerned, 56% respondents were of medium category having education between 10 th to higher secondary. Nearly 29% respondents had high qualification (Graduate and above) level while14% were of low educational level. Majority of respondents (78%) was engaged in Agricultural enterprise followed by horticulture+ (14.64%) and dairy (6.66%). Incidence of both diseases was also varied from variety to variety of soybean. Highest incidence of yellow mosaic disease was found in RVS2001-4(8.79%) followed by JS20-29 (5.57%) and JS97-52 (2.32%) whereas no incidence was observed in JS 20-69. It was observed that YMV affected plant either unable to bear the flowers and fruits (pods) or very few pods appear but dried prematurely. Results revealed that RVS2001-4 affected maximum (14.15%) with charcoal rot infection than JS20- 29 in comparison to JS97-52 whereas minimum incidence was recorded in JS20-69. Control plot affected more severely than demonstration and it was due to none application of trichoderma in seed and soil treatment. Among the soybean entries JS 2069 gave more yield (17.39q/ha ) followed by RVS2001-4 (14.57q/ha) in compassion to JS20-29 and JS97-52).Timely application of bioagent and chemical pesticides for seed/soil treatment plus spray and change of knowledge through technical training to the farmers during crop period play an important role in managed the diseases and enhanced the soybean productivity. The ratio of yield increased was 15.73% to32.04% over control. A training was organized after harvested of the crop to know the major constraints and observed that 94.66 per cent respondents were face difficulties recording lack of knowledge for identification of beneficial and damager pests followed by unavailability of quality bio-pesticides (93.33%) such as trichoderma, NPV, Bavaria basiyana and bio-fertilizers (81.33%) at local level for pests and diseases management. Besides above problems, unavailability of trained labours (78.66%), quality seed (68% ), rate of wages and problems of storage were also the important and time needed constraints.
Study of principal component analyses for pod traits in soybean
Authors: Uikey Shivani , Sharma Stuti , Shrivastava M.K. , Amrate Pawan K.
Published: October 2021

Yield being a complex entity influenced by several components and environments. PCA is a well-known method of dimension reduction that can be used to reduce a large set of variables to a small set that still contains most of the information in the large set (Massay, 1965 and Jolliffie, 1986). In present study, PCA preformed for pod and yield traits revealed that out of fourteen, only five principal components (PCs) exhibited more than 1.0 eigen value and showed about 70.44% total variability among the traits. PC1 showed 23.83% variability with eigen value 3.33 indicating the maximum variation in comparison to other four PCs. The PC1 was more related to traits viz., days to 50% flowering, total number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, biological yield per plant and seed yield per plant. Thus, PC1 allowed for simultaneous selection of yield related traits and it can be regarded as yield factor. PC2 exhibited positive effect for days to maturity, number of primary branches per plant and number of nodes per plant, The PC3 was more related to number of two seeded pods per plant, 100 seed weight and harvest index traits, whereas PC4 was more loaded with three seeded pods per plant. PC5 was more related to plant height and number of one seeded pods per plant. A high value of PC score of a particular advanced line in a particular PC denotes high value for those variables. Genotypes namely KS 103, JS 20-15, PS 1423, Cat 1957, Cat 1958, JS 20-06 and JS 20-66 can be considered an ideotype breeding material for selection and for further utilization in precise breeding programme.
Management of Cercospora leaf spot disease of urdbean
Authors: Tiwari Smita , Dubey M.P. , Mishra P.K.
Published: October 2021

For the management of Cercospora leaf spot of urdbean, seven new fungicides were tested for two year during 2018 and 2019. Of all the chemical tested, foliar spray with Azoxystrobin 8.3% + Mancozeb 66.7% WG and foliar spray with Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP were highly effective and provided less disease severity and high yield of urdbean crop.
An in vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity of various extracts of Achyranthes aspera and Cissus quadrangularis
Authors: Sureshkumar V. , Rajagunalan S. , Malmarugan S.
Published: October 2021

The antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of Achyranthes aspera and Cissus quadrangularis was evaluated. A. aspera and C. quadrangularis plants collected from its natural habitat in and around Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India were shadow dried at room temperature and pulverized into coarse powder. Aqueous extracts were prepared by extracting with distilled water at 100°C for 4h and methanol extracts were prepared by maceration process using methanol for 72h. The aqueous extract yield was 12.1% and 23.5% for A. aspera and C. quadrangularis respectively. Whereas, methanol extract yield was 6% and 4% for A. aspera and C. quadrangularis, respectively. The antibacterial activity of plant extracts against Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC-96) and Escherichia coli (MTCC-443) was evaluated by Agar well diffusion method. The diameters of zone of inhibition ranged from 8mm to 17mm with highest inhibition zone observed against S. aureus by methanol extract of A. aspera (17mm) followed by aqueous extract of C. quadrangularis (13mm) and methanol extract of C. quadrangularis (9mm). Whereas, zone of inhibition (8mm) against Escherichia coli was observed only with methanol extract of C. quadrangularis. The results necessitate further study to isolate the active principles from the plant extracts to exploit the potential antibacterial activity and to find novel pharmacological uses of these plants beyond their racial use.
Effects of enzymatic, sprouting and solvent methods on free and total gossypol reduction, oil content, flour yield and crude protein content
Authors: Satankar Varsha , Singh Mohan , Mageshwaran V. , Kumar Manoj
Published: October 2021

Use of cottonseed as protein source for food application and monogastric animals are restricted due to the presence of polyphenolic toxic content known as gossypol. Reduction of gossypol and improving crude protein content in cottonseed flour may increase its utility for feed and food industries. The present study aims to analyze the influence of three individual methods viz., sprouting method, enzymatic method and solvents method on free and total gossypol content, crude protein content, oil content and flour yield. Enzymatic treatments were performed using culture candida tropicalis, saccharomyces cerevisiae and combinations of both whereas for solvent treatments four different solvents namely acetone, ethanol, methanol and iso-propanol with their four different levels (70-100%) were applied. Results of this study revealed that 70% aqueous acetone showed maximum free gossypol reduction (97%), crude protein content (65.6%), oil content 31.3 % and 57% flour yield was observed. However, total gossypol reduction was only 51%. Other side, enzymatic treatment based on candida tropicalis found more effective in terms of total gossypol reduction (73%), however crude protein content was recorded only 39.4%.
Character association and path analysis studies on seed yield and its yield attributing traits in Kharif sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)
Authors: Kumar Dhanendra , Parihar Roshan , Sharma D.J. , Agrawal A.P. , Manher Pallavi , Choure N.K.
Published: October 2021

The experiment was carried out to determine the character association and path analysis with 20 genotype including national check namely GT-10, TKG-22, zonal check JTS-8. The genotype was grown in (RBD) design with 3 Replication during Kharif 2020 at BTC College of Agriculture and Research station Bilaspur CG. The data were collected for nine quantitative and yield attributing traits. The correlation co-efficient analysis is the index of relationship among two variables. These have been dealing in all possible combinations for important traits at genotypic and phenotypic levels. Seed yield plant-1 was highly significant and positively correlated with plant height, followed by number of primary branches plant-1, capsules length, number of capsules plant-1, number of seed capsule-1 days to maturity at genotypic and phenotypic levels. Path analysis at phenotypic level among the characters studied, plant height (cm) had the highest direct effect (0.7479) towards seed yield per plant followed by number of primary branches plant-1 (0.5868) capsule length (0.3827) no of capsule plant-1 (0.3521) number of seed capsule-1 (0.2818) days to maturity (0.289) negative direct effect were recorded for days to 50% flowering (-0.0327) 1000 seed weight (- 02147). Demonstrating the fact that there was a real and positive connection between these characters will help determine which type of character is needed for crop improvement.
Productivity and nutrient use efficiency of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) in response to integrated use of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients
Authors: Pandey Dinesh , Ahmad Anjum , Chauhan J.K. , Pandey N.
Published: October 2021

An experiment was carried out during the Kharif 2002 and 2003, to study the productivity and nutrient use efficiency of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) in response to integrated use of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients at Research farm, IGAU, Raipur (CG). In all 12 treatments, comprising of different N, P and K levels and its conjunction with organic fertilizers were laid out in Randomized Block Design with 3 replications. The results revealed that application of inorganic fertilizer level of 150:80:60 kg NPK ha-1 significantly increased number of active leaf, leaf area, leaf area index and dry matter accumulation at later stages as compared to lower level of inorganic fertilizer. The conjunction of 100:60:40 kg NPK ha-1 along with PM or N blended with CDU found to be equally effective to that of inorganic fertilizer level of 150:80:60 kg NPK ha-1 for above growth parameters. The chlorophyll content during crop period under above level was the highest under said treatment. The highest crop growth rate was observed between 60-90 DAT followed by 90 DAT-harvest and 30-60 DAT, respectively. The per day accumulation of dry matter during 60-90 DAT period was almost three to four times of that accumulated during 30-60 DAT. Thereafter growth rate almost declined till maturity during both the years.The increased concentration of N at different growth stages and its uptake by plant helped in increasing the yield components and grain yield. The critical analysis of grain yield observations revealed that conjunction of lower levels of inorganic fertilizer (100:60:40 or 50:30:20 kg NPK ha-1) along with CDU or PM gave the saving of 50 kg N, 20 kg P and 20 kg K ha-1 for the cultivation of hybrid rice. Moreover, the higher buildup of available N and K has been also observed under said combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer treatments. The application of 150:80:60 kg NPK ha-1 along with PSB gave the highest buildup of available phosphorus. Inorganic level of 150:80:60 kg NPK ha-1 gave the highest production efficiency and productivity rating index, which was followed by application of inorganic fertilizer of 100:60:40 kg NPK ha-1 along with PM and blending of N with CDU, respectively. The application inorganic fertilizer of 50:30:20 kg NPK ha-1 + PM gave the highest nutrient efficiency during both the years. The highest input cost, net profit and per rupee investment was found under 150:80:60 kg NPK ha-1 followed by application of 100:60:40 kg NPK ha-1 along with PM.
Effect of integrated weed management on groundnut (Arachis hypogea)
Authors: Bholane J. P. , Patil Y. R. , Bhale V. M.
Published: October 2021

An experiment on integrated weed management in groundnut (Arachis hypogea) was conducted at Department of Agronomy during 2009-10. Ten treatments which included three herbicides viz., Pendimethalin, Quizolofop ethyl, Imazethapyr with mechanical weeding were studied in Randomized Block Design. Complete weed free condition recorded highest dry pod yield (1786 kgha-1). Pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin 1.0 kg a.i./ha followed by one hand weeding at 15 days after sowing, recorded 10.8 pods/plant as against 4.97 pods/plant and 60.0 nodule per plant as against 37.5 in unweeded control. Preemergence application of Pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha followed by post-emergence Imazethapyr @ 75 g a.i./ha at 15 days after sowing increased pod yield (1255 kgha-1), shelling % and 100 kernal weight. Application of Pendimethalin recorded increased soil fungal count 16.0X104 cfu g-1, soil actinomycetes count 15.67X106 cfu g-1 and soil bacterial count 20.33X10 cfu g-1 compared to unweeded control.
Comparative study of PSB and NPK consortia affecting the yield attributes of hybrid maize
Authors: Tandon Manju , Meshram Yogesh Kumar , Dixit Rajiv
Published: October 2021

The experiment was conducted during Kharif season of 2016 for analyzing the response of different biofertilizers and varying doses of fertilizers on yield attributes of hybrid maize at Agronomy Main Research Farm, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology Bhubaneswar. The experiment was laid out in a randomised block design replicated thrice with 12 treatment combinations. Among the different liquid biofertilizer treatment combinations, the combined application of NPK consortia + RDF (T11) resulted in maximum cob length (22.2 cm), grain weight cob-1 (194.49 g), and other yield attributing characters at harvest. Similarly, application of 60 Kg P2O5 ha-1+ NPK consortia along with recommended doses of N and K, produced maximum grain yield (6.51 t ha-1) which was at par with T12, T10 and T9 and superior to all other biofertilizer management practices. Thus, under the same level of nutrients, NPK consortia proved to be the best followed by PSBII and PSBI among the three biofertilizers used for inoculation of maize seeds. This might be due to presence of all types of biofertilizers (N fixing- Azotobacter, P solubilising- Burkholderia, K solubilising- Bacillus) bacteria in NPK consortia. Combined application of inorganic source of nutrient and biological fertilizer gave the highest crop yield in this study.
Impact of foliar spray of nutrients and seed treatment on protein uptake and protein yield of lathyrus (Lathyrus sativus L.) under relay cropping system
Authors: Navaz Mo. , Ahmad Anjum , Kumar Sunil , Shrivastava G.K. , Banjare Veerendra , Verma Anil
Published: October 2021

An experiment was carried out during the Rabi season of 2016, to study the impact of foliar spray of nutrients and seed treatment on protein uptake and protein yield of lathyrus (Lathyrus sativus L.) Under relay cropping system at the Agronomy Research Farm of IGKV, Raipur.The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design with twelve treatments replicated thrice. highest cost of cultivation, gross return, net return and B:C ratio was found in treatment F5: 0.5% NPK (19:19:19) spray at branching and 15 days after 1st spray (11570.50, 29492.64, 18618.14, 1.712 Rs.ha-1, respectively), where as in case of seed treatment S2: seed treatment with Sodium molybdate @ 0.5 g kg-1 seed gave the maximum cost of cultivation, gross return, net return and B:C ratio (11308.17, 26475.39, 15583.39, 1.431 Rs.ha-1 , respectively).
Estimation of technical and allocative efficiency of cauliflower farm of Bilaspur district of Chhattisgarh state
Authors: Tegar Ajay
Published: October 2021

The study analysed the technical and allocative efficiency of cauliflower farm in Bilaspur district of Chhattisgarh, using a stochastic frontier production function. Primary data were collected from 154 farmers from 04 blocks of the district. The study revealed return to scale on cauliflower farm is positive and greater than one as 2.50 which floored the farm in stage one production surface. The study also finds that variation in output of cauliflower was due to random factor. The mean technical efficiency of the pooled sample accounted to be 96.4 per cent. The two inputs land size and seed were over utilised as locative efficiency valued less than unity while other factors fertilizer, labour and irrigation were under utilised as valued greater than unity. The study recommends adoption of new method and technology in cauliflower production. The existence of under and over utilisation of resource should be addressed effectively and efficiently by extension personnel with continuous efforts making on precision farming.
Conjunctive use of organic and inorganic nutrient management on economics and quality of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Pandey Dinesh , Ahmad Anjum , Chauhan J. K. , Pandey N.
Published: October 2021

Field investigation was carried out during kharif 2002 and 2003 at research farm, IGAU, Raipur (C.G.). The experiment aimed at comparing performance of different levels of inorganic fertilizer and its conjunction with different organic fertilizers. Results showed that application of 100:60:40 kg NPK ha-1 in conjunction with PM gave the highest value of KLAC, ER and amylose content, which was comparable to inorganic fertilizer level of 100:60:40 kg NPK ha-1 applied along with FYM or blending of N with cow dung. The hulling and milling percent was also increased under these combinations. The highest input cost, net profit and per rupee investment was found under 150:80:60 kg NPK ha-1 followed by application of 100:60:40 kg NPK ha-1 along with PM.
Effect of weather parameters on growth and yield of pigeonpea + kalmegh intercropping system
Authors: Bholane J.P. , Ahmad A. , Bhale V.M.
Published: October 2021

A field experiment was conducted at Nagarjun Medicinal Garden, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola during 2009-10 to determine suitable row proportion for pigeonpea + kalmegh intercropping system. Canopy relative humidity and canopy temperature showed decreasing pattern, with the advancement in age of the crop. Maximum thermal use efficiency (TUE) in pigeonpea and kalmegh was noticed with 2:1 (3.43 kg/ha/DºC) and 1:1 (0.72 kg/ha/DºC) row proportion. Pigeonpea showed positive correlation with morning relative humidity, while the kalmegh recorded positive correlation with evening relative humidity.