bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non‐sebaceous lymphadenoma‐like mucoepidermoid carcinoma: A case report
Authors: Sakamoto Shinnichi , Miyauchi Mutsumi , Ando Toshinori , Fujihara Megumu , Nakaguro Masato , Nagao Toshitaka , Ogawa Ikuko
Published: May 2022

Non‐sebaceous lymphadenoma is a rare benign salivary gland tumor comprised of non‐sebaceous epithelial cells and lymphoid tissue. Although its clinicopathological features have been described, its histogenesis and genetic background have not yet been elucidated. MAML2 rearrangement and the resultant CRTC1/3‐MAML2 fusion gene are well‐known specific genetic changes in mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Here, we present a case of lymphoepithelial tumor characterized by histomorphology of the non‐sebaceous lymphadenoma and CRTC1‐MAML2 fusion gene. The patient was an 83‐year‐old woman with an 8‐year history of a solid, well‐circumscribed tumor in the parotid gland. Histologically, the tumor was surrounded by thin fibrous connective tissue and was composed of tubular‐cystic and solid nests of epithelial cells equally distributed in the lymphoid tissue. The histological features were suggestive of non‐sebaceous lymphadenoma. Although the histomorphology was not consistent with mucoepidermoid carcinoma, a diagnosis of non‐sebaceous lymphadenoma‐like mucoepidermoid carcinoma was made based on the presence of the CRTC1‐MAML2 fusion gene. The histological features alone could not establish the diagnosis, and ancillary molecular analysis was required.
Hot Populism? Affective Responses to Antiestablishment Rhetoric
Authors: Schumacher Gijs , Rooduijn Matthijs , Bakker Bert N.
Published: May 2022

Populist rhetoric is often portrayed as deeply emotional, aimed at provoking gut‐level, affective responses. It clearly enthuses some voters, while other voters clearly resent it. Yet we know very little about the affective responses that populist rhetoric actually evokes. For whom is populist rhetoric, particularly its antiestablishment component, arousing, and who has positive or negative affective responses? To analyze this, we study affective responses to antiestablishment and proestablishment rhetoric. We follow the circumplex model and conceptualize affective responses as arousal (measured with skin‐conductance levels) and valence (measured with facial electromyography [fEMG]). We use data (N = 343) collected at different sites (a music festival, the university lab, a religious gathering, a biker festival, a museum, and a fair) and our analyses are based on a preregistered analysis plan. We find no overall differences in affective responses to antiestablishment versus proestablishment rhetoric. We do find, however, that affective responses are conditional on vote choice and education level. Specifically, the lower educated respond with more arousal, and those who vote for the populist radical right also respond with more negative valence. These effects only manifest themselves vis‐à‐vis proestablishment rhetoric and, hence, suggest an incongruency effect. This raises the question of what constitutes the populist counterframe.
The effects of fullerene on photosynthetic apparatus, chloroplast‐encoded gene expression, and nitrogen assimilation in Zea mays under cobalt stress
Authors: Ozfidan‐Konakci Ceyda , Alp Fatma Nur , Arikan Busra , Balci Melike , Parmaksizoglu Zeynep , Yildiztugay Evren , Cavusoglu Halit
Published: May 2022

Carbon nanostructures, such as the water‐soluble fullerene (FLN) derivatives, are considered perspective agents for agriculture. FLN can be a novel nano‐agent modulating plant response against stress conditions. However, the mechanism underlying the impacts of FLN on plants in agroecosystems remains unclear. Zea mays was exposed to exogenous C60‐FLN applications (FLN1: 100; FLN2: 250; and FLN3: 500 mg L−1) with/without cobalt stress (Co, 300 μM) for 3 days (d). In the maize chloroplasts, Co stress disrupted the photosynthetic efficiency and the expression of genes related to the photosystems (psaA and psbA). FLNs effectively improved the efficiency and photochemical reaction of photosystems. Co stress induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as confirmed by ROS‐specific fluorescence in guard cells. Co stress increased only chloroplastic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POX). Stress triggered oxidative damages in maize chloroplasts, measured as an increase in TBARS content. In Co‐stressed seedlings exposed to FLN1 and FLN2 exposures, the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was scavenged through the nonenzymes/enzymes‐related to the AsA‐GSH cycle by preserving ascorbate (AsA) conversion, as well as GSH/GSSG and glutathione (GSH) redox state. Also, the alleviation effect of FLN3 against stress could be attributed to increased glutathione S‐transferase (GST) activity and AsA regeneration. FLN applications reversed the inhibitory effects of Co stress on nitrogen assimilation. In maize chloroplasts, FLN increased the activities of nitrate reductase (NR), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), nitrite reductase (NiR), and glutamine synthetase (GS), which provided conversion of inorganic nitrogen (N) into organic N. The ammonium (NH4+) toxicity was removed via GS and GDH but not glutamate synthase (GOGAT). The increased NAD‐GDH (deaminating) and NADH‐GDH (aminating) activities indicated that GDH was needed more for NH4+ detoxification. Therefore, FLN exposure to Co‐stressed maize plants might play a role in N metabolism regarding the partitioning of N assimilates. Exogenous FLN conceivably removed Co toxicity by improving the expressions of genes related to reaction center proteins of photosystems, increasing the level of enzymes related to the defense system, and improving the N assimilation in maize chloroplasts.
Unknowns, Black Swans, and Bounded Rationality in Public Organizations
Authors: Feduzi Alberto , Runde Jochen , Schwarz Gary
Published: May 2022

“Unknowns” and “Black Swans” have become familiar terms in the public administration literature but tend to be used in different and often conflicting ways. This article provides a typology of the terms, develops a framework for thinking about how their elements relate, and distinguishes four varieties of the Black Swan. Using the Challenger Space Shuttle disaster, 9/11, the international withdrawal from Afghanistan, and the trade boycott associated with the Danish cartoon controversy as examples, we examine how these four varieties may arise in public sector organizations. We offer recommendations on how such organizations might reduce psychological and organizational barriers to uncovering unknowns before they can go on to become Black Swans.
How can organic farmers be good farmers? A study of categorisation in organic farmers’ talk
Authors: Lähdesmäki Merja , Vesala Kari Mikko
Published: May 2022

Conversion from conventional to organic farming is considered to indicate changes in farmers’ professional identities—more specifically, in their perceptions of the idea of a ‘good farmer’. In this study, we focus on this theme by analysing how ‘good farmer’ ideals appear when farmers who have converted to organic agriculture make sense of the differences between conventional and organic farming. Through the discursive analysis of interviews with organic farmers, we show how they categorise farmers, producing and using an evaluative division in which both organic and conventional farmers fall into two subcategories, namely, ‘practical organic farmer’, ‘idealistic organic farmer’, ‘conservative conventional farmer’ and ‘rational conventional farmer’. We argue that this categorisation, as a way to define a ‘good farmer’, enables organic farmers to create a coherent identity as ‘good farmers’ in regard to both their former conventional self and current organic self. Our study further contributes to the theoretical discussion on ‘good farmer’ by highlighting that, in addition to productivist symbols and economic viability, organic farmers also view a practical and open‐minded attitude to managing the farm as a criterion of a ‘good farmer’, thus critically distancing themselves from conservative and ideological ideals.
Determiner removal in Balinese nonpivot agents
Authors: Driemel Imke , Tebay Sören E.
Published: May 2022

Patient‐voice clauses within the symmetric voice system of Balinese disallow any extraction from the external‐argument position, while definite external arguments are blocked from occurring altogether. The former fact is traditionally taken as evidence for syntactic ergativity in Austronesian. The latter fact has recently been argued to provide evidence for postsyntactic case licensing via adjacency with the verb. In this article, we offer a simple alternative explanation for the in‐situ properties of patient‐voice agents in Balinese—one that does not make reference to case. We argue that patient‐voice heads come with a feature that triggers removal of the external argument's DP shell, resulting in the loss of a determiner and a category‐D feature that would otherwise enable extraction.
Infectious complications in acute graft‐versus‐host disease after liver transplantation
Authors: Chesdachai Supavit , Udompap Prowpanga , Yetmar Zachary A. , Watt Kymberly D. , Aqel Bashar A. , Yang Liu , Beam Elena
Published: May 2022

Graft‐versus‐hostdisease (GVHD) following liver transplantation (LT) is rare but can lead tosignificant mortality. The leading cause of death following GVHD diagnosis isinfectious complications. However, there is a lack of clear descriptions concerning infection and antimicrobial management patterns. Our study aims toprovide the focused details of all infectious complications of acute GVHDfollowing LT. We retrospectively reviewed all adult LT recipients with acute GVHD at Mayo Clinic's Transplant Centers from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2021. Detailed characteristics of infection in each case were described. Among 4,585 LTs performed during this period, 12 (0.3%) patients developed acuteGVHD. The median time from transplantation to GVHD diagnosis was 49.0 days [IQR 31.5–99.0]. Ten (83.3%) patients developed severe infections leading tomortality. The most common cause of infection was nosocomial bacteremia fromenteric bacteria such as vancomycin‐resistant enterococci and gram‐negative bacilli. Other infections included breakthrough invasive fungal infections,cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation, and Clostridioides difficile colitis. Antimicrobial prophylaxis strategies in most cases were based on the degree of neutropenia—these include levofloxacin for bacterial prophylaxis, nebulized pentamidine for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia prophylaxis, posaconazole for invasive fungal prophylaxis, and valganciclovir based on CMVstatus. All GVHD patients with severe infections succumbed to thesecomplications. Ourstudy reiterates that despite prophylaxis, infectious complications in GVHDfollowing LT are common and lead to exceptionally high mortality. Individualizedantimicrobial treatment, prophylaxis and monitoring strategies remain a criticalcomponent of GVHD management. Further study to optimize these practices isrequired.

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Introduction
Authors: Kalleberg Arne L. , Hewison Kevin , Shin Kwang-Yeong
Published: May 2022

The introduction summarizes our central theoretical argument that the extent and consequences of precarious work reflect the relative strengths or weaknesses of transnational and domestic capital and labor in Japan, South Korea, and Indonesia. Similarly, the social protections available to those in different work arrangements vary according to the domestic state’s economic, social, and political policies. This argument provides our rationale for comparing these three countries, which represent a range of Asian economies: Japan and South Korea are now developed and quite mature economies, whereas Indonesia remains a middle-income country. All three countries are political democracies and capitalist economies, allowing comparisons across economy (markets, corporations, trade) and democratic politics (parties, parliaments, civil society). The Introduction also provides an overview of the chapters in the book.
Global Capitalism, Domestic Policies, and Precarious Work
Authors: Kalleberg Arne L. , Hewison Kevin , Shin Kwang-Yeong
Published: May 2022

Chapter 3 discusses the ways in which global and domestic factors have intersected to produce the growth of precarious work and inequality in these three countries. The discussion identifies how exogenous factors—neoliberalization and the dynamics of global capitalism, and the processes of hyperglobalization, production, and investment—and endogenous factors associated with the historical relationships between labor, capital, and the state operate to shape economic systems, industrialization, labor markets, and regulatory environments. These global and domestic forces shape the nature and consequences of precarious work in the three countries.
Precarious Work, Wages, and Social Protections
Authors: Kalleberg Arne L. , Hewison Kevin , Shin Kwang-Yeong
Published: May 2022

Workers in precarious jobs are more likely to be poor. Inequality between regular and nonregular workers and for informal workers remains high even when the social wage, including benefits and social protections, is considered. The relationship between nonregular work arrangements and labor market outcomes such as wages, inequalities, and poverty is examined. Data on poverty in each country are presented, showing how the poverty rate differs by work arrangement. Emphasis is placed on the macrostructural factors that shape labor market institutions (especially unions and collective bargaining, and minimum wage laws) and social protections (health insurance, retirement and pension benefits, unemployment insurance benefits, and labor laws).
Precarious Work
Authors: Kalleberg Arne L. , Hewison Kevin , Shin Kwang-Yeong
Published: May 2022

Chapter 6 discusses labor politics in Japan, South Korea, and Indonesia. The emphasis is on responses by labor, civil society, and governments to precarious work, inequality, and poverty. In Japan the political dominance of the Liberal Democratic Party and a union focus on regular workers has made it difficult for unions to press for labor laws and social protections that better support nonregular workers. Civil society activism regarding workers has been limited. Greater competition among political parties in South Korea has enabled unions and civil society organizations to ally themselves with unions and some political parties to push for labor reforms. In Indonesia organized labor, sometimes working with civil society organizations, made some important gains through democratization after 1998. Labor also pushed for the expansion of welfare but has been weakened in recent years and has become ineffectual in pressuring governments.
Introduction
Authors: Mirsepassi Ali
Published: May 2022

The introduction sets the stage for the subsequent reinterpretation of Iranian nationalism by revisiting the motivations for Reza Shah’s 1935 decision to change the name of what was then Persia to Iran. It questions the historiographical tendency to view the name change and broader nationalist attitudes of the interwar era as having been motivated by an Aryanizing impulse imported from Germany. It is in this vein that the introduction situates the intellectual impact of Taghi Arani, a radical cosmopolitan thinker of Iran in the twentieth century.
Arani’s Early Writings
Authors: Mirsepassi Ali
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses Arani’s early years in Berlin with an eye toward individuals and institutions formative to his political outlook, chief among them Hossein Kazemzadeh and the German orientalist Friedrich Rosen. It offers a close analysis of Arani’s early writings on the social function of the Persian language and its potential role in unifying the modern Iranian nation.
For a Radical Cosmopolitan Iran
Authors: Mirsepassi Ali
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses Arani’s publication of Donya magazine and the political tenets central to its editorial outlook. It does so by analyzing Arani’s statements on Donya’s mission and his editorials on its initial reception in Iran. These self-reflective statements offer insight into how Arani conceptualized the political function of Iranian intellectuals in terms of their potential for introducing the idiom of revolutionary change into public consciousness.
Conclusion
Authors: Mirsepassi Ali
Published: May 2022

The last section of the book discusses the importance of Arani’s thought to Iran today. Arani’s radical cosmopolitan vision encouraged a sense of historical appreciation for Iran’s pre- and post-Islamic past, while retaining a forward-looking embrace of the modern moment.
Introduction
Authors: Choi Tina Young
Published: May 2022

Sometimes understood as a timeless, essential component of human existence, contingency was central to scientific, literary, and historical writing in nineteenth-century Britain. As a hinge between cause and effect, past and future, contingency often took material form and allowed writers and publishers to shape experimental representational practices across a range of narrative and visual genres. These engagements with contingency drew on the period’s new statistical and thermodynamic sciences, its renegotiations of faith and belief, a secularizing vocabulary of chance and causation, as well as an expanding print culture.
Anticipations of an Unpredictable Future
Authors: Choi Tina Young
Published: May 2022

The life insurance industry that emerged in Britain in the first half of the nineteenth century encouraged the public to regard human life as contingent. Charles Babbage’s early work as an actuary and his 1826 volume on life insurance, often overlooked, in fact informed his later efforts. His turn from his plans for the Difference Engine, whose calculations plotted a linear future, toward his more complex Analytical Engine, registered his ambitions to construct a machine capable of responding to a contingent future. His later writings on natural theology and his personal scrapbook analyzed the ways contingency might be encoded in material records, in newspaper fragments, the natural world, or in a computing engine’s numerical output.
The Pleasures of Undetermined Futures
Authors: Choi Tina Young
Published: May 2022

Victorian pastimes undid historical and literary foreknowledge of outcomes. They took pleasure in suspending certainty and closure through their novels, entertainments, and scientific pursuits.
China's Rise in the Global South
Authors: Murphy Dawn C.
Published: May 2022

As China and the U.S. increasingly compete for power in key areas of U.S. influence, great power conflict looms. Yet few studies have looked to the Middle East and Africa, regions of major political, economic, and military importance for both China and the U.S., to theorize how China competes in a changing world system.
China's Rise in the Global South examines China's behavior as a rising power in two key Global South regions, the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa. Dawn C. Murphy, drawing on extensive fieldwork and hundreds of interviews, compares and analyzes thirty years of China's interactions with these regions across a range of functional areas: political, economic, foreign aid, and military. From the Belt and Road initiative to the founding of new cooperation forums and special envoys, China's Rise in the Global South offers an in-depth look at China's foreign policy approach to the countries it considers its partners in South-South cooperation.
Intervening in the emerging debate between liberals and realists about China's future as a great power, Murphy contends that China is constructing an alternate international order to interact with these regions, and this book provides policymakers and scholars of international relations with the tools to analyze it.
Introduction
Authors: Murphy Dawn C.
Published: May 2022

This chapter provides a high-level overview of the importance of studying China in the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa to understand China as a rising power globally. It then introduces the approach, argument, and structure of the book.
The Analytical Approach
Authors: Murphy Dawn C.
Published: May 2022

This chapter situates the book in the broader literature examining China as a rising power and defines the terms used throughout the book, including international order. It introduces the methodological approach of the book of exploring the degree to which China competes or cooperates with the United States and how its behavior diverges from or converges with elements of the liberal international order.
What Does China Want in the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa?
Authors: Murphy Dawn C.
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores China's post–Cold War interests in the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa: promoting its domestic economic growth through access to resources and markets, fostering support for it in the international arena, ensuring its domestic stability, advocating for developing country causes, safeguarding its citizens and businesses abroad, and protecting its territorial integrity and sovereignty from the United States. Changes in China’s interests over time are discussed. These interests shape the international order China is constructing and how it is building spheres of influence. They also provide insights into why and how China is competing in the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa and how it differentiates itself from other great powers.
Competing With Cooperation Forums?
Authors: Murphy Dawn C.
Published: May 2022

Cooperation forums (China–Arab States Cooperation Forum- CASCF and Forum on China-Africa Cooperation-FOCAC) are China’s primary multilateral mechanisms to coordinate economic, political, and security relations with the Middle East and Africa. China's political behavior is competitive, excluding the United States and encouraging South-South cooperation in opposition to the developed world. China's advocacy for the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence diverges from the Western liberal political order. Economic behavior in the forums is also competitive, excluding the United States and facilitating significant Chinese state support for companies. This behavior diverges from the liberal order's emphasis on free markets and limited state intervention in the economy. China's foreign aid behavior contains elements of competition and divergence. It diverges from the liberal order due to its lack of political conditionality.
Making Friends and Building Influence?
Authors: Murphy Dawn C.
Published: May 2022

The political behavior discussed in this chapter (United Nations Security Council voting and strategic partnerships) is competitive with the United States, but sometimes China is competing inside the liberal international order and sometimes outside it. Through its political behavior, China differentiates itself from the United States and other Western great powers with its emphasis on South-South cooperation, defense of sovereignty against foreign intervention and interference, and focus on aid and sharing its experiences as a developing country. China's UN Security Council voting is competitive with the United States and diverges from the liberal order in its staunch defense of sovereignty through the Five Principle of Peaceful Coexistence. China converges with the liberal order by supporting multilateral mechanisms to resolve the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. In contrast, China's strategic partnerships are norm neutral.
Cooperating for Peace and Security?
Authors: Murphy Dawn C.
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines China's United Nations peacekeeping operations (UNPKO), conventional arms sales, antipiracy activities, and its military base in Djibouti. Its security behavior in these regions today is mostly cooperative and norm convergent with the liberal order. China stresses the need to use multilateral mechanisms such as the United Nations to address hot spots and threats to peace and security. Its conventional arms sales to these regions is minimal. Although China's base in Djibouti may be competitive, it is norm neutral and in alignment with the practice of great powers establishing military bases to protect their regional interest. All of China's military behavior in these regions today conforms to the rules of the liberal order. In contrast with the Mao era, China is not attempting to create its own military rules.
Belt and Road and China’s Relations with the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Murphy Dawn C.
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines what the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is and how it relates to China's approach to the Middle East and Africa. It then analyzes specific foreign policy tools encompassed by BRI. Overall, China's behavior through Belt and Road is competitive, but some elements are norm convergent and some norm divergent. China competes inside and outside the economic and political order with various foreign policy tools supporting BRI (e.g., cooperation forums, state support for Chinese companies, aid, free trade agreements, special economic zones, agricultural demonstration centers, strategic partnerships, antipiracy, UN peacekeeping operations, and China's base in Djibouti). Through Belt and Road and the foreign policy tools used to support the initiative, China is building a new order that reflects its values. China portrays itself as a driver of connectivity, development, trade, and globalization as it defends sovereignty and advocates for developing country causes.
Conclusion
Authors: Murphy Dawn C.
Published: May 2022

This chapter answers the following questions: What are China's interests in the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa? How have they changed over time? How is China cooperating or competing with the United States in these regions? How is China's behavior converging with or diverging from liberal international norms? How does China's behavior vary across functional areas and regions? Since the beginning of the Arab awakening, how has China's behavior toward these regions changed? Is increasing competition between the United States and China affecting China's behavior in the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa? Is China building an alternate international order in these regions? If yes, what are the characteristics of that order?
The effect of acute intradermal administration of ascorbate on heat loss responses in older adults with uncomplicated controlled hypertension
Authors: Fujii Naoto , Meade Robert D. , Schmidt Madison D. , King Kelli E. , Boulay Pierre , Ruzicka Marcel , Amano Tatsuro , Kenny Glen P.
Published: May 2022

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Does acute intradermal administration of the antioxidant ascorbate augment local forearm cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating via nitric oxide synthase (NOS)‐dependent mechanisms during exercise‐heat stress in older adults with uncomplicated controlled hypertension?

What is the main finding and its importance?

Relative to the control site, ascorbate had no effect on forearm cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) and sweat rate, although CVC was reduced with NOS inhibition in older adults with hypertension. Acute local administration of ascorbate to forearm skin does not modulate heat loss responses during exercise‐heat stress in older adults with hypertension.

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) contributes to the heat loss responses of cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating during exercise. However, the contribution of NOS may be attenuated in individuals with uncomplicated, controlled hypertension due to elevated oxidative stress, which can reduce NO bioavailability. We evaluated the hypothesis that the acute local intradermal administration of the antioxidant ascorbate would enhance cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating via NOS‐dependent mechanisms during an exercise‐heat stress in adults with hypertension. Habitually active adults who were normotensive (n = 14, 7 females, 62 ± 4 years) or had uncomplicated, controlled hypertension (n = 13, 6 females, 62 ± 5 years) performed 30 min of moderate‐intensity (50% of their pre‐determined peak oxygen uptake) semi‐recumbent cycling in the heat (35°C, 20% relative humidity). Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) and sweat rate were assessed at four forearm skin sites continuously perfused with (1) lactated Ringer solution (Control), (2) 10 mM antioxidant ascorbate, (3) 10 mM NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME), a non‐selective NOS inhibitor, or (4) a combination of ascorbate and l‐NAME. Relative to Control, no effect of ascorbate was observed on CVC or sweating in either group (P = 0.619). However, l‐NAME reduced CVC relative to Control in both groups (P ≤ 0.038). No effect of any treatment on sweating was observed (P ≥ 0.306). Thus, acute local administration of ascorbate to forearm skin does not enhance the activation of heat loss responses of cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating in older adults, and those with hypertension during an exercise‐heat stress.
Insights on gastrointestinal motility through the use of optogenetic sensors and actuators
Authors: Drumm Bernard T. , Cobine Caroline A. , Baker Salah A.
Published: May 2022

The muscularis of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract consists of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and various populations of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), platelet‐derived growth factor receptor α+ (PDGFRα+) cells, as well as excitatory and inhibitory enteric motor nerves. SMCs, ICC and PDGFRα+ cells form an electrically coupled syncytium, which together with inputs from the enteric nervous system (ENS) regulates GI motility. Early studies evaluating Ca2+ signalling behaviours in the GI tract relied upon indiscriminate loading of tissues with Ca2+ dyes. These methods lacked the means to study activity in specific cells of interest without encountering contamination from other cells within the preparation. Development of mice expressing optogenetic sensors (green calmodulin fusion protein (GCaMP), red calmodulin fusion protein (RCaMP)) has allowed visualization of Ca2+ signalling behaviours in a cell specific manner. Additionally, availability of mice expressing optogenetic modulators (channelrhodopsins or halorhodospins) has allowed manipulation of specific signalling pathways using light. GCaMP‐expressing animals have been used to characterize Ca2+ signalling behaviours of distinct classes of ICC and SMCs throughout the GI musculature. These findings illustrate how Ca2+ signalling in ICC is fundamental in GI muscles, contributing to tone in sphincters, pacemaker activity in rhythmic muscles and relaying enteric signals to SMCs. Animals that express channelrhodopsin in specific neuronal populations have been used to map neural circuitry and to examine post junctional neural effects on GI motility. Thus, optogenetic approaches provide a novel means to examine the contribution of specific cell types to the regulation of motility patterns within complex multi‐cellular systems.

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Remote ischaemic preconditioning – translating cardiovascular benefits to humans
Authors: Lang James A. , Kim Jahyun
Published: May 2022

Remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC), induced by intermittent periods of limb ischaemia and reperfusion, confers cardiac and vascular protection from subsequent ischaemia–reperfusion (IR) injury. Early animal studies reliably demonstrate that RIPC attenuated infarct size and preserved cardiac tissue. However, translating these adaptations to clinical practice in humans has been challenging. Large clinical studies have found inconsistent results with respect to RIPC eliciting IR injury protection or improving clinical outcomes. Follow‐up studies have implicated several factors that potentially affect the efficacy of RIPC in humans such as age, fitness, frequency, disease state and interactions with medications. Thus, realizing the clinical potential for RIPC may require a human experimental model where confounding factors are more effectively controlled and underlying mechanisms can be further elucidated. In this review, we highlight recent experimental findings in the peripheral circulation that have added valuable insight on the mechanisms and clinical benefit of RIPC in humans. Central to this discussion is the critical role of timing (i.e. immediate vs. delayed effects following a single bout of RIPC) and the frequency of RIPC. Limited evidence in humans has demonstrated that repeated bouts of RIPC over several days uniquely improves vascular function beyond that observed with a single bout alone. Since changes in resistance vessel and microvascular function often precede symptoms and diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, repeated bouts of RIPC may be promising as a preclinical intervention to prevent or delay cardiovascular disease progression.

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Effect of Different Forms of Silver on Biological Objects
Authors: Antsiferova A. A. , Kashkarov P. K. , Koval’chuk M. V.
Published: May 2022

Silver has been known since ancient times on account of its pronounced antiseptic properties. Currently, its antibacterial, antiviral, and fungicidal properties are highly desired in the food and cosmetic industries, in medicine, and pharmacology. Silver exhibits toxic effects not only on pathogenic organisms but also on healthy cells. Over the past 20 years, nanosilver, a new form of silver, has been introduced in various areas of industry. The transition to the nanoscale form results in the revision of standard approaches to items, including those based on this element, and the emergence of such a novel research area as nanosafety. In this review, we address the history of using different forms of silver, the mechanisms of its interaction with living cells, toxic properties, biokinetic parameters, capability for accumulation in different organs, effects on cognitive functions, and the clinically known argyrosis condition. Relevant publications are critically analyzed and conclusions are drawn. The broader incorporation of such a weakly biophilic element as silver in the biosphere and ecosphere calls for our understanding of biochemical processes underlying the interaction of this element, in its different forms, with living cells and multicellular organisms.
Carbon Nanoparticles as Promising Neuroprotectors: Pro et Contra. I. Functionalization and Toxicity
Authors: Bolshakova O. I. , Slobodina A. D. , Sarantseva S. V.
Published: May 2022

Such carbon structures as fullerenes, endofullerenes, nanotubes, nanodiamonds, and graphenes, which were discovered over recent decades, possess a number of unique properties and can become the basis for the design of a new class of neuroprotective agents; however, despite years of research, this has not happened yet. In the first part of the review, the significance of the functionalization of carbon nanoparticles for their use in biology and medicine is described, and the data on their toxicity are also discussed. The second part presents the works of Russian and foreign scientists demonstrating the neuroprotective properties of carbon nanoparticles and the possibilities of their application in neurobiology and neurology. The successful experience of such experiments is described and the existing problems are indicated.
Carbon Nanoparticles as Promising Neuroprotectors: Pro et Contra. II. Application of Carbon Nanoparticles in Neurobiology and Neurology
Authors: Bolshakova O. I. , Slobodina A. D. , Sarantseva S. V.
Published: May 2022

Such carbon structures as fullerenes, endofullerenes, nanotubes, nanodiamonds, and graphenes, which were discovered over the past few decades, possess a number of unique properties and could become the basis for the design of a new class of neuroprotective agents; however, despite years of research, this has not happened yet. In the first part of the review, the significance of the functionalization of carbon nanoparticles for their use in biology and medicine is described, and the data on their toxicity are also discussed. The second part presents the works of Russian and foreign scientists demonstrating the neuroprotective properties of carbon nanoparticles and the possibilities of their application in neurobiology and neurology. The proven experience of such experiments is described and the existing problems are indicated.
Universal Casimir interactions in the sphere–sphere geometry
Authors: Schoger Tanja , Spreng Benjamin , Ingold Gert-Ludwig , Lambrecht Astrid , Maia Neto Paulo A. , Reynaud Serge
Published: May 2022

We study universal Casimir interactions in two configurations which appear as dual to each other. The first involves spheres described by the Drude model and separated by vacuum while the second involves dielectric spheres immersed in a salted solution at distances larger than the Debye screening length. In both cases, the long-distance limit, equivalently the high-temperature limit, is dominated by the effect of low-frequency transverse magnetic thermal fluctuations. They are independent of the details of dielectric functions of materials, due to the finite conductivity of metals in the former case and of salted water in the latter one. They also show universality properties in their dependence on geometric dimensions in relation to an approximate conformal invariance of the reduced free energy.
Quantum vacuum phenomena in various backgrounds
Authors: Flachi Antonino
Published: May 2022

In this paper, we will review, through various examples, some ideas connecting the physics of the quantum vacuum and the Casimir effect with the mechanism of symmetry breaking in different backgrounds. In the first example, we will discuss how the quantum vacuum energy is altered by the presence of nonlinearities in the underlying quantum field theory in a way that depends on the spatial dimensionality, as dictated by the Mermin–Wagner–Hohenberg–Coleman theorem. In the second example, we will explore how the combination of boundary effects and (discrete) chiral symmetry breaking can affect the thermodynamical behavior of a system of interacting fermions, and how this is reflected on the Casimir force. Even in the simplest setup of two parallel plates, two interesting things happen: first, the order of the transition through which discrete chiral symmetry may be broken/restored changes from second-order for infinitely large separation to first-order for a finite separation between the boundaries. Second, a peculiar behavior in the fermion condensate occurs, resulting in the appearance of two different phases (massless and massive) in the Casimir force. In the third example, we will also be concerned with the Casimir effect on an interacting fermion background over a string of finite length. Using a self-consistent method, we will show how a nontrivial behavior in the Casimir force arises, displaying a switch from an attractive to a repulsive regime, as a result of the competing effects due to the usual attractive Casimir force and a repulsive component coming from the condensate.
Dynamic Analysis of FGM Plate Under Moving Load Considering Effect of Temperature
Authors: Tran Minh Thi , Tran Quang Sy , Suzuki Takayuki , Cuong-Le Thanh , Luong Van Hai
Published: May 2022

The paper used the moving element method (MEM) to analyze the dynamics of the functionally graded material (FGM) plate under the moving load considering the effect of temperature. To calculate the displacement of the plate, the study applied the Mindlin plate theory. A nine-node isoparametric element, each with five degrees of freedom, is used to model the plate element. According to the MEM, the equation of motion of the FGM plate is established based on the principle of virtual work and on a coordinate system that moves along with the moving load. The temperature field is assumed to be constant in the plane and varies across the plate thickness. By solving the governing equation of temperature transfer, it is possible to obtain a temperature distribution function. Both mechanical strain and temperature-induced strain are considered to determine plate strain. Numerical results were surveyed with different parameters and compared with published results to verify the reliability of the model. It is found that temperature significantly affects the dynamic response of the FGM plate. This study shows that the displacement of the plate increases when the temperature increase.
New Approaches to Extract Information From Posts on COVID-19 Published on Reddit
Authors: Bonifazi Gianluca , Corradini Enrico , Ursino Domenico , Virgili Luca
Published: May 2022

In the last two years, we have seen a huge number of debates and discussions on COVID-19 in social media. Many authors have analyzed these debates on Facebook and Twitter, while very few ones have considered Reddit. In this paper, we focus on this social network and propose three approaches to extract information from posts on COVID-19 published in it. The first performs a semi-automatic and dynamic classification of Reddit posts. The second automatically constructs virtual subreddits, each characterized by homogeneous themes. The third automatically identifies virtual communities of users with homogeneous themes. The three approaches represent an advance over the past literature. In fact, the latter lacks studies regarding classification algorithms capable of outlining the differences among the thousands of posts on COVID-19 in Reddit. Analogously, it lacks approaches able to build virtual subreddits with homogeneous topics or virtual communities of users with common interests.
Finite Element Simulation and Experiments of Laminated Cu Cladding Fe Sheet During Cold Rolling Bonding
Authors: Dong Liang , Sang Xiong , Hao Wu
Published: May 2022

ABAQUS was used to simulate the laminated Cu cladding Fe sheet during cold rolling, combining theoretical calculations, and the orthogonal test method was adopted. Meanwhiles, the rolling stress was taken as a consideration index to investigate the cold rolling processing rate, rolling speed, friction factor (upper roller), and friction factor (lower roller) 4, the best process parameters of layered metal copper/steel cold-rolled composite are selected. The results show that the cold-rolling processing rate is 52%, the rolling speed is 75 m/min, and the roller friction factor is 0.2 is the best process parameter. At this time, the rolling stress is small, and the bonding quality is the best. Cu cladding Fe sheet of the above-mentioned production process was taken into annealing experiments, SEM and an energy spectrometer were applied to photograph the surface morphology and the element distribution. The interface thickness was calculated by the diffusion distance of Fe and Cu elements, and the interface morphology and mechanical properties were combined for judgment. The results show that the annealing temperature is [Formula: see text]C and the bonding condition is the best under the condition of 4[Formula: see text]h heat preservation.
Improving Crop Nitrogen Use Efficiency Toward Sustainable Green Revolution
Authors: Liu Qian , Wu Kun , Song Wenzhen , Zhong Nan , Wu Yunzhe , Fu Xiangdong
Published: May 2022

The Green Revolution of the 1960s improved crop yields in part through the widespread cultivation of semidwarf plant varieties, which resist lodging but require a high-nitrogen (N) fertilizer input. Because environmentally degrading synthetic fertilizer use underlies current worldwide cereal yields, future agricultural sustainability demands enhanced N use efficiency (NUE). Here, we summarize the current understanding of how plants sense, uptake, and respond to N availability in the model plants that can be used to improve sustainable productivity in agriculture. Recent progress in unlocking the genetic basis of NUE within the broader context of plant systems biology has provided insights into the coordination of plant growth and nutrient assimilation and inspired the implementation of a new breeding strategy to cut fertilizer use in high-yield cereal crops. We conclude that identifying fresh targets for N sensing and response in crops would simultaneously enable improved grain productivity and NUE to launch a new Green Revolution and promote future food security.
Into the Shadows and Back into Sunlight: Photosynthesis in Fluctuating Light
Authors: Long Stephen P. , Taylor Samuel H. , Burgess Steven J. , Carmo-Silva Elizabete , Lawson Tracy , De Souza Amanda P. , Leonelli Lauriebeth , Wang Yu
Published: May 2022

Photosynthesis is an important remaining opportunity for further improvement in the genetic yield potential of our major crops. Measurement, analysis, and improvement of leaf CO2 assimilation ( A) have focused largely on photosynthetic rates under light-saturated steady-state conditions. However, in modern crop canopies of several leaf layers, light is rarely constant, and the majority of leaves experience marked light fluctuations throughout the day. It takes several minutes for photosynthesis to regain efficiency in both sun-shade and shade-sun transitions, costing a calculated 10–40% of potential crop CO2 assimilation. Transgenic manipulations to accelerate the adjustment in sun-shade transitions have already shown a substantial productivity increase in field trials. Here, we explore means to further accelerate these adjustments and minimize these losses through transgenic manipulation, gene editing, and exploitation of natural variation. Measurement andanalysis of photosynthesis in sun-shade and shade-sun transitions are explained. Factors limiting speeds of adjustment and how they could be modified to effect improved efficiency are reviewed, specifically nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ), Rubisco activation, and stomatal responses.
Spindle Assembly and Mitosis in Plants
Authors: Liu Bo , Lee Yuh-Ru Julie
Published: May 2022

In contrast to well-studied fungal and animal cells, plant cells assemble bipolar spindles that exhibit a great deal of plasticity in the absence of structurally defined microtubule-organizing centers like the centrosome. While plants employ some evolutionarily conserved proteins to regulate spindle morphogenesis and remodeling, many essential spindle assembly factors found in vertebrates are either missing or not required for producing the plant bipolar microtubule array. Plants also produce proteins distantly related to their fungal and animal counterparts to regulate critical events such as the spindle assembly checkpoint. Plant spindle assembly initiates with microtubule nucleation on the nuclear envelope followed by bipolarization into the prophase spindle. After nuclear envelope breakdown, kinetochore fibers are assembled and unified into the spindle apparatus with convergent poles. Of note, compared to fungal and animal systems, relatively little is known about how plant cells remodel the spindle microtubule array during anaphase. Uncovering mitotic functions of novel proteins for spindle assembly in plants will illuminate both common and divergent mechanisms employed by different eukaryotic organisms to segregate genetic materials.