bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glycerol as a Building Block for Prochiral Aminoketone, N‐Formamide, and N‐Methyl Amine Synthesis
Authors: Dai Xingchao , Rabeah Jabor , Yuan Hangkong , Brückner Angelika , Cui Xinjiang , Shi Feng
Published: October 2016

Prochiral aminoketones are key intermediates for the synthesis of optically active amino alcohols, and glycerol is one of the main biomass‐based alcohols available in industry. In this work, glycerol was catalytically activated and purposefully converted with amines to generate highly valuable prochiral aminoketones, as well as N‐formamides and N‐methyl amines, over CuNiAlOx catalyst. The catalyst structure can be anticipated as nano‐Ni species on or in CuAlOx via the formation of nano‐ Cu−Ni alloy particles. This concept may present a novel and valuable methodology for glycerol utilization.
Thermally Triggered Phase Separation of Organic Electrolyte–Cellulose Solutions
Authors: de Oliveira Heitor F. N. , Clough Matthew T. , Rinaldi Roberto
Published: October 2016

Organic electrolyte solutions (OES)—binary mixtures of an ionic liquid (IL) with a neutral polar aprotic co‐solvent—are being recognized as excellent candidate solvents for the dissolution, derivatization, and sustainable processing of cellulose. These solutions exhibit the beneficially combined properties of rapid‐to‐instantaneous cellulose dissolution, raised thermal stability, and reduced viscosity, compared to cellulose solutions in the parent ILs. Herein, we report the reversible, thermally triggered phase separation of cellulose solutions in 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate with 1,3‐dimethyl‐2‐imidazolidinone. In these solutions, cellulose drives the process of phase separation, resulting in a lower, IL‐rich layer in which the biopolymer is segregated. In turn, the upper phase is enriched in the neutral co‐solvent. We show that the temperature of phase separation can be fine‐tuned by modification of mole fractions of IL, co‐solvent, and cellulose. This finding holds promise for the design of strategies for separation and solvent recycling in cellulose chemistry.
Efficient PKC inhibitor screening achieved using a quantitative CE‐LIF assay
Authors: Nguyen Binh Thanh , Park Min , Pyun Jae‐Chul , Yoo Young Sook , Kang Min‐Jung
Published: October 2016

An assay for protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) activity based on the quantification of a synthetic substrate using capillary electrophoresis with laser‐induced fluorescence detection was developed. The peptides labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate F‐ERK (where ERK is extracellular signal‐regulated kinase) and the phosphorylated form, P‐F‐ERK, were utilized for the method development and validation. The migration time of F‐ERK and P‐F‐ERK were 6.3 ± 0.1 and 8.7 ± 0.2 min, respectively. LOD and LOQ values of F‐ERK were 2 and 6 ng/mL and those of P‐F‐ERK were 4 and 12 ng/mL. The correlation coefficients obtained from two standard curves were approximately 0.99. The reproducibility and accuracy of the method for F‐ERK ranged 1.5–4.7 and 86–109%, respectively, and those for P‐F‐ERK were 1.6–6.1 and 93–109%, respectively. The activity of PKCδ was studied in vitro using the human gastric cancer cell line MKN‐1. The use of PKCδ inhibitor candidates, including Gӧ6983, bisindolylmaleimide II, staurosporine, and rottlerin in the assay resulted in IC50 values of 50 nM, 15 nM, 795 nM, and 4 μM, respectively. Comparison of our assay with a commercial PKC kit revealed that our assay is more adaptable to differing enzyme isoforms. This method has potential for high throughput screening for kinase inhibitors as part of a drug discovery program.
Recent advances in CE‐MS coupling: Instrumentation, methodology, and applications
Authors: Týčová Anna , Ledvina Vojtěch , Klepárník Karel
Published: October 2016

This review focuses on the latest development of microseparation electromigration methods in capillaries and microfluidic devices coupled with MS for detection and identification of important analytes. It is a continuation of the review article on the same topic by Kleparnik (Electrophoresis 2015, 36, 159–178). A wide selection of 161 relevant articles covers the literature published from June 2014 till May 2016. New improvements in the instrumentation and methodology of MS interfaced with capillary or microfluidic versions of zone electrophoresis, isotachophoresis, and isoelectric focusing are described in detail. The most frequently implemented MS ionization methods include electrospray ionization, matrix‐assisted desorption/ionization and inductively coupled plasma ionization. Although the main attention is paid to the development of instrumentation and methodology, representative examples illustrate also applications in the proteomics, glycomics, metabolomics, biomarker research, forensics, pharmacology, food analysis, and single‐cell analysis. The combinations of MS with capillary versions of electrochromatography, and micellar electrokinetic chromatography are not included.
Evaluating a process‐based model for use in streambank stabilization: insights on the Bank Stability and Toe Erosion Model (BSTEM)
Authors: Klavon Kate , Fox Garey , Guertault Lucie , Langendoen Eddy , Enlow Holly , Miller Ron , Khanal Anish
Published: October 2016

Streambank retreat is a complex cyclical process involving subaerial processes, fluvial erosion, seepage erosion, and geotechnical failures and is driven by several soil properties that themselves are temporally and spatially variable. Therefore, it can be extremely challenging to predict and model the erosion and consequent retreat of streambanks. However, modeling streambank retreat has many important applications, including the design and assessment of mitigation strategies for stream revitalization and stabilization. In order to highlight the current complexities of modeling streambank retreat and to suggest future research areas, this paper reviewed one of the most comprehensive streambank retreat models available, the Bank Stability and Toe Erosion Model (BSTEM), which has recently been integrated with several popular hydrodynamic and sediment transport models including the Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System (HEC‐RAS). The objectives of this paper were to: (i) comprehensively review studies that have utilized BSTEM and report their findings, (ii) address the limitations of the model so that it can be applied appropriately in its current form, and (iii) suggest directions of research that will help make the model a more useful tool in future applications. The paper includes an extensive overview of peer reviewed studies to guide future users of BSTEM. The review demonstrated that the model needs further testing and evaluation outside of the central United States. Also, further development is needed in terms of accounting for spatial and temporal variability in geotechnical and fluvial erodibility parameters, incorporating subaerial processes, and accounting for the influence of riparian vegetation on streambank pore‐water pressure dynamics, applied shear stress, and erodibility parameters. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An ALE approach to mechano‐chemical processes in fluid–structure interactions
Authors: Yang Yifan , Richter Thomas , Jäger Willi , Neuss‐Radu Maria
Published: October 2016

Mathematical modeling and simulation of fluid–structure interaction problems are in the focus of research already for a longer period. However, taking into account also chemical reactions, leading to structural changes, including changes of mechanical properties of the solid phase, is rather new but for many applications is highly important area. This paper formulates a model system for reactive flow and transport in a vessel system, the penetration of chemical substances into the solid wall. Inside the wall, reactions take place that lead to changes of volume and of the mechanical properties of the wall. Numerical algorithms are developed and used to simulate the dynamics of such a mechano‐chemical fluid–structure interaction problem. As a proof of concept scenario, plaque formation in blood vessels is chosen. The arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian approach (ALE) is chosen to solve the systems numerically. Temporal discretization of the fully coupled monolithic model is accomplished by backward Euler scheme and spatial discretization by stabilized finite elements. The numerical approach is verified by numerical tests, and effective methods to maintain mesh qualities under large deformations are described. For realistic system parameters, the simulations show that the plaque formation in blood vessel is a long‐time effect. The time scale of the formation is in the simulation of comparable order as in reality. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconfiguring the Reading Experience: Using Pop‐Culture Texts to Shift Reading Narratives
Authors: Hall Leigh A.
Published: October 2016

Most people have struggled with reading in one situation or another, depending on their appreciation for the content, their prior experiences, and the texts. This department column shares ways for educators to help literacy learners unlock their potential with instruction anchored in their skills, knowledge, ways of learning, interests, and attitudes.
TreeExp1.0: R Package for Analyzing Expression Evolution Based on RNA‐Seq Data
Authors: Ruan Hang , Su Zhixi , Gu Xun
Published: October 2016

Recent innovation of RNA‐seq technology has shed insightful light on the transcriptomic evolution studies, especially on researches of tissue‐specific expression evolution. Phylogenetic analysis of transcriptome data may help to identify causal gene expression differences underlying the evolutionary changes in morphological, physiological, and developmental characters of interest. However, there is a deficiency of software to phylogenetically analyze transcriptome data. To address this need, we have developed an R package TreeExp that can perform comparative expression evolution analysis based on RNA‐seq data, which includes optimized input formatting, normalization, pairwise expression distance estimation, expression character tree inference, and preliminary expression phylogenetic network analysis. TreeExp also enables user to map expression distance onto a customized phylogenetic tree. By applying TreeExp on two cases of mammalian gene expression evolution, we observed that (1) expression trees of brain and testis are largely consistent with known mammalian species tree with minor discrepancies; (2) intertissues expression divergences (brain and testis) are more substantial than interspecies expression divergences across mammalian species; and (3) expression pattern of gene modules related to nervous system development exhibits specific expression pattern in brain of primates compared to housekeeping genes. These tissue‐specific expression patterns might give insights underlying evo‐devo mechanisms of complex organisms. TreeExp is released under the GPL v3 open source license, and its current stable version 1.0 is freely available at the Github developer site (https://github.com/hr1912/TreeExp).
Humble Leadership: Implications for Psychological Safety and Follower Engagement
Authors: Walters Kayla N. , Diab Dalia L.
Published: October 2016

Humility has emerged as a focus of leadership research in recent years, culminating with the theory of humble leadership. The current study added to the humble leadership literature by examining the relations among leader humility, psychological safety, and employee engagement. The study particularly examined the three constructs in the context of a mediational model. Data were collected from 140 workers who reported their perceptions of their immediate supervisor's humility, as well as their own psychological safety and work engagement. Results showed that the relation between humble leadership and employee engagement was fully mediated by psychological safety. Thus, by acknowledging limitations and mistakes, recognizing followers’ strengths and contributions, and modeling teachability, leaders can create an environment in which followers can act without fear of negative ramifications and can fully engage in their work.
Leading for Long‐Term Performance: Matching the Behavior to the Situation
Authors: Bazigos Michael N.
Published: October 2016

Is there one right way to lead, or does it all “depend?” The right answer will inform the right leadership development strategy. A recent study by McKinsey & Co. using survey data collected from 165 organizations and over 365,000 respondents globally suggests that the answer is both. Two types of behavior sets emerged from organizations that enjoyed higher member perceptions of leadership effectiveness and attained higher levels of organizational health (the latter predicts long‐term financial and operational performance). We combined these into a model that prescribes a set of “baseline” behaviors that should always be evident, complemented by another set of behaviors (“situational behaviors”) that should be differentially emphasized depending on the level of organizational health. Both the content of the behavior and its relative emphasis are critical to either set. The current paper combines these into a model of organization‐wide leadership and concludes with action implications for organizations’ leadership development strategy.
More Than Rocket Science: A Case for Differentiated Leadership Development
Authors: Linenberger Stephen J. , Schmidt John
Published: October 2016

Drawing on the research of Edwin Friedman (2007) in his book, A Failure of Nerve: Leadership in the Age of the Quick Fix, we explain the importance of developing differentiated leadership in groups and organizations of all sizes and types. According to Friedman, the leadership process is plagued by the fallacies of self, expertise, and empathy. These fallacies lead to an over reliance on data, low tolerance of ambiguity, anxiety, and a superficial comfort in togetherness, all of which upset the emotional balance in the leadership process. Using examples from rocket science, biology, and social psychology, we suggest that in order to combat these common dysfunctions, leadership development programs should be aimed at developing leaders who represent a nonanxious, self‐regulating presence. The goal of the current paper is to expand leadership development concepts and ideas to include practices that make groups and organizations more psychologically safe and enriching for all stakeholders.
Higher resolution cine imaging with compressed sensing for accelerated clinical left ventricular evaluation
Authors: Lin Aaron C.W. , Strugnell Wendy , Riley Robyn , Schmitt Benjamin , Zenge Michael , Schmidt Michaela , Morris Norman R , Hamilton‐Craig Christian
Published: October 2016

Purpose

To assess the clinical feasibility of a compressed sensing cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence of both high temporal and spatial resolution (CS_bSSFP) in comparison to a balanced steady‐state free precession cine (bSSFP) sequence for reliable quantification of left ventricular (LV) volumes and mass.

Materials and Methods

Segmented MRI cine images were acquired on a 1.5T scanner in 50 patients in the LV short‐axis stack orientation using a retrospectively gated conventional bSSFP sequence (generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisition [GRAPPA] acceleration factor 2), followed by a prospectively triggered CS_bSSFP sequence with net acceleration factor of 8. Image quality was assessed by published criteria. Comparison of sequences was made in LV volumes and mass, image quality score, quantitative regional myocardial wall motion, and imaging time using Pearson's correlation, Bland–Altman and paired 2‐tailed Student's t‐test.

Results

Differences (bSSFP minus CS_bSSFP, mean ± SD) and Pearson's correlations were 14.8 ± 16.3 (P = 0.31) and r = 0.98 (P < 0.0001) for end‐diastolic volume (EDV), 8.4 ± 11.3 (P = 0.54) and r = 0.99 (P < 0.0001) for end‐systolic volume (ESV), –0.4 ± 2.5 (P = 0.87) and r = 0.97 (P < 0.0001) for EF, and –0.9 ± 11.8 (P = 0.92) and r = 0.97 (P < 0.0001) for LV mass. Bland–Altman analyses [bias and (limits of agreement)] revealed strong agreement in LVEDV [8.7 ml, (–12.1, 29.6)], LVESV [4.3 ml, (–11.9, 20.6)], LVEF [‐0.02%, (–5.37, 5.33)], and myocardial mass [‐6.1 g, (–14.7, 26.9)]. Image quality was comparable with a similar mean score (P = 0.42), with a good correlation in image quality observed (r = 0.68, P < 0.0001). Quantitative regional myocardial wall motion demonstrated strong correlation between the sequences (r = 0.87, P < 0.0001). Imaging time was significantly shorter for the CS_bSSFP sequence (1.1 ± 0.5 versus 5.6 ± 1.6 min, P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

The novel high‐resolution cine CS_bSSFP accurately and reliably quantitates LV volumes and mass, shortens acquisition times, and is clinically feasible.

Level of Evidence: 1

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;45:1693–1699
Strategies to prevent unwarranted criticism of professions that extend their services: The case of pharmacist‐administered vaccinations
Authors: Moss Simon A. , Bushell Mary A.
Published: October 2016

Many professions strive to extend their gamut of services, yet other professions may attempt to stifle these changes. For example, in Australia, the prospect that pharmacists are permitted to administer vaccinations in some jurisdictions has ignited strident criticism from other professional bodies, including the Australian Medical Association. These criticisms may diminish the confidence of consumers and, therefore, stymie the attempts of professions to extend their services. The aim of this paper is to uncover strategies that professional bodies can implement to prevent unwarranted criticism. This paper first identifies the biases that evoke these criticisms, such as inflated judgements of the status quo. Second, this paper shows that these biases can be ascribed to a specific mindset, in which individuals feel dissociated from future aspirations. Finally, this paper delineates practices that may redress these biases, such as a retreat in which the proposal to extend services is discussed in collaboration with other professional bodies, years before the intended changes.
The effects of entanglement concentration on the hydrodynamic properties of cereal starches
Authors: Guo Li , Zhang Juanjuan , Hu Jian , Du Xianfeng , Cui Bo
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND

The hydrodynamic properties of four cereal starches in dilute and semi‐dilute aqueous solutions were investigated using an Ubbelohde viscometer, a transmission electron microscope and steady shear rheological measurements.

RESULTS

The results indicated that the starch solutions showed the nonlinear shape of the ηsp/c versus c curves in dilute solutions, followed by a linear increase to different extents thereafter. The intrinsic viscosity might be positively correlated with the entanglement concentration (ce). Compared to normal maize and wheat starch solutions, ce influences more significantly the network formation of normal and waxy rice starch solutions. At concentrations ≤ ce, the gelatinized cereal starch solutions hardly exhibit shear thinning behavior, whereas shear thinning behavior developed at concentrations > ce, at which the solutions were pseudoplastic and thixotropic.

CONCLUSION

The obtained information will be very useful, based on ce as a reference value, in regulating the starch concentration suitable for different industrial applications. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
The effects of temperature and mobile phase on the retention of aliphatic carboxylic acids in hydrophilic interaction chromatography on zwitterionic stationary phases
Authors: Boháčová Iveta , Halko Radoslav , Jandera Pavel
Published: October 2016

The influence of the mobile phase and temperature, on the retention behavior of seven aliphatic acids (pyruvic, gluconic, 2‐oxoglutaric, tartaric, malic, oxalic, and citric acid) in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography on zwitterionic stationary phases with sulfobetaine and phosphorylcholine ligands is investigated. In agreement with the van't Hoff model, most acids show linear ln k versus 1/T plots. However, the retention of structurally symmetrical oxalic and tartaric dicarboxylic acids is almost independent of temperature, or slightly increases at rising temperature. The experimental parameters of the van't Hoff plots suggest positive entropic contributions to the retention of these symmetrical acids, possibly connected with changes in molecular symmetry on their adsorption. The type of the zwitterionic stationary phase and the mobile phase composition (the molar concentration of acetate buffer and the volume fraction of acetonitrile) affect the retention and the selectivity of the separation of the acids.
Resident and student education in otolaryngology: A 10‐year update on e‐learning
Authors: Tarpada Sandip P. , Hsueh Wayne D. , Gibber Marc J.
Published: October 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

E‐learning, in its most rudimentary form, is the use of Internet‐based resources for teaching and learning purposes. In surgical specialties, this definition encompasses the use of virtual patient cases, digital modeling, and online tutorials, as well as standardized video and imaging. As new technological frontiers rapidly emerge within otolaryngology, e‐learning may be an effective alternative to traditional teaching. Here we present a systematic review of the literature assessing the efficacy of e‐learning for otolaryngology education and a discussion of the relevance of these programs for both medical students and residents within the field.

Study Design

Systematic review.

Methods

A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library was conducted according to the guidelines defined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses statement.

Results

Twelve studies met inclusion criteria. These studies measured a range of outcomes from basic science anatomical knowledge to clinically relevant endpoints such as diagnostic accuracy. Nearly all of the studies reported greater satisfaction and/or significantly increased objective knowledge using the e‐learning intervention compared to traditional techniques.

Conclusions

E‐learning proves to be a powerful alternative to standard teaching techniques within otolaryngology education for both residents and medical students. Future work should focus on validating specific e‐learning programs and accessing long‐term knowledge retention using these innovative platforms.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 127:E219–E224, 2017
A european multicenter study evaluating the flex robotic system in transoral robotic surgery
Authors: Lang Stephan , Mattheis Stefan , Hasskamp Pia , Lawson Georges , Güldner Christian , Mandapathil Magis , Schuler Patrick , Hoffmann Thomas , Scheithauer Marc , Remacle Marc
Published: October 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

To evaluate the application of the Flex Robotic System in transoral robotic surgery (TORS).

Study Design

Multicenter, prospective, open‐label, single‐armed clinical study.

Methods

A prospective clinical follow‐up multicenter study was performed from July 2014 to October 2015 assessing the safety and efficacy of the Medrobotics Flex Robotic System for access and visualization of the oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx as well as for resection of benign and malignant lesions. A total of 80 patients were enrolled. Access and visualization of five anatomic subsites (base of tongue, palatine tonsil area, epiglottis, posterior pharyngeal wall, and false vocal cords) were individually graded by the surgeon. Setup times, access and visualization times, surgical results, and adverse events were documented.

Results

The relevant anatomic structures could be exposed and visualized properly in 75 patients, who went on to have a surgical procedure performed with the Flex Robotic System. Access and visualization of the palatine tonsil area, posterior pharyngeal wall, epiglottis, and posterior pharyngeal wall were excellent. However, false vocal cords and vocal cords were more difficult to expose. Seventy‐two patients were treated successfully with the Flex Robotic System. There were no serious or unanticipated device‐related adverse events caused by the Flex Robotic System.

Conclusions

Lesions in the oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx could be successfully resected with the Flex Robotic System, specifically developed for TORS. Our study provides evidence that the Flex Robotic System is a safe and effective tool in TORS. Laryngoscope, 2016 127:391–395, 2017
An Evaluation of the Performance and the Contribution of Different Modified Water Demand Estimates in Drought Modeling Over Water‐stressed Regions
Authors: Zhang Baoqing , Long Biao , Wu Zhiyong , Wang Zikui
Published: October 2016

The lack of reliable estimation of water demand in drought study has been an important obstacle in efforts for characterizing the variability of water consumption and its effects on drought monitoring and prediction, particularly over water‐stressed regions. This study evaluated the performance and the contribution of three modified water demand estimates in drought modeling, including Penman–Monteith (PM) method, dual‐source potential evapotranspiration model (2S PET model), and climatically appropriate for existing conditions precipitation (
). The results show that Standardized Moisture Anomaly Index based on
shows the highest correlations with different types of drought evidence, demonstrating that the
as a water demand metric performs the best in drought modeling over water‐stressed regions. Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index based on 2S PET model performs better than that based on PM equation. Although the 2S PET model is physically superior to PM equation over agricultural or water‐stress regions where the plant canopy is not “closed,” the limitations of using PET as water demand estimates in drought study still exist. Theoretically speaking, the actual water demand in non‐humid regions should be highly associated with the climatically averaged water supply capability (precipitation, P), and the contributions of water demand and supply to drought indices are generally balanced in any region, which is realistically reflected by the relationships between P and
. On the contrary, the magnitude and contribution of PET2S and PETPM were always higher than P over water‐stressed regions, which could result in a water imbalance and generate more systemic errors in drought identification. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitating active photosystem II reaction center content from fluorescence induction transients
Authors: Murphy Cole D. , Ni Guangyan , Li Gang , Barnett Audrey , Xu Kui , Grant‐Burt Jessica , Liefer Justin D. , Suggett David J. , Campbell Douglas A.
Published: October 2016

Photosystem II (PSII) is a pigment‐protein complex that photochemically extracts electrons from water, generating the reductant that supports biological productivity in all biomes. Estimating the content of active PSII reaction centers in a liquid sample is a key input for estimating aquatic photosynthesis rates, as well as for analyzing phytoplankton stress responses. Established procedures for PSII content quantification based on oxygen evolution are slow, imprecise and require dense cell suspensions, and are thus inapplicable to many laboratory or field studies. A new approach uses baseline chlorophyll fluorescence emission divided by the effective absorbance cross section for PSII photochemistry, with both variables derivable from single turnover fluorescence induction protocols. This approach has not been widely tested and is potentially subject to variation in samples suffering progressive photoinactivation or induction of non‐photochemical quenching under variable light. We evaluated the validity of this approach for a marine picocyanobacteria, low and high light Prochlorococcus ecotypes, arctic and temperate prasinophyte green alga and two centric diatoms, generating 209 paired determinations from a range of growth and treatment conditions. We successfully calibrated the fluorescence derived estimator for PSII reaction center content, and demonstrate a modification that corrects for the short term influence of photoinactivation. The modified parameter shows little response to induction of non‐photochemical quenching. In doing so we show the potential and limitations of an estimator of active PSII reaction center content that is sufficiently robust to support rapid, time‐resolved autonomous measures of primary productivity from lakes and oceans.
Modeling of Hierarchical Morphology of Carbon Nanotube Bundles in Polymer Composites
Authors: Kravchenko Oleksandr G. , Misiego Rocio , Kravchenko Sergii G. , Pipes R. Byron , Manas‐Zloczower Ica
Published: October 2016

The morphological features of carbon nanotube (CNT) polymer composites and their influence on the effective modulus are evaluated. The considered features include bundle formation from the helical sub‐bundles made of individual CNTs. The formation of bundles is considered as a result of agglomeration of individual nanotubes above and below onset of percolation and is related to electrical conductivity. The proposed geometrical model yields a bundle diameter that agrees closely with that of the experimentally measured by voltage‐contrast method and scanning electron microscopy analysis of polyimide nanocomposites. The proposed micromechanical analytical model includes the helical structure of a bundle and provides close agreement of the effective Young's modulus of nanocomposite over a wide range of CNT content. It is shown that considering the helical structure of CNT bundles and its effect on bundle modulus is vital for predicting the effective modulus of CNT‐polymer nanocomposite.

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Molecular Architecture of Multi‐Block Polymer Synthesized in a Dual‐Catalyst Single CSTR
Authors: Konstantinov Ivan , Villa Carlos , Karjala Tom , Jain Pradeep
Published: October 2016

This work aims at deriving analytical solutions for the molecular architecture of multi‐block polymer synthesized in a dual‐catalyst single CSTR. While the relevant equations are developed for homopolymerization, they can easily be extended to copolymerization. Special emphasis is placed on the quantities associated with each catalyst rather than the overall ones. However, if all rate parameters are available, the expressions can be used to calculate the properties of the material made by each catalyst as well as the overall ones under various process conditions. Given the reasonable assumption of large residence time, the solutions are simplified to elucidate the kinetics of chain‐shuttling involving two catalysts. It is shown that systems with low chain‐shuttling ability, if DPPn,0 ≠ DPQn,0, may exhibit significant deviation from Flory's most probable distribution. Furthermore, systems with high chain‐shuttling ability produce macromolecules with more uniform architecture and polydispersity index close to 2.

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Accuracy improvement of the most probable point‐based dimension reduction method using the hessian matrix
Authors: Kang Seong Bin , Park Jeong Woo , Lee Ikjin
Published: October 2016

This paper proposes a most probable point (MPP)‐based dimension reduction method (DRM) using the Hessian matrix called HeDRM to improve accuracy of reliability analysis in existing MPP‐based DRM methods. Conventional MPP‐based DRMs contain two types of errors: (1) error due to eliminating cross‐terms of a performance function by using the univariate DRM; (2) error because of dependency of an axis direction after a rotational transformation. The proposed method minimizes the aforementioned errors by utilizing the Hessian matrix of a performance function. By performing an orthogonal transformation using the eigenvectors of the Hessian matrix, the cross‐term effect of the performance function is minimized and the axis direction that results in the most accurate calculation is obtained because the Gaussian quadrature points for numerical integration are arranged along the eigenvector directions. In this way, the error incurred by exiting MPP‐based DRMs can be reduced that leads to more accurate probability of failure estimation. In addition, this paper proposes to allocate the Gaussian quadrature points using the magnitude of the eigenvalues of the Hessian matrix. This allocation makes it possible to predetermine the number of function evaluations required to estimate the probability of failure accurately and efficiently. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increasing observation rates in low‐risk pediatric immune thrombocytopenia using a standardized clinical assessment and management plan (SCAMP®)
Authors: Schoettler Michelle L. , Graham Dionne , Tao Wen , Stack Margaret , Shu Elaine , Kerr Lauren , Neufeld Ellis J. , Grace Rachael F.
Published: October 2016

An observational approach is recommended in newly diagnosed children with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) at low risk of bleeding; however, there is no standard definition of risk. A standardized clinical assessment and management plan (SCAMP®), a modifiable practice guideline, was implemented and revised (SCAMP‐1 and SCAMP‐2) and applied to 71 newly diagnosed patients with ITP. The Buchanan and Adix bleeding score guided treatment and was modified by stratifying by low‐ and high‐risk grade 3 bleeding in SCAMP‐2. Observation rates increased from 40% to 74% from SCAMP‐1 to SCAMP‐2 (P < 0.05) with no bleeding complications. We propose a modified bleeding score that increased observation rates in low‐risk patients with ITP.
Additive‐like amounts of HDPE prevent creep of molten LDPE: Phase‐behavior and thermo‐mechanical properties of a melt‐miscible blend
Authors: Andersson Mattias G. , Hynynen Jonna , Andersson Mats R. , Hagstrand Per‐Ola , Gkourmpis Thomas , Müller Christian
Published: October 2016

Low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) is the preferred type of polyolefin for many medical and electrical applications because of its superior purity and cleanliness. However, the inferior thermo‐mechanical properties as compared to, for example, high‐density polyethylene (HDPE), which arise because of the lower melting temperature of LDPE, constitute a significant drawback. Here, we demonstrate that the addition of minute amounts of HDPE to a LDPE resin considerably improves the mechanical integrity above the melting temperature of LDPE. A combination of dynamic mechanical analysis and creep experiments reveals that the addition of as little as 1 to 2 wt% HDPE leads to complete form stability above the melting temperature of LDPE. The investigated LDPE/HDPE blend is found to be miscible in the melt, which facilitates the formation of a solid‐state microstructure that features a fine distribution of HDPE‐rich lamellae. The absence of creep above the melting temperature of LDPE is rationalized with the presence of tie chains and trapped entanglements that connect the few remaining crystallites. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017, 55, 146–156
High near infrared absorption of hyper‐doped silicon induced by co‐doping of sulfur and nitrogen
Authors: Xuan Yaoyu , Zhang Ting , Liu Bohan , Yang Ruihan , Ahmad Waseem , Liu Zhijun , Chen Zhi , Li Shibin
Published: October 2016

In this paper, we investigate the dependence of NIR absorption of hyper‐doped silicon on different sulfur and nitrogen doping ratio. With different molecular proportion of N2 and SF6 background gas, femtosecond laser irradiation was used to implant co‐doping of sulfur and nitrogen into silicon. The hyper‐doped silicon presents high absorption properties in NIR and visible range. The results of first‐principles calculations demonstrate the high absorption in NIR is ascribed to the induced impurity energy levels in hyper‐doped silicon. The nitrogen doping process improves the crystallinity in the doped layer because the doped nitrogen repairs defects in silicon lattices. Given the thermal stability of nitrogen, the co‐doping dopants limit the diffusion of sulfur during the annealing process. The co‐doping process proposed in this paper provides a method to fabricate high performance NIR silicon optoelectronic device.
Impact of the firing temperature profile on light induced degradation of multicrystalline silicon
Authors: Eberle Rebekka , Kwapil Wolfram , Schindler Florian , Schubert Martin C. , Glunz Stefan W.
Published: October 2016

Light‐ and elevated temperature‐induced degradation in multicrystalline silicon can reduce the efficiency of solar cells significantly. In this work, the influence of the firing process and its temperature profile on the degradation behaviour of neighbouring mc‐Si wafers is analysed. Five profiles with measured high peak temperatures ≥800 °C and varying heating and cooling ramps are examined. With spatially resolved and lifetime calibrated photoluminescence images, normalized defect concentrations N*t are calculated to determine the degradation intensity. Wafers that underwent a fast firing process typical for industrial solar cell production show a significantly stronger degradation than samples that were subjected to the same peak temperature but with slower heating and cooling rates. A spatially resolved analysis of the carrier lifetime in the whole wafer shows that the degradation begins in low lifetime areas around dislocation clusters, spreading into good grains after several hours. By the use of optimized ramp‐up and/or ramp‐down rates during the firing even at very high peak temperatures, light and elevated temperature induced degradation can be suppressed. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sea‐surface emissivity parametrization from microwaves to millimetre waves
Authors: Prigent C. , Aires F. , Wang D. , Fox S. , Harlow C.
Published: October 2016

In preparation for new observations on board the next generation of the European operational meteorological satellite (EUMETSAT Polar System—Second Generation (EPS‐SG)), a parametrization of the sea‐surface emissivity is proposed from 10–700 GHz: Tool to Estimate Sea‐Surface Emissivity from Microwaves to sub‐Millimeter waves (TESSEM2). It is based on the community model FAST microwave Emissivity Model (FASTEM) at frequencies up to 200 GHz, where FASTEM has been calibrated and validated operationally. It follows a physical emissivity model at higher frequencies. A preliminary evaluation of TESSEM2 has been conducted with success, by comparison with airborne International Sub‐Millimetre Airborne Radiometer (ISMAR) observations from 118–325 GHz, under low wind speed (3–5 m s−1) off the coast of Scotland. TESSEM2 is a fast parametrization that can easily be implemented in a community radiative transfer model. The code is available to the community and will be distributed with the next version of Radiative Transfer for the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (RTTOV).
MEWMA Control Chart and Process Capability Indices for Simple Linear Profiles with Within‐profile Autocorrelation
Authors: Chiang Jyun‐You , Lio Y. L. , Tsai Tzong‐Ru
Published: October 2016

A multivariate exponentially weighted moving average (MEWMA) control chart is proposed for detecting process shifts during the phase II monitoring of simple linear profiles (SLPs) in the presence of within‐profile autocorrelation. The proposed control chart is called MEWMA‐SLP. Furthermore, two process capability indices are proposed for evaluating the capability of in‐control SLP processes, and their utilization is demonstrated through examples. Intensive simulations reveal that the MEWMA‐SLP chart is more sensitive than existing control charts in detecting profile shifts. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of a Control Chart Using a Modified EWMA Statistic
Authors: Khan Nasrullah , Aslam Muhammad , Jun Chi‐Hyuck
Published: October 2016

In this paper, the design of a control chart is given using a modified exponentially weighted moving average statistic under the assumption that the quality characteristic of interest follows the normal distribution. The structure of the proposed control chart is developed, and the necessary measures are derived to find the average run length for in‐control and out‐of‐control processes. The efficiency of the proposed chart is compared with two existing control charts in terms of the average run length. The results are explained with the help of industrial example. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Noninnocence of the ligand atoms in iron‐porphine: Chemical consequences of the delocalized electron spin
Authors: Johansson Adam Johannes
Published: October 2016

It is well recognized that the electronic spin density in transition metal complexes in high‐spin states, tends to delocalize from the metal ion itself to the donor atoms of the ligand. In square planar iron‐porphine [PFe]+ the delocalization occurs even further and spin corresponding to roughly one electron is delocalized over a large part of the ligand. In this article, density functional theory is applied to explore the chemical consequences of the delocalized spin in four‐coordinate iron‐porphine. It is shown that the porphine ligand has a moderate affinity for radicals, and that covalent bonds can form through spin‐pairing of the unpaired delocalized electron on the porphine ligand and the unpaired electron of another radical species. The hydrogen atom is used as a probe to evaluate the radical affinity of the different nitrogen and carbon atoms that constitute the porphine ligand. It is computationally predicted that the porphine ligand of four‐coordinate iron‐porphine is kinetically capable of activating weak CH bonds of, for example, unsaturated organic compounds. Hydrogen atom transfer becomes spontaneous via subsequent homo‐coupling of the organic radical created. Whether or not the radical affinity of the porphine ligand has any mechanistic implications for heme‐containing enzymes is left as an open question.
Improving Patient Safety Through Video Monitoring
Authors: Cournan Michele , Fusco-Gessick Benjamin , Wright Laura
Published: October 2016

Purpose:

Falls are a major safety issue in rehabilitation settings. Patients receive mixed messages—try to be as independent as possible, but don’t do anything in your room without calling for assistance. Despite the use of multiple falls interventions at this facility, the fall rate remained high. To impact this rate, the facility implemented a video monitoring system. This system allows for patients at risk for falling to be monitored from a remote location. The monitor technician is able to speak to the patient directly and/or contact staff members to respond to the room, preventing a fall.

Design:

Sequential cohort design.

Method:

Fifteen video monitoring units were installed on high-risk units in a 115-bed inpatient rehabilitation facility. Total falls and falls rates were tracked and reported pre- and postimplementation.

Findings:

Over a 21-month period prior to implementing the video monitoring system, the average hospital-wide rate of falls was 6.34 per 1,000 patient-days (SD = 1.7488). After a year of usage, that average has decreased to 5.099 falls per 1,000 patient-days (SD = 1.524). The reduction in falls was statistically significant. In addition, there have been significant cost savings by reducing sitter usage.

Conclusions:

Video monitoring can improve patient safety by decreasing falls; decreasing sitter usage and cost; and improving patient, family, and staff satisfaction.

Clinical Relevance:

Falls are a significant issue in rehabilitation settings, and current fall prevention strategies fall short of reducing fall rates. Implementation of new video monitoring technology can help reduce fall rates in inpatient rehabilitation settings.
Upgrade of a quantum scheme for authentication and key distribution along with a formal verification based on model checking technique
Authors: Ghilen Aymen , Azizi Mostafa , Bouallegue Ridha
Published: October 2016

In this paper, we review a previous research paper presenting a scheme for quantum key distribution that performs authentication using only quantum means. The authentication mechanism in the protocol runs along with an eavesdropping checking approach. To upgrade security properties, especially against man‐in‐the‐middle attack, we propose a revised and enhanced scheme, so that the probability of detecting eavesdropping is distinctly improved. We use prism tool as a model checker to analyze the security of the quantum system and to emphasize the extent of our contribution. We particularly focus on two security features: (i) the capability of the participants in the protocol to detect any eavesdropping attempt and (ii) any valid knowledge gained on the shared key must be minimized. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A face template protection approach using chaos and GRP permutation
Authors: Nazari Sara , Moin Mohammad‐Shahram , Kanan Hamidreza Rashidy
Published: October 2016

In biometric systems, template protection is a vital issue for preventing from identity theft. Fuzzy commitment scheme is a template cryptographic method providing secure templates by binding a uniform random key to a template. Fuzzy commitment scheme suffers from its lacks in privacy, in cancelability, and also in robustness against cross‐matching attacks. To improve both the security and cancelability properties simultaneously, we present a novel template protection approach for face recognition systems based on fuzzy commitment scheme, permutated features, and chaos symmetric key. To permute feature vectors, we produce pseudo random numbers by using nonlinear chaos function to fill the control array of GRP permutation method. Even if the permutated template is compromised, it is possible to substitute it with a new permutated template by changing the initial conditions of chaos map. To evaluate our proposed approach, a series of experiments have been conducted on two well‐known face databases ORL and Yale. We showed that the new feature permutation leads to more secure protected templates against decodability based on cross‐matching attacks. The experimental results also showed that our proposed approach outperforms existing fuzzy commitment methods both in security and privacy aspects without influencing the accuracy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new key agreement protocol based on Chebyshev chaotic maps
Authors: Wang Xingyuan , Wang Siwei , Wang Zhanjie , Zhang Mengcan
Published: October 2016

Recently, an enhanced key agreement protocol based on chaotic maps was proposed and it can generate secure session key and resist known key attacks. In this paper, we analyze it and point out some problems existing in this protocol. For example, this protocol cannot ensure perfect forward secrecy and cannot resist stolen‐verifier attack. To overcome these drawbacks, this paper proposes a new key agreement protocol based on enhanced Chebyshev polynomials. We add a new part named the registration center to enhances the security of the protocol and it realizes mutual authentication between the user and the server. The methods of symmetric encryption and asymmetric encryption are both applied into proposed protocal so that the identity information of the users are well protected. By comparing our protocol with other existing protocols, we can conclude that this agreement can effectively complete user authentication and can resist some common attacks, and our protocol perfectly solves the weakness existing in some protocols. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.