bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supercritical dynamics at the edge-of-chaos underlies optimal decision-making
Authors: Amil Adrián F , Verschure Paul F M J
Published: November 2021

Critical dynamics, characterized by scale-free neuronal avalanches, is thought to underlie optimal function in the sensory cortices by maximizing information transmission, capacity, and dynamic range. In contrast, deviations from criticality have not yet been considered to support any cognitive processes. Nonetheless, neocortical areas related to working memory and decision-making seem to rely on long-lasting periods of ignition-like persistent firing. Such firing patterns are reminiscent of supercritical states where runaway excitation dominates the circuit dynamics. In addition, a macroscopic gradient of the relative density of Somatostatin (SST+) and Parvalbumin (PV+) inhibitory interneurons throughout the cortical hierarchy has been suggested to determine the functional specialization of low- versus high-order cortex. These observations thus raise the question of whether persistent activity in high-order areas results from the intrinsic features of the neocortical circuitry. We used an attractor model of the canonical cortical circuit performing a perceptual decision-making task to address this question. Our model reproduces the known saddle-node bifurcation where persistent activity emerges, merely by increasing the SST+/PV+ ratio while keeping the input and recurrent excitation constant. The regime beyond such a phase transition renders the circuit increasingly sensitive to random fluctuations of the inputs—i.e., chaotic—, defining an optimal SST+/PV+ ratio around the edge-of-chaos. Further, we show that both the optimal SST+/PV+ ratio and the region of the phase transition decrease monotonically with increasing input noise. This suggests that cortical circuits regulate their intrinsic dynamics via inhibitory interneurons to attain optimal sensitivity in the face of varying uncertainty. Hence, on the one hand, we link the emergence of supercritical dynamics at the edge-of-chaos to the gradient of the SST+/PV+ ratio along the cortical hierarchy, and, on the other hand, explain the behavioral effects of the differential regulation of SST+ and PV+ interneurons by acetylcholine in the presence of input uncertainty.
How is the Behavior Change Technique Content of the NHS Diabetes Prevention Program Understood by Participants? A Qualitative Study of Fidelity, With a Focus on Receipt
Authors: Miles Lisa M , Hawkes Rhiannon E , French David P
Published: November 2021

Background

The National Health Service (NHS) Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) is a nationally implemented behavioral intervention for adults at high risk of developing Type 2 diabetes in England, based on a program specification that stipulates inclusion of 19 specific behavior change techniques (BCTs). Previous work has identified drift in fidelity from these NHS England specifications through providers’ program manuals, training, and delivery, especially in relation to BCTs targeting self-regulatory processes.

Purpose

This qualitative study investigates intervention receipt, i.e., how the self-regulatory BCT content of the NHS-DPP is understood by participants.

Methods

Twenty participants from eight NHS-DPP locations were interviewed; topics included participants’ understanding of self-monitoring of behavior, goal setting, feedback, problem solving, and action planning. Transcripts were analyzed thematically using the framework method.

Results

There was a wide variation in understanding among participants for some BCTs, as well as between BCTs. Participants described their understanding of “self-monitoring of behaviors” with ease and valued BCTs focused on outcomes (weight loss). Some participants learned how to set appropriate behavioral goals. Participants struggled to recall “action planning” or “problem solving” or found these techniques challenging to understand, unless additional support was provided (e.g., through group discussion).

Conclusions

Participants’ lack of understanding of some self-regulatory BCTs is consistent with the drift across fidelity domains previously identified from NHS design specifications. Behavioral interventions should build-in necessary support for participants to help them understand some BCTs such as action planning and problem solving. Alternatively, these self-regulatory BCTs may be intrinsically difficult to use for this population.
Generating tertiary protein structures via interpretable graph variational autoencoders
Authors: Guo Xiaojie , Du Yuanqi , Tadepalli Sivani , Zhao Liang , Shehu Amarda
Published: November 2021

Motivation

Modeling the structural plasticity of protein molecules remains challenging. Most research has focused on obtaining one biologically active structure. This includes the recent AlphaFold2 that has been hailed as a breakthrough for protein modeling. Computing one structure does not suffice to understand how proteins modulate their interactions and even evade our immune system. Revealing the structure space available to a protein remains challenging. Data-driven approaches that learn to generate tertiary structures are increasingly garnering attention. These approaches exploit the ability to represent tertiary structures as contact or distance maps and make direct analogies with images to harness convolution-based generative adversarial frameworks from computer vision. Since such opportunistic analogies do not allow capturing highly structured data, current deep models struggle to generate physically realistic tertiary structures.

Results

We present novel deep generative models that build upon the graph variational autoencoder framework. In contrast to existing literature, we represent tertiary structures as ‘contact’ graphs, which allow us to leverage graph-generative deep learning. Our models are able to capture rich, local and distal constraints and additionally compute disentangled latent representations that reveal the impact of individual latent factors. This elucidates what the factors control and makes our models more interpretable. Rigorous comparative evaluation along various metrics shows that the models, we propose advance the state-of-the-art. While there is still much ground to cover, the work presented here is an important first step, and graph-generative frameworks promise to get us to our goal of unraveling the exquisite structural complexity of protein molecules.

Availability and implementation

Code is available at https://github.com/anonymous1025/CO-VAE.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics Advances online.
GLYCO: a tool to quantify glycan shielding of glycosylated proteins
Authors: Lee Myungjin , Reveiz Mateo , Rawi Reda , Kwong Peter D , Chuang Gwo-Yu
Published: November 2021

Motivation

Glycans play important roles in protein folding and cell–cell interactions—and, furthermore, glycosylation of protein antigens can dramatically impact immune responses. While there have been attempts to quantify the glycan shielding or coverage of a protein surface, none of the publicly available tools analyzes glycan shielding computationally at an atomistic level.

Results

Here, we developed an in silico approach, GLYCO (GLYcan COverage), to quantify the glycan shielding of a protein surface. The software provides insights into glycan-dense/sparse regions of the entire protein surface or a subset of the protein surface. GLYCO calculates glycan shielding from a single coordinate file or from multiple coordinate files, for instance, as obtained from molecular dynamics simulations or by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy structure determination, enabling analysis of glycan dynamics. Overall, GLYCO provides fundamental insights into the glycan shielding of glycosylated proteins.

Availability and implementation

GLYCO is freely available at GitHub (https://github.com/myungjinlee/GLYCO).

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
SBGNview: towards data analysis, integration and visualization on all pathways
Authors: Dong Xiaoxi , Vegesna Kovidh , Brouwer Cory , Luo Weijun
Published: November 2021

Pathway analysis is widely used in genomics and omics research, but the data visualization has been highly limited in function, pathway coverage and data format. Here, we develop SBGNview a comprehensive R package to address these needs. By adopting the standard SBGN format, SBGNview greatly extend the coverage of pathway-based analysis and data visualization to essentially all major pathway databases beyond KEGG, including 5200 reference pathways and over 3000 species. In addition, SBGNview substantially extends or exceeds current tools (esp. Pathview) in both design and function, including standard input format (SBGN), high-quality output graphics (SVG format) convenient for both interpretation and further update, and flexible and open-end workflow for iterative editing and interactive visualization (Highlighter module). In addition to pathway analysis and data visualization, SBGNview provides essential infrastructure for SBGN data manipulation and processing.

Availability and implementation

The data underlying this article are available as part of the SBGNview package is available on both GitHub and Bioconductor: https://github.com/datapplab/SBGNview, https://bioconductor.org/packages/SBGNview.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
DeepSTF: A Deep Spatial–Temporal Forecast Model of Taxi Flow
Authors: Lv Zhiqiang , Li Jianbo , Dong Chuanhao , Xu Zhihao
Published: November 2021

Taxi flow forecast is significant for planning transportation and allocating basic transportation resources. The flow forecast in the urban adjacent area is different from the fixed-point flow forecast. Their data are more complex and diverse, which make them more challenging to forecast. This paper introduces a deep spatial–temporal forecast (DeepSTF) model for the flow forecasting of urban adjacent area, which divides the urban into grids and makes it have a graph structure. The model builds a spatial–temporal calculation block, which uses graph convolutional network to extract spatial correlation feature and uses two-layer temporal convolutional networks to extract time-dependent feature. Based on the theory of dilation convolution and causal convolution, the model overcomes the under-fitting phenomenon of other models when calculating with rapidly changing data. In order to improve the accuracy of prediction, we take weather as an implicit factor and let it participate in the feature calculation process. A comparison experiment is set between our model and the seven existing traffic flow forecast models. The experimental results prove that the model has better the capabilities of long-term traffic prediction and performs well in various evaluation indicators.
Percutaneous treatment of a huge patent ductus venosus and severe portal vein hypoplasia using a Figulla Flex II atrial septal defect occluder in a 2-year-old infant: a case report
Authors: Kardos Marek , Kitzmueller Erwin , Olejnik Peter , Michel-Behnke Ina
Published: November 2021

Background

Intra- or extrahepatic porto-caval shunts (PCSs) can account for multiorgan dysfunction with pulmonary arterial hypertension and portosystemic encephalopathy as the most serious consequences of bypass of the hepatic circulation. The ductus venosus (DV) represents a rare foetal PCS and might be persistently patent in newborns after birth. Treatment strategies include surgical ligation and percutaneous device closure. The degree of portal vein hypoplasia limits therapy making liver transplantation the only option in some of them.

Case summary

In a newborn female patient a huge persistently patent DV, known already prenatally, resulted in severe secondary portal vein hypoplasia. She presented with hyperammonaemia, elevated liver enzymes, and pulmonary hypertension. With only diminutive portal venous branches and exceedingly high portal venous pressures during test-occlusion of the DV, shunt closure was not possible. At the age of 2 years more favourable portal venous pressures allowed transcatheter device closure with a nitinol atrial septal defect occlusion device. Pulmonary artery pressures and ammonia levels normalized after the procedure without any signs of portal hypertension.

Discussion

The case highlights the importance of meticulous imaging using balloon occlusion angiography of PCSs like the DV, to search for intrahepatic portal veins. Moreover, portal vein pressure during test-occlusion can identify patients amenable for surgical or endovascular shunt closure. Occlusion devices licensed for other indications like atrial septal defect closure can be used safely in huge PCS vessels in a one-step or staged procedure. Optimal timing of the intervention should be tailored to the patient’s needs
Genome Stability Is in the Eye of the Beholder: CR1 Retrotransposon Activity Varies Significantly across Avian Diversity
Authors: Galbraith James D , Kortschak Robert Daniel , Suh Alexander , Adelson David L
Published: November 2021

Since the sequencing of the zebra finch genome it has become clear that avian genomes, while largely stable in terms of chromosome number and gene synteny, are more dynamic at an intrachromosomal level. A multitude of intrachromosomal rearrangements and significant variation in transposable element (TE) content have been noted across the avian tree. TEs are a source of genome plasticity, because their high similarity enables chromosomal rearrangements through nonallelic homologous recombination, and they have potential for exaptation as regulatory and coding sequences. Previous studies have investigated the activity of the dominant TE in birds, chicken repeat 1 (CR1) retrotransposons, either focusing on their expansion within single orders, or comparing passerines with nonpasserines. Here, we comprehensively investigate and compare the activity of CR1 expansion across orders of birds, finding levels of CR1 activity vary significantly both between and within orders. We describe high levels of TE expansion in genera which have speciated in the last 10 Myr including kiwis, geese, and Amazon parrots; low levels of TE expansion in songbirds across their diversification, and near inactivity of TEs in the cassowary and emu for millions of years. CR1s have remained active over long periods of time across most orders of neognaths, with activity at any one time dominated by one or two families of CR1s. Our findings of higher TE activity in species-rich clades and dominant families of TEs within lineages mirror past findings in mammals and indicate that genome evolution in amniotes relies on universal TE-driven processes.
The effect of aortic arch replacement on pulse wave velocity after surgery
Authors: Hori Daijiro , Kusadokoro Sho , Mieno Makiko Naka , Fujimori Tomonari , Shimizu Toshikazu , Kimura Naoyuki , Yamaguchi Atsushi
Published: November 2021

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in pulse wave velocity (PWV) after aortic arch repair and to evaluate possible perioperative factors associated with an increase in PWV.

METHODS

Eighty-nine patients with preoperative and postoperative PWV measurements who underwent surgical treatment for true aortic arch aneurysm were included in the study. The patients were treated by prosthetic graft replacement with or without the frozen elephant trunk technique or by hybrid surgery with a stent graft. Changes in PWV and perioperative factors were evaluated.

RESULTS

Fifty-one patients were treated by prosthetic graft replacement; 22 patients were treated with the frozen elephant trunk procedure; and 16 patients were treated by hybrid surgery. A significant increase in PWV was observed in patients undergoing surgical treatment for aortic arch aneurysm regardless of the types of operations performed (all treatments: before, 1797 ± 397.8 cm/s vs after, 2061 ± 600.4 cm/s, P < 0.001; graft replacement: before, 1769 ± 398.1 cm/s vs after, 1895 ± 459.0 cm/s, P = 0.004; frozen elephant trunk procedure: before, 1911 ± 461.9 cm/s vs after 2307 ± 826.9 cm/s, P = 0.005; hybrid surgery: before, 1732 ± 273.3 cm/s vs after, 2254 ± 484.6 cm/s, P < 0.001). Differences in PWV were largest in patients treated with hybrid surgery and lowest in those treated with graft replacement (P = 0.002). In univariate analysis, an increase in PWV was positively correlated with treatment length (r = 0.41; P < 0.001); the use of a postoperative beta blocker was associated with a smaller increase in postoperative PWV (with: 165.0 ± 371.92 cm/s vs without: 439.4 ± 530.38 cm/s, P = 0.005). Multivariate analysis suggested that treatment length (coefficient 3.31, 95% confidence interval 0.056–6.562, P = 0.046) and postoperative beta blocker (coefficient −220.08, 95% confidence interval −401.972 to −38.183, P = 0.018) were factors independently associated with changes in PWV.

CONCLUSIONS

There was a significant increase in PWV after aortic arch repair. Treatment length and use of postoperative beta blockers were factors associated with changes in postoperative PWV. Minimizing the treatment length and using postoperative beta blockers may attenuate the effects of prostheses on postoperative PWV.
Black Church Arson in the Museum
Authors: Thomas Todne
Published: November 2021

This paper explores the material and representational politics that are catalyzed by Anti-Mass, an installation made by Cornelia Parker from the remains of a burned Black church located in the deYoung Museum in San Francisco, California. Applying an attention to religious materiality (the interpretive circuit between words, bodies, and things), semiotic ideology (an approach that explores competing and ascendant meanings), and an ethnographic sensibility, I argue that three hermeneutic fields coalesced around Anti-Mass in the museum. The first interpretation is a Killmonger hermeneutic that read Anti-Mass as a profaning of Black sacred matter. The second is an Anti- hermeneutic, which sought to preserve representational openness prized by abstract expressionism. The third is a resurrection hermeneutic, which reflected popular notions of US multicultural transcendence and a more melancholic meditation on anti-Black religious violence expressed by adjacent artwork and embodied by the ethnographer herself via a lump corpothetics.
Assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on clinician ambulatory electronic health record use
Authors: Holmgren A Jay , Downing N Lance , Tang Mitchell , Sharp Christopher , Longhurst Christopher , Huckman Robert S
Published: November 2021

Objective

The COVID-19 pandemic changed clinician electronic health record (EHR) work in a multitude of ways. To evaluate how, we measure ambulatory clinician EHR use in the United States throughout the COVID-19 pandemic.

Materials and Methods

We use EHR meta-data from ambulatory care clinicians in 366 health systems using the Epic EHR system in the United States from December 2019 to December 2020. We used descriptive statistics for clinician EHR use including active-use time across clinical activities, time after-hours, and messages received. Multivariable regression to evaluate total and after-hours EHR work adjusting for daily volume and organizational characteristics, and to evaluate the association between messages and EHR time.

Results

Clinician time spent in the EHR per day dropped at the onset of the pandemic but had recovered to higher than prepandemic levels by July 2020. Time spent actively working in the EHR after-hours showed similar trends. These differences persisted in multivariable models. In-Basket messages received increased compared with prepandemic levels, with the largest increase coming from messages from patients, which increased to 157% of the prepandemic average. Each additional patient message was associated with a 2.32-min increase in EHR time per day (P < .001).

Discussion

Clinicians spent more total and after-hours time in the EHR in the latter half of 2020 compared with the prepandemic period. This was partially driven by increased time in Clinical Review and In-Basket messaging.

Conclusions

Reimbursement models and workflows for the post-COVID era should account for these demands on clinician time that occur outside the traditional visit.
Method for solving origami tessellation hole problem using triangle twist folding
Authors: Yamamoto Yohei , Nakazato Riku , Mitani Jun
Published: November 2021

Origami tessellations are geometric pieces folded from a single sheet of paper with flatly overlapped facets. Most existing origami tessellations are constructed by first marking a grid of crease lines on the paper and then arranging repeating patterns along the grid. However, this design method is limited because it cannot design origami tessellations with patterns that cannot be represented on a grid, such as a regular pentagon. This paper proposes a new construction method for origami tessellations that solves this problem and enriches these varieties. In the proposed method, a boundary of an origami tessellation is determined first, and then patterns called triangle twist fold patterns are placed inside the boundary. A similar approach is known as a hole problem, although in this paper, the problem is redefined and discussed in a form suitable for origami tessellations. As a result, a grid-independent construction method was proposed, and new origami tessellations were obtained by using software that implements the method.
Road capacity, domestic trade and regional outcomes
Authors: Coşar A Kerem , Demir Banu , Ghose Devaki , Young Nathaniel
Published: November 2021

What is the impact on intra-national trade and regional economic outcomes when the quality and lane-capacity of an existing paved road network is expanded significantly? We investigate this question for the case of Turkey, which undertook a large-scale public investment in roads during the 2000s. Using spatially disaggregated data on road upgrades and domestic transactions, we estimate a large positive impact of reduced travel times on trade as well as local manufacturing employment and wages. A quantitative exercise using a workhorse model of spatial equilibrium implies heterogeneous effects across locations, with aggregate real income gains reaching 2–3% in the long-run. Reductions in travel times increased local employment-to-population ratio but had no effect on local population. We extend the model by endogenizing the labor supply decision to capture this finding. The model-implied elasticity of employment rates to travel time reductions captures about one-third of the empirical elasticity.
Plant diets of land snail community members are similar in composition but differ in richness
Authors: Hendriks Kasper P , Bisschop Karen , Kavanagh James C , Kortenbosch Hylke H , Larue Anaïs E A , Bonte Dries , Duijm Elza J , Salles Joana Falcão , Richter Mendoza Francisco J , Schilthuizen Menno , Etienne Rampal S
Published: November 2021

Herbivore diets are often generalistic, and communities of herbivores tend to share much of their diets. In the tropical lowlands of Malaysian Borneo, tens of different noncarnivorous land snail species are able to coexist in communities on limestone outcrops. We tried to answer the question whether diet differentiation plays a role in their coexistence. We show, with a large metabarcoding study of the plant diet from gut contents of 658 individual snails (from 26 species, with a focus on three of the most common species in the region), that the different snail species indeed share much of their plant diet, but that mean diet richness varies strongly among species (up to 15.3×). These differences are mostly explained by snail size, with larger snails having wider diets. Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses of the plant diet by individual snails showed signs of clustering in c. 28% of the individuals, possibly suggesting phylogenetic specialization, although such clustering was weak when diets were considered by species. We discuss how observed trends in diet richness and diet clustering could also be explained by random feeding, with larger species simply eating more or less specifically, and by other, noncompetitive interactions, such as snails avoiding desiccation. Our study shows how to efficiently put the power of metabarcoding to work in unravelling the complex community processes commonly encountered in tropical ecosystems and is thus of substantial relevance to both community ecologists and conservationists.
TSSr: an R package for comprehensive analyses of TSS sequencing data
Authors: Lu Zhaolian , Berry Keenan , Hu Zhenbin , Zhan Yu , Ahn Tae-Hyuk , Lin Zhenguo
Published: November 2021

Transcription initiation is regulated in a highly organized fashion to ensure proper cellular functions. Accurate identification of transcription start sites (TSSs) and quantitative characterization of transcription initiation activities are fundamental steps for studies of regulated transcriptions and core promoter structures. Several high-throughput techniques have been developed to sequence the very 5′end of RNA transcripts (TSS sequencing) on the genome scale. Bioinformatics tools are essential for processing, analysis, and visualization of TSS sequencing data. Here, we present TSSr, an R package that provides rich functions for mapping TSS and characterizations of structures and activities of core promoters based on all types of TSS sequencing data. Specifically, TSSr implements several newly developed algorithms for accurately identifying TSSs from mapped sequencing reads and inference of core promoters, which are a prerequisite for subsequent functional analyses of TSS data. Furthermore, TSSr also enables users to export various types of TSS data that can be visualized by genome browser for inspection of promoter activities in association with other genomic features, and to generate publication-ready TSS graphs. These user-friendly features could greatly facilitate studies of transcription initiation based on TSS sequencing data. The source code and detailed documentations of TSSr can be freely accessed at https://github.com/Linlab-slu/TSSr.
Agloe, and How to Get Rid of It
Authors: Hutchings David
Published: November 2021

This chapter looks at the modern form of the conflict thesis: that people must choose a side between God and science. Polemicists such as Richard Dawkins, popularizers such as Neil DeGrasse Tyson, and novelists such as Dan Brown are all considered as proponents of this view to one extent or another, and the content of their arguments is often very reminiscent of that of John William Draper and Andrew Dickson White. By now, though, nearly all of these two men’s points have been debunked in the literature, as has the conflict thesis—so why does it still have such a strong hold? The history of its development is followed, with particular attention paid to the great historian of science George Sarton, a disciple of White. The book finishes with a call for much needed reconciliation between science and religion, and with examples of people who are working toward such a goal.
Conclusion
Authors: Sayad Cecilia
Published: November 2021

The book concludes with a discussion on the making of an Internet legend, Slender Man, as a step further in embedding everyday life with supernatural entities. Originated in a contest proposed by the Something Awful website, which made a call for users to post images of phenomena that could pass for paranormal, this figure, which appears in the background of photographs showing children and teenagers, generated a series of horror stories (in the form of creepypasta), web series (Marble Hornets and totheark), horror films, and games. Slender Man has also been pointed to as the motive behind real acts of self-harm and stabbings. The multiple recycling of this monster (which some believe to be real) across a variety of media invites questions about the strange mix of unquestioning belief and exaggerated skepticism that characterizes our approach to information circulated on the Internet and in social media.
Introduction
Authors: Müller Ralf , Drouin Nathalie , Sankaran Shankar
Published: November 2021

This chapter introduces the background of the book and the motivation to write it. Moreover it describes the book’s contribution to knowledge as being the first book on leadership approaches solely found in project settings. Then it defines the main concepts and terms used throughout this volume. It starts with a definition of leadership approaches, such as vertical, horizontal, team-based, and balanced leadership approaches, then it introduces the popular leadership styles used within these leadership approaches. This includes transactional, transformational, autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire, as well shared and distributed leadership styles. The chapter ends with a short overview of the book’s chapters.
Horizontal Leadership and Its Scenarios
Authors: Müller Ralf , Drouin Nathalie , Sankaran Shankar
Published: November 2021

This chapter addresses horizontal leadership and its scenarios. It starts by looking at what horizontal leadership is, and how horizontal leaders execute their leadership task in the context of balanced leadership. Then, it describes scenarios that occur when horizontal leaders are nominated, identified, selected, and empowered by the project manager, and when they are assigned to lead a project task. The chapter also highlights the specific aspects of leadership distribution between horizontal leaders and project managers to identify the project managers’ leadership style, and the nature of decisions made by both project managers and horizontal leaders to deliver the project. The chapter concludes with some scenarios to illustrate the types of decisions and tasks delegated to horizontal leaders.
A Theory of Balanced Leadership
Authors: Müller Ralf , Drouin Nathalie , Sankaran Shankar
Published: November 2021

This chapter describes balanced leadership theory. It starts by discussing the need for theories for good practical work. A positioning follows, which locates balanced leadership as a middle-range theory between substantive and grand theories. The chapter continues with some of the required information to make sense of the theory. This includes the philosophical stance, which is critical realism, and the theoretical lens, which is realist social theory and its morphogenetic cycle. A detailed description of the theory follows. This description addresses the theory’s constituting variables (the what), the macro- and micro-processes that explain the flow of activities (the how), the internal functioning and its relation to contingency theory (the why), and finally, the limitations and areas of application where the theory holds (the where/when/who). Various cross-references are made to the subsequent chapters in this book.
Identification
Authors: Müller Ralf , Drouin Nathalie , Sankaran Shankar
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses how leaders are identified in projects. As leaders are also appointed to teams in organizations, the chapter begins with a discussion on the nature of team leadership in organizations. It describes one of the models used for explaining team leadership and its application in an organizational context. The authors then turn to competencies of appointed leaders in projects, and they discuss how leaders are spotted in organizations with examples from multinational organizations. Following this, they turn their attention to how leaders are identified in projects. A research into identification, carried out as part of the balanced leadership research, is then presented. The chapter closes with a summary and some questions for reflection.
Common Issues in Music Lab Lessons
Authors: Kuhn Will , Hein Ethan
Published: November 2021

This chapter describes several common problems encountered by teachers and students in project-based electronic music classes. The issues addressed include weak student engagement, excessively fast or slow project pacing, and students’ reluctance to participate or share their work with their peers. Also discussed are broader issues teachers face when teaching music technology: how they can overcome creative blocks in their own project design, how they can maintain relevance in the face of rapid cultural change, and how they can adapt their ensemble-based training to leading lab-based technology programs. The chapter outlines strategies for supporting students’ intrinsic motivation and creative confidence through differentiated instruction, and through rewarding effort and risk-taking rather than outcomes. The chapter is as much a psychological resource as it is a technical and pedagogical one, by design. Teaching and practicing creativity are inescapably emotional, and the advice is therefore couched in terms of interpersonal dynamics.
Live Performing and Afterschool Groups
Authors: Kuhn Will , Hein Ethan
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses the challenge of launching student-led performing and creative groups without taking a heavy-handed role in their development. The chapter gives strategies for supporting student-led groups so that they attain the continuity of membership enjoyed by traditional school ensembles. Specifically, it considers three models of student-led groups. The first model is the recording club, a loosely knit group of like-minded students doing self-directed recording projects in the studio. Second is a model based on rock bands and open-mic nights, student-organized ensembles, and performance series that are supported by the school but that operate independently of formal classroom structures. The third model is the electronic music group, a novel and successful performing ensemble combining DJs, instrumentalists, vocalists, and emcees. Lebanon High School’s Electronic Music Group is described: its technical onstage setup, its nontraditional performance venues, its repertoire and creative ethos, and the faculty facilitation that makes it sustainable in a school environment.
Everything is Choreography
Authors: Winkler Kevin
Published: November 2021

Everything Is Choreography: The Musical Theater of Tommy Tune is the first full-scale analysis of the work of Tommy Tune, and his place in a lineage of Broadway’s great director-choreographers. The decade of the 1980s was considered a low point for the American musical. Tune’s predecessors in the art of complete musical staging like Jerome Robbins, Bob Fosse, Gower Champion, and Michael Bennett were either dead or withdrawn from the Broadway arena. Yet it was the period of Tune’s greatest success. The book examines how he adapted to an increasingly corporatized, high-stakes producing and funding environment. It considers how Tune kept the American musical a thriving, creative enterprise at a time when Broadway was dominated by British imports. It investigates Tune’s work since the mid-1990s, when he shifted his attentions to touring and regional productions, far from the glare of Broadway. Unlike his fellow director-choreographers, Tune also maintained a successful performing career, and the book details the deft balancing act that kept him working as a popular singer-dancer-actor while he was directing a series of striking and influential Broadway musicals.
Introduction
Authors: Winkler Kevin
Published: November 2021

The Introduction juxtaposes the musicals of Tommy Tune during the 1980s with the large-scale British extravaganzas that dominated Broadway in the same decade. These imported “megamusicals,” featured lavish spectacle, special effects, cookie-cutter casting, and booming, pop-rock soundscapes. By contrast, Tune’s shows were simple, elegant, and filled with unique personalities (including Tune himself). The special effects in a Tommy Tune show were ingeniously staged singing and dancing. Tune coined the term “guzzintahs” to refer to the seamless melding of song, dance, and story, as in “this goes into that, and that goes into this.” The Introduction also offers a brief history of the director-choreographer, including George Balanchine, who integrated ballet into Broadway dance and Agnes de Mille, who established her choreographic authorship as of equal importance alongside a show’s book, score, and direction. The creative use of “guzzintahs” by later figures such as Jerome Robbins, Bob Fosse, Gower Champion, and Michael Bennett is explored, pointing the way toward Tune’s especially unified staging concepts.
Double Feature
Authors: Winkler Kevin
Published: November 2021

A Day in Hollywood/A Night in the Ukraine was a tiny jewel box of a musical revue, with a cast of just eight versatile performers, that established Tommy Tune as a director-choreographer of the first rank when it opened in 1980. Its second act was an adaptation of Anton Chekhov’s one-act The Bear as it might have been performed by the Marx Brothers. The trio’s cheerfully anarchic spirit was conjured with balletic grace and timing in Tune’s staging. Tune expanded the show’s curtain raiser, a series of Hollywood songs, into a satiric cavalcade of music and comic musings on the movies circa 1939, set in the lobby of Hollywood’s legendary Grauman’s Chinese Theatre and performed by its ushers. Its highlight was an ingenious tap number set to the text of the 1930 Hollywood Production Code, with all its taboos duly noted in rhythm.
What Are Networks for Social Impact?
Authors: Shumate Michelle , Cooper Katherine R.
Published: November 2021

This introductory chapter describes the key concepts and approaches used throughout the rest of the book. First, it defines social impact and distinguishes it from individual, organizational, and network outcomes. Second, it defines networks as arrangements of organizations characterized by autonomy and interdependence. Further, the chapter unpacks the dimensions of networks for social impact, including organizational composition, number of organizations, relationship type, network governance, type of social impact, and longevity. Third, the chapter introduces the systems perspective and axioms used throughout the book, contrasting it with configurational and process approaches. Finally, it describes the research and case studies that are foundational to the claims of the book.
Setting Up the Network
Authors: Shumate Michelle , Cooper Katherine R.
Published: November 2021

This chapter focuses on the process of starting a network. Drawing from the configurational and process approaches, it describes critical decisions involved. These decisions include what role the network instigator should play, how to recruit participants and manage membership, the type of network governance, establishing the goal or goals, defining structures and roles for organizations and individuals, developing external legitimacy, and securing funding. The chapter argues that there is no one right way to set up a network. However, there are wrong ways to do so, and leaders must continuously manage network dilemmas. The chapter uses case studies to illustrate the different choices available to network instigators. It includes instructions for creating actor maps and consensus-based decision-making.
Frontiers for Networks for Social Impact
Authors: Shumate Michelle , Cooper Katherine R.
Published: November 2021

The final chapter synthesizes arguments from the book. We offer a systems approach that integrates the configuration and processes approaches, addressing the possible network designs needed for success and how the system must adapt to a changing environment. We do so by unpacking the axioms that underly our approach, integrating material from the rest of the book. We draw several implications for research and practice. We advocate a solution-science approach to the study of social impact networks. We argue that researchers need to test interventions to improve networks’ social impact and communicate the results widely. We contend that both funders and network instigators should pay attention to the nature of social issues (i.e., simple, complicated, complex, and chaotic) when writing requests for proposals and selecting a network design. The match between the type of social problem and the network design is critical to achieving social impact. We end the chapter with optimism and urgency. Not only do we think networks can be impactful if designed and managed well, but we also believe they must be impactful to address the most challenging issues of our time.
Books and Book Chapters
Authors: Schwartz Seth J.
Published: November 2021

This chapter addresses the process of proposing authored books, edited books, and handbooks, as well as assembling the book itself. The chapter also covers book chapters and whether scholars should write a chapter that they have been invited to write. The challenges in putting together an authored book are outlined where the challenges are parallel to those involved in writing non-empirical papers. Edited books are discussed in terms of identifying content to be covered, choosing and inviting chapter authors, accounting for chapters that will not materialize, and working with authors to revise and finalize their chapters. Edited handbooks are reviewed as large projects that can impact fields of study but that require a great deal of work. Readers considering whether to accept book chapter invitations are advised to consider what would be written in the chapter and to acknowledge that the chapter would then represent the source material for those ideas.
Historicizing Humanitarianism in Colonial India
Authors: Samanta Samiparna
Published: November 2021

Drawing on pre-colonial and colonial sources, this chapter lays out the larger historical context of humanitarianism. By tracing how animals were perceived in Vedic ontology, 19th-century Bengali fiction, and through the creation of Calcutta Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (CSPCA – a humane society founded in a colonial milieu), it particularly analyzes the making of a discourse surrounding animal cruelty/compassion. The overall objective of this chapter is to show how non-human animals came to be perceived in pre-colonial and colonial Bengal, and whether colonial intervention complicates the story of animal protectionism. It tries to answer the question: Did the British confidence in their inherent benevolence towards “native” subjects extend to the protection of their nonhuman subalterns as well?
The ‘Indian West Point’
Authors: Dutta Vipul
Published: November 2021

This chapter engages substantially with the theme of inter-service training through examining the early decades in the functioning and administration of the National Defence Academy (NDA), set up in Western India in 1949, and which later replaced the Indian Military Academy (IMA) as the primary entry point for men to acquire inter-service military education and training. This chapter highlights the post-independence decades of restructuring the Indian Army (mainly its division into three service specific arms: army, navy and air force), and will also shed light on the ways in which the government envisaged the development of this institution. Central to this analysis would be an examination of the formation of its ‘academic’ character, thereby amplifying the twin reformatory impulse of institutional Indianisation which was aimed at not just a speedier replacement of British officers, but also with a concomitant reappraisal of the educational requirements of those who were meant to replace the British.
Aestheticizing Heresy
Authors: Jahanbegloo Ramin
Published: November 2021

Yukio Mishima, perhaps the most influential Japanese writer of his time, was in many ways a heretic in search of authenticity. Mishima’s quest for beauty and heroic death, a reflex of his heresy, could be seen as a clear symptom of his obsession with the gap between reality and existential questions that he accounted of crucial human importance. In mid-way between violent sensuality and critical aestheticism, Mishima’s words and actions hold the promise of a non-conformist beauty, hand in hand with the quest for purity of the self. As Hisaaki Yamanouchi says correctly, “Mishima’s whole career was one o paradox built on an extraordinary tension between spirit and body, words and action, and artistic creation and commitment to the world.
Policy Implications
Authors: Ruback R. Barry
Published: November 2021

This last chapter, Chapter 8, looks at larger issues of economic sanctions. Reitz and Klingele, the reporters of the Model Penal Code argued that economic sanctions are unprincipled (they violate legal standards and discriminate against the poor), unsuccessful (they are generally unpaid and, as presently constituted, do not meet the purposes of sentencing), and are unending (local and state governments are continuing to impose economic sanctions and other legal financial obligations in order to meet budgetary needs). Also, in the final chapter the author discusses how the existing research can be used to inform policy, particularly regarding questions of whether there should be different types of economic sanctions, what those types should be, and what amounts of economic sanctions should be imposed. These policy arguments are based on the assumption that the law and courts should be concerned about victims, offenders, and the community.
Sounding Archives of Presence
Authors: Perea Jessica Bissett
Published: November 2021

Colonial regimes of sounds used to represent Inuit—what one might shorthand as “the Sound of Eskimo,” an Arctic complement to Deloria’s “Sound of Indian”—can be traced back to cue sheets, scores, and soundtracks that accompanied Robert Flaherty’s Nanook of the North (1922). A lack of musical and cultural specificity granted to Arctic Indigenous Peoples represented in film over the long twentieth century is due to misplaced assumptions about circumpolar lands, waters, and lifeways as monolithic. Until the 1970s, ethnographic records about Inuit lifeways and music-making also lacked radical and relational approaches to research that acknowledged the particularities among and between Inuit communities and performance practices across the Arctic. This chapter traces important shifts over the past century, from non-Inuit ethnologists to Inuit filmmakers, and offers in-depth analyses of soundscapes and soundtracks from Iñupiaq filmmaker Andrew Okpeaha MacLean’s award-winning feature film On the Ice (2010). The author emphasizes three on-screen musical performances—Iñupiaq drumsong, “Eskimo flow” hip hop, and a singspiration, or Presbyterian hymn singing—that archive dense histories of colonization and resurgence in Utqiaġvik.
Traditioning a Resurgence Anthem
Authors: Perea Jessica Bissett
Published: November 2021

This chapter traces the roots and routes of a Yupiit resurgence anthem, “Tarvarnauramken,” through some of the pathways and contributions of three (now) well-known and highly respected Yup’ik Elders: Theresa Arevgaq John, Chuna Nengqerralria McIntyre, and Marie Arnaq Meade. Over time, their collective paths converged as members of Nunamta (Of Our Land) Yup’ik Eskimo Dancers (ca. 1980s), one of the first professionalized Native performance groups to come out of Alaska and to develop inter-village yet distinctly Yupiit-specific aesthetics and sonic vernaculars. Their individual paths offer further insights into the densities of being highly educated in both Yupiit and non-Yupiit senses; they are fluent in Yugtun and Yuuyaraq (Way of the Human Being), and they have each earned college degrees and lived influential lives as public artists and intellectuals. The conclusion questions the role of density in traditioning Yupiit performance practices, especially for Yupiit performances in diaspora.