bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN INDIA: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Shantajit Thokchom , Kumar Chirom Ranjeev , Zahiruddin Quazi Syed
Published: October 2018

Road traffic accidents claim over a million lives every year in the world. As per World Health Organization (WHO) it is one of the leading cause of death. India, being a rapidly developing country with expanding economy has its own issues as regarding road traffic accidents due to rapid proliferation of motorization. Road traffic accidents causes enormous morbidity and mortality and at the same time, the toll on the economy of the country as a result of it is quite heavy. Road traffic accident is a result of an interaction among different factors which include the environment, vehicle and the human being. Traditionally it is considered that road traffic accidents are accidents which are unpredictable, inevitable and not preventable. But road traffic accidents are indeed predictable and preventable in majority of the cases. This require the knowledge of factors contributing and leading to road traffic accidents. There are certain preventive measures which if adopted can lead to decrease in morbidity and mortality resulting from RTA. Hence, it is the responsibility of all to contribute in reducing road traffic accidents.

Keywords: Road traffic accidents; Road traffic injuries; Roads in India; Road safety; Vehicular registration.
Revisión Temática de Plan de egreso, otra competencia en enfermería
Authors: Gallardo Solarte Karina , Ortiz Nievas Vilma Tamara , Giraldo Oliveros Simón Andrés
Published: October 2018

Fecha de recepción: 10 de mayo de 2017Fecha de revisión: 04 de agosto de 2017Fecha de aprobación: 12 de diciembre de 2017 Artículo de revisión temática sobre el plan de alta o egreso hospitalario desde el cuidado de enfermería. La búsqueda se hizo desde diferentes estudios realizados a nivel de Colombia, en el periodo de 2009 a 2015, para lo cual se revisó la literatura relacionada con el tema, que sirviera de soporte para discutir, reflexionar y evaluar críticamente los datos obtenidos en la investigación adelantada, respecto a la perspectiva que tienen otros autores. Fueron analizados 23 artículos, divididos en tres grupos, relativos a agencia de autocuidado, educación y proceso de enfermería, asociados todos a plan de egreso. Se concluye que, dado que el plan de alta es una actividad que debe ser incluida en toda institución de salud, esta actividad debe ser liderada por el personal de enfermería. Palabras claves: Atención de enfermería, enfermedad crónica, cuidado, alta del paciente. Thematic Review of the Discharge Plan, another competence in nursing Thematic review article related to the hospital discharge or discharge plan from nursing care. The search was made from different studies conducted in Colombia, in the period 2009 - 2015, for which literature linked to the subject was reviewed, which served as a support to discuss, reflect and critically evaluate the data obtained in the research advanced, with respect to the perspective that other authors have. 23 articles were analyzed, divided into three groups, related to self-care agency, education and nursing process, all associated with the discharge plan. It is concluded that, since the discharge plan is an activity that should be included in any health institution, this activity should be led by the nursing staff. Key words: Nursing care, chronic disease, care, patient discharge. Revisão Temática do Egresso hospitalar, outra competência em enfermagem Artigo de revisão temática sobre o egresso hospitalar dos cuidados de enfermagem. A busca foi feita a partir de diferentes estudos realizados na Colômbia, no período de 2009 a 2015, para o qual foi revisada a literatura relacionada ao tema, que serviu de suporte para discutir, refletir e avaliar criticamente os dados obtidos na pesquisa avançada, com respeito à perspectiva que outros autores possuem. Foram analisados 23 artigos, divididos em três grupos, relacionados à agência de autocuidado, educação e processo de enfermagem, todos associados ao egresso hospitalar. Conclui-se que, sendo uma atividade que deve ser incluída em qualquer instituição de saúde, essa atividade deve ser liderada pela equipe de enfermagem. Palavras-chave: Cuidados de enfermagem, doença crônica, cuidado, egresso hospitalar. .
Dynamic hip stability, strength and pain before and after hip abductor strengthening exercises for patients with dysplastic hips
Authors: Kuroda Daisuke , Maeyama Akira , Naito Masatoshi , Moriyama Shigeki , Yoshimura Ichiro , Nakamura Yoshinari , Kiyama Takahiko
Published: October 2018

PURPOSE: We compared the dynamic instability of dysplastic hips using a triaxial accelerometer before and after abductor muscle strengthening exercises to determine if such exercises could achieve improvements in hip pain and associated symptoms.

METHODS: We evaluated 17 hips in 17 female patients with a mean age of 37 years who presented with hip joint symptoms and acetabular dysplasia. At the initial diagnosis, we used a triaxial accelerometer to measure dynamic instability of the hip during walking. Patients were taught how and instructed to perform abductor muscle strengthening exercises for 3 months. After this time, we re-measured. we compared these values before and after exercise.

RESULTS: The average abductor muscle strength improved from 104.4± 35.4 N to 124.3 ± 35.9 N after exercise, an improvement of approximately 16%. The overall magnitude of acceleration significantly decreased from 2.40 ± 0.34 m/s $^{2}$ at pre-exercise to 1.82 ± 0.28 m/s $^{2}$ at post-exercise (p < 0.0001). The VAS also significantly improved (p=0.0005). In all cases, hip joint symptoms were significantly improved by the performance of the studied abductor muscle strengthening exercises.

CONCLUSIONS: Using a triaxial accelerometer, we have shown that instability of the hip during walking can be improved by abductor muscle strengthening exercises.
Validity and reliability of the Myotest Pro wireless accelerometer in squat jumps
Authors: Bampouras Theodoros M. , Relph Nicola S. , Orme Duncan , Esformes Joseph I.
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND: Portable and cost-effective accelerometers can yield instantaneous results of force, power, and velocity, with minimum set-up time to assess muscle power. However, such devices must also produce both valid and reliable data.

OBJECTIVE: The current study assessed the validity and reliability of the Myotest Pro wireless accelerometer (ACC).

METHODS: Thirty physically active males performed two squat jump, on two separate sessions. The jump was recorded simultaneously by a force platform and ACC, which was attached to a barbell resting on the subjects' shoulders. Validity was determined using Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and t-test between the maximum force platform(F $_{FP}$ ) and ACC (F $_{ACC}$ ) force. Between session reliability of F $_{ACC}$ , power(P $_{ACC}$ ) and velocity (V $_{ACC}$ ) from the ACC were assessed with t-test, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and coefficient of variation (CV).

RESULTS: F $_{ACC}$ correlated highly to F $_{FP}$ (r=0.815, p< 0.05), but there was a proportionate ratio bias of 0.81. There was no difference between sessions (p> 0.05) for any variable. High ICCs were found for all variables(F $_{ACC}$ 0.90; P $_{ACC}$ 0.80; V $_{ACC}$ 0.84). Low CV was found for F $_{ACC}$ (2.1%), P $_{ACC}$ (3.3%) and V $_{ACC}$ (3.2%).

CONCLUSIONS: ACC is a valid and reliable tool to use for assessing barbell movement, but caution in power data interpretation is needed.
Comparison of shoulder range of motion, strength, and endurance in amateur pitchers practicing repetitive overhead throwing
Authors: Yu Jae-Ho , Lee Gyu-Chang
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND: A decrease in the range of internal rotation known as glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) which caused by repetitive overhead throwing is known to take place in elite baseball players. However few attempts at studying the differences in the range of motion (ROM), muscle strength, and endurance according to the duration of the involvement of players have been made.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the difference in ROM, muscle strength, endurance of shoulder among amateur pitchers.

METHOD: Forty-two right-handed amateur pitchers in their 20 s and 30 s, with similar physical characteristics participated in the study. They were divided into three groups according to their pitching experience. Range of motion, shoulder external and internal strength and endurance and grip strength were measured and compared.

RESULTS: The ROM was significantly different among the 3 groups(P< 0.05), especially with respect to external rotation, internal rotation, and external rotation on side-lying. The peak torque of the right external rotators differed significantly between 2 and 3 year experience groups (P< 0.05). Further, the peak torque and the endurance of external rotator significantly differed between dominant and non-dominant shoulders in between 1 year group and 2 years group (P< 0.05). In external rotation endurance, there were significant differences between the 1 and 2 years groups, and between the 2 and 3 years group (P< 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, repetitive overhead throwing for more than a year caused structural changes in shoulder joints, which were possible responsible for changes in the range of motion and decrease external rotators performance. Such changes in the shoulder could generate a pattern shift in motion and cause secondary injuries such as internal impingement syndrome.
Lower limb strength is associated with gait biomechanical abnormalities in older female fallers and non-fallers
Authors: Marques Nise Ribeiro , Hallal Camilla Zamfolini , Crozara Luciano Fernandes , Morcelli Mary Hellen , Karuka Aline Harumi , Navega Marcelo Tavella , Gonçalves Mauro
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND: Age-related loss in lower limb strength is related with impaired mobility. However, the association between decreased lower limb strength and gait biomechanical abnormalities is unclear. %In line with this, With respect to these statements, our study aimed to compare the maximum isokinetic voluntary strength (MIVS) of hip, knee and ankle of older women with and without history of falls. Also, we correlate the strength of each group with gait biomechanics.

METHODS: The MIVS were assessed during concentric/concentric movements performed for hip, knee and ankle joints. Gait biomechanics(kinematic and electromyography) were assessed during 1-minute recorded during the volunteers walking on the treadmill at self-selected speed. Electromyographic signal was analyzed by the linear envelop after heel strike and before toe-off. The kinematic data were analyzed using the variables: step time, length and step width and ankle angle at heel strike, and hip angle at toe-off.

RESULTS: In faller group, we found that a decreased hip abduction and adduction MIVS is associated with a higher tibialis anterior activation at initial stance (p =0.04 and r =−0.53 and p=0.04 and r=−0.52).

CONCLUSION: Therefore, an impaired strength of hip could causes compensation in ankle stabilizer muscles activation at initial stance in older female fallers.
Bilateral deficit between concentric and isometric muscle actions
Authors: Botton Cíntia E. , Radaelli Regis , Wilhelm Eurico N. , Silva Bruna G.C. , Brown Lee E. , Pinto Ronei S.
Published: October 2018

The greater torque generation capacity of muscles when contracted alone than in combination with contralateral muscles, characterizes the bilateral limb deficit (BLD) phenomenon. Few studies have explored the BLD in dynamic movements, because isometric actions are considered ideal for evaluating strength. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare BLD between isometric and concentric actions of the knee extensors. Eleven healthy young men (age=20.6 ± 1 yrs; weight=71.4 ± 6.4 kg; height =174.4± 7 cm) volunteered to participate. Initially, subjects visited the laboratory for familiarization with the test protocols. On two subsequent randomized days they performed a test protocol with either a unilateral (right and left limbs) or bilateral condition, with 48∼h rest between. The test protocol was composed of five isokinetic concentric actions of the knee extensors at 60°/s and three isometric actions at a 60° angle of knee flexion. The greatest peak torque of the two conditions was used for analyses. Both muscle actions demonstrated greater values unilaterally (p< 0.05) than bilaterally and BLD values were not significantly different between them (p> 0.05). Therefore, if muscle torque production is greater unilaterally, athletes and coaches may utilize unilateral exercises to increase training loads.
Comparison of peak torque, intensity and discomfort generated by neuromuscular electrical stimulation of low and medium frequency
Authors: Fukuda Thiago Yukio , Marcondes Freddy Beretta , dos Anjos Rabelo Nayra , de Vasconcelos Rodrigo Antunes , Junior Claudio Cazarini
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation(NMES) is an important tool in clinical practice to improve the recruitment of motor units. Optimal forms of NMES, as well as the optimal frequency to achieve the highest torque with the least possible discomfort are not well established. This study was designed to compare maximum electrically-induced torque (MEIT) in the quadriceps, the maximum intensity tolerated by the subject, and the level of discomfort generated by three types of stimulation.

METHODS: Thirty subjects (mean age of 25.0 ± 3.0 years) participated in the study. Each subject was submitted to three currents: medium frequency (2500 Hz) modulated in low frequency (Russian Current), and two currents of low frequency(50 Hz), i.e. without an intrapulse interval (FES), and another with an intrapulse interval of 100 μs (VMS). The maximum voluntary isometric torque (MVIT) of the quadriceps was measured. The MEIT, the level of discomfort, and the maximum intensity reached were also measured while applying the three types of NMES. The order of the tests was randomized and the torque was normalized in relation to MVIT.

RESULTS: The results showed no significant difference between the three types of NMES in relation to the generated torque. However, the subjects were able to tolerate a significantly higher intensity with the medium frequency current, and suffered less discomfort when compared to subjects exposed to low frequency currents.

CONCLUSION: Russian Current, FES, and VMS can be used clinically in order to increase the torque of the quadriceps muscle. However, we suggest using the Russian Current in the early stages of a rehabilitation protocol because it showed better tolerance by the participants with less discomfort.
The relationship between isokinetic performance of hip and knee and jump performance in university rugby players
Authors: Harrison Benjamin , Firth Will , Rogers Sean , Tipple Joshua , Marsden Jon , Freeman Jennifer A. , Hough Alan D. , Shum Gary L.K.
Published: October 2018

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate how isokinetic lower limb strength and velocity of knee and hip extension correlate to vertical jump performance in university team rugby players.

METHODS: Twenty asymptomatic university team rugby players performed a maximal vertical jump test, in which the vertical displacement was measured from maximum standing reach height to maximal height attained from a countermovement jump. A dynamometer assessed the maximal isokinetic strength and velocity of hip and knee extension in the dominant leg. Peak torque was measured when participants moved at angular velocities of 60 and 120°/s for hip extension, and 120 and 240°/s for knee extension. The highest velocity achieved during isokinetic hip and knee extension up to a maximum level of 360°/s was recorded.

RESULTS: Moderately strong correlations were found between knee extension strength and vertical jump height, particularly when testing at faster angular velocities of 240°/s (R=0.609, p=0.002). There was also a significant moderate correlation between maximum knee extension speed and vertical jump height (R=0.540, p=0.007).

CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that focusing on strength/power training of the knee extensors at a high speed may result in improved vertical jump performance.
The influence of circadian rhythms on peak isokinetic force of quadriceps and hamstring muscles
Authors: Sinclair J. , Wright J. , Hurst H.T. , Taylor P.J. , Atkins S.
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND: Circadian rhythms, and their potential influence on athletic performance, have been the subject of a number of investigations.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the influence of circadian rhythms on the peak isokinetic force of the quadriceps and hamstring muscle groups, and the relationship of cortisol level with these measures.

METHODS: Twelve male and twelve female participants completed maximal isokinetic flexion and extension movements of their dominant leg at 60°/s using an isokinetic dynamometer. Data were collected at 09.00(Session A), 14.00 (Session B) and 18.00 (Session C). Salivary cortisol was also obtained immediately prior to each session. Differences in isokinetic strength parameters and salivary cortisol concentrations, between the three sessions, were examined using 2 × 3 mixed ANOVAs. Pearson correlations were used to examine the relationship between isokinetic strength and salivary cortisol.

RESULTS: For all of the flexion parameters, but none of their extension counterparts, session C was associated with significantly greater isokinetic strength compared to session A. No significant relationships were observed between measures of isokinetic strength and cortisol.

CONCLUSIONS: The findings from this investigation suggest that both male and female athletes performing knee flexion strengthening exercises should conduct their training/competitions in the late afternoon or early evening in order to maximize performance.
Validity and reproducibility of a lower limb isokinetic muscular endurance testing protocol
Authors: Jones Thomas W. , Howatson Glyn , Russell Mark , French Duncan N.
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND: There are few standardised assessments of unilateral muscular endurance and little data examining the validity and reproducibility of isokinetic unilateral muscular endurance performance measures.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the validity and reproducibility of an isokinetic assessment of lower limb unilateral muscular endurance performance.

METHODS: Thirty individuals (15 endurance trained and 15 non-endurance trained) repeated a time to exhaustion (TTE) based endurance protocol on separate days. Procedures were conducted on an isokinetic dynamometer and involved leg extension through 135° of the dominant leg. The TTE protocol required participants to perform unilateral isokinetic leg extensions at 60% of individual maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) until the specified intensity and frequency could not be maintained.

RESULTS: The endurance trained individuals reached significantly greater TTE than their non-endurance trained counterparts (P< 0.001). Systemic bias was small (< 5%) and measures were similar between trials. Test-retest reproducibility statistics were as follows; CV: 6.9%; LOA −170.1 to 139.5; RLOA: −0.320 ×/÷ 0.257. Relative reproducibility statistics were tight between trials (significant correlation P< 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS: Data demonstrate the validity and tight test-retest reproducibility of the aforementioned assessment of unilateral muscular endurance performance.
Is there any loss of ankle proprioception in diabetic patients without neuropathy?
Authors: Guney Hande , Kaya Defne , Citaker Seyit , Kafa Nihan , Yosmaoglu Baran , Yetkin Ilhan , Yuksel Inci , Doral Mahmut Nedim
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND: Aim of this study is to evaluate ankle joint position sense (JPS) in the diabetic patients without peripheral neuropathy (PN). The hypothesis was that diabetes would lead to decreased JPS even if there was no PN.

METHODS: Thirty-seven patients with diabetes and 22 healthy controls were included in the study. PN was detected with the use of Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament test (SWMT), vibration testing by the timed method (128 Hz diapason) and two point discrimination sensation test. JPS was measured as the subjects' ability to actively reproduce target ankle dorsiflexion (DF) and plantarflexion (PF). The concentric isokinetic peak torques of the ankle DF and PF were recorded using the Biodex® System 3 Dynamometer.

RESULTS: JPS was significantly lower in diabetic patients than control subjects. PF isokinetic muscle torque at 30°/s, 60°/s and 180°/s was significantly lower in diabetic patients than control subjects but DF muscle torque did not differ between the groups.

CONCLUSIONS: Diabetic patients displayed decreased ankle joint position sense and muscle torque even though they had no peripheral neuropathy. Treatment strategies aiming at improving proprioception and muscle strength in early stage could be beneficial to prevent the patients from diabetes complications.
Comparisons of voluntary and evoked rate of torque development and rate of velocity development during isokinetic muscle actions
Authors: Jenkins Nathaniel D.M. , Palmer Ty B. , Cramer Joel T.
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND: The rate of torque development (RTD) and the rate of velocity development (RVD) have previously been described as related; however, a direct comparison has not been performed.

OBJECTIVE: The purposes of this study were to compare voluntary and evoked RVD and RTD during the same maximal isokinetic leg extensions muscle actions and to indirectly explore the influence of motor unit discharge frequency on these variables.

METHODS: Sixteen men completed three maximal voluntary and three maximal evoked isokinetic leg extension muscle actions at 60°·s $^{-1}$ . Peak RVD, general RVD, peak RTD, and electromechanical delay (EMD) were calculated from the voluntary and evoked muscle actions. Voluntary and evoked RTD and RVD were also calculated for each 10 ms epoch up to 200 ms of the muscle actions.

RESULTS: There was no interaction between voluntary and evoked RVD across time (p=0.12), but there was an interaction for RTD (p<0.01). However, peak RTD occurred prior to the isokinetic load range. Peak RTD(p<0.001), peak RVD (p< 0.01), general RVD (p< 0.01), isokinetic load range (p<0.001), EMD (p<0.001), and PT (p<0.001) were greater for voluntary than evoked muscle actions, which was expected due to the influence of voluntary motor unit firing rates.

CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these results suggested that the calculation of RTD during the acceleration phase of an isokinetic muscle action may not be valid due to the unknown load and increasing velocity. Furthermore, the RVD may be influenced by motor unit firing rate, but to a lesser extent than RTD.
The acute effect of commercial "energy drink" on hematological, biochemical and strength parameters induced by eccentric contractions
Authors: Hismiogullari Adnan Adil , Punduk Zekine , Hismiogullari Sahver Ege , Yavuz Ozlem
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND: Commercial energy drink usage is reported to be higher in athletes and adolescents. However, the impact of pre-exercise consumption of energy beverages on hematologic and biochemical responses and skeletal muscle contractile properties has not been fully elucidated.

METHOD: Ten male subjects performed 50 maximal eccentric actions on an isokinetic dynamometer at 90°/sec followed by two identical trials that were preceded by consuming either a placebo (P) or energy drink (ED) beverage. The test was repeated after 7–10 days while consuming the alternate beverage. Complete blood counts and chemistry profile was conducted before and immediately after exercise.

RESULTS: Eccentric contractions resulted in an increased number of neutrophils (Neut) and decreased lymphocytes (Lymph), decreased eosinophils(EOS) and did not change basophil (BASO) levels in control. However, the BASO levels increased immediately after the exercise with P and ED beverage consumption. In contrast, P and ED beverage consumption had no effect on Neut, Lymph, MONO or EOS counts after exercise compared to pre-exercise values. Acute exercise increased creatinine kinase (CK) and decreased phosphorus (Pi) but did not have any effect on other blood chemistry parameters. The biochemical profile and eccentric muscle contractile properties were not significantly affected by any of the beverages.

CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of pre-exercise energy drink does not have a favorable effect on immune blood cells induced in the acute eccentric exercise model.
The reproducibility of three different indicators of fatigue from plantar-flexion isokinetic testing at two knee flexion angles is not sufficient to be termed 'acceptable'
Authors: Hébert-Losier Kim , Willis Sarah J. , Holmberg Hans-Christer
Published: October 2018

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the reproducibility of three indicators of fatigue (FIs) specific to concentric plantar-flexion isokinetic testing at knee flexion (KF) angles of 0° (straight) and 45° (bent).

METHODS: On two separate days one week apart, thirty-four males performed 50 consecutive maximal concentric isokinetic plantar-flexion contractions at 60°/s with 0° and 45° of KF. Differences in the pre- and post-maximal voluntary isometric contraction torques(FI $_{static}$ ), powers during the initial five and last five isokinetic contractions (FI $_{dynamic}$ ) and powers during the 50 isokinetic contractions (FI $_{slope}$ ) were used as FIs. Changes in means, intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) and coefficients of variations (CVs) were computed to quantify the reproducibility of the FIs. Comparisons were made between the two KF angles and three FIs using two-way repeated measures ANOVA.

RESULTS: For both KF angles and three FIs, ICCs ranged from 0.52 to 0.71 and CVs from 10.0 to 29.3%. The CVs from the two isokinetic-based FIs were lower than those from the isometric FI and a trend towards larger ICCs at 0° was observed.

CONCLUSIONS: The reproducibility of the three FIs was not sufficient to be termed 'acceptable'. The FI $_{slope}$ and FI $_{dynamic}$ were more reproducible than FI $_{static}$ and are recommended – with the knee straight rather than bent – until more reliable indicators become available.
Between-day reliability of pedal forces for cyclists during an incremental cycling test to exhaustion
Authors: Bini Rodrigo R. , Hume Patria A.
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND: Reliability of pedal forces during cycling specific tests needs to be established if pedal forces are to be used in longitudinal studies evaluating performance improvements.

METHOD: We assessed the reliability of pedal force measures during two incremental cycling tests to exhaustion separated by two to seven days. The number of competitive cyclists completing each workload increment varied (n=10 for 100 W to 250 W; n=8 for 300 W; n=6 for 350 W). Pedal forces were measured via strain gauge instrumented pedals and pedal-to-crank angles via angular potentiometers attached to the pedal spindles. Mean and standard deviations, typical error of measurement percentage (TE%) and effect sizes (ES) between days across workloads for oxygen uptake (VO $_{2}$ ), peak normal force (PNF), peak anterior-posterior force (PAPF), average total force on the pedal (ATF) and index of effectiveness percentage (IE) for right and left pedals were calculated.

RESULTS: Averages across all workloads showed high reliability and trivial differences between two to seven days of testing for all variables(TE%, ICC, ES; VO $_{2}$ =4%, 0.94, 0.1; PNFright=6%, 0.98, 0.1; PNFleft=12%, 0.98, 0.1; PAPFright=13%, 0.95, 0.2; PAPFleft=14%, 0.96, 0.1; ATFright=5%, 0.98, 0.1; ATFleft=11%, 0.97, 0.1; IEright=10%, 0.94, 0.2; IEleft=14%, 0.91, 0.1).

CONCLUSION: Pedal force measures during incremental cycling tests to exhaustion can be used to assess changes in performance given the high reliability reported in our study.
Single-joint isometric rate of torque development is not related to counter- movement jump performance in soccer players
Authors: Wilhelm Eurico N. , Radaelli Regis , da Silva Bruna G.C. , Botton Cíntia E. , Barbosa Rafael , Bottaro Martim , Brown Lee E. , Pinto Ronei S.
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The quadriceps rate of torque development(RTD) is frequently used to evaluate explosive performance, but its functional meaning has been questioned. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate if isometric quadriceps RTD correlates with multi-joint dynamic performance and if it has greater correlation with dynamic performance than with a single-joint isokinetic test in soccer players.

METHODS: Thirty-nine male soccer players (age 21 ± 5 years, body mass 75 ± 7.5 kg, height 179 ± 5 cm) performed five maximal concentric knee extension isokinetic contractions at a velocity of 180°/s, followed by three maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) with knee angle of 60°, and five countermovement jumps (CMJ). The RTD was derived from MIVC over various time intervals (of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 seconds, and peak RTD) and CMJ height was calculated by flight time method. Pearson Product Moment Correlations were used to determine the relationships between variables.

RESULTS: Absolute and relative isokinetic PT correlated positively with CMJ height (p< 0.001, r=0.513 and p=0.0007, r=0.521, respectively). However, none of the isometric RTD measures showed significant relationship with CMJ height (p> 0.05, r from −0.272 to 0.296).

CONCLUSION: These results indicate that single-joint isometric RTD does not correlate with dynamic multi-joint performance. Thus, more specific tests in relation to contraction type, velocity and/or movement pattern should be used.
Effect of optimal cycling repeated-sprint combined with classical training on peak leg power in female soccer players
Authors: Nebil Gmada , Zouhair Farhani , Hatem Bouhlel , Hamza Marzouki , Zouhair Tabka , Roy Shephard , Ezdine Bouhlel
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND: Muscle power is one of the most important factors influencing sport performance. Despite the variety of training methods used in the literature, more individualised, varied and enjoyable methods are needed to enhance muscle peak power in soccer.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of short-sprint cycle ergometer training on peak power output and field performance of female soccer players.

METHODS: 7 female soccer players (age: 20.2 ± 1.5 (years); body mass: 55.1 ± 6.1 (kg); height: 1.61 ± 0.06 (m)) served as an experimental group, and seven female soccer players (age: 19.4 ± 1.5(years); body mass: 65.2 ± 6.1 kg; height: 1.69 ± 0.08 m) as a control group. Peak power output (� peak) during a cycle ergometer force-velocity test and field performance (5-jump test and speeds over 10, 20 and 30 m) were assessed both before and after training (3 months duration, with 3 sessions per week). Each training session comprised 2 series of 15 sprints, separated by a 15 min recovery interval. Individual sprints were of 5 sec duration, at the optimal pedalling velocity for the subject (100–110 rpm) and against the optimal frictional loading equal of the subject(7.5%–8.5% of body mass); a recovery period of 55 sec was allowed between sprints.

RESULTS: The training regimen induced gains of peak power (p< 0.05), whether expressed in �, �/kg, or relative to leg muscle volume

(�/l). There were also gains in 5-jump (p< 0.01), and 20 and 30 m sprint velocities (p< 0.01). Findings in the control participants remained unchanged.

CONCLUSION: When combined with traditional soccer training, repeated short sprints on a cycle ergometer offer an effective strategy for enhancing leg power in female Tunisian soccer players.
The relationships between leg peak power and shot-put performance in national-level athletes
Authors: Landolsi Mounir , Bouhlel Ezzedine , Zarrouk Fayçal , Lacouture Patrick , Tabka Zouhair
Published: October 2018

AIM: Was to study the relationships between leg peak power, leg muscle volume and Shot-put performance in trained shot-putter.

METHODS: Twenty-three shot-putter participated in this study. Anthropometric measurements were carried out to estimate leg muscle volume. Leg peak power and others biomechanical parameters (maximal force, maximal velocity, optimal force, optimal velocity) were measured using leg force-velocity test on ergocycle Monark, and the Optojump device. The shot-put performances were measured during a simulated competition.

RESULTS: We found significant correlations between peak power output(W) measured during leg force-velocity Test on ergocycle (PPO-Ergo) and muscle volume for men (r=0.79, p< 0.01) and women (r=0.72, p< 0.05). PPO-Ergo(W, W/kg) was significantly correlated with the vertical jump performance(r=0.56, p< 0.05; r=0.62, p< 0.01 respectively). Shot-put performance was significantly correlated with PPO-Ergo (W, W/kg) and maximal force (N) (r=0.72, p < 0.001; r=0.48, p< 0.05; r=0.85, p< 0.001 respectively). PPO as estimated from the vertical jump using the Optojump system (PPO-Opto) was not correlated to shot-put performances.

CONCLUSION: The correlation between PPO-Ergo and shot-put performance showed that the force-velocity Test on ergocycle constitute a useful tool assessing PPO and others biomechanical parameters in shot-putter athletes. However, the Optojump system seems to be not accurate for such subjects. Fat mass constitute probably the limiting factor in shut-putter during this test.
The effects of selected forms of physical activity on trunk muscle function in women following breast cancer treatment
Authors: Hanuszkiewicz J. , Malicka I. , Woźniewski M.
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND: Appropriate physical training regimens are capable of restoring correct trunk muscle activity characteristics in women who have undergone breast cancer treatment.

OBJECTIVE: Assessment of the effects of various forms of physical activity on trunk muscle function.

STUDY GROUP: Sixty women who had received breast cancer treatment. The study group was further divided into three subgroups of 20 women who followed different exercise regimens: Nordic walking (NW), water resistance exercise(WE) or general fitness exercise (GE).

METHODS: Assessment of strength and velocity parameters of trunk flexor and extensor was performed at 60 and 120°/s before and after completion of the exercise regimen.

RESULTS: A significant improvement in strength and velocity parameters was noted in the NW and WE groups regardless of the muscle group and angular velocity. In the GE group, a significant improvement was noted for the flexors PT only at 120°/s.

CONCLUSIONS: NW and WE exercise regimens enhance trunk muscle function in women following breast cancer treatment, whereas GE may be useful only for sustaining the existing level of trunk muscle performance. The diversity of changes in trunk muscle function that may be achieved depending on the type and nature of the physical training regimen demonstrates the need of appropriate exercise selection to attain the desired corrective effect.
Chronic ankle instability impairs quadriceps femoris contractility and it is associated with reduced stretch-shortening cycle function
Authors: Váczi Márk , Ambrus Míra
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND: It is well established that chronic ankle instability (CAI) is associated with reduced strength in the muscles around the ankle joint complex.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the quadriceps femoris (QF) function in individuals with CAI.

METHODS: The mechanical properties of the QF were assessed in10 physically active individuals with unilateral CAI, and were compared with 10 healthy controls. Peak torque, rate of torque development, and stretch-shortening cycle function were determined in both legs. Injured subjects were selected based on an instability index score, and were matched with controls by gender, weight, and leg dominance.

RESULTS: In the CAI group, when the injured leg's performance was expressed as percent of the healthy, the fast velocity concentric torque and rate of torque development were smaller compared to the controls'. In the same group, reduced positive work and mechanical efficiency, and increased stretch-shortening cycle contraction time were associated with the magnitude of the ankle instability.

CONCLUSIONS: CAI patients may suffer from high velocity contractility impairment in the QF of the injured side, possibly due to reduced recruitment of fast motor units. The severity of ankle instability may influence stretch-shortening cycle function, indicating reduced ability to store and reuse elastic energy.
The effects of gender and very short-term resistance training on peak torque, average power and neuromuscular responses of the forearm flexors
Authors: Traylor Daniel A. , Housh Terry J. , Lewis Robert W. , Bergstrom Haley C. , Cochrane Kristen C. , Jenkins Nathaniel D.M. , Schmidt Richard J. , Johnson Glen O. , Cramer Joel T.
Published: October 2018

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the effects of %sex gender on peak torque (PT), average power (AP), and the time (AMP) and frequency (MPF) domain parameters of the electromyographic (EMG) and mechanomyographic (MMG) signals following very short-term resistance training (VST) of the forearm flexors. Based on the results of previous studies it was hypothesized that three training sessions would increase PT, EMG MPF, and MMG MPF of the forearm flexors at 60 and 180°/s in men only, without changes to AP, EMG AMP, or MMG AMP for either men or women.

METHODS: Nine men and nine women completed two pretests, three training sessions, and a posttest that included concentric isokinetic muscle actions of the forearm flexors at 60 and 180°/s. The AMP and MPF of the EMG and MMG signals were recorded from the biceps brachii.

RESULTS: The results indicate increases in PT, AP, and MMG AMP at 60 and 180°/s for the men only, but no changes in EMG AMP, EMG MPF, or MMG MPF for either the men or women.

CONCLUSION: There were gender differences in the PT and AP responses to VST of the forearm flexors that were not associated with increased agonist muscle activation. These findings have implications for the development of gender-specific VST programs for the forearm flexors in clinical settings.
Is isokinetic eccentric exercise dangerous for the heart?
Authors: Le Goff C. , Kaux J.-F. , Laurent T. , Vannuscorps J. , Pincemail J. , Chapelle J.-P. , Cavalier E. , Croisier J.-L.
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND: Very strenuous exercises can be performed on an isokinetic dynamometer in order to evaluate the resistance to fatigue of different muscular groups. Good cardiac function is necessary in order to perform these very intensive exercises; otherwise an acute myocardial dysfunction could theoretically appear in predisposed patients.

OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to observe the cardiovascular impact of a maximal intense isokinetic eccentric exercise performed by a population of sedentary young men.

METHODS: Resting and post-exercise (just after, 3 hours and 24 hours after the exercise) blood samples were taken from 12 young male sedentary healthy subjects. These subjects performed an intense maximal eccentric isokinetic exercise of the quadriceps muscle. We evaluated markers of cardiovascular risk (troponin I, highly sensitive troponin T, NT-proBNP, myoglobin), of inflammation (hsCRP) and of oxidative stress (myeloperoxydase, lipidic peroxides, reduced and oxidised glutathione).

RESULTS: The following observations were made: no significant increase in cardiac (NT-proBNP, troponins) or inflammation (hsCRP) biomarkers; a significant increase in myoglobin, myeloperoxidase, lipidic peroxides, oxidised glutathione just after the exercise.

CONCLUSIONS: No modification in cardiac biomarkers were observed after the maximal eccentric isokinetic exercise. We were thus able to prove that the exercise could be performed without any risk to cardiac function in young sedentary subjects. However, a significant level of oxidative stress was induced by this exercise.
Reliability of 1RM test in detrained men with previous resistance training experience
Authors: Ribeiro Alex Silva , do Nascimento Matheus Amarante , Mayhew Jerry L. , Ritti-Dias Raphael Mendes , Avelar Ademar , Okano Alexandre Hideki , Cyrino Edilson Serpeloni
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND: The one-repetition maximum (1RM) test is the most widely used method to analyze muscular strength. However, the 1RM reliability may be dependent on previous resistance training experience.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to analyze the reliability of 1RM test in detrained men with previous resistance training experience.

METHODS: Sixty-seven men (21.1 years, 71.4 kg, 174.1 cm, 23.5 m/kg $^{2}$ ) were recruited and allocated to one of the three groups, according to their previous experience in resistance training: Novice (n=29, from 1 to 6 months), Intermediate (n=19, from 7 to 12 months), and Advanced(n=19, from 13 to 24 months). All subjects performed the 1RM test in the bench press, squat, and arm curl in four sessions. At each session the subjects performed three attempts to reach a peak strength level for each exercise.

RESULTS: Significant increases (P< 0.05) in maximal strength between the first and fourth sessions were consistent for each group in bench press (8.3% to 9.8%), squat (14.9% to 18.5%), and arm curl (7.6% to 10.0%) with no group-by-time interaction.

CONCLUSION: Despite two years of previous RT experience men need at least two 1RM sessions to achieve accurate maximal strength baseline scores, Thus, a minimum two-trial 1RM assessment may be the standard for determining a maximal strength baseline in order not to underestimate achievement.
Time-effects of horse simulator exercise on psychophysiological responses in men with chronic low back pain
Authors: Oh Hye-Won , Lee Min-Geol , Jang Jun-Young , Jin Jun-Jang , Cha Jun-Youl , Jin Young-Yoon , Jee Yong-Seok
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND: Although horse simulator riding is very beneficial for patients with several diseases, there are few studies relating to treating patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) specifically in terms of physiological and psychological outcome measures. It also has not been medically verified yet on the aspects of psychological responses and physiological changes. As well as there are not known how it can decrease the pain, how it can increase the physical conditioning, and how much good time rides a horse simulator.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the time-effects of an 8 week horse simulator exercise on body composition, visual analogue scale(VAS), and isokinetic torques of the trunk and hip joints in patients with CLBP.

METHODS: Forty one young men presenting with CLBP were divided into 4 groups: LBP control group (LCG), LBP horse simulator 10 min riding group(LHS10G), LBP horse simulator 20 min riding group (LHS20G), and LBP horse simulator 30 min riding group (LHS30G), respectively. Three horse simulator exercise groups completed a rehabilitation exercise protocol for 5 days per week during 8 weeks. VAS was used to measure the severity of CLBP and functional disability for checking psychological responses. Body composition measured by bioelectrical analyzer and isokinetic torques were used to consider the physiological pre-post changes.

RESULTS: Compared with the baseline, the body composition indices did not change significantly. However, muscle mass and fat mass showed increasing and decreasing tendencies in the LHS30G. The VAS indices showed significant decrease in back pain including other 12 items. A significant decrease was observed for all items except for drug relief. Especially, most of items in the LHS20G were lower than those of the other groups in the post hoc comparison. The horse simulator exercise enhanced the isokinetic strength of trunk and hip muscles. Due to the increased strength, trunk flexor/extensor ratio, hip flexor/extensor ratio, and hip abductor/adductor were close to reference values. The deficit in the ratio scores: hip flexor and extensor and hip abductor and adductor evened out after an experiment. Especially, these improvements were associated particularly with LHS20G.

CONCLUSIONS: The horse simulator exercise positively affected psychophysiological responses in patients with CLBP. However, with respect to pain, the 20 min horseback riding group was associated with the best results.
Isokinetic muscle strength profile of ladies professional tour golfers
Authors: Chung Seok Won , Song Byung Wook , Kim Joon Yub , Lim Jae-Young , Kim Sae Hoon , Oh Joo Han
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND: The highly trained professional tour golfers would likely have different strength profiles in their muscle groups from non-athletes, which may be associated with the level of golf performance.

OBJECTIVES: To describe an isokinetic muscle strength profile of several upper and lower extremity muscles of ladies professional tour golfers in comparison to non-athlete controls, and to explore possible correlations between strength and driving distance and average score.

METHODS: Sixty seven ladies professional tour golfers and 25 non-athletic women were enrolled. Absolute and weight-adjusted concentric isokinetic peak torque (PT) at 60°/s of the shoulder abductors, adductors and rotators, and elbow and knee flexors and extensors were measured bilaterally.

RESULTS: All absolute and most weight-adjusted PTs were significantly higher in professional tour golfers than non-athletes. The weight-adjusted PT differed significantly only with respect to the shoulder adductors and knee muscles. Significantly higher strength ratios: bilateral shoulder adductor/abductor, right shoulder internal/external rotator, right elbow extensor/flexor, and bilateral knee flexor/extensor characterized the golfers. Further, the correlations between the strength of any of the tested muscles and either the driving distance or the average score were low to negligible.

CONCLUSIONS: These results furnish a reference framework for isokinetic strength of the abovementioned muscles of professional tour golfers, and thus be used in setting realistic rehabilitation goals for lady golfers who suffer from some injury involving, directly or indirectly, these muscles.
Electromagnetically braked versus mechanically braked cycle ergometers: Effects of aerobic power and total physical workloads
Authors: Ozkol Mehmet Zeki
Published: October 2018

OBJECTIVE: To determine the differences in physiological performance at constant submaximal load and aerobic power levels of electromagnetically and mechanically braked cycle ergometers.

METHOD: Nineteen trained male athletes who specialize in cycling and triathlons participate in this study (age, 20.21 ± 3.50 years; body mass, 73.36 ± 13.19 kg; height, 178.73 ± 8.54 cm). A randomized cross-over study design was used to compare a mechanically braked Monark cycle ergometer (MCE) and an electromagnetically braked Lode Excalibur cycle ergometer (ECE). After the VO $_{2max}$ test, total physical work capacity and work efficiency(GE) were analysed during 60% of VO $_{2max}$ constant loading submaximal tests with MCE and ECE. A paired sample t-test was used to compare VO $_{2max}$ and constant loading submaximal test data of the ergometers.

RESULTS: Applying the ECE system resulted in a significantly higher VO $_{2max}$ value (9.3%; p=0.004), similar respiratory exchange ratio value (1.8% lower; p=0.290), similar power output at exhaustion point (1% higher; p=0.620), significantly higher total energy expenditure at exhaustion point and mean cadence(Cad $_{mean}$ ) value (12%; p=0.025, 9.6%; p=0.000) respectively. In the constant loading submaximal tests, however, significant differences were found in mean power output (p=0.013), Cad $_{mean}$ (p=0.000), and GE (p=0.000) values.

CONCLUSION: Since the ECE system was associated with a higher VO $_{2max}$ and allowed test performance at the expected VO $_{2}$ consumption at constant submaximal loads, we recommend using the ECE for determination of aerobic power and total physical workloads.