bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regression and pseudoprogression of pediatric optic pathway glioma in patients treated with proton beam therapy
Authors: Youn Sang Hee , Kim Haksoo , Lee Sang Hyeon , Kim Joo‐Young
Published: November 2021

Purpose

We examined regression patterns in pediatric optic pathway gliomas (OPGs) after proton beam therapy (PBT) and evaluated local control and visual outcomes.

Methods

A total of 42 brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans from seven consecutive sporadic OPGs that were initially treated with chemotherapy and received PBT between June 2007 and September 2016 at the National Cancer Center, Korea were analyzed. Patients underwent brain MRI regularly before and after PBT. Total tumor, cystic lesion, and solid enhancing lesion area delineation and volume calculations were performed on gadolinium‐enhanced T1‐weighted MRI using Eclipse version 13, Varian.

Results

The median follow‐up period after PBT was 70 months (range 47–88). The median age at the time of PBT was 7 years (range 4–16) and the median duration of chemotherapy before referral to PBT center was 25 months (range 3–70). The median time to the greatest increase in cystic volume was 32 months (range 12–43) after PBT. Solid enhancing lesion volume gradually decreased throughout the follow‐up period. On an individual basis, total volume change was varied. However, on average, it regressed, although at a slower rate than solid enhancing lesion volume did. The local control rate was 85.7% (5‐year progression‐free survival rate, 80%; 5‐year overall survival rate, 100%) and the rate of vision preservation was 71.4% (five of seven patients).

Conclusion

The regression patterns in pediatric OPGs after PBT involve significant cystic change. Therefore, total volume is not appropriate for evaluating response. Care by a multidisciplinary team is necessary to manage clinical symptoms related to radiologic changes.
Compositional analysis of essential oil and solvent extracts of Norway spruce sprouts by ultrahigh‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Mofikoya Omolara O. , Mäkinen Marko , Jänis Janne
Published: November 2021

Introduction

Coniferous trees, especially their needles and bark, are a rich source of bioactive compounds. The developing needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies), also known as spruce sprouts, are enriched with vitamin C and other antioxidants, and thus they are used as a dietary supplement and have been traditionally used to treat various inflammatory disorders such as rheumatism and gout. Their chemical composition is only limitedly known, however.

Objectives

The main objective of this work was to have a deeper understanding on the chemical composition of spruce sprouts to assess their full potential in different pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, or technochemical applications.

Materials and methods

Ultrahigh‐resolution Fourier‐transform ion cyclotron (FT‐ICR) mass spectrometry, coupled to direct‐infusion electrospray ionisation (ESI) or atmospheric pressure photoionisation (APPI) techniques, was used for in‐depth compositional analysis of solvent extracts and essential oil of spruce sprouts.

Results

A combined use of ESI and APPI techniques offered a great complementary insight into the rich chemistry of different spruce sprout extracts, allowing detection of thousands of chemical constituents with over 200 secondary metabolites tentatively identified. These compounds belonged to different classes such as organic acids, terpenes, flavonoids, stilbenes, sterols, and nitrogen alkaloids.

Conclusion

Spruce sprouts have a complex metabolite profile that differs considerably from that of the old, developed needles.
Polypropylene‐based in situ fibrillation‐reinforced ternary composite foams with improved filler‐phase dispersion
Authors: Wu Gaojian , Song Renda , Ma Yitao , Xie Jinzhao , Yang Weimin , Xie Pengcheng
Published: November 2021

Recently, the issue of energy‐saving and environmental protection has attracted enormous interest in developing polymeric composite foams. Fillers have been identified as major materials to tailor cellular structures and mechanical properties for single component thermoplastics. However, it is often difficult to achieve the desired effect due to the natural tendency of fillers. The study aims to provide a facile method for improving the dispersion and arrangement of filler phase based on in situ fibrillation. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was used in the in situ fibrillated phase to promote the dispersion of talc throughout the polypropylene (PP) matrix for the ternary composite foams of PP/talc/PTFE. The mechanisms of PTFE fibrils and their effect were studied in terms of crystallization, rheology, foaming behavior, and mechanical properties. The results proved that a fibrillar network was formed by the PTFE fibrils with high aspect ratios, which had a remarkable effect on melt strength and viscoelasticity, thus improving the cellular structure and impact strength. Moreover, the higher the talc content, the better the effect on these properties with the existence of PTFE fibrils, indicating that the in situ fibrillated phase improved fillers dispersion and enhanced the reinforcing effect of filler phase.
An adaptive CUSUM chart for drift detection
Authors: Yi Fan , Qiu Peihua
Published: November 2021

In practice, sequential processes often have gradual changes in their process distributions over time. This is related to the drift detection problem in statistical process control. In the literature, there have been some existing discussions on this problem. But, most existing methods are designed based on the assumption that the related drift is linear or have another specific pattern. In reality, however, such specified patterns may not be valid. In this paper, we suggest an adaptive cumulative sum (CUSUM) chart to handle the drift detection problem with a flexible drift pattern. The new method integrates the general framework to construct a CUSUM chart based on the generalized likelihood ratio statistic and estimation of a shift size by the exponentially weighted least square regression procedure. Simulation studies show that the proposed method is effective in various cases considered. The new method is also illustrated using an example about the exchange rates between Indian Rupees and US Dollars.
‘We'd never had to set up a virtual school before’: Opportunities and challenges for primary and secondary teachers during emergency remote education
Authors: Gouseti Anastasia
Published: November 2021

The Covid‐19 pandemic has brought about the largest disruption to formal education in recent history and has resulted in school closures and the move to online teaching and learning across the globe. Using data from interviews with 25 teachers and head teachers in England and Greece, this paper aims to capture educators’ experiences during emergency remote education (ERE) in spring–summer 2020 and contribute to current and future conversations about the post‐pandemic school. Through a qualitative approach, the paper reports on the often improvised and compromised nature of online schooling during the first pandemic lockdown and presents the opportunities and challenges teachers experienced with the move to emergency remote education. It discusses how didactic modes of teaching prevailed, highlights the importance of parental involvement during ERE and argues that the move to online teaching and learning has accentuated digital inequalities. The findings of this study cast light on the hitherto unexplored area of ERE and offer original insights for future policy making, research and practice on how schools can develop readiness and resilience to face future closures in a post‐pandemic world.
Impulsive control for attitude stabilization in the presence of unknown bounded external disturbances
Authors: Jiang Bangxin , Lu Jianquan , Li Xiaodi , Shi Kaibo
Published: November 2021

In this article, impulsive control is firstly considered for the quaternion‐based attitude stabilization of a rigid spacecraft. Inspired by the robustness of sliding mode control, a new concept of impulsive‐sliding mode is proposed to design robust impulsive controller for attitude stabilization. It illustrates that the designed impulsive controller possesses simple structure and robustness with respect to external disturbances. In order to achieve the relaxation of continuous measurement, we utilize periodic state measurement that is more economical and practical than the continuous one. Namely, we can achieve attitude stabilization and resource economization by adopting only discrete state measurement and discrete control input. More interestingly, our results can overcome the difficulty that the upper bound of disturbances is unknown, which is often required to design adaptive controller to handle in previous results. Moreover, we prove that thephenomenon can be excluded under the proposed periodic event‐triggering strategy and the interevent time has a uniform lower bound. An illustrative example is presented to show the feasibility of our results.
Wide Dynamic Range Thermometer Based on Luminescent Optical Cavities in Ga2O3:Cr Nanowires
Authors: Alonso‐Orts Manuel , Carrasco Daniel , San Juan José M. , Nó María Luisa , de Andrés Alicia , Nogales Emilio , Méndez Bianchi
Published: November 2021

Remote temperature sensing at the micro‐ and nanoscale is key in fields such as photonics, electronics, energy, or biomedicine, with optical properties being one of the most used transducing mechanisms for such sensors. Ga2O3 presents very high chemical and thermal stability, as well as high radiation resistance, becoming of great interest to be used under extreme conditions, for example, electrical and/or optical high‐power devices and harsh environments. In this work, a luminescent and interferometric thermometer is proposed based on Fabry–Perot (FP) optical microcavities built on Cr‐doped Ga2O3 nanowires. It combines the optical features of the Cr3+‐related luminescence, greatly sensitive to temperature, and spatial confinement of light, which results in strong FP resonances within the Cr3+ broad band. While the chromium‐related R lines energy shifts are adequate for low‐temperature sensing, FP resonances extend the sensing range to high temperatures with excellent sensitivity. This thermometry system achieves micron‐range spatial resolution, temperature precision of around 1 K, and a wide operational range, demonstrating to work at least in the 150–550 K temperature range. Besides, the temperature‐dependent anisotropic refractive index and thermo‐optic coefficient of this oxide have been further characterized by comparison to experimental, analytical, and finite‐difference time‐domain simulation results.
Amorphous CdO‐In2O3 Electrode for Perovskite‐Based Bifacial and Tandem Photovoltaic Technologies with High Energy Production
Authors: Cheng Yuanhang , Zeng Zixin , Liu Tianyuan , Wang Ying , Rodríguez-Gallegos Carlos D. , Liu Haohui , Liu Xixia , Thway Maung , Khup David , Khaing Aung Myint , Yu Kin Man , Tsang Sai-Wing , Lin Fen
Published: November 2021

Energy production of perovskite‐based photovoltaic (PV) technology can be increased not only by improving device efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) but also by innovative concepts such as bifacial and tandem configurations which require low‐damage and highly transparent top electrodes. Herein, an amorphous CdO‐In2O3 alloy film with high transparency and low resistivity and its application in a bifacial PVSC and a perovskite/Si 4T tandem solar cell are reported. Due to the high optical transmittance, the CdO‐In2O3‐based PVSC shows a high bifaciality factor of 84.0%, and the CdO‐In2O3‐based perovskite/Si 4T tandem solar cell achieves a champion power conversion efficiency of 25.12%, much higher than the indium tin oxide based tandem cell. Finally, a yearly energy yield calculation and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) analysis for these PV technologies (together with Si single‐junction solar cells as a reference) in Singapore, Australia, and Germany are conducted. The results demonstrate the potential of CdO‐In2O3‐based perovskite PV technologies, yet more efforts are still required to further reduce the manufacturing cost to achieve competitive LCOE values in countries with relatively low PV installation cost.
Metal Halide Perovskite Nano/Microwires
Authors: Wang Meng , Cao Fengren , Li Liang
Published: November 2021

Metal halide perovskite nano/microwires (NMWs) are expected to serve as building blocks for next‐generation optoelectronic devices due to their attractive optoelectronic properties. The excellent performance of NMW‐based devices is mainly attributed to their well‐defined crystal structure, fewer grain boundaries, lower defect concentration, longer photocarrier lifetime, and confined carrier transport. To date, various methods (such as the template method, chemical vapor deposition, and solution method) have been developed to construct perovskite NMW‐based optoelectronic devices (including photodetectors, lasers, solar cells, and light‐emitting diodes. Although many breakthroughs have been achieved, it is still necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms and discover the internal relationship between NMW morphologies (including size, thickness, density, etc.) and optoelectronic properties to allow for broader applications for perovskite NMWs. This review summarizes the recent research on perovskite NMWs, especially synthesis strategies, unique characteristics, and optoelectronic applications, and provides some future perspectives for the practical application of perovskite NMW‐based devices.
Digitally Supported Disciplinary Literacy in Elementary Instruction
Authors: Colwell Jamie , Hutchison Amy , Woodward Lindsay
Published: November 2021

This article addresses the considerations on what they term digitally supported elementary disciplinary literacy in elementary grade (K–5) instruction. In doing so, the authors focus on the particularities of elementary instruction and what disciplinary literacy might look like in those grade levels, with a particular emphasis on digital tools and texts, to propose suggestions for teachers to more readily integrate disciplinary literacy in elementary school. Specifically, the authors consider that elementary disciplinary literacy instruction should emphasize four Core Disciplinary Practices (CDPs) that are applicable across elementary disciplinary instruction to build critical foundational skills applicable to disciplinary literacy, as well as ideas for the central role digital texts and tools can play in this instruction.
Life-Areas and How to Estimate Greenhouse Gas Emission Footprints
Authors: Hadler Markus , Klösch Beate , Schwarzinger Stephan , Schweighart Markus , Wardana Rebecca , Bird David Neil
Published: November 2021

To enjoy a fulfilling life, a person needs six fundamental life requirements to be met. These six requirements or “life-areas” are housing, mobility, consumption of goods (e.g., clothing), diet, other activities (entertainment), and information. In the beginning of this chapter, a top-down estimate of Austrian consumption-based emissions in each life-area is presented. These are organized into segments that may be easily reduced by changing individual behavior and those segments that are fundamental aspects of our society. The remainder of this chapter discusses how to estimate the greenhouse gas (GHG) output. There is a trade-off between accuracy and level of detail, and the need to combine bottom-up survey results with the top-down national emissions inventory. How these trade-offs may be handled is demonstrated using a practical example.
The Multidimensionality of Consumption: Energy Lifestyles
Authors: Hadler Markus , Klösch Beate , Schwarzinger Stephan , Schweighart Markus , Wardana Rebecca , Bird David Neil
Published: November 2021

This chapter enhances the previous understanding of Energy Lifestyles by identifying groups with distinct patterns of energy behavior across six areas of life. In contrast to most previous studies, the identification of groups is exclusively conducted on the basis of behavior-related data, whereas the characterization of the groups follows in a second step using psychological and socio-demographic variables. This chapter explicitly considers the multidimensionality of behavior and provides a comprehensive overview of different Energy Lifestyles and their potential roles in energy transition. The finding that there are almost no “average users” points out that policy designs must go beyond average figures based on the national emission figures and need to focus on different Energy Lifestyles.
Obstacles to Lower Environmental Impact in Low-Cost Behaviors
Authors: Hadler Markus , Klösch Beate , Schwarzinger Stephan , Schweighart Markus , Wardana Rebecca , Bird David Neil
Published: November 2021

This chapter focuses on the question of why environmentally conscious individuals find it difficult to behave in a correspondingly eco-friendly way. This phenomenon is referred to in the literature as the “value-action gap.” In this study, the definition of this gap is further expanded by considering individual intention. The discrepancies between environmental values, intention, and behavior are explored in the context of two environmentally relevant behaviors—mobility and consumption—using qualitative interviews. Firstly, key structural and intrapersonal obstacles to pro-environmental behavior are identified. Secondly, individual needs and requirements for facilitating eco-friendly behavior are addressed. Finally, strategies and potentials for pro-environmental change in society are discussed.
International Outlook and Conclusions
Authors: Hadler Markus , Klösch Beate , Schwarzinger Stephan , Schweighart Markus , Wardana Rebecca , Bird David Neil
Published: November 2021

The final chapter of this book summarizes the main insights from previous chapters and tests whether our approach is also applicable at an international level. Our international outlook shows that the five survey items, which capture more than three quarters of Austrian greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, also work well in other European countries. Similarly, the lifestyles identified in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-85796-7_6 are also present in other societies. Furthermore, this chapter shows that the prevalence of these lifestyles as well as the explanatory power of the models correlate with societal factors such as political institutions, affluence, environmental degradation, and socio-demographic characteristics. The final chapter closes with a brief consideration of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on environmental attitudes and individual willingness to make sacrifices for the environment.
Electron beam dump constraints on light bosons with lepton flavor violating couplings
Authors: Araki Takeshi , Asai Kento , Shimomura Takashi
Published: November 2021

Abstract

We study constraints on light and feebly interacting bosons having charged lepton flavor violating couplings from electron beam dump experiments. Scalar, pseudoscalar, vector, and dipole type interactions of the bosons are analyzed, and excluded regions from the searches for decays into electron-positron pairs are derived. It is found that parameter regions unconstrained by flavor violating decays of muon can be excluded using the results of the E137 experiment. We also discuss the impact of the search for flavor violating decays of the light bosons in electron beam dump experiments.
Virtual QCD corrections to gluon-initiated diphoton plus jet production at hadron colliders
Authors: Badger Simon , Brønnum-Hansen Christian , Chicherin Dmitry , Gehrmann Thomas , Hartanto Heribertus Bayu , Henn Johannes , Marcoli Matteo , Moodie Ryan , Peraro Tiziano , Zoia Simone
Published: November 2021

Abstract

We present an analytic computation of the gluon-initiated contribution to diphoton plus jet production at hadron colliders up to two loops in QCD. We reconstruct the analytic form of the finite remainders from numerical evaluations over finite fields including all colour contributions. Compact expressions are found using the pentagon function basis. We provide a fast and stable implementation for the colour- and helicity-summed interference between the one-loop and two-loop finite remainders in C++ as part of the NJet library.
Is suicide underreported? Evidence from Japan
Authors: Matsubayashi Tetsuya , Ueda Michiko
Published: November 2021

Purpose

The underreporting of suicides has been a serious global concern among scholars and policymakers. Several studies have sought to detect the prevalence of underreporting by examining whether suicide mortality rates are negatively correlated with those due to unknown intent or causes. This study adds to the literature by examining the potential underreporting of suicides in Japan, where suicide rates have greatly declined in the recent years.

Methods

We compiled subnational data from 47 prefectures between 1995 and 2016, obtained from Vital Statistics of Japan. We examined whether (1) mortality rates due to unknown intent or causes increased as suicide rates decreased; and (2) major socioeconomic causes of suicide (unemployment and divorce rates) had any relationship with the deaths due to unknown intent or causes.

Results

Our analysis indicates that mortality rates due to unknown intent or causes were uncorrelated with suicide rates and the above socioeconomic indicators.

Conclusions

In Japan, the frequency of suicides has no systematic relationship with deaths due to unknown intent or causes, suggesting the accuracy of suicide statistics.
Single-strand specific nuclease enhances accuracy of error-corrected sequencing and improves rare mutation-detection sensitivity
Authors: Otsubo Yuki , Matsumura Shoji , Ikeda Naohiro , Yamane Masayuki
Published: November 2021

Error-corrected sequences (ECSs) that utilize double-stranded DNA sequences are useful in detecting mutagen-induced mutations. However, relatively higher frequencies of G:C > T:A (1 × 10−7 bp) and G:C > C:G (2 × 10−7 bp) errors decrease the accuracy of detection of rare G:C mutations (approximately 10−7 bp). Oxidized guanines in single-strand (SS) overhangs generated after shearing could serve as the source of these errors. To remove these errors, we first computationally discarded up to 20 read bases corresponding to the ends of the DNA fragments. Error frequencies decreased proportionately with trimming length; however, the results indicated that they were not sufficiently removed. To efficiently remove SS overhangs, we evaluated three mechanistically distinct SS-specific nucleases (S1 Nuclease, mung bean nuclease, and RecJf exonuclease) and found that they were more efficient than computational trimming. Consequently, we established Jade-Seq™, an ECS protocol with S1 Nuclease treatment, which reduced G:C > T:A and G:C > C:G errors to 0.50 × 10−7 bp and 0.12 × 10−7 bp, respectively. This was probably because S1 Nuclease removed SS regions, such as gaps and nicks, depending on its wide substrate specificity. Subsequently, we evaluated the mutation-detection sensitivity of Jade-Seq™ using DNA samples from TA100 cells exposed to 3-methylcholanthrene and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, which contained the rare G:C > T:A mutation (i.e., 2 × 10−7 bp). Fold changes of G:C > T:A compared to the vehicle control were 1.2- and 1.3-times higher than those of samples without S1 Nuclease treatment, respectively. These findings indicate the potential of Jade-Seq™ for detecting rare mutations and determining the mutagenicity of environmental mutagens.
Prospective Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of a New Surgical Tube Fixation Method: A Pilot Study
Authors: Kaibori Masaki , Matsushima Hideyuki , Matsui Kosuke , Kosaka Hisashi , Yamamoto Hidekazu , Yoshii Kengo , Sekimoto Mitsugu
Published: November 2021

Background

Various tubes may be fixed to the skin by ligation using silk sutures after gastrointestinal surgery. We investigated the effects of a skin substitute, “Nonaht®,” on pain and skin inflammation at the fixation sites of various tubes.

Methods

The effects of tubes (abdominal drains, small intestinal feeding tubes, and bile duct drainage tubes) fixed in place using either silk sutures or Nonaht were compared for 1–3 months.

Results

The median pain scores at the fixation site when abdominal drains were removed were 1.0 with silk sutures and 0 with Nonaht (p < 0.001). Scarring at the fixation site at postoperative month (POM) 1 occurred in 13 of 28 cases in the silk suture group and in no cases in the Nonaht group (p < 0.001). The median pain scores at the fixation site with long‐term tubes on postoperative day (POD) 14 and POM 1 were 2.0 and 1.0, respectively, with silk sutures, and none at all time points with Nonaht (p < 0.001). Scarring at the fixation site at POM 3 occurred in all 10 cases in the silk suture group and in no cases in the Nonaht group (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Patients with conventional skin fixation of tubes using silk sutures were continuously aware of pain at the fixation site and developed skin damage and subsequent scar formation, especially for tubes inserted for ≥ 1 month. The use of Nonaht may reduce the incidence of dermatitis and wound infections at tube fixation sites, thereby promoting early postoperative recovery.
The impact of infection-derived immunity on disease dynamics
Authors: Le Adam , King Aaron A. , Magpantay Felicia Maria G. , Mesbahi Afshin , Rohani Pejman
Published: November 2021

When modeling infectious diseases, it is common to assume that infection-derived immunity is either (1) non-existent or (2) perfect and lifelong. However there are many diseases in which infection-derived immunity is known to be present but imperfect. There are various ways in which infection-derived immunity can fail, which can ultimately impact the probability that an individual be reinfected by the same pathogen, as well as the long-run population-level prevalence of the pathogen. Here we discuss seven different models of imperfect infection-derived immunity, including waning, leaky and all-or-nothing immunity. For each model we derive the probability that an infected individual becomes reinfected during their lifetime, given that the system is at endemic equilibrium. This can be thought of as the impact that each of these infection-derived immunity failures have on reinfection. This measure is useful because it provides us with a way to compare different modes of failure of infection-derived immunity.
Monsoonal precipitation over Peninsular Malaysia in the CMIP6 HighResMIP experiments: the role of model resolution
Authors: Liang Ju , Tan Mou Leong , Hawcroft Matthew , Catto Jennifer L. , Hodges Kevin I. , Haywood James M.
Published: November 2021

This study investigates the ability of 20 model simulations which contributed to the CMIP6 HighResMIP to simulate precipitation in different monsoon seasons and extreme precipitation events over Peninsular Malaysia. The model experiments utilize common forcing but are run with different horizontal and vertical resolutions. The impact of resolution on the models’ abilities to simulate precipitation and associated environmental fields is assessed by comparing multi-model ensembles at different resolutions with three observed precipitation datasets and four climate reanalyses. Model simulations with relatively high horizontal and vertical resolution exhibit better performance in simulating the annual cycle of precipitation and extreme precipitation over Peninsular Malaysia and the coastal regions. Improvements associated with the increase in horizontal and vertical resolutions are also found in the statistical relationship between precipitation and monsoon intensity in different seasons. However, the increase in vertical resolution can lead to a reduction of annual mean precipitation compared to that from the models with low vertical resolutions, associated with an overestimation of moisture divergence and underestimation of lower-tropospheric vertical ascent in the different monsoon seasons. This limits any improvement in the simulation of precipitation in the high vertical resolution experiments, particularly for the Southwest monsoon season.
Diverse human astrocyte and microglial transcriptional responses to Alzheimer’s pathology
Authors: Smith Amy M. , Davey Karen , Tsartsalis Stergios , Khozoie Combiz , Fancy Nurun , Tang See Swee , Liaptsi Eirini , Weinert Maria , McGarry Aisling , Muirhead Robert C. J. , Gentleman Steve , Owen David R. , Matthews Paul M.
Published: November 2021

To better define roles that astrocytes and microglia play in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we used single-nuclei RNA-sequencing to comprehensively characterise transcriptomes in astrocyte and microglia nuclei selectively enriched during isolationpost-mortemfrom neuropathologically defined AD and control brains with a range of amyloid-beta and phospho-tau (pTau) pathology. Significant differences in glial gene expression (including AD risk genes expressed in both the astrocytes [CLU,MEF2C,IQCK] and microglia [APOE,MS4A6A,PILRA]) were correlated with tissue amyloid or pTau expression. The differentially expressed genes were distinct between with the two cell types and pathologies, although common (but cell-type specific) gene sets were enriched with both pathologies in each cell type. Astrocytes showed enrichment for proteostatic, inflammatory and metal ion homeostasis pathways. Pathways for phagocytosis, inflammation and proteostasis were enriched in microglia and perivascular macrophages with greater tissue amyloid, but IL1-related pathway enrichment was found specifically in association with pTau. We also found distinguishable sub-clusters in the astrocytes and microglia characterised by transcriptional signatures related to either homeostatic functions or disease pathology. Gene co-expression analyses revealed potential functional associations of soluble biomarkers of AD in astrocytes (CLU) and microglia (GPNMB). Our work highlights responses of both astrocytes and microglia for pathological protein clearance and inflammation, as well as glial transcriptional diversity in AD.
Pretreatment tumor sampling and prognostic factors in patients with soft-tissue sarcoma of the head and neck
Authors: Roos Johan H. , Mäkitie Antti A. , Tarkkanen Jussi , Ilmarinen Taru T.
Published: November 2021

Background

Insufficient preoperative work-up and consequent intralesional or marginal resection of soft-tissue sarcomas of the head and neck (STSHNs) is common.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study comprised 63 patients with STSHN treated at the Helsinki University Hospital between 2005 and 2017. We assessed the effect of pretreatment tumor sampling on surgical margin status and need for supplemental surgery, as well as prognostic factors and survival.

Results

The lack of representative pretreatment biopsy specimen was associated with unfavorable margin status. Primary surgery at a non-academic center was associated with need for supplemental surgery. The 3-year overall survival (OS) was 68%, disease-specific survival (DSS) 71%, and recurrence-free survival (RFS) 61%. Higher tumor grade and primary tumor size over 5 cm were associated with reduced DSS.

Conclusions

Diagnosis and management of STSHNs should be centralized to experienced academic centers. Decision-making between needle biopsy, open biopsy, or upfront radical surgery depends on tumor location and size.
Garnet major-element composition as an indicator of host-rock type: a machine learning approach using the random forest classifier
Authors: Schönig Jan , von Eynatten Hilmar , Tolosana-Delgado Raimon , Meinhold Guido
Published: November 2021

The major-element chemical composition of garnet provides valuable petrogenetic information, particularly in metamorphic rocks. When facing detrital garnet, information about the bulk-rock composition and mineral paragenesis of the initial garnet-bearing host-rock is absent. This prevents the application of chemical thermo-barometric techniques and calls for quantitative empirical approaches. Here we present a garnet host-rock discrimination scheme that is based on a random forest machine-learning algorithm trained on a large dataset of 13,615 chemical analyses of garnet that covers a wide variety of garnet-bearing lithologies. Considering the out-of-bag error, the scheme correctly predicts the original garnet host-rock in (i) > 95% concerning the setting, that is either mantle, metamorphic, igneous, or metasomatic; (ii) > 84% concerning the metamorphic facies, that is either blueschist/greenschist, amphibolite, granulite, or eclogite/ultrahigh-pressure; and (iii) > 93% concerning the host-rock bulk composition, that is either intermediate–felsic/metasedimentary, mafic, ultramafic, alkaline, or calc–silicate. The wide coverage of potential host rocks, the detailed prediction classes, the high discrimination rates, and the successfully tested real-case applications demonstrate that the introduced scheme overcomes many issues related to previous schemes. This highlights the potential of transferring the applied discrimination strategy to the broad range of detrital minerals beyond garnet. For easy and quick usage, a freely accessible web app is provided that guides the user in five steps from garnet composition to prediction results including data visualization.
Proving authentication property of PUF-based mutual authentication protocol based on logic of events
Authors: Song Jiawen , Xiao Meihua , Zhang Tong , Zhou Haoyang
Published: November 2021

PUF (Physical unclonable function) is a new hardware security primitive, and the research on PUFs is one of the emerging research focuses. For PUF-based mutual authentication protocols, a method to abstract the security properties of hardware by using logic of events is proposed, and the application aspects of logic of events are extended to protocols based on hardware security. With the interaction of PUF-based mutual authentication protocol formally described by logic of events, the basic sequences are constructed and the strong authentication property in protocol interaction process is verified. Based on the logic of events, the freshness of nonces is defined, and the persist rule is proposed according to the concept of freshness, which ensures the consistency of the protocol state and behavior predicate in the proof process, and reduces the complexity and redundancy in the protocol analysis process. Under reasonable assumptions, the security of the protocol is proven, and the fact that logic of events applies to PUF-based mutual authentication protocols is shown.
The predictive value of preoperative paraspinal muscle morphometry on complications after lumbar surgery: a systematic review
Authors: Gengyu Han , Jinyue Dai , Chunjie Gong , Bo Zhang , Yu Jiang , Jiaming Li , Weishi Li
Published: November 2021

Purpose

The effect of paraspinal muscles atrophy and fat infiltration (FI) on the complications of spinal surgery has not been established.

Methods

A review of the literature was conducted from a search of the PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases from inception through January 2021. The literature was searched and assessed by independent reviewers based on criteria that included an assessment of preoperative paraspinal muscle morphology in addition to measuring its relationship to surgical complications. All relevant papers were assessed for risk of bias according to the modified Newcastle Ottawa Scale and the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools. A narrative synthesis was conducted.

Results

The initial search yielded 5632 studies, of which 16 studies were included in the analysis. All included studies were at a low risk of bias. There existed strong evidence that the atrophy and FI of paraspinal muscles had an association with the development of bone nonunion (two high quality studies), pedicle screw loosening (two high quality studies), adjacent segment degeneration (three high quality studies) and proximal junctional kyphosis (five high quality studies) after lumbar surgery. Besides, there is also limited evidence for association between atrophy and FI of paraspinal extensor muscles and less local and global curve improvement.

Conclusions

Strong evidence was found for an association between preoperative paraspinal muscle degeneration and multiple postoperative complications after lumbar surgery. However, the findings should be interpreted with caution due to the small quantity of the available literature and high heterogeneity among studies.
Ehrenamtliche Arbeit in politischer Mission oder Engagement für „gestrauchelte Menschen“?
Authors: Düring Diana , Bütow Birgit , Arp Agnès
Published: November 2021

Im Zentrum des Beitrages steht die Auseinandersetzung mit ehrenamtlicher Arbeit in der DDR-Jugendhilfe. Ein Großteil der Jugendhilfe ist in der DDR von Ehrenamtlichen geleistet worden. Auch waren diese in Entscheidungen bzw. die Vorbereitung von Entscheidungen der Jugendhilfe involviert. Dennoch steht die systematische Auseinandersetzung hiermit noch aus, da die bisherige Aufarbeitung vor allem die DDR-Heimerziehung fokussiert. Konkret geht es im Beitrag um das Wirken von sog. Jugendhelfer*innen, die sich – neben ihrer Berufstätigkeit – in Jugendhilfekommissionen ehrenamtlich für die Jugendhilfe vor Ort auf kommunaler Ebene und vor allem im Vorfeld bzw. zur Verhinderung von Heimerziehung engagierten. Der Artikel präsentiert u. a. Ergebnisse einer Vorstudie der Autorinnen, die sich mit den Motivationen von Jugendhelfer*innen sowie den gesetzlichen und ideologischen Rahmungen ihrer Arbeit auseinandergesetzt haben. Empirische Basis sind narrative Interviews mit ehemaligen Jugendhelfer*innen. Anhand eines „Eckfalls“ werden exemplarisch die handlungsleitenden Normative und Machtpotenziale im Zusammenspiel mit biographischen Themen herausgearbeitet, die die Tätigkeit von Jugendhelfer*innen (mit) strukturierten.
Prekäre Wohnverhältnisse, Verdrängungsdruck und die Entstehung politischer Kollektivität in Frankfurt Westhausen
Authors: Künstler Falk , Schipper Sebastian
Published: November 2021

Auf Basis ethnographischer Feldforschung untersucht der Beitrag den Zusammenhang zwischen prekären Wohnverhältnissen und der Entstehung politischer Kollektivität unter Mieter*innen. Theoretisch-konzeptionell knüpft er dabei an Debatten der kritischen Stadtforschung zu Verdrängungsprozessen, Forschungsarbeiten zu Prekarisierung sowie poststrukturalistisch inspirierte Perspektiven der sozialen Bewegungsforschung an. Empirisch ist der Blick gerichtet auf die Lebensrealitäten von Bewohner*innen einer Frankfurter Vonovia-Wohnsiedlung. Gefragt wird danach, wie Mieter*innen ihre Wohnsituation in Anbetracht drohender Mieterhöhungen infolge von Modernisierungsarbeiten wahrnehmen, welche Bedeutung sie der Wohnungsfrage zuschreiben und welche sozialräumlichen Bedingungen, Handlungspraktiken und diskursiven Deutungsmuster die Entwicklung einer kollektiven politischen Handlungsfähigkeit erschweren.
Western Skeptic vs Indian Realist. Cross-Cultural Differences in Zebra Case Intuitions
Authors: Sękowski Krzysztof , Ziółkowski Adrian , Tarnowski Maciej
Published: November 2021

The cross-cultural differences in epistemic intuitions reported by Weinberg, Nichols and Stich (2001; hereafter: WNS) laid the ground for the negative program of experimental philosophy. However, most of WNS’s findings were not corroborated in further studies. The exception here is the study concerning purported differences between Westerners and Indians in knowledge ascriptions concerning the Zebra Case, which was never properly replicated. Our study replicates the above-mentioned experiment on a considerably larger sample of Westerners (n = 211) and Indians (n = 204). The analysis found a significant difference between the ethnic groups in question in the predicted direction: Indians were more likely to attribute knowledge in the Zebra Case than Westerners. In this paper, we offer an explanation of our result that takes into account the fact that replications of WNS’s other experiments did not find any cross-cultural differences. We argue that the Zebra Case is unique among the vignettes tested by WNS since it should not be regarded as a Gettier case but rather as a scenario exhibiting skeptical pressure concerning the reliability of sense-perception. We argue that skepticism towards perception as a means of gaining knowledge is a trope that is deeply rooted in Western epistemology but is very much absent from Classical Indian philosophical inquiry. This line of reasoning is based on a thorough examination of the skeptical scenarios discussed by philosophers of the IndianNyayatradition and their adversaries.
Dynamic production characteristics and effect analysis of combined gas production well of coalbed methane and tight gas
Authors: Leli Cheng , Shaoze Zhao , Senlin Yin , Gongyang Chen , Ling Chen , Ting Xiong
Published: November 2021

For gas reservoirs with poor physical properties, the implementation of a single well with multi-layer combined production is an effective means to achieve efficient development. However, because of the differences in the geological conditions of the vast majority of multi-layer gas reservoirs, the dynamic characteristics of the gas wells will be complex under the multi-layer combined mining mode, and the inevitable interlayer interference in the production process will affect the development effect. In this paper, the coal seam and the dense layer are opened for production at the same time. The two kinds of different types of production are not only restricted by the heterogeneity of each layer, but also the special development mode of the coal seam. Through analyzing and summarizing the productivity equation of two kinds of production layers and the characteristics of the change of production pressure, the coupling calculation is carried out by the iterative programming of node analysis method in the wellbore, which can dynamically predict the dynamic gas production. In comparison with the dynamic gas production dynamics of combined production and the overlay production of each production layer, it is found that the amount of accumulated gas production of multiple production layers in the forecast period is only 2.56% lower than that of the single production of the multi-production layer, but the investment cost of the single well multi-layer production is far lower than that of the single production, and the stable production time of the combined production is longer, indicating that the stable production time is longer.
Religion and Americans’ Fear of Crime in the 21st Century
Authors: Schwadel Philip , Anderson Amy L.
Published: November 2021

Background

Fear of crime is not only a reflection of the prevalence of crime and victimization but also varies by individual and social characteristics such as gender and social integration. Religion is another attribute that influences worldviews and structures social interactions, and thus may affect fear of crime.

Purpose

Given the importance of religion in American life and the micro and macro costs associated with fear of crime, we examine the associations between various aspects of religion (i.e. religious tradition, service attendance, prayer, biblical literalism, born-again identity, and changes in religious affiliation) and Americans’ fear of crime.

Methods

We use nationally representative survey data collected between 2004 and 2018 and binary logistic regression models with relevant controls.

Results

Partial models each with a single measure of religion and control variables show that service attendance, prayer, biblical literalism, born-again identity, and transitioning from no religious affiliation to having a religious affiliation are all positively associated with fear of crime while mainline Protestant affiliation is negatively associated with fear of crime. In full models that include all the religion variables, however, born-again identification is the only religion measure with a robust association with fear of crime, though this association appears to decline in magnitude over time. Changes in religious affiliation and prayer have more moderate, positive associations with fear of crime in the full models.

Conclusions and Implications

Religion appears to influence fear of crime through worldviews and both static and dynamic identities, particularly the born-again Christian identity. With the born-again label becoming more prevalent, and the nation becoming more polarized, fear of crime may remain high, regardless of the level of crime and victimization; and heightened fear of crime can have negative consequences for individuals and communities, such as the potential negative repercussions for born-again Christians’ mental health.
Perspectives and challenges for lead-free energy-storage multilayer ceramic capacitors
Authors: Zhao Peiyao , Cai Ziming , Wu Longwen , Zhu Chaoqiong , Li Longtu , Wang Xiaohui
Published: November 2021

The growing demand for high-power-density electric and electronic systems has encouraged the development of energy-storage capacitors with attributes such as high energy density, high capacitance density, high voltage and frequency, low weight, high-temperature operability, and environmental friendliness. Compared with their electrolytic and film counterparts, energy-storage multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) stand out for their extremely low equivalent series resistance
and equivalent series inductance, high current handling capability, and high-temperature stability. These characteristics are important for applications including fast-switching third-generation wide-bandgap semiconductors in electric vehicles, 5G base stations, clean energy generation, and smart grids. There have been numerous reports on state-of-the-art MLCC energy-storage solutions. However, lead-free capacitors generally have a low-energy density, and high-energy density
capacitors frequently contain lead, which is a key issue that hinders their broad application. In this review, we present perspectives and challenges for lead-free energy-storage MLCCs. Initially, the energy-storage mechanism and device characterization are introduced; then, dielectric ceramics for energy-storage applications with aspects of composition and structural optimization are summarized. Progress on state-of-the-art energy-storage MLCCs is discussed after elaboration of the fabrication process and structural design of the electrode. Emerging applications of energy-storage MLCCs are then discussed in terms of advanced pulsed power sources and high-density power converters from a theoretical and technological point of view. Finally, the challenges and future prospects for industrialization of lab-scale lead-free energy-storage MLCCs are discussed.
Framing a Convention Community
Authors: Marti Cedric
Published: November 2021

The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) has evolved from an international agreement into a highly integrated legal community with an ever more pervasive effect on domestic law and individuals. The supranational authority of the European Court of Human Rights bypasses the nation state in a growing number of other areas. Understanding the evolution of the ECHR and its Court may help in explaining and contextualising growing resistance against the Court, and in developing possible responses. Examining the Convention system through the prism of supranationality, Cedric Marti offers a fresh, comprehensive and interdisciplinary perspective on the expanding adjudicatory powers of the Court, including law-making. Marti addresses the growing literature of institutional studies on human rights enforcement to ascertain the particularities of the ECHR and its relationship to domestic legal systems. This study will be of great value to both scholars of international law and human rights practitioners.