bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling of Errors Counting System for PCB Soldered in the Wave Soldering Technology
Authors: Pietraszek Jacek , Gądek-Moszczak Aneta , Toruński Tomasz
Published: January 2014

PartnerTech provides printed circuit board (PCB) assembly on request. Wired elements are assembled in through-hole technology and soldered on the wave soldering machine. The PCB with inserted elements is passed across the pumped wave of melted solder. Typically this process is accompanied by some class of defects like cracks, cavities, wrong solder thickness and poor conductor. In PartnerTech Ltd. another type of defects was observed: dispersion of small droplets of solder around holes. Quality assurance department plans to optimize the process in order to reduce the number of defects. In the first stage, it was necessary to develop a methodology for counting defects. This paper presents experimental design and analysis related to this project.
Fatigue Behaviour of S235JR Steel after Surface Frictional-Mechanical Treatment in Corrosive Environment
Authors: Kocańda Dorota , Mierzyński Janusz , Mroziński Stanisław , Torzewski Janusz
Published: January 2014

In the paper low (LCF) and high cycle fatigue (HCF) behavior of the S235JR low alloyed steel after surface frictional-mechanical treatment in a corrosive environment (3.5 % NaCl ) has been presented. The treatment was used in order to improve mechanical and fatigue properties of the steel Obtained research results indicate an insignificant improvement of mechanical and service properties of the strengthened steel under the conditions of corrosion at constant load. Under variable loads and operating corrosion, fatigue strength results of the steel do not unequivocally confirm a favourable effect of the applied treatment. It is particularly noticeable in the range of low-cycle fatigue.
Cleavage Fracture of Ultra-High-Strength Steels. Microscopic Observations. Numerical Analysis. Local Fracture Criterion
Authors: Neimitz Andrzej , Dzioba Ihor , Janus Urszula
Published: January 2014

In the paper the fracture mechanisms in ultra-high-strength steel are examined. However, the emphasis is on cleavage fracture, which was observed in the whole temperature range tested. The extent of cleavage depends on the specimen thickness and temperature. The experimental program consisted of tensile and fracture tests and was followed by scanning microscope observations of the fracture surfaces. Then, a full 3D elastic-plastic finite element analysis was carried out assuming finite strains. The numerical results support the postulate that the onset of cleavage jump is observed when the maximum opening stresses become higher than the critical value (the material property at a given temperature) over a distance greater than the critical value (material property independent of temperature). A discussion of so-called 3D stress parameters is presented.
Temperature Influence on σ0 and n Characteristics in the R-O Relationship for High-Strength Steel
Authors: Pała Robert , Galkiewicz Jarosław
Published: January 2014

The stress and strain fields in front of the crack can be estimated by the Hutchinson-Rice-Rosenger (HRR) formulas [1,2] which are based on the material model defined by Ramberg-Osgood (R-O). Unfortunately, the application of the classical R-O model causes difficulties in material constants α, n determination. Therefore, the simplified version of R-O relation is used.
The Simulation of Void Growth along Curvilinear Crack Front
Authors: Galkiewicz Jarosław
Published: January 2014

In this study, simulations of the voids in the crack plane along the curvilinear crack front were analyzed. The analyses were conducted for different load stages. The results of numerical analysis were compared with fractographic pictures of the specimen in question.
Analysis of transpacific transport of black carbon during HIPPO-3: implications for black carbon aging
Authors: Shen Z. , Liu J. , Horowitz L. W. , Henze D. K. , Fan S. , Levy II H. , Mauzerall D. L. , Lin J.-T. , Tao S.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Long-range transport of black carbon (BC) is a growing concern as a result of the efficiency of BC in warming the climate and its adverse impact on human health. We study transpacific transport of BC during HIPPO-3 using a combination of inverse modeling and sensitivity analysis. We use the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model and its adjoint to constrain Asian BC emissions and estimate the source of BC over the North Pacific. We find that different sources of BC dominate the transport to the North Pacific during the southbound (29 March 2010) and northbound (13 April 2010) measurements in HIPPO-3. While biomass burning in Southeast Asia (SE) contributes about 60% of BC in March, more than 90% of BC comes from fossil fuel and biofuel combustion in East Asia (EA) during the April mission. GEOS-Chem simulations generally resolve the spatial and temporal variation of BC concentrations over the North Pacific, but are unable to reproduce the low and high tails of the observed BC distribution. We find that the optimized BC emissions derived from inverse modeling fail to improve model simulations significantly. This failure indicates that uncertainties in BC transport, rather than in emissions, account for the major biases in GEOS-Chem simulations of BC. The aging process, transforming BC from hydrophobic into hydrophilic form, is one of the key factors controlling wet scavenging and remote concentrations of BC. Sensitivity tests on BC aging suggest that the aging time scale of anthropogenic BC from EA is several hours, faster than assumed in most global models, while the aging process of biomass burning BC from SE may occur much slower, with a time scale of a few days. To evaluate the effects of BC aging and wet deposition on transpacific transport of BC, we develop an idealized model of BC transport. We find that the mid-latitude air masses sampled during HIPPO-3 may have experienced a series of precipitation events, particularly near the EA and SE source region. Transpacific transport of BC is sensitive to BC aging when the aging rate is fast; this sensitivity peaks when the aging time scale is in the range of 1–1.5 d. Our findings indicate that BC aging close to the source must be simulated accurately at a process level in order to simulate better the global abundance and climate forcing of BC.
Long‐term clinical experience with amplatzer ductal occluder II for closure of the persistent arterial duct in children
Authors: Kang Sok‐Leng , Morgan Gareth , Forsey Jonathan , Tometzki Andrew , Martin Robin
Published: January 2014

Objectives

To describe the long‐term clinical experience and follow‐up with the Amplatzer Ductal Occluder II (ADO II) in children.

Methods

All patients undergoing attempted transcatheter closure of patent arterial duct (PDA) with the ADO II were included. Data collected included demographic, clinical, and echocardiographic parameters.

Results

From March 2008 until March 2013, 62 patients with a median age of 1.2 years (range 0.43–11.1 years) and median weight of 9 kg (range 4.7–31.4 kg) underwent the procedure. The median measurement for minimal ductal diameter was 2.7 mm (range 1.3–5 mm). An ADO II was implanted in 60 patients (96.8%). Two patients had significant residual shunting following deployment of the ADO II and underwent closure with the Amplatzer ductal occluder I (ADO I) during the same procedure. In six patients, the initial ADO II was unsatisfactory, and after recapture a different size ADO II was deployed. Device embolization of the ADO II to the pulmonary artery occurred in 6.7% of patients. Of these, one underwent surgical closure and three were closed with an ADO I. Complete occlusion on echocardiography was noted prior to discharge in 87.5% of the deployed occluders and 100% at first follow‐up. Five year follow‐up (n = 25) revealed a 100% occlusion rate. There were three cases of persistent mild left pulmonary artery stenosis at long‐term follow‐up.

Conclusions

The ADO II is effective for occlusion of PDA with variable anatomy from either arterial or venous approaches with a low profile delivery system. Stable occluder position is highly dependent on accurate device sizing, good quality imaging to visualize device configuration after deployment and operator experience. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanisms for regulating deubiquitinating enzymes
Authors: Wolberger Cynthia
Published: January 2014

Ubiquitination is a reversible post‐translational modification that plays a dynamic role in regulating most eukaryotic processes. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), which hydrolyze the isopeptide or peptide linkages joining ubiquitin to substrate lysines or N‐termini, therefore play a key role in ubiquitin signaling. Cells employ multiple mechanisms to regulate DUB activity and thus ensure the appropriate biological response. Recent structural studies have shed light on several different mechanisms by which DUB activity and specificity is regulated.
Stable aqueous dispersion of magnetic iron oxide core–shell nanoparticles prepared by biocompatible maleate polymers
Authors: Fathi Marziyeh , Entezami Ali Akbar
Published: January 2014

A new method is applied to prepare stable aqueous dispersion of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) by biocompatible maleate polymers. Fe3O4 magnetic core–shell nanoparticles are obtained via forming an inclusion complex between carboxylic acid groups of maleated biocompatible polymers shell and Fe3O4 MNPs core surface. Maleate polymers are synthesized via esterification of poly(ethylene glycol), poly(vinyl alcohol) and starch with maleic anhydride (MA). The Fe3O4 magnetic core–shell nanoparticles are characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer. The obtained magnetic core–shell nanoparticles exhibit superparamagnetic property and reveal long‐term aqueous stability. This work represents a valid methodology to produce highly stable aqueous dispersion of Fe3O4 MNPs ferrofluids which can be expected to have great potential as contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging. Furthermore, the shell composition of biocompatible maleate polymers with double bond of MA as crosslinker agent allows the polymerization with other monomers to design preferred drug delivery systems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Microstructural and Morphological Parameters on the Formability of BCC Metal Sheets
Authors: Franz Gérald , Abed‐Meraim Farid , Berveiller Marcel
Published: January 2014

The determination of forming limit strains in sheet metal forming industry is a useful way for quantifying metals in terms of formability. However, such forming limit diagrams (FLDs) remain very difficult to obtain experimentally. Therefore, the numerical prediction of forming limit strains represents a convenient alternative to replace this time consuming and expensive experimental process. Moreover, a combined theoretical‐numerical model allows investigating the impact of essential microstructural aspects (e.g., initial and induced textures, dislocation density evolution, softening mechanisms, …) and deformation mechanisms on the ductility of polycrystalline aggregates. In this paper, the impact of microstructural and morphological parameters, particularly the mean grain size, on the formability limit of BCC materials is investigated. To this end, an elastic–plastic self‐consistent (EPSC) polycrystalline model, coupled with a bifurcation‐based localization criterion, is adopted to numerically simulate FLDs. The FLDs thus determined using the Bifurcation–EPSC model for an IF–Ti single‐phase steel are compared to the FLDs given by ArcelorMittal, demonstrating the predictive capability of the proposed approach in investigations of sheet metal formability. The role of the averaging scheme is also shown to be significant by comparing the critical limit strains predicted with the self‐consistent scale‐transition scheme to those obtained with the more classical full‐constraint Taylor model. Finally, numerical simulations for different values of mean grain size are provided in order to analyze the impact of mean grain size on the formability of BCC metal sheets.
Accumulation and decay dynamics of coarse woody debris in a Japanese old‐growth subalpine coniferous forest
Authors: Fukasawa Yu , Katsumata Shingo , Mori Akira S. , Osono Takashi , Takeda Hiroshi
Published: January 2014

Far less is known about the coarse woody debris (CWD) stock and decay process in temperate Asia compared with that in boreal and temperate Europe and North America. We estimated coniferous CWD stock (logs and snags), decay rate and process, and fungal species responsible for the decay process in a Japanese subalpine coniferous forest. The CWD mass was 42.4 Mg ha−1, which was the greatest among the previous data recorded in temperate Asia. The decay rate calculated using the annual input of CWD divided by CWD accumulation was 0.036 year−1, whereas the decay rate when measured chronosequentially was 0.020–0.023 year−1. The decay process was divided into two phases characterized by different dominant organic chemical constituents. In the first phase, both acid‐unhydrolyzable residue and holocellulose decayed simultaneously, suggestive of the white‐rot process. In the second phase, holocellulose was selectively decomposed and AUR accumulated, suggestive of the brown‐rot process. Nutrients (N, P, K, Na, Mg, and Ca) were mineralized in the first phase but immobilized in the second phase. The fruiting bodies of 26 taxa of fungi were recorded as occurring on CWD in the study area.Trichaptum abietinumandT. fuscoviolaceum, which dominated in the first phase and are known as white‐rot fungi, were assumed to be the main decomposers of lignocellulose in the first phase. Although no known strong wood decomposers dominated the second phase,Laetiporus sulphureusandOligoporus caesius, known as brown‐rot fungi, were expected to participate in the selective decomposition of holocellulose in the second phase.
Subjunctive pleasure: the odd hour in the boeremusiek museum
Authors: Froneman Willemien
Published: January 2014

This paper introduces the subjunctive as a modality of engaging in musical life, in this instance the contemporary white folk music scene of boeremusiek in South Africa. The genre has repeatedly been portrayed as forever vanishing – a discourse that still characterises contemporary events put up by the largest boeremusiek organisation in South Africa, the Boeremusiekgilde (Boeremusiek Guild). The aim of the paper is to analyse the effects of discourses of nostalgia and salvage on participants' experiences of liveness in the present. It is shown how a deep dissatisfaction for live performance developed throughout the genre's 20th-century history. The repeated framing of present enjoyment in terms of past models of nationalist duty cast the actual actions of participants in the mode of subjunctive possibility, it is argued. As rituals of mourning, boeremusiek events bemoan personal histories fundamentally tainted by political transgression: the loss of intimate spaces of white innocence.
The birth of a new era: the introduction of the systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt for the treatment of cyanotic congenital heart disease
Authors: Vricella Luca A. , Jacobs Marshall L. , Cameron Duke E.
Published: January 2014

Cardiac surgery was revolutionized on November 29, 1944, when Eileen Saxon underwent the first systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America. The systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt was initially developed in the laboratory and then applied to patients through the unique collaboration of Vivien Thomas, Alfred Blalock, and Helen B. Taussig. This innovation was the first operation to successfully treat cyanotic cardiac disease. The history of the first operation to successfully treat cyanotic heart disease is an extraordinary history of courage, innovation, and scientific breakthrough. Just as striking is perhaps the ability of the protagonists of this story to overcome seemingly insurmountable barriers of racial and gender discrimination and revolutionize medicine.
Relaxing constraints as a conservation policy
Authors: Groom Ben , Palmer Charles
Published: January 2014

Eco-entrepreneurs in developing countries are often subject to market or institutional constraints such as missing markets. Conservation interventions which relax constraints may be both cost effective and poverty reducing. A simulation using data from an intervention in Madagascar to relax the technological constraints of forest honey production investigates this possibility. Cost-effectively achieving dual environment-development goals is shown to depend on the severity of constraints, relative prices, along with the nature and efficiency in use of technology. Success is more likely for technologies exhibiting close to constant returns to scale or high-input complementarity. Forest honey does not meet these requirements. Ultimately, where market or institutional constraints are present, knowledge of the recipient technology is required for more informed, efficient and perhaps more politically acceptable conservation policy.
An implementation intervention to encourage healthy eating in centre-based child-care services: impact of the Good for Kids Good for Life programme
Authors: Bell A Colin , Davies Lynda , Finch Meghan , Wolfenden Luke , Francis J Lynn , Sutherland Rachel , Wiggers John
Published: January 2014

Objective

To determine the impact of an implementation intervention designed to introduce policies and practices supportive of healthy eating in centre-based child-care services. Intervention strategies included staff training, resources, incentives, follow-up support, and performance monitoring and feedback.

Design

A quasi-experimental design was used to assess change over 20 months in healthy eating policy and practice in intervention and comparison child-care services.

Setting

The Hunter New England (HNE) region of New South Wales (NSW), Australia.

Subjects

All centre-based child-care services (n 287) in the intervention region (HNE) were invited and 240 (91 % response rate) participated. Two hundred and ninety-six services in the rest of NSW were randomly selected as a comparison region and 191 participated (76 % response rate). A sub-analysis was conducted on those services that provided children food (n 196 at baseline and n 190 at follow-up). Ninety-six provided menus for analysis at baseline (HNE, n 36; NSW, n 50) and 102 provided menus at follow-up (HNE, n 50; NSW, n 52).

Results

Services in the intervention region were significantly more likely to provide only plain milk and water for children (P = 0·018) and to engage parents in nutrition policy or programmes (P = 0·002). They were also more likely (P = 0·056) to have nutrition policy on home packed food. In addition, menus of services that provided lunch were significantly more likely to comply with healthy eating guidelines for sweetened drinks (P < 0·001), fruit (P < 0·001) and vegetables (P = 0·01).

Conclusions

An implementation intervention was able to modify policy and practice in a large number of child-care services so that they were more supportive of healthy eating.
Genetic outcomes from a farmer-assisted landrace selection programme to develop a synthetic variety of broccoli
Authors: Ciancaleoni Simona , Raggi Lorenzo , Negri Valeria
Published: January 2014

To develop synthetic varieties (Syn) of broccoli for organic agriculture, we initiated a breeding programme from a landrace (LR). A Syn was obtained through a farmer-assisted selection programme that mirrors the original LR. The diversity level of the Syn was assessed using 14 putatively neutral microsatellite markers (simple sequence repeats (SSR)) and seven SSR related to genes involved in flowering control. Four commercial F1hybrids were also assessed. Despite the strict selection procedure applied by the farmer to reproduce the LR annually and to obtain the Syn, the detected diversity level was high and similar to that of non-selected LRs. The possible reasons for these genetic outcomes (i.e. SSR position in the genome and farmer selection methods) are discussed here.
THE RISE OF GENTRY POWER ON THE CHINA–BURMA FRONTIER SINCE THE 1870S: THE CASE OF THE PENG FAMILY IN MIANNING, SOUTHWEST YUNNAN
Authors: Ma Jianxiong
Published: January 2014

From the 1870s to the 1940s, the construction of lineages among the Han settlers on the frontier between China's Yunnan province and Burma became significant. Through these lineages the construction of Han identity was also extended toward Burma along various transportation routes. In the continuing reformation of frontier society, gentry power, based on lineage corporations, expanded and performed a crucial role in the construction of a new style of border, as well as functioning as a leading force for ethnic competition by extending state power into the borderland. After the colonization of north Burma by the British in 1886, new economic opportunities attracted more Chinese merchants who built networks along transportation routes between cities in Burma and commercial centers in Yunnan, which also changed the social landscape of the frontier. The construction of lineages as a Han system not only overlapped with trade networks, but also provided sufficient economic and political resources to build a Han identity, which competed with other types of identity-polity systems – such as those of the Dai, the Lahu and the Wa – between the Mekong River and the Salween River.
Payments for ecosystem services: durable habits, dubious nudges, and doubtful efficacy
Authors: HIEDANPÄÄ JUHA , BROMLEY DANIEL W.
Published: January 2014

Payments for ecosystem services (PES) have become a popular approach to bring about improved environmental behaviors. When such programs are launched in developing countries, an additional benefit is that they are said to improve incomes for the poor. In this paper, we argue that PES schemes arenot‘market-based’. Indeed, they are not even ‘market-like’. The incentive properties said to be present in such programs are of doubtful efficacy. We suggest that PES schemes are instances of a new class of transaction – theinducing transaction– whose purpose is to make certain resource users the instruments of the desires of others. We relate the success of PES schemes to Veblenian ‘habituation’ and Peircean ‘habit breaking and habit taking’ to suggest that PES schemes face a daunting challenge if they are to bring about durable behavioral changes.
Zu Risiken und Nebenwirkungen lesen Sie …–Negative Effekte von Coaching
Authors: Schermuly Carsten Christoph , Schermuly-Haupt Marie-Luise , Schölmerich Franziska , Rauterberg Hannah
Published: January 2014

Coaching hat sich in der Personalentwicklung etabliert. Der wissenschaftliche Blick auf die Wirksamkeit und Wirkfaktoren von Coaching ist aber bisher eingeschränkt. Während in verschiedenen anderen Bereichen (z. B. in der Psychotherapie- oder Mentoringforschung) auch negative Effekte untersucht werden, findet dies in der Coachingforschung kaum statt. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden negative Effekte von Coaching erstmals systematisch untersucht. In einer qualitativen Vorstudie wurden potentielle negative Effekte von Coaching ermittelt und anschließend die Häufigkeit, Intensität und Dauer explorativ erforscht. Dazu wurden per Onlinefragebogen 123 Coachings aus der Perspektive der Coaches evaluiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass pro Coaching durchschnittlich zwei negative Effekte auftreten, die jedoch eine niedrige Intensität besitzen. Weiterhin wurden Faktoren erfasst, welche die Coaches als ursächlich für die negativen Effekte wahrnehmen. Dies sind insbesondere Klientenvariablen, aber auch der Umgang des Coaches mit psychischer Erkrankung des Klienten sowie Zeitknappheit. Darüber hinaus besteht ein positiver Zusammenhang zwischen der Anzahl behandelter Themen und der Häufigkeit negativer Effekte.
COMMIT Commitment-Skalen
Authors: Schilling Jan
Published: January 2014

COMMIT (Felfe & Franke, 2012) ist ein psychometrisch überprüftes Verfahren zur Erfassung von Commitment (Bindung) von Mitarbeitern in Bezug auf verschiedene arbeitsbezogene Aspekte (Foci) wie Organisation, Beruf/Tätigkeit, Beschäftigungsstatus, Vorgesetzter und Team/Arbeitsgruppe, das im Rahmen von Mitarbeiterbefragungen zum Einsatz kommen kann. Der Fragebogen dient der standardisierten Selbsteinschätzung der eigenen arbeitsbezogenen Einstellungen und kann im Rahmen von Organisations-, Team- oder Individualdiagnosen genutzt werden. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt Zielsetzung, theoretische Hintergründe, Aufbau, Durchführung und psychometrische Gütekriterien des Verfahrens und liefert Hinweise auf mögliche Weiterentwicklungen.
Making a big thing of a small cell – recent advances in single cell analysis
Authors: Galler Kerstin , Bräutigam Katharina , Große Christina , Popp Jürgen , Neugebauer Ute
Published: January 2014

All aspects of the characterisation of single cells are reviewed: from morphology to genetics and different omics-techniques to physiological, mechanical and electrical methods, including microfluidics and applications.
Where macro meets micro
Authors: Berry R. Stephen , Smirnov Boris M.
Published: January 2014

Phase diagrams for large (a) and small (b) systems. The new variable D is the ratio of the two phase in equilibrium.
SIG 5 Perspectives Vol. 23, No. 1, July 2013
Authors: Karasinski Courtney
Published: January 2014

Sorry, this activity is no longer available for CEUs. Visit the SIG 5 page on the
ASHA Store
to see available CE activities.

Use the CE questions PDF here as study questions to guide your Perspectives reading.
Natural Productivity in Steelhead Populations of Natural and Hatchery Origin: Assessing Hatchery Spawner Influence
Authors: Lister D. Brent
Published: January 2014

Natural productivity, the number of natural‐origin adult recruits per parent, is an important parameter for assessing population status of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss (anadromous Rainbow Trout) and Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Hatchery‐origin adults comprise a majority of many salmon and steelhead spawning populations. In such cases, the utility of natural productivity estimates is affected by uncertain reproductive fitness of hatchery spawners and by possible ecological or genetic interactions among hatchery and natural fish. This study examined options for analyzing population census data to assess hatchery spawner effects on natural productivity of mixed steelhead populations including spawners of hatchery and natural origin. It compared productivity in three mixed and reference (natural) population pairs, and estimated productivity as natural recruits per total spawners of natural and hatchery origin (Rnat/Stot) or as natural recruits per natural spawner (Rnat/Snat). Natural productivity estimated as Rnat/Stot reflected hatchery program scale, not productive capacity of natal streams. This analytical approach masked natural production dynamics in populations with a major hatchery spawner proportion, and was therefore of limited use for determining hatchery spawner influence. Productivity estimated as Rnat/Snat indicated similar productivity of reference and mixed populations, and an absence of hatchery spawner effect, in the case of (1) a large hatchery stray component, and (2) a hatchery supplementation program. In the third pairing, Rnat/Snat productivity of the mixed population significantly exceeded that of the reference population, suggesting natural spawner abundance is below carrying capacity. Hatchery spawners contributed to natural productivity in that case, but in the presence of reduced natural spawner density. These findings suggest that hatchery spawners are unlikely to affect natural production of a mixed steelhead population unless natural spawner abundance is below carrying capacity.
Riverscape Patterns among Years of Juvenile Coho Salmon in Midcoastal Oregon: Implications for Conservation
Authors: Flitcroft R. , Burnett K. , Snyder J. , Reeves G. , Ganio L.
Published: January 2014

Patterns of salmon distribution throughout a riverscape may be expected to change over time in response to environmental conditions and population sizes. Changing patterns of use, including identification of consistently occupied locations, are informative for conservation and recovery planning. We explored interannual patterns of distribution by juvenile Coho SalmonOncorhynchus kisutchin 11 subbasins on the midcoast of Oregon. We found that juvenile Coho Salmon distribution expanded and contracted around stream sections that were continuously occupied (core areas). Timing of expansion or contraction was synchronous among subbasins and appeared to be related to the size of the parental spawning run. Juvenile distribution expanded from core areas when adults were abundant and contracted into core areas at lower adult abundances. The “intrinsic potential” of stream sections to support high quality habitat for Coho Salmon also appeared to inform distribution patterns. In most subbasins, when populations expanded, they moved into areas of high intrinsic potential. We identified areas that were consistently used by juvenile Coho Salmon which may be important target locations for conservation and restoration. Our study contributes to the body of work that seeks to explain the processes behind spatial and temporal patterns of freshwater habitat use by salmonids in the Pacific Northwest, thereby enhancing understanding of the complexity of biological and environmental interactions over broad scales.
Novel SNP Genotyping Assays Facilitate Species Identification of Salvelinus Collected in a Recreational Fishery
Authors: DeHaan Patrick W. , Pascal Carita E. , Seeb James E.
Published: January 2014

Members of the genus Salvelinus often occur sympatrically, exhibit a high degree of phenotypic plasticity, and commonly hybridize. These factors often complicate species identification and hybrid detection based solely on morphology. Many species and populations of Salvelinus are threatened or endangered and accurate species identification and hybrid detection are important for conservation. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers offer several advantages over other classes of genetic markers for species identification. We used DNA sequences from six species of Salvelinus to identify 16 SNPs that exhibited fixed differences among species and 16 additional SNPs that were variable within different species. These markers were used for species identification of putative Bull Trout Salvelinus confluentus that were misidentified as Lake Trout S. namaycush in a recreational fishery in Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho. The markers developed in this study will be useful for Salvelinus species identification and provide important data for conservation efforts.
Ranking Site Vulnerability to Increasing Temperatures in Southern Appalachian Brook Trout Streams in Virginia: An Exposure‐Sensitivity Approach
Authors: Trumbo Bradly A. , Nislow Keith H. , Stallings Jonathan , Hudy Mark , Smith Eric P. , Kim Dong‐Yun , Wiggins Bruce , Dolloff Charles A.
Published: January 2014

Models based on simple air temperature–water temperature relationships have been useful in highlighting potential threats to coldwater‐dependent species such as Brook TroutSalvelinus fontinalisby predicting major losses of habitat and substantial reductions in geographic distribution. However, spatial variability in the relationship between changes in air temperature to changes in water temperature complicates predictions. We directly measured paired summer air and water temperatures over 2 years in a stratified representative sample of watersheds (<1–274 km2) supporting wild Brook Trout throughout Virginia near the southern edge of the species distribution. We used the temperature data to rank streams in terms of two important components of habitat vulnerability: sensitivity (predicted change in water temperature per unit increase in air temperature) and exposure (predicted frequency, magnitude, and duration of threshold water temperatures). Across all sites, sensitivity was substantially lower (median sensitivity = 0.35°C) than the 0.80°C assumed in some previous models. Median sensitivity across all sites did not differ between the 2 years of the study. In contrast, median exposure was considerably greater in 2010 (a particularly warm summer) than in 2009, but exposure ranks of habitat patches were highly consistent. Variation in sensitivity and exposure among habitat patches was influenced by landscape metrics (percent forested riparian corridor, patch area, and elevation), but considerable unexplained variation in sensitivity and exposure among sites was likely due to local‐scale differences in the extent of groundwater influence. Overall, our direct measurement approach identified significantly more Brook Trout habitat patches with low sensitivity and low exposure that may persist under warming air temperatures than did previous large‐scale models. Our sensitivity and exposure classification should provide a useful general framework for managers in making investment decisions for protecting and restoring Brook Trout habitat.
Lack of Temporal Variation in Egg Size in Landlocked Fall Chinook Salmon from Lake Oahe, South Dakota
Authors: Wipf Matthew M. , Barnes Michael E. , Durben Dan
Published: January 2014

This study examined 23 years of egg size data from a population entirely made up of hatchery‐maintained fall Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytschain Lake Oahe, South Dakota. Egg size data, obtained by water‐displacement during hatchery egg inventories, ranged from 4.2 to 6.6 eggs/mL over the 23 years. However, linear regression of data from either pooled lots of eggs (y = 0.0035x – 1.8116; P = 0.727) or individual spawns (y = 0.0003x + 5.3037; P = 0.907) indicated no significant change in mean egg size over time. The lack of change in egg size of Lake Oahe fall Chinook Salmon over the 23 years of this study indicates there was no hatchery‐induced evolutionary impacts on egg size.
Notification of changes in taxonomic opinion previously published outside the IJSEM
Authors: Oren Aharon , Garrity George M.
Published: January 2014

The Bacteriological Code deals with the nomenclature of prokaryotes. This may include existing names (the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names) as well as new names and new combinations. In this sense the Code is also dealing indirectly with taxonomic opinions. However, as with most codes of nomenclature there are no mechanisms for formally recording taxonomic opinions that do not involve the creation of new names or new combinations. In particular, it would be desirable for taxonomic opinions resulting from the creation of synonyms or emended descriptions to be made widely available to the public. In 2004, the Editorial Board of the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (IJSEM) agreed unanimously that it was desirable to cover such changes in taxonomic opinions (i.e. the creation of synonyms or the emendation of circumscriptions) previously published outside the IJSEM, and to introduce a List of Changes in Taxonomic Opinion [Notification of changes in taxonomic opinion previously published outside the IJSEM; Euzéby et al. (2004). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol
54, 1429–1430]. Scientists wishing to have changes in taxonomic opinion included in future lists should send one copy of the pertinent reprint or a photocopy or a PDF file thereof to the IJSEM Editorial Office or to the Lists Editor. It must be stressed that the date of proposed taxonomic changes is the date of the original publication not the date of publication of the list. Taxonomic opinions included in the List of Changes in Taxonomic Opinion cannot be considered as validly published nor, in any other way, approved by the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes and its Judicial Commission. The names that are to be used are those that are the ‘correct names’ (in the sense of Principle 6) in the opinion of the bacteriologist, with a given circumscription, position and rank. A particular name, circumscription, position and rank do not have to be adopted in all circumstances. Consequently, the List of Changes in Taxonomic Opinion must be considered as a service to bacteriology and it has no ‘official character’, other than providing a centralized point for registering/indexing such changes in a way that makes them easily accessible to the scientific communit
y.
A Data Integration and Visualization Resource for the Metabolic Network of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
Authors: Maarleveld Timo R. , Boele Joost , Bruggeman Frank J. , Teusink Bas
Published: January 2014

Data integration is a central activity in systems biology. The integration of genomic, transcript, protein, metabolite, flux, and computational data yields unprecedented information about the system level functioning of organisms. Often, data integration is done purely computationally, leaving the user with little insight in addition to statistical information. In this article, we present a visualization tool for the metabolic network of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, an important model cyanobacterium for sustainable biofuel production. We illustrate how this metabolic map can be used to integrate experimental and computational data for Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 systems biology and metabolic engineering studies. Additionally, we discuss how this map, and the software infrastructure that we supply with it, can be used in the development of other organism-specific metabolic network visualizations. In addition to the Python console package VoNDA (http://vonda.sf.net), we provide a working demonstration of the interactive metabolic map and the associated Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 genome-scale stoichiometric model, as well as various ready-to-visualize microarray data sets, at http://f-a-m-e.org/synechocystis.
Governance, Ownership Structure, and Performance of Entrepreneurial IPOs in AIM Companies
Authors: Farag Hisham , Mallin Chris , Ow‐Yong Kean
Published: January 2014

Manuscript Type

Empirical

Research Question/Issue

The study investigates the impact of venture capital (VC) ownership on corporate governance characteristics in entrepreneurial companies listed on the UK's Alternative Investment Market (AIM). In particular, the paper examines the impact of venture capital funds on the firm's governance structure post‐IPO and the dynamic inter‐relationship between corporate governance (CG), venture capital ownership and financial performance.

Research Findings/Insights

Using hand collected data from a sample of 271 entrepreneurial companies admitted to AIM during the period 2000–2007, we measure and track the corporate governance characteristics by constructing a CGAIM50 index. Our findings suggest a high level of VC ownership and its reputation leads to better corporate governance in our sample of entrepreneurial Initial Public Offering (IPO) companies. We also find a positive and significant relationship between corporate governance characteristics and financial performance, which suggests that outside shareholders such as VCs bring managerial know‐how and hence help improve IPO companies' performance.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

The study is the first to examine the CG characteristics of entrepreneurial (fast growth) companies on the AIM using a unique index. The inter‐relationship between venture capital ownership structure, corporate governance, and financial performance is modeled using the system GMM estimator of dynamic panel model in addition to the 3SLS methodology.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

The study offers practical implications for regulatory authorities and investors, as it highlights that venture capital funds investing in entrepreneurial companies on the AIM have a positive impact on both corporate governance and company performance, which improves after IPO admission, and also on subsequent performance.
Soil structure and microbial activity dynamics in 20‐month field‐incubated organic‐amended soils
Authors: Arthur E. , Schjønning P. , Moldrup P. , Razzaghi F. , Tuller M. , De Jonge L. W.
Published: January 2014

Soil structure formation is essential to all soil ecosystem functions and services. This study aims to quantify changes in soil structure and microbial activity during and after field incubation and examine the effect of carbon, organic amendment and clay on aggregate characteristics. Five soils dominated by illites, one kaolinitic soil and one smectitic soil were sieved to 2 mm, and each soil was divided into two parts and one part amended with ground rape shoots (7.5 t ha−1) as an organic amendment. Samples were incubated in the field for 20 months with periodic sampling to measure water‐dispersible clay (WDC) and fluorescein diacetate activity (FDA). After incubation, WDC and FDA were measured on air‐dried 1–2‐mm aggregates. Tensile strength was measured on four aggregate classes (1–2, 1–4, 4–8 and 8–16 mm) and results used to assess soil friability and workability. Intact cores were also sampled to determine compressive strength. During incubation, the amount of WDC depended on soil carbon content while the trends correlated with moisture content. Organic amendment only yielded modest decreases (mean of 14% across all sampling times and soils) in WDC, but it was sufficient to stimulate the microbial community (65–100% increase in FDA). Incubation led to significant macroaggregate formation (>2 mm) for all soils. Friability and strength of newly‐formed aggregates were negatively correlated with clay content and carbon content, respectively. Soil workability was best for the kaolinite‐rich soil and poorest for the smectite‐rich soil; for illitic soils, workability increased with increasing organic carbon content. Organic amendment decreased the compression susceptibility of intact, incubated samples at smaller stress values (<200 kPa).
Parenting Styles and Parents' Perspectives on How Their Own Emotions Affect the Functioning of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Zhou Ting , Yi Chunli
Published: January 2014

The grounded theory method was used to analyze the parenting styles used by caregivers to rear children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and to investigate parents' experiences regarding how to help their child overcome the symptoms. Thirty‐two parents from 28 families of children with ASD in mainland China were interviewed. Analysis of interview transcripts revealed four patterns of parenting styles which varied in affiliation to the roles of caretaker and coach. Based on their experience, a sizable group of parents perceived that their own emotions influence the child's emotions and his/her symptoms. The results suggest the value of developing intervention programs on emotion regulation and positive parenting for the parents of children with ASD.
Female Part‐Time Managers: Careers, Mentors and Role Models
Authors: Durbin Susan , Tomlinson Jennifer
Published: January 2014

This paper explores the careers of 27 women employed as part‐time managers in a range ofUKpublic, private and not‐for‐profit sector organizations. Drawing upon semi‐structured interviews, the article briefly summarizes the career trajectories of these women, prior to and after a transition to part‐time working, before exploring whether and how career progression is linked to the support of role models and mentors. The part‐time managers in this sample held varied careers while working full‐time, but careers often stalled following a transition to part‐time work. Given research has identified role models and mentors as having a positive impact upon career progression, this paper explores the existence of role models and mentors within the sample of female part‐time managers. While the majority of interviewees identified role models, just over half identified these as negative role models who did little to champion part‐time working. Drawing uponGibson's ‘positive/negative’ role model dimensions, we argue the likelihood of identifying positive and negative role models alters when an analysis takes account of gender and working hours. Few interviewees identified mentors: just four women spoke of being mentored currently, though ten others identified being mentored in the past. We argue this lack of mentors and the identification of negative role models, the majority of whom were women, exacerbates the already precarious position of these female part‐time managers. The paper concludes by commenting on the lack of support for female part‐time managers, and the paucity of influential people working part‐time in organizations, despite the rapid growth of part‐time work in theUKover the past four decades.
Hypertension in Haiti: The Challenge of Best Possible Practice
Authors: Kenerson John G.
Published: January 2014

On the fourth anniversary, it is impossible to discuss hypertension in Haiti without acknowledging the almost incalculable negative impact of the January 12, 2010 earthquake. It was catastrophic not only in terms of death and physical injury, but also the widespread destruction of a tenuous infrastructure and public health system. Yet, paradoxically, this virtual blank slate could be an opportunity to develop an innovative pragmatic approach to the equally devastating problem of hypertension as the most common contributing cause of death in Haiti. Rising Phoenix‐like literally from the ashes and rubble, there are lessons to be learned from the Haiti experience, as a potential model for the management of hypertension in the community in low resource venues in the Caribbean and beyond. Haiti has very poor comparative outcomes, and specific challenges related to high prevalence stroke, renal failure, and heart failure as negative prognostic consequences of undiagnosed and uncontrolled hypertension. There are severe public health challenges related to salt education, as well as societal challenges related to negative social determinants of health and disease, and the structural violence of overwhelming poverty. Pragmatism is necessary as we attempt to combine the tenets of evidence based medicine with reality based medicine restrictions imposed by low resource. It is through the generation of Best Possible Practice (BPP) models of care that colleagues can develop systems of mutual knowledge sharing, service, and support. This approach extends to screening and diagnosis, where there is no electricity for semi‐ or automatic manometric devices and requisite need to train in manual/ auscultatory technique, to education and curricula built specifically around a flexible hypertension community management guideline as the accepted standard to aspire to. A successful approach requires solid guiding principles, including a commitment to best attainable quality and value(s). It also requires standing together as a community of dedicated medical professionals.