bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self/other organization in human psychological development
Authors: AITKEN KENNETH J. , TREVARTHEN COLWYN
Published: July 2002

Evidence from the evolution of human cultural behavior and learning, embryology and

genetics of the brain, and the behavior of human infants indicates that the critical and uniquely

human motives for cooperative imagination and joint interest in objects and tasks are determined

by expression of genes and epigenetic neural systems elaboration long before birth, along with

essential peripheral organs of perception and motor expression that will serve in communication

by rhythmic facial, vocal, gestural, and body movement signals. These cerebral motives continue

to exercise their influence on neural development and behavior throughout life, transforming the

behaviors of the developing individual through a succession of phases to which other individuals

and cultural institutions are constrained to adapt. We discuss the theory of innate intersubjectivity

and relate it to the hypothesis of an Innate Motive Formation that emerges in brain development

as regulator of morphogenesis in neural systems, and that continues to function, postnatally, as

generator of motives and emotions by which human contacts and relationships are regulated. We

suggest that differentiates of the primary motive formation in the embryo brain later serve to

generate intelligent exploration of the objective environment, and the emergence of an additional

dialogic mechanism that represents the self-subject as a partner for an other-subject,

intersubjectively. Intersubjective communication in infancy leads, through systematic age-related

transformations of the brain and behavior, to preverbal mimetic negotiation of cooperative

awareness and joint task performance. Finally we discuss, in relation to this theory,

interpretations of faulty communication and development at different stages of the life cycle that

result from maternal postnatal depression, autism, premature birth, and schizophrenia.
The dynamics of thin fluid films
Authors: WILSON S. K.
Published: July 2002

Not only are thin fluid films of enormous importance in numerous practical applications,
including painting, the manufacture of foodstuffs, and coating processes for products
ranging from semi-conductors and magnetic tape to television screens, but they are also of
great fundamental interest to mathematicians, physicists and engineers. Thin fluid films can
exhibit a wealth of fascinating behaviour, including wave propagation, rupture, and
transition to quasi-periodic or chaotic structures. More details of various aspects of thin-film flow can be found in the recent review articles by Oron, Davis & Bankoff (1997) and
Myers (1998), and in the volumes edited by Kistler & Schweizer (1997) and Batchelor,
Moffatt & Worster (2000).
Erratum: Integrating factors and first integrals
for ordinary differential equations
Authors: ANCO S. C. , BLUMAN G.
Published: July 2002

Volume 9 (1998), pp. 245–259

The last sentence of §3.2 should read as follows:

For n=4, the splitting yields six such linear PDEs from the coefficients of the
terms involving Y(6), Y(4),
Y(5), Y(5), Y(4)3,
Y(4)2 and Y(4).

In the first paragraph of §6, the penultimate sentence should read as follows:

For an nth-order scalar ODE the determining equations are a linear system of PDEs
consisting of the adjoint of the determining equation for symmetries of the nth-order
ODE and additional equations when n[ges ]2.

We apologise for the errors in the above paper and hope that no inconvenience has been
caused to readers.
A modular module system
Authors: LEROY XAVIER
Published: July 2002

A simple implementation of an SML-like module system is presented as a module parameterized
by a base language and its type-checker. This implementation is useful both as a
detailed tutorial on the Harper–Lillibridge–Leroy module system and its implementation, and
as a constructive demonstration of the applicability of that module system to a wide range
of programming languages.
Special issue on Haskell
Authors: Hutton Graham
Published: July 2002

Since its inception in 1987, Haskell has provided a focal point for research in lazy
functional programming. During this time the language has continually evolved, as
a result of both theoretical advances and practical experience. Haskell has proved
to be a powerful tool for many kinds of programming tasks, and applications in
industry are beginning to emerge. The recent definition of Haskell 98 provides a
long-awaited stable version of the language, but there are many exciting possibilities
for future versions of Haskell.

The fourth Haskell Workshop will be held as part of the PLI 2000 colloquium
on Principles, Logics, and Implementations of high-level programming languages
in Montreal, 17th September 2000. Previous Haskell Workshops have been held
in Paris (1999), Amsterdam (1997) and La Jolla (1995). Following on from these
workshops, a special issue of the Journal of Functional Programming will be devoted
to Haskell. Possible topics include, but are not limited to:

* Critiques of Haskell 98;

* New proposals for Haskell;

* Applications or case studies;

* Programming techniques;

* Reasoning about programs;

* Semantic issues;

* Pedagogical issues;

* Implementation.

Contributors to any of the Haskell workshops are invited to submit full papers
to the special issue on Haskell, but submission is open to everyone. Submissions
should be sent to guest editor (address below), with a copy to Nasreen Ahmad
(nasreen@dcs.gla.ac.uk). Submitted articles should be sent in postscript format,
preferably gzipped and uuencoded. In addition, please send, as plain text, title,
abstract, and contact information. The submission deadline is 1st February 2001.
For other submission details, please consult an issue of the Journal of Functional
Programming or see the Journal's web pages.
Income in later life
Authors: Falkingham Jane
Published: July 2002

In July 1997 Harriet Harman, the new Secretary of State for Social Security in the UK, announced a fundamental and wide-ranging review of all aspects of pension provision. The review comes at a time when trust in the pensions industry is at an all-time low. The reputation of occupational pensions was dealt a severe blow by the Maxwell scandal, and personal pensions have now been revealed as a very bad buy for many of the almost six million people who have signed up for them since 1988. That such pensions were mis-sold has now been formally acknowledged and steps taken to prevent a repetition, but many people are still waiting for their compensation. State provision is also not immune from this crisis of confidence. Since 1980 the basic pension has been indexed to prices rather than to earnings as previously. As a result its value has shrunk to 14% of average male earnings, compared with 21% in 1980, and it is predicted to fall further to a ‘nugatory’ 9% by 2020.
Words as New as the Hills Concept Formation in the Field of High Altitude Topography (1750–1850)
Authors: Farrington Brian
Published: July 2002

It is often assumed that the emergence of a new concept can be traced to the appearance of a new word in a language. The aim of this article is to show that the process is more complex than this by examining the evolution of a number of words and contexts in the field of high altitude topography, when high mountains were being explored for the first time. This is a lexical field of a somewhat special nature, relating to a reality that had always been visible, but had never been described before. While there are undoubtedly examples where a concept crystallises around a newly adopted word, the norm is a slow process of uncertainty and hesitation.
Socio-historical linguistics and the history of French
Authors: Ayres-Bennett Wendy
Published: July 2002

This paper outlines the development of socio-historical studies of French and examines some of the problems with attempting to apply sociolinguistic methods and models of the type derived from Labov's work to the study of a past état de langue. It is argued that, despite the many difficulties both of data collection and of analysis and interpretation, the study of past variation is essential.
Liaison, nasal vowels and productivity
Authors: Sampson Rodney
Published: July 2002

In previous discussion of the phonological interpretation of nasal vowels in liaison, the assumption has been that there are just two competing patterns, seen in bon ami and mon ami. Compelling evidence exists however of a third pattern which involves ‘ZERO-liaison’ or the non-use of a distinct liaison alternant. Strikingly, this pattern is found in contexts where productive liaison usage can be tested for, and consequently it may be viewed as the emerging default arrangement in modern French pronunciation. In the light of this, a new interpretation is proposed for liaison with nasal vowels.
Conservation evaluation for birds of Brachylaena woodland and mixed dry forest in north-east Tanzania
Authors: Cordeiro Norbert J. , Githiru Mwangi
Published: July 2002

Three forest and woodland sites were surveyed in the lowlands of the East Usambara mountains, Tanzania, from August to October, 1996. Bombo East I and II Proposed Forest Reserves (PFR) and Bombo West FR were previously unknown biologically. Our fieldwork revealed several records of conservation interest. Four species of global conservation concern (Amani Sunbird Anthreptes pallidigaster, Southern Banded Snake Eagle Circaetus fasciolatus, Fischer's Turaco Tauraco fischeri and Plain-backed Sunbird Anthreptes reichenowi) were recorded, with a further seven species of regional concern. These sites were not as rich in bird species as other East Usambara lowland forests. Bombo East I PFR had the highest richness, which included the presence of three montane species that were most likely cold-season visitors. The Endangered Sokoke Scops Owl Otus ireneae, otherwise known from similar woodland habitat in Kenya as well as lowland forest in the East Usambaras, was apparently absent at these sites. It is also clear from our survey that at least four threatened mammals and one possibly endemic snake inhabit the Brachylaena woodlands and mixed dry forest. Thus, our results indicate that the previously unexplored Brachylaena woodlands and mixed dry forest in north-east Tanzania are an additional habitat to some fauna of threatened status and do, therefore, merit conservation attention. The Brachylaena tree is highly favoured for charcoal production and the enormous demand for this product is increasing the degradation of these woodland patches. Larger tracts of unprotected Brachylaena woodland should receive immediate conservation attention.
Distribution, habitat selection and behaviour of the East Coast Akalat Sheppardia gunningi sokokensis in Kenya and Tanzania
Authors: Nemeth Erwin , Bennun Leon
Published: July 2002

This study investigated the distribution and habitat selection of the globally threatened East Coast Akalat Sheppardia gunningi sokokensis in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest, the Shimba Hills (both Kenya) and the lowland East Usambara Mountains (Tanzania). The species is more abundant than originally thought. In Arabuko-Sokoke Forest, akalats occur in two of the main vegetation types, and an estimated 7,500–9,000 territories represent one of the largest populations of this species in the world. Akalats occurred at similar densities to those in Arabuko-Sokoke (c. 0.5 pairs/ha) in parts of Shimba Hills and East Usambaras, but were more patchily distributed. This akalat prefers areas where the undergrowth is partially open with large amounts of dead wood. It forages on or near the ground. In Arabuko-Sokoke Forest, areas where akalats were present had a higher abundance of ground-dwelling arthropods than areas where they were not. The akalat inhabits both primary forest and regenerated areas that have been selectively logged probably more than 20 years ago. Despite its relatively high densities where it occurs, this species (like other threatened birds in the East African coastal forests) is very patchily distributed and dependent on a habitat that is now highly fragmented and under considerable human pressure. The conservation situation in Arabuko-Sokoke gives cause for concern, and the destructive effects of a large elephant population threaten the forests of the Shimba Hills. The conservation status of the lowland Usambara Mountains is probably better and more stable.
Heloise and liturgical experience at the Paraclete
Authors: Mews Constant J.
Published: July 2002

This article considers Heloise's activity as abbess of the Paraclete, examining what contribution she may have made to its liturgical practice. It relates the testimony of Peter the Venerable and Hugh Metel to Heloise as inspirational leader and author to what we can learn about her from Abelard's preface to the Paraclete Hymnal. In particular, attention is directed to the understanding of Mary Magdalen at the Paraclete by both Abelard and Heloise. This suggests, I argue that ‘Epithalamica’ and the Easter plays are part of Heloise's literary output, and that she exercised a major influence on Abelard.
Diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and hormone replacement therapy
Authors: Perera M , Lumsden MA
Published: July 2002

Diabetes mellitus is the most common chronic disease in the industrialized world. In North America and Europe the prevalence in adults is 7–8% and it is estimated that there are more than 100 million cases worldwide. With the increasing prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) this figure continues to rise. The World Health Organization predicts that the number of patients with diabetes will rise from 130 million to over 300 million over the next 25 years. Diabetes affects 1 in 30 people living in England and Wales and accounts for more than £2 billion of hospital costs annually. The number of diabetic patients in the UK is predicted to double to 3 million by the year 2010.
Professional Ethics and Labor Disputes: Medicine and Nursing
in the United Kingdom
Authors: CHADWICK RUTH , THOMPSON ALISON
Published: July 2002

The term “industrial action” includes any
noncooperation with management, such as strict “working
to rule,” refusal of certain duties, going slow,
and ultimately withdrawal of labor. The latter form of
action, striking, has posed particular problems for professional
ethics, especially in those professions that provide healthcare,
because of the potential impact on patients' well-being.
Examination of the issues, however, displays a difference
in response between the healthcare professions, in particular
between doctors and nurses. In considering the ethics of
industrial (especially strike) action there are various
aspects of professional ethics to consider: (1) whether
there is a tension between industrial action and the very
notion of professional ethics; (2) what specific issues
arise in the case of healthcare professions; (3) what,
if anything, can explain and/or justify different responses
from the medical and nursing professions?
Of Healthcare Professionals, Ethics, and Strikes
Authors: LOEWY ERICH H.
Published: July 2002

The question of whether physicians or other “essential”
healthcare workers are ethically entitled to strike is
troubling in that it entails a conflict in obligations.
This question of a conflict of obligations (and the answer
to it) has wider implications for many other workers.
Forgiving and Forgetting: A Post-Holocaust Dialogue on the
Possibility of Healing
Authors: THOMASMA DAVID C. , WEISSTUB DAVID N.
Published: July 2002

At the end of this century there are so many occasions, so
many residues of the most violent of times, that challenge the
very idea of forgiveness—residues personal, political,
social, and cultural. The harms are vast and yet close to
home: alcoholism takes its toll on relationships, divorce
undermines love, parental harshness and abuse create generations
of problems for offspring, addictions of every sort turn
humans into caged spirits. Additional and even greater
challenges include infidelity, breaking public promises,
political power plays, torture, genocidal slaughtering
of races and tribes, civil and cultural wars, ancient
enmities—Northern Ireland, Bosnia, the Tutsis and Hutus,
the Shiite and Suni Moslems, the settlers and African immigrants
in South Africa, indigenous populations against the dominant
culture. The open violence and rapaciousness of human enmity can
be viewed now in the displacement of masses of people in Kosovo.
Said the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees, Sadako Ogata,
about the Kosovo crisis: “It is frightening …
that this century, as in its darkest hours, should end
with the mass deportation of innocent people.”
Response to “Abortion and Assent” by Rosamond
Rhodes (CQ Vol 8, No 4)
Authors: Häyry Matti
Published: July 2002

Abortions are legally permitted in most Western
societies if there is a reasonable expectation that the
child, if born, would be physically or mentally disabled.
Even late-term abortions, which would not be allowed in
the case of healthy fetuses, are accepted on the basis
of foreseen disability.
Response to “Euthanasia and Health Reform in Canada”
by Michael Stingl (CQ Vol 7, No 4)
Authors: Reinders Hans S.
Published: July 2002

Michael Stingl's sensitive paper links two
debates now dominating contemporary Western societies:
the debate on euthanasia and the debate on healthcare reform.
The link is important for both practical and theoretical
reasons. Given the rise of national expenditures for healthcare,
most governments have a strong interest in cost containment.
In various countries we see reduced accessibility to healthcare
services and facilities, albeit for different reasons.
Sometimes healthcare is largely a matter of private insurance,
as in the United States; sometimes shifts are made toward
rising financial copayments for the use of particular services,
as seems to be the case in Canada and in many European
countries; sometimes accessibility is reduced by waiting
lists, characteristic of systems with socialized medicine
such as in Britain and the Netherlands.
Response to “Advance Directives and Voluntary Slavery”
by Christopher Tollefsen (CQ Vol 7, No 4)
Authors: May Thomas
Published: July 2002

In an interesting response to an article I published
in CQ that questions the ability of advance directives
to reflect autonomy, Christopher Tollefsen raises a number
of issues that deserve greater attention. Tollefsen
offers several examples to illustrate how the critique
of advance directives I offer would also threaten other
choices that most people would consider autonomous. Importantly,
I largely agree that the examples Tollefsen offers should
be captured as autonomous. Where I disagree, however, is
whether these examples reflect the particular type of second
order decision strategy that I categorize advance directives
as, and so whether the critique of advance directives I
offer, if accepted, would commit us to an unreasonably
narrow conception of autonomy.
From Vilification to Accommodation: Making a Common Cause
Movement
Authors: MUNRO LYLE
Published: July 2002

The history of the vivisection debate is a case
study in the use of vilification not unlike its rhetorical
use by adversaries in the pro-life/pro-choice controversy.
According to Vanderford, vilification in that debate serves
a number of functions: to identify adversaries as “them
and us”; to cast opponents in an exclusively negative
light; to attribute diabolical motives to one's adversaries;
and to magnify the opposition's power as an enemy
capable of doing great evil. In the vivisection
debate, both sides have attempted to delegitimize each
other by one or more of these means. On the antivivisection
side, Samuel Johnson in 1758 produced the fiercest attack
up to that time on “the inferior Professors of medical
knowledge” and “race of wretches whose lives
are only varied by varieties of cruelty.”
When the antivivisectionist movement peaked in England
in the 1870s, the animal experimentalists began to organize
in earnest to fend off the charge that vivisection was
both cruel and useless. By the turn of the century an American
neurologist, Charles Loomis Dana, identified a way to discredit
the mainly female antiscience “cranks” in the
antivivisection movement by inventing the disease
“zoophil-psychosis” to describe one of the
diseases affecting mainly women who, having no children
or a useful occupation, joined animal protection societies
and campaigned against vivisection. Zoophil-psychosis,
it was claimed, was a form of mental illness, an incurable
insanity that afflicted the hysterical opponents of vivisection.
Giving “Moral Distress” a Voice: Ethical Concerns
among Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Personnel
Authors: HEFFERMAN PAM , HEILIG STEVE
Published: July 2002

Advances in life-sustaining medical technology as applied to
neonatal cases frequently present ethical concerns with a strong
emotional component. Neonates delivered in the “gray area”
gestation period of approximately 23–25 weeks may result in
situations where various people involved in such cases may feel
“held hostage” to technological imperatives. Legal
decisions and standards have evolved that are discordant with the
views of many clinicians most familiar with the treatment of such
patients. Increasing concerns regarding such scenarios have fueled
much academic and professional debate about the need for consensus
about ethical limits to clinical interventions with high probability
of nonbeneficial impact. While at least some clinicians and ethicists
may be inching toward consensus regarding limits to such treatment,
the voices of some bedside personnel, particularly neonatal intensive
care unit (NICU) nurses, have been relatively muted in this debate. At
least one previous survey of clinicians, which included nurses, indicated
that many nurses experienced a high level of “moral distress”
regarding aggressive courses of treatment for some patients. Some of this
distress results from a feeling of powerlessness regarding treatment
decisions, coupled with a high intensity of hands-on contact with the
patients and family. Lack of authority coupled with high responsibility
may itself be a recipe for a different kind of futility.
Locally Thin Set Families
Authors: ALON NOGA , FACHINI EMANUELA , KÖRNER JÁNOS
Published: July 2002

A family of subsets of an n-set is k-locally thin if, for every k of its member sets, the ground
set has at least one element contained in exactly 1 of them. We derive new asymptotic
upper bounds for the maximum cardinality of locally thin set families for every even k.
This improves on previous results of two of the authors with Monti.
A Combinatorial Approach to the Two-Sided Exit Problem for Left-Continuous Random Walks
Authors: MARCHAL PHILIPPE
Published: July 2002

We present a combinatorial lemma that provides a new approach to the two-sided exit
problem and related questions for left-continuous random walks (i.e., random walks on the
integers whose negative steps have size − 1). Some applications to random walks on the
circle are also derived.
Ethnographies of place: a new urban research agenda
Authors: Mayne Alan , Lawrence Susan
Published: July 2002

How might one tap the idioms of vanished communities once local knowledge has faded? How might one chart the mental landscapes of locales that have been overlaid by other people's understandings and whose material forms have been erased by urban redevelopment? This paper integrates history and archaeology as it attempts an ethnographic re-reading of one such precinct in Melbourne, Australia.
Estimation of daily rainfall over the upper Nile river basin using a continuously calibrated satellite infrared technique
Authors: Todd M C , Barrett E C , Beaumont M J , Bellerby T J
Published: July 2002

A continuously calibrated infrared (IR) geostationary satellite rainfall estimation technique (CCB4) is introduced, in the context of the Nile River Forecast System, an operational system for hydrological modelling and forecasting. The CCB4 incorporates near‐real‐time rain gauge data to continuously calibrate optimum IR rain/no‐rain thresholds and daily rain rates on a daily time step. The ability of the CCB4 and two comparative techniques to estimate daily rainfall at the regional and pixel scales is assessed, using Meteosat IR imagery and gauge data from six wet season months covering three years. The CCB4 shows improved skill in identifying rain days and estimating daily rain amounts at a range of spatial scales, from regional to pixel scales. At the pixel scale, however, improved root mean square errors remain relatively high, ranging between 66% and 84% of the mean unconditional rain rate. Copyright © 1999 Royal Meteorological Society
Distribution of content words and phrases in text and language modelling
Authors: KATZ SLAVA M.
Published: July 2002

This paper addresses the problem of distribution of words and phrases
in text, a problem of great general interest and of importance for many
practical applications. The existing models for word distribution present
observed sequences of words in text documents as an outcome of some stochastic
processes; the corresponding distributions of numbers of word occurrences
in the documents are modelled as mixtures of Poisson distributions whose
parameter values are fitted to the data. We pursue a linguistically motivated
approach to statistical language modelling and use observable text characteristics
as model parameters. Multi-word technical terms, intrinsically content
entities, are chosen for experimentation. Their occurrence and the occurrence
dynamics are investigated using a 100-million word data collection consisting
of a variety of about 13,000 technical documents. The derivation of models
describing word distribution in text is based on a linguistic interpretation
of the process of text formation, with the probabilities of word occurrence
being functions of observable and linguistically meaningful text characteristics.
The adequacy of the proposed models for the description of actually observed
distributions of words and phrases in text is confirmed experimentally.
The paper has two focuses: one is modelling of the distributions of content
words and phrases among different documents; and another is word occurrence
dynamics within documents and estimation of corresponding probabilities.
Accordingly, among the application areas for the new modelling paradigm
are information retrieval and speech recognition.
Linguistic issues in the development of ReGra:
A grammar checker for Brazilian Portuguese
Authors: MARTINS RONALDO TEIXEIRA , HASEGAWA RICARDO , DAS GRAÇAS VOLPE NUNES MARIA , MONTILHA GISELE , DE OLIVEIRA OSVALDO NOVAIS
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a number of linguistic and computational issues identified during the
implementation of a general use grammar checker for contemporary Brazilian Portuguese,
ReGra, that has been incorporated in the word processor REDATOR by Itautec/Philco
(Brazil). Two main strategies were employed in the implementation of correction rules: an
error-driven, localist approach based on the identification of patterns indicative of grammatical
mistakes; and a more generic approach that requires automatic syntactic analysis. In this
discussion, particular emphasis is given to the development of a parser based on a phrase
structure grammar comprising over 600 production rules. As for the computational
performance, ReGra permits texts to be revised at a rate of ca. 200 words per second.
THE “SAFETY SEEKING BEHAVIOURS” CONSTRUCT AND ITS APPLICATION TO CHRONIC PAIN
Authors: Sharp Timothy J.
Published: July 2002

Paralleling developments in other areas of clinical psychology, psychological theories of chronic pain have
evolved from the purely behavioural models of several decades ago, to those that have increasingly recognized the
importance of cognitive constructs (without necessarily neglecting the influence of behavioural factors that remains
significant). As is well established in the domains of anxiety and depression, pain related cognitions and coping
strategies are now considered to be just as, if not more, important as behavioural constructs such as reinforcement
contingencies. At the same time, however, some of the exciting developments in other clinical areas have only just
begun to receive due attention from those interested in pain. In particular, the “safety seeking behaviours” construct,
which has received a considerable amount of attention in recent years from anxiety researchers, appears to have been
virtually ignored by those researching pain. Although related constructs such as “fear avoidance” have increasingly
been recognized and investigated, specific reference to safety behaviours (in relation to pain) does not seem to have
occurred. This paper presents a brief overview of how the concept of safety seeking behaviours could be applied to
chronic pain patients. Although not advancing a radically new approach, it is argued that there are theoretical and
clinical advantages to integrating safety seeking behaviours in to psychological models of pain.
Grasping the Nettle of Attention
Authors: Robertson Ian H.
Published: July 2002

It is a testimony to the genius of William James
that scarce a lecture on attention passes without the speaker
quoting him on the subject. This has, however, also been
a cause for concern: do we really understand any more about
this amorphous topic now, than we did when James wrote
Principles of Psychology? It might occur to more
jaundiced reviewers that the fact that James abandoned
psychology completely after finishing this great book implies
that he was beaten by the subject of attention, for, in
many senses, the study of attention is at the very heart
of the science of psychology. And if the founding genius
of psychology could not crack the code of attention, is
there any hope for the rest of us?
Functioning of the corpus callosum in children with early
hydrocephalus
Authors: HANNAY H. JULIA
Published: July 2002

The development and organization of the corpus
callosum is described as well as the relationship between
the timing of insults and the type of partial agenesis
of the corpus callosum are discussed. Neuropathology and
callosal damage associated with spina bifida meningomyelocele,
aqueductal stenosis, and prematurity–IVH are outlined.
Relationships between corpus callosum/whole brain ratios
and cognitive functioning as well as interhemispheric transfer
in children with these disorders are outlined. Shortcomings
of current research and future directions are suggested.
(JINS, 2000, 6, 351–361.)
A kinematic analysis of distractor interference effects
during visually guided action in spatial neglect
Authors: CORBEN LOUISE A. , MATTINGLEY JASON B. , BRADSHAW JOHN L.
Published: July 2002

Patients with left spatial neglect following right
hemisphere damage may show anomalies in ipsilesional-limb
movements directed to targets on their affected side, in
addition to their characteristic perceptual deficits. In
this study we examined the extent to which visually guided
movements made by neglect patients are susceptible to interference
from concurrent visual distractors on the contralesional
or ipsilesional side of a designated target. Eleven right
hemisphere patients with visual neglect, plus 11 matched
healthy controls, performed a double-step movement task
upon a digitizing tablet, using their ipsilesional hand
to respond. On each double-step trial the first component
of the movement was cued to a common central target, whereas
the second component was cued unpredictably to a target
on either the contralesional or ipsilesional side. On separate
trials lateral targets either appeared alone or together
with a concurrent distractor in an homologous location
in the opposite hemispace. In addition to being significantly
slower and more error prone than controls, neglect patients
also exhibited a number of interference effects from ipsilesional
distractors. They often failed to move to left targets
in the presence of a right-sided distractor, or else they
moved to the distractor itself rather than to a contralesional
target. The initial accelerative phase of their movements
to contralesional targets tended to be interrupted prematurely,
and they spent significantly more time in the terminal
guidance phase of movements to contralesional targets in
the presence of an ipsilesional distractor. In contrast,
contralesional distractors had little effect on patients'
movements to ipsilesional targets. We conclude that right
hemisphere damage induces a competitive bias that favors
actions to ipsilesional targets. This bias affects multiple
stages of processing within the visuomotor system, from
initial programming through to the final stages of terminal
guidance. (JINS, 2001, 7, 334–343)
Net national product, wealth, and social well-being
Authors: DASGUPTA PARTHA , MÄLER KARL-GÖRAN
Published: July 2002

This paper is about net national product (NNP). We are concerned with what NNP means, what it should include, what it offers us and, therefore, why we may be interested in it. We show that NNP, properly defined, can be used to evaluate economic policies, but we also show that it should not be used in any of its more customary roles, such as in making intertemporal and cross-country comparisons of social well-being. We develop such indices as would be appropriate for making those comparisons. In particular, we show that welfare comparisons should involve comparisons of wealth. Writings on the welfare economics of NNP have mostly addressed economies pursuing optimal policies, and are thus of limited use. Our analysis generalises this substantially by studying economies whose governments are capable of engaging only in policy reforms. We show how linear indices can be used for the evaluation of policy reform even in the presence of non-convexities in the economic environment. The analysis pertinent for optimising governments are special limiting cases of the one we develop.

The literature on green NNP has widely interpreted NNP as ‘constant-equivalent consumption’. We show that this interpretation is wrong. It is the Hamiltonian that equals constant-equivalent utility. Since both theory and empirics imply that the Hamiltonian is a non-linear function of consumption and leisure, the Hamiltonian should not be confused with NNP.
The effect of supply and demand shocks on the non-market valuation of local public goods
Authors: DESHAZO J.R.
Published: July 2002

For local public goods, supply or demand shocks may create periods during which it is welfare enhancing for households to undertake spatial arbitrage by relocating residentially. We point out that the magnitude and direction of the average benefit estimate obtained during such a transition period is likely to vary systematically depending upon the magnitude of the shock, the level of transaction costs and the extent to which other affected goods are substitutes or complements. We test a subset of our model's predictions using cross-sectional data on household demand for improved municipal services in post-socialist Romania. Our preliminary empirical analysis suggests that there have been substantial gains in welfare resulting from spatial adjustment following the opening up of housing markets. Furthermore, our results indicate that benefit estimates for improved water services during the transition may be substantially higher than long-run estimates. This limited evidence supports our concern that economists may recommend non-optimal levels of long-run investment, regulation, or user fees if they are unaware of the implications of future readjustment to supply or demand shocks.
Special issue on ‘Logic Programming and the INTERNET’
Authors: STERLING LEON , NAISH LEE , HERMENEGILDO MANUEL
Published: July 2002

Computational logic systems can offer an attractive environment for developing
Internet applications. They share many of the important characteristics of popular
network programming tools, including dynamic memory management, well-behaved
structure and pointer manipulation, robustness, and compilation to architecture-independent
bytecode. However, in addition, computational logic systems offer
some unique features such as very powerful symbolic processing capabilities, constraint
solving, dynamic databases, search facilities, grammars, sophisticated meta-programming,
and well understood semantics. Such features can often make it very
easy to code simple applications.

This special issue concerned with applications is the third of its kind in a journal
sponsored by the Association for Logic Programming. The first appeared in 1990,
and showed the potential for logic programming to be extended. The second issue
highlighted some papers from the Practical Applications of Prolog conference that
had been held. This third time, the applications are concerned with the Internet and
reflect the profound impact that the Internet has had on the computing landscape.
Impact of sawfly defoliation on growth of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris (Pinaceae) and associated economic losses
Authors: Lyytikäinen-Saarenmaa P. , Tomppo E.
Published: July 2002

Needle defoliation by diprionid sawflies decreases the increment and timber yield of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. The aim of this study was to provide approximate estimates of this decrease and preliminary estimates of the economic value of growth losses and tree mortality. Growth loss after needle damage by Diprion pini(Linnaeus) was studied in western Finland. Increment cores were sampled for radial growth measurements from trees subjected to slight, moderate and heavy defoliation. A literature survey was carried out to estimate radial growth losses after defoliation by Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy). Calculations for economic consequences were based on previous estimates and on the ongoing 9th Finnish National Forest Inventory. Moderate defoliation by N. sertifer and D. pini reduced volume growth by 21% and 86% and heavy defoliation by 38% and 94%, respectively. Tree mortality in defoliated stands was recorded as approximately 4%after an outbreak of N. sertifer and 30% after an outbreak of D. pini. The estimated average economic value of the losses due to reduced growth and tree mortality reached $40 ha−1 after a single-year outbreak of N. sertifer and $310 ha−1 in the case of D. pini. These preliminary estimates of economic losses indicate a much higher impact of pine sawflies than those revealed by the few earlier studies in Europe.
Potential impact of global warming on deciduous oak dieback caused by ambrosia fungus Raffaelea sp. carried by ambrosia beetle Platypus quercivorus (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) in Japan
Authors: Kamata N. , Esaki K. , Kato K. , Igeta Y. , Wada K.
Published: July 2002

Deciduous oak dieback in Japan has been known since the 1930s, but in the last ten years epidemics have intensified and spread to the island’s western coastal areas. The symbiotic ambrosia fungus Raffaelea sp. is the causal agent of oak dieback, and is vectored by Platypus quercivorus (Murayama). This is the first example of an ambrosia beetle fungus that kills vigorous trees. Mortality of Quercus crispula was approximately 40% but much lower for associated species of Fagaceae, even though each species had a similar number of beetle attacks. It is likely that other oaks resistant to the fungus evolved under a stable relationship between the tree, fungus and beetle during a long evolutionary process. Quercus crispula was probably not part of this coevolution. This hypothesis was supported by the fact that P. quercivorus showed the least preference for Q. crispulayet exhibited highest reproductive success in this species. Therefore, P. quercivorus could spread more rapidly in stands with a high composition of Q. crispula. The present oak dieback epidemic in Japan probably resulted from the warmer climate that occurred from the late 1980s which made possible the fateful encounter of P. quercivorus with Q. cripsula by allowing the beetle to extend its distribution to more northerly latitudes and higher altitudes. Future global warming will possibly accelerate the overlapping of the distributions of P. quercivorus and Q. crispula with the result that oak dieback in Q. crispula will become more prevalent in Japan.
Large scale transgenic and cluster deletion analysis of the HoxD complex separate an ancestral regulatory module from evolutionary innovations
Authors: Spitz François , Gonzalez Federico , Peichel Catherine , Vogt Thomas F. , Duboule Denis , Zákány József
Published: July 2002

The ancestral role of the Hox gene family is specifying morphogenetic differences along the main body axis. In vertebrates,HoxD genes were also co-opted along with the emergence of novel structures such as limbs and genitalia. We propose that these functional recruitments relied on the appearance, or implementation, of regulatory sequences outside of the complex. Whereas transgenic human and murine HOXD clusters could function during axial patterning, in mice they were not expressed outside the trunk. Accordingly, deletion of the entire cluster abolished axial expression, whereas recently acquired regulatory controls were preserved.
Bub3 gene disruption in mice reveals essential mitotic spindle checkpoint function during early embryogenesis
Authors: Kalitsis Paul , Earle Elizabeth , Fowler Kerry J. , Choo K.H. Andy
Published: July 2002

Bub3 is a conserved component of the mitotic spindle assembly complex. The protein is essential for early development in Bub3gene-disrupted mice, evident from their failure to survive beyond day 6.5–7.5 postcoitus (pc). Bub3 null embryos appear normal up to day 3.5 pc but accumulate mitotic errors from days 4.5–6.5 pc in the form of micronuclei, chromatin bridging, lagging chromosomes, and irregular nuclear morphology. Null embryos treated with a spindle-depolymerising agent fail to arrest in metaphase and show an increase in mitotic disarray. The results confirm Bub3 as a component of the essential spindle checkpoint pathway that operates during early embryogenesis.
Sequential actions of BMP receptors control neural precursor cell production and fate
Authors: Panchision David M. , Pickel James M. , Studer Lorenz , Lee Sang-Hun , Turner Patricia A. , Hazel Thomas G. , McKay Ronald D.G.
Published: July 2002

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have diverse and sometimes paradoxical effects during embryonic development. To determine the mechanisms underlying BMP actions, we analyzed the expression and function of two BMP receptors, BMPR-IA and BMPR-IB, in neural precursor cells in vitro and in vivo. Neural precursor cells always expressBmpr-1a, but Bmpr-1b is not expressed until embryonic day 9 and is restricted to the dorsal neural tube surrounding the source of BMP ligands. BMPR-IA activation induces (and Sonic hedgehog prevents) expression of Bmpr-1b along with dorsal identity genes in precursor cells and promotes their proliferation. When BMPR-IB is activated, it limits precursor cell numbers by causing mitotic arrest. This results in apoptosis in early gestation embryos and terminal differentiation in mid-gestation embryos. Thus, BMP actions are first inducing (through BMPR-IA) and then terminating (through BMPR-IB), based on the accumulation of BMPR-IB relative to BMPR-IA. We describe a feed-forward mechanism to explain how the sequential actions of these receptors control the production and fate of dorsal precursor cells from neural stem cells.
Proper development of relay somatic sensory neurons and D2/D4 interneurons requires homeobox genes Rnx/Tlx-3 and Tlx-1
Authors: Qian Ying , Shirasawa Senji , Chen Chih-Li , Cheng Leping , Ma Qiufu
Published: July 2002

Trigeminal nuclei and the dorsal spinal cord are first-order relay stations for processing somatic sensory information such as touch, pain, and temperature. The origins and development of these neurons are poorly understood. Here we show that relay somatic sensory neurons and D2/D4 dorsal interneurons likely derive from Mash1-positive neural precursors, and depend on two related homeobox genes,Rnx and Tlx-1, for proper formation. Rnx and Tlx-1 maintain expression of Drg11, a homeobox gene critical for the development of pain circuitry, and are essential for the ingrowth of trkA+ nociceptive/thermoceptive sensory afferents to their central targets. We showed previously that Rnx is necessary for proper formation of the nucleus of solitary tract, the target for visceral sensory afferents. Together, our studies demonstrate a central role for Rnx and Tlx-1 in the development of two major classes of relay sensory neurons, somatic and visceral.
Large-Scale Comparison of Fungal Sequence Information: Mechanisms of Innovation in Neurospora crassa and Gene Loss in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Braun Edward L. , Halpern Aaron L. , Nelson Mary Anne , Natvig Donald O.
Published: July 2002

We report a large-scale comparison of sequence data from the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa with the complete genome sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. N. crassa is considerably more morphologically and developmentally complex thanS. cerevisiae. We found that N. crassa has a much higher proportion of “orphan” genes than S. cerevisiae, suggesting that its morphological complexity reflects the acquisition or maintenance of novel genes, consistent with its larger genome. Our results also indicate the loss of specific genes from S. cerevisiae. Surprisingly, some of the genes lost from S. cerevisiae are involved in basic cellular processes, including translation and ion (especially calcium) homeostasis. Horizontal gene transfer from prokaryotes appears to have played a relatively modest role in the evolution of the N. crassa genome. Differences in the overall rate of molecular evolution between N. crassa andS. cerevisiae were not detected. Our results indicate that the current public sequence databases have fairly complete samples of gene families with ancient conserved regions, suggesting that further sequencing will not substantially change the proportion of genes with homologs among distantly related groups. Models of the evolution of fungal genomes compatible with these results, and their functional implications, are discussed.
New Target Regions for Human Hypertension via Comparative Genomics
Authors: Stoll Monika , Kwitek-Black Anne E. , Cowley Allen W. , Harris Eugenie L. , Harrap Stephen B. , Krieger José E. , Printz Morton P. , Provoost Abraham P. , Sassard Jean , Jacob Howard J.
Published: July 2002

Models of human disease have long been used to understand the basic pathophysiology of disease and to facilitate the discovery of new therapeutics. However, as long as models have been used there have been debates about the utility of these models and their ability to mimic clinical disease at the phenotypic level. The application of genetic studies to both humans and model systems allows for a new paradigm, whereby a novel comparative genomics strategy combined with phenotypic correlates can be used to bridge between clinical relevance and model utility. This study presents a comparative genomic map for “candidate hypertension loci in humans” based on translating QTLs between rat and human, predicting 26 chromosomal regions in the human genome that are very likely to harbor hypertension genes. The predictive power appears robust, as several of these regions have also been implicated in mouse, suggesting that these regions represent primary targets for the development of SNPs for linkage disequilibrium testing in humans and/or provide a means to select specific models for additional functional studies and the development of new therapeutics.