bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of fragmented QRS and Shanghai score system in recurrence of ventricular fibrillation in patients with early repolarization syndrome
Authors: Yonezu Keisuke , Shinohara Tetsuji , Sato Hiroki , Hirota Kei , Kondo Hidekazu , Fukui Akira , Teshima Yasushi , Yufu Kunio , Nakagawa Mikiko , Takahashi Naohiko
Published: July 2021

Background

The Shanghai Score System, which weighs electrocardiogram (ECG) findings reflecting repolarization abnormalities, has been proposed for diagnosis of early repolarization syndrome (ERS). However, recent studies have suggested the involvement of depolarization abnormalities in some ERS patients. The aim of this study was to validate the Shanghai Score System in predicting the recurrence of ventricular fibrillation (VF) in ERS patients. The predictive value of fragmented QRS (fQRS) was also investigated.

Methods

Fifteen consecutive ERS patients (14 males, median age of 47 years) with a history of VF were retrospectively reviewed. The Shanghai Score System points were calculated, and the presence of fQRS was evaluated.

Results

During the median follow‐up period of 79.2 months, five patients experienced VF recurrence. In the VF recurrence group, two patients showed augmented amplitude of J waves with horizontal ST‐segment, while the other three patients had dynamic changes in J‐wave amplitude. The Shanghai Score System points in the VF recurrence group were higher than those in the VF non‐recurrence group (6.5 [range: 5.8–6.8] vs. 4.5 [range: 4.0–4.5], p = 0.002). The presence of fQRS on standard 12‐lead ECG was more frequently observed in the VF recurrence group compared with the non‐recurrence group (100% vs. 10%, p = 0.002).

Conclusions

The present study demonstrated that the Shanghai Score System could effectively identify ERS patients at high risk for VF recurrence. The results also suggested that the presence of fQRS, a marker of depolarization abnormalities, may be useful for predicting VF recurrence in ERS patients.
Neurodevelopmental and psychiatric comorbidities negatively affect outcome in children with unprovoked seizures—A non‐systematic review
Authors: Åndell Jason Eva
Published: July 2021

Children with epilepsy have at least one comorbidity in 80% of cases. This unstructured review provides insights into the most common comorbidities, their effects on seizure prognosis and treatment. We also review the epilepsy terminology and classifications. Neurodevelopmental and psychiatric comorbidities were common in children with seizures and had a negative effect on quality of life, and seizure freedom. Children with seizures were treated with drugs used for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression or psychosis, more often than the general population but less often than prevalence rates would suggested.

Conclusion

Multidisciplinary teams should assess comorbidities in children with epilepsy to improve their care and outcomes.
The sibling familiarity effect: Is within‐person facial variability shared across siblings?
Authors: Strathie Ailsa , Hughes‐White Naomi , Laurence Sarah
Published: July 2021

Humans are experts at familiar face recognition, but poor at unfamiliar face recognition. Familiarity is created when a face is encountered across varied conditions, but the way in which a person’s appearance varies is identity‐specific, so familiarity with one identity does not benefit recognition of other individuals. However, the faces of biological siblings share structural similarities, so we explored whether the benefits of familiarity are shared across siblings. Results show that familiarity with one half of a sibling pair improves kin detection (experiment 1), and that unfamiliar face matching is more accurate when targets are the siblings of familiar versus unfamiliar individuals (experiment 2). PCA applied to facial images of celebrities and their siblings demonstrates that faces are generally better reconstructed in the principal components of a same‐sex sibling than those of an unrelated individual. When we encounter the unfamiliar sibling of someone we already know, our pre‐existing representation of their familiar relation may usefully inform processing of the unfamiliar face. This can benefit both kin detection and identity processing, but the benefits are constrained by the degree to which facial variability is shared.
Undeserving and Undesirable: Representing New Migrants and Refugees in Costa Rican Media
Authors: Fouratt Caitlin E. , Castillo‐Monterrosa Lizbeth
Published: July 2021

Since 2014, Costa Rica has faced a ‘migration crisis’ tied to the arrival of new asylum seekers from El Salvador, Venezuela and Colombia and transit migrants from Africa, Haiti and Cuba. This article examines representations of these groups through a qualitative analysis of newspaper coverage (2011–2017). Representations of these groups build on existing threat narratives to position transit migrants and asylum seekers as inherently dangerous, undeserving of public concern, and a drain on Costa Rican hospitality. These framings reinforce social and political boundaries and justify the exclusion of migrants and refugees from public resources.
Design, synthesis, and primary activity assays of baicalein derivatives as cyclin‐dependent kinase 1 inhibitors
Authors: Mou Jiajia , Qiu Shuang , Chen Danghui , Deng Yanru , Tekleab Teka
Published: July 2021

Malignant tumor is a disease with high mortality. Traditional treatment methods have many disadvantages, such as side‐effects, drug resistance. Because cyclin‐dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) plays an indispensable role in cell cycle regulation, it became an attractive target in rational anti‐cancer drug discovery. Herein, we reported a series of baicalein derivatives, which remarkably repressed the proliferation of MCF‐7 tumor cells and the activity of CDK1/cyclin B kinase. Among them, compound 4a displayed better inhibition rate than flavopiridol against MCF‐7 proliferation at the concentration of 50 μg/ml, comparable to compound CGP74514A, while compound 3o possessed the best activity against CDK1/cyclin B kinase (IC50 = 1.26 μM). The inhibitory activities toward the kinase well correlated with anti‐proliferative activities. Molecular docking results suggested that compound 3o can interact with the key amino acid residues, E81, L83, and D146, of CDK1 through hydrogen bond just like flavopiridol does. And it can also form an extra hydrogen bond with D146 by its introduced 7‐acrylate group, which flavopiridol does not have. These findings proved that baicalein derivatives can be used as CDK1 inhibitors fighting against cancer.
Antiaggregant effects of (1,2,5‐oxadiazolyl)azasydnone ring assemblies as novel antiplatelet agents
Authors: Zhilin Egor S. , Ustyuzhanina Nadezhda E. , Fershtat Leonid L. , Nifantiev Nikolay E. , Makhova Nina N.
Published: July 2021

A series of biheterocyclic assemblies comprising of 1,2,5‐oxadiazole and azasydnone scaffolds were synthesized and biologically evaluated as novel nitric oxide (NO)‐donor and antiplatelet agents. Depending on functional substituents at the biheterocyclic core, all studied compounds demonstrated good NO‐donor profiles releasing NO in a wide range of concentrations (19.2%–195.1%) according to a Griess assay. (1,2,5‐Oxadiazolyl)azasydnones showed excellent antiplatelet activity in the case of ADP and adrenaline used as inducers completely suppressing the aggregate formation even at the lowest test concentration of 0.0375 μmol/ml, which is a rather unique feature. Moreover, studied biheterocycles possess a selective mechanism of inhibition of platelet aggregation mediated only by ADP and adrenaline, which are considered to be the main inducers causing thrombus formation. In addition, (1,2,5‐oxadiazolyl)azasydnones were found to be completely non‐toxic to hybrid endothelial cells EaHy 926. Studies of hydrolytic degradation of the synthesized compounds afforded benzoic acid as a sole detectable decomposition product, which is considered advantageous in drug design. Therefore, (1,2,5‐oxadiazolyl)azasydnones represent a novel class of promising drug candidates with improved antiplatelet profile and reduced toxicity enabling their huge potential in medicinal chemistry and drug design.
Deciphering the detailed structure–activity relationship of coumarins as Monoamine oxidase enzyme inhibitors—An updated review
Authors: Koyiparambath Vishal Payyalot , Prayaga Rajappan Krishnendu , Rangarajan T. M. , Al‐Sehemi Abdullah G. , Pannipara Mehboobali , Bhaskar Vaishnav , Nair Aathira Sujathan , Sudevan Sachithra Thazhathuveedu , Kumar Sunil , Mathew Bijo
Published: July 2021

In the last few years, Monoamine oxidase (MAO) have emerged as a target for the treatment of many neurodegenerative diseases including anxiety, depression, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's diseases. The MAO inhibitors especially selective and reversible inhibitors of either of the isoenzymes (MAO‐A & MAO‐B) have been given more attention as both the form have different therapeutic properties and hence can be used for different neurological disorders. The lack of selective and reversible inhibitors available for both the enzymes and severity of the neuronal disorder in society have opened a new door to the researchers to carry out large and dedicated researches in this field. Among the several classes of the molecule as the inhibitors, coumarins hold a rank as a potent scaffold with its ease of synthesis, high therapeutic potential, and reversibility in inhibiting MAOs. The current review is an update of the research in the field that covers the works during the last six years (2014–2020) with a major focus on the SAR of the coumarin derivatives including synthetic, natural, and hybrids of coumarins with FDA‐approved drugs.
Identifying key priorities for research to protect the consumer with food hypersensitivity: A UK Food Standards Agency Priority Setting Exercise
Authors: Turner Paul J. , Andoh‐Kesson Elizabeth , Baker Sarah , Baracaia Alexa , Barfield Alisha , Barnett Julie , Brunas Karen , Chan Chun‐Han , Cochrane Stella , Cowan Katherine , Feeney Mary , Flanagan Simon , Fox Adam T. , George Leigh , Gowland M. Hazel , Heeley Christina , Kimber Ian , Knibb Rebecca , Langford Kirsty , Mackie Alan , McLachlan Tim , Regent Lynne , Ridd Matthew , Roberts Graham , Rogers Adrian , Scadding Guy , Stoneham Sarah , Thomson Darryl , Urwin Heidi , Venter Carina , Walker Michael , Ward Rachel , Yarham Ross A. R. , Young Maggie , O’Brien John
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Food hypersensitivity (FHS), including food allergy, coeliac disease and food intolerance, is a major public health issue. The Food Standards Agency (FSA), an independent UK Government department working to protect public health and consumers’ wider interests in food, sought to identify research priorities in the area of FHS.

Methods

A priority setting exercise was undertaken, using a methodology adapted from the James Lind Alliance—the first such exercise with respect to food hypersensitivity. A UK‐wide public consultation was held to identify unanswered research questions. After excluding diagnostics, desensitization treatment and other questions which were out of scope for FSA or where FSA was already commissioning research, 15 indicative questions were identified and prioritized by a range of stakeholders, representing food businesses, patient groups, health care and academia, local authorities and the FSA.

Results

295 responses were received during the public consultation, which were categorized into 70 sub‐questions and used to define 15 key evidence uncertainties (‘indicative questions’) for prioritization. Using the JLA prioritization framework, this resulted in 10 priority uncertainties in evidence, from which 16 research questions were developed. These could be summarized under the following 5 themes: communication of allergens both within the food supply chain and then to the end consumer (ensuring trust in allergen communication); the impact of socio‐economic factors on consumers with FHS; drivers of severe reactions; mechanism(s) underlying loss of tolerance in FHS; and the risks posed by novel allergens/processing.

Discussion

In this first research prioritization exercise for food allergy and FHS, key priorities identified to protect the food‐allergic public were strategies to help allergic consumers to make confident food choices, prevention of FHS and increasing understanding of socio‐economic impacts. Diagnosis and treatment of FHS was not considered in this prioritization.
Ergonomic port placement in robotic colorectal surgery
Authors: Wong Shing Wai , Ang Zhen Hao , Chua Jia Lin , Crowe Philip
Published: July 2021

Aim

The aim of the study was to determine how spacing between ports and alignment of ports (oblique or vertical) influences manipulation angles in robotic colorectal surgery.

Method

Abdominal CT scans of 10 consecutive robotic right hemicolectomy and 10 consecutive robotic high anterior resection patients were analysed. The manipulation angles were calculated using fixed points on the preoperative abdominal coronal CT scan. Port placements were marked on the CT scan. The fixed points used to measure the manipulation angles were from the most lateral part of the caecum, hepatic flexure, splenic flexure, the descending colon/sigmoid colon junction and the sigmoid colon/rectum junction.

Results

For right hemicolectomy and high anterior resection surgery, a port spacing of 8 cm compared with 6 cm resulted in greater manipulation angles. With 6‐cm port spacing, wider manipulation angles were not achieved with vertical port alignment compared with oblique alignment except for dissection at the splenic flexure.

Conclusions

The greatest manipulation angles were achieved with the oblique 8‐cm port spacing, which should be used in most cases.
CEO tenure: An integrative review and pathways for future research
Authors: Darouichi Aïda , Kunisch Sven , Menz Markus , Cannella Albert A.
Published: July 2021

Research Question/Issue

Chief executive officer (CEO) tenure—the time a person spends in the CEO position—is a key observable characteristic of the CEO that has attracted considerable attention in the fields of management and accounting/finance. Yet, the research has evolved in parallel streams, and scholars have used CEO tenure as a proxy for various aspects of CEO givens and behaviors. The purpose of this paper is to consolidate, assess, and integrate the extant knowledge about CEO tenure from the fields of management and accounting/finance and, on that basis, stimulate future research.

Research Findings/Insights

Our review reveals five key themes in CEO tenure research that have been studied across the management and accounting/finance fields: (1) CEO tenure and motivations; (2) CEO tenure and power; (3) CEO tenure and social capital; (4) CEO tenure and human capital; and (5) CEO tenure and stakeholder perceptions. We review the extant research along these research themes, highlighting the collective insights, contributions, and shortcomings within and between these themes.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

Our review suggests that CEO tenure is a multifaceted, complex construct. To advance extant knowledge, we propose three pathways for future research: (1) substantiating knowledge within themes; (2) expanding knowledge across themes; and (3) advancing knowledge about temporal dynamics. We hope that research along those lines will help foster a richer and deeper understanding of the dynamic and complex nature of CEO tenure, which will also advance our understanding about CEOs in general.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

Our study offers a comprehensive understanding of the nature of CEO tenure and its implications. Such an understanding can be leveraged to define appropriate policies and governance decisions that account for the dynamic nature of the CEO position.
Omega‐3 fatty acids in adipose tissue and risk of atrial fibrillation
Authors: Rix Thomas Andersen , Dinesen Pia , Lundbye‐Christensen Søren , Joensen Albert Marni , Riahi Sam , Overvad Kim , Schmidt Erik Berg
Published: July 2021

Background

The aim of the present study was to examine the relation between adipose tissue content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and the risk of incident atrial fibrillation (AF).

Methods

In this case‐cohort study based on data from the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort, a total of 5255 incident cases of AF was identified during 16.9 years of follow‐up. Adipose tissue biopsies collected at baseline from all cases and from a randomly drawn subcohort of 3440 participants were determined by gas chromatography. Data were analysed using weighted Cox regression.

Results

Data were available for 4741 incident cases of AF (2920 men and 1821 women). Participants in the highest vs. the lowest quintile of EPA experienced a 45% lower risk of AF (men HR 0.55 (95% CI 0.41–0.69); women HR 0.55 (0.41–0.72)). For DHA, no clear association was found in men, whereas in women, participants in the highest quintile of DHA in adipose tissue had a 30% lower risk of incident AF (HR 0.70 (0.54–0.91)) compared to participants in the lowest quintile.

Conclusions

A monotonous inverse association was found for the content of EPA in adipose tissue and risk of AF in both men and women. The content of DHA was inversely associated with the risk of AF in women, whereas no clear association was found for men.
New insights into thermomechanical fatigue behavior of AISI Type 316 LN SS weld joint
Authors: Telagathoti Suresh Kumar , Atikukke Nagesha , Ramamurthy Kannan
Published: July 2021

Cyclic deformation and fracture behavior of a type 316 LN austenitic stainless steel (SS) weld joint (WJ) were investigated under thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) and isothermal low cycle fatigue (IF) cycling at the maximum temperature (Tmax) of TMF. A higher cyclic stress response (CSR) and reduced cyclic softening were observed under TMF compared with IF tests. In‐phase (IP) TMF resulted in lower lives compared with IF cycling at the Tmax and out‐of‐phase (OP) TMF, which was attributed to the more pronounced creep‐induced intergranular damage. Characterization of microstructural features and microhardness variations revealed that the accumulation of damage and associated failure depends on the strength and microstructural gradient, together with the deformation incompatibility. The crack propagation is found to depend on the individual and synergistic interactions of the microstructural transformations, creep, and oxidation, depending on the type of fatigue cycle (IF and IP/OP TMF), strain amplitude, and thermal cycling effects.
The SWIM study: Ethnic minority women's ideas and preferences for a tailored intervention to promote national cancer screening programmes—A qualitative interview study
Authors: Tatari Camilla Rahr , Andersen Berit , Brogaard Trine , Badre‐Esfahani Sara , Jaafar Negin , Kirkegaard Pia
Published: July 2021

Background

Ethnic minority women from non‐Western countries are less likely than the native women to participate in screening programmes for cervical cancer, breast cancer and colorectal cancer. This social inequality can result in loss of possibility for prevention, delayed diagnosis and treatment and, ultimately, lower chance of survival. Developing a tailored intervention might be the solution to reduce social inequalities in cancer screening, and a key feature in intervention research is to consult the target group.

Objective

To explore ethnic minority women's own ideas and preferences for a cancer screening intervention and identify their attitudes to different strategies.

Methods

An interview study with five focus group interviews, two group interviews with an interpreter and three individual interviews. Thirty‐seven women from 10 non‐Western countries contributed to the study. The interviews were audio‐recorded and transcribed verbatim followed by a thematic analysis.

Results

According to the women, a tailored intervention should focus on knowledge in the form of face‐to‐face teaching. The women further suggested information material in their own language with a simple, positive and concrete communication strategy. They would like to be involved in an awareness strategy and share the knowledge with their network.

Conclusion

Ethnic minority women were interested in a tailored intervention, and they were keen to contribute with ideas and preferences. The findings emphasized the potential of a tailored intervention with specific suggestions to the content when attempting to reduce inequality in cancer screening participation.

Patient or Public Contribution

Minority women were involved in the interview study.
Exact models for the flying sidekick traveling salesman problem
Authors: Dell'Amico Mauro , Montemanni Roberto , Novellani Stefano
Published: July 2021

This paper presents three enhanced formulations for the flying sidekick traveling salesman problem, where a truck and a drone cooperate to deliver parcels to customers minimizing the completion time. The drone can leave and must return to the truck after visiting one customer, performing flights not exceeding its battery endurance while the truck can serve other customers. The new formulations allow to decrease the number of “big‐M” constraints with respect to literature models and improve previous results by solving to optimality several benchmark instances for which an optimal solution was previously unknown. This paper also shows how to modify the new models to include several variants of the problem from the literature.
Annual Research Review: Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder in girls and women: underrepresentation, longitudinal processes, and key directions
Authors: Hinshaw Stephen P. , Nguyen Phuc T. , O’Grady Sinclaire M. , Rosenthal Emily A.
Published: July 2021

Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) – and its underlying behavioral dimensions of inattention and hyperactivity–impulsivity – have been understudied in females. We first cover the conceptual issues of prevalence, diagnostic practices, diversity, comorbidity, and causal factors, plus forces limiting awareness of ADHD in females. After a narrative review of cross‐sectional and longitudinal findings, we conclude the following. (a) Girls meet diagnostic criteria for ADHD at just under half the rates of boys, a ratio that becomes much closer to equal by adulthood. (b) Girls and women with ADHD show a predominance of inattention and associated internalizing problems; boys and men display greater levels of hyperactive–impulsive symptoms and associated externalizing problems. (c) Sex differences in ADHD symptoms and related outcomes depend heavily on the clinical versus nonreferred nature of the samples under investigation. (d) Females with ADHD experience, on average, serious impairments, with a particularly heightened risk for problems in close relationships and engagement in self‐harm. (e) Clinicians may overlook symptoms and impairments in females because of less overt (but still impairing) symptom manifestations in girls and women and their frequent adoption of compensatory strategies. Our review of predictors and mediators of adult outcomes highlights (a) the potential for heterotypically continuous pathways in females with childhood ADHD and (b) developmental progressions to self‐harm, intimate partner violence, unplanned pregnancy, and comorbid psychopathology. Focusing on ADHD in females is necessary to characterize causal and maintaining mechanisms with accuracy and to foster responsive interventions, as highlighted in our closing list of clinical implications and research priorities.
Identifying tree characteristics to determine the blocking effects of water conveyance for natural flood management in urban rivers
Authors: Shih Shang‐Shu , Chen Po‐Chih
Published: July 2021

Plants, especially trees, provide ecological functions but may harm the flood conveyance efficiency of rivers. Understanding the impacts of tree heights, tree areas, and tree locations on flood levels is crucial for floodplain management. This study aims to present a methodology to improve the performance of hydrodynamic modeling by considering plant resistance with the goal of analyzing flood risk reduction strategies that support ecological conservation enhancement. An unmanned aerial vehicle was used to collect floodplain topography, landcover, and tree characteristic data. A modified maximum likelihood classification scheme was developed by incorporating the tree height information to improve the landcover classification. The water‐blocking effect of trees, which represents the reduced flood conveyance area, was investigated by establishing tree obstructions in hydrodynamic models. Two hydrodynamic models were established with different tree obstruction setups and Manning's n values, including blocked obstructions (BOs) and conventional high n‐values (Adj‐n). Among the model setups, the Manning's n values of the trees remained the same as that of the soil in the BO model, in which trees were modeled as blocking obstructions. The n‐values of trees were determined to be 0.022 in the BO model and refined to 0.055 in the Adj‐n model after the model calibration and verification processes. The results indicated that the simulated flood levels of the BO model were very similar to those of the Adj‐n model. The NSE values were 0.98 and 0.97 in the simulations of two historical typhoon events, indicating that the BO model could obtain reliable predictions without altering the n‐values. The verified BO model was used to evaluate the degrees of influence of tree heights, tree coverage areas, and tree locations on flood levels. Several nature‐based solutions were proposed to analyze the tradeoffs between reducing flood prevention and enhancing wetland restoration using the verified BO model, suggesting a win–win strategy for natural river management.
Catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) polymorphism predicts rapid gait speed changes in healthy older adults
Authors: Sprague Briana N. , Rosso Andrea L. , Zhu Xiaonan , Bohnen Nicolaas I. , Rosano Caterina
Published: July 2021

Importance

Adapting one's gait speed to external circumstances is critical for safe ambulation. Dopamine (DA), critical for adapting to increased task demands, predicts usual gait speed and may exert a greater role in complex tasks like rapid gait speed.

Objective

We hypothesized that a genotypic proxy indicator of greater prefrontal DA signaling would predict significantly faster rapid gait.

Design

Longitudinal cohort study over 8 years.

Setting

Community‐dwelling adults with no baseline mobility disability.

Participants

N = 2353 participants from the Health ABC Study.

Measurements

Repeated measures of walking speed (meters/sec) were obtained in response to: “walk as fast as possible… (rapid gait) or “walk at your usual pace (usual gait).” Catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) val158met polymorphism indicated DA signaling (val/val = higher metabolism, lower DA signaling; met/met = lower metabolism, higher DA signaling).

Results

Participants declined in rapid gait from 1.55 (SD = 0.33) to 1.35 m/s (SD = 0.34). Across the full follow‐up period, the met/met genotype was associated with significantly greater rapid gait slowing. In mixed effect models, between‐group differences were independent of covariates, and remained similar after adjustment for sensorimotor function, cognition, depressive symptoms, and energy. Follow‐up analyses indicated the met/met genotype had a significantly faster rapid gait speed compared to the val/val genotype for the first 3 years (p < 0.01) but not years 4–8 (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

Greater prefrontal DA measured with COMT polymorphism may facilitate short‐term adaptation to rapid walking demands that are lost over time. Studies should examine whether these effects are long‐term and the underlying mechanistic pathways.
Discrepancy in the evaluation of explicit and implicit nutrition care outcomes for patients at risk of malnutrition: A qualitative study
Authors: Al‐Adili Lina , Orrevall Ylva , McGreevy Jenny , Nydahl Margaretha , Boström Anne‐Marie , Lövestam Elin
Published: July 2021

Background

Nutrition care plays a significant role in the prevention and treatment of malnutrition, although the challenge to establish the precise impact of a nutrition intervention on patient outcomes remains. Malnutrition can be associated with diverse underlying diseases and an increased risk of complications, which increases the difficulty of monitoring and evaluating the nutrition intervention. The aim is to gain an understanding of dietitians' reflections concerning nutrition care outcomes of interventions in patients at risk of malnutrition.

Methods

Six semi‐structured audio‐recorded focus group discussions with registered dietitians from primary healthcare and hospitals (n = 29) in Sweden were held at the dietitians' place of work or at the University. Focus group transcripts were analysed thematically to reveal patterns in the data and identify themes and subthemes.

Results

The dietitians described an approach to nutrition monitoring and evaluation of patients at risk of malnutrition that was categorised into three themes: (i) quantitative explicit outcomes, based on objective measures and described as rigorous; (ii) quantitative estimated outcomes, based on estimates and described as less rigorous and (iii) qualitative implicit outcomes, based on patients' subjective perceptions and experiences of their health and described as difficult to measure.

Conclusions

Findings indicate the need for new strategies to promote systematic and comprehensive nutrition monitoring and evaluation.
Genomic signatures of admixture and selection are shared among populations of Zaprionus indianus across the western hemisphere
Authors: Comeault Aaron A. , Kautt Andreas F. , Matute Daniel R.
Published: July 2021

Introduced species have become an increasingly common component of biological communities around the world. A central goal in invasion biology is therefore to identify the demographic and evolutionary factors that underlie successful introductions. Here we use whole genome sequences, collected from populations in the native and introduced range of the African fig fly, Zaprionus indianus, to quantify genetic relationships among them, identify potential sources of the introductions, and test for selection at different spatial scales. We find that geographically widespread populations in the western hemisphere are genetically more similar to each other than to lineages sampled across Africa, and that these populations share a mixture of alleles derived from differentiated African lineages. Using patterns of allele‐sharing and demographic modelling we show that Z. indinaus have undergone a single expansion across the western hemisphere with admixture between African lineages predating this expansion. We also find support for selection that is shared across populations in the western hemisphere, and in some cases, with a subset of African populations. This suggests either that parallel selection has acted across a large part of Z. indianus's introduced range; or, more parsimoniously, that Z. indianus has experienced selection early on during (or prior‐to) its expansion into the western hemisphere. We suggest that the range expansion of Z. indianus has been facilitated by admixture and selection, and that management of this invasion could focus on minimizing future admixture by controlling the movement of individuals within this region rather than between the western and eastern hemisphere.
Genomics of altitude‐associated wing shape in two tropical butterflies
Authors: Montejo‐Kovacevich Gabriela , Salazar Patricio A. , Smith Sophie H. , Gavilanes Kimberly , Bacquet Caroline N. , Chan Yingguang Frank , Jiggins Chris D. , Meier Joana I. , Nadeau Nicola J.
Published: July 2021

Understanding how organisms adapt to their local environment is central to evolution. With new whole‐genome sequencing technologies and the explosion of data, deciphering the genomic basis of complex traits that are ecologically relevant is becoming increasingly feasible. Here, we studied the genomic basis of wing shape in two Neotropical butterflies that inhabit large geographical ranges. Heliconius butterflies at high elevations have been shown to generally have rounder wings than those in the lowlands. We reared over 1,100 butterflies from 71 broods of H. erato and H. melpomene in common‐garden conditions and showed that wing aspect ratio, that is, elongatedness, is highly heritable in both species and that elevation‐associated wing aspect ratio differences are maintained. Genome‐wide associations with a published data set of 666 whole genomes from across a hybrid zone, uncovered a highly polygenic basis to wing aspect ratio variation in the wild. We identified several genes that have roles in wing morphogenesis or wing aspect ratio variation in Drosophila flies, making them promising candidates for future studies. There was little evidence for molecular parallelism in the two species, with only one shared candidate gene, nor for a role of the four known colour pattern loci, except for optix in H. erato. Thus, we present the first insights into the heritability and genomic basis of within‐species wing aspect ratio in two Heliconius species, adding to a growing body of evidence that polygenic adaptation may underlie many ecologically relevant traits.
Feeling valued versus abandoned: Voices of persons who have completed a cognitive assessment
Authors: Tyrrell Marie , Hedman Ragnhild , Fossum Bjöörn , Skovdahl Kirsti , Religa Dorota , Hillerås Pernilla
Published: July 2021

Aim

To describe older persons’ experiences of a cognitive assessment and possible neuropsychiatric symptoms [NPS] related to a neurocognitive diagnosis.

Background

A cognitive assessment in primary care is offered to persons with suspected dementia with subsequent referral to a specialist clinic if required. The assessment process, with the likelihood of receiving a dementia diagnosis, is surrounded by uncertainty with long waiting times. Although NPS are common among persons with cognitive impairment persons are not routinely asked about these symptoms during a cognitive assessment.

Method

Interviews were held with 18 participants who had completed a cognitive assessment. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory [NPI] was incorporated into one of the interview questions enabling participants to self‐report NPS, if present. Interview data were analysed using Interpretive Description.

Results

Two main themes were identified: a matter of trust and making sense of a cognitive diagnosis. Experiences of the assessment process ranged from feeling valued to abandoned with variations of trust in the process. A diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment was experienced as an abstract diagnosis devoid of follow‐up support. A lack of preparedness for the assessment existed among participants. Some experienced the process as standardised. One half of participants self‐reported the presence of one to four NPS, regardless of neurocognitive diagnosis. Irritability and depression were most common NPS identified.

Conclusions

Experiences of a cognitive assessment varied from feeling valued by society to abandoned in the absence of follow‐up support. The assessment was viewed as a standardised procedure failing to see the person behind the testing. Diagnosis disclosure conversations were experienced as diffuse with participants unprepared for a dementia diagnosis. The NPI enabled participants to identify and report the presence of NPS which otherwise could go undetected during the cognitive assessment, impacting on the person's well‐being and daily life.
Effect of leg lift on stroke volume index in children 11–17 years old before and after induction of general anesthesia
Authors: Stasic Andrew F. , Wolf Bethany J. , Dierdorf Stephen F. , Horn Nicole D. , Vecchione Korey , Egan Brian N. , Acquaviva Michael A.
Published: July 2021

Background

Fluid administration in ERAS is one component which anesthesiologists have control. Change in stroke volume index (SVI) is used to assess fluid responsiveness. This study sought the effect of perioperative fluid responsiveness in pediatric patients. The Cheetah NICOM™ (noninvasive CO monitor) was employed because of correlation with other CO monitors.

Aims

The Cheetah NICOM™ is an FDA‐approved device in adults. Its indications in children are unknown. 24 enrolled patients (age 11–17) were ASA 1 or 2 without cardiopulmonary disease. The study examined changes in SVI, HR, SBP, and DBP between the semi‐recumbent and legs lifted positions, both awake and after anesthesia.

Methods

Each patient had baseline vital signs measured and fluid responsiveness determined with the Cheetah NICOM™ monitor. Stroke volume index (SVI) was measured in both the semi‐recumbent position and after passive leg lift. Measurements were repeated immediately after induction of general anesthesia. Twenty‐one of 24 patients received inhalation induction with sevoflurane and three patients received intravenous propofol followed by sevoflurane. Airway management included intubation in 19 of 24 and a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) in five of 24 patients.

Results

There was a 25% increase in SVI after leg lift from 54.8 ml/m2 to 68.0 ml/m2 in awake patients (p < 0.001). Diastolic pressure decreased by 15.4% from 67.9 mm Hg to 58.2 mm Hg from semi‐recumbent position and leg lift, respectively (p = .004). No significant change in heart rate or SBP was found. Following induction, patient SVI increased with leg lift by 25.6% from 42.6 ml/m2 to 53.5 ml/m2 after leg lift (p = .003). Heart rate decreased by 9.3% and SBP increased 2.8% with leg lift.

Conclusions

96% of normal 11–17‐year‐old children were fluid responsive while awake and 79% after induction of general anesthesia.
Effect of intravenous low‐dose S‐ketamine on pain in patients with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Mangnus Thomas J. P. , Dirckx Maaike , Bharwani Krishna D. , de Vos Cecile C. , Frankema Sander P. G. , Stronks Dirk L. , Huygen Frank J. P. M.
Published: July 2021

Objective

The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a low‐dose intravenous S‐ketamine treatment on refractory pain in patients with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS).

Methods

In this retrospective study, patients with CRPS who received intravenous S‐ketamine from March 2010 to April 2019 were included. According to our inpatient protocol, S‐ketamine dose was increased until pain reduction was achieved or side effects were observed. Maximum dose was 14 mg/h and treatment duration was 7 days. Primary outcome parameters were pain scores (Numeric Rating Scale) at baseline (T0), end of infusion (T1), and approximately 4 weeks postinfusion (T2). Patients were categorized as responder/nonresponder at T1 and T2. Patients were considered a responder in case there was pain score reduction of greater than or equal to 2 points or if treatment was reported as successful.

Results

Forty‐eight patients were included. Mean disease duration was 5 years (interquartile range [IQR] = 6 years). Median pain score significantly decreased from 8 (IQR = 2) at T0 to 6 (IQR = 4) at T1 (p < 0.001). At T1, 62% of the patients were responders. At T2, 48% of the patients remained a responder. A significant proportion of the responders at T1 turned into nonresponders at T2 (p = 0.03).

Conclusion

In a group of patients with CRPS with refractory pain, low‐dose intravenous S‐ketamine treatment resulted in effective pain relief during infusion. Although a significant proportion of initial responders became nonresponders at follow‐up, half of the patients were still a responder at ~ 4 weeks postinfusion. Further research is needed to investigate mechanisms responsible for pain relief by S‐ketamine infusions and to ascertain possible predictors of response to the treatment.
Prevalence and self‐report of bullying after in‐class police orientation talk
Authors: Zafra Jose A. , Bonilla‐Carrasco Maria I. , Carreiro‐Alonso Miguel A. , González‐de Paz Luis
Published: July 2021

Objective

We assessed the prevalence of bullying and cyberbullying in 12–16‐year‐olds and the association with student self‐reports after a police informative talk.

Design

We used a survey to assess the impact of the intervention: 1458 high school students received a police informative talk during the 2018–2019 school year and completed the self‐administered EBIP‐Q and ECI‐Q questionnaires. Perceptions of conduct and bystanders' attitudes were assessed. Correspondence indexes were calculated using Cohen's kappa and gender differences studied using logistic regression.

Results

81.34% (95% CI: 79.33–83.34) of students were involved in bullying and 54.75% (95% CI: 52.19–56.76) in cyberbullying. Almost 90% of participants did not perceive their real bullying correctly. Girls were more frequently victims of bullying and cyberbullying (OR = 1.67 and OR = 1.22, p = .004), but more frequently self‐reported being bullies or victim/bully (OR = 0.57 and 0.39, p < .05). Male bystanders reported 7.33% (p < .001) more feelings of inadequacy than girls when witnessing bullying.

Conclusion

Poor self‐reporting reflects poor understanding of bullying and cyber‐bullying. Police information sessions might produce the opposite reactions in adolescents, as they reduce bullying to visible, harmful violence. Educators should focus on adolescent relationships rather than violence prevention. A friendly, male‐targeted approach is needed.
Medication errors in homecare setting: An Italian validation study
Authors: Dionisi Sara , Giannetta Noemi , Maselli Nicoletta , Di Muzio Marco , Di Simone Emanuele
Published: July 2021

Objective

Medication errors are a concern in overall the world. Although there are studies that investigate what may be the main causes that lead to the genesis of the medication error in the home care setting, there is no tool that correlates knowledge, attitudes, and behavior to medication errors in the context of home care. This study aimed to psychometrically test to the questionnaire on knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors in the administration of medication in the new setting: home care setting.

Design

This observational study was reported according to the STROBE checklist.

Sample

Sixty two nurses working in home care setting responded to the online survey.

Measurement

The face and content validity of the items generated was assessed. An Exploratory Factorial Analysis descriptive statistical analysis was conducted. The final questionnaire is composed of 20 items.

Results

The results of the statistical analyses allowed to validate the questionnaire, ensuring good internal consistency and reliability. Most of the sample pointed out that the use of electronic health record, medication reconciliation and the pharmacist's figure are all useful strategies for reducing the risk of medication errors.

Conclusion

The questionnaire is reliable to measure knowledge, attitude, and behavior about medication errors prevention in home care settings.
Composition as Identity and the Innocence of Mereology
Authors: Loss Roberto
Published: July 2021

According to the thesis known as ‘Composition as Identity’ (‘CAI’), every entity is identical to the parts it fuses. Many authors in the literature acknowledge that, in spite of its controversial character, one attractive virtue of CAI is its apparent ability to give a straightforward account of the innocence of mereology. In this paper I will present a simple argument according to which CAI entails that no composite entity can be said to be ontologically innocent in the relevant sense. After having shown that said argument is independent from the problems surrounding the infamous ‘Collapse Principle’, I will conclude that CAI‐theorists should endorse a suitably ‘restricted’ version of CAI. In the final part of the paper I will then argue that the best restricted version of CAI is the theory according to which every composite entity is identical to the plurality of its atomic parts.
Reward facilitates response conflict resolution via global motor inhibition: Electromyography evidence
Authors: Wang Lihui , Luo Xiaoxiao , Yuan Ti‐Fei , Zhou Xiaolin
Published: July 2021

It is crucial for humans to coordinate between behavioural tendencies that can lead to reward but are in conflict with each other. This response conflict can be measured in a reward‐modulated Simon task, in which a discriminative response to the identity of a lateral target is required and the target is associated with either high‐ or low‐reward. Critically, the lateral target is presented either congruent or incongruent with the location of the responding hand. It has been shown that relative to the low‐reward target, the high‐reward target induced a larger response conflict when the target was incongruent with the position of the task‐required, reward‐obtaining hand. Here we investigated how this response conflict is resolved by acquiring 24 healthy participants’ electromyography (EMG) signals from both the task‐required responding hand (i.e., goal‐directed effector) and the alternative hand (i.e., inappropriate effector). During the coping with the response conflict, motor inhibition (indexed by reduction in EMG signals between conditions) was observed not only at the inappropriate effector but also at the goal‐directed effector. Individuals who showed stronger inhibition on the inappropriate effector suffered less from the inhibition on the goal‐directed effector, and had more efficient implementation of the reward‐obtaining response. Our findings suggest a global motor inhibition that may function to increase the signal‐noise ratio in the motor system so as to implement reward‐guided behavior.
Fraternity Membership and Negative Racial Attitudes among U.S. College Students
Authors: Samson Frank L.
Published: July 2021

Over the years, race‐related incidents involving Greek letter organizations (GLOs), especially fraternities, continue to arise despite the ensuing controversy and negative media attention that inevitably follow such incidents. The present study examines whether there is an association between GLO membership and negative ethnoracial attitudes given a range of relevant psychological, sociological, and political theories about ethnoracial attitudes. Building on insights from microclass research on attitudinal structuring and drawing on the National Longitudinal Study of Freshmen (N = 2,817), results of linear regression models indicate that GLO membership is associated with heightened negative ethnoracial attitudes, particularly among white male students. Moreover, a measure of ethnoracial group affiliation partially mediates this effect. This latter finding suggests that among the various ethnoracial attitude theories, group position theory may be better formulated to explain an association between GLO membership and negative ethnoracial attitudes, given its consideration of both ingroup boundary formation and organizations. The results also support microclass processes and suggest future research to more clearly account for pre‐occupational structuring that later feeds into occupational processes.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐A*03:01:102 allele by next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Loginova Maria , Smirnova Daria , Kutyavina Svetlana , Paramonov Igor
Published: July 2021

HLA‐A*03:01:102 differs from HLA‐A*03:01:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution at position 72 in exon 1.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐C*04:450 allele by next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Jacob Valentine , Usureau Cédric , Fourdrain Ludivine , Desoutter Judith , Guillaume Nicolas
Published: July 2021

HLA‐C*04:450 differs from HLA‐C*04:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 328 in exon 7.
Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Prokaryotic and Viral Community Assemblages in a Lotic System (Manatee Springs, Florida)
Authors: Malki Kema , Sawaya Natalie A. , Tisza Michael J. , Coutinho Felipe H. , Rosario Karyna , Székely Anna J. , Breitbart Mya
Published: July 2021

Prokaryotic and viral communities are central to food webs and biogeochemical processes in aquatic environments, where they help maintain ecosystem health. The Floridan aquifer system (FAS), which is the primary drinking water source for millions of people in the southeastern United States, contributes large amounts of freshwater to major river systems in Florida through its springs.