bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Data from Aptamer-Mediated Blockade of IL4Rα Triggers Apoptosis of MDSCs and Limits Tumor Progression
Authors: Roth Felix , De La Fuente Adriana C. , Vella Jennifer L. , Zoso Alessia , Inverardi Luca , Serafini Paolo
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In addition to promoting tumor progression and metastasis by enhancing angiogenesis and invasion, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) also inhibit antitumor T-cell functions and limit the efficacy of immunotherapeutic interventions. Despite the importance of these leukocyte populations, a simple method for their specific depletion has not been developed. In this study, we generated an RNA aptamer that blocks the murine or human IL-4 receptor-α (IL4Rα or CD124) that is critical for MDSC suppression function. In tumor-bearing mice, this anti–IL4Rα aptamer preferentially targeted MDSCs and TAM and unexpectedly promoted their elimination, an effect that was associated with an increased number of tumor-infiltrating T cells and a reduction in tumor growth. Mechanistic investigations of aptamer-triggered apoptosis in MDSCs confirmed the importance of IL4Ra–STAT6 pathway activation in MDSC survival. Our findings define a straightforward strategy to deplete MDSCs and TAMs in vivo, and they strengthen the concept that IL4Rα signaling is pivotal for MDSC survival. More broadly, these findings suggest therapeutic strategies based on IL4Rα signaling blockades to arrest an important cellular mechanism of tumoral immune escape mediated by MDSCs and TAM in cancer. Cancer Res; 72(6); 1373–83. ©2012 AACR.
Data from Cisplatin Sensitivity Mediated by WEE1 and CHK1 Is Mediated by miR-155 and the miR-15 Family
Authors: Pouliot Lynn M. , Chen Yu-Chi , Bai Jennifer , Guha Rajarshi , Martin Scott E. , Gottesman Michael M. , Hall Matthew D.
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Resistance to platinum-based therapies arises by multiple mechanisms, including by alterations to cell-cycle kinases that mediate G2–M phase arrest. In this study, we conducted parallel high-throughput screens for microRNAs (miRNA) that could restore sensitivity to cisplatin-resistant cells, and we screened for kinases targeted by miRNAs that mediated cisplatin resistance. Overexpression of the cell-cycle kinases WEE1 and CHK1 occurred commonly in cisplatin-resistant cells. miRNAs in the miR-15/16/195/424/497 family were found to sensitize cisplatin-resistant cells to apoptosis by targeting WEE1 and CHK1. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies showed that miR-15 family members controlled the expression of WEE1 and CHK1. Supporting these results, we found that in the presence of cisplatin altering expression of miR-16 or related genes altered cell cycle distribution. Our findings reveal critical regulation of miRNAs and their cell-cycle–associated kinase targets in mediating resistance to cisplatin. Cancer Res; 72(22); 5945–55. ©2012 AACR.
Data from Sef Downregulation by Ras Causes MEK1/2 to Become Aberrantly Nuclear Localized Leading to Polyploidy and Neoplastic Transformation
Authors: Duhamel Stéphanie , Hébert Josée , Gaboury Louis , Bouchard Amélie , Simon Ronald , Sauter Guido , Basik Mark , Meloche Sylvain
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Subcellular trafficking of key oncogenic signal pathway components is likely to be crucial for neoplastic transformation, but little is known about how such trafficking processes are spatially controlled. In this study, we show how Ras activation causes aberrant nuclear localization of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein (MAP)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK; MEK) MEK1/2 to drive neoplastic transformation. Phosphorylated MEK1/2 was aberrantly located within the nucleus of primary colorectal tumors and human colon cancer cells, and oncogenic activation of Ras was sufficient to induce nuclear accumulation of phosphorylated MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 in intestinal epithelial cells. Enforced nuclear localization of MEK1 in epithelial cells or fibroblasts was sufficient for hyperactivation of ERK1/2, thereby driving cell proliferation, chromosomal polyploidy, and tumorigenesis. Notably, Ras-induced nuclear accumulation of activated MEK1/2 was reliant on downregulation of the spatial regulator Sef, the reexpression of which was sufficient to restore normal MEK1/2 localization and a reversal of Ras-induced proliferation and tumorigenesis. Taken together, our findings indicate that Ras-induced downregulation of Sef is an early oncogenic event that contributes to genetic instability and tumor progression by sustaining nuclear ERK1/2 signaling. Cancer Res; 72(3); 626–35. ©2012 AACR.
Data from RETRACTED: Collagen Prolyl Hydroxylases Are Essential for Breast Cancer Metastasis
Authors: Gilkes Daniele M. , Chaturvedi Pallavi , Bajpai Saumendra , Wong Carmen C. , Wei Hong , Pitcairn Stephen , Hubbi Maimon E. , Wirtz Denis , Semenza Gregg L.
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The presence of hypoxia and fibrosis within the primary tumor are two major risk factors for metastasis of human breast cancer. In this study, we demonstrate that hypoxia-inducible factor 1 activates the transcription of genes encoding collagen prolyl hydroxylases that are critical for collagen deposition by breast cancer cells. We show that expression of collagen prolyl hydroxylases promotes cancer cell alignment along collagen fibers, resulting in enhanced invasion and metastasis to lymph nodes and lungs. Finally, we establish the prognostic significance of collagen prolyl hydroxylase mRNA expression in human breast cancer biopsies and show that ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate, a prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, decreases tumor fibrosis and metastasis in a mouse model of breast cancer. Cancer Res; 73(11); 3285–96. ©2013 AACR.
Data from Tumor-Derived Chemokine CCL5 Enhances TGF-β–Mediated Killing of CD8+ T Cells in Colon Cancer by T-Regulatory Cells
Authors: Chang Li-Yuan , Lin Yung-Chang , Mahalingam Jayashri , Huang Ching-Tai , Chen Ten-Wen , Kang Chiao-Wen , Peng Hui-Min , Chu Yu-Yi , Chiang Jy-Ming , Dutta Avijit , Day Yuan-Ji , Chen Tse-Ching , Yeh Chau-Ting , Lin Chun-Yen
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chemokine CCL5/RANTES is highly expressed in cancer where it contributes to inflammation and malignant progression. In this study, we show that CCL5 plays a critical role in immune escape in colorectal cancer. We found that higher levels of CCL5 expression in human and murine colon tumor cells correlated with higher levels of apoptosis of CD8+ T cells and infiltration of T-regulatory cells (Treg). In mouse cells, RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of CCL5 delayed tumor growth in immunocompetent syngeneic hosts but had no effect on tumor growth in immunodeficient hosts. Reduced tumor growth was correlated with a reduction in Treg infiltration and CD8+ T-cell apoptosis in tumors. Notably, we found that CCL5 enhanced the cytotoxicity of Treg against CD8+ T cells. We also found tumor growth to be diminished in mice lacking CCR5, a CCL5 receptor, where a similar decrease in both Treg cell infiltration and CD8+ T-cell apoptosis was noted. TGF-β signaling blockade diminished apoptosis of CD8+ T cells, implicating TGF-β as an effector of CCL5 action. In support of this concept, CCL5 failed to enhance the production of TGF-β by CCR5-deficient Treg or to enhance their cytotoxic effects against CD8+ T cells. CCR5 signaling blockade also diminished the in vivo suppressive capacity of Treg in inhibiting the antitumor responses of CD8+ T cells, in the same way as CCL5 signaling blockade. Together, our findings establish that CCL5/CCR5 signaling recruits Treg to tumors and enhances their ability to kill antitumor CD8+ T cells, thereby defining a novel mechanism of immune escape in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res; 72(5); 1092–102. ©2012 AACR.
Data from Paracrine Hedgehog Signaling Drives Metabolic Changes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Chan Isaac S. , Guy Cynthia D. , Chen Yuping , Lu Jiuyi , Swiderska-Syn Marzena , Michelotti Gregory A. , Karaca Gamze , Xie Guanhua , Krüger Leandi , Syn Wing-Kin , Anderson Blair R. , Pereira Thiago A. , Choi Steve S. , Baldwin Albert S. , Diehl Anna Mae
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) typically develops in cirrhosis, a condition characterized by Hedgehog (Hh) pathway activation and accumulation of Hh-responsive myofibroblasts. Although Hh signaling generally regulates stromal–epithelial interactions that support epithelial viability, the role of Hh-dependent myofibroblasts in hepatocarcinogenesis is unknown. Here, we used human HCC samples, a mouse HCC model, and hepatoma cell/myofibroblast cocultures to examine the hypothesis that Hh signaling modulates myofibroblasts' metabolism to generate fuels for neighboring malignant hepatocytes. The results identify a novel paracrine mechanism whereby malignant hepatocytes produce Hh ligands to stimulate glycolysis in neighboring myofibroblasts, resulting in release of myofibroblast-derived lactate that the malignant hepatocytes use as an energy source. This discovery reveals new diagnostic and therapeutic targets that might be exploited to improve the outcomes of cirrhotic patients with HCCs. Cancer Res; 72(24); 6344–50. ©2012 AACR.
Data from Translation Initiation Factor eIF4E Is a Target for Tumor Cell Radiosensitization
Authors: Hayman Thomas J. , Williams Eli S. , Jamal Muhammad , Shankavaram Uma T. , Camphausen Kevin , Tofilon Philip J.
Published: March 2024

Abstract
A core component in the cellular response to radiation occurs at the level of translational control of gene expression. Because a critical element in translation control is the availability of the initiation factor eIF4E, which selectively enhances the cap-dependent translation of mRNAs, we investigated a regulatory role for eIF4E in cellular radiosensitivity. eIF4E silencing enhanced the radiosensitivity of tumor cell lines but not normal cells. Similarly, pharmacologic inhibition of eIF4E with ribavirin also enhanced tumor cell radiosensitivity. eIF4E attenuation did not affect cell-cycle phase distribution or radiation-induced apoptosis, but it delayed the dispersion of radiation-induced γH2AX foci and increased the frequency of radiation-induced mitotic catastrophe. Radiation did not affect 4E-BP1 phosphorylation or cap-complex formation but it increased eIF4E binding to more than 1,000 unique transcripts including many implicated in DNA replication, recombination, and repair. Taken together, our findings suggest that eIF4E represents a logical therapeutic target to increase tumor cell radiosensitivity. Cancer Res; 72(9); 2362–72. ©2012 AACR.
Data from RNF8 Regulates Assembly of RAD51 at DNA Double-Strand Breaks in the Absence of BRCA1 and 53BP1
Authors: Nakada Shinichiro , Yonamine Rikako Miyamoto , Matsuo Koichi
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein BRCA1 localizes to sites of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), promoting repair by homologous recombination through the recruitment of DNA damage repair proteins. In normal cells, homologous recombination largely depends on BRCA1. However, assembly of the pivotal homologous recombination regulator RAD51 can occur independently of BRCA1 in the absence of 53BP1, another DNA damage response protein. How this assembly process proceeds is unclear, but important to understand in tumor cell settings where BRCA1 is disabled. Here we report that RNF8 regulates BRCA1-independent homologous recombination in 53BP1-depleted cells. RNF8 depletion suppressed the recruitment of RAD51 to DSB sites without affecting assembly or phosphorylation of the replication protein RPA in neocarzinostatin-treated or X-ray-irradiated BRCA1/53BP1-depleted cells. Furthermore, RNF8/BRCA1/53BP1-depleted cells exhibited less efficient homologous recombination than BRCA1/53BP1-depleted cells. Intriguingly, neither RNF8 nor its relative RNF168 were required for RAD51 assembly at DSB sites in 53BP1-expressing cells. Moreover, RNF8-independent RAD51 assembly was found to be regulated by BRCA1. Together, our findings indicate a tripartite regulation of homologous recombination by RNF8, BRCA1, and 53BP1. In addition, our results predict that RNF8 inhibition may be a useful treatment of BRCA1-mutated/53BP1low cancers, which are considered resistant to treatment by PARP1 inhibitors and of marked current clinical interest. Cancer Res; 72(19); 4974–83. ©2012 AACR.
Data from LIN28B Polymorphisms Influence Susceptibility to Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Permuth-Wey Jennifer , Kim Donghwa , Tsai Ya-Yu , Lin Hui-Yi , Chen Y. Ann , Barnholtz-Sloan Jill , Birrer Michael J. , Bloom Gregory , Chanock Stephen J. , Chen Zhihua , Cramer Daniel W. , Cunningham Julie M. , Dagne Getachew , Ebbert-Syfrett Judith , Fenstermacher David , Fridley Brooke L. , Garcia-Closas Montserrat , Gayther Simon A. , Ge William , Gentry-Maharaj Aleksandra , Gonzalez-Bosquet Jesus , Goode Ellen L. , Iversen Edwin , Jim Heather , Kong William , McLaughlin John , Menon Usha , Monteiro Alvaro N.A. , Narod Steven A. , Pharoah Paul D.P. , Phelan Catherine M. , Qu Xiaotao , Ramus Susan J. , Risch Harvey , Schildkraut Joellen M. , Song Honglin , Stockwell Heather , Sutphen Rebecca , Terry Kathryn L. , Tyrer Jonathan , Vierkant Robert A. , Wentzensen Nicolas , Lancaster Johnathan M. , Cheng Jin Q. , Sellers Thomas A.
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Defective microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis contributes to the development and progression of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). In this study, we examined the hypothesis that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in miRNA biogenesis genes may influence EOC risk. In an initial investigation, 318 SNPs in 18 genes were evaluated among 1,815 EOC cases and 1,900 controls, followed up by a replicative joint meta-analysis of data from an additional 2,172 cases and 3,052 controls. Of 23 SNPs from 9 genes associated with risk (empirical P < 0.05) in the initial investigation, the meta-analysis replicated 6 SNPs from the DROSHA, FMR1, LIN28, and LIN28B genes, including rs12194974 (G>A), an SNP in a putative transcription factor binding site in the LIN28B promoter region (summary OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.82–0.98; P = 0.015) which has been recently implicated in age of menarche and other phenotypes. Consistent with reports that LIN28B overexpression in EOC contributes to tumorigenesis by repressing tumor suppressor let-7 expression, we provide data from luciferase reporter assays and quantitative RT-PCR to suggest that the inverse association among rs12194974 A allele carriers may be because of reduced LIN28B expression. Our findings suggest that variants in LIN28B and possibly other miRNA biogenesis genes may influence EOC susceptibility. Cancer Res; 71(11); 3896–903. ©2011 AACR.
Data from S-Glutathionylated Serine Proteinase Inhibitors as Plasma Biomarkers in Assessing Response to Redox-Modulating Drugs
Authors: Grek Christina L. , Townsend Danyelle M. , Uys Joachim D. , Manevich Yefim , Coker Woodrow J. , Pazoles Christopher J. , Tew Kenneth D.
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Many cancer drugs impact cancer cell redox regulatory mechanisms and disrupt redox homeostasis. Pharmacodynamic biomarkers that measure therapeutic efficacy or toxicity could improve patient management. Using immunoblot analyses and mass spectrometry, we identified that serpins A1 and A3 were S-glutathionylated in a dose- and time-dependent manner following treatment of mice with drugs that alter reactive oxygen or nitrogen species. Tandem mass spectrometry analyses identified Cys256 of serpin A1 and Cys263 of serpin A3 as the S-glutathionylated residues. In human plasma from cancer patients, there were higher levels of unmodified serpin A1 and A3, but following treatments with redox active drugs, relative S-glutathionylation of these serpins was higher in plasma from normal individuals. There is potential for S-glutathionylated serpins A1 and A3 to act as pharmacodynamic biomarkers for evaluation of patient response to drugs that target redox pathways. Cancer Res; 72(9); 2383–93. ©2012 AACR.
Data from Transition from Colitis to Cancer: High Wnt Activity Sustains the Tumor-Initiating Potential of Colon Cancer Stem Cell Precursors
Authors: Shenoy Anitha K. , Fisher Robert C. , Butterworth Elizabeth A. , Pi Liya , Chang Lung-Ji , Appelman Henry D. , Chang Myron , Scott Edward W. , Huang Emina H.
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) increases the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), but the mechanisms involved in colitis-to-cancer transition (CCT) are not well understood. CCT may involve a inflammation-dysplasia-carcinoma progression sequence compared with the better characterized adenoma-carcinoma progression sequence associated with sporadic CRC. One common thread may be activating mutations in components of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which occur commonly as early events in sporadic CRC. To examine this hypothesis, we evaluated possible associations between Wnt/β-catenin signaling and CCT based on the cancer stem cell (CSC) model. Wnt/β-catenin immunostaining indicated that UC patients have a level of Wnt-pathway-active cells that is intermediate between normal colon and CRC. These UC cells exhibiting activation of the Wnt pathway constituted a major subpopulation (52% + 7.21) of the colonic epithelial cells positive for aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), a putative marker of precursor colon CSC (pCCSC). We further fractionated this subpopulation of pCCSC using a Wnt pathway reporter assay. Over successive passages, pCCSCs with the highest Wnt activity exhibited higher clonogenic and tumorigenic potential than pCCSCs with the lowest Wnt activity, thereby establishing the key role of Wnt activity in driving CSC-like properties in these cells. Notably, 5/20 single cell injections of high-Wnt pCCSC resulted in tumor formation, suggesting a correlation with CCT. Attenuation of Wnt/β-catenin in high-Wnt pCCSC by shRNA-mediated downregulation or pharmacological inhibition significantly reduced tumor growth rates. Overall, the results of our study indicates (i) that early activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is critical for CCT and (ii) that high levels of Wnt/β-catenin signaling can further demarcate high-ALDH tumor-initiating cells in the nondysplastic epithelium of UC patients. As such, our findings offer plausible diagnostic markers and therapeutic target in the Wnt signaling pathway for early intervention in CCT. Cancer Res; 72(19); 5091–100. ©2012 AACR.
Data from Retinoic Acid/Alpha-Interferon Combination Inhibits Growth and Promotes Apoptosis in Mantle Cell Lymphoma through Akt-Dependent Modulation of Critical Targets
Authors: Dal Col Jessica , Mastorci Katy , Faè Damiana Antonia , Muraro Elena , Martorelli Debora , Inghirami Giorgio , Dolcetti Riccardo
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is characterized by a profound deregulation of the mechanisms controlling cell-cycle progression and survival. We herein show that the combination of 9-cis-retinoic acid (RA) and IFN-α induces marked antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects in MCL cells through the modulation of critical targets. Particularly, IFN-α enhances RA-mediated G0–G1 cell accumulation by downregulating cyclin D1 and increasing p27Kip1 and p21WAF1/Cip1 protein levels. Furthermore, RA/IFN-α combination also induces apoptosis by triggering both caspases-8 and -9 resulting in Bax and Bak activation. In particular, RA/IFN-α treatment downregulates the antiapoptotic Bcl-xL and Bfl-1 proteins and upregulates the proapoptotic BH3-only Noxa protein. Sequestration of Mcl-1 and Bfl-1 by upregulated Noxa results in the activation of Bid, and the consequent induction of apoptosis is inhibited by Noxa silencing. Noxa upregulation is associated with nuclear translocation of the FOXO3a transcription factor as consequence of RA/IFN-α–induced Akt inhibition. Pharmacologic suppression of Akt, but not of TORC1, increases Noxa protein levels and downregulates Bfl-1 protein supporting the conclusion that the inhibition of the Akt pathway, the resulting FOXO3a activation and Noxa upregulation are critical molecular mechanisms underlying RA/IFN-α—dependent MCL cell apoptosis. These results support the potential therapeutic value of RA/IFN-α combination in MCL management. Cancer Res; 72(7); 1825–35. ©2012 AACR.
Data from Immune Response Is an Important Aspect of the Antitumor Effect Produced by a CD40L-Encoding Oncolytic Adenovirus
Authors: Diaconu Iulia , Cerullo Vincenzo , Hirvinen Mari L.M. , Escutenaire Sophie , Ugolini Matteo , Pesonen Saila K. , Bramante Simona , Parviainen Suvi , Kanerva Anna , Loskog Angelica S.I. , Eliopoulos Aristides G. , Pesonen Sari , Hemminki Akseli
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Oncolytic adenovirus is an attractive platform for immunotherapy because virus replication is highly immunogenic and not subject to tolerance. Although oncolysis releases tumor epitopes and provides costimulatory danger signals, arming the virus with immunostimulatory molecules can further improve efficacy. CD40 ligand (CD40L, CD154) induces apoptosis of tumor cells and triggers several immune mechanisms, including a T-helper type 1 (TH1) response, which leads to activation of cytotoxic T cells and reduction of immunosuppression. In this study, we constructed a novel oncolytic adenovirus, Ad5/3-hTERT-E1A-hCD40L, which features a chimeric Ad5/3 capsid for enhanced tumor transduction, a human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) promoter for tumor selectivity, and human CD40L for increased efficacy. Ad5/3-hTERT-E1A-hCD40L significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo via oncolytic and apoptotic effects, and (Ad5/3-hTERT-E1A-hCD40L)–mediated oncolysis resulted in enhanced calreticulin exposure and HMGB1 and ATP release, which were suggestive of immunogenicity. In two syngeneic mouse models, murine CD40L induced recruitment and activation of antigen-presenting cells, leading to increased interleukin-12 production in splenocytes. This effect was associated with induction of the TH1 cytokines IFN-γ, RANTES, and TNF-α. Tumors treated with Ad5/3-CMV-mCD40L also displayed an enhanced presence of macrophages and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells but not B cells. Together, our findings show that adenoviruses coding for CD40L mediate multiple antitumor effects including oncolysis, apoptosis, induction of T-cell responses, and upregulation of TH1 cytokines. Cancer Res; 72(9); 2327–38. ©2012 AACR.
Data from TWIST1 Is an ERK1/2 Effector That Promotes Invasion and Regulates MMP-1 Expression in Human Melanoma Cells
Authors: Weiss Michele B. , Abel Ethan V. , Mayberry Melanie M. , Basile Kevin J. , Berger Adam C. , Aplin Andrew E.
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Tumor cells often use developmental processes to progress toward advanced disease. The E-box transcription factor TWIST1 is essential to epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell migration in the developing neural crest. In melanoma, which derives from the neural crest cell lineage, enhanced TWIST1 expression has been linked to worse clinical prognosis. However, mechanisms underlying TWIST1 expression and whether aberrant TWIST1 levels promote steps in melanoma progression remain unknown. Here, we report that elevated TWIST1 mRNA/protein expression is dependent on extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 signaling, which is hyperactive in the majority of melanomas. We show that TWIST1 protein levels are especially high in melanoma cell lines generated from invasive, premetastatic stage tumors. Furthermore, TWIST1 expression is required and sufficient to promote invasion through Matrigel and spheroid outgrowth in three-dimensional dermal-mimetic conditions. Alterations to spheroid outgrowth were not as a result of altered cell death, cell-cycle profile, or paradigm EMT protein changes. Importantly, we identify matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) as a novel downstream target of TWIST1. We have determined that TWIST1 acts, in a dose-dependent manner, as a mediator between hyperactive ERK1/2 signaling and regulation of MMP-1 transcription. Together, these studies mechanistically show a previously unrecognized interplay between ERK1/2, TWIST1, and MMP-1 that is likely significant in the progression of melanoma toward metastasis. Cancer Res; 72(24); 6382–92. ©2012 AACR.
Data from miRNA-34 Prevents Cancer Initiation and Progression in a Therapeutically Resistant K-ras and p53-Induced Mouse Model of Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Kasinski Andrea L. , Slack Frank J.
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, and current therapies fail to treat this disease in the vast majority of cases. The RAS and p53 pathways are two of the most frequently altered pathways in lung cancers, with such alterations resulting in loss of responsiveness to current therapies and decreased patient survival. The microRNA-34 (mir-34) gene family members are downstream transcriptional targets of p53, and miR-34 expression is reduced in p53 mutant tumors; thus, we hypothesized that treating mutant Kras;p53 tumors with miR-34 would represent a powerful new therapeutic to suppress lung tumorigenesis. To this end we examined the therapeutically resistant KrasLSL-G12D/+;Trp53LSL-R172H/+ mouse lung cancer model. We characterized tumor progression in these mice following lung-specific transgene activation and found tumors as early as 10 weeks postactivation, and severe lung inflammation by 22 weeks. Tumors harvested from these lungs have elevated levels of oncogenic miRNAs, miR-21 and miR-155; are deficient for p53-regulated miRNAs; and have heightened expression of miR-34 target genes, such as Met and Bcl-2. In the presence of exogenous miR-34, epithelial cells derived from these tumors show reduced proliferation and invasion. In vivo treatment with miR-34a prevented tumor formation and progression in KrasLSL-G12D/+;Trp53LSL-R172H/+ mice. Animals infected with mir-34a-expressing lentivirus at the same time as transgene activation had little to no evidence of tumorigenesis, and lentivirus-induced miR-34a also prevented further progression of preformed tumors. These data support the use of miR-34 as a lung tumor-preventative and tumor-static agent. Cancer Res; 72(21); 5576–87. ©2012 AACR.
Data from A Preclinical Mouse Model of Invasive Lobular Breast Cancer Metastasis
Authors: Doornebal Chris W. , Klarenbeek Sjoerd , Braumuller Tanya M. , Klijn Christiaan N. , Ciampricotti Metamia , Hau Cheei-Sing , Hollmann Markus W. , Jonkers Jos , de Visser Karin E.
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Metastatic disease accounts for more than 90% of cancer-related deaths, but the development of effective antimetastatic agents has been hampered by the paucity of clinically relevant preclinical models of human metastatic disease. Here, we report the development of a mouse model of spontaneous breast cancer metastasis, which recapitulates key events in its formation and clinical course. Specifically, using the conditional K14cre;Cdh1F/F;Trp53F/F model of de novo mammary tumor formation, we orthotopically transplanted invasive lobular carcinoma (mILC) fragments into mammary glands of wild-type syngeneic hosts. Once primary tumors were established in recipient mice, we mimicked the clinical course of treatment by conducting a mastectomy. After surgery, recipient mice succumbed to widespread overt metastatic disease in lymph nodes, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. Genomic profiling of paired mammary tumors and distant metastases showed that our model provides a unique tool to further explore the biology of metastatic disease. Neoadjuvant and adjuvant intervention studies using standard-of-care chemotherapeutics showed the value of this model in determining therapeutic agents that can target early- and late-stage metastatic disease. In obtaining a more accurate preclinical model of metastatic lobular breast cancer, our work offers advances supporting the development of more effective treatment strategies for metastatic disease. Cancer Res; 73(1); 353–63. ©2012 AACR.
Data from Pancreatic Cancer-Associated Stellate Cells Promote Differentiation of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in a STAT3-Dependent Manner
Authors: Mace Thomas A. , Ameen Zeenath , Collins Amy , Wojcik Sylwia , Mair Markus , Young Gregory S. , Fuchs James R. , Eubank Tim D. , Frankel Wendy L. , Bekaii-Saab Tanios , Bloomston Mark , Lesinski Gregory B.
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) are a subset of pancreatic cancer-associated fibroblasts. These cells provide prosurvival signals to tumors; however, little is known regarding their interactions with immune cells within the tumor microenvironment. We hypothesized that factors produced by human PSC could enhance myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) differentiation and function, which promotes an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Primary PSC cell lines (n = 7) were generated from human specimens and phenotypically confirmed via expression of vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Luminex analysis indicated that PSC but not human fetal primary pancreatic fibroblast cells (HPF; negative controls) produced MDSC-promoting cytokines [interleukin (IL-6), VEGF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) ] and chemokines (SDF-1, MCP-1). Culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells [peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC), n = 3 donors] with PSC supernatants or IL-6/granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF; positive control) for 7 days promoted PBMC differentiation into an MDSC (CD11b+CD33+) phenotype and a subpopulation of polymorphonuclear CD11b+CD33+CD15+ cells. The resulting CD11b+CD33+ cells functionally suppressed autologous T-lymphocyte proliferation. In contrast, supernatants from HPF did not induce an MDSC phenotype in PBMCs. Culture of normal PBMCs with PSC supernatants led to STAT3 but not STAT1 or STAT5 phosphorylation. IL-6 was an important mediator as its neutralization inhibited PSC supernatant-mediated STAT3 phosphorylation and MDSC differentiation. Finally, the FLLL32 STAT3 inhibitor abrogated PSC supernatant-mediated MDSC differentiation, PSC viability, and reduced autocrine IL-6 production indicating these processes are STAT3 dependent. These results identify a novel role for PSC in driving immune escape in pancreatic cancer and extend the evidence that STAT3 acts as a driver of stromal immunosuppression to enhance its interest as a therapeutic target. Cancer Res; 73(10); 3007–18. ©2013 AACR.
Data from Paclitaxel Enhances Therapeutic Efficacy of the F8-IL2 Immunocytokine to EDA-Fibronectin–Positive Metastatic Human Melanoma Xenografts
Authors: Moschetta Michele , Pretto Francesca , Berndt Alexander , Galler Kerstin , Richter Petra , Bassi Andrea , Oliva Paolo , Micotti Edoardo , Valbusa Giovanni , Schwager Kathrin , Kaspar Manuela , Trachsel Eveline , Kosmehl Hartwig , Bani Maria Rosa , Neri Dario , Giavazzi Raffaella
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The selective delivery of bioactive agents to tumors reduces toxicity and enhances the efficacy of anticancer therapies. In this study, we show that the antibody F8, which recognizes perivascular and stromal EDA-fibronectin (EDA-Fn), when conjugated to interleukin-2 (F8-IL2) can effectively inhibit the growth of EDA-Fn–expressing melanomas in combination with paclitaxel. We obtained curative effects with paclitaxel administered before the immunocytokine. Coadministration of paclitaxel increased the uptake of F8 in xenografted melanomas, enhancing tumor perfusion and permeability. Paclitaxel also boosted the recruitment of F8-IL2–induced natural killer (NK) cells to the tumor, suggesting a host response as part of the observed therapeutic benefit. In support of this likelihood, NK cell depletion impaired the antitumor effect of paclitaxel plus F8-IL2. Importantly, this combination reduced both the tumor burden and the number of pulmonary metastatic nodules. The combination did not cause cumulative toxicity. Together, our findings offer a preclinical proof that by acting on the tumor stroma paclitaxel potentiates the antitumor activity elicited by a targeted delivery of IL2, thereby supporting the use of immunochemotherapy in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Cancer Res; 72(7); 1814–24. ©2012 AACR.
Data from A Synthetic Matrix with Independently Tunable Biochemistry and Mechanical Properties to Study Epithelial Morphogenesis and EMT in a Lung Adenocarcinoma Model
Authors: Gill Bartley J. , Gibbons Don L. , Roudsari Laila C. , Saik Jennifer E. , Rizvi Zain H. , Roybal Jonathon D. , Kurie Jonathan M. , West Jennifer L.
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Better understanding of the biophysical and biochemical cues of the tumor extracellular matrix environment that influence metastasis may have important implications for new cancer therapeutics. Initial exploration into this question has used naturally derived protein matrices that suffer from variability, poor control over matrix biochemistry, and inability to modify the matrix biochemistry and mechanics. Here, we report the use of a synthetic polymer-based scaffold composed primarily of poly(ethylene glycol), or PEG, modified with bioactive peptides to study murine models of lung adenocarcinoma. In this study, we focus on matrix-derived influences on epithelial morphogenesis of a metastatic cell line (344SQ) that harbors mutations in Kras and p53 (trp53) and is prone to a microRNA-200 (miR-200)–dependent epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis. The modified PEG hydrogels feature biospecific cell adhesion and cell-mediated proteolytic degradation with independently adjustable matrix stiffness. 344SQ encapsulated in bioactive peptide-modified, matrix metalloproteinase–degradable PEG hydrogels formed lumenized epithelial spheres comparable to that seen with three-dimensional culture in Matrigel. Altering both matrix stiffness and the concentration of cell-adhesive ligand significantly influenced epithelial morphogenesis as manifest by differences in the extent of lumenization, in patterns of intrasphere apoptosis and proliferation, and in expression of epithelial polarity markers. Regardless of matrix composition, exposure to TGF-β induced a loss of epithelial morphologic features, shift in expression of EMT marker genes, and decrease in mir-200 levels consistent with EMT. Our findings help illuminate matrix-derived cues that influence epithelial morphogenesis and highlight the potential utility that this synthetic matrix-mimetic tool has for cancer biology. Cancer Res; 72(22); 6013–23. ©2012 AACR.
Data from MicroRNAs Regulate Tumor Angiogenesis Modulated by Endothelial Progenitor Cells
Authors: Plummer Prue N. , Freeman Ruth , Taft Ryan J. , Vider Jelena , Sax Michael , Umer Brittany A. , Gao Dingcheng , Johns Christopher , Mattick John S. , Wilton Stephen D. , Ferro Vito , McMillan Nigel A.J. , Swarbrick Alexander , Mittal Vivek , Mellick Albert S.
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Bone marrow–derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) contribute to the angiogenesis-dependent growth of tumors in mice and humans. EPCs regulate the angiogenic switch via paracrine secretion of proangiogenic growth factors and by direct luminal incorporation into sprouting nascent vessels. miRNAs have emerged as key regulators of several cellular processes including angiogenesis; however, whether miRNAs contribute to bone marrow–mediated angiogenesis has remained unknown. Here, we show that genetic ablation of miRNA-processing enzyme Dicer, specifically in the bone marrow, decreased the number of circulating EPCs, resulting in angiogenesis suppression and impaired tumor growth. Furthermore, genome-wide deep sequencing of small RNAs revealed tumor EPC-intrinsic miRNAs including miR-10b and miR-196b, which have been previously identified as key regulators of HOX signaling and adult stem cell differentiation. Notably, we found that both miR-10b and miR-196b are responsive to vascular endothelial growth factor stimulation and show elevated expression in human high-grade breast tumor vasculature. Strikingly, targeting miR-10b and miR-196b led to significant defects in angiogenesis-mediated tumor growth in mice. Targeting these miRNAs may constitute a novel strategy for inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Res; 73(1); 341–52. ©2012 AACR.
Data from OX40 Is a Potent Immune-Stimulating Target in Late-Stage Cancer Patients
Authors: Curti Brendan D. , Kovacsovics-Bankowski Magdalena , Morris Nicholas , Walker Edwin , Chisholm Lana , Floyd Kevin , Walker Joshua , Gonzalez Iliana , Meeuwsen Tanisha , Fox Bernard A. , Moudgil Tarsem , Miller William , Haley Daniel , Coffey Todd , Fisher Brenda , Delanty-Miller Laurie , Rymarchyk Nicole , Kelly Tracy , Crocenzi Todd , Bernstein Eric , Sanborn Rachel , Urba Walter J. , Weinberg Andrew D.
Published: March 2024

Abstract
OX40 is a potent costimulatory receptor that can potentiate T-cell receptor signaling on the surface of T lymphocytes, leading to their activation by a specifically recognized antigen. In particular, OX40 engagement by ligands present on dendritic cells dramatically increases the proliferation, effector function, and survival of T cells. Preclinical studies have shown that OX40 agonists increase antitumor immunity and improve tumor-free survival. In this study, we performed a phase I clinical trial using a mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) that agonizes human OX40 signaling in patients with advanced cancer. Patients treated with one course of the anti-OX40 mAb showed an acceptable toxicity profile and regression of at least one metastatic lesion in 12 of 30 patients. Mechanistically, this treatment increased T and B cell responses to reporter antigen immunizations, led to preferential upregulation of OX40 on CD4+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and increased the antitumor reactivity of T and B cells in patients with melanoma. Our findings clinically validate OX40 as a potent immune-stimulating target for treatment in patients with cancer, providing a generalizable tool to favorably influence the antitumor properties of circulating T cells, B cells, and intratumoral regulatory T cells. Cancer Res; 73(24); 7189–98. ©2013 AACR.
Data from Combination of Protein Coding and Noncoding Gene Expression as a Robust Prognostic Classifier in Stage I Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Akagi Ichiro , Okayama Hirokazu , Schetter Aaron J. , Robles Ana I. , Kohno Takashi , Bowman Elise D. , Kazandjian Dickran , Welsh Judith A. , Oue Naohide , Saito Motonobu , Miyashita Masao , Uchida Eiji , Takizawa Toshihiro , Takenoshita Seiichi , Skaug Vidar , Mollerup Steen , Haugen Aage , Yokota Jun , Harris Curtis C.
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Prognostic tests for patients with early-stage lung cancer may provide needed guidance on postoperative surveillance and therapeutic decisions. We used a novel strategy to develop and validate a prognostic classifier for early-stage lung cancer. Specifically, we focused on 42 genes with roles in lung cancer or cancer prognosis. Expression of these biologically relevant genes and their association with relapse-free survival (RFS) were evaluated using microarray data from 148 patients with stage I lung adenocarcinoma. Seven genes associated with RFS were further examined by quantitative reverse transcription PCR in 291 lung adenocarcinoma tissues from Japan, the United States, and Norway. Only BRCA1, HIF1A, DLC1, and XPO1 were each significantly associated with prognosis in the Japan and US/Norway cohorts. A Cox regression-based classifier was developed using these four genes on the Japan cohort and validated in stage I lung adenocarcinoma from the US/Norway cohort and three publicly available lung adenocarcinoma expression profiling datasets. The results suggest that the classifier is robust across ethnically and geographically diverse populations regardless of the technology used to measure gene expression. We evaluated the combination of the four-gene classifier with miRNA miR-21 (MIR21) expression and found that the combination improved associations with prognosis, which were significant in stratified analyses on stage IA and stage IB patients. Thus, the four coding gene classifier, alone or with miR-21 expression, may provide a clinically useful tool to identify high-risk patients and guide recommendations regarding adjuvant therapy and postoperative surveillance of patients with stage I lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res; 73(13); 3821–32. ©2013 AACR.
Data from Gut Microbiota Protects against Gastrointestinal Tumorigenesis Caused by Epithelial Injury
Authors: Zhan Yu , Chen Po-Ju , Sadler William D. , Wang Fuyuan , Poe Sara , Núñez Gabriel , Eaton Kathryn A. , Chen Grace Y.
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Inflammation is a critical player in the development of both colitis-associated and sporadic colon cancers. Several studies suggest that the microbiota contribute to inflammation and tumorigenesis; however, studies to understand the role of the microbiota in colon tumor development in germ-free (GF) mice are limited. We therefore studied the effects of the microbiota on the development of inflammation and tumors in GF and conventionally raised specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice treated with azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). We discovered that GF mice developed significantly more and larger tumors compared with that in SPF mice after AOM and DSS treatment despite the lack of early acute inflammation in response to chemically induced injury by DSS. Although the extent of intestinal epithelial damage and apoptosis was not significantly different in GF and SPF mice, there was a delay in intestinal epithelial repair to DSS-induced injury in GF mice resulting in a late onset of proinflammatory and protumorigenic responses and increased epithelial proliferation and microadenoma formation. Recolonization of GF mice with commensal bacteria or administration of lipopolysaccharide reduced tumorigenesis. Thus, although commensal bacteria are capable of driving chronic inflammation and tumorigenesis, the gut microbiota also have important roles in limiting chemically induced injury and proliferative responses that lead to tumor development. Cancer Res; 73(24); 7199–210. ©2013 AACR.
Data from Extracellular DNA in Pancreatic Cancer Promotes Cell Invasion and Metastasis
Authors: Wen Fushi , Shen Alex , Choi Andrew , Gerner Eugene W. , Shi Jiaqi
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Aggressive metastasis is the chief cause of the high morbidity and mortality associated with pancreatic cancer, yet the basis for its aggressive behavior remains elusive. Extracellular DNA (exDNA) is a recently discovered component of inflammatory tissue states. Here, we report that exDNA is present on the surface of pancreatic cancer cells where it is critical for driving metastatic behavior. exDNA was abundant on the surface and vicinity of cultured pancreatic cancer cells but absent from normal pancreas cells. Strikingly, treatment of cancer cell cultures with DNase I to degrade DNA nonspecifically reduced metastatic characters associated with matrix attachment, migration, and invasion. We further assessed the role of exDNA in pancreatic cancer metastasis in vivo using an orthotopic xenograft model established by implantation of pancreatic cancer cells expressing firefly luciferase. Noninvasive bioluminescent imaging confirmed that DNase I treatment was sufficient to suppress tumor metastasis. Mechanistic investigations suggested the existence of a positive feedback loop in which exDNA promotes expression of the inflammatory chemokine CXCL8, which leads to higher production of exDNA by pancreatic cancer cells, with a significant reduction in CXCL8 levels achieved by DNase I treatment. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that exDNA contributes to the highly invasive and metastatic character of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res; 73(14); 4256–66. ©2013 AACR.
Data from DOG1 Regulates Growth and IGFBP5 in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
Authors: Simon Susanne , Grabellus Florian , Ferrera Loretta , Galietta Luis , Schwindenhammer Benjamin , Mühlenberg Thomas , Taeger Georg , Eilers Grant , Treckmann Juergen , Breitenbuecher Frank , Schuler Martin , Taguchi Takahiro , Fletcher Jonathan A. , Bauer Sebastian
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are characterized by activating mutations of KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor α(PDGFRA), which can be therapeutically targeted by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) such as imatinib. Despite long-lasting responses, most patients eventually progress after TKI therapy. The calcium-dependent chloride channel DOG1 (ANO1/TMEM16A), which is strongly and specifically expressed in GIST, is used as a diagnostic marker to differentiate GIST from other sarcomas. Here, we report that loss of DOG1 expression occurs together with loss of KIT expression in a subset of GIST resistant to KIT inhibitors, and we illustrate the functional role of DOG1 in tumor growth, KIT expression, and imatinib response. Although DOG1 is a crucial regulator of chloride balance in GIST cells, we found that RNAi-mediated silencing or pharmacologic inhibition of DOG1 did not alter cell growth or KIT signaling in vitro. In contrast, DOG1 silencing delayed the growth of GIST xenografts in vivo. Expression profiling of explanted tumors after DOG1 blockade revealed a strong upregulation in the expression of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 (IGFBP5), a potent antiangiogenic factor implicated in tumor suppression. Similar results were obtained after selection of imatinib-resistant DOG1- and KIT-negative cells derived from parental DOG1 and KIT-positive GIST cells, where a 5,000-fold increase in IGFBP5 mRNA transcripts were documented. In summary, our findings establish the oncogenic activity of DOG1 in GIST involving modulation of IGF/IGF receptor signaling in the tumor microenvironment through the antiangiogenic factor IGFBP5. Cancer Res; 73(12); 3661–70. ©2013 AACR.
Data from Localized Immunotherapy via Liposome-Anchored Anti-CD137 + IL-2 Prevents Lethal Toxicity and Elicits Local and Systemic Antitumor Immunity
Authors: Kwong Brandon , Gai S. Annie , Elkhader Jamal , Wittrup K. Dane , Irvine Darrell J.
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Immunostimulatory agonists such as anti-CD137 and interleukin (IL)-2 have elicited potent antitumor immune responses in preclinical studies, but their clinical use is limited by inflammatory toxicities that result upon systemic administration. We hypothesized that by rigorously restricting the biodistribution of immunotherapeutic agents to a locally accessible lesion and draining lymph node(s), effective local and systemic antitumor immunity could be achieved in the absence of systemic toxicity. We anchored anti-CD137 and an engineered IL-2Fc fusion protein to the surfaces of PEGylated liposomes, whose physical size permitted dissemination in the tumor parenchyma and tumor-draining lymph nodes but blocked entry into the systemic circulation following intratumoral injection. In the B16F10 melanoma model, intratumoral liposome-coupled anti-CD137 + IL-2Fc therapy cured a majority of established primary tumors while avoiding the lethal inflammatory toxicities caused by equivalent intratumoral doses of soluble immunotherapy. Immunoliposome therapy induced protective antitumor memory and elicited systemic antitumor immunity that significantly inhibited the growth of simultaneously established distal tumors. Tumor inhibition was CD8+ T-cell–dependent and was associated with increased CD8+ T-cell infiltration in both treated and distal tumors, enhanced activation of tumor antigen–specific T cells in draining lymph nodes, and a reduction in regulatory T cells in treated tumors. These data suggest that local nanoparticle-anchored delivery of immuno-agonists represents a promising strategy to improve the therapeutic window and clinical applicability of highly potent but otherwise intolerable regimens of cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Res; 73(5); 1547–58. ©2012 AACR.