bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of innovative coatings for hot working tools
Authors: Rosso M. , Scavino G. , Bennani A.
Published: January 2014

Thermal spraying processes have many advantages that help improve the performance and extend the life of materials and components. In the present paper the properties and wear behaviour of plain carbon specimenscoated with Ni or Co based alloy powders have been studied for the coating of tools employed in hot working applications, e.g. rolls in a rod mill plant. The morphologies of the different coating layers were very similar, showing the presence of porosity and inclusions, especially at the interface with the coated material, however their influence on the wear behaviour of the specimens was negligible. All the Ni based alloysshowed similar behaviour and satisfactory wear resistance, although small changes in chemical composition induced different hardnesses in the coating layers. The best wear resistance was observed with harder specimens. The Co based powder did not allow the formation of layers with hardnesses high enough to provide good wear resistance. When the Co based powder was mixed with a Ni based powder, the wear behaviour proved disappointing in applications involving rolling and sliding.
Thermal spraying of functionally graded coatings for biomedical applications
Authors: Khor K. A. , Wang Y. , Cheang P.
Published: January 2014

Biomedical requirements in a prosthesis are often complex and diverse in nature. These multifaceted requirements can be met by functionally graded materials (FGMs). Biomaterials for implants have to display high adaptability in order to suit the various stages of the biointegration of foreign material into the human body. The present paper analyses the preparation of functionally graded bioceramic coatings composed of calcium phosphate compounds. Two FGM systems were investigated. System 1 utilised the thermal response of different size ranges ofhydroxyapatite (HA) powders in the plasma flame to form gradients in biological and physical properties while system 2 combined two types of calcium phosphates, namely α tricalcium phosphate and HA, to form the FGM. The coating was graded according to adhesive strength and bioresorbability. The bond coat on the metal stub was deposited with a range of HA particles that provides high adhesive strength but has poor biocompatibility.
Dependence of erosion–corrosion on carbide/metal matrix proportion for HVOF Cr3C2–NiCr coatings
Authors: Wang B. Q.
Published: January 2014

A series of erosion–corrosion (EC) tests was carried out on HVOF Cr3C2–NiCr cermet coatings with different fractions of NiCr metal binder phase. Testswere conducted using a nozzle type elevated temperature erosion tester at test temperatures up to 450°C. Bed and fly ash retrieved from operating fluidised bed combustor boilers as well as SiO2 angular quartz were used as the erodent materials for tests at both shallow and steep impact angles. The fly ash contained chemically active compounds and a corrosive environment was involved. The morphology of the specimens was examined by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the cermet coatings were eroded by SiO2 quartz and fly ash at a low velocity with peak wastage occurring at an intermediate value of carbide content at both the shallow and the steep impact angles. Erosion caused by the bed ash at a high velocity resulted in no peak wastage at either the shallow or the steep angles. Instead, the EC thickness loss increased with increasing metal binder content. The EC behaviour of the coatings is related to the morphology of the coatings and the characteristics of the erodent particles.
Variation of phosphatability with chemical composition and surface roughness of steel sheet
Authors: Kim H.-J.
Published: January 2014

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of specific steel alloying elements, such as Cr, Ni, and Cu, and surface roughness of substrate on phosphatability of cold rolled sheet steel for drums. Phosphatability depends upon surface characteristics and can be estimated by using the electrochemical method and measuring the τ value, which is the time of exposure to the substrate Fe. In order to obtain good phosphatability, low contents of retained elements are desirable, although phosphatability can be improved indirectly by increasing the surface roughness of the steel sheet. Phosphatability of cold rolled steel sheet is also related to the treatment conditions in the phosphating bath. Increasing both the temperature and acceleration of the phosphating solution is desirable in order to obtain good quality.
Acoustic emission analysis of thermal sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings examined under four point bend loading
Authors: Brown S. R. , Turner I. G.
Published: January 2014

Acoustic emission (AE) has been used to analyse hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings on Ti substrates subjected to four point bend testing. The coatings were produced using air plasma spraying, vacuum plasma spraying, or a continuous detonation system. Quantitative comparison of the AE results was made possible by the use of a D parameter, the value of which gives an indication of the relative AE count rate for a particular coating. Results showed that a high positive D parameter was associated with both thicker coatings and those coatings found to have the highest residual stresses. Optical and scanning electron microscopy observations of crack formation and distribution in the coatings correlate with the AE results indicating that the D parameter may be used to predict the performance of an HA coating subjected to high loading.
Quality control of steam treated sintered iron: Importance of oxide characterisation
Authors: Molinari A. , Straffelini G.
Published: January 2014

Some results of diverse experimental studies aimed at the optimisation of the process parameters of continuous steam treatment of sintered iron are presented in order to show how the compactness and constitution of the oxide layer strongly influence wear resistance. Since these parameters are not in direct correlation with others usually measured in industrial practice, the results presented clearly indicate that a steam treatment quality control procedure must involve careful oxide characterisation.
Reactive spulter deposition of ceramic oxide nanolaminates: ZrO2–Al2O3 and ZrO2–Y2O3 model systems
Authors: Aita C. R.
Published: January 2014

The growth of ceramic nanolaminate films by reactive sputter deposition is reviewed. Phase formation in nanolaminates with the same nominal architecture but with different chemical constituents is investigated. Two model systems, zirconia–alumina and zirconiayttria, allow comparison of the effects of chemical reactivity between constituents at the interface. In zirconia–alumina nanolaminates, each component is a separate entity and the interface is incoherent. Phase evolution in zirconia layers of decreasing thickness is predicted by the finite crystal size effect. Tetragonal zirconia is produced in layers whose thickness is less than the critical thickness for stabilisation of monoclinic zirconia (the STP phase). The amorphous structure of alumina is a consequence of its structural flexibility. Overall morphological roughness of the film arises from the polycrystalline nature of the zirconia layers. In zirconia–yttria nanolaminates, an interfacial reaction between components completely obliterates yttria as a separate entity. The reaction product, cubic zirconiayttria, forms needlelike crystallites and accentuates the overall morphological roughness resulting from the polycrystalline nature of the deposit. As zirconia layer thickness increases, monoclinic zirconia is produced along with interfacial cubic zirconia–yttria. This research clearly demonstrates the ability to forminterfacial oxide solid solutions at low temperature in a system in which the bulk equilibrium phase diagram predicts reaction between oxide components. Thus, thin films consisting entirely of interface reaction products can be fabricated if the bilayer spacing is small enough.
Aluminium nitride thin films prepared by ion beam assisted deposition method
Authors: Watanabe Y.
Published: January 2014

Aluminium nitride thin films were prepared by ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) and the influenceof nitrogen ion beam energy on the microstructure, orientation, surface morphology, optical properties, and durability of the thin films was studied. In the case of synthesis with a low energy ion beam, the films showeda c axis oriented state with a columnar structure and an extremely smooth surface, but the durability against water was weak. In the case of synthesis with a high energy ion beam, the films showed a multioriented state with a granular structure, a roughened surface, and an improved durability against water. It is concluded that the nitrogen ion beam energy plays an important role in synthesising AIN films by the IBAD method, andthat the film structure and properties can be controlled by regulating the ion beam energy.
Advanced surface engineering of circular saw blades
Authors: Keenan M. P. , Bradbury S. R. , Afzal A. , Ahmed W.
Published: January 2014

For a number of years advanced surface engineering technologies such as ion implantation, sputtering, and arc evaporation have been widely used to enhance the performance of single point cutting tools. However during this time very little work has been reported on applying the same surface engineering technologies to enhance the performance of multipoint cutting tools. The present paper evaluates the effectiveness of arc evaporation, sputtering, and ion implantation techniques as means of enhancing the performance of M2high speed steel circular saw blades when operating at cutting conditions recommended for standard untreated blades. Tool performance was evaluated using the specific cutting energy Esp criterion, a measure of the energy required to remove a specific volume of workpiece material. The parameter was initially applied at an optimised feedrate, and the energy requirement of a treated blade was then measured as it machined a number of sections of standard workpiece material. All test results were compared to an untreated blade operating under the same cutting conditions.
Analysis of wear tracks produced during boundary lubrication of 6082T6 aluminium with polydimethylsiloxane
Authors: Lee P. , O'Sullivan J. M. , Spurgeon D.
Published: January 2014

Polydimethylsiloxane is renowned for its extremely poor boundary lubricating ability when placed between sliding metallic surfaces. In fact, it is not simply a poor boundary lubricant, it is a positive antagonist since, in certain instances, dry sliding can produce lower wear and friction under identical test conditions. The objective of the present investigation was to determine whether the relationship between the wear produced and the respective coefficient of friction followed the traditional theory. The test used a cross-cylinder friction rig and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that when the lowest coefficient of friction was observed (μ = 0’31) the plastic wear involved small area scuffing. A slightly higher coefficient of friction (μ = 0’37) produced large area scuffing, and the highest coefficient (μ = 0’58) caused deep ploughing. It was concluded that although the action of the siloxane under boundary conditions is somewhat unique, the transition from small area scuffing to ploughing associated with an increase in friction follows the convention.
Surface modification of Ti–6Al–4V alloy by means of combined plasma nitriding and oxidising treatments
Authors: Bacci T. , Borgioli F. , Tesi B.
Published: January 2014

The high reactivity that titanium and its alloys show with respect to nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon allows them to be used to improve the poor wear resistance of these materials. Nitriding and oxidising are two of the most widely used techniques for surface alloying with nitrogen and oxygen, as they produce modified surface layers characterised by improved hardness and wear resistance. A study of contemporary glow discharge nitriding and oxidising treatments was carried out with the purpose of evaluating the effect of oxygen introduced into the atmosphere of the nitriding process. Oxynitriding treatments were performed on Ti–6Al–4 V alloy specimens in atmospheres with variable contents of nitrogen and oxygen (0–21 vol.-%02) at four different temperatures (973, 1073, 1123, and 1173 K). Treated specimens showed a modified surface layer, constituted by an outer compound layer and an innerdiffusion layer: the characteristics of these layers depend on treatment temperature and gas composition. The compound layer consisted essentially of TiO2 and TiNxOy, though Ti2N was also present when treatment was performed with low oxygen concentrations (<3 vol.-%02) The diffusion layer was constituted mainly by interstitial rich (α-Ti crystals. It should be noted that the presence of oxygen in the treatment atmosphere leads to thicker diffusion layers characterised by higher hardness values (up to 1300 HK) and smoother hardness gradients in comparison with results obtained by means of the plasma nitriding process.
Painful ophthalmoplegia with normal cranial imaging
Authors: Hung Chih-Hsien , Chang Kuo-Hsuan , Chu Chun-Che , Liao Ming-Feng , Chang Hong-Shiu , Lyu Rong-Kuo , Wu Yi-Ming , Chen Yao-Liang , Lai Chiou-Lian , Tseng Hsiao-Jung , Ro Long-Sun
Published: January 2014

Background

Painful ophthalmoplegia with normal cranial imaging is rare and confined to limited etiologies. In this study, we aimed to elucidate these causes by evaluating clinical presentations and treatment responses.

Methods

Cases of painful ophthalmoplegia with normal cranial MRI at a single center between January 2001 and June 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Diagnoses of painful ophthalmoplegia were made according to the recommendations of the International Headache Society.

Results

Of the 58 painful ophthalmoplegia cases (53 patients), 26 (44.8%) were diagnosed as ocular diabetic neuropathy, 27 (46.6%) as benign Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS), and 5 (8.6%) as ophthalmoplegic migraine (OM). Patients with ocular diabetic neuropathy were significantly older (62.8 ± 7.8 years) than those with benign THS (56.3 ±12.0 years) or OM (45.8 ± 23.0 years) (p < 0.05). Cranial nerve involvement was similar among groups. Pupil sparing was dominant in each group. Patients with benign THS and OM responded exquisitely to glucocorticoid treatment with resolved diplopia, whereas patients with ocular diabetic neuropathy didn’t (p < 0.05). Patients with OM recovered more rapidly than the other groups did (p < 0.05). Overall, most patients (94.8%) recovered completely during the follow-up period.

Conclusions

Ocular diabetic neuropathy and benign THS accounted for most of the painful ophthalmoplegias in patients with normal cranial imaging. Patient outcomes were generally good.
Accuracy of 16/18G core needle biopsy for ultrasound-visible breast lesions
Authors: Zhou Jie-Ying , Tang Jie , Wang Zhi-Li , Lv Fa-Qin , Luo Yu-Kun , Qin Hong-Zhen , Liu Mei
Published: January 2014

Background

To assess the accuracy of ultrasound-guided 16G or 18G core needle biopsy (CNB) for ultrasound-visible breast lesions, and to analyze the effects of lesion features.

Methods

Between July 2005 and July 2012, 4,453 ultrasound-detected breast lesions underwent ultrasound-guided CNB and were retrospectively reviewed. Surgical excision was performed for 955 lesions (566 with 16G CNB and 389 with 18G CNB) which constitute the basis of the study. Histological findings were compared between the ultrasound-guided CNB and the surgical excision to determine sensitivity, false-negative rate, agreement rate, and underestimation rate, according to different lesion features.

Results

Final pathological results were malignant in 84.1% (invasive carcinoma, ductal carcinoma in situ, lymphoma, and metastases), high-risk in 8.4% (atypical lesions, papillary lesions, and phyllodes tumors), and benign in 7.5%. False-negative rates were 1.4% for 16G and 18G CNB. Agreement rates between histological findings of CNB and surgery were 92.4% for 16G and 92.8% for 18G CNB. Overall underestimate rates (high-risk CNB becoming malignant on surgery and ductal carcinoma in situ becoming invasive carcinoma) were 47.4% for 16G and 48.9% for 18G CNB. Agreements were better for mass lesions (16G: 92.7%; 18G: 93.7%) than for non-mass lesions (16G, 85.7%; 18G, 78.3%) (P <0.01). For mass lesions with a diameter ≤10 mm, the agreement rates (16G, 83.3%; 18G, 86.7%) were lower (P <0.01).

Conclusions

Ultrasound-guided 16G and 18G CNB are accurate for evaluating ultrasound-visible breast mass lesions with a diameter >10 mm.
Best proximity point results for modified Suzuki α-ψ-proximal contractions
Authors: Hussain Nawab , Latif Abdul , Salimi Peyman
Published: January 2014

In this paper, we introduce a modified Suzuki α-ψ-proximal contraction. Then we establish certain best proximity point theorems for such proximal contractions in metric spaces. As an application, we deduce best proximity and fixed point results in partially ordered metric spaces. The results presented generalize and improve various known results from best proximity and fixed point theory. Moreover, some examples are given to illustrate the usability of the obtained results.

MSC:46N40, 47H10, 54H25, 46T99.
An algorithm for finding common solutions of various problems in nonlinear operator theory
Authors: Ofoedu Eric U , Odumegwu Jonathan N , Zegeye Habtu , Shahzad Naseer
Published: January 2014

In this paper, it is our aim to prove strong convergence of a new iterative algorithm to a common element of the set of solutions of a finite family of classical equilibrium problems; a common set of zeros of a finite family of inverse strongly monotone operators; the set of common fixed points of a finite family of quasi-nonexpansive mappings; and the set of common fixed points of a finite family of continuous pseudocontractive mappings in Hilbert spaces on assumption that the intersection of the aforementioned sets is not empty. Moreover, the common element is shown to be the metric projection of the initial guess on the intersection of these sets.

MSC:47H06, 47H09, 47J05, 47J25.
Acid Evoked Thermal Hyperalgesia Involves Peripheral P2Y1 Receptor Mediated TRPV1 Phosphorylation in a Rodent Model of Thrombus Induced Ischemic Pain
Authors: Kwon Soon-Gu , Roh Dae-Hyun , Yoon Seo-Yeon , Moon Ji-Young , Choi Sheu-Ran , Choi Hoon-Seong , Kang Suk-Yun , Han Ho-Jae , Beitz Alvin J , Oh Seog Bae , Lee Jang-Hern
Published: January 2014

Background:

We previously developed a thrombus-induced ischemic pain (TIIP) animal model, which was characterized by chronic bilateral mechanical allodynia without thermal hyperalgesia (TH). On the other hand we had shown that intraplantar injection of acidic saline facilitated ATP-induced pain, which did result in the induction of TH in normal rats. Because acidic pH and increased ATP are closely associated with ischemic conditions, this study is designed to: (1) examine whether acidic saline injection into the hind paw causes the development of TH in TIIP, but not control, animals; and (2) determine which peripheral mechanisms are involved in the development of this TH.

Results:

Repeated intraplantar injection of pH 4.0 saline, but not pH 5.5 and 7.0 saline, for 3 days following TIIP surgery resulted in the development of TH. After pH 4.0 saline injections, protein levels of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) were elevated in the plantar muscle indicating that acidic stimulation intensified ischemic insults with decreased tissue acidity. At the same time point, there were no changes in the expression of TRPV1 in hind paw skin, whereas a significant increase in TRPV1 phosphorylation (pTRPV1) was shown in acidic saline (pH 4.0) injected TIIP (AS-TIIP) animals. Moreover, intraplantar injection of chelerythrine (a PKC inhibitor) and AMG9810 (a TRPV1 antagonist) effectively alleviated the established TH. In order to investigate which proton- or ATP-sensing receptors contributed to the development of TH, amiloride (an ASICs blocker), AMG9810, TNP-ATP (a P2Xs antagonist) or MRS2179 (a P2Y1 antagonist) were pre-injected before the pH 4.0 saline. Only MRS2179 significantly prevented the induction of TH, and the increased pTRPV1 ratio was also blocked in MRS2179 injected animals.

Conclusion:

Collectively these data show that maintenance of an acidic environment in the ischemic hind paw of TIIP rats results in the phosphorylation of TRPV1 receptors via a PKC-dependent pathway, which leads to the development of TH mimicking what occurs in chronic ischemic patients with severe acidosis. More importantly, peripheral P2Y1 receptors play a pivotal role in this process, suggesting a novel peripheral mechanism underlying the development of TH in these patients.
Whole-genome sequencing of matched primary and metastatic hepatocellular carcinomas
Authors: Ouyang Limei , Lee Jeeyun , Park Cheol-Keun , Mao Mao , Shi Yujian , Gong Zhuolin , Zheng Hancheng , Li Yingrui , Zhao Yonggang , Wang Guangbiao , Fu Huiling , Kim Jhingook , Lim Ho Yeong
Published: January 2014

Background

To gain biological insights into lung metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we compared the whole-genome sequencing profiles of primary HCC and paired lung metastases.

Methods

We used whole-genome sequencing at 33X-43X coverage to profile somatic mutations in primary HCC (HBV+) and metachronous lung metastases (> 2 years interval).

Results

In total, 5,027-13,961 and 5,275-12,624 somatic single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) were detected in primary HCC and lung metastases, respectively. Generally, 38.88-78.49% of SNVs detected in metastases were present in primary tumors. We identified 65–221 structural variations (SVs) in primary tumors and 60–232 SVs in metastases. Comparison of these SVs shows very similar and largely overlapped mutated segments between primary and metastatic tumors. Copy number alterations between primary and metastatic pairs were also found to be closely related. Together, these preservations in genomic profiles from liver primary tumors to metachronous lung metastases indicate that the genomic features during tumorigenesis may be retained during metastasis.

Conclusions

We found very similar genomic alterations between primary and metastatic tumors, with a few mutations found specifically in lung metastases, which may explain the clinical observation that both primary and metastatic tumors are usually sensitive or resistant to the same systemic treatments.
The optimum conditions for synthesis of Fe3O4/ZnO core/shell magnetic nanoparticles for photodegradation of phenol
Authors: Nikazar Manouchehr , Alizadeh Mehriana , Lalavi Reza , Rostami Mohammad Hossein
Published: January 2014

The photocatalysis of phenol was studied using Fe3O4/ZnO core/shell magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The photocatalysts were synthesized by coating of ZnO onto the magnetite by precipitation method and characterized by XRD, SEM and FTIR measurements. Using the Taguchi method, this study analyzes the effect of parameters such as calcinations time, calcinations temperature and molar ratio of Fe3O4:ZnO on the photo activity of Fe3O4/ZnO MNPs. XRD and FTIR analysis confirm that coating process was done successfully. SEM images show that the average particle size of synthesized Fe3O4/ZnO nanoparticles was about 50 nm. The phenol removal efficiency of 88% can be achieved by using a photocatalyst which is synthesized through the optimum conditions: calcinations temperature of 550°C, calcinations time of 2 hours and molar ratio of 1:10 for Fe3O4:ZnO.
Crystal Structure and Characterization of Trinuclear Cobalt(III) Complex with 2,3,6,7,10,11-Hexahydroxytriphenylene
Authors: Suenaga Yusaku , Inada Honami , Inomata Masataka , Yamaguchi Ryotaro , Okubo Takashi , Maekawa Masahiko , Kuroda-Sowa Takayoshi
Published: January 2014

Trinuclear Co(III) complex [CoIII3(tpa)3(L)](BF4)4 (tpa: tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine, H6L: 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene) is prepared from methanol solution. Single-crystal structure analysis revealed that the valency of the three cobalt ions is +3 and that the tris(dioxolene) bridging ligand is formally in the −5 [cat,cat,sq] oxidation state. This complex is stable in the entire temperature range investigated. Various-temperature magnetic susceptibility data for the compound displayed little variation in the range 2–300 K, and the reason caused the distinct charge distribution on Co–L (L: bridging ligand) by the natural rigidity of the tripodal ligands. Also, its CH3CN solution exhibits a very strong NIR absorption arising from an internal ligand transition within the triphenylene ligand. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements in CH3CN solution show three reversible cat–sq redox waves for the triphenylene ligand.
The system of training for tourism in Austria
Authors: Грайн Эберхард , Grayn Eberkhard , Сахарчук Елена , Sakharchuk Elena
Published: January 2014

The paper analyzes the structure and content of the education model in the tourism sector in Austria.

The most important characteristics of the profile of tourism education are identified; “through” systemic

nature, allowing the implementation of the principle of continuity of educational levels; practical orientation

of these forms of educational activities, such as dual training or education at the institutes of applied sciences

or in the form of part-time vocational school (before allowing the employment of graduates); a wide range of

educational trajectories based on the modular structure of the course format; a comprehensive approach to

solving the profile of tourism education; the enabling horizontal and vertical development of competencies;

focused training for various groups of educational and career-oriented activities at all educational levels.

The most important characteristics of the Austrian education system in the tourism sector can be further used

in the comparative analysis of Western European models to determine the invariant parameters of effective

systems of professional education.
nab-Paclitaxel Plus Gemcitabine Regimen for Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Porter Courtney E. , Waddell J. Aubrey , Solimando Dominic A.
Published: January 2014

The complexity of cancer chemotherapy requires pharmacists be familiar with the complicated regimens and highly toxic agents used. This column reviews various issues related to preparation, dispensing, and administration of antineoplastic therapy, and the agents, both commercially available and investigational, used to treat malignant diseases.
Extensive Scalp Angioedema following High-Dose Diphenylcyclopropenone for Alopecia Areata
Authors: Buchanan Rachel , Huynh Gloria , Tanner Jason
Published: January 2014

Objective

To describe a case of an unusual adverse drug reaction to diphenylcyclopropenone for the treatment of alopecia areata.

Case summary

A 31-year-old Caucasian male presented with extensive angioedema to the head with neck involvement 10 days following treatment with diphenylcyclopropenone 2% solution in acetone topically on his scalp to treat alopecia areata. Findings on patient presentation included edema of the soft tissues (deeper dermis and subcutaneous tissue) of the head and face with mild neck involvement, acute inflammatory changes from chemical-induced irritation, scalp erythema, and serous fluid drainage from inflamed and fissured edematous scalp. Acute treatments used for control of the reaction included intravenous steroids and antihistamines during hospitalization followed by oral steroids and antihistamines for maintenance during outpatient treatment of the resolving condition.

Discussion

The role of topical diphenylcyclopropenone in this case of alopecia areata is probable according to the Naranjo criteria, with a score of 8. Diphenylcyclopropenone is not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, but it has been used by many clinicians for the treatment of alopecia areata. Diphenylcyclopropenone causes an allergic contact dermatitis in the area of hair loss. In general, diphenylcyclopropenone is applied at a high concentration of 2% once and then at lower concentrations once weekly after the sensitization dose. This patient applied the 2% concentration on multiple consecutive days.

Conclusion

Frequent use of topical diphenylcyclopropenone 2% applied to the scalp may cause scalp angioedema.
Measuring Change in Health-System Pharmacy over 50 Years: “Reflecting” on the Mirror, Part II
Authors: Weber Robert J. , Stevenson James G. , White Sara J.
Published: January 2014

The Director's Forum guides pharmacy leaders in establishing patient-centered services in hospitals and health systems. 2013 marked the 50th anniversary of the publication of the Mirror to Hospital Pharmacy, which was a comprehensive study of hospital pharmacy services in the United States. This iconic textbook was co-authored by Donald Francke, Clifton J. Latiolais, Gloria N. Francke, and Norman Ho. The Mirror's results profiled hospital pharmacy of the 1950s; these results established goals for the profession in 6 paradigms: (1) professional philosophy and ethics; (2) scientific and technical expansion of health-system pharmacy; (3) development of administrative and managerial acumen; (4) increased practice competence; (5) wage and salary commensurate with professional responsibilities; and (6) health-system pharmacy as a vehicle for advancing the profession as a whole. This article critically reviews our progress on the last of 3 goals. An understanding of the profession's progress on these goals since the seminal work of the Mirror provides directors of pharmacy a platform from which to develop strategies to enhance patient-centered pharmacy services.
Estimating Parents’ Valuations of Class Size Reductions Using Attrition in the Tennessee STAR Experiment
Authors: Rohlfs Chris , Zilora Melanie
Published: January 2014

This study estimates parents’ valuations of small classes by examining the effects of randomly assigned class type on the decision to remove one’s child from the Tennessee Student Teacher Achievement Ratio experiment, using a new hedonic estimation strategy that estimates the cash payment that would be required to generate the same difference in attrition rates as was observed between treatment and control groups. In 2010 dollars, our preferred estimates indicate that parents on the margin of sending their children to private schools valued small classes at $2,000–$18,000 per year relative to a cost of $3,000 per student year.
Oxalic acid production and metal removal during fungal degradation of CCA-treated wood in nutrient culture
Authors: Choi Yong-Seok , Kim Jae-Jin , Yoshimura Tsuyoshi , Kim Gyu-Hyeok
Published: January 2014

The objective of this study was to evaluate characteristics of oxalic acid (OA) production and metal removal during degradation of CCA-treated wood in nutrient culture by brown-rot fungi. Two brown-rot fungi, Crustoderma sp. and Fomitopsis palustris extensively degraded the CCA-treated wood, causing mass losses (MLs) up to 49.0% and 43.5%, respectively, while these fungi produced OA during degradation up to 21.3 mg g-1 and 43.8 mg g-1, respectively. Antrodia vaillantii and Polyporales sp. produced OA up to 28.9 mg g-1 and 29.8 mg g-1, respectively, with <3% ML. Fomitopsis palustris with the highest OA production removed effectively 87.5% As and 86.0% Cr during degradation of the treated wood. Antrodia vaillantii and an unknown Polyporales sp. showed notable As removal rates of 90.3% and 88.9%, respectively, and 81.0–83.9% Cr removal. However, only moderate amounts of Cu (40.8%) were extracted by the fungi investigated. The conclusion is that OA production by brown-rot fungi can be partially associated with removal of Cr and As during fungal degradation of CCA-treated wood.
Edith Stein’s Critique of Sociality in the Early Heidegger
Authors: Orr James
Published: January 2014

Heidegger’s jeremiads against metaphysics are amongst the most influential and iconoclastic in the annals of continental philosophy; and none is more trenchant than the Destruktion of Descartes’ ontology of self with which Sein und Zeit begins. Yet for all the intellectual energy he expends on attempting to uncover the social texture of Dasein’s being-in-the-world, many remain convinced that Heidegger simply transposes the Cartesian ego into a phenomenological key. One of the first thinkers to arouse these suspicions was an erstwhile colleague of Heidegger, the Jewish-born phenomenologist and Carmelite spiritual writer, Edith Stein, in an unjustly neglected work, Martin Heideggers Existentialphilosophie. What sets Stein’s critique apart from more influential treatments is that in the course of diagnosing weaknesses in Heidegger’s account from within his own methodological constraints, she reaches some strikingly theological conclusions. The task of the present study is to offer an assessment of her dissection of the status and function of sociality in the Daseinsanalytik. After setting out Stein’s early phenomenology of empathy, I examine Stein’s argument that Heidegger’s tacit and mistaken appeal to theological categories ironically collapses his account of sociality back into the very subjectivism his Destruktion had been directed against. I conclude that Stein deftly reverses Heidegger’s strategy of atheological expropriation strategies by taking up a central theme in his own thought to articulate the theological unity of all finite existents. For Stein, unity at the level of fundamental ontology is most plausibly analysed by reference to the creaturely participation in the plenitude of Trinitarian being.
Coupling G2/M arrest to the Wnt/β-catenin pathway restrains pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Sarkar Sayantani , Mandal Chandan , Sangwan Rajender , Mandal Chitra
Published: January 2014

β-catenin plays a pivotal role in organogenesis and oncogenesis. Alterations in β-catenin expression are common in pancreatic cancer, which is an extremely aggressive malignancy with a notably poor prognosis. In this report, we analyzed the apoptotic activity of withanolide-D (witha-D), a steroidal lactone that was purified from an Indian medicinal plant,Withania somnifera, and its underlying mechanism of action. Witha-D induced apoptosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells by prompting cell-cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. This lactone abrogated β-catenin signaling in these cells regardless of disease grade, mutational status, and gemcitabine sensitivity. Witha-D also upregulated E-cadherin in most cells, thereby supporting the inversion of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, the Akt/Gsk3β kinase cascade was identified as a critical mediator of G2/M regulation and β-catenin signaling. Witha-D deactivated Akt, which failed to promote Gsk3β deactivation phosphorylation. Consequently, activated Gsk3β facilitated β-catenin destruction in pancreatic carcinoma cells. The knockdown of Chk1 and Chk2 further activated Akt and reversed the molecular signal. Taken together, the results of the current study represent the first evidence of β-catenin signal crosstalk during the G2/M phase by functionally inactivating Akt via witha-D treatment in pancreatic cancer cells. In conclusion, this finding suggests the potential identification of a new lead molecule in the treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
A particle–water based model for water retention hysteresis
Authors: Gan Y. , Maggi F. , Buscarnera G. , Einav I.
Published: January 2014

A particle–water discrete element based approach to describe water movement in partially saturated granular media is presented and tested. Water potential is governed by both capillary bridges, dominant at low saturations, and the pressure of entrapped air, dominant at high saturations. The approach captures the hysteresis of water retention during wetting and drainage by introducing the local evolution of liquid–solid contact angles at the level of pores and grains. Extensive comparisons against experimental data are presented. While these are made without the involvement of any fitting parameters, the method demonstrates relative high success by achieving a correlation coefficient of at least 82%, and mostly above 90%. For the tested materials with relatively mono-disperse grain size, the hysteresis of water retention during cycles of wetting and drainage has been shown to arise from the dynamics of solid–liquid contact angles as a function of local liquid volume changes.
Using vertebrate prey capture locations to identify cover type selection patterns of nocturnally foraging Burrowing Owls
Authors: Marsh Alan , Bayne Erin M. , Wellicome Troy I.
Published: January 2014

Studies of habitat selection often measure an animal's use of space via radiotelemetry or GPS‐based technologies. Such data tend to be analyzed using a resource selection function, despite the fact that the actual resources acquired are typically not recorded. Without explicit proof of resource use, conclusions from RSF models are based on assumptions regarding an animal's behavior and the resources gained. Conservation initiatives are often based on space‐use models, and could be detrimental to the target species if these assumptions are incorrect. We used GPS dataloggers and digital video recorders to determine precise locations where nocturnally foraging Burrowing Owls acquired food resources (vertebrate prey). We compared land cover type selection patterns using a presence‐only resource selection function (RSF) to a model that incorporated prey capture locations (CRSF). We also compared net prey returns in each cover type to better measure reward relative to foraging effort. The RSF method did not reflect prey capture patterns and cover‐type rankings from this model were quite different from models that used only locations where prey was known to have been obtained. Burrowing Owls successfully foraged across all cover types; however, return vs. effort models indicate that different cover types were of higher quality than those identified using resource selection functions. Conclusions about the type of resources acquired should not be made from RSF‐style models without evidence that the actual resource of interest was acquired. Conservation efforts based on RSF models alone may be ineffective or detrimental to the target species if the limiting resource and where it is acquired are not properly identified.
THE USAGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FOR EVALUATION OF ANIMAL WELFARE
Authors: Smutný Luboš , Smutná Šárka , Kindlová Jana , Šoch Miloslav , Škeřík Václav , Zábranský Luboš
Published: January 2014

up to date information systems collect data from technological process, facts about production, reproduction and health of animals. On the base of all figures of these measurable values and evaluation of observable characteristics we can do the classification of the total rate of animal welfare. Physical activity of animals is affected by many factors during the day, especially satisfying basic needs, i.e. feed intake, social manifestations, etc. Vitalimeter is recording physical activity of the animal, including the type of movement, standing and lying time, number of leap.
Distributed Energy Balance Clustering Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Wang Yang
Published: January 2014

The traditional clustering algorithm of Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) does not care about the residual energy of the cluster heads and the distance relationship of each node in the wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Each new round the cluster head is changed without any concern about the residual energy of the current cluster head, and the nodes join into a new cluster head without concern about the distance factor and the residual energy factor of all nodes in WSNs. To solve these problems in LEACH, this paper puts forward a distributed energy balance clustering algorithm, which takes into full consideration the residual energy of the cluster heads and the distance relationship between the base station and the cluster heads. The experimental results indicate that the proposed distributed energy balance clustering algorithm can prolong the lifetime of the networks more than LEACH, and the number of messages for selecting a new cluster head at the same time can be greatly reduced, which proves it as more suitable for practical applications.
N-Dimensional Binary Vector Spaces
Authors: Arai Kenichi , Okazaki Hiroyuki
Published: January 2014

The binary set {0, 1} together with modulo-2 addition and multiplication is called a binary field, which is denoted by F2. The binary field F2 is defined in [1]. A vector space over F2 is called a binary vector space. The set of all binary vectors of length n forms an n-dimensional vector space Vn over F2. Binary fields and n-dimensional binary vector spaces play an important role in practical computer science, for example, coding theory [15] and cryptology. In cryptology, binary fields and n-dimensional binary vector spaces are very important in proving the security of cryptographic systems [13]. In this article we define the n-dimensional binary vector space Vn. Moreover, we formalize some facts about the n-dimensional binary vector space Vn.
Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of melittin in honeybee venom and drug products containing honeybee venom
Authors: Haghi Ghasem , Hatami Alireza , Mehran Mehdi
Published: January 2014

A reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP -HPLC ) method was developed and validated for the analysis of honeybee venom samples and drug products containing honeybee venom. The validation parameters were linearity, sensitivity, precision, and recovery. Melittin is the main component of honeybee venom was extracted with pure water, and then evaluated by RP -HPLC with a photodiode array (PDA ) detector. Separation of the samples was achieved on a Europa Protein C18 column with linear gradient elution of acetonitrile and 0.4% phosphoric acid at 25°C. There was a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Detection was set at 220 nm. Limits of detection (LOD ) and quantification (LO Q) for melittin were 1.1 and 3.2 μg/mL, respectively. The amount of melittin in honeybee venom samples ranged from 21.9 to 66.4 %.
Bee fauna potential visitors of coriander flowers Coriandrum sativum L. (Apiaceae) in the Mitidja area (Algeria)
Authors: Bendifallah Leila , Louadi Kamel , Doumandji Salaheddin
Published: January 2014

Coriander Coriandrum sativum L. (Apiaceae) is a year-round condiment and aromatic Mediterranean plant. It is cultivated in several countries in North Africa, in Europe, and Western Asia. In the El Harrach area of Algiers, the insect fauna visiting crop flowers includes Diptera (Syrphidae), Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera such as Chrysididae, Vespoidea, and Apoidea (Bees). The latter super-family comprises the majority of insect pollinators. Visiting bees belong to four families: Apidae, Andrenidae, Halictidae, and Colletidae. The main visitors are honeybees and six species of Andrenidae: Andrena flavipes, Andrena thoracica, Andrena lagopus, Andrena bimaculata, Andrena discors, and Andrena cinerea elliptica. The three species Andrena lagopus, Andrena bimaculata, and Andrena cinerea elliptica have 100% pollinating visits while Apis mellifera has only 63%. Andrena cinerea elliptica is the most frequent and the most abundant species.
PROTEASE INHIBITOR FROM THE CRUDE EXTRACT OF PLANT SEEDS AFFECTS THE DIGESTIVE PROTEASES IN HYPHANTRIA CUNEA (LEP.: ARCTIIDAE)
Authors: Aghaali Negar , Ghadamyari Mohammad , Hosseininaveh Vahid , Riseh Nasir Saberi
Published: January 2014

Proteases are one of the most important digestive enzymes in the midgut of Hyphantria cunea Drury. Proteases are responsible for protein digestion. In the present study, we evaluated the efficiency of some plant inhibitors on proteases in the gut of the H. cunea. Last instar larvae were collected from mulberry trees. The digestive system of the larvae was used as an enzyme source. The total proteolytic and trypsin activity were assessed by the hemoglobin and BApNA, respectively, as the substrate. The evaluation of the total proteolytic and trypsin activities in various pHs showed the highest relative activity at a pH of 11. Also, the inhibitory effect of inhibitors extracted from Alhagi maurorum Medik., Lathyrus sativus L., Vicia faba L., Prosopis farcta (Banks & Sol.) Eig., and Panicum miliaceum L. on the digestive protease of the fall webworm was measured. Protease inhibitors extracted from A. maurorum, P. farcta and P. miliaceum showed negligible inhibition but L. sativus was able to inhibit 34.72% and 100% of the total activity of proteolytic and trypsin, respectively. Also, the total proteolytic and trypsin activities were inhibited by the inhibitor from V. faba, at 22.27% and 100%, respectively. The zymogram pattern of trypsin with nitro-cellulose membranes showed 2 isoforms in the gut of H. cunea. The inhibitor from L. sativus completely inhibited both isoforms. Gel electrophoresis of proteolitytic activity revealed at least 6 isoforms the inhibitor extracted from L. sativus; completely inhibiting some of them. The inhibitor from L. sativus was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel-filtration. The molecular mass of the inhibitor was determined as 45 kDa. The highest inhibition of trypsin activity by the inhibitor from L. sativus occurred at a pH of 10. The stability of the inhibitor from L. sativus was evaluated at different pHs and temperatures. The results showed that the inhibitor from L. sativus was stable at a pH of 11.0, and showed 45% inhibition on trypsin activity at a pH of 11. Also, this inhibitor revealed stability up to 50°C.
EVALUATION OF THE INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF THREE EUCALYPTUS SPECIES CULTIVATED IN IRAN, AGAINST HYPHANTRIA CUNEA DRURY (LEPIDOPTERA: ARCTIIDAE)
Authors: Ebadollahi Asgar , Rahimi-Nasrabadi Mehdi , Batooli Hossein , Geranmayeh Jafar
Published: January 2014

In the current study, the larvicidal activity of leaf essential oils from three eucalyptus species (Eucalyptus largiflorens Meull, Eucalyptus oleosa Meull, and Eucalyptus spathulata Hook) against American white moth, Hyphantria cunea Drury 1773 (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), was investigated. Mortality was recorded daily for three days after treatment. Leaf disc bioassays revealed that all three oils had strong insecticidal activity on the experimental insects insofar as 50% lethal concentrations (LC50) for E. oleosa, E. spathulata, and E. largiflorens at 24 h exposure time were 0.36, 0.61, and 1.24%, respectively. The time needed to kill 50% (LT50) values were calculated as 9.09 h with E. largiflorens, 11.03 h with E. oleosa, and 13.03 h with E. spathulata at the highest concentrations (2.5% for E. largiflorens, 2% for E. oleosa, and 2.5% for E. spathulata). Based on probit analysis, an increase in the susceptibility of the insect was associated with an increase in the different concentrations of all oils and the increase in the time of exposure. The results of this study show that leaf essential oils of E. largiflorens, E. oleosa, and E. spathulata might be considered as a potent source for the production of fine natural larvicides.
SCAFFOLDING THE WRITING COMPONENT OF THE ENGLISH FOR LAW SYLLABUS AT UNIVERSITY
Authors: Łuczak Aleksandra
Published: January 2014

The present paper is intended to be a practical guide for teachers who need to run writing for law classes for pre-experienced law students with no or little experience of academic or legal writing. It provides the teachers with advice on how to teach students to draft modern documents by sequencing and selecting the content that reflects the needs of practising lawyers. It shows how legal writing stems from academic and general writing. Overlapping or common elements of academic and legal writing are identified and sequenced in order to create an introductory base for writing for legal purposes.

Types of texts that lawyers draft have been selected and used as the scaffold- ing for writing tasks specially designed to suit the students’ proficiency and expertise.