bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time Has Come for Routine Penicillin Allergy Testing in Obstetrics
Authors: Cook Elizabeth , Ramirez Mildred , Turrentine Mark
Published: February 2020

Objective This study evaluates penicillin allergy during pregnancy to estimate the proportion that could benefit from penicillin allergy testing.

Study Design Retrospective cohort study of women with penicillin allergy that delivered from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018.

Results Among 6,321 deliveries, 446 (7%) were identified with penicillin allergy. Nine percent (41/446) had no documentation of allergy severity. Allergies associated with intolerance, low, moderate, or high risk of anaphylaxis were reported in 6% (25/446), 40% (177/446), 32% (142/446), and 14% (61/446), respectively. Nearly 74% (330/446) received an antibiotic either antepartum, at delivery, or within 6 weeks of postpartum. The majority of women, 81% (360/446) (i.e., undocumented reactions, low, or moderate risk of anaphylaxis) would have been eligible for penicillin allergy testing. Greater appropriate utilization of antibiotics occurred in women with a high 80% (39/49) or moderate risk of anaphylaxis 70% (79/112) versus low risk of anaphylaxis 55% (64/117), history of intolerance 40% (8/20), or undocumented reaction 19% (6/32), p ≤ 0.01.

Conclusion Most women who report a penicillin allergy during pregnancy would be candidates for penicillin allergy testing. With the high rate of antibiotic interventions in pregnant women who report a penicillin allergy, consideration should be given for penicillin allergy assessment.
Comparison of Two Breastfeeding Positions on Maternal Comfort and Infant Feeding Behaviors through Video Teaching among Postnatal Mothers
Authors: D'Souza Smitha , Thomas Timi , Paul Shynee
Published: February 2020

Introduction Breastfeeding is not a choice but it is a responsibility. While breastfeeding may not seem the right choice for every parent, it is the best choice for every baby. Antenatal education motivates the mothers who are undergoing Cesarean section to prepare themselves, so as to establish a wonderful efficient latch. The aim of this study was to conclude which breastfeeding position may be the best choice for the mother with Caesarean section. The objectives of the study were (1) to identify the maternal comfort and infant feeding behaviors in groups 1 and 2, (2) to compare the maternal comfort and infant feeding behaviors between the groups, and (3) to find the association between maternal comforts with selected demographic characteristics. The literature also very well supports that especially the mothers with Cesarean section achieve very good maternal comfort, greater satisfaction, and favorable infant feeding behaviors in side-lying position. Thus, the researcher attempts to compare the cradle hold and side-lying breastfeeding position in terms of maternal comfort and efficient latch.

Materials and Methods An evaluative research approach was used and the design selected for the study was quasiexperimental for two groups posttest only. Sample comprised of 70 antenatal mothers with elective Cesarean section (35 in each group) admitted at K.S. Hegde Hospital in Deralakatte, Mangalore. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the samples. Data were collected by using demographic proforma, maternal comfort rating scale, and infant behavior checklist.

Results The results of the study shows that there was significant difference in the mean posttest scores between cradle hold and side-lying breastfeeding position. Mothers from the side-lying breastfeeding position group showed higher maternal comfort, mean posttest score, and favorable infant feeding behaviors than the cradle hold breastfeeding position. The independent sample t test revealed that the calculated t value for maternal comfort and infant feeding behaviors within the group and between the group less than the table value t (0.05, 68 = −2.042).

Conclusion This study explores that mothers with Cesarean section show greater maternal comfort and favorable infant feeding behaviors in side-lying breastfeeding position between the groups and within the groups than the cradle hold.
Analysis of current–voltage characteristics for Langmuir probes immersed in an ion beam
Authors: Sartori E. , Candeloro V. , Serianni G.
Published: February 2020

Movable electrical probes were used to diagnose the beam flux profile and potential of ion beams since the early 1960s. Experimental measurements of beam plasmas can provide essential data related to the space charge neutralization, but the current–voltage characteristics obtained from such electrical probes are dominated by beam ion impact and ion-induced secondary emission. In this work, we present an analysis of the Langmuir characteristics obtained in a negative ion beam. We identify and discuss separately the contributions to the collected current given by secondary plasma ions and electrons, stripped electrons, beam ions, and ion-induced secondary electron emission. We present the beam plasma parameters obtained at different beam energies in NIO1.
Construction and operation of a tabletop system for nanoscale magnetometry with single nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond
Authors: Misonou Daiki , Sasaki Kento , Ishizu Shuntaro , Monnai Yasuaki , Itoh Kohei M. , Abe Eisuke
Published: February 2020

A single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond is a prime candidate for a solid-state quantum magnetometer capable of detecting single nuclear spins with prospective application to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) at the nanoscale. Nonetheless, an NV magnetometer is still less accessible to many chemists and biologists as its experimental setup and operational principle are starkly different from those of conventional NMR. Here, we design, construct, and operate a compact tabletop-sized system for quantum sensing with a single NV center, built primarily from commercially available optical components and electronics. We show that our setup can implement state-of-the-art quantum sensing protocols that enable the detection of single 13C nuclear spins in diamond and the characterization of their interaction parameters, as well as the detection of a small ensemble of proton nuclear spins on the diamond surface. This article provides extensive discussions on the details of the setup and the experimental procedures, and our system will be reproducible by those who have not worked on the NV centers previously.
Overview of high intensity ion source development in the past 20 years at IMP
Authors: Sun L. , Zhao H. W. , Zhao H. Y. , Lu W. , Guo J. W. , Cao Y. , Wu Q. , Qian C. , Yang Y. , Fang X. , Zhang Z. M. , Zhang X. Z. , Guo X. H. , Liu Z. W.
Published: February 2020

Ion source development over the last 20 years at the IMP is reviewed. For versatile purposes, several types of ion sources have been involved in the research and development work at the IMP, i.e., the highly charged ECR (Electron Cyclotron Resonance) ion source, intense microwave ion source or the 2.45 GHz intense beam ECR ion source, and laser ion source (LIS). In the development of ECR ion sources, SECRAL (Superconducting ECR ion source with Advanced design in Lanzhou), Lanzhou ECR ion source, and Lanzhou all permanent magnet ECR ion source series have been made, which can cover the operation microwave frequency range of 10–28 GHz. The LIS with an Nd:YAG laser with a maximum output energy of 8 J in 8 ns pulse duration has been developed for very intense short pulse ion beams from solid materials such as C, Ti, Ni, Ag, and so on. Microwave ion sources have been built to produce intense pulsed or direct current beams from several mA to 100 mA for either high intensity accelerators or applications. This paper will give an overview of the high intensity ion source development at the IMP, especially on the recent progress and new results, such as the status of the fourth generation ECR ion source (first fourth generation ECR ion source), the production of recorded highly charged ion beams with SECRAL sources, key technology research studies, and so on.
A novel hybrid serial/parallel multi-frequency measurement method for impedance analysis in eddy current testing
Authors: Chen Ziqi , Salas-Avlia Jorge R. , Tao Yang , Yin Wuliang , Zhao Qian , Zhang Zhijie
Published: February 2020

This paper proposes a novel hybrid serial/parallel multi-frequency measurement method for measuring the impedance/inductance of eddy current sensors. Parallel multi-frequency measurement normally has a higher measurement speed, but a lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In contrast, serial multi-frequency (sweeping frequency) has a lower measurement speed, but a higher SNR. The method proposed in this paper can flexibly combine these two features to deliver the desired speed and SNR according to the requirements of a specific application. A system is designed using the proposed method based on a field-programmable gate array. The composite parallel excitation signal is generated by a direct digital synthesis module, and the received multi-frequency data are simultaneously demodulated by a digital I/Q demodulator. The system is applied to measure the impedance of an inductive sensor, and a good agreement between the measurements from a commercial impedance analyzer and the designed system has been found.
A numerical study for thermocapillary induced patterning of thin liquid films
Authors: Mohammadtabar Ali , Nazaripoor Hadi , Riad Adham , Hemmati Arman , Sadrzadeh Mohtada
Published: February 2020

The underlying mechanism of thermal induced patterning is investigated using a numerical phase-field model. Research on the subject has been mostly restricted to lubrication approximation, which is only valid for the cases that the initial film thickness is smaller than the characteristic wavelength of induced instabilities. Since the long-wave approximation is no longer valid in the later stages of pattern evolution, we employed the full governing equations of fluid flow and the thermally induced Marangoni effect to track the interface between the polymer film and the air bounding layer. Conducting a systematic study on the impact of influential parameters, we found that an increase in the temperature gradient, thermal conductivity ratio, and initial thickness of the thin film resulted in shorter processing time and faster pattern formation. Additionally, the contact angle between the polymer film and the bounding plates showed a significant effect on the shape of created features. Compared to the reported experimental observation by Dietzel and Troian [“Mechanism for spontaneous growth of nanopillar arrays in ultrathin films subject to a thermal gradient,” J. Appl. Phys. 108, 074308 (2010)], our numerical modeling provided a more accurate prediction of the characteristic wavelength against the linearized model currently used in the literature. The numerical findings in this study provide valuable insight into thermal-induced patterning, which can be a useful guide for future experimental works.
Motor execution reduces EEG signals complexity: Recurrence quantification analysis study
Authors: Pitsik Elena , Frolov Nikita , Hauke Kraemer K. , Grubov Vadim , Maksimenko Vladimir , Kurths Jürgen , Hramov Alexander
Published: February 2020

The development of new approaches to detect motor-related brain activity is key in many aspects of science, especially in brain–computer interface applications. Even though some well-known features of motor-related electroencephalograms have been revealed using traditionally applied methods, they still lack a robust classification of motor-related patterns. Here, we introduce new features of motor-related brain activity and uncover hidden mechanisms of the underlying neuronal dynamics by considering event-related desynchronization (ERD) of μ-rhythm in the sensorimotor cortex, i.e., tracking the decrease of the power spectral density in the corresponding frequency band. We hypothesize that motor-related ERD is associated with the suppression of random fluctuations of μ-band neuronal activity. This is due to the lowering of the number of active neuronal populations involved in the corresponding oscillation mode. In this case, we expect more regular dynamics and a decrease in complexity of the EEG signal recorded over the sensorimotor cortex. In order to support this, we apply measures of signal complexity by means of recurrence quantification analysis (RQA). In particular, we demonstrate that certain RQA quantifiers are very useful to detect the moment of movement onset and, therefore, are able to classify the laterality of executed movements.
Suppression of magnetoelectric effects in DyCrO4 by chemical doping
Authors: Shen Xudong , Zhou Long , Ye Xubin , Liu Zhehong , Liu Guangxiu , Qin Shijun , Guo Jia , Gao Lei , Chai Yisheng , Long Youwen
Published: February 2020

The scheelite-type DyCrO4 shows a large linear magnetoelectric effect and field-induced ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity. In this article, we investigate the Bi-doping effects on the crystal structure, magnetism, dielectric constant, and electric polarization for a Dy1−xBixCrO4 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1) solid solution. The substitution of Bi for Dy up to 10% does not change the structure and antiferromagnetic ordering temperature very much. However, it remarkably suppresses the magnetodielectric effect from 14% in the parent phase to 3.2% in the x = 0.1 sample. More sharply, the maximum field-induced electric polarization is reduced from 320 μC/m2 (x = 0) to 10 μC/m2 (x = 0.1). The results reveal that Dy plays a crucial role in the origin of the large linear magnetoelectric effect of DyCrO4, so chemical doping on this site provides an effective method to manipulate the magnetodielectric and magnetoelectric properties.
Sensing surface lattice strain with Kondo resonance of single Co adatom
Authors: Iwata Kota , Miyamachi Toshio , Minamitani Emi , Komori Fumio
Published: February 2020

Detection of lattice strain is crucial for various studies in a nanometer scale because it largely modifies the local electronic states and thus various physical and chemical properties. Here, we demonstrate that the Kondo effect in a single magnetic atom on a metal surface can be a quantum sensor for the local lattice strain. Using low-temperature scanning tunneling spectroscopy, we measured the Kondo resonance in a Co adatom on partially N-adsorbed Cu(001) surfaces, which consist of nanoislands of the Cu2N monolayer and the clean Cu(001) surface compressed by the surrounding Cu2N nanoislands. The observed Kondo temperature at the compressed clean surface depends on the area size of the surface, i.e., the strength of the local lattice strain. This behavior is attributed to the change in the distance between the Co adatom and Cu surface due to the surface lattice strain, which is supported by our density functional calculations. These results provide a way to detect the local strain on the sub-angstrom scale by using the sensitivity of quantum many-body effects.
Triangular shapes can be used to model fluid droplets
Authors: Bandari Anashe
Published: February 2020

The motion of a sliding deformation triangle reveals short- and long-term dynamics of elliptical droplets by considering a single relevant parameter.
A phylogenetic recircumscription of Styphelia (Ericaceae, Epacridoideae, Styphelieae)
Authors: Crayn Darren M. , Hislop Michael , Puente-Lelièvre Caroline
Published: February 2020

The taxonomic limits of Styphelia (Ericaceae, Epacridoideae, Styphelieae) have been contentious since the genus was first described. At one extreme, it has been circumscribed so broadly as to include most epacrids with drupaceous fruit, at the other, to include only those species that also have long-exserted anthers and styles. Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses have indicated that while all previous circumscriptions of Styphelia are non-monophyletic, a large clade (the Astroloma–Styphelia clade) is consistently well supported. This clade comprises Astroloma, in part (i.e. section Stomarrhena sensu Bentham), Coleanthera, Croninia, Leucopogon, in part (i.e. section Pleuranthus sensu Bentham) and Styphelia sensu Bentham. On the basis of those analyses, we here recircumscribe Styphelia phylogenetically to include all species belonging to the Styphelia–Astroloma clade. The 146 taxa occur mostly in Australia, with smaller numbers in New Zealand, New Caledonia (1 species extends to Fiji and Vanuatu) and Malesia. An additional 74 phrase-named taxa belong to this clade, including 70 from Western Australia and 4 from eastern Australia (all other Australian states and territories). The Styphelia floras of Western Australia, eastern Australia, New Caledonia and Malesia are each endemic or nearly so; 1 species (S. nesophila (DC.) Sleumer) is shared between New Zealand and eastern Australia, and 2 species (S. cordifolia (Lindl.) F.Muell. and S. woodsii (F.Muell.) F.Muell.) are shared between Western Australia and eastern Australia. An amended diagnosis of Styphelia is provided, new combinations are made for 25 taxa, and new names published for another 9. Lectotypes are designated for two names (Leucopogon brevicuspis Benth. and L. strictus Benth.) found to have taxonomically heterogeneous syntypes.
Automatic argumentation mining and the role of stance and sentiment
Authors: Stede Manfred
Published: February 2020

Argumentation mining is a subfield of Computational Linguistics that aims (primarily) at automatically finding arguments and their structural components in natural language text. We provide a short introduction to this field, intended for an audience with a limited computational background. After explaining the subtasks involved in this problem of deriving the structure of arguments, we describe two other applications that are popular in computational linguistics: sentiment analysis and stance detection. From the linguistic viewpoint, they concern the semantics of evaluation in language. In the final part of the paper, we briefly examine the roles that these two tasks play in argumentation mining, both in current practice, and in possible future systems.
A probabilistic assessment of the Indo-Aryan Inner–Outer Hypothesis
Authors: Cathcart Chundra A.
Published: February 2020

This paper uses a novel data-driven probabilistic approach to address the century-old Inner-Outer hypothesis of Indo-Aryan. I develop a Bayesian hierarchical mixed-membership model to assess the validity of this hypothesis using a large data set of automatically extracted sound changes operating between Old Indo-Aryan and Modern Indo-Aryan speech varieties. I employ different prior distributions in order to model sound change, one of which, the Logistic Normal distribution, has not received much attention in linguistics outside of Natural Language Processing, despite its many attractive features. I find evidence for cohesive dialect groups that have made their imprint on contemporary Indo-Aryan languages, and find that when a Logistic Normal prior is used, the distribution of dialect components across languages is largely compatible with a core-periphery pattern similar to that proposed under the Inner-Outer hypothesis.
Violence metaphors for cancer
Authors: Wackers Dunja Y. M. , Plug H. José , Steen Gerard J.
Published: February 2020

The use of violence metaphors for cancer has been widely criticised both in academic and non-academic contexts
(see Harrington, 2012; Semino et al., 2015).
Whereas previous research on violence metaphors for cancer has focused on the use and functions of these metaphors by and for
different stakeholder groups, no studies to date have examined the (various) arguments that are raised in public discourse that is
critical of said metaphors. Applying concepts from pragma-dialectical argumentation theory (Van Eemeren & Grootendorst, 1992), this paper sets out to analyse types of argumentation occurring in critical
public discussions of violence metaphors for cancer. Close argumentative analyses of actual discourse examples will be provided in
order to illustrate the differences between two types of argumentation in particular, i.e. pragmatic and symptomatic
argumentation.
A multifactorial analysis of metaphors in political discourse
Authors: Zeng Huiheng , Tay Dennis , Ahrens Kathleen
Published: February 2020

The rising prominence of women in politics has sparked a growing interest in comparing the language of male and female politicians. Many researchers have explored whether gender in politics has had an impact on their metaphor styles. While these studies have been oriented qualitatively and have concentrated on the two-way interaction between metaphor and gender, the possibility that metaphor and gender may interact with other additional factors is largely overlooked. This article adopts a quantitatively oriented approach complemented with textual analysis to explore potential multiple-way interactions between ‘metaphor’, ‘gender’, ‘speech section’ and ‘political role’ in political discourse. By conducting a case study of metaphor use in Hong Kong political speeches, we found evidence of gendered metaphors and their variability according to politicians’ political roles and different rhetorical sections in their speeches.
Insight to the residue in P2 position prevents the peptide inhibitor from being hydrolyzed by serine proteases
Authors: Xue Guangpu , Xie Xie , Zhou Yang , Yuan Cai , Huang Mingdong , Jiang Longguang
Published: February 2020

Peptidic inhibitors of proteases are attracting increasing interest not only as drug candidates but also for studying the function and regulation mechanisms of these enzymes. Previously, we screened out a cyclic peptide inhibitor of human uPA and found that Ala substitution of P2 residue turns upain-1 to a substrate. To further investigate the effect of P2 residue on the peptide behavior transformation, we constructed upain-1-W3F, which has Phe replacement in the P2 position. We determined KD and Ki of upain-1-W3F and found that upain-1-W3F might still exist as an inhibitor. Furthermore, the high-resolution crystal structure of upain-1-W3F·uPA reveals that upain-1-W3F indeed stays as an intact inhibitor bind to uPA. We thus propose that the P2 residue plays a nonnegligible role in the conversion of upain-1 to a substrate. These results also proposed a strategy to optimize the pharmacological properties of peptide-based drug candidates by hydrophobicity and steric hindrance.

Abbreviations : uPA: urokinase-type plasminogen activator; SPD: serine protease domain; S1 pocket: specific substrate-binding pocket
Integrated supply of stemwood and residual biomass to forest-based biorefineries
Authors: Joelsson  , Di Fulvio  , De La Fuente  , Bergström  , Athanassiadis
Published: February 2020

The demand for forest biomass as raw material for a wide range of products in the developing bioeconomy is expected to increase. Along with a constant pressure on forestry to increase its productivity, this development has led to the search for new procurement methods and new assortments.
The present study assessed innovative supply chain practices, with a particular focus on the integrated supply of stemwood and residual tree parts. The assortments considered included tree sections, long tops, saw logs with stump cores and small whole trees from thinnings. The assessment included
geographically explicit modelling of the supply chain operations and estimation of supply cost and energy use for three industrial locations in Northern Sweden. The innovative supply chains were compared to conventional, separate, harvest of stemwood and logging residues. We conclude that
integrated harvest of tops and branches with stemwood assortments, as well as whole-tree harvest in early thinnings, has a significant potential to reduce the supply cost for the non-stemwood assortments. Stump wood generally remains the most expensive assortment. The energy use analysis confirms
earlier research showing that the energy input is relatively small compared to the energy content of the harvested feedstock.ABBREVIATIONSBWT, bundled whole trees; CTL, cut-to-length; ET, energy thinning; FF, final felling; FT, first thinning; LR, logging residues; LT long tops;
ORN, Örnsköldsvik; PCT, pre-commercial thinning; PL, pulpwood; RS, roughly delimbed tree sections; SEK, Swedish currency; SFA, Swedish Forest Agency; SL, sawlogs; SNFI, Swedish National Forest Inventory; SP, stumps; SPC stump core; ST, second thinning; STO, Storuman; UME Umeå;
WT, whole small trees;
Dim light, sleep tight, and wake up bright – Sleep optimization in athletes by means of light regulation
Authors: Knufinke Melanie , Nieuwenhuys Arne , Geurts Sabine A.E. , Møst Els I.S. , Moen Maarten H. , Maase Kamiel , Coenen Anton M.L. , Gordijn Marijke C.M. , Kompier Michiel A.J.
Published: February 2020

Despite an elevated recovery need, research indicates that athletes often exhibit relatively poor sleep. Timing and consolidation of sleep is driven by the circadian system, which requires periodic light–dark exposure for stable entrainment to the 24‐hour day, but is often disturbed due to underexposure to light in the morning (e.g. low‐level indoor lighting) and overexposure to light in the evening (e.g. environmental and screen‐light). This study examined whether combining fixed sleep schedules with light regulation leads to more consolidated sleep. Morning light exposure was increased using light‐emitting goggles, whereas evening light exposure was reduced using amber‐lens glasses.

Using a within‐subject crossover design, twenty‐six athletes (14 female, 12 male) were randomly assigned to start the intervention with the light‐regulation‐week or the no light‐regulation‐week. Sleep was monitored by means of sleep diaries and actigraphy.

Due to low protocol adherence regarding the fixed sleep‐wake schedules, two datasets were constructed; one including athletes who kept a strict sleep‐wake schedule (N = 8), and one that also included athletes with a more lenient sleep‐wake schedule (N = 25). In case of a lenient sleep‐wake schedule, light regulation improved self‐reported sleep onset latency (Δ SOL = 8 min). This effect was stronger (Δ SOL = 17 min) and complemented by enhanced subjective sleep quality in case of a strict sleep‐wake schedule. None of the actigraphy‐based estimates differed significantly between conditions. To conclude, light regulation may be considered a potentially effective strategy to improve subjective sleep, but less obtrusive methods should be explored to increase protocol compliance.
Optimal control of Raman pulse sequences for atom interferometry
Authors: Saywell Jack , Carey Max , Belal Mohammad , Kuprov Ilya , Freegarde Tim
Published: February 2020

We present the theoretical design and experimental implementation of mirror and beamsplitter pulses that improve the fidelity of atom interferometry and increase its tolerance of systematic inhomogeneities. These pulses are designed using the GRAPE optimal control algorithm and demonstrated experimentally with a cold thermal sample of 85Rb atoms. We first show a stimulated Raman inversion pulse design that achieves a ground hyperfine state transfer efficiency of 99.8(3)%, compared with a conventional π pulse efficiency of 75(3)%. This inversion pulse is robust to variations in laser intensity and detuning, maintaining a transfer efficiency of 90% at detunings for which the π pulse fidelity is below 20%, and is thus suitable for large momentum transfer interferometers using thermal atoms or operating in non-ideal environments. We then extend our optimization to all components of a Mach–Zehnder atom interferometer sequence and show that with a highly inhomogeneous atomic sample the fringe visibility is increased threefold over that using conventional π and π/2 pulses.
Stimulus outputs induced by subdural electrodes on the cervical spinal cord in monkeys
Authors: Kato Kenji , Nishihara Yoko , Nishimura Yukio
Published: February 2020

Objective. Spinal stimulation is a promising method for restoring the function of paralyzed limbs following neurological damage to descending pathways. The present study examined the forelimb movements and muscle responses evoked by subdural spinal stimulation of the cervical cord in sedated monkeys or during an arm-reaching task. Approach. We chronically implanted a platinum subdural electrode array with eight channels over the dorsal-lateral aspect of the cervical enlargement. The electrodes had a diameter of 1 mm and an inter-electrode center-to-center distance of 3 mm. Subdural spinal micro-stimulation was delivered at sites while the monkeys were sedated or performed arm-reaching movements. Main results. The evoked movements clearly showed the somatotopic map of the output sites; the electrodes located on the rostral cervical cord tended to induce movements of the proximal arm, whereas the caudal electrodes tended to induce movements of the distal joints, such as the wrist and digits. To document the muscle responses evoked by subdural spinal stimulation, stimulus-triggered averages of rectified electromyograms were compiled when the monkeys performed an arm-reaching task or were sedated. Under sedation, evoked facilitative muscle responses were observed in vicinity muscles. In contrast, during the task, stimulation evoked facilitative or suppressive responses in multiple muscles, including those located on proximal and distal joints, while somatotopy became blurred under sedation. Furthermore, stimulation during tasks activated synergistic muscle groups. For example, stimuli strongly facilitated finger extensor muscles, but suppressed the antagonist muscles. Significance. These dynamic changes in muscle representation by subdural cervical spinal stimulation between sedated and awake states help our understanding of the nature of spinal circuits and will facilitate the development of neuroprosthetic technology to regain motor function after neural damage to the descending pathways.
Bonjol Geothermal Structure Based on 2D Inversion of Magnetotelluric Data
Authors: Joni Wiwid , Hermawan Dudi
Published: February 2020

Bonjol geothermal area is located in Pasaman Regency, Province of West Sumatera. The existence of geothermal system is characterized by hot springs, and rock alterations by temperature 50 - 88°C. Magnetotelluric (MT) survey had been conducted by Geological Agency in 2009 and 2018 to identify the geothermal promising zones. Utilizing 2D inversion model of MT data can delineate the conductivity structure to identify where geothermal system is located. MT data result showed that low resistivity in the northern part is around Takis, Sungai Limau, and Kambahan hotsprings, and in the southern part is around Padang Baru hotspring interpreted as cap rock of Bonjol geothermal system. The existence of top reservoir of Bonjol geothermal system is about 800 until 1000 meters depth. The promising area are located in the northern part area around Takis, Sungai Limau, and Kambahan hot springs, and in the southern part area around Padang Baru hot spring.
Critical condition parameters and kinetics of dynamic recrystallization for hot deformed 1 wt%Cr-1 wt%Mo rotor steel
Authors: Kumar Sumit , Nath Sumeer K
Published: February 2020

Isothermal hot compression tests of low alloy 1 wt%Cr–1 wt%Mo medium carbon rotor steel were carried out over the temperature range from 850 °C–1050 °C under three strain rates

ε
̇

varying from 0.001 s−1–0.1.1 s−1. The hot deformation behavior, activation energy and material constants were determined by constitutive analysis. Onset of critical condition parameters for dynamic recrystallization (DRX) of the present steel were determined with the help of mathematical models developed by Poliak and Jonas. DRX kinetics were studied to determine the fraction of dynamic recrystallization with the help of Avrami type model. Also, the values of Avrami power exponent

(
n
)

and material constant

(
K
)

were calculated for Avrami equation in each deformation condition. Optical and scanning electron (SEM) micrographs of the as-received and the deformed specimens were analyzed to understand the flow stress behavior of this steel.
Computational high frequency scattering from high-contrast heterogeneous media
Authors: Peterseim Daniel , Verfürth Barbara
Published: February 2020

This article considers the computational (acoustic) wave propagation in strongly heterogeneous structures beyond the assumption of periodicity. A high contrast between the constituents of microstructured multiphase materials can lead to unusual wave scattering and absorption, which are interesting and relevant from a physical viewpoint, for instance, in the case of crystals with defects. We present a computational multiscale method in the spirit of the Localized Orthogonal Decomposition and provide its rigorous a priori error analysis for two-phase diffusion coefficients that vary between

1
1

and very small values. Special attention is paid to the extreme regimes of high frequency, high contrast, and their previously unexplored coexistence. A series of numerical experiments confirms the theoretical results and demonstrates the ability of the multiscale approach to efficiently capture relevant physical phenomena.
Small prime 𝑘th power residues
Authors: Benli̇ Kübra
Published: February 2020

Let

k
≥
2

k\geq 2

be an integer. Let

ϵ
>
0

\epsilon >0

be given. It is widely believed that the smallest prime that is a

k
k

th power residue modulo a prime

q
q

should be

O
(

q

ϵ

)

O(q^{\epsilon })

for any

ϵ
>
0

\epsilon >0

. Elliott has proved that for large primes

q
≡
1
mod
k

q\equiv 1\bmod k

such a prime is at most

q

k
−
1

4

+
ϵ

q^{\frac {k-1}{4}+\epsilon }

for each

ϵ
>
0

\epsilon >0

. We show that for large primes

q
≡
1
mod
k

q\equiv 1\bmod k

, the number of primes

p
≤

q

k
−
1

4

+
ϵ

p\leq q^{\frac {k-1}{4}+\epsilon }

such that

p
p

is a

k
k

th power residue

mod

q

\bmod \, q

is at least

q

9
ϵ

20
k

q^{\frac {9\epsilon }{20k}}

.
Metrics of constant positive curvature with four conic singularities on the sphere
Authors: Eremenko Alexandre
Published: February 2020

We show that for given four points on the sphere and prescribed angles at these points which are not multiples of

2
π

2\pi

, the number of metrics of curvature

1
1

having conic singularities with these angles at these points is finite.
Off-singularity bounds and Hardy spaces for Fourier integral operators
Authors: Hassell Andrew , Portal Pierre , Rozendaal Jan
Published: February 2020

We define a scale of Hardy spaces

H

F
I
O

p

(

R

n

)

\mathcal {H}^{p}_{FIO}(\mathbb {R}^n)

,

p
∈
[
1
,
∞
]

p\in [1,\infty ]

, that are invariant under suitable Fourier integral operators of order zero. This builds on work by Smith for

p
=
1

p=1

[J. Geom. Anal. 8 (1998), pp. 629–653]. We also introduce a notion of off-singularity decay for kernels on the cosphere bundle of

R

n

\mathbb {R}^n

, and we combine this with wave packet transforms and tent spaces over the cosphere bundle to develop a full Hardy space theory for oscillatory integral operators. In the process we extend the known results about

L

p

L^{p}

-boundedness of Fourier integral operators, from local boundedness to global boundedness for a larger class of symbols.
Gender-specific risk for late-life suicide in rural China: a case-control psychological autopsy study
Authors: Niu Lu , Ma Zhenyu , Jia Cunxian , Zhou Liang
Published: February 2020

Background

despite unique gender patterns of suicide among older people in rural China, research addressing this issue is scarce. This study aims to clarify the gender-specific risk factors of late-life suicide in rural China.

Methods

the study included 242 persons (51% male) aged 60 and above who had committed suicide between June 2014 and September 2015 in the rural areas of three provinces of China. Using 1:1 matched case-control design, 242 living controls matched in age, gender and neighbourhood were randomly selected. Psychological autopsy interviews and psychological assessments were conducted with two informants for each suicide and living control, respectively.

Results

men used alcohol before suicide more than women (12.6 versus 4.7%, P < 0.05). There was no gender difference in suicide method, suicide intent and previous attempts. Univariate analysis showed that married status, mental disorder, depressive symptoms, hopelessness, impulsivity, loneliness, social support, family function and quality of life were associated with suicide in both genders. For men, other risk factors were chronic physical illness and functions of daily living. Variables remaining in the multivariable model for both men and women were depressive symptoms and hopelessness.

Discussion

depression and hopelessness are the two major risk factors for suicide among both older men and woman in rural China. Suicide prevention programmes focusing on depression and hopelessness in this population are indicated. Also needed are continued efforts to develop and refined gender-specialised strategies to identify high-risk individuals or groups and to enhance targeted support in the rural community.
Autobiographical Narrative of Traumatic Experience: Disruption and Resilience in South African Truth Commission Testimonies
Authors: Anthonissen Christine
Published: February 2020

Following a suggestion by Crosthwaite (2005) that autobiographical narratives can be viewed as organizational practices, this article turns attention to events of recalling and articulating personal histories of trauma produced during and after the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) hearings of 1996–8. Witness testimonies at the TRC were institutionally framed to fit the aims of national reconciliation in ways that may have limited the kinds of contribution witnesses unfamiliar with the institutional structure could make. Discourses recorded at the human rights violations hearings of the TRC give evidence of speakers recalling traumatic events of state violence that disrupted their lives and displaced them both physically and psychologically. This article considers how traumatic experience poses challenges to the coherence of autobiographical narrative as well as how narrative structures that do not fit institutionally introduced formats can become opaque to the institutional setting. It will also reflect on how the Truth Commission narrations of trauma carry linguistic and cultural cues that signal not only disruption but also the resilience of the narrator.
An Insight into South African Multilingual Students’ Perceptions about Using Translanguaging During Group Discussion
Authors: Mbirimi-Hungwe Vimbai
Published: February 2020

The recent shift in the field of applied language studies has shown that multilingualism has benefits when used for academic purposes. The study aimed to find out students’ perceptions about the use of translanguaging to understand academic concepts. The study used five first-year South African medical students at a South African university who participated in a focus group discussion. The focus group discussion aimed to find out if the use of translanguaging enhances students’ comprehension of texts. Participants affirm that with translanguaging, understanding of difficult academic concepts in English can be enhanced. Findings from this study prompt me to assert that multilingualism is a useful asset that can be leveraged by using translanguaging in multilingual classrooms to enhance reading comprehension. What is required is for lecturers to tap into students’ linguistic resources to enhance their understanding of concepts.
Do Genital Cosmetic Procedures Improve Women’s Self-Esteem? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Sharp Gemma , Maynard Pascale , Hudaib Abdul-Rahman , Hamori Christine A , Oates Jayson , Kulkarni Jayashri , Sarwer David B
Published: February 2020

Background

The popularity of genital cosmetic procedures in women is increasing. These procedures are often assumed and promoted as having a positive effect on women’s psychological well-being, particularly their self-esteem. Empirical support for these claims is lacking.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of genital cosmetic procedures on self-esteem in women.

Methods

The authors performed a systematic literature review of MEDLINE, PreMEDLINE, Ebase, EMBASE, OVID, CINAHL, Cochrane, PsycINFO, and PubMed to identify articles that measured self-esteem in women after a genital cosmetic procedure. A meta-analysis was conducted to assess the pooled effect of these procedures on self-esteem.

Results

The authors identified 5 eligible studies for the meta-analysis, comprising 2 prospective and 3 retrospective studies. Labia minora reduction was the most commonly studied procedure. All 5 studies used different measures of self-esteem, with only 1 study employing a validated psychometric measure at both preoperative and postoperative time points. The meta-analysis results showed a pooled logit rate estimate of 1.230, indicating a positive effect of surgery on self-esteem. However, there was substantial heterogeneity across studies.

Conclusions

Female genital cosmetic procedures, particularly labiaplasty, appear to have a positive effect on women’s self-esteem. However, inconsistencies in study measures and methods limit our conclusions. Future research should involve the development of standardized outcome measures to more accurately assess the impact of these procedures on self-esteem, and on psychological well-being more generally.

Level of Evidence: 3
Sparse semiparametric canonical correlation analysis for data of mixed types
Authors: Yoon Grace , Carroll Raymond J , Gaynanova Irina
Published: February 2020

Canonical correlation analysis investigates linear relationships between two sets of variables, but it often works poorly on modern datasets because of high dimensionality and mixed data types such as continuous, binary and zero-inflated. To overcome these challenges, we propose a semiparametric approach to sparse canonical correlation analysis based on the Gaussian copula. The main result of this paper is a truncated latent Gaussian copula model for data with excess zeros, which allows us to derive a rank-based estimator of the latent correlation matrix for mixed variable types without estimation of marginal transformation functions. The resulting canonical correlation analysis method works well in high-dimensional settings, as demonstrated via numerical studies, and when applied to the analysis of association between gene expression and microRNA data from breast cancer patients.
Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales, Carbapenem Resistant Organisms, Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacterales, and Carbapenemase-Producing Organisms: Terminology Past its “Sell-By Date” in an Era of New Antibiotics and Regional Carbapenemase Epidemiology
Authors: Livermore David M , Nicolau David P , Hopkins Katie L , Meunier Danièle
Published: February 2020

Carbapenem resistance in Gram-negative bacteria is a public health concern. Consequently, numerous government and agency reports discuss carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) and carbapenem-resistant organisms (CROs). Unfortunately, these terms are fuzzy. Do they include (1) Proteeae with inherent imipenem resistance; (2) porin-deficient Enterobacterales resistant to ertapenem but not other carbapenems; (3) Enterobacterales with OXA-48–like enzymes that remain “carbapenem susceptible” at breakpoint; and (4) Pseudomonas aeruginosa that merely lack porin OprD? Counting CPE or CPOs is better but still insufficient, because different carbapenemases have differing treatment implications, particularly for new β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations. At the least, it is essential for authors, journals, and regulatory agencies to specify the carbapenemases meant. The future may demand even greater precision, for mutations can alter hydrolytic activity, and the ability to confer resistance, within carbapenemase families.
An "oncometer" of clinical measurement of colloid osmotic pressure of plasma.
Authors: Bisera J , Weil M H , Michaels S , Bernardo A , Stein B
Published: February 2020

Measurement of colloid osmotic pressure complements measurements of pulmonary artery wedge pressure for assessing the risks of pulmonary edema and constitutes an increasingly important reference for purposes of guiding selection of colloid or crystalloid fluids in patients with acute cardiac disease. We describe a simple device for its routine clinical measurement. A membrane, selectively impermeable to molecules of relative molecular mass (Mr) greater than 30000, is rigidly mounted between a sample chamber and a reference chamber filled with isotonic saline. A pressure transducer measures the negative pressure developed in the reference chamber and displays it on a digital panel meter. The sensor chamber accommodates samples of 50 to 300 microliter. Equilibration is completed within 2 min. A control solution of human serum albumin (50 g/liter) is measured to confirm the accuracy of calibration of the system, with reproducible readings of 25.9 g/cm2 within one SD (equivalent to 0.4 g/cm2). Technical simplicity of operation and modest costs of disposables have made feasible the routine measurement of colloid osmotic pressure.
Monitoring clorazepate dipotassium as desmethyldiazepam in plasma by electron-capture gas--liquid chromatography.
Authors: Haidukewych D , Rodin E A , Davenport R
Published: February 2020

We describe a procedure for determing clorazepate dipotassium as its decarboxylated, pharmacologically active metabolite, desmethyldiazepam, in 100 microL of plasma, with use of electron-capture gas--liquid chromatography and with methylnitrazepam as the internal standard. The procedure is a one-tube, one-step extraction without derivative formation and is accurate, reproducible, and rapid. The sensitivity limit is 20 micrograms/L. Within-run and between-run CV's (concentration, 3.5 mg/L) were 2.9 and 3.5%, respectively. Within-run CV's for 1.5 and 1.0 mg/L concentrations were 3.9 and 4.3%, respectively. For a 1.0 mg/kg per day dose of clorazepate dipotassium, the mean steady-state concentration of desmethyldiazepam in plasma was 1.037 mg/L.
Advantages of using thin sodium iodide detectors for thyroid monitoring of personnel working with 125I.
Authors: Landon S , Smith P G , Staniek S P , Webber C E
Published: February 2020

Measurements of neck count-rates for personnel who regularly iodinated proteins with 125I showed that, generally, count rates were higher after iodination than before. The major pathway for the intake of 125I during iodination was through skin that was exposed to the free-iodine atmosphere of the fume hood. Neck count-rates were measured in 34 other subjects who were working with 125I. The rates for 25 of them were significantly greater than for a control group of 36 subjects. Significant activities were also detected in seven of nine subjects who had never worked directly with 125I but who were located within areas where it was used extensively. To minimize thyroid burdens of 125I, it is essential that neck count-rates be measured routinely, in order to monitor the safety of procedures involving the use of 125I.
Personal and familial factors in cholesterolemia: criteria for selection of a reference population.
Authors: Steinmetz J , Panek E , Siest G
Published: February 2020

We studied factors affecting cholesterolemia in a presumably healthy population of 23 300 subjects, ages 20 to 59 years. Multiple-contingency tables were established, to quantify the information obtained by means of a factorial correspondence analysis. The relations between values for cholesterol and those for triglycerides, uric acid, and overweight were constant for all ages and both sexes. Cholesterolemia paralleled alcohol and tobacco consumption and arterial blood pressure. Use of oral contraceptives did not influence cholesterol values. We classified variation factors according to the statistical method of segmentation, by sex and age. This classification permitted us to establish criteria for excluding subjects from a population sampled with the aim of producing reference values for plasma cholesterol. The values of cholesterol for the 50th percentile were 5.40 mmol/L for men 20 to 39 years old and 5.79 mmol/L for those older than 40. For women, the 50th percentile values increased from 5.34 mmol/L between ages 20 to 39 to 5.92 mmol/L for ages 40 to 49 and to 6.51 mmol/L after 50.