bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Other '68ers
Authors: von der Goltz Anna
Published: May 2021

This is the first book about West German centre-right students in 1968, a major moment of political and cultural contestation in the Federal Republic and indeed across much of the globe. Based on interviews with former activists and a wealth of new archival sources, it examines the ideas, experiences, and repertoires of activists we do not normally associate with 1968. Writing them back into the history of 1968 and its afterlives, as this book does, reveals that the protest movement of these years was a broader, more politically versatile, and, ultimately, even more consequential phenomenon than the traditionally narrower focus on left-wing radicals allows. Many of the protagonists of this book would later play major roles in Christian Democratic politics, especially during the era of Helmut Kohl. By tracing their influence on German political culture, this study helps us to understand why the age of Christian Democracy was interrupted but never really ended in the Federal Republic—at least until now.
Between Engagement and Enmity
Authors: von der Goltz Anna
Published: May 2021

This chapter charts the involvement of centre-right students in some of the key moments and debates around student activism from the mid-1960s until the climactic years of the protest movement in 1967/68. It traces their early mobilization in the middle of the decade, shows how they rallied increasingly from 1967 onward to formulate a response to the upsurge in left-wing protest activity, and examines their theoretical efforts and relationship with activists of the Left. The final section introduces a group of Christian Democratic ‘renegades’ whose close engagement with the Left made them rethink their politics in fundamental ways. Looking at some of the key themes and events of these years from the perspective of the centre-right, the chapter demonstrates that centre-right students were there throughout 1968, and not just as passive observers. They were an important part of this political moment and engaged with and participated in the student movement in manifold ways. Writing them back into the history of 1968 reveals that political activism in these years was a much broader, more versatile, and, ultimately, more consequential phenomenon than the traditionally narrower focus on left-wing radicals in much of the literature allows.
Talking About (My) Generation
Authors: von der Goltz Anna
Published: May 2021

This chapter engages with several major themes that have long animated research on the West German 1960s: protesters’ family backgrounds and wartime childhoods; the meaning of the Nazi past to their activism; and intergenerational relations. Like their student peers on the Left, centre-right activists had been raised in a post-genocidal society. Given that, how did they view and engage with Germany’s recent history of mass violence? The chapter highlights the centrality of anti-totalitarianism to their thinking. It also shows that, inspired by the so-called ‘‘45ers’ and nudged by social scientists who routinely portrayed student protest as a symptom of generational conflict, they began to think of themselves as a distinct generational community in the 1960s.
Conclusion
Authors: von der Goltz Anna
Published: May 2021

The Conclusion summarizes and expands upon the findings of the book’s six chapters. It offers some overarching comments about how this study helps us to rethink the existing scholarship on 1968 and postwar German history more broadly. It highlights three contributions, in particular: revealing the striking political breadth and versatility of student activism around 1968 and the relational character of activism of the Left and centre-right; the book’s implications for writing histories of generation; and rethinking the long-term effects of 1968 on (West) German society to account for the manifold ways in which these years left their mark on Christian Democracy and the political culture of the late Federal Republic.
Peri-personal space as an interface for self-environment interaction
Authors: Noel Jean-Paul , Bertoni Tommaso , Serino Andrea
Published: May 2021

The brain has developed a specific system to encode the space closely surrounding our body, our peri-personal space (PPS). This space is the theatre where all physical interactions with objects in the environment occur, and thus is postulated to play a critical role in both approaching and defensive behaviour. Here, we first describe the classic neurophysiological findings that have led researchers to conceive of PPS as a multisensory-motor interface. This historical perspective is given to clarify what properties are strictly related to PPS encoding, and what characteristics bear out or are related to PPS. Then, in an effort to uncover gaps in knowledge that often go unnoticed, we critically examine the association between PPS and i) multisensory processing, and ii) the motor system—its strongest allies. We do not mean to say that PPS isn’t multisensory-motor, simply to pinpoint current research shortcomings. Subsequently, we detail more recent psychophysical studies, highlighting the extreme plasticity of PPS, and its putative role in bodily self-consciousness and social cognition. Lastly, we briefly discuss computational models of PPS. Throughout the chapter, we particularly attempt to emphasize open areas of investigation. By critically evaluating past findings, many of them our own, we hope to provide a forward-looking perspective on the study of PPS.
Close is better
Authors: Blini Elvio , Farnè Alessandro , Brozzoli Claudio , Hadj-Bouziane Fadila
Published: May 2021

The neuroscientific approach to peripersonal space (PPS) stems directly from electrophysiological studies assessing the response properties of multisensory neurons in behaving non-human primates. This multisensory context fostered frameworks which i) stress the PPS role in actions (including defensive reactions) and affordances, which are optimally performed through multiple sensory convergence; and ii) largely make use of tasks that are multisensory in nature. Concurrently, however, studies on spatial attention reported proximity-related advantages in purely unisensory tasks. These advantages appear to share some key PPS features. Activations in brain areas reported to be multisensory, indeed, can also be found using unimodal (visual) paradigms. Overall, these findings point to the possibility that closer objects may benefit from being processed as events occurring in PPS. The dominant multisensory view of PPS should therefore be expanded accordingly, as perceptual advantages in PPS may be broader than previously thought.
Dissecting the experience of space as peripersonal
Authors: Wu Wayne
Published: May 2021

Are we aware of peripersonal space as peripersonal? Is there a distinctive way that peripersonal space is perceptually experienced that differs from the perceptual experience of other parts of space? I explore two ways of thinking about peripersonal experience. A substantial view takes the content of experience of peripersonal space to effectively represent that space as peripersonal while a deflationary view understands peripersonal experience to be constituted by specific sensory-motor links and implicates a distinctive role for attention. In both, there is a distinctive type of peripersonal experience, but only on the substantial view does the perceptual system speak in terms of the peripersonal. By examining the role of attention in peripersonal experience, I argue that we should not endorse a substantive conception of peripersonal experience over a deflationary conception. I explore what a deflationary account of peripersonal experience might be.
Feeling the world as being here
Authors: Vignemont Frédérique de
Published: May 2021

A vast array of experimental results has recently shown that there is something specific in the way we perceive the space immediately surrounding the body, also known as ‘peripersonal space’, by contrast with the perception of what lies farther away. However, we seem to have no conscious awareness of peripersonal space as being ‘special’ in any sense. Instead, we are presented with a continuous visual field without a phenomenological boundary between what is close and what is far. The computational peculiarities of peripersonal perception thus seem to have no phenomenological consequences. Here I will argue that, when you see an object in the immediate surroundings of your body, not only do you have a visual experience of the object (comparable to the experience you can have of further objects), but you also experience what you see as being here. This sense of here-ness can be conceived of as a specific type of sense of presence. To better understand it, I shall turn to illusions in virtual reality and to the feeling of disconnection in the psychiatric syndrome of depersonalization.
The structure of egocentric space
Authors: Alsmith Adrian
Published: May 2021

This chapter offers an indirect defence of the Evansian conception of egocentric space by showing how it resolves a puzzle concerning the unity of egocentric spatial perception. The chapter outlines several common assumptions about egocentric perspectival structure and argues that a subject’s experience, both within and across her sensory modalities, may involve multiple structures of this kind. This raises the question of how perspectival unity is achieved, such that these perspectival structures form a complex whole, rather than merely a disunified set of individually, distinctively structured experiences. The shortcomings of a variety of accounts are considered: switch accounts; sensory accounts; transformation accounts; and ultimate accounts. These shortcomings are addressed by a further kind of account provided by the Evansian conception—an agentive account—according to which egocentrically structured experiences present the world in relation to parts of a single thing, the body as a dynamic unity.
Peripersonal space, bodily self-awareness, and the integrated self
Authors: Fulkerson Matthew
Published: May 2021

Our experience of self seems to be of a single, coherent entity. This experience seems to conflict with the empirical literature, which suggests a different story: that the self is actually composed of many distinct and often conflicting elements. How do we get from the one story—a story of fragmentation, conflict, and dissociation—to the felt experience of ourselves as unified, coherent beings? This is a difficult problem that has vexed much recent work on the self. In this chapter, I want to highlight the pervasive nature of such integration problems at all levels of sensory, emotional, and cognitive processing, and argue that self-awareness can be best understood as arising from the very same principles that operate in these other domains. My central focus will be on the integration processes that function to generate peripersonal space. This focus is ideal, because peripersonal space itself seems to be one of the integrated bundles subserving our sense of bodily self-awareness, which in turn plays an essential role in our overall sense of self. By examining the processes of integration that generate peripersonal space, we will better understand the processes by which the self (itself) is constructed.
The social dimension of peripersonal space
Authors: Coello Yann , Iachini Tina
Published: May 2021

Peripersonal space (PPS) is a dynamic representation of the space around the body subserving primarily the organization of goal-directed behaviours towards stimuli with the highest reward value. It must also be viewed as a space where potentially harmful stimuli receive specific attention in order to protect the body from the hazards ahead. In the present chapter, we will highlight the anticipatory motor nature of PPS representation and its dynamic properties. We will also show that stimuli in PPS receive particular attention that fosters perceptual and cognitive processes. Finally, we will propose that PPS serves as a mediation zone between the body and the environment, protecting the body from external threats and, as such, contributing to the organization of the social life.
Risk-taking behaviour as a central concept in evolutionary biology
Authors: Møller Anders Pape
Published: May 2021

Predation is a common cause of mortality, having resulted in the evolution of a diverse kind of anti-predator behaviour across the animal kingdom. One such key behaviour is flight initiation distance (FID), defined as the distance at which animals take flight, when approached by a potential predator such as a human. Extensive research during the past two decades has revealed that optimal anti-predator behaviour is adjusted to life history (the combination of timing of reproduction, fecundity, survivorship, and others). FID is heritable, responds to natural selection and hence shows rapid micro-evolutionary change when animals are exposed to domestication, climate warming, or when introduced to novel environments. Peri-personal space (PPS) and inter-personal space (IPS) may be linked to FID, opening up the possibility of studying these disparate components of behaviour in a common context. Here, I provide a brief review of the extensive literature on FID, but much less well-studied PPS and IPS, and suggest ways in which such behaviour can provide insights into the evolution of anti-predator behaviour and life history. Such knowledge may help us resolve problems in conservation, effects of human disturbance on wild animals, problems of anti-predator behaviour for animal welfare, and potentially even maladaptive anti-predator behaviour and PPS and IPS in humans.
A Troubled “Ménage à Trois”
Authors: Tietz Christiane
Published: May 2021

The closeness of the relationship between Barth and Charlotte von Kirschbaum remained publicly unknown for a long time. Only the third volume the Barth-Thurneysen correspondence (published 2000) and the first volume of the letters between Barth and Kirschbaum (published 2008) revealed the love between Barth and Kirschbaum as well as the conflicts this generated in Barth’s marriage. Barth met Kirschbaum in August 1925, and they soon fell in love with each other. Barth wrestled with the implications of the relationship for his family, feeling particularly guilty toward his wife. But after a few years in which Kirschbaum started to work with Barth, he felt he could not live without her. In October 1929, Kirschbaum moved into the Barth household, the beginning of an almost forty-year long “Notgemeinschaft”.
Quick(er) Calculations
Authors: Lipscombe Trevor Davis
Published: May 2021

Quick(er) Calculations describes tips, tricks, and techniques to enable the reader to add, subtract, multiply, divide, find square roots, and form squares more rapidly than before. There are over 600 examples on which readers can practice these skills. The text includes worked examples, drawn from historical time periods from the ancient world up to today, and mathematical techniques developed from civilizations ancient to modern, both Western and non-Western.
Interlude I
Authors: Lipscombe Trevor Davis
Published: May 2021

Today is my one hundred and eleventh birthday: I am eleventy-one today!

Bilbo Baggins, in J.R.R. Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings

With a new-found ability to subtract at speed, you can impress friends with a “magic” trick that, as it’s based on math, never fails (this is but one example of “mathemagic,” about which many books have been written...
Interlude V
Authors: Lipscombe Trevor Davis
Published: May 2021

I’m sure the universe is full of intelligent life. It’s just been too intelligent to come here.

ARTHUR C. CLARKE (reproduced from an interview http://www.scifi.com/transcripts/aclarke.txt)

The Vietnam War, during which American casualties ran extremely high, remains controversial in the United States. During the conflict, US forces estimated the strength of enemy forces based on the “SWAG” principle. At the war’s end, in a legal case, Colonel John Stewart took the stand. Lawyers grilled him, asking what, exactly, SWAG stood for. His reply, generating much amusement in the courtroom, was “Scientific Wild-Ass Guess.”...
Multiplying and Dividing Irrationally
Authors: Lipscombe Trevor Davis
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes how to multiply and divide, albeit approximately, by some of the world’s most famous irrational numbers, such as π‎, Euler’s number e, 2, 3, both of which occur frequently in the study of triangles, and the Golden Ratio, also sometimes called the Divine proportion. The approximations for π‎ stem from the Ancient World, including the Hebrew Bible, Greek, and Babylonian approximations. An example for 2 is provided by the medieval Jewish polymath, Maimonides. By use of various approximations, the sine of some angles can be easily computed, which can impress those with a grasp of elementary trigonometry. Some examples of “almost” formulas are presented.
Perceptual Paradigms
Authors: Fish William
Published: May 2021

Everyone would agree that contemporary philosophical thinking and theorizing about perception should both be aware of, and consistent with, the findings of visual science. Yet despite this consensus, there is little discussion—and even less agreement—about how this should work in practice. This chapter proposes that we can gain useful insights by bringing some tools from the philosophy of science to bear on this question. Focusing on the disagreement between Burge and McDowell as to whether or not disjunctivism in the philosophy of perception is ‘directly at odds with scientific knowledge’ (Burge 2005, 29), the chapter suggests that interesting insights can be gained by seeing this debate through a Kuhnian lens—as a clash of paradigms (or, more strictly, Lakatosian research programmes)—and then investigate the methodological consequences that flow from this. It contends that looking at this debate through this lens not only sheds light on why it can seem so intractable, but also provides us with reassurance that this might be a good thing.
What Can Predictive Processing Tell Us about the Content of Perceptual Experience?
Authors: Wilkinson Sam
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the consequences that the predictive processing framework has for the debate concerning what can enter into the content of perceptual experience. Within this debate, there are those who, on the one hand, are ‘conservatives’, claiming that only ‘low-level’ properties enter into the content of perceptual experience, while there are those who, on the other hand, are more ‘liberal’ and allow ‘higher-level’ properties. One recently expressed view is that the predictive processing framework dispenses with, or dissolves, the debate altogether. This chapter argues against this in favour of the view that predictive processing in fact supports liberalism. It defends this position against four illustrative objections.
Magnetic Small-Angle Neutron Scattering
Authors: Michels Andreas
Published: May 2021

This book provides the first extensive treatment of magnetic small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The theoretical background required to compute magnetic SANS cross sections and correlation functions related to long-wavelength magnetization structures is laid out; and these concepts are scrutinized based on the discussion of experimental neutron data. Regarding prior background knowledge, some familiarity with the basic magnetic interactions and phenomena, as well as scattering theory, is desired. The target audience comprises Ph.D. students and researchers working in the field of magnetism and magnetic materials who wish to make efficient use of the magnetic SANS method. Besides revealing the origins of magnetic SANS (Chapter 1), and furnishing the basics of the magnetic SANS technique (Chapter 2), much of the book is devoted to a comprehensive treatment of the continuum theory of micromagnetics (Chapter 3), as it is relevant for the study of the elastic magnetic SANS cross section. Analytical expressions for the magnetization Fourier components allow one to highlight the essential features of magnetic SANS and to analyze experimental data both in reciprocal (Chapter 4) and real space (Chapter 6). Chapter 5 provides an overview of the magnetic SANS of nanoparticles and so-called complex systems (e.g., ferrofluids, magnetic steels, spin glasses, and amorphous magnets). It is this subfield where major progress is expected to be made in the coming years, mainly via the increased use of numerical micromagnetic simulations (Chapter 7), which is a very promising approach for the understanding of the magnetic SANS from systems exhibiting nanoscale spin inhomogeneity.
The Jacquerie of 1358
Authors: Firnhaber-Baker Justine
Published: May 2021

Historians of the Jacquerie have been divided in seeing it either as an unplanned explosion of peasant resentment or as an organized undertaking directed by urban rebels in Paris. These opposing conclusions are based on the illusory assumption that the revolt was a homogenous movement with a unitary purpose and fate. In fact, the Jacquerie was a constellation of many events that evolved over time and involved thousands of individuals in hundreds of places, who understood it in different and changing ways. The story of the Jacquerie is about how individuals reacted to a specific set of circumstances, how events both planned and accidental altered their course, and what and how they chose to remember (or to forget) in its aftermath.
New Marvels
Authors: Firnhaber-Baker Justine
Published: May 2021

This chapter begins with Marcel’s decision on 22 February 1358 to murder two noble marshals of the royal army in the Dauphin’s bedchamber. It follows the story through the consolidation of a noble faction in reaction to this shocking event and the Dauphin’s recruitment to their cause at a meeting of nobles at Provins in April. After this meeting, the Dauphin garrisoned the castles of Montereau and Meaux on the Rivers Yonne and Marne, allowing him to blockade the fluvial routes that supplied Paris from the south and east. With the west occupied by Anglo-Navarrese troops and freebooters, all parties turned their attention north, where the towns were closely allied with the reformers and where the Oise River remained the only shipping route to or from Paris. On the eve of the Jacquerie, the territory that would soon see the majority of rebellious action was the only area that remained in contest. A final meeting of the Estates, now dominated by noble Valois loyalists, was held, issuing an ordonnance on 14 May that departed significantly from the reformers’ programme, especially regarding fiscal and military matters. The next day, news of peace with England reached Paris, up-ending the political calculus. No sources report what happened in the fortnight before the Jacquerie broke out on 28 May, but that (probably deliberate) silence must mask considerable activity on all sides.
Captains and Assemblies
Authors: Firnhaber-Baker Justine
Published: May 2021

Far from an undirected mob action, the Jacquerie was steered by a hierarchical organization of leaders whose orders were communicated to the ‘rank and file’ at assemblies called for that purpose. While these leaders did employ coercion, they were also subject to it from the movement’s members and the movement was riven by disagreement about the use of violence and the possession of authority. The rebel’s supreme leader Guillaume Calle had a circle of close associates, and on the local level there were village captains, some of whom had their own subordinate assistants. Many of these leaders, including Calle, were men of substantial wealth and education and were often chosen by their communities rather than being imposed upon them. Massive assemblies, like the gathering that initiated the revolt itself, were vital to the movement’s communication and gave to it a grassroots character that sometimes conflicted with leaders’ wishes. The Jacquerie involved significant travel for many rebels, whose actions were coordinated by written messages, as well as non-verbal signals such as flags and bells. They were given food by those frightened of or sympathetic to the revolt, especially townspeople, whose participation in the revolt is further discussed in the next chapter.
The Non-Nobles
Authors: Firnhaber-Baker Justine
Published: May 2021

Although the sources only offer information about a relatively small number of individual rebels, it is possible to surmise a great deal about the rebels, their families, and their communities, as well as the pre-existing relationships that both made the revolt possible and contributed to its eventual failure. The Jacquerie could not have taken place without the support of the rebels’ families, especially their wives, for someone had to look after the livestock, the crops, and the children. This means that women were vital to the revolt, even though the sources only name a few female individuals. While a significant minority of Jacques were artisans (or at least had artisanal surnames), a much greater proportion farmed or tended vines for a living. There were, however, significant differences of education and fortune between the revolt’s leaders and its rank-and-file members, which may have contributed to tensions within the movement. Provincial towns, especially Senlis, Beauvais, and Amiens, provided support to the Jacques, but urban–rural cooperation nevertheless rested on major inequalities and belied mutual suspicion. Most cities’ support was ambivalent and melted away when the tide turned against the Jacques after their defeats at Mello-Clermont and Meaux.
Prudential Language and Context (II)
Authors: Fletcher Guy
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines whether well-being talk is context-sensitive or pluralistic in a way that undermines theorizing about well-being. It examines recent arguments from Anna Alexandrova (2017) and Stephen Campbell (2016) who claim, respectively, that well-being talk is fundamentally context-sensitive or conceptually pluralistic in a manner hitherto neglected by well-being theorists. The chapter examines the sets of data that they provide. It concedes that some parts of well-being discourse—such as ‘doing well’ claims—are context-sensitive to some degree. However, it rejects the claim that well-being talk is fundamentally context-sensitive, or conceptually pluralistic, in a manner that undermines existing theorizing about well-being.
Estimating Mode Effects in Panel Surveys
Authors: Kroh Martin , Karmann Anna , Kühne Simon
Published: May 2021

An increasing number of longitudinal studies worldwide cover societal change over decades. The fieldwork of these panel surveys experienced notable technological advancements and often switched modes of data collection over time. A large body of literature documents that the mode of data collection matters for respondent behaviour. However, empirical evidence of mode effects on estimates of reliability and validity is surprisingly scarce. This chapter proposes to adapt the experimental multitrait–multimethod (MTMM) approach to observational data. For this purpose, we use the longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), an annual panel study started in 1984 with interviewer-administered paper-and-pencil interviews and nowadays additionally using computer-assisted personal interviewing as well as self-administered questionnaires, both mailed and web-based. While mode changes in the SOEP are not randomly assigned to respondents, we augment our approach by propensity score weighting to reduce selection bias in estimates of mode effects. Our analysis suggests moderate but statistically significant differences in reliability and validity estimates between modes of data collection.
Introduction
Authors: Morton James
Published: May 2021

The introductory chapter poses the central question of the book: why did the Greeks of medieval southern Italy continue to produce and read collections of Byzantine canon law even after they had ceased to be a part of the Byzantine church and had instead become subjects of the Roman papacy? The Norman conquest of the region took place in the 1040s–1070s, yet the Italo-Greeks were still copying Byzantine canon law manuscripts as late as the fourteenth century. What does this say about the nature of law and religion in southern Italy in the Middle Ages? The chapter then contextualises the book by discussing its place against the background of Byzantine legal scholarship, highlighting the potential of legal anthropology and the concept of legal pluralism to contribute to the field. It then moves on to discuss the significance of law for the study of religion and culture and sets out the rationale behind the way in which the book approaches the subject. Following this, the chapter introduces the thirty-six manuscripts that serve as the book’s primary sources, explaining how the approach of material philology informed its methodology. Finally, it provides an overview of the content and arguments of the rest of the book’s chapters.
Greek Christianity in Medieval Italy
Authors: Morton James
Published: May 2021

Chapter 2 offers a historical narrative of Greek Christianity in medieval southern Italy from the era of Byzantine rule in the early Middle Ages to the fifteenth century. It begins with the transformation of Byzantine Italy during the era of Iconoclasm (8th–9th centuries) and the Macedonian dynasty (9th–11th centuries). Faced with the external crisis of Islamic invasion and the internal political crises that resulted, the Byzantine authorities placed southern Italy under the patriarchate of Constantinople and established a military government (the katepanikion) over the region, bringing settlers from Greece and Anatolia to reinforce the Greek presence there. It then describes the impact of the Norman invasion of the eleventh century, noting the hostilities that flared between Greek and Latin Christians in southern Italy as a result. Next, the chapter moves on to address the aftermath of the Norman conquest for the Italo-Greeks, discussing the so-called ‘Italo-Greek Renaissance’ of the twelfth century and Norman patronage of Greek ecclesiastical institutions such as the Patiron of Rossano and the Holy Saviour of Messina. It then details the changing circumstances of the thirteenth century, with the demise of the Norman Hauteville dynasty and the arrival of the Hohenstaufen dynasty. It also highlights the significance of the Fourth Crusade and the Fourth Lateran Council as developments that heralded increased papal interference in Italo-Greek affairs. Lastly, the chapter examines the impact of the Angevin conquest and the relegation of the southern Italian Greeks to an ethnic minority within the hierarchy of the Roman Church.
Patterns of Source Survival
Authors: Morton James
Published: May 2021

Chapter 3 describes how the extant Italo-Greek nomocanons survived from the medieval period to the modern day, noting two main vectors: the monastic Order of St Basil (concentrated in Sicily, Calabria, and Lucania), and the Renaissance book market in the Salento peninsula. It also considers the implications of these patterns of source survival for what kind of evidence has survived and what sort of conclusions we can draw from it. Beginning in the late Middle Ages, it explains how the Council of Ferrara-Florence (1438–1445) inspired Pope Eugenius IV to create the monastic Order of St Basil to provide an institutional structure to Byzantine-rite monasticism in southern Italy; this would play a pivotal role in supporting the remaining Italo-Greek monasteries and preserving their manuscript collections into the early modern period. The chapter then turns to the Salento peninsula, observing that families of secular Greek clergy (rather than monasteries) played the most important role in copying and preserving manuscripts in the region. During the Renaissance, the Salento became a popular region for scholarly book collectors to purchase manuscripts, bringing them to great Renaissance libraries such as the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan. The chapter also looks at other ways that manuscripts survived, such as through the efforts of the seventeenth-century Russian monk Arsenii Sukhanov. For the most part, manuscripts that were not stored in Basilian monasteries or purchased from the Renaissance Salento have not been preserved.
The Byzantine Background
Authors: Morton James
Published: May 2021

Chapter 4 examines the surviving nomocanonical manuscripts from the period of Byzantine rule in early medieval southern Italy (tenth–eleventh centuries). Very few manuscripts survive from before the twelfth century, so their content must be reconstructed from later codices. Nonetheless, this chapter argues that enough evidence has been preserved to prove that Byzantine canon law was firmly established in southern Italy from the time of the empire’s ecclesiastical and administrative reorganisations of the ninth and tenth centuries. The chapter shows that, as the Byzantines reconquered territories from the Lombards and established new ecclesiastical centres in Reggio, S. Severina, and Otranto, they introduced the Nomocanon in Fourteen Titles, the Nomocanon in Fifty Titles, and the Synopsis of Canons to serve as legal reference works. It then focuses on the Carbone nomocanon (Vat. gr. 1980–1981), the only complete nomocanon to survive from the era of Byzantine rule, arguing that it was probably produced in the eleventh century for use by a Greek bishop in Lucania. The manuscript’s contents and marginalia indicate that its owner was fully aligned with the legal system of Constantinople and show no influences from neighbouring Latin jurisdictions. Finally, the chapter looks at evidence from the period of Norman conquest in the late eleventh century, revealing how the resulting tensions between Latin and Greek Christians in the region left traces of contemporary Byzantine polemic against the azyma (unleavened bread in the Eucharist) in Calabrian nomocanons of the twelfth century.
Conclusion
Authors: Morton James
Published: May 2021

The conclusion summarises the principle arguments of the book. Despite the Norman conquest of southern Italy in the late eleventh century, the Italo-Greeks continued throughout the twelfth century to view themselves as an outpost of Byzantine Christianity in Western Europe. Law played an important role in the construction of their religious identity: they were orthodox not simply because they held the right beliefs, but because they followed Byzantine canon law. They were able to do so because of the pluralistic legal culture of southern Italy and because of the Norman monarchs’ resistance to papal authority, a combination that allowed Norman kings such as Roger II to act out a similar role to that of the Byzantine emperor as patrons of Greek churches and monasteries. The situation began to change in the thirteenth century, however. The end of the Hauteville dynasty, the Fourth Crusade, and the Fourth Lateran Council created conditions that led to the progressive erosion of Byzantine canon law as a juridical system in southern Italy as the papacy was increasingly successful in asserting its legal authority. Nonetheless, even as nomocanonical manuscripts lost their utility as legal sources, they provided important sources of legitimacy with the aura of antiquity to the Italo-Greeks’ distinctive religious rites and customs. In Robert Cover’s terminology, the nomocanons shifted from being sources of imperial law to sources of paideic law. The conclusion ends with observations on the important role of law in the formation of medieval religion and culture.
Southwood's Ecological Methods
Authors: Henderson Peter A.
Published: May 2021

Ecological Methods, by the late T. R. E. Southwood and revised over the years by P. A. Henderson, has developed into a classic reference work for the field biologist. It provides a handbook of ecological methods and analytical techniques pertinent to the study of animals, with an emphasis on non-microscopic animals in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. It remains unique in the breadth of the methods presented and in the depth of the literature cited, stretching right back to the earliest days of ecological research. The universal availability of R as an open-source package has radically changed the way ecologists analyze their data. In response, Southwood’s classic text has been thoroughly revised to be more relevant and useful to a new generation of ecologists, making the vast resource of R packages more readily available to the wider ecological community. By focusing on the use of R for data analysis, supported by worked examples, the book is now more accessible than previous editions to students requiring support and ideas for their projects.
Riemann and Einstein
Authors: Emam Moataz H.
Published: May 2021

In this chapter we make notions of spatial and spacetime curvature more precise by presenting Riemann’s theory of non-Euclidean spaces. We then construct Einstein’s gravitational field equations and see how they can be solved under certain symmetries, filling in mathematical gaps of previous chapters. We also discuss the cosmological constant and its consequences.
Trust in the Lord and Do Good, 1876‒1886
Authors: Wetzel Benjamin J.
Published: May 2021

This chapter begins by exploring Roosevelt’s four years at Harvard College. The death of his father in 1878 prompted extended religious musings and the clearest evidence of youthful evangelical faith. Roosevelt married Alice Lee in 1880 and launched his political career in 1881. As a state assemblyman, Roosevelt advocated for reforms in economic and social life. The tragic death of Alice Lee and Martha Roosevelt on the same day in 1884 drove Roosevelt to the Dakota Badlands, where he became a rancher. In these years Roosevelt said much less about personal faith, a marked contrast from his upbringing. The chapter ends with his engagement to Edith Carow in 1886.
Wielding the Big Stick, 1901‒1909
Authors: Wetzel Benjamin J.
Published: May 2021

This chapter interprets Roosevelt’s foreign policies as president. It begins by examining the religious background of his support for imperialism—especially the Philippine-American War and the acquisition of the rights to build the Panama Canal. Roosevelt’s adoption of biological evolution and offensive racial theories (as justification for imperialism) are shown in the context of religion. The chapter concludes by examining at length the “Dear Maria” affair, in which conflicts between Catholic politics and church-state separation commitments ended in Roosevelt’s firing of an American ambassador. The “Dear Maria” affair is analyzed in light of ongoing Catholic-Protestant tensions in the United States.
Epilogue
Authors: Bromley James M.
Published: May 2021

This Epilogue addresses the historicist criticism that theoretical and presentist approaches to literature are narcissistic. It responds to these critiques by showing that defenses of historicism engage in the obscurations and suppressions of difference that presentist approaches are accused of. It draws on the work of Michael Warner to identify a queer idealism within Freudian narcissism, and this idealism can motivate literary criticism’s engagement with the literature of the past. The Epilogue also reflects on why a queer rethinking of sexuality remains necessary in light of recent legal victories for the LGBTQ population in some countries and what role the sartorial plays in our thinking about toleration for nonnormative sexuality.
Comparing Tales of the Tribe
Authors: Paris Václav
Published: May 2021

This chapter compares two texts written in the same year, 1928, in very different geographical settings: Mário de Andrade’s Macunaíma and Virginia Woolf’s Orlando. Both works narrate, in peculiar allegorical form, the history of their nations embodied in one unusual hero. Macunaíma tells the story of Brazil’s modernization; Orlando begins in Elizabethan England and works its way up to the moment of composition. Although each is deeply idiosyncratic, they arrive at a similar set of conceits for national representation. Orlando famously changes sex halfway through Woolf’s narrative, while Macunaíma changes race, from black to white. To make sense of the contiguities between Macunaíma and Orlando, the chapter reads both as epics responding to the changing discourse of large-scale social Darwinism in the 1920s. In particular, it points out that both authors were aware of fascism’s increasingly rigid interpretations of evolution’s significance. Drawing out the similarities between Andrade and Woolf’s narratives, the chapter explains how Macunaíma and Orlando exemplify and expand this book’s methodology for reading modernist epic fiction comparatively against changing perceptions of evolution. It shows how such a bifocal reading allows us to see connections across traditional disciplinary borders of high and low, center and periphery, European and post-colonial.
Afterword
Authors: Paris Václav
Published: May 2021

The afterword evaluates the potential ranges of the methodology for reading comparative modernism proposed in The Evolutions of Modernist Epic. Many more epic works than those discussed in detail could be analyzed in relation to the eclipse of Darwinism in the early twentieth century. These include, for instance, Marcel Proust’s In Search of Lost Time. In addition, there are a number of benefits promised by a thorough understanding of biocentric modernism. Hitherto, however, little attention has been paid to the eclipse and its impact on modernism. One reason for this is that for many years the eclipse was regarded as a scientific mistake. The afterword describes how scholars of evolution, including Lynn Margulis, Elizabeth Grosz, and others, have come to reconsider its place in relation to Neo-Darwinism. It is within this larger reconsideration that it is worthwile returning to modernist epic as a source for radical thinking about human and literary evolution.
Introduction
Authors: Robinson Benedict S.
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes the largest historical, theoretical, and methodological claims of Passion’s Fictions: that in the early modern period a rhetoric of the passions destabilized a received faculty psychology, only to be itself absorbed into new natural histories of the passions; that the concept of passion in the early modern period was crucially shaped by rhetoric, with its account of passion as a situated, worlded, object-oriented mode of cognition; that the rhetoric of the passions centered on an account of narrative as a mode of the knowledge of the passions in their world-bound particularity; that rhetoric also shaped emerging forms of literary production, from Shakespeare’s drama to the rise of the novel; and that literary studies needs to attend to the active role of its own material in the history of the psychology of the passions. The chapter also situates the arguments made in Passion’s Fictions with respect to a series of related areas of inquiry: the history of emotion; affect theory; cognitive cultural studies; the history of philosophy; and the history of science. Overall, it aims to show the intimate links between literature and the sciences of soul and mind through the whole period from 1500 to 1800, and it makes the case that literary history is a crucial territory for investigating changing ways of thinking about the passions, not just in the rarefied space of philosophical and scientific debate but also in broader areas of discourse and culture.
The Accidents of the Soul
Authors: Robinson Benedict S.
Published: May 2021

“The Accidents of the Soul” asks which disciplines were seen to provide a knowledge of the passions in the early modern period, and how that map of the disciplines changed over time. It opens by noting the relatively minor position the passions held in a received philosophical “science of the soul,” itself divided between physics and metaphysics. As “accidents of the soul”—that is, contingent qualitative alterations in the soul—the passions lay at the margins of philosophical knowledge: they were seen as subject to too much particularity and contingency to belong to what one author called “certaine science.” They belonged instead to the “low” sciences, the practical sciences, fields that study human actions and that therefore were seen to produce a merely probable knowledge of particulars: fields like rhetoric, politics, poetics, ethics. The passions also belonged to medicine insofar as diagnostic medicine was understood as an art: in medicine, “accidents” are symptoms and the phrase “accidents of the soul” belongs to medical discourse insofar as it takes account of the particularities of the passions as part of a regimen of health. The chapter situates the seventeenth-century treatises on the passions in relation to various kinds of discourse on the passions all seen as promoting forms of probable knowledge on the model of medical diagnostics: physiology and “characterology,” most notably. It ends with a reading of Shakespeare’s Othello as a text that probes the limits—and the dangers—of this probable knowledge of the passions.
The Rhetoric of the Passions
Authors: Robinson Benedict S.
Published: May 2021

In the Advancement of Learning, Francis Bacon complains that there was no adequate science of the passions: in the place where the passions should be discussed—ethics—they were generally handled only in summary or inadequate ways; the most extensive and particularized accounts of the passions belong to poetry and history as they are informed by rhetoric; but neither poetry, history, nor rhetoric turned their observations into the basis of systematic investigations. This chapter describes the rhetoric of the passions, tracing it to works by Aristotle, Cicero, and Quintilian, textbooks like the progymnasmata—basic exercises in rhetoric—and early modern literary theory. The chapter argues that the heart of this rhetoric of the passions lies in an account of narrative as an instrument of the knowledge of the passions in their particularity, producing what Bacon calls “active and ample descriptions and observations.” The chapter uses that rhetoric of the passions as a lens for interpreting the early modern treatises on the passions as well as Montaigne’s essays. Finally, it reads Milton’s Paradise Lost as a serious confrontation with narrative as an instrument of the knowledge of the passions. Milton forges his poetry into an instrument for investigating minute fluctuations of affective experience as they drive conversational exchanges; but he also raises questions about the implications of that narrative mode of understanding for his theological principles of absolute freedom and responsibility.
Transcendental Illusion
Authors: Proops Ian
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the nature of logical, empirical, and transcendental illusion. It goes into depth on the following topics: Kant’s account of the sources of transcendental illusion, his illustrative example of the construction of polysyllogisms and the lessons he draws from this example, his two accounts of how transcendental illusion leads to dogmatism and error, and his argument for the universality of transcendental illusion. The author partly agrees with, and partly takes issue with, Michelle Grier’s justly influential account of Kant’s views on transcendental illusion and metaphysical error. What is correct in this account is its insistence on maintaining a sharp distinction between transcendental illusion and dogmatic metaphysical error; what is mistaken is its account of the fallacy that constitutes the first paralogism.
The Second Paralogism
Authors: Proops Ian
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines Kant’s discussion of the second paralogism, focusing on the changes in his diagnosis between the two editions. It begins by isolating the contribution made to the argument by a certain sub-argument known as the ‘Achilles’. It then argues that Kant switches from presenting the paralogism, in the A-edition, as a valid argument (with one unknown premise), which aims to establish the ‘simplicity’ of the soul (in the sense of its being one thing as opposed to many) to presenting it, in the B-edition, as an invalid argument, with known premises, which aims to establish the soul’s individual substantiality (its being one substance). He makes this change because he comes to doubt his own earlier claim that an assumption supporting the minor premise, the so-called ‘nervus probandi’, cannot be known to be true. The chapter seeks to explain this change of mind.