bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Screening of Cluster Bean Genotypes/ Varieties for Resistance to Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. cyamopsidis Using Two Methods of Inoculation
Authors: . Prahlad , Godara S. L. , Meena A. K. , Kumar Dinesh , Sheshma M. K. , . Anupriya
Published: February 2023

Clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonaloba (L.) Taub is an arid and semi-arid legume crop belonging to the family leguminaceae. It is a drought enduring leguminous crop because of its profound tap rooting system and has high capability to get well from water stress. Total fifty-nine varieties/genotypes of clusterbean were screened under artificial Inoculation field conditions at College Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Bikaner against bacterial blight disease during the Kharif season of 2018 and 2019. Two alternative inoculation techniques-seed inoculation and foliar sprays of bacterial suspension were employed to test for resistance to Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. cyamopsidis bacterial blight infection. (2.5x108cfu/ml). Out of 59 varieties, only one variety RGC-1066 found resistant against bacterial blight disease, 17 were found moderately resistant, 17 were moderately susceptible and 24 varieties were found susceptible. No one variety found highly susceptible against bacterial blight.
Knowledge of COVID-19 Vaccine and Factors that Influence Its Acceptance among Patients Living with Chronic Medical Conditions in Nigeria
Authors: Olanrewaju Kolawole , Adebimpe Jubril Rukayat , Tosin Adodo Catherine , Faloye Adetoun , Ikenna Nwagu Chimaobi , Abayomi Olapade Paul , Ayodeji Odekunle Victor , Osayande Alemenzohu Hillary , Anani Sadiku Jummai , Akinola Azeez Oluwaseun , Beatrice Adelusi Kehinde , Mary Durosolu Adebukola
Published: February 2023

Aims: Vaccines against COVID-19 have been developed but there are not enough vaccines for everyone. Special groups of people, such as those with chronic health conditions, must be prioritized. This study investigates the factors that influence the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine among patients living with chronic medical diseases in Nigeria.

Study Design:  Cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: University College Hospital between October 2021 – December 2021.

Methodology: 387 adults with chronic medical conditions were sampled via an offline questionnaire using a cross-sectional design. Convenience sampling was used to recruit participants. The information was collected using a validated structured questionnaire adapted from the study carried out in Bangladesh by Saifu et al and entered into the Stata MP 14.0. To summarize the data, descriptive statistics such as mean, frequency, and percentages were used, and Chi-square analysis was used to test hypotheses with an Alpha level of 0.05.

Results: The majority of responders (69.5 %) correctly identify the modes of transmission. . . While the knowledge of COVID-19 infection was found to be statistically correlated with age, gender, education, income and ethnicity, the knowledge of the COVID-19 vaccine is significantly correlated with education and occupation. The respondents' income, occupation, and education were significantly correlated with their desire to receive the vaccine at a p-value<0.01.

Conclusion: The results highlight the need to step up efforts to inform Nigerian adults about the COVID-19 infection and the available vaccines, especially those who have chronic medical conditions.
Effect of Various Carbon and Nitrogen Sources on Decolorization of Textile Dyes by Pseudomonas taiwanensis Strain TNZ3
Authors: Nasrin Tamanna , Saha Ananda Kumar , Mohanta Moni Krishno , Reza Abu , Haque Md Fazlul
Published: February 2023

The co-substrate is a crucial component in the bio-decolorization process that helps bacteria to grow and carry out their fundamental functions. Different types of textile dyes with diverse chemical structures are frequently employed in the textile industry, and the most of them are resistant to biodegradation because of their xenobiotic nature. Due to the low carbon content of textile dyes, particularly of azo dyes, co-metabolic conditions are required for decolorization process. Hence, the current study was aimed to determine which striking carbon and nitrogen sources are preferred for generating co-metabolic conditions to decolorize the following dyes: Disperse Yellow-3, Malachite Green, Basic Red-18, and Reactive Blue-4. Different carbon and nitrogen sources were used to isolate, screen, and evaluate different bacterial strains for dye degradation. A potential bacterial strain Pseudomonas taiwanensis strain TNZ3 was identified based on 16s rDNA sequence and selected for further study. It was found that the presence of yeast, peptone, NH4Cl, sucrose, glucose, fructose, maltose, galactose, lactose, and starch in dye contaminated media effectively enhanced azo dye degradation rate by Pseudomonas taiwanensis strain TNZ3. In the medium inoculated with Pseudomonas taiwanensis strain TNZ3, sucrose and yeast with peptone extracts induced the greatest decolorization among diverse carbon and nitrogen sources. In all dyes, the maximum decolorization occurs at 1.5% yeast extract supplementation. The results made it abundantly clear that various carbon and nitrogen sources used as co-substrates played effective role on dye decolorization process.
Text Encryption with Improved Elliptic Curve Cryptography
Authors: David Adeniji Oluwashola , Sulaimon Olagunju
Published: February 2023

The security of data encrypted with an encryption algorithm should be guaranteed such that it is never easy for a third party to recover the message from the encrypted data. To this effect, ECC has been a reliable option. However, the base equation that defines the security of Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is in the form of a linear equation with one unknown which is easy to solve. The ease with which this equation can be solved is a weak point in the algorithm. Thus, the aim of this research work is to improve the security of ECC by improving the nature of its base linear equation.

Elliptic curve arithmetic was used to develop the improved model. The encryption process was specifically targeted and improved from single to double encryption using separate encryption constant for each round of encryption. Simulation was done using a 256 bits key size on selected number of character inputs. Java programming language was used to simulate the model on Net Beans IDE. Results of the research show that despite a longer key size of 256 bits and double encryption process, the improved ECC performed better than the existing ECC model in both encryption and decryption times, but compared to RSA, the encryption is higher while the decryption time is lower. Generally, this shows that the improved ECC out – performed the existing systems and is therefore better.
Effects of the Speed of Mechanical Tillage on the Structure of Ferralitic Soil
Authors: Boko Christelle Sandra A. , Bagan Gontrand C. , Zimonse Edna , Kouazounde Nadege
Published: February 2023

The present work consists in evaluating the impacts of the plowing speed of three-body plows/discs hitched to a 60 HP tractor, on the structure of the ferralitic soil, and determining the optimal speed which guarantees good soil and biomass retention capacities, bearing capacity and soil preservation leading to better yield and with a view to using motorized tools wisely in agricultural practices in the Benin plateau, from 2019-2021. All plowing was carried out on the same day on 21 plots, divided into 3 blocks of 7 elementary plots. The treatments are V0, V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, and V6, i.e. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 km/h. V0 is a control. The tests are carried out according to the standards: NF EN ISO 17892-4.2018, for the particle size analysis, NF EN ISO 17892.2018, for the Atterberg limits, NF P 94-050.1995, for the water content by weight, NF XP P 94 -047.1998, for the rate of organic matter, NF EN 1097-3.1998, for the apparent density. Soil conductivity is determined by the Muntz method (double rings). The results show that plowing at an average speed (6 km/h) generates a better content of water and organic matter which are respectively 5.04 ± 0.76% and 0.304 ± 0.004% for the ploughshare than (6. 47±0.35%; 0.324± 0.012%) for the disc plow. The higher content of water and organic matter generated by the average speed of 6 km/h would limit the risks of embrittlement while guaranteeing a conservative tendency of fertility. This work will allow agricultural tractor operators to better perform ferralitic tillage operations taking into account the optimal plowing speed without seriously damaging the soil structure, a guarantee of sustainable development in agriculture.
Derived Functions for MATLAB Non-linear Solvers – an optimal Stator Slot Design Stopgap
Authors: Oyakhilomen Omogbai Nelson
Published: February 2023

In the three-phase squirrel cage induction motor (SCIM), like other rotating electromechanical machines, the active length of the stator windings lies in the slots. The proper dimensioning of the slots is therefore critical to the design of both the windings and the stator core, so as to attain a high performing machine. The preliminary stage of the SCIM design, if well done, facilitates the refinement and optimization stages; serving as a good take-off point for that final state of the art design. The aim of this article isn’t to come up with a novel optimization method for the SCIM, but to provide another way of obtaining an initial stator slot design template, from where proper design refinement/optimization techniques could obtain very good starting values and be facilitated. Therefore, an attempt is being made here to derive relevant design functions that could be fed into the algorithms of various non-linear solvers such as the Genetic Algorithm (GA), to output the main stator slot dimensions for the SCIM. The final designed SCIM obtained from implementing the derived equations, when compared with the appropriate reference datasheets, showed only minor deviations from the expected performance indices – an outcome deemed satisfactory for a preliminary design attempt. These initial dimensions may in practice be subjected to the appropriate refinement. Depending on the target performance requirement of the motor.
What is the State of Groundnut Production in India? Uncovering the Productivity and TFP Dynamics of the Major Oilseeds: Evidence from Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Rehman Ashraf
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this research is to examine the variations in productivity and the trends of Total Factor Productivity (TFP) of the major oilseeds grown in the state of Andhra Pradesh, with a focus on Groundnut. The study utilizes secondary data sources, including the National Statistical Office (NSO) and India Stat, to analyze and interpret the data using descriptive statistics, One-Factor ANOVA analysis, and TFP calculations. The findings of the study indicate that Groundnut has been one of the highest yielding oilseeds in Andhra Pradesh and has exhibited positive trends in TFP over the past two decades, specifically highlighting the years 2009-2010, 2019-2020, and 2020-2021, during which the TFP of Groundnut was particularly high, reflecting an increase in production efficiency. This research provides a comprehensive examination of the productivity of oilseeds in Andhra Pradesh and sheds light on the significance of Groundnut in the state's oilseed production, offering valuable insights into the trends of TFP in Groundnut production and the importance of continuing to monitor and improve efficiency in the sector.
Association of Neighborhood-Level Household Income With 21-Gene Recurrence Score and Survival Among Patients With Estrogen Receptor–Positive Breast Cancer
Authors: Ma Sung Jun , Gill Jasmin , Waldman Olivia , Yendamuri Keerti , Dunne-Jaffe Cynthia , Chatterjee Udit , Fekrmandi Fatemeh , Shekher Rohil , Iovoli Austin , Yao Song , Oladeru Oluwadamilola T. , Singh Anurag K.
Published: February 2023

Importance

While low income has been associated with a higher incidence of triple-negative breast cancer, its association with 21-gene recurrence score (RS) among patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer remains unclear.

Objective

To evaluate the association of household income with RS and overall survival (OS) among patients with ER-positive breast cancer.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study used data from the National Cancer Database. Eligible participants included women diagnosed between 2010 and 2018 with ER-positive, pT1-3N0-1aM0 breast cancer who received surgery followed by adjuvant endocrine therapy with or without chemotherapy. Data analysis was performed from July 2022 to September 2022.

Exposures

Low vs high neighborhood-level household income levels defined as below vs above the median household income of $50 353 based on each patient’s zip code.

Main Outcomes and Measures

RS (a score ranged from 0 to 100 based on gene expression signatures indicating the risk of distant metastasis, with RS of 25 or below indicating non–high risk and RS above 25 indicating high risk) and OS.

Results

Among 119 478 women (median [IQR] age, 60 [52-67] years; 4737 [4.0%] Asian and Pacific Islander, 9226 [7.7%] Black, 7245 [6.1%] Hispanic, 98 270 [82.2%] non-Hispanic White), 82 198 (68.8%) and 37 280 (31.2%) patients had high and low income, respectively. Logistic multivariable analysis (MVA) showed that, compared with high income, low income was associated with higher RS (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.11; 95% CI, 1.06-1.16). Cox MVA showed that low income was also associated with worse OS (adjusted hazards ratio [aHR], 1.18; 95% CI, 1.11-1.25). Interaction term analysis showed a statistically significant interaction between income levels and RS (interaction P < .001). On subgroup analysis, significant findings were noted among those with RS below 26 (aHR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.13-1.29), while there was no significant OS difference between income levels among others with RS of 26 or higher (aHR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.96-1.22).

Conclusions and Relevance

Our study suggested that low household income was independently associated with higher 21-gene recurrence scores and significantly worse survival outcomes among those with scores below 26, but not 26 or higher. Further studies are warranted to investigate the association between socioeconomic determinants of health and intrinsic tumor biology among patients with breast cancer.
Commissioning, clinical implementation, and initial experience with a new brain tumor treatment package on a low‐field MR‐linac
Authors: Snyder Karen Chin , Mao Weihua , Kim Joshua P. , Cunningham Justine , Chetty Indrin J. , Siddiqui Salim M. , Parikh Parag , Dolan Jennifer
Published: February 2023

To evaluate the image quality, dosimetric properties, setup reproducibility, and planar cine motion detection of a high‐resolution brain coil and integrated stereotactic brain immobilization system that constitute a new brain treatment package (BTP) on a low‐field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) linear accelerator (MR‐linac). Image quality of the high‐resolution brain coil was evaluated with the 17 cm diameter spherical phantom and the American College of Radiology (ACR) Large MRI Phantom. Patient imaging studies approved by the institutional review board (IRB) assisted in selecting image acquisition parameters. Radiographic and dosimetric evaluation of the high‐resolution brain coil and the associated immobilization devices was performed using dose calculations and ion chamber measurements. End‐to‐end testing was performed simulating a cranial lesion in a phantom. Inter‐fraction setup variability and motion detection tests were evaluated on four healthy volunteers. Inter‐fraction variability was assessed based on three repeat setups for each volunteer. Motion detection was evaluated using three‐plane (axial, coronal, and sagittal) MR‐cine imaging sessions, where volunteers were asked to perform a set of specific motions. The images were post‐processed and evaluated using an in‐house program. Contrast resolution of the high‐resolution brain coil is superior to the head/neck and torso coils. The BTP receiver coils have an average HU value of 525 HU. The most significant radiation attenuation (3.14%) of the BTP, occurs through the lateral portion of the overlay board where the high‐precision lateral‐profile mask clips attach to the overlay. The greatest inter‐fraction setup variability occurred in the pitch (average 1.08 degree) and translationally in the superior/inferior direction (average 4.88 mm). Three plane cine imaging with the BTP was able to detect large and small motions. Small voluntary motions, sub‐millimeter in magnitude (maximum 0.9 mm), from motion of external limbs were detected. Imaging tests, inter‐fraction setup variability, attenuation, and end‐to‐end measurements were quantified and performed for the BTP. Results demonstrate better contrast resolution and low contrast detectability that allows for better visualization of soft tissue anatomical changes relative to head/neck and torso coil systems.
Clinical Visit Frequencies in Rheumatology: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Jiang Yuxuan , Rudin Robert S. , Solomon Daniel H.
Published: February 2023

Objective

Clinical visits are a fundamental aspect of rheumatic disease care, but recommendations for appropriate visit frequencies are largely absent from guidelines, scarcely studied, and inconsistently reported. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence pertaining to visit frequencies for major rheumatic diseases.

Methods

This systematic review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Title/abstract screening, full‐text screening, and extraction were carried out by 2 independent authors. Annual visit frequencies were either extracted or calculated and stratified by disease type and country of study. Weighted mean annual visit frequencies were calculated.

Results

A total of 273 relevant manuscript records were screened, and 28 were included after applying selection criteria. The included studies were equally divided between US and non‐US and were published between 1985 and 2021. Most (n = 16) focused on rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE; n = 5), and fibromyalgia (FM; n = 4). For RA, the average annual visit frequencies were 5.25 for US rheumatologists, 4.80 for US non‐rheumatologists, 3.29 for non‐US rheumatologists, and 2.74 for non‐US non‐rheumatologists. For SLE, annual visit frequencies for non‐rheumatologists were much higher than for US rheumatologists (12.3 versus 3.24). For FM, annual visit frequencies were 1.80 for US rheumatologists and 0.40 for non‐US rheumatologists. There was a decreasing trend of visit frequency to rheumatologists from 1982 to 2019.

Conclusion

Evidence for rheumatology clinical visits was limited and heterogeneous on a global scale. However, general trends suggest more frequent visits in the US and less frequent visits in recent years.
Designing a Length‐Modulated Azide Photocrosslinker to Improve the Stretchability of Semiconducting Polymers
Authors: Kim Seung Hyun , Chung Sein , Kim Minkyu , Yoo Dongho , Ok Eunsol , Kim Seunghyun , Song Kyu Chan , Song Young Jae , Kang Boseok , Cho Kilwon
Published: February 2023

To impart high stretchability to semiconducting polymers, researchers have used a photocrosslinking approach based on the nitrene chemistry of an azide‐incorporated molecular additive. However, understanding of the molecular design of azide crosslinkers with respect to their effects on the electrical and mechanical properties of semiconducting polymer thin films is lacking. In this study, the effects of an azide photocrosslinker's molecular length and structure on the microstructural, electrical features, and stretchability of photocrosslinked conjugated polymer films is investigated. For a systematic comparison, a series of nitrene‐induced photocrosslinkers (n‐NIPSs) with different numbers of ethylene glycol repeating units (n = 1, 4, 8, 13) that bridge two tetrafluoro‐aryl azide end groups is synthesized. Two semicrystalline conjugated polymers and two nearly amorphous conjugated polymers are co‐processed with n‐NIPSs and crosslinked by brief exposure to UV light. It is found that, among the synthesized n‐NIPSs, the shortest one (1‐NIPS) is the most efficient in improving the stretchability of crosslinked indacenodithiophene‐benzothiadiazole films and that the improvement is achieved only with nearly amorphous polymers, not with semicrystalline conjugated polymers. On the basis of systematic studies, it is suggested that crosslinking density in amorphous regions is important in improving thin film stretchability.
Solution‐Processed and Room‐Temperature Spin Light‐Emitting Diode Based on Quantum Dots/Chiral Metal‐Organic Framework Heterostructure
Authors: Mustaqeem Mujahid , Chou Pi‐Tai , Kamal Saqib , Ahmad Naveed , Lin Jia‐Yu , Lu Yu‐Jung , Lee Xing‐Hao , Lin Kung‐Hsuan , Lu Kuang‐Lieh , Chen Yang‐Fang
Published: February 2023

Spin optoelectronics is an indispensable key for the future development of spintronics. In conventional spin light emitting diodes (LEDs), spin‐polarized carrier pairs are injected electrically into the light emitting layer and create circularly polarized light (CPL). Generally, spin‐polarized carriers are accomplished using ferromagnetic contacts or applying an external magnetic field, which will produce several drawbacks, including low temperature operation, low spin‐polarized carriers injection efficiency, etc. To circumvent the existing shortcomings, here, an alternative approach is proposed and achieves spin‐polarized LEDs at room temperature based on quantum dots (QDs)/chiral metal‐organic framework heterojunction without using ferromagnetic contacts or magnetic fields. The spin‐polarized injected layer composed of self‐assembled monolayer (SAM)/Chiral‐MOF ([Sr(9,10‐adc)(DMAc)2]n)) film, which produces spin‐polarized holes with spin orientation, determining the polarization and strength of circularly polarized electroluminescence (CP‐EL). The spin‐QLED emits CP‐EL at a rate of 12.24% efficiency, which provides an excellent alternative to generate new functionality for conventional QLEDs. The approach is anticipated to be very useful, enabling to offer a general methodology for generating not yet realized spin optoelectronic devices.
Ballistic Ejection of Microdroplets from Overpacked Interfacial Assemblies
Authors: Wu Xuefei , Bordia Gautam , Streubel Robert , Hasnain Jaffar , Pedroso Cássio C.S. , Cohen Bruce E. , Rad Behzad , Ashby Paul , Omar Ahmad K. , Geissler Phillip L. , Wang Dong , Xue Han , Wang Jianjun , Russell Thomas P.
Published: February 2023

Spontaneous emulsification, resulting from the assembly and accumulation of surfactants at liquid–liquid interfaces, is an interfacial instability where microdroplets are generated and diffusively spread from the interface until complete emulsification. Here, it is shown that an external magnetic field can modulate the assembly of paramagnetic nanoparticle surfactants (NPSs) at liquid–liquid interfaces to trigger an oversaturation in the areal density of the NPSs at the interface, as evidenced by a marked reduction in the interfacial tension, γ, and corroborated with a magnetostatic continuum theory. Despite the significant reduction in γ, the presence of the magnetic field does not cause stable interfaces to become unstable. Upon rapid removal of the field, however, an explosive ejection of a plume of microdroplets from the surface occurs, a dynamical interfacial instability which is termed explosive emulsification. This explosive event rapidly reduces the areal density of the NPSs to its pre‐field level, stabilizing the interface. The ability to externally suppress or trigger the explosive emulsification and controlled generation of tens of thousands of microdroplets, uncovers an efficient energy storage and release process, that has potential applications for controlled and directed delivery of chemicals and remotely controlled soft microrobots, taking advantage of the ferromagnetic nature of the microdroplets.
Facile Synthesis of Highly Efficient and Thermally Stable BaAl4Sb2O12:Eu2+ Phosphor in Air
Authors: Wang Jianhui , Dong Lile , Lyu Zeyu , Sun Dashuai , Tan Taixing , You Hongpeng
Published: February 2023

Despite many Eu2+‐doped phosphors having been synthesized by different methods, a simple synthetic strategy for Eu2+‐doped high‐performance phosphors remains one of the significant challenges for phosphor‐conversion white light‐emitting diodes. Herein, a novel broad‐band excitation yellow phosphor Ba0.985Al4Sb2O12:0.015Eu2+ (BASO:Eu2+) with high thermal stability (423 K, 94%) and internal quantum efficiency (96.7%) are reported. More importantly, the novel phosphor is synthesized by solid‐state reaction at high temperatures in air. Structural and spectral analyses show that the Eu2+ ions in BASO preferably occupy [BaO8] hexahedra, forming a single luminescence center. This study provides a reliable direction for the facile synthesis of high‐performance Eu2+‐doped phosphors in air.
Hierarchical Ni/N/C Single‐Site Catalyst Achieving Industrial‐Level Current Density and Ultra‐Wide Potential Plateau of High CO Faradic Efficiency for CO2 Electroreduction
Authors: Chen Yiqun , Zhang Junru , Tian Jingyi , Guo Yue , Xu Fengfei , Zhang Yan , Wang Xizhang , Yang Lijun , Wu Qiang , Hu Zheng
Published: February 2023

The practical applications of CO2 electroreduction to CO driven by renewable electricity should simultaneously meet the requests of industrial‐level CO partial current density (JCO) at least 100 mA cm−2, wide potential window of high CO faradic efficiency (FECO), and low cost. Herein, a new strategy is reported to construct porous hierarchical Ni/N/C single‐site catalyst with excellent catalytic activity via coating Ni‐containing ZIF‐8 on mesostructured basic magnesium carbonate template followed by pyrolysis. The abundant micropores facilitate the formation of numerous edge‐hosted Ni‐N4 sites with high intrinsic activity, and the interconnected macro/mesopores much promote CO2 delivery and CO release for the full expression of intrinsic activity. Consequently, the catalyst exhibits the industrial‐level JCO of 105–462 mA cm−2 at the potential range of −0.6∼−1.3 V with ultra‐wide high FECO plateau (>90%@−0.4∼−1.3 V), showing great promise for practical application. This study provides a general synthetic strategy to explore high‐performance hierarchical M/N/C electrocatalysts.
Ultrasensitive Plasmonic Immunosensor Based on Hierarchically Porous Metal–Organic Framework‐Engineered Enzyme Catalysts
Authors: Yan Xu , Su Dandan , Li Hongxia , Zhao Xu , Liu Xiaomin , Liu Fangmeng , Sun Peng , Lu Geyu
Published: February 2023

Investigations on the utilization efficiency and bioactivity of the enzyme nanocarriers are critical for realizing sensitive biosensors. Herein, hierarchically porous enzyme@peptide‐directed metal–organic frameworks (enzyme@MOFs‐P) nanoarchitectures are constructed by implemented site‐selective epitaxial growth to create mesopore and defect structures. The expanded size of the pores provides suitable space for homogeneously accommodating enzymes and enhances interfacial contact with enzymes, as well as reducing steric hindrance of target recognition to boost the mass transfer process. Harnessing the enzyme‐mediated surface etching of gold nanostars, a robust enzyme@MOFs‐P‐based plasmonic immunosensor is constructed for the sensitive detection of imidacloprid pesticide. In conjunction with using a smartphone‐based homemade device and image‐processing algorithm, quantitative detection of imidacloprid is achieved with a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 0.02 ng mL−1, which shows ≈1000‐fold improvement in sensitivity compared with that of a typical immunoassay. This work gives valuable insight into engineering size‐tunable nanostructures and the structure‐activity relationship of MOFs, guiding the construction of plasmonic biosensors for on‐site application.
Surface Density of Cobalt Single Atoms Manipulating Hydroxyl Radical Generation Via Dual Pathways: Electrons Supply and Active sites
Authors: Wang Jing , Yu Guangfei , Wang Yuchao , Liu Shenning , Qiu Jiakai , Xu Yanjun , Wang Zhuan , Wang Yuxian , Xie Yongbing , Cao Hongbin
Published: February 2023

Photocatalytic generation of •OH from O3 is an intriguing avenue for aqueous organics degradation due to the high utilization of photogenerated electrons, but ambiguous information about charge transfer and surface‐active sites hinders the optimization of photocatalysts. In this work, a series of cobalt single‐atom catalysts (SACs) anchored on graphitic carbon nitride to improve •OH generation from O3 via electron reduction and catalytic activation dual pathway is synthesized. Various characterization and density functional theory calculations reveal that cobalt single atoms can introduce trap states for holes, which improve the light‐harvesting ability and accelerate the transfer of electrons and holes. Meanwhile, Co single atoms can also act as active sites to accelerate ozone decomposition and produce •OH directly. Particularly, the influence of different surface densities of Co single atoms on photogenerated electron supply and surface reaction is disclosed. A higher density of Co provided more active sites for O3 catalytic activation, but the narrowed distance between oxidation and reduction centers reduces the supply of available electrons by worsening the charge recombination. This work offers an atomic‐level correlation of the isolated metal density and photocatalytic properties, and can scientifically guide the design of high‐performance photocatalysts for organic synthesis and water purification.
Spatial‐Division‐Assisted Multi‐Level Amplitude‐Programmable Metasurface for Dual‐Band Direct Wireless Communication
Authors: Zheng Yilin , Xu Zhiyuan , Zhang Na , Wang Jian , Jiang Tian , Chen Ke , Feng Yijun
Published: February 2023

With the rapid development of electromagnetic (EM) wave manipulation technique, programmable metasurfaces with real‐time EM responses (e.g., phase, amplitude) have emerged as a new type of wireless communication transmitter, which has the advantages of simple architecture and low cost. Here, it has been proposed a design strategy of dual‐band wireless communication system based on a spatial‐division‐assisted multi‐level amplitude‐programmable metasurface. The carrier frequency and modulation scheme of each physical channel can be independently designed by changing the external bias voltages and the spatial‐coding sequences applied onto the metasurface. As the proof‐of‐concept, experiments are conducted to prove the feasibility of the system in sub 6G communication band. Two pictures are successfully transmitted via high and low‐frequency channels using binary amplitude‐shift keying and 4 amplitude‐shift keying modulation schemes, respectively.
Recent Developments in Manganese, Iron and Cobalt Homogeneous Catalyzed Synthesis of Primary Amines via Reduction of Nitroarenes, Nitriles and Carboxamides
Authors: Wu Jiajun , Darcel Christophe
Published: February 2023

The preparation of primary amines attracts huge attention in the molecular synthetic community. Indeed, amines play a crucial role in chemistry as they are important substructures in a huge amount of drug molecules, agrochemicals, dyes and molecular materials. Compared to stoichiometric reductions using metal hydride based reagents, the catalyzed reduction of nitroarenes, nitriles and carboxamides appears to be an attractive option, mainly when associated to first row transition metals such as manganese, iron, or cobalt. In this short review, we illustrate the progress achieved in homogeneous hydrogenation, hydrogen transfer, hydrogen borrowing and hydrosilylation of nitroarenes, nitriles and carboxamides.

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Comparing Random Forest to Bayesian Networks as nitrogen management decision support systems
Authors: Sulik John , Banger Kamaljit , Janovicek Ken , Nasielski Joshua , Deen Bill
Published: February 2023

Nitrogen (N) is notoriously difficult to manage and there are many approaches for fertilizer N rate recommendations. Existing fertilizer N rate recommendation systems can be improved by incorporating the effects of weather on sidedress economicoptimum N rates (EONR). In this study, we evaluated the performance of machine learning methods, a Bayesian Network (BN) and a Random Forest (RF) for estimating EONR for corn. BN draws relationships between variables based on assumptions about conditional independence, where the model is structured by an algorithm or, in this case, expert opinion. In contrast, RF determines model structure based on the input variables and model output. The models were trained and validated using a large database (n = 324) of corn yield response to N fertilizer collected across southern Ontario. Sixty‐six of the 324 site‐years were used for validation with success assessed by the frequency that N rate predictions that produced net returns were within CAN$25 ha−1 of the observed EONR. The success rate was 64% and 48% for the BN and RF, respectively. Both models incorporated weather from planting to sidedress and outperformed a benchmark provincial N recommendation system. We argue that BN has advantages when some input variables are unknown or uncertain and for improving model structure with stakeholder feedback. Moreover, RF is easy to implement but the model structure must use point estimates instead of probabilities for uncertain parameter values such as future weather. BN represents a more flexible modeling approach than RF for incorporating both modeling and stakeholder input.
The role of hybrid seed inviability in angiosperm speciation
Authors: Coughlan Jenn M.
Published: February 2023

Understanding which reproductive barriers contribute to speciation is essential to understanding the diversity of life on earth. Several contemporary examples of strong hybrid seed inviability (HSI) between recently diverged species suggest that HSI may play a fundamental role in plant speciation. Yet, a broader synthesis of HSI is needed to clarify its role in diversification. Here, I review the incidence and evolution of HSI. Hybrid seed inviability is common and evolves rapidly, suggesting that it may play an important role early in speciation. The developmental mechanisms that underlie HSI involve similar developmental trajectories in endosperm, even between evolutionarily deeply diverged incidents of HSI. In hybrid endosperm, HSI is often accompanied by whole‐scale gene misexpression, including misexpression of imprinted genes which have a key role in endosperm development. I explore how an evolutionary perspective can clarify the repeated and rapid evolution of HSI. In particular, I evaluate the evidence for conflict between maternal and paternal interests in resource allocation to offspring (i.e., parental conflict). I highlight that parental conflict theory generates explicit predictions regarding the expected hybrid phenotypes and genes responsible for HSI. While much phenotypic evidence supports a role of parental conflict in the evolution of HSI, an understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of this barrier is essential to test parental conflict theory. Lastly, I explore what factors may influence the strength of parental conflict in natural plant populations as an explanation for why rates of HSI may differ between plant groups and the consequences of strong HSI in secondary contact.
Charles T. Snowdon (Chuck) 1941–2023
Authors: Ziegler Toni E. , Strier Karen B.
Published: February 2023

In remembrance of Charles T. Snowdon (Chuck), 1941–2023, world renown Primatologist and member of ASP.
The Neanderthal patellae from Krapina (Croatia): A comparative investigation of their endostructural conformation and distinctive features compared to the extant human condition
Authors: Cazenave Marine , Radovčić Davorka
Published: February 2023

Objectives

The Neanderthal patella differs from that of extant humans by being thicker anteroposteriorly and by having more symmetric medial and lateral articular facets. However, it is still unclear to what extent these differences affect knee kinesiology. We aim at assessing the endostructural conformation of Neanderthal patellae to reveal functionally related mechanical information comparatively to the extant human condition. In principle, we expect that the Neanderthal patella (i) shows a higher amount of cortical bone and (ii) a trabecular network organization distinct from the extant human condition.

Materials and Methods

By using micro‐focus X‐ray tomography, we characterized the endostructure of six adult patellae from the OIS 5e Neanderthal site of Krapina, Croatia, the largest assemblage of human fossil patellae assessed so far, and compared their pattern to the configuration displayed by a sample of 22 recent humans.

Results and Discussion

The first expectation is rejected, indicating that the patellar bone might have not followed the trend of generalized gracilization of the human postcranial skeleton occurred through the Upper Pleistocene. The second prediction is at least partially supported. In Krapina the trabecular network differs from the comparative sample by showing a higher medial density and by lacking a proximal reinforcement. Such conformation indicates similar load patterns exerted in Neanderthals and extant humans by the vastus lateralis, but not by the vastus medialis, with implications on the mediolateral stabilization of the knee joint. However, the patterns of structural variation of the patellar network remain to be assessed in other Neanderthal samples.
Stroke in Patients with Bacterial Meningitis: A Cohort Study and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Beuker Carolin , Werring Nils , Bonberg Nadine , Strecker Jan‐Kolja , Schmidt‐Pogoda Antje , Schwindt Wolfram , Stracke Paul , Schulte‐Mecklenbeck Andreas , Gross Catharina , Wiendl Heinz , Minnerup Heike , Minnerup Jens
Published: February 2023

Objective

The purpose of this study was to characterize patients with ischemic stroke due to bacterial meningitis.

Methods

In a single‐center retrospective study, we analyzed 102 patients with bacterial meningitis of which 19 had an ischemic stroke. Clinical characteristics, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analyses, and spatiotemporal distribution of infarcts were assessed. In addition, we searched PubMed from database inception to August 2021 for observational studies on ischemic stroke in patients with bacterial meningitis, and performed a meta‐analysis to investigate the frequency and timing of stroke as well as its effect on mortality.

Results

In our cohort, 15 (78.9%) patients with stroke had an modified Rankin scale (mRS)  3 at discharge compared to 33 (39.8%) in patients without stroke (p < 0.01). Of 1,692 patients with bacterial meningitis from 15 cohort studies included in our meta‐analysis, cerebral infarcts were found in 332 (16%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.13–0.20) patients. The occurrence of stroke was strongly associated with a higher mortality (odds ratio [OR] = 2.38, 95% CI = 1.70–3.34, p < 0.0001). There was no association of any specific causative pathogen with the occurrence of stroke. Infarcts were mainly distributed in territories of arteries located in the vicinity to the infection focus and peaked at 3 to –7 days and at 2 weeks after onset of meningitis. In patients with ischemic stroke, vasculopathy was found in 63.2% and additional intracerebral hemorrhage in 15.8%.

Interpretation

This study found that ischemic stroke due to bacterial meningitis is caused by cerebral vasculopathy located in the vicinity of the infection focus, and that the time course of infarctions might enable a therapeutic intervention. ANN NEUROL 2023;93:1094–1105
Substratverankerte Diarylethen‐basierte Filme aus metallorganischem Gerüst als gerichtete Photoaktoren
Authors: Jiang Yunzhe , Liu Yidong , Grosjean Sylvain , Bon Volodymyr , Hodapp Patrick , Kanj Anemar Bruno , Kaskel Stefan , Bräse Stefan , Wöll Christof , Heinke Lars
Published: February 2023

Molekulare Maschinen und responsive Materialien eröffnen eine Fülle neuer Möglichkeiten in der Nanotechnologie. Wir präsentieren ein orientiertes kristallines Array von Diarylethen (DAE)‐basierten Photoaktoren, die so angeordnet sind, dass sie eine anisotrope Reaktion erzeugen. Die DAE‐Einheiten werden zusammen mit einem sekundären Linker zu einem monolithischen oberflächenverankerten metallorganischen Gerüst‐Film (SURMOF) zusammengefügt. Infrarot und UV/Vis‐Spektroskopie zusammen mit Synchrotron‐Röntgenbeugung zeigen, dass sich die lichtinduzierten Extensionsänderungen der molekularen DAE‐Linker zu mesoskopischen und anisotropen Längenänderungen vervielfachen. Aufgrund der speziellen Architektur und Substratverankerung des SURMOFs werden diese Längenänderungen auf die makroskopische Skala übertragen, was zum Biegen eines kleinen Balkens und zum Verrichten von Arbeiten führt. Dieser Artikel zeigt das Potenzial von lichtgetrieben Molekülen in SURMOFs, um Photoaktoren mit gerichteter Reaktion zu erhalten.
Dynamic Activation of Ga Sites by Pt Dopant in Low‐Temperature Liquid‐Metal Catalysts
Authors: Lambie Stephanie , Steenbergen Krista G. , Gaston Nicola
Published: February 2023

Liquid GaPt catalysts with Pt concentrations as low as 1×10−4 atomic % have recently been identified as highly active for the oxidation of methanol and pyrogallol under mild reaction conditions. However, almost nothing is known about how liquid state catalysts support these significant improvements in activity. Here, ab initio molecular dynamics simulations are employed to examine GaPt catalysts in isolation and interacting with adsorbates. We find that persistent geometric features can exist in the liquid state, given the correct environment. We postulate that the Pt dopant may not be limited to direct involvement in catalysis of reactions, but rather that its presence can also enable Ga atoms to become catalytically active.
Post‐Assembly Modification of Homochiral Titanium–Organic Cages for Recognition and Separation of Molecular Isomers
Authors: Chen Guang‐Hui , He Yan‐Ping , Yu Yinghua , Lv Hong , Li Shangda , Wang Fei , Gu Zhi‐Gang , Zhang Jian
Published: February 2023

A chiral metal–organic cage (MOC) was extended and fixed into a porous framework using a post‐assembly modification strategy, which made it easier to study the host–guest chemistry of the solid‐state MOC using a single‐crystal diffraction technique. Anionic Ti4L6 (L=embonate) cage can be used as a 4‐connecting crystal engineering tecton, and its optical resolution was achieved, thus homochiral ΔΔΔΔ‐ and ΛΛΛΛ‐[Ti4L6] cages were obtained. Accordingly, a pair of homochiral cage‐based microporous frameworks (PTC‐236(Δ) and PTC‐236(Λ)) were easily prepared by a post‐assembly reaction. PTC‐236 has rich recognition sites provided by the Ti4L6 moieties, chiral channels and high framework stability, affording a single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal transformation for guest structure analyses. Thus it was successfully utilized for the recognition and separation of isomeric molecules. This study provides a new approach for the orderly combination of well‐defined MOCs into functional porous frameworks.
Tricrilactones A–H, Potent Antiosteoporosis Macrolides with Distinctive Ring Skeletons fromTrichocladium crispatum, an Alpine Moss‐Associated Fungus
Authors: Han Wen‐Bo , Zhai Yi‐Jie , Zhang Rong , Gong Xu‐Shun , Li Jia‐Qian , Xu Gong , Lei Xinxiang , Du Liangcheng , Gao Jin‐Ming
Published: February 2023

Tricrilactones A–H (1–8), a new family of oligomeric 10‐membered macrolides featuring collectively five unique ring skeletons, were isolated from a hitherto unexplored fungus,Trichocladium crispatum. Compounds1and7contain two unconventional bridged (aza)tricyclic core skeletons,2,3,5, and6share an undescribed tetracyclic 9/5/6/6 ring system,4bears an uncommon 9/5/6/10/3‐fused pentacyclic architecture, and8is a dimer bridged by an unexpected C−C linkage. Their structures, including absolute configurations, were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, quantum chemical calculations, and X‐ray diffraction analysis. Importantly, the absolute configuration of the highly flexible side chain of1was resolved by the asymmetric synthesis of its four stereoisomers. The intermediate‐trapping and isotope labeling experiments facilitated the proposal of the biosynthetic pathway for these macrolides. In addition, their antiosteoporosis effects were evaluated in vivo (zebrafish).
Manipulating Host‐Guest Charge Transfer of a Water‐Soluble Double‐Cavity Cyclophane for NIR‐II Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Li Ran , Yang Fei , Zhang Liying , Li Mengzhen , Wang Guo , Wang Weizhi , Xu Yanqing , Wei Wei
Published: February 2023

Water‐soluble small organic photothermal agents (PTAs) over NIR‐II biowindow (1000–1350 nm) are highly desirable, but the rarity greatly limits their applications. Based on a water‐soluble double‐cavity cyclophane GBox‐44+, we report a class of host–guest charge transfer (CT) complexes as structurally uniform PTAs for NIR‐II photothermal therapy. As a result of its high electron‐deficiency, GBox‐44+ can bind different electron‐rich planar guests with a 1 : 2 host/guest stoichiometry to readily tune the CT absorption band that extends to the NIR‐II region. When using a diaminofluorene guest substituted with an oligoethylene glycol chain, the host–guest system realized both good biocompatibility and enhanced photothermal conversion at 1064 nm, and was then exploited as a high‐efficiency NIR‐II PTA for cancer cell and bacterial ablation. This work broadens the potential applications of host–guest cyclophane systems and provides a new access to bio‐friendly NIR‐II photoabsorbers with well‐defined structures.
An Electrochemical Nanosensor for Monitoring the Dynamics of Intracellular H2O2 Upon NADH Treatment
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Qin Hancheng , Cheng Shuwen , Zhang Yue , Gao Nan , Zhang Meining
Published: February 2023

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐based therapeutic strategies play an important role in cancer treatment. However, in situ, real‐time and quantitative analysis of intracellular ROS in cancer treatment for drug screening is still a challenge. Herein we report one selective hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) electrochemical nanosensor, which is prepared by electrodeposition of Prussian blue (PB) and polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) onto carbon fiber nanoelectrode. With the nanosensor, we find that the level of intracellular H2O2 increases with NADH treatment and that increase is dose‐dependent to the concentration of NADH. High‐dose of NADH (above 10 mM) can induce cell death and intratumoral injection of NADH is validated for inhibiting tumor growth in mice. This study highlights the potential of electrochemical nanosensor for tracking and understanding the role of H2O2 in screening new anticancer drug.