bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anticancer properties of nanoparticle synthesized from Cyphostemma auriculatum. Roxb on nude mice
Authors: Mendam Kishore , Naik S. Jithender Kumar , Sriram K. Bala Hanumath , Pawar Anusha C , Vamshi S.
Published: April 2022

The present study was aimed to establish the pharmacological and therapeutic properties of a green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in breast cancer induced by 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) in nude mice. In this study, AgNPs made from Cyphostemma auriculatum Roxb. leaf extract( CA-AgNPs) were tested in a nude mice model for anticancer activity. A significant elevate changes in blood chemistry like heamoglobin, RBC, WBC,  platelets and also on blood biochemical parameters such as catalase and SOD with obtained after 28 days of treatment with carcinogen. However, these levels were restored to normal at the end of the study period treated with CA-AgNPs. The liver oxidative stress enzymes showed no significant alterations. With 15 and 30 mg/kg b.w of CA-AgNP, histopathological analysis revealed no significant abnormalities in the kidney, spleen, lungs, heart, testis, or brain. However, 30 mg/kg b.w. of CA-AgNPs caused considerable cell edema and vacuolar degeneration in the liver, which returned to normal at the conclusion of the washout period. The findings of this study suggest that green produced CA-AgNPs at low concentrations could be beneficial.
success factors of innovative marketing management for SME / Start up entrepreneurs of Thailand herbs
Authors: Witkittiluck Walailuck , Kortana Tanapol
Published: April 2022

This research aims to study the levels of organizational innovation (OrgInno), Marketing Innovation (MarInno), Innovative Marketing Management (MarMan), and Thailand herbal SME/Startup Entrepreneurial Success (EntSuc), the effects of OrgInno, MarInno, and MarMan on OprSuc, including create a success model of Thailand herbal SME/Startup entrepreneurs. The sample was 360 executives of herbal SMEs/Startups in Thailand. Multi-stage random sampling used in the study consisted of stratified random sampling, based on herbal registration, and simple random sampling. The results found that OrgInno had a direct effect on MarInno, MarMan, and EntSuc. MarInno, besides, had a direct effect on MarMan and EntSuc. MarMan, moreover, has a direct effect on EntSuc. Finally, OrgInno, MarInno, and MarMan can jointly predict EntSuc. Therefore, the findings suggest that the related government agencies could use these results to organize training program on technological development and innovation for SMEs to enhance their competitiveness and increase their opportunities to access more funding sources.
Path analysis to identify factors influencing customer loyalty of Green Hotel and Resort in Thailand
Authors: Phiphopaekasit Phairhoote , Anunthawichak Suang-I
Published: April 2022

The objective of this study is to analyze the direct effects of customers loyalty, and the factors affecting customer loyalty to green hotels and resorts in Thailand. Indeed, the Green Hotel and Resort in Thailand is facing challenges in customer loyalty and customer satisfaction. This study is based on stratified sampling and the questionnaire was filled by the customers of the hotel, and the sample size for this research was 500. This study concludes that there is a significant role of corporate image, perceived value, customer expectation, and customer loyalty in customer satisfaction. Furthermore, this study highlights that to improve the customer satisfaction for the Green Hotel and Resort, it is important to consider the role of these influencing factors to increase customer satisfaction by providing them with values. Also, this study has the managerial implication that is necessary and based on finding to enhance customer satisfaction for better performance.
Research Progress of Suzuki Reaction Catalyst in the Synthesis of Sartan API
Authors: Man Yunqi , Tan Xiaolong
Published: April 2022

It is crucial in the pharmaceutical industry to study and develop a new class of nanocatalysts suitable for Suzuki coupling reactions and capable of being applied to the synthesis of sartans based pharmaceuticals, which are able to improve the synthesis efficiency of sartans based on their ability to resolve current scientific problems in the synthesis process, including the preparation and characterization of nanomaterial supported metal copper salt catalysts, the examination of the performance of metal catalysts in the synthesis of sartans based pharmaceuticals, and so on.
Occupational Health and Safety in Sports: Risk Analyses and Consumer's Point of View for a Sports Center
Authors: DAĞLI EKMEKÇİ Yeter Aytül , KANER Sidem , GÖKÇE Hüseyin
Published: April 2022

The occupational health and safety law in Turkey was enacted in 2012. Work areas are classified as very dangerous, dangerous, and less dangerous in the context of labor law. Sports centers in the less dangerous class have the obligation to act according to the law until July 2023. This study aims to determine how the application of the law for a public university sports center is. The situation of the sports center was examined both from the users' point of view with the application of a questionnaire and by using the risk analysis method with expert evaluation. In the light of the results obtained, the precautions to be taken within the framework of the accepted risk levels in the facilities and the harmful effects of these measures are not taken are emphasized.
Missional Hospitality
Authors: Park Bokyoung
Published: April 2022

The entire world is suffering through the COVID-19 pandemic. In this age of anguish, churches must work on the ministry of hospitality that leads to healing as part of God’s mission. This article employs a narrative approach in articulating a missional hospitality. It draws on two stories of the writer’s personal experience to describe how pain was healed through an experience of hospitality. The sharing of personal stories demonstrates how experiences of hospitality can be converted into missional practice for others which becomes a locus of healing. As the conclusion, the study provides three implications. First, churches need to provide the space of hospitality for others experiencing pain and grief. Second, theology plays a role in providing a community-based collective interpretation of the pain. Third, the role of mission is to replicate the missional dimension of healing hospitality to the wounded.
Business Analogies at Church
Authors: Robinson Ian
Published: April 2022

A significant weakness in leadership studies is the free use of cross-sector analogies without a hermeneutical standard. Churches need new approaches from other sectors but may respond with little critical method, either too freely or too narrowly. Many reject any need to learn from outside the Church. The practical goal of this paper is to provide a way to learn without risking the Church’s own character. This is the work of analogy. While referencing the theological and missiological histories of this method, the argument is based on analysis of the hermeneutical principles in Jesus’ parables compared with the epistemology of analogy in education and interdisciplinary studies. An analogical hermeneutic is then applied to two business examples. The analogical hermeneutical spectrum, I propose, can nourish the wisdom of church leaders and enhance a church’s collective efficacy. In conclusion, further research avenues are suggested.
Niet zenden maar ontvangen
Authors: Van Dijk-Groeneboer Monique
Published: April 2022

Met veel genoegen heb ik het boek van Henk de Roest gelezen waarin hij pleit voor samenwerkend onderzoek in de praktische theologie, waarbij onderzoeker en practicant gezamenlijk onderzoek verrichten. In deze bijdrage reageer ik met een methodologische doordenking, waarbij de focus ligt op de spanning tussen onderzoeker en practicant.
Geestelijke verzorging in beeld
Authors: Körver Sjaak , Walton Martin
Published: April 2022

Eind 2016 ging het Nederlandse Case Studies Project Geestelijke Verzorging (CSP) van start en is nu halverwege de looptijd. De belangstelling is groot. Meer dan vijftig geestelijk verzorgers doen mee, evenals een tiental onderzoekers van vier universiteiten. Een onderzoeksproject, waarin geestelijk verzorgers zichzelf en hun werk herkennen en ook daadwerkelijk een bijdrage leveren.
De zaak is het waard
Authors: Schaeffer Hans
Published: April 2022

Een nummer over case studies – wat heeft dat nu uiteindelijk gebracht? Case studies zijn een specifieke methode waarmee kwalitatief onderzoek gedaan wordt. Dit soort onderzoek vraagt onze aandacht voor de concrete werkelijkheid, voor het gemarginaliseerde, voor de persoon van de onderzoeker, en voor de samenwerking tussen onderzoeker en degenen om wie het onderzoek draait. Wat in dit nummer voor het voetlicht is gehaald, betreft al deze aspecten.
Praktische verstandigheid - een ontwerp
Authors: Van der Zee Theo
Published: April 2022

Werkers in het onderwijs, de zorg en de politie hebben te maken met een hoge werkbelasting. Deze publieke professionals ervaren de minste grip op hun werk, omdat ze van doen hebben met hoge werkeisen én met een geringe autonomie. Veel van hen lijden onder de ‘ontzieling’ van hun vak. Wat te doen, opdat zij hun werk kunnen ervaren als ‘goed werk’? Deze bijdrage biedt een ontwerp voor publieke professionals om hun praktische verstandigheid te activeren en goed werk te verrichten.
Gemeentestichting als lont in het kruidvat
Authors: Schaeffer Hans
Published: April 2022

Er worden in de Protestantse Kerk in Nederland nog steeds (en opnieuw) discussies gevoerd over de verhouding tussen pioniersplekken en ‘bestaande gemeenten’. In toenemende mate moeten de ambtsstructuur van de Protestantse Kerk en het religieus leiderschap in deze pioniersplekken zich tot elkaar verhouden. Naarmate de kerk in een seculariserende omgeving zich van haar identiteit en structuur bewust wordt, is het zinvol de recente geschiedenis op deze punten (identiteit en structuur) te binnen te brengen. In dit artikel geven we duiding aan dit fenomeen zoals het binnen een van de gereformeerde denominaties in ons land een rol speelde.
Simulating the impact of projected climate change on rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield and adaptation strategies in major rice growing regions of India
Authors: RANI SAXENA  , S. NARESH KUMAR
Published: April 2022

Global mean air temperatures are projected to increase by 1.8 to 4.0 oC by the end of this century. Higher temperatures coupled with increased CO2 levels could result in altered growth and productivity of crops. Since rice is sensitive to high temperatures, a simulation analysis was carried out to quantify the impact of increased temperatures (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 oC) and elevated CO2 (369, 450,550 and 650ppm) alone and in combination on the yield using InfoCrop-RICE model. An assessment is also provided on the possible gains due to change in planting time and crop duration. Though elevated CO2 alone increased the rice yields, increase in temperature by 1oC (even at 369 ppm CO2 concentration) reduced irrigated rice yield by 6.6 to 11.1 % and rainfed rice yields by 4.6 % to 9.4 %. The combined impact of increased temperature and elevated CO2 resulted in net decline in yield in spite of CO2 fertilization. Planting cultivars in future with matching crop duration of current cultivars and change in planting time may reduce the adverse impacts of climate change on rice yields.
Study on change in microenvironment under different colour shade nets and its impact on yield of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)
Authors: REKHA KUMARI MEENA  , ANANTA VASHISTH  , RAVENDER SINGH  , BALRAJ SINGH  , K. M. MANJAIH
Published: April 2022

Field experiment was undertaken at research farm of IARI, New Delhi to study the effect of change in the microenvironment under different colour shade nets during summer and rainy season, of 2012 on yield of spinach. Spinach crop was sown under different colour shade nets such as red, green, black, white along with control (without shade net) during summer and rainy season. Crop duration from sowing to harvesting was 62 days in summer and 58 days in rainy season. Different weather parameters were measured at regular interval in each treatment. Results showed that the light intensity, incoming radiation, canopy temperature, air temperature, soil temperature were found to be lower under different colour shade nets compared to the control. However the relative humidity, soil moisture were found to be higher under colour shade nets compared to control.
Agro ecological zoning and estimation of potential yield of potato in plateau regions of India
Authors: K. MANORAMA  , P. M. GOVINDAKRISHNAN  , SHASHI RAWAT  , G. RAVICHANDRAN  , S. S. LAL
Published: April 2022

The potential yield estimator model developed by Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla was run for four different planting dates under rainfed situations in plateau regions of India since the potato crop is grown under rainfed conditions during kharif season so as to estimate the yield potential and to find out the optimum time of planting for each location. The analysis showed that the latitude of the region greatly influenced the length of growing period, start of planting season and also the yield. The simulated yield ranged from <100, to >400 q ha-1. The suitable locations for kharif potato cultivation along with potential yields are listed for plateau region of India.
Yield forecasting of rice and wheat crops for eastern Uttar Pradesh
Authors: R. S. SINGH  , CHANDRABHAN PATEL  , M. K. YADAV  , K.K. SINGH
Published: April 2022

Eighteen years (1991-2008) of weather data and yield data of rice and wheat for 9 districts of Eastern Uttar Pradesh was used to develop yield prediction equations. Models were validated with 2 years (2009 and 2010) data. Results indicated that models explained 51 to 79 percent variations for rice yield and 65 to 92 percent variations for wheat yield in different districts. The percent Mean Bias Error (MBE) was between -1.05 (Mau) to 6.17 (Mirzapur) for rice and from -6.56 (Mau) to 0.01 (Varanasi) for wheat crop. The percent Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) was between 6.87 (Jaunpur) to 11.60 (Sant Ravidas Nagar) for rice and from 5.52 (Mirzapur) to 11.11 (Mau) for wheat crop. This revealed that the models can be used to some extent for predicting the yield in different districts of Eastern Uttar Pradesh.
Pre -harvest forecasting models for kharif rice yield in coastal Karnataka using weather indices
Authors: GEETA AGNIHOTRI  , S. SRIDHARA
Published: April 2022

The data of kharif rice yield and the weather parameters from 1985 to 2009 is used for developing statistical models for three coastal districts of Karnataka. These pre-harvest forecasting models were developed for rice yield forecasts for Dakshin Kannada, Udupi and Uttar Kannada districts respectively. The weather indices like Z21, Z251 and Time were able to forecast the yield of rice for Udupi district. Similarly Z120, Z150 and Z241 were found to be most efficient predictors for Dakshin Kannada district. Only one variable i.e. Z451 was found to be able to forecast the rice yield in Uttar Kannada district. The validation of the model was done for a period of three years from 2010-2012. The forecasting models were able to explain the inter annual variation in the rice production to an extent of 86, 95 and 74% for Dakshin Kannada, Udupi and Uttar Kannada districts respectively. Hence these models can be used to forecastrice yield two months before harvest.
Cash Flow Analysis of Mosques in Surakarta Residence, Indonesia
Authors: Athief Fauzul Hanif Noor , Purwantini Anissa Hakim , Rahim Hafizah Abdul
Published: April 2022

Mosques have the potential to become the center of Muslim activities. This potential can be realized if the administrator can make attractive activities with the right allocation of funds. However, the absence of income and expenditure mapping based on cash flow statements affects the budgeting of planning activities. The research aims to map the cash flow to discover the budgeting possibility of the mosque. The research will be done by initially revealing the source of income and expenditure of the mosque as well as its general cash flow. By using the sample of mosque reports from each sub-district in Surakarta, this study would review the monthly financial statements of the mosques from 2016 to 2019 using content analysis. The research concluded that making budgeting out of the cash flow mapping is possible but vague since there is no clear pattern of both revenue and expenditure. Each type of mosque had a different composition of income, with Friday Shadaqah as the most significant domination for 57%. On the expense side, the Regular Expenses, Other Expenses, and Development Expenses, each contributed 1/3 of the total outcome for all types of a mosque.
Implementation of Green Economy Through Integrated Urban Farming as Family Economic Resilience During The Pandemic: Maqasid Sharia Perspective
Authors: Apriantoro Muhamad Subhi , Rahayuningsih Indah Noor , Sarwanto Sarwanto
Published: April 2022

Due to the corona virus's fall in different economic areas, many individuals have difficulties fulfilling their basic demands. Urban farming is one of the answers to food availability, and their primary concerns are food safety, food pricing, and stimulating the local economy. People cultivated short-lived crops in tiny pots or used the hydroponic method in their yards. Integrated urban farming is a type of green economic activity that adheres to maqasid sharia's maslahah aim. Field research is used to gather essential data. It is conducted on the site to be studied and supplemented with field data in the form of interviews. This study is descriptive, with an emphasis on analysis using a logical method. The green economy with integrated urban farming aims to improve the community's economic well-being and can help mitigate the risk of substantial environmental harm, including the pandemic's detrimental impact on macro and micro food security. It can be observed that the green economy concept can be integrated with the pure maqasid sharia values harmoniously.
The EC Convention on Insolvency Proceedings
Authors: McKenzie Donna
Published: April 2022

After a long gestation period, an EC Bankruptcy Convention has finally been agreed and signed by all the Member States with the exception of the UK which has delayed signing for reasons unconnected with the Convention itself. The present contribution outlines the history of negotiations and the structure and main provisions of the Convention. In particular, it examines the compromise that has been struck between the principles of university and territoriality and the impact of this compromise on issues of jurisdiction, recognition and the powers of liquidators. It also explores the many choice of law problems that may arise in the course of insolvency litigation.
The cost of commercial litigation in England–A European perspective, and a look to the future
Authors: Winder Christopher
Published: April 2022

Access to justice can be severely impeded by the costs of litigation. English civil litigation has developed four particular procedures which stand out as differing radically in principle and in cost from continental systems: pre-trial disclosure of documents ('discovery'), the use of oral evidence, the use of expert evidence and a plaintiff's potential liability for a successful opponent's costs. In 1994 Lord Woolf was appointed to review the rules and procedures of the civil courts in England and Wales with a view to improving access to justice and reducing the costs of litigation. His report contains proposals which, if implemented, will lead to greater court control of proceedings and thus of their related costs.
White v Jones [1995] 2 WLR 187, HL
Authors: Van Erp Sjef , Dirix Eric , Lurger Brigitta
Published: April 2022

The testator quarrelled with his family and executed a will to disinherit his daughters. Shortly after this the parties were reconciled and the testator wished to make a new will which included substantial gifts to his daughters. He instructed his solicitors to prepare a will to that effect. Unfortunately, however, they delayed preparations for about two months and at the end of that time the testator died without the new will having been executed. The earlier will was therefore unrevoked.

The daughters sued the solicitors to obtain the sums they would have been entitled to under the new will.

At first instance the judge dismissed the plaintiffs' claim on the basis that the defendants did not owe the plaintiffs a duty of care, and that the damages sought were of too speculative and uncertain a nature. The Court of Appeal allowed the plaintiffs' appeal. The House of Lords decided by a majority that the defendants' further appeal should be dismissed.

In reaching this conclusion, Lord Goff of Chieveley, with whose opinion Lords Browne-Wilkinson and Nolan concurred, was strongly influenced by consideration of the position in other legal systems, and by the policy considerations that had been advanced by academic writers on the subject. Legal systems varied, depending on their particular history and characteristics, as to whether a solution was based on tort or contract. Lord Goff believed that a tort-based solution was most suited to the English legal environment. Nevertheless, he was conscious that this conclusion involved the recognition of a new category of claims in the law of tort, whose precise ambit remained to be explored.

This approach was endorsed by Lord Browne-Wilkinson, who emphasised the incremental development of special classes of claim in the law of tort. Lord Nolan accepted that the facts fell within recognised principles of the law of tort.

A strong dissent was delivered by Lord Mustill, with whom Lord Keith of Kinkel agreed. He examined the possible application of traditional rules of contract and tort to the fact situation before the court and was unable to find a way of accommodating the claims of the plaintiffs which was consistent with principle and did not lead to an unjustified extension of possible liability.

Two of the following comments on the case take up the problem of the contract/tort interface and consider the way that the problem has been addressed from the perspective of French, Belgian and Dutch law. The third comment approaches the facts from a quite different perspective and examines the implications of the fact that the plaintiffs' claim relates to a matter of succession. This fact gives rise to policy considerations that ought to be borne in mind when considering how far the imposition of liability in contract or tort is appropriate.
Harmony of the legal spheres
Authors: Lindblom Per Henrik
Published: April 2022

The Storme Commission has published a proposal for a Directive on harmonisation of certain aspects of civil procedure. This initiative is to be welcomed as promoting discussion of the need for and problems of harmonisation, but provides no definitive solutions. The European Union probably has competence to legislate in this area, provided that the harmonisation measures adopted do in fact facilitate the development of the single market. The risk is that partial harmonisation will not achieve this objective but will instead lead to greater complexity because of the need to deal with the interaction between harmonised and non-harmonised rules. An analysis of the Storme Commission proposals demonstrates that they leave considerable uncertainty as to the remaining role of national laws, and that they would not gain universal acceptance because they would conflict with the approach adopted in some jurisdictions.
Der 'Binnenmarkt für Juristenausbildung': Europäische Impulse für Forschung und Lehre
Authors: Deckert Martina R.
Published: April 2022

It is not just the internal market for goods and services that is becoming a reality in Europe now, but increasingly also an 'internal market for legal education'. By reference to the example of the system of legal education in Germany, the European desiderata and requirements are established. These are then compared with the actual situation in relation to legal training in Germany, and in particular by reference to the law faculties and from the perspective of both foreign and domestic students. Building on this, various considerations are highlighted. Teaching (teaching organisation personnel and methods) and research (scientific debate) must be 'Europeanised'. The law faculties must be much more outward looking; European networks and collaborative enterprises in research and teaching must be pursued. Faculties must also give better advice about their individual strengths (information and transparency). A Europeanisation of legal education actually offers considerable opportunities for niche marketing.
Die zeitlichen Grenzen der Gewährleistungsrechte des Verbrauchers nach der EU-Richtlinie zum Verbrauchsgüterkauf
Authors: Gsell Beate
Published: April 2022

On the question of the time limit to which a consumer's exercise of rights of guarantee under the EU Directive on consumer sales should be subject in the future, the Common Position of the Council, to which the final version of the Directive recently approved by the negotiating committee corresponds, differs significantly from the preceding drafts. Most noteworthy is the reinforcement of the planned two year period within which a breach of the contract must become apparent for it to be covered by the rights of guarantee, with an equal minimum limitation period, in the sense of a limitation on the period within which these rights must be asserted. With the entry into force of this minimum time period for giving effect to rights of guarantee, one of the central issues for the definition of a guarantee will be harmonised to a considerable extent. That being so, however, there will no longer be any independent significance to the parallel time period for a defect to become manifest. Furthermore it is to be deprecated that the issues concerning the running or the interruption of both guarantee periods is left entirely up to the national legislator. In particular in the case of regular relations between seller and purchaser one would have expected a minimum standard to be set, especially in the light of the general comprehensiveness of the rules contained in the Directive. It is further to be criticised that in the case of the purchase of second hand goods recognition of national law rules limiting the period of the guarantee to a minimum of one year has been allowed, even though in principle a shorter time period or indeed an exclusion of liability is not permitted. In doing so a common set of interests of the parties is ignored. On the other hand, the possibility of the introduction by the Member States of a period within which a claim must be lodged seems acceptable if the consumer is appropriately informed. The minimum period provided for in this context - two months from the determination of non-conformity to the contract - is reasonable.
Rechtliche Bewältigung der Haftung für Massenschäden im Deutschen Recht
Authors: Hünert Matthias
Published: April 2022

The law on civil liability and civil procedure in force in Germany are in general designed to deal with the compensation of individual harm, and may not deal so adequately with mass torts. Because of this in many areas a corresponding reform of or addition to the legal rules is required. The law on civil liability is primarily called upon to provide the basis for an appropriate compensation for damage. A failure to satisfy this function should not therefore be accepted. Nor is this fundamental mission affected by the fact that the compensation for damage, which is determined by the rules of civil liability, in many areas intersects with systems for collective insurance and collecting measures for dealing with damage, such as for example liability, sickness and social insurance; for even in these cases as soon as one deals with the subrogated claim against the defendant, reference is made to the normal rules of civil liability, so that these must contain rules appropriate to mass torts.
The SE Company – A New Common European Company from 8 October 2004
Authors: Werlauff Erik
Published: April 2022

With effect from 8 October 2004, it will be possible to establish a European company, a so-called SE, under the SE Regulation, no. 2157/2001 of 8 October 2001 on the statute for a European Company (SE), and directive 2001/86 adopted on the same date and complementing the statute on the involvement of employees.

If one were to express in one sentence the need for a common European company, the SE, it would be this: there is a need for a type of company which (A) is as uniform as possible from one member state to the next in order to allow businesses to enter known territory when using a foreign company of this type, and which (B) has the unique feature that the company can change nationality, i.e. it is able to move to another member state without the need to dissolve in the state from which it is moving and to re-establish ab initio in the state to which it is moving.

This article discusses the most important features of the regulation and the directive which companies and their advisers now have about two years to study.
Egyptian Views of the EU: Pragmatic, Paternalistic and Partnership Concerns
Authors: Bayoumi Soha
Published: April 2022

This paper examines some significant trends in the Egyptian perception of the European Union. In this framework, some of the most important stances of the Egyptian government, civil society, press and public opinion towards the European Union are considered from different points of view. It is argued here that, from the Egyptian standpoint(s), three main concerns, related to pragmatic interests, a true belief in the potential of entertaining a partnership with the European Union and a rejection of paternalistic interference, are key dimensions in understanding the Egyptian perception of the EU. These aspects are discussed in the light of various issues, such as EU–Egypt cooperation, the EU’s role in the resolution of regional conflicts, the international role of the EU and the EU as a ‘normative power’.
Mind The Gap: Narrowing the Legitimacy Gap in EU–Israeli Relations
Authors: Harpaz Guy
Published: April 2022

Abstract. The EU strives to export its normative acquis to other parts of the world, promoting extraterritorial ‘Europeanization’. Such attempts are particularly evident in the Middle East and North Africa. In order to serve there as a civilian, normative power, the EU should rely on its economic forte and equip itself with legitimacy. However, such legitimacy is lacking, from an Israeli perspective, thereby making it difficult for the EU to position itself as a normative power in this part of the world. The article identifies and analyses concrete measures that can reduce the legitimacy deficit of the EU in the eyes of Israelis, thereby paving the way for its more constructive, normative contribution to the Middle East. Although the analysis is conducted through the prism of EU–Israel relations, some of its findings may be found to be applicable mutatis mutandis to other countries that face normative pressures from the EU.
The EU’s Common Strategy on Russia: Four Lessons Learned About Consensus Decision–Making in Foreign Policy
Authors: Haukkala Hiski
Published: April 2022

The article analyses and engages in a discussion the Union’s experiment with socalled CFSP common strategies, especially the one drafted on Russia (1999–2004). In the process, the origins and eventual outcomes of the concept are discussed. The main conclusion is that at all times the EU and its Member States should keep an eye on the wider external context within which their policies are played out and keep in mind that their actions might have unintended consequences. The same holds for scholars in reverse: when studying EU external policies, the internal setting and dynamics count and explain a lot and should be taken more fully into account in our studies.
How to Rebalance the EU-Russia Relationship: Potential and Limits
Authors: Santos Ana Maria Morgado Dos
Published: April 2022

Abstract. The energy crisis involving Russia and Ukraine has revealed the fragility of the European Union (EU) in terms of energy dependence and underlined the notion that it needs to guarantee its energy security. Russia, currently the EU’s main supplier of fossil fuels, will remain an important supplier for years to come since it has the potential to supply significant quantities of the additional energy that the EU may need to import in the medium term. A stable relationship between the two partners is thus essential for EU energy security. However, the state of the relationship between Russia and the West is currently at one of its worst lows since the end of the Cold War. This article profiles the options open to the EU and the limitations on possible action with a view to establishing a new bilateral agreement with Russia based on an interdependent relationship that ensures EU energy security. Our analysis thus provides a tool for formulating a consistent European policy for a future relationship with Russia, which guarantees EU energy security.
Benign Partner or Benign Master? – Economic Partnership Agreement Negotiations between the European Union and the Pacific Islands
Authors: Elgström Ole , Chaban Natalia , Sheahan Linda
Published: April 2022

Abstract. In 2002, Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) negotiations were initiated between the European Union (EU) and the Pacific Island states. As of 2009, interim EPAs have been initialled with two Pacific countries, while no agreements have been made with the remaining Islands. Why such meagre results? We offer an explanation to this puzzle by pinpointing fundamental incompatibilities in basic beliefs and role conceptions. Behind the superficial consensus on negotiation goals, we find incongruent understandings of what development means and of the role of EPAs in this context. We demonstrate the existence of incompatible role conceptions: the EU’s representation of itself as a generous benign partner is contrasted with the Pacific view of the EU as a benign master. Furthermore, the EU was perceived throughout the Pacific as putting undue pressure on their negotiators during the negotiations. These findings can inform the EU’s general role as a normative power: such power depends on shared understandings of basic ideas and values, as well as on coherence between EU rhetoric and practice.
Developing Polyarchy? The European Union and Its Structural Policies for Middle Eastern Neighbours
Authors: Holden Patrick
Published: April 2022

European Union (EU) pursues a long-term structural approach to political development and modernization, in which ethical considerations blend with security and economic objectives. The concept of polyarchy offers a plausible model of the EU’s vision. It is used by liberal political scientists to denote an open, pluralist political, and socio-economic system. More critical political economy theorists emphasize the constraining and insulated features of capitalist polyarchy (which is understood as a sophisticated but anti-democratic system). The EU’s strategy and impact can be critiqued in regard to both concepts: the liberal vision of polyarchy and the radical interpretation of this as a relatively diffuse but hegemonic system. In regard to its policies for Egypt, one notes an effort to develop social democracy, participatory development, small businesses, and general pluralism. However, the bulk of its policies continue to support pre-existing elites and the transnational sector of the economy, with a limited role for civil society. Thus, the EU’s activity lends itself to the more hegemonic interpretation of polyarchic development. This does not mean that this is how Egypt will actually develop. EU policies are refracted through Egyptian institutions and have complex, multifaceted, impacts on socio-economic and political structures.
European Neighbourhood Policy, Post-normativity, and Pragmatism
Authors: Seeberg Peter
Published: April 2022

This article offers a comparative analysis of the European Union (EU)’s agreements and institutional links with Jordan and Lebanon within the framework of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). This article suggests that the ENP agreements can be termed pragmatic bilateralism, claiming that the EU has altered its foreign policy agenda from a policy with an emphasis on democracy promotion to a post-normative and pragmatic, bilateral agenda. Drawing on a neoinstitutionalist framework (focusing on ‘rules, routines, norms and identities’), this article argues that the different conditions for the relations between the EU and Jordan and Lebanon, respectively, in principle should have consequences in the sense that the EU would be expected not to implement similar policies or engage the two Middle East and North Africa (MENA) regimes in a similar manner. However, the complexity of the scenarios in Jordan and Lebanon in combination with the regional and international dimensions of the recent situation in the Middle East instead leads the EU to pursue post-normative and pragmatic policies characterized by more or less identical wording and non-committal goals. A certain uniformity of the EU’s ENP agreements can thus be explained by a deliberate vagueness, emphasizing the pragmatism of the EU’s ENP policies.
European Defence Agency – Motor of Strengthening the EU’s Military Capabilities?
Authors: Chang Fu-Chang
Published: April 2022

EU as a military actor is a hotly discussed topic in contemporary European Integration. At this time EU-led operations apparently show EU’s lack of market-scale defence industries, weakness of defence technological and industrial bases, and ineffectiveness of military cooperation programmes. Therefore, EU could try to improve its military operational capabilities through two approaches, namely the ‘NATO approach’ under the concept of CJTF and intra-European ‘EU-approach’ involving ECAP, Helsinki Headline Goal, and Headline Goal 2010, etc. Simultaneously, there is the EU-established European Defence Agency (EDA). Since 2004, EDA has served as the main driving force for promoting EU’s military capabilities. But an integrated and inter-operable EU force does not exist. Some challenges, e.g., the security exemption under Article 346, the government monopoly of the defence industries, the rush reduction of the defence budget, and the small scale of R&D investment, etc., could eliminate the functions of the EDA. Only when EU-MS strengthen their political willingness, accept the European-wide defence cooperation programmes, cooperate with the European Commission and ESDC, and utilize the Permanent Structured Cooperation under Lisbon Treaty, then EU can stably develop its military capability.
European Educational Programmes as a Bridge over Troubled European-Israeli Water
Authors: Harpaz Guy
Published: April 2022

EU-Israeli trade relations appear to be comprehensive and close. Yet these developed relations should not conceal the true colours of European-Israeli socio-political relations, relations that are characterized too often by ignorance, stereotyping, mistrust, and tension. This state of affairs adversely affects the ability of both the European Union (EU) and the State of Israel to fully realize the enormous potential of their relations. This article focuses, in abstracto and in concreto, on the means by which higher educational cooperation can alleviate that state of affairs to a certain extent, analysed through an International Relations (IR) perspective, drawing on the experience gained in intra-Community and inter-Community contexts. This article, however, also places emphasis on the limitations inherent in such cooperation in terms of forging regional, European-Israel affinity, limitations that are derived, inter alia, from the somewhat heterogeneous nature of the European higher education space.
Trapped in Regionalism: The EU and Democracy Promotion in the South Pacific
Authors: Carbone Maurizio
Published: April 2022

This article analyses the substance of EU democracy promotion in the Pacific members of the African, Caribbean, and Pacific group (PACP) in the first decade of the new century. The PACP region represents a compelling, yet overlooked, case for several reasons: The EU has limited commercial and political interests but has strongly committed to the promotion of democracy in the region; the South Pacific represents a unique case of regional integration, including two larger countries like Australia and New Zealand and fourteen smaller states like the PACP countries and integrating traits typical of liberal democracies with more traditional forms of governance. Drawing on published and unpublished documents and confidential interviews, this article finds that by promoting inter-regional political dialogue with the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF), the EU has been entrapped by its own commitment to regionalism and has (unwillingly) delegated the substance of democracy promotion to Australia and New Zealand. This situation slightly started to change towards the end of the 2000s, when the EU sought to project an autonomous approach on democratic governance.
With Map and Compass on Narrow Paths and through Shallow Waters: Discovering the Substance of EU Democracy Promotion
Authors: Orbie Jan , Wetzel Anne
Published: April 2022

This article presents the conclusions that we have drawn from the contributions to the special issue on the substance of EU democracy promotion. The main findings of the articles are summarized in a table that includes values for the components of the embedded democracy framework across the various countries and regions that were examined. Although some variation can be discerned within the embedded democracy framework and across the different countries and regions, the EU's policies remain firmly entrenched within the notion of embedded liberal democracy. In addition, three common observations on the substance of EU democracy promotion can be discerned: (1) the focus on elections has been more limited than expected, (2) the EU has largely focused on the external context conditions, and (3) the links between the latter and the partial regimes of democracy are under-specified. Thus, while the EU's democracy promotion policies suggest that one model suits all, it is not assumed that one size should fit all. More generally, it appears that EU democracy promotion sits uneasily between a 'narrow' and 'shallow' agenda, which can be explained by different factors. At the same time, it reflects the internal democratic condition of the EU.
The Making of the EUs External Action Service: A Neorealist Interpretation
Authors: Pilegaard Jess , Kluth Michael
Published: April 2022

Using neorealism, this article provides a theoretically driven explanation of the establishment of the European External Action Service (EEAS), with France and the United Kingdom providing the main thrust to compensate for their waning global influence. The transfer of authority from London and Paris to the EU makes sense when based on the expectation that the outlook of the coming EEAS will be closer to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) and the Quai d'Orsay than to the foreign policy institutions of lesser EU powers. Potential risks for Paris and London are limited, given their dominance of existing EU foreign policy institutions and their privileged position in supplying the EEAS with high-caliber staff.
Deeper and Wider than a Common Space: European Union-Russia Cooperation on Migration Management
Authors: Korneev Oleg
Published: April 2022

Works that address European Union (EU)- Russia cooperation within the overarching project of the common space of freedom, security and justice (FSJ) often look at this 'space' as if it were regarded by both parties as a naturally coherent field, where cooperation had to be developed evenly in all of the sub-fields. Consequently, this misperception often leads to the conclusion that EU-Russia cooperation on issues of justice and home affairs is rather unsuccessful because, on one hand, there is still no visa-free regime and, on the other hand, developments in the sphere of human rights and judicial reforms in Russia are far from being satisfactory. This article argues that in order to better appreciate the results of EU-Russia cooperation in the field of internal security, one should not analyse it in connection with EU attempts to promote human rights and democracy in Russia. Such constructivist - and somewhat idealist - view has prevented many researchers from a more pragmatic assessment that would take into account some real achievements of this cooperation that fit well with the commonly defined interests and goals in the sphere of internal security and migration management in particular. This article shows that both partners have managed to achieve much of what has been planned in the sphere of migration management. Moreover, through this cooperation with Russia, the EU has a chance to promote one of its most internationally visible instruments (readmission agreements) in Central Asia - a region where EU's direct involvement has not been very successful.
European Union Accession, Turkey and Organized Crime
Authors: Rees Wyn , Bakar Ayhan
Published: April 2022

The European Union (EU) has required accession states to adopt its acquis communitaire in internal security. Turkey has presented an important case because it has been seen both as a source of threat to the EU, in terms of the spread of organized crime and illegal drugs, and as a problematical candidate for accession. This article looks at the impact of the EU's accession process upon the internal security policies of Turkey, from its application for membership in 1987 to the present. It argues that the EU has exerted a substantial influence on Turkish policy, especially during the period when the prospect of accession was strongest. In spite of the paralysis in its accession negotiations, Turkey remains aligned with EU internal security policy because it has come to internalize the EU's security standards and share its fears of the domestic threats associated with organized crime and drug trafficking.
EU-China Discourse on Multipolarity and Multilateralism: Mutual Interaction?
Authors: Scott David
Published: April 2022

This article looks at the diplomatic rhetoric invoked by the EU and China. Both actors are keenly aware of soft power attractiveness. Both actors are sensitive over the role of public diplomacy - policies and language - in generating soft power profiles. In this domain of public diplomacy language, both actors use the terms 'multipolarity' and 'multilateralism' in their discussion of their relationship in particular, and the international system in general. Yet each side emphasizes one more than another and each side treats the concept differently. This convergence and divergence over relative use of multipolarity and multilateralism indicates the role of strategic language, it indicates some of the limits of norm-based analysis and policies, and perhaps indicates the (soft power) non-traditional security areas where the EU-China strategic partnership can push forward on, as well as indicating (certain hard power) areas that are not particularly meaningful, despite the rhetoric.
Challenges of European Union Climate Diplomacy: The Case of China
Authors: Torney Diarmuid
Published: April 2022

Debates on EU external relations among scholars and policy-makers have often lamented the lack of coherence and inability of the EU to 'speak with one voice'. This article, by contrast, focuses on the ability of the EU to use diplomatic capacity to understand the preferences and domestic politics of third countries. This aspect of EU external relations has been somewhat neglected in both academic and policy debates thus far, and the article uses the case of EU engagement with China on climate to illustrate its importance. EU-China engagement on climate change has resulted in a range of bilateral cooperation activities, but has delivered less for the EU in terms of developing a better European understanding of the preferences and domestic politics of climate change in China. The article further discusses how particular institutional challenges have constrained the EU's climate diplomacy, including vertical and horizontal fragmentation and a lack of institutional capacity on the part of the EU.