bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Martha Van Rensselaer and the Delineator's homemaking department
Authors: Ellen Zuckerman Mary
Published: August 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to look at the role played by home economists in providing information to consumers about household products. The work of home economist and educator Martha Van Rensselaer is reviewed, specifically her time as editor of the homemaking department of women's magazine Delineator from 1921‐1926.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper used qualitative analysis of the content of the homemaking department under Van Rensselaer as well as quantitative analysis of the advertising during those years. Documents from several manuscript collections were used as well.

Findings

Content analysis showed a shift over the years from 1921‐1926 from broader social themes to greater emphasis on specific homemaking tasks. Ads were regularly placed next to related editorial content, but under Van Rensselaer no brand names were mentioned editorially.

Research limitations/implications

Since this research focused on one magazine, comparison with homemaking departments in other women's journals at this time would provide useful context.

Originality/value

The specific example provided illuminates the evolving relationship between advertisers, home economists, media and consumers.
Helen Woodward and Hazel Kyrk
Authors: Tadajewski Mark
Published: August 2013

Purpose

Women and marketing have had a complicated relationship for a considerable time. They have often been involved with marketing‐type practices for longer than we have appreciated to date. Against considerable odds, some have carved out careers in academia and practice that have to be admired. The purpose of this paper is to explore the work of two pioneer contributors to marketing.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper engages in a close reading of the work of two female contributors. Their writing is placed in historical context which helps reveal the obstacles they had to overcome to succeed.

Findings

Female teachers, lecturers and practitioners had an important role to play in theorising consumer practice and helping people to successfully negotiate a complex marketplace replete with new challenges, difficulties and sometimes mendacious marketers seeking to profit from the limited knowledge consumers possessed.

Originality/value

This paper explores the writings of a practitioner and scholar respectively whose work has merited only limited attention previously. More than this, it links the arguments that are made to the papers that appear in the rest of the special issue.
Integrating “education for entrepreneurship” in multiple faculties in “half‐the‐time” to enhance graduate entrepreneurship
Authors: Lourenço Fernando , Taylor Tony G. , Taylor David W.
Published: August 2013

Purpose

This paper seeks to highlight the role of entrepreneurship education in encouraging the growth of graduate entrepreneurship in the UK to help overcome the over‐supply of university graduates in a very difficult employment market. This paper aims to discuss the design principle for entrepreneurship education that facilitates graduate entrepreneurship, and the design methodology that allows multi‐faculty collaboration in the provision of entrepreneurship programmes.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper begins with the conceptualisation of design principles and frameworks based on current concepts found in the literature, followed by practitioner‐based reflection to shed insights into the process of developing entrepreneurship education in higher education institutions (HEIs).

Findings

The authors have developed the “30/70 methodology” to guide the future design of entrepreneurship education, and the “80/20 methodology” to support cross‐faculty entrepreneurship programmes to serve non‐business students. Factors that impede or support academic entrepreneurship and effective integration of entrepreneurship programmes in HEIs are discussed.

Originality/value

This paper shares the authors' experiences, and their unique design principles and methodology to support the development of education for entrepreneurship.
Growth expectations for side activities in rural areas
Authors: Markantoni Marianna , Strijker Dirk , Koster Sierdjan
Published: August 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to examine growth expectations and factors influencing growth of side activities in rural areas.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected in the rural areas of 36 Dutch municipalities by means of a detailed survey. This resulted in 260 response cases. The analysis consists of a descriptive account of respondents' intentions to expand a side activity and a logistic regression explaining growth expectations of these activities.

Findings

The main conclusion is that although growth is not expected in a large number of side activities, there is a group of owners who clearly aspire to expand the scale of their activities. Their personal aspirations and aspirations for economic well‐being are the most common motivations. These characteristics also have a bearing on the future growth of side activities and consequently their impact on rural development.

Research limitations/implications

Since this article examines growth expectations and not actual growth, the findings cannot be interpreted directly in terms of economic impact on rural development.

Originality/value

Scholars and policy makers have paid little attention to side activities in rural areas and specifically to their growth potential. This article enhances our understanding of the growth expectations of those who carry out side activities and shows the potential of such activities in diversifying and revitalizing rural areas.
Beyond being a student
Authors: Culkin Nigel
Published: August 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore, evaluate and share the motivations and behaviours of student and graduate entrepreneurs (referred to as SGSUs) operating from university incubators. The study aims to understand the behaviours and motivations of SGSUs to build on the existing literature and contribute towards a discussion around support services for university incubation centres.

Design/methodology/approach

Empirical evidence is presented from an online survey of 100 SGSUs from a sample of university incubators across the UK. The results were analysed using the data analysis software package SPSS. The results of open‐ended questions were analysed manually.

Findings

The current research reveals a series of contrasting engagements towards and within the university incubator space. A better understanding of user expectations and motivations is needed in order to develop better services and support system within which SGSUs can develop.

Practical implications

The outcomes could have practical significance and managerial implications based on a greater understanding and awareness of the needs of SGSUs when allocating scarce resources in order to improve incubator performance, entrepreneurial support and new venture creation funding in HEIs.

Originality/value

The paper provides a unique insight into the needs of SGSUs and identifies the key issues that contribute to their early successes and some of the “known” and “unknown” reasons behind why they may not fulfil their ambitions. The findings present thinking of SGSUs and their outlook to the future challenges and relative entrepreneurial support in context of institutional support.
Responsibility matters: putting illness back into the picture
Authors: Kilminster Sue , Zukas Miriam
Published: August 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore specific instances of junior doctors' responsibility. Learning is often understood to be a prerequisite for managing responsibility and risk but this paper aims to argue that this is insufficient because learning is integral to the management of responsibility and risk.

Design/methodology/approach

This is a “collective” case study of doctors designed to focus on the interrelationships between individual professionals and complex work settings. The authors focussed on two key points of transition: the transition to beginning clinical practice which is the move from medical student to foundation training (F1) and the transition from generalist to specialist clinical practice.

Findings

Responsibility in clinical settings is immediate, concrete, demands response and (in) action has an effect. Responsibility is learnt and is not always apparent; it shifts depending on time of day/night and who else is present. Responsibility does not necessarily increase incrementally and can decrease; it can be perceived differently by different actors. Responsibility is experienced as personal although it is distributed.

Originality/value

This detailed examination of practice has enabled the authors to foreground the particularities, urgency and fluidity of everyday clinical practice. It recasts their understandings of responsibility – and managing risk – as involving learning in practice. This is a critical insight because it suggests that the theoretical basis for the current approach to managing risk and responsibility is insufficient. This has significant implications for policy, employment, education and practice of new doctors and for the management of responsibility and risk.
Complex transition and uncertain trajectories
Authors: Fyfe Nicholas R.
Published: August 2013

Purpose

The paper focuses on current debates about police professionalism. It explores the nature and meaning of what has been termed “old” professionalism, which focuses on the role of the police as “professional crime fighters”, and then assesses the extent to which there has been a transition to a “new” professionalism centred on enhanced accountability, legitimacy and evidence‐based practice. The paper aims to show how the recent attempt to embed this “new” professionalism within policing in England and Wales is likely to be compromised by the broader political and economic context of police reform.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is based on a review of key contributions to the debates about police professionalism in the USA and the UK.

Findings

The paper provides important insights into the way in which there are competing and conflicting meanings attached to police professionalism and argues that claims that there have been significant transitions from one form of professionalism to another need to be treated with caution. The paper also emphasises the uncertain trajectory of the development of police professionalism in England and Wales in the future as a result of the complex interplay between the different elements of the coalition government's police reform programme.

Originality/value

The paper demonstrates the multiple meanings of the term “police professionalism” and the challenges that surround developing professional policing.
Can't we all just get along? Tension mounts between publishers and librarians
Authors: Medeiros Norm
Published: August 2013

Purpose

This article aims to describe legal and political maneuvers that have occurred recently between librarians and publishers.

Design/methodology/approach

The article focuses on three events: two concerning actual and threatened legal action from publishers against librarians; another involving the resignation of librarians from an editorial board over a dispute with the journal's publisher.

Findings

The article exposes a growing tension between librarians and publishers in areas regarding free speech and copyright.

Originality/value

The article provides succinct overviews of these related events.
Selected practices and tools for better accessibility in digital library projects
Authors: Cervone H. Frank
Published: August 2013

Purpose

Issues related to accessibility of web based resources are more important than ever. In part this is being driven by demands for more consistent treatment of various accessibility issues on websites. However, recent complaints by students and consumers on commercial sites highlight the fact that issues related to accessibility remain to be resolved. This article aims to review current practice.

Design/methodology/approach

The methodology and approach in the article is based on a review of current literature and practice in the area.

Findings

Responsive design as well as several techniques and free tools can be used to address many of the most common issues related to accessibility.

Originality/value

This article adds to the existing literature in this area by providing a comprehensive overview and guide to the topic area.
Awareness and use of Web 2.0 tools by librarians in university libraries in Nigeria
Authors: Baro Emmanuel E. , Idiodi Evelyn O. , Zaccheaus Godfrey Vera
Published: August 2013

Purpose

The study aims to investigate the level of awareness and use of Web 2.0 tools by librarians in university libraries in Nigeria.

Design/methodology/approach

A questionnaire was used to collect data from 176 librarians in 49 university libraries in Nigeria.

Findings

It emerged that the librarians were more familiar with social networking sites, instant messaging, media sharing sites, blogs and wikis. The popularity of these Web 2.0 tools made them the most frequently used by the librarians. Web 2.0 tools like Flickr, RSS feeds, podcasts, social bookmarking, were among the least used. The study revealed that librarians use Web 2.0 tools mostly for reference services online, library news/events, training resources, and image and video sharing. Lack of facilities such as computers with internet access, lack of skills, and lack of time were indicated as some of the barriers in the use of Web 2.0 tools by librarians in university libraries in Nigeria.

Practical implications

These research results can be consulted by interested librarians as they plan to implement Web 2.0 applications in their libraries.

Originality/value

This study draws an overall picture of Web 2.0 applications in Nigerian university libraries and attempts to provide helpful information to better understand how librarians elsewhere are utilizing Web 2.0 technologies in rendering library services.
Developing empty stores to satisfy customers: the case of Nishimatsuya Chain
Authors: Huang Pei‐Yuh , Isomura Kazuhito
Published: August 2013

Purpose

This study aims to describe how the Nishimatsuya Chain Company, Ltd has established an innovative business model.

Design/methodology/approach

This study examines Nishimatsuya's business model for its value proposition, business processes, internal and external management resources, and profitability.

Findings

Establishing simple, clear customer value creates a unique business model.

Practical implications

This study determined that a business model begins with identifying what customers really want. The value proposition innovates a business model by rethinking business processes, management resources, and profitability.

Originality/value

The Nishimatsuya case study suggests that identifying the value proposition underlies establishing a creative business model.
Moderators of shared leadership: work function and team autonomy
Authors: Fausing Maj S. , Jeppe Jeppesen Hans , Jønsson Thomas S. , Lewandowski Joshua , Bligh Michelle C.
Published: August 2013

Purpose

Previous studies show that sharing leadership in teams offers potential performance benefits across various contexts. This paper aims to investigate moderators of the effectiveness of shared leadership. In particular, it seeks to explore the moderating effects of team work function – manufacturing versus knowledge team work – and team autonomy.

Design/methodology/approach

In order to test the hypotheses, the authors conducted hierarchical regression analyses and ran moderated two‐way regression analyses using a field sample of 552 employees comprising 81 teams in a Danish manufacturing company.

Findings

Contrary to expectations, the results demonstrated a non‐significant relationship between shared leadership and team performance. However, as expected, work function significantly moderated this relationship such that shared leadership exhibited a negative relationship with manufacturing team performance and a positive relationship with knowledge team performance. Moreover, team autonomy was positively related to performance, and it significantly moderated the relationship between shared leadership and team performance.

Research limitations/implications

The study provides a potentially useful framework for understanding boundary conditions for the effectiveness of shared leadership. However, since the design of the study is cross‐sectional, direct causation cannot be inferred. Moreover, the study took place within a single organization in a Danish context and, therefore, care must be taken in generalizing the findings without additional evidence from further research.

Originality/value

To the authors' knowledge, the study is the first to obtain evidence which indicates that the success of shared leadership may depend on the team work function and the level of team autonomy.
Unlocking work standards through systematic work observation: implications for team supervision
Authors: Ingvaldsen Jonas A. , Holtskog Halvor , Ringen Geir
Published: August 2013

Purpose

Companies with routine operations often pursue team‐based continuous improvement in the context of standardized work. Continuous improvement requires that work standards are periodically “unlocked”, i.e. made objects of reflection and improvement. This paper aims to theorize and empirically explore a method for unlocking standards which has received little attention in the literature: systematic work observation. It identifies which factors constitute and promote a work observation practice that supports continuous improvement.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper presents an explorative, qualitative case study of an industrial company in which systematic work observation is practiced. Empirical material was collected from two principal sources: company documentation and teaching material; and interviews with workers, managers and work design experts from three of the company's major plants.

Findings

Systematic work observation supports continuous improvement when there is genuine two‐way communication between the worker being observed and the supervisor acting as observer. Through dialogue, the appropriateness of the standard procedure is reflected on. Systematic work observation is supported by frequent day‐to‐day interaction between supervisors and workers. Frequent interaction builds relationships of trust and a shared purpose. A necessary requirement is that supervisors are technically competent and know the details of the operating procedures. The results also indicate that supervisors, not fellow workers, should preferably take the role as observers.

Originality/value

Systematic work observation as an instrument for continuous improvement has not yet been explored in a serious scholarly manner. The findings of this paper have practical implications for companies that wish to implement systematic work observation.
Isolation and partial characterization of a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus plantarumBM‐1 isolated from a traditionally fermented Chinese meat product
Authors: Zhang Hongxing , Liu Li , Hao Yanling , Zhong Siqiong , Liu Hui , Han Tao , Xie Yuanhong
Published: August 2013

Lactobacillus plantarum BM‐1 isolated from a traditionally fermented Chinese meat product was found to produce a novel bacteriocin that is active against a wide range of gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria. Production of the bacteriocin BM‐1 started early in the exponential phase and its maximum activity (5120 AU/mL) was recorded early during the stationary phase (16 hr). Bacteriocin BM‐1 is sensitive to proteolytic enzymes but stable in the pH range of 2.0–10.0 and heat‐resistant (15 min at 121°C). This bacteriocin was purified through pH‐mediated cell adsorption–desorption and cation‐exchange chromatography on an SP Sepharose Fast Flow column. The molecular weight of the purified bacteriocin BM‐1 was determined to be 4638.142 Da by electrospray ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the N‐terminal amino acid sequence was obtained through automated Edman degradation and found to comprise the following 15 amino acid residues: H2N‐Lys‐Tyr‐Tyr‐Gly‐Asn‐Gly‐Val‐Tyr‐Val‐Gly‐Lys‐His‐Ser‐Cys‐Ser. Comparison of this sequence with that of other bacteriocins revealed that bacteriocin BM‐1 contains the consensus YGNGV amino acid motif near the N‐terminus. Based on its physicochemical characteristics, molecular weight, and N‐terminal amino acid sequence, plantaricin BM‐1 is a novel class IIa bacteriocin.
Environmental factors predict community functional composition in Amazonian forests
Authors: Fortunel Claire , Paine C. E. Timothy , Fine Paul V. A. , Kraft Nathan J. B. , Baraloto Christopher
Published: August 2013

The consequences of biodiversity loss for ecosystem services largely depend on the functional identities of extirpated species. However, poor descriptions of spatial patterns of community functional composition across landscapes hamper accurate predictions, particularly in highly diverse tropical regions. Therefore, understanding how community functional composition varies across environmental gradients remains an important challenge.

We sampled 15 functional traits in 800 Neotropical tree species across 13 forest plots representative of the broad climatic and soil gradients encompassed by three widespread lowland forest habitats (terra firme forests on clay‐rich soils, seasonally flooded forests and white‐sand forests) at opposite ends of Amazonia (Peru and French Guiana). We combined univariate and multivariate approaches to test the magnitude and predictability of environmental filtering on community leaf and wood functional composition.

Directional shifts in community functional composition correlated with environmental changes across the 13 plots, with denser leaves, stems and roots in forests occurring in environments with limited water and soil‐nutrient availability. Critically, these relationships allowed us to accurately predict the functional composition of 61 additional forest plots from environmental data alone.

Synthesis. Environmental filtering consistently shapes the functional composition of highly diverse tropical forests at large scales across the terra firme, seasonally flooded and white‐sand forests of lowland Amazonia. Environmental factors drive and allow the prediction of variation in community functional composition among habitat types in Amazonian forests.
Defending the Faith: Orangeism and Ulster Protestant Identities in Colonial New South Wales
Authors: Hall Dianne
Published: August 2013

The Orange Order was never as prominent in the Australian colonies as its own publicity asserted and its arguments against the power of Rome in Australian politics and society were more shrill than accurate. However, it held a clearly defined position as a vector of anti‐Catholicism and ultra‐Protestantism in many parts of colonial Australia, and its parades and social gatherings were important spaces for the formation of Australian Protestant identities imbued with varying levels of Irishness. The use of public space meant that the Loyal Orange Institution had a wider impact than their often small numbers might otherwise suggest. With their parades, sermons, public meetings, and demonstrations many Orangemen and women attempted to claim colonial public space not only as Protestant, but as a particularly Irish inflected anti‐Catholicism.
Comparative studies on species identification of Noctuoidea moths in two nature reserve conservation zones (Beijing, China) using DNA barcodes and thin‐film biosensor chips
Authors: Yang F. , Shi Z. Y. , Bai S. L. , Ward R. D. , Zhang A. B.
Published: August 2013

Rapid and accurate identification of species is required for the biological control of pest Noctuoidea moths. DNA barcodes and thin‐film biosensor chips are two molecular approaches that have gained wide attention. Here, we compare these two methods for the identification of a limited number of Noctuoidea moth species. Based on the commonly used mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase I (the standard DNA barcode for animal species), 14 probes were designed and synthesized for 14 species shared by two national nature reserves in Beijing and Hebei, China. Probes ranged in length from 18 to 27 bp and were designed as mismatch probes to guarantee that there were at least three base differences between the probe and nontarget sequences. The results on the chip could be detected by the naked eye without needing special equipment. No cross‐hybridizations were detected although we tested all probes on the 14 target and 24 nontarget Noctuoidea species. The neighbour‐joining tree of the 38 species based on COI sequences gave 38 highly supported independent groups. Both DNA barcoding and thin‐film biosensor chips, based on the COI gene, are able to accurately identify and discriminate the 14 targeted moth species in this study. Because of its speed, high accuracy and low cost, the thin‐film biosensor chip is a very practical means of species identification. Now, a more comprehensive chip will be developed for the identification of additional Noctuoidea moths for pest control and ecological protection.
Palliative 5‐fluorouracil and cisplatin chemotherapy in recurrent metastatic sebaceous carcinoma: Case report and literature review
Authors: Jung Yun Hwa , Woo In Sook , Kim Min Young , Han Chi Wha , Rha Eun Young
Published: August 2013

Sebaceous carcinoma is a rare malignant tumor of the skin. Although this tumor is not completely understood due to its rarity and the paucity of published reports, it is known to be an aggressive tumor with a high incidence in Asia. Sebaceous carcinomas occur preferentially in the periocular region and require attention not to miss the associated Muir–Torre syndrome. In the case of localized disease, a wide local excision with clear margin followed by adjuvant radiation therapy is usually considered the standard treatment strategy but there is no agreed treatment strategy or standard chemotherapeutic regimen for recurrent metastatic sebaceous carcinoma. We report here two cases of recurrent metastatic sebaceous carcinoma patients who responded to 5‐fluorouracil and cisplatin combination chemotherapy, and review the literature. We suggest that 5‐fluorouracil‐cisplatin can be considered a feasible and effective treatment modality for recurrent sebaceous carcinoma.
Acquired proximal renal tubulopathy in dogs exposed to a common dried chicken treat: retrospective study of 108 cases (2007–2009)
Authors: Thompson MF , Fleeman LM , Kessell AE , Steenhard LA , Foster SF
Published: August 2013

Background

Proximal renal tubulopathy was reported in Australian dogs with markedly increased frequency from September 2007.

Methods

Two veterinarian‐completed surveys were launched in response to an increased incidence of acquired proximal renal tubulopathy in dogs. The selection criterion for inclusion was glucosuria with blood glucose <10 mmol/L. Data collected included signalment, presenting signs, history of feeding treats, results of urinalysis and blood tests, treatment and time to resolution of clinical signs.

Results

A total of 108 affected dogs were studied. All had been fed the same brand of dried chicken treats, made in China, for a median of 12 weeks (range, 0.3–78 weeks). Small breeds (<10 kg) accounted for 88% of cases. Common presenting signs included polyuria/polydipsia (76%), lethargy (73%), inappetence (65%) and vomiting (54%). Common biochemical findings included euglycaemia (74%; 71/96), hypoglycaemia (23%; 22/96), acidosis (77%; 20/26), hypokalaemia (45%; 38/84), hypophosphataemia (37%; 28/75) and azotaemia (27%; 23/85). In addition to discontinuation of treats, 64 dogs received medical treatment, including intravenous fluids (52%) and oral electrolyte, amino acid or vitamin supplements. Six dogs died or were euthanased. Two dogs were necropsied. Histopathological findings consisted of proximal tubular necrosis accompanied by regeneration. Time to resolution of clinical signs in 35 survivors available for follow‐up was <2 weeks (n = 8), 2–4 weeks (n = 2), 5–7 weeks (n = 5) and 2–6 months (n = 10).

Conclusion

Of the 108 dogs with acquired proximal renal tubulopathy contemporaneous with chicken treat consumption, most survived but many required aggressive supportive care. The treats likely contained a toxin targeting the proximal renal tubules. Diet history and urinalysis were vital for diagnosis.
Genetics of platelet inhibitor treatment
Authors: Trenk Dietmar , Hochholzer Willibald
Published: August 2013

Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and a P2Y12 receptor antagonist is the standard of care in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) because this regimen has markedly decreased the rate of cardiovascular events. The substantial variability in pharmacodynamic response as well as the moderate antiplatelet efficacy of clopidogrel has raised major concerns, since high on‐clopidogrel platelet reactivity has consistently been associated with increased risk for ischaemic events in PCI patients. Baseline demographic and clinical variables contributing to the observed variability have been identified. Besides this, research within the past decade has focused on the impact of genetic polymorphisms encoding transport systems or enzymes involved in the absorption and metabolism of these drugs. Loss‐of‐function polymorphisms in CYP2C19 are the strongest individual variables affecting pharmacokinetics and antiplatelet response to clopidogrel, but explain no more than 5 to 12% of the variability in adenosine diphosphate‐induced platelet aggregation on clopidogrel. No genetic variables contributing to clinical outcomes of patients treated with the newer P2Y12 receptor antagonists, prasugrel or ticagrelor, have been identified so far. This review aims to provide an update on the current status of genotype‐based personalized therapy with clopidogrel.
Lactobacillus casei Shirota enhances the preventive efficacy of soymilk in chemically induced breast cancer
Authors: Kaga Chiaki , Takagi Akimitsu , Kano Mitsuyoshi , Kado Shoichi , Kato Ikuo , Sakai Masashi , Miyazaki Kouji , Nanno Masanobu , Ishikawa Fumiyasu , Ohashi Yasuo , Toi Masakazu
Published: August 2013

Soy foods are known to be effective for breast cancer prevention. The habitual consumption of soy isoflavones in combination with the probiotic Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS) was shown to decrease the risk of breast cancer occurrence in our previous population‐based case‐controlled study among Japanese women. The present study aimed to elucidate the cooperative prevention mechanism of soymilk and LcS using an animal carcinogenic model. Female Sprague–Dawley rats received a high‐fat, AIN‐76A diet containing soymilk, LcS, both soymilk and LcS, or none and were orally exposed to 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐penylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine at a dose of 85 mg/kg bodyweight eight times for 2 weeks. The development of palpable mammary tumors was monitored for 17 weeks. Tumor tissues were immunohistochemically examined for estrogen receptor (ER)‐α, Ki‐67 and CD34. Compared with the control group, the incidence and multiplicity of mammary tumors were reduced by soymilk alone and soymilk in combination with LcS, while tumor volume was decreased by LcS alone and LcS in combination with soymilk. An immunohistochemical analysis revealed that soymilk in combination with LcS more effectively reduced the numbers of ER‐α‐positive and Ki‐67‐positive cells in tumors than soymilk alone and that both soymilk and LcS inhibited tumor angiogenesis. These results demonstrated that soymilk prevents the development of mammary tumors and that LcS suppresses tumor growth, potentially enhancing the preventive efficacy of soymilk. The habitual consumption of LcS in combination with soymilk might be a beneficial dietary style for breast cancer prevention.
Molecular network of chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing‐based (ChIP‐Seq) Epstein–Barr virus nuclear antigen 1‐target cellular genes supports biological implications of Epstein–Barr virus persistence in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Satoh Jun‐ichi , Kawana Natsuki , Yamamoto Yoji
Published: August 2013

Objectives

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection confers a strong risk factor for development of multiple sclerosis (MS). EBV preferentially infects B lymphocytes to establish a life‐long latent infection. EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1), acting as a transcriptional activator, plays a central role in the replication and maintenance of the latent episomal EBV genome in EBV‐infected host cells. However, the comprehensive set of host cellular genes directly regulated by EBNA1 relevant to the immunopathogenesis of MS remains to be elucidated.

Methods

We investigated the chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing (ChIP‐Seq) dataset of Raji cells, an EBV‐positive Burkitt's lymphoma cell line. We studied the molecular network of target genes by pathway analysis tools of bioinformatics.

Results

We identified the set of 228 EBNA1‐target cellular genes. The EBNA1‐binding sites were located mainly in intronic regions of target genes with an existence of the palindromic consensus sequence motif. By pathway analysis using Ingenuity Pathways Analysis and KeyMolnet, the EBNA1‐target cellular gene network showed a significant relationship with the networks related to cell death and survival, and transcriptional regulation by interferon‐regulatory factor (IRF), and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT).

Conclusions

These results show that the EBNA1‐target cellular gene network is closely associated with maintenance of EBV persistence by controlling the fate of EBV‐infected host cells, and by aberrantly regulating the production of host‐derived antiviral interferons and other cytokines, supporting biological implications of EBV persistence in MS.
Establishment and characterization of spinal cord microvascular endothelial cell lines
Authors: Maeda Toshihiko , Sano Yasuteru , Abe Masaaki , Shimizu Fumitaka , Kashiwamura Yoko , Ohtsuki Sumio , Terasaki Tetsuya , Obinata Masuo , Ueda Masatsugu , Kanda Takashi
Published: August 2013

Objectives

The blood–spinal cord barrier (BSCB) has been recognized as one of the barrier organs in the central nervous system. Unlike the blood–brain barrier (BBB), the function of the BSCB still remains to be fully understood, partly because of the lack of a good in vitro BSCB model. In the present study, we established a microvascular endothelial cell line derived from a rat spinal cord and characterized this new model.

Methods

A conditionally immortalized cell line, termed rBSCB‐1, was established by introducing the temperature‐sensitive SV40 large T‐antigen gene into primary microvascular endothelial cells isolated from a rat spinal cord. We examined whether this model retains barrier‐specific properties.

Results

The rBSCB‐1 expressed several basic endothelial cell markers and the large T‐antigen, and showed temperature‐dependent cell growth and barrier function. They also expressed tight junction molecules including claudin‐1, 3, 5, 12, occludin, zonula occludens (ZO)‐1 and barrier‐specific transporters. The rBSCB‐1 showed low paracellular permeability to 4 kDa dextran and high transport activity of P‐glycoprotein. In addition, the treatment with astrocytic factors increased the barrier properties of rBSCB‐1, including their expression levels of tight junctional molecules.

Conclusion

The rBSCB‐1 cells are the first conditionally immortalized endothelial cell line derived from the BSCB that have been fully characterized as barrier‐forming cells. This cell line should be a useful tool to understand the BSCB disruption involved in many neurological disorders including multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury.
Diagnosis of allergic rhinitis: inter‐rater reliability and predictive value of nasal endoscopic examination: a prospective observational study
Authors: Eren E. , Aktaş A. , Arslanoğlu S. , Kopar A. , Ciğer E. , Özkul Y. , Önal K. , Katılmiş H.
Published: August 2013

Objective

To determine the inter‐rater reliability of nasal endoscopic findings and the feasibility of diagnosis of allergic rhinitis based solely on symptoms and nasal endoscopy.

Design

Prospective observational study.

Setting

University Teaching hospital.

Participants

One hundred and eight patients were referred from the allergy clinic included in the study.

Main outcome measures

Predictive value of symptoms and nasal endoscopic examination to diagnose allergic rhinitis and inter‐rater reliability of the examination were evaluated.

Results

Logistic regression analysis of patient symptoms and nasal examination findings revealed no significant predictive power for any of the symptoms or examination findings. The Fleiss κ coefficient of the three raters was calculated. Inter‐rater variability among the three physicians demonstrated that mucosal oedema (κ = 0,48, P < 0.001), polypoid degeneration of the inferior turbinate tail (κ = 0.48, P = 0.01), nasal polyps (κ = 0.96, P < 0.001) and nasal septal deviation (κ = 0.65, P = 0.01) showed significant inter‐rater agreement. A low κ coefficient (0.29) was found, and the inter‐rater variability among physicians in interpreting the characteristics of nasal secretions was significant (P = 0.04). The inter‐rater variability among the three physicians suggested that turbinate hypertrophy (κ = 0.31) and turbinate colour (κ = 0.38) showed no significant inter‐rater agreement.

Conclusions

Patient symptoms and nasal endoscopy findings do not provide reliable diagnosis of allergic rhinitis. Turbinate colour and hypertrophy are believed to be related to allergic rhinitis; however, these were subject to marked inter‐rater variability in this study.
Health and safety risks associated with public injecting among people who inject drugs in Bangkok, Thailand
Authors: Leung Leslie Tze Fung , Ti Lianping , Hayashi Kanna , Suwannawong Paisan , Kaplan Karyn , Wood Evan , Kerr Thomas
Published: August 2013

Introduction and Aims

The injection of illicit drugs in public spaces is known to pose significant health risks to people who inject drugs (IDU). However, to our knowledge this practice has not been explored in the Asian context. Therefore, we sought to characterise the prevalence of and factors associated with public injecting among a community‐recruited sample of IDU in Bangkok, Thailand.

Design and Methods

Data were derived from the Mitsampan Community Research Project between July and October 2011. Using multivariate logistic regression, this cross‐sectional study examined the prevalence and correlates of public injecting within the past six months among 437 IDU participants.

Results

In total, 121 (27.7%) participants reported injecting drugs in a public space within the past six months. In multivariate analyses, public drug injection was independently associated with male gender [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.51, 95% confidence interval (CI)) 1.29–5.22], weekly heroin injection (AOR 2.19, 95% CI 1.27–3.77), assisted injection (AOR 1.93, 95% CI 1.06–3.49), rushed injection (AOR 4.36, 95% CI 2.65–7.24), incarceration (AOR 2.27, 95% CI 1.01–5.04) and noticing police presence where drugs are bought or used (AOR 1.83, 95% CI 1.06–3.19).

Discussion and Conclusion

A substantial proportion of Thai IDU in our sample reported recent public drug injection. This behaviour was independently associated with a wide range of individual and contextual factors that pose significant health and safety risks to the IDU. These findings highlight the importance of addressing the broader social and physical risk environment surrounding IDU as a means of preventing negative health outcomes among this population. [Leung LTF, Ti L, Hayashi K, Suwannawong P, Kaplan K, Wood E, Kerr T. Health and safety risks associated with public injecting among people who inject drugs in Bangkok, Thailand. Drug Alcohol Rev 2013;32:582–587]
Associations of fish with various types of littoral habitats in reservoirs
Authors: Šmejkal Marek , Prchalová Marie , Čech Martin , Vašek Mojmír , Říha Milan , Jůza Tomáš , Blabolil Petr , Kubečka Jan
Published: August 2013

Fish associations with different types of littoral habitats were studied in four canyon‐shaped reservoirs in the Czech Republic in years 2010 and 2011 by gillnets. Two to three habitats per reservoir–beaches (former meadows), stump fields (former forest) and rubble slopes–were defined and sampled along the longitudinal axis of reservoirs. Effects of reservoir, habitat and locality (position along longitudinal axis) on fish biomass, abundance and species structure were tested for juvenile and adult fish separately. Hierarchical analysis of variance revealed that habitats differed significantly in fish biomass and abundance. Redundancy analysis showed that analysed environmental variables had significant influence on fish community structure. Most variability in community structure was explained by reservoir and then by combination of habitat and slope steepness. Locality position had the smallest influence on community structure. For both adult and juvenile fish total abundance and biomass, the most inhabited habitat was beaches; rubble slopes were the least inhabited. Habitat associations differed among species. Among adults, bream Abramis brama, white bream Blicca bjoerkna and roach Rutilus rutilus were associated with beaches and stump fields, whereas perch Perca fluviatilis, ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus, asp Aspius aspius and pike Esox lucius were associated with rubble slopes. Bream, white bream, bleak Alburnus alburnus, roach, ruffe and pikeperch Sander lucioperca were associated with beaches among juveniles, whereas the only juvenile associated with rubble slopes was perch. We showed that most common species are associated with distinct habitats and also that utilisation of various littoral habitats differs in general.
Epithelial inclusion cysts of the frontal bones in three horses
Authors: Gunnarsdottir H. , Chiers K. , Praet M. , Saunders J. , Schauvliege S. , Vlaminck L.
Published: August 2013

In this article, development of a fluctuating swelling in the middle of the frontal region is reported in 3 horses. Clinical and radiological examinations showed them to be palpably soft, nonpainful, well circumscribed and homogeneous. The diagnosis of a cyst‐like lesion is based on centesis and histology. This report describes the clinical features, surgical treatment, outcome and histological findings in all 3 cases.
Severe supracondylar lysis of the third metatarsal bone due to intra‐articular haemorrhage with similarities to human pigmented villonodular synovitis: A differential diagnosis to intra‐articular neoplasia
Authors: Hinnigan G. J. , Papoula‐Pereira R. , Hetzel U. , Singer E. R.
Published: August 2013

This report describes a case of severe supracondylar lysis of the third metatarsal bone of a mature Cob gelding. The gelding presented with moderate to severe lameness and soft tissue swelling in the distal metatarsal region. A mass was present plantar to the third metatarsal bone and dorsal to the suspensory ligament branches. The mass was removed surgically, and was found to be a large blood coagulum within an enlargement of the plantar pouch of the metatarsophalangeal joint. The mass was pedunculated and attached to a region of abnormal synovium. This synovium was identified histologically as being an area of villonodular synovitis. The lesion had similarities with human pigmented villonodular synovitis. Removal of the abnormal tissue resulted in resolution of the lameness and of the lysis of the third metatarsal bone. Haemarthrosis should be considered in the list of differential diagnoses for focally mineralised soft tissue masses found within an articulation, and may be associated with pigmented villonodular synovitis.
The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd Edition (ICHD III) – Changes and Challenges
Authors: Levin Morris
Published: August 2013

In order to effectively study and manage headache disorders, diagnosis is essential. In both research and clinical arenas, separating secondary causes from primary headache disorders is a crucial first step, followed by further specificity within these broader categories. Historical approaches to classifying headache disorders culminated in the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD), completed and published in 1988. This was revised as the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd Edition (ICHD II) in 2004. The International Headache Society's Subcommittee on Classification began work on the 3rd edition in 2010, and has just published this online and in the journal Cephalalgia. The diagnostic criteria for more than 200 causes of headaches are based upon evidence when available, and fortunately, recent research in the field of headache medicine has produced data applicable to the refinement of classification of a number of primary and secondary headache disorders. Some areas, however, await further study, making classification more challenging. This article will attempt to provide an overview of the rationale behind the ICHD, a guide to its use, and a summary of important diagnostic features of the primary and secondary headaches, particularly where these have changed significantly in the ICHD III from ICHD II.
Lifetime Prevalence and Correlates of Migraine Among Women in a Pacific Northwest Pregnancy Cohort Study
Authors: Frederick Ihunnaya O. , Qiu Chunfang , Enquobahrie Daniel A. , Aurora Sheena K. , Peterlin B. Lee , Gelaye Bizu , Williams Michelle A.
Published: August 2013

Background

Migraine is a common neurological disorder, ranked among the world's leading causes of years lived with disability by the World Health Organization. The burden of migraine is highest in women of reproductive age.

Methods

We characterized the prevalence, symptoms, and correlates of migraine and other headaches among 500 women enrolled in a pregnancy cohort study. Migraine diagnoses (eg, definitive migraine and probable migraine) were based on the International Classification of Headache Disorders‐II criteria. Headache‐related disability, before and during early pregnancy, was determined using the Migraine Disability Assessment questionnaire. Logistic regression models were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.

Results

The lifetime prevalence of definitive migraine was 20.0% (95% confidence interval 16.6‐23.8%). When probable migraine was included, the lifetime prevalence of any migraine (definitive migraine plus probable migraine) increased to 29.8% (95% confidence interval 25.9‐34.0%). An additional 16.6% (95% confidence interval 13.5‐20.2%) of women in the cohort were classified as having non‐migraine headaches. Over 26% of migraineurs experienced moderate or severe headache‐related disability during early pregnancy. Migraine headaches were associated with a family history of headache or migraine (odds ratio = 3.47; 95% confidence interval 2.14‐5.63), childhood car sickness (odds ratio = 8.02; 95% confidence interval 4.49‐14.35), pre‐pregnancy obesity status (odds ratio = 3.83; 95% confidence interval 1.77‐8.26), and a high frequency of fatigue (odds ratio = 2.01; 95% confidence interval 1.09‐3.70).

Conclusion

Migraine‐ and headache‐related disability are prevalent conditions among pregnant women. Diagnosing and treating migraine and headaches during pregnancy are essential.