bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Do Institutional Conflicts of Interest Between Pharmaceutical Companies and the Healthcare Sector Become Corrupt? A Case Study of Scholarship Donations Between Department of Clinical Anesthesiology, Mie University, and Ono Pharmaceutical in Japan
Authors: Ozaki Akihiko , Murayama Anju , Harada Kayo , Saito Hiroaki , Sawano Toyoaki , Tanimoto Tetsuya , Ozieranski Piotr
Published: January 2022

Institutional conflicts of interest (ICOIs) with pharmaceutical companies can bias internal operation of healthcare organizations. Naturally, a scholarship donation—which is a donation scheme unique to Japan, provided to healthcare organizations and their subunits to encourage educational and academic activities related to the development of new drugs—fall into the ICOI category. While anecdotal evidence exists that scholarship donations have been used as bribes by pharmaceutical companies, there has been little case study research that would illuminate the workings of this “gray area” mechanism. From this perspective, we offer an in-depth analysis of a recent scandal involving the Department of Clinical Anesthesiology, Mie University and Ono Pharmaceutical, where a scholarship donation was used by a pharmaceutical company to increase the prescription of one of its key drugs at a hospital department. Available evidence also suggests that a professor based within the department originally requested a scholarship donation from the company, which became an initial trigger of the scandal. We argue that by scrutinizing scholarship donations we can gain insight into problems specific to ICOIs between the pharmaceutical companies and the healthcare sector in Japan. In addition, scholarship donations can be understood as a form of “gifts” which have been found to underpin certain forms of pharmaceutical companies' promotional activities in Japan but also in other countries. We conclude by highlighting potential institutional remedies, which may alleviate ICOIs and corrupt behavior affecting the healthcare sector.
The Rapid Antigen Detection Test for SARS-CoV-2 Underestimates the Identification of COVID-19 Positive Cases and Compromises the Diagnosis of the SARS-CoV-2 (K417N/T, E484K, and N501Y) Variants
Authors: Barrera-Avalos Carlos , Luraschi Roberto , Vallejos-Vidal Eva , Mella-Torres Andrea , Hernández Felipe , Figueroa Maximiliano , Rioseco Claudia , Valdés Daniel , Imarai Mónica , Acuña-Castillo Claudio , Reyes-López Felipe E. , Sandino Ana María
Published: January 2022

Timely detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome due to coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) has been the gold- strategy for identifying positive cases during the current pandemic. However, faster and less expensive methodologies are also applied for the massive diagnosis of COVID-19. In this way, the rapid antigen test (RAT) is widely used. However, it is necessary to evaluate its detection efficiency considering the current pandemic context with the circulation of new viral variants. In this study, we evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of RAT (SD BIOSENSOR, South Korea), widely used for testing and SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis in Santiago of Chile. The RAT showed a 90% (amplification range of 20 ≤ Cq <25) and 10% (amplification range of 25 ≤ Cq <30) of positive SARS-CoV-2 cases identified previously by RT-qPCR. Importantly, a 0% detection was obtained for samples within a Cq value>30. In SARS-CoV-2 variant detection, RAT had a 42.8% detection sensitivity in samples with RT-qPCR amplification range 20 ≤ Cq <25 containing the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) K417N/T, N501Y and E484K, associated with beta or gamma SARS-CoV-2 variants. This study alerts for the special attention that must be paid for the use of RAT at a massive diagnosis level, especially in the current scenario of appearance of several new SARS-CoV-2 variants which could generate false negatives and the compromise of possible viral outbreaks.
Digital Divide in Online Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cosmetic Course From the View of the Regional Socioeconomic Distribution
Authors: Sun Mengmeng , Xiong Lidan , Li Li , Chen Yu , Tang Jie , Hua Wei , Mao Yujie
Published: January 2022

Objectives: During the pandemic, quarantine has led to the lockdown of many physical educational institutions. Thus, massive open online courses (MOOCs) have become a more common choice for participants. MOOCs are often flagged as supplemental methods to educational disparities caused by regional socioeconomic distribution. However, dissenters argue that MOOCs can exacerbate the digital divide. This study aimed to compare the participants' performance before and after the outbreak of COVID-19, analyze the impact of the epidemic on online education of cosmetic dermatology from the view of the regional socioeconomic distribution, and investigate whether MOOCs exacerbate the digital divide in the COVID-19 epidemic.

Methods: The study was conducted in participants of the MOOC course Appreciation and Analysis of Cosmetics from January 2018 to December 2020. Based on the platform data and official socioeconomic statistics, correlation of multivariate analysis was used to determine the factors related to the number of total participants. A panel regression model and stepwise least squares regression analysis (STEPLS) were employed to further analyze the relationship between GDP, population, number of college students and number of total participants in different years in the eastern, central and western regions of China.

Results: The number of total participants in 2020 surged 82.02% compared with that in 2019. Completion rates were generally stable in 2018 and 2019 before the COVID-19 pandemic and significantly decreased in 2020 after the outbreak of the pandemic. GDP was the most important socioeconomic factor that determined the total number of participants and it was positively related to the total number of participants before and after the outbreak of the pandemic. The number of college students was unrelated to the total number of participants before the epidemic, and after the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020, the number became positively related in all regions of China.

Conclusions: This study shows that the epidemic pushes more people to choose MOOCs to study cosmetic dermatology, and online education could exacerbate rather than reduce disparities that are related to regional and socioeconomic status in the cosmetic field in the COVID-19 pandemic.
A Protocol for a Scoping Review Comparative Bibliometric Analysis of Infectious Disease Research in Africa
Authors: Perryman Adrianna , Gebretekle Gebremedhin Beedemariam , Ogunbameru Adeteju , Bielecki Joanna M. , Sander Beate
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Evidence on authorship trends of health research conducted about or in Africa shows that there is a lack of local researchers in the first and last authorship positions, with high income country collaborations taking up these positions. The differences in authorship calls into question power imbalances in global health research and who benefits from the production of new discoveries and innovations. Health studies may further go on to inform policy and clinical practice within the region having an impact on public health. This paper aims to compare the differences in authorship between COVID-19 and relevant infectious diseases in Africa.

Materials and Methods: We will conduct a bibliometric analysis comparing authorship for COVID-19 research during a public health emergency with authorship for four other infectious diseases of relevance to Africa namely: Ebola, Zika Virus (ZIKV), Tuberculosis (TB) and Influenza. Our scoping review will follow the framework developed by Arksey and O'Malley and reviewed by Levac et al. We will search MEDLINE (Ovid), African Index Medicus (AIM), Eastern Mediterranean Region (IMEMR) Index Medicus, Embase (Ovid), and Web of Science (Clarivate). We will compare the different trends of disease research between the selected diseases. This study is registered with OSF registries and is licensed with the Academic Free License version 3.0. The open science registration number is 10.17605/OSF.IO/5ZPGN.
Machine Learning-Aided Optical Performance Monitoring Techniques: A Review
Authors: Tizikara Dativa K. , Serugunda Jonathan , Katumba Andrew
Published: January 2022

Future communication systems are faced with increased demand for high capacity, dynamic bandwidth, reliability and heterogeneous traffic. To meet these requirements, networks have become more complex and thus require new design methods and monitoring techniques, as they evolve towards becoming autonomous. Machine learning has come to the forefront in recent years as a promising technology to aid in this evolution. Optical fiber communications can already provide the high capacity required for most applications, however, there is a need for increased scalability and adaptability to changing user demands and link conditions. Accurate performance monitoring is an integral part of this transformation. In this paper, we review optical performance monitoring techniques where machine learning algorithms have been applied. Moreover, since many performance monitoring approaches in the optical domain depend on knowledge of the signal type, we also review work for modulation format recognition and bitrate identification. We additionally briefly introduce a neuromorphic approach as an emerging technique that has only recently been applied to this domain.
Does Right-Hemispheric Anodal tDCS Enhance the Impact of Script Training in Chronic Aphasia? A Single-Subject Experimental Study
Authors: Figeys Mathieu , Kim Esther Sung , Hopper Tammy
Published: January 2022

Background: Script training is an aphasia treatment approach that has been demonstrated to have a positive effect on communication of individuals with aphasia; however, it is time intensive as a therapeutic modality. To augment therapy-induced neuroplasticity, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may be implemented. tDCS has been paired with other speech-language treatments, however, has not been investigated with script training.

Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine if tDCS improves communication proficiency when paired with script training, compared to script training alone.

Methods and Procedures: A single-subject experimental design was implemented with a participant with non-fluent aphasia, using two scripts across treatment conditions: script training with sham-tDCS, and script training with anodal-tDCS. Treatment sessions were 75 min long, administered three times weekly. Anodal tDCS was implemented for 20 min with a current of 1.5 mA over the right inferior frontal gyrus.

Results: Large effect sizes were obtained on script mastery for both stimulation conditions (anodal d2 = 9.94; sham d2 = 11.93). tDCS did not improve script accuracy, however, there was a significant improvement in the rate of change of script pace relative to baseline (3.99 seconds/day, p < 0.001) in the anodal tDCS condition.

Conclusion: Despite a null tDCS result on accuracy, the script training protocol increased script performance to a near-fluent level of communication. There is preliminary evidence to suggest that tDCS may alter the rate of script acquisition, however, further research to corroborate this finding is required. Implications for future studies are discussed.
Calib-Net: Calibrating the Low-Cost IMU via Deep Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Li Ruihao , Fu Chunlian , Yi Wei , Yi Xiaodong
Published: January 2022

The low-cost Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) can provide orientation information and is widely used in our daily life. However, IMUs with bad calibration will provide inaccurate angular velocity and lead to rapid drift of integral orientation in a short time. In this paper, we present the Calib-Net which can achieve the accurate calibration of low-cost IMU via a simple deep convolutional neural network. Following a carefully designed mathematical calibration model, Calib-Net can output compensation components for gyroscope measurements dynamically. Dilation convolution is adopted in Calib-Net for spatio-temporal feature extraction of IMU measurements. We evaluate our proposed system on public datasets quantitively and qualitatively. The experimental results demonstrate that our Calib-Net achieves better calibration performance than other methods, what is more, and the estimated orientation with our Calib-Net is even comparable with the results from visual inertial odometry (VIO) systems.
Empathizing and Sympathizing With Robots: Implications for Moral Standing
Authors: Quick Oliver Santiago
Published: January 2022

This paper discusses the ethical nature of empathetic and sympathetic engagement with social robots, ultimately arguing that an entity which is engaged with through empathy or sympathy is engaged with as an “experiencing Other” and is as such due at least “minimal” moral consideration. Additionally, it is argued that extant HRI research often fails to recognize the complexity of empathy and sympathy, such that the two concepts are frequently treated as synonymous. The arguments for these claims occur in two steps. First, it is argued that there are at least three understandings of empathy, such that particular care is needed when researching “empathy” in human-robot interactions. The phenomenological approach to empathy—perhaps the least utilized of the three discussed understandings—is the approach with the most direct implications for moral standing. Furthermore, because “empathy” and “sympathy” are often conflated, a novel account of sympathy which makes clear the difference between the two concepts is presented, and the importance for these distinctions is argued for. In the second step, the phenomenological insights presented before regarding the nature of empathy are applied to the problem of robot moral standing to argue that empathetic and sympathetic engagement with an entity constitute an ethical engagement with it. The paper concludes by offering several potential research questions that result from the phenomenological analysis of empathy in human-robot interactions.
Use of Hyper-Spectral Visible and Near-Infrared Satellite Data for Timely Estimates of the Earth’s Surface Reflectance in Cloudy and Aerosol Loaded Conditions: Part 1–Application to RGB Image Restoration Over Land With GOME-2
Authors: Joiner J. , Fasnacht Z. , Qin W. , Yoshida Y. , Vasilkov A. P. , Li C. , Lamsal L. , Krotkov N.
Published: January 2022

Space-based quantitative passive optical remote sensing of the Earth’s surface typically involves the detection and elimination of cloud-contaminated pixels as an initial processing step. We explore a fundamentally different approach; we use machine learning with cloud contaminated satellite hyper-spectral data to estimate underlying terrestrial surface reflectances at red, green, and blue (RGB) wavelengths. An artificial neural network (NN) reproduces land RGB reflectances with high fidelity, even in scenes with moderate to high cloud optical thicknesses. This implies that spectral features of the Earth’s surface can be detected and distinguished in the presence of clouds, even when they are partially and visibly obscured by clouds; the NN is able to separate the spectral fingerprint of the Earth’s surface from that of the clouds, aerosols, gaseous absorption, and Rayleigh scattering, provided that there are adequately different spectral features and that the clouds are not completely opaque. Once trained, the NN enables rapid estimates of RGB reflectances with little computational cost. Aside from the training data, there is no requirement of prior information regarding the land surface spectral reflectance, nor is there need for radiative transfer calculations. We test different wavelength windows and instrument configurations for reconstruction of surface reflectances. This work provides an initial example of a general approach that has many potential applications in land and ocean remote sensing as well as other practical uses such as in search and rescue, precision agriculture, and change detection.
Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change on Surface Water Resources Using WEAP Model in Narok County, Kenya
Authors: Opere A. O. , Waswa Ruth , Mutua F. M.
Published: January 2022

Narok County in Kenya is the home to the Maasai Mara Game Reserve, which offers important habitats for a great variety of wild animals, hence, a hub for tourist attraction, earning the county and country an extra income through revenue collection. The Mau Forest Complex in the north is a source of major rivers including the Mara River and a water catchment tower that supports other regions as well. Many rivers present in the region support several activities and livelihood to the people in the area. The study examined how the quantity of surface water resources varied under the different climate change scenarios, and the sensitivity of the region to a changing climate. Several datasets used in this study were collated from different sources and included hydro–meteorological data, Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) climate projections. The WEAP (Water Evaluation and Planning) model was applied using the rainfall–runoff (soil moisture method) approach to compute runoff generated with climate data as input. All the calculations were done on a monthly time step from the current year account to the last year of the scenario. Calibration of the model proceeded using the PEST tool within the WEAP interface. The goodness of fit was evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R2), percentage bias (PBIAS), and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) criterion. From the tests, it was clear that WEAP performed well in simulating stream flows. The coefficient of determination (R2) was greater than the threshold R2 > 0.5 in both periods, i.e., 0.83 and 0.97 for calibration and validation periods, respectively, for the monthly flows. A 25-year mean monthly average was chosen with two time slices (2006–2030 and 2031–2055), which were compared against the baseline (1981–2000). There will be a general decrease in water quantity in the region in both scenarios: −30% by 2030 and −23.45% by 2055. In comparison, RCP4.5 and Scenario3 (+2.5°C, +10% P) were higher than RCP8.5 and Scenario 2 respectively. There was also a clear indication that the region was highly sensitive to a perturbation in climate from the synthetic scenarios. A change in either rainfall or temperature (or both) could lead to an impact on the amount of surface water yields.
How to Prevent, Reduce, and Treat Severe Post Sympathetic Chain Compensatory Hyperhidrosis: 2021 State of the Art
Authors: Raveglia Federico , Orlandi Riccardo , Guttadauro Angelo , Cioffi Ugo , Cardillo Giuseppe , Cioffi Gerardo , Scarci Marco
Published: January 2022

The role of thoracic surgery in the management of hyperhidrosis is well-known and thoracoscopic sympathetic interruption is commonly accepted as being the most effective treatment. However, some concerns still remain regarding the potential to develop compensatory hyperidrosis (CH), the most troublesome and frequent side effect after surgery and its management. Compensatory hyperidrosis prevention may be achieved by identifying subjects at higher risk and/or targeting nerve interruption level on the base of single patient characteristics gathered during the preoperative survey. Furthermore, the surgical treatment may consist of different techniques aimed at reversing the effects of previous sympathetic interruption. To predict CH after sympathectomy, the most interesting proposals in recent literature are a temporary thoracoscopic sympathetic block and the introduction of new and targeted preoperative surveys. If the role of nerve clipping technique vs. the definitive cutting is still intensely under debated, new approaches have been recently proposed to reduce the incidence of CH. In particular, extended sympathicotomy has been described as an alternative to overcome severe forms. Last, among the techniques developed to reverse sympathetic interruption effect, diffuse sympathicotomy (DS) and microsurgical sympathetic trunk reconstruction represent advances in this field. An all-round review of these topics is strongly needed. Our aim is to cover all the above issues point by point. Although sympathectomy represents a small part of thoracic surgery, we believe that it is worthy of interest because of the profound effect that complications for a benign condition can have on patients.
A Leaky Blood–Brain Barrier to Fibrinogen Contributes to Oxidative Damage in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: McLarnon James G.
Published: January 2022

The intactness of blood–brain barrier (BBB) is compromised in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Importantly, evidence suggests that the perturbation and abnormalities appearing in BBB can manifest early in the progression of the disease. The disruption of BBB allows extravasation of the plasma protein, fibrinogen, to enter brain parenchyma, eliciting immune reactivity and response. The presence of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide leads to the formation of abnormal aggregates of fibrin resistant to degradation. Furthermore, Aβ deposits act on the contact system of blood coagulation, altering levels of thrombin, fibrin clots and neuroinflammation. The neurovascular unit (NVU) comprises an ensemble of brain cells which interact with infiltrating fibrinogen. In particular, interaction of resident immune cell microglia with fibrinogen, fibrin and Aβ results in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), a neurotoxic effector in AD brain. Overall, fibrinogen infiltration through a leaky BBB in AD animal models and in human AD tissue is associated with manifold abnormalities including persistent fibrin aggregation and clots, microglial-mediated production of ROS and diminished viability of neurons and synaptic connectivity. An objective of this review is to better understand how processes associated with BBB leakiness to fibrinogen link vascular pathology with neuronal and synaptic damage in AD.
Relation-Aware Graph Transformer for SQL-to-Text Generation
Authors: Ma Da , Chen Xingyu , Cao Ruisheng , Chen Zhi , Chen Lu , Yu Kai
Published: January 2022

Generating natural language descriptions for structured representation (e.g., a graph) is an important yet challenging task. In this work, we focus on SQL-to-text, a task that maps a SQL query into the corresponding natural language question. Previous work represents SQL as a sparse graph and utilizes a graph-to-sequence model to generate questions, where each node can only communicate with k-hop nodes. Such a model will degenerate when adapted to more complex SQL queries due to the inability to capture long-term and the lack of SQL-specific relations. To tackle this problem, we propose a relation-aware graph transformer (RGT) to consider both the SQL structure and various relations simultaneously. Specifically, an abstract SQL syntax tree is constructed for each SQL to provide the underlying relations. We also customized self-attention and cross-attention strategies to encode the relations in the SQL tree. Experiments on benchmarks WikiSQL and Spider demonstrate that our approach yields improvements over strong baselines.
Measurement of Adult Human Brain Responses to Breath-Holding by Multi-Distance Hyperspectral Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Guerouah Zahida , Lin Steve , Toronov Vladislav
Published: January 2022

A major limitation of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is its high sensitivity to the scalp and low sensitivity to the brain of adult humans. In the present work we used multi-distance hyperspectral NIRS (hNIRS) to investigate the optimal source-detector distances, wavelength ranges, and analysis techniques to separate cerebral responses to 30 s breath-holds (BHs) from the responses in the superficial tissue layer in healthy adult humans. We observed significant responses to BHs in the scalp hemodynamics. Cerebral responses to BHs were detected in the cytochrome C oxidase redox (rCCO) at 4 cm without using data from the short-distance channel. Using the data from the 1 cm channel in the two-layer regression algorithm showed that cerebral hemodynamic and rCCO responses also occurred at 3 cm. We found that the waveband 700–900 nm was optimal for the detection of cerebral responses to BHs in adults.
Analisis Ketahanan Pangan Rumah Tangga Petani Padi Berdasarkan Proporsi Pengeluaran Pangan Di Kota Padang
Authors: Martadona Ilham
Published: January 2022

ABSTRAK

Padi merupakan salah satu komoditas tanaman pangan yang cukup strategis untuk mendukung terwujudnya ketahanan pangan nasioal. Padi merupakan komoditas unggulan di Kota Padang, dan salah satu wilayah sentra produksinya adalah Kecamatan Kuranji. Sebagai wilayah lumbung pangan (padi) diasumsikan dengan tingkat kesejahteraan masyarakat (petani) yang terjamin dalam hal pemenuhan pangan. Salah satu indikator ketahanan pangan rumah tangga dicerminkan oleh proporsi pengeluaran pangan terhadap pengeluaran total. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah 1) menganalisis perkembangan (trend) produksi padi di Kota Padang dan 2) menganalisis pendapatan dan proporsi pengeluaran rumah tangga petani padi. Jenis data penelitian terdiri dari data primer dan sekunder, dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 30 rumah tangga petani padi dengan teknik pengambilan sampel secara snowball sampling. Analisis data yang digunakan meliputi analisis trend menggunakan least square method; pendapatan total; dan proporsi pengeluaran pangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan produksi padi sawah, mengalami penurunan produksi sebesar 7812.00 Ton setiap tahunnya (2015-2019), diperkirakan pada tahun 2020 produksi padi sawah sebesar 35,882.00 Ton. Sedangkan, sumber pendapatan rumah tangga petani padi terbesar berasal dari pendapatan usahatani padi sawah (onfarm). Proporsi pengeluaran rumah tangga petani digunakan untuk pengeluaran pangan yaitu padi-padian, dengan rata-rata total pengeluaran sebesar 60.26 persen.

 

Kata Kunci : Tanaman Pangan, Rumah Tangga Petani, Ketahanan Pangan

 

ABSTRACT

Rice is one of the food crop commodities which is quite strategic to support the realization of national food security. Rice is a leading commodity in the city of Padang, and one of its production centers is Kuranji District. As a food barn (rice) area, it is assumed that the level of welfare of the community (farmers) is guaranteed in terms of food fulfillment. One indicator of household food security is reflected by the proportion of food expenditure to total expenditure. The objectives of this study were 1) to analyze the development (trend) of rice production in Padang City and 2) to analyze the income and proportion of household expenditures of rice farmers. The type of research data consists of primary and secondary data, with the number of respondents as many as 30 rice farmer households with a snowball sampling technique. The data analysis used includesanalysis trend using the least square method; total revenue; and the proportion of food expenditure. The results showed that lowland rice production decreased by 7812.00 tons every year (2015-2019), it is estimated that in 2020 lowland rice production was 35,882.00 tons. Meanwhile, the largest source of household income for rice farmers comes from rice farming(incomeonfarm). The proportion of household expenditure of farmers is used for food expenditure, namely grains, with an average total expenditure of 60.26 percent

Keywords : food crop commodities, farmer households, food security
Reseñas
Authors: Graña Taborelli Mario , Sovarzo José , Oliveto Lía Guillermina , Rodríguez Lorena B. , Farías Franco Jerónimo , Otero Hernán
Published: January 2022

Reseña de Kris Lane (2018). Potosí: The Silver City that Changed the World. California: University of California Press, 272pp. Por MARIO GRAÑA TABORELLI

Reseña de Guillermina del Valle Pavón (Coord.) (2020). Negociación, lágrimas y maldiciones: la fiscalidad extraordinaria en la monarquía hispánica, 1620-1814. México : Instituto de Investigaciones Dr. José María Luis Mora | Serie: Colección Historia Económica, 323 pp. Por JOSE SOVARZO

Reseña de Paola Andrea Revilla Orías (2020). Coerciones Intrincadas. Trabajo africano e indígena en Charcas. Siglos XVI y XVII. Cochabamba: Instituto de Misionología / Editorial Itinerarios,  Colección “Scripta Autochtona” núm. 24, 340 p. Por LIA GUILLERMINA OLIVETO

Reseña de Marisol García (2021). Tribunales revisitados: caciques, mandones y encomenderos de La Rioja colonial. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Periplos, 116 pp. Por LORENA B. RODRÍGUEZ

Reseña de Pedro Miguel Omar Svriz Wucherer (2019). Resistencia y Negociación. Milicias guaraníes, jesuitas y cambios socioeconómicos en la frontera del imperio global hispánico (ss. XVII-XVIII). Rosario: Prohistoria, 352 pp. Por JERÓNIMO FARIAS FRANCO

Reseña de Ricardo González Leandri y Pilar González Bernaldo de Quirós (eds.) (2020). Perspectivas históricas de la desigualdad y la cohesión social en América Latina. Siglos XIX y XX. Madrid: Sílex Universidad, 380 pp. Por HERNÁN OTERO
Otitis media aguda (OMA)
Authors: Moya Robles Alexis , Ordóñez Conejo Valeria
Published: January 2022

Aproximadamente 80% de todos los niños va a presentar un caso de otitis media aguda (OMA). Aun siendo una patología frecuente, existe un porcentaje de error diagnóstico nada despreciable que lleva a un manejo impreciso, lo cual tiene un alto impacto económico. La OMA es un proceso infeccioso auto limitado en la mayoría de los casos, sin embargo, sigue siendo una de las indicaciones para el uso de antibioticoterapia más frecuente
Eficiencia terminal. rezago y abandono en la cohorte del 2010 de estudiantes de Odontología de la Universidad de Costa Rica
Authors: Castro Sancho Cristina
Published: January 2022

Es el primer estudio de seguimiento de cohorte que se realiza en la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Costa Rica (FOUCR). El objetivo es determinar la eficiencia terminal, el rezago y la deserción en la cohorte del 2010 en la FOUCR, para desarrollar estrategias tendientes a mejorar la gestión académica.  Se realizó un censo de la cohorte del 2010 desde marzo del 2010 a marzo del 2020. Los datos se recopilaron del Sistema de Aplicaciones Estudiantiles (SAE), los expedientes físicos y las listas de estudiantes graduados desde el 2015 hasta marzo del 2020.  El criterio de inclusión comprendió todos los expedientes de los estudiantes que fueron admitidos y consolidaron su matrícula en Odontología de la UCR, en el año 2010. La cohorte es el conjunto de estudiantes que iniciaron sus estudios en un mismo año y semestre académico, cumplen con las mismas medidas de selección y cursan el mismo plan de estudios, se siguen en el tiempo hasta que presentan el evento en estudio: graduación,  deserción o hasta la fecha de culminación de la investigación. Los datos se analizaron con estadística descriptiva. Los resultados señalan que la eficiencia terminal es de 8,5 %, un 50% se ha graduado con rezago,  un 9,5% de los estudiantes permanecen cursando la carrera  y el abandono es de 32%. Se recomienda la búsqueda de las causas de estos resultados con el objetivo de mejorar estos indicadores.
Vaginosis Bacteriana – Actualización y novedad terapéutica
Authors: Salas Morgan Jose Pablo , Angulo Moya Luis Carlos , Garita Mendez Erik
Published: January 2022

La vaginosis bacteriana es la causa del flujo vaginal anormal más común en mujeres en edad reproductiva. Esta patología se presenta en la mayoría de los casos de forma asintomática y cuenta con una alta tasa de recurrencia. Desde la perspectiva fisiopatológica, la vaginosis bacteriana se causa por un desequilibrio bacteriano vaginal. Este desequilibro genera un desplazamiento de la flora vaginal normal y como consecuencia ésta se coloniza principalmente por bacterias anaerobias como: Gardenerella vaginalis, Prevotella, Peptostreptoccocus, Ureaplasma urealyticum, porphyromonas y mycoplasma hominis. Las pacientes pueden presentar clínicamente un flujo blanquecino o grisáceo, en ocasiones espumoso que puede ser mal oliente. Estas pacientes aparte de la clínica o sintomatología genital también podrían presentar un estrés psicológico que podría llevar al desarrollo de patologías de índole psiquiátrica. El tratamiento de la patología se realiza con antibióticos, de primera elección, dentro de los cuales se encuentra el metronidazol o clindamicina vaginal u oral y como segunda línea se utiliza el tinidazol o el secnidazol, ambos por vía oral. De igual forma, recientemente se han desarrollado nuevas terapias que ayudan a evitar el alto porcentaje de recurrencia de la patología, como colonias de Lactobaciillus depositadas directamente en la vagina.
The algorithm of identification of mobile on-board kitchen equipment using radio frequency identification technology
Authors:   St. Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Stepanov P.V. ,   St. Petersburg institute for Informatics and automation of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2022

The paper describes the architecture and algorithm of the radio frequency identification system of mobile onboard kitchen equipment used for passenger service in civil aviation aircraft.
Approach to real time attack detection on the base of simulation and graph oriented modeling
Authors:   St. Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Desnitsky V.A.
Published: January 2022

The article presents an approach to detecting attacks in real time based on simulation and graph-oriented mod- eling. The detection process is performed in a mode close to real-time with the ability to promptly detect known types of security incidents. The distinctive features of the approach include the multidimensional nature of attack detection with the ability to select a specific type of simulation and graph-oriented attack detection model with their subsequent combination. In addition, within the practical part of the work, a software tool has been developed to select the most suitable model apparatus for detecting attacks of each type.
Methodological bases for using express and implied expert knowledge when evaluating the state of difficult objects
Authors:   St. Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Spesivtsev A.V. , Spesivtsev V.A. , Semenov A.I. ,   Samara State Technical University, Tyugashev А.А.
Published: January 2022

Purpose. Currently, in the process of solving a wide range of problems in various subject areas, methods for assessing the state of complex objects (SLO) are actively used, among which expert knowledge (EK) occupies a special place. The article proposes a methodological approach to the use of explicit and implicit EK in assessing and predicting the state of the SL. Materials and methods. The article proposes an original fuzzy-feasibility approach to extracting, representing and formalizing the EK in the form of analytical models for assessing the state of the SL. Results. The article describes the essence of solving problems of extraction, formalization, processing and use of explicit and implicit expert knowledge for assessing the state of an SLO at a meaningful level. An example of solving the problem of predicting the level of damage to structural elements and equipment of launch complexes under conditions of intense thermal loading is given. Conclusions. The proposed methodological approach to formalization of explicit and implicit EZ in the form of fuzzy-possibility models has great prospects, since relies on fundamental and applied results obtained so far in theory and practice of application in various subject areas.
Investigation of the vulnerabilities distribution in the management systems of critical infrastructure
Authors:   ITMO University, Popova V. O. , Chechulin A. A. ,   St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and automation of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2022

The paper assesses the distribution patterns of management systems vulnerabilities that are most often used at critical infrastructure facilities. The purpose of the investigation is to identify the main trends in the distribution of already committed vulnerabilities and to predict the most likely vulnerabilities for new attacks and the most critical vulnerabilities, that, in turn, will help reduce the security risks of both existing and projected systems.
Kırıkkale İlinde Ruminant İşletmelerinden Alınan Sularda Nitrat, Nitrit ve Amonyum Seviyelerinin Belirlenmesi
Authors: AKAY SARIKAYA Hatice , YILDIRIM Ebru , BAYDAN Emine
Published: January 2022

İçme suyundaki organik maddelerin insan ve hayvan sağlığı açısından zarar vermeyecek düzeyde olması önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışma, Kırıkkale İli sınırları içerisindeki 59 büyükbaş hayvan işletmesinden temin edilen sularda, bazı inorganik maddelerin (nitrat, nitrit, amonyum) seviyelerinin belirlenmesi ve bu materyalleri tüketen hayvanların sağlığına olumlu veya olumsuz etki yapacak düzeyde olup olmadıkları konusunda fikir sahibi olabilmek amaçlanarak yapılmıştır. Numunelerin analizinde iyon kromatografi cihazı kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarında tespit edilen ortalama değerler; nitrit için 2 numune (%3,39) pozitif 1,64±1,61 ppm, nitrat için 59 numune(%100) pozitif 42,35±38,87 ppm ve amonyum için 3 numune (%5,08) pozitif 22,86±12,38 ppm olarak tespit edilmiştir. Nitrit için değerler sularda 0,50-2,79 ppm aralığında olup 2 numune (%3,39) 0,5 ppm düzeyini aşmıştır. Hiçbir değer 10 ppm düzeyini aşmamıştır. Nitrat yönünden toplanan 59 su numunesinin 19’u (%32,20) içme suyu için belirlenen 50 ppm, 7 su numunesi (%11,86) hayvanlar için limit değer olarak önerilen 100 ppm, 5 su numunesi (%8,47) ise hayvanlar için kronik zehirlenme oluşturan 125 ppm sınır değerini aşmıştır. Toplanan su numunelerinden 3 (%5,08) adedinde amonyum 0,5 ppm düzeyini aşmıştır. Sonuç olarak, hayvanlar tarafından tüketilen suların hayvancılık işletmelerinin ekonomik düzeyini artırması amacıyla kontrol altında tutulması uygun olacaktır.
Comparative Study of the Identification Methods of the Management System of the Day-Ahead Market of Polish Energy Market S.A.
Authors: Marlęga Radosław
Published: January 2022

Nowadays, identification and neural methods are used more and more often in modeling IT forecasting systems in addition to analytical methods. Six characteristic models used to forecast the Day-Ahead Market system functioning as a transaction management system at the Polish Power Exchange (POLPX) and the Nord Pool Spot market have been selected for comparative analysis. The research was preceded by a detailed discussion of modern criteria used to assess the quality of model fitting to the system, namely: effectiveness, efficiency, and robustness. In the literature, there are two main groups of system modeling methods, namely time series modeling methods and identification modeling methods, including neural modeling methods. Modeling usually results in such models as parametric models and artificial neural networks learned neural models of the Day-Ahead Market, as well as time series models, among others. In the comparative analysis, special attention was paid to the accuracy of the obtained models concerning the system. It has been pointed out that the studied solutions used to measure the accuracy of modeling criteria such as accuracy of fit or efficiency, and did not use the modeling efficiency, which is very important in IT forecasting systems for such large markets as the Day-Ahead Market of POLPX. The search for the best market models, including identification models of the Day-Ahead Market operation that can be used in electricity price forecasting is a very important issue both from the point of view of algorithmic solutions and economical solutions.
Struggles and Dilemmas of Uyghur Immigrants in Turkey
Authors: Beydulla Mettursun
Published: January 2022

The social and economic integration of the Uyghurs into Turkish society reflects a problem to which policy makers have not yet found a response. Marginalized by the larger society and separated by linguistic differences and cultural and social life-styles, a significant proportion of Uyghurs, especially “newcomers” who have arrived since the 1980s, is in danger of becoming part of a “parallel society.” This is reinforced by exclusion, inferiorization and “otherness,” restricted educational achievements, uncertain citizenship, legal status limbo and low socioeconomic status. Pro-Uyghur, pro-independence and anti-Chinese government mobilization in Turkey has attracted the attention of Chinese authorities for a long time, and this attention has in turn affected and shaped mobilization in Turkey. The Turkey-China relationship is involved as well. The main goals of Chinese policy and strategy in Turkey are the security of “Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region” (a.k.a. East Turkistan), access to natural resources, security of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and economic and technological investment. It means that China believes it must consolidate its control of “Xinjiang” (East Turkistan) and restrain the Uyghur independence movement in Turkey. China’s economic and technological power and investments in Turkey are not just increasing its influence; they are making Turkey far more reticent to speak out about Beijing’s abuses, systematic oppression and atrocities in the “Xinjiang” (East Turkistan). China’s geo-economic strategy has resulted in political influence in Turkey that profoundly affects its Uyghur population.
The Perception of Minorities toward the Turkish State: The Case of Ethno-religious Communities
Authors: Beylunioglu Anna Maria , Kaymak Özgür
Published: January 2022

The relationship between state and non-Muslim communities has been a delicate issue since the founding of the Turkish Republic despite the principle of secularism stated in its constitution. Against this background, the association of national identity with Sunni-Islam has been the main marker of inclusion/exclusion to the national identity. Especially since 2002 when the Justice and Development Party (JDP) came to power, the debates with regard to freedom of religion and the rights of religious minorities came to fore. Over the course of decades there have been numerous studies approaching the state’s perspective towards religious minorities. However, there are still scarce amount of academic studies that focuses on citizenship experiences of the members of these communities in their daily and social life practices. In this article, we first provide a historical perspective of the state towards religious minorities from the establishment of the Republic until today including the JDP period. In the second part of this study we aim to explore recasting perspectives of the non-Muslim minorities over the previous decade by taking the standpoint of the members of Greek Orthodox, Jews and Armenian communities. To this end, we conduct in-depth interviews with the members of these communities who are residing in Istanbul. Finally, new negotiation fields which have been flourishing among these communities will be addressed.
The Animistic Way: Contemporary Paganism and the Posthuman
Authors: Dos Santos Victoria
Published: January 2022

This article aims to explore the affinities between contemporary Paganism and the posthuman project in how they approach the non-human natural world. On the one hand, posthumanism explores new ways of considering the notion of humans and how they are linked with the non-human world. On the other hand, Neopaganism expands this reflection to the spiritual domain through its animistic relational sensibility. Both perspectives challenge the modern paradigm where nature and humans are opposed and mutually disconnected. They instead propose a relational ontology that welcomes the “different other.” This integrated relationship between humans and the “other than human” can be understood through the semiotic Chora, a notion belonging to Julia Kristeva that addresses how the subject is not symbolically separated from the world in which it is contained.
A Late Würmian and Holocene pollen profile from Tüttensee, Upper Bavaria, as evidence of 15 Millennia of landscape history in the Chiemsee glacier region
Authors: Rösch Manfred , Friedmann Arne , Rieckhoff Sabine , Stojakowits Philipp , Sudhaus Dirk
Published: January 2022

A late Würmian and Holocene pollen profile from Tüttensee near Chiemsee, Bavaria, covering 14 millennia of vegetation history, shows the late Würmian reforestation of the area, Holocene woodland development, and later the human impact on the landscape. In the early Holocene a distinct Ulmus phase preceded the Corylus and Quercus expansion. Afterwards, between 6000 and 4000 BCE, Picea was most common. The expansion of Fagus and Abies started at 4000 BCE, together with the decline of Ulmus. Fagus was more common than Abies. From 500 BCE Abies started to decline, Fagus has also declined from 1000 CE onwards. Before the modern times Picea/Pinus phase Quercus is prevailing. The prehistoric human impact is rather weak. A short reforestation phase at ~ 1 BCE – 1 CE hints at the rather complex migration history in this region with so called Celts, Germanic people and Romans involved. Strong human impact indicated by cereals, Plantago lanceolata, other human indicators and deforestation started at 900 CE.
Empowering Women as Waste Bank Activists in South Tangerang City
Authors: Andriyani Lusi , Yuningsi Siska
Published: January 2022

Garbage is one of the problems in the city of South Tangerang (Tangsel). Tangsel produces approximately 880 tons of waste every day. The increase in population has an impact on increasing the volume of waste from households. One of the methods used by the Tangsel city government to reduce waste is through the waste bank program since 2012 a total of 208 Waste Banks have been formed, however, only 50 percent are active. By looking at these conditions, there needs to be efforts to empower women in reactivating waste banks in Tangsel City. One of the newly developed waste banks is the “yes” waste bank. This waste bank is located in RW 10, Cipayung Village, Ciputat District, South Tangerang. The purpose of this activity is to increase independence by empowering the potential of RW 10. The target of this PKM program is to form community awareness to sort waste, train the attitudes of RW 10 residents to have a conscious behavior in sorting waste in supporting independent waste management, developing economic skills. The method that will be applied to achieve the goals / targets of the PKM program is a combination of several approaches, namely through counseling, training, mentoring. The main outputs of this activity are: Independent waste management module, handicraft made from garbage
Happy Elderly in the Pandemic Period with Elderly Gymnastics and Counseling Methods
Authors: Noviati Elis , Sukmawati Ima , Kusumawaty Jajuk
Published: January 2022

Elderly is an advanced stage of the life process decreasing the body's ability to adapt to the environment. Degenerative disease is a disease that occurs due to decreased organ function, including hypertension, rhematoid arthritis, stroke, diabetes mellitus. Various strategies are pursued to improve health status and reduce morbidity in the elderly. One of them is through physical activity that is in accordance with the physical condition of the elderly and is carried out regularly. In addition, increasing knowledge through counseling which aims to help the elderly make decisions and determine a healthy lifestyle. The purpose of this activity is to improve the quality of life of the elderly. The method used is by doing elderly exercise with pre and post blood pressure checks so that it can be seen the significance of the benefits of exercise. In addition, counseling was carried out using lecture, discussion and question and answer methods. The target audience for this community service program is the elderly (elderly) in the Poskesdes Village of Benteng who are physically categorized as doing sports / physical activity for the elderly. The results of this activity show that the effectiveness of elderly gymnastics has an effect on reducing blood pressure. And from counseling, the results of the evaluation show that the elderly understand and understand the concept of healthy elderly people related to the pandemic.