bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Sterol Constituents from the Fruit Bodies of Grifola frondosa (FR.) S. F. GRAY
Authors: ISHIZUKA T. , YAOITA Y. , KIKUCHI M.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses and Structures of 3‐Stannylcholest‐5‐ene Species.
Authors: BUCHANAN H. J. , COX P. J. , DOIDGE‐HARRISON S. M. S. V. , HOWIE R. A. , JASPARS M. , WARDELL J. L.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Methyl 3β‐Bromine‐7α‐hydroxy‐5β‐cholan‐24‐oate.
Authors: DAGO MORALES A. , POMES HERNANDEZ R. , COLL MANCHADO F. , PEREZ GIL R. , PUNTE G. , ECHEVERRIA G.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Alternative Access to 20‐Hydroxyecdysteroid Side Chain by Means of Samarium Iodide‐Promoted Radical Addition of Tetrahydrofuran to a 20‐Keto Steroid.
Authors: HONDA T. , KATOH M.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Inhibition of Low Affinity IgE Receptor (CD23) Processing.
Authors: BAILEY S. , BOLOGNESE B. , BUCKLE D. R. , FALLER A. , JACKSON S. , LOUIS‐FLAMBERG P. , MCCORD M. , MAYER R. J. , MARSHALL L. A. , SMITH D. G.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Improved Method for the Synthesis of DL‐3‐(2‐Furyl)alanine (IV).
Authors: KITAGAWA T. , AKIYAMA N.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Sugar‐Substituted 2‐Azetidinones as Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors.
Authors: VACCARO W. D. , SHER R. , DAVIS H. R. JUN.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Wittig—Diels—Alder Reaction Between Sugar‐Derived Phosphoranes and Sugar Aldehydes. An Easy Route to Optically Pure Highly Oxygenated Decalins.
Authors: JAROSZ S.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Study of Neocarzinostatin Chromophore: Stereoselective Synthesis of N‐Methylfucosamine and Its α‐Glycoside.
Authors: KANEKO T. , TAKAHASHI K. , HIRAMA M.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Total Syntheses of Hydroxylated Piperidine Alkaloids via the Intramolecular Reaction of γ‐Aminoallylstannane with Aldehyde.
Authors: KADOTA I. , KAWADA M. , MURAMATSU Y. , YAMAMOTO Y.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Purines. Part 78. An Alternative Synthesis of the Sea Anemone Purine Alkaloid Caissarone (V)
Authors: ITAYA T. , TAKADA Y. , KANAI T. , FUJII T.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Vinca Alkaloids and Related Compounds. Part 89. Some Unexpected Reactions of Compounds Containing the D‐seco‐Aspidospermane Ring System.
Authors: KALAUS G. , JUHASZ I. , STEINHAUSER K. , GREINER I. , KAJTAR‐PEREDY M. , BRLIK J. , SZABO L. , SZANTAY C.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of 2‐epi‐Penaresidin A and Its (15R,16R)‐Stereoisomer.
Authors: LIN G. , LIU D.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Roserine.
Authors: BUNNELL A. E. , FLIPPIN L. A. , LIU Y.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Bis‐S‐acyl‐2‐thioethyl (SATE)‐Bearing Monophosphate Prodrug of β‐L‐FD4C as Potent anti‐HBV Agent.
Authors: LI X. , CARMICHAEL E. , FENG M. , KING I. , DOYLE T. W. , CHEN S.‐H.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Carbocyclic, Phosphonate Analogues of Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP).
Authors: HILLMAN J. M. L. , ROBERTS S. M.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Isolation and Structure of a New Brevetoxin Analogue, Brevetoxin B2, from Greenshell Mussels from New Zealand.
Authors: MURATA K. , SATAKE M. , NAOKI H. , KASPAR H. F. , YASUMOTO T.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Polyenylidene Thiazolidine Derivatives with Retinoidal Activities.
Authors: TASHIMA T. , KAGECHIKA H. , TSUJI M. , FUKASAWA H. , KAWACHI E. , HASHIMOTO Y. , SHUDO K.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Rational Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of a New Type of PKC Inhibitor.
Authors: SODEOKA M. , ARAI M. A. , ADACHI K. , UOTSU K. , SHIBASAKI M.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of Acetophthalidin.
Authors: WATANABE H. , UCHIDA K. , KITAHARA T.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Absolute Configuration of (+)‐PT‐Toxin: Enantiodivergent Synthesis of (+)‐ and (‐)‐PT‐Toxins.
Authors: KAMIKUBO T. , OGASAWARA K.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Comparison Between the Vertex‐ and Edge‐Connectivity Indices for Benzenoid Hydrocarbons
Authors: NIKOLIC S. , TRINAJSTIC N. , BAUCIC I.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Prodrugs. Part 2. Acylbenzoate Esters of Metronidazole.
Authors: BOWDEN K. , IZADI J.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Liquid‐Crystalline Properties of Alkyl 4‐[2‐(Perfluorooctyl)ethoxy]benzoates.
Authors: OKAMOTO H. , MURAI H. , TAKENAKA S.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Bulk High Temperature Superconductors for Magnet Applications
Authors: CAMPBELL A. M. , CARDWELL D. A.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Acidity Control and Catalysis of Pentasil Zeolites
Authors: SATO H.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Manganese Phthalocyanine Coordination Chemistry: Recent Results and Present Status
Authors: DOLOTOVA O. V. , BUNDINA N. I. , KALIYA O. L. , LUKYANETS E. A.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Renewed Challenge of Antibacterial Chemotherapy
Authors: NICCOLAI D. , TARSI L. , THOMAS R. J.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Methyl‐Branched Low Molecular Mass Insect Bioregulators from the Products of the Acid Decyclization of 4‐Methyltetrahydropyran
Authors: ISHMURATOV G. Y. , KHARISOV R. Y. , MUSAVIROV R. S. , ZORIN V. V. , RAKHMANKULOV D. L. , ODINOKOV V. N. , TOLSTIKOV G. A.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Supramolecular Chemistry: Basic Chemical Research
Authors: LEHN J.‐M.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Utilization of Glycosyltransferases to Change Oligosaccharide Structures
Authors: GUO Z. , WANG P. G.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones Bearing a Trifluoromethyl Group and Their Application in Organic Synthesis
Authors: NENAJDENKO V. G. , SANIN A. V. , BALENKOVA E. S.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Substituted Phenols with Nitrogen Dioxide; Rearrangements and Addition Reactions of Nitrodienones
Authors: HARTSHORN M. P.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Development and Applications of Amino Acid‐Derived Chiral Acylnitroso Hetero Diels—Alder Reactions
Authors: VOGT P. F. , MILLER M. J.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Importance of Colloid Chemical Characterization of Liposomes for DDS in a Large Scale Production
Authors: HIROTA S.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hot off the Press: Natural Products and Bioorganic Chemistry
Authors: HILL R. A. , PITT A. R.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Biochemical Parameters of Bone Metabolism in Bone Metastases of Solid Tumors
Authors: MEIJER W. G. , VAN DER VEER E. , WILLEMSE P. H. B.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereochemistry of Peptides and Polypeptides Containing Omega Amino Acids
Authors: BANERJEE A. , BALARAM P.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The solubility of ferrous sulphate in aqueous solutions of sulphuric acid
Authors: Bullough W. , Canning T. A. , Strawbridge M. I.
Published: July 2010

The solubility of ferrous sulphate in aqueous solutions of sulphuric acid has been determined at temperatures ranging from 0° to 100° and acid concentrations ranging from 0% (w/w) to 50% (w/w).

The solubilities at 0° at all acid concentrations and between 65° and 90° at low acid concentrations were found to be lower than the results previously published.
Petrographical aspects of the polishing of natural roadstones
Authors: Knill Diane G.
Published: July 2010

The relation between the petrology and polished‐stone coefficient of various natural roadstones, which have been polished in an accelerated‐wear machine at the Road Research Laboratory, is discussed. The mineralogy, the variation in hardness of the constituents, the texture and the amount of alteration all appear to be connected with the degree of polish which the rock acquires during the test. These factors variously affect the different roadstone groups.
Composition and pozzolanic properties of pulverised fuel ashes. I. Composition of fly ashes from some British power stations and properties of their component particles
Authors: Watt J. D. , Thorne D. J.
Published: July 2010

The nature, identity and physical characteristics of the component particles of 14 representative British fly ashes have been studied, with the purpose of relating them to the pozzolanic properties of the ashes. In this paper data are presented on the chemical and mineralogical analyses, specific surfaces and particle size distribution of the ashes. The particles have been classified into characteristic types by microscopical examination, and centrifugal float‐and‐sink methods of density separation have been used to study the distribution of these types in the various ashes. The mineralogical origin of the particles is studied by comparing them with particles produced by passing particles of representative coal minerals through a flame.
Discussion of memoirs
Authors: Walker Gilbert T. , Bliss E. W.
Published: July 2010

In order to form more definite ideas regarding the oscillations named the North Atlantic, the North Pacific and the Southern, series of figures have been derived to express the variations of each, and from these have been obtained their relations with pressure, temperature, and rainfall over wide regions as well as the relations of the three oscillations with each other and with sunspots.

The southern oscillation in the southern winter is found to be extremely persistent, and its departure has a c.c. of 84 with that of the following summer, thus providing a basis for foreshadowing seasonal conditions. The effects of Antarctic conditions and of ocean temperatures are considered, but a satisfactory physical basis for the oscillations has still to be found.
Report on the phenological observations in the British isles from December 1932 to November 1933. No. 43.
Authors: Clark J. Edmund , Margary Ivan D. , Cave C. J. P.
Published: July 2010

1933 was warm, dry and sunny to an exceptional degree. Warmth was +2°F., rain 87 per cent, and sunshine 109 per cent for the 12‐month period December to November. This was due chiefly to conditions in the summer, and therefore phenologically most effective, half year. Scotland, N. and E., and England, NE., were strikingly favoured. The difference in flowering period between England, S., and Scotland, N., was reduced from 20 to 10 days. The relative spacing of spring migrant isophenes tallied. Owing to the cold snap in the south at the end of April, they were decidedly close there, but broadened in the north, curiously giving a “normal” year for all districts. The most striking insect phenomenon was the excessive invasion of migrant butterflies. Noteworthy was the record of 30 of the huge American “Milkweed” butterfly, Danaus plexippus, treble any previous record.
Some facts and theories about the upper atmosphere
Authors: Douglas C. K. M.
Published: July 2010

The first part of the paper consists mainly of detail, and the latter part of a discussion of general principles, dealing more especially with the structure of depressions and anticyclones. The paper is in five sections:‐

1. It is shown that the change of temperature of a given moving air mass at fixed levels between 2 and 5 km. is often slow, but that subsidence of initially cold air may cause a rise of temperature of the order of 10°F. in 24 hours in certain cases.

2. It is shown that the ascending air over a rain area is normally warmer than the adjacent air at the 4 km. level. Some details ate given.

3. The variations of the height of the tropopause are discussed. It is thought that the air masses just below and above the tropopause move (slowly) up or down together.

4. The rotary aspects of depressions and anticyclones are considered in relation to convergence and divergence in the horizontal motion. The high‐level systems appear first behind the low‐level centres and are sheared over them. It is thought that a high‐level depression is partly advective in character but also develops over the subsiding cold air, while a high‐level anticyclone (or wedge) develops over rising warm air.

5. It is considered that the troposphere is normally the primary theatre of action, but that air movements in the stratosphere play a necessary part in the development of depressions and anticyclones. There is some discussion of surges and of the movements of air from one system to another.
Some aspects of the early history of kew observatory
Authors: Whipple F. J. W.
Published: July 2010

Kew Observatory has been a centre for scientific research since 1842, when the use of the building was granted by the Crown to the British Association. The first Superintendent, Francis Ronalds, designed apparatus for the investigation of atmospheric electricity and was a pioneer in the application of photography to recording meteorological elements. Under his successors John Welsh and Balfour Stewart the photographic apparatus was perfected. Beckley's anemograph and recording rain gauge were also developed. The records of sets of meteorological instruments were skilfully combined by Galton in the charts published by the Meteorological Office in the Quarterlyy Weather Report, wherein the sequence of weather at seven Observatories was displayed. The work of Kew Observatory as a standardising institution was also of great importance to meteorologists.
The application of wet‐bulb potential temperature to air mass analysis. III rainfall in depressions
Authors: Hewson E. W.
Published: July 2010

This paper describes a method of using the vertical wet‐bulb potential temperature distribution in the warm sector of a depression to estimate the amount of precipitation which that depression will give at a later time. The actual results of applying this method to a number of depressions have been included.
A period of warm winters in Western Greenland and the temperature see‐saw between Western Greenland and Central Europe
Authors: Loewe F.
Published: July 2010

Particulars are given regarding the big rise of winter temperatures in Greenland and its more oceanic climate during the last fifteen years. Observations covering sixty years show a marked negative correlation of simultaneous temperatures between western Greenland and the regions around the Baltic Sea. This temperature see‐saw can be explained by the simultaneous pressure anomalies over Iceland and the Norwegian Sea and the changes of the meridional pressure gradient over the northern Atlantic.
Modifications of the float of the dines anemometer to increase or decrease the range of velocity
Authors: Gold E.
Published: July 2010

The range of velocity which can be recorded by the Dines anemometer can be increased by putting weights on the float. The maximum range of the Dines anemometer with a float of normal weight is 122·5 m.p.h.; this can be increased to 137 m.p.h. by weighting the float so that its maximum height will be 15·4 cm. (6 inches) above its zero level. These limitations are due to the fact that at these velocities air from the inside of the float begins to bubble through to the space in the container outside. If the float is weighted so that it does not rise at all above the zero level, air begins to bubble through at a wind speed of 178 m.p.h.

If an anemometer is required which will record on a linear scale velocities higher than 122·5 m.p.h., the dimensions of the float must be changed. This change can be made by altering the shape of the interior of the float and an increase of the range up to 150 m.p.h. can be obtained in this way without increasing the height of the container. If a greater range is required it is necessary not only to alter the shape of the float, but also to increase its length. The length of the existing float is approximately 47 cm. If this length is increased to 91 cm. and the necessary change of shape is also made, velocities up to 200 m.p.h. can be recorded. The paper gives the exact numerical dimensions of the float for these cases and for cases of a more open scale also.
What happens to the rain?
Authors: Keen B. A.
Published: July 2010

An annual rainfall of 30 in. means that 3,000 tons of water fall on an acre of land. In the course of the year this all disappears, by run‐off, evaporation, transpiration through vegetation, and by downward percolation. The relative importance of these factors in British and overseas conditions is discussed. Many of the traditional beliefs among farmers and gardeners were based on a theory of water movement that was attractively simple to understand—but incorrect. It is only in recent years that the true picture of the movement of water in the soil has been built up. In consequence, some of the traditional practices need revision, while others now have a different explanation. The new work has also clarified some of the concepts used in hydrology.
Atmospheric opacity: A study of visibility observations in the British Isles
Authors: Wright H. L.
Published: July 2010

A station may be classified as to visibility by using visibility frequencies to evaluate the atmospheric opacity, which is directly proportional to the extinction coefficient. Mean values of the atmospheric opacity in clear conditions and in foggy conditions at various stations in the British Isles are utilised to infer the contribution of the various types of nuclei and particles to the opacity, and in particular to infer the relative efficiency of each type as a fog‐producer.

It is concluded that sea‐salt nuclei are much larger than combustion nuclei and play a leading part in the determination of visibility. The effect of combustion nuclei is negligible unless they are extremely numerous, but the concomitant smoke particles contribute largely to impairment of visibility and when plentiful may even produce thick fog.

Water fogs are due to sea‐salt nuclei and if supersaturation is attained the fogs may thicken considerably owing to the deposition of water on the sea‐salt nuclei which consequently become very much larger. Such deposition does not occur on the combustion nuclei if sea‐salt nuclei are present.

The variation in opacity with relative humidity is calculated theoretically and the calculations are applied to observations of nuclei, particles, and relative humidity at Kew Observatory in the afternoon. Fair agreement is found between the calculated values of opacity and those which correspond to the visibility observed.

In one appendix to the paper factors are evaluated by which the visibility of reflecting objects viewed against sky or terrestrial backgrounds may be compared with the visibility of a black object silhouetted against the sky. In a second appendix the increase in opacity during precipitation is calculated.
A theory of organized steady convection and its transport properties
Authors: Moncrieff M. W.
Published: July 2010

A dynamical classification of organized convection is presented, and previously published and additional models are collated in a more general theory. the transport properties of each type are represented by flux laws, the motivation being to understand convective transports in the context of parametrization schemes for organized convection.

Five distinct models, derived as analytic solutions to a general displacement equation obtained from conservation properties of the Boussinesq equations, are necessary to describe the dynamics. These models, designated propagating, steering‐level, jump, cellular and classical, have very distinctive dynamical structures, and can be combined to represent more complex types of organized convection.

The propagating and steering‐level types export a significant amount of kinetic energy, momentum and entropy, while the jump and cellular types store a considerable amount of energy as work done on the environment by the pressure field. the classical type does not transport momentum, and is a representation of the classical thunderstorm in weakly sheared flow.

Apart from the cellular model, although the entropy transports are broadly similar, the momentum and kinetic energy transports are very distinctive, with counter‐gradient momentum transport the rule rather than the exception. Thus by effecting organized updraught/downdraught circulations, a completely different transport problem from small‐scale cumulus and mixed‐layer convection is posed, with fundamental inferences regarding parametrization. the dynamical necessity of a mesoscale response in the cellular and propagating types suggests that this scale may, in certain cases, need to be represented explicitly in convective parametrization schemes for large‐scale models.

These prototypes have been deliberately simplified for the sake of elucidating fundamental principles, and to give a dynamical basis for experimentation and generalization, through exploiting both cloud‐scale and larger‐scale numerical simulation models, as well as providing guidance in observational analyses, budget studies in particular.
Measurement of boundary layer structure parameter profiles by acoustic sounding and comparison with direct measurements
Authors: Moulsley T. J. , Asimakopoulos D. N. , Cole R. S. , Crease B. A. , Caughey S. J.
Published: July 2010

Acoustic sounder derived profiles of the atmospheric velocity and temperature structure parameters, Cv2 and CT2, are presented. the former is obtained using a novel bistatic acoustic sounder comprising a fan beam transmitter and a vertically directed receiver. Simultaneous profiles of the temperature structure parameter are obtained using a conventional monostatic sounder.

Time histories of these quantities at two heights in the boundary layer are given and are compared with in‐situ measurements. the results indicate significant anisotropy in the temperature field at scales greater than a few metres and emphasize the care required when comparing directly measured and acoustically estimated turbulence quantities. the significance of anisotropy in the assessment of excess attenuation is also discussed.
The early evening boundary layer transition
Authors: Mahrt L.
Published: July 2010

Various mechanisms which lead to nocturnal accelerations and formation of the low‐level jet are examined by analysing Wangara data. the stress field is inferred from the wind field and equations of motion. the evolution of the stress divergence, during the evening transition from daytime mixed layer flow to nocturnal boundary layer flow, is found to increase the ageostrophic flow and subsequent nocturnal accelerations by roughly a factor of two. During this transition the stress divergence in the lowest few hundred metres increases due to the fact that the influence of decreasing boundary layer depth exceeds the effect of decreasing surface stress. This leads to temporary deceleration and rotation of the low‐level wind vector towards low pressure and thus increases the ageostrophic flow.

Diurnal variation of the geostrophic wind is also found to significantly strengthen the nocturnal flow. This diurnal variation is apparently due to heating and cooling over terrain which slopes gently upward, east of the location of the Wangara experiment.
A computer simulation of the effects of differing crop types on the water balance of small catchments over long time periods
Authors: Sellers P. J. , Lockwood J. G.
Published: July 2010

A multilayer crop model is used to simulate the interception and evaporation of rainfall as well as transpiration loss for a pine canopy. A considerable improvement, in terms of physical realism, over the Rutter (Rutter et al. 1971) model appears to have been achieved and the results generally agree with experimental work. Simulation runs on synthetic meteorological data indicate that the Rutter model substantially underestimates the interception loss from low intensity rainstorms. the multilayer pine model, MANTA, is run with a year's data and the results compared with those from an equivalent unilayer pine and also a grass model. the results show that MANTA predicts a 20% increase in interception loss over the Rutter model estimate and that over the year the interception loss from grass is one quarter of that from pine.
Parametrization of the ice‐phase in a model of mid‐latitude cumulonimbus convection and its influence on the simulation of cloud development
Authors: Bennetts D. A. , Rawlins F.
Published: July 2010

The three‐dimensional model of deep tropical convection described in Miller and Pearce (1974) has been extended by the incorporation of a parametrized ice phase. This parametrization is capable of describing two routes for the formation of precipitation, cloud water → cloud ice→hail and cloud water→rain→ hail, and these are investigated separately, Numerical simulations are then compared with an observational study of two cumulonimbi, one a single‐celled cloud and the other a multi‐celled storm. Special attention is paid to the growth of a daughter cell on one flank.
Spectral characteristics of surface layer turbulence over the sea
Authors: Nicholls S. , Readings C. J.
Published: July 2010

Airborne measurements of atmospheric turbulence spectra and cospectra made at low levels in convective boundary layers over the sea around the UK are presented. Both along‐wind and across‐wind sampled data are considered. In general, the former agree well with the results of other workers obtained over the sea using surface based instrumentation, though their temperature spectra differ significantly. the present along‐wind data are also compared with corresponding results obtained over land. Again the velocity spectra agree closely but the temperature spectra differ appreciably. the along‐wind humidity spectra obtained over the sea closely resemble the over land temperature spectra. No corresponding measurements are available to compare with the across‐wind sampled spectra.

Both along‐ and across‐wind spectra vary with stability, increases in convective activity being associated with increased energy at low wave‐numbers. No corresponding change was observed in the cospectra.

A comparison of along‐ and across‐wind sampled spectra and cospectra reveals considerable differences. These are consistent with a redistribution of energy from high to low wave‐numbers on changing from across‐ to along‐wind sampling. Thus the across‐wind spectra and cospectra appear more narrow (by about one decade). Spectral and cospectral peaks are also shifted. These observations are consistent with the stretching effects of the mean velocity shear acting on convective elements.

The dissipation parameters derived from the high frequency parts of the spectra appear quite reasonable though there is a systematic difference between those derived from vertical and horizontal velocity spectra.
Microphysical development of a pulsating cumulus tower: A case study
Authors: Keller Vernon W. , Sax Robert I.
Published: July 2010

In‐cloud microphysical data collected within a 22 minute period during seven consecutive passes at the −13°C sampling level of a deep (base +22°C) convective cloud provide observational evidence for a secondary ice production mechanism at work in the Florida environment. the observed microphysical characteristics of the convective tower, particularly the spatial distribution and habit of the ice phase relative to the updraught, are consistent with a rime‐splintering hypothesis for secondary ice production. It is shown that the cloud's updraught structure is critically important in governing the timing of the ice production by controlling the flux of graupel particles through the critical temperature zone (−3°C to −8°C). the importance of the cloud's pulsation growth dynamics on the microphysics is emphasized, particularly as it relates to rapidly glaciating cumuli.
Laboratory observations of the effects of topography on baroclinic instability
Authors: Jonas P. R.
Published: July 2010

Observations are presented of the effects of topography on thermally driven baroclinic flows in a rotating annulus. It is observed that the transition from baroclinically stable to unstable flows is stabilized in the presence of small amplitude topography. However, when baroclinic waves are present they are of shorter wavelength and larger amplitude than those in flows driven by similar temperature differences in the absence of topographic forcing. Non‐linear interactions between stationary forced and drifting baroclinic waves may result in the appearance of significant amounts of energy in drifting waves which are not harmonics of the dominant baroclinic wave.

A local linear analysis is used to explain the observations of the effects of topography on the onset of baroclinic instability. Despite the limitations of this analysis which arise due to the similarity of the wavelengths of the baroclinic and forced waves the quantitative predictions of the analysis are in reasonable agreement with the observations.
The interaction between an internal gravity wave and the planetary boundary layer. Part II: Effect of the wave on the turbulence structure
Authors: Finnigan J. J. , Einaudi F.
Published: July 2010

An atmospheric internal gravity wave was measured over a two‐hour period by a microbarograph array and a series of fast response wind and temperature sensors deployed along a 300m tower. the particularly monochromatic nature of the pressure signal at the ground enabled an explicit separation of the velocity field into mean, wave, and turbulent components. Large wave‐frequency fluctuations were observed in the turbulent Reynolds stresses. Their significance is discussed at length with special regard to their role in the budget of wave kinetic energy. It is shown that the quadrature relationship which they maintain with the components of wave‐shear, limits their effectiveness in reducing the wave amplitude. Analysis of the important time scales in the budget of turbulent kinetic energy reveals that the energy containing eddies have time scales longer than the wave period, and consequently the turbulence cannot remain in equilibrium with large, wave‐frequency fluctuations in shear production. the result is a boundary layer which never attains a true equilibrium state.
A laboratory study of the inductive theory of thunderstorm electrification
Authors: Gaskell W.
Published: July 2010

The individual charges transferred when supercooled water droplets or ice spheres collided with an artificial hailstone in the presence of an electric field have been measured in order to check the theoretical predictions of the inductive theory of thunderstorm electrification. the inductive theory equation was found to be obeyed for 100 μm supercooled water droplets, but droplet transit time measurements suggested that separation only occurred following equatorial collisions with the smooth hailstone. This greatly limits the maximum charge that the hailstone can carry, and so, if rougher natural hailstones behave in a similar manner, this process is not thought to be significant in thunderstorm electrification.

The charge transfer measured when 100 μm diameter ice spheres collided at 8ms−1 with a hailstone was affected by the presence of radial fields, but the change was less than that predicted by the inductive theory. the charge transfer was independent of temperature between −5°C and −25°C although the conductivity of ice varies greatly over this range. the effect of the field was to broaden the histograms of charge transfer rather than shift them as a whole to greater or lesser values and the charge transfer was not symmetrical under the influence of positive and negative fields of the order of 100 kV m−1. These facts make the field dependent charging results difficult to explain purely in terms of the inductive effect.
Cyclone development in the south pacific convergence zone during fgge, 10‐17 January 1979
Authors: Vincent Dayton G.
Published: July 2010

A diagnosis of the life cycles of three South Pacific cyclones, each tropical in origin, is presented. the study focuses on two of the cyclones which propagate south‐eastward along the western edge of the South Pacific convergence zone (SPCZ) and reach middle latitudes before decaying. Based on enhanced IR satellite imagery from GOES‐West, both cyclones appear to go through stages of development similar to those described by Troup and Streten, even though their classification system generally applies to higher latitude systems. the primary data set used for surface and upper air analyses is based on ECMWF FGGE level III‐b analyses. Variables presented include mean sea level pressure (m.s.l.p.), horizontal divergence, relative vorticity, and winds. A comparison between m.s.l.p. patterns obtained manually from station observations and those produced objectively by ECMWF shows good agreement except when the cyclonic disturbances are subgrid‐scale. Maximum low level convergence occurs in the SPCZ, north and east of the cyclone tracks; however, maxima of low level cyclonic vorticity correspond to the individual cyclones. Cyclone tracks appear to be influenced by the upper level subtropical jet. the two cyclones which propagate into middle latitudes are accompanied by lower tropospheric warm (cold) air advection ahead of (behind) the system. Both cyclones also exhibit upper tropospheric anticyclonic (cyclonic) vorticity ahead of (behind) the system.
Observation of the airflow over the alps during a foehn event
Authors: Hoinka Klaus P.
Published: July 2010

A detailed analysis is presented of the large‐scale, mesoscale and local features of a south‐foehn event in the Alps on 8 November 1982. On this day, with a substantial cross‐mountain flow, instrumented aircraft made programmed flights back and forth across the Alps between southern Germany and northern Italy. Rawinsonde observations were used to complete the data set. A mesoscale double mountain wave with an amplitude of 1 km was found in the upper troposphere. In the mid troposphere above the Inn valley a rather pronounced wave with an amplitude of 2 km and a wavelength of 50 km was analysed. This wave was close to overturning. the foehn turned out to be accompanied by low wave drag at high levels and with strong wave drag at lower levels. Downward southerly (westerly) momentum flux was evaluated to be 0·3 (0·1) Pa. Mountain drag was estimated to be between 1·6 and 6·7 Pa. Light to moderate turbulence was observed immediately to the lee in a low‐level turbulence zone over the region of strong gusty surface winds. Finally, special attention has been devoted to the similarities and possible differences between foehn in the Alps and chinook in the Rocky Mountains.
A primitive equation barotropic instability study of the monsoon onset vortex, 1979
Authors: Mishra S. K. , Patwardhan M. D. , George L.
Published: July 2010

A primitive equation barotropic stability analysis of the 700 mb zonal wind profile over the Arabian Sea was performed for each day between 10 and 14 June 1979, during the onset phase of the monsoon. the flow was found to become progressively more unstable with the passage of time. the most unstable inviscid primitive equation mode has an e‐folding time of 3.1 days, a wavelength of 3500 km and a westward phase speed of 1.9ms‐1.

The non‐geostrophic effect reduces the growth rate and changes the structure of the unstable mode significantly. It is noticed that when the normalized unstable mode is superposed on the basic state, the total field is closer to the observations. Momentum transports by the primitive equation mode and by the quasi‐geostrophic approximation are in opposite directions in equatorial regions. the energetics of the primitive equation unstable mode are computed and the physical processes responsible for the westward propagation of the wave are identified.
Some physical interpretations of statistically derived coefficients for split‐window corrections to satellite‐derived sea surface temperatures
Authors: McMillin L. M. , Crosby D. S.
Published: July 2010

Regression coefficients derived by Llewellyn‐Jones for the split‐ and triple‐window methods of correcting satellite‐derived sea surface temperatures for atmospheric attenuation are examined for consistency with values expected from physical rather than statistical constraints. In this instance, the agreement between physical and statistical approaches is remarkably good. the insight that results from physical considerations illustrates the similarity of coefficients that, from a statistical point of view, appear to be quite different.