bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strong Metal–Support Interaction for 2D Materials: Application in Noble Metal/TiB2 Heterointerfaces and their Enhanced Catalytic Performance for Formic Acid Dehydrogenation
Authors: Li Renhong , Liu Zhiqi , Trinh Quang Thang , Miao Ziqiang , Chen Shuang , Qian Kaicheng , Wong Roong Jien , Xi Shibo , Yan Yong , Borgna Armando , Liang Shipan , Wei Tong , Dai Yihu , Wang Peng , Tang Yu , Yan Xiaoqing , Choksi Tej S. , Liu Wen
Published: July 2021

Strong metal–support interaction (SMSI) is a phenomenon commonly observed on heterogeneous catalysts. Here, direct evidence of SMSI between noble metal and 2D TiB2 supports is reported. The temperature‐induced TiB2 overlayers encapsulate the metal nanoparticles, resulting in core–shell nanostructures that are sintering‐resistant with metal loadings as high as 12.0 wt%. The TiOx‐terminated TiB2 surfaces are the active sites catalyzing the dehydrogenation of formic acid at room temperature. In contrast to the trade‐off between stability and activity in conventional SMSI, TiB2‐based SMSI promotes catalytic activity and stability simultaneously. By optimizing the thickness and coverage of the overlayer, the Pt/TiB2 catalyst displays an outstanding hydrogen productivity of 13.8 mmol g−1cat h−1 in 10.0 m aqueous solution without any additive or pH adjustment, with >99.9% selectivity toward CO2 and H2. Theoretical studies suggest that the TiB2 overlayers are stabilized on different transition metals through an interplay between covalent and electrostatic interactions. Furthermore, the computationally determined trends in metal–TiB2 interactions are fully consistent with the experimental observations regarding the extent of SMSI on different transition metals. The present research introduces a new means to create thermally stable and catalytically active metal/support interfaces for scalable chemical and energy applications.
Vortex‐Oriented Ferroelectric Domains in SnTe/PbTe Monolayer Lateral Heterostructures
Authors: Chang Kai , Villanova John W. D. , Ji Jing‐Rong , Das Souvik , Küster Felix , Barraza‐Lopez Salvador , Sessi Paolo , Parkin Stuart S. P.
Published: July 2021

Heterostructures formed from interfaces between materials with complementary properties often display unconventional physics. Of especial interest are heterostructures formed with ferroelectric materials. These are mostly formed by combining thin layers in vertical stacks. Here the first in situ molecular beam epitaxial growth and scanning tunneling microscopy characterization of atomically sharp lateral heterostructures between a ferroelectric SnTe monolayer and a paraelectric PbTe monolayer are reported. The bias voltage dependence of the apparent heights of SnTe and PbTe monolayers, which are closely related to the type‐II band alignment of the heterostructure, is investigated. Remarkably, it is discovered that the ferroelectric domains in the SnTe surrounding a PbTe core form either clockwise or counterclockwise vortex‐oriented quadrant configurations. In addition, when there is a finite angle between the polarization and the interface, the perpendicular component of the polarization always points from SnTe to PbTe. Supported by first‐principles calculation, the mechanism of vortex formation and preferred polarization direction is identified in the interaction between the polarization, the space charge, and the strain effect at the horizontal heterointerface. The studies bring the application of 2D group‐IV monochalcogenides on in‐plane ferroelectric heterostructures a step closer.
Light‐Induced Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect on the 2D Surfaces of 3D Topological Insulators
Authors: Xu Haowei , Zhou Jian , Li Ju
Published: July 2021

Quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) effect generates quantized electric charge Hall conductance without external magnetic field. It requires both nontrivial band topology and time‐reversal symmetry (TRS) breaking. In most cases, one can break the TRS of time‐reversal invariant topological materials to yield QAH effect, which is essentially a topological phase transition. However, conventional topological phase transition induced by external field/stimulus usually needs a route along which the bandgap closes and reopens. Hence, the transition occurs only when the magnitude of field/stimulus is larger than a critical value. In this work the authors propose that using gapless systems, the transition can happen at an arbitrarily weak (but finite) external field strength. For such an unconventional topological phase transition, the bandgap closing is guaranteed by bulk‐edge correspondence and symmetries, while the bandgap reopening is induced by external fields. This concept is demonstrated on the 2D surface states of 3D topological insulators like Bi2Se3, which become 2D QAH insulators once a circularly polarized light is turned on, according to the Floquet time crystal theory. The sign of quantized Chern number can be controlled via the chirality of the light. This provides a convenient and dynamic approach to trigger topological phase transitions and create QAH insulators.
Adjusting the Coordination Environment of Mn Enhances Supercapacitor Performance of MnO2
Authors: Zhang Anqi , Zhao Rui , Hu Lingyuan , Yang Ru , Yao Shuyun , Wang Shiyu , Yang Zhiyu , Yan Yi‐Ming
Published: July 2021

The electrochemical properties of transition metal oxides strongly depend on the coordination environment of metal atoms. Nevertheless, the relationship between the coordination environment of metal atoms and electrochemical performance of metal oxides is unclear, while the strategy of adjusting the coordination environment of metal atoms is rare. Herein, the engineering of the coordination environment of Mn atoms in manganese dioxides (MnO2) by using a triethanolamine (TEA) complex‐induced method is reported. The detailed experimental characterizations and density functional theory calculations show that the optimized Mn coordination environment with oxygen deficiency and more corner‐shared Mn–Mn shells results in apparent electron dislocation and forms an effective built‐in electrical field. As a result, the obtained MnO2‐TEA sample exhibits a high conductivity and an excellent ion diffusion capacity, with a remarkable specific capacitance of 417.5 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. At the power density of 450.0 W kg−1, the fabricated asymmetric supercapacitor delivers the maximal energy density (57.4 Wh kg−1). This work not only provides an effective strategy of adjusting the coordination environment of metal atoms in metal oxides, but also presents a deeper understanding of the electronic structure dependent electrochemical performance of electrode materials.
Diagnostic utility of point of care ultrasound in identifying cervical spine injury in emergency settings
Authors: VK Vishnu , Bhoi Sanjeev , Aggarwal Praveen , Murmu LR , Agrawal Deepak , Kumar Atin , Sinha Tej Prakash , Galwankar Sagar
Published: July 2021

Introduction

The evaluation of cervical‐spine in a major trauma patient needs a bedside efficient tool to rule out cervical spine injury as the role of X‐ray and Computed Tomography (CT) in this setting is limited. Point of care ultrasonography (POCUS) is being used as an adjunct during trauma resuscitation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of POCUS for identifying cervical spine injuries.

Methods

We recruited 84 cases with cervical spine injury based on CT scan after taking consent. POCUS was used as per the operational definition of study methods while maintaining manual in‐line stabilisation. Statistical analysis was done by using STATA version 14.

Results

Normal cervical anatomy was visible through anterior approach in POCUS except for the 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae. The sensitivity and specificity of POCUS vs CT scan for vertebral body listhesis were 84.52% (95% CI of 0.65–0.95) and 89.66% (95% CI 0.78–0.96) with p‐value <0.0001. Sensitivity and specificity of POCUS vs CT for vertebral body fracture were 40.91% (95% CI of 0.20–0.63) and 96.77% (95% CI of 0.88–0.99) with p‐value <0.0001. The overall sensitivity and specificity of POCUS were 45.83% and 83.33% (p = 0.06) and excluding isolated posterior column injuries, sensitivity and specificity were 70.21% and 83.33% (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

POCUS identified injuries such as fracture and listhesis. Because of high rate of missed injuries, ultrasound at present cannot be used as a screening or diagnostic tool for decision‐making in cervical spine injury.
Perfusion Imaging and Clinical Outcome in Acute Ischemic Stroke with Large Core
Authors: Seners Pierre , Oppenheim Catherine , Turc Guillaume , Albucher Jean‐François , Guenego Adrien , Raposo Nicolas , Christensen Soren , Calvière Lionel , Viguier Alain , Darcourt Jean , Januel Anne‐Christine , Mlynash Michael , Sommet Agnes , Thalamas Claire , Sibon Igor , Rousseau Vanessa , Tourdias Thomas , Menegon Patrice , Bonneville Fabrice , Mazighi Mikael , Charron Sylvain , Legrand Laurence , Cognard Christophe , Albers Gregory W. , Baron Jean‐Claude , Olivot Jean‐Marc ,   the FRAME investigators
Published: July 2021

Objective

Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is not recommended for acute stroke with large vessel occlusion (LVO) and a large volume of irreversibly injured tissue (“core”). Perfusion imaging may identify a subset of patients with large core who benefit from MT.

Methods

We compared two cohorts of LVO‐related patients with large core (>50 ml on diffusion‐weighted‐imaging or CT‐perfusion using RAPID), available perfusion imaging, and treated within 6 hours from onset by either MT + Best Medical Management (BMM) in one prospective study, or BMM alone in the pre‐MT era from a prospective registry. Primary outcome was 90‐day modified Rankin Scale ≤2. We searched for an interaction between treatment group and amount of penumbra as estimated by the mismatch ratio (MMRatio = critical hypoperfusion/core volume).

Results

Overall, 107 patients were included (56 MT + BMM and 51 BMM): Mean age was 68 ± 15 years, median core volume 99 ml (IQR: 72–131) and MMRatio 1.4 (IQR: 1.0–1.9). Baseline clinical and radiological variables were similar between the two groups, except for a higher intravenous thrombolysis rate in the BMM group. The MMRatio strongly modified the clinical outcome following MT (pinteraction < 0.001 for continuous MMRatio); MT was associated with a higher rate of good outcome in patients with, but not in those without, MMRatio>1.2 (adjusted OR [95% CI] = 6.8 [1.7–27.0] vs 0.7 [0.1–6.2], respectively). Similar findings were present for MMRatio ≥1.8 in the subgroup with core ≥70 ml. Parenchymal hemorrhage on follow‐up imaging was more frequent in the MT + BMM group regardless of the MMRatio.

Interpretation

Perfusion imaging may help select which patients with large core should be considered for MT. Randomized studies are warranted. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:417–427
Implementing an applied verbal behavior model in classrooms
Authors: Shillingsburg M. Alice , Frampton Sarah E. , Juban Brittany , Weddle Sarah A. , Silva Meghan R.
Published: July 2021

Applied verbal behavior (AVB) is an intervention approach grounded in Skinner's (1957) analysis of verbal behavior. Common components of the AVB approach have been established as evidence‐based, indicating the approach should be progressed into the manualization and implementation phase of research. In the present study, we used an intervention package consisting of computer‐based training, performance and competency‐based training, and in vivo training to promote the use of AVB procedures in 26 classrooms in a nonpublic school serving students with autism. We evaluated the effects of this intervention package on the performance of teacher level staff via a controlled consecutive case series design, nonconcurrent multiple probe design, and aggregate data analysis using inferential statistics. Results showed that staff members demonstrated high levels of fidelity with AVB procedures when working directly with students. Measures of student behavior showed significantly increased engagement with staff members, reduced interfering behavior, and increased rates of manding. These findings have implications for the dissemination of AVB in educational settings.
A nanohybrid system based on covalently functionalized graphene quantum dots with dithienopyrrole derivative for the sensitive and selective fluorometric detection of Pb2+ ions
Authors: Sebastian Deepa , Soman Sithara , R Kala
Published: July 2021

Recently graphene quantum dot (GQD) based nanohybrid materials have received much attention. Herein, a highly fluorescent biocompatible GQD and N‐functionalized dithienopyrrole (DTP‐PPD) modified nanohybrid system was fabricated (DTP‐PPD‐fn‐GQD) for the first time. Modification resulted in stable fluorescence with a quantum yield of approximately 22% and 36 nm redshift compared to unmodified GQD. The apparent bandgap tuning along with fluorescence property changes was investigated by cyclic voltammetry measurements and density functional theory studies. This water‐soluble system was then applied for the sensitive and selective detection of Pb2+ ions. As a result of a specific interaction towards Pb2+ ions, the fluorescence intensity was quenched. The detection limit is found to be 1.02 nM within the linear range of 3 to 30 nM. Finally, the feasibility of the developed probe was tested with real samples of water. Chemically modified GQDs are already widely exploited for Pb2+ sensing, whereas GQD/thiophene‐based nanohybrid systems are less utilized. This newly developed nanohybrid of GQD (DTP‐PPD‐fn‐GQD) has excellent fluorescence properties and bandgap tunability. Moreover, effective fluorometric sensing of Pb2+ ions in an aqueous medium is well investigated. This gives more insight into developing GQD‐based highly promising nanohybrid colorimetric as well as fluorescent sensors.
Exploring the nexus between business activity and development aid in favor of the development agenda
Authors: López‐Duarte Cristina , Vidal‐Suárez Marta M.
Published: July 2021

This article explores the connections between business activity and development aid that can help achieve the sustainable development goals placed by the United Nations (UN) in its development agenda. The article relies on an exhaustive review of the recent literature on development aid in the context of the European Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Connections exist between private firms' activity and both private and official aid, as firms can engage in business philanthropy, impact migrants' remittances, act as suppliers for bilateral or multilateral financially supported projects and participate in cross sector partnerships that involve agents from different societal sectors.
Does organisational capital influence environmental strategies? Evidence from environmental innovation
Authors: Nadeem Muhammad , Bahadar Stephen , Zaman Rashid , Farooq Muhammad Bilal
Published: July 2021

As a result of increasing consumer awareness and stakeholder demands about environmental management, firms face stricter challenges surrounding the impact of business operations on the environment. In this regards, environmental innovation is one of the important ways of acting in harmony with the environment. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of organisational capital on environmental innovation measured as the process innovation and product innovation. Using environmental innovation data from ASSET4 for the US listed firms between 2002 and 2018, our empirical results reveal a significant positive association between organisational capital and both the process innovation and product innovation. Furthermore, the relationship is stronger in high‐profitability and sensitive industries subsamples. These results are robust to additional control variables and endogeneity tests. This study, while endorsing the resource‐based view (RBV), provides important implications for the top management teams that organisational capital could be an important channel through which managers can boost environmental innovation.
Budesonide repairs decreased barrier integrity of eosinophilic nasal polyp epithelial cells caused by PM2.5
Authors: Ma Siyuan , Xian Mu , Wang Yang , Wang Chengshuo , Zhang Luo
Published: July 2021

Background

Eosinophilic chronic rhinitis with nasal polyps (eos‐CRSwNP) is a subtype of nasal polyps (NPs) characterized by severe type‐2 inflammation and defective epithelial barrier function. The epithelial barrier plays important roles in the pathogenesis of NPs and type‐2 inflammation. Particular matter 2.5 (PM2.5) are fine particles with a diameter less than 2.5 μm, containing a mixture of different components. Here, we investigated the impact of PM2.5 on the barrier function of the eos‐CRSwNP epithelium and explored the reparative function of budesonide.

Methods

Samples from noninflammatory nasal mucosa and eos‐CRSwNP were collected to establish an in vitro air–liquid interface cultured model. The cells were exposed to PM2.5 at 50 or 100 µg/ml intermittently for 72 h, with or without budesonide pretreatment. Barrier function and tight junction (TJ) expression were reflected by measuring transepithelial resistance (TER), paracellular flux permeability of fluorescein isothiocyanate‐labeled 4‐kDa dextran, quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and immunofluorescence staining of TJ proteins. Cytokine expression was measured by qPCR and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay or Luminex.

Results

PM2.5 increased paracellular flux and downregulated TJ protein expression (zona occuldens‐1, occludin, and claudin‐1), but did not change TER. These changes could be partially restored by budesonide treatment. Interleukin (IL)‐8, IL‐10, IL‐1α, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)‐1 concentrations were significantly increased in the culture medium of cells exposed to PM2.5, and budesonide significantly reduced the changes in IL‐8, IL‐1α, and TIMP‐1.

Conclusion

PM2.5 impaired the barrier function of eos‐CRSwNP epithelial cells and increased the permeability of large molecules. PM2.5 also increased the secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines by nasal epithelial cells. Budesonide could partially repair the damage, suggesting potential applications in clinical practice.
Dynamic trends in skin barrier function from birth to age 6 months and infantile atopic dermatitis: A Chinese prospective cohort study
Authors: Ye Ying , Zhao Piaoping , Dou Limin , Zhang Yi , Ken Kaku , Gu Hongjian , Dou Yalan , Gao Wei , He Lingfeng , Chen Xiaotian , Huang Xiangyuan , Zhang Lei , Li Yun , Wang Liuhui , Yan Weili
Published: July 2021

Background

Skin barrier functions develop after birth and may be related to skin disorders in infants. We aimed to assess associations between dynamic trends of four skin barrier functional parameters in early life with infant atopic dermatitis (AD).

Methods

Based on the prospective cohort MKNFOAD (NCT02889081), we examined transepidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum hydration (SCH), skin pH, and sebum content at five anatomical sites (cheek, forehead, forearm, abdomen, and lower leg) in 418 term infants at birth, 42 days, and 6 months. Trend differences by sex and association with AD at age 1 year were tested using variance analyses. Associations of the parameters with AD risk were tested using discrete time survival analysis, adjusting extensive covariates including parental history of allergy, infant’s sex, birth weight (kg), and delivery mode. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CIs) were reported.

Results

Overall TEWL and SCH appeared trends of increase while skin surface pH and sebum content showed trends of decrease within the first six postnatal months. Sex differences were significant for sebum content only (p < 0.001). After adjustment for parental and children covariates, cheek TEWL at birth (OR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.00–1.57, p = 0.045) and 42 days (OR = 1.52, 95% CI 1.17–1.97, p = 0.002) were significantly associated with increased AD risk. Associations were not observed between SCH, skin pH, and sebum content at birth or 42 days with AD.

Conclusions

Skin barrier functions of Chinese term infants varied nonlinearly after birth. Higher postnatal TEWL levels in early life indicate higher risk of early‐onset AD.
CO2 Chemisorption Behavior of Coordination‐Derived Phenolate Sorbents
Authors: Suo Xian , Yang Zhenzhen , Fu Yuqing , Do‐Thanh Chi‐Linh , Chen Hao , Luo Huimin , Jiang De‐en , Mahurin Shannon M. , Xing Huabin , Dai Sheng
Published: July 2021

Invited for this month′s cover is the group of Sheng Dai at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The image shows the CO2 chemisorption behavior of coordination‐derived phenolate sorbents. The Communication itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.202100666.
The use of RNA‐based 5'‐aminolevulinate synthase 2 biomarkers in dried blood spots to detect recombinant human erythropoietin microdoses
Authors: Loria Francesco , Cox Holly D. , Voss Sven C. , Rocca Angela , Miller Geoffrey D. , Townsend Nathan , Georgakopoulos Costas , Eichner Daniel , Kuuranne Tiia , Leuenberger Nicolas
Published: July 2021

The hematological module of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) is used for indirect detection of blood manipulations; however, the use of this method to detect doping, such as with microdoses of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO), is problematic. For this reason, the sensitivity of ABP must be enhanced by implementing novel biomarkers. Here, we show that 5'‐aminolevulinate synthase 2 (ALAS2) mRNAs are useful transcriptomic biomarkers to improve the indirect detection of rhEPO microdosing. Moreover, the sensitivity was sufficient to distinguish rhEPO administration from exposure to hypoxic conditions. Levels of mRNAs encoding carbonate anhydrase 1 (CA1) and solute carrier family 4 member 1 (SLC4A1) RNA, as well as the linear (L) and linear + circular (LC) forms of ALAS2 mRNA, were monitored for 16 days after rhEPO microdosing and during exposure to hypoxic conditions. ALAS2 mRNAs increased by 300% compared with the baseline values after rhEPO microdosing. Moreover, ALAS2 mRNAs were not significantly increased under hypoxic conditions. By contrast, CA1 mRNA was increased after both rhEPO microdosing and hypoxia, whereas SLC4A1 mRNA did not significantly increase under either condition. Furthermore, the analyses described here were performed using dried blood spots (DBSs), which provide advantages in terms of the sample collection, transport, and storage logistics. This study demonstrates that ALAS2 mRNA levels are sensitive and specific transcriptomic biomarkers for the detection of rhEPO microdosing using the hematological module of the ABP, and this method is compatible with the use of DBSs for anti‐doping analyses.
Permafrost condition determines plant community composition and community‐level foliar functional traits in a boreal peatland
Authors: Standen Katherine M. , Baltzer Jennifer L.
Published: July 2021

Boreal peatlands are critical ecosystems globally because they house 30%–40% of terrestrial carbon (C), much of which is stored in permafrost soil vulnerable to climate warming‐induced thaw. Permafrost thaw leads to thickening of the active (seasonally thawed) layer and alters nutrient and light availability. These physical changes may influence community‐level plant functional traits through intraspecific trait variation and/or species turnover. As permafrost thaw is expected to cause an efflux of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) from the soil to the atmosphere, it is important to understand thaw‐induced changes in plant community productivity to evaluate whether these changes may offset some of the anticipated increases in C emissions. To this end, we collected vascular plant community composition and foliar functional trait data along gradients in aboveground tree biomass and active layer thickness (ALT) in a rapidly thawing boreal peatland, with the expectation that changes in above‐ and belowground conditions are indicative of altered resource availability. We aimed to determine whether community‐level traits vary across these gradients, and whether these changes are dominated by intraspecific trait variation, species turnover, or both. Our results highlight that variability in community‐level traits was largely attributable to species turnover and that both community composition and traits were predominantly driven by ALT. Specifically, thicker active layers associated with permafrost‐free peatlands (i.e., bogs and fens) shifted community composition from slower‐growing evergreen shrubs to faster‐growing graminoids and forbs with a corresponding shift toward more productive trait values. The results from this rapidly thawing peatland suggest that continued warming‐induced permafrost thaw and thermokarst development alter plant community composition and community‐level traits and thus ecosystem productivity. Increased productivity may help to mitigate anticipated CO2 efflux from thawing permafrost, at least in the short term, though this response may be swamped by increase CH4 release.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and adverse pregnancy outcome in South Asia: A systematic review
Authors: Mistry Sabuj Kanti , Das Gupta Rajat , Alam Sabiha , Kaur Kuljeet , Shamim Abu Ahmed , Puthussery Shuby
Published: July 2021

Introduction

The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increasing in developing countries including the South Asian Nations. The current study aimed to examine the association of GDM with adverse pregnancy outcomes from foetal and maternal perspectives in South Asia.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted including primary studies published since January 2020 from South Asian countries. Following electronic databases were searched to locate the articles: MEDLINE, EMBASE and EMCARE. Data were extracted using a customized extraction tool and methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using modified Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) quality assessment tool. Narrative synthesis was performed as statistical pooling was not possible due to the heterogeneous nature of the studies.

Results

Eight studies were included in the review. Overall, the review found a positive correlation between GDM and adverse foetal outcomes such as macrosomia, neonatal hyperglycaemia, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), stillbirths and low birthweight (LBW), but the findings were not conclusive. GDM was also positively associated with preeclampsia but the association between GDM and C‐section delivery was not conclusive.

Conclusion

Policymakers, public health practitioners and researchers in South Asia should take in to account the link between GDM and adverse pregnancy outcomes while designing interventions to promote maternal health in South Asia. Researchers should focus on conducting longitudinal studies in future to clearly understand the epidemiology and pathobiology of this issue.
Relationship between traditional maternal diet pattern and breastmilk composition of rural lactating women during the first month postpartum in Shigatse, Tibet
Authors: Zhang Xiaomei , Zhang Minghui , Lin Tie , Zhao Junying , Luo Zhang , Hou Juncai , Sun Baoguo , Chen Lijun
Published: July 2021

Maternal nutrition can influence the composition of human breastmilk by altering the components that are sensitive to maternal diet pattern. Traditional Tibetan maternal diet pattern among native rural lactating women possesses distinct characteristics due to its unique geographical environment and dietary habits. This study investigated maternal diet pattern and human breastmilk composition of Tibetan lactating women through different lactation stages during the first month postpartum in Shigatse. The results indicated that Tibetan maternal diet profile was apparently monotonous, mainly sufficient in Zanba, buttered tea, red meat, and fatty soup, yet insufficient in white meat, eggs, leafy vegetables, and fruits, leading to imperfect maternal nutritional intakes with high‐level carbohydrates and deficient proteins. Distinctions of maternal diet profiles in various degrees can be discovered upon different lactation stages, which brings multiple influences to the composition of human milk. There was significantly weak‐to‐medium correlation of protein contents between maternal diet intakes and human milk, while other macronutrients correlated insignificantly. Micronutrient constituents in human milk, involving functional unsaturated fatty acids and free essential amino acids, were also impacted by maternal diet intakes through different lactation stages. These results show that more systematic and profound research is requisite for the clarification and development of Tibetan maternal diet to offer more enhanced and individualized nutritional recommendations for Tibetan lactating women and infants.
Identification of the superior genotypes of pomegranate (Punicagranatum L.) using morphological and fruit characters
Authors: Khadivi Ali , Arab Marzieh
Published: July 2021

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruits can be used for fresh consumption, industrial processing, and medicinal purposes. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the diversity of its different genotypes to be aware of their potential. In the present study, morphological and pomological diversity of 70 native pomegranate genotypes was evaluated to introduce superior selections. Most of the characters showed significant differences among the genotypes. Fruit weight ranged from 103.28 to 407.59 g, and total aril weight per fruit ranged from 51.55 to 238.97 g. Fruit peel color was highly variable and included yellow, yellow‐red, red, and red‐brown. The sunburn and cracking disorders were not observed on the peel of the majority of genotypes. Aril color was highly variable, including light milky, pink, white‐red, red, and red‐black. Seed was soft in 17, semi‐soft in 21, and hard in 32 genotypes. Total aril weight per fruit was positively and significantly correlated with fruit length (r = 0.64), fruit diameter (r = 0.87), fruit weight (r = 0.95), fruit stalk diameter (r = 0.52), fruit peel weight (r = 0.71), and aril shape (r = 0.32). Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the fruit‐related traits were important for determining differences between genotypes. Based on the ideal values of commercial characters of pomegranate, 15 genotypes were promising and thus could be directly cultivated in the orchards and used in the breeding programs.
Increased reporting of subjective cognitive complaints over time predicts cognitive decline and incident dementia
Authors: Numbers Katya , Lam Ben C. P. , Crawford John D. , Kochan Nicole A. , Sachdev Perminder S. , Brodaty Henry
Published: July 2021

Background

Subjective cognitive complaints (SCCs) are a risk factor for dementia; however, little is known about their trajectories.

Method

Participants were 873 older adults (mage = 78.65 years; 55% females) from the Sydney Memory and Ageing Study that were followed‐up biennially. SCCs were measured using the six‐item Memory Complaint Questionnaire. Associations between initial level of SCC reporting, linear change in SCC reporting, and change in global cognition over 6 years was examined using latent growth curve analysis. Risk of dementia was examined over 10 years using Cox regression.

Results

After controlling for demographics, mood and personality, results revealed a negative longitudinal association between the slope of SCCs and the slope of global cognition scores (b = −0.01, p = 0.005, β = −0.44), such that participants who reported increasing SCCs showed a steeper rate of decline in global cognition over 6 years. Cox regression also revealed participants who reported increasing SCCs had a nearly fourfold increased risk of developing dementia over 10 years (hazard ratio 3.70, 1.24–11.01).

Conclusion

This study explored whether initial levels of, and change in, SCCs over time are associated with both cognitive decline and risk of dementia. These findings are clinically relevant as GPs should note patients reporting increasing SCCs as they may be at greater risk of cognitive decline and incident dementia.
A comparison of pre‐clinical instructional technologies: Natural teeth, 3D models, 3D printing, and augmented reality
Authors: Mahrous Ahmed , Elgreatly Amira , Qian Fang , Schneider Galen B.
Published: July 2021

Purpose/Objectives

To assess student perceptions on learning dental anatomy using natural extracted teeth, 3D printed models, 3D virtual models, and augmented reality (AR) technology. 

Methods

Eighty first‐year dental students enrolled in the dental anatomy course were instructed to examine four stations. The stations included four versions of a mandibular first molar: an extracted natural tooth, a 3D printed model, a 3D virtual model, and a model displayed on a novel AR device. After examining all stations, the students were asked to complete an electronic survey. Bivariate analysis was performed to determine whether students’ perceptions are related to their demographic characteristics and technological experience with computer use, 3D modeling, and video games. 

Results

Seventy students completed the survey (87.5% response rate). Students rated natural teeth to have the highest educational value, the 3D printed tooth to be the most accessible, and the AR application to be the most interesting modality. Students who played little to no video games were more likely to rate AR as high educational value (48.8% vs. 10.3%; p < 0.001), while students with little 3D modeling experience were more likely to rate high accessibility of the 3D Model (78.1% vs. 48.3%; p < 0.001). No statistically significant associations between the perceptions and students’ demographic characteristics or use of computer were noted.

Conclusion

The natural extracted tooth was rated highest in educational value, while the 3D printed model was rated easiest to use, and the AR model was the most interesting to the students.
Determination of honey adulterated with corn syrup by quantitative amplification of maize residual DNA using ultra‐rapid real‐time PCR
Authors: Truong A‐Tai , Kim Seonmi , Yoon Byoungsu
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND

Honey is a naturally sweet syrup made by honeybees from floral nectar. However, high‐fructose corn syrup has been prevalently used for the adulteration of honey. A novel molecular method was developed for the characterization of corn syrup‐adulterated honey by specific amplification and quantification of maize residual DNA in honey. An ultra‐rapid real‐time polymerase chain reaction (UR‐qPCR) system for rapid amplification and protocol for direct purification of residual DNA from honey were described.

RESULTS

Rapidity of maize DNA amplification was acquired within 20 min for a limit of detection of around three copies of targeted DNAs. The amplification of maize residual DNA in honeys adulterated with corn syrup from 5% to 80% (v/v) showed that a minimum rate of 10% adulteration can be identified, and Maize genomic DNA in 5 mL of adulterated honeys was from 13 ± 9 copies to 2478 ± 827 copies, respectively. However, the residual DNA of maize was also detected in natural honey produced in the region where pollen and nectar of maize were collected, and the quantity of maize genomic DNA in these natural honeys was in the range of 10% adulteration with corn syrup. Therefore, detection of both pollen and residual DNA of maize in honey is important in identifying the source of maize residual DNA present in honey.

CONCLUSION

A rapid PCR assay was first developed for the accurate detection and quantification of maize residual DNA in honey. It is a useful tool for specific identification of the corn syrup used for honey adulteration. Further studies on residual DNA in various types of corn syrup and specificity of primer are recommended. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Defining High‐Quality Integrated Head and Neck Cancer Care Through a Composite Outcome Measure: Textbook Outcome
Authors: van der Heide Maurits F. J. , de Jel Dominique V. C. , Hoeijmakers Fieke , Hoebers Frank J. P. , de Boer Jan Paul , Hamming‐Vrieze Olga , Wouters Michel W. J. M. , Smeele Ludi E.
Published: July 2021

Objectives/Hypothesis

To further improve the quality of head and neck cancer (HNC) care, we developed a composite measure defined as “textbook outcome” (TO).

Methods

We analyzed a retrospective cohort of patients after curvative‐intent primary surgery, radiotherapy (RT), or chemoradiation (CRT) for HNC between 2015 and 2018 at the Netherlands Cancer Institute. TO was defined as 1) the start of treatment within 30 days, 2a) satisfactory pathologic outcomes, without 30‐day postoperative complications, for the surgically treated group, and 2b), for RT and CRT patients, no unexpected or prolonged hospitalization and toxicity after the completion of treatment as planned.

Results

In total, 392 patients with HNC were included. An overall TO was achieved in 9.6% of patients after surgery, 20.6% after RT, and 2.2% after CRT. Two indicators (margins >5 mm and start treatment <30 days) reduced TO radically for both groups.

Conclusion

TO can aid the evaluation of the quality of care for HNC patients and guide improvement processes.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 132:78–87, 2022
Hearing Preservation After Cochlear Reimplantation Using Electrocochleography: A Case Report
Authors: Walia Amit , Shew Matthew A. , Ortmann Amanda J. , Buchman Craig A. , Herzog Jacques A.
Published: July 2021

Studies have shown that hearing preservation is possible in the context of reimplantation, but residual hearing could not be predicted or expected in these cases. We describe a case in which a patient with mild to profound sensorineural hearing loss who underwent cochlear implantation with a lateral wall array and had hearing preserved postoperatively. She developed facial nerve stimulation which was unresponsive to reprogramming. Using electrocochleography to measure intracochlear trauma during the insertion process, the patient underwent reimplantation with a perimodiolar electrode and hearing was preserved postoperatively. This case demonstrates the potential to use electrocochleography for hearing preservation during reimplantation. Laryngoscope, 131:2348–2351, 2021
Diffusion and kinetic modeling of water absorption process during soaking and cooking of chickpea
Authors: Bidkhori Parvin , Mohammadpour Karizaki Vahid
Published: July 2021

The chickpea soaking and cooking processes were empirically studied in terms of water absorption. The effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) and the convective mass transfer coefficient (K) were determined by developing a mathematical model in spherical coordinates. According to the evaluation of mass transfer parameters, the values of Deff and K ranged from 0.91 × 10−12 to 1.49 × 10−10 m2/s, and 2.02 × 10−10 to 7.25 × 10−10 m/s, respectively. Also, the kinetic behavior of chickpea during soaking and cooking was successfully modeled by the commonly used predictive models such as Peleg, Page, two‐term, and Vega–Lemus. The statistical parameters including the coefficient of determination (R2) and sum of square error (SSE) were applied for comparison of mathematical models. The two‐term model was found to be the best predictive equation for describing the soaking behavior of chickpea. In the case of cooking, a proposed model in this study was introduced as the best equation in predicting the moisture content of chickpea against time. The approach that was applied in this work can support the development of diffusion and kinetic modeling in different types of legumes during soaking, cooking, and the other processes related to moisture absorption or removal.
Recyclable Epoxy Resin via Simultaneous Dual Permanent/Reversible Crosslinking Based on Diels–Alder Chemistry
Authors: Puyadena Maddalen , Calafel Itxaso , González de San Román Estíbaliz , Martin Loli , González Alba , Irusta Lourdes
Published: July 2021

Taking advantage of the reversible Diels–Alder (DA) reaction, a simple strategy to obtain recyclable epoxy resins is presented. For this purpose, blends of furan‐functionalized and nonfunctionalized epoxy resin are prepared. After the addition of diamine and bismaleimide, blends are heated at 150 °C for 5 min, where the permanent amine/epoxy reaction has taken place and upon cooling to room temperature the reversible DA reaction has happened, giving rise to a dual permanent/nonpermanent network. Both reactions are confirmed by Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) and13C‐crosspolarization, magic‐angle spinning (CP/MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) shows that the epoxy/amine and bismaleimide/amine curing reaction take place, after the DA reaction, simultaneously with the retroDA reaction and before the bismaleimide homopolymerization. Therefore, under the appropriate curing conditions, the Michael's addition and the bismaleimide homopolymerization do not avoid the formation of a hybrid network, as stated in other reports. The reversibility of the DA reaction in three consecutive cycles is confirmed by DSC. Finally, the dual‐cured sample is reprocessed three times without significant loss of mechanical properties.
The Superhydrophobic Fluorine‐Containing Material Prepared Through Biomimetic UV Lithography for Oil–Water Separation and Anti‐Bioadhesion
Authors: Yao Miao , Zhang Pingping , Nie Jun , He Yong
Published: July 2021

A series of fluorine‐containing UV‐curable prepolymers is synthesized to prepare fluorine‐containing lotus‐like biomimetic films through UV nanoimprint lithography technique. Because of the combination of low‐surface energy fluorine element and micro‐nano biomimetic structure, the UV‐cured films exhibit excellent superhydrophobicity and the maximum water contact angle of 172° is obtained. The prepared biomimetic superhydrophobic film is still robust even under dynamic condition; during the water dropping test, the water droplet can bounce ≈10 mm from the surface after dropping from a height of 25 mm. In addition, due to the excellent superhydrophobicity and superoleophilicity, the oil can spread rapidly after dropping on the obtained superhydrophobic surface and then highly efficient high oil–water separation ability can be achieved, which provides for high potential application on oil–water separation membranes. Furthermore, the biomimetic superhydrophobic films also show obvious anti‐bioadhesion, the adhered cell number on fluorine‐containing biomimetic surface is just ≈9% (the minimum value) of that on non‐fluorine non‐biomimetic surface.
Preparation of Cellulose Hydrogel Dressing with Evenly Dispersed Hydrophobic Drugs by Hydrogen Bonding and Encapsulation Methods
Authors: Xu Juan , Wang Henan , Jiang Lihui , Tao Yiou , Song Yan , Yu Shuling , Wang Ting , Feng Ningli
Published: July 2021

A transparent cellulose‐based functional hydrogel dressing is prepared by hydrogen bonding interaction and encapsulation technique, which can uniformly disperse hydrophobic drugs and has the advantages of simple preparation, good biocompatibility, fast self‐healing ability, and slow drug release. Menthol, which is insoluble and irritating, is used as a model drug, encapsulated by ethylenediamine‐modified cyclodextrin, and then loaded onto a hydrogel dressing. The introduction of modified cyclodextrin not only improves the stability and solubility of menthol, but also makes the hydrophobic menthol uniformly dispersed in hydrophilic hydrogel dressing, and the large amount of hydrogen bonding can enable rapid hydrogel generation. In addition, the microstructure, swelling, biocompatibility and drug loading properties of the hydrogel are investigated, and the results show that the hydrogel has good prospects for application in the field of wound dressings.
Red Drum and Spotted Seatrout Live-Release Tournament Mortality and Dispersal
Authors: Nelson T. Reid , Hightower Crystal L. , Powers Sean P.
Published: July 2021

Although catch-and-release fishing tournaments undoubtedly reduce mortality of target species, postrelease mortality and fish stockpiling at release sites remain common concerns related to these tournaments. The impacts of live-release tournaments on freshwater species have been widely studied. However, research on estuarine sport fishes is lacking even though catch-and-release tournaments targeting these species are prevalent and popular recreational fisheries exist. Therefore, we estimated the post-weigh-in mortality and dispersal of Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus and Spotted Seatrout Cynoscion  nebulosus released from the 2016–2018 Alabama Deep Sea Fishing Rodeo live-weigh-in categories using acoustic telemetry. To concurrently estimate overall post-weigh-in mortality and dispersal, we used a Bayesian multistate model. Overall Red Drum post-weigh-in mortality (median = 6.12%; posterior credible interval [CrI] = 5.67–9.24%) was lower than overall Spotted Seatrout mortality (median = 30.63%; CrI = 26.74–40.00%). These estimates were within reported catch-and-release mortality ranges; however, they were higher than recent estimates for Spotted Seatrout. Within 1 week postrelease, Spotted Seatrout dispersal estimates (median = 87.03%; CrI = 72.96–95.72%) were higher than Red Drum (median = 55.62%; CrI = 42.75–68.10%) or Micropterus spp. in coastal and inland ecosystems. Long-term stockpiling at the release site was also not present; at the end of our 8-week observation period, median dispersal estimates were 94.41% (CrI = 87.15–98.19%) and 98.54% (CrI = 93.68–99.82%) for Red Drum and Spotted Seatrout, respectively. Red Drum fisheries may benefit most from live-release tournaments given that maximum mortality was <10%, but Spotted Seatrout fisheries may also benefit, especially if considerations are made to further reduce tournament mortality. Although we do not know the ratio of tournament mortality to recreational harvest for these species, live-release tournaments may be able to relieve some harvest pressure on heavily exploited inshore marine fisheries and research validating their usefulness should continue.
Improved estimation of myelin water fractions with learned parameter distributions
Authors: Li Yudu , Xiong Jiahui , Guo Rong , Zhao Yibo , Li Yao , Liang Zhi‐Pei
Published: July 2021

Purpose

To improve estimation of myelin water fraction (MWF) in the brain from multi‐echo gradient‐echo imaging data.

Methods

A systematic sensitivity analysis was first conducted to characterize the conventional exponential models used for MWF estimation. A new estimation method was then proposed for improved estimation of MWF from practical gradient‐echo imaging data. The proposed method uses an extended signal model that includes a finite impulse response filter to compensate for practical signal variations. This new model also enables the use of prelearned parameter distributions as well as low‐rank signal structures to improve parameter estimation. The resulting parameter estimation problem was solved optimally in the Bayesian sense.

Results

Our sensitivity analysis results showed that the conventional exponential models were very sensitive to measurement noise and modeling errors. Our simulation and experimental results showed that our proposed method provided a substantial improvement in reliability, reproducibility, and robustness of MWF estimates over the conventional methods. Clinical results obtained from stroke patients indicated that the proposed method, with its improved capability, could reveal the loss of myelin in lesions, demonstrating its translational potentials.

Conclusion

This paper addressed the problem of robust MWF estimation from gradient‐echo imaging data. A new method was proposed to provide improved MWF estimation in the presence of significant noise and modeling errors. The performance of the proposed method has been evaluated using both simulated and experimental data, showing significantly improved robustness over the existing methods. The proposed method may prove useful for quantitative myelin imaging in clinical applications.