bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Badania półprzejrzystych farb
zolowo-krzemianowych stosowanych
na betonowych i żelbetowych obiektach inżynierskich
Authors: Jasiński Wiktor , Mazurkiewicz Ewa , Gracyasz-Rybka Małgorzata , Laska Wojciech
Published: July 2020

Stosowanie półprzejrzystych farb zolowo-krzemianowych na betonowych i żelbetowych obiektach inżynierskich ma za zadanie poprawę walorów estetycznych, podkreślenie architektury obiektów historycznych oraz wpisanie ich w otaczające środowisko – np. w teren pozamiejski poprzez zastosowanie lokalnego materiału kamiennego, w teren miejski lub wręcz w enklawę zabudowy historycznej poprzez zastosowanie obudowy licowej dopasowanej do epoki – lub wyeksponowanie obiektu poprzez zastosowanie nowoczesnych rozwiązań i materiałów [1, 3]. Ideą wykorzystania półprzejrzystych farb zolowo-krzemianowych do powierzchniowego scalania kolorystycznego betonowych obiektów inżynierskich nie jest naniesienie kryjącej powłoki malarskiej, ale jedynie poprawa estetyki poprzez nieznaczne (w większym lub mniejszym stopniu) ujednolicenie koloru powierzchni betonu, z zachowaniem jego naturalnego wyglądu, tak aby przypominał on surowy, niemalowany beton lub imitację kamienia naturalnego [1]. Choć głównym celem stosowania tych farb jest poprawa estetyki, to pełnią one również funkcję ochronną dla betonu [2]. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań próbek badawczych wykonanych z zastosowaniem samodzielnej powłoki z laserunkowej farby zolowo-krzemianowej, z zastosowaniem tej samej powłoki z laserunkowej farby zolowo-krzemianowej i dodatkowej hydrofobizacji oraz próbek kontrolnych (niezabezpieczonych powłoką oraz hydrofobizacją). Badania przeprowadzono w Instytucie Badawczym Dróg i Mostów – Filii Wrocław, Ośrodku Badań Mostów Betonów i Kruszyw w Żmigrodzie.
Effect of Resistance Training with Different Intensities on Airway Resistance Indices and Fatigue and Muscular Endurance in Women with Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Authors: Balavi Ameneh , Ghanbarzade Mohsen
Published: July 2020

Background: Airways resistance and broncho-spasm due to exercise are very common. Factors such as exercise, temperature, humidity, air pollution, and disease affect this complication. This study was performed due to the increase in physical disability of muscle weakness in patients with MS and the lack of information on the effect of different strength training exercises on air resistance. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate the effect of resistance training with different intensities on airway resistance indices of women with MS. Methods: Thirty six women with Multiple sclerosis who had a disability criterion ranged from 1 to 4 (based on Krutzke’s disability scale) were sampled using the targeted and purposive sampling methods. They were selected based on the initial health conditions and then were randomly assigned to each of the three groups (each consisting of 12 participants). The first group received resistance training for 12 weeks, three sessions a week with intensity 60% 1RM, and the second group received resistance training for 12 weeks, three sessions a week with intensity 80% 1RM. Those in the control group didn’t have an exercise program. Results: Airway resistance indices were measured both before and after 12 weeks of resistance training, airway resistance indices in both groups was significantly decreased, and these changes were significant in both experimental groups as compared to the control group. Conclusions: According to the findings, in addition to improving balance, fatigue, and muscle endurance, high-intensity resistance training had similar effects to moderate-intensity exercise on pulmonary function indices in women with MS.
Science, Meaning and Philosophy of Life
Authors: Pihlström Sami ,   Polish Academy of Sciences
Published: July 2020

Quine's philosophical attitude is perhaps best expressed by the label 'scientistic'. His emphasis on physical science as the measure of the way the world is, is a noteworthy metaphilosophical fact. Putnam thinks that naturalism does not adequately take into account the normativity of our practices. While Quine, for one, would keep on insisting on the primacy of science, I would rather say that we only have our fallible necessarily inconclusive scientific-cum-philosophical dialogue to go on with.
The Mental Present and Non-religious Concepts of Eternity
Authors: Alexina Tatiana Alexeevna ,   Polish Academy of Sciences
Published: July 2020

A humanistic approach to the human subject includes a philosophical conception of the mental present as the centre of subjectivity. The mental present differs greatly from the physical present - they may be considered as opposites. The physical present is something disappearing. It cannot be caught; it comes and goes away at once. The mental present does not disappear; it is eternally with the human subject while he is alive.
What Is Corporate Social Responsibility?
Authors: Tichenor John M. ,   Neilson Journals Publishing
Published: July 2020

This article describes an ongoing experience-based learning class project designed to help undergraduate students understand corporate social responsibility. The community-based experiential learning project engages students with local businesses to help the students understand what it means for a firm to be socially responsible. The goal of the experiential exercise is for students to intensely and thoughtfully consider the question, “What is the purpose of business?”
Ética e justiça social em tempos de pandemia
Authors: Mulinari Filicio
Published: July 2020

Em face de uma possibilidade real de calamidade na saúde pública, junto com uma possível crise econômica posterior, muitas reflexões de fundo ético sobre políticas públicas surgem: devemos estabelecer limites econômicos flexíveis para combater o coronavírus? Até que ponto podemos restringir a liberdade de agrupamento na pandemia? É eticamente aceitável aumentar o risco do grupo mais vulnerável (idosos, asmáticos, etc.) em prol de um melhor equilíbrio da economia? A resposta a tais questões envolve noções de éticas e políticas muitas vezes antagônicas. Tomando por base as teorias de filósofos modernos e contemporâneos consagrados – como Rawls, Sandel, Mill, Adorno e Horkheimer –, propomos na sequência uma reflexão sobre o conceito de justiça social a fim de analisar a seguinte questão: afinal, qual fundamento devemos tomar para avaliar como sendo justas as ações públicas em tempos de pandemia?
Proceso constituyente y nueva Constitución española : anotaciones al Preámbulo Constitucional
Authors: Morodo Raúl
Published: July 2020

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Orígenes del Derecho electoral español
Authors: Ull Pont Eugenio
Published: July 2020

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Sección bibliográfica
Authors: - -
Published: July 2020

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El Referéndum en la Constitución española de 1978
Authors: Linde Paniagua Enrique
Published: July 2020

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Las fuerzas sindicales y la Constitución
Authors: Lucas Murillo Pablo
Published: July 2020

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En torno a un posible nuevo enfoque de la signatura denominada Derecho Político
Authors: Alzaga Villaamil Oscar
Published: July 2020

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RESEÑA de : Oberndorfer, Dieter. Sozialistische und kommunistische Parteien inWesteuropa. 1. Südldnder: Opladen, Leske y Budrich, 1979
Authors: García Cotarelo Ramón
Published: July 2020

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El problema vasco : de los Fueros al Estatuto de Guernica
Authors: Fusi Aizpurúa Juan Pablo
Published: July 2020

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La financiación de las Comunidades Autónomas vasca y catalana
Authors: Albiñana García-Quintana César
Published: July 2020

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El congreso extraordinario del PSOE (septiembre de 1979)
Authors: Ollero Butler Fernando
Published: July 2020

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Comentario a la Ley orgánica de modalidades de referéndum
Authors: Linde Paniagua Enrique , Herrero Lera Miguel
Published: July 2020

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El Rey y las Fuerzas Armadas
Authors: Herrero de Miñón Miguel
Published: July 2020

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Las elecciones presidenciales en Perú
Authors: Ollero Butler Fernando
Published: July 2020

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Impacto de las prácticas de recursos humanos en el capital humano y los resultados organizativos de las empresas hoteleras
Authors: Plaza Bolaños Jorge , Nieves Julia
Published: July 2020

Existe un amplio consenso respecto a la conveniencia de mejorar la cualificación de los empleados en el ámbito de la hostelería y turismo. Asimismo, la literatura sugiere la importancia de las prácticas de RRHH en la mejora de los resultados organizativos. Este trabajo pretende aportar evidencia empírica del papel que las prácticas de reclutamiento-selección y de retención desempeñan como determinantes del capital humano y el desempeño organizativo en las empresas hoteleras. Los resultados muestran el importante papel que ejercen, fundamentalmente, las prácticas de reclutamiento-selección.

There is an extended consensus related to the need to improve the qualification of workforce in tourism and hospitality industry. Likewise, the literature suggests the importance of HR practices to improve organizational results. This paper aims to show empiric evidence about the role of recruitment-selection and retention practices on the human capital development and organizational performance in hotel firms. The results show the important role of recruitment-selection practices, particularly.
Connecting Castings for Operation under Conditions of Cyclic Temperature Changes
Authors: Drotlew Andrzej , Piekarski Bogdan
Published: July 2020

The separable connections used in technological equipment of heat treatment furnaces (OTP) are described in this study. The equipment is used for the heat treatment of charges, i.e. for the thermal and thermo-chemical treatment of parts of machines and devices. OTP is used for the charge formation and its transport before, during and after heat treatment operations. Accessories of this type are usually compact structures composed of several or several dozen cast elements. The main components are grates and pillars, which form an outer contour of the OTP and also allow for the correct arrangement of heat-treated parts. To form a relatively rigid structure composed of the grates and pillars, it is necessary to join these components together. For this purpose, various types of separable connections are used, mainly of a cylindrical shape with threaded parts. The subject of this study is focused on the construction and operating conditions of typical OTP structures, as well as the methods of fastening the pillar in a grate, i.e. on the design of the bottom part of the pillar and the hole in the grate in which this pillar is embedded.
Mesozooplankton grazing minimally impacts phytoplankton abundance during spring in the western North Atlantic
Authors: Morison Francoise , Pierson James Joseph , Oikonomou Andreas , Menden-Deuer Susanne
Published: July 2020

The impacts of grazing by meso- and microzooplankton on phytoplankton primary production (PP) was investigated in the surface layer of the western North Atlantic during spring. Shipboard experiments were performed on a latitudinal transect at three stations that differed in mixed layer depth, temperature, and mesozooplankton taxonomic composition. The mesozooplankton community was numerically dominated byCalanus finmarchicusat the northern and central station, withCalanus hyperboreusalso present at the northern station. The southern station was >10 °C warmer than the other stations and had the most diverse mesozooplankton assemblage, dominated by small copepods includingParacalanusspp. Microzooplankton grazing was detected only at the northern station, where it removed 97% of PP. Estimated clearance rates byC. hyperboreusandC. finmarchicussuggested that at in-situ abundance these mesozooplankton were not likely to have a major impact on phytoplankton abundance, unless locally aggregated. Although mesozooplankton grazing impact on total phytoplankton was minimal, these grazers completely removed the numerically scarce > 10 µm particles, altering the particle-size spectrum. At the southern station, grazing by the whole mesozooplankton assemblage resulted in a removal of 14% of PP, and its effect on net phytoplankton growth rate was similar irrespective of ambient light. In contrast, reduction in light availability had an approximately 3-fold greater impact on net phytoplankton growth rate than mesozooplankton grazing pressure. The low mesozooplankton grazing impact across stations suggests limited mesozooplankton-mediated vertical export of phytoplankton production. The constraints provided here on trophic transfer, as well as quantitative estimates of the relative contribution of light and grazer controls of PP and of grazer-induced shifts in particle size spectra, illuminate food web dynamics and aid in parameterizing modeling-frameworks assessing global elemental fluxes and carbon export.
Genome-wide identification and expression profiles of ERF subfamily transcription factors inZea mays
Authors: Hao Lidong , Shi Shubing , Guo Haibin , Li Ming , Hu Pan , Wei Yadong , Feng Yanfei
Published: July 2020

The Ethylene-Response Factor (ERF) subfamily transcription factors (TFs) belong to the APETALA2/Ethylene-Responsive Factor (AP2/ERF) superfamily and play a vital role in plant growth and development. However, identification and analysis of the ERF subfamily genes in maize have not yet been performed at genome-wide level. In this study, a total of 76 ERF subfamily TFs were identified and were found to be unevenly distributed on the maize chromosomes. These maize ERF (ZmERF) TFs were classified into six groups, namely groups B1 to B6, based on phylogenetic analysis. Synteny analysis showed that 50, 54, and 58 of theZmERFgenes were orthologous to those in rice, Brachypodium, and Sorghum, respectively.Cis-element analysis showed that elements related to plant growth and development, hormones, and abiotic stress were identified in the promoter region ofZmERFgenes. Expression profiles suggested thatZmERFgenes might participate in plant development and in response to salinity and drought stresses. Our findings lay a foundation and provide clues for understanding the biological functions of ERF TFs in maize.
Understanding genomic diversity, pan-genome, and evolution of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Parlikar Arohi , Kalia Kishan , Sinha Shruti , Patnaik Sucheta , Sharma Neeraj , Vemuri Sai Gayatri , Sharma Gaurav
Published: July 2020

Coronovirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, which originated from Wuhan, China, has seized the whole world in its grasp and created a huge pandemic situation before humanity. Since December 2019, genomes of numerous isolates have been sequenced and analyzed for testing confirmation, epidemiology, and evolutionary studies. In the first half of this article, we provide a detailed review of the history and origin of COVID-19, followed by the taxonomy, nomenclature and genome organization of its causative agent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). In the latter half, we analyze subgenus Sarbecovirus (167 SARS-CoV-2, 312 SARS-CoV, and 5 Pangolin CoV) genomes to understand their diversity, origin, and evolution, along with pan-genome analysis of genus Betacoronavirus members. Whole-genome sequence-based phylogeny of subgenus Sarbecovirus genomes reasserted the fact that SARS-CoV-2 strains evolved from their common ancestors putatively residing in bat or pangolin hosts. We predicted a few country-specific patterns of relatedness and identified mutational hotspots with high, medium and low probability based on genome alignment of 167 SARS-CoV-2 strains. A total of 100-nucleotide segment-based homology studies revealed that the majority of the SARS-CoV-2 genome segments are close to Bat CoV, followed by some to Pangolin CoV, and some are unique ones. Open pan-genome of genus Betacoronavirus members indicates the diversity contributed by the novel viruses emerging in this group. Overall, the exploration of the diversity of these isolates, mutational hotspots and pan-genome will shed light on the evolution and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 and help in developing putative methods of diagnosis and treatment.
Platform Based Housing System Improved Health and Reduced Mortality Percentage of Goats in Flood Prone Area of Coastal Odisha
Authors: Dash L. , Das S. , Mohanty S. , Rahman F. H. , Sahoo S. K. , Mishra S. N.
Published: July 2020

Goat rearing under semi intensive farming conditions is characterized by high kid mortality and low weaning weight percentages. The root cause which needs to be addressed for various diseases and parasites leading to low body weight gain and kid mortality is improper housing practises. The welfare of Black Bengal goats as a source of sustainable livelihood is a burning issue since the beginning thus the researchers for so many years have tried to assess ideal housing system for these goats in context to their geographical climate to optimize their production and welfare, still the reports are scarce in this arena. The experimental platform based goat housing system was constructed for 20 farmers with an average flock size of 16 goats in flood ridden Dasmankula village of Marsaghai block Kendrapara district where various families adopted traditional practises of goat farming for sustainable livelihood. This is the first report from Odisha in context of housing pattern of Black Bengal goats where it was observed that a change in housing practise along with proper vaccination schedule led to significant decrease in mortality percentage of goats. The results showed that the body weight increased linearly as the age advanced and the body weight of adult goats at 10 months of age at platform based housing was 9.82 ± 0.74 and 9.12 ± 0.53 as compared to 8.78 ± 0.68 and 7.82 ± 0.42 in mud and slotted floor in males and females, respectively. The platform raised housing system was effective in decreasing gastrointestinal parasite load and thus early recovery from disease incidence as Contagious Echthyma (ORF). Mortality percentage of goat was significantly reduced after adopting the platform based housing system along with proper vaccination schedule due to establishment of better immune system which was directly proportional to decreased parasitic load in this experimental housing system. However, impact on change in body weight was not significant in kids but somewhat noticeable in case of adults which proved to be a great boon for the goat farmers of Dasmankula village.
Plant Genetic Resources Used as Packaging on the Mongata-Kinshasa-Kisantu Axis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Mbale Henri Kunzi , Akadje Adeline Nkfutu , Mayoni Alexis die-Ditomene , Bongo Gédéon Ngiala , Mukendi Michael Tshibangu , Lukoki Félicien Luyeye
Published: July 2020

The current relevance of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) as well as plant genetic resources (PGRs) for foresters and indigenous populations has prompted numerous initiatives in the last decade. In order to assess the environmental impact of the Plant Genetic Resources (PGRs) used as packaging, a survey was carried out on 64 respondents between April 2017 and March 2018 along the axes of Mongata-Kinshasa-Kisantu, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The findings showed that 16 PGRs were identified, namely: (Lasimorpha senegalensis, Elaeis guineensis, Eremospatha haullevilleana, Eremospatha cabrae, Ectadiopsis oblongifolia, Cyperus papyrus, Hymenocardia acida, Musa spp., Saccharum officinarum, Triumfetta cordifolia, Urena lobata, Marantochloa congensis, Megaphrynium macrostachyum, Haumania liebrechtsiana, Sarcophrynium schweinfurthianum var . puberififolium, Thalia geniculata). They belong to 9 families, of which (Araceae, Arecaceae; Apocynaceae; Cyperaceae; Phyllanthaceae; Musaceae; Poaceae; Malvaceae/Tiliodeae; Marantaceae). Moreover, these resources constitute an additional source of income for households for their primary needs. While these resources are relatively threatened at their natural area if any sustainable management is not envisaged. These PGRs, after use, become organics wastes, which contribute both to insalubrity and to the visual as well as the olfactive pollution of public sites. At this rate of extraction for marketing and without a policy of supervision or support for predatory organizations, these plant resources are in danger of disappearing in the short term. The urgent need is to identify all these PGRs and to study their technical cultivation routes with a view to their domestication.
Indigenous Curative Plants Used in the Treatment of Piles from Akinyele Local Government Area, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Ariyo O. C. , Usman M. B. , Emeghara U. U. , Olorukooba M. M. , Fadele O. K. , Danbaki C. A. , Olagunju O. E. , Suleiman R. , Ariyo M. O.
Published: July 2020

Piles are inflammation of blood vessels which are generally found close to the anal canal. Piles are produce when the anal cushions are disrupted during defecation. The importance of the knowledge of indigenous remedial medicinal plants in curing piles has not been fully acknowledged from rural, folkloric background of Nigerian society. The present study attempt to document indigenous knowledge and curative plants used in the treatment of pile in Akinyele Local Government Area, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Eight villages were purposively selected and respondents stratified into four strata in each of the villages. Semi – structured and open-ended questionnaires was used to obtained information from local herb sellers, hunters, herbalists and aged. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. The result showed that a total number of 25 plant species belonging to 19 families, were recorded and enumerated along with their botanical, family and local names. Fabaceae sub family of Caesalpinioidea, Mimisoideae and Palpilinoideae contributed the highest number of 4 plant species used in the treatment of pile. The plant part used includes leave, bark, seeds roots, vines, rhizome, bulbs, cobs, and bunch with high frequency of leaves been used. The method of preparation of recipe, mode of administration, dosage and shelf life of the recipe used for the treatment of piles were discussed. Many of the medicinal plants used in the treatment of piles are rare and found in the wild, the study concludes that there is need for domestication and sustainable conservative efforts from the researchers, government and community to safeguard the loss of these important medicinal plants. There is need for further studies on the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of these plants.
Management of Severe Beta-Blockers Toxicity with High Dose Insulin Euglycemic Therapy: A Case Report
Authors: Hussein K. , Neill A. , Galvin S.
Published: July 2020

Aims: Highlighting the efficacy of early initiation of high dose insulin therapy in Beta-blockers overdose over conventional therapy.

Presentation of Case: Authors describe the successful treatment of severe bisoprolol-induced cardiogenic shock in a 74-year-old man using high dose insulin euglycemic therapy. He received intravenous bolus of 1IU/kg of actarapid insulin followed by intravenous infusion of 0.5 IU/kg/hour. The patient hemodynamic parameters improved dramatically within few hours after starting the insulin therapy.

Discussion: Beta-blockers overdose can lead to significant morbidity and mortality due to the often-associated vasopressor-resistant shock. high dose insulin euglycemic therapy is a potential emerging therapy for beta-blockers toxicity with support in the literature from several animal studies, case reports and expert opinion.

Conclusion: High dose insulin euglycemic therapy is a safe and effective method in reversing the hemodynamic consequences induced by beta-blockers overdose and should be used early in the treatment.
Alpinia galanga Derived Phytochemicals against Shikimate Dehydrogenase Causing Peptic Ulcer
Authors: Parida Sonali , Nayak Sutapa , Suvadarshini Seema , Panigrahi G. K. , Swain Sitaram , Bhattacharyay Dipankar
Published: July 2020

Phytochemicals can be derived from different parts of plants. Different medicinal plants and their phytoextracts have shown anti-microbial action. These medicinal plants play a key role in human health care. Phytochemicals from Alpinia galanga plant extract are traditionally used to cure Peptic Ulcer. The objective of the study is to identify the phytochemical of Alpinia galanga capable of curing Peptic Ulcer. Molecular docking method applied using “Biovia Discovery Studio”. “High positive values of -CDOCKER energy and -CDOCKER interaction energy” suggested that Alpinia galanga derived Phytochemicals cannot act effectively against Peptic Ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori.
Hydroboration of Enynes and Mechanistic Insights
Authors: Mao Lujia , Bose Shubhankar Kumar
Published: July 2020

Organoboron compounds have found broad applications in the construction of novel C−C, C−O, and C−N bonds via transition metal‐catalyzed reactions. The hydroboration of C−C multiple bonds is one of the most important methodologies to introduce the boron atom into the organic skeleton. Traditionally, boranes were employed in the hydroboration of enynes under transition metal‐free conditions. When precious metal catalysts, such as palladium and rhodium were employed in the reactions, the scope of the hydroboration, as well as the regio‐ and stereoselectivity, was improved. The asymmetric hydroboration of enynes was also achieved via Pd‐catalyzed reactions. In recent years, the non‐precious 3d‐metal catalysts, such as iron, cobalt, nickel and copper were employed in the hydroboration of enynes, especially in the enantioselective reactions. In this review, we have looked into the hydroboration of enynes as well as their mechanisms.

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Enhanced defense ability facilitates the water loss of maize kernels during physiological dehydration
Authors: Wei Shanshan , Wang Xiangyu , Wei Huijuan , Jiang Dong
Published: July 2020

The kernel water concentration (KWC) varies more intensely during the physiological dehydration phase, and the dehydration process during this phase has been demonstrated to be closely associated with internal physiological processes in maize kernels. To better illustrate the physiological dehydration process (PDP) of maize kernels, moisture characteristic parameters were consecutively recorded after pollination, and the timing of the occurrence of net water loss was confirmed. Additionally, a tandem mass tag (TMT) based proteomic analysis was performed to identify the significantly differentially expressed proteins during the critical period of the PDP (PDPcp). The results showed that maize varieties presented significant variance in the KWC, kernel water content, dry‐down rate (DR) and absolute DR; nevertheless, the KWC was similar (below 65%) when net water loss occurred. In addition, 20–28 days after pollination was indicated to be the PDPcp in this study. Based on proteome analysis, Yuyu 30 and Suyu 41 showed 163 and 132 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), respectively during the PDPcp and 99 DEPs overlapped between the varieties. During the PDPcp, the desiccation tolerance, antioxidation capability, detoxification and other stress response abilities of maize kernels were significantly increased. The increased defense abilities enabled the maize kernels to establish coordinated, diverse, stable defense mechanisms that accelerated water loss from maize kernels during the PDPcp.
Impact of post‐flowering heat stress in winter wheat tracked through optical signals
Authors: Šebela David , Bergkamp Blake , Somayanda Impa M. , Fritz Allan K , Jagadish S.V. Krishna
Published: July 2020

Increasing temperatures can severely affect wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production, particularly when it coincides with the grain‐filling period. Heat stress induces rapid senescence resulting in early maturity and shortened grain‐filling period. In this study, the applicability of in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence (Chl‐F) and chlorophyll index to track rate of senescence in flag leaves and spikes exposed to heat stress were investigated. Seven winter wheat varieties were exposed to post‐flowering heat stress using growth chambers [35/15 °C (heat stress) and 25/15 °C (control) day/night] and unique field‐based heat tents (imposed +6 °C higher than ambient). Effective quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) (QY) was recorded temporally in flag leaves and spikes, and compared with in vitro chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a) concentration and non‐invasive estimation of chlorophyll and flavonoids index. Time point indicating the start of senescence (change‐point, CP) for QY was advanced by 0–8 and 0–6 d in flag leaves and spikes, respectively, under heat stress. In the chamber experiment, sustained heat stress induced accelerated decline of QY, particularly in wheat cultivars Larry and WB4458. Stronger positive relationship between days to senescence in spikes and thousand kernel weight indicated an extended period of assimilate supply from sink compared to the source tissue, during grain filling. Capturing heat stress‐induced changes in photosynthetic pigments and QY at high temporal frequency presents an effective phenotyping approach for testing genetic diversity in large‐scale field experiments involving different crops.
Combined serum miR‐29c and miR‐149 expression analysis as diagnostic genetic markers for colorectal cancer
Authors: Abdul‐Maksoud Rehab S. , Elsayed Rasha S. , Elsayed Walid S.H. , Sediq Amany Moheldin , Rashad Nearmeen M. , Shaker Shady E. , Ahmed Sherweet M.
Published: July 2020

Circulating miRNAs gathered much interest in cancer research as noninvasive biomarkers. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of miR‐29c and miR‐149 among colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and to explore their diagnostic and prognostic potentials in relation to the clinical and pathological features. The expression levels of miR‐29c and miR‐149 were evaluated in the sera of 80 CRC patients, 80 colorectal adenoma (CRA) patients, and 80 healthy controls using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Carcinoembryonic antigen serum levels were assayed using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. miR‐29c and miR‐149 were significantly downregulated among CRC patients compared with CRA and controls (miR‐29c, 0.54 ± 0.19 vs. 0.86 ± 0.12, 0.99 ± 0.07, P < 0.001, respectively; miR‐149, 0.46 ± 0.19 vs. 0.74 ± 0.012, 1.0 ± 0.22, P < 0.001, respectively). miR‐29c and miR‐149 significantly associated with advanced stages of CRC, tumor size, and lymphatic metastasis. By using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, combined miR‐29c and miR‐149 revealed the highest diagnostic potential for CRA (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.967) from healthy controls as well as the diagnosis of CRC (AUC = 0.98) from CRA. Moreover, combined miRNAs revealed high diagnostic potential for the earlier stages of CRC compared with advanced stages (AUC = 0.96). In conclusion, combined serum miR‐29c and miR‐149 expression analysis established novel noninvasive biomarker for early CRC diagnosis.
Anti‐neuraminidase activity of chemical constituents of Balanophora involucrata
Authors: Sun Xiao , Zhang Li , Cao Yu , Li Jinhua , Atanasov Atanas G. , Huang Linfang
Published: July 2020

Balanophora involucrata J. D. Hooker has been known to possess potential anti‐inflammatory and antibacterial activities; however, its antiviral activity has not been evaluated so far. In order to find new neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), the neuraminidase (NA) inhibition activity of different B. involucrata extracts was evaluated. In this study, an in vitro NA inhibition assay was performed to identify which extract of B. involucrata exhibits (maximal) inhibitory activity against NA. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight–tandem mass spectroscopy (MS/MS) and molecular docking techniques were used to identify the specific compounds responsible for the anti‐influenza activity of the extract, and to explore the potential natural NAIs. The ethyl acetate extract of B. involucrata exhibited significant inhibitory activity against NA with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 159.5 μg/mL. Twenty compounds were identified according to the MS/MS spectra; among them two compounds (quercitrin and phloridzin) showed obvious inhibitory activity against NA, with IC50 of 311.76 and 347.32 μmol/L, respectively. This study suggested that B. involucrata can be a potential natural source of NAIs and may be useful in the fight against ferocious influenza viruses.
Justification and development of competencies to transform a collegiate aviation flight program
Authors: Keller Julius , Mendonca Flavio , Cutter Jason , Suckow Mike , Dillman Brian
Published: July 2020

Background

The aviation industry is facing a substantial shortage of pilots. Per the International Civil Aviation Organization, it is projected airlines will need 350,000 pilots globally.

Aims

Due to the demand of pilots, most of the conversations are focused on quantity rather than quality of the workforce. Educators and researchers in several industries have advocated competency‐based education in aviation for decades.

Method

Members of the research team documented the consensus decision‐making process which determined which competencies would be incorporated into the flight program.

Results

Six competencies were selected for the hybrid competency‐based education model. Teamwork, decision‐making, communication, resilience, leadership, and technical excellence were extensively defined for the aviation program.

Discussion/Conclusion

Shifting toward a hybrid competency‐based education model is challenging within a large flight program. However, the members of the research team believe the transformation process will improve program outcomes. Next steps include assessment plan development and data collection.
Acid‐sensing ion channel 1a mediates acid‐induced pyroptosis through calpain‐2/calcineurin pathway in rat articular chondrocytes
Authors: Zu Sheng‐Qin , Feng Yu‐Bin , Zhu Chuan‐Jun , Wu Xiao‐Shan , Zhou Ren‐Peng , Li Ge , Dai Bei‐Bei , Wang Zhi‐Sen , Xie Ya‐Ya , Li Yue , Ge Jin‐Fang , Chen Fei‐Hu
Published: July 2020

The pyroptosis is a causative agent of rheumatoid arthritis, a systemic autoimmune disease merged with degenerative articular cartilage. Nevertheless, the precise mechanism of extracellular acidosis on chondrocyte pyroptosis is largely unclear. Acid‐sensing ion channels (ASICs) belong to an extracellular H+‐activated cation channel family. Accumulating evidence has highlighted activation of ASICs induced by extracellular acidosis upregulate calpain and calcineurin expression in arthritis. In the present study, to investigate the expression and the role of acid‐sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a), calpain, calcineurin, and NLRP3 inflammasome proteins in regulating acid‐induced articular chondrocyte pyroptosis, primary rat articular chondrocytes were subjected to different pH, different time, and different treatments with or without ASIC1a, calpain‐2, and calcineurin, respectively. Initially, the research results showed that extracellular acidosis‐induced the protein expression of ASIC1a in a pH‐ and time‐dependent manner, and the messenger RNA and protein expressions of calpain, calcineurin, NLRP3, apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein, and caspase‐1 were significantly increased in a time‐dependent manner. Furthermore, the inhibition of ASIC1a, calpain‐2, or calcineurin, respectively, could decrease the cell death accompanied with the decreased interleukin‐1β level, and the decreased expression of ASIC1a, calpain‐2, calcineurin, and NLRP3 inflammasome proteins. Taken together, these results indicated the activation of ASIC1a induced by extracellular acidosis could trigger pyroptosis of rat articular chondrocytes, the mechanism of which might partly be involved with the activation of calpain‐2/calcineurin pathway.
Overseeding cool‐season forages on rhizoma peanut fields
Authors: Santos E.R.S. , Dubeux J.C.B. , Jaramillo D.M. , Garcia L. , Queiroz L.M.D. , Silva C.S. , Abreu D.S. , Ruiz‐Moreno M.
Published: July 2020

Rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.) is an important hay crop in the southern United States. Since rhizoma peanut is a warm‐season perennial legume, it remains dormant during the cool season. Overseeding rhizoma peanut during the cool season could optimize land productivity per unit area throughout the year. However, the effect of overseeding on rhizoma peanut performance in the following growing season is unknown. This study evaluated different combinations of rye (Secale cereale L. ‘FL401’) and/or ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. ‘Prine’) mixed or not with clovers (Trifolium spp.) overseeded on dormant ‘Florigraze’ rhizoma peanut. Rye–clover mixtures resulted in greater herbage accumulation (6,040 lb ac−1 yr−1) than grass monocultures, clovers, and rye–ryegrass mixtures. However, rye–clover mixtures had similar herbage accumulation to rye–ryegrass–clovers (5,640 lb ac−1 yr−1) and ryegrass–clovers (4,560 lb ac−1 yr−1). Crude protein (CP) concentration in grass was greater for rye and rye–ryegrass (9.8%, for both) than in ryegrass monoculture (8.2%), nonetheless, it was similar to other treatments (9.1%, on average). Ryegrass and ryegrass–clovers resulted in the greater in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM) for the grasses (81%, on average) than all other treatments (70%, on average). Overseeding rhizoma peanut did not affect its herbage responses. On average, herbage accumulation, CP, and IVDOM for Florigraze rhizoma peanut in the first harvest following the overseeding treatments were 3,845 lb ac−1, 14.2%, and 75.7%, respectively. Results indicate that overseeding cool‐season grass–legume mixtures would optimize forage production per unit area and improve forage nutritive value without compromising rhizoma peanut herbage responses in the growing season.
The brain of the African wild dog. III. The auditory system
Authors: Chengetanai Samson , Bhagwandin Adhil , Bertelsen Mads F. , Hård Therese , Hof Patrick R. , Spocter Muhammad A. , Manger Paul R.
Published: July 2020

The large external pinnae and extensive vocal repertoire of the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) has led to the assumption that the auditory system of this unique canid may be specialized. Here, using cytoarchitecture, myeloarchitecture, and a range of immunohistochemical stains, we describe the systems‐level anatomy of the auditory system of the African wild dog. We observed the cochlear nuclear complex, superior olivary nuclear complex, lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate body, and auditory cortex all being in their expected locations, and exhibiting the standard subdivisions of this system. While located in the ectosylvian gyri, the auditory cortex includes several areas, resembling the parcellation observed in cats and ferrets, although not all of the auditory areas known from these species could be identified in the African wild dog. These observations suggest that, broadly speaking, the systems‐level anatomy of the auditory system, and by extension the processing of auditory information, within the brain of the African wild dog closely resembles that observed in other carnivores. Our findings indicate that it is likely that the extraction of the semantic content of the vocalizations of African wild dogs, and the behaviors generated, occurs beyond the classically defined auditory system, in limbic or association neocortical regions involved in cognitive functions. Thus, to obtain a deeper understanding of how auditory stimuli are processed, and how communication is achieved, in the African wild dog compared to other canids, cortical regions beyond the primary sensory areas will need to be examined in detail.
Static supply chain complexity and sustainability practices: A multitier examination
Authors: Macchion Laura , Moretto Antonella , Caniato Federico , Danese Pamela , Vinelli Andrea
Published: July 2020

The issue of sustainability is receiving increasing attention, and this debate now needs to be extended to consider the perspective of the supply chain. This article aims to investigate sustainability choices made along the supply chain (SC) by considering the static complexity of the SC. It investigates the different perspectives and tensions that can exist between SC partners when sustainability programs are introduced. Through 18 cases, the aarticle addresses the different types of static SC complexity faced by the different tiers of the SC. For the focal company, the complexity is both upstream and downstream: for first‐tier suppliers, it is upstream, and for second‐tier suppliers, the complexity is largely downstream. These various types of complexity require the adoption of different sustainability practices: for the focal company, these involve sourcing and organizational practices; for the first‐tier suppliers, they involve sourcing practices; and for the second‐tier suppliers, organizational practices.
From CO2 to Bioplastic – Coupling the Electrochemical CO2 Reduction with a Microbial Product Generation by Drop‐in Electrolysis
Authors: Stöckl Markus , Harms Svenja , Dinges Ida , Dimitrova Steliyana , Holtmann Dirk
Published: July 2020

CO2 has been electrochemically reduced to the intermediate formate, which was subsequently used as sole substrate for the production of the polymer polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) by the microorganism Cupriavidus necator. Faradaic efficiencies (FE) up to 54 % have been reached with Sn‐based gas‐diffusion electrodes in physiological electrolyte. The formate containing electrolyte can be used directly as drop‐in solution in the following biological polymer production by resting cells. 56 mg PHB L−1 and a ratio of 34 % PHB per cell dry weight were achieved. The calculated overall FE for the process was as high as 4 %. The direct use of the electrolyte as drop‐in media in the bioconversion enables simplified processes with a minimum of intermediate purification effort. Thus, an optimal coupling between electrochemical and biotechnological processes can be realized.
Size‐selective predation accounts for intra‐ and inter‐specific variation of inducible morphological defense ofDaphnia
Authors: Nagano Mariko , Yoshida Takehito
Published: July 2020

Inducible defense is adaptive when prey organisms cope with fluctuations of predation risk, and there exists ample variations of inducible defense both within a species and between species even in a single habitat.Daphnia, a freshwater zooplankton genus, shows remarkable inducible morphological defense when exposed to predators. This study explored the intra‐ and inter‐specific variations of inducible defense ofDaphniaand tested whether the variations can be explained by the size‐selective nature of predation. In Lake Fukami‐ike, Japan,Daphnia ambiguaandDaphnia pulexcoexist with planktivorous fish andChaoboruslarvae that have different preferences for prey size. We experimentally examined the ontogenetic change of inducible defense for ten clones of each of the twoDaphniaspecies against the two different predators. The degree of defense expression evaluated based on the induction of multiple morphological traits showed remarkable differences betweenDaphniaspecies, instars and clones, and the intra‐ and inter‐specific variations were attributed to size‐selective predation from the different predators. The inducible defense ofDaphniashowed the adaptive variations depending on the predation pressure that resulted from the size‐selective predation by the coexisting predators.
Tympanum reconstruction using a sternocleidomastoid flap in patients with lateral skull base lesions: surgical technique and clinical report
Authors: Feng Guodong , Wei Xingmei , Sun Huiying , Zhang Zhuhua , Tian Xu , Zhao Yang , Aodeng Surita , Zhou Yalin , Gao Zhiqiang
Published: July 2020

Background

During surgical treatment of lesions involving the skull base, conductive hearing is often sacrificed due to tympanum destruction. This study aimed to develop a method for tympanum reconstruction using a sternocleidomastoid (SCM) flap to preserve conductive hearing during lateral skull base surgery.

Methods

This study included five patients with lateral skull base lesions who underwent surgery including tympanum reconstruction with an SCM flap between July 2015 and November 2017.

Results

Three patients seen with facial nerve schwannoma, and two had paraganglioma of the head and neck. All patients' inferior and posterior tympanic walls were resected; the tympanum and ossicular chain were reconstructed with an SCM flap and prosthesis. The mean postoperative air‐bone gap was 14 dB. No lesion recurrences were observed until the last follow‐up.

Conclusion

The SCM flap is effective in preserving conductive hearing through reconstruction of the inferior and posterior tympanic walls in lateral skull base surgery.
Liver Care and Surveillance: The Global Impact of the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Toyoda Hidenori , Huang Daniel Q. , Le Michael H. , Nguyen Mindie H.
Published: July 2020

As social distancing and strict stay‐at‐home orders have been instituted to slow the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), unintentional outcomes among those with chronic diseases including screening for the lethal hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may be occurring. We aimed to describe the changes in liver care before and after COVID‐19 restricted access to health care. We obtained data on the number of liver clinic visits, abdominal ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging using electronic query or clinic registry at three medical centers in the United States, Japan, and Singapore for the following periods: February 1 to March 14, 2018, 2019, and 2020; and March 15 to May 1, 2018, 2019, and 2020. We performed trend analysis using logistic regression. In total, 14,403 visits were made to the liver clinics at the three centers: 5,900 in 2018, 5,270 in 2019, and 3,233 in 2020. Overall, there were no significant changes in the distribution of males and females between February 1 and May 1 from 2018 to 2020, but there was a lower proportion of seniors ages 65 years and older (P < 0.001). There were significant decreasing trends in the total number of liver clinic visits overall (p‐trend = 0.038) and in the subanalysis for chronic hepatitis B, C, and other liver diseases. HCC/cirrhosis visits also dropped from 883 to 538 (39.07% decrease) overall and 665 to 355 (46.62% decrease) for the US site. In addition, there was a significant decreasing trend in the number of abdominal ultrasounds (P‐trend = 0.004) and computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (P‐trend = 0.007) performed overall. Conclusion: Liver clinic visits, hepatoma surveillance, and diagnostic abdominal imaging fell dramatically as social distancing measures were instituted. Care providers must find ways to recall patients for important care monitoring, including HCC surveillance.
Misunderstandings and ambiguities in strategic purchasing in low‐ and middle‐income countries
Authors: Paul Elisabeth , Brown Garrett W. , Ridde Valéry
Published: July 2020

Strategic purchasing is branded as an approach that is necessary for progress towards universal health coverage. While we agree that publicly purchased health services should respond to society's needs and patient expectations, and thus generally endorse strategic purchasing, here we would like to explore two emerging concerns within current discussions in low‐ and middle‐income countries. First, there exists a great deal of misunderstanding and conceptual unclarity, within practitioner groups, around the concept of strategic purchasing and what instruments it incorporates. Second, there is a growing trend to regularly fuse strategic purchasing into a performance‐based financing (PBF) discourse in ways that increasingly blur their distinctive properties and policy orientations, while perhaps too easily obfuscating potential tensions. We believe the discourse on strategic purchasing would benefit from better conceptual clarity by dissociating and prioritising its two objectives, namely: priority should be given to needs‐based allocation of resources, while rewarding performance is a subsequent concern. We argue there is a need for a more thoroughgoing conceptual and empirical re‐examination of strategic purchasing's priorities, its link with PBF, as well as for a wider evidence‐base on what strategic purchasing tools exist and which are most appropriate for diverse contexts.