bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The relationship between language teachers' attitudes and the state‐trait anxiety of adolescents with dyslexia
Authors: Tsovili Theodora D.
Published: February 2004

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role anxiety plays in the lives of adolescents with dyslexia by including a school perspective with special emphasis on the role of the teacher. The state‐trait anxiety of 68 adolescents with dyslexia and their language teachers' attitudes towards them were compared with an equal number of matched controls. State‐trait anxiety was measured by the Greek adaptation (Psychountaki, 1995) of Spielberger's State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (Spielberger, Edwards, Lushene et al, 1973). The Teacher's Questionnaire, designed specifically for the needs of this study, was used for the measurement of the language teachers' attitudes. Interviews were conducted with the adolescents with dyslexia who exhibited the highest and lowest state (reading) anxiety. They reported significantly higher reading anxiety and lower trait anxiety in comparison with the control group. The language teachers of the adolescents with dyslexia expressed more positive attitudes than the controls. Reading anxiety was related to trait anxiety, especially when the language teachers expressed low irritability, which was one of the teachers' attitudes measured. In the interviews, the high‐anxiety adolescents reported behaviours associated with learned helplessness, use of emotion‐focused defence mechanisms and high, ambiguous and conflicting expectations expressed by their language teachers with regard to academic achievement. The application of anxiety‐reducing methods together with the specialised educational interventions may contribute to the psychological well being of adolescents with dyslexia.
‘You can't see what the words say’: word spacing and letter spacing in children's reading books
Authors: Reynolds Linda , Walker Sue
Published: February 2004

This paper describes two tests designed to find out whether children would be helped in their reading by the use of word and letter spacing that was looser or tighter than commonly used default values. In each test, 24 six‐year‐old children were asked to read aloud in a classroom; the realistic, high‐quality test material was set using a range of either word spacing or letter spacing values. Audiotapes of the children's reading were analysed to determine reading rates; miscue analysis was used to compare the number and kind of errors they made on the different settings. The children were also asked for their views about the texts they read. The results suggest that children in the test groups did not benefit significantly from spacing that was substantially looser or tighter than our default values, and that they noticed differences in letter spacing more easily than differences in word spacing.
Pragmatism and East‐Asian Thought
Authors: Shusterman Richard
Published: February 2004

Abstract: After noting some conditions of historical and contemporary context that favor a dialogue between pragmatism and East‐Asian thought, which could help generate a new international philosophical perspective, this essay focuses on several themes that pragmatism shares with classical Chinese philosophy. Among the interrelated themes explored are the primacy of practice, the emphasis on pluralism, context, and flux, a recognition of fallibilism, an appreciation of the powers of art for individual, social, and political reconstruction, the pursuit of perfectionist self‐cultivation in the art of living, and the crucial role of embodiment in this melioristic pursuit. The last section defends this somaesthetic emphasis against some likely criticisms and closes with an example of how occidental and East‐Asian somatic thinking can be productively integrated.
Pragmatism and Ethnicity: Critique, Reconstruction, and the New Hispanic
Authors: Medina José
Published: February 2004

Abstract: In this essay I examine the contributions of the pragmatist tradition to the philosophy of ethnicity. From the pragmatist philosophies of Dewey and Locke I derive a reconstructive model for the clarification and improvement of the life experiences of ethnic groups. Addressing various problems and objections, I argue that this Deweyan and Lockean reconstructive model rejects any sharp separation between race and ethnicity and avoids the pitfalls of the biologist race paradigm and the culturalist ethnicity paradigm. I explore some of the social and political implications of this reconstructive model through a discussion of José Martí's inspiring account of Hispanic identity.
Evolution of a novel function: nutritive milk in the viviparous cockroach, Diploptera punctata
Authors: Williford Anna , Stay Barbara , Bhattacharya Debashish
Published: February 2004

Summary Cockroach species show different degrees of maternal contribution to the developing offspring. In this study, we identify a multigene family that encodes water‐soluble proteins that are a major component of nutritive “Milk” in the cockroach, Diploptera punctata. This gene family is associated with the evolution of a new trait, viviparity, in which the offspring receive nutrition during the gestation period. Twenty‐five distinct Milk complementary DNAs were cloned and partially characterized. These complementary DNAs encode 22 distinct Milk peptides, each of length 171 amino acids, including a 16‐amino acid signal peptide sequence. Southern blot analysis confirms the presence of multiple copies of Milk genes in D. punctata. Northern analysis indicates tissue‐ and stage‐specific Milk gene expression. Examination of the deduced amino acid sequences identifies the presence of structurally conserved regions diagnostic of the lipocalin protein family. The shared exon/intron structure of one of the Milk loci with lipocalin genes further supports a close evolutionary relationship between these sequences.
The multimeric β‐thymosin found in nematodes and arthropods is not a synapomorphy of the Ecdysozoa
Authors: Telford Maximilian J.
Published: February 2004

The Ecdysozoa hypothesis proposes a clade of animals including arthropods and nematodes that share the characteristic of periodic molting or ecdysis. The original evidence supporting this hypothesis came from molecular phylogenies based on ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Contrary evidence has come from studies of multiple protein coding genes. One of the most convincing bits of supporting evidence for this theory has been the observation of an unusual multimeric form of the β‐thymosin gene in the genomes of Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans where, in other metazoans that had been studied, a monomeric form has been found. Here I show that recently deposited sequence data reveal that the multimeric form is in fact a characteristic of all major subdivisions of the Metazoa. The multimeric form is present in a deuterostome, Ciona intestinalis, a lophotrochozoan, Hermissenda crassicornis, and in the ecdysozoans and also exists outside the Metazoa in a fungus. The presence of the multimeric form in nematodes and arthropods, therefore, although not contradicting the Ecdysozoa hypothesis, gives it no support. The absence of the monomeric form in the completely sequenced flies and nematodes may suggest they are linked but, lacking the complete genomes of other ecdysozoans, proving its total absence from the Ecdysozoa is not possible. Furthermore, the absence of the monomeric form from the genome of the deuterostome Ciona suggests that the absence of this character is an unreliable indicator of relationships.
Latent homologues for the neural crest as an evolutionary novelty
Authors: Stone Jon R. , Hall Brian K.
Published: February 2004

The neural crest is a craniate synapomorphy and a bona fide evolutionary novelty. Recently, researchers considering intriguingly similar patterns of gene expression, cell behaviors, and embryogenetic processes in noncraniate deuterostomes have suggested that cephalochordates, urochordates, and echinoderms or their ancestors might have possessed cells that were precursors to the neural crest or its constituent cells. To emphasize the caution with which similarities at genetic, cellular, or embryological levels should be interpreted as substantiations for cell, germ layer, or tissue homologies, we present and evaluate additional tantalizing evidence that could be considered as documenting neural crest precursors in precraniates. Furthermore, we propose an evolutionary context—latent homologue—within which these data should be interpreted.
Evolution of development in the sea star genus Patiriella: clade‐specific alterations in cleavage
Authors: Cerra Anna , Byrne Maria
Published: February 2004

Examination of early development in five species of the Patiriella sea star species complex indicates that the ancestral‐type radial holoblastic cleavage (Type I) is characteristic of P. regularis and P. exigua, whereas cleavage in species from the calcar clade followed multiple alternatives (Types II–IV) from holoblastic to meroblastic. Considering that invariant radial cleavage is thought to play a role in embryonic axis formation in echinoderms, we documented the details of blastomere formation in Patiriella sp. and followed development of the embryos. In Type II cleavage, the first and second cleavage planes appeared simultaneously at one pole of the embryo, dividing it directly into four equally sized blastomeres. In Type III cleavage, the first and second cleavage planes appeared simultaneously, followed promptly by the third cleavage plane, dividing the embryo directly into eight equally sized blastomeres. In Type IV cleavage, numerous furrows appeared simultaneously at one end of the embryo, dividing it into 32–40 equally sized blastomeres. Confocal sections revealed that embryos with cleavage Types II–IV were initially syncytial. The timing of karyokinesis in embryos with Types II and III cleavage was similar to that seen in clutch mates with Type I cleavage. Karyokinesis in embryos with Type IV cleavage, however, differed in timing compared with Type I clutch mates. Alteration in cleavage was not associated with polarized distribution of maternally provided nutrients. For each cleavage type, development was normal to the competent larval stage. Although variable blastomere configuration in the calcar clade may be linked to possession of a lecithotrophic development, other Patiriella species with this mode of development have typical cleavage. The presence of variable cleavage in all calcar clade species indicates that phylogenetic history has played a role in the distribution of this embryonic trait in Patiriella. The plasticity in early cleavage in these sea stars indicates that this aspect of early development is not constrained against change and that there are many ways to achieve multicellularity.
Early development and segment formation in the centipede, Strigamia maritima (Geophilomorpha)
Authors: Chipman Ariel D. , Arthur Wallace , Akam Michael
Published: February 2004

Summary Geophilomorph centipedes exhibit a number of unique characteristics that make them of particular developmental and evolutionary interest. Segment numbers in geophilomorphs are higher than in any other centipedes, ranging from 27 to 191. They may be constant within a species, presenting in extreme form the “counting” problem in development, or they may vary—a situation that provides us with the opportunity to study naturally occurring variation in segment numbers. All their segments are generated during embryogenesis, a situation unlike that in the more basal centipede orders, which generate only a fraction of their 15 trunk segments in the embryo and develop the rest postembryonically. Here we provide a foundation for further developmental studies of the Geophilomorpha, building on the one study that has been conducted to date, on the coastal species Strigamia maritima. Development begins with the migration of nuclei to the surface of the egg, which then condense to form an embryonic rudiment of more than 20,000 cells, covering an entire hemisphere. During early development, the embryo can be divided into two distinct areas: a large terminal disc of apparently undifferentiated tissue and the germ‐band, which has a clear anteroposterior axis and differentiated segments. The germ‐band forms from the anterior of the terminal disc and extends anteriorly as the disc contracts. New segments are formed at the posterior margin of the germ‐band. Once the process of segmentation ends, the germ‐band folds and sinks into the yolk. We note that the classic description of centipede development, by Heymons more than a century ago, contains a fundamental error in the identification of the axes and hence in the interpretation of early segmentation.
Inherited Channelopathies Associated with Epilepsy
Authors: George Alfred L.
Published: February 2004

Ion channels are critical for neuronal excitability and provide important targets for anticonvulsant drugs. In the past few years, several monogenetic epilepsies have been linked to mutations in genes encoding either voltage-gated or ligand-gated channels. The recognition that certain epilepsy syndromes are “channelopathies” initiates a new era in understanding the molecular pathophysiology of seizure disorders. This review summarizes recent advances related to this exciting area of investigation.
Immediate and 3‐Month Follow‐Up Outcome After Cutting Balloon Angioplasty for Bifurcation Lesions
Authors: TAKEBAYASHI HIDEO , HARUTA SEIICHI , KOHNO HIROKI , ICHINOSE HIROYUKI , TANIGUCHI MANABU , SHIMAKURA TADAYUKI , OHE TOHRU
Published: February 2004

Balloon angioplasty of a bifurcation lesion is associated with lower rates of success and higher rates of complications than such treatment of lesions of most other morphologies. To date, the best device or procedure for bifurcation lesions has not been determined. The aim of this study was to compare the immediate and 3‐month follow‐up outcome of cutting balloon angioplasty (CBA) versus conventional balloon angioplasty (PTCA) for the treatment of bifurcation lesions. We treated 87 consecutive bifurcation lesions with CBA (n = 50) or PTCA (n = 37). Paired angiograms were analyzed by quantitative angiography, and angiographic follow‐up was achieved for 93% of the lesions. The procedural success was 92% in the CBA group and 76% in the PTCA group (P < 0.05). Major in‐hospital complications occurred in two lesions in the CBA group and six in the PTCA group (P = 0.05). The incidence of bail‐out stenting in the CBA group was lower than in the conventional PTCA (8% vs 24%, P < 0.05). At the 3‐month follow‐up, the restenosis rate was 40% in the CBA group versus 67% in the PTCA group (P < 0.05). Clinical events during follow‐up did not differ between the two groups. In conclusion, in comparison with PTCA, procedural success was greater and the restenosis rate lower with CBA. The results of this study support the use of the cutting balloon as optimal treatment for bifurcation lesions. (J Interven Cardiol 2004;17:1–7)
Transcatheter Coil Closure of Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations in Children
Authors: ABUSHABAN LULU , UTHAMAN BABU , ENDRYS JERRY
Published: February 2004

Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula (PAVF) is a rare vascular malformation of the lung that may lead to cyanosis, epistaxis, hemoptysis, and neurological deficits or cerebral abscess.

The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of percutaneous transcatheter embolization of PAVF in pediatric patients. Transcatheter embolization of PAVF using spring coils was performed in three patients (two males and one female) who presented between 1989 and 1999. The age at presentation ranged from 8 months to 3 years (mean 19.6 months). All patients had cyanosis and clubbing. Neurological, dermatological, or other cardiac manifestations were absent. The arterial oxygen saturations at presentation ranged from 60 to 72% (mean 64%). During eight procedures, multiple coils (total of 41 coils, average 14 coils per patient) were delivered to occlude the fistulas successfully. There was complete occlusion of the fistulas in all patients after the multiple interventions. The aortic saturations increased from a mean of 66% to a mean of 95%. Chest radiographs demonstrated dramatic regression of the pulmonary shadows in all three patients. There were no complications encountered during the procedures or during follow‐up. Transcatheter coil embolization of PAVF is a safe and effective method of treatment in the pediatric age group. Patients may require multiple procedures to completely occlude the fistulas. Long‐term follow‐up is essential to ensure absence of recurrence due to recanalization. (J Interven Cardiol 2004;17:23–26)
Matrix Metalloproteinases in Patients with Myocardial Infarction and Percutaneous Revascularization
Authors: ECKART ROBERT E. , UYEHARA CATHERINE F.T. , SHRY ERIC A. , FURGERSON JAMES L. , KRASUSKI RICHARD A.
Published: February 2004

Background: Extracellular matrix remodeling is a component of coronary artery disease (CAD). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes involved in extracellular matrix degradation. The extrapolation of the role MMPs play in the clinical setting of acute coronary syndromes has not yet been defined.

Methods: Samples from 100 subjects undergoing cardiac catheterization were analyzed for serum levels of MMP‐1, MMP‐2, and MMP‐9. These markers were assessed before, immediately after, and 24 hours after cardiac catheterization. Relationships among MMP levels, baseline characteristics, angiography findings and clinical course were assessed.

Results: Comparing subjects with myocardial infarction versus those without, baseline MMP‐1 levels were not different at baseline but increased during the hospital stay, MMP‐2 levels were higher at baseline and throughout the monitoring period and MMP‐9 levels lower and decreased over time. MMP‐1 was higher 24 hours after catheterization in subjects undergoing revascularization. Subjects undergoing percutaneous revascularization had higher MMP‐9 levels following revascularization than those subjects undergoing angiography without angioplasty.

Conclusions: Serial monitoring of MMPs indicates a differential subtype response to myocardial infarction and percutaneous revascularization. Results of this study indicate that MMP subtypes may play differing roles in the manifestation of acute coronary syndromes and response to revascularization. (J Interven Cardiol 2004;17:27–31)
Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty:
Authors: WAIGHT DAVID J. , HIJAZI ZIYAD M.
Published: February 2004

(J Interven Cardiol 2004;17:21–22)
An Unusual Case of an Accessory Coronary Artery to Pulmonary Artery Fistula:
Authors: KAMINENI RAGHUNANDAN , BUTMAN SAMUEL M. , ROCKOW JEFFREY P. , ZAMORA ROLANDO
Published: February 2004

Coronary artery fistulae (CAF) are rare congenital anomalies. Surgical ligation is the standard treatment for symptomatic CAF, but is associated with higher morbidity. In a select group of patients, transcatheter coil embolization (TCE) is a reasonable alternative to standard surgical treatment. In this article, we present a unique (not previously reported) case of a tortuous accessory anomalous right coronary artery to pulmonary artery fistula with coronary steal phenomenon. TCE of highly tortuous fistulae can be technically difficult and are usually referred for surgery. In this case report we describe how utilization of adult coronary interventional wires and balloon catheters may help overcome some of the technical difficulties encountered with catheter‐based closure of CAF. (J Interven Cardiol 2004;17:59–63)
Applications of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy
Authors: RICKERS CARSTEN , GALLEGOS ROBERT , SEETHAMRAJU RAVI TEJA , WANG XIAOEN , SWINGEN CORY , JAYASWAL AVINASH , RAHRMANN ERIC P. , KASTENBERG ZACHARY J. , CLARKSON CHRISTINA E. , BIANCO RICHARD , O'BRIAN TIM , VERFAILLIE CATHERINE , BOLMAN R. MORTON , WILKE NORBERT , JEROSCH‐HEROLD MICHAEL
Published: February 2004

Background: The latest generation of interactive cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) scanners has made cardiac interventions with real‐time MRI possible. To date, cardiac MRI has been mostly applied to measure myocardial perfusion, viability, and regional function, but now the application of cardiac MRI can be extended to cardiovascular interventions. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the potential of MRI in stem cell therapy for cardiac restoration.

Methods: We have applied MRI to (1) interactively target myocardial injections with a novel stem cell delivery catheter, and to compare gadolinium/blue dye injections to pathology; (2) assess myocardial perfusion with MR first pass imaging in an infarct model treated with stem cell therapy versus control animals; (3) measure regional functional changes using myocardial tissue tagging in the same animals.

Results: We were able to demonstrate the feasibility and safety of myocardial injections under MR fluoroscopy. The intramyocardial distribution of the blue dye at necropsy correlated well with the extent of gadolinium, as detected with a three‐dimensional inversion recovery MR pulse sequence for late enhancement immediately after contrast injection. Preliminary results show that myocardial perfusion reserve and regional wall motion improved in the stem‐cell‐treated group, compared to a control group.

Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that (1) injections into the LV myocardium can be performed under real‐time MRI guidance using a directed catheter approach, and (2) regional myocardial perfusion and function, measured with MRI, both improve after stem cell therapy. This ongoing study demonstrates the potential of MRI for image‐guided interventions, combined with detailed evaluation of anatomy, function, perfusion, and viability. (J Interven Cardiol 2004;17:37–46)
Safety in Numbers
Authors: Dale Angela
Published: February 2004

The collection of data through censuses and surveys requires a high level of cooperation from the public. This, in turn, is influenced by public confidence that the data provided will be used for purposes consistent with National Statistics and anonymity and confidentiality will be protected. Angela Dale explains how access to data and confidentiality can be reconciled.
Does Significance Matter?
Authors: Reese R. Allan
Published: February 2004

The name of this magazine was the subject of fierce debate. Although “significance” is a word often associated with statistics, it is very often misapplied or misunderstood. Its technical implications differ from the everyday use of the word and competing schools of thought within statistics have varying views on the correct usage. As the magazine is launched, R. Allan Reese examines some of these ideas from the viewpoint of a pragmatic data ­analyst.
Strengthening Evaluation Strategies for Divorcing Family Support Services: Perspectives of Parent Educators, Mediators, Attorneys, and Judges*
Authors: Hughes Robert , Kirby Jacqueline J.
Published: February 2004

Mediation and parent education are increasingly common support services provided to divorcing families. Although there is accumulating evaluation evidence, important questions remain. In this study we surveyed mediators, parent educators, attorneys, and judges in one state to identify the types of evidence that may be useful in further evaluation efforts and to obtain their professional judgements regarding the effectiveness of these programs. Most programs only obtain minimal evaluation, but professionals had helpful ideas about types of evidence that would be helpful. Judges, parent educators and mediators perceived the programs as more useful and effective than attorneys. Results are discussed in terms of ways to strengthen evaluation efforts of mediation and parent education programs for divorcing families.
Siblings in Family Transitions*
Authors: Drapeau Sylvie , Simard Marie , Beaudry Madeleine , Charbonneau Cecile
Published: February 2004

This research focuses on how siblings are organized following two types of family transitions: foster care placements and parental divorce. Its goal was to identify the family characteristics associated with intact and split sibling groups. The sample was composed of 294 families. Results indicate that siblings are more likely to be separated when children are older and when they have larger age gap with their siblings; arrangements in which siblings are separated produce greater instability for them.
Factors Associated with Stress Among Grandparents Raising Their Grandchildren*
Authors: Sands Roberta G. , Goldberg‐Glen Robin S.
Published: February 2004

This cross‐sectional study of 129 grandparents raising their grandchildren examined the extent to which social supports are related to the grandparents' stress (psychological anxiety). A hierarchical regression analysis, with variables entered in blocks, revealed that contextual factors, stressors related to caregiving, and lack of supports accounted for 35% of the variance. Younger grandparents, grandchildren with psychological and physical problems, and low family cohesion were associated with stress. Implications for clinical and educational intervention are discussed.
Envisioning Fatherhood: A Social Psychological Perspective on Young Men without Kids*
Authors: Marsiglio William , Hutchinson Sally , Cohan Mark
Published: February 2004

Using in‐depth interviews and a purposive sample of 32 men ages 16–30 who have not yet fathered a child, our grounded theory study examined how men envision aspects of fatherhood. Informed by symbolic interactionist and life course perspectives, our interpretive data analyses yielded two interrelated substantive dimensions: fatherhood readiness and fathering visions. We introduce five interrelated theoretical themes to sharpen our understanding of these dimensions, and discuss how these dimensions and themes inform interventions aimed at heightening young men's procreative responsibility.
Solution Focused Strategic Parenting of Challenging Teens: A Class for Parents
Authors: Todd Tracy
Published: February 2004

This parenting class combines concepts and interventions associated with solution focused and strategic family therapy. The class continues to evolve after two years of delivery. The original goal was to combine didactic and group processes to assist parents in reducing escalations and crises, decrease the “fix my kid” attitude, and create prevention strategies. The target population for this class was parents of high‐risk teenagers. Class participants have expanded to include all types of families and parenting situations. Parents report finding the class content very useful. Surprisingly, many parents report little exposure to this content from other parenting classes they have attended.
Young Adult Children and Grandchildren in Primary Caregiver Roles to Older Relatives and Their Service Needs
Authors: Dellmann‐Jenkins Mary , Blankemeyer Maureen , Pinkard Odessa
Published: February 2004

Expansion of the family to four generations has resulted in a new population of caregivers to elderly members: young adults. Our study provides both quantitative and qualitative findings on children and grandchildren (N= 43), aged 40 years and younger, serving as the major source of support to an older relative(s). Intervention strategies for professionals in direct contact with this age group are outlined.
Digital Dating and Virtual Relating: Conceptualizing Computer Mediated Romantic Relationships
Authors: Merkle Erich R. , Richardson Rhonda A.
Published: February 2004

This article reviews Internet history and culture that have contributed to the recent emergence of a subset of romantic interpersonal relationships known as computer mediated relationships. Characteristics of these relationships in comparison to face‐to‐face relationships are considered. This information may assist family professionals in developing a research agenda for the new millennium, as well as incorporating new content and strategies into family life education and clinical work in the area of interpersonal relationships.
Identifying the Family, Job, and Workplace Characteristics of Employees Who Use Work‐Family Benefits*
Authors: Secret Mary
Published: February 2004

A contextual effects perspective is used to identify family, job, and workplace characteristics associated with the use of work‐family benefits by 527 employees in 83 businesses. Parents of dependent children are no more likely than other employees to use benefits but particular family problems predict female employee use of paid leave and mental health benefits. Workplace size, sector, and culture are better predictors of employee use than are employee job characteristics.
Working Women's Selection of Care for Their Infants: A Prospective Study*
Authors: Pungello Elizabeth Puhn , Kurtz‐Costes Beth
Published: February 2004

We interviewed 102 employed women before and after the birth of their first child to examine: (1) the influences of environmental constraints and maternal beliefs on mothers' care decisions, and (2) change in environmental constraints and beliefs. Both employment‐related constraints and maternal beliefs were related to infant care decisions, and mothers who chose nonparental versus parent‐only care differed in how their constraints and beliefs changed over time. Implications for practitioners are discussed.
ParentLink: A Model of Integration and Support for Parents*
Authors: Mertensmeyer Carol , Fine Mark
Published: February 2004

ParentLink represents a collective of Missouri organizations and agencies striving to simplify parents' access to research‐based information, services, and problem‐solving support pertaining to parenting. It is based on systems theory (von Bertalanffy, 1981) and, more specifically, the ecology of human development (Bronfenbrenner, 1979). A comprehensive array of technologies augments ParentLink professionals' outreach to parents and other citizenry. For parents, the access can be as simple as a telephone call to ParentLink's WarmLine professionals. Other doorways for information and support include ParentLink's Web site, other Web applications, media campaigns, and forthcoming neighborhood‐based Parenting Corners. Information gathered from parents and communities about parenting issues will in turn shape future programs and policies.
Adult Children of Fathers Missing in Action (MIA): An Examination of Emotional Distress, Grief, and Family Hardiness*
Authors: Campbell Cathy L. , Demi Alice S.
Published: February 2004

This study investigated the relationships among emotional distress, grief, and family hardiness in adult children of missing in action (MIA) fathers using the Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment and Adaptation. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected in telephone interviews of twenty adult children. Results indicated that 25 years after notification of their father's MIA status, participants still had unresolved grief. Findings provide some support for family hardiness as a strength that facilitated family bonadaptation.
Sibling Relationships, Fairness, and Conflict Over Transfer of the Farm
Authors: Taylor Janet E. , Norris Joan E.
Published: February 2004

Fairness and conflict over the transfer of the family farm were examined from the perspective of the younger generation. Thirty‐six farm successors and one of his or her off‐farm siblings completed measures on conflict over transfer, fairness of transfer, rules of fairness, and family warmth. Strong support was found for the hypothesis that lower scores on family warmth, disagreement on fairness, and disagreement on rules of fairness were predictive of conflict over transfer. Implications are discussed in terms of interventions with farm families.
Household, Parent, and Child Contributions to Childhood Obesity*
Authors: Gable Sara , Lutz Susan
Published: February 2004

Ongoing increases in adult and child obesity have become a serious public health concern. The current study of 65 parent‐child pairs uses parent‐completed surveys and child Body Mass Index (BMI) to portray the potential family processes that put children at risk and to illustrate the household environment, parenting beliefs, and child characteristics of obese and non‐obese children. Results suggest that efforts to curb childhood obesity should address improving parent knowledge of child nutrition and reducing child television viewing.
When Mothers Turn to Their Adolescent Daughters: Predicting Daughters' Vulnerability to Negative Adjustment Outcomes*
Authors: Koerner Susan Silverberg , Jacobs Stephanie L. , Raymond Meghan
Published: February 2004

Mother‐to‐daughter disclosure regarding two sensitive topic areas—financial concerns and complaints/anger toward the ex‐husband (the adolescent girl's father)—was examined in a sample of 62 mother/adolescent‐daughter dyads following the mother's divorce. Most mothers in the current sample have disclosed to their daughters on these two topics, but with varying levels of detail and diverse motivations. Daughter perceptions of maternal disclosure were associated with daughter psychological distress, regardless of daughter age.
Parental Role Identity and Fathers' Involvement in Coparental Interaction After Divorce: Fathers' Perspectives*
Authors: Madden‐Derdich Debra A. , Leonard Stacie A.
Published: February 2004

The current study was designed to test a family systems‐based model of fathers' involvement in coparental interaction during the first year postdivorce (n = 62 fathers). A multiple regression strategy was employed to test the proposed model. Support from the former spouse and fathers' satisfaction with their own parenting performance emerged as significant predictors of coparental interaction. Secondary moderation analyses were conducted to investigate the role that legal custody status played in the proposed model.
Adoption, Family Ideology, and Social Stigma: Bias in Community Attitudes, Adoption Research, and Practice
Authors: Wegar Katarina
Published: February 2004

This article explores the impact of the dominant North American genetic family ideal on community attitudes toward adoption, on adoption research, and on the beliefs and attitudes of adoption case workers. It examines how the failure to recognize the stigmatized social position of adoptive families has shaped not only current public opinion about adoption, but adoption research and practice as well. In conclusion, the article offers suggestions for erasing negative bias from adoption research and practice.
Adopting Children with Developmental Disabilities: A Long‐Term Perspective*
Authors: Glidden Laraine Masters
Published: February 2004

Long‐term maternal adjustment to the adoption of children with developmental disabilities was studied in a sample of 123 adoptive families using multiple measures of adjustment including depression, marital satisfaction and others. Conclusions were that adjustment was generally positive over an approximately 11‐year period, regardless of family demographic or child characteristics. Moreover, adjustment to subsequently‐adopted children was comparable to adjustment to earlier adopted children. These results suggest that adoption policy and practice should promote the adoption of children with developmental disabilities, and be flexible with regard to family and child characteristics, including placing multiple children with disabilities in the same home.
Adult Adoptees and Their Friends: Current Functioning and Psychosocial Well‐Being*
Authors: Borders L. DiAnne , Penny Judith M. , Portnoy Francie
Published: February 2004

Adoptees (n= 100) and a matched group of their friends completed measures of psychosocial well‐being thought particularly salient for adult adoptees. Results indicated more similarities (life satisfaction, life regrets, purpose in life, intimacy, substance abuse) than differences (connectedness, depression, self‐esteem) between the two groups. Adoptees expressed stronger regrets about 75 general than adopted‐related issues. Follow‐up analyses suggested greater variability within the adoptee than the friend group on several variables; search status helped explain this greater variability.
Paths to the Facilitation of Open Adoption
Authors: Sobol Michael P. , Daly Kerry J. , Kelloway E. Kevin
Published: February 2004

The present study was designed to test a model of the paths leading to the facilitation of open adoption. Professionals used open facilitation if they held optimistic attitudes about its effects. Belief in the positive effects of openness were in turn associated with liberal placement boundaries and short list criteria. A second path described older, better educated and employed birth mothers choosing urban, fee‐charging facilitators who were more likely to have incorporated openness into their adoption practice.
Competence of Children Adopted from the Former Soviet Union
Authors: McGuinness Teena , Pallansch Leona
Published: February 2004

The former USSR led the way with the most children adopted from overseas into the United States from 1997‐1999. This study (a) characterizes overall functioning of adoptees and (b) utilizes hierarchical regression analysis to evaluate both risks and protective influences of adoptive families and their relationships to child competence. Competence levels ranged from challenged to developmentally normal. Family cohesion and expressiveness were significantly associated with higher levels of child competence.
Glutamate and tachykinin receptors in central sensitization of withdrawal reflexes in the decerebrated rabbit
Authors: Harris J. , Joules C. , Stanley C. , Thomas P. , Clarke R. W.
Published: February 2004

This study assessed the involvement of NMDA and group I metabotropic glutamate receptors, and tachykinin NK1 and NK3 receptors, in central sensitization of withdrawal reflexes in the decerebrated rabbit. Reflexes evoked in the ankle flexor tibialis anterior and the knee flexor semitendinosus by electrical stimulation at the base of the toes were enhanced for 29–63 min after application of 20% mustard oil to the tips of the toes. Selective antagonists of mGlu1, mGlu5, NMDA and NR2B‐subunit‐containing NMDA glutamate receptors, as well as NK1, and NK3 receptors, and a non‐selective blocker of all tachykinin receptors, were assessed for their effects on the magnitude and duration of the increase in reflexes induced by mustard oil. Dizocilpine, an antagonist of all NMDA receptors (1 mg intrathecal) abolished facilitation of tibialis anterior reflexes and significantly reduced the magnitude and duration of increase of the semitendinosus response. The NR2B‐subtype selective antagonist CP‐101,606 decreased the magnitude of facilitation of both reflexes but had no effect on duration of enhancement. Selective antagonists for the mGlu1 (CPCCOEt, 1–3 mg intrathecal), mGlu5 (MPEP, 0.2–1 mg intrathecal), NK1 (L‐733,060, 0.3 mg intrathecal) or NK3 (SR 142,801, 1 mg kg−1i.v.) receptors had no effect on the amplitude or duration of sensitization. However, the non‐selective tachykinin receptor blocker ZD‐6021 (0.3 mg intrathecal) reduced the amplitude but not the duration of sensitization in the flexor reflexes. Combination of ZD‐6021 with CP‐101,606 (doses as above) decreased both aspects of the sensitization response. Dizocilpine reduced reflexes evoked from the heel per se, and dizocilpine, CP‐101,606 and ZD‐6021 reduced arterial blood pressure. Otherwise the drugs used had no effects on baseline variables. The present data confirm the importance of NMDA receptors as a critical part of the process of central sensitization, provide no evidence for a role of metabotropic glutamate receptors, and show that simultaneous blockade of all tachykinin receptors is required to reveal their role in hyperalgesia. The data further indicate that a combined pharmacological approach offers a potential way forward for the development of new antihyperalgesic agents.
Nitric oxide‐dependent protein synthesis in parotid and submandibular glands of anaesthetized rats upon sympathetic stimulation or isoprenaline administration
Authors: Sayardoust Shariel , Ekström J.
Published: February 2004

In anaesthetized female rats, the β‐adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline was intravenously infused (20 μg kg−1 min−1) for 30 min or the ascending cervical sympathetic nerve trunk was intermittently stimulated (50 Hz, 1 s every tenth second) on one side for 30 min. The incorporation of [3H]leucine into trichloroacetic acid (TCA)‐insoluble material was used as an index of protein synthesis. In response to isoprenaline, the [3H]leucine incorporation increased by 79% in the parotid glands and by 82% in the submandibular glands. The neuronal type NO‐synthase inhibitor N‐PLA, reduced (P < 0.001) this response to 26% and 20%, respectively. Sympathetic stimulation under α‐adrenoceptor blockade increased the [3H]leucine incorporation by 192% in the parotid glands and by 35% in the submandibular glands. N‐PLA reduced the corresponding percentage figures to 86% (P < 0.01) and 8% (P < 0.05). When tested in the parotid glands, the non‐selective NO‐synthase inhibitor L‐NAME reduced (P < 0.01) the nerve‐evoked response to 91%. The increase in [3H]leucine incorporation in response to sympathetic stimulation under β‐adrenoceptor blockade was not affected by N‐PLA in the parotid (139%versus 144%) and submandibular glands (39%versus 34%). In non‐stimulated glands, the [3H]leucine incorporation was not influenced by the NO‐synthase inhibitors. In conclusion, β‐adrenoceptor mediated salivary gland protein synthesis is largely dependent on NO generation by neuronal type NO‐synthase, most likely of parenchymal origin.
Volume regulation is defective in renal proximal tubule cells isolated from KCNE1 knockout mice
Authors: Millar I. D. , Hartley J. A. , Haigh C. , Grace A. A. , White S. J. , Kibble J. D. , Robson L.
Published: February 2004

The membrane protein KCNE1 has been implicated in cell volume regulation. Using a knockout mouse model, this study examined the role of KCNE1 in regulatory volume decrease (RVD) in freshly isolated renal proximal tubule cells. Cell diameter was measured using an optical technique in response to hypotonic shock and stimulation of Na+‐alanine cotransport in cells isolated from wild‐type and KCNE1 knockout mice. In HEPES buffered solutions 64% of wild‐type and 56% of knockout cells demonstrated RVD. In HCO−3 buffered solutions 100% of the wild‐type cells showed RVD, while in the knockout cells the proportion of cells displaying RVD remained unchanged. RVD in the knockout cells was rescued by valinomycin, a K+ ionophore. In wild‐type HCO−3 dependent cells the K+ channel inhibitors barium and clofilium inhibited RVD. These data suggest that mouse renal proximal tubule is comprised of two cell populations. One cell population is capable of RVD in the absence of HCO−3, whereas RVD in the other cell population has an absolute requirement for HCO−3. The HCO−3 dependent RVD requires the normal expression of KCNE1.
Heart rate and heart rate variability in chicken embryos at the end of incubation
Authors: Aubert André E. , Beckers Frank , Ramaekers Dirk , Verheyden Bart , Leribaux Christophe , Aerts Jean‐Marie , Berckmans Daniël
Published: February 2004

Our immediate goal was to study heart rate variability (HRV) in chicken embryos in the egg. Instantaneous heart rate data were needed for this purpose, and accordingly an ECG recording method in the egg was developed. The aim of this work was to test the hypothesis that autonomic nervous cardiac modulation, as shown from HRV parameters, is present at the end of development and that it reaches a constant value during the last days of incubation. Embryonic chicken heart rate was obtained at the final incubation period (days 19 and 20) from ECG recordings. Tachograms were computed and time‐ and frequency‐domain indices of HRV were determined. No significant differences were found between HRV indices from day 19 and day 20. The power spectra extended in two frequency bands with centre frequency around 0.6–0.7 Hz (low frequency (LF) component), and another around 1.2–1.5 Hz (high frequency (HF) component); the latter was shown to reflect respiratory sinus arrhythmia. A relation between mean RR interval and some HRV parameters (rMSSD, pNN5 and HF power) was shown. HRV results obtained from embryonic chickens, showed the presence of modulation of cardiovascular function by the autonomic nervous system. The results suggested that sympathetic and parasympathetic activities have already reached a constant level at day 19 of incubation. High frequency oscillations (0.78–2.5 Hz) were detected and are considered to reflect respiratory sinus arrhythmia.
Experimental and Analytical Investigations of the Dynamic Response of Adhesively Bonded Single Lap Joints
Authors: Vaziri A. , Nayeb-Hashemi H. , Hamidzadeh H. R.
Published: February 2004

Dynamic response of single lap joints, subjected to a harmonic peeling load is studied theoretically and experimentally. In the theoretical part, dynamic response of a single lap joint clamped at one end and subjected to a harmonic peeling load at the other end is investigated. Adherents are modeled as Euler-Bernouli beams joined in the lap area by a viscoelastic adhesive layer. Both axial and transverse deformations of adherents are considered in deriving the equations of motion. The effects of adhesive layer thickness, mechanical properties and its loss factor on the dynamic response of the joint are investigated. Furthermore, effects of defects such as a void in the lap area on the dynamic response of the joints are studied. The results showed that frequencies where peak amplitudes occurred were little dependent on the adhesive loss factor. However, peak amplitudes reduced for joints with a higher adhesive loss factor. Furthermore, the results indicated that for the joint geometries and properties investigated the system resonant frequencies were not affected by the presence of a central void covering up to 80% of the overlap length. In the experimental part, single lap joints were fabricated using 6061-T6 Aluminum. Adherents were joined together using Hysol EA 9689 adhesive film. Joints with various central voids were manufactured by removing adhesive film from the desired area of lap joints prior to bonding adherents. Dynamic responses of the joints were investigated using the hammer test technique. The system response was measured using both an accelerometer and a noncontact laser vibrometer. The natural frequencies of the joints obtained by using the laser vibrometer were very close to those obtained theoretically. However, natural frequencies obtained by using an accelerometer depended on the accelerometer location in the system, which was attributed to its mass contribution to the over- all system mass. A central void covering less than 80% of the overlap length had little effect on the system resonance frequencies. This was in agreement with the theoretical results. In contrast total system-damping ratios were a function of the void size. Joints without a void exhibited higher damping.
Dynamic Behavior of Piezoelectric Recurve Actuation Architectures
Authors: Ervin James D. , Brei Diann E.
Published: February 2004

A new family of piezoelectric actuators, called Recurves, exhibits high work per volume and have the extra benefit of performance and packaging tailorability. The focus of this paper is the dynamic performance of this novel actuation scheme. Two dynamic models, a detailed transfer matrix model and a simpler rod approximation model, are presented to predict the steady state frequency response of a general Recurve actuator driving a mass and spring load. Results from a 23 design of experiments are given that validate these models and demonstrate the impact of the architectural design parameters on the dynamic behavior of a generic Recurve actuator.