bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formation of biogenic amines in fillets and minced flesh of three freshwater fish species stored at 3 °C and 15 °C
Authors: Křížek Martin , Vácha František , Vejsada Pavel , Pelikánová Tamara
Published: March 2012

The aim of the present study was to compare the dynamics of biogenic amines formation in three freshwater fish species, to compare the progress of chemical changes in filleted and minced flesh, to find correlations of such changes with sensory properties and to find possible quality indicators for selected fish species. Samples (n = 156) of fish fillets and fish mince of common carp (Cyprinus carpio), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and perch (Perca fluviatilis) were stored at 3 °C and 15 °C. The amines were determined as the N-substituted benzamides, after derivatization with benzoylchloride by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Based on the biogenic amine contents and sensory properties, the shelf life of samples at 3 °C was 11–16 days and 7–10 days for fillets and mince, respectively, and 2–3 days at 15 °C regardless of sample processing. Content of putrescine seems to be a good quality indicator for all examined fish species. The fish species and the method of flesh processing did not have a significant influence on the putrescine formation. Tyramine was formed mainly in carp and trout mince at 15 °C. Samples of good and acceptable quality did not contain toxicologically significant concentrations of histamine or tyramine. Contrary to marine fish, information about biogenic amines contents in freshwater fish is scarce. Comparison of the dynamics of amines formation in fillets and processed fish flesh has not been studied yet. The progress of decomposition processes is compared based on dynamic models.
Comparison of meat products’ composition bearing/not-bearing claims marketed in the Czech Republic
Authors: Steinhauserová Pavla , Řehůřková Irena , Ruprich Jiří
Published: March 2012

The aim of this study was to analyse the occurrence and specific composition of meat products (MPs) bearing nutrition/health claims marketed in the Czech Republic. MPs were analysed for fat content, fatty acids (FA) composition and sodium (Na) content. The compliance with legal requirements (Regulation EC No 1924/2006) and information stated on the product was checked.This study is the first one in the Czech Republic dealing with this issue. Among hundreds of marketed MPs, we observed only a limited number of MPs bearing claims. We analysed and compared chemical composition of 12 MPs bearing nutrition claims to 5 identical brand products without any claim. None of the claims dealt with reduced amount of Na/salt content and none was evaluated as an explicit health claim. Most of the mentioned nutrition claims were declared as “Fit, Fitness, Light, Wellness, With low/reduced fat”. Only one claim mentioned “ω3 FA addition”. All analytical results, except one product with claim “Low/reduced fat” or “Light” (if connected with fat reduction), corresponded to the legal requirements and information stated on the product. Three statements on the products associated with Na/salt content did not correspond to the amount measured in the sample. When comparing MPs “with” and “without” nutrition claim, lightly reduced fat or added amount of ω3 FA was recognized only in one product with claim. Other indicators, such as Na/salt content, better FA profile or more evident fat reduction were not found. The results of our study show that claims such as “Healthier, Fit, Fitness or Wellness” may be considered as somewhat misleading for consumers.
Effects of carprofen or meloxicam on selected haemostatic variables in miniature pigs after orthopaedic surgery
Authors: Raušer Petr , Lexmaulová Leona , Srnec Robert , Urbanová Lucie , Proks Pavel , Nečas Alois
Published: March 2012

The aim of the study was to detect and compare the haemostatic variables and bleeding after 7‑days administration of carprofen or meloxicam in clinically healthy miniature pigs. Twenty-one clinically healthy Göttingen miniature pigs were divided into 3 groups. Selected haemostatic variables such as platelet count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, fibrinogen, serum biochemical variables such as total protein, bilirubin, urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase and haemoglobin, haematocrit, red blood cells, white blood cells and buccal mucosal bleeding time were assessed before and 7 days after daily intramuscular administration of saline (1.5 ml per animal, control group), carprofen (2 mg·kg-1) or meloxicam (0.1 mg·kg-1). In pigs receiving carprofen or meloxicam, the thrombin time was significantly increased (p< 0.01) compared to the control group. In animals receiving carprofen, serum urea and creatinine were significantly decreased, compared to the control (p< 0.01) or meloxicam (p< 0.05) groups. In pigs receiving meloxicam, serum urea was significantly decreased (p< 0.05) compared to the control group. Significant differences were not detected in other haemostatic, biochemical variables or bleeding time compared to other groups or to the pretreatment values. Intramuscular administration of carprofen or meloxicam in healthy miniature pigs for 7 days causes sporadic, but not clinically important changes of selected haemostatic variables. Therefore, we can recommend them for perioperative use, e.g. for their analgesic effects, in orthopaedic or other surgical procedures without increased bleeding.
Radiofrequency ablation of pancreas and optimal cooling of peripancreatic tissue in an ex-vivo porcine model
Authors: Crha Michal , Hlavsa Jan , Procházka Vladimír , Andrašina Tomáš , Svobodová Iva , Urbanová Lucie , Pavlík Tomáš , Raušer Petr , Lorenzová Jana , Kala Zdeněk , Nečas Alois
Published: March 2012

Radiofrequency ablation is a possible palliative treatment for patients suffering from pancreatic neoplasia. However, radiofrequency-induced damage to the peripancreatic tissues during pancreatic ablation might cause fatal complications. The aim of this experimental ex vivo study on pigs was to verify ablation protocols and evaluate whether or not the cooling of peripancereatic tissues during pancreatic ablation has any benefit for their protection against thermal injury. Radiofrequency ablation was performed on 52 pancreatic specimens obtained from pigs. During each pancreatic ablation, continuous measurements of the temperature in the portal vein and duodenal lumen were performed. Peripancreatic tissues were either not cooled or were cooled by being submerged in 14 °C water, or by a perfusion of the portal vein and duodenum with 14 °C saline. The effects of variation in target temperature of the ablated area (90 °C and 100 °C), duration of ablation (5 and 10 min) and the effect of peripancreatic tissues cooling were studied. We proved that optimal radiofrequency ablation of the porcine pancreas can be reached with the temperature of 90  °C for 5 min in the ablated area. The perfusion of the duodenal and portal vein by 14 °C saline was found to be the most effective cooling method for minimizing damage to the walls. Continuous measurement of temperatures in peripancreatic tissues will provide useful feedback to assist in their protection against thermal injury. This therapy could be used in the treatment of pancreatic tumours.
Accreditation Requirements and the Speed of Labour Market Adjustment in Canadian Building Trades
Authors: Coe Patrick J. , Herbert Emery J.C.
Published: March 2012

We investigate the influence of accreditation requirements on the speed of adjustment in the markets for eight building trades in 20 Canadian cities from 1971 to 2010. We aim to improve our understanding of how labour market institutions and regulations may impede adjustment in the markets for skilled labour, and therefore lead to persistent skills imbalances. Our estimates for the speed of labour market adjustment in construction trades cast doubt on characterizations of markets for skilled labour in Canada as “inflexible” and we find little evidence that longer apprenticeship programs are associated with slower labour market adjustment.
Counter-Reformation Theology and Art: The Example of Rubens's Paintings of the Passion
Authors: Viladesau Richard
Published: March 2012

Abstract:

The Counter-Reformation period is a rare example of a direct influence of theological ideas on painting—not only in themes but also in style. The altarpieces of Peter Paul Rubens are a supreme example of baroque Catholic painting that translates Tridentine theology into art.
Can Art Be Theology?
Authors: Coupar Regina
Published: March 2012

Abstract:

Systematic theology is intellectual inquiry that aims to clarify the major doctrines of the Christian faith with a view to expanding understanding of God for the time in which it is produced. Though it is commonly assumed that systematic theology must be created and conveyed through the medium of words, in this paper I show that it can also be done with and through visual art.
Adjoint sensitivities of sub-ice-shelf melt rates to ocean circulation under the Pine Island Ice Shelf, West Antarctica
Authors: Heimbach Patrick , Losch Martin
Published: March 2012

We investigate the sensitivity of sub-ice-shelf melt rates under Pine Island Ice Shelf, West Antarctica, to changes in the oceanic state using an adjoint ocean model that is capable of representing the flow in sub-ice-shelf cavities. The adjoint code is based on algorithmic differentiation (AD) of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s ocean general circulation model (MITgcm). The adjoint model was extended by adding into the AD process the corresponding sub-ice-shelf cavity code, which implements a three-equation thermodynamic melt-rate parameterization to infer heat and freshwater fluxes at the ice-shelf/ocean boundary. The inferred sensitivities reveal dominant timescales of 30–60 days over which the shelf exit is connected to the deep interior via advective processes. They exhibit rich three-dimensional time-evolving patterns that can be understood in terms of a combination of the buoyancy forcing by inflowing water masses, the cavity geometry and the effect of rotation and topography in steering the flow in the presence of prominent features in the bedrock bathymetry. Dominant sensitivity pathways are found over a sill, as well as ‘shadow regions’ of very low sensitivities. To the extent that these transient patterns are robust they carry important information for decision-making in observation deployment and monitoring.
Tidewater glacier fluctuations in central East Greenland coastal and fjord regions (1980s–2005)
Authors: Jiskoot Hester , Juhlin Dan , St Pierre Heather , Citterio Michele
Published: March 2012

Summer 2000/01 ASTER and Landsat 7 scenes and semi-automated digitization were used to compile a glacier inventory for local glaciers of the Geikie Plateau region, central East Greenland. Of the 332 glaciers (41 591 km2), 120 are tidewater-terminating and drain 90% of the glacierized area. Differencing the 2000/01 tidewater margins from the 1980s GEUS map database ice polygons (113 glaciers) and from 2004/05 ASTER tidewater margins (78 glaciers) shows a cumulative tidewater terminus width decrease from 196 km to 183 km between the 1980s and 2000s, with a corresponding areal loss of ~31 km2 and an effective length change of –14.3 km. Between 2000/01 and 2004/05, areal loss was 26 km2. Average margin retreat rate increased two- to threefold, from 1.7–2.1km2 a–1 (1980s– 2000) to 3.9–5.7km2 a–1 (2000–05). Advances are negligible, apart from two surges, of which one was previously undetected. Coastal, ‘outer’ fjord-terminating, glaciers have two to three times larger areal and effective length retreat rates than ‘inner’ fjord-terminating glaciers. We investigate possible causes and hypothesize that, in addition to ocean temperature and sea ice, changes in sea fog may affect coastal-terminating more than inner fjord-terminating glaciers.
Estimating ocean heat transports and submarine melt rates in Sermilik Fjord, Greenland, using lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler (LADCP) velocity profiles
Authors: Sutherland David A. , Straneo Fiammetta
Published: March 2012

Submarine melting at the ice–ocean interface is a significant term in the mass balance of marine-terminating outlet glaciers. However, obtaining direct measurements of the submarine melt rate, or the ocean heat transport towards the glacier that drives this melting, has been difficult due to the scarcity of observations, as well as the complexity of oceanic flows. Here we present a method that uses synoptic velocity and temperature profiles, but accounts for the dominant mode of velocity variability, to obtain representative heat transport estimates. We apply this method to the Sermilik Fjord–Helheim Glacier system in southeastern Greenland. Using lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler (LADCP) and hydrographic data collected in summer 2009, we find a mean heat transport towards the glacier of 29 × 109W, implying a submarine melt rate at the glacier face of 650 ma–1. The resulting adjusted velocity profile is indicative of a multilayer residual circulation, where the meltwater mixture flows out of the fjord at the surface and at the stratification maximum.
The role of Pine Island Glacier ice shelf basal channels in deep-water upwelling, polynyas and ocean circulation in Pine Island Bay, Antarctica
Authors: Mankoff Kenneth D. , Jacobs Stanley S. , Tulaczyk Slawek M. , Stammerjohn Sharon E.
Published: March 2012

Several hundred visible and thermal infrared satellite images of Antarctica’s southeast Amundsen Sea from 1986 to 2011, combined with aerial observations in 2009, show a strong inverse relation between prominent curvilinear surface depressions and the underlying basal morphology of the outer Pine Island Glacier ice shelf. Shipboard measurements near the calving front reveal positive temperature, salinity and current anomalies indicative of melt-laden, deep-water outflows near and above the larger channel termini. These buoyant plumes rise to the surface and are expressed as small polynyas in the sea ice and thermal signatures in the open water. The warm upwellings also trace the cyclonic surface circulation in Pine Island Bay. The satellite coverage suggests changing modes of ocean/ice interactions, dominated by leads along the ice shelf through 1999, fast ice and polynyas from 2000 to 2007, and larger areas of open water since 2008.
Surface mass balance and stable oxygen isotope ratios from shallow firn cores on Fimbulisen, East Antarctica
Authors: Schlosser E. , Anschütz H. , Isaksson E. , Martma T. , Divine D. , Nøst O.-A.
Published: March 2012

The mass balance of Antarctica is one of the crucial factors for determining sea-level change in a warming climate. The marginal zones of the continent, namely the ice shelves, are most sensitive to climate change. During the 2009/10 austral summer an extensive glaciological field campaign was carried out on Fimbulisen, an ice shelf in East Antarctica, to investigate its recent surface mass balance. Shallow (10–18 m) firn cores were drilled and accumulation rates and stable-isotope ratios determined. For firn-core dating, two different methods were compared: (1) seasonal variations of stable oxygen isotope ratios (δ18O), and (2) dielectric profiling, including using the volcanic eruptions of Pinatubo, Philippines (1991), and El Chichόn, Mexico (1982), as time markers. The mean annual accumulation for the period 1992–2009 ranges from 298 to 349 mmw.e. a–1. The interannual variability at the drilling sites is >30%. Accumulation rates show a weak decreasing trend during the past 20–30 years, which is statistically significant only for one of the cores. Stable-isotope ratios were compared to the snowfall temperature of Neumayer station. Neither the temperatures nor the δ18O values show any trend for the investigated time period.
Radar characterization of the basal interface across the grounding zone of an ice-rise promontory in East Antarctica
Authors: Matsuoka Kenichi , Pattyn Frank , Callens Denis , Conway Howard
Published: March 2012

Radar power returned from the basal interface along a 42 km long profile over an ice-rise promontory and the adjacent Roi Baudouin ice shelf, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, is analyzed to infer spatial variations in basal reflectivity and hence the basal environment. Extracting basal reflectivity from basal returned power requires an englacial attenuation model. We estimate attenuation in two ways: (1) using a temperature-dependent model with input from thermomechanical ice-flow models; and (2) using a radar method that linearly approximates the geometrically corrected returned power with ice thickness. The two methods give different results. We argue that attenuation calculated using a modeled temperature profile is more robust than the widely used radar method, especially in locations where depth-averaged attenuation varies spatially or where the patterns of basal reflectivity correlate with the patterns of the ice thickness.
Tropical forcing of Circumpolar Deep Water Inflow and outlet glacier thinning in the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica
Authors: Steig E.J. , Ding Q. , Battisti D.S. , Jenkins A.
Published: March 2012

Outlet glaciers draining the Antarctic ice sheet into the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE) have accelerated in recent decades, most likely as a result of increased melting of their ice-shelf termini by warm Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW). An ocean model forced with climate reanalysis data shows that, beginning in the early 1990s, an increase in westerly wind stress near the continental shelf edge drove an increase in CDW inflow onto the shelf. The change in local wind stress occurred predominantly in fall and early winter, associated with anomalous high sea-level pressure (SLP) to the north of the ASE and an increase in sea surface temperature (SST) in the central tropical Pacific. The SLP change is associated with geopotential height anomalies in the middle and upper troposphere, characteristic of a stationary Rossby wave response to tropical SST forcing, rather than with changes in the zonally symmetric circulation. Tropical Pacific warming similar to that of the 1990s occurred in the 1940s, and thus is a candidate for initiating the current period of ASE glacier retreat.
Blocking a wave: frequency band gaps in ice shelves with periodic crevasses
Authors: Freed-Brown Julian , Amundson Jason M. , MacAyeal Douglas R. , Zhang Wendy W.
Published: March 2012

We assess how the propagation of high-frequency elastic-flexural waves through an ice shelf is modified by the presence of spatially periodic crevasses. Analysis of the normal modes supported by the ice shelf with and without crevasses reveals that a periodic crevasse distribution qualitatively changes the mechanical response. The normal modes of an ice shelf free of crevasses are evenly distributed as a function of frequency. In contrast, the normal modes of a crevasse-ridden ice shelf are distributed unevenly. There are ‘band gaps’, frequency ranges over which no eigenmodes exist. A model ice shelf that is 50 km in lateral extent and 300 m thick with crevasses spaced 500 m apart has a band gap from 0.2 to 0.38 Hz. This is a frequency range relevant for ocean-wave/ice-shelf interactions. When the outermost edge of the crevassed ice shelf is oscillated at a frequency within the band gap, the ice shelf responds very differently from a crevasse-free ice shelf. The flexural motion of the crevassed ice shelf is confined to a small region near the outermost edge of the ice shelf and effectively ‘blocked’ from reaching the interior.
Resolution requirements for grounding-line modelling: sensitivity to basal drag and ice-shelf buttressing
Authors: Gladstone Rupert M. , Payne Antony J. , Cornford Stephen L.
Published: March 2012

Simulations of grounding-line migration in ice-sheet models using a fixed grid have been shown to exhibit poor convergence at achievable resolutions. We present a series of ‘shelfy-stream’ flowline model experiments using an idealized set-up. We assess the performance of a range of grounding-line parameterizations (GLPs) over a large input space by varying bedrock gradient, rate factor, basal drag coefficient and net accumulation. The relative performance of GLPs is similar to Gladstone and others (2010a) except at low basal drag, in which case the grounding-line errors are very small for all GLPs. We find that grounding-line errors are far more sensitive to basal drag than to the other inputs or to choice of GLP. We then quantify grounding-line errors as a function of resolution while varying basal drag and channel width (using a parameterization to represent buttressing). Reducing either basal drag or channel width reduces the errors associated with the grounding line. Our results suggest that a structured fixed-grid shelfy-stream ice-sheet model would need to run at a horizontal resolution of ~1–2km to accurately simulate grounding-line positions of marine ice-sheet outlet glaciers such as Pine Island Glacier, Antarctica.
Impact of ice-shelf basal melting on inland ice-sheet thickness: a model study
Authors: Determann Jürgen , Thoma Malte , Grosfeld Klaus , Massmann Sylvia
Published: March 2012

Ice flow from the ice sheets to the ocean contains the maximum potential contributing to future eustatic sea-level rise. In Antarctica most mass fluxes occur via the extended ice-shelf regions covering more than half the Antarctic coastline. The most extended ice shelves are the Filchner–Ronne and Ross Ice Shelves, which contribute ~30% to the total mass loss caused by basal melting. Basal melt rates here show small to moderate average amplitudes of <0.5ma–1. By comparison, the smaller but most vulnerable ice shelves in the Amundsen and Bellinghausen Seas show much higher melt rates (up to 30 ma–1), but overall basal mass loss is comparably small due to the small size of the ice shelves. The pivotal question for both characteristic ice-shelf regions, however, is the impact of ocean melting, and, coevally, change in ice-shelf thickness, on the flow dynamics of the hinterland ice masses. In theory, ice-shelf back-pressure acts to stabilize the ice sheet, and thus the ice volume stored above sea level. We use the three-dimensional (3-D) thermomechanical ice-flow model RIMBAY to investigate the ice flow in a regularly shaped model domain, including ice-sheet, ice-shelf and open-ocean regions. By using melting scenarios for perturbation studies, we find a hysteresis-like behaviour. The experiments show that the system regains its initial state when perturbations are switched off. Average basal melt rates of up to 2 ma–1 as well as spatially variable melting calculated by our 3-D ocean model ROMBAX act as basal boundary conditions in time-dependent model studies. Changes in ice volume and grounding-line position are monitored after 1000 years of modelling and reveal mass losses of up to 40 Gt a–1.
Fractal grain distribution in snow avalanche deposits
Authors: De Biagi Valerio , Chiaia Bernardino , Frigo Barbara
Published: March 2012

Scale-invariant phenomena are common in nature and fractals represent a suitable mathematical tool to describe them. Snow avalanche flow is made up of a mixture of grains and aggregates (granules) which can be broken or sintered together. The granular properties and interactions are important in understanding how avalanches flow. In this paper a fractal model for describing the grain-size distribution in the deposit of a snow avalanche is formulated by introducing the concept of aggregation probability. Although the model is two-dimensional, an extension to the three-dimensional case is proposed in the conclusions. The cumulative size distribution law is extrapolated from the model, and a physical discussion on fractal parameters is conducted. Finally, an experimental application to a real avalanche event is considered to confirm the predictions of the model and to present an extension to multifractality.
Making design concepts in the nineties. Theoretical models of UN Studio
Authors: Bun Zoltán
Published: March 2012

Attending to the thinking of the second half of the twentieth century there has been a shift from the related-causal image of science to a kind of classification (the examination of local singularities), from closed disciplines to their in-betweenness, from abstract views to pragmatic, then in the territory of architecture from the direct representation of drawings to generative-organisational model of a diagram, from reactive-post-critical theory to a proactive and productive one. Pluralism and relativity has taken the place of dominating and universal modes of thought, discrete-networked models have been playing a leading role beside continuous-linear ones, as have digital aspects beside analogue ones, as blob forms beside boxes. The analysis of this change in the section of the 1990s can be made by the case study of the oeuvre of UN Studio. The architecture of Ben van Berkel and Caroline Bos is important as it is the key example of the process of dissolving theory in practice. Illustrating their imaginatio
n, buildings are being constructed parallel with the intended evolution and self-critical concepts of design and state of architect.
For the centenary of Hungary´s first reinforced concrete church in Rárósmulyad
Authors: Vető Dániel
Published: March 2012

This year is the centenary of the first reinforced concrete church of Hungary. The Saint Elisabeth Church in Rárósmulyad
was designed by the architect István Medgyaszay and is both a technical and historical monument.
The special structure of the dome of the church is made of prefabricated elements.
The construction of the building and its static behaviour is also discussed.
The cost effectiveness of continuous maintenance for monuments and historic buildings
Authors: Kutasi Dávid , Vidovszky István
Published: March 2012

For cultural and aesthetic reasons, it seems obvious, that sustaining the high quality of historic buildings is a necessity. There are a number of organizations maintaining historic buildings by a monitoring system all over Europe, although there is no published data on the economic advantages of the practice.
The aim of our research is to show that besides the cultural and aesthetic arguments, there are sound economic reasons for continuous maintenance. Our study focuses on the costs by comparing the case of regular maintenance, to that of isolated renovation that takes place every 15 or 20 years after a long period of negligence. In our pilot we have monitored six typical historic buildings to identify the economic facts alongside the aesthetic and cultural arguments, in order to clarify the importance of keeping our built heritage in good condition.
Contemporary Spanish exhibition spaces
Authors: Vukoszávlyev Zorán , Kóródy Anna , Szendrei Zsolt
Published: March 2012

The resource paper analyses the contemporary Spanish architecture of museums and exhibition spaces based on different architectural aspects. The increasing number of museums in the last 20 years intensifies the actuality of the theme - contemporary museologists have established a tendency of building new museums. The continuous growth of the number and types of exhibition spaces demand a new way of systematization. In addition, the museum has become a communal and meeting place, which situates the exhibited works of art in a new context, providing wide perspective for examining art, architecture and their connection, and giving a general idea of that in the examined epoch.
The aspects of the analysis developed by ourselves have an approach based on design, completing the existing museological and historical bibliography. The architecture of exhibition spaces is one of the most independent genres and it allows unique forming of space and volume, however, there are strict tendencies that make their classifying possible.
The Past is Present: Pied-Noir Returns to Algeria
Authors: Hubbell Amy L.
Published: March 2012

While Algeria has long been a popular subject for travel writers, since its decolonization in 1962, the travelogues documenting journeys to Algeria have predominantly become returns and reunions with the homeland. Immediately after their exile from Algeria during and after the war for independence, the Pieds-Noirs, or former French citizens of Algeria, began returning to their homeland in their memories, literature, and recently, their films. Early return narratives were almost always filled with nostalgic descriptions of familiar places and sensations in an effort to bridge over the ruptures with the past. By transposing the colonial past onto the present, the travelogues effectively stop time in the homeland. However, more recent returns often demonstrate the instability of the past. Through a study of Marie Cardinal's Au pays de mes racines and Hélène Cixous's Si près, this article investigates how Algerian return narratives have begun to deconstruct themselves, and yet the past is ever present within them.
Challenges for Managing Fisheries on Diverse Coral Reefs
Authors: Fenner Douglas
Published: March 2012

Widespread coral reef decline has included the decline of reef fish populations, and the subsistence and artisanal fisheries that depend on them. Overfishing and destructive fishing have been identified as the greatest local threats to coral reefs, but the greatest future threats are acidification and increases in mass coral bleaching caused by global warming. Some reefs have shifted from dominance by corals to macroalgae, in what are called “phase shifts”. Depletion of herbivores including fishes has been identified as a contributor to such phase shifts, though nutrients are also involved in complex interactions with herbivory and competition. The depletion of herbivorous fishes implies a reduction of the resilience of coral reefs to the looming threat of mass coral mortality from bleaching, since mass coral deaths are likely to be followed by mass macroalgal blooms on the newly exposed dead substrates. Conventional stock assessment of each fish species would be the preferred option for understanding the status of the reef fishes, but this is far too expensive to be practical because of the high diversity of the fishery and poverty where most reefs are located. In addition, stock assessment models and fisheries in general assume density dependent populations, but a key prediction that stocks recover from fishing is not always confirmed. Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) has far too many weaknesses to be a useful method. The ratio of catch to stock and the proportion of catch that is mature depend on fish catch data, and are heavily biased toward stocks that are in good condition and incapable of finding species that are in the worst condition. Near-pristine reefs give us a reality check about just how much we have lost. Common fisheries management tools that control effort or catch are often prohibitively difficult to enforce for most coral reefs except in developed countries. Ecosystem-based management requires management of impacts of fishing on the ecosystem, but also vice versa. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been a favorite management tool, since they require little information. MPAs are excellent conservation and precautionary tools, but address only fishing threats, and may be modest fisheries management tools, which are often chosen because they appear to be the only feasible alternative. “Dataless management” is based on qualitative information from traditional ecological knowledge and/or science, is sufficient for successful reef fisheries management, and is very inexpensive and practical, but requires either customary marine tenure or strong governmental leadership. Customary marine tenure has high social acceptance and compliance and may work fairly well for fisheries management and conservation where it is still strong.
EASE-Grid 2.0: Incremental but Significant Improvements for Earth-Gridded Data Sets
Authors: Brodzik Mary J. , Billingsley Brendan , Haran Terry , Raup Bruce , Savoie Matthew H.
Published: March 2012

Defined in the early 1990s for use with gridded satellite passive microwave data, the Equal-Area Scalable Earth Grid (EASE-Grid) was quickly adopted and used for distribution of a variety of satellite and in situ data sets. Conceptually easy to understand, EASE-Grid suffers from limitations that make it impossible to format in the widely popular GeoTIFF convention without reprojection. Importing EASE-Grid data into standard mapping software packages is nontrivial and error-prone. This article defines a standard for an improved EASE-Grid 2.0 definition, addressing how the changes rectify issues with the original grid definition. Data distributed using the EASE-Grid 2.0 standard will be easier for users to import into standard software packages and will minimize common reprojection errors that users had encountered with the original EASE-Grid definition.
Prioritizing Areas for Rehabilitation by Monitoring Change in Barangay-Based Vegetation Cover
Authors: Estoque Ronald C. , Estoque Ria S. , Murayama Yuji
Published: March 2012

Analysis of spatial and temporal changes of vegetation cover using remote sensing (RS) technology, in conjunction with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), is becoming increasingly important in environmental conservation. The objective of this study was to use RS data and GIS techniques to assess the vegetation cover in 1989 and 2009, in the barangays (smallest administrative units) of the city of San Fernando, La Union, the Philippines, for planning vegetation rehabilitation. Landsat images were used to prepare both the 1989 and 2009 land cover maps, which were then used to detect changes in the vegetation cover for the barangays. In addition to conventional accuracy assessment parameters such as; proportion correct, and standard Kappa index of agreement, two other parameters; quantity, and allocation disagreements were used to assess the accuracy of the land cover classification. Results revealed that there were gains and losses of vegetation cover in most of the barangays, but overall vegetation cover increased by 11% (around 625 ha) based on the original extent of 1989. Those barangays that showed substantial net losses in vegetation cover need to be prioritised for rehabilitation planning. As exemplified in this study, the collection, processing and analysis of relevant RS and GIS information, can facilitate priority-setting in the planning of environmental rehabilitation and conservation by the local government at both city and barangay levels.
Expression Analysis of an R3-Type MYB Transcription Factor CPC-LIKE MYB4 (TRICHOMELESS2) and CPL4-Related Transcripts in Arabidopsis
Authors: Tominaga-Wada Rumi , Nukumizu Yuka
Published: March 2012

The CAPRICE (CPC)-like MYB gene family encodes R3-type MYB transcription factors in Arabidopsis. There are six additional CPC-like MYB sequences in the Arabidopsis genome, including TRYPTICHON (TRY), ENHANCER OF TRY AND CPC1 and 2 (ETC1 and ETC2), ENHANCER OF TRY AND CPC3/CPC-LIKE MYB3 (ETC3/CPL3), and TRICHOMELESS1 and 2 (TCL1 and TCL2). We independently identified CPC-LIKE MYB4 (CPL4), which was found to be identical to TCL2. RT-PCR analysis showed that CPL4 is strongly expressed in shoots, including true leaves, but not in roots. Promoter-GUS analyses indicated that CPL4 is specifically expressed in leaf blades. Although CPC expression was repressed in 35S::ETC1, 35S::ETC2 and 35S::CPL3 backgrounds, CPL4 expression was not affected by ETC1, ETC2 or CPL3 over-expression. Notably, several chimeric transcripts may result from inter-genic alternative splicing of CPL4 and ETC2, two tandemly repeated genes on chromosome II. At least two chimeric transcripts named CPL4-α and CPL4-β are expected to encode complete CPC-like MYB proteins.
A Flexible Capacitive Sensor with Encapsulated Liquids as Dielectrics
Authors: Hotta Yasunari , Zhang Yuhua , Miki Norihisa
Published: March 2012

Flexible and high-sensitive capacitive sensors are demanded to detect pressure distribution and/or tactile information on a curved surface, hence, wide varieties of polymer-based flexible MEMS sensors have been developed. High-sensitivity may be achieved by increasing the capacitance of the sensor using solid dielectric material while it deteriorates the flexibility. Using air as the dielectric, to maintain the flexibility, sacrifices the sensor sensitivity. In this paper, we demonstrate flexible and highly sensitive capacitive sensor arrays that encapsulate highly dielectric liquids as the dielectric. Deionized water and glycerin, which have relative dielectric constants of approximately 80 and 47, respectively, could increase the capacitance of the sensor when used as the dielectric while maintaining flexibility of the sensor with electrodes patterned on flexible polymer substrates. A reservoir of liquids between the electrodes was designed to have a leak path, which allows the sensor to deform despite of the incompressibility of the encapsulated liquids. The proposed sensor was microfabricated and demonstrated successfully to have a five times greater sensitivity than sensors that use air as the dielectric.
Antiretroviral Nucleoside Analogues Suppress Antibody Synthesis in Human B-Lymphocytes
Authors: Setzer Bernhard , Walker Ulrich A
Published: March 2012

Background

Some antiretroviral nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) impair mitochondrial polymerase-γ and T-cell proliferation, possibly by pyrimidine depletion. We aimed to analyse NRTI effects on the content of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and B-cells, and on their proliferation and antibody synthesis.

Methods

Peripheral blood B-lymphocytes from six healthy individuals were stimulated in vitro with interleukin-4 and Staphylococcus aureus superantigen in the presence or absence of NRTI in concentrations equivalent to, or fivefold exceeding, human peak plasma levels. We also tested the effects of uridine, a pyrimidine precursor, which has antagonized NRTI toxicities in other models.

Results

During 9 days of culture, B-lymphocyte proliferation and vitality were not affected by NRTI. Didanosine and stavudine, but not zidovudine, dose-dependently induced mtDNA depletion. All three NRTI significantly and dose-dependently impaired the synthesis of all immunoglobulin classes. The lymphocytotoxic effects of the thymidine analogues zidovudine and stavudine on B-lymphocytes were antagonized by the addition of uridine.

Conclusions

Didanosine, stavudine and zidovudine induce mitochondrial toxicity in human B-lymphocytes and impair the immunoglobulin synthesis in vitro, warranting further studies on their in vivo effects.
De la signature stylistique à la reconnaissance d'un style d'auteur
Authors: Vaudrey-Luigi Sandrine
Published: March 2012

L’article étudie la reconnaissance d’un style. Si cette expression semble à priori se situer du côté d’une sorte d’intuition littéraire, en réalité, elle mobilise plusieurs catégories. Il s’agit en effet de voir comment la reconnaissance d’un style croise non seulement la notion de stylème, d’idiolecte, mais également d’appareil formel et de patron littéraire. Reconnaitre un style ne saurait donc se limiter à chercher ce qu’il y a d’expressif dans l’œuvre d’un écrivain, mais traduit au contraire une attitude qui vise à dépasser une frontière aussi éculée que stérilisante entre littérature et linguistique, et permet d’aborder non seulement le style d’un écrivain, mais aussi le style d’époque ou encore le style d’un genre. À partir de quelques exemples précis empruntés à la prose narrative du XIX e siècle et du XX e siècle, on peut considérer la stylistique contemporaine, conçue comme « analyse textuelle », non comme un ensemble d’outils au service des textes, mais comme un mode d’appréhension du texte littéraire.
« La langue de Baudelaire »
Authors: Laplantine Chloé
Published: March 2012

L’article a pour objectif de distinguer la manière dont certains linguistes (Saussure, Sapir, Benveniste) approchent le texte littéraire, d’observer quel objet particulier ils en font, et aussi ce que le texte littéraire leur permet d’avancer dans leur recherche sur le langage en général. On y réfléchit particulièrement sur le travail de Benveniste, et sur sa recherche restée manuscrite sur Baudelaire, qui appelle à une « conversion du point de vue ». Dans un projet d’article intitulé « La langue de Baudelaire », écrit en 1967 pour la revue Langages , on trouve une importante archive manuscrite (370 feuillets) contenant tout le laboratoire du chercheur : des relevés de termes, de vers, de fréquence, de temps verbaux, et des tentatives d’écriture, débutantes ou plus abouties, d’une théorie générale du langage poétique . L’analyse de ces matériaux montre que la linguistique peut être autre chose qu’une boite à outils pour l’analyse des textes littéraires. Et que, pour certains linguistes, la réflexion sur les langues et le langage n’est pas séparable de la réflexion sur la littérature.
Quand littérature et langue s'intéressent au conte
Authors: Boré Catherine , Bouillon Christian
Published: March 2012

Le genre littéraire du conte merveilleux est au point de départ de l’article, qui a pour but réfléchir aux approches mixtes possibles – littéraire et linguistique – du même objet. Quels problèmes rencontre-t-on sur le plan des méthodes (thématique, quantitative), des domaines (sémantique, stylistique, didactique), quand on aborde le concret des œuvres réunies en corpus générique ? Existe-t-il un continuum entre les diverses approches d’un même objet ou bien faut-il tracer des ruptures ? On propose quelques éléments de réponse en s’appuyant sur un corpus de contes du XVII e siècle (Perrault, Mme d’Aulnoy) pour éclairer le statut d’un sous-corpus de contes contemporains destinés à la jeunesse.
Linguistique, littérature, discours littéraire
Authors: Maingueneau Dominique
Published: March 2012

Ce qui pose problème, quand on considère les relations actuelles entre linguistique et littérature, c’est précisément le couple « linguistique et littérature ». Un tel intitulé permet de rendre raison de la stylistique classique qui s’appuie fondamentalement sur l’analyse et l’interprétation de faits de langue, mais il pose problème quand on raisonne en termes d’analyse du discours littéraire. Dans cet article on rappelle quelles sont les conditions de possibilité d’une démarche d’analyse du discours, qui s’avère difficilement compatible avec les approches qui « appliquent » la linguistique à un univers qui lui serait étranger. Il apparait ainsi que l’enseignant qui veut recourir aux sciences du langage pour appréhender la littérature a à sa disposition deux appareils conceptuels et méthodologiques : l’un essentiellement destiné à l’analyse de textes, l’autre qui met en cause toute opposition simple entre texte et contexte.
Réseaux fluides et pratiques sociales : vers un nouveau paradigme. Une méthodologie floue : la recherche participative
Authors: Foucart Jean
Published: March 2012

Résumé La recherche participative, ainsi que l’ensemble des outils de l’analyse qualitative en sciences sociales, relève d’une méthodologie floue ou méthodologie de l’entre-deux. Celle-ci valorise la logique du tiers inclus, à la fois dans et hors de la réalité étudiée, concrète et abstraite. Elle est rigoureuse et fluide. Elle est particulièrement adaptée au paradigme du réseau fluide, qui s’impose comme l’image de base particulièrement riche de potentialités pour questionner la réalité complexe et fuyante du monde d’aujourd’hui, qu’on la qualifie de post- ou d’hypermoderne.
Traduction, transaction sociale et tiers intermédiaire dans les processus de collaboration de chercheurs et de praticiens dans le cadre de recherches-actions
Authors: Lyet Philippe
Published: March 2012

Résumé Penser la question des tiers intermédiaires dans les processus de collaboration de chercheurs et de praticiens conduit à interroger tout d’abord la dynamique des espaces où se jouent ces collaborations. Nous le faisons grâce à un modèle d’analyse qui croise deux couples d’opposition – le couple connaissance-action et le couple généralité-singularité – et identifie les jeux de tension qui s’y développent. Nous pouvons alors d’identifier quatre logiques idéal-typiques?: la théorisation, l’analyse, la modélisation et la pratique qui, associées deux à deux, permettent de construire quatre cas de figure idéal-typiques de pratiques?: la recherche académique, la recherche appliquée, la recherche-intervention et la préconisation. Deux collaborations chercheurs-praticiens sont soumises à cette grille d’analyse. Les collaborations s’y développent dans une articulation entre les logique de la modélisation et de l’analyse et elles conduisent les chercheurs à investir de temps en temps la logique de la théorisation et les praticiens la logique de la pratique de terrain. Selon des dynamiques non similaires, une circularité se construit, d’une part, entre les quatre logiques mais en activant plus fréquemment celles de la modélisation et de l’analyse?; et, d’autre part, entre les quatre cas de figure de pratiques proposées, mais en activant plus fréquemment le couple recherche appliquée/recherche-intervention. Les passages qui se construisent entre ces différentes logiques conduisent les acteurs de ces processus à développer des opérations de traduction et de transaction sociale. Ils peuvent le faire parce qu’ils sont coutumiers de ces passages. Nous n’avons pas à faire à des tiers intermédiaires mais à des acteurs traducteurs engagés dans un processus de traduction croisée et de transaction sociale.
D'une sociologie clinique à une clinique du social : le cas d'une intervention en institution par l'approche biographique, un dispositif « tiers »
Authors: Delforge François
Published: March 2012

Résumé La mise au travail de la narration dans un milieu institutionnel serait, selon nous, utilisable dans une perspective de (re)mise en mouvement – (ré)historicisation – des relations existant entre les différentes composantes d’un établissement, notamment clientèle (usagers), professionnels et décideurs internes et externes. Il s’agirait d’une sorte de (ré)activation des processus de construction identitaire se rapportant aux relations entre ces différentes composantes du fait de la présence active d’intervenants tiers proposant de travailler avec des dispositifs biographiques. Cette réactivation devrait, entre autres choses, permettre aux intéressés des remaniements identitaires aussi bien en fonction d’un retour aux sources par rapport à un projet originel (individuel ou collectif) qu’en termes de reformulation – réaménagement – de ce projet.
Chercheur collectif et sciences de l'éprouvé
Authors: Dumont Jean-Frédéric
Published: March 2012

Résumé À partir d’une recherche diachronique et longitudinale (2007-2009) consacrée aux rôles que jouent les émotions dans la professionnalisation des éducateurs, j’aborderai la question de l’implication du chercheur dans son objet de recherche, question qui caractérise la plupart des recherches en travail social. J’étais doublement impliqué?: comme praticien, en tant qu’ancien stagiaire de la formation d’éducateur, puis comme professionnel de l’éducation spécialisée, et enfin comme formateur des stagiaires alimentant le recueil de données?; d’autre part, j’étais tout aussi impliqué en tant que chercheur. Quelle légitimité le chercheur peut-il revendiquer quant à la fiabilité des méthodes de recueil de données et la validité des résultats obtenus?? La fonction et les postures du praticien sont-elles compatibles avec les exigences qui déterminent l’activité de production de connaissance?? Je répondrai à ces questions du point de vue des sciences de l’éducation, en m’appuyant sur les concepts de recherche-action et de chercheur collectif .
Une communauté thérapeutique à la frontière entre deux cultures
Authors: Van der Straten Georges
Published: March 2012

Résumé Dans cet article, l’auteur, directeur de communautés thérapeutiques en Belgique, raconte son parcours, depuis « Choisis », en 1978, à Trempoline. Du fait de l’inefficacité de certains choix méthodologiques, qui répondaient mal aux vrais besoins des résidents, les premiers mois d’existence de « Choisis » furent difficiles. Mais une remise en question décida l’équipe à tester la méthode CT selon le modèle américain. Passant de « Choisis » à Trempoline, l’auteur décrit ensuite les enseignements tirés de son expérience, avant de détailler quelle inspiration déterminante il trouva en Italie, avec le « Projet Homme ».