bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of interface on elastic and toughening behavior in poly lactic acid/thermoplastic starch blends: Micromechanical finite element analysis
Authors: Rivera‐Salinas Jorge E. , Gregorio‐Jáuregui Karla M. , Sánchez‐Valdés Saúl , Gutiérrez‐Pérez Víctor H. , Lara‐Sánchez Jesús , Cruz‐Ramírez Alejandro , Rodríguez‐Gonzáles Francisco J. , Ramírez‐Vargas Eduardo
Published: November 2023

It is frequently emphasized that the action of interfacial adhesion is a critical parameter to improve the stiffness and toughness of polylactic acid/thermoplastic starch (PLA/TS) blends. In this work, the micromechanical behavior of PLA/TS blends with droplet morphology selected from literature is predicted and analyzed systematically by finite element analysis. A quantitative assessment of the effect of interface (perfect or imperfect) on the elastic behavior and craze initiation for toughening of PLA/TS blends is presented. For the elastic behavior, the PLA phase is the blend's load‐bearing component as the TS is more compliant than PLA, so an interface perfectly bonded reduces the blend's elastic modulus when compared to the modulus obtained if the interface is weakly bonded. Regarding the toughening behavior, as a compliant phase, the TS has the potential to nucleate stable crazes in the host PLA matrix independently of the degree of interfacial adhesion because the highly stressed region lies near the equator of the particle; nonetheless, the critical stress for craze initiation is very sensitive to the TS particle size. On the other hand, as the TS is less capable than PLA to develop large hydrostatic stresses, the TS has a low potential to dissipate energy by cavitation.
Squaraine Appended with Benzodipyrrole for Fluorescent Sensing of Methanol: Exciton Coupling Controls Photophysical Properties
Authors: Sawada Ryuhei , Govind Chinju , Maeda Takeshi , Suzuki Naoya , Yagi Shigeyuki , Karunakaran Venugopal , Ajayaghosh Ayyappanpillai
Published: November 2023

The photophysical properties of dyes composed of two squaraine chromophores fused with a benzodipyrrole central moiety (BS1 and BS2), were investigated using steady‐state absorption, fluorescence, and transient absorption spectroscopy. The dyes exhibit solvent‐independent split electronic absorption due to exciton‐coupling. Interestingly significant solvent‐dependent fluorescence properties were observed. In toluene, they emit from the lowest excited state, while in methanol, they show weak emission in the higher energy region. In the low‐temperature glass matrix, emission from the lowest excited state dominates similarly to that in toluene. The transient absorption spectra exhibit similar ground‐state bleaching in toluene and methanol, revealing the formation of delocalized excited states by exciton coupling independent of solvent. However, the excited state deactivates rapidly in ultrafast time scale in methanol, likely due to solvent interaction, leading to rapid non‐radiative deactivation. The PEG film doped with the exciton‐coupled bis‐squaraine shows a distinct fluorescence response to methanol vapor.
Participating in professional development programmes or learning in the wild? Understanding the learning ecologies of Holocaust educators
Authors: Manca Stefania , Raffaghelli Juliana Elisa , Sangrà Albert
Published: November 2023

Holocaust education, which refers to the teaching and learning of the Holocaust—the systematic genocide of six million Jews by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II—is an essential component of history and social studies education in many countries. Its primary aim is to raise awareness of the Holocaust, promote understanding of its historical significance and develop critical thinking and empathy in students. However, despite the increasing specialisation and institutionalisation of Holocaust education, there is still a lack of understanding of how Holocaust educators acquire the knowledge and skills necessary to teach the subject effectively. This study aims to explore the learning ecologies of a group of Italian Holocaust educators, focusing on their motivations for initial and lifelong learning and their learning practices. Ten in‐depth interviews were conducted with teachers from different subject areas. The results showed that participants were driven by either personal or curricular motivations and interests and used a range of learning approaches for both initial and lifelong learning. Although few participants considered digital technologies and social media as a learning environment, they were found to be useful resources. The study concludes with practical implications for further research.
Larvicidal and Fungicidal Activity of the Leaf Essential Oil of Five Myrtaceae Species
Authors: dos Santos Frances Regiane , da Fonseca Rezende Sabrina Rita , dos Santos Luan Valim , da Silva Elaine R. M. Nery , Silva Caiado Matheus , Alves de Souza Marco Andre , Guedes Pontes Emerson , de Carvalho Mario Geraldo , Braz Filho Raimundo , Castro Rosane Nora
Published: November 2023

Myrtaceae is one of the most diverse and abundant botanical families, exhibiting wide diversity in the chemical composition of essential oils (EOs). EOs have various biotechnological applications such as controlling the populations of organisms that negatively impact humans. This study aimed to extract EOs from Myrtaceae species, chemically characterize them, and evaluate their larvicidal and fungicidal effects. EOs were extracted from the leaves of Eugenia brasiliensis, Eugenia uniflora, Psidium cattleyanum, Psidium guajava, and Syzygium cumini by hydrodistillation for 3 h and characterized by chromatographic analysis. Larvaes of Aedes aegypti and colonies of Fusarium oxysporum were subjected to increasing EO concentrations to determine the larvicidal and fungicidal potential. The EOs of Eugenia and Psidium species are primarily composed of sesquiterpenes (>80 %), whereas S. cumini EO is rich in monoterpenes (more than 60 %). The Eugenia species had similar amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes, which may explain their higher larvicidal potential compared to other species, with CL50 of 86.68 and 147.46 PPM, respectively. In addition to these two study species, S. cumini showed a high inhibition of fungal growth, with more than 65 % inhibition. We demonstrated that the actions of five EOs from Myrtaceae with different biological activities are associated with chemical diversity.
Biosynthesis of Octacosamicin A: Uncommon Starter/extender Units and Product Releasing via Intermolecular Amidation
Authors: Liao Yanghui , Wang Xue‐Jiao , Ma Guang‐Lei , Candra Hartono , Qiu En Sean Lee , Khandelwal Srashti , Liang Zhao‐Xun
Published: November 2023

Octacosamicin A is an antifungal metabolite featuring a linear polyene‐polyol chain flanked by N‐hydroxyguanidine and glycine moieties. We report here that sub‐inhibitory concentrations of streptomycin elicited the production of octacosamicin A in Amycolatopsis azurea DSM 43854T. We identified the biosynthetic gene cluster (oca BGC) that encodes a modular polyketide synthase (PKS) system for assembling the polyene‐polyol chain of octacosamicin A. Our analysis suggested that the N‐hydroxyguanidine unit originates from a 4‐guanidinobutyryl‐CoA starter unit, while the PKS incorporates an α‐hydroxyketone moiety using a (2R)‐hydroxymalonyl‐CoA extender unit. The modular PKS system contains a non‐canonical terminal module that lacks thioesterase (TE) and acyl carrier protein (ACP) domains, indicating the biosynthesis is likely to employ an unconventional and cryptic off‐loading mechanism that attaches glycine to the polyene‐polyol chain via an intermolecular amidation reaction.
Alliance A151945: Accrual and characteristics of adolescent and young adult patients in Alliance trials from 2000 to 2017
Authors: Rosenberg Shoshana M. , McCue Shaylene , He Jun , Lafky Jacqueline M. , Carey Lisa A. , Galanis Evanthia , Leonard John P. , Meyerhardt Jeffrey , Ng Kimmie , Schwartz Gary K. , Stock Wendy , Paskett Electra D. , Partridge Ann H. , George Suzanne
Published: November 2023

Background

Identifying patient‐ and disease‐specific characteristics associated with clinical trial enrollment of adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer may target efforts to improve accrual.

Methods

Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology (Alliance) trials opened from January 1, 2000, and closed before January 1, 2018, for common AYA cancers were identified. Proportions of AYAs (aged 18–39 years old) versus non‐AYAs (aged ≥40 years old) enrolled by cancer type were summarized by descriptive statistics. Among studies with ≥20 AYAs enrolled, demographic and disease characteristics of AYAs versus non‐AYAs were compared with χ2 and Kruskal–Wallis tests. A qualitative review was also conducted of therapeutic trials included in analysis in PubMed through December 31, 2021, that reported AYA‐specific survival.

Results

Among 188 trials enrolling 40,396 patients, AYAs represented 11% (4468 of 40,396) of accrual. AYA accrual varied by cancer type (leukemia, 23.6%; breast, 9.9%; lymphoma, 14.8%; colorectal, 6.2%; central nervous system, 8.1%; melanoma, 11.8%; sarcoma, 12%). Across ages, the proportion of Black and Hispanic patients enrolled was 1%–10%. Compared to non‐AYAs, AYAs in breast and colorectal cancer trials were less likely to be White and more likely to be Hispanic. Disease characteristics differed by age for selected trials. Two trials reported AYA‐specific survival, with no significant differences observed by age.

Conclusions

AYA accrual to Alliance trials was comparable to or exceeded population‐based, age‐specific prevalence estimates for most cancer types. Greater proportional representation of Hispanic and non‐White patients among AYAs reflects US demographic trends. The small number of minority patients enrolled across ages underscores the persistent challenge of ensuring equitable access to trials, including for AYAs.
India ink to 3D imaging: The legacy of Dr. Deepak “Dee” N. Pandya and his influence on generations of neuroanatomists
Authors: Blatt Gene J. , Brandenburg Cheryl , Poulopoulos Alexandros
Published: November 2023

Dr. Deepak “Dee” Pandya spent his career as an internal medicine physician as well as in his respective laboratories at the Bedford, Massachusetts Veterans Administration Hospital and at Boston University School of Medicine. His achievements mapping out the cytoarchitecture and connectivity of areas all over the nonhuman primate brain and small mammals are unparalleled. Dee made numerous discoveries and created painstakingly detailed reports, which impacted the field of neuroanatomy and expanded our perceptions of the many diverse inputs and suggestive functions of specific brain regions. The “old school” methods employed from microscopic work to detailed analyses yielded a product that was accurate and exciting all at the same time. We will all miss Dee's smile and tender manner, but more so, we will miss his wonderful and patient mentorship during the precious time we all spent with him. His mentorship resulted in all of his trainees becoming better scientists and left us with the understanding that people like Dee only come by once in a lifetime. In this tribute article for this special issue in the Journal of Comparative Neurology (JCN), the authors describe some of the tedious methods that were used to present our work as a way to provide insight into the extraordinary time and effort it took to produce and publish our articles with Dee in JCN. Dee's work with his colleagues set the stage for more modern methods of counting and mapping neuronal populations presented here, paving the way for such technologies as artificial intelligence and light sheet imaging to advance the field forward to reach new and exciting discoveries.
Prognostic value of lncRNA AFAP1‐AS1 in breast cancer: a meta‐analysis and validated study in Chinese population
Authors: Yang Zhenxing , Huang Tao , Sheng Chong , Wang Kaijuan , Li Yilin , Feng Yajing , Huo Dandan , Duan Fujiao
Published: November 2023

Background

Long non encoding RNA (lncRNA) plays a crucial role in breast cancer. However, the prognostic role of AFAP1‐AS1 in breast cancer remains unclear.

Aims

To investigate the relationship between the expression of long non‐coding RNA actin filament‐associated protein1 antisense RNA1 (AFAP1‐AS1) and prognosis of breast cancer.

Methods and Results

Meta‐analysis was performed to explore the correlation between AFAP1‐AS1 and breast cancer. The AFAP1‐AS1expression in patients with breast cancer tissue and adjacent normal tissue from 153 patients was determined by qRT‐PCR. Bioinformatics and Cox proportional‐hazards risk model were used to explore the relationship between expression of AFAP1‐AS1 and prognosis. The combined analysis revealed a significant correlation between AFAP1‐AS1 expression and both overall survival (hazard ratios, HR = 2.33, 95%Cl: 1.94–2.81, p < 0.001) as well as disease‐free survival/progression‐free survival (HR = 2.94, 95%CI: 2.35–3.67, p < 0.001). The relation between expression of AFAP1‐AS1 and breast cancer was determined in 153 breast cancer and adjacent normal tissues. The findings revealed a significantly higher AFAP1‐AS1expression levels in breast cancer tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues (p < 0.001). Additionally, patients exhibiting heightened levels of AFAP1‐AS1 expression were correlated with an unfavorable prognosis (HR = 2.35, 95%CI: 1.47–3.74, p < 0.001), which aligns consistently with the findings of the pooled analysis. The subgroup analysis of clinical characteristics revealed a significant association between high expression of AFAP1‐AS1 and TNM stage (HR = 1.72, 95%CI: 1.11–2.65, p = 0.015).

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that AFAP1‐AS1 acts as an oncogene and may serve as a novel prognostic marker for breast cancer, particularly in the Chinese population.
Pharmacokinetics and Safety Evaluation of Single‐Dose Saroglitazar Magnesium in Subjects with Hepatic Impairment
Authors: Lawitz Eric , Parmar Deven , Momin Taufik , Shaikh Farheen , Patel Harilal , Hayes Helen , Swint Kimberly
Published: November 2023

Saroglitazar magnesium, a dual peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor agonist, is under evaluation for treating various liver conditions. While the pharmacokinetics (PK) of saroglitazar have been extensively studied in diverse preclinical models and healthy subjects, a comprehensive assessment of its PK behavior under conditions of hepatic impairment is lacking. In this Phase 1, open‐label, parallel‐group study, the PK of a single dose of 4‐mg saroglitazar magnesium was investigated in subjects having varying degrees of hepatic impairment with and without portal hypertension compared with appropriately matched individuals having normal hepatic function. Treatment‐emergent adverse events for safety were also evaluated. Thirty‐two subjects were enrolled in the hepatic‐impaired groups and 23 subjects in the normal hepatic function group. Mild and moderate hepatic impairment did not significantly affect the PK of saroglitazar, compared with normal hepatic function. Although severe hepatic impairment did not alter maximum observed plasma concentration and half‐life; saroglitazar exposure (area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time 0 to infinity) increased 3‐fold, while the clearance was 61% lower compared to the subjects with normal hepatic function. This may require close monitoring or dose adjustments in individuals with severe hepatic impairment. A single oral dose of saroglitazar magnesium 4 mg was found to be safe and well tolerated in subjects with varying degrees of hepatic function.
Strangulated penis in a prison inmate: Complete penile degloving and full‐thickness skin graft
Authors: Uthman Abdulla , Al‐Mashhadani Shahad , Blower Naomi , Iqbal Muhammed
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Penile strangulation is a rare urological emergency that necessitates urgent management. The reasoning behind it may include sexual pleasure, erection reinforcement, or a psychiatric disorder.

Case presentation

Despite being an uncommon complication of penile strangulation, we report a 45‐year‐old prison inmate who presented with penile shaft necrosis secondary to using a non‐metallic constriction object. The patient reported a 5‐day history of progressive penile pain, edema, and skin injury but no urinary symptoms. The patient underwent complete penile skin degloving, circumcision, and insertion of a suprapubic catheter. Postoperatively, the penile tissue appeared healthy, and the wound was granulating. On the eleventh day following degloving, a full‐thickness skin graft was taken from the groin area. The patient remained in the hospital for 20 days, during which he was clinically stable with clean, healing wounds.

Conclusion

Early management of penile strangulation is vital in order to prevent vascular and mechanical complications.
Multimodal photoacoustic imaging in analytic vulnerability of atherosclerosis
Authors: Zhou Wangting , Chen Duofang , Li Kezhou , Yuan Zhen , Chen Xueli
Published: November 2023

Atherosclerosis is a major cause of mortality and morbidity, and rupture can lead to myocardial infarction and stroke. The vulnerability assessment of atherosclerosis plaques is important for providing medical treatment. Identifying vulnerable plaques requires noninvasive, high‐resolution imaging techniques for capturing and locating high‐risk markers. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a hybrid and novel imaging modality that uses nonionizing excitation and has substantial promise for vulnerability assessment of atherosclerosis. The current review examined current applications of multimodal PAI for identification of atherosclerosis plaques. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges and limitations in the implementation this method and future research directions to overcome these difficulties. First, we discuss two aspects of vulnerable plaque characterization: large necrotic cores and thin degraded cap component identification. Then, we then discuss applications of high‐risk plaque characterization, including intraplaque hemorrhage and heme degradation markers detection. We hope that this review will shed light on the potential application of optical imaging techniques in atherosclerosis identification and facilitate further studies that will ultimately lead to the broader application of multimodal PAI in clinical practice.
Better Together: acceptability, feasibility and preliminary impact of chronic illness peer support groups for South African adolescents and young adults
Authors: Harrison Abigail , Mtukushe Bulelwa , Kuo Caroline , Wilson‐Barthes Marta , Davidson Bianca , Sher Rebecca , Galárraga Omar , Hoare Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Peer support can help navigate the isolation and psychological strain frequently experienced by youth living with chronic illness. Yet, data are lacking on the impact of providing support for youth living with mixed chronic conditions. We assessed the acceptability, feasibility and preliminary mental health impacts of a clinic‐based peer support group for South African youth living with chronic illnesses, including HIV.

Methods

This mixed‐methods pilot study (September 2021–June 2022) enrolled 58 young patients, ages 13–24, at an urban hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. In‐depth interviews elicited the perspectives of 20 young people in relation to their participation in the Better Together programme, a recurring clinic‐based peer support group for patients with mixed chronic illnesses. Self‐reported resilience, attitudes towards illness, stigma and mental health were captured via established measures. T‐tests and multivariate analysis of variance compared psychosocial outcomes for 20 group participants and 38 control patients, controlling for socio‐demographic characteristics at enrolment. Logistic regression analyses estimated the predicted probability of a positive depression or anxiety screening given peer group participation.

Results

All interviewees valued being able to compare treatment regimens and disease management habits with peers living with different conditions. Adolescents living with HIV stated that understanding the hardships faced by those with other conditions helped them accept their own illness and lessened feelings of isolation. Compared to patients who did not participate in Better Together, those who attended ≥5 groups had statistically significantly higher individual‐level resilience, a more positive attitude towards their illness(es), lower internalised stigma and a more positive self‐concept. The probability of being screened positive for depression was 23.4 percentage points lower (95% CI: 1.5, 45.3) for Better Together participants compared to controls; the probability of a positive anxiety screening was 45.8 percentage points lower (95% CI: 18.1, 73.6).

Conclusions

Recurring, clinic‐based peer support groups that integrate youth living with HIV and other chronic diseases are novel. Group sustainability will depend on the commitment of experienced peer leaders and providers, routine scheduling and transportation support. A fully powered randomised trial is needed to test the optimal implementation and causal mental health effects of the Better Together model.
Future direction of substrate‐based catheter ablation in Brugada syndrome and other inherited primary arrhythmia syndromes: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Prana Jagannatha Gusti Ngurah , Antara I Made Putra Swi , Kosasih Anastasya Maria , de Liyis Bryan Gervais , Labi Nikita Pratama Toding , Aji Wingga Chrisna , Deantri Fanny , Wibawa I Made Bagus Cahya , Wibawa Ida Bagus Satriya , Adrian Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Background

Inherited Primary Arrhythmias Syndromes (IPAS), especially Brugada syndrome (BrS), have been associated with arrhythmogenic substrates that can be targeted through ablation. This meta‐analysis evaluated the outcomes of catheter ablation (CA) in different types of IPAS based on procedural guidance and location.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted across multiple databases to identify studies reporting on ventricular arrhythmia (VA) events before and after CA in IPAS, including BrS, Long‐QT syndrome (LQTS), Early repolarization syndrome (ERS), and Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (IVF). The primary outcomes were VA recurrence and VA burden, evaluated through conditional subgroup analysis. Procedural data were collected as secondary outcomes.

Results

A total of 21 studies involving 584 IPAS patients who underwent CA were included. Following a mean follow‐up duration of 33.5 months, substrate‐based ablation demonstrated efficacy in reducing VA recurrence across all types of IPAS [RR 0.23; 95% CI (0.13–0.39); p < .001; I2 = 74%]. However, activation guidance ablation was found to be effective only in IVF cases. Although recurrences still occurred, CA was successful in reducing VA burden [MD –4.70; 95% CI (−6.11–(−3.29); p < .001; I2 = 74%]. The mean size of arrhythmogenic substrate was 15.70 cm2 [95% CI (12.34–19.99 cm2)], predominantly distributed in the epicardial right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) in BrS cases and LQTS [Proportion 0.99; 95% CI (0.96–1.00) and Proportion 0.82; 95% CI ( 0.59–1.00), respectively].

Conclusion

Substrate‐based CA has demonstrated effective prevention of VA and reduction in VA burden in IPAS cases.
LncRNA MIR210HG promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of lung cancer cells by inhibiting the transcription of SH3GL3
Authors: Zou Fang , Zhang Zhi‐Hua , Zou Shuang‐Shuang , Zhuang Zhong‐Bao , Ji Qiang , Chang Rui , Cao Jia‐Huan , Wang Bu
Published: November 2023

Lung cancer (LCa), the most frequent malignancy worldwide, causes millions of mortalities each year. Overexpression of the long noncoding RNA MIR210HG in LCa has been established; however, a more comprehensive investigation into its biological role within LCa is imperative. This study aimed to validate the MIR210H levels in LCa tissues and cells. The expression of indicated genes was evaluated using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and/or Western blotting. The viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion of LCa cells were measured using the 3‐(4,5‐Dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), colony formation, wound healing, and transwell assays, respectively. The methylation levels of LCa cells were determined via methylation‐specific PCR; additionally, chromatin immunoprecipitation or RNA immunoprecipitation assays were performed to determine the targeting relationship between DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and the SH3‐domain containing CRB2 like 3 (SH3GL3) promoters and the interaction between DNMT1 and MIR210HG, respectively. Our findings revealed the upregulation of MIR210HG, coupled with a diminished expression of SH3GL3 in LCa tissues and cells. Knockdown of MIR210HG or overexpression of SH3GL3 suppressed the proliferative, migratory, and invasive capacities of the cells. DNMT1 bound to the SH3GL3 promoter region, and MIR210HG inhibited the transcription of SH3GL3 by recruiting DNMT1. These findings indicate that MIR210HG facilitates LCa cell growth and metastasis by repressing SH3GL3 transcription via the recruitment of DNMT1 to the SH3GL3 promoter region.
Experiences of Patients Living with Retrograde Cricopharyngeal Dysfunction
Authors: Miller Mattea E. , Lina Ioan , O'Dell Karla , Akst Lee M.
Published: November 2023

Objectives

Retrograde cricopharyngeal dysfunction (RCPD) is a newly described condition resulting from failure of cricopharyngeal sphincter relaxation during periods of esophageal distension that results in the inability to burp. Patients' perspectives on symptom experiences, barriers to care, and treatment benefits were investigated.

Study Design

Qualitative semi‐structured interviews were conducted with patients diagnosed with RCPD who had been treated with botulinum toxin injection into the cricopharyngeus muscle. Interview questions centered on their experience living with RCPD. Conventional content analysis was performed on interview transcripts.

Results

Thematic saturation was reached with 13 participants. All participants were diagnosed with RCPD by an otolaryngologist and underwent botulinum toxin injection into the cricopharyngeus muscle with or without dilation of the upper esophageal sphincter in the operating room. Participants described having no memories of ever being able to burp, and all started experiencing RCPD symptoms during adolescence. Patients with RCPD experienced increased social isolation, lost productivity, and worsened mental health. Unanimously, participants first learned about RCPD on social media. All patients were seen by physicians in non‐otolaryngology specialties regarding their symptoms prior to learning about their RCPD diagnosis and undergoing treatment by an otolaryngologist. Dilation and chemodenervation resulted in complete resolution of RCPD symptoms for 84.6% of participants. Participants emphasized a desire for more health providers to learn about RCPD and the impact it has on quality‐of‐life.

Conclusion(s)

The lived experience of patients with RCPD significantly impacts quality of life and is often met with diagnostic barriers in the medical community. Although social media plays a significant role in increasing awareness of RCPD, physician education about the impact of RCPD is essential to improve diagnosis and treatment.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 134:2136–2143, 2024
Lichtgeschwindigkeit in Flüssigkeiten mit LiDAR Measuring messen
Authors: Weiler David , Bewersdorff Arne , Wilhelm Thomas , Kuhn Jochen
Published: November 2023

Mittlerweile werden in Smartphones immer mehr Sensoren verbaut, welche die Nutzerfreundlichkeit erhöhen sollen. So finden sich in einigen Modellen Lidar‐Sensoren, die unter anderem zur Abstandsmessung genutzt werden können. Dieser Sensor ermöglicht weitere physikalische Untersuchungen, wie die Messung der Lichtgeschwindigkeit in Flüssigkeiten oder anderen transparenten Medien.
On‐Demand Indistinguishable and Entangled Photons Using Tailored Cavity Designs
Authors: Bauch David , Siebert Dustin , Jöns Klaus D. , Förstner Jens , Schumacher Stefan
Published: November 2023

The biexciton‐exciton emission cascade commonly used in quantum‐dot systems to generate polarization entanglement yields photons with intrinsically limited indistinguishability. In the present work, it focuses on the generation of pairs of photons with high degrees of polarization entanglement and simultaneously high indistinguishability. It achieves this goal by selectively reducing the biexciton lifetime with an optical resonator. It demonstrates that a suitably tailored circular Bragg reflector fulfills the requirements of sufficient selective Purcell enhancement of biexciton emission paired with spectrally broad photon extraction and twofold degenerate optical modes. The in‐depth theoretical study combines (i) the optimization of realistic photonic structures solving Maxwell's equations from which model parameters are extracted as input for (ii) microscopic simulations of quantum‐dot cavity excitation dynamics with full access to photon properties. It reports non‐trivial dependencies on system parameters and use the predictive power of the combined theoretical approach to determine the optimal range of Purcell enhancement that maximizes indistinguishability and entanglement to near unity values, here specifically for the telecom C‐band at 1550 nm.
Substitutional Cd Dopant as Photohole Transfer Mediator Boosting Photoelectrochemical Solar Energy Conversion of 2D Cd‐ZnIn2S4 Photoanode
Authors: Pan Feng , Long Liyuan , Li Zhenyu , Yan Shiming , Wang Lei , Lv Gangyang , Zhang Junjun , Chen Jiahui , Liang, Guijie , Wang, Dunhui
Published: November 2023

Fast recombination dynamics of photocarriers competing with sluggish surface photohole oxidation kinetics severely restricts the photoelectrochemical (PEC) conversion efficiency of photoanode. Here, a defect engineering strategy is developed to regulate photohole transfer and interfacial injection dynamics of 2D ZnIn2S4 (ZIS). Via selectively introducing substitutional Cd dopant at Zn sites of the ZIS basal plane, energy band structure and surface electrochemical activity are successfully modulated in the Cd‐doped ZIS (Cd‐ZIS) nanosheet array photoanode. Comprehensive characterizations manifest that a shallow acceptor level induced by Cd doping and superior electrochemical activity make surface Cd dopants simultaneously act as capture centers and active sites to mediate photohole dynamics at the reaction interface. In depth photocarrier dynamics analysis demonstrates that highly efficient photohole capture of Cd dopants brings about effective space separation of photocarriers and acceleration of surface reaction kinetics. Therefore, the optimum 2D Cd‐ZIS achieves excellent PEC solar energy conversion efficiency with a photocurrent density of 5.1 mA cm−2 at 1.23 VRHE and a record of applied bias photon‐to‐current efficiency (ABPE) of 3.0%. This work sheds light on a microstructure design strategy to effectively regulate photohole dynamics for the next‐generation semiconducting PEC photoanodes.
On the initial singularity and extendibility of flat quasi-de Sitter spacetimes
Authors: Geshnizjani Ghazal , Ling Eric , Quintin Jerome
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Inflationary spacetimes have been argued to be past geodesically incomplete in many situations. However, whether the geodesic incompleteness implies the existence of an initial spacetime curvature singularity or whether the spacetime may be extended (potentially into another phase of the universe) is generally unknown. Both questions have important physical implications. In this paper, we take a closer look at the geometrical structure of inflationary spacetimes and investigate these very questions. We first classify which past inflationary histories have a scalar curvature singularity and which might be extendible and/or non-singular in homogeneous and isotropic cosmology with flat spatial sections. Then, we derive rigorous extendibility criteria of various regularity classes for quasi-de Sitter spacetimes that evolve from infinite proper time in the past. Finally, we show that beyond homogeneity and isotropy, special continuous extensions respecting the Einstein field equations with a perfect fluid must have the equation of state of a de Sitter universe asymptotically. An interpretation of our results is that past-eternal inflationary scenarios are most likely physically singular, except in situations with very special initial conditions.
Diterpenes and triterpenes show potential as biocides against pathogenic fungi and oomycetes: a screening study
Authors: Adamczyk Sylwia , Latvala Satu , Poimala Anna , Adamczyk Bartosz , Hytönen Tuija , Pennanen Taina
Published: November 2023

Objectives

The aim was to screen di- and triterpenes as potential biocides against fungal pathogens (Alternaria sp., Fusarium avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Botrytis cinerea, Botryotina fuckeliana, Mycocentrospora acerina, Cylindrocarpon sp.) and oomycetes (Phytophthora cactorum, P. fragariae). Results We measured the antifungal activity of terpenes by estimating the growth area, ergosterol content and level of lipid peroxidation. Fungi and oomycetes were grown on solid media in Petri dishes. As a positive control, we used a common synthetic fungicide, fosetyl-Al. Di- and triterpenes showed promising potential as biocides against most of the studied species. The responses of fungi and oomycetes were dependent on the specific type of terpenes and identity of the fungi. Compared to synthetic fungicide, terpenes were equally effective as antifungal agents and even more effective for some species, especially for oomycetes. The terpene mode of action includes inhibition of ergosterol synthesis and increased lipid peroxidation. Conclusions Di- and triterpenes, natural compounds that are very abundant in northern countries, are excellent candidates for biocides.
Learning to select SAT encodings for pseudo-Boolean and linear integer constraints
Authors: Ulrich-Oltean Felix , Nightingale Peter , Walker James Alfred
Published: November 2023

Many constraint satisfaction and optimisation problems can be solved effectively by encoding them as instances of the Boolean Satisfiability problem (SAT). However, even the simplest types of constraints have many encodings in the literature with widely varying performance, and the problem of selecting suitable encodings for a given problem instance is not trivial. We explore the problem of selecting encodings for pseudo-Boolean and linear constraints using a supervised machine learning approach. We show that it is possible to select encodings effectively using a standard set of features for constraint problems; however we obtain better performance with a new set of features specifically designed for the pseudo-Boolean and linear constraints. In fact, we achieve good results when selecting encodings for unseen problem classes. Our results compare favourably to AutoFolio when using the same feature set. We discuss the relative importance of instance features to the task of selecting the best encodings, and compare several variations of the machine learning method.
Landfill site selection using MCDM methods and GIS in the central part of the Nile Delta, Egypt
Authors: Armanuos Asaad M. , Elgaafary Khaled A. , Gado Tamer A.
Published: November 2023

One of the most prevalent and serious issues afflicting developing countries is the lack of adequate space for waste disposal. Al-Gharbia Governorate, located in the middle of the Nile Delta in Egypt, suffers from random selection of sites for solid waste disposal, resulting in significant environmental challenges. The aim of this study is to determine optimal landfill locations within Al-Gharbia Governorate and validate the existing landfill sites. Four techniques of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) were applied to generate suitability maps for the Governorate: the analytical hierarchy procedure (AHP), ratio scale weighting (RSW), straight rank sum (SRS), and Boolean method. Eleven effective criteria were considered: groundwater, surface water, elevation, slope, soils, land use, roads, railways, urban areas, villages, and power lines. The suitability maps were categorized into four different classes: suitable, moderately suitable, low suitable, and unsuitable. The latest suitability map was determined by combining the results from the different methods, providing decision-makers with the means to select the optimal landfill site. The suitable zone encompasses a small area (3%), predominantly located in the northeast region (Al-Mahalla), central region (Tanta), and northern region (Kotour). Conversely, the unsuitable area covers a substantial portion (72.7%) due to the agricultural nature of the governorate, high population density, and elevated groundwater levels. Furthermore, all existing landfill sites fall within unsuitable or low suitable areas, inflicting severe impacts on the nearby environment, public health, and groundwater integrity.
Understanding the relationship between poverty, environmental degradation, and power dynamics: a qualitative study in Northern Ghana
Authors: Nachibi Stephen Uwumbordo , Morgan Anthony Kwame
Published: November 2023

This study investigates the connection between poverty, power dynamics and environmental degradation, focusing on the specific context of Northern Ghana. Within the remits of environmental degradation, agriculture has long been acknowledged as a significant contributor to the depletion of environmental resources, although, recent discussions have highlighted the differential impact of poor and rich farmers. Employing a qualitative approach and utilizing multistage sampling techniques, this research delves into how poverty or wealth influences deforestation and water pollution, as well as the persistent narratives surrounding the primary drivers of environmental degradation. Qualitative data were gathered from 35 participants through semi-structured interviews. The interviews lasted between 45 min and 1 h. The data were analyzed thematically to explore the relationships between poverty, environmental degradation, and power dynamics in agricultural practices. The findings reveal that both poor and rich farmers contribute to deforestation, with rich farmers playing a substantial role in the expansion of farming activities. Additionally, the study uncovers that water pollution is predominantly caused by wealthier farmers, through the spillover of agrochemicals. Significantly, the study highlights the exclusion of the poor from poverty-environment studies and their limited power and influence as crucial factors that perpetuate the prevailing poverty-resource-depletion narrative. This study emphasizes the need to contextualize the poverty-environmental degradation nexus, recognizing it as a result of power dynamics and political agendas. The implications of these findings extend to policy formulation, underscoring the necessity of addressing underlying discourses of power for sustainable environmental management.
Flow event size influences carbon, nutrient and zooplankton dynamics in a highly regulated lowland river
Authors: Balzer M. J. , Hitchcock J. N. , Kobayashi T. , Westhorpe D. P. , Boys C. , Mitrovic S. M.
Published: November 2023

River regulation and water extraction has significantly altered flow regimes and reduced flood events in many inland river systems. Environmental flows have been adopted in many systems to mitigate the ecological impacts of river regulation, however a lack of knowledge regarding the interrelationship between flow regimes, carbon transport and instream productivity make prioritising water management difficult. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a study on the Namoi River in the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia, monitoring changes in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nutrient dynamics and planktonic food web structure during a period of variable flows. Nutrient and DOC concentrations were positively correlated with river discharge and zooplankton concentrations were highest post flow events. Planktonic chlorophyll-a, increased DOC concentration and higher discharge were the most influential drivers of change in zooplankton communities. Further, our results indicated that flow events increased production through both heterotrophic and autotrophic pathways, significantly boosting zooplankton concentration compared to base flow conditions across all measured flow events. We suggest even small in-channel flow events can be important for increasing basal and zooplankton production in rivers, and therefore should be protected or promoted by environmental flow management, particularly during drought conditions.
Cu(In,Ga)Se$$_2$$-based solar cells for space applications: proton irradiation and annealing recovery
Authors: Candeias Maria B. , Fernandes Tiago V. , Falcão Bruno P. , Cunha António F. , Cunha José M. V. , Barbosa João , Teixeira Jennifer P. , Fernandes Paulo A. , Peres Marco , Lorenz Katharina , Salomé Pedro M. P. , Leitão Joaquim P.
Published: November 2023

In this work, we present an experimental study of a Cu(In,Ga)Se$$_2$$

2

(CIGS)-based solar cell (SC), irradiated with protons of energy 80 and 180 keV and with fluences of $$10^{12}$$

10
12

, $$10^{13}$$

10
13

, and $$10^{14}$$

10
14

 cm$$^{-2}$$

-
2

, as well as a strategy to recover the induced damage. The possible modifications of the structural, electrical, and optical properties, induced by the proton irradiation, were investigated. Although the irradiation did not promote any major modification in the crystalline structure, it did induce the creation of defects responsible for changes in the electronic structure which caused a partial PL quenching and significant changes in the PL spectral shape, as well as a reduction of the power conversion efficiency and open-circuit voltage of up to 30% as revealed by J–V measurements. The photoluminescence results showed a broadening, redshift and decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio. The recovery of damage induced by irradiation in several SCs was tested through annealing steps performed at different temperatures and time intervals. It was found that the best recovery strategy for the investigated irradiation parameters was carrying out several isothermal annealing at 200 °C for 30 min. This strategy is compatible with the intermittent variation of the temperature in space and allowed to recover a power conversion efficiency comparable to that of the as grown cell. In particular, it must be highlighted that keeping the SC at room temperature in ambient atmosphere and in the dark, did not promote significant recovery in contradiction with some previous reports. This recovery methodology was applied in parallel for non-irradiated SCs and no increase in power conversion efficiency was found, but rather a slight decrease. The dominant radiative recombination channel was, apparently, unchanged with the irradiation and the subsequent recovery process. Nonetheless, changes in the concentration of defects of different types cannot be excluded, which is in line with a significant influence of fluctuating potentials in both as grown and after recovery stages of the solar cell. This work constitutes a first systematic study that simultaneously encompasses the influence of proton irradiation on the optical and electrical properties of CIGS SCs and a damage recovery methodology with a high potential to be explored in space applications. Additionally, it contributes to reinforcing the high potential of CIGS technology in the context of creating constellations of small satellites that are being developed by different entities, particularly private ones.
They Will Never Forget How You Made Them Feel: Implementing Harm Reduction in the Perinatal Setting
Authors: Puccio Joelle
Published: November 2023

Harm reduction is a framework built upon respect for people who use drugs. Pregnancy is a priceless window of opportunity for positive change, when parents are driven to improve their health and well-being for their future child, and harm reduction can provide direction for this motivation. Perinatal harm reduction can include goals of abstinence, decreased use, safer use, or a goal unrelated to substance use, such as obtaining housing or employment. We engage in harm reduction, not only by promoting beneficial practices, but by eliminating harmful ones. Despite the science, effective program models, and overwhelming agreement that substance use disorder is a health condition and not deviant behavior, harm reduction programs for pregnant and parenting people are rare, and punitive treatment is the norm. To achieve equitable treatment for people with perinatal substance use disorder and protect the parent-infant dyad, we must stop harmful practices, respect the autonomy of people who use drugs, and address substance use disorders while increasing access to the social determinants of health.
Breast cancer risk is associated with the HULC rs7763881, MTMR3 rs12537 polymorphisms, and serum levels of HULC and MTMR3 in Egyptian patients
Authors: Elhelaly Mona , Shaker Olfat G. , Ayeldeen Ghada , Elsergany Alyaa R. , Mostafa Nora
Published: November 2023

Background

Highly upregulated in liver cancer (HULC) is one of the LncRNAs that was documented to enhance cancer progression, and its downregulation is associated with cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Myotubularin-related protein 3 (MTMR3) is required for autophagy, and many studies consider MTMR3 to be a negative regulator of autophagy processes. However, nothing is understood about how they regulate breast cancer.

Material and methods

This case–control study included 245 patients (Group A: 85 early BC Group B: 40 metastatic BC cases, Group C: 40 fibroadenoma cases; and Group D: 80 age matched healthy control subjects. TaqMan Real-time PCR was used to analyse rs7158663 and rs12537. MTMR3 and HULC gene expression levels were measured using RT-PCR.

Result

Breast cancer patients exhibited elevated serum MTMR3 and HULC compared to fibroadenomas and control cases. The MTMR3 rs12537 “T/T” genotype was highly expressed in cases of breast cancer (early and metastatic) compared to controls (risk genotype). On the other hand, the HULC rs7158663 genotypes were not statistically associated with breast cancer. However, when compared to the control, the C/C genotype of the HULC gene is higher in the case.MTMR3 gene expression was higher in the T/T genotype compared to both the C/C and C/T genotypes, while HULC gene expression was lower in the A/C genotype compared to both the A/A and C/C genotypes. Positive correlation between MTMR3 and HULC. MTMR3 and ALT, as well as HULC and alkaline phosphatase, both showed a statistically significant positive correlation.

Conclusion

Our findings reveal that MTMR3 and HULC serum expression and their SNPs (HULC rs7763881, MTMR3 rs12537) are associated with a higher risk for the development of breast cancer in the Egyptian population.