bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel hybrid grey wolf optimized fuzzy logic control based photovoltaic water pumping system
Authors: Priyadarshi Neeraj , Padmanaban Sanjeevikumar , Bhaskar Mahajan Sagar , Azam Farooque , Khan Baseem , Hussien Mohamed G.
Published: November 2022

This paper describes the novel scientific contribution of a modified hybrid grey wolf optimization‐fuzzy logic controller (GWO‐FLC) based on maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for a photovoltaic (PV) system. The modified GWO eliminates the lower rank (δ) and lowest rank (Ψ) wolves, which provides a rapid search method to track global maximum point (GMPP) in a lesser period. The hybrid GWO‐FLC based MPPT technique provides tracking of GMPP with zero oscillations and high PV power tracking under rapid weather fluctuations. The GWO technique acquires GMPP and provides soft tuning of fuzzy parameters to achieve high PV power tracking with zero oscillations around GMPP. The experimental responses confirm changing environmental situations. The dSPACE real‐time platform has been employed to validate the proposed hybrid MPPT controller design, which provides optimal PV power tracking with accurate efficiency, fast convergence velocity, and less computational period. The switched reluctance motor (SRM) driven PV water pump is proposed in this research work. The proposed PV water pumping has low cost and no voltage, and current sensors are employed to generate a gating pattern of an SRM based mid‐point converter, which reduces the losses.
Evaluation results of stud bulls by offspring quality
Authors: Gorelik O.V. , Galyshina P.S. , Smirnova E.S. , Pavlova Ya.S. , Bezhinar T.I.
Published: November 2022

Purebred stud bulls of a related Holstein breed are widely used when breeding domestic black-and-white cattle breeds. Results’ evaluation of using these stud bulls by offspring quality is relevant and has practical significance. Stud bulls of the Vis Back Ideal 1013415 line were evaluated in one of the breeding farms of the Moscow region. As a result, it was found that all the evaluated stud bulls had a high breeding value. Bulls Trubach 174 - A1; Nog Odin-M 490626 - A1; Lowlands-M 427373367 – A2 were assigned categories by milk yield, bulls Memory-M 54215651 – B2; Fern-M 107901925 - B1; Lowlands-M 427373367 – B1. The evaluation of nutrients’ yield with milk showed that when using the offspring of Memory-M 54215651 bull, negative results were obtained despite that it has a category B2. According to the nutrients’ yield with milk. Thus, stud bulls of the Vis Back Ideal 1013415 line: Trubach 174; Nog Odin-M 490626; Memory-M 54215651; Fern-M 107901925; Lowlands-M 427373367 can be used on the farm considering their breeding value. Lowlands-M 427373367 bull with category A2 B1 requires wider use.
On the issue of the mobilization economy in the new social reality
Authors: Stozhko K.P. , Nekrasov S.N. , Stozhko D.K. , Shilovtsev A.V. , Makarova T.N.
Published: November 2022

The purpose of the study is to substantiate the need to develop the “mobilization economy” concept, conditioned by the new social reality that has developed over the past decades, as an alternative to the concept of a liberal market model. Growing macroeconomic and geopolitical instability and uncertainty, steadily increasing threats and risks determine the dynamics and multidirectional nature of modern socio-economic processes, which creates the need for society to develop new economic development scenarios adequate to modern challenges. The article reveals the content and nature of the “mobilization economic model” and its determinancy by the growing trend towards socialization and production concentration, its further diversification. In the context of inefficient and unfair competition spread in modern conditions, general decline in the efficiency of small-scale production, and crisis of the participatory management model, the authors reveal specific prospects and directions for the formation of a “mobilization economic model” as a backup option for force majeure political and economic situations and most appropriate to the era of the globalism crisis, the growing civilizational confrontation of the collective West to other poles of the world development and the risks associated with these circumstances (price and trade wars, sanctions policy and degradation of free market economy principles).
A Sobolev rough path extension theorem via regularity structures
Authors: Liu Chong , Prömel David J. , Teichmann Josef
Published: November 2022

We show that every ℝd-valued Sobolev path with regularity a and integrability p can be lifted to a Sobolev rough path provided 1/2 > α > 1/p> ⋁ 1/3. The novelty of our approach is its use of ideas underlying Hairer’s reconstruction theorem generalized to a framework allowing for Sobolev models and Sobolev modelled distributions. Moreover, we show that the corresponding lifting map is locally Lipschitz continuous with respect to the inhomogeneous Sobolev metric.
Card-not-present fraud: using crime scripts to inform crime prevention initiatives
Authors: Bodker Amanda , Connolly Phil , Sing Oliver , Hutchins Benjamin , Townsley Michael , Drew Jacqueline
Published: November 2022

Growth in the online retail sector and improvements in card-present authorisation measures have led to substantial increases in card-not-present (CNP) fraud, particularly in the online retail sector. This article uses crime script analysis to understand the commission process of CNP fraud in online retail settings. Drawing upon previous crime script articles and industry reports we outline the steps involved in the three stages of CNP fraud: preparation; doing it; and getting away. From this script, points of disruption are identified and we discuss prevention measures that stakeholders such as businesses and financial institutions could implement to reduce bad actors opportunities for CNP fraud.
Thermal transport modeling of laser-irradiated spheres
Authors: Ma K. H. , Patel M. V. , Sherlock M. , Farmer W. A. , Johnsen E.
Published: November 2022

Thermal transport of uniformly laser-irradiated spheres of various materials is investigated computationally. One-dimensional simulations of low- to mid-Z materials (Be, Al, and Cu) are performed to evaluate the impact of nonlocal electron transport on experimental observables under laser intensities of relevance to direct-drive inertial confinement fusion. We compare thermal transport models of different levels of fidelity: flux-limited Spitzer–Harm diffusion, the Schurtz–Nicolai–Busquet (SNB) reduced-order nonlocal model, and a Fokker–Planck description. Spitzer–Harm diffusion with different flux-limiter factors are compared with different implementations of the SNB model in the HYDRA radiation hydrodynamics code. Under the conditions of interest, the peak heat flux in the thermal front with the SNB model shows good agreement with Fokker–Planck calculations, with the largest errors below 10% at 1015 W/cm2 laser intensity. From HYDRA-SNB simulations, two experimentally relevant effects are observed from nonlocal heat transport when compared to flux-limited Spitzer–Harm modeling: coronal temperatures are cooler due to reduced heat fluxes in the expanding plasma and (for mid-Z materials) x-ray emissions are enhanced due to preheating in the dense plasma.
High-resolution Compton spectroscopy using x-ray microcalorimeters
Authors: Patel U. , Guruswamy T. , Krzysko A. J. , Charalambous H. , Gades L. , Wiaderek K. , Quaranta O. , Ren Y. , Yakovenko A. , Ruett U. , Miceli A.
Published: November 2022

X-ray Compton spectroscopy is one of the few direct probes of the electron momentum distribution of bulk materials in ambient and operando environments. We report high-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering experiments with high momentum and energy transfer performed at a storage-ring-based high-energy x-ray light source facility using an x-ray transition-edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeter detector. The performance was compared with a silicon drift detector (SDD), an energy-resolving semiconductor detector, and Compton profiles were measured for lithium and cobalt oxide powders relevant to lithium-ion battery research. Spectroscopic analysis of the measured Compton profiles demonstrates the high-sensitivity to the low-Z elements and oxidation states. The line shape analysis of the measured Compton profiles in comparison with computed Hartree–Fock profiles is usually limited by the resolution of the semiconductor detector. We have characterized an x-ray TES microcalorimeter detector for high-resolution Compton scattering experiments using a bending magnet source at the Advanced Photon Source with a double crystal monochromator, providing monochromatic photon energies near 27.5 keV. The momentum resolution below 0.16 atomic units (a.u.) was measured, yielding an improvement of more than a factor of 7 over a state-of-the-art SDD for the same scattering geometry. Furthermore, the lineshapes of narrow valence and broad core electron profiles of sealed lithium metal were clearly resolved using an x-ray TES compared to smeared and broadened lineshapes observed when using the SDD. High-resolution Compton scattering using the energy-resolving area detector shown here presents new opportunities for spatial imaging of electron momentum distributions for a wide class of materials with applications ranging from electrochemistry to condensed matter physics.
Tilting nondispersive bands in an empty microcavity
Authors: Gao Ying , Li Yao , Ma Xuekai , Gao Meini , Dai Haitao , Schumacher Stefan , Gao Tingge
Published: November 2022

Recently, microcavities with anisotropic materials were shown to be able to create bands with non-zero local Berry curvature. The anisotropic refractive index of the cavity layer is believed to be critical in opening an energy gap at the tilted Dirac points. In this work, we show that the anticrossing between a cavity mode and a Bragg mode can also be realized within an empty microcavity without any birefringent materials in the cavity layer. Nondispersive bands are observed within the energy gap due to the particular refractive index distribution of the sample. The intrinsic TE-TM splitting and XY splitting of DBR mirrors induce the squeezing of the cavity modes in momentum space, so that the nondispersive bands are tilted and spin-dependent. Our results pave the way to investigate interesting physical phenomena of photonic modes close to or in the nondispersive bands without anisotropic cavity layers.
Battery screen print defect detection based on stationary velocity fields neural network matching and optical flow rectification
Authors: Zhao Zhuo , Li Bing , Zhang Shaojie , Liu Tongkun , Cao Jie
Published: November 2022

In this study, an automatic defect detection method is proposed for screen printing in battery manufacturing. It is based on stationary velocity field (SVF) neural network template matching and the Lucas–Kanade (L–K) optical flow algorithm. The new method can recognize and classify different defects, such as lacking, skew, and blur, under the condition of irregular shape distortion. Three critical processing stages are performed during detection: (1) Image preprocessing was performed to acquire the printed region of interest and then image blocking was carried out for template creation. (2) The SVF network for image registration was constructed and the corresponding dataset was built based on oriented fast and rotated brief feature matching. (3) Irregular print distortion was rectified and defects were extracted using L–K optical flow and image subtraction. Software and hardware systems have been developed to support this method in industrial applications. To improve environment adaptation, we proposed a dynamic template updating mechanism to optimize the detection template. From the experiments, it can be concluded that the method has desirable performance in terms of accuracy (97%), time efficiency (485 ms), and resolution (0.039 mm). The proposed method possesses the advantages of image registration, defect extraction, and industrial efficiency compared to conventional methods. Although they suffer from irregular print distortions in batteries, the proposed method still ensures a higher detection accuracy.
In situ measurement equipment for the elastic wave velocity of rocks under various temperature and pressure conditions of ultra-deep reservoirs
Authors: Wang Shuai , Li Heping , Liu Yonggang , Li Shengbin , Shan Shuangming , Lin Sen
Published: November 2022

A novel equipment for measuring the elastic wave velocity of rocks under various temperature and pressure conditions of ultra-deep reservoirs has been developed. The equipment consists of a high pressure and high temperature experimental platform and an ultrasonic measurement system, which can measure the elastic wave velocity of rocks under conditions of ultra-deep reservoirs up to a depth of 13 km by the ultrasonic reflection method. The method of assembling rock samples has also been improved to acquire high-quality ultrasonic signals. The feasibility of the new equipment was tested by measuring the elastic wave velocity of dolomite and limestone. The experimental results are consistent with the previous research. The elastic wave velocity of rocks measured by this equipment can be potentially used for the exploration of ultra-deep oil and gas resources.
Development of a cold target recoil ion momentum spectrometer and a projectile charge state analyzer setup to study electron transfer processes in highly charged ion–atom/molecule collisions
Authors: Siddiki Md Abul Kalam Azad , Nrisimhamurty M. , Kumar Kamal , Mukherjee Jibak , Tribedi Lokesh. C. , Khan Arnab , Misra Deepankar
Published: November 2022

We report the development and performance of a cold target recoil ion momentum spectrometer (COLTRIMS) setup at TIFR, which is built to study various atomic and molecular processes involving the interaction of slow, highly charged ions from an electron cyclotron resonance based ion accelerator. We give a detailed description of the experimental setup, as well as report some initial results on the electron-capture process in collisions of Ar8+ ions with helium and carbon monoxide targets. Here, we present the longitudinal momentum transfer and the sub-shell resolved Q-value spectrum in the case of 2, 4, and 6 keV/u Ar8+ beams in collision with helium. A longitudinal momentum resolution of 0.27 a.u. is achieved in the present system. We also report the state-selective scattering angle distributions for all the collision systems under investigation. We further discuss the fragmentation of the CO2+ molecular ions for different electron capture channels for the 5 keV/u Ar8+ beam. The combination of the COLTRIMS, along with the beam cleaner, the electrostatic deflectors, and the charge state analyzer, is shown to have certain advantages.
Dependence of resistivity gradient guiding of laser-driven relativistic electron beams on laser intensity and duration
Authors: Johzaki T. , Yoshitake K. , Endo T. , Kim W. , Fujioka S. , Nagatomo H. , Morita H. , Takizawa R. , Takemura M.
Published: November 2022

A laser-driven relativistic electron beam (REB) has a large beam divergence. For the efficient heating of material by REB, for example, core heating in fast ignition, beam guiding from its generation point to the heating material to be heated by suppressing spatial divergence in a perpendicular direction to keep its intensity sufficiently high is indispensable. We evaluated the dependences of the REB guiding performance in the resistivity gradient guiding scheme [A. P. L. Robinson and M. Sherlock, “Magnetic collimation of fast electrons produced by ultraintense laser irradiation by structuring the target composition,” Phys. Plasmas 14, 083105 (2007)] on laser intensity and duration, from the present petawatt laser parameters to the fast ignition-relevant laser parameters, in terms of the temperature dependence of resistivity and energy deposition of the REB. The REB transport simulations in solid materials show that for a fast ignition-relevant laser condition, a nickel cylinder works as a guiding material; an REB transport efficiency of 40% is obtained for a 100-μm propagation. The simulation results show that the resistive gradient guiding scheme is one of possible candidates for improving core heating efficiency.
A Raman quantum free-electron laser model
Authors: Schaap B. H. , Schouwenaars S. , Luiten O. J.
Published: November 2022

Operation of a Quantum Free Electron Laser (QFEL) could provide a compact and fully coherent source of X- and γ-rays. Imperative to experimental realization is allowing for decoherence effects of either spontaneous emission or space-charge to take place, having opposing constraints. Here, for the first time, we present a one-dimensional QFEL Wigner model that includes longitudinal space-charge effects by quantizing the periodic potential derived from the Fourier components of the longitudinal electron beam density. The model is used to investigate steady-state QFEL gain and momentum state dynamics for a variety of space-charge regimes. We find increased saturation lengths and lower saturation intensity as a result of attenuated transitions in the two-level quantum system. In addition, we characterize a space-charge regime where specific transitions outside the QFEL bandwidth are targeted, such that the conventional description breaks down. These findings serve as a consistent theoretical extension of existing QFEL models.
Design and analysis of the output windows of a doorknob structure for high-power P-band klystron
Authors: Chao Quangui , Zhang Rui , Wang Yong , Xie Bingchuan , Lin Xiaobo
Published: November 2022

This article presents the design, analysis, and simulation for the klystron coaxial radio frequency (RF) output windows. Three new RF windows (Type-2, 3, and 4) are proposed based on the coaxial RF window with a doorknob structure (Type-1) to improve its performances. The proposed RF windows are simulated in high frequency simulator structure. At the operating frequency, the return loss are obtained as −49, −60, −56, and −52 dB, and the insert loss as −0.003 62, −0.002 51, −0.002 74, and −0.003 dB, respectively, for Type1, 2, 3, and 4. Moreover, for Type-1, the E-field near the short-circuit surface is significantly greater than that near the output port side due to the asymmetrical structure of RF window. However, this phenomenon has been greatly improved in the proposed RF windows. The heat load because of RF power absorption over the ceramic has been calculated. The distribution of heat load in three new windows is more uniform and less than that in Type-1, and the heat load in Type-2 is about half of that in Type-1. The thermal and structural analyses of RF windows predict the lower temperature and less mechanical deformation for the three new RF windows. Multipactor analysis is carried out to determine the safety at the operating power level.
Excitation and suppression of asymmetric modes in a coaxial relativistic klystron amplifier with cascaded single-gap bunching cavities
Authors: Yang Fuxiang , Dang Fangchao , Ge Xingjun , He Juntao , Ju Jinchuan , Zhang Xiaoping
Published: November 2022

The excitation and suppression of asymmetric modes in a coaxial relativistic klystron amplifier (RKA) with cascaded single-gap bunching cavities are analyzed in this paper. Through theoretical analysis and simulated verification, we find that the asymmetric modes of cascaded single-gap bunching cavities have low external quality factors, the same resonant frequencies, and negative beam-loading conductance ratios so that they are easily excited by the electron beam. To solve this issue, a feasible method is proposed in this paper to suppress the asymmetric modes of cascaded single-gap bunching cavities, under the conditions of decreasing their coupling coefficients and increasing the frequency separation, choosing an appropriate drift tube length between them. These improved bunching cavities are further examined in an X-band coaxial RKA by 3D particle-in-cell simulation, which shows that high power microwaves with a power of 0.8 GW are generated corresponding to an efficiency of 40%. Furthermore, there is no asymmetric mode competition during 150 ns of simulation time.
Gyro-averaging operators with magnetic field inhomogeneity
Authors: Jhang Hogun , Kim S. S.
Published: November 2022

We derive expressions for the gyro-averaging operator that is applicable to electrostatic fluctuations in a spatially inhomogeneous magnetic field. Both low and high wavenumber limits are considered. The gyro-averaging operator for the former case is represented by sums of Bessel functions with different orders. A simplified expression is provided as a Padé approximant in the low wavenumber limit. This form could be used in practical computations based on the gyrofluid formulation. In the high wavenumber limit, we find that the operator naturally involves fractional derivatives whose physical interpretations are yet to be explored. Discussions are made of a potential impact of this asymptotic expression in the high wavenumber limit.
Axisymmetric Riemann–smoothed particle hydrodynamics modeling of high-pressure bubble dynamics with a simple shifting scheme
Authors: Wang Ping-Ping , Zhang A-Man , Fang Xiang-Li , Khayyer Abbas , Meng Zi-Fei
Published: November 2022

High-pressure bubble dynamics often involves many complex issues, including large deformations and inhomogeneities, strong compression, moving interfaces, and large discontinuities, that bring challenges to numerical simulations. In this work, an axisymmetric Riemann–smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method is used to simulate high-pressure bubbles near different boundaries. This Riemann–SPH can adopt the real sound speed instead of the artificial one for the air phase in the bubble. Therefore, the real compressibility of the air phase can be considered, and the corresponding time step is significantly increased. To avoid unphysical interface penetration and maintain relatively homogeneous particle distribution, a new and simple particle shifting scheme for multiphase flows is proposed. Additionally, to minimize the influence of the unphysical boundary on the bubble, a large fluid domain with an optimized initial particle distribution is adopted to reduce the particle number. Several high-pressure bubbles under different boundary conditions are considered, including in a free field, near a free surface, near a solid boundary, and near a rigid sphere. Numerical results show that these bubble dynamic behaviors can be reproduced with satisfactory accuracy.
High-frequency response heat flux sensor based on the transverse thermoelectric effect of inclined La1−xCaxMnO3 films
Authors: Chen Xi , Tao Bowan , Zhao Ruipeng , Yang Kai , Xia Yudong , Li Zhenzhe , Xie Tian , Zhong Yao , Zhang Tong
Published: November 2022

The heat flux sensors composed of inclined epitaxial La1−xCaxMnO3 (LCMO) films have been fabricated on c-axis miscut SrTiO3 (001) single crystal substrates. Based on the transverse thermoelectric (TTE) effect originated from the anisotropic Seebeck coefficient between ab-plane and c-axis of LCMO films, the obvious response voltages perpendicular to the temperature gradient are detected, and their amplitudes show good linearity with heat fluxes. The sensitivities of heat flux sensors are 8.64, 11.88, 12.66, and 14.25 μV/(kW/m2) for LCMO films with inclined 12°, 18°, 20°, and 24°, respectively. Additionally, the response frequency of the sensor reaches ∼300 kHz at −3 dB, which is comparable with the reported TTE heat flux sensors composed of YBa2Cu3O7-δ. The above results demonstrate the potential of the LCMO-based TTE heat flux sensors in high-frequency heat flux measurement.
Self-similar Rayleigh–Taylor mixing with accelerations varying in time and space
Authors: Abarzhi Snezhana I. , Sreenivasan Katepalli R.
Published: November 2022

As a ubiquitous paradigm of instabilities and mixing that occur in instances as diverse as supernovae, plasma fusion, oil recovery, and nanofabrication, the Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) problem is rightly regarded as important. The acceleration of the fluid medium in these instances often depends on time and space, whereas most past studies assume it to be constant or impulsive. Here, we analyze the symmetries of RT mixing for variable accelerations and obtain the scaling of correlations and spectra for classes of self-similar dynamics. RT mixing is shown to retain the memory of deterministic conditions for all accelerations, with the dynamics ranging from superballistic to subdiffusive. These results contribute to our understanding and control of the RT phenomena and reveal specific conditions under which Kolmogorov turbulence might be realized in RT mixing.
Personal hardship narrows the partisan gap in COVID-19 and climate change responses
Authors: Constantino Sara M. , Cooperman Alicia D. , Keohane Robert O. , Weber Elke U.
Published: November 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic in the United States was characterized by a partisan gap. Democrats were more concerned about this novel health threat, more willing to socially distance, and more likely to support policies aimed at mitigating the spread of the virus than Republicans. In cross-sectional analyses of three nationally representative survey waves in 2020, we find that adverse experience with COVID-19 is associated with a narrowing of the partisan gap. The mean difference between Republicans and Democrats in concern, policy support, and behavioral intentions narrows or even disappears at high levels of self-reported adverse experience. Reported experience does not depend on party affiliation and is predicted by local COVID-19 incidence rates. In contrast, analyses of longitudinal data and county-level incidence rates do not show a consistent relationship among experience, partisanship, and behavior or policy support. Our findings suggest that self-reported personal experience interacts with partisanship in complex ways and may be an important channel for concern about novel threats such as the COVID-19 pandemic. We find consistent results for self-reported experience of extreme weather events and climate change attitudes and policy preferences, although the association between extreme weather and experience and climate change is more tenuous.
Autophagy protein ULK1 interacts with and regulates SARM1 during axonal injury
Authors: Choi Harry M. C. , Li Yun , Suraj Delwin , Hsia Ru-Ching , Sarkar Chinmoy , Wu Junfang , Lipinski Marta M.
Published: November 2022

Autophagy is a cellular catabolic pathway generally thought to be neuroprotective. However, autophagy and in particular its upstream regulator, the ULK1 kinase, can also promote axonal degeneration. We examined the role and the mechanisms of autophagy in axonal degeneration using a mouse model of contusive spinal cord injury (SCI). Consistent with activation of autophagy during axonal degeneration following SCI, autophagosome marker LC3, ULK1 kinase, and ULK1 target, phospho-ATG13, accumulated in the axonal bulbs and injured axons. SARM1, a TIR NADase with a pivotal role in axonal degeneration, colocalized with ULK1 within 1 h after SCI, suggesting possible interaction between autophagy and SARM1-mediated axonal degeneration. In our in vitro experiments, inhibition of autophagy, including
Ulk1
knockdown and ULK1 inhibitor, attenuated neurite fragmentation and reduced accumulation of SARM1 puncta in neurites of primary cortical neurons subjected to glutamate excitotoxicity. Immunoprecipitation data demonstrated that ULK1 physically interacted with SARM1 in vitro and in vivo and that SAM domains of SARM1 were necessary for ULK1–SARM1 complex formation. Consistent with a role in regulation of axonal degeneration, in primary cortical neurons ULK1–SARM1 interaction increased upon neurite damage. Supporting a role for autophagy and ULK1 in regulation of SARM1 in axonal degeneration in vivo, axonal ULK1 activation and accumulation of SARM1 were both decreased after SCI in

Becn1
+/−

autophagy hypomorph mice compared to wild-type (WT) controls. These findings suggest a regulatory crosstalk between autophagy and axonal degeneration pathways, which is mediated through ULK1–SARM1 interaction and contributes to the ability of SARM1 to accumulate in injured axons.
Tissue-specific regulation of lipid polyester synthesis genes controlling oxygen permeation into
Lotus japonicus
nodules
Authors: Venado Rafael E. , Wange Lucas E. , Shen Defeng , Pinnau Fabienne , Andersen Tonni Grube , Enard Wolfgang , Marín Macarena
Published: November 2022

Legumes establish endosymbiotic associations with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, which they host inside root nodules. Here, specific physiological and morphological adaptations, such as the production of oxygen-binding leghemoglobin proteins and the formation of an oxygen diffusion barrier in the nodule periphery, are essential to protect the oxygen-labile bacterial nitrogenase enzyme. The molecular basis of the latter process remains elusive as the identification of required genes is limited by the epistatic effect of nodule organogenesis over nodule infection and rhizobia accommodation. We overcame this by exploring the phenotypic diversity of
Lotus japonicus
accessions that uncouple nodule organogenesis from nodule infection when inoculated with a subcompatible
Rhizobium
strain. Using comparative transcriptomics, we identified genes with functions associated with oxygen homeostasis and deposition of lipid polyesters on cell walls to be specifically up-regulated in infected compared to noninfected nodules. As hydrophobic modification of cell walls is pivotal for creating diffusion barriers like the root endodermis, we focused on two
Fatty acyl-CoA Reductase
genes that were specifically activated in the root and/or in the nodule endodermis. Mutant lines in a
Fatty acyl-CoA Reductase
gene expressed exclusively in the nodule endodermis had decreased deposition of polyesters on this cell layer and increased nodule permeability compared to wild-type plants. Oxygen concentrations were significantly increased in the inner cortex of mutant nodules, which correlated with reduced nitrogenase activity, and impaired shoot growth. These results provide the first genetic evidence for the formation of the nodule oxygen diffusion barrier, a key adaptation enabling nitrogen fixation in legume nodules.
Acquisition of chess knowledge in AlphaZero
Authors: McGrath Thomas , Kapishnikov Andrei , Tomašev Nenad , Pearce Adam , Wattenberg Martin , Hassabis Demis , Kim Been , Paquet Ulrich , Kramnik Vladimir
Published: November 2022

We analyze the knowledge acquired by AlphaZero, a neural network engine that learns chess solely by playing against itself yet becomes capable of outperforming human chess players. Although the system trains without access to human games or guidance, it appears to learn concepts analogous to those used by human chess players. We provide two lines of evidence. Linear probes applied to AlphaZero’s internal state enable us to quantify when and where such concepts are represented in the network. We also describe a behavioral analysis of opening play, including qualitative commentary by a former world chess champion.
Observation of a uniaxial ferroelectric smectic A phase
Authors: Chen Xi , Martinez Vikina , Nacke Pierre , Korblova Eva , Manabe Atsutaka , Klasen-Memmer Melanie , Freychet Guillaume , Zhernenkov Mikhail , Glaser Matthew A. , Radzihovsky Leo , Maclennan Joseph E. , Walba David M. , Bremer Matthias , Giesselmann Frank , Clark Noel A.
Published: November 2022

We report the observation of the smectic AF, a liquid crystal phase of the ferroelectric nematic realm. The smectic AFis a phase of small polar, rod-shaped molecules that form two-dimensional fluid layers spaced by approximately the mean molecular length. The phase is uniaxial, with the molecular director, the local average long-axis orientation, normal to the layer planes, and ferroelectric, with a spontaneous electric polarization parallel to the director. Polarization measurements indicate almost complete polar ordering of the ∼10 Debye longitudinal molecular dipoles, and hysteretic polarization reversal with a coercive field ∼2 × 105V/m is observed. The SmAFphase appears upon cooling in two binary mixtures of partially fluorinated mesogens: 2N/DIO, exhibiting a nematic (N)–smectic ZA(SmZA)–ferroelectric nematic (NF)–SmAFphase sequence, and 7N/DIO, exhibiting an N–SmZA–SmAFphase sequence. The latter presents an opportunity to study a transition between two smectic phases having orthogonal systems of layers.
Tribological performance of plasma nitrided H13 mould steel at elevated temperatures
Authors: Peng Li , Dejun Kong
Published: November 2022

A nitrided layer was prepared on H13 mould steel by plasma nitriding. The characteristics of obtained nitrided layer were analysed using an ultra-depth of field microscope, atomic force microscope and X-ray diffraction, and the effect of elevated temperature on the wear performance was investigated using a ball-on-disk wear tester. The results show that the nitrided layer is composed of ϵ-Fe2-3N and γ′-Fe4N phases, which increases the substrate hardness by 111%. The nitrided layer at 800° exhibits superior friction reduction and wear resistance, and the wear mechanism is oxidative wear, which is contributed to the wear-resistant protective layer on the worn track.
Suppression of CCL2 angiocrine function by adrenomedullin promotes tumor growth
Authors: Nakayama Akiko , Roquid Kenneth Anthony , Iring András , Strilic Boris , Günther Stefan , Chen Min , Weinstein Lee S. , Offermanns Stefan
Published: November 2022

Within the tumor microenvironment, tumor cells and endothelial cells regulate each other. While tumor cells induce angiogenic responses in endothelial cells, endothelial cells release angiocrine factors, which act on tumor cells and other stromal cells. We report that tumor cell–derived adrenomedullin has a pro-angiogenic as well as a direct tumor-promoting effect, and that endothelium-derived CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) suppresses adrenomedullin-induced tumor cell proliferation. Loss of the endothelial adrenomedullin receptor CALCRL or of the G-protein Gs reduced endothelial proliferation. Surprisingly, tumor cell proliferation was also reduced after endothelial deletion of CALCRL or Gs. We identified CCL2 as a critical angiocrine factor whose formation is inhibited by adrenomedullin. Furthermore, CCL2 inhibited adrenomedullin formation in tumor cells through its receptor CCR2. Consistently, loss of endothelial CCL2 or tumor cell CCR2 normalized the reduced tumor growth seen in mice lacking endothelial CALCRL or Gs. Our findings show tumor-promoting roles of adrenomedullin and identify CCL2 as an angiocrine factor controlling adrenomedullin formation by tumor cells.
Changes of oscillogram envelope maximum with blood pressure and aging: a quantitative observation
Authors: Pan Fan , He Peiyu , Qian Yongjun , Gao Hu , Chen Fei , Liu Haipeng , Zheng Dingchang
Published: November 2022

Objective. The oscillometric blood pressure (BP) measurement technique estimates BPs from analyzing the oscillometric cuff pressure waveform (oscillogram) envelope. The oscillogram envelope maximum is associated with physiological changes and influences BP measurement accuracy. We aim to quantitatively investigate the effect of BP and aging on the changes of oscillogram envelope maximum. Approach. Four hundred and sixty-two subjects (214 female, 248 male) were recruited. The cuff pressure was digitally recorded during linear cuff deflation to derive oscillogram envelopes and their maximums. Moderation analysis was performed to investigate whether the relationship between BP and envelope maximum was moderated by age. Subjects were divided into five age categories and three BP groups. The envelope maximums were compared between different BP and age categories to qualify their changes with increased BP and aging. Main results. Age has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between BP and envelope maximum (P < 0.05). The oscillogram envelope maximums increased significantly with increased BPs (P < 0.05 between each BP groups) and aging (P < 0.05 for > 60 years old groups in comparison with younger groups). Significance. This study experientially and theoretically concluded the BPs and aging are two important factors that influence the maximum value of the oscillogram envelope.
A dynamic hysteresis model for customized glass transition in amorphous polymer towards multiple shape memory effects
Authors: Liu Jingyun , Gorbacheva Galina , Lu Haibao , Wang Jiazhi , Fu Yong-Qing
Published: November 2022

Coexistence of multiple and discrete segments as well as their distinctive hysteresis relaxations enables amorphous shape memory polymers (SMPs) exhibiting complex disordered dynamics, which is critical for the glass transition behavior to determine the shape memory effect (SME), but remained largely unexplored. In this study, a dynamic hysteresis model is proposed to explore the working principle and collective dynamics in discrete segments of amorphous SMPs, towards a dynamic connection between complex relaxation hysteresis and glass transition behavior, which can be applied for design and realization of multiple SMEs in the amorphous SMPs. In combination of free volume theory and Adam-Gibbs domain size model, a phase transition model is formulated to identify the working principle of dynamic relaxation hysteresis in the glass transition of amorphous SMP. Furthermore, constitutive relationships among relaxation time, strain, storage modulus, loss angle and temperature have been established to describe the dynamic connection between complex relaxation hysteresis and customized glass transition, which is then utilized to achieve multiple SMEs based on the extended Maxwell model. Finally, effectiveness of the proposed models is verified using experimental results of SMPs with multiple SMEs reported in literature.
Generation function for one-loop tensor reduction
Authors: Feng Bo
Published: November 2022

For loop integrals, reduction is the standard method. Having an efficient way to find reduction coefficients is an important topic in scattering amplitudes. In this paper, we present the generation functions of reduction coefficients for general one-loop integrals with an arbitrary tensor rank in their numerator.
The Environment and Star Formation around the Infrared Bubble N 13
Authors: Zhou Dong-Dong , Zhou Jian-Jun , Wu Gang , Esimbek Jarken , Xu Ye
Published: November 2022

Infrared bubbles provide a unique opportunity to study the interactions between massive stars and surrounding material. We conduct a multi-wavelength study on the environment and star formation around an infrared bubble N 13. Three dust clumps and two molecular clumps are identified around N 13, which are all distributed on the layer. Young stellar objects (YSOs) are carefully searched using infrared colors and YSO candidates of WISE and Gaia DR2, and three Class I/II YSOs are found in N 13. In addition, four O-type stars identified in N 13 are probably the exciting stars. The dynamical and fragmentation ages of N 13 are 0.32–0.35 and 1.37–2.80 Myr respectively, which suggest that the radiation-driven implosion model may be dominant in N 13. By comparing the small-size bubble N 13 (R ∼ 1.9 pc) and the larger-size bubble G15.684-0.29 (R ∼ 15.7 pc) we found that star formation activity is more active in the large-size bubble. Brief comparisons of ten bubbles show that small-size bubbles have a small ratio of kinetic age versus the fragmentation time. Triggering star formation may be more active in bubbles with larger ratio between kinetic and fragmentation ages. Furthermore, the collect and collapse mechanism may play the dominant role in the large-size ones.
An optical-cryptographic encryption scheme using a keystream synthesizer based on chaotic speckle nature
Authors: Mosso E
Published: November 2022

We propose a comprehensive and efficient optical-cryptographic encryption scheme to improve the security of vulnerable optical encryption systems. Based on cryptography theory, we increase data protection using diffusion-confusion processes acting in the input and output of the optical encryption scheme. The new enhanced ciphertext has attributes of a one-way function that is easy to achieve but almost impossible to revert without the correct random phase masks used for diffusion-confusion operations. Despite the straightforward design, combining optical, cryptographic, and chaos methods increases the number of encryption–decryption keys raising two significant concerns. First, the management and transmission of several keys carry a high storage footprint, and second, it impairs the optical high-speed information processing capability. We overcome these two drawbacks by applying a new optical keystream synthesizer based on the stochastic speckle nature and a maximum entropy constraint in a forward–backward propagation algorithm. This new approach quickly replicates the necessary keystream in the encryption–decryption stations offering higher security and efficiency than other reported systems. We validate the feasibility of this proposal by synthesizing an experimental keystream and performing 24-bit data encryption–decryption. Then, we verify the security improvement of two vulnerable cryptosystems and their robustness against cryptanalysis attacks. Finally, we perform experimental encryption–decryption.
Interaction decompositions for tensor network regression
Authors: Convy Ian , Whaley K Birgitta
Published: November 2022

It is well known that tensor network regression models operate on an exponentially large feature space, but questions remain as to how effectively they are able to utilize this space. Using a polynomial featurization, we propose an interaction decomposition as a tool that can assess the relative importance of different regressors as a function of their polynomial degree. We apply this decomposition to tensor ring and tree tensor network models trained on the MNIST and Fashion MNIST datasets, and find that up to 75% of interaction degrees are contributing meaningfully to these models. We also introduce a new type of tensor network model that is explicitly trained on only a small subset of interaction degrees, and find that these models are able to match or even outperform the full models using only a fraction of the exponential feature space. This suggests that standard tensor network models utilize their polynomial regressors in an inefficient manner, with the lower degree terms being vastly under-utilized.
Teaching computational genomics and bioinformatics on a high performance computing cluster—a primer
Authors: Sethuraman Arun
Published: November 2022

The burgeoning field of genomics as applied to personalized medicine, epidemiology, conservation, agriculture, forensics, drug development, and other fields comes with large computational and bioinformatics costs, which are often inaccessible to student trainees in classroom settings at universities. However, with increased availability of resources such as NSF XSEDE, Google Cloud, Amazon AWS, and other high-performance computing (HPC) clouds and clusters for educational purposes, a growing community of academicians are working on teaching the utility of HPC resources in genomics and big data analyses. Here, I describe the successful implementation of a semester-long (16 week) upper division undergraduate/graduate level course in Computational Genomics and Bioinformatics taught at San Diego State University in Spring 2022. Students were trained in the theory, algorithms and hands-on applications of genomic data quality control, assembly, annotation, multiple sequence alignment, variant calling, phylogenomic analyses, population genomics, genome-wide association studies, and differential gene expression analyses using RNAseq data on their own dedicated 6-CPU NSF XSEDE Jetstream virtual machines. All lesson plans, activities, examinations, tutorials, code, lectures, and notes are publicly available at https://github.com/arunsethuraman/biomi609spring2022.
Avoiding Clinical Trial Failures in Neglected Tropical Diseases: The Example of Chagas Disease
Authors: Tarleton Rick L
Published: November 2022

Human clinical trials are expensive, and when they fail, they create the impression that a problem is intractable, thus depressing interest in future attempts. For neglected tropical diseases, where there are likely limited numbers of “shots on goal,” such failures need to be assiduously avoided. Chagas disease drug discovery efforts have experienced more than its share of human clinical trial failures. Here are some guidelines, many specific for Chagas, but some that might also have application for other neglected tropical diseases. Chagas disease has major challenges (eg, the lack of a definitive test of cure) but also has outstanding advantages, among these the unmatched multi-species natural infection systems that can be exploited to de-risk compounds before human trials. Fully utilizing these advantages while frankly acknowledging and addressing the challenges should bring better options to patients, sooner.
Sex Hormones and Adrenal Steroids: Biological Variation Estimated Using Direct and Indirect Methods
Authors: Røys Eirik Åsen , Guldhaug Nora Alicia , Viste Kristin , Jones Graham Dallas , Alaour Bashir , Sylte Marit Sverresdotter , Torsvik Janniche , Kellmann Ralf , Strand Heidi , Theodorsson Elvar , Marber Michael , Omland Torbjørn , Aakre Kristin Moberg
Published: November 2022

Background

Biological variation (BV) data may be used to develop analytical performance specifications (APS), reference change values (RCV), and support the applicability of population reference intervals. This study estimates within-subject BV (CVI) for several endocrine biomarkers using 3 different methodological approaches.

Methods

For the direct method, 30 healthy volunteers were sampled weekly for 10 consecutive weeks. Samples were analyzed in duplicate for 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), androstenedione, cortisol, cortisone, estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and testosterone. A CV-ANOVA with outlier removal and a Bayesian model were applied to derive the CVI. For estradiol, FSH and LH, only the male subgroup was included. In the indirect method, using the same analytes and groups, pairs of sequential results were extracted from the laboratory information system. The total result variation for individual pairs was determined by identifying a central gaussian distribution in the ratios of the result pairs. The CVI was then estimated by removing the effect of analytical variation.

Results

The estimated CVI from the Bayesian model (μCVP(i)) in the total cohort was: 17-OHP, 23%; androstenedione, 20%; cortisol, 18%; cortisone, 11%; SHBG, 7.4%; testosterone, 16%; and for the sex hormones in men: estradiol, 14%; FSH, 8%; and LH, 26%. CVI-heterogeneity was present for most endocrine markers. Similar CVI data were estimated using the CV-ANOVA and the indirect method.

Conclusions

Similar CVI data were obtained using 2 different direct and one indirect method. The indirect approach is a low-cost alternative ensuring implementation of CVI data applicable for local conditions.