bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-term greenhouse gas measurements from aircraft
Authors: Karion A. , Sweeney C. , Wolter S. , Newberger T. , Chen H. , Andrews A. , Kofler J. , Neff D. , Tans P.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. In March 2009 the NOAA/ESRL/GMD Carbon Cycle and Greenhouse Gases Group collaborated with the US Coast Guard (USCG) to establish the Alaska Coast Guard (ACG) sampling site, a unique addition to NOAA's atmospheric monitoring network. This collaboration takes advantage of USCG bi-weekly Arctic Domain Awareness (ADA) flights, conducted with Hercules C-130 aircraft from March to November each year. NOAA has installed window-replacement inlet plates on two USCG C-130 aircraft and deploys a pallet with NOAA instrumentation on each ADA flight. Flights typically last 8 h and cover a very large area, traveling from Kodiak, AK in the south up to Barrow, AK in the north, and making altitude profiles near the coast as well as in the interior. NOAA instrumentation on each flight includes: a flask sampling system, a continuous CO2/CH4/CO/H2O analyzer, a continuous ozone analyzer, and an ambient temperature and humidity sensor. GPS time and location from the aircraft's navigation system are also collected. Air samples collected in flight are analyzed at NOAA/ESRL for the major greenhouse gases and a variety of halocarbons and hydrocarbons that influence climate, stratospheric ozone, and air quality. Instruments on this aircraft are designed and deployed to be able to collect air samples and data autonomously, so that NOAA personnel visit the site only for installation at the beginning of each season. We present an assessment of the cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) CO2/CH4/CO/H2O analyzer performance operating on an aircraft over a three-year period. We describe the overall system for making accurate greenhouse gas measurements using a CRDS analyzer on an aircraft with minimal operator interaction. Short and long-term stability of the CRDS analyzer over a seven-month deployment period is better than 0.15 ppm, 2 ppb, and 5 ppb for CO2, CH4, CO respectively, considering differences of on-board reference tank measurements from a laboratory calibration performed prior to deployment. This stability is not affected by variation in pressure or temperature during flight. Biases and standard deviations of comparisons with flask samples suggest that atmospheric variability, flask-to-flask variability, and possible flask sampling biases may be driving biases in the comparison between flasks and in-situ CRDS measurements.
IP-based mobility management for heterogeneous wireless access
Authors: Einsiedler H. J. , von Hugo D.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Future high quality communication services will be offered in an integrated or converged network infrastructure maintaining both fixed wireless and mobile access via multi-mode user terminals. A support of various scenarios of user and/or terminal mobility within a common IP-based infrastructure requires intelligently designed control protocols. A major challenge is to provide seamless (i.e. lossless and low delay) handover between different radio cells and operator domains to enable continuation of unicast and multicast sessions while using network resources most efficiently. IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) is specifying related IP mobility management protocols to be applicable also to a flat architecture as envisaged by Next Generation (Mobile) Networks (NGNs/NGMNs). The contribution will describe operator requirements towards such an approach. Both single-domain and multi-domain scenarios will be discussed based on federation ideas. Already existing solutions are taken into consideration and application of solution proposals towards a Distributed Mobility Management (DMM) currently under evaluation within IETF will be outlined.
Technical Note: Reactivity of C1 and C2 organohalogens formation – from plant litter to bacteria
Authors: Wang J. J. , Ng T. W. , Zhang Q. , Yang X. B. , Dahlgren R. A. , Chow A. T. , Wong P. K.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. C1/C2 organohalogens (organohalogens with one or two carbon atoms) can have significant environmental toxicity and ecological impact, such as carcinogenesis, ozone depletion and global warming. Natural halogenation processes have been identified for a wide range of natural organic matter, including soils, plant and animal debris, algae, and fungi. Yet, few have considered these organohalogens generated from the ubiquitous bacteria, one of the largest biomass pools on earth. Here, we report and confirm the formation of chloroform (CHCl3) dichloro-acetonitrile (CHCl2CN), chloral hydrate (CCl3CH(OH)2) and their brominated analogues by direct halogenation of seven strains of common bacteria and nine cellular monomers. Comparing different major C stocks during litter decomposition stages in terrestrial ecosystems, from plant litter, decomposed litter, to bacteria, we found increasing reactivity for nitrogenous organohalogen yield with decreasing C/N ratio. Our results raise the possibility that natural halogenation of bacteria represents a significant and overlooked contribution to global organohalogen burdens. As bacteria are decomposers that alter the C quality by transforming organic matter pools from high to low C/N ratio and constitute a large organic N pool, the bacterial activity is expected to affect the C, N, and halogen cycling through natural halogenation reactions.
Individual- and stand-level stem CO2 efflux in a subtropical Schima superba plantation
Authors: Zhu L. W. , Zhao P. , Ni G. Y. , Cao Q. P. , Zhou C. M. , Zeng X. P.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Stem respiration is an important, but poorly studied component of total forest ecosystem respiration. Stem CO2 efflux was investigated with an open gas exchange system while stand microclimate and stem temperature were continuously monitored in a Schima superba plantation in South China for several days in August and December 2010. The temperature response of respiration in the different seasons, the vertical variation in stem CO2 efflux along the stem, and the stand-level stem CO2 efflux were examined. Stem volume was identified as the better correlate for stem CO2 efflux and was used as the scalar for the stand-level estimates of stem CO2 efflux in this S. superba plantation. Volume-based stem CO2 efflux was higher at 2 m than at 1.3 m. Mean stem CO2 efflux was 268.9 and 104.6 μmol m−3 s−1 in August and December, respectively, indicating a dramatic seasonal variation of stem CO2 efflux. The temperature response of stem CO2 efflux remained constant during our study period with Q10 values of 1.9 and 1.8. In this subtropical S. superba plantation, stem CO2 efflux per unit ground area averaged 3.36 and 1.26 μmol m−2 s−1 based on the measurement data at 1.3-m height of the stem in August and December, respectively. Our results suggest that stem CO2 efflux has a constant temperature response, and the seasonal variation in stem CO2 efflux is mainly controlled by stem temperature, and the vertical variation in stem CO2 efflux needs to be considered in the stand-level estimation.
Glacier changes from 1966–2009 in the Gongga Mountains, on the south-eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and their climatic forcing
Authors: Pan B. T. , Zhang G. L. , Wang J. , Cao B. , Geng H. P. , Wang J. , Zhang C. , Ji Y. P.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. In order to monitor the changes of the glaciers in the Gongga Mountain region on the south-eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, 74 monsoonal temperate glaciers were investigated by comparing the Chinese Glacier Inventory (CGI), recorded in the 1960s, with Landsat MSS in 1974, Landsat TM in 1989, 1994, 2005, and ASTER data in 2009. The remote sensing data have been applied to map the glacier outline by threshold ratio images (TM4/TM5). Moreover, the glacier outlines were verified by GPS survey on four large glaciers (Hailuogou (HLG), Mozigou (MZG), Yanzigou (YZG), and Dagongba (DGB)) in 2009. The results show that the area dominated by the 74 glaciers has shrunk by 11.3% (29.2 km2) from 1966 to 2009. Glacier area on the eastern and western slopes of the Gongga Mountains decreased by 9.8% and 14.6% since 1966, respectively. The loss in glacier area and length is, respectively, 0.8 km2 and 1146.4 m for the HLG Glacier, 2.1 km2 and 501.8 m for the MZG Glacier, 0.8 km2 and 724.8 m for the YZG Glacier, and 2.4 km2 and 1002.3 m for the DGB Glacier. Decades of climate records obtained from three meteorological stations in the Gongga Mountains were analyzed to evaluate the impact of the temperature and precipitation on glacier retreat. The mean annual temperatures over the eastern and western slopes of the Gongga Mountains have been increasing by 0.34 K decade−1 and 0.24 K decade−1 (1988–2009), respectively. Moreover, mean annual precipitation has only increased by 1% in the past 50 yr. The increasing amount of precipitation could not compensate for the glacier mass loss due to the temperature increase in the Gongga Mountains. This suggests that the warming of the climate is probably also responsible for the glacier retreat in the study region. At the region scale, glacier changes were also controlled by local topographical factors.
Biomechanical Testing of Locking and Nonlocking Plates in the Canine Scapula
Authors: Acquaviva Anthony E. , Miller Emily I. , Eisenmann David J. , Stone Rick T. , Kraus Karl H.
Published: October 2012

Locking plates have been shown to offer improved fixation in fractures involving either osteoporotic bone or bone with lesser screw pullout strength, such as thin and flat bones. Fractures of the scapular body are one type of fracture where the screw pullout strength using conventional plate fixation may not be sufficient to overcome physiologic forces. The purpose of this study was to compare the pullout strengths of locking plates to conventional nonlocking plates in the canine scapula. A 2.7 mm string of pearls plate (SOP) and a 2.7 mm limited contact dynamic compression plate (LC-DCP) were applied with similar divergent screws to the supraspinatus fossa of the scapula. Forces perpendicular to the plates were applied and both the loads at failure and modes of failure were recorded. No differences were noted in loads at failure between the two plating systems. Although the modes of failure were not significantly different, the SOP constructs tended to fail more often by bone slicing and coring, whereas the LC-DCP constructs failed primarily by screw stripping. Neither of the plate systems used in this study demonstrated a distinct mechanical advantage. The application and limitations of locking plate systems in various clinical situations require further study.
Primary Ovarian Teratoma and GCT with Intra-abdominal Metastasis in a Dog
Authors: Coggeshall Jason D. , Franks Joanne N. , Wilson Diane U. , Wiley Jennifer L.
Published: October 2012

This report describes the simultaneous occurrence of an ovarian teratoma and a granulosa cell tumor (GCT) with intra-abdominal metastasis in a 1.5 yr old female Doberman pinscher. At surgery, a 20 cm, smooth, intact mass associated with the left ovary and multiple 1–2 cm irregular masses in the broad ligament were found. The masses were surgically removed and submitted for histopathology. A histologic diagnosis of a teratoma and a GCT with broad ligament metastasis was made. Further treatment was elected by the owner and included two cycles of carboplatin therapy. The dog was euthanized 6 wk postoperatively for signs related to metastasis and dyspnea. Teratoma of the ovary, although it contains derivatives of all three embryonic germ cell layers, rarely presents together with either ovarian epithelial or sex cord-stromal tumors. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reported case of an ovarian teratoma coexisting with a primary GCT with intra-abdominal metastasis in the same ovary in a dog.
Toxic Shock Syndrome in Two Dogs
Authors: Slovak Jennifer E. , Parker Valerie J. , Deitz Krysta L.
Published: October 2012

Two young, unrelated, spayed female Labrador retrievers were evaluated for severe, diffuse, generalized erythema and edema of the skin. Both dogs exhibited signs of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and were euthanized. On postmortem examination, toxic shock syndrome (TSS) was diagnosed based on histopathology and supported by skin cultures. TSS is a rarely reported disease in veterinary medicine and can cause acute and profound clinical signs. Rapid recognition of this disease process and immediate treatment may improve the clinical outcome.
Climate Change and the Profitability of Indigenous Adaptation Practices in Smallholder Agriculture in South East Nigeria
Authors: Enete Anselm A. , Madu Ignatius A. , Onwubuya Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2012

Climate change affects agriculture in many ways, one of which is its direct impact on food production. This is particularly significant in developing countries, where agriculture is mainly rain-fed, providing employment and income for the majority of the population. This paper, based on data from 400 randomly selected farmers in Enugu and Imo states in South East Nigeria, assesses some effects of climate change and the cost implications of farmers' adaptation practices. Virtually all respondents reported unusual rises in extreme events such as thunderstorms, heavy winds and intense heatwaves; uncertainties at the start of the farming season such as unusual early rains, erratic rainfall and delay in the onset of rain; the incidence of pests, diseases and weeds; and signs of land degradation such as declining soil fertility and the drying up of streams or rivers. The overall impact (on farm yield and income) was significantly higher for Enugu than for Imo, possibly because Enugu has drier weather. The greatest perceived effects of climate change were reduced yield and income, drying up of streams and rivers, reduced storage quality of crops, loss of pastureland and/or vegetation and the destruction of wildlife ecosystems. Coping strategies with a relatively high profitability index were multiple cropping/intercropping, agro-forestry/afforestation, mulching, purchase/ harvesting of water for irrigation and the use of resistant varieties. Extension services need to promote appropriate adaptation practices among farmers.
An Analysis of Income Components of Rural Households in Xinjiang, China
Authors: Jianying Chen , Hu Sun , Zhe Wang , Yan Wang
Published: October 2012

Using data from 1982 to 2009, this paper examines how components of rural household income contribute to the major income gap between 30 poverty-stricken counties in Xinjiang province and the national average in China. Income from family businesses accounts for 80% in Xinjiang, while income proportions from wages and salaries, property and transfers are very low. The analysis shows that farmers' income depends on the family business for regular income and that the regional economy in rural areas is still dependent on direct consumption by producers. Living standards are declining because of extra expenditure on education for children, modern medical services and inflation. Income growth from wages and salaries is the major driving force for poverty reduction in Xinjiang. Fundamental ways to address poverty are to establish training programmes for farmers, improve employment opportunities, hasten construction of towns and small cities, promote the transfer of rural surplus labour, and escalate the proportion of income from wages and salaries, property and transfer.
Anti-Poverty Project Sustainability in Rural China
Authors: Chuanmin Shuai , Bing Gong , Lu Zhang
Published: October 2012

Using structural equation modelling (SEM), this paper empirically tests the relationships between learning, participation, capacity building, project performance and project sustainability with reference to anti-poverty projects in rural China. The findings show that (a) project stakeholders' learning behaviour has a significant influence on capacity building, which tends to increase during the project lifespan, (b) project stakeholders' learning and participation behaviour exerts significant impacts on project performance with a decreasing tendency, (c) both project performance and capacity building have a significant influence on project sustainability, (d) learning and participation behaviours interact, and (e) both learning and participation behaviours produce indirect influences on project sustainability through mediator variables. The implications for project management are identified.
World Developments in Buiatrics
Authors: Straub O.C.
Published: October 2012

Buiatrics is the study of cattle and their diseases. This paper considers a selection of areas in which remarkable changes have occurred since the foundation of the World Association for Buiatrics in the 1960s. These areas range from surgical procedures, including for example Caesarean section and surgical correction of displaced abomasa, to the nutrition of cattle and the wide range of diseases, mainly viral, that present in them. The links between genetics and breeding, global trade and animal welfare are discussed. Examples include the shipment of cattle and sheep from Australia to Middle Eastern countries, the illegal import of 1.5 million cattle from India to Bangladesh and the ever increasing milk production of cows.
Grassland Deterioration Linked to Farm Trajectories in the Eastern Amazon
Authors: Navegantes-Alves L. , Poccard-Chapuis R. , Huguenin J. , Ferreira L. , Moulin C.H.
Published: October 2012

In the eastern Amazon, new grasslands cultivated after deforestation often suffer fast weed invasion, which is a significant problem for the sustainability of new farming systems. The authors study the links between farming systems and grassland deterioration using farm survey data. They distinguish two main farm trajectories – a changing trajectory in which farmers do not maintain a good balance between grassland and cattle, leading to deterioration; and a stabilized trajectory in which farmers implement various grassland management measures ranging from continuous grazing to complex rotation, with low weed invasion. The conditions for stabilization of farming systems and the choices available for grassland management are discussed.
Informing Practice: Counting Using Sets of Outcomes
Authors: Lockwood Elise
Published: October 2012

A branch of mathematics—combinatorics—is explored through counting problems.
Quick Reads: Searching for Pythagorean Triples
Authors: Vinogradova Natalya
Published: October 2012

This method emphasizes the strong connections between geometric and algebraic representations.
Ciné-tourisme
Authors: Grenier Alain A.
Published: October 2012

Depuis l’après-guerre, l’orientation du cinéma (américain principalement) vers la jeunesse en a fait un véhicule idéal de placement de produits, y compris la destination. Le spectateur qui endosse l’image d’un lieu proposée par le film est appelé à développer des séjours spécialisés autour de cette production. C’est le phénomène du ciné-tourisme. Cet article étudie le phénomène comme exercice social afin d’en comprendre le contexte, son potentiel et ses principales répercussions sur ses participants mais aussi sur la destination. Il démontre la variété de motivations des ciné-touristes et s’attarde à l’expérience des fans et de leur rapport avec la destination, marquée notamment par la nostalgie et la recherche de sécurité.
Cinéma et désert
Authors: Lapompe-Paironne Lionel
Published: October 2012

Les paysages cinématographiques, réels ou imaginaires, peuvent constituer un élément déclencheur de la mobilité touristique, comme tout support visuel. Landes, collines et montagnes de la série Lord of the Rings (Le Seigneur des anneaux), mais aussi déserts de Lawrence of Arabia ou de Star Wars (La Guerre des étoiles), autant de paysages à la fois réels et imaginaires suscitent l’attrait touristique. Les environs de Ouarzazate (Maroc) et de Tataouine (Tunisie) ont servi et servent encore de toile de fond à des productions diverses et variées. Pourtant, si le cadre paysager reste identique, les conséquences sur l’aménagement touristique et sur la fréquentation ne sont pas les mêmes d’un bout à l’autre du Sahara, de même que les motivations des touristes qui se rendent sur ces deux sites. Cette contribution, après avoir traité de la manière dont l’industrie cinématographique a exploité les paysages désertiques du Maroc et de la Tunisie, aborde la question de l’importance différenciée du ciné-tourisme dans les deux espaces considérés. Il s’agit de comprendre, notamment grâce à la théorie des « marqueurs » de MacCannell (1976, r. 1989a), comment le tourisme lié au cinéma s’est développé selon deux modalités différentes, en termes de fréquentation et d’impact spatial, d’un bout à l’autre du Maghreb.
Le ciné-tourisme comme pratique allographique
Authors: Vergopoulos Hécate , Bourgatte Michaël
Published: October 2012

En partant du constat que la nature des destinations et des expériences touristiques se diversifie, se multiplie et se renouvelle sans cesse (au point que des lieux touristiques en deviennent carrément loufoques et même follement inatteignables), nous avons cherché à savoir de quelle manière le cinéma participe à la qualification ou requalification de certains lieux apparemment banals pour en faire des destinations dignes d’un intérêt touristique.

Cet article montre que les dispositifs de médiation touristique n’hésitent pas à convoquer des films pour transformer des fragments d’espace en sites touristiques, des lieux apparemment anodins en choses à voir. Il met ensuite en évidence la manière dont certains lieux tirent parti de leur inscription dans un récit filmique pour s’assurer une existence touristique par la mise en exposition de traces cinématographiques. Il dévoile enfin que le ciné-tourisme repose sur une écriture de l’autre qui garantit une carrière ciné-touristique à certains lieux mis en scène dans des films.

Cette inscription de la destination touristique dans le film, le maintien de traces dans des lieux ayant servi à des tournages ainsi que les opérations de qualifications de fragments d’espace au titre de sites ciné-touristiques forment ce que nous appelons « une boucle alllographique ». Cette dernière peut être saisie comme une compétence communicationnelle des acteurs du ciné-tourisme : pour mettre les lieux en culture, et plus particulièrement en tourisme, ils doivent savoir composer avec une intertextualité qui se joue entre espaces, objets et discours.
Paris transformé en décor urbain
Authors: Laffont Georges-Henry , Prigent Lionel
Published: October 2012

Dans un mouvement de plus en plus suivi, de nombreuses agglomérations et régions françaises tendent à développer un secteur économique local consacré au cinéma et, dans le même temps, un tourisme inspiré de ce cinéma. Les lieux les plus représentatifs d’une ville deviennent ainsi des décors et des images diffusés sur grand écran. Paris s’est illustré dans ce phénomène depuis le début du XXe siècle. Cependant, l’exposition ainsi offerte renforce-t-elle l’attractivité touristique ? Ou bien l’industrie du film se saisit-elle des sites emblématiques pour créer l’émotion ? Ces questions symétriques conduisent à analyser les stratégies de développement économique dans un contexte local et à comprendre comment un lieu est utilisé (et mis en valeur) par le cinéma.
L’utilisation du label UNESCO dans la communication touristique
Authors: Florent Luc
Published: October 2012

Lorsqu’elle a institué la liste du patrimoine mondial, l’UNESCO cherchait avant tout à protéger et valoriser les sites naturels et culturels, biens communs de l’humanité. Si cette fonction reste toujours la préoccupation première, force est de constater que le label « patrimoine mondial de l’humanité » est de plus en plus utilisé comme un argument commercial traduisant la qualité du site. On peut donc se demander comment les touristes perçoivent ce label et comment ils l’utilisent dans le choix de leur destination de séjour touristique. Par un travail d’enquête, nous montrons qu’il est un élément déterminant dans le processus de choix. Nous avons ensuite observé comment les collectivités locales utilisaient ce label dans leur communication Internet et si elles avaient conscience de l’intérêt du public. On constate alors que si certaines peuvent s’en passer, d’autres ont l’impérieuse nécessité de l’utiliser pour augmenter leur attractivité.
Les sites classés UNESCO comme moteurs de la promotion d’une destination
Authors: Gérardot Maie
Published: October 2012

En 2002, l’avenue Andrássy, artère majeure de Budapest, est inscrite au patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO. Elle rejoint dans ce classement le panorama du Danube. Ces sites sont particulièrement importants dans la promotion touristique de la ville, mais également de la Hongrie. À partir d’une analyse de brochures touristiques éditées par les différents organismes de promotion touristique hongrois et de guides sur Budapest, l’enjeu de cet article est d’étudier le lien entre tourisme et patrimoine mondial à Budapest, tout en interrogeant la place des autres patrimoines de la capitale et les différents processus de patrimonialisation.
Les associations de valorisation du patrimoine ferroviaire dans le Massif central
Authors: Desmichel Pascal
Published: October 2012

Les associations de valorisation du patrimoine sont systématiquement à l’origine de la remise en circulation de trains sur des lignes abandonnées du réseau français. Sans elles, le tourisme ferroviaire et la préservation de pans entiers du patrimoine ferroviaire n’existeraient pas. Ces structures pionnières sont pourtant particulièrement fragiles. Elles reposent sur la volonté et les compétences d’un ou quelques hommes seulement. Cette situation est d’autant plus préoccupante que les conditions d’exploitation d’un chemin de fer touristique sont de plus en plus complexes et que les enjeux à relever au XXIe siècle paraissent dans bien des cas hors d’atteinte pour la sphère associative, tant pour des raisons économiques (remettre en état des ouvrages d’art monumentaux) que culturelles (accepter les règles de la professionnalisation, prendre en compte l’ensemble du patrimoine ferroviaire). Cet article a pour objectif de démontrer à travers cinq cas d’études développés dans le Massif central combien l’avenir du tourisme ferroviaire associatif semble compromis.
De l’importance des dépenses des spectateurs étrangers dans l’impact touristique des grands événements sportifs
Authors: Barget Eric , Gouguet Jean-Jacques
Published: October 2012

De nombreuses études d’impact économique ont été commanditées afin de vérifier que les grands événements sportifs peuvent influer sur le niveau d’activité économique du territoire hôte. L’attraction de nombreux touristes est le plus souvent placée au centre de l’analyse. Néanmoins, ces travaux font toujours l’objet de multiples controverses. En effet, de redoutables problèmes méthodologiques se posent pour effectuer un tel calcul, et les résultats doivent être interprétés avec beaucoup de précautions. Nous avons essayé d’éviter les principaux biais liés au calcul d’impact pour élaborer une évaluation la plus fiable possible d’un méga-événement sportif. En utilisant la théorie de la base et en collectant une information de qualité sur le terrain, nous nous sommes efforcés d’éviter les erreurs les plus communes.

Nous avons choisi la Coupe du monde de rugby 2007, en France, pour illustrer ce débat. Les spectateurs étrangers sont à l’origine de l’essentiel du montant de l’impact économique sur les régions françaises, avec de grandes différences selon leurs nationalités et leurs profils sociodémographiques. Il apparaît ainsi que l’impact régional de la manifestation est d’autant plus fort que les parties accueillies ont attiré beaucoup de spectateurs étrangers, dotés d’un haut niveau de revenus et de dépenses. Des enseignements peuvent être tirés d’un tel résultat pour les organisateurs qui veulent accueillir un grand événement sportif.
Eliciting Empathy for Adults in Chronic Pain through Autobiographical Memory Sharing
Authors: Bluck Susan , Baron Jacqueline M. , Ainsworth Sarah A. , Gesselman Amanda N. , Gold Kim L.
Published: October 2012

Two studies (N = 80; N = 91) investigated whether sharing an autobiographical memory increases empathy for a person experiencing chronic pain. Across studies, empathy was assessed after reading a pain‐related narrative of either a 25‐ or 85‐year‐old target and again after assignment to one of two recall conditions. Conditions involved recalling a pain‐related autobiographical memory (Studies 1 and 2), or as comparisons, recalling the target's pain narrative (Study 1) or recalling a character in pain from a movie (Study 2). Looking across both studies, empathy levels appear to increase after sharing an autobiographical memory but not in the comparison conditions. Increases in empathy were related to trait‐level agreeableness. When target‐age differences emerged (Study 2), participants felt greater empathy for the older person. Findings are discussed in terms of the function of autobiographical memory in eliciting pro‐social emotions such as empathy and implications for training empathic responding. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation of 1D Hierarchical Structures Composed of Ni3S2 Nanosheets on CNTs Backbone for Supercapacitors and Photocatalytic H2 Production
Authors: Zhu Ting , Wu Hao Bin , Wang Yabo , Xu Rong , Lou Xiong Wen (David)
Published: October 2012

One‐dimensional (1D) hierarchical structures composed of Ni3S2 nanosheets grown on carbon nanotube (CNT) backbone (denoted as CNT@Ni3S2) are fabricated by a rational multi‐step transformation route. The first step involves coating the CNT backbone with a layer of silica to form CNT@SiO2, which serves as the substrate for the growth of nickel silicate (NiSilicate) nanosheets in the second step to form CNT@SiO2@NiSilicate core‐double shell 1D structures. Finally the as‐formed CNT@SiO2@NiSilicate 1D structures are converted into CNT‐supported Ni3S2 nanosheets via hydrothermal treatment in the presence of Na2S. Simultaneously the intermediate silica layer is eliminated during the hydrothermal treatment, leading to the formation of CNT@Ni3S2 nanostructures. Because of the unique hybrid nano‐architecture, the as‐prepared 1D hierarchical structure is shown to exhibit excellent performance in both supercapacitors and photocatalytic H2 production.
The roots of cancer: Stem cells and the basis for tumor heterogeneity
Authors: Shibata Maho , Shen Michael M.
Published: October 2012

Recent studies of prostate cancer and other tumor types have revealed significant support, as well as unexpected complexities, for the application of concepts from normal stem cell biology to cancer. In particular, the cell of origin and cancer stem cell models have been proposed to explain the heterogeneity of tumors during the initiation, propagation, and evolution of cancer. Thus, a basis of intertumor heterogeneity has emerged from studies investigating whether stem cells and/or non‐stem cells can serve as cells of origin for cancer and give rise to tumor subtypes that vary in disease outcome. Furthermore, analyses of putative cancer stem cells have revealed the genetically diverse nature of cancers and expanded our understanding of intratumor heterogeneity and clonal evolution. Overall, the principles that have emerged from these stem cell studies highlight the challenges to be surmounted to develop effective treatment strategies for cancer.
Isolated CNS Whipple disease with normal brain MRI and false‐positive CSF 14‐3‐3 protein: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Sung Victor W. , Lyerly Michael J. , Fallon Kenneth B. , Bashir Khurram
Published: October 2012

Whipple disease (WD) is usually a systemic infectious disease that can have central nervous system (CNS) involvement. WD confined to the CNS is extremely rare and difficult to diagnose, but can be fatal if not treated in a timely fashion. We present the case of a 42‐year‐old man with a subacute dementia accompanied by a movement disorder consisting of progressive supranuclear gaze palsy, myoclonus, and ataxia. Our patient lacked the typical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings reported with isolated CNS WD and had a false‐positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 14‐3‐3 protein. The patient expired, and definitive diagnosis of isolated CNS WD was made by autopsy with characteristic macrophage accumulations found in the brain but not in the gastrointestinal tract. We examine the literature on isolated CNS WD and discuss how these previously unreported findings make a rare diagnosis even more challenging. The reported patient is the first in the literature with tissue diagnosis of isolated CNS WD in the setting of normal brain MRI and positive CSF 14‐3‐3 protein. Isolated CNS WD should be added to the list of considerations for a false‐positive CSF 14‐3‐3 protein. Even in the absence of typical MRI lesions, a patient with subacute progressive dementia, supranuclear gaze palsy, and other various neurologic abnormalities should have the diagnosis of isolated CNS WD considered.
Impairment of adenosine A3 receptor activity disrupts neutrophil migratory capacity and impacts innate immune function in vivo
Authors: Butler Matt , Sanmugalingam Devika , Burton Victoria J. , Wilson Tammy , Pearson Ruth , Watson Robert P. , Smith Philip , Parkinson Scott J.
Published: October 2012

Adenosine possesses potent anti‐inflammatory properties which are partly mediated by Gi‐coupled adenosine A3 receptors (A3Rs). A3R agonists have shown clinical benefit in a number of inflammatory conditions although some studies in A3R‐deficient mice suggest a pro‐inflammatory role. We hypothesised that, in addition to cell signalling effects, A3R compounds might inhibit neutrophil chemotaxis by disrupting the purinergic feedback loop controlling leukocyte migration. Human neutrophil activation triggered rapid upregulation of surface A3R expression which was disrupted by pre‐treatment with either agonist (Cl‐IB‐MECA) or antagonist (MRS1220). Both compounds reduced migration velocity and neutrophil transmigration capacity without impacting the response to chemokines per se. Similar effects were observed in murine neutrophils, while cells from A3R‐deficient mice displayed a constitutively impaired migratory phenotype indicating compound‐induced desensitisation and genetic ablation had the same functional outcome. In a dextran sodium sulphate‐induced colitis model, A3R‐deficient mice exhibited reduced colon pathology and decreased tissue myeloperoxidase levels at day 8 – consistent with reduced neutrophil recruitment. However, A3R‐deficient mice were unable to resolve the dextran sodium sulphate‐induced inflammation and had elevated numbers of tissue‐associated bacteria by day 21. Our data indicate that A3Rs play a role in neutrophil migration and disrupting this function has the potential to adversely affect innate immune responses.
Mixed Conduction in Ceramic Hydrogen/Steam Electrodes by Hebb–Wagner Polarization in the Frequency Domain
Authors: Ahn P.‐A. , Shin E.‐C. , Jo J.‐M. , Yu J.‐H. , Woo S.‐K. , Lee J.‐S.
Published: October 2012

The unique mixed conduction aspect has much to be explored for ceramic fuel/steam electrodes suggested for higher chemical stability than cermets in SOFC/SOEC applications. Typical symmetric cell configuration of the thin ceramic electrodes on the electrolytes was shown to be a versatile configuration of the electron‐blocking Hebb–Wagner polarization cell for the characterization of the mass and charge transport in mixed conducting oxides by impedance spectroscopy. The Jamnik–Maier transmission line model for the mixed conductors was generalized by replacing the capacitors with constant‐phase elements to describe the extremely non‐ideal impedance behavior of porous but negligibly catalytic La2Ti2O7 layers at various humidity levels up to 90% in hydrogen at 850 °C. Modeling allowed the deconvolution of the parameter set for the evaluation of chemical diffusivity and non‐stoichiometry as well as partial ionic and electronic conductivity of La2Ti2O7. Electrostatic double layer capacitance was found to be orders of magnitude higher than the theoretical despite the correct oxygen activity dependence, which appears generic and thus requires a theoretical clarification. Overlapping interfacial and chemical capacitance as well as the strongly non‐ideal behavior of the latter are mainly responsible for the less clearly distinguished diffusion‐limited feature of the Hebb–Wagner polarization cell.
Pd‐RuSe/C as ORR Specific Catalyst in Alkaline Solution Containing Methanol
Authors: Maheswari S. , Sridhar P. , Pitchumani S.
Published: October 2012

Carbon supported RuSe (RuSe/C) catalyst in varying atomic ratios of Ru to Se, namely, 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 were prepared and their performances were compared with carbon supported Ru (Ru/C). Based on the performance, Palladium was incorporated into as prepared RuSe(2:1)/C and heat treated HTRuSe(2:1)/C. Ru/C, RuSe/C, and Pd‐RuSe/C were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The XRD analyses of Ru/C, RuSe/C and Pd‐HTRuSe/C show the formation of the hcp structure of Ru particles and the mean particle size was obtained from Ru(101) peak. The electrochemical characterizations of Ru/C, RuSe/C, Pd‐HTRuSe(2:1)/C and Pd‐RuSe(2:1)/C were conducted by cyclic voltammetry. Linear Sweep Voltammetric studies showed that incorporation of Pd in HTRu‐Se(2:1)/C resulted in better catalytic activity toward oxygen reduction with resistance to methanol oxidation. The quantity of hydrogen peroxide produced was obtained from rotating ring disk electrode studies.
Structural design measures for a 93 m high concrete‐faced rockfill dam (CFRD) to cope with difficult geological conditions / Planung und Errichtung eines 93 m hohen Steinschüttdamms unter schwierigen geologischen Bedingungen
Authors: Verdianz Markus , Özbeck Zafer Koray , Linortner Johannes , Jung Gerald
Published: October 2012

The 93 m high concrete‐faced rockfill dam (CFRD) is one of the main components of the Kavsak Bendi hydro‐electric scheme located in the south‐eastern part of Turkey. After re‐assessing the geological conditions at the dam site, it was necessary to change the dam design from the roller compacted concrete (RCC) gravity dam originally planned to a CFRD. Due to the very poor geological conditions, the application of internationally established design criteria for a CFRD foundation in the case of Kavsak Bendi CFRD necessitates extensive improvement of the dam foundation zone. Special emphasis has been placed on the strict geometric boundary conditions for the revision of the dam design as the river diversion facilities and the power waterway have already been completely constructed. At the moment, the main dam excavation works will soon be completed and the treatment of the dam foundation zone is almost finished. This paper presents the status quo with respect to the design and application of measures which have been considered to overcome the challenging foundation conditions of the Kavsak Bendi CFRD.

Ein 93 m hoher Steinschüttdamm mit Betonoberflächendichtung (CFRD) ist eines der Hauptelemente der im Südosten der Türkei gelegenen Wasserkraftanlage Kavsak Bendi. Nach einer Neubewertung der geologischen Verhältnisse an der Dammstelle wurde eine Änderung des Dammtyps gegenüber dem ursprünglich geplanten Walzbetondamm (RCC‐Damm) zu einem CFR‐Damm erforderlich. Aufgrund sehr schlechter geologischer Verhältnisse ist die Anwendbarkeit weltweit anerkannter Konstruktions‐ und Auslegungskriterien für ein CFRD‐Fundament im Fall des Kavsak Bendi CFRD mit umfangreichen Verbesserungsmaßnahmen im Bereich der Dammaufstandsfläche verbunden. Besonderes Augenmerk für die Überarbeitung der Dammplanung galt dabei den vorgegebenen geometrischen Randbedingungen, da die Bauumleitung und der Triebwasserstollen bereits fertig gestellt waren. Derzeit befinden sich die Aushubarbeiten für den Steinschüttdamm in der Endphase, und die Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der Aufstandsfläche sind nahezu fertiggestellt. Dieser Bericht stellt den Status quo hinsichtlich Planung und Ausführung der Maßnahmen vor, die im Zusammenhang mit der Implementierung entworfen bzw. umgesetzt wurden, um die schwierigen geologischen Bedingungen bautechnisch zu beherrschen.
Strengthening treatment and analysis for the left bank abutment of Jin Ping Arch Dam
Authors: Li Ning , Yao Xiancun , Qu Xing , Zhang Chengke , Zhang Zhiqiang , Zhou Zhong
Published: October 2012

The Jin Ping arch dam foundation exhibits large differences in the stiffness between left and right bank due to a fault in the valley and unloading, relaxation and rock crushing effects in the left abutment. An extremely complex engineering problem appears by achieving mechanical balance for the dam body. To reinforce the left dam foundation concrete pads refilling faults, huge concrete piles and consolidation grouting together with grout and drainage curtains are investigated and executed. The numerical results show that these reinforcement measures for the excavated dam foundation improved significantly the rock mass deformability and its stability.

A suitable excavation sequence for reinforcement tunnels and caverns is studied and the stability of these tunnels is analysed. The influence of consolidation grouting on the slope stability is investigated by varying spacing and number of active grouting holes. During the construction of the reinforcement tunnels the vibrations induced by blasting are simulated and measured. For different distances between tunnels and slope to tunnels respectively, the maximum quantity of explosives for single drives is studied.
Renewal of the pressure shaft and surge tank of the Kaunertal power station / Der Neubau des Kraftabstiegs und des Wasserschlosses für das Kaunertalkraftwerk
Authors: Bonapace Paul
Published: October 2012

The Kaunertal power station has been in operation since 1965. During one of the regular inspections of the facility, it was noticed that the entire pressure shaft and surge tank must be completely renewed due to the long years of wear and tear. The renewal is necessary as a result of the heavy hydraulic loading from power station peak operation and due to the fact that parts of the pressure shaft were constructed in a then unknown landslip and have since been subjected to additional loading from creep movement of the rock mass. The route of the new pressure shaft will run below the identified landslip with a sufficient safety factor, further south than the existing pressure shaft. The implementation of the project with its heart, the steel lined pressure shaft approx. 1, 430 m long with a diameter of 4.3 m, to be constructed inside a PC segmental lining installed with the progress of the double‐shield TBM, will take place in 2012 to 2015.

Das Kaunertalkraftwerk ist seit 1965 in Betrieb. Im Zuge regelmäßig durchgeführter Anlagenüberprüfungen wurde festgestellt, dass der gesamte Kraftabstieg (Druckschacht und Wasserschloss) infolge seiner langjährigen Beanspruchung umfassend erneuert werden muss. Der Erneuerungsbedarf ist einerseits auf die starke hydraulische Belastung im Rahmen des Spitzenkraftwerksbetriebs zurückzuführen, andererseits auf den Umstand, dass der Druckschacht seinerzeit auf Teilstrecken in einer lokalen, beim Bau nicht erkannten Massenbewegung errichtet wurde und seitdem einer zusätzlichen Beanspruchung aus Kriechbewegungen des Untergrunds ausgesetzt ist. Die Trasse des neuen Druckschachts wird mit ausreichendem Sicherheitsabstand nun unterhalb der identifizierten Massenbewegung und weiter südlich als der bestehende Druckschacht geführt. Die Realisierung des Projekts mit seinem Herzstück, dem gepanzerten ca. 1.430 m langen Druckschacht mit 4,3 m Durchmesser, der innerhalb einer mit Doppelschild‐TBM hergestellten Tübbingvorauskleidung errichtet wird, erfolgt in den Jahren 2012 bis 2015.
Clinical heterogeneity of de novo 11q deletion chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: prognostic relevance of extent of 11q deleted nuclei inside leukemic clone
Authors: Marasca Roberto , Maffei Rossana , Martinelli Silvia , Fiorcari Stefania , Bulgarelli Jenny , Debbia Giulia , Rossi Davide , Rossi Francesca Maria , Rigolin Gian Matteo , Martinelli Sara , Gattei Valter , Del Poeta Giovanni , Laurenti Luca , Forconi Francesco , Montillo Marco , Gaidano Gianluca , Luppi Mario
Published: October 2012

Deletion on the long arm of chromosome 11 occurs in 5–20% of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) patients. We analysed clinical–biological characteristics of 131 CLL patients carrying 11q deletion documented before therapy (de novo 11q deleted CLL). De novo 11q deleted CLL were characterized by high frequencies of unmutated immunoglobulin variable heavy genes, multiple fluorescence in situ hybridization aberrations and lymph node involvement. Factors significantly associated with shorter time to first treatment (TTFT) were advanced Binet stages, high white blood cell count, increased β2‐microglobulin levels, 17p in addition, splenomegaly and more extensive lymphadenopathy. We found that patients with <25% 11q deleted nuclei (n = 22) experienced longer TTFT compared with patients with ≥25% 11q deleted nuclei (n = 87; median TTFT, 40 vs. 14 months, p = 0.011) and also showed better response to treatments (complete response, 50% vs. 21%, p = 0.016). The variables identified by multivariate analysis as independently associated with reduced TTFT were advanced Binet stages [hazard ratio (HR) 4.69; p < 0.001] and ≥25% 11q deleted nuclei (HR 4.73; p = 0.004). De novo 11q deleted CLLs exhibit variable clinical outcome. The percentage of deleted nuclei inside leukemic clone should be included in the prognostic definition of therapy‐naïve 11q deleted CLL patients.

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of a clinically effective and non‐effective dose of lorazepam on 7.5% CO2‐induced anxiety
Authors: Diaper Alison , Papadopoulos Andreas , Rich Ann S. , Dawson Gerry R. , Dourish Colin T. , Nutt David J. , Bailey Jayne E.
Published: October 2012

Symptoms of anxiety induced by 7.5% CO2 inhalation can be attenuated by acute administration of GABAA receptor anxiolytics such as lorazepam and alprazolam. This study investigated if these effects are dose‐related, by comparing a 0.5 mg dose (considered non‐clinically effective) and a 2 mg dose of lorazepam (clinically effective) on 7.5% CO2 inhalation.

Eighteen healthy males (mean age 20.6 years, SD 1.29), judged physically and mentally fit, attended three visits, each one week apart, to take each treatment in a randomised double‐blind crossover design. Drugs were given 60 min prior to 20 min air inhalation, followed by 20 min 7.5% CO2 inhalation. The order of gas presentation was single blind. Subjective ratings using visual analogue scales (VAS) and questionnaires were recorded before and after each inhalation. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR) and expired CO2 were recorded during each inhalation.

Inhalation of 7.5% CO2 significantly raised BP, HR, RR and expired CO2. Ratings of feeling like leaving the room were significantly lower on 2 mg compared with 0.5 mg and placebo, and dose‐dependent trends were seen in scores for VAS fearful, anxious, stressed, tense, and worried. Results may be indicative of dose‐dependent effects of lorazepam in a CO2 model of anxiety. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.