bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Topographic Memory
Authors: Fentress Elizabeth
Published: September 2018

Among the various forms of social memory discussed by Chris Wickham and James Fentress in Social Memory, topographic memory was given rather short shrift: by this I mean the memory formed by and attached to places. To illustrate this theme I chose three sites with a Roman past: Cosa (Ansedonia), the monastery of S. Sebastiano at Alatri, and finally Volubilis in Morocco. These illustrate three different ways in which local memory of Roman sites was transmitted into the Middle Ages, and the reciprocal effects of this memory on the sites themselves, and on those who lived there.
Public Powers, Private Powers, and the Exploitation of Metals for Coinage
Authors: Bianchi Giovanna
Published: September 2018

In 1994, an article appeared in the Italian journal Archeologia Medievale, written by Chris Wickham and Riccardo Francovich, entitled ‘Uno scavo archeologico ed il problema dello sviluppo della signoria territoriale: Rocca San Silvestro e i rapporti di produzione minerari’. It marked a breakthrough in the study of the exploitation of mineral resources (especially silver) in relation to forms of power, and the associated economic structure, and control of production between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. On the basis of the data available to archeological research at the time, the article ended with a series of open questions, especially relating to the early medieval period. The new campaign of field research, focused on the mining landscape of the Colline Metallifere in southern Tuscany, has made it possible to gather more information. While the data that has now been gathered are not yet sufficient to give definite and complete answers to those questions, they nevertheless allow us to now formulate some hypotheses which may serve as the foundations for broader considerations as regards the relationship between the exploitation of a fundamental resource for the economy of the time, and the main players and agents in that system of exploitation, within a landscape that was undergoing transformation in the period between the early medieval period and the middle centuries of the Middle Ages.
Coinage and the Tributary Mode of Production
Authors: Moreno Eduardo Manzano
Published: September 2018

This chapter addresses a very simple question: is it possible to frame coinage in the Early Middle Ages? The answer will be certainly yes, but will also acknowledge that we lack considerable amounts of relevant data potentially available through state-of-the-art methodologies. One problem is, though, that many times we do not really know the relevant questions we can pose on coins; another is that we still have not figured out the social role of coinage in the aftermath of the Roman Empire. This chapter shows a number of things that could only be known thanks to the analysis of coins. And as its title suggests it will also include some reflections on greed and generosity.
The Two Republics
Authors: Jong Mayke de
Published: September 2018

According to Chris Wickham, a culture of the public was the strongest inheritance of Rome, and it existed until c.1000. Even in the early medieval West, with its relatively weak states, the notion of a domain that was publicus remained a pervasive one; it was primarily associated with royal property, law courts, royal officials, and assemblies, both great and small (Wickham, The Inheritance of Rome, p. 562). I could not agree more, but I would also include bishops and abbots, episcopal synods, and royal monasteries. This contribution argues that in any conceptualization of public authority in the early medieval West the church cannot be left out. With a focus on narrative and administrative sources from the West Frankish kingdom (c.840–880) the chapter investigates the semantic field of publicus and its derivatives, especially in the increasingly acrimonious debates about church property that emerged during the reign of Charles the Bald. It is in this context that new notions of a public domain and its ensuing obligations were most clearly and actively articulated.
A Remark on the Notion of Body
Authors: Pfeiffer Christian
Published: September 2018

Aristotle uses the word ‘body’ in three interrelated, though distinct ways: it may refer to physical substances, to their matter, or to a three‐dimensionally extended magnitude, which belongs to the category of quantity. The present study is concerned with quantitative body. One ought to distinguish between an account of a physical substances as such, for instance, an account of what it is to be that kind of substance, and an analysis of what belongs to physical substances insofar as they are bodies. It concerns characteristics, such as extension, continuity, and boundaries, which a physical substance has in virtue of being a body.
Mathematics and Physical Science
Authors: Pfeiffer Christian
Published: September 2018

The chapter concerns the relation between physical science and mathematics. There is no contradiction involved in the assumption that both the physicist and the mathematician study body and magnitudes, but are nonetheless engaged in two distinct sciences. A physicist studies quantities insofar as they are the bodies and magnitudes of physical substances. A mathematician studies bodies, lines, and surfaces as if they were separate. Quantities are logically separable from physical substances and mathematics studies the quantitative aspect of physical substances in isolation. Since both the physicist and the mathematician are concerned with the same underlying reality, the physicist can draw on mathematical theorems. What holds of an object insofar as it is a body also holds of the object insofar as it is a movable body which belongs to a substance.
Gender, Family, and Politics
Authors: Clark Nicola
Published: September 2018

Among the depositions taken as part of the Queen Catherine Howard treason case in 1541 is an illuminating exchange. Mary Hall/Lascelles, the originator of the reports of Catherine’s pre-marital sexual liaisons, claimed to have warned Henry Mannox, Catherine’s virginals tutor, to steer clear of Catherine, because ‘she do cu[m] of anobull hous & yf thow shuld mare here su[m] of here blod wold kell the’. Mannox coarsely replied, ‘hold thy pese woman I know here welhenoveghe for I have had here by thow count & know it amongst a C & she loff me & I lof her’. Mary clearly saw the Howard dynasty in this context as a large, cohesive entity primed to enact vengeance against those who wronged its members, and understood that women were among a dynasty’s chief assets. Mannox, on the other hand, disregarded this, and seemed to think that Catherine’s own individual feelings mattered more than what her family might think. These few sentences lay bare the inherent complexity of the early modern dynasty, and the importance of understanding the position of women within it: for, as this book argues, when women are placed centre stage it becomes evident that both of these interpretations of the function of an early modern dynasty could be valid, and that we need to nuance our understanding of women’s agency, dynastic identity, and politics to take account of this.
Fitness to Stand Trial under Australian Law
Authors: Freckelton Ian
Published: September 2018

This chapter reviews the statutory and case law in relation to fitness to stand trial in the Australian jurisdictions. There is significant disuniformity amongst Australian jurisdictions in relation to the statutory provisions relating to fitness to stand trial. Most importantly, there is a deficit in terms of the facility for a special trial for persons found unfit to stand trial in Western Australia and in Queensland. There is also variation in the provisions for care of persons found unfit to stand trial and for review of their suitability for release. This impacts upon the uptake of the option for use of the plea of unfitness to stand trial and has been the subject of criticism on human rights grounds.
Discourse, Context, and Coherence
Authors: Stojnić Una
Published: September 2018

On the received view, the resolution of context-sensitivity is at least partly determined by non-linguistic features of utterance situation. If I say ‘He’s happy’, what ‘he’ picks out is underspecified by its linguistic meaning, and is only fixed through extra-linguistic supplementation: the speaker’s intention, and/or some objective, non-linguistic feature of the utterance situation. This underspecification is exhibited by most context-sensitive expressions, with the exception of pure indexicals, like ‘I.’ While this received view is prima facie appealing, I argue it is deeply mistaken. I defend an account according to which context-sensitivity resolution is governed by linguistic mechanisms determining prominence of candidate resolutions of context-sensitive items. Thus, on this account, the linguistic meaning of a context-sensitive expression fully specifies its resolution in a context, automatically selecting the resolution antecedently set by the prominence-governing linguistic mechanisms.
Showing, Expressing, and Figuratively Meaning
Authors: Green Mitchell
Published: September 2018

We first correct some errors in Lepore and Stone’s discussion of speaker meaning and its relation to linguistic meaning. With a proper understanding of those notions and their relation, we may then motivate a liberalization of speaker meaning that includes overtly showing one’s psychological state. I then distinguish this notion from that of expression, which, although communicative, is less cognitively demanding than speaker meaning since it need not be overt. This perspective in turn enables us to address Lepore and Stone’s broadly Davidsonian view of figurative language, which rightly emphasizes the role of imagination and perspective-taking associated with such language, but mistakenly suggests it is sui generis relative to other types of pragmatic process, and beyond the realm of communication. Figurative utterances may influence conversational common ground, and may be assessed for their aptness; they also have a characteristically expressive role that a Davidsonian view lacks the resources to explain.
Composing Meaning and Thinking
Authors: de Almeida Roberto G.
Published: September 2018

If there is a line between semantics and pragmatics, where is it drawn? In this essay I propose that appreciating a sentence is subject to two sets of processes: linguistic (viz., syntactic, semantic) driving the composition of shallow propositions, and unbounded pragmatic (viz., thinking). In section 1, I discuss some guiding assumptions on cognitive architecture, which constrain the nature of linguistic and cognitive representations and processes—and by implication, the conception of the semantics/pragmatics divide I have to offer. The phenomena I examine in section 2, relying on linguistic arguments and experimental evidence, suggest that for certain constructions there is an early “literal” process of interpretation followed by a period of uncertainty, indicating that the early linguistic computations produce a “shallow” semantic representation, not a fully enriched one. The cases I discuss, culminating in metaphors and so-called indeterminate sentences, challenge the prowess of linguistic computations for resolving—even suggesting—interpretations.
Issues for Meaning
Authors: Lepore Ernie , Stone Matthew
Published: September 2018

We think it best to keep our observations general and minimal. The essays in this volume are clear and well argued, but we feel the same about our own book, and so, it would be otiose to dive deeper into the dialectic. Instead we will discuss a few areas where we believe additional research is needed to adjudicate central issues concerning the rules of language and the processes of interpretation which we take to be open, focusing primarily on conventions, intentions and coherence relations. We end with some comments on the scope of meaning in language and its consequences for the semantic enterprise.
Authority and International Courts
Authors: Hurd Ian
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers efforts to assess the authority of international courts. The framework proposed in this book suggests that court authority can be inferred from the behavior of governments and it imagines an ideal-type authority relation by which subjects acquiesce to courts out of respect for their authority. These two constitute a research program that aims to identify changes in behavior that follow from court authority rather than from the interests of the actors. There is a mismatch between the concept of authority and the methodology of content-independent behavioralism. The behavioral approach severs courts from the political motivations of those who create and use them, and directs research away from questions about the political goals that animate international legalization. A more dialogic approach may be useful, that considers the internal perspective of the actor and explores the purposes of these agents to understand why they do the things they do.
Creating Tax-Compliant Citizens in Sweden
Authors: Jansson Jenny
Published: September 2018

In the twentieth century, Sweden developed into a high-tax-rate country with extraordinary tax compliance—a unique combination. The Social Democratic Party played a crucial role in this transformation and this chapter explores how the Social Democrats created and maintained the social contract in the postwar period. It is suggested that a precondition for tax compliance is the perception of being treated fairly by the state and fairness can take two forms: fairness in the tax collection procedure, and fairness in the redistribution of collected taxes. This chapter shows how the Social Democrats nurtured the perception of fairness both through the creation of a comprehensive welfare state and through gradually improving and simplifying the tax collection procedure.
Tax Evasion in Italy
Authors: Hien Josef
Published: September 2018

The negative perception of Italians of their state has been formed by the deep conflict between Church and state that emerged during the Napoleonic occupation of Italy and reached its peak with Italian unification in the late nineteenth century. To the Vatican, territorial integration of the Italian nation state posed an existential threat, both at the political level (loss of territory) and at the spiritual level (diffusion of liberalism). From unification onwards the Vatican did all it could to harm the legitimacy of the Italian state. This chapter analyzes the Vatican strategy to delegitimize the Italian state and its right to tax. It shows how the willingness of Italians to pay their taxes still suffers today from the Church–state conflict.
Explaining Italian Tax Compliance
Authors: D’Attoma John
Published: September 2018

It is well known that tax compliance is low in Italy. Many scholars have examined Italian taxpayer behavior, mainly using experiments and surveys. However, little attention has been given to the historical circumstances that have shaped divergent taxpayer behavior in Italy. This chapter uses historical data from Italian unification through the Second Republic to assess the effects of Italy’s major formal institutions (the Church, state, and political parties) and informal institutions (clientelism) on Italian tax behavior. It argues that nineteenth-century unification and Fascism had significant repercussions for the Italian state and how Italians perceive the state. Because of this, Italians lack trust in their government and their fellow citizens, which inhibits a willingness to pay taxes. The implication then is a low-trust/low-compliance equilibrium that becomes increasingly difficult to reverse.
The Not-So-Infernal Revenue Service?
Authors: Huret Romain
Published: September 2018

This chapter describes the central issue of tax collection and the reasons why people still comply with the federal tax system in the United States. The current coercive model implies that fear and enforcement officers are the main vehicles of tax compliance in a country so attached to the idea of freedom against tyranny. However, rather than a coercive model of compliance, the chapter proposes a common ground model based upon three elements that explain why Americans have accepted and, generally speaking, still accept the expansion of fiscal power: (1) social legitimacy of the state and its actors; (2) a reach-out consensus on the definition and measurement of incomes and wealth; and (3) the ability of taxpayers and tax collectors to find room for negotiation. A historical outlook on different tax regimes demonstrates how institutional and social actors have searched continuously for common ground since the Early Republic.
Seeing Taxation in the Mid-Twentieth Century
Authors: Jones Carolyn C.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the important legitimacy of income tax, developments in social security, and the creation of a mass tax system in the US following the outbreak of World War II. From a federal concentration on the wealthy as a source of tax revenue, the chapter describes the creation of a social security system in 1935, the expansion of the federal income tax to a mass tax, and government propaganda which stressed the common goal of wartime victory to legitimize tax reform and expansion—one in which everyone was engaged. Also examined are the creation of a withholding system for income tax liability; tax alignment with postwar gender norms and the Cold War; and the unraveling of taxation, redistribution, and government itself, influenced by the growth of civil rights movements, the Vietnam War, and the secularization of American society.
The genetics of reproductive behavior
Authors: Hunt John , Rapkin James , House Clarissa
Published: September 2018

Genes play a fundamental role in the regulation and evolution of most phenotypic traits, including behavior. This chapter focuses on the genetics of reproductive behavior in insects.More specifically, the distribution of genetic effects for reproductive behavior in insects (many genes of small effect or few genes of large effect) is examined, as well as how these genes interact with each other, with genes for other important traits, and with the abiotic and social environments. The chapter concludes by discussing the wider implications of this complex genetic architecture to the evolution of reproductive behaviors in insects and outline some key directions for future research on this topic.
Long-range migration and orientation behavior
Authors: Reynolds Don R. , Chapman Jason W.
Published: September 2018

The dramatic long-distance flights of butterflies and other large insects, occurring near the ground, have long been regarded as migratory. In contrast, high-altitude wind-borne movements of small insects have often been viewed differently, as uncontrolled or even accidental displacements. This chapter shows how an individual-based behavioral definition provides a unifying framework for these, and other modes of migration in insects and other terrestrial arthropods, and how it can distinguish migration from other types of movement. The chapter highlights some remarkable behavioral phenomena revealed by radar, including sophisticated flight orientations shown by high-flying migrants. Migration behavior is always supported by a suite of morphological, physiological and life-history traits—together forming a ‘migration syndrome’, itself one interacting component of a ‘migration system’. These traits steer the migrants along a ‘population pathway’ through space and time, while natural selection acts contemporaneously, continually modifying behavior and other aspects of the syndrome.
Chemical communication
Authors: Roitberg Bernard D.
Published: September 2018

Communication takes place when two or more individuals interact via signal release and reception. This chapter focuses on chemical communication among arthropods, first, discussing the physical attributes of chemical communication and following up with examples that demonstrate the importance of chemical communication as a mediator of behavioral, ecological and evolutionary processes. In doing so, both the functional (i.e. why) and causal (i.e. how) aspects of chemical communication are considered. The examples are drawn from a broad range of topics, including mating conflict (and resolution), honest signals (e.g. marking pheromones), deceptive signals (e.g. sexual deception by orchids to exploit pollinators) and impacts on population dynamics via non-consumptive impacts (e.g. alarm pheromones of aphids). Finally, most of the examples illustrate the subtle and contextual nature of chemical communication making the case that to understand chemical communication one must understand the chemical communicators and not just the chemical compounds that mediate their inter-individual interactions.
Acoustic communication
Authors: Römer Heiner
Published: September 2018

This chapter, takes a broad look at insect acoustic communication, by including near-field and far-field sound, as well as substrate vibration, as signals. These mechanical disturbances differ greatly in their physical properties—they propagate in their natural environments over distances that can span from a few millimetres up to several hundred metres. Therefore, background information is provided to understand how the insect sound-emitting systems for the different signals work and in which behavioral contexts they are used. Evidence is also provided to describe the substantial changes signals undergo on their way to receivers, the effects of background noise on communication and how unintended receivers may represent costs in this system. Finally, a short overview of the structure and evolution of the tremendous diversity of sensory receptors is presented.
Behavior-based control of insect crop pests
Authors: Allan Sandra A.
Published: September 2018

Manipulation of insect behavior can provide the foundation for effective strategies for control of insect crop pests. A detailed understanding of life cycles and the behavioral repertoires of insect pests is essential for development of this approach. A variety of strategies have been developed based on behavioral manipulation and include mass trapping, attract-and-kill, auto-dissemination, mating and host plant location disruption, and push-pull. Insight into application of these strategies for insect pests within Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hemiptera/Thysanoptera are provided, but first with an overview of economic damage and traditional control approaches, and overview of relevant behavioral/ecological traits. Then examples are provided of how these different control strategies are applied for each taxonomic group. The future of these approaches in the context of altered crop development for repellency or as anti-feedants, the effects of climate change and the risks of behaviorally-based methods are discussed.
Thinking Together about Genocide
Authors: Arrow Holly , Garinther Alexander
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores how people “think together” in dyads, small groups, and larger collectives via mutual influence that organizes shared attention and intention, collectively constructs and validates meaning, and collaboratively develops and adjusts distributed networks of learning, memory, and forgetting. It weaves together a selective review of psychological literature on socially shared and situated cognition with applications to the shared and unshared memories of survivors and killers in post-genocide Rwanda. The process and content of convergent and divergent memories about a devastating collective experience helps illuminate the practical psychological functions served by socially shared cognition.
The “Ontological Complicity” of Habitus and Field
Authors: Theiner Georg , Fogle Nikolaus
Published: September 2018

This chapter approaches the work of the French sociologist, Pierre Bourdieu, from the point of view of embodied, extended, and distributed cognition. The concepts that form Bourdieu’s central dyad, habitus and field, are remarkably consonant with externalist views. Habitus is a form of knowledge that is not only embodied but fundamentally environment-dependent, and field is a distributed network of cognitively active positions that serves not only as a repository of social knowledge, but also as an external template for individual schemes of perception and action. The aim of this chapter’s comparative analysis is not to merely show that Bourdieu’s concepts are compatible with cognitive and epistemological externalism. They further demonstrate that the resources of Bourdieu’s theoretical framework can prove particularly useful for developing externalist accounts of culture and society—two areas that are significantly underexplored within mainstream debates in analytic philosophy.
Postscript
Authors: Guiney Thomas C.
Published: September 2018

The Postscript traces the evolution of early release since the events described in this book. It examines the growing influence of a ‘strategy of bifurcation’ within penal policy and considers how the differential treatment of low-level and serious offenders has transformed the policy and practice of early release in England and Wales. Given the space available, this involves painting with broad brush strokes and this postscript is loosely divided into three political interludes: the early years of New Labour, 1997 to 2003; the later stages of the New Labour project, 2004 to 2010; and the Coalition and Conservative governments that have followed since 2010.
The Study of Villages and the Understanding of Development
Authors: Himanshu  , Lanjouw Peter , Stern Nicholas
Published: September 2018

This chapter introduces the idea of the village study as a lens through which to examine and learn about economic development. The particular advantages of longitudinal village studies—tracking the village and its inhabitants over time—are described. The specific features of the Palanpur study, which make it unique and particularly valuable amongst longitudinal village studies in India, are highlighted. Amongst these are the long—seven-decade—duration of the study, the universal coverage of the village population, the wealth and quality of the quantitative data that has been collected, as well as the complementary availability of detailed qualitative information. The chapter reviews lessons for the general practice of household survey data collection and survey methods from the specific experience of the Palanpur study, highlighting the value of credibility and building a relationship of trust between field investigators and survey respondents.
Palanpur
Authors: Himanshu  , Lanjouw Peter , Stern Nicholas
Published: September 2018

This chapter sets the stage for the detailed discussion of economic development in Palanpur in subsequent chapters by offering a broad, largely but not exclusively quantitative, description of the village and its story of change during the period between 1957/8 and 2015. It draws on previously published materials, newly collected household survey data, secondary data, and qualitative information from notes, annotations, and diaries, to describe how Palanpur has evolved from a very poor, fairly closed, farming community with a rather rigid social structure, to a significantly less poor village with a diversified portfolio of economic activities and extensive links to the outside world. The chapter describes the evolution of income distribution in Palanpur, as well as of human development outcomes. The impact of polices and the role of institutions and politics in governing the changes in the village’s economy and society are examined.
India and Palanpur
Authors: Himanshu  , Lanjouw Peter , Stern Nicholas
Published: September 2018

The seven decades of the Palanpur study cover India’s life as an independent nation. The chapter highlights those changes in India’s economy and policy that relate, and are relevant, to our understanding of Palanpur’s development. Amongst the key events in India’s history that are of particular pertinence in Palanpur are the land reforms of the 1950s associated with zamindari abolition, the green revolution, diversification of employment into non-farm activities, with increasing incomes in rural areas, the slow expansion of education, rapid population growth, changing social, political, and demographic structures, transformation in communications, liberalization, and the opening of the economy. These changes in the overall economic environment have constituted crucial context for, and forces behind, the changes observed in Palanpur. The seven decades of data and close know ledge of Palanpur also help to illuminate the overall story of India’s development and locate it in a specific and human context.
Theory and India
Authors: Himanshu  , Lanjouw Peter , Stern Nicholas
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines theories of economic development and growth and asks how these can help in our understanding of the dynamics of changing individual circumstances in Palanpur. The core ideas of the Palanpur study, namely of non-farm diversification, evolving mobility and inequality, the responsiveness of institutions to change, sluggish progress in human development, and the critical role of entrepreneurship and initiative, are explored through the lens of conventional theories of development. Deficiencies in our conceptual understanding are identified (ways forward are suggested in Chapter 13). The chapter notes, however, that the rapidly growing fields of institutional and behavioural economics are particularly relevant to the Palanpur study and may come to offer important insights.
Tenancy in Palanpur
Authors: Himanshu  , Lanjouw Peter , Stern Nicholas
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines, in detail, the nature and trends in tenancy in Palanpur. It explores the ways in which the evolution of tenancy is associated with land ownership patterns, landlord–tenant relations, castes, absent or missing markets, and employment in non-farm activities. The chapter starts with an examination of trends in tenancy and different types of contracts in Palanpur. It asks how broader developments within and around the village have affected the institution of tenancy. Patterns of tenancy and of tenancy contracts are also examined in relation to the caste and land ownership of the landlord and tenant. The importance of ‘communities of trust’ amongst villagers—often linked to caste—is highlighted. Such social mechanisms reduce the need for constant and direct monitoring of the tenant’s efforts by the landlord, and can help to explain why sharecropping remains a relatively popular tenancy contract.
Poverty, Inequality, and Mobility in Palanpur
Authors: Himanshu  , Lanjouw Peter , Stern Nicholas
Published: September 2018

Palanpur offers the rare opportunity to simultaneously examine levels and trends in poverty, inequality, and income mobility over an extended period. This chapter documents the evolution of these distributional outcomes and points to some striking changes over time. It shows that the forces of agricultural change and non-farm diversification have combined to generate rising per capita incomes and falling poverty in Palanpur. Such forces have also, in recent years, fostered social mobility, with some households from the traditionally poorest castes finding remunerative earning opportunities in the non-farm sector. However, income inequality has also risen sharply in Palanpur, and this process is also seen to have been strongly driven by the expansion of the non-farm sector. When a long-term perspective is taken, the chapter shows that intergenerational mobility—considered here in terms of the strength of association between the incomes of fathers and sons—has declined over the entire survey period.
Women
Authors: Himanshu  , Lanjouw Peter , Stern Nicholas
Published: September 2018

This chapter documents the state and evolution of gender conditions and relations in Palanpur. The village has historically been a deeply patriarchal society where women had a very little role to play in public life. While many manifestations of striking gender inequality remain, some progress has been observed, particularly in recent years. Female education is showing some improvement, age at marriage is increasing, fertility is declining, and access to information, via mobile phones and television, is improving. Despite these encouraging signs, there remain enormous challenges. Domestic violence remains widespread; outcomes and relative strengths within the household are governed by the existence, or absence, of a fall-back position. Women’s employment opportunities in Palanpur remain extraordinarily limited. Further, a woman’s ability to reach her potential is still strongly linked to her social position in terms of class and caste.
Society and Politics
Authors: Himanshu  , Lanjouw Peter , Stern Nicholas
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the village as a society and polity, showing how relations between different social groups in Palanpur have changed and how the interactions of institutions and politics with economic change can help explain the nature and evolution of society. It also looks at the state of public institutions in Palanpur, documenting a decay in the quality and provision of public services, as well as an absence of any significant collective action to change this. It would be overly simplistic to argue that, because caste relations were historically centred around agricultural production, they are weakening with the declining economic importance of agriculture. Rather, there has been an emergence of caste as a proxy for trust in an increasingly informal and anonymous labour market outside the village. Furthermore, exogenously imposed changes, such as the introduction of panchayat elections, have seen new alliances being built.
Lessons for India, Policy, and the Economics of Development
Authors: Himanshu  , Lanjouw Peter , Stern Nicholas
Published: September 2018

This chapter attempts to draw some broad lessons for policy-makers and for the subject of development economics from the close examination of economic development in Palanpur over seven decades. It considers possible implications for India’s wider development, and argues that the workings of policies in relation to Palanpur can raise questions as to how policies elsewhere might be created, modified, or abandoned. Theories of development should, if they are to have real explanatory power, help in understanding the growth and development of a ‘not particularly unusual’ village. The chapter considers which ideas contribute the most important insights for Palanpur and what are the implications for research priorities. These include the role of informal activities in understanding the growth process, entrepreneurship, sustainability, inequality as an outcome of mobility, and the role of empowerment in public pressure, all of which involve understanding the role and evolution of behaviour and institutions.
The Rule of Law
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: September 2018

The rule of law requires that law make the differences it purports to make; linking the formal demands of law and the reality of the rules that structure power within a community. The chapter begins by outlining the rule of law. There are two aspects to the principle: first, the rule of law requires that laws be expressed in a way that enable people to obey the law; secondly, the rule of law requires that the social context is such that people are led to obey these rules. The second part of the chapter examines the connection between the rule of law and the state. First, it will be contended that states need to comply—to a degree—with the rule of law in order to exist. Secondly, in societies such as ours, non-state legal orders require the existence of the state, and state legal orders, for their successful operation.
Democracy
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter begins by examining and critiquing the version of democracy that might come closest to the common understanding of democracy: direct democracy. It is argued that the problems that direct democracy presents are insurmountable; it cannot give citizens the type of control over the institutions of the state necessary to ensure good government. The chapter then discusses representative democracy, those models of democracy in which decisions are made by legislatures elected by the citizenry. The role of the legislature as a forum for determining the policy direction of the state will be considered. The final part of the chapter examines the role of political parties. Whilst political scientists have long studied—and valued—political parties, outside of this discipline parties are frequently reviled and often overlooked. It will be argued that the mediating role of political parties is essential for the functioning of democracy.
Subsidiarity
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: September 2018

Subsidiarity speaks both to the constituency that votes for a legislature and, also, to the powers that the legislature should possess. It requires that the boundaries of democratic units track those who are affected by the outcome of its decisions. The chapter contrasts this account of subsidiarity with the broader Catholic version of the principle, a version that speaks to the construction of society more generally. The second part of the chapter examines the application of the principle, considering the implications of subsidiarity at three levels: the allocation of power within the state, the creation of the state, and the implications of subsidiarity at the international level. The chapter closes by considering a rival to subsidiarity: the principle of national self-determination. It will be argued that this principle is incompatible with constitutionalism, and should not be regarded as a guiding principle for the creation and structuring of states.
Conclusion
Authors: Barber N. W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter begins by outlining the ways in which the principles of constitutionalism interconnect, bringing together a number of points made elsewhere in this book. The interconnectedness of the principles entails that no single principle can be fully realized without the demands of the others also being satisfied. The second part of the chapter seeks to mitigate the apparent absolutism of constitutionalism by reflecting on the ways in which constitutionalism may be realized differently in different states, and has different relationships with institutions within those states. The third part of the chapter considers situations in which there are justifiable exceptions to the principles, situations in which state institutions should permit constitutionalism to remain unfilled. Having started the book by presenting constitutionalism as an ideal, this final chapter contends that there are reasons why, on occasion, deviations from this ideal should be accepted, and we should embrace, or tolerate, ‘good enough’ constitutionalism.
Pre- and Post-Dialectical Materialism
Authors: Levinson Marjorie
Published: September 2018

This chapter argues for a changed concept of the relationship between the human and the natural. It mobilizes contemporary work in the fields of theoretical biology and post-anthropological, post-dialectical perspectives drawn from Spinoza. We get a very different picture of Romantic poetry when we read it in light of the efforts of today’s radical thinkers to reconceive both the practical and categorical relations between culture and nature, the human and the non-human, the biological and the mechanical. This project is to be distinguished from the ecological critiques of industrial and post-industrial capitalism that develop from a conservative humanist position—for example, from that of Jonathan Bate, who advocates a renewed reverential stewardship of the environment, in that way reviving the protectionist, primitivist, essentializing views of nature that arose in the early nineteenth century.
What is New Formalism?
Authors: Levinson Marjorie
Published: September 2018

This chapter offers a critical review of the new formalist movement, especially in the first years of the twenty-first century. It explores new formalism’s embattled relationship to the new historicism, early and late, as well as to other forms of materialist critique. It distinguishes activist from normative new formalism. Activists want to restore to today’s reductive inscription of historical reading its original focus on form, traced most often to Marx, Freud, Adorno, and Jameson. Normative formalists campaign to bring back a sharp demarcation between history and art, discourse and literature, in which form is the prerogative of art. One strain of new formalism makes for a continuum with new historicism. The other, backlash, new formalism traces its position to Kant’s notion of form as the condition of aesthetic experience, understood as disinterested, autotelic, playful, pleasurable, consensus-generating, and thus both individually liberating and conducive to affective social cohesion.
Conclusion
Authors: Levinson Marjorie
Published: September 2018

This chapter bridges the gap between historicism and formalism through a new model for lyric. Different kinds of explanation suit different levels of analysis: validity in interpretation is tied to analytic level. Proposed here is a theory of the middle range—Franco Moretti’s genre, Jonathan Culler’s poetics. “Lyric” indicates the kind of poem recognized since the eighteenth century as such—hence, as the extreme form of the literary. A process resembling thinking happens in such densely coded, layered, and self-reflexive poems. The model suggested, however, is not self-reflexivity but self-assembly through a transhistorical recursive process that equally applies beyond conventionally defined agents, subjects, and mental states. As a byproduct of recursion, lyric subjectivity is homologous with processes in the physical and biological sciences, as conceptualized in dynamic systems theory. Such systems spontaneously select for their own boundaries and identity, their own relevant contexts: entity and environment are co-created.
The Axiom of Choice Machine
Authors: Pruss Alexander R.
Published: September 2018

This is a mainly technical chapter concerning the causal embodiment of the Axiom of Choice from set theory. The Axiom of Choice powered a construction of an infinite fair lottery in Chapter 4 and a die-rolling strategy in Chapter 5. For those applications to work, there has to be a causally implementable (though perhaps not compatible with our laws of nature) way to implement the Axiom of Choice—and, for our purposes, it is ideal if that involves infinite causal histories, so the causal finitist can reject it. Such a construction is offered. Moreover, other paradoxes involving the Axiom of Choice are given, including two Dutch Book paradoxes connected with the Banach–Tarski paradox. Again, all this is argued to provide evidence for causal finitism.
Generalized Dirichlet and Neumann Boundary-Value Problems
Authors: Edmunds D. E. , Evans W. D.
Published: September 2018

In this chapter, the generalized or weak interpretation of the Dirichlet and Neumann problems for general elliptic expressions is motivated and then the Lax–Milgram Theorem is used to set the problems in the framework of eigenvalue problems for operators acting in Hilbert space. Results on variational inequalities in Chapter IV are applied to establish Stampacchia’s weak maximum principle, and this leads to the notion of capacity.
Second-Order Differential Operators on Arbitrary Open Sets
Authors: Edmunds D. E. , Evans W. D.
Published: September 2018

In this chapter, three different methods are described for obtaining nice operators generated in some L2 space by second-order differential expressions and either Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions. The first is based on sesquilinear forms and the determination of m-sectorial operators by Kato’s First Representation Theorem; the second produces an m-accretive realization by a technique due to Kato using his distributional inequality; the third has its roots in the work of Levinson and Titchmarsh and gives operators T that are such that iT is m-accretive. The class of such operators includes the self-adjoint operators, even ones that are not bounded below. The essential self-adjointness of Schrödinger operators whose potentials have strong local singularities are considered, and the quantum-mechanical interpretation of essential self-adjointness is discussed.
Essential Spectra
Authors: Edmunds D. E. , Evans W. D.
Published: September 2018

In this chapter, various essential spectra are studied. For a closed operator in a Banach space, a number of different sets have been used for the essential spectrum, the sets being identical for a self-adjoint operator in a Hilbert space. As well as the essential spectra, the changes that occur when the operator is perturbed are discussed. Constant-coefficient differential operators are studied in detail.
Estimates for the Singular Values of −Δ + q when q is Complex
Authors: Edmunds D. E. , Evans W. D.
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers the Schrödinger operator −Δ + q with q complex. In this case the operator is not self-adjoint and so the analysis of Chapter XI does not apply. It is the distribution of the singular values that is now considered, the technique used being again the localization to cubes forming a covering of Ω, together with the Max–Min Principle. Some results are obtained concerning the sequence class lp to which the singular numbers and eigenvalues belong.
Willing What God Wills
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: September 2018

This chapter takes as its starting point the Thomistic interpretation of the doctrine of the atonement, on which the role of the atonement is to bring a human person into a life in grace; and it argues against one interpretation—Eckhart’s or else an Eckhart-like interpretation—of what a life in grace is. Understanding the internal psychic state of a person in grace is a help to understanding the atonement, but this chapter argues that the psychic state Eckhart recommends for life in grace is actually pernicious to the traditionally understood purpose of both suffering and atonement. Whatever the internal configuration is of a human person in a condition of mutual indwelling with God, it is not the self-destructive absence of desire urged by Eckhart. Aquinas’s view that Christ’s prayer in the Garden of Gethsemane is the model for such a state is much more promising.
Perseverance
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: September 2018

This chapter argues that the process of salvation has three parts. There is justification, the beginning of the process that depends ultimately on the human person in the process. Then there is sanctification, the extended part of the process in which a person cooperates with God to bring about her increased closeness with God through integration in goodness. And then there is perseverance in sanctification. Perseverance is as essential to the process of salvation as the original surrender to God is, and it is almost as difficult to maintain as the original surrender was difficult to elicit. On Christian theology, both the rite of the Eucharist and the experience of suffering have the power to support perseverance throughout the life of a person in grace. This chapter also shows that the connection between theodicy and the doctrine of the atonement is as intelligible as it is powerful.
Introduction
Authors: Andersson Jenny
Published: September 2018

The book proposes that the Cold War period saw a key debate about the future as singular or plural. Forms of Cold War science depicted the future as a closed sphere defined by delimited probabilities, but were challenged by alternative notions of the future as a potentially open realm with limits set only by human creativity. The Cold War was a struggle for temporality between the two different future visions of the two blocs, each armed with its set of predictive technologies, but these were rivaled, from the 1960s on, by future visions emerging from decolonization and the emergence of a set of alternative world futures. Futures research has reflected and enacted this debate. In so doing, it offers a window to the post-war history of the social sciences and of contemporary political ideologies of liberalism and neoliberalism, Marxism and revisionist Marxism, critical-systems thinking, ecologism, and postcolonialism.