bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethernet label spaces dependency on network topology
Authors: Caro Luis F. , Papadimitriou Dimitri , Marzo Jose Luis
Published: June 2010

Label space consumption has been studied in label‐based forwarding architectures such as multi‐protocol label switching (MPLS) to reduce forwarding table sizes and lookup complexity, to simplify network management, and to limit operational expenditures. On the other hand, nowadays label‐based forwarding is also considered in the context of carrier class Ethernet architectures. Given that these architectures may use different label scopes (domain‐widevs. local) and size spaces (depending on their encoding), there is a need to analyse and compare the properties of their respective label spaces, particularly in terms of scalability. In this paper, the impact of topology characteristics on label space consumption is studied. The dependency on factors such as the number of nodes, the topology node degree and the network structure is determined (both analytically andviaexperimentation), allowing a detailed comparison between the properties of the evaluated label spaces. Proposed techniques that can be applied to improve label space usage for label‐based Ethernet forwarding architectures are considered. The proposed methodology and results can serve as guidelines for the design of future label based forwarding architectures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ab initioinvestigation on the ion‐associated species and process in Mg(NO3)2solution
Authors: Zhang Hao , Zhang Yun‐Hong
Published: May 2010

In the present article, two focal subjects, i.e., hydration of the NOand associated ion species in the Mg(NO3)2solution are researched by using theab initiomethod. Nitrate ions with the hydration number of 1–6 are optimized at the HF/6‐31+G* level. Their relative energies, binding energies, andv1‐NOfrequencies are also presented. The investigation of the binding energies shows the hydration number is 3–6 in the solvent abundant environment. The associated species, including ion pairings, triple‐ and multiple‐ion clusters, are also optimized at the same level and theirv1‐NOfrequencies are calculated for comparing with the results in experiments. From the comparison, the new associated process via aqueous free ions → solvent‐shared ion pairings → solvent‐shared triple and multiple ion clusters → contact multiple ion clusters → amorphous crystal is proposed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 2010
Comparison of aromatic NH···π, OH···π, and CH···π interactions of alanine using MP2, CCSD, and DFT methods
Authors: Mohan Neetha , Vijayalakshmi Kunduchi P. , Koga Nobuaki , Suresh Cherumuttathu H.
Published: May 2010

A comparison of the performance of various density functional methods including long‐range corrected and dispersion corrected methods [MPW1PW91, B3LYP, B3PW91, B97‐D, B1B95, MPWB1K, M06‐2X, SVWN5, ωB97XD, long‐range correction (LC)‐ωPBE, and CAM‐B3LYP using 6‐31+G(d,p) basis set] in the study of CH···π, OH···π, and NH···π interactions were done using weak complexes of neutral (A) and cationic (A+) forms of alanine with benzene by taking the Møller–Plesset (MP2)/6‐31+G(d,p) results as the reference. Further, the binding energies of the neutral alanine–benzene complexes were assessed at coupled cluster (CCSD)/6‐31G(d,p) method. Analysis of the molecular geometries and interaction energies at density functional theory (DFT), MP2, CCSD methods and CCSD(T) single point level reveal that MP2 is the best overall performer for noncovalent interactions giving accuracy close to CCSD method. MPWB1K fared better in interaction energy calculations than other DFT methods. In the case of M06‐2X, SVWN5, and the dispersion corrected B97‐D, the interaction energies are significantly overrated for neutral systems compared to other methods. However, for cationic systems, B97‐D yields structures and interaction energies similar to MP2 and MPWB1K methods. Among the long‐range corrected methods, LC‐ωPBE and CAM‐B3LYP methods show close agreement with MP2 values while ωB97XD energies are notably higher than MP2 values. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 2010
Numerical modeling of the output and operations of semiconductor lasers subject to strong optical feedback and its dependence on the linewidth‐enhancement factor
Authors: Abdulrhmann Salah , Yamada Minoru , Ahmed Moustafa
Published: June 2010

Influence of the linewidth‐enhancement factor on the output and operations of InGaAs/InP pumping lasers emitting at a wavelength of 980 nm under strong optical feedback is investigated numerically. The investigations are performed based on intensive numerical integration of an improved time‐delay rate equations of semiconductor lasers over wide ranges of the linewidth‐enhancement factor and optical feedback strength. The results show that the semiconductor laser operates under strong optical feedback in continuous wave and pulsation at small values of the linewidth‐enhancement factor. Under large values of the linewidth‐enhancement factor, the laser happens to exhibit chaos and pulsation. We predict that semiconductor laser subjected to strong optical feedback exhibits much more stable pulsing operation under higher values of the linewidth‐enhancement factor, which indicates that the laser is locked at the external cavity frequency. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The development of olive tourism in Western Australia: a case study of an emerging tourism industry
Authors: Alonso Abel Duarte , Northcote Jeremy
Published: June 2010

The recent development of olive growing in Western Australia, and its amalgamation with tourism and hospitality, provides opportunities for growers to showcase their products and for visitors to experience olive‐tasting and learn about an ancient food culture and rural activity ‘transplanted’ into the ‘New World’ from its ‘Old World’ roots. The present study examines the dimensions of this emerging niche market in Western Australia. Face‐to‐face and telephone interviews were conducted among 23 small olive‐growing operations located in this region to understand their scope for developing olive tourism. Overall, respondents' comments suggest that their involvement in olive tourism and hospitality could substantially provide benefits for visitors to rural areas and become a complementary alternative to other activities. To fulfil this potential, however, growers heavily rely on greater collaboration within their own industry, as well as on local authorities and tourism bodies in ways that include assistance, partnerships and promotion. Moreover, collaboration between olive growers and regional/tourism stakeholders, as well as government support may not only contribute to the sustainability of olive growing, but also to the emergence of olive tourism. In turn, these developments may also help develop a culinary identity and a tourism concept that may help minimise the threats of outside competition (cheaper olive imports) and rural decline. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In search of heterotopia? Motivations of visitors to an English cathedral
Authors: Gutic Jorge , Caie Eliza , Clegg Andy
Published: June 2010

This paper explores visitor motivations at an English cathedral, and the role that heterotopia plays in their motives. More than a third of visitors to Chichester Cathedral appear to be motivated by a subconscious search for a spiritual experience, hidden by rational motives such as interest in history. It concludes by examining the management implications that arise from a potential lack of understanding about visitors' motivations. Cathedral managers should acknowledge their visitors' intrinsic sense of spirituality and recognise their spiritual motivations through interpretation, which should encourage them to explore their personal narratives around the emotional dimension of visiting a cathedral. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing on three planes
Authors: Mintzberg Henry
Published: June 2010

Top performance is “a question of building strong institutions, not creating heroic leaders. Heroic leaders get in the way of strong institutions,” Henry Mintzberg says in this interview. He focuses on his latest book, Managing, and describes how a leader manages on three planes, from the conceptual to the concrete: with information, through people, and to action directly. He also shares some frank opinions about the quality of management and leadership today.
Enhanced automated structure elucidation by inclusion of two‐bond specific data
Authors: Cheatham Steve F. , Kline Mike , Sasaki Ryan R. , Blinov Kirill A. , Elyashberg Mikhail E. , Molodtsov Sergey G.
Published: June 2010

The availability of cryogenically cooled probes permits routine acquisition of data from low sensitivity pulse sequences such as inadequate and 1,1‐adequate. We demonstrate that the use of cryo‐probe generated 1,1‐adequate data in conjunction with HMBC dramatically improves computer‐assisted structure elucidation (CASE) both in terms of speed and accuracy of structure generation. In this study data were obtained on two dissimilar natural products and subjected to CASE analysis with and without the incorporation of two‐bond specific data. Dramatic improvements in both structure calculation times and structure candidates were observed by the inclusion of the two‐bond specific data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hippocampal and amygdala volumes in borderline personality disorder: A meta‐analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies
Authors: Hall Jeremy , Olabi Bayanne , Lawrie Stephen M. , McIntosh Andrew M.
Published: June 2010

Background Structural brain abnormalities have been described in borderline personality disorder (BPD), but previous studies have generally been small and have implicated different brain regions to varying extents.

Method We therefore conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of published volumetric region‐of‐interest structural magnetic resonance imaging studies of patients with BPD and healthy controls. We additionally used meta‐regression to investigate the modulating effects of clinical parameters, including age, on regional brain volumes.

Results The meta‐analysis revealed significant bilateral decreases in hippocampal and amygdala volumes in patients with BPD compared with healthy control participants, in the absence of differences in whole‐brain volume. Metaregression demonstrated an association between increasing age and reduced hippocampal volumes in BPD.

Discussion Overall, these findings demonstrate clear structural changes in the medial temporal lobe in BPD, showing similarity to the biological effects of early life stress. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does social problem solving mediate the relationship between personality traits and personality disorders? An exploratory study with a sample of male prisoners
Authors: McMurran Mary , Oaksford Mike , Christopher Gary
Published: June 2010

Background Social problem solving therapy is one helpful approach to treating people with personality disorders (PD). Consequently, it is worthwhile to develop a greater understanding of the role of social problem solving in PD. One hypothesis is that social problem solving mediates the relationship between personality dimensions and personality disorder. This premise was explored in a sample of male prisoners, a population known to have a high prevalence of PD.

Method Sixty‐eight men completed the International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE), NEO‐Five Factor Inventory (NEO‐FFI) and the Social Problem‐Solving Inventory—Revised: Short Version (SPSI‐R:S). The data were explored for direct and indirect mediational effects of social problem solving variables in the personality dimension—PD relationship, using methods appropriate for small samples and multiple mediators.

Results A number of relationships between personality dimensions, social problem solving, and personality disorder traits were identified, but only for paranoid, schizotypal, borderline, narcissistic, and avoidant PDs.

Discussion These findings support the hypothesis that social problem solving mediates between personality dimensions and some PDs. Further research is necessary to verify these relationships. However, these findings begin to clarify the mechanisms by which personality dimensions relate to PDs. This knowledge has potential to contribute to the development of more effective interventions for people with particular personality dimensions and specific personality disorders. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential expression of skeletal muscle proteins in high‐fat diet‐fed rats in response to capsaicin feeding
Authors: Kim Dong Hyun , Joo Jeong In , Choi Jung‐Won , Yun Jong Won
Published: June 2010

In this study, the effects of capsaicin on expression of skeletal muscle proteins in Sprague–Dawley rats fed with a high‐fat diet (HFD) were investigated. Rats were fed a HFD with or without capsaicin treatment for 8 wk. After HFD feeding, capsaicin‐treated rats weighed an average of 8% less than those of the HFD control group. Gastrocnemius muscle tissue from lean and obese rats with or without capsaicin treatment was arrayed using 2‐DE for detection of HFD‐associated markers. Proteomic analysis using 2‐DE demonstrated that 36 spots from a total of approximately 600 matched spots showed significantly different expression; 27 spots were identified as gastrocnemius muscle proteins that had been altered in response to capsaicin feeding, and 6 spots could not be identified by mass fingerprinting. Expression of various muscle proteins was determined by immunoblot analysis for the determination of molecular mechanisms, whereby capsaicin caused inhibition of adipogenesis. Immunoblot analysis revealed increased uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) protein expression in HFD‐fed rats, whereas contents were reduced with capsaicin treatment. Compared with the HFD control group, capsaicin treatment increased phosphorylation of AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPIC) CP3 and acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC). To support this result, we also analyzed in vitro differential protein expression in L6 skeletal muscle cells. These data suggest that the AMPK‐ACC‐malonyl‐CoA metabolic signaling pathway is one of the targets of capsaicin action. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first proteomic study to report on analysis of diet‐induced alterations of protein expression that are essential for energy expenditure in rat muscle.
Peptidomic profiling of human cerebrospinal fluid identifies YPRPIHPA as a novel substrate for prolylcarboxypeptidase
Authors: Zhao Xuemei , Southwick Katie , Cardasis Helene L. , Du Yi , Lassman Michael E. , Xie Dan , El‐Sherbeini Mohamed , Geissler Wayne M. , Pryor KellyAnn D. , Verras Andreas , Garcia‐Calvo Margarita , Shen Dong‐Ming , Yates Nathan A. , Pinto Shirly , Hendrickon Ronald C.
Published: June 2010

Prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP) is a serine protease that catalyzes the cleavage of C‐terminal amino acids linked to proline in peptides. It is ubiquitously expressed and is involved in regulating blood pressure, proliferation, inflammation, angiogenesis, and weight maintenance. To identify the candidate proximal target engagement markers for PRCP inhibition in the central nervous system, we profiled the peptidome of human cerebrospinal fluid to look for PRCP substrates using a MS‐based in vitro substrate profiling assay. These experiments identified a single peptide, with the sequence YPRPIHPA, as a novel substrate for PRCP in human cerebrospinal fluid. The peptide YPRPIHPA is from the extracellular portion of human endothelin B receptor‐like protein 2.
The β‐δ‐Phase Transition and Thermal Expansion of Octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐Tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐Tetrazocine
Authors: Xue Chao , Sun Jie , Kang Bin , Liu Yu , Liu Xiaofeng , Song Gongbao , Xue Qibin
Published: June 2010

Phase behavior of octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine (HMX) is investigated by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD). The XRD patterns at elevated temperature show that there is a co‐existing temperature range of β‐ and δ‐phase during the phase transition process. Additionally, mechanical forces can catalyze the conversion from δ‐ back to β‐phase. Based on the diffraction patterns of β‐ and δ‐phase at different temperatures, we calculate the coefficients of thermal expansion by Rietveld refinement. For β‐HMX, the linear coefficients of thermal expansion of a‐axis and b‐axis are about 1.37×10−5 and 1.25×10−4 °C−1. A slight decrease in c‐axis with temperature is also observed, and the value is about −0.63×10−5 °C−1. The volume coefficient of thermal expansion is about 1.60×10−4 °C−1, with a 2.2% change from 30 to 170 °C. For δ‐HMX, the linear coefficients of thermal expansion of a‐axis and c‐axis are found to be 5.39×10−5 and 2.38×10−5 °C−1, respectively. The volume coefficient of thermal expansion is about 1.33×10−4 °C−1, with a 2.6% change from 30 to 230 °C. The results indicate that β‐HMX has a similar volume coefficient of thermal expansion compared with δ‐HMX, and there is about 10.5% expansion from β‐HMX at 30 °C to δ‐HMX at 230 °C, of which about 7% may be attributed to the reconstructive transition.
Influence of Particle Size and Mixing Technology on Combustion of HMX/Al Compositions
Authors: Muravyev Nikita , Frolov Yurii , Pivkina Alla , Monogarov Konstantin , Ordzhonikidze Olga , Bushmarinov Ivan , Korlyukov Alexander
Published: June 2010

In this work, two widely used components of high‐energy condensed systems – HMX and aluminium – were studied. Morphology, thermal behaviour, chemical purity and combustion parameters of HMX as a monopropellant and Al/HMX as a binary system were investigated using particles of different sizes. It was shown that in spite of the differences in composition and particle size, combustion velocities are almost identical for micrometer‐sized HMX (m‐HMX) and ultrafine HMX (u‐HMX) monopropellants under pressure from 2 to 10 MPa. Replacement of the micrometer‐sized aluminium with ultrafine one in the system with m‐HMX leads to a burning rate increase by a factor of 2.5 and the combustion completeness raise by a factor of 4. Two mixing techniques to prepare binary Al/HMX compositions were applied: conventional and ‘wet’ technique with ultrasonic processing in liquid. Applying wet mixing results in a burning rate increase of 18% compared to the conventional mixing for systems with ultrafine metal. The influence of the component's particle size and the composition microstructure on the burning rate of energetic systems is discussed and analysed.
Low‐temperature fabrication of flexible TiO2 electrode for dye‐sensitized solar cells
Authors: Zeng Qinghui , Yu Yuan , Wu Liangzhuan , Qi Bin , Zhi Jinfang
Published: May 2010

A novel method for preparing flexible porous titania electrode from commercial TiO2 particles at low temperature for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) was introduced. In this method, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) as an additive was added to form a good‐quality TiO2/HPMC film on indium‐tin‐oxide‐coated polyethylene naphthalate flexible substrate (PEN/ITO). The additive was subsequently decomposed via the TiO2 photocatalytic degradation process under 365 nm UV‐light illumination at room temperature to form flexible multiporous TiO2 electrode film. Electrochemistry impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis indicated that the resistance of TiO2 film markedly decreased, and photocurrent–voltage curves showed that the photocurrent dramatically increased when the additive (HPMC) was removed from the flexible titania electrode film. The photocurrent conversion efficiency was estimated at 3.25% under 100 mW/cm2 illuminations using this flexible film as the DSSC photoanode.

magnified image

Photocurrent versus voltages of the as‐prepared flexible DSSCs under AM 1.5 at 100 mW/cm2 illumination: photoanode made from HPMC‐free TiO2 paste (□) and photoanodes made from HPMC/TiO2 paste with UV‐light illumination from 0 to 10 h.
Effect of precursor concentration on the structural and optical properties of ZnO nanostructures
Authors: Kamaruddin Sharul Ashikin , Sahdan Mohd Zainizan , Chan Kah‐Yoong , Rusop Mohamad , Saim Hashim
Published: May 2010

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is an emerging material in large area electronic applications such as thin‐film solar cells and transistors. We report on the fabrication and characterization of ZnO nanostructures. ZnO nanostructures have been synthesized using sol–gel immerse technique on oxidized silicon substrates. Different precursor's concentrations ranging from 0.0001 to 0.01 M using zinc nitrate hexahydrate [Zn(NO3)2.6H2O] and hexamethylenetetramine [C6H12N4] has been employed in the synthesis of ZnO nanostructures. The surface morphologies were examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In order to investigate the structural properties, the ZnO nanostructures were measured using X‐ray diffractometer (XRD). The optical properties of the ZnO nanostructures were measured using photoluminescence (PL) spectrometer.
Optimization of the contact resistance in the interface structure of n‐type Al/a‐SiC:H by thermal annealing for optoelectronics applications
Authors: Ambrosio Roberto , Torres Alfonso , Zuñiga Carlos , Moreno Mario , Mireles Jose
Published: May 2010

The presented work meets the requirements for integration of amorphous silicon carbon films with silicon technology in order to obtain a complete optoelectronic system such as light emitting diodes and its electronic readout circuits. The key enabler for this integration scheme is the low temperature of deposition of a‐SiC:H films and an ohmic behavior in the interface metal/a‐SiC:H. In this work, the optimization of the interface Al/a‐SiC:H films are performed by means of thermal annealing timing. The a‐SiC:H films were deposited by enhanced chemical vapor deposition from CH4/SiH4 and C2H2/SiH4 mixtures. The structural and optical properties of the deposited films are presented. An implantation phosphorous dose was used for doping before fabrication of patterned aluminum contacts. The implanted films were electrically characterized by the transfer length method (TLM) measuring a sheet resistance value as low as 171 MΩ/square. The Schottky behavior was improved to ohmic behavior after several hours in thermal annealing treatments at 350 °C, which allows to obtain a reasonable contact resistance values in the range from 8.6 to 26.8 kΩ.
Preparation of ZnO thin film by the sol–gel method using low temperature ozone oxidation
Authors: Ehara Takashi , Ueno Takaaki , Abe Junya
Published: May 2010

Zinc oxide thin films have been prepared by the sol–gel method from a 2‐methoxyethanol solution of zinc acetate dihydrate on SiO2 substrates using air, pure oxygen, and 1% ozone in oxygen as oxygen source. In the cases where air or oxygen was used as the oxygen source for thermal annealing, samples annealed at 600 to 800 °C exhibit a (0002) peak in X‐ray diffraction (XRD). A sample annealed at 700 °C exhibited the highest (0002) peak intensity in conventional thermal annealing. However, the case using 1% ozone in oxygen as the atmosphere presented different results. A sample treated in 1% ozone at 100 °C had peak intensity in XRD (0002) comparable with samples annealed at several hundreds of degree in air or oxygen. This result indicates that the high oxidation efficiency of ozone is useful in decreasing the processing temperature of the sol–gel method.
InGaZnO thin‐film transistors with YHfZnO gate insulator by solution process
Authors: Kim Si Joon , Kim Gun Hee , Kim Dong Lim , Kim Doo Na , Kim Hyun Jae
Published: May 2010

Thin‐film transistors (TFTs) with the indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) as a channel layer and the yttrium hafnium zinc oxide (YHZO) as a gate insulator layer were fabricated and both of layers were deposited by solution process. YHZO solution was prepared by dissolving yttrium nitrate, hafnium chloride, and zinc acetate into 2‐methoxyethanol with additional stabilizers. The spin coating and annealing procedures were repeated several times to obtain sufficient thickness for gate insulator in IGZO TFTs. The electrical characteristics of YHZO films were analyzed by capacitance–voltage and leakage current measurements. The dielectric constant was about 16.4 and leakage current density was about 6 × 10−8 A/cm2. In solution‐processed IGZO TFTs with YHZO gate insulator, the field effect mobility, the on‐to‐off current ratio, the threshold voltage, and the subthreshold swing were 0.29 cm2/Vs, ∼105, 3.47 V, and 1.26 V/decade, respectively.
The optical absorption of metal nanoparticles deposited on ZnO films
Authors: Remes Z. , Kromka A. , Vanecek M. , Babcenko O. , Stuchlikova T.‐H. , Cervenka J. , Hruska K. , Trung T. Q.
Published: May 2010

We present the optical absorption spectra of metal nanoparticles prepared by thermal annealing of the ultra thin metal films evaporated on polycrystalline ZnO films. The surface morphology, particle size and density were monitored by the atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). ZnO films with the surface roughness about 10 nm rms deposited on sapphire and immersed in the transparent liquid show negligible optical reflectance, interferences and light scattering and are transparent at wavelengths above 400 nm. The optical absorption of ZnO film in UV region allows to calibrate the photothermal deflection spectra (PDS) both with and without metal nanoparticles and to estimate with high precision the optical absorptance of metal nanoparticles in the visible and near infrared region. The optical absorptance spectra of gold nanoparticles embedded in the non‐absorbing medium can be simulated by effective medium approximation‐EMA (Maxwell‐Garnett model). The maximum of the localized plasmon resonance shifts to longer wavelengths (red shift) when the metal nanoparticles are more tightly packed in the matrix, whereas the size of the nanoparticles determinate the width of the resonance peak. The electron scattering cross section of Au nanoparticles observed by SEM is about two times larger than their diameter.
Hybrid polymer/TiO2 films by in situ hydrolysis condensation of titanium alkoxide precursors for photovoltaic transparent windows
Authors: Davenas Joël , Barlier Vincent , Legaré Véronique‐Bounor , Canut Bruno , Rybak Andrzej , Slazak Agnieszka , Jung Jaroslaw
Published: May 2010

Poly(vinylcarbazole)/TiO2 hybrid thin films have been produced by the hydrolysis condensation of titanium alkoxide precursors dispersed in a polymer layer deposited on ITO substrates. Common alkoxide precursors like titanium isopropoxide [Ti(iOPr)4] show a fast hydrolysis beginning during film deposition, which leads to early phase separation. A new TiO2 precursor precursor bearing carbazole groups: titanium tetrakis 9H‐carbazole‐9‐yl‐ethyl‐oxy [Ti(OeCarb)4] has been used to slow down the reactivity of the precursor by a steric hindrance effect. Improved precursor dispersion in the polymer solution is obtained for this new precursor leading to an homogeneous dispersion of the TiO2 phase at the nanoscale in the hybrid film. Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry has shown that the hydrolysis condensation was effective with the production of carbazol alcohol remaining trapped in the bulk of the film. This residual alcohol leads to an increase of the UV optical absorption of the PVK/TiO2 hybrid films. Improvement of the balance between the two types of photogenerated charges has been shown by surface potential decay experiments upon the formation of a TiO2 conduction network for the transport of electrons. The film is almost transparent above 350 nm opening a new route for the elaboration of semi‐transparent photovoltaic glasses, which can find application on the growing market of energy efficient buildings.
Hydrogen sensing performance dependence on catalytic metal thickness of Pt/AlGaN/GaN Schottky diodes
Authors: Song Junghui , Lu Wu
Published: May 2010

The dependence of catalytic metal thickness in Pt/AlGaN/GaN heterostructure Schottky diodes for high temperature hydrogen sensing is investigated. The decrease of Pt catalytic film thickness at the diodes enhances both the hydrogen sensitivity and the detection limit. As Pt film thickness decreases from 40 nm to 2.5 nm, the H2 detection limit improves from 100 ppb to 60 ppb at 25 °C and the sensitivity increases two to three times over the range of temperature from 25 °C to 500 °C and H concentration from 10 ppb to 5000 ppm. The effect of Pt thickness on the device current modulation by H2 is dependent only on the Schottky barrier height change (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of furostanol glycosides fromTrigonella foenum‐graecumon the reproductive system of male albino rats
Authors: Aswar Urmila , Bodhankar Subhash Laxman , Mohan V. , Thakurdesai Prasad Arvind
Published: June 2010

Trigonella foenum(TF) has long been used in the traditional Indian systems of medicine for the treatment of various ailments. The objective was to study the anabolic and androgenic activity of the furostanol glycosides fraction ofTrigonella foenum‐graecum(Fenu‐FG) in immature castrated male Wistar rats. It was also aimed to investigate the effect of Fenu‐FG on testicular histology in non‐castrated immature rats. The animals (55 ± 5 g) were castrated. The rats were treated with either vehicle, testosterone (10 mg/kg s.c. bi‐weekly) or Fenu‐FG (10 and 35 mg/kg p.o.) once daily for 4 weeks. At the end of the study, blood was withdrawn, serum testosterone and BUN were measured. Animals were killed and reproductive organs were excised and weighed.

Fenu‐FG (35 mg/kg p.o.) and testosterone (10 mg/kg, s.c. biweekly) increased the weight of the levator ani muscle as well as body weight. Fenu‐FG (10 or 35 mg/kg p.o.) did not change the testosterone level in castrated rats. Histopathological examination of the testis of non‐castrated rats treated with Fenu‐FG (10, 35 mg/kg p.o.) showed normal architecture of the testis. Fenu‐FG (35 mg/kg p.o.) showed anabolic activity without androgenic activity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
α‐glucosidase inhibition and the in vivo hypoglycemic effect of butyl‐isobutyl‐phthalate derived from the Laminaria japonica rhizoid
Authors: Bu Tong , Liu Ming , Zheng Lanhong , Guo Yuewei , Lin Xiukun
Published: June 2010

The rhizoid of Laminaria japonica is widely used in Chinese medicine as a treatment for diabetes. Therefore, a bioactivity‐tailored isolation and detailed chemical characterization was used to identify the antidiabetes compounds found in the L. japonica rhizoid. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), proton NMR and carbon NMR spectra analyses demonstrated that the active compound was butyl‐isobutyl‐phthalate (BIP). BIP demonstrated a significant concentration‐dependent, non‐competitive inhibitory activity against α‐glucosidase in vitro, with an IC50 of 38 μm. In vivo, the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) and purified BIP displayed a significant hypoglycemic effect in streptozocin‐induced diabetic mice. The present study indicates BIP could be considered as an α‐glucosidase inhibitor and developed as an important antidiabetes agent for type II diabetes therapy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effect of propolis on Th1/Th2 cytokine expression and production by melanoma‐bearing mice submitted to stress
Authors: Missima F. , Pagliarone A. C. , Orsatti C. L. , Araújo J. P. , Sforcin J. M.
Published: June 2010

Since propolis possesses immunomodulatory and antitumoral activities, this work aimed to evaluate its effect on Th1 (IL‐2 and IFN‐γ) and Th2 (IL‐4 and IL‐10) cytokines mRNA expression and production by melanoma‐bearing mice submitted to immobilization stress. C57BL/6 male mice were inoculated with B16F10 cells, treated with propolis and submitted to stress for 14 days. Spleen cells were assessed for Th1/Th2 cytokine expression and production. Stress induced a higher tumor area, while propolis‐treated mice, stressed or not, showed a melanoma development similar to the control. In groups without melanoma, stress or propolis treatment did not affect IL‐2, IL‐4 and IL‐10 gene expression. On the other hand, IL‐2 and IL‐10 expression was inhibited in melanoma‐bearing mice, stressed or not. Th1 cytokine production was also inhibited in melanoma‐bearing mice. Propolis administration to melanoma‐bearing mice submitted to stress stimulated IL‐2 expression, as well as Th1 cytokine (IL‐2 and IFN‐γ) production, indicating the activation of antitumor cell‐mediated immunity. Propolis also stimulated IL‐10 expression and production, which may be related to immunoregulatory effects. The data indicate that propolis exerted an immunomodulatory activity in this assay, which may be related to its antitumoral action in vivo. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Artificial neural network application of modeling failure rate for Boeing 737 tires
Authors: Al‐Garni Ahmed Z. , Jamal Ahmad
Published: June 2010

This paper presents an application of artificial neural network (ANN) technique for conducting the reliability analysis of Boeing 737 tires. For this purpose, an ANN model utilizing the feed‐forward back‐propagation algorithm as a learning rule is developed. The inputs to the neural network are the flight operational time and the number of landings as independent variables and the output is the failure rate of the tires. Two years of data are used for failure rate prediction model and validation. Model validation, which reflects the suitability of the model for future predictions, is performed by comparing the predictions of the model with that of Weibull regression model. The results show that the failure rate predicted by the ANN is closer in agreement with the actual data than the failure rate predicted by the Weibull model. The present work also identifies some of the common tire failures and presents representative results based on the established model for the most frequently occurring tire failure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impoverishment of YOY‐fish assemblages by intense commercial navigation in a large Lowland river
Authors: Huckstorf V. , Lewin W.‐C. , Mehner T. , Wolter C.
Published: June 2010

Navigation‐induced physical forces have been suggested to modify the structure of riverine fish assemblages by impeding especially the recruitment of littoral bound species. To investigate the effect of vessel frequency on fish, we compared the composition and seasonal succession of young‐of‐the‐year (YOY) fish assemblages in three similarly degraded river reaches differing in average vessel passages (2, 6 and 41 per day). Fish were caught by electrofishing biweekly between May and September.

Multivariate tests were used to analyse differences between YOY‐fish assemblages and hurdle regression models applied to determine abiotic factors predicting fish occurrence and abundance. Roach (Rutilus rutilus) and perch (Perca fluviatilis) densities were compared. Roach larvae remain in the littoral zone while perch larvae shift to the pelagic zone immediately after hatch. YOY‐fish assemblage structure substantially changed along the traffic intensity gradient. In the high traffic intensity reach, species number and total fish density were markedly reduced compared to the other reaches. Roach densities were lowest in the high traffic intensity reach whereas perch densities did not decline along the gradient. Hurdle regressions confirmed a stronger effect of commercial navigation traffic intensity on roach than on perch. The total zooplankton biomass was highest in the high traffic intensity reach.

Our results provide empirical evidence that intensive commercial navigation impoverishes fish assemblages in width‐restricted waterways. They underlined that in particular those species that have their first nursery habitats in shoreline areas were more affected by intensive commercial navigation than species whose larvae live predominantly pelagic. The results indicate that the negative effect of intensive navigation on riverine fish results primarily from the navigation‐induced hydraulic disturbances along the banks. Therefore, mitigation of navigation‐induced hydraulic forces is required to prevent degradation of fish communities in waterways. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depth profiling of lamella‐phase diblock copolymers using SIMS
Authors: Lee Yeonhee , Lee Jihye , Lim Weon Cheol , Shin Kwanwoo , Kim Kang‐Jin
Published: June 2010

The morphology from symmetric diblock copolymers of poly(styrene‐b‐propylmethacrylate) (PS‐PPrMA), where polystyrene (PS) block was perdeuterated near the copolymer/air and copolymer/substrate interfaces and in the bulk, was characterized by using time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS). Elemental depth profiles measured in the negative ion mode by a Cs+ primary ion beam demonstrate variations in hydrogen, deuterium, carbon, oxygen and hydrocarbons within the diblock copolymer according to the depth. The annealed deuterated poly(styrene‐b‐propylmethacrylate) (dPS‐PPrMA) copolymer samples showed a decrease in the deuterated PS secondary ion peak intensity as compared to the as‐cast samples. TOF‐SIMS depth profiling was obtained for the lamellar morphology of dPS‐PPrMA which is found to orient parallel to the surface of the substrate. This preferential orientation resulted in a periodic variation in the composition of each block that continued through the entire copolymer film with thickness of 700 and 2100 Å. Temperature‐dependent annealing studies on dPS‐PPrMA thin film on the silicon substrates were performed to investigate the lower critical ordering transition (LCOT) properties of diblock copolymers. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface hydrophilization of SU‐8 by plasma and wet chemical processes
Authors: Walther Ferdinand , Drobek Tanja , Gigler Alexander M. , Hennemeyer Marc , Kaiser Michael , Herberg Helmut , Shimitsu Tetsuji , Morfill Gregor E. , Stark Robert W.
Published: June 2010

Wetting properties and surface roughness of SU‐8 can be modified by wet chemical and plasma processes. These processes result in an enhanced wettability that can be attributed to an increase of CO and COO groups at the surface. Wet chemical etching with ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) rendered the SU‐8 surface hydrophilic. However, it also led to the accumulation of cerium species on the surface, which may interfere with biochemical reactions in the device. Surface activation could also be achieved with a low‐temperature atmospheric argon plasma, which left a smooth surface. Treatment of SU‐8 with oxygen plasma led to a stable hydrophilization and an increased surface roughness. Owing to oxygen plasma processing, antimony species were accumulated which could be removed with a cleaning step. In order to maintain the hydrophilization after oxygen plasma treatment for storage, or over several wetting cycles, the surface can be coated with a protein‐resistant graft copolymer (PLL‐g‐PEG). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of Bi1+, Bi3+ and C60+ primary ion sources for ToF‐SIMS imaging of patterned protein samples
Authors: Dubey Manish , Brison Jérémy , Grainger David W. , Castner David G.
Published: June 2010

Imaging time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) has been used to study protein bound to a photolithographically patterned, commercial poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐based polymer film. The effect of different ion sources on the fragmentation pattern from this sample was analyzed with respect to the surface sensitivity of characteristic protein fragments and contrast in the ion images. The method demonstrates that, under similar fluence (below the static limit), Bi3+ provides better surface sensitivity for low mass fragments, and the best image contrast, as compared to Bi1+ and C60+ ion sources. Principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized to process depth profiles for this sample and shows that a primary ion fluence of approximately 20 × 1012 ions/cm2 is required to etch through the adsorbed protein layer. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative analysis of the surface composition of mixed self‐assembled monolayers using ToF‐SIMS and FT‐IR analyses
Authors: Min Hyegeun , Yu Hyunung , Son Miyoung , Moon Dae Won , Lee Tae Geol
Published: June 2010

Mixed self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) consisting of different molecules have been used to modify surface wettability, functionalize end groups for chemical binding, and control adsorption of proteins, DNA, or cells. In these applications, control over the quantification of the surface composition of a mixed SAM is especially important when designing biochips and biosensors. Previously, we presented a method by which ToF‐SIMS can be used to quantify the composition of two adsorbates with acetylene and propene functional groups from their secondary ion yield ratio in mixed SAMs on gold substrates. We concluded that although the ion yield ratio of the two adsorbates in mixed SAM was not equal to the mole fraction of Diyne (‐acetylene) and Diene (‐propene) in a solution, this was due to a different secondary ion formation, and not to the difference in the amount of adsorbates on the surface. In this study, we revisit the same sample system, this time applying a FT‐IR technique to test the accuracy of our previous findings. We found that the absorbances of the acetylene and propene functional groups neatly and linearly correlated with the mole fraction in the solution, which were consistent with our previous conclusions. We also used this methodology to quantify mixed silane SAMs on a silica surface. Our study shows that the ToF‐SIMS and FT‐IR techniques can complement one another and be useful to quantify mixed SAMs on various substrates. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protection of magnesium alloy weldment using arc‐sprayed aluminum coatings and its postheat treatment
Authors: Liu Liming , Xu Rongzheng
Published: June 2010

Arc‐sprayed Al coatings and its postheat treatment are applied to Mg alloy weld joints to improve its corrosion resistance. Effects of postheat treatment on the corrosion character of coating, tensile strength of weld joints, and adhesive strength between coating and weld joint are studied. The research results show that arc‐sprayed Al coatings are successfully deposited on the surface of the Mg alloy weld joint by arc spraying technology. The coating is mechanically bonded to the weld joint. But after a postheat treatment, the coating and the joint are metallurgically bonded due to the formation of AlMg intermetallic compounds diffusion layer. At the same time, the corrosion resistance of Al‐coated Mg alloy weldment with PHT is higher than without PHT. In addition, the tensile strength of the weld joint is hardly affected by the postheat treatment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NanoSIMS50 imaging of thin samples coupled with neutral cesium deposition
Authors: Audinot Jean‐Nicolas , Cabin‐Flaman Armelle , Philipp Patrick , Legent Guillaume , Wirtz Tom , Migeon Henri‐Noel
Published: June 2010

Thanks to the 50 nm of lateral resolution of the NanoSIMS50, new fields of application have been opened to Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. The NanoSIMS50 imaging capabilities are however often hampered by the fact that, due to a high impact energy (16 keV) and normal incidence of the primary ion beam, the steady state is only reached after sputtering several nanometers (10–20 nm) of the sample. As a consequence, the secondary ion emission is very low during the sputtering of these first nanometers. This phenomenon, which is most pronounced for organic and biologic samples, induces artifacts of measurement. In a previous study, we have shown that negative secondary ion yields can be enhanced in Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) by coupling the primary ion bombardment with a simultaneous neutral cesium deposition. As this method cannot be used directly on the NanoSIMS50, we propose here to perform SIMS analysis after a prior deposition of Cs0 in a standalone UHV system. With this new method of analysis, organic thin films and proteins have been 3D monitored. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy‐dependent fragmentation of polystyrene molecule using size‐selected Ar gas cluster ion beam projectile
Authors: Moritani Kousuke , Mukai Gen , Hashinokuchi Michihiro , Mochiji Kozo
Published: June 2010

A size‐selected Ar gas cluster ion beam (GCIB) was applied to the SIMS of a polystyrene thin film. The size of Ar cluster ions are selected between 5000 to 500 atoms at an acceleration voltage of 5 and 10 kV using time‐of‐flight technique. Under this condition, the kinetic energy per constituent atom (Eatom) of the GCIB projectile was estimated to be 1 ∼ 20 eV. The Eatom dependence of secondary ion yield of fragment species of polystyrene can be essentially classified into three types which are attributable to the relationship between the Eatom and the dissociation energy of the specified bonding site of the molecule. These results indicate that the site‐specific bond breaking of molecules could be possible by adjusting the Eatom of size‐selected GCIB. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hopping, turning and flipping of single molecules during lateral manipulation with a scanning tunneling microscope
Authors: Parschau Manfred , Hug Hans J. , Rieder Karl‐Heinz , Ernst Karl‐Heinz
Published: June 2010

Manipulation experiments have been performed with single molecules of the hydrocarbon propene on a copper(211) surface at 7 K. Depending on the location of the methyl group, propene forms two enantiomorphous pairs of different adsorbate states. Beyond repositioning of the molecules via vertical and lateral manipulations with the STM tip, conversions between the different adsorbate geometries were observed. The role of inelastically tunneled electrons and the electric field in the junction between tip and surface are discussed as origins of adsorbate mode conversion. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imaging of lipids in cultured mammalian neurons by matrix assisted laser/desorption ionization and secondary ion mass spectrometry
Authors: Yang Hyun‐Jeong , Sugiura Yuki , Ishizaki Itsuko , Sanada Noriaki , Ikegami Koji , Zaima Nobuhiro , Shrivas Kamlesh , Setou Mitsutoshi
Published: June 2010

Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) provides a novel opportunity for visualization of molecular ion distribution. Currently, there are two major ionization techniques, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) are widely used for imaging of biomolecules in tissue samples. MALDI and SIMS‐based IMS have the following features; measurable mass ranges are wide and small, and the spatial resolutions are low and high, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is a first report to identify the lipids in cultured mammalian neurons by MALDI‐IMS. Further, those neurons were analyzed with SIMS‐IMS in order to compare the distribution pattern of lipids and other derived fragments. The parameters which influence the identification of lipids in cultured neurons were optimized in order to get an optimum detection of lipid molecules. The combined spatial data of MALDI and SIMS supported the idea that the signals of small molecules such as phosphatidylcholine head groups and fatty acids (detected in SIMS) are derived from the intact lipids (detected in MALDI‐IMS). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.