bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
National Socialism: A Menace
Authors: Kleist-Schmenzin Ewald Von
Published: November 2023

Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin was a conservative nationalist of deeply undemocratic persuasion who, unlike Rauschning, opposed National Socialism from the start. Rejecting the DNVP’s willingness to entertain the notion of bringing Hitler into a coalition in order to ‘tame’ him, Kleist-Schmenzin realized that National Socialism was a fundamentally anti-conservative force with a dynamism far more powerful than anything the conservatives would be able to harness. His own deeply conservative convictions are evident in his stress on the anti-religious, antimonarchical elements of the movement, while his comments on the populist dynamism and the centrality of racism to National Socialism reveal him to have been a better judge of the movement than those conservatives who believed that Hitler could be incorporated into a stable authoritarian regime.
The Party
Authors: Heuss Theodor
Published: November 2023

Theodor Heuss, a liberal member of the Reichstag from 1924 to 1928 and again from September 1930 onwards, provided an interesting critique of the rise of the NSDAP from a pro-Republican bourgeois perspective (although his writing is also indicative of the disillusionment with the Republic felt within the liberal intelligentsia by this point). Criticized at the time and since for his gently ironizing tone and his lack of polemic, Heuss’s observations on the nature of the movement in comparison to other parties remain instructive, as do many other aspects of his book.
The Third Reich Is Here!
Authors: Naab Ingbert
Published: November 2023

Fritz Gerlich’s dose collaborator Ingbert Naab similarly warned against cooperation with Hitler. Like Gerlich, Naab appreciated the difference between the Nazis and the Nationalists; in contrast to Gerlich, he placed more emphasis on the significance of Nazi ideology Note also his emphasis on the nature of authority within the movement.
On the Engagement with National Socialist Violent Crimes in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Steinbach Peter
Published: November 2023

Although during the years of National Socialist rule the Germans had become eyewitnesses to the defamation, repression, ghettoization, and persecution of political opponents, of minorities defined as ‘unworthy’, and of Jews, they appeared initially after the liberation from National Socialism to have been surprised by the extent and nature of the mass shootings and by the almost unquantifiable system of industrial-style murder in extermination camps. The worst rumours, the broadcasts of allied radio stations, and allied leaflets were surpassed by the reality.
On the German Situation
Authors: Toller Ernst
Published: November 2023

The German-Jewish dramatist and essayist Ernst Toller was a perceptive critic of fascism from the perspective of the Left. As with many Jewish intellectuals on the Left, his socialist convictions led him to understate the anti-Semitic nature of National Socialism; unlike many, he recognized, however, its violent and destructive potential. Tragically, it took the victory of National Socialism for the ‘popular front’ which he proposed to come into existence.
The Crisis of Classical Modernity
Authors: Peukert Detlev
Published: November 2023

In one of the most original interventions on the Weimar Republic for many years, Peukert emphasized the fact that the Nazi seizure of power took place in a ‘classically modern’ state, characterized by rational industrial production and high technology, bureaucratic management and administration, urbanism and mass culture.
Toward the Mass Party
Authors: Koshar Rudy
Published: November 2023

In his study of the rise of National Socialism in the Protestant university town of Marburg, in Hesse, Rudy Koshar portrays the local middle class —economically diverse but unified as an anti-Socialist ‘community of sentiment’ as enforcing its social hegemony locally through a vibrant ‘apolitical’ associational life which enabled it to eschew participation in bourgeois party politics. The relative homogeneity of this ‘moral community’ made it relatively easy, under conditions of political and economic crisis, for National Socialism to mobilize it as a political movement once the party had successfully penetrated the local social networks. The penetration of local associational life was, according to Koshar, as important in this case as the impact of the Depression; significantly, indeed, National Socialism made early breakthroughs in Marburg although the town was only moderately affected by the Depression.
The Abandoned Regulars’ Table
Authors: Heilbronner Oded
Published: November 2023

Oded Heilbronner’s study of the relationship of bourgeois associational life to the rise of National Socialism in the Catholic Black Forest area argues that it was the dissolution of the bourgeois social infrastructure under the impact of the Depression, rather than its successful penetration by the National Socialists, which created a vacuum into which the latter could move; in this case, according to Heilbronner, National Socialism did not so much infiltrate bourgeois associational networks as supplant them.
The Nature of Hitler Fascism
Authors: Ulbricht Walter
Published: November 2023

Originally issued immediately following the war and itself clearly owing much to orthodox Comintem statements from before the war, Ulbricht’s statement set a tone for the scholarship of the German Democratic Republic, characterizing National Socialism as a tool of reactionary capitalism whose destructive foreign policy was driven by the need of big business to capture raw materials, markets, and labour abroad and to subjugate the working class at home. Interestingly, Ulbricht mentions gas chambers as an extreme form of destruction, but neglects to mention the racial-ideological motive behind this—again setting the tone for subsequent GDR writing, which systematically understated the significance of racial ideology and the peculiar position of the Jews in the hierarchy of suffering experienced under Nazism.
Resistenz and Resistance
Authors: Broszat Martin
Published: November 2023

The 1970s witnessed the emergence of a more social history-orientated approach to the Third Reich, and with it a far more nuanced understanding of popular reactions to the regime. One of the most important projects to emerge was the multi-authored, multi-volume study of Bavaria during the Nazi period, coordinated by Martin Broszat. Analysing popular attitudes and behaviour during the period, the project detected a range of nonconformist or dissenting attitudes, manifesting themselves in a wide variety of everyday situations, which could not be characterized as ‘Resistance’ in the narrow sense, but which, taken together, suggested that there were many spheres of life and social milieux which the regime succeeded only partially in penetrating. For this they coined the term Resistenz. In this passage Broszat summarizes the findings of the project.
The Missing Years: German Workers, German Soldiers
Authors: Bartov Omer
Published: November 2023

The recognition that the regular Wehrmacht was a crucial participant in the crimes of the National Socialist regime, especially on the eastern front, has had an important impact on the ways in which historians have approached broader issues of popular complicity in the barbarism of the regime. While, for example, social historians have tended to see workers as the social class most impervious to Nazism’s popular appeal, scholars such as Omer Bartov have pointed out that this did not preclude the possibility of them participating in criminal acts under other guises —above all as soldiers themselves.
The Conditions for Genocide
Authors: Zimmermann Michael
Published: November 2023

Michael Zimmermann’s powerful study of the perpetrators of the genocide of the Sinti and Roma (‘gypsies’) offers a thoughtful analysis of the interaction between personal motives and mentalities, institutional pressures, and the dynamism of the regime as a whole.The NS annihilation of the gypsies was systematic murder which went beyond massacre. It would hardly have been possible without the active and effective participation of the administration and the police. Long before the era of National Socialism, legislature and administrative system had subjected the gypsies in Germany to a discriminatory special legislation. Already under the Empire and during the Weimar Republic, the administration and the police had focused their attention towards ‘deporting’ those stigmatized as ‘gypsies’ from town and village, and towards preventing their permanent residence as far as possible.
Brown Revolution?
Authors: Peukert Detlev
Published: November 2023

Peukert, like Schoenbaum, was keen to stress the need to place developments under National Socialism within a broader continuum in order to assess the regime’s social impact; unlike Schoenbaum, Peukert was sceptical about claims that the regime could have effected a ‘social revolution’ in such a short space of time. Moreover, Peukert was cautious about describing as ‘modernizing’ a regime which may well have accelerated various social trends but which also had a unique destructive side which Schoenbaum arguably did not take adequately into account.
Racial Policy and Women’s Policy
Authors: Bock Gisela
Published: November 2023

Gisela Bock’s work has explored, sometimes controversially, some of the links between National Socialism’s racism and its sexism, particularly with respect to Nazi birth policy. Suggesting that the singularity of Nazi eugenics lies in its antinatalism rather than in its pronatalism, she argues that just as many women as men were among the victims of Nazi racism, that Nazi racism was shaped by gender, and that Nazi gender policy was primarily shaped by racism.
Poland
Authors: Golczewski Frank
Published: November 2023

Up to 90 per cent of Polish Jewry was murdered by the National Socialist regime. In the following piece, Frank Golczewsk.i discusses the problems of arriving at reliable figures; as importantly, he emphasizes the extent to which Jewish life in Poland was effectively destroyed.
In the Name of the German People
Authors: Langbein Hermann
Published: November 2023

Hermann Langbein (b. 1912, Vienna) was incarcerated in numerous National Socialist camps, including Dachau, Neuengamme, and Auschwitz, on account of his Communist activities; after the war, he was secretary of the International Auschwitz Committee and an important activist on behalf of survivors of National Socialist atrocities.
Gustav Mahler
Authors: Grange Henry-Louis De La
Published: November 2023

Gustav Mahler was one of the supremely gifted musicians of his generation. His contemporaries came to know him as a composer of startling originality whose greatest successes with the public never failed to provoke controversy among the critics. As a conductor, his relentless pursuit of perfection was sometimes viewed as tyrannical by the singers and musicians who came under his baton. Professor Henry-Louis de La Grange has devoted over thirty years of painstaking resarch to this study of Mahler’s life and works. His biography, ultimately to be completed in four volumes, is drawn from a vast archive of documents, autographs, and pictures, assembled by La Grange at the Bibliotheque Musicale Gustav Mahler, Paris. This second volume covers the years 1897-1904, when the focus shifts to Vienna. It opens with Mahler’s triumphant debut as director of the Vienna Court Opera, and follows with the revolution he wrought there in standards of performance and, with the Secession painter Alfred Roller, in scenic representation. An account is also given of Mahler’s story and brief engagement as conductor of the Vienna Philharmonic Concerts, following Richter’s resignation in 1989. La Grange depicts the brilliant society of pre-war Vienna, then the centre of the intellectual and artistic world; the extraordinary range of artists among whom Mahler lived and worked included the composers Dvorak, Gustave Charpentier, Richard Strauss, Zemlinsky, and Schoenberg and his two disciples, Berg and Webern; the painters architects and decorators of the Secession with Klmit at their head; the writers Hauptmann, Dehmel, Hofmannsthal, and Schnitzler. There he also met Alma Schindler, ‘the most beautiful woman in Vienna’, and La Grange tells the story of their engagement and marriage in 1902 and the early years of their tempestuous relationship. As his fame spread throughout Europe, Mahler travelled with his music to Germany, Russia, Holland, Poland, and Belguim, meeting many other leading musicians of his day, including Pfitzner, Mengelberg, Diepenbrock, Oskar Fried, and many others. During this period Mahler wrote some of his best-loved works, including the fourth and Fifth Symphonies, and the three orchestral song-cyles and collections – the Wunderhorn -, Ruckert-, and Kindertotenlieder. For each of these works La Grange provides full notes and analytical descriptions. Scrupulously researched, richly documented, this is a study worthy of the extraordinary artistic achievement of Gustav Mahler’s Vienna years.
The Service-Books of the Royal Abbey of Saint-Denis
Authors: Robertson Anne Walters
Published: November 2023

The Royal Abbey of Saint-Denis was founded in honour of Dionysius, one of seven missionaries sent from Rome to Gaul around 250. It grew to be one of the most powerful monasteries in western Christendom and enjoyed a central position in French history as the first Gothic abbey, royal necropolis, and place of origin of the chronicles of the kings. This is a study of the music and ritual at Saint-Denis from the sixth to the sixteenth century. It is based on an examination of the liturgical books and archival sources relating to the abbey, in particular the surviving service-books, which tell us much about the history of the music and of the Divine Office at Saint-Denis. Anne Robertson also looks at the tropes and sequences proper to the office for Saint-Denis, provides information on the performance practices, instruments, musicians, and liturgists from the abbey, and offers an account of the history of the liturgy from the Council of Tours in 567 to the pillage of the abbey by the Huguenots in 1567, thus explicating the extant liturgical codices from Saint-Denis. For the author the ritual and history of the abbey is also inextricably linked to the reconstruction of its various buildings, the decorations of the church, even the monks’ ambitions. This is a fascinating and wide-ranging study of this extraordinary institution.
Background (1887-1911)
Authors: Wright Simon
Published: November 2023

The death, in a modest Parisian hotel in 1891, of a dethroned and exiled emperor from South America would seem to bear little relevance to the development and eventual outcome of the career of a musically gifted child, at that time just 4 years old. In truth, the event was both symbolic and catalytic. The emperor was Pedro II of Brazil, overthrown by military republicans in Rio de Janeiro in November 1889, and the child was the young Heitor Villa-Lobos, born in March 1887, mere miles from the wedding-cake-pink, palm tree-secluded, and decaying royal palace, in which Pedro was then enjoying the flickering glory of his remaining months in power.
Marian Antiphons at Cluny and Lewes
Authors: Steiner Ruth
Published: November 2023

In 1076 William de Varenne, the count of Surrey, and his wife Gundreda began a pilgrimage to Rome.A relative of William the Conqueror, William de Varenne was a Norman baron who had more than once fought in battle at the side of his kinsman. As William and Gundreda crossed France, they paused from time to time to visit abbeys and other holy places. When they arrived in Burgundy, news came to them of strife between the pope and the emperor that made a trip to Italy inadvisable. Forced to abandon their plan of a pilgrimage to the tomb of St Peter, William and Gundreda decided to extend their stay in the region in which they found themselves, and made their way to Cluny. Abbot Hugh was absent temporarily, but they were warmly received by the prior Odo de Lagery, the future Urban II.
Books for the Liturgy
Authors: Harper John
Published: November 2023

Books have always been a precious commodity of Christianity, for Christianity is predominantly a religion of the Word. The Word is the source of its authority and of its worship. When missionaries arrived in the first millennium they were frequently identified by a book (most often the Gospels) as well as a cross. And even cursory study of early medieval books reveals how precious they were, written as works of art on materials that would endure (witness the Celtic Gospel books of the seventh and eighth centuries).
The Mass
Authors: Harper John
Published: November 2023

The Mass, like the Office, has a consistent form and structure. It includes texts that are constant (the Ordinary of the Mass) and texts that vary (the Proper of the Mass). What distinguishes it from the Office services is the action of the Mass: the elements of bread and wine are prepared, consecrated, and consumed. The words of institution are those spoken by Christ at the Last Supper before the Crucifixion (‘This is my body … This is my blood … ’), and for Christians (in the Middle Ages and in many denominations today) Christ’s presence is real in the consecrated bread and wine.
The Collegiate Church of St Donatian
Authors: Strohm Reinhard
Published: November 2023

Flanders is not a land of great cathedrals. The county of Flanders was politically a single unit throughout the Middle Ages; but its ecclesiastical government I was divided between bishoprics whose cathedrals were all situated outside its borders. Some parts to the east, beyond the river Escaut, belonged to the diocese of Cambrai, which also covered large regions of Brabant and Hainaut; the south-western coastal area (with Dunkirk and Ypres) was subject to the bishops of Therouanne, a town in the French province of Artois. The centre and the north, with the major cities of Bruges, Ghent, Courtrai and Lille, all belonged to the diocese of Tournai; but Tournai itself was politically independent and not part of the county of Flanders. Even the Dutch diocese of Utrecht had some possessions along the northern border with Zeeland. The situation still reflected the original role of Flanders as a frontier-land, colonized and christianized in the early Middle Ages by the Frankish kings advancing from the east and south. It was only in the sixteenth century that Flanders got its own bishoprics (Bruges and Ghent), whose present cathedral churches (St Saviour’s in Bruges, and St Bavo’s formerly St John’s in Ghent) were only parish churches during the Middle Ages.
The City and the Court
Authors: Strohm Reinhard
Published: November 2023

Professional musicians of the later Middle Ages who were neither clerics nor employed by the church are usually referred to as ‘minstrels’.’ Although society needed them for many different purposes, and although their skills were as varied as were their lifestyles and aesthetic views, it is essentially correct to use a common name for all these people. In the historical sources, the following terms are, on the whole, interchangeable: menestrel (ministruel, ministrer, etc.); jongleur (gokelare, joculator, juglar); spilman (speelman, gleoman); histrio; mimus. As the pro fession always had to struggle for social recognition, which the church, in particular, denied to it, the terminology sometimes reflected social differentiation. There could be a wide gap between a travelling minstrel without regular employment–the histrio – and the courtly valet de chambre or faiseur (a creative poet and composer). But over longer periods of time, and wider areas, the terminology is not consistent; it rather depends, in each document, on the social status of the writer himself, the language used, and on the function of the document (church and court accounts, city registers, narrative sources, poetry, and so on).
Racism and Antisemitism in Progressive America (1900-1919)
Authors: Dinnerstein Leonard
Published: November 2023

During the first two decades of the twentieth century racism became a central component in the elixir of American antisemitic sentiments. Indeed, the racial components of antisemitic thought in America, always inherent yet mostly hidden, became obvious in the period known as the Progressive era. The belief that Jews were a separate race with distinctive mental and physical characteristics that were genetically acquired was widespread and accepted by members of the government, much of the scientific community, the media, and the general public. Two elements were primarily responsible for adding the additional ingredient of race. One stemmed from the concept of racial superiority that developed out of America’s Christian heritage along with the idea that emphasized the responsibility of Anglo-Saxon Americans to effectuate God’s will and remake the world in its image; the second evolved from the massive influx of southern and eastern Europeans to the United States that began at the end of the nineteenth century.
Forging Democracy
Authors: Eley Geoff
Published: November 2023

Democracy in Europe has been a relatively recent phenomenon. Only in the wake of World War Two did democratic forces become ensconced and, even then, it was to be decades before democracy truly blanketed the continent. How then did liberal democracy become the order of the day? Neither given nor granted, democracy requires conflict, often violent confrontations, and challenges to the existing order. In Europe, Geoff Eley here convincingly illustrates, democracy did not evolve organically out of a postwar consensus, the prosperity of the long boom, or the negative cement of the Cold War. Rather, it was painstakingly crafted, continually expanded, and aggressively defended by a loose conglomeration of socialist, labour, feminist, and Communist movements that underwrote the industrial resurrection of Europe's ruined spirit. These parties of the left organised civil societies rooted in egalitarian ideals that came to from the very fibre of Europe's current democratic traditions. The trajectory of European democracy is thus inextricably connected with the history of the European Left. Seeking neither to valorise nor condemn, Eley has given us the first truly comprehensive history of the European Left's successes and failures; its high watermarks and its low tides; its accomplishments, insufficiencies, and excesses; and, most importantly, its formative, lasting influence on the political landscape of the West. At a time when the influence and legitimacy - the very value - of Leftist democratic principles in frequently called into question, this book stands as a ringing, substantive affirmation of the power of human ideals and of collective organisation.
People’S War and People’S Peace
Authors: Eley Geoff
Published: November 2023

When dimitri manuilski delivered his Comintern report at the CPSU’s Eighteenth Congress on 10 March 1939, the hopes of 1935 were in shreds. Illegality was now the norm of Communist existence: the German, Austrian, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Czechoslovak, Yugoslav, Greek, Bulgarian, Romanian, and Hungarian parties were all underground. With the onset of the Second World War, the PCF too was banned, soon followed in 1940 by CPs in countries invaded by Germany and in Switzerland. The Swedish and British CPs became the only ones remaining above ground. So by 1939 the split in the European Left seemed as bitter as ever. The CPs were not only illegal but back in their former isolation, returned to the margins.
Mutiny on the Amistad
Authors: Jones Howard
Published: November 2023

This volume presents the first full-scale treatment of the only instance in history where African blacks, seized by slave dealers, won their freedom and returned home. Jones describes how, in 1839, Joseph Cinqu'e led a revolt on the Spanish slave ship, the Amistad, in the Caribbean. The seizure of the ship by an American naval vessel near Montauk, Long Island, the arrest of the Africans in Connecticut, and the Spanish protest against the violation of their property rights created an international controversy. The Amistad affair united Lewis Tappan and other abolitionists who put the "law of nature" on trial in the United States by their refusal to accept a legal system that claimed to dispense justice while permitting artificial distinctions based on race or color. The mutiny resulted in a trial before the U.S. Supreme Court that pitted former President John Quincy Adams against the federal government. Jones vividly recaptures this compelling drama--the most famous slavery case before Dred Scott--that climaxed in the court's ruling to free the captives and allow them to return to Africa.
The First Energy Revolution
Authors: Martin Albro
Published: November 2023

When St. John Crevecoeur saluted “this New Man, this American,” in his Letters from an American Farmer (1782), he was thinking most particularly of the farmers of eastern Pennsylvania. Here, among the gently rolling fields only a day’s journey from Philadelphia, industrious men and women had created an independent society with a standard of living that would have been the envy of most English squires and the thriftiest French peasants. Of what lay to the west—rugged hills, near mountains really, thickly forested and cut for the most part by rocky shallow streams that could barely accommodate the hardy trapper’s canoe—Crevecoeur gave little thought. But by the time the New Man had erected his own sovereign nation, of which Pennsylvania was the most affluent state, the pressure of westward movement was already being felt. The valleys of the Delaware and the Susquehanna rivers beckoned strongly, but the wilderness created by the first ramparts of the Appalachian barrier rendered the lands of what would become Schuylkill, Luzerne, Carbon, Wyoming, and Lackawanna counties useless for agriculture and, the few residents generally believed, anything else.
From Mercantile Nation to Industrial Giant
Authors: Martin Albro
Published: November 2023

It was probably no surprise to anyone that when the numerous volumes of the Industrial Commission’s Final Report were released in 1902, the lion’s share of attention had been given to the nation’s railroads. The single, broad question before the group of Congressmen and private citizen experts who made up the commission—although it was not expressed in so many words—was, what are the implications of the recent consolidations of corporate power in large-scale industry, how have they come about, and what, if anything can we do, or must we do, to control the vast access of power over the lives of the citizens that they imply? The merger movement in manufacturing, as distinguished from commerce (a distinction that the U.S. Supreme Court had recently drawn), had only got well underway in the previous decade, under the stringencies of the 1893-1897 depression, but the railroads had been combining and recombining corporate properties for decades. And during the depression they had virtually concentrated all of the freight traffic of the nation—if not nearly all of the passenger traffic—in a half dozen or so “communities of interest,” which owed their power to a little understood alliance of bankers, big shippers, and railroad management executives.
America in 1857
Authors: Stampp Kenneth M
Published: November 2023

A leading American historian examines the crucial events of the year 1857 which moved the nation towards civil war. The year started with a popular new president, James Buchanan, whose long experience in government made him seem ideally suited to deal with the growing crises between North and South over slavery and state rights. But Buchanan proved to be not up to the task, principally because the Democratic Party that he headed became the increasing captive of the Southern states, at the time the North was becoming increasingly against the spread of slavery. The early months of the year were dominated by the Dred Scott Decision, which denied American blacks all legal rights. Stampp presents a memorable picture of America in mid-century, focusing on the growing regional struggle.
A Monarchical Republic
Authors: Wood Gordon S
Published: November 2023

In 1789 the Federalists, the leaders of the new Republic who clung to the name used by the supporters of the Constitution in 1787–1788, were optimistic about forming the new government. The results of the elections in 1788 showed that most of the members of the new Congress had been supporters of the Constitution—at least forty-eight of the fifty-nine congressmen and eighteen of the twenty-two senators. And George Washington had been unanimously elected as the first president of the United States. Indeed, expectations were so high that some Federalists worried that disappointment was inevitable.1 By 1789 even the leading opponents of the Constitution, the Anti-Federalists, had come to accept it, though of course with an expectation of it soon being amended. No one wanted to oppose the new national government without giving it what Washington called “a fair chance. “
John Adams and the Few and the Many
Authors: Wood Gordon S
Published: November 2023

Except for the era of the Civil War, the last several years of the eighteenth century were the most politically contentious in United States history. With no George Washington in office to calm the emotions and reconcile the clashing interests, sectional antagonisms became more and more bitter. Some leaders began predicting a French invasion of the United States and envisioned once again a breakup of the Union. As the Federalist and the Republican parties furiously attacked each other as enemies of the Constitution, party loyalties became more intense and began to override personal ties, as every aspect of American life became politicized. People who had known one another their whole lives now crossed streets to avoid confrontations. Personal differences easily spilled into violence, and fighting erupted in the state legislatures and even in the federal Congress. By 1798 public passions and partisanship and indeed public hysteria had increased to the point where armed conflict among the states and the American people seemed likely. By the end of the decade, in the opinion of the British foreign secretary, the “whole system of American Government ” seemed to be “tottering to its foundations. “
The Jeffersonian Revolution of 1800
Authors: Wood Gordon S
Published: November 2023

Born in reaction to the popular excesses of the Revolution, the Federalist world could not endure. The Federalists of the 1790s stood in the way of popular democracy as it was emerging in the United States, and thus they became heretics opposed to the developing democratic faith. To be sure, they believed in popular sovereignty and republican government, but they did not believe that ordinary people had a direct role to play in ruling the society. They were so confident that the future belonged to them, that the society would become less egalitarian and more hierarchical, that they treated the people with condescension and lost touch with them. “They have attempted, ” as Noah Webster observed, “to resist the force of public opinion, instead of falling into the current with a view to correct it. In this they have manifested more integrity than address. “1 Indeed, they were so out of touch with the developing popular realities of American life, and their monarchical program was so counter to the libertarian impulses of America’s republican ideology, that they provoked a second revolutionary movement that threatened to tear the Republic apart.
Chief Justice John Marshall and the Origins of Judicial Review
Authors: Wood Gordon S
Published: November 2023

Just as the Republican party was divided between its radical and moderate factions, so too was the Federalist party. And the most important moderate Federalist in 1801 was newly appointed Chief Justice John Marshall. Marshall had opposed the Alien and Sedition Acts and had been uneasy over Justice Chase’s behavior. Yet like other Federalists he feared the democratic excesses of the Republicans, and in 1801 he set out to save the Supreme Court and the federal judiciary from these popular Republican passions. As chief justice he thought he might be able to drain some of the bitterness from the controversy over the judiciary. In doing so not only did he help to lay the basis for what came to be called judicial review, but he also contributed mightily to the development of an independent judiciary. More than any other single judge, Marshall helped to carve out an exclusive sphere of activity for the judiciary that was separate from politics and popular legislative power.
A World Within Themselves
Authors: Wood Gordon S
Published: November 2023

By the end of the War of 1812 the United States was becoming, in the minds of its citizens, a nation to be reckoned with. Its population, approaching that of England, had grown rapidly, numbering now nearly eight and a half million people, including one and a half million African Americans. The population had more than doubled in the twenty-five years since the first census in 1790—and continued to grow faster than nearly every other nation in the Western world.
From Payday to Payday
Authors: Deak Istvan
Published: November 2023

The cost of living and officers’ pay had only the vaguest relationship to one another in the old dynastic armies. Pay scales were arbitrarily determined, for eternity as it were, with no provision for price increases. The practice of paying an officer a salary worthy of his education, social standing, and needs originated with a few eighteenth-century enlightened monarchs, but it became customary only in nineteenth-century bourgeois-liberal societies. Characteristically, when the near sovereign Hungarian liberal state was established in the spring of 1848, and a national army created, its officers and men were given considerably better pay than their comrades serving the same Habsburg prince in the Austrian army.
The Ascendancy of Growth Liberalism
Authors: Collins Robert M
Published: November 2023

The prosperity of the 1950s and 1960s proved just how wrong the pessimists of the 1930s had been in their estimation of the fundamental strength of the economy. Jump-started by the demands of war and sustained—to just what degree would become the subject of heated debate—by the subsequent mobilization for a Cold War, the economy moved into a period of unparalleled affluence that would last until the early 1970s, an era that appears in retrospect to have been America’s economic golden age. Alvin Hansen’s dark vision of secular stagnation brightened considerably during the war, and in 1963 even he observed that the postwar period “must be regarded as one of high stability and growth.”1
Sex Differenee and the “Separate Spheres”
Authors: Nye Robert A
Published: November 2023

In the course of the years between 1789 and the end of the Napoleonic era, the values central to bourgeois social reproduction were enshrined in the nation’s laws and embedded in its institutions. The bourgeois virtues of individual merit, social mobility and self-perfection were advanced with the destruction of the economically restrictive corporations, the opening of the public sector to men of wealth and learning, and the creation of a state system of centralized higher education.
The Problem of the Homeless in American History
Authors: Kusmer Kenneth L
Published: November 2023

Photographs of Soup Lines and destitute farm families making their way to California during the Great Depression have been indelibly etched on the American imagination. Long before the 1930s, however, the homeless were an important element on the American scene. Known during the colonial era as “the wandering poor,” “sturdy beggars,” or simply as vagrants, the homeless first became noticeable in the late eighteenth century, then grew significantly in number after 1820, when urbanization and industrial development began to take hold in the young nation. By the 1840s and ‘50s, municipalities were setting aside rooms in police stations for overnight lodging of the destitute, and organized charities began to grapple with the problem of the homeless for the first time.
The Emergence of the Tramp, 1865 –1880
Authors: Kusmer Kenneth L
Published: November 2023

One Positive Effect Of The Civil War, an author commented in the United States Service Magazine in 1864, will be the development of “an orderly spirit and a settled regard for law Men trained in the stern, unyielding discipline of the camp, knowing by experience its power and value, will not be apt hastily to violate the law of the land themselves or excuse its violation in others.” It is likely that a new respect for discipline was one of the most important lessons learned by the average soldier. Yet the effects of the Civil War in inculcating order were far from unambiguous. Not all habits born of the wartime experience—even those that involved organized and regulated behavior—could be readily adapted to civilian life. If the war made some men more settled and orderly, perhaps even more accepting of the new mechanized factory work that was coming into being, it produced in others precisely the opposite result. Indirectly, the war helped to transform the experience of homelessness in the late nineteenth century.
A Stress and Coping Model of Adoption Adjustment
Authors: Brodzinsky David M
Published: November 2023

In the past two decades, social casework personnel, clinicians, and researchers alike have begun to pay increased attention to the psychological complications associated with adoption. Their attention has been prompted by numerous reports of high rates of referral of adopted children and youth to outpatient and inpatient mental health facilities. For example, although adopted children constitute approximately 2% of the total population of children in the United States (Zill, 1985), they represent between 4 and 5% of the children referred to outpatient mental health facilities (Kadushin, 1980; Mech, 1973) and between 10 and 15% of the children in residential care facilities (R. Colburn, personal communication, 1986; K. Donley, personal communication, 1986).
Contrasting Adoption, Foster Care, and Residential Rearing
Authors: Triseliotis John , Hill Malcolm
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we aim to contrast three different types of rearing or caring by comparing the current personal and social circumstances of adults and older children who, as children, were separated from their biological parents and subsequently adopted, fostered with a family, or cared for in residential institutions. Our central claim is that those growing up adopted, even if placed when older, appear in adulthood to have a stronger sense of self and to function more adequately at the personal, social, and economic level compared with those who were formerly fostered and, particularly, those who grew up for a large part of their lives in institutions. Furthermore, adoption, as a substitute form of care, has a greater potential for reversing earlier adverse experiences, than foster and residential care.
The Magic Tablecloth
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila
Published: November 2023

One facet of”makingfairy tales come true” was particularly dear to Soviet citizens: the promise that socialism would bring abundance. This was literally an excursion into the world of Russian fairy tales, whose furniture included a Magic Tabkdoth that, when laid, produced an extravagant array of food and drink of its own accord. Perhaps the hope of future abundance made the scarcity of the present easier to bear. In the mid 1930s, in any case, food, drink, and consumer goods came to be celebrated with a fervor that even Madison Avenue might have envied.
Causes of Death Among the Oldest Old
Authors: Hadley Evan C
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews recent data on causes of death among the oldest old, with particular regard to two topics: the relative incidence of specific causes of death in extreme old age and differences among specific causes of death in their rate of in crease with age. Information on these points is of public health value for decisions about health services and disease prevention programs and for monitoring changes in the health of the very old. Such information is also useful for projections of future trends in morbidity and mortality as mortality rates from specific diseases of old age change over time (Brody and Schneider 1986). In addition, data on causes of death at various ages provide clues to the rates of failure of various physiological systems with advancing age. International comparisons of causes of death in very old age also can suggest genetic or environmental factors that may affect late-life mortality.
The Impact of Alzheimer’s Disease in the United States Population
Authors: Evans Denis A , Scherr Paul A , Cook Nancy R , Albert Marilyn S , Beckett h. Harris Funkenstein,* Laurel A , Hebert Liesi E , Wetle Terrie T , Branch Laurence G , Chown Marilyn J , Hennekens Charles H , Taylor James O
Published: November 2023

Awareness of Alzheimer’s disease as a major public health problem has increased strikingly among clinicians, researchers, policy makers and the general public over the past several years. As described by Alzheimer (1907), this term was used only for dementia arising in middle age. Such “presenile” dementia exhibits characteristic neuropathological findings, including neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The term “Alzheimer’s disease” is now applied, as well, to the much more common primary degenerative dementia occurring in later life, previously referred to as “senile dementia,” because of apparent clinical and neuropathological (Tomlinson, Blessed, and Roth 1970) similarities regardless of age of onset. Many conditions other than Alzheimer’s disease cause dementia among older persons, including certain strokes, Parkinson’s disease, deficiency of vitamin B12, and a wide range of uncommon conditions. Most population studies, however, suggest that the majority of moderate to severe cognitive impairment in older age groups is due to Alzheimer’s disease, at least by clinical (rather than pathological) criteria for the disease. Regardless of age of onset, Alzheimer’s disease is often devastating for affected individuals and their families. In terms of the total number of persons affected, however, Alzheimer’s disease is predominantly a problem of the oldest old, that is, those aged 85 and older. The occurrence of Alzheimer’s disease is strongly associated with increasing age among those 65 years of age and older. With increasing life expectancy in developed countries, the impact of Alzheimer’s disease will continue to increase.
The Nature of Suffering
Authors: Cassell Eric J
Published: November 2023

This book looks at the change that is taking place in medicine from a basic concern with disease to a greater focus on the sick person. Cassel contends that although medicine has theoretically broadened its focus to encompass not just the disease, but the treatment of the patient and the relief of his or her suffering, humane considerations remain in fact secondary to twentieth century medicine’s scientific and technological imperatives. Recent trends in medicine and society, Cassell believes, show that it is time for the sick person to be not merely an important concern for physicians but the central focus of medicine. He addresses the exciting problems involved in such a shift, looking at the philosophical and theoretical issues, and using case studies to illustrate his discussion. In this new medicine, doctors would have to know the person as well as they know the disease. The exploration of the person will engage medicine in the 21st century just as understanding the body has occupied the last hundred years.
Ideas in Conflict: The Rise and Fall of New Views of Disease
Authors: Cassell Eric J
Published: November 2023

I was chagrined and embarrassed. In all those visits to at least three medical residents, not one of us had overcome our misconceptions about young women with back pain to find out what had happened or had examined her adequately to discover her trouble. The new set of X rays-of her upper spine-showed a healing fracture of a part of her vertebra. At her next visit I explained what the source of her pain was, that there was nothing that could be done for it, but that it was not at all serious.
The Pursuit of Disease or the Care of the Sick?
Authors: Cassell Eric J
Published: November 2023

Starting with the making of a diagnosis, it is helpful to examine the place of symptoms in medical care. Virtually all medical care starts with a symptom-a person notices that something is wrong. The experience of a symptom is the patient’s first step toward illness. [For this discussion, illness is the affliction of the whole person, whereas disease is something an organ has (2).] When the symptom is taken to a doctor, it is the doctor’s first acquaintance with the illness. As we will see, although patients and doctors speak of symptoms as though they are referring to the same thing, that is far from true.
The Measure of the Person
Authors: Cassell Eric J
Published: November 2023

IN OUR ERA of medicine the only real knowledge is thought to be scientific knowledge: that which is gleaned from natural science and is objective, or measurable. Other kinds of knowing are considered of lesser value. Scientists believe that science must deal only with facts about the objective world because only facts can be valid. Facts can be verified-empirically demonstrated; everything that is not a fact is unavoidably doubtful and uncertain. However, it is not doubtful and uncertain things in themselves that are therefore suspect, but rather things that can never be other than doubtful and uncertain.
Scope and Strategies of Genetic Epidemiology
Authors: Khoury Muin J , Beaty Terri H , Cohen Bernice H
Published: November 2023

In the mid-1980s a new discipline emerged, an offspring that resulted from many years of interaction between genetics and epidemiology. This new field, called genetic epidemiology, focuses on the role of genetic factors and their interaction with environmental factors in the occurrence of disease in human populations. The growth of genetic epidemiology has been enhanced by remarkable advances in molecular biology that have expanded our understanding of genetic diseases at the molecular level and have had numerous applications to the classification, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of many Mendelian disorders. The study of genetic variation at the molecular level promises to contribute to the understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of the major chronic diseases that appear to have a genetic component, such as coronary heart disease, cancer, and birth defects (Bishop, 1984; Slamon, 1987; Gibbs and Caskey, 1989; Holtzman, 1989; Taylor, 1989). These prospects are being nurtured by the initiation of the Human Genome Project, a long-term scientific effort whose goal is to map and sequence the entire human genome (McKusick, 1989; Antonorakis, 1990; Watson, 1990; Watson and Cook-Dugan, 1991). Accompanying this progress, however, are growing concerns regarding the ethical implications of genetic testing and the potential misuse of information about each person’s genetic constitution (Holtzman, 1989; McKusick, 1989; Suzuki and Knudston 1989; Chapman, 1990; Huggins et al., 1990; Fast, 1992).
After Columbus
Authors: Axtell James
Published: November 2023

This volume comprises a new collection of essays--four previously unpublished--by James Axtell, author of the acclaimed The European and the Indian and The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America, and the foremost contemporary authority on Indian-European relations in Colonial North America. Arguing that moral judgements have a legitimate place in the writing of history, Axtell scrutinizes the actions of various European invaders--missionaries, traders, soldiers, and ordinary settlers--in the sixteenth century. Focusing on the interactions of Spanish, French, and English colonists with American Indians over the eastern half of the United States, he examines what the history of colonial America might have looked like had the New World truly been a “virgin land,” devoid of Indians.