bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the multiple ecological roles of water in river networks
Authors: Sponseller Ryan A. , Heffernan James B. , Fisher Stuart G.
Published: February 2013

The distribution and movement of water can influence the state and dynamics of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems through a diversity of mechanisms. These mechanisms can be organized into three general categories wherein water acts as (1) a resource or habitat for biota, (2) a vector for connectivity and exchange of energy, materials, and organisms, and (3) as an agent of geomorphic change and disturbance. These latter two roles are highlighted in current models, which emphasize hydrologic connectivity and geomorphic change as determinants of the spatial and temporal distributions of species and processes in river systems. Water availability, on the other hand, has received less attention as a driver of ecological pattern, despite the prevalence of intermittent streams, and strong potential for environmental change to alter the spatial extent of drying in many regions. Here we summarize long‐term research from a Sonoran Desert watershed to illustrate how spatial patterns of ecosystem structure and functioning reflect shifts in the relative importance of different ‘roles of water' across scales of drainage size. These roles are distributed and interact hierarchically in the landscape, and for the bulk of the drainage network it is the duration of water availability that represents the primary determinant of ecological processes. Only for the largest catchments, with the most permanent flow regimes, do flood‐associated disturbances and hydrologic exchange emerge as important drivers of local dynamics. While desert basins represent an extreme case, the diversity of mechanisms by which the availability and flow of water influence ecosystem structure and functioning are general. Predicting how river ecosystems may respond to future environmental pressures will require clear understanding of how changes in the spatial extent and relative overlap of these different roles of water shape ecological patterns.
Transgenic Corn Rootworm Protection Increases Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use of Maize
Authors: Haegele Jason W. , Below Frederick E.
Published: February 2013

Maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) derived resistance to corn rootworm (Diabrotica spp.) are widely grown. Our hypothesis was that Bt hybrids exhibit increased N uptake, resulting in greater grain yield and N use efficiency (NUE) relative to their nonprotected counterparts. In 2008 and 2009, two transgenic corn rootworm resistant (Bt) hybrids with VT3 (YieldGard VT Triple) technology along with their near‐isogenic non‐Bt Roundup Ready Corn 2 (RR2) counterparts were evaluated at Champaign, IL, with supplemental N of 0, 67, 134, 201 or 268 kg N ha−1. Despite minimal corn rootworm feeding pressure on roots, the Bt hybrids produced an average of nearly 1.1 Mg ha−1 more grain than their RR2 counterparts. In the comparison of DKC61‐72 RR2 and DKC61‐69 VT3, Bt protection promoted increased grain yield at low N (+1.0 Mg ha−1; P ≤ 0.01) and a 31% greater response to fertilizer N. With adequate N, grain yields of the comparison DKC63‐45 RR2 and DKC63‐42 VT3 did not differ; however, the latter maximized its yield with an average of 38% less fertilizer N. Increases in NUE (+80%; P ≤ 0.10) and N uptake efficiency (NUpE) (+31%; P ≤ 0.10) at the N rates required to optimize grain yield of Bt hybrids were detected in 2008, but NUE and NUpE were not significantly different between isolines in 2009. We conclude that transgenic corn rootworm protection has supplemental agronomic benefits, with greater N uptake and NUE in some environments.
Improvement of Upland Cotton Fiber Quality through Mutation of TAM 94L‐25
Authors: Brown Nino , Smith C. Wayne , Auld Dick , Hequet Eric F.
Published: February 2013

The United States produces approximately 18 million 218‐kg bales of cotton (Gossypium spp.) annually. The global market places value on longer fibers, mandating that breeders develop cultivars to meet this demand. Mutation has not been used extensively in upland cotton breeding for improving fiber quality traits. The objective of this study was to determine if treating cotton seeds of a genotype that produces longer fibers than most U.S. upland cotton cultivars with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) could result in mutant lines with exceptional fiber quality. TAM 94L‐25 (94L‐25) (Smith, 2003) (PI 631440) seeds were treated in 2001 with EMS at three times the least dosage to kill 50% of the seeds (LD50). Thirty mutation (M) lines of 94L‐25, derived as M3:4 progeny rows, 94L‐25 M0, and two check cultivars, FM 832 (Constable et al., 2001) (Plant Variety Protection [PVP] 9800258 or PI 603955) and PSC 355 (PI 612974), were grown in a randomized complete block design with four replications at College Station, TX (CS), and Weslaco, TX (W), in 2008 and 2009. High volume instrument (HVI) fiber properties were determined from hand harvested boll samples. Four M lines exceeded the lint yield of the M0 parent during both years. Fourteen M lines produced longer fibers than the M0 parent and both commercial checks while several M lines exhibited improved strength in 2008 but not in 2009. Treatment of 94L‐25 with the chemical mutagenic agent EMS was successful in producing selectable variation for yield and fiber traits simultaneously.
Grain Nitrogen Source Changes over Time in Maize: A Review
Authors: Ciampitti Ignacio A. , Vyn Tony J.
Published: February 2013

Understanding the sources of grain N uptake (Grain N) in maize (Zea mays L.) and especially the trade‐off between reproductive‐stage shoot N remobilization (Remobilized N) and reproductive‐stage whole‐plant N uptake (Reproductive N) is needed to help guide future improvements in yield and N use efficiency (NUE). Therefore, a literature review was performed to investigate the knowledge gap concerning changes over time in Grain N sources and on N partitioning to the grain and stover plant fractions at maturity. The synthesis–analysis was based on 100 reports, which were divided into two time intervals: (i) research conducted from 1940 to 1990—“Old Era”—and (ii) research conducted from 1991 to 2011—“New Era.” The most remarkable results were (i) Grain N concentration was the main parameter that has changed over time, (ii) Reproductive N contributed proportionally more to Grain N for the New Era while Reproductive N and Remobilized N contributed equally to Grain N for the Old Era, (iii) Remobilized N was primarily associated with vegetative‐stage whole‐plant N uptake (Vegetative N), which was constant across eras, although the proportion of the Remobilized N itself seems to be driven by the ear demand, (iv) complex plant regulation processes (source:sink) appeared to influence Reproductive N, and (v) stover N concentration gains mirrored the grain N concentration as the plant N uptake increased at maturity in both eras. This new appreciation for the changes over time may assist directed selection for yield and NUE improvements.
Inverted Repeat of Chalcone Synthase 3 Pseudogene Is Associated with Seed Coat Discoloration in Soybean
Authors: Rodriguez Tito O. , Rojas Rodas Felipe , Oyoo Maurice E. , Senda Mineo , Takahashi Ryoji
Published: February 2013

The dominant T allele for tawny pubescence is associated with chilling tolerance in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Yellow hilum cultivars with dominant I allele are preferred in Japan because of superior external seed appearance. The allelic combination of IITT darkens the entire seed coat, giving a dirty appearance to seeds. Previous studies revealed a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for seed coat discoloration in the vicinity of the I locus. This study was conducted to identify a candidate gene for this QTL. A breeding line 0734BW‐1 (IITT) with severe discoloration had an inverted repeat of chalcone synthase 3 pseudogenes (pCHS3s), whereas the 5′ copy of pCHS3 was replaced by a fragment of a DnaJ‐like protein gene in a breeding line 0518BW‐8 (IITT) showing slight discoloration. A marker discriminating this structural polymorphism was mapped at the peak of the QTL, suggesting that pCHS3s might be responsible for seed coat discoloration. The gene structure of 0518BW‐8 was identical to that of a gray pubescent cultivar Toyoharuka (IItt) that is tolerant to seed coat browning induced by low temperatures. These results suggest that pCHS3s may control the intensity of seed coat discoloration in tawny pubescent cultivars (TT) and browning in gray pubescent cultivars (tt). Regardless of pubescence color, the allele may be useful for breeding cultivars producing seeds with acceptable external appearance in high‐latitude regions where low temperatures frequently prevail.
Dentofacial changes from fan-type rapid maxillary expansion vs traditional rapid maxillary expansion in early mixed dentition
Authors: Çörekçi Bayram , Göyenç Yasar B.
Published: February 2013

Objective:

To test the null hypothesis that there is no difference between the effects of fan-type rapid (FRME) and rapid maxillary expansion (RME) used with an acrylic bonded expansion appliance on dentofacial structures in early occlusal stages.

Materials and Methods:

This was a prospective clinical trial. The FRME group had an anterior constricted maxillary width with a normal intermolar width, and the RME group had bilateral constricted maxillary width. The FRME group consisted of 20 patients (mean age, 8.96 ± 1.19 years), and the RME group consisted of 22 patients (mean age, 8.69 ± 0.66 years). Lateral and frontal cephalometric radiographs and dental casts were taken before and after expansion and 3 months after completing treatment for each patient. The data were compared using repeated-measures analysis of variance. The paired-samples t-test was used to evaluate treatment and retention effects, and the independent samples t-test was used to consider the differences between the two groups.

Results:

The maxilla moved downward and forward in both groups. The nasal cavity and maxillary width were expanded more in the RME group, and there were only a few relapses in this group during the retention period. There was significant labial tipping of the upper incisors in the FRME expansion group. The expansion of intercanine width was similar in both groups, but the expansion of intermolar width was significantly greater in the RME group.

Conclusion:

The null hypothesis was rejected. There was a difference between the effects of FRME and RME used with an acrylic bonded expansion appliance on dentofacial structures in the early occlusal stages.
Spatial analysis of the back reflected laser light during CO2-laser cutting of metal sheets
Authors: Schindhelm David , Weber Rudolf , Graf Thomas
Published: February 2013

During laser material processing such as laser welding or cutting, it is known that the whole laser power is not only absorbed in or transmitted through the interaction zone, but a significant percentage is also reflected back to the laser source. Some publications analyzing the laser welding process showed a clear correlation between the reflected laser power and the result of the process. In this report, the authors analyze the information content of back reflected laser light during the high-power CO2-laser cutting of metal sheets. For this purpose, laser reflections are detected coaxially via a scraper-mirror online during laser cutting with a high time resolution. For different materials (mild steel, stainless steel, aluminum) and thicknesses (1 and 3 mm), a detailed spatial analysis on where the laser beam is reflected from (cutting front or workpiece surface) will be given. The spatial analysis of the reflected laser light shows that only 10% is reflected from the cutting front in the kerf. The main part (>90%) is reflected from the overlap zone of the laser beam with the workpiece surface outside the cutting kerf. Therefore, the signal strongly depends on the surface roughness of the treated material. It will be shown that, as expected, reflective surfaces with little roughness show higher CO2-laser reflections than rough surfaces with a higher level of roughness. Furthermore, the fraction of back reflected laser light increases with higher cutting feed rate which can be explained with a larger overlapping zone of the CO2-laser beam with the workpiece surface in front of the cutting kerf. In addition, the back reflection signal also strongly depends on the position of the focal plane with respect to the workpiece surface. This relationship can be used to measure the absolute position of the focal plane in-process as well as detecting an undesired focus shift during laser cutting.
Fatigue crack propagation in laser alloyed ductile cast iron surface
Authors: Li Zheng-yang , Zhao Hai-yan , Gu Yu , Zhong Min-lin , Zhang Bin , Zhang Hong-jun , Liu Wen-jin , Ren Zhi-yuan , Yang Ming-jiang , Lin Hua-qiang
Published: February 2013

Due to a limited dimension of the focused laser beam, multiple passes are required to treat large surface areas, which results in overlapping of laser tracks. This process increases the cracking susceptibility and is a major barrier for the wide application of the laser treatment. To avoid the formation of cracks in multiple overlapping laser tracks, a novel technique referred to as the laser dispersed alloying (LDA) has been developed. The technique consists of creating a dispersed pattern of laser alloying on the surface to be processed. This treatment enhances the fatigue resistance of the surface layer. In the present study, the microstructure, the residual stress, and the fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) for the ductile cast iron surface formed with the LDA technique were investigated. It was found that the fatigue resistance of the ductile cast iron is markedly increased after the LDA process, due to the compressive stresses and the fine dendritic structure formed in the laser alloying zone, the excellent bond strength between the laser alloying zone and the substrate, and the martensite shell surrounding graphite nodule in the heat affected zone near the boundary of the laser alloying zone.
Test-Retest and Intrarater Reliability of 2-Dimensional Ultrasound Measurements of Distance Between Rectus Abdominis in Women
Authors: Mota Patrícia , Pascoal Augusto Gil , Sancho Fatima , Bø Kari
Published: February 2013

Study Design

Single-group test-retest reliability study.

Objectives

To evaluate the test-retest intraobserver reliability of 2-dimensional ultrasound measurement of the distance between the rectus abdominis muscles, the interrectus distance (IRD).

Background

Diastasis recti is defined as the separation of the 2 rectus abdominis muscles, with a reported prevalence of between 30% and 70% in women during pregnancy and in the postpartum period. The condition is difficult to measure, and ultrasound imaging has been suggested as a useful method to quantify the diastasis. However, to date, no studies have investigated intratester or intertester reliability of ultrasound to measure the distance between the rectus abdominis muscles during rest and contraction.

Methods

Ultrasound images from the rectus abdominis were recorded in 24 healthy female volunteers at rest and under 2 conditions of abdominal contraction: abdominal crunch and drawing-in exercises. The probe was positioned at 2 locations: below and above the umbilicus. A blinded investigator measured the IRD offline from 2 different ultrasound images collected on 2 different days (test-retest). Additionally, reanalyses of the same ultrasound images were done on 2 separate occasions (intra-image).

Results

Test-retest measurements of IRD demonstrated good to very good reliability, with intraclass correlation coefficient values between 0.74 and 0.90. The only exception was for IRD measured 2 cm below the umbilicus during the abdominal crunch exercise, which had an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.50. For intratester reliability of the same images, the intraclass correlation coefficient values were all above 0.90.

Conclusion

Ultrasound imaging is a reliable method for measuring the IRD at rest and during abdominal crunch and drawing-in exercises. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2012;42(11):940–946, Epub 18 July 2012. doi:10.2519/jospt.2012.4115
Diagnostic Imaging in a Patient With an Acute Knee Injury
Authors: Sago Carrie E. , Labuda Craig S.
Published: February 2013

The patient was a 23-year-old man, currently serving in a military airborne operations unit. During a jump training exercise, the patient's right lower extremity became entangled in his parachute equipment upon exiting the aircraft, which caused hyperextension and valgus forces upon his right knee. Due to concern for a fracture, the patient was transported to an emergency department, where conventional radiographs were completed and interpreted by a radiologist as negative for a fracture. Following further physical examination by a physical therapist, magnetic resonance imaging of the right knee was ordered, revealing ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2013;43(1):30. doi:10.2519/jospt.2013.0402
Abdominal Pain in Physical Therapy Practice: 3 Patient Cases
Authors: Rodeghero Jason R. , Denninger Thomas R. , Ross Michael D.
Published: February 2013

Study Design

Resident's case problem

Background

Abdominal pain is a common symptom, but not a common diagnosis, of patients referred to physical therapists for examination and intervention. For patients with primary symptoms of abdominal pain, a thorough evaluation must be performed to determine if symptoms are musculoskeletal in nature or of a nonmusculoskeletal origin that would warrant a referral to a different healthcare provider. This report describes the management of 3 adults with primary complaints of abdominal pain who were referred for physical therapy evaluation and treatment.

Diagnosis

Two of the patients had secondary symptoms of hip and/or low back pain and had previously undergone extensive medical testing for their chronic abdominal pain, without a definitive diagnosis having been determined. A physical therapy evaluation was conducted, and treatment, including manual physical therapy and exercise, was administered to address all relative impairments, once the physical therapist had determined that the patients' symptoms were of musculoskeletal origin. The third patient included in this series was referred to a physical therapist with a diagnosis of greater trochanteric versus iliopsoas bursitis. However, the patient had abdominal pain that was more acute in nature and a history and physical examination findings that were concerning for abdominal pain of nonmusculoskeletal origin. Both patients with abdominal pain of musculo-skeletal origin showed marked improvement in pain and disability after 7 treatment sessions. The third patient was referred to her primary care physician, and ultrasound examination of the abdomen revealed several intrauterine masses that were consistent with uterine fibroids. Following uterine fibroid embolization, the patient was symptom free.

Discussion

Although not routinely managed by physical therapists, abdominal pain is a relatively common patient symptom that can have several causes, both musculoskeletal and nonmusculoskeletal. This paper emphasizes the importance of physical therapists having the necessary differential diagnostic skills to determine if patients with primary symptoms of abdominal pain require physician referral or physical therapist intervention.

Level of Evidence

Differential diagnosis, level 4. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2013;43(2):44–53. Epub 14 January 2013. doi:10.2519/jospt.2013.4408
Comparison of Farm Production and Marketing Cost and Benefit Among Selected Vegetable Pockets in Nepal
Authors: Pokhrel Deepak Mani
Published: February 2013

In vein of exploring vegetable production and marketing related problems that could have hindered farmers from getting potential benefit, the study evaluates farm performances in selective vegetable pockets of Kabhrepalanchok, Sindhupalchok and Kaski districts. It describes farm strategies on pre and post harvest crop management, explores marketing channels and mechanisms of commodity transfer and price formation and assesses farm benefits of selective crops. Study method is based on exploration of processes and costs of production and marketing following observations and short interviews with local farmers in small groups, local traders in market centers and local informants. Marketing channels are explored, farm profits and shares on wholesale prices explained through cost-benefit assessments and prospects of vegetable production and marketing described.Key words: Cost-benefit; Marketing-channel; Nepal; Price-share; Production-marketing system; Vegetable pockets; MountainThe Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT Vol. 11, 2010Page: 10-25Uploaded Date: 15 September, 2010
Impact of Climate Change on Production and Productivity: A Case Study of Maize Research and Development In Nepal
Authors: Nayava Janak Lal , Gurung Dil Bahadur
Published: February 2013

The relation between climate and maize production in Nepal was studied for the period 1970/71-2007/08. Due to the topographical differences within north-south span of the country, Nepal has wide variety of climatic condition. About 70 to 90% of the rainfall occurs during summer monsoon (June to September) and the rest of the months are almost dry. Maize is cultivated from March to May depending on the rainfall distribution. Due to the availability of improved seeds, the maize yield has been steadily increasing after 1987/1988. The national area and yield of maize is estimated to be 870,166ha and 2159kg/ha respectively in 2007/08. The present rate of annual increase of temperature is 0.04°C in Nepal. Trends of temperature rise are not uniform throughout Nepal. An increase of annual temperature at Rampur during 1968-2008 was only 0.039°C. However, at Rampur during the maize growing seasons, March/April - May, the trend of annual maximum temperature had not been changed, but during the month of June and July, the trend of increase of maximum temperature was 0.03°C to 0.04°C /year.Key words: Climate-change; Global-warming; Hill; Mountain; Nepal; TaraiThe Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT Vol. 11, 2010Page: 59-69Uploaded Date: 15 September, 2010
Agricultural Intensification: Linking with Livelihood Improvement and Environmental Degradation in Mid-Hills of Nepal
Authors: Raut Nani , Sitaula Bishal Kumar , Bajracharya Roshan Man
Published: February 2013

This article reviewed on agricultural intensification from livelihood and environment perspectives in mid-hills of Nepal. Agricultural intensification has provided improved economy, food security, employment opportunities, decision-making, labor division, local institutions and leaderships. But soil degradation has been accelerated along with greenhouse gases emission. Additionally, the potential linkages of agricultural intensification to degradation and pathways for marginalization in the long run are addressed. However, the catalytic role of institution and farmers' perception on intensification are equally important. To ensure socio-economically and environmentally sound production, sustainable agricultural intensification guided by good institutional systems is recommended.Key words: Agricultural intensification; Greenhouse gases; Institution; Livelihood; Soil degradationThe Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT Vol. 11, 2010Page: 83-94Uploaded date: 16 September, 2010
Knowledge, Practice and Use of Pesticides among Commercial Vegetable Growers of Dhading District, Nepal
Authors: Shrestha P. , Koirala P. , Tamrakar A. S.
Published: February 2013

A field study was conducted to evaluate knowledge, practice and use of pesticides among thirty commercial vegetable growers of Dhading district of Nepal. More than four in five were using pesticides and more than one third were using it for more than six years. Nearly half of them spray pesticides five to six times. More than one-sixth pesticides used were extremely hazardous, which were barred for general agriculture use. Waiting period is less than four days for nearly two-third growers. More than three-forth know the adverse effect of pesticides and nearly half experienced symptoms of health hazards. Majority did not receive any official training on pesticides and nearly one-third doesn't read information available in pesticide label. Nearly half were not using Personal Protective Equipment during pesticide application. Nearly two-third throw pesticide container anywhere after using it. The finding of this study is oriented to the following recommendation: the need for awareness, education and training on the uses of pesticides to the farmers and effective monitoring program for pesticide residues in vegetables.Key words: Awareness; Health effects; IPM; Pesticides; VegetablesThe Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTVol. 11, 2010Page: 95-100Uploaded date: 16 September, 2010
Selenium: Its Role in Livestock Health and Productivity
Authors: Khanal Dol Raj , Knight Anthony P.
Published: February 2013

Selenium (Se) is an essential metalloid trace element that has a very narrow margin of safety between the toxic and deficient doses in animals and humans. This paper highlights about the beneficial and harmful effects of Se in livestock productivity and health besides presenting some information on its relation to Khari disease of buffaloes in Baitadi and Darchula districts and ways to mitigate toxic effects of Se in buffaloes.Key words: Selenium; Deficiency; Toxicity; Khari diseaseThe Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT Vol. 11, 2010Page: 101-106Uploaded date: 16 September, 2010
Performance Of Coriander Cultivars For Green Leaf Production Under Late Sowing Condition
Authors: Chaulagain R , Pant SS , Thapa RB , Sharma MD
Published: February 2013

A field experiment was conducted at the research farm of Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, , Chitwan, Nepal from December 2009 to March 2010 to study the green leaf production potential of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) cultivars. Ten cultivars of coriander were evaluated in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated three times. Coriander Local, Marpha Local, Mallika, Surabhi and Kalmi Chhattedar showed better performance as compared to others on growth, yield and quality parameters. The highest green leaf yield (10.09 mt/ha) was recorded in Coriander Local followed by Mallika (9.54 mt/ha), Surabhi (9.40 mt/ha) and Kalmi Chhattedar (9.24 mt/ha). Surabhi was found promising cultivar under late sowing condition because if its highest rosette diameter, number of basal leaves and length of basal leaf Hence, there is good scope of coriander cultivation for green leaf production, however, it is more suitable to sow the seeds in usual tome of sowing for the better performance of all the cultivars. The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:12, Jun.2011, Page 67-73 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v12i0.7565
Environment Friendly Salt Coating For Root Pruning Of Sweet Pepper Seedlings
Authors: Shrestha Surendra Lal , Kang Won-Hee
Published: February 2013

This study was done to minimize excessive growth and root mat formation which is a problem during preparation of seedlings in sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 replications. Hybrid CV. ‘Sonik’ seeds were planted in plug trays coated with latex paint containing 0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 10% and 15% NaCl (w/v) and compared with an uncoated control. Results showed that NaCl coating significantly minimized excessive growth rate and root mat formation. Seedlings from the treatment produced more fibrous roots. Even though before transplanting, untreated seedlings were taller with longer root length, significantly higher fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots; after transplanting, seedlings from NaCl coated trays showed better performance with taller plants, longer roots, and higher fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots. The 7% NaCl treatment gave superior performance among the treated and control plants. The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:12, Jun.2011, Page 74-80 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v12i0.7566
Effect of unusual weather on cereal crop production and household food security
Authors: Regmi Hem R.
Published: February 2013

For the third consecutive year, drought conditions have been severely affecting agricultural production in Nepal and in some cases turning traditionally surplus production areas into deficit ones. In addition to the heavily drought affected Mid- and Far-Western Regions, flood exacerbated by hailstones and

crop diseases in various VDCs caused extensive crop loss. Drought particularly affected the traditionally food surplus areas of the Eastern Terai, particularly Siraha, Saptari and Dhanusha which reported a decline in paddy production of about 30%. A total of 109,855 hectares of paddy land (7.09%) remained fallow in 2006/07 as farmers were unable to plant due to drought. In addition, yields were lower by

almost 6%. Paddy crop production consequently declined by 12.5 % compared to last year. The total food grain shortfall for the year 2006/07 has been calculated at 187,748 Mt assuming favorable weather conditions for the winter crop wheat and barley.

The Journal of AGRICLUTURE AND ENVIRONMENT Vol. 8, 2007, pp. 20-29
Relationship between systems and environment in the context of global-warming
Authors: Shankhi Krishna P.
Published: February 2013

Along with the change in the living standard of the people, science and technology based innovations have created many unwanted and detrimental consequences. Lacking the holistic and multi-perspective approach and ignoring the relationship between the systems and the environment have adversely affected our natural resources – soil, water and air to the extent of frequently occurring painful natural calamities and constantly increasing global warming. System Learning Approach, a systemic and holistic approach accommodates all these issues and these are reflected on the experiential learning process and hence there is little chance for wrong implementation. It is focussed on some livestock related environmental problems, particularly the methane gas emission from the ruminant animals and the ways to reduce it through green based feeding, increased productivity and their population control. It is also explored about the misuse of the land and the soil erosion and the way to improve the situation.

The Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT Vol. 8, 2007, pp. 55-61
Pesticide residues as environmental contaminants in foods in Nepal
Authors: Koirala Pramod , Khadka Damodar B. , Mishra Arunananda
Published: February 2013

This paper reviews the occurrence of pesticides in foods in Nepal during 1995-2004. A total of one

thousand and thirty four samples of different food commodities were analyzed for detection of

organochlorines (DDT, BHC) and organophosphorus (malathion, parathion, methyl parathion) pesticides.

Among all samples analysed 12% samples were detected with the residues of pesticides which included Malathion (3.9%), BHC (3.1%), Methyl parathion (2.8%), DDT (1.8%) and Parathion (0.3%). Commodity- wise detection of pesticide residues showed the highest level of contamination in root vegetables (11.9%) followed by leaf vegetables (10.9%). Therefore, there is a threat of pesticide residues in foods

and may endanger to public health. Government efforts to control misuse of pesticides is not sufficient, therefore, the concerned stakeholders have the shared responsibility to solve it. There is a good scope of working with appropriate intervention measures in this area for NGOs, INGOs, academic institution to prevent the pesticide pollution in food.

The Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTVol. 8, 2007, pp. 96-100
Impact of agricultural aggravation on ecology
Authors: Ghimire Narahari P.
Published: February 2013

There is a problem of pesticides for both the growers and consumers. Injudicious uses of pesticides also create pest problems. In addition, emissions of green house gases are creating serious ecological concern. Adoption of IPM approach, use of crop residues, mulching, fertilizer management and organic farming are some of the potential mitigating measures. It should be implemented with consensus and commitment under the guidance of appropriate policy framework.

The Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT Vol. 8, 2007, pp. 106-114
Sustainable level of water pumping to protect environment and livestock sustenance
Authors: Sharma Banshi
Published: February 2013

Livestock production impacts heavily the world's water supply, accounting for more than 8 percent of global human water use, mainly for the irrigation of feed crops. Evidence suggests it is the largest sectoral source of water pollutants, principally animal wastes, antibiotics, hormones, chemicals from tanneries, fertilizers and pesticides used for feed crops, and sediments from eroded pastures. Continual water pumping may lead to the fall in water table and subsequently cause decrease vegetation and crop production, of which byproduct will be largely utilized for livestock feeding. This may result in unhygienic livestock watering management. Therefore, livestock number, production and livestock watering system must be harmonized to get optimum result.

The Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT Vol. 8, 2007, pp. 119-125
Environment Friendly Technologies for Increasing Rice Productivity
Authors: Basnet Bhola Man Singh
Published: February 2013

Rice is one of the most important cereal crops in Nepal. As per the preliminary estimate of f.y.2007/08, the rice crop was grown in 1.55 million hectare producing 4.3 million mt and the productivity was 2.775 t/ha. It contributes nearly 20% to Agricultural Gross Domestic Product and provides more than 50% of the total calories required to the Nepalese people. The UNO also declared 2004, as the "International Year of Rice" with the theme "Rice is Life". There are less possibilities of bringing more lands into production. Therefore, we have to increase the productivity per hectare per day by any means .The promising technologies generated by agriculture research play the pivotal role for increasing rice productivity. Nepal so far has released fifty-six (56) rice varieties with full package of practices within the span of forty-one (41) years. The modern varieties can express their yield potentiality only when recommended packages are practiced. Quality seeds alone can contribute 15-20% yield. Early paddy and Boro (winter) rice can be used for increasing rice yields by utilizing higher intensity of solar radiation. The system of rice intensification (SRI) is the other agronomic manipulation, which can increase rice yield. Resource conservation technologies (RCTs) like dry seed-bed practice, direct seeded rice, zero-till, drought tolerant varieties, use of renewable energy and creating public awareness are to be followed so as to produce rice on environmeny-friendly ways. However, we should not forget the environment-friendly and sustainability issues while increasing the productivity and production. It is said "Grow Paddy with Soil Fertility, Wheat with Fertilizers", and "Healthy Seedlings are responsible at least for half of the yield" also. Worldwide food crisis and skyrocketed prices are the problems caused by climate change too.  Key words: Environment-friendly, rice production, technology, integrated crop managementThe Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:.9, Jun.2008  page: 34-40
Atmospheric Carbon and Food Security in Nepal
Authors: Karki Krishna B.
Published: February 2013

Release of carbon from soil system is inevitable. It is increased through emission breath by animals, burning of fossils fuel, biomass burning and intensive agriculture. The only question is how to absorb that carbon in the atmosphere and reduce the carbon content of the atmosphere. Increase of CO2 in atmosphere increases the crop yield due to high photosynthesis, but the crops should tolerate increased temperature caused by higher CO2 concentration. Increase of soil organic matter through the addition of organic manure is one of the options that the carbon is retained temporarily, but in the long run because of oxidation and reduction process in soil, carbon will ultimately release to the atmosphere. Absorption of CO2 by the plants is one of the options, which is known as sequestration to mitigate increased carbon in the atmosphere.  Key words: Climate change; Carbon sequestration; CO2 in atmosphere and crop yield; etc.The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:.9, Jun.2008  page: 54-61
Climate Change and Its Impact on Nepalese Agriculture
Authors: Malla G.
Published: February 2013

Exponential growth of CO2 and other greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere is causing climate change. It affects agriculture, forestry, human health, biodiversity, snow coverand aquatic to mountain ecosystems. Changes in climatic factors like temperature, solar radiation and precipitation have potentials to influence crop production. Despite many efforts possible on combating impacts of climate change, there are still difficulties in Nepalese agriculture. With an average of 0.06ºC/yea, a rise in temperature from 1975 to 2006 by 1.8ºC has been recorded in the country. Problem of frequent drought, severe floods, landslides and mixed type of effects in agricultural crops have been experienced in Nepal because of climate change. Study done on CO2 enrichment technology at Khumaltar revealed that the yield of rice and wheat increased by 26.6% and 18.4% due to double CO2, 17.1% and 8.6% due to increase in temperature respectively. A crop simulation model (DSSAT) to study the effects of CO2, temperature and rain in NARC showed positive effect in yield of rice and wheat in all regions, but negative effect in maize especially in Terai. In Nepalese agriculture, the time has come for the authorities to find out adaptive measures to mitigate the effects to reduce untold natural calamities and miseries due to recent erratic weather pattern.  Key words: Agricultural crops; GHGs and CO2; Temperature; PrecipitationThe Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:.9, Jun.2008  page:62-71
Natural Resource and Watershed Management in South Asia: A Comparative Evaluation with Special References to Nepal
Authors: Tiwari Krishna R. , Bajracharya Roshan M. , Sitaula Bishal K.
Published: February 2013

The paper discusses different approaches of watershed management programs implemented in South Asian countries, with special reference to Nepal based on existing literature and field experiences. Watershed degradation, particularly in mountainous areas, is critical problem in South Asian countries. A participatory approach has been adopted in watershed and natural resource management during the last decade in many developing countries. The participatory community-based watershed management approach in Nepal is viewed from two perspectives. The first, success of conservation of natural resources with formation and strengthening of the local level institutions in rural areas of the country; the second, its multiplier effects in social mobilization, women empowerment, community development and livelihood improvement as well as good governance at local level. In the present context, participatory watershed management must include not only environmental protection but also supporting poor and disadvantaged segments of society in improving their livelihoods.  Key words: Bottom-up approach; Empowerment; Participatory approach; Resource management; Top-down approach and watershed degradationThe Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:.9, Jun.2008  Page: 72-89
Honeybees: The Pollinator Sustaining Crop Diversity
Authors: Shrestha Jagadish Bhakta
Published: February 2013

Importance of honeybees as prime pollinators for continual maintenence of crop-diversity and need of their conservation for sustainable agriculture is highlighted based on literature review. Somatic, reproductive and adaptive heterosis or hybrid effects that occur in plant progeny as a result of natural cross-pollination by honeybees brings about significant qualitative and quantitative changes in the economic and biological characteristics of crop plants. Honeybees often facilitate genetic enrichment of native plants through crosspollination offering to their varietal development and adaptation in the changing environment. The natural environment is required to provide bees with habitat or nesting sites. Promotion of organic farming and integrated pest management programs are necessitated.  Keywords: Eco-system; Honeybees; Pollinators; Cross-pollination; Sustainable agricultureThe Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:.9, Jun. 2008  Page: 90-92
Inferring ice-flow directions from single ice-sheet surface images using the Radon transform
Authors: Roberts Jason L. , Warner Roland C. , Treverrow Adam
Published: February 2013

We present a new method for extracting the direction of surface flow for ice sheets, based on the detection of flow-induced features that are visible in satellite imagery. The orientation of linear features is determined using a Radon transform and only requires a single image. The technique is demonstrated by applying it to the RADARSAT mosaic of Antarctica, over the Lambert Glacier–Amery Ice Shelf region of East Antarctica. Comparisons with both existing flow-direction fields and traced streamlines over the same area provide an evaluation of the method. We also illustrate its application to Landsat 7 imagery.
Decelerated mass loss of Hurd and Johnsons Glaciers, Livingston Island, Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Navarro Francisco J. , Jonsell Ulf Y. , Corcuera María I. , Martín-Español Alba
Published: February 2013

A new 10 year surface mass balance (SMB) record of Hurd and Johnsons Glaciers, Livingston Island, Antarctica, is presented and compared with earlier estimates on the basis of local and regional meteorological conditions and trends. Since Johnsons is a tidewater glacier, we also include a calving flux calculation to estimate its total mass balance. The average annual SMB over the 10 year observation period 2002–11 is −0.15 ± 0.10 m w.e. for Hurd Glacier and 0.05 ± 0.10 m w.e. for Johnsons Glacier. Adding the calving losses to the latter results in a total mass balance of −0.09 ± 0.10 m w.e. There has been a deceleration of the mass losses of these glaciers from 1957–2000 to 2002–11, which have nearly halved for both glaciers. We attribute this decrease in the mass losses to a combination of increased accumulation in the region and decreased melt. The increased accumulation is attributed to larger precipitation associated with the recent deepening of the circumpolar pressure trough, while the melt decrease is associated with lower summer surface temperatures during the past decade.
Energy and mass balance of Zhadang glacier surface, central Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhang Guoshuai , Kang Shichang , Fujita Koji , Huintjes Eva , Xu Jianqing , Yamazaki Takeshi , Haginoya Shigenori , Wei Yang , Scherer Dieter , Schneider Christoph , Yao Tandong
Published: February 2013

Climate variables that control the annual cycle of the surface energy and mass balance on Zhadang glacier in the central Tibetan Plateau were examined over a 2 year period using a physically based energy-balance model forced by routine meteorological data. The modelled results agree with measured values of albedo, incoming longwave radiation, surface temperature and surface level of the glacier. For the whole observation period, the radiation component dominated (82%) the total surface energy heat fluxes. This was followed by turbulent sensible (10%) and latent heat (6%) fluxes. Subsurface heat flux represented a very minor proportion (2%) of the total heat flux. The sensitivity of specific mass balance was examined by perturbations of temperature (±1 K), relative humidity (±20%) and precipitation (±20%). The results indicate that the specific mass balance is more sensitive to changes in precipitation than to other variables. The main seasonal variations in the energy balance were in the two radiation components (net shortwave radiation and net longwave radiation) and these controlled whether surface melting occurred. A dramatic difference in summer mass balance between 2010 and 2011 indicates that the glacier surface mass balance was closely related to precipitation seasonality and form (proportion of snowfall and rainfall).
Indication and outcome of relaparotomy after caesarean section
Authors: Biswas Sankar Prosad , Halder Surovi , Shirin Feroja Banu
Published: February 2013

The objective was to determine the indicatons, management and the outcome among the patient who underwent relaparotomy after caesarean section and to suggest the way to improve the quality of care. This was a retrospective descriptive study done in a tertiary level referral and teaching hospital, Khulna, Bangladesh, out of 55 cases requiring relaparotomy after caesarean section. Over a period of 15 months from 1st January 2011 to 31st march 2012, 1180 caesarean deliveries were done, out of total 3270 deliveries. During this period, relaparotomy was done in 55 cases. Among these, 10 cases followed caesarean delivery at this institute itself, while 45 cases have had caesarean delivery at peripheral hospitals. Postpartum haemorrhage in 31 cases (56.36%) and rectus sheath haematoma in 8 cases (14.55%) were the leading cause of relaparotomy. Among the 55 cases, 39 had emergency caesarean delivery while 16 had elective operation. Procedures undertaken at laparotomy were hysterectomy in 21 cases (38.18%), resuturing of uterine wound with uterine brace suture in 13 cases(23.63%), bilateral uterine arteries and ovarian vessels ligation in 7 cases (12.73%), drainage of haematoma in 8 cases (14.55%), and repair of anterior abdominal wall & peritoneal toileting in 5 cases (9.09%). A third laparotomy was done in 3 cases of which 2 cases were due to secondary PPH, a negative relaparotomy was done in one case. There were 7 maternal deaths following relaparotomy caused by hemorrhagic shock, septicaemia & renal failure and was 12.73%. Caesarean section is a life saving operation. However maternal mortality and near miss fatality after relaparotomy following caesarean section are common. So, relaparotomy should be considered as a procedure after a near miss fatality of mother. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmjk.v45i1-2.13625 Bang Med J (Khulna) 2012; 45 : 19-23
Neonatal intestinal obstruction : patterns, problems and outcome
Authors: Saha Amar Kumar , Ali Md Barkot , Biswas Sunil Kumar , Sharif HM Zafor , Azim Anwerul
Published: February 2013

Neonatal intestinal obstruction is the most common surgical emergency in newborn. Ideally neonatal surgery should be done in an organized neonatal surgical unit. This study was done mostly in general surgical setup in Khulna without any facility of NICU and TPN. The aim of this study was to detect the patterns of neonatal intestinal obstruction and to find out the problems and outcome of surgical treatment. This retrospective study was done between January 2008 and December 2010, in Khulna Medical College Hospital, Khulna Shishu Hospital and a private clinic in Khulna. A total of 205 neonates with intestinal obstruction were treated surgically. Babies of both sexes up to 28 days of age were included in this study. Common causes of neonatal intestinal obstruction were anorectal malformation (ARM), intestinal atresia, Hirschsprung's disease (HD), meconium ileus and malrotation of midgut. Male-female ratio was 1.6:1 and about 13% was premature. Out of 205 neonates, there were ARM-73, HD-47, meconium ileus-38, intestinal atresia-29, malrotation-13 and others-5. Total 172 (84%) survived. Those were ARM (94%), Hirschsprung's disease (91%), meconium ileus (79%), intestinal atresia (55%), malrotation of gut (85%) and others (40%). Overall mortality after initial surgical treatment was 16%. Prognosis of surgical treatment depends on early intervention, expert anaesthesia, associated anomaly and complication, gentle handling of delicate tissue and intensive postoperative management. Medical practitioners were the first attending physician in most instances. So both physicians and surgeons have a contributing role in reducing mortality. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmjk.v45i1-2.13638 Bang Med J (Khulna) 2012; 45 : 6-10