bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modifiable Anthropometric Characteristics Are Associated With Unilateral and Bilateral Carry Performance
Authors: Beck Ben , Carstairs Greg L. , Billing Daniel C. , Caldwell Joanne N. , Middleton Kane J.
Published: May 2016

Beck, B, Carstairs, GL, Billing, DC, Caldwell, JN, and Middleton, KJ. Modifiable anthropometric characteristics are associated with unilateral and bilateral carry performance. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 489–494, 2017—A mismatch between physical ability and task requirements can increase the risk of on-the-job injury. Therefore, understanding key anthropometric characteristics associated with job performance is important in developing targeted training programs and selecting employees in physically demanding occupations. The aims of this study were to understand which anthropometric and demographic (age/sex) characteristics were associated with performance in a unilateral stretcher carry and bilateral jerry can and kettle bell carries. Sixty-seven enlisted Australian Army soldiers (46 men and 21 women) participated in this investigation. Body composition was quantified using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Univariate and multivariable regression techniques were used to quantify correlations between anthropometric characteristics and carry performance. Median carry distance was 650 m (interquartile range [IQR] = 425–1,025 m) in the stretcher carry, 300 m (IQR = 215–445 m) in the jerry can carry, and 265 m (IQR = 200–400 m) in the kettle bell carry. Univariate analyses demonstrated that whole body, trunk, upper arm, forearm, and leg lean mass, as well as stature and body mass were associated with performance across the 3 carry tasks. Of these, leg lean mass was shown to be a key characteristic associated with carry performance. Subsequently, it is suggested that training programs focus on whole-body lean mass with specific emphasis on leg lean mass. Additionally, we demonstrated that age and sex were not significantly associated with carry performance when controlling for leg lean mass, indicating that modifiable factors can be targeted in training programs to improve job performance.
Quantification of Accelerometer Derived Impacts Associated With Competitive Games in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I College Football Players
Authors: Wellman Aaron D. , Coad Sam C. , Goulet Grant C. , McLellan Christopher P.
Published: May 2016

Wellman, AD, Coad, SC, Goulet, GC, and McLellan, CP. Quantification of accelerometer derived impacts associated with competitive games in National Collegiate Athletic Association division I college football players. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 330–338, 2017—The aims of the present study were to (a) examine positional impact profiles of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) division I college football players using global positioning system (GPS) and integrated accelerometry (IA) technology and (b) determine if positional differences in impact profiles during competition exist within offensive and defensive teams. Thirty-three NCAA division I Football Bowl Subdivision players were monitored using GPS and IA (GPSports) during 12 regular season games throughout the 2014 season. Individual player data sets (n = 294) were divided into offensive and defensive teams, and positional subgroups. The intensity, number, and distribution of impact forces experienced by players during competition were recorded. Positional differences were found for the distribution of impacts within offensive and defensive teams. Wide receivers sustained more very light and light to moderate (5–6.5 G force) impacts than other position groups, whereas the running backs were involved in more severe (>10 G force) impacts than all offensive position groups, with the exception of the quarterbacks (p ≤ 0.05). The defensive back and linebacker groups were subject to more very light (5.0–6.0 G force) impacts, and the defensive tackle group sustained more heavy and very heavy (7.1–10 G force) impacts than other defensive positions (p ≤ 0.05). Data from the present study provide novel quantification of positional impact profiles related to the physical demands of college football games and highlight the need for position-specific monitoring and training in the preparation for the impact loads experienced during NCAA division I football competition.
Sox11 Balances Dendritic Morphogenesis with Neuronal Migration in the Developing Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Hoshiba Yoshio , Toda Tomohisa , Ebisu Haruka , Wakimoto Mayu , Yanagi Shigeru , Kawasaki Hiroshi
Published: May 2016

The coordinated mechanisms balancing promotion and suppression of dendritic morphogenesis are crucial for the development of the cerebral cortex. Although previous studies have revealed important transcription factors that promote dendritic morphogenesis during development, those that suppress dendritic morphogenesis are still largely unknown. Here we found that the expression levels of the transcription factor Sox11 decreased dramatically during dendritic morphogenesis. Our loss- and gain-of-function studies using postnatal electroporation andin uteroelectroporation indicate that Sox11 is necessary and sufficient for inhibiting dendritic morphogenesis of excitatory neurons in the mouse cerebral cortex during development. Interestingly, we found that precocious suppression of Sox11 expression caused precocious branching of neurites and a neuronal migration defect. We also found that the end of radial migration induced the reduction of Sox11 expression. These findings indicate that suppression of dendritic morphogenesis by Sox11 during radial migration is crucial for the formation of the cerebral cortex.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTBecause dendritic morphology has profound impacts on neuronal information processing, the mechanisms underlying dendritic morphogenesis during development are of great interest. Our loss- and gain-of-function studies indicate that Sox11 is necessary and sufficient for inhibiting dendritic morphogenesis of excitatory neurons in the mouse cerebral cortex during development. Interestingly, we found that precocious suppression of Sox11 expression caused a neuronal migration defect. These findings indicate that suppression of dendritic morphogenesis by Sox11 during radial migration is crucial for the formation of the cerebral cortex.
Retinal Circuitry Balances Contrast Tuning of Excitation and Inhibition to Enable Reliable Computation of Direction Selectivity
Authors: Poleg-Polsky Alon , Diamond Jeffrey S.
Published: May 2016

Feedforward (FF) inhibition is a common motif in many neural networks. Typically, excitatory inputs drive both principal neurons and interneurons; the interneurons then inhibit the principal neurons, thereby regulating the strength and timing of the FF signal. The interneurons introduce a likely nonlinear processing step that could distort the excitation/inhibition (E/I) ratio in the principal neuron, potentially degrading the reliability of computation in the circuit. In the retina, FF inhibition is an essential feature of the circuitry underlying direction selectivity (DS): glutamatergic bipolar cells (BCs) provide excitatory input to direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs) and GABAergic starburst amacrine cells (SACs), and the SACs then provide FF inhibition onto DSGCs. Robust DS computation requires a consistent synaptic E/I ratio in the DSGC in various visual conditions. Here, we show in mouse retina that the E/I ratio is maintained in DSGCs over a wide stimulus contrast range due to compensatory mechanisms in the diverse population of presynaptic BCs. BC inputs to SACs exhibit higher contrast sensitivity, so that the subsequent nonlinear transformation in SACs reduces the contrast sensitivity of FF inhibition to match the sensitivity of direct excitatory inputs onto DSGCs. Measurements of light-evoked responses from individual BC synaptic terminals suggest that the distinct sensitivity of BC inputs reflects different contrast sensitivity between BC subtypes. Numerical simulations suggest that this network arrangement is crucial for reliable DS computation.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTProperly balanced excitation and inhibition are essential for many neuronal computations across brain regions. Feedforward inhibition circuitry, in which a common excitatory source drives both the principal cell and an interneuron, is a typical mechanism by which neural networks maintain this balance. Feedforward circuits may become imbalanced at low stimulation levels, however, if the excitatory drive is too weak to overcome the activation threshold in the interneuron. Here we reveal how excitation and inhibition remain balanced in direction selective ganglion cells in the mouse retina over a wide visual stimulus range.
Optogenetic Visualization of Presynaptic Tonic Inhibition of Cerebellar Parallel Fibers
Authors: Berglund Ken , Wen Lei , Dunbar Robert L. , Feng Guoping , Augustine George J.
Published: May 2016

Tonic inhibition was imaged in cerebellar granule cells of transgenic mice expressing the optogenetic chloride indicator, Clomeleon. Blockade of GABAAreceptors substantially reduced chloride concentration in granule cells due to block of tonic inhibition. This indicates that tonic inhibition is a significant contributor to the resting chloride concentration of these cells. Tonic inhibition was observed not only in granule cell bodies, but also in their axons, the parallel fibers (PFs). This presynaptic tonic inhibition could be observed in slices both at room and physiological temperatures, as well asin vivo, and has many of the same properties as tonic inhibition measured in granule cell bodies. GABA application revealed that PFs possess at least two types of GABAAreceptor: one high-affinity receptor that is activated by ambient GABA and causes a chloride influx that mediates tonic inhibition, and a second with a low affinity for GABA that causes a chloride efflux that excites PFs. Presynaptic tonic inhibition regulates glutamate release from PFs because GABAAreceptor blockade enhanced both the frequency of spontaneous EPSCs and the amplitude of evoked EPSCs at the PF-Purkinje cell synapse. We conclude that tonic inhibition of PFs could play an important role in regulating information flow though cerebellar synaptic circuits. Such cross talk between phasic and tonic signaling could be a general mechanism for fine tuning of synaptic circuits.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThis paper demonstrates that an unconventional form of signaling, known as tonic inhibition, is found in presynaptic terminals and affects conventional synaptic communication. Our results establish the basic characteristics and mechanisms of presynaptic tonic inhibition and show that it occursin vivoas well as in isolated brain tissue.
Androgen receptor and miRNA-126* axis controls follicle-stimulating hormone receptor expression in porcine ovarian granulosa cells
Authors: Du Xing , Li Qiqi , Pan Zengxiang , Li Qifa
Published: May 2016

Androgen, which acts via the androgen receptor (AR), plays crucial roles in mammalian ovarian function. Recent studies showed that androgen/AR signaling regulates follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) expression in follicles; however, the detailed mechanism underlying this regulation remained unknown. Here, we demonstrate that AR and miR-126* cooperate to inhibit FSHR expression and function in pig follicular granulosa cells (pGCs). In pGCs, overexpression of AR decreased, whereas knockdown increased,FSHRmRNA and protein expression; however, neither manipulation affectedFSHRpromoter activity. Using a dual-luciferase reporter assay, we found that theFSHRgene is a direct target of miR-126*, which inhibits FSHR expression and increases the rate of AR-induced apoptosis in pGCs. Collectively, our data show for the first time that the AR/miR-126* axis exerts synergetic effects in the regulation of FSHR expression and apoptosis in pGCs. Our findings thus define a novel pathway, AR/miR-126*/FSHR, that regulates mammalian GC functions.
Diabetes education in primary care: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Grillo Maria de Fatima Ferreira , Neumann Cristina Rolim , Scain Suzana Fiore , Rozeno Raquel Farias , Beloli Luis , Perinetto Tiago , Gross Jorge Luiz , Leitão Cristiane Bauermann
Published: May 2016

Abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of a structured group education program administered by a primary care nurse in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The sample included 137 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, randomized into two groups: intervention (5-week educational course and reinforcements every 4 months for one year) and control (with no structured diabetes mellitus education) with an evaluation of metabolic control, weight, blood pressure, distress scores, and knowledge on diabetes. There were no differences between the two groups in HbA1c at 4, 8, or 12 months when compared to baseline values. An increase in HbA1c was observed in the control group after adjusting for baseline HbA1c and insulin dose (p = 0.044 between groups). Knowledge scores and diabetes-related distress improved after the intervention. A structured educational program administered to type 2 diabetes mellitus patients seen at a primary care unit improved the knowledge and distress associated with the disease. The results also suggest the prevention of an increase in HbA1c.
Food service in the scientific field of Food and Nutrition: Reflections about scientific conceptions and research
Authors: CAMPOS Flávia Milagres , PRADO Shirley Donizete , FERREIRA Francisco Romão , KRAEMER Fabiana Bom
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT Supported by the categories of capital and scientific field of Bourdieu, this paper aims to situate, in the Food and Nutrition field, the core of knowledge and practices here called food service, and to provide evidence that the agents that operate in this core acknowledge that their quantum of scientific capital is insufficient to maintain distinct positions in the field. Realizing their lack of prestige in the scientific field, some of these agents seek to redirect their activities, traditionally focused on the labor market, aiming to participate in graduate programs, since that is where institutionally recognized scientific research occurs. The outline of an approaching movement with the world of research is recognized in this core. This discussion proposes a reflection on the image of science that anchors food service research and the challenges related to the current conditions for scientific practice in Brazil. This essay discusses the framing in the hegemonic research model, based on the natural sciences. We questioned the adoption of a single way of research, since food service has multifaceted aspects, which demands epistemological plurality.
Reflection on sports nutrition: Where we come from, where we are, and where we are headed
Authors: JUZWIAK Claudia Ridel
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT From a historical perspective of athletes' eating practices, the advancement of science and the provision of food in the modern Olympic Games, the author seeks to show that many challenges in practicing Sports Nutrition have their roots in how these processes were built. This essay aims to provide arguments for a reflection on the work of dietitians in the sports' scenario considering the growth of interest in this area, as well as the hosting of major sports events in Brazil. The professional training and the skills required to work in this area, as well as the eating practices of athletes, often far from the nutritional recommendations but heavily laden with symbolism and representations, making it important for their identity within their peer group, are among the current challenges that can be emphasized. As the main prospects for the comprehensive care of athletes, the author highlights the importance of adopting an interdisciplinary approach, and of dietitians fully understanding the meaning of nutrition for athletes in order to address the gap between their food practices and the recommendations.
Teoria Axiológica de Comunhão: a construção social de recursos constitutivos da gestão de empresas de Economia de Comunhão
Authors: Menegassi Cláudia Herrero Martins , Fernandes Bruno Henrique Rocha
Published: May 2016

Resumo Esta pesquisa visou a elaborar uma Grounded Theory para explicar como são socialmente construídos os recursos que constituem a gestão de empresas de Economia de Comunhão (EdC). Para abordar o problema, foi usada a Resource-Based View (RBV) como mecanismo de sensibilização teórica e foi desenvolvida uma Grounded Theory. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevistas e análise documental. Para a análise foram realizadas codificações aberta, axial e seletiva e amostragens teóricas, em processo concomitante e recursivo. Como resultado, emergiram sete categorias, que, relacionadas entre si e com a categoria central, deram origem à Teoria Axiológica de Comunhão, propondo que a influência axiológica dos empresários e a cultura de comunhão são os elementos determinantes para a construção social dos recursos que constituem a gestão de empresas baseada na EdC.
Effects of GaAs laser and stretching on muscle contusion in rats
Authors: Corrêa Daniela Gallon , Okita Juliana T. , Martins Hilana Rickli Fiuza , Gomes Anna Raquel Silveira
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT Laser and stretching are used to treat skeletal muscle injuries. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of GaAs laser and stretching in the morphology of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle after contusion. Thirty-six male rats (349±23g) were divided into six groups (n=6): control group (CG); lesion group (LG); lesion and laser group (LLG); lesion and stretching group (LSG); lesion, laser and stretching group (LLSG); and stretching group (SG). TA was wounded by a contusion apparatus. We used GaAs laser 4.5 J/cm2 dose for 32 s each, beginning 48 h after lesion, for 7 days, once a day. Manual passive stretching was applied by 10 repetitions for 1 minute, initiating on the 8th day, once a day, 3 times a week, during 3 weeks. After 4 weeks, rats were euthanized and we analyzed: muscle weight and length, cross sectional area of muscle fibers (CSAMF), serial sarcomere number (SSN), sarcomere length, and percentage of connective tissue. Comparisons among groups were made by ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests, with the significance level set at ≤ 0.05. The serial sarcomere number of LLSG was higher than LSG. The sarcomere length of LSG was superior to LLG, LLSG, and SG. SG increased SSN compared to CG, while the percentage of connective tissue of SG decreased in comparison to LLSG. Thus, the sarcomerogenesis of injured muscles was enhanced by laser therapy, stretching, and association of both. The stretching protocol was enough to increase SSN of intact muscles.
Ajustes cardiorrespiratórios durante a manobra de acentuação da arritmia sinusal respiratória: influência do tempo da manobra sobre o volume minuto, fração expirada de CO2 e variabilidade da frequência cardíaca
Authors: Fenley Alexandre , Silva Leonardo da Costa , Reis Hugo Valverde , Sampaio Luciana Malosá , Borghi-Silva Audrey , Reis Michel Silva
Published: May 2016

RESUMO A frequência cardíaca sofre variações durante o ciclo respiratório, fenômeno conhecido como arritmia sinusal respiratória. A manobra para acentuação da arritmia sinusal respiratória (M-ASR) consiste em manter ventilação educada com uma frequência respiratória de seis ciclos por minuto com relação tempo inspiração/expiração (TI:TE) de 1:1. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o comportamento do volume minuto, da fração expirada de CO2 (FeCO2 infere sobre PaCO2) e do controle autonômico da frequência cardíaca durante a M-ASR com duração maior do que 90s. Foram avaliados 16 homens jovens saudáveis (de 18 a 25 anos). Todos foram orientados a realizar inspirações e expirações lentas com duração de 10 segundos por ciclo, TI:TE de 1:1 e consequente frequência respiratória de seis incursões por minuto, durante quatro minutos. Durante a avaliação foi coletada a frequência cardíaca (FC) batimento a batimento por meio de um cardiofrequencímetro, o volume minuto (VM) e a FeCO2 através de um ergoespirômetro. Para análise estatística empregou-se ANOVA one-way (com post-hoc de Tukey) ou teste de Kruskal-Wallis (com post-hoc de Dunn) quando conveniente (p<0,05). Durante a M-ASR, a FeCO2, o VM e os índices do domínio do tempo da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) não sofreram alterações significativas ao longo do tempo. A realização da M-ASR em jovens saudáveis, por mais de 90 segundos, pode ser executada com segurança, sem o risco de hipocapnia e sem a interferência das alterações de FeCO2 nos índices do domínio do tempo da análise de VFC da M-ASR.
Effects of resistive exercise and stretching on the soleus muscle of ovariectomized rats
Authors: Ywazaki Julye Leiko , Loureiro Ana Paula Cunha , Zotz Talita Gianello Gnoato , Nascimento Luana Ribeiro , Nobre Douglas Vizzu , Gomes Anna Raquel Silveira
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT This study analyzed the effects of resistive exercise and/or stretching in the muscle morphology of ovariectomized rats. Seventy-five female Wistar rats (218±22g) were divided into 8 groups: Control (CONTROL, n=5); Ovariectomy/Hysterectomy (OH, n=10): ovariectomized/hysterectomized and then waited 8 weeks for the onset of osteopenia. Stretching (STRET, n=10): manual stretching of the soleus muscle (10 repetitions of 60s), twice weekly; Ovariectomy/Hysterectomy and Stretching (OH+STRET, n=10); Progressive Loading (PL, n=10): 4 sets of 10 repetitions, initial load 50% of body weight, increasing weekly until 70%, three times a week. Progressive Loading and Stretching (PL+STRET, n=10); Ovariectomy/Hysterectomy and Progressive loading exercise (OH+PL, n=10); Ovariectomy/Hysterectomy, Progressive Loading and Stretching (OH+PL+STRET, n=10). Stretching and/or progressive loading were performed for 6 weeks. After 14 weeks, the female rats were euthanized to remove the soleus muscle. The following variables were assessed: body weight; muscle weight and length; number and length of sarcomeres and the muscle fiber cross-sectional area (MFCSA). Comparisons between the groups were performed with ANOVA one-way post hoc Tukey or Kruskall-Wallis (p<0.05). The body and muscle weights of ovariectomized rats submitted to exercise were higher than the intact ones. The OH and OH+PL+STRET increased the muscle length and the serial sarcomere number. OH presented the smallest MFCSA compared to all groups. Ovariectomy/hysterectomy induced sarcopenia, but the exercise's protocols were enough to prevent the loss of MFCSA. The increase in body weight associated to resistive training and stretching enhanced sarcomerogenesis of ovariectomized rats.
Representações da enfermeira e pessoa em sofrimento psíquico na mostra fotográfica USAnatomy de Steven KleinRepresentaciones de la enfermera y la persona en sufrimiento psíquico en exposición fotográfica USAnatomy de Steven Klein
Authors: Carvalho Evanilda Souza de Santana , Araújo Edna Maria de , Santos Silvone Santa Bárbara da Silva , Santos Alexandro Gesner Gomes dos
Published: May 2016

RESUMO Objetivos Analisar as representações da enfermeira e da pessoa em sofrimento psíquico retratadas na obra fotográfica de Steven Klein, na mostra USAnatomy realizada no Museu da Escultura em São Paulo, no ano de 2011. Métodos Estudo qualitativo realizado no ano de 2012. Três fotografias foram submetidas à análise iconográfica. A interpretação dos achados baseou-se no referencial teórico filosófico de Foucault e Bourdieu sobre as relações de poder. Resultados A enfermeira é representada como sensual, insensível, com poder de controlar e torturar, enquanto a pessoa em sofrimento psíquico é representada como suja, prisioneira e sujeitada à relação assimétrica de poder com a enfermeira. Considerações finais Foram evidenciadas relações de sujeição e de dominação simbólica nas quais a pessoa em sofrimento psíquico tem seu corpo moldado por uma disciplina imposta pela enfermeira. Estereótipos sobre a imagem da enfermeira se opõem ao ideário da profissão que é zelar pela integridade dos seres cuidados.
El discurso pro-minero en Argentina. Un estudio de caso a partir de la empresa minera La Alumbrera
Authors: Godfrid Julieta
Published: May 2016

Resumen: El presente trabajo abordó las estrategias de legitimación mega-mineras en la Argentina, a partir de la construcción de un discurso pro-minero. Para ello, trabajamos a partir del estudio de caso de la empresa minera La Alumbrera y su estrategia comunicacional, analizando publicaciones de la revista Minera Alumbrera. Centramos nuestro análisis en reconstruir los modos en que la empresa proyecta una imagen de sí misma (ethos) (Amossy, 2000), la escena enunciativa a la que apela para hacerlo (Maingueneau, 1998) y los lugares comunes (topoi) de los cuales se vale (Perelman, 1989). La Alumbrera construye en sus publicaciones un ethos pedagógico a partir de una escenografía profesoral que se orienta a legitimar sus emprendimientos en un contexto de creciente conflictividad socioambiental.
Sintomas vocais relatados por professoras com disfonia e fatores associados
Authors: Medeiros Jessica da Silva Andrade , Santos Stephanie Mayra de Moraes , Teixeira Letícia Caldas , Gama Ana Cristina Côrtes , Medeiros Adriane Mesquita de
Published: May 2016

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar o número de sintomas vocais relatados por professoras e a relação com a autopercepção das limitações das atividades diárias associadas à voz, aspectos pessoais, ocupacionais e clínicos. Métodos Trata-se de estudo realizado por meio da análise de dados secundários dos prontuários das professoras atendidas no ambulatório de voz de um hospital de ensino. As informações de interesse foram: idade, número de turnos lecionados, atividades paralelas à docência, uso de ventilador, ruído de conversação, poeira, ruído de obras, ruído externo, hábito de gritar, tabagismo, hidratação, uso de pastilha, prática de atividade física associada à fala, tipo e grau da disfonia, sintomas vocais proprioceptivos e respostas ao Protocolo do Perfil de Participação e Atividades Vocais (PPAV). Foi realizada análise descritiva e inferencial. Resultados Foram coletadas informações de 103 prontuários, nos quais se verificou elevada prevalência de sintomas vocais, sendo os mais frequentes: fadiga após o uso prolongado da voz, garganta seca, pigarro e ardência. Observou-se associação entre o número de sintomas vocais e o hábito de gritar, ruído de conversação e percepção do impacto da disfonia pelas docentes. O número de sintomas vocais autorrelatados foi positivamente correlacionado com todos os parâmetros avaliados pelo PPAV. Conclusão Há elevada frequência de sintomas vocais proprioceptivos entre as professoras. O ruído por conversação e o hábito de gritar estão associados ao número de sintomas vocais, assim como os parâmetros de autopercepção do impacto da disfonia, segundo o PPAV.
A comparison of model techniques at a stepped masonry spillway
Authors: Coombs Rhys
Published: May 2016

This paper covers a technical comparison of results from two physical scale models and a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model that was undertaken for a masonry stepped spillway at Grassholme reservoir. The spillway is known to be deficient in terms of the depth of the collection channel and the size of the stepped spillway. Using the performance of the spillway during a flood in 1991 as a benchmark, the two modelling methods are compared. It is found that the physical scale models cannot match the full scale behaviour of spillway. The CFD model was undertaken in a way so as to account for air entrainment and flow bulking, and this formed a better estimate of the chute behaviour witnessed during 1991.
Comparison of conducted antiepileptic therapy with indicators of hormones level in blood serum of girls with epilepsy
Authors: Guzeva Valentina I , Guzeva Victoria V , Guzeva Oksana V
Published: May 2016

Introduction. Multiple changes in the organism, which are observed in prepubertal and pubertal age, creates the need of clear diagnosis and treatment of the disease based on drugs interactions and their influence on hormonal status. In girls with epilepsy, such studies were not conducted. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of modern antiepileptic drugs on hormonal status in adolescent girls with epilepsy. Materials and methods. In blood of 50 girls aged 8 to 17 years with epilepsy studied levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyrogiobulin antibodies (a/b TG), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), parathyroid hormone (P) and cortisol (C). Treatment in most cases included valproic acid, carbamazepine, and topiramate. The main results of the study. In treatment with use of various drugs detected 2 (9.52 %) significant differences in hormone levels and 7 (33.33 %), significant differences in the width of distribution of hormones values. The highest content of thyroid-stimulating hormone found in girls 8-17 years treated by valproic acid, antibodies to thyroglobulin - treatment without AED, triiodothyronine - use of phenobarbital or benzobarbital, thyroxine - treatment on topiramate, PTH - in girls treated by valproic acid, cortisol in girls 8-13 years - on phenobarbital or benzobarbital, girls 14-17 years old - on oxcarbazepine. In 19 girls with epilepsy within 2-12 months after the first study hormone levels of TSH, a/b TG, T3, T4, C were re-determined. Indicators of hormones in different drug treatment changed according to the initial average content of hormones in all girls in 64.86 % of cases same way as in the first study. Conclusions. Significant difference of all hormones, in the content or width of distributions of their values, was found in girls with epilepsy taking different antiepileptic drugs. Choice of drug, dosage and its correction should be made taking into account its impact on children's hormonal status.
Efeitos do Plano de Desenvolvimento da Escola nos resultados escolares
Authors: Alves Fatima , Elacqua Gregory , Martínez Matías , Santos Humberto
Published: May 2016

O Plano de Desenvolvimento da Escola (PDE-Escola) é um instrumento de planejamento para escolas que recebem capacitação técnica e apoio financeiro do MEC para elaborar um plano de melhoria nas dimensões de gestão, relação com a comunidade, projeto político-pedagógico e infraestrutura. Para avaliar se o PDE-Escola tem efeito no desempenho acadêmico das escolas foram utilizados os dados administrativos e da Prova Brasil entre os anos de 2005 a 2012 e a estimação de modelos fixo no nível da escola e por ano. Foram construídos três grupos que permitiu verificar qual o componente que possui efeito na melhoria dos resultados: apenas planejar, planejar e receber recursos e se os resultados encontrados se mantinham ao longo do tempo. Os resultados apontam que PDE-Escola só tem efeito quando associado ao repasse de recursos. Os resultados foram bastante heterogêneos entre os estados brasileiros o que sugere que o desenho e o contexto da implementação do programa importa. 
Investigação das atividades antioxidante e antimicrobiana de duas espécies arbóreas ocorrentes no bioma caatinga
Authors: Nunes Fábio Rogério Santos , Dias Hosana Maria Cordeiro , Cavalcante Giani Maria
Published: May 2016

O bioma caatinga é um bioma brasileiro predominante e único no Nordeste do Brasil. Esse bioma abriga uma impressionante biodiversidade florística com espécies ricas em moléculas bioativas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana de duas espécies vegetais arbóreas ocorrentes na caatinga. Nos ensaios de atividade antioxidante dos extratos etanólicos da casca do caule das espécies Leucaena leucocephala e Cnidoscolus quercifolius foram avaliados o teor de fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante pelos métodos de captura dos radicais livres DPPH (radical 1,1-diphenil-2-picrilhydrazil) e ABTS (radical 2,2’azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)). A atividade antimicrobiana desses extratos foi avaliada frente às espécies bacterianas Enterococcus faecales (ATCC 29212), Streptococcus pneumoniae (ATCC 49619) e Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), através do ensaio de difusão em poço e determinação de Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM).   Os teores de fenólicos totais encontrados na espécie L. leucocephala exibiram quantidades relevantes de polifenóis, resultado não observado na espécie C. quercifolius.  Foi observado existir uma correlação direta entre a quantidade de fenólicos totais e a atividade antioxidante das espécies testadas. Nenhuma das espécies apresentou atividade antimicrobiana significativa. 
Percepção das mulheres no município de Paulo Afonso, na Bahia, sobre as mudanças corporais e emocionais no período do climatério
Authors: Santos Árquisa Antônia de Sousa , Da Silva Flávia Ventura , Martins Fabiana Lopes
Published: May 2016

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a percepção de mulheres assistidas em uma unidade de Estratégia de Saúde da Família localizada no município de Paulo Afonso, Bahia, acerca das mudanças corporais e emocionais no climatério. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, com abordagem quanti-qualitativa. A amostra foi constituída por 30 mulheres. As variáveis quantitativas foram analisadas por distribuição de porcentagem e comparadas à luz da literatura atual. Os dados qualitativos foram analisados através da análise temática de conteúdo proposta por Bardin. Os resultados evidenciaram que 100% das entrevistadas afirmaram não conhecer o termo climatério; 66,6% disseram que os primeiros sintomas desta fase sugiram entre 41 e 50 anos; entre os sintomas, 86,6% citam as ondas de calor. A análise qualitativa revelou que as mulheres consideram a fase como um período difícil e desagradável em virtude das alterações físicas e psicológicas. Concluiu-se que o climatério é um período importante da vida da mulher e que para a maioria das mulheres deste estudo o climatério é um período marcado por mudanças negativas.
Reformulasi Pendekatan Pendidikan Islam dalam Problem Kontemporer
Authors: Malik Abdul
Published: May 2016

There are at least three crucial issues to cover in Islamic education. First is humanitarian crisis. Second, is the issue of nature. The third is the crisis of divinity. This paper aims to demonstrate that the approach developed in Islamic education contributes to solve the three major problems. The development of Islamic education curriculum should be directed to the rescue of human nature that emphasizes its approach to morality so that human are able to think and act with full of wisdom. Therefore, preparing the curriculum or Islamic education program could start from the problems faced in the community as an educational content, while the process or the learning experience is developed by studying the Quran and the hadith. Learners should be able to reflect the results of the dialogue between Quran and hadith with the reality that occurs in the community.

Di dunia sekarang ini setidaknya ada tiga masalah krusial yang harus diperhatikan dalam pendidikan Islam. Pertama, adalah krisis kemanusiaan. Kedua, adalah masalah alam. Yang ketiga adalah krisis ketuhanan. Tulisan ini bertujuan menunjukkan bahwa pendekatan yang dikembangkan dalam pendidikan Islam ikut andil dalam menyelesaikan tiga problem besar tersebut. Pengembangan kurikulum pendidikan Islam harus diarahkan pada penyelamatan fitrah manusia yang lebih menekankan pendekatannya kepada akhlak agar manusia mampu berpikir dan berperilaku secara imbang dan penuh hikmah. Karena itu, dalam menyusun kurikulum atau program pendidikan Islam bisa bertolak dari problem yang dihadapi dalam masyarakat sebagai isi pendidikan, sedangkan proses atau pengalaman belajar peserta didik dikembangkan dengan mengkaji al Quran dan hadits. Peserta didik harus mampu merefleksikan hasil dialog antara al Quran dan hadits dengan realitas yang terjadi di masyarakat.
Dissolved organic carbon modulates mercury concentrations in insect subsidies from streams to terrestrial consumers
Authors: Chaves‐Ulloa Ramsa , Taylor Brad W. , Broadley Hannah J. , Cottingham Kathryn L. , Baer Nicholas A. , Weathers Kathleen C. , Ewing Holly A. , Chen Celia Y.
Published: May 2016

Mercury (Hg) concentrations in aquatic environments have increased globally, exposing consumers of aquatic organisms to high Hg levels. For both aquatic and terrestrial consumers, exposure to Hg depends on their food sources as well as environmental factors influencing Hg bioavailability. The majority of the research on the transfer of methylmercury (MeHg), a toxic and bioaccumulating form of Hg, between aquatic and terrestrial food webs has focused on terrestrial piscivores. However, a gap exists in our understanding of the factors regulating MeHg bioaccumulation by non‐piscivorous terrestrial predators, specifically consumers of adult aquatic insects. Because dissolved organic carbon (DOC) binds tightly to MeHg, affecting its transport and availability in aquatic food webs, we hypothesized that DOC affects MeHg transfer from stream food webs to terrestrial predators feeding on emerging adult insects. We tested this hypothesis by collecting data over 2 years from 10 low‐order streams spanning a broad DOC gradient in the Lake Sunapee watershed in New Hampshire, USA. We found that streamwater MeHg concentration increased linearly with DOC concentration. However, streams with the highest DOC concentrations had emerging stream prey and spiders with lower MeHg concentrations than streams with intermediate DOC concentrations; a pattern that is similar to fish and larval aquatic insects. Furthermore, high MeHg concentrations found in spiders show that MeHg transfer in adult aquatic insects is an overlooked but potentially significant pathway of MeHg bioaccumulation in terrestrial food webs. Our results suggest that although MeHg in water increases with DOC, MeHg concentrations in stream and terrestrial consumers did not consistently increase with increases in streamwater MeHg concentrations. In fact, there was a change from a positive to a negative relationship between aqueous exposure and bioaccumulation at streamwater MeHg concentrations associated with DOC above ~5 mg/L. Thus, our study highlights the importance of stream DOC for MeHg dynamics beyond stream boundaries, and shows that factors modulating MeHg bioavailability in aquatic systems can affect the transfer of MeHg to terrestrial predators via aquatic subsidies.
Estimating population density and connectivity of American mink using spatial capture–recapture
Authors: Fuller Angela K. , Sutherland Chris S. , Royle J. Andrew , Hare Matthew P.
Published: May 2016

Estimating the abundance or density of populations is fundamental to the conservation and management of species, and as landscapes become more fragmented, maintaining landscape connectivity has become one of the most important challenges for biodiversity conservation. Yet these two issues have never been formally integrated together in a model that simultaneously models abundance while accounting for connectivity of a landscape. We demonstrate an application of using capture–recapture to develop a model of animal density using a least‐cost path model for individual encounter probability that accounts for non‐Euclidean connectivity in a highly structured network. We utilized scat detection dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) as a means of collecting non‐invasive genetic samples of American mink (Neovison vison) individuals and used spatial capture–recapture models (SCR) to gain inferences about mink population density and connectivity. Density of mink was not constant across the landscape, but rather increased with increasing distance from city, town, or village centers, and mink activity was associated with water. TheSCRmodel allowed us to estimate the density and spatial distribution of individuals across a 388 km2area. The model was used to investigate patterns of space usage and to evaluate covariate effects on encounter probabilities, including differences between sexes. This study provides an application of capture–recapture models based on ecological distance, allowing us to directly estimate landscape connectivity. This approach should be widely applicable to provide simultaneous direct estimates of density, space usage, and landscape connectivity for many species.
Assessing reproductive behavior important to fisheries management: a case study with red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus
Authors: Lowerre‐Barbieri Susan K. , Walters Burnsed Sarah L. , Bickford Joel W.
Published: May 2016

Spawning site selection and reproductive timing affect stock productivity and structure in marine fishes but are poorly understood. Traditionally, stock assessments measure reproductive potential as spawning stock biomass or egg production and do not include other aspects of reproductive behavior. Red drum make an excellent case study to assess these other aspects, as (1) they are highly fecund, pelagic spawners, like most exploited marine fishes; (2) their life cycle is delineated between nursery (estuarine) and adult (coastal and offshore) habitat; and (3) they are managed at these two spatial scales. This study was conducted from August 2012 to December 2013 and integrates data from multiple methods and spatial scales. Aerial surveys were used for large‐scale monitoring of aggregations off two known estuarine nursery areas, Tampa Bay and Charlotte Harbor, Florida, USA. Capture‐based sampling in Tampa Bay coastal (n = 2581) and estuarine waters (n = 158) was used to assess reproductive state and to confirm coastal spawning. To assess spatial dynamics, we acoustically tagged two population components in the Tampa Bay system, subadults from the estuary (n = 20) and adults from the coastal spawning site (n = 60). Behavioral plasticity was seen in subadult recruitment to coastal habitat, with some subadults maturing and recruiting before or during the spawning season and others (14 of 20 acoustically tagged fish) recruiting at the end of the 2012 spawning season. Both adults and recruited subadults (n = 29) were consequently detected in the Charlotte Harbor array, 132 km to the south. Spawning‐site fidelity to the Tampa Bay spawning site occurred at both the population and individual scales. Aggregations consistently occurred in Tampa Bay coastal waters during the spawning season, and approximately two‐thirds of tagged adults returned in the 2013 spawning season. A similar proportion of subadults returned to the Tampa Bay spawning site, exhibiting natal homing. However, these first‐time spawners arrived later than repeat spawners and were detected over shorter time periods. This study, and others like it, demonstrates how integrating data from individuals tracked over space and time with more traditional population‐based sampling is changing our understanding of ecological processes that affect marine fish productivity and our ability to manage for sustainablity.
Temporal trends in mammal responses to fire reveals the complex effects of fire regime attributes
Authors: Lindenmayer David B. , Blanchard Wade , MacGregor Christopher , Barton Philip , Banks Sam C. , Crane Mason , Michael Damian , Okada Sachiko , Berry Laurence , Florance Daniel , Gill Malcolm
Published: May 2016

Fire is a major ecological process in many ecosystems worldwide. We sought to identify which attributes of fire regimes affect temporal change in the presence and abundance of Australian native mammals. Our detailed study was underpinned by time series data on 11 mammal species at 97 long‐term sites in southeastern Australia between 2003 and 2013. We explored how temporal aspects of fire regimes influenced the presence and conditional abundance of species. The key fire regime components examined were: (1) severity of a major fire in 2003, (2) interval between the last major fire (2003) and the fire prior to that, and (3) number of past fires. Our long‐term data set enabled quantification of the interactions between survey year and each fire regime variable: an ecological relationship missing from temporally restricted studies. We found no evidence of any appreciable departures from the assumption of independence of the sites. Multiple aspects of fire regimes influenced temporal variation in the presence and abundance of mammals. The best models indicated that six of the 11 species responded to two or more fire regime variables, with two species influenced by all three fire regime attributes. Almost all species responded to time since fire, either as an interaction with survey year or as a main effect. Fire severity or its interaction with survey year was important for most terrestrial rodents. The number of fires at a site was significant for terrestrial rodents and several other species. Our findings contain evidence of the effects on native mammals of heterogeneity in fire regimes. Temporal response patterns of mammal species were influenced by multiple fire regime attributes, often in conjunction with survey year. This underscores the critical importance of long‐term studies of biota that are coupled with data sets characterized by carefully documented fire history, severity, and frequency. Long‐term studies are essential to predict animal responses to fires and guide management of when and where (prescribed) fire or, conversely, long‐unburned vegetation is needed. The complexity of observed responses highlights the need for large reserves in which patterns of heterogeneity in fire regimes can be sustained in space and over time.
The epidemiology and evolution of parasite transmission through cannibalism
Authors: Sadeh Asaf , Northfield Tobin D. , Rosenheim Jay A.
Published: May 2016

Cannibalism is a widespread behavior, and evidence is abundant for transmission from infected victims to susceptible cannibals in many parasite–host systems. Current theory suggests that cannibalism generally impedes disease spread, because each victim is usually consumed by a single cannibal. Thus, cannibalism merely transfers pathogens from one individual to another without spreading infections to additional hosts. This assumes that cannibalism is the only mode of transmission and that the host population is homogenous. However, host developmental stages are a key determinant of both cannibal‐victim and host‐pathogen interactions. We suggest that multiple modes of pathogen transmission can interact through host stage structure. We show theoretically that cannibalism can enhance disease spread by consistently transferring infections from low quality to high quality hosts that are more infectious via horizontal transmission. We review empirical evidence for the generality of key conditions required for this process, and analyze the implications for the evolution of transmission through cannibalism. More generally, our theory promotes the consideration of multiple transmission pathways when studying parasite‐host systems, and advances a useful intuition for assessing whether or not such pathways may be mutually augmentative.