bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Yahoo! Egregious driving on the information superhighway
Authors: Singh Aman Preet , Narayanamurthy Gopalakrishnan , Bhutiani Divya
Published: September 2021

Theoretical basis

This case draws upon the literature on appropriate leadership behaviors that Yahoo’s Founders or CEOs could have adopted. It discusses the process of environmental analysis that would have an impact on Yahoo!’s strategy. It discusses and depicts the levels of environmental analyzes that Yahoo! as a firm ought to have undertaken in mapping its competitive environment. Further, this case discusses transformational leadership factors and those behavioral traits that exemplify each of these factors. Finally, the four elements of aspiration in discussing future firm direction are identified. These include an appropriate vision translated into a clarifying mission reflected in specific objectives grounded in explicit value statements.

Research methodology

This case is based on secondary data sources that include official company records, online reports and commentary, newspaper reports, public interviews and books. All such information has been appropriately referenced.

Case overview/synopsis

Yahoo!, in its 22 years of existence, has demonstrated remarkable tumult. It has witnessed a succession of six CEOs, exhibited a roller coaster trajectory in its stock price and, for the most part of its existence, played “catch-up” with its strategic competitors. It has also struggled to define its core purpose, its industry category and its very essence of being. In early 2016, CEO Marissa Mayer announced that Yahoo! would be willing to sell its core internet business and that its board would “engage on qualified strategic proposals.” However, the board also reiterated that turning around Yahoo! to prosperity continued to remain a top priority. What went wrong, so terribly wrong, with Yahoo! in an otherwise lucrative industry? Does Yahoo! suffer from a fundamental, essential malaise which, if addressed, could restore it to wealth and vibrancy? This case focuses on the period 1994, the inception of Yahoo!, to early 2016. The acquisition of Yahoo! by Verizon, completed in 2017, is not to be considered for purposes of this case study.

Complexity academic level

This case is particularly suited to be taught in a capstone strategic management course for MBA/Master’s level business students, after they have been exposed to core courses in Marketing, Business Law, Accounting, Supply Chain, Corporate Finance. It may also be taught in an advanced strategy course for undergraduate business students, typically in their final year of study. Finally, this case can be used to teach senior management in executive management programs.
ZealVita: winning marketing formula
Authors: Mahadevan Surya , Thanigan Jayanthi , Reddy Srinivasa
Published: September 2021

Research methodology

The case is written based on general experience.

Case overview/synopsis

Zealvita is a challenger brand to NutriMalt in the white malted food drink (MFD) category. It has a product formula that compares favorably on taste and equally on nutrition. However, Zealvita is not able to translate the power product formula to a winning market formula. Drawing on its legacy and strong adoption route, NutriMalt built a dominant 88% market share in the White MFD category. The market rule of “disproportionate market share for the leading brand” applies with inexorable force in MFD. Smarting at the low market share, Zealvita is in search of a marketing strategy to create churn. Rajiv Product Manager of Zealvita believes that consumer sales promotion of a higher order and at a higher frequency than what is normal can tilt the scales. From Zealvita’s perspective is there a strategic advantage in operating consumer promotion? Is it safe to assume that NutriMalt will not retaliate with consumer promotion? Can consumer sales promotion be sustained at planned frequency? What is the logic in a continuous consumer promotion program?

Complexity academic level

This case can be used at the post-graduate level in the Marketing Strategy course or in a course that has a sales promotion management or competition management segment. This case is also appropriate for use in executive education programs.

Supplementary materials

Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
Starbucks and HMSHost: addressing discrimination across organizational boundaries
Authors: Hall Kelly R. , Greene Juanne , Subramanian Ram , Tichenor Emily
Published: September 2021

Theoretical basis

1. Maria Jarlstrom, Essi Saru, and Sinikka Vanhala, “Sustainable Human Resource Management With Salience of Stakeholders: A Top Management Perspective,” Journal of Business Ethics, 152, (2008): 703–724. 2. Benjamin A. Neville, Simon J. Bell, and Gregory J., “Stakeholder Salience Revisited: Refining, Redefining, and Refueling an Underdeveloped Conceptual Tool,” Journal of Business Ethics, 102, (2011): 357–378. 3. Mick Marchington, Fang Lee Cooke, and Gail Hebson. “Human Resource Management Across Organizational Boundaries,” Sage Handbook of Human Resource Management, (2009): 460–477.

Research methodology

This secondary source case is based mainly on three documents: the 20-page report by a labor union, Unite Here, titled “One Job Should Be Enough: Inequality at Starbucks”; and two reports by former U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder Jr. and Covington & Burlington, LLP.

Case overview/synopsis

In February 2020, Unite Here, a labor union, released a damming report about employment practices at the airport Starbucks stores operated by licensee, HMSHost. Among other charges, the report identified several instances of racial and gender discrimination that HMSHost dismissed as a ploy by a union intent on organizing its employees. The adverse publicity, however, put Starbucks Corporation in the spotlight because of the company’s publicly stated commitment to workplace equality. The recently hired Nzinga Shaw, the company’s first-ever Global Chief Inclusion and Diversity Officer, had to address the issue at HMSHost lest it adversely affect Starbucks’ reputation as a progressive employer.

Complexity academic level

The case is best suited for a graduate or undergraduate course in human resource management or labor relations. As diversity is typically covered in the first third of such courses, the ideal placement of this case would be in the early part of the course. As Starbucks is a well-known name, and it is very likely that students have had their own experience with Starbucks, as either a customer or an employee, the case is likely to draw their interest.

Supplementary materials

Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
Mental Health
Authors: Butterworth Peter , Poyser Carmel , Suomi Aino
Published: September 2021

Mental health has been a focus of over 200 journal articles using the HILDA Survey data. This brief review provides an overview of the mental health data collected through the HILDA Survey, and discusses the potential reasons why HILDA Survey data have been used so frequently in mental health research. We reflect on how the HILDA Survey data have: provided insights into the profile of mental health in the Australian community, illustrated the importance of social ties for mental health and enabled investigation of social inequalities in mental health.
A Welcome Return to Normal
Authors: Tarran Brian
Published: September 2021

A welcome return to normal.
Life‐threatening extrapleural hematoma in an anticoagulated patient 2 weeks after lobectomy
Authors: Shimomura Masanori , Iwasaki Masashi , Shimegi Reona , Inoue Masayoshi
Published: September 2021

We report a case of an anticoagulated patient with sudden onset pleural hematoma after straining at defecation to cardiac arrest on 2 weeks after lobectomy for lung cancer. We decided to perform an emergent operation for an evacuation of extrapleural hematoma immediately after resuscitation. The bleeding point was revealed on the extrapleural thoracic apex. We should be aware that extrapleural hematoma can occur because of increased intrathoracic pressure such as straining during defecation in patients on anticoagulation.
Identification of a small molecule SR9009 that activates NRF2 to counteract cellular senescence
Authors: Gao Li‐Bin , Wang Ya‐Hong , Liu Zhi‐Hua , Sun Yu , Cai Peng , Jing Qing
Published: September 2021

The senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP) is a striking characteristic of senescence. Accumulation of SASP factors causes a pro‐inflammatory response linked to chronic disease. Suppressing senescence and SASP represents a strategy to prevent or control senescence‐associated diseases. Here, we identified a small molecule SR9009 as a potent SASP suppressor in therapy‐induced senescence (TIS) and oncogene‐induced senescence (OIS). The mechanism studies revealed that SR9009 inhibits the SASP and full DNA damage response (DDR) activation through the activation of the NRF2 pathway, thereby decreasing the ROS level by regulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes. We further identified that SR9009 effectively prevents cellular senescence and suppresses the SASP in the livers of both radiation‐induced and oncogene‐induced senescence mouse models, leading to alleviation of immune cell infiltration. Taken together, our findings suggested that SR9009 prevents cellular senescence via the NRF2 pathway in vitro and in vivo, and activation of NRF2 may be a novel therapeutic strategy for preventing cellular senescence.
Management of dental emergencies amongst Australian general medical practitioners – A case‐vignette study
Authors: Park JS , Page AT , Shen P‐H , Price K , Tennant M , Kruger E
Published: September 2021

Background

In Australia, because of inequity in dental service accessibility and affordability, patients can see general medical practitioners (GPs) for acute dental conditions.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study consisted of surveys distributed to the board registered GPs practising in Australia. The main outcome measures included statistical analysis of GPs managing different dental emergency scenarios and their confidence and expectations in managing dental emergencies.

Results

A total of 425 GPs participated in the study. The sample primarily consisted of GPs practising in metropolitan clinics (n = 315). Most participants reported that they would refer to the dentist for mobilized tooth (n = 402). There was a negative correlation between GPs with 5–29 years of experience and traumatized tooth management (P < 0.05). GPs aged between 40 and 49 years were more inclined to treat patients with mobilized teeth [Multivariate (MV): 0.42(0.09–0.74)]. However, GPs with 0–5 years of experience were less likely to manage patients with dental abscess [MV: −0.52(−0.80 to −0.24)].

Conclusion

Most GPs referred dental emergencies to dentists. GP management of dental emergencies were predominantly palliative. Therefore, opportunities for collaborative practice models amongst GPs and dentists may be needed to bridge the gap in the regional and remote locations.
Essential newborn care practices in Benin: Are there differences by birth location?
Authors: Olorunsaiye Comfort Z. , Yusuf Korede K. , Harris A‐Mac , Gaikwad Snehal
Published: September 2021

Background

Annually, about 60 infant deaths occur per 1000 live births in Benin; nearly one‐half of these deaths occur during the neonatal period. Home‐ and health facility‐based newborn care practices are essential for reducing neonatal death. The aim of this study was to explore relationships between location of childbirth and essential newborn care practices in the Republic of Benin, West Africa.

Methods

We used cross‐sectional data from the 2017 Benin Demographic and Health Survey. The study included 6831 women who had a recent live birth. We used multivariable logistic regression to examine associations between location of birth and early initiation of breastfeeding, breastfeeding support, and cord examination while adjusting for potential confounding factors.

Results

There was no significant difference in early initiation of breastfeeding by birth location. Compared to women with home births, those who gave birth in public hospitals, public health centers/clinics, and private health facilities had significantly higher odds of receiving breastfeeding support (public hospitals: OR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.23‐2.59; public health centers/clinics: OR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.46‐2.91; private clinics: OR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.35‐2.88). Compared with women who gave birth at home, those who gave birth in public health centers/clinics and private health facilities were twice as likely to report newborn cord examination (OR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.41‐2.79; OR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.36‐2.83, respectively).

Discussion

Despite the high prevalence of health facility births in Benin, the coverage of early newborn care is suboptimal, especially in public hospitals. Policies and public health interventions will be required, more so in public hospitals, to ensure that all mothers and newborns receive these potentially life‐saving services.
Classification of beta‐site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 inhibitors by using machine learning methods
Authors: Singh Ravi , Ganeshpurkar Ankit , Ghosh Powsali , Pokle Ankit Vyankatrao , Kumar Devendra , Singh Ravi bhushan , Singh Sushil Kumar , Kumar Ashok
Published: September 2021

The beta‐site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a transmembrane aspartyl‐protease, that cleaves amyloid precursor protein (APP) at the β‐site. The sequential proteolytic cleavage of APP, first by β‐secretase and then by γ‐secretase complex, leads to the production and release of amyloid‐β peptide, a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). BACE1 inhibitors are reported to possess considerable potential in decreasing the level of amyloid‐β in brain and preventing the progression of AD. A classification study has been conducted on 3536 diverse BACE1 inhibitors, obtained from Binding DB database, by extracting two types of descriptors, that is molecular property (Mordred) and fingerprints (Pubchem, MACCS and KRFP). Furthermore, based on the descriptors, various machine learning algorithms such as Naïve Bayesian (NB), nearest known neighbours (kNN), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF) and gradient‐boosted algorithms (XGB) were applied to develop classification models. The performance of models was evaluated by using accuracy, precision, recall and F1 score of test set. The best NB, kNN, SVM, RF and XGB classifiers had F1 score of 0.74, 0.85, 0.86, 0.87 and 0.87, respectively. The diverse 3536 BACE1 inhibitors were clustered into 11 subsets, and the structural features of each subset were evaluated. The important fragments present in active and inactive compounds were also identified. The model developed in the study would serve as a valuable tool for the designing of BACE1 inhibitors, and also in virtual screening of molecules to identify these.
Examining the association between cancer history in early life and dental care utilization
Authors: Bahanan Lina , Scott Thayer , Kaye Elizabeth , Sohn Woosung
Published: September 2021

Objectives

This study aims to examine associations between cancer history in early life (diagnosed at 20 years of age or younger) and utilization of dental care.

Methods

We analysed data of 10,185 participants, aged ≥20 years, from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles 2015–2018. The main predictor was self‐reported past history of any type of cancer diagnosed at 20 years of age or younger (yes/no). The outcome variables were having a dental visit within the past year, treatment or preventative visit, urgent need for care, and unmet dental need. Covariates included gender, age, race, marital status, education, and income. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression were conducted, accounting for the complex sampling design.

Results

There was no difference between early life cancer survivors in regards to dental visit within the past year (OR: 0.7; 95% CI: 0.3–1.6), visit for dental treatment (OR: 0.6; 95% CI: 0.3–1.6), urgent need for care (OR: 0.8; 95% CI: 0.3–2.0), or unmet dental need (OR: 0.6; 95% CI: 0.2–1.6) compared to cancer‐free participants.

Conclusions

Cancer history in early life doesn't impact dental care visits, type of last dental visit, dental care recommendation, or unmet dental need. Future cohort studies are needed to confirm this association.
No effects of rhythmic visual stimulation on target discrimination: An online alpha entrainment experiment
Authors: de Graaf Tom A. , Duecker Felix
Published: September 2021

Previous research established that rhythmic sensory stimulation can affect subsequent stimulus perception, possibly through ‘entrainment’ of oscillations in the brain. Alpha frequency is a natural target for visual entrainment, because fluctuations in posterior alpha oscillations have been linked to visual target detection or discrimination. On the other hand, alpha oscillations also relate to attentional mechanisms, such as attentional orienting or selection. Previous visual alpha entrainment studies focused on differential processing of targets presented in‐phase with the preceding rhythmic stimulation relative to out‐of‐phase targets (an ‘SOA effect’), putatively related to the phase of entrained neuronal alpha oscillations. Fewer studies probed the consequences of rhythmic alpha stimulation for attention mechanisms related to alpha power. Here, we asked whether alpha stimulation of one hemifield has similar effects on reaction times as we see for increased alpha synchronization in magneto/electroencephalography (M/EEG) studies (i.e., more alpha means impaired processing and functional inhibition). We implemented a task inspired by attention studies, assessing reaction times to ipsilateral vs. contralateral visual targets, with and without concurrent presentation of distractors. Yet, in place of any attention cues, we presented a rhythmic, vs. arrhythmic, alpha‐frequency train of visual flashes to one hemifield, in a large sample size (N = 115) in an online experiment. We found clear evidence that flash train rhythmicity did not impact task performance. We also found that the spatial congruence between the unilateral flash train and the subsequent visual target did impact response times but only in the presence of contralateral distractor stimuli. We discuss implications, limitations and future directions.
Vitamin B status and association with antiseizure medication in pregnant women with epilepsy
Authors: Husebye Elisabeth Synnøve Nilsen , Riedel Bettina , Bjørke‐Monsen Anne‐Lise , Spigset Olav , Daltveit Anne Kjersti , Gilhus Nils Erik , Bjørk Marte Helene
Published: September 2021

Objective

Antiseizure medication (ASM) use interacts with vitamin B status in nonpregnant epilepsy populations. We aimed to examine the association between ASM and vitamin B status in pregnant women with epilepsy.

Methods

We performed a cross‐sectional study of pregnancies in women with epilepsy enrolled in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study from 1999 to 2008. Data on ASM and vitamin supplement use were collected from questionnaires. We analyzed maternal plasma concentrations of ASM and metabolites of folate, including unmetabolized folic acid (UMFA), riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), and niacin (vitamin B3) during gestational weeks 17–19.

Results

We included 227 singleton pregnancies exposed to ASM with available plasma samples (median maternal age 29 years, range 18 to 41 years). From the preconception period to gestational week 20, any supplement of folic acid was reported in 208 of pregnancies (94%), riboflavin in 72 (33%), pyridoxine in 77 (35%), and niacin in 45 (20%). High ASM concentrations correlated with high concentrations of UMFA and inactive folate metabolites, and with low concentrations of riboflavin and metabolically active pyridoxine. There was no association between ASM and niacin status.

Significance

ASM concentrations during pregnancy were associated with vitamin B status in pregnant women with epilepsy. Additional studies are needed to determine the clinical impact of these findings, and to define the optimal vitamin doses that should be recommended to improve pregnancy outcomes.
Equine limb cellulitis/lymphangitis resulting in distal limb ischaemia and avulsion of the hoof capsule
Authors: Duggan M. , Mair T. , Fews D.
Published: September 2021

Limb cellulitis/lymphangitis is a well‐recognised syndrome in horses, but there are limited published reports concerning outcomes and complications. This report describes a horse with hindlimb cellulitis/lymphangitis that developed ischaemia of the distal limb resulting in necrosis of the suspensory ligament branches and avulsion of the hoof capsule. A 16‐year‐old Thoroughbred mare was referred for further investigation and treatment of a left hindlimb cellulitis/lymphangitis. The culture of a swab taken from superficial pustules on the leg yielded a moderate growth of coliform bacteria and a profuse growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Treatment included systemic antimicrobials (based on the results of culture and sensitivity), phenylbutazone, dexamethasone, morphine and paracetamol. Following some initial clinical improvement, hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joint was noted on Day 5 of hospitalisation. Complete avulsion of the ipsilateral hoof capsule occurred on Day 10, and the horse was immediately euthanised. A limited post‐mortem examination revealed necrosis of the suspensory ligament branches. Fibrin thrombi, interstitial haemorrhage and oedema were identified in the suspensory ligament branches and adjacent subcutaneous tissues, with thrombi in relatively large vessels. The dermal laminae were extensively necrotic, and the majority of the lamellar vasculature contained fibrin thrombi.
Continental risk assessment for understudied taxa post‐catastrophic wildfire indicates severe impacts on the Australian bee fauna
Authors: Dorey James B. , Rebola Celina M. , Davies Olivia K. , Prendergast Kit S. , Parslow Ben A. , Hogendoorn Katja , Leijs Remko , Hearn Lucas R. , Leitch Emrys J. , O’Reilly Robert L. , Marsh Jessica , Woinarski John C. Z. , Caddy‐Retalic Stefan
Published: September 2021

The 2019–2020 Australian Black Summer wildfires demonstrated that single events can have widespread and catastrophic impacts on biodiversity, causing a sudden and marked reduction in population size for many species. In such circumstances, there is a need for conservation managers to respond rapidly to implement priority remedial management actions for the most‐affected species to help prevent extinctions. To date, priority responses have been biased towards high‐profile taxa with substantial information bases. Here, we demonstrate that sufficient data are available to model the extinction risk for many less well‐known species, which could inform much broader and more effective ecological disaster responses. Using publicly available collection and GIS datasets, combined with life‐history data, we modelled the extinction risk from the 2019–2020 catastrophic Australian wildfires for 553 Australian native bee species (33% of all described Australian bee taxa). We suggest that two species are now eligible for listing as Endangered and nine are eligible for listing as Vulnerable under IUCN criteria, on the basis of fire overlap, intensity, frequency, and life‐history traits: this tally far exceeds the three Australian bee species listed as threatened prior to the wildfire. We demonstrate how to undertake a wide‐scale assessment of wildfire impact on a poorly understood group to help to focus surveys and recovery efforts. We also provide the methods and the script required to make similar assessments for other taxa or in other regions.
Risk of hypertension in erenumab‐treated patients with migraine: Analyses of clinical trial and postmarketing data
Authors: Dodick David W. , Tepper Stewart J. , Ailani Jessica , Pannacciulli Nicola , Navetta Marco S. , Loop Brett , Zhang Feng , Khodavirdi Ani C. , Mann Allison , Abdrabboh Ahmad , Kalim Jawed
Published: September 2021

Objective

To assess the risk of hypertension in patients with migraine who received erenumab in clinical trials and in the postmarketing setting.

Background

Erenumab is a monoclonal antibody for migraine prevention that targets the calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) receptor. Hypertension is a theoretical risk for inhibitors of the CGRP pathway. Although no evidence of an association between erenumab treatment and hypertension was observed during the clinical development program, adverse events (AEs) of hypertension have been identified in the postmarketing setting.

Methods

Safety data from four phase 2 and phase 3 clinical trials were used to perform a pooled analysis of hypertension AEs in patients with migraine receiving erenumab. Postmarketing AEs of hypertension were identified from the Amgen Global Safety database from May 17, 2018, through January 31, 2020.

Results

In the pooled analysis of clinical trials, hypertension AEs (placebo, 9/1043 [0.9%]; erenumab 70 mg, 7/893 [0.8%]; erenumab 140 mg, 1/507 [0.2%]) and percentage of patients initiating medication to treat hypertension (12/1043 [1.2%], 7/893 [0.8%], 1/507 [0.2%], respectively) were similar across treatment groups. A total of 362 AEs of hypertension were identified from the postmarketing setting, 26.2% (95/362) of which were serious, >245,000 patient‐years of exposure. The exposure‐adjusted incidence of hypertension was 0.144 per 100 patient‐years.

Conclusions

Clinical trials did not demonstrate an increased risk of hypertension with erenumab compared with placebo, and AE rates of hypertension reported with erenumab in the postmarketing setting were generally low. Additional data are needed to fully characterize the extent to which hypertension is a risk associated with erenumab.
Bacterial community succession and biogenic amine changes during fermentation of fish‐chili paste inoculated with different commercial starter cultures
Authors: Hua Qian , Sun Yingying , Xu Yanshun , Gao Pei , Xia Wenshui
Published: September 2021

The microbial dynamics, diversity and succession characterisation during the fermentation of fish‐chili paste, with and without starter cultures by high‐throughput sequencing, were investigated to identify the relationship between microbial composition and the accumulation of biogenic amines. Results showed that Firmicutes was the predominant phylum, and Lactobacillus and Weissella were the main genera during fermentation process, regardless of the inclusion of starter cultures. Compared with naturally fermented samples (NS; no starter cultures), Pediococcus and Staphylococcus flourished in samples inoculated with SBM‐52 starter culture (Staphylococcus xylosus + Staphylococcus carnosus + Pediococcus pentosaceus + Pediococcus acidilactici). Staphylococcus also accounted for a larger proportion in samples inoculated with WBX‐43 starter culture (Staphylococcus xylosus + Staphylococcus carnosus). Furthermore, Enterobacter was inhibited in inoculated samples. Unweighted pair‐group method with arithmetic means and principal component analyses revealed that microbiota structures were different among NS, SBM and WBX samples. In case of biogenic amines, the concentration of putrescine, cadaverine and tyramine increased to higher levels in NS samples compared with inoculated samples. Our work also investigated the relationship between core bacterial communities and biogenic amines. This study provided an improved understanding for the effects of starter cultures on the microbial community and the quality of fish‐chili paste.
Microwave freeze‐drying of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) based on non‐volatile taste components by controlling microwave power density
Authors: Duan Xu , Miao Junwei , Huang Luelue , Li Bin
Published: September 2021

The present study was carried out to establish a dynamic microwave loading strategy for efficient production of high‐quality microwave freeze‐dried button mushroom based on non‐volatile taste components. The change behaviour of non‐volatile taste components of mushroom, including free amino acids and 5′‐nucleotides, was evaluated during microwave freeze‐drying with fixed microwave power. Then, the dynamic microwave loading strategy was established according to the change behaviour of the non‐volatile taste components. Drying and quality characteristics of mushroom were evaluated in terms of drying time, whiteness index, shrinkage ratio, rehydration ratio and vitamin C content. Results showed that high microwave power led to higher contents of free amino acids and 5′‐nucleotides at the initial stage of drying, but more degradation of these non‐volatile taste components was observed during the last period of drying. Moreover, it takes longer for 5′‐nucleotides to reach the highest content than total free amino acids. According to the evolution of non‐volatile taste components, a step‐down dynamic microwave power loading program (0–1.5 h: 4 W g−1; 1.5–4.5 h: 3 W g−1 and 4.5–10.5 h: 2 W g−1) was established to reduce the drying time, keeping a relatively high product quality.
Association between visceral adiposity index and risk of prediabetes: A meta‐analysis of observational studies
Authors: Wang Dan , Fang Rui , Han Haicheng , Zhang Jidong , Chen Kaifei , Fu Xiaoqing , He Qinghu , Yang Yong
Published: September 2021

Background and Objective

Epidemiological studies suggested that the association between the visceral adiposity index (VAI) and the risk of prediabetes is inconsistent. Whether VAI is a useful predictor of prediabetes remains unclear. Up until April 2021, there had been no systematic review on this topic. In this meta‐analysis, the available observational epidemiological evidence was synthesized to identify the association between VAI and prediabetes risk.

Methods

PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases in any language were searched systematically from the earliest available online indexing year to April 2021 for relevant observational studies published on the association between VAI and the risk of prediabetes. A random effects model was used to combine quantitatively the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

Ten relevant studies (2 cohort study, 2 case‐control studies, and 6 cross‐sectional studies) involving 112,603 participants were identified. Compared with the highest VAI, the lowest level of VAI was associated with an increased risk of prediabetes. The pooled OR of VAI for prediabetes was 1.68 (95% CI: 1.44–1.96), with significant heterogeneity across the included studies (P = 0.000, I2 = 91.4%). Exclusion of any single study did not materially alter the combined risk estimate.

Conclusions

Integrated epidemiological evidence supports the hypothesis that VAI is a lipid combined anthropometric index and may be a risk factor for prediabetes. VAI may be related to a high risk of prediabetes. However, it should be noted that the included studies have a publication bias and there was significant heterogeneity between our pooled estimate.
The potential of Streptococcus thermophiles (TCI633) in the anti‐aging
Authors: Liu Cheng , Tseng Ya‐Ping , Chan Leong‐Perng , Liang Chia‐Hua
Published: September 2021

Background

Streptococcus thermophilus (TCI633) is a probiotic that has been newly isolated from human breast milk, and it can produce hyaluronic acid (HA) when colonizing the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of rodents and humans. A recent study has the established that TCI633 can alleviate synovial tissue inflammation and has potential to mitigate the progression of osteoarthritis.

Objective

TCI633 has not been available for use in skincare and this preliminary clinical study will assess its improvement of the skin.

Methods

In this study, DNA protection, Hyaluronidase assay, cell viability, and collagen synthesis on human fibroblasts of TCI633 were assessed. Subjects were enrolled in this clinical study and randomly assigned to the TCI633 or placebo group. Each subject was informed to intake two tablets daily for 8 weeks. Each subject was required to undergo skin condition inspection at weeks 0, 4, and 8 and hematology tests to monitor HA, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase levels, and kidney and liver function at weeks 0 and 8.

Results

The effects of TCI633 supplementation, including the promotion of skin cell proliferation, the increase of their collagen content, their protection against DNA damage, and the inhibition of hyaluronidase activities, are investigated. Subjects were recruited for an 8‐week long clinical trial to confirm the efficacy of TCI633 in improving the serum biochemical HA, SOD and catalase levels, and anti‐skin age markers.

Conclusions

This work provides an alternative approach to improving health, indicating the potential of TCI633 supplementation to delay the aging of skin and improve its condition.
Clinical study to assess efficacy and safety of Purifying Neem Face Wash in prevention and reduction of acne in healthy adults
Authors: Rajaiah Yogesh Hosahalli , Gajjar Trusha , Patel Nayan , Kumawat Rajesh
Published: September 2021

Background

Acne vulgaris is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition of pilosebaceous units. The standard treatment involves topical and oral antibiotics, retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, and other synthetic compounds, mostly associated with adverse effects. Hence, herbal skincare products are considered nowadays.

Aim

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of Purifying Neem Face Wash (PNFW), an herbal skincare product in the prevention and/or reduction of mild‐to‐moderate acne.

Methods

An open‐label, single‐center, single‐arm, four‐week clinical study was conducted with subjects having either mild‐to‐moderate acne or oily skin and non‐existent acne. The performance of PNFW in the reduction and/or prevention of acne was detected by counting cutaneous inflammatory and non‐inflammatory acne lesions in each of the four visits. Sebum level and skin hydration of both cheeks were measured via sebumeter and corneometer, respectively. Self‐assessment questionnaires were used to assess the subjects’ responses toward PNFW.

Results

Out of 120 study subjects, 79% and 72% showed either reduction or no new appearance of inflammatory and non‐inflammatory acne lesions, respectively, from baseline to Visits 3 and 4. Skin sebum level and skin hydration showed a statistically significant decrease (p < 0.001) and increase (p < 0.001), respectively, in Visits 3 and 4. Self‐assessment surveys showed the satisfaction of the subjects about the product in terms of condition improvement, ease in use, and fragrance.

Conclusion

The present study indicated the beneficial effect of the herbal ingredients (neem and turmeric) of Himalaya's PNFW in the prevention and reduction of mild‐to‐moderate acne with no side effects.
Biological and molecular characterization of two isolates of apple stem grooving virus revealed distinct properties and indicates virus emergence driven by recombination
Authors: Rani Asha , Suman Rashmi , Chandel Vanita , Srivastava Ashish , Noorani Md. Salik , Rishi Narayan , Dhir Sunny
Published: September 2021

Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) is a highly variable RNA virus and recombination is one of the mechanisms that lead to variations in the viral genome. Here, we report the biological and molecular properties of two apple isolates of ASGV (p12 and MK) isolated from two different locations in India. Complete genome of both isolates consisted of 6493 nucleotides excluding the poly (A) tail and contained two open reading frames (ORFs). The isolates shared 97% sequence identity with each other. Phylogenetic analyses revealed neighbouring association of these isolates, but their infection on known herbaceous host, Phaseolus vulgaris, showed different phenotypes. Recombination analyses suggest isolate MK and p12 as non‐recombinants, but recombination events increased with increasing host diversity. Two recombination hotspots were identified in the ORF1 region spanning nucleotides 4500–4800 and 6200–6500, which were designated as recombination hot spots I and II, respectively. The findings here also suggest that this virus is emerging with expanding host range breadth and diversified host adaptability driven by recombination.
Sirtuin 3 deficiency exacerbates age‐related periodontal disease
Authors: Chen Junsheng , Zhang Yarong , Gao Jing , Li Tao , Gan Xueqi , Yu Haiyang
Published: September 2021

Background

Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), a mitochondrial NAD+‐dependent deacetylase, has received much attention for its effect on metabolism and aging. However, the role of SIRT3 in periodontal disease remains unknown.

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the functional role of SIRT3 in age‐related periodontal disease and underlying mechanisms.

Methods

Sixteen mice were randomly assigned into four groups: the young wild type (WT), the aged WT, the young SIRT3‐knockout (KO), and the aged SIRT3‐KO. SIRT3 and cyclophilin D (CypD) expression and protein lysine acetylation levels in alveolar bones were detected by western blot. The bone architecture and the distance of CEJ‐ABC were assessed using micro‐CT and HE staining. The osteoclast number was observed through tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. Mitochondrial morphology in SIRT3 knockdown MC3T3‐E1 osteoblastic cells was analyzed by Immunofluorescence staining. In gingival tissues, the NAD+/NADH ratio was measured, and oxidative stress was detected by MitoSOX staining, HO‐1 staining, and MnSOD expression. Mitochondrial biogenesis was measured by PGC‐1α expression and oxygen consumption rate (OCR).

Results

In parallel with the imbalanced NAD+/NADH ratio, the SIRT3 expression was significantly decreased in the alveolar bones of the aged mice, accompanied by a global elevation of protein acetylation levels. The aged SIRT3‐KO group showed the highest rate of bone resorption and the largest number of TRAP‐positive osteoclasts among the four groups. Moreover, the reactive oxygen species level was up‐regulated in the young and the aged SIRT3‐KO groups. SIRT3 deficiency promoted mitochondrial fission and increased the CypD expression. Furthermore, the lack of SIRT3 reduced the PGC‐1α expression in gingival tissues and exhibited a significant reduction in maximal OCR.

Conclusion

Reduced SIRT3 abundance contributes to aged‐related periodontal disease via the exacerbation of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.
Appetite‐stimulating effects of once‐daily omeprazole in cats with chronic kidney disease: Double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized, crossover trial
Authors: Spencer Ashley , Quimby Jessica M. , Price Josh M. , MacLane Sally , Hillsman Shanna , Secoura Patty , Steiner Jörg M. , Katherine Tolbert M.
Published: September 2021

Background

Cats with moderate to advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) often display clinical signs such as vomiting and decreased appetite, and frequently receive omeprazole or other acid suppressants despite a lack of evidence to support their use.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To evaluate the effect of once‐daily PO omeprazole on appetite in cats with CKD. We hypothesized that omeprazole would improve subjective appetite assessments in cats with CKD.

Animals

Fourteen client‐owned cats with International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage 2 or 3 CKD and hyporexia.

Methods

Cats were prospectively enrolled in a multi‐institutional, double‐blinded, randomized, crossover study to evaluate the effect of a 14‐day trial of once‐daily PO omeprazole (1 mg/kg) or placebo (lactose gel capsule) on vomiting frequency and appetite. A daily log was completed by the owner during all treatment and rest periods to assess appetite using a subjective, qualitative, and 5‐point scoring system. Mixed model analyses of variance were performed to determine if average daily percentage food consumed or appetite score, as measured by subjective owner assessment, differed between treatments.

Results

Compared to placebo, a negligible but statistically significant difference in percentage of food consumed was observed between treatments (P = .04) with once‐daily omeprazole treatment resulting in a 2.7% increase in food consumption compared to placebo. No significant difference, however, was found in appetite score, body weight, or serum creatinine concentration between treatments.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Once‐daily omeprazole does not markedly increase appetite in cats with CKD and should not be used as a first‐line treatment in the absence of evidence of gastrointestinal ulceration.
Impact of COVID‐19‐related public health measures on HCV testing in British Columbia, Canada: An interrupted time series analysis
Authors: Binka Mawuena , Bartlett Sofia , Velásquez García Héctor A. , Darvishian Maryam , Jeong Dahn , Adu Prince , Alvarez Maria , Wong Stanley , Yu Amanda , Samji Hasina , Krajden Mel , Wong Jason , Janjua Naveed Z.
Published: September 2021

Background & Aims

Public health measures introduced to limit transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), also disrupted various healthcare services in many regions worldwide, including British Columbia (BC), Canada. We assessed the impact of these measures, first introduced in BC in March 2020, on hepatitis C (HCV) testing and first‐time HCV‐positive diagnoses within the province.

Methods

De‐identified HCV testing data for BC residents were obtained from the provincial Public Health Laboratory. Weekly changes in anti‐HCV, HCV RNA and genotype testing episodes and first‐time HCV‐positive (anti‐HCV/RNA/genotype) diagnoses from January 2018 to December 2020 were assessed and associations were determined using segmented regression models examining rates before vs after calendar week 12 of 2020, when measures were introduced.

Results

Average weekly HCV testing and first‐time HCV‐positive diagnosis rates fell immediately following the imposition of public health measures by 62.3 per 100 000 population and 2.9 episodes per 1 000 000 population, respectively (P < .0001 for both), and recovered in subsequent weeks to near pre‐March 2020 levels. Average weekly anti‐HCV positivity rates decreased steadily pre‐restrictions and this trend remained unchanged afterwards.

Conclusions

Reductions in HCV testing and first‐time HCV‐positive diagnosis rates, key drivers of progression along the HCV care cascade, occurred following the introduction of COVID‐19‐related public health measures. Further assessment will be required to better understand the full impact of these service disruptions on the HCV care cascade and to inform strategies for the re‐engagement of people who may have been lost to care because of these measures.
Seasonal variation of carrageenan yield, gel strength and viscosity in Sarcopeltis (ex Gigartina) skottsbergii from Southern Chile
Authors: Westermeier Renato , González Carmen , Murúa Pedro , Morales Juan , Patiño David J. , Fabres Natacha , Zamorano Jaime , Müller Dieter G.
Published: September 2021

Chile is one of the top carrageenan producers worldwide, and Sarcopeltis (ex Gigartina) skottsbergii one of the topmost exploited carrageenophytes from the wild in the world. Total yield, gel strength and viscosity from two contrasting environments Calbuco and Ancud (Inner and Outer Sea, Chile) were estimated monthly in approximately 2 years for this species. While carrageenan yields did not show differences between localities, gametophytes in spring–summer had 15% higher, compared to tetrasporophytes. Sizes (frond surface) normally did not affect carrageenan yields. Gametophytes showed clear differences in gel strength between seasons, but not between localities, with maximum peaks during winter–spring months in Calbuco and autumn‐winter months in Ancud. Seasonal variations in viscosity were also significant. While gametophyte viscosity did not exceed 120 cPs, tetrasporophytes reached 1400 cPs in Calbuco and 1000 cPs in Ancud. More remarkably, a positive correlation between viscosity and gel strength was found in S. skottsbergii gametophytes, which is significantly different between both localities. These results suggest that selective harvesting in spring–summer should be preferred to optimize cost–benefit of harvesting activities and subsequent carrageenan productivity.
Canine anal sac gland carcinoma with regional lymph node metastases treated with sacculectomy and lymphadenectomy: Outcome and possible prognostic factors
Authors: Tanis Jean‐Benoit , Simlett‐Moss Angharad B. , Ossowksa Malgorzata , Maddox Thomas W. , Guillem James , Lopez‐Jimenez Cristobal , Polton Gerry , Burrow Rachel , Finotello Riccardo
Published: September 2021

The staging system commonly used in canine anal sac gland carcinoma (ASGC) is a revised Tumour‐Node‐Metastasis (TNM) system published in 2007. This staging system consists in four stages and, for dogs with nodal metastases, the size of the metastatic lymph node (mLN) defines the N stage. However, we hypothesise that (1) the mLN size has no prognostic significance when the mLN can be excised, (2) a high number of mLNs is associated with poorer prognosis and (3) the measurement of the mLN on imaging is not reproducible. To investigate these hypotheses, medical records and diagnostic images of dogs with ASGC and mLN, treated with sacculectomy and lymphadenectomy, with or without chemotherapy, were reviewed. Interobserver variability for mLN measurement was assessed. Prognostic factors including mLN size and number were investigated. Time to documented progression (TDP) and disease‐specific survival (DSS) were evaluated. Progression‐free interval (PFI) was analysed with interval‐censored data analysis. Fifty‐seven dogs were included. The median PFI, TDP and DSS were 110 (95%CI 61.5–185.5), 196 (95%CI 162–283) and 340 days (95%CI 321–471), respectively. For measurement of the largest mLN, interobserver agreement was excellent but limits of agreement reached 39.7%. Neither the size of the largest mLN nor the use of adjuvant chemotherapy were associated with outcome. The number of mLNs was associated with outcome and having more than four mLNs was associated with shorter PFI (p < .001), TDP (p = .004) and DSS (p < .001). While mLN size measurement was not consistently reproducible and did not influence outcome in our cohort, number of mLNs did. Further studies are required for development of a revised staging system.
Microscopic evolution of doped Mott insulators from polaronic metal to Fermi liquid
Authors: Koepsell Joannis , Bourgund Dominik , Sompet Pimonpan , Hirthe Sarah , Bohrdt Annabelle , Wang Yao , Grusdt Fabian , Demler Eugene , Salomon Guillaume , Gross Christian , Bloch Immanuel
Published: September 2021

From polarons to a Fermi liquid

Superconductivity in the cuprates emerges by doping an antiferromagnetic “parent” state with holes or electrons. With increased doping, antiferromagnetism gives way to unconventional superconductivity, and the system eventually becomes a Fermi liquid. Koepsell
et al
. simulated this progression using cold, strongly interacting lithium-6 atoms trapped in an optical lattice. Although the equivalent ordered phases are not yet reachable at the experimentally available temperatures, the researchers were able to measure multipoint spin and hole correlations over a wide range of hole doping. The evolution of these correlators with doping revealed a crossover from a polaronic regime to a Fermi liquid. —JS
Assembly and Annotation of the Complete Genome Sequence of T4-Like Bacteriophage 132
Authors: Roush C. , Chan B. K. , Turner P. E. , Burmeister A. R.
Published: September 2021

Here, we describe the complete sequence of bacteriophage 132, a T4-like
Escherichia coli
phage. Phage 132 has a genome of 166,922-bp length, with 286 predicted genes.