bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Different effects of low muscle mass on the risk of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatic fibrosis in a prospective cohort
Authors: Choe Hun Jee , Lee Hyunsuk , Lee DongHo , Kwak Soo‐Heon , Koo Bo Kyung
Published: November 2022

Background

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and sarcopenia share insulin resistance as a common pathophysiology and have overlapping clinical manifestation of metabolic derangement; hence, it is difficult to differentiate the independent effect of sarcopenia on the development of NAFLD from concomitant metabolic disorders. Using a community‐based prospective cohort study, the contributions of low muscle mass and genetic risk factors to the development of NAFLD and NAFLD‐related hepatic fibrosis were investigated in the Korean population.

Methods

This prospective community‐based cohort study included 40–70‐year‐old adults, followed up biennially from 2001–2002 to 2017–2018. NAFLD was defined as a hepatic steatosis index of ≥36, and hepatic fibrosis was defined based on the fibrosis‐4 index. Sex‐specific quartiles of body mass index (BMI)‐adjusted muscle mass were calculated (muscle mass/BMI), and low muscle mass was defined as the lowest quartile (Q1). Cox proportional hazard models for incident NAFLD or hepatic fibrosis incorporating age, sex, BMI of ≥25 kg/m2, metabolic syndrome and PNPLA3 and TM6SF2 risk alleles were used to assess the independent determinants for incident NAFLD and hepatic fibrosis among individuals with NAFLD at baseline.

Results

Among the 4038 participants without NAFLD at baseline (mean age, 51.5 ± 8.8 years), 920 (22.8%) developed NAFLD during the 12‐year follow‐up period. As muscle mass decreased, the risk of NAFLD increased even after adjustment for age, sex, obesity, metabolic syndrome and PNPLA3 and TM6SF2 risk alleles [hazard ratio (HR) per quartile, 1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.11–1.27, P < 0.001]. TM6SF2 also affected the risk of NAFLD development [HR 1.19, (95% CI, 1.00–1.40), P = 0.044].

Of the 1176 patients with NAFLD but without hepatic fibrosis at baseline, the incident of hepatic fibrosis was found in 51.8%, 44.7%, 42.6% and 41.0% in Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 of BMI‐adjusted muscle mass, respectively, during the follow‐up period (P for trend = 0.006). However, this trend lost its statistical significance when adjusted for confounders. The PNPLA3 risk variant, but not the TM6SF2 genotype, was an independent risk factor for developing hepatic fibrosis among patients with NAFLD (HR 1.17, 95% CI 1.04–1.32, P = 0.010).

Conclusions

Both lower muscle mass index and genetic risk variants are important contributors to the development of NAFLD. In patients already diagnosed with NAFLD, however, PNPLA3 confers a greater risk for hepatic fibrosis progression than lower muscle mass.
The prognostic value of sarcopenia in oesophageal cancer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Fang Pinhao , Zhou Jianfeng , Xiao Xin , Yang Yushang , Luan Siyuan , Liang Zhiwen , Li Xiaokun , Zhang Hanlu , Shang Qixin , Zeng Xiaoxi , Yuan Yong
Published: November 2022

The loss of skeletal muscle mass and function is defined as sarcopenia, which might develop in elderly patients with cancers. It has been indicated as a potential negative factor in the survival of patients with malignant tumours. The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to evaluate the associations between sarcopenia and survival outcomes or postoperative complications in patients with oesophageal cancer (EC). Web of Science, Embase, Medline, and Cochrane Library databases were searched until 10 May 2022, using keywords: sarcopenia, oesophageal cancer, and prognosis. Studies investigating the prognostic value of sarcopenia on EC survival were included. Forest plots and summary effect models were used to show the result of this meta‐analysis. The quality of included studies was evaluated with the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale (NOS). A total of 1436 studies were identified from the initial search of four databases, and 41 studies were included for the final quantitative analysis. This meta‐analysis revealed a significant association between sarcopenia and overall survival (OS) [hazard ratios (HR):1.68, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.54–1.83, P = 0.004, I2 = 41.7%] or disease‐free survival (DFS) 1.97 (HR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.44–2.69, P = 0.007, I2 = 61.9%) of EC patients. Subgroup analysis showed that sarcopenia remained a consistent negative predictor of survival when stratified by different treatment methods, populations, or sarcopenia measurements. Sarcopenia was also a risk factor for postoperative complications with a pooled odds ratio of 1.47 (95% CI: 1.21–1.77, P = 0.094, I2 = 32.7%). The NOS scores of all included studies were ≥6, and the quality of the evidence was relatively high. The results from the study suggested that sarcopenia was significantly associated with both survival outcomes and postoperative complications in EC patients. Sarcopenia should be appropriately diagnosed and treated for improving short‐term and long‐term outcomes of patients with EC.
Triglycerides to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL‐C) ratio is an independent predictor of the severity of hyperlipidaemic acute pancreatitis
Authors: Huang Yingbao , Zhu Yi , Peng Yu , Xia Weizhi , Chen Lifang , Yu Huajun , Shi Liuzhi , Yang Yunjun , Su Na
Published: November 2022

Background

The incidence of acute pancreatitis caused by hyperlipidaemia is increasing. A quick and easy diagnosis of the severity of hyperlipidaemic acute pancreatitis (HTGP) is important to improve patient prognosis and reduce mortality. Previous studies reported that insulin resistance (IR) is associated with acute pancreatitis. Our study aimed to investigate the correlation between the triglycerides to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL‐C) ratio and HTGP.

Methods

Patients' laboratory and clinical parameters were obtained from the institutional pancreatitis database. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied to evaluate the risk factors for the severity of HTGP and the efficacy of four clinical scoring systems: Ranson's Criteria, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II), the Bedside Index for Severity in Acute Pancreatitis (BISAP), and Marshall.

Results

Of 290 patients, 134 (46.2%) were diagnosed with moderately severe to severe HTGP. The TG/HDL‐C ratio was higher in the moderately severe to severe HTGP subgroup than in the mild HTGP subgroup. Among the independent risk factors, such as amylase, albumin, aspartate transaminase (AST), systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and TG/HDL‐C ratio, the TG/HDL‐C ratio had the highest area under the curve (AUC) (0.727, 95% CI, 0.571–0.701). In comparison with other clinical scoring systems, the TG/HDL‐C ratio has a relatively preferable predictive ability.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that the TG/HDL‐C ratio is positively correlated with HTGP severity and could be used as a simple indicator of severe HTGP.
Solvent‐free Darzens condensation of 3‐chlorooxindoles with aryl aldehydes for diastereoselective construction of spiro‐epoxyoxindoles by grinding
Authors: Li Yue , Liu Li , Wang Feng , Ning Rui , Kong Dulin , Wu Mingshu
Published: November 2022

A highly efficient, diastereoselective strategy for the synthesis of aryl‐substituted spiro‐epoxyoxindole derivatives by a Darzens‐type reaction of α‐chlorooxindoles with aryl aldehydes in the presence of bases under solvent‐free grinding conditions has been developed. The process features with easy work‐up, mild reaction condition, high to excellent diastereoselectivitie and yields as well as environmental compatibility.
Pharmacologic restraint use for children experiencing mental health crises in pediatric hospitals
Authors: Wolf Ryan M. , Hall Matthew , Williams Derek J. , Carroll Alison R. , Antoon James W. , Brown Charlotte M. , Herndon Alison , Kreth Heather , Lind Carrie , Gastineau Kelsey A. B. , Spencer Katherine , Ngo My‐Linh , Hart Sarah , White Lindsay , Johnson David P.
Published: November 2022

Background

Children in mental health crises are increasingly admitted to children's hospitals awaiting inpatient psychiatric placement. During hospitalization, patients may exhibit acute agitation prompting pharmacologic restraint use.

Objective

To determine hospital‐level incidence and variation of pharmacologic restraint use among children admitted for mental health conditions in children's hospitals.

Design, Setting, and Participants

We examined data for children (5 to ≤18 years) admitted to children's hospitals with a primary mental health condition from 2018 to 2020 using the Pediatric Health Information System database. Hospital rates of parenteral pharmacologic restraint use per 1000 mental health bed days were determined and compared after adjusting for patient‐level and demographic factors. Cluster analysis (k‐means) was used to group hospitals based on overall restraint use (rate quartiles) and drug class. Hospital‐level factors for pharmacologic restraint use were compared.

Results

Of 29,834 included encounters, 3747 (12.6%) had pharmacologic restraint use. Adjusted hospital rates ranged from 35 to 389 pharmacologic restraint use days per 1000 mental health bed days with a mean of 175 (standard deviation: 72). Cluster analysis revealed three hospitals were high utilizers of all drug classes. No significant differences in pharmacologic restraint use were found in the hospital‐level analysis.

Conclusions

Children's hospitals demonstrate wide variation in pharmacologic restraint rates for mental health hospitalizations, with a 10‐fold difference in adjusted rates between highest and lowest utilizers, and high overall utilizers order medications across all drug classes.
Performance and changes of high‐resolution (1 km) surface air temperature in Northern Hemisphere permafrost regions
Authors: Jin Haodong , Peng Xiaoqing , Frauenfeld Oliver W. , Zhao Yaohua , Li Xuanjia , Tian Weiwei , Chen Cong , Liang Benben , Li Xiaodong , Mu Cuicui
Published: November 2022

Surface air temperatures are significant indicators of environmental and climatic change that affect a diverse set of physical systems including permafrost. Most temperature products, such as gridded or reanalysis data, are still at a relatively low spatial resolution, limiting the ability to simulate heterogeneous permafrost changes and leading to large uncertainties. Here we apply a downscaling method based on elevation to obtain high‐resolution surface air temperatures from the sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project in Northern Hemisphere permafrost regions. Root‐mean‐square errors and mean absolute errors after downscaling are reduced by 34 and 37%, respectively, relative to meteorological site data and gridded observations from the Climatic Research Unit. Compared to the downscaled surface air temperature data, nondownscaled model projections overestimate by 0.12–0.39°C in the discontinuous, isolated, and sporadic permafrost regions and underestimate up to 0.18°C in the continuous permafrost region under different emission scenarios. The warming rates in Northern Hemisphere permafrost regions were 0.093°C/10 year during the historical (1850–2014) period and are projected to be 0.22°C/10 year for SSP1‐2.6, 0.48°C/10 year for SSP2‐4.5, 0.75°C/10 year for SSP3‐7.0, and 0.95°C/10 year for SSP5‐8.5 during 2015–2100, which is 1.4–1.6 times the warming of nonpermafrost regions. Warming rates in high latitudes are 1.2–1.7 times higher than those in high‐elevation regions. Continuous permafrost regions' warming will be 1.2–1.4 times higher than in other permafrost regions. For permafrost with high ground ice content, warming will be 1.1 times greater than in permafrost regions with medium or low ground ice content.
The relative citation ratio (RCR) as a novel bibliometric among 2511 academic orthopedic surgeons
Authors: Gupta Arjun , Meeter Alexandra , Norin Jorden , Ippolito Joseph A. , Beebe Kathleen S.
Published: November 2022

Objectively measuring research output is important for grant awards, promotion, and tenure, or self‐evaluation of productivity. However, certain shortcomings limit common bibliometric indicators. The time‐ and field‐independent relative citation ratio (RCR) was proposed to overcome these limitations. The objective of this study was to determine whether the RCR correlates with academic rank, gender, and PhD degree status among US academic orthopedic surgeons. Full‐time faculty surgeons at Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education‐accredited orthopedic surgery residency programs were included in this study. Mean (mRCR) and weighted (wRCR) RCR scores were collected from the National Institutes of Health iCite database to quantify scholarly “impact” and “production,” respectively, and were compared by academic rank, gender, and PhD status. All information was collected from publicly available faculty listings on departmental websites. A total of 2511 orthopedic surgeons from 132 residency programs were assessed. Overall, the median (interquartile range) mRCR score was 1.56 (1.05–2.12) and the median wRCR score was 27.6 (6.97–88.44). Both metrics increased with each successive academic rank, except for department chairs. There was no difference in mRCR between male and female surgeons. Among assistant professors, males had higher wRCR scores. Both metrics were higher among surgeons with a PhD degree. The RCR offers key advantages over other indices, which are reflected in differences in score distributions compared with the widely used h‐index. Nevertheless, implementation of the RCR should be preceded with careful consideration of its own limitations.
Does Surgery for Nasal Obstruction Improve Eustachian Tube Dysfunction?
Authors: Virgen Celina , Sawaf Tuleen , Renslo Bryan , Chiu Alexander G.
Published: November 2022

A review of current literature on the surgical management of nasal obstruction for eustacian tube dysfunction suggests potential benefit. However, due to the lack of prospective studies with control groups definitive benefit cannot be determined. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the role of nasal surgery in this patient population.
Nicotine‐Mediated Rescue of α‐Synuclein Toxicity Requires Synaptic Vesicle Glycoprotein 2 in Drosophila
Authors: Olsen Abby L. , Clemens Sabrina G. , Feany Mel B.
Published: November 2022

Background

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by α‐synuclein aggregation and loss of dopamine neurons. Risk of PD arises due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors, which may interact, termed gene–environment (G×E) interactions. An inverse association between smoking and the risk of PD is well established, and a previous genome‐wide G×E interaction study identified genetic variation in the synaptic‐vesicle glycoprotein 2C (SV2C) locus as an important mediator of the degree to which smoking is inversely associated with PD.

Objective

We sought to determine the mechanism of the smoking–SV2C interaction in a Drosophila model of PD.

Methods

Flies expressing human α‐synuclein in all neurons develop the hallmarks of PD, including motor dysfunction, loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons, and formation of α‐synuclein inclusions. We assessed the effects of increasing doses of nicotine on these parameters of neurodegeneration, in the presence or absence of knockdown of two Drosophila orthologues of SV2, hereafter referred to as SV2L1 and SV2L2.

Results

The α‐synuclein–expressing flies treated with nicotine had improved locomotion, DA neuron counts, and α‐synuclein aggregation. However, in α‐synuclein–expressing flies in which SV2L1 and SV2L2 were knocked down, nicotine failed to rescue neurodegeneration.

Conclusions

This work confirms a G×E interaction between nicotine and SV2, defines a role for this interaction in α‐synuclein proteostasis, and suggests that future clinical trials on nicotine should consider genetic variation in SV2C. Furthermore, this provides proof of concept that our model can be used for the mechanistic study of G×E, paving the way for the investigation of additional G×E interactions or the identification of novel G×E. © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Computer‐aided detection and diagnosis/radiomics/machine learning/deep learning in medical imaging
Authors: Giger Maryellen L.
Published: November 2022

Over the years, medical physicists have played important roles in the establishment and advancement of computer‐aided detection/diagnosis in medical image interpretation. Note that the benefit of a medical imaging exam in presenting an accurate diagnosis depends on both the quality of the image (i.e., the physical image acquisition system) and the quality of the interpretation (e.g., conducted by a radiologist). The interpretation of medical images by radiologists is limited by the human eye‐brain system, including various search and perception problems, potentially resulting in missed detections, inaccurate diagnoses, and clinical decision‐making errors. Having computer vision Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems yield “interpretations” was seen as a method to effectively and efficiently improve the medical image interpretation process. In this essay, I will try to convey, through my eyes, the exciting times during the past 35 years that led up to AI in medical imaging as we experience today. In the mid‐1980s, I was part of a University of Chicago team of imaging scientists/medical physicists and radiologists (within the Kurt Rossman Laboratories) who conducted early research in the field of CAD [computer‐aided detection (CADe) and computer‐aided diagnosis (CADx)], where, as the name infers, the goal of the computer output is to be used as an aid to radiologists (i.e., as a second opinion as opposed to a replacement of the radiologist). Kunio Doi, Heang‐Ping Chan, and I submitted the seminal patent on CAD that was granted on 6 March 1990, as well as co‐authored various papers in MEDICAL PHYSICS along with others on our interdisciplinary team, including Heber MacMahon, Robert A. Schmidt, Carl J. Vyborny, Charles E. Metz, Shigehiko Katsuragawa, Robert M. Nishikawa, and Wei Zhang.
Incidental complex repetitive discharges on needle electromyography
Authors: Gupta Harsh V. , Skolka Michael P. , Laughlin Ruple S. , Rubin Devon I.
Published: November 2022

Introduction/Aims

Complex repetitive discharges (CRDs) are spontaneous electromyography (EMG) waveforms often associated with chronic neurogenic or myopathic diseases, but incidentally identified CRDs have also been described. In this study we describe the distribution and possible significance of incidentally seen CRDs in otherwise normal electrodiagnostic studies.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was performed of all patients with CRDs incidentally documented on otherwise normal electrodiagnostic studies at Mayo Clinic from January 2013 through December 2020. Each patient's clinical symptoms, referral reason, electrodiagnostic report, and imaging studies were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results

Ninety‐four patients (86 females; mean age, 62 years; range, 20 to 86 years) and 107 CRDs were studied. The most common neuromuscular reasons for electrodiagnostic referrals included radiculopathy, peripheral neuropathy, and myopathy. Mean symptom duration was 43 months (range, 1 to 312 months). Eighty‐five patients had a CRD identified in one muscle (range, in all patients, one to five muscles). CRDs were identified most frequently in tensor fasciae latae (n = 21), biceps brachii (n = 16), and gluteus maximus (n = 9). Of the 58 patients in whom imaging was available, 46 (79%) had abnormalities that corresponded to the myotome in which the CRDs were visualized, most commonly L5 (n = 19) and C6 (n = 12). Of these 46 patients, 28 (61%) were referred for radicular or limb pain.

Discussion

CRDs can be incidentally noted on otherwise normal electrodiagnostic studies, most commonly in L5 and C6 myotomes. The mechanism of CRDs in the absence of electrodiagnostic features of axon loss or remodeling is unknown.
The efficacy, safety, and outcomes of testosterone use among transgender men patients: A review of the literature
Authors: Mwamba Rimel N. , Ekwonu Adaora , Guimaraes Paulo V. B. , Raheem Omer A.
Published: November 2022

Introduction

Gender dysphoria is the discrepancy between biological sex and gender identity. This can be debilitating for transgender populations, including transgender men (TM), individuals who were assigned female at birth but who identify as men, that can benefit from hormonal therapy with testosterone products to address gender dysphoria.

Methods

We aim to summarize the efficacy, safety profile, and outcomes of the different testosterone replacement treatment (TRT) in the TM population. A search of the published literature regarding the various FDA‐approved TRT was performed in PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library from 2007 to date.

Results

We complied two groups of TRT based on route of administration including the conventional testosterone therapies (intramuscular and subcutaneous injectables, and transdermal gels) and newer testosterone therapies (oral, buccal, and nasal gels). For the conventional testosterone therapies, we identified nine studies discussed conventional TRT in TM population including one randomized trial, four prospective studies, one retrospective study and three reviews. For newer testosterone therapies, we identified three studies discussed newer TRT in TM population including one prospective study and two reviews. Articles were then compiled and analyzed. Albeit majority of TRT data stemming from conventional TRT, there appear to be an overwhelmingly safety and efficacy profile in TM population translated with increased free testosterone levels comparable to male range, menses cessation, anxiety/depression decline and improved quality of life.

Conclusion

Testosterone therapy can be impactful for TM population with improved safety, efficiency, quality of life and function. With the rise of the newer FDA‐approved TRT, randomized studies are warranted to determine its safety and efficacity in this TM population.
A two‐dimensional corotational curved beam element for dynamic analysis of curved viscoelastic beams with large deformations and rotations
Authors: Deng Lanfeng , Niu Mu‐Qing , Xue Jian , Chen Li‐Qun
Published: November 2022

This paper presents a two‐dimensional corotational curved beam element for the dynamic analysis of curved viscoelastic beams with large deformations and rotations. In contrast with traditional straight beam elements, the novelty of the presented formulation lies in introducing a curved reference configuration, which follows the rotation and translation of a corotational frame, to measure the pure elastic deformation of the beam and describe the spatial position of an arbitrary material point. A curvilinear coordinate system is fixed on this reference configuration to measure the local deformation of the element. Based on Hamilton's principle, the global elastic force vector, the global internal damping force vector, the global inertia force vector, and the global external damping force vector are derived using the same shape functions to ensure the consistency and independence of the element. An accurate two‐node curved element and the Kelvin–Voigt model are introduced to consider the axial deformation, bending deformation, shear deformation, rotary inertia, and viscoelasticity of the beam. Three examples are given to verify the validity, computational accuracy, and computational efficiency of the presented formulation. Moreover, the effects of the internal damping and external damping on the dynamic response of a rotating curved beam are investigated.
Exploring Nursing Undergraduates' Experiences with a Redesigned Blended Learning Course: A Descriptive Qualitative Study
Authors: Wang Lu , Liao Bizhen , Yang Huanhuan , Yang Chunju
Published: November 2022

Aim

To explore the experience of nursing undergraduates with a blended course, that was redesigned using the Community of Inquiry framework.

Design

The Obstetrics and Gynaecology Nursing Course was redesigned using blended learning pedagogy, which starts from the creation of teaching presence, plays the intermediary role of social presence and aims at realizing cognitive presence.

Methods

After the course completion, we conducted a qualitative descriptive study and collected data using focus group interviews and field notes.

Results

The findings comprised three main themes including role promotion, passive and selective learning and recommendations. Teachers and peers reportedly played the supervisors, facilitators and coordinators in learning promotion. Some students experienced difficulties in adapting to the blended learning environment due to passive learning habits, character flaws and academic pressure. However, a majority of them supported the application of the model.
Threats to professional dignity of Iranian clinical nurses: A qualitative study
Authors: Abbasi Ali , Khachian Alice , Ebadi Abbas , Bagheri Hosein
Published: November 2022

Aim

Identifying threats to the nurses' professional dignity has an important role in maintaining and promoting their dignity. This study aimed to evaluate the perception of Iranian nurses' experiences of threats to their professional dignity in clinical settings.

Design

A qualitative directed content analysis approach was used.

Methods

The present qualitative study was conducted in Iran.Clinical nurses were selected using the purposive sampling method. Data were collected through in‐depth semi‐structured interviews with 15 clinical nurses from October 2020 to March 2021. The qualitative content analysis method was used to analyze the data.

Results

Two main categories and 16 subcategories were extracted as follows: (1) professional factors (containing seven subcategories) and (2) organizational factors (containing nine subcategories).

Conclusions

To promote the professional dignity of nurses, it is recommended to identify the factors threatening their professional dignity and create healthy work environments for them.
High order accurate method for the numerical solution of the second order linear hyperbolic telegraph equation
Authors: Kirli Emre , Irk Dursun , Zorsahin Gorgulu Melis
Published: November 2022

In this study, the Galerkin finite element method is applied to get the numerical solution of the linear telegraph equation by using cubic B‐spline function. Differently from the existing studies, the fourth order one‐step method is used to discretize in time the telegraph equation. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method is studied by three examples. The obtained results are shown that the proposed method has a higher accuracy.
Strong optimal error estimates of discontinuous Galerkin method for multiplicative noise driving nonlinear SPDEs
Authors: Yang Xu , Zhao Weidong , Zhao Wenju
Published: November 2022

This paper investigates the strong convergence of a fully discrete numerical method for the stochastic partial differential equations driven by multiplicative noise. The fully discrete space–time approximation consists of the symmetric interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin method for the spatial discretization and the implicit Euler method for the temporal discretization. Rather than the usual semi group analysis techniques, in this paper, we present an analysis framework in the variational formulation by introducing new weak variational approximation techniques. Some error estimates in a strong sense are established for the proposed fully discrete scheme. The optimal convergence rates are then obtained in both space and time. Numerical results for the nonlinear stochastic partial differential equations are finally presented to confirm the theoretical results.
Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation associated with hypocaloric diet on glucose homeostasis in obesity
Authors: de Araujo Carina , Fitz Raquel C. , da Natividade Gabriella R. , Osório Amanda F. , Merello Paula N. , Mesquita Leonardo de A. , Correia Poliana E. , Freitas Priscila A. C. , Brietzke Elisa , Gerchman Fernando
Published: November 2022

Objective

The aim of this study was to test the effects of repetitive active transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC) associated with a hypocaloric diet on glucose homeostasis in people with excessive weight.

Methods

Adults with overweight or obesity were selected in a randomized, double‐blind pilot study to complete 4 weeks (20 sessions) of fixed‐dose tDCS (2 mA, 20 minutes) delivered over the rDLPFC and associated with a standard hypocaloric diet. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) and stratified by sex to the active tDCS group (active) or the sham tDCS group (sham). Changes in glucose homeostasis were assessed in a 4‐hour liquid meal tolerance test, performed before and after the intervention.

Results

Twenty‐eight participants were randomized (79% with obesity; mean [SD] age 37.6 [5.8] years). After the intervention, fasting plasma glucose (mean [95% CI], −7.8 mg/dL [−14.0 to −1.6]) and insulin levels (−7.7 μIU/mL [−13.9 to −1.6]) decreased in the active compared with the sham. Similarly, the Matsuda insulin sensitivity index increase in the active (4.7 pmol−1 × mmol−1 [1.6 to 7.8]) compared with the sham (0.6 pmol−1 × mmol−1 [−1.4 to 3.2]).

Conclusions

Repetitive, active tDCS over the rDLPFC could be a promising noninvasive technique to improve glucose homeostasis in individuals with overweight or obesity on a low‐calorie diet, highlighting the importance of investigating this intervention modality in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
A comparative study on the effect of different fibrous nanofillers on the properties of natural rubber nanocomposites
Authors: Surya Koodappuzha Parameswaran , Mukhopadhyay Rabindra , Naskar Kinsuk , Bhowmick Anil Kumar
Published: November 2022

The specific geometry and distinct properties of one‐dimensional nanostructures make them the most ideal candidates as reinforcing elements in composites and the dependence of physical, mechanical, thermal, and wear properties of polymer composites on their dimensionality, nature, and dispersion is interesting. The upsurging demands for high‐performance elastomer composites require the application of such nanomaterials as reinforcing agents. Here, we offer a detailed characterization of some of the novel fibrous nanofillers such as silicon carbide nanofibers, aramid nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, and graphite nanofibers. Morphology, crystallinity, surface chemistry, polarity, and thermal stability of these nanofibers were analyzed using techniques such as electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Natural Rubber nanocomposites were developed using these fibrous nanofillers, and their rheometric, mechanical, dynamic mechanical, and thermal properties were studied. ANF‐reinforced compounds gave the highest increment in 300% modulus while the highest tensile strength was obtained by CNT reinforced compounds at 4 phr filler loading. CNT and GNF‐reinforced compounds improved the wear resistance simultaneously by 43% and 33% respectively, while SiC and ANF improved it by 10% and 8% respectively. Lower tan delta and better thermal stability were also recorded. Future exploration may involve the use of these nanofibers in conjunction with carbon black or silica to achieve high‐performance elastomer compounds for real‐life applications.
Survival rates and outcomes of pregnancies with prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 18: A 16‐year experience from a public hospital in South Africa
Authors: Stewart Chantal , Owusu‐Bempah Atta , Boutall Alison , Barr Sonia , Wessels Tina‐Marié , Fieggen Karen
Published: November 2022

Objective

Many studies, largely from high‐income countries (HIC), have reported outcomes in babies with trisomy 18 (T18), with a paucity of data from Africa. Knowledge of outcomes is important in counselling women prenatally diagnosed with T18. We aimed to review all prenatally diagnosed cases of T18 between January 2006 and December 2021.

Method

Demographic data, diagnosis, gestation and outcome data were obtained from the Astraia® database and patient files.

Results

We included 88 pregnant women of whom 46 terminated their pregnancies (30 beyond 24 weeks' gestation). Three underwent foeticides, one had a caesarean section for maternal obstetric reasons and 26 underwent inductions of labour without foetal monitoring. Four neonates were live born but none lived >8 h. In those who continued their pregnancies, the mean gestation at delivery was 34.8 weeks, 14 (33%) were live births and only 5 survived for >24 h with none surviving to 1 year of life.

Conclusion

In our cohort, infants with T18 had lower live birth rates and shorter survival than in the current literature from HIC. This may be due to the implementation of non‐aggressive intrapartum care and comfort care for the neonates. This has implications for counselling in our setting.
A DFT study on the reaction pathway involved in the metal‐ion‐templated synthesis of benzo‐21‐crown‐7(B21C7) from catechol and hexaethylene glycol ditosylate in the presence of base
Authors: Sisodiya Dilawar Singh , Ali Sk. Musharaf , Chattopadhyay Anjan
Published: November 2022

This present work explores the mechanism of the alkali metal‐ion (Na+ and K+) aided benzo‐21‐crown‐7(B21C7) formation from catechol and hexaethylene glycol di‐p‐toluenesulfonate in the presence of base [Correction added on 29 December 2022, after first online publication: benzo‐21‐crown‐7(f) has been corrected to benzo‐21‐crown‐7(B21C7).]. The density functional theory (DFT)‐based studies (in gas‐phase and in acetonitrile) have identified two SN2 steps along the reaction path, where each step is characterized by an energy barrier due to the presence of a transition state (TS). The metal‐ion template effect eases the binding between the catechol oxygen and the carbon atom holding the tosyl leaving group. This metal‐ion framework facilitates the cyclization process, which is responsible for the better yield of the crown ether. In case of K+‐coordinated system in solution, the TS dipole moment value for this step is 10 Debye higher than the corresponding reactant, whereas for Na+‐coordinated system, this difference is much smaller (~7.5 Debye). A comparison of the barrier heights of this intramolecular SN2 step in acetonitrile shows a higher value for Na+ ion system (30 kcal/mol) than that of K+‐coordinated system (22 kcal/mol). Expectedly, a higher rate constant for the cyclization has been found from the kinetics study of the latter, which is in‐line with the reported experimental results. Additionally, we have also explored the consequences of the involvement of a second metal ion in the process, a possibility, which was predicted earlier for large ring‐sized crown ethers.
Synthesis and mechanochemical inertness of a Zn (II) bidipyrrin double helix
Authors: Zhou Junfeng , Sathe Devavrat , Ciccotelli Andrew , Wang Junpeng
Published: November 2022

Helices are unique structures that play important roles in biomacromolecules and chiral catalysis. The mechanochemical unfolding of helical structures has attracted the attention of chemists in the past few years. However, it is limited to a few cases which investigated how the mechanochemical reactivity is impacted by helical configurations. No synthetic helical mechanophore is reported. Herein, a Zn (II) bidipyrrin (BDPR‐Zn) double helix is designed as a potential mechanophore. A cyclic olefin containing a doubly strapped BDPR‐Zn is prepared and used for ring‐opening metathesis polymerization. The corresponding polymer is subjected to pulsed ultrasonication for mechanochemical testing. The sonication results reveal the mechanochemical inertness of BDPR‐Zn unit, which is further supported by force‐coupled simulation. Although no obvious activation is observed, our preliminary results on BDPR‐Zn unit could inspire further rational designs on force‐induced helix unfolding.
Understanding the in silico aspects of bacterial catabolic cascade for styrene degradation
Authors: Bhanot Vishalakshi , Pali Snigdha , Panwar Jitendra
Published: November 2022

Styrene is a nonpolar organic compound used in very high volume for the industrial scale production of commercially important polymers such as polystyrene resins as well as copolymers like acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, latex, and rubber. These resins are widely used in the manufacturing of various products including single‐use plastics such as disposable cups and containers, protective packaging, heat insulation, and so forth. The large‐scale utilization leads to the over‐accumulation of styrene waste in the environment causing deleterious health risks including cancer, neurological impairment, dysbiosis of central nervous system, and respiratory problems. To eliminate the accumulating waste. Microbial enzyme‐based system represents the most environmental friendly and sustainable approach for elimination of styrene waste. However, comprehensive understanding of the enzyme–substrate interaction and associated pathways would be crucial for developing large‐scale disposal systems. This study aims to understand the molecular interaction between the protein‐ligand complexes of the styrene catabolic reactions by bacterial enzymes of sty operon. Molecular docking analysis for catalytic enzymes namely, styrene monooxygenase (SMO), styrene oxide isomerase (SOI), and phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase (PAD) of the bacterial sty operon was carried out with their individual substrates, that is, styrene, styrene oxide, and phenylacetic acid, respectively. The binding energy, amino acids forming binding cavity, and binding interactions between the protein‐ligand binding sites were calculated for each case. The obtained binding energies showed a stable association of these complexes indicating the future scope of their utilization for large‐scale bioremediation of styrene, and its commercially used polymers and copolymers.
Epipericardial fat necrosis in a patient with sudden chest pain
Authors: Ikeo Satoshi , Yasuda Naoaki , Sakai Yuki , Hayashi Yasuyuki , Sokai Akihiko , Iwata Toshiyuki , Nishimura Takashi
Published: November 2022

Key message

Epipericardial fat necrosis (EFN) may be considered in the differential diagnosis of chest pain. Clinicians should be kept in mind that EFN is self‐limiting and is often followed up with imaging.
Severity of COVID‐19 infection in pregnancy and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes: A retrospective study in a tertiary center
Authors: Naseef Paul , Elnour Ayman Abou , Ramy Ahmed
Published: November 2022

Introduction

To estimate the association between the severity of maternal SARS‐CoV2 disease and adversity of maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Methods

A retrospective single‐site descriptive study was conducted, where the records of pregnant women, universally screened for COVID‐19 infection, with laboratory‐confirmed SARS‐CoV2 disease during the period from March 2020 to March 2021 were reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups: an asymptomatic/mild disease group and a moderate/severe disease group. Maternal outcomes, including the incidence of pregnancy‐induced hypertension (PIH)/pre‐eclampsia, cesarean section (CS) rates, maternal intensive care unit (ICU) admission rates, and neonatal outcomes, including preterm birth, low birth weight, and neonatal ICU (NICU) admission rates, were compared in both study groups.

Results

A total of 352 patients were included with 87 (24.7%) having a moderate/severe disease. In this group, the incidence of preterm birth (<37+6 weeks) was 25.3% (n = 22) and that of low birth weight was 23.0% (n = 20) compared to 12.8% (n = 34) and 13.6% (n = 36) respectively in the asymptomatic/mild disease group. The rates of maternal and NICU admissions were also higher in the former group. Moreover, the rates of development of PIH/pre‐eclampsia in the former and latter groups were 9.2% (n = 8) and 4.9% (n = 13), respectively.

Conclusion

There is likely an association between the severity of maternal SARS‐CoV2 disease and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes.
Low‐gain integral control for a class of discrete‐time Lur'e systems with applications to sampled‐data control
Authors: Guiver Chris , Rebarber Richard , Townley Stuart
Published: November 2022

We study low‐gain (P)roportional (I)ntegral control of multivariate discrete‐time, forced Lur'e systems to solve the output‐tracking problem for constant reference signals. We formulate an incremental sector condition which is sufficient for a usual linear low‐gain PI controller to achieve exponential disturbance‐to‐state and disturbance‐to‐tracking‐error stability in closed‐loop, for all sufficiently small integrator gains. Output tracking is achieved in the absence of exogenous disturbance (noise) terms. Our line of argument invokes a recent circle criterion for exponential incremental input‐to‐state stability. The discrete‐time theory facilitates a similar result for a continuous‐time forced Lur'e system in feedback with sampled‐data low‐gain integral control. The theory is illustrated by two examples.
Efficient Synthesis of Quaternised Guar Gum using Tri‐alkylamine and Epichlorohydrin Condensate by Taguchi L9 Orthogonal Array
Authors: Tyagi Rakhi , Kumar Vineet , Sharma Pradeep
Published: November 2022

Glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (GLYTAC) is an efficient quaternizing reagent, easy to synthesize, and causes lesser degradation to the polymer backbone than other reagents. Quaternization of guar gum was carried out using condensate of trimethylamine and epichlorohydrin as etherifying reagents adopting Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array design of experiment to optimize the reaction conditions to attain a higher degree of substitution (DS). The set of optimized levels of selected control factors are as follows; 2.5 mL and 1.2 g of condensate and sodium hydroxide respectively at 30 °C and time 6 h. The DS of the quaternized derivative prepared under optimized reaction conditions was determined as 0.046. The appearance of an additional signal at 3.06 ppm and 54.62 in 1H and 13C and the corresponding cross signal inHSQC (1H−13C) confirmed the synthesis of quaternized guar gum. The study demonstrated that Taguchi L9 orthogonal array is a reliable statistical approach for efficient and green synthesis of quaternized derivatives.
Spin Selectivity in Chiral Hybrid Cobalt Halide Films with Ultrasmooth Surface
Authors: Wang Qian , Lu Ying , He Rui‐Lin , Chen Ruyi , Qiao Leilei , Pan Feng , Yang Zhou , Song Cheng
Published: November 2022

Introducing chirality into low‐dimensional hybrid organic–inorganic halides (HOIHs) creates brand‐new opportunities for HOIHs in spintronics and spin‐related optoelectronics owing to chirality‐induced spin selectivity (CISS). However, preparing smooth films of low‐dimensional HOIHs with small roughness is still a great challenge due to the hybrid and complex crystal structure, which severely inhibits their applications in spintronic devices. Exploring new lead‐free chiral HOIHs with both efficient spin selectivity and excellent film quality is urgently desired. Here, cobalt‐based chiral metal halide crystals (R/S‐NEA)2CoCl4 constructed by 0D [CoCl4] tetrahedrons and 1‐(1‐naphtyl)ethylamine (NEA) are synthesized. The orderly configuration of NEA molecules stabilized by noncovalent CH···π interaction endows (NEA)2CoCl4 with good film‐forming ability. (NEA)2CoCl4 films exhibit strong chiroptical activity (gCD ≈ 0.05) and significant spin‐polarized transport (CISS efficiency up to 90%). Furthermore, ultrasmooth films (roughness ∼ 0.3 nm) with enhanced crystallinity can be achieved by incorporating tiny amount tris(8‐oxoquinoline)aluminum that has analogous conjugated structure to NEA. The realization of highly efficient spin selectivity and sub‐nanometer roughness in lead‐free chiral halides can boost the practical process of low‐dimensional HOIHs in spintronics and other fields.
An investigation of unsuccessful performance and subsequent retake behavior in principles of economics
Authors: Emerson Tisha L. N. , McGoldrick KimMarie
Published: November 2022

Using student transcript data from eight institutions over 23‐years, we investigate enrollments in principles of microeconomics to determine characteristics of successful and unsuccessful students. We follow unsuccessful students to identify determinants of retake decisions and success (or lack thereof) for repeaters. Higher aptitude and more senior students are more likely to succeed in microeconomic principles. Experience with macroeconomics principles, financial accounting, and calculus also increases the likelihood of success. Traditionally challenged groups (females and underrepresented minorities) are more likely to be unsuccessful. Unsuccessful students who complete the course (earning less than a C‐) differ from withdrawers. Academically stronger females and URM students are more likely to withdraw than unsuccessfully persist compared to their white, male counterparts. Students with backgrounds in economics or financial accounting are less likely to withdraw. Withdrawers on the first attempt are more likely to retake the course than unsuccessful completers. Academically stronger females are more likely to retake but academically stronger URM students are less likely to do so. Many of the determinants of success, unsuccessful completion, and withdrawal from the first attempt remain significant predictors of outcomes for repeaters. We conclude with policy suggestions.
The Role of Policy in Shaping and Addressing the Consequences of Parental Incarceration for Child Development in the United States
Authors: Mihalec‐Adkins Brittany P. , Shlafer Rebecca
Published: November 2022

The U.S. has seen a more than five‐fold increase in the number of children who experience the incarceration of a parent, such that now 7% of all U.S. children have been impacted. Parental incarceration has been linked to an array of consequences for children's development and well‐being, spanning most developmental domains and all developmental stages. The overarching goal of this report is to briefly summarize the associations between parental incarceration and adverse outcomes across various aspects of child well‐being and development (Section I), and to discuss the role of policy (Section II) in both contributing to mass parental incarceration in the U.S. (Section II.A.) and addressing the many impacts of parental incarceration in the U.S. on child well‐being and development (Section II.B.). Throughout this report, we acknowledge impacts and additional considerations related to families of color, who are disproportionately affected by incarceration and associated policies.
The potential for nanomaterial toxicity affecting the male reproductive system
Authors: Li Jiangxue , Ning Manman , Zhang Yiming , Liu Qianglin , Liu Kai , Zhang Hongjie , Zhao Yuliang , Chen Chunying , Liu Ying
Published: November 2022

With the development of nanotechnology, nanomaterials offer great advantages in a wide variety of industrial and consumer products, and show promise for biomedical applications. However, with these new products, nanomaterial pollutants may enter the human body to cause adverse health effects, including hazards to the male reproductive system. Nanomaterials can enter the body through inhalation, oral exposure, or intravenous injection, and reach the testis via the blood, penetrate the Sertoli cell barrier, and directly or indirectly elicit toxicopathological changes to the testicles. These may then trigger hormone disorders, inhibit spermatogenic cell proliferation, and induce apoptosis, ultimately leading to a decrease in sperm motility and number, ultimately diminishing male reproductive capacity. This review will discuss the toxicological effects of nanomaterials on the male reproductive system, including inflammation, the impact on the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG axis), lipid peroxidation, and free ion release relevant to germ cells, Sertoli cell tight junctions, and the gonadal endocrine system.

This article is categorized under:

Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials