bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Promoter Polymorphisms in the Plasma Glutathione Peroxidase (
GPx-3
) Gene
Authors: Voetsch Barbara , Jin Richard C. , Bierl Charlene , Benke Kelly S. , Kenet Gili , Simioni Paolo , Ottaviano Filomena , Damasceno Benito P. , Annichino-Bizacchi Joyce M. , Handy Diane E. , Loscalzo Joseph
Published: November 2006

Background and Purpose—

Plasma glutathione peroxidase (
GPx-3
)–deficiency increases extracellular oxidant stress, decreases bioavailable nitric oxide, and promotes platelet activation. The aim of this study is to identify polymorphisms in the
GPx-3
gene, examine their relationship to arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) in a large series of children and young adults, and determine their functional molecular consequences.

Methods—

We studied the
GPx-3
gene promoter from 123 young adults with idiopathic AIS and 123 age- and gender-matched controls by single-stranded conformational polymorphism and sequencing analysis. A second, independent population with childhood stroke was used for a replication study. We identified 8 novel, strongly linked polymorphisms in the
GPx-3
gene promoter that formed 2 main haplotypes (H1 and H2). The transcriptional activity of the 2 most prevalent haplotypes was studied with luciferase reporter gene constructs.

Results—

The H2 haplotype was over-represented in both patient populations and associated with an independent increase in the risk of AIS in young adults (odds ratio=2.07, 95% CI=1.03 to 4.47;
P
=0.034) and children (odds ratio=2.13, 95% CI=1.23 to 4.90;
P
=0.027). In adults simultaneously exposed to vascular risk factors, the risk of AIS approximately doubled (odds ratio=5.18, 95% CI=1.82 to 15.03;
P
<0.001). Transcriptional activity of the H2 haplotype was lower than that of the H1 haplotype, especially after upregulation by hypoxia (normalized relative luminescence: 3.54±0.32 versus 2.47±0.26;
P
=0.0083).

Conclusion—

These findings indicate that a novel
GPx-3
promoter haplotype is an independent risk factor for AIS in children and young adults. This haplotype reduces the gene’s transcriptional activity, thereby compromising gene expression and plasma antioxidant and antithrombotic activities.
Long-Lasting Regeneration After Ischemia in the Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Leker Ronen R. , Soldner Frank , Velasco Ivan , Gavin Denise K. , Androutsellis-Theotokis Andreas , McKay Ronald D.G.
Published: November 2006

Background and Purpose—

Because fibroblast growth factor 2 is a mitogen for central nervous system stem cells, we explored whether long-term fibroblast growth factor 2 delivery to the brain can improve functional outcome and induce cortical neurogenesis after ischemia.

Methods—

Rats underwent permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion resulting in an ischemic injury limited to the cortex. We used an adeno-associated virus transfection system to induce long-term fibroblast growth factor 2 expression and monitored behavioral and histological changes.

Results—

Treatment increased the number of proliferating cells and improved motor behavior. Neurogenesis continued throughout 90 days after the ischemia, and the occurrence of newly generated cells with characteristics of neural precursors and immature neurons was most evident 90 days after treatment.

Conclusions—

Focal cortical ischemia elicits an ongoing neurogenic response that can be enhanced with fibroblast growth factor 2 leading to improved functional outcome.
Wnt gradient formation: from source to sink
Authors: Coudreuse Damien , Korswagen Hendrik
Published: November 2006

The secreted glycoproteins of the Wnt family activate a highly conserved signalling pathway that controls several developmental processes. Wnt ligands function as morphogens that act at a distance from their source by establishing a concentration gradient. The various fates of the Wnt responding cells along the morphogenetic field contribute to the precise patterning of the embryo and depend on the concentration of morphogen to which they are exposed. However, the different mechanisms that allow the controlled formation of the Wnt gradient are unclear. Here we give an overview of current understanding of the mechanisms that potentially control the spreading of the Drosophila Wnt ortholog Wingless.
Ear and eye in subterranean mole-rats, Fukomys anselli (Bathyergidae) and Spalax ehrenbergi (Spalacidae): progressive specialisation or regressive degeneration?
Authors: Burda Hynek
Published: November 2006

The hearing and visual ecology of mole-rats, Spalax ehrenbergi (Spalacidae) from Israel and Fukomys (formerly Cryptomys) anselli (Bathyergidae) from Zambia, two rodent taxa that have independently adapted to subterranean life, are reviewed and compared with epigeic counterparts, the laboratory rat and the guinea pig. In burrows, airborne sounds of low frequencies (200-800 Hz) are least attenuated and even accentuated over short distances. In both mole-rat species the frequency range of the best hearing is shifted to match the frequencies best propagated in tunnels: hearing sensitivity in the lower frequency range (<16 kHz) has been conserved or further improved. Compared to the rat, the hearing range (covering about eight octaves) in mole-rats is not restricted but only shifted towards lower frequencies.Morphologies of the middle and inner ears of mole-rats and the guinea pig are similar in some aspects and suggest tuning to low frequencies. The middle ear morphology of mole-rats does not seem to explain the lower high-frequency limit of hearing. Middle ear is not reduced or degenerated. On the contrary, the incus and the stapedial footplate are markedly enlarged, resulting in reduced sensitivity. These features can be considered an adaptation to compensate for local sound amplification in burrows. The cochlea and its components are highly specialised for sensitive perception and high resolution of low frequencies.Despite living in the same optic environment, Spalax and Fukomys show different degrees of regression and specialisation of the visual system. The eye in Spalax is severely regressed and shortwave-opsin cones are missing. Spalax is blind but the retina has retained its role for photoperiodic perception. Fukomys has small, yet morphologically normal, eyes, with a retina rich in 'blue' cones. It has retained basic visual capabilities; however, the role of light as a zeitgeber is not conclusive.
Conserving declining species using incomplete demographic information: what help can we expect from the use of matrix population models?
Authors: Hemerik Lia , Klok Chris
Published: November 2006

Due to human activity, many species have strongly declined in number and are currently threatened with extinction. Management directed at conservation of these species can benefit from the use of simple population models such as matrix models. However, for many species, data on survival and reproduction are scarce. Therefore, we set up a general framework based on a matrix model with three parameters: reproduction, juvenile (=first year survival) and adult survival in which incomplete data can be analysed. This framework is applicable to species that can mature after their first year of life. The point in a calendar year at which the population size is determined, i.e. the census time, is varied. We discuss the differences and the similarities between matrices modelling the same population at different census times. The population growth rate and the elasticity of the survival and reproduction parameters have been determined analytically. From these we made, as a visual diagnostic tool (general framework), plots of the growth rate and the elasticity pattern and their dependence on actual values of the reproduction parameter and the juvenile and adult survival. To illustrate the use of this framework we plot and discuss literature data on survival and/or reproduction of a few bird species with a juvenile stage of one year in the light of our modelling results.
Resiliency in Negotiation: Bouncing Back from Impasse
Authors: Spector Bertram
Published: November 2006

Deadlocked international negotiations risk prolonged uncertainty and, worse, the possible onset of hostilities. While the negotiation research literature is replete with strategies and tactics that seek positive sum outcomes, there is a paucity of reliable advice for negotiators faced with stalemate on what they can do to avert failure and get back on the negotiation track. This study suggests that international negotiations can learn from the field of developmental psychology about the concept and practice of resiliency. Resiliency is the human capacity to face, overcome and be strengthened by experiences of extreme adversity. It is a basic and powerful human competency that negotiators, faced with impasse, need to master to avert failure and achieve successful negotiation outcomes. If people have the capacity to bounce back from adversity in their personal lives, negotiators in their professional lives should be able to mobilize this capacity to bounce back from impasses, as well. Several propositions based on research findings are examined.
Order through Negotiation
Authors: Meerts Paul
Published: November 2006

The negotiation process can be a tool that generates order in international relations between states and international organizations. Order and structure are needed in a globalizing world of interdependencies and growing cleavages. The importance of international regimes in channeling and protecting negotiation processes is discussed. Regimes and interstate bargaining can only be effective if the main actors successfully balance their interests and activities. To create this equilibrium, extra-regime negotiations are as much needed as intra-regime bargaining, since negotiation is as much about situations as it is about structures, flexibility plus strength.
Negotiating Internal, Ethnic and Identity Conflicts in a Globalized World
Authors:   William Zartman
Published: November 2006

How, under current conditions, do negotiators find a resolving formula that is enticing to the parties in internal conflicts and that lasts? The search for an answer about this process can take three paths: One that focuses on the context provided by the conflict itself, another that examines the content of the appropriate outcome, and a third that looks at the conduct of parties in their negotiating roles. A particular challenge comes from the internal and international reactions – primarily Islamic – to the encroachment of globalization into their area, where the challenge is to move the conflict from non-negotiable to negotiable. A wide range of conflicts will be used to illustrate the conceptual discussion.
International Business Negotiation in a Globalizing World: Reflections on the Contributions and Future of a (Sub) Field
Authors: Weiss Stephen
Published: November 2006

Research on international business negotiation has been underway for 35 years. It has developed within two major paradigms: the macro-strategic, which focuses on organizational wholes, and the micro-behavioral, which focuses on individuals. The former further divides into business-government relations and interfirm relationship streams, while the latter branches into comparative and intercultural studies. While this article summarizes these bodies of literature, its main purpose is to offer a critique of this research, consider its contribution to practice and to the field of international negotiation, and stimulate ideas for future research.
Spherical SiO2 @ GdPO4 : Eu3+ Core–Shell Phosphors: Sol–Gel Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Lin Cuikun , Zhao Bo , Wang Zhenling , Yu Min , Wang Huan , Kong Deyan , Lin Jun
Published: November 2006

Nanocrystalline GdPO4 : Eu3+ phosphor layers were coated on non-aggregated, monodisperse and spherical SiO2 particles by Pechini sol–gel method, resulting in the formation of core–shell structured SiO2 @ GdPO4
: Eu3+ particles. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), photoluminescence (PL), low-voltage cathodoluminescence (CL), time-resolved PL spectra and lifetimes
were used to characterize the core–shell structured materials. Both XRD and FT-IR results indicate that GdPO4 layers have been successfully coated on the SiO2 particles, which can be further verified by the images of FESEM and TEM. Under UV light excitation, the
SiO2 @ GdPO4 : Eu3+ phosphors show orange-red luminescence with Eu3+ 5D0–7F1 (593 nm) as the most prominent group. The PL excitation and emission spectra suggest that an energy transfer occurs
from Gd3+ to Eu3+ in SiO2 @ GdPO4 : Eu3+ phosphors. The obtained core–shell phosphors have potential applications in FED and PDP devices.
Fabrication and Photoluminescent Properties of Gd2O3: Eu3+ Nanowires in AAO Template
Authors: Li Suwen , Song Hongwei , Yu Lixin , Liu Zhongxin , Pan Guohui , Yu Hongquan , Dai Qilin , Fan Libo , Lei Yanqiang , Wang Tie , Ren Xinguang , Lu Shaozhe , Zhao Haifeng
Published: November 2006

Uniform Gd2O3: Eu3+ nanowires were fabricated by using anodic aluminum oxide template (AAO). The spectral measurements indicate that with the increasing annealing temperature the excitation band of Eu3+ in Gd2O3 : Eu3+
nanowires/AAO shifted blue, the intensity ratio of 5D0–7F2 to 5D0–7F1 decreased, and the lifetime became longer. In the sample annealed at 1000°C two spectral components, the sharper and
broader lines were identified, corresponding to two different local environments, the Eu3+ ions in cubic phase and in amorphous phase, respectively. The 5D0–7F1 transitions of Eu3+ ions in cubic phase had longer lifetime
than that in amorphous phase. In contrast to the lifetime of the 5D0–7FJ transitions in the bulk, that in Gd2O3 : Eu3+/AAO composite films increased due to influence of the surrounding media (AAO).
Synthesis and Characterization of Nanodispersed Molecular Aggregates of Prussian Blue in Aerosol OT Reverse Micelle
Authors: Pramanik Smritimoy , Das Debasmita , Das Kaushik , Bhattacharya Subhash Ch.
Published: November 2006

Prussian Blue (PB) nanomolecular aggregates were prepared in a well-characterized, monodispersed biomimicking nanocavities formed by Aerosol OT (AOT) reverse micelle in H2O/AOT/heptane at different ω ([H2O]/[Surfactant]) employing coprecipitation technique.
The formed nanomolecular aggregates of PB have been characterized by the UV-visible, Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as well as by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Cyclic Voltammetric methods. Visible and FTIR spectroscopic measurements confirm the formation of PB
nano aggregates. Experimental results reveal that the molar extinction coefficient of PB nanomolecular aggregates is different for two different regimes of ω of reverse micelles. TEM measurements show that the size of these reverse micellar entrapped nano aggregrates varied with
hydration (ω). Studies on these nano sized particles indicate that Fe is present in a single mixed valence state along the Fe–C–N–Fe skeleton in PB and the half wave potential (E1/2) becomes more positive with increase in the size of the nano
aggregates.
Nanostructures of Bismuth Sulphide: Synthesis and Electrical Properties
Authors: Batabyal Sudip K. , Basu C. , Das A. R. , Sanyal G. S.
Published: November 2006

Bismuth ammonium citrate complex (C24H20Bi4O28 · 6NH3 · 10H2O) interacted with sodium sulphide (Na2S) in presence of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) yielding Bi2S3
nanospheres. Solvothermal treatment of the bismuth complex and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) produced Bi2S3 nanorods. Reaction conditions were optimized to investigate the morphology evolution of the product. Electrical properties of the nanorods were monitored in details.
Doxorubicin-CdS Nanoparticles: A Potential Anticancer Agent for Enhancing the Drug Uptake of Cancer Cells
Authors: Li Jingyuan , Wu Chunhui , Dai Yongyuan , Zhang Renyun , Wang Xuemei , Fu Degang , Chen Baoan
Published: November 2006

A novel strategy of enhancing the drug uptake by cancer cells through the combination of anticancer drug doxorubicin with cadium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles has been explored by using confocal fluorescence scanning microscopy as well as electrochemical studies, which demonstrates that
CdS nanoparticles can readily conjugate with doxorubicin on the targeted cancer cells and facilitate the uptake of drug molecules in the human leukemia K562 cells. Besides, our observations also indicate that the aggregation of the leukemia cells occured when CdS nanoparticles were introduced
into the relative target system together with doxorubicin, suggesting that the specific association of CdS nanoparticles with biologically active molecules on the surface of leukemia K562 cells may change some biorecognition or signal transfer pathway among cancer cells. It is suggested that
the competitive binding of CdS nanoparticles with accompanying anticancer drug to the membrane of leukemia K562 cells could efficiently prevent the drug release by the drug resistant leukemia cells and thus inhibit the relative multidrug resistance (MDR) of targeted cancer cells.
On the Effect of Nanocrystallization and Disorder on the Magnetic Properties of Cu-Rich, FeMnCu Alloys
Authors: Stewart S. J. , Marco J. F. , Crespo P. , Romero J. J. , Martínez A. , Hernando A. , Palomares F. J. , González J. M.
Published: November 2006

We report on the temperature dependencies of the Mössbauer spectra and the AC magnetic susceptibility measured in Cu-rich, FeMnCu samples prepared by mechanically alloying, using, on the one side, Cu and prealloyed FeMn powders and, on the other, pure element Cu, Mn, and Fe powders.
From the correlation of the Mössbauer and susceptibility data we conclude about the basic characteristics of the phase distributions present in the different studied samples. Those distributions are a consequence of both the nanostructure induced upon milling and of the different signs
of the Mn/Cu (negative) and Fe/Cu (positive) enthalpies of mixing. The proposed phase distributions are significantly different in the samples prepared from different precursors and this fact is analyzed in terms of the disproportion of the precursor FeMn alloy and in those of the favoured
Mn/Cu interdiffusion and the hindered Fe/Cu one.
Optical Properties of Zigzag Twinned Geometry of Zn2SnO4 Nanowires
Authors: Jeedigunta Sathyaharish , Singh Manoj K. , Kumar Ashok , Shamsuzzoha M.
Published: November 2006

High-density single-crystalline Zn2SnO4 nanowires have been successfully synthesized by using a simple thermal evaporation method by heating a mixture of ZnO and SnO2 nano powders. The products in general contain various geometries of wires, with an
average diameter of 80–100 nm. These nanowires are ultra-long, up to 100 microns. The transmission electron microscopy study showed that these nanowires exhibited zigzag twinned geometry, and grow along the 〈111〉 direction. Low-temperature photoluminescence properties of the
nanowires were measured, showing a strong green emission band at about 515 nm and a weak peak corresponding to UV emission at about 378 nm, which have not been reported before.
Boron Nitride Nanotubes: Nanoparticles Functionalization and Junction Fabrication
Authors: Zhi Chunyi , Bando Yoshio , Shen Guozhen , Tang Chengchun , Golberg Dmitri
Published: November 2006

Adopting a wet chemistry method, Au and Fe3O4 nanoparticles were functionalized on boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) successfully for the first time. X-ray diffraction pattern and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the resultant products.
Subsequently, a method was proposed to fabricate heterojunction structures based on the particle-functionalized BNNTs. As a demonstration, BNNT-carbon nanostructure, BNNT-ZnO and BNNT-Ga2O3 junctions were successfully fabricated using the functionalized particles as catalysts.
Solvothermal Synthesis of CdS Nanorods: Role of Basic Experimental Parameters
Authors: Datta Anuja , Kar Soumitra , Ghatak Jay , Chaudhuri Subhadra
Published: November 2006

CdS nanorods with varying dimensions were synthesized by solvothermal process. It was observed that the anions present with the Cd-salts play an important role in determining the dimensions of the CdS nanorods. The crystalline nature of the sources was found to play a crucial role in
determining the phase of the products. The nature of the sulfur source, molar ratio of the precursors, filling fraction of the solvent, and the synthesis temperature play important role in defining the size and shape of the products. By controlling the experimental parameters it was possible
to control the dimension of the CdS nanorods within a certain range (diameter of the nanorods could be varied within a wide range from ∼7 to 100 nm by varying the temperature within 100–250 °C). Optical absorption, photoluminescence, and Raman studies of these samples were carried
out to characterize the CdS nanorods.
Multipod ZnO Nanoforms: Low Temperature Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Ghoshal Tandra , Kar Soumitra , Biswas Subhajit , Majumdar Gautam , Chaudhuri Subhadra
Published: November 2006

ZnO nanotetrapods were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation of Zn powder at a relatively low temperature ∼600 °C. The tetrapods have four legs with hexagonal cross-section. Interpenetrating growth was observed in some of these nanotetrapods. Multipod ZnO nanoforms were
produced at higher temperature. The optical characterizations such as optical absorbance, photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy reveal excellent crystal qualities of these nanoforms. The field emission studies indicated that these nanoforms could be utilized in field emission based devices.
Enhanced Electrochemical Detection of DNA Hybridization with Carbon Nanotube Modified paste Electrode
Authors: Nie Libo , Guo Huishi , He Quanguo , Chen Jianrong , Miao Yuqing
Published: November 2006

A novel electrochemical genesensor using twice hybridization enhancement of gold nanoparticles based on carbon paste modified electrode is described. The carbon nanotube modified carbon paste electrode (CNTPE) and mesoporous molecular sieve SBA-15 modified carbon paste electrode (MSCPE)
were investigated. The assay relies on the immobilization of streptavidin-biotin labeled target oligonucleotides onto the electrode surface and its hybridization to the gold nanoparticle-labeled DNA probe. After twice hybridization enhanced connection of gold nanoparticles to the hybridized
system, the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) signal of total gold nanoparticles was monitored. It was found that the adsorption of oligonucleotide and hybridized DPV signal on CNTPE were both enhanced in comparison with that of pure carbon paste electrode (CPE). But this trend was reverse
on MSCPE. The DPV detection of twice hybridized gold nanoparticles indicated that the sensitivity of the genesensor enhanced about one order of magnitude compared with one-layer hybridization. One-base mismatched DNA and complementary DNA could be distinguished clearly. However, no distinct
advantage of MSCPE over CPE was found.
Influence of Surface Electrode on Luminescent Properties of Nanocrystalline Silicon Electroluminescent Device
Authors: Sato Keisuke , Hirakuri Kenji
Published: November 2006

We describe the electrical and luminescence properties of nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si) based red electroluminescent (EL) devices using an indium tin oxide (ITO) and/or gold (Au) films as a surface electrode, and the variation in the transmittance and resistivity of two electrodes
with various film thicknesses. The increase in the film thickness from 50 to 200 nm of the ITO electrode led to the lowering of resistivity from 2.0 × 10−3 to 9.1 × 10−4 Ω cm and almost the same value (83–92%) of transmittance in the
red region. On the other hand, the Au electrode was lowered the resistivity from 1.8 × 10−4 to 1.6 × 10−5 Ωcm and the transmittance in the red region from 42 to 1.8% with increasing the film thickness from 10 to 80 nm. Moreover, the red luminescence
from the EL devices using the ITO and/or Au electrodes having thickness of 200 and 10 nm, respectively, obtained by applying the direct current forward voltage above 4.5 and 2.5 V and/or by flowing the forward current density above 53 and 38 mA/cm2, respectively. However, the luminescence
intensity of EL device with the ITO electrode strengthened more than about one order of magnitude in comparison to that of the EL device with the Au electrode. This was due to the high value of transmittance in the red region of the ITO electrode. We suggest that the ITO electrode is an optimum
surface electrode for the realization of nc-Si based EL device with the high brightness.
Growth Aspects of Photochemically Synthesized Silver Triangular Nanoplates
Authors: Rocha Túlio C. R. , Zanchet Daniela
Published: November 2006

Aspects of the growth mechanism of silver triangular nanoplates by photochemical synthesis were addressed by detailed characterization using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, electron microscopies, and atomic force microscopy. The quantitative characterization of their size and thickness
during the reaction showed that both increase with time as well as the aspect ratio. Samples irradiated by different wavelengths showed that the size of the nanoplates can be controlled by the incident wavelength and it is responsible for the increase of the aspect ratio, but the thickness
seems to be determined by the conditions of the initial seeds. It was also found that irradiation with wavelength out of resonance with the surface plasmon of the initial seeds leads to a slower kinetics. The results suggested that rational exploration of the synthesis parameter such as the
type of the initial seeds in combination with the wavelength irradiation may lead to a broader type of particles already obtained by this method.
Synthesis and Characterization of TiO2 Nanotube/Hydroquinone Hybrid Structure
Authors: Jia Yuanyuan , Kleinhammes Alfred , Kulkarni Harsha , McGuire Kristopher , McNeil L. E. , Wu Yue
Published: November 2006

It is shown that 1,4-benzenediol (hydroquinone) and TiO2 nanotubes can form a hybrid structure that is stable in aqueous environment. The incorporation of hydroquinone restores the local structure of nanotubes to anatase-like as evidenced by Raman spectroscopy. Subtle overall
structural changes take place upon annealing of the hybrid structure contributing to its stability. The hybrid system shows a broad optical absorption peak extending significantly beyond 700 nm with potential applications in photocatalysis and photoelectrochemistry.
Millable Polyurethane/Organoclay Nanocomposites: Preparation, Characterization, and Properties
Authors: Siliani M. , López-Manchado M. A. , Valentín J. L. , Arroyo M. , Marcos A. , Khayet M. , Villaluenga J. P. G.
Published: November 2006

Novel millable polyurethane (PU)/organoclay nanocomposites have been successfully prepared by conventional transformation techniques. One natural (C6A) and two organically modified (C15A and C30B) montmorillonites have been used as clays for preparing PU nanocomposites. The optimum
dispersion of nanofiller at a nanometer scale in PU matrix was confirmed by X-ray diffraction patterns and transmission electron microscopy. A substantial improvement of the PU properties by addition of only a small amount of organoclay was observed. It is worthy to note that the organoclays
show a different interfacial interaction with the PU matrix, which was reflected in different macroscopic properties. Thus, C30B organoclay seems to react with PU chains to form covalent bonds, while C15Aonly interacts physically with PU chains. Mechanical and barrier properties are analyzed.
Preparation and Characterization of Grafted Collagen-Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Composites
Authors: Cao Y. , Zhou Y. M. , Shan Y. , Ju H. X. , Xue X. J.
Published: November 2006

This paper describes a new class of composite materials designed by combining multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and grafted collagen matrix. These materials show high mechanical capabilities by taking advantage of the favorable mechanical characteristics of MWCNTs. Furthermore,
doping carbon nanotubes into grafted collagen matrix results in a substantial improvement of thermal stability and infrared emissivity. Thus these materials possess potential applications in some fields such as biomedicine and infrared camouflage.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Green Luminescence in ZnO Nanocages
Authors: Snure Michael , Tiwari Ashutosh
Published: November 2006

In this paper, we report the synthesis, characterization and observation of green luminescence in ZnO nanocages. A novel low temperature solution-based technique has been developed for growing highly porous ZnO nano-cages from coarse ZnO precursor powders. Various samples, prepared
in this study, were characterized using several different characterization tools such as X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, Raman, Photoluminescence and Optical Transmission Spectroscopy. It has been shown that ZnO nanocages exhibit green
luminescence, with PL data showing a broad green peak at 510 nm. The shift and broadening in the luminescence peaks are understood to arise because of the onset of deep level defects in the system.
Synthesis of Silicon Carbide Nanotubes by Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Xie Zhengfang , Tao Deliang , Wang Jiqing
Published: November 2006

Silicon carbide nanotubes (SiCNTs) were directly synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) in the paper. Methyltrichlorosilane (MTS) was selected as the SiC gaseous source and, ferrocence and thiophene as the catalyst and the cocatalyst, respectively. The influences of reaction
temperature, contents of catalyst and cocatalyst, and content of gaseous source on the morphologies of the products were investigated, respectively. The products were identified by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction
(XRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), respectively. The synthesis of SiCNTs by CVD suggested a condition-dependent process. Novel SiCNTs, with 20∼80 nm in outer diameter and 15∼35 nm in inner diameter, respectively, were observed. The wall structure similar to that of carbon nanotubes
was not found for the SiCNTs.
A Simple Route to Ultra Long SiC Nanowires
Authors: Cai K. F. , Lei Q. , Zhang A. X.
Published: November 2006

SiC nanowires are prepared by pyrolysis of hexamethyldisilane (HMDS), at 1200 °C in a flowing Ar atmosphere. The length of the nanowires is in millimeter scale. Transmission electron microscopy observations indicate that the diameters of the SiC nanowires are in the range of about
8 to 120 nm, and that most of the nanowires have numerous stacking faults. The formation mechanism of the nanowires is proposed.
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Nanocrystalline Titania Electrodes Made at Various Sintering Temperatures
Authors: Stathatos Elias , Lianos Panagiotis
Published: November 2006

Dye-sensitized solar cells were made by using nanocrystalline titania deposited on Fluorine-doped SnO2 (FTO) electrodes. Nanocrystalline titania deposition was made by the sol–gel method using reverse micelles of bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) in
cyclohexane as reaction medium. This surfactant could be easily removed from the deposited nanocomposite organic-inorganic film by simple rinsing with distilled water, without affecting titania adherence on FTO electrode. These nanocrystalline titania electrodes were used to make solar cells
either without sintering or after sintering at various temperatures. Sintering extensively affected short circuit current but had small effect on device open-circuit voltage. Thus satisfactory photovoltaic response could be obtained even with devices made of non-sintered (room-temperature)
titania.
Preparation of Orpiment Nanoparticles and Their Cytotoxic Effect on Cultured Leukemia K562 Cells
Authors: Lin Mei , Wang Ziyu , Zhang Dongsheng
Published: November 2006

An investigation has been made into the antitumor effect on K562 cells of orpiment nanoparticles which were prepared chemically and analyzed by transmission electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium and flow cytometry assays were performed
to examine their antitumor effect compared with that of traditional orpiment at various concentrations. The average diameters of the two types of orpiment nanoparticles prepared were 60 nm and 140 nm, respectively, and EDS identified that only orpiment was present. Orpiment nanoparticles greatly
inhibited the proliferation of K562 cells by apoptosis, in a concentration-and time-dependent manner, much more effectively than traditional orpiment (p < 0.001). The survival ratio of cells treated with orpiment nanoparticles at 2, 4, 8, and 16 μmol/l after 72 h was 23.0%,
10.1%, 3.2%, and 0.5%, respectively, much lower than 80.0%, 69.0%, 52.3%, and 31.7% of cells treated with traditional orpiment at the corresponding concentration for 72 h. The IC50 of orpiment nanoparticles in K562 cells for 48 h was only 1.27 μmol/l, in comparison with
13.0 μmol/l of traditional orpiment. After treated with orpiment nanoparticles at 4, 8, and 16 μmol/l for 48 h, the apoptotic rate of cells was 11.55%, 20.70%, and 26.45%, respectively, but that in cells treated with traditional orpiment at the same concentration for 48
h was only 3.16%, 3.86%, and 6.46%, respectively. Thus, orpiment nanoparticles can produce a much better cytotoxic effect on cancer cells than that of traditional orpiment.
Production of Nanopatterns by a Combination of Electron Beam Lithography and a Self-Assembled Monolayer for an Antibody Nanoarray
Authors: Zhang Guo-Jun , Tanii Takashi , Kanari Yuzo , Ohdomari Iwao
Published: November 2006

We report on a flexible method of producing antibody (IgG) nanopatterns by combining electron beam (EB) lithography and a perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (FDTES) self-assembled monolayer (SAM). Using EB lithography of the FDTES SAM, we easily fabricated IgG patterns with feature sizes
on the order of 100 nm. The patterned IgG retained its ability to interact specifically with an anti-IgG. The influence of different concentrations of the IgG and anti-IgG on the resulting fluorescent IgG arrays was investigated. These IgG nanopatterns appeared to be remarkably well controlled
and showed almost no detectable nonspecific binding of proteins on a hydrophobic SAM under a suitable incubation condition, characterized by atomic force microscopy, and epi-fluorescence microscopy. The technique enables the realization of high-throughput protein nanoscale arrays with high
specificity.
Adsorption of Avermectin on Porous Hollow Silica Nanoparticles by Supercritical Technology
Authors: Li Zhu-Zhu , Chen Jian-Feng , Li Ying , Wen Li-Xiong
Published: November 2006

Porous hollow silica nanoparticles with O.D. of ∼100 nm and a wall thickness of ∼10 nm were prepared by using inorganic CaCO3 templates. The produced PHSN were employed as a novel carrier to study the adsorption of avermectin in supercritical carbon dioxide by applying
different adsorption pressure, adsorption temperature, adsorption time and volume of cosolvent. The results indicated that while increasing adsorption pressure and time always showed a positive effect on the avermectin adsorption until adsorption saturation is reached, both the adsorption
temperature and volume of cosolvent require an optimal value for achieving the maximum adsorption. It was found that the optimal adsorption could be obtained at an adsorption pressure of 15 MPa and an adsorption temperature of 313 K for 90 minutes with 5 ml cosolvent. In addition, the desorption
behavior of avermectin from the avermectin-loaded PHSN samples showed a sustained style: ∼60% of avermectin was released in the first 20 minutes, while the other 40% followed a typical sustained desorption pattern and was dissolved out slowly for a time period of 3000 minutes, which is
different from the quick and complete desorption from solid SiO2 carriers.
A Chemical Solution Route to Rapid Synthesis of Homogeneous Bi100−xSbx Alloys Nanoparticles at Room Temperature
Authors: Zhou Bo , Zhu Jun-Jie
Published: November 2006

A chemical co-reduction route in aqueous solution was developed to synthesize Bi100−xSbx alloys at room temperature. The hydrolyses of Bi(III) and Sb(III) were effectively avoided by selecting proper raw materials and coordinator. X-ray diffraction
analysis indicated that the as-prepared Bi100−xSbx alloys were homogeneous and phase-pure, and the Bi/Sb ratios in the alloys were very close to those in the aqueous solutions. The transmission electron microscope observation showed that the as-prepared
Bi100−xSbx (x = 0∼100) alloys were particles with a size of tens of nanometers. The selected area electron diffraction patterns confirmed the high crystallinity, the homogeneousness, and the composition controllability of as-prepared alloys.
All these characters and the nanometer-scaled size of the alloys are believed to be beneficial to the thermoelectric property of the Bi100−xSbx alloys.
How to Assess the Risks of Nanotechnology: Learning from Past Experience
Authors: Davis J. Michael
Published: November 2006

Nanotechnology may yield a plethora of beneficial applications, but it can also be expected to present risks. The challenge is to anticipate and reduce environmental and health risks or, at a minimum, identify and deal with such threats once they begin to become evident. Past experience,
particularly with the fuel additive MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether), provides valuable guidance on how to assess the potential risks of nanotechnology using a comprehensive environmental assessment approach, which combines a product life-cycle perspective with the risk assessment paradigm.
This systematic approach can serve not only to guide the development of a research strategy for assessing the risks of nanotechnology but possibly even help avert unintended consequences of nanotechnology.
Engineering Protein and Peptide Building Blocks for Nanotechnology
Authors: Banta Scott , Megeed Zaki , Casali Monica , Rege Kaushal , Yarmush Martin L.
Published: November 2006

The tremendous diversity in the structure and function of proteins has stimulated intense interest in using them for nanotechnology applications. In this review, we discuss recent developments in the engineering of proteins and peptides for the design and construction of functional
and structural elements of nanodevices. We begin with a short discussion highlighting the differences between chemical and biological synthesis of proteins and peptides. Subsequently, we review recent applications of proteins and peptides as molecular motors, transducers, biosensors, and structural
elements of nanodevices. We supplement this review with highlights of our own work in the areas of peptide-based transducers for stand-alone and intra-molecular applications. This is followed by a short discussion of nanotechnology safety issues, and how proteins and peptides may enable the
development of biocompatible nanomaterials. The future outlook for protein and peptide-based nanomaterials is then discussed, with an eye toward the significant impact of improved computational techniques on the field.
Sunlight-Driving Formation and Characterization of Size-Controlled Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Luo Yonglan
Published: November 2006

Exposing a sodium citrate-HAuCl4 aqueous solution to sunlight results in the formation of size-controlled, citrate-capped gold nanoparticles. The gold nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microcopy (SEM),
and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopic methods. It provides a general methodologyfor the economic, convenient, mild preparation of citrate-capped noble metal nanoparticles.
What Kind of World Order?
Authors: Sørensen Georg
Published: November 2006

What kind of world order is now emerging? There are several different suggestions in the debate and the present article is a modest attempt to cut through the confusion. Any comprehensive analysis of order must address four major aspects or dimensions of the phenomenon: (a) the realist concern of the politico-military balance of war; (b) the liberal concern of the make-up of international institutions and the emergence of global governance; (c) the constructivist concern of the realm of ideas and ideology, with a focus on the existence or otherwise of common values on a global scale; and (d) the IPE (International Political Economy) concern of the economic realm of production, finance and distribution. On the basis of this analysis, I define the current order as an interregnum; a new, stable order has not been established but significant elements of the old order remain in place. The consequences of this situation are discussed briefly.
Inter-Texual Relations
Authors: Ringmar Erik
Published: November 2006

In this article, I analyse the unexpected quarrels and strange new alliances that formed in response to the United States’ decision to go to war against Iraq in the spring of 2003. Telling different stories about Iraq, about themselves and about the nature of world politics, decision-makers reached different, conflicting conclusions. As is the case with all stories, these accounts are best analysed with the help of literary theory. Pursuing such an investigation I find that the stories follow closely one or the other of four classical narrative types: romance, tragedy, comedy and satire. I explain the quarrels and strange new alliances as a problem of inter-textuality.
Latvian Foreign Policy after Enlargement
Authors: Galbreath David J.
Published: November 2006

Latvia’s transition from Soviet republic to restored nation-state has been most clearly seen in the transition to democracy and the market economy. Externally, however, the Baltic State has had to negotiate complex challenges in both the local and wider security complex. In this essay I argue that the development and evolution of Latvian foreign policy illustrates a transition to post-existential politics and illuminates the nature of geo-politics in the Baltic subregion in general. Initially, Latvia had to create a foreign policy agenda with limited resources such as knowledge and capacity. The 1995 Latvian foreign policy guidelines formally established the move to the ‘West’ generally as well as membership of the EU and NATO specifically. The guidelines show that the nature of insecurity in the region was by and large dictated by Russian dominance and political transition. With the accession into the EU and NATO, we can see that Latvia’s foreign policy objectives have shifted away from balancing in the subregion to integration in the larger security architecture. This includes fulfilling the niche capabilities in the North Atlantic infrastructure as well as engaging with other post-Soviet States as they move towards the ‘West’. Furthermore, Latvia’s objectives have moved beyond the subregion to include military missions in the Balkans, Afghanistan and Iraq. Overall, I argue that a review of Latvia’s foreign policy development illustrates the evolving nature of cooperation and conflict on the threshold between East and West.
Which Countries Learn from Which?
Authors: Nedergaard Peter
Published: November 2006

Which countries learn from which other countries in the course of cooperation in the Nordic and European open method of coordination (OMC) committees? That is the key question this article addresses.The goal is to contribute to the body of research on Europeanization by exploring its ‘horizontal’ thrust. The object of the study is the direction of learning as perceived by participants in European OMC committees and Nordic committees with similar functions. The approach implies cross-testing of two key hypotheses: (1) the direction of learning in international committees is dependent on which countries can show ‘best practice’, and (2) learning in international committees is dependent on the degree to which countries share a similar economic-political background (the ‘most similar’ hypothesis). The cross test affirms the ‘best practice’ hypothesis, whereas the ‘most similar’ hypothesis is shown to be significant only to the extent that it concurs with the ‘best practice’ hypothesis.
Psychological distress and resources among siblings and parents exposed to traumatic events
Authors: Punamäki Raija-Leena , Qouta Samir , Sarraj Eyad El , Montgomery Edith
Published: November 2006

We examined symmetries and asymmetries within family members' psychological distress and resources in general and when exposed to traumatic events in particular. PTSD and depressive symptoms indicated distress and resilient attitudes, and satisfaction with quality of life indicated resources. We also analysed potential complementary dynamics between family members and identified family types according to their distress and resources. Concerning trauma impact, we hypothesized that exposure to family military violence (FMV) and recent personal trauma (RPT) predict family members' psychological distress and resources differently, indicating asymmetry in family responses. The participants were 65 Palestinian families each consisting of a mother, a father and their 15-, 17and 19-year-old children. The within-family MANOVA results showed asymmetric in psychological distress and resources in sibling and spousal subsystems, for example older siblings reported a higher level of depressive symptoms than both parents, and mothers reported PTSD more often than fathers. The cluster analysis identified four family types, two with symmetric responses: In the “resilient families” all members showed low distress and high resources, and in the “ordeal families” all showed distress and low resources. In the asymmetric families either the children or the parents showed low distress and high resources, named the “children's strength families” and the “parental strength families”, respectively. Partial correlation analysis revealed complementary dynamics between children and their parents: If mothers reported high levels of psychological distress, the 15and 17-year-olds reported low or vice versa. Spousal complementary dynamics were found in psychosocial resources: If the mother showed highly resilient attitudes, the father showed low or vice versa. As hypothesized, exposure to traumatic events was differently associated with family members’ psychological distress and resources. Family military trauma (FMT) predicted depressive symptoms only among the youngest siblings, and recent personal trauma (RPT) was associated with dissatisfaction with quality of life only among the oldest sibling and fathers.
Attachment security and narrative elaboration
Authors: McCabe Allyssa , Peterson Carole , Connors Dianne M.
Published: November 2006

A key means of getting to know someone is through the sharing of personal experience narratives, an ability that shows considerable individual variation. Past research has documented a relationship between narration in conversations between children and their mothers and attachment security. However, children's narrative contributions are often embedded in an ongoing conversation which may be structured differently by mothers who also have assessed the extent to which their children use them as a secure base. In the present project, these two measurements were independent. Children's narration to an attentive, but non-scaffolding, stranger was investigated to see whether that, too, would correlate with security as assessed by mothers. Participants were 32 4-year-old children and their mothers. The security of children's attachment to their mother was assessed using the revised parent-reported 90-item Q-Sort and correlated with two measures of narration. One was simple length in words of the three longest narratives told to a friendly stranger, and the other was a composite formed from specific scored narrative variables. Both narrative measures were significantly correlated with attachment security, even after partialling out the effects of gender, age, and receptive vocabulary.These results suggest that securely-attached children have internalized the inclination to disclose themselves by means of relating narratives of some length and have begun to generalize this to adults outside their family.