bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reducing Coercion in Schools
Authors: Horner Robert R. , McIntosh Kent
Published: April 2015

The use of punitive discipline systems in schools establishes the foundation of coercive dynamics. Adults all too often establish aversive contingencies that inadvertently prompt and maintain unwanted behavior by students. Three recent themes in addressing school discipline systems include (1) emphasizing reward of desired behavior above punishment of undesired behavior, (2) implementing systems of support at the whole-school level, and (3) introducing a “multitiered” approach to discipline systems that matches the level of support to the need of the student. These three themes are linked within a schoolwide approach labeled “positive behavioral interventions and supports” (PBIS). The chapter presents the core features of School-wide PBIS and describes how those features reduce the detrimental impact of coercive dynamics.
Gene–Environment Interplay in Coercion
Authors: Deater-Deckard Kirby , Chen Nan , El Mallah Shereen
Published: April 2015

Coercive relationship dynamics are established and operate within reactive and regulatory intra- and interpersonal processes in families. These regulatory processes function within complex transactions between genetic and nongenetic processes that are transmitted from parents to children. This chapter highlights examples of gene–environment interplay in several key components of coercive family processes, with a special focus on parent and child self-regulation problems in coercive interactions. These include gene–environment correlation, gene–environment interaction, and epigenetic mechanisms that contribute to individual differences in self-regulation and dyadic regulation. These are conceptualized within a framework of ongoing parent and child effects operating within family dyads.
A Relational Frame Theory Analysis of Coercive Family Process
Authors: Coyne Lisa W. , Cairns Darin
Published: April 2015

This chapter provides a brief overview of direct conditioning models of coercive family process, and augments those accounts by application of relational frame theory and rule-governed behavior. Relational frame theory is a behavior analytic approach to symbolic processes—language and cognition—that extends Skinner’s analysis of verbal behavior. It provides an empirical account of indirect conditioning, and as such, gives us a way to conceptualize coercive family process—and interventions—in a more fine-grained and comprehensive way that allows us to influence this process with greater precision, scope, and depth. In this chapter, we offer a detailed description of indirect conditioning processes that may be involved in the development and maintenance of family processes, as well as some future directions for a systemic intervention to reduce coercion.
Institutions
Authors: Montoya Celeste
Published: April 2015

This chapter addresses “institutions” as a central component of feminist analysis. It provides an overview of the ways in which feminist scholars, informed by varied feminist traditions and approaches, and working across a range of disciplines, have used different conceptualizations of institutions to explore gender power dynamics. It differentiates between “institutions” and other key concepts, such as “structure” and “organizations” andexplores “gender as an institution,” “gender in institutions,” “gendered institutions,” and “institutions as producers of gender.” Furthermore, it addresses the limitations of uni-dimensional understandings and methodologies, and argues the importance of incorporating more dynamic, inclusive, and intersectional lenses in contemporary institutional analysis.
Microphysics of Power
Authors: Oksala Johanna
Published: April 2015

The chapter discusses Foucault’s account of power and introduces some of its most influential feminist appropriations. It explicates the key aspects of Foucault’s conception of productive power—disciplinary power, biopower, governmentality, and resistance—and examines the ways they have been taken up and disputed by feminist scholars. Although Foucault had little interest in the feminist politics of his time, his theorization of the various rationalities and technologies of power has both opened up new resources for feminist critique and been controversial among feminists. It has deepened our theoretical understanding of the constitution of gendered subjectivity and provided stimulus for political critiques of gender normalization, biopolitics, and neoliberalism. It has also challenged some of the most basic assumptions of feminist theory, however, such as the idea of woman as an emancipatory political identity, and the belief that women would have privileged critical insight into patriarchal societies.
Migration
Authors: Parreñas Rhacel Salazar , Choi Carolyn
Published: April 2015

This chapter investigates the construction of gender in women’s migration. It empirically examines how gender is constituted in migrant domestic work, transnational mothering, and women’s marriage migration. The chapter establishes that gendered configurations in women’s migration disrupt as they maintain the gender order. This contradictory construction of gender—which we illustrate via a discussion of the simultaneous retention and rejection of the ideology of female domesticity in women’s migration- shows the limits in gender advancements for migrant women.
Militarization and War
Authors: Ferguson Kathy E. , Naylor Sharain Sasheir
Published: April 2015

This chapter explores two major feminist questions about war and militarization and makes use of five key concepts to address those questions. The first question concerns how we frame our questions: are feminists primarily asking “where are the women?” in war and in militarized societies or are we primarily asking, “how is war gendered?” The second question concerns feminists’ political goals: are we trying to reform militaries in order to achieve fairness and equality for women, or are we working to transform societies so that they are less militaristic? We argue that both sets of questions and goals are important, even though they stand in tension with one another. We make use of, and interrogate, the concepts of gender, intersectionality, war, militarization, and securitization to guide our inquiry, and we make several suggestions to guide future feminist research and teaching on militarization and war.
Policy
Authors: Lombardo Emanuela , Meier Petra
Published: April 2015

This chapter examines how feminist scholars theorize the concept and subject of policy, starting from the main conceptualization of policy and non-feminist theoretical approaches to it, and then discussing the constructivist turn in both non-feminist and feminist theoretical approaches to policy. It traces how the latter demonstrate that policies are “gendered” and “gendering” constructions embedded in underlying norms that tend to perpetuate unequal power hierarchies between women and men. Since most feminist theorizations of policy, implicitly or explicitly, are focused on power, the chapter also addresses feminist approaches to power and their contribution to theorizing policy. Finally, it shows how feminist theorizing of policy improves the quality of policies, which is relevant to produce policies that can promote greater equality.
Science Studies
Authors: Roy Deboleena
Published: April 2015

This chapter provides an overview of the emergence and development of feminist science studies and traces its engagement with key concepts in feminist theory. First, it considers the operationalization of liberal/equal rights feminist frameworks within science and the efforts to create scientific knowledge through sex/gender analyses. Next, it examines the new materialist conversations that have changed feminist theory’s relation to matter and binaries such as sex/gender, contrasting feminist poststructuralist and feminist science studies approaches to the “material turn” in feminist theory. Finally, it considers what the insights feminist science and science and technology scholarship have gleaned from social-justice epistemologies and ethical practices contribute to feminist theory—notably, contextualized analyses that are cognizant of the formative influence of colonialism, capitalism, and neoliberal biopolitics. These diverse approaches to feminist science studies share a cosmopolitical effort to move beyond critiques of science to develop new ways of working with science.
State/Nation
Authors: Kantola Johanna
Published: April 2015

This chapter discusses the feminist debates about state and nation, naming them “feminist theories of the state” and “gender and nation” debates. It shows how feminists have moved away from essentialist notions of women and men and state and nation. Instead of seeing state and nation being real essentialized objects, feminist theories tend to explore them as relational entities that perpetually need to be reproduced through discourses, practices, or material circuits. Feminist scholars explore the power relations behind these constructions, the femininities and masculinities they rely on and reproduce, and their differentiated gender impacts—concepts now theorized as highly context specific rather than universal. A cross-cutting theme in current feminist research is the manifold impacts of neoliberalism in states and nations, and in feminist engagements with them. Feminist scholars explore how neoliberalism is combined with other ideologies, such as conservatism, radical-right populism, or homonationalism, and the gendered outcomes of this.
Subjectivity and Subjectivation
Authors: Smith Anna Marie
Published: April 2015

A chapter addressing the formation of the subject, and the rejection of the assumption that gender and sex are simply given, in various feminist theory paradigms. The project of advancing gender justice requires close attention to the ways in which categories of biological sex and gender, in intersectional relations with race, ethnicity, nationality, class and so on, are historically constructed and deployed to bring subjects into being, even as these same categories are resisted and re-negotiated at the same time in an always agonistic field of social relations. Special reference is made to three pairs of theoretical paradigms and practitioners: liberal feminism and Nancy J. Hirschmann; antiracist socialist feminism and Angela Davis; Derridean-Foucauldian theory and Judith Butler.
Coloniality of Gender and Power
Authors: Mendoza Breny
Published: April 2015

Anticolonial theories analyze complex power relations between the colonizer and the colonized to promote the political project of decolonization. This chapter situates anticolonial feminist theories in relation to two schools of anticolonial thinking, postcolonial and decolonial theory, particularly the strand of decolonial theory developed by the modernity/coloniality school of thought of Latin America. It compares key theoretical arguments and political projects associated with intersectionality, postcolonial feminism, and the decolonial feminism that Maria Lugones has advanced with her notion of the coloniality of gender. The chapter explores the reception of Lugones work in Latin America and the critical insights that decolonial theory offers contemporary social justice projects.
Child Outcomes Associated with Parent Work–Family Experiences
Authors: Cho Eunae , Ciancetta Lindsay
Published: April 2015

This chapter provides a critical synthesis of the literature on the relationship between parent work family experiences and child outcomes. The chapter begins by introducing a theory-driven conceptual model that organizes previous studies. Then it discusses research on the direct link between parent work family experiences and child outcomes, followed by a review of mediators and moderators of the process. It next notes limitations of the extant literature and concludes with promising directions for future research.
The Hidden Family Lives of Single Adults Without Dependent Children
Authors: Casper Wendy J. , Marquardt Dennis J. , Roberto Katherine J. , Buss Carla
Published: April 2015

This chapter reviews the literature on the family and personal demands of single workers without dependent children. Also discussed are findings from an interview study examining how singles without dependent children manage work and nonwork. Results of both the literature review and interviews suggest that singles without dependent children have a variety of family, relationship, and personal demands, which often compete with work, leading to interrole conflict. Moreover, most interview participants indicated that their role as family member is highly valued, and of greater importance than their work role. Taken together, findings refute the view of many work–family researchers that singles without dependent children “have no family” and argue for their inclusion in studies of the work–family interface.
Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Work and Family
Authors: Matthews Russell A. , Holliday Wayne Julie , McKersie Sara J.
Published: April 2015

In an effort to move the field forward work–family scholars continue to evaluate their research with an ever-increasing critical eye. Yet, one area work–family scholars often struggle with is the development and application of theory. Building on previous discussions of theory within the literature, we focus on five theories (i.e., social-exchange theory, person–environment fit theory, adaptation theory, affective events theory, and theory of planned behavior) that have the potential to propel work–family scholarship forward. Also provided in the chapter is a discussion concerning how some theories are misused in the literature. Throughout the chapter, particular emphasis is placed on discussing steps researchers may take to further develop, apply, and refine theories when examining the work–family interface.
Aggression and Violence in the Elderly
Authors: Klein Reva B.
Published: April 2015

Aggression and violence are often overlooked in the aging population. Changes in personality, behavior, and mood are well known in psychiatric disorders, but they are also seen in neurologic conditions, often where there is alteration in brain chemistry, as in metabolic disorders; or alteration in brain structure, as in degenerative disorders, strokes, subdural hematomas, and tumors; or with alteration in brain function, as in epileptic and nonconvulsive status. This chapter provides an overview of specific behaviors, the underlying neurochemistry and pathophysiology behind specific disorders, and some treatment approaches. The consequences of unrecognized and untreated behavioral changes in the elderly can have dire consequences on quality of life—for example, leading to early institutionalization. Regular follow-up that includes questions about behavior would allow for early work-up and treatment to prevent out-of-control escalation. Family education, support, caregiver relief, and prevention of complications can go a long way in improving the quality of life for patients and their families.
Discrimination in Employment Settings
Authors: Murphy Kevin R.
Published: April 2015

Discrimination involves treating people differently in the workplace because of some characteristic that is either relevant to their role in organizations (e.g., promoting someone because he or she possesses required knowledge and skill) or irrelevant (e.g., gender, attractiveness). Discrimination based on characteristics that are not relevant to roles in organization is potentially unfair and illegal. This chapter explores a number of potential explanations for unfair discrimination in organizations and highlights the way the need to make decisions under uncertainty increases the likelihood of discrimination. It also explores differences in the perspectives of organizational decision-makers and job applicants and incumbents. It further discusses studies and models of discrimination that suggest the operation of a mix of legitimate and illegitimate causes for workplace discrimination.
Measuring and Defining Discrimination
Authors: Shen Winny , Dhanani Lindsay
Published: April 2015

Given the prevalence and myriad consequences associated with actual and perceived workplace discrimination, research addressing this topic has grown rapidly in recent years. This expansion of the literature has been accompanied by a proliferation of constructs, definitions, and measures. This chapter reviews and summarizes current definitions and measurement approaches, highlighting discrepancies and deficiencies where they exist in the literature. The chapter concludes by identifying gaps in the workplace discrimination literature, organized around issues of who, what, where, when, and why. Recommendations for future research include employing study designs that minimize the potential for common method variance, assessing perpetrator and target perspectives simultaneously, paying more attention to issues of timing in order to study discrimination as a dynamic and event-based phenomenon, identifying contextual factors that influence the likelihood of perceiving and reporting discrimination, and further clarifying and addressing the bases by which discrimination occurs.
Receptive Music Therapy
Authors: Grocke Denise
Published: April 2015

Listening to music is an everyday experience for most people. In music therapy music listening can be used to support many therapeutic goals. This chapter presents an overview of methods used in receptive music therapy that are supported by research literature, including music-assisted relaxation, music and imagery, and Guided Imagery and Music (Bonny Method). Salient features of each approach are outlined and supported with evidence-based research. Elements of music used in relaxation and imagery are discussed in some further depth to highlight the need for greater transparency when reporting the effect of recorded and live music in receptive music therapy.
The World is Alive! Music Therapy with Adults with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Watson Tessa
Published: April 2015

This chapter describes music therapy work with adults with learning disabilities. This group of people have a cognitive disability that will not change, bringing with it challenges to living a fulfilled and satisfying life and sometimes associated health issues. A wide range of issues, from severe communication problems, bereavement, mental health problems, challenging behavior, to end-of-life issues require music therapists to bring a wide range of skills and approaches to their work. This chapter presents the diagnosis and history of this population, and the history of music therapy work in the area. The process of therapy is described, treatment models, and methods considered and clinical examples given.
Music Therapy and Rett Syndrome
Authors: Elefant Cochavit
Published: April 2015

Rett syndrome (RTT) is a genetic disorder resulting from an X-linked dominant mutation in MECP2 gene. It primarily affects females and is found in a variety of racial and ethnic groups worldwide with a versatile clinical phenotype. This chapter describes the authors musical and personal encounters with individuals with RTT and their families over many years with the aim of helping the reader to understand what lies behind those deep and penetrating eyes and behind the “screaming silence”. Through short vignettes, I will shed light on these girls’ inner capacity and demonstrate how music can help to bring them to life as well as motivate their families. Interactions in music therapy provide an opportunity to discover hidden resources that may not be readily accessed because of the disability. With each positive shift in musical interactions, the person can become empowered and experience new challenges that enhance growth.
Music Therapy in Mental Health Care for Adults
Authors: McCaffrey Triona
Published: April 2015

The promotion of mental well-being is an overarching aim of music therapy as a psychosocial practice. Music therapy is offered from a key principle that central to a person’s well-being is their need for meaningful relating. Music therapy can offer an alternative pathway of expression and connection with others that can help develop one’s capacity to engage with and maintain relationships outside of the therapeutic work. Music therapy can be offered as a stand-alone therapeutic process or as an adjunct to other standard mental health treatment. In the early years of music therapy’s development as a profession in Europe, Australia, and the US, it was introduced in large institutions through programmes that focused on the treatment of mental illness. Music therapy has now become a diverse practice that encompasses preventative care through community based models, wellness programmes, as well as continuing to provide services within mental health care contexts.
Principles of Economics
Authors: Monga Célestin
Published: April 2015

Mainstream economists have promoted the idea of universally representative agents, which allows for simple modeling techniques to describe and predict human thinking and decision-making. Yet, there has been a debate in the economic literature on the existence of the rational “economic man” in Africa. The continent’s long history of oppression, its sub-optimal economic performance, and colonial fantasies, have contributed to the development of a discourse of otherness fed by prejudices. This chapter tackles some of these epistemological dilemmas and policy issues in that debate through a reconsideration of the basic principles of economics. A didactic approach is followed, popularized by Gregory Mankiw, and a list of ten principles different from the ones he proposed is produced. This chapter offers a series of counter-narratives to conventional economic thinking, and highlights how some of the recent developments in economics are consistent with analyses made in the study of Africa’s economic experience.
Natural Resources in Africa
Authors: Elbadawi Ibrahim Ahmed , Mohammed Nadir Abdellatif
Published: April 2015

Empirical studies and international experiences of resource-rich developing counties (RRDCs) point to a resource bane rather than a boon. Most countries have failed to effectively deploy oil and mineral resource rents to build a broad-based domestic capital base for sustaining growth and economic diversification. In large measure this is because they started with initially weak economic institutions and “bad” political governance with limited checks and balances. Moreover, with natural resource rents flowing in, institutions were further worsened, due to weakening political accountability among other corrosive effects of the resource rents. However, though progress on the governance front is likely to be a daunting task, the recent democratic transitions in Africa hold a lot of promise for the Continent. Moreover, the two global initiatives of EITI and NRC can have substantial positive catalytic roles.
The Economics of Marriage in North Africa
Authors: Assaad Ragui , Krafft Caroline
Published: April 2015

Marriage is the single most important economic transaction and social transition in the lives of young people. Yet little is known about the economics of marriage in much of the developing world. This paper examines the economics of marriage in North Africa, where asymmetric rights in marriage create incentives for extensive upfront bargaining and detailed marriage contracts. A description of the existing literature on the economics of marriage in North Africa demonstrates the scant and fragmentary nature of both theory and empirical work. Drawing on economic theories of the marriage market and game-theoretic approaches to bargaining, this paper proposes a unifying framework for understanding the economics of marriage in North Africa.
Transformation of African Farm-Cum-Family Structures
Authors: Guirkinger Catherine , Platteau Jean-Philippe
Published: April 2015

This chapter examines the transformation of farm-cum-family structures in Africa and the forces that drive such a transformation process. It begins by reviewing the partial theories of individualization before turning to a discussion of a more general approach that explains family-and-farm structures in terms of the magnitude of land endowment and outside opportunities. Two different types of individualization of farms and families are considered: the emergence of mixed farm structures in which adult members of the family receive private plots that can be used for their own benefit during limited periods of time, and the splitting of the stem household into branch households that coincides with the division of the land and the granting of pre-mortem inheritance. The chapter concludes by illustrating how economic theory can shed light on the emergence of farm-cum-family forms in sub-Saharan Africa.
Handbooks in the Tradition of Later Eastern Ashʿarism
Authors: Eichner Heidrun
Published: April 2015

Many of the classical manuals on Ashʿarite theology have been continuously and intensively used in Muslim theological instruction until today. However, the historical development of Ashʿarite doctrine remains significantly understudied, especially for the later period. Later Ashʿarism is widely considered to be a theological system codified in comprehensive handbooks such as Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Bayḍāwī’sTawāliʿ al-anwārand ʿAḍud al-Dīn al-Ījī’sKitāb al-Mawāqif. This article examines handbooks dealing with the later Ashʿarite tradition in the Eastern parts of the Islamic world. It first considers the interaction of Ashʿarite scholars with Māturīdite teachings during the Ilkhanid period, focusing on an important document of Māturīdism: Shams al Dīn al-Samarqandī’sal-Ṣaḥīfa al-ilāhiyyaand the author’s own commentary, theKitāb al-Maʿārif fī sharḥ al-Ṣaḥāʾif. It then discusses Ashʿarism’s interaction with the philosophical tradition, as well as several importantkalāmworks such as those by al-Shahrastānī and Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī. It also analyses al-Bayḍāwī’sṬawāliʿ, al-Ījī’sMawāqif, and al-Samarqandī’sṢaḥāʾif. In particular, it outlines the sections of theṬawāliʿfocusing on the divine ‘self’ (dhāt), prophecy, afterlife, and imamate.
Hume, Morality, and Skepticism
Authors: Blackburn Simon
Published: April 2015

This paper defends Hume against contemporary attacks both on his theory of the explanation of action and on his “sentimentalist” account of the nature of morality. It argues that Hume is not committed to untoward claims either about causation or explanation and that his account of morality withstands the assaults made on it by rationalists and intuitionists.
Lots Will Vary in the Available City
Authors: Brown David P.
Published: April 2015

Michel de Certeau has described our movement about the city as improvisational—as an interaction with a spatial order that not only activates that order’s ensemble of possibilities but transforms and introduces new possibilities for elements comprising that order. However, architecture’s relation to improvisation is not limited to this provision of a fixed context, an offering of material that is the basis of our daily play. A number of writings about architecture and urbanism by Jane Jacobs, Roger Sherman, and Stan Allen identify improvisation in aspects of the design of the city itself. Along with the Available City, a design proposition that explicitly seeks to organize an improvisational production of a new spatial system within the city of Chicago, those writings reveal possibilities for structure that organize improvisational processes as a way of working on the city.
She Stuttered
Authors: Doruff Sher
Published: April 2015

This article traces the lived occurrence of a spontaneous, improvisatory event. Using choreographer Jeanine Durning’s performance ofingingas both a touchstone and a springboard, the affects of spontaneity are transversally mapped through a variety of generative operations. This diagrammatic approach reveals a topology of entangled concepts that convolve to abiogrammatichypothesis on thein situfielding of composition. Concepts such as the quasi-cause, counter-actualization, the concresence of prehensions, middling, stuttering, thermodynamic entropy, proprioception, far from equilibrium states, risk-taking, and machinic autopoiesis are folded into a speculative proposition on the forces that potentially excite an affective event through the practice of improvisational composing.
Assessment and Frameworks in Collegiate Composition Studios
Authors: Simon Gregory
Published: April 2015

This essay examines how undergraduate composition teachers assess growth in their students’ work, and shows how assessment frameworks (such as rubrics) can be useful for college composition students and professors alike. The essay presents interviews with university composition faculty to establish the assessment strategies generally used in lessons. Next, it looks critically at existing frameworks and assessment philosophies, considering their strengths and shortcomings for departments whose students are growing ever more diverse in musical style and voice. Finally, it considers the composer’s task of designing an assessment framework for his or her studio, including areas of concern and possible starting points for organization.
American Foundations for the Arts
Authors: Vandagriff Rachel S.
Published: April 2015

This essay provides an overview of American private foundational support for American contemporary music between 1952 and 1983. Beginning in the early 1950s during the Cold War, the Rockefeller, Ford, and Fromm Music foundations began giving grants to symphony orchestras, opera houses, colleges and universities, chamber music ensembles, and composers to create and perform more contemporary American music, thus playing the traditional role of patrons of music updated for the twentieth century. The Ph.D. degree in composition was established, significantly altering American composers’ careers and the new music scene such that the academy became patron of American composers. This essay seeks to merge these two narratives. First summarizing tax incentives for American charitable organizations such as private foundations, it gives an overview of the Rockefeller and Ford Foundation grants to music, discusses the Fromm Music Foundation’s activities, and relates all of their work to the increasing academicization of composition.
The Paris Conservatoire in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Holoman D. Kern
Published: April 2015

Founded to populate the new French Republic with bandsmen and theater artists, theorized as a branch of public education, the Paris Conservatoire developed into and through the nineteenth century with sagacity and prescience. Effective leadership, committed teacher-performers and capable students, an excellent physical location in a historic quarter, and a direct link between music composition and its performance all strengthened the institution. By the late nineteenth century the name alone enabled the Conservatoire to prosper even as it became entrenched in its ways and prone to elitist behaviors and considerable unfairness. The appointment in 1905 of a director from the outside, Gabriel Fauré, led the institution to address these problems and withstand the upheavals that occurred in the new century. For the Conservatoire had carved out for itself a secure place in the national patrimony, a heritage widely recognized as contributing to the fundamental strength of the nation.
Ecphrasis
Authors: Squire Michael
Published: April 2015

This essay explores the intersections between ancient and modern notions of ecphrasis (defined by Imperial Greek rhetoricians as “a descriptive speech” that “brings the subject shown before the eyes with visual vividness”). After surveying recent comparative literary approaches to ecphrastic “intermediality,” the essay first analyzes theories of ecphrasis in the Progymnasmata. Second, by relating these Imperial Greek rhetorical discussions back to literary and literary critical traditions, the essay posits a closer relationship between ancient and modern ideas of ecphrasis than is often assumed. Third, it surveys “self-standing” ecphrasis in epigrammatic poetry, paying particular attention to epigram’s paragonal pitching of vision against voice (and vice versa). Finally, the Elder Philostratus’ Imagines is introduced as antiquity’s most sophisticated meditation on words and images—at once resonating with earlier literary traditions and anticipating some of the most pressing questions about ecphrasis in contemporary literary critical theory.
Egyptian Archaeology and Social Anthropology
Authors: Bussmann Richard
Published: April 2015

The article explores anthropological perspectives on pharaonic Egypt (ca. 3300–332 BCE). Central authority absorbed economic resources via local temples but had no interest in penetrating the minds of the people. The body horizon was the scale within the reach of individuals, underpinned by the organization of thought toward the ego in the center. It is typical of life in villages, where the physical and social experiences of intimacy converged in magical practices. Funerary culture epitomizes the body horizon, and its importance in Egypt reflects the village nature of early Egypt. Kingship is the center of Egypt’s Great Tradition, a term sometimes conflated with elite culture, learned tradition, or literacy. Communication of kingship changes from a funerary-based to a temple-based template reflecting the transition to a more urban society. Diachronic change in the archaeological record is seen as pivotal for exploring the nature of Egyptian society anthropologically.
Narrative Among the Latter Prophets
Authors: Tull Patricia K.
Published: April 2015

This chapter examines the “comedic” arc prevailing in the metanarratives of prophetic books, moving from rebellion to reconciliation. It then catalogs portions of prophetic books showing distinctive narrative features, including narratives shared with 2 Kings in Isaiah 36–39 and Jeremiah 52; Isaiah 6, 7, 8, and 20; Hosiah 1 and 3; Amos 7–9; and Jeremiah’s varied narratives, including (a) dialogues between Jeremiah and God in Jeremiah 1–20; (b) first-person narratives portraying Jeremiah’s symbolic actions, in Jeremiah 13, 18, 24, 25; and (c) third-person narratives, beginning in Jeremiah 19. Finally, the article discusses (d) Ezekiel’s and Zechariah’s first-person accounts and, briefly, (e) Jonah. Two scenes recurring throughout prophetic narratives portray the prophet’s difficulties in conveying God’s plans to humans: the prophet’s encounters with God, and his encounters with intended recipients. Only Jonah and the stories adapted from Kings transgress these parameters.
Reading Biblical Women Matters
Authors: McKinlay Judith E.
Published: April 2015

This chapter, concerning the presentation of biblical women, begins with a consideration of the intersection of literary criticism and feminist theory together with the recognition that readers are largely confronted by a male view of women’s roles. The chapter then considers the broad spread of interpretive approaches, ranging from historical-critical to the recent queer and postcolonial, noting, too, how greater attention to readers’ diversity has led to context itself becoming a hermeneutical key. Further interpretive challenges are noted before two case studies of diverse readings of Rahab (Josh. 2) and the Syrophoenician/Canaanite woman (Mark 7:24–30; Matt. 15:21–28). Finally, cosmes the challenge, recognizing that hermeneutical choices have consequences. Whose view is to be accepted? Cui bono: for whose good? For reading biblical women does matter, even as the matters of interpretation are complex and a continuing challenge.
Death at the Beginning
Authors: Boss Renee D.
Published: April 2015

Medical and technological advances permit the survival of many infants born prematurely or with congenital anomalies. Prenatal diagnosis of a life-threatening fetal condition can give families the time to prepare for a sick infant and to consider treatment options ranging from pregnancy termination to fetal surgery. Despite the successes in perinatal and neonatal care, there remain a group of infants whose neonatal complications result in chronic illness, serious disability, and a foreshortened life span. It remains unclear how clinicians can best guide families who wish to make decisions based on their infant’s predicted quality of life. Multiple legal and policy restrictions attempt to limit the scope of parent–clinician decision making for these infants.
Camalexin Production in Camelina sativa is Independent of Cotyledon Resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Authors: Purnamasari Maria , Cawthray Gregory R. , Barbetti Martin J. , Erskine William , Croser Janine S.
Published: April 2015

Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz. has been proposed as a novel source of oilseed resistance to Sclerotinia rot (SR; causal agent Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary). To assess factors likely important in determining the level of resistance to this pathogen, 30 diverse C. sativa genotypes were evaluated using a cotyledon test under controlled environmental conditions. Confirmed cotyledon SR-resistant (CS370) and SR-susceptible (CS2305) genotypes were assessed for camalexin production across time following inoculation at the 1-month vegetative stage of growth. There were significant differences among C. sativa genotypes in response to inoculation with S. sclerotiorum in terms of percent cotyledon disease index (%CDI), with the mean %CDI ranging from 30.9 to 69.4% across germplasm and confirmation screening, respectively. Genotype CS370 consistently showed low %CDI indicating high level of resistance to S. sclerotiorum, whereas CS2305 showed the highest %CDI value. These findings highlight the potential to develop highly SR-resistant cultivars of C. sativa by selection. Furthermore, liquid chromatographic analysis of leaves for both SR-resistant and SR-susceptible genotypes demonstrated that camalexin was produced when inoculated with S. sclerotiorum. However, camalexin production was not linked with disease severity in either genotype, indicating that SR resistance in C. sativa is independent of the level of camalexin production.
Inhibition of Phytophthora parasitica and P. capsici by Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Aqueous Extract of Artemisia absinthium
Authors: Ali Mohammad , Kim Bosung , Belfield Kevin D. , Norman David , Brennan Mary , Ali Gul Shad
Published: April 2015

Application of nanoparticles for controlling plant pathogens is a rapidly emerging area in plant disease management, and nanoparticles synthesis methods that are economical and ecofriendly are extensively investigated. In this project, we investigated the potential of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized with aqueous extract of Artemisia absinthium against several Phytophthora spp., which cause many economically important crop diseases. In in vitro dose-response tests conducted in microtiter plates, 10 µg ml−1 of AgNPs inhibited mycelial growth of P. parasitica, P. infestans, P. palmivora, P. cinnamomi, P. tropicalis, P. capsici, and P. katsurae. Detailed in vitro dose-response analyses conducted with P. parasitica and P. capsici revealed that AgNPs synthesized with A. absinthium extract were highly potent (IC50: 2.1 to 8.3 µg ml−1) and efficacious (100%) in inhibiting mycelial growth, zoospore germination, germ tube elongation, and zoospore production. Interestingly, AgNP treatment accelerated encystment of zoospores. Consistent with in vitro results, in planta experiments conducted in a greenhouse revealed that AgNP treatments prevented Phytophthora infection and improved plant survival. Moreover, AgNP in in planta experiments did not produce any adverse effects on plant growth. These investigations provide a simple and economical method for controlling Phytophthora with AgNP without affecting normal plant physiology.
Testing Taxonomic Predictivity of Foliar and Tuber Resistance to Phytophthora infestans in Wild Relatives of Potato
Authors: Khiutti A. , Spooner D. M. , Jansky S. H. , Halterman D. A.
Published: April 2015

Potato late blight, caused by the oomycete phytopathogen Phytophthora infestans, is a devastating disease found in potato-growing regions worldwide. Long-term management strategies to control late blight include the incorporation of host resistance to predominant strains. However, due to rapid genetic changes within pathogen populations, rapid and recurring identification and integration of novel host resistance traits is necessary. Wild relatives of potato offer a rich source of desirable traits, including late blight resistance, but screening methods can be time intensive. We tested the ability of taxonomy, ploidy, crossing group, breeding system, and geography to predict the presence of foliar and tuber late blight resistance in wild Solanum spp. Significant variation for resistance to both tuber and foliar late blight was found within and among species but there was no discernable predictive power based on taxonomic series, clade, ploidy, breeding system, elevation, or geographic location. We observed a moderate but significant correlation between tuber and foliar resistance within species. Although previously uncharacterized sources of both foliar and tuber resistance were identified, our study does not support an assumption that taxonomic or geographic data can be used to predict sources of late blight resistance in wild Solanum spp.
Temporal Epidemiology of Sudden Oak Death in Oregon
Authors: Peterson Ebba K. , Hansen Everett M. , Kanaskie Alan
Published: April 2015

An effort to eradicate Phytophthora ramorum, causal agent of sudden oak death, has been underway since its discovery in Oregon forests. Using an information-theoretical approach, we sought to model yearly variation in the size of newly infested areas and dispersal distance. Maximum dispersal distances were best modeled by spring and winter precipitation 2 years before detection, and infestation size the year prior. Infestation size was best modeled by infestation size and spring precipitation the year prior. In our interpretation, there is a 2-year delay between the introduction of inoculum and onset of mortality for a majority of sites. The year-long gap in between allows ample time for the production of inoculum contributing to the spread of P. ramorum. This is supported by epidemic development following changes in eradication protocols precipitated by an outbreak in 2011, attributable to a 2009 treatment delay and an uncharacteristically wet spring in 2010. Posteradication, we have observed an increase in the total area of new outbreaks and increased frequency in dispersal distances greater than 4 km. Although the eradication program has not eliminated P. ramorum from Oregon forests, it has likely moderated this epidemic, emphasizing the need for prompt treatment of future invasive forest pathogens.
Surgical Injury in the Neonatal Rat Alters the Adult Pattern of Descending Modulation from the Rostroventral Medulla
Authors: Walker Suellen M. , Fitzgerald Maria , Hathway Gareth J.
Published: April 2015

AbstractAbstract

In rats, neonatal incisional surgery to the paw resulted in reduced sensitivity to mechanical or thermal stimuli in adulthood and changed the effect of rostroventral medulla stimulation from a bimodal pattern of facilitation and inhibition, to only inhibition. Regional anesthesia at the time of neonatal surgery prevented these changes in adulthood.

Background:

Neonatal pain and injury can alter long-term sensory thresholds. Descending rostroventral medulla (RVM) pathways can inhibit or facilitate spinal nociceptive processing in adulthood. As these pathways undergo significant postnatal maturation, the authors evaluated long-term effects of neonatal surgical injury on RVM descending modulation.

Methods:

Plantar hind paw or forepaw incisions were performed in anesthetized postnatal day (P)3 Sprague-Dawley rats. Controls received anesthesia only. Hind limb mechanical and thermal withdrawal thresholds were measured to 6 weeks of age (adult). Additional groups received pre- and post-incision sciatic nerve levobupivacaine or saline. Hind paw nociceptive reflex sensitivity was quantified in anesthetized adult rats using biceps femoris electromyography, and the effect of RVM electrical stimulation (5–200 μA) measured as percentage change from baseline.

Results:

In adult rats with previous neonatal incision (n = 9), all intensities of RVM stimulation decreased hind limb reflex sensitivity, in contrast to the typical bimodal pattern of facilitation and inhibition with increasing RVM stimulus intensity in controls (n = 5) (uninjured vs. neonatally incised, P < 0.001). Neonatal incision of the contralateral hind paw or forepaw also resulted in RVM inhibition of hind paw nociceptive reflexes at all stimulation intensities. Behavioral mechanical threshold (mean ± SEM, 28.1 ± 8 vs. 21.3 ± 1.2 g, P < 0.001) and thermal latency (7.1 ± 0.4 vs. 5.3 ± 0.3 s, P < 0.05) were increased in both hind paws after unilateral neonatal incision. Neonatal perioperative sciatic nerve blockade prevented injury-induced alterations in RVM descending control.

Conclusions:

Neonatal surgical injury alters the postnatal development of RVM descending control, resulting in a predominance of descending inhibition and generalized reduction in baseline reflex sensitivity. Prevention by local anesthetic blockade highlights the importance of neonatal perioperative analgesia.
Social immunity and the evolution of group living in insects
Authors: Meunier Joël
Published: April 2015

The evolution of group living requires that individuals limit the inherent risks of parasite infection. To this end, group living insects have developed a unique capability of mounting collective anti-parasite defences, such as allogrooming and corpse removal from the nest. Over the last 20 years, this phenomenon (called social immunity) was mostly studied in eusocial insects, with results emphasizing its importance in derived social systems. However, the role of social immunity in the early evolution of group living remains unclear. Here, I investigate this topic by first presenting the definitions of social immunity and discussing their applications across social systems. I then provide an up-to-date appraisal of the collective and individual mechanisms of social immunity described in eusocial insects and show that they have counterparts in non-eusocial species and even solitary species. Finally, I review evidence demonstrating that the increased risks of parasite infection in group living species may both decrease and increase the level of personal immunity, and discuss how the expression of social immunity could drive these opposite effects. By highlighting similarities and differences of social immunity across social systems, this review emphasizes the potential importance of this phenomenon in the early evolution of the multiple forms of group living in insects.
Opposing effects of allogrooming on disease transmission in ant societies
Authors: Theis Fabian J. , Ugelvig Line V. , Marr Carsten , Cremer Sylvia
Published: April 2015

To prevent epidemics, insect societies have evolved collective disease defences that are highly effective at curing exposed individuals and limiting disease transmission to healthy group members. Grooming is an important sanitary behaviour—either performed towards oneself (self-grooming) or towards others (allogrooming)—to remove infectious agents from the body surface of exposed individuals, but at the risk of disease contraction by the groomer. We use garden ants (
Lasius neglectus
) and the fungal pathogen
Metarhizium
as a model system to study how pathogen presence affects self-grooming and allogrooming between exposed and healthy individuals. We develop an epidemiological SIS model to explore how experimentally observed grooming patterns affect disease spread within the colony, thereby providing a direct link between the expression and direction of sanitary behaviours, and their effects on colony-level epidemiology. We find that fungus-exposed ants increase self-grooming, while simultaneously decreasing allogrooming. This behavioural modulation seems universally adaptive and is predicted to contain disease spread in a great variety of host–pathogen systems. In contrast, allogrooming directed towards pathogen-exposed individuals might both increase and decrease disease risk. Our model reveals that the effect of allogrooming depends on the balance between pathogen infectiousness and efficiency of social host defences, which are likely to vary across host–pathogen systems.