bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sudden Unexplained Death – Treating the Family
Authors: Mellor Greg , Behr Elijah R ,   Clinical Research
                        Fellow & Specialist Registrar Cardiology,   Reader in
                        Cardiovascular Medicine & Honorary Consultant Cardiologist &
                        Electrophysiologist Cardiac Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and
                        Cell Sciences, St. George’s University of London, London SW17 0RE. E:
                        ebehr@sgul.ac.uk
Published: December 2014

Sudden unexplained death in the context of a normal heart at post-mortem
and negative toxicological analysis is termed sudden arrhythmic death
syndrome (SADS). SADS is often due to cardiac genetic disease, particularly
channelopathies. Assessment of family members of SADS victims will reveal at
least one affected individual in up to half of families. Specialist
evaluation begins with an expert cardiac autopsy that improves diagnostic
accuracy and minimises erroneous interpretation of minor pathological
findings. Retention of appropriate material for post-mortem genetic testing,
‘the molecular autopsy’, is recommended as this may provide a
genetic diagnosis in up to a third of cases. Clinical assessment of families
initially comprises 12-lead ECG with high right ventricular leads,
echocardiogram and exercise testing. Additional investigations include
sodium channel blocker and epinephrine provocation tests. Families with a
diagnosis should be managed as per guidelines. Those with negative
investigations can generally be discharged unless they are young and/or
symptomatic.
Pathophysiology and Management of Arrhythmias Associated with Atrial
Septal Defect and Patent Foramen Ovale
Authors: Chubb Henry , Whitaker John , Williams Steven E , Head Catherine E , Chung Natali AY , Wright Matthew J , O’Neill Mark ,   Division of
                        Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London;
                        Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Evelina London Children’s
                        Hospital,   Division of
                        Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College
                        London,   Division of
                        Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London;
                        Adult Congenital Heart Disease Group, Department of Cardiology, Guy’s
                        and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and Evelina London
                        Children’s Hospital, London, UK,   Adult Congenital
                        Heart Disease Group, Department of Cardiology, Guy’s and St
                        Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and Evelina London Children’s
                        Hospital, London, UK,   Adult Congenital
                        Heart Disease Group, Department of Cardiology, Guy’s and St
                        Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and Evelina London Children’s
                        Hospital, London, UK,   Division of
                        Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College
                        London,   Division of
                        Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering and Cardiovascular Medicine,
                        King’s College London, 4th Floor, North Wing, St Thomas’
                        Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK. E:
                        mark.oneill@kcl.ac.uk; Adult Congenital Heart Disease Group, Department of
                        Cardiology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and
                        Evelina London Children’s Hospital, London, UK
Published: December 2014

Atrial septal defects (ASDs) are among the most common of congenital
heart defects and are frequently associated with atrial arrhythmias. Atrial
and ventricular geometrical remodelling secondary to the intracardiac shunt
promotes evolution of the electrical substrate, predisposing the patient to
atrial fibrillation and other arrhythmias. Closure of an ASD reduces the
immediate and long-term prevalence of atrial arrhythmias, but the evidence
suggests that patients remain at an increased long-term risk in comparison
with the normal population. The closure technique itself and its timing
impacts future arrhythmia risk profile while subsequent transseptal access
following surgical or device closure is complicated. Newer techniques
combined with increased experience will help to alleviate some of the
difficulties associated with optimal management of arrhythmias in these
patients.
Evaluating the Cost-effectiveness of Catheter Ablation of Atrial
Fibrillation
Authors: Chang Andrew Y , Kaiser Daniel , Ullal Aditya , Perino Alexander C , Heidenreich Paul A , Turakhia Mintu P ,   Department of
                        Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford,
                        California,   Department of
                        Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford,
                        California,   Veterans Affairs
                        Palo Alto Health Care System, California, US,   Department of
                        Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California;
                        Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, California, US,   Department of
                        Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California;
                        Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, California, US,   Department of
                        Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California;
                        Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Stanford University, 3801
                        Miranda Ave - 111C, Palo Alto CA 94304, US. E:
                        mintu@stanford.edu
Published: December 2014

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common cardiac conditions
treated in primary care and specialty cardiology settings, and is associated
with considerable morbidity, mortality and cost. Catheter ablation,
typically by electrically isolating the pulmonary veins and surrounding
tissue, is more effective at maintaining sinus rhythm than conventional
antiarrhythmic drug therapy and is now recommended as first-line therapy.
From a value standpoint, the cost-effectiveness of ablation must incorporate
the upfront procedural costs and risks with the benefits of longer term
improvements in quality of life (QOL) and healthcare utilisation. Here, we
present a primer on cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), review the data on
cost-effectiveness of AF ablation and outline key areas for further
investigation.
Cardiac Resynchronisation Therapy or MitraClip® Implantation for
Patients with Severe Mitral Regurgitation and Left Bundle Branch
Block?
Authors: Kienemund Jens , Kuck Karl-Heinz , Frerker Christian ,   Department of
                        Cardiology, Asklepios Clinic St. Georg, Hamburg, Germany,   Department of
                        Cardiology, Asklepios Clinic St. Georg, Hamburg, Germany,   Department of
                        Cardiology, Asklepios Clinic St. Georg, Lohmühlenstrasse 5, 20099
                        Hamburg. E: c.frerker@asklepios.com
Published: December 2014

Secondary or functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) is a common problem
in patients with chronic heart failure (HF). About one-third of patients
with chronic HF also have left bundle branch block (LBBB). Approximately
one-third of patients with an indication for cardiac resynchronisation
therapy (CRT) have moderate-to-severe FMR. This FMR may either be a
consequence of systolic dysfunction or it may occur due to dyssynchrony.
Both directly reducing FMR and correcting cardiac dyssynchrony are viable
therapeutic approaches in selected patients, according to the 2012 European
Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines for valvular heart disease. Initial
presence of FMR is an independent predictor of lack of clinical response to
CRT. Patients undergoing CRT without signs of significant clinical
improvement may be considered candidates for the percutaneous
MitraClip® procedure. As yet, there are not enough data to select
patients that would benefit from being treated primarily with MitraClip. A
clinical trial in HF patients to be randomised to either MitraClip procedure
or CRT is needed to confirm actual ESC Guideline therapy.
Effect of Bisphosphonate and Age on Implant Failure as Determined by Patient-Reported Outcomes
Authors: Al-Sabbagh Mohanad , Thomas Mark V. , Bhavsar Ishita , De Leeuw Reny
Published: December 2014

The aim of the current study was to elucidate whether there is an association between selected risk factors and implant failure, as determined by patient-reported outcomes. A trained clinician administered a formal survey questionnaire to 415 patients who had received a total of 963 implants through the University of Kentucky College of Dentistry's implant training program. The questionnaire was designed to obtain information about potential risk factors that may affect implant failure. Patients were also asked to rate their satisfaction with the appearance and function of the implant, their surgical experience, and the levels of pain and mobility associated with the implant(s). Both patient-level and implant-level data were analyzed in this study. Multiple logistic regression analysis at the patient level indicated that the following variables did not contribute to the success or failure of the implants: sex, smoking status, diabetes, osteoporosis, and use of bisphosphonates. When the statistical analyses controlled for these variables, the odds of patient-reported implant failure increased with the patient's age (by 15% every 5 years). The results of implant-level analyses adjusted for smoking status, diabetes, and osteoporosis showed that the patient's age (odds of failure increased by 12% every 5 years) and no use of bisphosphonates (odds ratio, 9.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.849, 45.975) were significantly associated with poor implant outcome. Our findings suggest a possible association between implant failure and the patient's age and use of bisphosphonates.
Psychological factors in low performing school adolescents with academic: depression and self-esteem/Factores psicológicos en adolescentes escolarizados con bajo rendimiento académico: depresión y autoestima
Authors: Ferrel Ortega Fernando Robert , Vélez Mendoza Juana , Ferrel Ballestas Lucia Fernanda
Published: December 2014

El presente estudio de investigación tuvo como objetivo describir los niveles de depresión y autoestima en estudiantesde secundaria con bajo rendimiento académico, de cinco Instituciones Educativas Distritales (IED) de Santa Marta. Lainvestigación fue descriptiva y diseño transversal, con una población de 629 estudiantes y muestra intencional de 140estudiantes del Grado 10°, clasificados como de bajo rendimiento académico, 51% varones y 49% mujeres, con edades de14 a 19 años, Media de 16 años, D.T. 3.0. Se les aplicó la Escala de Zung para Depresión (Self-Rating Depression Scale,SDS; Zung, 1965); y la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg (Rosenberg, 1989). Se hallaron altos niveles de depresión(86% depresión moderada); baja autoestima (51% autoestima baja) en estos estudiantes. Se concluye que los estudiantescon bajo rendimiento escolar presentan factores psicológicos negativos que los afectan como los altos niveles de depresióny baja autoestima, lo que exige implementar estrategias de intervención psicológicas e interdisciplinarias para favorecersu óptimo aprendizaje y adecuada socialización.
Pepper and Tomato Root Uptake of Paraquat and Flumioxazin
Authors: Boyd Nathan S.
Published: December 2014

Fresh market pepper and tomato are important crops in Florida. Production primarily occurs on raised beds covered with plastic mulch. Weeds emerging between the rows are often controlled with multiple applications of burndown and soil-residual herbicides. Crop damage attributed to root uptake of herbicides applied between the rows has been reported. An experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Gulf Coast Research and Education Center to examine the effect of root uptake of paraquat and paraquat tank-mixed with flumioxazin on pepper and tomato growth and yield. Herbicides were applied via subsurface irrigation at 0.0625×, 0.125×, 0.25×, 0.5×, 1×, 2×, 4×, 8×, and 16× labeled rates. The 1× rate was based on the estimated label rate that would be applied per plant in the field and was 0.122 g ai plant−1(1,542 g ai ha−1) and 0.011 g ai plant−1(143 g ai ha−1) for paraquat and flumioxazin, respectively. Root uptake caused necrosis of the veins, followed by complete tissue death at higher rates. The percentage of crop damage increased with herbicide rate for both species (P < 0.0001), with greater damage observed at the lower rates with the tank mix than with the paraquat alone. A reduction in shoot biomass and fruit yield of both crops was observed following root uptake. These results suggest that uptake of paraquat or paraquat tank-mixed with flumioxazin by pepper and tomato roots in a field situation is possible.
Wildlife health in a rapidly changing North: focus on avian disease
Authors: Van Hemert Caroline , Pearce John M , Handel Colleen M
Published: December 2014

Climate‐related environmental changes have increasingly been linked to emerging infectious diseases in wildlife. The Arctic is facing a major ecological transition that is expected to substantially affect animal and human health. Changes in phenology or environmental conditions that result from climate warming may promote novel species assemblages as host and pathogen ranges expand to previously unoccupied areas. Recent evidence from the Arctic and subarctic suggests an increase in the spread and prevalence of some wildlife diseases, but baseline data necessary to detect and verify such changes are still lacking. Wild birds are undergoing rapid shifts in distribution and have been implicated in the spread of wildlife and zoonotic diseases. Here, we review evidence of current and projected changes in the abundance and distribution of avian diseases and outline strategies for future research. We discuss relevant climatic and environmental factors, emerging host–pathogen contact zones, the relationship between host condition and immune function, and potential wildlife and human health outcomes in northern regions.
Novel r(2)(p25q31) Cytogenetic Abnormality in a Pediatric Patient with Acute Leukemia of Ambiguous Lineage
Authors: Kim Jaehyup , Bu Lihong , Koduru Prasad R. , Wilson Kathleen S. , Fuda Franklin S. , Kumar Kirthi R. , Timmons Charles F. , Slone Tamra L. , Luu Hung S.
Published: December 2014

We describe a case of acute leukemia of ambiguous lineage with a novel cytogenetic abnormality. A 1-year-old boy presented with abnormal complete blood count findings, and was found to have blasts and mild dysgranulopoiesis. The blasts showed immunophenotypic evidence of myeloid and T-lineage differentiation. Subsequent cytogenetic analysis showed r(2)(p25q31) as the sole stem line cytogenetic defect with clonal evolution. While cytogenetic abnormalities can have a critical role in the classification and prognostication of acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukemia, the significance of cytogenetic abnormalities in acute leukemia of ambiguous lineage remains unclear. This finding has not been reported previously to the best of our knowledge.
Stress Reaction of the Humerus in a High School Baseball Player
Authors: Gonzalez-Zapata Alan , Familiari Filippo , Mcfarland Edward G.
Published: December 2014

The patient was an 18-year-old high school baseball pitcher with a chief complaint of right (dominant) arm pain in the region of his right distal humerus that began 8 weeks earlier. Conventional radiographs were obtained, which were interpreted as normal. As a result, magnetic resonance imaging was obtained, which showed a hyperintense bone marrow signal in the distal humerus on fluid-sensitive sequences, which was consistent with a stress reaction of the distal humerus.
Iron Biogeochemistry in Aquatic Systems: From Source to Bioavailability
Authors: Norman Louiza , Cabanesa Damien J. E. , Blanco-Ameijeiras Sonia , Moisset Sophie A. M. , Hassler Christel S.
Published: December 2014

Iron (Fe) is an essential trace element for several key metabolic processes in phytoplankton; however Fe is present in low concentration in many aquatic systems including vast oceanic regions and large lakes. In these systems, Fe can limit the growth of phytoplankton and atmospheric
carbon dioxide biological fixation. Indeed Fe limitation exerts a global impact on the carbon cycle and the imprint of aquatic systems on our climate. In order to understand how aquatic systems function and increase our ability to predict their response to changing conditions, it is therefore
paramount to understand when and how Fe controls operate. This review presents the complex relationship between Fe chemistry and the biology of surface waters to highlight the parameters defining the forms of Fe that are accessible for phytoplankton growth (or bioavailable). Particular attention
is given to the identification of Fe sources and Fe organic complexation as these, in conjunction with biological recycling and remineralisation, mostly control Fe residence time, chemistry and bioavailability.
Towards Mechanistic Understanding of Mercury Availability and Toxicity to Aquatic Primary Producers
Authors: Dranguet Perrine , Flück Rebecca , Regier Nicole , Cosio Claudia , Le Faucheur Séverine , Slaveykova Vera I.
Published: December 2014

The present article reviews current knowledge and recent progress on the bioavailability and toxicity of mercury to aquatic primary producers. Mercury is a ubiquitous toxic trace element of global concern. At the base of the food web, primary producers are central for mercury incorporation
into the food web. Here, the emphasis is on key, but still poorly understood, processes governing the interactions between mercury species and phytoplankton, and macrophytes, two representatives of primary producers. Mass transfer to biota surface, adsorption to cell wall, internalization
and release from cells, as well as underlying toxicity mechanisms of both inorganic mercury and methylmercury are discussed critically. In addition, the intracellular distribution and transformation processes, their importance for mercury toxicity, species-sensitivity differences and trophic transfer are presented. The mini-review is illustrated with examples of our own research.
The role of cancer stem cells in glioblastoma
Authors: Sundar Swetha J. , Hsieh Jason K. , Manjila Sunil , Lathia Justin D. , Sloan Andrew
Published: December 2014

Recurrence in glioblastoma is nearly universal, and its prognosis remains dismal despite significant advances in treatment over the past decade. Glioblastoma demonstrates considerable intratumoral phenotypic and molecular heterogeneity and contains a population of cancer stem cells that contributes to tumor propagation, maintenance, and treatment resistance. Cancer stem cells are functionally defined by their ability to self-renew and to differentiate, and they constitute the diverse hierarchy of cells composing a tumor. When xenografted into an appropriate host, they are capable of tumorigenesis. Given the critical role of cancer stem cells in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma, research into their molecular and phenotypic characteristics is a therapeutic priority. In this review, the authors discuss the evolution of the cancer stem cell model of tumorigenesis and describe the specific role of cancer stem cells in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma and their molecular and microenvironmental characteristics. They also discuss recent clinical investigations into targeted therapies against cancer stem cells in the treatment of glioblastoma.
Hypoxia-inducible factor–1 and associated upstream and downstream proteins in the pathophysiology and management of glioblastoma
Authors: Womeldorff Matthew , Gillespie David , Jensen Randy L.
Published: December 2014

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor with an exceptionally poor patient outcome despite aggressive therapy including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. This aggressive phenotype may be associated with intratumoral hypoxia, which probably plays a key role in GBM tumor growth, development, and angiogenesis. A key regulator of cellular response to hypoxia is the protein hypoxia-inducible factor–1 (HIF-1). An examination of upstream hypoxic and nonhypoxic regulation of HIF-1 as well as a review of the downstream HIF-1–regulated proteins may provide further insight into the role of this transcription factor in GBM pathophysiology. Recent insights into upstream regulators that intimately interact with HIF-1 could provide potential therapeutic targets for treatment of this tumor. The same is potentially true for HIF-1–mediated pathways of glycolysis-, angiogenesis-, and invasion-promoting proteins. Thus, an understanding of the relationship between HIF-1, its upstream protein regulators, and its downstream transcribed genes in GBM pathogenesis could provide future treatment options for the care of patients with these tumors.
Molecular and cellular heterogeneity: the hallmark of glioblastoma
Authors: Aum Diane J. , Kim David H. , Beaumont Thomas L. , Leuthardt Eric C. , Dunn Gavin P. , Kim Albert H.
Published: December 2014

There has been increasing awareness that glioblastoma, which may seem histopathologically similar across many tumors, actually represents a group of molecularly distinct tumors. Emerging evidence suggests that cells even within the same tumor exhibit wide-ranging molecular diversity. Parallel to the discoveries of molecular heterogeneity among tumors and their individual cells, intense investigation of the cellular biology of glioblastoma has revealed that not all cancer cells within a given tumor behave the same. The identification of a subpopulation of brain tumor cells termed “glioblastoma cancer stem cells” or “tumor-initiating cells” has implications for the management of glioblastoma. This focused review will therefore summarize emerging concepts on the molecular and cellular heterogeneity of glioblastoma and emphasize that we should begin to consider each individual glioblastoma to be an ensemble of molecularly distinct subclones that reflect a spectrum of dynamic cell states.
A Continuing Education Program for Hospital and Public Health Nurses to Guide Families of Very Low Birth-weight Infants in Caregiving
Authors: Pridham Karen , Limbo Rana , Schroeder Michele , Krolikowski Mary , Henriques Jeffrey
Published: December 2014

Nurses have a critical role in family development of competencies for giving care to very low birth-weight infants. However, current information-based methods of preparation may be inadequate for competency development. This article describes a continuing education program designed to strengthen nurses’ support of families in developing caregiving competencies through processes of guided participation. Program effectiveness was explored with: (1) a survey of participant and non-participant nurse satisfaction with family work and with organizational resources and practices; (2) a description of relationship and caregiving competencies for mothers who had and had not received guided participation; and (3) a review of mothers’ reports of their experience either with or without guided participation. Organizational arrangements and mechanisms for establishing guided participation practice within an agency, including ongoing reflective supervision sessions, peer collaboration, and documentation of competency development, are discussed.
Factors Influencing Functional Outcomes in United Intertrochanteric Hip Fractures: A Negative Effect of Lag Screw Sliding
Authors: Yoo Je-Hyun , Kim Tae-Young , Chang Jun-Dong , Kwak Yoon-Hae , Kwon Yong-Shin
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors influencing functional outcomes in elderly patients with united intertrochanteric fractures treated with hip nails and to ascertain whether decreased femoral offset due to lag screw sliding has a negative effect on functional outcomes in these patients. This retrospective study included 65 patients older than 65 years with united intertrochanteric fractures treated with hip nails. Functional outcomes were assessed using the Short Form-36 (SF-36) and a visual analog scale (VAS) 6 months postoperatively. Mean patient age was 77.8 years (range, 65–90 years); mean follow-up was 20.7 months (range, 12–38 months). More lag screw sliding occurred as bone mineral density (BMD) decreased. It was also greater in unstable fractures and acceptable reduction status. Less accurate reduction and greater lag screw sliding showed significant negative effects on most subscales of the SF-36, especially Physical Functioning and Role Physical. A significant positive correlation was observed between the extent of lag screw sliding and VAS. Lag screw sliding affected by fracture type, reduction quality, and BMD has a negative effect on functional outcomes in elderly patients with united intertrochanteric fractures. Therefore, the preservation of anatomical femoral offset as much as possible is needed to obtain better functional outcome through the minimization of lag screw sliding by more accurate reduction, which is a controllable factor, especially in osteoporotic unstable intertrochanteric fractures. [
Orthopedics.
2014; 37(12):e1101–e1107.]
Evaluation of Corneal Changes After Conventional Versus Accelerated Corneal Cross-linking: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Hashemian Hesam , Jabbarvand Mahmoud , Khodaparast Mehdi , Ameli Kambiz
Published: December 2014

PURPOSE:

To evaluate the outcome of accelerated and conventional corneal cross-linking (CXL) procedures regarding their effect on morphological and optical properties of the cornea.

METHODS:

One hundred fifty-three eyes of 153 patients were evaluated before and during a 15-month follow-up period after CXL (76 eyes in the conventional group and 77 eyes in the accelerated group). Measured variables include corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), refraction, maximum keratometry, endothelial cell density, anterior and posterior stromal keratocyte density, and subbasal nerve density. All variables were compared between the two study groups.

RESULTS:

Cylindrical and spherical components of refraction improved significantly during 15 months of follow-up. No difference was observed between the two study groups. UDVA and CDVA improved in the same manner, with no intergroup differences. Endothelial cell density did not change significantly during the follow-up period in either group. K-max increased slightly in the first month of the follow-up, but started to decrease at postoperative visits without any significant difference in the two groups. Anterior stromal keratocyte density and subbasal nerve density decreased significantly in both groups 1 month postoperatively. Both variables had a more significant decrease in the conventional group at all visits before the 1-year visit. At the final 15-month visit, there were no significant differences in any value between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONS:

Accelerated and conventional CXL seem to have a comparable and acceptable effect on keratoconus in the short-term follow-up period.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2014;30(12):837–842.]
Enteral Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers in Adult Critical Care Patients
Authors: Cox Jill , Rasmussen Louisa
Published: December 2014

Prevention and healing of pressure ulcers in critically ill patients can be especially challenging because of the patients’ burden of illness and degree of physiological compromise. Providing adequate nutrition may help halt the development or worsening of pressure ulcers. Optimization of nutrition can be considered an essential ingredient in prevention and healing of pressure ulcers. Understanding malnutrition in critical care patients, the effect of nutrition on wound healing, and the application of evidence-based nutritional guidelines are important aspects for patients at high risk for pressure ulcers. Appropriate screenings for nutritional status and risk for pressure ulcers, early collaboration with a registered dietician, and administration of appropriate feeding formulations and micronutrient and macronutrient supplementation to promote wound healing are practical solutions to improve the nutritional status of critical care patients. Use of nutritional management and enteral feeding protocols may provide vital elements to augment nutrition and ultimately result in improved clinical outcomes.
The Monster Formation: a coastal fan system of late Cretaceous age, Yukon Territory
Authors: Ricketts B D
Published: December 2014

The Monster Formation consists of four informal members, collectively interpreted as of coastal fan origin. At the base of the formation, the Shale member disconformably overlies the Triassic Shublik Formation and represents a relatively deep water, offshore
environment over which shoreface and foreshore sands of the Sandstone member prograded. Above this, the Sandstone-shale member and the uppermost or Conglomerate member represent the exposed portion of the fan. Gravelly, braided streams characterised the proximal fan environment, and low-sinuosity,
meandering or braided streams distributed sand and mud in the lower fan setting. The exposed part of the coastal fan was periodically subjected to incursions by the sea. The Monster Formation is older than previously thought, and is herein recognised as Cenomanian. Following the initial submersion
of the pre-Monster unconformity during Cenomanian time, fan progradation took place toward the northeast along the Monster Embayment. This embayment probably was connected at its eastern limit to the Eagle Plain Basin. The southern shoreline of the embayment was probably connected to the northern
margin of the Bonnet Plume Basin. The stratigraphic successions in the Monster Embayment and Bonnet Plume Basin identify the southern limits of the sea during early Late Cretaceous time.
Die misleiding van Bevryding deur gebed
Authors: Saaiman De Wet
Published: December 2014

No abstract available.
Native T1 Mapping of the Heart – A Pictorial Review
Authors: Germain Philippe , Ghannudi Soraya El , Jeung Mi-Young , Ohlmann Patrick , Epailly Eric , Roy Catherine , Gangi Afshin
Published: December 2014

T1 mapping is now a clinically feasible method, providing pixel-wise quantification of the cardiac structure's T1 values. Beyond focal lesions, well depicted by late gadolinium enhancement sequences, it has become possible to discriminate diffuse myocardial alterations, previously not assessable by noninvasive means. The strength of this method includes the high reproducibility and immediate clinical applicability, even without the use of contrast media injection (native or pre-contrast T1). The two most important determinants of native T1 augmentation are (1) edema related to tissue water increase (recent infarction or inflammation) and (2) interstitial space increase related to fibrosis (infarction scar, cardiomyopathy) or to amyloidosis. Conversely, lipid (Anderson–Fabry) or iron overload diseases are responsible for T1 reduction. In this pictorial review, the main features provided by native T1 mapping are discussed and illustrated, with a special focus on the awaited clinical purpose of this unique, promising new method.
Ricci Curvature Tensor and Non-Riemannian Quantities
Authors: Li Benling , Shen Zhongmin
Published: December 2014

There are several notions of Ricci curvature tensor in Finsler geometry and spray geometry. One of them is defined by the Hessian of the well-known Ricci curvature. In this paper we will introduce a new notion of Ricci curvature tensor and discuss its relationship with the Ricci curvature and some non-Riemannian quantities. Using this Ricci curvature tensor, we shall have a better understanding of these non-Riemannian quantities.
Problems of Steinbeck's Poetics:
Authors: Petty Alesya
Published: December 2014

This article highlights Steinbeck's early experiments with form, style, and characterization and explores possible interpretations of his work as modernist. By using Mikhail Bakhtin's concept of polyphony to determine structural and thematic dimensions in The Pastures of Heaven, this study analyzes the ways in which Steinbeck developed the genre of short-story novel or cycle, expanded the range of depiction of personality types, advocated contemporary changes in moral norms, and brought to light historical conflicts.
Le « nouvel ordre » du programme de Bad Godesberg. Sociologie d’une construction sociale de l’économie
Authors: Fertikh Karim
Published: December 2014

À partir d’une enquête sociohistorique sur le programme de Bad Godesberg du Parti social-démocrate allemand (1959), l’article met en évidence la manière dont se fabriquent des conceptions alternatives de l’ordre économique et social. Les représentations de la société et de l’économie contenues dans ce programme reprennent des savoirs institués propres aux milieux professionnels dans lesquels évoluent les économistes qui collaborent pour produire le programme. L’article insiste sur le lien de ces économistes sociaux-démocrates avec l’« économie collective » centrée sur les entreprises publiques et les coopératives. En analysant ce programme généralement considéré comme le signe de ralliement au capitalisme du SPD, l’article veut mettre en avant les apports d’une sociohistoire des idées politiques à la compréhension de la formation de l’offre politique.
L’entreprise citoyenne comme utopie économique : vers une redéfinition de la démocratie ?
Authors: Gendron Corinne
Published: December 2014

Les concepts d’entreprise citoyenne et de citoyenneté corporative (corporate citizenship) sont des utopies économiques qui bousculent la représentation traditionnelle de l’entreprise. Cette représentation est ancrée dans une idéologie économique où l’autonomie de l’entreprise est légitimée par l’efficacité ainsi que le projet politique marchand qui fait reposer le bien commun sur l’égoïsme des acteurs individuels. Le courant de la responsabilité sociale renouvelle cette représentation en suggérant que l’entreprise doit, en plus de poursuivre son intérêt propre (ou celui de ses actionnaires), répondre aux intérêts d’autres parties prenantes et de la société dans son ensemble. Dernière déclinaison de ce courant, les concepts d’entreprise citoyenne et de citoyenneté corporative rompent de manière plus radicale encore avec la représentation traditionnelle de l’entreprise. En mobilisant le vocable de citoyenneté, ils promeuvent l’entreprise au rang d’acteur politique et abolissent de ce fait la frontière entre un monde économique dominé par la rationalité, l’efficacité et la perfection, et le monde politique empreint de débats et de choix contingents. Mais tout en leur concédant un rôle politique formel et légitime, le courant de la citoyenneté corporative néglige l’influence des entreprises dans les politiques publiques et reste étranger aux analyses critiques. Si bien qu’en l’assimilant à un acteur politique, la représentation de l’entreprise proposée par ce courant occulte les enjeux de régulation d’une société économique aux prétentions démocratiques.
EGFR signaling promotes self-renewal through the establishment of cell polarity in Drosophila follicle stem cells
Authors: Castanieto Angela , Johnston Michael J , Nystul Todd G
Published: December 2014

Epithelial stem cells divide asymmetrically, such that one daughter replenishes the stem cell pool and the other differentiates. We found that, in the epithelial follicle stem cell (FSC) lineage of the Drosophila ovary, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling functions specifically in the FSCs to promote the unique partially polarized state of the FSC, establish apical–basal polarity throughout the lineage, and promote FSC maintenance in the niche. In addition, we identified a novel connection between EGFR signaling and the cell-polarity regulator liver kinase B1 (LKB1), which indicates that EGFR signals through both the Ras–Raf–MEK–Erk pathway and through the LKB1–AMPK pathway to suppress apical identity. The development of apical–basal polarity is the earliest visible difference between FSCs and their daughters, and our findings demonstrate that the EGFR-mediated regulation of apical–basal polarity is essential for the segregation of stem cell and daughter cell fates.
Syntax or nothing: Some theoretical and empirical remarks on implicit arguments
Authors: Saab Andres
Published: December 2014

I show that core implicit subjects in Spanish (i.e., the ones that occur with analytical passives, impersonal se, and causatives) can be derived from a theory under which absence of Merge in external subject position is a possible syntactic output. Core implicit arguments then have no syntactic representation (pace Landau 2010). Absence of Merge can make to arise two different scenarios: (i) a conflict at the interfaces, which requires the implementation of some repair strategy, (ii) no conflict at the interfaces; i.e., a legitimate object at the interfaces. The first scenario is illustrated with reference to the so-called impersonal se in Spanish, and the second one with reference to analytical passives. The proposed system is able to capture a set of very intricate facts that does not have a satisfactory solution hitherto. Crucially, this particular view on implicit arguments, together with a purely syntactic theory of argument structure, derives the full distribution of impersonals and reflexives in hacer ‘to make’ causative contexts. Finally, it is shown that the arbitrary readings that the two scenarios above described display have a different source: whereas impersonal se requires (costly) default computation at the interface, arbitrary interpretations in analytical passives are calculated at the vP level.   
A guide to subjunctive and modals in Spanish: questions and analyses
Authors: Fábregas Antonio
Published: December 2014

The goal of this article is to provide an overview of the range of phenomena that in Spanish are related to modal interpretations, with particular attention to the distribution and analysis of subjunctive. The main questions that are discussed in this article are (a) whether subjunctive can be characterised uniformly; (b) what the proper placement of subjunctive is in the functional structure of the clause, and how subjunctive interacts with modals that are placed in different areas; (c) what kind of analysis is necessary to account in an appropriate way for the different aspects of the grammar of subjunctive.
Operational Time
Authors: Albrecher Hansjörg
Published: December 2014

We give a brief discussion of the concept of operational time and some of its applications in actuarial science.
Coinsurance
Authors: Priest Colin
Published: December 2014

This article describes the term coinsurance and how it applies to insurance, reinsurance, and insurance pools.
Sickness Insurance
Authors: Szuch William
Published: December 2014

This article examines the meaning of sickness insurance from individual products through social health schemes.
S
tocks,
P
ercy
Authors: Armitage Peter
Published: December 2014

Stocks left an academic post in medical statistics to become the Chief Medical Statistician at the General Register Office in London for 17 years. He played a leading part in revisions of the
International Classification of Diseases
and later worked on studies of cancer epidemiology.
Barnard,GeorgeAlfred
Authors: Lindley Dennis V.
Published: December 2014

G.A. Barnard (1915–2002) was a prominent British statistician, holding professorships at Imperial College London and the University of Essex. He was a strong proponent of the use of likelihood as a central feature of statistical inference, leading to the likelihood principle, and stressed the importance of conjugate distributions in Bayesian theory. Another interest was industrial inspection and quality control.
Recyclable and reusable Pd(OAc)2/PPh3/PEG‐2000 system for homocoupling reaction of arylboronic acids under air without base
Authors: Xia Jianhui , Cheng Mingzhu , Chen Qiurong , Cai Mingzhong
Published: December 2014

A stable and efficient Pd(OAc)2/PPh3/PEG‐2000 catalytic system for homocoupling of arylboronic acids has been developed. In the presence of Pd(OAc)2 and PPh3, the homocoupling reaction of arylboronic acids was carried out smoothly in PEG‐2000 at 70 °C under air without base to afford a variety of symmetric biaryls in good to excellent yields. The isolation of the products was readily performed by extraction with diethyl ether, and the Pd(OAc)2/PPh3/PEG‐2000 system could be easily recycled and reused six times without significant loss of catalytic activity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Associations between stream hydrogeomorphology and co‐dependent mussel–fish assemblages: evidence from an Ohio, USA river system
Authors: Bey Clarissa R. , Sullivan S. Mažeika P.
Published: December 2014

Understanding linkages among fluvial geomorphology, habitat, and aquatic biota is critical for effective stream ecosystem conservation. However, composite effects of hydrogeomorphic adjustment and condition, which collectively represent channel stability, on freshwater mussel and stream fish assemblages remain unresolved.

Associations between stream hydrogeomorphic characteristics (channel geometry, substrate composition, stream flow) and mussel and stream fish assemblages were explored at 20 study reaches characterized by riffle–pool interfaces (RPIs) in Ohio, USA.

At a coarse resolution using categorical classifications of equilibrium (i.e. stable) vs. adjusting (i.e. unstable) RPIs, overall fish and darter density was greater at adjusting RPIs (P = 0.048 and P = 0.024, respectively). Conversely, fish species richness was 1.2× greater at equilibrium than adjusting RPIs (P = 0.047).

Analysis of quantitative hydrogeomorphic data collected with fine‐resolution surveys showed that hydrogeomorphic parameters explained from 20% (darter assemblage evenness) to 55% (density of mussels known to use darters as hosts) of the variation observed in all assemblages. Drainage area was significant in most models with variable influence: R2 = 0.10 for darter species richness to R2 = 0.41 for Simpson's diversity index of mussels with darter hosts. Other important predictor variables included embeddedness, velocity, shear stress, roughness, channel dimensions, and sediment size.

Whereas coarse‐level fluvial geomorphic classifications may be meaningful for fish, they appear less so for mussels. Fine‐resolution quantitative hydrogeomorphic variables provided substantially more information for both assemblages, although hydrogeomorphology–fish and hydrogeomorphology–mussel relationships were not consistent. Some of the strongest relationships related to mussels that use darters as hosts, suggesting that these species are particularly sensitive to hydrogeomorphic conditions.

Collectively, these results indicate that fluvial geomorphic condition and characteristics can simultaneously influence co‐dependent stream biota. Stream conservation and management plans that include explicit hydrogeomorphic surveys may appreciably benefit cohabitating freshwater fish and mussel assemblages.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Language Impairment and Dyslexia Genes Influence Language Skills in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Eicher John D. , Gruen Jeffrey R.
Published: December 2014

Language and communication development is a complex process influenced by numerous environmental and genetic factors. Many neurodevelopment disorders include deficits in language and communication skills in their diagnostic criteria, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), language impairment (LI), and dyslexia. These disorders are polygenic and complex with a significant genetic component contributing to each. The similarity of language phenotypes and comorbidity of these disorders suggest that they may share genetic contributors. To test this, we examined the association of genes previously implicated in dyslexia, LI, and/or language‐related traits with language skills in children with ASD. We used genetic and language data collected in the Autism Genome Research Exchange (AGRE) and Simons Simplex Collection (SSC) cohorts to perform a meta‐analysis on performance on a receptive vocabulary task. There were associations with LI risk gene ATP2C2 and dyslexia risk gene MRPL19. Additionally, we found suggestive evidence of association with CMIP, GCFC2, KIAA0319L, the DYX2 locus (ACOT13, GPLD1, and FAM65B), and DRD2. Our results show that LI and dyslexia genes also contribute to language traits in children with ASD. These associations add to the growing literature of generalist genes that contribute to multiple related neurobehavioral traits. Future studies should examine whether other genetic contributors may be shared among these disorders and how risk variants interact with each other and the environment to modify clinical presentations. Autism Res 2015, 8: 229–234. © 2014 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cognitive function and social attainment in adult survivors of retinoblastoma: A report from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study
Authors: Brinkman Tara M. , Merchant Thomas E. , Li Zhenghong , Brennan Rachel , Wilson Matthew , Hoehn Mary Ellen , Qaddoumi Ibrahim , Phipps Sean , Srivastava Deokumar , Robison Leslie L. , Hudson Melissa M. , Krull Kevin R.
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND

Retinoblastoma has a 5‐year survival rate exceeding 95%, yet little is known about long‐term functional outcomes for these patients.

METHODS

Sixty‐nine adult survivors of retinoblastoma (mean age, 33 years; mean years post‐diagnosis, 31) who had enrolled in the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study completed clinical cognitive evaluations and questionnaires assessing adult social attainment. Scores on all cognitive measures were converted to z‐scores (M = 0, SD = 1) using age‐adjusted normative data. Multivariable linear regression analyses, adjusted for age at diagnosis and disease laterality, were used to examine associations between disease and treatment exposures and cognitive outcomes.

RESULTS

Retinoblastoma survivors performed within normative expectations across most cognitive domains. In multivariable models, adjusted for disease laterality, survivors diagnosed at ≤1 year of age performed significantly better on measures of short‐term verbal memory (β = 0.87, P<.01), long‐term verbal memory (β = 0.66, P = .02), verbal learning (β = 0.67, P = .02), and verbal reasoning abilities (β = 0.79, P<.01) compared with survivors diagnosed at >1 year of age. In multivariable models, restricted to bilateral survivors and adjusted for age at diagnosis, whole brain radiation exposure was significantly associated with poorer performance on tasks of short‐term verbal memory (β = −0.003, P = .03) and long‐term verbal memory (β = −0.003, P = .01). Reported social attainment was consistent with adult developmental expectations.

CONCLUSIONS

Adult survivors of retinoblastoma demonstrate few cognitive or social attainment deficits decades following diagnosis and treatment. Findings suggest the potential for neural reorganization following early insult to the visual system as well as vulnerability of the developing brain to low dose radiation exposure. Early intervention and rehabilitation will be important for these patients. Cancer 2015;121:123–131. © 2014 American Cancer Society.