bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fish larva distribution and profusion in Mangunharjo and Timbulsloko mangrove ecosystem
Authors: Kurniawan N A , Ambariyanto  , Suprijanto J
Published: January 2020

Mangrove area as nursery grounds for the fish larvae in Semarang and Demak. Fish larvae were collected during August - February representing dry and rainy seasons from three mangrove station swamps by a beach seine net. The net was dragged on the bottom for 100 m three times. A total of 291 fish larvae were collected, representing 5 families. The most abundant species formed about 76 % of all collected fishes. Two fish larvae family were collected for the first time from mangrove areas in the Timbulsloko. Most of the collected fishes are economically important fishes. Moreover five families were belonging to demersal fishes. The highest species richness value was recorded in Timbulsloko mangroves at night in the river. This Finding showed that mangroves could support the life history of many demersal and pelagic fish.
Acoustic impedance model-based inversion to identify target reservoir: a case study Nias Waters
Authors: Erryansyah M , Nainggolan T B , Manik H M
Published: January 2020

Seismic method is a good geophysical method in imaging the subsurface conditions using the principle of seismic wave propagation. This method is often used in hydrocarbon exploration. One important step in hydrocarbon exploration is seismic interpretation. In the stages of seismic interpretation, a good basic knowledge of geophysical and geological knowledge is needed regarding the existence and characterization of hydrocarbon reservoirs. One method used in interpreting seismic data is the acoustic impedance inversion method. In this study, 2D seismic inversion was carried out to determine the reservoir characteristics of the MCL-1 well in the Nias basin. This study uses model-based on inversion which aims to obtain the value of acoustic impedance which is useful for the identification of distribution, porosity values and reservoir conditions of the target zone. The results obtained are the target reservoir zone at a depth of 6649-7434 feet or 1705-1810ms for MCL-1 wells with a range of acoustic impedance values of 25556 ((ft/s) * (g/cc)) - 46885 ((ft/s) * (g/cc)) with the type of rock that fills the reservoir is the type of limestone rock. The correlation value for model-based inversion has a relatively small error. This can characterize the hydrocarbon reservoir well.
Coral reefs ecosystem degradation at Nusa Penida, Bali
Authors: Tito C K , Ampou E E
Published: January 2020

Coral reefs interference by multiple threats from local and global source. The aggregate effects of local stressors such as tourism activity, pollution, overfishing, and coral harvesting can decrease resilience of the reefs. Furthermore, increased ocean temperatures, changing ocean chemistry, and sea level rise are the greatest global threats to coral reef ecosystems. The objective of this work is to assess coral reefs ecosystem degradation at Nusa Penida (NP), Bali. In this works, monitoring of coral reef ecosystem was conduct by transect photographs on May and October 2018. We observed the evidence of coral reefs degradation in the site, particularly on the northern and southern reefs area. We also found that algal cover much higher than our previous monitoring activities, linked to higher coral mortality at these locations.
Plant defense-related gene expression analysis of canker-infected lime seedling
Authors: Sudyoung N , Tokuyama S , Krajangsang S , Pringsulaka O , Yeesin P , Koto R , Sarawaneeyaruk S
Published: January 2020

A serious problem for Paan-lime production in Thailand is a citrus canker disease caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc). The use of antagonist against pathogenic Xcc is increasingly becoming popular. In this study, we investigated the effect of pathogenic Xcc and a bacterial antagonist on defense-related gene expression of Paan-lime. The ability of Xcc and the antagonist Pseudomonas aeruginosa SWUC02 to induce defense-related gene expression, including PR-1, Pt14, LRR8, and LOX gene, was assessed. We assured that all four defense-related genes are present in Paan-lime by analyzing the similarity of nucleotide sequences in parts of the genes against other citrus species. Using reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR), we showed that the antagonist is able to induce the expression of LRR8 gene at 24 hours post-inoculation, while Xcc induces PR-1 and LOX gene expression at the same time. Our results suggest that these defense-related genes alter their expressions in response to canker disease infection. Thus, we could use this group of genes as a biomarker for screening canker-resistance Paan-lime tree.
Additive manufacturing in radiation oncology: a review of clinical practice, emerging trends and research opportunities
Authors: Tino Rance , Leary Martin , Yeo Adam , Kyriakou Elizabeth , Kron Tomas , Brandt Milan
Published: January 2020

The additive manufacturing (AM) process plays an important role in enabling cross-disciplinary research in engineering and personalised medicine. Commercially available clinical tools currently utilised in radiotherapy are typically based on traditional manufacturing processes, often leading to non-conformal geometries, time-consuming manufacturing process and high costs. An emerging application explores the design and development of patient-specific clinical tools using AM to optimise treatment outcomes among cancer patients receiving radiation therapy. In this review, we:

• highlight the key advantages of AM in radiotherapy where rapid prototyping allows for patient-specific manufacture

• explore common clinical workflows involving radiotherapy tools such as bolus, compensators, anthropomorphic phantoms, immobilisers, and brachytherapy moulds; and

• investigate how current AM processes are exploited by researchers to achieve patient tissue-like imaging and dose attenuations.

Finally, significant AM research opportunities in this space are highlighted for their future advancements in radiotherapy for diagnostic and clinical research applications.
New horizons in appetite and the anorexia of ageing
Authors: Cox Natalie J , Morrison Leanne , Ibrahim Kinda , Robinson Sian M , Sayer Avan A , Roberts Helen C
Published: January 2020

Appetite drives essential oral nutritional intake. Its regulation is complex, influenced by physiology, hedonism (the reward of eating) and learning from external cues within a person’s society and culture. Appetite loss is common in the older population and not always attributable to medical conditions or treatment. Although the physiological basis of the anorexia of ageing (loss of appetite due to the ageing process) has been established, the effect of ageing on hedonism and external cues, which may be equally important, is less well understood. The anorexia of ageing is associated with reductions in dietary diversity and oral intake, and increased risk of malnutrition, sarcopenia and frailty. Early identification of poor appetite could allow timely intervention before weight loss occurs. There is no standardised tool for assessing appetite in clinical settings at present but the 4-item Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ) has the potential to be used in this way. This review, designed for clinicians, will discuss the regulation of appetite and the pathogenesis of the anorexia of ageing. It will describe the current evidence for interventions to manage the anorexia of ageing, which is limited, with little benefit reported from individual studies of education, physical activity and medication. There is some positive evidence for flavour enhancement, fortified food and oral nutritional supplements but mainly within single studies. Looking ahead, the aim is to develop multicomponent approaches to the treatment of the anorexia of ageing based on growing understanding of the role of physiological signalling, hedonism and external cues.
Use of medication among nursing home residents: a Danish drug utilisation study
Authors: Lundby Carina , Jensen John , Larsen Søren Post , Hoffmann Helene , Pottegård Anton , Reilev Mette
Published: January 2020

Background

Data on drug utilisation patterns in nursing home populations is scarce. We aimed to describe drug use patterns in Danish nursing home residents.

Methods

We established a cohort of 5,179 individuals (63% women; median age of 84 years) admitted into 94 nursing homes across Denmark during 2015–2017. Data on prescription drug use and other census data were obtained from the nationwide Danish health registries.

Results

The total number of drug classes filled increased from a median of 6 drugs (interquartile range [IQR] 3–9) at 18–24 months before nursing home admission to a median of 8 drugs (IQR 6–11) just after admission, with the most common drug classes comprising paracetamol (61%), platelet inhibitors (41%), proton pump inhibitors (34%), statins (33%) and potassium supplements (31%). The incidence rate of new drug treatments increased from 21 new treatments/100 residents/month at 12–24 months before admission to a peak of 71 new treatments/100 residents/month in the month prior to admission, while it levelled off to about 34 new treatments/100 residents/month after 6–9 months. The drug classes primarily responsible for this peak were laxatives, antibiotics and analgesics. The largest absolute increases were seen for laxatives (53%), paracetamol (43%) and antidepressants (36%), all showing a marked increase up to and following admission. A high proportion of residents remained on therapy in the 3-year period following admission, with users of antidepressants and antidementia drugs being most persistent.

Conclusion

Nursing home admission is associated with an increase in use of both predominantly preventive and non-preventive drug classes.
DEEPrior: a deep learning tool for the prioritization of gene fusions
Authors: Lovino Marta , Ciaburri Maria Serena , Urgese Gianvito , Di Cataldo Santa , Ficarra Elisa
Published: January 2020

In the last decade, increasing attention has been paid to the study of gene fusions. However, the problem of determining whether a gene fusion is a cancer driver or just a passenger mutation is still an open issue. Here we present DEEPrior, an inherently flexible deep learning tool with two modes (Inference and Retraining). Inference mode predicts the probability of a gene fusion being involved in an oncogenic process, by directly exploiting the amino acid sequence of the fused protein. Retraining mode allows to obtain a custom prediction model including new data provided by the user.

Availability and implementation

Both DEEPrior and the protein fusions dataset are freely available from GitHub at (https://github.com/bioinformatics-polito/DEEPrior). The tool was designed to operate in Python 3.7, with minimal additional libraries.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Collaboration across Time and Space in the LTER Network
Authors: Huang Tian-Yuan , Downs Martha R , Ma Jun , Zhao Bin
Published: January 2020

The scale of ecological research is getting larger and larger. At such scales, collaboration is indispensable, but there is little consensus on what factors enable collaboration. In the present article, we investigated the temporal and spatial pattern of institutional collaboration within the US Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network on the basis of the bibliographic database. Social network analysis and the Monte Carlo method were applied to identify the characteristics of papers published by LTER researchers within a baseline of papers from 158 leading ecological journals. Long-term and long-distance collaboration were more frequent in the LTER Network, and we investigate and discuss the underlying mechanisms. We suggest that the maturing infrastructure and environment for collaboration within the LTER Network could encourage scientists to make large-scale hypotheses and to ask big questions in ecology.
Reduction of colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis by a black lentil water extract through inhibition of inflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokines
Authors: Mazewski Candice , Luna-Vital Diego , Berhow Mark , Gonzalez de Mejia Elvira
Published: January 2020

The objective was to compare the impact of black lentil (BL) water and delphinidin 3-O-(2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-α-l-arabinopyranoside) (D3G)-rich lentil extracts on tumor development, inflammation and immune response in an azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model. C57BL/6 mice were randomly separated into four groups: healthy control (n = 6), AOM/DSS control (n = 14), AOM/DSS + BL (600 mg/kg body wt, n = 12) and AOM/DSS + D3G (41 mg/kg body wt, equivalent to D3G concentration in BL, n = 12). Mice were given treatments for 11 weeks using a voluntary jelly administration. AOM/DSS + BL presented a lower (P < 0.05) disease activity index, throughout and at the end (2.4) compared with AOM/DSS (6.3). AOM/DSS + BL mice had an average of 7.8 neoplasms versus 12.8 for the AOM/DSS (P < 0.05). Proinflammatory cytokines were downregulated in the colon mucosa: interleukin (IL)-1β (−77.5%, −70.7%) and IL-6 (−44.4%, −44.9%) by AOM/DSS + BL and AOM/DSS + D3G, respectively, compared with AOM/DSS. IL-6 protein expression was decreased by BL in plasma (−72.6%) and gene expression in colon polyps (fold change: −4.0) compared with AOM/DSS. AOM/DSS + D3G non-polyp tissue gene expression clustered with the healthy control tissue with only four genes modified (secreted phosphoprotein 1 and CXC motif chemokine ligands 2, 5 and 10). AOM/DSS + BL downregulated programmed death-ligand 1 protein expression in colon tissue (−54.7%) and gene expression by 2.8-fold compared with the AOM/DSS control. In fecal samples, gallic and protocatechuic acids and epicatechin were found, and concentration of most amino acids was lower and unsaturated fatty acids were higher for AOM/DSS + BL and AOM/DSS + D3G. BL and D3G-rich extracts showed anti-inflammatory and proimmune response effects while BL additionally prevented growth of neoplasia.
RNA-seq reveals novel mechanistic targets of withaferin A in prostate cancer cells
Authors: Kim Su-Hyeong , Hahm Eun-Ryeong , Singh Krishna B , Shiva Sruti , Stewart-Ornstein Jacob , Singh Shivendra V
Published: January 2020

Withaferin A (WA) is a promising phytochemical exhibiting in vitro and in vivo anticancer activities against prostate and other cancers, but the mechanism of its action is not fully understood. In this study, we performed RNA-seq analysis using 22Rv1 human prostate cancer cell line to identify mechanistic targets of WA. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis of the differentially expressed genes showed most significant enrichment of genes associated with metabolism. These results were validated using LNCaP and 22Rv1 human prostate cancer cells and Hi-Myc transgenic mice as models. The intracellular levels of acetyl-CoA, total free fatty acids and neutral lipids were decreased significantly following WA treatment in both cells, which was accompanied by downregulation of mRNA (confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) and protein levels of key fatty acid synthesis enzymes, including ATP citrate lyase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1, fatty acid synthase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A. Ectopic expression of c-Myc, but not constitutively active Akt, conferred a marked protection against WA-mediated suppression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 and fatty acid synthase protein expression, and clonogenic cell survival. WA was a superior inhibitor of cell proliferation and fatty acid synthesis in comparison with known modulators of fatty acid metabolism including cerulenin and etomoxir. Intraperitoneal WA administration to Hi-Myc transgenic mice (0.1 mg/mouse, three times/week for 5 weeks) also resulted in a significant decrease in circulating levels of total free fatty acids and phospholipids, and expression of ATP citrate lyase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1, fatty acid synthase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A proteins in the prostate in vivo.
The difference between delivered and prescribed dialysate sodium in haemodialysis machines
Authors: Shendi Ali M , Davenport Andrew
Published: January 2020

Background

The choice of dialysate sodium (DNa) for haemodialysis (HD) patients remains controversial, with some studies reporting that a lower DNa improves blood pressure control and reduces intradialytic weight gain. Studies on DNa depend on the alignment of programmed to delivered DNa. We wished to determine whether there were differences between programmed and delivered DNa.

Methods

Dialysate samples were obtained from three dialysis machines: Fresenius 4008H (F4008H) and 5008S (F5008S) and B-Braun hemodiafiltration (HDF) Dialog+(BB). DNa was measured by indirect ion-selective electrode (ISE), flame photometry (FP) and ion chromatography (IC) at different DNa concentrations.

Results

We tested 18 F5008S, 18 F4008H and 31 BB machines over 153 HD treatments. The median measured minus programmed DNa was significantly greater with the BB machine [ISE, 7 (6–8); FP, 7 (6–8); IC, 6 (5–7)], followed by the F4008H [ISE, 5.5 (5–7); FP, 4 (2.25–5.75); IC, 4 (2–5)]and F5008S [ISE, 4 (2–5); FP, 1 (−1–1.75); IC, 1 (−0.5 to 2)] mEq/L (P < 0.05). At higher programmed DNa (140–145 mEq/L), measured DNa was greater for the BB and F4008 machines by all methods (P < 0.05), but only by ISE for the F5008 (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

We noted a systematic bias in DNa delivery with measured DNa being greater than that programmed by our HD machines. The magnitude of the bias varied between machines and with DNa. Our results may help explain the diverse results reported in studies of DNa.
Evaluating Native Bee Communities and Nutrition in Managed Grasslands
Authors: Stein D S , Debinski D M , Pleasants J M , Toth A L
Published: January 2020

Native pollinators are important for providing vital services in agroecosystems; however, their numbers are declining globally. Bees are the most efficient and diverse members of the pollinator community; therefore, it is imperative that management strategies be implemented that positively affect bee community composition and health. Here, we test responses of the bee and flowering plant communities to land management treatments in the context of grasslands in the upper Midwestern United States, a critical area with respect to bee declines. Twelve sites were selected to examine floral resources and wild bee communities based on three different types of grasslands: tallgrass prairie remnants, ungrazed restorations, and grazed restorations. Total bee abundance was significantly higher in ungrazed restorations than remnants, but there were no significant differences among grasslands in community composition or Shannon diversity. Across the three grassland types we also examined mass and lipid stores as nutritional health indicators in three sweat bees (Halictidae), Augochlora pura, Agapostemon virescens, and Halictus ligatus. Although there were no differences in lipid content, total average bee mass was significantly higher in Ag. virescens collected from ungrazed restorations as compared to remnants. Floral abundance of native and non-native species combined was significantly higher in grazed restorations compared to remnants and ungrazed restorations. However, ungrazed restorations had higher abundance and richness of native flowering ramets. These data suggest that bee abundance and nutrition are driven by high abundance of native flowering plant species, rather than total flowering plants.
16. Global political economy
Authors: Phillips Nicola
Published: January 2020

This chapter introduces the field of International Political Economy (IPE), the themes and insights of which are reflected in the Global Political Economy (GPE), and what it offers in the study of contemporary globalization. It begins with three framing questions: How should we think about power in the contemporary global political economy? How does IPE help us to understand what drives globalization? What does IPE tell us about who wins and who loses from globalization? The chapter proceeds by discussing various approaches to IPE and the consequences of globalization, focusing on IPE debates about inequality, labour exploitation, and global migration. Two case studies are presented, one dealing with the BRICs and the rise of China, and the other with slavery and forced labour in global production. There is also an Opposing Opinions box that asks whether national states are irrelevant in an era of economic globalization.
‘Marry in Haste …’: The (Partial) Abolition of Same-sex Marriage in Bermuda
Authors: Barker Nicola
Published: January 2020

In 2018, the British Overseas Territory of Bermuda revoked the right to marry for same-sex couples. In a judgment that reconceives the relationship between sexual orientation and religious freedoms, the Bermuda Supreme Court and Court of Appeal found this revocation to be unconstitutional. I explore the political and legal context in which same-sex marriage was granted and then revoked in Bermuda. I also consider the Bermuda Courts’ judgments in light of the subsequent judgment of the United Kingdom’s Supreme Court in Steinfeld, among others. While there was an assumption from both the Bermuda and United Kingdom Governments that the revocation provision was compatible with the European Convention on Human Rights, I argue that this underestimates the significance of the distinction between declining to recognise a right to same-sex marriage and revoking a right that has already been exercised. While the European Court of Human Rights has not yet found the absence of same-sex marriage to be a violation of Article 12 of the Convention, I argue that the revocation of a right to marry between same-sex couples that had been recognised in accordance with national law changes the terrain on which the Convention arguments would be made.
Year-long effects of high pCO2 on the community structure of a tropical fore reef assembled in outdoor flumes
Authors: Edmunds Peter J , Doo Steve S , Carpenter Robert C
Published: January 2020

In this study, fore reef coral communities were exposed to high pCO2 for a year to explore the relationship between net accretion (Gnet) and community structure (planar area growth). Coral reef communities simulating the fore reef at 17-m depth on Mo’orea, French Polynesia, were assembled in three outdoor flumes (each 500 l) that were maintained at ambient (396 µatm), 782 µatm, and 1434 µatm pCO2, supplied with seawater at 300 l h−1, and exposed to light simulating 17-m depth. The communities were constructed using corals from the fore reef, and the responses of massive Porites spp., Acropora spp., and Pocillopora verrucosa were assessed through monthly measurements of Gnet and planar area. High pCO2 depressed Gnet but did not affect colony area by taxon, although the areas of Acropora spp. and P. verrucosa summed to cause multivariate community structure to differ among treatments. These results suggest that skeletal plasticity modulates the effects of reduced Gnet at high pCO2 on planar growth, at least over a year. The low sensitivity of the planar growth of fore reef corals to the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on net calcification supports the counterintuitive conclusion that coral community structure may not be strongly affected by OA.
On the empirical performance of some new neural network methods for forecasting intermittent demand
Authors: Babai M Z , Tsadiras A , Papadopoulos C
Published: January 2020

In this paper, new neural network (NN) methods are proposed to forecast intermittent demand and we empirically study their performance as compared to parametric and non-parametric forecasting methods proposed in the literature. The empirical investigation uses demand data for 5,135 spare parts for the fleet of aircrafts of an airline company. Three parametric benchmark methods are examined: single exponential smoothing (SES), Croston’s method and Syntetos–Boylan approximation, along with two bootstrapping methods: Willemain’s method and Zhou and Viswanathan’s method. The benchmark NN method considered in this paper is that proposed by Gutierrez et al. (2008) The paper shows the outperformance of SES and the NN methods for (a) their forecast accuracy and (b) their inventory efficiency (trade-off between holding volumes and backordering volumes) when compared to the other methods. Moreover, among the NN methods, a new proposed method is shown to be better than that proposed by Gutierrez et al. in terms of forecast accuracy and inventory efficiency.
Behavioral and Endocrine Alterations to Partner Interactions and Offspring Care during Periods of Conflict
Authors: Paciorek Timothy , Joseph Leese
Published: January 2020

Biparental care has evolved to ensure successful rearing of offspring. However, separation during periods of care can lead to conflicts that might negatively impact pair bonds and offspring care. In this study, pair-bonded convict cichlids (Amatitlania nigrofasciata) were observed for changes in behavior toward their partners and offspring before and after a period of separation. Males and females were designated either as a Resident (remain with offspring) or Removed (separated from partner and offspring for 5 days) individual. Behaviors between partners and toward offspring were measured before and after separation, and compared to the levels of behavior of control pairs (never separated), as well as individuals introduced to a novel partner instead. Cortisol levels of Resident male and female A. nigrofasciata were assayed using water-borne hormone collection before and after separation. Aggression between pair bond members did increase following reintroduction, but did not lead to the termination of pair bonds. Resident females showed more aggression to novel partners than Resident males. Offspring care decreased in both Resident and Removed females. Experimental pairs decreased the amount of time spent interacting with intruders. Cortisol levels were significantly higher among experimental pairs compared with control pairs that did not experience a separation. Females (both control and experimental) showed small, yet significant increases in cortisol levels, while both control and experimental males did not. These results suggest that while pair bonds appear resilient, prolonged separations influence pair bond and parental care dynamics, both behaviorally and hormonally, and require pairs to re-establish roles, resulting in less time caring for offspring.
Simulation-driven product development of cast components with allowance for process-induced material behaviour
Authors: Jansson J , Olofsson J , Salomonsson K
Published: January 2020

This paper presents a methodology that can be used to consider local variations in thermomechanical and thermophysical material properties, residual stresses, and strength-differential effects in finite element analyses of cast components. The methodology is based on applying process simulations and structural analyses together with experimentally established, or already available literature data, in order to describe element-specific material variations. A cast-iron cylinder head was used in order to evaluate the influence of several simplifications that are commonly performed in computer aided engineering. It is shown that non-trivial errors of a potentially large magnitude are introduced by not considering residual stresses, compressive behaviour, temperature dependence, and process-induced material property variations. By providing design engineers with tools that allow them to consider the complex relationships between these aspects early in the development phase, cast components have the potential to be further optimized with respect to both weight and performance.
The malignancy of liver cancer cells is increased by IL-4/ERK/AKT signaling axis activity triggered by irradiated endothelial cells
Authors: Kim Sung Dae , Baik Ji Sue , Lee Jae-Hye , Mun Seo-Won , Yi Joo Mi , Park Moon-Taek
Published: January 2020

The malignant traits involved in tumor relapse, metastasis and the expansion of cancer stem-like cells are acquired via the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in the tumor microenvironment. In addition, the tumor microenvironment strongly supports the survival and growth of malignant tumor cells and further contributes to the reduced efficacy of anticancer therapy. Ionizing radiation can influence the tumor microenvironment, because it alters the biological functions of endothelial cells composing tumor vascular systems. However, to date, studies on the pivotal role of these endothelial cells in mediating the malignancy of cancer cells in the irradiated tumor microenvironment are rare. We previously evaluated the effects of irradiated endothelial cells on the malignant traits of human liver cancer cells and reported that endothelial cells irradiated with 2 Gy reinforce the malignant properties of these cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the signaling mechanisms underlying these events. We revealed that the increased expression level of IL-4 in endothelial cells irradiated with 2 Gy eventually led to enhanced migration and invasion of cancer cells and further expansion of cancer stem-like cells. In addition, this increased level of IL-4 activated the ERK and AKT signaling pathways to reinforce these events in cancer cells. Taken together, our data indicate that ionizing radiation may indirectly modulate malignancy by affecting endothelial cells in the tumor microenvironment. Importantly, these indirect effects on malignancy are thought to offer valuable clues or targets for overcoming the tumor recurrence after radiotherapy.
The art of nerves: A quantitative and qualitative analysis of drama at the turn of nineteenth and twentieth century
Authors: Karlińska Agnieszka
Published: January 2020

The aim of this article was to investigate the influence of medical discourse of the turn of the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries through a case study of dramatic works of the Polish modernism. It was based on a detailed analysis of ninety plays randomly selected out of all performances staged between 1890 and 1913 at two major theatres from Krakow and Warsaw. The author analysed the ways of dramatizing symptoms of hysteria and compared the language used in describing disorders in female and male characters, combining quantitative and qualitative methods of text analysis. Almost all the plays included the symptoms of hysteria; most of them presented characters prone to hysteria. The number of symptoms and hysterical characters increased in periods when new medical theories had gained popularity. The image of hysteria that emerges from the surveyed works both defied the stereotype of hysteria as a specifically feminine illness and confirmed these stereotypes. Dramatic works could have played an important role in the process of popularizing hysteria.
Type theoretical databases
Authors: Forssell Henrik , Robbestad Gylterud Håkon , Spivak David I
Published: January 2020

We show how the display-map category of finite (symmetric) simplicial complexes can be seen as representing the totality of database schemas and instances in a single mathematical structure. We give a sound interpretation of a certain dependent type theory in this model and show how it allows for the syntactic specification of schemas and instances and the manipulation of the same with the usual type-theoretic operations.
Effects of Brief Depression and Anxiety Management Training on a US Army Division’s Primary Care Providers
Authors: Amin Rohul , Thomas Mary Ann
Published: January 2020

Introduction

There is a nation-wide gap between the prevalence of mental illness and the availability of psychiatrists. This places reliance on primary care providers (PCPs) to help meet some of these mental health needs. Similarly, the US Army expects its PCPs to be able to manage common mental illnesses such as anxiety and depression. Therefore, PCPs must be able to close their psychiatric skills gaps via lifelong learning.

Materials and Methods

Following needs assessment of PCPs in a US Army division, the curriculum was developed. Objectives targeted pharmacological management of depression and anxiety. Behavioral intervention skills were also taught to treat insomnia. Didactics and case-based small groups were used. A novel psychotropic decisional tool was developed and provided to learners to assist and influence their future psychiatric practice. Pre-training, immediate post-training, and 6-month assessments were done via survey to evaluate confidence and perceived changes in practice. The curriculum was executed as a quality improvement project using the Plan, Do, Study, Act framework.

Results

Among 35 learners, immediate confidence in selecting optimal psychotropic and perceived knowledge, skill to change the dose or type of medication, and confidence in prescribing behavioral sleep improved significantly with large effect sizes. At 6-month follow-up, learners reported that they were more likely to adjust medications for anxiety or depression and were more likely to start a new medication for anxiety or depression because of the training with moderate effect sizes. Use and satisfaction with the psychotropic decisional tool are also reported.

Conclusions

Our psychotropic decisional tool illustrates a novel algorithmic approach for operationalizing the management of depression and anxiety. Similar approaches can improve the skills of a variety of PCPs in the management of psychiatric disorders. Further studies in the military operational setting are needed to assess the effects of similar educational interventions on access to behavioral health care, suicidal behaviors, and unit medical readiness.
Angle-action variables for orbits trapped at a Lindblad resonance
Authors: Binney James
Published: January 2020

The conventional approach to orbit trapping at Lindblad resonances via a pendulum equation fails when the parent of the trapped orbits is too circular. The problem is explained and resolved in the context of the Torus Mapper and a realistic Galaxy model. Tori are computed for orbits trapped at both the inner and outer Lindblad resonances of our Galaxy. At the outer Lindblad resonance, orbits are quasi-periodic and can be accurately fitted by torus mapping. At the inner Lindblad resonance, orbits are significantly chaotic although far from ergodic, and each orbit explores a small range of tori obtained by torus mapping.
Real galaxy mergers from galaxy pair catalogues
Authors: Pfister Hugo , Dotti Massimo , Laigle Clotilde , Dubois Yohan , Volonteri Marta
Published: January 2020

Mergers of galaxies are extremely violent events shaping their evolution. Such events are thought to trigger starbursts and, possibly, black hole accretion. Nonetheless, it is still not clear how to know the fate of a galaxy pair from the data available at a given time, limiting our ability to constrain the exact role of mergers. In this paper we use the light-cone of the horizon-agn simulation, for which we know the fate of each pair, to test three selection processes aiming at identifying true merging pairs. We find that the simplest one (selecting objects within two thresholds on projected distance d and redshift difference Δz) gives similar results than the most complex one (based on a neural network analysing d, Δz, redshift of the primary, masses/star formation rates/aspect ratio of both galaxies). Our best thresholds are $d_\mathrm{th}\sim 100\, \mathrm{kpc}$ and Δzth ∼ 10−3, in agreement with recent results.
Detection of Fe i in the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121b, and a new likelihood-based approach for Doppler-resolved spectroscopy
Authors: Gibson Neale P , Merritt Stephanie , Nugroho Stevanus K , Cubillos Patricio E , de Mooij Ernst J W , Mikal-Evans Thomas , Fossati Luca , Lothringer Joshua , Nikolov Nikolay , Sing David K , Spake Jessica J , Watson Chris A , Wilson Jamie
Published: January 2020

High-resolution Doppler-resolved spectroscopy has opened up a new window into the atmospheres of both transiting and non-transiting exoplanets. Here, we present VLT/UVES observations of a transit of WASP-121b, an ‘ultra-hot’ Jupiter previously found to exhibit a temperature inversion and detections of multiple species at optical wavelengths. We present initial results using the blue arm of UVES (≈3700–5000 Å), recovering a clear signal of neutral Fe in the planet’s atmosphere at >8$\, \sigma$, which could contribute to (or even fully explain) the temperature inversion in the stratosphere. However, using standard cross-correlation methods, it is difficult to extract physical parameters such as temperature and abundances. Recent pioneering efforts have sought to develop likelihood ‘mappings’ that can be used to directly fit models to high-resolution data sets. We introduce a new framework that directly computes the likelihood of the model fit to the data, and can be used to explore the posterior distribution of parametrised model atmospheres via MCMC techniques. Our method also recovers the physical extent of the atmosphere, as well as account for time- and wavelength-dependent uncertainties. We measure a temperature of $3710^{+490}_{-510}$ K, indicating a higher temperature in the upper atmosphere when compared to low-resolution observations. We also show that the Fe i signal is physically separated from the exospheric Fe ii. However, the temperature measurements are highly degenerate with aerosol properties; detection of additional species, using more sophisticated atmospheric models, or combining these methods with low-resolution spectra should help break these degeneracies.
Reverse engineering the Milky Way
Authors: Forbes Duncan A
Published: January 2020

The ages, metallicities, alpha-elements, and integrals of motion of globular clusters (GCs) accreted by the Milky Way from disrupted satellites remain largely unchanged over time. Here we have used these conserved properties in combination to assign 76 GCs to five progenitor satellite galaxies – one of which we dub the Koala dwarf galaxy. We fit a leaky-box chemical enrichment model to the age–metallicity distribution of GCs, deriving the effective yield and the formation epoch of each satellite. Based on scaling relations of GC counts we estimate the original halo mass, stellar mass, and mean metallicity of each satellite. The total stellar mass of the five accreted satellites contributed around 109 M⊙ in stars to the growth of the Milky Way but over 50 per cent of the Milky Way’s GC system. The five satellites formed at very early times and were likely accreted 8–11 Gyr ago, indicating rapid growth for the Milky Way in its early evolution. We suggest that at least three satellites were originally nucleated, with the remnant nucleus now a GC of the Milky Way. 11 GCs are also identified as having formed ex situ but could not be assigned to a single progenitor satellite.
Complex emission patterns: fluctuations and bistability of polar-cap potentials
Authors: Jones P B
Published: January 2020

Development of the ion-proton pulsar model extends it to the limit of large unscreened polar-cap potentials, for example, as in the Vela pulsar, in which ion charges differ only by small increments from their complete screening values. It is shown that the atomic number Z of an ion following its passage from the canonical Z0 = 26 value through the electromagnetic shower region to the surface is not necessarily time-independent but can vary between fixed limits in an irregular or quasi-periodic way in a characteristic time of the order of 104 s. Thus, at a certain Z the system may transition to an unstable state of higher electric potential and it is argued that this is the physical basis for mode-changes, long-term nulls, periodic or otherwise. The model requires an orientation of magnetic dipole moment relative to rotational spin giving a positive corotational charge density. Success of the model would fix the particle composition of the remaining parts of the magnetosphere, including the Y-point and is therefore relevant to X-ray and γ-ray emission processes.
MOVES III. Simultaneous X-ray and ultraviolet observations unveiling the variable environment of the hot Jupiter HD 189733b
Authors: Bourrier V , Wheatley P J , Lecavelier des Etangs A , King G , Louden T , Ehrenreich D , Fares R , Helling Ch , Llama J , Jardine M M , Vidotto A A
Published: January 2020

In this third paper of the MOVES (Multiwavelength Observations of an eVaporating Exoplanet and its Star) programme, we combine Hubble Space Telescope far-ultraviolet (FUV) observations with XMM–Newton/Swift X-ray observations to measure the emission of HD 189733 in various FUV lines, and its soft X-ray spectrum. Based on these measurements we characterize the interstellar medium towards HD 189733 and derive semisynthetic XUV spectra of the star, which are used to study the evolution of its high-energy emission at five different epochs. Two flares from HD 189733 are observed, but we propose that the long-term variations in its spectral energy distribution have the most important consequences for the environment of HD 189733b. Reduced coronal and wind activity could favour the formation of a dense population of Si2+ atoms in a bow-shock ahead of the planet, responsible for pre- and in-transit absorption measured in the first two epochs. In-transit absorption signatures are detected in the Lyman α line in the second, third, and fifth epochs, which could arise from the extended planetary thermosphere and a tail of stellar wind protons neutralized via charge-exchange with the planetary exosphere. We propose that increases in the X-ray irradiation of the planet, and decreases in its EUV irradiation causing lower photoionization rates of neutral hydrogen, favour the detection of these signatures by sustaining larger densities of H0 atoms in the upper atmosphere and boosting charge-exchanges with the stellar wind. Deeper and broader absorption signatures in the last epoch suggest that the planet entered a different evaporation regime, providing clues as to the link between stellar activity and the structure of the planetary environment.
SiS formation via gas phase reactions between atomic silicon and sulphur-bearing species
Authors: Paiva Mateus A M , Lefloch Bertrand , Galvão Breno R L
Published: January 2020

The potential energy surface for the Si + SH and Si + SH2 reactions is explored using the highly accurate explicit correlation multireference configuration interaction method. For atomic silicon colliding with SH, SiS + H is predicted to be the main reaction channel with no activation energy. The reaction Si + SH2 → SiS + H2 is found to be largely thermodynamically favourable, but likely to be slow, due to its spin forbidden nature. Several details on possible mechanisms are evaluated, and implications for astrochemical models are discussed. Among other results, we show that SiS is stable towards collisions with H and H2, and that the HSiS molecule will quickly be converted to SiS in collisons with atomic hydrogen.
A phase I/II trial of 5-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery with 5-mm margins with concurrent temozolomide in newly diagnosed glioblastoma: primary outcomes
Authors: Azoulay Melissa , Chang Steven D , Gibbs Iris C , Hancock Steven L , Pollom Erqi L , Harsh Griffith R , Adler John R , Harraher Ciara , Li Gordon , Hayden Gephart Melanie , Nagpal Seema , Thomas Reena P , Recht Lawrence D , Jacobs Lisa R , Modlin Leslie A , Wynne Jacob , Seiger Kira , Fujimoto Dylann , Usoz Melissa , von Eyben Rie , Choi Clara Y H , Soltys Scott G
Published: January 2020

Background

We sought to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of 5-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) with 5-mm margins delivered with concurrent temozolomide in newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM).

Methods

We enrolled adult patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma to 5 days of SRS in a 3 + 3 design on 4 escalating dose levels: 25, 30, 35, and 40 Gy. Dose limiting toxicity (DLT) was defined as Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grades 3–5 acute or late CNS toxicity, including adverse radiation effect (ARE), the imaging correlate of radiation necrosis.

Results

From 2010 to 2015, thirty patients were enrolled. The median age was 66 years (range, 51–86 y). The median target volume was 60 cm3 (range, 14.7–137.3 cm3). DLT occurred in 2 patients: one for posttreatment cerebral edema and progressive disease at 3 weeks (grade 4, dose 40 Gy); another patient died 1.5 weeks following SRS from postoperative complications (grade 5, dose 40 Gy). Late grades 1–2 ARE occurred in 8 patients at a median of 7.6 months (range 3.2–12.6 mo). No grades 3–5 ARE occurred. With a median follow-up of 13.8 months (range 1.7–64.4 mo), the median survival times were: progression-free survival, 8.2 months (95% CI: 4.6–10.5); overall survival, 14.8 months (95% CI: 10.9–19.9); O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase hypermethylated, 19.9 months (95% CI: 10.5–33.5) versus 11.3 months (95% CI: 8.9–17.6) for no/unknown hypermethylation (P = 0.03), and 27.2 months (95% CI: 11.2–48.3) if late ARE occurred versus 11.7 months (95% CI: 8.9–17.6) for no ARE (P = 0.08).

Conclusions

The per-protocol MTD of 5-fraction SRS with 5-mm margins with concurrent temozolomide was 40 Gy in 5 fractions. ARE was limited to grades 1–2 and did not statistically impact survival.
Neuromodulation Techniques in Phantom Limb Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Pacheco-Barrios Kevin , Meng Xianguo , Fregni Felipe
Published: January 2020

Objective

To evaluate the effects of neuromodulation techniques in adults with phantom limb pain (PLP).

Methods

A systematic search was performed, comprising randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental (QE) studies that were published from database inception to February 2019 and that measured the effects of neuromodulation in adults with PLP. Hedge’s g effect size (ES) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated, and random-effects meta-analyses were performed.

Results

Fourteen studies (nine RCTs and five QE noncontrolled studies) were included. The meta-analysis of RCTs showed significant effects for i) excitatory primary motor cortex (M1) stimulation in reducing pain after stimulation (ES = −1.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −2.26 to −0.45); ii) anodal M1 transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in lowering pain after stimulation (ES = −1.50, 95% CI = −2.05 to 0.95), and one-week follow-up (ES = −1.04, 95% CI = −1.64 to 0.45). The meta-analysis of noncontrolled QE studies demonstrated a high rate of pain reduction after stimulation with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (rate = 67%, 95% CI = 60% to 73%) and at one-year follow-up with deep brain stimulation (rate = 73%, 95% CI = 63% to 82%).

Conclusions

The evidence from RCTs suggests that excitatory M1 stimulation—specifically, anodal M1 tDCS—has a significant short-term effect in reducing pain scale scores in PLP. Various neuromodulation techniques appear to have a significant and positive impact on PLP, but due to the limited amount of data, it is not possible to draw more definite conclusions.