bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sex, amyloid, and APOE ε4 and risk of cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease: Findings from three well‐characterized cohorts
Authors: Buckley Rachel F. , Mormino Elizabeth C. , Amariglio Rebecca E. , Properzi Michael J. , Rabin Jennifer S. , Lim Yen Ying , Papp Kathryn V. , Jacobs Heidi I.L. , Burnham Samantha , Hanseeuw Bernard J. , Doré Vincent , Dobson Annette , Masters Colin L. , Waller Michael , Rowe Christopher C. , Maruff Paul , Donohue Michael C. , Rentz Dorene M. , Kirn Dylan , Hedden Trey , Chhatwal Jasmeer , Schultz Aaron P. , Johnson Keith A. , Villemagne Victor L. , Sperling Reisa A. ,   on behalf of collaborators in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative,   the Australian Imaging, Biomarker and Lifestyle study of ageing,   the Harvard Aging Brain Study
Published: May 2018

Introduction

Our objective was to investigate the effect of sex on cognitive decline within the context of amyloid β (Aβ) burden and apolipoprotein E genotype.

Methods

We analyzed sex‐specific effects on Aβ‐positron emission tomography, apolipoprotein, and rates of change on the Preclinical Alzheimer Cognitive Composite‐5 across three cohorts, such as the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Australian Imaging, Biomarker and Lifestyle, and Harvard Aging Brain Study (n = 755; clinical dementia rating = 0; age (standard deviation) = 73.6 (6.5); female = 55%). Mixed‐effects models of cognitive change by sex, Aβ‐positron emission tomography, and apolipoprotein ε4 were examined with quadratic time effects over a median of 4 years of follow‐up.

Results

Apolipoprotein ε4 prevalence and Aβ burden did not differ by sex. Sex did not directly influence cognitive decline. Females with higher Aβ exhibited faster decline than males. Post hoc contrasts suggested that females who were Aβ and apolipoprotein ε4 positive declined faster than their male counterparts.

Discussion

Although Aβ did not differ by sex, cognitive decline was greater in females with higher Aβ. Our findings suggest that sex may play a modifying role on risk of Alzheimer's disease–related cognitive decline.
Multinational enterprise buyers’ choices for extending corporate social responsibility practices to suppliers in emerging countries: A multi‐method study
Authors: Tong Xun , Lai Kee‐hung , Zhu Qinghua , Zhao Senlin , Chen Jianghang , Cheng T.C.E.
Published: May 2018

When managing a global supply chain, one critical challenge encountered by multinational enterprises (MNEs) is the extension of corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices to suppliers in emerging countries. In this study, we use a multi‐method approach to explore 1) the nature of suppliers’ CSR heterogeneity based on the various components of CSR in emerging countries, and 2) the choices of MNEs for extending CSR to different types of suppliers in dynamic environments. We begin with a survey of Chinese original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) servicing MNEs to examine how these suppliers vary in CSR implementation based on cluster analysis results. To understand the choices made by MNE buyers for extending CSR to their OEM suppliers, we conduct an agent‐based simulation study considering the dynamics of a system with multiple agents (i.e., MNE buyers, OEM suppliers, and the government). The cluster analysis results show that CSR practices implemented by Chinese OEMs differ significantly from one another and can be classified into three clusters (i.e.,Leader,Follower,andLaggard). The simulation results provide insights into how the adaption costs (e.g., upgrade cost and cost saved by downgrading) and punitive (inspection with possible penalties) and supportive (subsidies) tactics adopted by the government affect the choices made by MNE buyers for extending CSR practices to suppliers in emerging countries. Moreover, we demonstrate when supportive tactics are more effective than punitive tactics under varying conditions and extend the model to investigate the consequences of switching between these two types of tactics in a sequential simulation.
Increased Risk of Incident Disease in Men with Peyronie’s Disease: Analysis of U.S. Claims Data
Authors: Pastuszak Alexander W. , Rodriguez Katherine M. , Solomon Zachary J. , Kohn Taylor P. , Lipshultz Larry I. , Eisenberg Michael L.
Published: May 2018

Background

The subsequent health risks associated with Peyronie’s disease (PD) are unknown.

Aim

This cohort study assesses the risk of developing auto-immune conditions and common chronic health conditions after a diagnosis of PD. We hypothesize that an increase in auto-immune disease will be evident in men with PD, as has been suggested in smaller studies.

Methods

We determined the longitudinal incidence of 13 auto-immune diseases and 25 common chronic conditions in a cohort from the Truven Health Analytics (Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA) database from 2007–2013. The cohort included men with 1 of 3 exposures in 2007: (1) men with PD, (2) men with erectile dysfunction (ED) but not PD, and (3) men without PD or ED, matched on age and follow-up duration.

Outcomes

To assess incidence, we utilized a Cox regression model adjusting for age, smoking, obesity, health care visits per year, urology visits per year, and years of follow-up.

Results

We included 8,728 men with PD; 204,147 men with ED; and 87,280 controls. Men with PD had an increased risk of developing benign prostatic hyperplasia (hazard ratio [HR] 1.21, 95% CI 1.16–1.27), prostatitis (HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.12–1.31), and lower urinary tract symptoms (HR 1.10, 95% CI 1.05–1.16) when compared to both men with ED and age-matched controls without ED or PD even when controlling for the number of urology visits per year. Compared to controls, men with PD also had an increased risk of developing keloids. No significant risk for any auto-immune disease was observed.

Clinical Implications

Clinicians should have heightened awareness for these relevant co-morbidities when treating men with PD.

Strengths & Limitations

Utilizing a claims database provides one of the largest cohorts of men with PD ever published but claims databases lack some individual patient data such as risk factors and demographic information relevant to PD, including: penile injury, history of urologic procedures, and other lifestyle factors.

Conclusion

Men with PD had a higher risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia, lower urinary tract symptoms, prostatitis, and keloids after a diagnosis of PD, but no increased risk of auto-immune conditions. These findings suggest a common etiology for these conditions that may manifest itself in diseases at different times in men’s life cycle.
Review of solid-state linear transformer driver technology
Authors: Jiang Weihua
Published: May 2018

This paper is a review of recent developments in solid-state linear transformer driver (SSLTD) for applications to pulsed power generation. It summarizes the technological advances reported by previous publications and interprets the experimental progresses. The application of solid-state LTDs has been proved to be an attractive approach to make compact and repetitive pulsed power generators that have been sought by a variety of industrial applications and scientific researches. Their advantages and disadvantages compared with their alternatives are reported and analyzed in this paper. Future technical trends of solid-state LTDs are also discussed.
From information to follow‐up: Ethical recommendations to facilitate the disclosure of amyloid PET scan results in a research setting
Authors: Vanderschaeghe Gwendolien , Schaeverbeke Jolien , Bruffaerts Rose , Vandenberghe Rik , Dierickx Kris
Published: May 2018

In the field of Alzheimer's disease research, the use of biomarkers such as amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) has become widespread over a relatively brief period of time. There is an increasing tendency in research studies and trials to switch from no disclosure under any condition toward a qualified disclosure of individual research results, such as amyloid PET scan results. This perspective article aims to evaluate the possible need for a modification of the available recommendations on amyloid PET scan disclosure, based on recent empirical evidence obtained within the field of amyloid PET. This article also applies the International Guideline for Good Clinical Practice to the field of amyloid PET disclosure. Hence, we propose several recommendations to facilitate amyloid PET disclosure while minimizing possible risks of amyloid disclosure in a research context.
FARMER WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR SOIL TESTING SERVICES IN NORTHERN HAITI
Authors: HAROLL KOKOYE SÈNAKPON E. , JOLLY CURTIS M. , MOLNAR JOSEPH J. , SHANNON DENNIS A. , HULUKA GOBENA
Published: May 2018

The study uses interval regression to investigate factors affecting farmers’ willingness to pay for soil testing services in Northern Haiti. The model reveals that factors such as the type of crops grown, group membership, farmers’ educational level, access to credit, gender, contact with extension services or any institution, type of soils, income level, participation in soil testing program and farm size affect the amount to be paid for soil testing services. These results imply that the training module on soil testing and financial support in form of subsidies or access to credit should be provided to farmers.
Regional competition, business politicians, and subnational fiscal policy
Authors: Baccini Leonardo , Li Quan , Mirkina Irina , Johnson Kristina
Published: May 2018

What explains subnational policy choices over tax cut after decentralization? We test two different explanations in the context of the 2002 tax reform in Russia. A popular strand of literature suggests that decentralization induces more regional competition over investment, motivating subnational tax cuts. A second body of literature suggests that personal business interests of regional governors can account for their different policy choices. Governors with personal business ties refrain from tax cuts because they increase market competition. We find no support for the regional competition hypothesis, but strong statistical evidence for the business connection hypothesis. Our findings have important implications for research on fiscal decentralization and on the connections between business interests of leaders and their policy choices.
Evaluation of Gamma Radiation-Induced Biochemical Changes in Skin for Dose Assesment: A Study on Small Experimental Animals
Authors: Kumar Soni Sandeep , Basu Mitra , Agrawal Priyanka , Bhatnagar Aseem , Chhillar Neelam
Published: May 2018

Objective

Researchers have been evaluating several approaches to assess acute radiation injury/toxicity markers owing to radiation exposure. Keeping in mind this background, we assumed that whole-body irradiation in single fraction in graded doses can affect the antioxidant profile in skin that could be used as an acute radiation injury/toxicity marker.

Methods

Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with CO-60 gamma radiation (dose: 1-5 Gy; dose rate: 0.85 Gy/minute). Skin samples were collected (before and after radiation up to 72 hours) and analyzed for glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and lipid peroxidation (LPx).

Results

Intra-group comparison showed significant differences in GSH, GPx, SOD, and CAT, and they declined in a dose-dependent manner from 1 to 5 Gy (Pvalue<0.01,rvalue: 0.3-0.5). LPx value increased (Pvalue<0.01,rvalue: 0.3-0.5) as the dose increased, except in 1 Gy (Pvalue>0.05).

Conclusions

This study suggests that skin antioxidants were sensitive toward radiation even at a low radiation dose, which can be used as a predictor of radiation injury and altered in a dose-dependent manner. These biochemical parameters may have wider application in the evaluation of radiation-induced skin injury and dose assessment. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:197–202).
Paleobiology of the basal hydrochoerineCardiomysAmeghino, 1885 (Rodentia, Caviomorpha, late Miocene, South America) as inferred from its postcranial anatomy
Authors: Candela Adriana M. , Muñoz Nahuel A. , García-Esponda César M.
Published: May 2018

Extinct Hydrochoerinae traditionally included within ‘Cardiomyinae’ (Cavioidea, Caviidae) are caviomorph rodents well represented in the late Miocene to late Pliocene of Argentina, but their paleobiology has received little scientific attention. The postcranium of these rodents is poorly known and has not been considered in morphofunctional or systematic studies. Here, we provide the first description of the postcranium of the basal hydrochoerineCardiomysAmeghino, 1885, based on a well-preserved specimen from the late Miocene of Central Argentina, and evaluate its paleobiological and systematic implications. A morphofunctional study and a character mapping analysis were performed. We concluded that most of its postcranial features are neither adaptations to a specialized cursoriality, as in some extant cavioids, nor major modifications associated with swimming, as in extant capybaras.Cardiomysexhibits several features (high humeral distal articular surface, perforated olecranon fossa, proximal portion of radius cranially located with respect to the ulna, subrectangular-shaped radial head with flattened ulnar facet, calcaneocuboid joint distally located with respect to the astragalonavicular joint) that allow us to interpret it as an ambulatory caviid. Among cavioids, some features ofCardiomysare more similar to those ofHydrochoerusBrisson, 1762 (lateral coronoid process reduced, humeral capitular tail well differentiated, capitular tail facet of the radial head well developed and relatively short craniodistally, plantar process of the navicular massive and short). Other postcranial features (relatively longer and more gracile third metatarsal and phalanges, straight caudal border of the ulna) suggest thatCardiomyswould have been a generalized hydrochoerine, as also indicated by its dental and cranial characters.
The CEO Horizon Problem and Managerial Slack in China
Authors: Fang Junxiong , He Lerong , Conyon Martin J.
Published: May 2018

This study investigates how CEO behavior and incentives change during the CEO's final years in office, known as the horizon problem. We examine how the horizon problem alters managerial slack, a measure of operational inefficiency and managerial value diversion. Using data on Chinese publicly traded firms between 2003 and 2011, we find that managerial slack increases in the last two years of CEO tenure compared to earlier years. We also show that the increase in managerial slack in CEO final years in office is smaller in privately controlled firms than in state-owned enterprises, smaller in firms with CEO equity ownership and more independent boards compared to those without. We conclude that higher quality corporate governance mechanisms ameliorate the perverse incentives associated with the CEO horizon problem, and reduce CEOs’ tendency to increase managerial slack during their final years in office.
Presenting Islamic Art: Reflections on Old and New Museum Displays
Authors: Blessing Patricia
Published: May 2018

This essay presents a reflection on a selection of collections of Islamic art in Europe and the Middle East, focusing on new installations that emerged in the last decade. While various approaches have been discussed in the context of new installations, chronological narratives still prevail. Perhaps, these are indeed the best way to introduce audiences unfamiliar with the material to its complex historical and cultural contexts. The overarching goal of many of these displays may be to create positive public engagement with Islamic art in a global context where Islam is often associated with war and destruction.
The End of the Ottoman Empire, 2017. Color, 104 min. In English, French, and German with English and German subtitles. Director: Mathilde Damoise. Distributor: Icarus Films, http://icarusfilms.com/if-otto.
Authors: Havlioğlu Didem
Published: May 2018

Since the 1950s, historiographical trends in scholarship have re-considered the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and the subsequent nation-state building of the Republic of Turkey. The social and political evolution of the imperial system into a nation-state has been alternatively explained through geopolitical pressures, domestic resistance, the expanding economy and modernism in Europe, and the inability of the Ottoman establishment to cope with the rapid changes of the nineteenth century. Constructing one holistic narrative of a vast time period of upheaval is a difficult endeavor for any scholar. In the case of the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the rise of the Republic of Turkey, ethno-religious networks, two world wars, geopolitical competition between the great powers, regional and pan-regional insurgencies, demographic displacement, nationalist fervor sweeping through the Balkan and Arab provinces and into Anatolia, and finally the Kurdish armed resistance renders succinct historical narratives all but impossible to achieve. Thus, while there are many stories of the end of the Ottoman Empire, an overview of the issues for students and general audiences is a much needed, but audacious, undertaking. Yet for understanding the Middle East and Southeastern Europe today, a critical narrative must be told in all its complexity.
Mourning Halabja on Screen: Or Reading Kurdish Politics through Anfal Films
Authors: Szanto Edith
Published: May 2018

Towards the end of the decade long Iran–Iraq war, Saddam Hussein launched a deadly attack against the Kurds, known as the Anfal Campaign, killing more than a hundred thousand. One of the largest acts of genocide occurred on 18 March 1988 in the Kurdish city of Halabja. On that day, sweet-smelling poison gas was poured over the city, killing at least five thousand. Since 2001 Kurdish moviemakers have memorialized the tragedy of the Halabja massacre by producing cinematic dramas and narrative documentaries. These films are part of a discourse of authenticity and a politics of culture that permeate the Kurdish independence movement. This essay proposes that Halabja films can be divided into three stages: the era of consolidation, 2000 to 2009; the golden era, 2009 to early 2014; and the fall which followed the fall of Mosul to the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria. Each era reveals new attitudes towards politics, society, and the massacre.
Televisual Experiences of Iran's Isolation: Turkish Melodrama and Homegrown Comedy in the Sanctions Era
Authors: Partovi Pedram
Published: May 2018

This essay examines the television viewing habits of Iranians since 2010, when the first of a series of crippling international sanctions were imposed on Iran after diplomatic efforts to curb the country's nuclear program stalled. Like many others in the region, viewers in Iran have been swept up by the recent wave of Turkish serials, which a new generation of offshore private networks dubbed into Persian and beamed to households with illegal satellite television dishes. These glossy melodramas provided access to consumerist utopias increasingly beyond the reach of Iranians living under the shadow of sanctions. Despite the enormous popularity of Turkish television imports with Iranian audiences, the Islamic Republic's networks managed to broadcast some successful “counter-programming” during this era of economic and political isolation. The comedy Paytakht/Capital (2011–15), more specifically, eschewed the glamour and glitz of many Turkish serials for ordinary characters living rather ordinary lives in small town Iran. In doing so, the series highlighted not only the problems that the sanctions regime created or exacerbated in Iranian society but also the virtues of remaining on the margins of a neoliberal global economic order. The essay concludes by asking how Iranian audiences might enjoy both Capital and Turkish melodramas simultaneously.
Resur(e)recting a Spectacular Hero:Diriliş Ertuğrul, Necropolitics, and Popular Culture in Turkey
Authors: Carney Josh
Published: May 2018

The hugely popular proto-Ottoman television serialResurrection Ertuğrul(Diriliş Ertuğrul, 2014–) is the culmination of a series of attempts by Turkish government broadcaster TRT to produce a historical drama in line with the values of the governing AKP. Far from being confined to the television screen,Resurrectionis called upon by the government for multiple extra-textual engagements with the public. This essay traces some of the ways in which the serial has been used instrumentally by the AKP, blurring traditional distinctions between entertainment and official (state sanctioned) history, and intervening in political discourse. It first introduces the notion of prescriptive activation to describe the extra-textual use of media texts by those in power for political ends. Next, it examines the trappings of death that surround Resurrection, suggesting that the serial partakes in a representational necropolitics that fetishizes death for the nation. Finally, it explores the stakes of such representation, turning to a case in which text-inspired and literal necropolitics converge.
Obscurities of a Referendum Foretold: The 2017 Constitutional Amendments in Turkey
Authors: Bilgin Hasret Dikici , Erdoğan Emre
Published: May 2018

The 2017 referendum marked a transition from an already incongruous parliamentary system to rampant presidentialism and created more conflicts rather than defusing them. Given the extraordinary conditions under which the referendum was held, and the limited time allowed for discussion of its possible ramifications, any effort to analyze the eve and aftermath of the referendum provoked more questions than answers. Why was the referendum held in 2017, although the governing party had advocated for a new constitution and transition to a presidential system since it came to power in 2002? What was the attitude of the voters towards the presidential system? How did popular support change or did it in fact change during the referendum campaign? The analysis of these questions presented here relies on extant research to inventory what we really know and do not know about the most recent Turkish referendum and why these unanswered questions might have critical consequences.
Helically symmetric extended magnetohydrodynamics: Hamiltonian formulation and equilibrium variational principles
Authors: Kaltsas D. A. , Throumoulopoulos G. N. , Morrison P. J.
Published: May 2018

Hamiltonian extended magnetohydrodynamics (XMHD) is restricted to respect helical symmetry by reducing the Poisson bracket for the three-dimensional dynamics to a helically symmetric one, as an extension of the previous study for translationally symmetric XMHD (Kaltsas et al., Phys. Plasmas, vol. 24, 2017, 092504). Four families of Casimir invariants are obtained directly from the symmetric Poisson bracket and they are used to construct Energy–Casimir variational principles for deriving generalized XMHD equilibrium equations with arbitrary macroscopic flows. The system is then cast into the form of Grad–Shafranov–Bernoulli equilibrium equations. The axisymmetric and the translationally symmetric formulations can be retrieved as geometric reductions of the helically symmetric one. As special cases, the derivation of the corresponding equilibrium equations for incompressible plasmas is discussed and the helically symmetric equilibrium equations for the Hall MHD system are obtained upon neglecting electron inertia. An example of an incompressible double-Beltrami equilibrium is presented in connection with a magnetic configuration having non-planar helical magnetic axis.
Long-term outcomes of acute treatment with cognitive therapyv.interpersonal psychotherapy for adult depression: follow-up of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Lemmens Lotte H.J.M. , van Bronswijk Suzanne C. , Peeters Frenk , Arntz Arnoud , Hollon Steven D. , Huibers Marcus J.H.
Published: May 2018

Background

Although equally efficacious in the acute phase, it is not known how cognitive therapy (CT) and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) for major depressive disorder (MDD) compare in the long run. This study examined the long-term outcomes of CTv.IPT for MDD.

Methods

One hundred thirty-four adult (18–65) depressed outpatients who were treated with CT (n= 69) or IPT (n= 65) in a large open-label randomized controlled trial (parallel group design; computer-generated block randomization) were monitored across a 17-month follow-up phase. Mixed regression was used to determine the course of self-reported depressive symptom severity (Beck Depression Inventory II; BDI-II) after treatment termination, and to test whether CT and IPT differed throughout the follow-up phase. Analyses were conducted for the total sample (n= 134) and for the subsample of treatment responders (n= 85). Furthermore, for treatment responders, rates of relapse and sustained response were examined for self-reported (BDI-II) and clinician-rated (Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation; LIFE) depression using Cox regression.

Results

On average, the symptom reduction achieved during the 7-month treatment phase was maintained across follow-up (7–24 months) for CT and IPT, both in the total sample and in the responder sample. Two-thirds (67%) of the treatment responders did not relapse across the follow-up period on the BDI-II. Relapse rates assessed with the LIFE were somewhat lower. No differential effects between conditions were found.

Conclusions

Patients who responded to IPT were no more likely to relapse following treatment termination than patients who responded to CT. Given that CT appears to have a prophylactic effect following successful treatment, our findings suggest that IPT might have a prophylactic effect as well.
Efficacy of digital CBT for insomnia to reduce depression across demographic groups: a randomized trial
Authors: Cheng Philip , Luik Annemarie I. , Fellman-Couture Cynthia , Peterson Edward , Joseph Christine L.M. , Tallent Gabriel , Tran Kieulinh Michelle , Ahmedani Brian K. , Roehrs Timothy , Roth Thomas , Drake Christopher L.
Published: May 2018

Background

Insomnia and depression are highly comorbid and mutually exacerbate clinical trajectories and outcomes. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) effectively reduces both insomnia and depression severity, and can be delivered digitally. This could substantially increase the accessibility to CBT-I, which could reduce the health disparities related to insomnia; however, the efficacy of digital CBT-I (dCBT-I) across a range of demographic groups has not yet been adequately examined. This randomized placebo-controlled trial examined the efficacy ofdCBT-I in reducing both insomnia and depression across a wide range of demographic groups.

Methods

Of 1358 individuals with insomnia randomized, a final sample of 358 were retained in thedCBT-I condition and 300 in the online sleep education condition. Severity of insomnia and depression was examined as a dependent variable. Race, socioeconomic status (SES; household income and education), gender, and age were also tested as independent moderators of treatment effects.

Results

ThedCBT-I condition yielded greater reductions in both insomnia and depression severity than sleep education, with significantly higher rates of remission following treatment. Demographic variables (i.e. income, race, sex, age, education) were not significant moderators of the treatment effects, suggesting thatdCBT-I is comparably efficacious across a wide range of demographic groups. Furthermore, while differences in attrition were found based on SES, attrition did not differ between white and black participants.

Conclusions

Results provide evidence that the wide dissemination ofdCBT-I may effectively target both insomnia and comorbid depression across a wide spectrum of the population.
Affective problems and decline in cognitive state in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: John A. , Patel U. , Rusted J. , Richards M. , Gaysina D.
Published: May 2018

Evidence suggests that affective problems, such as depression and anxiety, increase risk for late-life dementia. However, the extent to which affective problems influence cognitive decline, even many years prior to clinical diagnosis of dementia, is not clear. The present study systematically reviews and synthesises the evidence for the association between affective problems and decline in cognitive state (i.e., decline in non-specific cognitive function) in older adults. An electronic search of PubMed, PsycInfo, Cochrane, and ScienceDirect was conducted to identify studies of the association between depression and anxiety separately and decline in cognitive state. Key inclusion criteria were prospective, longitudinal designs with a minimum follow-up period of 1 year. Data extraction and methodological quality assessment using the STROBE checklist were conducted independently by two raters. A total of 34 studies (n= 71 244) met eligibility criteria, with 32 studies measuring depression (n= 68 793), and five measuring anxiety (n= 4698). A multi-level meta-analysis revealed that depression assessed as a binary predictor (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.05–1.76,p= 0.02) or a continuous predictor (B= −0.008, 95% CI −0.015 to −0.002,p= 0.012; OR 0.992, 95% CI 0.985–0.998) was significantly associated with decline in cognitive state. The number of anxiety studies was insufficient for meta-analysis, and they are described in a narrative review. Results of the present study improve current understanding of the temporal nature of the association between affective problems and decline in cognitive state. They also suggest that cognitive function may need to be monitored closely in individuals with affective disorders, as these individuals may be at particular risk of greater cognitive decline.
An empirical derivation of the X-ray optic transmission profile used in calibrating the Planetary Instrument for X-ray Lithochemistry (PIXL) for Mars 2020
Authors: Heirwegh C. M. , Elam W. T. , Flannery D. T. , Allwood A. C.
Published: May 2018

Calibration of the prototype Planetary Instrument for X-ray Lithochemistry (PIXL) selected for Mars 2020 has commenced with an empirical derivation of the X-ray optic transmission profile. Through a straightforward method of dividing a measured “blank” spectrum over one calculated assuming no optic influence, a rudimentary profile was formed. A simple boxcar-smoothing algorithm was implemented to approximate the complete profile that was incorporated into PIQUANT. Use of this form of smoothing differs from the more conventional approach of using a parameter-based function to complete the profile. Comparison of element-specific correction factors, taken from a measurement of NIST SRM 610, was used to assess the accuracy of the new profile. Improvement in the low- to mid-energy portion of the data was apparent though the high-energy region diverged from unity, and thus, requires further refinement.
On Common Plans and Excess Crimes: Fragmenting the Notion of Co-Perpetration in International Criminal Law
Authors: YANEV LACHEZAR
Published: May 2018

The theories of joint criminal enterprise and joint control over the crime have often been cited as the paramount example of fragmentation in the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Court and the UN Tribunals. While the analyses on these two forms of co-perpetration have generally focused on contrasting the different definitional criteria that they rely on to distinguish between principals and accessories to a group crime, this article shifts the focus to one legal element that, although common for both theories, has actually caused a deeper dissonance in the topical case law of the international courts and tribunals: the ‘common plan’ requirement. It is argued that the varying interpretations of this element have given rise to three materially distinct constructions of co-perpetration responsibility in international criminal law. Several normative and practical concerns stemming from the adoption of broad definitions for the common plan element, and the related idea of ascribing responsibility for ‘excess’ crimes of the executed plan, are analyzed to emphasize the need for having a critical discussion on this element of co-perpetration.
KEYNES, MILL, AND SAY’S LAW: A COMMENT ON ROY GRIEVE’S MISTAKEN CRITICISMS OF MILL
Authors: Ahiakpor James C. W.
Published: May 2018

Employing different meanings of classical concepts of saving, capital, investment, and money, and incorrectly attributing the assumption of full employment of labor and a world of certainty to classical analysis, John Maynard Keynes ([1936] 1974) faulted Say’s Law as irrelevant to the real world. Roy Grieve (2016) ignores previous clarifications of Keynes’s misrepresentations and misunderstandings of John Stuart Mill’s restatements of the law. He employs similar misrepresentations and misunderstandings of Mill’s explanations as Keynes did. His model of Mill’s analysis is incapable of explaining how variations in relative prices, the value of money, and interest rates coordinate production, consumption, and savings decisions in a monetary economy.
The Relationship Between Narcissism and Personality Traits of the Five-Factor-Model in Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Allroggen Marc , Rehmann Peter , Schürch Eva , Morf Carolyn C. , Kölch Michael
Published: May 2018

Abstract.Narcissism is seen as a multidimensional construct that consists of two manifestations: grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. In order to define these two manifestations, their relationship to personality factors has increasingly become of interest. However, so far no studies have considered the relationship between different phenotypes of narcissism and personality factors in adolescents. ﻿Method:﻿ In a cross-sectional study, we examine a group of adolescents (﻿n﻿ = 98; average age 16.77 years; 23.5 % female) with regard to the relationship between Big Five personality factors and pathological narcissism using self-report instruments. This group is compared to a group of young adults (﻿n﻿ = 38; average age 19.69 years; 25.6 % female). ﻿Results:﻿ Grandiose narcissism is primarily related to low Agreeableness and Extraversion, vulnerable narcissism to Neuroticism. We do not find differences between adolescents and young adults concerning the relationship between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism and personality traits. ﻿Discussion:﻿ Vulnerable and grandiose narcissism can be well differentiated in adolescents, and the pattern does not show substantial differences compared to young adults.
Numerical Modeling of the Excitation, Propagation, and Dissipation of Primary and Secondary Gravity Waves during Wintertime at McMurdo Station in the Antarctic
Authors: Vadas Sharon L. , Becker Erich
Published: May 2018

We analyze the results of the gravity wave (GW)‐resolving, high‐resolution Kühlungsborn Mechanistic general Circulation Model in July at McMurdo Station (166.69°E and 77.84°S), where strong downslope eastward winds create strong mountain wave (MW) events. These MWs have horizontal wavelengths of λH≃230 km, propagate to z∼ 40–60 km, and can have upward phases in time if the eastward wind accelerates in time. Additionally, inertia‐GWs (IGWs) with λH∼ 500–800 km and ground‐based periods of τr∼ 5–6 hr are generated in the troposphere from unbalanced, large‐scale flow. The density‐scaled GW amplitudes are ∼10 times smaller at z∼ 80–100 km than at z < 50 km because of severe wave dissipation. “Fishbone” structures are seen at z∼ 30–60 km with upward (downward) phases in time below (above) the “knee” at zknee. We horizontally filter the perturbations to isolate the GWs in a fishbone structure for a particular MW event. We find that these GWs have strikingly similar parameters below and above zknee=46 km, with ground‐based horizontal phase speeds of cH∼ 40–60 m/s, τr∼ 9–10 hr, λH∼ 1,600–2,050 km, vertical wavelengths of λz∼ 18–25 km, and azimuths of Υ= 145° –151° east of north. We show that these are secondary GWs excited by a body force at zknee created by MW dissipation approximately 400 km northwest of McMurdo 2.5 hr earlier and that the secondary GW scales and propagation directions are consistent with this force. Importantly, we show that most of the GWs at z > 70 km are secondary GWs not primary GWs from the troposphere.
The Threat of Multi‐Year Drought in Western Amazonia
Authors: Parsons L. A. , LeRoy S. , Overpeck J. T. , Bush M. , Cárdenes‐Sandí G.M. , Saleska S.
Published: May 2018

Recent “once‐in‐a‐century” Amazonian droughts highlight the impacts of drought and climate change on this region's vegetation, carbon storage, water cycling, biodiversity, land use, and economy. The latest climate model simulations suggest this region will experience worsening future drought. However, the instrumental record is too short to quantify the range of background drought variability, or to evaluate extended drought risk in climate models. To overcome these limitations, we generated a new, highly resolved lake record of hydroclimatic variability within the western Amazon Basin. We find that Amazonia has regularly experienced multi‐year droughts over the last millennium. Our results indicate that current climate model simulations likely underestimate the background risk of multi‐year Amazonian drought. These findings illustrate that the future sustainability of the Amazonian forest and its many services may require management strategies that consider the likelihood of multi‐year droughts superimposed on a continued warming trend.
Geophysics‐Based Contaminant Mass Discharge Quantification Downgradient of a Landfill and a Former Pharmaceutical Factory
Authors: Balbarini Nicola , Rønde Vinni , Maurya Pradip , Fiandaca Gianluca , Møller Ingelise , Klint Knud Erik , Christiansen Anders V. , Binning Philip J. , Bjerg Poul L.
Published: May 2018

Contaminant mass discharge is a commonly applied tool to evaluate the environmental impact of contaminated sites on water resources. At large contaminated sites with heterogeneous sources, such as landfills, the number of wells available is often not sufficient, leading to a high uncertainty of mass discharge estimates. In this study, we tackle the uncertainty of the contaminant mass discharge due to low sampling densities by interpolating limited water‐sample data with the support of surface direct current resistivity and induced polarization geophysical data. The method relies on finding a conceptual link between the bulk conductivity imaged from geophysics and the contaminant concentrations. We investigate the link between (1) imaged bulk and electrical water conductivity, (2) water conductivity and conservative ionic species, (3) water conductivity and redox‐sensitive species, (4) water conductivity and semipersistent organic species, and (5) water conductivity and biodegradable organic compounds. The method successfully identify similarities between the distribution of the bulk conductivity and chloride and pharmaceutical compounds in a landfill leachate plume and between the bulk conductivity data and benzene and chlorinated ethenes for a contaminant plume from a former pharmaceutical factory. Contaminant concentrations were interpolated through regression kriging, using geophysical data as the dependent variable. The distribution of concentration determined with the novel method showed a lower mean relative estimation error than the traditional method of kriging only contaminant concentration data. At large sites, the method can improve contaminant mass discharge estimates, especially if surface geophysical measurements are integrated in the site investigation at an early stage.
Reframing the Challenge of Global Wildfire Threats to Water Supplies
Authors: Hallema Dennis W. , Robinne François‐Nicolas , Bladon Kevin D.
Published: May 2018

The timing, extent, and severity of forest wildfires have increased in many parts of the world in recent decades. These wildfires can have substantial and devastating impacts on water supply, ecohydrological systems, and sociohydrosystems. Existing frameworks to assess the magnitude and spatial extent of these effects generally focus on local processes or services and are not readily transferable to other regions. However, there is a growing need for regional, continental, and global scale indices to assess the potential effect of wildfires on freshwater availability and water supply resilience. Such indices must consider both the individual and compound effects of wildfires. In so doing, this will enable comprehensive insights on the water security paradigm and the value of hydrological services in fire‐affected areas around the globe.
Are Bedload Transport Pulses in Gravel Bed Rivers Created by Bar Migration or Sediment Waves?
Authors: Dhont Blaise , Ancey Christophe
Published: May 2018

Bedload transport exhibits considerable spatial and temporal variability, as reflected by large fluctuations of transport rates. Among the various mechanisms proposed for explaining this variability, bedform migration is often cited as the main cause. We took a closer look at this issue by running long‐duration experiments in a gravel bed flume using constant water discharge and sediment feed rates. We monitored bed evolution and measured bedload transport rates at the flume outlet using high‐resolution techniques. The bed was initially flat, but within a few hours bedforms consisting of alternate bars and pools had developed. The bars exhibited a stick‐slip motion: they were stable for long periods but moved episodically (every 10 hr on average). Their downstream migration produced 36% of the sediment volume transported, mostly in the form of intense pulses. Much of the transport was caused by the displacement of sediment waves from pool to pool.
Reevaluating the Use of O2 a1Δg Band in Spaceborne Remote Sensing of Greenhouse Gases
Authors: Sun Kang , Gordon Iouli E. , Sioris Christopher E. , Liu Xiong , Chance Kelly , Wofsy Steven C.
Published: May 2018

Although the O2a1Δg band has long been used in ground‐based greenhouse gas remote sensing to constrain the light path, it is challenging for nadir spaceborne sensors due to strong mesosphere/stratosphere airglow. Spectroscopic simulations using upper state populations successfully reconstruct the airglow spectra with excellent agreement with SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY limb observations (residual root‐mean‐square <0.7%). The accurate knowledge of airglow spectrum enables retrieval of O2(a1Δg) number density, volume emission rate, and temperature. For nadir spaceborne observations, the a1Δg airglow will lead to a negative bias of ∼10% to O2 column, if not considered. However, when properly included, the airglow spectral feature can be adequately separated from O2 absorption (mean bias <0.1%) at the spectral resolution of modern spaceborne spectrometers.
Seismic Shear Wave Anisotropy in Cracked Rocks and an Application to Hydraulic Fracturing
Authors: Xu Song , Tang Xiaoming , Torres‐Verdín Carlos , Su Yuanda
Published: May 2018

Subsurface rocks often contain cracks/fractures with various orientations: aligned, conjugated, and randomly oriented, giving rise to different types of seismic anisotropy. We develop an effective approach for the elastic wave‐scattering theory to accurately calculate anisotropic properties in the presence of single and/or multiple fracture sets. Two specific models, the equivalent aligned crack system and the equivalent orthogonal crack system, are considered for the calculations. The equivalent aligned crack system generates significant anisotropy, while the equivalent orthogonal crack system exhibits weak anisotropy due to the interaction of cracks with different orientations. The theory is applied to interpret acoustic anisotropy measurements acquired in hydraulically fractured formations, where theoretical predictions and measurements are in good agreement.
The Reported Durations of GOES Soft X‐Ray Flares in Different Solar Cycles
Authors: Swalwell Bill , Dalla Silvia , Kahler Stephen , White Stephen M. , Ling Alan , Viereck Rodney , Veronig Astrid
Published: May 2018

The Geostationary Orbital Environmental Satellites (GOES) Soft X‐ray (SXR) sensors have provided data relating to, inter alia, the time, intensity, and duration of solar flares since the 1970s. The GOES SXR Flare List has become the standard reference catalogue for solar flares and is widely used in solar physics research and space weather. We report here that in the current version of the list there are significant differences between the mean duration of flares which occurred before May 1997 and the mean duration of flares thereafter. Our analysis shows that the reported flare timings for the pre‐May 1997 data were not based on the same criteria as is currently the case. This finding has serious implications for all those who used flare duration (or fluence, which depends on the chosen start and end times) as part of their analysis of pre‐May 1997 solar events or statistical analyses of large samples of flares, for example, as part of the assessment of a solar energetic particle forecasting algorithm.
Groundwater Pumping Impacts on Real Stream Networks: Testing the Performance of Simple Management Tools
Authors: Zipper Samuel C. , Dallemagne Tom , Gleeson Tom , Boerman Thomas C. , Hartmann Andreas
Published: May 2018

Quantifying reductions in streamflow due to groundwater pumping (“streamflow depletion”) is essential for conjunctive management of groundwater and surface water resources. Analytical models are widely used to estimate streamflow depletion but include potentially problematic assumptions such as simplified stream‐aquifer geometry and rely on largely untested depletion apportionment equations to distribute depletion from a well among different stream reaches. Here, we use archetypal numerical models to evaluate the sensitivity of five depletion apportionment equations to stream networks with varying drainage densities, topographic relief, and groundwater recharge rates; and statistically evaluate the sources of error for each equation. We introduce a new depletion apportionment equation called web squared which considers stream network geometry, and find that it performs the best under most conditions tested. For all depletion apportionment equations, performance decreases with increases in drainage density, relief, or recharge rates, and all equations struggle to estimate depletion in short stream reaches. Poorly performing apportionment equations tend to underestimate streamflow depletion relative to numerical model results, leading to a negative bias and underpredicted variability, while error in the best performing apportionment equations tends to be due to imperfect correlation. From a management perspective, apportionment equations with error due to bias and variability are preferable as they correctly identify which reaches will be affected and can be statistically corrected. Overall, these results indicate that the web squared method introduced here, which explicitly considers stream geometry, performs the best over a range of real‐world conditions, and will be most accurate in flatter and drier environments.