bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
History information emerges in the cortex during learning
Authors: Marmor Odeya , Pollak Yael , Doron Chen , Helmchen Fritjof , Gilad Ariel
Published: November 2023

We learn from our experience but the underlying neuronal mechanisms incorporating past information to facilitate learning is relatively unknown. Specifically, which cortical areas encode history-related information and how is this information modulated across learning? To study the relationship between history and learning, we continuously imaged cortex-wide calcium dynamics as mice learn to use their whiskers to discriminate between two different textures. We mainly focused on comparing the same trial type with different trial history, that is, a different preceding trial. We found trial history information in barrel cortex (BC) during stimulus presentation. Importantly, trial history in BC emerged only as the mouse learned the task. Next, we also found learning-dependent trial history information in rostrolateral (RL) association cortex that emerges before stimulus presentation, preceding activity in BC. Trial history was also encoded in other cortical areas and was not related to differences in body movements. Interestingly, a binary classifier could discriminate trial history at the single trial level just as well as current information both in BC and RL. These findings suggest that past experience emerges in the cortex around the time of learning, starting from higher-order association area RL and propagating down (i.e., top-down projection) to lower-order BC where it can be integrated with incoming sensory information. This integration between the past and present may facilitate learning.
Apoptotic signaling clears engineered Salmonella in an organ-specific manner
Authors: Abele Taylor J. , Billman Zachary P. , Li Lupeng , Harvest Carissa K. , Bryan Alexia K. , Magalski Gabrielle R , Lopez Joseph P , Larson Heather N. , Yin Xiao-Ming , Miao Edward A.
Published: November 2023

Pyroptosis and apoptosis are two forms of regulated cell death that can defend against intracellular infection. Although pyroptosis and apoptosis have distinct signaling pathways, when a cell fails to complete pyroptosis, backup pathways will initiate apoptosis. Here, we investigated the utility of apoptosis compared to pyroptosis in defense against an intracellular bacterial infection. We previously engineered
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium to persistently express flagellin, and thereby activate NLRC4 during systemic infection in mice. The resulting pyroptosis clears this flagellin-engineered strain. We now show that infection of caspase-1 or gasdermin D deficient macrophages by this flagellin-engineered
S
. Typhimurium induces apoptosis in vitro. Additionally, we also now engineer
S
. Typhimurium to translocate the pro-apoptotic BH3 domain of BID, which also triggers apoptosis in macrophages in vitro. In both engineered strains, apoptosis occurred somewhat slower than pyroptosis. During mouse infection, the apoptotic pathway successfully cleared these engineered
S.
Typhimurium from the intestinal niche, but failed to clear the bacteria from the myeloid niche in the spleen or lymph nodes. In contrast, the pyroptotic pathway was beneficial in defense of both niches. In order to clear an infection, distinct cell types may have specific tasks that they must complete before they die. In some cells, either apoptotic or pyroptotic signaling may initiate the same tasks, whereas in other cell types these modes of cell death may lead to different tasks that may not be identical in defense against infection. We recently suggested that such diverse tasks can be considered as different cellular “bucket lists” to be accomplished before a cell dies.
Long-Distance Electron Transport in Multicellular Freshwater Cable Bacteria
Authors: Yang Tingting , Chavez Marko S. , Niman Christina M. , Xu Shuai , El-Naggar Mohamed Y.
Published: November 2023

Filamentous multicellular cable bacteria perform centimeter-scale electron transport in a process that couples oxidation of an electron donor (sulfide) in deeper sediment to the reduction of an electron acceptor (oxygen or nitrate) near the surface. While this electric metabolism is prevalent in both marine and freshwater sediments, detailed electronic measurements of the conductivity previously focused on the marine cable bacteria (
Candidatus
Electrothrix), rather than freshwater cable bacteria, which form a separate genus (
Candidatus
Electronema) and contribute essential geochemical roles in freshwater sediments. Here, we characterize the electron transport characteristics of
Ca.
Electronema cable bacteria from Southern California freshwater sediments. Current-voltage measurements of intact cable filaments bridging interdigitated electrodes confirmed their persistent conductivity under a controlled atmosphere and the variable sensitivity of this conduction to air exposure. Electrostatic and conductive atomic force microscopies mapped out the characteristics of the cell envelope’s nanofiber network, implicating it as the conductive pathway in a manner consistent with previous findings in marine cable bacteria. Four-probe measurements of microelectrodes addressing intact cables demonstrated nanoampere currents up to 200 μm lengths at modest driving voltages, allowing us to quantify the nanofiber conductivity at 0.1 S/cm for freshwater cable bacteria filaments under our measurement conditions. Such a high conductivity can support the remarkable sulfide-to-oxygen electrical currents mediated by cable bacteria in sediments. These measurements expand the knowledgebase of long-distance electron transport to the freshwater niche while shedding light on underlying conductive network of cable bacteria.Cable bacteria are multicellular filaments composed of up-to-thousands of end-to-end cells and are found worldwide in both marine and freshwater sediments. Remarkably, these cells gain energy from a long-distance electron transport process that carries electrons generated by sulfide oxidation in deeper sediment layers to drive oxygen reduction near the sediment-water interface. This electric metabolism requires an unusually high electronic conductivity, previously thought impossible in natural biological materials. However, the underlying mechanism(s) remain poorly understood, and previous characterization of the conductivity largely focused on marine cable bacteria. Here, we characterize and quantify the electronic conductivity of freshwater cable bacteria from sediments in Southern California, with emphasis on the role of the conductive periplasmic fiber network in routing electron transport along cables.
Bacterial communities of the psyllid pest Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae) Central haplotype of tomato crops cultivated at different locations of Mexico
Authors: Caamal-Chan Maria Goretty , Barraza Aarón , Loera-Muro Abraham , Montes-Sánchez Juan J. , Castellanos Thelma , Rodríguez-Pagaza Yolanda
Published: November 2023

Background

The psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli, is an insect vector of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ causing “Zebra chip” disease that affects potato and other Solanaceae crops worldwide. In the present study, we analyzed the bacterial communities associated with the insect vector Bactericera cockerelli central haplotype of tomato crop fields in four regions from Mexico.

Methods

PCR was used to amplify the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (mtCOI) and then analyze the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and phylogenetic analysis for haplotype identification of the isolated B. cockerelli. Moreover, we carried out the microbial diversity analysis of several B. cockerelli collected from four regions of Mexico through the NGS sequencing of 16S rRNA V3 region. Finally, Wolbachia was detected by the wsp gene PCR amplification, which is the B. cockerelli facultative symbiont. Also we were able to confirm the relationship with several Wolbachia strains by phylogenetic analysis.

Results

Our results pointed that B. cockerelli collected in the four locations from Mexico (Central Mexico: Queretaro, and Northern Mexico: Sinaloa, Coahuila, and Nuevo Leon) were identified, such as the central haplotype. Analyses of the parameters of the composition, relative abundance, and diversity (Shannon index: 1.328 ± 0.472; Simpson index 0.582 ± 0.167), showing a notably relatively few microbial species in B. cockerelli. Analyses identified various facultative symbionts, particularly the Wolbachia (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) with a relative abundance higher. In contrast, the genera of Sodalis and ‘Candidatus Carsonella’ (Gammaproteobacteria: Oceanospirillales: Halomonadaceae) were identified with a relatively low abundance. On the other hand, the relative abundance for the genus ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ was higher only for some of the locations analyzed. PCR amplification of a fragment of the gene encoding a surface protein (wsp) of Wolbachia and phylogenetic analysis corroborated the presence of this bacterium in the central haplotype. Beta-diversity analysis revealed that the presence of the genus ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ influences the microbiota structure of this psyllid species.

Conclusions

Our data support that the members with the highest representation in microbial community of B. cockerelli central haplotype, comprise their obligate symbiont, Carsonella, and facultative symbionts. We also found evidence that among the factors analyzed, the presence of the plant pathogen affects the structure and composition of the bacterial community associated with B. cockerelli.
Termination of Resuscitation Rules for In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Holmberg Mathias J. , Granfeldt Asger , Moskowitz Ari , Lauridsen Kasper G. , Bergum Daniel , Christiansen Christian F. , Nolan Jerry P. , Andersen Lars W.
Published: January 2025

Importance

There are no validated decision rules for terminating resuscitation during in-hospital cardiac arrest. Decision rules may guide termination and prevent inappropriate early termination of resuscitation.

Objective

To develop and validate termination of resuscitation rules for in-hospital cardiac arrest.

Design, Setting, and Participants

In this prognostic study, potential decision rules were developed using a national in-hospital cardiac arrest registry from Denmark (data from 2017 to 2022) and validated using registries from Sweden (data from 2007 to 2021) and Norway (data from 2021 to 2022). Six variables (age, initial rhythm, witnessed status, monitored status, intensive care unit location, and resuscitation duration) were considered based on their bedside availability. Prognostic metrics were computed for all possible variable combinations. CIs were obtained using bootstrapping. Rules with a false-positive rate below 1% (predicting death in patients who might otherwise survive) and a positive rate of more than 10% (proportion of all cases for whom termination is proposed) were considered appropriate.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was 30-day mortality.

Results

The cohorts included 9863 Danish, 12 781 Swedish, and 1308 Norwegian patients. The overall median (IQR) age was 74 (66-81) years, 63% were male, and the median (IQR) resuscitation duration was 13 (5-23) minutes. Of 53 864 possible termination rules, 5 were identified as relevant for clinical use. The best performing rule included 4 variables (unwitnessed, unmonitored, initial rhythm of asystole, and resuscitation duration more than or equal to 10 minutes). The rule proposed termination in 110 per 1000 cardiac arrests (positive rate, 11%; 95% CI, 10%-11%) and predicted 30-day mortality incorrectly in 6 per 1000 cases (false-positive rate, 0.6%; 95% CI, 0.3%-0.9%). All 5 rules performed similarly across all 3 cohorts.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this prognostic study, 5 termination of resuscitation rules were developed and validated for in-hospital cardiac arrest. The best performing rule had a low false-positive rate and a reasonable positive rate in all national cohorts. These termination of resuscitation rules may aid decision-making during resuscitation.
Characteristics of Trials Preceding FDA Approval of Novel Psychiatric Drugs
Authors: Ahn-Horst Rosa Y. , Turner Erick H. , Kesselheim Aaron S.
Published: January 2025

This cross-sectional study reports on the study design characteristics of clinical trials for novel psychiatric drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.
Endothelial lipase‐binding peptides similar to netrin‐1 inhibit hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Ide Mayuko , Tabata Noriko , Murai Kazuhisa , Yonemura Yuko , Wang Ying , Ishida Atsuya , Shirasaki Takayoshi , Kaneko Shuichi , Ito Satoru , Honda Masao , Yanagawa Hiroshi
Published: January 2025

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects cells by attaching to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) and Na+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP). The endothelial lipase LIPG bridges HSPG and HBV, facilitating HBV attachment. From a randomized peptide expression library, we identified a short sequence binding to LIPG. This identified sequence closely resembled a sequence in the V domain of netrin‐1, a protein known to bind heparin through its V domain. We designed two synthetic peptides based on this sequence and found that both synthetic peptides and netrin‐1 suppressed HBV infection in chimeric mice with humanized livers and in primary hepatocytes isolated from them. The data reveal an antiviral function of the peptides and netrin‐1 in HBV infection that is independent of LIPG lipase activity.
NIDA calls for new pathway for cannabis research
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: January 2025

On January 14 (before the inauguration of President Trump and before the news blackout from the federal Department of Health and Human Services), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) issued an announcement calling for more research into cannabis and cannabis policy. “The greatly increased availability of cannabis over the last two decades has outpaced our understanding of the public‐health impacts of the drug,” NIDA stated. “It is now available for medical purposes in most states, and adults may now purchase it for recreational use in nearly half the states.”
SAMHSA releases Office of Recovery performance report
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: January 2025

RIn one of its many last acts under the Biden White House, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration (SAMHSA) this month released a report highlighting the agency's commitment to “behavioral health recovery.” The focus is on both substance use and mental illness. The report is for fiscal years 2023 and 2024 and “underscores the importance of reducing barriers to recovery supports and driving systemic change through enhanced intra‐agency coordination,” according to a letter introducing the report from Paolo del Vecchio, director of the Office of Recovery. The report lists the accomplishments of the office including: convening 138 meetings with 12,253 people attending, publishing 34 “resource products,” organizing 35 National Recovery Month webinars and events, hosting four National Quarterly Recovery Exchange meetings, providing national training and technical assistance through the Peer Recovery Center of Excellence and the SAMHSA Program to Advance Recovery Knowledge, and beginning the process for SAMHSA to be recognized as the first federal agency to be a “Recovery Ready Workplace.” The future of the office is unclear. However, the letter ended that the “best is yet to come.” For the report, go to https://library.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/or‐performance‐report‐pep25‐08‐004.pdf.
Deep‐Subwavelength Focusing and Reflectionless Negative Refraction in Visible‐Light Hyperbolic Metasurface
Authors: Cohen Kobi‐Yaakov , Dolev Shimon , Bartal Guy
Published: January 2025

Hyperbolic metasurfaces (HMSs) are artificially‐engineered interfaces, exhibiting high anisotropy manifested as hyperbolic dispersion. Their ability to support extremely large momenta with negative diffraction and refraction places them as promising platforms for on‐chip super‐resolution and enhanced light‐matter interaction. While the hyperbolic nature of these structures is experimentally demonstrated, only a limited number of studies have concentrated on their super‐resolution capabilities, which are never obtained at visible‐frequency for fully harnessing their immense resolution potential. Here, a near‐field investigation of visible‐frequency HMSs is presented, exploiting their super‐resolution capabilities to their maximum potential. The impulse response of waves propagating across HMSs is measured and demonstrates deep sub‐wavelength anomalous focusing and on‐chip reflectionless negative refraction at the interface of parabolic and hyperbolic media, independent of incident angle. The approach lays the foundation for sub‐wavelength imaging in 2D space for the advancement of imaging and wave compression devices, leveraging the capabilities of HMSs.
Lossless Phase Change Materials for Adjustable Tamm Plasmon Polaritons in the Near‐Infrared
Authors: Ye Ming‐Jyun , Bikbaev Rashid G. , Pankin Pavel S. , Chen Lu‐Hsing , Chiu David , Timofeev Ivan V. , Chen Hung‐Wen , Ishii Satoshi , Chen Kuo‐Ping
Published: January 2025

Incorporation of phase‐change materials (PCM) into nanophotonic structures is a straightforward method for making them tunable. The binary semiconducting chalcogenide antimony trisulfide (Sb2S3) is a suitable PCM for nanophotonic applications in the near‐infrared (NIR) owing to its high refractive index, low optical losses, and wide bandgap. Therefore, in this study, Sb2S3 Tamm plasmon polaritons (TPPs) are fabricated with a focus on their widespread use in nanophotonic applications. For this, a gold film and Sb2S3 are deposited on the distributed Bragg reflector through e‐beam evaporation. TPPs are excited at the interface between the distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) and the metal layer. The refractive index, extinction coefficient, and high‐Q reflectance spectra of the developed Sb2S3 are measured and analyzed. The Sb2S3 TPPs exhibit a resonance shift of 45 nm caused by the phase change of Sb2S3 from amorphous to crystalline. In addition, the angle‐dependent resonance shifts of 85, 76, and 63 nm are achieved by unpolarized, transverse magnetic (TM), and transverse electric (TE) modes near NIR light, respectively. The developed Sb2S3 TPP can be applied in various nanophotonics applications, including optical memory, optical data storage, and LiDAR receiver systems.
High‐Isolation Multidimensional Holography Multiplexing in Non‐Interleaved Metasurfaces
Authors: Zheng Tongwen , Chen Jin , Yu Feilong , Wang Jie , Wang Jiuxu , Zhao Zengyue , Li Guanhai , Chen Xiaoshuang , Lu Wei
Published: January 2025

Metasurfaces have revolutionized holography by enabling high‐density channel multiplexing, positioning them as promising candidates for applications in full‐color holographic imaging, optical data storage, and encryption. However, conventional non‐interleaved metasurfaces face limitations in the number of controllable dimensions, restricting the channels available in each dimension. Here, a novel high‐dimensional multiplexing scheme is introduced that significantly enhances both the channel multiplexing capacity and isolation in non‐interleaved metasurfaces. By integrating the Rayleigh‐Sommerfeld diffraction (RSD) formula into the Gerchberg‐Saxton (GS) algorithm and incorporating gradient descent optimization, the approach achieves precise phase profile control across multiple dimensions—extending the controllable parameters to include wavelength, polarization state, and spatial distance. This method enables simultaneous multiplexing of three polarization channels, three wavelength channels, and two focal plane distances, producing a total of 18 distinct, well‐isolated holographic channels with minimal crosstalk. These results showcase the powerful channel multiplexing and isolation capabilities of this non‐interleaved metasurface design, underscoring its potential to advance optical color imaging, secure data storage, and high‐capacity information transmission, thereby contributing to the development of next‐generation intelligent optical devices.
Hierarchical Coaggregation of Perovskite Nanocrystals and Dye Supramolecular Aggregates into a High‐Order Heterostructure
Authors: Kubo Naoki , Yamauchi Mitsuaki , Aratani Naoki , Yamada Hiroko , Masuo Sadahiro
Published: January 2025

A high‐order heterogeneous nanostructure (heterostructure) composed of semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) and organic dye supramolecular aggregates can exhibit distinctive photophysical properties arising from the interaction between them and can activate multicomponent materials chemistry. Herein, the study demonstrates a hierarchical coaggregation pathway guiding a high‐order heterostructure composed of a cubic‐shaped perovskite NC and perylene bisimide derivative (PBI) aggregates. The final morphologies in their coaggregation are determined by the aggregation levels of PBI before mixing with NCs. While mixing of NCs with monomers or aged fibrous aggregates of PBI results in the formation of low‐order or phase‐separated coaggregates, respectively, a coaggregation of the NC with unaged sheet‐like aggregates of PBI afforded the high‐order heterostructure. In this heterostructure, one‐dimensionally arranged NC and aggregated PBI are alternately connected at several nanometer‐scale intervals, like Roman pavement. Moreover, photoluminescence spectra and time‐resolved measurements at single coaggregate levels indicate that the high‐order heterostructure exhibited more efficient fluorescence resonance energy transfer from the NC to PBI aggregates compared to the phase‐separated coaggregates.
Chemically Engineered GaN Thin Films for Light‐Stimulated Artificial Synapses
Authors: Yang Xiaoqin , Lu Jiawen , Zhao Luyu , Han Xiaorui , Bai Zhongwei , Quan Peiwen , Xie Liangshuai , Li Liang , Sun Haoxuan , Rummeli Mark Hermann , Luo Bingcheng , Gu Hong
Published: January 2025

The conventional von Neumann architecture is increasingly losing the capacity to satisfy the urgent demand for high‐speed parallel computing, energy efficiency, and ultralow power consumption owing to the rapid growth of information. Brain‐inspired neuromorphic computing presents an opportunity to overcome the inherent limitations of conventional computers. In recent years, photoelectric neuromorphic devices have garnered significant attention for their potential applications in brain–machine interfaces, intelligent sensing, and neuromorphic computing. Herein, a simple two‐terminal light‐stimulated synaptic device is fabricated using GaN thin films through metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition. The device demonstrates the ability to mimic various biological synaptic functions, including learning‐experience behavior, the transition from short‐term to long‐term memory, paired‐pulse facilitation, and visual recognition and memory. In this research, an effective strategy for developing photonic synapses using GaN‐based materials in neuromorphic computing and bio‐realistic artificial intelligence systems is presented.
Diffractive Synthesis of Multipole Interference States Using Low‐Index Mesoscale Dielectric Structures
Authors: Sikder Rabiul Islam , Ji Myung Gi , Kim Jaeyoun
Published: January 2025

The multipole interference (MPI) effect plays pivotal roles in the formation of electromagnetic responses in various settings. In the optics regime, it has been realized typically through the Mie resonance that necessitates high‐index, deep‐subwavelength‐scale dielectric resonators that are challenging to fabricate. Herein, a new, diffraction‐based MPI scheme that can be realized with low‐index, mesoscale dielectric structures is demonstrated. It is verified that this “diffractive MPI” concept by realizing various MPI states using micrometric polymeric cuboids fabricated by soft‐lithography. Subsequent analyses reveal that the MPI states with a distinct near‐zero forward scattering (NZFS) characteristic played crucial roles in shaping the cuboid's transmission spectrum. A hitherto unreported NZFS state, which exhibits a unique, “trifolium” radiation pattern, is also identified. The spectral position of such NZFS states turns out to be strongly dependent on the cuboid's geometry. By combining these results, the diffractive NZFS formation is related to the important phenomena of induced transparency and structural color generation.
Synthesis of Layered Copper‐Based 2D‐MOFs for Enhanced Catalytic Regioselective Phosphorylation of Alkynes and P−H Bonds
Authors: Xu Shipan , Xiong Biquan , Yuan Minjing , Xu Weifeng , Cao Renfeng , Cao Fan , Zhu Longzhi , Yin Shuang‐Feng
Published: January 2025

A functionalized heterogeneous Cu‐based metal‐organic framework (Cu‐2D‐MOF) was synthesized through the reaction of Cu(NO3)2 ⋅ 3H2O with 2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoroterephthalic acid and 4,4′‐bipyridine. The synthesized material underwent comprehensive characterization using various techniques, including FT‐IR spectroscopy, N2 physical adsorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Subsequently, the catalytic performance of Cu‐2D‐MOFs was assessed in the hydrophosphorylation and aerobic oxidative dehydrogenative coupling reactions involving alkynes and P−H bonds. The catalyst demonstrated remarkable catalytic activity in both transformations, effectively yielding a wide variety of (E)‐alkenyl‐phosphoryl and alkynyl‐phosphoryl compounds, respectively. Notably, the incorporation of this MOF material facilitated the phosphorylation reaction to proceed seamlessly, eliminating the necessity for supplementary small molecular organic ligands. Furthermore, the catalyst demonstrated ease of recovery and recyclability through a simple recovery process. Employing a systematic approach of sequential control experiments, we have delineated the potential transformation pathway of the reaction and consequently hypothesized a probable reaction mechanism for the observed transformation.
Pressure‐Induced Emission Enhancement of Multi‐Resonance o‐Carborane Derivatives via Exciton‒Vibration Coupling Suppression
Authors: Li Zening , Zhang Qing , Sun Fangxiang , Lv Chunyan , Meng Xinmiao , Hu Yu , Xu Dongqian , Li Chengjian , Li Lei , Wang Kai , Zhang Yujian
Published: January 2025

Polycyclic multiple resonance (MR) molecules reveal narrowband emission, making them very promising emitters for high color purity display. Nevertheless, they still have challenges such as aggregation‐induced emission quenching and spectral broadening. Overcoming these obstacles requires an in‐depth understanding of the correlations among the alterations in their geometries, packing structures, and molecular vibrations and their corresponding changes in their photoluminescence (PL) properties. Herein, it is demonstrated that high‐pressure infrared, UV−visible absorption, and fluorescence spectroscopies can be combined with computational results to elucidate the influence of the subtle structural variations on the exciton‒vibration couplings and their PL properties. An ortho‐carborane‐decorated MR emitter (BNC) is a piezochromic molecule and exhibits emission enhancement under high pressure. A thorough analysis of the in situ experimental measurements and calculated results reveals that the pressure‐induced changes in the exciton binding energy and exciton‒vibration couplings are responsible for the unusual piezochromism. This research provides insights into the structure‒fluorescence relationship and potential for high‐pressure techniques to optimize MR materials for advanced organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) applications.
Identifying gait differences between Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies and their associations with regional amyloid deposition
Authors: Elasfar Salma , Hameed Hajr , Boeve Bradley F. , Fields Julie A. , Jack Clifford R. , Kantarci Kejal , St. Louis Erik K. , Lowe Val J. , Petersen Ronald C. , Ali Farwa , Ehgoetz Martens Kaylena
Published: January 2025

INTRODUCTION

We aimed to compare gait between individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and cognitively unimpaired (CU) individuals and to evaluate the association between gait and regional amyloid beta (Aβ) burden in AD and DLB.

METHODS

We included 420 participants (70 AD, 70 DLB, 280 CU) in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging (MCSA). Gait was assessed using a pressure‐sensor walkway. Aβ deposition was analyzed with Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) positron emission topography (PET).

RESULTS

The DLB group had reduced stride velocity, step length, and stride width variability, as well as increased double support percentage (%DS) and variability in step length, swing time, and step time compared to the AD and CU groups. Aβ burden was not associated with any gait outcomes.

DISCUSSION

This study provides additional evidence that gait differs between AD and DLB. Larger studies are needed to investigate associations between Aβ burden and gait outcomes in dementia.

Highlights

Gait was more impaired in dementia than in cognitively unimpaired (CU) controls.

Compared with Alzheimer's disease (AD), Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) had more impaired pace, variability, and postural control.

Step length and double support (%) distinguished DLB and AD with moderate accuracy.
Current practices by Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers to remunerate research participants
Authors: Gabel Matthew , Bekena Semere , O'Meara Mitch , Denny Andrea , Solomon Erin D. , Moulder Krista L. , Morris John C. , Mozersky Jessica
Published: January 2025

INTRODUCTION

Recent guidance from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) recommends remuneration for all Alzheimer's disease (AD) research participants. Given AD research recruitment challenges, we assessed the remuneration practices at Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers (ADRCs).

METHODS

We surveyed 37 ADRCs about remuneration for longitudinal research participants. This included type of remuneration (i.e., compensation, reimbursement) and which study procedures are remunerated. We had a 100% response rate.

RESULTS

Most ADRCs (32/37) provide some remuneration but amounts and types varied. Most ADRCs reimburse for travel or food (n = 29), compensate for some study procedures (n = 32), but most do not remunerate study partners (n = 12) or offer financial incentives (n = 8). Few (n = 6) ADRCs pay for all procedures.

DISCUSSION

Two areas for potential change are compensating for annual clinical and cognitive assessments that are compulsory, and for study partners. Evaluation of the impact of remuneration on recruitment and retention is needed, including for underrepresented groups.

Highlights

Recent guidance recommends remuneration for Alzheimer's disease research participants.

We surveyed all Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers about their remuneration practices.

Most centers provide some form of remuneration to participants but this is variable.

Potential areas for change are remuneration for study partners and annual study visits.

Evaluating the impact of remuneration on recruitment and retention is needed.
Mediation of modifiable risk factors in two multidomain dementia prevention trials
Authors: Hoevenaar‐Blom Marieke P. , Shourik Jason , van Dalen Jan Willem , van Gool Willem A. , Andrieu Sandrine , Richard Edo , Coley Nicola , Moll van Charante Eric ,   the preDIVA study group,   MAPT/IHU HealthAge Open Science study group
Published: January 2025

INTRODUCTION

We explored which dementia risk factors in two multidomain prevention trials mediate beneficial, neutral, or counteracting effects on dementia incidence.

METHODS

We pooled data from the multidomain MAPT (Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial; n = 1679, up to 5‐year follow‐up) and preDIVA trials (Prevention of Dementia by Intensive Vascular Care; n = 3526, up to 12‐year follow‐up) in adults aged 70+. We used multiple mediation analysis to quantify the role of 2‐year changes in body mass index, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and physical activity in the intervention effects on dementia incidence. Mixed linear and Cox proportional hazard models were used to explore pathways.

RESULTS

We observed no mediation of individual risk factors in the effect of the interventions on dementia incidence. The interventions slightly lowered only blood pressure, but this did not translate into an effect on dementia incidence.

DISCUSSION

In older populations, multidomain interventions may not sufficiently affect dementia risk factors to lower dementia incidence, particularly in settings where cardiovascular risk factor management is well implemented.

Highlights

There is no mediating role of risk factor change in the effects of multidomain interventions on dementia incidence in two large dementia prevention randomized controlled trials.

The lack of effect of the interventions on risk factors explains the absence of impact on dementia.

Counteracting mediators do not explain the lack of effect of the interventions on dementia.

A small effect of the interventions on blood pressure did not translate into a lower dementia incidence.
Non‐Monotonic Variation of Potential‐Dependent Surface Diffusion at Electrochemical Interfaces in the Presence of Coadsorbates
Authors: Yang Chaolong , Amirbeigiarab Reihaneh , Buttenschön Sönke , Pehlke Eckhard , Magnussen Olaf M.
Published: January 2025

The influence of coadsorbed ions on adsorbate diffusion, an inherent effect at solid–liquid interfaces, was studied for adsorbed sulfur on Ag(100) electrodes in the presence of bromide or iodide. Quantitative in situ high‐speed scanning tunnelling microscopy (video‐STM) measurements were performed both in the potential regime of the c(2×2) halide adlayer at its saturation coverage and in the regime of a disordered adlayer where the halide coverage increases with potential. These studies reveal a surprising non‐monotonic potential dependence of Sad diffusion with an initial increase with halide coverage, followed by a decrease upon halide adlayer ordering into the c(2×2) structure. Density functional theory (DFT) and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations only qualitatively reproduce the rise in Sad mobility with halide coverage, suggesting that many‐adsorbate interactions and the presence of the electrolyte need to be considered.
Leicht zugänglich: Borirene aus Borolen und Dialkinen
Authors: Oliveira Pedro H. R. , Rodrigues Marieli O. , da Silva Caren D. G. , Bohlen Josina L. , Arrowsmith Merle , Jayaraman Arumugam , Lubczyk Lukas , Fantuzzi Felipe , da Silva Júnior Eufrânio N. , Braunschweig Holger
Published: January 2025

Perarylierte Borirene werden in einer selektiven einstufigen Synthese aus antiaromatischen Borolen durch Umsetzung mit 1,4‐Diaryl‐1,3‐diinen hergestellt. Experimentelle und theoretische mechanistische Untersuchen zeigen, dass die Reaktion über einige Schlüsselintermediate, wie Boranorbornadiene und 7‐Borabicyclo[4.1.0]heptadiene, abläuft, welche in einem dynamischen Gleichgewicht miteinander vorliegen. Schließlich erfolgt die Boriren‐Bildung durch eine Migration der Borandiyl‐Brücke vom Cyclohexadien‐Ring zu dem verbleibenden exocyclischen Alkinrest.
Synergistic Cancer Photoimmunotherapy by Harnessing Near‐Infrared‐Activated Nanoparticles Containing Charge Transfer Complexes
Authors: Lim Aaron J. , Littlefield Kade P. , Alkalani Zaid , Feng Yuanning
Published: January 2025

Phototherapy — which includes photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) — has evoked interest as a promising cancer treatment modality on account of its noninvasiveness, spatiotemporal precision, and minimal side effects. C. Wang et al. recently reported a near‐infrared‐activated charge transfer complex‐based nanoparticle which consists of a donor (D) and an acceptor (A). Experimental results have demonstrated a potent immunotherapeutic effect of integrating programmed cell death protein 1 antibody combination therapy in preclinical models. Incorporating D–A interactions into nanosystems for photoimmunotherapy (PIT) is still a novel approach. This approach offers a multifaceted strategy for synergistic cancer PIT which holds promising potential to transform cancer treatment paradigms.
Cyano‐Modified Multi‐Resonance Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Emitters Towards Pure‐Green OLEDs with a CIEy Value of 0.74
Authors: Xue Zhuixing , Hu Yuxuan , Xiao Shengbing , Liu Jiahui , Miao Jingsheng , Yang Chuluo
Published: January 2025

The development of pure‐green organic emitters with ideal emission peaks and ultra‐narrow full‐widths at half‐maximum (FWHMs) remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we report two new green emitters, CNBN and MCNBN, which achieve extremely narrow FWHMs by synergistic rigid π‐extension and cyano‐substitution of a sky‐blue multi‐resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR‐TADF) core. The introduction of cyano groups induces red‐shifts in the emission to the green region and dramatically minimizes the FWHMs. In toluene solution, CNBN and MCNBN exhibit narrowband emission with a maximum at 501 nm and 510 nm with ultra‐narrow FWHMs of 14 nm/0.066 eV and 15 nm/0.071 eV, respectively. Given the near‐unity photoluminescence quantum yields and almost 100 % horizontal dipole orientation, the electroluminescent (EL) devices based on CNBN and MCNBN deliver external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) exceeding 30 % with FWHMs of 16 nm/0.072 eV and 17 nm/0.080 eV, respectively. Notably, the MCNBN‐based device achieves pure‐green emission with a maximum at 517 nm with Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage coordinates of (0.17, 0.74), closely aligning with the BT.2020 green standard.
Photoelectrocatalyzed Alkylation of Phosphonites by Direct Decarboxylative C(sp3)‐P Coupling
Authors: Yuan Kang‐Ning , Xie Tian , Wang Jia‐Bao , Wang Dali , Shang Ming
Published: January 2025

A photoelectrocatalytic method is presented that achieves direct decarboxylative C(sp3)‐P coupling, providing a modular route to alkylphosphinates and alkylphosphonates from readily available carboxylic acids. The success of this reaction hinges on the synergistic combination of electrochemical anodic oxidation and photocatalytic ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT) decarboxylation. By employing P(III) reagents as limiting reagents, our approach enables efficient alkyl modification of medicinally important nucleosides and complex molecules derived phosphonites, which were challenging to access by existing methods. Detailed mechanistic studies elucidate the critical roles of Fe catalysts and additives, offering valuable insights into the reaction pathway and laying the foundation for future advancements in photoelectrocatalytic C(sp3)‐heteroatom bond‐forming reactions.
Force‐Trainable Liquid Crystal Elastomer Enabled by Mechanophore‐Induced Radical Polymerization
Authors: Xu Yiyi , Huang Yinliang , Wang Jinyu , Huang Shuai , Yang Hong , Li Quan
Published: January 2025

In nature, organisms adapt to environmental changes through training to learn new abilities, offering valuable insights for developing intelligent materials. However, replicating this “adaptive learning” in synthetic materials presents a significant challenge. This study introduces a feasible approach to train liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) by integrating a mechanophore tetraarylsuccinonitrile into their main chain, addressing the challenge of enabling synthetic materials to exchange substances with their environment. Inspired by biological training, the LCEs can self‐strengthen and acquire new functionalities through mechanical stress‐induced radical polymerization. The research not only enhances the mechanical performance of LCEs, but also endows them with the ability to learn properties such as flexibility, light responsiveness, and fluorescence. These advancements are crucial for overcoming the limitations of current materials, paving the way for the creation of advanced intelligent soft materials with autonomous self‐improvement, akin to the adaptive skills of living organisms.
Ph3PC – A Monosubstituted C(0) Atom in Its Triplet State
Authors: Kutin Yury , Koike Taichi , Drosou Maria , Schnegg Alexander , Pantazis Dimitrios A. , Kasanmascheff Müge , Hansmann Max M.
Published: January 2025

This study introduces a novel class of carbon‐centered diradicals: a monosubstituted C atom stabilized by a phosphine. The diradical Ph3P→C was photochemically generated from a diazophosphorus ylide precursor (Ph3PCN2) and characterized by EPR and isotope‐sensitive ENDOR spectroscopy at low temperatures. Ph3P→C features an axial zero‐field splitting parameter D=0.543 cm−1 with a vanishingly small rhombicity |E|/D=0.002. Time‐ and temperature‐dependent measurements confirm a triplet ground state with a lifetime of approximately 10 min at 127 K in toluene‐d8. Multireference electronic structure calculations predict a clear triplet ground state with a singlet‐triplet gap greater than 20 kcal/mol. In contrast to divalent C(0) compounds, such as Ph3P→C←PPh3, in which carbon needs excitation into a highly‐excited closed‐shell 2s02p4 configuration, Ph3P→C can be explained by direct involvement of carbon in its natural 3P state arising from the 2s22p2 configuration.
Shifting Lithium Amide Reactivity to the Radical Domain: Regioselective Radical C−H Functionalization of 3‐Iodooxetane for the Synthesis of 1,5‐Dioxaspiro[2.3]hexanes
Authors: Natho Philipp , Colella Marco , Vicenti Annarita , Romanazzi Giuseppe , Ullah Faizan , Sheikh Nadeem S. , White Andrew J. P. , Pasca Francesco , Luisi Renzo
Published: January 2025

Strained spiro‐heterocycles (SSHs) have gained significant attention within the medicinal chemistry community as promising sp3‐rich bioisosteres for their aromatic and non‐spirocyclic counterparts. We herein report access to an unprecedented spiro‐heterocycle—1,5‐dioxaspiro[2.3]hexane. Our synthetic approach leverages a lithium‐amide induced single‐electron transfer to benzophenones generating an N‐centered radical and a ketyl radical anion—reminiscent of a frustrated radical pair. This pair works synergistically to selectively abstract the β‐hydrogen from 3‐iodooxetane, initiating an exergonic radical‐radical coupling reaction. This process enables the formation of the desired bond between the oxetane core and benzophenone derivatives, ultimately yielding the novel 1,5‐dioxaspiro[2.3]hexane core. The stability and synthetic utility of the novel 1,5‐dioxaspiro[2.3]hexane motif are showcased. An in‐depth mechanistic investigation is presented, including cyclic voltammetry studies, as well as computational calculations and experiments to support the mechanism of this new single electron synthetic tactic.
Rational Design Two‐ or Four‐Electron Reaction Pathway Covalent Organic Frameworks for Efficient and Selective Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Peroxide Production
Authors: Liu Jiayi , Zhang Wenjing , Shen Jin , Feng Liang , Yao Yao , Peng Qiang
Published: January 2025

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are often employed in oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) for hydrogen peroxide production due to their tunable structures and compositions. However, COF electrocatalysts require precise structural engineering, such as heteroatoms or metal site doping, to modulate the reaction pathway during the ORR process. In this work, we designed a tetraphenyl‐p‐phenylenediamine based COF electrocatalyst, namely TPDA‐BDA, which exhibited excellent two‐electron (2e) ORR performance with high H2O2 selectivity of 89.7 % and faraday efficiency (FE) of 86.7 %, higher than the reported COFs to date for H2O2 electrosynthesis. The theoretical and experimental results showed that the rate‐determining step energy barrier for reduction of O2 to OOH* intermediates was significantly reduced by replacing of bipyridine with biphenyl blocks, changing from 4e to 2e ORR reaction pathway. Also, the donor‐acceptor characteristic and narrower optical band gap of TPDA‐BDA COF enhanced the electronic conductivity and reduction ability, thus elevating the catalytic activity. As a result, the H2O2 selectivity was maintained above 85 % even after 50 h stability test. This work reveals the structure‐property relationship of COF electrocatalysts and provides a new strategy for rational design of high performance 2e ORR COF electrocatalysts for efficient and selective hydrogen peroxide production.
Optimization and Pyrolysis Kinetics of Waterborne Coatings Based on Saturated Polyester Resins and Totally Methyl Etherified Amino Resins
Authors: Che Zhaoxian , Niu Lidan , He Yuhan , Huang Xianliang , Shi Jiarong , Xu Shihan , Long Hang , Zheng Jie , Xu Xiao
Published: January 2025

Amid the urgent call for the coatings industry to increase ecological awareness, a decisive shift toward environmentally friendly coatings is imperative. In this study, the L9(34) orthogonal experimental design is used to optimize the formula of the waterborne coating made from waterborne saturated (WS) polyester resins and totally methyl etherified amino resins. The composite resin coatings exhibit excellent properties under optimized conditions (resin solid content ratio 2:1, curing time 40 min, curing temperature 433 K). FTIR confirms the successful crosslinking between WS polyester and totally methyl etherified amino resin, and TGA shows four‐stage thermal weight loss, with the most significant loss in the third stage (623–743 K). Pyrolysis kinetics at this stage, analyzed using Kissinger‐Akahira‐Sunose and Coats‐Redfern method methods, reveal a three‐dimensional diffusion mechanism with an activation energy of 215.25 kJ/mol and a pre‐exponential factor of 6.83 × 1015 min−1. This research enhances understanding and advancement of sustainable coating technologies for various industrial applications.
Bioinspired Silicone Rubber Foams With Adjustable Gradient Structures Induced via Temperature Fields
Authors: Li Donglin , Deng Wenxin , Jin Zhefeng , Hu Jiangpeng , Zhao Yujia , Cao Nuo , Wan Chao , Chen Xuhuang , Yu Peng
Published: January 2025

The structure‐gradient silicone rubber foam (SRF) is an advanced bionic material with potential for applications in energy‐damping, triboelectric nanogenerators, and electromagnetic interference shielding. However, the production of SRFs with an adjustable gradient structure is still a significant challenge. Herein, a novel strategy combining in situ precuring of silicone rubber induced by gradient temperature fields with supercritical CO2 foaming was developed to prepare SRFs with biomimetic gradient cellular structures. By regulating the unilateral heat source temperature and precuring time, SR samples with gradient curing degrees from 16.13% to 51.21% were achieved. Finally, a prospective structure‐gradient SRF with a cell size range of 24.10–182.80 μm was successfully prepared. The energy loss coefficient of gradient SRF can be reduced by 41.65% compared with that of uniform cellular structure foam with average cell size of 31.25 μm after 50 cycles. Gradient SRFs show significantly enhanced mechanical performance, recoverability, and elasticity. Besides, the underlying mechanism for generating this gradient cellular structure was clarified.