bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Age‐predicted maximal heart rate in healthy subjects: The HUNT Fitness Study
Authors: Nes B. M. , Janszky I. , Wisløff U. , Støylen A. , Karlsen T.
Published: February 2012

Maximal heart rate (HRmax) declines substantially with age, but the magnitude and possible modifying effect of gender, body composition, and physical activity are not fully established. The present study examined the relationship between HRmax and age in 3320 healthy men and women within a wide age range using data from the HUNT Fitness Study (2007–2008). Subjects were included if a maximal effort could be verified during a maximal exercise test. General linear modeling was used to determine the effect of age on HRmax. Subsequently, the effects of gender, body mass index (BMI), physical activity status, and maximal oxygen uptake were examined. Mean predicted HRmax by three former prediction formulas were compared with measured HRmax within 10‐year age groups. HRmax was univariately explained by the formula 211 − 0.64·age (SEE, 10.8), and we found no evidence of interaction with gender, physical activity, VO2max level, or BMI groups. There were only minor age‐adjusted differences in HRmax between these groups. Previously suggested prediction equations underestimated measured HRmax in subjects older than 30 years. HRmax predicted by age alone may be practically convenient for various groups, although a standard error of 10.8 beats/min must be taken into account. HRmax in healthy, older subjects and women were higher than previously reported.
Membrane Perforation in Sinus Floor Elevation – Piezoelectric Device versus Conventional Rotary Instruments for Osteotomy: An Experimental Study
Authors: Seoane Juan , López‐Niño Javier , García‐Caballero Lucía , Seoane‐Romero Juan Manuel , Tomás Inmaculada , Varela‐Centelles Pablo
Published: February 2012

Purpose: Sinus membrane perforation is the most common intraoperative complication of maxillary sinus floor elevation (MSFE) procedures and frequently causes postoperative problems. Piezoelectric devices have been claimed to reduce the frequency of membrane perforations although no clear evidence supports this view.

Materials and Methods: Ten surgeons with different expertise levels performed 80 MSFEs in selected lamb heads, with rotary and piezoelectric instruments following standard protocols. After the procedures, specimens were coded and perforations or tears determined through a microscope.

Results: No significant differences in terms of thickness either of the sinus lateral wall (xi‐xj = 73.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 45.3–191.8) or the membrane (xi‐xj = 24.2; 95% CI = −29.4 to 77.9) were identified between the specimens allocated to each group. Nine membrane perforations (11.2%) occurred during the study, all within the lower expertise group. Membrane elevation by hand instruments caused five perforations (40%) in the rotary instrument group and one in the piezoelectric group. Expert surgeons produced no membrane perforations, the size of the antrostomy that was smaller in the piezoelectric group being the only significant difference between the rotary and piezoelectric groups.

Conclusions: The use of piezoelectric material for MSFE reduces the frequency of membrane perforation among surgeons with a limited experience.
The Effect of Prolapse Repair on Sexual Function in Women
Authors: Dua Anupreet , Jha Swati , Farkas Andrew , Radley Stephen
Published: February 2012

Introduction

Sexual dysfunction is common in women with pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Treatment of symptomatic prolapse often requires surgery. The outcome of prolapse symptoms following surgery is well studied and reported, but evidence on outcomes of sexual function following pelvic reconstructive surgeries is limited.

Aim

The objective of this study was to assess the impact of different forms of surgery for POP on sexual function using prospectively collected data.

Methods

In this ethically approved project, data were collected prospectively for women undergoing prolapse repair between 2008 and 2010 and were stratified into four groups: “posterior repair,”“anterior repair,”“anterior repair with vaginal hysterectomy,” and “combined anterior and posterior repair.” The electronic personal assessment questionnaire-pelvic floor (ePAQ-PF) was used to assess symptoms. The sexual dimension of ePAQ-PF computes domain scores for sexual dysfunction secondary to vaginal symptoms and dyspareunia on a scale of 0–100 (0 = best possible and 100 = worst possible health status). ePAQ-PF was completed in 123 sexually active women both pre- and 3–6 month postoperatively. Results were analyzed using SPSS (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Pre- and postoperative scores for each domain were compared in all groups (Student’s t-test). Individual symptoms in these domains were compared using Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

Main Outcome Measures

Change in sexual symptoms and dyspareunia following prolapse surgery in each group.

Results

Women undergoing anterior repair or anterior repair and vaginal hysterectomy reported significant improvement in sexual symptoms and dyspareunia. Women undergoing a posterior repair in isolation had improved sexual function following surgery though improvement in dyspareunia was not significant. Women undergoing combined anterior and posterior repair had the least improvement in sexual function.

Conclusions

Sexual function improves in women following pelvic reconstructive surgery, but the improvement is more substantial following anterior repair either alone or in combination with a vaginal hysterectomy when compared with posterior repair.
Effects of Oral Finasteride on Erectile Function in a Rat Model
Authors: Zhang Min-Guang , Wu Wei , Zhang Cun-Ming , Wang Xian-Jin , Gao Ping-Jin , Lu Ying-Li , Shen Zhou-Jun
Published: February 2012

Introduction

Many clinical studies reported finasteride-related erectile dysfunction, but to date, few animal experiments have focused on it.

Aim

To investigate the effects of oral finasteride on erectile function in a rat model.

Main Outcome Measures

Erectile responses and morphological changes.

Methods

Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups (25/group): (i) control; (ii) castration; (iii) castration with testosterone (T) replacement; and (iv) oral finasteride treatment. Four weeks later, erectile function was measured by the ratio of intracavernosal pressure and mean arterial blood pressure upon electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve. Serum T and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and intraprostatic DHT were measured. The weights and histopathological features of the penile corpus cavernosum and prostate were examined.

Results

Serum T and DHT and intraprostatic DHT concentrations, erectile function, and mean weights of the corpus cavernosum and prostate were lowest in group 2. There was no significant difference in the serum T concentration and erectile function between groups 4 and 1. However, the serum and intraprostatic DHT concentrations were significantly lower in group 4 than in group 1 (both P < 0.001). The tissue weights of the corpus cavernosum and prostate were reduced by 25.9% and 92.3% in group 4 compared with group 1 (both P < 0.001). Histopathology revealed a significant atrophy of the prostate in groups 2 and 4. There was a significant decrease in the smooth muscle content in group 2, but not in groups 3 and 4.

Conclusions

In a rat model, finasteride treatment for 4 weeks reduces the weight of the corpus cavernosum but appears not to affect the erectile responses to electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve. As erection is a complex process involving important signaling in the brain, further studies are necessary to demonstrate the long-term effects of finasteride on both central and peripheral neural pathways of erection.
Sexual Functioning and Distress Among Premenopausal Women with Uncomplicated Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Dimitropoulos Konstantinos , Bargiota Alexandra , Mouzas Odysseas , Melekos Michael , Tzortzis Vassilios , Koukoulis Georgios
Published: February 2012

Introduction

Current studies indicate that women with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) have a high prevalence of sexual disorders although data on the prevalence of sexual dysfunction are limited when sexual distress is included.

Aim

The frequency and the possible correlates of distressful sexual disorders in a highly selected group of type 1 diabetic women.

Methods

The sexual function, sexual distress, and general health status were assessed in 44 premenopausal women with uncomplicated T1DM and 47 healthy controls, using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), the Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS), and the General Health Questionnaire–28 (GHQ–28).

Main Outcome Measures

The impact of sexual distress on the frequency of female sexual dysfunction (FSD).

Results

The frequency of sexual disorders according to the FSFI was significantly higher in diabetic compared to control women (25% vs. 8.5%, respectively, P < 0.05). Diabetic women had significantly lower median (first to third quartile) total FSFI score compared to control group (30.55 [26.08–33.08] vs. 33.50 [30.70–34.30], P = 0.001). Desire, arousal, and satisfaction were the sexual domains significantly affected in the diabetic group. Diabetic women had significantly higher median (first to third quartile) FSDS score compared to control group (6.5 [2.3–15.8] vs. 4.0 [1.0–10.5]P = 0.043). FSD (combined pathological FSFI and FSDS scores) was present in higher proportion of diabetic women (15.9%) compared to controls (2.1%) (P = 0.020). GHQ–28 score was comparable between the groups. However, in the diabetic group, FSD was related with anxiety, depression, and low educational level. Diabetes-related factors were not associated with FSD.

Conclusions

Pre-menopausal women with uncomplicated T1DM have significantly higher frequency of FSD compared to healthy controls, when the criterion of sexual distress is included. Psychosomatic and contextual factors implicated in sexual distress are correlates of FSD.
Radiation Therapy in Peyronie’s Disease
Authors: Mulhall John P. , Hall Matthew , Broderick Gregory A. , Incrocci Luca
Published: February 2012

Introduction

Peyronie’s disease (PD) is characterized by fibrotic plaque formation within the tunica albuginea, leading to penile deformity, angulation, painful erections, and often, erectile dysfunction. There is limited knowledge of its etiology and pathophysiology. Currently, there is no standardization for reporting the evaluation and treatment outcomes. No consensus exists on the ideal management of PD.

Aim

The aim of this study is to review the use of radiation therapy (RT) for the treatment of PD.

Methods

This study used a review of the literature and informed expert opinion.

Main Outcome Measures

The main outcome measures are the reported improvement with regard to pain, curvature, plaque size, and erectile function as well as a review of the safety profile of RT.

Results

Radiation has been used for the empirical treatment of PD with mixed results throughout the literature. Low-dose RT in the early stages of PD seems to be effective in patients with painful erections not improving with time or with the use of oral or intralesional therapies. Comparison with other current medical therapies is difficult due to the absence of criteria for therapeutic success and the absence of randomized, controlled trials. Multiple studies have demonstrated varied results in terms of curvature reduction, plaque volume, and sexual functioning. The absence of the use of validated means of measuring penile deformity and sexual function, the limited relevance of plaque and pain improvement combined with the potential negative consequences of radiation on erectile tissue structure and function lead us to make a recommendation that RT not be used for the management of PD.

Conclusions

In clinical practice, mixed success for RT has led to the recommendation against its use as a treatment modality for PD.
A circumbinary planet in orbit around the short-period white dwarf eclipsing binary RR Cae
Authors: Qian S.-B. , Liu L. , Zhu L.-Y. , Dai Z.-B. , Fernández Lajús E. , Baume G. L.
Published: February 2012

By using six newly determined mid-eclipse times together with those collected from the literature, we have found that the observed minus calculated (O−C) curve of RR Cae shows a cyclic change with a period of 11.9 yr and an amplitude of 14.3 s while it undergoes an upward parabolic variation [revealing a long-term period increase at a rate of ]. The cyclic change was analysed for the light-travel-time effect that arises from the gravitational influence of a third companion. The mass of the third body was determined to be M3sin i′= 4.2(± 0.4) MJup, suggesting that it is a circumbinary giant planet when its orbital inclination is larger than 17°.6. The orbital separation of the circumbinary planet from the central eclipsing binary is about 5.3(± 0.6) au. The period increase is opposite to the changes caused by angular momentum loss via magnetic braking or/and gravitational radiation; and it cannot be explained by the mass transfer between both components because of its detached configuration. These indicate that the observed upward parabolic change is only a part of a long-period (longer than 26.3 yr) cyclic variation, which may reveal the presence of another giant circumbinary planet in a wide orbit.
Diagnosis and management of jejunoileal diverticular hemorrhage: A decade of experience
Authors: YEN Hsu Heng , CHEN Yang Yuan , YANG Chia Wei , SOON Maw Soan
Published: February 2012

OBJECTIVE:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical features and management of jejunoileal diverticular hemorrhage at Changhua Christian Hospital over the past decade.

METHODS:  A retrospective study on the clinical features, treatment and outcomes of the patients with jejunoileal diverticular hemorrhage diagnosed from January 2000 to December 2010 was conducted.

RESULTS:  Twenty‐eight patients (male to female ratio 15:13) were enrolled in the study with a mean age of 73.9 years. Symptoms consisted of bloody stool (46.4%), tarry stool (82.1%), coffee ground vomitus (7.1%) and shock (39.3%). The mean duration of hospital stay was 13.5 days and the mean blood transfusion volume was 13.5 units. Eight patients (28.6%) underwent surgical resection, 9 (32.1%) received endoscopic therapy and 11 (39.3%) were administered conservative therapy. Five patients (17.9%) had recurrent bleeding during the follow‐up. Two patients (7.1%) died eventually.

CONCLUSIONS:  The management of jejunoileal diverticular hemorrhage has mainly been nonsurgical at our institution over the past decade. The decreased requirement of surgical intervention might be attributed to the improvement of diagnostic and treatment procedures during this period.
Magnetic Characterization of Amphibolites from the Fomopéa Pluton (West Cameroon): Their Implication in the Pan‐African Deformation of the Central African Fold Belt
Authors: Théophile NJANKO , Eric Martial FOZING , Maurice KWÉKAM , Angéline Flore YAKEU SANDJO , Emmanuel NJONFANG
Published: February 2012

The Fomopea granitic pluton is emplaced in gnessic and amphibolitic basement. These gneissic and amphibolitic basement rocks are represented in the pluton's body as sub‐rounded, elongated or stretched xenoliths. Amphibolitic xenoliths display testimonies of two main tectonic events namely: (i) E1 flattening deformation event characterized by a NW‐SE to E‐W foliation with a best pole at 246/57 and a mineral stretched lineation with a best line at 293/47; and (ii) E2 compressive event typified by (1) N‐S to NNE‐SSW steeply dipping foliation; (2) S‐type flexion‐fold indicating a sinistral shear movement. These amphibolite rocks indicate a magnetic susceptibility magnitude (Km) range from 418 μSI to 90092 μSI for 87% of the stations showing a ferromagnetic behavior. K‐T curves reveal the presence of Ti‐poor magnetite as susceptibility mineral carrier. Magnetic foliation and lineation suggest that the N‐S strike direction observed in the Bamendou amphibolite is, as pointed out elsewhere in the Central African Fold Belt, of paramount importance in the tectonic evaluation of the Fomopea area, since it has most likely acted as major deformation phase in the second tectonic event in the belt.
Illite Crystallinity Mapping of Very Low Grade Metamorphism of Triassic Metapelites in the Zoigê Area, Western China
Authors: Yan TANG , Longkang SANG , Yanming YUAN , Jishun YU , Yunpeng ZHANG , Xianmao QI , Yunlong YANG
Published: February 2012

X‐ray diffraction methods for estimating the metamorphic grade of diagenetic, anchizone and epizone in metapelites are reviewed and applied to samples from a 7000 m+ borehole in western China and surface samples from the surrounding Zoigê area. Kübler's illite crystallinity (IC) measurements provide more consistent results than calculated values of percentage of illite in the I/S mixed layers and percentage of I/S mixed layers. Down‐borehole IC values display a typical burial metamorphic relationship between stratigraphic level and IC. A method for preparing very low grade metamorphic maps is described, and isograds plotted on a regional geological map at selected values of IC, delineating a high temperature diagenetic zone, an anchizone, and an epizone. The map shows that IC values are controlled by stratigraphic level in the north of the study area (i.e. burial metamorphism), and proximity to an igneous intrusive body in the south (i.e. contact metamorphism).
Petrogenesis of the Xihuashan Granite in Southern Jiangxi Province, South China: Constraints from Zircon U‐Pb Geochronology, Geochemistry and Nd Isotopes
Authors: Jiehua YANG , Jiantang PENG , Junhong ZHAO , Yazhou FU , Chen YANG , Yinglong HONG
Published: February 2012

Mesozoic granitic intrusions are widely distributed in the Nanling region, South China, Yanshanian granites are closely connected with the formation of tungsten deposits. The Xihuashan granite is a typical representative of tungsten‐bearing granite. The Xihuashan granite consists mainly of medium‐grained porphyritic biotite granite, medium‐grained biotite granite and fine‐grained two‐mica granite, which correspond to LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U‐Pb ages of 155.5±0.4 Ma, 153.0±0.6 Ma and 152.8±0.9 Ma, respectively. Rocks from the Xihuashan mining area displays high SiO2 (73.85% to 76.49%) and Na2O+K2O contents (8.09% to 9.43%), belonging to high‐K calc‐alkaline series. They are metaluminous to weakly peraluminous with A/CNK values ranging from 0.96 to 1.06. All granites in this study area are rich in Rb, Th, U and Pb, and depleted in Ba, Sr, P, Ti, Nb and Eu, especially depleted in medium‐grained biotite granite and fine‐grained two‐mica granite. The medium‐grained porphyritic biotite granites usually have high LREE concentrations, whereas medium‐grained biotite granite and fine‐grained two‐mica granite displays high HREE contents. Our geochemical data reveal that the studied rocks are highly fractionated I‐type granite. The magma underwent strong magma differentiation with decreasing temperature and increasing oxygen fugacity, which may explain the formation of three types of distinct granites. Variations of Rb, Sr and Ba concentrations in different type granites were controlled by fractional crystallization of biotite and feldspar. Fractional crystallization of monazite, allanite and apatite resulted in LREE changes in granite, and formation of garnet mainly caused HREE changes. Granites from the Xihuashan mining area have relatively high εNd(t) values (–9.77 to –11.46), indicating that they were probably generated by partial melting of underlying Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks with minor addition of juvenile crust or mantle‐derived magmas.
Meso‐Cenozoic Tectonic Events Recorded by Apatite Fission Track in the Northern Longmen‐Micang Mountains Region
Authors: Yongliang LEI , Chengzao JIA , Benliang LI , Guoqi WEI , Zhuxin CHEN , Xin SHI
Published: February 2012

There is a cross‐cutting relationship between the E‐W trending structures and the NE‐trending structures in the northern Longmen‐Micang Mountains region, which reflects possible regional tectonic transition and migration. Apatite fission track (AFT) analyses of 15 samples collected from this area yield apparent ages varying from 30.3±4.2 Ma to 111.7±9.0 Ma and confined‐track‐lengths ranging from 10.6±0.3 μm to 12.4±0.1 μm. Four specific groups were identified on the basis of the Track Age Spectrum Calculation (TASC) patterns, i.e., 143–112 Ma, 93.6–88 Ma, 42–40 Ma and ∼25.6 Ma. These age groups correspond to the spatial distributions of datasets and may represent four tectonic events. Together with the regional deformation patterns, the four age groups are interpreted to indicate tectonic superposition, transition and migration during the Meso‐Cenozoic with the following possible order: (1) the Micang Mountains belt was dominated by the E‐W trending structure during 143–112 Ma; (2) the contraction of the Longmen Mountains belt from the NW to the SE during 93.6–88 Ma led to the superposition of the NE‐trending structures over the E‐W trendinding structures; (3) dextral strike‐slip shear dominated the Longmen Mountains belt at 42–40 Ma; (4) westward migration of the active tectonic belt occurred from 93.6–25.6 Ma in a break‐back sequence in the northern Longmen Mountains belt. The Late Cenozoic tectonics in the northern Longmen Mountains belt are characterized by the dextral strike‐slip shear and the occurrence of westward break‐back sequence of deformations. As a result, north‐south differences in deformations along the Longmen Mountains belt were intensified since the Miocene time and strains were mainly accumulated in the hinterland of the Longmen Mountains instead of being propagated to the foreland basin.
Lithofacies Characters and Significance of the Submarine Fan of the Liufengguan Group in Qinling
Authors: Ning ZHENG , Tingdong LI , Guoqing YOU , Shuanhou ZHANG , Jiantang CUI , Muwei CHENG
Published: February 2012

Field investigation and laboratory research on flysch of the Liufengguan Group in Qinling indicate the following: (1) Sandstone of the Liufengguan Group is categorized as feldspathic lithic graywacke with a minor amount of lithic graywacke in the QFR triangular diagram. Grain size ≤0.3 mm. Bedding plane structures such as groove casts and suspected flute casts can be found at the bottom of the sandstone. It is inferred that currents may have come from the southeast during deposition. Bedding structures such as ripple marks, graded bedding, parallel bedding, small‐scale cross bedding, climbing bedding, suspected convolute bedding, microlamination and sliding structures have also been observed, which are of indicative significance. It is thought that the Liufengguan Group has the sedimentary characteristics of bedding, bedding plane structures and lithological assemblages of deep‐sea low‐density turbidity current deposits. The vertical succession of the Bouma sequence in the inner fan subfacies zone is generally incomplete: the assemblage of Ta and Tabc is commonly seen; the succession of the middle fan subfacies zone is relatively complete; and divisions Te and Tb are common in the outer fan subfacies zone. (2) The flysh of the Liufengguan Group is a sequence of deep‐sea argillaceous‐arenaceous submarine fan deposits, in which the authors recognize the inner, middle and outer fan subfacies and also nine types of lithofacies: normal graded sandstone (A1), medium‐ to thick‐bedded, fine‐grained sandstone (A2), medium‐ to thick‐bedded and massive siltstone (A3), thin‐bedded, fine‐grained sandstone and mudstone (B1), irregular interbeds of thin‐bedded, fine‐grained sandstone and siltstone (B2), thin‐bedded, fine‐grained sandstone (C1), very thin‐bedded, fine‐grained sandstone (D1), olistostromes (E1) and deep‐sea mudstone (F). The inner fan consists of four microfacies: natural levee (A1), water channel (A2, A3) and olistostromc (E1); in the middle fan there also occur four microfacies, i.e., branch channel (B1), branch channel (B2), interdistributary bay (D1) and olistostrome. The outer fan is made up of the branch channel (C1) and sheet sand (D1) microfacies, which alternate vertically with sediments of deep‐sea plain subfacies (F). There occur fining‐ and thin ning‐upward channel deposits in the outer‐fan subfacies zone of the submarine fan of the Liufengguan Group observed in this study. The quartz content of the graywacke of the deposits is all higher than 40% and may reach as high as 60%. Therefore, on the basis of the aforementioned features, this flysh should be formed in a passive continental‐margin tectonic environment.
The basic principles of radiological interpretation
Authors: Koong B
Published: February 2012

Radiologic interpretation is a complex process which involves the application of an appropriate algorithm in the study of radiologic images and the ability to understand the meaning and to weight the various findings, ultimately contributing to diagnosis. Prerequisites include the knowledge of orofacial radiologic anatomy and the various pathoses which may arise or manifest in this region of the body. An understanding of the strengths and limitations of the modality employed is also essential. The process of interrogating radiologic images for abnormalities varies, depending on the modality. This paper outlines the basic steps involved in the radiologic examination of abnormalities which affect the jaws, primarily in relation to plain 2‐D imaging.
Maxillofacial cone beam computed tomography: essence, elements and steps to interpretation
Authors: Scarfe WC , Li Z , Aboelmaaty W , Scott SA , Farman AG
Published: February 2012

Maxillofacial cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is one of the most significant advances in dental imaging since rotational panoramic radiography. While the acquisition of CBCT data is technically simple, numerous parameters should be considered so that CBCT imaging is performed appropriately and ‘task specific’. This involves an understanding of not only exposure (e.g. geometric and software parameters to minimize patient dose, while sustaining diagnostic image quality) but also image formatting options to maximize image display. CBCT images contain far more detailed information of the maxillofacial region than do panoramic or other 2‐D images and necessitate a thorough knowledge of the 3‐D anatomy of the region and considerations of variability in the range of the anatomically normal. These principles, procedures and protocols, together with the interpretation of CBCT images form the basis of best practices in maxillofacial CBCT imaging.

This communication aims to provide: (1) an overview of the fundamental principles of operation of maxillofacial CBCT technology; (2) an understanding of ‘task specific’ equipment, image selection and image display modes; and (3) a systematic methodology for sequencing interpretation of CBCT images.
Is there a role for the use of volumetric cone beam computed tomography in periodontics?
Authors: du Bois AH , Kardachi B , Bartold PM
Published: February 2012

Volumetric computed cone beam tomography offers a number of significant advantages over conventional intraoral and extraoral panoramic radiography, as well as computed tomography. To date, periodontal diagnosis has relied heavily on the assessment of both intraoral radiographs and extraoral panoramic radiographs. With emerging technology in radiology there has been considerable interest in the role that volumetric cone beam computed tomography might play in periodontal diagnostics. This narrative reviews the current evidence and considers whether there is a role for volumetric cone beam computed tomography in periodontics.
Application of cone beam computed tomography in oral and maxillofacial surgery
Authors: Ahmad M , Jenny J , Downie M
Published: February 2012

In the past decade, the utility of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images in oral and maxillofacial surgery has seen continuous increase. However, CBCT images are not always able to replace other imaging modalities. Based on the current published knowledge, this paper discusses advantages and limitations of CBCT images in the diagnosis and surgical planning of dentoalveolar procedures, odontogenic cysts, benign and malignant tumours, inflammatory changes, orthognathic surgery, maxillofacial trauma, sinus disorders, and systemic and osseous conditions that manifest in the maxillofacial area. This paper also suggests alternative imaging modalities when CBCT images are not adequate for surgical planning.
Clinical and pathological progression of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis to hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Yasui Kohichiroh , Hashimoto Etsuko , Tokushige Katsutoshi , Koike Kazuhiko , Shima Toshihide , Kanbara Yoshihiro , Saibara Toshiji , Uto Hirofumi , Takami Shiro , Kawanaka Miwa , Komorizono Yasuji , Okanoue Takeshi ,   The Japan NASH Study Group
Published: February 2012

Aim:  Non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) can progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aimed to examine the clinical and pathological course of how NASH progresses to HCC.

Methods:  In this retrospective multicenter study conducted in Japan, we examined 19 patients (53% female), who had been previously diagnosed with histologically proven NASH and developed HCC during the follow‐up period. The median age of the patients at the time of initial diagnosis of NASH was 65 years.

Results:  NASH progressed to HCC after a median follow‐up period of 3.8 years (range: 0.5–11.6 years). All patients had been identified as having HCC during screening, which included 12 patients assessed by ultrasound, four patients assessed with computerized tomography, two patients that underwent serum des‐γ‐carboxy prothrombin testing and one patient that underwent serum α‐fetoprotein testing. The median diameter of HCC tumors was 1.8 cm (range: 0.8–3.0 cm). The majority of patients (n = 13; 68%) presented with only one HCC tumor. The stage of liver fibrosis was significantly more advanced at the time of diagnosis of HCC than at the time of initial diagnosis of NASH, whereas there were no significant differences in the degree of steatosis.

Conclusion:  Screening for HCC with imaging is necessary not only in NASH patients with advanced fibrosis, but also in those with less advanced forms of fibrosis, particularly if they are old men. Liver fibrosis progresses to a more advanced stage during the development of HCC in NASH patients.
Small colon obstruction by an ovarian pedicle as an acquired condition in a foal
Authors: Pilati N. , Masciarelli A. E. , Werner L. A. , Sprayberry K. A.
Published: February 2012

This report describes the clinical course and the surgical findings in a 7‐day‐old foal referred for signs of abdominal pain. The foal underwent abdominal celiotomy due to the degree of pain unresponsive to medical treatment and, upon exploration, an ovarian pedicle was found to be wrapped around the small colon. The lesion was corrected, the foal recovered well from anaesthesia, and a 4 month follow‐up revealed no other signs of abdominal pain or complications.
Two horses with thoracic lymphoma diagnosed using thoracoscopic biopsy
Authors: Lee W. L. , Tennent‐Brown B. S. , Barton M. H. , Almy F. S. , Uhl E. W. , Howerth E. W. , Reis J. L. , Linnenkohl W. L. , Peroni J. F.
Published: February 2012

This report describes the use of thoracoscopy in 2 horses to obtain anantemortemdiagnosis of thoracic lymphoma. The first horse in this report presented for assessment of weight loss and fever of unknown origin. The second presented with a history of upper respiratory tract noise and coughing during exercise. Although a strong clinical suspicion of neoplasia existed, a definitiveantemortemdiagnosis of thoracic lymphoma was not made in either case until biopsy samples obtained during standing thoracoscopy were examined.
Measured Static and Rotordynamic Coefficient Results for a Rocker-Pivot, Tilting-Pad Bearing With 50 and 60% Offsets
Authors: Kulhanek Chris D. , Childs Dara W.
Published: February 2012

Static and rotordynamic coefficients are measured for a rocker-pivot, tilting-pad journal bearing (TPJB) with 50 and 60% offset pads in a load-between-pad (LBP) configuration. The bearing uses leading-edge-groove direct lubrication and has the following characteristics: 5-pads, 101.6 mm (4.0 in) nominal diameter,0.0814 -0.0837 mm (0.0032–0.0033 in) radial bearing clearance, 0.25 to 0.27 preload, and 60.325 mm (2.375 in) axial pad length. Tests were performed on a floating bearing test rig with unit loads from 0 to 3101 kPa (450 psi) and speeds from 7 to 16 krpm. Dynamic tests were conducted over a range of frequencies (20 to 320 Hz) to obtain complex dynamic stiffness coefficients as functions of excitation frequency. For most test conditions, the real dynamic stiffness functions were well fitted with a quadratic function with respect to frequency. This curve fit allowed for the stiffness frequency dependency to be captured by including an added mass matrix [M] to a conventional [K][C] model, yielding a frequency independent [K][C][M] model. The imaginary dynamic stiffness coefficients increased linearly with frequency, producing frequency-independent direct damping coefficients. Direct stiffness coefficients were larger for the 60% offset bearing at light unit loads. At high loads, the 50% offset configuration had a larger stiffness in the loaded direction, while the unloaded direct stiffness was approximately the same for both pivot offsets. Cross-coupled stiffness coefficients were positive and significantly smaller than direct stiffness coefficients. Negative direct added-mass coefficients were obtained for both offsets, especially in the unloaded direction. Cross-coupled added-mass coefficients are generally positive and of the same sign. Direct damping coefficients were mostly independent of load and speed, showing no appreciable difference between pivot offsets. Cross-coupled damping coefficients had the same sign and were much smaller than direct coefficients. Measured static eccentricities suggested cross coupling stiffness exists for both pivot offsets, agreeing with dynamic measurements. Static stiffness measurements showed good agreement with the loaded, direct dynamic stiffness coefficients.
Compressor Fouling Modeling: Relationship Between Computational Roughness and Gas Turbine Operation Time
Authors: Melino Francesco , Morini Mirko , Peretto Antonio , Pinelli Michele , Ruggero Spina Pier
Published: March 2012

Gas turbine axial compressor performance is heavily influenced by blade fouling. As a result, the gas turbines efficiency and producible power output decrease. Performance degradation of an axial compressor stage due to fouling can be analyzed by means of simulation through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes. Usually these methods reproduce the deteriorated blades by increasing their surface roughness and thickness. Another approach is the scaling of compressor stage performance maps. A model based on stage-by-stage techniques was presented in a previous work. This model is able to estimate the modifications of the overall compressor performance map as a function of the operating hours. The aim of the present study is to combine these two different approaches in order to relate the increase of blade computational surface roughness with compressor operating hours.
Bayesian Based Multivariate Model Validation Method Under Uncertainty for Dynamic Systems
Authors: Zhan Zhenfei , Fu Yan , Yang Ren-Jye , Peng Yinghong
Published: February 2012

Validation of computational models with multiple, repeated, and correlated functional responses for a dynamic system requires the consideration of uncertainty quantification and propagation, multivariate data correlation, and objective robust metrics. This paper presents a new method of model validation under uncertainty to address these critical issues. Three key technologies of this new method are uncertainty quantification and propagation using statistical data analysis, probabilistic principal component analysis (PPCA), and interval-based Bayesian hypothesis testing. Statistical data analysis is used to quantify the variabilities of the repeated tests and computer-aided engineering (CAE) model results. The differences between the mean values of test and CAE data are extracted as validation features, and the PPCA is employed to handle multivariate correlation and to reduce the dimension of the multivariate difference curves. The variabilities of the repeated test and CAE data are propagated through the data transformation to the PPCA space. In addition, physics-based thresholds are defined and transformed to the PPCA space. Finally, interval-based Bayesian hypothesis testing is conducted on the reduced difference data to assess the model validity under uncertainty. A real-world dynamic system example which has one set of the repeated test data and two stochastic CAE models is used to demonstrate this new approach.
The Spectrometer
Authors: Greenslade Thomas B.
Published: February 2012

In the fall of 1999 I was shown an Ocean Optics spectrometer-in-the-computer at St. Patricks College at Maynooth, Ireland, and thought that I had seen heaven. Of course, it could not resolve the sodium D-lines (I had done that many years before with a homemade wire diffraction grating1), and I began to realize that inside was some familiar old technology. In this paper I would like to discuss its ancestors.
Teaching Basic Quantum Mechanics in Secondary School Using Concepts of Feynman Path Integrals Method
Authors: Fanaro María de los Ángeles , Otero María Rita , Arlego Marcelo
Published: February 2012

This paper discusses the teaching of basic quantum mechanics in high school. Rather than following the usual formalism, our approach is based on Feynman's path integral method. Our presentation makes use of simulation software and avoids sophisticated mathematical formalism.
Complex Physiology and Compound Stress Responses during Fermentation of Alkali-Pretreated Corn Stover Hydrolysate by an Escherichia coli Ethanologen
Authors: Schwalbach Michael S. , Keating David H. , Tremaine Mary , Marner Wesley D. , Zhang Yaoping , Bothfeld William , Higbee Alan , Grass Jeffrey A. , Cotten Cameron , Reed Jennifer L. , da Costa Sousa Leonardo , Jin Mingjie , Balan Venkatesh , Ellinger James , Dale Bruce , Kiley Patricia J. , Landick Robert
Published: March 2012

The physiology of ethanologenic
Escherichia coli
grown anaerobically in alkali-pretreated plant hydrolysates is complex and not well studied. To gain insight into how
E. coli
responds to such hydrolysates, we studied an
E. coli
K-12 ethanologen fermenting a hydrolysate prepared from corn stover pretreated by ammonia fiber expansion. Despite the high sugar content (∼6% glucose, 3% xylose) and relatively low toxicity of this hydrolysate,
E. coli
ceased growth long before glucose was depleted. Nevertheless, the cells remained metabolically active and continued conversion of glucose to ethanol until all glucose was consumed. Gene expression profiling revealed complex and changing patterns of metabolic physiology and cellular stress responses during an exponential growth phase, a transition phase, and the glycolytically active stationary phase. During the exponential and transition phases, high cell maintenance and stress response costs were mitigated, in part, by free amino acids available in the hydrolysate. However, after the majority of amino acids were depleted, the cells entered stationary phase, and ATP derived from glucose fermentation was consumed entirely by the demands of cell maintenance in the hydrolysate. Comparative gene expression profiling and metabolic modeling of the ethanologen suggested that the high energetic cost of mitigating osmotic, lignotoxin, and ethanol stress collectively limits growth, sugar utilization rates, and ethanol yields in alkali-pretreated lignocellulosic hydrolysates.
A Unique Chromosomal Rearrangement in the Cryptococcus neoformans var.
grubii
Type Strain Enhances Key Phenotypes Associated with Virulence
Authors: Morrow Carl A. , Lee I. Russel , Chow Eve W. L. , Ormerod Kate L. , Goldinger Anita , Byrnes Edmond J. , Nielsen Kirsten , Heitman Joseph , Schirra Horst Joachim , Fraser James A.
Published: February 2012

The accumulation of genomic structural variation between closely related populations over time can lead to reproductive isolation and speciation. The fungal pathogen
Cryptococcus
is thought to have recently diversified, forming a species complex containing members with distinct morphologies, distributions, and pathologies of infection. We have investigated structural changes in genomic architecture such as inversions and translocations that distinguish the most pathogenic variety,
Cryptococcus neoformans
var.
grubii
, from the less clinically prevalent
Cryptococcus neoformans
var.
neoformans
and
Cryptococcus gattii
. Synteny analysis between the genomes of the three
Cryptococcus
species/varieties (strains H99, JEC21, and R265) reveals that
C. neoformans
var.
grubii
possesses surprisingly few unique genomic rearrangements. All but one are relatively small and are shared by all molecular subtypes of
C. neoformans
var.
grubii
. In contrast, the large translocation peculiar to the
C. neoformans
var.
grubii
type strain is found in all tested subcultures from multiple laboratories, suggesting that it has possessed this rearrangement since its isolation from a human clinical sample. Furthermore, we find that the translocation directly disrupts two genes. The first of these encodes a novel protein involved in metabolism of glucose at human body temperature and affects intracellular levels of trehalose. The second encodes a homeodomain-containing transcription factor that modulates melanin production. Both mutations would be predicted to increase pathogenicity; however, when recreated in an alternate genetic background, these mutations do not affect virulence in animal models. The type strain of
C. neoformans
var.
grubii
in which the majority of molecular studies have been performed is therefore atypical for carbon metabolism and key virulence attributes.

IMPORTANCE
The fungal pathogen
Cryptococcus
is a major cause of mortality among the immunocompromised population, primarily in AIDS patients of sub-Saharan Africa. Most research into the particular variety of
Cryptococcus
responsible for the vast majority of infections,
Cryptococcus neoformans
var.
grubii
, is performed using the type strain isolated in 1978 from a Hodgkin’s disease patient from North Carolina. We have determined that this particular isolate contains a chromosomal translocation that directly interrupts two genes, which all descendants of this strain from various research laboratories appear to possess. Disruption of these two genes affects multiple virulence factors of
Cryptococcus
, particularly the ability to grow at human body temperature, which could have wide-ranging implications for molecular genetic studies and virulence assays using this important strain.
Traditional Chinese Medicine Patterns and Recommended Acupuncture Points in Infertile and Fertile Women
Authors: Birkeflet Oddveig , Laake Petter , Vøllestad Nina
Published: February 2012

Background

Acupuncture is rooted in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and emphasises individualised treatment according to TCM patterns. Eight TCM patterns are regarded as typical for female infertility. There are no empirical data comparing these patterns in fertile and infertile women.

Objective

To identify and compare the TCM patterns and recommended acupuncture points in infertile and fertile women. The hypothesis that infertile and fertile women should differ in occurrence of TCM patterns described as typical for infertility was examined.

Methods

A cross-sectional study examined the distribution of TCM patterns and acupuncture points among 24 infertile and 24 fertile women. TCM patterns and points proposed by two acupuncturists were analysed. The odds ratio was used as the effect measure.

Results

Three patterns were found in more than 92% of the women. Five patterns occurred more frequently among infertile (p≤0.03), and four among fertile (p≤0.02) women. Only three of the eight patterns assumed typical for infertile women were more common among infertile women. Two of the eight patterns were more common among fertile women. Acupuncture points KI3, LI3 and SP6 were chosen for almost all women, whereas CV4, CV3 and ST29 were chosen more often for infertile women (p<0.03), and SP3 more often for fertile women (p<0.001).

Conclusion

The data indicate that the presence of some, and the absence of other, TCM patterns are associated with infertility. These results are not consistent with the assumed associations between eight specific patterns and infertility, as maintained by TCM textbooks.
The Effect of Electroacupuncture and Tramadol on Experimental Tourniquet Pain
Authors: Musial Frauke , Choi Kyung-Eun , Gabriel Tim , Lüdtke Rainer , Rampp Thomas , Michalsen Andreas , Dobos Gustav
Published: February 2012

Objectives

The hypoalgesic effect of electroacupuncture (EA) was directly compared with the analgesic effect of pharmacological interventions using the submaximum effort tourniquet technique (SETT).

Methods

125 healthy subjects (mean age 24.44±4.46 years; 62.4% female, 37.6% male) performed SETT at baseline and under one of five experimental conditions (n=25 per group): EA (2 Hz with burst pulses in alternating one-phase-square wave pulses; burst length 180 μs, burst frequency 80 Hz, stimulation time/pulse width 3 s), tramadol (50 mg), ibuprofen (400 mg), placebo pill or non-treatment control. EA was performed at LI4 and LI10 contralaterally with stimulation beginning 20 min before SETT and lasting throughout SETT. The pharmacological interventions were given in a double-blind design 1 h before the SETT assessment.

Results

Subjects showed a hypoalgesic effect of the opiate and of the EA for subjective pain rating (EA p=0.0051; tramadol p=0.0299), and pain tolerance index (time/rating) (EA p=0.043; tramadol p=0.047) analysed using analysis of covariance. More subjects reached the strict time limit of 30 min (analysed by logistic regression and adjusted OR as a post-hoc analysis) under EA compared with most other experimental conditions. Only EA and tramadol were not significantly different (95% Wald confidence limits: non-treatment control vs EA 0.011 to 0.542; placebo pill vs EA 0.009 to 0.438; ibuprofen vs EA 0.021 to 0.766; tramadol vs EA 0.065 to 1.436).

Conclusion

In a laboratory setting, an EA procedure was as effective as a single dose of an orally administered opiate in reducing experimentally induced ischaemic pain.