bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forces of Patriarchy
Authors: VAN ROOSMALEN ERICA
Published: March 2007

This article examines the ways in which forces of patriarchy, along with capitalism, in constructing women, continue to play a significant role in shaping adolescent experiences of sexuality and conceptions of relationships. Based on a qualitative textual analysis of 875 letters written to the advice column of Teen Magazine, this article begins by reporting on some of the concerns and issues of sexuality, gender identity, and relationships facing preteen and teenage women in the 1990s. It is argued in this article that during early adolescence the power and the contradictions of patriarchy and capitalism, in shaping what are seen as most private—an adult sexual identity—are most apparent and identifiable. It is in listening to and hearing the voices and experiences of young women that we can begin to understand how teenage women are shaped as sexual beings in a culture of patriarchy.
Individualism and Collectivism in Two Conflicted Societies
Authors: SAGY SHIFRA , ORR EMDA , BAR-ON DAN , AWWAD ELIA
Published: March 2007

A theoretical framework concerning cultural patterns labeled individualism and collectivism is probed with regard to two conflicted societies, Israeli-Jewish and Palestinian-Arab societies. The following three methods were used to examine collectivism/individualism constructs among 1,190 Palestinian and 1,144 Israeli high school students: items that tap values, interest in different domains of history, and attitudes toward conflict resolution. Both groups were found to be more collectivistic than individualistic oriented. However, as predicted, the Palestinians scored higher than the Israeli students on items emphasizing in-group collectivist orientation (my nationality, my country, etc.). The differences between the two groups tended to reflect some subdistinctions such as different elements of individualism and collectivism. Moreover, they reflected the historical context and contemporary influences, such as the stage where each society is at in the nation-making process.
Street Life
Authors: TERRELL NATHANIEL EUGENE
Published: March 2007

This article examines aggravated and sexual assaults among 240 runaway and homeless adolescents in Des Moines, Iowa. Unlike previous research studies on homeless and runaway adolescents that used small samples, limiting these samples to persons in youth shelters, and/or used clinical data, the current study contacted homeless and runaway adolescents where they congregated and lived. A social learning approach to victimization was used to show that deviant behavior among adolescents directly relates to coercive, aggressive, harsh, and abusive parental techniques. The results partially support the proposition that homeless and runaway adolescents are at risk of life-threatening situations on the streets (aggravated and sexual assaults) due to aggressive and abusive parents. In addition, there are strong indications that the street life situations of homeless and runaway adolescents have significant impacts on the probability that they will become assaulted aggravatedly and/or sexually.
Policing the World: Lord Davies and the Quest for Order in the 1930s
Authors: Pugh Michael
Published: March 2007

In the 1930s there was an upsurge of interest in the idea of an International Police Force designed to enforce the peace. One of the main proponents of the concept was (Lord) David Davies, who laid out his own masterplan in his massive, The Problem of the Twentieth Century (1930), a book which merits a high place in the interwar literature on international relations. The idea itself had little likelihood of being implemented at the time Nonetheless, it continued to exert an influence on those whose role it was to think about the structure and operation of the United Nations. The simple fact that British planners were amenable to some form of post-war international policing owed not a little to the work of Davies.
Explaining War: Some Critical Observations
Authors: Suganami Hidemi
Published: March 2007

This article outlines and examines the ways in which the phenomenon of war has been explained by political scientists and historians of international relations. The discussion is conducted with reference to the following three types of question which are regularly raised in this context: (1) `What conditions must be present for there to be war at all?'; (2) `What conditions are likely to give rise to war?'; and (3) `How did this particular war come about?'. The article ends with a brief reflection on the extent to which answers given to these questions need to be modified as we move our focus away from `old' to `new' wars.
Marx's Embryology of Society
Authors: Wouters Arno
Published: March 2007

This article presents a new interpretation of Marx's dialectical method. Marx conceived dialectics as a method for constructing a model of society. The way this model is developed is analogous to the way organisms develop according to the German embryologist Karl Ernst von Baer, and, indeed, Marx's theory of capitalism hinges on the same concept of Organisation that is found in teleomechanical biology. The strong analogy between pre-Darwinian biology and Marx's structure of argument shows that the analogy often supposed to exist between Darwin and Marx is not relevant to Marx's theory of capitalism.
Motivation and the Will to Power
Authors: Nuckolls Charles W.
Published: March 2007

Like the concept "structure" a generation ago, "power" now figures prominently in the anthropological understanding of human action. This essay attempts to locate the concept of power in the cultural history of Anglo-Saxon political discourse. Discussion focuses on a specific domain of inquiry—"ethnopsychology"— and on one of the texts recognized as exemplary of that domain, Lutz's Unnatural Emotions. In a field largely concerned with matters of cognitive process, of knowledge structures and patterns of inference, the concept of "power" is used to supply motivational force; motivation is the will to power. This is intelligible, however, only against the implicit background of Anglo-Saxon political theory, best represented historically in the work of Thomas Hobbes. It is argued that the circumstances of "post-modernity" make the return of Hobbesianism inevitable and that it is this tradition that ethnopsychology unwittingly reproduces in the quest to understand cognition, emotion, and agency.
The Imagined and Wished for Imperium of Reason and Science
Authors: Flathman Richard E.
Published: March 2007

During most of his long philosophical career, Bertrand Russell was a strong moral subjectivist or emotivist who argued that ethics, because it cannot hope to arrive at truth, is not properly a part of either science or philosophy. In several works, however, most notably Philosophy and Politics and Human Society in Ethics and Politics, he attempted to bring his empiricism and his philosophy of science to bear on moral and other axiological questions. In these writings, he appears to seek and to hope for the "imperium" of the title of this article, which contrasts these two positions, drawing on the former to critique the latter.
The Seven Pillars of Popper's Social Philosophy
Authors: Bunge Mario
Published: March 2007

The author submits that Popper's social philosophy rests on seven pillars: rationality (both conceptual and practical), individualism (ontological and methodological), libertarianism, the nonexistence of historical laws, negative utilitarianism ("Do no harm"), piecemeal social engineering, and a view on social order. The first six pillars are judged to be weak, and the seventh broken. In short, it is argued that Popper did not build a comprehensive, profound, or even consistent system of social philosophy on a par with his work in epistemology. Still, he did make some important contributions to the field, such as unveiling the philosophical roots of totalitarianism and defending social engineering against both revolutionists and conservatives.
The Effects of Interviewer and Respondent Characteristics on Response Behavior in Panel Surveys
Authors: PICKERY JAN , LOOSVELDT GEERT , CARTON ANN
Published: March 2007

Unit nonresponse in the second wave of a panel survey is related to several respondent characteristics and to the interviewer of that wave. More striking is the effect of the interviewer of the first wave, who is not involved in the second interview. To analyze both interviewer effects simultaneously, the authors use a multilevel cross-classified model. In that analysis, the effect of the interviewer of the second wave almost disappears. That effect turns out to be at least partly spurious due to a correlation of both interviewer effects. The authors conclude that the interviewer of the first interview is very important regarding participation in the subsequent waves of a panel survey.
Causality in Social Network Analysis
Authors: DOREIAN PATRICK
Published: March 2007

The role that causality can play in social network analysis is unclear. The author provides a broad characterization of social network analysis before considering the nature of causality. He distinguishes four types of causality: system causality, statistical causality, mechanism causality, and algorithmic causality. Their potential places in network analysis are discussed. Understanding generative mechanisms—be they system, mechanism, or algorithmic—seems the most promising way to proceed. The role of statistical causality is a source of potential data analytic tools that can be mobilized within analyses conducted in the spirit of the other three types of causality.
First and Last Words
Authors: HAGAN JOHN , HIRSCHFIELD PAUL , SHEDD CARLA
Published: March 2007

Urban school violence is common and when it becomes fatal constitutes a neglected theoretical counterpoint to highly publicized rural and suburban school shootings. Joseph White shot and killed Delondyn Lawson and injured two other youths at Tilden High School in the last fatal Chicago school shooting nearly a decade ago. This event was portrayed in extensive news coverage as random and senseless and by a jury trial as a first-degree homicide that was inexcusable as self-defense. Journalism often is described as the first draft of history, and trials often are seen as the more definitive record. Yet neither journalism nor trials are comprehensive sources of social history, especially of social conflict. The authors demonstrate that journalistic accounts can prejudge and stereotype lethal school violence, that trials often further depict these conflicts in legally authoritative but restricted and misleading ways, and that an exclusive focus on rural and suburban settings obscures a broader theoretical understanding of deadly school shootings.
The Use of Factor Analysis in the Construction of Linear Composites in Social Research
Authors: Alwin Duane F.
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the uses of factor analysis in the development of composite indices in social research. A distinction is drawn between "factor-based" scores and factor scores, and some comparisons are made between the two general approaches. After reviewing the methods of factor score estimation in some detail, an empirical example is presented which casts doubt on the efficacy of factor score estimation procedures, and favors the continued use of factor-based scores by social researchers.
Estimating the Proportion of American Marriages That End in Divorce
Authors: Preston Samuel H.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews and develops techniques of estimating the proportion of marriages that end in divorce which are based on disruption rates observed during a particular period of time. A source of bias in commonly used indirect estimation procedures is identified and methods of adjusting for the bias are developed. Application of the new techniques to American data of 1973 suggests that 44% of marriages would end in divorce under disruption rates of that year.
INTERPRETATION OF GOODMAN'S LOG-LINEAR MODEL EFFECTS An Odds Ratio Approach
Authors: Page William F.
Published: March 2007

In the analysis of multidimensional contingency tables using Goodman's log-linear models, the sometimes complex nature of the problems encountered may lead to an interpretation of analytic results which is based solely upon statistical significance, and not upon substantive importance. In this paper, the well-known relationships between log-linear model effects and odds ratios ("cross-product ratios") are reexamined using previously analyzed sample survey data. The major thrust of the paper concerns the transformation of the log-linear model effects into odds ratios, which then yield simple and direct substantive interpretations.
Occupational Characteristics and Classification Systems
Authors: Spenner Kenneth I.
Published: March 2007

Recent social research shows a renewed interest in detailed characteristics of jobs. The Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) and census classification systems as bases for measures of job features are reviewed. The article reports on a set of characteristics that have been estimated for detailed 1960 and 1970 census categories, including those generated by Temme and new indicators for routiniza tion and closeness of supervision in work. The report includes information on how the measures were generated, evidence on their validity as assessed against corresponding individual-level measures, and an assessment of the measurement slippage involved in moving between the different occupation classification systems.
A Description of the German General Social Survey Test-Retest Study and a Report on the Stabilities of the Sociodemographic Variables
Authors: PORST ROLF , ZEIFANG KLAUS
Published: March 2007

In this article, a description of the test-retest study as part of the larger 1984 German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) is presented. First, the comparability of the test-retest mirrors the larger ALLBUS study with few exceptions, and an examination of the stability of demographic variables is presented. Although the stability of some of the items was poor (e.g., report of one's own first occupation and father's occupation), most of the other items of central importance to survey recorders (e.g., education or religious identification) had at best minimally acceptable stabilities. The data also show a consistent tendency for the t2- t3 stabilities to be higher than the t1- t2 stabilities, a finding that is discussed and for which a possible rationale is presented.
A Graphical Method for the Interpretation of Multinomial Logit Analysis
Authors: LONG J. SCOTT
Published: March 2007

Multinomial logit analysis is a statistical technique for relating a set of continuous or discrete independent variables to a categorical dependent variable. The availability of statistical software and the publication of review articles dealing with logit analysis has resulted in increasing applications of the model. These applications have been limited by a failure to deal adequately with the magnitudes of the parameters, restricting discussion almost entirely to the direction of effects and their statistical significance. This limitation is a consequence of the large number of parameters involved and the nonlinearity of the effects. To deal with this problem, a graphical method is proposed to represent the magnitudes and statistical significance of all effects in a multinomial logit analysis. This allows for a clear interpretation of the relative magnitudes of effects both within and across independent variables. The article concludes with an example to illustrate the technique.
Interpreting the Parameters of Log-Linear Models
Authors: ALBA RICHARD D.
Published: March 2007

This article develops a straightforward approach to the interpretation of the parameters in log-linear models through a detailed consideration of examples. The focus is on models involving dependent variables, and the conventions of regression analysis are used to represent variables in models for the logit, or logarithm of the odds of the dependent variable. By simple manipulations, the parameters in logit models are related to such quantities as odds and odds ratios. The magnitudes of the effects conveyed by the parameters are also described in terms of typical percentage differences. The examples considered include models with complex interaction structures and for polytomous dependent variables. The mechanics of developing parameter estimates from the output of widely available computer programs are shown.
Interviewing Style and Respondent Behavior
Authors: DIJKSTRA WIL
Published: March 2007

Guided by the model of the question-answer process as developed by Cannell and his coworkers, our main research question focused on how interviewers should behave in order to obtain adequate responses in survey interviews. A field experiment was conducted in which the interviewers adopted one of two behavioral styles, namely, a personal versus a formal style of interviewing. The dependent variables concerned measures of accuracy, social desirability, and the degree of relevant as well as irrelevant information. In addition, by experimentally manipulating the interviewer's alleged opinion, it was possible to ascertain conformity effects. Two different hypotheses were proposed to account for the effect of interviewing style on the dependent variables. The motivation hypothesis proposed that a personal style, compared with a formal style, would motivate the respondent to do well on the task and to give responses that would be as accurate and as adequate as possible. According to the ingratiation hypothesis, respondents interviewed in a personal style would be more inclined to attempt to ingratiate themselves with the interviewer, leading to more socially desirable responses, conformity, and irrelevant information. The results supported the motivation hypothesis. We contend that both motivation and ingratiation are important mechanisms in the question-answer process. However, it may be easier to influence the respondent's motivational level by means of the style of interviewing or other interviewing techniques than the respondent's ingratiation tendencies.
Selection Bias in Linear Regression, Logit and Probit Models
Authors: DUBIN JEFFREY A. , RIVERS DOUGLAS
Published: March 2007

Missing data are common in observational studies due to self-selection of subjects. Missing data can bias estimates of linear regression and related models. The nature of selection bias and econometric methods for correcting it are described. The econometric approach relies upon a specification of the selection mechanism. We extend this approach to binary logit and probit models and provide a simple test for selection bias in these models. An analysis of candidate preference in the 1984 U.S. presidential election illustrates the technique.
Assumptions of the Two-Step Approach to Latent Variable Modeling
Authors: FORNELL CLAES , YI YOUJAE
Published: March 2007

Although methods for latent variable modeling that allow a joint analysis of measurement and theory have become popular, they are not without difficulties. As these difficulties have become more apparent, several researchers have recently called for a “two-step approach” to latent variable modeling in which measurement is evaluated separately from theory. This implies that programs for covariance structure analysis are not needed because factor analysis and regressions would suffice for analysis. Before a return to earlier practice using seemingly simpler analysis tools can be recommended, it seems prudent to consider the assumptions underlying a two-step approach. At least four implicit assumptions can be identified: (a) theory and measurement are independent, (b) results of factor analysis specifications can be generalized to other specifications, (c) the estimators have desirable statistical properties, and (d) the statistical test in one step is independent of the test in the other. The authors show that these assumptions cannot be met in general and that some of them are logically inconsistent. Thus any wholesale adoption of a two-step approach could have serious consequences.
Estimating the Effect of Nonignorable Nonresponse in Sample Surveys
Authors: LAND KENNETH C. , McCALL PATRICIA L.
Published: March 2007

Rubin (1977) developed a method for estimating, in a subjective sense, the effect of nonignorable nonresponse in sample surveys. Based on Bayesian techniques, this method produces a subjective probability interval for the statistic, such as the mean of a response variable, that would have been calculated if all nonrespondents had responded. Demographic and socioeconomic background information that is recorded for both respondents and nonrespondents plays an important role in sharpening the subjective interval - through the adjustment of a regression equation that uses this information. In this article, Rubin's method-sometimes called the mixture modeling approach to drawing inferences from self-selected samples-is reviewed and applied to real survey and experimental data on community standards for sexually explicit material in which respondents were asked to judge the material's appeal to prurient interest and patent offensiveness (two of the three legal criteria for a determination of obscenity). A critically important substantive issue in this context is whether or not the sample self-selection processes governing the willingness of individuals to participate in the experiment have so truncated the frequency distributions of participant judgments about obscenity that they are grossly biased and inaccurate. It is shown how the mixture modeling approach sheds light on the possible extent of such biases.
Computer Simulations and Empirical Testing of Sociological Theory
Authors: JACOBSEN CHANOCH , BRONSON RICHARD
Published: March 2007

To overcome the longstanding difficulties of testing macrosociological theories empirically, a new strategy based on computer simulations is proposed. The computer model provides a means for testing the empirical adequacy of a theory in its entirety, taking into account all relevant interactions between variables. The authors describe the approach and then apply it to a theory of patterned deviance. Fifteen sets of data were tested with the original model. Nine cases of violation of formal norms and five of informal norms were reproduced successfully. One data set could not be reproduced due to structural limitations of the model. The strategy is then used in simulated experiments to test alternative hypotheses for some of the data sets. The theory's range of applicability is discussed, and directions for further research with this strategy are suggested.
Extensions in the Use of Log-Multiplicative Scaled Association Models in Multiway Contingency Tables
Authors: WONG RAYMOND SIN-KWOK
Published: March 2007

This article extends the use of log-multiplicative scaled association models to multiway cross-classifications with complex constraints in the partial homogeneous models. It proposes a special class of conditional association models with linear and quadratic constraints on the intrinsic association (φ) when the layer (group) variable indexes temporal order. For multiway cross-classifications with more than one group variable, another class of conditional association models with additive and interactive constraints on the intrinsic association (φ) with the group variables is provided. The proposed iterative macro program to estimate these constraints not only satisfies the condition of simultaneous estimation and yields efficient estimates but also has the flexibility to incorporate other log-linear effects.
Log-Multiplicative Models for Valued Social Relations
Authors: ANDERSON CAROLYN J. , WASSERMAN STANLEY
Published: March 2007

The methodology described here is designed for social networks and is based on the research of Holland and Leinhardt, Wasserman and Iacobucci, and Many others. Holland and Leinhardt termed the simplest model from their family of log-linear models p1. The models presented in this article are not log-linear—rather, they are log-multiplicative, in the spirit of other models described in this special issue. Our models generalize the p1 family of models for social networks by introducing multiplicative interaction parameters. These generalizations are applicable to a much wider range of data, particularly valued relations.
The Dimensions of Segregation Revisited
Authors: MASSEY DOUGLAS S. , WHITE MICHAEL J. , PHUA VOON-CHIN
Published: March 2007

In this article the authors replicate and extend the methodological analysis of Massey and Denton (1988), which conceptualized residential segregation as a multidimensional construct with five axes of spatial variation: evenness, exposure, concentration, centralization, and clustering. To reproduce their work, the authors of this article factor analyzed 20 indexes of segregation computed in 1990 for three groups in 58 metropolitan areas. They extended Massey and Denton's analysis by expanding the set of metropolitan areas to include all 318 defined for 1990, and they broadened it by carrying out systematic comparisons across ethnic groups. This study's analyses reconfirm the multidimensional nature of residential segregation; however, the authors also find that the indexes recommended by Massey and Denton to measure concentration and clustering do not function quite as well in 1990 as in 1980. Alternative indexes are considered as possibilities, but in the end, using the same indexes is recommended to maintain continuity.
An Analytic and Empirical Examination of Zero-Inflated and Hurdle Poisson Specifications
Authors: ZORN CHRISTOPHER J. W.
Published: March 2007

This article examines two alternative specifications for estimating event-count models in which the data-generating process results in a larger number of zero counts than would be expected under standard distributional assumptions. The author compares King's hurdle event count model and Greene's zero-inflated Poisson model, using data on congressional responses to Supreme Court decisions from 1979 to 1988. The author shows that each of these models is a special case of a more general dual regime data-generating process that results in extra-Poisson zero counts. Furthermore, because this data-generating process can produce overdispersion in its own right, these models are also shown to be related to variance function negative binomial specifications. The underlying correspondence between these models leads to similar results in estimating and interpreting them in practice.
Bootstrapping a Test Statistic for Vanishing Tetrads
Authors: BOLLEN KENNETH A. , TING KWOK-FAI
Published: March 2007

Tetrads are differences in the product of pairs of covariances among four random variables. Typically, a structural equation model implies that some population tetrads will “vanish” (equal zero). Bollen and Ting proposed Confirmatory Tetrad Analysis (CTA) to test structural equation models based on their implied vanishing tetrads. The test statistic (Bollen) was derived from asymptotic theory. We analyze it in finite samples using Monte Carlo simulations. The smaller the sample size and the larger the number of vanishing tetrads, the greater the departure of the test statistic from its asymptotic distribution. We develop a bootstrapping procedure for computing the p-value of the CTA test statistic. The bootstrapping procedure generally is more accurate than using the chi-square distribution to compute the p-value of the test statistic in small to moderate sample sizes. Several empirical examples illustrate the bootstrap procedure.
Assessing Direct and Indirect Effects in Multilevel Designs with Latent Variables
Authors: RAUDENBUSH STEPHEN W. , SAMPSON ROBERT
Published: March 2007

Researchers commonly ask whether relationships between exogenous predictors, X, and outcomes, Y, are mediated by a third set of variables, Z. Simultaneous equations decompose the relationship between X and Y into an indirect component, operating through Z, and a direct component, the relationship between X and Y given Z. Often, X, Y, and/or Z are measured with error. Structural equation modeling is widely used in this scenario. However, sociological data commonly have a nested structure (students within schools, residents within local areas). Hierarchical linear models represent such multilevel data well and can handle errors of measurement, but have not incorporated simultaneous equations for direct and indirect effects. This article incorporates the study of such mediated effects into the hierarchical linear model, naturally extending the analysis to include unbalanced, multilevel designs and missing data. The authors illustrate the approach by examining the extent to which neighborhood social control mediates the relationship between neighborhood social composition and violence in Chicago.
Poisons, putrescence and the weather: A genealogy of the advent of Tropical Medicine
Authors: Naraindas Harish
Published: March 2007

This paper attempts to problematise the founding of 'Tropical Medicine' in the late 19th century as a classificatory act by posing a question: why was the discipline founded when it was and not earlier? In the process, it offers an alternate genealogy of its advent by arguing for a mid-19th century episteme, in terms of fevers, the constitution of the body, and the weather-in originating fevers and in predisposing the body towards disease—both in the temperates and the tropics, as being crucial to an understanding of the discourse on the tropics.
Little magazines in Calcutta and a postsociology of India
Authors: Nag Dulali
Published: March 2007

A crucial political question for a new sociology of India is whether it can create a new identity for itself between the local and the global, where it can simultaneously deal with objects that span different spaces and times without losing its own location in space and time. The problematic is that of the new meanings that concepts acquire when they travel across space and time. The question then becomes one of the political significance of the new meanings in their acquired habitat. This article explores these questions through the reading of a Bengali language text.
Illness, Inauspiciousness and Modes of Healing in Rajasthan
Authors: Lambert Helen
Published: March 2007

Ethnographic material on local conceptions and treatment of certain kinds of illness in rural Rajasthan provides insights into the nature and pragmatic meaning of concepts of auspiciousness and inauspiciousness in everyday contexts. By analysing the internal logic of rituals directed at treating the sick, I elucidate the dual meaning of auspiciousness and inauspiciousness as conditions with predictive value that refer both to potentiality and to outcome. States of purity can, in turn, influence the resolution of potentialities in a positive (auspicious) or negative (inauspicious) direction. Analysis of folk healing rituals and of the relations between patients and healers further demonstrates an analogy with the priest-patron relationship and religious gifting, revealing a continuity in underlying cultural assumptions from orthodox religious ritual through folk healing practices to everyday social actions. The paper thereby contributes to the continuing discussion about the relations between different `levels' or `traditions' in Hindu society and culture and serves to demonstrate that medical anthropology can contribute to broader issues of anthropological interest beyond the domains of health and illness.
Cosmopolitanism and the Circle of Reason
Authors: MEHTA PRATAP BHANU
Published: March 2007

What I require is a convening of my culture's criteria, in order to confront them with my words and life as I pursue them and as I may pursue them; and at the same time to confront my words and life as I pursue them with the life my culture's words may imagine for me: to confront the culture with itself, along the lines it meets in me.

Stanley Cavell
Reconceptualizing the State: Lessons from Post-communism
Authors: GRZYMALA-BUSSE ANNA , LUONG PAULINE JONES
Published: March 2007

The (re)building of the post-communist states offers new perspectives both on the state and on the multiple transitions that followed communism. Specifically, it shifts our analytical focus from states as consolidated outcomes and unitary actors to the process by which states come into being and into action in the modern era. This process consists of elite competition over policy-making authority, which is shaped and constrained by existing institutional resources, the pacing of transformation, and the international context. The four ideal types of state-building that result are exemplified by the post-communist experience: democratic, autocratic, fractious, and personalistic.
Erotic “Remedy” Prints and the Fall of the Aristocracy in Eighteenth-Century France
Authors: BELLHOUSE MARY L.
Published: March 2007

The asshole remains the one shameful part of the bourgeois body.... The anus is the private part par excellence of the bourgeois body.... It has no place in socially admissible desire.... The use of the asshole is the touchstone of the conflict between the private and the public.

Guy Hocquenghem
The Gratification Niches of Personal E-mail and the Telephone
Authors: DIMMICK JOHN , KLINE SUSAN , STAFFORD LAURA
Published: March 2007

The theory of the niche predicts that a new medium will compete with established media for consumer satisfaction, consumer time, and / or consumer advertising dollars. Competition between e-mail and telephone use was measured in this study at the level of gratifications derived by consumers. Gratifications and gratification opportunities (consumers' beliefs that a medium allows them to obtain greater opportunities for satisfaction) were derived from an analysis of open-ended questions. A second sample was interviewed by telephone and rated both mediums on gratification and gratification-opportunity scales. Forty-eight percent of respondents reported using the phone less since they adopted e-mail. Results indicate that a wider spectrum of needs is being served by the telephone, whereas e-mail provides greater gratification opportunities. The results indicate competition, but also indicate that the two mediums are not close substitutes.
Background Television as an Inhibitor of Performance on Easy and Difficult Homework Assignments
Authors: POOL MARINA M. , VAN DER VOORT TOM H. A. , BEENTJES JOHANNES W. J. , KOOLSTRA CEES M.
Published: March 2007

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of two types of background television programs on students' performance on easy and difficult homework assignments. In both experiments, students in Grade 8 (Experiment 1: N = 90; Experiment 2: N = 144) were matched on reading proficiency. Subsequently, the participants were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions in which they did homework with (a) a Dutch-language soap opera, (b) English-language music videos, or (c) no television in the background. The execution of homework was hindered only when it was combined with watching a soap opera. The distraction effect of the soap opera was expressed either in a performance decrement (Experiment 1) or in an extension of performance time (Experiment 2).
The Suicidal Messenger
Authors: FAN DAVID P. , WYATT ROBERT O. , KELTNER KATHY
Published: March 2007

The General Social Survey shows that American confidence in the press has declined gradually but continuously from 1973 to 2000. Confidence in the military showed a spike of increase following the Persian Gulf War, whereas that for organized religion underwent a dramatic but temporary decline following scandals associated with televangelists Jim Bakker and Jimmy Swaggart. This article shows good predictions of confidence time trends for all three institutions (the press, the military, and organized religion) (R² from 0.61 to 0.82). The InfoTrend computer method was used to score the texts of the stories for coverage explicitly favorable and unfavorable to the three institutions. For the military, additional scores were generated for the Gulf War. For organized religion, the text was also scored for coverage of sex scandals of televangelists and the Roman Catholic clergy. The press content scores were entered into the ideodynamic model to make the successful predictions of the time trends.
Studying Change Over Time
Authors: Arundale Robert B.
Published: March 2007

Change over time is a basic property of human communication that needs more careful treatment in theory and research. But the designs most com mon in communication research today are incapable of generating data that support theoretical interpretations of change over time. The article develops and provides evidence for two criteria that a research design must meet in order to provide full information on change over time. It also examines the use of the criteria in designing new studies and in assessing past research.
STYLE, CONTENT, AND TARGET COMPONENTS OF OPENNESS
Authors: NORTON ROBERT , MONTGOMERY BARBARA M.
Published: March 2007

This article introduces an instrument measuring openness as a function of style, content, and target components. The construct is embedded in a pragmatic, communication perspective. The measure was constructed and administered to 324 subjects. The data were structurally analyzed and the larger units of analysis for the respective components were used to predict selected dependent variables.
CULTURAL AUTONOMY AND POPULAR MUSIC
Authors: CUTHBERT MARLENE
Published: March 2007

This article examines culture flow between nations, specifically the attention those in Jamaica pay to exogenous cultural influence in the form of popular music. A survey of 300 Jamaican youths in early 1983 found that higher socioeconomic status was accompanied by greater preference for foreign over local music.
MEDIA USE AND TIME OF VOTE DECISION
Authors: WHITNEY D. CHARLES , GOLDMAN STEVEN B.
Published: March 2007

A panel study of registered voters around the time of the 1980 presidential election, compared with the conditions and results of a similar study of the 1976 race, reveals that features of a particular campaign environment exert an impact both on the various phases during the campaign when different voters decide for whom to vote and on the mass communication uses and effects associated with different voter types and campaign phases. The study reinforces the earlier finding that different parts of the electorate use the media differently across the course of the campaign, and it demonstrates to what extent these different patterns are campaign-specific.
INVOLVEMENT AND THE CONSISTENCY OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIORS
Authors: CHAFFEE STEVEN H. , ROSER CONNIE
Published: March 2007

The proposition that consistency among people's knowledge (K), attitudes (A), and behaviors (B) is contingent on high levels of involvement was tested in a long-term health intervention campaign. Support varied depending upon the indicator of involvement used. Cognitive involvement with the health topic, as indicated by number of responses to an open-ended question about heart disease, produced the clearest support. Using LISREL procedures, high K-A, K-B, and A-B correlations were found only in the high cognitive response group. Affective indicators of involvement produced mixed support. Perceived risk of heart disease was related to K-A-B consistency in a direction opposite to the hypothesis, but extremity of affective response was associated with the predicted high K-B correlation. A behavioral indicator of involvement based on reading the campaign literature produced results consistent with the hypothesis, although less so as the campaign progressed. The experimental health education campaign produced no discernible effect on K-A-B consistency, despite gains in knowledge itself.
Perceptions of Communicator Style and Self-Concept
Authors: HANSFORD B. C. , HATTIE J. A.
Published: March 2007

This study of high school students examined the structure of communicator style and the association between this structure with such variables as sex, age, and self-concept. First-order factor analyses indicated the existence of such communication dimensions as attentive, relaxed, animated, dominant, impression leaving, communicator image, and apprehension. The second-order analyses suggested these dimensions had an underlying structure that could be described as “attentive-supportive” style and “animated-dominant” style. Both sex and age differences were found with respect to dimensions of communicator style. A strong association existed between attentive-supportive communicator style and various subconstructs of self-concept. In particular, high school students who perceived themselves as being relaxed and attentive, low on communication apprehension, and with a positive view of their communication image also believed themselves to have high self-concept.
Television, Reading, and Reading Achievement
Authors: RITCHIE DAVID , PRICE VINCENT , ROBERTS DONALD F.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between TV use and reading achievemet is reappraised, using data from a 3-year panel study. Strong and significant bivariate correlations replicate the findings of previous studies and support the contention that television use is negatively associated with reading achievement. As increasingly sophisticated analytic techniques are applied to the data, however, the relationships are seen to become progressively weaker, more ambiguous, and less compelling. When the LISREL model is used to tease apart the effects of true change from unreliability in the measures and to account for the stability of the variables over time, three patterns become apparent. First, all three variables of interest in this 3-year panel study−reading skills, TV viewing time, and reading time−are highly intercorrelated at the outset. Second, each of the three variables remains highly stable over the entire period of the study; relatively little variance in our sample measures appears to reflect true change. Finally, what change there is in reading time or in reading skills does not seem to be related consistently to time spent viewing television. Nor does time spent reading nonschool materials seem to predict increases in reading skills to any great extent. It is suggested that the entire question of the influence of out-of-school media use on reading achievement requires a far more sophisticated approach than has been typically applied in the past.
Issue Obtrusiveness and the Agenda-Setting Effects of National Network News
Authors: DEMERS DAVID PEARCE , CRAFF DENNIS , CHOI YANG-HO , PESSIN BETH M.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the effect of issue obtrusiveness on the agenda-setting effects of the national network television news. Two competing models are tested: (a) the obtrusive contingency, which holds that agenda-setting effects decrease as the obtrusiveness of, or amount of personal experience with, an issue increases, and (b) the cognitive-priming contingency, which posits just the opposite−that agenda-setting effects increase as obtrusiveness increases. Findings provide no support for the obtrusive contingency; some support is found for cognitive priming. Only modest support for the basic agenda-setting hypothesis is found. Alternative hypotheses are suggested.
Cognitive Effects With and Of Computer Technology
Authors: SALOMON GAVRIEL
Published: March 2007

A distinction is offered between cognitive effects with computers, whereby one's performance is redefined and upgraded during intellectual partnership with the computer, and effects of computers, whereby such partnership leaves durable and generalizable cognitive residues later on. Concerning effects with computers, it is argued that the quality of effects with computer programs greatly depends on the setting in which the computer-related activity takes place, on the user's goals, and on his or her mindful engagement in the activity. Concerning effects for the computer, two mechanisms for affecting cognition are discussed: skill stretching by means of novel cognitive requirements and skill internalization à la Vygotsky.
From the Outside In
Authors: BRENNAN JOHN L. , WAMBOLDT FREDERICK S.
Published: March 2007

A crucial, but largely neglected aspect of human communication concerns how individuals' experiences within important life relationships influence their inner conceptions or intrapsychic models of interpersonal relationships. In this article, we use a set of data consisting of individuals' reports of the quality of three relationships—their family, left vague as to who should be included in this concept; their relationship with parents; and their relationship with current intimate partner or spouse—to explore two related questions pertaining to one such intrapsychic conception: individuals' inner definition of their family. First, we examine how the people included in this definition of who is “in” one's family varies across stages of family development. Second, we examine this variation against the predictions of two major theories in contemporary psychiatry that attempt to explain how relationship experiences are internalized, thereby empirically evaluating how the “outside gets in.” Although certainly preliminary, the results presented in this article do support the importance of further study of the intrapersonal as well as interpersonal aspects of human communication.
Children's Reactions to Dreams Conveyed in Mass Media Programming
Authors: WILSON BARBARA J.
Published: March 2007

This experiment assesses children's reactions to dreams conveyed in mass media programming. A total of 120 children from two grade levels (kinder-garten and first vs. second through fourth) watched one of four versions of a frightening movie scene that were created by factorially varying the inclusion of a prologue and an epilogue. Both the prologue and the epilogue relied upon standard production techniques to convey that the story was a dream. Results revealed that both age groups who saw either the prologue or the epilogue were able to recognize the dream. Moreover, the prologue reduced children's negative interpretations of and emotional reactions to the program, whereas the epilogue had no such effects. The findings are consistent with research on children's comprehension of formal features and with the idea that formal features can activate schemata.
Seasonality in Television Viewing
Authors: BARNETT GEORGE A. , CHANG HSIU-JUNG , FINK EDWARD L. , RICHARDS WILLIAM D.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the seasonal pattern of television viewing. A mathematical model that describes the frequency of television viewing as a function of time is presented. We hypothesize that it is composed of three components: an oscillation that describes the seasonal variation in viewing; a logistic translation, to account for the increase in viewing due to the diffusion of television; and a time-independent term. The model is evaluated with monthly data from the Nielsen Television Index (N = 460). It fits the television-viewing data, explaining about 99.9% of the variance in viewing. All three components are statistically significant. Next, the seasonal nature of television viewing is explored. It may be accounted for by environmental factors—temperature, precipitation, and daylight. The relations among these variables are demonstrated through spectral analysis. The implications for other cyclic processes in communication are discussed.