bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solution Studies of the Dynamic Stereochemistry of Palladium(II) Carboxylate Complexes
Authors: Jack Thomas R. , Powell John
Published: May 2006

A series of dimeric tertiary phosphine carboxylate complexes of palladium(II) of the general types [(PR3)Pd(O2CR)2]2 and [(PR3)Pd(O2CR)(O2CR)]2 have been synthesized and struc-turally characterized. The dynamic stereochemistry of the complexes where PR3 = Me2PhP has been investigated using variable temperature n.m.r. techniques. Exchange of the stereochemically nonequivalent methyl groups of the coordinated Me2PhP ligand occurs via a solvent assisted process involving ring opening of the "Pd2(OCO)2" bridged structure. For the trifluoroacetate complexes solution equilibria between monomer and dimer are readily apparent at low temperatures in the 19F n.m.r. The observed equilibrium constants are a function of the solvent and the size of the PR3 ligand. The reaction of [(PMe2Ph)Pd(O2CCF3)2]2 with excess AgO2CCF3 gives an unusual crystalline complex of stoichiometry Ag[(PMe2Ph)Pd(O2CCF3)3]. A quantitative measure of the ability of a coordinated carboxylate to stabilize intermediate species via chelation has been obtained from a variable temperature n.m.r. study of [(Π-2-methylallyl)Pd(O2CR)(Me2PhP)] (R=CH3, CH2Cl, CHCl2, CCl3, CF3, CMe3, CPh3, CH2Ph).
The Crystal and Molecular Structure of Pentane-2,4-dionato-(2,3,5,6-tetrahepto-2,3-dicarbomethoxo[2.2.1]bicycloheptadiene)rhodium(I), Rh(C5H7O2) (C7H6(CO2CH3)2)
Authors: Allen Debbie , Lock Colin James Lyne , Turner Graham , Powell John
Published: May 2006

The crystal and molecular structures of pentane-2,4-dionato-(2,3,5,6-tetrahapto-2,3-dicarbomethoxo[2.2.1]bicycloheptadienerhodium(I), Rh(C5H7O2)(C7H6(CO2CH3)2), have been measured by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The orange crystals are monoclinic, space group P21/c, Z = 4, a = 9.245(4), b = 9.003(4), c = 21.680(15) Å, β = 113.41(5)°. The calculated and observed densities are 1.645 and 1.642(5) respectively. Intensity data were collected on a Syntex [Formula: see text] diffractometer and a full matrix least squares refinement on 3010 observed reflections leads to a conventional R = 0.0660. The structure can be considered as a roughly square planar arrangement of ligands around the rhodium atom composed of two β-ketoenolate oxygen atoms (Rh—O, 2.037(5) and 2.025(5) Å ) and the centers of the two ethylenic groups. The Rh—C distances for the olefin group attached to the two carbomethoxo groups, 2.117(8), 2.108(8) Å, appear to be slightly larger than those for the other olefinic group, 2.087(7), 2.082(6), and the corresponding C=C distances of 1.375(10) and 1.410(9) Å are different at the 95% confidence level.
Stereospecific Synthesis And Acetolysis of anti-Tricyclo[4.4.1.12′5]Dodecan-11-yl And Related Derivatives
Authors: Wood-Farmer J. Hay , Friedlander B. T. , Crawford A. , Thompson L. M. , Wetzer and W.
Published: May 2006

Stereospecific conversion of tricyclo[4.4.1.12,5]dodecan-11-one and of several related unsaturated and cyclopropanated ketones into syn or anti alcohols is described. Acetolysis of anti-tricyclo[4.4.1.12'5]dodecan-11-yl p-bromobenzenesulfonate, anti-tricyclo[4.4.1.12'5]dodec-3-en-11-yl p-bromobenzenesulfonate, anti;-tetracyclo[5.4.1.12,6.03,5]tridecan-12-yl p-bromobenzenesulfonate each proceeds at about the same rate as other equatorial cyclohexyl p-bromobenzenesulfonates to give complex mixtures of rearranged acetates and hydrocarbons. No evidence for neighboring group participation by the remote double bond or cyclopropane ring in these esters was found. The stereochemically interesting ketone reductions, the unambiguous structural proofs of the reduction products, and possible explanations of the solvolysis rates are discussed.
The Bioorganic Chemistry of N-Allyl and N-Propargyl Substituents in Drug Interactions with Flavin-linked Oxidases
Authors: Kraus J.-L. , Belleau B.
Published: May 2006

Attention is focused on recent mechanistic proposals concerning the unique inhibitory properties of N-propargyl substituents toward flavin-linked oxidases. Model studies with sarcosine oxidase have revealed that the enzyme displays absolute substrate specificity. Unexpectedly however, substitution of the N-methyl group of the substrate by the N-allyl or N-propargyl functions led to a time-dependent irreversible inactivation of the enzyme. The rate of in-activation by these substrate analogs was markedly retarded by deuterium substitution in the methylene group of the allyl and propargyl functions. It is concluded, mainly on that basis, that N-allyl and N-propargyl glycine are inhibitory substrates for the enzyme, alkylating species being generated at the active site level of the enzyme. The implications of these findings in the mechanism of action of medicinally important drugs are briefly mentioned.
Etude Magnétique des sels alcalins de quelques amino acides
Authors: Bernard Maurice A. , Bois Nicole , Daireaux Michelle
Published: May 2006

Using the Faraday method molar magnetic susceptibilities of the alkali metal salts M(NH2—R—COO) of several amino acids[Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]have been determined.Using the Veiel method, the magnetic susceptibilities of the anions (NH2—R—COO−) were deduced.
Rate Constants for the Reaction of Fluorine Atoms with Nitric Oxide in the Presence of Various Third Bodies
Authors: Skolnik Edward G. , Veysey Stephen W. , Ahmed Mahmooda G. , Jones William E.
Published: May 2006

Absolute rate constants are reported for the reaction of fluorine atoms with nitric oxide in the presence of the third bodies Ar, He, Ne, N2, NO, CO2, CF4, SF6, and C2F6. The values determined in the present study are compared to those found for reactions of Cl, H, and O with NO.
A Photoelectron Investigation of the Peroxide Bond
Authors: Brown R. S.
Published: May 2006

The photoelectron spectra of several peroxides and their interpretation is presented. The effects of substituents is separated from vicinal orbital interactions using as a guideline the effect of similar substitution on the ether analogues. It is found that by comparison of Raman spectroscopic frequencies of the peroxide ground state, and vibrational frequencies for the ion (via pes), that the HOMO of peroxides is antibonding with respect to the O—O linkage. Additionally, the dependence of the splitting of the two highest occupied molecular orbitals on dihedral angle is verified by the pe spectra of several well-defined cyclic peroxides. Finally, the pe spectrum of tetramethyl-1,2-dioxacyclobutane (tetramethyl dioxetane) is presented indicating that it is not unlike other cyclic peroxides.
Mechanistic Information from the Effect of Pressure on the Kinetics of Hydrolysis of Iodopentaaquochromium(III) Ion
Authors: Weekes Milton Cornelius , Swaddle Thomas Wilson
Published: May 2006

The rate of hydrolysis of iodopentaaquochromium(III) ion has been measured as a function of pressure (0.1 to 250 MPa) and hydrogen ion concentration (0.1 to 1.0 mol kg−1) at 298.2 K and ionic strength 1.0 mol kg−1 (aqueous HClO4–LiClO4). The volumes of activation for the acid independent and inversely acid dependent hydrolysis pathways are −5.4 ± 0.5 and −1.6 ± 0.3 cm3 mol−1 respectively, and are not detectably pressure-dependent. Consideration of these values, together with the molar volume change of −3.3 ± 0.3 cm3 mol−1 determined dilatometrically for the completed hydrolysis reaction, indicates that the mechanisms of the two pathways are associative interchange (Ia) and dissociative conjugate base (Dcb) respectively.
Molecular Rearrangements. Part VI. Aryl(alkyl)amines (II) Thermal Rearrangement of N-Benzylaniline
Authors: Badr M. Z. A. , El-Sherief H. A. H.
Published: May 2006

Heating N-benzylaniline resulted in migration of the benzyl group to the ortho- and para-positions of the aniline nucleus. Ammonia, toluene, biphenyl, diphenylmethane, dibenzyl, trans-stilbene, aniline, together with 9-phenylacridine, and 2,3-diphenylindole, were also formed.When phenol, quinoline, or isoquinoline were used as solvents, the normal rearrangement products were accompanied by 2- and 4-benzylphenols, 3-benzylquinoline, 2- and 4-(aminophenyl)quinoline, 4-benzylisoquinoline, and 1-(aminophenyl)isoquinolines.It is concluded that the pyrolysis of the secondary amine depends on its homolytic fission to benzyl and phenylamine free radicals. Homolysis of some initially separated products was also observed.
Zinc Hydroxide: Solubility Product and Hydroxy-complex Stability Constants from 12.5–75 °C
Authors: Reichle Randy A. , McCurdy Keith G. , Hepler Loren G.
Published: May 2006

We have made atomic absorption measurements leading to the solubility of zinc hydroxide at 12.5, 25.0, 50.0, and 75.0 °C from pH = 6.7 to pH = 13.8. Results have been used for evaluation of the solubility product and stepwise constants for association of Zn2+(aq) with OH− (aq) to form solute species of type Zn(OH)i2−i(aq) with i = 1–4. Evidence is presented to support the reliability of the various equilibrium constants. Uncertainties in derived enthalpies are assessed.
Carbachol increases Na+-HCO3− cotransport activity in murine colonic crypts in a M3−, Ca2+/calmodulin-, and PKC-dependent manner
Authors: Bachmann O. , Reichelt D. , Tuo B. , Manns M. P. , Seidler U.
Published: May 2006

The Na+-HCO3− cotransporter (NBC) mediates HCO3− import into the colonocyte via its pNBC1 isoform. Whereas renal kNBC1 is inhibited by increased cAMP levels, pNBC1 is stimulated. Cholinergic stimulation activates renal NBC, but the effect on intestinal NBC is unknown. Therefore, crypts were isolated from the murine proximal colon by Ca2+ chelation and loaded with the pH-sensitive dye 2′,7′-bis-carboxyethyl-5,6-carboxyfluorescein. Na+-HCO3− cotransport activity was calculated from the dimethylamiloride-insensitive (500 μM) intracellular pH recovery from an acid load in the presence of CO2-HCO3− and the intracellular buffering capacity. Carbachol strongly increased Na+-HCO3− cotransport activity compared with control rates. Ca2+ chelation with BAPTA-AM, blockade of the M3 subtype of muscarinergic receptors with 4-diphenylacetoxy- N-methylpiperidine methiodide, and inhibition of Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II with KN-62 all caused significant inhibition of the carbachol-induced NBC activity increase. Furthermore, PKC inhibition with Gö-6976 and Gö-6850 significantly reduced the carbachol effect, which may be related to the unique NH2-terminal consensus site for PKC-dependent phosphorylation of pNBC1. We conclude that NBC in the murine colon is thus activated by carbachol, consistent with its presumed function as an anion uptake pathway during intestinal anion secretion, but that the signal transductions pathways are distinct from those involved in the cholinergic activation of renal NBC1.
Two Types of TMS-Induced Movement Variability After Stimulation of the Primary Motor Cortex
Authors: Verstynen Timothy , Konkle Talia , Ivry Richard B.
Published: May 2006

Using transcranial magnetic stimulation, we studied the role of the primary motor cortex (M1) in repetitive movements, examining whether the functional contribution of this region is associated with controlling response timing, response implementation, or both. In two experiments, participants performed a rhythmic tapping task, attempting to produce isochronous intervals (range of 350–550 ms) while stimulation was applied over M1 or a control site. M1 stimulation was associated with increased variability of the inter-tap intervals (ITI), and, by manipulating stimulation intensity, we identified two distinct changes in performance: a generalized increase in ITI variability and a delay in the subsequent response when the pulse fell within a restricted window prior to movement onset. Using a series of simulations, we demonstrate that the general increase in variability and the temporally specific delay reflect disruption of response implementation processes rather than an increase in noise associated with response timing.
Systemic Oncolytic Herpes Virus Therapy of Poorly Immunogenic Prostate Cancer Metastatic to Lung
Authors: Varghese Susan , Rabkin Samuel D. , Nielsen Petur G. , Wang Wenzheng , Martuza Robert L.
Published: May 2006

Purpose: Our goal was to evaluate whether systemic administration of NV1042, an interleukin-12 (IL-12)–expressing oncolytic herpes simplex virus, and its noncytokine parental vector NV1023 are effective against preexisting metastatic prostate cancer in an immunocompetent mice model.

Experimental Design: Metastatic TRAMP-C2 lung tumors established in C57Bl/6 or nude mice were treated on day 21 with four i.v. administrations of NV1042 or NV1023 and sacrificed on day 42 to assess virus efficacy and the potential mechanism of efficacy.

Results: NV1042 or NV1023 treatment was similarly effective in eliminating extrapleural and hemorrhagic tumors present in mock-treated mice. However, NV1042 was further effective compared with NV1023 in controlling the growth of lung tumors (as determined by mean surface tumor nodule number, lung weights, and surface tumor burden) and in extending survival. NV1042-treated mice exhibited a transient increase of serum IL-12 1 day posttreatment, whereas IL-12 levels in tumor bearing lungs persisted a further 2 days at least. Only splenocytes from NV1042-treated mice secreted IFN-γ in response to TRAMP-C2 stimulation and displayed natural killer activity. The IL-12-mediated enhancement observed with NV1042 in the syngeneic model was abrogated in athymic mice treated in a similar manner, thus indicating a role for T cells in the augmented efficacy of NV1042 virus.

Conclusions: Systemic administration of the IL-12-expressing NV1042 virus is more effective than its noncytokine parent, NV1023, against preestablished metastatic lung tumors. Given the clinical safety profile of NV1020, the parental vector of NV1023, and NV1042's enhanced efficacy and ability to activate the host immune system, NV1042 merits clinical consideration for treating metastatic prostate cancers.
Antitumor Efficacy of Edotecarin as a Single Agent and in Combination with Chemotherapy Agents in a Xenograft Model
Authors: Ciomei Marina , Croci Valter , Ciavolella Antonella , Ballinari Dario , Pesenti Enrico
Published: May 2006

The novel indolocarbazole edotecarin (J-107088, formerly ED-749) differs from other topoisomerase I inhibitors both pharmacokinetically and pharmacodynamically. In vitro, it is more potent than camptothecins and has a variable cytotoxic activity in 31 different human cancer cell lines. Edotecarin also possesses greater than additive inhibitory effects on cell proliferation when used in combination with other agents tested in vitro against various cancer cell lines. The present in vivo studies were done to extend the in vitro findings to characterize the antitumor effects of edotecarin when used either alone or in combination with other agents (i.e., 5-fluorouracil, irinotecan, cisplatin, oxaliplatin, and SU11248) in the HCT-116 human colon cancer xenograft model. Treatment effects were based on the delay in onset of an exponential growth of tumors in drug-treated versus vehicle control-treated groups. In all studies, edotecarin was active both as a single agent and in combination with other agents. Combination therapy resulted in greater than additive effects, the extent of which depended on the specific dosage regimen. Toxicity in these experiments was minimal. Of all 359 treated mice, the six that died of toxicity were in the high-dose edotecarin/oxaliplatin group. The results suggest that edotecarin may serve as effective chemotherapy of colon cancer when used as a single agent, in combination with standard regimens and other topoisomerase inhibitors or with novel agents, such as the multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor SU11248.
A Phase I Study of a New Nucleoside Analogue, OSI-7836, Using Two Administration Schedules in Patients with Advanced Solid Malignancies
Authors: Lee Chooi P. , de Jonge Maja J.A. , O'Donnell Anne E. , Schothorst Kristel L. , Hanwell Janet , Chick Jon B. , Brooimans Rik A. , Adams Laurel M. , Drolet Daniel W. , de Bono Johann S. , Kaye Stan B. , Judson Ian R. , Verweij Jaap
Published: May 2006

Purpose: To investigate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic profile of the novel nucleoside analogue OSI-7836 in patients with advanced solid malignancies.

Experimental Design: OSI-7836 was initially given as a 60-minute i.v. infusion on day 1 every 21 days. In view of its dose-limiting toxicities, the administration time was amended to a 5-minute bolus, and subsequently, the schedule was amended to weekly for 4 weeks followed by a 2-week rest. Blood and urine samples were collected for pharmacokinetic studies. Analyses of cytokines and lymphocyte subsets were added later in the study to elucidate a mechanism for the severe fatigue and lymphocyte depletion observed in earlier patients.

Results: Thirty patients received a total of 61 treatment cycles. Fatigue was the main dose-limiting toxicity. Maximum-tolerated dose was defined as 300 mg/m2 in the 60-minute infusion, (three times per week) schedule; 400 mg/m2 in the 5-minute bolus infusion, (three times per week) schedule; and 100 mg/m2 in the weekly schedule. Other common toxicities were nausea, vomiting, rash, fever, and a flu-like syndrome. There were no clinically significant hematologic toxicities. Following the initial dose, OSI-7836 was eliminated from plasma with a median (range) elimination half-life of 48.3 minutes (22.6-64.8 minutes). Lymphocyte subset analysis showed a significant drop in B cell counts, which persisted to day 14 and beyond. Cytokine analysis showed significant elevations of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 in all patients who received ≥200 mg/m2 OSI-7836. Best response was disease stabilization in seven patients.

Conclusion: OSI-7836 was associated with excessive fatigue, and despite changes in its schedule and duration of administration, we did not observe an improvement in its tolerability. Its potentially selective effect on B lymphocytes could be exploited in further studies in specific hematologic malignancies.
Expression of Novel Molecules, MICAL2-PV (MICAL2 Prostate Cancer Variants), Increases with High Gleason Score and Prostate Cancer Progression
Authors: Ashida Shingo , Furihata Mutsuo , Katagiri Toyomasa , Tamura Kenji , Anazawa Yoshio , Yoshioka Hiroki , Miki Tsuneharu , Fujioka Tomoaki , Shuin Taro , Nakamura Yusuke , Nakagawa Hidewaki
Published: May 2006

Purpose: The aim of this study is to identify novel molecular targets for development of novel treatment or diagnostic markers of prostate cancer through genome-wide cDNA microarray analysis of prostate cancer cells purified by laser microdissection.

Experimental Design and Results: Here, we identified molecule interacting with CasL-2 prostate cancer variants (MICAL2-PV), novel splicing variants of MICAL2, showing overexpression in prostate cancer cells. Immunohistochemical analysis using an antibody generated specific to MICAL2-PV revealed that MICAL2-PV was expressed in the cytoplasm of cancer cells with various staining patterns and intensities, whereas it was not or hardly detectable in adjacent normal prostate epithelium or prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Interestingly, immunohistochemical analysis of 105 prostate cancer specimens on the tissue microarray indicated that MICAL2-PV expression status was strongly correlated with Gleason scores (P < 0.0001) or tumor classification (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, the expression levels of MICAL2-PVs were also concordant to those of c-Met, a marker of tumor progression, with statistical significance (P = 0.0018). To investigate its potential of molecular therapeutic target for prostate cancers, we knocked down endogenous MICAL2-PVs in prostate cancer cells by small interfering RNA, which resulted in the significant reduction of prostate cancer cell viability.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that MICAL2-PV is likely to be involved in cancer progression of prostate cancer and could be a candidate as a novel molecular marker and/or target for treatment of prostate cancers with high Gleason score.
N-Cadherin as a Novel Prognostic Marker of Progression in Superficial Urothelial Tumors
Authors: Lascombe Isabelle , Clairotte Anne , Fauconnet Sylvie , Bernardini Stéphane , Wallerand Hervé , Kantelip Bernadette , Bittard Hugues
Published: May 2006

Purpose: Loss of intercellular adhesion and increased cell motility promote tumor cell invasion and spreading. In bladder cancer, loss or reduced E-cadherin expression has been associated with poor survival, and aberrant expression of N-cadherin has been associated with the invasive phenotype of bladder carcinoma cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether N-cadherin expression was associated with the bladder tumor progression.

Experimental Design: E-cadherin and N-cadherin expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 101 tumors (pT1 and pT2-T3) and by reverse transcription-PCR analysis and immunohistochemistry in 28 other fresh frozen tumors (pTa, pT1, and pT2-T3).

Results: N-cadherin expression was absent in normal urothelium, appeared in stage pT1, and increased in pT2-pT3 tumors. In most cases, increased N-cadherin expression in invasive tumors was associated with loss of E-cadherin expression. Progression-free survival and multivariate analyses revealed that N-cadherin expression is an independent prognostic marker for pT1 tumor progression. Analysis of the 28 frozen tumors by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-PCR showed a good correlation between protein and gene expression in pT1 and pT2-T3 tumors. Interestingly, in pTa tumors, N-cadherin was not immunodetected, whereas mRNA was present in 50% of cases.

Conclusion: Regulatory defects in the N-cadherin promoter, abnormalities at the translational, or protein processing levels could explain the discrepancies between protein and mRNA expression. Most importantly, this study identified N-cadherin as a novel prognostic marker of progression in superficial urothelial tumors. Clearly, N-cadherin acts in an invasive mode in bladder cancer, but whether it has a primary role in urothelial neoplastic progression has yet to be investigated.
Enhanced Gene Transfer and Oncolysis of Head and Neck Cancer and Melanoma Cells by Fiber Chimeric Oncolytic Adenoviruses
Authors: Reddy P. Seshidhar , Ganesh Shanthi , Yu De-Chao
Published: May 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate a fiber knob replacement strategy to improve infectivity and efficacy of Ad5 fiber chimeric oncolytic viruses for treatment of melanoma and head and neck cancers (HNC).

Experimental Design: Adenoviral receptors and transduction levels were used to determine the level of infectivity of fiber-modified, green fluorescent protein–expressing, replication-deficient viruses in a panel of melanoma and HNC cell lines in vitro. Virus yield and cytotoxicity assays were used to determine the tumor specificity and virus replication-mediated cytotoxicity of the fiber-modified oncolytic viruses in the same panel of melanoma and HNC in vitro. Xenograft tumor models were used to assess the antitumor activity of those fiber-modified chimeric viruses compared with the parental virus.

Results: Marker gene expression following gene transfer of the fiber chimeric vectors in melanoma and HNC cell lines was ∼10-fold higher than that obtained with parental Ad5 vector. The fiber chimeric oncolytic variants mediated killing of melanoma and HNC cells that was 2- to 576-fold better than with the parental virus. In addition, fiber chimeric variants produced 2- to 7-fold more progeny virus in tumor cells than the parental virus. Moreover, a high multiplicity of infection was needed for the fiber chimeric viruses to produce cytotoxicity in normal cells. A significantly stronger antitumor response and survival advantage were shown in the tested melanoma and HNC xenograft models following i.t. injections.

Conclusions: In vitro and in vivo studies showed the improved transduction, replication, cytotoxicity, antitumor efficacy, and survival advantage in melanoma and HNC tumor models, suggesting a potential use of these oncolytic agents for the treatment of melanoma and HNCs.
Nonfucosylated Therapeutic IgG1 Antibody Can Evade the Inhibitory Effect of Serum Immunoglobulin G on Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity through its High Binding to FcγRIIIa
Authors: Iida Shigeru , Misaka Hirofumi , Inoue Miho , Shibata Mami , Nakano Ryosuke , Yamane-Ohnuki Naoko , Wakitani Masako , Yano Keiichi , Shitara Kenya , Satoh Mitsuo
Published: May 2006

Purpose: Recent studies have revealed that fucosylated therapeutic IgG1s need high concentrations to compensate for FcγRIIIa-competitive inhibition of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by endogenous human plasma IgG. Here, we investigated whether ADCC of nonfucosylated therapeutic IgG1 is also influenced by plasma IgG in the same way as fucosylated IgG1s.

Experimental Design: Ex vivo ADCC upon CD20+ human B cells was induced by incubation of human whole blood with nonfucosylated and/or fucosylated anti-CD20 IgG1s rituximab, and quantified by measuring the remaining CD19+ human B cells using flow cytometry.

Results: Nonfucosylated anti-CD20 showed markedly higher (over 100-fold based on EC50) ex vivo B-cell depletion activity than its fucosylated counterpart in the presence of plasma IgG. The efficacy of fucosylated anti-CD20 was greatly diminished in plasma, resulting in the need for a high concentration (over 1.0 μg/mL) to achieve saturated efficacy. In contrast, nonfucosylated anti-CD20 reached saturated ADCC at lower concentrations (0.01-0.1 μg/mL) with much higher efficacy than fucosylated anti-CD20 in all nine donors through improved FcγRIIIa binding. Noteworthy, the high efficacy of nonfucosylated anti-CD20 was inhibited by addition of fucosylated anti-CD20. Thus, the efficacy of a 1:9 mixture (10 μg/mL) of nonfucosylated and fucosylated anti-CD20s was inferior to that of a 1,000-fold dilution (0.01 μg/mL) of nonfucosylated anti-CD20 alone.

Conclusions: Our data showed that nonfucosylated IgG1, not including fucosylated counterparts, can evade the inhibitory effect of plasma IgG on ADCC through its high FcγRIIIa binding. Hence, nonfucosylated IgG1 exhibits strong therapeutic potential through dramatically enhanced ADCC at low doses in humans in vivo.
Specific Performance under the Vienna Sales Convention, English Law and Libyan Law
Authors: Zahraa  , Ghith
Published: May 2006

No Abstract
A Critical Approach to the Kuwaiti Law of Judicial Arbitration No. 11 of 1995 with reference to the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration
Authors: Abdulaziz Alhajeri
Published: May 2006

No Abstract
The Dawning of the Third Millennium on Shari`a: Egypt's Law No. 1 of 2000, or Women may Divorce at Will
Authors: Arabi
Published: May 2006

No Abstract
Grading of Yarn Appearance Using Image Analysis and an Artificial Intelligence Technique
Authors: Semnani Dariush , Latifi Masoud , Tehran Mohammad Amani , Pourdeyhimi Behnam , Merati Ali Akbar
Published: May 2006

In this research, a new method is used for grading of yarn appearance based on yarn images of ASTM standard (section D 2255), by using an image processing technique and an artificial intelligence technique. In this method, grading of yarn appearance is based on computer vision and analyzing the images of standard pictorial boards of yarn. Therefore this method is very similar to human vision. The logic of the classification by ASTM is considered and then a new definition for classification of yarn appearance grade is presented. In this method of classification, the grading procedure is not dependent on yarn structure and raw materials. Thus it is possible to use this method for grading of any type of yarn based on apparent features.
Strategy as Practical Coping: A Heideggerian Perspective
Authors: Chia Robert , Holt Robin
Published: May 2006

What strategic actors actually do in practice has become increasingly the focus of strategy research in recent years. This paper argues that, in furthering such practice-based views of strategy, we need a more adequate re-conceptualization of agency, action and practice and how they interrelate. We draw from the work of the continental philosopher Martin Heidegger to articulate a relational theory of human agency that is better suited to explaining everyday purposive actions and practices. Specifically, we argue that the dominant ‘building’ mode of strategizing that configures actors (whether individual or organizational) as distinct entities deliberately engaging in purposeful strategic activities derives from a more basic ‘dwelling’ mode in which strategy emerges non-deliberately through everyday practical coping. Whereas, from the building perspective, strategy is predicated upon the prior conception of plans that are then orchestrated to realize desired outcome, from a dwelling perspective strategy does not require, nor does it presuppose, intention and purposeful goal-orientation: strategic ‘intent’ is viewed as immanent in every adaptive action. Observed consistencies in actions taken are explained not through deliberate goal-orientation but, instead, via a modus operandi: an internalized disposition to act in a manner congruent with past actions and experiences. Explaining strategy in dwelling terms enables us to understand how it is that actions may be consistent and organizationally effective without (and even in spite of) the existence of purposeful strategic plans.
Are There Cultural Borders between East and West?
Authors: Suleimenov Olzhas
Published: May 2006

The question of whether there are cultural borders between East and West is thrown up by the clear awareness of a process exacerbating worldwide contradictions which politicians call the Clash of Civilizations. However, UNESCO proposes that this opposition should be transformed into a more peaceful Dialogue of Civilizations. It is obvious that in both cases we need to disentangle the causes of differences that undoubtedly have ancient roots.
Traditional taboos in biological conservation: the case of Colobus vellerosus at the Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary, Central Ghana
Authors: Saj Tania L. , Mather Charles , Sicotte Pascale
Published: May 2006

Englilish

The Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary in central Ghana has been called a classic example of successful ‘‘traditional’’ conservation. Local hunting taboos on two species of primates (the ursine black and white colobus and the Campbell's monkey) are thought to date back to the 1830s when a local oracle instructed the villagers to ‘‘care for the monkeys’’. However, the same level of protection is not given to the surrounding forest or other animals in the forest. In light of this situation, we examine the extent to which the traditional taboos on the monkeys complement the biological/ environmental conservation agenda. We come to the conclusion that the monkeys embody the history and foundation myths of the villages and serve as a totemic mechanism to preserve the villagers' social world.

French

Le "Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary'' au centre du Ghana est considéré comme un exemple classique de conservation "traditionnelle'' réussie. Les tabous locaux sur la chasse de deux espèces de primates (le colobus oursin noir et blanc et le singe de Campbell) datent, pense-t-on, des années 1830, lorsqu'un oracle local avait fait savoir aux villageois qu'ils devaient "prendre soin des singes''. Cependant, la protection accordée aux singes ne l'est pas à la forêt environnante ou aux autres espèces animales de la forêt. C'est pourquoi l'article cherche à établir dans quelle mesure les tabous traditionnels à l'égard des singes convergent avec l'agenda de conservation biologique/environnementale. L'article en arrive à la conclusion que les singes incarnent l'histoire et les mythes fondateurs de ces villages et servent de mécanismes totémiques pour préserver l'espace social des villageois.
A Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Critical Buckling Load of Rectangular Laminated Composite Plates with Strip Delamination
Authors: Pekbey Yeliz , Sayman Onur
Published: May 2006

In the present study, experimental measurements and numerical solutions on the buckling of single-delaminated glass-fiber composite laminates are carried out on rectangular plates. During the fabrication process, rectangular teflon films of 13 mm thickness are introduced between plies of different orientation in order to form a macro defect. In addition, the variation in structural configurations, such as ply stacking sequence, width of the delamination, and specimen geometry (width to unsupported length), are considered. In all cases, the delamination is centrally placed through-the-thickness of the laminate. Compression tests are carried out on EP GC 203 glass/epoxy woven composites with built-in single embedded delamination in order to evaluate the critical buckling load. Finite element modeling is used to gain further understanding of the critical buckling load. ANSYS (version 6.1) are used to analyze the critical buckling load of various laminated plates in order to see how changes in the rectangular composite laminated plates would affect the buckling load. A good agreement between finite element predictions and experimental measurements are found for the delamination geometries that were tested.
Effect of Various Coupling Agents on Properties of Alumina-filled PP Composites
Authors: Akil H. Md. , Lily Ng , Razak J. Abd. , Ong Huilin , Ahmad Zainal Arifin
Published: May 2006

The effect of coupling agents on the properties of alumina-filled polypropylene (PP) has been studied. Several types of coupling agents such as silane Z-6020 ((Aminoethylaminopropyl) trimethoxysilane), 3-GPS (3-(Glycidyloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane), and titanium dioxide powder (TiO2) were employed either during compounding or before compounding i.e., at pre-treatment stage. The silane coupling agent was first diluted into ethanol in appropriate ratio and subsequently dried before compounding. In the case of titanate, the powder was directly mixed with alumina-PP compound during mixing using Brabender internal mixer. Series of mechanical tests such as tensile and flexural testing were carried out using Instron model 3366 machine in accordance to ASTM D368 and D790-92 respectively. It has been found that the tensile strength of alumina-filled PP composite has increased considerably when both types of coupling agents are added. PP filled alumina composite with titanium as coupling agent showed a greater value of tensile strength as compared to silane-treated and untreated alumina-filled PP composites. Similarly, the flexural strength recorded was higher as compared to the untreated system with silane-treated alumina-filled composites showing the most positive results of all the systems. Consequently, study on the impact properties showed that titanium has notably improved the impact resistance of alumina-filled PP composite as compared to silane-treated composite. Study on the scanning electron micrograph revealed that improved texture on the treated composite has allowed greater plastic deformation to occur with improved adhesion and interaction between filler and matrix.
Applying the Theory of Work Adjustment to Clients With Symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Withrow Rebecca L. , Shoffner Marie F.
Published: May 2006

As women have gained entry and status in the workforce over the past century, societal focus on female beauty and thinness has intensified, and rates of eating disorders have risen. In tandem with these trends, many career women have come to associate success at work with the ability to maintain strict control over body weight. This control becomes life-threatening, however, to the individual who develops symptoms of anorexia nervosa. This article uses Dawis and Lofquist’s theory of work adjustment (TWA) as a way to conceptualize the precarious person-environment correspondence sometimes achieved by women with anorexic symptoms in their work environments. Practical suggestions, based in TWA and cognitive-behavioral theory, are suggested for career counselors working with these clients.
Validation of Wong’s Career Interest Assessment Questionnaire and Holland’s Revised Hexagonal Model of Occupational Interests in Four Chinese Societies
Authors: Wong Chi-Sum , Wong Ping-Man
Published: May 2006

Recent research has advanced our understanding of the modifications needed for Holland’s hexagonal model of occupational interests when applied to Hong Kong Chinese. This study continues this line of research in testing the validity of Wong’s Career Interest Assessment Questionnaire (WCIAQ) and the revised hexagonal model developed in Hong Kong to three other Chinese societies, namely Macau, Mainland China, and Taiwan. Samples of undergraduate students were obtained in these three Chinese societies and Hong Kong. Results indicated that the WCIAQ and the revised hexagonal model developed in Hong Kong are more applicable to these three Chinese societies than Holland’s original model developed in Western societies. Implications for career counseling and education and further research in these Chinese societies are discussed.
An Exploration of the Relationship Between Loss of Legitimacy and the Sudden Death of Organizations
Authors: Hamilton Elizabeth A.
Published: May 2006

Organizational death is probably the least studied of any growth or decline process within organizations. Of the limited research that exists, little attention has focused on the impact that loss of legitimacy has as an antecedent to organizational death, particularly when an organization’s death is unanticipated and sudden, resulting from a major shift in previous organizational trends. Using an illustrative case study approach, this article develops propositions used to analyze the relationship between loss of legitimacy and the sudden death of three American organizations. Implications of this research for theory and practice, including relationships with the emerging field of organizational wisdom, limitations of the study, and directions for future research are also presented.
Experiments on the Effect of an Impact Damper on a Multiple-Degree-of-Freedom System
Authors: Li K. , Darby A. P.
Published: May 2006

An impact damper is a freely moving mass, constrained by stops, located on the structural system to be controlled. As the system is excited dynamically, the impact mass moves relative to the structure, resulting in impacts between the mass and the stops, dissipating energy as heat, noise and high frequency vibrations. Whilst the use of impact dampers for single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems has received a significant amount of attention, investigations into their interaction with multiple-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) systems is rare. This paper presents results of a series of experimental investigations into the effect of an impact damper on a MDOF primary system. The effects of the size of the impact mass, clearance between the impact mass and the stops, excitation type and excitation location are considered. The results in some instances do not correspond with those found for control of SDOF systems in particular, increased size of impact mass does not necessarily lead to an increase in damping for all modes. Also, the effect of clearance is unpredictable, particularly for higher modes. The paper raises these and other issues which require consideration if impact dampers are to be used to control the dynamic response of MDOF systems.
Closing the Home Care Case: Home Health Aides’ Perspectives on Family Caregiving
Authors: Hokenstad Alene , Hart Andrea Y. , Gould David A. , Halper Deborah , Levine Carol
Published: May 2006

A series of focus groups with home health aides experienced in caring for patients with stroke or brain injury provided insight into how they experience their work and their relationship to family caregivers. Two issues merit more attention. First, aides reported that they do not always have all of the information, including diagnosis or previous history, which they need to provide appropriate care. Second, aides said they often receive little advance notice about when the case would close. Abrupt transitions are hard for aides, families, and patients who have often built up a good relationship. Agencies should establish better lines of communication for relevant information, correct misunderstandings about privacy rules, provide additional guidance about how to respond to caregivers’ questions, and provide adequate time for closure.
Out-of-hours primary care. Implications of organisation on costs
Authors: van Uden Caro JT , Ament Andre JHA , Voss Gemma BWE , Wesseling Geertjan , Winkens Ron AG , van Schayck Onno CP , Crebolder Harry FJM
Published: May 2006

Background

To perform out-of-hours primary care, Dutch general practitioners (GPs) have organised themselves in large-scale GP cooperatives. Roughly, two models of out-of-hours care can be distinguished; GP cooperatives working separate from the hospital emergency department (ED) and GP cooperatives integrated with the hospital ED. Research has shown differences in care utilisation between these two models; a significant shift in the integrated model from utilisation of ED care to primary care. These differences may have implications on costs, however, until now this has not been investigated. This study was performed to provide insight in costs of these two different models of out-of-hours care.

Methods

Annual reports of two GP cooperatives (one separate from and one integrated with a hospital emergency department) in 2003 were analysed on costs and use of out-of-hours care. Costs were calculated per capita. Comparisons were made between the two cooperatives. In addition, a comparison was made between the costs of the hospital ED of the integrated model before and after the set up of the GP cooperative were analysed.

Results

Costs per capita of the GP cooperative in the integrated model were slightly higher than in the separate model (ε 11.47 and ε 10.54 respectively). Differences were mainly caused by personnel and other costs, including transportation, interest, cleaning, computers and overhead. Despite a significant reduction in patients utilising ED care as a result of the introduction of the GP cooperative integrated within the ED, the costs of the ED remained the same.

Conclusion

The study results show that the costs of primary care appear to be more dependent on the size of the population the cooperative covers than on the way the GP cooperative is organised, i.e. separated versus integrated. In addition, despite the substantial reduction of patients, locating the GP cooperative at the same site as the ED was found to have little effect on costs of the ED. Sharing more facilities and personnel between the ED and the GP cooperative may improve cost-efficiency.
The interferon gamma gene polymorphism +874 A/T is associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome
Authors: Chong Wai Po , Ip WK Eddie , Tso Gloria Hoi Wan , Ng Man Wai , Wong Wilfred Hing Sang , Law Helen Ka Wai , Yung Raymond WH , Chow Eudora Y , Au KL , Chan Eric YT , Lim Wilina , Peiris JS Malik , Lau Yu Lung
Published: May 2006

Background

Cytokines play important roles in antiviral action. We examined whether polymorphisms ofIFN-γ,TNF-αandIL-10affect the susceptibility to and outcome of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).

Methods

A case-control study was carried out in 476 Chinese SARS patients and 449 healthy controls. We tested the polymorphisms ofIFN-γ,TNF-αandIL-10for their associations with SARS.

Results

IFN-γ+874A allele was associated with susceptibility to SARS in a dose-dependent manner (P< 0.001). Individuals withIFN-γ+874 AA and AT genotype had a 5.19-fold (95% Confidence Interval [CI], 2.78-9.68) and 2.57-fold (95% CI, 1.35-4.88) increased risk of developing SARS respectively. The polymorphisms ofIL-10andTNF-αwere not associated with SARS susceptibility.

Conclusion

IFN-γ+874A allele was shown to be a risk factor in SARS susceptibility.
Different roles for non-receptor tyrosine kinases in arachidonate release induced by zymosan and Staphylococcus aureus in macrophages
Authors: Olsson Sandra , Sundler Roger
Published: May 2006

Background

Yeast and bacteria elicit arachidonate release in macrophages, leading to the formation of leukotrienes and prostaglandins, important mediators of inflammation. Receptors recognising various microbes have been identified, but the signalling pathways are not entirely understood. Cytosolic phospholipase A2is a major down-stream target and this enzyme is regulated by both phosphorylation and an increase in intracellular Ca2+. Potential signal components are MAP kinases, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and phospholipase Cγ2. The latter can undergo tyrosine phosphorylation, and Src family kinases might carry out this phosphorylation. Btk, a Tec family kinase, could also be important. Our aim was to further elucidate the role of Src family kinases and Btk.

Methods

Arachidonate release from murine peritoneal macrophages was measured by prior radiolabeling. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation and Western blotting were used to monitor changes in activity/phosphorylation of intermediate signal components. To determine the role of Src family kinases two different inhibitors with broad specificity (PP2 and the Src kinase inhibitor 1, SKI-1) were used as well as the Btk inhibitor LFM-A13.

Results

Arachidonate release initiated by eitherStaphylococcus aureusor yeast-derived zymosan beads was shown to depend on members of the Src kinase family as well as Btk. Src kinases were found to act upstream of Btk, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, phospholipase Cγ2 and the MAP kinases ERK and p38, thereby affecting all branches of the signalling investigated. In contrast, Btk was not involved in the activation of the MAP-kinases. Since the cytosolic phospholipase A2in macrophages is regulated by both phosphorylation (viaERK and p38) and an increase in intracellular Ca2+, we propose that members of the Src kinase family are involved in both types of regulation, while the role of Btk may be restricted to the latter type.

Conclusion

Arachidonate release induced by eitherStaphylococcus aureusor zymosan was found to depend on Src family kinases as well as Btk. While members of the Src kinase family were shown to act upstream of Btk and the MAP kinases, Btk plays another role independent of MAP kinases, but down-stream of the Src family kinases.