bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AN EXAMINATION OF THE “STAR‐PHENOMENON”, A THREE COMPONENT IMMUNOPRECIPITATION INVOLVING STAPHYLOCOCCAL PROTEIN A
Authors: GROV A. , ENDRESEN C.
Published: August 2010

The co‐precipitation called “star‐phenomenon” occurred between the three component system: protein A, an IgG forming soluble complexes with protein A and F (ab') 2‐preparations of human IgG, guinea pig IgG or rabbit anti‐staphylococcal IgG. Co‐precipitation also occurred if the IgG was replaced by normal human Fc fragments. On a protein A column the human F(ab')2‐preparation was separated into a major non‐reactive and a minor reactive fraction. Only the latter contained Fc‐structures, these being isolated on an anti‐Fc column and found to belong to undigested IgG. The “star”‐forming, protein A reactive F(ab') 2‐fragments were washed through the anti‐Fc column. The F(ab')2 fraction from rabbit anti‐staphylococcal IgG contained no Fc‐structures and only a small portion containing anti‐protein A activity was active in co‐precipitation.
STUDIES OF SMOOTH‐MUSCLE ANTIBODIES IN ACUTE HEPATITIS
Authors: ANDERSEN P. , THESTRUP‐PEDERSEN K. , LADEFOGED KARIN
Published: August 2010

Smooth‐muscle antibodies (SMA) of the IgG and IgM class in titres of 10 to 80 were demonstrated in 19 of 38 patients with acute hepatitis (50 per cent). No IgA‐SMA were detected. IgM‐SMA occurred in the beginning of the disease, while IgG‐SMA were found both early and late in the course of disease. There was no correlation between the occurrence of SMA and the biochemical liver parameters or the mode of exposure to infection, but IgM‐SMA were found more often in the first serum sample obtained from patients without hepatitis‐B‐associated antigen (HBAg) than in HBAg‐positive patients (p1+ p2= 0.04) and it is suggested that hepatitis virus A more readily than hepatitis virus B can elicit the formation of SMA. The mean PHA‐induced lymphocyte‐transformation response was significantly lower in hepatitis patients than in the controls (0.02>p>0.01). The lymphocyte‐transformation response to a low PHA dose (1 μg per ml) was lower in hepatitis patients without SMA than in those with SMA (0.10>p >0.05). SMA were not found in 28 control persons, and the incidence of tissue antibodies other than SMA did not differ in hepatitis patients and controls.
EFFECT OF 2‐MERCAPTOETHANOL ON THE MIXED LEUKOCYTE REACTION IN MAN
Authors: AXELSSON JAN‐AXEL , KÄLLÉN BENGT , NILSSON OLLE , TROPÉ GLAES
Published: August 2010

When 2‐mercaptoethanol (2‐ME) is added to human mixed leukocyte cultures at the beginning of the culture period, only a very weak effect is seen. When 2‐ME is added after a few days' culture, a marked enhancement of cellular transformation occurs. 2‐ME can also enhance the effect of blastogenic factor (BF) containing media and it is possible that this effect depends on a stabilization or protection of BF preventing the break‐down of BF in cellular systems.
GENERAL IMMUNOCOMPETENCE AND TUMOUR‐DIRECTED, CELL‐MEDIATED HYPERSENSITIVITY IN VITRO IN PATIENTS WITH RENAL CARCINOMA
Authors: KJAER MOGENS , THOMSEN MOGENS
Published: August 2010

Thirteen patients with renal carcinoma were examined for tumour‐directed, cell‐mediated hypersensitivity (TCMH) by means of the leucocyte migration technique, and for general immunocompetence (GIC) by means of quantitation of T‐ and B‐cells in peripheral blood and studies of lymphocyte transformation in vitro using a panel of antigens and mitogens. Eight out of 13 patients had evidence of TCMH, six out of 13 had abnormal GIC. Any correlation between the presence of TCMH and normal/abnormal GIC was not found. There was a trend towards a positive correlation between the absence of distant metastases and evidence of TCMH. If both TCMH and GIC were considered, significant correlation between the presence of distant metastases, lack of TCMH and/or abnormal GIC was demonstrated. It is concluded that the defect TCMH usually found in patients with renal carcinoma and disseminated disease cannot be explained exclusively by defects in GIC.
THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN MUSTARD ON HUMAN MONONUCLEAR BLOOD CELLS
Authors: ØDEGAARD ARNE , LAMVIK JON
Published: August 2010

The effect of nitrogen mustard on the function of human blood monocytes and lymphocytes cultured in vitro, was studied. After a single in vitro exposure to the drug at culture start, an inhibition of the survival of non‐proliferating mononuclear phagocytes was observed. No immediate cytotoxic effect was registered. Nitrogen mustard given in therapeutic doses to patients with malignant lymphogranulomatosis did not reduce the survival of mononuclear phagocytes cultured at different times after the administration of the drug. Key words: Mononuclear blood cells; nitrogen mustard.
SOME PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HUMAN LEUCOCYTE MIGRATION INHIBITORY FACTOR (LIF)
Authors: BENDTZEN K.
Published: August 2010

Leucocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF) obtained from human lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin A was consistently and irreversibly blocked by the serine‐esterase inhibitor phenyl‐methyl sulphonylfluoride (PMSF). This effect was not due to fluoride ions, hydrolysis products of PMSF or to impurities. PMSF pulse treatment of human buffy coat cells did not affect cell migration under agarose. LIF was also irreversibly destroyed by treatment with L‐cysteine and 2‐mercapto‐ethanol, suggesting that the molecule contains disulphide linkage groups decisive for its configuration and biological activity. Di‐sodium EDTA completely inhibited LIF activity but only if present during the entire migration period. Removal of EDTA before LIF assay restored LIF activity. Leucocyte migration was neither influenced by L‐cysteine nor by EDTA. LIF activity was slightly diminished after treatment at 56°C for 1 h and completely lost at 80°C for /a h. Furthermore, LIF appeared rather stable when treated at pH values between 4 and 11. These findings suggest, but do not prove, an esterase or a protease nature of human LIF.
LEUCOCYTE MIGRATION INHIBITORS CTIVITY (LMIA) ON CONCANAVALIN (CON‐A) STIMULATED HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: COEUGNIET E. , BENDIXEN G.
Published: August 2010

Leucocyte migration and migration inhibition in fibrin medium may reveal new aspects of lymphokine activity associated with immunological inflammation. Leucocyte migration fibrinolysis technique is compared with the leucocyte migration capillary technique and the leucocyte migration agarose technique. I n the present model experiment the three methods gave comparable results. The leucocyte migration fibrinolysis technique involves a new principle for detection of lymphokines and can probably be developed to give more exact information about the interrelationship between thrombosis, fibrinolysis and lymphokines.
FREEZING OF RAT LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: HEM EINAR
Published: August 2010

The present investigation is an extension of earlier work with dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) protected frozen‐thawed rat lymphocytes. In the present work it is shown that some 85‐90 per cent of the haemolytic plaque‐forming cells (PFC) survived the freeze‐thaw process. Irradiated rats were restored with fresh and frozen‐thawed cells and immunized against sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Evidence is presented that a restrictive control of the PFC response by suppressor cells present in the spleen cell suspension is lost during the freeze‐thaw process, giving a higher number of PFC/spleen in recipients of frozen‐thawed mixed spleen and lymph node cells than in rats receiving the corresponding fresh preparations.
THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN TARGET ORGAN CONCENTRATIONS OF LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS AND CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY IN BABY MICE
Authors: MARKER O. , ANDERSEN G. THÖRNER , VOLKERT M.
Published: August 2010

Circumstantial evidence has been presented which supports the view that the fatal LCM virus infection is due to an immunological conflict in the host animal. Hitherto, this outcome of the infection has only been observed in intracerebrally infected mice. In the present study, the intraperitoneal infection in young mice was investigated and the results revealed a new example of this immunological conflict. In mice infected a few days after birth, concentrations of the virus in the brain are high, while the CMI response is non‐measurable. If the infection is induced when the mice are 28 days old or more, there is little virus in the CNS, but a strong CMI response can be demonstrated. All the mice in these two age groups survive. If mice are infected when they are 17–19 days old, however, they raise a moderate CMI response nine days after infection and, at the same time, their brains contain virus in high titres. The mortality among mice infected at this age is 100 per cent, indicating that this combination is fatal. The lives of these animals can be saved by anti theta serum or if they are transplanted with syngeneic lymphoid cells sensitized to LCM virus. Our results strongly suggest an interplay between, on the one hand, the spread and the magnitude of the virus infection in the brain and, on the other, the cell mediated immune response. This interplay seems to be decisive for the clinical outcome of the LCM infection in mice.
EVALUATION OF THREE REVERSE PASSIVE HAEMAGGLUTINATION METHODS AND TWO RADIOIMMUNOASSAY TESTS TO BE USED FOR THE DETECTION OF HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN
Authors: HANSSON B. G.
Published: August 2010

Sensitivity and specificity of three reverse passive haemagglutination (RPHA) methods (Hepanosticon, Hepatest and Auscell) and of two solid‐phase radioimmunoassays (RIA) (Ausria‐125 and Ausria 11–125), all phase 3 tests for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), were compared with the sensitivity and specificity of an immunoelectroosmophoresis (IEOP) technique. By titration experiments the RPHA methods were shown to be 5–20 times more sensitive than the IEOP test, while RIA detected 5—10 times lower concentrations of antigen than the most sensitive RPHA test. In a study of sera drawn consecutively from patients with hepatitis B infections, the increased sensitivity of the test methods was according to the following order: IEOP, Hepanosticon, Hepatest, Ausria—125, Auscell, Ausria 11—125. There were significant differences between all the methods except for that between Ausria‐125 andAuscell. IEOP did not detect any false positives. If, however, RPHA tests were used, the incidence of nonspecific positive reactions would be in the range 0.5 per cent‐0.9 per cent. The advantages of the individual test methods are discussed.
C1 SUBCOMPONENTS IN ACUTE PNEUMOCOCCAL OTITIS MEDIA IN CHILDREN
Authors: Johnson Ulf , Kamme Carl , Laurell Anna‐Brita , Nilsson Nils Ingvar
Published: August 2010

Twenty children with acute pneumococcal otitis media were studied. In 6 children the infection ran a normal course and healed after the first episode and in 14 it relapsed. The serum levels of the immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM were normal in all 20 children. Specific antibodies to pneumococcal polysaccharide were found in all cases, with no differences in the titers between the relapsed cases and those that healed. The complement components were quantitated with electroimmuno assay. C1q proved depressed in 60 per cent of the relapsed cases and in 16 per cent of the healed cases. C1r and Gls were disproportionally high compared with the C1q levels. Furthermore, crossed Immunoelectrophoresis revealed abnormal complexes composed of C1r and C1s, and complexes composed of C1r, C1s and CI IA. These complexes were more pronounced in sera from the children with relapsing otitis media.
IN VITRO EFFECTS OF RUBELLA VIRUS, STRAIN RA 27/3, ON HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES:
Authors: Maller Rolf , SÖrÉn Lars
Published: August 2010

The inhibiting effect of rubella virus on lymphocyte stimulation in vitro was studied, using purified virus of the attenuated strain RA 27/3. Addition of the virus to human lymphocytes from twenty healthy blood donors before stimulation with leuco‐agglutinin (LA), a component of phytohaemagglutinin, caused a considerable inhibition of the LA response in some experiments, whereas in other experiments the inhibition was slight or non‐existent. If further analysed, the results showed a correlation between the degree of inhibition and the immunity of the lymphocyte donor against rubella, as measured by haemagglutination inhibition (HI). Thus the LA‐response was significantly more depressed in a group of lymphocyte donors with HI‐titres ranging from 20 to 160 than in another group with HI‐titre less than 5. Possible explanations of the virus‐induced inhibition of the LA response and possible connection between this phenomenon and the immune response against rubella are discussed.
IN VITRO STIMULATION OF HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES BY BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS
Authors: Andersen V. , Hertz J. B. , SØrensen S. F. , BÆkgaard P. , Christensen P. E. , RamhØj W. , Hansen G. A. , Wardlaw A. C. , Sato Y.
Published: August 2010

Bordetella pertussis (B.p.) induces blast transformation of human lymphocytes; whole killed B.p. are more efficient than extracts obtained by sonication. Similar responses were obtained with each of the four strains used in the Danish pertussis vaccine. B.p. with low amounts of Protective Antigen and Histamine‐Sensitizing Factor also induced lymphocyte transformation, but were less toxic to the lymphocytes at high concentrations. The supernatants of B.p. cultures were purified with respect to Lymphocytosis Promoting Factor; evidence is presented that these purified fractions possess T‐lymphocyte mitogenic activity. Lymphocytes from all normal humans were stimulated by B.p., including cells from cord blood. Cells from child‐bearing women, obtained immediately after delivery, showed a general depression of lymphocyte transformation including the response to B.p. Children with whooping cough had a lower lymphocyte response to B.p. than healthy children. A highly significant correlation was observed between the responses to B.p. and to E. coli in the adults and newborn examined. It is concluded that the major part of the lymphocyte transformation induced by B.p. is non‐specific.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBFRAGMENTS FROM THE CH3 HOMOLOGY REGION OF HUMAN IgG
Authors: Endresen C.
Published: August 2010

A subfragment (peak IV) of Fc from human IgG belonging to the CH3 region and found to be slightly different from both pFc' and tFc' fragments was released after tryptic digestion of acid‐treated Fc. Gel filtration at dissociating conditions of reduced and alkylated fragments indicated a molecular weight of 10,200. The Fc, pFc', tFc', and peak IV fragments all interacted with a rheumatoid factor having anti‐Gm (1) specificity and showed a reaction of identity in agar diffusion against both anti‐Fc and anti‐pFc' sera. In immunoelectrophoresis, peak IV and tFc' fragments behaved similarly but with a more anodical movement than pFc' fragments. The probable location of the new fragment in terms of the sequenced γ1‐chain is proposed to be the residues 335 to 439.
COMPARISON OF MICROTITRE PLATES WITH FLAT‐BOTTOMED AND ROUND‐BOTTOMED WELLS FOR MIXED LYMPHOCYTE CULTURE (MLC)
Authors: Herva Elja
Published: August 2010

To compare microtitre plates with flat‐bottomed and round‐bottomed wells and to standardize a method for mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), the effects of cell number, culture time, ?3H‐thymidine concentration and labelling time were studied. On both plates, allogeneic cells induced increased RNA synthesis beginning at about 30 hours and increased DNA synthesis beginning at about 50 hours, if suitable cell numbers were used. On plates with flat‐bottomed wells, 1.5 × 105 responding and stimulating cells per well had near‐exponential growth on day four and five, often through day six; on plates with round‐bottomed wells the corresponding cell number was 0.25–1.0 (optimally 0.5) × 105. Near these cell numbers, the response depended closely on the number of responding cells. On plates with flat‐bottomed wells, stimulating cells had a dose‐dependent effect on the response, whereas on plates with round‐bottomed wells, increasing the stimulating cell dose did not consistently strengthen the response. Both plate types proved suitable for MLC experiments; plates with round‐bottomed wells have the obvious advantage of requiring smaller cell numbers. 3H‐thymidine (spec, act 2000 mCi/mmol) self‐suppressed its incorporation, which increased only slightly or even decreased if labelling time exceeded 12–18 hours. Relative responses remained virtually unaltered, however, with 3H‐concentrations of 0.5 and 2.0 μCi/ml and with labelling times of 8 and 24 hours.
EFFECT OF EXPERIMENTAL TRICHINOSIS ON UNRELATED HUMORAL AND CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
Authors: LjungstrÖm Inger , Huldt Gunnel
Published: August 2010

Immune responses to unrelated antigens were studied during the course of Trichinella spiralis infection in mice. A transitory depression of the IgM response to the thymus dependent antigen, sheep erythrocytes, was seen three weeks after infection and this effect was more pronounced after challenge. A depression of the IgG response also was observed, however, not until 6 weeks after infection. The humoral response to the thymus independent antigen, polyvinyl pyrrolidone showed a slight increase which was most evident in challenged mice. The nonspecific cellular immune response, as measured by the split heart allograft technique, showed a profound and longlasting depression. This effect was most pronounced one week after inoculation, when the parasite resides mainly in the intestine. The time at which the nonspecific cellular immunity was most depressed coincides with the period of strong specific cell mediated immunity. It is also shown that experimental trichinosis in CBA mice is accompanied by profound but transient changes in the thymus reflected mainly as a depletion of cortical thymocytes. These changes were not due to corticosteroids or malnutrition. There is reason to believe that thymic depletion is of significance for the depressed antibody response, but not for the prolonged survival of allografts. These findings indicate that T. spiralis affects the nonspecific immunity at different levels.
INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF PLASMA FROM URAEMIC PATIENTS ON HUMAN MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES CULTURED IN VITRO
Authors: JØrstad S. , Viken K. E.
Published: August 2010

Human mononuclear phagocytes were cultured in plasma from uraemic patients. The presence of uraemic plasma during the engulfment or digestion of 125I‐labelled Candida albicans did not inhibit these functions in mononuclear phagocytes cultured for 8 days under normal conditions. When normal human macrophages were cultured in the presence of uraemic plasma for 2–4 days, a marked detachment of the cells from the glass coverslips was registered. The phagocytic function of the remaining cells was impaired. Creatinine, urea and methylguanidine in concentrations higher than those usually measured in plasma from uraemic patients did not influence the functional properties of the cells. The inhibitory effect of uraemic plasma on the mononuclear phagocytes is suggested as an explanation for the increased frequency of infections in uraemic patients.
IgA LEVELS AND CARRIER RATE OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA IN 27 CHILDREN PREVIOUSLY TONSILLECTOMIZED
Authors: Østergaard Poul Aabel
Published: August 2010

The object of the present paper is to present laboratory and clinical data on 27 children of ages between 6 and 11 years, who in connection with tosillectomy 21/2 years earlier had been found to have low serum and saliva IgA levels, low serum IgE levels, and a considerable lack of IgA and IgE plasma cells in the excised tonsils; correlation between deficiency in IgA and culture of pathogenic bacteria from the tonsils was significant. From a clinical point of view, 22 of the children had benefit of the tonsillectomy and had no longer a tendency towards a development of recurrent infections. The remaining 5 patients continued to complain of recurring respiratory infections; in addition, levels of serum and saliva IgA were low. Furthermore, 4 of these 5 children harboured pathogenic bacteria in their throats. Many of the 27 patients still had low serum IgA and IgE levels as compared with levels in healthy, age‐related controls; in 3 patients, however, the IgE levels in serum had risen considerably parallel with the development of atopic diseases. Saliva IgA was rather constant after tonsillectomy as compared with the preoperative levels, though it had risen in some of the children. As regards serum IgG and IgM, these immunoglobulins had decreased significantly, and the question is raised, whether it might had been due to the tonsillectomy, either by the removal of chronically infected organs or by the removal of important immunological tissue.
IgA LEVELS, BACTERIAL CARRIER RATE, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA IN CHILDREN
Authors: Østergaard Poul Aabel
Published: August 2010

A total of 54 children, earlier hospitalized for asthma, were reinvestigated with regard to immunoglobulin formation in serum and saliva. Furthermore, the carrier rate of pathogenic bacteria in their throats was investigated, and in some of the children, who had their adenoids removed, immunofluorescent studies were performed. The study revealed highly reduced levels of serum and saliva IgA in the younger children with asthma. In addition, in these children a connection between recurring respiratory infections and high carrier rate of presumably pathogenic bacteria was observed. Also in the older children, significantly reduced levels of serum and saliva IgA compared with age related controls were found, but these children did not have an increased frequency of pathogenic bacteria or repiratory infections. In addition, low levels of serum IgM were found in the older children with asthma. The results of the study support the theory that low IgA levels facilitate the entrance of pathogenic bacteria through the epithelial surfaces, resulting in an overstimulation of the IgE system and the development of bronchial asthma in the younger children. In the younger as well as in the older patients, a high frequency of atopy among the closest relatives was observed.
CELL‐MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE TO GUINEA PIG AND BOVINE BASIC PROTEINS OF MYELIN IN LEWIS AND PVG RATS AND THEIR HYBRIDS
Authors: Lindh Johannes
Published: August 2010

The in vitro cell‐mediated immune response of rat lymph node cells (LNC) to guinea pig and bovine encephalitogenic protein (EP) has been studied with a LNC transformation test. LNC were obtained from either Lewis, PVG, or F1 (Lewis x PVG) rats 28 days after challenge with guinea pig or bovine EP in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) of different mycobacterium content. No differences between the strains or their hybrids in LNC response could be shown if stimulated with sensitizing EP, despite the great differences in capacity for disease development in those animals. Nor did a fivefold lowering of the amount of mycobacterium content in FCA, when guinea pig EP was used at challenge, lessen the in vitro response, although this reduces the disease development. Sensitization with guinea pig EP causes an in vitro cross‐reactivity to bovine EP and the reciprocal cross‐reactivity probably also exists. In rabbits, this cross‐reactivity in both directions was clear‐cut. LNC from Lewis rats challenged with guinea pig EP in FCA, with the higher amount of mycobacterium, showed in vitro responses to tested peptides of this EP; the amino acid sequences of these were: 1–42, 43–88, 89–169, and HNB‐89–169 (89–169 blocked at the tryptophan‐residue by hydroxynitrobenzylation).
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PHAGOCYTIC PROCESS ASSESSED BY COULTER COUNTER
Authors: Magnusson K.‐E. , Dahlgren C. , Stendahl O. , Sundqvist T.
Published: August 2010

The phagocytosis in suspensions of heat‐killed yeast cells, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, by human polymorphonuclear leucocytes was studied in vitro by means of an electronic particle counter, the Coulter Counter, and a 100‐channel pulse‐height analyzer, the Channelyzer. The two cell populations were separated from each other electronically by the Channelyzer. Phagocytosis was recorded as disappearance of yeast cells. Concomitantly, aggregation and swelling of the PMN‐cells were observed, which increased with the concentration of the prey. The process could be inhibited by cytochalasin B and iodoacetamide. With the latter inhibitor, the analysis of the kinetics showed that ingestion, but not adhesion, was affected. The ingestion of yeast cells was augmented on increase of the initial ratio between the number of yeast and PMN cells to around 5:1, but was then reduced on further increase. A ratio of 2:1 and a reaction time of 30 min seemed suitable for studying the phagocytic process. First‐order kinetics were obeyed under these circumstances.
BOVINE MYELIN BASIC PROTEIN: IMMUNOCHEMICAL SPECIFICITY EXAMINED BY THE MACROPHAGE MIGRATION INHIBITION TEST
Authors: Bergstrand Håkan
Published: August 2010

Guinea pigs were injected with saline or with one of the following antigens incorporated into Freund's complete adjuvant: Bovine myelin basic protein (MBP), Iysozyme, carboxymethylated lysozyme, or a crude commercial calf thymus histone preparation. Examination of the migration of peritoneal cells from these animals in the presence (50 μg/ml) or the absence of the antigens revealed, at most, a slight one‐way form of cross‐reactivity between MBP on the one hand and the histone preparation–and possibly also lysozyme–on the other. This was observed only with cells from animals injected with the two last‐mentioned antigens. Cells from animals sensitized with either histone or lysozyme mixed with poly AU instead of Freund's complete adjuvant were also slightly inhibited in their migration by the bovine MBP. Cells from animals injected with complete Freund's adjuvant alone or with the purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) in poly AU did not react to MBP. Thus, in contrast to the high degree of internal cross‐reactivity shown previously MBP shows a low degree of cross‐reactivity with either ordered or unordered forms of some unrelated basic proteins.
IN VITRO STUDIES ON NORMAL, STIMULATED AND IMMUNOLOGICALLY ACTIVATED MOUSE MACROPHAGES
Authors: Rhodes J. M. , Nielsen G. , Larsen S. Olesen , Bennedsen J. , Riisgaard S.
Published: August 2010

Radioactive antigen/antibody complexes are degraded to a greater extent by PE macrophages from C3H, CBA and C57B1 mice injected intraperitoneally with proteose‐peptone (stimulated macrophages) and T.A.B. vaccine than by PE macrophages from normal mice and mice immunized with BCG (activated macrophages). On the other hand, spleen macrophages from mice immunized with BCG had a greater digestive capacity than macrophages from mice injected with proteose‐peptone or T.A.B. vaccine or from normal mice. Thus, activated macrophages are capable of degrading antigen/antibody complexes, provided that the cells are harvested from one of the foci of BCG infection.
IN VITRO ACTIVATING PROPERTIES OF POLYENE ANTIBIOTICS FOR MURINE LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: Hammarström L. , Smith C. I. E.
Published: August 2010

The effect of four polyene antibiotics, Candicidin, Etruscomycin, Filipin and Pimaricin upon mouse lymphocytes was studied. Polyene antibiotics are known to form aqueous pores in the cell membranes inducing known anion or cation selective fluxes. Candicidin was capable of inducing marked DNA‐synthesis and polyclonal antibody production when added to normal spleen cells. Etruscomycin and Pimaricin showed a weak inconsistent DNA synthetic stimulatory effect, whereas Filipin was found to be totally uneffective. The stimulating property of Candicidin was also demonstrated on spleen cells from nude mice whereas there was no effect on cortisone resistant thymocytes or spleen cells passed through a nylon fibre column. Thus we conclude that Candicidin is a PBA for mouse lymphocytes. We have previously reported that the two anionselective polyenes, Nystatin and Amphotericin B, are polyclonal B‐cell activators for mouse lymphocytes and in this paper the possible mechanism of triggering is further discussed.
NEUTROPHIL GRANULOCYTE CHEMOTAXIS IN VITRO
Authors: Valerius N. H.
Published: August 2010

A method is described for evaluating neutrophil granulocyte chemotaxis in vitro, using a modified reversible Boyden chamber. The variation in cell detachment from the attractant surface of the filter after the migration through the filter was shown to be eliminated by reversing the chambers during the incubation period. In unreversed chambers, the loss of cells from the bottom surface of the filter was much higher on attraction with casein than with a bacterial chemotactic factor (BCF). The finding of a different kinetic response to casein and to BCF may suggest differing affinity to various chemoattractants within circulating neutrophils. The results obtained after introducing an automatic quantitative image analysis system for the counting of the cells at the filter surface are found to be very well correlated to those with conventional direct microscope counting.
PRODUCTION OF MONOSPECIFIC ANTISERA AGAINST TWO VACCINIA VIRUS ANTIGENS
Authors: Gurvin Ingmund , Haukenes Gunnar
Published: August 2010

Vaccinia vims antigen was prepared from infected rabbit lung fibroblast monolayers grown in Eagle's medium supplemented with serum obtained from the rabbit going to be used for immunization. Monospecific rabbit antisera against the L and S antigens were produced by immunization with immunoprecipitates cut out from the agarose after quantitative line Immunoelectrophoresis using antigen produced in HeLa cells.
IN VITRO EFFECTS OF RUBELLA VIRUS, STRAIN RA 27/3, ON HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: Maller Rolf , Sören Lars
Published: August 2010

Investigation has been made of the specific in vitro stimulation of human lymphocytes by live or inactivated rubella virus of the strain RA 27/3. The thymidine incorporation of lymphocytes from blood donors with different serological immunity against rubella was measured following incubation with the viral antigens. UV‐inactivated rubella virus caused a moderate degree of stimulation of lymphocytes from seropositive individuals. On the other hand, live rubella virus stimulated lymphocytes from donors with low titres of anti‐rubella HI‐antibodies but not lymphocytes from donors with high antibody titres. Possible explanaions for this discrepancy are discussed.
AGGLUTININS TO RABBIT ERYTHROCYTES IN EXTRACTS OF HUMAN MALIGNANT TISSUES
Authors: Wesenberg Finn , Tonder Olav
Published: August 2010

Agglutinins to rabbit erythrocytes in extracts from human malignant tissues were identified as the naturally occurring IgG antibodies in human serum to rabbit erythrocytes. This was revealed by agglutination, absorption, antiglobulin and inhibition tests, immunization of rabbits and immunochemical analyses. The agglutinins can therefore be used as convenient markers for both extracellular immunoglobulin and unspecifically bound immunogobulin in tumour tissues. Apparently the extracts also contained small amounts of IgA antibodies to rabbit erythrocytes.
SPECIFICITY OF THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF A GRAND‐MULTIPARA SERUM ON MLC REACTIONS AND ON RESPONSES TO PHA, PWM AND PPD
Authors: Herva Elja , Ilonen Jorma
Published: August 2010

An MLC reaction inhibiting serum from a grand‐multiparous woman (16 successful pregnancies) is described. The serum producer had the HLA antigens A3;Bw35/Aw19;B18;Dw2 and her husband the antigens A28;Bw35/Aw19;B18;Dw2, and they responded to each other in one‐way MLC. The serum had the following characteristics: (1) it inhibited many but not all donors as stimulators in MLC; (2) it usually inhibited these same donors as responders in MLC, but clearly to a lesser degree and with a much lower titre; (3) the inhibition of the stimulating function followed HLA haplotypes in families, and seemed to have HLA‐D associated specificity, inhibiting HLA‐Dw3 and Dw6 homozygous but not HLA‐Dw2 or Dw4 homozygous cells as stimulators; (4) it inhibited more strongly the PWM and PPD responses than the MLC responses of relevant cells; (5) the IgG fraction of the serum had characteristics similar to the non‐fractionated serum; (6) the inhibitory effect on MLC reactions and PWM and PPD responses was not absorbable by specific red blood cells or platelets, but could be removed or diminished by specific lymphocytes; (7) the serum was not cytotoxic in the complement‐dependent test against non‐fractionated mononuclear cells or enriched B‐lymphocytes. The findings and the possible biological and clinical significance of human la‐like antibodies are discussed.
ISOLATION AND IMMUNOCHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF SOW COLOSTRUM TRYPSIN INHIBITOR
Authors: Jensen P. Thode
Published: August 2010

Trypsin inhibitor from sow colostrum was isolated by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE‐Sephadex A‐50 followed by gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G‐100 and affinity chromatography. Antiserum against sow colostrum trypsin inhibitor was produced by immunization with the purified inhibitor, and made specific by absorption with normal porcine serum. The specific antiserum was used for immunoquantitation by single radial immunodiffusion (SRI). In sow colostrum whey, good agreement was found between the results obtained by SRI and the total trypsin‐inhibiting activity as determined by radial diffusion in a casein‐containing agarose gel (r = 0.97, n = 10). In sow's milk there was only a very low inhibiting activity, and no colostral inhibitor was demonstrable by SRI. Also in baby‐pig urine agreement was found between the two methods (r = 0.97, n = 14). In baby‐pig serum such an agreement was not seen, undoubtedly because of the presence of genuine serum trypsin inhibitors. By the SRI technique it is possible specifically to determine the colostral inhibitor even in the presence of other trypsin inhibitors.
RELATIVE RATES OF THE NON‐COVALENT AND COVALENT BINDING OF SECRETORY COMPONENT TO AN IgA DIMER
Authors: Lindh E. , BjÖrk I.
Published: August 2010

The rate of the binding of free secretory component to an IgA dimer in vitro was studied by high‐voltage gel electrophoresis at different times after mixing. The rate of the formation of the covalent component of the interaction (i.e. the disulphide interchange reaction) was monitored separately by denaturing the proteins in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride at different times after mixing and subsequently estimating the amount of covalently bound secretory component by gel chromatography in the denaturing solvent. The rates of the two reactions could not be distinguished in experiments at 37° or 20° C. At 4° C., however, secretory component bound to the IgA dimer almost as rapidly as at higher temperatures, while the rate of the disulphide interchange was considerably lower. This indicates that the noncovaient interactions are the primary type of bonds formed between secretory component and IgA, and that the formation of these bonds initiate the disulphide interchange reaction, the rate of which is highly dependent on temperature.
PASSIVE TRANSFER OF STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETES MELLITUS WITH SPLEEN CELLS
Authors: Buschard Karsten , Rygaard JØrgen
Published: August 2010

This study shows passive transfer of streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus in mice. Transplants of spleen cells from BALB/c mice, streptozotocin treated for 5 days, induced diabetes in normal BALB/c recipients. Treatment of transplants with anti‐theta and complement resulted in a significant decrease in the degree of diabetes. Athymic nude mouse recipients of BALB/c background also developed diabetes after transplant of spleen cells from both syngenic and allogeneic (C57/B1/6) donors. It is concluded that passive transfer of chemically induced diabetes in mice is practicable, in both syngeneic and allogeneic combinations, and that thymus derived lymphocytes are significant in this process.
EFFECT OF HUMAN LEUCOCYTE MIGRATION INHIBITORY FACTOR (LIF) ON 3‘, 5’‐CYCLIC AMP LEVELS OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Bendtzen K. , Thode J. , Madsen S. Nistrup
Published: August 2010

The possible involvement of 3′, 5′‐cyclic AMP (cyclic AMP) in the mechanism of action of leucocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF) was tested. LIF‐treated human peripheral blood leucocytes were incubated at 37°C for various times between 0 and 22 h. The concentrations of cyclic AMP in these cultures did not differ from those in controls. Furthermore, LIF did not affect the cellular release of cyclic AMP. Neither when testing purified neutrophils, which are the prime targets of LIF action, an effect of LIF was found. Cyclic AMP levels decreased with time of incubation, whether testing mononuclear cells (92 per cent lymphocytes), purified neutrophils (98 per cent), or buffy coat cells (72 per cent neutrophils; 22 percent lymphocytes). However, a transient and as yet unexplained increase in the cyclic AMP levels of the latter mixed population of cells was manifested within 10 to 30 min of incubation.
CONCANAVALIN A‐INDUCED ACTIVATION OF LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS MEMORY LYMPHOCYTES INTO SPECIFICALLY CYTOTOXIC T CELLS
Authors: Marker Ole , Thomsen Allan Randrup , Andersen Grethe Thörner
Published: August 2010

When spleen cells, which have been primed to Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM) virus during a primary infection several months previously, are stimulated in vitro with Con A, highly specific secondary cytotoxic effector cells are generated. The degree of cytotoxicity revealed by such Con A‐stimulated cells is higher than that of non‐incubated spleen cells harvested nine days following the primary infection, and the effect is totally inhibited by anti‐theta serum plus complement treatment of the effector cells immediately before the cytotoxic test.
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF LYMPHOID CELLS FROM MOUSE BONE MARROW IN VITRO
Authors: Rubin Bent , HØIer‐Madsen M. , RØPke Carsten
Published: August 2010

The present results show that mouse bone marrow (BM) cells responded in vitro against phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), In addition, BM cell suspensions contained relatively many cells with ADCC (antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity) activity. BM cells were fractionated according to various cell surface characteristics. The results of these experiments were compared with previously published reports, showing that pre‐T and pre‐B cells could be separated on Ig anti‐Ig columns (Ig = immunoglobulin). The combined results showed that pre‐T cells may fractionate together with cells with the following characteristics: they displayed ADCC activity and had Fc receptors (FcR) and/or membrane Ig. Pre‐B cells fractionated with cells with the following characteristics‐, they responded to LPS but had no ADCC activity. They were not adherent and/or phagocytic and were Ig‐, FcR‐ and C3 receptor (C3R) negative.
PASSIVE TRANSFER OF VIRUS INDUCED DIABETES MELLITUS WITH SPLEEN CELLS
Authors: Buschard Karsten
Published: August 2010

The study describes passive transfer of diabetes mellitus by transplantation of spleen cells from donor mice infected with a diabetogenic encephalomyocarditis virus. Inbred normal C57 mice were used as both donors and recipients, and other recipients were C57 athymic, nude mice. Transplants were made in two series after 12 and 22 days duration of infection of the donors, respectively. All recipients became diabetic. The possibility of virus transfer with the spleen cell transplant is discussed, and found to be highly improbable. The fact that passive cellular transfer can be effected points to a decisive significance of the thymus dependent lymphocyte system in the pathogenesis of the primary diabetes.
LANCEFIELD EXTRACT OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI TYPE 15 ACTS LIKE AN ANTI‐HUMAN IgG WITH RESTRICTED SPECIFICITY
Authors: Schalén Cluës , Christensen Paul , Grubb R.
Published: August 2010

Lancefield extract of streptococci group A type 15 precipitates certain human sera and agglutinates red cells coated with some IgG anti‐Rh antibodies. The frequency of precipitation varies between populations. The serum component in the precipitate is IgG. The results indicate that an iso‐allotypic marker is detected by the extract.
TOXICITY STUDIES WITH HUMAN LEUKOCYTE INTERFERON IN NEWBORN RABBITS
Authors: PyhäLä Liisa , Rimaila‐PäRnäNen Eija , KekomäKi Riitta , Kostiainen Ella , Cantell Kari
Published: August 2010

Daily subcutaneous injections of 5 to 10 million units of partially purified human leukocyte interferon were given to newborn rabbits for 2 weeks or 1 month. The control groups received mock interferon, saline or nothing. The interferon treatment had no overt effect on the development of the animals during the period of treatment. The rabbits treated with interferon had leukocytosis, splenomegaly and prolonged postnatal extramedullary hematopoiesis in the liver and spleen. Certain immune responses were also demonstrated in the rabbits treated with interferon and mock interferon preparations. Platelet counts and the serum‐ASAT, ‐ALAT, ‐LD and alkaline phosphatase values were normal.
THE ROLE OF C1s, C1r AND PROPERDIN IN THE INITIATION OF THE C3b‐DEPENDENT FEEDBACK MECHANISM OF THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
Authors: Johnson Ulf
Published: August 2010

The influence of activated C1s, C1r and properdin in the fluid phase initiation of the C3b‐dependent feedback mechanism of the human complement was studied. It was found that Cs caused conversion of C3 and factor B in a normal serum, but not in a serum genetically deficient in C4 or in a serum to which Na2EDTA had been added. When a normal serum was incubated with Cr before incubation with Cs, only C3 was converted, whereas factor B remained in the unaltered native state. Properdin did not influence the Cs mediated conversion of C3 and factor B. When activated properdin was added to a properdin‐depleted serum, both C3 and factor B were converted. Activated properdin was also incubated with purified C3 and purified C3b. It was shown that C3 was converted to C3b, but C3b was not degraded despite prolonged incubation.
MITOGEN STIMULATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF T‐ AND B‐LYMPHOCYTES DURING NATURAL RUBELLA INFECTION
Authors: Maller Rolf , FrydéN Aril , SöRéN Lars
Published: August 2010

The phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) response of lymphocytes from seven patients with natural rubella infection was investigated during the acute, early and late convalescence stages of the disease. When the lymphocytes were cultured in autologous serum, a moderate depression of the response, following stimulation with PHA in both optimal and suboptimal concentrations was obtained two weeks after the onset of exanthema (early convalescence). Two months later (late convalescence), the lymphocyte stimulation response had returned to almost normal values. On the other hand, lymphocytes incubated in pooled homologous serum reacted normally to PHA in optimal concentrations at all three stages. Determination of T‐ and B‐lymphocytes did not reveal any change in the relative proportion of T‐lymphocytes during the course of the disease. However, in late convalescence, a significant decrease in the relative number of B‐lymphocytes was recorded.
EFFECT OF HALOTHANE ANAESTHESIA ON SECONDARY ANTIBODY RESPONSE AND MITOGEN‐INDUCED LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION IN THE CHICKEN
Authors: Salo M. , Lassila O. , Viijanen M. , Eskola J. , Kangas L.
Published: August 2010

The effect of a single halothane anaesthesia on the secondary antibody response and the lymphocyte response in vitro to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) was studied. The antigens used were bovine serum albumin (BSA) and killed Brucella abortus organisms (Brucella). IgG and IgM antibodies against these antigens were quantified by solid‐phase radioimmunoassay. Lymphocyte transformation was studied by a whole blood micromethod. The chickens were anaesthetised for two hours with 2% v/v halothane. The halothane concentration of the blood was measured by gas chromatography at the end of the anaesthesia.

Halothane anaesthesia had no effect on the secondary antibody response against BSA and Brucella. In contrast, it caused a significant decrease in the lymphocyte response to PHA and Con A. This suppression was transient, however, and full recovery of the lymphocyte function was observed by the first day after anaesthesia.
CROSSED IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS AND ELECTROIMMUNOASSAY OF HUMAN IgG SUBCLASSES
Authors: Oxelius Vivi‐Anne
Published: August 2010

Human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 in WHO pool 67/97, a normal serum pool. Cohn Fraction II and individual sera were examined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis and electroimmunoassay in agarose with IgG subclass specific rabbit antisera. In these methods the fact that IgG subclasses differ in the electrophoretic field is utilized: IgG4 is located anodically, IgG3 cathodically, and IgG2 and IgG1 both anodically and cathodically. The mean, S.D. and range of serum IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 in 20 normal adults found by the electroimmunoassay were given and related to the amount in the WHO pool 67/97. The IgG subclasses values obtained by electroimmunoassay agreed with the values obtained by single radial diffusion. The reproducibility of double determinations (imerplate variations) was 1.5–5.5 per cent. Repeated freezing, thawing and storage of the serum at room temperature did not influence quantitation of IgG subclasses. Cohn Fraction II was found to contain smaller amounts of IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4 than those found in the normal serum pools. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis and electroimmunoassay also easily reveal failing quality of IgG subclass antisera. To obtain good antisera in rabbits against IgG subclasses immunization should be done with several myeloma proteins with different electrophoretic mobility within the same subclass.
INHIBITORY AND STIMULATORY EFFECT OF SPLEEN CELLS FROM TUMOUR BEARING ANIMALS ON THE GROWTH OF SYNGENEIC TUMOUR CELLS
Authors: Larsen F. S. , SpäRck J. V.
Published: August 2010

When spleen cells from C3H mice inoculated with a primary spontaneously arisen C3H mammary carcinoma were added to tumour target cells of the same typein vitro, both an inhibitory and a stimulatory effect on target cell growth were seen, when compared with the effect of adding normal syngeneic spleen cells. The inhibitory effect was seen regularly when high concentrations of spleen cells were added, while there was a stimulatory effect when low concentrations were added to the tumour target cells. When transferring spleen cells from tumour bearing mice together with a tumour inoculum to groups of normal syngeneic recipients, the resultant tumour growth was enhanced, as compared with recipients given tumour plus normal spleen cells and those given tumour cells only. It was found that the spleen cells which caused the greatest enhancementin vivocaused the greatest inhibitionin vitro. This relationship could be explained by assuming the occurrence in spleens of tumour bearers of a population of reactive cells which when added in high concentrations to tumour target cellsin vitrocause inhibition, while they cause stimulation of tumour growthin vivobecause of being transferred to recipients in relatively low concentrations.