bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Aspects of Forestry in Southeast Asia: A Review of Postwar Trends in the Scholarly Literature
Authors: Peluso Nancy Lee , Vandergeest Peter , Potter Lesley
Published: April 2011

This paper examines the major trends since the 1950s in social science writing on forest management in Southeast Asia. Southeast Asia is simultaneously rich in and dependent on natural resources, both for local and national use or sale. Among renewable resources, forest products have played critical roles in the region's national, provincial, and local economies before, during, and after colonialism — for as long as two millennia. Their importance in international trade illustrates that Southeast Asia's forests linked the region to other parts of the world for quite some time, dispelling myths that parts of the region such as Borneo were “remote”, “primitive”, or “pristine”.
The Indonesian Nationalists and the Japanese “Liberation” of Indonesia: Visions and Reactions
Authors: Touwen-Bouwsma Elly
Published: April 2011

During the Japanese invasion of Java, local nationalists came to the fore and set up Merdeka Committees to welcome their “liberators”. The high hopes they entertained that the Japanese would give them a say in the local administration and economy, or even grant them independence, turned out to be an illusion.
Caught in the Middle: Japanese Attitudes toward Indonesian Independence in 1945
Authors: Goto Ken'ichi
Published: April 2011

In September 1944 the Japanese government promised to give “independence in the near future” to Indonesia. However, when Japan surrendered in 1945, the Allies ordered the Japanese authorities to suppress any move by the Indonesians toward independence. Caught between their old promise and their new role, the Japanese exhibited contrasting patterns of behaviour. This paper analyzes their reactions by using two categories, the “allegiance type” of person who adhered to Allied instructions, and the "renunciation type" who attempted to honour the promise given to the Indonesians.
Lt. Shigenobu Mochizuki and the New Philippine Cultural Institute
Authors: Terami-Wada Motoe
Published: April 2011

This paper illustrates the Japanese cultural policy towards the Philippines through the example of the New Philippine Cultural Institute, an educational institution created by the Japanese military to inculcate the Filipino youth with patriotism and to nurture the future leaders of the “New Philippines”. This organization developed later into a volunteer army which showed determination to fight against the returning U.S. forces.
Hidden Change in Late Colonial Urban Society in Indonesia
Authors: Frederick William H.
Published: April 2011

From at least the early sixteenth century, when Tomé Pires acclaimed the marvels of Malacca, Westerners have evinced an interest in the cities of Southeast Asia, though for different reasons and from varying perspectives. Travellers like Cesare Fredrici, Ralph Fitch, and Gasparo Balbi were generally impressed with what they saw and compared it favourably in many respects with Europe of the 1580s. In the course of the two hundred years, however, this appreciation altered markedly. Western authors after the late eighteenth century took a less sanguine view and tended to describe towns and cities rather disparagingly as little more than collections of villages. During the late 1920s, the panorama made possible by the advent of air travel in Southeast Asia distinguished clearly between rural and urban areas, but showed the latter as thoroughly Europeanized enclaves. In the popular aerial photographs of the day, these cities appeared slick in their new tropical-colonial architectural style and uncomplicated by large or even particularly visible non-European populations.
The “Indianization” of Bali
Authors: Lansing J. Stephen
Published: April 2011

In two recent review articles, I.W. Mabbett summarizes the prehistoric and historic sources bearing on the question of “Indian influence on the development of Southeast Asian societies”. Asimilar review was undertaken by Paul Wheatley in “Satyantra in Suvarnadvipa” and more recently by Ken Hall. Each of these authors make similar points: that there are essentially three major hypotheses that have been advanced over the years to account for the spread of “Indian influence” (the Brahmana, Ksatriya, and Vaisya respectively, to which we will return); and that evidence on which to decide amongst these hypotheses is lacking. After a “brief outline of the sources on ‘Indianization’ which is practically complete”, I.W. Mabbett concludes that:

It is unlikely that prolongation of the catalogue of possible sources would add much to what has already been gleaned — more Indian trade goods, more inscriptions recording the activity of pious Hindu or Buddhist rulers, more unreliable Chinese second-hand accounts of Indian priests and Indianized “kingdoms”. The purpose in extending the catalogue this far had been twofold. In the first place, it is to make quite clear that the actual process of “Indianization” is nowhere reliably portrayed; what is portrayed by the earliest evidence is the operation of kingdoms already Indianized; and therefore the various theories that have been offered are speculation. One may seem more plausible or attractive than another, but none has been established.
The Diversification of Malaysian Agriculture, 1950–80: Objectives and Achievements
Authors: Courtenay P. P.
Published: April 2011

When launching the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) in 1969, the then Deputy Prime Minister (the late Tun Abdul Razak) stressed that diversification was Malaysia's greatest need in agriculture, and a few weeks later, in an opening address to a conference on crop diversification organized by the Incorporated Society of Planters, he stated that agricultural diversification had been a national objective for some years. The steady progress towards that objective, he claimed, was “evidenced by the rapid increase in palm oil production, the expansion of acreage planted to high yielding padi varieties, recent increases in tapioca production, and current interest in sugar cane, cocoa, maize, soya beans, groundnuts”.
Reflections of Kinship and Society under Vietnam's Lê Dynasty
Authors: Haines David W.
Published: April 2011

The understanding of Vietnamese society and social relations remains problematic. Even for recent times there is a dearth of research on basic facets of Vietnamese social structure. Scholars remain all too indebted to Hickey's study of Khanh Hau, which, dealing with a single and in some ways unique Southern village, can hardly be taken as representative given the wide regional and class differences characteristic of Vietnamese society. Moving backwards through time, the central elements of social relations become increasingly difficult to examine. The reasons lie both in an inevitable emphasis on what can loosely be called political history (e.g., the effects of French colonial rule, the resistance against that rule, the administrative problems faced by the early Nguyễn dynasty, or the recurring issue of war—and peace—with China) and the increasing narrowness of the documents available for study (i.e., the inevitability of reliance on official documents such as dynastic histories and legal codes).
The Singapore Rickshaw Pullers: The Social Organization of a Coolie Occupation, 1880–1940
Authors: Warren Jim
Published: April 2011

This article integrates the history of the experience of rickshaw coolies into the larger history of Singapore in the period from 1880 to 1940. These were decisive years. They witnessed the extraordinary economic development of the vast potential for tin, rubber, oil palm, and tobacco in the Malay peninsula and on the east coast of Sumatra under colonial rule, and the evolution of Singapore as a “coolie town”, with a colonial administrative heart and an entrepôt port, with the birth of the rickshaw and a stream of emigrants from China who poured in faster and faster to pull it. This floodtide ofsingkehsingkeh(newcomers from China) came to Singapore with the hope of forming a foundation for a new and prosperous life. Expanding Singapore, especially at this stage of its growth from the third quarter of the nineteenth century, was often considered by the migrants as a place of hope and betterment. There were in Singapore tens of thousands of Cantonese, Hengwah, Hockchia, and Foochow sojourners who hoped to find a pipeline to prosperity since the second half of the nineteenth century, when dire poverty and overpopulation plagued Southeast China.
The Peripatetic Peasant and Land Tenure in British Malaya
Authors: Kratoska Paul H.
Published: April 2011

The idea that Malay peasants have a close attachment to their land is a common place in both historical and contemporary writings about Malaya, and since the 1890s land legislation has been oriented toward bringing into being and preserving a landowning peasantry. The files of the colonial administration, however, contain numerous complaints about peasants disposing of their holdings. Officials and later commentators have tended to view such behaviour as contrary to the natural inclinations of peasants and symptomatic of underlying social or political problems, but when a pattern has been reported consistently for over one hundred years the question must be asked whether it really is, as conventional wisdom would have it, anomalous.
“A New and a Better Cunning”: British Wartime Planning for Post-War Burma, 1942–43
Authors: Tarling Nicholas
Published: April 2011

The framing of British policy towards India in the twentieth century sought to reconcile its prime importance in the dependent empire with its political aspirations through some kind of evolution towards the status afforded the settler dominions. Though British policy towards other dependencies was rarely co-ordinated — even so far as concerned a region like “Further India” — it was influenced by their relationship with India. India in a sense defined the limits of those policies: they must not go so far as to undermine the British position in India by untoward example; nor, on the other hand, must they make so little advance as to alienate the Indians and inhibit the availability of Indian forces. For Burma the inter-relationship was particularly close. Burma had been acquired from India, partly in order to protect British commerce based in India, but mainly to provide for the security of British India. It had been administered from India. Indian commerce, Indian labour, Indian moneylending had as a result established new ties. But India also influenced the reshaping of the constitutional as well as the administrative structure. Working both within and outside those structures, Burman nationalism was itself influenced by developments in India, though directing its criticism at Indian, even more, perhaps, than at British economic exploitation. The Burman nationalists insisted that the constitutional advance of Burma must at least keep pace with that of India.
Concepts of Malay Ethos in Indigenous Malay Writings
Authors: Matheson Virginia
Published: April 2011

The aim of this study is to examine indigenous Malay writings in an attempt to discover how Malays expressed their identity as a people. In what context was the termMelayuused; in what types of documents did it appear; and did the concept of “Malayness” vary with time and place?
Education as an Instrument of Policy in Southeast Asia: The Singapore Example
Authors: Wilson H. E.
Published: April 2011

The cultural and ethno-linguistic diversity, of Southeast Asia as a whole is reflected in the heterogeneous character of the populations of the individual states of the region, and everywhere problems associated with multi-lingualism and multiculturism challenge the authority of centralised governments. Modern education has increasingly come to be used as a means to confront and overcome these problems. Governments have sought to inculcate an acceptance of and a compliance with prevailing political systems, to detach disparate communities from their distinctive cultural affinities, and to promote a sense of national identity through formal public instruction. The purpose of this paper is to place modern education in Southeast Asia within its historical context, and to consider the ways in which several governments have used public instruction to achieve political ends.
History and Memory in Vietnam Today: The JournalXua & Nay
Authors: Marr David G.
Published: April 2011

Amidst rapid socio-economic change, many Vietnamese are anxious to preserve some memories and traditions against the ravages of time. This essay examinesTap Chi Xua & Nay(Past and Present Journal), a popular publication of the Vietnam History Association, to demonstrate how history is being recreated and memory redefined even as the editors claim to uphold timeless patriotic verities.
Native Songs and Dances: Southeast Asia in a Greater Chinese Sporting Community, 1920–48
Authors: Morris Andrew
Published: April 2011

In the 1920s and 1930s, Republican Chinese thinkers viewed modern sports and traditional martial arts as important ways of invigorating the Chinese nation and race, and institutions in the ROC used both in attempting to extend the nationalist impulse to the Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia. These alternative physical culture models provide insights into both the diversity of thinking and the shared modernist assumptions that inspired projects directed toward the creation of “Greater Chinese” communities.
A Note on Buddhistic Millenarian Revolts in Northeastern Siam
Authors: Ishii Yoneo
Published: April 2011

The Royal Autograph Edition of the Phrarātcha-phongsāwadān or Royal Chronicles gives one of the oldest known accounts of a rebellion led by a magic-man, generically called phú mi bun or a “man of merit.” In 1699, a Lao named Bun Kwāng who styled himself a phū mī bun terrorized the governor of Korat with his reputed magical powers, according to the chronicle, and managed to establish himself as the ruler of a city which had been made a Siamese outpost by King Phra Narai (1656–88). Despite the superior military strength at his command, the intimidated governor was unable to order the immediate arrest of the phū mī bun and furthermore, humiliated himself by acceding to the insolent demand of the latter for armed men, elephants and horses.
The Notion of “Dakwah” and Its Perceptions in Malaysia's Islamic Literature of the 1970s and '80s
Authors: Tahir Ungku Maimunah Mohd.
Published: April 2011

Consistent with the call of the times to “return” to Islam, Malaysia's Sastera Islam of the 1970s and '80s upholds literature as a legitimate tool for “dakwah”. Within this framework, production of Islamic literature demonstrates involvement of the “religious” sector and formalistic demands for Islamic moral underpinnings, the latter manifested largely in narrative concerns with individual morality and salvation.
The Burden of Taxation in Colonial Indonesia in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Booth Anne
Published: April 2011

Through much of the last four decades of Dutch rule in Indonesia (1900-1941) the question of “native welfare” increasingly concerned colonial administrators and scholars. In her speech in 1901, Queen Wilhemina drew attention to the declining state of native welfare in Java, thus ushering in the so-called period of ethical policies. One aspect of the problem of declining welfare among the indigenous population both in Java and elsewhere which became the subject of government investigation was the burden of taxation. Writing in 1901, P. Brooshooft drew attention to the fact that “the present [colonial] budgets are always closed with a deficit…and the most pressing needs cannotbe filled; the capacity of the people to pay is exhausted more and more through heavier taxation”. Twenty years later, W. Huender, in surveying the economic conditions of the indigenous people of Java and Madura, felt

it is disquieting that taxation is not increasing more…it is impossible to maintain that the indigenous population is not taxed heavily enough. Taking account of the low capacity of people to pay the contrary is rather the case; and present plans to have the people pay even more (for example, by increasingthe head tax and the landrent) can only make one shudder. In fact the most difficult and pressing problem in Java and Madoera is that, while the people have been taxed to the utmost limit and are “minimum sufferers”, apparently the various government measures taken to improve the situation have not been effective.
Southeast Asia in Australasian Universities
Authors: Tarling Nicholas
Published: April 2011

Australasian universities are tied to Southeast Asia in a number of ways. The most obvious is through their teaching. Since the second world war, but more particularly in the past ten or fifteen years, this has paid more attention to Southeast Asia, its peoples, their history and their languages, than at any time since the first university institutions were founded in Australia and New Zealand in the nineteenth century. There are other, perhaps less obvious, ties. The teaching has been primarily at undergraduate level, but the staff members involved have, of course, been involved in research in the area. Possibly the majority would have been trained overseas, if not themselves of overseas origin; but quite recently, and especially at one or two centres, the number of graduate research students has become significant, at least in Australia. Some of the research has been published in book or monograph form by existing Australasian or overseas publishers, or by the university presses, whose numbers have augmented over the past decade.
Chʼing's Sale of Honours and the Chinese Leadership in Singapore and Malaya (1877 – 1912)
Authors: Ching-Hwang Yen
Published: April 2011

The last decade of the 19th century and the turn of the present century saw a flux of Chʼing official titles among overseas Chinese leaders in Singapore and Malaya. They had formerly been excluded from imperial bureaucracy and title holding in China; now it became possible to purchase honours without much effort. This represented a substantial change of the Chʼing's attitude towards its overseas subjects. This paper asks why the titles were made available, and why the overseas Chinese leaders were so eager to acquire them.
Russian Interest in Southeast Asia: Outlines and Sources 1803–1970
Authors: Quested R.
Published: April 2011

The establishment of diplomatic ties by the Soviet Union with all the countries of Southeast Asia except the Philippines and South Vietnam, and the growing influence sought by it in the area, indicates that the publication of more work on Russian relations with Southeast Asia would be of interest, and it is the purpose of this article to survey the course of these relations to date, to see what general picture emerges and what possibilities of further research exist. This survey is, of necessity, extremely superficial.
The Zhuang Minority Peoples of the Sino-Vietnamese Frontier in the Song Period
Authors: Barlow Jeffrey G.
Published: April 2011

The Zhuang of south China are the most numerous of the Chinese minority peoples. In Vietnam the Zhuang were identified historically as the Nung, and more recently as the combined Tay-Nung minority, the largest of Vietnam's 36 minority peoples. One of the most critical points in Zhuang history occurred in the Song era [960–1126 A.D.], when the expanding Han Chinese and the Vietnamese began to make a sustained impact in the Zhuang heartlands. Many Zhuang resisted foreign control, striving for continued independence. Their subsequent defeat meant that the Zhuang were never again to have an opportunity for autonomous development.
Indonesian Nationalism Revisited
Authors: Hering Bob
Published: April 2011

With two large volumes, theDerdeandVierde Stuk(third and fourth volumes), containing 1794 pages, Drs R. C. Kwantes has brought to an end, the ZWO funded collection of colonial documents on the indigenous nationalist movement in the former Dutch colony of Indonesia. After the appearance of the first tome, dealing with the nationalist movement up to the year 1917 and compiled in 1967, by the now deceased Professor S. L. van der Wal, Kwantes has been responsible for the coverage of the period 1917–23 (published in 1975), the period 1923–28 (published in 1978), and the present two volumes, here under review, one for 1928–33 (published in 1981) and the other for 1933–42 (published in 1982). All these volumes bear the hallmarks of meticulous professional polish and careful selection, and anyone even fleetingly familiar with the documentary opulence of the Dutch colonial archives has all the reason to deeply appreciate Kwantes' editing labours of the past few years. Moreover, in annotations, bibliographical references, the listing of detailed person- and subject-indexes, and of source-data against their origin, together with lengthy 34 pages in theDerde, and 33 in theVierde Stukcontent-abstracts in English, Kwantes did surpass the skills of his deceased predecessor, thus adding an extra degree of distinction and flavour to the entire multi-work collection he compiled.
Radiochromic film spectroscopy of laser-accelerated proton beams using the FLUKA code and dosimetry traceable to primary standards
Authors: Kirby D. , Green S. , Fiorini F. , Parker D. , Romagnani L. , Doria D. , Kar S. , Lewis C. , Borghesi M. , Palmans H.
Published: April 2011

A new approach to spectroscopy of laser induced proton beams using radiochromic film (RCF) is presented. This approach allows primary standards of absorbed dose-to-water as used in radiotherapy to be transferred to the calibration of GafChromic HD-810 and EBT in a 29 MeV proton beam from the Birmingham cyclotron. These films were then irradiated in a common stack configuration using the TARANIS Nd:Glass multi-terawatt laser at Queens University Belfast, which can accelerate protons to 10–12 MeV, and a depth-dose curve was measured from a collimated beam. Previous work characterizing the relative effectiveness (RE) of GafChromic film as a function of energy was implemented into Monte Carlo depth-dose curves using FLUKA. A Bragg peak (BP) “library” for proton energies 0–15 MeV was generated, both with and without the RE function. These depth-response curves were iteratively summed in a FORTRAN routine to solve for the measured RCF depth-dose using a simple direct search algorithm. By comparing resultant spectra with both BP libraries, it was found that the effect of including the RE function accounted for an increase in the total number of protons by about 50%. To account for the energy loss due to a 20 µm aluminum filter in front of the film stack, FLUKA was used to create a matrix containing the energy loss transformations for each individual energy bin. Multiplication by the pseudo-inverse of this matrix resulted in “up-shifting” protons to higher energies. Applying this correction to two laser shots gave further increases in the total number of protons, N of 31% and 56%. Failure to consider the relative response of RCF to lower proton energies and neglecting energy losses in a stack filter foil can potentially lead to significant underestimates of the total number of protons in RCF spectroscopy of the low energy protons produced by laser ablation of thin targets.
Coverage with evidence development: The Ontario experience
Authors: Levin Leslie , Goeree Ron , Levine Mark , Krahn Murray , Easty Tony , Brown Adalstein , Henry David
Published: April 2011

Background:For non-drug technologies, there is often residual uncertainty following systematic review, mainly due to inadequate evidence of efficacy. The unwillingness to make decisions in the presence of uncertainty may lead to passive diffusion and intuitive decision making with or without public pressure. This may affect health system sustainability. There is increasing interest in post-market evaluation through processes that include coverage with evidence development (CED) to address residual uncertainty regarding effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. Global experience of CED has been slow to develop despite their potential contribution to decision making.

Methods:Ontario's field evaluation program to better inform decision making represents a collaboration between physicians, policy decision makers and academic centers. We report results of the first ten CEDs from this program to assess whether they achieved their objective of influencing policy by addressing residual uncertainty following systematic review.

Results:Since 2003, nineteen field evaluation studies to resolve residual uncertainty following systematic review have been completed, ten of which met the criteria of CED and are the focus of this report. There was more than one patient subgroup or intervention in three of the CEDs. This provided the basis for evaluating thirteen outcomes. In each case, the CED addressed the uncertainty and led to a decision based on the systematic review and CED result. The CEDs led to adoption of the technology in six instances, modified adoption in three instances and withdrawal in four instances.

Conclusions:CED makes an important contribution to translating evidence to decision making. Methodologies are needed to increase the scope and reduce timelines for CEDs, such as the use of linked comprehensive and robust data sets and collaborative studies with other jurisdictions. CED before making long-term funding decisions, especially where there is uncertainty of effectiveness, safety or cost-effectiveness, should be increasingly funded by health systems.
On-line sentence processing in Swedish: cross-linguistic developmental comparisons with French
Authors: KAIL MICHÈLE , KIHLSTEDT MARIA , BONNET PHILIPPE
Published: April 2011

This study examined on-line processing of Swedish sentences in a grammaticality-judgement experiment within the framework of the Competition Model. Three age groups from 6 to 11 and an adult group were asked to detect grammatical violations as quickly as possible. Three factors concerning cue cost were studied: violation position (early vs. late), violation span (intraphrasal vs. interphrasal) and violation type (agreement vs. word order). Developmental results showed that children were always slower at detecting grammatical violations. Irrespective of age, participants were faster at judging sentences with late violations, especially in the younger groups. Intraphrasal violations were more rapidly detected than interphrasal ones, particularly in adults. Finally, agreement violations and word order ones did not differ. The hierarchy of cue cost factors indicated that violation span was the dominant one. A cross-linguistic analysis with French (Kail, 2004) underlines the developmental processing abilities and the interdependence between cue cost and cue validity.
Body Fascism in Britain: Building the Blackshirt in the Inter-War Period
Authors: GOTTLIEB JULIE
Published: April 2011

In recent years scholars have devoted a great deal of attention and theorisation to the body in history, looking both at bodies as metaphors and as sites of intervention. These studies have tended to focus on the analysis of bodies in a national context, acting for and acted upon by the state, and similarly the ever-expanding study of masculinity continues to try to define hegemonic masculinities. But what if we direct our gaze to marginal bodies, in this case Blackshirt bodies who act against the state, and a political movement that commits assault on the body politic? This article examines the centrality of the body and distinctive gender codes in the self-representation, the performance and practice, and the culture of Britain's failed fascist movement during the 1930s. The term ‘body fascism’ has taken on different and much diluted meaning in the present day, but in the British Union of Fascists’ construction of the Blackshirted body, in the movement's emphasis on the embodiment of their political religion through sport, physical fitness and public display of offensive and defensive violence, and in their distinctive and racialised bodily aesthetic illustrated in their visual and graphic art production we come to understand Britain's fascist movement as a product of modernity and as one potent expression of the convergence between populist politics and body fixation.
The 2010 Elections: Why Did Political Science Forecasts Go Awry?
Authors: Brady David W. , Fiorina Morris P. , Wilkins Arjun S.
Published: April 2011

In President Obama's words, the Democratic Party experienced a “shellacking” in the 2010 elections. In particular, the net loss of 63 House seats was the biggest midterm loss suffered by a party since 1938—the largest in the lifetimes of approximately 93% of the American population.
The Political Scientist as Local Campaign Consultant
Authors: Crew Robert E.
Published: April 2011

During my 45 years as an academic, I have followed the admonition sometimes attributed to the legendary Jedi warrior Obi-Wan Kenobe that political scientists should “use [their] power for good and not for evil.” In this spirit, I have devoted substantial portions of my career to public service by providing strategic advice and campaign management to candidates for small state and local elective offices—state legislature, county commission, city clerk or treasurer, school board, and the like—and supporters of citizen ballot initiatives. These campaigns generally cannot afford the professional campaign assistance that is now virtually a necessity for winning elections at all levels of government.
The Political Scientist as Expert Witness
Authors: Engstrom Richard L. , McDonald Michael P.
Published: April 2011

Political scientists serve in courtrooms as expert witnesses on many topics related to their professional training: elections, same-sex marriages, employer sanctions for hiring undocumented aliens, school desegregation, political asylum requests, property rights, and racial profiling, among many others. It is not by chance that we—the authors—have chosen to testify as experts in cases concerning elections (see also Cain 1999). Election-related cases compose a large percentage of all cases involving political scientists brought to court: a study of references to expert testimony by political scientists in published federal district court decisions from 1950 through 1989 reports that 61% involved election law issues (Leigh 1991). Our replication of this study for the period of 2000 through December 18, 2010, reveals that 74% of such cases (28 of 38) involved election law issues. These cases involved issues of minority vote dilution, redistricting, alternative election systems (cumulative and limited voting), campaign financing, voting equipment and invalid ballots, voter registration, nominating petition requirements, and a number of other issues.
The Job Market's First Steps: Using Research Tools to Simplify the Process
Authors: Moore Ryan T. , Reeves Andrew
Published: April 2011

Excitement about the political science job market builds around the time of the Labor Day Annual Meeting of the APSA, when schools start to post their openings for the next year. As we entered the job market, we found ourselves repeatedly collecting information about available positions as we prepared application materials. We monitored APSA's eJobs website, cut and pasted relevant job information into a single spreadsheet, and assembled letters using that information. Here, we introduce free and open-source tools to automate these data collection and letter generation procedures using R and LaTeX. Our system minimizes manual data entry by extracting and creating a spreadsheet from APSA's eJobs information. We walk applicants through the initial job search steps, including using eJobs, compiling position information, and producing attractive letters.
Getting Political Science in on the Joke: Using The Daily Show and Other Comedy to Teach Politics
Authors: Beavers Staci L.
Published: April 2011

The challenges of teaching introductory-level U.S. politics to reluctant audiences are well known and widely lamented. This article investigates the pedagogical potential of political satire, specifically The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, in engaging students in this tough-to-teach course. Based on a review of available literature and student survey data from the fall 2008 term, I argue that using this popular program in the classroom can enhance an introductory U.S. politics course. A review of both these survey data and student papers based on the program suggests promising possibilities for encouraging students' political engagement and critical-thinking skills. This preliminary examination demonstrates that further study on the program's potential both for student engagement and student learning outcomes is warranted.
Speaking with an Accent: Some Practical Advice for Foreign First-Time Teachers
Authors: Berardo Ramiro
Published: April 2011

The majority of Ph.D. programs in political science in the United States provide some kind of teaching training for graduate students, which ranges from assisting other instructors to designing and teaching new courses. In most cases, departments make an effort to guide these students in their new role as instructors; however, first-time teachers whose first language is not English do not usually receive any special guidance on how to successfully address the challenge of communicating effectively with their students—an all-too-real problem for many foreign instructors. This article provides some basic tips for improving the communication process that develops in the classroom, and is particularly tailored for individuals whose first language is not English and who are about to take the first steps of their teaching careers.
Influence of Crystallographic Texture on Young's Modulus of Various Alloy 82H Welds
Authors: Claves Steven R. , Mills William J.
Published: April 2011

Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was employed to analyze the microstructure and texture of four different Alloy 82H gas tungsten arc welds that previously underwent static and dynamic modulus testing. The Young's moduli were shown to differ among the various welds, but also within each weld, dependent upon the direction measured. These differences were attributed to anisotropy of the crystallographic textures, which were described using inverse pole figures with respect to each of the weld's three orthogonal axes. The Young's modulus demonstrated a strong correlation with the texture, consistent with single crystal experiments. Sample directions containing a large population of {100} orientations had the lowest Young's modulus, while those with {111} grains possessed the highest. Microstructures with {110} textures were closer to the average modulus value of 207 GPa (30.0 Msi). X-ray diffraction texture measurements on four samples were used to verify the EBSD results.
Mineralogical, chemical, organic and microbial properties of subsurface soil cores from Mars Desert Research Station (Utah, USA): Phyllosilicate and sulfate analogues to Mars mission landing sites
Authors: Stoker Carol R. , Clarke Jonathan , Direito Susana O.L. , Blake David , Martin Kevin R. , Zavaleta Jhony , Foing Bernard
Published: April 2011

We collected and analysed soil cores from four geologic units surrounding Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS) Utah, USA, including Mancos Shale, Dakota Sandstone, Morrison formation (Brushy Basin member) and Summerville formation. The area is an important geochemical and morphological analogue to terrains on Mars. Soils were analysed for mineralogy by a Terra X-ray diffractometer (XRD), a field version of the CheMin instrument on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission (2012 landing). Soluble ion chemistry, total organic content and identity and distribution of microbial populations were also determined. The Terra data reveal that Mancos and Morrison soils are rich in phyllosilicates similar to those observed on Mars from orbital measurements (montmorillonite, nontronite and illite). Evaporite minerals observed include gypsum, thenardite, polyhalite and calcite. Soil chemical analysis shows sulfate the dominant anion in all soils and SO4>>CO3, as on Mars. The cation pattern Na>Ca>Mg is seen in all soils except for the Summerville where Ca>Na. In all soils, SO4correlates with Na, suggesting sodium sulfates are the dominant phase. Oxidizable organics are low in all soils and range from a high of 0.7% in the Mancos samples to undetectable at a detection limit of 0.1% in the Morrison soils. Minerals rich in chromium and vanadium were identified in Morrison soils that result from diagenetic replacement of organic compounds. Depositional environment, geologic history and mineralogy all affect the ability to preserve and detect organic compounds. Subsurface biosphere populations were revealed to contain organisms from all three domains (Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya) with cell density between 3.0×106and 1.8×107cells ml−1at the deepest depth. These measurements are analogous to data that could be obtained on future robotic or human Mars missions and results are relevant to the MSL mission that will investigate phyllosilicates on Mars.
It’s About Time
Authors: Young Meredith E. , Brunet Paul M.
Published: April 2011

Accurate identification of emotional expressions is important to social interaction. We examined the relations among shyness, sociability, and the accuracy of categorization of facial expression of emotions in a sample of 127 undergraduates. Individual differences in sociability, but not shyness, were significantly related to categorization accuracy under conditions of limited presentation time, but not under circumstances of unlimited stimulus presentation time. Adults self-rated as low to moderate in sociability were significantly less accurate in categorizing facial expressions of emotion, albeit only under conditions of rapid stimulus presentation. These results suggest that individual differences in sociability and social exposure may influence the ability to categorize facial expressions of emotions.
Convergent and Discriminant Validity of Opinion Leadership
Authors: Gnambs Timo , Batinic Bernad
Published: April 2011

Influential individuals who shape the attitudes and behaviors of their peers are termed opinion leaders. The interpretability of research on opinion leadership, however, has frequently been hampered by the use of divergent instruments that follow either a domain-specific view of opinion leadership or a more domain-independent trait conceptualization. In two studies, multitrait-multimethod matrices are analyzed regarding the convergent and discriminant validity of both approaches. Study I (N = 407) demonstrates the stability of the opinion leadership scales over time and their discriminant validity to established measures in personality (e.g., extraversion) and attitudinal research (e.g., involvement). Study II (N = 185) replicates these results in the form of a multitrait-multiinformant design, demonstrating high convergence of self- and peer-assessments. However, different operationalizations of domain-independent opinion leadership displayed limited convergent validity, indicating that they capture different, albeit related, traits.
Extraversion and Motor Response Initiation
Authors: Houlihan Michael , Stelmack Robert M.
Published: April 2011

This article explores the contribution of differences in motor response initiation and execution to the biological bases of extraversion. Specifically, we examined individual differences in the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) for introverts and extraverts under conditions influencing stimulus evaluation time prior to response execution, i.e., stimulus information value and tonal complexity. The salient effects were longer stimulus-locked LRP and shorter response-locked LRP for extraverts than introverts to simple imperative stimuli to respond. The present studies (1) confirm that extraverts initiate movement faster and are less efficient than introverts in the processing of simple stimulus signals to respond and (2) endorse the view differences in sensory-motor processing are important determinants of variation in Extraversion.
A review on array mutual coupling analysis
Authors: Craeye C. , González‐Ovejero D.
Published: April 2011

An overview about mutual coupling analysis in antenna arrays is given. The relationships between array impedance matrix and embedded element patterns, including beam coupling factors, are reviewed while considering general‐type antennas; approximations resulting from single‐mode assumptions are pointed out. For regular arrays, a common Fourier‐based formalism is employed, with the array scanning method as a key tool, to explain various phenomena and analysis methods. Relationships between finite and infinite arrays are described at the physical level, as well as from the point of view of numerical analysis, considering mainly the method of moments. Noise coupling is also briefly reviewed.
Drug Action on the Metabolic Changes Induced by Acute Hypoxia on Synaptosomes from the Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Benzi G. , Arrigoni E. , Pastoris O. , Villa R. F. , Dossena M. , Agnoli A. , Giuffrida A. M.
Published: April 2011

The synaptosomal fractions obtained from the motor area of the cerebral cortex of normocapnic, normoxic, or hypoxic, untreated beagle dogs and of pentobarbital (Nembutal®)- or cytidine diphosphate (CDP)-choline-treated dogs were incubated and analyzed for ATP, ADP, AMP, creatine phosphate, pyruvate, and lactate. The data were compared with data obtained by the surface freezing technique from the whole contralateral cortical area. The in vivo intracarotid perfusion of the drug differentially affected the content of the metabolites and their ratio. This occurred whether the evaluations were performed in the incubated synaptosomal preparations or in whole cerebral tissue, both during normoxia and after hypoxia (15 min; Pao2 = 17–19 mm Hg). Thus intracarotid perfusion of nembutal increased the synaptosomal phosphorylation state both in normoxic and in hypoxic animals, whereas the effect on the metabolism of the contralateral cortical motor area as a whole was in all cases less than that observed in the synaptosomal fraction. Perfusion with CDP-choline increased synaptosomal phosphorylation after the hypoxic condition, but had no effect in normoxia or on the whole cortical tissue of the motor area. The possibility of obtaining a cerebral sparing action by utilizing molecules devoid of anesthetic action is suggested.
Autoradiographic Determination of Regional Brain Glucose Content
Authors: Gjedde Albert , Diemer Nils Henrik
Published: April 2011

Brain glucose content is an important experimental variable that affects the value of the “lumped constant” of the 2-deoxyglucose method. The apparent volume of distribution in brain of the nonmetabolizable glucose analog, 3- O-methylglucose, depends only on the glucose content. From the kinetic constants of glucose transport and the apparent volume of distribution, we used autoradiography to calculate the regional glucose content of the normal rat brain. The regional glucose content varied only insignificantly in gray matter regions; the average glucose content of all rat brain slices examined was 4 μmol g−1, with an average plasma glucose concentration of 8.6 m M. Regional values varied between 3.4 and 4.6 μmol g−1. Thus, there is no reason to believe that the regional values of the lumped constant vary significantly in normal rat brains.
Computed Tomography and Positron Emission Transaxial Tomography Evaluations of Normal Aging and Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: de Leon Mony J. , Ferris Steven H. , George Ajax E. , Reisberg Barry , Christman David R. , Kricheff Irvin I. , Wolf Alfred P.
Published: April 2011

Young normal subjects, old normal subjects, and patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type (SDAT) were studied with both computed tomography (CT) and positron emission transaxial tomography (PETT). Increases in ventricular size with both aging and disease were measured. Regional glucose metabolic rate was not affected by age, but was markedly reduced in SDAT patients. These data indicate that in normal aging, structural brain changes may be more salient than biochemical changes. Although both structural and biochemical changes occur in SDAT, the biochemical changes are more marked. The results suggest that PETT is potentially more useful than CT in the in vivo diagnosis of SDAT.
Focal Increases of White Matter Glucose Utilization Produced by Electrical Stimulation of Rat Motor Cortex
Authors: Sharp Frank R. , Bzorgchami Sherzad , Kilduff Thomas
Published: April 2011

The right motor cortex was electrically stimulated in adult, awake rats for 45 min. Local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) was measured in white matter pathways with the (14C)-2-deoxyglucose method. Stimulation increased LCGU in focal regions of the right internal capsule to 51.3 μmol/100 g/min, compared to 39.8 on the control left side. Stimulation also increased LCGU in the right, medial pontine pyramidal tract to 36.2 μmol/100 g/min, compared with 27.3 on the control left side. The data demonstrate that electrical stimulation of motor cortex neurons increases LCGU 30 to 40% in the efferent myelinated axons of those neurons.
Local Cerebral Blood Flow with Fentanyl-Induced Seizures
Authors: Maekawa Tsuyoshi , Tommasino Concezione , Shapiro Harvey M.
Published: April 2011

Local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) was evaluated with the [14C]iodoantipyrine quantitative autoradiographic technique in 29 brain structures in conscious control rats and during fentanyl-induced electroencephalographic (EEG) spike and/or seizure activity and in the postseizure EEG suppression phase. During spike activity, LCBF increased in all structures; the increase reached statistical significance (p < 0.05) in the superior colliculus, sensorimotor cortex, and pineal body (+ 130%, + 187%, and + 185% from control, respectively). With progressive development of seizure activity, LCBF significantly increased in 24 brain structures (range, +58% to +231% from control). During the postseizure EEG suppression phase, LCBF remained elevated in all structures (+80% to +390% from control). The local cerebrovascular resistance (LCVR) significantly decreased in 10 of 29 structures with the onset of spike activity (range, –24% to –64%), and remained decreased in all brain structures during seizure activity (range, –34% to –67%) and during the EEG suppression phase (range, –24% to –74%). This reduction of LCVR represents a near maximal state of cerebrovasodilation during fentanyl-induced EEG seizure or postseizure suppression activity. The global nature of the LCBF elevation indicates that factors other than local metabolic control are responsible for CBF regulation during local seizure activity.
Regional Changes in Cerebral Blood Flow and Blood — Brain Barrier Permeability during Epileptiform Seizures and in Acute Hypertension in Rabbits
Authors: Suzuki R. , Nitsch C. , Fujiwara K. , Klatzo I.
Published: April 2011

Interrelationship between the breakdown of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) to Evans blue and elevations in the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was studied in rabbits subjected to adrenaline- or metaraminol-induced systemic hypertension and also in bicuculline-induced seizures. The rCBF was assessed in small samples from various regions of the brain with the use of [3H]nicotine, and the permeability of the BBB was evaluated with an Evans blue tracer. In acute hypertension, Evans blue extravasations were observed in the occipital cortex and sometimes in the superior colliculus, i.e., the regions which also showed the highest elevations in rCBF. The breakdown of the BBB in acute hypertension was clearly related to the rate of mean arterial blood pressure rise, being much less pronounced in the metaraminol group, which showed a much slower blood pressure elevation rate. In bicuculline-induced seizures, there was no evident correlation between the amplitude of rCBF elevations and Evans blue extravasations. Preservation of BBB integrity was observed in areas showing high elevations in the rCBF.