bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“The Jeffersonian Idea of National Security” Revisited
Authors: Sofka James R.
Published: January 2019

This chapter is the first of two to explore United States President Thomas Jefferson’s approach to the Tripolitanian War. It argues that Jefferson sought to protect and expand American commerce whilst eroding the trade networks of England and France as means of gaining a stronger position in the international economy. It suggests that Jefferson’s use of commerce as a tool of foreign policy was not related to pacifism and diplomacy, but rather an extra arm of defence on the world stage. It provides a thorough exploration of Jefferson’s political and economic motives for the war, and in doing so compares Jefferson’s speeches to the language of Realpolitik. It also explores the advocacy of economic warfare; and details the feud between Jefferson and Hamilton concerning British rule. It concludes that the Tripolitanian War can be considered a component of a larger geopolitical strategy to defend and advance the political and economic interests of America. It also asserts that historians should treat this war within the nineteenth-century political sphere, and refrain from making comparisons to twenty-first century American foreign policy.
The “Old” Navy, Late 1500s-1652
Authors: Bruijn Jaap R.
Published: January 2019

This section explores the Dutch Republic’s navy in the late 1500s through to 1652, which Bruijn classifies as the ‘Old’ navy period. It is divided into four sections: naval operations against Spain and the Dunkirk Privateers; the boards of the Admiralties at work; the development of a naval officers’ corps; and the international demographics of naval crews and the labour conditions they worked under. It concludes in 1652, asserting that the standard system of operations was on the cusp of becoming obsolete when face to face with developments in shipping technology and structures.
Introduction
Authors: Bruijn Jaap R.
Published: January 2019

During the Middle Ages a number of territories within the boundaries of the modern Netherlands, Belgium and northern France each developed similar ruling institutions in the form of local parliaments or states. In the fifteenth century, the dukes of Burgundy succeeded in joining most of these territories together under a single ruler, but the tradition of provincial autonomy remained strong. At long last, the Habsburg emperor Charles V (who reigned 1515-1555) ruled all the territories, seventeen in number. The seat of the central government was established at Brussels, with the rights of the provincial institutions being largely oppressed in favour of the Brussels' court. From 1556 onwards, however, Charles V's son and successor, King Philip II of Spain, and his governors rekindled the old spirit of provincial opposition against centralized rule by pursuing fierce religious and fiscal policies. The Protestant iconoclasm of 1566 shook the foundations of their power and caused Philip to install the Duke of Alba as his military governor. Alba's high-handed and arbitrary rule subsequently provoked the Dutch revolt. In 1572, after some initial disturbances, the provincial ruling States of Holland and Zeeland, under the leadership of William of Orange (the Silent), launched a revolt against Alba that soon gained the support of other provinces. A long and fierce struggle ensued, finally to result in the birth of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, comprising Holland, Zeeland and the five other northern provinces of Utrecht, Gelderland, Overijssel, Groningen and Friesland....
Introduction
Authors: Armstrong John , Williams David M.
Published: January 2019

The coming of the steamship was one of the great watersheds in the history of humankind. For the first time, transport could be powered independently of the elements of animal or human power. The implications were wide-ranging because the assured power of steam permitted a hitherto unprecedented degree of regularity in the scheduling of services. In turn, this regularized all sorts of commercial transactions, including personal travel, and impinged on the experience of vast swathes of the population through a new discipline of time and a broadening of horizons as the new mode of transport shortened distance and permitted the more rapid transport of goods, people and information. The lives of individuals and institutions were transformed by the coming of the steamship, first at a local level, but within decades of the first commercial voyages at regional, national, international and world levels. The steamship was the prime agent of a world economy and the globalization process. Moreover, the transformation wrought by the steamship took place in less than a century....
The Steamboat and Popular Tourism
Authors: Armstrong John , Williams David M.
Published: January 2019

This chapter refutes the historical belief that the mass recreational travel began with the railway. Instead, it provides evidence that this pioneering role belonged to the steamboat. It first considers the features of the early steamboat that appealed to passengers, such as speed, reliable service, and comfort, and finds no such guarantees were offered by sail. It then examines regional surveys of steamboat activity to determine how they were optimised for recreational usage, with particular focus on activity around the River Clyde. It explores the marketing of steamboat travel and the target audience for these excursions (primarily the upper and middle classes), and the development of travel guide books, coastal resorts, and other foundations of modern tourism. It concludes that despite operating at a coastal rather than national level, steamboat leisure and travel services laid the groundwork for modern travel and and holiday culture, many years before rail got involved.
Ships and Shipbuilders in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Davis Ralph
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the development of ships and the role of shipbuilders across England during the seventeenth century. It begins by examining the technical changes to ships in the sixteenth century, with major elements including the transition to three-masted ships and the lengthening of ships in relation to their beams. It examines the seventeenth century struggle to trade coal in English vessels due to their structural unsuitability in comparison to superior European flyboats. It then explores the British use of Dutch bulk-carriers taken as prizes during the Dutch Wars; and the reasons for the reluctance of British shipbuilders to alter their methods. It concludes with the collapse of East Anglian shipbuilding due to the preference for Dutch prize-ships, and the realisation that British shipbuilding needed to develop in order to expand.
The Nearby and Northern European Trades
Authors: Davis Ralph
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides a thorough exploration of trade between Britain and Northern Europe during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It studies the bulk rates of goods imported and exported; the way trade operations differed depending on the goods involved; and the variety in shipping across regional ports. It documents how the coal, wine, timber, and corn trades operated in Northern Europe and Britain. It compares British shipping with neighbouring French, Dutch, and Baltic shipping. It concludes by stating that Baltic products were of increasing demand during the period, and that Anglo-Baltic trade grew at the expense of Dutch-Baltic trade, which damaged Anglo-Dutch relations.
The East Indian Trade
Authors: Davis Ralph
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores trade between Britain and East India during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It follows the actions of the East India Company (and to a lesser extent, the Levant Company) and their trading activity in India and parts of Asia. It examines the various types of trade cargo including salt, silk, pepper, and Chinese tea; analyses freight rates; and discusses the competition with Dutch ships. Finally, it details the management structure of the East India Company and the way in which it managed to generate profit and success. It concludes that this success drew the unfavourable attention of Parliament.
Structure
Authors: Boyce Gordon
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the ownership of the Furness Group and the impact of closely-knit shipping companies on the group’s overall administrative structure. It uses Alfred Chandler’s patterns of expansion - vertical integration and horizontal combination - to provide an overview of the growth of large companies in both British and American markets, before turning attention to the structural dynamics of the Furness Group itself. It explores the patterns of internal ownership beginning with Christopher Furness’ holdings over time before moving into discussion of consolidation under the Furness Group, and through to the management of new subsidiaries. It also explores the company’s decision-making and administrative processes in the shipping sector between 1901 and 1912, and the course of administrative adjustment between 1900 and 1919. The relationship between the Furness Group, British Maritime Trust (BMT), and Chesapeake and Ohio (C&O) comes under close scrutiny throughout the chapter, and the management structure after Christopher Furness’ death in 1912 also comes under analysis. It concludes that much of the company was shaped by Furness’ personal influence and stature, so much so that his succession would undoubtedly necessitate change to its internal structure and a shift toward a more ‘businessman-like’ management.
Finance
Authors: Boyce Gordon
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores Furness Withy’s financial structure and performance, data that offers insights into the policies of a firm operating solidly while the shipping industry and British business in general went through a period of substantial modification. It provides analysis of Christopher Furness and his successors strategies when attempting to attract capital. It devotes particular attention to how chief decision makers developed communication strategies and adapted information channels to secure funds. It also considers the financial aspects of running a family business, and the balance between relying on profit and outside money to support growth, and paying dividends and reinvesting profits. The conclusion states that Furness had a particular fundraising system that involved inter-related elements - a mixture of personal commitments, long-term supporters, risk/reward strategies, and the preservation of personal control. It was after his death that the shift from personal to corporate financial operations took place, though he attempted to instigate this shift during his lifetime.
Holding Company Investment Activities and Intermediary Operations
Authors: Boyce Gordon
Published: January 2019

This chapter charts the investment policies and financial operations of both Furness Withy and British Maritime Trust (BMT) as they became the central holding companies within the Furness Group. It is primarily concerned with the shift in management structure within the Furness Group from personal to corporate finance. The first half explores the changes to fund-allocation policy, and the second half analyses how the shift in structure affected the Group’s investments and their range of diversifying services. It concludes that the Furness Group did not embrace new, high-growth sectors but instead relied on prosperous industries they had previously established information networks with.
Rwandan Fiction
Authors: Hitchcott Nicki
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides a detailed context to the state of Rwanda’s literary and publishing infrastructure, as well as the economic, political and linguistic challenges that hinder its continued development. In particular, the lack of accessibility that Rwandans had to fiction and publications prior to the early 2000s, and how this has had an effect on the fiction produced about the genocide. As a result of the large number of factors that hinder the production and distribution of genocide fiction by Rwandan authors, this chapter analyses the skewed perception of the genocide in the West, and how Rwandan literature is presented to the Anglophone world.
Introduction
Authors: Bush Ruth
Published: January 2019

In April 1946, Paul Flamand, director of Éditions du Seuil, wrote to the French colonial ministry to request a tonne of paper. The French publishing industry had been severely hit by paper restrictions in the immediate post-war period: 150,000 tonnes were needed to refill stocks which had fallen to a low of 12,000 by 1945. While levels had recovered by 1949, such material consequences of the war were to weigh on French publishing until the mid-1950s....
Authenticity and authorship
Authors: Bush Ruth
Published: January 2019

‘Authenticity and authorship’ is the first chapter in the ‘Mediations’ section of the text and explores how institutional conditions shaped and responded to notions of African authorial subjectivity in the early post-war period. The chapter builds on the primarily textual analyses of Jonathan Ngate and Michael Syrotinski, concerning narrative agency and African subjectivity, and approaches the discursive construction of an authorial subject in material terms.
Sabri Louatah and the Qui fait la France? Collective
Authors: Kleppinger Kathryn A.
Published: January 2019

The concluding chapter to the book compares two recent literary phenomena: a manifesto by a group of artists who sought for greater recognition of their artistic projects as well as the Les Sauvages trilogy by Sabri Louatah. The manifesto strongly proclaims the group’s frustrations with literary labelling and also condemns French society for on-going marginalization and discrimination. Their literary and political projects become confused, however, in that they often seem to contradict themselves by arguing for greater openness in readings of their work but then published a collection of short stories specifically about racism and discrimination in contemporary French society. Louatah’s trilogy, on the other hand, employs Arab characters but in a clearly fictionalized setting. His interviewers ask him much more about his writing process and artistic goals, and when they move toward social or political matters he politely tells them he has nothing to say. The presence of these two currents, the chapter argues, demonstrates that the descendants of North African immigrants to France have reached a point where many perspectives are possible and publicized by the mainstream media, which is perhaps the clearest sign of accomplishing their goals of being treated as insiders to French society.
The Voices of Maghrebi Migrant Women in French Téléfilms
Authors: Kealhofer-Kemp Leslie
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers the theme of agency in French téléfilms featuring first-generation women that were broadcast between 1993 and 2012. These include Yamina Benguigui’s Aïcha series and films by Philippe Faucon, Rachid Bouchareb, and Malik Chibane. The chapter first outlines the specificity of French téléfilms and gives and overview of the representations of first-generation women on French television more broadly. Then, it considers the extent to which Maghrebi women appear to achieve agency in French téléfilms and identifies factors that constitute barriers to agency. When taken together, these films present a vision of agency that is to a very large extent equated with behaving in a ‘Westernized’ fashion, conforming to norms of individualism dominant in France, whereas an absence of agency is associated with the perpetuation of traditions associated with the country of origin that are portrayed as patriarchal and oppressive to women. The families of the first-generation women in these films play a prominent role in the respective narratives and impact the treatment of the question of agency, and the readings of these films are supported by Berghahn’s work on ‘diasporic families’ in contemporary European cinema.
Conclusion
Authors: Kealhofer-Kemp Leslie
Published: January 2019

This book challenges the notion that first-generation Maghrebi migrant women, as a group, constitute a uniformly silent generation and are victims because of their status as immigrants, Muslim women, or women in a traditionally patriarchal culture. The cinematic representations of first-generation women are diverse, and while some of the films examined in the study do not necessarily invite viewers to identify with the first-generation women portrayed in them, the majority of them do promote an appreciation of the experiences and hardships lived by this generation of women. The book concludes with a discussion of feature films depicting Maghrebi women protagonists that are in production at the time of writing (directed by Hafsia Herzi and Fejria Deliba, respectively). These films suggest that first-generation women from the Maghreb in France continue to serve as inspiration for filmmakers in France.
Towards a Narrative Pachacutic
Authors: Lambright Anne
Published: January 2019

This chapter studies Rosa Cuchillo (1997), by indigenous-mestizo writer, Oscar Colchado Lucio. Narrated by three indigenous characters, the novel portrays both the Shining Path’s and the state’s inability to understand indigenous Andean culture, while modeling an Andean-driven truth and reconciliation process. The novel relies almost exclusively on Andean characters who call upon autochthonous discourse, knowledge, and spirituality to create an Andean historical, political and affective archive that contrasts with that created and disseminated through other, official processes. In recounting the past and imagining the future, Rosa Cuchillo becomes a model of “intercultural communication” and “epistemological decolonization” (Quijano), and by channeling the therapeutic processing of the conflict through Andean modes of interpretation, it suggests one outcome could be a cultural, if not political, Pachacutec—an Andean revolution.
Irish society and the military
Authors: Huddie Paul
Published: January 2019

This chapter will show that the war was a period in which people’s perception of the soldier and his family was irreversibly altered, and that Irish people partook in this social movement as much as their peers in Britain through widespread charitable activity. It will also provide detailed analysis of charities’ organisations and lives of the soldiers’ wife. This chapter will also discuss the motivations of the men and boys who enlisted or obtained commissions in the land and naval forces between 1854 and 1856, the recruitment strategies employed by various state agencies and the effectiveness of the same. To all this will be added the geographical and social disposition of recruits and the fluctuations in recruit numbers. This chapter will show that due to the politicisation which Irish population and the army underwent in the subsequent decades the Crimean War represents the last popular surge in Irish recruitment as well as enthusiasm for the military before the First World War.
Porfirio Díaz, Positivism, and ‘The Scientists’
Authors: Priego Natalia
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces the reader to the socio-ideological environment of the Porfiriato - as the 27 years of Diaz’s uninterrupted dictatorshp (1884-1911 is known - and the years immediately before. This discussion establishes the context for the popularity in intellectual and elite circles of a philosophy, Positivism, which stressed the need for order and control of the masses in order to secure economic progress. The chapter concentrates upon the ideas and careers of two of the most controversial and prolific ‘scientists’, Sierra and Bulnes. It examines their links with other supposed member of the group, including José Yves Limantour. It shows that the documents in the archive of Bulnes clearly reveal the identities of its members, who constituted an intellectual clique rather than a political party.
The eradication of the myth
Authors: Priego Natalia
Published: January 2019

This brief chapter sets out the principal conclusions of the monograph. Having established, especially in chapter 4, that ‘the scientists’ as a whole were not specifically Spencerian, notwithstanding the assertion to the contrary of their contemporary Porfirio Parra and, latterly, Zea, it stresses, on the basis of a detailed reading of the vast corpus of Spencer’s original publications, that Sierra and Bulnes, in particular, had a limited understanding of Spencerian ideas. Reflected in the often superficial nature of the sources, primarily French, to which they had access, this factor tended to distort and misrepresent his ideas, especially on the matters of race and evolution. The myth referred to is Zea’s insistence that the Mexican positivists were Spencerians. The reality is that they were men of their time, struggling to understand and assimilate theideas that reached them from Europe ansd the United States, but whose ideology was determined by their class interests, which would be best protected by the permanence in office of Porfirio Díaz.
Piaf and her public
Authors: Looseley David
Published: January 2019

The chapter moves from the invention of Piaf to the ways in which her public became the crucible in which the imagined Piaf was forged. It examines the early responses to her performances, first in cabaret and subsequently in the larger music halls of Paris and elsewhere. Reviewers were struck from the outset by her astonishing voice and its semiotic embodiment in her tiny, vulnerable body, producing what Barthes calls the grain of the voice. The chapter goes on to identify three particular sets of meanings which emerge from these responses: society and politics; the body, gender and sexuality; and religion and spirituality.
A singer at war
Authors: Looseley David
Published: January 2019

The chapter concentrates on the ambiguous meanings Piaf’s life and work assumed during the German occupation and immediately afterwards. It briefly critiques those who have tried to present her as a heroine of resistance by contrasting this myth with the accusation of collaboration made against her at the Liberation. But it primarily examines public reactions to her during the occupation period, showing that she was at times both ethnicised and gendered by extreme collaborationists, yet simultaneously became a focus of nostalgia for a nation that had abruptly ceased to be a republic and could no longer recognise itself. The identitarian meaning she acquired during the war was intensified in her work with the Compagnons de la chanson and particularly in their song ‘Les Trois Cloches’, whose Vichy values were at the Liberation conveniently recast as evoking the timeless values of ‘deep France’.
Ideology, tragedy, celebrity
Authors: Looseley David
Published: January 2019

Although Piaf’s early work in the 1930s had occasionally lent itself to appropriation by the Left, America completed her discursive shift from voice of revolt to voice of France. Identification with her nation helps explain the emotional character of her reception by French audiences, still founded on the myth that she always sang about herself. That myth was greatly intensified by the death of her lover, the world-famous boxer Marcel Cerdan, in 1949, which united Piaf and her public in national mourning. From then on, as her health deteriorated, her life and work were constructed in tandem as a tragedy. And her lyricists, composers and biographers picked up and embellished this construction, so that her late performances became quasi-religious rituals of emotion. At the same time, her love affairs and health problems were being seized on by the media, turning her into an early example of the celebrity diva.
Postlude: Back to Basics
Authors: Ashley Mike
Published: January 2019

Inevitably with so much change and radicalism in the field there were a few editors and magazines that strove to restore some normality and seek to present a more traditional and less angry form of sf. Although some of these had a small measure of success, like ABORIGINAL SF, they lacked funding and generally fell by the wayside. Also it was evident that those who wanted the basic form of SF as represented in many films and TV series had shifted towards the gaming market and so the traditional core of magazine readers were being syphoned away by new forms of entertainment. However, there was also a growth in sf magazine production in colleges and universities, plus the reemergence of magazines as paperback anthologies.
Introduction
Authors: Shippey Tom
Published: January 2019

This chapter argues that science fiction is hard reading because it requires the reader to process information at a level additional to that required for the reading of all fiction. The vital feature which distinguished the genre is the presence of the novum, a discrete item of information which the reader recognises as not present in the real world. Such items need first to be recognised and then collated to create an alternative vision of reality, the whole process having been described by the critic Darko Suvin as cognitive dissonance: the dissonance demanding recognition, the collation adding the cognitive element. Science fiction is a high information literature, information being used here in the technical sense of information theory.
Literary Gatekeepers and the Fabril Tradition
Authors: Shippey Tom
Published: January 2019

All of us who work with science fiction, I am sure, have a store of insults to record from those in authority. Perhaps the award for the crassest example recorded at this conference should go to Sheila Finch’s senior colleague, who said to her after she had published her first science fiction work, ‘I hope your next book is a real novel’. But though that was remarkable both for its brevity and its dismissiveness, it also remains in a sense typical. I repeat that I am sure that all of us past a certain age have not only heard but have got used to hearing similar statements. In spite of their frequency, I would suggest that, if they were mere random and individual examples of thoughtlessness, or rudeness, the right tactic would be to tolerate and as far as possible ignore them. However, I do not think that is the case. It seems to me that the open hostility to science fiction so often seen within academic departments of literature has a common and even a compulsive root. By facing this, I think we put ourselves in a position to learn something about ‘contests for authority’, both within our field and over our field....
Introduction
Authors: Shippey Tom
Published: January 2019

In this chapter two views of history are presented and opposed to each other: the Whig interpretation, which tends to see history as proceeding naturally and inevitably to the present state, often as a result of purposive action by revered individuals, and a view pioneered by Thomas Malthus, which sees history rather as the product of impersonal forces with unpredictable results. In science fiction the two are often opposed to each other, creating an argumentative tension which becomes the true subject of the story. If it were possible to change the past, by time travel for instance, would such change be possible? Would it be desirable? The different positions taken up by different authors are demonstrated and discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Shippey Tom
Published: January 2019

Following on again from the previous chapter, this chapter focuses on the responses of mainstream reviewers to the two alternate histories written by Kingsley Amis, The Alteration (1976), and Russian Hide and Seek (1981). When these appeared, Amis was such an established author that responses were required in journals which normally ignored science fiction. As a result, some fifty critics with little or no knowledge of the genre were obliged to write mass-media reviews. The results are embarrassingly bad. Many failed to understand the books even on the simplest level: what happens in them. Unfamiliarity with the conventions of the genre caused often complete failure to appreciate the individual works. Science fiction proved to be hard reading indeed: too hard for some. The sophistication of the genre requires equally sophisticated reading.
The Cold War in Science Fiction, 1940–1960
Authors: Shippey Tom
Published: January 2019

There are many definitions of science fiction, but one thing nearly all of them agree on is this: science fiction contains, must contain, some element known not to be true to the-world-as-it-is (see the start of item 1, above). But there is no rule that says you have to tell the reader which element that is. Consider, for instance, the first four statements from ‘Solution Unsatisfactory’, a story by ‘Anson MacDonald’ (really Robert A. Heinlein) published in ...
Introduction
Authors: Shippey Tom
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers the ways in which modern myths, or symbolic images (such as the Statue of Liberty) may be presented in science fiction only to be disfigured, and on occasion to be recreated in significantly different form. Iconic buildings, flags, beliefs and cherished examples of rhetoric are all in one way or another challenged, ironised, or torn down within science fiction scenarios, as part of a process of self-criticism and self-examination rather rare within American society. Nothing is sacred in science fiction. Yet the self-criticism often co-exists with renewed self-assertion, from deeply patriotic authors, concerned above all to determine the true nature of America.
The Fall of America in Science Fiction
Authors: Shippey Tom
Published: January 2019

The picture on the cover of the December 1966 issue of Fantasy & Science Fiction is of the Statue of Liberty, recognizable immediately by its raised arm, seven-pronged diadem, and severely expressionless features. Yet the statue is lying on or rather in the ground, from which it appears to have been recently excavated. A small human figure in singlet and trunks stands by its lip, its gestures vividly conveying incomprehension. Four others look on in poses of doubt or inquiry. What this picture means is on one level obvious enough: this must be a scene from the future, indeed the far future, in which the Statue of Liberty has been not only felled and buried, but also forgotten, so thoroughly forgotten that the future excavators, whoever they are, can no longer even guess the purpose of the artefact they have discovered. The meaning of this cover is the precariousness of meaning, the evanescence of that which most Americans would take to be most solid, most eternal....
Being Playful: Parody and Disappointment
Authors: Kawakami Akane
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the relationship between Modiano’s novels and ‘popular’ genres such as detective fiction, showing how their resemblance results in a readability which works in Modiano’s favour. However, Modiano’s detective figures turn out to be ‘postmodern’ detectives who repeatedly fail to solve the mysteries they are asked to take on, or are distracted from the task at hand to end up parodying detective fiction, or autobiography, or even the Proustian quest for the self. The disappointment felt by the reader who has read Modiano’s novel as a detective novel, as an autobiography or a post-Proustian Proust novel is examined as a consequence of postmodern parody or experimentation. Modiano’s parodying of various different genres – usually of a very gentle kind – is discussed in detail, as is his slightly mischievous use of his own forename, ‘Patrick’.
The Anglo-Spanish Society and Spanish democracy
Authors: Martínez del Campo Luis G.
Published: January 2019

I explore how the political changes that took place in Spain after Franco’s death prompted a process of transformation within the BSS. I also analyse how the improvement of British-Spanish relations increased the importance of the BSS as a useful diplomatic tool. Finally, I explore the educational programmes that the BSS has launched over the last years (e.g. the BSS scholarships programme).
Epilogue
Authors: Martínez del Campo Luis G.
Published: January 2019

I defend that the history of the BSS is a perfect example of how cultural strategies have played a key role in foreign policy since the early 20th Century. Furthermore, I suggest that the BSS is a pioneer institution in the development of British-Spanish cultural relations. Finally, I argue that the BSS played an important role in the development of the Spanish language education in the UK.
Appendix: Memories of a retired member of the Executive Council of the Society
Authors: Scanlan John
Published: January 2019

My late wife Marina and I joined the Anglo Spanish Society over forty years ago, when Sir Peter Allen was Chairman. He had been Chief Executive of ICI and was married to the elegant and charming Consuelo Allen, whose family owned the glamorous Embassy Café in Madrid. I became a member of the Council. In those days our Society’s main event was a ball held mostly at the Grosvenor House Grand Ball Room in Park Lane. It was a major event in the social calendar attracting between six hundred and a thousand punters. Often Royalty were present. I can remember Prince Edward attending with Princess Elena of Spain and on another occasion Princess Alexandra and her husband, Sir Angus Ogilvy. When the ball took place at Syon House, Prince Charles and Lady Diana graced the occasion....
La Anglo-Spanish Society en el periodo de entreguerras
Authors: Martínez del Campo Luis G.
Published: January 2019

La guerra terminó y el intenso interés desapareció, justo cuando se encontró una oficina, una secretaria fue nombrada y la petición sistemática de fondos empezó.

John Mackay54

54Anglo-Spanish Society. Hon. Organising Secretary’s Reports. General and Financial 1916–1919. AASS.

El final de la Gran Guerra supuso el inicio de un nuevo camino para la Anglo-Spanish Society, que renunció definitivamente a cualquier tipo de objetivo bélico y tuvo que adaptar sus fines y organigrama a la nueva situación. Aunque tanto la sede de Londres como sus filiales ya estaban funcionando a pleno rendimiento a la altura de 1918, el interés del gobierno británico y el respaldo de diferentes sectores sociales disminuyeron con el advenimiento de la paz. Por un lado, la Foreign Office optó por una tutela menos intensa de la asociación, la cual nunca llegó a realizar la tarea de propaganda en el exterior para la que había sido creada. Por el otro, la mayoría de sus promotores había condicionado su participación en el proyecto al enfrentamiento armado. Es decir, entendieron que su vinculación a esta institución era una especie de servicio a la patria en un momento difícil y la firma del armisticio hizo que muchos de ellos abandonaran el barco....
Conclusion
Authors: Pak Chris
Published: January 2019

Paying special attention to the role of landscaping, Bakhtinian dialogism, the science fictional megatext, pastoral and utopian discourse, ecology and environmentalism, the conclusion to Terraforming considers how the terraforming motif provides a point of convergence for all these dynamics and discourses. The main part of this section reflects on the terraforming narratives that have been published during and after the mid-1990s and suggests many fruitful avenues for further research into terraforming. Ultimately, this section argues that terraforming demonstrates the tendency for science fiction to operate as a literature of landscaping, an environmental literature that examines the importance of the world in the light of contemporary technological innovation and intervention into nature.
Levinas the Novelist
Authors: Davis Colin
Published: January 2019

Some of Levinas’s published work suggests hostility towards literature. Nevertheless, since his death it has been discovered that he nurtured literary projects of his own. His posthumous archive contains material towards two novels, both of which deal with the experience of the Second World War. This chapter discusses this material in the context of his philosophical work.
Whose War, Which War?
Authors: Davis Colin
Published: January 2019

The conclusion returns to the theoretical issues which crystallize around traumatic hermeneutics. The path to finding what is unspoken in an utterance may be hazardous, presumptuous, and beset by the possibility of overreading and error. This does not make it avoidable or redundant, or any less important.
Towards a National Immunization Programme
Authors: Dwyer Michael
Published: January 2019

Chapter seven undertakes close analysis of municipal immunization schemes in Cork and Dublin in the wake of the Ring incident and in the face of impaired public health service provision attendant on wartime conditions. It argues that the municipal anti-diphtheria immunization scheme in Cork city was the only intervention mounted in Ireland or Britain to attain immunization rates comparable to those achieved in North America. In Dublin, failure to organize a comprehensive immunization scheme facilitated the recrudescence of diphtheria in numbers not witnessed since the pre-vaccine era, and increased diphtheria mortality left parents with a difficult decision to make: to present children for treatment to a compromised public health service or to expose them to a rampant, virulent, and increasingly fatal diphtheria infection.
Ageing, Authorship, and Female Networks in the Life Writing of Mary Berry (1763–1852) and Joanna Baillie (1762–1851)
Authors: Culley Amy
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines older women’s literary friendships in the context of critical narratives of ageing, authorship, and gender, as depicted in the correspondence and (auto)biographical writing of Joanna Baillie and Mary Berry. These works reveal creative and collaborative exchanges, relationships with writers (both from their own generation and the next), interactions with publishers and booksellers, anxieties of reception, the pleasures and pains of ageing, and their commitment to continued publication into late life. In addition to studies of Romanticism and old age, conversely, reading literary networks and social authorship through the lens of ageing brings into sharper focus intra- and intergenerational connections and locates Berry and Baillie within and beyond Romantic literary culture. Furthermore, extending the analysis of life writing materials to include the biographical prefaces, obituaries, and collective biographies that followed the deaths of Baillie and Berry helps us to refigure the enduring literary legacies of these authors.
After the ‘Perfect Book’
Authors: Killeen Martin
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the history of publications printed in Baskerville type by English printers other than John Baskerville himself. During Baskerville’s lifetime, his foreman Robert Martin was the only printer to use the type when he assumed temporary management of the press at Easy Hill between 1767 and 1771. Following Baskerville’s death in 1775, his widow Sarah used it to print two books herself, whilst several other Birmingham printers (Robert Martin again, Christopher Earl, Thomas Chapman, James Bridgwater, the bookselling partnership of Pearson and Rollason and James Smith who published in Newcastle-under-Lyme) published a range of books during the next two decades with Baskerville founts obtained from an auction. Some doubtful or unattributed publications in Baskerville type are noted and discussed as well as some London publications printed in the fraudulent ‘Fry’s Baskerville’ font.
“Guilty Men,” Complexes, and Legends
Authors: Miller Christopher W.
Published: January 2019

This short chapter serves as an overview of the topic, and a brief survey of the literature on military industrial complexes and armaments manufacture
From “Outsiders” to “Insiders”: Industry and the Rehabilitation of the Supply Planning Framework
Authors: Miller Christopher W.
Published: January 2019

This chapter covers the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, and the impact it had upon British defence. It discusses the government’s understanding of ‘defensive deficiencies’ and the measures taken to remedy them via the cancellation of the Ten Year Rule and investigations in the Committee of Imperial Defence, all occurring in a time of severe political and financial constraints. The second part of the chapter covers the role of businessmen such as James Lithgow and their attempt to rationalise the bloated shipbuilding industry through the National Shipbuilders Security scheme.
Introduction
Authors: Juárez-Almendros Encarnación
Published: January 2019

The introduction defines and describes the academic field of disabilities studies. It explains the different models of disability, --social, medical, religious, constructionist-- as well as the recent scholarship in disability studies. It also explains the major concepts drawn from other disciplines to illuminate the construction of disability, such as Erving Goffman’s stigma theory, Mary Douglas’s notion of the other as “dirt,” and Michael Foucault’s social constructionism. Diverse theories of the body as well as phenomenological perspectives complement these constructionist positions. Furthermore, the introduction delineates theoretical disability studies in the humanities and particularly discusses applications of disability methodologies in the analysis of early modern literary productions. Finally, it expounds the feminist approach to disability theory used in the book.
The Creation of Female Disability: Medical, Prescriptive and Moral Discourses
Authors: Juárez-Almendros Encarnación
Published: January 2019

The first chapter explores sixteenth and seventeenth century Spanish medical, regulatory and moral discourses in order to show how they inherit, reproduce and propagate an amalgam of Western traditional concepts of the female embodiment. The exposition includes selected medical works from the fifteenth to the end of sixteenth century that deal with anatomic descriptions of bodily functions, the role of each sex in procreation, and the explanation of diseases, prophylactic measures and cures. In addition, chapter 1 examines discourses of the plague and syphilis in order to show how stigmatizing diseases particularly affected women. Besides medical treatises, the chapter examines influential moral works, such as Juan Luis Vives’s De Institutione Feminae Christianae (1524) and fray Luis de León’s La perfecta casada (1583), as well as discourses on poverty such as Vives’s De subventione pauperum (1525), and Cristóbal Pérez de Herrera’s Amparo de pobres (1598), to illuminate how the established conception of female mental and physical inferiority had detrimental consequences for her diminished social role.
Visual and Sonic Imagery in Postcolonial Francophone Culture
Authors: Solheim Jennifer
Published: January 2019

With my reading of Yasmina Khadra’s novel The Sirens of Baghdad (2006), I demonstrate that listening is not a given in any social exchange across either ethnic or gender lines: if no motive or desire to listen is present, voices go unheard and are, in effect, silenced. My analysis of Khadra’s work is framed by a discussion of both visual and aural sirens in pop culture and media. I conclude with an analysis of how sirens redirect narrative focus and argue that, as literary cut sound, sirens are emblematic of the call to listen—they demand focus and attention.
Citational Hooks
Authors: Solheim Jennifer
Published: January 2019

In this chapter I conceptualize the citational hook, a term I use to describe within a cinematic or theatrical narrative, the interpretation of a popular song that imbues the lyrics with new and subversive or transgressive meaning), which is introduced through sing-along performances to Anglophone rock songs in Marjane Satrapi’s film Persepolis (2007) and Wajdi Mouawad’s play Incendies (2003). Working with Judith Butler’s concept of citation, Roland Barthes’s essay ‘The Grain of the Voice,’ and Michel Chion’s analysis of cinematic syncresis, I demonstrate how the performances in Mouawad’s and Satrapi’s respective works can be heard as subversions of French universalist stereotypes of Middle Eastern femininity and masculinity that are linked to the symbols of the veil and the gun. I contextualize the performances through the universalist representations of immigrant men and women in France that have led to strictures on Arab women’s dress and the social marginalization of Arab men. The sing-along performances demonstrate that it is imperative to look beyond received symbols of Middle Eastern women’s oppression and the stereotype of Middle Eastern men as inherently violent and to allow for a broad range of possibilities for how masculinity and femininity are expressed within Middle Eastern ethnic identities.
Violence, Mourning and Singular Testimony
Authors: Hiddleston Jane
Published: January 2019

‘Violence, Mourning and Singular Testimony’ explores the political influence in Djebar’s work from the 1990s. The chapter assesses the writer’s use of religious and political discourse in light of feminist discussion and the upsurge of Islamist terrorism.
Making the Old North on Merseyside
Authors: Wawn Andrew
Published: January 2019

‘Making the Old North on Merseyside: A Tale of Three Ships’, written by Andrew Wawn, focuses on a discussion of three Victorian makers of the Viking middle ages, John Thomas Stanley, George Stephens and John Sephton, and aims to give these sons of Merseyside the recognition that they deserve for their pioneering work in philology, and old northern languages and literatures.
Liverpool’s Lorenzo de Medici
Authors: Wilson Arline
Published: January 2019

‘Liverpool’s Lorenzo de Medici’, written by Arline Wilson, discusses William Roscoe’s study of Lorenzo de Medici and its subsequent reception. Also included in this chapter is a biography of Roscoe’s personal life and upbringing in Merseyside.
Competent vs. Incompetent Students: Polarization and Social Closure in Madrid Schools
Authors: Rojo Luisa Martín
Published: January 2019

Chapter four adopts a discursive analytical approach to reveal the language-based assumption that creates hierarchies in education systems. The author, Luisa Martin Rojo, uses a case study of Madrid schools to support this general argument.
Introduction
Authors: Britton Celia
Published: January 2019

The Caribbean’s history of transportation, slavery and migration has created a situation in which the question of community becomes particularly urgent. The islands’ societies are the pure product of colonization, which eliminated most of their indigenous inhabitants and transported millions of Africans to work on the plantations in conditions that obliterated most of their traditional social structures and practices. In these violently dislocated populations, there could be no ‘natural’ sense of community evolving peacefully over the years; rather, the ...
Introduction
Authors: Feys Torsten
Published: January 2019

Why do we need another study on European mass migration to the United States during the long nineteenth century at a time when many historians are encouraging a shift away from an Atlantic and modern focus that has long dominated the sub-discipline?1 The answer is that we need such a study because one recurring question remains unanswered: how did the migrant trade evolve with the introduction of steamships and influence the relocation of approximately thirty-five million people across the North Atlantic during the long nineteenth century? More than half a century ago, Maldwyn Jones, Frank Thistlewaite and Rolf Engelsing drew attention to the fact that transatlantic migration was determined by trade routes....