bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La democracia en los microestados del Caribe oriental: un análisis de su viabilidad
Authors: Giacalone de Romero Rita
Published: January 2016

Los intentos en las cuatro  últimas  colonias europeas  en  las Antillas (Granada,  Dominicana,  Santa  Lucia  y San Vicente) por  alcanzar una   democratización   completa,  son  examinados   a partir   del  estudio   de  aspectos históricos,  sociales, culturales y económicos, en el marco  de su vulnerable situación geopolítica.
Interpretación de la independencia de América Latina
Authors: Chaunu Pierre
Published: January 2016

Articulo    contenido   en  La  independencia   de America Latina,   obra  conjunta con  P.  Vilar  y E. Hobsbawm.   Plantea  la necesidad  de rom­per  mitos  historiográficos  creados en el siglo XIX y calcados   del modelo   de independencia de las colonias  norteamericanas.  Propone  un esquema  más  complejo   que  precise   y enriquezca  el estudio.
En una tierra inmensa y sin clérigos. La fundación del seminario del Tucumán, 1587-1611
Authors: Pérez Puente Leticia
Published: January 2016

En este trabajo se estudia la creación del seminario conciliar de la diócesis del Tucumán. Un colegio muy distinto a los ordenados en el concilio de Trento, tanto por sus características, como porque su fundación formal tuvo por objetivo que la Compañía de Jesús se arraigara en el territorio tucumano y se hiciera cargo de la evangelización. Se trata de un ejemplo de cómo los mandatos del Concilio de Trento debieron modificarse al implantarse en Indias, pues, al igual que cualquier otra norma, los decretos canónicos tuvieron que adaptarse para responder a las necesidades de cada una de las diócesis, a las características de la tierra y a la forma en que en ella se organizaban los poderes.
El cultivo del trigo en Nueva Galicia durante el siglo XVII
Authors: De León Meza René
Published: January 2016

Este artículo estudia los factores que determinaron el desarrollo y consolidación del cultivo del trigo en varias comarcas del reino de Nueva Galicia durante el siglo xvii tomando como referencia la última fundación de Guadalajara. Destaca lo vital que fue para esta industria la mano de obra indígena a través del sistema de repartimiento forzado y la vigencia de este hasta el siglo xviii en contraste con Nueva España donde fue suprimido desde 1633. La hipótesis aquí planteada es que la escasez de trigo y harina que constantemente sufrieron los habitantes de la ciudad de Guadalajara se debió a la confabulación de las autoridades del Cabildo con los comerciantes y productores para acapararlos, esconderlos y luego venderlos a precios elevados. La política que los regidores implementaron de no instalar una alhóndiga que concentrara y regulara la venta de esos productos confirma el anterior aserto.
Change agents and service providers? User organizations in the German healthcare system
Authors: Ewert Benjamin
Published: January 2016

In emerging healthcare markets, user organizations, conceived as patient organizations, self‐help groups, and customer services, now face the challenge of acting as both change agents and service providers. On the one hand, they are expected to push for user‐oriented healthcare reforms; on the other hand, they are urged to facilitate users’ healthcare consumption by supporting them in their decisions regarding healthcare providers and treatments, relationships to physicians, and concerning the promotion of health literacy. This plurality of tasks, which must be carried out against a backdrop of scant resources, means that many user organizations are in danger of losing their corrective civil society‐based influence vis‐à‐vis the power of healthcare professionals and providers. User organizations, having criticized the system in the past, may thus become ‘ordinary’ service agencies operating at arm's length from established healthcare providers and administrators. Given these developments, this contribution scrutinizes how different types of user organizations are responding to systemic change and the resulting conflicts. Drawing on an empirical study of the German healthcare system, two research interests are pursued. First, how do user organizations reshape their profiles in a more marketized healthcare system? Second, what strategies can a user organization adopt to minimize the risk of becoming a ‘jack‐of‐all‐trades’?
The Developing Trajectory of the Marketization of Public Employment Services in Denmark—A New Way Forward or the End of Marketization?
Authors: Breidahl Karen N. , Larsen Flemming
Published: January 2016

This article addresses the market for employment services. It adopts a dynamic perspective on welfare markets and demonstrates how the institutional design of quasi‐markets in the Danish Public Employment service has been promoted, altered, and re‐regulated over a period of 10 years. It was in 2002 when quasi‐markets have been created by using the instrument of contracting‐out employment services to private providers. Seen from the perspective of policymakers at the national level, contracting‐out is attractive as it has a buffering function and allows adapting the amount of the public financed employment services comparatively easy to changing needs resulting from changing labor market conditions. However, contracting‐out makes accountability to public goods more difficult as the chain of accountability is stretched or may even be broken. Against the background of accountability scandals, which have revealed the poor quality of privately provided services, the market design was re‐modeled again by replacing standardized national tendering with a decentralized, partnership‐based and dialogue‐oriented approach, where services are developed in joint efforts between purchaser and provider. All in all, the development of quasi‐markets in the Danish Public Employment system can be described as a partial reversal from marketization. Paradoxically, elements of network governance, which were abolished initially, have been introduced again.
The governance of hospital markets — Comparing two Bismarckian countries
Authors: Klenk Tanja , Reiter Renate
Published: January 2016

The privatization of hospitals has become a reform trend throughout Europe since the beginning of the 1990s. So far, the scholarly debate has focused primarily on changes in the welfare mix, concluding from the rising share of private for‐profit providers, a growing convergence of hospital governance throughout Europe. This paper sheds light on a neglected aspect of the reform trend, namely the differences in the regulation of the newly evolved hospital markets. The governance of hospital markets is discussed through the lens of the “tools of government” approach, taking Germany and France as examples. Empirically, the paper provides an overview of the major changes in the instruments applied in the field of hospital policy in both countries since the 1990s. Analytically, it contributes to the literature on policy instruments by refining the tools of government approach. We propose a typology that allows us not only to classify instruments of hospital policy but also to relate the changes in instrument choice to the changes in statehood.
Bending the Rules to Play the Game: Accountability, DRG and Waiting List Scandals in Norway and Germany
Authors: Neby Simon , Lægreid Per , Mattei Paola , Feiler Therese
Published: January 2016

Diagnosis Related Groups (DRGs) are used for financial and administrative purposes in hospital systems across the world, and are combined with a series of administrative tools to increase efficiency and effectiveness. Economic dysfunctions of such systems are widely reported, but the organizational basis of this managerial tool and the implications for hospital governance are less explored. This article shows, through eight case studies, how DRGs and waiting list management create opportunities for gaming in Norway and Germany. It argues that whereas these effects are relatively similar, the way they are handled by different accountability types varies considerably between Norway and Germany. Despite similarities in gaming and accountability challenges in the single cases studied, the Norwegian and German systems seem to cope with gaming in different manners, as could be expected: The institutional context creates premises for resolving such issues that vary more with the actual governance setting than with the nature of a given case. Both systems are marked by a certain ambiguity and complexity defined by reforms history, institutional dynamics, and administrative traditions: the German legal‐oriented, Bismarckian system is as ambiguous as the Norwegian consensus‐oriented Beveridge‐type system.
Crisis, Policy Discourse, and Major Policy Change: Exploring the Role of Subsystem Polarization in Nuclear Energy Policymaking
Authors: Rinscheid Adrian
Published: January 2016

Why do policy responses to one and the same event often vary so markedly between different jurisdictions? This contribution sheds light on conditions and processes that link crises to policy change or policy stability. Drawing on public policy theories and accounts from crisis management, the type of policy subsystem that is hit by a crisis is theorized to be a decisive factor when it comes to explaining variation in crisis‐induced policy reactions. The theoretical arguments are explored based on a comparative case study of Fukushima's differential impact on nuclear power policymaking in Japan and Germany. In order to systematically analyze interaction patterns of policy elites, the study capitalizes on recent methodological advances and applies a method called discourse network analysis. The analysis yields topographies of policy discourses around the Fukushima crisis in both countries and shows that crises can trigger major policy shifts when “anchors” for policy change—i.e., alternative policy ideas and proposals put forward by a minority coalition—are readily available. If a pre‐crisis subsystem is unitary, on the other hand, the pressure on incumbents is rather low and policy shifts are prevented from going beyond mere incremental adjustments..
Addressing Multilevel Program Complexity by Evaluation Design
Authors: Sager Fritz , Mavrot Céline , Hadorn Susanne
Published: January 2016

In this paper, we present the evaluation design for a complex multilevel program recently introduced in Switzerland. The evaluation embraces the federal level, the cantonal program level, and the project level where target groups are directly addressed. We employ Pawson and Tilley's realist evaluation approach, in order to do justice to the varying context factors that impact the cantonal programs leading to varying effectiveness of the implemented activities. The application of the model to the canton of Uri shows that the numerous vertical and horizontal relations play a crucial role for the program's effectiveness. As a general learning for the evaluation of complex programs, we state that there is a need to consider all affected levels of a program and that no monocausal effects can be singled out in programs where multiple interventions address the same problem. Moreover, considering all affected levels of a program can mean going beyond the borders of the actual program organization and including factors that do not directly interfere with the policy delivery as such. In particular, we found that the relationship between the cantonal and the federal level was a crucial organizational factor influencing the effectiveness of the cantonal program.
The Use of Evidence Within Policy Evaluation in Health in Ghana: Implications for Accountability and Democratic Governance
Authors: Vecchione Elisa , Parkhurst Justin
Published: January 2016

The use of evidence in policymaking is commonly considered a good practice of democratic governance by improving accountability, effectiveness, and stakeholders’ involvement in policy decisions. The features of this practice, however, remain vague in the general discourse of evidence‐based policymaking (EBPM) with the risk of obscuring important governance and legitimacy implications. In policy evaluation especially, the use of evidence can be critical to translate technical measurements of policy achievements into political values for shaping future policy directions. We present a case study based on the health policy review process in Ghana in order to discuss how institutionalized evidentiary practices used in policy evaluation affect structures and processes of democratic governance. Drawing on qualitative interviews with international and local actors, we reflect on how the evidence review process—a process agreed in collaboration with development partners—links to the evidence advisory system and the accountability systems in place. We find that the uses of evidence promoted by international donors within the evaluation process actually creates disconnect with the national accountability system in place, with implications for democratic governance.
Understanding Six Water Leadership Roles: A Framework to Help Build Leadership Capacity
Authors: Taylor André , Arriëns Wouter T. Lincklaen , Laing Matthew
Published: January 2016

This paper describes six leadership roles that often feature in processes of change that drive more sustainable forms of water management in developed and developing countries. These are referred to as the champion leader, enabling leader, cross‐boundary team leader, thought leader, strategic leader and trusted advisor roles. The paper also highlights some of the key leader competencies (e.g., skills) and leadership strategies (e.g., behaviours) associated with these roles. Understanding these roles can help to build the leadership ability of emerging water leaders and therefore the capacity of the water sector to drive change. It helps to ‘cut through the complexity’ of leadership development by providing a practical framework to identify which leadership roles are most relevant to a developing leader, and therefore the types of knowledge, skills, leadership models, case studies and leadership strategies to include in tailored leadership development activities. It also helps to identify which roles an emerging water leader is most suited to, and provides a framework to help analyse how people in different leadership roles typically work together to drive major processes of influence in the water sector. This framework is now being used to inform the design of water leadership development programmes around the world.
Water Disputes between Punjab and Sindh: A Challenge to Pakistan
Authors: Ranjan Amit
Published: January 2016

Water disputes between Punjab and Sindh provinces in Pakistan pose a challenge to its existing federal‐state relationship. Sindh alleges that Punjab, due to its domination over state's machinery, diverts the water resources at the cost of others. This dispute is not a new rather it exists since the irrigation system was developed in this region. The colonial rulers constructed canals to promote loyalty and secure their interests. The loyalists and soldiers were provided with land to produce cash crops in canal colonies. The partition of India in 1947 also partitioned the existing irrigation system. Since 1947 many futile attempts have been made to manage the water disputes between Punjab and Sindh. The reasons for it are not only the physical availability of the water resources but many more.
Improving the reliability of radial face seals of aircraft engine rotor supports
Authors:   Samara State Aerospace University, Falaleev S. , Bondarchuk P. ,   Samara State Aerospace University, Ibatullin I. ,   Samara State Technical University, Badykov R. ,   Samara State Aerospace University
Published: January 2016

The article presents an advanced radial face contact seal with increased operational life. High efficiency of the radial mechanical seal is ensured by the joint application of the hydrostatic and hydrodynamic lubrication principles. The hydrodynamic effect is achieved by applying the structure of fine grooves on the rotor hub. The dependence of the flow force value in the slot for a fixed-size gap on the rotor speed is presented. A prototype has been made and tested on a dynamic test bed intended for the realization of operating conditions of support seals making up a part of an aircraft engine. The results of theoretical and experimental studies are presented. Ways of improving the seal reliability due to improving the surface mechanical properties are proposed. A pattern of the development of a functional failure of the seal assembly is presented. The most adverse operating conditions and the main reasons of increased wear of the sealing surfaces are indicated. Methods of achieving high anti-friction characteristics of contact surfaces by applying nanostructured nonporous chrome-diamond coatings are proposed. Issues concerning the creation of advanced coatings with a positive gradient of depth mechanical properties are discussed. Anti-friction, anti-seize silver-diamond coatings and the use of diffusion molecular reinforcement technology are at the basis of the production of advanced coatings. The paper indicates the importance of anti-friction and extreme-pressure additives contained in the oil.
Topical issues of gas turbine engine friction unit reliability
Authors:   Samara State Aerospace University, Parovay Ye. , Ibatullin I. ,   Samara State Technical University
Published: January 2016

Operation of bearings and seals of gas turbine engines (GTE) is associated with adverse wear effects of friction parts. Boundary friction occuring in startup - shutdown and extreme engine operating modes is characterized by high values of the friction ratio and damage of friction surfaces in the contact zone. This results in damage accumulation, wear and changes in the geometry of the friction surfaces, which leads to degraded performance properties of the product and functional failure. In this case the requirements for fixed geometry in turbomachinery bearings and seals are very strong, since any undesirable change in the shape or size of the working gap leads to a decrease in unit efficiency and engine efficiency as a whole. In addition to the boundary friction regime, the efficiency of bearing and sealing units is decreased due to power friction losses. These losses are always present in friction units, but they can have a significant effect on the unit performance in off-optimum operation (including the turbulent flow regime in the working gap and the wrong choice of lubricant). Some of these problems are solved constructively by changes in the shape of working surfaces, use of special materials and advanced coatings, as well as timely control of the lubricant purity.
Formation of a model of rheological properties of hard-to-machine materials in the process of intensive cutting force deflection
Authors:   Samara State Aerospace University, Khaimovich A. , Balaykin A. ,   Samara State Aerospace University, Galkina N. ,   Samara State Aerospace University
Published: January 2016

Improving the efficiency of high-speed machining (HSM) requires in-depth study of the physical phenomena accompanying the cutting process. The main difference between HSM and traditional machining in terms of physics is the prevalence of swift dynamic processes both in the cutting zone and in the “machine - fixture - tool – product” system, as well as marked nonlinearity of the laws of development of these processes. In this regard, the study of physical phenomena accompanying the process of HSM, and the establishment of their relationship with the stability of the cutting process and the quality of the machined surface is an urgent task. This article describes a procedure of determining the parameters of the rheological properties of the titanium alloy BT6 material used in aircraft engine construction, in face milling. The calculations were performed in the CAE system Deform using a FEM-model.
Experimental research of the surface layer quality and cutting forces in flat grinding of the BT6 titanium alloy
Authors:   Samara State Aerospace University, Fedorov D. , Skuratov D. ,   Samara State Aerospace University
Published: January 2016

A set of mathematical models, finite-element models and empirical dependences is being developed. All of them require practical testing. The article presents the results of experimental research of the quality and characteristics of grinding specimens made of the BT6 titanium alloy widely used in aerospace industry. Machining was conducted on a modern surface grinding machine, model 3D711VF11 by a ceramically bonded silicon carbide disk. The operation components of the cutting force, surface roughness (before and after machining of the specimens), as well as residual stresses were measured in the course of operation. All measurements were performed with the same specimens that were sequentially machined with the measurement of the earlier described parameters. In view of this, it is possible to trace all the transformations that take place inside the specimens. A force gage made jointly with the Department of Mechanical Engineering of SamGTU (Samara State Technical University) was used as a force-measuring system. The results of the research can be used to verify the adequacy of the mathematical models created and provide an insight into some processes occuring in surface grinding of flat titanium alloy blanks.
Estimation of tension of the surface layer of parts after hardening by different methods of surface plastic deformation
Authors:   Samara State Aerospace University, Sazonov M. , Solovatskaya L. ,   Samara State Aerospace University
Published: January 2016

A method of control of shot impact methods of surface plastic deformation is presented in the paper. The possibility of controlling the hardening process of parts made of titanic alloys in terms of deflection of plates made of carbon steels is shown. Because of differences in the resilient and plastic properties of materials and as they show different tendencies to hardening their deformation will occur with different speed and intensity over time. In the case of the greatest deflection of the testplate it may not be up to the required degree of hardening of the part made of another material. Cases of insufficient hardening or rehardening of the part’s surface layer may occur in controlling the hardening on plates made of U8A steel. One of the indices of the surface layer is its energy level, therefore the intensity of exoelectronic emission of the surface of the part treated can be used as a criterion of estimation of the stress-strain state of the surface layer. Non-destructive testing of hardening and finishing of the surface layer can be accomplished comparing the part tested with the reference standard.
Editorial
Authors: Camargo Mayorga David Andrés
Published: January 2016

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Jóvenes en el mercado de trabajo formal brasileño: un análisis cuantitativo
Authors: Da Silva Filho Luís Abel , Ferreira Da Silva Fábio José , Nunes De Queiroz Silvana
Published: January 2016

En la década de 1990, la alta tasa de desempleo era parte de la realidad del mercado laboral brasileño. En este escenario, la mano de obra juvenil fue la más penalizada al tener las tasas más bajas de empleo, con la mayoría de ocupados en el sector informal y la obtención de ingresos bajos. Sin embargo, durante la primera década de este siglo, la dinámica del mercado laboral nacional fue distinta de la observada en la última década, sobre todo desde 2004, con el aumento en la creación de puestos de trabajo formales. Por lo tanto, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el mercado de trabajo de menores y jóvenes (en edades entre 14 y 24 años). El marco de tiempo de este análisis cubre los años 1992, 2002 y 2012; los datos corresponden a la Información Social Anual (RAIS), del Ministerio de Trabajo y Empleo (MTE). Metodológicamente se realizó una revisión de la literatura relativa a la inserción de los jóvenes en las actividades de trabajo, y se calculó un indicador para la estimación de la participación de los jóvenes ocupados formalmente en Brasil. Los principales resultados muestran que entre 1990 y 2000 se dio un empeoramiento de la entrada de los jóvenes en el mercado de trabajo brasileño. Además, se encontró que la formalización promovida durante la década del 2000, no alcanzó a la mano de obra formal de jóvenes.
Medición alternativa del bienestar: aplicación del índice abreviado del bienestar a la encuesta de presupuesto familiar en Venezuela
Authors: Campos Urribarri María Lorena
Published: January 2016

Este trabajo se propuso calcular el Índice Abreviado del Bienestar (IAB) para describir el perfil de bienestar arrojado por la Tercera Encuesta Nacional de Presupuestos Familiares venezolana (IIIº EPF). Siguiendo la metodología establecida por sus creadores, se evidenciaron aspectos mejorables e incompatibilidades con los datos que llevaron al ajuste de las fórmulas originalmente propuestas. La versión corregida del IAB fue aplicada resultando que los hogares gozan en promedio de 14% de bienestar, para lo que son determinantes las dimensiones de subsistencia y protección. Los hogares mejor posicionados con menos de 5 miembros, no superan la clase media, con tasas de remuneración y de cobertura de previsión social mayores del 30%, sin analfabetas y con buen nivel de educación. El estrato socioeconómico de pertenencia y las ‘horas de trabajo’ parecieran mediar entre los indicadores de gasto y el IAB. Hay poca desigualdad concentrada en el primer decil de la población.
Marketing experiencial para la promoción del proceso educativo a nivel de pregrado: un estudio de dos universidades privadas
Authors: Caridad Migdalia , Castellano María Isabel , Hernández María Fernanda
Published: January 2016

Considerando que las universidades requieren gestionar estrategias que le permitan ofertar sus actividades, productos académicos, investigativos y de extensión, a fin de no perder competitividad en el mercado, la presente investigación se plantea como objetivo determinar el marketing experiencial para la promoción del proceso educativo a nivel de pregrado en universidades privadas de Barranquilla (Atlántico, Colombia) y de Maracaibo (Estado Zulia, Venezuela). La población estuvo constituida por 300 estudiantes de dos universidades privadas (150 de cada una). El trabajo se sustentó en un estudio cuantitativo y descriptivo. Entre los principales resultados se destaca que el 73% de los informantes señaló que casi siempre recibe conocimientos de valor, apenas el 10% experimenta sensaciones agradables en función de sus cinco sentidos al recibir los conocimientos por parte de los facilitadores, y el 37% indica que siempre los elementos (logo, colores y eslogan) utilizados por la universidad le generan prestigio. Se obtuvo que la base del marketing emocional está en la respuesta positiva que da el cliente al decidirse por comprar el servicio como resultado de una emoción.
Indicadores para la gestión de facultades: un estudio de dos casos en España
Authors: Fagundes Jair Antonio , Crespo Soler Cristina , Ripoll Feliu Vicente , Ferreira Maria Leonor
Published: January 2016

El objetivo de este artículo es explorar los indicadores para hacer la gestión de dos facultades privadas en España. Se hizo la recolección de datos a través de entrevista, observación directa de los investigadores y análisis de documentos internos de las instituciones de enseñanza. Al final fue posible identificar los indicadores de gestión, financieros y no financieros, de acuerdo con las cuatro perspectivas del Cuadro de Mando Integral (CMI). Se concluye que el caso uno utiliza 34 indicadores, siendo 12 financieros, 10 relacionados con los clientes, 10 de la perspectiva interna y solamente 2 vinculados al desarrollo personal; en el caso dos, se utilizan 41 indicadores, siendo 10 financieros, 11 de los clientes, 11 de los procesos internos y 9 relacionados con el desarrollo personal. Estos resultados están en línea con los resultados obtenidos en otras investigaciones de nivel internacional.
Microeconomía de la producción de ganado vacuno de carne en el valle medio del rio sinú (montería – colombia): un estudio de caso
Authors: Castillo Nuñez Omar , Kerguelen Macea María , Negrette Guzmán María
Published: January 2016

Este artículo tiene como objetivo contrastar empíricamente aspectos de la teoría  microeconómica de la producción aplicada a una unidad empresarial de ganado vacuno cebado en pie en Montería (Colombia) para los años 2005-2013. Para tal fin se describe la técnica de producción utilizada, se evalúan los resultados técnicos y económicos, se modela la función de costo total, y se construye una función de oferta–precio mediante técnicas econométricas. Los resultados aportan evidencia empírica adicional acerca de que el uso de técnicas intensivas en alimentación con pasturas naturales mejoradas, suplementos y cuidado de la salud animal, permiten obtener resultados de producción y productividad física que se traducen en excedentes económicos positivos. La función de costo total mantiene una relación positiva con el nivel de producto y el precio de los insumos. El costo marginal es creciente y se intersecta con la función de costo medio mínimo en un nivel de producción de 33.529 kilogramos, correspondiente a un costo mínimo de $1.410 por kilogramo. Consistente con la función de costo marginal creciente, la función de oferta–precio tiene pendiente positiva para señalar que los productores responden positivamente a los incentivos de precio del mercado.
Modelo de gestión de la demanda energética integral
Authors: Hurtado Aguirre Enrique , Escamilla Mejía Juan Pablo
Published: January 2016

La  gestión energética significa optimizar una de las más complejas e importantes técnicas creaciones que conocemos: el sistema de energía. Existen una buena cantidad de métodos para la optimización de la generación de energía y su distribución. Por lo que el modelo de la demanda energética integral (DSM) es una estrategia para mejorar el sistema de energía en el lado del consumo. Se extiende desde la política energética, la economía experimental, la teoría de los agentes, la mejora de la eficiencia energética mediante software de soporte y aplicación, las tarifas de energía inteligente con incentivos para ciertos patrones de consumo, hasta los sofisticados sistemas de control en tiempo real de los recursos energéticos distribuidos. Este documento proporciona una visión general y una taxonomía para el desarrollo de un modelo sistemático integral de DSM, que analiza los distintos elementos de construcción, y ofrece un panorama sobre cómo emplear un modelo de análisis jerárquico de procesos y evaluación integral difusa para su implementación.
Rendición de cuentas en el sector público: ¿cuál es el alcance de la difusión de los resultados de la organización?
Authors: De Araújo E Silva Flávia , Do Carmo Mário Poueri
Published: January 2016

El objetivo de esta investigación es estudiar cómo los Tribunales de Cuentas brasileños hacen la rendición de cuentas de los resultados logrados por esas instituciones por medio de la planificación estratégica. La metodología se basa en una búsqueda documental en los planes estratégicos y en los informes de resultados con información sobre el alcance de los objetivos, indicadores y metas. También se hizo una comparación de estos informes con el informe de resultados del TCU, órgano de control externo con jurisdicción nacional. Se encontró que, aunque un fuerte discurso de transparencia esté presente en los planes estratégicos de las instituciones, sea en los valores o en los objetivos estratégicos, la divulgación de informaciones al usuario externo es una iniciativa ejecutada por pocos Tribunales. En conclusión, este estudio demostró que la rendición de cuentas debe ser fortalecida en estas instituciones, un hecho ya reconocido por la mayoría de los representantes de las unidades de planificación de estos Tribunales.
Modelos de auditoria pública: um estudo comparado entre as instituições brasileiras e a italiana
Authors: Cunda Daniela Zago Gonçalves da
Published: January 2016

O estudo, após um breve panorama sobre os principais modelos de Entidades Fiscalizadoras Superiores e sua evolução histórica, propõe uma análise comparativa entre Tribunais de Contas, seguida de considerações específicas quanto aos Tribunais de Contas do Brasil e a Corte de Contas da Itália. O objeto central da presente pesquisa é no sentido de indagar se as instituições comparadas se enquadram em um desejável modelo de Tribunal de Contas e quais seriam os requisitos necessários. Conclui-se pela necessidade de aprimorar a tutela dos direitos e deveres fundamentais e o desempenho do papel de provedor do princípio da sustentabilidade pelos Tribunais de Contas.
Analyzing the levels of depressive symptoms among secondary school students in Canada and Turkey
Authors: Karatas Zeynep , Tremblay Richard Ernest
Published: January 2016

To examine the level of depressive symptoms of the secondary school students in Turkey and Canada has been aimed in this study. The research group of the study consists of 1050 secondary school students with the average age of 13. Their socio-economic levels are low in both countries, Canada and Turkey. Data has been analyzed by independent groups t-Test, Two Way ANOVA and Tukey HSD Test. The study revealed that the level of depressive symptoms of Turkish secondary school students has been found higher than the level of depressive symptoms of Canadian secondary school students. While the levels of depressive symptoms of the Canadian female students have been higher than male students, the level of depressive symptoms of Turkish students has not differentiated in terms of their genders. While the common interactions of the educational levels of Turkish students’ parents on depressive symptoms have been found significant, the levels of depressive symptoms of Canadian pupils have not presented any changes according to parents’ educational levels. The results of the study have been discussed and some suggestions have been presented. Keywords: depressive symptoms, secondary school students, early adolescent, Canada, Turkey.
SOCIAL IDENTITY COMPLEXITY AND INCLUSIVENESS AS PREDICTORS OF INTERGROUP EMOTIONS
Authors: Branković Marija , Pavlović Maša , Žeželj Iris , Vladisavljević Marko , Jovanović Olja , Petrović Nebojša
Published: January 2016

As we belong to a host of groups, we have a multitude of social identities that are interdependent. Social identity complexity refers to the degree of overlap between cross-cutting group memberships while social identity inclusiveness to the range of people a person identifies with through shared group membership. In this paper, we explored the relationship between the complexity and inclusiveness of social identity, and feelings toward ethnic/religious in-groups, as well as feelings toward out-group members. The research was conducted in two cities in Serbia: Belgrade and Novi Pazar (N = 178; average age 23), allowing for comparisons between young Serbs and Bosniaks, who belonged to the groups with a recent history of conflict. We found that social identity complexity was unrelated, whilst social identity inclusiveness was systematically and positively related to more positive feelings toward religious and ethnic out-groups. This effect was significant across different ethnic groups (Serbs and Bosniaks) and local contexts (Belgrade and Novi Pazar). Both social identity complexity and inclusiveness were unrelated to emotions toward members of the own group. We related these results with the existing data on the social identity structure and intergroup relations, and discussed the importance of inclusive identities for building tolerant societies.
Treatment of Proximal Humeral Fractures
Authors: Jawa Andrew , Burnikel David
Published: January 2016

➢ There is substantial variability in the treatment of proximal humeral fractures because of classification systems with poor interobserver reliability, rapid advances in technology (e.g., anatomically designed locking plates and reverse shoulder arthroplasty), and limited Level-I and II evidence for best treatments based on fracture patterns and physiological age.

➢ Almost three-quarters of proximal humeral fractures can be treated nonoperatively with good functional results as nearly 50% are nondisplaced or Neer one-part fractures. Another quarter occur in infirm patients or are characterized by fracture patterns that reliably heal well with minimal complications.

➢ Displaced fractures in physiologically young patients should preferentially be treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) as functional outcomes are generally good and anatomical restoration can improve the results of subsequent arthroplasty, if needed.

➢ Improved results with fixation have been reported in association with the use of bone substitutes, fibular strut allografts, and inferior head-supporting calcar screws to prevent humeral head displacement and screw perforation.

➢ A number of recent trials have brought into question the advantage of both ORIF and hemiarthroplasty over nonoperative treatment for patients over the age of sixty years who have three and four-part fractures without dislocations.

➢ Reverse shoulder arthroplasty initially showed varied results for the treatment of irreparable fractures in healthy older patients, but recent Level-I and II studies have shown an advantage over hemiarthroplasty. Medium and long-term data are still needed.
First implementation of a SEMIZENTRAL resource recovery center
Authors: Tolksdorf J. , Lu D. , Cornel P.
Published: January 2016

The SEMIZENTRAL approach has been developed for fast growing cities, to meet their challenges regarding the supply of water and the treatment of biowaste and wastewater. Key elements of the SEMIZENTRAL integrated infrastructure approach are high resource efficiency due to urban water reuse and the usage of the energy potential of wastewater/sludge and waste, as well as its system size between central and decentral. In Qingdao (PR China), the SEMIZENTRAL Resource Recovery Center (RRC) has been implemented for the first time worldwide at full scale. The goal of high resource efficiency, which includes generating service water, has a significant influence on the process design of the RRC. Moreover, the influence of the site adaptation of the general SEMIZENTRAL approach to the actual location in Qingdao on emissions to the water body and on the energy balance has been investigated. Through comparisons with a conventional wastewater treatment plant, advantages and disadvantages are evaluated. Due to water reuse, energy can be saved, compared to alternative water resources. The discharged nutrient load decreases considerably. Nevertheless, the effort required for wastewater treatment increases.
Retraction Note: A Sort of New Improved Algorithm For Total Least Square
Authors: Yonghe Deng
Published: January 2016

The Publisher and Editor have retracted this article [1] in accordance with good ethical practices. After a thorough investigations
we believe that the peer review process was compromised. The article was published on-line on
Heuristic Evaluation of Ehealth Interventions: Establishing Standards That Relate to the Therapeutic Process Perspective
Authors: Baumel Amit , Muench Fred
Published: January 2016

In recent years, the number of available eHealth interventions aimed at treating behavioral and mental health challenges has been growing. From the perspective of health care providers, there is a need for eHealth interventions to be evaluated prior to clinical trials and for the limited resources allocated to empirical research to be invested in the most promising products. Following a literature review, a gap was found in the availability of eHealth interventions evaluation principles related to the patient experience of the therapeutic process. This paper introduces principles and concepts for the evaluation of eHealth interventions developed as a first step in a process to outline general evaluation guidelines that relate to the clinical context from health care providers’ perspective. Our approach was to conduct a review of literature that relates to the examination of eHealth interventions. We identified the literature that was most relevant to our study and used it to define guidelines that relate to the clinical context. We then compiled a list of heuristics we found to be useful for the evaluation of eHealth intervention products’ suitability for empirical examination. Four heuristics were identified with respect to the therapeutic process: (1) the product’s ease of use (ie, usability), (2) the eHealth intervention’s compatibility with the clinical setting, (3) the presence of tools that make it easier for the user to engage in therapeutic activities, and (4) the provision of a feasible therapeutic pathway to growth. We then used this set of heuristics to conduct a detailed examination of MyFitnessPal. This line of work could help to set the bar higher for product developers and to inform health care providers about preferred eHealth intervention designs.
Risk Disclosure Preceding Negative Outcomes: The Effects of Reporting Critical Audit Matters on Judgments of Auditor Liability
Authors: Brasel Kelsey , Doxey Marcus M. , Grenier Jonathan H. , Reffett Andrew
Published: January 2016

Audit practitioners, academics, and attorneys have expressed concern that disclosing critical audit matters (CAMs) will increase jurors' auditor liability judgments when auditors fail to detect misstatements. In contrast, this study provides theory and experimental evidence that CAM disclosures, under certain conditions, reduce auditor liability judgments as jurors perceive that undetected fraudulent misstatements were more foreseeable to the plaintiff (i.e., the financial statement user suing the auditor). However, we find that CAM disclosures only reduce auditor liability for undetected misstatements that, absent CAM disclosure, are relatively difficult to foresee. Finally, CAM disclosures that are unrelated to subsequent misstatements neither increase nor reduce auditor liability judgments relative to the current regime (i.e., where CAMs are not disclosed), but reduce liability judgments relative to reporting that there were no CAMs. As such, we find that, relative to stating there were no CAMs, disclosure of any CAM (i.e., related or unrelated) provides litigation protection in cases of undetected fraud. Consequently, the CAM requirement could incentivize auditors to disclose innocuous boilerplate CAMs, thereby diluting the impact of more warranted CAM disclosures.

Data Availabliity: Available from authors upon request.
Dimensional accuracy of ceramic self-ligating brackets and estimates of theoretical torsional play
Authors: Lee Youngran , Lee Dong-Yul , Kim Yoon-Ji R.
Published: January 2016

Objective: 

To ascertain the dimensional accuracies of some commonly used ceramic self-ligation brackets and the amount of torsional play in various bracket–archwire combinations.

Materials and Methods: 

Four types of 0.022-inch slot ceramic self-ligating brackets (upper right central incisor), three types of 0.018-inch ceramic self-ligating brackets (upper right central incisor), and three types of rectangular archwires (0.016 × 0.022-inch beta-titanium [TMA] (Ormco, Orange, Calif), 0.016 × 0.022-inch stainless steel [SS] (Ortho Technology, Tampa, Fla), and 0.019 × 0.025-inch SS (Ortho Technology)) were measured using a stereomicroscope to determine slot widths and wire cross-sectional dimensions. The mean acquired dimensions of the brackets and wires were applied to an equation devised by Meling to estimate torsional play angle (γ).

Results: 

In all bracket systems, the slot tops were significantly wider than the slot bases (P < .001), yielding a divergent slot profile. Clarity-SLs (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) showed the greatest divergence among the 0.022-inch brackets, and Clippy-Cs (Tomy, Futaba, Fukushima, Japan) among the 0.018-inch brackets. The Damon Clear (Ormco) bracket had the smallest dimensional error (0.542%), whereas the 0.022-inch Empower Clear (American Orthodontics, Sheboygan, Wis) bracket had the largest (3.585%).

Conclusions: 

The largest amount of theoretical play is observed using the Empower Clear (American Orthodontics) 0.022-inch bracket combined with the 0.016 × 0.022-inch TMA wire (Ormco), whereas the least amount occurs using the 0.018 Clippy-C (Tomy) combined with 0.016 × 0.022-inch SS wire (Ortho Technology).
The Future and the Commodity: Walter Benjamin and Eric Overmyer’s On the Verge
Authors: Appler Keith
Published: January 2016

Influenced by Frankfurt School thought, Eric Overmyer prefers Walter Benjamin’s hope for the future to pessimism like Theodor Adorno’s about capitalism’s control of the imagination. In Overmyer’s 1985 play, On the Verge or The Geography of Yearning, hope is already mixed with despair – as it is in Benjamin’s thought – because the things of this world can no longer embody Paradise; they may, however, gesture toward a lost whole which may yet be regained. As “commodities,” these things (the play’s objects, bodies, and words) gesture toward the human relationships elided in capitalist meanings, enlivening hope that utopia may yet be achieved. For Benjamin, apprehending utopia in the commodity becomes possible in the age of mechanical reproduction, with its accompanying “mass perspective” less in thrall to the cults of the past. It is a perspective the play’s women share with their audience, liberating an imagination that is always directed toward the future. But in addition to the provocation to the imagination offered by the commodity, the play effects and stages what Benjamin calls the “dialectical image”: the audience confronts these figures from the past looking forward toward them. It also registers the trope of the photograph, which brings the past forward in time. Benjamin thinks that looking toward both the future and the past renders the spectator a historical subject, one who apprehends the recurrent imperative – in the face of catastrophic failure – to regain Paradise. In On the Verge, as in Benjamin’s thought, the commodity becomes the ambivalent basis of a political poetics.
Dramatizing Biographers: Michael Meyer’sA Meeting in Romeand Robert Ferguson’sDr. Ibsen’s Ghosts
Authors: Rees Ellen
Published: January 2016

Using two plays that fictionalize the life of Henrik Ibsen, Michael Meyer’s A Meeting in Rome (1991) and Robert Ferguson’s Dr. Ibsen’s Ghosts (1999), as its primary texts, this article examines the broader ethical implications of staging the lives of real people and the implications, in particular, of inserting biographer–characters into dramatic works about the lives of real people. It aims to bring to light the ways in which biographer–characters in dramatic works written by biographers complicate the status of the biographer as a historical authority. Whereas Meyer actively seeks to strengthen his authoritative voice, constructing his mastery over Ibsen’s life story rhetorically through the figure of the biographer–narrator, Ferguson undermines the authority of the biographer by underscoring, through the dramatic action, how easily crucial information about Ibsen is both concealed from and overlooked by the biographer–character.
The Physics of the Mola: Writing Indigenous Resurgence on the Contemporary Stage
Authors: Carter Jill
Published: January 2016

Since 1991, a movement undertaken by Indigenous theatre workers on this continent has been steadily growing. These artists are actively mining their nations’ knowledge systems for the building materials with which to construct singularly Indigenous, nation-specific works that serve the communities and the biotas out of which those knowledge systems emerge. My purpose in this article is to consider the evolution of these investigations in the works of Spiderwoman Theater and Monique Mojica and the Chocolate Woman Collective. The article posits the mola – one material instance of, and repository for, an ancient Indigenous knowledge system – as an animating force that shapes and directs the process of creation and execution of contemporary works of the urban (and perhaps dislocated) artists who are now the daughters and granddaughters of the Revolución Tule.