bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O processo de terceirização de serviços hoteleiros: Motivações e fundamentos teóricos
Authors: Sato Kawana Harue , Martins Tomas Sparano , Kato Heitor Takashi , Martins Roberta Rocha Rosa , Da Silva Eduardo Damião
Published: August 2013

Este estudo discute o processo de terceirização em hotéis. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar por que os hotéis terceirizam seus serviços e atividades, e como ocorre o processo de terceirização nos hotéis em Curitiba, na perspectiva das capacidades dinâmicas. Especificamente tomou-se como base o modelo teórico de Teece (2007) das microfundações das capacidades dinâmicas, na qual o autor propõe que a exploração dos limites organizacionais e a coespecialização fazem parte da capacidade dinâmica das organizações. Quanto à análise, utilizou-se a técnica da análise de conteúdo do tipo categorial em seis hotéis. Os resultados mostram que as decisões das terceirizações foram motivadas principalmente por razões financeiras, tais como a possibilidade de redução de custos e a melhoria do desempenho financeiro.Com relação ao processo de decisão da terceirização, observou-se que processos formalizados são adotados especialmente por hotéis pertencentes a redes. Hotéis independentes adotam processos mais informais na decisão da terceirização.
Editorial
Authors: Dos Anjos Sara Joana Gadotti , Corrêa Cynthia Harumy Watanabe
Published: August 2013

Prezados leitores da Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Turismo (RBTur), a nossa revista em seu v.7, n.1, de 2013, é composta de 10 artigos.
Review Article: Communities of Enlightenment
Authors: GOODIN ROBERT E.
Published: July 2002

The Enlightenment model of social life is a seductive one. It depicts rational (or anyway reasoning) individuals choosing goals and plans and projects for themselves, with those autonomous individuals then coming together, of their own volition, in pursuit of shared interests and common goals. This founding fiction of the modern social world is well captured in the words of one Renaissance writer, who has God saying to Adam:
Rejoinder to Cox’s Comment on ’An Empirical Theory of Rational Nominating Behaviour Applied to Japanese District Elections’
Authors: BROWNE ERIC C. , PATTERSON DENNIS
Published: July 2002

We are pleased at the opportunity to respond to Professor Cox’s observations on our article ‘An Empirical Theory of Rational Nominating Behaviour Applied to Japanese District Elections’, which appeared in the previous issue of the Journal (pp. 259–89). His comments address several points including the motivation of our article, the way in which we characterize his prior work (with various co-authors) on the subject, and the adequacy of our effort to model the nominating process in Japanese district elections. While these points are not always separable, we shall address each of them.
EFFECT OF TIME INTERVAL BETWEEN POD SET AND HARVESTING ON THE MATURITY AND SEED QUALITY OF FLUTED PUMPKIN
Authors: ADETUNJI I. A.
Published: July 2002

A two-year study considered the effect of pod harvesting intervals of 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 or 20 weeks after pod set (WAPS) on the relationship between the physical condition of the pods, seed maturation and quality in fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis). Pod characteristics, such as the intensity of bloom wax on the pod and stiffness of the pod ridges, showed perfect linearity and correlation with the age of the pod, whereas changes in seed quality factors – germination, dry matter, oil and protein concentrations were curvilinearly associated with the time of pod harvest. Thus, seed quality factors increased steadily up to nine WAPS then declined. The point at nine WAPS defined as physiological maturity for fluted pumpkin seed and approximate visible indications of this point in the field were fairly stiff pod ridge condition and fading of bloom wax.
CHARACTERIZATION AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF INTENSIVE CROPPING SYSTEMS IN RAINFED LOWLANDS OF ILOCOS NORTE, PHILIPPINES
Authors: LUCAS M. P. , PANDEY S. , VILLANO R. A. , CULANAY D. R. , OBIEN S. R.
Published: July 2002

Many farmers are intensifying production systems by applying greater amounts of inorganic fertilizers, irrigation and pesticides, especially to cash crops. Such intensified systems, even though economically profitable in the short run, may not be sustainable. This paper analyses the economics and sustainability of an intensified rainfed rice-based system in Ilocos Norte, Philippines. Farmers use high levels of inorganic fertilizers for cash crops such as sweet pepper, garlic and tomato. Although these crops generate high levels of income, the high input systems may not be sustainable in the long run due to adverse on-site and off-site effects. Preliminary estimates of total factor productivity that include on-site effects only, display no clear time trend. However, negative externalities created by high nitrate contamination of groundwater and high rates of pesticide usage could make the system unsustainable by adversely affecting human health and the environment.
Linkage mapping of sex-specific differences
Authors: WU RONGLING , MA CHANG-XING , WU S. S. , ZENG ZHAO-BANG
Published: July 2002

Most current linkage analyses assume identical fractions of meiotic recombination between homologous marker loci of the two sexes. This assumption is not realistic, because considerable sex-related differences have been observed in recombination fraction. In this paper, a general EM-based algorithm is presented to estimate sex-specific recombination fractions for a mixed set of molecular markers segregating differently in a full-sib family derived from two heterozygous parents. The asymptotic variances of the estimates of linkage specifically for each of the parents are evaluated using a numerical analysis based on information functions. This approach will have important implications for precise gene mapping based on sex-specific linkage maps.
Three-point linkage analysis in crosses of allogamous plant species
Authors: RIDOUT M. S. , TONG S. , VOWDEN C. J. , TOBUTT K. R.
Published: July 2002

Ritter & Salamini (1996) presented a systematic account of
two-point linkage analysis in
allogamous diploid plant species. Vowden et al. (1995) described
an alternative approach that is
implemented in a computer program LINKEM. This paper describes how the
latter approach has
been extended to three-point linkage analysis, and implemented in a new
program
LINK3EM that is
available from the authors. The essence of the approach is for the computer
program to derive the
appropriate form of analysis for a specific cross from its ‘knowledge’
of the most general type of
cross that can arise. This avoids the need for programming specific codes
for the many different
types of cross that can arise. The program allows different locus orderings
and parental phases to
be compared. The Haldane or Kosambi map functions can be specified, although
it is also possible
to estimate all three pairwise recombination fractions without any assumed
map function.
Genetic variation affecting heart rate in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: ROBBINS J. , AGGARWAL R. , NICHOLS R. , GIBSON G.
Published: July 2002

Heart rate in pre-pupae of Drosophila melanogaster is shown to vary over a wide range from 2·5 to
3·7 beats per second. Quantitative genetic analysis of a sample of 11 highly inbred lines indicates
that approaching one-quarter of the total variance in natural populations can be attributed to
genetic differences between flies. A hypomorphic allele of the potassium channel gene ether-a-gogo,
which is homologous to a human long-QT syndrome susceptibility gene (HERG), has a heart rate
at the low end of the wild-type range, but this effect can be suppressed in certain wild-type genetic
backgrounds. This study provides a baseline for investigation of pharmacological and other
physiological influences on heart rate in the model organism, and implies that quantitative genetic
dissection will provide insight into the molecular basis for variation in normal and arrhythmic
heart function.
Neoproterozoic–Lower Palaeozoic stratigraphical relationships in the marginal thin-skinned thrust belt of the East Greenland Caledonides: comparisons with the foreland in Scotland
Authors: HIGGINS A. K. , LESLIE A. G. , SMITH M. P.
Published: July 2002

Throughout the 1300 km long East Greenland Caledonides, the western exposed marginal
thrusts overlie foreland rocks of latest Neoproterozoic–Early Palaeozoic age, mainly exposed in tectonic
windows. In the western, 100–130 km wide, marginal thrust belt, the thrust planes outlining the
windows appear to follow long flats developed in Lower Palaeozoic carbonates. East of the marginal
thrust belt, thrust inclinations steepen, and by implication the remaining part of the Caledonian
orogen extending eastwards to the present Atlantic Ocean coast is allochthonous and thick-skinned.
The contrast between the restricted Neoproterozoic–Lower Palaeozoic foreland succession and the
very thick and almost continuous sedimentation of the allochthonous Neoproterozoic Eleonore Bay
Supergroup–Tillite Group–Cambro-Ordovician sequence of the fjord zone of East Greenland confirms
the presence of distinct N–S trending facies belts on the northwestern passive margin of Iapetus.
Comparisons with the Caledonides of Northwest Scotland, which may originally have lain as little as
500 km south of the East Greenland Caledonides, provide further clues to the understanding of
Neoproterozoic–Early Palaeozoic basin geometry on this sector of the developing Iapetus margin.
The areas of the Laurentian margin represented in the foreland windows of East Greenland were
inboard of Neoproterozoic rifting but, with respect to the Torridonian basins of Northwest Scotland,
the Eleonore Bay Supergroup succession must have been laid down further outboard. Similarly the
Lower Palaeozoic developments of the foreland of Northwest Scotland are thicker than the equivalent
foreland sequences of East Greenland, but much thinner than the allochthonous East Greenland
Cambro-Ordovician succession.
The youngest Neoproterozoic mafic dyke suite in the Arabian
Shield: mildly alkaline dolerites from South Jordan – their
geochemistry and petrogenesis
Authors: JARRAR G.
Published: July 2002

The Arabian–Nubian Shield evolved through a sequence of tectonomagmatic cycles, which
took place during Neoproterozoic time (1000–540 Ma). Dyke emplacement constitutes one of the
conspicuous features of the Arabian–Nubian Shield, with mafic dykes being the most abundant. The
investigated dykes represent the youngest Neoproterozoic mafic dykes and have been dated in Jordan
at 545 ± 13 Ma. Geochemically the studied dykes are mildly alkaline, are enriched in large ion
lithophile elements (LILE) and high field strength cations (HFSC), show moderate enrichment of
REE, and lack Nb anomaly. These features are consistent with a predominantly extensional continental
tectonic setting. Crystallization temperatures of the suite fall between 1050 and 800 °C to as low as
650 °C as deduced from pyroxene thermometry. The investigated dykes were derived from a metasomatized
lithospheric mantle by 5 % modal batch partial melting of phlogopite-bearing spinel lherzolite,
according to geochemical modelling. The intra-suite geochemical features are explicable by 64 % fractional
crystallization of olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase and titanomagnetite and possibly other accessories
like apatite at a later stage. The cumulate produced from this fractionation of the investigated
dyke suite contributed to the formation of the mafic lower crust of the Arabian–Nubian Shield.
Elemental ratios and petrographic evidence indicate possible minor crustal contamination of the suite.
The youngest mafic dykes show striking geochemical similarities to the same generation of dolerite
dykes in the adjacent countries, to transitional young basalt suites of the Main East African Rift, and
to Quaternary Jordanian basalts. The youngest mafic dyke suite, the rhyolites of the Aheimir suite, and
St Katherina rhyolites of Sinai represent the last igneous activity in the Arabian–Nubian Shield before
the onset of the Cambrian at about 545 Ma ago.
Geochemistry and tectonic significance of the Mesoproterozoic
Kgwebe metavolcanic rocks in northwest Botswana: implications
for the evolution of the Kibaran Namaqua-Natal Belt
Authors: KAMPUNZU A. B. , AKANYANG P. , MAPEO R. B. M. , MODIE B. N. , WENDORFF M.
Published: July 2002

The c. 1.1 Ga Kgwebe metavolcanic rocks exposed in the

northwest of Botswana are late
Kibaran rocks. They represent a bimodal suite of Within-Plate
low titanium-phosphorus (LTP) continental
tholeiites and post-orogenic Within-Plate high-K rhyolites. The chemical
compositions of the
Kgwebe mafic rocks are characterized by low values of Ce/Pb
(<10) and high La/Nb ratios (average
c. 2, maximum 4). Mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB)-normalized
spidergrams show marked enrichment
in mobile elements (Sr, K, Rb, Ba) and negative anomalies in Nb. These
features suggest they
may have originated in a mantle, enriched during a previous
subduction event. The Kgwebe metarhyolites
are marked by Y>60 ppm, Sr/Y<1, Rb/Th>20 and high
K-contents. They cannot therefore be
the product of melting of sediments or a subducting slab.
It is inferred that they represent felsic
magmas resulting from melting of Mesoproterozoic (Kibaran)
calcalkaline rocks underplated in the
middle and/or lower crust. The Kgwebe bimodal metavolcanic rocks pre-date
the Neoproterozoic
Ghanzi Group rocks which are correlated with the lower
part of the Damara sequence. The chemical
composition and field relations suggest that these metavolcanic
rocks were emplaced during a late orogenic
collision-associated extensional collapse. This collapse affected a crust
thickened during the
Kibaran orogeny in the Namaqua-Natal Belt of southwest Africa.
Integrated biostratigraphy of the lower Silurian of the
Ohesaare core, Saaremaa, Estonia
Authors: LOYDELL D. K. , KALJO D. , MÄNNIK P.
Published: July 2002

Integrated graptolite, conodont and chitinozoan biostratigraphical
data are presented from
the lower Silurian of the Ohesaare core, Saaremaa, Estonia. A precise correlation
of graptolite and
conodont biozonations for much of the Telychian and Sheinwoodian is presented;
this differs significantly
from correlations suggested previously, which were based on inadequate
graptolite data. The
boundary between the celloni and amorphognathoides conodont
biozones lies close to that between the
spiralis and lapworthi graptolite biozones. The boundary

between the bicornis and procerus conodont
superzones lies mid-way through the murchisoni graptolite
Biozone. The top of the procerus conodont
Superzone lies at or very close to the boundary between the
murchisoni and firmus graptolite biozones.
The boundary between the Lower and Upper ranuliformis conodont
biozones lies close to the boundary
between the firmus and riccartonensis graptolite biozones.
The precise position of the
Llandovery–Wenlock boundary cannot be identified in the core. The
newly demonstrated biozonal
correlations are significant for studies of Silurian chronostratigraphy
(previous estimates of the duration
of the epochs and ages of the Silurian were based on inaccurate correlations)
and sea-level
changes. Palaeogeographically, the setting of Ohesaare is considered to
be relatively deep shelf.
Perhaps surprisingly, there is a major unconformity in the Llandovery of
the core: much, if not all, of
the Aeronian is missing, as is the lower part of the Telychian.
The nature of Triassic extension-related magmatism in Greece:
evidence from Nd and Pb isotope geochemistry
Authors: PE-PIPER GEORGIA
Published: July 2002

The widespread Triassic volcanic rocks of Greece, dismembered during

the Hellenide orogeny,
are used to interpret the nature of Triassic rifting. Four assemblages
of
volcanic rocks are distinguished on
geochemical criteria: (1) a predominant subalkaline basalt–andesite–dacite

series with a high proportion of
pyroclastic rocks; (2) minor shoshonites; (3) alkali basalt and (4) MORB.

The stratigraphic and palaeogeographic
distribution of these rock types is synthesized. New Pb and Nd isotopic

data are used to discriminate
between hypotheses suggesting that either subduction or extension was
responsible for the Triassic volcanism.
In the subalkaline basalt assemblage, εNd is negative
with depleted mantle model ages >1.5 Ga. Pb isotopic
compositions are mostly close to the very distinctive compositional field

of Cenozoic extensional
rocks of the Aegean area, with very high 207Pb/204Pb

for relatively low 206Pb/204Pb ratios. These
isotopic data
confirm interpretations based on trace elements that subalkaline basalts

were predominantly derived from
melt-depleted peridotite in the sub-continental lithospheric mantle as
a
result of extension. Small areas of
enriched hydrous mantle partially melted to yield shoshonitic magmas.
Nd and Pb isotopic compositions of the
alkali basalts are quite different from those in other rock types and
suggest a HIMU mantle source component
derived from a small plume, which also influenced MORB compositions.
Distribution of these various
rock types is used to constrain palaeogeographic reconstruction of
Triassic micro-continental blocks.
U–Pb zircon geochronology of unusual eclogite-facies rocks
from Syros and Tinos (Cyclades, Greece)
Authors: BRÖCKER MICHAEL , ENDERS MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

Low-temperature eclogite-facies rocks from Syros and Tinos (Cyclades,
Greece) include
meta-igneous blocks of unclear origin (meta-olistostrome or tectonic mélange)
with very high trace
element concentrations (e.g. Zr up to 4850 ppm; Y up to 475 ppm). The unusual
geochemistry is
considered to be the result of metasomatic alteration in a subduction-zone
environment. Locally,
metasomatic exchange with an ultramafic matrix further enhanced compositional
anomalies. A
concordant U–Pb zircon age of 78±1 Ma recorded for an omphacitite
from Syros is interpreted as the
time of pre-Eocene high-pressure metamorphism in the Cyclades. Zircon dates
of 61 and 63 Ma for a
jadeitite from Tinos possibly indicate an additional discrete event (deformation?).
These results are a
first geochronological indication that high-pressure metamorphism in the
Cyclades commenced significantly
earlier than indicated by previous white mica chronology which provided
ages between c. 50
and 40 Ma.
Identification and long-range correlation of bentonites
in Turonian–Coniacian (Upper Cretaceous) chalks of
northwest Europe
Authors: WRAY DAVID S.
Published: July 2002

A geochemical and mineralogical study of thin (2–20 cm) clay-rich beds found in
Turonian–Coniacian chalks from the Anglo-Paris Basin has been undertaken. On the basis of their
rare-earth element (REE) and mineralogical composition it is possible to subdivide beds into
bentonites, characterized by a negative Eu anomaly and elevated smectite content, and detrital beds
(characterized by a minimal or absent Eu anomaly and a greater proportion of illite). Six beds are
considered to be bentonites (Glynde 1, Southerham 1, Caburn, Bridgewick 1, Lewes and Shoreham 2).
Trace-element discriminant diagrams add support, as does comparison with similar studies undertaken
in eastern England and northern Germany. Geochemical evidence demonstrates that the tephra
was variably acidic in composition (rhyodacite–rhyolite–comendite/pantellerite), and was probably
derived from crustal melting associated with initial rifting of the North Atlantic. Correlation of
bentonites between the Anglo-Paris Basin, eastern England and northern Germany can be demonstrated
and independently tested, establishing a tephro-event stratigraphy across northwest Europe for
this period.
A structural reinterpretation of the Tummel Belt and a
transpressional model for evolution of the Tay Nappe in the
Central Highlands of Scotland
Authors: TREAGUS JACK E.
Published: July 2002

Structural mapping from the Flat Belt into the Tummel Steep Belt of the Dalradian
Supergroup of the Central Highlands provides evidence for a new interpretation of the relationship
between the two belts and their evolution. The open upright D3 major folds of the Flat Belt intensify
into the Steep Belt and are responsible for the steeper dips. These D3 folds refold four newly recognized
D2 major folds. It is the recognition of the interference of these two sets of folds that leads to the radically
revised structural interpretation presented here. A reconstruction of the pre-D3 structural history
shows that the stack of major D2 folds, on the lower limb of the Tay Nappe, originally verged to the
northwest, as did three D1 fold-pairs.

A model is proposed for the D2 deformation in a transpressional setting, simplified as partitioned
into two sub-horizontal zones. The lower zone is represented by the pure-shear-dominated Tummel
Belt with extension parallel to the regional orogenic trend; the upper zone is represented by the simple-shear-dominated Flat Belt where extension is perpendicular to that trend. The curvature of the minor
D2 fold hinges supports a more refined model of smoothly continuous partitioning of transpressive
deformation between the basement and high-level, southeast-propagating nappes above the Flat Belt.
TWO RENAISSANCES: URBAN POLITICAL CULTURE IN POST-REFORMATION ENGLAND RECONSIDERED
Authors: WITHINGTON PHILIP
Published: July 2002

This review reconsiders the place and importance of urban political culture in
England between c. 1550 and c. 1750. Relating recent work on urban political culture to trends in
political, social, and cultural historiography, it argues that England's towns and boroughs underwent
two ‘renaissances’ over the course of the period: a ‘civic renaissance’ and the better-known ‘urban
renaissance’. The former was fashioned in the sixteenth century; however, its legacy continued to
inform political thought and practice over 150 years later. Similarly, although the latter is generally
associated with ‘the long eighteenth century’, its attributes can be traced to at least the Elizabethan
era. While central to broader transitions in post-Reformation political culture, these ‘renaissances’
were crucial in restructuring the social relations and social identity of townsmen and women. They also
constituted an important but generally neglected dynamic of England's seventeenth-century ‘troubles’.
THE STRANGE DEATH OF BRITISH HISTORY?

REFLECTIONS ON ANGLO-AMERICAN SCHOLARSHIP
Authors: CLARK J. C. D.
Published: July 2002

After the disavowal of Marxian socialism, the major obstacle to

historical studies in

the West increasingly appears to be the U.S.A.'s intellectual

exceptionalism. That nation's

unprecedentedly powerful and self-referential historical profession is

largely committed to echo this

exceptionalism by its engagement with the demands of the U.S.A.'s

‘civil religion’. For U.S.

historiography, the main index of self-absorption or international engagement

is nevertheless still its

relationship to British historiography. This article argues that the alleged

death of British history in

the U.S.A. is not a consequence of any loss of intellectual vitality in
the

subject; it is, rather, a result

partly of growing intellectual introversion in the host culture, partly
of

the inadequate versions of

British history often exported to the American market.
Rational Choice and a Lifetime in Metal Mining: Employment Decisions by Nineteenth-Century Cornish Miners
Authors: Burt Roger , Kippen Sandra
Published: July 2002

This articles argues that it was primarily cash, rather than culture, that shaped employment decisions by Cornish miners in the mid-nineteenth century. Although their occupation cut their lives short, total lifetime earnings as a metal miner, at home or abroad, exceeded the probable income from readily available alternative employment, even over a longer working life. In economic terms, Cornish miners rationally sold part of their lives for both higher short- and long-term incomes.
The Nation and Its Deserters: Conscription in Mehmed Ali's Egypt
Authors: Fahmy Khaled
Published: July 2002

“Could a Nation, in any true sense of the word, really be born without war?” Such was the question raised by Michael Howard, the eminent Oxford military historian in a public lecture delivered on the topic of “War and the Nation State”. Looking generally at European history in the past two centuries he argued that war was indeed central for the appearance of the modern nation-state and that modern armies are somehow intimately linked to the rise of nationalism. During the first half of the nineteenth century this argument could very well be applied to Egypt. Having been incorporated in the Ottoman Empire for more than two and a half centuries, Egypt, by the beginning the nineteenth century and mostly through an unprecedented war effort that was concurrent and often synonymous with state-building, had come to play an increasingly independent role on the international plane.
Accuracy of the neutron probe for measuring changes in soil water storage under potatoes
Authors: GAZE S. R. , STALHAM M. A. , ALLEN E. J.
Published: July 2002

The neutron probe (NP) is used widely to measure changes in soil water storage in research and more recently to aid irrigation scheduling. Its accuracy is rarely questioned and most of the relationships between soil water changes and productivity are based on its use. A field experiment was conducted at Cambridge University Farm in 1999 to address whether the NP could accurately measure changes in soil water content (SWC) under irrigation or substantial rain (>10 mm). The experiment was a replicated split-plot design with four irrigation treatments allocated to the main plots, and surface profile (ridge, flat) and crop (potato cv. Saturna, bare soil) treatments allocated to the subplots. The mean results from four NP access tubes per plot installed to measure soil moisture deficit (SMD) across the row-width were analysed. The NP was inconsistent in measuring known irrigation or rainfall input. In relatively dry soil (SMD>40 mm), the NP generally measured 93 to 110% of 18 mm of irrigation within 4 h of irrigation. The NP recorded much less water applied as irrigation in wetter soil, and often only 40 to 70% of the applied irrigation (18 or 36 mm) was measured. There were occasions when the NP did not measure all the water input even when the SMDs before irrigation were greater than the water subsequently applied. Some of the ‘missing’ water might be attributed to drainage, however, results from an additional experiment using an open-topped tank of soil showed that the NP was unable to detect all the water added to the soil, particularly where the water was largely confined close to the soil surface. Replicated measurements of the change in SMD in the field experiment were precise for a given event and treatment (mean S.E. = 1·3 mm) but were not accurate when compared against the input measured in rain gauges. It was concluded, that the NP could not be used reliably to measure changes in soil water storage after irrigation or substantial rain. For periods when there were minimal inputs of water, there was a closer correlation between changes in SMD measured by the NP and those predicted by a modified Penman–Monteith equation than after substantial inputs of water. However, for predicted changes in SMD of c. 20 mm, there was a range of c. ±5 mm in the changes in SMD measured by the neutron probe.

The value of the NP for monitoring SMDs where there is irrigation, or substantial rain, must be seriously doubted. Consequently, its limitations for scheduling irrigation, testing models or quantifying the effects of treatments on crop water use in potatoes must be appreciated, especially where the areal sampling limitations of single access tubes positioned only in the ridge centre have not been addressed.
A comparative study of herbage intake, ingestive behaviour and diet selection, and effects of condensed tannins upon body and wool growth in lambs grazing Yorkshire fog (Holcus lanatus) and annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) dominant swards
Authors: MONTOSSI F. , HODGSON J. , MORRIS S. T. , RISSO D. F. , GORDON I. L.
Published: July 2002

An experiment was carried out from August to early November 1994 to examine differences in diet selection, herbage intake, grazing behaviour and animal performance between weaned lambs rotationally grazing swards of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)/white clover (Trifolium repens) and Yorkshire fog (Holcus lanatus)/T. repens with or without Lotus corniculatus. There were four replicate groups of six lambs per treatment. The effects of condensed tannins (CT) on lamb production were assessed by twice-daily oral administration of 10g polyethylene glycol (PEG; molecular weight 4000) to half the lambs on each sward. The Lotus content of all swards was very low, and results are presented here for main sward comparisons meaned over lotus treatments. Overall mean estimates of pre-grazing herbage mass and sward surface height for the annual ryegrass and Yorkshire fog swards respectively, were 5820 v. 4360±190 kgDM/ha (P<0·001) and 29 v. 21±0·6cm (P<0·001). The coefficient of organic matter digestibility (OMD) of the diet selected and herbage intake were higher on Yorkshire fog than on annual ryegrass (0·78 v. 0·74 ± 0·080g/kg; P<0·05, and 1070 v. 860±57g OM per lamb per day, P<0·05 respectively), reflecting the higher content in the diet of grass green leaf (980 v. 930g/kg±14g/kg, P<0·05) and the lower content of dead material (80 v. 110±15g/kg, P<0·08). Lambs grazing on Yorkshire fog swards had higher clean wool growth rate (1470 v. 1280±30mg/cm per day, P<0·01) and greater fibre diameter (31 v. 29±0·2μ, P<0·001), greater liveweight gain (152 v. 108±5·5g/day, P<0·001), final weight (42 v. 38±0·5kg, P<0·001), carcass weight gain (89 v. 69±2·5g/day, P<0·001), carcass weight (19 v. 17±0·3kg, P<0·001) and soft tissue thickness (GR value 11 v. 8±0·5mm, P<0·01), and lower faecal egg counts (FEC; square root transferred values 9·2 v. 11·0±0·4 eggs/g fresh faeces, P<0·01) than lambs grazing annual ryegrass swards. Similar dietary concentrations of condensed tannins (CT) between Yorkshire fog and annual ryegrass swards (4·2 v. 3·7 DM±0·2g/kg, P<0·08) increased clean wool growth (1440 v. 1310±32 mg/cm per day, P<0·05), fibre diameter (30·7 v. 29·5±0·21μ, P<0·01) and liveweight gain (141 v. 120±4·3g per lamb per day, P<0·01), although differences in carcass weight (17·9 v. 18·2±0·3kg) and FEC transformed values (9·6 v. 11·0±0·6 eggs/g fresh faeces) were not significant. The effects of CT on animal performance were greater in Yorkshire fog swards. CT had no significant effects on diet selection, herbage intake and grazing behaviour patterns.
The introduction of animal traction into inland valley
regions. 1. Manual labour and animal traction in the
cultivation of rice and maize: a comparison
Authors: LAWRENCE P. R. , DIJKMAN J. T. , JANSEN G. P.
Published: July 2002

Rice, a cash crop, was grown in the alluvial valley bottom (fadama)
of an inland valley region of
central Nigeria. The main staple crop, maize, was grown on the adjacent
upland areas. Both oxen and
manual labour were used for initial cultivation (ploughing and harrowing
for rice and ridging for
maize). Times spent were 94·3 and 315·2 h/ha
respectively for rice and 28·2 and 65·5 h/ha for maize.
Plots cultivated by animal traction (AT) produced more weeds and required
more time for weeding
than manually cultivated ones. Thus although animal traction saved time
at the most critical time of
year, it did not save time overall. Total time values were 1045 and 1064
h/ha for rice using animal
traction and manual cultivation respectively. Corresponding values for
maize were 654 and 484 h/ha.
Type of cultivation had no significant effect (P > 0·05) on
yields of crops (4·50 and 4·55 t/ha,
AT/manual, for rice and 1·60 and 1·83 t/ha for maize).
Not weeding the plots reduced rice yields to
2·78 and 2·83 t/ha for ox and manual cultivation
respectively and to virtually zero for maize.
Effect of integrated management of couch grass
(Elytrigia repens) on soil quality and crop nutrition
Authors: SOON Y. K. , DARWENT A. L.
Published: July 2002

The effects of suppressing couch grass (Elytrigia repens

L.), through integrated management, on soil
biological quality and N and P nutrition of barley (Hordeum vulgare

L.) were evaluated in a field
experiment (1987–92) on a Dark Grey soil in Alberta, Canada.
The management practices consisted
of combinations of herbicide application, crop rotations and tillage treatments.

The 3-year crop
sequences consisted of continuous barley, canola (Brassica rapa

L.)–barley–barley, fallow–barley–barley, and barley

or canola undersown with red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)–red
clover
green manure–barley. In 1992, the sixth year of the experiment, soil

and plant samples were analysed
for nutrient content. Treatments that consisted of spring and autumn
tillage only did not suppress
couch grass and produced low barley yields and N and P uptake. More N was
immobilized in couch
grass shoots and rhizomes and soil microbial biomass with these treatments
than with similar
herbicide-treated crop rotations. Tillage-plus-herbicide treatments
effectively suppressed couch grass
and enabled the barley crop to compete for soil N, however, both spring
and autumn tillage were
required for weed control. The fallow treatment impaired soil
quality by reducing soil and microbial
C and N, but produced similar barley yields as continuous cropping with
tillage-plus-chemical
control. Red clover ploughed in for green manure enhanced soil
quality indicators such as soil and
microbial biomass C, total and mineralizable soil N, and microbial N,
but did not increase barley yield compared to continuous grain cropping.
Field experimentation on rough land: the method of Papadakis reconsidered
Authors: PEARCE S. C.
Published: July 2002

Much of the error in field experiments comes from environmental

differences, which traditional
methods (e.g. blocks or rows and columns) sometimes fail to control,
especially if the fertility pattern
is complex or unexpected. In 1937 Papadakis proposed an alternative approach
in which the
performance of each plot was judged by that of its neighbours.
If a plot was situated in an area of
generally high cropping, its own high crop was partly discounted but if
surrounding plots were
yielding poorly, it was given special weight. Adjustment was by the analysis
of covariance. The
method has not been much used, partly because it still lacks a
mathematical basis and partly because
it is suspected of bias in the estimation of contrasts between treatments.

It has been studied here by simulation, i.e. bodies of data have
been generated on the computer with
known characteristics and then analysed by Papadakis's method
to see if a correct answer was
returned. Also, an improvement in the covariate is suggested and an
iterative procedure developed to ensure more consistent results.

It emerges that the suspicion of bias was unjustified. Also, the
method can be extremely effective
in reducing experimental error. In all its variant forms it
has difficulty with outside plots, and for that
reason is more effective on compact areas than on strips.
Also, interference between plots is especially
serious, because the neighbours affected are those needed to form the adjusting
covariate.
Discontinuities arising from past use of the land can cause
problems but a method is suggested for minimizing their effect.
Strategies to decrease nitrate leaching in the
Brimstone Farm Experiment, Oxfordshire, UK,
1988–93: the effect of straw incorporation
Authors: CATT J. A. , HOWSE K. R. , CHRISTIAN D. G. , LANE P. W. , HARRIS G. L. , GOSS M. J.
Published: July 2002

Nitrate loss in drainwater and cultivated layer flow was measured
over 5 years on two pairs of
hydrologically isolated plots, one pair with cereal straw incorporated
for 4 years and burnt in the fifth,
and the other with straw burnt in all 5 years. Although straw incorporation
decreased nitrate leaching
and probably decreased net mineralization of soil organic matter in the
first winter, these effects were
apparently diminished or even reversed in later winters, and the straw
had no benefit on cereal yields
or N-uptakes. The results suggest that the present practice on UK farms
of regularly incorporating
cereal straw is unlikely to decrease nitrate losses and in the long term
may increase them, especially
on clay soils and in wet winters after long dry periods. On clay soils
it is also unlikely to increase crop
yields in the short or medium term.
Decorating the Dining-Room: Still-Life Chromolithographs
and Domestic Ideology in Nineteenth-Century America
Authors: ROTSKOFF LORI E.
Published: July 2002

On several occasions during the late 1860s, the novelist Harriet Beecher
Stowe exhorted readers to adorn their homes with chromolithographs,
color prints which reproduced original oil-paintings or, less often,
depicted images created specifically for the print medium. In her 1869
domestic advice manual, The American Woman's Home, co-authored with
her sister Catharine Beecher, Stowe described chromolithographs (or
“chromos,” as they were commonly called) as essential components of a
properly embellished home interior. In proposing a hypothetical budget
devoted to parlor furnishings, the authors recommended that almost one-fourth of
the total be allocated to lithographic reproductions of “really
admirable pictures” by some of “America's best artists.”
Stowe's advocacy of chromos also appeared in the promotional publications of
L. Prang & Company, one of the country's largest publishers of these
images. The short-lived quarterly Prang's Chromo: A Journal of Popular
Art (published in five issues from January 1868 to April 1869) printed a
letter in which Stowe thanked Louis Prang for sending her several free
chromolithographs. After praising the “beautiful objects,” Stowe
concluded her note with the kind of testimonial Prang no doubt had been
seeking when he sent her the complimentary items: “Be assured I shall
neglect no opportunity of proving my sympathy with your so charming
and beautiful mission, and bringing it to everyone's notice, so far as I
can.” And, though it is impossible to know what exact role Stowe's
promotions played in the overall sale of chromos, it is clear that she
aligned herself with a hot commodity: from 1840 to 1900, chromolithographs in
America sold by the millions.
Healthy Heroines: Sue Barton,
Lillian Wald, Lavinia Lloyd
Dock and the Henry Street
Settlement
Authors: PHILIPS DEBORAH
Published: July 2002

Sue Barton is the fictional redhaired nursing heroine of a series of novels
written for young women. Recalled by several generations of women
readers with affection, Sue Barton has remained in print ever since the
publication of the first novel in the series: Sue Barton, Student Nurse,
written by Helen Dore Boylston, was published in America in 1936.
Neither the covers of her four novels now in paperback, nor the
publisher's catalogue entry, however, acknowledge Sue Barton's age:
“Sue Barton Series – The everyday stories of redheaded Sue Barton and
hospital life as she progresses from being a student nurse through her
varied nursing career.”

The catalogue entry for the series and the novels' paperback covers
now claim Sue Barton as a contemporary young woman, poised for
romance. Sue is, however, a pre-war heroine, and very much located
within an American history and tradition of nursing. With her close
contemporary, Cherry Ames, Sue Barton is one of the nursing heroines
who were to establish a genre in popular fiction for young women, the
career novel, and, more particularly, the nursing career novel.
GROUP DIFFERENCES IN MEAN INTELLIGENCE FOR THE DUTCH AND THIRD WORLD IMMIGRANTS
Authors: TE NIJENHUIS JAN , VAN DER FLIER HENK
Published: July 2002

Evidence from eleven samples indicates that the mean IQ of third world immigrants in the Netherlands is lower than the Dutch mean by approximately one standard deviation for Surinamese and Antillians, and by approximately one and a half standard deviations for Turks and Moroccans. Since IQ tests provide the best prediction of success in school and organizations, it could be that the immigrants’ lower mean IQ is an important factor in their low status on the Dutch labour market. The IQs of second-generation immigrants are rising.
GENERATIONAL CHANGES IN HEIGHT AND BODY MASS DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BRITISH
ASIANS AND THE GENERAL POPULATION IN GLASGOW
Authors: SHAMS MANFUSA , WILLIAMS RORY
Published: July 2002

A weighted total of 630 pupils aged 14–15 in Glasgow schools, about
evenly divided between pupils of South Asian and non-Asian (overwhelmingly
British) background, were measured for height and weight and compared with
previous results for a similar Glasgow sample aged 30–40. Among
14–15-year-olds, British Asians were not so short compared with non-Asians as
among 30–40-year-olds, especially females. Among 30–40-year-old Glasgow Asians
only 7% were born in the UK, while among 14–15-year-old Glasgow Asians 86%
were so born, indicating that they are the children of migrants. Generational
differences in these comparisons cannot be due to positive selection of the
migrant generation for height, and are attributed to improved environment,
including nutrition and public health measures. This suggests the possibility
of corresponding improvements in coronary and diabetic risk.
ADOLESCENT TRANSITION TO COITUS AND PREMARITAL CHILDBEARING IN SUDAN: A BIOSOCIAL CONTEXT
Authors: OTOR SAMUEL C. J. , PANDEY ARVIND
Published: July 2002

This paper examines the biosocial basis of premarital sexual and reproductive behaviour among women in Sudan. It applies Udry's biosocial perspective, which attempts to reconcile the biological and sociological models of premarital sexual and reproductive behaviour. World Fertility Survey (WFS) data were used to study premarital first motherhood. Early puberty was found to be paramount in determining childbearing in a separate biological model, but also in a biosocial model constructed to take account of social controls. This finding suggests that social controls do not influence the biological predisposition to premarital sexual behaviour. However, given the limitations of the WFS data, conclusive evidence must await a more appropriately designed study of reproductive behaviour in Sudan.
Accumulation of casein-derived peptides during growth of
proteinase-positive strains of Lactococcus lactis in milk: their
contribution to subsequent bacterial growth is impaired by their
internal transport
Authors: FOUCAUD CATHERINE , JUILLARD VINCENT
Published: July 2002

To explain the limited nutritional value of milk cultured with
proteinase-positive (Prt+) strains of Lactococcus lactis for the subsequent growth of
dairy lactococci, we investigated further the time courses of modifications in the free
amino acid and peptide contents of cultured milk. When growing in milk for up to
24 h, Prt+ strains of Lc. lactis progressively accumulated amino acids and casein-derived peptides. The growth of proteinase-negative (Prt−) wild-type strains and
peptide transport mutants of Lc. lactis in cultured milk showed that casein-derived
peptides could sustain growth up to 5×108 cfu/ml, depending on the extent of casein
degradation during the preliminary growth of Prt+ strains and the Prt− strains. Of
the casein-derived oligopeptides, <25% were transported into the cell and used for
Lc. lactis growth. However, they played a prominent role, contributing 90% to
growth. In contrast, di- and tripeptides did not contribute to growth, suggesting that
either few were released from caseins or they did not supply essential amino acids.
Mathematical modelling of the formation of rennet-induced gels by plant coagulants and chymosin
Authors: ESTEVES CRISTINA L. C. , LUCEY JOHN A. , PIRES EUCLIDES M. V.
Published: July 2002

Rheological properties of reconstituted skim milk coagulated with plant coagulants Cynara cardunculus L., Cynara humilis L. and chymosin was monitored by dynamic low amplitude oscillation. There are no published reports on the modelling of the gelation behaviour of milk by plant coagulants. Three mathematical models, Scott Blair, Douillard and Carlson, were fitted to the storage modulus (G′) as function of time curves. For all coagulants, Scott Blair model was the most efficient in modelling the gelation process, and gave both the smallest residuals and standard error of residuals, Se (P < 0·0001). Douillard model gave the poorest fit and in particular it was not able to predict the initial part of the gelation curves. Carlson model had an intermediate behaviour and, in the case of chymosin, it gave results that were quite comparable to Scott Blair model. The parameters of the Scott Blair model were different for plant coagulants and chymosin. Chymosin had the longest rate constant (τ) and the time shift coefficient (ts) was also different between vegetable coagulants and chymosin (P < 0·0005). These results are in agreement with the overall trends for gelation profiles obtained for vegetable coagulants and chymosin. In the beginning of gelation both plant coagulants produced gels with slightly higher G′ values than chymosin, but after longer incubation times chymosin gels had higher G′ values. It was concluded that the Scott Blair model was the best equation to follow the gelation of milk induced by both plant coagulants as well as chymosin. Modelling is an important and useful method for comparing the gelation process in gels formed by different types of coagulants.
Effect of protein content on low temperature inactivation of the
extracellular proteinase from Pseudomonas fluorescens 22F
Authors: SCHOKKER ERIX P. , VAN BOEKEL MARTINUS A. J. S.
Published: July 2002

Previously we have examined the inactivation of unpurified extracellular

proteinase from Pseudomonas fluorescens 22F diluted in demineralized
water
(Schokker & van Boekel, 1998) in the range 40–70°C. It appeared
that the
inactivation was most probably caused by intermolecular autoproteolysis,
which is
the hydrolysis of unfolded proteinase molecules by native (not yet unfolded)

molecules. It has been reported that purification of proteinases from Pseudomonas

spp. enhances the susceptibility of the proteinase to autoproteolysis (Barach
et al.
1976; Griffiths et al. 1981; Leinmüller &
Christophersen, 1982; Kroll, 1989; Kumura
et al. 1991). On the other hand, when the proteinase is heated
in milk or when
proteins are added to the enzyme solution, the rate of inactivation by
autoproteolysis
diminishes (Barach et al. 1978; Kroll & Klostermeyer,
1984; Stepaniak et al. 1991).
Apparently, proteins stabilize the proteinase against inactivation by autoproteolysis.

Substrate or other ligands stabilize many enzymes against limited proteolysis.

Binding of these substances to the enzyme molecule, either to the catalytic
centre or
to amino acid residues on the enzyme molecule surface, may impose steric
difficulties
so that the susceptible peptide bonds are protected against proteolysis
(Mihalyi,
1978). Such binding may also cause a conformational change of the enzyme
molecule,
such that susceptible peptide bonds cannot be attacked or that the conformation
is
stabilized against unfolding (Mihalyi, 1978). In the latter case an increase
in the
denaturation temperature (Td) would be expected.

In the case of proteinases, addition of substrate to the enzyme solution
may
protect the enzyme by a third mechanism. Besides autoproteolysis of the
proteinase,
the added proteins can be digested. An enzyme molecule digesting a protein
is not
available at the same time for autoproteolysis, so that the substrate may
act as a
competitive inhibitor against autoproteolysis.

The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism of protection of
the
proteinase from Ps. fluorescens 22F by sodium caseinate.