bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A dataset of Solicited Cough Sound for Tuberculosis Triage Testing
Authors: Huddart Sophie , Yadav Vijay , Sieberts Solveig K. , Omberg Larson , Raberahona Mihaja , Rakotoarivelo Rivo , Lyimo Issa N. , Lweno Omar , Christopher Devasahayam J. , Nhung Nguyen Viet , Theron Grant , Worodria William , Yu Charles Y. , Bachman Christine M. , Burkot Stephen , Dewan Puneet , Kulhare Sourabh , Small Peter M. , Cattamanchi Adithya , Jaganath Devan , Grandjean Lapierre Simon
Published: October 2024

Cough is a common and commonly ignored symptom of lung disease. Cough is often perceived as difficult to quantify, frequently self-limiting, and non-specific. However, cough has a central role in the clinical detection of many lung diseases including tuberculosis (TB), which remains the leading infectious disease killer worldwide. TB screening currently relies on self-reported cough which fails to meet the World Health Organization (WHO) accuracy targets for a TB triage test. Artificial intelligence (AI) models based on cough sound have been developed for several respiratory conditions, with limited work being done in TB. To support the development of an accurate, point-of-care cough-based triage tool for TB, we have compiled a large multi-country database of cough sounds from individuals being evaluated for TB. The dataset includes more than 700,000 cough sounds from 2,143 individuals with detailed demographic, clinical and microbiologic diagnostic information. We aim to empower researchers in the development of cough sound analysis models to improve TB diagnosis, where innovative approaches are critically needed to end this long-standing pandemic.
Multi-domain improves classification in out-of-distribution and data-limited scenarios for medical image analysis
Authors: Ozkan Ece , Boix Xavier
Published: October 2024

Current machine learning methods for medical image analysis primarily focus on developing models tailored for their specific tasks, utilizing data within their target domain. These specialized models tend to be data-hungry and often exhibit limitations in generalizing to out-of-distribution samples. In this work, we show that employing models that incorporate multiple domains instead of specialized ones significantly alleviates the limitations observed in specialized models. We refer to this approach as multi-domain model and compare its performance to that of specialized models. For this, we introduce the incorporation of diverse medical image domains, including different imaging modalities like X-ray, MRI, CT, and ultrasound images, as well as various viewpoints such as axial, coronal, and sagittal views. Our findings underscore the superior generalization capabilities of multi-domain models, particularly in scenarios characterized by limited data availability and out-of-distribution, frequently encountered in healthcare applications. The integration of diverse data allows multi-domain models to utilize information across domains, enhancing the overall outcomes substantially. To illustrate, for organ recognition, multi-domain model can enhance accuracy by up to 8% compared to conventional specialized models.
Novel antifouling paint formulation based on Ca2​Cr2O5​ and CaMnO3​ NPs as a protective pigment
Authors: El-Wahab H. Abd , Al-Shareef Hossa F.
Published: October 2024

This work focused on the preparation of novel antifouling paint based on Ca2Cr2O5 and CaMnO3 NPs as a safe protective pigment which were replaced with cuprous oxide. Three paint formulations were prepared for comparison, a blank formula without an antifouling agent (F1), a commercial antifouling formula based on 100% cuprous oxide as an antifouling agent (F2), and AF formula based on 75% Ca2Cr2O5 and CaMnO3 NPs and 25% Cu2O. The high performance and durability of the paints based on the prepared pigments were evident from their impact resistance, adhesion, pending, hardness, and chemical resistance, which were compared to the blank formula (F1). The corrosion resistance of the painted films was also investigated using the salt spray test method, and the results were promising compared to the blank and standard formulations. All painted steel plates were exposed to seawater through field tests in the Suez Canal at Port Said for up to 6 months. The results showed that the paints based on F2 and F3a, b enhanced the antifouling activity through six months of exposure. The obtained results demonstrated greater efficiency of the painted steel-based F3a than F1 and F3b, and being comparable to the standard formula (F2).
Efficacy of zinc and copper oxide nanoparticles as heat and corrosion-resistant pigments in paint formulations
Authors: El-Wahab H. Abd , Alenezy Ebtsam K , Omer Noha , Abdelaziz Mahmoud A. , Jame Rasha , Alshareef Shareefa Ahmed , Owda M. E.
Published: October 2024

This study focuses on the synthesis of zinc and copper oxide nanoparticles using green methods by plant extracts. The resulting metal oxides were analyzed using FT-IR spectroscopy, TGA, TEM, zeta potential and assessed for their efficacy as pigments based on properties such as Hydrogen Ion Concentration, Oil absorption, Moisture Content, Fineness of grinding, Bleeding, and loss on ignition. The results confirmed that the prepared ZnO and CuO nanoparticles exhibited the formation of nanoparticles in the range of 10–40 nm with potential as pigments. Two paint formulations incorporating these nanoparticles and silicon resins as binders were tested for physico-mechanical attributes, chemical resistance, heat resistance, and corrosion resistance of the dry paint films. The study found that the films containing the prepared oxides demonstrated excellent performance, with no damage or color alteration observed after exposure to temperatures up to 500 °C. Moreover, the paint films containing ZnO nanoparticles showed superior efficiency after a 500 h salt spray test compared to those with CuO nanoparticles. These findings suggest that the synthesized mixed oxide nanoparticles are promising candidates for heat-resistant pigment applications.
Acquisition of durable insulin-producing cells from human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells as a foundation for cell- based therapy of diabetes mellitus
Authors: Nour Eldeen Ghada , Aglan Hadeer A. , Mahmoud Nadia S. , Abdel Rasheed Mazen , Azmy Osama M. , Ahmed Hanaa H.
Published: October 2024

This study aimed to identify the suitable induction protocol to produce highly qualified insulin producing cells (IPCs) from human adipose tissue derived stem cells (ADSCs) and evaluate the efficacy of the most functionally IPCs in management of diabetes mellitus (DM) in rats. The ADSCs were isolated and characterized according to the standard guidelines. ADSCs were further induced to be IPCs in vitro using three different protocols. The success of trans-differentiation was assessed in vitro through analysis of pancreatic endocrine genes expression, and insulin release in response to glucose stimulation. Then, the functionalization of the generated IPCs was evaluated in vivo. The in vitro findings revealed that the laminin-coated plates in combination with insulin-transferrin-selenium, B27, N2, and nicotinamide could efficiently up-regulate the expression of pancreatic endocrine genes. The in vivo study indicated effectual homing of the PKH-26-labelled IPCs in the pancreas of treated animals. Moreover, IPCs infusion in diabetic rats induced significant improvement in the metabolic parameters and prompted considerable up-regulation in the expression of the pancreatic related genes. The regenerative effect of infused IPCs was determined through histological examination of pancreatic tissue. Conclusively, the utilization of laminin–coated plates in concomitant with extrinsic factors promoting proliferation and differentiation of ADSCs could efficiently generate functional IPCs.
Serum proteomic changes related to residual impairment in remittent depression are associated with immune and inflammatory processes
Authors: Lee Seungyeon , Mun Sora , Joo Eun-Jeong , Yun Yeeun , Kang Hee-Gyoo , Lee Jiyeong
Published: October 2024

In patients with major depressive disorder, various functional areas are impaired, negatively impacting the quality of life. Remission can restore pre-depression functions; however, some patients may still have residual impairments. Distinguishing between near-normal recovery and residual impairment helps identify those at a high risk of relapse risk and helps tailor treatment. Accordingly, we aimed to discover and validate biomarkers that distinguish between near-normal recovery and residual impairment in remission states through serum proteome analysis. Pooled serum and individual serum samples from three groups (depression status, remission status with residual impairment, and remission status with normal recovery) were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The combination of four proteins—antithrombin-III, serum amyloid A4 protein, C1q subcomponent subunit B, and serum amyloid P-component—was selected as a candidate biomarker. The trend of protein changes suggests complement C1q subcomponent subunit B and serum amyloid P-component as potential biomarkers for distinguishing remission from residual impairment. Changes in complement C1q subcomponent subunit B and serum amyloid P-component suggest that the complement system and inflammation-related immune mechanisms are associated with residual impairment in remittent major depressive disorder.
Thalamo-cortical neural mechanism of sodium salicylate-induced hyperacusis and anxiety-like behaviors
Authors: Chen Jingyu , Wang Xueru , Li Zijie , Yuan Hui , Wang Xuejiao , Yun Yang , Wu Xu , Yang Pingting , Qin Ling
Published: October 2024

Tinnitus has been identified as a potential contributor to anxiety. Thalamo-cortical pathway plays a crucial role in the transmission of auditory and emotional information, but its casual link to tinnitus-associated anxiety remains unclear. In this study, we explore the neural activities in the thalamus and cortex of the sodium salicylate (NaSal)-treated mice, which exhibit both hyperacusis and anxiety-like behaviors. We find an increase in gamma band oscillations (GBO) in both auditory cortex (AC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC), as well as phase-locking between cortical GBO and thalamic neural activity. These changes are attributable to a suppression of GABAergic neuron activity in thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), and optogenetic activation of TRN reduces NaSal-induced hyperacusis and anxiety-like behaviors. The elevation of endocannabinoid (eCB)/ cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) transmission in TRN contributes to the NaSal-induced abnormalities. Our results highlight the regulative role of TRN in the auditory and limbic thalamic-cortical pathways.
Convergent evolution links molybdenum insertase domains with organism-specific sequences
Authors: Rabenow Miriam , Haar Eduard , Schmidt Katharina , Hänsch Robert , Mendel Ralf R. , Oliphant Kevin D.
Published: October 2024

In all domains of life, the biosynthesis of the pterin-based Molybdenum cofactor (Moco) is crucial. Molybdenum (Mo) becomes biologically active by integrating into a unique pyranopterin scaffold, forming Moco. The final two steps of Moco biosynthesis are catalyzed by the two-domain enzyme Mo insertase, linked by gene fusion in higher organisms. Despite well-understood Moco biosynthesis, the evolutionary significance of Mo insertase fusion remains unclear. Here, we present findings from Neurospora crassa that shed light on the critical role of Mo insertase fusion in eukaryotes. Substituting the linkage region with sequences from other species resulted in Moco deficiency, and separate expression of domains, as seen in lower organisms, failed to rescue deficient strains. Stepwise truncation and structural modeling revealed a crucial 20-amino acid sequence within the linkage region essential for fungal growth. Our findings highlight the evolutionary importance of gene fusion and specific sequence composition in eukaryotic Mo insertases.
Phase-separated polymer blends for controlled drug delivery by tuning morphology
Authors: Olsson Martina , Storm Robin , Björn Linnea , Lilja Viktor , Krupnik Leonard , Chen Yang , Naidjonoka Polina , Diaz Ana , Holler Mirko , Watts Benjamin , Larsson Anette , Liebi Marianne , Matic Aleksandar
Published: October 2024

Controlling drug release rate and providing physical and chemical stability to the active pharmaceutical ingredient are key properties of oral solid dosage forms. Here, we demonstrate a formulation strategy using phase-separated polymer blends where the morphology provides a route for tuning the drug release profile. By utilising phase separation of a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic polymer, the hydrophilic component will act as a channelling agent, creating a porous network upon dissolution that will dictate the release characteristics. With ptychographic X-ray tomography and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy we reveal how the morphology depends on both polymer fraction and presence of drug, and how the drug is distributed over the polymer domains. Combining X-ray imaging results with dissolution studies reveal how the morphologies are correlated with the drug release and showcase how tuning the morphology of a polymer matrix in oral formulations can be utilised as a method for controlled drug release.
Loss of vimentin expression in preoperative biopsies independently predicts poor prognosis, lymph node metastasis and recurrence in endometrial cancer
Authors: Hjelmeland Marta E. , Lien Hilde E. , Berg Hege F. , Woie Kathrine , Werner Henrica M. J. , Amant Frédéric , Haldorsen Ingfrid S. , Trovik Jone , Krakstad Camilla
Published: October 2024

Background

Precise preoperative risk classification of endometrial cancer is crucial for treatment decisions. Existing clinical markers often fail to accurately predict lymph node metastasis and recurrence risk. Loss of vimentin expression has emerged as a potential marker for predicting recurrence in low-risk endometrial cancer patients. We assessed whether vimentin expression in preoperative biopsies predicts poor prognosis and lymph node metastasis in a large multicentre cohort.

Methods

Vimentin expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry in 1483 patients diagnosed with endometrial cancer across 14 hospitals in Europe. Expression levels of vimentin were analyzed in conjunction with clinical characteristics for predicting disease-specific survival and lymph node metastases.

Results

Vimentin loss was significantly associated with aggressive disease and poor survival. Adjusted for clinicopathological variables, vimentin remained independently prognostic with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.68 (95% CI 1.16–2.42, P = 0.006). Vimentin expression remained independently prognostic in endometrioid endometrial cancer- and FIGO staged 1 patient. Interestingly, vimentin loss independently predicted lymph node metastases, with an HR of 1.83 (95% CI 1.13–2.95, P = 0.014).

Conclusions

Loss of vimentin in preoperative biopsies serves as an independent predictor of poor prognosis and lymph node metastases. Incorporating vimentin as a clinical marker can improve risk stratification and treatment decisions.
“Ask” or “Inquire”: operationalizing speech formality in psychosis and its risk states using etymology
Authors: Cotter Matthew , McGowan Alessia , Bilgrami Zarina , Sarac Cansu , Bayer Johanna , Spark Jessica , Krcmar Marija , Formica Melanie , Gwyther Kate , Hartmann Jessica , Shuster Sophia , Selloni Alexandria , Shah Jai , Herrera Shaynna N. , McGorry Patrick , Yung Alison R. , Nelson Barnaby , Mizrahi Romina , Cecchi Guillermo , Heisig Stephen , Srivastava Agrima , Corcoran Cheryl M.
Published: October 2024

Many individuals with psychotic symptoms have less complex language than healthy individuals. Word etymology is a lexical feature that has not yet been studied in clinical populations, but among healthy individuals, words of Old French origin are chosen over Germanic-origin words to convey formality (e.g. “inquire” vs. “ask”). Differences in language complexity among individuals with psychotic symptoms may relate to differences in etymological content in speech. Here, we determined the proportion of Germanic-origin word use and Old-French-origin word use in a large cohort of individuals with recent-onset psychosis or at clinically high risk for psychosis, hypothesizing that individuals with recent onset psychosis would have increased use of Germanic-origin words and decreased use of Old-French-origin words. This hypothesis was borne out, even after adjusting for sex, age, recruitment site, education, racial identity, and for a subset, IQ. Etymology proportions were associated with role but not social functioning in individuals with psychotic symptoms, consistent with the premise that they reflect speech formality. Understanding speech differences in the psychosis spectrum through the lens of etymology may lead to new interventions to improve role functioning.
Reduction in size of digital images: does it lead to less detectability or loss of diagnostic information?
Authors: Versteeg C H , Sanderink G C , Lobach S R , van der Stelt P F
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES

To analyse the effect of reduction in size of digital images on diagnostic outcome.

METHODS

A series of 100 Visualix III (Gendex Dental Systems, Milano, Italy; Dentsply, Des Plaines, IL, USA) images was made of size 10 and 15 endodontic files in upper and lower (pre)molars. Three forms of image were created: (a) the original images, (b) reduced to one-half (containing one-quarter of the information of the original, and (c) zoomed-in, half-size images (magnification 2:1; original image size but with only one-quarter of the original information). Seven radiologists were asked to rate the position of the tip of the file, using a five-point confidence scale. ROC data were analysed by means of MANOVA statistics.

RESULTS

A significant difference was found between the three image modalities for both size 10 (P < 0.005), and size 15 (P < 0.021) files.

CONCLUSIONS

Reduction in size of digital images may cause less detectability as well as loss of diagnostic information.
An evaluation of periapical radiography with a charge-coupled device
Authors: Versteeg C H , Sanderink G C , van Ginkel F C , van der Stelt P F
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES

To compare the standards of periapical radiography with a CCD-image receptor with film.

METHODS

Three radiography technicians exposed a total of fifty teeth from all areas of the jaws using either size 1 or size 2 film and the Sidexis (Siemens, Bensheim, Germany) direct digital dental radiography system with the appropriate film holders. Image quality was assessed by two dental radiologists for nine individual criteria and overall, on a three-point scale.

RESULTS

There was a significant difference between film and sensor exposures (P < 0.014). Six per cent of dental films required retakes compared with 28% with the sensor.

CONCLUSION

Periapical radiography with a CCD sensor leads to more errors and thus more retakes than conventional film.
Sialographic characterization of the normal parotid gland of the miniature pig
Authors: Wang S L , Li J , Zhu X Z , Sun K , Liu X Y , Zhang Y G
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE

To characterize the structure of the parotid gland of the miniature pigs (minipig).

METHODS

Sialographic, anatomical, histological and ultrastructural studies of the parotid gland were performed on 11 minipigs.

RESULTS

Sialograms showed a long main duct and a triangular shaped gland. All branching ducts extended from the inferior-posterior margin of the main duct. No accessory glands were found. Typical serous acini were found microscopically and histochemically.

CONCLUSION

This study provides basic structural information on the parotid gland of the minipig.
Fibrodysplasia ossificans circumscripta of the masseter muscle
Authors: Geist J R , Bhatti P , Plezia R A , Wesley R K
Published: October 2024

Fibrodysplasia ossificans circumscripta (FOC) is a lesion characterized by localized calcification of the investing fascia of skeletal muscle. It is often related to repeated trauma and was formerly known as traumatic myositis ossificans. Surgical procedures involving muscles are also believed to be a factor in the origin of the lesion. When FOC develops in the muscles of mastication it can lead to severe trismus. A case is reported of FOC in the left masseter muscle of a 44-year-old man who presented with marked limitation of opening. It was believed that previous fractures of the left maxilla and mandible and/or the subsequent surgical treatments were responsible for the onset of FOC. The radiographic and microscopic features of FOC are discussed in relation to recent theories on the etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of the lesion.
Prevalence of taurodontism in Jordanian dental patients
Authors: Darwazeh A M , Hamasha A A , Pillai K
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES

To assess the prevalence of taurodontism in a group of Jordanian adult dental patients.

METHODS

Posterior periapical radiographs of 875 unselected dental patients were examined for the presence of taurodontism defined as the presence of an apically displaced pulp chamber without the usual constriction at the cemento-enamel junction.

RESULTS

Taurodontism was detected in 8% of subjects and 4.4% of the teeth examined. The maxillary second molar was the most commonly affected tooth. It was equally distributed between males and females (7.9% compared with 8.1% respectively, P > 0.05). 26.7% of the taurodont teeth also had pulp stones or calcifications.

CONCLUSION

Taurodontism is not uncommon in Jordan but further larger scale studies are required to assess its prevalence in the general population to compare it with other ethnic groups.
An unusual case of Stafne bone cavity with extra-osseous course of the mandibular neurovascular bundle
Authors: Reuter I
Published: October 2024

This report describes a case of Stafne's cavity in combination with an extra-osseous course of the mandibular neurovascular bundle in the upper region of the bony defect. The radiographic approach and diagnosis including CT examination are presented.
Evaluation of a new radiographic technique: outcome following removal of mandibular third molars
Authors: Wenzel A , Aagaard E , Sindet-Pedersen S
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE

To compare the effect on outcome of third molar removal of pre-operative radiographic assessment by two different techniques.

METHODS

Two hundred and sixty three patients were allocated prior to surgery to one of two diagnostic groups. One hundred and thirty-seven were examined by the Scanora and 126 by a panoramic plus three intra-oral radiographs. Ten oral surgeons recorded their operating time in minutes. Postoperative pain was recorded 4 h after the operation by the patients on a Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The following clinical parameters were recorded at the 1-week postoperative examination: alveolitis, bleeding, and swelling related to the operation area, and any other complications such as paresthesia, nausea and trismus.

RESULTS

There was no significant difference in operation time between the two groups of patients (t-test; P > 0.82) nor in the frequency of immediate postoperative pain (chi 2-test; P > 0.5). There were no statistically significant differences in pain score between patients who experienced pain in the two groups (P = 0.10). Sixty-four patients experienced one or more postoperative complications, but the differences between the two groups were not statistically significant (chi 2-test; P > 0.05). There were no significant differences between the surgeons in the number of patients they operated on who experienced pain (chi 2-test; P = 0.18) or who developed complications (chi 2-test; P = 0.27).

CONCLUSION

There are no adverse effects on the rate of postoperative complications when surgeons with little experience with it base their diagnosis and treatment plan on Scanora compared with conventional radiography.
Effects of calibration and automatic greyscale adjustment on detectability of simulated bone lesions using a storage phosphor system
Authors: Versteeg C H , Sanderink G C , van Ginkel F C , van der Stelt P F
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES

To analyse the interaction of calibration, automatic greyscale adjustment and X-ray exposure on the evaluation of simulated bone lesions with the Digora (Orion Corporation Soredex, Helsinki, Finland) storage phosphor system.

METHODS

Exposures were made under five conditions based on the exposure time for Ektaspeed Plus film: A-calibration exposure 100%, exposure 100%; B-calibration exposure 100%, exposure 50%; C-calibration exposure 100%, exposure 10%; D-calibration exposure 50%, exposure 50%; E-calibration exposure 10%, exposure 10%. Series of images of artificial bone lesions were created each representing one of the five conditions, with or without automatic greyscale adjustment and including one of two lesion sizes. The series were evaluated by seven expert radiologists. Results were analysed by means of MANOVA statistics.

RESULTS

The large lesions were evaluated significantly better than the small lesions (P < 0.011). The two 10% exposure conditions were evaluated significantly worse than the other three (P < 0.029) which had comparable results. Automatic greyscale adjustment had no significant effect (P > 0.253).

CONCLUSIONS

The Digora should be calibrated for the highest exposure to be used to optimize the wide latitude. Automatic greyscale adjustment is not useful for the detection of simulated bone lesions.
Computed tomography in the diagnosis of maxillofacial mass lesions in younger children
Authors: Kurabayashi T , Ida M , Yoshimasu H , Yoshino N , Sasaki T
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the CT findings of maxillofacial mass lesions in younger children and to discuss the effectiveness of CT in their differential diagnosis.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

CT findings of 17 patients (age range, 0 years 5 months to 3 years 3 months) with histopathologically proven maxillofacial mass lesions were retrospectively evaluated. About two-thirds (11/17) comprised congenital lesions or more common lesions in infancy or younger children.

RESULTS

Hemangiomas, dermoid cysts and ranulas in this age group presented characteristic CT findings in common with those occurring in adults. Two invasive lesions (melanotic neuroectodermal tumor and aggressive fibromatosis) had irregular margins and the latter also showed aggressive bone destruction. Two angiomas had irregular margins. A fibrosarcoma showed expansile bone destruction but had a regular margin.

CONCLUSION

CT was useful in demonstrating the extent of maxillofacial mass lesions in children and for surgical treatment planning. Although some invasive lesions could be correctly diagnosed on the basis of CT, its diagnostic value in differentiating malignant from benign maxillofacial lesions in younger children was limited.
Radiographic study of the mental foramen in a selected Saudi population
Authors: al Jasser N M , Nwoku A L
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES

To determine the most common position of the mental foramen in a selected Saudi population and to compare the results with those reported for other populations.

METHODS

Four hundred and fourteen panoramic radiographs of a Saudi population from four different dental centres were studied.

RESULTS

The commonest position of the mental foramen was in line with the longitudinal axis of the second premolar (45.3%) followed closely by location between the first and second premolars (42.7%). The mental foramen was symmetrical in 80% of patients.

CONCLUSION

Clinicians should expect to find the position of the mental foramen to be symmetrical and in line with the second premolar teeth.
Quantitative analysis of spiral computed tomography for craniofacial clinical applications
Authors: Cavalcanti M G , Vannier M W
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE

To determine the relative accuracy of craniofacial measurements obtained from volumetric spiral computed tomography (CT) in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Nine cadaver heads were examined with spiral CT at 3 mm collimation with 2 mm/s table feed. The CT data, stored on optical disks to allow full retrospective review of any image, were transferred to a networked computer workstation for off-line visualization, measurement and analysis. Three-dimensional surface images (3DCT) were generated from spiral CT scans (2DCT). Measurements (n = 28) were made from (both unique and conventional craniometric anatomical) landmarks (n = 23) identified in 2DCT and 3DCT images by two observers twice. The soft tissues were then removed from the cadavers and the measurements performed with an electromagnetic digitizer.

RESULTS

The accuracy for 3DCT was higher than 2DCT images for seven of 28 measurements. Twenty five per cent of the 2DCT measurements were found to be significantly different from the physical measurements. All measurements with 3DCT were found to have satisfactory accuracy in comparison with physical measurements.

CONCLUSIONS

Three-dimensional spiral CT can distinguish craniofacial anatomy more accurately with some measurements.
Cleidocranial dysplasia: radiological appearances on dental panoramic radiography
Authors: McNamara C M , O'Riordan B C , Blake M , Sandy J R
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE

To report the effectiveness of dental panoramic radiography in identifying features pathognomonic for cleidocranial dysplasia.

METHODS

Panoramic radiographs of nine male Caucasian patients with cleidocranial dysplasia are analysed.

RESULTS

In addition to the established dental complications of failure of eruption of the permanent dentition and multiple supernumerary teeth, morphological abnormalities of the maxilla and mandible, particularly in the ascending ramus and coronoid process were present.

CONCLUSION

Dental panoramic radiography is a valuable adjunct in confirming the diagnosis of cleidocranial dysplasia.
Evaluation of maxillofacial fibrosarcoma using computer graphics and spiral computed tomography
Authors: Cavalcanti M G P , Ruprecht A , Quets J
Published: October 2024

This paper describes the appearance of three cases of maxillofacial fibrosarcoma in multiplanar (MPR) and three-dimensional reconstructed computed tomography (3DCT). The images were analysed by two oral and maxillofacial radiologists and one neuroradiologist. All of the cases clearly demonstrated the usefulness of the interactive MPR and 3DCT in the diagnosis and evaluation of the extent of these maxillofacial tumors.
Radiomorphometric indices of the mandible in a British female population
Authors: Ledgerton D , Horner K , Devlin H , Worthington H
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES

To examine the radiomorphometric indices of the mandible on panoramic radiographs in a population of British female patients, to identify their normal ranges and to investigate their relationships with age, detentition and social class.

METHODS

Five indices, cortical width at the gonion (GI) and below the mental foramen (MI), the panoramic mandibular index (PMI), the mandibular cortical index (MCI) and one new index (measurement of cortical width at the antegonion; AI), were measured bilaterally on 500 panoramic radiographs of females by one trained observer. The measurements were analysed for ease of application, repeatability, relationships with age, dentition and social class and interrelationships between the variables.

RESULTS

All quantitative indices (GI, MI, PMI, AI), showed a significant, negative correlation with age. MCI showed an age-related distribution. Mandibular dentition exerted a significant influence on some indices, but social class had no influence. Intra-observer repeatability of MI, PMI and AI was fair (precision < 20%) but that for GI was poor. Intra-observer agreement in MCI assessments was excellent.

CONCLUSIONS

The age-related changes in mandibular radiomorphometric indices and their variation within each age band lend support to their potential use in identification of skeletal osteopenia. However, problems with repeatability and measurement precision identified in the pilot study, notably with GI, may be a considerable obstacle to their use in general practice.
Relationship between bone mineral density and tooth loss in elderly Japanese women
Authors: Taguchi A , Suei Y , Ohtsuka M , Otani K , Tanimoto K , Hollender L G
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the relationship between vertebral bone mass and tooth loss and jaw bone mass in elderly Japanese women.

METHODS

Mandibular cortical bone mass, alveolar bone height and number of teeth present (total, anterior, and posterior) were compared with the 3rd lumbar vertebral bone mineral density (L3BMD), measured by dual energy computed tomography (DEQCT), in 90 Japanese women by means of multiple regression analysis, controlling for body mass index, menopausal status, years since menopause and self-reported periodontal condition.

RESULTS

Mandibular cortical bone mass and number of posterior teeth were associated with both alveolar bone height and L3BMD, but there was no association between alveolar bone height, number of anterior teeth present and L3BMD.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that the loss of posterior teeth may be associated with a decrease not only in alveolar bone height, but also alveolar bone mineral density (BMD). The latter may be related to a decrease of lumbar vertebral BMD.
Use of the direct magnification technique in dental radiology
Authors: Wichmann M G , von Brenndorff A I
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the potential use of the direct magnification (DIMA) technique in dental radiology.

METHODS

Radiographs of anatomical specimens and extracted teeth were prepared under clinical conditions using a microfocus (8 and 16 microns focal diameter) X-ray tube. Entrance dose was measured using an ionization chamber. Image quality was assessed in a single-blind test of pairs of images of extracted teeth with and without caries by ten observers.

RESULTS

At 7.3 x magnification the values for exposure time and entrance dose were comparable with those for conventional intraoral radiography, 0.1 and 0.25 s and 1.5 and 2.9 mSv respectively. Diagnostic accuracy using the DIMA images was significantly (P < 0.0001) better compared with dental radiographs.

CONCLUSION

DIMA images with significantly enhanced diagnostic accuracy can be obtained at comparable exposure times and entrance doses to conventional intraoral radiographs.
Diaphyseal aclasis affecting the temporomandibular joint
Authors: Welsh G A , MacLeod I
Published: October 2024

Diaphyseal aclasis is a rare disorder of bone development in which multiple, cartilagenous exostoses develop and enlarge mainly on the ends of long bones. It has also been described in the vertebral column where it may give rise to spinal cord compression but has not previously been reported as occurring in the jaws. A case is reported in which a patient known to suffer from diaphyseal aclasis at many other anatomical sites displays temporomandibular joint changes which are highly suggestive of the disease now manifesting in the jaws. The presentation, investigations and treatment are described and the literature concerning previous cases of diaphyseal aclasis is reviewed.
The effects of developer age on diagnostic accuracy: a study using assessment of endodontic file length
Authors: Syriopoulos K , Sanderink G C , Velders X L , van Ginkel F C , van der Stelt P F
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES

To examine the effects of developer age on image quality.

METHODS

Endodontic files, size 10 and 15, were placed in upper and lower molars and premolars up to the root apex or 1.5 mm short. A series of radiographs were made with each of three film types: Dentus M2 (Agfa-Gevaert, Mortsel, Belgium), Ektaspeed Plus and Ultra-speed (Kodak Eastman Co, Rochester, USA). The films were processed bi-weekly using the same Agfa chemicals (Heraeus Kulzer, Dormagen, Germany) over a 6-week period. An additional set of Dentus M2 films was processed using Periomat chemicals (Dürr Dental, Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany). The films were viewed by eight dentists who rated the position of the tip of the file using a 5-point confidence scale. ROC data were analysed by means of analysis of variance. Az value was the dependent variable, whereas observer age group was entered as between subject factor. The null hypothesis was rejected when P<0.05.

RESULTS

The diagnostic accuracies of the three films were comparable during the first 4 weeks. In the sixth week Ultra-speed was significantly better than the other two films (P=0.046). The Periomat chemicals showed significantly greater consistency than the Agfa chemicals (P=0.004). Developer exhaustion significantly affected the performance of the older observers (P=0.008), especially when Agfa chemicals and file size 10 were used.

CONCLUSION

Agfa chemicals older than 4 weeks significantly affect the assessment of endodontic file length. In earlier stages there are no significant differences between the three films tested. Dentus M2 and Ektaspeed Plus films should be used as they require lower exposures.
The role of computed tomography in the preoperative assessment and follow-up of oromandibular reconstruction with microvascular osteomyocutaneous free flaps
Authors: Preda L , Dore R , Benazzo M , Occhini A , Giulio G D , Fianza A L , Campani R
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the capacity of helical CT in the pre- and post-operative management of oromandibular reconstruction of patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma using microvascular composite free flaps.

MATERIALS/METHODS

Thirty-four patients with oropharyngeal cancer were examined by helical CT and nine (six men and three women) submitted to oromandibular reconstruction. The osteomyocutaneous flaps used for reconstruction were taken from the iliac crest in six cases and from the fibula in three cases. All patients were examined by CT 1 - 4 days postoperatively and then at 6 monthly intervals. Double helical scans were performed in all cases, with slices of 2 - 3 mm for primary lesion studies and 5 mm for lymph node staging, pitch >/=1 and RI=1. Multiplanar (MPR) and 3D reconstructions were obtained from pre- and postoperative CT examinations.

RESULTS

Preoperative CT showed massive bone infiltration in six of the nine surgical patients and marginal infiltration in three. These findings were confirmed histologically. There were no false negatives. The immediate postoperative examination showed correct flap positioning in eight of nine cases. The flap underwent ischemic necrosis in two cases; CT showed very early signs of bone ischemia in both. CT detected two cases of recurrence after about 1 year.

CONCLUSIONS

Axial CT permitted adequate assessment of the extent of mandibular infiltration and detected early ischemic complications and distant recurrences. Integration with MPR and 3D reconstructions simplified the choice of flap type and size and enabled the postoperative assessment of correct flap positioning. This helped the surgeon plan subsequent rehabilitation with osseo-integrated implants.
Noma: report of a case resulting in bony ankylosis of the maxilla and mandible
Authors: Deeb G R , Yih W Y , Merrill R G , Lundeen R C
Published: October 2024

Noma, or cancrum oris, has been described as a gangrenous infection of the soft and hard tissues of the oronasal region. Prior to the advent of antibiotics the disease was commonly fatal. Now many survive the acute phase of the disease and present the surgeon with formidable problems of repair. This is a report of a presumed case of noma that resulted in bony ankylosis of the maxilla and mandible. Three-dimensional shaded surface CT reconstruction images were especially useful in demonstrating the architecture of the abnormal bone.
Implantation-type epidermoid cyst of the mandible
Authors: Noffke C E
Published: October 2024

The documented cases of epidermoid implantation cysts affecting the oral tissues are reviewed. A unique case involving the ramus of the mandible is presented.
Dependency of dose response of five charge-coupled device-based digital intra-oral radiographic systems on tube voltage
Authors: Nishikawa K , Shibuya H , Wakoh M , Kuroyanagi K
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE

To compare the dependency of dose response of five CCD-based digital intra-oral radiographic systems on tube voltage.

METHODS

Characteristic curves for Sens-A-Ray (old and new generations; Regam Medical Systems, Sundsvall, Sweden), Computed Dental Radiography (Schick Technologies, Long Island City, NY, USA), CompuRay (Yoshida, Tokyo, Japan), and VIXA (Dentsply/Gendex, Des Plaines, IL, USA) were generated between 60 and 90 kVp at intervals of 10 kVp and corrected by subtraction of dark current. Their sensitivities were compared.

RESULTS

The sensitivity of the old generation Sens-A-Ray decreased with increase in tube voltage whereas in the other systems it increased. Conclusion: In the newer systems using a rare earth intensifying screen as a scintillator, the sensitivity increases with increase in tube voltage, thus reducing the radiation dose to the patient.
Recent developments in understanding temporomandibular joint disorders. Part 1: Bone marrow abnormalities of the mandibular condyle
Authors: Sano T
Published: October 2024

Improvements in diagnostic imaging of the temporomandibular joint in the past 20 years have shown that disk displacement is the most frequent abnormality in patients with joint pain and dysfunction. The aetiology of the pain is poorly understood. Recent studies with magnetic resonance imaging have demonstrated a number of other changes in the TMJ. In this paper I review the possible significance of alterations in the condylar bone marrow and its relationship to osteonecrosis.
A comparison of the diagnostic utility of two image receptors for panoramic radiography
Authors: Carmichael F A , Hirschmann P N , Scaife B , Sheard L , Mackenzie A
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE

To compare the diagnostic utility of two screen-film systems for panoramic radiography, one based on green and the other on ultraviolet light.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two hundred consecutive adult patients with teeth in all four quadrants requiring panoramic radiographs were randomly allocated to one of two groups. One group was imaged with OGA L (CEA AB, Strängnäs, Sweden) film using Lanex Regular (Eastman Kodak, Rochester, NY, USA) screens (the Lanex group). The other group was imaged using Ultra-Vision (Dupont UK Limited, Hertfordshire, UK) film and screens (the Ultra-vision group). Two different panoramic machines were used, a Planmeca (Planmeca OY, Helsinki, Finland) and Cranex (Soredex Orion Corporation, Helsinki, Finland). The radiographs were evaluated by two radiographers for overall quality and any faults recorded. Two dental radiologists evaluated the crestal and apical areas of every standing tooth on a 4-point scale. The likelihood of getting a high-quality image with the different films was modelled using logistic regression, adjusting for the radiologist and the area of the tooth being examined. Inter- and intra-examiner agreement was calculated using Kappa and weighted Kappa where appropriate.

RESULTS

The radiographers recorded no significant differences in positioning errors between the two groups of film. However, the films produced on the Cranex were less likely to be recorded as excellent. The radiologists' interexaminer agreement for the lower molars and upper incisors was only moderate at best (kappa = 0.56). No significant differences were found between the likelihood of the two types of film providing a high-quality image. Crestal areas were more likely to be scored well than apical areas.

CONCLUSION

There were no differences in ease of discerning apical and crestal areas between the two screen-film systems. There was only poor to moderate agreement between the two radiologists. Ultra-Vision can be recommended as an alternative to existing rare earth systems for panoramic radiography.
The contribution by medical radiology departments to dental radiology in general dental practice in Scotland
Authors: MacDonald-Jankowski D S , Barrie W J , Wohlgemuth B
Published: October 2024

AIM

To determine the availability of the services of medical radiology departments to general dental practitioners in Scotland.

METHODS

Fifty-seven hospitals were identified as likely to have services available to general dental practitioners; 41 were within central urbanised areas (the 'Central Belt') and 16 in the more remote rural areas, (the 'Borders, Highlands and Islands'). The available services were identified by questionnaire.

RESULTS

All 57 questionnaires were returned. Although there were significantly fewer larger hospitals in the 'Borders, Highlands and Islands', there was no significant difference in availability of services to general dental practitioners between the two parts of Scotland.

CONCLUSION

The services of medical radiology departments are generally available to general dental practitioners in both the 'Central Belt' and the 'Borders, Highlands and Islands'.
Optimisation of patient doses in programmable dental panoramic radiography
Authors: Lecomber A R , Downes S L , Mokhtari M , Faulkner K
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES

To estimate the radiation-related risk associated with twelve imaging programs available on the Orthophos (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) dental panoramic radiography unit.

METHODS

Organ absorbed doses for each program were measured using a Rando anthropomorphic phantom loaded with thermoluminescent dosemeters. Effective dose (E) was calculated in two ways; first, using the method recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection, which excludes the salivary glands (designated Eexc), and second, with its inclusion (designated Einc). Organ and effective doses were both used to compare the various imaging programs.

RESULTS

In 11 of the 12 programs studied the salivary glands received the highest individual organ dose, and Einc was found to be up to double Eexc. When the image was restricted to the dentition (program 2) organ doses were lower than for the complete jaws (program 1) by up to 85%, and Eexc and Einc reduced by about one half. When programs 2 and 6 (to image the temporomandibular joints) are used in place of program 1, the former combination provides more image information at an equivalent risk.

CONCLUSIONS

The value of E in panoramic radiography depends on the inclusion of the salivary glands in the calculation and the magnitude of the dose.
Assessment of maxillary sinus volume for the sinus lift operation by three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Gray C F , Staff R T , Redpath T W , Needham G , Renny N M
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES

To calculate sinus and bone graft volumes and vertical bone heights from sequential magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations in patients undergoing a sinus lift operation.

METHODS

MRI scans were obtained pre-operatively and at 10 days and 10 weeks post-operatively, using a 0.95 tesla MRI scanner and a three-dimensional (3D) magnetisation prepared, rapid acquisition gradient-echo (MP-RAGE) sequence.

RESULTS

Estimates of the bone graft volumes required for a desired vertical bone height were made from the pre-operative MRI scan. Measurements of the graft volumes and bone heights actually achieved were made from the post-operative scans. The MRI appearance of the graft changed between the 10 day and 10 week scans.

CONCLUSIONS

We have proposed a technique which has the potential to give the surgeon an estimate of the optimum volume of graft for the sinus lift operation from the pre-operative MRI scan alone and demonstrated its application in a single patient. Changes in the sequential MRI appearance of the graft are consistent with replacement of fluid by a matrix of trabecular bone.