bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
POLYCULTURE OF CHANNEL CATFISH,Ictalurus punctatus, WITH POST‐LARVAL AND JUVENILE PRAWNS,Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Authors: Pavel David L. , Cange Stephen W. , Avault James W.
Published: August 2010

Post‐larval (0.01 g) and juvenile (0.2 g) Malaysian prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) were stocked with channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fingerlings (66 9) in earthen ponds. Prawns and catfish were stocked at densities of 4,940 per ha and 7,410 per ha respectively. There were five treatments: replicated ponds stocked with post‐larval prawns and channel catfish; post‐larval prawns only, juvenile prawns and channel catfish, juvenile prawns only, and catfish only. Prawns and catfish were stocked on 26 June and harvested 107 days later on 10 October. Prawn survival in ponds without catfish averaged 90%. This was significantly higher (p< 0.05) than survival of prawns in ponds with catfish (81%). Prawn yield averaged 192 kg per ha in ponds without catfish. This was significantly higher (p< 0.01) than the 124 kg per ha of prawns harvested from ponds with catfish. There were no significant differences (p> 0.05) in prawn survival, average size of prawns at harvest, and prawn yields between prawns stocked as postlarvae and prawns stocked as juveniles. There were no significant differences (p> 0.05) in catfish survival, average weight of catfish at harvest, and catfish yields among all treatments. Catfish survival averaged 83%; the average weight of catfish at harvest was 315 g, and the average catfish yield was 1,968 kg per ha. The good prawn survival, and the fact that prawns reached large sizes (30 g+) in a growing season that could have been extended by 40 days, indicates that there may be a potential for the integration of prawns into catfish farming.
Induced Ovulation of Southern Flounder Paralichthys lethostigma Using Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Analogue Implants
Authors: Berlinsky David L. , King V William , Smith Ted I. J. , Hamilton Richard D. , Holloway John , Sullivan Craig V.
Published: August 2010

Implanted pellets that provide a sustained release of [D‐Ala6 Des‐Gly10] LHRH‐ethylamide (GnRHa) were used to induce maturation and ovulation of Southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma. Of the 12 females whose ovaries contained follicles with a maximum diameter ≥500 μm, 11 ovulated for the first time within 90 h of hormone implantation. Only 1 fish with a maximum follicle diameter less than 500 μm ovulated within 2 wk after implantation. Ovulated eggs were manually stripped from the females and mixed with sperm from several males. Most females were spawned 1 to 3 times on consecutive days with variable fertility. One female was spawned 11 times producing 668,000 eggs. Fertility was evaluated by examining the incubated eggs for early stages of embryonic cleavage. The percentage of fertile eggs in subsamples of incubated eggs ranged from 7–95%. The results indicate that GnRHa implants can be used to induce repeated ovulation in this species. The variability in fertility is discussed in relation to egg quality.
Stable Isotopic Evaluation of the Relative Assimilation of Natural and Artificial Foods by Golden Shiners Notemigonus crysoleucas in Ponds
Authors: Lochman Rebecca , Phillips Harold
Published: August 2010

Stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) were used to estimate the relative contributions of natural and prepared feeds to the nutrition of golden shiners Notemigonus crysoleucas in ponds. Concurrent feeding trials were conducted in tanks (110 L) and ponds (0.04 ha) to determine the response of golden shiners to three isotopically distinct prepared diets both in the presence (pond) and absence (tank) of natural food. Seston was the primary indicator of the δ13C of natural foods available in the ponds, but δ13C's of free‐swimming, unfed golden shiners provided an additional index. Fish receiving experimental diets were maintained in floating nets within the same ponds. After 6 wk, fish in tanks fed all three diets had acquired the diet label to some degree, while fish in ponds also tracked their respective feeds except for those fed diet 3. This diet contained a large amount of corn meal, which appeared to be poorly assimilated by golden shiners. The use of natural foods by golden shiners fed all three prepared feeds ranged from 40–83% and was inversely correlated with the relative assimilation of the prepared feeds.
Larval Rearing and Weaning Techniques for White Bass Morone chrysops
Authors: Denson Michael R. , Smith Theodore I. J.
Published: August 2010

The effects of culture parameters of tank color and feeding regimes were examined on larval white bass Morone chrysops during 1994–1995. Under high surface illumination (998 lux), dark tank walls were essential for effective prey capture. Larvae reared in clear glass aquaria did not grow and had died by day 6 of the study. In contrast, 48.7% of the larvae reared in black‐walled tanks were alive on day 24 and had grown to 17.2 mm total length (TL). In another study, larvae were fed rotifers Brachionus plicatilis and Artemia nauplii in different feeding protocols. In one treatment only rotifers (10/mL) were fed day 1 (4 d post‐hatch), rotifers and Artemia (3/mL) were fed days 2–4, and Artemia fed days 5–15. This protocol produced similar growth (mean size 11.7 mm TL) and survival (mean 30.3%) as slower weaning times from rotifers to Artemia. Juveniles (27‐day‐old, 17.2 mm TL) were converted to a dry crumble diet over a 14‐d period by slow transfer from a combination diet consisting of live Artemia nauplii, frozen adult Artemia, plankton flakes and dry crumbles. Survival offish weaned to the dry diet was 64.5%. Most of the mortalities during the weaning period were fish with uninflated swim bladders which were cannibalized by larger fish. Using the above tank culture techniques, white bass were reared to a mean size of 73.2 mm TL (mean weight 5.8 g) over a 73‐d period. This essentially closes the life cycle of white bass.
Sperm Characteristics of Precocious 1‐year‐old Male Striped Bass Morone saxatilis
Authors: Holland M. Claire , Mylonas Costadinos C. , Zohar Yonathan
Published: August 2010

Abstract.— Captive‐reared, 10‐mo‐old, male striped bass Morone saxatilis were sampled monthly for testicular development between February and June 1994. One of the five males sampled in February showed precocious testicular development and had a gonado‐somatic index (GSI) of 1.26%. while the other four fish had immature testes with a mean GSI ± sx, of 0.17 ± 0.03%. Spermiating individuals were present from April to June. In April the average body weight (BW) of spermiating males was 65 ± 4 g and their GSI reached a mean value of 4.75 ± 0.52%. In June, milt collected from ten precocious males contained motile spermatozoa with a mean of 31 ± 7% of the sperm showing forward movement. Mean milt volume and sperm concentration were 1.67 ± 0.41 mL/kg BW and 92.3 ± 1.8 ± 109 spermatozoa/mL. respectively. These data show that male striped bass reared in captivity can reach sexual maturity during their first year. This is one year earlier than previously reported for striped bass in mid‐Atlantic regions.
Growth, Survival, Yield, and Size Distributions of Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii and Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus in Polyculture and Monoculture Systems in Puerto Rico
Authors: Garcia‐Pérez Alfredo , Alston Dallas E. , Cortés‐Maldonado Ricardo
Published: August 2010

Abstract.— Tilapia and freshwater prawn production in Puerto Rico for monoculture and polyculture systems were compared. The experiment consisted of three treatments with three replicates each. The stocking rates for the prawn monoculture, fish monoculture and polyculture treatments were respectively: 7 prawns/m2, 1 tilapia/M2, and 7 prawns with 1 tilapia/ m2. The mean stocking size for tilapia and prawn were respectively, 7–8 g and 1–1.3 g. After 145 d of culture, yields and mean weight of tilapia in monoculture and polyculture system were not significantly different. Total yields were 2,942 and 2,769 kg/ha, respectively. Mean weights were 348 g in monoculture and 331 g in polyculture. Yields and mean weight of prawns in monoculture and polyculture were significantly different. Total yields were 1,367 and 951 kg/ha, respectively. Mean weights were 55 g in monoculture and 31 g in polyculture. Total yield in polyculture was 3,720 kg/ha showing an increase over the production separately obtained in prawn and fish monoculture.
Comparison of Docosahexaenoic Acid (22:6n‐3) Levels in Various Artemis Strains during Enrichment and Subsequent Starvation
Authors: Han Kyungmin , Geurden Inge , Sorgeloos Patrick
Published: August 2010

Abstract.— The aim of this study was to compare the levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3) in three different bisexual and one parthenogenetic strains of Artemia after enrichment. Freshly‐hatched nauplii from A. franciscana (Great Salt Lake, USA), A. sinica (Yimeng, P. R. China), A. persimilis (Argentina), and A. parthenogenetica (Tanggu, P. R. China) were enriched with a purified lipid emulsion containing 95% DHA ethyl esters (% total fatty acids) and subsequently starved. All strains had very low initial DHA levels (< 0.3 mg/g dry weight). Initial eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5n‐3 (EPA) levels were high in A. parthenogenetica (18.2 mg/g dry weight) as compared to those in the other strains (4.6‐8.5 mg/g dry weight). After 24‐h enrichment, A. sinica contained the highest DHA level (37.0 mg/g dry weight) as well as the highest DHA/ EPA ratio (3.7). The lowest DHA enrichment levels were found in A. franciscana and A. parthenogenetica (26.3 and 22.7 mg/g dry weight, respectively). During the subsequent 24‐h starvation period, the contents of DHA decreased rapidly in all strains, whereas EPA levels remained relatively stable. This indicates the high catabolism of DHA for energy production, the relative conservation of EPA, and possibly a partial bioconversion of DHA to EPA during the starvation period in each species.
The Effect of Capture and Handling Stress on Plasma Steroid Levels and Gonadal Condition in Wild and Farmed Snapper Pagrus auratus (Sparidae)
Authors: Cleary Jennifer J. , Pankhurst Ned W. , Battaglene Stephen C.
Published: August 2010

The effects of stress on reproductive steroids and the developing oocytes were investigated in female wild snapper Pagrus auratus caught by trap, 5‐yr‐old snapper caught as juveniles and reared in captivity, and 2‐ and 3‐yr‐old hatchery‐reared snapper. Fish were confined post‐capture for 1, 6, 24, 48 or 168 h. Stress resulted In an increase in plasma cortisol and concomitant decreases in 17β‐estradiol and testosterone. In addition, there was an increase in the incidence of ovarian atresia. These results confirm that both wild and hatchery‐reared snapper are highly susceptible to stress‐induced impairment of reproduction.
Methionine Requirement of Juvenile Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus
Authors: Alam Md. Shah , Teshima Shin‐Ichi , Ishikawa Manabu , Koshio Shunsuke
Published: August 2010

Abstract.— Growth studies were conducted to determine the dietary methionine requirement of juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. A basal diet was formulated to contain 50% crude protein from casein and gelatin, as intact protein sources, supplemented with crystalline L‐amino acids (CAA), to correspond to the amino acid pattern found in the whole body protein of the juvenile Japanese flounder, except methionine. Test diets contained six graded levels of L‐methionine 0.53, 0.83, 1.13, 1.43, 1.73, and 2.03% of diet (dry matter basis) or 1.06, 1.66, 2.26, 2.86, 3.46 and 4.06% of protein. To prevent leaching losses of water‐soluble amino acids, CAA were pre‐coated with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and diets were further bound with both CMC and κ‐carrageenan after addition of the pre‐coated CAA. Weighing about 2.80 g, each triplicate group of the juvenile flounder were fed test diets twice a day (5% of body weight) for 40 d. Survival rate, specific growth rate, feed conversion efficiency and apparent protein retention were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by dietary methionine concentrations. The optimum dietary level of methionine in the presence of 0.06% of dietary cystine for Japanese flounder juvenile was estimated by using break point analysis. The values determined based on weight gain and feed efficiency were 1.49% of diet (or 2.98% of protein) and 1.44% of diet (or 2.88% of protein), respectively. These requirement values are close to the methionine level of flounder whole body protein.
Particle Size Distribution in Two Lipid Emulsions Used for the Enrichment of Artemia nauplii as a Function of Their Preparation Method and Storage Time
Authors: Han Kyungmin , Geurden Inge , Meeren Paul Van der , Bai Sungchul C. , Sorgeloos Patrick
Published: August 2010

The present study examined the distribution of particle sizes in two experimental standardized lipid emulsions (distributed by ICES, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea) as a function of the preparation method (hand shaking or ultrasonic blending) and as a function of storage time. A 24‐h enrichment trial compared the incorporated HUFA levels in the nauplii of Artemia franciscana.

The emulsion droplets in the 50% HUFA emulsion (ICES 50, ethyl ester based) were much smaller than in the 30% HUFA emulsion (ICES 30, triacylglycerol‐based) in which 90% of the droplets had a diameter below 12.3 μm as compared to 1.3 pn in ICES 50. The blending method highly affected particle sizes. High‐shear blending instead of the classical hand shaking of the emulsion of both ICES 30 and 50 reduced the mean particle size from 5.06 to 1.07 μm and from 0.38 to 0.11 μm, respectively. The particle size distributions remained stable during the 1‐wk storage, suggesting the absence of agglomeration or bacterial development. The fatty acid composition of 24‐h enriched Artemia reflected differences in the HUFA profile of the emulsions, but was independent of observed differences in the size of the particles.
Reevaluation of the Phosphorus Requirement of Juvenile Olive Flounder Pavalichfhys olivaceus and the Bioavailability of Various Inorganic Phosphorus Sources
Authors: Choi Se‐Min , Kim Kang‐Woong , Kang Yong‐Jin , Wang Xiaojie , Kim Jae‐Won , Yoo Gwan‐Yeol , Bai Sungchul C.
Published: August 2010

A 6‐wk feeding trial was conducted to reevaluate the phosphorus (P) requirement of juvenile olive flounder and the bioavailability of various inorganic phosphorus sources (IPS). Eight experimental diets were prepared such that all diets contained the same amount of calories, nitrogen, and calcium. Each diet included 0.33% total phosphorus (TP) and 0.60 % total calcium supplied by the basal diet. The eight experimental diets were: the basal diet without P supplementation (BD), three diets consisting of the BD supplemented with NaH,PO4.2H2O (NaP0.45 NaP0.57 or NaP1.14) to supply 0.45, 0.57 or 1.14% TP, and four diets consisting of the BD supplemented with K2HPO4 (KP0.57), Ca(H2PO4);H2O (Cap0.57), CaH2PO4;2H2O (CaHP0.57) or flounder bone meal (FBP0.57) to supply 0.57% TP. Fish (N = 480)averaging 4.02 ± 0.03 g (Mean ± SD) were distributed randomly into 24 aquaria (20 fish per aquarium), and were fed one of the eight experimental diets in triplicate groups.

The weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed efficiency (FE) of fish fed the NaP0.57 diet were significantly higher than those of fish fed the BD, NaP1.14, KP0.57, CaHP0.57 and FBP0.57 diets (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in WG, SGR, PER, and FER among fish fed the Nap0.45, NaP0.57 and Cap0.57, diets. Whole body P retention (WBPret) in fish fed the Nap0.57 diet was significantly higher than in fish fed the BD, NaP1.14, KP0.57 CaHP0.57 and FBP0.57diets (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in WBPret among fish fed the NaP0.47, NaP0.57, and CaP0.57, diets. The ability of the fish to digest the phosphorus in the NaP0.45, Nap0.57, NaP1.14, and CaP0.57 diets was significantly better than that of fish fed the other diets (P > 0.05). These results indicated that the dietary P requirement for juvenile olive flounder could be 0.45457%. Also, NaH,PO; 2H2O and Ca(H2PO4);H2O appeared to have a better bioavailability than the other P sources in juvenile olive flounder.
Comparison of the Coat Protein Gene of Nervous Necrosis Virus (NNV) Detected from Marine Fishes in Korea
Authors: Oh Myung‐Joo , Jung Sung‐Ju , Kitamura Shin‐Ichi
Published: August 2010

Marine fishes, red drum Sciunops ocellatus. oblong rock fish Sebastes oblongus and Japanese flounder Purulichthys olivaceus showing clinical signs of nodavirus infection and mortality were subjected to histopathological and reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) detection assay. Histologically, the diseased fish showed prominent vacuolisation in the brain, spinal cord, and retina of eyes. Fish nodavirus was detected by RT‐PCR amplification in these fish species. Sequence analysis of the RT‐PCR products were identical in comparison among T4 regions of Japanese flounder, red drum, and oblong rock fish isolates. From the sequence analysis, three isolates in this study could be included in the red‐spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV), which is one of the clusters among four major clusters of NNV.
Effect of Feeding Frequency, Water Temperature, and Stocking Density on the Growth of Tiger Puffer, Takifugu rubripes
Authors: Kikuchi Kotaro , Iwata Nakahiro , Kawabata Toyoki , Yanagawa Toshiharu
Published: August 2010

Effects of daily feeding frequency, water temperature, and stocking density on the growth of tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes, fry were examined to develop effective techniques to produce tiger puffer in a closed recirculation system. Fish of 4, 14, and 180 g in initial body weight were fed commercial pellet diets once to five times a day to apparent satiation each by hand for 8 or 12 wk at 20 C. Daily feeding frequency did not affect the growth of 14‐ and 180‐g‐size fish. However, the daily feed consumption and weight gain of the 4‐g‐size fish fed three and five times daily were significantly higher than those of fish fed once daily (P < 0.05). Fish of 4 and 50 g in initial body weight were reared with the pellet diet at 15–30 C for 8 wk. The weight gain of fish increased with increasing water temperature up to 25 C and decreased drastically at 30 C for both sizes. Similar trends were observed for feed efficiency, although 4‐g fish had highest efficiency at 20 C. Effects of stocking density on growth were examined with fish of 8, 13, and 100 g in initial body weight. Fish were reared with the pellet diet for 8 or 16 wk at 20 C. Fish were placed in floating net cages in the culture tank, and the stocking density was determined based on the total weight of fish and volume of the net cage. Fish of 8 g in body weight grew up to 35–36 g during the 8‐wk rearing period independent of the stocking density of 8, 15, and 31 kg/m3 at the end of rearing. Final biomass per cage reached 32, 60, and 115 kg/m3 for 13‐g‐size fish, and 10, 18, and 35 kg/m3 for 100‐g‐size fish, and the growth of the fish tended to decrease with increasing stocking density for both sizes.
Effects of Feeding Levels on Growth Performance, Feed Utilization, Body Composition, and Apparent Digestibility Coefficients of Nutrients for Grouper Epinephelus coioides Juveniles
Authors: Luo Zhi , Liu Yong‐Jian , Mai Kang‐Sen , Tian Li‐Xia , Tan Xiao‐Ying , Shi Jin‐Fang
Published: August 2010

An experiment was conducted to determine effects of feeding levels on growth performance, feed utilization, body composition, and apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of nutrients for juvenile grouper Epinephelus coioides (initial weight, 10.31 ± 0.36 g). Grouper were fed a practical diet from 0 (starvation) to 3.5% (at 0.5% increments) body weight per day (bw/d) for 8 wk. ANOVA indicated that growth performance, feed utilization, body composition, and ADCs of dry matter, protein, and energy were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by feeding levels. Survival was the lowest for the starvation group and for fish fed a ration of 0.5% bw/d. Final mean body weight, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate, and metabolic growth rate increased with feeding rate from 0 to 2.5% bw/d (P < 0.05) and showed no significant differences above the level (P > 0.05). Feed conversion rate was significantly lower at a feeding level of 2.0% bw/d than above and below the level (P < 0.05). Protein efficiency ratio was markedly highest at the 2.0% bw/d ration level (P < 0.05). Lipid contents of whole body, muscle, and liver increased with increasing feeding rates from 0 to 3% bw/d and showed a slight decline at the feeding level of 3.5% bw/d. Protein contents of whole‐body composition, muscle, and liver remained relatively stable with the different ration amount with the exception of fish fed a ration of 0.5% bw/d, at which grouper possessed significantly lower body protein concentration (P < 0.05). Condition factor, viscerosomatic index, and hepatosomatic index were the lowest for fish fed 0.5% bw/d and tended to increase with the increasing feeding levels. ADCs of dry matter, protein, and energy decreased with increasing feeding levels from 0 to 2.5% bw/d and then remained relatively constant over the level. Based on the broken‐line regression analysis using WG data, the optimum and maintenance feeding levels for grouper were 2.5% bw/d and 0.25% bw/d, respectively.
Estimates of Bottom Soil and Effluent Load of Phosphorus at a Semi‐intensive Marine Shrimp Farm
Authors: Boyd Claude E. , Corpron Ken , Bernard Eric , Pengsang Puan
Published: August 2010

A phosphorus budget for a single crop was prepared for a 685‐ha semi‐intensive shrimp farm that consistently has produced about 3000 tonnes/yr of black tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon. Phosphorus inputs were shrimp stock, 0.31 kg/ha; triple superphosphate, 1.38 kg/ha; incoming water, 25.8 kg/ha; and feed, 65.3 kg/ha. Phosphorus outputs were harvested shrimp, 5.43 kg/ha, and outflow for water exchange and draining, 42.7 kg/ha. The high clay‐content soil in pond bottoms adsorbed 45.2 kg/ha of phosphorus. Water was taken from and released back into the same estuary and bay. The phosphorus contribution of shrimp farming to the receiving water body was the difference between the amount of phosphorus in effluent and that in the incoming water, which was 16.9 kg/ha. Bottom soil accumulated 67.8% of phosphorus added to the ponds. Another estimate of soil phosphorus uptake based on the relationship between cumulative phosphorus applied to ponds as fertilizer and feed and soil phosphorus concentration suggested that 63.2% of fertilizer and feed phosphorus had accumulated in pond bottoms. The farm effluent phosphorus load was 23.5 tonnes/yr. The estuary and bay system has an estimated volume of 4.8 × 109 m3, and the annual phosphorus input from the farm had a concentration equivalent of 0.005 mg/L, and there were no other major inputs of phosphorus. The estuary and bay are flushed by freshwater inflow and tidal action, and the farm input is not likely to cause eutrophication.
Infection of Tilapia Oreochromis sp. by Vibrio vulnificus in Freshwater and Low‐salinity Environments
Authors: Chen Chun‐Yao , Chao Chia‐Ben , Bowser Paul R.
Published: August 2010

The first isolation of Vibrio vulnificus in southern Taiwan from hybrid tilapia Oreochromis sp. raised in freshwater and brackish water environments is documented in this report. The infection was only found in fish in ponds where the salinity was less than 10 ppt. Tilapia raised in water of higher salinities in the same region were not affected. Grossly visible signs of infection included dark coloration, lethargy, and external hemorrhage and ulceration of the skin. The most prominent internal signs of infection included splenomegaly and severe hemorrhagic lesions in the liver. Septicemia was documented in moribund fish. All bacterial isolates from moribund fish were tested by polymerase chain reaction, using V. vulnificus hemolysin/cytolysin gene‐specific primers. Sequence data from the 16S ribosomal RNA gene suggest that these isolates were V. vulnificus. The isolates were indole and mannitol positive, characteristics shared by human clinical isolates and isolates from freshwater European eel, Anguilla anguilla. The isolates from tilapia were unique in that they were negative for ornithine decarboxylase and citrate.
Early Education for Spatial Intelligence: Why, What, and How
Authors: Newcombe Nora S. , Frick Andrea
Published: August 2010

Spatial representation and thinking have evolutionary importance for any mobile organism. In addition, they help reasoning in domains that are not obviously spatial, for example, through the use of graphs and diagrams. This article reviews the literature suggesting that mental spatial transformation abilities, while present in some precursory form in infants, toddlers, and preschool children, also undergo considerable development and show important individual differences, which are malleable. These findings provide the basis for thinking about how to promote spatial thinking in preschools, at home, and in children's play. Integrating spatial content into formal and informal instruction could not only improve spatial functioning in general but also reduce differences related to gender and socioeconomic status that may impede full participation in a technological society.
Wanted: Tesseract. One Hypothesis on Languages, Cultures, and Ethics for Mind, Brain, and Education
Authors: Della Chiesa Bruno
Published: August 2010

For potential consideration by the Mind, Brain, and Education community, here is a modest but provocative hypothesis regarding the relationships between acquisition of languages, awareness of cultures, and development of ethics in human beings. Starting from the basic idea according to which “a fish does not know what water is,” and using both various literature sources and my personal experience of linguistic/cultural diversity, I postulate, using the mathematical metaphor of the “tesseract,” that mastery of several languages is not only essential to developing cultural awareness but also a key to (partial) access to global awareness. This might open research avenues for colleagues interested in some of these fields, or in all of them; if sound neuroscientific work, possibly combined with quantitative studies, proves the hypothesis right, then we may hope to take one small step toward more tolerance: yet another “giant leap for mankind”? Let us dream—it is not forbidden yet.
A VERIFICATION OF THE QUAL‐1 WATER QUALITY MODEL FOR THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI RIVER1
Authors: Sparr Ted M.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: This paper describes the verification of the QUAL‐1 mass transport model for the lower Mississippi River between St. Francisville and Point a la Hache using dye studies conducted by the U. S. Geological Survey. QUAL‐1 is a one‐dimensional steady‐state model for rivers and is capable of predicting longitudinal profiles of soluble materials entering rivers from point sources. Both conservative and nonconservative parameters of water quality can be considered. The major problems surmounted were the determination of a diffusion coefficient and the use of transient data to verify a steady state model.
The Role of Headwater Streams in Downstream Water Quality1
Authors: Alexander Richard B. , Boyer Elizabeth W. , Smith Richard A. , Schwarz Gregory E. , Moore Richard B.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Knowledge of headwater influences on the water‐quality and flow conditions of downstream waters is essential to water‐resource management at all governmental levels; this includes recent court decisions on the jurisdiction of the Federal Clean Water Act (CWA) over upland areas that contribute to larger downstream water bodies. We review current watershed research and use a water‐quality model to investigate headwater influences on downstream receiving waters. Our evaluations demonstrate the intrinsic connections of headwaters to landscape processes and downstream waters through their influence on the supply, transport, and fate of water and solutes in watersheds. Hydrological processes in headwater catchments control the recharge of subsurface water stores, flow paths, and residence times of water throughout landscapes. The dynamic coupling of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in upland streams further controls the chemical form, timing, and longitudinal distances of solute transport to downstream waters. We apply the spatially explicit, mass‐balance watershed model SPARROW to consider transport and transformations of water and nutrients throughout stream networks in the northeastern United States. We simulate fluxes of nitrogen, a primary nutrient that is a water‐quality concern for acidification of streams and lakes and eutrophication of coastal waters, and refine the model structure to include literature observations of nitrogen removal in streams and lakes. We quantify nitrogen transport from headwaters to downstream navigable waters, where headwaters are defined within the model as first‐order, perennial streams that include flow and nitrogen contributions from smaller, intermittent and ephemeral streams. We find that first‐order headwaters contribute approximately 70% of the mean‐annual water volume and 65% of the nitrogen flux in second‐order streams. Their contributions to mean water volume and nitrogen flux decline only marginally to about 55% and 40% in fourth‐ and higher‐order rivers that include navigable waters and their tributaries. These results underscore the profound influence that headwater areas have on shaping downstream water quantity and water quality. The results have relevance to water‐resource management and regulatory decisions and potentially broaden understanding of the spatial extent of Federal CWA jurisdiction in U.S. waters.
DIN Retention‐Transport Through Four Hydrologically Connected Zones in a Headwater Catchment of the Upper Mississippi River1
Authors: Triska Frank J. , Duff John H. , Sheibley Richard W. , Jackman Alan P. , Avanzino Ronald J.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) retention‐transport through a headwater catchment was synthesized from studies encompassing four distinct hydrologic zones of the Shingobee River Headwaters near the origin of the Mississippi River. The hydrologic zones included: (1) hillslope ground water (ridge to bankside riparian); (2) alluvial riparian ground water; (3) ground water discharged through subchannel sediments (hyporheic zone); and (4) channel surface water. During subsurface hillslope transport through Zone 1, DIN, primarily nitrate, decreased from ∼3 mg‐N/l to <0.1 mg‐N/l. Ambient seasonal nitrate:chloride ratios in hillslope flow paths indicated both dilution and biotic processing caused nitrate loss. Biologically available organic carbon controlled biotic nitrate retention during hillslope transport. In the alluvial riparian zone (Zone 2) biologically available organic carbon controlled nitrate depletion although processing of both ambient and amended nitrate was faster during the summer than winter. In the hyporheic zone (Zone 3) and stream surface water (Zone 4) DIN retention was primarily controlled by temperature. Perfusion core studies using hyporheic sediment indicated sufficient organic carbon in bed sediments to retain ground water DIN via coupled nitrification‐denitrification. Numerical simulations of seasonal hyporheic sediment nitrification‐denitrification rates from perfusion cores adequately predicted surface water ammonium but not nitrate when compared to 5 years of monthly field data (1989‐93). Mass balance studies in stream surface water indicated proportionally higher summer than winter N retention. Watershed DIN retention was effective during summer under the current land use of intermittently grazed pasture. However, more intensive land use such as row crop agriculture would decrease nitrate retention efficiency and increase loads to surface water. Understanding DIN retention capacity throughout the system, including special channel features such as sloughs, wetlands and floodplains that provide surface water‐ground water connectivity, will be required to develop effective nitrate management strategies.
The Contribution of Headwater Streams to Biodiversity in River Networks1
Authors: Meyer Judy L. , Strayer David L. , Wallace J. Bruce , Eggert Sue L. , Helfman Gene S. , Leonard Norman E.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  The diversity of life in headwater streams (intermittent, first and second order) contributes to the biodiversity of a river system and its riparian network. Small streams differ widely in physical, chemical, and biotic attributes, thus providing habitats for a range of unique species. Headwater species include permanent residents as well as migrants that travel to headwaters at particular seasons or life stages. Movement by migrants links headwaters with downstream and terrestrial ecosystems, as do exports such as emerging and drifting insects. We review the diversity of taxa dependent on headwaters. Exemplifying this diversity are three unmapped headwaters that support over 290 taxa. Even intermittent streams may support rich and distinctive biological communities, in part because of the predictability of dry periods. The influence of headwaters on downstream systems emerges from their attributes that meet unique habitat requirements of residents and migrants by: offering a refuge from temperature and flow extremes, competitors, predators, and introduced species; serving as a source of colonists; providing spawning sites and rearing areas; being a rich source of food; and creating migration corridors throughout the landscape. Degradation and loss of headwaters and their connectivity to ecosystems downstream threaten the biological integrity of entire river networks.
FEBRILE EPISODES IN WELDERS: RELATIONSHIP TO OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE AND SMOKING HABITS
Authors: Gun R.T.
Published: August 2010

Twenty‐seven welders and a control group of 27 workers not engaged in welding were interviewed at nine factories to assess the incidence of metal‐fume fever over a six‐month period.

Twenty‐two welders had one or more febrile episodes over the six‐month period, compared with 12 in the control group. There were 32 episodes in the welding group, and 22 in the controls. However, much of the difference between the groups was in the number of episodes of more than three days duration, that is, longer than the duration of typical metal‐fume fever.

Analysis of the figures relating to short‐term episodes (three days or less in duration), suggested that the joint effects of smoking and welding increase a worker's susceptibility to short‐term fever. This apparently synergistic effect, when viewed against similar findings for smoking and asbestos dust exposure and for smoking and radioactive mine‐dust exposure, underscores the oft‐overlooked interplay of aetiologic factors in producing unexpectedly large changes in disease risk.
THE SMOKING HABITS AND ATTITUDES OF NURSES
Authors: Koski Glen , Cullingford Graham , Armstrong Bruce
Published: August 2010

The demographic and social characteristics, attitudes to smokers and smoking, and knowledge about smoking were surveyed in 988 (81.3%) of 1,215 trainee and trained nurses in four locations in Perth, Western Australia. Male and female nurses were similar with 51% never having smoked regularly, 17% being ex‐smokers and 32% current smokers. In comparison with Australian woman in general, there were less current smokers and more ex‐smokers among female nurses. Female nurses smoked substantially more than Australian female doctors. The majority of nurses who had ever smoked (68%) began smoking between ages 15 and 19 years, 26% began in the first year of their nursing training and 26% smoked their first cigarette in the nurses' quarters.

The knowledge of nurses about the health effects of smoking was similar to that of Australian doctors as were their opinions regarding their role in setting a non‐smoking example to others. A substantial majority supported either a complete ban on smoking, or its restriction to especially segregated areas in aeroplanes, buses, trains, hospitals and cinemas.
RATIONALISING THE NEED FOR CT HEAD SCANNING IN A DEFINED POPULATION
Authors: Opit Louis J. , Dunt David R.
Published: August 2010

A rationale is presented for estimating the optimal number of CT† head scanners in a defined population. It is derived from calculations of the appropriate number of scans likely to be generated by the clinical indications for scanning. These indications assume that competent specialist assessment of the patients prior to scanning has occured.

The indications for head scanner use on present practice are cases of intracranial injury, intracerebral and sub‐arachnoid haemorrhage, epilepsy, dementia, intracranial neoplasm, hydrocephalus and other less common conditions under specified conditions. It is estimated that 2,690 – 2,830 scans per million of population will be generated annually and that one scanner could service this, with a realistic throughput of patients.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF TWO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PROGRAMMES ON CORONARY HEART DISEASE RISK FACTORS IN PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Dwyer T. , Coonan W.E. , Worsley A. , Leitch D.R.
Published: August 2010

A randomised controlled trial of the effects of two different physical activity programmes on coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors, academic performance, and classroom behaviour, was conducted on over 500 children (mean age 10) in eight Adelaide primary schools in 1978. During a fourteen‐week intervention period classes were involved in either: an endurance fitness programme, a skills programme, or participated as controls. The Fitness group experienced significant gains in physical work capacity and decreases in body fat compared to the Control and Skill groups. Diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly more in the Skill group than in the Control; but no significant difference was observed between the Fitness and Control groups. Changes in the other CHD risk factors measured, systolic blood pressure, plasma cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL cholesterol did not differ between groups. Both the Fitness and Skill groups demonstrated improvements in classroom behaviour compared to the control group; but no differences in academic performance were observed.
COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES IN INNER SYDNEY: AN ANALYSIS OF CLIENTS, SERVICES AND COSTS
Authors: Duckett S.J. , Ellen J. M.
Published: August 2010

A survey of all community health services in the Inner Metropolitan Health Region of the Health Commission of New South Wales was conducted in 1978. This paper presents a description of the characteristics of clients seen at all community health centres in the region, an analysis of services and activities provided, and of the costs of community health services in the region. The factors influencing the patterns of service revealed in the survey are discussed in the conclusion.
NUTRITION INFORMATION SOURCES AMONG AUSTRALIANS AND ITALIANS IN PERTH
Authors: Hopkins S. , Genovese‐Cohen J. , Margetts B. M. , Armstrong B. K.
Published: August 2010

In a study of nutrition information in 166 Italians and 173 Australians in Perth, sources were classified initially into 19 categories. These could be divided into two main groups, inside sources (implied no contact with information outside personal experience or family circle) and outside sources (implied information from outside the family). Overall, 71 per cent of Italians and 44 per cent of Australians were reliant on inside sources with “parents or tradition” (25 per cent of Italian and 10 per cent of Australian responses) and “rely on taste”, “leave it to the cook” and “don't worry” (23 per cent of Italian and Australian responses) being the major categories. More Australians (25 per cent) than Italians (7 per cent) mentioned the media as their main outside source. Doctors were mentioned in only 7 per cent of responses. In both Italians and Australians, females were more likely to have outside sources of nutrition information than were males.

Italians were significantly more likely to be obese (56.4 per cent of females and 38.3 per cent of males) than Australians (34.9 per cent of females and 12.2 per cent of males). Obese people tended to have less outside sources of nutrition information than nonobese.

There are distinct cultural differences between the populations studied and it is believed that they may account for some of the differences observed. Attention should be paid to these cultural factors when designing and implementing preventive health programs.
ADMISSION TO HOSPITAL FOR DIABETES IN ABORIGINES AND OTHER AUSTRALIANS, RURAL NEW SOUTH WALES, 1977‐78
Authors: Taylor Richard , Reid Mick
Published: August 2010

An analysis of hospital admissions for diabetes mellitus in various rural areas in New South Wales, with particular regard to racial origin, was undertaken for 1977 and 1978.

There were no admissions for diabetes amongst Aboriginals in the age group 5–14. In non‐Aboriginals the admission rate for this age group was 0.4 per 1,000 population. The difference did not reach statistical significance; nevertheless, the trend indicates a lower prevalence of juvenile‐onset diabetes amongst Aboriginals compared with Caucasian Australians.

Admission rates for diabetes were 7 to 15 times higher amongst adult Aboriginals compared to other adult rural residents, and the differences between the age‐specific admission rates in Aboriginals compared to non‐Aboriginals were statistically significant. Admissions for diabetes as a proportion of total admissions was also higher for Aboriginals.

This higher admission rate for diabetes amongst adult Aboriginals compared to other rural residents is likely to reflect a higher prevalence of diabetes amongst Aboriginals. Previous studies indicate that this is probably due to a genetic predisposition combined with adverse environmental factors.

A return to a modified hunter‐gatherer way of life, or the establishment of social, cultural, and economic compensatory mechanisms in urban areas, appear to be the main alternatives to a purely medical/therapeutic approach to the problem of diabetes in Aboriginals.
A COMPARISON OF PREMATURE MORTALITY DUE TO CIGARETTE SMOKING AND ROAD CRASHES IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Armstrong Bruce , de Klerk Nicholas
Published: August 2010

By use of data on smoking induced death in Americans it has been estimated that current levels of cigarette smoking in Australia caused some 10,434 premature deaths in 1978. These deaths represented a total loss of about 156,730 person years of life, of which about 70,005 were lost before the age of 70 years. By way of comparison, in the same year, road crashes caused some 3,728 premature deaths with loss of about 152,211 person years of life in total, or about 123,062 before the age of 70 years. These results illustrate one method of setting priorities for action in preventive medicine.
COMMENTARY: THE ART OF THE POSSIBLE
Authors: Cooper John
Published: August 2010

The theme of this ‘commentary’ will be limitations on policy and planning. Recognition of limitations has now been the angst of the times for ten or fifteen years, as the titles of popularly influential writing, say ‘Limits to Growth’ or ‘Small is Beautiful’ and even ‘Limits to Medicine’, illustrate. However, the books I shall draw upon for this review article emphasise, by and large, limitations of a different character from the apocalyptic ‘Limits to Growth’ school or the Utopian obverse of the same coin. The limitations described by the writers I have chosen arise not from inexorable outside forces, but from our own choices, or inability to choose, and from the complexity of our own social artifacts.

“The fault dear Brutus lies not in our stars but in ourselves”.
THE IMPACT OF HEALTH CENTRES IN BRISBANE ON SOME COMMUNITY HEALTH INDICATORS
Authors: Najman J. M. , Jones J. , Gibson D. , Lupton G. , Payne S. , Sheehan M. , Sheehan P. , Sweeny K. , Western J. S. , Williams G.
Published: August 2010

In this study, the goals of the Australian Community Health Program were identified and operationalised. Measures of the communities' health were obtained before and after the health centres came into operation. A population from a comparison area in which community health centre services were not available is also examined.

The findings fail to support the view that Brisbane community health centres influence community symptom levels. Further, there is no evidence that health centre activities have produced a decline in medical service utilisation. Stillbirth and neonatal mortality rates appear unaltered. Hospital admission rates declined in one intervention area but continued to increase in both the comparison and, at a lower rate, in the other intervention area. The apparent lack of impact of community health centres in Brisbane may, in part, be attributed to political and structural factors which have limited the number and range of intervention programs. Thus it cannot be assumed that these findings reflect upon the Community Health Program as a whole, but they do indicate that in some centres the Program may fail to address adequately some community health needs.
MEASURING PATIENTS' EXPERIENCED QUALITY OF LIFE: THE APPLICATION OF CONTENT ANALYSIS SCALES IN HEALTH CARE
Authors: Viney Linda L. , Westbrook Mary T.
Published: August 2010

Several scales that are useful in research concerning patients' experienced (as distinct from observed) quality of life have been developed. They use content analysis and so can be applied to any recorded verbal communication from individual patients. They provide indices of psychoanalysis‐based concepts of anxiety and hostility, as well as of positive feelings. Whether patients experience themselves as helpless or in control of a situation and whether patients experience themselves as having social support—phenomenology‐based concepts—are also measured. Some examples of applications of these scales in health care are given together with data from 381 patients and ex‐patients. Uses of the scales include obtaining information about common patterns of patient experiences, psychologically “at risk” patients, factors which precipitate surgery visits and patients' reaction to specific illnesses and treatments. They can also be employed in evaluations of rehabilitation, treatment and prevention programs.
PRE‐EMPLOYMENT SCREENING OF BACKS: WHOSE INTERESTS ARE SERVED?
Authors: Gun R. T.
Published: August 2010

Back injury is a major factor in the large workers' compensation bills with which insurers and employers are familiar. A common response to this problem is to subject prospective employees to screening, with the objective of denying employment to those considered to be a “compensation risk” on account of a history or findings of back trouble. Screening sometimes includes x‐ray examination.

The employment of a person with a history of back injury involves two conflicting interests: that of the employee who has chosen the risk of recurrent back injury rather than unemployment; and that of the employer who wishes to minimise compensation costs.

Resort to screening programs is an unwarranted medical intrusion into a conflict which is essentially economic. Moreover, the use of radiography adds an unnecessary increment to the average population dose of radiation. An alternative approach is suggested, in which a statutory load limit is imposed for male workers, comparable to that which already applies to female workers.
REPETITION INJURY IN PROCESS WORKERS
Authors: Taylor Richard , Gow Chris , Gorbett Steven
Published: August 2010

Process workers' arm is a common and disabling (but preventable) condition particularly affecting female migrant factory workers employed in occupations requiring rapid repetitive movements. The syndrome encompasses a range of musculo‐tendinous lesions of the hand, wrist, arm, elbow, shoulder and neck. Symptoms and disability are often out of proportion to physical signs.