bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hypertensive Elders' Perceptions and Management of Their Disease: Health Beliefs or Health Decisions?
Authors: Abraham Ivo L. , Williams Barbara Massey
Published: March 2007

This study attempted to validate the Health Belief Model (HBM) as a model for explaining health behavior among elderly people diagnosed with hypertension. Using the construct validation perspective within psychometric theory, factor analysis with principal axis factoring and orthogonal varimax rotation was performed on data obtained from 275 elderly patients seen for hypertension in outpatient clinics. The structure of the HBM as originally proposed by Rosenstock (1966) was not confirmed. Instead, a six-factor structure reflecting a decision-making perspec tive as opposed to a belief perspective was obtained This factor structure accounted for 100% of the variance and was established on the basis of eigenvalues meeting more than one criterion for factor retention. The six factors are (a) inference of susceptibility, (b) understanding of hypertension, (c) use of health services, (d) inference of illness, (e) likelihood of disease-related complications, and (f) health locus of control. This study reveals patients' need to process information about their illness and health, to apply their cognitive-inferential skills to analyze and draw conclusions from this information, and to use these inferences to chart their course of behavioral response to their illness and its management.
Participating the Public: Group Process, Politics, and Planning
Authors: Lowry Kem , Adler Peter , Milner Neal
Published: March 2007

The use of new group process techniques in the review of projects and in developing plans and policies can result in meetings that are more civil, more efficient, more satisfying to participants, and more useful in terms of the information that is generated. However, planners need to be aware that facilitated processes can be used to deflect discussion of value issues, to control difficult participants, and to manipulate participative processes. While the techniques of improved facilitation practices are much discussed and new checklists for improved facilitation tactics are being developed, larger issues about deliberative politics, about the relationships between facilitated meetings and agency agendas, and about the criteria for appraising the outcomes of facilitated processes are not yet getting the attention they deserve. This essay describes the extensive use of group processes for planning in a variety of substantive settings in Hawaii. Based on this experience, we offer some norms of good practice that indicate how we might be more attentive to the micro-politics of group processes and their use in planning processes.
The Structure of Cultural Difference Judgments in a Cuban American Sample
Authors: Frisby Craig L. , Lorenzo-Luaces Lillian M.
Published: March 2007

Based on a replication and modification of an earlier study, 43 Cuban American participants judged 15 fictitious portraits of male adolescents on four rating scales (Scales A to D), as well as judged degrees of cultural similarity or difference among the portraits (Scale E). The portraits reflected a diversity of characteristics related to location of current residence, language spoken, parents’ethnicity, parents’occupation, parents’highest educational levels, family religion, and annual family income. A multidimensional scaling analysis of Scale E data extracted three dimensions: Spanish-Only Speakers/ Non-Spanish Speakers (42% of explained variance), Affluence/Non-Affluence (28% of explained variance), and an uninterpretable dimension (5% of explained variance). In addition, mean portrait ratings on Scale A (Cultural Similarity) and Scale D (Comfort) were correlated significantly with portrait coordinates on the Affluence/Non-Affluence dimension. In a cluster analysis of Scale E data, subgroups of portraits were formed on a variety of cultural traits and not on ethnicity alone.
Interpreting Low-Income Latinas’ Amniocentesis Refusals
Authors: Browner C. H. , Preloran H. Mabel
Published: March 2007

As with other medical care, low-income Latinas turn down prenatal genetics services, including amniocentesis, more than any other U.S. group. Amniocentesis is a medical procedure that provides information about a fetus‘ health. Virtually all conditions the test detects are untreatable other than by induced abortion. Because little is known about why Latinas accept or decline amniocentesis and the role ethnicity might play in their decision, we sought to address these issues. We first identify factors associated with amniocentesis acceptance and refusal in a group of Mexican-origin women. We then described the actions those who refused took after turning down the test and their explanations for their acts. We show that while study participants‘ ideas about what put their pregnancies at risk were often at odds with those of clinicians, their objectives were similar: to reduce risk and maintain hope in the face of uncertainty.
A Study of the Interaction of Hispanic Junior High School Students and Their Teachers
Authors: De Anda Diane
Published: March 2007

Forty Hispanic junior high school girls divided into target and comparison subsamples were matched with target and comparison teacher subsamples to form student-teacher dyads. Dyad members simultaneously recorded their own and each other's behavior on a 41-item behavioral checklist. The data were analyzed to determine differences in behavior reported for the four subsamples, the effects of the various dyadic combinations upon behavior, and the extent of agreement between student and teacher raters. The behavior of the target girls was found to differ significantly in target and comparison teacher classrooms. While students indicated a difference in the behavior of teachers towards comparison versus target girls, teachers indicated no difference in their behavior towards the two groups.
Latin American Medical Graduates: I. Determinants of the Decision to Remain in the United States
Authors: Gaviria Moises , Wintrob Ronald
Published: March 2007

The controversy surrounding the issues of immigration policy regarding foreign medical graduates (FMGs) has tended to diminish attention to other important aspects of physicians' migration to the United States-aspects related to their professional integration and to their personal, familial, and psychosocial adaptation. This report concerns a sample of 50 physicians from Latin America who determined to remain in the United States after postgraduate training. The professional, economic, and familial factors that led to their decision to remain in the United States to practice is discussed.
Puerto Ricans and the 1989 Mayoral Election in New York City
Authors: Falcon Angelo
Published: March 2007

The fall 1989 mayoral election in New York City must be considered within the coniext of ethn1ic politics and the fact that New York City s minority popuilation now constitutes the political majority. Currently, Puerto Rican political leadershzip in tle city has waned atid there is no consisten1t sutpportfor Mayor Edward L. Koch. Thisfact, alonig with tile lack of black voter support for Mavor Koch, the greater ntimber of viable mayoral candidates than in previous electiois, and an increasing tendency for Puerto Ricans to move away from the Democrraiic party when voling, all suggest that the Puterto Rican/Latino vote cotuld be critical in the out come of the mayoral election. The election could be determined by how Mayor Koch and the other candidates appeal to the Puerto Rican/Latino communtty.
Evaluation of a Judo/Community Organization Program to Treat Predelinquent Hispanic Immigrant Early Adolescents
Authors: Fleisher Stephen J. , Avelar Charles , Latorre Sylvia E. , Ramirez Jelga , Cubillos Sylvia , Christiansen Heidi , Blaufarb Herbert
Published: March 2007

This is the first program in the literature to evaluate combined judo, community organization, tutoring, and parent training services to prevent delinquency for an acting-out, Hispanic immigrant elementary school population. Children improved significantly in academic achievement and behavior Parents improved significantly in community involvement.
Summary Writing
Authors: SHERRARD CAROL
Published: March 2007

Summaries of expository texts were obtained from undergraduate students and examined for the nature of text-to-summary mapping by asking judges to identify the text sentences of origin for every summary sentence. The analysis revealed that simple omission and one-to-one mapping of text sentences into summary sentences were the most favored strategies. Following these in order of frequency were the combining of pairs, triples, and longer runs of text sentences that were predominantly adjacent in the texts, showing a strong tendency to preserve the original order of text sentences. Although writers did not select the same text sentences for omission, it was possible to identify a core set of text sentences that was always preserved in summaries of the larger texts. These sets, when compared with randomly selected sets in their original order, appeared as meaningful and coherent “mini-texts” to independent judges. The results are discussed in the light of Brown, Day, & Jones's (1983) identification of a “mature” summarizing strategy in which narrative texts are reorganized and condensed by combining text sentences across paragraphs. It is suggested that the “mature strategy” does not appear in these results because the structure of expository text resists easy reorganization, and because a severe length constraint was not imposed.
The Voice of Time
Authors: REDD TERESA M.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes “Timestyle” in order to identify the persona in the Nation and World sections of Time, a weekly newsmagazine. The sample for the study consisted of articles by 30 staff writers, articles that were randomly selected from Time' s 1988 issues. These articles were analyzed in six categories adapted from Walker Gibson's Style Machine: (a) word size and familiarity, (b) subject words and pronouns, (c) verbs, (d) modifiers, (e) sentence length and subordination, and (f) other effects of tone. The analysis suggests that Time' s narrative voice is a powerful one. The narrator has the power to put us at ease, engage our feelings, secure our trust, and divert our attention.
Some Effects of Parent Education On Parents and Their Children
Authors: Endres Mary P. , Evans Merry J.
Published: March 2007

The effects of a parent education program on knowledge, atti tudes, and overt behavior of parents and self-concepts of their children were studied. Three randomized groups of fourth grade children and their respective parents comprised the experimental, placebo, and control groups. After the parents in the experimental group received parent education, several types of data were ob tained. Analyses of variance revealed that the experimental par ents manifested significantly greater knowledge, but they showed no significant difference in overt behavior. The children in the experimental group were significantly different from the other groups in perceiving themselves as doing well in school, being happy, and being satisfied with themselves as they are. It is sug gested that this particular parent education program is associated with changing the behavior of parents and their children.
An Evaluation of "Elective Class Participation"
Authors: Wientge Kingsley M. , Gaffney Harry , Dubois Philip H.
Published: March 2007

An experiment was designed as an instructional method, elective class participation (ECP), in which class attendance was not re quired and the instructor tended to be a guide rather than lec turer. Ss were adult students enrolled in one of two semesters of introductory psychology. For two years data were collected on all Ss. Half the sessions were taught the conventional way; the other half used the ECP approach. Hypotheses tested were: Ss in the ECP groups would show more posttest gain over the pretest scores than those in the control groups; the ECP method would elicit favorable reactions. The criterion measure was posttest gain over pretest score. Biserial part correlations were computed be tween ECP and control groups and posttest score residualized with respect to six control variables: sex, hours attempted, semester grade point average (GPA), cumulative hours completed, cumula tive GPA, and pretest score in course subject matter. Four correla tions were positive, indicating that enrollment in the ECP group was related to a higher posttest score. In one group the relation ship was statistically significant. The data were further analyzed into the following groups: ratings of classes which consisted pri marily of lecture, demonstrations, films, and feedback quizzes. No significant differences were found among ratings of the last three, but when each of the last three was compared with the lecture classification, it was found that Ss rated ECP classes higher than the locture classes. It is apparent that Ss preferred to attend (or at least rated the quality higher) classes in which novel techniques were used. Ss' ratings of the ECP course indi cated that 59% rated it average or better and a satisfying learning experience while 41% rated it fair or poor.
Attendance Regularity of Adult Learners: an Examination of Content and Structural Factors
Authors: Lam Yee-Lay Jack , Wong Andrew
Published: March 2007

This exploratory study investigated attendance regularity of adult learners enrolled in the Chinese University extramural courses from the perspective of content and structural processes. Corre lational analysis of questionnaire data revealed that degree of course understanding, need-fulfillment, approachability of the instructor, and amount of informal and formal interaction were all positively and significantly related to attendance rate whereas sociability of classmates and attendance rate were negatively and significantly related. F-tests from step-wise multiple linear regres sion analysis indicated that none of these factors made any special contribution in explaining attendance, though their relative shares could still be detected.
Factor Analysts At Large: a Critical Review of the Motivational Orientation Literature
Authors: Boshier Roger
Published: March 2007

The methodology employed in fourteen motivational orienta tion studies is reviewed. All studies used either the Education Participation Scale, the Continuing Learning Orientation Index or the Reasons for Educational Participation Scale. Issues discussed concern factor scoring, factor analysis, rotation, scaling, reliability and the extent to which the three-factor Houle typology is an accu rate representation of reality. There has been some well executed research in the orientation area. However, many deficiencies are identified and it is recommended that future orientation researchers emulate the strengths but avoid the weaknesses of previous studies.
A Method for Translation of Instruments to Other Languages
Authors: Prieto Anita J.
Published: March 2007

As researchers begin including individuals from diverse populations and language groups in their research efforts, it will become increasingly imperative that standardized procedures for translation of instruments to other languages be followed to ensure equivalency of translations. This article describes the translation process and identifies translation difficulties noted in adult education practice. This procedure for translation includes the use of a combination of back translation, committee approach, the bilingual technique or variations thereof, decentering techniques, administration of both language versions of an instrument to bilinguals, and pilot testing. Guidelines are recommended for translation procedures and an illustrative example of a translation project is included.
Family Variation in Parent-Adolescent Storm and Stress
Authors: Montemayor Raymond
Published: March 2007

In this review it is argued that traditional attempts to classify the parent-adolescent relationship as either harmonious or discordant are misdirected. Relations between parents and adolescents vary in conflict. Although most parents and adolescents report that they rarely argue, in a minority of families conflict and discord are common. A review of the literature reveals that parent-adolescent conflict varies as a function of family social context, family structure, characteristics of parents and adolescents, and, most importantly, style of parent-adolescent interaction. From a behaviorial perspective the important components of interaction style are communication/problem-solving skills, the techniques parents use to manage their adolescents, and the exchange of positive and negative behaviors.
Substance Use in West German Youth: A Longitudinal Study of Adolescents' Use of Alcohol and Tobacco
Authors: Galambos Nancy L. , Silbereisen Rainer K.
Published: March 2007

The present investigation examined the relationship between substance use and the adolescent's experiences with peers, family, and school. Subjects were two cohorts of normal adolescents (one in early and the other in middle adolescence) participating in the Berlin Youth Longitudinal Study in West Germany. Results of cross-sectional analyses indicated that involvement with deviant peers and perceptions of school failure were linked to greater substance use, particularly in early adolescence. Longitudinal analyses suggested that substance use led to increased contacts with deviant peers and perceptions of school failure one year later, but that substance use was not the result of deviant peer involvement or perceived school failure. Levels of substance use appeared to be stable by middle adolescence. It is argued that substance use is one means by which the adolescent can attain some sense of adult status.
Sources of Information and Adolescent Sexual Knowledge and Behavior
Authors: Handelsman Carol Damoth , Cabral Rebecca J. , Weisfeld Glenn E.
Published: March 2007

Sexual knowledge and behavior and response to peer sex educators were investigated in relation to adolescents' sources of sex information and the quality of communication with parents about sex. Subjects were 113 urban high school students. Although response to the peer educators was not found to be related to prior source of information, most adolescents indicated an adult as their preferred source of information and this trend was particularly strong for virgins. Adolescents who named an adult as their major source of information about sex and birth control were no more knowledgeable than were those who named peers. However, sexually active adolescents who used birth control had significantly better communication with their parents about sex than did sexually active subjects who did not use contraception. The results imply the importance of increasing the quality of parental involvement in sex education efforts.
The Relation of Connection, Regulation, and Support for Autonomy to Adolescents'Functioning
Authors: Eccles Jacquelynne S. , Early Diane , Fraser Kari , Belansky Elaine , McCarthy Karen
Published: March 2007

How is adolescent functioning related to experiences of connection, regulation, and supportfor autonomy at home, in school, and with peers? Using datafrom the Maryland Adolescent Growth in Context (MAGIC) study (an ongoing longitudinal study of 1,387 African Amenrican and European American adolescents and theirfamilies), it was found that: (a)family demographic characteristics helped predict only academicperformance; (b) although positive experiences on one indicator predicted positive experiences on the other two, each of the three types of experience explained a unique amount of variance in adolescentfunctioning (e.g., regulation related most strongly to externalizing behaviors; in contrast, supportfor autonomy related to all aspects offunctioning); (c) although adolescents with positive interactions in one context were likely to have positive interactions in the other contexts, characteristics of each context explained unique amounts of variance infifuctioning (e.g., experiences with siblings emerged as uniquely important predictors of mental health).
Incorporatingparent Perceptions
Authors: Dai David Yun
Published: March 2007

This study replicated findings of research on the internal-external frame of reference model of self-concept with a sample of Chinese adolescents and extended this line of research by incorporating parent perceptions of their children’s abilities. The results comparing adolescent self-concepts and parent perceptions show that parents did not use processes similar to the internal-external frame of reference when assessing their children’s academic abilities. Parent perceptions seemed to have the same gender biases as adolescents do when math and verbal abilities are concerned. Adolescent self-concept and parent perceptions also had significant effects on subsequent achievement in matching subjects beyond what was explained by prior achievement. The results are discussed in light of self-appraisal of performance, social comparison, and evaluative feedback from significant others as three main processes contributing to adolescents’ academic self-concepts.
On the Relationship between Motor Activity and the Sleep-Wake Cycle in Humans during Temporal Isolation
Authors: Aschoff Jürgen
Published: March 2007

In the free-running circadian rhythms of 14 human subjects (4 females, 10 males) who lived singly in an isolation unit without temporal clues, locomotor activity was recorded by means of contact plates installed below the carpet in the main room. During sleep, movements in bed were picked up by spring contacts attached to the mattress. In all subjects, the hourly means of locomotion during wakefulness (α) were negatively correlated with the duration of α to such an extent that the total amount of locomotion per cycle remained constant when α varied from 14 to 23 hr. The hourly values of movements in bed were independent of the duration of sleep (p), so that the total number of movements was almost proportional to p. The "homeostatic control" of locomotion during wake time is considered as a means to conserve energy when the duration of wakefulness increases.
Human Dimensions of Environmental Change
Authors: Zube Ervin H. , Sell James L.
Published: March 2007

This paper addresses the importance to planning of understanding human perceptions and responses to environmental change. Supporting literature is discussed within the context of a conceptual model of the process of perceiving and responding to change. A plan for urban expansion in Tucson, Arizona, is presented as an example to illustrate the model and to provide a point of focus for the related literature.
Manufacturing Job Loss and Early Warning Indicators
Authors: Ranney David C.
Published: March 2007

This article examines some of the growing body of literature on plant closings in order to develop early warning indicators of possible shutdowns. A variety of types of studies are reviewed including those that try to explain manufacturing job loss in general, those that explain specific firm relocations and shutdowns, studies of trends in particular industries, and industrial policy literature. From these sources, both the causes of shutdowns and indicators associated with specific causes are enumerated. The results of this analysis are tested against some case studies of shutdowns in the city of Chicago. An important outcome of the article is the identification of sixteen management practices that are easily visible to workers inside a plant and that can be considered early warning indicators.
Welfare Reform: Help for Poor Women and Children?
Authors: Segal Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2007

The Family Support Act of 1988 is the first major attempt to alter the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program in over 20 years. The act is cited by supporters as the solution to long-term dependence on welfare. However, it is unlikely that it will have significant positive effects on welfare families. Rather, it is likely only to reinforce the failures of the current system. The false promise of welfare reform will hit hardest those who are most vulnerable-poor women and children.
Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children and Adolescents
Authors: COHEN JUDITH A. , MANNARINO ANTHONY P. , BERLINER LUCY , DEBLINGER ESTHER
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the four major components of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for children and adolescents: exposure, cognitive processing and reframing, stress management, and parental treatment. For each component, background, description, and the current empirical support for including each of these components in the treatment of traumatized children is presented. Although there is growing empirical support for the efficacy of traumafocused CBT in decreasing psychological symptomatology, there are inadequate data to indicate the relative contribution of the individual CBT components. Suggestions for future clinical and research directions are also discussed.
Help-Seeking and Male Gender-Role Attitudes in Male Batterers
Authors: MENDOZA JESMEN , CUMMINGS ANNE L.
Published: March 2007

This study addressed how male gender-role variables were related to help seeking in male batterers prior to treatment and differences between self-referred and court-ordered batterers. Four questionnaires on help-seeking attitudes and male gender-role variables were given to 109 men that attended an information session before attending treatment. Results indicated that help-seeking attitudes were negatively correlated with feeling connected to all men through similarities. Self-referred men, compared with court-ordered men, were more likely to have higher help-seeking attitudes. In contrast, court-ordered men felt more connection to all men through similarities as compared with self-referred. The implications of help seeking and male gender-role attitudes for counseling batterers are discussed.
Foster Youth and Dating Violence
Authors: JONSON-REID MELISSA , BIVENS LISA
Published: March 2007

This study surveyed 106 adolescents in foster or group care to attempt to understand how experiences in dating violence might be distinct from those reported in studies of adolescents in the general population. The participants were asked about their experiences as victims and perpetrators of abuse, their witnessing violence in the family of origin, their continued participation in an abusive dating relationship, and their desire for prevention and intervention services. Youth in foster and group care were not found to have higher levels of self-reported involvement in dating violence than youth in the general population but did have a greater tendency to remain in abusive relationships. There was a weak but positive association between witnessing past violence in the family and dating violence. Potential implications for service delivery and future research are discussed.
Ready or Not, Here it Comes, But...
Authors: Stanek Martin J. , Yenerall Paul M.
Published: March 2007

Within your company's HR department, potential Y2K landmines may be waiting to explode. Anything and everything from payroll and the recording of stock options to healthcare eligibility and records of 401(k) contributions could be affected by the infamous and impending millennial computer glitches. Are you prepared to avert potential catastrophe?

The authors list the types of glitches in HR systems that might open a company to employee lawsuits and what HR directors can do ensure, as far as possible, that both internal and external human resources systems are Y2K compliant. The authors add that companies cannot rely on insurance to protect them against Y2K failures. Therefore, they must document their HR compliance efforts and develop contingency plans for dealing with unforeseen Y2K problems.
Legislative Actions Against Drunken Driving: An Assessment with Additional Evidence on the Open Container
Authors: Williams Frank P. , White E. Lynn
Published: March 2007

With drunken driving as one of the major social problems of the 1980's, legislatures have attempted to resolve the issue through one, or all of three forms of legislation. First, the application of deterrence through more severe penalties has been tried in many states with little success. Second, under pressure from the federal government states have raised the legal minimum age limit for drinking in anticipation of decreases in the number of alcohol related traffic accidents and fatalities. The research on this solution also remains equivocal. Third, many states have passed open container laws in the anticipation of reductions in drunken driving. This final alternative has no research behind it and, thus, is a reaction based on faith. Because of lack of research on the open container, this study examines survey responses to both drunken driving and open container self-report questions. According to findings, the presence of an open container in a vehicle was strongly associated with both the experiences of being with a drunken driver and of driving while drunk. Previous research indicates that continued drinking during driving escalates motor impairment, thus increasing the possibility of drunken driving. The legislative avenue of prohibiting open containers may show at least as much promise in the fight against drunken driving as either deterrence or increasing the minimum drinking age.
Jail Suicide Under Legal Scrutiny: An Analysis of Litigation and its Implications to Policy
Authors: Welch Michael , Gunther Danielle
Published: March 2007

Jail suicides are as institutionally significant as they are tragic. Consequently, jail administrators remain concerned about legal liability, espe cially when their policies and customs are brought into question. Indeed, as jail suicide litigation takes form, the focus of the suit is typically aimed at insti tutional problems, including deficiencies in training, monitoring, and condi tions. This study examines jail suicide litigation by analyzing a sample of 77 lawsuits. Our findings reveal patterns of key deficiencies in institutional prac tice and custom; accordingly, recommendations for jail policy and suicide pre vention strategies are offered.
The Tragicomedy of Romanian Communism
Authors: Tismaneanu Vladimir
Published: March 2007

Un monde sans tyrans serait aussi ennuyeux qu'un jardin zoologique sans hyènes.

E. M. Cioran, Histoire et utopie

Now, despite eternal cabals in the inner clique and unending shifts of personnel, with their tremendous accumulation of hatred, bitterness, and personal resentment, the Leader's position can remain secure against chaotic palace revolutions not because of his superior gifts, about which the men in his intimate surroundings frequently have no great illusions, but because of these men's sincere and sensible conviction that without him everything would be immediately lost.

Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism
MAKING IT BY FAKING IT
Authors: GRANFIELD ROBERT
Published: March 2007

This study examines upward mobility among working-class law students. It posits that the experiences of these students can be understood from a perspective of stigma. A triangulated methodology consisting of interviews, participant observation, and questionnaires is used to examine the adjustment of these law students to an elite law school environment, where they experience a class stigma which creates identity problems. Like other individuals who experience stigma, these students learn to hide their class background in order to manage their identity. However, in their efforts to conceal their background they experience identity ambivalence. The accommodation strategies that students use to over come this ambivalence are explored.
BRINGING WOMEN IN, KEEPING WOMEN DOWN
Authors: STOMBLER MINDY , MARTIN PATRICIA YANCEY
Published: March 2007

Little sister organizations are groups of women who are affiliated with men's social fraternities on college and university campuses in the United States. This study analyzes the structures and dynamics of these groups with attention to how they reflect, create, and institutionalize gender inequality. The data come from participant observation, open-ended depth interviews, official reports and documents, newspaper articles, and a survey of 110 undergraduates. The authors interviewed 17 women who were little sisters, 7 other students, and 13 campus officials and engaged in participant observation at fraternity parties and little sister events, primarily in five public universities in the Southeast. They conclude that little sister groups encourage women's subordination to, exploitation by, and dependence on, men.
CONTROLLING IMAGES AND THE GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF ENSLAVED AFRICAN WOMEN
Authors: SIMMS RUPE
Published: March 2007

This article examines the antebellum popular culture that was created by pro-slavery intellectuals and that contributed to the subordination of female African slaves. It argues that southern ideologues produced a dominant ideology that facilitated the exploitation of enslaved Black women and contributed to the social construction of their gender. This article contributes to Black feminist theory that, since the early 1970s, has been developing as a counter-hegemonic advocate for the subaltern African American woman.
GENDER-DIFFERENTIATED EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES IN THE SOUTH KOREAN TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Authors: LEE OK-JIE
Published: March 2007

In this article, gender-differentiated employment practices are examined with a focus on different mechanisms of labor control in the South Korean textile industry, a prototypical Third World industry based on export-oriented industrialization. The analysis focuses on how labor control mechanisms, such as gender segregation in jobs and authority relations in the factory, the nature of worker dependency (based on the different forms of employment relationships), and subcontracting interact with gender and produce different outcomes for men and women workers in spinning and weaving and clothing industries. These practices are used to maintain the competitiveness of the South Korean product in the international market as well as for the maximization of profit in the textile industry.
CULTURE, SOCIAL CLASS, AND INCOME CONTROL IN THE LIVES OF WOMEN GARMENT WORKERS IN BANGLADESH
Authors: KIBRIA NAZLI
Published: March 2007

This article looks at the income-related experiences of women workers in Bangladesh in the export garment industry, the first modern industry in the country to employ large numbers of women. The analysis draws on in-depth interviews with 34 female sewing machine operators at five factories. Despite the traditionally low economic autonomy of Bangladeshi women, the women's ability to control their income was varied, and in fact, a substantial number of the women workers exercised full control over their wages. Socioeconomic background affected women's income control by shaping both the symbolic meaning of women's income and the ability of male kin to fulfill their traditional obligations to women. With the exception of some young unmarried workers, women's employment in the garment industry had not posed a significant challenge to patriarchal family relations.
A Formable Advanced Thermoplastic Composite Sheet Based on an Excess Filament Length Concept
Authors: Okine Richard K.
Published: March 2007

The development of a formable or stampable advanced thermoplastic com posite sheet is described. This unique sheet structure is based on an excess filament length concept that enables excellent sheet drawability, making possible the fabrication of com plex shapes while maintaining high advanced composite properties. The analysis of two fiber structures are presented—namely, sine wave and straight/zig-zag fiber patterns. Data is presented to show the dependence of sheet property on fiber structure. Results of theo retical analyses for the prediction of sheet properties of known fiber structures are also presented. In general the straight/zig-zag fiber structure gives higher mechanical proper ties than the sine wave structure. Reasons for these property differences are suggested. Ex amples of parts formed to demonstrate the concept of fabricating complex shapes of high properties are shown. Even though the sheets before forming have lower strength, when the fibers straightened out upon forming, properties obtained were equivalent to those of straight continuous fiber composites.
An Analysis of Communication Efficiency Between High-Impact and Bureaucratic Written Communication
Authors: Suchan James , Colucci Robert
Published: March 2007

Efficient written communications have become increasingly important to public and private sector managers faced with reading an ever-increasing number of documents. This study asseses the communication efficiency associated with two writing styles: a high-impact style and the traditional bureaucratic style still favored by many managers. A total of 262 naval officers stationed at the Pentagon and abroad ships in the San Diego area participated in this study. The results show that the high-impact style takes 17%-23% less time to read than the bureaucratic style, produces better message comprehension, and is less likely to need rereading.
An Analysis of Source Valence Instrumentation in the Organizational Communication Literature
Authors: Hellweg Susan A. , Andersen Peter A.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews five source valence instruments reported in the literature, specifically designed to measure credibility, attraction, and homophily in the organizational context. As part of this analysis, the article examines studies from the literature using the constructs singly or in conjunction with one another, assesses the relative reliability estimates for these instruments through a meta-analysis of psychometric data associated with them, explores reasons for the recent decline in this line of research, and offers directions for future research.
Can Integrated Governance Reconstruct Teaching? Lessons Learned from Two Low-Performing Chicago High Schools
Authors: Wong Kenneth K. , Anagnostopoulos Dorothea
Published: March 2007

In 1995, the Illinois state legislature declared that an "educational crisis" existed in Chicago and passed the Chicago School Reform Amendatory Act, which integrated school governance by placing authority for the public schools under the control of the mayor reducing the number of policy actors who compete for decision-making authority, and expanding the financial and management powers of the district administration. Although the new district administration effectively used the integrated governance structure to improve operations management and to strengthen the system's political base, reconstructing teaching to improve student achievement presents a much more difficult challenge. In this article, the authors examine how the district's probation policy affected curricular and instructional practices in two low-performing Chicago high schools. Their review of policy implementation processes reveals how "street-level bureaucrats" strongly mediated the effects on classroom teaching.
The Geriatric Patient: General Physiologic and Pharmacologic Considerations
Authors: Higbee Martin D.
Published: March 2007

The elderly patient is not simply an older adult and needs to have drug therapy applied with caution with regard to the physiologic changes associated with aging that impact the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of medicinals used in this population. The elderly patient has a number of physiologic changes with age that affect metabolism, distribution, and excretion. In addition, there exists information that demonstrates changes in the pharmacodynamics of drug therapy commonly used in the elderly. This article reviews these changes.
The Science and Art of Aromatherapy
Authors: Robins Jo L. Wheeler
Published: March 2007

Essential oils have been used for thousands of years. Hippocrates claimed that the way to health was through aromatic baths and massages. Much anecdotal evidence exists regarding aromatherapy’s positive effects on recipients. However, well-designed research trials are sparse. Certainly much controversy exists regarding the appropriate way to conduct research on holistic therapies. Can their effects be broken down and studied without contradicting the central premise on which holism is based? The purpose of this article is to review the current state of the science of aromatherapy and to propose future research. The author also offers guidelines for safe aromatherapy practice while awaiting future research on its clinical efficacy.
Wealth and the Commonwealth: New Findings on Wherewithal and Philanthropy
Authors: Schervish Paul G. , Havens John J.
Published: March 2007

Drawing in large part on the 1995 Survey of Consumer Finances, the authors describe the pattern of charitable giving by families at the upper reaches of income and wealth, as well as across the income spectrum. The overriding empirical motif is that the distribution of charitable giving is more highly skewed toward the upper end of the financial spectrum than previously documented, and that there appears to be a trend toward becoming evenmoreso.The over riding theoretical motifis that income and wealth are so thoroughly imbricated, especially at the upper end of the financial spectrum, that the analyses of the determinants of charitable giving need to shift from their current focus on the dynamics of income to a complementary focus on the dynamics of wealth.
Tradition and Innovation in the Development of Parliamentary Government in Hungary
Authors: Ilonszki Gabriella
Published: March 2007

While the Hungarian political system had not been a fully blown democracy before the advent of the communist regime, it used to have democratic traditions in the field of parliamentary institutions. The first part of the article covers the three periods that are significant from this perspective. In the second part we aim to prove that the legislature played a significant role during the transition from one-party rule to democracy. Third, we introduce the background and foundations of the new parliament in the constitutional framework together with its established structure and activities during the first year.
A Fair Share
Authors: Jackson Michael , Hill Peter
Published: March 2007

`I just want a fair share!' We all say it, but what is fair? The most complete answer is John Rawls's A Theory of Justice. Experimental tests of Rawls's theory were conducted to generate some empirical data to compare with similar studies done in the United States and Poland by Norm Frohlich and Joe Oppenheimer. The subjects were university students who made decisions behind a veil of ignorance to govern subsequent distributions of money. Subjects identified and agreed on distributive principles, as Rawls's theory asserts, but they gave little support to Rawls's principle of maximizing the worst off. The main conclusion is that individuals and groups have complex conceptions of justice that do not reduce to a simple principle. These subjects were less confident than their American counterparts, and they changed their minds as the experiment continued.
Unraveling in a Variety of Institutional Settings
Authors: Johnson Paul E.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents results of simulation models of democratic government in voluntary organizations. The models explore the impact of changes in the institutions that control exit and entry into the organization as well as some basic parameters that determine the distribution of preferences. Results indicate the following. First, democratically governed groups evolve in ways that are not predictable from information about the nature of the preferences in the society from which they are drawn. Rather, the long-run membership and policy stances of a group depend on an intricate evolutionary process that links membership adjustments with democratically determined policy shifts. Second, the evolutionary process is significantly affected by the overall willingness of people to join groups as well as the way that people are selected to participate in the group's first meetings. The implications for the formation of new interest groups are discussed.
Tocqueville's Analysis of Belief in a Transcendent Order, Enlightened Interest and Democracy
Authors: Allen Barbara
Published: March 2007

Popular and scholarly appraisals of recently `emerging' democracies often equate privatization and a market economy with self-government. Yet an analysis made 150 years ago by Alexis de Tocqueville of another `new world' - the American democratic experiment - suggests a much deeper foundation of mores, institutions and consciousness must inform self-governing societies. His analysis shows that the individualism and materialism of the current democratic scene may even undermine the foundations of self-government. In contrast to our contemporary understanding of interest calculations as the basis for democracy, Tocqueville finds that religion is chief among American political institutions that maintain liberal democracy. He examines the foundations on which democratic theory and practice depend by studying the `simple ideas' taken from America's religious traditions and their role in public life. He examines the relationship between the teachings of revealed religion - the first law of Torah to love God and to love one's neighbor as oneself, and the Christian belief in an immortal soul - and the consciousness and institutional framework required to avoid `democratic despotism'. This illuminates the ideas that could serve as an ontology for self-governing societies.
The river of our life
Authors: Márquez Gabriel García
Published: March 2007

The river of our life by Gabriel Garcia Márquez contrasts his memories of the river Magdalena during his childhood in Colombia with the rapid environmental destruction it has suffered in recent decades.
Dominance and Entitlement: The Rhetoric Men Use to Discuss their Violence towards Women
Authors: Adams Peter J. , Towns Alison , Gavey Nicola
Published: March 2007

Academic interest in applications of rhetoric to social issues is undergoing a revival. This paper develops a rhetorical analysis of discourse generated by men who have been recently violent towards women. The texts have been drawn from transcribed interviews with 14 men who had recently begun or were about to attend stopping violence programmes. Each 90-minute interview prompted the men on their views towards women, violence and relationships. A range of rhetorical devices within the texts were identified and their effect was analysed. This paper focuses on five devices: reference ambiguity, axiom markers, metaphor, synecdoche and metonymy. The strategic effects of each device are discussed with close reference to sample passages from the transcripts. The paper explores how these rhetorical devices resource discourses of male dominance and entitlement to power, and how these in turn resource men in their violence towards women. Increased sensitivity to the nuanced effects of the rhetoric is seen to improve understanding of how men justify, camouflage and maintain positions of dominance within relationships with women.
Critical Advances on Psychotherapy
Authors: Barclay Michael W.
Published: March 2007

The two books under review here are somewhat different in focus and yet similar in that each examines psychotherapeutic practice in detail. The first, Deconstructing Psychotherapy, edited and introduced by Ian Parker, provides a postmodern perspective that arises out of what Parker calls `the narrative turn in psychotherapy' (p. 1). It focuses on the theory and method of narrative psychotherapies. The second, Controversies in Psychotherapy and Counselling, presents various arguments, in a dialogical form, regarding issues that dot the landscape of therapeutic practice.