bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Valorization of Corn Straw for Production of Glucose by Two‐Step Depolymerization
Authors: Ma Yangyang , Li Mengge , Lu Tianliang , Yang Xiaomei , Zhou Lipeng
Published: June 2024

Depolymerization of the cellulose part in lignocellulose to glucose is a significant step for lignocellulose valorization. As one of the main by‐products of agricultural biomass in crop‐producing filed, valorization of corn straw has attracted considerable attention. In this study, a two‐step depolymerizing strategy of high‐pressure CO2−H2O pretreatment and oxidation‐hydrolysis was applied for selective depolymerization of the cellulose component of corn straw to glucose production. Most part of the hemicellulose component could be removed through high‐pressure CO2−H2O pretreatment in the presence of low concentration of acetic acid, and then as high as 32.2 % yield of glucose was achieved in water at 170 °C for 6 h without additional catalyst. The active acid sites generated during the partial oxidation of hydroxymethyl groups to carboxyl groups on glucose units of cellulose was shown to be crucial for the efficient valorization of corn straw for glucose production.
Tuning the Flavin Core via Donor Appendage for Selective Subcellular Bioimaging and PDT Application
Authors: Agrawal Harsha Gopal , Khatun Sajmina , Rengan Aravind Kumar , Mishra Ashutosh Kumar
Published: June 2024

Herein, we report a novel flavin analogue as singular chemical component for lysosome bioimaging, and inherited photosensitizer capability of the flavin core was demonstrated as a promising candidate for photodynamic therapy (PDT) application. Fine‐tuning the flavin core with the incorporation of methoxy naphthyl appendage provides an appropriate chemical design, thereby offering photostability, selectivity, and lysosomal colocalization, along with the aggregation‐induced emissive nature, making it suitable for lysosomal bioimaging applications. Additionally, photosensitization capability of the flavin core with photostable nature of the synthesized analogue has shown remarkable capacity for generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cells, making it a promising candidate for photodynamic therapy (PDT) application.
Ligand Conformation Controls Assembly of a Helicate/Mesocate, Heteroleptic [Pd2L2L′2] Cages and a Six‐Jagged [Pd6L12] Ring
Authors: Benchimol Elie , Ebbert Kristina E. , Walther Alexandre , Holstein Julian J. , Clever Guido H.
Published: June 2024

Molecular building blocks, capable of adopting several strongly deviating conformations, are of particular interest in the development of stimuli‐responsive self‐assemblies. The pronounced structural flexibility of a short acridone‐based bridging ligand, equipped with two monodentate isoquinoline donors, is herein exploited to assemble a surprisingly diverse series of coordination‐driven Pd(II) architectures. First, it can form a highly twisted Pd2L4 helicate, transformable into the corresponding mesocate, controlled by temperature, counter anion and choice of solvent. Second, it also allows the formation of heteroleptic cages, either from a mix of ligands with Pd(II) cations or by cage‐to‐cage transformation from homoleptic assemblies. Here, the acridone‐based ligand tolerates counter ligands that carry their donors either in a diverging or converging arrangement, as it can rotate its own coordination sites by 90° and structurally adapt to both situations via shape complementarity. Third, by a near 180° rotation of only one of its arms, the ligand can adopt an S‐shape conformation and form an unprecedented C6h‐symmetric Pd6L12 saw‐toothed six‐membered ring.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Intramolecular Hydroalkoxylation of Allenes and Application in the Total Synthesis of (R,R,R)‐α‐Tocopherol
Authors: Daiger Martin T. , Giofré Sabrina , Berthold Dino , Breit Bernhard
Published: June 2024

We report herein of a novel, enantioselective and rhodium‐ catalyzed cyclisation of allenyl alcohols towards chiral α‐vinylic, cyclic ethers employing a rhodium/(R,R)‐Me‐ferrocelane catalyst. The corresponding chiral cyclic products were obtained in general high yields and enantioselectivities. The synthetic value of our obtained products was further exemplified by transformations of the allylic ether function. Furthermore, applying our newly developed method in our previously reported route towards the total synthesis of (R,R,R)‐α‐tocopherol, we accomplished a significantly improved 2nd generation synthesis of the chromane building providing a total number of 13 steps and an overall total yield of 27 %.
Palladium/Xu‐Phos Catalyzed Enantioselective Intramolecular Heck Reaction of Unactivated Alkenes
Authors: Zhou Lujia , Ma Longling , Xu Bing , Zhang Zhan‐Ming , Zhang Junliang
Published: June 2024

Comprehensive Summary

A highly enantioselective palladium‐catalyzed intramolecular Heck reaction of unactivated alkenes is developed, which provides a powerful route to access a broad range of chiral 3,3‐disubstituted‐2,3‐dihydrobenzofurans bearing all‐carbon quaternary stereocenter of interest in pharmaceutical research. Its salient features include high yield, excellent chemo‐ and enantioselectivity, mild conditions, a broad substrate scope as well as versatile transformations of the product.
Pillar[5]arene and Azine Derivative Assembly Improved Dual‐Channel Detection of CN–
Authors: Su Qing‐Ling , Chen Jin‐Fa , Sun Xiao‐Mei , Liu Juan , Dai Xin‐Yu , Wei Tai‐Bao , Yao Hong , Lin Qi
Published: June 2024

Comprehensive Summary

The cyanide anion (CN–) is known to be one of the most toxic anions. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a reliable, sensitive, selective, rapid and effective method for the detection of CN–. Here, a self‐assembly strategy based on pillar[5]arene P5 and azine derivative AZ was used to construct supramolecular sensors, and it was found that the detection effect of CN– was significantly improved by the assembly strategy. The sensitivity of the assembled sensor P5‐AZ to CN– is more than 10 times higher than that of AZ. The detect mechanism was further investigated by theoretical calculations and 1H NMR. The results showed that AZ detects CN– by a deprotonation process with fluorescence enhancement, while P5‐AZ improves the sensitivity of CN– recognition through hydrogen bonding, anion‐π and anion‐dipole interactions, as well as the strong bonding ability of the assembly. Supramolecular assembly P5‐AZ has the advantages of low toxicity, high sensitivity, and more importantly, it provides a method to detect CN– sensitivity in the aqueous phase and organisms by host‐guest assembly.
Impact of lung cancer screening on stage migration and mortality among the national Veterans Health Administration population with lung cancer
Authors: Edwards Donna M. , Pirzadeh Mina , Van Tony , Jiang Ralph , Tate Akshay , Schaefer Grace , James Jadyn , Bishop Caroline , Wilson Cydnee , Nedzesky Nicholas , Alseri Aaren , Leveque Anthony , Malus Amanda , Waljee Akbar , Elliott David A. , Deng Jane , Schwartz Ann , Schipper Matthew , Bryant Alex K. , Ramnath Nithya , Green Michael D.
Published: June 2024

Background

Despite randomized trials demonstrating a mortality benefit to low‐dose computed tomography screening to detect lung cancer, uptake of lung cancer screening (LCS) has been slow, and the benefits of screening remain unclear in clinical practice.

Methods

This study aimed to assess the impact of screening among patients in the Veterans Health Administration (VA) health care system diagnosed with lung cancer between 2011 and 2018. Lung cancer stage at diagnosis, lung cancer–specific survival, and overall survival between patients with cancer who did and did not receive screening before diagnosis were evaluated. We used Cox regression modeling and inverse propensity weighting analyses with lead time bias adjustment to correlate LCS exposure with patient outcomes.

Results

Of 57,919 individuals diagnosed with lung cancer in the VA system between 2011 and 2018, 2167 (3.9%) underwent screening before diagnosis. Patients with screening had higher rates of stage I diagnoses (52% vs. 27%; p ≤ .0001) compared to those who had no screening. Screened patients had improved 5‐year overall survival rates (50.2% vs. 27.9%) and 5‐year lung cancer–specific survival (59.0% vs. 29.7%) compared to unscreened patients. Among screening‐eligible patients who underwent National Comprehensive Cancer Network guideline–concordant treatment, screening resulted in substantial reductions in all‐cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67–0.92; p = .003) and lung‐specific mortality (aHR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.50–0.74; p < .001).

Conclusions

While LCS uptake remains limited, screening was associated with earlier stage diagnoses and improved survival. This large national study corroborates the value of LCS in clinical practice; efforts to widely adopt this vital intervention are needed.
Healthcare security in cloud‐based wireless sensor networks: Botnet attack detection via autoencoder‐aided goal‐based artificial intelligent agent
Authors: Chellathurai Amirthabai Subasini , Malhotra Udita , Thapasimuthu Rajeswari Saravanan , Thachankurichy Natesan Sudhahar
Published: June 2024

This paper presents a new method in the field of healthcare security that specifically targets cloud‐based wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The suggested method integrates a goal‐based artificial intelligent agent (GAIA) with an autoencoder (AE) architecture, yielding an autoencoder‐based agent (AE‐A). The main goal of this integrated system is to improve the efficiency of identifying botnet assaults, with a specific emphasis on the evolving security threats related to cloud computing. Our concept is around creating a meticulously calibrated, goal‐driven AI agent tailored explicitly for healthcare applications. The agent meticulously analyses network data and proficiently integrates autoencoder‐enhanced anomaly detection techniques to uncover intricate patterns indicative of botnet activities. The adaptability of the goal‐based AI agent is improved by ongoing real‐time learning, guaranteeing that its responses are in line with the primary goal of neutralizing threats. The autoencoder serves a vital role in the system by functioning as a tool for extracting features. This approach enables the AI Agent to navigate complex information and derive significant insights efficiently. Cloud computing resources greatly enhance the functionalities of a system, enabling scalability, real‐time analysis, and improved responsiveness. Utilizing goal‐driven AI and autoencoder together proves to be a successful strategy in safeguarding healthcare‐oriented WSNs against botnet attacks. This technique takes a proactive stance in ensuring the security of sensitive medical data. The suggested model is evaluated against various models, including the bidirectional long short‐term memory (BLSTM) method, the hybrid BLSTM with recurrent neural network (BLSTM‐RNN) algorithm, and the Random Forest algorithm. The models are evaluated using metrics such as Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC), prediction rate, accuracy, recall, precision, and F1 score analysis. The investigation demonstrates that the suggested model achieved the most significant values of 93% MCC, 94% prediction rate, 91% accuracy, 98% recall, 98% precision, and 98% F1 score, respectively when compared to the existing models.
Using EMBL‐EBI Services via Web Interface and Programmatically via Web Services
Authors: Madeira Fábio , Madhusoodanan Nandana , Lee Joonheung , Eusebi Alberto , Niewielska Ania , Tivey Adrian R. N. , Meacham Stuart , Lopez Rodrigo , Butcher Sarah
Published: June 2024

The European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL‐EBI)’s Job Dispatcher framework provides access to a wide range of core databases and analysis tools that are of key importance in bioinformatics. As well as providing web interfaces to these resources, web services are available using REST and SOAP protocols that enable programmatic access and allow their integration into other applications and analytical workflows and pipelines. This article describes the various options available to researchers and bioinformaticians who would like to use our resources via the web interface employing RESTful web services clients provided in Perl, Python, and Java or who would like to use Docker containers to integrate the resources into analysis pipelines and workflows. © 2024 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Retrieving data from EMBL‐EBI using Dbfetch via the web interface

Alternate Protocol 1: Retrieving data from EMBL‐EBI using WSDbfetch via the REST interface

Alternate Protocol 2: Retrieving data from EMBL‐EBI using Dbfetch via RESTful web services with Python client

Support Protocol 1: Installing Python REST web services clients

Basic Protocol 2: Sequence similarity search using FASTA search via the web interface

Alternate Protocol 3: Sequence similarity search using FASTA via RESTful web services with Perl client

Support Protocol 2: Installing Perl REST web services clients

Basic Protocol 3: Sequence similarity search using NCBI BLAST+ RESTful web services with Python client

Basic Protocol 4: Sequence similarity search using HMMER3 phmmer REST web services with Perl client and Docker

Support Protocol 3: Installing Docker and running the EMBL‐EBI client container

Basic Protocol 5: Protein functional analysis using InterProScan 5 RESTful web services with the Python client and Docker

Alternate Protocol 4: Protein functional analysis using InterProScan 5 RESTful web services with the Java client

Support Protocol 4: Installing Java web services clients

Basic Protocol 6: Multiple sequence alignment using Clustal Omega via web interface

Alternate Protocol 5: Multiple sequence alignment using Clustal Omega with Perl client and Docker

Support Protocol 5: Exploring the RESTful API with OpenAPI User Inferface
Diagnostic value of aMMP‐8 and azurocidin in peri‐implant sulcular fluid as biomarkers of peri‐implant health or disease
Authors: Xanthopoulou Vithleem , Räisänen Ismo T. , Sorsa Timo , Tortopidis Dimitrios , Sakellari Dimitra
Published: June 2024

Objective

The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of testing for active matrix metalloproteinase‐8 (aMMP‐8) by a quantitative point‐of‐care (PoC), chairside lateral flow immunotest and azurocidin, in the peri‐implant sulcular fluid (PISF), as biomarkers for the presence or absence of peri‐implant diseases.

Background

Current research indicates that proinflammatory cytokines and extracellular matrix‐degrading enzymes may be of value to diagnose and predict peri‐implant disease initiation and progression, but more data are needed.

Methods

Eighty patients with implants were recruited. PISF samples were collected and quantitatively analyzed for aMMP‐8 (chairside) and azurocidin with ELISA. Radiographic assessments and clinical indices (probing depth, probing attachment level, bleeding on probing, and plaque) were recorded after sampling. Kruskal‐Wallis test and pairwise post hoc Dunn‐Bonferroni test were used to relate aMMP‐8 levels and azurocidin levels to clinical parameters. The diagnostic ability of aMMP‐8 (ng/mL) and azurocidin was analyzed by receiver operator curve analysis. Area under the curve (AUC) was calculated and the Spearman's rho, and the coefficient of determination (R2) were used to calculate the correlations between aMMP‐8, azurocidin, and periodontal parameters.

Results

Statistically significant differences were observed for aMMP‐8 levels but not for azurocidin between healthy implants, implants with mucositis, and those with peri‐implantitis (13.65 ± 7.18, 32.33 ± 21.20, and 73.07 ± 43.93 ng/mL, respectively), (Kruskall–Wallis test p < .05). The aMMP‐8 test with a threshold of 20 ng/mL has a sensitivity of 71.7% and a specificity of 77.8% to identify peri‐implantitis and healthy implants, respectively. AUC was found to be 0.814, and the accuracy of the method reaches 73.8%. Above a cutoff value of 33.7 ng/mL of aMMP‐8, the accuracy of the test to detect peri‐implantitis reaches 77.5% in relation to 62.5% of BoP from the same site.

Conclusion

Taken collectively, present data indicate that the aMMP‐8 PoC lateral flow immunotest can be a beneficial, adjunctive diagnostic quantitative tool for real‐time screening for peri‐implant diseases.
Spot urine sodium‐to‐creatinine ratio surpasses sodium in identifying poor diuretic response in acute heart failure
Authors: Iwanek Gracjan , Guzik Mateusz , Zymliński Robert , Fudim Marat , Ponikowski Piotr , Biegus Jan
Published: June 2024

Aims

We aim to identify the most accurate marker for early prediction of poor diuretic response in acute heart failure (AHF) patients with signs of congestion requiring intravenous diuretic treatment.

Methods

In this single‐centre, prospective observational study, AHF patients with signs of congestion received a standardized intravenous furosemide dose (1 mg/kg of body weight; 40 mg in bolus and remaining dose in 2 h continuous infusion). Subsequently, we assessed spot urine composition at 2 h post‐administration, comparing it with total urine output at 6 h. Various potential urine markers were analysed for predicting urine output using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and logistic regression models. We investigated guideline‐recommended markers, including spot urine sodium (UNa+) and its cut‐off, and introduced the UNa+/UCr (urine creatinine concentration) ratio adjusting UNa+ for urine dilution.

Results

Out of 111 patients (85% males, 66.4 ± 13.9 years old, NTproBNP 7290 [4493–14 582] pg/ml), there were 18 (16%) with a poor diuretic response (cumulative urine output <600 ml during the first 6 h). The mean 6 h cumulative diuresis in patients with poor and good diuretic response was 406 ± 142 and 2114 ± 1164 ml, respectively, P < 0.005. After an initial evaluation of several potential biomarkers, only UNa+, UCr and UNa+/UCr were selected as candidates with the highest predictive value. The cut‐off for UNa+ adjusted for urine dilution: UNa+/UCr ratio <0.167 mmol/mg × 10−1 was determined by ROC analysis with the highest area under the curve (95% confidence interval): 0.956 (0.915–0.997), P < 0.001. When compared with the guideline‐recommended cut‐off (UNa+ <50 mmol/L as a reference, specificity—0.97; sensitivity—0.83), the odds ratio (OR) for UNa+/UCreat to identify a poor diuretic response was 2.5 times greater, regardless of kidney function (OR for estimated glomerular filtration rate in the logistic regression model was 0.978 [0.945–1.013, P = 0.222]).

Conclusions

The UNa+/UCr ratio in a spot urine sample 2 h after intravenous diuretic administration is a simple, highly predictive marker for the identification of AHF patients with poor diuretic response, surpassing guidelines‐recommended markers like UNa+.
Renal dysfunction is a time‐varying risk predictor of sudden cardiac death in heart failure
Authors: Sobue Yoshihiro , Watanabe Eiichi , Funato Yusuke , Yanase Masanobu , Izawa Hideo
Published: June 2024

Aims

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a common mode of death in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation is established treatment for SCD prevention, but current eligibility criteria based on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class may be due for reconsideration given the increasing effectiveness of pharmacological therapy. We sought to reconsider the risk stratification of SCD in patients with symptomatic CHF.

Methods

In total, 1,676 consecutive patients (74 ± 13 years old; 56% male) with NYHA class II or III CHF between 2008 and 2015 were enrolled for this prospective study. The endpoint was SCD.

Results

During a median (interquartile range) follow‐up period of 25 (4–70) months, 198 (11.8%) patients suffered SCD. Of those events, 23% occurred within 3 months of discharge. In the adjusted analyses, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2 [hazard ratio (HR) 1.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11–2.70, P = 0.01] and LVEF ≤ 35% (HR 2.31, 95% CI 1.47–3.66, P < 0.01) were independent risk predictors of SCD. Addition of eGFR to LVEF significantly improved prediction of SCD in the C‐index (P = 0.04), and in two metrics, net reclassification improvement (P = 0.01) and integrated discrimination improvement (P = 0.03). The predictive power of eGFR declined time‐dependently over 2 years.

Conclusions

The addition of eGFR to current eligibility criteria may be useful for risk assessment of SCD, although its predictive power wanes over time. Roughly a quarter of the SCD occurred within 3 months after discharge in patients with CHF.
River floodplains as source or sink for fine sediment and total phosphorus export in an agricultural watershed
Authors: Moustakidis Iordanis (Danny) V. , Schilling Keith E. , Weber Larry J.
Published: June 2024

Floodplains constitute a vital and integrated component of the riverine network ensuring the connectivity and continuity of the river with the upland watershed areas. However, the sediment trapping efficiency of floodplains has not been well investigated. The purpose of this experimental study was to evaluate the functionality of floodplains to act as either sources or sinks for fine sediments and sediment‐bound nutrients (e.g., total phosphorus) during floods of various return periods. Thus, we hypothesized that (i) soil texture, in terms of topsoil erodibility and (ii) the magnitude of the incoming flood, in terms of the applied shear stress, are the two key parameters govern river floodplains' ability to store or release fine sediments and total phosphorus, during major flood conditions. Topsoil erodibility experiments were coupled with site‐specific flood inundation maps to estimate the eroded fine sediment mass and the total phosphorus release rates per unit area per unit time of each flood condition considered. Results suggested that the floodplain soils of the upstream reaches act as net sources, the floodplains of the midstream reaches have a dual functionality; during low magnitude flood events (up to 10‐year return periods), they act as net sinks, while during higher flood events, they act as sources; and the floodplains of the downstream reaches largely act as sinks. This study results are applicable for watershed managers to identify floodplain areas vulnerable to erosion and sources of nutrient pollution.
A perspective on three trade‐offs of blockchain technology for the global strategy of the MNC
Authors: Hakkarainen Tuuli , Colicev Anatoli , Pedersen Torben
Published: June 2024

Research Summary

New technology plays a key role in shaping the global strategy of the MNC. We propose a perspective on how and why a novel technological development—blockchain technology—and its relevant applications affect the global strategy of the MNC. We focus on the trade‐offs associated with cryptocurrencies, smart contracts, and blockchain data, and provide several real‐world examples. While cryptocurrencies could lower financial costs and broaden consumers' payment options, they require new investments in cybersecurity and payment infrastructure. Smart contracts could increase trust in collaboration due to their automated, transparent, and inflexible rules, but their rigidity can harm collaboration. Finally, while blockchain data can enhance the MNC's analytics capabilities, it can also jeopardize consumer privacy.

Managerial Summary

Is blockchain technology all hype or a useful advancement for global firms? We propose that this technology has merits and drawbacks for financial transactions, collaboration, and data analytics. Cryptocurrencies have stolen the headlines and several leading organizations have already added them as payment methods. Their merits include lower transaction fees, better security, and higher speed, but they require expensive infrastructure and carry a stigma. Smart contracts can streamline agreements between parties but lack the flexibility that global firms need when interacting with suppliers and partners. Novel blockchain data can be plugged into marketing dashboards but can also threaten consumer privacy. Overall, the jury is still out on the role of blockchain technology for global firms.
Elastomers Based on Polynorbornene with Polar Polysiloxane Brushes for Soft Transducer Applications
Authors: Adeli Yeerlan , Venkatesan Thulasinath Raman , Nüesch Frank A. , Opris Dorina M.
Published: June 2024

Elastomers based on cross‐linked bottlebrush polymers combine an extreme softness at low strains with a strain‐stiffening effect, which makes them attractive as active components in dielectric elastomer actuators (DEA). Their main disadvantage concerns the small relative permittivity, which is about 3.5, requiring relatively high driving voltage in actuators. We synthesized a bottlebrush polymer elastomer with polar brushes, which exhibit an enhanced dielectric permittivity of 4.4. Anionic ring‐opening polymerization of a polar cyclosiloxane gave telechelic polar brushes, while ring‐opening polymerization of a norbornene macromonomer gave a bottlebrush polymer which was cross‐linked to elastomers by a thiol‐ene reaction. Elastomers with a small elastic modulus below 100 kPa, strain at break exceeding 100 %, attractive elasticity, and small mechanical loss factors (tanδ) were achieved. Temperature‐dependent impedance measurements revealed a transition temperature of −95 °C and an interfacial polarization. The multigram scale synthesis demonstrates the potential for scaling up, which opens the door to broader applications of these materials beyond actuators, such as capacitive sensors, batteries, and electroluminescent devices. Notably, these devices operate at extremely low voltages where the dielectric breakdown does not limit their functionality, but still, the softness and the increased dielectric permittivity are a plus.
Physical frailty, genetic predisposition, and incident arrhythmias
Authors: Zhang Yucong , Liu Man , Li Jiajun , Ruan Lei , Wu Xiaofen , Zhang Cuntai , Chen Liangkai
Published: June 2024

Background

Cross‐sectional evidence suggests a possible link between frailty and atrial fibrillation (AF). It remains unclear whether frailty and incident arrhythmias are longitudinally associated. This study aimed to determine whether the frailty phenotype is longitudinally associated with incident arrhythmias, especially AF.

Methods

In this prospective cohort of UK Biobank, individuals with arrhythmias at baseline, those without data for frailty phenotype, and no genetic data were excluded. Five domains of physical frailty, including weight loss, exhaustion, low physical activity, low grip strength, and slow gait speed, were assessed. A total of 142 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms was used to calculate the polygenic risk score (PRS) for AF. Hospital inpatient records and death records were used to identify incident arrhythmias.

Results

This study included 464 154 middle‐aged and older adults (mean age 56.4 ± 8.1 years, 54.7% female) without arrhythmia at baseline. During a median follow‐up of 13.4 years (over 5.9 million person‐years), 46 454 new‐onset arrhythmias cases were recorded. In comparison with non‐frailty, the multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of AF were 1.12 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.15, P < 0.0001) and 1.44 (95% CI: 1.36, 1.51, P < 0.0001) for participants with pre‐frailty and frailty, respectively. Similar associations were observed for other arrhythmias. We found that slow gait speed presented the strongest risk factor in predicting all arrhythmias, including AF (HR 1.34, 95% CI: 1.30, 1.39), bradyarrhythmias (HR 1.30, 95% CI: 1.22, 1.37), conduction system diseases (HR 1.29, 95% CI: 1.22, 1.36), supraventricular arrhythmias (HR 1.32, 95% CI: 1.19, 1.47), and ventricular arrhythmias (HR 1.37, 95% CI: 1.25, 1.51), with all P values <0.0001. In addition to slow gait speed, weight loss (HR 1.13, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.16, P < 0.0001) and exhaustion (HR 1.11, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.14, P < 0.0001) were significantly associated with incident AF, whereas insignificant associations were observed for physical activity (HR 1.03, 95% CI: 0.996, 1.08, P = 0.099) and low grip strength (HR 1.00, 95% CI: 0.97, 1.03, P = 0.89). We observed a significant interaction between genetic predisposition and frailty on incident AF (P for interaction <0.0001), where those with frailty and the highest tertile of PRS had the highest risk of AF (HR 3.34, 95% CI: 3.08, 3.61, P < 0.0001) compared with those with non‐frailty and the lowest tertile of PRS.

Conclusions

Physical pre‐frailty and frailty were significantly and independently associated with incident arrhythmias. Although direct causal inference still needs to be further validated, these results suggested the importance of assessing and managing frailty for arrhythmia prevention.
Quantification of urinary podocyte‐derived migrasomes for the diagnosis of kidney disease
Authors: Yang Rong , Zhang Heng , Chen Si , Lou Kaibin , Zhou Meng , Zhang Mingchao , Lu Rui , Zheng Chunxia , Li Limin , Chen Qihan , Liu Zhihong , Zen Ke , Yuan Yanggang , Liang Hongwei
Published: June 2024

Migrasomes represent a recently uncovered category of extracellular microvesicles, spanning a diameter range of 500 to 3000 nm. They are emitted by migrating cells and harbour a diverse array of RNAs and proteins. Migrasomes can be readily identified in bodily fluids like serum and urine, rendering them a valuable non‐invasive source for disease diagnosis through liquid biopsy. In this investigation, we introduce a streamlined and effective approach for the capture and quantitative assessment of migrasomes, employing wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)‐coated magnetic beads and flow cytometry (referred to as WBFC). Subsequently, we examined the levels of migrasomes in the urine of kidney disease (KD) patients with podocyte injury and healthy volunteers using WBFC. The outcomes unveiled a substantial increase in urinary podocyte‐derived migrasome concentrations among individuals with KD with podocyte injury compared to the healthy counterparts. Notably, the urinary podocyte‐derived migrasomes were found to express an abundant quantity of phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) proteins. The presence of PLA2R proteins in these migrasomes holds promise for serving as a natural antigen for the quantification of autoantibodies against PLA2R in the serum of patients afflicted by membranous nephropathy. Consequently, our study not only pioneers a novel technique for the isolation and quantification of migrasomes but also underscores the potential of urinary migrasomes as a promising biomarker for the early diagnosis of KD with podocyte injury.
Molecular characterization and expression analysis of thyroid hormone receptors in protogynous rice field eel, Monopterus albus
Authors: Feng Ke , Su Jialin , Sun Lei , Guo Ying , Peng Xiwen
Published: June 2024

Thyroid hormones (THs) play important roles in growth, development, morphogenesis, reproduction, and so on. They are mainly meditated by binding to thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) in vertebrates. As important members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, TRs and their ligands are involved in many biological processes. To investigate the potential roles of TRs in the gonadal differentiation and sex change, we cloned and characterized the TRs genes in protogynous rice field eel (Monopterus albus). In this study, three types of TRs were obtained, which were TRαA, TRαB and TRβ, encoding preproproteins of 336‐, 409‐ and 415‐amino acids, respectively. Multiple alignments of the three putative TRs protein sequences showed they had a higher similarity. Tissue expression analysis showed that TRαA mainly expressed in the gonad, while TRαB and TRβ in the brain. During female‐to‐male sex reversal, the expression levels of all the three TRs showed a similar trend of increase followed by a decrease in the gonad. Intraperitoneal injection of triiodothyronine (T3) stimulated the expression of TRαA and TRαB, while it had no significant change on the expression of TRβ in the ovary. Gonadotropin‐releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa) injection also significantly upregulated the expression levels of TRαA and TRαB after 6 h, while it had no significant effect on TRβ. These results demonstrated that TRs were involved in the gonadal differentiation and sex reversal, and TRα may play more important roles than TRβ in reproduction by the regulation of GnRHa in rice field eel.
The influence of water vapour on winter humidity‐related extreme cold events in China
Authors: Peng Yangrui , He Yongli , Wang Xiaoxia , Jia Jingjing , Huang Bo , Li Dongdong , Ji Fei , Wang Shanshan , Guan Xiaodan
Published: June 2024

Winter extreme cold events (ECEs) have profound impacts on human health, transportation, energy consumption and the economy, particularly associated with high‐humidity conditions. Recent research has indicated a growing interest in extreme temperature events that account for the presence of water vapour. However, the characteristics of humidity‐related ECEs (HECEs) remain unclear. Given the rise in atmospheric moisture due to global warming, understanding the influence of water vapour on HECEs becomes crucial. This study examined variations in HECEs identified using the wet‐bulb globe temperature (WBGT) in China during 1959–2020 and quantified the impacts of water vapour. The results revealed a decrease in the intensity and frequency of HECEs in China during this period, except for in northern China, where the intensity increased, which contrasts with the trends in traditional ECEs. Furthermore, strong HECEs were found to exhibit greater frequency, duration and intensity in northern China than weak HECEs. Additionally, the specific humidity for all categories of HECEs in China exhibited an upward trend, with a more rapid increase for strong HECEs. The findings indicated that the intensity of HECEs is positively correlated with the increase in water vapour. Defining a water vapour amplification factor revealed amplified intensity and duration at most grid points, particularly across northern China. Therefore, while winter warming reduces traditional ECEs, HECEs persist and even intensify as humidity increases, confirming significant amplification by water vapour. Our results emphasized the importance of increasing water vapour, driven by global warming, which may increase the risk of HECEs in the future.
Pediatric Cholesteatoma Follow‐Up: Residual and Recurrence in 239 Cases with Over 5‐Year Hindsight
Authors: Simon François , Remangeon Françoise , Loundon Natalie , Leboulanger Nicolas , Couloigner Vincent , Garabédian Noel , Denoyelle Françoise
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Pediatric cholesteatoma is an aggressive disease which requires long‐term evaluation to assess management strategies. The objective was to determine optimal follow‐up duration in pediatric cholesteatoma to detect residual and recurrent diseases.

Methods

This cohort study was set in a tertiary referral center. All consecutive patients with a minimum 5‐year follow‐up were included. Medical history, initial extension, surgical procedures, and follow‐up were collected. The main outcome measure were Kaplan–Meier survival curves of residual and recurrence cumulative incidence.

Results

Totally 239 ears with the first tympanoplasty between 2008 and 2014 were studied including 25% congenital. At first surgery (S1), mean age was 8.4 years and mean follow‐up time 7.9 years. Mastoidectomy was performed in 69% and stapes was absent in 38% of cases. Notably, 83% (199 ears) had a second procedure (S2) of which 186 were planned. After S1, maximum cumulated incidence of residual was 45% [95%CI, 38%; 52%] at 74 months, with probability of residual of 39% at 3 years. After S2 (n = 199), maximum cumulated residual incidence was 21% [95%CI, 12%; 32%] at 62 months and 16% at 3 years. Concerning recurrence, maximum cumulated incidence after S1 (n = 239) was reached at 98 months with 21% [95%CI, 12%; 32%], 13% at 3 years and 16% at 5 years. Congenital disease had significantly less residuals after S1 (p = 0.02), but similar recurrence rate (p = 0.66) compared with acquired.

Conclusions and Relevance

We recommend MRI follow‐up of at least 5 years after the last surgery for residual disease and clinical follow‐up of at least 10 years to detect recurrence.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 134:4789–4798, 2024
Size at maturity, reproductive cycle, and fecundity of the southern California brown box crab Lopholithodes foraminatus and implications for developing a new targeted fishery
Authors: Stroud Ashley , Culver Carolynn S. , Page Henry M.
Published: June 2024

Objective

The brown box crab Lopholithodes foraminatus is a member of the king and stone crab family (Lithodidae) that occurs in deepwater along the eastern Pacific coast. Historically, landings in California have been low for this species, but an increase in fishing pressure prompted the state to designate it as an emerging fishery and implement an experimental fishery program. With no known biological studies of California brown box crab, essential fisheries information is needed to evaluate the feasibility of a new targeted fishery.

Methods

Using field sampling and observations, along with laboratory studies, we investigated elements of reproductive capacity of the brown box crab in southern California.

Result

We found that females reach physiological maturity at a carapace width (CW) between 50.8 and 71.7 mm, and males do so at a CW between 43.3 and 66.3 mm. Morphometric maturity analysis showed a clear inflection point of abdomen width between immature and mature females. Females were 50% functionally mature at 75 mm CW. Morphometric and functional maturity was not detected for males, albeit samples of small male crabs were extremely limited, thus warranting further study. Females followed a biennial reproduction pattern: mating occurred in the fall, followed by an approximately 18-month brooding period, with hatching in the second spring after mating. Fecundity was positively related to size and ranged from 8352 eggs/brood for a 67.8-mm-CW female to 62,181 eggs/brood for a 130.5-mm-CW female.

Conclusion

These findings can inform the evaluation of a fishery for the brown box crab, including potential management strategies and models for assessing stock condition.
Rehabilitation for Functional Dystonia: Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Gros Priti , Bhatt Haseel , Gilmour Gabriela S. , Lidstone Sarah C.
Published: June 2024

Background

Functional dystonia (FD) is a common subtype of functional movement disorder. FD can be readily diagnosed based on positive signs and is potentially treatable with rehabilitation. Despite this, clinical outcomes remain variable and a gold standard approach to treatment is lacking.

Cases

Here we present four cases of axial and limb functional dystonia who were treated with integrated rehabilitation and improved. The therapy approach and clinical outcomes are described, including videos.

Literature review

A literature review evaluated the published treatment strategies for the treatment of functional dystonia. Out of 338 articles, 25 were eligible for review and included mainly case reports and case series. Most patients received more than one treatment modality. Non‐invasive therapies, commonly physiotherapy and psychological approaches were mostly associated with positive outcomes. Multiple treatments commonly used in dystonia were used, including botulinum toxin injections, pharmacotherapy and surgery, leading to variable outcomes.

Conclusion

Therapy should be personalized to the clinical presentation. In challenging cases, initiation of a multidisciplinary approach may provide benefit regardless of etiology. Pharmacotherapy should be used judiciously, and surgical therapy should be avoided.
Analytical solution for horizontal vibration of partially embedded pipe pile group in layered saturated soil
Authors: Liang Zhimeng , Meng Kun , Cui Chunyi , Liu Hailong , Xin Yu , Xu Lina , Xu Chengshun
Published: June 2024

Based on Biot's dynamic wave theory and Novak's plane strain model (PSM), an analytical model for the horizontal vibration of a partially embedded pipe pile group (PEPPG) in layered saturated soil (LSS) that considers the soil‐plugging effect was established: First, the frequency‐domain analytical expressions of the saturated surrounding soil (SSS) and soil plug were obtained by introducing operator decomposition theory and the variable separation method. Second, the analytical solution of the horizontal impedance of a partially embedded pipe pile in the LSS is derived using the coupled condition of the pile–soil interface and transfer matrix method. Finally, an analytical solution for the horizontal impedance of PEPPG in LSS was derived by introducing the horizontal dynamic interaction factor of piles and the superposition method. The derived solution is then reduced and compared with existing theoretical solutions to verify its rationality. In addition, further parametric analysis was conducted to investigate the influences of pile spacing, embedment ratio, properties of layered SSS, and soil‐plugging on the horizontal vibration characteristics (HVCs) of PEPPG.
Optimal emission regulation under market uncertainty
Authors: Li Guokai , Gao Pin , Wang Zizhuo
Published: June 2024

Government regulations on emission control can be broadly divided into two categories: price instruments and quantity instruments. In this paper, we develop a stylized model to compare the two instruments in the presence of market uncertainty. We find that when the emission intensity (i.e., emissions per unit of production) and the market uncertainty are both high or low, the expected social welfare under the price instruments will be higher; otherwise, the performance of the quantity instruments is comparatively better. The results are robust when incorporating firm competition and national/regional pollution damage. Afterward, we demonstrate that the government's quick‐response capability or a hybrid of the price and quantity instruments can improve the expected social welfare, especially for high‐emitting industries when the market uncertainty is intermediate. Lastly, for heterogeneous firms, we find that allowing permit trading in the quantity instrument may not be beneficial when pollution from each firm is more likely to have regional effects.
On nonlinear geometric transformations of finite elements
Authors: Perez Claudio M. , Filippou Filip C.
Published: June 2024

The paper develops a systematic procedure for formulating finite elements on manifolds. The theoretical developments give rise to a modular computational framework for composing coordinate transformations and manifold parameterizations. The procedure is demonstrated with the Cosserat rod model furnishing a novel finite element formulation that rectifies the lack of objectivity of existing finite elements without violating the director constraints or compromising the symmetry of the tangent stiffness at equilibrium. The framework is element‐independent, allowing its implementation as a wrapper to existing element libraries without modification of the element state determination procedures.
Optimization of electric power prediction of a combined cycle power plant using innovative machine learning technique
Authors: Ntantis Efstratios L. , Xezonakis Vasileios
Published: June 2024

Accurate prediction of electric power generation in combined cycle power plants is challenging yet crucial, especially when employing machine learning techniques like artificial neural networks. This research presents an advanced forecasting model based on the robust adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system to estimate electric power generation under full operating conditions. The research dataset comprises 9568 data points featuring four input parameters, including ambient temperature, ambient pressure, exhaust vacuum, and relative humidity, spanning 6 years of the publicly available UCI Machine Learning Repository. These data were partitioned into 70% for training, 30% for validation, and 0% for testing to ensure robustness. A hybrid approach is implemented for optimization, combining the least squares method and gradient descent. The first‐order Sugeno fuzzy model was adopted to defuzzification the entire fuzzy set, achieving optimal results with three membership functions assigned to each input variable. This configuration minimizes the training's root mean square error values and the checking error of 3.8395 and 3.7849 regarding the generalized bell‐shaped membership functions, improving computational efficiency. These values are optimum when employing the root mean square error performance metric of identical studies. The validation of the adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system method and an optimal data selection strategy for training should be considered for optimum outcomes in the energy field.
The use of cetuximab for oral cancer and adverse events with different treatment regimens: A single‐center retrospective study over an 11‐year period
Authors: Ishikawa Saki , Suzuki Taiki , Tanaka Shiori , Tatsumi Ayaka , Aiso Yuri , Sekikawa Shoichi , Ogane Satoru , Katakura Akira , Nomura Takeshi
Published: June 2024

Background

The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the use and safety of cetuximab (C‐mab) monotherapy or combination therapy with various regimens for treating oral cancer in our hospital.

Methods

The study comprised 53 patients diagnosed with oral cancer who underwent chemotherapy with C‐mab between January 2013 and December 2022 at the Oral Cancer Center, Tokyo Dental College. In total, 68 regimens were analyzed. The cumulative rate was determined by analyzing the timing and incidence of adverse events (AEs) with each regimen using a Kaplan–Meier curve.

Results

The treatment regimens administered included the following: induction C‐mab + paclitaxel + carboplatin (ICT‐PCE, n = 7), C‐mab + radiotherapy (RT) (n = 22), C‐mab + cisplatin + fluorouracil (n = 7), C‐mab + paclitaxel + carboplatin (n = 1), C‐mab + paclitaxel (n = 16), C‐mab maintenance (n = 11), and four other cases. The total number of doses administered was 895.

Conclusions

This retrospective study investigated the effectiveness of treatment regimens containing C‐mab for oral cancer and adverse reactions to these regimens. C‐mab is a crucial component of oral cancer treatment when used in multidrug therapy. C‐mab containing regimens may result in direct or indirect AEs. Ongoing, rigorous monitoring is essential to mitigate these events. Partnering with other departments can help to limit their severity.
Relationship between the presence of oral herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA and oral hygiene condition in dependent older individuals
Authors: Shigeishi Hideo , Matsumura Mari , Hamada Natsuki , Kaneyasu Yoshino , Sugiyama Masaru , Ohta Kouji
Published: June 2024

Aim

This study aimed to investigate the association between the presence of oral herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) DNA and oral hygiene condition in dependent older adults.

Methods

We focused on 45 dependent older individuals (11 males and 34 females; median age 89 years) with certified needs for long‐term support or nursing care. Real‐time PCR analysis was performed to identify HSV‐1 DNA from samples collected from the tongue surface via swab brushes. Concurrently, the detection of the 16S rRNA gene for periodontopathic bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Fusobacterium nucleatum was conducted.

Results

Among the participants, HSV‐1 DNA was detected in seven out of 45 (15.6%). No significant association was observed between HSV‐1 DNA and age, sex, body mass index, dependency status, or medical history. While the rate of HSV‐1 DNA positivity was higher in participants with suboptimal or poor oral hygiene (28.6%) compared with those with good oral hygiene (9.7%), the association was not statistically significant. Similarly, a reduction in oral wetness was noted in HSV‐1 DNA‐positive participants compared with their HSV‐1 DNA‐negative counterparts, but this was also not statistically significant. Interestingly, a significant association was found between the presence of HSV‐1 DNA and P. gingivalis (P = 0.01).

Conclusion

It remains unclear whether the presence of oral HSV‐1 DNA is associated with poor oral hygiene and dry mouth in dependent older individuals. Co‐infection of HSV‐1 and P. gingivalis may contribute to the pathology of periodontitis.