bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differentiated Regional (Dis)Integration Post Brexit
Authors: Strezhneva M. V.
Published: July 2022

Exit of Britain from the European Union resuscitated academic discussions on the topic of the certainty value for the unfolding of disintegrative trends in the united Europe. Nevertheless, no general perception has emerged yet of how Brexit is likely to influence the organizational prospects and viability of the European integration grouping. In most cases the conceptualizations do not escape the presentation of dichotomy between integration and disintegration as two ultimo states in international relations. In fact, these are two processes, more complexly co-related. Each of them can include a wide array of structural arrangements, some differentiation dynamism, different levels of centralization in separate domains, as well as certain (variable) numbers of participants in distinct arrangements. In this article the meaning of Brexit as a condition of further European (dis)integration is treated, as based on Alexander Bogdanov’s theory of organization. This theory serves to reconsider the established renderings of such key notions, as integration, disintegration and differentiation.The new sight is gained of immune after-effects of prior Europeanization for the political system of the UK. Cases of the Economic and Monetary Union and the Northern Ireland Protocol receive separate treatment. The latter one presents a path-breaking design for differentiated integration with subnational region participation. Yet to realize the potential of the Protocol in full, political will is needed from both London and Brussels.On the most basic level, once this large country left the EU, one could hardly imagine any of its remaining 27 members to head off further progressive development of European integration. At the same time, it has to be acknowledged that, in order to make headway in terms of integration, the EU system, rather than unification and centralization, is in need of intensified differentiation. Meanwhile, the supranational institutions, and the European Commission most notably, remain oriented towards uniform integration as their priority. This can result in lower efficacy of the EU integration policy.
Bolsonaro’s ‘Anti-Diplomacy'
Authors: Timofeeva J. A.
Published: July 2022

The article compares Brazil’s president Jair Bolsonaro diplomacy with the traditional one and explains in what terms and why his foreign policy is different from a classical approach.Before he came to power, such principles as peaceful coexistence with neighbors, aspiration for national grandeur, peaceful conflict settlement and independent decision making were inherent in Brazilian diplomacy. Today the country’s foreign policy is unpredictable, inconsistent, and far from traditional peacefulness. Before changes in the US administration in 2021, Bolsonaro, as well as many of his predecessors, bet on the USA to solve national problems. Unilateral concessions to Washington predictably gave no results and lowered Brazilian independence in decision making. The USA was not interested in strengthening its rival in Latin America, no matter how friendly the relations between the two countries were. Bolsonaro’s policy is influenced by different lobby groups with opposing interests in government agencies. An important role is played by the military and followers of the theoretician Olavo de Carvalho. Paying attention to each of these groups, Bolsonaro implements an inconsistent foreign policy and runs a risk of not putting important political projects into practice and of finding himself in an international isolation.The changes in foreign policy take place amidst political and economic crisis in Brazil. Coronavirus pandemic aggravated the conflict of the branches of power. To strengthen his positions, the president appeals to the population, looks for support in the Parliament and pushes through an administrative bill aimed at making the president more autonomous in managing the executive branch structures.The appearance of the “right-wing” president and powerful influence of the conservative military stem from the economic and political crisis in Brazil, and Bolsonaro’s “special” governance style fits a worldwide trend of populism and active politics coverage in social networks.
Barrier function of the skin and the role of fat-soluble vitamins in the correction of its disorders
Authors: Petrova Stanislava Yu. , Albanova Vera I.
Published: July 2022

The main function of the skin is to protect the body from negative environmental influences. The physical barrier permeability is mainly represented by the stratum corneum; however, other layers of the epidermis and the dermis are its important components. The mechanical strength of the skin is provided by intercellular contacts in the epidermis and structural proteins of the dermis. The chemical-biological barrier includes lipids, acids, natural moisturizing factor and antimicrobial peptides. Mucosal immunity system creates a barrier against infection. The microflora of healthy skin counteracts its colonization by pathogens and is vital for its immune functions. Physiological processes in the skin are closely related. A violation in one of them often leads to the formation of a whole cascade of pathological reactions affecting all the links of its protection. Vitamins A, D and E are used to correct impaired barrier function of the skin. The most pronounced effect of vitamin A (retinol palmitate) is the proliferation of epidermal cells and synthesis of extracellular matrix structures of the dermis; vitamin D (cholecalciferol) regulation of differentiation and suppression of excessive proliferation of keratinocytes; vitamin E (tocopherol acetate) antioxidant effect. The combined use of these vitamins in the composition of RadevitActive ointment affects all the main elements of the protection of the epidermis and dermis: strengthens the mechanical strength of the stratum corneum and dermis, stabilizes chemical and physical protection, including prevents the penetration of foreign substances and microorganisms, reduces transepidermal loss of water and electrolytes, reduces the damaging effect of UV, increases antimicrobial and antioxidant protection.
Antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and gonococcal infection therapy: yesterday, today, tomorrow
Authors: Kubanov Alexey A. , Solomka Victoria S. , Rakhmatulina Margarita R. , Deryabin Dmitry G.
Published: July 2022

Implementation of the Russian version of Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (RU-GASP) in XXI century is summarized. The chronology of evidence-based updating of national clinical guidelines for the gonococcal infection management is outlined. The reasons for penicillins, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones excluding from gonococcal infection treatment regimens is presented, and the dynamics of subsequent changes in the sensitivity of N. gonorrhoeae to these antimicrobials is described. The modern schemes of monotherapy of gonococcal infection with third generation cephalosporins and the chronology of increasing their recommended doses are presented. The spectinomycin indications and restrictions for alternative treatment of the gonococcal infection are characterized. The absence of azithromycin in Russian gonococcal infection guideline versus international experience of this antibiotic usage is discussed. Based on current data on the ongoing spread of antimicrobial resistance genetic determinants in N. gonorrhoeae, proposals have been made to improve the RU-GASP protocols and to select drugs for the modern gonococcal infection etiotropic therapy.
Pityriasis rubra pilaris (Devergie's disease) in a COVID-19 patient
Authors: Okladnikova Evgenia V. , Kotova Kseniya V. , Khorzhevskii Vladimir , Ruksha Tatiana G.
Published: July 2022

Pityriasis rubra pilaris (Devergie's disease) is an idiopathic, papulosquamous inflammatory dermatosis characterized by progressive erythrodermia. The etiology of the disease is unknown, and most cases occur sporadically. Viral infections, impaired vitamin A metabolism, medications, autoimmune reactions, and malignancies are most common triggering factors. The diagnosis of Devergie's disease is based on the clinical manifestations of the disease and the results of a skin histological examination. The present paper discusses a clinical case of pityriasis rubra pilaris that occurred in a COVID-19, 40-year-old woman. For the purpose of differential diagnosis of pitiriasis with atopic dermatitis, erythrodermic form of psoriasis, generalized form of urticaria, it is necessary to perform immunohistochemical studies to identify the proliferation of immunocompetent cells. Based on the described clinical case, it seems possible to recommend testing for SARS-CoV-2 if a patient has Devergie's disease against the background of fever and intoxication syndrome.
Effects of Adolescents' Autonomous Control and Exposure to Adult Contents on the Online Sexual Victimization Experiences: Focusing on the Moderated Mediation Effect of Education Experiences
Authors:   The Korean Association of Criminal Psychology, Jung Ju Eun , Lee Chang Bae
Published: July 2022

This study examined the effect of adolescents' autonomous control and exposure to adult contents on their online sexual victimization experiences via the moderated mediation effect of education experience. The authors purported to investigate if adolescents’ experience of online sexual victimization can be prevented by their willingness to control their exposure to adult contents and by education. Specifically, independent variable autonomous control and exposure to adult contents based on lifestyle-related theory were employed in the analysis models. For the study, we analyzed the "2020 Youth Media Use and Hazardous Environment Survey", which collected by the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, and the data included the responses from 14,536 teenagers with regard to their online sexual victimization experiences. As a result, first, it was verified that the autonomous control of adolescents had a significant effect on the online sexual victimization by mediating the exposure level. In other words, the higher the autonomous control of adolescents, the lower the exposure level, and the lower the exposure level, the lower the online sexual victimization. Second, as a result of analyzing the moderating effect of education in the relationship between autonomous control and exposure level, both uneducated and educated groups had a negative effect, but the negative relationship between autonomous control and exposure level was stronger when educated. Third, it was verified that the mediating effect of exposure level in the relationship between autonomous control and online sexual victimiation has a significant moderating effect depending on the presence or absence of education. Finally, based on the results, suggestions were made for the intervention and development of various educational programs such as media use education, violence prevention education, and sex education to increase youth's autonomous control and lower exposure levels.
A Study on the Actual Conditions and Countermeasures of Digital Sexual Crimes in Adult Sites
Authors:   The Korean Association of Criminal Psychology, Kim Ye Jeong , Song Bong Gyu
Published: July 2022

This study analyzed adult sites serving in Korean that were surveyed through Google Web search to respond to digital sex crimes. As a result of the analysis, There were 270 adult sites that were serviced in Korean. ② From the 270 searched adult sites, there were 100 adult sites that could be accessed. ③ Adult sites can check all illegal content for free without membership. ③ In adult sites, 55% of adult sites have Korean video-only boards, and 66% of adult sites have Korean videos regardless of exclusive bulletin boards. ④ There are an average of 14,250 videos posted on the Korean video-only bulletin board. ⑤ Seventy-seven percent of adult sites posted sexual exploitation of children and adolescents abroad and 34 percent of adult sites posted sexual exploitation of children and adolescents in Korea. ⑥ Thirty-six percent of adult sites have photo-only boards. ⑦ In 100 adult sites, 94 adult sites have first (main) page banner advertisements, 72 adult sites have video page banner advertisements, 50 adult sites have pop-up advertisements when playing videos, and 61 adult sites have video player advertisements. ⑧ The first (main) page banner advertisement on 94 adult sites is 1,485 in total, with an average of about 16 on one adult site. The content of banner ads on the first (main) page was 73.2% for illegal gambling and 11.9% for prostitution businesses. ⑨ There are 373 banner advertisements for video pages on 72 adult sites, an average of about five on one adult site. In the content of banner advertisements on the video page, 72.4% were illegal gambling and 12.3% were prostitution companies. ⑩ When playing a video on an adult site, the content of pop-up advertisements and player advertisements were different each time the video was played. Legal businesses and companies such as games, online shopping malls, online travel agencies, and Internet broadcasting are being advertised. If digital sex crime measures are sought based on the analysis results, illegal gambling sites, which are the largest advertisers than adult sites, should be blocked. ② Measures should be taken against organized criminals who are participating in the operation of illegal gambling sites. ③ Measures are needed for legal business and corporate advertising that are being advertised on adult sites for adults. ④ Policies should be implemented to reduce fears of digital sex crimes.
Efficiency plan for building a safe city through crime analysis: Facusing Pyeongtaek-si, south Gyeonggi-do
Authors:   The Korean Association of Criminal Psychology, Song Byung Ho , Han Sang Cheul
Published: July 2022

This study is a study on the construction of a crime-safe city as a countermeasure by analyzing the occurrence of crimes due to the new urban concentration in the outskirts of the city in order to escape the urban concentration phenomenon. The subject of this study is Pyeongtaek, south Gyeonggi-do. In 2020, the number of crimes nationwide was 1,611,906, 3,108.7 per 100,000 people, and the Gyeonggi Nambu Provincial Police Agency had 379,794 crimes, which was 3,877.5 per 100,000, while Pyeongtaek City had 28,270, which was 5,510.4 per 100,000. This is more than 2,000 cases higher than the national crime rate per 100,000 people, and 1,500 cases higher than the crime rate in Gyeonggi-do. In other words, the study began with the need for an alternative for the safety and order maintenance and risk prevention of Pyeongtaek citizens due to crime. As a result, the problem with the occurrence of crimes in Pyeongtaek City is First, the occurrence of crimes due to insufficient security conditions. Second, there is a lack of CCTV, an infrastructure for crime prevention. Third, it is the deterioration of crime prevention activities through people-to-people cooperation, which is one of the police activities of the local community, which is outside the traditional police activities. Based on these problems, suggestions were made on how to increase the efficiency of the construction of a crime-safe city. First, the factors vulnerable to crime and improvement of the environment. Second, the strengthening of police patrol power in response to crime. Third, crime prevention is the duty of the police.
A Study on the effect of crime victimization and depression on the Quality of life of adolescents
Authors:   The Korean Association of Criminal Psychology, Shin So Ra , Hong Seung Pyo
Published: July 2022

This study analyzed the effect of criminal victimization experience on the quality of life of adolescents and the mediating effect of depression in these causal relationships was analyzed. The fact that life satisfaction in adolescence decreases compared to other periods of life should be treated as a very serious problem. This is because the number of teenagers who end their lives by suicide is increasing every year. Nevertheless, not many studies have been conducted on the quality of life of adolescents. This study statistically analyzed the structural equation model to obtain the following results. First, Violence victimization and cyberbullying victimization do not directly affect the quality of life of adolescents, but abuse from parents have a direct effect. Second, Depression has a mediating effect in the effect of cyberbullying victimizaton and abuse at home on the quality of life of adolescents.In the case of cyberbullying, depression has a complete mediating effect in the quality of life and causal relationship. The finding of the research results is as follows. Unlike the previous explanation that in adolescence, the influence from peers is greater than from family, it was still found that the most influenced by adolescents is still the family. The effect will be more positive only when the role of the family must be included in the youth-related recovery program. Above all, strengthening family relationships will contribute to improving the quality of life of adolescents.
Higher education system and labour market policies in Bulgaria in COVID-19 crisis and post-crisis periods
Authors: Terziev Venelin
Published: July 2022

The monograph addresses the changing social processes in the pandemic situation that has occurred around the world. The study presents analyses of the labour market situation in Bulgaria during the pandemic crisis and some solutions to new challenges to the higher education system. Special emphasis is put on the differentiated effect on higher education institutions, depending on the field in which universities carry out teaching and research activities, as well as on the peculiarities of the university business model in the changing environment for development of the higher education institutions. An attempt was made to analyze the emerging critical processes in the labour market, the prospects for action and the post-crisis measures, as well as to forecast the future actions.
Modelling of a random spatially inhomogeneous dynamic background on halftone images
Authors: Громилин Геннадий Иванович , Косых Валерий Петрович , Лихачев Алексей Валерьевич , Шакенов Адибек Кобланович
Published: July 2022

Одна из частных, но важных задач видеомониторинга окружающей обстановки заключается в обнаружении малоразмерных объектов на динамическом пространственно-неоднородном фоне. Для отладки алгоритмов обнаружения предлагается способ моделирования изображений случайного фона, который может включать до трех локально-однородных компонент, различающихся своими автокорреляционными функциями и заполняющих множество областей случайной формы, которые полностью покрывают формируемый кадр. Численное моделирование показывает, что, варьируя параметры автокорреляционных функций, можно получать большое разнообразие текстур генерируемых фонов.
Comparative evaluation of the efficiency of data processing by storing the data in a relational database and column format files
Authors: Белов Владимир Александрович , Ильин Дмитрий Юрьевич , Никульчев Евгений Витальевич
Published: July 2022

Эффективное хранение данных - одна из важнейших задач при проектировании любой информационной системы. Рост потребностей в обработке больших объемов данных спровоцировал появление большого количества средств для их хранения. В связи с этим возникает необходимость выбора форматов хранения на этапе проектирования. Выбор форматов влияет на параметры вычислительной среды (объем, время обработки данных), а также аппаратных ресурсов. Статья посвящена разработке методики оценки эффективности обработки больших данных в зависимости от выбора реляционного или колоночного формата. Представлено исследование двух популярных способов хранения и обработки больших данных: реляционная база данных PostgreSQL и хранение в файлах колоночного формата Apache Parquet с обработкой с помощью фреймворка Apache Hive

Purpose. In the process of developing information and analytical systems, the choice of the most effective tool for data storage is important. The purpose of the presented study is to compare the data processing features for various data storage tools. Analysis of these features in the dynamics of the growth of the data volume is an important issue. Methodology. Stands were prepared for experimental evaluation of the two presented alternatives. As evaluation criteria, the data volume, processing time, the use of RAM and processor resources as well as the dynamics of changes in the characteristics with a change in the data volume was chosen. Two data queries were prepared that contain different requirements for obtaining results: filtering and data aggregation. For evaluation, both one and several simultaneously running queries were launched. Findings. Numerical characteristics of the examined criteria were obtained. The processing speed when using a relational database was several times higher than the results obtained when using a big data processing system. As the volume of data grows, big data processing systems perform better. Regarding characteristics such as the data volume, the use of column formats is more efficient for any amount of data. Value. The results showed the feasibility of using a relational database with small amounts of data. As the volume of data grows, it is necessary to use alternative ways of storing and processing data, which suggests that when designing a system, not only the analysis of the data structure is required, but also the estimated volume
Algorithms and data structures for automatic generation of binary data reading and printing code from the data format specifications in the language FlexT
Authors: Хмельнов Алексей Евгеньевич
Published: July 2022

Язык FlexT разработан для спецификации бинарных форматов данных, изначально - с целью отображения данных в соответствии со спецификацией формата в понятном для человека виде. Обычно следующим шагом после изучения формата является написание кода для работы с ним. Поэтому далее был разработан генератор кода чтения данных, который полностью автоматизирует эту задачу для значительной части форматов данных, описанных на FlexT. Генератор создает модуль чтения данных, а также может создать тестовую программу, демонстрирующую основные способы применения модуля чтения на примере решения задачи отображения всего содержимого файла. В статье рассмотрены основные принципы предлагаемого подхода, a также структуры данных и алгоритмы, используемые при генерации кода

The language FlexT (acronym for Flexible Types) is designed for specification of binary data formats. Its main statements are data type definitions that resemble type definitions of imperative programming languages, but are more flexible. For example, the FlexT data types may contain subparts of variable size and may have parameters. The primary purpose of the FlexT interpreter is to display the binary data in accordance with the format specification in a human-readable form. Typically the next step after studying some data format is to write a code for its processing. That’s why we have developed the data reading code generator, which completely automates this task for the substantial part of the data formats described in FlexT. It can generate both the data reading module and the test program. The program demonstrates the correct usage of the module for solving the data visualization task. In the paper we consider the main principles of our approach to code generation, the data structures that we use for representation of information about the generated code and the code generation algorithms
Hubungan Karakteristik Biologis Gambut dengan Penyakit Busuk Batang yang Disebabkan Ganoderma pada Kelapa Sawit
Authors: Supriyanto Supriyanto , Purwanto Purwanto , Poromarto S H , Supyani Supyani
Published: July 2022

The relationship of biological properties of peat with oil palm basal stem rot (BSR) caused by Ganoderma.  Indonesia as the largest palm oil producer in the world, has the large percentage of oil palm on peatland. The serious problems of cultivating oil palm on peatland is the presence of BSR disease caused by Ganoderma. There are no effective methods to control the spread of this disease. Biological control is an environmentally friendly alternative method focus, but on peatland, the development of this method is constrained by lack of information about the effect of biological environmental factors. This study aims to determine the effect of the biological propertiess  of peat on the intensity of Ganoderma attacks on oil palm. The relationship between the intensity of Ganoderma attacks and biological properties of peat was carried out by correlation test. The correlation analysis showed that the biological properties  of peat has not correlated with the Ganoderma attacks, except Summed Dominant Ratio of vegetation which tends to positively correlate to the number of Ganoderma antagonists. These results indicate that peatland vegetation management by maintaining the diversity of vegetation around oil palm can help reduce Ganoderma attacks.
Studi Keragaan Kebun Kelapa Sawit Swadaya di Kabutapen Kubu Raya
Authors: Sulistyowati Henny , Sarbino Sarbino , Arifin Nur
Published: July 2022

Performance Study of Independent Small Holder Oil Palm Plantation at Kubu Raya Regency. Independent small holder oil palm plantations are small holder oil palm plantations that are not affiliated with any institution. Farmers sell their own produce to local mills directly or through traders. Independent oil palm smallholders are faced with various problems, including limited access to information technology sources, financing, and markets. Independent small holder oil palm plantations in Kubu Raya Regency are facing a bigger problem because most of the plantations are on peatlands, therefore efforts are needed to help these farmers. Efforts that need to be made at this time are the provision of a database of independent small holder oil palm plantations, which so far do not exist. This study aims to obtain data on the performance of independent small holder oil palm plantations in Kubu Raya Regency. Collecting data using the interview method with a questionnaire. The results showed that most of the independent small holder oil palm farmers in Kubu Raya Regency running their business only as a side job so that the management is not optimal. Another obstacle is the difficulty in accessing the market so they are forced to sell their fruit through middlemen. The problem of transportation, namely transportation and inadequate roads, is also one of the causes of the difficulty in marketing the fresh fruit bunch.
Aktivitas dan Keefektifan Insektisida Berbahan Aktif Majemuk Thiodicarb dan Triflumuron terhadap Hama Ulat Kantong Metisa plana pada Tanaman Kelapa Sawit
Authors: Syahputra Edy
Published: July 2022

Activity and effectiveness of insecticide mixtures (thiodicarb and triflumuron) against physics caterpillar pests Metisa plana on oil palm plantation. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the joint action of thiodicarb and triflumuron insecticides in the laboratory, and to determine their effectiveness in supressing population of M. plana in the field. The mortality bioassays were conducted by a spraying method. The results showed that the inseticide mixtures between thiodicarb and triflumuron possessed a sinergistict activity against M. plana larvae with insecticide combination index of 0.49%. Iinsecticide mixtures at a range dose of 250 - 1250 ml/ha spraying on oil palm planst effectively suppressed population of M. plana larvae.
Studi Hubungan Karakteristik Tipologi Lahan yang Digunakan terhadap Kualitas Hasil Jeruk Siem (Citrus nobilis var. microcarpa) di Kabupaten Sambas
Authors: Suyanto Agus , Irianti Tutik Purwani
Published: July 2022

The purpose of this research was to know the characteristic relationship of the land typology that has been used towards the quality of jeruk siem (Citrus nobilis var. microcarpa) at Sambas Regency. This research was performed in Sambas Regency at each of the jeruks society farm management and also from the private sector. This research was done by field survey and direct observation towards soil sample and plant based on the characteristic and cultivation system of jeruk siam. The location of soil sample and plant was the field sample in the Tebas Kuala, Tebas Sungai, Mekar Sekuntum, Segedong, Sempalai, dan Seberkat. The sample was divided into three sample based on the cultivation system and the land typology that were consists of land typology 1 with the farmer technology package, land typology 2 with the advised technology package and land typology 3 with advised technology. The characteristic of the land typology was connected to the yield of the quality of the jeruk siem. The good land characteristic, whereas the macro nutrient content and micro that available for the plant and having the good land texture, so that the nutrient that contented in the soil cannot be so easily loss by the development of the fruit that propped by the content of the equivalent and adequately nutrient availability by the fertilizer. From the result of the research the best land was the land typology 2 with the advised technology in Mekar Sekuntum Kec. Tebas, that can be seen from the whole of the observe variable in the research with the fruit diameter was 5.85 mm, the weight of fruit was 133,33 g, the weight of juice was 60.63 g, the thick epidermis was 0.23 mm, the weight of epidermis was 21.26 g, water condense of the fruit was 46.88% and the vitamin C was 50,40 mg.
Kajian Formulasi Mutan Trichoderma sebagai Kandidat Agens Pengendali Hayati Hawar Beludru Septobasidium pada Lada
Authors: Suswanto Iman Suswanto
Published: July 2022

Hawar beludru Septobasidium adalah penyakit utama di sentra lada Kalimantan Barat. Upaya pengendalian penyakit dengan Trichoderma spp. memberikan harapan besar. Trichoderma spp. memiliki keragaman yang tinggi, adaptif terhadap lingkungan ekstrim, mekanisme antagonis bekerja simultan antara antibiosis, hiperparasit dan kompetisi untuk beragam patogen. Media propagasi Trichoderma spp. juga mudah diperoleh dari lingkungan setempat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji isolat mutan T. harzinum sebagai bahan aktif biofungisida, pembuatan formulasi granuler, kemampuan bertahan dan efektifitas biofungisida di lapangan. Kegiatan meliputi perbanyakan mutan unggul Trichoderma spp isolat Th-E1002, serangkaian uji untuk konfirmasi kemampuan antagonis, degradasi kitin, sporulasi dan pertumbuhan miselium. Pembuatan formulasi granular dengan bahan pembawa seperti tepung beras ketan, bawang putih dan lengkuas. Pengujian kualitas biofungisida melalui aplikasi di lapangan dan kelayakan selama masa penyimpanan. Hasil penelian menunjukkan agens hayati yang baik dapat diperoleh melalui seleksi yang mempertimbangkan berbagai cara kerja agens hayati baik berupa antibiosis, kompetisi maupun hiperparasit. Formulasi biofungisida granuler berbentuk keping berbahan aktif isolat mutan T. harzianum Th-1002 memiliki berat 5 gr, kepadatan konidia 3,5 x 106/keping dan viabilitas konidia mencapai 80%. Masa pakai terbaik dari biofungisida granuler dalam kantung plastik hanya mencapai 1 bulan. Dosis aplikasi 1 tablet/liter digunakan 2-3 kali mampu menghambat Septobsidum spp mencapai 70-80%. Kata kunci: hormon organik, pupuk cair organik, stum mata tidur karet. Kata kunci: biofungisida, hawar beludru, lada.
Salam Sejahtera
Authors: Ruliyansyah Agus
Published: July 2022

Selain kelapa sawit dan karet, hasil perkebunan lada, kelapa dan kakao juga merupakan komoditas perkebunan utama bagi  Provinsi Kalimantan Barat (Kalbar). Namun demikian, berbeda dengan kelapa sawit yang sebagian besar dikelola oleh perusahaan besar, lada dan kakao hampir semuanya dikelola oleh petani kecil dan bermodal terbatas. Salah satu faktor pembatas produksi lada dan kakao adalah keberadaan patogen. Penyakit Hawar beludru (velvet blight) , saat ini merupakan pembatas utama dalam mempertahankan produksi. Mengingat di daerah lain penyakit ini bukan merupakan penyakit penting, diperlukan kajian komprehensif untuk mengungkap mengapa di Kalbar penyakit ini berkembang luas dan dalam upaya  menemukan metode pengendaliannya. Demikian juga dengan penyakit busuk buah karena Phythopthora pada tanaman kakao. Dari tahun ke tahun,  penyakit tersebut merupakan faktor penghambat penting dalam peningkatan produksi sehingga tetap memerlukan berbagai kajian dalam pengendaliannya. Penemuan metode dan bahan yang murah serta praktis dalam pengendalian organisme pengganggu tanaman pada dua komoditas perkebunan utama Kalbar tersebut akan merupakan sumbangan besar dalam upaya peningkatan produksi. Dalam Volume 4 Nomor 2 ini, kami terbitkan artikel yang berupa laporan penelitian tentang upaya pengendalian penyakit hawar beludru pada lada  dan  busuk buah kakao serta  pengendalian hayati hama  Brontispa pada kelapa. Sebagai artikel tambahan kami terbitkan hasil penelitian terbaru tentang pembibitan karet. Kami mengucapkan banyak terimakasih kepada para kontributor dan semua mitra bestari yang telah meluangkan waktu untuk penerbitan  edisi ini. Redaksi selalu menunggu hasil-hasil penelitian dan telaah terbaru tentang komoditas-komoditas perkebunan lainnya. Semoga bermanfaat.
Switchable reactivity of 2-Azetines: Ionic versus radical pathway for accessing β-aminocarbonyls and 2,3-disubstituted azetidines
Authors: Luisi Renzo , Degennaro Leonardo , Colella Marco , Musci Pantaleo , Andresini Michael , Cannillo Debora , Graziano Elena , Aramini Andrea
Published: July 2022

Abstract. Two unprecedented transformations of 2-azetines are reported. Varied C2-functionalized 2-azetines, prepared under continuous flow conditions, acted as linchpin for the preparation of either -aminocarbonyls or C3-thiolated azetidines. Interestingly, the two transformations occurred following an ionic or radical pathway depending on the reaction conditions. The ionic pathway is triggered under acidic conditions in the presence of water, while the radical process is initiated using white light irradiation following a thiol-ene reactive scheme. These two methods have been applied to the synthesis of several products including bioactive fragments. Mechanistic evidence for the two pathways is provided.
Small-Scale Electrochemical Oxidation of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Conventional Approaches and Conditions
Authors: Chang Benjamin , Huang Jeffrey , Ho Jocelyn
Published: July 2022

Improper disposal of pharmaceutical wastes, coupled with low pollutant removal efficiency at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), has created a disastrous ecological issue. Ecotoxicity reviews have consolidated that low concentrations of pharmaceutical pollutants, specifically non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, impose significant toxicological risks on the aquatic ecosystem. Research solutions have shifted towards electrochemical oxidation for its environmental-friendly, precise, and flexible reduction characteristics over non-electrochemical technologies. However, there isn't significant literature dedicated to finding the conditions for small-scale pretreatment, leaving the environment between the pollutant source and WWTPs at risk. This research explores the optimal conditions to pretreat pharmaceutical wastewater using electrochemical oxidation on a small-scale. A conventional approach, utilizing accessible materials and simple procedures, was selected to ease the implementation of pretreatment outside of WWTPs. Spectrophotometric analysis was performed to identify the concentration changes through absorbance for reagents. Manipulated variables of temperature, pH level, scale, and electrode metal type were analyzed individually per solution and in combination to produce the overall effect. F-Test and Tukey-Kramer post-hoc tests were employed to derive the maximum electrochemical oxidation ability for different variables. Results indicate that at the 95% confidence level, temperatures below 25˚C, pH levels below 4, larger scale, and higher reactivity metal plates produce the highest electrochemical oxidation magnitude. Overall analysis comparing the combined optimal conditions with the control group yielded an approximately 50% greater concentration reduction magnitude. Future directions include the implementation of electrochemical oxidation as a pretreatment appliance in the household using our optimal conditions and exploring other manipulative variables to increase the flexibility and efficiency of such devices.
The myxobacterial antibiotic myxovalargin: Biosynthesis, structural revision, total synthesis and molecular characterization of ribosomal inhibition
Authors: Koller Timm O. , Scheid Ullrich , Kösel Teresa , Herrmann Jennifer , Krug Daniel , Boshoff Helena I. , Beckert Bertrand , Evans Joanna C. , Schlemmer Jan , Sloan Becky , Weiner Danielle M. , Via Laura E. , Moosa Atica , Ioerger Thomas R. , Gille Franziska , Siebke Maik , Seedorf Tim , Plettenburg Oliver , Warnke Anna-Luisa , Ullrich Joachim , Warrass Ralf , Barry Clifton E. , Warner Digby F. , Mizrahi Valerie , Kirschning Andreas , Wilson Daniel N. , Müller Rolf
Published: July 2022

Resistance of bacterial pathogens against antibiotics is declared by WHO as a major global health threat. As novel antibacterial agents are urgently needed, we re-assessed the broad-spectrum myxobacterial antibiotic myxovalargin and found it to be extremely potent against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. To ensure compound supply for further development we studied myxovalargin biosynthesis in detail enabling production via fermentation of a native producer. Feeding experiments as well as functional genomics analysis suggested a structural revision, which was eventually corroborated by development of a concise total synthesis. The ribosome was identified as the molecular target based on resistant mutant sequencing and a cryo-EM structure revealed that myxovalargin binds within and completely occludes the exit tunnel, consistent with a mode of action to arrest translation during a late stage of translation initiation. Pharmacokinetic and initial in vivo efficacy studies indicated that myxovalargin and analogues show potential for development as an antibacterial agent.
El joven Pedro Zulen y las conversaciones sobre la educación nacional (1909)
Authors: Fernández Ramos Guillermo Alexís
Published: July 2022

Desde inicios del siglo XX, se apreció un fenómeno particular en la Universidad Mayor de San Marcos: el ingreso de jóvenes estudiantes que provenían de familias de la pequeña burguesía. Con el transcurrir del tiempo, los nuevos estudiantes comenzaron a entrar en conflicto con los catedráticos y las autoridades universitarias porque, en su interpretación, habían hecho de la universidad una torre de marfil alejada de los problemas sociales de las clases populares. Es así que los estudiantes de San Marcos comenzaron a organizarse hasta que en 1908 fundaron el Centro Universitario, la primera organización estudiantil que nucleó a todos los estudiantes de San Marcos.
El sistema de partidos políticos peruanos rumbo al centenario (1895-1921)
Authors: Arroyo González Jorge Rafael
Published: July 2022

El autor expone el sistema de partidos políticos peruano que se configura a partir del gobierno de Piérola, no sin antes realizar un panorama previo al sistema entre los años 1821 y 1895. Por lo demás, se describen los esfuerzos realizados para reconstruir una alternativa con la progresiva desarticulación del civilismo y la desaparición de los grandes líderes políticos de la posguerra.
Hacia otro Perú. El ensayismo de González Prada y la generación del 98
Authors: ánchez-Costa SEnrique
Published: July 2022

En este trabajo se estudian las concordancias y disonancias entre la obra ensayística del escritor peruano González Prada y la de los tres mayores ensayistas de la generación del 98 española: Unamuno, Martínez Ruiz (Azorín) y Maeztu. Uno y otros, azuzados por las derrotas militares de sus respectivos países, desenmascararon con su pluma las miserias morales y sociopolíticas, y propusieron, en su lugar, la regeneración nacional. Prada, el gran vituperador, el polemista, propugnó el positivismo primero y el anarquismo después. Estos tres ensayistas españoles del 98, en su obra finisecular, abrazaron por su parte el socialismo y el anarquismo, aunque de un modo teórico y efímero, pues derivarían pronto hacia posiciones individualistas y conservadoras. Sus apasionamientos y fluctuaciones ideológicas testimonian una época de desigualdad y desazón espiritual, de crisis de la modernidad; una época en la que, ante el fracaso de lo viejo, los intelectuales más agudos exploraron nuevos caminos ideológicos y estéticos.
Conocimiento, ciencia y poder. Una aproximación a las obras de García Calderón, Riva Agüero, Haya de la Torre y Mariátegui
Authors: Falla Carrillo Ricardo L.
Published: July 2022

El autor relaciona la elaboración intelectual, crítica y científica del mundo y de la sociedad, con el ejercicio del poder político en García Calderón, Riva Agüero, Haya de la Torre y Mariátegui que afrontan, por primera vez en el país, la cuestión de la importancia de la ciencia y el conocimiento como herramientas para ejercer el poder. Ensayistas y políticos que, a pesar de pertenecer y provenir a diferentes tradiciones intelectuales y de poseer ideas políticas contrarias, desarrollaron una reflexión general sobre el vínculo entre saber y acción política e invocaron su relación a fin de establecer y garantizar un futuro autónomo y emancipado para el Perú.
Luis Fernán Cisneros y los comienzos de Mercurio Peruano
Authors: Arrizabalaga Carlos
Published: July 2022

El autor explora las relaciones familiares y de amistad que entretejieron la fundación de Mercurio Peruano, y en concreto, la amistad que entablaron algunos miembros del grupo, especialmente el propio Belaunde, con el poeta y periodista Luis Fernán Cisneros.
El conversatorio universitario en Mercurio Peruano. Raúl Porras Barrenechea y Luis Alberto Sánchez, a propósito del centenario (1919-1921)
Authors: Giannino Martín Rivas Lembcke
Published: July 2022

El presente trabajo aborda la presencia y la significancia de los jóvenes del conversatorio universitario en las páginas de Mercurio Peruano durante los años 1919-1921. Para ese motivo, se examina el problema desde los siguientes aspectos: el contexto que propició la ciudad de Lima a inicios del siglo XX en la formación del quehacer intelectual para los jóvenes.1 En segundo lugar, se examina la aparición de una publicación periódica de ciencias sociales como el Mercurio Peruano en la trama cultural limeña. En ese sentido, se analiza cómo se forma un espacio intergeneracional para debatir y, también, para observar cómo se adecuan los jóvenes del conversatorio en el mensuario arielista. Finalmente, se busca caracterizar los rasgos distintivos de la iniciativa del conversatorio universitario, a partir de las experiencias particulares y comunes de dos participantes: Raúl Porras Barrenechea y Luis Alberto Sánchez.
Las revistas culturales y de espectáculos durante el centenario de Ayacucho (1924)
Authors: Chaupis Torres José
Published: July 2022

El autor explora las claves fundamentales del discurso oficialista durante el oncenio de Leguía como una plasmación de la política cultural de la “patria nueva”, la misma que estableció –a través de las revistas Variedades y Mundial– una imagen de lo nacional y patriótico que residía principalmente en el Estado y no en el pueblo. Las ideas promovidas por el leguiismo se apoyaron en figuras simbólicas como Manco Inca, los próceres de la independencia y el general José de San Martín. Asimismo el régimen promovió una idea de la regeneración basada en la solidaridad, pero que terminó siendo poco más que un adorno meramente sentimental. El resultado es “un proyecto progresista y modernizador con elementos tradicionalistas”, caracterizado como estatista-populista y cuyo carácter heterogéneo se observa en su diversidad discursiva “bajo una retórica que mezclaba el nacionalismo principalmente con elementos de indigenismo, hispanismo e hispanoamericanismo y el patriotismo con elementos de republicanismo y panamericanismo”.
Dos miradas al Perú desde la pintura a inicios del siglo XX
Authors: Sebastián Lozano Pablo
Published: July 2022

El autor correlaciona las visiones sobre la identidad nacional de los pintores Felipe Cossío del Pomar y Francisco González Gamarra con puntos de coincidencia importantes desde posiciones bastante heterogéneas. Ambos fueron educados en el seno de familias de clase media o alta en la república aristocrática y se sintieron llamados a ofrecer un aporte estético a la configuración de un espíritu nacional.
Reviewing Commercial Transnational Surrogacy: Lessons for Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors:   , Sathiyaraj Shalomy
Published: July 2022

Commercial transnational surrogacy provides those who experience infertility an opportunity to have a child of their ‘own genetic make-up.’ Gestational surrogacy, the focus of this research, involves a surrogate conceiving via in vitro fertilisation using the egg and sperm of intended parents or donors. This technology enables the surrogacy process to be divided, outsourced, anonymised, and transported transnationally, thereby facilitating its commercial potential. Commercial surrogacy involves intending parents paying for a surrogate and is illegal in Aotearoa New Zealand (and much of the Global North). Altruistic surrogacy involves no payment and is legal. Difficulty in finding a surrogate in Aotearoa New Zealand results in intending parents looking overseas (often to the Global South). Surrogates in the Global South are often of low socio-economic status, in need of remuneration and are vulnerable to exploitation.

This research scrutinises how a trade involving the most vulnerable people exists with no international regulation. The study aimed to identify the groups involved, their relationships, and any subsequent ethical risks. It also focused on key lessons that could inform Aotearoa’s international surrogacy regulation. A qualitative approach was undertaken, using four one-to- one interviews with Aotearoa New Zealand based subject experts and a scholarly literature review.

The groups are identified as: intending parents, surrogates, clinics, brokers/agencies, babies, egg, and sperm donors. The relationships between these groups are limited due to the little shared understanding, compartmentalisation of the surrogacy process using reproductive technology, geographical distance, and the severing of emotionality through commodifying the surrogate. The lessons for Aotearoa New Zealand are focused on easing difficulties faced by intending parents domestically, so they avoid seeking out services in countries with compromised human rights standards. Most of the interviewees in this study were reluctant to move away from altruistic domestic models, but one interviewee did suggest that surrogates should receive payment in Aotearoa New Zealand. A need to shift theoretical thinking away from pure commercial and altruistic models could enable frameworks that are better fit for purpose and prioritise the dignity and rights all groups involved.