bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Put God in Your Debt”: Emerson's Economy of Expenditure
Authors: Grusin Richard A.
Published: February 2007

Emerson's economic thought has most often been interpreted from the perspective of a Marxist analysis of trade and production. Such a perspective fails to distinguish between the different levels of Emerson's thinking—spiritual, commercial, and natural. Following the logic of symbolic exchange employed as a critique of Marxism by Mauss, Bataille, Baudrillard, and others, this essay argues that Emerson's economy of expenditure not only contradicts the basic premises of Marxist doctrine but also alters our understanding of such fundamental Emersonian concepts as self-reliance and compensation.
Alison's Incapacity and Poetic Instability in the Wife of Bath's Tale
Authors: Crane Susan
Published: February 2007

Chaucer's Wife of Bath longs to counter the assertion of antifeminist satire that women's authority over men is noxious and undeserved. At first it seems that for her tale she chooses romance as the genre that can imagine a worthy sovereignty of secular women, yet she undermines romantic elevation by frequently returning to satiric stances. The generic mixing in her tale signals that romance is inadequate to her argument and indeed that no conventional discourse sustains women's sovereignty. Alison attempts to reach beyond the discourses available to her by destabilizing gender, genre, and gentillesse in her narration, intimating that these categories are flexible and open to new meanings.
Androgyny, Mimesis, and the Marriage of the Boy Heroine on the English Renaissance Stage
Authors: Rackin Phyllis
Published: February 2007

Changing conceptions of gender and of theatrical mimesis can be seen in the representations of transvestite heroines on the English Renaissance stage. This paper compares their roles in five comedies: Lyly'sGallathea; Shakespeare'sMerchant of Venice, As You Like It, andTwelfth Night; and Jonson'sEpicoene.In each play the plot centers on marriage, the bride-to-be wears transvestite disguise, and the disguise plays a crucial role in the plot. In all five plays, the sexual ambiguity of the boy heroine is associated with the problematic relations between the male actor and the female character he portrays, the dramatic representation and the reality it imitates, the play and the audience that watches it. Increasingly rigid gender definitions and a devaluation of the feminine are associated with a rejection of fantasy, the development of neoclassical mimetic theory, and a deepening anxiety about the process of theatrical representation.
Master W. H., R.I.P.
Authors: Foster Donald W.
Published: February 2007

Thomas Thorpe's brief greeting to “Mr. W. H.” in the 1609 Quarto of Shakespeares Sonnets has been one of the great conundrums of modern literary studies. But it is not Thorpe's only such greeting to survive. His remaining epistles, taken together with the dedications in many other English books of the period, suggest that, unless Thorpe was here forsaking the conventions that elsewhere governed his and his contemporaries' practice, scholars have been wrong about “the only begetter of these ensuing sonnets,” wrong about “Mr. W. H.,” and wrong about “our ever-living poet” and the “eternity” he “promised.” But in this they are not alone. The original compositor also got something wrong. If the evidence of other Renaissance epistles is to be trusted, the mysterious and celebrated “Mr. W. H.” is a misprint.
“Selige Sehnsucht” and Goethean Enlightenment
Authors: Dye Robert Ellis
Published: February 2007

Goethe's poem “Selige Sehnsucht” has been variously interpreted in the light of different readers' notions of what is characteristically “Goethean.” This essay examines syntactic, semantic, and rhetorical ambiguities in the poem and adds to the variety of interpretations by suggesting that the opening lines' elitist restriction of the message to “none but the wise” is, ironically, democratic and that the familiar closing maxim discriminates not between “us” and “them” but between “before” and “after”—between blessed, half-blind (“trübe”) desire and a brilliant fulfillment potentially in store for everyone. Goethean enlightenment, like irony, is indirect. Temporarily obfuscating, it promises—beyond time and selfhood—a consummate unitary illumination.
From Allegory to Dialectic: Imagining Error in Spenser and Milton
Authors: Teskey Gordon
Published: February 2007

To disengage moral error from the structure of narrative inParadise Lost, Milton had, on the one hand, to renounce allegory and, on the other hand, to redefine the probabilistic conception of truth in contemporary theories of the heroic poem. While Spenser associates error with the meanderings of narrative, Milton polarizes error and truth so that no ambiguous wandering can occur in the intervening space—precisely the space where allegorical narrative must occur. Milton sought to teach by direct statement, Spenser to form character by engaging the reader in an interpretative game.
Of This Time, of This Place: Mrs. Alving's Ghosts and the Shape of the Tragedy
Authors: Templeton Joan
Published: February 2007

Ibsen's Ghosts is conventionally viewed as a Sophoclean quest tragedy in which the protagonist achieves self-knowledge when she confesses to her son that she was not sexually warm to his father, thus announcing, in Lionel Trilling's phrase, the “summation of the play.” But this interpretation disregards Ibsen's spirit and purposes and contradicts the play's tragic structure: the careful exposition, which shows that no amount of wifely responsiveness could have affected the fatum already in place, and the brilliant development, the inexorable revelation of the truth about Helene Alving's cowardice, her marriage, and her son's disease. The “summation” of Ibsen's tragic schema is the request the doomed son makes of the woman who, in submitting to his father, gave him life: “Take it back again.” Part 5 of the essay tells what happened in the author's Tours classroom as her students helped solve the mystery of Ghosts and its commentators.
“The Knowledge of the Line”: Realism and the City in Howells's A Hazard of New Fortunes
Authors: Kaplan Amy
Published: February 2007

Realism in Howells's A Hazard of New Fortunes is a process of imagining and managing the threat of social change identified with urban life in late nineteenth-century American culture. As a narrative of settlement, it seeks to establish a knowable community and to control a foreign and unreal territory. The strategies for representing the city are generated in an introductory scene in which the main characters look for an apartment. The narrative progresses through an escalating struggle between conflicting trajectories in realism—coherence and fragmentation, containment and excess—that explode in the pivotal streetcar strike. The novel ends with the impossibility of closure, at the limits of Howells's theory of realism.
Hisperic Style in the Old English “Rhyming Poem”
Authors: Earl James W.
Published: February 2007

The “Rhyming Poem” is a bizarre verse experiment combining a rhyme scheme common in Latin hymnody with a stringent use of Old English alliterative meter. It has been thought that the poet, in his unsuccessful effort to carry out his self-appointed metrical task, strained his language to the breaking point, producing a poem crackpot, incompetent, and quickly corrupted. It is more likely, however, that the poet was being linguistically inventive in the manner of many such experiments in Carolingian and Hiberno-Latin poetry. Such obscurantism only exaggerates a quality already present in much Old English verse, notably in the latter part of The Exeter Book, where the “Rhyming Poem” is found, and also in much Norse and Irish verse. Considering the several poetic traditions coexisting in Anglo-Saxon England, it is surprising that the “Rhyming Poem” is the only example of the genre in Old English.
Poetry as a Form of Resistance to Reality
Authors: Brodsky Joseph
Published: February 2007

The Twentieth century, now neanng its end, seems to have had its way with all the arts except poetry. Viewed less chronologically and more exaltedly, history has imposed its reality on the arts. What we imply when we speak of modern aesthetics is nothing but the noise of history jamming or subjugating the song of art. Every ism is both evidence, direct or indirect, of art's defeat and a scar covering up the shame of this defeat. Though it may be crass to say so, existence has proved capable of defining the artist's consciousness, and proof of this can be found in the means the artist uses. For that matter, any mention of means is, in itself, a sign of adaptation.
Le cousin Ponsand the Invention of Ideology
Authors: Wilkinson Lynn R.
Published: February 2007

The questions raised by an early daguerreotype of a Parisian boulevard serve as the point of departure for a discussion of Balzac'sLe cousin Ponsand the famous definition of ideology in Marx and Engels'sGerman Ideology.Taking issue with Walter Benjamin's essays on mechanical reproduction, I argue here that both works represent responses to the new technology that emphasize its critical potential.
Nobody's Angels: Domestic Ideology and Middle-Class Women in the Victorian Novel
Authors: Langland Elizabeth
Published: February 2007

This essay focuses on a central strand of a complex process: the intersection of class and gender ideologies in an icon of Victorian fiction, the “Angel in the House,” who comprises and is constituted by her ideological other, the servant. A wife, the presiding hearth angel of Victorian social myth, actually performed an important and extensive economic function. Prevailing ideology held that the house was a haven, a private domain opposed to the public sphere of commerce; but, in fact, the mistress managed her husband's earnings to acquire social and political status and thus served as a significant adjunct to his commercial endeavors. Several discursive practices coalesced in the 1830s and 1840s to give middle-class women unprecedented power, so that running the bourgeois household became an exercise in class management, a process both inscribed and exposed in the Victorian novel.
The Signifying Modernist: Ralph Ellison and the Limits of the Double Consciousness
Authors: Lyne William
Published: February 2007

Recent critical variations on Du Bois's formulation of the African American double consciousness provide new ways of examining Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man in relation to both modernism and the double consciousness itself. Read next to texts like The Art of the Novel and The Waste Land, Invisible Man shows a “signifying” stance toward modernism. At the same time, Ellison's book performs a profound critique of such double-voiced strategies as signifying and the blues.
Renaissance Overeating: The Sad Case of Ben Jonson
Authors: Boehrer Bruce Thomas
Published: February 2007

Jonson's relations to the supper table mirror his relations to royal authority. Thus, while his work promotes gastronomic moderation, stoic restraint, temperance, and the plain style, he repeatedly seeks to assimilate those virtues to the social context of the Stuart court, where conspicuous consumption and intemperate behavior reign supreme. In this untenable situation, forced to reconcile contradictory values that typify discrete social circumstances, Jonson generally proceeds by renaming conspicuous consumption temperance and vice versa. This stratagem re-creates him in the image of a court whose abuses he theoretically rejects, and in poems like “Inviting a Friend to Supper” and “To Penshurst,” he emerges as an absolutist figure who sacrifices his stoicism for courtly success. Jonson becomes the embodiment of literary moderation, yet he weighs 280 pounds.
Clarissa and Ritual Cannibalism
Authors: Hilliard Raymond F.
Published: February 2007

Lurid eighteenth-century accounts of sacrificial cannibalism in West Africa and other parts of the globe color Richardson's language and imagery in his delineation of Clarissa's highly ritualized persecution and death. Explaining cannibalism as a rudimentary cultural institution that symbolically expresses a collective psychic economy dominated by the preoedipal mother imago, modern anthropological theory shows that Richardson's novel represents this practice as the nexus between the personal (or intrapsychic) and the social (or cultural), between the text's twin obsessions with the preoedipal mother and orality and with social aggression directed mainly, but not exclusively, against women. As in actual cannibal cultures, where a preoccupation with nursing and weaning results in a pervasive oral metaphorization of thought and action, in Clarissa the ritual killing and eating of victims is the paradigmatic gesture underlying all major forms of social action, including the protracted “tearing in pieces” of the scapegoat heroine by relentless “blame.”
Katherina Bound; or, Play(K)ating the Strictures of Everyday Life
Authors: Hodgdon Barbara
Published: February 2007

Offering a layered reading of Shakespeare'sTaming of the Shrew,this essay investigates the gender politics of the play's Elizabethan performance conditions together with those of twentieth-century film and video reproductions. Instead of attempting to recuperateShrewfor feminism, this reading confronts the sadomasochistic fantasies lurking behind the facades of farce and romantic comedy; considers howShrew'srepresentations accumulate cultural capital that can be deployed to make and remake new patriarchies and new myths about “woman,” as well as about women; and explores the play's continuing cultural renewal as a popular pleasure that weaves together voyeurism, fantasy, and consumerism.
Professionalism, Relativism, and Rationality
Authors: Battersby James L.
Published: February 2007

Translation, interpretation, adjudication, and objective knowledge are possible in a world without a foundation, a world that precludes the testing and squaring of claims against a reality external to conceptual schemes. In critical studies the prevailing relativist views assume that meanings and references are unstable, that facts, things, emphases, and values depend on various culture- or community-driven conceptual schemes, and hence that defining the inherent interests of literary and other texts is impossible. On the contrary, texts are knowable as internally justified, preregistered systems of intentionality and rationality. Each text exists as such a system prior to interpretation, and it is this system of determinate values and emphases to which interpretive analysis is accountable.
Sacvan Bercovitch, Stanley Cavell, and the Romance Theory of American Fiction
Authors: Budick Emily Miller
Published: February 2007

Two questions posed by recent developments in literary theory are whether a tradition of American romance fiction exists and, if so, whether we want to continue to define it in the terms that have prevailed in literary criticism over the last thirty-five years. After briefly reviewing some features of the contemporary conversation concerning the theory of American romance, this essay puts into play two important figures in that conversation—Sacvan Bercovitch and Stanley Cavell—in an attempt to develop a new interpretive model for romance fiction. Finally, through certain of Cavell's ideas about Emerson, the essay reads a moment in Hawthorne'sScarlet Letter, which is crucial to Bercovitch's recent reinterpretation of the book, and attempts to clarify what, perhaps, constitutes the enduring power of the romance tradition.
The Profession of Theory
Authors: Kaufmann David
Published: February 2007

The recent expansion of literary theory and the invocation of politics in this theory contribute and respond to the tensions sustaining literature departments. Though created and nourished by specialization, the profession bases its legitimation on a generalist ideology that opposes or denies the reification on which the profession depends. This justification claims an important political function for literature departments, but theory's structures of self-presentation, as well as the exigencies of a bureaucratized academy, undermine these political ends. In literary theory, a misleading conflation of institutional and national politics is absolutely unavoidable. To maintain the allimportant fiction of the general utility of literary study, one must elide the difference between the politics of the university and those of the republic. Theory is essential to the institutions sustaining literary study and necessarily more and less political than it might claim.
T. S. Eliot and the Cultural Divide
Authors: Chinitz David
Published: February 2007

T. S. Eliot is remembered as a champion of elite tradition who struggled to rescue an autonomous and uncompromised high art from the encroaching tide of mass culture. However, the essays, poems, and plays of his early career reveal an Eliot who believed that the ever-deepening division between the “high” and the “low” in culture represented a form of social disintegration that threatened to make art irrelevant. Rejecting the sacralization of high art as a stultifying bourgeois misappropriation, Eliot allied himself with the lower class and its participatory engagement with popular culture—an engagement that Eliot himself shared. Despite a complex personal ambivalence manifested in his poetry, Eliot sought to reconcile the dissociated levels of culture by theorizing and attempting to create a new public art form: a poetic drama based on such popular forms as music-hall comedy and jazz.
Choosing the Right Card: Madness, Gambling, and the Imagination in Pushkin's “The Queen of Spades”
Authors: Rosenshield Gary
Published: February 2007

In approaching the enigmatic representation of Germann's fantastic visions and experiences in “The Queen of Spades,” Dostoevsky argues that the perfection of the story lies in Pushkin's ability to make mutually exclusive ideas equally convincing. However, Germann's madness, one of the story's central events, has been treated almost uniformly as a sort of punishment visited on the hero by the author. To be sure, Pushkin often resorts to parody to bring out the reductive and vulgar aspects of his hero's imagination and madness—a literary practice of the times. Nevertheless, Pushkin also subtly provides evidence for an antithetical but equally valid romantic interpretation of Germann's madness and life. When Germann chooses the queen at the end, he takes the right card: for the first time in his life, he chooses to risk, to gamble—that is, to live. Germann's choice—and the madness that leads to and results from it—echoes in Russian literature from Dostoevsky's Ivan Karamazov to Nabokov's own Hermann/GepMaH, inDespair.
The Star System in Literary Studies
Authors: Shumway David R.
Published: February 2007

A new form of intellectual authority and professional status has emerged in literary studies since the 1970s. Although some scholars have always been more influential and famous than others, only recently have such scholars been constructed as stars in the media and in the profession. This star system, similar to the one that flourished in studio-era Hollywood, makes leading scholars into personalities. It is related to the growth of the conference and lecture circuit and to the rise of literary theory. Although this system does not necessarily reward the wrong people, it does contribute to the public delegitimation of the discipline.
Semiotizing the Sphere: Organicist Theory in Lotman, Bakhtin, and Vernadsky
Authors: Leo Jerry , Mandelker Amy
Published: February 2007

Semiotic theory during the 1980s and early 1990s in the former Soviet Union departs significantly from earlier, structuralist models. Central to this new declination is Yury Lotman's theory of the semiosphere, a metaphor that, in its spatialization of meaning, draws on Vernadsky's concept of the biosphere and Bakhtin's idea of the logosphere. This article evaluates the semiosphere from historical, comparative, and feminist critical perspectives. The historical perspective situates Lotman's theory within the Russian organicist philosophical tradition (including Vernadsky and Bakhtin), and the comparative considers Russian theory as a counterpart to Western models of signification. The feminist critique is motivated by the fact that, in relying on metaphors borrowed from reproductive biology, organicist theory participates in a theoretical discourse that has perpetuated stereotyped categories based on gender differences. (AM)
Illegitimate Shelley: Radical Piracy and the Textual Edition as Cultural Performance
Authors: Fraistat Neil
Published: February 2007

A textual edition can be read as a cultural performance if one considers its interlaced linguistic and bibliographical codes as monumentalizing rhetoric, opening the textual space of the edition into the social space of its production, distribution, and reception. Mary Shelley's 1824 edition of Percy Bysshe Shelley'sPosthumous Poemsand the pirated volume published by the radical William Benbow in 1826 each produce what might be called a “rhetoric of Shelley,” a product of—and participant in — a larger set of social discourses and mechanisms of cultural reproduction. Whereas Mary Shelley's edition was successful, however, Benbow's “illegitimate” edition was not. Derwent Coleridge's discussion of Benbow's piracy reveals how the failure to appropriate Shelley for radical discourse could be claimed not merely as a justification of the “purity” of Shelley's poetry but also as what Pierre Bourdieu calls a “sociodicy,” the justification of an entire social hierarchy. (NF)
Economies of Identity: Harriet E. Wilson'sOur Nig
Authors: Ernest John
Published: February 2007

InOur Nig(1859), Harriet E. Wilson offered the story of her life for sale to save her son's life. In her appeal for patronage, however, Wilson looked not for charity but rather for an economic exchange by which the cultural value of her critique of the mid-nineteenth-century northern states could be acknowledged. The narrative defines this exchange as an entrance into a moral economy — a new system of social relations based not on an ideal of cooperation but on the recognition that conflict and distrust among and within culturally defined social groups are inevitable. In this way,Our Nigresponds to proslavery forces that found ready arguments in the injustices of capitalism and calls attention to the ethical motivations behind economic relations. (JE)
Kafka's Oath of Service: “Der Bau” and the Dialectic of Bureaucratic Mind
Authors: Heinemann Richard
Published: February 2007

Kafka's letters and notebooks reveal a surprising link between hisSchriftstellersein‘literary being’ and what he regarded as his fundamentally bureaucratic nature. Katka used the termBeamtengeist‘bureaucratic mind’ to refer both to a mode of critical consciousness driven by a neurotic obsession with order and security and to a longing for social solidarity based on duty. His understanding ofBeamtengeistcan be placed in a historical context of social-scientific concern regarding the effects of increasing bureaucratization. The dialectical ambivalence inherent in the concept is apparent throughout Kafka's work but is most clearly represented in “Der Bau,” a story often read as a meditation on his self-conception as a writer. “Der Bau” traces the demise of a molelike creature whoseBerechnungskunst‘art of calculation’ condemns him to unbearable isolation. This reading suggests a need to reexamine the proverbial separation of art and life as it has been applied to this quintessentially modernist writer.
Tracing Shoah
Authors: Brinkley Robert , Youra Steven
Published: February 2007

It is often said that the Shoah cannot be represented. But viewers can learn from Claude Lanzmann's film Shoah how the events referred to as the Shoah produce a reference to themselves. The film presents a montage of encounters, of unanticipated details discovered in filming, of instances selected and arranged as openings to other encounters not included in Shoah. Through careful choreography, the film invites the return of signs from the past. Shoah offers a way of seeing and invites encounters that—like the filmmaker's arrangements—are open to the force of evidence as that evidence constrains interpretative response. Lanzmann's stance, an openness to significance that precedes interpretation, provides a model for a viewer's relationship to Shoah and its material, to the otherness that addresses the audience through the film. In tracing what can be traced and in filming what can be witnessed, Shoah can turn spectators into producers in the work of bearing witness.
Rehearsals of Liberation: Contemporary Postcolonial Discourse and the New South Africa
Authors: Jolly Rosemary
Published: February 2007

When co-opted into certain contexts, postcolonial criticism and antiapartheid rhetoric tend to produce conservative rather than emancipatory effects. In the dynamics of their performance, both antiapartheid discourse (exemplified here by Jacques Derrida's “Racism's Last Word” and by nondomestic stagings of Woza Albert!, a prominent antiapartheid play) and postcolonial criticism in the academy risk invoking the imperialism of those contexts. Drawing on the work of the Jamaican novelist Erna Brodber and the postcolonial writer and critic Wilson Harris and on contemporary attempts of ethnology and anthropology to re-create themselves as nonimperialist disciplines, I outline a number of options available to postcolonial critics—specific strategies calculated to counteract the neoimperialist politics of the academic milieu and of race-based literary categorization.
Circles of Oppression, Circles of Repression: Etel Adnan'sSitt Marie Rose
Authors: Foster Thomas
Published: February 2007

The Lebanese writer Etel Adnan's novelSitt Marie Rosetells the story of the title character's execution during the Lebanese civil war and thus questions the gendered body's status within the historical narrative of nationalist thought in the postcolonial world. Through this focus on gender issues, the novel examines what Adnan calls “tribal mentality” without reproducing Western orientalizing assumptions about the Arab world and its “underdevelopment.” The novel's self-consciousness about the problems of postcolonial narration offers a new perspective on Gayatri Spivak's question, “Can the subaltern speak?” In doing so, the novel also reflects my own status as a Western reader.
They Must Be Represented? Problems in Theories of Working-Class Representation
Authors: Hitchcock Peter
Published: February 2007

Most studies of working-class culture are based on a content-oriented approach to class. While such a mode of interpretation is useful to an understanding of working-class expression, it often fails to come to terms with the nature of class as a relation. Although hardly a manifesto, this essay argues for a theoretically nuanced reading of class that takes up the challenge of abstraction in a working-class representation. In a series of examples drawn from fiction, poetry, and film, the argument shows the myth of the disappearance of the working class to be a symptom of current problems in representational aesthetics.
Nothing to Declare: Identity, Shame, and the Lower Middle Class
Authors: Felski Rita
Published: February 2007

In contemporary literary and cultural studies, little attention has been paid to the lower middle class, described by one scholar as “the social class with the lowest reputation in the entire history of class theory.” This article discusses the representation of the lower middle class in literature and scholarly writing. George Orwell's novels of the 1930s and Hanif Kureishi's The Buddha of Suburbia offer some illuminating perspectives on the British lower middle class, though Orwell's novels also reveal a conspicuous disdain for their subject. This disdain is echoed in much of the scholarly writing on the lower middle class. Decried for its reactionary attitudes by Marxists, the “petite bourgeoisie” also poses problems for a contemporary cultural politics based on the idealization of transgression and on the romance of marginality. Rather than embody an outmoded or anachronistic class formation, however, the lower middle class may offer an important key to the contemporary meaning of class.
The Reconstruction of Whiteness: William Wells Brown'sThe Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom
Authors: Ernest John
Published: February 2007

Focusing on William Wells Brown's one published play.The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom(1858), I address Brown's decision to supplement his antislavery lectures with dramatic readings of original plays. In this effort to challenge the terms of a representative identity as a black antislavery lecturer, Brown presented a conception of social life grounded in what I term multiply contingent identity. By this formulation, one's social identity is always contingent and is always in danger of being undermined as one's performance of selfhood awaits verifying responses in the form of reciprocal performances in the field of social relations. InThe Escape, Brown turned his own performance of identity on the antislavery lecture circuit into a commentary on performance itself, especially on performances both shaped and veiled by the ideology of race. In this way. Brown attempted to reposition white northern antislavery sentiment, reconstructing whiteness by emphasizing its contingent relation to a reconfigured vision of African American identity.
Hawthorne in the Americas: Frances Calderón de la Barca, Octavio Paz, and the Mexican Genealogy of “Rappaccini's Daughter”
Authors: Brickhouse Anna
Published: February 2007

“Rappaccini's Daughter” (1844) is one of Nathaniel Hawthorne's most famous and most frequently taught short fictions. In it Hawthorne distances himself from what he earlier called “the tottering infancy of our literature”; he boldly attaches his tale instead to the venerable scene of European literary history. Yet despite the numerous references in “Rappaccini's Daughter” to a European literary genealogy, Hawthorne makes no such self-conscious allusion to a crucial source, Frances Calderón de la Barca'sLife in Mexico, a work mired in specifically American controversies over colonialism, race, and slavery. This essay examines Hawthorne's literary relation to the Americas by investigating what I call the Mexican genealogy of “Rappaccini's Daughter”: both the story's immediate predecessor,Life in Mexico, and its afterlife in Octavio Paz'sLa hija de Rappaccini, a dramatic revision that I read as an allegory of Mexican colonial history.
“We Know We Belong to the Land”: The Theatricality of Assimilation in Rodgers and Hammerstein'sOklahoma!
Authors: Most Andrea
Published: February 2007

In the early twentieth century, a period of mass immigration, Jewish assimilation into mainstream American society was largely a theatrical venture. The musical theater, a predominantly Jewish field that portrayed a variety of American experiences, offers powerful illustrations of theatrical strategies of Jewish assimilation. The groundbreaking Rodgers and Hammerstein musicalOklahoma!(1943), created during one of the most anti-Semitic periods in United States history, exemplifies how ethnic outsiders demonized a racial other in an effort to be considered white and thus to be included in the utopian (theatrical) community of America.
La Malinche at the Intersection: Race and Gender inDown These Mean Streets
Authors: Sánchez Marta E.
Published: February 2007

Piri Thomas'sDown These Mean Streets(1967) challenges binary notions of whiteness and blackness by valorizing a third term—mestizaje.And yet the novel enlists dominant views of female gender and sexuality to affirm the protagonist's ethnic male identity. In my Chicana feminist reading of this Puerto Rican text, I import the reinterpreted figure La Malinche and its companion figure La Chingada—prevailing tropes in Chicano and Chicana literature and discourse of the 1960s—to illuminate the complex intersections of race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, and class. These intersections are key to social analyses that transcend binary conceptions of race and paradigms of dominant and subaltern.
Do I Write for an Audience?
Authors: Iser Wolfgang
Published: February 2007

Faced with the question “whom are you writing for?” I would have to say, no specific audience. But I do not want to create an audience either, a goal that for a scholar-critic would be unachievable anyway. I have neither written a textbook for students nor promulgated any partisan interest, for I have no political agenda. Furthermore, I have always painstakingly avoided playing up to fashion. Do I then write for my peers only? If not, what is the purpose of my scholarly engagement? There is no doubt that one would like to have readers. However. does an intended readership set the guidelines, or does one want to communicate something to potential readers? Audience-related writing is to a large extent conditioned by what one assumes to be adequate, beneficial, opportune, necessary, advantageous, and also enlightening for those whom one addresses. This holds true even if the appeal is critical because, more often than not, criticism is meant to make the audience aware of what they can do to improve their situation. Thus audience-related writing is basically affirmative, and affirmation presupposes an indisputable knowledge to be transmitted. I am not one of those critics who set out to provide corroborative evidence for special causes, such as nowadays often motivate politically inspired audiences.
Composition, 1900-2000
Authors: Bartholomae David
Published: February 2007

By 1900, composition as a university subject was already a century old. Writing instruction and the writing of regular “themes” were part of the university curriculum in the United States throughout the nineteenth century, with goals and methods perhaps best represented in Blair's Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres (1783), Newman's A Practical System of Rhetoric (1827), Parker's Aids to English Composition (1844), Boyd's Elements of Rhetoric and Literary Criticism (1844), and Quackenbos's Advanced Course of Rhetoric and English Composition (1855). Composition courses, usually required, are among the most distinguishing features of the North American version of university education. They represent a distinctively democratic ideal, that writing belongs to everyone, and a contract between the institution and the public—a bargain that, over time, made English departments large and central to the American university and to the American idea of an undergraduate education.
The English Curriculum: Past and Present
Authors: Carnochan W. B.
Published: February 2007

The story of the english curriculum in the united States during the twentieth century is broadly familiar. Philology, central in 1900 at least at the graduate level, has lost its dominance and now occupies a marginal position—even though organizations and journals with anachronistic names and titles still preserve the memory of a time when philology ruled. Courses in the history of the English language have been dropped as requirements or have vanished entirely. The requirement that students in undergraduate and graduate programs know languages, both ancient and modern, other than English has eroded. Germanic philology now seems little more than a fossilized remnant for the occasional, intrepid specialist. Even Anglo-Saxon has been pushed to the edges.
Painful Diabetic Neuropathy: A Management-Centered Review
Authors: Huizinga Mary Margaret , Peltier Amanda
Published: February 2007

IN BRIEF

Painful diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes and can affect many aspects of life and severely limit patients' daily functions. This article reviews the diagnosis, prevention, and management of painful diabetic neuropathy. This condition can be difficult to treat, which frustrates both providers and patients. Commonly used agents, including the recently approved duloxetine and pregabalin, are reviewed, and their effective dose ranges,titration schemes, contraindications, and recommended monitoring are discussed.
Chemische Analytik – Literaturübersicht
Authors: Lienig D.
Published: February 2007

257 Veröffentlichungen aus 10 Fachzeitschriften der Jahre 1970/71 über Probleme der chemischen Analytik von Wasserinhaltsstoffen wurden ausgewertet. Etwa die Hälfte dieser Veröffentlichungen befaßt sich mit anorganischen Wasserinhaltsstoffen. Hierbei nimmt die Analytik anorganischer Spurenstoffe zu. Die übrigen Literaturstellen verteilen sich etwa zu gleichen Teilen auf die Bestimmung organischer Wasserinhaltsstoffe und die instrumentelle Analysentechnik, wobei der Trend zur Automatisation nicht zu übersehen ist.
Physikalisch‐chemische Probleme der Hydrochemie
Authors: Schwabe K.
Published: February 2007

Struktur und physikalische Eigenschaften reinen Wassers haben wesentlichen Einfluß auf das Verhalten der Gewässer und Abwässer. Neuere Ergebnisse zur Struktur des Wassers, ihre Beziehungen zu Temperatur‐ und Druckänderungen, ihre Beeinflussung durch gelöste Stoffe und Oberflächenkräfte werden diskutiert. Zur automatisierten Prozeßsteuerung der Wasserbehandlung geeignete Analysenmethoden und Meßwertgeber werden erörtert. Physikalisch‐chemische Probleme von Fällung, Adsorption und Ionenaustausch sowie Elektrophorese und Osmose werden zusammengefaßt betrachtet.
Die Bedeutung von Selbstreinigungsmodellen für die Wasserbewirtschaftung
Authors: Reissig H.
Published: February 2007

Aus der Vielzahl der Selbstreinigungsmodelle werden jene von THOMANN, GOODMAN und TUCKER, WASTLER, BRACHER, MANCZAK, JOBSKY und PROKOP sowie ein ungarisches Modell nach HOCK beschrieben. Für ein allgemeines Modell fehlen bisher die Kenntnisse zur Kausalanalyse der Faktoren und zur inneren Modellstruktur. Der Begriff der Selbstreinigungskapazität sowie die Bedeutung von Selbstreinigungsmodellen werden unter dem Aspekt ökonomischer Erwägungen und der Landeskultur diskutiert.
Kinetik der Umwandlung einiger organischer Stoffe in Gewässern
Authors: Kaplin W. T.
Published: February 2007

Für Prognosen der Wasserbeschaffenheit ist die Kenntnis der Kinetik der Umwandlung organischer Stoffe im Gewässer Voraussetzung. Zur Erforschung der Stoffumwandlung erfolgten im Laboratorium Untersuchungen. Neben der Konzentrationsänderung der Ausgangsstoffe wurden auch Zwischenprodukte des Abbaues bestimmt. Für eine Reihe von organischen Stoffen werden die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten des Abbaues und die sie beeinflussenden Größen unter besonderer Betonung der Organismendichten erläutert.
Die Stellung der Kraftwerkschemie im System der Wasserwirtschaft
Authors: Salinger Ch.‐M.
Published: February 2007

Im Mittelpunkt der Kraftwerkschemie steht die komplexe Problematik der Medienreinheit, vom Eingang in das Kraftwerk als Rohwasser bis zum Austritt aus demselben in die Umgebung als Abwasser im unmittelbaren Zusammenhang mit der Prozeßstabilität und der Wirtschaftlichkeit der Gesamtanlage.

Das Wasserregime der Dampferzeugung und des Turbinenkondensators wird nach Mengenverhältnissen und Qualitätsforderungen gekennzeichnet, die Abwasserwirtschaft eines Kraftwerkes nach Art und Menge der Schadstoffe beleuchtet. Die doppelte Funktion der Kraftwerkschemie als Gütekontrolle und Betriebsaufsicht macht eine enge Kooperation zwischen Wasserwirtschaft und Energiewirtschaft notwendig.
Zur Entölung von Wässern
Authors: Wolf F. , Maier B.
Published: February 2007

Chlorierte Polymere mit und ohne Trägermaterial sowie modifizierte Ionenaustauscher werden auf ihre Ölaufnahmefähigkeit untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, daß chlorierte Polymere, wie chloriertes Polyisopren, chloriertes Polybutadien, Polyvinylchlorid und Hydrochlorkautschuk ein relativ großes Aufnahmevermögen für Öle besitzen. Ölaffine Ionenaustauscherharze können durch Einbringen oleophiler Gruppen, z. B. durch Veresterung freier Carboxylgruppen mit Alkoholen, oder durch Modifizierung mit Vinylpyridin erhalten werden. Der Einfluß der freien Carboxylgruppen sowie der Kettenlänge der Alkohole auf die Sorptionskapazität der ölaffinen Austauscherharze wird untersucht.
Anwendung und Bedeutung biochemischer Methoden in der Limnologie – Fortschrittsbericht
Authors: Stelzer W.
Published: February 2007

Die quantitative Kenntnis der Biomasse‐ und Substratkonzentration sowie deren zeitliche Änderungen im natürlichen Gewässer sind von praktischem Interesse. Die Einbeziehung biochemischer Methoden führt zu einer exakten Bestimmung der genannten Größen. In der Übersicht wird versucht, die Fülle und Heterogenität der vorliegenden Literatur zu ordnen. Es werden Schlußfolgerungen gezogen, in welchem Umfange es möglich ist, mit den zur Zeit angewandten biochemischen Methoden den Gehalt und die Leistung der Biomasse natürlicher Gewässer quantitativ zu erfassen.
Experiences with the Application of Starch Derivates in the Sludge Blanket Treatment
Authors: Tesařik I. , Vostrčil J.
Published: February 2007

Sludge blanket clarifiers are nowadays quite commonly used in water treatment practice. In hydraulic aspect the sludge blanket represents essentially a fluidized layer of floc particles in water, in chemical‐technological point of view it represents the orthokinetic stage of coagulation. In this work the authors examine the influence of hydraulic and technological factors on the sludge blanket operation. They examine also the possibility of improving the performance by the addition of organic flocculants, especially of starch derivates. They verify the results obtained from laboratory pilot‐plant runs on a sludge blanket unit with the capacity of 100 I/sec. They conclude:

The effects of local head losses and sludge blanket weight on the orthokinetic phase of coagulation are the same;

the addition of organic flocculants will increase only slightly the mass density of the sludge blanket as well as that of a single floc;

the separation efficiency of the sludge blanket will be improved with the increase of the Camp number;

the starch derivates at a slightly higher dose than the commercial flocculants have the same effect as synthetic organic flocculants; however, the operation costs seem to be lower.
Ermittlung von Algorithmen zur Festsetzung von Einleitungsgrenzwerten für Phenol oberhalb einer Trinkwasserentnahme
Authors: Gottchaldt N. , Kargus M. , Luthardt M. , Neugebauer S.
Published: February 2007

In einem verzweigten Gewässersystem aus Fließ‐ und Seestrecken wurden empirische Werte für die Phenolabbauquoten entsprechend der jahreszeitlich unterschiedlichen Temperatur ermittelt.

Für die Hauptparameter Wasserführung (Verdünnung) und Selbstreinigung ergaben sich drei biochemisch‐hydrologische Abschnitte im Jahr mit jeweils einem zugehörigen Algorithmus (Frühjahr und Herbst: MQ = Selbstreinigung; Hochsommer: MNQ = hohe Selbstreinigung; Winter: MQ = keine Selbstreinigung). Diese Algorithmen wurden an den gemessenen Werten der letzten drei Jahre überprüft und wiesen eine befriedigende Näherung auf, da im natürlichen Gewässer zahlreiche Faktoren wirken, die mathematisch nur sehr schwer oder gar nicht erfaßt werden können. Mit den so bestätigten Algorithmen wurden aus der für die Trinkwassergewinnung geforderten Endkonzentration der betrachteten Fließstrecke die maximal zulässigen Einleitungsgrenzwerte für Phenole errechnet.
Regressionsgleichungen für die Gütebilanz der Fließgewässer
Authors: Bauer K.
Published: February 2007

Neben einer ausführlichen Literaturzusammenstellung zum Problem der statistischen Auswertung und Analyse von Meßwerten der Wasserbeschaffenheit werden die Ergebnisse von Regressionsberechnungen für die Beziehungen zwischen Fracht sowie Konzentration und Durchflußmenge in den Einzugsgebieten von Saale, Elbe und Oder mitgeteilt. Für die zehnjährige Meßreihe eines Pegels in einem Rückstaugewässer werden die verschiedenen Korrelationen von acht Parametern der Wasserbeschaffenheit, Temperatur und Durchflußmenge einschließlich ihrer Signifikanz (t‐Test) dargestellt.
Einige Abhängigkeiten zwischen Abflußmengen und Beschaffenheitsparametern in Fließgewässern Estlands
Authors: Kask A.
Published: February 2007

Zwischen Gesamtkonzentration C und Abflußspende q besteht eine lineare Regression der Form C = a – k·log q. Nach der Größe von a und k lassen sich die Fließgewässer Estlands in fünf Gruppen zusammenfassen, was eine Prognose des Gesamtsalzgehaltes auch für bisher nicht untersuchte Gewässer erlaubt. Die Konzentration von HCO3−, Ca2+, Mg2+ und Cl− zeigen lineare Regressionen zur Gesamtionenkonzentration, während die übrigen Ionen sowie der BSB und CSV keine derartigen Relationen aufweisen. Abschließend wird das Problem der Zuschußwassermenge zur Einhaltung einer Grenzkonzentration bei Abwassereinleitung dargelegt.
Untersuchungen über den Einfluß verdünnter Kaliendlaugen auf den Abbau organischer Substanzen im Wasser
Authors: Ziemann H.
Published: February 2007

Zur Prüfung des Einflusses verdünnter Kaliendlauge auf den Abbau organischer Substanzen wurden Versuche mit Pepton und Glucose unter Anwendung der Warburg‐technik durchgeführt. Die Abbauergebnisse sind abhängig vom eingesetzten Substrat und von der Adaption der Bakterien an den Salzgehalt. Bis 5000 mg Cl−/1 – Gesamtsalzgehalt (S) ca. 100/00 – wurde in keinem Fall eine nachteilige Beeinflussung des Abbauvorganges festgestellt. Bei Salzgehalten um 20000 mg Cl−/1 (ca. 400/00 S) trat bei optimalem Substrat eine Beschleunigung des Abbaues ein. Bei weniger gut angreifbaren Substraten war dagegen ab 10000 mg Cl−/1 (ca. 200/00 S) eine starke Abbauverzögerung und ‐hemmung zu beobachten. Durch den Einsatz vorher an den Salzgehalt adaptierter Bakterien konnte diese Abbauhemmung wesentlich verringert und die Toleranzgrenze auf über 200/00 S erhöht werden.

Häufig beobachtete geringere Sauerstoffzehrungen in stark versalzten Flußläufen gegenüber gleichartig verunreinigten Süßgewässern werden auf Ausflockung und Sedimentation eines Teiles der im Abwasser enthaltenen organischen Substanzen und Bakterien zurückgeführt.
Der biologische Rasen in Fließgewässern: Verteilung, Wachstumsraten und Differenzierung
Authors: Heinrich L.
Published: February 2007

Der Aufwuchs der meisten unserer Fließgewässer verdient als eine wichtige Komponente im Stoffumsatz eine erhöhte Beachtung. Am Beispiel von Elbe und Pleiße wurden Untersuchungsmethoden zur Gewinnung von Aufwuchs (Biomasse, Chlorophyll, Artenspektrum) getestet. Die Methode nach BACKHAUS (1967 a, S. 371) erwies sich als sehr brauchbar. Als künstliches Substrat hat sich Polyäthylenfolie gut bewährt. Der Verlauf des Wachstums einer Aufwuchsbiocönose wurde geprüft, er kann mit einer sigmoiden Wachstumskurve mathematisch beschrieben werden. An Hand der Ergebnisse wurde u. a. bei der Elbe versucht, den Beitrag des Phytobenthos an der biogenen Belüftung – als wichtige Komponente bei der Nutzung unserer Fließgewässer als Abwasserreaktor – zu bestimmen. Es werden Vorschläge zur Ergänzung des „Vorschlags einer Einheitsmethodik zur biologischen Untersuchung von Fließgewässern”︁ (BREITIG 1961) gemacht: 1. „Untersuchung der benthischen Bioaktivität in Fließgewässern”︁ und 2. „Saprobitätsuntersuchung in Fließgewässern, die kein autogenetisches Potamo‐Plankton führen”︁.
Untersuchungen zur Eliminierungsanalyse Teil II: Adsorptionseigenschaften von Graphit und ihre Anwendung in der Eliminierungsanalyse des Wassers
Authors: Vobach V. , Beer A.
Published: February 2007

Untersuchungen der Eliminierungsmechanismen bei der Adsorption organischer Stoffe aus wäßriger Lösung an Graphit zeigen, daß die Molmasse (Molfläche), die Löslichkeit, der Dissoziationszustand saurer und alkalischer Gruppen, Elektronen‐Donor‐Akzeptor‐Effekte sowie die räumliche Struktur, das Adsorptionsverhalten der untersuchten Verbindungen bestimmen. Das meßbare Eliminierungsvolumen eines Stoffes stellt sich daher als eine Funktion der Resultierenden dieser Faktoren dar. Auf Grund der formulierten Regelmäßigkeiten können zu erwartende Eliminierungsvolumen (Ve‐Werte) für organische Verbindungen grob geschätzt werden.

Aus den Ergebnissen werden die Trenneigenschaften von Graphit abgeleitet und Methoden zur Kontrolle der Eliminierungsprozesse von Gemischen an stationären Phasen vorgeschlagen. Am Beispiel der Eliminierungsanalyse (EA) einer Pleißeprobe werden die Durchführung der Methode, ihre Auswertung und die qualitative Interpretation der Ergebnisse dargestellt.

In der Diskussion wird auf weitere Möglichkeiten der EA aufmerksam gemacht und auf die Notwendigkeit der Einführung der Gesamtkohlenstoffdetektion hingewiesen.