bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How I care: foster fathers recount their experiences of caring for children
Authors: Heslop Philip
Published: March 2016

This article reports the findings of a narrative study of 23 foster fathers involved with an independent foster care agency. These narratives reveal a more complex contribution to the lives of fostered children than is currently attributed to men in the professional literature. Foster fathers are shown to perform traditionally masculine roles by being a supporting carer or disciplinarian, as well as some unexpected and less traditional ones. Through their stories, the men show motivation, emotionality and heroism as they construct versions of masculinity based on caring for children. The narratives reveal patterns that argue for social workers to think of foster fathers in more nuanced ways, and by adopting anti-oppressive practices, to engage with them more effectively as carers. Further work is needed to expand and develop the themes emerging from this study.
A Changing Landscape for Vitamin A Programs
Authors: Klemm Rolf D. W. , Palmer Amanda C. , Greig Alison , Engle-Stone Reina , Dalmiya Nita
Published: March 2016

Background:

Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) remains a widespread public health problem in the developing world, despite changes in under-5 mortality rates, morbidity patterns, and intervention options.

Objective:

This article considers the implications of a changing epidemiologic and programmatic landscape for vitamin A (VA) programs.

Methods:

We review progress to prevent VAD and its health consequences, assess gaps in VA status and intervention coverage data, and assess data needed to guide decisions regarding the optimal mix, targeting, and dose of VA interventions to maximize benefit and minimize risk.

Results:

Vitamin A supplementation programs have contributed to the reduction in under-5 mortality rates, but alone, do not address the underlying problem of inadequate dietary VA intakes and VAD among preschool-aged children in the developing world. A combination of VA interventions (eg, supplementation, fortified foods, multiple micronutrient powders, and lipid-based nutrient supplements) will be required to achieve VA adequacy in most settings. Current efforts to measure the coverage of multiple VA interventions, as well as whether and how much VA children are receiving, are few and fragmented.

Conclusions:

Where intervention overlap exists, further effort is needed to monitor VA intakes, ensuring that targeted groups are consuming adequate amounts but not exceeding the tolerable upper intake level. Vitamin A status data will also be critical for navigating the changing landscape of VA programs. Data from these monitoring efforts will help to guide decisions on the optimal mix, targeting, and exposure to VA interventions to maximize public health benefit while minimizing any potential risk.
Sociological Perspectives on Sex Work and Human Trafficking
Authors: Lerum Kari , Brents Barbara G.
Published: March 2016

In the United States and beyond, there is often a wide disconnect between grounded empirical evidence about the sex industry and policies on sex work and human trafficking. In this introduction, we briefly review empirical and critical scholarly literature on sex work and human trafficking policy within the United States. We then introduce three sociological articles that provide compelling empirical research on individuals who work in the sex trade as well as those who organize on behalf of sex workers and trafficked individuals. We conclude by inviting more sociologists to narrow the gap between reliable empirical evidence and policies on sex work and human trafficking, and we urge activists and policy makers to listen.
Not in My “Backyard Abolitionism”
Authors: Shih Elena
Published: March 2016

In 2008, the San Francisco-based antitrafficking nonprofit organization Not for Sale launched a campaign advocating “backyard abolitionism,” training American citizens to seek out and identify victims of human trafficking as part of their everyday activities. Based on two years of ethnographic participant observation with two evangelical Christian human trafficking outreach projects in Southern California, this article examines the processes of what I term vigilante rescue in human trafficking. The enthusiasm around this brand of civilian vigilantism mirrors contemporary trends in urban governance, including community policing and civilian neighborhood patrol as modes of law enforcement engagement that operate outside the formal dictates of “state control.” The nonstate actors discussed in this paper are empowered not through professional skills or legal authority, but rather through merging American concern with human trafficking with moral panics concerning race, class, and migration as markers of sex trafficking. Situating new trends in human trafficking vigilante rescue within the extant literatures on neoliberal governance globally, this article argues that vigilante rescue enforces state goals of surveillance and policing of working-class immigrant women in Los Angeles. These activities further racial, gender, and class divides that extend sexual state politics and privilege criminal justice rather than social welfare solutions to human trafficking.
Residential Segregation and Hypertension Prevalence in Black and White Older Adults
Authors: Usher Therri , Gaskin Darrell J. , Bower Kelly , Rohde Charles , Thorpe Roland J.
Published: March 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this article was to assess segregation’s role on race differences in hypertension among non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites aged 50 and over. Method: Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg, or self-reported antihypertensive medication use. Segregation measures combined race, neighborhood racial composition, and individual and neighborhood poverty level. Logistic models produced odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each segregation category, adjusting for health-related factors. Results: Blacks in Black (OR = 2.54, CI = [1.61, 4.00]), White (OR = 2.56, CI = [1.24, 5.31]), and integrated neighborhoods (OR = 3.23, CI = [1.72, 6.03]) had greater odds of hypertension compared with Whites in White neighborhoods. Poor Whites in poor neighborhoods (OR = 1.74, CI = [1.09, 2.76]), nonpoor Blacks in nonpoor (OR = 3.03, CI = [1.79, 5.12]) and poor neighborhoods (OR = 4.08, CI = [2.16, 7.70]), and poor Blacks in nonpoor (OR = 4.35, CI = [2.17, 8.73]) and poor neighborhoods (OR = 2.75, CI = [1.74, 4.36]) had greater odds compared with nonpoor Whites in nonpoor neighborhoods. Conclusion: Interventions targeting hypertension among older adults should consider neighborhood compositions.
Development of bioresorbable bilayered systems for application as affordable wound dressings
Authors: Santurdes N , González-Gómez A , Martín del Campo-Fierro M , Rosales-Ibáñez R , Oros-Ovalle C , Vázquez-Lasa B , San Román J
Published: March 2016

The objective of this work was the preparation and evaluation of a bioresorbable bilayered system for application in the treatment of dermal lesions. The system was based on a polyesterurethane as the external layer and a gelatin membrane as the internal layer. The polyesterurethane was synthesized from poly(ε-caprolactone), polyethylene glycol of 1 or 10 kDa as a hydrophilic component or Pluronic F127 as an amphiphilic component and l-lysine ethyl ester diisocyanate as an urethane precursor. Gelatin membrane was obtained by crosslinking with the naturally occurring crosslinker genipin. Three important points were addressed in this study: the physicochemical characterization of the system, the in vitro behaviour and the in vivo performance on a full-thickness wound defect of rat. The polyesterurethane containing polyethylene glycol of 10 kDa presented the optimum properties for the designed application as to be tested in animal experiments. The in vivo results showed good healing of the lesion with the formation of epidermis similar to normal rat skin. These promising results suggest the potential of this system to be used as an affordable wound dressing in the treatment of different dermal lesions.
The effect of anti-CD34 antibody orientation control on endothelial progenitor cell capturing cardiovascular devices
Authors: Chen Jialong , Li Quanli , Li Jun , Maitz Manfred F
Published: March 2016

Efficient immobilization of the antibody to the substrate is of crucial importance in the development of anti-CD34-based endothelial progenitor cells capturing cardiovascular devices. This should go along with precise control of the antibody orientation by appropriate immobilization technology for retaining antibody activity, like in immunosensors. Recently, great attention was paid to immobilization of anti-CD34 antibody onto substrates by covalent binding, but at random orientation. Here, to investigate the biological effect of antibody orientation, we have prepared two kinds of anti-CD34 antibody coated surfaces, with random immobilization and oriented immobilization. The immunological binding activity (IBA) of the antibody at oriented immobilization was 3.48 times higher than at random immobilization, indicating that the two different surfaces were successfully prepared. The endothelial progenitor cell-capturing capability of oriented antibody-immobilized surface was 1.35 and 1.64 times higher than for the random immobilized surface after seeding for 2 and 12 h under flow condition, respectively. The endothelial progenitor cell-capturing efficiency per antibody by oriented immobilization was 5.16 and 6.26 times higher than for the random after seeding for 2 and 12 h under flow condition, respectively. In addition, the oriented antibody-immobilized surface possessed better blood-compatibility. These results clearly revealed the significance of antibody orientation which could retain its biological effect and may revolutionize the antibody-immobilization protocols used in cardiovascular and other blood-contacting biomedical devices.
Breastfeeding and Growth of Children in the Peri/postnatal Epigenetic Twins Study (PETS)
Authors: Temples Heide S. , Willoughby Deborah , Holaday Bonnie , Rogers Curtis R. , Wueste Daniel , Bridges William , Saffery Richard , Craig Jeffrey M.
Published: March 2016

Background:

The prevalence of overweight infants and toddlers has increased by 60% in the past 30 years and is a significant contributor to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and early morbidity and mortality. The World Health Organization’s updated meta-analysis in 2013 observed an association between breastfeeding and a lower prevalence of obesity later in life. The purpose of this study was to assess the growth of children in a cohort of Australian twins to examine associations between duration of breastfeeding and growth at 18 months of age. Our hypothesis is that the anthropometric measurements of the participants will be greater with shorter duration of breastfeeding.

Methods:

Methods include using cross-sectional data from a cohort at the 18-month visit (n = 179) in the Peri/postnatal Epigenetics Twins Study (PETS) to assess the relationship between duration of breastfeeding and infant size at 18 months of age. Inclusion criteria were birth weight of more than 2000 grams and breastfed for less than 1 month, 1 to 3 months, or 4 to 6 months.

Results:

The analysis suggested that infants breastfed for 1 to 3 months were significantly larger than infants breastfed for 4 to 6 months in terms of mean body mass index (BMI) (0.61 kg/m2; P = .02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.17-1.05), arm circumference (0.66 cm; P = .006; 95% CI, 0.26-1.06), and abdominal circumference (1.16 cm; P = .03; 95% CI, 0.26-2.06). The analysis also suggested that infants breastfed for less than 1 month were significantly larger than infants breastfed for 4 to 6 months in terms of mean arm circumference (0.72 cm; P = .009; 95% CI, 0.26-1.17).

Conclusion:

Results suggest that supplementing with non–breast milk before 4 months of age was associated with an increased BMI, arm circumference, and abdominal circumference at 18 months of age. The mean BMI decreased from 85% to 65% when infants were breastfeeding for 4 to 6 months as compared to breastfeeding for 1 to 3 months. Breastfeeding for 4 to 6 months appeared to protect against the risk of obesity for the children in the PETS.
Causes of Career-Defining Moments
Authors: Ensher Ellen Ann , Nielson Troy R. , Kading Wesley
Published: March 2016

The purpose of this research was to develop a typology of career-defining moments in order to better understand the nature of this phenomenon. A career-defining moment is a point in time that substantially alters the trajectory of one’s career. We conducted interviews with a diverse group of 18 executives to learn about their career-defining moments. A typology of five distinct categories of career-defining moments and their respective subthemes emerged from the interviews. The five major types of career-defining moments are as follows: (a) anticipated transition events, (b) unanticipated transition events, (c) insight experiences, (d) relationship experiences, and (e) spiritual experiences. This study adds to the theoretical understanding of career experiences and provides a foundation for a largely untapped stream of inquiry for future researchers. Career-defining moments are important as they influence future career decisions and have a tremendous impact on the individuals making those decisions and their organizations.
Impact on a Person’s Daily Life During Episodes of Supraventricular Tachycardia
Authors: Nordblom Ann-Katrin , Broström Anders , Fridlund Bengt
Published: March 2016

Purpose: To describe the impact of episodes of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) on a person’s daily life from a holistic perspective. Method: A deductive descriptive design was used. Twenty semistructured interviews (12 women and 8 men) were conducted before planned ablation of SVT and were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Living with SVT had a complex impact on daily life. Initially, the patients described an inhibited existence due to demands to give up things that they had previously been doing, in case the unpredictable episodes of SVT would occur. The episodes caused fatigue and worry, which together created a barrier for living life to the full by making the person give up undertakings. The patients constantly needed to find short-term and long-term strategies to prevent new episodes from happening. Conclusion: Episodes of SVT entail a complex life situation as the person’s entire existence is affected in daily life. To understand the impact of SVT on daily life, nurses and other health care professionals need increased knowledge and understanding to be able to provide support through relevant information and take optimal care measures.
Comparative study of stress analysis of gears with different helix angle using the ISO 6336 standard and tooth contact analysis methods
Authors: Zhao Layue , Frazer Robert C , Shaw Brian
Published: March 2016

With increasing demand for high speed and high power density gear applications, the need to optimise gears for minimum stress, noise and vibration becomes increasingly important. ISO 6336 contact and bending stress analysis are used to determine the surface load capacity and tooth bending strength but dates back to 1956 and although it is constantly being updated, a review of its performance is sensible. Methods to optimise gear performance include the selection of helix angle and tooth depth to optimise overlap ratio and transverse contact ratio and thus the performance of ISO 6336 and tooth contact analysis methods requires confirmation. This paper reviews the contact and bending stress predicted with four involute gear geometries and proposes recommendations for stress calculations, including a modification to contact ratio factor Zɛ which is used to predict contact stress and revisions to form factor YF and helix angle factor Yβ which are cited to evaluate bending stress. The results suggest that there are some significant deviations in predicted bending and contact stress values between proposal methods and original ISO standard. However, before the ISO standard is changed, the paper recommends that allowable stress numbers published in ISO 6336-5 are reviewed because the mechanisms that initiate bending and contact fatigue have also changed and these require updating.
Vibration and acoustic investigation for a deep hybrid transmission with power-split compound planetary gear set
Authors: Zou Liang , Zhang Jianwu , Yu Haisheng
Published: March 2016

A new compound planetary gear set was produced for hybrid transmission with advantages superior to classical Ravigneaux planetary gears. However, vibration and noise problems need more attention in order to meet the market demand. Vibration characteristics of the new power-split hybrid transmission with a four-shaft compound planetary gear set are investigated. An equivalent method for stepped shaft is proposed to simplify the motor E1 shaft. Based on six degrees of freedom of helical gear pair model and shaft-bearing model, a dynamic model for the planetary mechanism is established in pure electric driving mode. The numerical analysis of the distinctive natural frequencies and corresponding vibration modes is produced. Moreover, in order to identify the noise source, noise and vibration experiments are carried out on test rig. By comparing the numerical results and test data, the noise and vibration at a frequency of 696 Hz are evidently caused by the transverse vibration of motor E1 shaft, and the rotational vibration of ring gear exacerbates the vibration and noise. Not only the impact of torques from motors E1, E2 and semi-shaft but also the influences of carrier speed and preload on differential bearings are investigated.
Experimental and numerical analysis of the seat track vibrations caused by engine starts in a power-split hybrid electric vehicle
Authors: Liu Donghao , Zhang Jianwu , Zhang Dejiu , Liu Guanghui , Yu Haisheng
Published: March 2016

An important method for saving energy and reducing the emissions from hybrid electric vehicles is to shorten the working time of the engine, which results in frequent engine starts and stops. The accompanying vibration and noise problems cause the driveability and the ride comfort to deteriorate significantly. In this study, experiments on the vibrations of the driver’s seat track are performed and analysed to evaluate quantitatively the vibrations during the engine start. The measurement results show that vibrations in the longitudinal direction are the most severe, whereas vibrations in the lateral direction are the weakest. Based on the test results, a full-vehicle multi-body dynamics model, including the driveline, the powertrain mounts and the suspensions, is developed and verified. Some countermeasures are researched using numerical simulations to reduce the uncomfortable longitudinal vibrations. Optimization analysis demonstrates that the effects of the reduction in the vibrations are limited even by the optimal initial crank angle, the start-up time and the stiffnesses of the torsional damper and the half-shafts. Hence, parameter optimizations cannot completely eliminate the uncomfortable vibrations. Fortunately, as compensation control benefits from the fast response of electric motors in hybrid vehicles, it can play an active role in reducing the longitudinal seat track vibrations and in improving the ride comfort. However, the effect of the compensation controller greatly depends on the accuracy of the torque estimator.
Experimental investigation on the alternate coating method for aircraft anti-icing applications
Authors: Rose Bruce Ralphin , Hamilton Joseph Antony JL
Published: March 2016

Atmospheric icing problem is considered as one of the major hazards to the aviation industry and the existing anti-icing system has numerous disadvantages within it. The recent studies on the super hydrophobic surfaces inspired from lotus leaf are found to be an emerging trend in the ice protection system because of its resistance to the ice formation. But the experimental procedure for creating those surfaces is expensive and it requires specialised equipments. The work of Erbil et al. is identified to be a cost-effective and simple method for creating those surfaces based on the process called phase separation. The experimental investigation of this alternate coating method is scheduled and conducted by creating the polypropylene coating on the aluminium sheet metal. The coated aluminium surface is then tested for its ice repelling property by spraying the super-cooled liquid droplets similar to Rime ice formation. It has shown few excellent results by repelling the water and the ice formation under various atmospheric conditions. Further, the wing model and the coated layer are designed using computer software to analyse the influence of anti-icing coating on the basic stress–strain and flow properties. This novel approach provides significant cost and weight savings through a roadmap for replacing the existing ice protection systems.
Musculoskeletal-based finite element analysis of femur after total hip replacement
Authors: Meena Vijay K , Kumar Mohit , Pundir Amit , Singh Suman , Goni Vijay , Kalra Parveen , Sinha Ravindra K
Published: March 2016

This article evaluates the effect of stress variation on adult femur following total hip replacement using musculoskeletal-based finite element analysis. The aim was to study the changes in stress distribution in the femur after total hip replacement by providing simulated in vivo loading and boundary conditions. The loading and boundary conditions were generated using a musculoskeletal modelling software ‘AnyBody’ and were applied on femur model, generated from the computed tomography (CT) scan data for standing posture of male patient. The results showed considerable variation in stress distribution pattern in the femur before and after total hip replacement, the metallic implant taking major loads of human body and transferring very less loads to the femur.
Sustainomics, Sustainable Development and Climate Change
Authors: Munasinghe Mohan
Published: March 2016

This paper examines key issues in the nexus of sustainable development and climate change. It describes sustainomics as ‘a transdisciplinary, integrative, balanced, heuristic and practical meta-framework for making development more sustainable’. The paper seeks to integrate these concepts through two broad approaches involving optimality and durability, and applies these ideas to climate change analysis. Operationally, it plays this bridging role by helping to map the results of environmental and social impact assessments (EIA and SIA) onto the framework of conventional economic analysis of projects. In addition the approach may help to formulate effective sustainable development policies, by linking and articulating these activities explicitly trough the Action Impact Matrix framework.
Climate Policy and Uncertainty
Authors: Jepma Catrinus J.
Published: March 2016

This paper addresses the issue of the global and quantity-based design character of the Kyoto Protocol, where Annex-Parties' commitments are based on national emissions' ceilings and trading (under KP Art. 17) based thereupon. It is argued that the design could have been quite different, e.g. one could have opted for a price-based, or policies-and-measures based approach rather than a quantity-based approach. In addition it is argued that the actual KP design requires a quality level of national GHG emissions (and sequestration) reporting that at present does not generally seem to be met at all. So, it is argued that the present huge uncertainties and error margins in national reporting systems would need to be redressed (and monitoring approved accordingly) considerably in order to allow for a serious international emissions trading system under KP Art. 17.

By contrast, the paper wonders why in the literature the emphasis seems to be more on uncertainties regarding the project-based approach under KP Art. 6 and 12, since the latter can, as it seems, be dealt with relatively easily, and can rely upon best professional judgement systems.
Revisiting Freud and Kohut on narcissism
Authors: Cratsley Kelso
Published: March 2016

Narcissism continues to be an important topic of research, with a great deal of ongoing empirical work in social and personality psychology. But there are theoretical issues that have received less attention recently, including those that relate to the foundational theories of the psychoanalytic tradition. As the first step in a larger project of reevaluation, this article offers a critical review of Freud and Heinz Kohut’s theories of narcissism. Centered on a theoretical reconstruction, it clarifies several significant—and often underspecified—features of each account. I also explore the continuities and discontinuities between these two closely related systems. Most notably both Freud and Kohut lacked fully developed accounts of primary narcissism and the relevant instinctual drives. At the same time, Kohut’s theory expanded upon Freud’s in innovative ways, particularly with its emphasis on a secondary line of narcissistic development that has positive, transformative features. In the final section, however, I introduce a speculative reading that describes theoretical prefigurations of these features in elements of Freud’s structural theory.
Exact tests in binary data under an incomplete block crossover design
Authors: Lui Kung-Jong , Chang Kuang-Chao
Published: March 2016

To improve the power of a parallel groups design and reduce the time length of a crossover trial, we may consider an incomplete block crossover design. Under a distribution-free random effects logistic regression model, we derive an exact test and a Mantel-Haenszel Type of summary test procedure for testing non-equality in binary data when comparing three treatments. We employ Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the performance of these test procedures. We find that both test procedures developed here can perform well in a variety of situations. We use the data taken as a part of the crossover trial comparing the low and high doses of an analgesic with a placebo for the relief of pain in primary dysmenorrhea to illustrate the use of the proposed test procedures.
Ethical frameworks for surrogates’ end-of-life planning experiences
Authors: Kim Hyejin , Deatrick Janet A , Ulrich Connie M
Published: March 2016

Background:

Despite the growing body of knowledge about surrogate decision making, we know very little about the use of ethical frameworks (including ethical theories, principles, and concepts) to understand surrogates’ day-to-day experiences in end-of-life care planning for incapacitated adults.

Objectives and Methods:

This qualitative systematic review was conducted to identify the types of ethical frameworks used to address surrogates’ experiences in end-of-life care planning for incapacitated adults as well as the most common themes or patterns found in surrogate decision-making research.

Findings:

Seven research papers explicitly identified ethical theories, principles, or concepts, such as autonomy, substituted judgment, and best interest standards as guidelines for the research. Surrogate decision making themes included the responsibilities and goals of being a surrogate, factors influencing surrogates’ decision making, outcomes for surrogates, and an overarching theme of “wanting to do the right thing” for their loved one and/or themselves.

Discussion:

Understanding the complexity of surrogates’ experiences of end-of-life care planning is beyond the scope of conventional ethical frameworks.

Conclusion:

Ethical frameworks that address individuality and contextual variations related to decision making may more appropriately guide surrogate decision-making research that explores surrogates’ end-of-life care planning experiences.
Pricing Efficiency in CNX Nifty Index Options Using the Black–Scholes Model: A Comparative Study of Alternate Volatility Measures
Authors: Nandan Tanuj , Agrawal Puja
Published: March 2016

This article attempts to determine the method of volatility estimation that prices the CNX Nifty Index options closest to the theoretical price as computed by the Black–Scholes (1973) model. Volatility has been estimated using simple variance, implied volatility, volatility index and the asymmetrical exponential generalised auto-regressive conditional heteroskedasticity (EGARCH) (1,1) model with generalised error distribution innovations. The trend in mispricing has been studied using error estimates and non-parametric tests. Our findings indicate significant mispricing in CNX Nifty Index options. The results of our study will have major implications for investors who use options as part of their portfolios and corporates who use them for risk hedging. Our study is important, as there are only a few studies that examine the pricing efficiency of options with a focus on volatility modelling. Also, our study spans a longer time period than the previous studies.

JEL Classification: G14, G32, C14
Access, agenda building and information subsidies: Media relations in professional sport
Authors: Sherwood Merryn , Nicholson Matthew , Marjoribanks Timothy
Published: March 2016

While much research has examined the composition of sport media and those charged with constructing it, namely sport journalists and editors, far less has explored an essential set of actors in the construction of news: sources. This study aimed to explore the construction of the sport media agenda from arguably the most important sport news sources: sport media relations managers. In particular, this paper asked: how do media staff in sports organisations influence the production of news? To answer this question, this paper is based on a qualitative, observational study of a professional Australian Rules football club in Australia, involving interviews, observations and document analysis. Research within a professional Australian Rules football club found that the club delivered high-quality information subsidies that met sports journalists’ newswork requirements. However, media access was almost solely limited to these information subsidies, which are highly subjective and negotiated, which in turn allowed the professional football club to significantly control the subsequent media agenda.
10 Years of Evaluation Research Into Gaming Simulation for German Entrepreneurship and a New Study on Its Long-Term Effects
Authors: Kriz Willy C. , Auchter Eberhard
Published: March 2016

Background. Over the past ten years, we carried out several comprehensive studies in the area of entrepreneurship education using business games that simulate the business processes of startups. The studies researched the learning effects of these games on German university students.

Aim. The studies we present investigated if the simulation game-based educational entrepreneurship programs in Germany reached their goals. These goals included the fostering of participants’ entrepreneurial competencies and desire to create a startup.

Method. We show traditional summative output-oriented results and more profound results based on our theory-based evaluation approach. A so-called logic model provides a framework for the interpretation of what takes place during the entrepreneurship business simulations. Currently, we have conducted research on more than 50 regular university courses with more than 1000 students. Another part of our studies is the evaluation of entrepreneurship education in the German national business game-based competition, EXIST priME Cup (further called EPC). More than 12,000 students attended more than 500 of these cup seminars. We also show new results from an online survey that was carried out to measure the long-term effects of the startup simulation-based seminars.

Results. The results of five studies are summarized, and show an overall increase in the participants’ knowledge of business administration and business plan preparation skills (required in start-up context). Apart from other results, significant gender-based differences are identified. The differences relate to entrepreneurial attitudes and motivation. Some test scenarios with cup seminars for women only with extended debriefing seem to reduce this decrease in the motivation of women; further research with larger samples is necessary. A new study on the long-term effects shows a very high acceptance rate and demonstrates the satisfaction of former students. The simulation game-based program resulted in participants starting startups at a rate that is approximately twice as high (around 16%) as the normal rate in Germany.
Supporting Teachers’ Management of Middle School Social Dynamics
Authors: Farmer Thomas W. , Chen Chin-Chih , Hamm Jill V. , Moates Meredith M. , Mehtaji Meera , Lee David , Huneke Michelle R.
Published: March 2016

This describes the scouting report as an approach that social and behavior intervention specialists can use to help middle-level teachers create social contexts that support productive social roles and relationships of students with disabilities. Building from research on early adolescent social dynamics and context-based interventions to support students’ adjustment in middle-level classrooms, this manuscript describes the scouting report approach as an information collection process that can be used to (a) guide the selection and tailoring of evidence-based interventions to address the social difficulties and support needs of students with disabilities and (b) manage general social dynamics in ways that promote a positive peer culture across the classroom. A step-by-step description of the scouting report process is presented along with sample scenarios to help guide intervention specialists as they provide consultation support to middle-level general education teachers who serve students with disabilities in their classes.
Subnational Predictors of Racially Motivated Crime
Authors: Piatkowska Sylwia J.
Published: March 2016

This study draws upon theories of intergroup prejudice and bigoted violence to examine the effects of subnational correlates on the levels of racially motivated crime across different regions in four European countries between 1997 and 2013. To facilitate comparisons of hate crime across different nations, we estimate multilevel panel rate models where time is nested within the subnational units. The results reveal a significant and negative effect of the size of the foreign-born population on racially motivated crime, which is consistent with the power-differential hypothesis. In addition, we find that there is a concave curvilinear relationship between the size of the foreign-born population and racially motivated crime. The study concludes by discussing the role of contextual factors in predicting crime motivated by bias.
Guardianship Against Sexual Offenses
Authors: Cook Alana , Reynald Danielle
Published: March 2016

This article reviews the literature on bystander intervention with a view to establishing what we know about how guardians can be effective in preventing, disrupting, or reducing the severity of sexual offenses against women through intervention. Viewing bystanders as potential guardians, this review explores what is currently known about the presence of potential guardians at the scene of sexual offenses against women, and how these potential guardians respond to witnessing such events. Research shows that the likelihood and type of intervention by available guardians varies across situational contexts. Relatedly, trends in the characteristics of available and active guardians also reveal the importance of individual characteristics such as age, and most significantly gender, in affecting the willingness to intervene and perceptions of capability in intervening in various situational contexts. Results suggest that while men generally have greater confidence in their physical capability to intervene directly, women generally express a greater willingness to help and are more likely to intervene indirectly. The implications of these gendered bystander responses for sexual assault prevention are discussed.
What Makes Creative Teams Tick? Cohesion, Engagement, and Performance Across Creativity Tasks: A Three-Wave Study
Authors: Rodríguez-Sánchez Alma M. , Devloo Toon , Rico Ramón , Salanova Marisa , Anseel Frederik
Published: March 2016

The present study examines the mediational role of collective engagement in the relationship between team cohesion and team creative performance. A reciprocal process was expected to unfold across creativity task episodes: (a) team cohesion leads to collective task engagement, which in turn has a positive effect on team creative performance (perceived team performance and independently rated creativity), and (b) perceived team creative performance predicts the development of future team cohesion. The study relied on a longitudinal three-wave research design through an organizational simulation exercise, in which 118 project teams (605 individuals) were charged with three creativity tasks. This study advances collective task engagement as an important mediational process explaining team performance in creative activities.
Effect of SSRIs and SNRIs on Nocturnal Urinary Frequency
Authors: Medarov Boris I. , Chaudhry Haroon , Sun Johnathan H. , Rane Neha , Judson Marc A.
Published: March 2016

Background: Existing data suggest that selective serotonin uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may have an impact on urinary frequency. Objective: To evaluate the impact of SSRIs and selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) on nocturnal urinary frequency. Methods: This was a retrospective study comparing nocturnal urinary frequency in individuals on SSRI or SNRI therapy versus no therapy during nocturnal polysomnography in a 14-month period at a sleep center. Results: A total of 316 individuals were studied: 94 in the SSRI/SNRI group and 222 controls. No statistically significant difference was found in nocturnal urinary frequency between those on SSRI/SNRI therapy and the control group (0.40 vs 0.34 bathroom visits/night, P = 0.40). The degree of urinary frequency was higher in sertraline users (0.61 bathroom visits/night) compared with duloxetine users (0.18 visits/night, 2-tailed P = 0.04). A post hoc analysis suggested that the difference between these 2 agents is a class effect (SSRIs vs SNRIs, 2-tailed P = 0.03). The sample size did not allow conclusive comparison of either the SSRI or the SNRI group with the control group. Conclusion: SSRI/SNRI agents as a combined group do not appear to have a significant impact on nocturnal urinary frequency. The SSRIs and SNRIs may have an opposite effect on nocturnal frequency.
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of the Stomach
Authors: Song Min Jeong , An Soyeon , Lee Seung Soo , Kim Beom Su , Kim Jihun
Published: March 2016

Ewing sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor (ES/PNET) is a highly aggressive small round cell tumor that mainly occurs in the bone or soft tissue of children or young adults but is extremely rare in the stomach. A 55-year-old man presented with melena and anemia. On endoscopy, an ulcerofungating mass was observed in the high body and total gastrectomy was performed. Histologically, the mass consisted of small round cells with scanty cytoplasm and inconspicuous nucleoli. They often formed perivascular pseudorosettes and multinucleated giant cells were frequently observed. The tumor cells strongly expressed CD99, FLI1, and chromogranin and weakly expressed synaptophysin and CD56. EWS-FLI1 fusion transcript was confirmed by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. ES/PNET is frequently misdiagnosed because of its similarity with small cell carcinoma. Although gastric ES/PNET is very rare, it should be included in differential diagnoses of small round cell tumor in the stomach.
Accountable Care Organizations and Transaction Cost Economics
Authors: Mick Stephen S. Farnsworth , Shay Patrick D.
Published: March 2016

Using a Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) approach, this paper explores which organizational forms Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) may take. A critical question about form is the amount of vertical integration that an ACO may have, a topic central to TCE. We posit that contextual factors outside and inside an ACO will produce variable transaction costs (the non-production costs of care) such that the decision to integrate vertically will derive from a comparison of these external versus internal costs, assuming reasonably rational management abilities. External costs include those arising from environmental uncertainty and complexity, small numbers bargaining, asset specificity, frequency of exchanges, and information “impactedness.” Internal costs include those arising from human resource activities including hiring and staffing, training, evaluating (i.e., disciplining, appraising, or promoting), and otherwise administering programs. At the extreme, these different costs may produce either total vertical integration or little to no vertical integration with most ACOs falling in between. This essay demonstrates how TCE can be applied to the ACO organization form issue, explains TCE, considers ACO activity from the TCE perspective, and reflects on research directions that may inform TCE and facilitate ACO development.
Neuropsychological Measures in the Diagnosis of ADHD in Preschool: Can Developmental Research Inform Diagnostic Practice?
Authors: Merkt Julia , Siniatchkin Michael , Petermann Franz
Published: March 2016

Objective: The diagnosis of ADHD in preschool is challenging. Behavioral ratings are less reliable, but the value of neuropsychological tests in the diagnosis of ADHD has been debated. Method: This article provides an overview of neuropsychological measures utilized in preschoolers with ADHD (3-5 years). In addition, the manuscript discusses the extent to which these measures have been tested for their diagnostic capacity. Results: The diagnostic utility of computerized continuous performance tests and working memory subtests from IQ-batteries has been demonstrated in a number of studies by assessing their psychometric properties, sensitivity, and specificity. However, findings from developmental and basic research attempting to describe risk factors that explain variance in ADHD show the most consistent associations of ADHD with measures of delay aversion. Conclusion: Results from developmental research could benefit studies that improve ADHD diagnosis at the individual level. It might be helpful to consider testing as a structured situation for behavioral observation by the clinician.
Decentralized Governance, Expenditure Composition, and Preferences for Public Goods
Authors: del Granado F. Javier Arze , Martinez-Vazquez Jorge , McNab Robert M.
Published: March 2016

The literature on decentralization has long asserted that decentralized governance increases public sector allocative efficiency. We offer an indirect test of this hypothesis by examining how decentralized governance affects revealed preferences for public goods. Specifically, we examine the relationship between expenditure decentralization and the functional composition of public expenditures. We hypothesize that higher levels of expenditure decentralization induce agents to demand increased production of publicly provided private goods. We test this hypothesis using an unbalanced panel data set of forty-two developed and developing countries over twenty-two years. Using system Generalized Methods of Moments and Quasi-Maximum Likelihood estimators, we find that expenditure decentralization positively, significantly, and robustly influences the share of education expenditures in consolidated government budgets. We also find evidence to suggest that expenditure decentralization positively influences the share of health expenditures in consolidated government budgets. Decentralized governance appears to alter the composition of public expenditures toward publicly provided private goods.
On Messes, Systems Thinking, and Evaluation
Authors: Miller Robin Lin
Published: March 2016

To help evaluation professionals better understand what an authentic attempt at Developmental Evaluation (DE) ought to look like and when it is appropriate to use, Michael Patton’s provocative essay (this issue) offers evaluators eight sensitizing concepts to call on as guides. Patton states these concepts succinctly define DE and persuasively argues each must be unequivocally evident for an evaluation to earn the DE label. But are these eight concepts sufficient to clarify when and how to conduct DE? At the request of the editors, I comment on the adequacy of sensitizing concepts for evaluating in the context of emergent innovation.
Multiple Xanthogranulomas in an Adult
Authors: Vadeboncoeur Sophie , Provost Nathalie
Published: March 2016

Background:

Multiple xanthogranulomas (XGs) in adults are rare, although an increasing number of case reports are being published. The most frequent association is hematologic malignancies, but the majority of cases remain idiopathic, with occasional spontaneous resolution.

Objective:

The aims of this report are to describe a case of eruptive XG in a woman with a solid neoplasia who was receiving imatinib and to review the literature.

Methods and Results:

This 33-year-old woman had a gastrointestinal stromal tumor. After undergoing surgical removal and being on imatinib for 1 year, the patient developed multiple slightly erythematous papules with an orange hue on the axillary region, trunk, abdomen, and thighs. A biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of XG.

Conclusion:

This is to the investigators’ knowledge the first case of eruptive XG in the setting of a solid neoplasia. The possibility of drug-induced XG lesions due to imatinib cannot be excluded. This presentation could be added to the list of associations of adult XG.
A simplified model to evaluate noise reduction interventions in the urban environment
Authors: Magrini Anna , Lisot Aline
Published: March 2016

Traffic noise is a major problem in all large cities. The surface acoustical characteristics (e.g. referred to roads, pedestrian traffic areas, building façades, building surfaces, in general) affect the noise propagation in the urban environment. Through a better outdoor design and management (e.g. by means of green areas, porous asphalt, speed control), or building refurbishment actions (acoustic plaster, absorbing shading devices), the increasing of surface absorption could be useful to mitigate noise environmental pollution, and therefore to reduce the sound levels in the proximity of the building façades for their entire height. The reduction of the noise levels outside the buildings would determine lower indoor noise levels, and therefore a better situation, without direct actions on the building walls. Through a series of noise propagation calculations in urban environments, by means of a three-dimensional simulation model, the influence of some configurations and the potential impact of some intervention solutions are quantified. In the first stage of the research, the analysis of a simplified model is conducted, to evaluate the influence of noise on the building façades, based on a simplified geometry of the urban environment and of the surface acoustic features. The same analysis is validated by means of a more detailed model, corresponding to the configuration of an existing built area, to verify if the analyses performed by means of the simplified model can be extended to more complex layouts. Successively, calculations are developed to quantify the noise levels that occur with different acoustic (absorption of façades, soil, asphalt, or green elements) and geometric (road width, buildings height, presence of balconies, etc.) characteristics to show the potential reduction given by some interventions. Solutions that can lead to a more significant reduction of the noise in correspondence of the façades are then summarized. The simplified geometrical model appears to be suitable for preliminary investigations as the maximum error found for narrower roads is equal to 17%.