bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recyclable Solid Ruthenium Catalysts Supported on Metal Oxides for the Addition of Carboxylic Acids to Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Nishiumi Masami , Miura Hiroki , Wada Kenji , Hosokawa Saburo , Inoue Masashi
Published: November 2010

Ceria‐supported ruthenium catalysts (Ru/CeO2) were found to be quite effective for the addition of various carboxylic acids to terminal alkynes, which gave the corresponding enol esters in moderate to high yields. The major products of the reaction were E‐isomers of anti‐Markovnikov adducts. Among the ceria‐supported ruthenium catalysts examined, those prepared using ruthenium precursors with chloride ligands showed high activities. The zirconia‐supported ruthenium catalyst (Ru/ZrO2) showed activity comparable to that of the ceria‐supported catalyst. These catalysts were recyclable without a significant loss of activity, and the leaching of ruthenium species into the liquid phase was negligible after cooling the reaction mixture, which indicates marked superiority of the present solid oxide catalysts to conventional homogeneous catalysts.
A Recyclable Organocascade Reaction System: Stereoselective Precipitation of Optically Activecis‐δ‐Lactols with Quaternary Stereocenters during the Michael–Hemiacetalization Reaction
Authors: Zhang Fanglin , Wei Mohui , Dong Junfang , Zhou Yirong , Lu Dengfu , Gong Yuefa , Yang Xiangliang
Published: November 2010

A cascade Michael–hemiacetalization reaction between β‐substituted β‐nitroethanols and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes is described, which provides a convenient and efficient synthesis forcis‐δ‐lactols with quaternary stereocenters in moderate yields with excellent enantioselectivity. Based on the selective precipitation ofcis‐δ‐lactols, which were isolated by filtration, the catalytic system in the filtrate can be reused directly and recycled for eight times without any obvious deterioration in enantioselectivity.
Stoichiometric Reductive CN Bond Formation of Arylgold(III) Complexes with N‐Nucleophiles
Authors: Lavy Séverine , Miller Jeremie J. , Pažický Marek , Rodrigues Anne‐Sophie , Rominger Frank , Jäkel Christoph , Serra Daniel , Vinokurov Nikolai , Limbach Michael
Published: November 2010

The reductive formation of substituted anilines from amines and three well‐defined aryl‐ gold(III) complexes, i.e., dichloro(2,6‐lutidine)phen‐ ylgold(III) (2), dichloro(2,6‐lutidine)‐p‐tolylgold(III) (3), and chlorobis(triphenylphosphine)phenylgold(III) chloride (4) was studied. The reaction is stoichiometric in gold and represents a key step of a potential gold‐catalyzed intermolecular amination reaction of arenes. It proceeds smoothly with a broad range of N‐nucleophiles in the presence of sodium acetate (NaOAc) and enables the selective formation of N‐substituted anilines in good yields. A mechanistic pathway is proposed and discussed as well.
Acid‐Free Nickel Catalyst for Stereo‐ and Regioselective Hydrophosphorylation of Alkynes: Synthetic Procedure and Combined Experimental and Theoretical Mechanistic Study
Authors: Ananikov Valentine P. , Khemchyan Levon L. , Beletskaya Irina P. , Starikova Zoya A.
Published: November 2010

The nickel catalyst prepared in situ from nickel bis(acetylacetonate) [Ni(acac)2] precursor and bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (DPPE) ligand has shown excellent performance in the hydrophosphorylation of alkynes. Markovnikov‐type regioselective addition to terminal alkynes and stereoselective addition to internal alkynes were carried out with high selectivity without an acidic co‐catalyst (in contrast to the palladium/acid catalytic system). Various H‐phosphonates and alkynes reacted smoothly in the developed catalytic system with up to 99% yield. The mechanisms of catalyst activation and CP bond formation were revealed by experimental (NMR, ESI‐MS, X‐ray) and theoretical (density functional calculations) studies. Two different pathways of the alkyne insertion in the coordination sphere of the metal are reported for the first time.
Platinum(II)‐Catalyzed Allylation of CO and CN Bonds under Hydrogenation Conditions
Authors: Hong Jong‐Tai , Wang Xi , Kim Ji‐Hwan , Kim Kyunghee , Yun Hoseop , Jang Hye‐Young
Published: November 2010

The nucleophilic addition of allylplatinum to a range of electrophiles including carbonyls, oximes, and hydrazones was examined. Platinum(II) catalysts and allene substrates were subject to hydrogenation conditions to generate nucleophilic allylplatinum complexes without using a stoichiometric amount of toxic and sensitive organometallic reagents. The allylplatinum intermediates reacted with CO and CN bonds to produce the corresponding homoallylic alcohol and amine derivatives in good yield. The Pt‐catalyzed allylation of CN bonds is the first example performed under hydrogenation conditions. A reaction mechanism initiated with the hydrometalation of allenes by PtH species is proposed based on deuterium labeling studies.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Polyfunctionalized Pyrrolidines via a Thiourea Catalyzed Domino Mannich/Aza‐Michael Reaction
Authors: Enders Dieter , Göddertz Dominik P. , Beceño Christian , Raabe Gerhard
Published: November 2010

The domino Mannich/aza‐Michael reaction of γ‐malonate‐substituted α,β‐unsaturated esters with N‐protected arylaldimines has been achieved. Catalyzed by bifunctional thioureas, 2,5‐cis‐configured polysubstituted pyrrolidines are obtained in good to excellent yields (76–99%), enantioselectivities (75–94%) and excellent diastereoselectivities (de >95%). The pure stereoisomers are available by crystallization and removal of the racemates.
Optimizing conditions for anionic polymerization of caprolactam for inkjetting
Authors: Khodabakhshi Khosrow , Gilbert Marianne , Dickens Phill , Hague Richard
Published: November 2010

This work deals with a study of polymerization condition variables such as catalyst concentration, activator concentration, and initial polymerization temperature in the anionic polymerization of ε‐caprolactam. Ethylmagnesium bromide (EtMgBr) and sodium hydride (NaH) were used to make the catalyst compositions. N‐acetylcaprolactam was used as the activator. The polymerization conditions were optimized for both catalysts. The final properties (i.e., monomer conversion, melting point, and molecular weight) of synthesized polymers were compared. ε‐Caprolactam magnesium bromide showed a big advantage over sodium ε‐caprolactamate in terms of solidification time and also final properties of synthesized polymers. It was found possible to reduce the solidification half‐time to less than 1 min. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 29:226–236, 2010; View this article online at http://wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20191
Helical flow of polymer melts in extruders, part 1: Model development
Authors: Sanjabi Farshid , Upreti Simant R. , Lohi Ali , Ein‐Mozaffari Farhad
Published: November 2010

Operating and processing conditions as well as the selection of the screw design in injection molding industry are largely based on trial‐and‐error exercise, which is expensive and time consuming. A better approach is to develop mathematical models to help select the conditions and parameters and predict the process performance. However, most of the models developed and used so far contain unrealistic geometrical and mathematical simplifications. The objective of this work is to develop a steady‐state three‐dimensional mathematical model to describe the flow of an incompressible polymer melt inside a helical geometry, which represents the polymer's true motion in extrusion and injection molding processes. The mathematical model is first developed in a natural cylindrical system. Transformers are then derived to obtain the model in helical coordinates. A novel feature of this work is the consideration of tapered screws, i.e., screws tapered either upward or downward along the direction of the flow. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 29:249–260, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20195
Synthesis and characterization of soluble aromatic–aliphatic polyamide
Authors: Zulfiqar Sonia , Ishaq Muhammad , Ilyas Sarwar Muhammad
Published: November 2010

A soluble polyamide was synthesized from aromatic and aliphatic monomers by condensing 4‐aminophenyl sulfone with sebacoyl chloride in dimethylacetamide (DMAc) at low temperature under inert atmosphere. A stoichiometric amount of triethylamine was added to precipitate the HCl produced during the polymerization reaction. The precipitates were isolated, yielding a clear neat polyamide solution. Thin and transparent film achieved from the polymer resin was characterized for FTIR, NMR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, water absorption, and mechanical measurements. The dried film was found to be soluble in DMAc, DMSO, and DMF. The film‐forming property of polyamide is being exploited for the preparation of the nanocomposites. Spectroscopic analyses confirmed the formation of polyamide. The values of Mn, Mw, and polydispersity as determined by GPC were found to be 9,779, 20,280 g/mol and 2.07 with RI detector whereas 10,133, 20,865 g/mol and 2.06 with UV detector, respectively. The thermally stable polyamide exhibited tensile strength (18.86 MPa), glass transition temperature (72.34°C), and water absorption (16.1%). These studies further verified the related physical properties of the polyamide. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 29:300–308, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20197
Mechanisms of erythropoiesis inhibition by malarial pigment and malaria‐induced proinflammatory mediators in an in vitro model
Authors: Awandare Gordon A. , Kempaiah Prakasha , Ochiel Daniel O. , Piazza Paolo , Keller Christopher C. , Perkins Douglas J.
Published: November 2010

One of the commonest complications of Plasmodium falciparum malaria is the development of severe malarial anemia (SMA), which is, at least in part, due to malaria‐induced suppression of erythropoiesis. Factors associated with suppression of erythropoiesis and development of SMA include accumulation of malarial pigment (hemozoin, PfHz) in bone marrow and altered production of inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, and nitric oxide (NO). However, studies investigating the specific mechanisms responsible for inhibition of red blood cell development have been hampered by difficulties in obtaining bone marrow aspirates from infants and young children, and the lack of reliable models for examining erythroid development. As such, an in vitro model of erythropoiesis was developed using CD34+ stem cells derived from peripheral blood to examine the effects of PfHz, PfHz‐stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)‐conditioned media (CM‐PfHz), TNF‐α, and NO on erythroid cell development. PfHz only slightly suppressed erythroid cell proliferation and maturation marked by decreased expression of glycophorin A (GPA). On the other hand, CM‐PfHz, TNF‐α, and NO significantly inhibited erythroid cell proliferation. Furthermore, decreased proliferation in cells treated with CM‐PfHz and NO was accompanied by increased apoptosis of erythropoietin‐stimulated CD34+ cells. In addition, NO significantly inhibited erythroid cell maturation, whereas TNF‐α did not appear to be detrimental to maturation. Collectively, our results demonstrate that PfHz suppresses erythropoiesis by acting both directly on erythroid cells, and indirectly via inflammatory mediators produced from PfHz‐stimulated PBMC, including TNF‐α and NO.Am. J. Hematol. 86:155–162, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis: 2011 update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification, and management
Authors: Gertz Morie A.
Published: November 2010

Immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain amyloidosis is a clonal but nonproliferative plasma cell disorder in which fragments of an Ig light chain are deposited in tissues. The clinical features depend on the organs involved but can include restrictive cardiomyopathy, nephrotic syndrome, hepatic failure, and peripheral/autonomic neuropathy. Tissue biopsy stained with Congo red demonstrating amyloid deposits with apple‐green birefringence is required for diagnosis. Invasive organ biopsy is not required because amyloid deposits can be found in bone marrow biopsy or subcutaneous fat aspirate in 85% of patients. N‐terminal pro–brain natriuretic peptide and serum troponin T values are used to classify patients into three groups of approximately equal size; median survivals are 26.4, 10.5, and 3.5 months, respectively. All patients with a visceral amyloid syndrome require therapy to prevent deposition of amyloid in other viscera and to prevent progressive organ failure of involved sites. Stem cell transplant (SCT) is a preferred technique, but only 20% of patients are eligible. Requirements for safe SCT include mild or no cardiac involvement, troponin T value <0.06 ng/mL, age younger than 70 years, <3 organs involved, and serum creatinine value ≤1.7 mg/dL. Nontransplant candidates can be offered melphalan‐dexamethasone. Pomalidomide appears to have activity, as do other combinations of chemotherapy with agents such as cyclophosphamide‐thalidomide‐dexamethasone, bortezomib‐dexamethasone, and melphalan‐prednisone‐lenalidomide. Late diagnosis remains a major obstacle to initiating effective therapy when organ dysfunction is still recoverable. Recognizing the presenting syndromes is necessary for improvement in survival. Am. J. Hematol. 86:181–186, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The thrifty phenotype: An adaptation in growth or metabolism?
Authors: Wells Jonathan C.K.
Published: November 2010

The thrifty phenotype hypothesis is widely used to interpret associations between early nutritional experience and degenerative disease risks. However, it remains unclear what is adaptive about early life thrift, and biomedical approaches struggle to explain why associations between early growth and later disease hold across the entire range of birth size. This issue can be addressed using a simple model, attributing disease to a high metabolic load (large tissue masses, rich diet, and sedentary lifestyle) relative to metabolic capacity (physiological traits contingent on fetal/infant development). In this context, different hypotheses regarding the long‐term functions of thrift can be examined. The “predictive adaptive response” hypothesis considers thrift to involve metabolic adaptations (insulin resistance and central adiposity) that emerge in anticipation of a poor quality adult breeding environment. The competing “maternal capital” hypothesis considers thrift to involve reductions in lean mass and organ phenotype arising through constraints on maternal phenotype, reflecting both maternal developmental experience and current ecological conditions. This hypothesis assumes offspring developmental responses to stresses such as temperature, altitude, and nutritional ecology occur under the influence of maternal capital indices, including size, physiology, reproductive history and social status. I argue that insulin resistance only emerges after infancy, and far from being anticipatory of a low nutritional plane, indicates perturbations of metabolism. Following exposure of early thrifty growth to the obesogenic niche. Thrift as early growth variability represents a plausible profile of developmental plasticity for human evolutionary history, aiding understand how the modern obesogenic environment interacts with physiological variability to induce disease. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maternal fetal interaction in the ABO system: A comparative analysis of healthy mother and couples with spontaneous abortion in Bengalee population
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Arup Ratan , Chatterjee Diptendu , Chatterjee Madhumati , Ghosh Jyoti Ratan
Published: November 2010

Objectives: The selective effects on genotypes could generally be perceived by its manifestation in prezygotic and postzygotic stages, which is further extendable to neonatal and postnatal periods in human. Selective elimination of genotypes could generally be perceived by the study of reproductive performance of the couple on the basis of their mating types. Actual studies on the products of conception, living, or dead (aborted material) of these couples essential for understanding of process of selective elimination of the alleles.

Methods: Of 124 spontaneous abortions occurring during the first 16 weeks of gestation, simultaneous karyotyping and ABO blood grouping of 148 of the parents was carried out. In 80 of the 124 chromosome‐analyzed aborted foeti, the ABO blood groups of the foeti were determined by the mixed cell agglutinating reaction in fetal tissue.

Results: The results of the ABO blood grouping were compared with that of 100 newborns along with their parents (181) from the same area. Among aborted foeti with normal karyotype, a significantly higher (P < 0.05) frequency of ABO incompatibility was found in couple combination in comparison with the couple combination of the parents of the newborns. Furthermore, the distribution ABO blood group alleles of the fetuses deviated significantly from those of newborns (P < 0.05) in terms of significantly higher A alleles among the fetus.

Conclusions: The ABO incompatibility between the couples is likely to be a risk factor for early spontaneous abortions and also the heterozygote selection of ABO blood group genotypes. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mitochondrial DNA variability in the Titicaca basin: Matches and mismatches with linguistics and ethnohistory
Authors: Barbieri Chiara , Heggarty Paul , Castrì Loredana , Luiselli Donata , Pettener Davide
Published: November 2010

Objectives

The Titicaca basin was the cradle of some of the major complex societies of pre‐Columbian South America and is today home to three surviving native languages: Quechua, Aymara, and Uro. This study seeks to contribute to reconstructing the population prehistory of the region, by providing a first genetic profile of its inhabitants, set also into the wider context of South American genetic background.

Methods

We report the first mitochondrial DNA first hypervariable segment sequences of native populations of the environs of Lake Titicaca: speakers of Aymara and Quechua, and the “Uros” of the Lake's floating islands. We sampled Aymara speakers from a locality where the Uro language was formerly documented, to check for possible language shift patterns. These data are compared with those for other Amerindian populations, collated from already published sources.

Results

Our results uncover the genetic distinctiveness of our formerly Uro but now Aymara‐speaking sample, in contrast with a relative homogeneity for all the other Central Andean samples.

Conclusions

The genetic affinities that characterize Central Andean populations are highly consistent with the succession of expansive polities in the region, culminating with the Incas. In the environs of Lake Titicaca, however, one subset of the present day Aymara‐speaking population exhibits a peculiar position: perhaps a genetic correlate to their original Uro linguistic lineage (now extinct in the area), tallying with ethnohistorical claims for the distinctiveness of the Uro population. Our results emphasize the need for genetic descriptions to consider the widespread phenomenon of language shift. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inverse association between adiposity and telomere length: The fels longitudinal study
Authors: Lee Miryoung , Martin Hilarie , Firpo Matthew A. , Demerath Ellen W.
Published: November 2010

Objectives

To assess the relationship between telomere length and adiposity, using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in addition to conventional anthropometric proxies including body mass index (BMI) and cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Methods

A cross‐sectional sample of 309 non‐Hispanic white participants in the Fels Longitudinal Study aged 8 to 80 yr (52% female) was included. Average telomere length was measured by quantitative PCR.

Results

Telomere length was negatively correlated with age (r = −0.32, P < 0.0001) and had numerous significant correlations with established cardiovascular disease risk factors including waist circumference (r = −0.33), apolipoprotein B (r = −0.26), systolic blood pressure (r = −0.28), and fasting serum glucose (r = −0.15); all P < 0.0025. In backward selection linear regression models of telomere length, adiposity measures were consistently retained in the best models; BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, total body fat, and visceral adipose tissue volume were all inversely associated with telomere length at the nominal P < 0.05 level or lower, independent of age, sex, systolic blood pressure, and fasting serum lipid, lipoprotein, and glucose concentrations. The negative association of BMI with telomere length was stronger among younger than older participants (P for interaction, 0.03).

Conclusions

Individuals with higher total and abdominal adiposity have lower telomere length, a marker of cellular senescence, suggesting obesity may hasten the aging process. Longitudinal studies are required to establish the causal association of early life adiposity with biological aging. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of Canadian Cree infants' birth size using the WHO Child Growth Standards
Authors: Willows Noreen D. , Sanou Dia , Bell Rhonda C.
Published: November 2010

Objectives

The WHO Child Growth Standards (CGS) which were recently adopted by the Canadian Pediatric Society were used to assess the relative size of Cree newborns.

Methods

Birth weight, length, and head circumference, and growth indices of 2,127 Cree newborns were compared with the CGS. Maternal characteristics of pregnancy and infant birth outcomes were recorded and stratified by birth weight category.

Results

Among Cree newborns, 2.4% were low birth weight (LBW) (<2,500 g) and 36.5% were high birth weight (≥4,000 g). The median birth weight (g) for Cree male (4,030) and female (3,900) term newborns was higher than for male (3,346) and female (3,232) newborns of the CGS. Fewer than 1.5% of Cree infants hadz‐scores <−2SD from the WHO CGS median for BMI‐for‐age, length‐for‐age, weight‐for‐age, or head circumference‐for‐age whereas 4.6, 7.8, and 23.4% percent hadz‐scores >+2SD from the WHO CGS median for weight‐for‐length‐for‐age, BMI‐for‐age and head circumference‐for‐age, respectively. The majority (53.4%) of pregnancies was complicated by obesity and 10.3% were complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Infants weighing 4,000–4,499 g had a comparable prevalence of operative delivery (15.4%) as infants weighing 2,500–3,999 g (13.7%). Infants weighing ≥4,500 g had the highest prevalence of birth injuries (14.0%) and being born to women whose pregnancies were complicated by GDM (20%).

Conclusions

Cree newborns were larger than newborns of the CGS. The appropriateness for Cree infants of defining low and high birth weight from the WHO CGS is uncertain and may lead to inaccurate prognosis of postnatal health. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deletion of 7q34–q36.2 in two siblings with mental retardation, language delay, primary amenorrhea, and dysmorphic features
Authors: Sehested Line T. , Møller Rikke S. , Bache Iben , Andersen Noemi B. , Ullmann Reinhard , Tommerup Niels , Tümer Zeynep
Published: November 2010

We describe a chromosome rearrangement, ins(7;13)(q32q34;q32), which segregates in a three generation family, giving rise to three individuals with an unbalanced rearrangement. Two of the individuals, a sister and a brother, were investigated further in this study. They had minor facial dysmorphism and neuropsychiatric disorders including mental retardation, language delay and epilepsy. The sister had primary amenorrhea. Array CGH revealed a 12.2 Mb deletion at 7q34–q36.2 including more than 60 genes where CNTNAP2 and NOBOX are of special interest. Comparison of the clinical and cytogenetic findings of our patients with previously reported patients, supports that haploinsuffiency of CNTNAP2 can result in language delay and/or autism spectrum disorder. Furthermore, we report on the second women with a deletion involving NOBOX who is affected by primary amenorrhea. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Symmetrical enchondromatosis is associated with duplication of 12p11.23 to 12p11.22 including PTHLH
Authors: Collinson Morag , Leonard Samantha J. , Charlton Jocelyn , Crolla John A. , Silve Caroline , Hall Christine M. , Oglivie Colin , James Margaret A. , Smithson Sarah F.
Published: November 2010

We describe a patient with striking generalized symmetrical enchondromatosis of the tubular bones and a de novo duplication of chromosome 12p11.23 to 12p11.22. The PTHLH gene within this region encodes a ligand for PTHR1: mutations in the gene encoding this receptor are associated with some cases of Ollier disease, several skeletal dysplasias including Blomstrand, Eiken, and Jansen and down‐regulation of PTHLH expression in brachydactyly type E. Our findings suggest that abnormal PTHLH‐PTHR1 signaling may underly this unusual form of enchondromatosis and indicate that unlike most cases of Ollier disease it is dominantly inherited. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Priming With Endotoxin Increases Acute Lung Injury in Mice by Enhancing the Severity of Lung Endothelial Injury
Authors: Lee Joyce S. , Su Xiao , Rackley Craig , Matthay Michael A. , Gupta Naveen
Published: November 2010

Endotoxin‐induced acute lung injury (ALI) is a commonly used model. However, the effect of a priming dose of endotoxin on lung fluid balance has not been well studied. We hypothesized that endotoxin‐induced ALI in mice would be enhanced under a priming condition. Mice were intratracheally (IT) instilled with either a priming dose of endotoxin from E. coli (0.5 mg/kg) or equal volume of PBS. Eighteen hours later, a larger challenge dose of endotoxin (5 mg/kg) was given IT. Control mice received PBS only. After 24 hr, the mice were sacrificed and the degree of lung injury and inflammation were measured. Endotoxin priming increased body weight loss and worsened hypothermia. Extravascular lung water and lung endothelial permeability were higher in the primed group. Priming with endotoxin reduced alveolar fluid clearance; however, there was no effect on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) levels of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). The primed group had increased alveolar inflammation as demonstrated by increased numbers of neutrophils in the BAL. There was no significant difference in NF‐κB p65 in the lung nuclear extract among the experimental groups. Taken together, priming with a small dose of endotoxin followed by a larger challenge dose of endotoxin induces more systemic illness and increased pulmonary edema in mice, largely due to increased lung endothelial permeability and lung inflammation. This model should be useful to investigators studying ALI who want to simulate the clinical setting in which more than one insult often leads to greater clinical lung injury. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative Anatomical Study of the Forearm Extensor Muscles ofCebus libidinosus(Rylands et al., 2000; Primates, Cebidae), Modern Humans, and Other Primates, With Comments on Primate Evolution, Phylogeny, and Manipulatory Behavior
Authors: Aversi‐Ferreira T.A. , Diogo R. , Potau J.M. , Bello G. , Pastor J.F. , Aziz M. Ashraf
Published: November 2010

Despite its abundance in Latin America, and its remarkable ability to use tools, there are only a few myological studies on the capuchin monkey,Cebus libidinosus. In the present study, we dissected the forearm extensor muscles of six adult males and two adult females of this species. We describe these muscles and compare them with those of other primates dissected by us and by other authors. The forearm extensor muscles ofCebusmonkeys are, in general, more similar to those of other platyrrhines than to distantly related taxa that use tools, such as chimpanzees and modern humans, with three main exceptions: contrary to most other platyrrhines, (1) inCebus, chimpanzees and modern humans the extensor pollicis longus usually inserts onto Digit I, and not onto Digits I and II; (2) inCebusthe abductor pollicis longus has two separate tendons, as is the case in chimpanzees, and in modern humans (where one of these tendons is associated with a distinct belly, forming the muscle extensor pollicis brevis); (3) inCebus, and in modern humans and chimpanzees, the extensor pollicis longus is not deeply blended with the extensor indicis. Therefore, theCebusmonkeys provide an illustrative example of how phylogenetic constrains and ecological adaptations have been combined to develop a specific myological configuration that, associated with their sophisticated neurological organization, allow them to easily navigate in their arboreal habitats and, at the same time, to finely manipulate objects in order to search for food and to prepare this food for ingestion. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MicroRNA‐206 Is Associated With Invasion and Metastasis of Lung Cancer
Authors: Wang Xiaochen , Ling Chunhua , Bai Yanyan , Zhao Jun
Published: November 2010

MicroRNAs are novel small noncoding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the post‐transcriptional level. Compelling evidence reveals that there is a causative link between microRNAs deregulation and cancer development and progression. The present study aims to explore the function of miR‐206 in the proliferation, apoptosis, motility, and invasion of nonsmall cell lung cancer. Using real‐time PCR, we detected the miR‐206 expression of normal lung tissues, tumor tissues, human normal bronchial epithelial cell line, and six lung cancer cell lines (LCCLs). Then, we evaluated the role of miR‐206 in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion using Cell Counting Kit‐8 assay, Annexin‐V/FITC assay, wound healing, and Transwell assay in LCCLs. As a result, miR‐206 expression level was lower in high metastasis tumors and 95D than low metastasis tumors and normal lung tissues as well as other LCCLs. After miR‐206 was upregulated in LCCLs, cell proliferation was notably attenuated and apoptosis was significantly increased. Furthermore, overexpression of miR‐206 inhibited migration and invasion of lung cancer cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that expression level of miR‐206 was inversely correlated with metastatic potential of lung cancer. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular Variations Related to the Regional Differences in Periosteal Growth at the Mandibular Ramus
Authors: Sun Zongyang , Tee Boon Ching
Published: November 2010

Periosteal growth at human mandibular ramus is characterized by bone apposition at the posterior border and resorption at the anterior border. Molecular control of this regional variation is unclear. This study examined the expression of several molecules involved in bone apposition/resorption at these regions in vivo and in vitro. By using growing pigs as a model, the periosteal growth was assessed at the mandibular ramus by vital staining and histological observations. In parallel, periosteal tissues were harvested and pulverized for RNA and protein extraction. Periosteal cells were also isolated, expanded in osteogenic media, and subjected to a single dose of dynamic tensile strain (0, 5, or 10% magnitude at 0.5 Hz) to examine their responses to mechanical loading. Real‐time RT‐PCR and Western blot analyses were used to examine mRNA and protein expression from periosteal tissues and cultured cells. Histological observation confirmed an anterior‐resorption/posterior‐apposition pattern in the pig mandibular ramus. Both in vivo tissue and in vitro cells demonstrated greater mRNA expression of receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) ratio and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) at the anterior region, while OPG expression at the anterior region was lower than the posterior region. In response to the application of a single dose of dynamic tensile strain, cultured periosteal cells appeared to change the expression profile of osteogenic markers but not that of RANKL/OPG and BMP2. These findings suggest that the unique regional variation of periosteal activity at the mandibular ramus is regulated by a differential expression of RANKL/OPG ratio (likely through differential induction of OPG) and BMP2. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Apoptosis in the Uterotubal Junction and Oviductal Isthmus during the Estrous Cycle of the Bitch
Authors: Urhausen C. , Beineke A. , Piechotta M. , Karre I. , Beyerbach M. , Günzel‐Apel A.R.
Published: November 2010

Apoptotic cells were evaluated in the lamina epithelialis (LE) and lamina propria (LP) of the canine uterotubal junction and oviductal isthmus by means of the TUNEL assay and Caspase‐3 detection regarding cyclic changes. Oviducts of bitches in anestrus, early and late follicular phase, 2 and 4 days after ovulation, mid‐luteal phase, and endometrial reparation were available. The rate of apoptosis was generally low (min = 0; max = 33 apoptotic cells in 500 cells). Regardless of the stage of the estrous cycle, the number of apoptotic cells was significantly higher in the LE compared to the LP (P < 0.05). In anoestrus, early and late follicular phase as well as during endometrial reparation, the number of apoptotic cells was on a constantly low level. A significant increase was found 4 days after ovulation by caspase‐3 detection coinciding with early luteal development and in mid‐luteal phase. The results demonstrate that the number of apoptotic cells changes depending on the stage of the ovarian cycle. The coincidence of the increase in the number of apoptotic cells and the time of achievement of oocyte competence, which is known to occur in the bitch 3–4 days after ovulation, suggests a causal relationship between the postovulatory maturation stage of oocytes and the rate of apoptosis in the caudal oviduct. Furthermore, a specific relevance of apoptosis may exist in the process of fertilization regarding sperm storage and detachment of spermatozoa bound to the epithelium of the caudal oviduct, which has been identified as a functional sperm reservoir in other species. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cardiovascular Development and Survival During Gestation in the Ts65Dn Mouse Model for Down Syndrome
Authors: Lorandeau Candice G. , Hakkinen Lauren A. , Moore Clara S.
Published: November 2010

The Ts65Dn mouse model for Down syndrome (DS) exhibits many phenotypes seen in human DS. Previous research has revealed a reduced rate of transmission of the T65Dn marker chromosome in neonates. To analyze potential fetal loss, litters from trisomic females at 10.5dpc through 14.5dpc were genotyped. No significant differences from the expected Mendelian ratio were found in transmission of T65Dn at any stage. Cardiovascular defects found in trisomic neonates are associated with formation of pharyngeal arch arteries. Vessel tracing was used to identify anomalies in 10.5dpc, 11.5dpc, and 13.5dpc embryos. Comparison of trisomic versus euploid embryos injected with India ink revealed delay and abnormality in cardiovascular development in trisomic embryos at each stage. Through the analysis of transmission rate and cardiovascular development in embryonic mice, we learn more about prenatal mortality and the origins of cardiac abnormality in the Ts65Dn mice to assist in understanding cardiovascular malformation associated with DS. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of Interleukin‐1β on the Expression of Actin Isoforms in Cultured Mouse Astroglia
Authors: Abd‐El‐Basset E.M. , Abd‐El‐Barr Muhammad M.
Published: November 2010

Cytokines are soluble mediators that are thought to act as communication signals between astroglia and neighboring neural cells. They are both released by, and act on, astroglia. It is hypothesized that it is this effect on astroglia that may be important in widespread phenomena including traumatic brain injury, inflammation, and scar formation. In this article, we examine the effect of mouse recombinant interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) on the morphology, organization, and expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and actin isoforms in cultured mouse astroglia. This study shows that the majority of the astroglia treated with IL‐1β acquire long processes. Immunofluorescence staining shows that there are no remarkable changes in the organization of GFAP, F‐actin, α‐smooth muscle (α‐sm) actin, and β‐actin isoforms. In fluorescent microplate assay, the short‐term treated astroglia (range, 1–2 days) show an increase in the intensity of GFAP and β‐actin isoform over the level observed in untreated control, whereas no remarkable changes are observed in the intensity of α‐sm actin isoform. In the case of long‐term treatment (range, 4–8 days), the intensity of GFAP and α‐sm actin isoform progressively decreases below the level of untreated control. In addition, the intensity of β‐actin isoform increases above the control level. These results have been confirmed by immunoblotting experiments. The upregulation of β‐actin isoform may be important in limiting the noxious effects of an inflammatory reaction. This gives credence to the hypothesis that it might be possible to modulate astroglial effects on neuronal inflammation and scar formation with appropriate therapies. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new anti‐windup strategy for PID controllers with derivative filters
Authors: Yang Shyi‐Kae
Published: November 2010

This paper presents a new strategy for suppressing the windup effect caused by actuator saturation in proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controlled systems. In the proposed approach, the windup effect is modeled as an external disturbance imported to the PID controller and an observer‐based auxiliary controller is designed to minimize the difference between the controller output signal and the system input signal in accordance with an H‐infinite optimization criterion. It is shown that the proposed anti‐windup (AW) scheme renders the performance of the controlled system more robust toward the effects of windup than conventional PID AW schemes and provides a better noise rejection capability. In addition, the proposed PID AW scheme is system independent and is an explicit function of the parameters of the original PID controller. As a result, the controller is easily implemented using either digital or analog circuits and facilitates a rapid, on‐line tuning of the controller parameters as required in order to prevent the windup effect.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Self-expanding metallic stents as bridge to surgery in obstructing colorectal cancer
Authors: Iversen L H , Kratmann M , Bøje M , Laurberg S
Published: November 2010

Background

A self-expanding metallic stent (SEMS) may relieve intestinal obstruction to permit elective resection of colorectal cancer presenting as an emergency. There have been concerns regarding the oncological consequences of this strategy. This study evaluated outcomes in patients with potentially curable colorectal cancer treated with a SEMS as a bridge to surgery.

Methods

This retrospective study included patients with obstructing colorectal cancer in whom a SEMS procedure was attempted between January 2004 and August 2007. Palliative SEMS procedures were excluded. Outcomes for SEMS insertion and subsequent surgery were recorded with a focus on survival.

Results

SEMS insertion was attempted and achieved in 34 patients, of whom 30 were discharged after successful relief of obstruction. However, five patients needed acute surgery within 18 days owing to insufficient relief of obstruction (1), or tumour (3) or caecal (1) perforation, with one postoperative death. The remainder underwent elective surgery with no postoperative mortality. In all, 28 of 34 patients were stoma free after operation. The 3-year survival rate of all 34 patients was 74 (95 per cent confidence interval 53 to 86) per cent after a median follow-up of 33·7 months. A curative outcome was achieved in 30 patients.

Conclusion

Although associated with significant short-term problems, a SEMS can be useful in converting an emergency into an elective situation. No adverse oncological consequences were identified.
Bile duct injury and use of cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Authors: Giger U , Ouaissi M , Schmitz S-F H , Krähenbühl S , Krähenbühl L
Published: November 2010

Background

Bile duct injury (BDI) remains the most serious complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). A Swiss database was used to identify risk factors for BDI and to assess the effect of intraoperative cholangiography (IOC).

Methods

Data for patients from 114 Swiss institutions who underwent LC for acute or chronic cholecystitis between 1995 and 2005 were used in univariable and logistic regression analyses.

Results

In total 31 838 patients, mean(s.d.) age 54·4(15·9) years, were analysed. The incidence of BDI was 0·3 per cent (101 patients), which did not change over time (P = 0·560). Univariable analysis revealed that male patients had a higher risk of BDI (0·5 per cent versus 0·2 per cent in female patients; P = 0·001), as did patients whose operation lasted at least 150 min (1·1 per cent versus 0·1 per cent for operating time of less than 150 min; P < 0·001). Logistic regression confirmed male sex (odds ratio (OR) 1·89, 95 per cent confidence interval 1·27 to 2·81) and prolonged surgery (OR 12·60, 10·87 to 23·81) as independent risk factors. Comparison of groups with and without intraoperative cholangiography showed no difference in the incidence of BDI (both 0·3 per cent; P = 0·755) and BDIs missed during surgery (10 versus 8 per cent; P = 0·737).

Conclusion

Male sex and prolonged laparoscopic surgery are independent risk factors for BDI during LC. Frequent use of IOC does not seem to reduce BDI or the number of injuries missed during surgery.
Synthesis and Characterization of Tetramethylammonium Trifluorosulfate
Authors: Hohenstein Christian , Kadzimirsz Daniel , Ludwig Ralf , Kornath Andreas
Published: November 2010

[Me4N]+[SO2F3]−, the first example of a [SO2F3]−salt, has been prepared from Me4NF and SO2F2. The colorless, microcrystalline solid was characterized by its infrared and Raman spectra. The trigonal bipyramidal structure ofC2vsymmetry of the [SO2F3]−anion is predicted by ab initio calculations. Two oxygen atoms withd(SO)=143.2 pm and one fluorine atom withd(SF)=157.9 pm occupy the equatorial plane. The two fluorine atoms in the axial position withd(SF)=168.5 pm are repulsed by the two oxygen atoms forming a bent axis with ∡(FaxSFax)=165.2°.
Diverse Structures and Magnetism of Cobalt(II) and Manganese(II) Compounds with Mixed Azido and Carboxylato Bridges Induced by Methylpyridinium Carboxylates
Authors: Jia Qin‐Xiang , Tian Hua , Zhang Jian‐Yong , Gao En‐Qing
Published: November 2010

Herein we present a systematic study of the structures and magnetic properties of six coordination compounds with mixed azide and zwitterionic carboxylate ligands, [M(N3)2(2‐mpc)] (2‐mpc=N‐methylpyridinium‐2‐carboxylate; M=Co for 1 and Mn for 2), [M(N3)2(4‐mpc)] (4‐mpc=N‐methylpyridinium‐4‐carboxylate; M=Co for 3 and Mn for 4), [Co3(N3)6(3‐mpc)2(CH3OH)2] (5), and [Mn3(N3)6(3‐mpc)2] (6; 3‐mpc=N‐methylpyridinium‐3‐carboxylate). Compounds 1–3 consist of one‐dimensional uniform chains with (μ‐EO‐N3)2(μ‐COO) triple bridges (EO=end‐on); 5 is also a chain compound but with alternating [(μ‐EO‐N3)2(μ‐COO)] triple and [(EO‐N3)2] double bridges; Compound 4 contains two‐dimensional layers with alternating [(μ‐EO‐N3)2(μ‐COO)] triple, [(μ‐EO‐N3)(μ‐COO)] double, and (EE‐N3) single bridges (EE=end‐to‐end); 6 is a layer compound in which chains similar to those in 5 are cross‐linked by a μ3‐1,1,3‐N3 azido group. Magnetically, the three CoII compounds (1, 3, and 5) all exhibit intrachain ferromagnetic interactions but show distinct bulk properties: 1 displays relaxation dynamics at very low temperature, 3 is an antiferromagnet with field‐induced metamagnetism due to weak antiferromagnetic interchain interactions, and 5 behaves as a noninnocent single‐chain magnet influenced by weak antiferromagnetic interchain interactions. The magnetic differences can be related to the interchain interactions through π–π stacking influenced by different substitution positions in the ligands and/or different magnitudes of intrachain coupling. All of the MnII compounds show overall intrachain/intralayer antiferromagnetic interactions. Compound 2 shows the usual one‐dimensional antiferromagnetism, whereas 4 and 6 exhibit different weak ferromagnetism due to spin canting below 13.8 and 4.6 K, respectively.
Introduction of Curvature in Amphipathic Oligothiophenes for Defined Aggregate Formation
Authors: van Rijn Patrick , Janeliunas Dainius , Brizard Aurélie M. A. , Stuart Marc C. A. , Eelkema Rienk , van Esch Jan H.
Published: November 2010

In this study the possibility to control the size and shape of self‐assembled structures through the local curvature of their molecular building blocks has been investigated. To this end a series of amphipathic conjugated oligothiophenes with a well‐defined curvature of their backbone has been designed and synthesized. The molecular (local) curvature of these oligothiophenes resulted from a preference for cis instead of trans conformations at specific positions along the oligothiophene backbone, which can be controlled by the sequence of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups, while their ratio was kept constant. The self‐assembly of ter‐, sexi‐, and dodecathiophenes appeared to be a low‐cooperative process, involving the formation of premicellar aggregates at sub‐millimolar concentrations, which at concentrations in the millimolar regime transformed into micelles and cylindrical micelles. The aggregates display fine structures with dimensions reminiscent of the thiophene molecules. The structure–morphology relationship of the ter‐ and sexithiophenes could be described by conventional packing theory. However, with the dodecathiophene, the backbone curvature governed the formation of cylindrical aggregates with a well‐defined diameter. These results demonstrate that it is possible to control the aggregation morphology of simple amphipathic oligothiophenes by implementation of an additional structural motif namely, the curvature.