bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Routine, Screening Head Ultrasounds on Clinical Interventions for Premature Infants
Authors: Heling Andrew , Laughon Matthew , Price Wayne
Published: February 2018

Objective This article assesses whether routine, screening head ultrasound (HUS) studies performed at 7 to 14 postnatal days for premature infants are followed by clinical interventions.

Study Design This retrospective cohort study included all inborn infants delivered at < 30 weeks' gestational age (GA) between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2015 at a single center who had a routine, screening HUS performed between 7 and 14 postnatal days (n = 303). We defined “clinical intervention” as a 7 to 14 postnatal day HUS that was followed by neurosurgical intervention prior to a 36- to 40-week postmenstrual age (PMA) HUS or elective withdrawal of critical care within 30 days of a positive HUS finding.

Results Four infants (1.3%) had neurosurgical intervention prior to a 36- to 40-week PMA HUS; all four had a diagnostic HUS performed prior to postnatal day 7 to assess for an intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) due to clinical instability. No infant had critical care electively withdrawn following a 7 to 14 postnatal day HUS.

Conclusion Clinical intervention rarely followed routine, screening HUS studies performed at 7 to 14 postnatal days for inborn infants delivered at < 30 weeks' GA. In no case did clinical intervention related to HUS results occur when a 7 to 14 postnatal day HUS was the initial HUS performed.
The Modified Dunn Osteotomy for SCFE: Clinical and Radiographical Results at 3 Years Follow-Up
Authors: Eberhardt Oliver , Wirth Thomas , Surace Michele , Fernandez Francisco , Guindani Nicola
Published: February 2018

The modified Dunn osteotomy (MDO) gained popularity for the treatment of moderate-to-severe SCFE over the past years, even though both indications and outcomes are currently debated. The aim of this study is to evaluate results and complications of MDO consecutively performed at a single institution for severe slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) (slip angle ≥ 60°). In this retrospective clinical study, 23 hips (22 patients) were treated with MDO (2009–2015). SCFE was classified according to stability, slip angle, and as chronic/acute. Clinical assessment was performed with clinical examination and nonarthritic hip score (NAHS), modified Harris hip score (mHHS), and short form 12 (SF-12) outcome scores. Residual deformity, avascular necrosis (AVN), and osteoarthrosis (OA) were measured on plain radiographs. The mean slip angle was 70° (range 60–90); 17 of 23(74%) patients had a chronic SCFE, 6 of 23(26%) had acute-on-chronic SCFE, and 1 of 23(4%) had an unstable SCFE. The mean age at surgery was 14 years (range 11–17). At 3 years follow-up (range 1–7), 4 of 23(17%) patients had an AVN or AVN progression, one of these needing a hip arthroplasty. All the cases of AVN or AVN progression were diagnosed within the first year after surgery and there was an association between AVN and operation date (with more AVN among patients operated earlier). Out of 23 patients, 2 (9%) had an implant mobilization or failure and needed a revision surgery without further complications, 1 (4%) developed an asymptomatic heterotopic calcification, and another a partial implant removal without clinical consequence. At follow-up, the slip angle was 9° (range 1–15) and outcome scores were improved. MDO is a demanding technique which allows a near anatomical correction of SCFE and the overall complication rate is not negligible. With actual data, the authors only recommend this procedure for specialized centers, performed by experienced high-volume surgeons, and for severe displaced SCFE (≥50°). The long-term results must be closely monitored and compared with the natural history and other treatment options. This study was a Level IV retrospective study in a case series.
Impact of Multidrug Resistance Protein-4 Inhibitors on Modulating Platelet Function and High on-Aspirin Treatment Platelet Reactivity
Authors: Alemanno Laura , Massimi Isabella , Klaus Vanessa , Guarino Maria , Maltese Teresa , Frati Luigi , Angiolillo Dominick , Pulcinelli Fabio
Published: February 2018

Platelet multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4) plays a modulating role on platelet activation. Platelet function and thrombus formation are impaired in MRP4 knockout mice models, and, among aspirin-treated patients, high on-aspirin residual platelet reactivity (HARPR) positively correlates with MRP4 levels. To better understand the effects of MRP4 on platelet function, the aim of this investigation was to assess the impact of cilostazol-induced inhibition of MRP4-mediated transport and assess aspirin-induced antiplatelet effects and rates of HARPR in human subjects.

Cilostazol-dependent inhibition of MRP4-mediated transport was assessed with the release of the fluorescent adduct bimane-glutathione and aspirin entrapment. Effect of Cilostazol on cAMP inhibition was evaluated by vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP). Platelet function was studied by collagen and TRAP-6-induced platelet aggregation and secretion.

Cilostazol reduced the release of bimane-glutathione and enhanced aspirin entrapment demonstrating an inhibitory effect on MRP4 in platelets. VASP phosphorylation was absent until 10 seconds after addition of cilostazol, and becomes evident after 30 seconds. An inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation and secretion was found in activated platelets, with threshold concentration of agonists, 10 seconds after addition of cilostazol, supporting a role of MRP4 on platelet function that is cAMP independent. Cilostazol effects were also shown in aspirin-treated platelets. A reduction of platelet aggregation and secretion were observed in aspirin-treated patients with HARPR.

This study supports the role of MRP4 on modulating platelet function which occurs through cAMP-independent mechanisms. Moreover, inhibition of MRP4 induced by cilostazol enhances aspirin-induced antiplatelet effects and reduces HARPR.
Ueda-Therapie – Spastik lösen auf Japanisch
Authors: Braun Jennifer
Published: February 2018

Die Ueda-Therapie ist eine Hands-on-Technik aus Japan, um einen pathologischen Hypertonus zu reduzieren. Sie ermöglicht auch schwerstbetroffenen Menschen ein verbessertes Bewegungsrepertoire.
Psychosomatische Aspekte in der Physiotherapie – Wenn der Therapie- erfolg stockt
Authors: Kathrein Astrid
Published: February 2018

Die Befundergebnisse sind unklar, die Behandlung zeigt kaum Erfolg. In solchen Fällen kann eine psychosomatische Haltung in der Physiotherapie weiterhelfen, weiß Astrid Kathrein. Die Physiotherapeutin und Psychologin berichtet von Herrn Sailer, der auf die Behandlung seiner hartnäckigen Rückenschmerzen erst anspricht, als die Therapeutin auch auf dessen psychische Situation eingeht.
Kostenvergleich zugelassener intravitrealer Therapien bei nicht ausreichend auf primäre Therapie ansprechendem diabetischem Makulaödem mit fovealer Beteiligung in Deutschland
Authors: Neubauer Aljoscha , Haritoglou Christos , Ulbig Michael
Published: February 2018

Hintergrund Bei der Behandlung eines diabetischen Makulaödems mit fovealer Beteiligung kann es trotz intensiver und konsequenter initialer Therapie mit einem Anti-VEGF-Medikament zu einem unzureichenden Ansprechen kommen. Für eine weitere Therapie stehen derzeit ein Wechsel des Anti-VEGF-Präparates oder die intravitreale Gabe der Steroidimplantate Fluocinolonacetonid oder Dexamethason zur Verfügung. Es soll zum einen systematisch untersucht werden, welche Studiendaten evidenzbasiert zur Wirksamkeit einer zugelassenen Therapie nach vorangegangener Anti-VEGF-Therapie vorliegen, und zum anderen, welche Ausgaben für die Krankenversicherungen mit einer weiteren intravitrealen Therapie verbunden sind.

Material und Methoden Es erfolgte eine systematische Literatursuche (SLR) zu randomisierten, kontrollierten Studien (RCT) in Medline und Embase. Ein Kurzzeitkostenmodell in MS Excel mit 3 Jahren Zeithorizont wurde erstellt, um die zugelassenen Optionen Ranibizumab (Lucentis®), Aflibercept (Eylea®), Fluocinolonacetonid-Implantat (Iluvien®) und Dexamethason-Implantat (Ozurdex®) zu vergleichen. Kostenkomponenten sind Arzneimittel- und Injektionskosten, optische Kohärenztomografie (OCT) und unerwünschte Ereignisse wie Endophthalmitis, den Augeninnendruck senkende Medikation bzw. Eingriffe oder Kataraktoperationen.

Ergebnisse Es wurden 42 Publikationen zu 20 RCTs identifiziert, wobei keine eine Population nach vorangegangener Anti-VEGF-Therapie hatte, sodass kein direkter Vergleich der Wirksamkeit möglich war. Im Kostenmodell ergaben sich Kosten von 17 542 € für Ranibizumab, 15 896 € für Aflibercept, 10 826 € für das Fluocinolonacetonid-Implantat und 12 365 € für das Dexamethason-Implantat. Bei allen Therapien sind die Medikamentenkosten die bestimmende Kostenkomponente. In der uni- und multivariaten Sensitivitätsanalyse zeigten sich die Ergebnisse als robust gegen Veränderungen des Inputs.

Schlussfolgerung Zusammenfassend konnte in einem Kostenvergleichsmodell über 3 Jahre gezeigt werden, dass die Steroidimplantate in der Therapie des diabetischen Makulaödems nach vorangegangener Anti-VEGF-Gabe erhebliche Kosteneinsparungen im Vergleich zu einer weiteren In-Label-Anti-VEGF-Therapie liefern können. Dabei stellt eine einmalige Gabe des Steroidimplantats Fluocinolonacetonid die kostengünstigste zulassungskonforme Alternative dar.
Investigating the electrical conduction and relaxation phenomena in rare earth erbium doped lead free 0.94Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-0.06BaTiO3 by impedance spectroscopy
Authors: Khatua Dipak Kumar , Agarwal Abhishek , Ranjan Rajeev
Published: February 2018

Rare earth erbium (Er3+) doped 0.94Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-0.06BaTiO3 (NBT-6BT) was prepared via a solid state synthesis route as per the nominal formula 0.94Na0.5Bi0.5-xErxTiO3-0.06BaTiO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.05). Detailed impedance spectroscopy studies, invoking complex impedance and modulus formalisms, were carried out in order to investigate the influence of erbium doping on the long range electrical conduction and localized relaxation in the system. Our results suggest that a low concentration (x = 0.005) of rare earth doping significantly reduces the long range ionic conductivity (with respect to the undoped NBT-6BT value) and decreases the local relaxation, making the system electrically homogeneous. At a higher doping concentration (x ≥ 0.01), enhancement in the electrical conductivity occurs and local relaxation increases in the system. Observed trends are rationalized on the basis of a model, which hypothesizes phase segregation at a higher concentration of Er-doping. Such segregation leads to the formation of pure NBT-6BT regions and Er-saturated phase with probable dissimilar polar symmetry compared to that of NBT-6BT. A possible correlation between grain size, electrical conductivity, activation energy of conductivity, and local relaxation is indicated.
Efficiency measures of the Chinese biogas project subsidy policy using an additive two stage DEA
Authors: Li Xiaoyan
Published: February 2018

In this study, based on the perspective of effectiveness, the entire process of the biogas project is divided into two sub-processes (biogas production and biogas consumption). We utilize the additive two-stage Data Envelopment Analysis to evaluate the efficiency of biogas project subsidy policy. Our finding indicates that from the perspective of input-output efficiency, the efficiency of biogas project subsidy policy is low in China. There are two main reasons for this result: the subsidy is inadequate and its purpose deviates from the actual demand. First, because the subsidy is inadequate and the construction cost of the rural biogas project is high, farmers are unable to build rural household biogas digesters by raising funds themselves. Second, the biogas project subsidy policy only stimulates the increase in biogas production through increasing the construction of large and middle scale biogas projects. But the construction of a household biogas digester is ignored. Furthermore, macro-affecting factors have a significant influence on the implementation of biogas project subsidy policy. When formulating new biogas project subsidy policy, the government should consider the influence of urbanization, per capita annual income, and international oil price fluctuations. The above analysis could provide theoretical guidance for the government to formulate new biogas project subsidy policy.
In situ temperature monitoring in single-molecule FRET experiments
Authors: Hartmann Andreas , Berndt Frederic , Ollmann Simon , Krainer Georg , Schlierf Michael
Published: February 2018

Thermodynamic properties of single molecules including enthalpic and entropic contributions are often determined from experiments by a direct control and precise measurement of the local temperature. However, common temperature monitoring techniques using, for example, ultrafine temperature probes can lead to uncertainties as the probe cannot be placed in the vicinity of the molecule of interest. Here, we devised an approach to measure the local temperature in freely diffusing confocal single-molecule Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET) experiments in situ by directly adding the temperature-sensitive fluorescent dye Rhodamine B, whose fluorescence lifetime serves as a probe of the local temperature in the confocal volume. We demonstrate that the temperature and FRET efficiencies of static and dynamic molecules can be extracted within one measurement simultaneously, without the need of a reference chamber. We anticipate this technique to be particularly useful in the physicochemical analyses of temperature-dependent biomolecular processes from single-molecule measurements.
An array of semiconductor-based microlaser cavities use quantum dots as their gain medium
Authors: Majors J. H.
Published: February 2018

A microlaser design uses buried-stressor sites, created to localize quantum dots housed in the cavity, as the apertures. Each micropillar cavity is lithographically patterned from the alternating layers of cavity components.
The influence of ethanol as a solvent on the gibberellic acid-induced germination of Brachyscome and Allittia (Asteraceae) seeds
Authors: Aleman Rina , Jusaitis Manfred , Gibbs Joan , Ainsley Phil , Tiver Fleur
Published: February 2018

Gibberellic acid (GA3) is routinely used as a germination stimulant for seeds. However, the methods used to dissolve GA3 powder – particularly if using organic solvents – have the potential to affect germination outcomes. In this study we examined the influence of the solvent ethanol, used to dissolve GA3, on the seed germination of 14 species of Brachyscome and two species of Allittia. These species are important Australian native composites with potential for use in habitat restoration. Seeds of 11 of these species were found to be particularly responsive to GA3. However, the use of a low concentration of ethanol (0.5%) to dissolve GA3 affected subsequent germination outcomes, with four species responding positively and eight negatively to this solvent. The pure effect of GA3 was therefore masked by the presence of small concentrations of ethanol, whose effects varied between the species examined. Because of these potentially confounding effects of ethanol, we recommend the use of pure water for dissolution of GA3 when testing seed germination responses in these genera.
Understanding microbiomes through trait-based ecology
Authors: Wood Jennifer L , Franks Ashley E
Published: February 2018

Ecology is the study of the interactions amongst organisms and their environment1. In microbial ecology, a major goal is to understand how environmental microbiomes impact ecosystem health and function. This desire to mechanistically link micro and macro processes is increasingly highlighting the importance of functional ecology, which aims to develop an understanding of relationships using functional traits, as opposed to species names. A functional trait may be any morphological or physiological trait that influences the performance or fitness of an individual in a given environment, such as regeneration time, size, antibiotic production or motility2. Although it is not possible to measure a given trait for each individual within an environmental microbiome, community-level functional traits can be derived from the community metagenome either directly via shotgun sequencing or predictively (for bacteria) from 16S rRNA profiles3. In understanding environmental microbiomes, functional traits have unique properties that can be utilised to (1) compare microbiomes using an ecological framework, (2) understand processes governing community assembly, and (3) build predictive ecological models.
The real and the quasi-real: problems of distinction
Authors: Dreier Jamie
Published: February 2018

This paper surveys some ways of distinguishing Quasi-Realism in metaethics (and I hope also in other areas) from Non-naturalist Realism, including ‘Explanationist’ methods of distinguishing, which characterize the Real by its explanatory role, and Inferentialist methods. Rather than seeking the One True Distinction, the paper adopts an irenic and pragmatist perspective, allowing that different ways of drawing the line are best for different purposes.
Immunomodulation by food: impact on gut immunity and immune cell function
Authors: Hachimura Satoshi , Totsuka Mamoru , Hosono Akira
Published: February 2018

Recent studies have revealed that various food components affect the immune response. These components act on various immune cells, and their effects are mediated through the intestinal immune system and, in some cases, the intestinal microbiota. In this review, we describe the immunomodulating effects of various food components, including probiotics, prebiotics, polysaccharides, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, peptides, amino acids and polyphenols. Some of these components enhance immune responses, leading to host defense against infection, whereas others inhibit immune responses, thus suppressing allergy and inflammation.
From Copenhagen to Uri and across the Line of Control: India's ‘surgical strikes’ as a case of securitisation in two acts
Authors: Kapur Saloni
Published: February 2018

This article sets out to critique India's security discourse surrounding the ‘surgical strikes’ of September 2016, using the theoretical framework provided by securitisation. It aims to answer two central questions: First, can securitisation theory provide fresh empirical insights on India's conflict with Pakistan over Jammu and Kashmir that have been overlooked by more traditional approaches to security studies? Secondly, in what way can this case further our understanding of securitisation and thus contribute to the development of the theory? In this article, I have argued that, much like a two-act play, India's securitisation of the Pakistani threat occurred in two distinct (speech) acts. The first illocutionary move preceded the extraordinary measure of Indian troops crossing the Line of Control separating Indian- and Pakistani-administered Jammu and Kashmir. The second speech act followed this action and occurred when the Indian state uttered the words ‘surgical strikes.’ This defies securitisation theory's chronological structure, which posits that the speech act always precedes the implementation of an exceptional measure. Secondly, I suggest that the Copenhagen School's emphasis on the subjective nature of security and on the normative preferability of de-securitisation offers valuable insights on the empirical stalemate that is the Kashmir conflict.
Securitization, mafias and violence in Brazil and Mexico
Authors: Gledhill John
Published: February 2018

The elites of Latin American societies, founded on genocide of indigenous peoples and the Atlantic slave trade, always manifested anxiety about mixed race ‘dangerous classes’ and used violence to ‘keep them in their proper place’. Contemporary depictions of poor people and migrants as threats to the rest of ‘society’ replicate securitisation discourses associated with neoliberal capitalism elsewhere in the world. Latin America also replicates much of the North Atlantic world in the way centre-left governments adopted public security policies embodying the same logic, despite their pretensions to mitigate social inequality and racism. Moves back to the right multiply the contradictions: fiscal austerity, attacks on wages and social entitlements and abandonment of national sovereignty over resources fail to solve economic problems but increase inequality, motivating regimes lacking political legitimacy to resort to the criminalization of social movements and militarization of internal security. Using Brazil and Mexico as examples, and considering border security as well as internal security, this paper also shows how political mafias promote the rise of criminal mafias in a securitized environment in which public guardians of order contribute to the escalation of violence but may also see themselves as victims of the system they serve.
Lack of cool, not warm, extremes distinguishes late 20th Century climate in 979-year Tasmanian summer temperature reconstruction
Authors: Allen K J , Cook E R , Evans R , Francey R , Buckley B M , Palmer J G , Peterson M J , Baker P J
Published: February 2018

Very few annually resolved millennial-length temperature reconstructions exist for the Southern Hemisphere. Here we present four 979-year reconstructions for southeastern Australia for the austral summer months of December–February. Two of the reconstructions are based on the Australian Water Availability Project dataset and two on the Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature dataset. For each climate data set, one reconstruction is based solely on Lagarostrobos franklinii (restricted reconstructions) while the other is based on multiple Tasmanian conifer species (unrestricted reconstructions). Each reconstruction calibrates ~50−60% of the variance in the temperature datasets depending on the number of tree-ring records available for the reconstruction. We found little difference in the temporal variability of the reconstructions, although extremes are amplified in the restricted reconstructions relative to the unrestricted reconstructions. The reconstructions highlight the occurrence of numerous individual years, especially in the 15th−17th Centuries, for which temperatures were comparable with those of the late 20th Century. The 1950−1999 period, however, stands out as the warmest 50-year period on average for the past 979 years, with a sustained shift away from relatively low mean temperatures, the length of which is unique in the 979-year record. The reconstructions are strongly and positively related to temperatures across the southeast of the Australian continent, negatively related to temperatures in the north and northeast of the continent, and uncorrelated with temperatures in the west. The lack of a strong relationship with temperatures across the continent highlights the necessity of a sub-regional focus for Australasian temperature reconstructions.
Process and Critical Tasks of Cross-Cultural Research
Authors: Tran Thanh V. , Nguyen Tam , Chan Keith
Published: February 2018

The overall process of cross-cultural instrument development and assessment are discussed in this chapter. Research instrument is defined as a systematic and standardized tool for data collection. It includes all types of research questionnaires and standardized scales. There are three methods of cross-cultural research instrument development: adopting an existing instrument, adapting or modifying an existing instrument, and developing a new instrument. In order to develop a cross-culturally valid questionnaire or instrument, the concepts or constructs selected for the investigation must be clearly defined and bear the same meanings across the selected cultural groups. No good questionnaire can be developed without clear definitions. This is a matter of utmost importance for all levels of cultural comparative research and evaluation whether it is a gender or racial/ethnic comparison within one society or across nations.
Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Anderson James A.
Published: February 2018

Hardware matters. The neural organ largely responsible for cognition is the cerebral cortex of mammals. Cortex is a thin two-dimensional layered structure arranged with on the order of a few hundred interconnected regions that seem to be specialized for particular operations. Regions often show topographic organization. Early vision displays an interestingly distorted topographic map of the retinal input, audition has a topographic map of frequency, and there is a distorted map of the body surface on the somatosensory areas. Information in cortex is not “processed” with an orderly flow from raw input data to a final conclusion but seems instead to send information both backward and forward so sensory input and learned information work together for a consensus analysis. Relative to body size, a bigger brain is a better brain. The most common cell types are variants of pyramidal cells with pronounced lateral interconnections.
Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Anderson James A.
Published: February 2018

There is important local processing in cortex as well as the more dramatic massive projections back and forth between cortical regions. Using short, slow, local connections eliminates many long, expensive, fast interregional connections. Cortical pyramidal cells connect to neighbors over several millimeters in the form of patchy connections. Connections are often reciprocal between patches. Groups of cells called cortical columns are ubiquitous in cortex and seem to be fundamental architectural units. A functional column is perhaps .3 mm in diameter containing perhaps 10,000 cells. Intrinsic imaging studies of columns in inferotemporal cortex show they respond selectively to complex aspects of images. A small number of columns respond to a complex object. In inferotemporal cortex, these responses might be “words” in a language of vision. There is evidence for scaling of computation from single units to cortical regions. Understanding the function of such ensembles is the future.
Discipline, Level, Genre: Integrating Situational Perspectives in a New MD Analysis of University Student Writing
Authors: Gardner Sheena , Nesi Hilary , Biber Douglas
Published: February 2018

While there have been many investigations of academic genres, and of the linguistic features of academic discourse, few studies have explored how these interact across a range of university student writing situations. To counter misconceptions that have arisen regarding student writing, this article aims to provide comprehensive linguistic descriptions of a wide range of university assignment genres in relation to multiple situational variables. Our new multidimensional (MD) analysis of the British Academic Written English (BAWE) corpus identifies clusters of linguistic features along four dimensions, onto which academic disciplines, disciplinary groups, levels of study, and genre families are mapped. The dimensions are interpreted through text extracts as: (i) Compressed Procedural Information versus Stance towards the Work of Others; (ii) Personal Stance; (iii) Possible Events versus Completed Events; and (iv) Informational Density. Clusters of linguistic features from the comprehensive set of situational perspectives found across this framework can be selected to inform the teaching of a ‘common academic core’, and to inform the design of programmes tailored to the needs of specific disciplines.
Tidal stripping and the structure of dwarf galaxies in the Local Group
Authors: Fattahi Azadeh , Navarro Julio F , Frenk Carlos S , Oman Kyle A , Sawala Till , Schaller Matthieu
Published: February 2018

The shallow faint-end slope of the galaxy mass function is usually reproduced in Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) galaxy formation models by assuming that the fraction of baryons that turn into stars drops steeply with decreasing halo mass and essentially vanishes in haloes with maximum circular velocities Vmax < 20–30 km s−1. Dark-matter-dominated dwarfs should therefore have characteristic velocities of about that value, unless they are small enough to probe only the rising part of the halo circular velocity curve (i.e. half-mass radii, r1/2 ≪ 1 kpc). Many dwarfs have properties in disagreement with this prediction: they are large enough to probe their halo Vmax but their characteristic velocities are well below 20 km s−1. These ‘cold faint giants’ (an extreme example is the recently discovered Crater 2 Milky Way satellite) can only be reconciled with our ΛCDM models if they are the remnants of once massive objects heavily affected by tidal stripping. We examine this possibility using the APOSTLE cosmological hydrodynamical simulations of the Local Group. Assuming that low-velocity-dispersion satellites have been affected by stripping, we infer their progenitor masses, radii, and velocity dispersions, and find them in remarkable agreement with those of isolated dwarfs. Tidal stripping also explains the large scatter in the mass discrepancy–acceleration relation in the dwarf galaxy regime: tides remove preferentially dark matter from satellite galaxies, lowering their accelerations below the amin ∼ 10−11 m s−2 minimum expected for isolated dwarfs. In many cases, the resulting velocity dispersions are inconsistent with the predictions from Modified Newtonian Dynamics, a result that poses a possibly insurmountable challenge to that scenario.
Introduction
Authors: McCammon Holly J. , Banaszak Lee Ann
Published: February 2018

This introduction takes a number of steps to highlight the book’s focus on women’s engagement in electoral politics and their efforts in social movement activism. The introduction begins by returning briefly to the history of the woman suffrage movement, ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, and the immediate political aftermath of giving voting rights to many women in the United States. The introduction then looks back over the last century and asks, what has transpired since enactment of the Nineteenth Amendment, and where is the United States today? The introduction discusses the significant progress women have made in the political realm as well as numerous ways in which women experience marginalization, including how intersecting constraints, for instance, between gender and race or gender and class place limits on some women’s political engagement. The discussion then provides readers with an overview of the volume’s chapters.
One Hundred Years since Women’s Suffrage
Authors: Monforti Jessica Lavariega
Published: February 2018

One hundred years since women won the right to vote in federal elections, the representation of women in elected office falls far below proportionality. The disparity is even greater for women of color: while significant proportions of the US population are Asian American, Black, and Latina women, few women of color hold elective office. Of the ninety-seven women who were elected in 2012 and are serving in the 113th Congress, only nine are Latina. These women are often marginalized by both their ethnorace and their gender. This chapter examines one hundred years of Latina political candidates, those who successfully ran for federal office, and the multiple, intersecting marginalities they faced and conquered in order to win their congressional elections.
Black Women Cause Lawyers
Authors: Hearne Brittany N. , McCammon Holly J.
Published: February 2018

This chapter traces the social movement cause lawyering of black women over the last one hundred years. The discussion examines the legal activism of four generations of black women lawyers, investigating the influence of the civil rights and second-wave feminist movements on their activism. For the earliest generation of black women lawyers, late in the nineteenth century, earning a law degree itself was an onerous struggle. The second generation used their legal skills to advocate for black justice within the civil rights movement. A third generation drew on comparisons of racial and gender discrimination, highlighting similarities and furthering the understanding of gender bias. The fourth generation of black women cause lawyers, often working within the legal academy, has led in developing the intersectionality paradigm, which explains how racism and gender bias intertwine. The chapter concludes by considering the significant impacts of black women cause lawyers, including how their insights reveal law’s operation in the lives of women of color and others influenced by multiple politicized identities.
Women Occupying Wall Street
Authors: Hurwitz Heather McKee , Taylor Verta
Published: February 2018

This chapter analyzes the significance of gender conflict and feminist mobilization for the emergence and dynamics of the Occupy Wall Street movement that began in 2011. The analysis is based on participant observation, in-depth interviews with seventy-three participants, and movement documents. The chapter shows that gender conflict influenced the Occupy movement’s goals, organization, tactics, and strategies, giving rise to spin-off feminist mobilizations that reinvigorated feminist organizations and networks. The analysis focuses on three processes that were central to feminist mobilization within Occupy: the construction of feminist collective identity, the creation of feminist free spaces, and the use of feminist bridge leaders.
Behavior Control, Meaning, and Neuroscience
Authors: Glannon Walter
Published: February 2018

Neuroscience challenges our beliefs about agency and autonomy because it seems to imply that we have no control of our behavior: most brain processes are not transparent to us, we have no direct access to the efferent system, and we only experience the sensorimotor consequences of our unconscious motor plans. In this chapter, Walter Glannon argues that although unconscious processes drive many of our actions, this does not imply that conscious mental states have no causal role in our behavior and that we have no control over it. He argues that some degree of unconscious neural constraint on conscious mental states is necessary to modulate thought and action and promote flexible behavior and adaptability to environmental demands. He maintains that a nonreductive materialist account of the mind–brain relation makes it plausible to claim that mental states can cause changes in physical states of the brain.
Purpose, Freedom, and the Laws of Nature
Authors: Carroll Sean M.
Published: February 2018

Sean M. Carroll notes that, despite popular stereotypes of existential “philosophers sitting in cafes, smoking cigarettes and drinking apricot cocktails” and neuroscientists decked out in lab coats, there is an undeniable connection between existentialism and science. This is perhaps easy to see with biology and neuroscience, but the connection goes beyond this. Carroll maintains that, “An honest grappling with the questions of purpose and freedom in the universe must also involve ideas from physics and cosmology.” He goes on to argue that if we want to create purpose and meaning at the scale of individual human lives, we must understand the nature of the larger universe of which we are a part. After discussing what modern physics can tell us about determinism, quantum mechanics, the arrow of time, and emergence, Carroll concludes by exploring the existential implications of these insights for freedom and meaning.
Spiritualism, Religion, and Other Romantic Quests for the Authentic Self
Authors: Epstein William M.
Published: February 2018

Chapter 4 explores the quest for the authentic self in illuminations of the true self, in theories of organizational leadership, and in other sorts of personal quests for the authentic soul. The national investment in romantic quests sustains the preferences for social efficiency, superstition, and quick authenticity. These preferences supplant serious material attempts to repair inequality and begin to explain the minimalism and the underlying architecture of most social services.
Food Stamps and Public Welfare
Authors: Epstein William M.
Published: February 2018

Chapter 9 describes the food stamp program as inseparable from the romantic certainties that gave rise to the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunities Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA). It focuses on Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). The characteristics of food stamp recipients and welfare recipients generally and the performance of welfare programs—objective social need and response—are less germane to the American people than their beliefs in virtue. Those beliefs are sustained by faith in an imagined tradition more than by social reality or even the effects that those beliefs have on the conditions of need. Food stamp benefits, taken together with all means-tested welfare programs, are inadequate to routinely raise recipients out of poverty. Serious deprivation remains widespread. Rather than relieve poverty, these public welfare programs ceremonialize the tenets of policy romanticism.
Conclusion
Authors: Epstein William M.
Published: February 2018

The Conclusion argues that the nation’s attachment to policy romanticism prevents its social maturation. Incorporating freely chosen, widely cherished values, policy romanticism remains antagonistic to liberal democracy, or at least to the Enlightenment hopes for social progress. Americans are not innocent of American problems. The nation’s problems are created as the effects of consensual, embedded norms. In contrast, the control of social policy making by illegitimate elites is so improbable that mass preference and mass consent would seem to be a logical default position. Mass consent should be specifically refuted with hard evidence of conspiracies of one sort or another before considering other explanations. The political passivity of Americans signaling contentment or at least acceptance is a more reasonable surmise than the success of hidden evil forces in pacifying the population through a narcosis of liquor, drugs, and the nearly infinite diversions of numbing entertainment.
Love’s Knowledge; or, The Significance of What We Care About
Authors: Furtak Rick Anthony
Published: February 2018

This chapter explains why love and care can be reliable capacities. Without love, or care, as a basic affective disposition, we would not have access to those features of the world that attract our attention and that move us to respond emotionally. That we are loving or caring beings structures how the world seems to us: what seems real and significant, what appears to be possible, as well as what arouses our attention and moves us to respond. A person who loves or cares minimally apprehends less and inhabits a diminished world. What it means to love someone or something is to value her or its life and well-being as an end in itself. Our heightened awareness of what we love and care about enables us to appreciate aspects of our surroundings that would otherwise have been lost on us: these emotional dispositions thus reveal meaningful features of the world.
The Dynamics of Reputation
Authors: Crescenzi Mark J.C.
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines the study of reputation in world politics and provides a model of reputation formation and evolution, emphasizing that, paradoxically, the role and relevance of reputation in global relations has been both pervasive and evasive. The chapter identifies a functional, dynamic model of reputation, and introduces the key terms of “antagonist,” “protagonist,” and “proxy” states. This model places particular emphasis on states in the context of world politics, and argues that states and their leaders indeed have reputations, but these reputations are complex and multi-dimensional. The post-WWII relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union provides an illuminating example.
Reputation, Conflict, and War
Authors: Crescenzi Mark J.C.
Published: February 2018

This chapter focuses on two particular questions relating to the role of reputation and violence. The first is whether a reputation for past violence on the part of a state influences the onset ofnewviolence involving that state.This is the first stage of militarized conflict, the initiation of disputes. The second question is whether a reputation for escalating violence to full-blown war affects the likelihood that future disputes involving that state will be more likely to escalate to war as well. The results indicate that the hostile reputational histories increase the likelihood of conflict, and that conflict will escalate to war.
Paradise Found
Authors: Doquang Mailan S.
Published: February 2018

This chapter inquires into the formal and metaphorical connections between medieval French churches and the paradisiacal garden. Drawing on textual and visual evidence, it demonstrates that monumental flora operated in tandem with organic motifs in other media, as well as with figural sculptures and the liturgy, to forge and promote links between sacred buildings and the earthly and celestial paradise. It explores the relationship between sculpted foliage and the Tree of Life, the hortus conclusus, and the Garden of Joseph of Arimathea (the location of Jesus’ rock-cut tomb and the site of the church of the Holy Sepulcher). The chapter concludes with an account of the possible negative connotations of vegetal motifs in church settings, which relate to the Fall and Expulsion of Adam and Eve from Eden.
Rock in Broader Context
Authors: Temperley David
Published: February 2018

This chapter zooms out to examine the broader historical and stylistic context of rock. The roots of rock—especially in common-practice music, the blues, and Tin Pan Alley / jazz—have been widely discussed, but this chapter attempts to identify more systematically the features that rock shares with these previous styles, as well as its unique features. A historical survey of rock itself and its various subgenres finds that it underwent major changes in the early 1960s but remained rather stable over the next three decades, and in some respects rather homogenous. The chapter then considers some other genres with which rock has interacted and sometimes fused: folk, Latin pop, jazz, electronic dance music, rap, and country. Finally, it considers the development of rock since 2000, finding some changes in the style but also many continuities.
Language Change and Movement as Seen by Historical Linguistics
Authors: Nurse Derek
Published: February 2018

The focus of this chapter is on how languages move and change over time and space. The perceptions of historical linguists have been shaped by what they were observing. During the flowering of comparative linguistics, from the late 19th into the 20th century, the dominant view was that in earlier times when people moved, their languages moved with them, often over long distances, sometimes fast, and that language change was largely internal. That changed in the second half of the 20th century. We now recognize that in recent centuries and millennia, most movements of communities and individuals have been local and shorter. Constant contact between communities resulted in features flowing across language boundaries, especially in crowded and long-settled locations such as most of Central and West Africa. Although communities did mix and people did cross borders, it became clear that language and linguistic features could also move without communities moving.
The Ethnologue and L2 Mapping
Authors: Olson Kenneth S. , Lewis M. Paul
Published: February 2018

The early focus of the Ethnologue was on L1 use and is reflected in the maps that are included with each new edition. Typically, the maps show locations and boundaries corresponding to the distribution of L1 speakers. The location of widespread, second, or additional languages (such as national languages, lingua francas, and languages of wider communication) is only occasionally represented by maps, using a variety of methods. Major factors affecting this effort are related to language identification (ISO 639-3), categorization (status: sociohistorical, official recognition, vitality), and analytical and research methods (lexical similarity, intelligibility, bilingual proficiency). This chapter examines the Ethnologue’s approach in all of these areas. Currently, significant effort is being made to structure the Ethnologue database to provide expanded data on the ecological setting of each language. This should significantly increase capacity for mapping the use of widespread L2s. A sample map showing the use of Lingala/Bangala is provided.
800 Languages and Counting
Authors: Logan Carolyn
Published: February 2018

Using data on more than 800 home languages identified during Afrobarometer Round 5 surveys in 35 countries, as well as information on multilingualism gathered in 20 countries in Round 4, this chapter explores linguistic diversity and multilingualism at the individual level, within communities, and across countries. Afrobarometer data offer a unique perspective on the distribution of languages and language capabilities from the viewpoint of the users of language rather than those who study it. The chapter also identifies some of the challenges encountered in collecting public opinion data in linguistically diverse environments. The findings reveal that even in many rural zones many Africans are living within ethnically and linguistically diverse communities, and preliminary analysis suggests this may have important implications for social and political attitudes. The data have untapped potential for understanding language evolution and for studying language both as a product and as a variable driving attitudes and outcomes.
Kidney Cancer
Authors: Zhang Xuehong , Cho Eunyoung , Adami Hans-Olov
Published: February 2018

The etiology of kidney cancer remains largely unknown. Cigarette smoking, obesity, and hypertension are well-established risk factors for kidney cancer. Although the current evidence is relatively mixed, other emerging risk factors include use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, and high parity in women. In contrast, physical activity and alcohol consumption have been consistently inversely associated with risk of kidney cancer. There is no convincing evidence of a causal link with any other specific food items or nutrients. Most kidney cancers are sporadic, and current studies of common genetic variants report mixed results, but genetic variations may also contribute to the etiology of kidney cancer. Further research is warranted to identify new environmental causes, to better understand the genetic and molecular processes, and to account for different molecular subtypes with specific genetic or tumor characteristics.
A Theory of Moral Accountability
Authors: Franklin Christopher Evan
Published: February 2018

This chapter develops a theory of moral accountability—an account of the conditions under which agents deserve praise and blame. Despite some claims, libertarianism is motivated not simply, or even primarily, by a detached set of abstract reflections on the metaphysical structure of reality but rather by an interpersonal engagement with one another. Paying careful attention to the nature of justifications, excuses, and exemptions, it is argued that an agent is morally accountable for an action only if she has free will, understood to consist in the opportunity to exercise the abilities of reflective self-control in more than one way. Importantly, this chapter makes no claim about the precise nature of the abilities and opportunities involved in free will, and thus the theory so far developed is neutral between compatibilism and incompatibilism.