bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ERROR ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ WRITING: A CASE STUDY OF EFL UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS AT INDRAPRASTA PGRI UNIVERSITY
Authors: Simanjuntak Herlina Lindaria
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

 

The purpose of this research is to analyze grammatical error made by  the third semester students of unindra PGRI University in their writing. The researcher uses descriptive qualitative method in order to investigate errors in writing made by the three learners.  The researcher used the descriptive analysis technique with the percentage of the data. The researcher limited the research of grammatical errors only for three categories namely omission, misinformation, and addition. The result shows that the total grammatical errors made by the three learners are 39 errors. The highest number of learner error was done in tenses, which is 19 errors or  48,7%, preposition errors 12 errors or 30,8%, and singular/plural noun 8 errors or 20,5%.  The most categories of errors made by the three learners were in omission 14 errors or 35,9% and misinformation categories 14 errors or 35,9%, meanwhile for the rest category, addition category 11 errors or 28,2%. None participant made grammatical error on singular/plural noun of misinformation category. This research is very important because the teachers/lecturers could find out the appropriate strategy to teach and finally, it can improve the learners’ skill of writing.

Key words: Error Analysis, Gramatical, Students’ writing.

 

 

ABSTRAK

 

Tujuan peneletian ini untuk menganalisa kesalahan tatabahasa  yang dibuat oleh mahasiswa semester tiga universitas Indraprasta PGRI dalam penulisan karangan mereka. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif guna menginvestigasi kesalahan dalam menulis yang dibuat oleh tiga mahasiswa/i. Menyajikan data dalam bentuk presentase. Peneliti membatasi penelitian kesalahan tatabahasa ini hanya tiga kategori, yaitu penghilangan, kesalahan informasi, dan penambahan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa jumlah kesalahan tatabahasa yang dibuat oleh ketiga mahasiswa/i tersebut adalah 39 kesalahan. Kesalahan terbanyak adalah kesalahan dalam tensis, yaitu 19 kesalahan atau 48,7%, kata depan 12 kesalahan atau 30,8%, dan kata benda tunggal/jamak 8 kesalahan atau 20,5%. Sementara itu kesalahan terbanyak dalam hal kategoti ialah penghilangan 14 kesalahan atau 35,9%, kesalahan informasi yaitu 14 kesalahan atau 35,9%, sementara itu kesalahan kategori dalam hal penambahan sebanyak 11 kesalahan atau 28,2%. Tak satupun dari mahasiswa/i membuat kesalahan tatabahasa  kata benda tunggal/jamak untuk kategori kesalahan informasi. Penelitian ini sangat berfaedah karena para guru/dosen dapat menemukan strategi mengajar yang tepat. Pada akhirnya, dapat menambah  keahlian mahasiswa/i dalam penulisan mereka.

Key Words: Analisis kesalahan, Tata bahasa, Penulisan mahasiswa/i.
Formative Assessment in Language Evaluation Class
Authors: Basori Basori , Mubarok Harir
Published: April 2021

This study is intended to analyze variations of formative assessment strategies applied in Language Evaluation class. The class was taught by an English native speaker. A descriptive qualitative method was employed in the study in which interviews and classroom observations were conducted to collect the data. In addition, syllabus and materials used for the class were also used as the supporting instruments in the study. The findings set out that various kinds of formative assessment used in the respective class. They were oral question, choral questioning, a quiz, Think-Pair-Share, Think-Pair-Write-Share, pair work and group work. The delivery of each assessment technique are differed in each lesson, but are always preceded with questions before a specific technique used. The study advocates that formative assessment in higher education is highly suggested, yet real challenges lie for lecturers to apply.
Representation Analysis of “Great Expectation” Novel by Charles Dickens
Authors: Luthfiansyah Luthfiansyah , Fidinillah Mildan Arsdan
Published: April 2021

This research examines the novel ‘The Great Expectation’. Researchers are interested in analyzing this novel because it is a picture of real life, especially life in the United Kingdom in the days of Queen Victoria. As a realistic writer, Charles Dickens is through people’s descriptions reflect reality in his life time. This research uses the theory of semiotics which is collaborated with Karl Marx’s theory which reveals class strata. In the science of semiotics, everything, even humans can be made a sign, which can be developed into a myth of life. Seeing from the main actor’s novel, Pip, Everyone still has a lot to learn, such as his kindness, strength, and optimism. Individual growth is the process of growing into a perfect self. Although Pip’s great hopes are disappointing, he finally returns to good moral character, and starts a new life. In addition, this study analyzes the style of the main character Pip which has its own points in interpreting the style of dress. In this novel, researchers want to prove that the style of dress can be a tool to prove the formation of a person’s identity or the identity of a particular group that uses it.
The Assessment of Students’ English Writing Skill at SMA Yaspen Tugu Ibu Depok
Authors: Mulyadi Mulyadi , Nurani Siti , Frijuniarsi Nurul
Published: April 2021

The aim of this research is to analyze empirically English writing skill of Senior High School students. This research is a descriptive qualitative research. The population of this research is the second grade students from SMA Yaspen Tugu Ibu in Depok. The sample was taken through simple random sampling of which 25 students as samples of this research. For collecting the data, the instruments used in this research were writing test and interview. The writing test was conducted to obtain the writing skill indicators, while the interview was carried out to elicit information of students’ problems in writing. The result of this research explained that students’ English writing skill was definitely good at SMA Yaspen Tugu Ibu Depok. There were 88% of students with scores more than 50 and only 12 % with scores less than 50. In conclusion, the students’ writing skill at SMA Yaspen Tugu Ibu is considered to be high category in English writing skill.
Utilization of Seamless Learning as a Learning Model during Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia
Authors: Setyowati Luluk
Published: April 2021

One of the effects of the 2019-20 Coronavirus pandemic is relied on education throughout the world. Education in Indonesia is also affected by the COVID-19 virus. All levels of education from elementary schools to tertiary institutions (universities) both under the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture and those under the Indonesian Ministry of Religion are "forced" to learn from home because of face-to-face learning removed to prevent COVID-19 transmission. Under these conditions, the education system can adopt Seamless Learning. Seamless Learning allows students to determine when and where they will learn. This research is a literature study reviewing studies which show that Seamless can now be done to replace traditional systems during pandemic. Seamless Learning can be an option for learning methods that can be applied during the COVID-19 quarantine period. Seamless Learning allows students to learn more independently and does not sacrifice students with certain hours and duration as long as the material is affordable and accessible to students. Students can easily access material and are not limited by certain devices making it easier for students who do not have a computer or laptop.
Translation Techniques as a Message for Target Readers in Children Story ‘Widget’
Authors: Widarwati Nunun Tri , Astuti Purwani Indri , Arianti Arin , Giyatmi Giyatmi
Published: April 2021

In the case of translating children stories, translators need to be an extra careful since children stories are not just about fun, but children stories usually also contain moral messages. Different from translating texts for adults, the role of translators as a filter in translating children text is greater since unlike adult, children ability to do self-filter in absorbing any material they read is very weak. Therefore, translating this kind of text is certainly a challenge for translators: on one side they have to deliver the message, and on another they have to make sure that their translation should still deliver moral message to target readers. This research captures the effort of translators in trying to do both through their choice of translation techniques in translating children story Widget. The goal of the research is to investigate and to explain the translation techniques used by translators in translating Widget. The research employed qualitative analysis with the data in the form of sentences in the story with total sampling. The results of the research show that various translation techniques are chosen to deliver the message of the original text in the translation such as established equivalent, pure borrowing, explicitation, transposition, compensation, modulation, and reduction. In addition to that, some of them were chosen especially in order to deliver the target readers in terms of the culture of original text.
Proses dan Prinsip Pengembangan Kurikulum Pendidikan Guru Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Authors: Junaedi Junaedi , Wahab Abdul , Sudarmono Muh. Aidil
Published: April 2021

Pengembangan kurikulum adalah sebuah proses yang merencanakan, menghasilkan suatu alat yang lebih baik dengan didasarkan pada hasil penilaian terhadap kurikulum yang telah berlaku, sehingga dapat memberikan kondisi belajar mengajar yang baik. Tulisan ini merupakan jenis penelitian kepustakaan (library research) yang membicarakan proses dan prinsip pengembangan kurikulum pada pendidikan guru madrasah ibtidaiyah. Selanjutnya penulis mengkaji bagaimana proses dan prinsip pengembangan kurikulum pada pendidikan guru madrasah ibtidaiyah yang meliputi pengertian pengembangan kurikulum, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pengembangan kurikulum, dan langkah-langkah pengembangan kurikulum, pengertian prinsip pengembangan kurikulum, sumber-sumber pengembangan kurikulum, tipe-tipe prinsip pengembangan kurikulum, macam-macam prinsip pengembangan kurikulum serta pengaplikasian terhadap pendidikan guru madrasah ibtidaiyah.
“Competence Areas” as a New Notion Instead of Teacher Competencies
Authors:   Aydın Adnan Menderes University (Turkey), Ayranci Bilge Bağci , Başkan Ahmet ,   Hitit University (Turkey)
Published: April 2021

The concept of "teacher competence" has been used as a defining concept in explaining the competence levels of teachers in different fields since the early 2000s. However, with the publication of the 2019 Turkish course curriculum, it was seen that this concept was not included in the program, but instead "competence areas" were explained in detail. In this context, the study aimed to evaluate the 2019 Turkish Lesson Curriculum in terms of teacher competencies. Before the publication of the curriculum 2019, primary teaching competencies in the literature were investigated and listed, and the Turkish lesson curriculum was then evaluated considering those teacher competencies. In the 2019 Turkish Lesson Curriculum, unlike other programs, the scope and content of competency areas were defined in detail. Thus, the analysis of competency areas by teacher competence contributes to the literature. In the literature, teacher competencies were associated with various skills such as "digital competence," "learning to learn," "social and civic competencies" and "the sense of initiative and entrepreneurship." The 2019 Turkish Lesson Curriculum was assessed considering those skills. Accordingly, in the Turkish Lesson Curriculum 2019, the most critical competence area is the "digital competence" dimension. We can see the reflections of digital competence in the definition of skills and educational text types. The precondition for fostering digital competence in students is that teachers have digital competence. Thus, it is suggested to redefine and determine teaching competencies, knowledge, and skills related to "digital competence.”
A DESMOTIVAÇÃO DO PROFESSOR EM SALA DE AULA THE TEACHER’S DEMOTIVATION IN THE CLASSROOM
Authors: Rodrigues Marcos Aldirene
Published: April 2021

A finalidade deste artigo é descrever e analisar a desmotivação do professor em sala de aula, realidade que estamos vivenciando em nosso local de trabalho, que nos dias atuais os professores sentem-se desmotivados para empenhar suas atividades principalmente dentro de sala de aula. Portanto tem como objetivo entender os fatores que desmotivam os docentes a se empenharem em sala de aula na rede pública. É, sobretudo identificar os fatores que desmotivam o comprometimento do docente com a qualidade de ensino. Nesse contexto buscam-se informações da causa da desmotivação, que tem como base bibliográfica de estudos feitos por vários autores que afirmam a tamanha desvalorização desse profissional e que toda responsabilidade está imposta sobre si, e que não tendo o suporte da família sente grande dificuldade de desenvolver suas atividades em sala. Além dos fatores favorecer para o adoecimento, que são os fatores interno e externo, como a falta de uma formação continuada ou contínua, falta da participação da família na escola, falta de recursos pedagógicos, alunos indisciplinados, a falta de interesse dos alunos, salários baixos, o sistema burocrático, salas superlotadas a escassez de oportunidade de crescimento profissional e entre outros. É percebido que estes fatores vêm trazendo consequências e o professor sendo o único e responsável.
The Effectiveness Growth of Males and Females Crabs (Scylla Serrata) In Recirculation System
Authors: Dhewantara Yudha Lestira , Rahmatia Firsty , Usman Reyhan Salindro
Published: April 2021

Crab (Scylla serrata) is a commodity that has high prospects for cultivation. Cultivation in Indonesia has not been intensive and densely spread low due to the threat of crab deaths due to cannibalism. The purpose of this study was to determine the comparison of the growth of male and female crabs in the recirculation system to increase the productivity of mangrove crab. The research was conducted from November 2019 to June 2020 at the Aquaculture Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Satya Negara University of Indonesia and blood tests were conducted at the Center for Freshwater Aquaculture Fisheries- Bogor. The experiment used a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of three treatments and five replicate each. The treatments consisted of: A: male crab; B: female crab; C: Control. The number of seeds that used in this study were 5 for each treatment with five replications and density of 5 crab per maintenance container (gallon). The feed provided were fish feed selar Atule mate which was cut into small pieces. The selar fish came from Muara Angke, North Jakarta. Feeds were given with frequency 4 times a day. The results showed that the growth of male and female mangrove crab gave the best production performance in the treatment of female maintenance containers with survival rate of 53.33%, absolute growth rate of 3.76 g, and carapac width of 3.44 mm.Keywords: crab (Scylla serrata.), growth, recirculation system
Jurisdictional Issues in the Digital Age
Authors: Razmetaeva Yulia , Ponomarova Hanna , Bylya-Sabadash Iryna
Published: April 2021

The article addresses some aspects of the key challenges for legal reality and legal systems in the digital age with a focus on jurisdictional issues in special attention to cyberspace, given its independent value and self-regulatory nature. The article suggests that regarding issues through the prism of a universal human rights approach could be a pillar for resolving existing and potential digital conflicts, prevent cybercrimes. The general legal framework in light of this approach is proposed here. The article discusses scenarios for solving jurisdictional problems: (i) global—focuses on the idea that a single worldwide legal framework and a universal regulation mechanism are possible; (ii) fragmented—partly considers the possibility of a single legal framework (or a set of agreements) and rely mainly on regional mechanisms; and (iii) national—each legal system is capable of providing and effective response to the threats of the digital age and aligns its legislation and judicial practice with the latter. Finally, it is suggested to focus on the prevention and mitigation of negative consequences of the activities of all subjects of law.
A Critical Perspective on the Removal of the Teacher’s Guidebooks from the Curriculum
Authors: Kurnaz Hasan
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this study is to determine the Turkish Language teachers’ views on the removal of teacher’s guidebooks from the curriculum. This study employed case study, one of the qualitative research designs. The study group consisted of 66 Turkish Language teachers. The study group was formed using the maximum variation sampling, one of the purposeful sampling methods. A structured interview form developed by the researcher was used in collection of data. Content analysis was employed to analyze the data obtained from the participants. The majority of the participating teachers stated that they did not approve the removal of the teacher’s guidebooks. Teachers expressed that they did not approve the removal of the teacher’s guidebooks due to their positive contribution to the teaching of the lessons and preparation for the lesson, and due to their contribution to the course’s standards, and stated that should be reprinted.
PENGERTIAN DAN SEJARAH LAISSEZ FAIRE
Authors: Pradana Muh. Rasul
Published: April 2021

artikel mengenai sejarah laissez faire serta bagaimana konsep pemikiran ekonomi
Kritik Adam Smith terhadap merkantilisme
Authors: Hikmah Nur
Published: April 2021

Adam Smith merupakan salah satu pemikir besar dan ilmuwan yang lahir di Skotlandia pada tahun 1723. Adam Smith juga merupakan salah satu tokoh kapitalis yang mengkritik sistem ekonomi Merkantilisme.
The Sources of Organizational Gossips in Schools
Authors: Han Bünyamin
Published: April 2021

Informal and evaluative speech about a person who is not present in a conversation environment is defined as gossip. Gossip is one of the informal forms of communication that is also important in school life, because schools have an intense network of communication. This research aims to detect the sources of organizational gossips in schools that have the potential to harm organizational functioning. A descriptive survey model was applied in the research. Gossip Sources Questionnaire (GSQ) prepared by the researcher was used to investigate the topic. In the research the factors causing gossips in schools are classified as; individual factors stemming from the people themselves, social factors arising from the social environment in which the individuals stay and organizational factors arising from the characteristics of the organizational structure of the workplace. According to the teacher views individual features such as jealousy, envy, unethical behaviors, curiosity, vanity and aimlessness are the most common sources of gossips in schools. At the end of the research, there are some suggestions for teachers and principals about coping techniques of organizational gossips.
Konsep Ekonomi Laissez Faire Adam Smith
Authors: Fildayanti Devita Ayu
Published: April 2021

Laissez Faire sebagai doktrin mutlak Adam Smith mempunyai gaya kepemimpinan yang lebih mengutamakan relation oriented (orientasi hubungan) dari pada result oriented (penyelesaian tugas)
Pengaruh Stres dan Konflik Kerja Terhadap Kualitas Kerja Karyawan di Puskesmas Gedong Tataan.
Authors: Narundana Vonny Tiara , Sari Novita
Published: April 2021

Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi tinggi rendahnya kualitas kerja karyawan Puskesmas dalam memberikan pelayanan kesehatan kepada masyarakat. Salah satu di antaranya adalah tekanan akibat pekerjaan (stres) dan kemampuan karyawan dalam mengelola konflik kerja. Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah apakah stres dan konflik kerja berpengaruh secara parsial dan simultan terhadap kualitas kerja karyawan di Puskesmas Gedong Tataan. Metode analisis yang digunakan yaitu analisis kualitatif menggunakan metode tabulasi dan analisis kuantitaf menggunakan alat analisis analisis regresi linier berganda. Hasil kesimpulan menunjukkan bahwa stres (X1) berpengaruh terhadap kualitas kerja karyawan (Y) di Puskesmas Gedong Tataan. Kemudian konflik kerja (X2) berpengaruh terhadap kualitas kerja karyawan (Y) di Puskesmas Gedong Tataan dan stres (X1) dan konflik kerja (X2) berpengaruh terhadap kualitas kerja karyawan (Y) di Puskesmas Gedong Tataan.
“Why we should treat COVID-19 Long Hauler Syndromes with Convalescent Plasma; Contained Suppressive Exosomes are likely COVID antigen-specific”
Authors: askenase phil WILLIAM
Published: April 2021

There have been numerous very disappointing results of Convalescent Plasma Therapy (CPT)in active infections with COVID-19 virus, raises a question of how to account for this, giventhe huge history of seeming benefit of CPT in a variety of infectious diseases over more thanthe past 100 years. We propose the following as a possible explanation, based on ourexperimental evidence. In CPT there is a collision between developed desirable viralresistance promoting hyper-immune antibodies and undesirable convalescent exosomesantigen (Ag)-specifically suppressing cellular immune responses stimulated by the prior nowrecovered acute viral disease. These inhibiting exosomes, that act to suppress Ag presentingcells and anti-COVID-19-Ag-specific effector T cells, are appropriate to convalescence, butwhen given early in infection may interfere with endogenous early developing profitablecellular immune anti-viral responses.To account for the high incidence of the Long Haulers post COVID patients, we postulate thatthese are due to immune reactivity to Ag remnants of the virus and not residual infection.These are postulated to held by and augmented by remnants of highly pathogeneticneutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). We propose that CPT with its content of potentialbroadly COVID Ag-specific suppressive exosomes be considered for possible effectivetreatment of the COVID-19 Long Hauler Syndromes. This certainly is so compared to thepurported value of therapy with vaccines, as the diverse Ag-specific extracellular vesicles inthe convalescent plasma would be an inhibitory influence on multiple COVID Ag-specificresponses, beyond just to the spike protein of the virus.
Tugas Resume
Authors: Akbar Muh.
Published: April 2021

Laisses Faire merupakan diksi dari bahasa Prancis yang berarti Biarkan Berbuat.
Trust us, we know what we are doing: Institutional Trust in Croatia during the Coronacrisis
Authors: Bovan Kosta , Baketa Nikola , Kovačić Marko , Biruski Dinka Corkalo
Published: April 2021

Low levels of trust in institutions in a post-socialist world is a relatively well documented finding across various disciplines of social science. Building upon this argument, the paper adds new insights to this discussion by contextualizing institutional trust in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia. Relying on the results from the national probabilistic sample, authors explore how three sets of predictors - socio-demographic variables, individual characteristics (i. e. motivational orientations of authoritarianism and social dominance) and participants’ experiences during the coronavirus pandemic determine the level of trust in public institutions. Results unequivocally showcase a fairly weak relationship between authoritarianism and social dominance orientation with institutional trust, unlike situational experiences, which play the most significant role in explaining levels of institutional trust. Contrary to authors’ expectations, adherence to measures and worries about catching the COVID-19 disease in the future were not predictive for institutional trust.
ANALISIS IMPLEMENTASI PEMUNGUTAN PAJAK KENDARAAN BERMOTOR (PKB) PADA KANTOR UPTD WILAYAH 1 SAMSAT BANDAR LAMPUNG
Authors: Handayani Agustuti , Hendarly Cindy Damayanti
Published: April 2021

SAMSAT is a public service management system that will be carried out with three government agencies in the same building, this system is designed to accelerate activities (namely public services), so that these services are stored in one building. This one-stop cooperation involves several government agencies, including the National Police, the Regional Revenue Agency, and PT JasaRaharja (Persero). The National Police has the function of issuing STNK, local taxes to determine the amount of Motor Vehicle Tax (PKB) and Transfer of Motor Vehicle Title Fee (BBN-KB), as well as PT JasaRaharja, which applies a mandatory traffic accident fee (SWDKLLJ). The purpose of this research is to find out how the implementation of motor vehicle tax collection policies and the factors that influence the implementation of PKB policies. This type of research is descriptive qualitative research and in this study the authors also use the theory of policy implementation from Edward III. This theory uses 4 aspects, namely communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure. The research technique was carried out by interview, observation, and documentation in UPTD Region 1 SAMSAT Bandar Lampung. The results of this study reveal that the implementation of this policy has been quite effective. Then in this study there are supporting factors such as Adequate Human Resources. To meet this need, employees need to be equipped with the ability and professionalism to provide high-quality services based on the concept of human resource management or take advantage of complaints from the public about PKB payment services for them. And for the factors that hinder it due to public awareness of timely tax payments. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that: It is mandatory to build awareness among all taxpayers who are disciplined in carrying out their tax obligations and tax officers who have more control over taxpayers who have never received disciplinary action in carrying out their tax obligations.
Effects of substrate quality on carbon partitioning in a temperate grassland soil as influenced by microbial activity
Authors: Abbruzzese Vito
Published: April 2021

Using organic amendments, including livestock slurry, in intensively managed agricultural grasslands may potential lead to multiple benefits, including plant nutrient supply to soils and long-term accumulation of soil organic matter. There is increasing interest in the extent to which biological slurry additives (mixtures of selected living or latent microorganisms added to slurry) are able to enhance soil fertility through mobilisation of key elements in the slurry and in the soil. However, little is known about the impacts of slurries amended with biological additives on carbon (C) partitioning within three pools: respired CO2, microbial biomass C (Cmic) and C retained in the soil. We report data from incubation experiments in which soils received livestock slurry treated with a commercial biological additive, alongside 14C-labelled carbohydrates of different lability (14C-glucose, 14C-glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), and 14C-cellulose). The aim of this experiment was to understand how slurry that has received a biological additive ultimately affects the partitioning of C within these pools, alongside how slurry additives influence soil microbial biomass and the priming effect (PE) in soil. The addition of slurry alongside carbohydrates to soil resulted in lower 14C biomass uptake and greater residual 14C activities in soil, as well as to lower cumulative respiration and PE, compared to the corresponding carbohydrate-only treatments. Competition in the soil between the indigenous microbial community and the microbial community associated with slurry is proposed to account for the apparent suppression of biomass uptake of added C-substrate and of cumulative respiration. Our findings also seem to indicate that the addition of a biological additive to slurry resulted in higher cumulative CO2 efflux from soil compared to the unamended slurry, both for glucose and G6P treatments. This suggests that biological slurry additives may have the potential to reduce the suppressive effect of slurry microorganisms on native soil microorganisms.
Differential expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 6 in cancers of the breast.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: April 2021

Breast cancer affects women at relatively high frequency (1). We mined published microarray datasets (2, 3) to determine in an unbiased fashion and at the systems level genes most differentially expressed in the primary tumors of patients with breast cancer. We report here significant differential expression of the gene encoding insulin-like growth factor binding protein 6, IGFBP6, when comparing primary tumors of the breast to the tissue of origin, the normal breast. IGFBP6 mRNA was present at significantly lower quantities in tumors of the breast as compared to normal breast tissue. Analysis of human survival data revealed that expression of IGFBP6 in primary tumors of the breast was correlated with overall survival in patients with basal and luminal A subtype cancers in a contrary manner, demonstrating a complex relationship between primary tumor expression of a differentially expressed gene and patient survival outcomes influenced by molecular subtype. IGFBP6 may be of relevance to initiation, maintenance or progression of cancers of the female breast.
Financial Psychometrics as an Improved Paradigm in Clinical Neurology and Psychiatry
Authors: Taillard Michael
Published: April 2021

There are many types of financial transactions which are ubiquitous daily behaviors. These can be objectively quantified in a vast number of ways, making them uniquely efficacious for identifying patterns within the decisions made by individuals. Although financial dysfunction is a common trait of neurological diseases, and the field of behavioral economics already utilizes psychiatric methods to solve problems found within the previously-held assumption of human rationality, financial analysis has been overlooked as a tool of psychiatry and applied clinical neurology. The fields of medicine and economics are generally not seen as having much in common among practitioners of either discipline, and for those who have considered this possibility there are valid concerns regarding the ethics of patient confidentiality with the combined use of both medical and financial data. This is a reasonably simple hurdle to overcome, however, and as the medical community accepts clinically-trained economists among their ranks brand new sets of analytical tools used for diagnoses, treatments, and research becomes available by applying well-established methods in economics to existing frameworks in psychiatry and neurology. By reversing the paradigm of behavioral economics, therein is found the field of financial psychometrics.
Language Comprehension in Monolingual and Bilingual Children
Authors: Byers-Heinlein Krista , Lew-Williams Casey
Published: April 2021

Infants and toddlers grow up in a variety of language environments—for example, some are monolingual and some are bilingual—but nearly all children develop the ability to understand the language(s) around them. In this chapter, we trace children's path to language comprehension, from listening in infancy, to phonetic perception, speech segmentation, word learning, vocabulary development, and finally understanding language in real time. For both monolinguals and bilinguals, developing fluency in language comprehension in infancy and toddlerhood sets the stage for later language and school success.
Interventions to address mathematics anxiety: An overview and recommendations
Authors: Petronzi Dominic , Hunt Thomas , Sheffield David
Published: April 2021

Mathematics anxiety (MA) is a negative cognitive-emotional response to mathematics (maths) or numbers associated with tense and anxious feelings that hinder the ability to manipulate numbers and solve mathematical problems. Maths anxious individuals often show poor performance when solving maths problem, but not on other cognitive tasks. We draw together empirical evidence from attempts to reduce MA, synthesising the literature and capturing a wide range of studies. Recent work has focussed on functional strategies that may encourage more positive perceptions of maths by reducing anxiety as well as improving attainment. A range of approaches have been implemented to target specific factors that previous research has identified as being implicated in MA, with varying success. These factors include cognitive and emotional processes, negative appraisal and self-concept, self-regulation and metacognition, and a lack of maths proficiency. Targeted strategies have also implicated self-concept, self-efficacy, and attitudes more generally related to maths. Those strategies that appear to be most effective in addressing MA are those that facilitate cognitive control, with an emphasis on attentional processes and emotion regulation. In the main, these studies provide support for the debilitating anxiety model, although recent work also supports an interpretation account of MA and may pave the way for more novel, cognitive-based interventions. Whilst neurophysiological studies offer insight into our understanding of MA, we recommend a move away from potential strategies that are resource-intensive. We propose the need for targeted strategies that are time and cost-effective, especially those that lend themselves to a range of educational contexts, such as home and virtual learning environments. To minimise avoidance, it is important that academic settings are inviting and encourage participation in maths learners. Pedagogical strategies that include a degree of co-construction may also encourage engagement and enjoyment, highlighting the relevance of maths.
Influence of causal language on causal understanding: A comparison between Swiss-German and Turkish
Authors: Ger Ebru , Stuber Larissa , Küntay Aylin C. , Göksun Tilbe , Stoll Sabine , Daum Moritz M.
Published: April 2021

Young children have difficulties understanding untypical causal relations. While we know that hearing a causal description facilitates this understanding, less is known about what particular features of causal language are responsible for this facilitation. Here, we asked: (1) Do syntactic and morphological cues in the grammatical structure of sentences facilitate the extraction of causal meaning, and (2) do these different cues influence this facilitation to a different degree. We studied children learning either Swiss-German or Turkish, two languages which differ in their expression of causality. Swiss-German predominantly uses lexical causatives (e.g., schniidä (cut)), which lack a formal marker to denote causality. Turkish, alongside lexical causatives, uses morphological causatives, which formally mark causation (e.g., ye (eat) vs. yeDIr (feed)). We assessed 2.5- to 3.5-year-old children’s understanding of untypical cause-effect relations described with either non-causal language (e.g., Here is a cube and a car) or causal language using a pseudo-verb (e.g., lexical: The cube gorps the car). We tested n = 135 Turkish-learning (non-causal, lexical, and morphological conditions) and n = 90 Swiss-German-learning children (non-causal and lexical conditions). Children in both language groups performed better in the causal language condition(s) than the non-causal language condition. Further, Turkish-learning children’s performance in both the lexical and morphological conditions was similar to Swiss-German-learning children in the lexical condition, and did not differ from each other. These findings suggest that the structural cues of causal language support children’s understanding of untypical causal relations, regardless of the type of construction.
A cooperative culture may affect trustworthiness assessments derived from the human face
Authors: Berger Sebastian , Schlöder Francisco , Wyss Annika
Published: April 2021

Trust is crucial for successful social interactions and personal well-being. Among the many mechanisms potentially favoring the evolution of trust, spillovers of social institutions on subsequent behavior have received little attention within evolutionary psychology. Although a plethora of research has investigated pro-social spillovers in economic experiments, research has thus far largely overlooked the impact of spillovers on person perception. Additionally, given that most studies on such spillovers use one-off measurement of the subsequent behavior, the stability of pro-social spillovers over time has not been investigated so far. In a three-stage laboratory experiment (n = 208), we provide evidence that pro-social spillovers occur even when perceptual cues provide an additional source of information to base decisions on. In Stage 1, participants played a series of trust games against unknown, videotaped targets to assess their baseline trust behavior against strangers, taking into account their trust perception. Subsequently, we randomly exposed them to a repeated prisoner’s dilemma in which cooperation is either favored (“C-culture”) or discouraged (“D-culture”). In the final stage – another series of 30 trust decisions against different targets – participants from the “C-culture” initially respond with higher levels of trust. This spillover effect, however, is short-lived and behavior converges back to the pre-intervention levels. Thus, our findings confirm pro-social spillovers even when participants behavior may also be influenced by perceptual cues but raise the question about their temporal stability. We complemented the experiment with an independent survey (n = 132) on the trustworthiness of the targets. Results show that these perception affects quickly gain predictive quality, suggesting the intervention effect only temporarily crowds out the trustworthiness perception as a key driver of trust behavior.
Vois-tu le kem? Do you see the bos? Foreign word learning at 14-months
Authors: da Estrela Chelsea , Byers-Heinlein Krista
Published: April 2021

How easily can infants regularly exposed to only one language begin to acquire a second one? In three experiments, we tested 14‐month‐old English and French monolingual infants’ ability to learn words presented in foreign language sentence frames. Infants were trained on two novel word‐object pairings and then tested using a preferential looking task. Word forms were phonetically and phonotactically legal in both languages, and cross‐spliced across conditions, so only the sentence frames established the word as native or foreign. In Experiment 1, infants were taught one native and one foreign word and successfully learned both. In Experiment 2 and 3, infants were taught two foreign words, but only showed successful learning of the first word they encountered. These results demonstrate that infants can successfully learn words embedded in foreign language sentences, but this is more challenging than native word learning. More broadly, they show that the sentential context of a novel word, and not just the word form itself, influences infants’ early word learning.
Book review: Neanderthal Language: Demystifying the Linguistic Powers of Our Extinct Cousins
Authors: Gabrić Petar
Published: April 2021

(PUBLISHED IN: Frontiers in Psychology) Recently, we have witnessed an explosion of studies and discussions claiming that Neanderthals engaged in a range of “symbolic” behaviors, including personal ornament use (Radovčić et al. 2015), funerary practices (Balzeau et al. 2020), visual arts (Hoffmann et al. 2018), body aesthetics (Roebroeks et al. 2012), etc. In Paleolithic archaeology, it has become mainstream to axiomatically infer from these putative behaviors that Neanderthals engaged in symbol use and that Neanderthals thus possessed some form of language. Rudolf Botha’s bombastic title Neanderthal Language: Demystifying the Linguistic Powers of Our Extinct Cousins provides a detailed and very critical overview of the archaeological hypotheses and speculations about Neanderthal language.
Do tourists notice social responsibility information?
Authors: Babakhani Nazila , Randle Melanie , Dolnicar Sara
Published: April 2021

This empirical study explores the amount of attention tourists pay to social responsibility (environment and community) information when booking accommodation online. Visual attention is a necessary requirement for tourists to consider the social responsibility of different accommodation options when making bookings. Eye tracking methodology was used to measure the visual attention paid to social responsibility initiatives in a simulated accommodation booking webpage. Results reveal that information about social responsibility initiatives does not attract significant visual attention from tourists, especially when they are confronted with a typically large amount of information about accommodation options. Such information is therefore unlikely to affect booking decisions. Accommodation providers can actively direct tourists’ attention to social responsibility initiatives by reducing the total amount of information provided.
Accounting for Contemporary Antisemitism: A Four-Dimensional Framework and a New Dataset
Authors: Enstad Johannes Due
Published: April 2021

Existing scholarship on contemporary antisemitism tends to sacrifice breadth for depth, typically focusing on a specific dimension of the phenomenon or a single national or ideological context. This myopia threatens to limit our understanding of current antisemitism because separate parts of a complex picture are studied in isolation, and because crucial questions about temporal and cross-national variation remain understudied. To help remedy this situation, this article introduces a more comprehensive conceptual and empirical framework along with a new dataset intended to encourage the study of antisemitism as a multidimensional, cross-national, and dynamic phenomenon. The framework provides a model for studying antisemitism in four core dimensions—attitudes, incidents, cultural imagery, and Jews’ exposure—and specifies relevant variables and indicators, thus facilitating future research and data collection efforts. To supplement the framework, the article introduces a new dataset (DIMA—Dimensions of Antisemitism) featuring publicly available data covering three of the four dimensions: attitudes, incidents, and exposure. Based on patterns emerging from these data, hypotheses for further study are suggested. These contributions are intended to prepare the ground for a new and theoretically more ambitious research agenda in the field of contemporary antisemitism research.
Carbon labels on restaurant menus: do people pay attention to them?
Authors: Babakhani Nazila , Lee Andy , Dolnicar Sara
Published: April 2021

This empirical study explores visual attention to carbon labels on restaurant menus. Carbon labels can support consumers in making deliberate low-carbon menu choices if, and only if, consumers pay attention to such labels. Using eye-tracking, we investigate how much attention consumers pay to carbon labels. We also compare how much attention they pay to carbon labels compared to labels indicating the benefit of each menu item to the local community. Results indicate that both carbon labels and labels communicating local community benefits attract little attention, suggesting that they are insufficient to direct patrons towards ordering low emissions menu items. Directing patrons toward more environmentally friendly menu items could significantly reduce the negative environmental impact of tourism and hospitality.
Complete First Branchial Fistula in a Child Extending from the External Auditory Canal to the Oropharynx
Authors: Koch B.L. , Leach J.L. , Johnson N.D. , Shott S.R.
Published: April 2021

We report the clinical presentation and CT and MR imaging findings in a child with an unusual first branchial apparatus fistula that extends from the external auditory canal to the oropharynx.
PKM PEMASARAN SOSIAL MEDIA BERBASIS MOBILE DALAM RANGKA MEMBANTU KETERBATASAN RUANG GERAK SELAMA PANDEMI COVID-19
Authors: Nina Miguna Astuti , Matondang Nurhafifah
Published: April 2021

Partners in PKM are the PAGODA Women's Group (KWP) in Kp. Cigundi, Kec Cibadak, Lebak, Banten. But the condition Kp. Cigundi itself is still quite alarming. Most of the Mitra members have cell phones with access, but Partners have not used HP to promote their Groups, Villages and Enye-Enye products. Partners in this program produce Enye-Enye in a semi-finished form that is packaged simply, Mitra does not produce Enye-Enye for commercial purposes. Enye-Enye has also been recognized as a typical product of the village of Mekaragung, but the income from Enye-Enye products is not obtained because the Partners intentionally sell, so it can be concluded in the early PKM namely a high level of participation from the Mekaragung  village office and the community who have MSME businesses that fully support the PKM, the Training and Assistance that is carried out runs and has a lot of experience and heightened enthusiasm KWP Ladies, Pagoda Women's Group to increase knowledge, have increased skills and have increased income for their businesses.
Peningkatan SDM UMKM Melalui Pengayaan Packaging Produk di Kecamatan Jombang Kota Cilegon
Authors: Purbohastuti Arum Wahyuni , Lusianingrum Farah Putri Wenang , Hidayah Asmi Ayuning , Aribowo Didik , Desmira
Published: April 2021

The number of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the city of Cilegon has decreased significantly from 2016 to 2019 amounting to 34,870. The micro and small businesses that are assisted by Posyantek Al-Ikhlas still have problems in developing their product management. On average, MSME actors do not yet master the knowledge of packaging. From these problems, it is necessary to enrich skills regarding packaging with methods training accompanied by mentoring. This training and mentoring program is expected to improve the skills of MSME players in packaging so that they can add value to products and can compete in modern markets. This program will be implemented in four stages including (1) socialization, (2) preparation, (3) implementation of activities, and (4) monitoring and evaluation.
Pelatihan Pemanfaatan Teknologi Google Drive dan Blogs bagi Pengawas Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Erpidawati  , Novelti
Published: April 2021

In the world of education, we must quickly obtain information and be fast in sending the requested information. Indonesia is one of the developing countries that is trying to take advantage of this digitization system. With the digitization system, it is hoped that it will make it easier to send and convey information to relevant agencies in need. This activity is carried out with the aim of providing training and technical implementation so that school supervisors can take advantage of supporting media and provide useful new knowledge. The method used in this community service is the seminar method. The results obtained after this activity were that the participants were able to apply google drive and create blogs independently, in turn, and under supervision. The conclusion of the research results is that school supervisors get new knowledge, are able to operate and create google drives and blogs, understand that adding data storage patterns and data management can be done easily and efficiently.