bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A atratividade facial percebida por leigos e cirurgiões-dentistas: uma revisão sistemática
Authors: Saldanha José Henrique , Lima Anderson Paulo Barbosa , Mendes Camila Vas Tostes , Mendes Junior Tadeu Evandro , Mendes Tadeu Evandro , Paranhos Luiz Renato
Published: October 2016

Objetivo: avaliar sistematicamente, com base na literatura,
se a opinião de leigos é mais flexível na avaliação
da estética facial quando comparada à opinião de
cirurgiões-dentistas. Materiais e método: foram utilizadas
para a pesquisa as bases de dados eletrônicas LILACS,
PubMed, SciELO e OpenGrey. Especificamente, a base
OpenGrey foi utilizada para captação da “literatura cinza”.
Foram selecionados artigos publicados nos últimos
dez anos, com textos completos disponíveis on-line em
inglês, espanhol e português. Os artigos indexados em
mais de uma base de dados foram contabilizados somente
uma vez. Foram excluídos os artigos de revisão da literatura,
relatos de caso e editoriais/cartas ao editor. Toda
a pesquisa foi feita por dois revisores de elegibilidade.
Resultados: foram identificados 118 registros, tendo sido
três estudos elegíveis para a pesquisa. Todos os trabalhos
selecionados envolviam ortodontistas e leigos como avaliadores.
A Escala Analógica Visual e um Escore de Avaliação
de Perfil foram utilizados como mensuração, analisados
pelas fotografias. Dois artigos analisaram alterações
anteroposteriores e um artigo analisou alterações na assimetria
facial (frontal). Conclusão: mediante os estudos
avaliados, nota-se que não há evidências claras de que
leigos são mais flexíveis nas avaliações da estética facial.
Resistência de união e degradação de um compósito fluido autoaderente em substratos dentais e um compósito restaurador
Authors: Garcia Rubens Nazareno , Werlich Ana Paula De Lucca , Costa Bárbara Pamela Siqueira da , Gonçalves Flávia Carvalho , Rafaeli Juliani , Dambros Priscila Carla
Published: October 2016

Objetivo: avaliar a resistência de união (RU) de um
compósito autoaderente em quatro substratos usados
na técnica direta, nos períodos de uma semana e de um
ano de armazenamento em água destilada. Materiais e
método: foram utilizadas 96 amostras (5 mm largura /
15 mm comprimento / 2 mm espessura) de dentes bovinos
– esmalte hígido (EH), esmalte desgastado (ED),
dentina média (DM) – e do compósito restaurador direto
(CD) Filtek Z350 XTR (3M ESPE), sendo 24 amostras
por substrato. As amostras foram divididas em dois
grupos, conforme o período de armazenamento. Foram
utilizados dois compósitos fluidos: o controle Filtek
Z350XT FlowR (3M ESPE) (FF) e o autoaderente Dyad
FlowR/Kerr (DF), aplicados aos quatro substratos (n=6).
Em cada amostra, foram posicionadas quatro matrizes
cilíndricas transparentes, preenchidas com os compósitos
FF/DF, e fotopolimerizadas por vinte segundos.
As matrizes foram removidas para expor os corpos de
prova (24 por grupo) e armazenadas em água destilada
37±2oC por dois períodos, uma semana e um ano. Após
cada período, os corpos de prova foram submetidos ao
ensaio de resistência de união ao cisalhamento (velocidade
de 1,0 mm/min). Os resultados foram analisados
pelo ANOVA/teste de Tukey (p < 0,05). Resultados: nos
ensaios de uma semana, o DF, o ED e o CD apresentaram maior RU, não diferindo entre si. O EH e o DM
apresentaram menor RU, sem diferença significativa.
Nos ensaios de um ano, com o DF, o comportamento
foi similar, porém com menor RU para o EH e o DM.
Conclusão: os resultados mostram que o compósito
Dyad FlowR, após um ano de armazenamento em água
destilada, apresentou resistência de união superior ao
cisalhamento nos substratos esmalte desgastado e compósito
direto.
Dentinogênese imperfeita: caso familiar
Authors: Silva Viviane Palmeira da , Cardoso Juliana Andrade , Barreto Maria Palma , Guarda Suellen Da , Carneiro Ariana Gonçalves , Farias Jener Gonçalves
Published: October 2016

Objetivo: este estudo relata o método de diagnóstico
utilizado para identificar dentinogênese imperfeita em
seis pacientes da mesma família. Relato de casos: o
diagnóstico familiar foi estabelecido com base na anamnese
do probando, sendo, posteriormente, chamados
os outros membros familiares a comparecerem ao
atendimento. Uma análise conjunta de exames clínico,
físico, de imagem e bioquímicos foi realizada para conclusão
do diagnóstico final. O protocolo de tratamento
foi realizado individualmente, de acordo com o quadro
clínico de cada paciente. Considerações finais: a dentinogênese
imperfeita é considerada um distúrbio genético
do desenvolvimento da dentina que ocorre na ausência
de desordens sistêmicas. Apresenta um padrão
autossômico dominante e pode ser causada por mutações
no gene sialofosfoproteína da dentina – DSPP. Clinicamente,
pode apresentar translucência de esmalte,
coloração escura e fragilidade dentinária, o que pode
levar a graves prejuízos funcionais e estéticos para o
paciente. Por essas razões, o diagnóstico deve ser realizado
de forma minuciosa e precocemente, evitando,
assim, intervenções terapêuticas mais complexas com
o passar da idade.
Análise da influência da morfologia do modelo ósseo na distribuição das tensões do sistema de implante cone morse, método dos elementos finitos tridimensionais
Authors: Avelar Rander , Barcellos Aline Serrado de Pinho , Carvalho Ronaldo Luis , Kimpara Estevão Tomomitsu
Published: October 2016

O conhecimento do comportamento mecânico do sistema
de implante corresponde a um importante parâmetro
no prognóstico de uma reabilitação protética.
Objetivo: avaliar a influência do formato de tecido
ósseo na distribuição de tensões no implante do tipo
cone morse e tecido ósseo por meio do método dos
elementos finitos tridimensionais. Materiais e método:
foram utilizados três tipos de formatos de modelos para
tecidos ósseos: a) paralelepípedo; b) tronco elíptico; c)
gerado a partir dos dados de uma tomografia. Nos modelos
tridimensionais, foram instalados implantes que
receberam aplicação de duas cargas de 100 N no sentido
craniocaudal: 1) na direção vertical ao longo do eixo
axial e 2) na direção oblíqua a 45° do eixo axial de vestibular
para lingual. Resultados: as tensões de von Mises
máximas (MPa) nos modelos do implante cone morse
(CM) e do tecido ósseo do tipo paralelepípedo foram
de 14.30 no carregamento vertical e de 60.78 no carregamento
oblíquo; no modelo de tecido ósseo elíptico,
foram de 14.69 no carregamento vertical e de 71.66 no
carregamento oblíquo; no modelo de tecido ósseo com
a configuração originada da tomografia, foram de 15.04 no carregamento vertical e de 79.15 no carregamento
oblíquo. Conclusão: o formato dos modelos de tecido
ósseo influenciou no comportamento e na distribuição
das tensões, sendo que o modelo gerado pelos dados da
tomografia apresentou os maiores valores de tensões.
Regiones culturales, regiones naturales y regiones lingüísticas en la Centroamérica aborigen: la familia lingüística misumalenca
Authors: Salamanca Castillo Danilo
Published: October 2016

El principal propósito de este ensayo es contribuir a definir los límites y las propiedades naturales de la región ocupada por los miembros de la familia lingüística misumalenca (miskito-sumu-matagalpalenca) al momento del contacto con los europeos. Para lograr ese objetivo se examinan y discuten los conocimientos acumulados en varios registros para este período acerca de la ‘zona central’ del istmo centroamericano, tal que ésta es definida al interior del artículo: i) las culturas o modos de vida que se repartían el territorio en cuestión; ii) las zonas geográficas o naturales en que éste se puede dividir; y iii) las familias lingüísticas que lo ocupaban.Wani Vol.71. 2016 pp.46-58Patitara pyua wina Centroamerica tasbaya ra iwi nani mapara Iwanka natka tasbaya piska ra baiki sakanka ba, paskanka ra ban bara dukia nani baiki sakanka bara bila aisanka nani tasbaya piskara baiki sakanka ba Naha ulbanka prahni na lukanka ba sika Misumalenca (Miskito-sumu-matagalpa-lenca) pamalika mimbarska nani yurup uplika nani wal past trip prawan pyuara tasbaya bara piarkika nani ba marikaia wat sa. Naha lukanka ba alkaia sa kaka sins laka nani ulbanka sat sat nani ba laki kaiki aisikaikaia sa “zona central “del Itsmo centroamericano ba dukiara naha ba ulbanka lila past ra:i) iwanka natka nani apia kaka rayaka natka nani naha pyuara tasbaya sir munanka tanka ba:ii) tasbaya piska nani apia kaka paskankara ban bara piska nani nahki baiki sakaia sip ba: iii) bara bila aisanka daknika nani tasbaya piskara iwi nani kan ba.Centroamerica sauna pasyak sulani sat yalahwa, niningh yalahwa sulani dawak tuni sat yulwa balna Adika rawaswi yakna adika kulnin lâni dûwa kidi laih daklana dawak sulani balna tuni yulwa sat sat misumalenca (miskito-sumu-matagalpa-lenca) balna yalahwa kidi tannika walwi talnin kulwi. Adika kulnin lâni awa kidi ramh laihwi yamnin yulni ma sauki papus kau yulni rawasna babangh kidi laihwi talna ki, centroamerica sauni pisni yulni, adika rawasna sak ki: i) yalahwa lâni sât wiririhwa dai kidi; ii) sauni sahyakna satni kau sahyaknin sip yaka; dawak iii) tûni yulwa sât yalalahwa yaka bik.
Evaluation of the Effect of Company's Life Cycle on the Cost of Equity
Authors: Maranjory Mehdi , Keykha Samira
Published: October 2016

The aim of this study is to investigate effect of company's life cycle on cost of stockholders , in this regard, three hypotheses were developed that a sample of 118 companies during the period of 2009 to 2015 were selected in order test them and regression model and panel data was used to analyze hypotheses. In this study, Dickinson (DeAngelo et al., 2006; Dickinson, 2011; Rahmanian, Moghaddam et al., 2014) company life cycle criteria has been used to separate companies to different steps of company life cycle and the Gordon growth model has been used to measure cost of stockholders. The results show that the cost of stockholders has significant difference with each other in mature phase of Company life cycle Compared with recession of company's life cycle. The results also show that cost of stockholders have significant difference with each other compared with recession of company's life cycle in the growth stage of companies life cycle . Finally, the results show that cost of stockholders have significant difference with each other in the Company life cycle birth and decline compared with the record of company's life cycle.
O processo de escolha de uma propriedade para instalação de uma URT em ILPF: a experiência no Território do Ribeirão do Boi
Authors: Bernardo William Fernandes , Müller Marcelo Dias , Martins Narliane De Melo , Martins Carlos Eugênio , Estevão Pricila
Published: October 2016

A pesquisa agropecuária produziu a partir da década de 1970 muitas tecnologias e conhecimentos que não chegaram a ser adequadamente utilizados pelos produtores rurais. Vários métodos de extensão rural foram criados para aumentar a adoção, por esse grupo, de tecnologias produzidas nas universidades e centros de pesquisa. Um desses métodos é a unidade de referência tecnológica (URT), que nesse caso é uma propriedade rural que utiliza determinada prática ou técnica inovadora. A escolha dessa propriedade, no entanto, não é simples, uma vez que há muitas URTs que não servem de espelho aos visitantes. O que o presente artigo discute são os requisitos para a escolha de uma propriedade para se constituir em uma URT com maiores chances de motivar os visitantes a utilizarem a técnica inovadora. Para isso, apresenta a experiência da escolha de uma URT na tecnologia de integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta (ILPF) no Território do Ribeirão do Boi, na região noroeste do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Na descrição da escolha da URT levam-se em conta as características do produtor, da tecnologia, da assistência técnica e da propriedade, sob uma análise crítica da ação extensionista nesse processo.
A percepção de compradores sobre a qualidade da carne suína in natura no mercado varejista de Campo Grande (MS)
Authors: Souza Celso Correia de , Gabriel Rafael , Reis Neto José Fransisco dos , Frainer Daniel Massen
Published: October 2016

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a percepção de compradores sobre a qualidade da carne suína in natura no mercado varejista de Campo Grande (MS). Uma amostra aleatória de 400 indivíduos da cidade foi investigada, em lugares perto de pontos de venda de carne suína fresca. Foram realizadas estatísticas univariadas, bivariadas e multivariadas concluindo que 76,75% da população consumiam carne suína fresca. Destes, 49% consumiram pelo menos uma vez por semana. O preço não influenciava a frequência de consumo de carne suína, mas a facilidade de preparação, principalmente, em relação às mulheres que têm pouco tempo para fazer as refeições em casa. Além disso, oferecendo uma maior variedade de cortes poderia trazer um aumento na frequência de consumo desta carne. Verificou-se que ainda existem fatores que inibem o consumo de carne suína. No entanto continua a ser a percepção de que a carne tem uma quantidade elevada de colesterol e de gordura, problemas de higiene com risco para a saúde que tem limitado a uma maior procura. O uso do marketing pode melhorar a imagem da carne suína para o consumidor, a fim de eliminar preconceitos sobre este produto e mostrar seus pontos fortes como o sabor e maciez.
Exponential vs. Subexponential Tower of Hanoi Variants
Authors: Berend Daniel , Sapir Amir
Published: October 2016

We deal here with Tower of Hanoi variants played on digraphs. A major source for such variants is achieved by adding pegs and/or restricting direct moves between certain pairs of pegs. It is natural to represent a variant of this kind by a directed graph whose vertices are the pegs, and an arc from one vertex to another indicates that it is allowed to move a disk from the former peg to the latter, provided that the usual rules are not violated. We denote the number of pegs by $h$. For example, the variant with no restrictions on moves is represented by the Complete graph K$_h$; the variant in which the pegs constitute a cycle and moves are allowed only in one direction is represented by the uni-directional graph Cyclic$_h$.

For all 3-peg variants, the number of moves grows exponentially fast with
$n$. However, for $h \ge 4$ pegs, this is not the case. For example, for Cyclic$_h$
the number of moves is exponential for any $h$, while for a path on $4$ vertices it is $O(\sqrt{n}3^{\sqrt{2n}})$.

This paper characterizes the graphs for which the transfer of a tower of size $n$
of disks from a peg to another requires exponentially many moves as a function of $n$.

To this end we introduce the notion of a shed, as a graph property. A vertex $v$ in a strongly-connected directed graph $G=(V,E)$ is a {\it shed} if the subgraph of $G$ induced by $V(G)-\{v\}$ contains a strongly connected subgraph on $3$ or more vertices. Graphs with sheds will be shown to be much more efficient than those without sheds, for the particular domain of the Tower of Hanoi puzzle. Specifically, we
show how, given a shed, we can indeed move a tower of disks from any peg to any other
within $O(\lambda^{n^{\alpha}})$ moves, where $\lambda > 1$ and $\alpha = \frac{1}{2} + o(1)$. For graphs without a shed, this is impossible.
Échappée nocturne sur l’autoroute du Soleil : propositions pour une lecture paysagère de la section Beaune–Marseille
Authors: Marchal Vincent
Published: October 2016

Pour une majorité d’automobilistes, l’autoroute du Soleil est le trait d’union entre la France du Nord et celle du Midi. Associé à l’évasion et aux vacances, son paysage annonce peu à peu les marques d’une atmosphère nouvelle. Mais certains l’emprunteront la nuit tombée. L’objectif de cet article est de montrer à quel point le paysage nocturne génère un rythme spatial original (zones d’ombre, éclairage) révélateur de l’inégal dynamisme des territoires le long de cet axe, tandis que la transition entre Nord et Midi se caractérise par des expériences sensorielles plus intenses (aires).
Danser au son d’un orchestre dans le Montréal nocturne de l’entre-deux-guerres : salles de danse, gramophone et radio
Authors: P. Bouliane Sandria , Roquigny Peggy
Published: October 2016

Durant l’entre-deux-guerres, le développement des commerces de danse de même que la médiatisation et la commercialisation de la musique à danser atteignent un niveau jusqu’alors inégalé dans la métropole montréalaise. En se penchant sur l’espace de danse commercial, la radiodiffusion et la phonographie, cet article regarde comment ces différentes sources de musique à danser s’articulent dans une intermédialité changeant le rapport des danseurs à la musique d’orchestre et modifiant l’organisation des nuits dansantes.
L’énonciation problématisante : en dialogue avec Le Royaume d’Emmanuel Carrère
Authors: Rabatel Alain
Published: October 2016

Cet article aborde la question de la polyphonie et du dialogisme à partir du prisme des relations entre voix et points de vue, qui reposent en premier lieu sur la distinction entre le locuteur, source de la voix, et l’énonciateur, source des points de vue. Dans un deuxième temps, plutôt que d’envisager ces relations sous l’angle d’une sorte de guerre des voix et des points de vue, l’article propose une étude de ces hybridations toute pacifique, dans le cadre de relations empathiques, caractéristiques du roman d’Emmanuel CarrèreLe Royaume.Il met notamment l’accent sur la multiplication et la complémentarité des perspectives pour penser le complexe. Enfin, dans un troisième temps, l’article montre comment, à partir de la notion d’énonciation problématisante, il est possible de confronter et d’articuler des vérités partielles sans céder au relativisme ni au sectarisme, et sans minorer le rôle des valeurs.
Comment débusquer la voix d’un auteur dans sa fiction ? Une étude de quelques provocations de Michel Houellebecq
Authors: Baroni Raphaël
Published: October 2016

Michel Houellebecq est un auteur controversé, non seulement parce que certains critiques s’interrogent sur le statut littéraire de son oeuvre, qui a connu un immense succès commercial, mais aussi parce que ses romans, souvent provocateurs, engendrent chez les lecteurs des réactions contrastées, qui vont du rejet radical, accompagné par une mise en cause de la valeur morale du texte, à une forte adhésion, généralement fondée sur le constat de la lucidité de l’auteur et de sa capacité à représenter le monde tel qu’il est, avec férocité, sans complaisance, mais également avec courage et un certain humour. Au coeur de ces jugements qui engagent des valeurs essentielles pour la littérature, se pose la question fondamentale de la polyphonie romanesque. Sur la base d’une analyse de quelques extraits tirés desParticules élémentaires, seront dégagés différents facteurs, textuels et contextuels, susceptibles de conditionner la réception du texte, notamment la perception de la « voix » de l’auteur, tout en offrant un espace ouvert sur une pluralité interprétative. Je me centrerai en particulier sur la manière dont le roman présente des opinions racistes, homophobes et antiféministes susceptibles d’engendrer de violentes réactions de la part du public, tout en engageant, à des degrés différents, la responsabilité morale de l’écrivain. Cette analyse visera également, en préambule, à réfléchir sur le statut éthique des énoncés fictionnels.
Very low-noise large-area calorimeter based on bimetallic micromechanical transduction: toward sub-nanowatt resolution in air at room temperature
Authors: Amemiya Kuniaki , Fukuda Daiji , Zama Tatsuya
Published: October 2016

We demonstrated a very low-noise, large-area calorimeter based on a micromechanical heat-flow sensor. The input heat flow is transduced to the bimetallic deformation of the sensor, which is observed using a high-resolution fiber optic interferometer. The characteristics of 5-mm-square Si–Al bimetallic micromechanical sensors fabricated using silicon-on-insulator micromachining processes were investigated. We experimentally achieved a heat-detection noise of 12 nW, which is comparable to the best performance of thermopiles. The developed sensor is free of Johnson noise, which constrains the signal-to-noise ratio. In principle, this technique can provide a sub-nanowatt resolution even in air at room temperature.
Synchrotron X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy of salts in natural sea ice
Authors: Obbard Rachel W. , Lieb‐Lappen Ross M. , Nordick Katherine V. , Golden Ellyn J. , Leonard Jeremiah R. , Lanzirotti Antonio , Newville Mathew G.
Published: October 2016

We describe the use of synchrotron‐based X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy to examine the microstructural location of specific elements, primarily salts, in sea ice. This work was part of an investigation of the location of bromine in the sea ice‐snowpack‐blowing snow system, where it plays a part in the heterogeneous chemistry that contributes to tropospheric ozone depletion episodes. We analyzed samples at beamline 13‐ID‐E of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. Using an 18 keV incident energy beam, we produced elemental maps of salts for sea ice samples from the Ross Sea, Antarctica. The distribution of salts in sea ice depends on ice type. In our columnar ice samples, Br was located in parallel lines spaced roughly 0.5 mm apart, corresponding to the spacing of lamellae in the skeletal region during initial ice growth. The maps revealed concentrations of Br in linear features in samples from all but the topmost and bottommost depths. For those samples, the maps revealed rounded features. Calibration of the Br elemental maps showed bulk concentrations to be 5–10 g/m3, with concentrations ten times larger in the linear features. Through comparison with horizontal thin sections, we could verify that these linear features were brine sheets or layers.
An empirical RBF model of the magnetosphere parameterized by interplanetary and ground‐based drivers
Authors: Tsyganenko N. A. , Andreeva V. A.
Published: October 2016

In our recent paper (Andreeva and Tsyganenko, 2016), a novel method was proposed to model the magnetosphere directly from spacecraft data, with no a priori knowledge nor ad hoc assumptions about the geometry of the magnetic field sources. The idea was to split the field into the toroidal and poloidal parts and then expand each part into a weighted sum of radial basis functions (RBF). In the present work we take the next step forward by having developed a full‐fledged model of the near magnetosphere, based on a multiyear set of space magnetometer data (1995–2015) and driven by ground‐based and interplanetary input parameters. The model consolidates the largest ever amount of data and has been found to provide the best ever merit parameters, in terms of both the overall RMS residual field and record‐high correlation coefficients between the observed and model field components. By experimenting with different combinations of input parameters and their time‐averaging intervals, we found the best so far results to be given by the ram pressure Pd, SYM‐H, and N‐index by Newell et al. (2007). In addition, the IMF By has also been included as a model driver, with a goal to more accurately represent the IMF penetration effects. The model faithfully reproduces both externally and internally induced variations in the global distribution of the geomagnetic field and electric currents. Stronger solar wind driving results in a deepening of the equatorial field depression and a dramatic increase of its dawn‐dusk asymmetry. The Earth's dipole tilt causes a consistent deformation of the magnetotail current sheet and a significant north‐south asymmetry of the polar cusp depressions on the dayside. Next steps to further develop the new approach are also discussed.
Planetary wave variability of Sq currents
Authors: Elhawary R. , Forbes J. M.
Published: October 2016

The E region wind dynamo is a key linkage in atmosphere‐ionosphere coupling, but relatively little is known about variability of the corresponding E region currents in terms of connections with atmosphere dynamics. In this paper we analyze ground magnetic variations ΔB during 2009 at two midlatitude stations to reveal planetary wave (PW) periodicities near those of well‐known atmospheric normal modes, i.e., 5, 10, and 16 days. In the neutral atmosphere these waves are westward propagating with zonal wave number s = 1. The two stations are at the same magnetic latitude and are nearly conjugate in longitude, which leads to following new insights: First, the amplitude and phase variations between the two stations do not conform to simple westward propagating waves with zonal wave number s = 1, implying that the underlying physics is more complex, in part due to modulation by the predominantly s = 1 longitude‐dependent magnetic field. There is also compelling evidence that much ΔB variability near PW periods arises through the product of solar‐controlled conductivity and PW‐related electric field in the expression for electric current, mainly arising from solar radiation periodicities longer than the solar rotation period. For instance, interactions between solar periodicities in conductivity near 53d and 83d and PW periodicities in total electric field yield secondary peaks in the ΔB spectrum that contribute to its variability at periods less than 20d. In fact, most of the observed ΔB variability arises from these two latter sources, rather than directly from the original driving PW oscillations.
Modeling the high‐latitude ground response to the excitation of the ionospheric MHD modes by atmospheric electric discharge
Authors: Fedorov E. , Mazur N. , Pilipenko V. , Baddeley L.
Published: October 2016

The ionospheric Alfvén resonator (IAR) and fast magnetosonic (FMS) waveguide, which can trap the electromagnetic wave energy in the range from fractions of Hz to several Hz, are characteristic features of the upper ionosphere. Their role in the electromagnetic impulsive coupling between atmospheric discharge processes and the ionosphere can be elucidated with a proper model. The presented model is based on numerical solution of coupled wave equations for electromagnetic modes in the ionosphere and atmosphere in a realistic ionosphere modeled with the use of IRI (International Reference Ionosphere) vertical profiles. The geomagnetic field is supposed to be nearly vertical, so the model can be formally applied to high latitudes, though the main features of ground ULF structure will be qualitatively similar at middle latitudes as well. The modeling shows that during the lightning discharge a coupled wave system comprising IAR and MHD waveguide is excited. Using the model, the spatial structure, frequency spectra, and polarization parameters have been calculated at various distances from a vertical dipole. In the lightning proximity (about several hundred kilometer) only the lowest IAR harmonics are revealed in the radial magnetic component spectra. At distances >800 km the multiband spectral structure is formed predominantly by harmonics of FMS waveguide modes. The model predictions do not contradict the results of search coil magnetometer observations on Svalbard; however, the model validation demands more dedicated experimental studies.
Mechanics and rates of tidal inlet migration: Modeling and application to natural examples
Authors: Nienhuis Jaap H. , Ashton Andrew D.
Published: October 2016

Tidal inlets on barrier coasts can migrate alongshore hundreds of meters per year, often presenting great management and engineering challenges. Here we perform model experiments with migrating tidal inlets in Delft3D‐SWAN to investigate the mechanics and rates of inlet migration. Model experiments with obliquely approaching waves suggest that tidal inlet migration occurs due to three mechanisms: (1) littoral sediment deposition along the updrift inlet bank, (2) wave‐driven sediment transport preferentially eroding the downdrift bank of the inlet, and (3) flood‐tide‐driven flow preferentially cutting along the downdrift inlet bank because it is less obstructed by flood‐tidal delta deposits. To quantify tidal inlet migration, we propose and apply a simple mass balance framework of sediment fluxes around inlets that includes alongshore sediment bypassing and flood‐tidal delta deposition. In model experiments, both updrift littoral sediment and the eroded downdrift inlet bank are sediment sources to the growing updrift barrier and the flood‐tidal delta, such that tidal inlets can be net sink of up to 150% of the littoral sediment flux. Our mass balance framework demonstrates how, with flood‐tidal deltas acting as a littoral sediment sink, migrating tidal inlets can drive erosion of the downdrift barrier beach. Parameterizing model experiments, we propose a predictive model of tidal inlet migration rates based upon the relative momentum flux of the inlet jet and the alongshore radiation stress; we then compare these predicted migration rates to 22 natural tidal inlets along the U.S. East Coast and find good agreement.
Numerical simulation of transient groundwater age distributions assisting land and water management in the Middle Wairarapa Valley, New Zealand
Authors: Toews Michael W. , Daughney Christopher J. , Cornaton Fabien J. , Morgenstern Uwe , Evison Ryan D. , Jackson Bethanna M. , Petrus Karine , Mzila Doug
Published: October 2016

This study used numerical models to simulate transient groundwater age distributions using a time‐marching Laplace transform Galerkin (TMLTG) technique. First, the TMLTG technique was applied to simple box models configured to match idealized lumped parameter models (LPMs). Even for simple box models, time‐varying recharge can generate groundwater age distributions with highly irregular shapes that vary over time in response to individual recharge events. Notably, the transient numerical simulations showed that the breakthrough and mean ages are younger than in the steady flow case, and that this difference is greater for sporadic recharge time series than for more regular recharge time series. Second, the TMLTG technique was applied to a transient numerical model of the 270 km2 Middle Wairarapa Valley, New Zealand. To our knowledge this study is the first application of the TMLTG technique to a real‐world example, made possible by the data set of tritium measurements that exists for the Wairarapa Valley. Results from a transient mean age simulation shows variation from a few days to over a decade in either temporal or spatial dimensions. Temporal variations of mean age are dependent on seasonal climate and groundwater abstraction. Results also demonstrated important differences between the transient age distributions derived from the TMLTG technique compared to the much simpler steady‐state LPMs that are frequently applied to interpret age tracer data. Finally, results had direct application to land and water management, for example for identification of land areas where age distributions vary seasonally, affecting the security of groundwater supplies used for drinking water.
B
akhtin,
M
ikhail
Authors: Gardiner Michael E.
Published: October 2016

This entry sketches the key ideas and biographical context of Russian cultural and literary theorist Mikhail M. Bakhtin (1895–1975), as well as the work of the so‐called “Bakhtin Circle” that is associated with his name. Central concepts discussed include “alterity,” “dialogism,” “heteroglossia,” “intersubjectivity,” “polyphony,” and “carnival.”
Cultivation Theory
Authors: Morgan Michael , Shanahan James , Signorielli Nancy
Published: October 2016

Cultivation theory is concerned with the most general consequences of long‐term exposure to centrally produced, commercially supported systems of stories. Cultivation analysis concentrates on the common consequences of living with television: the cultivation of stable, resistant, and widely shared assumptions and conceptions reflecting the institutional interests of the medium and the larger society. The range of topics examined by cultivation has expanded over the past four decades, as institutional and technical developments create new challenges for the theory.
Action and Agency
Authors: Bencherki Nicolas
Published: October 2016

The relationship between communication and action and agency is discussed. Crucial themes pertaining to action are presented in their intersection with communication. The question of intentionality is contrasted with the pragmatic view of communication. The role communication plays in providing alternative descriptions of action is also discussed, as well as the importance of communication in the individuation of action, that is, in bringing together the many elements that constitute a single action. The entry then discusses the shared character of action, as well as the action of collectives, including organizations, for which conventional models of action struggle to account. The conventional opposition between “real” action and less than real communication is also discussed.
Activity Theory
Authors: Foot Kirsten A.
Published: October 2016

Cultural‐historical activity theory (abbreviated as CHAT or activity theory) is a theoretical framework for understanding how people engage in collective, communicative, purposeful activity. Activity theory is practice‐based and object‐driven, and employed in many fields of social research including communication and organizational studies. It enables both the analysis of complex and evolving collective practices and the generation of insights for the shaping of future practices. Activity theory provides a framework for analyzing interactions between people that includes not only the interpersonal/communicative aspects of those interactions, but also the cultural, historical, political, and economic dimensions. This entry introduces the core concepts of the activity system, contradictions with and between activity systems, and developmental cycles of activity systems. These three concepts are essential for understanding contemporary discussions of activity theory.
Convergence
Authors: Ytreberg Espen
Published: October 2016

Starting in the 1980s as an industry buzzword sporadically used by academics, “convergence” rose to prominence in the 1990s and early 2000s as a catchall term for the coming together of various media by means of digital technology. Convergence has become entrenched and institutionalized as a key concept in media studies, in close association with concepts such as digitalization and interactivity. At the same time it has been regarded with suspicion for its vagueness, all‐inclusiveness, and air of media industry hype.
Biotechnology
Authors: Peekhaus Wilhelm
Published: October 2016

This entry highlights some of the major communicational and informational issues that inhere in contemporary biotechnology. After briefly reviewing the scientific breakthroughs that facilitated this technoscience, attention turns to the various metaphors and conceptual models imported from communication and information studies to conceptualize our changing understanding of genetics and biotechnology. The treatment offered here also articulates some of the critiques leveled against such conceptualizations, including the ways they have helped facilitate the commodification of biotechnology. The entry then considers specific informational and communicational concerns as they relate to biotechnology, including intellectual property, regulation, media coverage, and popular resistance.
Computer‐Mediated Communication
Authors: Bakardjieva Maria
Published: October 2016

Computer‐mediated communication (CMC) refers to a wide variety of communication processes that involve individuals or groups and are realized through computer technologies. As an object of study in the social and human sciences, it lies at the intersection of two academic fields with different intellectual traditions—the study of technology and society, and the study of communication and media. This entry traces the evolution of three distinct paradigms underlying public and scholarly efforts to understand the nature of CMC and its social implications. “Channel,” “community,” and “network” are used as working labels to designate these paradigms. Three main components are examined within each paradigm: the specific technological systems of computer mediation at its heart; the typical applications, organizational arrangements, and user activities that have grown around these respective technologies; and, finally, the key constructs, approaches, and heuristics that have guided academic analysts in asking questions, conducting studies, and producing findings.
Afrocentricity
Authors: Asante Molefi Kete
Published: October 2016

Afrocentricity is a philosophical paradigm, based on the work of the communication and cultural theorist Molefi Kete Asante, that emphasizes the centrality and agency of African phenomena within the African historical context as the solution to what Asante calleddislocation. Created during the last quarter of the 20th century, Afrocentricity launched terms such as agency, centeredness, location, dislocation, and disorientation as pillars of analysis. Several distinguishing characteristics were articulated as useful criteria for critical discussion of place, space, and other metaphors of location.
Communication Privacy Management
Authors: Petronio Sandra
Published: October 2016

In today's world, managing private information is an issue that is discussed frequently, lamented often, and wildly misunderstood. Privacy protection and privacy revelations, deciding to grant or deny access, and determining how much information a person wants to disclose to family members or physicians, all reflect examples of choices people make on a daily basis. With ever‐expanding informational technologies, the challenges of making effective choices are heightened. People are more sensitized to decisions about revealing and concealing, not only in online communities, but also in face to face interactions. The need to regulate information individuals consider private has become more apparent. Although many researchers are exploring angles to better understand ways to identify the issues, the evidenced‐based, social behavioral theory of communication privacy management (CPM) has proved useful in grasping the many facets of private information management and answers questions about why privacy management is wildly misunderstood.
Cognition
Authors: Ipsen Guido
Published: October 2016

In the history of philosophy, linguistics, and computer science, the development of the term cognition has resulted in a considerable diversity of applications. From a relatively narrow understanding of the concept as the process of idea‐making and perceiving in ancient philosophy to cognitive modeling of human perception and thinking by extended computer systems in the 21st century, cognition as a term and as a concept has traveled from philosophy to the social sciences, psychology, and computing. In the course of this remarkable history of the term, its basic understanding has varied. A definition may be that cognition is a process of solving the natural task of perceiving the world of objects and interpretation of the latter, however exempting the faculties of emotion and volition. Without cognition, neither an understanding of natural and social environment nor the creation of higher abstract ideas was possible. Whether cognition really is a computational process that can be modeled in machines remains debated.
Alterity
Authors: Pinchevski Amit
Published: October 2016

Although entering only recently into communication scholarship, the problem of alterity is intrinsic to communication theory and philosophy. Alterity presents the challenge of resistance to communication and of the limit of communication. As such, it invites rethinking communication not simply as a question of knowledge and understanding but as a question of ethics and politics.
Culture
Authors: Jensen Klaus Bruhn
Published: October 2016

This entry describes and discusses the concept of culture as it relates to media and communication. Following an account of general definitions and conceptions of culture, the entry provides an overview of research about the different cultural contexts in which communication occurs at various levels of social organization: local, national, intercultural, and global. The entry also reviews studies that have explored the relationship of subcultures to media institutions and communicative practices. Some specific theoretical and normative aspects of the intersection of culture and communication have been addressed in research on cultural imperialism, postcolonialism, and other traditions that examine the media as increasingly globalized and networked infrastructures. The last part of the entry notes how different research traditions can be partly understood as products of particular cultural contexts.
Articulation Theory
Authors: Slack Jennifer Daryl
Published: October 2016

This entry explores the development of articulation theory as an approach to understanding the ways in which elements in a social formation are linked and affect relations of domination and resistance. It examines the contributions of key figures, considers key concepts, and explores challenges for theorizing in the future.
Buddhism
Authors: Tilakaratne Asanga , Gunaratne Shelton A.
Published: October 2016

The first part of this entry outlines the beginning of Buddhism, and its division into three main traditions as it spread into a wider Asian region (encompassing Southeast and East Asia) more than five centuries after the death of the Buddha. It then goes on to assert the likely merging of all schools of Buddhism as a result of globalization, and provides a summary of Buddhist phenomenology. The second part continues with further elaboration of the crux of Buddhism shared by all major traditions. It connects the four noble truths to the other major concepts of Buddhism: theti‐lakkhanaor three marks of existence, thepanca skandhaor five aggregates, and the dependent co‐origination orpaticca samuppadaparadigm. Finally, it outlines the potential of Buddhism to offer new theoretical and methodological insights for communication research.
Biology
Authors: Boren Justin P. , Veksler Alice E.
Published: October 2016

Biology refers here to the study of how human systems impact communication and how communication influences health. Multiple theories exist that link biology and communication, including communibiology, which argues that all communication is reducible to brain activity. Communibiologists measure various body systems, for example the nervous, endocrine, immune, and cardiovascular systems.
Argumentation Theory
Authors: Lewiński Marcin , Mohammed Dima
Published: October 2016

Argumentation theory investigates the practices and standards of using arguments. Argumentation is understood as a communicative activity of producing and exchanging reasons in the context of doubt or disagreement. It thus constitutes or contributes to a wide range of fundamental social processes, from political debates to legal disputes, scientific inquiry, and interpersonal conflicts. In contrast to much research within communication, argumentation theory combines descriptive study of how we argue with normative inquiry into the standards of good argumentation. In this sense, it has a long interdisciplinary tradition that starts with ancient rhetoric, dialectic, and logic and continues today to include recent research in areas such as online communication and artificial intelligence.
Collaboration and Cooperation
Authors: Jackson Michele H.
Published: October 2016

Despite the absence of an established definition, collaboration and cooperation are widely studied across several disciplines, beginning in the mid‐ to late 20th century and accelerating through to the present. After presenting the scholarly history of the terms, this entry organizes the existing research into three frames, considering collaboration and cooperation first as an ability or aptitude, then as characteristics of small‐group interaction, and finally as connecting separate interests or efforts.
Art History
Authors: Lamarre Thomas
Published: October 2016

As a discipline, art history combines two lines of inquiry, one concerning art, and one concerning history. From the standpoint of philosophy, these two lines of inquiry, however, do not generally receive equal consideration. Indeed, the discipline might be characterized in terms of an imbalance or unevenness between the two, which introduces an interval between art and history that has proven highly generative in producing a range of conceptual paradigms for the discipline. Through such paradigms, art history strives to contest and move beyond the normative disciplinary biases it produces.
Aesthetics
Authors: Crick Nathan
Published: October 2016

Aesthetics in communication represents the art of manipulating symbolic forms in such a way that it produces pleasure and pain through the manipulation of appearances and, at its most eloquent, conveys a sense of beauty that opens up a sphere of the possible. One can trace, however, three different ways of approaching the relationship between communication and aesthetics. First, aesthetics can be seen as the science of the senses. Second, aesthetics can be seen as the cultivation and communication of taste. And, third, aesthetics can be seen as the study and employment of form. The present entry explains these three perspectives on aesthetics by showing their origins in classical Greece, in the figures of Gorgias, Plato, and Aristotle.
Bourdieu,Pierre
Authors: Benson Rodney
Published: October 2016

French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu's concepts of field, autonomy, homology, cultural capital, habitus, doxa, reflexivity, and symbolic violence provide powerful tools for communication theorizing. In works such asDistinction,The Rules of Art, andLanguage and Symbolic Power, Bourdieu offers new insights on the production of culture, audience reception, media change, and research epistemology and methodology.
Agenda‐Setting, Priming, and Framing
Authors: Moy Patricia , Tewksbury David , Rinke Eike Mark
Published: October 2016

Today's news media exert a host of influences over individuals' attitudes, cognitions, and behaviors. This entry provides an overview of three widely studied theories and mechanisms of influence:agenda‐setting, which occurs when increased media coverage of an issue leads to increased perceptions of salience of that issue;priming, the process by which the salience of an idea becomes the basis for judgment and evaluation; andframing, a set of processes by which news content is created and shapes individuals' perceptions and behaviors.
Campaigns of Thebes, 379–362
BC
Authors: Sprawski Sławomir
Published: October 2016

In the 370 s 
bc
Thebes first liberated itself from Spartan occupation and then gradually reasserted its authority over surrounding Boeotia. In 371 the conflict with Sparta culminated at Leuctra, where, to the surprise of all Greeks, the inspired Theban army under Epaminondas and Pelopidas shattered the Spartans. Subsequently Epaminondas invaded the Peloponnese to liberate Messenia from Spartan domination and dissolve the Peloponnesian League. Pelopidas’ efforts to extend Theban authority into Thessaly ended in failure and death, while Theban influence in the Peloponnese was greatly reduced when Epaminondas died at the inconclusive Battle of Mantinea.
The Wars of the Successors, 323–281
BC
Authors: Anson Edward
Published: October 2016

Alexander's death in 323
bc
led to 40 years of fighting between rival Macedonian aspirants to his imperial legacy. In these conflicts, the prized targets were not Macedon itself and the Greek cities of Europe but Alexander's much richer conquests in the Levant and further east. The forces involved on land and sea were often massive and highly trained by Greek standards. Attempts to unify Alexander's inheritance invariably provoked opposition from regional leaders, so that authority eventually came to be divided between the Ptolemies in Egypt, the Seleucids in Persia and Syria, and the Antigonids, who at last established themselves in Macedon.