bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The relation of the vibrating line to the fovea palatini and soft palate contour in edentulous patients
Authors: Keng S. B. , Ow R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A clinical study was conducted on edentulous patients to determine the significance of the vibrating line to the fovea palatini and the slope of the palatal contour. The phonation method was used to determine the vibrating line and the slope of the soft palate classified into flat, medium and deep contours. The distance of the vibrating line to the fovea was measured directly by means of a compass. The results indicate that the vibrating line is located approximately 2.62 mm anterior to the fovea. There is a highly significant correlation between the distance of vibrating line to fovea for the different palatal contours. Their clinical significance are discussed.
Denture cleansing habits. A survey
Authors: Polyzois Gregory L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A survey of denture cleansing habits of 534 complete‐denture wearing patients revealed the majority used a mechanical method, seven per cent depended on chemicals, and seven per cent used a combination of both methods.
A longitudinal radiographic study of caries progression in dental students
Authors: Cook S. R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Caries activity and progression were studied radiographically in the approximal surfaces of posterior teeth of dental students in Years III, IV, and V. The experimental period was 8.5, 19, and 32 months, respectively. For surfaces with a small initial lesion, 79.2 per cent, 79.6 per cent, and 68.4 per cent remained unchanged or improved for the three groups, respectively. For larger enamel lesions, the corresponding figures were 90.9 per cent, 57.7 per cent, and 58.3 per cent, respectively.

A questionnaire revealed significant differences in selected groups with respect to frequency of toothbrushing, use of dental floss, and home topical fluoride applications.
The use of ultrasound and an EDTA‐urea peroxide compound in the cleansing of root canals. An SEM study*
Authors: Cameron Jeffrey A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Thirty‐two human teeth with constricted root canals were prepared using an EDTA‐urea peroxide compound as an aid to root canal instrumentation. A final irrigation of 3 per cent sodium hypochlorite with up to five minutes of indirect ultrasound was not sufficient to remove the debris and smear layer from the canal wall when viewed under the scanning electron microscope. It was suggested that the wax‐like smear layer could have clinical benefits and required further investigation.
Peripheral cryoneurotomy in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Goss A. N.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The results of peripheral cryoneurotomy for eleven cases of trigeminal neuralgia refractory to pharmacological treatment are presented. This out‐patient procedure resulted in prolonged pain relief with no associated morbidity.
Dental management problems related to self‐image in Crouzon's syndrome
Authors: O'Donnell David
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Craniofacial dysostosis in a 15‐year‐old Chinese boy is described, and some of the problems associated with the patient's management and treatment are discussed.
The use of fluoride preparations in dental practice
Authors: Monsour P. A. J. , Kruger B. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A survey of a 10 per cent sample of general practitioners in Queensland showed that topical fluoride therapy was still widely practised and accepted in Queensland and believed by most dentists to be economically worthwhile. In a State where less than five per cent of the population has access to a fluoridated water supply, all of the dentists in the sample advocated the use of fluoride tablets by young children. Since there was an apparent lack of preparedness by most of the dentists to manage acute fluoride poisoning resulting from excessive ingestion of fluoride through these sources, a schedule of treatment has been recorded.
Frequency distribution of children in Australia according to dental caries experience
Authors: Carr L. M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The frequency distribution of children aged seven to twelve years according to their DIMF and DI scores was determined in respect of 1977 and 1982. These children were examined by the school dental service in each State and Territory.

The proportion of children with no DIMF teeth increased by 75 per cent, and the greatest decline in frequency distributions between 1977 and 1982 occurred in the groups with high mean DIMF indices. The distributions based on DIMF scores were notable for their extreme unevenness with separate peaks at scores of zero and four.
Periodontal implications of the adolescent cleft palate patient
Authors: Tan A. E. S. , Henry P. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The management of the patient with a cleft lip and palate is best accomplished by a multi‐disciplinary team approach provided at a paediatric hospital. The role of periodontal treatment is discussed within such a framework. The implications are mainly related to altered soft tissue morphology without true loss of periodontal attachment. The rationale of plaque control and surgical intervention is discussed and the close relationship between periodontal and prosthetic considerations in treatment planning is highlighted.
Secondary syphilis with extensive oral manifestations
Authors: Wong P. N. C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Although oral syphilis is uncommon, it is, however, a potential health risk to dentists who are usually unfamiliar with this clinical entity. The following case report highlights the problems that could arise when dentists are confronted with clinical cases of secondary syphilis with oral affection.
Internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint. IV. Disc repair surgery
Authors: Moloney Frank
Published: May 2009

Sufficient clinical experience is now available to lend support to the rationale for surgical repositioning and repair of the anteriorly displaced disc of the temporomandibular joint. Indications for this operation are defined, a technique described, and a review of the supporting literature presented.
Local anaesthesia and applied anatomy
Authors: Shields P. W.
Published: May 2009

This paper comprises a collection of clinical observations made in the practice of local anaesthesia in dentistry and offers explanations based on anatomy for some observed phenomena.

The results of a detailed survey of aspiration during mandibular injection designed to indicate the most likely cause of associated vascular injury are recorded.
A radiographic interpretation of cranio‐facial reference lines in relation to prosthodontic plane orientation
Authors: Ow Richard K. K. , Keng S. B. , Djeng S. K. , Ritchie G. M.
Published: May 2009

An analysis was made of prosthodontically related cranio‐facial reference lines and angles of lateral skull radiographs taken for 60 edentulous Chinese adults wearing newly fabricated dentures.

The radiographic angle between the Frankfort horizontal line and Camper's line was compared across Chinese and Swedish male adults. This showed a significant increase in mean angle of 3.4° for Chinese subjects. The angular difference was explained on the basis of ethnic variation in ‘orbitale’ position which could probably account for the relative steepness of the Frankfort horizontal line in the Chinese.

The plane of orientation in the edentulous subject was made to conform to the ala‐tragus line. The ala‐tragus line in Chinese adults was observed radiographically to orient itself at a comparatively steep angle to the horizontal plane of the articulator.

The variation in ‘orbitale’ position and the influence of a steep occlusal plane in the edentulous Chinese could impose a limit to the smooth transfer of the facebow registration of the maxillary occlusal plane to the articulator.
A history of the Institute of Dental Research, Sydney
Authors: Knox K. W.
Published: May 2009

The contributions of the Institute to dental science over the forty years since its establishment are discussed in the context of the objectives expressed by its first Director, Dr N. E. Goldsworthy. Evidence is presented of the role played by the scientific staff in meeting these objectives through the publication of research papers and obtaining research grants, which are now a major source of income.
General hospital residency for dental undergraduates
Authors: Stacy G. C. , Gaudry P.
Published: May 2009

A one‐week full‐time general hospital residency for a final year of 81 dental undergraduates has been greeted by the majority of students as being an invaluable experience. Such a residency programme could be structured to provide dental students with an even broader medical perspective during their training and thus allow for a greater clinical maturity on graduation. The present programme is outlined and discussed.
Major pre‐prosthetic surgery. A review
Authors: Tideman Henk , Anker Anthony , Arvier John
Published: May 2009

Most patients who are rendered edentulous have satisfactory dentures constructed after a short period of healing and these dentures usually give several years of functional service. However, in patients who have been edentulous for many years and in whom considerable atrophy of the alveolar ridge has occurred, or who have been using an ill‐fitting prosthesis, there are problems of poor retention, and it is this group of patients who benefit most from pre‐prosthetic surgery. The aim of surgical procedures is to improve the denture bearing area, thus facilitating the construction of a denture and improving its function.

Much of the work is of a minor nature, but if the denture bearing area is so reduced that support, retention and stability cannot be achieved, then major surgery may need to be considered. In this regard, relative and absolute augmentation procedures and recent developments in implantology have added new dimensions to the treatment of the atrophic mandible.

This paper reviews these major procedures, briefly outlining the surgical protocols, and discusses the indications and results of the techniques as they are now practised.
Tissue conditioners as obturators in maxillofacial surgery
Authors: Loh H. S. , Tan P. H.
Published: May 2009

Prosthetic management of patients after maxillofacial surgery to restore physiologic functions and promote recovery is emphasized. A case is presented to illustrate the use of a tissue conditioner as the obturator bulb. Its merits are highlighted and its use to obturate surgical defects is advocated. The disadvantages of other conventional materials which have been employed are discussed.
Prevalence and detection of patients with bleeding disorders
Authors: Monsour P. A. , Kruger B. J. , Harden P. A.
Published: May 2009

Abstracts

This paper reports on the prevalence of specific congenital bleeding disorders in Australia and records those drugs used in Australia which may cause disorders and result in haemorrhage following surgery. The incidence of haemophilia in Australia is amongst the highest in the world. The paper also presents a simple approach for the detection of patients who may bleed excessively following dental surgery.
Aspects of the chemistry of polysulphide impression material
Authors: Darvell B. W.
Published: May 2009

The composition, structure and setting reactions of polysulphide impression materials are reviewed in order to correct errors of fact and misinterpretations. A model for molecular size distribution is used to clarify the composition of the prepolymer and the process of setting.
The preparation of autologous fibronectin for use in periodontal surgery
Authors: Thompson E. W. , Seymour G. J. , Whyte G. J.
Published: May 2009

A simple method for the preparation of autologous fibronectin and its subsequent use in periodontal surgery is presented. Fibronectin was isolated from autologous plasma using gelatine mediated affinity chromatography which afforded a yield of 76.5 ± 3.3 per cent. The fibronectin was concentrated to 5 mg/mL to produce a viscosity suitable for use in periodontal surgery. The purity and stability of the fibronectin was assessed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It was found to contain no contaminants and to remain relatively stable at 4°C over a four to five‐week period.
Bilateral Bell's palsy: current concepts in aetiology and treatment. Case report
Authors: Muralidhar M. , Raghavan M. R. Vijay , Bailoor Durgesh N. , Kamath V. V.
Published: May 2009

An uncommon case of bilateral idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell's palsy) is reported in a sixty‐year‐old male patient with no other neurological defect. The theories of aetiology and the current modalities of treatment are discussed.
Tooth wear and bruxism: a sleep laboratory investigation
Authors: Dettmar D. M. , Shaw R. M. , Tilley A. J.
Published: May 2009

This pilot investigation was concerned with the study of bruxing patterns during sleep of five young subjects each representing a dental treatment category showing a distinct level of tooth wear. Electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram (EOG), and electromyogram (EMG) activity was recorded on two consecutive nights. All five sleep profiles were very similar to the established norms for their age group. It was observed that EMG disturbances which may be associated with bruxing occurred in all sleep stages but predominantly in Stage 2 and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. There were no systematic differences in EMG disturbances related to different levels of dental treatment and tooth wear.
Tooth replantation: 11‐year follow‐up
Authors: Abrams Richard A.
Published: May 2009

A 21‐year‐old Caucasian male presented with a traumatically avulsed maxillary central incisor. The tooth was replanted after being absent from the alveolus for approximately 90 minutes. The patient has been followed routinely, and there is no evidence of any pathosis after more than 11 years.
Odontomes in an Australian population
Authors: O'Grady J. F. , Radden B. G. , Reade P. C.
Published: May 2009

In a series of 118 odontomes in an Australian population there were no sex differences in the prevalence of complex and compound lesions with regard to site, age or type of lesion. The odontomes were most commonly detected in the second decade, but a wide age range was evident. Complex odontomes were more common than compound, with equal frequency in the anterior maxilla and mandibular molar region. The most common site for compound odontomes was the anterior maxilla.
Caries experience of Aboriginal children in the Orana Region of New South Wales
Authors: Cooper M. H. , Schamschula R. G. , Craig G. G.
Published: May 2009

Indices of cumulative caries experience (DMFT, DMFS, SR) were assessed for 682 Aboriginal children, aged 5 to 14 years, residents of the predominantly non‐fluoridated Orana and Far West Health Region of New South Wales. The results show substantially decreased caries experience compared with 1978 findings. The reduction is attributed to a preventive programme based on fluoride therapy and to improved national emphasis on child health programmes. The declining trend of caries is also in accord with global trends apparent in most industrialized countries.
Persistent neutropenia in a young child with a chromosome anomaly. Case report
Authors: Symons Anne L.
Published: May 2009

Patients suffering from neutropenia are more susceptible to infection due to a defect in the body's defences. The young subject of this case report had a rare chromosome anomaly which may have been responsible for the neutropenia or may have modified the effect of the neutropenia.

After traumatizing two deciduous central incisors, inflammation of the periodontal tissues did not resolve and eventually the traumatized teeth exfoliated with little evidence of root resorption. Instigation of oral hygiene procedures remarkably improved the health of the periodontum. With time, the gingival health deteriorated as the child, being physically and mentally handicapped, refused dental treatment. She was unco‐operative with attempts to brush her teeth and maintained an unfavourable digit‐sucking habit.
Re‐attachment of original tooth fragment to a fractured crown. Case report
Authors: Liew V. P.
Published: May 2009

A procedure is described in which the fractured portion of a traumatized tooth was re‐attached to the crown using the acid‐etch composite resin technique. The restoration had functioned successfully when reviewed six months later. The benefits of the procedure are discussed.
Adhesion of composite resin to etched glass ionomer cement
Authors: Chin Y. H. , Tyas Martin J.
Published: May 2009

A laboratory study was undertaken to determine the tensile bond strengths of three glass ionomer cements to dentine and the tensile bond strengths of composite to the three glass ionomers after etching. The tensile bond strength to untreated dentine was in the range of 4.47–5.52 MPa, being approximately twice that of a glass ionomer restorative material. After etching the glass ionomer, the bond strength to composite resin ranged from 1.83 MPa to 6.17 MPa, depending on the ionomer and on the time after mixing at which it was etched. In the majority of clinical situations, retention of a composite restoration via etched glass ionomer cement would probably need to be supplemented by additional mechanical retention.
Urinary fluoride levels in pre‐school children in relation to the use of fluoride toothpaste
Authors: Dooland M. B. , Wylie Alison
Published: May 2009

Samples of the first morning urine of 99 pre‐school children were collected on two successive days with children in the test group abstaining from the use of fluoride toothpaste on the day preceding the taking of the second sample. The fluoridexreatinine ratio of these children, an index of fluoride excretion, was lower in the second urine samples. If the results are representative of 24 hour urine samples it would appear that fluoride toothpaste may contribute significantly to the fluoride ingestion of pre‐school children.
Co‐ordinated treatment of secondary cleft deformities
Authors: Heggie Andrew A. C. , West Roger A. , McNeill R. William
Published: May 2009

Secondary cleft deformities result from the cumulative effects of functional and morphological abnormalities. Treatment choices should be based on a comprehensive plan which is designed to minimize treatment time and iatrogenic effects and which is based on sound physical and psychosocial objectives. Conventional orthodontic and orthognathic surgical principles can be modified and applied to a variety of facial cleft problems. Direct surgical correction of secondary deformities instead of prosthetic or orthodontic compensation expands treatment possibilities and optimizes treatment results.
Oral hygiene — why neglect the tongue?
Authors: Ralph W. J.
Published: May 2009

Most dentists fail to instruct their patients to routinely clean the tongue. Debris on the dorsal surface of the tongue is removed by fibrous foods and by brushing and scraping.

A reduction in plaque formation and tooth root caries in the elderly may be achieved. A source of halitosis will be removed and the taste acuity heightened. The tongue should no longer be neglected in oral hygiene regimes.
Prevalence of dental caries in Taiwan Aboriginal children — Bunun, Paiwan, Rukai, Ami, and Yami Tribes
Authors: Miyazaki H. , Takehara T.
Published: May 2009

The DMF index and OHI were examined in five Taiwan Aboriginal Tribes, Bunun, Paiwan, Rukai, Ami and Yami. The subjects were 843 children (475 boys and 368 girls) between 10 and 15 years of age. Taiwan Aboriginals used to have very little dental caries, but they now have a high dental caries prevalence. The mean number of DMF teeth was the least in the Yami (1.67–2.83) followed by the Ami (3.95–4.06) and Bunun (3.52–4.60) Tribes. It was fairly high in the Paiwan (4.44–8.00) and Rukai (5.44–8.11) Tribes. Quite high Oral Hygiene Index (OHI) values were observed in these tribes. These findings suggest that the rapid increase in dental caries in Taiwan Aboriginals seen in the late 1970s reflects the changes in the traditional dietary habits in the 1970s.
Bonding — retrospect and prospect
Authors: Tyas M. J. , Alexander S. B. , Beech D. R. , Brockhurst P. J. , Cook W. D.
Published: May 2009

Prologue

The ability to bond two substances together has become increasingly relevant in modern dental techniques. The success of diverse procedures such as the placement of a composite resin restoration, a porcelain veneer or a Maryland bridge, depends on effective bonding between two different materials. Bonding is dentistry of the future; materials can be combined to take advantage of the best properties of each component. Bonding enables smaller, less complex and less bulky restorations with, overall, more effective treatment but is more exacting in surface preparation techniques and less forgiving of error.
Endodontic instrumentation —quo vadis?*
Authors: Mayne John R.
Published: May 2009

The flaring of root canal preparations in order to improve instrumentation and enhance root filling condensation has been stressed in recent endodontic literature. Some authors, however, have suggested that too much flaring could be hazardous in molar root canals. This study was prompted by the occurrence of stripping‐type perforations and post perforations in the buccal roots of upper molars and in the mesial roots of lowers. Ten operators instrumented 22 molars utilizing a variety of techniques. The teeth were horizontally sectioned and remaining wall thicknesses were measured under magnification. Excessively thin walls were found on the furcation surfaces of the buccal roots of upper molars and the mesial roots of lowers at a level 2–4 mm apical to the trifurcation or bifurcation. A potential for root stripping and post perforation, which was not readily apparent in pre‐operative radiographs, was confirmed. The ramifications of these findings are discussed.
Tissue responses in the rat to trichloracetic acid ‐ an agent used in the treatment of invasive cervical resorption*
Authors: Heithersay Geoffrey S. , Wilson David F.
Published: May 2009

The tissue responses in rats following topical application of 90 per cent trichloracetic acid to the palatal mucosa, and to a wound involving periodontal tissues, tooth root and bone were histologically evaluated. Coagulation necrosis of palatal and gingival mucosa was followed by oedema, splitting and separation of the eschar with rapid re‐epithelialization within two days. Of significance was an almost complete absence of underlying inflammation. There were no essential differences in the healing of the trichloracetic acid‐treated wounds into deeper dental tissues compared with control wounds. These results have significance with regard to the clinical use of trichloracetic acid in the treatment of invasive cervical resorption.
A method of testing the union between glass ionomer cement and composite resin*
Authors: Mount G. J.
Published: May 2009

There is an increasing interest in the strength of the union that can be obtained between glass ionomer cement and composite resin. Because of the variations in the physical properties of the different types and brands of both glass ionomer cement and composite resin, it is logical to assume that there will be variations in the strength of the union.

An apparatus has been developed to test the union between the two materials which is simple to use and takes into account the specific requirements of both the cement and the resin in their clinical placement.
Shelf‐life of tooth‐coloured restorative materials in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Stewart Barry L. , Madu Node K. , Pouru Stephen
Published: May 2009

A survey of Dental Officers and Dental Therapists in Government Health and Defence Force Clinics throughout Papua New Guinea indicated that the problem of slow setting and even failure to set is a frequent occurrence with composite resin materials. This is because these materials tend to deteriorate at high temperatures to which they may be subjected during transport, initial storage and clinical storage awaiting use.

Eight brands of composite resin, including paste‐paste, powder‐liquid and light‐activated systems, as well as three glass ionomer cements were evaluated over a period of twelve months with respect to shelf‐life and suitability for use in a tropical environment. Preliminary results indicated that, although a light‐activated composite resin appeared to be the material of choice, it may not be suitable because it is relatively expensive and requires a curing light which is electrically operated. A powder‐liquid composite resin was, therefore, the recommended product. On the other hand, it was also suggested that a powder‐water glass ionomer cement, Chemfil II, might be a suitable alternative for a developing, tropical country such as Papua New Guinea.
Cervicofacial emphysema following dental procedures
Authors: Monsour P. A. , Savage N. W.
Published: May 2009

Cervicofacial emphysema is an infrequently reported sequela to dental surgery. Most cases result from the accidental introduction of air into the soft tissues during the use of air‐driven, high‐speed handpieces or air/water syringes. Surgical procedures, in particular removal of lower third molars, predispose to the development of an emphysema. The clinical presentation is usually a facial or cervicofacial swelling coincident with the dental treatment. The use of air instruments, immediate onset, crepitus and often a radiographically discernible enlarged facial space are the diagnostic features. Pain is not usually a feature. The possibility of mediastinal involvement should be recognized and the patient monitored appropriately. Active treatment requirements are minimal. Reassurance of the patient, antibiotic prophylaxis and analgesics, if required, are generally sufficient. This paper reviews the above features and discusses means of prevention. Early recognition and appropriate management are emphasized.
Infection control in general dental practice
Authors: Stevenson Alastair R. L. , Higgins Thomas J.
Published: May 2009

A postal survey of 600 dental practitioners in New South Wales was conducted in 1986 to establish a data base on current infection control protocols as they apply to everyday dental practice. Three hundred and sixty‐three replies (60 per cent) were returned, representing approximately 16 per cent of Australian Dental Association members in New South Wales (1987).
Denture soft linings: materials available
Authors: Mack Peter John
Published: May 2009

Denture soft lining materials are products which are applied to the fitting surfaces of dentures for the purpose of achieving a more equal distribution of load and reduction of local point pressures. These materials have provided a focus for research and controversy for over 100 years. In that time large numbers of products have been advanced as the ideal soft denture liner. This paper discusses the five main groups of materials that have been available to dentists: the natural rubbers, vinly co‐polymers, hydrophilic polymers and the silicone and acrylic based soft lining materials.
Measurement of thermal expansion coefficient of human teeth
Authors: Hengchang Xu , Wenyi Liu , Tong Wang
Published: May 2009

The coefficient of thermal expansion of specimens from 60 freshly extracted human teeth were measured over the range 10–80°C using a dilatometer. The coefficient increased rapidly above 50°C, but there was no significant variation with tooth age between 10 and 70 years. The average values obtained were 16.96 (SD 3.83) × 10−6/°C for enamel, 10.59 (SD 2.38) × 10−6/°C for dentine, 11.90 (SD 4.42) × 10−6/°C for crowns and 9.44 (SD 0.61) × 10−6/°C for roots.
Herpes zoster virus infection: A clinicopathologic review and case reports
Authors: Barrett Anthony P.
Published: May 2009

Herpes zoster virus (HZV) infection, particularly of the trigeminal nerve, can be a disabling and disfiguring condition with variable clinical presentations. Acyclovir is a highly effective treatment modality during the acute clinical phase; however, pain control may be very difficult particularly with protracted and severe post herpetic neuralgia (PHN). The clinicopathologic features are reviewed and two cases in immunosuppressed patients with HZV infection of different divisions of the trigeminal nerve are presented.
A clinical scanning electron microscope study of tooth surface preparation and bonding*
Authors: Bloxham Graeme P. , Dennison Joseph D. , Charbeneau Gerald T.
Published: May 2009

This clinical study utilized cut dentine surfaces on which the Creation Bond System® and Scotchbond® were applied after various surface treatments. It was observed under the scanning electron microscope that preparation with a tungsten carbide bur left a smear layer on the dentine. When this surface was pumiced, the smear layer remained and the tubules were plugged with smear debris. Polyacrylic acid and citric acid removed the smear layer from the dentine surface. When the Creation Bond System was applied to the surface treated with polyacrylic acid, hollow depressions were produced. Application of the Creation Bond System to the surface treated with citric acid resulted in some resin tag formation into the dentinal tubules as well as hollow depressions on the resin surface. The presence of these irregularities in the resin indicated fluid from the dentinal tubules prevented contact of the bonding resin with the dentine surface. This degree of contamination was not observed when Scotchbond was applied to a pumiced dentine surface.
An evaluation by scanning electron microscopy of small dental cutting instruments through use and cleaning
Authors: Lester Keith S. , Mitchell Peter T.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The progressive status of some selected small dental cutting instruments was examined from the time of their unpackaging through routine institutionalized cleaning and sterilizing procedures both before and after first and subsequent use. The cleaning protocol in place at the time involved a phosphoric acid based detergent and ultrasonic cleaning. All assessments were made by scanning electron microscopy.

It was found that new burs as unpackaged are unacceptable for use without first being subjected to a cleaning process and that the cleaning procedure utilized was ineffective and unsuitable. Also observed was the potential for gross contamination; the need for subsequent ultrasonic cleaning; and the different rate and nature of deterioration, with use, of the three bur types studied.

This study has led to the introduction of modified procedures for the physical cleaning of small cutting instruments in our institution and confirms the usefulness of the scanning electron microscope in the ongoing practice of quality assurance.
After‐hours treatment of anterior dental trauma in Newcastle and western Sydney: a four‐year study
Authors: Martin I. G. , Daly C. G. , Liew V. P.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— This study investigated anterior dental trauma presenting after‐hours in Newcastle and western Sydney. During the four‐year period 1983–1986, all patients presenting with anterior dental injuries to the Royal Newcastle Hospital (n = 382) or Westmead Hospital (n = 362) on week nights, weekends or public holidays were studied. In both areas, upper central incisors were the teeth injured most frequently. The mean numbers of teeth injured per patient were 1.9 at Newcastle and 2.0 at Westmead. The frequencies of injury types found in Newcastle and Westmead were similar. Luxations and avulsions accounted for 39.5 per cent of injuries at Newcastle and 39.6 per cent at Westmead. In Newcastle, the rate of occurrence of trauma was highest and relatively uniform in the 6–11, 12–17 and 18–23 year age groups. At Westmead, it was highest in the 6–11 year age group, followed closely by the 12–17 year age group. In both centres, the four main causes of trauma were falls, assaults and fights, sports and bicycle accidents. These accounted for 69 per cent of all injuries in Newcastle and for 69.4 per cent at Westmead. This study found a great similarity between Newcastle and western Sydney in relation to the predominant age and sex groups affected, causes of trauma, injury types and numbers and locations of injured teeth per patient. It is suggested that anterior dental trauma presenting after‐hours may be more severe, involve more teeth per patient and affect predominantly older age groups than is the situation during normal hours.
Pulpal reactions in rat incisors to Caridex™
Authors: Wedenberg Cecilia , Bornstein Rolf
Published: May 2009

This study examined the in vivo effects of Caridex, a chemomechanical caries removal system, on rat pulpal tissue. Rat incisors were opened and the pulps exposed to Caridex or physiological saline and sealed with calcium hydroxide. After various time periods, teeth were extracted and examined by light microscopy. Histological evaluation revealed an almost identical response in both test and control teeth which consisted of a transient inflammatory reaction and a limited necrosis in adjacent pulp tissue. Within seven days, formation of hard tissue matrix was seen below the necrotic area and on pulpal walls. It was suggested that the high pH of Caridex may have contributed to the necrotizing effect of calcium hydroxide in adjacent pulp tissue and the formation of hard tissue matrix. Additionally, the solution is most probably bactericidal. The results suggest that the system can be used as a caries removal agent on humans without unfavourable side effects on the dental pulp.
The range of functional mandibular movement in bruxists. 1. Introduction and review of the literature
Authors: Faulkner Keith D. B.
Published: May 2009

The aim of this study is to examine and compare functional mandibular movements of nonbruxist and bruxist subjects. Part 1 presents introductory remarks and a review of the literature including a discussion of the many study techniques ranging from direct photography to magnetometry and closed circuit television.
Structural and radiographic evaluation of four cases of tooth fusion
Authors: O'Reilly Peter M. R.
Published: May 2009

Four cases of tooth fusion are presented. Three of the patients were female and one male. Radiographic examination revealed union of calcified tissues with discrete root canals and a common pulp chamber in Case 3 and the converse in Case 4. The finding of fused mandibular incisors and canines in both the deciduous and permanent dentitions is described in Case 1, while in two others unilateral fused tooth masses are described which are not repeated in the permanent dentition.

The dentist should be aware of the possibility of finding fused teeth on routine dental inspection and once diagnosed the patient should be informed of the potential hazards as regards plaque accumulation and varied root canal morphology.
An electron microscopic evaluation of the enamel surface subsequent to various debonding procedures
Authors: Howell S. , Weekes W. T.
Published: May 2009

In this study, enamel surface roughness was investigated following the use of various combinations of bonding agents, burs and polishing procedures. Orthodontic brackets were bonded to 135 premolar teeth extracted from adolescents. Subsequent to debonding and finishing, the enamel surface was gold coated and examined in the scanning electron microscope. Each 200 x photomicrograph was graded according to surface roughness and assigned to one of four selected standard grades. The use of different composites and different burs showed no significant effect on the finish of the enamel surface using Chi‐square tests. Only two finishing procedures had a significant effect on surface roughness. The use of a Soflex disc followed by pumice slurry resulted in the roughest enamel surface and the use of pumice alone produced the smoothest enamel surface.
Incidence and features of three‐rooted permanent mandibular molars
Authors: Loh H. S.
Published: May 2009

Seven hundred and eighty‐six patients of Singaporean Chinese origin requiring extractions of permanent mandibular molars were screened. Personal details, identification of the tooth and the presence or absence of an extra root were recorded. Thirty‐two cases (4.1 per cent) exhibited an extra disto‐lingual root. None was found in the second molar. The first molar was affected (7.9 per cent) slightly more than twice as often as the third molar (3.7 per cent). The extra root was present almost equally in both sexes with a higher presentation on the left side. Six cases had a fracture of the extra root. A comparison was made with a study done by Tratman on the same population and with other studies involving those of Chinese and Mongoloid origin in other countries.
Medicaments: Aids to success in endodontics. Part 1. A review of the literature
Authors: Abbott Paul V.
Published: May 2009

Bacteria play a major role in pulpal and periapical disease. They are capable of surviving in dentinal tubules and other canal ramifications that are inaccessible to mechanical instrumentation and irrigation. In order to predictably achieve bacteria‐free root canal systems, especially in pulpless teeth, it is necessary to use intra‐canal medicaments. These medicaments must be capable of destroying bacteria, reducing inflammation and stimulating hard tissue formation whilst not being toxic to the host tissues. Consideration of a material's therapeutic action must be made when selecting a medicament for any pathological condition. Many of the commercial preparations do not satisfy the requirements for the ideal root canal medicament.
The effect of gold coating agents on residual stress in alloy‐ceramic specimens*
Authors: Roessler David M. , Walton Terry R.
Published: May 2009

The use of gold coating agents has been claimed to reduce residual stress in alloy‐ceramic composites. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of gold coating agents in preventing cracking of bonded porcelain.

Residual stress in alloy‐ceramic specimens could be increased by decreasing the coefficient of thermal expansion (α) of the porcelain. Vitadur‐N porcelain (jacket crown type, low α) was mixed in increasing proportions with VMK porcelain (high α) to prepare five test blends with decreasing values for α. For each test blend, α was measured by means of a vitreous silica dilatometer, and varied from 13.6 times 10−6/K to 11.0 times 10−6/K. The test blends were fused around spherical specimens of a substrate alloy, Option (α = 14.0 times 10−6/K), both with and without the use of three gold coating agents, Wilkote, Spectra‐Seal and Deck‐Gold (normal). The composite spheres were examined under 20 x magnification after 24 hours and again after eight weeks for evidence of cracking.

There was no significant difference in the failure rate of the alloy‐ceramic specimens with or without any of the gold coating agents. In a bonding porcelain, α can be lowered in a controlled manner by the addition of varying amounts of jacket crown porcelain. Cracking of the ceramic coating occurred at and above an α mismatch of 1.8 times 10−6/K. Gold coating agents have an insignificant effect on residual stress in alloy‐ceramic specimens.
Utilization of nitrogenous compounds by oral bacteria
Authors: Rogers A. H.
Published: May 2009

In terms of the crucial acid‐base balance in dental plaque, the bacterial catabolism of nitrogenous compounds, such as peptides and amino acids, is of importance because the end‐products can raise plaque pH. Of particular significance is the fermentation of arginine by bacteria such as Streptococcus sanguis, a numerically important plaque organism. Aspects of the uptake of this amino acid were studied and it was also shown the organism can obtain arginine from small peptides, since it possesses cell‐associated exo‐peptidases. Furthermore, it could grow in media containing whole protein (casein), or one of its fractions, as the sole source of organic nitrogen. The studies thus showed that S. sanguis is well equipped, in terms of endo‐and exo‐peptidase activities, to obtain the metabol‐ically important arginine from whole protein. It is suggested that knowledge of this type should lead to a better understanding of overall plaque metabolism — of relevance to both cariogenic and periodontopathic plaques.
Multiple bilateral dens invaginatus and an impacted cuspid in the maxillary incisor region. Case report
Authors: Tüzüm M. Şenol , Bilge O. Murat
Published: May 2009

Dens invaginatus is briefly reviewed, and a case report is presented.
Monitoring behavioural stress control using a craniomandibular index
Authors: Shaw R. M. , Dettmar D. M.
Published: May 2009

This study was concerned with the practical value of relaxation training in helping an individual reduce anxiety and its physical manifestations. Twenty‐five subjects learned and practised transcendental meditation for a period of three months. Subjects were clinically examined before and after meditation training, and a craniomandibular index (CMI) was used to objectively assess criteria pertaining to mandibular function. Baseline and outcome CMI scores were compared for the group and shown to be significantly different. Deep relaxation achieved through transcendental meditation alleviated intramuscular tension and fatigue, promoting balanced, co‐ordinated muscle function.
An infected dentigerous cyst complicated by periostitis ossificans. Case report
Authors: Luyk Neil H. , Hunter Keith MacD.
Published: May 2009

Periostitis ossificans is a rare condition which has not been previously reported arising from an infected dentigerous cyst. This paper reports such a case in a twelve‐year‐old boy, and reviews the literature concerning periostitis ossificans.
Valiant‐PhD and Lojic N amalgam alloys: four‐year clinical results
Authors: Smales Roger J. , Rupinskas Loreta
Published: May 2009

From 1984 to 1986, 97 similar pairs of Valiant‐PhD and Lojic N amalgam restorations were placed at random by one dentist in Class II cavities prepared in 105 molar and 89 premolar permanent teeth of 73 patients treated in a private practice. Assessments were made of the different handling properties of the two alloys and of the effects of polishing, or otherwise, on the clinical behaviour of the restorations. Valiant‐PhD alloy had more ‘body’ for condensing and was easier to carve and polish than was Lojic N alloy. After periods of up to four years, there was only one restoration failure (from bulk fracture) for each alloy although both materials deteriorated over time. Both the polished and the unpolished restorations showed similar deterioration for marginal fracture and staining, and for surface tarnish, and their initially‐different surface textures became more similar during the study. Statistically, Lojic N restorations showed significantly more surface tarnish, but less marginal fracture than did Valiant‐PhD restorations, and the tarnishing did not appear to be related to the effects of corrosion.
Treatment of traumatic injuries to an anterior tooth. Case report
Authors: Wong P. D. , Fricker J. P.
Published: May 2009

A procedure is described in which a multi‐disciplinary approach to restoration of a subgingivally‐fractured anterior tooth is performed.
A mandibular block technique useful in ‘gaggers’
Authors: Donkor P. , Wong J.
Published: May 2009

Three patients with severe gagging problems requiring mandibular molar extractions and who could not tolerate conventional block injections were successfully given closed‐mouth mandibular block injections without provoking any retching. This technique permits patients to concentrate on clenching their teeth during the injection. This displacement activity, combined with the reduction in tactile sensation following anaesthesia, helps to prevent gagging.
Dimensional accuracy of small gold alloy castings. Part 2. Gold alloy shrinkage
Authors: Morey Erica F.
Published: May 2009

The extensive literature about the casting shrinkage of gold alloys is reviewed.
A laboratory investigation of a composite resin/dentine bonding agent mixture used as a root canal sealer
Authors: Hammond Roland M. S. , Meyers Ian A.
Published: May 2009

The objective of this project was to determine the effectiveness of a dentine bonding agent, in conjunction with a composite resin, to act as an endodontic sealing material. The effectiveness was compared with that provided by a conventional sealer (AH26) by measuring dye penetration into the root canal. Two obturation techniques were used with each sealer; the single gutta‐percha point technique, and lateral condensation with multiple gutta‐percha points.

Lateral condensation with the conventional sealer was found to be the superior procedure, by producing the least amount of linear leakage (coronally from the apex) on average. However, the single point technique with the composite resin/dentine bonding agent sealer provided the greatest number of ‘no leakage’ samples. Scanning electron microscope investigation of obturated roots revealed the presence of resin tags in dentine tubules only in those samples where the composite resin/dentine bonding agent sealer was used. The short working time provided by the composite resin/dentine bonding agent sealer prevented successful obturation using lateral condensation. The provision of an extended working time composition for this sealer may produce more favourable results in obturation with lateral condensation.
Massive bleeding following maxillofacial trauma. Case report
Authors: Dimitroulis George , Steidler Nandor
Published: May 2009

A case is reported of massive haemorrhage following severe maxillofacial trauma. The various procedures that were used to control the bleeding are discussed with particular reference to therapeutic arterial embolization.
Present and future patterns of practice and workforce needs in oral and maxillofacial surgery*
Authors: Spencer A. J. , Szuster F. S. P. , Brennan D. S.
Published: May 2009

Oral and maxillofacial surgeons have shown curiosity and concern for their present and future patterns of practice and workforce needs. Few oral and maxillofacial surgeons would not have an understanding of how they came to be, or opinions on where the speciality is and appears to be going. Such opinions, however, need to be rigorously tested against the best available information. Quantitative information is the substantive input to decisions on whether oral and maxillofacial surgeons wish to go where they appear to be going, and if so why, and if not, why not? The Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 1990 Workforce Study* aimed to provide information relevant to these questions. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons are surprising in both their heterogeneity in patterns of practice and homogeneity in most of the content of services provided. Projections of the workforce indicate that a status quo in recruitment is actually a steady decline in capacity to serve the community, a picture in contrast to the international comparative data and opinion that supports a broadening in the service role of oral and maxillofacial surgeons. The Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 1990 Workforce Study offers insights into present and future patterns of practice and workforce needs. Ultimately, however, decisionmaking in the speciality will reflect additional social, economic and dento‐political factors to which the Australian and New Zealand Association of Oral and Maxillo‐Facial Surgeons must be the major contributor.
Finishing techniques for amalgam restorations: Clinical assessment at three years
Authors: Bryant Roland W. , Collins Catherine J.
Published: May 2009

Use of the optimum finishing technique for an amalgam restoration may enhance the marginal integrity of the restoration and discourage its unnecessary early replacement.

Two hundred and twenty‐eight high copper amalgam restorations in 56 patients were evaluated, using clinical assessment criteria, up to three years after placement. Each patient had received at least one carved‐only amalgam, at least one immediately finished restoration, and at least one amalgam that was polished at a subsequent appointment.

Regardless of the finishing technique, the restorations exhibited similar marginal integrity up to three years after placement. Polished restorations were found to have substantially superior surface texture and less likelihood of surface discoloration. No evidence was found to support the use of immediate finishing techniques.

The clinical significance of these findings, with respect to the need to polish amalgam restorations, is discussed.