bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding patient and provider perceptions and expectations of genomic medicine
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Forman Andrea D. , Montgomery Susan V. , Rainey Kim L. , Daly Mary B.
Published: July 2014

Advances in genome sequencing technology have fostered a new era of clinical genomic medicine. Genetic counselors, who have begun to support patients undergoing multi‐gene panel testing for hereditary cancer risk, will review brief clinical vignettes, and discuss early experiences with clinical genomic testing. Their experiences will frame a discussion about how current testing may challenge patient understanding and expectations toward the evaluation of cancer risk and downstream preventive behaviors. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:9–17. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lactobacillus delbrueckiiTUA4408L and its extracellular polysaccharides attenuate enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli‐induced inflammatory response in porcine intestinal epitheliocytes via Toll‐like receptor‐2 and 4
Authors: Wachi Satoshi , Kanmani Paulraj , Tomosada Yohsuke , Kobayashi Hisakazu , Yuri Toshihito , Egusa Shintaro , Shimazu Tomoyuki , Suda Yoshihito , Aso Hisashi , Sugawara Makoto , Saito Tadao , Mishima Takashi , Villena Julio , Kitazawa Haruki
Published: July 2014

Scope

Immunobiotics are known to modulate intestinal immune responses by regulating Toll‐like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways, which are responsible for the induction of cytokines and chemokines in response to microbial‐associated molecular patterns. However, little is known about the immunomodulatory activity of compounds or molecules from immunobiotics.

Methods and results

We evaluated whether Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii TUA4408L (Ld) or its extracellular polysaccharide (EPS): acidic EPS (APS) and neutral EPS (NPS), modulated the response of porcine intestinal epitheliocyte (PIE) cells against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) 987P. The roles of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR negative regulators in the immunoregulatory effects were also studied. ETEC‐induced inflammatory cytokines were downregulated when PIE cells were prestimulated with both Ld or EPSs. Ld, APS, and NPS inhibited ETEC mediated mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) activation by upregulating TLR negative regulators. The capability of Ld to suppress inflammatory cytokines was diminished when PIE cells were blocked with anti‐TLR2 antibody, while APS failed to suppress inflammatory cytokines when cells were treated with anti‐TLR4 antibody. Induction of Ca2+ fluxes in TLR knockdown cells confirmed that TLR2 plays a principal role in the immunomodulatory action of Ld, while the activity of APS is mediated by TLR4. In addition, NPS activity depends on both TLR4 and TLR2.

Conclusion

Ld and its EPS have the potential to be used for the development of anti‐inflammatory functional foods to prevent intestinal diseases in both humans and animals.
Adaptive refinement of hierarchical B‐spline finite elements with an efficient data transfer algorithm
Authors: Jiang Wen , Dolbow John E.
Published: July 2014

We present an adaptive B‐spline FEM that employs hierarchical refinement and coarsening techniques. Hierarchical B‐spline refinement augments the approximation space through the use of finer, more compactly supported B‐splines. With this approach compatibility is automatic because problematic T‐vertices do not arise. The process of refinement does not change the regularity of the basis functions, and can be easily generalized to arbitrary dimensions. Data transfer during both refinement and coarsening is addressed. The techniques are then applied to several time‐dependent problems for which adaptivity is advantageous, and the performance of the method is evaluated. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assumed strain nodally integrated hexahedral finite element formulation for elastoplastic applications
Authors: Artioli E. , Castellazzi G. , Krysl P.
Published: July 2014

In this work, a linear hexahedral element based on an assumed strain finite element technique is presented for the solution of plasticity problems. The element stems from the Nodally Integrated Continuum Element (NICE) formulation and its extensions. Assumed gradient operators are derived via nodal integration from the kinematic‐weighted residual; the degrees of freedom are only the displacements at the nodes. The adopted constitutive model is the classical associative von Mises plasticity model with isotropic and kinematic hardening; in particular, a double‐step midpoint integration algorithm is adopted for the integration and solution of the relevant nonlinear evolution equations. Efficiency of the proposed method is assessed through simple benchmark problems and comparison with reference solutions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Second‐order defeaturing error estimation for multiple boundary features
Authors: Li Ming , Zhang Bo , Martin Ralph R.
Published: July 2014

A posteriori estimation of defeaturing error, that is, engineering analysis error caused by defeaturing, remains a key challenge in computer‐aided design/computer‐aided engineering integration; indeed, it is essential if analysis based on automatic simplification of the geometry of a complex design is to be reliable. Previous work has mainly focused on removing a single, negative, internal design feature (i.e. a void within the model's interior); effects of removal of multiple features are found by simple summation. In this paper, we give a second‐order defeaturing error estimator that can handle multiple boundary features, either positive or negative (cutouts or additions on the model's boundary). This is the first such method to take into account interactions between different features. (Removing internal holes in 2D or through holes in 3D will change the model's topology and is not addressed here.) The proposed estimator is also the first to handle positive features without heuristics. Our approach uses second‐order shape sensitivity, on the basis of reformulating defeaturing as a shape transformation process. The reference model used for sensitivity computation is carefully chosen, as is the associated shape variation velocity, to ensure efficient computation and simple sensitivity expressions. Mixed partial derivatives in a second‐order Taylor expansion are used to account for interaction between features. The advantages of our approach are demonstrated using various numerical examples. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Propagation of delamination in composite materials with isogeometric continuum shell elements
Authors: Hosseini Saman , Remmers Joris J.C. , Verhoosel Clemens V. , de Borst René
Published: July 2014

A continuum shell element based on the isogeometric analysis concept is extended to model propagating delaminations that can occur in composite materials and structures. The interpolation in the thickness direction is carried out using a quadratic B‐spline, and delamination is modelled by a double‐knot insertion to reduce the inter‐layer continuity. Within the discontinuity, the traction is derived from the relative displacement between the layers by a cohesive relation. A range of examples, including delamination propagation in straight and curved planes and buckling‐delamination, illustrate the versatility and the potential of the approach. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced properties of phthalonitrile‐terminated polyarylene ether nitriles embedded with hybrid MWCNT–boehmite nanocomposites
Authors: Liu Mengdie , Xu Mingzhen , Huang Xu , Tong Lifen , Yang Xulin , Liu Xiaobo
Published: July 2014

The main motivation of the present work was to fabricate novel multifunctional polymer‐based nanocomposites. The nanocomposites embedded with multi‐walled carbon nanotube‐boehmite (MWCNT‐boehmite) were prepared via hot pressure casting technique. The MWCNT coated with boehmite were synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis. Subsequently, as‐prepared MWCNT‐boehmite was added into the phthalonitrile‐terminated polyarylene ether nitriles (PEN‐t‐CN) matrix in order to benefit from the synergetic effect of MWCNT and boehmite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) were employed to confirm the existence of MWCNT‐boehmite in our article. Furthermore, the structures, fracture morphologies, thermal, mechanical and dielectric properties of the nanocomposites were investigated, respectively. SEM images indicated that the MWCNT‐boehmite was homogeneously dispersed in the polymer, which acted as an essential factor to ensure good physical properties. The TGA analysis showed that the incorporation of MWCNT‐boehmite enhanced the thermal stability of the nanocomposites with initial degradation temperature (Tid) increasing from 458 to 492°C, while that of the pure PEN‐t‐CN was 439°C. The mechanical testing proved that significant enhancement of mechanical properties has been achieved. The tensile strength of PEN‐t‐CN/MWCNT‐boehmite composites with 3 wt% MWCNT‐boehmite reached the maximum (78.33 MPa), with a 41.7 % increase compared to the pure polymer. More importantly, the unique dielectric properties were systematically discussed and the results demonstrated that dielectric properties exhibited little dependency on frequency. For the incorporation of hybrid filler, the positive impact of MWCNT‐boehmite hybrid material resulted in polymer‐based nanocomposites with enhanced physical properties. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:2193–2202, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Reinforcement role of carbon nanotubes, Part I: High‐performance epoxy resin
Authors: Ya Min , Pyrz Ryszard
Published: July 2014

The reinforcement role of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) in a high‐performance epoxy resin is studied in this article, with the emphasis on the deformation and load transfer mechanism. Tensile tests show that introducing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into the epoxy resin changes the tensile strength of the material, and that the increase of Young's modulus is in good agreement with the increasing of glass transition temperature (Tg) measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Residual strains in CNTs induced during curing process have been investigated both experimentally and theoretically. Raman spectroscopy study shows that load transfers more efficiently in tension than in compression. The Raman shifts of deformed CNTs under repeated loading indirectly reveals that the load can be further transferred via friction after debonding fully occurs. Thin epoxy layers were observed on the pull out ends of CNTs, which implies the existence of the immobilized epoxy layer between CNTs and bulk epoxy. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:2212–2219, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Flexible epoxy‐silicone rubber laminates for high voltage insulations with enhanced delamination resistance
Authors: Lenko Dietmar , Schlögl Sandra , Bichler Sabine , Lemesch Gerhard , Ramsauer Franz , Ladstätter Werner , Kern Wolfgang
Published: July 2014

In this work, functionalized damping layers consisting of crosslinked silicone rubber are incorporated into brittle epoxy‐based composites to improve the delamination resistance of high voltage insulations. Selected functional organosilanes are attached onto the elastomer surface by a two‐step modification to ensure a covalent bonding between the thermosetting resin and the damping layer. Functional model insulations and stator bar prototypes are then prepared with a vacuum pressure impregnation process. The influence of the damping layer on the thermo‐mechanical and electrical properties as well as the delamination resistance is characterized. The results give evidence that the flexibility of the new composite materials can be increased significantly whereas the electrical properties are not affected by the elastomer layer. By evaluating the performance of the stator bar prototypes it can be clearly shown that both delamination resistance as well as high voltage endurance can be enhanced considerably by the application of flexible damping layers. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:2238–2247, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Utilization of hydrophilic/hydrophobic hyperbranched poly(amidoamine)s as additives for melamine urea formaldehyde adhesives
Authors: Amirou Siham , Zhang Jizhi , Essawy H.A. , Pizzi A. , Zerizer A. , Li J. , Delmotte L.
Published: July 2014

Hyperbranched poly(amidoamine)s (PAMAMs), exhibiting various levels of hydrophilicity, were used as modifiers for melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF) adhesives. The modification was achieved either with or at expense of sodium hydroxide during the last pH adjustment. Their apparent co‐condensability was expected from the measured gel times and further proved using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as well as 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR). Utilization of these structures as modifiers for MUF, which are frequently used in particleboards production, resulted in manifold advantages. Considering the economic point of view, their use is more practical and cheaper with respect to dendritic structures. Additionally, their application in finite quantities as final additives, either immediately before the final use or at the last stage of preparation, yielded considerable upgrading of the dry internal bond (IB) strength of the produced particleboards. The improvement was extended to the resistivity to hydrolytic degradation as revealed by the wet IB strength and thickness swelling. The results were explained on the light of an extensive investigation on the resins using thermomechanical analysis (TMA) while taking into account the relevant hydrophilicity and degree of branching of each hyperbranched structure. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:2255–2264, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
The Ashkenazi Jewish carrier screening panel: evolution, status quo, and disparities
Authors: Hoffman Jodi D. , Park Jessica J. , Schreiber‐Agus Nicole , Kornreich Ruth , Tanner Alice K. , Keiles Steven , Friedman Kenneth J. , Heim Ruth A.
Published: July 2014

Objective

Although prenatal/preconception carrier screening recommendations for individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish descent (AJ) were published by American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (2008) and American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (2009), scientific advances have led to widely varied screening panels. Mutation carrier frequencies are sometimes based on small, homogeneous AJ populations. This study sought to update the state of AJ screening for the obstetrician by assessing laboratory screening panel compositions as well as assessing literature and laboratory carrier frequencies for common AJ mutations.

Methods

A literature review (1991‐2013) was performed for AJ disease carrier frequencies. AJ screening data from six screening laboratories were collected. AJ panel composition was compared across 16 commercial and academic laboratories.

Results

Overall literature and laboratory carrier frequencies of AJ mutations were similar, although the Walker‐Warburg syndrome laboratory carrier frequency was almost twice that in the literature. Laboratory AJ disease panel composition varied widely, from 8 to 25 diseases.

Conclusions

Current AJ panels vary widely by laboratory, resulting in disparate levels of screening. Consideration of an updated professional standard for prenatal/preconception AJ screening based on carrier frequency rates, level of disease burden, availability of screening, and cost of technology may be useful in providing equitable and appropriate care for those planning a pregnancy. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outcomes of fetal echocardiographic surveillance in anti‐SSA exposed fetuses at a large fetal cardiology center
Authors: Krishnan Anita , Arya Bhawna , Moak Jeffrey P. , Donofrio Mary T.
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND

Echocardiography screening in anti‐SSA antibody exposed fetuses is controversial.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to evaluate utility of fetal echocardiography in anti‐SSA exposure.

METHODS

Echocardiograms performed over 9 years for maternal anti‐SSA exposure were reviewed for atrioventricular (AV) block, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias, effusion, valve abnormalities, or other abnormalities identified by the echocardiographer. Fetuses with AV block referred to our institution and subsequently found to be anti‐SSA exposed were also identified.

RESULTS

Six hundred thirty six echocardiograms were performed on 140 fetuses (Cohort 1) of 134 women screened for maternal anti‐SSA +/− anti‐SSB antibodies. No fetuses developed second or third‐degree AV block or cardiomyopathy (odds ratio 0.1, CI 0.0051 to 1.9410, p = 0.13). Dexamethasone was administered to three fetuses for sinus bradycardia, echogenicity near AV node, and ventricular systolic dysfunction with valve regurgitation; all normalized. Screening echocardiograms identified: sinus bradycardia (n = 1), PR prolongation (n = 5), premature atrial contractions (n = 3), valve regurgitation (n = 24), echogenic myocardium (n = 4), and pericardial effusion (n = 1). Isolated tricuspid regurgitation and first‐degree AV block did not progress. Nine cases of SSA‐mediated AV block (Cohort 2) were referred after heart block developed.

CONCLUSIONS

Serial fetal echocardiography in anti‐SSA exposed fetuses did not detect AV block. In rare cases, dexamethasone treatment may have affected disease course. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of microstructure on the slow crack growth resistance in polyethylene resins
Authors: Adib Ali , Domínguez Carlos , Rodríguez Jesús , Martín Carlos , García Rafael A.
Published: July 2014

The slow crack growth (SCG) in high density polyethylene (HDPE) is a phenomenon dominated by crazing. In this work, the crazing was analyzed from a microstructural point of view. PENT (Pennsylvania Edge Notched Tensile) test was chosen to study the evolution of the craze with time for different resins from PE‐80 up to PE‐100 grades. Two different geometries, the standard and an alternative named CDNT (Circumferentially Deep Notched Tensile), were employed. Failure times were correlated with intercrystalline parameters like tie molecules and the molecular weight between entanglements. Experimental results showed good correlations using both direct SCG test (standard PENT and CDNT geometries). Finally, the strain hardening modulus was correlated with PENT failure times. The results disclosed an outstanding correlation for several polyethylene grades from blow molding up to PE‐80, PE‐100, and higher resistant to crack grades. These results permitted an easy‐classifying and ranking method as much to the old polyethylene grades as to the new generation of HDPE resins with a very high SCG resistance. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:1018–1023, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Mechanical and thermal characterization of iron(II) 2,2′‐bipyridine complex supported polyacrylonitrile fiber as a novel photocatalyst
Authors: Han Zhenbang , Zhao Xiaoming , Han Xu , Xu Hang
Published: July 2014

In this study, the mechanical and thermal properties of amidoximated polyacrylonitrile fibers immobilized with iron(II) 2,2′‐bipyridine complex (Fe(bpy)32+) have been investigated to support their commercial application for wastewater treatment. The mechanical properties were evaluated with respect to breaking strength and elongation at break in both dry and wet conditions. Dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis techniques were used to determine the thermal behavior. The results indicate the effect of Fe(bpy)32+ immobilization on the breaking strength of the dry fiber samples were negligible, and the corresponding elongation at break decreased gradually with Fe(bpy)32+ content increasing. In addition, water treatment greatly affected the mechanical properties of the fibrous materials. Thermal studies reveal that Fe(bpy)32+ immobilization led to better fiber thermal stabilization in terms of higher storage modulus at high temperature regions, larger glass transition temperature, and smaller weight loss. The 2,2′‐bipyridine ligands were found to be responsible for the better mechanical and thermal performance of the fibrous materials by enhancing the intermolecular crosslink. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:1052–1058, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effectiveness of Task Specific Gait and Balance Exercise 4 Months After Hip Fracture: Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial — The Eva‐Hip Study
Authors: Thingstad Pernille , Taraldsen Kristin , Hagen Gunhild , Sand Sylvi , Saltvedt Ingvild , Sletvold Olav , Helbostad Jorunn L.
Published: July 2014

Background and purpose

Regular rehabilitation is not sufficient for regaining function after a hip fracture, and more targeted interventions for home‐dwelling elderly hip‐fracture patients are needed. This paper describes the protocol of a study assessing the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of a task specific progressive gait and balance exercise programme for hip‐fracture patients, performed 4 months after the fracture.

Methods/design

A single blind two‐arm pragmatic randomised controlled trial was conducted with 142 hip‐fracture patients randomized to a 10‐week home‐based exercise programme or to practice as usual 4 months following the surgery. Inclusion criteria were age >70 years and being home dwelling prior to the fracture. Exclusion criteria are life expectancy <3 months and inability to walk 10 m prior to the fracture. The content and organization of the programme was developed in collaboration between physiotherapy researchers and primary health‐care physiotherapists. Participants were followed for 1 year post‐surgery, evaluating short‐term and long‐term effects of the programme. The primary outcome is gait speed, and the secondary outcomes are spatial and temporal gait parameters, free living physical behaviour by activity monitoring, mobility performance, activities of daily living, fear of falling, cognitive function, depression and health‐related quality of life. Cost‐effectiveness analysis is planned.

Discussion

This paper describes a task specific exercise programme aimed to improve gait and balance after a hip fracture. Inclusion started in February 2011, and the last 1‐year follow‐up is performed in March 2014. Broad inclusion criteria and physiotherapy‐guided home‐based exercises may facilitate the participation from frail patients and thereby increase the generalizability of the findings. Development and completion of the intervention within routine clinical practice will enlighten the implementation of results into clinical practice. Results may add new insight into how physiotherapy can improve gait and thereby activity and functioning in everyday life and have implications on future content and organization of physiotherapy after a hip fracture. © 2014 The Authors. Physiotheraphy Research International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Extensive protein interactions involving cytochrome P450 3A4: a possible contributor to the formation of a metabolosome
Authors: Fujiwara Ryoichi , Itoh Tomoo
Published: July 2014

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 is a membrane protein that catalyzes hydroxylation of endogenous and exogenous substrates. Protein–protein interaction is a crucial factor that regulates the function of enzymes. However, protein–protein interactions involving human CYPs have not been fully understood. In this study, extensive protein–protein interactions involving CYP3A4 were determined by a shotgun analysis of immunoprecipitate utilizing anti‐CYP3A4 antibody. Our shotgun analysis revealed that 149 proteins were immunoprecipitated with anti‐CYP3A4 antibody in human liver microsomes. We further determined that 51 proteins of 149 proteins were specifically immunoprecipitated with the anti‐CYP3A4 antibody. Our analysis demonstrated that other CYP isoforms are interacting with CYP3A4, which is in agreement with previous findings. Based on our current and previous findings, we propose that drug‐metabolizing enzymes such as CYP3A4 and UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 form a metabolosome, which is a functional unit of metabolism consisting of multiple metabolism‐related proteins.
Evaluating and selecting the biometrics in network security
Authors: Liu Che‐Hung , Wang Jen‐Sheng , Peng Chih‐Chiang , Shyu Joseph Z.
Published: July 2014

Since Apple merged with AuthenTec, a leading fingerprint recognition company, in 2012, biometrics has widely been considered to strengthen security and privacy in the network security field. Although biometrics has been applied in specific areas for decades, it has gradually proliferated in customer and mobile electronic products to enhance security and privacy. This study aims to evaluate biometrics through conventional technology assessment considerations combined with viewpoints on the specifics of biometric technologies and then to provide suggestions for selection. To conduct the biometric technology assessment, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and non‐fuzzy best performance approaches are used. Although the outcomes first indicate that technology assessment should be the key object in selecting biometric technologies, that object is followed by biometric competence and key elements of biometrics. The outcomes also indicate that features of the target technologies should be considered when evaluating them. Additionally, fingerprint recognition, iris recognition, and face recognition are the preferred biometrics in evaluation and selection. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrasound‐Propelled Nanoporous Gold Wire for Efficient Drug Loading and Release
Authors: Garcia‐Gradilla Victor , Sattayasamitsathit Sirilak , Soto Fernando , Kuralay Filiz , Yardımcı Ceren , Wiitala Devan , Galarnyk Michael , Wang Joseph
Published: July 2014

Ultrasound (US)‐powered nanowire motors based on nanoporous gold segment are developed for increasing the drug loading capacity. The new highly porous nanomotors are characterized with a tunable pore size, high surface area, and high capacity for the drug payload. These nanowire motors are prepared by template membrane deposition of a silver‐gold alloy segment followed by dealloying the silver component. The drug doxorubicin (DOX) is loaded within the nanopores via electrostatic interactions with an anionic polymeric coating. The nanoporous gold structure also facilitates the near‐infrared (NIR) light controlled release of the drug through photothermal effects. Ultrasound‐driven transport of the loaded drug toward cancer cells followed by NIR‐light triggered release is illustrated. The incorporation of the nanoporous gold segment leads to a nearly 20‐fold increase in the active surface area compared to common gold nanowire motors. It is envisioned that such US‐powered nanomotors could provide a new approach to rapidly and efficiently deliver large therapeutic payloads in a target‐specific manner.
Induction of Primordial Germ Cell-Like Cells From Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells by ERK Signal Inhibition
Authors: Kimura Tohru , Kaga Yoshiaki , Ohta Hiroshi , Odamoto Mika , Sekita Yoichi , Li Kunpeng , Yamano Noriko , Fujikawa Keita , Isotani Ayako , Sasaki Norihiko , Toyoda Masashi , Hayashi Katsuhiko , Okabe Masaru , Shinohara Takashi , Saitou Mitinori , Nakano Toru
Published: July 2014

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are embryonic germ cell precursors. Specification of PGCs occurs under the influence of mesodermal induction signaling during in vivo gastrulation. Although bone morphogenetic proteins and Wnt signaling play pivotal roles in both mesodermal and PGC specification, the signal regulating PGC specification remains unknown. Coculture of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) with OP9 feeder cells induces mesodermal differentiation in vitro. Using this mesodermal differentiation system, we demonstrated that PGC-like cells were efficiently induced from mouse ESCs by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling inhibition. Inhibition of ERK signaling by a MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor upregulated germ cell marker genes but downregulated mesodermal genes. In addition, the PGC-like cells showed downregulation of DNA methylation and formed pluripotent stem cell colonies upon treatment with retinoic acid. These results show that inhibition of ERK signaling suppresses mesodermal differentiation but activates germline differentiation program in this mesodermal differentiation system. Our findings provide a new insight into the signaling networks regulating PGC specification. Stem Cells  2014;32:2668–2678
Culturing reality: How organic chemistry graduate students develop into practitioners
Authors: Bhattacharyya Gautam , Bodner George M.
Published: July 2014

Although one of the presumed aims of graduate training programs is to help students develop into practitioners of their chosen fields, very little is known about how this transition occurs. In the course of studying how graduate students learn to solve organic synthesis problems, we were able to identify some of the key factors in the epistemic development from student to practitioner. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with four first‐year organic chemistry graduate students enrolled in a course on organic synthesis and two third‐year organic chemistry graduate students who were in the process of preparing an original research proposal in organic synthesis as a component of their Ph.D. oral qualifying exams. Three interconnected factors that fostered the students' development into practicing organic chemists were identified: (1) the students needed to perceive the material they were asked to learn in the course lectures and in other interactions with the professor as “real;” (2) they needed to work on authentic activities that provided concrete instruments for knowledge construction; and (3) the students needed scaffolding with a more‐knowledgeable other in the form of feedback on the authentic activity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 51: 694–713, 2014
Application of response surface methodology in describing fusion characteristics of rigid poly(vinyl chloride)/nanoclay/wood flour/calcium carbonate hybrid nanocomposites
Authors: Saeb M.R. , Moghri M.
Published: July 2014

The fusion characteristics of poly(vinyl chloride) hybrid nanocomposites containing different amounts of nanocalcium carbonate, wood flour, and nanoclay fillers were investigated utilizing response surface methodology (RSM). Various nanocomposites were prepared through a two‐step mixing process, wherein the minimum and maximum torque values, the fusion time, and fusion factor were monitored through torque‐time plastograms provided during melt processing. A quadratic model was developed by using RSM to probe the individual and interactive effects of nanoclay, nanocalcium carbonate, and wood flour on the fusion parameters. Optimized formulations with enhanced fusion properties were achieved by using contour plots of RSM. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL. 21:183–190, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Development of porous silicon based direct methanol fuel cells with nitric acid as liquid oxidant for portable applications
Authors: Cross Tsali , Reiman Derek , D'Couto Chris
Published: July 2014

Energy intensive applications for long running, portable power (0–200 W) military, first‐responder, and consumer electronics applications have driven the need for development of alternative energy sources such as direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC's). These methanol fuel cells can serve a large range of applications from portable applications for consumer, industrial and military applications, to distributed energy generation and storage. A new and unique approach to DMFC design has been developed by Neah Power Systems that uses a porous silicon, catalyst‐supporting electrode structure and circulating liquid fuel, electrolyte, and oxidant. Neah Power's silicon‐based architecture and use of liquid electrolyte creates a three dimensional reaction zone that is able to generate industry leading power densities of greater than 180 mW/cm2. Neah Power has demonstrated a portable, DMFC prototype from their ground‐breaking porous silicon‐based technology. The versatility of the architecture has been proven by operating the fuel cell using a variety of liquid and gaseous oxidants, as well as methanol and formic acid‐based fuels. This silicon‐based design can be manufactured using standard semiconductor processing techniques, and has the potential to deliver low‐cost, portable power systems exhibiting high energy density and reliable operation in a broad range of environmental conditions. WIREs Energy Environ 2015, 4:189–195. doi: 10.1002/wene.127

This article is categorized under:

Fuel Cells and Hydrogen > Science and Materials

Energy Infrastructure > Science and Materials

Energy Systems Economics > Science and Materials
Reinvestigation and Characterization of the Magnesium Borate Fluoride Mg5(BO3)F
Authors: Bai Chunyan , Han Shujuan , Pan Shilie , Bian Qiang , Yang Zhihua , Zhang Xingwen , Lin Xiaoxia , Jing Qun
Published: July 2014

The magnesium borate fluoride Mg5(BO3)3F was grown by spontaneous crystallization with molten flux based on the MgF2‐LiF‐Na2CO3‐H3BO3 solvent. Structure solution from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction shows that the title compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma (No. 62) with cell dimensions of a = 10.068(5) Å, b = 14.858(7) Å, c = 4.540(2) Å and Z = 4. Its structure features a three‐dimensional (3D) Mg‐O‐F framework composed of MgO5F and MgO6 polyhedra and isolated BO3 groups. The detailed structure comparison referred to Mg5(BO3)3F, Mg3BO3F3 and β‐Mg2BO3F was carried out. The infrared spectrum (IR) and the bond valence sum (BVS) calculations of Mg5(BO3)3F verify the validity of the structure. The calculated band structure and the density of states of Mg5(BO3)3F suggest that its indirect bandgap is 5.27 eV. The compound was additionally investigated by UV/Vis‐NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and thermal analysis.
Strongly first order phase transition in the singlet fermionic dark matter model after LUX
Authors: Li Tai , Zhou Yu-Feng
Published: July 2014

Abstract

We investigate an extension of the standard model (SM) with a singlet fermionic dark matter (DM) particle which interacts with the SM sector through a real singlet scalar. The presence of a new scalar provides the possibility of generating a strongly first order phase transition needed for electroweak baryogenesis. Taking into account the latest Higgs search results at the LHC and the upper limits from the DM direct detection experiments especially that from the LUX experiment, and combining the constraints from the LEP experiment and the electroweak precision test, we explore the parameter space of this model which can lead to the strongly first order phase transition. Both the tree- and loop-level barriers are included in the calculations. We find that the allowed mass of the second Higgs particle is in the range ~30-350 GeV. The allowed mixing angle α between the SM-like Higgs particle and the second Higgs particle is constrained to α ≲ 28◦. The DM particle mass is predicted to be in the range ~15-350GeV. The future XENON1T experiment can rule out a significant proportion of the parameter space of this model. The constraint can be relaxed only when the mass of the SM-like Higgs particle is degenerate with that of the second Higgs particle, or the mixing angle is small enough.
A novel method for assessing postoperative femoral head reduction in developmental dysplasia of the hip
Authors: Cooper Anthony , Evans Owain , Ali Farhan , Flowers Mark
Published: July 2014

Purpose

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) affects approximately 1 % of live births. Dislocated hips require reduction and stabilisation in a spica cast, and reduction efficacy is assessed radiologically. Numerous measurements are used to ascertain the adequacy of reduction but can be inconsistent in evaluating femoral head position. This study describes the morphology of the developing acetabulum in DDH and validates a novel method to assess adequate reduction of the dysplastic hip following closed or open reduction.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed of 66 consecutive patients undergoing reduction of hip dislocation over a 2-year period. Three independent reviewers evaluated postoperative CT scans to assess anterior-posterior (AP) displacement and modified Shenton's line. Acetabular morphology was also assessed along with hip congruency using a described novel ‘posterior neck line’.

Results

Dislocated hips were successfully identified using the posterior neck line with a sensitivity of 0.71 and specificity of 0.88 giving a negative predictive value of 0.97. The interobserver reliability of this technique was higher in comparison against both (AP) displacement and modified Shenton's line.

Conclusions

We have shown a novel approach in assessing the acetabular morphology of DDH and a novel technique to accurately confirm the reduction of dislocated hips following open or closed reduction.
Is Parental Love Colorblind? Human Capital Accumulation within Mixed Families
Authors: Rangel Marcos A.
Published: July 2014

Studies have shown that differences in wage-determinant skills between blacks and whites emerge during a child's infancy, highlighting the roles of parental characteristics and investment decisions. Exploring the genetics of skincolor and models of intrahousehold allocations, I present evidence that, controlling for observed and unobserved parental characteristics, light-skinned children are more likely to receive investments in formal education than their dark-skinned siblings. Conscious parental decisions regarding human capital acquisition for their children seem to contribute for the persistence of earnings differentials and socio-economic stratification in Brazil.
Wood morphology and properties from molecular perspectives
Authors: Salmén Lennart
Published: July 2014

•Background

It is with increasing interest that wood materials are now being considered as a green resource. For improving the product performance of wood derived materials new ways of separating them from wood are required. Thus, there is a great demand for a better understanding of the ultrastructure of wood and how the components are interaction on a molecular level in building up its properties.

•Material and method

By the use of microscopic and spectroscopic techniques combined with mechanical forces, new knowledge regarding especially the role of the matrix polymers, the hemicelluloses and lignin, has been gained. This relates specifically to molecular interaction and orientation.

•Results

It is here demonstrated that all of the wood polymers within the secondary cell wall exhibit a preferred orientation along the fibrils. The degree of orientation decreases in the order cellulose, hemicelluloses to the lignin which only shows a small degree of orientation, probably induced by structural constrains.

•Conclusion

This orientation distribution is probably what has to be considered to better predict transverse cell wall properties. Moisture accessible regions are also aligned in a parallel arrangement in the cellulose fibrils explaining its high moisture resistance. The lignin is surprisingly inactive in the stress transfer in the secondary wall. This could perhaps be related to the function of lignin providing compressive, hydrostatic resistance in the lenticular spaces between fibrils, when longitudinally straining the fibre. This knowledge of the ultrastructural properties of the wood polymers, here presented, provides for a better understanding of the cell wall properties.
Finding the Sacred in Unexpected Places: Religious Evanescence and Evocation
Authors: Bartkowski John P.
Published: July 2014

This address examines the complex processes whereby cultural understandings of the sacred and, consequently, religious identity are negotiated in the contemporary social world. Two key processes of negotiation are delineated, namely, religious evanescence and religious evocation. Religious evanescence reflects efforts to deemphasize or sever connections to the sacred. By contrast, religious evocation consists of activities that emphasize or enhance linkages to sacred things. Groups actively manage their relationship to the sacred, and thus their religious identities, by engaging in evanescent or evocative practices. Moreover, the rejection of sacred things (evanescence) and the affirmation of them (evocation) are not mutually exclusive processes. They can be enlisted strategically, selectively, and even in combination with one another to suit a wide variety of social contexts and normative expectations. Boundaries in relation to the sacred are, therefore, sites for contradictory and innovative social processes. The contested and fluid boundaries that define the genre of “Christian rock” serve to illustrate these processes.
Liver cirrhosis as a predisposing factor for esophageal candidiasis
Authors: Ou Tzu‐Ming , Huang Hsin‐Hung , Hsieh Tsai‐Yuan , Chang Wei‐Kuo , Chu Heng‐Cheng , Hsu Chin‐Hui , Shih Yu‐Lueng , Huang Tien‐Yu , Chen Peng‐Jen , Lin Hsuan‐Hwai
Published: July 2014

Background

Esophageal candidiasis (EC) often occurs in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected patients, but is uncommon in non‐HIV‐infected patients. It is known that malignancy, diabetes mellitus, previous gastric surgery, and medications (antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, and steroids) are risk factors for esophageal candidiasis in non‐HIV‐infected patients. However, the relationship between liver cirrhosis and esophageal candidiasis was unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the role of liver cirrhosis in esophageal candidiasis.

Methods

A retrospective chart review study was conducted on non‐HIV‐infected patients with esophageal candidiasis who presented to Tri‐Service General Hospital from January 2009 to December 2012. The diagnosis of EC was primarily based on endoscopic findings. The incidence of EC in cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients was compared. Furthermore, differences in baseline characteristics, clinical variables, and mortality after antifungal treatment between the two groups were analyzed.

Results

In this study, 43,217 non‐HIV‐infected patients were enrolled, 3017 of whom had liver cirrhosis. The incidence of EC in cirrhotic patients was higher than that in noncirrhotic patients (0.8% vs. 0.36%; relative risk = 2.2; p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified liver cirrhosis as an independent risk factor for EC (odds ratio, 1.74; 95% confidence interval, 1.06–2.87; p = 0.029). Moreover, cirrhotic patients tended to be asymptomatic compared with noncirrhotic patients (45.8% vs. 9%; p < 0.01). The most common coexisting endoscopic finding was reflux esophagitis (83.9%). However, antifungal treatment did not decrease the mortality of patients with EC during hospitalization.

Conclusion

Liver cirrhosis is an independent risk factor for EC. EC may be asymptomatic in cirrhotic patients. Although antifungal treatment did not improve the outcome in this study, a prospective study is still required to investigate this issue.
Tumour‐suppressive microRNA‐24‐1 inhibits cancer cell proliferation through targeting FOXM1 in bladder cancer
Authors: Inoguchi Satoru , Seki Naohiko , Chiyomaru Takeshi , Ishihara Tomoaki , Matsushita Ryosuke , Mataki Hiroko , Itesako Toshihiko , Tatarano Shuichi , Yoshino Hirofumi , Goto Yusuke , Nishikawa Rika , Nakagawa Masayuki , Enokida Hideki
Published: July 2014

Here, we found that microRNA‐24‐1 (miR‐24‐1) is significantly reduced in bladder cancer (BC) tissues, suggesting that it functions as a tumour suppressor. Restoration of mature miR‐24‐1 inhibits cancer cell proliferation and induces apoptosis. Forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1) is a direct target gene of miR‐24‐1, as shown by genome‐wide gene expression analysis and luciferase reporter assay. Overexpressed FOXM1 is confirmed in BC clinical specimens, and silencing of FOXM1 induces apoptosis in cancer cell lines. Our data demonstrate that the miR‐24‐1–FOXM1 axis contributes to cancer cell proliferation in BC, and elucidation of downstream signalling will provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of BC oncogenesis.
Rab31 is expressed in neural progenitor cells and plays a role in their differentiation
Authors: Chua Christelle En Lin , Goh Eyleen Lay Keow , Tang Bor Luen
Published: July 2014

Rab31 is expressed in both GFAP‐ and nestin‐ positive fibres in regions of neurogenic potential in the adult mouse brain. To investigate the role of Rab31 in neural progenitor cells (NPCs), we cultured NPCs and found significant levels of Rab31 expression in these cells. Rab31 levels showed a sharp initial decrease and then reappeared gradually in a subpopulation of astrocytes when NPCs were induced to differentiate. Silencing of Rab31 hindered, while overexpression enhanced, the differentiation of NPCs to astrocytes. Our results suggest a previously unrecognised role for Rab31 in influencing the differentiation and fate of NPCs.
Cytoprotective role of the fatty acid binding protein 4 against oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes
Authors: Kajimoto Kazuaki , Minami Yoshitaka , Harashima Hideyoshi
Published: July 2014

The fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), one of the most abundant proteins in adipocytes, has been reported to have a proinflammatory function in macrophages. However, the physiological role of FABP4, which is constitutively expressed in adipocytes, has not been fully elucidated. Previously, we demonstrated that FABP4 was involved in the regulation of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. In this study, we examined the effects of FABP4 silencing on the oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. We found that the cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and 8‐nitro‐cyclic GMP levels were significantly elevated in the differentiated 3T3‐L1 adipocytes transfected with a small interfering RNA (siRNA) against Fabp4, although the intracellular levels or enzyme activities of antioxidants including reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S‐transferase A4 (GSTA4) were not altered. An in vitro evaluation using the recombinant protein revealed that FABP4 itself functions as a scavenger protein against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). FABP4‐knockdown resulted in a significant lowering of cell viability of 3T3‐L1 adipocytes against H2O2 treatment. Moreover, four kinds of markers related to the ER stress response including the endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1 (Ern1), the signal sequence receptor α (Ssr1), the ORM1‐like 3 (Ormdl3), and the spliced X‐box binding protein 1 (Xbp1s), were all elevated as the result of the knockdown of FABP4. Consequently, FABP4 might have a new role as an antioxidant protein against H2O2 and contribute to cytoprotection against oxidative and ER stress in adipocytes.