bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Presence of the Namurian in the Bristol District
Authors: Moore L. R.
Published: May 2009

The occurrence of massive reddish sandstones and quartzites lying between the Coal Measures and Carboniferous Limestone in the Bristol District has long been known. From their position and distinctive lithology, these beds have been referred to as the Millstone Grit by many early writers, amongst whom Austin (1865) may be mentioned. However, it has been shown that in part these beds are of Lower Carboniferous age. This was recognized by Vaughan (1905) notably in the Avon Section and at Long Ashton, where red grits and sandstones, previously regarded as Millstone Grit, were shown to represent horizon ∈, and later found by him to be of D3 age. Dr. Stanley Smith (1930) has shown at Wick, on the eastern border of the Bristol Coalfield, that the lower part of the red and gritty beds of that area are likewise of Avonian D3 age. Dr. Smith suggested a non-sequence between Lower and Upper Carboniferous to occur some 30 feet above a thin gritty limestone, the “Mollusca Band” of D3 age. Between this horizon and that from which Yorkian plants were recorded (Crookall in Smith, 1930, p. 342), some 350 to 400 feet of grits and micaceous shales occurred. These beds were of uncertain age, and Dr. Smith held the opinion that part and probably most of these beds belong to the Upper Carboniferous.
The Geology of British Oilfields 3. The Oilfields of Burma
Authors: Evans P. , Sansom C. A.
Published: May 2009

The oilfields of Burma lie almost entirely within the elongated Tertiary basin which runs approximately north-south and is bordered on the west by the Arakan Yoma and on the east by the ancient plateau of the Shan Hills. Most of the oil has been obtained from fields lying on a single line of folding and in a belt only 50 miles long between latitudes 20° 20′ and 21° 10′, the remainder being found in small fields situated at various places between latitudes 19° 25′ and 23° 45′.
The Yorkshire Dogger
Authors: Rastall R. H. , Hemingway J. E.
Published: May 2009

The outcrop of Dogger described in this paper covers an area 12 miles in length, stretching S.S.W. from Whitby up the lower course of the River Esk and its tributary valleys of Iburndale, the Murk Esk Valley, Egton Grange, and Glaisdale. Unlike the coast natural exposures are few and unsatisfactory and in Lower Eskdale in particular are only encountered where becks from the surrounding moors cut through the massive boulder clay plug which partly fills the main valley. Other exposures occur in abandoned alum works, disused ironstone adits and small quarries. The outcrops cross diametrically a part of the Whitby Basin, the Eskdale Dome, the Goathland Syncline, notch the main Cleveland Dome (Lees and Cox, 1937),1 and range in height from 35 to 500 feet O.D..
Hecla Hoek Rocks of New Friesland (Spitsbergen)
Authors: Fleming W. L. S. , Edmonds J. M.
Published: May 2009

(I) In each of the areas examined the transition zone between the Hecla Hoek rocks of Eastern New Friesland and the more highly metamorphosed belt has been observed and the evidence points to a gradual increase in metamorphism westwards with the same general series of rocks involved. The rocks have been isoclinally folded and repetition occurs more especially on the east flank of the intensely metamorphosed zone. Usually only the Lower Murchison Bay Formation appears in the more highly folded belt, but it may well be that in the Stubendorff Mountains other rocks are also included.

In the northern area, west of Treurenberg Bay, Blomstrand's recognition of a central core of granitic gneiss giving way on both sides to less highly metamorphosed types still stands as the most important contribution to the interpretation of the structure. Recent examination has revealed that the sequence of events has been a folding of the Lower Murchison Bay Formation followed shortly by igneous intrusion and metamorphism of the whole.

In the Gullfaxe area isoclinally folded rocks of the Lower Murchison Bay Formation are associated with a quartz-felspargneiss. We have not been able to decide what this rock was originally. It may be either a metamorphosed igneous rock or an altered arkose. It appears to be concordant with the adjacent altered sedimentaries, but may be igneous material in some way related to the large granitic intrusion which lies farther west in this latitude.

In the Lomme Bay area Odell observed the transition zone.

(2) In the less altered zone to the east of the Duner Glacier we have been able to recognize the members of the Murchison Bay Formation as defined by Kulling, and the correlation is set out in Table I. The least satisfactory identification is of the Salodd and Raudstup Series. According to Kulling these Series have different characteristics in the Lomme Bay area from those which they show in North-East Land, and it may be that throughout New Friesland they attain neidier the thickness nor the distinctive character which is theirs in the type area. The presence of the other members of the Murchison Bay Formation and of the remarkable Sveanor Formation is well established.
The Blea Wyke Beds and the Dogger at Peak, Yorkshire
Authors: Rastall R. H. , Hemingway J. E.
Published: May 2009

In our earlier paper on the Petrography of the Blea Wyke Series (1) we stated our intention of describing the Blea Wyke Beds as developed alongside the Peak Fault, or as near to it as possible. This section has never been described, while the brief references to it in the Geological Survey Memoirs (2, 3) are not altogether correct. Here it is stated that “all the beds become thinner in the steep cliffs to the northwards of Blea Wyke, so that below Peak Hall, where they are again accessible, there are not more than 15 feet of the ‘Grey Beds’ and 20 feet of the ‘Yellow Beds’”.
The Relation Between Magmatic Cycles and Orogenic Epochs
Authors: Umbgrove J. H. F.
Published: May 2009

Holmes, Kossmat, and Hess have independently pointed out that basic to ultrabasic rocks are characteristic of the axes of geosynclines, whereas acid rocks do not occur at that stage of development. Conversely, acid intrusives enter after the contents of the geosyncline have been folded. A short time ago an exhaustive summary of this subject was given both by Bucher and Rittmann.
U-Shaped Burrows in the Corallian Beds of Dorset
Authors: Arkell W. J.
Published: May 2009

Plates VII and VIII show four photographs of U-shaped markings in fallen blocks on the foreshore at Kedcliff, between Redcliff Point and Bowleaze Cove, near Weymouth. They were first noticed by members of the Sedgwick Club during an excursion in March, 1939, and further examination has revealed abundant markings which show interesting features worth putting on record. They do not seem to have been previously recorded from the Corallian Beds, perhaps owing to the abundance of “fucoid” and other strange markings in all the sandstones and oolites of the formation. The examples here illustrated occur in the hard doggers of finegrained calcareous sandstone in the Bencliff Grit, and some occur also on the same horizon between Bran Point and Osmingtoh Mills, two miles to the east.
A Petrological Study of the Limestones in the Moine Series of Ardgour, Argyllshire
Authors: Drever H. I.
Published: May 2009

Summary and Comparison with Other Areas in Scotland. Limestones in Ardgour are found to vary considerably in chemical and mineral composition. They have been subjected to high-grade metamorphism either dynamic (regional) or thermal, or sometimes to both. The dioritic intrusion has been responsible for the thermal alteration but does not show any widespread or conspicuous changes which might be due to contamination with limestone, although a certain amount of chemical exchange is apparent at some points of contact between the two. Mineral and chemical changes in some of the limestones have resulted from the metasomatizing action of solutions, the source of which is as yet uncertain. The various limestone types are found to exhibit a number of analogies with the Deeside limestone investigated by Hutchison and their petrography has been worked out in some detail.

Apart from certain hornblendic types in Central Sutherland, scapolite has not been recorded in the Moine Series. In Ardgour it has a wide distribution in the limestones associated with the diorite-gneiss. Wollastonite has not been recorded elsewhere in the Moine Series. Its distribution in Ardgour is like that of scapolite; and this applies also to prehnite. It must be remembered when thus comparing the Ardgour limestones with otters in the Moine Series firstly that these have not yet been studied in detail; secondly, that they are comparatively rare, and lastly, that there is doubt regarding the systematic position of some of the “Lewisian inliers” wherein limestones occur as a considerable proportion of the paragneisses. Scapolite, according to Flett (26) is a characteristic mineral in these rocks. Wollastonite occurs also as, for example, in the Glen Urquhart “inlier” (Cunningham-Craig, 27). In the Lewisian gneisses of Coll prehnite has a wide distribution and scapolite also is of frequent occurrence (Bailey & Eyles, 28). Pyroxene-amphibole rocks similar to those in Ardgour are found in Coll, Glen Urquhart, and as xenoliths in norite (Read, 29). The mineralogical character of the limestone is, therefore, in support of the conception of their forming part of an inlier in the Moine Series. The writer hopes to publish shortly a more detailed study of the geological problems of this area.
An Excavation revealing the junction between Ingletonian and Coniston Limestone at Ingleton
Authors: Wood Alan
Published: May 2009

While conducting elementary field-classes in the Ingleton area it is not possible to show students any convincing grounds for separating the Ingletonian Series from the Coniston Limestone above. The field-evidence which so strongly impressed Hughes, Goodchild, Gunn, and Green, and which apparently convinced Aveline against his will, still exists. In all three streams the highest beds of the Ingletonian are slates, which might be thought to show a gradation into the Coniston Limestone above, and the dip and strike of the Coniston Limestone appear closely similar to that of the near-by Ingletonian. Against these tangible facts arguments based on petrological similarities, even the evidence of the Neptunian dyke, are apt to seem slightly strained. Accordingly, during a field-excursion I suggested that an attempt be made to excavate the actual junction, and during the summer three students of Imperial College, Messrs. R. W. D. Elwell, G. J. H. McCall, and A. F. Trendall, have succeeded in laying it bare. To their enthusiasm and hard work the success of the attempt is wholly due. Owing to the kindness of Mr. W. S. Worthington, of Ingleton, the new exposure will be left open indefinitely.
Outgrowths on Zircon from Southern Rhodesia
Authors: Bond Geoffrey
Published: May 2009

The occurrence of what is probably clear secondary zircon on detrital grains of this mineral seems first to have been noticed by Butterfield (1936), in heavy residues from the Millstone Grit of Yorkshire. He showed that the outgrowths were too sharp and delicate to have withstood transport, and were, therefore, formed after the deposition of the rock. He also gave some account of their frequency and mode of occurrence in relation to the crystals to which they were attached. Smithson (1937) found similar outgrowths on zircons from the Middle Jurassic of Yorkshire, remarking that until we know of other occurrences it may be unwise to generalize, but that Butterfield's Millstone Grit zircons and his own Jurassic examples occurred in deposits which were either deltaic in origin, or closely associated with deltaic conditions.
Notes on Some Rugose Corals in the Gray Collection, from Girvan, Scotland
Authors: Wang H. C.
Published: May 2009

Since the publication in 1880 of Nicholson and Etheridge's monograph of the Ordovician and Silurian fossils from Girvan, no further work has been done on the coral faunas of that region. While engaged on a revision of the rugose corals as a whole, I have studied a part of the Gray Collection in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), of which the present article is an outcome. I am grateful to the keeper of the Department of Geology, and to Dr. H. D. Thomas for the loan of material and for the kind interest shown in my work, and to Dr. Stanley Smith for his valuable criticism and advice. This work was mainly carried out in the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge, and I take the opportunity to express my thanks to Professor W. B. R. King and Mr. A. G. Brighton for facilities for study. Dr. H. D. Thomas and Dr. O. M. B. Bulman both kindly read the manuscript.
Peremistocrinus from the Dewey Limestone Formation, Oklahoma
Authors: Strimple Harrell L.
Published: May 2009

The first systematic study of anal variations found among various Carboniferous crinoids was presented by James Wright (Geol. Mag., lxiii, 1926) and covered Eupachycrinus calyx (McCoy) (now Phanocrinus Kirk) and Zeacrinus konincki Bather. Subsequently (Geol. Mag., lxiv, 1927), the genus Hydreionocrinus, and Ulocrinus globitlaris (Geinitz) (now Ureocrinus Wright and Strimple, Geol. Mag., lxxxii, 1945) were also considered. A total of 2,014 dorsal cups from the Scottish Lower Carboniferous (Mississippian) were involved in the examinations. These specimens were all from strata considered equivalent to the Chester Series (upper Mississippian) of North America. When presenting the genus Phanocrinus Kirk (Journ. Paleont., 11, 1937) recognized the importance of Wright's studies, but noted that examination of an almost equal amount of American material (primarily the Springer collection of the U.S. National Museum) had failed to disclose such great variations. That Kirk was highly impressed by Wright's studies is certain, for in personal conversations, several years ago, he emphasized the potentialities as they might affect my impending studies of Pennsylvanian crinoids. It has, therefore, been with much interest that I have watched similar patterns of development appearing in the large collections being made from both Chester (Upper Mississippian = European upper Lower Carboniferous) and Missouri (Middle Pennsylvanian = European middle Upper Carboniferous) of north-eastern Oklahoma.
The Distribution and Sequence of Carboniferous Coral Faunas
Authors: Hill Dorothy
Published: May 2009

Since the beginning of the century Carboniferous corals have been intensively studied throughout the world, and in this paper our resultant knowledge of their distribution and the sequence of faunas is outlined. The lower limit of the Carboniferous is taken to be at the base of the K zone of the Bristol sequence, and the upper limit at the base of the Russian Kungurian stage, in conformity with the principle of priority of nomenclature. The period is thus a long one including the Russian Artinskian, while the Permian is relatively short. Many recent writers, e.g. Dunbar (1940, 1942), adopting criteria other than priority of nomenclature, have extended the Permian downwards to incorporate greater or lesser amounts of the Carboniferous.
Bathonian Ostracods from the Boueti Bed of Langton Herring, Dorset
Authors: Sylvester-Bradley P. C.
Published: May 2009

The ostracods described in this paper have all been obtained from the Goniorhynchia boueti bed, as exposed at the little peninsula known as Herbury (“Herbeyleigh” in some of the older geological literature), near Langton Herring, some five miles to the west of Weymouth. The bed is at sea level at the north-west corner of Herbury, and is there about one foot thick. It is from this point (national grid ref. 30/610810) that the samples were taken for the separation of microfossils. Polyzoans, baby brachiopods, foraminifera, “vertebral” ossicles of ophiuroids, radicles of echinoids and minute gastropods, make up as diverse and interesting an assemblage as that formed by their better known macroscopic contemporaries.
On the Lower Part of the Ashgillian Series in the North of England
Authors: King W. B. R. , Williams Alwyn
Published: May 2009

The Ashgillian as the name for the uppermost series of the Ordovician system was proposed by Marr in his address to the Geological Society in 1905, and subsequently further justified by him in a paper in the Geological Magazine in 1907.
The New Red Sandstone of South Devonshire
Authors: Scrivenor J. B.
Published: May 2009

The objects of this paper are to supplement previous descriptions of the coast sections of the New Red Sandstone from Exmouth to Oddicombe, and to discuss views of the origin of the rocks as stated in the following quotation from the revised Torquay Memoir (Ussher-LIoyd, 1933, p. 105): “It is generally accepted that the lower New Red Sandstone breccias result from continental conditions, in which the extremes of temperature and recurring torrential rainfall operated on the bare slopes of a mountainous region, to produce diluvial fans, similar to those now being formed in the mountain valleys of Kashmir and Persia, The Dartmoor granite no doubt once formed an elevated dome and from this high ground, much higher and more extensive than at present, torrents flowing in a general easterly direction would produce gravelly accumulations, composed largely of the angular debris of formations then exposed. These accumulations may in part have been swept into a lake and there mixed with, or alternated with, beds of sand deposited under normal conditions; wind-borne sand may also have been blown from the desert into this lake or inland sea.” The term “diluvial fans” was introduced by Lloyd into the revised memoir, obviously without any reference to Pleistocene glacial deposits or the Deluge of Noah, as might be suspected from the use of this old word “diluvial”. “Alluvial fans” is preferred here and no evidence has been found of glacial action at any time.
The Eighteenth Session of the International Geological Congress, Great Britain, 1948
Authors: Butler A. J.
Published: May 2009

The Eighteenth Session of the International Geological Congress was the first session in Great Britain for sixty years; and because of wartime interruption the interval between the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Sessions was longer than that between any previous consecutive sessions. The Session therefore presented a special opportunity for the renewal of international discussion and for the demonstration of classic and recent research in Britain.
The Tertiary Lavas of Rum
Authors: Tomkeieff S. I.
Published: May 2009

John Macculloch, who was the first geologist to describe the Island of Rum, was so perplexed by the geological relations of the lavas of this island, that he wrote— “It is fruitless to accumulate conjectures, but it is not useless to confess ignorance, since it will point out to other travellers the blanks to be filled, and the errors to be corrected; while I may state in the words of St. Augustin my conviction that in this science also ‘Melius est dubitare de occultis quam litigare de incertis’. [It is better to doubt about mysteries than to dispute about uncertainties.]” (Macculloch, 1819, i, 497.) In spite of this self-imposed limitation Macculloch quite correctly compared the “stratified traps” of Rum with those of Skye and Canna, but otherwise he did little towards the description of these rocks.
The Type Specimen of Monograptus sedgwicki (Portlock)
Authors: Elles G. L.
Published: May 2009

The type specimen of Monograptus sedgwicki Portlock sp. has at last been found in the Collection of the Geological Survey in London, and Dr. Stubblefield has submitted it to me for examination. It bears the label “Prionotus sedgewicki” Portlock, and Graptolithus sedgewicki, and there can be no doubt of its identity. Portlock described the fossil as Graptolithus—PrionotusSedgewicki stating that it was named after Professor Sedgewick, though that is not the correct spelling of the name of that great geologist, which should be written without the second “e”.
Note on the Lower Albian at Leighton Buzzard
Authors: Wright C. W. , Wright E. V.
Published: May 2009

Recent examination of the well-known Shenley Hill Limestone lenticles and of the Regularis Nodules of Billington Crossing has resulted in the discovery of a number of new records. It will be remembered that Lamplugh and Walker in 1903 (1) and Lamplugh again in 1922 (2) placed the Shenley Hill Limestone at the top of the Lower Greensand both on stratigraphical and palaeontological grounds.
Some Problems of the Archaean Rocks of Tanganyika Territory
Authors: Temperley B. N.
Published: May 2009

The two oldest rock systems of Tanganyika Territory have been named by the Geological Survey of that country the Upper and the Lower Divisions of the Basement Complex. The two divisions of the complex are distinguished by widely differing lithology. Their relative age has not been proved by superposition, but has been deduced by differences in the degree of metamorphism of the constituent rocks. The rocks of the Lower Division, which constitute the subject of this paper, have suffered folding, regional metamorphism, and widespread granitization.
Geology of the Zeila Plain, British Somaliland
Authors: Hunt J. A.
Published: May 2009

This description is based on observations made during several months' work during 1938 and 1939, undertaken for the Government of the Somaliland Protectorate in connection with water-supplies in the barren Zeila Plain.
On a New Palaeolithic Industry from the Norfolk Coast
Authors: Baden-Powell D. F. W. , Moir J. Reid
Published: May 2009

The Glacial deposits along the Norfolk and Suffolk coasts are important to geologists and archaeologists, as some of the formations here, even those which are later than the Cromer Forest Bed Series, are earlier than those of many other districts. Finds of Palaeolithic implements in this area have not so far been abundant, but an industry was recorded by us in 1938 (see Nature, 19th November, 1938, p. 912), and it is now possible to give greater details about its mode of occurrence. The geological dating of this industry will be discussed first, and the implements will then be considered from the archaeological point of view.
A Heteromorph of Venanzite
Authors: Holmes Arthur
Published: May 2009

Venanzite. Venanzite is a volcanic rock consisting essentially of y melilite, leucite, olivine, and a little phlogopitic biotite, which occurs as small lava-flows of late- or post-Pliocene age near San Venanzo, Umbria, Italy. This isolated centre of activity lies north-west of Lake Bolsena and is regarded as an outlying part of the Vulsinian district of the Roman netroaranhic nrovince.
The Geographical Distribution of Ancestral Man
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: May 2009

The latest studies of fossil Mammals appear to show that the Upper Pliocene and Pleistocene mammalian faunas of Europe were chiefly immigrants from the Asiatic region (35). The corresponding faunas of Africa seem to have been derived chiefly from the same source (28, 35). The distribution of the stone implements of Palaeolithic Man also can be best explained by supposing that the successive human races who made them started in Asia, and migrated westwards in two divergent streams to Europe and Africa respectively (6). Until the latest phase of the Pleistocene, there cannot have been any direct communication between the men of northern Africa and those of southern Europe. Man, indeed, like the other mammals seems to have originated in the Asiatic region.
Zones of Progressive Regional Metamorphism in the Moine Schists of the Western Highlands of Scotland
Authors: Kennedy W. Q.
Published: May 2009

The Moine Schists of Western Inverness-shire and North-West Argyll show a progressive increase in metamorphism when traced from the outcrop of the Moine Thrust-plane eastwards towards the central area of regional injection and migrnatitization. It is possible to distinguish four zones of progressive metamorphism characterized by the development of distinctive mineral assemblages in the very subordinate, but widely distributed and highly distinctive calc-silicate granulites. The easterly increase in grade is attributed to the thermal effect of the great injection complexes, and it is suggested that the Torridonian, the Tarskavaig Moine Schists, and the Moine Schists proper merely represent successive stages in the regional metamorphism of one formation.
A Starfish from the Glass Sand of Loch Aline
Authors: MacLennan Rhona M.
Published: May 2009

An impression of the actinal surface of a starfish, possibly Calliderma, has been found at Loch Aline, N.W. Argyllshire, in Cretaceous white sandstone which hitherto has yielded no fossils. Indistinct traces of the ambulacral groves are present, otherwise only the outline is clearly defined. Carbonaceous matter associated suggests the fossil may have been desiccated in dry sand. The sandstone itself is a marginal deposit with millet seed frosted quartz grains of which the perfect rounding is masked by outgrowths of authigenic quartz.
Evolution of Delocrinus to Paradelocrinus, and Description of Stuartwellercrinus argentinei sp. nov.
Authors: Strimple Harrell L.
Published: May 2009

The transition of Delocrinus to Paradelocrinus is demonstrated by a group of specimens collected by Mr. Allen Graffham from the lola limestone of Kansas. Description of Paradelocrinus iolaensis sp. nov. is given, and the geological range of the Permian genus Stuartwellercrinus is taken into the Pennsylvanian (Upper Carboniferous) with the presentation of Stuartwellercrinus argentinei sp. nov. from the Wyandotte limestone of Kansas.
New Lower Ordovician Brachiopods from the Llandeilo-Llangadock District
Authors: Williams Alwyn
Published: May 2009

External characters.—Plano-convex with a moderately deep ventral valve and a plane to slightly convex dorsal valve. Outline is semi-oval with the greatest width just anterior to the long straight hinge-line. Ventral interarea, wide, long, apsacline, dorsal interarea, anacline.
The Gare Loch Re-advance Moraine
Authors: Anderson J. G. C.
Published: May 2009

Detailed drift mapping near the Gare Loch, Dumbartonshire, has confirmed that the loch was formerly occupied by a late valley glacier marking a re-advance contemporaneous with re-advances in the Loch Lomond and Upper Forth Valleys. The moraine of the Gare Loch glacier, which has been traced for some miles on both sides of the loch, locally rests on clays of the “ 100-ft.” sea and is overlain by “ 25-ft.” beach gravels.
The Source of Some Erratics from North-Eastern Northamptonshire and adjacent parts of Huntingdonshire
Authors: Sabine P. A.
Published: May 2009

A collection of erratics from the Boulder Clay and associated remanie drift of the Nene Valley includes distinctive sedimentary, igneous, pyroclastic, and metamorphic rocks. Localities are suggested from which these may have originated and it is concluded that the Upper Chalky Boulder Clay was brought by ice moving from a direction west of north.
Gangamopteris in the Marine Permian of Western Australia
Authors: Teichert Curt
Published: May 2009

In view of the wide distribution of Gangamopteris in the Gondwana deposits of the Southern Hemisphere it is surprising that the genus has not been previously recorded with certainty from Western Australia. The only doubtful record has been published by Glauert in 1923 who found “? Gangamopteris sp.” in carbonaceous shale underlying the lowest coal seam of the Coal Measure series of the Irwin River. The occurrence of Gangamopteris in the Irwin River Coal Measures has since been confirmed by finds made in 1939 during a joint excursion with Professor E. de C. Clarke and students of the University of Western Australia. The age of the Irwin River Coal Measures corresponds most likely to that of the Greta Coal Measures of New South Wales in which Gangamopteris is well represented. Some notes on the Irwin River flora were published some time ago (Teichert 1939) and the writer hopes to present additional information at a later date.
Geology in Croatia
Authors: Niven Alexander C.
Published: May 2009

Nowhere in Yugoslavia has the science of geology progressed more than in Croatia. This statement applies not so much to the period between 1918–1941 as to the years before 1914 when Croatia was a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
The Yorkshire Dogger
Authors: Rastall R. H. , Hemingway J. E.
Published: May 2009

In parts of Rosedale and Farndale the Serpula Beds are exactly as in Fryup and Danby; they consist of very fine-grained sandstones or silts, blue, grey, green, yellow, or brown in colour, according to the degree of oxidation, and always full of worm tubes. In many specimens it is clear that practically the whole of the material has been passed through the bodies of worms, leading to a very confused structure. The worm tubes may be several inches long: they are only occasionally vertical or straight, but usually arranged in an irregular manner. Fossils, usually broken and badly preserved, are sporadic, but deter-minable ammonites of the striatulum and dispansum zones have been recorded in different parts of the area (Macmillan, 1932, and this paper).
The Age of Uraninite and Monazite from the Post-Delhi Pegmatites of Rajputana
Authors: Holmes Arthur
Published: May 2009

Uraninite and monazite collected by Dr. H. Crookshank from pegmatites occurring respectively at Bisundni and Soniana (Rajputana) have been analysed for U, Th, and Pb by Mr. A. A. Srnales, and the isotopic constitution of the lead separated from each mineral has been determined by Dr. W. T. Leland and Prof. A. O. Nier. The three ages calculated from the uraninite ratios AcD/RaG, RaG/U and AcD/U are 740, 733, and 733 m.y. The monazite is considerably altered but the corresponding ratios indicate that its age lies between 700 and 865 m.y., which is consistent with the more reliable estimate determined from the uraninite. It is shown from tectonic evidence that the Delhi erogenic belt is younger than the Satpura belt (previously dated at about 900 m.y.) and that both are younger than the Aravalli and Dharwar belts.
Hilt's Law and the Volatile Contents of Coal Seams
Authors: Jones O. T.
Published: May 2009

Dr. Trotter's recent theory of devolatilization of coal seams is criticized on structural grounds and the “square law” suggested is shown to be no improvement on many other expressions of varied types. The data are best represented both for South Wales and the Kent Coalfield by Hilt's law. The influence of depth of burial on coal vegetation is discussed; loss of volatile matter is probably promoted by temperatures, but is almost certainly retarded by high pressures. The Hilt rate is controlled by the chemical-physical factors and may be influenced also by varying rates of sedimentation during the accumulation of the Coal Measures.
Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Kainozoic: a Geological Disaster
Authors: Rastall R. H.
Published: May 2009

In all modern textbooks of stratigraphy the fundamental basis of the classification is the division of the rocks of the earth's crust into four great groups, each of which carries a variety of names but all agree in a hard and fast demarcation of the stratigraphical column. Each of these major groups comprises a certain number of systems, as to whose definition there is on the whole general agreement.
The Vesuvian Lava of the March, 1944, Eruption
Authors: Part G. M.
Published: May 2009

Through the courtesy of the Ministry of Information and of the military authorities in Naples, the Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Cambridge, have received samples of the latest ejectamenta from Vesuvius—lava, probably from the neigbourhood of S. Sebastiano, and ashes and lapillae from Salerno.
Hilt's Law and the Volatile Contents of Coal Seams
Authors: Jones O. T.
Published: May 2009

Arbitrary relations between volatile percentage and depth of the seams can be established readily for both the South Wales and Kent coalfields by means of the Hilt rates: this is perhaps most clearly indicated by the South Wales sequences, which are considered first. If we take as a horizontal datum plane a seam which contains 40 per cent of volatiles we can calculate from the Hilt rate the depth for any given sequence at which the Nine-Foot seam would lie below that datum. Thus, at New Bridge the recorded volatile content of the Nine-Foot seam is 28; a least squares solution gives 26·7; adopting a value of 27 and a Hilt rate of 5·32, that seam would be 2,440 feet below the datum. At Treherbert the recorded volatile is 11, while a least squares solution gives 11·5; the depth of the Nine-Foot seam below the datum would thus be 5,400 feet. It is clear, therefore, that if the 40 per cent seam were regarded as a horizontal plane, depression was at one time more rapid in the west than in the east. It is known that a rapid increase in the thickness of the measures below the Pennant Sandstone takes place westward, but the difference of 3,000 feet indicated above is much more than occurred by differential warping during the formation of the lower measures among which the Nine-Foot seam lies. The tendency which is evident, however, in these lower measures must have continued into much later Coal Measure times, in which case a 40 per cent datum was itself warped down.
A Revision of the Fauna of the North WelshConocoryphe violaBeds implying a Lower Cambrian Age
Authors: Howell B. F. , Stubblefield C. J.
Published: May 2009

Fossils collected during the past sixty years from the uppermost division of the approximately 2,000 ft. thick Llanberis Slates have been re-examined. All but one fossil came from the famous Penrhyn Quarries at Bethesda, Caernarvonshire. The fauna is described as containingPseudatops viola(H. Woodward),Eodiscus sp., cf. Protolenus howleyi(Walcott),Hyolithes cf. hathewayiG. F. Matthew,H. sp., and a fragmentary crustacean. The last offers no evidence of age but the remainder are considered to indicate a high Lower Cambrian horizon. Illustrations of some of these fossils are given for the first time. TheHyolithesis interpreted as carrying a pair of fin-like skeletal outgrowths and the morphological significance of these is discussed in a statement which comments on the obscure systematic position of the Hyolithidae.
An Experimental Synthesis of Quartz, Albite, and Analcite
Authors: Wilson Gilbert
Published: May 2009

Quartz sand, sodium aluminate and water were heated together in a bomb to above the critical temperature. The apparatus was designed to give a temperature difference of about 100°C. between the two ends of the bomb. Quartz, albite, and analcite were formed in the low temperature end of the bomb.
Problems of Ammonite Nomenclature
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

The tendency among some modern authors to suppress the well-known genus Stephanoceras, Waagen, 1869, is due to sundry misconceptions, combined occasionally with a complete disregard of the Rules of Nomenclature. This raises matters of general interest, and thus a review of the vicissitudes of that genus and a discussion of some related questions may be acceptable to all palaeontologists.
Some Puzzling Features of Alpine and West Indian Metamorphic Rocks
Authors: Trechmann C. T.
Published: May 2009

It should by now be fairly well realized that the West Indian islands are not a subsiding mountain range, but represent rather an Alpine or Pyrenean area in process of emerging from the sea. In the West Indies we witness something of the condition of metamorphism of the rocks as they came up. Comparison of the metasomatism of the formations in the two widely separated areas of the Alps and Antilles may provide some evidence as to how the processes operated and what sort of forces raised them up.
On the Mechanics of Faulting
Authors: Jeffreys Harold
Published: May 2009

1. Geological observation provides abundant evidence of fractures in the upper crust, the relative displacements of the sides of a fracture being anything from a few centimetres to thousands of metres. It is generally believed that earthquakes are produced in these displacements, but little attention seems to have been given to the quantitative relations involved. The geologist sees the record of the total displacement, but has no direct information about how long it took to occur, or whether it took place all at once or by several stages. Except in cases where an earthquake has been associated with fracture of the outer surface, and we can say how much displacement occurred up to the time of inspection, he has no means of knowing whether it took seconds, hours, years, or geological periods to form. Even in these rather rare cases the displacement is not more than a few metres, and extrapolation to the larger known faults is impossible. Seismology on the other hand is well adapted to the study of sudden shifts, but the instruments do not record large movements spread over a long time; thus the geological and seismological data are largely complementary. It is known also that a large earthquake is often followed by a swarm of small ones, called aftershocks, apparently from the same focus and continuing for, possibly, several months; there may be a thousand in a single series. The geological displacement observed long afterwards will include those due to all the aftershocks, supposing, as is generally done, that they all are due to shifts on the same fault.
“Gerontic” Structures in the Carboniferous Coral Rotiphyllum costatum (McCoy)
Authors: Hudson R. G. S.
Published: May 2009

Zaphrentoid faunas occur in the Middle and Upper Viséan of Great Britain, but have not been adequately described and so are difficult to distinguish. Probably the most fossiliferous of such Upper Viséan faunas are those found in the D2–3 shales and grey limestones with chert which occur near the top of the Lower Carboniferous beds of Derbyshire. A characteristic form in these faunas is that usually assigned to Zaphrentis costata (McCoy), a species imperfectly known and inadequately described. In 1937 I collected such forms from Cawdor Quarry, Matlock Bridge, Derbyshire, with the intention of identifying and redescribing the species. Since then sections have been made from the lectotype: these sections, however, are imperfect and a specific description based on them by Hill (1940, p. 137) is necessarily incomplete. The specimens from Cawdor include one which is similar to Z. costata but which shows successive contractions of the corallum and a change from straight to waved and corrugated major septa, a phenomenon possibly due to “gerontism”.
On Fluorite and Other Minerals in Lower Permian Rocks of South Durham
Authors: Fowler A.
Published: May 2009

During the past two years several core-borings have been put down in South Durham in order to prove extensions of the Productive Coal Measures. In passing through the cover of Magnesian Limestone, here up to 300 feet thick, quite the most arresting feature was the presence of innumerable cavities of irregular distribution. These are especially characteristic of the Lower Limestones, and are of all sizes from tiny geodes almost completely infilled with calcite to gashes which cut deep into the heart of the 6 in. core. They are usually lined with calcite in a variety of forms; far more rarely there are other minerals among which fluorite and barytes seem to be the most abundant.
Hypostomes of Some Girvan Trilobites and their Relationship to the Cephala
Authors: Begg James L.
Published: May 2009

The Palaeozoic rocks of the Girvan district have long been known for their rich faunal content, which has been studied by many palaeontologists. Trilobites are so abundant that they have been dealt with in a special monograph by Reed (1903−6). Since the publication of the monograph, however, continued collecting has made possible the description of further species and the amplification of many of the original descriptions; much of this has been accomplished by the publication of three supplements to Reed's monograph. The present paper is devoted to a consideration of the hypostomes of some Girvan trilobites. Professor A. E. Trueman has taken a keen interest in its preparation, and I desire to thank him for his very valuable assistance in correcting and improving the text; I must acknowledge again my indebtedness to Dr. F. R. C. Reed for the loan of literature.
Restoration of the Original Form of Distorted Specimens
Authors: Lake Philip
Published: May 2009

Many fossils in the older rocks have been distorted by pressure, and if only one specimen is available it is often difficult to be sure of its original proportions. Sometimes, however, there is a specimen which not only furnishes sufficient data for the determination of its original form, but can be made to yield a photograph in which the distortion is corrected. In his paper on “Slaty Cleavage” Harker1 showed how, in such cases, the distortion can be determined, and he referred to an earlier paper by Dufet2 in which the same principle is used, though in a different way. So far as I know the method of correcting the distortion photographically has not previously been employed.
The So-called “Axial Granite Core” of the Himalaya: its Actual Exposure in Relation to its Sedimentary Cover.
Authors: Odell N. E.
Published: May 2009

When recently on military duty in India, the writer was in correspondence with Mr. D. N. Wadia on the known distribution of granite within the ranges of the Himalaya, arising out of a statement by Mr. Wadia in his General Presidential Address to the 29th India Science Congress, 1942, on “The Making of India”. Therein it was declared (p. 7): “In these earth plications masses of crystalline igneous rocks, granites, from the depths of the earth, have been pushed up through the sedimentary cover and now occupy the central zone of highest elevations. The sublime snow-capped peaks of the Himalaya from Mount Everest to Nanga Parbat, all are built of this axial granite core,” etc.
Stone Runs of the Falkland Islands
Authors: Joyce J. R. F.
Published: May 2009

The suggestions made by previous writers are summarized, and Andersson's Solifluction Theory is discussed in detail. Reasons are given why the author believes that solifluction alone could not provide the explanation. Stone runs are shown to be largely an accident of past climate and the structure and lithology of the Upper Quartzite Series rocks. A note on the economic aspect of stone runs is added.
Discussion: The Significance of Terraces due to Climatic Oscillation
Authors: Richardson H. L.
Published: May 2009

With regard to the relation between climatic oscillation and terrace formation, some ideas that I have collected in the course of studying accelerated (man-made) erosion, may be useful in a geo-morphological setting. Huntington’s principle and the idea I used in my paper “The Ice Age in West China” are not necessarily opposed, if one limits the application of Huntington’s principle to semi-arid regions which are just on the margin of being able to support a vegetative cover. In such regions a further decrease in precipitation, leading to serious reduction in the protection afforded by vegetation, would accelerate erosion on hillsides and steep valley floors, and this in turn would lead to deposition of spoil on more gently sloping valley floors lower down. A further oscillation of the climate, in the direction of increasing rainfall, would restore the vegetative cover, reduce erosion, reduce the load in the rivers, and allow downcutting to continue. But a still further increase in precipitation might be expected to increase erosion of the type associated with landslips and flooded streams and rivers; once more increased load will be swept down from the steeper hills and stream-beds to the lower and gentler slopes of the rivers, where it will be deposited. In other words, one may say that there is a level of precipitation, probably a moderately low one, at which (apart from human interference) there is a close vegetative cover and geological erosion is at a minimum; any appreciable departure from this level of precipitation in either direction will cause increased geological erosion in the upper courses of streams, and hence increased deposition in their lower courses.
The Granite Problem
Authors: Rastall R. H.
Published: May 2009

The following pages have as their text three Presidential Addresses by Professor H. H. Read. The first, entitled Metamorphism and Igneous Action, was composed for Section C of the British Association at Dundee. The other two entitled Meditations on Granite, Parts I and II, were read to the Geologists’ Association in 1943 and 1944. They will be referred to for brevity’s sake as Dundee and Granite I and II.
Note on the Depth and Temperature of the Gault Sea as indicated by Foraminifera
Authors: Khan M. H.
Published: May 2009

Foraminiferal evidence in the past has been held to suggest that the Gault is a deep sea deposit—a view which conflicts with the belief held by many on geological and other palaeontological grounds that the Gault was laid down in fairly shallow water. This contradiction is due to a misinterpretation of the foraminiferal evidence which, in the opinion of the writer, favours a temperate, relatively shallow marine environment for the deposition of the Gault, at least in South-East of England.
The Devolatilization Equation for South Wales Coals
Authors: Trotter F. M.
Published: May 2009

Recent published work on the origin of the South Wales coals has shown that the “original deposition theory” is invalid; the pronounced devolatilization of the coals is due to a cause which operated after the formation of all of the seams and the rate of change of the volatiles is governed by a function which can be expressed as an empirical equation. Nevertheless minor variations in coal seam volatiles arising from differences in original composition of vegetation are recognized, and of several examples one is given from the Northumbrian geo-syncline where the highest volatiles are in the lowest Carboniferous Limestone coals and where the extreme variation throughout a sequence of 7,000 feet of coal-bearing strata is 11%. The minor variations lessen progressively if the coal seams become devolatilized. As illustrated by examples from American and European fields, a most important factor in coal seam devolatilization is orogenic pressure with incidental frictional heat.

The present basis of comparison of essential coal-substances (fixed carbon and volatiles) is shown to be empirical; a mathematical comparison should be based on the original composition of the coal (not peat) substance. it is shown that 50% fixed carbon and 50% volatiles (d.a.f.) constitute good average figures for the original composition of the coal substance of Carboniferous coals. Loss of weight in devolatilized coals is suffered only by the volatiles so that the best basis of mathematical comparison is the 50% fixed carbon (d.a.f.). The volatile percentages of the South Wales seams when calculated on this basis all show a pronounced drop in values, and on the 50% fixed carbon basis it is necessary to find a new controlling function for the rate of change of volatiles in coal seams lying in vertical sequence. It is found that this is best expressed by the following exponential equation:

where v2 and v1 represent the volatiles of the lower and upper seams respectively, y is the vertical distance in feet of v2 below v1; and θ is the angle of dip of the zero plane previously determined in South Wales as 5°.
The Position of the Laki Limestone in the Eocene Succession of Western Pakistan
Authors: Eames F. E.
Published: May 2009

It has previously been thought that in Sind the Meting Limestone Laki Limestone succession was equivalent to the Bolan Limestone, and that argillaceous beds, which are occasionally developed above the Laki Limestone and below the overlying Khirthar, represented the Ghazij Shales. Recent evidence indicates that these higher argillaceous beds are the representatives of the Shales with Alabaster of the Western Punjab, that in Sind the Ghazij Shales are cut out at the Laki/Ranikot unconformity, and that the Meting Limestone-Laki Limestone succession represents calcareous horizons higher up in the Laki series than the Bolan Limestone.