bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suction Due to Left Ventricular Assist: Implications for Device Control and Management
Authors: Reesink Koen , Dekker André , Van der Nagel Theo , Beghi Cesare , Leonardi Fabio , Botti Paolo , De Cicco Giuseppe , Lorusso Roberto , Van der Veen Frederik , Maessen Jos
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) overpumping is associated with hemolysis, thrombus release, and tissue damage at the pump inlet. However, the impact of LVAD suction on pulmonary circulatory function remains unknown. We investigated LVAD suction as induced by pulmonary artery banding and overpumping in experimental animals and in a computer model. In six sheep, a rotary LVAD was implanted. Before inducing suction, partial support (40–60% of cardiac output) was established and characterized by measuring pressures and flows. In the animals, pulmonary artery occlusion (PAOC) elicited LVAD suction (left ventricular pressure was from −10 to −20 mm Hg) within 5–10 heartbeats. During suction, aortic pressure dropped to 50% and LVAD flow decreased significantly. After releasing the occlusion (20 s), the collapsed state persisted for another 20 s. A similar trend was obtained by simulating PAOC in the computer model. Additional simulations showed that pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), volume status, and right ventricular (RV) contractility are exponentially related to the persistence of collapse after a suction event. Even modest increases in predisposing factors (elevated PVR, RV dysfunction, hypovolemia) caused sustained hemodynamic collapse lasting in excess of 15 min. Both in selected animals and the computer model, comparable suction‐induced collapse was obtained by increasing LVAD speed by about 33%. Attempted compensation by simply decreasing speed was not effective, but temporarily shutting down the LVAD caused rapid reversal of collapse. In conclusion, rotary LVAD suction causes unfavorable conditions for effective unloading. The use of pump interventions appears a promising tool to detect suction and to avoid the associated hemodynamic depression.
Experimental Study on Shear Stress Distributions in a Centrifugal Blood Pump
Authors: Mizunuma Hiroshi , Nakajima Ryou
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  Wall shear stress on the pump casing cover was measured using a surface‐mounted hot‐film sensor. In addition, the shear stress distribution in the pump was qualitatively investigated by means of oil‐film visualization. The characteristics of shear stress in the pump are discussed, including the results on the oil‐film visualization. The centrifugal blood pump used was a Nikkiso HPM‐15 (Nikkiso Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan). The hot‐film measurement indicated that the shear stress was approximately proportional to the rotating speed, and exceeded 300 Pa when r/R > 0.5 at 3000 rpm. The circumferential average shear stress on the casing cover was of the same order as the characteristic stress σ obtained from the pump axial torque. These results suggest that the shear stress on the casing cover can be used to evaluate the characteristic shear stress in the pump.
Numerical Simulation of an Axial Blood Pump
Authors: Chua Leok Poh , Su Boyang , Lim Tau Meng , Zhou Tongming
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  The axial blood pump with a magnetically suspended impeller is superior to other artificial blood pumps because of its small size. In this article, the distributions of velocity, path line, pressure, and shear stress in the straightener, the rotor, and the diffuser of the axial blood pump, as well as the gap zone were obtained using the commercial software, Fluent (version 6.2). The main focus was on the flow field of the blood pump. The numerical results showed that the axial blood pump could produce 5.14 L/min of blood at 100 mm Hg through the outlet when rotating at 11 000 rpm. However, there was a leakage flow of 1.06 L/min in the gap between the rotor cylinder and the pump housing, and thus the overall flow rate the impeller could generate was 6.2 L/min. The numerical results showed that 75% of the scalar shear stresses (SSs) were less than 250 Pa, and 10% were higher than 500 Pa within the whole pump. The high SS region appeared around the blade tip where a large variation of velocity direction and magnitude was found, which might be due to the steep angle variation at the blade tip. Because the exposure time of the blood cell at the high SS region within the pump was relatively short, it might not cause serious damage to the blood cells, but the improvement of blade profile should be considered in the future design of the axial pump.
Comparative Effectiveness of Methylprednisolone and Zero‐balance Ultrafiltration on Inflammatory Response After Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Liu Jinping , Ji Bingyang , Long Cun , Li Chunhua , Feng Zhengyi
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  Studies have demonstrated that systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) remains one of the major causes of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)‐associated organ injury during pediatric cardiac surgery. The purpose of this investigation was to compare the effectiveness of methylprednisolone (MP) and zero‐balance ultrafiltration (ZBUF) on SIRS during pediatric CPB. Thirty infants undergoing open‐heart surgeries were randomized to receive either MP in the priming solution (group M, n = 15) or ZBUF during CPB (group Z, n = 15). All the patients survived. Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), and interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) were measured before CPB (T1), 5 min after the start of CPB (T2), at the termination of CPB (T3), the fourth hour (T4), and the eighth hour (T5) postoperatively. The results showed that the plasma concentrations of TNF‐α in the Z group were significantly less than those in the M group at T4 and T5 (P < 0.05), and the plasma concentrations of IL‐6 were significantly less than those in the M group at T4 (P < 0.05); the plasma concentrations of IL‐8 in the Z group were significantly less than those in the M group at T5 (P < 0.05). There was no difference between two groups on the plasma concentrations of IL‐10. The duration of postoperative mechanical ventilation was (9.6 ± 0.8 h) in the M group and (7.8 ± 0.4 h) in the Z group (P < 0.05). This study showed that application of ZBUF is more effective to decrease the level of inflammatory mediators including TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐8 than administration of MP after pediatric CPB.
Changes in Vein Dynamics Ranging from Low to High Pressure Levels as a Determinant of the Differences in Vein Adaptation to Arterial Hemodynamic Conditions
Authors: Zócalo Yanina , Bia Daniel , Pessana Franco M. , Armentano Ricardo L.
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  The causes of the regional differences in venous grafts patency rates are partially understood. Differences in vein dynamics during physiological situations could determine differences in veins' capability to face arterial conditions and could contribute to the dissimilar performance of veins as arterial grafts. In vitro pressure and diameter were measured in four different veins during physiological and arterial (graft) pressure conditions. A diameter–pressure transfer function was designed. Compliance, viscous and inertial properties; circumferential stresses and deformation; and buffering function were calculated. Regional differences in veins' dynamics, but not in buffering function were found during physiological and arterial conditions. The back vein (femoral) showed the least changes when submitted to arterial conditions. Arterial conditions represent different changes in vein dynamics depending on the segment considered. The regional differences in vein dynamics, both at physiological and graft conditions, could contribute to explain the dissimilar results of venous grafts.
A Novel Integrated Rotor of Axial Blood Flow Pump Designed With Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Zhang Yan , Xue Song , Gui Xing‐min , Sun Han‐song , Zhang Hao , Zhu Xiao‐dong , Hu Sheng‐Shou
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  Due to the smaller size, smaller artificial surface, and higher efficiency, axial blood pumps have been widely applied in clinic in recent years. However, because of its high rotor speed, axial flow pump always has a high risk for hemolysis, which the red blood cells devastated by the shearing of tip clearance flow. We reported a novel design with the integrated blade‐shroud structure that was expected to solve this problem by abolishing the radial clearance between blade and casing designed with the techniques of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). However, the numerical simulation result of the newly designed structure showed an unexpected backflow (where flow velocity is reverse of the main flow direction) at the blade tip. In order to eliminate this backflow, four flow passes were attempted, and the expansion angles (which reflect the radial amplification of the flow pass, on the meridional section, and should be defined as the angle between the center line of the flow pass and the axial direction) of the blades of the integrated rotor are 0°, 8°, 15°, and 20°, respectively. In the CFD result, it could be easily found as the expansion angles increased, the backflow was restrained gradually, and was eliminated at last. After numerous “cut and try” circles, the pump model was finally optimized. The numerical simulation of this model also showed a stable hydraulic characteristic.
Stability of SrFeO3‐Based Materials in H2O/CO2‐Containing Atmospheres at High Temperatures and Pressures
Authors: Kaus Ingeborg , Wiik Kjell , Krogh Bente , Dahle Marit , Hofstad Karina H. , Aasland Siv
Published: May 2007

The chemical stability of SrFeO3‐based perovskites in H2O‐ and CO2‐containing atmospheres at high temperatures and pressures has been examined. The extent of reaction as a function of pCO2, pH2O, temperature, and time has been determined. Either strontium carbonate or Sr(OH)2·H2O was observed on sample surfaces after exposure. Observation of two different reaction‐rate behaviors could be explained by the formation of different products. The stability of the perovskite has been found to increase when the activity of Sr is decreased. Chemical stability in H2O/CO2 is important to understand in order to use these membrane materials for syngas production.
Soft‐tissue perineurioma in a 20‐year‐old patient with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1): report of a case and review of the literature
Authors: Ausmus Gregory G. , Piliang Melissa P. , Bergfeld Wilma F. , Goldblum John R.
Published: May 2007

Background:  Perineurioma is a rare benign soft‐tissue tumor composed of cells showing differentiation toward the perineurial cells of the nerve sheath. Although mutations in the neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) gene have been documented in this tumor, there is no known association between perineuriomas and type 1 or 2 NF.

Methods:  This is the first report of a case of soft‐tissue perineurioma occurring in a patient with NF1.

Results:  Histopathologic examination revealed a 2.0‐cm well‐circumscribed, spindle‐cell neoplasm with slender, elongated, bipolar, wavy cytoplasmic processes and wavy, elongated nuclei in a hyalinized stroma with focal myxoid areas. The architecture was composed predominantly of short fascicles with areas exhibiting a storiform pattern. Immunohistochemistry showed positive labeling for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) but no staining for S‐100 and smooth muscle actin (SMA).

Conclusion:  This case illustrates that perineurioma can occur in association with NF1. Perineuriomas can be confused with other spindle‐cell neoplasms, and relevant features and immunohistochemistry of these lesions are outlined. The patient has not had a recurrence with limited follow‐up.
Dysplastic nevi with an underlying or juxtaposed neurofibroma: does a relationship exist?
Authors: Maize John C , Burch Hunter W
Published: May 2007

Background:  Neurofibromas and dysplastic nevi are both common skin disorders found in the general population. The cells in both of these neoplasms are derived from neural crest. There are no published reports of these two lesions occurring in juxtaposition.

Objective:  We report, for the first time, three cases of dysplastic nevi in spatial association with a neurofibroma that occurred in unrelated individuals.

Methods and results:  Three cases of dysplastic nevi occurring in association with solitary neurofibromas were selected prospectively from the routine accessions from August 1, 2003, to July 31, 2005. In none of the three cases, was a dysplastic nevus suspected by the clinician.

Conclusion:  The finding of dysplastic nevi in a spatial relationship to a neurofibroma is not happenstance since they are both of neural crest cell origin and respond to the same growth factors. It is our belief that these lesions are related and may occur together more often than reported.
Alpha‐v‐beta3 integrin expression in melanocytic nevi and cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Neto Dante Simionato , Pantaleão Luciana , De Sá Bianca Costa Soares , Landman Gilles
Published: May 2007

Background:  Alpha‐v‐beta3 integrin (αvβ3) is a vitronectin ligand and plays an important role in melanoma progression.

Objectives:  The purpose of the study was to evaluate the expression of αvβ3 in superficial spreading cutaneous melanoma, in both conventional and tissue microarray (TMA) paraffin‐embedded‐tissue specimens, and correlate with histopathological variables and patient survival.

Material and methods:  A total of 159 tissue samples from compound nevi (n = 19), in situ melanoma (n = 5), thin melanoma (n = 34), thick melanoma (n = 72) and metastatic melanoma (n = 29) were studied.

Results:  Compound nevus epithelioid cells had a mild expression of αvβ3. In situ melanoma cells had the highest expression among all specimens, when compared to nevi (p = 0.0000) and to invasive melanoma (p = 0.0003). Expression of αvβ3 did not differ according to depth of invasion or did it increase in metastatic cells.

Conclusion:  Our results suggested that αvβ3 integrin might have no impact on melanoma behavior. However, high levels of αvβ3‐integrin expression for in situ melanoma may be related to pre‐invasive phenotype with marked potential to invade.
A study of CD117 expression in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and cellular dermatofibroma
Authors: Labonte Sebastien , Hanna Wedad , Bandarchi‐Chamkhaleh Bizhan
Published: May 2007

Background:  Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a relatively uncommon spindle cell tumor of the skin. It is locally aggressive and can be a therapeutic challenge. There are case reports of partial response of DFSP to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 (Imatinib), despite the reported negativity of the tumor cells for CD117. At least one publication reported focal CD117 positivity of DFSP cells, and we would like to clarify the issue. Cellular dermatofibroma (CDF) can mimic DFSP, but typical cases are easily differentiated from DFSP by their staining pattern for CD34 and factor 13a. We also report our experience with CD117 staining of typical CDFs.

Methods:  Thirty‐seven cases of clear‐cut DFSP and 13 cases of clear‐cut CDF were retrieved from the archives of Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center between 2000 and 2005.

Results:  All DFSPs were CD34 (+), factor 13a (−) and CD117 (−). All CDFs were factor 13a (+), CD34 (−) and CD117 (−).

Conclusions:  Our study on a relatively large number of cases confirms the negativity of DFSP and CDF for CD117. Therefore, if adjuvant therapy is attempted with drugs such as STI571 (Imatinib), the eligibility of patients should not be based on immunohistochemical assessment of CD117 expression.
Cutaneous melanocytoneuroma: the first case of a distinctive intraneural tumor with dual nerve sheath and melanocytic differentiation
Authors: Weinreb Ilan , Labonte Sebastien , Goli Harish , Chetty Runjan , Ghazarian Danny
Published: May 2007

Many melanocytic nevi contain areas similar to nerve sheath tumors (NST) and NSTs with melanin have been described. There are some NSTs with at least partial intraneural location, including neurofibromas, plexiform neurofibromas, granular cell tumors and the recently described, dendritic cell neurofibroma with pseudorosettes. We describe the case of an NST with melanocytic differentiation and intraneural location, for which we suggest the term ‘melanocytoneuroma’ (MCN). It arose in the skin of a 67‐year‐old woman with no previous history of melanoma or neurofibromatosis. The lesion presented as a papule and histologically consisted of a dermal nodule without junctional melanocytic activity. The lesion comprised an intraneural proliferation of large epithelioid eosinophilic cells with prominent cell borders imparting a ‘plant‐like’ appearance. The cells were also seen within adjacent nerve twigs and were positive for S100, Melan‐A, HMB‐45, microphthalmia transcription factor and PGP 9.5. The lesion was entirely surrounded by an epithelial membrane antigen‐positive‐perineurial coat and the individual tumor cells were invested by laminin and collagen type‐IV‐positive basal lamina‐like material. The lesion did not show any evidence of atypia and following complete excision, no recurrence has been documented. In conclusion, this unusual lesion represents an intraneural proliferation with melanocytic and nerve sheath cell differentiation, to which we have accorded the appellation, MCN.
Atypical fibroxanthoma arising in an area of syringocystadenoma papilliferum associated with nevus sebaceus: positivity of the atypical fibroxanthoma component for CD31
Authors: Tronnier Michael , Vogelbruch Markus
Published: May 2007

The occurrence of an atypical fibroxanthoma in association with a syringocystadenoma papilliferum is reported. Both neoplasms showed characteristic histologic features and displayed typical immunohistochemical profiles. The neoplasms developed in intimate admixture in an area of nevus sebaceus.
Squamous cell carcinoma in situ in skin: what does it mean?
Authors: Bhawan Jag
Published: May 2007

Squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCCIS) is a frequently reported diagnosis by pathologists. The dermatologists bases their management of the patient on this diagnosis. However, SCCIS can be seen in a variety of clinical situations. The pathologic diagnosis of SCCIS must be correlated with clinical data to arrive at a correct diagnosis and therefore appropriate management of the patient.
Acanthomatous superficial sebaceous hamartoma? A study of six cases with clarification of the nomenclature
Authors: LeBoeuf Nicole R. , Mahalingam Meera
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  The nomenclature for benign tumors with foci of sebaceous differentiation is confusing and varied. In this study, the defining histological features of six such cases are reported, all distinguished pathologically by a superficial proliferation of uniform basaloid cells containing mature sebocytes in varied proportions with attachments to the overlying epidermis. Furthermore, the unifying architecture of the cases presented supports maintenance of the original nomenclature of superficial epithelioma with sebaceous differentiation and indicates that this neoplasm is perhaps not as rare as currently believed.
Poststeroid panniculitis
Authors: Kwon Eun Ji , Emanuel Patrick O. , Gribetz Canin H. , Mudgil Adarsh V. , Phelps Robert G.
Published: May 2007

Poststeroid panniculitis (PSP) is a rare complication of systemic corticosteroid therapy. Clinically, erythematous nodules and indurated plaques develop on the cheeks of children within days or weeks following rapid systemic steroid tapering or cessation. The clinical differential diagnosis of childhood cheek erythema is broad. However, PSP can be identified by clinical history and, if necessary, with a biopsy. Histologically, PSP presents as lobular panniculitis with a mixed inflammatory infiltrates without vasculitis. Needle‐shaped clefts within adipocytes are characteristic. The histological differential diagnosis of adipocytes containing needle‐shaped crystals is limited. We describe a case of poststeroid panniculitis and discuss the clinicopathological features and pertinent differential diagnoses.
Eccrine angiomatous hamartoma with features resembling verrucous hemangioma
Authors: Galan Anjela , McNiff Jennifer M.
Published: May 2007

Eccrine angiomatous hamartoma (EAH) is a benign malformation characterized by a proliferation of eccrine glands and capillary vessels in the dermis. Hyperplasia of other dermal constituents, such as fat, nerve fibers, pilar structures and dermal mucin, has been reported. EAH typically presents as a painful lesion on the extremities of children or young adults and may be associated with local hyperhidrosis. We report a case of a 7‐year‐old boy with a keratotic lesion on the ankle, present since birth. Histologically, there was a nodular proliferation of eccrine glands intimately admixed with numerous small vessels in the dermis. In addition, there was marked epidermal hyperplasia associated with increased numbers of dilated, thin‐walled vessels in the superficial and mid‐dermis. The vessels were negative for glucose transporter‐1 protein (GLUT‐1), supporting the impression of hamartoma over that of hemangioma. EAH has been described in association with spindle cell hemangioma and arteriovenous malformation; overlying verrucous epidermal features have been noted in rare cases. However, changes resembling verrucous hemangioma associated with EAH, as seen in this case, have not been emphasized in the literature. The findings are unusual and expand the histological spectrum of this hamartoma.
Blood biochemical indicators in young and adult Cebus apella of both sexes
Authors: Núñez H. , Araya M. , Cisternas F. , Arredondo M. , Méndez M. , Pizarro F. , Ortiz A. , Ortiz R. , Olivares M.
Published: May 2007

Background  A frequent drawback in physiology of non‐human primates is that normal values for a variety of indicators (haematological, biochemical and others) are scant.

Methods  We report here the blood values in a series of 92 healthy Cebus apella (divided by sex, age and pregnancy status). Health check‐ups indicated that animals were healthy for the month prior to and after the sampling. Dietary intake was estimated on the basis of two semi‐balance studies.

Results  Values of haematological indicators, serum LDH activity, micronutrient indicators (serum copper, iron and serum ceruloplasmin concentrations, Zn–Cu‐superoxide dismutase activity in erythrocytes) agreed with previous results and provide some values that were not available. Activities of liver enzymes were lower than some previously reported.

Conclusions  These results provide valuable information that help understanding the physiology of C. apella.
Secondary sexual coloration and CSF 5‐HIAA are correlated in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus)
Authors: Gerald M.S. , McGuire M.T.
Published: May 2007

Background Identifying indirect markers of the physiology or neuroendocrinology of a primate can provide a powerful tool to scientists. Anecdotal descriptions and recent experimental evidence suggests that the colorful sexual skin in adult male vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) might be sensitive to social changes, including dominance relationships, which could be related to serotonergic activity. The present study examined whether individual differences in scrotal coloration were related to cisternal cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid (CSF 5‐HIAA) in a captive population of vervet monkeys.

Results Darkly colored males had relatively higher CSF 5‐HIAA concentrations than paler males, and scrotal color hue was also related CSF 5‐HIAA concentrations.

Conclusions These preliminary data are compatible with the hypothesis that scrotal coloration serves as an indirect marker of serotonergic activity. These findings suggest that color assessments might be useful to consider for study design, as well as for animal welfare and captive management.
THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION ADDRESSES THE NATIONAL PROBLEM OF YOUTH AT RISK
Authors: Mathis Karen J.
Published: May 2007

During the 2006–2007 American Bar Association (ABA) year, a special ABA Presidential Youth at Risk Initiative has addressed several important topics: addressing the needs of juvenile status offenders and their families; foster children aging out of the foster care system; increases in girls, especially girls of color, in the juvenile justice system; the need to better hear the voices of youth in court proceedings affecting them; and improving how laws can better address youth crossing over between juvenile justice and child welfare systems. Lawyers are encouraged to use their skills to improve the systems addressing at‐risk youth and their families and to help facilitate coordination of youth‐related community efforts. Learning how to effectively communicate with youth is an important skill attorneys must learn. Through the Youth at Risk Initiative, the ABA has held continuing legal education programs, hosted community roundtables among youth‐serving stakeholders, and developed projects on: juvenile status offenders; lawyer assistance to youth transitioning from foster care; educating young girls on violence prevention, conflict resolution, and careers in law and justice; and provision of useful information to youth awaiting juvenile court hearings. New ABA policy has addressed services and programs to at‐risk youth, assuring licensing, regulation, and monitoring of residential facilities serving at‐risk youth, enhanced support for sexual minority foster and homeless youth, juvenile status offenders, and improving laws and policies related to youth exiting the foster care system.
RETHINKING JUVENILE STATUS OFFENSE LAWS: CONSIDERATIONS FOR CONGRESSIONAL REVIEW OF THE JUVENILE JUSTICE AND DELINQUENCY PREVENTION ACT
Authors: Shubik Claire , Kendall Jessica
Published: May 2007

Families struggling with a breakdown in communication, trying to control the behavior of an unruly child, or experiencing a crisis often look for outside help. Many families, particularly those without resources to pay for private support, turn to their local status offense system. Status offenders are young people charged with behavior unique to their status as juveniles such as running away, truancy, or disobedience. In 2007, Congress will begin to consider reauthorization of the Juvenile Justice Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA), the federal act related to status‐offender policy. By providing an overview of recent state status‐offense legislation and case law, this article identifies issues to be addressed by Congress in reauthorizing the JJDPA.
PROTECTING YOUTH PLACED IN UNLICENSED, UNREGULATED RESIDENTIAL “TREATMENT” FACILITIES
Authors: Behar Lenore , Friedman Robert , Pinto Allison , Katz‐Leavy Judith , Jones Hon. William G.
Published: May 2007

Throughout the country, there is considerable inconsistency in how states regulate residential treatment programs for youth. In states with little oversight, the health and safety of youth are unprotected and they may be subject to substandard treatment, rights violations, and/or abuse. Three initiatives to address this issue are reported: (1) an Internet survey of youth who are former residents, (2) a four‐state pilot study of how states regulate and monitor residential programs, and (3) a bridge‐building conference between residential treatment providers and mental health leaders. Recommendations address the next steps for lawmakers, lawyers, judges, mental health and education professionals, and parents.
THE TRUANCY INTERVENTION PROGRAM OF THE RAMSEY COUNTY ATTORNEY'S OFFICE: A COLLABORATIVE APPROACH TO SCHOOL SUCCESS
Authors: Santelmann Richtman Kathryn
Published: May 2007

Chronic truancy has far‐reaching effects, both for the youth who become disconnected from school and for society. Crime, unemployment, underemployment, drug abuse, alcohol abuse and risky sexual activity have all been linked to chronic truancy. In 1995, the Minnesota Legislature authorized the creation of diversion programs specifically for truants. That same year, in response to the growing truancy problem, Ramsey County Attorney Susan Gaertner directed her staff to create a program for early intervention in truancy cases. From its beginning, the goals of the Truancy Intervention Program (TIP) have been to reduce the rate of truancy, to increase school connectedness, and to improve high school graduation rates. The program has accomplished these goals and, along the way, forged strong bonds of cooperation with schools, law enforcement agencies, and service providers. Ten years after the creation of TIP, the graduation rates in the city of St. Paul, the largest school district in the county, have improved by over 50 percent; the number of students missing 15 days of school of more (excused as well as unexcused) has decreased by more than 50 percent; and a large majority of chronic truants and their families have been successfully connected to services to address underlying problems.
HELPING CLIENTS TRANSITION TO INDEPENDENT LIVING
Authors: Hollander Scott , Budd Jonathan , Petulla William A. , Staley Jennifer A.
Published: May 2007

There is growing recognition and concern that too many of the 20,000 foster youth who age out of the child welfare system each year1 in this country do so without the basic necessities of housing, education, employment, and health care. The purpose of this article is to outline the problems facing foster youth as they leave care and to detail, as a case study, the steps taken by KidsVoice, a Pittsburgh legal services organization representing almost 5,000 dependent children each year, to help youth in foster and substitute care transition more successfully to adulthood and independent living.
THE CAUSES OF GIRLS’ DELINQUENCY AND THEIR PROGRAM IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Zahn Margaret A.
Published: May 2007

This article summarizes some of the literature reviewed by the Girls Study Group, which is a federally funded project aimed at assessing the causes of girls’ delinquency as well as evaluating programs to address it. The literature reveals that a number of factors such as family dysfunction, involvement with antisocial peers, and living in disadvantaged neighborhoods are correlated with delinquency for both boys and girls. Some factors, however, are gender sensitive, meaning that either girls are more exposed to a given risk factor than boys or react somewhat differently to a given risk factor. Girls have higher rates of exposure to sexual assault, which is associated with delinquency and, although more research is needed, they are more affected by the impacts of early puberty, when it is coupled with harsh parenting and disadvantaged neighborhoods. This article discusses some implications of the research on correlates of delinquency for programming for girls and makes recommendations for program selection.
ENSURING AUTHENTIC YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN DELINQUENCY CASES: CREATING A PARADIGM FOR SPECIALIZED JUVENILE DEFENSE PRACTICE
Authors: Puritz Patricia , Majd Katayoon
Published: May 2007

In delinquency courts, juvenile defense attorneys are essential for guaranteeing children's due process rights and encouraging their meaningful participation in the proceedings. Yet, indigent defense delivery systems are largely failing youth accused of committing crimes. This article highlights the importance of developing systems that support the highly specialized practice area of juvenile defense. To protect their clients’ rights and meet their ethical obligations, juvenile defense attorneys must zealously advocate for their clients’ expressed interests and must strategically address the biases and misunderstandings prevalent in delinquency courts. Specifically, defense attorneys must vigorously challenge systemic race, class, and gender injustices; incorporate expert knowledge of youth development into their advocacy; and protect clients’ mental health and educational interests. Such holistic representation promotes rehabilitation and reduces recidivism. Because of numerous obstacles that currently impede defense attorneys from engaging in such exemplary practice, systemic reforms are necessary to support high‐quality defense representation and, ultimately, ensure that youths’ rights are protected.
MAKING THE CONNECTION: LEGAL ADVOCACY AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES
Authors: Kahn Barbara , O'Donnell Philip , Wernsman Jamie , Bushell Lynn , Kavanaugh Antoinette
Published: May 2007

Recent research documenting the magnitude of mental health needs among juveniles has intensified calls for interventions that both address clinical needs and decrease recidivism. This article first examines research supporting the movement toward community mental health treatment for juveniles and argues that effective legal advocacy requires interdisciplinary coordination to identify and address mental health needs. Next, we present one jurisdiction's model for increasing access to community‐based mental health services and discuss how attorneys can apply the model to achieve this end.
THE FOSTER CARE OMBUDSMAN: APPLYING AN INTERNATIONAL CONCEPT TO HELP PREVENT INSTITUTIONAL ABUSE OF AMERICA'S FOSTER YOUTH
Authors: Marzick Abbey M.
Published: May 2007

Children today are often abused while in foster care, undermining the theoretical goal of the modern foster care system: to create a temporary, safe, homelike setting to protect and nurture children who are unable to live with their biological parents due to various reasons such as abuse, neglect, or abandonment. Often this abuse is worse than the type for which they were removed from their parents’ care in the first place. First examining the reasons why this complex problem exists, this Note recommends an internationally based, innovative concept as a partial solution: the foster care ombudsman. This Note explains the concept of an ombudsman and demonstrates how it can be particularly helpful to foster children, highlighting existing child welfare ombudsman offices in California, Rhode Island, and New Jersey, as well as international approaches. It also illustrates how a foster care ombudsman can complement class action litigation of foster care abuse claims.
LESSENING THE STING OF ASFA: THE REHABILITATION‐RELAPSE DILEMMA BROUGHT ABOUT BY DRUG ADDICTION AND TERMINATION OF PARENTAL RIGHTS
Authors: Hannett MJ
Published: May 2007

Congress passed the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997 (ASFA) as a response to children waiting in foster homes for years without permanent placement. In addressing the problem of permanency, however, Congress set a strict limit on how long a child could be in foster care (15 out of the most recent 22 months) before a state must either commence a proceeding to terminate parental rights or else lose valuable federal funding. Due to health care funding schemes and quality of treatment, this requirement, in particular, negatively impacts parents currently in drug rehabilitation whose parental rights may be permanently terminated before a realistic chance to recover is permitted. Although ASFA requires that states make “reasonable efforts” to keep families united, it does not define “reasonable efforts,” leaving parental rights and family unity subject to a chaotic interpretation of this requirement from state to state. “Reasonable efforts” should be interpreted to take into account current drug addiction and recovery research and drug court programs should be used to facilitate this goal. Research has shown that focusing on adequate treatment saves states money and improves the lives of children and their families, reducing the need for reliance on termination of parental rights.
A model of cometary outbursts based on the idea of fragmentation of ice grains
Authors: Gronkowski P.
Published: May 2007

In this Letter the mechanism of destruction of ice grains as the cause of cometary outbursts and variations of brightness is reviewed. Such destruction can arise from the combination of two causes: inclusions of chemical compounds that are much more volatile than water-ice placed inside cometary water-ice grains; and the influence of the solar wind on such heterogeneous grains. Numerical calculations have been carried out for a large range of values of probable physical characteristics of cometary material. This approach gives a simulated increase in the cometary brightness that is consistent with the observed one. It is concluded that this mechanism is a probable and real explanation of the sudden activity of comets at a wide range of heliocentric distances.
CONTENT OF BASIC COMPONENTS AND VOLATILE OILS IN GREEN DILL AS DEPENDING ON THE HEIGHT AND USABLE PARTS OF PLANTS
Authors: LISIEWSKA ZOFIA , KMIECIK WALDEMAR , SŁUPSKI JACEK
Published: May 2007

The aim of the present study was to establish the content of basic chemical components (dry matter, ash, reducing sugars, total sugars, starch, dietary fiber, total nitrogen, protein nitrogen, ascorbic acid, titratable acidity) and volatile oils in dill plants. The investigated material consisted of the following parts of dill plants: leaf blade, petiole, whole leaf, stem and whole plants harvested at the plant height of 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 cm. Differences in the level of the analyzed components depending on the part of dill plants to a great degree exceeded these depending on the plant height. The highest content of all components was ascertained in the leaf blade. The smallest contents of dry matter, ash, starch, dietary fiber, total nitrogen and protein nitrogen, total acids and L‐ascorbic acid were found in the stem, and of sugars and volatile oils in the petiole. With the growth of plants, all analyses showed decreasing tendencies in the content of ash, total nitrogen and protein nitrogen, variation in the level of dry matter, sugars, starch and L‐ascorbic acid, and an increasing tendency in the content of dietary fiber, total acids and volatile oils, with the exception of stems, where the level of volatile oils was stable.
DETERMINATION OF BENZO(a)PYRENE IN VEGETABLE OILS BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: GÜLTEN ŞEKEROĞLU , GÖĞÜŞ FAHRETTIN , FADILOĞLU SIBEL
Published: May 2007

Analysis of 40 oil samples showed that 38 of them were contaminated with benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). Thirty of the 38 BaP‐contaminated edible oil samples did not have any label of a brand name. BaP content for the 38 contaminated edible oil samples were in the range of 1.22–74.89 ppb. Sixteen of the contaminated oil samples had BaP content of more than 10 ppb, which is the maximum tolerable limit for the Turkish Food Codex Regulation. BaP contents of samples for each type of oil were significantly different (P < 0.05) from each other.
QUALITY AND CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE OF AKARA (FRIED COWPEA PASTE) PROCESSED FROM WET‐ AND DRY‐MILLED COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULATA) MEAL WITH SPECIFIED PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
Authors: VANCHINA MELISSA A. , CHINNAN MANJEET S. , MCWATTERS KAY H.
Published: May 2007

Direct quality indicators of cowpea paste and akara produced from traditionally wet‐milled peas, and hammer‐milled (dry‐milled) and freeze‐dried (wet‐milled) meals were examined in this study. Both meal samples studied were formulated to consist of 65% medium‐sized particles and 35% large particles by weight. Particle volume mean diameters (µm) of the three paste samples were not significantly different from one another at the various stages during akara production. Scanning electron micrographs of akara crumb were converted to threshold images and analyzed. There was no significant difference in the amount of air found in the akara samples. Akara produced from both meals was found acceptable by sensory panelists with no significant difference in any of the attributes or overall liking among the three samples.
VOLATILE CONSTITUENTS OF ORANGE WINE OBTAINED FROM MORO ORANGES (CITRUS SINENSIS[L.] OSBECK)
Authors: SELLI SERKAN
Published: May 2007

The volatile constituents of blood orange wine were determined. Moro variety (Citrus sinensis[L.] Osbeck) was used for the production of wine. The fermentation was performed spontaneously at 20C. Volatile components were extracted with dichloromethane, and analyzed by gas chromatography‐flame ionization detection (GC/FID) and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A total of 64 volatiles, including higher alcohols (20), esters (13), terpenes (11), acids (7), volatile phenols (6), lactones (2), acetal compounds (2), ketone (1), aldehyde (1) and acetoin (1) were identified in wine. The total amount of volatile compounds was 125.0 mg/L. Higher alcohols and esters were the largest groups and made up more than 86% of the volatiles.
QUALITY OF FLAVORED YOGURT CONTAINING ADDED COFFEE AND SUGAR
Authors: TAN GÜRDAL , KOREL FİGEN
Published: May 2007

Yogurts flavored with instant coffee (0.5, 0.7 and 0.9%) and sweetened with sugar (4 or 5%) and a control yogurt (no coffee or sugar) were evaluated for chemical, physical, microbiological and sensory properties. The added ingredients generally had no effect on the chemical, physical and microbiological quality of yogurts at day 1 after preparation as compared to the control. During 15 days at 5–7C, pH and lactic acid bacteria counts decreased (P < 0.05) and titratable acidity increased (P < 0.05) in all samples. Yogurts with 0.5% coffee flavoring and 4 and 5% sugar met Turkish Institute Standards for yogurt sensory quality when evaluated by a trained 10‐member panel. Yogurt flavored with 0.5% coffee and containing 5% sugar had most attributes rated in the “like” category by 50% or more of 51 consumer panelists.
BRAZILIAN HULL‐LESS AND MALTING BARLEY GENOTYPES: I. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION
Authors: SOARES R.M.D. , DE FRANCISCO A. , RAYAS‐DUARTE P. , SOLDI V.
Published: May 2007

Barley represents an important source of total dietary fiber (TDF) and β‐glucans. The chemical composition and partial characterization of two Brazilian barley experimental lines, hull‐less and malting, are reported. The range in diameter of the A‐ and B‐type granules was similar in both barley lines, 15 to 28 µm and 8 to 10 µm, respectively. Higher values for total starch, damage starch, ash, TDF and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) were observed in the malting line while β‐glucan content was similar in both samples. The malting barley line had higher values of total isolated starch, as well as residual protein and total lipids in starch. The starch from the hull‐less barley line had lower swelling power and higher solubility than malting barley.
BRAZILIAN HULL‐LESS AND MALTING BARLEY GENOTYPES: II. THERMAL AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF STARCH
Authors: SOARES R.M.D. , DE FRANCISCO A. , RAYAS‐DUARTE P. , SOLDI V.
Published: May 2007

Thermal and rheological properties of starch isolated from two Brazilian barley experimental lines, malting and hull‐less, are reported. Gelatinization's thermal properties were To 53.3 and 58C, Tp 59.4 and 62.7C, and ΔH 6 and 6.8 J/g for the malting and hull‐less starch, respectively. A trend to slightly higher retrogradation rates were obtained for the malting (73.3%) compared with the hull‐less (72.1%) starch, while lower hot‐paste peak and final viscosity were observed in the former (125 and 114 RVU versus 169 and 179 RVU, respectively). Changes in storage (G′) and loss (G″) moduli during heating and cooling showed higher values for the starch from the hull‐less line. During heating, G′was higher than G″and developed at higher temperatures. A trimodal distribution pattern of G″was observed in the starch from the hull‐less barley line. Two G′peaks at 75 and 87.5C were 6.2 and 2.4 times higher, respectively, in the starch from the hull‐less line than that from the malting line.
THERMAL AND SPECTRAL PROPERTIES OF TRANSGLUTAMINASE‐CROSSLINKED WHEAT GLUTEN IN TRIS‐HCl*
Authors: MOHAMED ABDELLATIF , GORDON SHERALD H.
Published: May 2007

Wheat gluten (10 g) was crosslinked (XL) using 10 units of transglutaminase (TG) in 2 L 0.1 M TRIS‐HCl, pH 7.5. The suspension was stirred for 24 h at 40C and freeze‐dried as‐is or dialyzed and then freeze‐dried. The XL material was tested using modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC), where 25–30 mg was placed in a stainless steel pan and heated from 20 to 200C at 7C/min. The samples were subjected to three heating and cooling cycles. The MDSC data of the undialyzed sample showed two endothermic transitions during the first cycle and an exothermic followed by an endothermic transition on the second cycle. Further analysis showed that the two transitions of the first cycle are the melting of the TRIS. The first cycle of the dialyzed sample displayed two glass transitions at 46.0C with 0.11 J/g/C and 130.0C with 0.29 J/g/C, followed by an exothermic transition at 120.7C onset, 150.6C peak with 14.8 J/g ΔH. The second cycle of the dialyzed material showed one broad glass transition at 97.3C and 0.495 J/g/C. Fourier transform infrared spectra showed differences between crosslinked and uncrosslinked gluten and provided spectral evidence of molecular interaction between gluten and TRIS.
CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE OF “FARM RAISED” PRECOOKED ROAST BEEF
Authors: HERRING JOSHUA L. , MARTIN JAMES M. , HUDSON M. DARREN , NALLEY L. LANIER , ROGERS ROBERT W.
Published: May 2007

A store intercept consumer survey was used to examine consumer willingness to pay for a marinated, precooked roast beef product produced from “farm raised” cattle fed a predominantly forage‐based diet. Consumers were asked to participate and, if they agreed, were provided with a sample of the precooked product. They were asked to compare this product with an existing similar product at various price levels. The data collected suggest there is a consumer willingness to pay premium prices for “farm raised” precooked roast beef. Therefore, creative retail positioning of value‐added, convenient, precooked beef products from forage‐fed cattle could result in increased consumer awareness of the easy convenience of these products, capitalize on the apparent emerging market for forage‐fed beef and potentially increase the overall demand for beef.
Process selection for sanitation systems and wastewater treatment in refugee camps during disaster‐relief situations
Authors: Fenner R. A. , Guthrie P. M. , Piano E.
Published: May 2007

Disasters and emergency situations can disrupt the provision of clean water and hygienic sanitation, which are crucial for maintaining public health. Excreta disposal in emergencies has often been a low priority and this has led to the provision of unsuitable on‐site sanitation systems in urban areas. A decision algorithm for the selection of adequate excreta‐disposal solutions suitable for different disaster‐relief scenarios is presented. The special requirements of a wastewater treatment system for deployment during an emergency are discussed and a semi‐centralised system is recommended to serve 5000 refugees under a range of assumed loading conditions. Twenty‐three aerobic, anaerobic and natural systems are considered for secondary treatment and a process‐selection matrix is presented based around 16 evaluation criteria. A system layout is developed based around several sanitation facilities including sedimentation tanks connected to a centralised roughing trickling filter and an activated sludge unit, which provides optimal performance against the evaluation criteria. The system provides the required treatment performance in an easy‐to‐deploy, low‐cost compact installation.
Spur cell anemia associated with a cirrhotic non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis patient
Authors: Haruta Ikuko , Hashimoto Etsuko , Kabutake Ayae , Taniai Makiko , Tokushige Katsutoshi , Shiratori Keiko
Published: May 2007

Spur cell anemia is an acquired hemolytic anemia, which may occur in patients with severe liver dysfunction, especially in those with alcoholic cirrhosis. Recently, non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has been highlighted as one of the causes of chronic liver diseases, which could progress to cirrhosis. Histological features of NASH are indistinguishable from those of alcoholic hepatitis. We report on a cirrhotic NASH patient who developed progressive indirect dominant jaundice and intractable hemolytic anemia during his follow‐up. This report shows the first case of a cirrhotic NASH patient who died as a result of spur cell anemia.