bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of amidoxime functionalized silica by radiation‐induced grafting
Authors: Khan Ijaz Ahmed , Yasin Tariq , Hussain Hazrat
Published: July 2017

A novel amidoxime‐based silica adsorbent was prepared by using radiation‐induced grafting technique. Grafting of acrylonitrile (AN) on silanized silica that was silanized by vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) was carried out in solvent‐free system. The grafting of AN was increased with increasing the absorbed dose and monomer concentration in the mixture. Grafting of 748% of AN was achieved at 20 kGy dose. The nitrile groups of acrylonitrile grafted silica (AN‐g‐S) were chemically converted into amidoxime groups. The structure of AN‐g‐S and its corresponding products was investigated by FTIR, SEM, TGA, BET, and XRD analysis. FTIR and EDX analysis confirmed the grafting of AN onto silica surface. The changed morphology of SEM images shows the presence polyacrylonitrile layers on silica particles. The adsorption application of amidoxime‐grafted silica (AO‐g‐S) was studied against Cu2+. Its adsorption capacity is strongly depended on the pH of the solution and 172 (mg/g) of Cu2+ uptake was obtained at pH 5.0. The developed adsorbent has potential application to remove heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45437.
Localization of RELM‐β/FIZZ2 Is Associated with Cementum Formation
Authors: Hosoya Akihiro , Takahama Akira , Nakamura Hiroaki
Published: July 2017

Resistin‐like molecule‐β/found in inflammatory zone 2 (RELM‐β/FIZZ2) is a cysteine‐rich secretory protein that is localized in the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract and lung alveoli. Previous reports have suggested that this protein regulates glucose metabolism and inflammation. In the present study, to analyze the involvement of RELM‐β/FIZZ2 in tooth development, we immunohistochemically examined the localization of RELM‐β/FIZZ2 in tooth germs of embryonic days (E) 15‐20 and postnatal days (P) 7‐42 rats. RELM‐β/FIZZ2 was hardly detected in the tooth germ at the bud (E15) stage. However, at the cap (E17) and bell (E20) stages, this protein was detectable in the inner enamel epithelium; whereas cells in the other parts of the enamel organ including the outer enamel epithelium and stellate reticulum did not show the immunoreactivity. During the root formation stage (P14‐28), cells in Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) localized RELM‐β/FIZZ2. Intense immunoreactivity was also seen in the matrix of the root dentin facing the HERS and the dental follicle. This reactivity was not present on the more upwardly located dentin surface. In contrast, cementum matrix positive for osteopontin and bone sialoprotein was observed on the dentin instead of immunoreactivity for RELM‐β/FIZZ2. Osterix‐positive cells, indicating cementoblast progenitors, were also detected in the dental follicle near the matrix positive for RELM‐β/FIZZ2. These results suggest that RELM‐β/FIZZ2 secreted by the inner enamel epithelium was mainly localized in the matrix at the surface of the apical root dentin and might be involved in cementogenesis. Anat Rec, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 300:1865–1874, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A combined fuzzy‐SEM evaluation approach to identify the key drivers of the academic library service quality in the digital technology era: An empirical study
Authors: La Fata Concetta Manuela , Lupo Toni
Published: July 2017

A conceptual model of the Academic Library (AL) service quality is hypothesized in the present article, and then validated and analyzed by a novel evaluation approach. Specifically, the conceptual model integrates the fundamental attributes of the canonical AL service together with those more relevant of the new and widely considered AL Electronic Service (e‐services). As concerns the evaluation approach, it incorporates the Fuzzy Sets Theory (FST) so as to deal with the students' uncertainty over their own judgments on the AL service quality and a Structural Equation Model (SEM) to validate the conceptual model and to determine the key drivers of the AL service quality. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is proved by an empirical study concerning the AL of the Polytechnic School of the University of Palermo (Italy). Data collected via a survey involving more than 600 students are used, and the key drivers of the AL service quality are found out. Particularly, the obtained results reveal that Collections and materials represents the main driver of the AL service quality followed by Infrastructure and Access to the service, whereas Staff plays the fundamental role of interface between AL service aspects and students' needs and necessities.
Differences in neural crest sensitivity to ethanol account for the infrequency of anterior segment defects in the eye compared with craniofacial anomalies in a zebrafish model of fetal alcohol syndrome
Authors: Eason Jessica , Williams Antionette L. , Chawla Bahaar , Apsey Christian , Bohnsack Brenda L.
Published: July 2017

Background

Ethanol (ETOH) exposure during pregnancy is associated with craniofacial and neurologic abnormalities, but infrequently disrupts the anterior segment of the eye. In these studies, we used zebrafish to investigate differences in the teratogenic effect of ETOH on craniofacial, periocular, and ocular neural crest.

Methods

Zebrafish eye and neural crest development was analyzed by means of live imaging, TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) assay, immunostaining, detection of reactive oxygen species, and in situ hybridization.

Results

Our studies demonstrated that foxd3‐positive neural crest cells in the periocular mesenchyme and developing eye were less sensitive to ETOH than sox10‐positive craniofacial neural crest cells that form the pharyngeal arches and jaw. ETOH increased apoptosis in the retina, but did not affect survival of periocular and ocular neural crest cells. ETOH also did not increase reactive oxygen species within the eye. In contrast, ETOH increased ventral neural crest apoptosis and reactive oxygen species production in the facial mesenchyme. In the eye and craniofacial region, sod2 showed high levels of expression in the anterior segment and in the setting of Sod2 knockdown, low levels of ETOH decreased migration of foxd3‐positive neural crest cells into the developing eye. However, ETOH had minimal effect on the periocular and ocular expression of transcription factors (pitx2 and foxc1) that regulate anterior segment development.

Conclusion

Neural crest cells contributing to the anterior segment of the eye exhibit increased ability to withstand ETOH‐induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. These studies explain the rarity of anterior segment dysgenesis despite the frequent craniofacial abnormalities in fetal alcohol syndrome. Birth Defects Research 109:1212–1227, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thyrotoxicosis in a 13‐year‐old girl following pituitary adenectomy for Cushing′s disease
Authors: Sigmarsdottir Arndis Audur , Olafsson Ingvar Hakon , Kjartansson Ólafur , Bjarnason Ragnar
Published: July 2017

Key Clinical Message

Our objective is to report a case of thyrotoxicosis following pituitary adenectomy for Cushing′s disease, the only pediatric case to our knowledge. No thyroid antibodies were detected, and the thyrotoxicosis was successfully treated for 3 months with no relapse after 5 years of follow‐up. The cause of thyrotoxicosis remains unknown.
Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for hydrocephalus in a patient with Klippel–Feil syndrome: a case report
Authors: Ishida Tomohisa , Inoue Takashi , Fujimura Miki , Shimoda Yoshiteru , Ezura Masayuki , Uenohara Hiroshi , Tominaga Teiji
Published: July 2017

Key Clinical Message

A patient with Klippel–Feil syndrome presented with hydrocephalus secondary to intraventricular hemorrhage. Fusion of the cervical vertebrae may have impeded cerebrospinal fluid flow. Change in the properties of cerebrospinal fluid flow after hemorrhage may have induced noncommunicating hydrocephalus. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy was effective for the treatment of hydrocephalus associated with Klippel–Feil syndrome.
Test System for the Investigation of Reactive Taylor Bubbles
Authors: Kastens Sven , Timmermann Jens , Strassl Florian , Rampmaier Robert F. , Hoffmann Alexander , Herres-Pawlis Sonja , Schlüter Michael
Published: July 2017

Detailed analysis of reactive multiphase flows is still challenging due to the complex linked transport processes. Until now, there is no reliable and reproducible experimental method for gas‐liquid flows, which enables the local measurement of dissolved species concentrations of educts, products, and side products at well‐defined and reproducible hydrodynamic conditions. A vertically arranged glass channel is used to capture gas bubbles with well‐defined wake structures. The hydrodynamic conditions in the wake can be predicted by dimensionless numbers and adapted for most industrially relevant systems. An experimental apparatus is presented for the investigation of the interdependency between hydrodynamics, mass transfer, and chemical reaction. The applicability of the setup is demonstrated with a chemical test system that shows a strong color shift from colorless to blue when the gas‐liquid reaction takes place.
Cost‐effectiveness analysis of 30‐month vs 12‐month dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin after drug‐eluting stents in patients with acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Jiang Minghuan , You Joyce H.S.
Published: July 2017

Continuation of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) beyond 1 year reduces late stent thrombosis and ischemic events after drug‐eluting stents (DES) but increases risk of bleeding. We hypothesized that extending DAPT from 12 months to 30 months in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) after DES is cost‐effective. A lifelong decision‐analytic model was designed to simulate 2 antiplatelet strategies in event‐free ACS patients who had completed 12‐month DAPT after DES: aspirin monotherapy (75–162 mg daily) and continuation of DAPT (clopidogrel 75 mg daily plus aspirin 75–162 mg daily) for 18 months. Clinical event rates, direct medical costs, and quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs) gained were the primary outcomes from the US healthcare provider perspective. Base‐case results showed DAPT continuation gained higher QALYs (8.1769 vs 8.1582 QALYs) at lower cost (USD42 982 vs USD44 063). One‐way sensitivity analysis found that base‐case QALYs were sensitive to odds ratio (OR) of cardiovascular death with DAPT continuation and base‐case cost was sensitive to OR of nonfatal stroke with DAPT continuation. DAPT continuation remained cost‐effective when the ORs of nonfatal stroke and cardiovascular death were below 1.241 and 1.188, respectively. In probabilistic sensitivity analysis, DAPT continuation was the preferred strategy in 74.75% of 10 000 Monte Carlo simulations at willingness‐to‐pay threshold of 50 000 USD/QALYs. Continuation of DAPT appears to be cost‐effective in ACS patients who were event‐free for 12‐month DAPT after DES. The cost‐effectiveness of DAPT for 30 months was highly subject to the OR of nonfatal stroke and OR of death with DAPT continuation.
Acute fulminant necrotizing eosinophilic myocarditis: early diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Callan Paul David , Baltabaeva Aigul , Kamal Mohammed , Wong Joyce , Lane Rebecca , Robertus Jan Lukas , Banner Nicholas R.
Published: July 2017

Necrotizing eosinophilic myocarditis is a rare but potentially fatal condition that requires prompt recognition and treatment. We describe a case of a young athlete presenting with chest pain and breathlessness, with evidence of rapidly deteriorating cardiac function. The condition was successfully treated with corticosteroids, with no evidence of residual myocardial damage. This is the first reported case to demonstrate the utility of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis and monitoring response to treatment. It also highlights the value of endomyocardial biopsy in establishing a tissue diagnosis in cases of fulminant myocarditis, in order to direct treatment appropriately.
Hydrophobic Magnetic Nanoparticle Assisted One‐Pot Liquid‐Phase Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Okada Yohei , Asama Hitomi , Wakamatsu Hiroki , Chiba Kazuhiro , Kamiya Hidehiro
Published: July 2017

Chemically stable hydrophobic magnetic nanoparticles were prepared by using an isocyanate as an anchoring group and were applied to the soluble tag‐assisted liquid‐phase peptide synthesis of the peptide elastin. Couplings and deprotections were effectively performed in the presence of the nanoparticles, and the desired product was rapidly collected as a “magnetic” precipitate, enabling a one‐pot procedure. Sonication of the nanoparticles significantly suppressed gelation of the reaction mixture, which allowed the highly aggregating elastin peptide to be synthesized in one pot without difficulty.
Detection of ochratoxin A by aptamer‐assisted real‐time PCR‐based assay (Apta‐qPCR)
Authors: Modh Harshvardhan , Scheper Thomas , Walter Johanna‐Gabriela
Published: July 2017

Detection of food toxins with high sensitivity is very important and challenging. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is frequently present as food contaminant in contaminated grains and grain derivatives such as bread and beer. In this work, a target‐induced dissociation (TID) based aptamer‐assisted real‐time PCR‐based assay (apta‐qPCR) is developed that features effective detection of OTA. Apta‐qPCR effectively combines the capabilities of aptamer to be amplified, being a nucleotide sequence, with its specific interaction with the corresponding target molecule. Compared to commonly used fluorescence‐based and colorimetric methods, the sensitivity of qPCR to detect a nucleotide sequence (aptamer) has ameliorated the sensitivity of the aptamer‐based detection of OTA. Here, the OTA aptamer was immobilized on the magnetic beads coated with d(T)25 (dT beads). A sequence complementary to the OTA‐binding portion of the aptamer was used as a linker between dT beads and the aptamer sequence. When OTA was added, the aptamer was released from the dT beads due to TID. The resulting assay was able to detect 0.009 ng/mL OTA with a wide dynamic range of 0.039–1000 ng/mL. Apta‐qPCR can be easily transferred to other small molecules for highly sensitive detection using corresponding aptamers.
Predicting crude oil prices: Replication of the empirical results in “What do we learn from the price of crude oil?”
Authors: Pak Anton
Published: July 2017

In addition to their theoretical analysis of the joint determination of oil futures prices and oil spot prices, Alquist and Kilian (Journal of Applied Econometrics, 2010, 25(4), 539–573) compare the out‐of‐sample accuracy of the random walk forecast with that of forecasts based on oil futures prices and other predictors. The results of my replication exercise are very similar to the original forecast accuracy results, but the relative accuracy of the random walk forecast and the futures‐based forecast changes when the sample is extended to August 2016, consistent with the results of several other recent studies by Kilian and co‐authors.
Evaluation of the possible nephroprotective effects of vitamin E and rosuvastatin in amikacin‐induced renal injury in rats
Authors: Selim Ahmed , khalaf Marwa M. , Gad Amany M. , Abd El‐Raouf Ola M.
Published: July 2017

Amikacin (AMIK) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that possesses considerable nephrotoxic adverse effects. This study examined the protective effects of vitamin E (VIT. E) or rosuvastatin (ROSU) against AMIK‐induced nephrotoxicity. For this purpose, eight groups of rats were used. Two control groups received saline and vehicle, AMIK group (1.2 g/kg, i.p.), VIT. E group (1000 mg/kg; p.o.), ROSU group (10 mg/kg; p.o.), AMIK + VIT. E group, AMIK + ROSU group, and combination group. The results showed that AMIK significantly increased serum levels of urea and creatinine. Meanwhile, serum levels of total protein and albumin were decreased. The kidney content of malondialdehyde was increased, whereas glutathione content and catalase activity were decreased. Tumor necrosis factor‐α and nuclear transcriptional factor levels were increased. Conversely, administration of VIT. E and/or ROSU with AMIK ameliorated such damage and reduced DNA fragmentation, apoptosis, and necrosis. In conclusion, co‐administration of VIT. E, ROSU, or their combination alleviated AMIK‐induced nephrotoxicity.
Pathological role of a point mutation (T315I) in BCR‐ABL1 protein—A computational insight
Authors: Rajendran Vidya , Gopalakrishnan Chandrasekhar , Sethumadhavan Rao
Published: July 2017

BCR‐ABL protein is one of the most potent target to treat chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Apart from other mutations, T315I is especially challenging as it confers resistance to all first‐ and second‐generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors. So, a thorough study of altered behavior upon mutation is crucially needed. To understand the resistance mechanism of mutant BCR‐ABL protein, we organized a long‐term molecular dynamics simulation (500 ns) and performed the detailed comparative conformational analysis. We found that due to mutation at 315th position (threonine to isoleucine), original structures deviated from normal, and attained a flexible conformation. Our observations pave a clear path toward designing new inhibitors against resistant BCR‐ABL1 protein and suggest a strategy where additional flexibility governed by mutation could be given an appropriate consideration.
MicroRNA‐137 is negatively associated with clinical outcome and regulates tumor development through EZH2 in cervical cancer
Authors: Zhang Huimin , Yan Ting , Liu Zhijun , Wang Jun , Lu Yu , Li Donglin , Liang Wentong
Published: July 2017

We intend to evaluate the expression, clinical relevance, and functional role of microRNA‐137 (miR‐137) in human cervical cancer (CC). MiR‐137 expressions were assessed by qPCR in CC cell lines and human CC tumors. The correlation between endogenous miR‐137 expression and CC patients’ postoperative overall survival was examined statistically. CC cell lines, Ca‐Ski, and SiHa cells were transduced with lentivirus to ectopically upregulate endogenous miR‐137 expressions. Possible inhibitory effects of miR‐137 upregulation on CC in vitro proliferation and migration, as well as in vivo transplantation were evaluated. Targeting of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) gene by miR‐137 in CC was assessed by dual‐luciferase activity assay and qPCR. In CC cells with upregulated miR‐137, EZH2 was overexpressed to assess its direct function in miR‐137 mediated CC proliferation and migration. MiR‐137 was downregulated in both CC cells and human CC tumors. Downregulation of endogenous miR‐137 was significantly correlated with CC patients’ short overall survival. In CC cells, miR‐137 upregulation is tumor‐suppressive by inhibiting proliferation and migration in vitro, and transplantation in vivo. EZH2 was a direct downstream target gene of miR‐137 in CC. Forced overexpression of EZH2 in miR‐137‐upregulated CC cells reversed the tumor‐suppression induced by miR‐137. MiR‐137 is lowly expressed in CC and possibly acting as a negative biomarker for CC patients’ clinical outcome. MiR‐137 upregulation may suppress CC, very likely by inversely regulating EZH2.
Targeting P‐glycoprotein and SORCIN: Dihydromyricetin strengthens anti‐proliferative efficiency of adriamycin via MAPK/ERK and Ca2+‐mediated apoptosis pathways in MCF‐7/ADR and K562/ADR
Authors: Sun Yaoting , Wang Changyuan , Meng Qiang , Liu Zhihao , Huo Xiaokui , Sun Pengyuan , Sun Huijun , Ma Xiaodong , Peng Jinyong , Liu Kexin
Published: July 2017

Recently, a new target Ca2+‐binding protein SORCIN was reported to participate in multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer. Here we aim to investigate whether dihydromyricetin (DMY), a dihydroflavonol compound with anti‐inflamatory, anti‐oxidant, anti‐bacterial and anti‐tumor actions, reverses MDR in MCF‐7/ADR and K562/ADR and to elucidate its potential molecular mechanism. DMY enhanced cytotoxicity of adriamycin (ADR) by downregulating MDR1 mRNA and P‐gp expression through MAPK/ERK pathway and also inhibiting the function of P‐gp significantly. Meanwhile, DMY decreased mRNA and protein expression of SORCIN, which resulted in elevating intracellular free Ca2+. Finally, we investigated co‐administration ADR with DMY remarkably increased ADR‐induced apoptosis. Further study showed DMY elevated ROS levels and caspase‐12 protein expression, which signal apoptosis in endoplasmic reticulum. At the same time, proteins related to mitochondrial apoptosis were also changed such as Bcl‐2, Bax, caspase‐3, caspase‐9, and PARP. Finally, nude mice model also demonstrated that DMY strengthened anti‐tumor activity of ADR in vivo. In conclusion, DMY reverses MDR by downregulating P‐gp, SORCIN expression and increasing free Ca2+, as well as, inducing apoptosis in MCF‐7/ADR and K562/ADR. These fundamental findings provide evidence for further clinical research in application of DMY as an assistant agent in the treatment of cancer.
Why Political Settlements Matter: Navigating Inclusion in Processes of Institutional Transformation
Authors: Pospisil Jan , Rocha Menocal Alina
Published: July 2017

Political settlements are now at the centre of international development efforts to promote more peaceful and inclusive states and societies. This special issue brings together a collection of theoretical and empirical contributions that engage critically with the political settlement concept and the question of how to navigate inclusion, with a focus on underlying politics, power and institutional dynamics, and how these influence trajectories of change. Three insights, in particular, emerge from the analysis in this issue. Firstly, the relationship between inclusion, stability, violence and resilience is complex and non‐linear. Secondly, peace processes on their own are not sufficient to alter political settlements and tend to yield formalised political unsettlement instead. Lastly, processes of institutional transformation often involve trade‐offs and dilemmas. Therefore, efforts to engage with political settlements need to adopt a long‐term framework that overcomes idealist models of change. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial fuzzy c‐means thresholding for semiautomated calculation of percentage lung ventilated volume from hyperpolarized gas and 1H MRI
Authors: Hughes Paul J.C. , Horn Felix C. , Collier Guilhem J. , Biancardi Alberto , Marshall Helen , Wild Jim M.
Published: July 2017

Purpose

To develop an image‐processing pipeline for semiautomated (SA) and reproducible analysis of hyperpolarized gas lung ventilation and proton anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan pairs. To compare results from the software for total lung volume (TLV), ventilated volume (VV), and percentage lung ventilated volume (%VV) calculation to the current manual “basic” method and a K‐means segmentation method.

Materials and Methods

Six patients were imaged with hyperpolarized 3He and same‐breath lung 1H MRI at 1.5T and six other patients were scanned with hyperpolarized 129Xe and separate‐breath 1H MRI. One expert observer and two users with experience in lung image segmentation carried out the image analysis. Spearman (R), Intraclass (ICC) correlations, Bland–Altman limits of agreement (LOA), and Dice Similarity Coefficients (DSC) between output lung volumes were calculated.

Results

When comparing values of %VV, agreement between observers improved using the SA method (mean; R = 0.984, ICC = 0.980, LOA = 7.5%) when compared to the basic method (mean; R = 0.863, ICC = 0.873, LOA = 14.2%) nonsignificantly (pR = 0.25, pICC = 0.25, and pLOA = 0.50 respectively). DSC of VV and TLV masks significantly improved (P < 0.01) using the SA method (mean; DSCVV = 0.973, DSCTLV = 0.980) when compared to the basic method (mean; DSCVV = 0.947, DSCTLV = 0.957). K‐means systematically overestimated %VV when compared to both basic (mean overestimation = 5.0%) and SA methods (mean overestimation = 9.7%), and had poor agreement with the other methods (mean ICC; K‐means vs. basic = 0.685, K‐means vs. SA = 0.740).

Conclusion

A semiautomated image processing software was developed that improves interobserver agreement and correlation of lung ventilation volume percentage when compared to the currently used basic method and provides more consistent segmentations than the K‐means method.

Level of Evidence: 3

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:640–646.
Detection and quantification of Merkel cell polyomavirus. Analysis of Merkel cell carcinoma cases from 1977 to 2015
Authors: Álvarez‐Argüelles Marta E. , Melón Santiago , Rojo Susana , Fernandez‐Blázquez Ana , Boga Jose A. , Palacio Ana , Vivanco Blanca , de Oña María
Published: July 2017

This study investigates the presence of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) in skin lesions of patients with Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). MCPyV was quantified using quantitative Real‐Time‐PCR (qRT‐PCR) in 34 paraffinized MCC samples (resected/biopsied) originally taken between 1977 and 2015, and six non‐MCC samples. In 31 (91.2%) MCC‐individuals, MCPyV was detected. No virus was observed in any non‐MCC tumor. Average age at diagnosis was 78.2 ± 9.35 (55‐97) years for women (n = 19) and 69.5 ± 14.7 (45‐91) for men (n = 15) (P = 0.04). MCC tumor location, known in 25 cases, was: 11 (44%) in the head region, 6 (24%) in upper limbs, 4 (16%) in lower limbs, and 4 (16%) in the trunk. All but one patient had received some sort of treatment: 15 (45.45%) underwent both radio and chemotherapy, 13 (39.39%) only surgery, 2 (6.06%) surgery, plus radio and chemotherapy, 2 (6.06%) surgery and chemotherapy, and 1 (3.03%) only radiotherapy. Follow up data were available for 21/34 patients: recurrence was recorded for 4 (19.04%), and metastasis for 13 (61.9%). Recorded data showed that 10 men and 5 women (total 44.1%) died during follow up, 7 (46.7%) of them within 2 years of diagnosis. Viral load was 5.8 ± 1.4 log copies/105cells (3.1‐8.6), independent of any variable. MCPyV was very frequent in MCC. It was principally associated with head and limb tumors, it more commonly affected men, who in this study were, on average, younger than women, and had high rates of recurrence and mortality. The amplification techniques described here are easily applied and suitable for detecting the presence of MCPyV virus in MCC.
Multiconstituent identification in root, branch, and leaf extracts of Juglans mandshurica using ultra high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Wang Tian‐Min , Liu Jing , Yi Tao , Zhai Yan‐Jun , Zhang Hui , Chen Hu‐Biao , Cai Shao‐Qing , Kang Ting‐Guo , Zhao Zhong‐Zhen
Published: July 2017

As a traditional medicinal plant, Juglans mandshurica has been used for the treatment of cancer. Different organs of this plant showed anti‐tumor activity in clinic and laboratory. Comparative identification of constituents in different plant organs is essential for investigation of the relationship between chemical constituents and pharmacological activities. For this aim, the roots, branches, and leaves of J. mandshurica were extracted with 50% v/v methanol and then subjected to ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry analysis conducted under low and high energy. As a result, we have to date identified 111 compounds consisting of 56 tannins, 29 flavonoids, 13 organic acids, 8 naphthalene derivatives, and 5 anthracenes. Five compounds, namely, diquercetin trihydroxy‐truxinoyl‐glucoside, two quercetin kaempferol dihydroxy‐truxinoyl‐glucosides, syringoyl‐tri‐galloyl‐O‐glucose, and dihydroxy‐naphthalene syringoyl‐glucoside, were tentatively identified as new compounds. Of the compounds identified, 76 were found in the root extract, 67 in the branch extract, and 37 in the leaf extract. Only six compounds including four organic acids and two tannins were found in all three extracts. We developed a rapid and sensitive ultra high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry approach to identify multiple constituents of complex extracts without separation and ion selection. The results presented provide useful information on further research of the bioactive compounds of J. mandshurica.
Technical tips during implantation of selective upper airway stimulation
Authors: Heiser Clemens , Thaler Erica , Soose Ryan J. , Woodson B. Tucker , Boon Maurits
Published: July 2017

Objective

Selective upper airway stimulation is now well‐established in the United States and in several European countries, with more than 1,000 patients implanted since U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval in April 2014. The authors herein, all head and neck surgeons, account for approximately one of every five implants completed to date. Several of the authors also provide comprehensive longitudinal care of their patients as dual‐specialty sleep medicine physicians.

Study Design

Multi‐center, retrospective clinical analysis.

Methods

More than 300 implants have been evaluated and reviewed in five different implant centers (Germany, United States).

Results

This analysis shares tips and techniques from the collective experiences with more than 300 implants, which can help newer implanters learn vicariously both for standard practices in executing routine implants through activation and, importantly, for working through more challenging encounters with anatomy, special patient phenotypes, system testing, and troubleshooting.

Conclusion

These tips should help new implanters handle most of the situations arising during implantation and avoid common pitfalls. Laryngoscope, 128:756–762, 2018
Effects of calibration methods on quantitative material decomposition in photon‐counting spectral computed tomography using a maximum a posteriori estimator
Authors: Curtis Tyler E. , Roeder Ryan K.
Published: July 2017

Purpose

Advances in photon‐counting detectors have enabled quantitative material decomposition using multi‐energy or spectral computed tomography (CT). Supervised methods for material decomposition utilize an estimated attenuation for each material of interest at each photon energy level, which must be calibrated based upon calculated or measured values for known compositions. Measurements using a calibration phantom can advantageously account for system‐specific noise, but the effect of calibration methods on the material basis matrix and subsequent quantitative material decomposition has not been experimentally investigated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the range and number of contrast agent concentrations within a modular calibration phantom on the accuracy of quantitative material decomposition in the image domain.

Methods

Gadolinium was chosen as a model contrast agent in imaging phantoms, which also contained bone tissue and water as negative controls. The maximum gadolinium concentration (30, 60, and 90 mM) and total number of concentrations (2, 4, and 7) were independently varied to systematically investigate effects of the material basis matrix and scaling factor calibration on the quantitative (root mean squared error, RMSE) and spatial (sensitivity and specificity) accuracy of material decomposition. Images of calibration and sample phantoms were acquired using a commercially available photon‐counting spectral micro‐CT system with five energy bins selected to normalize photon counts and leverage the contrast agent k‐edge. Material decomposition of gadolinium, calcium, and water was performed for each calibration method using a maximum a posteriori estimator.

Results

Both the quantitative and spatial accuracy of material decomposition were most improved by using an increased maximum gadolinium concentration (range) in the basis matrix calibration; the effects of using a greater number of concentrations were relatively small in magnitude by comparison. The material basis matrix calibration was more sensitive to changes in the calibration methods than the scaling factor calibration. The material basis matrix calibration significantly influenced both the quantitative and spatial accuracy of material decomposition, while the scaling factor calibration influenced quantitative but not spatial accuracy. Importantly, the median RMSE of material decomposition was as low as ~1.5 mM (~0.24 mg/mL gadolinium), which was similar in magnitude to that measured by optical spectroscopy on the same samples.

Conclusion

The accuracy of quantitative material decomposition in photon‐counting spectral CT was significantly influenced by calibration methods which must therefore be carefully considered for the intended diagnostic imaging application.
Exploring perceptions of a rheumatoid arthritis‐specific smoking cessation programme
Authors: Aimer Pip , Stamp Lisa K. , Stebbings Simon , Cameron Vicky , Kirby Sandra , Treharne Gareth J.
Published: July 2017

Aim

Smoking cessation is an important consideration in the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of the present study was to determine which aspects of a novel three‐month smoking cessation intervention were most useful for people with RA, and to identify areas for improvement.

Method

Thirty‐eight current smokers with RA (19 intervention and 19 control) enrolled in a previous randomized controlled trial (RCT) of smoking cessation and two arthritis educators who had provided the intervention were interviewed. The data were analysed thematically using a combination of deductive and inductive approaches to identify themes.

Results

Intervention participants and the educators identified individualized support and advice as the two most important components of the smoking cessation intervention. The generic smoking cessation components and education about the links between smoking and RA were also identified as important. Nicotine replacement therapy was provided to all participants and was the most commonly reported facilitator of smoking cessation. People with RA who reported being ready to quit smoking had more success at smoking cessation. The educators were positive about ongoing provision of the smoking cessation intervention.

Conclusion

The novel RA‐specific smoking cessation intervention that had formed the basis of the previous RCT provided useful and varied options to assist quitting smoking in RA. Successful quitters were ready and motivated to quit smoking regardless of their randomization status, with nicotine replacement therapy an effective aid to quitting. Support offered by the educators was critical in the participants' perspective.
Finite volume–based modeling of flow‐induced shear failure along fracture manifolds
Authors: Deb Rajdeep , Jenny Patrick
Published: July 2017

In this paper, a numerical model to predict flow‐induced shear failure along pre‐existing fractures is presented. The framework is based on a discrete fracture representation embedded in a continuum describing the damaged matrix. A finite volume method is used to compute both flow and mechanical equilibrium, whereas specifically tailored basis functions are used to account for the physics at discontinuities. The failure criterion is based on a maximum shear strength limit, which changes with varying compressive stress on the fracture manifold. The displacements along fracture manifolds are obtained such that force balance is achieved under conditions, where shear stress of the failing fracture segment is constrained to the maximum shear strength at the segment. Simultaneously, the fluid pressure is computed independently of the shear slip. A relaxation model approach is used to obtain the maximum shear limit on the fracture manifold, which leads to grid convergence.
Shape memory performance of green in situ polymerized nanocomposites based on polyurethane/graphene nanoplatelets: Synthesis, properties, and cell behavior
Authors: Abbasi Aida , Mir Mohamad Sadeghi Gity , Ghasemi Ismaeil , Shahrousvand Mohsen
Published: July 2017

Nowadays, developing biocompatible shape memory polymers is among major expanding topics in medical applications. In this study, novel biocompatible polyurethane/graphene nanoplatelet (PU/GNp) nanocomposites were synthesized from poly(ε–caprolactone)diol (PCL diol)/Castor oil and Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) through in situ polymerization. Three different %wt. of GNp were incorporated into the polyol mixtures to monitor the effect of nano fillers on the shape memory behavior of PUs. The chemical structure of nanocomposites was studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to evaluate the nanocomposites properties. GNp incorporation affected the bulk morphology as well as thermal properties and crystallinity. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) revealed the higher elastic modulus values for nanocomposites compared to the pure PU. The biocompatibility of PU/GNp nanocomposites was investigated via MTT assay. Finally, based on shape memory studies, the higher crystallinity, and improved elastic modulus of the nanocomposites resulted in their excellent shape fixity (about 91‐96%) and shape recovery (95‐99%) behaviors. According to the results, the prepared PU/GNp nanocomposites can be considered as potential choices for applicable shape memory devices for biomedical applications. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:4020–4033, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Analysis of polyester/wood composite fiber needling mat sound absorption performance
Authors: Dong Wang , Limin Peng , Feng Fu , Meihong Liu , Boqi Song
Published: July 2017

The use of natural fibers in the manufacturing of sound absorbing materials has received much attention as a strategy to increase environment‐protection performance. In this study, the sound absorption property of a polyester/wood composite fiber needling mat (PWFM) was investigated by the Delany–Bazley (D‐B) model, phenomenon model (PM), and impedance tube. The applicability of those models and the effects of the parameters of the PWFM on sound absorption were analyzed. The results showed that the PM and D‐B models adequately predicted the sound absorption property of the PWFM. However, the discrepancies between the measurement and theoretical values were larger for lower density PWFWs. The accuracy of wood fiber diameter and the wood fiber morphology were significant determinants of the usability of those models. The sound absorption performance for PWFM increased with increased flow resistivity and density. The wood fiber surface roughness and small cracks played important roles in the improvement of the sound absorption characteristics of the PWFM. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:3823–3830, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Physical, Mechanical, Morphological, and Barrier Properties of Elephant Foot Yam Starch, Whey Protein Concentrate and psyllium Husk Based Composite Biodegradable Films
Authors: Sukhija Sakshi , Singh Sukhcharn , Riar Charanjit S.
Published: July 2017

Elephant foot yam starch based composite containing glycerol, whey protein concentrate and psyllium husk were used to develop biodegradable films by casting technique. Adding glycerol, whey protein concentrate and psyllium husk to low amylose elephant foot yam starch overwhelmed the flaws for physicochemical, barrier, optical, mechanical, thermal, and surface properties required for the development of biodegradable films. Prepared composite biodegradable film presented higher tensile strength, lower water vapor permeability, and solubility as compared to elephant foot yam starch film alone. Surface and cross‐sectional morphology depicted uniformity, and structural integrity in composite polymeric matrix as compared to rough surface with cracks in elephant foot yam starch films. The SEM micrographs analysis indicated strong interactions of elephant foot yam starch with glycerol resulting in a dense network whereas differential scanning calorimeter indicated film thermal stability. X‐ray diffractogram revealed amorphous character whereas broad amorphous peak demonstrates molecular miscibility and interaction between the composites. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated strong interactions along with higher degree of cross‐linking in composites which confirms the film forming characteristics of composite ingredients. Hence, composite film properties reveal their potential as food packaging material, thus enabling the replacement of synthetic packaging materials in various food applications. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E407–E415, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Judiciously balancing steric and electronic influences on 2,3‐diiminobutane‐based Pd(II) complexes in nourishing polyethylene properties
Authors: Zeng Yanning , Mahmood Qaiser , Liang Tongling , Sun Wen‐Hua
Published: July 2017

A new series of palladium complexes (Pd1–Pd5) ligated by symmetrical 2,3‐diiminobutane derivatives, 2,3‐bis[2,6‐bis{bis(4‐FC6H4)2CH}2‐4‐(alkyl)C6H2N]C4H6 (alkyl = Me L1, Et L2, iPr L3, tBu L4) and 2,3‐bis[2,6‐bis{bis(C6H5)2CH}2‐4‐{(CH3)3C}C6H2N]C4H6 L5, have been prepared and well characterized, and their catalytic scope toward ethylene polymerization have been investigated. Upon activation with MAO, all palladium complexes (Pd1–Pd5) exhibited good activities (up to 1.44 × 106 g (PE) mol−1(Pd) h−1) and produced higher molecular weight polyethylene in the range of 105 g mol−1 with precise molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn = 1.37–1.77). One of the long‐standing limiting features of the Brookhart type α‐diimine Pd(II) catalysts is that they produce highly branched (ca. 100/1000 C atoms) and totally amorphous polymer. Conversely, herein Pd5 produced polymers having dramatically lower branching number (28/1000) as well as improved melting temperature up to 73.1 °C showing well‐controlled linear architecture, and very similar to polyethylene materials generated by early‐transition‐metal based catalysts. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 3214–3222
Potential Biocides: Iodine‐Producing Pyrotechnics
Authors: Oxley Jimmie C. , Smith James L. , Porter Matthew M. , Yekel Maxwell J. , Canaria Jeffrey A.
Published: July 2017

Currently there is a need for specialized pyrotechnic materials to combat the threat of biological weapons. Materials have been characterized based on their potential to produce heat and molecular iodine gas (I2) to kill spore‐forming bacteria (e. g. anthrax). One formulation, already proven to kill anthrax simulants, is diiodine pentoxide with aluminum; however, it suffers from poor stability and storage problems. The heat and iodine gas output from this mixture and candidate replacement mixtures were measured with bomb calorimetry and extraction and analysis of I2 by UV‐Vis. Of the mixtures analyzed, calcium iodate and aluminum was found to be the highest producer of I2. The heat output of this mixture and others can be tuned by adding more fuel, with the cost of some iodine. Products of combustion were analyzed by thermal analysis (SDT), XPS, XRD, and LC/MS. Evidence for various metal iodides and metal oxides was collected with these methods.
Re‐evaluating the stability of COMU in different solvents
Authors: Kumar Ashish , Jad Yahya E. , de la Torre Beatriz G. , El‐Faham Ayman , Albericio Fernando
Published: July 2017

COMU is uronium‐type coupling reagent based on OxymaPure. It showed several advantages over classical benzotriazole‐based coupling reagents such as higher solubility, water‐soluble byproduct, and monitoring the reaction by changing of color. Although COMU is well known to perform excellent in solution, but its hydrolytic stability in DMF limits its use in automatic peptide synthesizer. Herein, we evaluated the hydrolytic stability of COMU in γ‐valerolactone (GVL), acetonitrile (ACN) and N‐formylmorpholine (NFM) and compared its stability against DMF. The stability of COMU after 24 h was found to be 88 and 89% in GVL and ACN, respectively, when compared in DMF (14%). Further, the demanding Aib‐ACP decapeptide and JR decapeptide were successfully synthesized using COMU dissolved in GVL or ACN while Fmoc amino acids were dissolved in DMF. Copyright © 2017 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
C–H Activation and Alkyne Annulation via Automatic or Intrinsic Directing Groups: Towards High Step Economy
Authors: Zheng Liyao , Hua Ruimao
Published: July 2017

Direct transformation of carbon–hydrogen bond (C–H) has emerged to be a trend for construction of molecules from building blocks with no or less prefunctionalization, leading high atom and step economy. Directing group (DG) strategy is widely used to achieve higher reactivity and selectivity, but additional steps are usually needed for installation and/or cleavage of DGs, limiting step economy of the overall transformation. To meet this challenge, we proposed a concept of automatic DG (DGauto), which is auto‐installed and/or auto‐cleavable. Multifunctional oxime and hydrazone DGauto were designed for C–H activation and alkyne annulation to furnish diverse nitrogen‐containing heterocycles. Imidazole was employed as an intrinsic DG (DGin) to synthesize ring‐fused and π‐extended functional molecules. The alkyne group in the substrates can also be served as DGin for ortho‐C–H activation to afford carbocycles. In this account, we intend to give a review of our progress in this area and brief introduction of other related advances on C–H functionalization using DGauto or DGin strategies.
Re: Differential effect of assisted reproductive technology and small‐for‐gestational age on fetal cardiac remodeling. B. Valenzuela‐Alcaraz, F. Crispi, M. Cruz‐Lemini, B. Bijnens, L. García‐Otero, M. Sitges, J. Balasch and E. Gratacós. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017; 50: 63–70.
Authors: Patey O.
Published: July 2017

Linked Comment: Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017; 50: 63–70
Division of labour in the yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Wloch‐Salamon Dominika M. , Fisher Roberta M. , Regenberg Birgitte
Published: July 2017

Division of labour between different specialized cell types is a central part of how we describe complexity in multicellular organisms. However, it is increasingly being recognized that division of labour also plays an important role in the lives of predominantly unicellular organisms. Saccharomyces cerevisiae displays several phenotypes that could be considered a division of labour, including quiescence, apoptosis and biofilm formation, but they have not been explicitly treated as such. We discuss each of these examples, using a definition of division of labour that involves phenotypic variation between cells within a population, cooperation between cells performing different tasks and maximization of the inclusive fitness of all cells involved. We then propose future research directions and possible experimental tests using S. cerevisiae as a model organism for understanding the genetic mechanisms and selective pressures that can lead to the evolution of the very first stages of a division of labour. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risk from Exposure to Uranium in Groundwater from Western Haryana, India
Authors: Duggal Vikas , Sharma Samriti , Saini Komal , Bajwa Bikramjit Singh
Published: July 2017

This study was carried out to assess the distribution of uranium in groundwater by using LED fluorimeter LF-2a and chemical and radiological risks associated with its consumption in Sirsa district, Haryana, India. Uranium concentration ranged between 0.93 and 290μg l−1 with an average value of 49 μg l−1. About 44% of the groundwater samples had uranium concentration above the maximum contamination level of 30 μg l−1 prescribed by the World Health Organization and United States Environmental Protection Agency and 22% of the samples exceeded the permissible limit of 60 μgl−1 prescribed by the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, India. The average cancer morbidity and mortality risks are determined to be 1.10 × 10−4 and 7.17 × 10−5 respectively, indicating the negligible carcinogenic risk. Hazard quotient for 44% samples is greater than unity which indicates health risk due to chemical toxicity of uranium in groundwater. The associated age-dependent annual effective dose is estimated by taking the prescribed water intake values of different age groups.