bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social and foraging components of the home range in Antechinus stuartii (Dasyuridae: Marsupialia)
Authors: LAZENBY‐COHEN KATIE A. , COCKBURN ANDREW
Published: July 2006

The home range of Antechinus stuartii has two components. A small area (0.94 ha for males, 0.38 ha for females) is used for foraging, while a much greater social range (mean for males in a given year may exeed 5 ha; the mean for females never exceeded 3 ha) encompasses communal nests, which are used by both males and females. The foraging range of females is stable throughout the year. The foraging range may not coincide at all, or only partially coincide with her social range. By contrast, male foraging ranges drift through the year, and generally lie within their social range. Intersexual differences reflect the different selection pressures on the sexes. Females require access to resources to sustain a costly lactation, while males require a knowledge of many possible sites for mating and early resolution of agonistic interactions with other males with which they cohabit during mating.
Multiple definitions of food web statistics: An unnecessary problem for food web research
Authors: CLOSS GERARD
Published: July 2006

Three of the statistics that are regularly used to describe food web structure have been defined in two different ways. The use of these statistics by several authors illustrates some of the problems caused by the existence of two different definitions for what is, at least in name, the same statistic.
Growth rates of western myall (Acacia papyrocarpa Benth.) during its main phase of canopy spreading
Authors: LANGE R. T. , Sparrow A. D.
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Data collected by students during a decade are examined for use in constructing growth models of western myall trees during their mid‐life phase of canopy spreading. Measurements of tree canopy diameters are found to be too variable (between replicates and through time) to describe growth patterns, but measurements of trunk girth prove more reliable. Two models for growth are presented, based on the trunk girth data set. The models lead to similar estimates of the time taken for canopy spreading, viz. about 160 years, which is consistent with previous anecdotal evidence of western myall longevity.
Light environments and floristic composition across an open forest‐rainforest boundary in northeastern Queensland
Authors: TURTON S. M. , Duff G. A.
Published: July 2006

Abstract
This paper demonstrates the changes in structure, floristics and forest floor light regimes across the boundary between open forest and rainforest at Kirrama in northeastern Queensland. Hemispherical photographs of the canopy were used to estimate spatial and temporal variations in potential (clear‐sky) direct and diffuse photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD = 400–700 nm) across the boundary. Five vegetation zones were identified across the boundary: (A) open forest, (B) tall open forest, (C) tall open forest with a rainforest under‐storey, (D) young rainforest, and (E) mature rainforest. During the summer (September–March) direct PPFD declined semi‐exponentially across the boundary, while in the winter (April–August), the decline was more linear. However, the decline in diffuse PPFD across the boundary was linear throughout the year. Mean per cent grass cover was positively correlated and mean per cent shrub cover negatively correlated with annual average total PPFD across the boundary. Mean percentages of diffuse radiation relative to that above the forest (diffuse site factors) ranged from 9.8% in the mature rainforest to 66.4% in the open forest, while mean percentages of direct radiation relative to that above the forest (direct site factors) ranged from 2.9–38.3% at the same sites, respectively. Daily PPFD in the rainforest understorey is probably insufficient for the shade intolerant (pioneer) species which prefer the more open environments on the rainforest margin where light intensities and soil temperatures are higher. Towards the rainforest end of zone C, light conditions appear to be similar to those experienced within small treefall gaps in rainforests. Typically, such light conditions are preferred by shade tolerant (primary) tree species that are unable to grow and reproduce successfully in the adjacent shaded understorey and to compete with the fast growing pioneer tree species in the more open end of zone C.
The biodiversity of arthropods from Australian rainforest canopies: General introduction, methods, sites and ordinal results
Authors: KITCHING R. L. , BERGELSON J. M. , LOWMAN M. D. , MCINTYRE S. , CARRUTHERS G.
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The arthropod assemblages occurring in the canopies of tropical, subtropical and cool temperate sites have been sampled using a pyrethrum knockdown technique. Details of the techniques used and the climate and vegetation of the areas studied are presented together with an analysis of the distribution of individual arthropods across Orders. An approach using generalized linear modelling partitioned the variance in numbers among sites within forest types and across the three forest types. The effects of both these components were significant. The differences between the ordinal signatures of each forest type are discussed and a number of hypotheses proposed to account for these differences, based on knowledge of the biology of the groups concerned. For the tropical and subtropical sites a comparison was made between samples collected in the low to mid‐canopy with ones collected in the high canopy. Numbers of both insects and non‐insects collected differed significantly with height in the subtropical forest and the distribution of insects across Orders was also significantly different in this forest type. In the tropical forests numbers of insects differed significantly between the two strata but neither the numbers of non‐insects nor the ordinal profiles of either insects or non‐insects were shown to be significantly different.
The invasion of Lantana camara L. in Forty Mile Scrub National Park, north Queensland
Authors: FENSHAM R. J. , FAIRFAX R. J. , CANNELL R. J.
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Seventy‐three per cent of dry rainforest in Forty Mile Scrub National Park and large areas in adjacent savanna woodland have more than 5000 individuals per ha of lantana (Lantana camara L.). Transect studies in dry rainforest and savanna woodland across varying intensities of lantana infestation show a negative correlation between the density of lantana and tree cover in rainforest. The density of pig rooting is very high in areas of the dry rainforest on deep soil that was not heavily infested with lantana. It is suggested that the digging activities of these animals may cause tree death and subsequent increased light penetration, which favours lantana. The species richness of the dry rainforest declines as the density of lantana increases. However, the saplings and seedlings and the soil seed bank of dry rainforest and savanna woodland tree species have comparable densities in heavy and light lantana infestations. The proliferation of lantana results in the build up of heavy fuel loads across the boundary of dry rainforest and savanna woodland. Recent fires have killed the canopy trees in a large area of dry rainforest within the Park. Active management of Forty Mile Scrub National Park is urgent and some initiatives are suggested.
Vegetation of the alpine sand dunes at Lake Augusta, Tasmania
Authors: PHARO E. J. , KIRKPATRICK J. B.
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Alpine sand dunes are a rare phenomenon. On the Central Plateau of Tasmania parabolic dunes occur on the leeward of glaciofluvial lakes. The largest such complex is at Lake Augusta where seven sand dune communities and two slack communities were recognized from a sorted table produced by a polythetic divisive classification of floristic data. Fen was found on the rocky parts of the lake shore, while short alpine herbfield (‘marsupial lawn’) occurred in seasonally inundated slacks. Freshly mobilized sand had distinct shrubland communities, two of which exclusively occupied the fresh sand of the foredunes, while one occurred on remobilized older soils. Three communities formed a toposequence on the older soils of the well‐drained dunes. Zonation was not strong beyond the foredune. Species richness and height generally increased inland. The older soils were more nutrient rich than the younger sands, a phenomenon probably attributable to the ultimate igneous origin of the material. The dunes have considerable conservation significance. Activities that could cause further mobilization need to be restricted.
Design and implementation of rapid assessment approaches for water resource monitoring using benthic macroinvertebrates
Authors: RESH VINCENT H. , NORRIS RICHARD H. , BARBOUR MICHAEL T.
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Benthic macroinvertebrates are the group of organisms most widely used for assessment of water resources. Rapid assessment approaches are intended to be efficient and cost effective; savings are found in reduced sampling and more efficient data analysis. Rapid bioassessment programmes have been quickly accepted and now cover most of the United States (US) and equivalent programmes cover all of the United Kingdom (UK). Rapid bioassessment programmes are designed to screen large regions, pinpointing trouble spots worthy of more detailed attention.

Fundamental to all rapid bioassessment methods is the classification of streams so that comparisons can be made between reference areas and areas of concern, or test sites with similar characteristics. Both the UK and US approaches assess habitat characteristics. These characteristics are used to predict the fauna expected at a test site in the UK approach; in the US they are used as an aid to classification and interpretation of aquatic faunal data. Habitat assessments in the US are also used to determine whether poor water quality or degraded habitat are stressing the invertebrate communities. This is a major development in approaches to water resource assessment.

In the UK, a model developed using multivariate statistics uses a few environmental variables thought to be unaffected by human activities to predict the fauna expected at a test site. The US approaches analyse data using several indices (or metrics) presumed to represent ecological features of interest. These indices have a range of sensitivities to different kinds of stress and must be calibrated for the area of interest. The two approaches have been developed in isolation but may have much to offer each other. Developing programmes are advised to consider both.

Future needs include: development of procedures that can be applied to large rivers and to lakes; further refinement of ecological principles underlying metric choice; the inclusion of chemical criteria and toxicity tests to establish thresholds that indicate impairment; and development of criteria indicating the necessity for implementation of quantitative assessment studies.
Litterfall and decomposition in the Pilliga State Forests, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: HART D. M.
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The annual litterfall and decomposition rate of litter in three semi‐arid vegetation communities (forest, mallee and broom) in the Pilliga State Forests, New South Wales, Australia, were measured over a period of 3 years. Annual litterfall was found to vary widely between the communities, ranging from 1005 to 3409 kg ha−1 year−1. Decomposition rates were measured and the half lives obtained ranged from 2. 5 to 5. 3 years. In many forests fire removes much of the accumulated litter at regular intervals. Two of the three study sites (the forest and mallee) had reached steady state after 36 years of litter accumulation after fire, while the broom, with only 20 years accumulation, was not in steady state. Between fires decomposition of the liner dominates. In the mallee soil fauna were most active, burying the litter under mineral soil before comminution commenced, demonstrating a cycling of litter which differs markedly from that in more humid climates.
Abundance and diversity of termites (Isoptera) in imburnt versus burnt vegetation at the Barrens in Mediterranean Western Australia
Authors: ABENSPERG‐TRAUN M. , MILEWSKI A. V.
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Two years after an intense fire burnt large parts of the Barrens in Mediterranean Western Australia, its effects on wood‐eating and litter‐harvesting termites were investigated. Nine vegetation types varying in height, structure and floristics, were used for paired unburnt/burnt comparisons. Wood‐eating termites were significantly less abundant and diverse in burnt stands, apparently by perishing in the fire rather than through food limitation. The harvester Tumulitermes westraliensis was not significantly affected by fire. Strategies enhancing persistence despite intense fire were construction of hard, protective clay mounds (Coptotermes frenchi, Amitermes obeuntis, T. westraliensis) and flexibility to site nests in diverse microhabitats, including the mounds of other termite species (Heterotermes).
Ants remove virtually all western myall (Acacia papyrocarpaBenth.) seeds at Middleback, South Australia
Authors: IRELAND C. , ANDREW M. H.
Published: July 2006

AbstractAnts can have a profound effect on the numbers of seeds present in the seed‐bank. We investigated the removal of seeds of an important arid zone tree species, the western myall (Acacia papyrocarpaBenth.). The species has seed characteristics typical of other Acacia species: a hard seed‐coat and a small, white aril or elaiosome; the latter is reported to be attractive to ants. An experiment was conducted to see how rapidly and completely the seeds would be removed under various caging treatments. Observations were also made to discover the major seed removers and the fate of the seeds. Seed removal was rapid (< 12h) and was almost entirely by ants, and while our observations were not conclusive, we speculate that much of the seed supply is effectively destroyed by seed harvester ants which thus act as true granivores, not seed dispersers. Whether this matters for western myall in the long term is problematic because the species is so long‐lived; rare but successful recruitment events may well be sufficient for its long‐term survival.
The macrofaunal community of Ecklonia radiata holdfasts: Description of the faunal assemblage and variation associated with differences in holdfast volume
Authors: SMITH STEPHEN D. A. , SIMPSON RODNEY D. , CAIRNS STUART C.
Published: July 2006

Abstract
We describe the structure of the macrofaunal community inhabiting holdfasts of the kelp Ecklonia radiata sampled over a 4 year period on the mid‐north coast of New South Wales, Australia. Both the physical and biological structures of the holdfast are described. Analyses focused on the relationships between holdfast volume and a range of summary community statistics (number of species, total abundance, total biomass) as well as the description of successional patterns with increasing holdfast size for the common species, higher taxa and trophic groups. The holdfast habitat supports a diverse faunal community that was dominated by polychaete worms and amphipod crustaceans, which together accounted for 78% of the total number of organisms sampled. Many of the species present have a much wider distribution in both intertidal and sublittoral marine habitats. Successional patterns within the holdfast were from a community dominated by small worms with a predominance of deposit‐feeding strategies to one with a greater representation of amphipods with omnivorous feeding strategies. There was also a trend to increasing mean size of individuals with increasing holdfast size, which may be attributable to either growth of individuals over time or physical limitations (smaller spaces) in smaller holdfasts. The analysis of differences in spatial patterns for summary statistics of the community structure (species number, number of individuals, faunal density) suggested that small‐scale variability (sites within locations) was more important than larger scale variability (between locations) and that the most easterly sites at each location supported the highest species count and number of individuals.
Is the field water use of Eucalyptus largiflorens F. Muell. affected by short‐term flooding?
Authors: JOLLY IAN D. , WALKER GLEN R.
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Transpiration of and water sources for Eucalyptus largiflorens F. Muell trees at three sites on a semi‐arid floodplain of the lower River Murray in southern Australia were investigated during the course of a flood. Two of the sites were flooded for 32 days while the third was not flooded. At both flooded sites transpiration was not suppressed during the period when the sites were flooded, indicating that anoxia did not occur. Available literature suggests that E. largiflorens has very low O2 consumption, and that lateral roots can absorb O2 from soil water at very low partial pressures. The oxygen stored in the unsaturated region of the soil appeared sufficient, in this case, to meet the requirements of the trees. Transpiration at the flooded sites did not increase in comparison with that at the non‐flooded site in the period following flooding. We suggest that this was possibly due to the above‐average rainfall experienced in the months preceding the flood and/or physiological adaptations to the highly saline conditions that prevented the trees taking full advantage of the additional water. The sources of water used by the trees were investigated using the naturally occurring stable isotopes of water and measurements of soil water suction. These showed that prior to the flood shallow rain‐derived soil water was being used at all three sites. Ten days after flooding ceased trees at both flooded sites were using shallow flood‐derived soil water while at the non‐flooded sites they were using groundwater. Results from the flooded sites 7 and 22 weeks after flooding ceased showed that as the flood‐ and rain‐derived water became limited the trees supplemented their supplies with groundwater from the capillary fringe. The non‐flooded trees used various combinations of rain‐derived soil water and groundwater during this period.
The effect of water stress on the life cycles of Erodium crinitum Carolin and Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hérit. ex Alton (Geraniaceae)
Authors: COX J. A. , CONRAN J. G.
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hérit. ex Aiton (Geraniaceae) from temperate Mediterranean Eurasia is naturalized across large areas of arid and semi‐arid Australia to which Erodium crinitum Carolin is native. plant size, leaf and bud numbers and fruit/plant biomass ratio were significantly lower under drought, flower and fruit number, fruit size and total mass were unaffected. In contrast, E. crinitum was largely unaffected by the drought conditions, showing only an increase in the fruit/plant biomass ratio.
The role of psyllids (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and bell miners (Manorina melanophrys) in canopy dieback of Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna Sm.)
Authors: STONE CHRISTINE
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The presence of the aggressive, colony‐forming honeyeater, Manorina melanophrys (bell miner), in the canopies of unhealthy eucalypts has been well reported. There is, however, some debate as to the actual mechanisms producing these unhealthy trees. To investigate further some of the processes that may be contributing to this form of canopy dieback, two field trials were carried out in Olney State Forest, near Wyong, New South Wales. The study site contained Eucalyptus saligna (Sydney blue gum) with canopy dieback and was occupied by a large colony of bell miners. Close examination of the foliage revealed a large and diverse suite of phytophagous insects, including at least 16 species of psyllid (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). In the first trial, the use of bird exclusion cages over selected branches significantly improved leaf survival compared to leaves exposed to a relatively high density of bell miners. It is proposed that colonization by bell miners may interfere with the efficacy of both other insectivorous birds (through aggressive interspecific territoriality) and the invertebrate predators and parasitoids. Interference with such regulatory factors may enable some phytophagous insect populations to rise to sustained damaging levels. In the second trial, an insecticide application combined with reduced competition from the dense understorey and neighbouring trees was required to significantly improve trunk diameter and crown condition scores. After 12 months, neither treatment, by itself, significantly improved both growth measures. Possibly both treatments were required because the E. saligna trees were suffering from another source of stress (e.g. drought) in addition to the relatively high level of insect attack.
The impact of grazing by macropods on coastal foredune vegetation in southeast Queensland
Authors: RAMSEY DAVID S. L. , WILSON JOHN C.
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The extent of grazing by two macropodids, the agile wallaby (Macropus agilis) and the swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor) on coastal foredunes on South Stradbroke Island in southeast Queensland was investigated to determine potential impacts on the principal sand colonizing species, sand spinifex grass (Spinifex sericeus). Grazing on spinifex grass on the foredunes of South Stradbroke island can be attributed principally to agile wallabies. Foraging activity by wallabies was higher in areas of high spinifex abundance, however, grazing intensity and impact on spinifex was only important on foredunes with low spinifex abundance. Spinifex consumption by wallabies was also related to a number of factors, especially composition and structure of vegetation in adjacent habitats. Spinifex consumption increased when the abundance of ground cover components (grasses, sedges, forbs) in adjacent habitats was low and structural complexity was high. Grazing on foredunes by wallabies significantly affects the species composition of the foredune community by excluding the establishment of a number of perennial foredune plant species. This may have implications for community succession in coastal ecosystems.
Reproductive biology of the rare and endangered Banksia brownii Baxter ex R. Br. (Proteaceae)
Authors: DAY DENISE A. , COLLINS BRIAN G. , REES ROSEMARIE G.
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Banksia brownii is an endangered species, now limited to ∼ 15 disjunct populations in southwestern Western Australia. Data on flowering phenology, plant size, fruit set, pollination and the mating system were gathered for two of these populations between March and October 1993. Flowering for both populations followed a similar pattern, with open flowers first evident in April, and the number of inflorescences with open flowers peaking in June. At both locations, trees differed considerably with respect to their size, the total number of inflorescences produced and the length of their flowering season. Fruiting success was typically low, with approximately half of all inflorescences failing to develop into infructescences. Only 1. 8% of the flowers originally present on inflorescences developed into follicles. The distribution of follicles along each infructescence was non‐random, with most forming in the middle third of the infructescence for reasons relating to nutrient supply and pollinator behaviour. More flowers opened during the day than at night, although pollen was lost from individual flowers during both periods. Honeyeaters such as Phylidonyris novaehollandiae were common at the two study sites, and often carried large loads of B. brownii pollen. Though less frequently caught, the nocturnal mammals Rattus fuscipes and Tarsipes rostratus also bore substantial amounts of pollen. Most inflorescences from which these mammals and birds were excluded remained barren. Fruiting success was further reduced when invertebrates such as Apis mellifera were also prevented from visiting inflorescences. The ability of B. brownii to set at least some fruit in the absence of biotic poli‐nators indicates that the species is partially self‐compatible. Honeyeaters foraged preferentially at inflorescences with one to two thirds of their flowers open, probing mainly along the ‘advancing front’ of open flowers. These animals moved more frequently between inflorescences on the same plant than between those on different plants, and were often recaptured in the same locations. Mammals also appeared to be sedentary. Both B. brownii populations had mixed mating systems, with genetically determined outcrossing rates of ∼0.7. The unusually high level of selfing in each population is presumably a reflection of the species’ self‐compatibility and the foraging behaviour of its pollinators.
Mistletoe host‐resemblance: A study of herbivory, nitrogen and moisture in two Australian mistletoes and their host trees
Authors: CANYON D. V. , HILL C. J.
Published: July 2006

Abstract
For 150 years mistletoe host‐resemblance has been an unsolved puzzle. Mimicry, camouflage, host protection and shape modification by the host tree have all been advanced as possible solutions. No extended examination of herbivory of host‐parasite pairs has ever been done, however, to put these explanations to the test. The study was carried out in northeastern Australia from March to July 1994. Rates of leaf herbivory were estimated for seven individuals of Amyema biniflora Barlow (a cryptic mistletoe species), Dendrophthoe glabrescens (Blakely) Barlow (a non‐cryptic mistletoe species) and their host trees (Eucalyptus tessellaris F. Muell. and Eucalyptus platyphylla F. Muell., respectively). In addition three measures of leaf palatability–nitrogen content, moisture content and toughness–were also assessed. Variability in mistletoe leaf shape was quantified by measuring the leaf widths of mistletoes on a variety of host tree species. Mistletoes sustained greater levels of herbivory compared to their host trees, but herbivory did not differ between mistletoe species. The non‐cryptic mistletoe had lower levels of nitrogen compared to its host tree, but there was no difference in nitrogen levels between the cryptic mistletoe and its host. The moisture content of mistletoe leaves was greater than that of their hosts but not between mistletoe or host species. The mistletoe species had tougher leaves than their host trees. Leaf shape was different for one species of mistletoe growing on different host trees, but constant for another species of mistletoe. The results contradict, in some crucial aspect, all of the mimicry hypotheses currently on offer.
Settlement preferences in coral‐reef fishes: Effects on patterns of adult and juvenile distributions, individual fitness and population structure
Authors: BOOTH DAVID J. , WELLINGTON GERARD
Published: July 2006

Abstract Coral‐reef fishes exhibit a wide range of habitat preferences at settlement. However, the consequences of these preferences to fitness and population dynamics are poorly known. We critically evaluate evidence for these consequences from recent studies of settlement preferences, and note that most studies have concentrated on only a few common taxa. We recommend that this taxonomic base be broadened, and that settlement preferences be incorporated into future studies of the link between larval supply and population dynamics of reef fishes.
Relationships between height and girth of mangroves and soil‐water conditions in the Mary and Hawkesbury River estuaries, eastern Australia
Authors: SAINTILAN NEIL
Published: July 2006

Abstract The height and diameter at breast height (DBH) of mangroves on the Hawkesbury River, New South Wales and the Mary River, Queensland were related to soil‐water salinity, soil‐water content and distance from the mouth of the estuary. On the Hawkesbury River, both Avicennia marina and Aegiceras corniculatum declined in height and DBH with increasing soil‐water salinity and soil‐water content, and increased in height with distance from the mouth of the estuary. Both species showed an extensive range of all variables. On the Mary River, where species diversity was higher, no relationship was found between the height and DBH of A. marina and A. corniculatum and soil‐water salinity and soil‐water content. Both species increased in height with increasing distance from the mouth of the estuary, a characteristic shared with all other species studied (Excoecaria agallocha, Ceriops tagal var. australis, Rhizophora stylosa). The results suggest that growth characteristics of mangroves are not a simple response to salinity gradients in diverse systems and that other variables such as nutrient availability may be important controls on mangrove growth.
Conserving weedy natives: Two Tasmanian endangered herbs in the Brassicaceae
Authors: KIRKPATRICK J. B. , GILFEDDER LOUISE
Published: July 2006

Abstract Two species of endangered Brassicaceae, Barbarea australis and Lepidium hyssopifolium, occur in a few small populations in Tasmania. The former species is associated with streams where it occurs in vegetation with numerous exotics. The latter species is usually found in the root zone of exotic large trees, usually on roadsides, and often in the absence of many other native species. Populations of both species have disappeared since European settlement, some in the last two decades. Both species are rapid and prolific producers of easily germinated seed. Both species are absent from places grazed moderately or intensively by sheep or cattle. The establishment of new individuals of Lepidium occurs only on relatively bare ground. The species is tolerant of root competition and intolerant of above ground competition. It will also establish from soil‐stored seed after mechanical disturbance. Its future is linked to the survival of grazing‐free locations where above ground competition from herbs and grasses is subdued. Barbarea is a ruderal that requires freedom from stock grazing for its persistence in Tasmanian riparian habitats. These results reinforce the importance of some degraded ecosystems for biodiversity conservation, and the critical role of disturbance regimes in influencing the survival or extinction of a subset of native plant species. In the fragmented and variegated landscapes of today, weedy natives cannot necessarily be expected to survive in non‐weedy environments.
Myrmecochory in Australia's seasonal tropics: Effects of disturbance on distance dispersal
Authors: ANDERSEN ALAN N. , MORRISON SCOTT C.
Published: July 2006

Abstract Successful ecosystem restoration requires the re‐establishment of fundamental ecological processes, many of which involve plant‐animal interactions. Myrmecochory (seed dispersal by ants) is a particularly important plant‐animal mutualism in Australia, but little is known about its response to either disturbance or restoration following disturbance. Here we investigate the effects of disturbance on seed dispersal by ants, and the extent to which the ant‐seed relationship has re‐established at sites undergoing rehabilitation, at Ranger uranium mine in the seasonal tropics of Australia's Northern Territory. We focused on the composition of seed‐dispersing ant assemblages, rates of seed removal by ants, and the dispersal curves generated by ants, as determined by observations of removal from seed depots. Ten sites were studied, comprising four ‘natural’ (undisturbed) sites representing a range of savanna habitats occurring in the region, four disturbed sites representing a range of habitat disturbance but with intact soil, and two waste rock sites subject to preliminary revegetation trials. A total of 22 ant species from 10 genera were observed during 154 observations of seed removal, most commonly Rhytidoponera aurata (53 records), Monomorium (rothsteini gp) sp. 1 (14), Iridomyrmex sanguineus (13), Iridomyrmex pallidus (12) and Pleidole sp. 3 (10). Removal rates (over 3 h) averaged 29% across all sites and time periods, varying markedly both between and within sites. However, mean rates of removal were similar between natural, disturbed and waste rock sites (29%, 28% and 31%, respectively). A high incidence (62% of all depots) of'aril robbing’ by ants (primarily Monomorium spp.) eating arils in situ, without removal, was observed. Dispersal distances varied markedly between ant species, with Iridomyrmex sanguineus having both the highest mean (7.25m) and maximum (13.08 m) dispersal distances. Species of Pheidole typically dispersed seeds less than 0.5 m, and Meranoplus, Monomorium and Tetramorium spp. only ever moved seeds a few centimetres, usually dropping and abandoning them before reaching the nests. The dispersal curves characteristic of each site varied markedly due to the different composition of seed‐dispersing ants. The mean dispersal distance at disturbed sites (3.91 m) was significantly higher than at natural sites (2.19 m), and the curves were strongly skewed in the former, but relatively uniform in the latter. The implications of these differences for recovery following disturbance are unclear. At rehabilitated waste rock sites, all observed removals involved distances less than 0.5 m, with a mean of 17 cm. This lack of effective ant‐seed relationships might represent a barrier to further vegetation development at rehabilitated sites.
The effects of Woylie (Bettongia penicillata) foraging on soil water repellency and water infiltration in heavy textured soils in southwestern Australia
Authors: GARKAKLIS MARK J. , BRADLEY J. S. , WOOLLER R. D.
Published: July 2006

Abstract In the wheatbelt region of Western Australia, brush‐tailed bettongs or woylies, Bettongia penicillata, occur in remnant woodlands that have highly water repellent soils. As these marsupials dig for the fruiting bodies of hypogeous fungi they disturb the soil surface. The effect of these diggings was evaluated by laboratory and in situ assessments of soil water repellency. The undisturbed woodland soil surface showed severe water repellence whereas diggings had low water repellence, and appear to act as preferential water infiltration paths after autumn rainfall events. This indicates that Bettongia penicillata has an impact on the non‐wetting property of soils in this region.
Role of nurse plants in Araucaria Forest expansion over grassland in south Brazil
Authors: DUARTE LEANDRO DA S. , DOS‐SANTOS MELINA M. G. , HARTZ SANDRA M. , PILLAR VALÉRIO DEPATTA
Published: July 2006

Abstract  Araucaria Forest expansion over grassland takes place under wet climate conditions and low disturbance and it is hypothesized that isolated trees established on grassland facilitate the establishment of forest woody species beneath their canopies. Forest with Araucaria angustifolia is a particular type of Brazilian Atlantic Forest and the main forest type on the highland plateau in south Brazil, often forming mosaics with natural Campos grassland. The objectives of this paper were to evaluate the role of isolated shrubs and trees as colonization sites for seedlings of Araucaria Forest woody species on grassland, to determine which species function as preferential nurse plants in the process and the importance of vertebrate diaspore dispersal on the structure of seedling communities beneath nurse plants. The study was conducted in São Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul State, where we sampled isolated shrubs and trees in natural grassland near Araucaria Forest edges. Seedlings were counted and identified, and seedling diaspore dispersal syndromes, size and colour were registered. We detected 11 woody species with a potential role in nucleating grassland colonization by forest species. Beneath the canopies of nurse plants more forest species seedlings were found compared with open field grassland and the seedlings had diaspores mostly dispersed by vertebrates. Also, more seedlings were found under the canopy of A. angustifolia than beneath other nurse plant species. We conclude that A. angustifolia trees established on grassland act as nurse plants, by attracting disperser birds that promote colonization of the site by other forest species seedlings, and that under low level of grassland disturbance, conservation of frugivorous vertebrate assemblages may increase forest expansion over natural grassland and also facilitate the regeneration of degraded forest areas.
Sampling termites in forest habitats: A reply to Roisin and Leponce
Authors: JONES DAVID T. , DAVIES RICHARD G. , EGGLETON PAUL
Published: July 2006

Abstract  To characterize the structure and species density of termite assemblages in tropical forests, we developed a sampling protocol based on a single large quadrat (belt transect) that standardises sampling effort and area. Emphasizing the estimation of species richness, Roisin and Leponce (2004, Austral Ecology, 29: 637–46) recommend sampling numerous small quadrats, and varying the number of quadrats depending on local species density. However, their method would result in the loss of standardisation and speed, taking up to four times longer to collect and process the samples. We show that even for a subtropical forest with low species density, our protocol produces robust results.
Association of leisure time physical activity and abdominal obesity with fasting serum insulin and 2‐h postchallenge plasma glucose levels
Authors: Borodulin K. , Tuomilehto J. , Peltonen M. , Lakka T. A. , Sundvall J. , Jousilahti P.
Published: July 2006

Aims  We investigated the joint associations of leisure time physical activity and abdominal obesity with fasting insulin and 2‐h glucose levels and with the risk of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and Type 2 diabetes (Type 2 DM).

Methods  A cross‐sectional population‐based random sample of 1812 Finnish adults 45–74 years of age without a history of cardiovascular disease or diabetes. Relative energy expenditure during the previous 12 months (METh/week), assessed by a questionnaire, was used as a measure of leisure time physical activity. Waist–hip ratio (WHR) was used as a measure of abdominal obesity. IGT and Type 2 DM were assessed by a 2‐h oral glucose tolerance test and were defined according to the World Health Organization guidelines.

Results  While 2‐h glucose and fasting insulin levels increased with increasing WHR (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively), both of them decreased with increasing physical activity (P = 0.015 and P < 0.001, respectively). The highest 2‐h glucose and fasting insulin levels were found among individuals who had most abdominal obesity and were least physically active. Physically inactive individuals had a higher prevalence of IGT and Type 2 DM in all WHR tertiles than physically active persons.

Conclusions  Higher levels of leisure time physical activity are associated with lower 2‐h glucose and fasting insulin levels and a reduced risk of having IGT and Type 2 DM, independent of the level of abdominal obesity.
The natural history of chronic painful peripheral neuropathy in a community diabetes population
Authors: Daousi C. , Benbow S. J. , Woodward A. , MacFarlane I. A.
Published: July 2006

Aims  To examine the natural history of chronic painful diabetic neuropathy (CPDN).

Methods  A cross‐sectional study of 350 people with diabetes was performed during 1998–1999 to assess the prevalence of CPDN in the community. Fifty‐six patients with CPDN were identified and were followed up an average of 5 years later.

Results  From the original cohort, 12 patients had died and 14 had moved away or were unable to participate in the follow‐up study. Thus 30 patients with CPDN [21 male, mean (sd) age 68.6 years (9.4), mean (sd) duration of diabetes 15.4 years (8.7)] were re‐assessed. Seven (23%) had been pain free for at least 12 months and 23 continued to report neuropathic pain of similar quality and severity [total McGill Pain Questionnaire Score median (interquartile range) at follow‐up 22 (16–39) vs. 20 (16–33) at baseline, P = 0.3; mean (sd) visual analogue scale (VAS) score for pain over the preceding 24 h 5.3 cm (2.9) vs. 4.6 cm (2.5) at baseline, P = 0.1]. Only 65% had ever received treatment for CPDN despite 96% (22/23) reporting pain to their physician; 43.5% had received antidepressants, 17.4% anticonvulsants, 39% opiates and 30% had tried complementary therapies.

Conclusions  The neuropathic pain of CPDN can resolve completely over time in a minority (23%). In those in whom painful neuropathic symptoms had persisted over 5 years, no significant improvement in pain intensity was observed. Despite the improvement in treatment modalities for chronic pain in recent years, patients with CPDN continue to be inadequately treated.
Jordanian nurses’ job satisfaction, patients’ satisfaction and quality of nursing care
Authors: Mrayyan M.T.
Published: July 2006

Purpose:  To study nurses’ job satisfaction, patients’ satisfaction, and quality of nursing care in a Jordanian educational hospital.

Design:  A descriptive cross‐sectional comparative design was used. The total populations at the educational hospital where the study was conducted were: 200 nurses (response rate 60%), 510 patients (response rate 49%), and 26 head nurses (NHs) (response rate 92%). Mueller/McCloskey Satisfaction Scale (MMSS) 1990; Eriksen’s (1988) scale of The Satisfaction with Nursing Care; and Quality of Nursing Care Questionnaire‐Head Nurse of Safford & Schlotfeldt (1960) were used to measure the phenomena of interest.

Findings:  Nurses were ‘neither satisfied nor dissatisfied’ in their jobs, nurses who work in wards reported a slightly better job satisfaction than nurses who work in critical care units. Patients reported that they were ‘moderately’ satisfied, and head nurses reported that nurses ‘usually (practically)’ provide a high of quality of nursing care. There were no significant differences between critical care units and wards in regard to patients’ satisfaction and quality of nursing care.

Conclusions:  Jordanian nurses’ job satisfaction is on the borderline, which arguably requires more interventions. Patients’ satisfaction and quality of nursing care have to be enhanced to reach the levels of ‘very satisfied’ and ‘always’ consecutively.
Old age, vulnerability and sexual violence: implications for knowledge and practice
Authors: Jones H. , Powell J.L.
Published: July 2006

Aim:  This paper seeks to offer further analysis on the relationship between abuse of power, elder abuse and sexual violence. Importantly, current definitions are examined and the existing literature is reviewed to establish what the current level of debate is on sexual violence in its relationship to elderly women.

Methods:  Through the analysis of available literature it is possible to observe which and how older people have been marginalized both in particular disciplines of study and policy spaces.

Findings:  We conclude that marginalization results in inadequate redress to issues of violence and power that may manifest against the older person, and which leads to feelings of vulnerability. There are important implications for helping health professionals, especially nurses, for understanding the policy, theory and practice. The need for empirical research in this difficult area is paramount.
A COMMODITY‐REGIONAL MODEL OF WEST VIRGINIA*
Authors: Shahrokh Fereidoon , Labys Walter C.
Published: July 2006

This paper presents the specification, estimation, validation, and application of a modeling study which analyzes the possible impacts of a resource industry on a state economy. The Commodity Regional Econometric Annual Macro Model of West Virginia (CREAM model) is composed of a commodity model of the West Virginia coal industry and a macroeconometric regional model of the West Virginia state economy. The model describes the detailed interrelationship between the primary commodity sector and the rest of the economy of the region. The CREAM model utilizes the concept of engine of growth at the regional level and shows the impacts of market fluctuations in the demand for and value of coal on the economy of the state.
ON THE SHAPE OF MARKET AREAS IN LÖSCHIAN SPATIAL MODELS*
Authors: Eswaran Mukesh , Ware Roger
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT. The paper analyzes the lattice shape of equilibrium configurations of firms in spatial models. Lösch's assertion that free entry will result in hexagonal market areas is proved for a variety of assumptions about the nature of the market equilibrium, and about the preferences of customers. All the models considered, however, incorporate rational entry behavior and identify the stable lattice as an entry deterring equilibrium. A simple proof is presented of the optimality of hexagonal market areas, at least among regular space‐filling configurations.
ECONOMETRIC MODELING OF INTERREGIONAL LABOR MARKET LINKAGES*
Authors: Lesage James P. , Magurat Michael
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT. This paper presents a statistical procedure for empirically establishing linkages between regional economies. Using Granger's definition of causality and the final prediction error technique for lag‐length specification suggested by Hsiao, a linked, multiregional employment model is developed. The forecast performance of the linked model is compared to models which do not include interregional linkages. It is shown that forecast error is reduced by taking into account employment interrelationships between regions.
THE DETERMINANTS OF 1963–77 REGIONAL MANUFACTURING GROWTH: WHY THE SOUTH AND WEST GROW*
Authors: Wheat Leonard F.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT. This paper analyzes 1963–77 manufacturing employment growth in the 48 contiguous states. Six factors jointly explain 96 percent of the variance. Markets explains 55 percent; climate, 15 percent; a rural state attraction, 11 percent; unionization, 6 percent; thresholds, 5 percent; and amenities, 4 percent. Resources, taxes, and business climate lack significance. Sunbelt‐Frostbelt is a false dichotomy: the Northwest grew as fast as the South. The real contrast–largely caused by markets–is between growth rates of 6 percent in the Manufacturing Belt, 35 percent in its bordering Transition Zone, and 58 percent in the combined South and West.
THE SPATIAL MONOPSONY: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS*
Authors: Löfgren Karl Gustaf
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT. In this paper some of the most important properties of the behavior of a spatial monopsonist are derived. Many results are mirror images of corresponding results for the spatial monopolist. A few results are, however, genuinely new. A lot of effort is spent in comparing the properties of the profit function under three different pricing policies, f.o.b. (mill)‐pricing, uniform delivered pricing, and spatial price discrimination. It is shown, for example, how the profitability and welfare consequences of the different policies are related to the shapes of the supply and demand functions. It is argued that the theory may have important applications in economic analyses of renewable natural resources such as forests, where total transportation costs are nonnegligible.
PARETO EXTRAPOLATION USING GROUPED INCOME DATA*
Authors: Cloutier Norman R.
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT.The distribution of above‐median income groups can be described accurately by OLS regression of the Pareto distribution. The excellent fit of log‐linear regression has led some researchers to conclude that extrapolated income measures in the open end of the distribution are reliable. The analysis of income distribution data for metropolitan areas reveals: (1) that OLS tends to consistently overestimate the number of families in the tail, and (2) that the overestimation can have serious implications for hypothesis testing.
SUPPLY‐SIDE MULTIREGIONAL INPUT‐OUTPUT MODELS*
Authors: Bon Ranko
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT This paper introduces a new class of supply‐side multiregional input‐output (MRIO) models and provides the necessary and sufficient conditions on the regional trade matrices that ensure that a generalized supply‐side model will be convergent. The paper also introduces a new version of the row coefficient model, conceived as the “mirror image” of the Chenery‐Moses demand‐side column coefficient MRIO model. Given that the conventional supply‐side input‐output model has been shown to perform equally as well as the demand side model in forecasting exercises, the supply‐side MRIO model is expected to be of value for policy and planning purposes. Moreover, this model is of potential theoretical value for a broad synthesis of demand‐side and supply‐side MRIO models.