bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Salmon Calcitonin on Radio-Phosphorus Distribution in Polycythaemic Patients
Authors: Paillard Françoise , Ardaillou R. , Vallée G.
Published: August 2015

1. Salmon calcitonin injected 5 min after a therapeutic dose of 32P in polycythaemic patients produced a significant increase in rate of disappearance of 32P from plasma when compared with a control group.

2. Salmon calcitonin injected 120 min after 32P injection did not modify the curve of 32P disappearance from plasma.

3. Salmon calcitonin injected 10 days after 32P injection did not produce any change in 32P plasma radioactivity or specific radioactivity.

RÉSUMÉ

1. La calcitonine de saumon (sCT) injectée 5 min après une dose thérapeutique de 32P chez des malades polyglobuliques produit une disparition du 32P du plasma plus rapide que dans un groupe témoin.

2. La sCT injectée 120 min après le 32P ne modifie pas la courbe de disparition du 32P du plasma.

3. La sCT injectée 10 jours après le 32P ne produit aucun changement dans la radioactivité (RA) ou l'activité spécifique (SA) du 32P du plasma.
Evidence for Active Transport of the Dipeptide Carnosine (β-Alanyl-l-Histidine) by Hamster Jejunum in Vitro
Authors: Matthews D. M. , Addison Jill M. , Burston D.
Published: August 2015

1. The characteristics of intestinal transport and hydrolysis of carnosine (β-alanyl-l-histidine) have been studied in rings of everted hamster jejunum in vitro.

2. During incubation with carnosine, large amounts of intact peptide appeared in the intestinal wall, accompanied by small amounts of the constituent amino acids in the free form. Although there was some extracellular hydrolysis, the free amino acids appearing in the intestinal wall were almost entirely derived from intracellular hydrolysis of the peptide. Incubation in l-alanyl-l-histidine resulted in uptake of the constituent amino acids in the free form without appearance of intact peptide in the intestinal wall.

3. Total uptake of β-alanine (both peptide-bound and free) and total uptake of histidine were greater from a low concentration (1 μmol/ml) of carnosine than uptake of these amino acids from the equivalent amino acid mixture. At a high concentration of carnosine (20 μmol/ml), total uptake of β-alanine was greater from the peptide than from the equivalent amino acid mixture but total uptake of histidine was less. At this concentration, total uptake of β-alanine plus total uptake of histidine from the peptide was approximately the same as from the amino acid mixture.

4. Uptake of carnosine by jejunal rings was the result of a saturable process (Kt 9·4 μmol/ml, Vmax. 2·7 μmol g−1 initial wet wt. min−1). Intact carnosine was concentrated in the intestinal wall, the concentration ratio between intracellular fluid and incubation medium being up to 3·4/1. Uptake of carnosine was reduced by anoxia, metabolic inhibitors and replacement of medium Na+. Na+-dependent active transport was shown to be involved in uptake of carnosine by hamster jejunum in vitro.
Studies of the Metabolism of Asialotransferrins: Evidence that Transferrin Does not Undergo Desialylation in Vivo
Authors: Wong K.-L. , Charlwood P. A. , Hatton M. W. C. , Regoeczi E.
Published: August 2015

1. Experiments are reported which aimed at determining whether transferrin loses sialyl residues from the carbohydrate side-chains during the biological lifetime of the molecule. To explore this possibility, transferrin fractions of relatively high sialic acid content (referred to as sialotransferrin) were prepared from purified rabbit and bovine transferrin by preparative polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. After labelling with 125I, the preparations were injected into a group of three rabbits each. From the plasma samples obtained between 1 h and 6–8 days after injection, transferrin was partially purified, mixed with 131I-labelled asialotransferrin of the corresponding species and run in preparative polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. In each specimen examined, the 125I radioactivity migrated ahead of the marker asialotransferrin, and no portion of the dose was detected with the electrophoretic mobility of asialotransferrin.

2. Evidence is presented that bovine transferrin desialylated in vitro remains detectable in the plasma of rabbits for intervals which are comparable with those found in previous studies with rabbit asialotransferrin.

3. A mathematical model is described for the computation of asialo- to sialotransferrin radioactivity ratios in the plasma, continuous desialylation of pulse-injected sialotransferrin being assumed. Calculations were made at various hypothetical rates of desialylation.

4. On the basis of the experimental data and the model it is concluded that transferrin (both rabbit and bovine) is not subjected to systematic desialylation in rabbits. Random desialylation of some transferrin could take place at rates less than 5% of the fractional catabolic rate of transferrin, which would be without any biological significance.
Changes in Body Fluid Distribution and Interstitial Tissue Compliance during the Development and Reversal of Experimental Renal Hypertension in the Rat
Authors: Lucas J. , Floyer M. A.
Published: August 2015

1. To determine the part played by changes in interstitial tissue compliance in the mechanism of experimental renal hypertension, pressure and volume measurements were made in rats 60 days after partial constriction of one renal artery with a clip and removal of the opposite kidney. Tissue pressure and venous pressure were found to be significantly higher in rats which developed systolic arterial blood pressure of 140 mmHg or above than in loosely clipped controls with normal blood pressure. Plasma volume (PV) was also increased in the hypertensive animals, but there was no difference in interstitial fluid volume (IFV); the PV/IFV ratio was significantly higher in the hypertensive rats.

2. Removal of the clip in the hypertensive rats restored blood pressure to normal in 1 h; this was associated with a fall in venous pressure and plasma volume. Tissue pressure fell despite a rise in interstitial fluid volume; the PV/IFV ratio fell.

3. It is suggested that renal artery constriction, possibly by a humoral mechanism, causes a fall in interstitial space compliance and that this, by causing changes in body fluid distribution, plays a part in the mechanism of experimental renal hypertension. This mechanism may have a physiological role in the maintenance of adequate plasma volume during water shortage.
The Single-Passage Extraction of 18F in Rabbit Bone
Authors: Wootton R.
Published: August 2015

1. The uptake of an intra-arterial injection of 18F was compared with the uptake of a simultaneous injection of 51Cr-labelled microparticles in rabbit bone.

2. The mean single-passage extraction ratio of 18F was 102% (sem 11%, n = 9) in the femur and 119% (sem 9%, n = 10) in the tibia.

3. A mean of 41% (sem 3%, n = 9) of the afferent blood to the femur and 28% (sem 4%, n = 10) to the tibia was found to flow to the marrow.

4. All the efferent blood from the marrow was cleared of 18F by bone.

5. It is concluded that 18F is suitable as a tracer for the measurement of bone blood flow in man and as a reference tracer for measuring the extraction ratios of other bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals.
Adrenocortical Function in Obesity and Cushing's Syndrome
Authors: Hankin Margaret E. , Theile Helen M. , Steinbeck A. W.
Published: August 2015

1. The 24 h urinary excretions of Porter—Silber (P—S) chromogens, 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) and free cortisol, and day-night variation of plasma P—S chromogens, were studied in normal and obese women and patients with a confirmed diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome.

2. The mean absolute values of P—S chromogens, 17-OHCS and free cortisol were similar for the normal and obese subjects and elevated in Cushing's syndrome. With the exception of the 17-OHCS there was some overlapping of the individual values within the three groups. All the subjects with Cushing's syndrome and several of the obese subjects had values of 17-OHCS which were outside the normal range.

3. The 24 h urinary 17-OHCS and free cortisol excretion expressed per kg body weight were significantly lower for the obese than for the control subjects and subjects with Cushing's syndrome. The values were significantly higher for the subjects with Cushing's syndrome than for the obese and normal subjects. There was some overlapping of the individual values.

4. Two normal and two obese subjects failed to show significant day-night variation, whereas only four of the patients with Cushing's syndrome had significant day-night variation of plasma P—S chromogens.

5. The urinary 17-OHCS for four of the obese subjects with some symptoms of adrenocortical hyperactivity were suppressed normally on a low dose of dexamethasone whereas those with Cushing's syndrome failed to do so.
Lung Function in Chronic Uraemia before and after Removal of Excess of Fluid by Haemodialysis
Authors: Stănescu D. C. , Veriter C. , De Plaen J. F. , Frans A. , De Strihou C. Van Ypersele , Brasseur L.
Published: August 2015

1. Measurements of lung volumes, airway resistance, maximal expiratory flow rates and closing volume were made in twelve patients with chronic renal insufficiency and fluid overload, before and after haemodialysis.

2. Before dialysis, these measurements were within normal limits, except for peak expiratory flow rate, which was significantly lower, and closing volume, which was significantly higher than predicted values.

3. After dialysis body weight decreased significantly and the removal of excess of fluid was accompanied by a significant decrease of closing volume.

4. Measurements of closing volume and the other pulmonary tests were made in six healthy subjects, the same timing being observed as in the patients. Mean as well as individual values of closing volume did not alter, thus excluding the possibility that the changes observed in the patients were due to a circadian rhythm.

5. It is suggested that the higher than predicted closing volume was due to the accumulation of fluid in the dependent areas of the lung, promoting a premature airway closure. Removal of excess of fluid allowed airways to close at a lower lung volume.
The Redistribution of Body Sodium in Women on Long-Term Oestrogen Therapy
Authors: Aitken J. M. , Lindsay R. , Hart D. M.
Published: August 2015

1. The effects on the serum electrolytes of long-term treatment with either mestranol or a placebo were determined in 175 healthy middle-aged oophorectomized women. In forty of these women the packed cell volume (PCV), serum albumin, serum and urinary osmolality, inulin space and total exchangeable sodium (Nae) were also measured.

2. The mean serum sodium and chloride concentrations were significantly lower in the mestranol-treated women, and this was associated with a significant reduction in the mean PCV and the mean serum albumin concentration by comparison with the placebo-treated group.

3. The mean urinary osmolality was higher and the mean serum osmolality lower in the mestranol group such that there was a significant increase in the mean urine/serum osmolality ratio as compared with the placebo group.

4. The mean inulin space was significantly higher in the mestranol group as compared with the controls, but there was no significant difference in Nae.

5. These findings support the hypothesis that oestrogen-induced fluid retention is the result of primary water retention with secondary redistribution of body sodium.
The Ventilatory Response to Carbon Dioxide in Patients Who Have Recovered from Cardiogenic Pulmonary Oedema
Authors: Spierer M.
Published: August 2015

1. The arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide in a group of patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema was compared with their ventilatory response to carbon dioxide after recovery from the acute episode of pulmonary oedema.

2. There was no significant correlation between the degree of carbon dioxide retention during acute pulmonary oedema and the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide after recovery.
The Effect of Bendrofluazide and Frusemide on the Ventilatory Response to Carbon Dioxide and Hypoxia in Normal Man
Authors: Leitch A. G. , Clancy L. , Flenley D. C.
Published: August 2015

1. We have determined the ventilatory response to CO2 at two levels of end-tidal O2 tension in eight normal subjects before and after (1) 4 days of 0.242 mmol (80 mg) oral frusemide daily and (2) 4 days of 0.024 mmol (10 mg) bendrofluazide daily.

2. Frusemide produced no significant alkalosis, change in end-tidal CO2 tension or alteration in the CO2 response line. However, we did demonstrate a linear relationship between the change in plasma total CO2 content and the change in intercept of the CO2 response line in hyperoxia after frusemide.

3. Bendrofluazide produced a metabolic alkalosis with no significant change in end-tidal CO2 tension. The CO2 response line after the drug showed a decrease in slope in hyperoxia and a shift to the right of the intercept in hypoxia. There was no relationship between change in plasma total CO2 content and change in the intercept of the CO2 response line in hyperoxia.

4. If these results obtained on normal subjects are applicable to patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema, frusemide might be the diuretic of choice for use with controlled oxygen therapy in the management of acute exacerbations of this disease when it is complicated by ventilatory failure.
Vitamin E Protection of the Liver from Paracetamol in the Rat
Authors: Walker B. E. , Kelleher J. , Dixon M. F. , Losowsky M. S.
Published: August 2015

1. Control, vitamin E-deficient, vitamin E-supplemented (deficient with added ‘normal’ intake) and vitamin E-treated rats were given paracetamol at a dose of 25.5 mmol (4 g)/kg body weight. Control rats were also given paracetamol with or without simultaneous vitamin E.

2. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities increased to very high values (mean 2842 and 1241 i.u./l respectively) in the control group, and even higher (mean 8220 and 2320 i.u./l respectively) in the vitamin E-deficient group.

3. In the vitamin E-supplemented group the rises in activity were similar but rather less than in the control group (mean 2417 and 815 i.u./l) and in the vitamin E-treated group only very small rises (mean 177 and 98 i.u./l) were seen.

4. Histological evidence of hepatic necrosis correlated closely with plasma enzyme activities.

5. It appears that paracetamol-induced hepatic necrosis is potentiated in vitamin E deficiency and reduced by prior treatment with α-tocopherol.

6. Vitamin E administered simultaneously with paracetamol at 12.8 or 19.2 mmol/kg also greatly reduced the expected rise in serum enzyme activities.

7. These observations may shed some light on the mechanism of paracetamol-induced hepatic necrosis, and may form a basis for preventing or reducing this lesion in man.
Muscle Metabolism during Exercise in Patients with Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Landin S. , Hagenfeldt L. , Saltin B. , Wahren J.
Published: August 2015

1. Arterial concentrations and leg exchange of carbohydrate substrates and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were examined together with concentrations of intramuscular metabolites at rest and during exercise in six patients with Parkinson's disease and in a group of five healthy control subjects.

2. Heart rate, pulmonary oxygen uptake and ventilatory exchange ratio were all significantly higher in the group of patients during exercise. The release of lactate by the exercising leg in the patients exceeded that of the control subjects and was associated with a significantly elevated arterial lactate concentration. Glucose uptake by the leg was greater in the patients during exercise. Arterial NEFA was higher and fractional NEFA turnover lower in the patients both at rest and during exercise, whereas oxidation of NEFA by the leg muscles during exercise was similar in the two groups.

3. ATP, creatine phosphate and glycogen content of muscle were significantly reduced in the basal state in the patients. During exercise, ATP fell markedly but the lactate content of muscle was within the normal range. Muscle glycogen utilization during exercise exceeded that of the controls. As in normal subjects, the reduction of glycogen content was most marked in type I (presumably slow-twitch) muscle fibres.

4. It is concluded that, in relation to controls, muscle metabolism in patients with Parkinson's disease (a) is associated with lower content of phosphagens, (b) is altered towards greater utilization of carbohydrate substrates, and (c) is associated with a low efficiency in the peripheral utilization of NEFA.
Hepatic Vitamin B12 Release and Transcobalamin II Synthesis in the Rat
Authors: Cooksley W. G. E. , England J. M. , Louis L. , Down M. C. , Tavill A. S.
Published: August 2015

1. The release of 57Co-labelled vitamin B12 ([57Co]B12) and synthesis of transcobalamin II (TCII) by the isolated perfused rat liver were studied 10–42 days after the parenteral administration of a trace dose of 15 pmol (approximately 20 ng) of radioactive cyanocobalamin.

2. The rate of release of [57Co]B12 into plasma and bile was linear and constituted approximately 0.9% and 0.3% respectively of the initial hepatic radioactivity per hour of perfusion.

3. [57Co]B12 released into plasma was bound to TCII. Saturation of the total TCII by the addition of cyanocobalamin before perfusion resulted in the appearance of the hepatic [57Co]B12 in the free form.

4. These data were found to be compatible with the following observations in vivo: (i) rates of [57Co]B12 release as measured by urinary [57Co]B12 excretion after saturation of plasma binders with non-labelled cyanocobalamin; (ii) rates of biliary excretion of [57Co]B12.

5. Liver damage produced by hypoxaemia was associated with a fall in the rate of release of [57Co]B12.

6. TCII release occurred at a linear rate of almost twenty times that required for the binding of newly released hepatic vitamin B12.

7. Cycloheximide at a dose sufficient to inhibit release of TCII did not prevent the release of [57Co]B12 from the liver into plasma or bile.

8. Alteration of perfusate composition to contain either high plasma concentrations of vitamin B12 and low concentrations of unsaturated TCII or high plasma concentrations of vitamin B12 and high concentrations of unsaturated TCII had no effect on the rate of [57Co]B12 release into plasma or bile.

9. It is concluded that the fluxes of hepatic vitamin B12 and TCII are very rapid and that the release of vitamin B12 by the rat liver is controlled in the short term by factors other than the synthesis of TCII and the concentration of vitamin B12 or unsaturated transcobalamin in the plasma.
2,3-Diphosphoglycerate Concentrations and the Dissociation of Oxyhaemoglobin in Ventilatory Failure
Authors: Fairweather L. J. , Walker J. , Flenley D. C.
Published: August 2015

1. The position of the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve has been related to erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) concentrations in twenty-seven patients with both acute and chronic respiratory failure.

2. The average values of both 2,3-DPG concentration and of the oxygen tension for one-half full saturation (P50) in these patients were normal, but values both above and below the normal range were encountered.

3. P50 values correlated positively with erythrocyte 2,3-DPG concentrations, but negatively correlated with the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration in these patients.

4. Multiple regression, including the above two variables and also the blood oxygen capacity as major factors, accounted for just under half of the variance in the position of the dissociation curve, and this was little improved by addition of the minor effects of the arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions.

5. The intraerythrocytic pH bore a similar relationship to plasma pH, in both studies in vitro of blood from normal subjects and patients with chronic hypercapnia, and studies in vivo in hypercapnic subjects.
The Effect of Vitamin B12 Deficiency on Methylfolate Metabolism and Pteroylpolyglutamate Synthesis in Human Cells
Authors: Lavoie A. , Tripp E. , Hoffbrand A. V.
Published: August 2015

1. The uptake of 14C from [methyl-14C]methyItetrahydrofolate was significantly reduced in the phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphocytes from nine patients with untreated pernicious anaemia compared with the uptake in seven normal subjects.

2. The uptake of 14C from [14C]methyltetrahydrofolate by the lymphocytes from seven of the patients with pernicious anaemia was consistently increased by addition of vitamin B12in vitro.

3. The proportion of 14C taken up from [14C]methyltetrahydrofolate transferred to non-folate compounds was found to be significantly reduced in the PHA-stimulated lymphocytes from nine patients with untreated pernicious anaemia compared with the proportion transferred in the PHA-stimulated lymphocytes from seven normal subjects. Addition of vitamin B12in vitro consistently increased the transfer in vitamin B12-deficient cells but had no consistent effect in normal cells.

4. Normal and vitamin B12-deficient PHA-stimulated lymphocytes took up [3H]folic acid and after 72 h incubation converted this largely into pteroylpolyglutamate forms.

5. The proportion of labelled lymphocyte folate as pteroylpolyglutamate after incubation with [3H]folic acid was the same in vitamin B12-deficient as in normal lymphocytes and the proportion of pteroylpolyglutamates formed in vitamin B12-deficient lymphocytes was unaffected by addition of vitamin B12in vitro.

6. No radioactivity could be decteted in pteroylpolyglutamates after incubating normal PHA-stimulated lymphocytes with [14C]methyltetrahydrofolate for 72 h, suggesting that pteroylpolyglutamate forms of folate cannot be made directly from methyltetrahydrofolate.

7. These results are consistent with the ‘methyltetrahydrofolate trap’ hypothesis in vitamin B12 deficiency. It is suggested that reduced synthesis of pteroylpolyglutamates reported by others in vitamin B12-deficient cells may be secondary to the failure of removal of the methyl group from methyltetrahydrofolate rather than to a direct effect of vitamin B12 deficiency on the enzyme responsible for pteroylpolyglutamate synthesis.

8. Reduced entry of methyltetrahydrofolate into vitamin B12-deficient cells may be secondary to failure of conversion of this compound into tetrahydrofolate.
Seasonal Variation of Lipoprotein Lipase Activity in Human Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue
Authors: Persson B.
Published: August 2015

1. In 126 normotriglyceridaemic and in seventy-three hypertriglyceridaemic subjects there was a similar seasonal variation of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity, the lowest activity being noted during the summer months.

2. There was no seasonal variation of the serum triglyceride or free fatty acid concentrations in the normotriglyceridaemic group.

3. In the same group the highest blood acetoacetate concentration was noted in March–April, the lowest in November–December.

4. There was no seasonal variation of the blood glucose concentration for women, but for men the lowest concentration was noted in July–August.
The Metabolism of Low-Density Lipoprotein in a Patient with Familial Hyperbetalipoproteinaemia
Authors: Reichl D. , Simons L. A. , Myant N. B.
Published: August 2015

1. Plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from a patient with homozygous familial hyperbetalipoproteinaemia was labelled with 125I and LDL from a matched normal subject was labelled with 131I. The two samples of LDL were injected simultaneously into the patient and into a second normal subject.

2. In each subject the fractional rate of turnover of the two LDL samples was the same, but the fractional rate in the patient was less than half that in the normal subject.

3. It is concluded that the hyperbetalipoproteinaemia in the patient was not due to an abnormality in her LDL protein recognizable by her own body or by that of the normal recipient.
Polyglutamate Forms of Folate in Resting and Proliferating Mammalian Tissues
Authors: Lavoie A. , Tripp Edith , Parsa K. , Hoffbrand A. V.
Published: August 2015

1. Tritiated folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) was injected into rats whose livers were undergoing regeneration after partial hepatectomy, and into normal control rats.

2. The major form of labelled liver folate was found to be pteroylpentaglutamate in both hepatectomized and normal rats and there was no difference in the proportion of pteroylpentaglutamate to other forms of folate in the regenerating or resting liver.

3. Folate concentrations were also measured in leucocytes from normal and leukaemic patients.

4. Pteroylpolyglutamates constituted the main form of folate in both sets of cells. There was again no difference in proportion of pteroylpolyglutamate to pteroylmonoglutamate forms of folate between normal mature cells and primitive blast cells.

5. It is therefore suggested that pteroylpolyglutamates, which constitute nearly all the folates in cells actively synthesizing DNA and protein as well as in resting cells, probably act as the coenzymes in vivo for the folate-dependent reactions in DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in mammalian systems.
Control of Phosphorylative Activity in Human Liver Mitochondria through Changes in Respiratory Enzyme Contents
Authors: Ozawa K. , Honjo I.
Published: August 2015

1. Oxidative phosphorylation and respiratory enzyme activities were measured in the mitochondria from the non-involved lobe of the liver in eighteen patients with massive tumour mainly localized to one lobe and from the regenerating livers of partially hepatectomized rats treated with chloramphenicol.

2. In patients, the concentrations of cytochrome a(+ a3) varied from 40 to 170 pmol/mg of protein. In mitochondria with cytochrome a(+ a3) concentrations more than 70 pmol/mg of protein, the phosphorylative activity per mg of mitochondrial protein was considerably higher than in controls. The mitochondrial oxidative and phosphorylative activities per unit of cytochrome a(+a3) were negatively correlated with the concentration of cytochrome a(+ a3). These patients with mitochondrial cytochrome a(+a3) exceeding 70 pmol/mg of protein tolerated partial hepatectomy well. On the other hand, in patients with mitochondrial cytochrome a(+ a3) less than 60 pmol/mg of protein, phosphorylative activity was very low and there was a high surgical mortality.

3. In the regenerating liver of rats treated with chloramphenicol, the oxidative and phosphorylative activities per unit of cytochrome a(+ a3) were negatively correlated with the concentration of cytochrome a(+a3).

4. It is suggested that an increase in ATP-synthesizing activity per unit of respiratory assemblies is the most basic homeostatic mechanism maintaining energy production in response to an increased metabolic load upon hepatic cells.
Enhancement of the Antihypertensive Effect of Hydrochlorothiazide in Dogs after Suppression of Renin Release by Beta-Adrenergic Blockade
Authors: Sweet C. S. , Mandradjieff M.
Published: August 2015

1. Renal hypertensive dogs were treated with hydrochlorothiazide (8−2 μmol/kg or 33 μmol/kg daily for 7 days), or timolol (4.6 μmol/kg daily for 4 days), a potent β-adrenergic blocking agent, or combinations of these drugs). Changes in mean arterial blood pressure and plasma renin activity were measured over the treatment period.

2. Neither drug significantly lowered arterial blood pressure when administered alone. Plasma renin activity, which did not change during treatment with timolol, was substantially elevated during treatment with hydrochlorothiazide.

3. When timolol was administered concomitantly with hydrochlorothiazide, plasma renin activity was suppressed and blood pressure was significantly lowered.

4. These observations suggest that compensatory activation of the renin-angiotensin system limits the antihypertensive activity of hydrochlorothiazide in renal hypertensive dogs and suppression of diuretic-induced renin release by timolol unmasks the antihypertensive effect of the diuretic.
Modifications of Plasma Post-Heparin Lipolytic Activity and Tissue Lipoprotein Lipase Activity Induced in the Rat by Acute Administration of Ethanol or Propan-2-ol
Authors: Giudicelli Y. , Nordmann R. , Nordmann J.
Published: August 2015

1. The oral administration of propan-2-ol [isopropanol; 100 mmol (6 g)/kg body weight] or ethanol [130 mmol (6 g)/kg body weight] to starved rats produced no change in plasma post-heparin lipase activity (PHLA) compared with that observed in 154 mmol/l sodium chloride (saline)-treated rats.

2. An increase of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (LLA) and a decrease of heart LLA occurred in isopropanol-treated animals, whereas no significant changes were found in these activities after ethanol administration.

3. Since administration of isopropanol produces hyperglycaemia, observations were also made in rats receiving glucose infusion rather than saline. In these animals a rise in PHLA and adipose tissue LLA, and a fall in heart LLA, occurred.

4. It is suggested that the changes in tissue LLA produced by isopropanol are mediated by the rise in blood glucose.
Mechanisms of Post-Obstructive Diuresis in the Solitary Hydronephrotic Kidney of the Rat
Authors: Wilson D. R.
Published: August 2015

1. In order to clarify further the phenomenon of post-obstructive diuresis, clearance and micro-puncture experiments were done before and after relief of partial ureteral obstruction in rats with a solitary hydronephrotic kidney.

2. Glomerular filtration rate, urine flow and sodium excretion increased markedly, whereas surface nephron glomerular filtration rate increased only slightly and intratubular pressure, proximal and distal tubular water reabsorption did not change significantly. Decreased tubular reabsorption in deeper nephrons and collecting ducts appeared to be of major importance in the post-obstructive diuresis after relief of chronic obstruction.

3. In order to examine further the distinctive functional characteristics of the chronically hydronephrotic kidney, the results were compared with control rats having a solitary normal kidney or a solitary remnant kidney with an intact renal medulla. Urine flow rate and sodium excretion were higher and urine osmolality was lower (P < 0.01) in post-obstructive kidneys when compared with either control group. There were no differences in glomerular filtration rate or surface nephron function which could account for the greater diuresis and natriuresis from the hydronephrotic kidney, thus confirming the importance of an abnormality in deep nephron or medullary function in post-obstructive diuresis.

4. There was a greater diuresis in post-obstructive rats with a marked increase in blood urea concentration. Water reabsorption in the distal nephron was decreased in such animals, as well as in urea-loaded rats with a remnant kidney, indicating the probable mechanism by which urea diuresis potentiates the phenomenon of post-obstructive diuresis.
Maximal Oxygen Uptake, Lung Volume and Ventilatory Response to Carbon Dioxide and Hypoxia in a Pair of Identical Twin Athletes
Authors: Leitch A. G. , Clancy L. , Flenley D. C.
Published: August 2015

1. Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2 max.), lung volumes, and ventilatory responses to carbon dioxide and hypoxia have been measured in identical twin athletes, who were trained to a similar high degree.

2. The results confirm previous findings for V̇o2 max. and lung volumes in identical twins, and are in keeping with the suggestion that genetic factors play a major part in determining the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide and hypoxia.
Correlation of Peak Aortic and Carotid Flow Acceleration during Coronary Occlusion in Conscious Baboons
Authors: Chimoskey J. E. , Flanagan W. J. , Huntsman L. L. , Gams E. , Rushmer R. F.
Published: August 2015

1. Peak blood flow acceleration measured in the common carotid artery was compared with peak flow acceleration measured in the ascending aorta of three baboons.

2. The response to occlusion for 60 s of the circumflex branch or the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery was investigated.

3. Both accelerations decreased approximately to the same extent. Peak aortic flow velocity, stroke volume and cardiac output also decreased but to a smaller extent.

4. It is concluded that peak aortic flow acceleration is a sensitive index of myocardial function during acute coronary occlusion in conscious primates and that peak carotid flow acceleration is an indirect measure of myocardial performance under the same conditions.
Human Platelet Monoamine Oxidase Activity in Iron-Deficiency Anaemia
Authors: Moussa B. H. , Woods H. F. , Mitchell B. , Grahame-Smith D. G. , Callender Sheila
Published: August 2015

1. The activity of monoamine oxidase, when assayed with four substrates, was significantly lowered in platelets prepared from the blood of patients with iron-deficiency anaemia.

2. Treatment with oral iron preparations restored platelet monoamine oxidase activity to normal in those patients whose serum iron concentrations also returned to normal.

3. Platelet monoamine oxidase activity remained low if treatment failed to restore serum iron concentration to within normal limits.
Efficiency of Utilization of Urea Nitrogen for Albumin Synthesis by Chronically Uraemic and Normal Man
Authors: Varcoe R. , Halliday D. , Carson E. R. , Richards P. , Tavill A. S.
Published: August 2015

1. The relation between endogenous urea metabolism and albumin synthesis has been studied in ten patients with chronic renal failure and in four normal subjects, after single intravenous injections of [14C]urea, [15N]urea and 125I-labelled albumin.

2. The rate of urea synthesis was determined from the dynamics of plasma [14C]urea specific radioactivity and the rate of urea metabolism was estimated from the relative rates of urea synthesis and urea appearance in urine and body water. Deconvolution analysis of plasma [15N]albumin enrichment and 125I-labelled albumin radioactivity yielded the cumulative incorporation of 15N into total exchangeable albumin and enabled calculation of the absolute rate of urea nitrogen utilization for albumin synthesis.

3. Although the mean absolute rate of urea degradation in uraemic patients (3.7 mmol/h) was higher than in normal subjects (2.3 mmol/h) there was no significant positive correlation between urea degradation and plasma urea concentration.

4. In uraemic subjects, there was a significant positive correlation between urea synthetic rate and urea degradation rate.

5. The rate of utilization of urea nitrogen for albumin synthesis was low, but was very much higher in uraemic subjects (mean 83.8 μmol/h) compared with normal subjects (mean 6.4 μmol/h), as was the provision by urea of the nitrogen required for albumin synthesis in uraemic subjects (2.37%) compared with normal subjects (0.13%).

6. The efficiency of utilization of urea nitrogen for albumin synthesis was higher in the uraemic patients (1.3%) than the normal subjects (0.2%), and was higher in those patients with chronic renal failure who received a 30 g protein diet than those on 70 g of protein. A significant negative correlation was noted between efficiency of urea nitrogen utilization and the rate of synthesis of albumin.

7. These studies suggest the presence of a mechanism for the conservation of urea nitrogen in chronic renal failure which is unrelated to the extent of urea degradation, and which can only be partly explained by the higher proportion of intraluminal gut nitrogen derived from urea.
Intrarenal Formation of Angiotensin II in the Rat: Interference by Saralasin and SQ 20881
Authors: Zschiedrich H. , Hofbauer K. G. , Hackenthal E. , Baron G. D. , Gross F.
Published: August 2015

1. Isolated rat kidneys were perfused with a medium free of components of the renin-angiotensin system.

2. Angiotensin II, angiotensin I, tetradecapeptide renin substrate or rat plasma renin substrate added to the medium caused a dose-dependent increase of renal vascular resistance.

3. The vasoconstrictor effect of angiotensin II was inhibited by 1-Sar-8-Ala-angiotensin II (Saralasin). The inhibition was dose-dependent, being complete at the highest doses applied. In this dose range, Saralasin increased renal vascular resistance. Saralasin also inhibited vasoconstriction induced by tetradecapeptide renin substrate.

4. The vasoconstrictor effect of angiotensin I was suppressed by SQ 20881, up to a maximum of 87% depending on the dose. Similarly the increase in renal vascular resistance induced by a purified preparation of rat plasma renin substrate was inhibited by 55%; no effect on the action of tetradecapeptide renin substrate was observed.

5. The data suggest that, within the kidney, angiotensin I is converted into angiotensin II to the extent of about 1.25%. Since no angiotensin I is formed from synthetic renin substrate, the vasoconstrictor effect of the tetradecapeptide may be either due to a direct interaction with the angiotensin II receptor or the consequence of the intrarenal formation of angiotensin II. In contrast, the results with rat plasma renin substrate suggest that angiotensin I is formed from ‘natural’ substrate and is subsequently converted into angiotensin II.
Impaired Hepatic Release of Triglycerides: A Possible Cause of Acute Alcoholic Fatty Liver in The Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Nair C. R. , Nirankari O. P. , Chhuttani P. N. , Datta D. V.
Published: August 2015

1. The mechanism of development of acute alcoholic fatty liver in the Rhesus monkey was investigated by studying the effect of Triton WR-1339 on plasma triglycerides.

2. After ethanol infusion, the rise in plasma triglyceride produced by Triton was greatly reduced and there was an accumulation of triglyceride in the liver.

3. Thus findings suggest that acute alcoholic fatty liver in Rhesus monkeys is probably due to a defect in the release of triglyceride from the liver.
The Renin-Angiotensin System in Acute Renal Failure of Rats
Authors: Rauh W. , Oster P. , Dietz R. , Gross F.
Published: August 2015

1. Acute renal failure was produced in rats by intramuscular injection of glycerol. Subsequently, changes in the concentrations of renin and of angiotensin II in plasma and the renin content of the kidneys were followed.

2. At 4 and 8 h after glycerol administration, plasma renin and angiotensin II had increased two-to three-fold; they remained elevated for 48 h and then returned towards normal. At 7 days, the values were still slightly raised.

3. At 4 and 8 h after glycerol injection, kidney renin had decreased but it had increased after 24 and 48 h.

4. Passive immunization with angiotensin II antibodies, given at the time of glycerol injection and 2 and 4 h afterwards, prevented the development of acute renal failure. When angiotensin II antiserum was administered later (8, 10 and 12 h after glycerol) it had no effect.

5. Stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system may be involved in the pathogenesis of the early phase of acute renal failure.
Effect of Salmon Calcitonin on Cardiac Output, Oxygen Transport and Bone Turnover in Patients with Paget's Disease
Authors: Crosbie W. A. , Mohamedally S. M. , Woodhouse N. J. Y.
Published: August 2015

1. Twelve patients with symptomatic Paget's disease were studied before starting treatment with salmon calcitonin (12.5 μg) subcutaneously twice daily. Eleven of them were studied again after 3 months on this therapy.

2. Although pretreatment values for urinary total hydroxyproline excretion and cardiac output were considerably increased in some patients, there was no correlation between these two variables in the group as a whole.

3. Treatment resulted in a striking reduction in disease activity; the mean urinary hydroxyproline decreased 67%.

4. There was, however, no significant fall in cardiac output or change in oxygen transport during treatment.

5. Of the eight patients with bone pain who received treatment, five claimed complete pain relief.
The Vasomotor Centre and its Afferent Pathways
Authors: Joy M. D.
Published: August 2015

1. Experiments were carried out on two groups of anaesthetized greyhounds. The response of the first group to infusions of angiotensin II into a vertebral artery for 5 min and to bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries for 2 min was studied before and after bilateral ablation of the areas postrema. The response of the second group to infusions of angiotensin and to carotid occlusion was studied before and after mid-collicular transection of the midbrain.

2. Bilateral ablation of the areas postrema abolished the response to angiotensin infused into a vertebral artery at the dose used but did not significantly alter the response to carotid occlusion. Transection of the midbrain did not abolish the response to either procedure.

3. It is concluded that the structures involved in the cardiovascular response to carotid occlusion are anatomically distinct from the area postrema and that neither response requires the integrity of connections above the pons.

4. An attempt has been made to construct a schematic diagram of the vasomotor centre.
Postural Changes of Plasma Renin Activity after Renal Transplantation
Authors: Salvetti A. , Arzilli F. , Sassano P. , Gazzetti P. , Rindi P.
Published: August 2015

1. Postural changes of plasma renin activity (PRA) before and after the administration of a beta-blocking agent (oxprenolol) were studied in nine patients with renal homotransplantation and in ten normal subjects.

2. In normal subjects PRA always increased during upright posture without any correlation with postural changes in mean arterial pressure. Oxprenolol reduced the postural increase of PRA.

3. A postural increase of PRA could be detected as early as 20–25 days after renal transplantation, and appeared with increasing frequency as time elapsed.

4. There was a significant inverse correlation (r−0.794,P <0.001) between the postural changes of PRA and those of mean arterial pressure.

5. These results suggest that in patients with renal homotransplantation the postural increase of PRA can only partly be due to circulating catecholamines or the sympathetic nervous system and may be explained by inverse changes in the mean arterial pressure.
Effect of a Competitive Angiotensin Antagonist on the Renal Haemodynamic Changes Induced by Inhibition of Prostaglandin Synthesis in Rats
Authors: Mimran A. , Casellas D. , Dupont M. , Barjon P.
Published: August 2015

1. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin induced an increase in blood pressure which did not occur when rats were bilaterally nephrectomized.

2. The blood pressure effect was related to the state of sodium balance and thus to the activity of the renin-angiotensin system.

3. Indomethacin induced a decrease in renal blood flow.

4. Angiotensin receptor blockade with Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II blunted the blood pressure effect and prevented the renal haemodynamic changes induced by indomethacin.
The Rate of Isometric Inspiratory Pressure Development as a Measure of Responsiveness to Carbon Dioxide in Man
Authors: Matthews A. W. , Howell J. B. L.
Published: August 2015

1. A technique has been developed for assessing CO2 responsiveness by measuring the maximum rate of isometric inspiratory pressure change at the mouth [(dP/dt)max.].

2. By use of a rebreathing technique, the (dP/dt)max. response to CO2 was shown to correlate well with the ventilatory response in thirty-two normal subjects.

3. The addition of an external flow resistance sufficient to reduce the ventilatory response by a mean of 33.4% produced no significant mean change in the (dP/dt)max. response in thirty subjects.

4. In six patients recovering from bronchial asthma, reduction of airways obstruction led to a mean increase in the ventilatory response of 109% without any significant mean change in the (dP/dt)max. response.

5. An increase in lung volume did not reduce the (dP/dt)max. response in five normal subjects.

6. At very high lung volumes, six normal subjects were able to develop a higher (dP/dt)max. during voluntary inspiratory efforts than has been recorded during spontaneous breathing response to CO2.

7. It is believed that (dP/dt)max. represents the initial rate of development of force by the inspiratory muscles before this can be modified by mechanical loading, proprioceptive feedback mechanisms or conscious response and can therefore be used to study changes in the motor output of the respiratory centre in response to ventilatory stimuli independently of pulmonary mechanics.
Inhibition of Renin Secretion in the Isolated Rat Kidney by Antidiuretic Hormone
Authors: Vandongen R.
Published: August 2015

1. The effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on isoprenaline-stimulated renin secretion was examined in the isolated rat kidney perfused with modified Krebs-Ringer saline.

2. Intrarenal infusion of ADH effectively prevented stimulation of renin secretion by isoprenaline whilst increasing renal perfusion pressure.

3. The exclusion of calcium ions from the perfusion medium abolished the vasoconstrictor effect of ADH and attenuated the inhibitory effect of ADH on isoprenaline-stimulated renin secretion. However, significant suppression of renin secretion was still apparent compared with experiments where isoprenaline was infused alone.

4. These observations indicate that ADH inhibits renin secretion and that this is effected by a direct action on the kidney. Although this may be partly mediated by the rise in renal perfusion pressure, an additional direct effect of ADH on the renin-producing cell, which is dependent on the availability of calcium ions, is proposed.
Total Body Potassium in Children, with Particular Reference to Coeliac Disease
Authors: Boddy K. , King Priscilla C. , Carswell F.
Published: August 2015

1. Total body potassium was measured, by whole-body counting, in children with coeliac disease and in children not having this disease, matched as closely as possible with respect to sex, height, weight and age.

2. The measured total body potassium in children with coeliac disease was not significantly different from that in the matched children.

3. The problems associated with such measurements, particularly those of interpretation, are considered.
Analytical Subcellular Fractionation of Human Granulocytes with Reference to the Localization of Vitamin B12-Binding Proteins
Authors: Kane S. P. , Peters T. J.
Published: August 2015

1. A granulocyte-rich fraction was isolated from blood of a patient with chronic granulocytic leukaemia and from blood of a normal subject and the cells were disrupted in isotonic sucrose. The nuclei were removed by low-speed centrifugation and the post-nuclear supernatant was fractionated by centrifugation on sucrose density gradients.

2. The subcellular organelles in the gradients were detected with marker enzymes by the use of highly sensitive assay techniques. Similar results were obtained with granulocytes from both subjects.

3. Unsaturated vitamin B12-binding proteins were almost exclusively localized to the specific granules. Chromatographic analysis of these proteins showed them to have approximately equal proportions of transcobalamins I and III. Vitamin B12 assayed microbiologically could not be detected in the specific granule fractions.