bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Objectivity of Ethics
Authors: Bissex Michael ,   Society of Catholic Social Scientists
Published: July 2019

In 1977, the atheist philosopher J. L. Mackie published the book Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong. In it, he notably argued that objective ethical standards simply do not exist. He acknowledges that the existence of God would undermine moral skepticism, but assumes an atheistic position, and therefore concludes that objective morality is an intellectual incoherence. The debate, therefore, does not hinge on the existence of God, but rather on whether or not ethics are an objective reality without referring to God as their basis. From the standpoint of Catholic social teaching, the objectivity of ethics is a reality that should be defended over and against the claims of moral skepticism that Mackie argues are valid. In fact, the existence of objective ethics not only provides a defense of the system of Catholic social teaching, but illustrates its value to those who may be skeptical of its claims. With this defense of objective ethics as the goal, this paper claims that Mackie’s argument fails due to his deficient epistemological approach. Assuming the proper epistemic sense, natural law theory is a functional system of objective ethical truth, drawn out through a Thomistic understanding of the human pursuit of what is good.
Communist Disinformation
Authors: Rychlak Ronald J. ,   Society of Catholic Social Scientists
Published: July 2019

The Cold War was an intelligence war, waged by the Soviets with a powerful weapon called disinformation. Soviets used this weapon to strike against Western values, heroes, and institutions. They aggressively used it to spread atheism into the highly Catholic nations over which they had gained control in World War II. Catholic prelates, including Cardinals Wyszyński of Poland, Mindszenty of Hungary, and Stepinac of Croatia, were among the earliest targets. Eventually, even the wartime pontiff, Pius XII, was falsely portrayed. Whereas the false depictions, created for political reasons, do harm to truth, the Church, and mankind, faith in the Church’s teachings has been a source of great strength for many who have been subjected to disinformation. In a world where Christianity is often under assault, those who can distinguish between truth and falsehoods told for political advantage must serve as beacons of light and reflections of the good that can come from pursuing the truth while remaining faithful to the Church.
Four large historical floods of the Ebro river in the city of Zaragoza: 1643, 1775, 1871 and 1961
Authors: Galván Plaza Rogelio
Published: July 2019

A partir principalmente de documentación de archivo, se describen y analizan cuatro inundaciones extraordinarias registradas del río Ebro en Zaragoza: 1643, 1775, 1871 y 1961. Estas avenidas pueden ser consideradas las más importantes acontecidas en estos últimos siglos. De las dos primeras se aporta información hasta ahora desconocida. El contraste entre todas ellas, con la ayuda de la cartografía histórica y con la reciente cartografía de zonas inundables, constata un patrón secular: el río busca su margen izquierda, hoy profusamente urbanizada, como zona inundable natural; solo la obra humana lo impide.

Using mainly historical sources, four extraordinary floods of the Ebro River in Zaragoza are described and analyzed: 1643, 1775, 1871 and 1961. These floods can be considered largest that have taken place along last centuries. New information hitherto unknown of the first two of them is provided. The contrast between all of them, with the aid of historical cartography and recent flood mapping, proves a secular pattern: the river tries to move towards its left bank, nowadays heavily urbanized, as its natural flood zone; only the human work prevents it.
Consequences of climate change in the availability of water in the Southeast of the Iberian Peninsula. Evaluation of the INVEST hydrological model in future scenarios
Authors: Pérez Cutillas Pedro
Published: July 2019

El sureste de la Península Ibérica se caracteriza por una trascendental escasez de agua, cada vez más agravada por los efectos del cambio climático. Para valorar sus consecuencias, se elaboró un análisis combinado de 30 cuencas mediante el modelo hidrológico del programa de evaluación de servicios ecosistémicos InVEST. La metodología empleada se basó en escenarios de concentración de gases de efecto invernadero, representados en niveles de fuerza de radiación de condición intermedia (RCP4.5) y extrema (RCP8.5); y proyectados para dos periodos, a corto plazo (2020-2050) y medio plazo (2070-2100). Los resultados mostraron unas tendencias de cambio en los escenarios analizados, con descensos promedio respecto a los registros actuales del 15% en precipitación, y aumentos promedio del 5% en la evapotranspiración de referencia. La reducción en la disponibilidad hídrica de las cuencas, proporcionaron tasas de variación negativas entre el 30 y 50% para los escenarios más realistas (RCP45 2050 y RCP45 2100). Los efectos en la disminución de los recursos hídricos debidos al cambio climático son evidentes, siendo necesarias soluciones urgentes relacionadas con la gestión del agua y sus demandas futuras.

Water scarcity characterizes the environments of the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula, and it is expected to increase due to the effects of climate change. An analysis of 30 basins was perform to assess their consequences through the hydrological model of the ecosystem services assessme nt InVEST. Scenarios of concentration of greenhouse gases were used, that represent intermediate and extreme conditions in the level of radiative forcing values (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), projected for two periods, short term (2020 - 2050) and medium term (2070 - 2 100). In the analyzed scenarios, the results indicated some trends of change, showing average decreases of 15% in precipitation, and average increases of 5% in potential evapotranspiration, regarding current values. Water yield showed a decrease, with nega tive variation rates between 30 and 50% for the most realistic scenarios (RCP45 2050 and RCP45 2100). The effects on the decrease of water resources due to climate change are visible, therefore solutions related to water management and future services will be demanded.
Quel leadership pour implémenter et développer une culture d’orientation marché ?
Authors: Gotteland David
Published: July 2019

Posséder une culture d’orientation marché est pour une entreprise un facteur impératif de sa performance à court et à long terme. Mais les entreprises rencontrent un succès mitigé dans la création et le maintien d’une telle culture. Comment une entreprise peut-elle devenir plus orientée marché ? Les recherches du domaine indiquent qu’une culture d’orientation marché peut apparaître et se maintenir de deux manières dans une organisation : de manière informelle (émergente) et de manière formelle (délibérée). Ces deux approches ne sont pas incompatibles, mais peuvent au contraire être conciliées pour mieux sécuriser le processus de transformation culturelle de l’entreprise. Le choix du leader est ici décisif. L’objectif de cet article est d’examiner quel leadership peut permettre à une entreprise de concilier les approches formelle et informelle de l’orientation marché.
L’apport de l’analyse sémiotique à l’évaluation du potentiel d’extension de marque produit-service : le cas de l’hôtellerie de luxe
Authors: Veg-Sala Nathalie
Published: July 2019

Alors que de plus en plus de marques de produits de luxe s’étendent dans le secteur des services, très peu de recherches se sont intéressées à ces stratégies de développement. Face aux risques qui y sont associés, les objectifs de cet article sont (1) de définir les spécificités des extensions produit-service et (2) d’analyser la légitimité interne des marques de luxe à se lancer dans les services à travers l’analyse du PEM (Potentiel d’Extension des Marques). Le PEM définit vers où et jusqu’où les marques peuvent s’étendre en fonction de leur discours émis et plus précisément en fonction de l’ouverture de leurs contrats de marques (délimitation, détermination, maîtrise). Une analyse sémiotique a été menée sur quatre marques de produits de luxe (Armani, Baccarat, Bulgari, Cheval Blanc) qui se sont étendues dans l’hôtellerie. Les résultats montrent que le PEM vers les services dépend de l’ouverture des contrats de maîtrise et de délimitation des marques. Les résultats sont confrontés aux situations à date des marques étudiées ainsi qu’aux avis de consommateurs de luxe. Des implications managériales en sont déduites.
A palavra de Deus como sinal ecumênico da Igreja (nota ecclesiae) na ótica de Martim Lutero
Authors: Schwambach Claus
Published: July 2019

O presente artigo apresenta o conceito de “palavra de Deus” em Lutero, tal qual Lutero o desenvolve em seu escrito Dos concílios e da Igreja, em 1539. Na parte inicial, são apresentados, a partir do escrito de Lutero, três pressupostos que se precisa levar em conta para entender o conceito luterano de “palavra de Deus”: a) a visão da Igreja, a partir dos credos ecumênicos, como comunhão dos santos; b) a reformulação reformatória da notae ecclesiae ecumênica da santidade, através de sua interpretação a partir da estrutura teológica do decálogo; c) a compreensão de notae ecclesiae em Lutero. Apresentados os pressupostos, apresenta-se as diversas dimensões da palavra de Deus enquanto notae ecclesiae em Lutero. Ao final, são traçadas reflexões em vista da comemoração do jubileu dos 500 anos da Reforma e em vista das contribuições de Lutero para o movimento ecumênico.
Effect of dietary concentrate to forage ratio on growth performance, rumen fermentation and bacterial diversity of Tibetan sheep under barn feeding on Qinghai-Tibetan plateau
Authors: Liu Hongjin , xu Tianwei , Xu Shixiao , Ma Li , Han Xueping , Wang Xungang , Zhang Xiaoling , Hu Linyong , Zhao Na , Chen Yongwei , Pi Li , Zhao Xinquan
Published: July 2019

This study aimed to research the effects of different dietary concentrate to forage (C:F) ratio on growth performance, rumen fermentation and bacteria diversity of barn feeding Tibetan sheep. The experiment contains fiver treatments (HS1, HS2 HS3, HS4 and HS5; n=8, respectively) based on dietary C: F ratios 0:100, 15:85, 30:70, 45:55, and 60:40, respectively. The ruminal bacterial community structure was investigated through high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes in V4 hypervariable region. The results showed that increasing dietary concentrate feed level from 0% to 60% exerted a positive effect on DMI, BW gain, gain rate and feed conversation ratio (FCR) in Tibetan sheep. The increases dietary concentrate feed level elevatedNH3-N, propionate and valerate concentrations, whereas, reduced molar ratio of acetate to propionate (A/P ratio) (P<0.05). For rumen bacterial diversity, increases in dietary concentrate content contributed to lower alpha diversity indexes including Shannon wiener, Chao1 and observed species, meanwhile, significantly increased the abundances of the phylum Bacteroidetes and the genus Prevotella_1 (P<0.05). In conclusion, increases dietary concentrate content improved the growth performance and Tibetan sheep fed diets of 45% concentrate obtained a better performance; the inclusion of concentrate in feed changed rumen fermentation from acetate fermentation to propionate fermentation, and improved the energy utilization efficiency of Tibetan sheep; the increased in concentrate content significantly reduced rumen bacteria diversity and changed the abundance of some core bacteria.
Comment on 'Naked mole-rat mortality rates defy Gompertzian laws by not increasing with age'
Authors: Dammann Philip , Scherag André , Zak Nikolay , Szafranski Karol , Holtze Susanne , Begall Sabine , Burda Hynek , Kestler Hans A , Hildebrandt Thomas , Platzer Matthias
Published: July 2019

Ruby et al. recently analyzed historical lifespan data on more than 3200 naked mole-rats, collected over a total observation period of about 38 years (Ruby et al., 2018). They report that mortality hazards do not seem to increase across the full range of their so-far-observed lifespan, and conclude that this defiance of Gompertz's law ‘uniquely identifies the naked mole-rat as a non-aging mammal’. Here, we explain why we believe this conclusion is premature.
KHNYN is essential for the zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP) to restrict HIV-1 containing clustered CpG dinucleotides
Authors: Ficarelli Mattia , Wilson Harry , Pedro Galão Rui , Mazzon Michela , Antzin-Anduetza Irati , Marsh Mark , Neil Stuart JD , Swanson Chad M
Published: July 2019

CpG dinucleotides are suppressed in most vertebrate RNA viruses, including HIV-1, and introducing CpGs into RNA virus genomes inhibits their replication. The zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP) binds regions of viral RNA containing CpGs and targets them for degradation. ZAP does not have enzymatic activity and recruits other cellular proteins to inhibit viral replication. We found that KHNYN, a protein with no previously known function, interacts with ZAP. KHNYN overexpression selectively inhibits HIV-1 containing clustered CpG dinucleotides and this requires ZAP and its cofactor TRIM25. KHNYN requires both its KH-like domain and NYN endonuclease domain for antiviral activity. Crucially, depletion of KHNYN eliminated the deleterious effect of CpG dinucleotides on HIV-1 RNA abundance and infectious virus production and also enhanced the production of murine leukemia virus. Overall, we have identified KHNYN as a novel cofactor for ZAP to target CpG-containing retroviral RNA for degradation.
The untapped potential of medaka and its wild relatives
Authors: Hilgers Leon , Schwarzer Julia
Published: July 2019

The medaka is a fish that has served as a model organism for over a century, yet there is still much to learn about its life in the wild. Here we summarize the current knowledge, highlight recent progress and outline remaining gaps in our understanding of the natural history of medaka. It has also become clear over time that rather than being a single species, medaka comprises an entire species complex, so disentangling the species boundaries is an important goal for future research. Moreover, medaka and other ricefishes exhibit striking functional diversity, little of which has been investigated to date. As such, there are opportunities to use the resources developed for medaka to study other ricefishes, and to learn more about medaka itself in an evolutionary context.
Market Quality of Late Winter/Early Spring Peony Paeonia after Controlled Dormancy: Dummy Regression Modelling
Authors: Din Gregory Yom , Cohen Menashe , Goldstein Rina Kamenetsky
Published: July 2019

There is a shortage of herbaceous peony cut flowers in the world market in late winter/early spring. The quality of these prestige flowers, when cultivated in warm climate regions and stored in cooling chambers during dormancy, is influenced by pre-dormancy, dormancy, and post dormancy conditions. In this article, various regimes of peony dormancy with constant and variable temperatures were studied. Containers with plants of cv. ‘Sarah Bernhardt’ were exposed to a pre-dormancy temperature of 15°C and, after two weeks, transferred to cooling chambers in order to keep dormancy under four constant or diurnal temperature regimes. On three different dates, plants from each treatment were transferred to a greenhouse for release from dormancy and the beginning of sprouting. During commercial harvest, data on height and thickness of flower stems, number of harvested flowers per plant, and dates of harvested flowers were collected. Using these data, the index of market quality of peony flowers was defined and regressed on dummy variables that reflected chilling regimes and dormancy duration. Statistically significant differences in market quality were shown between the treatments with the lower storage temperatures 20 C, 2-100 C, and 2-150 C, and the reference treatment with a storage temperature of 2 – 200 C. Statistically significant differences were also shown between the treatments with the shorter storage period of 6 weeks, 4 days or of 8 weeks, on the one hand, and the reference treatment with the storage of 9 weeks, 3 days, on the other. Close results were obtained for the treatments with the constant temperature of 20 C and with the diurnal alternating temperature of 2-100C. Therefore, growers can expect economic gains from saving energy during dormancy under a suitable temperature regime.
Delayed Small Bowel Obstruction Due to Intra-Abdominal Drain: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Yang Mei , Kidane Biniam , Saettler Elizabeth
Published: July 2019

This is a unique case of a closed-loop bowel obstruction secondary to intra-abdominal drain insertion to illustrate a new complication of drain usage. A 47-year-old patient presents with bowel distention and obstruction. Laparotomy revealed obstructed small bowel looped around a fibrotic tract tracing back to a drain insertion point. This is a case report where a patient suffers rare long-term complications from routine drain insertion. Although beneficial in treating infection and abscess formation after anastomotic leaks, drain insertion as a prophylactic measure has not been proven to be beneficial. Surgeons who routinely use intra-abdominal drains should be aware of the complications of drain insertion and use with caution. Although not extensively documented, serious complications from drain insertion do occur. There is no role for prophylactic drain insertion in colonic anastomoses procedures.
Survival Following Video-Assisted Thoracic and Mini-Thoracotomy Pericardial Fenestration
Authors: Mouton Wolfgang G. , Mürmann Joana , Mouton Kim T.
Published: July 2019

Objective:

Surgical pericardial fenestration (sPF) is more invasive than interventional pericardiocentesis (PC) and requires general anesthesia. Severe complications such as ventricular puncture and chamber lacerations are, however, reported in association with PC and not with sPF. Is survival after sPF only determined by nonsurgical factors?

Methods:

Between July 2000 and December 2015, data of all patients who had undergone sPF—either thoracoscopically or by anterior mini-thoracotomy—were investigated. The 2 techniques were analyzed retrospectively and the outcome (effectiveness, change in shock index) and the survival were assessed.

Results:

32 patients underwent 33 sPF. One-half of the patients had a benign underlying disease; the other half suffered from a malignant tumor. Four procedures were performed thoracoscopically and 29 via mini-thoracotomy. Both techniques were hemodynamically effective (P < 0.0001) in increasing blood pressure and decreasing pulse rate). There was no death due to failure to control the pericardial effusion and no procedure related mortality. Of the 16 patients with benign underlying disease 14 (87.5%) are still alive. Two died due to reasons unrelated to the procedure or the underlying disease. All 16 patients (100%) with malignant underlying disease died due to tumor progression.

Conclusions:

In our patient cohort minimally invasive thoracic PF was safe and effective. The survival in our study was only related to the nature of the underlying disease. We conclude that sPF is an excellent procedure to treat pericardial effusions: both examined surgical techniques, thoracoscopic video assisted and access via mini-thoracotomy, were equally effective and safe.
Translocator protein in late stage Alzheimer’s disease and Dementia with Lewy bodies brains
Authors: Xu Jinbin , Sun Jianjun , Perrin Richard J. , Mach Robert H. , Bales Kelly R. , Morris John C. , Benzinger Tammie L. S. , Holtzman David M.
Published: July 2019

Objective

Increased translocator protein (TSPO), previously known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), in glial cells of the brain has been used as a neuroinflammation marker in the early and middle stages of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB). In this study, we investigated the changes in TSPO density with respect to late stage AD and DLB.

Methods

TSPO density was measured in multiple regions of postmortem human brains in 20 different cases: seven late stage AD cases (Braak amyloid average: C; Braak tangle average: VI; Aged 74–88, mean: 83 ± 5 years), five DLB cases (Braak amyloid average: C; Braak tangle average: V; Aged 79–91, mean: 84 ± 4 years), and eight age‐matched normal control cases (3 males, 5 females: aged 77–92 years; mean: 87 ± 6 years). Measurements were taken by quantitative autoradiography using [3H]PK11195 and [3H]PBR28.

Results

No significant changes were found in TSPO density of the frontal cortex, striatum, thalamus, or red nucleus of the AD and DLB brains. A significant reduction in TSPO density was found in the substantia nigra (SN) of the AD and DLB brains compared to that of age‐matched healthy controls.

Interpretation

This distinct pattern of TSPO density change in late stage AD and DLB cases may imply the occurrence of microglia dystrophy in late stage neurodegeneration. Furthermore, TSPO may not only be a microglia activation marker in early stage AD and DLB, but TSPO may also be used to monitor microglia dysfunction in the late stage of these diseases.
Contributions of fire refugia to resilient ponderosa pine and dry mixed‐conifer forest landscapes
Authors: Coop Jonathan D. , DeLory Timothy J. , Downing William M. , Haire Sandra L. , Krawchuk Meg A. , Miller Carol , Parisien Marc‐André , Walker Ryan B.
Published: July 2019

Altered fire regimes can drive major and enduring compositional shifts or losses of forest ecosystems. In western North America, ponderosa pine and dry mixed‐conifer forest types appear increasingly vulnerable to uncharacteristically extensive, high‐severity wildfire. However, unburned or only lightly impacted forest stands that persist within burn mosaics—termed fire refugia—may serve as tree seed sources and promote landscape recovery. We sampled tree regeneration along gradients of fire refugia proximity and density at 686 sites within the perimeters of 12 large wildfires that occurred between 2000 and 2005 in the interior western United States. We used generalized linear mixed‐effects models to elucidate statistical relationships between tree regeneration and refugia pattern, including a new metric that incorporates patch proximity and proportional abundance. These relationships were then used to develop a spatially explicit landscape simulation model. We found that regeneration by ponderosa pine and obligate‐seeding mixed‐conifer tree species assemblages was strongly and positively predicted by refugia proximity and density. Simulation models revealed that for any given proportion of the landscape occupied by refugia, small patches produced greater landscape recovery than large patches. These results highlight the disproportionate importance of small, isolated islands of surviving trees, which may not be detectable with coarse‐scale satellite imagery. Findings also illustrate the interplay between patch‐scale resistance and landscape‐scale resilience: Disturbance‐resistant settings (fire refugia) can entrain resilience (forest regeneration) across the burn matrix. Implications and applications for land managers and conservation practitioners include strategies for the promotion and maintenance of fire refugia as components of resilient forest landscapes.
Stem cell‐derived extracellular vesicles attenuate the early inflammatory response after tendon injury and repair
Authors: Shen Hua , Yoneda Susumu , Abu‐Amer Yousef , Guilak Farshid , Gelberman Richard H.
Published: July 2019

Adipose‐derived stem cells (ASCs) have the potential to enhance tendon repair via paracrine regulation of the inflammatory response to injury. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are secreted by ASCs, have shown promise in mediating this process. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of ASC EVs on early tendon healing using a mouse Achilles tendon injury and repair model. EVs were isolated from the conditioned medium of naïve and interferonγ‐primed ASCs and applied to the repair site via a collagen sheet. Tendon healing was assessed in nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB)‐luciferase reporter mice up to 7 days after suture repair. As anticipated, repair site NF‐κB activity increased greater than twofold following tendon repair. Treatment with EVs from primed but not naïve ASCs effectively suppressed the response. Accordingly, the pro‐inflammatory genes Il1b and Ifng were both dramatically increased in repaired tendons, while primed, but not naïve ASC EVs attenuated the response. Compared with control repairs, primed ASC EVs further reduced the rate of post‐repair tendon gap formation and rupture and facilitated collagen formation at the injury site. Additional experiments demonstrated that EVs target macrophages and that primed ASC EVs were most effective in blocking macrophage NF‐κB activity. Collectively, the findings of this study demonstrate that primed ASC EVs, similar to ASCs, attenuate the early tendon inflammatory response after injury via modulation of the macrophage inflammatory response. Statement of clinical significance: These findings introduce a new cell‐free therapy, derived from stem cells, for tendon repair with the potential for improved therapeutic efficacy and safety. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:117–127, 2020
An investigation on polycaprolactone/chitosan/Fe3O4 nanofibrous composite used for hyperthermia
Authors: Hadjianfar Mehdi , Semnani Dariush , Varshosaz Jaleh
Published: July 2019

Hyperthermia is considered as an effective supplementary cancer treatment. However, the uneven temperature distribution is the major challenge in hyperthermia. Nanotechnology could solve this problem by applying magnetic nanoparticles directly or in nanofibers as implants. Low solubility, poor cancer targeting, and leakage are limitations of free magnetic nanoparticles. In this work, Fe3O4 nanoparticles were loaded into polycaprolactone/chitosan blended nanofibers in various contents. Magnetic, chemical, physical, and morphology of the derived nanofibrous composites were then studied. The results showed the magnetic properties of the nanocomposite had low coercivity, which was close to superparamagnetic particles. Chemical analysis showed that components had no interaction with each other. Nevertheless, Fe3O4 was slightly transformed to other iron oxides. However, the magnetic analysis showed this transformation had no significant effect on final magnetic content of the nanofibers. The results of X‐ray diffraction (XRD) (19.5 nm), transmittance electron microscopy (TEM) (21.6 nm), and vibration sample magnetometer (VSM) (17 nm) suggested that the magnetic nanoparticles were single domain. Thermal analysis results showed that 7% Fe3O4 nanofibers had more heat increase as oppose to other nanofibrous composites in the alternative magnetic field (AMF). Nonetheless, the heat performance of 3% Fe3O4 nanofibers was more than others according to its specific power absorption (SPA). Therefore, due to the importance of using nanoparticles in the least possible content, this method can be used as a postsurgical treatment by applying these nanofibrous composites as implants on the tumor site. Moreover, these nanofiber composites could carry anticancer drugs, which are applied as a multi‐mode treatment system.
Study on structure optimization of a dual IGBT module heat sink in a DC–DC converter under natural convection based on field synergy theory
Authors: Li Guangyi , Zhang Junhong , Gao Jianxin
Published: July 2019

Aiming at the heat sink with dual insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules in a direct current to direct current (DC‐DC) converter, the calculation of the temperature field of the cooling structure with low power consumption is completed by using Icepak simulation software, and analysis of the influence of the two IGBT module installation distance on the maximum temperature. The simulation results show that the maximum temperature of two heat sources decreases with the installation distance, but the maximum decline is not more than 0.5 °C. Based on field synergy theory, it is found that the local structure of the heat sink is not conducive to the natural convection heat transfer. Therefore, the improved measures of slotting the plate are proposed, and the effectiveness of this measure to reduce the heat source temperature is verified by simulation analysis and experiment. The influence of slot size on the maximum temperature of heat source is analyzed: the maximum temperature of heat source decreases with the increase of slot size. When the slot size is 16 mm, the cooling effect is obvious, and the maximum temperature drop is up to 6 °C compared with that before the slotting. Besides, the slot processing can also reduce the heat sink material and reduce the weight. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
First Copper(I) and Silver(I) Complexes Containing Phosphanylphosphido Ligands
Authors: Ziółkowska Aleksandra , Brauer Sandra , Ponikiewski Łukasz
Published: July 2019

Three new complexes with phosphanylphosphido ligands, [Cu4{μ2‐P(SiMe3)‐PtBu}4] (1), [Ag4{μ2‐P(SiMe3)‐PtBu2}4] (2) and [Cu{η1‐P(SiMe3)‐PiPr2}2]–[Li(Diglyme)2]+ (3) were synthesized and structurally characterized by X‐ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Complexes 1 and 2 were obtained in the reactions of lithium derivative of diphosphane tBu2P‐P(SiMe3)Li·2.7THF with CuCl and [iBu3PAgCl]4, respectively. The X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed that the complexes 1 and 2 present macrocyclic, tetrameric form with Cu4P4 and Ag4P4 core. Complex 3 was prepared in the reaction of CuCl with a different derivative of lithiated diphosphane iPr2P‐P(SiMe3)Li·2(Diglyme). Surprisingly, the X‐ray analysis of 3 revealed that in this reaction instead of the tetramer the monomeric form, ionic complex [Cu{η1‐P(SiMe3)‐PiPr2}2]–[Li(Diglyme)2]+ was formed.
Histories of Global Inequality: Introduction
Authors: Christiansen Christian Olaf , Jensen Steven L. B.
Published: July 2019

This chapter introduces the edited volume Histories of Global Inequality: New Perspectives. It makes a seminal contribution to the current research field of the history of global inequality in three distinct ways. First, it reviews the current historiography on global inequality. Second, it historicizes inequality research, offering a brief intellectual and conceptual history of global inequality. Third, arguing that global inequalities are multidimensional and multicausal phenomena, it outlines a new research agenda for historians working with global inequality that can supplement the burgeoning economic and quantitatively oriented research on global inequality.
Affinity-binding immobilization of d-amino acid oxidase on mesoporous silica by a silica-specific peptide
Authors: Wang Miaomiao , Qi Wenjing , Xu Hongping , Yu Huimin , Zhang Shuliang , Shen Zhongyao
Published: July 2019

Enzyme immobilization is widely used for large-scale industrial applications. However, the weak absorption through physical methods limits the recovery ability. Here, affinity-binding immobilization of enzymes was explored using a silica-specific affinity peptide (SAP) as a fusion tag to intensify the binding force between the enzyme and mesoporous silica (MPS) carrier. d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) of Rhodosporidium toruloides was used as a model enzyme. The optimal screened SAP (LPHWHPHSHLQP) was selected from a M13 phage display peptide library and fused to the C-terminal of DAAO to obtain fused DAAOs with one, two and three SAP tags, respectively. The activity of DAAO–SAP–MPS was superior comparing with DAAO–2SAP–MPS and DAAO–3SAP–MPS; meanwhile DAAO–SAP–MPS shows 36% higher activity than that of DAAO–MPS. Fusion with one SAP improved the thermal stability with a 10% activity increase for immobilized DAAO–SAP–MPS compared to that of DAAO–MPS at 50 °C for 3 h. Moreover, the activity recovery of immobilized DAAO–SAP–MPS was 25% higher in operation stability assessment after six-batch conversions of cephalosporin to glutaryl-7-amino cephalosporanic acid than that of DAAO–MPS.
Identification of candidate disease genes in patients with common variable immunodeficiency
Authors: Liu Guojun , Bolkov Mikhail A. , Tuzankina Irina A. , Danilova Irina G.
Published: July 2019

Background

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), the most prevalent form of primary immunodeficiency (PID), is characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia and recurrent infections. Understanding protein‐protein interaction (PPI) networks of CVID genes and identifying candidate CVID genes are critical steps in facilitating the early diagnosis of CVID. Here, the aim was to investigate PPI networks of CVID genes and identify candidate CVID genes using computation techniques.

Methods

Network density and biological distance were used to study PPI data for CVID and PID genes obtained from the STRING database. Gene expression data of patients with CVID were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus, and then Pearson’s correlation coefficient, a PPI database, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes were used to identify candidate CVID genes. We then evaluated our predictions and identified differentially expressed CVID genes.

Results

The majority of CVID genes are characterized by a high network density and small biological distance, whereas most PID genes are characterized by a low network density and large biological distance, indicating that CVID genes are more functionally similar to each other and closely interact with one other compared with PID genes. Subsequently, we identified 172 CVID candidate genes that have similar biological functions to known CVID genes, and eight genes were recently reported as CVID‐related genes. MYC, a candidate gene, was down‐regulated in CVID duodenal biopsies, but up‐regulated in blood samples compared with levels in healthy controls.

Conclusion

Our findings will aid in a better understanding of the complex of CVID genes, possibly further facilitating the early diagnosis of CVID.
Medical Malpractice Primer for Practicing Interventional Radiologists
Authors: Ahmed Osman , Funaki Brian
Published: July 2019

Medical professional liability (MPL), also commonly referred to as medical malpractice, is a costly issue in health care today, accounting for roughly 2.4% of total health care expenditure in the United States. Almost all physicians currently in clinical practice will either be subject to a lawsuit themselves or work with someone who has. Given a lack of formal structured education about MPL in medicine for trainees, this review aims to define and discuss the relevant concepts in MPL as a reference for early career interventionalists to understand the current medicolegal environment and learn best practices to avoid litigation.
Wind–wave coupling study using LES of wind and phase-resolved simulation of nonlinear waves
Authors: Hao Xuanting , Shen Lian
Published: July 2019

We present a study on the interaction between wind and water waves with a broad-band spectrum using wave-phase-resolved simulation with long-term wave field evolution. The wind turbulence is computed using large-eddy simulation and the wave field is simulated using a high-order spectral method. Numerical experiments are carried out for turbulent wind blowing over a wave field initialised using the Joint North Sea Wave Project spectrum, with various wind speeds considered. The results show that the waves, together with the mean wind flow and large turbulent eddies, have a significant impact on the wavenumber–frequency spectrum of the wind turbulence. It is found that the shear stress contributed by sweep events in turbulent wind is greatly enhanced as a result of the waves. The dependence of the wave growth rate on the wave age is consistent with the results in the literature. The probability density function and high-order statistics of the wave surface elevation deviate from the Gaussian distribution, manifesting the nonlinearity of the wave field. The shape of the change in the spectrum of wind-waves resembles that of the nonlinear wave–wave interactions, indicating the dominant role played by the nonlinear interactions in the evolution of the wave spectrum. The frequency downshift phenomenon is captured in our simulations wherein the wind-forced wave field evolves for$O(3000)$peak wave periods. Using the numerical result, we compute the universal constant in a wave-growth law proposed in the literature, and substantiate the scaling of wind–wave growth based on intrinsic wave properties.
Administrative law and the machines of government: judicial review of automated public-sector decision-making
Authors: Cobbe Jennifer
Published: July 2019

The future is likely to see an increase in the public-sector use of automated decision-making systems which employ machine learning techniques. However, there is no clear understanding of how English administrative law will apply to this kind of decision-making. This paper seeks to address the problem by bringing together administrative law, data protection law, and a technical understanding of automated decision-making systems in order to identify some of the questions to ask and factors to consider when reviewing the use of these systems. Due to the relative novelty of automated decision-making in the public sector, this kind of study has not yet been undertaken elsewhere. As a result, this paper provides a starting point for judges, lawyers, and legal academics who wish to understand how to legally assess or review automated decision-making systems and identifies areas where further research is required.
Spatial diffusion of the 2015–2016 Zika, dengue and chikungunya epidemics in Rio de Janeiro Municipality, Brazil
Authors: Dalvi A. P. R. , Braga J. U.
Published: July 2019

Different countries, especially Brazil, that have faced recurrent dengue epidemics for decades and chikungunya epidemics since 2014, have had to restructure their health services to combat a triple epidemic of arboviruses – Zika, dengue and Chikungunya – transmitted by the same vector, mainly Aedes aegypti, in 2015–2016. Several efforts have been made to better understand these three arboviruses. Spatial analysis plays an important role in the knowledge of disease dynamics. The knowledge of the patterns of spatial diffusion of these three arboviruses during an epidemic can contribute to the planning of surveillance actions and control of these diseases. This study aimed to identify the spatial diffusion processes of these viruses in the context of the triple epidemic in 2015–2016 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Two study designs were used: cross-sectional and ecological. Sequential Kernel maps, nearest-neighbour ratios calculated cumulatively over time, Moran global autocorrelation correlograms, and local autocorrelation changes over time were used to identify spatial diffusion patterns. The results suggested an expansion diffusion pattern for the three arboviruses during 2015–2016 in Rio de Janeiro. These findings can be considered for more effective control measures and for new studies on the dynamics of these three arboviruses.
Parameterizing Air‐Water Gas Exchange in the Shallow, Microtidal New River Estuary
Authors: Van Dam Bryce R. , Edson James B. , Tobias Craig
Published: July 2019

Estuarine CO2 emissions are important components of regional and global carbon budgets, but assessments of this flux are plagued by uncertainties associated with gas transfer velocity (k) parameterization. We combined direct eddy covariance measurements of CO2 flux with waterside pCO2 determinations to generate more reliable k parameterizations for use in small estuaries. When all data were aggregated, k was described well by a linear relationship with wind speed (U10), in a manner consistent with prior open ocean and estuarine k parameterizations. However, k was significantly greater at night and under low wind speed, and nighttime k was best predicted by a parabolic, rather than linear, relationship with U10. We explored the effect of waterside thermal convection but found only a weak correlation between convective scale and k. Hence, while convective forcing may be important at times, it appears that factors besides waterside thermal convection were likely responsible for the bulk of the observed nighttime enhancement in k. Regardless of source, we show that these day‐night differences in k should be accounted for when CO2 emissions are assessed over short time scales or when pCO2 is constant and U10 varies. On the other hand, when temporal variability in pCO2 is large, it exerts greater control over CO2 fluxes than does k parameterization. In these cases, the use of a single k value or a simple linear relationship with U10 is often sufficient. This study provides important guidance for k parameterization in shallow or microtidal estuaries, especially when diel processes are considered.
The Mesozoic Margin of the Maghrebian Tethys in the Rif Belt (Morocco): Evidence for Polyphase Rifting and Related Magmatic Activity
Authors: Gimeno‐Vives Oriol , Mohn Geoffroy , Bosse Valérie , Haissen Faouziya , Zaghloul Mohamed Najib , Atouabat Achraf , Frizon de Lamotte Dominique
Published: July 2019

The Rif belt (northern Morocco) is a mountain chain located at the junction between the Mediterranean and Central Atlantic Domains. Although the Rif belt underwent important Cenozoic (i.e., Alpine) shortening, remnants of the Mesozoic North African rifted margin are preserved in its external zones. This contribution aims to characterize the Mesozoic architecture and polyphase rifting history of this rifted margin. We present detailed field evidence and geochronological data from two palaeogeographic zones (Mesorif and Intrarif) preserving remnants of the former North African distal margin. The Mesorif conserves lithostratigraphic associations characterized by mafic intrusive rocks overlain by dismembered and discontinuous blocks of Lower Jurassic carbonates covered by Middle to Upper Jurassic sediments. U‐Pb zircon dating of four samples from this gabbroic complex shows ages close to the Triassic‐Jurassic boundary (195–200 Ma). The gabbros were emplaced within the continental crust at the end of the first Triassic rift event and exhumed shortly after during a second Middle Jurassic rift event, which presents exceptional rift‐related structures. The most distal part of the margin is exposed in the Intrarif. In this unit, the Beni‐Malek serpentinized peridotites exhibit ophicalcites with uppermost Jurassic limestones resting conformably on top, suggesting that exhumation of the mantle occurred at the distal part of the North African margin at this time. When integrated, these new evidences enable us to discuss the evolution of the western part of the North African rifted margin and its relations with the Moroccan Atlantic margin and Tethys system.
Differential use of emotion regulation strategies when engaging in artistic creative activities amongst those with and without depression
Authors: Fancourt Daisy , Ali Hannah
Published: July 2019

The ability to effectively regulate our emotions has been shown to be impaired in people with depression. Arts activities have been found to improve depression, but whether people with depression make differential use of emotion regulation strategies (ERSs) when engaging in the arts remains unclear. This study analysed data from 11,248 individuals with depression who were matched on demographics, personality and arts experience with a further 11,248 individuals without depression. We found a significantly lower overall use of self-reported ERSs when engaging in arts amongst those with depression; specifically lower use of approach strategies (e.g. reappraisal) and self-development strategies (e.g. improved self-esteem), but the same use of avoidance strategies (e.g. distraction). However, these differences were very slight (very small effect size and <1% difference). This suggests that people with depression still experience benefits for emotion regulation, which could help to explain the beneficial effects of arts interventions reducing symptoms of depression.
A label-free electrochemical platform for the detection of antibiotics based on cascade enzymatic amplification coupled with a split G-quadruplex DNAzyme
Authors: Zhang Rufeng , Wang Yu , Qu Xiaonan , Li Shasha , Zhao Yihan , Zhang Fenfen , Liu Su , Huang Jiadong , Yu Jinghua
Published: July 2019

Herein, a split G-quadruplex DNAzyme as a signal reporter was integrated into an electrochemical sensing platform for the detection of antibiotics with specificity and sensitivity.
Excavated cubic platinum–iridium alloy nanocrystals with high-index facets as highly efficient electrocatalysts in N2 fixation to NH3
Authors: Mao Yu-Jie , Wei Lu , Zhao Xin-Sheng , Wei Yong-Sheng , Li Jian-Wei , Sheng Tian , Zhu Fu-Chun , Tian Na , Zhou Zhi-You , Sun Shi-Gang
Published: July 2019

Excavated cubic Pt93Ir7 alloy nanocrystals enclosed by high-index {710} facets exhibit excellent electrocatalytic properties for the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) with high faradaic efficiency (40.8%) and NH3 yield (28 μg h−1 cm−2).
Selective production of indane and its derivatives from lignin over a modified niobium-based catalyst
Authors: Xin Yu , Jing Yaxuan , Dong Lin , Liu Xiaohui , Guo Yong , Wang Yanqin
Published: July 2019

We provide a new route for the high yield production of indane and its derivatives from lignin over a decorated Ru/Nb2O5 catalyst.
Controllable organic magnetoresistance in polyaniline coated poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole) short fibers
Authors: Gu Hongbo , Xu Xiaojiang , Cai Jingyi , Wei Suying , Wei Huige , Liu Hu , Young David P. , Shao Qian , Wu Shide , Ding Tao , Guo Zhanhu
Published: July 2019

A controllable organic magnetoresistance in polyaniline coated poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole) short fibers is firstly reported and theoretically analyzed.
Thermodynamic evidence of a transition in ZIF-8 upon CH4 sorption
Authors: Gallaba Dinuka H. , Migone Aldo D.
Published: July 2019

We present the results of an experimental study of methane sorption in ZIF-8.
Study on the mechanism underlying Al-induced hepatotoxicity based on the identification of the Al-binding proteins in liver
Authors: Ding Yixin , Tang Jinlei , You Xun , Zhang Xiongfeng , Wang Guangliang , Yao Congying , Lin Mibin , Wang Xuerui , Cheng Dai
Published: July 2019

Aluminum (Al) is the most abundant metal element in the earth's crust, and is implicated in the pathogenesis of liver lesions. However, the mechanisms underlying Al3+-induced hepatotoxicity are still largely elusive. Based on analysis with native gel electrophoresis, Al3+ plus 8-hydroxyquinoline staining and LC-MS/MS, the proteins with high Al3+ affinity were identified to be carbamoyl-phosphate synthase, adenosylhomocysteinase, heat shock protein 90-alpha, carbonic anhydrase 3, serum albumin and calreticulin. These proteins are involved in physiological processes such as the urea cycle, redox reactions, apoptosis and so on. Then we established an Al3+-treated rat model for biochemical tests, morphology observation and Ca2+ homeostasis analysis, in order to evaluate the extent of oxidative damage, hepatic histopathology and specific indicators of Al3+-related proteins in liver. Our findings indicated the high-affinity interactions with Al3+ perturbed the normal function of the above proteins, which could account for the mechanism underlying Al3+-induced hepatotoxicity.
Experimental studies concerning stressed rocks resistance to disintegration
Authors: Shmatovskyi Leonid
Published: July 2019

The paper represents both methods and results of experiments concerning stressed rocks impact in their resistance (i.e. contact strength) to disintegration. The experimental dependence of the indicator of contact strength of rocks on the degree of stress concentration in the conditions of slaughter production is established.