bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A local case study of the crime decline
Authors: Clancey Garner
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore the local dimensions of the “crime decline”.

Design/methodology/approach

– Two focus groups and 15 semi-structured interviews with local practitioners.

Findings

– Some offences have fallen significantly in the case study site in the last ten to 12 years. Local practitioners tended to explain these declines with reference to local services and programmes. These declines have potentially contributed to the reduction in crime prevention infrastructure and there is concern that funding will be reduced as crime falls.

Research limitations/implications

– The findings have been generated from a single case study site. While aspects of the findings resonate beyond the case study area, there are some characteristics of the site that limit the application of the findings to other areas.

Practical implications

– The findings from this research have few practical implications. The research sought to understand dimensions of local crime and the impact on local activities.

Social implications

– This research provides some insights into crime trends and local responses to crime. The findings will be of interest to crime prevention and community safety practitioners and policy makers.

Originality/value

– There has been little analysis of the impact of the “crime decline” on local communities and community safety infrastructure. Therefore this paper is original and adds to the growing knowledge of the “crime decline”.
Habitat‐mediated carry‐over effects lead to context‐dependent outcomes of species interactions
Authors: Van Allen Benjamin G. , Rudolf Volker H. W.
Published: June 2015

When individuals disperse, their performance in newly colonized habitats can be influenced by the conditions they experienced in the past, leading to environmental carry‐over effects. While carry‐over effects are ubiquitous in animal and plant systems, their impact on species interactions and coexistence are largely ignored in traditional coexistence theory.

Here we used a combination of modelling and experiments with two competing species to examine when and how such environmental carry‐over effects influence community dynamics and competitive exclusions.

We found that variation in the natal habitat quality of colonizing individuals created carry‐over effects which altered competitive coefficients, fecundity and mortality rates, and extinction probabilities of both species. As a consequence, the dynamics of competitive exclusion within and across habitat types was contingent on the natal habitat of colonizing individuals, indicating that spatial carry‐over effects can fundamentally alter the dynamics and outcome of interspecific competition.

Interestingly, carry‐over effects persistently influenced dynamics in systems with interspecific competition for the entire duration of the experiment while carry‐over effects were transient and only influenced initial dynamics in single‐species populations. Thus carry‐over effects can be enhanced by species interactions, suggesting that their long‐term effects may often not be accurately predicted by single‐species studies.

Given that carry‐over effects are ubiquitous in heterogeneous landscapes, our results provide a novel mechanism that could help explain variation in the structure of natural communities.
Genetic variation of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor gene is associated with alcohol use disorders identification test scores and smoking
Authors: Suchankova Petra , Nilsson Staffan , von der Pahlen Bettina , Santtila Pekka , Sandnabba Kenneth , Johansson Ada , Jern Patrick , Engel Jörgen A. , Jerlhag Elisabet
Published: June 2015

The multifaceted gut‐brain peptide ghrelin and its receptor (GHSR‐1a) are implicated in mechanisms regulating not only the energy balance but also the reward circuitry. In our pre‐clinical models, we have shown that ghrelin increases whereas GHSR‐1a antagonists decrease alcohol consumption and the motivation to consume alcohol in rodents. Moreover, ghrelin signaling is required for the rewarding properties of addictive drugs including alcohol and nicotine in rodents. Given the hereditary component underlying addictive behaviors and disorders, we sought to investigate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the pre‐proghrelin gene (GHRL) and GHSR‐1a gene (GHSR) are associated with alcohol use, measured by the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) and smoking. Two SNPs located in GHRL, rs4684677 (Gln90Leu) and rs696217 (Leu72Met), and one in GHSR, rs2948694, were genotyped in a subset (n = 4161) of a Finnish population‐based cohort, the Genetics of Sexuality and Aggression project. The effect of these SNPs on AUDIT scores and smoking was investigated using linear and logistic regressions, respectively. We found that the minor allele of the rs2948694 SNP was nominally associated with higher AUDIT scores (P = 0.0204, recessive model) and smoking (P = 0.0002, dominant model). Furthermore, post hoc analyses showed that this risk allele was also associated with increased likelihood of having high level of alcohol problems as determined by AUDIT scores ≥ 16 (P = 0.0043, recessive model). These convergent findings lend further support for the hypothesized involvement of ghrelin signaling in addictive disorders.
More funding, better lives: the case for cerebral palsy research
Authors: Habiby Julia , Aisen Mindy
Published: June 2015

This commentary is on the original article by Wu et al. on pages 936–941 of this issue.
The Relational Geographies of Policing and Security
Authors: Yarwood Richard , Paasche Till
Published: June 2015

This paper considers the roles of policing and security in the geographies of everyday public and semi‐public space. We contend that while security is concerned with territory, policing relates to place. We consider the relationship between security and territory before examining the relationship between policing and place. In the final section, we argue that a relational view of space is needed to understand how practices of policing and security shape space and, in turn, the lives of people using it.
Exploring the Paradox of Intimate Partner Violence and Increased Contraceptive Use in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Adjiwanou Vissého , N'Bouke Afiwa
Published: June 2015

We question the positive effect of intimate partner violence on women's modern contraceptive use in sub‐Saharan Africa found in previous studies. The explanations offered for this counter‐intuitive result are either that women make greater efforts to avoid childbearing in conflictual relationships, or that endogeneity bias exists. Endogeneity bias stems from the inability of researchers to attribute a specific cause to one variable when they are unable to control for related missing covariates. Demographic and Health Survey data from 13 countries in sub‐Saharan Africa provide evidence for the latter but not the former. Indeed, using simple probit regression models, we observe a positive relationship between intimate partner violence and modern contraceptive use in Burkina Faso, Mali, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. This effect remains unchanged when controlling for various measures of women's autonomy in the household, showing that these two variables interact with contraceptive use independently. However, the use of recursive bivariate probit and Rosenbaum bounds sensitivity analysis to control for endogeneity biases erodes the initial positive effect in the five countries, although only partially in Burkina Faso. Our research shows that the previously reported findings arise from poor model specification and highlights the need for more appropriate data to assess the effect of intimate partner violence on modern contraceptive use in sub‐Saharan Africa.
Evaluation of mycophenolate mofetil or tacrolimus in children with steroid sensitive but frequently relapsing or steroid‐dependent nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Wang Jingjing , Mao Jianhua , Chen Junyi , Fu Haidong , Shen Huijun , Zhu Xiujuan , Liu Aimin , Shu Qiang , Du Lizhong
Published: June 2015

Aim

Approximately 30–40% of children with steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome have frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome (FRNS) or steroid‐dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS). Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and tacrolimus (TAC) are often alternative treatment choices for these patients.

Methods

A single‐center prospective study was conducted to compare the efficacy of MMF or TAC in reducing relapses and maintaining remission in children with FRNS or SDNS. Of the 72 recruited patients, either MMF (20∼30 mg/kg/d, n = 34) or TAC (0.05∼0.15 mg/kg/d, n = 38) was administered for 12 months.

Results

The mean 6‐month relapse rates decreased from 2.56 episodes before therapy to 0.76 episodes in the first 6 months after therapy (c2 = 44.362, p < 0.001) and 0.67 in the next 6 months (c2 = 37.817, p < 0.001) in the MMF group. In the TAC group, the mean 6‐month relapse rates decreased from 2.39 episodes before therapy to 0.41 episodes in the first 6 months after therapy (c2 = 62.242, p < 0.001) and 0.42 in next 6 months (c2 = 67.482, p < 0.001). No significant difference in the relapse rate was found between the groups (before therapy, c2 = 0.902, p = 0.637; first 6 months, c2 = 5.358, p = 0.147; second 6 months, c2 = 4.089, p = 0.252). And there was also no significant difference in cumulative sustained remission and the incidence of adverse events between two groups.

Conclusions

In combination with low‐dose steroids, MMF or TAC presented similar efficacy in maintaining remission in children with FRNS/SDNS in the present study. Therapy with MMF or TAC is a promising strategy with a moderate risk of side effects in children who are steroid sensitive but have FRNS/SDNS.
Genetic manipulation of cardiac ageing
Authors: Cannon Leah , Bodmer Rolf
Published: June 2015

Ageing in humans is associated with a significant increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease. We still do not fully understand the molecular mechanisms underpinning this correlation. However, a number of insights into which genes control cardiac ageing have come from studying hearts of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. The fly's simple heart tube has similar molecular structure and basic physiology to the human heart. Also, both fly and human hearts experience significant age‐related morphological and functional decline. Studies on the fly heart have highlighted the involvement of key nutrient sensing, ion channel and sarcomeric genes in cardiac ageing. Many of these genes have also been implicated in ageing of the mammalian heart. Genes that increase oxidative stress, or are linked to cardiac hypertrophy or neurodegenerative diseases in mammals also affect cardiac ageing in the fruit fly. Moreover, fly studies have demonstrated the potential of exercise and statins to treat age‐related cardiac disease. These results show the value of Drosophila as a model to discover the genetic causes of human cardiac ageing.
Validation of the Space for Accommodating Wheeled Mobility Devices on Accessible Passenger Rail Cars
Authors: Hunter-Zaworski Kate , Berthelsdorf Friederich , Shurland Melissa
Published: June 2015

The overall project objectives included the development of accessibility specifications for the single and bi-level cars that can be used by the rail manufacturing industry to produce vehicles for HSR passenger rail. The specific objective included developing “virtual” models of space to accommodate wheeled mobility devices without sacrificing revenue seating. The “virtual” models developed permit both calibration and validation of the recommendations that were submitted to the PRIIA accessibility working group. The working group requested that prior to acceptance of the recommendations that they be validated and calibrated. The use of “virtual” validation tools and models permitted the development, validation and calibration of different spatial configurations and different types of wheeled mobility devices prior to full scale testing. The design wheeled mobility device was a power base. Unoccupied larger scooters were also evaluated for stowage with the assumption that scooter users would transfer to regular train seats.

This project extends the work undertaken in the development of the draft specifications for the Accessibility Working Group. The draft specifications incorporate the increase in the size of both the wheeled mobility devices and occupants as a reflection of the changes in population demographics. The validation work has used the Acela cars to serve as base models for the 2-D and 3-D renderings. These designs are optimized, validated, and calibrated with manikins that represent the 5th and 95th percentile populations on large wheeled mobility devices including; sport manual wheelchairs, power wheelchairs and four wheeled scooters that meet the 30 inch wide by 54 inch long footprint. The large scooter that meets the 30 inch by 54 inch long footprint does not fit inside the accessible restrooms and also compromises seating space in the coach. The powerbase and manual wheelchairs work the current Acela trainsets.
Heavy Haul Coal Car Wheel Load Environment: Rolling Contact Fatigue Investigation
Authors: Cakdi Sabri , Cummings Scott , Punwani John
Published: June 2015

Railway wheels and rails do not achieve full wear life expectancy due to the combination of wear, plastic deformation, and surface, subsurface, and deep subsurface cracks. Sixty-seven percent of wheel replacement and maintenance in North America is associated with tread damage [1].

Spalling and shelling are the two major types of wheel tread damage observed in railroad operations. Spalling and slid flat defects occur due to skidded or sliding wheels caused by, in general, unreleased brakes. Tread shelling (surface or shallow subsurface fatigue) occurs due to cyclic normal and traction loads that can generate rolling contact fatigue (RCF). Shelling comprises about half of tread damage related wheel replacement and maintenance. The annual problem size associated with wheel tread RCF is estimated to be in the tens of millions of dollars. The total cost includes maintenance, replacement, train delays and fuel consumption.

To study the conditions under which RCF damage accumulates, a 36-ton axle load aluminum body coal car was instrumented with a high accuracy instrumented wheelset (IWS), an unmanned data acquisition (UDAC) system, and a GPS receiver. This railcar was sent to coal service between a coal mine and power plant, and traveled approximately 1,300 miles in the fully loaded condition on each trip. Longitudinal, lateral, and vertical wheel-rail forces were recorded continuously during four loaded trips over the same route using the same railcar and instrumentation. The first two trips were conducted with non-steering 3-piece trucks and the last two trips were conducted with passive steering M-976 compliant trucks to allow comparison of the wheel load environment and RCF accumulation between the truck types. RCF initiation predictions were made using “Shakedown Theory” [2]. Conducting two trips with each set of trucks allowed for analysis of the effects of imbalance speed conditions (cant deficiency or excess cant) at some curves on which the operating speeds varied significantly between trips.
Saving Money Every Day: LA Metro Subway Wayside Energy Storage Substation
Authors: Solis Octavio , Castro Frank , Bukhin Leonid , Pham Kinh , Turner David , Thompson Gary
Published: June 2015

The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LA METRO) subway provides service with up to six-car trains at up to 65 mph at five minute headways on weekdays. To reduce energy usage, LA METRO implemented a flywheel-based Wayside Energy Storage Substation (WESS), which reduces energy usage by capturing and reusing braking energy generated by trains when they decelerate and brake approaching the passenger station. The LA METRO WESS has a 2 MW, 15 second capacity, or 8.33 kWh, and can charge and discharge with a 1.5 minute cycle rate. WESS has been in daily full operation since August 2014. WESS has saved 10 to 18% of the traction power energy at the Westlake TPSS, every day.
An Investigation on Driver Behaviors and Eye-Movement Patterns at Grade Crossings Using a Driving Simulator
Authors: Fakhrhosseini S. Maryam , Jeon Myounghoon , Lautala Pasi , Nelson David
Published: June 2015

Collisions at grade crossings are often attributed to driver failure to detect warnings, to comprehend their meaning, or to react appropriately. One of the solutions to tackling these problems is the development of various visual signs. We designed three types of visual warnings at virtual grade crossings: a gate with lights and crossbuck, a gate with a crossbuck, and a crossbuck alone. Study 1 shows that vehicle speeds of 18 participants in the period 20 seconds before approaching the crossing (critical zone) decreased in comparison to the baseline (pre-critical zone) for visual warning type 1, a gate with lights. Additionally, participants, who were exposed to a train early in the scenario, showed more defensive driving behaviors than the other case. In study 2, we considered drivers’ eye movement pattern in the pre-critical and the critical zone for 17 participants. Design applications of warnings in vehicles and on roads and further research directions are discussed.
The Effect of Higher Prestress on Concrete Railroad Tie Behavior
Authors: Catella N. D. , Mayville R. A.
Published: June 2015

Prestressed concrete crossties are used extensively by North American railroads because they offer improved service life and consistent performance. Recent industry trends have encouraged manufacturers to effectively increase concrete ties’ prestressing force to improve their structural performance in flexure and shear. This paper presents the results of linear and nonlinear three-dimensional finite element analyses of typical concrete crossties to study the stress state of crossties at prestress transfer and to identify potential negative consequences of increasing effective prestressing force. The analyses utilize finite-sliding contact with Coulomb friction to model interaction between prestressing strands and adjacent concrete. Variation of several parameters that affect stress state at prestress transfer are considered, including magnitude of prestressing force, stiffness of concrete, crosstie geometry, and strand configuration. The analyses indicate that tensile stresses develop near the ends of the crossties at prestress transfer and their magnitudes increase with decreasing transfer length and increasing prestress force. These tensile stresses may account for widespread longitudinal cracking that has been observed in premature failure of concrete crossties in the last ten years.
Technical Note: Improvements in geant4 energy‐loss model and the effect on low‐energy electron transport in liquid water
Authors: Kyriakou I. , Incerti S. , Francis Z.
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

The geant4‐DNA physics models are upgraded by a more accurate set of electron cross sections for ionization and excitation in liquid water. The impact of the new developments on low‐energy electron transport simulations by the geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit is examined for improving its performance in dosimetry applications at the subcellular and nanometer level.

Methods:

The authors provide an algorithm for an improved implementation of the Emfietzoglou model dielectric response function of liquid water used in the geant4‐DNA existing model. The algorithm redistributes the imaginary part of the dielectric function to ensure a physically motivated behavior at the binding energies, while retaining all the advantages of the original formulation, e.g., the analytic properties and the fulfillment of the f‐sum‐rule. In addition, refinements in the exchange and perturbation corrections to the Born approximation used in the geant4‐DNA existing model are also made.

Results:

The new ionization and excitation cross sections are significantly different from those of the geant4‐DNA existing model. In particular, excitations are strongly enhanced relative to ionizations, resulting in higher W‐values and less diffusive dose‐point‐kernels at sub‐keV electron energies.

Conclusions:

An improved energy‐loss model for the excitation and ionization of liquid water by low‐energy electrons has been implemented in geant4‐DNA. The suspiciously low W‐values and the unphysical long tail in the dose‐point‐kernel have been corrected owing to a different partitioning of the dielectric function.
Algorithms for Routing Optimization in Multipoint to Multipoint 4PL System
Authors: Li Jia , Liu Yanqiu , Zhang Ying , Xu Shida
Published: June 2015

Fourth party logistics (4PL) has been receiving great attention and studied by researchers. This paper studies multipoint to multipoint 4PL system routing optimization with reliability constraints. Objective factors which cause disturbances of transportation time are taken into consideration. The mathematical model of the multipoint to multipoint multitask routing optimization in 4PL system with reliability constraints is set up. To solve the model, a Messy Genetic Algorithm (Messy GA) with double arrays encoding method is designed. The experimental result is compared with the Enumeration Algorithm (EA), and it shows that this algorithm can find the satisfactory solution and is a powerful optimization method for solving the problem.
ОЦІНКА ПОКАЗНИКІВ ФОСФОРНО-КАЛЬЦІЄВОГО ОБМІНУ В ЖІНОК ІЗ ЛЕЙОМІОМОЮ МАТКИ
Authors: Котик А. О.
Published: June 2015

Визначено рівень біохімічних маркерів резорбції кісткової тканини шляхом оцінки концентрації кальцію та фосфору, активності лужної фосфатази в сироватці крові, досліджено мінеральну щільність губчастих кісток поперекового відділу хребта і стан кісткової тканини в жінок із лейоміомою матки.
РОЛЬ ПРОЦЕСІВ ПЕРОКСИДНОГО ОКИСНЕННЯ ЛІПІДІВ І СИСТЕМИ АНТИОКСИДАНТНОГО ЗАХИСТУ В ПЕЧІНЦІ У ПАТОГЕНЕЗІ ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЇ ПНЕВМОНІЇ ТА ІММОБІЛІЗАЦІЙНОГО СТРЕСУ І КОРЕКЦІЯ ЇХ ПОРУШЕНЬ КОРВІТИНОМ
Authors: Ференц Н. М. , Юревич В. Р.
Published: June 2015

Результати дослідження показали неспроможність системи антиоксидантного захисту утилізувати продукти пероксидного окиснення ліпідів при експериментальній пневмонії за умов стресу та її виснаження в пізні періоди (6-та і 10-та доби) захворювання. При використанні корвітину, що має мембраностабілізувальну, імунокоригувальну, протизапальну дії, зменшилась пошкоджувальна дія продуктів пероксидного окиснення ліпідів і значно підвищився антиоксидантний захист. Це свідчить про коригувальний вплив корвітину на показники прооксидантної та антиоксидантної систем і дає можливість для подальшого вивчення і проведення експериментальних досліджень.
Розлади кисневого гомеостазу при експериментальному сепсисі, ускладненому гострим респіраторним дистрес-синдромом
Authors: Олійник О. В. , Доброродній А. В.
Published: June 2015

У роботі наведено основні показники газообміну щурів, отримані після моделювання сепсису, ускладненого гострим респіраторним дистрес-синдромом.
Про інформативність "Звіту лікувально-про­філактичного закладу” (форма № 20) в частині відображення об’єктивних показників діяльності при оцінці якості хірургічної допомоги.
Authors: Семенюк Ю. С. , Фомін П. Д. , Дзюбановський І. Я. , Височанський В. І.
Published: June 2015

Про інформативність “звіту лікувально-профілактичного закладу” (форма № 20) в частині відображення об’єктивних показників діяльності при оцінці якості хірургічної допомоги
ПРОГНОЗУВАННЯ ВНУТРІШНЬОУТРОБНОГО СТАНУ У ВАГІТНИХ З ПРЕЕКЛАМПСІЄЮ У ВАГІТНИХ
Authors: Іванов І. І. , Стефанович А. А.
Published: June 2015

На сьогодні у сучасному акушерстві гостро обговорюється питання прогнозування стану дітей, народжених від матерів, які перенесли під час вагітності прееклампсію  різного ступеня тяжкості.
Проведено дослідження сурфактант-асоційованих ліпідів та модифікованого альбуміну в амніотичній рідині у вагітних в 3 триместрі вагітності. Встановлено, що між вмістом сурфактант-асоційованих ліпідів та кількістю модифікованого альбуміну існує прямий кореляційний зв'язок, що підтверджує  клінічні показники  внутрішньоутробного стану плода при прееклампсії різного ступеня тяжкості.
ВІКОВІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЯДЕРНО-ЦИТОПЛАЗМАТИЧНИХ ВІДНОШЕНЬ В КАРДІОМІОЦИТАХ ЧАСТИН СЕРЦЯ
Authors: Гнатюк М. С. , Данелевич Ю. О.
Published: June 2015

Вивчені ядерно-цитоплазматичні відношення у кардіоміоцитах частин неураженого серця дорослих осіб та новонароджених. Встановлено , що досліджувані параметри виявилися більшими в передсердях, порівняно з шлуночками, домінували вони також у новонароджених, що обумовлено у них низькою диференціацією кардіоміоцитів
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФОРМУВАННЯ ПАРЕНХІМАТОЗНО-СТРОМАЛЬНИХ ВЗАЄМОВІДНОСИН У МОРФОГЕНЕЗІ ОРГАНІВ ВИДІЛЬНОЇ І ДИХАЛЬНОЇ СИСТЕМ
Authors: Грабовський О. М. , Колесова Н. А. , Масіцька О. О. , Литвиненко В. І. , Сухарєва Н. М.
Published: June 2015

Вивчено особливості формування епітеліомезенхімної взаємодії в пренатальному морфогенезі нирок і легень плодів білих щурів 14-го, 18-го і 20-го дня розвитку. Встановлено, що для перебігу морфогенетичних процесів в органі, у якому епітелій паренхіми і строма походять із різних зародкових листків, необхідна тісна контактна взаємодія клітинних шарів. У випадку органів, у яких клітини епітелію паренхіми і строми походять із одного зародкового листка, такий тісний контакт не є абсолютно обов’язковим.

 
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ГІСТОТОПОГРАФІЇ ФУКОЗОКОН’ЮГАТІЇ В НОРМАЛЬНОМУ ЕМБРІОГЕНЕЗІ ПЕРВИННОЇ І ОСТАТОЧНОЇ НИРКИ
Authors: Жарков С. В. , Шаповалова Е. Ю. , Харченко С. В.
Published: June 2015

Вивчено  114 зародків людини у віці від 21 доби до 12 тижнів внутрішньоутробного розвитку на стадіях послідовно від раннього періоду нервового жолобка до початку дефінітивного плодового періоду. Альфа-L-фукозокон’югати виявляли шляхом обробки серійних зрізів лектином золотого дощу анагіролистного, кон’югованого з перексидазою хріну.Закладка мезонефронів первинно нирки супроводжується помірним накопиченням глікополімерів з кінцевим нередукувальними залишками альфа-L-фукози. Регрес мезонефронів пов’язаний з редукцією фукозокон’югатів в типових місцях локалізації. В остаточній нирці закладка нефронів перших чотирьох  генерацій супроводжується аналогічною експресією рецепторів лектину золотого дощу анагіролистного . На 10-й та 11-й тижні виявлено зниження концентрації LABA-позитивних макромолекул описано гістотопографії, що свідчить про регрес нефронів перших двох генерацій кінцево нирки.
ТРОФОЛОГІЧНИЙ СТАТУС ХВОРИХ НА ХРОНІЧНИЙ ПАНКРЕАТИТ БІЛІАРНОГО ГЕНЕЗУ
Authors: Бабінець Л. С. , Назарчук Н. В. , Боцюк Н. Є. , Творко В. М. , Стародуб Є. М. , Мігенько Б. О. , Воронцов О. О.
Published: June 2015

РЕЗЮМЕ. Оцінено трофологічний статус хворих на хронічний панкреатит за допомогою визначення індекса маси
тіла, окружності м’язів плеча та вимірювання шкірно-жирово складки над трицепсом у хворих на хронічний біліарний
панкреатит, зокрема й у тих, які перенесли холецистектомію в анамнезі. Встановлено, що у групі хворих з надлишковою
масою надлишок маси тіла утворювався за рахунок жирових надлишків при деякій втраті білка. В групі хворих із
дефіцитом маси тіла втрата відбувалась за рахунок як жирів, так і запасів соматичного білка. Ці дані свідчать про
різноспрямоване порушення засвоєння жирів (як збільшення, так і зменшення) при хронічному панкреатиті, а
також про наявність достовірно білково недостатності - за соматичним пулом білка.
КЛЮЧОВІ СЛОВА: Трофологічна недостатність, підшлункова залоза, окружність м’язів плеча, індекс маси тіла, шкірно-
жирова складка над трицепсом.
Effect of Lower On-Treatment Systolic Blood Pressure on the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation in Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Okin Peter M. , Hille Darcy A. , Larstorp Anne Cecilie K. , Wachtell Kristian , Kjeldsen Sverre E. , Dahlöf Björn , Devereux Richard B.
Published: June 2015

Abstract—

There is a well-established association between hypertension and atrial fibrillation (AF); indeed, even upper normal systolic blood pressures (SBP) are long-term predictors of incident AF. These findings suggest that more aggressive BP control may reduce the risk of new AF. However, whether lower achieved SBP is associated with a lower incidence of AF remains unclear. The risk of new-onset AF was examined in relation to last in-treatment SBP before AF diagnosis or last in-study measurement in the absence of new AF in 8831 hypertensive patients with ECG left ventricular hypertrophy with no history of AF, in sinus rhythm on their baseline ECG, randomly assigned to losartan- or atenolol-based treatment. Patients with in-treatment SBP ≤130 mm Hg (lowest quintile at last measurement) and SBP between 131 and 141 mm Hg were compared with patients with in-treatment SBP ≥142 mm Hg (median SBP at last measurement). During follow-up of 4.6±1.1 years, new-onset AF was diagnosed in 701 patients (7.9%). In multivariate Cox analyses, compared with in-treatment SBP ≥142 mm Hg, in-treatment SBP ≤130 mm Hg entered as a time-varying covariate was associated with a 40% lower risk (95% confidence interval, 18%–55%) and in-treatment SBP of 131 to 141 mm Hg with a 24% lower risk (95% confidence interval, 7%–38%) of new AF. Thus, achieved SBP ≤130 mm Hg is associated with a lower risk of new-onset AF in hypertensive patients with ECG left ventricular hypertrophy. Further study is needed to determine whether targeting hypertensive patients without AF to lower SBP goals can reduce the burden of new AF in this high-risk population.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00338260.
Strengthening the Monitoring of and Compliance with the Rights of the African Child
Authors: Johnson Robert
Published: June 2015

The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child is a progressive human rights instrument by international human rights standards. The provisions of theunConvention on the Rights of the Child and the African Charter are contrasted, noting stronger African provisions for the child’s ‘best interests’, stronger safeguards in areas of traditional or ‘cultural’ practices, and provisions concerning the ‘duties’ of the child and its implications for the child’s empowerment. Additionally, the African oversighting Committee holds stronger mandates than exist for theunCommittee on the Rights of the Child. However, reporting and monitoring practice by states parties and the oversight mechanism fall well short of such obligations and mandates. The paper proposes a range of measures to better ensure the rights of the African child, and their importance for the rights of all children and in advancing the international human rights treaty system.
Minding Methodology
Authors: Nagy Dorottya
Published: June 2015

The present paper addresses the question of methodology in theology-missiology’s engagement with migration studies in academic settings. Migration Studies’ rapidly growing literature rarely discusses methodology. While acknowledging that research is always defined by methodology with ontology, epistemology and their assumptions as core-components, the present article perceives migration as a field of inquiry and seeks to create dialogue and conversation on methodology at the level of intra-disciplinarity, multi-disciplinarity and pluri-disciplinarity (Tötösy de Zepetnek and Vasvári 2009). It assumes that methodological nationalism (Wimmer and Glick-Schiller 2002, and Wimmer 2007) penetrates much of migration studies and therefore needs interdisciplinary attention and should be replaced by relevant and innovative approaches to migration. Intra-disciplinarily, the article problematizes two theological conceptualizations of migration: migration aslocus theologicusand migration as context. It argues that revisiting meanings attributed to “locus” and “context” will lead to a more relevant contextual theological praxis related to migration. Multi-disciplinarily, it focuses on ethnicity and introduces the models of boundary-making and structuration as means of combating methodological nationalism. As regards pluri-disciplinarity the article issues a call for teamwork fostering methodological awareness.
Kras, Egfr, and Tp53 Mutations in B6C3F1/N Mouse and F344/NTac Rat Alveolar/Bronchiolar Carcinomas Resulting from Chronic Inhalation Exposure to Cobalt Metal
Authors: Hong Hue-Hua L. , Hoenerhoff Mark J. , Ton Thai-Vu , Herbert Ronald A. , Kissling Grace E. , Hooth Michelle J. , Behl Mamta , Witt Kristine L. , Smith-Roe Stephanie L. , Sills Robert C. , Pandiri Arun R.
Published: June 2015

Rodent lung tumors are morphologically similar to a subtype of human lung adenocarcinomas. The objective of this study was to evaluate Kirsten rat sarcoma oncogene homolog ( Kras), epidermal growth factor receptor ( Egfr), and tumor protein 53 ( Tp53) mutations, which are relevant to human lung cancer, in cobalt metal dust (CMD)-induced alveolar/bronchiolar tumors of B6C3F1/N mice and F344/NTac rats. Kras mutations were detected in 67% (mice) and 31% (rats) of CMD-induced lung tumors and were predominantly exon 1 codon 12 G to T transversions (80% in mice and 57% in rats). Egfr mutations were detected in 17% (both mice and rats) of CMD-induced lung tumors and were predominantly in exon 20 with 50% G to A transitions (mice and rats). Tp53 mutations were detected in 19% (mice) and 23% (rats) of CMD-induced lung tumors and were predominant in exon 5 (mice, 69% transversions) and exon 6 (rats, all transitions). No mutations were observed for these genes in spontaneous lung tumors or normal lungs from untreated controls. Ames assay indicated that CMD is mutagenic in the absence but not in the presence of S9 mix. Thus, the mutation data (G to T transversions) and Ames assay results suggest that oxidative damage to DNA may be a contributing factor in CMD-induced pulmonary carcinogenesis in rodents.
Geographical terms of Finnic substrate origin in the toponymy of Eastern Obonezh’e
Authors: Zakharova Ekaterina
Published: June 2015

The paper offers an analysis of one of the best represented groups of substrate appellative lexis fixed in the toponymy of Eastern Obonezh’e – the landscape term, which is found in all structural types of the Finnic toponymic substrate in the study area. This group of terms from the toponymy of the region portrays the characteristic features and varieties of the landscape people use to build settlements, and practice industries and trades. Hence, through analysis and identification of structural and lexical-semantic models typical of specific time periods and ethnic groups one can reconstruct the main stages and pathways of colonisation of the land, determine the nature of contacts between cultures and languages, and form conjectures about land use, since the models of naming geographical objects are transferred to new territories as the population moves.
Stratification of lubricating material in radial bearings
Authors: Mukutadze Murman Alexandrovich
Published: June 2015

The technique of calculating the radial sliding bearings of infinite and finite length running on a double-layer stratified lubricant is presented. The technique is based on the use of the self-simulated variable that allows obtaining the exact self-similar problem solution both in polar and in cylindrical coordinates, as well as the parameter value characterizing the interface of the stratified layers. These tasks are complicated by the simultaneous consideration of the lubricant viscosity-pressure relation, the presence of the friction-adapted supporting profile of the bearing bush, and the effect of the axial lubricant feed in the finite-length bearing. As a result, computational models are obtained for two-layer stratified lubricants the numerical analysis of which allows establishing the impact of variables on the basic bearings performance - components of the bearing capacity vector, friction forces, as well as optimal values of the reference profile parameter, the lubricant supply, and its viscous ratio in the stratified layers.
Teoria polityczna Thomasa Hobbesa a teologia reformowana
Authors: Chmielewska Lucyna
Published: June 2015

Thomas Hobbes’ Political Theory and the Reformed Theology

The purpose of this article is to show the relationships of Hobbes’ political philosophy in Leviathan with the Reformed Theology, including the Covenant Theology. It is reasonable to claim that this philosophy was inspired by religious elements of Calvinism. Although Hobbes is classified as contractual thinker, however, in Leviathan he used the concept of covenant, but defined it as a contract. The concept of covenant is strongly associated with a moral sphere. In the political theory of Hobbes the covenant faithfulness is the basis for policy. The secular nature of Hobbes’ theory, in fact, is based on the moral ground.
The Constitutional Limits of Government According to the Constitution's Framers
Authors: Mazurak Zbigniew
Published: June 2015

The U.S. Constitution, as understood by the men who wrote it – the Framers – authorized only a limited form of federal government: limited in what it is allowed to do. That power, in turn, can only legitimately come from the People, who created the Federal Government. The said government is merely their creature. The objects on which it may legislate and spend money are strictly limited by its text, most notably Article I of the Constitution and the Tenth Amendment. The so‑called Interstate Commerce, General Welfare, and Necessary and Proper clauses, sometimes invoked in the contemporary news media as giving the Federal Government broad powers, are actually limited in scope and do not give it any broad powers. This is clearly demonstrated by the writings of the men who wrote the Constitution – the Framers, chiefly James Madison and Alexander Hamilton. Their writings, particularly the Federalist Papers, explain what exact objects the Federal Government’s authority is limited to, and why the claims of those who interpret the Constitution as giving the central government sweeping powers are wrong. The Necessary and Proper clause only gives the Congress the power to execute powers already granted, and does not give it any new substantive authority. The General Welfare clause (part of Clause 1 of Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution) is a general statement immediately limited and qualified by Clauses 3‑16; and in the Framers’ times, “welfare” meant only exemption from any unusual calamity and enjoyment of the ordinary blessings of society. The Interstate Commerce Clause only authorizes Congress to prevent the states from inhibiting interstate commerce – the free transportation and sale of goods and services across state borders – with barriers such as interstate tolls. Thus, the Federal Government the Framers envisaged – and created with the Constitution – was one of strictly limited, enumerated powers. This article starts from the premise that the men who wrote the Constitution knew it best and are the most credible authority on its genuine meaning. This is confirmed further by the writings of constitutional law scholars and by rulings of the Supreme Court in the Marshall era – rulings which, to this day, greatly influence American jurisprudence, and whose authors looked to the Federalist Papers for the correct interpretation of the Constitution.
Current treatments for renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Noble Helen , Walsh Ian
Published: June 2015

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), also known as kidney cancer, renal adenocarcinoma or hypernephroma, and metastatic renal cell carcinoma is a global burden. This article aims to provide a brief overview of RCC. It outlines epidemiology and presentation; invesitgation and staging; treatments and prognosis. The article also includes a focus on currently available drug treatments, and serves as an introduction to the topic.
Nuevas formas de tenencia de la propiedad del agua en el Campo de Alicante
Authors: Bru Ronda Concepción
Published: June 2015

Excluyendo las motivaciones industriales y urbanas que fomentaron desde principios de siglo actuaciones tendentes a abastecer las necesidades hidráulicas de esta comarca, y que fueronllevadas a cabo por sociedades particulares y empresas públicas a las cuales podía acceder cualquier ciudadano, el sector agrario ha sido quizá el que mayor impacto ha tenido sobre labúsqueda y posesión del agua en esta zona del Campo de Alicante, marcando ciertos matices que hacen diferente la estructura de su tenencia en relación a otros sectores productivos.
La agricultura de los cosechero-exportadores de tomate de invierno en Alacant
Authors: Costa Mas José
Published: June 2015

La figura del cosechero-exportador ha cobrado considerable relevancia en el área meridional del País Valenciano durante las últimas tres décadas. Dentro de la provincia de Alacant su actuación se centra casi exclusivamente en las comarcas del sur, en especial las del Camp d’Alacant, Bajo Segura, Camp d’Elx y Vinalopó Mitjà, debido a que éstas reúnen dos condiciones: una gran benignidad térmica y disponibilidad de agua -bien que con apreturas-, esenciales ambas para la obtención, fuera de temporada, de una serie de productos que, precisamente por las fechas en que se recolectan, alcanzan estima y cotización en los mercados extranjeros. Se trata de unas comarcas, un clima y unas producciones que, en cierto modo, tienen su natural inserción en el conjunto del sureste peninsular, pues se prolongan, casi sin solución de continuidad, por las provincias de Murcia y Almería, en las que, por cierto, también operan varias de las empresas del ramo que tienen intereses en Alacant.
Disponibilidades hídricas y modernas técnicas de embalse en el Campo de Alicante
Authors: Morales Gil Alfredo , Bru Ronda Concepción
Published: June 2015

La tradicional búsqueda del agua constituye una constante en sectores como el que nosocupa, donde la escasez de precipitaciones junto a las altas temperaturas y la litología deparanuna intensa aridez, confiriendo al agua la condición de recurso escaso y por ello más preciado.En el Campo de Alicante la secular tarea de incrementar los caudales exiguos ofrecidos por lasfuentes naturales, así como su almacenamiento para su posterior utilización, ha constituido una pauta a lo largo de la historia, mereciendo la admiración de los observadores. Este bien social,no obstante, alcanza su máximo interés desde antaño en el sector agrícola, debido a que parte de las condiciones físicas son inmejorables para la agricultura de no faltar el agua.
El aprovechamiento del agua y los suelos en un dominio semiárido: la cuenca del Barranco Blanco. Agost (Alicante)
Authors: Morales Gil Alfredo , Box Amorós Margarita
Published: June 2015

La lucha contra la sequía ha sido y es una de las constantes por conseguir la pervivencia humana en estas tierras semiáridas alicantinas. Así, desde la prehistoria, los diferentes grupos poblacionales que las ocuparon, tuvieron que idear o adoptar técnicas que permitiesen aumentar el contenido en humedad del suelo para hacerlo apto a cultivos cerelistas, hortícolas y de frutales. Al mismo tiempo, plantearon la necesidad de organizar redes de canales que permitiesen el aprovechamiento de las escasas aguas que aportaban los pequeños manantiales existentes en la zona con el fin de abastecer a los núcleos de población y atender las demandas de sus ganados.
Ola de frío de enero de 1985
Authors: Vera Muñoz María Isabel , Santos Deltell María José
Published: June 2015

Las olas de frío tienen lugar dentro de lo que se denomina invierno meteorológico, es decir en los meses de diciembre, enero y febrero. Este tipo de invasiones no se producen todos los años, sino ocasionalmente, con temperaturas rigurosas y en tiempo frío.
Cambios recientes en la industria castellonense del calzado: reflexiones sobre una crisis
Authors: Viruela Martínez Rafael
Published: June 2015

En 1982, según datos facilitados por el I.N.S.S., la industria del calzado ocupaba «oficialmente» a 2.749 trabajadores directos (sin tener en cuenta a los trabajadores sumergidos), distribuidos en un total de 39 establecimientos.
La distribución espacial de la delincuencia en el País Valenciano y su relación con algunas variables socioeconómicas
Authors: Dávila Linares Juan Manuel , Ponce Herrero Gabino
Published: June 2015

Del análisis de la distribución espacial de los hechos delictivos se desprende la relación que guardan con algunos indicadores socioeconómicos, como la renta per cápita, el nivel de instrucción, el índice de foraneidad de la población, el volumen de residencias secundarias, la función urbana predominante, etc. Tal afinidad permite plasmar cuantitativamente y cartografiar el reparto de las tasas criminales y encontrar explicaciones que contribuyan al mejor conocimiento de ese grave problema que azota nuestro tiempo.
Los aprovechamientos de la tierra en Alcoy a fines del siglo XIX
Authors: Tonda Monllor Emilia María
Published: June 2015

Este trabajo tiene la intención de analizar algunos aspectos de Geografía Agraria localizados en el término municipal de Alcoy. En primer lugar se constatan una serie de datos globales referidos a la distribución superficial de los aprovechamientos de la tierra en lo que atañe a los terrenos cultivados como a los que no lo son (montes). Posteriormente se describen los distintos usos del suelo tanto en lo que concierne a los diferentes cultivos como a las utilidades forestales, incluyéndose una localización de todos ellos por partidas rurales. Para la realización de este estudio se toman como base los años finales del siglo XIX aprovechando una fuente de carácter fiscal como es el Amillaramiento o Padrón general de la riqueza inmueble, cultivos y ganadería... confeccionado en 1886, así como otros documentos relativos a esta temática que datan de esas fechas.
La agricultura a tiempo parcial en el País Valencià: comentarios al censo agrario de 1982
Authors: Viruela Martínez Rafael
Published: June 2015

En los últimos años, la agricultura a tiempo parcial ha adquirido una importancia creciente en el País Valencià, a tal punto que la tierra ha dejado de ser la principal fuente de ingresos en muchos hogares, adquiriendo cada vez más el carácter de complementariedad. La pluriactividad no sólo afecta a los titulares de explotación sino también a otros miembros de la familia. Esta modalidad de trabajo agrario, más intensa cuanto más pequeña es la explotación, alcanza los valores más altos en el litoral, con mayores posibilidades de empleo en cualquier sector económico. Hacia el interior el fenómeno pierde intensidad.
La propiedad urbana de Monforte del Cid a mediados del siglo XIX
Authors: Santos Deltell María José
Published: June 2015

La evolución de la urbanización de Monforte del Cid durante el siglo XIX presenta algunas características destacables: -localización de los edificios mejor dotados en el centro urbano, denominado centro histórico. Siendo ésta la zona elegida para vivienda de las clases pudientes. - una segunda parte del municipio estaría configurada por el ensanche, donde se encuentran las principales vías de acceso a la localidad. - la periferia, por último, sería el lugar donde se ubican las clases trabajadoras.
Rasgos del envejecimiento de la población en la Comunidad Valenciana
Authors: Bonmatí Antón José Fermín , Sebastiá Llinares Consuelo
Published: June 2015

En la Comunidad Valenciana se aprecia una fuerte correlación entre nivel demográfico de los municipios y nivel de envejecimiento, medido este último en función del porcentaje de población con 65 o más años sobre el total del censo municipal. Aquellos municipios con menos de 2.000 habitantes ofrecen, por lo general, grados de vejez más acentuados que los que están por encima de dicho nivel demográfico. Por otro lado, se aprecian niveles de envejecimiento mayores en la Montaña alicantina y en el interior de las provincias de Valencia y sobre todo Castellón que en los espacios litoral y el Sur de la Comunidad. Hemos comprobado la confirmación en 1986 de las situaciones que se daban cinco años antes.