bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Setting objectives for evaluating management adaptation actions to address climate change impacts in south‐eastern Australian fisheries
Authors: Jennings Sarah , Pascoe Sean , Hall‐Aspland Sophie , Le Bouhellec Bastien , Norman‐Lopez Ana , Sullivan Andrew , Pecl Gretta
Published: April 2016

Under likely climate change scenarios, changes to fisheries assessment, monitoring, management and governance, intended to reduce negative impacts and seize opportunities to improve performance, will form an important part of climate change adaptation responses for fisheries. Comprehensively and consistently assessing possible management adaptation options requires a clear definition of a multi‐criteria evaluation framework incorporating information about the relative importance of often competing criteria or objectives. Such a framework is often missing from climate change adaptation evaluation, with adaptation priorities and plans often developed without direct reference to the key objectives of management. We used the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to develop a weighted hierarchy of objectives in four south‐eastern Australian fisheries. The developed hierarchy included fisheries management objectives routinely articulated in policy and management documents, those that may underpin effective adaptation and adaptation planning, and objectives likely to contribute to ongoing adaptive capacity and resilience of fisheries and associated communities. Results of an interactive survey of managers, researchers and commercial and recreational fishers yielded average weightings of objectives that were quite consistent across the four fisheries, with a very strong preference for ensuring that adaptations support environmental and ecological values, particularly through sustaining the harvested population. However, differences between stakeholder groups were more marked, with economic objectives considered more important by commercial fishers, and social objectives by recreational fishers, than by other groups. This suggests the possibility of conflicts between groups when determining appropriate adaptation strategies, as alternative strategies will have different economic and social outcomes even if achieving comparable environmental outcomes.
The predictive skill of species distribution models for plankton in a changing climate
Authors: Brun Philipp , Kiørboe Thomas , Licandro Priscilla , Payne Mark R.
Published: April 2016

Statistical species distribution models (SDMs) are increasingly used to project spatial relocations of marine taxa under future climate change scenarios. However, tests of their predictive skill in the real‐world are rare. Here, we use data from the Continuous Plankton Recorder program, one of the longest running and most extensive marine biological monitoring programs, to investigate the reliability of predicted plankton distributions. We apply three commonly used SDMs to 20 representative plankton species, including copepods, diatoms, and dinoflagellates, all found in the North Atlantic and adjacent seas. We fit the models to decadal subsets of the full (1958–2012) dataset, and then use them to predict both forward and backward in time, comparing the model predictions against the corresponding observations. The probability of correctly predicting presence was low, peaking at 0.5 for copepods, and model skill typically did not outperform a null model assuming distributions to be constant in time. The predicted prevalence increasingly differed from the observed prevalence for predictions with more distance in time from their training dataset. More detailed investigations based on four focal species revealed that strong spatial variations in skill exist, with the least skill at the edges of the distributions, where prevalence is lowest. Furthermore, the scores of traditional single‐value model performance metrics were contrasting and some implied overoptimistic conclusions about model skill. Plankton may be particularly challenging to model, due to its short life span and the dispersive effects of constant water movements on all spatial scales, however there are few other studies against which to compare these results. We conclude that rigorous model validation, including comparison against null models, is essential to assess the robustness of projections of marine planktonic species under climate change.
Gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia secondary to benign lesions
Authors: Cho Kyung Rae , Lee Min Ho , Im Yong Seok , Kong Doo‐Sik , Seol Ho Jun , Nam Do‐Hyun , Lee Jung‐Il
Published: April 2016

Background

Investigate the clinical outcomes of gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) in patients with benign intracranial lesions and accompanying trigeminal neuralgia (TN).

Methods

From February 2002 to November 2011, 50 patients (11 males, 39 females) underwent GKS for intracranial lesions accompanied by TN. Pathological diagnoses included meningioma in 30 patients, vestibular schwannoma in 11, trigeminal schwannoma in 7, epidermoid cyst in 1, and arteriovenous malformation in 1. Twenty‐two (44%) had a lesion dominantly located in the middle fossa and 26 patients (52%) in the posterior fossa. Twenty‐five (50%) patients complained of type I pain, and 18 patients (36%) suffered from type II pain. The other 7 patients (14%) presented with facial pain that could not be determined. Pain was assessed retrospectively by subjective descriptions and with the Barrow Neurological Institute pain intensity score before and after GKS.

Results

Tumor control was evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging in 44 (95.7%) of 46 patients over a median follow‐up period of 54.8 months (range, 13–142 months). Initial improvement in pain after GKS was observed in 46 (92%) patients. The percentage of patients with improved Barrow Neurological Institute score was 73.5% at 1 year, 70.7% at 2 years, and 76.5% at 3 years. Complete pain relief at the final follow‐up was achieved in 18 patients (36%). Pain recurred in 13 patients (28.3%) after initial improvement. Pathological diagnosis, location of the lesion, and type of facial pain did not influence the initial pain response after GKS. Pain recurred more frequently in patients with meningioma than in those with schwannoma (P = .045). Type II pain showed better response to the treatment (P = .006).

Conclusion

The majority of patients with facial pain secondary to a benign intracranial lesion showed improvement after GKS. However, a substantial proportion of the patients experienced incomplete pain relief and recurrence. GKS needs to be combined with an additional modality or the technique must be modified to achieve complete and durable pain control.
Rheological and sensory properties of fish gelatin gels as influenced by agar from Gracilaria tenuistipitata
Authors: Sinthusamran Sittichoke , Benjakul Soottawat , Hemar Yacine
Published: April 2016

Agar extracted from Gracilaria tenuistipitata and commercial agars were incorporated into fish gelatin at various levels (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% gelatin substitution). G. tenuistipitata agar (GA) had lower failure stress (~16 kPa) than commercial agar (CA) (~20 kPa). However, the former showed higher failure strain (~30%) with lower melting temperature (65.9 °C). The critical linear stress and failure stress of agar/gelatin mixed gels increased with increasing agar levels (P < 0.05). At 15 and 20% of agar used, the mixed gels containing CA exhibited higher failure stress than those with added GA (P < 0.05). Two melting points of agar/gelatin mixed gels were observed, corresponding to the melting temperatures of gelatin and agar gels. Nevertheless, the incorporation of agar lowered the likeness score of gelatin gel. Thus, both GA and CA had the impact on rheological property and the selected sensory characteristics of fish gelatin, depending on the level of substitution.
A nurse‐driven process for timely removal of urinary catheters
Authors: Yatim Juriyah , Wong Kok‐Seng , Ling Moi‐Lin , Tan Siok‐Bee , Tan Kwee‐Yuen , Hockenberry Marilyn
Published: April 2016

Catheter‐associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) comprises 30–40% of all health care‐acquired infections, and 70–80% of these infections are related with use of indwelling urinary catheters. This quality improvement (QI) project was initiated to evaluate the effectiveness of a nurse‐driven urinary catheter removal process in reducing the duration of urinary catheter usage in a general medical ward in Singapore. A pre‐ and post‐study design was adopted. The pre‐implementation data included urinary catheter utilization ratio and CAUTI rates. Over a 6‐months period, nurses used a nurse‐driven urinary catheter removal process to improve rates of timely removal of catheter. Data collected included nurses' compliance with the process and clinical outcomes, such as urinary catheter utilization ratio and CAUTI rates before and after implementation. Compliance with the use of the nurse‐driven process by staff was 89%. The urinary catheter utilization ratio revealed a raise from 0·12 before implementation to 0·18 after implementation. However, CAUTI rates decreased from 4 to 0 per 1000 catheter‐days, indicating a marginally significant difference between the pre and post‐implementation rates (p = 0.06), using Fisher's exact test. The nurse‐driven process decision support tool for optimizing appropriate catheter usage had the potential of reducing a patient's risk of acquiring CAUTI.
Parenting Supports for Early Vocabulary Development: Specific Effects of Sensitivity and Stimulation through Infancy
Authors: Vallotton Claire D. , Mastergeorge Ann , Foster Tricia , Decker Kalli B. , Ayoub Catherine
Published: April 2016

Growing recognition of disparities in early childhood language environments prompts examination of parent–child interactions, which support vocabulary. Research links parental sensitivity and cognitive stimulation to child language, but has not explicitly contrasted their effects, nor examined how effects may change over time. We examined maternal sensitivity and stimulation throughout infancy using two observational methods—ratings of parents’ interaction qualities and coding of discrete parenting behaviors—to assess the relative importance of these qualities to child vocabulary over time and determine whether mothers make related changes in response to children's development. Participants were 146 infants and mothers, assessed when infants were 14, 24, and 36 months. At 14 months, sensitivity had a stronger effect on vocabulary than did stimulation, but the effect of stimulation grew throughout toddlerhood. Mothers’ cognitive stimulation grew over time, whereas sensitivity remained stable. While discrete parenting behaviors changed with child age, there was no evidence of trade‐offs between sensitive and stimulating behaviors, and no evidence that sensitivity moderated the effect of stimulation on child vocabulary. Findings demonstrate specificity of timing in the link between parenting qualities and child vocabulary, which could inform early parent interventions, and support a reconceptualization of the nature and measurement of parental sensitivity.
Validity of the Brazilian version of the Venham's behavior rating scale
Authors: Cademartori Mariana Gonzalez , Da Rosa Denise Paiva , Oliveira Luísa Jardim Correa , Corrêa Marcos Britto , Goettems Marília Leão
Published: April 2016

Background

Venham's Behavior Rating Scale (VBRS) is a measure of uncooperative behavior developed to assess children's responses to dental stress.

Aim

To evaluate the validity of the Brazilian version of the VBRS.

Design

Children aged 7–13 years were invited to participate in this study. Child behavior was concurrently assessed with both the VBRS and the Frankl Scale. A receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was plotted to determine the cut‐off points of the Brazilian version of the VBRS. Criterion validity was determined using Spearman's correlation coefficient. Discriminant validity was tested before and after scale dichotomization.

Results

A total of 265 children participated in this study. According to the ROC curve, the ≥1 cut‐off point was best for this population (SENS 97.4%; SPEC 94.7%). The Brazilian version of the VBRS was significantly correlated with the Frankl Scale (r −0.69; <0.001, r −0.72; <0.001). Child behavior assessed was related to complexity of treatment, type of procedure, use of local anesthesia, and dental fear.

Conclusions

The results provide strong evidence for the validity of Brazilian version of the VBRS in behavior assessment of children aged 7–13 years during dental care.
Riser Pattern: Another Determinant of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction
Authors: Komori Takahiro , Eguchi Kazuo , Saito Toshinobu , Hoshide Satoshi , Kario Kazuomi
Published: April 2016

Paradoxical increase in blood pressure (BP) during sleep, exceeding those of awake BP, is called the “riser” BP pattern, and known as an abnormal circadian BP rhythm, has been reported to be associated with adverse cardiovascular prognoses. However, the significance of ambulatory BP in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) has never been reported. Here, we tested our hypothesis that abnormal circadian BP rhythm is associated with HFpEF. The authors enrolled 508 patients with hospitalized HF (age 68±13 years; 315 men, 193 women). There were 232 cases of HFpEF and 276 cases of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). The riser BP pattern was significantly more frequent in the HFpEF (28.9%) group compared with the HFrEF group (19.9%). In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, the riser BP pattern was associated with HFpEF (odds ratio, 1.73; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–2.91; P=.041) independent of the other covariates. In conclusion, the riser BP pattern was associated with HFpEF.
Optimization of Microwave‐Assisted Predrying and Deep‐Fat‐Frying Conditions to Produce Fried Carrot Slices
Authors: Karacabey Erkan , Özçelık Şehrıban Gül , Turan Merve Seçıl , Baltacioğlu Cem , Küçüköner Erdoğan
Published: April 2016

Main objective of the current study was to reduce the fat content of fried carrot slices by applying a microwave assisted drying (MAD) step before frying. The effects of MAD and deep‐fat‐frying conditions on moisture and oil contents, breaking force, and color parameters of predried and fried carrot slices were investigated. The results of data analysis using response surface methodology showed that there was a significant correlation between investigated responses and process variables (P ≤ 0.05). Based on the optimal conditions (12% for weight loss, 140°C for frying temperature, and 227 s for frying time), more than 18% reduction in fat content of fried carrot slices was achieved by MAD applied before frying. SEM analysis was performed to determine the relationship between fat absorption and structural changes under effects of conditions of the proposed MAD and frying.

Practical Applications

Deep‐fat‐frying is one of the most common cooking methods for foods. There are plenty number of studies devoted to manufacturing of fried foods with reduced fat content, since concerns about high fat content rise for food manufacturers from an economic point of view and also for the consumers from the health angle. The information presented in this work will be useful in manufacturing of fried carrot slices of acceptable quality attributes by optimizing the MAD and frying processes. The result is very useful for manufacturer and consumers in considering different processing variables and responses at the same time, which have been commonly studied with single factor experiment in literature and none of them has included MAD combined frying for cooking of carrot slices in terms of fat content and quality assurance.
Assessment of the effectiveness of structural and nonstructural measures to cope with global change impacts in Barcelona
Authors: Velasco M. , Russo B. , Cabello À. , Termes M. , Sunyer D. , Malgrat P.
Published: April 2016

In a context of high uncertainty of hydro‐climatic variables, the development of updated methods to assess climate change impacts is as important as the provision of improved climate change data. This article presents the impacts of climate change on the flooding problems concerning a critical area of Barcelona and the assessment of the effectiveness of structural and nonstructural measures to cope with such impacts. For this purpose, a specific study tackling climate change influence on extreme precipitation in Barcelona and a detailed 1D/2D‐coupled model were used. Once the model was developed and calibrated, several scenarios of adaptation measures were considered to cope with climate change effects for the 2050 horizon. Results concerning these scenarios were compared to a defined ‘business as usual scenario’. Climate change impacts were assessed in terms of flood hazard and risk maps concerning vehicular and pedestrian circulation for several return periods (1, 10 and 100 years) for all the considered scenarios. Additionally, direct tangible damages were estimated using depth‐damage curves. The expected annual damage of the area is obtained by combining hazard and vulnerability levels using a Geographic Information System‐based toolbox. By undertaking a cost‐benefit analysis, the effectiveness of the strategies is assessed.
A Survey of Microbial Contamination on Restaurant Nonfood‐Contact Surfaces
Authors: Patel Dimpi , Stansell Jennifer , Jaimes Maia , Ferris Kathleen , Webb Ginny
Published: April 2016

Foodborne illnesses are a significant public health concern as they cause approximately 48 million illnesses per year in the U.S.A. It is important to identify and control potential sources of microbial contamination in restaurants to reduce the number of foodborne illnesses. In this study, we aimed to measure microbial contamination on nonfood‐contact surfaces in restaurants. These surfaces include tables, chairs, highchairs and booster seats. We found the highest levels of total microbial contamination and staphylococci on booth seats and table chairs with total microbial counts of 151 and 184 CFU/100 cm2, respectively. Other surfaces found to have over 100 CFU/100 cm2 were booster seats and cleaning dishcloths. The cleaning dishcloth also contained 59 CFU/100 cm2 of enteric bacteria. These results suggest the need for more studies aimed to determine the levels of microbial contamination on nonfood‐contact surfaces in restaurants with the goal of providing better recommendations for cleaning practices and procedures.

Practical Applications

The cleaning procedures for restaurant furniture and other nonfood‐contact surfaces in restaurants are not highly regulated. The information from this study suggests the need for improved cleaning practices and procedures of nonfood‐contact surfaces in restaurants. Development and implementation of better guidelines for cleaning has the potential to reduce microbial burden on these surfaces and therefore reduce the risk of foodborne illness.
Asian consensus statements on endoscopic management of walled‐off necrosis Part 1: Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment
Authors: Isayama Hiroyuki , Nakai Yousuke , Rerknimitr Rungsun , Khor Christopher , Lau James , Wang Hsiu‐Po , Seo Dong Wan , Ratanachu‐ek Thawee , Lakhtakia Sundeep , Ang Tiing Leong , Ryozawa Shomei , Hayashi Tsuyoshi , Kawakami Hiroshi , Yamamoto Natusyo , Iwashita Takuji , Itokawa Fumihide , Kuwatani Masaki , Kitano Masayuki , Hanada Keiji , Kogure Hirofumi , Hamada Tsuyoshi , Ponnudurai Ryan , Moon Jong Ho , Itoi Takao , Yasuda Ichiro , Irisawa Atsushi , Maetani Iruru
Published: April 2016

Walled‐off necrosis (WON) is a relatively new term for encapsulated necrotic tissue after severe acute pancreatitis. Various terminologies such as pseudocyst, necroma, pancreatic abscess, and infected necrosis were previously used in the literature, resulting in confusion. The current and past terminologies must be reconciled to meaningfully interpret past data. Recently, endoscopic necrosectomy was introduced as a treatment option and is now preferred over surgical necrosectomy when the expertise is available. However, high‐quality evidence is still lacking, and there is no standard management strategy for WON. The consensus meeting aimed to clarify the diagnostic criteria for WON and the role of endoscopic interventions in its management. In the Consensus Conference, 27 experts from eight Asian countries took an active role and examined key clinical aspects of WON diagnosis and endoscopic management. Statements were crafted based on literature review and expert opinion, employing the modified Delphi method. All statements were substantiated by the level of evidence and the strength of the recommendation. We created 27 consensus statements for WON diagnosis and management, including details of endoscopic procedures. When there was not enough solid evidence to support the statements, this was clearly acknowledged to facilitate future research. Proposed management strategies were formulated and are illustrated using flow charts. These recommendations, which are based on the best current scientific evidence and expert opinion, will be useful for guiding endoscopic management of WON. Part 1 of this statement focused on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and timing of intervention.
A Step Towards a General Framework for Consequential Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Rajagopal Deepak
Published: April 2016

At the core of consequential life cycle assessment (CLCA) is a model of the economic system of which the activity that motivates the CLCA is a part. While there are several applications of CLCA in the literature, there does not appear to exist a formal, general mathematical framework. To address this gap, this article presents a general multi‐market equilibrium framework, which could be adapted to an arbitrary level of complexity depending on the context and data availability. A general expression for total pollution (of a given type) is derived, which highlights different factors that determine the impact on emissions. It is then illustrated how microeconomic theory can help predict the direction of price and quantity changes for each commodity within the modeled system simply based on an activity's relationship to the ultimate activity or service, which motivates the CLCA. The steps involved in converting the multi‐market framework to general equilibrium are also discussed.
Uncoupled U/Pb and REE response in zircon during the transformation of eclogite to mafic and intermediate granulite (Blanský les, Bohemian Massif)
Authors: Štípská P. , Powell R. , Hacker B. R. , Holder R. , Kylander‐Clark A. R. C.
Published: April 2016

An eclogite–mafic granulite occurs as a rare boudin within a felsic kyanite–K‐feldspar granulite in a low‐strain zone. Its boundary is marked by significant metasomatism–diffusional gain of potassium at the centimetre‐scale, and probable infiltration of felsic melt on a larger scale. This converted the eclogite–mafic granulite into an intermediate‐composition, ternary‐feldspar‐bearing granulite. Based on inclusions in garnet, the peak P–T conditions of the original eclogite are 18 kbar at 850–950 °C, with later matrix re‐equilibration at 12 kbar and 950 °C. Four samples from the transition of the eclogite–mafic granulite through to the intermediate granulite were studied. In the eclogite, REE patterns in the garnet core show no Eu anomaly, compatible with crystallization in the absence of plagioclase and consistent with eclogite facies conditions. Towards the rim of garnet, LREE decrease, and a weak negative Eu anomaly appears, reflecting passage into HP granulite facies conditions with plagioclase present. The rims of garnet next to ternary feldspar in the intermediate granulite show the lowest LREE and deepest Eu anomalies. Zircon from the four samples was analysed by LASS (laser ablation–split‐stream inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry). It shows U–Pb ages from 404 ± 4.0 to 331 ± 3.3 Ma, with a peak at 340 ± 4.0 Ma corresponding to the likely exhumation of the rocks to 12 kbar. Older ages from zircon with steep HREE patterns indicate the minimum age of the protolith, and ages <360 ± 4.0 Ma are interpreted to correspond to the eclogite facies metamorphism. Only some zircon grains ≤350 ± 4.0 Ma have flat HREE patterns, suggesting that these are primarily modified protolith grains, rather than new zircon crystallized in the eclogite‐ or granulite facies. The metasomatic processes that converted the eclogite–mafic granulite to an intermediate granulite may have facilitated zircon modification as zircon in the intermediate granulite has flat HREE and ages of 340 ± 4.0 Ma. The difference between the oldest and youngest ages with flat REE patterns indicates a 16 ± 5.6 Ma period of zircon modification in the presence of garnet.
Oral physiology, nutrition and quality of life in diabetic patients associated or not with hypertension and beta‐blockers therapy
Authors: Pereira L. J. , Foureaux R. C. , Pereira C. V. , Alves M. C. , Campos C. H. , Rodrigues Garcia R. C. M. , Andrade E. F. , Gonçalves T. M. S. V.
Published: April 2016

The relationship between type 2 diabetes oral physiology, nutritional intake and quality of life has not been fully elucidated. We assessed the impact of type 2 diabetes – exclusive or associated with hypertension with beta‐blockers treatment – on oral physiology, mastication, nutrition and quality of life. This cross‐sectional study was performed with 78 complete dentate subjects (15 natural teeth and six masticatory units minimum; without removable or fixed prostheses), divided into three groups: diabetics (DM) (n = 20; 45·4 ± 9·5 years), diabetics with hypertension and receiving beta‐blockers treatment (DMH) (n = 19; 41·1 ± 5·1 years) and controls (n = 39; 44·5 ± 11·7 years) matched for gender, age and socioeconomic status. Blood glucose, masticatory performance, swallowing threshold, taste, food intake, stimulated and unstimulated salivary flow, pH and buffering capacity of saliva were assessed. Glycemia was higher in DM than in controls (P < 0·01). No differences were observed between DM and controls for nutrition and quality of life. Both stimulated and unstimulated salivary flow rate were lower in DMH (P < 0·01), which also presented the lowest number of teeth and masticatory units (P < 0·0001), and reduction in the number of chewing cycles (P < 0·01). Controls showed lower Decayed Missing Filled Teeth index (DMFT) scores in comparison with DMH (P = 0·021). Masticatory performance and saliva buffering capacity were similar among groups. Exclusive type 2 diabetes did not alter oral physiology, nutrition or quality of life. However, when hypertension and beta‐blockers treatment were associated with diabetes, the salivary flow rate, chewing cycles and number of teeth decreased.
Development of a new instrument for determining the level of chewing function in children
Authors: Serel Arslan S. , Demir N. , Barak Dolgun A. , Karaduman A. A.
Published: April 2016

This study aimed to develop a chewing performance scale that classifies chewing from normal to severely impaired and to investigate its validity and reliability. The study included the developmental phase and reported the content, structural, criterion validity, interobserver and intra‐observer reliability of the chewing performance scale, which was called the Karaduman Chewing Performance Scale (KCPS). A dysphagia literature review, other questionnaires and clinical experiences were used in the developmental phase. Seven experts assessed the steps for content validity over two Delphi rounds. To test structural, criterion validity, interobserver and intra‐observer reliability, two swallowing therapists evaluated chewing videos of 144 children (Group I: 61 healthy children without chewing disorders, mean age of 42·38 ± 9·36 months; Group II: 83 children with cerebral palsy who have chewing disorders, mean age of 39·09 ± 22·95 months) using KCPS. The Behavioral Pediatrics Feeding Assessment Scale (BPFAS) was used for criterion validity. The KCPS steps arranged between 0–4 were found to be necessary. The content validity index was 0·885. The KCPS levels were found to be different between groups I and II (χ2 = 123·286, P < 0·001). A moderately strong positive correlation was found between the KCPS and the subscales of the BPFAS (r = 0·444–0·773, P < 0·001). An excellent positive correlation was detected between two swallowing therapists and between two examinations of one swallowing therapist (r = 0·962, P < 0·001; r = 0·990, P < 0·001, respectively). The KCPS is a valid, reliable, quick and clinically easy‐to‐use functional instrument for determining the level of chewing function in children.
Teaching Healthy Eating to Elementary School Students: A Scoping Review of Nutrition Education Resources
Authors: Peralta Louisa R. , Dudley Dean A. , Cotton Wayne G.
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND

School‐based programs represent an ideal setting to enhance healthy eating, as most children attend school regularly and consume at least one meal and a number of snacks at school each day. However, current research reports that elementary school teachers often display low levels of nutritional knowledge, self‐efficacy, and skills to effectively deliver nutrition education.

METHODS

The purpose of this review was to understand the availability and quality of resources that are accessible for elementary school teachers to use to support curriculum delivery or nutrition education programs. The review included 32 resources from 4 countries in the final analysis from 1989 to 2014.

RESULTS

The 32 resources exhibited 8 dominant teaching strategies: curriculum approaches; cross‐curricular approaches; parental involvement; experiential learning approaches; contingent reinforcement approaches; literary abstraction approaches; games‐based approaches; and web‐based approaches. The resources were accessible to elementary school teachers, with all the resources embedding curriculum approaches, and most of the resources embedding parental involvement strategies.

CONCLUSIONS

Resources were less likely to embed cross‐curricular and experiential learning approaches, as well as contingent reinforcement approaches, despite recent research suggesting that the most effective evidence‐based strategies for improving healthy eating in elementary school children are cross‐curricular and experiential learning approaches.
Effect of Physically Active Academic Lessons on Body Mass Index and Physical Fitness in Primary School Children
Authors: de Greeff Johannes W. , Hartman Esther , Mullender‐Wijnsma Marijke J. , Bosker Roel J. , Doolaard Simone , Visscher Chris
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND

Preventing overweight and improving physical fitness in primary school children is a worldwide challenge, and physically active intervention programs usually come with the cost of academic instruction time. This study aimed to investigate effects of physically active academic lessons on body mass index (BMI) and physical fitness in primary school children.

METHODS

Dutch children attending second‐ or third‐grade class from 12 primary schools (N = 376; 8.1 ± 0.7 years) were randomly assigned to a 22‐week intervention program or to the control group. In addition to measuring BMI before and after the intervention, physical fitness was measured with 5 items of the Eurofit test battery, measuring cardiovascular and muscular fitness.

RESULTS

Multilevel analysis showed a significant interaction effect between condition (intervention vs control) and grade (B = −0.47; p < .05). For third‐grade children, BMI of the intervention group did not change significantly during the intervention period, whereas a significant increase was found in the control group. No significant main or interaction effects were found for cardiovascular or muscular fitness.

CONCLUSIONS

The current physically active academic lessons had positive effects on BMI in third‐grade children, but had no effects on cardiovascular and muscular fitness.
Are School Nurses an Overlooked Resource in Reducing Childhood Obesity? A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Schroeder Krista , Travers Jasmine , Smaldone Arlene
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND

Schools are a key setting for childhood obesity interventions, yet nurses are not often included in delivering these interventions. The objective of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to examine school‐based interventions involving nurses in a role beyond anthropometric measurement for effect on change in body measures.

METHODS

We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis of these papers.

RESULTS

The literature search produced 2412 articles. Eleven met inclusion criteria for the systematic review (4 randomized controlled trail [RCT], 7 quasi‐experimental) and 8 for the meta‐analysis. None have been included in prior meta‐analyses. Four studies restricted eligibility to overweight and/or obese children; 7 included all children regardless of body weight. Random effects meta‐analytic models represent data from 6050 (body mass index [BMI]), 5863 (BMIz), and 416 (BMI percentile) children, respectively. Pooled analyses demonstrated statistically significant decreases in BMI (6 studies: −0.48 [95% CI −0.84, −0.12]; I2=91.2%, Q=68.1), BMIz (5 studies: −0.10 [95% CI: −0.15, −0.05]; I2=0, Q=2.3), and BMI percentile (3 studies: −0.41 [95% CI: −0.60, −0.21]; I2=0, Q=2.0).

CONCLUSIONS

These findings are similar to those of other meta‐analyses of school‐based interventions and suggest that school nurses can play a key role in implementing sustainable, effective school‐based obesity interventions.
School Start Times, Sleep, Behavioral, Health, and Academic Outcomes: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Wheaton Anne G. , Chapman Daniel P. , Croft Janet B.
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND

Insufficient sleep in adolescents has been shown to be associated with a wide variety of adverse outcomes, from poor mental and physical health to behavioral problems and lower academic grades. However, most high school students do not get sufficient sleep. Delaying school start times for adolescents has been proposed as a policy change to address insufficient sleep in this population and potentially to improve students' academic performance, reduce engagement in risk behaviors, and improve health.

METHODS

This article reviews 38 reports examining the association between school start times, sleep, and other outcomes among adolescent students.

RESULTS

Most studies reviewed provide evidence that delaying school start time increases weeknight sleep duration among adolescents, primarily by delaying rise times. Most of the studies saw a significant increase in sleep duration even with relatively small delays in start times of half an hour or so. Later start times also generally correspond to improved attendance, less tardiness, less falling asleep in class, better grades, and fewer motor vehicle crashes.

CONCLUSIONS

Although additional research is necessary, research results that are already available should be disseminated to stakeholders to enable the development of evidence‐based school policies.
Religion and Subjective Well‐Being Across Religious Traditions: Evidence from 1.3 Million Americans
Authors: Lim Chaeyoon
Published: April 2016

I examine the relationship between religious service attendance and two domains (cognitive and affective) of subjective well‐being using Gallup Daily Poll data, which has a sample size over 1.3 million. I find that religious attendance is positively associated with both domains of subjective well‐being in all religious traditions examined, including non‐Christian traditions and “religious nones.” The strength of the association varies significantly across the traditions: stronger among Christian groups—particularly among the groups that are, on average, more observant—than among non‐Christian religions or “religious nones.” The stronger association among the observant groups is partly due to the lower level of well‐being among nonattendees in those groups than nonattendees in less observant groups. I also find that the association is stronger among individuals who consider religion an important part of life than among those who do not. Finally, my findings suggest that religious service attendance is equally strongly related to both domains of subjective well‐being.
Practical Matters and Ultimate Concerns, “Doing,” and “Being”: A Diary Study of the Chaplain's Role in the Care of the Seriously Ill in an Urban Acute Care Hospital
Authors: Idler Ellen L. , Grant George H. , Quest Tammie , Binney Zachary , Perkins Molly M.
Published: April 2016

Systematic observational studies of the chaplain's role and function in the secular health‐care setting are few. With an episode‐based diary recorded on handheld digital tablets, palliative care chaplains at a large urban hospital with a diverse patient population recorded details of patient visits in near‐real time. Cluster analysis revealed groups of activities we called "doing" and "being," and conversation topics of "practical matters" and "ultimate concerns”; chaplains were most satisfied with visits that involved all of these. Chaplains offer patients and families a space to express significant concerns; however, visits with spiritual or religious activities or topics were relatively rare. Broad quality of life concerns are central to the evolving professional role of chaplains in the secular setting of the modern hospital.
Tone and Phonation in Southeast Asian Languages
Authors: Brunelle Marc , Kirby James
Published: April 2016

Southeast Asia is often considered a quintessentialSprachbundwhere languages from five different language phyla have been converging typologically for millennia. One of the common features shared by many languages of the area is tone: several major national languages of the region have large tone inventories and complex tone contours. In this paper, we suggest a more fine‐grained view. We show that in addition to a large number of atonal languages, the tone languages of the region are actually far more diverse than usually assumed, and employ phonation type contrasts at least as often as pitch. Along the same lines, we argue that concepts such astoneandregister, while descriptively useful, can obscure important underlying similarities and impede our understanding of the behavior of phonetic properties, typological regularities, and diachrony. We finally draw the reader's attention to some issues of current interest in the study of tone and phonation in Southeast Asia and describe some technical developments that are likely to allow researchers to address new lines of research in years to come.
Association of maternal characteristics and behaviours with 4‐year‐old children's dietary patterns
Authors: Durão Catarina , Severo Milton , Oliveira Andreia , Moreira Pedro , Guerra António , Barros Henrique , Lopes Carla
Published: April 2016

This study examined the association of family and maternal characteristics with preschool children's dietary patterns. Trained interviewers evaluated subsample 3422 mothers and children enrolled in the population‐based birth cohort Generation XXI (Porto, Portugal, 2005–2006). Maternal characteristics and behaviours (exercise, smoking habits, diet and child‐feeding practices) and family characteristics were evaluated. Maternal diet was classified by a dietary score, and children's dietary patterns were identified by latent class analysis. Odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated by multinomial regression models. The analysis was based on a framework with four conceptual levels: maternal socio‐economic position (SEP) at 12 years, maternal socio‐economic and demographic characteristics at child's delivery, family characteristics and maternal behaviours at child's 4 years. Three dietary patterns were identified in children: high in energy‐dense foods (EDF); low in foods typically consumed at main meals and intermediate in snacks (Snacking); higher in healthy foods; and lower in unhealthy ones (Healthier, reference). Lower maternal SEP had an overall effect on children's diet (low vs. high SEP; EDF, OR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.42–2.18; Snacking, OR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.27–2.35), while maternal education was directly associated with it (≤9 vs. >12 schooling years, EDF, OR = 2.19, 95% CI: 1.70–2.81; Snacking, OR = 2.22, 95% CI: 1.82–3.55). Children whose mothers had worse dietary score were significantly more likely to follow unhealthier patterns (first vs. fourth quartile; EDF, OR = 9.94, 95% CI: 7.35–13.44, P‐trend < 0.001; Snacking, OR = 4.21, 95% CI: 2.94–6.05, P‐trend < 0.001). Maternal diet was the key factor associated with children's diet, above and beyond socio‐economic and demographic characteristics, accounting for one‐third of the determination coefficient of the fully adjusted model. At preschool age, interventions should give a particular focus on maternal diet and low SEP groups.
Is Implicit Theory of Mind the ‘Real Deal’? The Own‐Belief/True‐Belief Default in Adults and Young Preschoolers
Authors: Wang Lu , Leslie Alan M.
Published: April 2016

Recent studies reveal spontaneous implicit false‐belief understanding in infancy. But is this early ability genuine theory‐of‐mind? Spontaneous tasks may allow early success by eliminating the selection‐response bias thought to underlie later failure on standard (verbal) tasks. However, using anticipatory eye gaze, we find the same bias in non‐verbal tasks in both preschoolers and adults. We argue that the bias arises from theory‐of‐mind competence itself and takes the form of a rational prior to attribute one's own belief to others. Our discussion then draws attention to a number of other inferential hallmarks of early belief‐desire reasoning that together suggest it is the real deal.
The Evolution of Primate Communication and Metacommunication
Authors: Proust Joëlle
Published: April 2016

Against the prior view that primate communication is based only on signal decoding, comparative evidence suggests that primates are able, no less than humans, to intentionally perform or understand impulsive or habitual communicational actions with a structured evaluative nonconceptual content. These signals convey an affordance‐sensing that immediately motivates conspecifics to act. Although humans have access to a strategic form of propositional communication adapted to teaching and persuasion, they share with nonhuman primates the capacity to communicate in impulsive or habitual ways. They are also similarly able to monitor fluency, informativeness and relevance of messages or signals through nonconceptual cues.
Assessing the importance of four sandfly species (Diptera: Psychodidae) as vectors of Leishmania mexicana in Campeche, Mexico
Authors: PECH‐MAY A. , PERAZA‐HERRERA G. , MOO‐LLANES D. A. , ESCOBEDO‐ORTEGÓN J. , BERZUNZA‐CRUZ M. , BECKER‐FAUSER I. , MONTES DE OCA‐AGUILAR A. C. , REBOLLAR‐TÉLLEZ E. A.
Published: April 2016

Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis represents a public health problem in many areas of Mexico, especially in the Yucatan Peninsula. An understanding of vector ecology and bionomics is of great importance in evaluations of the transmission dynamics of Leishmania parasites. A field study was conducted in the county of Calakmul, state of Campeche, during the period from November 2006 to March 2007. Phlebotomine sandfly vectors were sampled using Centers for Disease Control light traps, baited Disney traps and Shannon traps. A total of 3374 specimens were captured in the two villages of Once de Mayo (93.8%) and Arroyo Negro (6.1%). In Once de Mayo, the most abundant species were Psathyromyia shannoni, Lutzomyia cruciata, Bichromomyia olmeca olmeca and Psychodopygus panamensis (all: Diptera: Psychodidae). The Shannon trap was by far the most efficient method of collection. The infection rate, as determined by Leishmania mexicana‐specific polymerase chain reaction, was 0.3% in Once de Mayo and infected sandflies included Psy. panamensis, B. o. olmeca and Psa. shannoni. There were significant differences in human biting rates across sandfly species and month of sampling. Ecological niche modelling analyses showed an overall overlap of 39.1% for the four species in the whole state of Campeche. In addition, the finding of nine vector–reservoir pairs indicates a potential interaction. The roles of the various sandfly vectors in Calakmul are discussed.
Outcomes of arteriovenous fistula creation, effect of preoperative vein mapping and predictors of fistula success in incident haemodialysis patients: A single‐centre experience
Authors: Lee Kian‐Guan , Chong Tze‐Tec , Goh Nicholette , Achudan Shaam , Tan Yi‐Liang , Tan Ru‐Yu , Choong Hui‐Lin , Tan Chieh‐Suai
Published: April 2016

Aim

Vascular access in haemodialysis is critical for effective therapy. We aim to evaluate the outcomes of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation in incident haemodialysis patients, impact of preoperative vein mapping and predictors of successful AVF maturation in our centre.

Methods

Data of End‐stage Renal Disease (ESRD) patients initiated on haemodialysis from January 2010 to December 2012 in our centre were retrospectively obtained from electronic medical records and clinical notes. Demographic characteristics, medical comorbidities, perioperative details were collected, and patients were followed up until 1 January 2014.

Results

A total of 708 patients (median age 64, IQR 55‐72) were included with mean duration of follow up of 2.3 ± 1.2 years, with access of AVF and arteriovenous graft (AVG) in 694 (98%) and 14 (2%) patients respectively. Eight patients were lost to follow‐up. Successful AVF maturation was achieved in 542 patients (78%), with 1‐year cumulative patency rate of 74%. Multivariate analysis revealed male gender, upper arm AVF and good postoperative thrill and pulse as predictors of successful AVF maturation. Preoperative vein mapping was performed in 42.5% (295/694) of patients, with mean vein diameter of 2.44 ± 0.82 mm. Maturation rates with and without vein mapping were 72.2% and 82.4%, respectively, (P = 0.001). In patients with vein diameters of <2 mm and ≥2 mm, there was no statistically significant difference in maturation rates (71.3% vs. 72.6%; P = 0.887) and median maturation time (66 vs. 78 days; P = 0.73).

Conclusion

Arteriovenous fistula can be successfully created in most incident haemodialysis patients. Routine vein mapping is not necessary if veins are suitable on physical examination alone, and vein sizes of <2 mm on ultrasound is not associated with lower AVF maturation rate.
Characterization of 47 Cys2‐His2 zinc finger proteins required for the development and pathogenicity of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae
Authors: Cao Huijuan , Huang Pengyun , Zhang Lilin , Shi Yongkai , Sun Dandan , Yan Yuxin , Liu Xiaohong , Dong Bo , Chen Guoqing , Snyder John Hugh , Lin Fucheng , Lu Jianping
Published: April 2016

The Cys2‐His2 (C2H2) zinc finger protein family is the second‐largest family of transcription factors (TFs) in Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal fungus responsible for the destructive rice blast disease. However, little is known about the roles of most C2H2 TFs in the development and pathogenicity of M. oryzae.

The roles of 47 C2H2 genes in development and pathogenicity were investigated by gene deletion in M. oryzae. The TF‐dependent genes in mycelia or appressoria were analyzed with RNA sequencing and quantitative PCR (qPCR).

Forty‐four C2H2 genes are involved in growth (20 genes), conidiation (28 genes), appressorium formation (four genes) and pathogenicity (22 genes) in M. oryzae. Of these, MGG_14931, named as VRF1, is required for pathogenicity, specifically controlling appressorium maturation by affecting the expression of genes related to appressorial structure and function, including melanin biosynthesis, chitin catabolism, lipid metabolism, proteolysis, transmembrane transport, and response to oxidative stress; MGG_01776, named as VRF2, is required for plant penetration and invasive growth; conidiation‐related gene CON7 is required for conidial differentiation; and MoCREA, encoding a carbon catabolite repression protein, is a novel repressor of lipid catabolism when glucose obtainable in M. oryzae.

This study provides many insights into the regulation of growth, asexual development, appressorium formation, and pathogenicity by C2H2 TFs in M. oryzae.