bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analogue scale models of pluton emplacement during transpression in brittle and ductile crust
Authors: Benn Keith , Odonne Francis , Lee Sharon K. Y. , Darcovich Ken
Published: September 2018

Analogue experiments were used to investigate pluton emplacement during transpression in a layered crust. Models consisted of (1) a silicone gum-PbO suspension as analogue magma, (2) a silicone gum-Pb suspension as a basal ductile layer, and (3) an overlying sand pack representing brittle crust. The models were transpressed at 3 mm/hr causing the extrusion of the analogue magma from a progressively closing slot, and its emplacement into the ductile layer. The thicknesses of the layers were critical in controlling the shapes of intrusions and the structures that developed in the brittle overburden. Thicker sand packs led to flattened, symmetrical laccolith-shaped intrusions and the nucleation of one oblique thrust in the sand pack above the extremity of the intrusion. Thinner sand packs led to thicker, asymmetrical laccolith-like intrusions with uplift of the overburden on an oblique thrust, and the formation of a shallow graben in the extrados of a bending fold. Reducing the thickness of the basal ductile layer resulted in a larger number of shear zones in the sand pack, and structural geometries approaching those produced in experiments involving only a brittle analogue crust and no ductile layer. Shear zones in the sand pack were localised by intrusions, and also played a key role in displacing analogue brittle crust to make space for intrusions. The results suggest that tectonic forces may play an important role in displacing blocks of crust during pluton emplacement in transpressional belts. They also suggest that pluton shapes, and the geometries and kinematics of emplacement-related shear zones and faults, may depend on the depth of emplacement. In nature, depending on the structural level exposed in the map plane, faults and shear zones that helped make space for emplacement may not appear to be spatially associated with the pluton.
Would You Press the Button?
Authors: Stein Walter
Published: September 2018

"Would you press the button you know is going to annihilate millions of people?"

"If the circumstances demanded it, I would."

This reply, under oath, by Air Commodore Magill to Pat Pottle at the British Official Secrets Trial of February 1962, distils the essence of the deterrence strategy. In the light of common sense, and especially with reference to the just-war tradition, it also defines its essential immorality.

As a prosecution witness, the Air Commodore was being cross-examined by one of the accused who had invaded a nuclear base in protest and who was later sentenced to imprisonment for this offense.
“Wars Will Cease When…”
Authors: Schall James V.
Published: September 2018

When I was passing through England not long ago, a news photo in the Daily Telegraph caught my attention. The front page showed a picture of English students, the Cambridge Peace Action Group, carrying a sign before the married quarters area of the United States Air Force Base in Suffolk. “Wars will cease,” the banner logically proclaimed, “when men refuse to fight.”

Today, of course, when we see signs advising men to refuse to fight, we are almost always talking about the war in Vietnam. A good deal of information about the war in Vietnam, its history, its circumstances, and its problems is available to the general population. Everyone is aware of the Green Beret, of French colonialism, General Giap's theory of guerrilla warfare, the Seventh Fleet, Ho Chi Minh, napalm, Madam Nu, burning Buddhists, the bomb, the Gulf of Tonkin, General de Gaulle's theories, Dien Bien Phu, the Oakland Army Base, Cam Ramh Bay, the black market in Saigon, Viet Cong assassinations, the thousands of American dead, Senator Fulbright's Hearings, the elections in South Vietnam, the Geneva Conference, the 325th Division of the North Vietnamese Army, the Demarcation Zone, and General Ky's black flying suit with the purple scarf. These and a host of other images are never far from our Vietnamese reflections.
Europeans and the War
Authors: MacEoin Gary
Published: September 2018

“Many thinking people in Europe agree that United States policy in Vietnam is bankrupt,” Enda McDonagh said. “It is on the way to making the ‘free world’ a myth,” François Houtart said. “The futility of the Vietnam war outweighs anything to be gained from it,” Michael Ramsey said, “and its continuation will cause world opinion to be hardened against America.”

All three speakers know the United States intimately and are personally and by traditional commitment its devoted friends.. Not one of them is French, and I am sure none is a Communist. Yet this is how they spoke in the second half of 1967. And between them they reflect a broad spectrum of the thought of Christian churchmen in Europe. The first two are Roman Catholic priests, professors of moral theology at Maynooth College. Ireland, and of sociology at the Unh'ersity of Louvain, Belgium, respectively. The third is Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury.
The College Student and Vietnam
Authors: Lovell John P.
Published: September 2018

In support of its current policies in Vietnam, the American government submits its youthful male citizens to the classic demands of the nation-state at war: it demands that they be prepared to die for their country and that they be prepared to kill for their country. At die same time many of these young men face, in the college classroom, the demand that they analyze critically their nation's policies in Vietnam. How many young men are able to acknowledge the possibility that they may face death in Vietnam and at the same time are able to analyze critically the policies that lead to that possibility?
Toward a Test-Ban Treaty
Authors: Ramsey Paul
Published: September 2018

When Izvestia published in full President Kennedy's speech at American University, and it was announced that three-power negotiations would soon open in Moscow on a test-ban treaty, there was hope that a breakthrough to an agreement might still be found. These hopes were dampened when Khrushchev withdrew the concession Russia seemed to have made in agreeing at Geneva to three on-site inspections a year. In the context of the President's declaration that the United States will not be the first to resume atmospheric testing, this is going to continue to put pressure on our demand for live inspection.
On the Moral Implications of Torture and Exemplary Assassination
Authors: Blackstock Paul W.
Published: September 2018

Writing in 1765 in the full swing ot the Enlightenment, an Oxford Don and Bachelor of Divinity Thomas Warton, began the Preface to his famous History of English Poetry (from the eleventh to the eighteenth centuries) with the following lines:

In an age advanced to the highest degree of refinement that spceies of curiosity commences, which is busied in contemplating the progress of social life, in displaying the gradations of science, and in tracing the trinsitions from barbarism to civility

That these speculations should become the favourite pursuits and the fashonable topic of suth a period is extremly natural. We look back on the savage condition of our ancestors with the triumph of superiority.
The Bunglers' War
Authors: Stillman Edmund
Published: September 2018

The belated dismissal of murder charges against the eight Special Forces personnel in Vietnam throws into glaring relief what has been the least noticed aspect of an utterly regrettable war — the general incompetence of those charged with achieving that fata morgana, victory, or even a tolerable peace.

The scandal itself will, no doubt, have been all but forgotten by the time these words appear, though leaving, to be sure, a residue of heightened mistrust of an Administration which could not foresee the public consequences of its actions, misjudged its own courage, and was guilty, moreover, of intolerable hypocrisy. Not to understand that the very climate of Vietnam, the violence, the suspicion, the tangled intrigues joining Americans to South Vietnamese, produced the casual murder of a double agent is to understand nothing at all of the consequences of the American intervention in this luckless corner of the world.
The Crisis of International Education
Authors: Gliozzo Charles A.
Published: September 2018

International education is in a state of extreme crisis. The International Education Act signed into law by President Johnson on October 29, 1966, has yet to be funded. Recent congressional allocations with respect to international exchange programs have been slashed by an unprecedented 30 per cent — from $46 million to $31 million. Hardest hit was the Fulbright program whose funds were reduced approximately 72 per cent. The Bureau of Education and Cultural Affairs which oversees the exchange programs has planned an overall geographic cut, and Western Europe which traditionally has received the most grants will experience the largest numerical cut.
The Middle East Conflict: A Christian Perspective
Authors: Pawlikowski John T.
Published: September 2018

Leo Tolstoy once remarked that “certain questions are put to mankind, not that men should answer them, but that they should go on trying.” The highly complex Middle East situation in which we must deal with the rights of Jews and Arabs against the background of a power struggle between a Russia and an America with nuclear weapons often seems to be one of those questions. I do not here propose to offer any final answer. But I will try to state clearly what I conceive to be some misconceptions blockinga possible solution.
“Les Evenements” and the Future
Authors: Molnar Thomas
Published: September 2018

To be an eye-witness of revolutionary events has never been a guarantee of accurate observation, but it helps in sensing an atmosphere which otherwise soon evaporates. Hence my tentative conclusion that what happened in Paris in May-June of this year was a revolution in the 1789 sense of the word; if it did not become 1792-3-4 (anyway, not yet), it is because General de Gaulle is less honest and more firm than was Louis XVI. On May 30, in a four-minute speech, he said No! to disorder, and permitted this speech to become the instantaneous rallying point for various opponents of revolution.
Soviet Technological Man Speaks: The Enemy is Everywhere
Authors: Ferkiss Victor C.
Published: September 2018

Since the Russian invasion of Czechoslovakia in the late summer of 1968 hopes for détente between East and West have ebbed. The ruthless suppression of internal political autonomy in that often overrun nation seems to have given the lie to all those who have asserted that under the common pressures of modern industrialized society the social systems of the United States and the Soviet Union were becoming more and more alike. The use of the naked force of the Red Army to destroy the Czech road to socialism has left in ruin not only immediate aspirations for a reduction of international tensions in Central Europe but the broader faith in a future peace based on a convergence of the democratic and the Communist ways of life.
Science and Foreign Policy
Authors: Lefever Ernest W.
Published: September 2018

With the publication of Hans J. Morgenthau's Scientific Man vs. Power Politics more than two decades ago, one might have thought that the dragon of creeping scientism would have been laid to rest by now. But Scientific Man, self-confident and potentialiy omnipotent, dies hard.

Last December, for example, Donald F. Horning, President Johnson's science advisor, urged the creation of a Cabinet-level Department of Science with a starting budget of at least $2 billion. He was referring, of course, to the physical or “hard” sciences. On the “soft” side, President Johnson reportedly had privately criticized the “kooks and sociologists” who'used the War on Poverty as a living laboratory for their research experiments. I don't know if Mr. Johnson said this, but as a “soft” scientist, I kind of wish he had.
Violence, Non-Violence, and Political Strategy
Authors: Sibley Mulford Q.
Published: September 2018

The problem of violence in American culture has been a subject of increasing concern during the past two decades. In the fifties, there was rampant the school of “consensus” history writing, which tended to deny the existence of conflicts about basic issues in American history. More recently, the past has been portrayed in an entirely different light: Conflict, and particularly violent conflict, are seen as having been virtually endemic. Against the background of violent crime and civil disturbance, several presidential commissions have investigated violence, and they usually emerge with the conclusion that Americans are a peculiarly violent people. The atrocities of the Vietnam war, and police and ghetto violence, have led many to wonder at the same time whether the alleged merits of the American political system are as great as its defenders have insisted.
The New Style in U.S. Foreign Policy
Authors: Enloe Cynthia H. , Rejai Mostafa
Published: September 2018

There is a curious unreality about the way in which Americans have been discussing foreign policy: they seem to lie speaking in terms having only tenuous relationship to reality. This partly explains why many people find discussions of Vietnam awkward and frustrating: their vocabulary is not equipped to cope with their country's behavior. This poverty of vocabulary stems from a more serious conceptual vacuum.

Part of the responsibility for this conceptual inadequacy lies in academia, where in the last two decades foreign policy has slipped sharply in appeal. In contrast to other areas of social science, foreign policy studies have adopted a non-theoretical—almost anti-theoretical-posture.
The Rebirth of Religion
Authors: Murchland Bernard
Published: September 2018

Religion, long dead, is now coming back to life, moving at a steady pace to the center of our cultural interests. Times of crisis are propitious for religious rebirth. When, the idols of human aspiration have fallen and the old gods have died, the stage is set for new beginnings, a new upsurge of religious creativity.

To trace all the steps by which the rebirth of religion has come about would require a volume or two. One would have to mention first the great renewal in biblical studies that has been going on since the nineteenth century.
Into the Disarmament Decade: A Semi-Personal Memoir
Authors: Jack Homer A.
Published: September 2018

In April, 1952, I traveled to Lambarene, then in French Equatorial Africa, to try to enlist the leadership of Albert Schweitzer for the cause of world peace. I was disappointed to find him basically unconcerned about world politics, skeptical of the United Nations, indifferent to disarmament, and unwilling even to lend his name to peace efforts. A decade later, in June, 1962, I saw Schweitzer for the last time. He was then a world leader in nuclear disarmament, and my task this time, also unsuccessful, was to discourage his indiscriminate endorsements of some peace efforts which I believed misguided.
Japan and World Order
Authors: Baraett Robert W.
Published: September 2018

The anomaly in present U.S.-Japanese relations is that, while both countries warmly approve each other's professed foreign policies, neither country has mastered the new styles of doing business with each other necessitated by domestic trends, imperfectly perceived, which affect how each country looks upon itself and expects the other to understand it.

The United States recognizes, at last, limits on its resources, power and capabilities. At home, the U.S. Government must devote a larger part of its budget to urgent social and economic needs of its own people. Looking outward, the Government rations sparingly the wealth it shares with others and insists that others, able to do so, take a larger part of real responsibility for preservation of world order. The American people are weary of ideological overtones in power confrontations abroad and are beginning to accept, with all of the risks and confusion of new perspectives, the reality of a pluralistic world.
Commands for Grown-Ups
Authors: Mouw Richard J.
Published: September 2018

Modern theologians no longer explain strange Revelations about the ordinary world but tend to seek strange realms in which those Revelations will be ordinary truths.” Thus Ernest Gellner in a parenthetical aside from his controversial attack on recent “linguistic philosophy” in Worth and Things. While his judgment mav apply to much that goes on in- Protestant theology today, there are other contemporary Christians, those who think of themselves as “evangelicals” or traditional “confessionalists.” Insisting—to toy with William of Occam's well-known dictum—that worlds are not to be created beyond necessity, evangelicals refuse to accept the “strange realms” proposed by many contemporary theologians.
Black Policies for South Africa
Authors: Woronoff Jon
Published: September 2018

Both reason and passion combine in making policy. When he considers his means, a strong man may threaten, take acts of reprisal, break relations and attack. A weak man may beg and cajole, appeal to sentiments, ask friends to mediate and eventually accept less than he wanted. But passion can make the weak man act as if he were strong, or the justice of his cause may lead him to feel that only a strong line is right. That, by and large, is what has happened over apartheid in South Africa. Since the 1950's, speech has followed speech, resolution followed resolution and threat followed threat. Indeed, there was too often an escalation of rhetoric that left action far behind.
Principalities and Corporations
Authors: Helder Camara Dom
Published: September 2018

When we arrive in a wealthy nation and denounce oppressive structures which exist in poor nations; when we say that some of the rich in poor countries live at the expense of the misery of thousands and even millions of their fellow citizens; when we describe the subhuman situation in which millions of God's children in the underdeveloped world continue to vegetate, it is easy to obtain understanding, svmpathy, and generosity on the part of wealthy nations.

But we dare not go further. For if we wish to say that together with wrong structures which should be changed in poor countries there are also wrong structures to be changed in rich nations as well, the first impression is that we are joking: Why change, if everything is going well, the country is rich and grows more prosperous each day?
Short of Nuclear Madness
Authors: Russett Bruce M.
Published: September 2018

Since the beginning of the cold war the keystone of American strategic planning has been the principle that the ultimate deterrent to a Russian attack had to be the certainty of American retaliation against Russian cities. The Russians seemingly have adopted the same position vis-à-vis the United States, usually to the point of denying vigorously any possibility of limiting central war to counterforce strikes alone. A typical formulation was expressed by former Defense Secretary McNamara in his 1968 “posture statement” to Congress:

[It is] the clear and present ability to destroy the attacker as a viable 20th Century nation and an unwavering will to use those [Assured Destruction] forces in retaliation to a nuclear attack upon ourselves or our allies that provides the deterrent, and not the ability partially to limit damage to ourselves.
A Theology of National Security
Authors: West Charles C.
Published: September 2018

Whenever the word “security” is mentioned, the words of a well-known hymn run through my mind. It is one some of us sing on New Year's Day and on historic occasions. It begins, “O God our help in ages past,” and the second verse runs:

Under the shadow of thy throne,

thy saints have dwelt secure.

Sufficient is thine arm alone,

and our defense is sure.

The author of this hymn was Isaac Watts, a divine So prolific in his day that his hymns, especially his Psalm,paraphrases of which this is one, dominated many hynanals of the eighteenth century, both in England and in America.
The Cuban Revolution, 1973
Authors: Dominguez Jorge I.
Published: September 2018

Is the Cuban revolution "good"? The answer to that question does not depend on "facts" alone. It depends also on the meaning we attach to the facts and on our willingness to emphasize one value at the expense of another. We make these choices, these decisions, in our daily lives. Revolutions, in this sense, are no diiferent. What is different is that they highlight the significance of choices made, and they increase the stakes of our political choices. One way to view a revolution is as an investment in politics in order to transform the weight and the meaning of large chunks of our nonpolitical lives, to change the choices we make, our way of making them and their significance.
Theology and Our Common World
Authors: Braaten Carl E.
Published: September 2018

Medieval schoolmen used to illustrate the problem of free will by telling the story of Buridan's ass. Standing at an equal distance between two bales of hay, the ass died of starvation, unable to decide whether to turn right or left. Modem theology is becoming anemic as it stands indecisively between two extremes. On the right everything is tagged by the prefix “re.” “Re” is going back —return, restore, revive, recover, repristinate. On the left the prefix is “de.” The “de” process is the style of modernist reductionism—demythologizing, desacralizing, dekerygmatizing, dehistoricizing, deeschatologizing. To escape the fate of Buridan's ass, an anemic theology needs another alternative.
A French Declaration on Church and Power
Authors: Casalis Georges
Published: September 2018

A few days before Christmas, 1971, the Protestant Federation of France published a 12,000-word draft statement, Eglise et Pouvoirs, which immediately caused repercussions around the world. The extraordinary, and for the French Protestant leaders startling, controversy over the statement was initiated by the French centrist newspaper Le Monde. On December 19 it printed a full page of extracts from the document under the provocative title “The French Protestant Federation declares: Our society is unacceptable.”

Immediately, all the French dailies and weeklies came out with numerous quotations and analyses, constituting a press reaction greater than any ever caused by a church statement in French history. The foreign press, notably the New York Times and International Herald Tribune, were not far behind. Press, radio and TV reporters brought a sudden and unwonted animation to the offices of the Protestant Federation of France (an old building, the House of French Protestantism, on the Rue de Clichy across from the Casino de Paris, famous music hall of Mistinguett and Maurice Chevalier).
Internal Revenue vs. the Prophets
Authors: Patton Frank
Published: September 2018

American Protestantism, long something of a sacred cow in American life and politics, now finds itself seriously threatened by government on several fronts. The battle is shaping up over church tax exemptions, and the stakes, for both church and society, are breathtakingly high.

In July, 1909, the Communications Office of the United Church of Christ announced that it intended to testify before a Senate subcommittee on legislation regarding the renewal of television licenses. Two weeks later the good churchmen received notice from the Internal Revenue Service that “substantial” efforts to influence legislation could “jeopardize” the church's tax exemption.
Marxism as the Guarantee of Faith
Authors: Alves Rubem A.
Published: September 2018

For now we see through a glass, darkly,

but then face to face.

-St. Paul

Until a few years ago it was dogma for most of us that Marxism was the negation of the most central values of the Christian faith. Faith believes in God. It faces history as an open process which can be invaded by the unexpected. Marxism, on the contrary, is radically atheistic. It takes the material components of life as the only ones to determine the future of mankind.
Covenant Theology—Another Look
Authors: Borowitz Eugene B.
Published: September 2018

Nearly a dozen years ago I coined the term "Covenant Theology" (Commentary, July, 1961) to designate the central thrust of an emerging existentialist interpretation of Judaism. Since then the expression has had some currency, though questions have been raised as to its adequacy. In my own work over the years, looking at Judaism as a Covenant relationship has proved so consistently useful that I consider my old coinage to have been quite a happy one. (I capitalize to indicate I am referring to God's Covenant with the people of Israel rather than any other covenant, say, that with the Sons of Noah.)
Nasser
Authors: Badeau John S.
Published: September 2018

The sudden death of Carnal Abdel Nasser sent a seismic shock across Egypt and the entire Arab world," wrote an observer in Cairo at the time. He reported that the streets and byways of the city were quickly transformed into torrents of bewildered and hysterical humanity voicing their shock and grief in spontaneous couplets of crude verse. "O Gamal, O Light of the Eye—you have left us, why, O why?" "O Numeri, O Quadafi—Abdel Nasser has left us and vanished away!" Most surprising (since Muslims do not lightly parody their creed) was the cry, "There is no God but God—and Abdel Nasser is the Beloved of God."
Nixon's America After Vietnam
Authors: Barnds William J.
Published: September 2018

Shortly after Oliver Franks was appointed British Ambassador to the United States by the Attlee government, he was treated to a short lecture by Winston Churchill on the United Kingdom's proper role in the world. After drawing three separate circles labeled Europe, the Commonwealth and the United States, Churchill drew a fourth circle labeled Britain, which partially overlapped each of the others. He went on to emphasize that the central task of British foreign policy was to carry on its relations with each area in a manner that contributed to a harmonious whole. This conceptual framework had considerable validity for that time, although the particular policies adopted ultimately proved too ambitious for a nation of Britain's size, her declining sense of imperial mission and lack of economic dynamism.
Man on Women
Authors: Barber Benjamin R.
Published: September 2018

Being a woman," said Joseph Conrad, "must be a terribly difficult trade, since it consists principally of dealing with men." And for men, women have forever been a mystery—less a separate gender than an alien species to be prudently admired or nervously ridiculed but almost never understood. Eternally misperceived, women have been systematically disadvantaged: undereducated or overprotected, denied employment or unequally remunerated, excluded from the professions then excoriated as inept, driven to the limits of reason then indicted as hysterical. They have been used as property, abused as servants, neglected as things, patronized as children, idealized as fictions and enshrined as myths. When they have not been belittled by vilification they have been maligned by idolatry.
Theodicy and Politics
Authors: Raines John C.
Published: September 2018

There is a story evidently true, about a conversation between the brothers Reinhold and H. Richard Niebuhr as they were returning from a joint lecture at Princeton University sometime in early 1941. The two brothers had gone quite separate ways on what was then referred to as "the interventionist issue" (in Europe), and the debate continued in the car. H. Richard bemoaned the way in which nations had come to deal with each other—by way of lying, cheating, coercion, hatred, fear, aggression and so on. As he talked Reinhold became more and more restless until at last he burst forth: "Yes, but Helmut, don't you know that's how nations have always treated each other!"
Those Who Remained
Authors: Dalah Butress
Published: September 2018

In 1947, as I wandered the streets of my village after a day of school, what excitement the next day promised. I wore a k'fiah and, on my head, in a very grown-up way, the traditional Arab agahl. I shouldered a rifle of wood and rubber and became one of the fighters for a free and independent Palestine, my birthplace and national home. From among the boys of the neighborhood I raised a regiment of brave fighting children, and we took upon ourselves the burden of protecting and defending our village against the Jews, our enemies.

In the end we fought neither with wood-and-rubber weapons nor with the weapons of our parents because our local council decided there was no sense in fighting. So the Jews, the Jewish army, took the village with peace talks, without firing a shot.
In Defense of American Philosophy
Authors: Kegley Charles W.
Published: September 2018

Ernest Gellner's "Reflections on Philosophy, Especially in America" in the June Worldview contains so many perceptive and challenging statements that it merits a reply. It is also sufficiently confused and dubious in its conclusions as to require criticism. As a teacher of philosophy for over two decades, I am concerned about philosophy's role in contemporary and national life, and hence I am stimulated to make the following points.

What is the essence of Professor Gellner's assessment?
Rules of the Game for MNCs
Authors: Escobar Luis
Published: September 2018

The multinational corporation, which has been active, powerful and highly evident for some time, is coming under ever more careful scrutiny. The multinational corporation (MNC) and transnational investment are very big business. The size creates problems of its own. But when business gets as big as the MNCs, it is not only business; it extends its influence into other realms of our social life. It is not surprising, then, that there has been increasing pressure for some kind of international rules or regulations.

In January of last year, for example, the Institute for International and Foreign Trade Law of Georgetown University, in collaboration witli its sister institute of Germany, organized a very well-attended conference in Diisseldorf on International Organization for Investment. Before and after that conference there was active debate on the subject, but for some time the papers discussed there will probably be the most quoted reference material on the matter. (The papers and conclusions are to lie published by Praeger.)
Mailer: A Not Un-American Writer
Authors: Lee Miller William
Published: September 2018

At Miami Beach last summer Norman Mailer decided that George McGovern is “the first tall minister I ever really liked.” He was so carried away by this discovery that he used the word “tender” when he spoke to McGovern about the mood on the night of the acceptance speeches. Before he reached that pitch of endorsement he had worried repetitiously about McGovern's undersupply of “charisma,” regretted the Methodist candidate's insufficient use of metaphor and found the convention that nominated McGovern boring because it lacked drama and there was not enough evil in the room. In these past twelve years Mailer has often seemed to be judging American politics by one criterion: whether it provides the right sort of material for his writing.
Ethics and the Present Class Struggle
Authors: Berger Peter L.
Published: September 2018

A specter is haunting the Western world— the specter of the New Class. The apparition is new, as yet not clearly perceived; even the language by which it is to be described is only beginning to be constructed. This is not surprising. Whenever a class makes its debut on the societal stage it is at first not recognized as such, either by outside observers or by those- who are themselves part of it. Instead, society continues for a while to be perceived and interpreted in terms that were appropriate to the class system that is already passing away. This was very much so during the last great transformation of the Western class system, as the bourgeoisie rose to power under the facade of the ancien regime and, until the very moment of its victory, continued to be seen as the "third estate" of a feudal order. Then as now it is the hard facticity of power rather than the play of ideas that finally must shatter the old perceptions. Then as now it is the antagonists of the rising class who have the clearer vision of what is going on.
Christ in China
Authors: Miriam  , London Ivan D.
Published: September 2018

Christianity is a sleeper in China. It has not expired since the massive antireligious campaign of the Cultural Revolution in 1966, any more than has the traditional body of Chinese beliefs, ranging from philosophical Buddhism to primitive superstition. The Chinese landscape still abounds with gods, ghosts, and heavenly omens. And the church lives cautiously, but intensely, underground. The evidence suggests that wherever Protestant or Catholic belief once took hold, the faith is practiced to some degree; secret prayer meetings take place and young people are converted. The fact that the Peking Kuang Ming Daily of September, 27, 1977, published an article proposing new "research" efforts directed toward the criticism and the eradication of all religions, including Christianity, is sign enough that the central propagandists still see themselves as battling a live adversary.
Tents of Jacob on a Darkling Plain
Authors: Ungar André
Published: September 2018

Elders raised their eyebrows and young people cheered when Rabbi Earl Vinecour, twenty-eight years old, a former captain in the U.S. Army, advocated the introduction of rock music into the synagogue service. In Cape Town, in the year 1970, such an idea seemed novel and audacious. But emotions ran much higher, still when the local Reform temple's new assistant rabbi and educational director began to probe the morality of racism. His talk on "Judaism and Apartheid" before the Students' Jewish Association at Cape Town University—in which he referred to similarities between the Nazi Nuremberg laws and current South African racial legislation—aroused alarm and wrath among many members of his own congregation.
The Case for Recognizing Peking Now—or in 1992
Authors: Hyman Gerald F.
Published: September 2018

If Secretary of State Vance's “exploratory” trip to China proved nothing else, it demonstrated once again that because our relations with Taiwan are the main obstacles to recognizing the People's Republic of China, it is Taiwan, not mainland China, that poses the main problem for American foreign policy in Asia. To a man the Chinese reiterated their conditions for establishing relations: abrogate the Mutual Defense Treaty of 1954; break diplomatic relations with Taiwan; and withdraw the American military personnel from the island. With respect to the general question of Taiwan, they all referred back to the PRC section of the Shanghai Communique (published jointly with our own):

The Taiwan question is the crucial question obstructing the normalization of relations between China and the United States; the Government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legal government of China; Taiwan is a province of China which has long been returned to the motherland; the liberation of Taiwan is China's internal affair in which no other country has the right to interfere; and all U.S. forces and military installations must be withdrawn from Taiwan. The Chinese Government firmly opposes any activities which aim at the creation of “one China, two governments,” “two Chinas” and “independent Taiwan” or advocate that “the status of Taiwan remains to be determined” [The “Shanghai Communique,” February 27, 1972].
"No Room for Vengeance"
Authors: Buultjens Ralph
Published: September 2018

Indira Gandhi looks more frail than when I last saw her almost two years ago. Running a vast, complex nation almost singlehandedly has left telling marks. The demands of power, the trauma of political setbacks, and the surprise of postelection vituperation extract a high price from psychological and intellectual resources. Yet Mrs. Gandhi's cool intelligence and incisive manner are unimpaired, and her overloaded appointment schedule testifies to her physical stamina. In a long and discursive discussion she developed what she now thought about both domestic and international events and about the themes that underlie her worldview. All together an unusual blend of detail and vision, of minor fact and large-scale concept, they present revealing insights into personality, policies, and contemporary political happenings.
America's “Friend” in Korea
Authors: Kirk Donald
Published: September 2018

Seoul: The methods of torture employed in the headquarters of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency or the rival National Security Command may be among the most varied, if not original, in Asia. There is, for instance, what is known as “putting a man on an airplane”—tying the victim by his hands and feet, dangling him by a rope from a propeller-like blade attached to the ceiling, and setting the contraption to spinning wildly. Then there is the “Genghis Khan treatment”—the trick of placing the accused over a fire or stove until he screams out his confession. “Or sometimes they lock the man in a glass room, with the floor, ceilings, and walls made of glass, and turn on bright electric lights from all sides,” says a young informant. “The man goes crazy from the light.”
Peace Witness in World War II
Authors: Zahn Gordon C.
Published: September 2018

Wilfred Owen, one of the poetic voices stilled by World War I, chose as his subject “war and the pity of war,” finding his poetry in the pity. It can be argued that even then the pity had gone out of war. It is certain that the events of subsequent wars—large and small, local as well as worldwide—have been so pitiless in character and conduct that little or no “poetry” remains.

We are three-quarters through a century of unprecedented violence, with the grim prospect of even greater evils tying ahead. In his Twentieth Century Book of the Dead Gil Eliot offers what he considers a reasonable estimate of 100,000,000 “man-made” deaths since 1900. That figure alone is enough to give us pause. But it is not merely the number of deaths that should concern us here, but who is killed and the manner in which the victims are killed. In World War I, of the ten million or so victims, 90 per cent were soldiers. The carnage of World War II was so great and so indiscriminate that an equally simple estimate is almost impossible to contrive.
The French Conversion
Authors: Servan-Schreiber
Published: September 2018

Has Machiavelli been translated into Arabic?" From this question, Servan- Schreiber goes on to cite the ways in which the oil embargo exposed Western European vulnerability and “isolated the only power which, in this hellish game, is to be feared, namely, America.” Combined with this, the October war in the Middle East brought new supremacy to Soviet arms and “upset the ratio of forces.” The effect is that “all the industrial countries have been grabbed by their jugular vein.” Servan-Schreiber cites the French analyst, Jean Fourastié, who claims: “A new phase of economic history, of the cultural history, of ideologies and political strategies declared itself in October, 1973. It started with a blockade … there remains only force.” The consequence may be the rule of brute force everywhere in domestic and international life. The Planet of the Apes. Servan-Schreiber contrasts Fourastié's view with that of Samuel Pisar, an American, who sees a collective progression of the planet through conflict. The course of reason may be a supreme challenge, but it is not superhuman. Servan-Schreiber admits to being torn between the two scenarios offered by Fourastié and Pisar.
What is Scientific American For?
Authors: Green Martin
Published: September 2018

Reading Scientific American is a different experience from reading other American magazines. The reader feels he is up against something formidably, though quite genially, solid. It is not only that science itself is factual, its effects enormous, and its establishment (comparatively) united. The impression the magazine gives of its subject field derives in part from its own structure, its mode of being, its style. It patrols such a large beat, the expanding sphere of human awareness, and it seems to be actually expanding that sphere itself. And yet one couldn't call it pompous. It is just consciously, but not self-consciously, big.
Food Stamps for International Neighbors
Authors: Colby William E.
Published: September 2018

A new international economic order, strategic arms limitations, the interminable problems of the Middle East—these and many other foreign problems swirl around the average American citizen in a dazzle of complexity. The language of concern in which these and other issues are debated falls on ears that heard the equally serious and sincere language leading to the massive and mistaken involvement in Vietnam. And serious academics publish revisionist histories that contend that the cold war that mobilized the nation's energies for two decades came more from American aggressiveness than from foreign threat. A new generation of Americans turns its main attention away from such faraway, difficult, and ambiguous problems to ones closer to home, such as energy, the environment, and the economy.
The Future of the Multinationals
Authors: Miller J. Irwin
Published: September 2018

If I were to pick one word that characterizes today's world and will increasingly characterize the world just ahead, I would use the word "'imbalance." There is raw material scarcity in many areas, raw material surplus in others. There is enormousper capita consumption in some countries, very little in others. There is an abundance of technological capacity in a few countries, a virtual absence in most others. There is great wealth in some countries, gross poverty in others. There is capital accumulation in some countries, capital shortage in others.

The mix of this imbalance is also significant. We can no longer easily refer to "have" and "have not" nations. The USA has food, large but insufficient amounts of capital, highly advanced technology, but little or no tin, nickel, chrome, platinum, zinc (not to mention less than the oil it wishes).
No First Use of Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Russett Bruce
Published: September 2018

As a result of nuclear proliferation, new weapons systems, and new strategic doctrines, the danger of nuclear war is increasing. The very modest "arms control" agreements negotiated or in prospect under SALT are totally inadequate to contain this danger. According to Herbert Scoville, "Arms control negotiations have become a mechanism for promoting the arms race rather than controlling it." Even by a less skeptical evaluation the negotiations can at best slow Soviet and American acquisition of new weapons systems. Disarmament in the realm of strategic nuclear arms is nowhere in sight. Other countries, which have long demanded some degree of Soviet-American nuclear disarmament as the price of an effective nonproliferation agreement, can plainly see that their price will not be met.
Nationalism and Internationalism: A Third World View
Authors: Soedjatmoko
Published: September 2018

The last twenty-five years or so have seen some fundamental changes in the setting in which the relationship between nationalism and internationalism takes place. Before that time the discussion of that relationship was dominated by the feeble efforts of the League of Nations, the ethical thrust of transnational communities of the Faith—Muslim as well as Christian—and by the claims to international solidarity of the working-class movement (to the point where it degenerated at least in part into an instrument of the cold war). Now what shapes the perspective within which any review of that relationship has to be conducted is the new technology of weapons and communications, the increasing interpenetration in the relations between nation-states, the growing awareness of the finiteness of physical resources and ecology.
Cuba's Literary Migration
Authors: Philipson Lorrin
Published: September 2018

Cuba: the conundrum of the Caribbean still. Few countries its size can claim so many outstanding writers and artists. Even fewer have succeeded in alienating nearly all of them. Most of the best and the brightest of Cuba are in exile. The exodus, begun two decades ago, has accelerated in the last two years. Three of the island's leading writers— Guillermo Cabrera Infante, Octavio Armand, and Reinaldo Arenas—offer different perspectives on the pain and challenge of exile, on the Revolution, and on Cuba's rich and varied contribution to the present cultural renaissance of Latin America.
Getting Rid of the Pains of Sin
Authors: Sisk John P.
Published: September 2018

After delivering the Encyclopaedia Britannica lecture early in 1974, Ivan Illich has been identified with the paradoxical thesis that "the medical establishment has become a major threat to health." Central to his positjon then (later elaborated in his Medical Nemesis) is the medical establishment's responsibility "for the individual's growing demand for institutional management of his pain." Pain, by becoming uhnecessary, has become unbearable. It seems eminently reasonable then "to eliminate pain, even at the cost of health." So we have become addicted to whatever ambrosia promises that god-like but essentially negative state of being—painlessness.
Morality, Law, and the New World Order
Authors: Clubb O. Edmund
Published: September 2018

In accepting the Democratic presidential nomination in July of last year, candidate Jimmy Carter said that when the United States was founded its commitment to certain moral and philosophical principles "created a basis for a unique role for America: that of a pioneer in shaping more decent and just relations among peoples and among societies." He sketched the task facing us: "Nothing less than a sustained architectural effort to shape an international framework of peace, within which our own ideals gradually tend to become a global reality" (emphasis added). In his inaugural address of January 20 President Carterelaborated upon the concept: "We will not behave in foreign places so as to violate our rules and standards here at home, for we know that this trust which our nation earns is essential to our strength." He remarked that a new spirit now dominated the world: "People more numerous and more politically aware are craving and now demanding their place in the sun—not just for the benefit of their physical condition, but for basic human rights."
One Man of Conscience, Perhaps
Authors: McLellan David
Published: September 2018

The keynote speaker at the annual meeting of the Cincinnati World Affairs Council in March, 1972, was Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird. The dinner was held in a cavernous banquet hall, with forty or fifty of Cincinnati's leading citizens seated in two tiers on a raised dais at one end. Midway through Laird's address a figure arose from the darkened audience and began working her way forward. Everyone, including Laird, pretended to ignore her steady progress toward the speaker's lectern. Arriving directly in front of the secretary, the woman unfurled a small white sign— "War Is Murder"—and pinned it to the front of the lectern. Someone then got up and quietly escorted her to the sidelines. It was one person's way of protesting the ongoing agony of the Vietnam war.
The Hard Road From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe
Authors: Neuhaus Richard
Published: September 2018

One day last February Ian Smith, head of the Rhodesian Government, sat down with three black leaders and signed an agreement that is designed to bring a majority-ruled Zimbabwe into being by the end of this year. After signing, Smith extended his hands upward and shrugged his shoulders, as though to signal his resignation to the inevitable. The black leaders were jubilant. Much of the rest of the world expressed relief that one of the nastiest conflicts in a race-conscious universe was apparently on its way to peaceful resolution. Resignation, jubilation, relief—but these are not the only reactions to what has come to be called “the internal settlement.” In Africa and elsewhere, especially at the United Nations, the settlement has been condemned by many as a sellout to continued white racism. Because it is important to understand the objections to the settlement, we will begin there.