bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The rice planthopper parasitoid Anagrus nilaparvatae is not at risk when feeding on honeydew derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) rice
Authors: Tian Jun‐Ce , Wang Geng‐Wei , Han Hai‐Liang , Romeis Jörg , Zhang Fa‐Cheng , Ye Gong‐Yin , Xie Mao‐Cheng , Wang Gui‐Yue , Lu Zhong‐Xian
Published: February 2018

BACKGROUND

Honeydew is a sugar‐rich excretion produced by sap‐feeding Sternorrhyncha and is an important source of carbohydrates for natural enemies, especially for parasitoids. Honeydew derived from genetically modified (GM) crops can contain amounts of the transgene product. Thus, it is a possible route of exposure for natural enemies feeding on honeydew. In the present study, the potential effects of Nilaparvata lugens honeydew derived from Cry1C and Cry2A rice on different life‐table parameters and parasitism dynamics of the egg parasitoid Anagrus nilaparvatae were evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. Furthermore, the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) levels and the sugar and amino acid composition of honeydew were analyzed.

RESULTS

Results indicated that A. nilaparvatae was exposed to Bt proteins by feeding on N. lugens honeydew produced from Bt rice. However, honeydew derived from the tested Cry1C and Cry2A rice lines did not affect the development, longevity, emergence rate and fecundity of A. nilaparvatae. Also, the parasitism dynamics in the field remained unaffected. In addition, the sugar and amino acid composition of N. lugens honeydew was not significantly altered for the tested Bt rice lines compared with the parental non‐Bt plant.

CONCLUSION

The quality of honeydew derived from the tested Bt rice lines as a food resource for natural enemies was maintained. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Optical Characteristics and Operational Principles of Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Fujiwara Hiroyuki , Kato Masato , Tamakoshi Masato , Miyadera Tetsuhiko , Chikamatsu Masayuki
Published: February 2018

In this article, the optical properties of various APbX3‐type hybrid perovskites (A: center cation; X: halogen atom) and operational principles of hybrid perovskite solar cells are reviewed and discussed. In particular, controversy observed for the absorption coefficient (α) of CH3NH3PbI3 is found to originate from large surface roughness of the solution‐processed perovskite layers. The comparison of the accurate experimental α with the theoretical results indicates clearly that the hybrid perovskite has a direct band gap with negligible indirect nature. Moreover, the A‐site cation plays a critical role in determining the absorption strength of hybrid perovskites through hydrogen bonding interaction. In contrast to general understanding that hybrid perovskite solar cells operate in p–i–n type solar cells, a simple p–n junction formation explains the observed solar cell characteristics well. The high short‐circuit current observed in the solar cells is further interpreted by the suppressed parasitic light absorption and efficient optical confinement in the solar cells, rather than the high α of hybrid perovskite materials. This article provides renewed principles for the optical processes and operation of hybrid perovskite solar cells.
Benefits of assimilating SAPHIR observations on analysis and forecasts of tropical fields in the Met Office global model
Authors: Doherty A. , Indira Rani S. , Newman S. , Bell W.
Published: February 2018

The Sondeur Atmosphérique du Profil d'Humidité Intertropicale par Radiométrie (SAPHIR) instrument provides improved sampling of tropical atmospheric moisture vertically, horizontally and temporally. The impact of these unique characteristics is investigated through: an idealised study of retrieved humidity profiles; single‐observation experiments; assimilation experiments in a global NWP system; and an investigation into the spin‐down of precipitation in the early phase of the forecast. SAPHIR offers improved performance over similar satellite instruments, and beneficial impacts were found in all investigations. When assimilated in conjunction with observations from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer imager AMSR‐2 the impact is further improved. Retrieval studies showed the errors in retrievals from SAPHIR were lower than those obtained from MHS or ATMS at all levels above 600 hPa. Single‐observation experiments showed that, when assimilated together with AMSR‐2, AMSR‐2‐driven humidity increments were modified to give more realistic vertical structure. In assimilation experiments employing a near‐operational configuration of the Met Office global model, the assimilation of clear‐sky SAPHIR data improved the root‐mean‐square errors of a number of forecast metrics, most notably temperature at 250 hPa (improved by 2%), relative humidity at 500 hPa (2%) and wind at 500 hPa (1%) at forecast lead times of 12 and 24 h. The results of this work form a clear recommendation for future remote‐sensing missions including both SAPHIR and AMSR‐2 channel configurations.
Different Metal Support Interactions over NiK/Mixed Oxide Catalysts and Their Effects on Catalytic Routes in Steam Catalytic Cracking of Vacuum Residue
Authors: Do Lien Thi , Nguyen‐Huy Chinh , Shin Eun Woo
Published: February 2018

NiK/ceria‐zirconia (CZ) and NiK/ceria‐zirconia‐alumina (CZ−A) catalysts were investigated in order to further understand the roles of mixed‐oxide supports in the steam catalytic cracking of vacuum residue (VR). Compared to thermal cracking, higher conversions and liquid yields were achieved over the catalysts. Steam decomposition occurring over the CZ and ZrO2 phases provided an alternative hydrogen and oxygen sources for hydrogenation and oxidative cracking, respectively. The introduction of Ni into the CZ support induced the formation of Cex(Zr−Ni)1‐xO2‐δ solid solution and the isolation of the ZrO2 phase via a strong metal support interaction, resulting in greater oxygen vacancy in the bulk structure. In contrast, the strong interaction of CZ and Ni phases with Al2O3 induced higher dispersions of CZ and Ni phases in the NiK/CZ−A catalyst, which resulted in a greater density of oxygen vacancies on the surface and higher CeO2 reducibility. As a result, the quality of the liquid products and naphtha yields were significantly improved by hydrogenation over the nickel metallic sites and oxidative cracking through the metal support interaction.
Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activity of Dihydrobenzofuran Neolignans
Authors: Fukui Murilo J. , Dias Herbert J. , Severiano Marcela E. , de Souza Maria G. M. , de Oliveira Pollyanna F. , Ambrósio Sérgio R. , Martins Carlos H. G. , Tavares Denise C. , Crotti Antônio E. M.
Published: February 2018

We have evaluated the antimicrobial activity of the dihydrobenzofuran neolignans (DBNs) 1 ((±)‐trans‐dehydrodicoumarate dimethyl ester), 2 ((±)‐trans‐dehydrodiferulate dimethyl ester, 3 ((±)‐4‐O‐acetyl‐trans‐dehydrodicoumarate dimethyl ester), and 4 ((±)‐4‐O‐acetyl‐trans‐dehydrodiferulate dimethyl ester) in terms of their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. We have also assessed the cytotoxicity of compounds 1–4 to V79 cells by the XTT assay. Compounds 1, 2, and 3 display moderate activity against Streptococcus mitis (MIC=400 μg/ml); compound 2 is also active against Lactobacillus casei (MIC=400 μg/ml). Additionally, compound 3 is moderately active against Aspergillus niger (MIC=125 μg/ml), A. fumigatus (MIC=500 μg/ml), and Mucor rouxii (MIC=250 μg/ml). Compounds 2 and 4 (IC50 > 400 μM), which have a methoxyl group at the aromatic ring, are less cytotoxic to V79 cells as compared to compounds 1 (IC50=232.00±7.33 μM) and 3 (IC50=67.97±3.45 μM).
Ionic Liquid‐Assisted Extraction and Isolation of Cynaropicrin and Cnicin from Artichoke and Blessed thistle
Authors: Mizuno Hitomi , Usuki Toyonobu
Published: February 2018

The sesquiterpene lactones cynaropicrin and cnicin are isolated from artichoke (Cynara scolymus) and blessed thistle (Cnicus benedictus), respectively. These natural products exhibit several biological activities, including inhibitory activity against Trypanosoma brucei, which causes human African trypanosomiasis (HAT; sleeping sickness). The present study describes a novel ionic liquid‐assisted plant extraction and isolation method for cynaropicrin and cnicin using centrifugation and decantation techniques. The results showed that the extraction yield of cynaropicrin and cnicin using 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium methylphosphonate ([C2mim][(MeO)(H)PO2])/acetone (1:1) was 1.9 and 1.4 times higher than that obtained using only acetone, respectively. The proposed extraction and isolation method will enable the acquisition of other natural products from medicinal plants.
Tris‐Ethynylphenyl‐amine Fluorophores: Synthesis, Characterisation and Test of Performances in Luminescent Solar Concentrators
Authors: Albano Gianluigi , Aronica Laura Antonella , Biver Tarita , Detti Rebecca , Pucci Andrea
Published: February 2018

Two fluorescent dyes (CT‐tEPhA=3,3′,3′′‐(nitrilotris(benzene‐4,1‐diyl))tris(1‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)prop‐2‐yn‐1‐one and T‐tEPhA=tris(4‐(thiophen‐2‐ylethynyl)phenyl)amine) have been synthesised and characterised in different solvents and in a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix. In both cases, relatively high Stokes shifts (SS) and quantum yields (QY) have been displayed. Notably, CT‐tEPhA based on a mild electron‐attracting carbonyl group coupled with the electron‐donating amino‐centre, shows superior light emitting properties (higher SS, red‐shifted emission, QY > 40%) suggesting application in light harvesting systems. Photocurrent measurements of CT‐tEPhA/PMMA films yield a maximum optical efficiency of 6.32% that is greater than that of fluorophores with same emission window and comparable to that of red‐emitting ones. This efficiency might be improved by extending the push‐pull character of CT‐tEPhA to cover the maximum efficiency of the Si‐based PV cell. Nevertheless, these results clearly support the use of push‐pull fluorophores based on the tris(4‐ethynylphenyl)amine core in solar collectors.
Controlling the Diameters of Nanotubes Self‐Assembled from Designed Peptide Bolaphiles
Authors: Zhao Yurong , Yang Wei , Wang Dong , Wang Jiqian , Li Zongyi , Hu Xuzhi , King Stephen , Rogers Sarah , Lu Jian R. , Xu Hai
Published: February 2018

Controlling the diameters of nanotubes represents a major challenge in nanostructures self‐assembled from templating molecules. Here, two series of bolaform hexapeptides are designed, with Set I consisting of Ac‐KI4K‐NH2, Ac‐KI3NleK‐NH2, Ac‐KI3LK‐NH2 and Ac‐KI3TleK‐NH2, and Set II consisting of Ac‐KI3VK‐NH2, Ac‐KI2V2K‐NH2, Ac‐KIV3K‐NH2 and Ac‐KV4K‐NH2. In Set I, substitution for Ile in the C‐terminal alters its side‐chain branching, but the hydrophobicity is retained. In Set II, the substitution of Val for Ile leads to the decrease of hydrophobicity, but the side‐chain β‐branching is retained. The peptide bolaphiles tend to form long nanotubes, with the tube shell being composed of a peptide monolayer. Variation in core side‐chain branching and hydrophobicity causes a steady shift of peptide nanotube diameters from more than one hundred to several nanometers, thereby achieving a reliable control over the underlying molecular self‐assembling processes. Given the structural and functional roles of peptide tubes with varying dimensions in nature and in technological applications, this study exemplifies the predictive templating of nanostructures from short peptide self‐assembly.
Colloid‐Interface‐Assisted Laser Irradiation of Nanocrystals Superlattices to be Scalable Plasmonic Superstructures with Novel Activities
Authors: Huang Liu , Wan Xiaodong , Rong Hongpan , Yao Yuan , Xu Meng , Liu Jia , Ji Muwei , Liu Jiajia , Jiang Lan , Zhang Jiatao
Published: February 2018

High‐efficient charge and energy transfer between nanocrystals (NCs) in a bottom‐up assembly are hard to achieve, resulting in an obstacle in application. Instead of the ligands exchange strategies, the advantage of a continuous laser is taken with optimal wavelength and power to irradiate the film‐scale NCs superlattices at solid–liquid interfaces. Owing to the Au‐based NCs' surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect, the gentle laser irradiation leads the Au NCs or Au@CdS core/shell NCs to attach each other with controlled pattern at the interfaces between solid NCs phase and liquid ethanol/ethylene glycol. A continuous wave 532 nm laser (6.68–13.37 W cm−2), to control Au‐based superlattices, is used to form the monolayer with uniformly reduced interparticle distance followed by welded superstructures. Considering the size effect to Au NCs' melting, when decreasing the Au NCs size to ≈5 nm, stronger welding nanostructures are obtained with diverse unprecedented shapes which cannot be achieved by normal colloidal synthesis. With the help of facile scale‐up and formation at solid–liquid interfaces, and a good connection of crystalline between NCs, the obtained plasmonic superstructured films that could be facilely transferred onto different substrates exhibit broad SPR absorption in the visible and near‐infrared regime, enhanced electric conductivities, and wide applications as surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)‐active substrates.
Creating Graphitic Carbon Nitride Based Donor‐π–Acceptor‐π–Donor Structured Catalysts for Highly Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Li Kui , Zhang Wei‐De
Published: February 2018

Conjugated polymers with tailored donor–acceptor units have recently attracted considerable attention in organic photovoltaic devices due to the controlled optical bandgap and retained favorable separation of charge carriers. Inspired by these advantages, an effective strategy is presented to solve the main obstructions of graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) photocatalyst for solar energy conversion, that is, inefficient visible light response and insufficient separation of photogenerated electrons and holes. Donor‐π–acceptor‐π–donor polymers are prepared by incorporating 4,4′‐(benzoc 1,2,5 thiadiazole‐4,7‐diyl) dianiline (BD) into the g‐C3N4 framework (UCN‐BD). Benefiting from the visible light band tail caused by the extended π conjugation, UCN‐BD possesses expanded visible light absorption range. More importantly, the BD monomer also acts as an electron acceptor, which endows UCN‐BD with a high degree of intramolecular charge transfer. With this unique molecular structure, the optimized UCN‐BD sample exhibits a superior performance for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution upon visible light illumination (3428 µmol h−1 g−1), which is nearly six times of that of the pristine g‐C3N4. In addition, the photocatalytic property remains stable for six cycles in 3 d. This work provides an insight into the synthesis of g‐C3N4‐based D‐π–A‐π–D systems with highly visible light response and long lifetime of intramolecular charge carriers for solar fuel production.
Specific Oxygenated Groups Enriched Graphene Quantum Dots as Highly Efficient Enzyme Mimics
Authors: Wang Huan , Liu Chaoqun , Liu Zhen , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang
Published: February 2018

Significant progress is achieved for the utilization of graphene quantum dots as enzyme mimics in various biomedical fields recently. Although promising, the biocatalytic performance is far from satisfactory. Here, the rational design and synthesis of specific oxygenated groups enriched graphene quantum dots (o‐GQDs) via a facile oxidation reflux route is reported. These well‐prepared o‐GQDs with uniform size exhibit an ultrahigh peroxidase‐like activity in a wide range of pH values, and their superior performance is verified by using glucose detection as a typical model. Compared with classical nanozymes, these o‐GQDs show multiple times higher enzymatic activity. It is believed that the super facile synthesis strategy can greatly facilitate the practical use of o‐GQDs as enzyme mimics in the future.
Microwave‐Assisted Regeneration of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes from Carbon Fragments
Authors: Lin Dewu , Zhang Shuchen , Zheng Zhe , Hu Wenping , Zhang Jin
Published: February 2018

Direct growth of chirality‐controlled single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with metal catalyst free strategy, like cloning or epitaxial growth, has suffered from the low efficiency. The underlying problem is the activation of seed edge. Here an unexpectedly efficient microwave‐assisted pathway to regenerate SWNTs from carbon fragments on SiO2/Si substrate is demonstrated via Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscope (AFM) characterization. In this attempt, microwave irradiation provides fast heating to remove polar groups bonded to carbon nanotubes and reduce the spontaneous closure of tubes’ open ends. The survived SWNT and carbon fragments connected to it after plasma treatment are simply microwaved and then they serve as the template for regeneration. Scanning electron microscope and AFM characterizations indicate that the efficiency of the regeneration can reach 100%. And the regenerated SWNT has been proved without any change in chirality compared to the original SWNT. Electrical measurements on regenerated carbon nanotube films indicate 1 and 2 times increase in on/off ratio and on‐state current respectively than original carbon nanotube films obtained from solution‐phase separation, confirming the improvement of SWNT's quality. The microwave‐assisted regeneration is found to be highly effective and would be applied to improve the cloning efficiency of carbon nanotubes potentially.
Pediatric and Adult Recommendations Vary for Sibling Testing in Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Brown Kimberly L. , Flume Patrick A.
Published: February 2018

Four to 5 % of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are diagnosed as adults and often have subtler symptoms. Their siblings are at genetic risk to also have a subtler disease state. Diagnostic testing is recommended for siblings of newly diagnosed infants, but recommendations are less clear for later diagnoses. This study explored sibling testing recommendations in pediatric and adult practice using a survey that was emailed to CF clinicians. There were 58 respondents. Results revealed that 82.5% of pediatric and 36.4% of adult care respondents reported always recommending diagnostic testing for siblings of a newly diagnosed patient. In adult care, another 33.3% reported recommending diagnostic testing if the sibling has symptoms. In pediatric care, whether the sibling had newborn screening was most influential. Most pediatric respondents prefer the sweat chloride test, while 40% in adult practice prefer familial mutation analysis. Perceived barriers included cost, insurance coverage and logistical concerns in both settings, parental emotional state in pediatrics, and concern making recommendations for someone who is not the patient in adult care. Genetic counselors may be able to meet familial needs in CF care, including sibling testing. Many newly diagnosed patients/families do not see a genetic counselor, especially in adult care. These data reveal opportunities for practice guidelines and standardization.
Interactive associations of parental support, demands, and psychological control, over adolescents' beliefs about the legitimacy of parental authority
Authors: Mellado Carlos , Cumsille Patricio , Martínez M. Loreto
Published: February 2018

The present study examined the relationship between parental support, demand, psychological control and adolescents' beliefs about the legitimacy of parental authority for personal and multifaceted issues in a sample of 1342 Chilean adolescents (M = 16.38, SD = 1.24, age range 14–20). Results from multiple regression analyses separated by age indicated that demand was positively associated with adolescents' beliefs about the legitimacy of parental authority for personal and multifaceted issues and that psychological control was negatively associated with adolescents' legitimacy beliefs concerning personal issues. Furthermore, parental support moderated the relationship between parental demand and adolescents' beliefs about parental legitimacy for personal and multifaceted issues: those who display high levels of demand showed stronger beliefs about parental legitimacy at high level of support. These results support the interactive effect of parental support and demand on adolescent development.
Appendectomy and Crohn's Disease
Authors: Loureiro Ana Catarina Caetano Fonseca , Barbosa Laura Elisabete Ribeiro
Published: February 2018

Introduction Crohn's Disease is a chronic and idiopathic inflammatory process with transmural invasion that can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract. The etiopathogenesis of this pathology is not fully understood and studies have been carried out to understand the influence of different kind of factors on its development, including appendectomy. This monograph aims to address the possible existence of a link between appendectomy and Crohn's Disease, and the possible causes and clinical consequences of this association.

Methods This monograph was based on the research of original scientific articles in MEDLINE database via PubMed, restricted to articles in Portuguese and English during the period between 1991 and 2017.

Results Appendectomy seems positively associated with the development of Crohn's Disease, especially in the first years of surgery, regardless of whether or not there is inflammation of the appendix. In fact, the appendix plays important roles in gastrointestinal integrity, acting in the development of an adequate immune response, maintaining and regulating the intestinal flora.

Conclusion The appendix is important for intestinal homeostasis, preventing the development of certain pathologies. Its resection, regardless of whether or not there is an inflammation after surgery, increases the risk of Crohn's Disease and worsens the prognosis of this pathology, so appendectomy should be avoided in the absence of appendicitis.
Social Mereology
Authors: HAWLEY KATHERINE
Published: February 2018

What kind of entity is a committee, a book group, or a band? I argue that committees and other such social groups are concrete, composite particulars, having ordinary human beings among their parts. Thus, the committee members are literally parts of the committee. This mereological view of social groups was popular several decades ago but fell out of favor following influential objections from David-Hillel Ruben. Recent years have seen a tidal wave of work in metaphysics, including the metaphysics of parts and wholes. We now have the resources to rehabilitate the mereological view of social groups. I show how this can be done and why we should bother.
Moving Targets: The ‘Canned’ Hunting of Captive-Bred Lions in South Africa
Authors: Schroeder Richard A.
Published: February 2018

So-called canned hunts take place within fenced private game ranches and typically target animals bred in captivity solely for that purpose. Thousands of semidomesticated lions form the focal point of South Africa’s canned-hunting industry. Notions of animal welfare, “fair chase,” and conservation have been deployed to varying degrees to sway public opinion surrounding canned hunts in South Africa and abroad. While state regulatory efforts have largely failed to date, the Campaign Against Canned Hunting (CACH) has successfully promoted stricter controls on the importation of lion trophies in Australia, Europe, and the United States, in part by highlighting the recent death of Cecil, a charismatic lion shot by an American bowhunter in Zimbabwe.
Physician Perceptions Regarding Antimicrobial Use in End-of-Life Care
Authors: Gaw Christopher E. , Hamilton Keith W. , Gerber Jeffrey S. , Szymczak Julia E.
Published: February 2018

BACKGROUND

The decision to utilize antimicrobials in end-of-life situations is complex. Understanding the reasons why physicians prescribe antimicrobials in this patient population is important for informing the design of antimicrobial stewardship interventions.

METHODS

A 51-item survey containing both closed and open-ended questions on end-of-life antimicrobial use was administered to physicians affiliated with the University of Pennsylvania and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia from January through April 2017. A mixed-methods approach was used to analyze responses.

RESULTS

Of 637 physicians surveyed, 283 responses (44.4%) were received. Most (86.2%) physicians believed that respecting a patient’s wish to continue antimicrobials was important. Approximately half of physicians (49.8%) believed that antimicrobial use at the end of life contributes to resistance. A higher proportion of pediatricians would often or always continue antimicrobial treatment for active infections and for hospice patients whose death was imminent compared to adult physicians (P<.001). Analysis of free-text responses revealed additional reasons why physicians may continue antimicrobials at end of life, including meeting family expectations, wanting to avoid the perception of “giving up,” uncertainty about prognosis, and reducing patient pain or discomfort.

CONCLUSIONS

Physician decision making concerning antimicrobial use in patients at the end of life is multifactorial. Clinicians may overweigh the benefits of antimicrobial therapy in end-of-life situations and view the importance of adhering to stewardship policies differently. Pediatric and adult clinicians have different approaches to this patient population. Better understanding of the complex decision making that occurs in the end-of-life patient population can help guide antimicrobial stewardship policies and improve patient care.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;39:383–390
Approaches to the Control of Infectious Disease
Authors: Norman T , Bailey J
Published: February 2018

Maurice Bartlett's work on the mathematical theory of epidemics, recurrent epidemics and endemicity over the years 1953–66 has helped to stimulate a wide range of applied studies of practical importance. This paper reviews contemporary trends in the control of infectious disease. Historically, the subject started in response to very practical problems, but subsequent developments showed an increasingly marked divergence between general theory and practical applications. In recent years, however, improvements in parameter estimation, asymptotic and stochastic approximation, the modelling of individual diseases, advances in computerized simulations, the construction of resource allocation models, the use of control theory, etc., have been gradually leading to a synthesis of the utmost importance to public health action. Models can now be fitted to specific field data; alternative intervention strategies involving immunization, prophylaxis or treatment can be evaluated; and the incorporation of realistic epidemiological models in a wider decision-oriented system dynamics setting may soon help to solve broader strategic problems on the policy level.
On the eigenvalues of random matrices
Authors: Diaconis Persi , Shahshahani Mehrdad
Published: February 2018

Let M be a random matrix chosen from Haar measure on the unitary group Un. Let Z = X + iY be a standard complex normal random variable with X and Y independent, mean 0 and variance ½ normal variables. We show that for j = 1, 2, …, Tr(Mj) are independent and distributed as √jZ asymptotically as n →∞. This result is used to study the set of eigenvalues of M. Similar results are given for the orthogonal and symplectic and symmetric groups.
The Lichen Flora Near a Lead-Zinc Mine at Maarmorilik in West Greenland
Authors: Hansen E. S.
Published: February 2018

Eighty-seven lichen taxa were collected at four localities near the leadzinc mine at Maarmorilik. These are listed alphabetically and grouped according to their ecological preferences. Lichens, which in Greenland are restricted to calcareous rocks and alkaline soil substrata, are well represented in the Maarmorilik area. In contrast, ferrugineous lichens appear to be comparatively rare. The lichens around the mining town are assumed to have accumulated significant concentrations of airborne lead and zinc. However, no damage to the lichens caused by heavy metals was observed.
Altered fear processing in adolescents with a history of severe childhood maltreatment: an fMRI study
Authors: Hart H. , Lim L. , Mehta M. A. , Simmons A. , Mirza K. A. H. , Rubia K.
Published: February 2018

Background

Children with a history of maltreatment suffer from altered emotion processing but the neural basis of this phenomenon is unknown. This pioneering functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated the effects of severe childhood maltreatment on emotion processing while controlling for psychiatric conditions, medication and substance abuse.

Method

Twenty medication-naive, substance abuse-free adolescents with a history of childhood abuse, 20 psychiatric control adolescents matched on psychiatric diagnoses but with no maltreatment and 27 healthy controls underwent a fMRI emotion discrimination task comprising fearful, angry, sad happy and neutral dynamic facial expressions.

Results

Maltreated participants responded faster to fearful expressions and demonstrated hyper-activation compared to healthy controls of classical fear-processing regions of ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex, which survived at a more lenient threshold relative to psychiatric controls. Functional connectivity analysis, furthermore, demonstrated reduced connectivity between left vmPFC and insula for fear in maltreated participants compared to both healthy and psychiatric controls.

Conclusions

The findings show that people who have experienced childhood maltreatment have enhanced fear perception, both at the behavioural and neurofunctional levels, associated with enhanced fear-related ventromedial fronto-cingulate activation and altered functional connectivity with associated limbic regions. Furthermore, the connectivity adaptations were specific to the maltreatment rather than to the developing psychiatric conditions, whilst the functional changes were only evident at trend level when compared to psychiatric controls, suggesting a continuum. The neurofunctional hypersensitivity of fear-processing networks may be due to childhood over-exposure to fear in people who have been abused.
Sibling bullying in middle childhood and psychotic disorder at 18 years: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Dantchev Slava , Zammit Stanley , Wolke Dieter
Published: February 2018

Background

Being bullied by a sibling has been recently identified as a potential risk factor for developing depression and self-harm. It is unknown whether this risk extends to other serious mental health problems such as psychosis. We investigated whether sibling bullying victimization or perpetration in middle childhood was prospectively associated with psychotic disorder in early adulthood.

Methods

The current study investigated 6988 participants of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a UK community-based birth cohort. Sibling bullying was reported at 12 years and psychotic disorder was assessed via a semi-structured interview at 18 years.

Results

Involvement in sibling bullying was associated with psychotic disorder in a dose-response fashion, even after controlling for a range of confounders. Those involved several times a week were 2–3 times more likely to meet criteria for a psychotic disorder [odds ratio (OR); 95% confidence interval (CI)]: victimization (OR 2.74; CI 1.28–5.87); perpetration (OR 3.16; CI 1.35–7.41). Categorical analysis indicated that particularly victims (OR 3.10; CI 1.48–6.50) and bully-victims (OR 2.66; CI 1.24–5.69) were at increased risk of psychotic disorder. Involvement in both sibling and peer bullying had a dose-effect relationship with a psychotic disorder, with those victimized in both contexts having more than four times the odds for a psychotic disorder (OR 4.57; CI 1.73–12.07).

Conclusion

Parents and health professionals should be aware of the adverse long-term effects of sibling bullying.
Capitulation in the cyclotomic ℤ2 extension of CM number fields
Authors: MÜLLER KATHARINA
Published: February 2018

Let 𝕂n be the intermediate steps in the cyclotomic ℤp-extension of a CM number field 𝕂. For p ⧧ 2 the minus part of the p-class groups is given by An− = $\frac{1}{2}$(1 − j)An. We will give a new definition of the minus part for p = 2 and will prove that there is no finite submodule in lim∞←nAn−. Furthermore we will show that μ = 0 if and only if μ− = 0 in this new definition.
Introduction of Pediatric Physiological and Anatomical Triage Score in Mass-Casualty Incident
Authors: Toida Chiaki , Muguruma Takashi , Abe Takeru , Shinohara Mafumi , Gakumazawa Masayasu , Yogo Naoki , Shirasawa Aya , Morimura Naoto
Published: February 2018

Background

Triage has an important role in providing suitable care to the largest number of casualties in a disaster setting, but there are no secondary triage methods suitable for children. This study developed a new secondary triage method named the Pediatric Physiological and Anatomical Triage Score (PPATS) and compared its accuracy with current triage methods.

Methods

A retrospective chart review of pediatric patients under 16 years old transferred to an emergency center from 2014 to 2016 was performed. The PPATS categorized the patients, defined the intensive care unit (ICU)-indicated patients if the category was highest, and compared the accuracy of prediction of ICU-indicated patients among PPATS, Physiological and Anatomical Triage (PAT), and Triage Revised Trauma Score (TRTS).

Results

Among 137 patients, 24 (17.5%) were admitted to ICU. The median PPATS score of these patients was significantly higher than that of patients not admitted to ICU (11 [IQR: 9-13] versus three [IQR: 2-4]; P<.001). The optimal cut-off value of the PPTAS was six, yielding a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of 95.8%, 86.7%, 60.5%, and 99.0%. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) was larger for PPTAS than for PAT or TRTS (0.95 [95% CI, 0.87-1.00] versus 0.65 [95% CI, 0.58-0.72]; P<.001 and 0.79 [95% CI, 0.69-0.89]; P=.003, respectively). Regression analysis showed a significant association between the PPATS and the predicted mortality rate (r2=0.139; P<.001), ventilation time (r2=0.320; P<.001), ICU stay (r2=0.362; P<.001), and hospital stay (r2=0.308; P<.001).

Conclusions

The accuracy of PPATS was superior to other methods for secondary triage of children.

ToidaC, MugurumaT, AbeT, ShinoharaM, GakumazawaM, YogoN, ShirasawaA, MorimuraN. Introduction of pediatric physiological and anatomical triage score in mass-casualty incident. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(2):147–152.
Functional determinants of dietary intake in community-dwelling older adults: a DEDIPAC (DEterminants of DIet and Physical ACtivity) systematic literature review
Authors: Kiesswetter Eva , Poggiogalle Eleonora , Migliaccio Siliva , Donini Lorenzo Maria , Sulmont-Rossé Claire , Feart Catherine , Suwalska Aleksandra , Wieczorowska-Tobis Katarzyna , Pałys Wiktor , Łojko Dorota , Saba Anna , Sinesio Fiorella , Polito Angela , Moneta Elisabetta , Ciarapica Donatella , Brug Johannes , Volkert Dorothee
Published: February 2018

Objective

The identification of determinants of dietary intake is an important prerequisite for the development of interventions to improve diet. The present systematic literature review aimed to compile the current knowledge on individual functional determinants of dietary intake in community-dwelling older adults.

Design

A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library. Titles, abstracts and full texts were screened according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Studies were included when focusing on dietary intake as an outcome and on chemosensory, oral, cognitive or physical function as a determinant.

Setting

Community.

Subjects

Older adults at least 65 years old without acute or specific chronic diseases.

Results

From initially 14 585 potentially relevant papers, thirty-six were included. For chemosensory, cognitive and physical function only a few papers were found, which reported inconsistent results regarding the relationship to dietary intake. In contrast, oral function was extensively studied (n31). Different surrogates of oral function like dental status, number of teeth, bite force or chewing problems were associated with food as well as nutrient intakes including fibre. As all except six studies had a cross-sectional design, no causal relationships could be derived.

Conclusions

Among functional determinants of dietary intake oral factors are well documented in older adults, whereas the role of other functional determinants remains unclear and needs further systematic research.
Four Perspectives on Order From Chaos
Authors: Pincus Robert
Published: February 2018

What makes thunderstorms clump, even to the point of singularity, over uniform oceans? Three recent papers in JAMES address this question, and a new Commentary ties them together.
Connecting Thunderstorms and Climate Through Ozone
Authors: Barth Mary , Zhang Chidong
Published: February 2018

New data links thunderstorms to climate via their impacts on aerosols, ozone, and water vapor in the stratosphere.
Your Science Is Your (Openly Shared) Data
Authors: Desai Ankur
Published: February 2018

Your data are no less important than your words.
Climate Scientists as Activists
Authors: Ghan Steven
Published: February 2018

The pursuit of global political solutions to climate change is not for the faint of heart—but it is a matter of civic responsibility.
AOMIP and FAMOS for Enhancing Understanding of Arctic Changes
Authors: Proshutinsky Andrey
Published: February 2018

This community-based approach to modeling provides a unique forum for coordination, investigation, and synthesis.
First Results from NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission
Authors: Yau Andrew
Published: February 2018

Understanding magnetic reconnection is important in the context of Sun-Earth Connection, because of the resulting exchange of mass and energy, and the large amount of energy involved.
The Arctic Freshwater Synthesis
Authors: Prowse Terry
Published: February 2018

The result of international study and coordination, this Special Issue provides an important "state-of-the-science" review of changing systems and their potential impacts.
To Bennu and Back
Authors: Filiberto Justin
Published: February 2018

Justin Filiberto shares his experience as a guest at the OSIRIS-REx launch; a mission to obtain samples from the asteroid Bennu in hopes of learning more about the origin of water on Earth.
Water Challenges of Megacities
Authors: Bahr Jean
Published: February 2018

After attending a groundwater conference this summer in Shenzhen, China, Water Resources Research editor Jean Bahr reports back and summarizes the water management challenges posed by large cities.
Navigating the 2016 AGU Fall Meeting: Part I
Authors: Hanson Brooks
Published: February 2018

AGU editors and staff provide recommendations if you are looking for exciting science or learning opportunities outside your normal discipline.
Responding to Climate Change Deniers with Simple Facts and Logic
Authors: Sahagian Dork
Published: February 2018

A sequence of five questions and answers that can be used by scientists to communicate some simple concepts of climate change to broader audiences.
Women in Science: A Q
Authors: Stanley Sabine
Published: February 2018

A personal perspective on women in science and how we can increase representation in the the geosciences
Neotectonics and Earthquake Forecasting
Authors: Çemen Ibrahim , Yilmaz Yücel
Published: February 2018

The editors of a new book describe the evolution of major earthquake producing fault zones in the eastern Mediterranean region and explore how earthquake forecasting could improve.
Autophagy mediates glucose starvation-induced glioblastoma cell quiescence and chemoresistance through coordinating cell metabolism, cell cycle, and survival
Authors: Wang Lian , Shang Zhouchun , Zhou Yang , Hu Xinyu , Chen Yihong , Fan Yantao , Wei Xiaoyu , Wu Liang , Liang Qiujuan , Zhang Jun , Gao Zhengliang
Published: February 2018

Metabolic reprogramming is pivotal to sustain cancer growth and progression. As such dietary restriction therapy represents a promising approach to starve and treat cancers. Nonetheless, tumors are dynamic and heterogeneous populations of cells with metabolic activities modulated by spatial and temporal contexts. Autophagy is a major pathway controlling cell metabolism. It can downregulate cell metabolism, leading to cancer cell quiescence, survival, and chemoresistance. To understand treatment dynamics and provide rationales for better future therapeutic strategies, we investigated whether and how autophagy is involved in the chemo-cytotoxicity and -resistance using two commonly used human glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines U87 and U251 together with primary cancer cells from the GBM patients. Our results suggest that autophagy mediates chemoresistance through reprogramming cancer cell metabolism and promoting quiescence and survival. Further unbiased transcriptome profiling identified a number of clinically relevant pathways and genes, strongly correlated with TCGA data. Our analyses have not only reported many well-known tumor players, but also uncovered a number of genes that were not previously implicated in cancers and/or GBM. The known functions of these genes are highly suggestive. It would be of high interest to investigate their potential involvement in GBM tumorigenesis, progression, and/or drug resistance. Taken together, our results suggest that autophagy inhibition could be a viable approach to aid GBM chemotherapy and combat drug resistance.
Enzyme mediated nanofibrillation of cellulose by the synergistic actions of an endoglucanase, lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) and xylanase
Authors: Hu Jinguang , Tian Dong , Renneckar Scott , Saddler Jack N.
Published: February 2018

Physiochemical methods have generally been used to “open-up” biomass substrates/pulps and have been the main method used to fibrillate cellulose. However, recent work has shown that canonical cellulase enzymes such as endoglucanases, in combination with “amorphogenesis inducing” proteins such as lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMO), swollenin and hemicellulases, are able to increase cellulose accessibility. In the work reported here different combinations of endoglucanase, LPMO and xylanase were applied to Kraft pulps to assess their potential to induce fibrillation at low enzyme loading over a short time period. Although gross fiber properties (fiber length, width and morphology) were relatively unchanged, over a short period of time, the intrinsic physicochemical characteristics of the pulp fibers (e.g. cellulose accessibility/DP/crystallinity/charge) were positively enhanced by the synergistic cooperation of the enzymes. LPMO addition resulted in the oxidative cleavage of the pulps, increasing the negative charge (~100 mmol kg−1) on the cellulose fibers. This improved cellulose nanofibrilliation while stabilizing the nanofibril suspension (zeta potential ζ = ~60 mV), without sacrificing nanocellulose thermostability. The combination of endoglucanase, LPMO and xylanases was shown to facilitate nanofibrillation, potentially reducing the need for mechanical refining while resulting in a pulp with a more uniform nanofibril composition.
Importance of embryo aneuploidy screening in preimplantation genetic diagnosis for monogenic diseases using the karyomap gene chip
Authors: Li Gang , Niu Wenbin , Jin Haixia , Xu Jiawei , Song Wenyan , Guo Yihong , Su Yingchun , Sun Yingpu
Published: February 2018

We investigated the incidence of aneuploidy in embryos from couples carrying monogenic diseases and the effect of embryo aneuploidy screening on the monogenic disease preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). From November 2014 to April 2017, 36 couples carrying monogenic diseases were enrolled. The karyomap gene chip technique was used to analyze the blastocysts from the subjects and select normal embryos for transfer. A total of 43 single-gene PGD cycles were performed. A total of 687 eggs were obtained and 186 blastocysts were biopsed. After analysis via karyomap chip, 175 blastocysts received diagnostic results. In our monogenic disease PGD, 66.8% (117/175) of the embryos were diagnosed as normal or non-pathogenic (silent carriers), and 33.2% (58/175) of the embryos were diagnosed as abnormal or pathogenic. For preimplantation genetic screening (PGS), the aneuploidy rate of embryos was 22.9% (40/175). Among embryos diagnosed as normal for monogenic diseases, 26.5% (31/117) of the embryos were aneuploid and could not be transferred. Thus, approximately 1/4 of normal or non-pathogenic blastocysts diagnosed based on monogenic disease PGD were aneuploid, indicating the necessity and importance of embryo aneuploidy screening during PGD for monogenic diseases.
Birds and beans: Comparing avian richness and endemism in arabica and robusta agroforests in India’s Western Ghats
Authors: Chang Charlotte H. , Karanth Krithi K. , Robbins Paul
Published: February 2018

Coffee is a major tropical commodity crop that can provide supplementary habitat for native wildlife. In Asia, coffee production is an increasingly important driver of landscape transformation and shifts between different coffee species is a major dimension of agroforestry trends. Yet few studies have compared the ecological impacts of conversion between different coffee species. We evaluated whether or not the two species of coffee grown globally—Coffea arabicaandC. canephora(denoted “robusta”)—had equivalent avian conservation value in the Western Ghats, India, whererobustaproduction has become increasingly dominant. We found that habitat specialist and functional guild diversity was higher inarabica, and thatarabicawas more profitable. However,robustafarms generally supported the same or slightly higher abundances of habitat specialists and functional guilds, largely due to dense canopy and landscape-level forest cover. Farming practices, chiefly pesticide use, may affect the suitability of coffee agroforests as habitat for avian specialists, and at present,robustafarmers tended to use less pesticide. Given future projections forarabicatorobustaconversion in tropical Asia, our study indicates that certification efforts should prioritize maintaining native canopy shade trees and forest cover to ensure that coffee landscapes can continue providing biodiversity benefits.
A soft lithographic approach to fabricate InAs nanowire field-effect transistors
Authors: Lee Sang Hwa , Shin Sung-Ho , Madsen Morten , Takei Kuniharu , Nah Junghyo , Lee Min Hyung
Published: February 2018

The epitaxial layer transfer process was previously introduced to integrate high-quality and ultrathin III-V compound semiconductor layers on any substrate. However, this technique has limitation for fabrication of sub-micron nanoribbons due to the diffraction limit of photolithography. In order to overcome this limitation and scale down its width to sub-50 nm, we need either a costly short wavelength lithography system or a non-optical patterning method. In this work, high-quality III-V compound semiconductor nanowires were fabricated and integrated onto a Si/SiO2 substrate by a soft-lithography top-down approach and an epitaxial layer transfer process, using MBE-grown ultrathin InAs as a source wafer. The width of the InAs nanowires was controlled using solvent-assisted nanoscale embossing (SANE), descumming, and etching processes. By optimizing these processes, NWs with a width less than 50 nm were readily obtained. The InAs NWFETs prepared by our method demonstrate peak electron mobility of ~1600 cm2/Vs, indicating negligible material degradation during the SANE process.