bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Authors: Roos Dirk , Kuijpers Taco W , Curnutte John T
Published: November 2023

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an uncommon congenital immunodeficiency seen in approximately 1 in 250,000 individuals. It is caused by a profound defect in a burst of oxygen consumption that normally accompanies phagocytosis in all myeloid cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and macrophages). This “respiratory burst” involves the catalytic conversion of molecular oxygen to the oxygen free-radical superoxide (O?), which in turn gives rise to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and hydroxyl radical (COH). These oxygen derivatives play a critical role in the killing of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. As a result of the failure to activate the respiratory burst in their phagocytes, the majority of CGD patients suffer from severe recurrent infections, the most common of which are pneumonia, lymphadenitis, cutaneous and hepatic abscesses, osteomyelitis, and septicemia. These severe infections usually become apparent during the first year of life and are caused predominantly by Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus species, enteric gram-negative bacteria, Serratia marcescens, and Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia.In addition, CGD patients have diffuse granulomas (presumably caused by microbes) that can become sufficiently large to cause obstructive or painful symptoms in the esophagus, stomach, biliary system, ureters, or urinary bladder.
Genetic Aspects of Primary Immunodeficiencies
Authors: Puck Jennifer M
Published: November 2023

There are three reasons why evaluation of an immunological disorder in any patient should include consideration of potential underlying genetic determinants. First, genetic studies can confirm a suspected diagnosis of immunodeficiency; they can also help to pinpoint a specific genetic etiology even when other available data are unusual, incomplete, or inconclusive. Second, new understanding of the immunological basis and pathogenesis of immunodeficiencies can be gleaned as more disease genes are identified through the partnership between researchers in molecular genetics, clinicians, and affected patients. Finally, diagnosing a genetic disorder in an index patient, or proband, has profound implications for the patient’s family members, both affected and unaffected, living and as yet unborn.
Immunodeficiency Information Services
Authors: VÄLiaho Jouni , Samarghitean Crina , PiirilÄ Hilkka , Pusa Marianne , Vihinen Mauno
Published: November 2023

Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are a group of over 100 mainly rare disorders (Fischer, 2001; Vihinen et al., 2001) affecting the immune system. Although a lot of information is available on the Internet, it is scattered throughout cyberspace, especially data on rare diseases like immunodeficiencies. Therefore, a navigation starting point and knowledge service are very much needed. We have compiled all major data on immunodeficiencies into a server, the Immunodeficiency Resource (IDR), which contains thousands of useful and interesting links in addition to our own pages (Väliaho et al., 2000, 2002). Fact files for each disease function as the core of the IDR. Over 3700 mutations have been discovered in unrelated families with PIDs (Vihinen et al., 2001) (Table 45.1). During the last few years many genes affected in PIDs have been cloned and analyzed (Chapter 1), and mutations have been identified from a number of patients, giving clues to disease mechanisms. In order to handle the ever-growing amount of information, immunodeficiency mutation databases (IDbases) have been established for a large number of diseases (Lappalainen et al., 1997; Vihinen et al., 2001). These registries make it possible to carry out detailed mutation studies.
Introduction: The “Problem of Judaism” Today-Beyond Assimilation and Nationalism
Authors: Lederhendler Eli
Published: November 2023

Ahad Ha’am (Asher Ginsberg), who is ranked among the most incisive analysts of the Jewish predicament in the previous fin de siecle, often insisted that the most pressing problem facing Jews was not physical survival, but rather collective cultural survival; or, to use his phrase, not the problems of the Jews, but the problem of Judaism. The Jewish fate, he contended, depended less upon the amelioration of the Jews’ material existence or civil status than upon the resolution of issues related to culture, assimilation, and national identity in the modern world.
Women’s Transformations of Public Judaism: Religiosity, Egalitarianism, and the Symbolic Power of Changing Gender Roles
Authors: Fishman Sylvia Barack
Published: November 2023

For more than three decades, activists in the United States and Israel, as well as in some small diaspora Jewish communities, have worked toward making the Jewish religion more egalitarian, with the goal of enabling women to play central roles in public Judaism. Although egalitarianism might seem inimical to the fundamental hierarchical nature of halakhic Judaism, the focus of Jewish feminists in the United States (and, to a much lesser extent, in Israel and elsewhere) has been persistently religious since shortly after the beginnings of second wave feminism in the early 1960s.1 This essay explores women’s transformations of public Judaism, concentrating on communal rituals and life-cycle ceremonies, synagogue life, and diverse educational settings, which are arguably the loci most meaningful to westernized, religiously affiliated Jews.
Sand and Iron
Authors: Klieman Aharon
Published: November 2023

Terminating the “52-year conflict” in the Middle East was the theme of the July 2000 conference in Camp David sponsored by the Clinton administration, whose strategists had declared the dispute ripe for resolution. The outcome of this conference has now become part of the thickening Middle East chronicle of dismissed opportunities. It is worth taking a closer look at the subjective, remarkably constricted and therefore blatantly misleading half-century time frame adopted by various actors in U.S. peace efforts. For there is no more telling indictment of conventional wisdom’s pernicious hold on peacemaking than the repeated reference to the “52-year conflict” in official summit statements and postmortems.
Jews, Intellectuals, and the Dreyfus Affair
Authors: Judaken Jonathan
Published: November 2023

The new cultural history that has been on the ascent during the last decade emphasizes not so much what happened and to whom (political history), nor even why and how it happened (social history), but what its meaning was at the time and subsequently. Notwithstanding the vast historiography on the Dreyfus affair, these three books offer new insights-not necessarily through rearguing the facts of the case or reviewing the economic, social, or political dimensions of the era, but rather through an examination of its cultural history. The cultural history undertaken in these volumes discusses different questions than have previously been posed: What defines French identity and how was this contested in the fin de siecle? How did French Jews negotiate their double allegiance to their francite and their judeite? What were the different political, social, and cultural currents that influenced individual intellectual choices, and how did the outcome of the Dreyfus affair shape subsequent movements? What were the epistemological rubrics that forged how intellectuals determined the “truth” of the unfolding saga? How was the Dreyfus affair perceived in national contexts beyond France? What was the larger social discourse within which the events themselves were debated, and to what extent was the same discourse shared by both sides? And finally, was the Dreyfus affair a foil for the French to negotiate their entrance into modernity?
The Equity Risk Premium Essays and Explorations
Authors: Goetzmann William N , Ibbotson Roger G
Published: November 2023

This book aims to create a strong understanding of the empirical basis for the equity risk premium. Through the research and anaylsis of two scholars who are experts in this field, this volume presents the key issues that are paramount to investors, including whether or not to use historical data as a method of equity investing, and can the equity premium reflect changes in fundamental values and cash flows of the market.
History and the Equity Risk Premium
Authors: Goetzmann William N , Ibbotson Roger G
Published: November 2023

The equity premium puzzle posed in Mehra and Prescott (1985) was, in part, motivated by historical evidence on the return of U.S. stocks in excess of the riskless rate. Much of our own research has focused on estimating the equity risk premium using long-term historical data, and examining how historical accident may relate to the classic puzzle. While the equity premium is a fascinating topic for scholarship, it is also one of the most important economic topics in modern finance. The equity risk premium is widely used to forecast the growth of investment portfolios over the long term. It is also used as an input to the cost of capital in project choice, and employed as a factor in the expected rate of return to stocks. Given its prevalence in practice and its importance to academic thought, it is interesting to discover that the calculation of the equity risk premium is a fairly new phenomenon. Reliable data to estimate the historical premium of stocks over bonds were only collected in the mid-20th century, and precise econometric estimates of the equity premium only came after the development of the theory that uses it as a central input—the Capital Asset Pricing Model, or CAPM.
A New Historical Database for the NYSE 1815 to 1925: Performance and Predictability
Authors: Goetzmann William N , Ibbotson Roger G , Peng Liang.
Published: November 2023

The performance of the U.S. stock market over the period after 1926 is so compelling that it raises the question of whether the last three-quarters of the 20th century might have been an aberration. To test this possibility, we gathered stock prices and dividends for most of the history of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) individual price information for the 110 years before 1926. As a result of this “financial archaeology” we found that U.S. stocks provided a high positive return in the 19th century as well, although the returns were mostly in the form of dividends as opposed to capital appreciation. In other words, the equity risk premium known since 1926 was alive and well in the early history of the U.S. capital markets, albeit slightly lower in magnitude. The raw data had to be hand collected, with many research assistants participating in the process over several years.
The Supply of Capital Market Returns
Authors: Diermeier Jeffrey J , Ibbotson Roger G , Siegel Laurence B
Published: November 2023

This article presents one of the first supply-side estimates of the aggregate U.S. capital market. This work is based upon the dividend discount model. But unlike most other uses of the model, our estimate of dividend growth is not based upon historical dividend growth. Instead, the estimate is based upon the assumption that the capital market would maintain in aggregate a constant share of gross domestic product (GDP). In order for the estimate to be correct, it is necessary that it reflect the inflows and outflows into the capital market. The inflows are the net financial new issues, and the outflows are the income generated and paid out of the capital markets. Note that the 5.4 percent real long-term forecast made here is the aggregate capital market return, not the expected return of any one asset class. Since the bond market has greater net inflows than the stock market, the stock market would have to have higher returns than the bond market to maintain its constant aggregate share of the economy.
Free Expression and the Rehnquist Court
Authors: Neuborne Burt
Published: November 2023

Continuity” is not a word ordinarily associated with William Rehnquist. For much of his judicial career, the Chief Justice has been an apostle of legal discontinuity; a vigorous critic of Supreme Court doctrine, including much of our modern free speech heritage. From his appointment as an Associate Justice in 1972, Justice Rehnquist was a frequent dissenter in important First Amendment cases. In the years before he was named Chief Justice in 1986, Justice Rehnquist’s most influential free speech opinion for the Court was Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Co., where he almost derailed the emerging commercial speech doctrine by persuading a narrowly divided Court that the “greater” power to ban an activity like gambling carries with it the “lesser” power to ban truthful commercial speech about its lawful availability. But “continuity” is the only accurate way to describe the free speech jurisprudence of the Rehnquist Court.
The First Amendment in Cyberspace
Authors: Ennis Bruce J
Published: November 2023

It is far too early to know how the Rehnquist Court, or future Courts, will apply the First Amendment to the many novel questions that will arise in cyberspace, but the Court’s holdings in Reno v. ACLU/ALA answer several important questions. The Court’s mode of analysis in that and related decisions suggests that the Court will rely more heavily on ad hoc balancing, and less heavily on categorical analysis, in deciding future First Amendment questions arising in cyberspace, and even in other”new” modes of communication such as cable TV and direct broadcast satellite.
Liberalism, the Constitution, and the Supreme Court
Authors: Henry Robert H , Lefrancois Arthur G
Published: November 2023

This chapter began as a paper we were invited to present at the Rehnquist Court symposium at the University of Tulsa. Bernard Schwartz, of course, was the symposium’s organizer. He was open to a number of areas of inquiry and we looked forward to a long conversation with him. Most tragically, that conversation was cut short. However, Professor Schwartz’s legacy is so rich that in reengaging some of his scholarship, in recalling his presentations, and in reliving conversations with him, we have been able to have a new and-we hope-productive dialogue with him nevertheless. His observations shape this review, and appropriately so, at a time that scholars and others are reconsidering the last three decades’ radical critiques of an older, mainstream liberalism.
William H. Rehnquist in the Mirror of Justices
Authors: Garrow David J
Published: November 2023

Once again it was a great honor to be back here at the University of Tulsa College of Law for the Rehnquist Conference. Cumulatively perhaps it is the nicest honor of all to have been invited to be part of all three of these sequential Supreme Court symposia, beginning with the Warren Court conference in 1994 and then followed by the Burger Court conference in 1996. The other participants in this symposia have perhaps said somewhat less than one might expect about both William H. Rehnquist as an individual jurist and about the eight Justices with whom he currently serves. Thus my remarks here are going to focus both on William H. Rehnquist’s individual judicial voice since 1972 and on William Rehnquist’s service as Chief Justice since 1986.
The Scope of Emotion in Marketing
Authors: O’Shaughnessy John , O’Shaughnessy Nicholas Jackson
Published: November 2023

Marketing folklore suggests that emotion can stimulate buying interest, guide choices, arouse buying intentions, and influence future buying decisions. All these popular beliefs about the power of emotion have received research support. Thoughts about buying are not listless mental acts. They can be exciting and can involve strong likes and dislikes, anxieties, and aspirations. Just think about the emotional component of buying a new car. Emotions intensify wants and desires and intensify motivation. Even ethical behavior can be suppressed because of a failure to generate the emotion needed to motivate moral action.
Emotion in Building Brand Equity
Authors: O’Shaughnessy John , O’Shaughnessy Nicholas Jackson
Published: November 2023

Branding has little significance unless it is perceived as offering assurances to those who buy the brand. The assurances offered may have nothing to do with the core function of the product and may be mainly social, as when the brand symbolizes social acceptance and status. Although market exchange follows the cost-benefit principle, in that both consumer and seller weigh costs against benefits, benefits for the consumer are not confined to tangible benefits. Every brand in fact has a product component and an equity component, though the boundary between them is apt to be fuzzy.
The Blood-Brain Barrier
Authors: Somjen George G
Published: November 2023

Certain substances injected into the blood stream appear only in trace amounts in the brain and spinal cord, yet others pass unhindered from capillaries into the cerebral tissue. The selective filtering at the interface between blood and central nervous tissue could be thought of as a protective device, except that some of the compounds that are freely admitted into the brain are more harmful than some of those that are excluded. Rather than being a filter, the blood-brain barrier acts as an active regulator of the internal environment of brain cells. For clinicians, the barrier is sometimes a hindrance that must be overcome in order to deliver drugs to their targets in central nervous tissues.
Seizures, Channels, Genes
Authors: Somjen George G
Published: November 2023

The problem in most, if not all, clinical epileptic conditions is defective ion channel or ion transporter function. The fault can be inherited or acquired, and it can lie in either ligand-operated or voltage-gated ion channels, or in exchangers or ion pumps. The malfunction can affect neurons or glial cells. The result can be excessive inward ion current, too little outward current, or too much of both, or the abnormal distribution of ions.
Hypoxia, Asphyxia, and lschemia
Authors: Somjen George G
Published: November 2023

We are acclimated to the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere in which we live. Too much or too little of this gas can cause trouble.

More than other cells, neurons of the forebrain need oxygen for survival. The research reviewed in Part IV shows that maldistribution of ions and malfunction of ion channels have much to do with the selective vulnerability of cerebral neurons. Chapter 17 introduces the topic, clarifies similarities and differences between cerebral hypoxia and ischemia, and summarizes the chief overt signs in these conditions.
Introduction
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

In mid-august of 1947 the world’s mightiest modern empire, on which “the sun never set,” abandoned its vow to protect one-fifth of humankind. Britain’s shameful flight from its Indian Empire came only ten weeks after its last viceroy, Lord Louis (“Dickie”) Mountbatten, took it upon himself to cut ten months from the brief time allotted by the Labor government’s cabinet to withdraw its air and fleet cover, as well as the shield of British troops and arms, from South Asia’s 400 million Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs.
From the Fall of Singapore to the Failure of Cripps’s Mission, February–April 1942
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

The fall of singapore to a Japanese force one-third the size of the British-Indian garrison, in mid-February of 1942, sent shock waves of fear for India’s security from what had been Britain’s insular bastion of Southeast Asian naval and air power, directly to 10 Downing Street. So integral was that city to imperial defense that when Prime Minister Winston Churchill learned of the Japanese invasion on February 10, he telegraphed General Sir Archibald Wavell, British Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in Southeast Asia: “There must . . . be no thought of saving the troops or sparing the population. The battle must be fought to the bitter end at all costs. The honour of the British Empire and of the British Army is at stake.
From the End of World War II through the Cabinet Mission, August 1945–June 1946
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

Churchill was in berlin for the “terminal” Allied Potsdam Summit Conference in mid-July of 1945, when the election avalanche that removed him and Amery from high office struck. He had sensed two weeks earlier from loud heckling he elicited during electioneering appearances around London that Labor had made inroads into his own constituency. But on July 5, when Britain went to the polls he still expected to win, just as he had won the European war. Most British soldiers were eager to stop fighting and go home and opted for a new Labor government, as Churchill realized with a jolt when he and Attlee, each in his own jeep, reviewed British troops in Berlin on July 21, Deputy Prime Minister Attlee getting more “vociferous cheers” from the soldiers than weary old Churchill did. Churchill learned from Truman at Potsdam that the United States had successfully tested the atom bomb it would drop on Japan in early August. The night before that last Allied summit ended, Churchill dined alone with Mountbatten, who flew in from his Southeast Asia Colombo Headquarters at Churchill’s invitation, and announced “I have great plans . . . about your future.” That confident promise of India’s viceroyalty gave Mountbatten an “eerie feeling,” he later recorded, since “I felt equally confident that he would be out of office within 24 hours.”
Freedom’s Wooden Loaf, September–December 1947
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

Lahore’s railway station became a veritable death trap by Au- gust 12, Justice Gopal Das Khosla reported. “On the evening of August 11, the railway station was packed with passengers . . . when news came that the Sind Express, on its way to Lahore, had been attacked by Muslims, panic spread. They found that men, women and children had been brutally murdered and were lying in pools of blood. The dead bodies were carried across several platforms while all that was visible in the city of Lahore was a huge tower of smoke.”1 Passengers on the Frontier Mail were murdered near Wagah. Next day no Hindu or Sikh reached Lahore station alive; Muslim gangs were prowling the environs of the city in armed packs. In June 1947 some 300,000 Hindus and Sikhs lived in Lahore. By August 19 fewer than 10,000 remained; and by August 30, fewer than one thousand. Endless caravans of Hindu-Sikh refugees moved out of that smoking pyre of death, trekking west to try and reach the new Punjab border at Wagah, twenty miles away, hoping to stay alive for another twenty miles to Amritsar.
Measuring Nations’ Environmental Sustainability
Authors: Levy Marc A
Published: November 2023

Sustainability as an environmental policy objective has been embraced by a growing number of governments and organizations. Yet the ability to measure environmental sustainability—and to give concrete meaning to the term (Esty, 2001)—has not kept pace with the spread of this goal. This chapter reports on efforts to create one of the first such measures: the Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI). The ESI seeks to measure overall progress toward, and capacity to achieve, environmental sustainability for 122 countries.
Statistical Probability Density Functions
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann
Published: November 2023

Most structured finance analytical work will involve the selection of random numbers from given probability distributions. Consequently, the following is a brief overview of the distributions most likely to be encountered in a typical structured credit analysis. This section should be read in conjunction with the section on sampling random deviates at the end of the chapter, which deals with sampling from such distributions using the inverse distribution function method (IDFM), the most commonly used of all random sampling methods. We deal exclusively with one-dimensional distributions, as they are by far the most commonly encountered. For multiple dimensions, other straightforward sampling methods exist, notably the copula function approach,1 which is readily applicable to multidimensional normal distributions. Probability distributions are usually defined via their associated probability density function f (x ), a non-negative function of its argument, x. For discrete distributions, f (k ) is the probability that the process will take on the valuek, where k is an integer. For continuous distributions, f (x )dx is the probability that the process will be found between x and x + dx, where x is a real number.
Tchebychev Polynomials
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann
Published: November 2023

We discuss here only the most basic non-linear scheme: the NR method, in its scalar and vector forms. For structured finance, one-dimensional (i.e., scalar) solutions are virtually nonexistent because most useful nonlinear models have multiple parameters. However, from a didactic standpoint the vector-valued NR iterative technique is easier to grasp if one first understands the scalar case. Chief among implementation issues with respect to nonlinear optimization, and one that may cause the scheme to fail locally, is the requirement for a suitable initial guess. We address this problem in Appendix F by investigating sufficient conditions under which the NR scalar and vector iterative solutions will converge uniformly. The vector-valued NR iteration is similar in principle to the scalar case, except for the use of matrix notation. Unfortunately, unlike with linear regression, solving vector-valued NR problems will involve inverting matrices that will usually turn out to be neither symmetric nor nonnegative definite. In that case, the use of standard methods like GaussSeidel iteration1 or Gaussian elimination2 will be required. Most desktop spreadsheet packages usually contain a matrix inversion routine. Therefore, in practice credit analysts will not be forced to write their own matrix inversion codes. In the worst case, codes can often be lifted wholesale from textbooks— for instance, Numerical Recipes 3 is a treasure trove of such techniques.
Unipolar depression
Authors: Alexopoulos George S , Apfeldorf william
Published: November 2023

Although depression affects a large number of elders, it is not an expected or a necessary consequence of aging. The Epidemiological Catchment Area study found that the prevalence of major depressive disorder in persons 65 years of age or older was 1.4% in women and 0.4% in men, with an overall combined prevalence of 1 % (Weissman et al., 1988). The prevelance of depression changes with the setting. Some type of depressive disorder has been identified in 17%-30% of geriatric patients treated in primary care settings: approximately 30% of these patients meet criteria for major depressive disorder (Alexopoulos, 1996). Major depression has been found in 11 % of patients hospitalized for treatment of medical illness (Blazer, 1994) and in 12% of patients confined to long-term care facilities (Parmelee et al., 1989). Depressive symptoms were documented in 50% of patients with dementia, and major depression was diagnosed in 17%-30% of demented patients (Alexopoulos and Abrams, 1991).
Bereavement and Depression
Authors: Clayton Paula J
Published: November 2023

The loss of a loved one is an unavoidable human experience. By the time American women reach the age of 65 (Carr et al., 2001), almost half will be widowed, whereas at the same age, only 14% of men are widowed. Besides this notable loss, there may have been losses of children, brothers, sisters, and parents, so older women and men have much experience with dying and death. Not surprisingly, the majority of elderly persons handle losses with minimal morbidity (Murrell et al., 1984, 1988, 1989). Still, significant loss may lead to increased doctors’ visits for new or worsening medical illnesses, increased use of substances such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, hypnotics, and cigarettes, the development of chronic depression, complicated grief, and increased mortality.
Managing Human Capital
Authors: Hagel John
Published: November 2023

Performance demands—especially growth demands—on business are increasing. Technological and regulatory forces are combining to create more demanding markets. Technology, especially the growth of electronic markets, inexorably shifts power from vendor to customer, leading to the emergence of reverse markets in which companies must deliver more value at lower prices just to stay in the game. Technological and regulatory forces are also restructuring financial markets, creating more demanding investors who richly reward companies that deliver higher levels of performance and severely punish those that don’t. In this kind of environment, companies must increasingly focus on growth in order to continue to create value. Cost-cutting is necessary but not sufficient, since the cost savings will be competed away in reverse markets and captured by the customer.
Marriage
Authors: Renteln Alison Dundes
Published: November 2023

There are different cultural conceptions of marriage. In some societies marriage is based on the individual choice of a mate and depends on love or romantic attachment. In others a marriage is designed to permit an alliance between groups. In some instances, when immigrants and refugees attempt to follow marriage rituals required in their countries of origin based on a group-oriented conception, this conflicts with the law of the new nation.
The Cultural Defense in Theory and Practice
Authors: Renteln Alison Dundes
Published: November 2023

The material in Part II demonstrates both the ubiquity and extraordinary variety of disputes involving diverse cultural traditions. One of the most striking features of many of these cases is the arbitrary treatment of cultural minorities in the legal system. Cultural evidence may be found admissible or inadmissible. Either way, the decision to exclude or not is sometimes upheld and sometimes overturned on appeal. There is no uniformity in the way culture is handled by the courts, and this variation leads to dissimilar outcomes, sometimes for similar offenses.
Mayoral Races, Mayoral Colors
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A
Published: November 2023

On April 2, 1927, only days before Chicago’s mayoral election between William Hale Thompson and William Dever, La Tribuna Italiana Transatlantica weighed in on the contest. Openly expounding on the “Negro Question and Thompson,” it noted bitterly that Thompson, by courting African-American support, was making Chicago “the Paradise Land of the negroes” and a living hell for “bianchi” (whites)—especially the Italians among them. According to the paper, African Americans were invading Italian neighborhoods, depreciating property values, stealing jobs, and giving rise to a “promiscuity of races” and a new generation of “cioccolattini” (little chocolate-colored people), who were “neither whites nor blacks but ‘fifty and fifty.’” While not necessarily typical of Italian views on politics or color at the time, La Tribuna’s article does accurately reflect the central role color had come to play in Chicago’s mayoral campaigns of the late 1920s and early 1930s. And while race—or at least Italian racewas not mentioned in this article, it too was a part of these campaigns.
Bitter Almond Hedges: Colonization, Servitude, and Slavery
Authors: Berger Iris
Published: November 2023

In December 1651 the Dutch East India Company (VOC) appointed the merchant Jan Van Riebeeck to establish and command a permanent settlement on the southern tip of Africa. After sailing for nearly four months, he arrived at the Cape of Good Hope on April 6, 1652 with his wife and son, eighty-two men, and seven women. While concerned primarily with the valuable spices from its colonial outpost at Batavia in the East Indies, the Company had to supply sailors with fresh fruits and vegetables midway through the long journey from the Netherlands to keep them from dying of scurvy. In the interests of trade, the new commander was instructed to keep the peace with the area’s indigenous population.
New Frontiers
Authors: Berger Iris
Published: November 2023

In 1808, Louis, a Cape Town slave who worked as a tailor and was married to a free woman, led a remarkable rebellion against slavery. Following plans hatched with two Irish sailors for the Dutch East India Company, who assured him that there were no slaves in Great Britain or America, Louis traveled into the countryside with his two supporters. They deserted him on the morning the uprising began. But Louis, posing in the uniform of a Spanish sea captain with a smart blue jacket and ostrich feather hat, began marching from farm to farm informing slaves that the governor had ordered their freedom. Christians, he announced, should be bound and brought to Cape Town; they would be shipped overseas and their land distributed to the enslaved. By the end of the day, well over three hundred people had joined the marchers, who moved quickly, but relatively peacefully, gathering arms and ammunition, horses, and wagons; on a few farms they smashed furniture and windows. Most notable in the testimony of those captured that evening was the explanation of their motivation. The Secretary of the Court of Justice reported that all those taken into custody “without exception, declared that they had not the least reasons for complaints against their masters, but on the contrary they had been well treated.” Rather they were expressing a profound desire for freedom. Nearly three decades were to pass before these dreams were realized.
Minerals, War, and Unification
Authors: Berger Iris
Published: November 2023

The oldest daughter of Sandile, the Xhosa paramount chief, embodied the dramatic changes that transformed South Africa in the last half of the nineteenth century. Born in 1843, she spenther childhood learning the skills of traditional rural life—hoeing and weeding, caring for younger children, and crafting pots, beads, and baskets. In adolescence, along with a group of other girls, she was instructed in the polite, formal behavior expected of married women. Despite this customary upbringing, no record remains of her Xhosa name. Remembered only as Princess Emma, she came to play a pioneering role as an intermediary in addressing the challenges that confronted African communities during her lifetime. Emma was the first Xhosa woman— perhaps the first African woman in South Africa—to own land in her own name. And she paid a high price for her efforts to straddle two diverse, often conflicting societies.
Worlds Apart: A New Racial Divide
Authors: Berger Iris
Published: November 2023

Pixley ka Izaka Seme, born to a Christian family in Natal in 1881, left South Africa in 1898 with plans to study in the United States, following in the footsteps of his cousin John Dube, who had attended Oberlin College in Ohio. With the assistance of the American Congregationalist missionary Reverend S. C. Pixley, whose name he adopted, Seme attended the mission-run Mt. Hermon School for Boys in Northampton, Massachusetts. He then went to Columbia University in New York, where he won the university’s highest oratorical honor for a speech entitled “The Regeneration of Africa.” After earning a law degree at Oxford University, Seme returned home as an attorney in 1910, unprepared for the shocking treatment of Africans in Johannes-burg. Young and self-confident, he reacted with rage when a group of whites objected to his traveling first class on a train and threatened them with a loaded gun. His justification of this impulsive action conveyed his strong class and professional identity. “Like all solicitors,” he replied, “I, of course, travel first class.” Sparked by this anger, Seme would go on to initiate a new protest organization, the South African Native National Congress, which would struggle for more than eighty years to transform the oppressive conditions in his country.
The Global Financial Services M&A Deal Flow
Authors: Walter Ingo
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter provided a structural framework within which the reconfiguration of the financial services sector can be explained in an historical context, assessed in terms of ongoing or rumored transactions, and sometimes predicted going forward. If a new financial intermediation channel opens up as a result of technological or regulatory change, it is virtually certain that end users of the financial system will sooner or later try out those channels, thereby rewarding the innovators. Established firms then have three choices: (1) they can stand and fight to beat back the threat of disintermediation by making an economic case that the new approach is not in clients’ best interests or threatens to reduce access to other types of financial services of value to clients, perhaps coupled with appeals to the regulatory authorities for protection, (2) they can “go with the flow” and build their own capacity in the new areas that pose a competitive threat, (3) or they can acquire one or more of the firms that have developed a solid foothold in the new area of financial services activity.
Information Technologies for Knowledge Management
Authors: Davenport Thomas H
Published: November 2023

Information technology (IT) has been perhaps the single most important intervention in managing knowledge, at both the individual and the organizational levels, over the past couple of decades. It is highly unlikely that we would even be talking about knowledge management if a variety of new technologies were not available. The advent of personal computers, personal productivity software, personal digital assistants, mobile technologies, group discussion systems, document-sharing systems, web portals, and so forth has transformed the knowledge landscape. Knowledge workers can now create, share, and use information and knowledge almost anywhere and at any time. It is safe to assume that few knowledge workers would give up their technologies.
The Strategic Management of Knowledge
Authors: Ichijo Kazuo , Nonaka Ikujiro
Published: November 2023

In the current knowledge-based economy, individual and organizational knowledge, as well as brainpower, have replaced physical assets as critical resources in the corporate world (Drucker, 1993). Therefore, the success of a company in the twenty-first century will be determined by the extent to which leaders can develop their intellectual capabilities through activities for enhancing them. In addition, knowledge created by these leaders should be used effectively and efficiently in the organization. It must also be protected. In today’s economy, knowledge and its strategic management constitute a competitive advantage of corporations (Eisenhardt and Santos, 2001). Therefore, a new strategic framework is required to manage the knowledge based competence of a corporation.
Governance Information in Knowledge-Based Companies
Authors: Lorsch Jay w.
Published: November 2023

The Scope of the Problem The issue of the information needed by boards of directors to govern companies that are knowledge-intensive businesses is doubly complex. As in any company, there are problems with keeping the governing body (normally the board of directors) informed. This is always a significant challenge, but in knowledge- intensive companies there is the added fact that the information which directors need in order to govern may be especially difficult for them to obtain and understand. Although these two difficulties are interrelated, I shall describe them separately and then suggest remedies that address their combined effect.
Enhancing Social Capital for Knowledge Effectiveness
Authors: Cohen Don
Published: November 2023

The networks of informal trust relationships that we call ‘‘social capital’’ provide an essential social infrastructure for knowledge sharing and the knowledge creation sparked by new combinations of existing knowledge. In this chapter, I describe how several organizations maintain the high levels of social capital that support successful knowledge exchange. The policies, values, and behaviors that sustain and strengthen social capital in those organizations suggest principles of social capital development which other firms can use to enhance their own social capital and improve their knowledge effectiveness.
Speculative Truth
Authors: Mccormmach Russell
Published: November 2023

With a never-before published paper by Lord Henry Cavendish, as well as a biography on him, this book offers a fascinating discourse on the rise of scientific attitudes and ways of knowing. A pioneering British physicist in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Cavendish was widely considered to be the first full-time scientist in the modern sense. Through the lens of this unique thinker and writer, this book is about the birth of modern science.
The Ancient Roots of Southeast Asia to ca. 200 BCE
Authors: Lockard Craig A
Published: November 2023

According to a Malay proverb, “it takes a long time to build a mountain.” It also took people a long time to build the foundations for the first complex societies based on farming and cities. The story of Southeast Asians began long ago. Around 2 million years ago, bands of modern humankind’s direct ancestor, Homo erectus (“upright human”), began migrating out of Africa, carrying with them refined tools, sophisticated hunting skills, a group-oriented social life, and an ability to adapt to new environments. This was the first great migration in human history. Skulls and tools unearthed on Java during the past century suggest that Homo erectus may have been widespread in Southeast Asia by 1.5 million years ago and possibly earlier.

The Jakun people of the Malayan mountains believe that all humanity descended from two deities: one male and one female. In the myths and legends of many Southeast Asians their people have always lived in the region or were created there by gods. But the story uncovered by scholars is more complex. The discoveries of bones and tools in Java and Borneo indicate that modern humans, known as Homo sapiens, who most scholars believe also originated in Africa, were settling in Southeast Asia at least 40,000 years ago.
New Cultures and Connections, ca. 1300—1750
Authors: Lockard Craig A
Published: November 2023

In 1468 Sultan Mansur, the ruler of the Malaysian state of Melaka, wrote a letter to the king of the Ryukyu Islands, just south of Japan, extolling the benefits of trade relations: “We have learned that to master the blue oceans people must engage in commerce and trade. All the lands within the seas are united in one body. Life has never been so affluent in preceding generations as it is today.” The collapse of the Golden Age kingdoms proved a prelude to a dynamic new era in which many societies, among them Melaka, became increasingly involved with world trade and the larger Eurasian realm. Theravada Buddhism and Islam spread widely throughout Southeast Asia, and new cultures emerged. New states and empires were founded on the legacies of older ones. Most Southeast Asians lived within one of three broad social and cultural spheres that had developed by the fifteenth century: the Theravada Buddhist, the Vietnamese, and the Malayo-Muslim or Indonesian. All these peoples flourished into the 1700s.
The Western Winds of Colonialism, 1750—1914
Authors: Lockard Craig A
Published: November 2023

Frustrated by the Vietnamese emperor’s refusal to liberalize trade relations with Western nations and protect Christian missionaries, the French, seeking to expand their empire in Asia, attacked Vietnam with military force in 1858 and over the next three decades conquered the country despite determined resistance. The blind Vietnamese poet Nguyen Dinh Chieu bemoaned the loss of his country’s independence: “Rivers and mountains are overturned; whence this disaster, O Heaven? Sadly the white clouds cover the land. And now the West wind of autumn blows unceasingly across the world.” In this era most of the Southeast Asian states faced various crises, leaving them less able to thwart the more intensive European penetration made possible by the military, technological, and economic power generated by the Industrial Revolution. And capitalism in the West encouraged an endless quest to acquire new resources to be exploited and markets for industrial goods. One Malay teacher and scholar of Arab ancestry, Syed Shakkh al-Hady, observed ruefully in 1907 that “the Europeans . . .[came] replete with the weapons to win the battle of life and equipped with knowledge of the ways and means to make profit.” The result was a resurgence of colonialism, as all the major societies except the Siamese felt the Western winds of conquest.
Fighting for the Cause of National Freedom, 1900—1950
Authors: Lockard Craig A
Published: November 2023

In 1930 the newly formed Indonesian Nationalist Party met to develop a platform for action, to respond to the challenges posed by colonialism. Their statement urged Indonesians to be zealous in the cause of national freedom, which was the only way, they argued, that the Indonesian people could reshape the nation in their own interest. Nationalist movements originated in Europe in the eighteenth century and then spread to the Americas and India before moving into Southeast Asia in the late nineteenth century. Nationalism involved a sense of common feeling transcending class and ethnicity among people who desired to express that wider community by establishing an independent country. Nationalism’s first Southeast Asian stirrings came in the Philippines, leading to the ultimately thwarted revolution against Spain in 1896. By the 1930s nationalism was a growing force in Indonesia, Vietnam, and Burma, all places where colonial rule was particularly oppressive and unpopular. Nationalism also influenced Siamese politics but was a weaker force in Cambodia, Laos, Malaya, and the U.S.-ruled Philippines.
Southeast Asia and the Wider World
Authors: Lockard Craig A
Published: November 2023

The late nineteenth-century Philippine nationalist hero José Rizal claimed that to read the destiny of a people, it is necessary to open the book of their past. The Southeast Asian lands may no longer be as green nor the rivers as blue as they were centuries ago. But with their long, rich connections to the wider world and persistent ability to integrate ideas and institutions from abroad with indigenous traditions, Southeast Asians have made their mark on world history. Although outsiders imposed some influences, Southeast Asians also selected ideas that appealed to them. This process of exchange continues today as the world becomes even more linked through trade, communications, international organizations, migration, and travel. The influential Indonesian thinker Soedjatmoko, summing up the globalizing trends of the later twentieth century, described a world of “collapsing national boundaries and horrifying destructive power, expanding technological capacity and instant communication[in which] we live in imperfect intimacy with all our fellow human beings.”
Invisible Warriors
Authors: Restall Matthew
Published: November 2023

This image tells us much about the Spaniards, but it leaves out critical aspects of the story. There is no doubt that the Spaniards were consistently outnumbered by native enemies on the battlefield. But what has so often been ignored or forgotten is the fact that Spaniards tended also to be outnumbered by their own native allies. Furthermore, the “invisible warriors” of this myth took an additional form, that of the Africans, free and enslaved, who accompanied Spanish invaders and in later campaigns equaled or exceeded them in number.
Introduction: Why Knowledge Capital?
Authors: Chatzkel Jay L .
Published: November 2023

In 1939, Robert S. Lynd in Knowledge for What? wrote that people need to rebuild their organizations so that knowledge flows freely to create opportunities and solve problems. This view of knowledge as key for significant change is as relevant for those leading and operating enterprises today as it was then. Knowledge inputs are increasingly valuable not only in all goods and services offered by any kind of organization, but also for how that enterprise does its business day to day. The ability of an organization to effectively nurture, capture, leverage, and share its knowledge resources can be the key that provides an enterprise with its strategic power advantage in the world.