bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VII.—Excavations at Kusura near Afyon Karahisar: II
Authors: Lamb Winifred
Published: July 2011

At the outset of the 1937 excavations, we had certain main objects in view. The most important, since it affected the history of Anatolia as a whole, was to decide what culture was represented by our third and latest period, called C. The particulars wherein C differed from the preceding periods, B and A, were obvious: during B, which may have come to an end in the twentieth century, the settlement clearly belonged to the ‘west Anatolian group’, known from Troy, Lesbos, Yortan, and the Pisidian sites; A could be regarded as an earlier stage of B, not yet modified by western influence (see p. 237, below); C, however, seemed hard to parallel. The acquisition of fresh material, and a careful study of the collections in the museums at Ankara and Istanbul has now enabled us to recognize C as Hittite in the wide sense of the term used by archaeologists to-day. The C pottery has many points in common with the monochrome Hittite wares of Alişar II, Alaca Hüyük, Haşhüyük and even Bogazköy, while the smaller antiquities from C and Alişar II are much closer than was previously supposed. That Kusura should display local peculiarities is not surprising, when we consider its distance from the larger Hittite centres.
VIII.—Colne Priory, Essex, and the Burials of the Earls of Oxford
Authors: Fairweather F. H.
Published: July 2011

The priory of Colne, situated in north Essex near the river of the same name, was one of the smaller priories, and would probably have been passed over in monastic histories with a brief notice, if it had not been, during its entire history, intimately associated with the family of De Vere, who for more than five centuries and a half held the earldom of Oxford. The De Veres founded it, endowed it, and save in a few exceptional cases were buried in its precincts during the whole period of its existence.
IX.—The Painted Ceiling in the Nave of Peterborough Cathedral
Authors: Cave C. J. P. , Borenius Tancred
Published: July 2011

The roof of the nave of Peterborough Cathedral (pl. xc) was erected in the latter years of the twelfth century and the ceiling was probably painted about 1220. It has frequently been stated that the ceiling was raised when the tower arch was changed from round to pointed, but there is no documentary evidence for this. If the original ceiling had been flat it would have had to have been widened by about 1 ft. 6 in. at each side to bring it to its present canted form, but there is nothing in the present condition of the painting to lead one to suppose that the roof was ever widened in this way. It has also been suggested that the ceiling was originally canted and that it has been raised by the width of the side boards which are painted in a different style from the rest of the roof, but it is difficult to believe that so great a work could have been undertaken for the sake of 20 in.
II.—Early Chessmen of Whale's Bone excavated in Dorset
Authors: Dalton O.M.
Published: July 2011

The very interesting chessmen illustrated on pls. v and vi were found during excavations carried out by Mrs. McGeagh at Witchampton Manor about five miles NNW of Wimborne. The work revealed the foundations of buildings regarded as mainly of medieval origin, though a British fibula and a quantity of Roman pottery, chiefly in fragments, have also come to light.
III.—Recent Archaeological Research in Scotland
Authors: Callander J. Graham
Published: July 2011

In this communication, which is submitted in response to the invitation sent by your President to the Council of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland asking them to nominate one of their Fellows to report on recent archaeological research in Scotland, I propose briefly to review the recent discoveries and developments that have taken place in our endeavours to unravel the story of prehistoric and later man in Scotland. I shall begin at the earlier periods, and, working forward, indicate the progress we have made, the problems we see before us, and the manner in which we have dealt with the various questions as they arose.
V.—Deerhurst Priory Church: including the result of the excavations conducted during1926
Authors: Knowles W.H.
Published: July 2011

The priory church of Deerhurst is situated on the northern boundary of Gloucestershire, two miles south of Tewkesbury. It stands within 250 yds. of the river Severn, on low land still liable to flood. The village is part of a strip of country bounded on the west by the Severn and on the east by a road, both of which afford direct communication between the cities of Gloucester and Worcester. Nearer the river was an ancient trackway between these places, passing through Deerhurst and Tewkesbury. Malvern Chase extended from the right bank of the river to the hills beyond. Deerhurst lay in that division of the kingdom of Mercia known as the land of the Hwiccas, which included a considerable tract of country now forming part of the counties of Worcester, Gloucester, and Warwick.
VIII.—St. Augustine's Abbey Church, Canterbury, before the Norman Conquest
Authors: Peers C.R. , Clapham A.W.
Published: July 2011

The paper which we have to lay before the Society marks a stage in, we will not say the end of, a long story. The exploration of the site of St. Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury, has now been proceeding for over twenty-five years, and writing in 1901 on a group of early churches connected with St. Augustine's mission, one of us expressed the hope that his own church of St. Peter and St. Paul, and that of St. Mary built to the east of it a few years later, might one day be added to the list of those of which actual remains have come down to us. This hope is now happily fulfilled, even more completely than we had reason to expect, and the occasion is one for congratulation to antiquaries generally, but particularly to the bursar of St. Augustine's College, our Fellow the Rev. R. U. Potts, who has superintended the work for the last thirteen years, and to whose devotion and unremitting energy its success is chiefly due.
IV.—Roman London: Its initial occupation as evidenced by early types of Terra Sigillata
Authors: Pryce T. Davies , Oswald Felix
Published: July 2011

In the absence of historical and epigraphic references to the earliest origin of the Roman occupation of London there is perhaps no material that can be of greater assistance in furnishing evidence on this subject than the red-glazed ware of the Roman Imperial period—the Terra Sigillata—comprising both the Italian Arretine ware and the Gaulish so-called ‘Samian’ ware, and this paper is devoted to a critical study of the earliest types of this class of pottery that have been found in London, to a consideration of their distribution, and finally to a statement of the conclusions which may be drawn from this evidence.
V.—The Roman Amphitheatre at Caerleon, Monmouthshire
Authors: Wheeler R.E.M. , Wheeler T.V.
Published: July 2011

The small town of Caerleon lies upon the banks of ‘full-tided Usk’, on the north-eastern outskirts of Newport in Monmouthshire. In a superficial sense it may, indeed, be regarded as the forebear of the medieval and modern borough which, two miles nearer the Severn estuary, has first replaced and now, spreading inland, threatens to absorb it. At the end of 1925 events moved with unexpected rapidity in this direction. Land in the centre of Caerleon—and therefore in the centre of the site of the Roman legionary fortress—changed hands for immediate ‘development’, and urgent action was necessary. On the initiative of the National Museum of Wales, a representative ‘Caerleon Excavation Committee’, under the presidency of Lord Treowen and the chairmanship of Dr. C. A. H. Green, then bishop of Monmouth, was called into being; whilst the Presidents of the Society of Antiquaries, the British Academy, the Classical Association, the Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, and other bodies, realizing that Caerleon provided the only example in Britain of a legionary fortress which was not almost completely covered by medieval or modern buildings, issued a joint appeal to the press.
VI.—An Investigation of two Anglo-Saxon Kalendars (Missal of Robert of Jumièges and St. Wulfstan's Homiliary)
Authors: Atkins Ivor
Published: July 2011

The Anglo-Saxon kalendars which survive are so few in number, and are contained in manuscripts which, whether considered from the liturgical or the historical point of view, are of such first-rate importance, that any attempt to elucidate some of the many problems which they present, as for example those of chronology and provenance, must, surely, be well worth while. The present dean of Wells, Dr. J. Armitage Robinson, who has himself thrown so much light upon the early kalendars of Wells and of Somerset, draws attention to the human interest attaching to such documents, to the fragments of history hidden away in them waiting to be pieced together and set in their places; and points out that they are capable of throwing a sidelight now and then on periods as distant and as dark as the tenth century. The dean tells us that he found his task intriguing, and indeed the attempt to unravel the secrets of these ancient kalendars is attended with more than ordinary difficulties, so many are the will-o'-the-wisps besetting the path. The occasional rewards are, however, so great, and bring such satisfaction, that the many disappointments inevitable at some stages of the task are quickly forgotten, and it is likely that these documents will continue to fascinate scholars as much in the future as they have in the past.
I.—Recent Investigations regarding the Fate of the Princes in the Tower
Authors: Tanner Lawrence E. , Wright William
Published: July 2011

‘Edward Vth ended his reign on the 25th [of June 1483], and with his brother, Richard, then disappears from authentic history. How long the boys lived in captivity and how they died is a matter on which legend and conjecture have been rife with no approach to certainty. Most men believed, and still believe, that they died a violent death by their Uncle's order.’ In these words Bishop Stubbs summed up a mystery which has never failed to fascinate those who have attempted to probe it.
II.—On a Picture commemorative of the Gunpowder Plot, recently discovered at New College, Oxford
Authors: Legg L.G. Wickham
Published: July 2011

The picture which is the subject of this paper is a canvas measuring 3 ft. 4½ in. in height and 2 ft. 8½ in. in width, now enclosed within a plain narrow gilt frame, which used until recently to hang behind the green baize door of the Bursary at New College, Oxford, and now is hung in the room there known as the Chequer. It was so completely blackened by time that some sixty years ago Warden Sewell attributed it to Richard Haydocke; but, as we shall see, Haydocke was the donor rather than the artist. Recently, even the words ‘Ric. Haydocke’ upon which the Warden had based his inference had become invisible, and indeed the only judgement that could safely be passed upon the canvas was that it was a painting. Some frequenters of the Bursary never even noticed its existence; but the more observant would, after one glance, abandon the attempt to solve its riddle. Nor would any attention have been paid to it, had it not been that, on the Bursary being redecorated, Mr. Albert Rutherston suggested that the picture might be cleaned, and so it has come about that the skill of Mr. B. Comfort of Woodstock has revealed a curious commemoration of the Gunpowder Plot, painted in 1630, the semijubilee of the conspiracy, by the hands, as would seem probable, of John Percivall of Salisbury.
IV.—A Thirteenth-Century Choir of Angels in the North Transept of Westminster Abbey and the Adjacent Figures of Two Kings
Authors: Cave C.J.P. , Tanner L.E.
Published: July 2011

On the soffits of the lancet windows in the north transept of Westminster Abbey there are medallions, four in each window, enclosing demi-figures of angels which bear musical instruments and other objects. The date is about 1250. It is impossible to see these carvings in the ordinary way as the soffits receive no light from the windows and they are about 58 ft. above the floor level. After dark when the Abbey is lit up it is just possible to see that there are carvings, but details are not visible. A spot light is required to see the figures properly and to enable them to be photographed.
V.—Notes on the Evolution of Plate Armour in Germany in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Century
Authors: Mann J.G.
Published: July 2011

In two previous contributions I have tried to trace the development of plate armour in Italy and Spain, and in the following pages it is my intention to attempt to do the same for Germany. Under this name are included for the present purpose all the Teutonic countries within the Holy Roman Empire and Scandinavia. These notes, like their predecessors, are designed to supplement the first volume of Sir Guy Laking's Record, in which he passed lightly over the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries in order to devote himself to the later periods from which the bulk of existing armour has descended.
VI.—The Avebury Excavations, 1908—1922
Authors: Gray H. St. George
Published: July 2011

In point of size and grandeur Avebury stands out pre-eminently among the prehistoric stone monuments of Britain. It is, however, decidedly difficult to realize fully what Avebury and its appendages were when in the height of their glory. The monument has been terribly mutilated, and vandalism must have prevailed for many years, if not centuries, to effect the complete destruction of so large a number of the great monoliths.
VII.—Seal Bags in the Treasury of the Cathedral Church of Canterbury
Authors: Robinson Gertrude , Urquhart H. , Hindson Alice
Published: July 2011

Some sixty years ago it was found that many of the seals of the charters of Canterbury Cathedral were covered with or had attached to them pieces of silk. Silk at this period, owing to the researches of such scholars as Francisque Michel, Fischbach, and Lessing, was beginning to attract the attention of scholars, artists, and archaeologists. The silks attached to the seals of Canterbury were seen to be interesting or at least unusual. They were taken from the seals, to which as a matter of fact they were detrimental rather than protective, with a view of preserving both seals and bags. Later on, cleaned and restored as far as possible to their original colours, they were placed in glass cases, where they can now be seen and studied.
VIII.—The Roman Theatre at Verulamium, St. Albans
Authors: Kenyon Kathleen M.
Published: July 2011

The theatre at Verulamium, near St. Albans, Hertfordshire, was first discovered in 1847, when a farmer called the attention of a local antiquary, Mr. R. Grove Lowe, to some walls in a field adjoining the Gorhambury Drive. Mr. Grove Lowe succeeded in tracing the main walls of the structure and identifying it as a theatre. For its period, the excavation was excellently carried out, but neither the chronology nor the structural history of the building was ascertained. Neither in 1847, nor during slight trenching subsequently, was anything done beyond uncovering the line of the walls, and it was clear that the original stratigraphical evidence had not been destroyed. It was obviously important that this building, the only known Roman theatre in Britain, should be further examined, and its date, exact position, and plan established. In 1933, therefore, the Earl of Verulam, the owner of the property, was approached. Both he and Lady Verulam at once realized the interest and importance of the site, and not only gave permission for the excavation to be carried out, but on his initiative the Gorhambury estates most generously provided the funds for what was necessarily an expensive undertaking. For this far-sighted and publicspirited action, and for the decision to have the theatre kept uncovered, both archaeologists and the general public owe Lord Verulam a permanent debt.
IV.—The Roof Bosses in the Cathedral and in the Church of St. John the Baptist at Peterborough, and in the Cathedral at Ripon
Authors: Cave C. J. P.
Published: July 2011

The majority of the roof bosses in Peterborough Cathedral are on the wooden roof of the quire, but there are a few others which have points of considerable interest.
V.—Wall‐paintings recently discovered in Worcestershire
Authors: Moore Elsie Matley
Published: July 2011

Until fairly recently Worcestershire has yielded very scant evidence of wall‐paintings, either ecclesiastical or domestic, though we know from other evidence that this was not because the county was originally deficient in a sense of decoration. The more likely reason is that no one in Worcestershire has shown much interest in wall‐paintings, and when discoveries have been made during building alterations or demolition they have been destroyed without even photographs being taken.
I.—An English Gold Rosary of about 1500
Authors: Maclagan Eric , Oman C. C.
Published: July 2011

The English Medieval Gold Rosary which forms the subject of the communications to be laid before the Society by my colleague Mr. Oman and myself was brought to the Victoria and Albert Museum about eighteen months ago. So far as I am aware hardly any one knew of its existence previously. It had been the property of the Langdales of Houghton Hall, Sancton, an old Yorkshire Roman Catholic family, and had apparently been found some considerable time ago in a chest with a number of other objects connected with religion. It had not until quite recently been regarded as of any special importance or interest, and nothing apparently can be traced as to its history.
II.—The Roof Bosses of Lincoln Cathedral
Authors: Cave C. J. P.
Published: July 2011

The roof bosses of Lincoln Cathedral are of particular interest, for they show the evolution of this form of ornament from the stiff conventional foliage of the end of the twelfth century in St. Hugh's Quire, through the freer foliage of the first half of the thirteenth century in the nave, to the climax of the art in the second half of the thirteenth century in the Angel Quire. These later bosses are unsurpassed anywhere, whether in the trefoil and natural foliage, or in the figure bosses, all too few, in the aisles.
IV.—The use of Continental woodcuts and prints by the ‘Ripon School’ of Woodcarvers in the early sixteenth century
Authors: Purvis J. S.
Published: July 2011

The number of instances in which it is possible in this country to assign, even tentatively, particular groups of medieval works of art to particular craftsmen is not so great that the addition of another such group can be without interest, or even without importance. Certain evidence exists which may justify the addition, to the list of recognized craft-centres, of a group of woodcarvers working originally at Ripon and dwelling there, but executing work widely distributed, and also imitated, over Northern England. That evidence must first be examined in order to establish the use of such a title as ‘The Ripon School’.
V.—Dartmouth Castle and other defences of Dartmouth Haven
Authors: O'Neil B. H. St. J.
Published: July 2011

The Dartmouth Castle of to-day, the structure which is maintained by the Commissioners of H.M. Works as an historic building, comprises one tower of irregular shape and two adjacent platforms. Until shortly before the Great War it remained in use by the War Department, but in 1910 it was handed over to the Office of Works, since only one battery, a short distance farther south, was any longer of military value. Work of general preservation was then carried out.
VII. On Some Later Funeral Effigies in Westminster Abbey
Authors: Tanner L. E. , Nevinson J. L.
Published: July 2011

On the 31st January 1907 the late Sir William St. John Hope read a paper before the Society ‘On the Funeral Effigies of the Kings and Queens ofEngland,with special reference to those in the Abbey Church of Westminster’, and to this paper our Fellow the late Dr. Armitage Robinson, then dean of Westminster, appended ‘A Note on the Westminster Tradition of Identification’. In this paper the origin and history of the earlier effigies—‘the Ragged Regiment’— were dealt with in detail, but the later effigies, familiarly known as the ‘Waxworks’, were outside its scope, and their history was only lightly sketched in a few sentences by the dean of Westminster.
IX.—The chambered cairn known as Bryn yr Hen Bobl near Plas Newydd, Anglesey
Authors: Hemp W. J.
Published: July 2011

The recent examination of the cairn known as Bryn yr Hen Bobl was begun in 1929 at the request of its owner, the marquess of Anglesey, who generously paid the cost of the labour employed throughout the six seasons work on the monument.
X.—The Great Seal of England: Deputed or Departmental Seals
Authors: Jenkinson Hilary
Published: July 2011

So far as is known the earliest Norman Kings had only one seal with which to authenticate any written orders or communications which issued in their name: under his Great Seal the King would agree to a treaty or order payment for his wine, summon a sheriff to account or bestow an earldom, arrange his own marriage or the legal affairs of one of his subjects; and in the original documents under this seal which have survived to us from the twelfth century, even in those which we find in the enrolments of the early thirteenth, may be traced every important element which we find in executive administration by Government departments to-day; not to mention those which might be discerned in the private correspondence of the sovereign. But very early it was found that it was impossible for one seal to deal with the resulting mass of business or to cope with the situation which arose when the King (with the Chancellor in his company) was absent from the usual seat of Government: the Dialogus de Scaccario tells us that already in the twelfth century there was a second seal which was kept by the Chancellor in the Treasury per vicarium As executive business developed and increased in succeeding centuries other seal developments followed: notably the addition to the resources of royal administration of the Privy and Secret Seals and of the Signets, which are the direct ancestors of the seals that still symbolize the authority of a secretary of state. But meanwhile the principle of dividing the Great Seal itself was also extended and much used: and it is with these deputies or departmental versions of the Great Seal that the present article is to deal.
Part III. Commentary
Authors: Wace A.J.B.
Published: July 2011

Tsountas, as a result of his own excavations in the prehistoric cemeteries of Mycenae, came to the conclusion that the geographical distribution of the tombs in well-defined groups was not accidental, but designed. He found that the tombs were arranged in groups of eight, ten, or more lying close together in definite localities clearly separated from one another. This division of the cemeteries which lie near the Acropolis of Mycenae to the north, north-west, west, and south-west at the foot of the mountain of Hagios Elias, and in the sides of the various ridges that run south-westwards from it, he interpreted as meaning that the inhabitants of Mycenae lived in small villages or townships on these hills, and buried their dead in cemeteries hewn out of the sides of the ridges whereon they dwelt. The Acropolis was little more than a fortified palace protecting with its cyclopean walls the royal house, the great officers of state, chamberlains, captains of the guard, and the necessary servants or slaves, together of course with enough trusty guards to defend the walls in case of danger. The inhabitants of the separate villages were the ordinary civilian population, and Tsountas suggests that they lived in clans or groups of families, and that they continued in the tomb the clanship they had maintained in life. With the knowledge at present available these conclusions of Tsountas are eminently reasonable, and nothing found in the course of our excavations in the prehistoric tombs of Mycenae leads us to disagree with him on these points, for, as has been seen above and as will be explained below, the tombs we excavated have every appearance of being family sepulchres used by the same families over a considerable period of years.
V.—The Astrological Astrolabe of Queen Elizabeth
Authors: Gabb George H.
Published: July 2011

Ten years ago, through the kindness of a member of the Wollaston family, I came into possession of a large circular plate apparently of bronze. It was much oxidized and begrimed, and had been preserved with the scientific instruments and other relics belonging to their illustrious ancestor Dr. William Hyde Wollaston, President of the Royal Society in 1816, who died in 1828.
VI.—St. Manchan's Shrine
Authors: Kendrick T. D. , Senior Elizabeth
Published: July 2011

Very little is known about St. Manchan. He died of the plague in 664, composed a poem of which two lines survive, and may have been the author of a commentary, parts of which are quoted in an early twelfth-century manuscript (British Museum, Harley 1802). But though various attempts were made to establish his genealogy, there were other saints of the same name, so that the references to him are sadly confused, and all that is certain is that he lived in the first half of the seventh century, and gave his name to the place now called after him Lemanaghan, i.e., Manchan's grey land (Manchan's church). This was a small monastery in co. Offaly that has little recorded history and can never have been a house of much importance. In 1531 it was under the charge of the prior of the neighbouring monastery of Gallen, and by the beginning of the seventeenth century it was almost unknown, being described at that time as situated in the middle of an impassable bog. Its chief treasure, the shrine, attracted no notice from the outside world; but it was still preserved there, and there is a record of its existence in the church at Lemanaghan about 1630.
VII.—Notgrove Long Barrow, Gloucestershire
Authors: Clifford Elsie Margaret
Published: July 2011

The Long Barrow lies one mile north-west of the village close to the northern boundary and near the north-west corner of the parish of Notgrove, Gloucestershire. It is situated in a field called ‘Poors' lot’, or ‘Poors' allotment’, by the road from Cheltenham to Bourton-on-the-Water, and is about a quarter of a mile east from Notgrove G.W.R. Station. It is one of the Cotswold long barrows of which there are two others about two miles away, while the Swell group is only four and a half miles distant. It is marked as the remains of a long barrow on the 6-in. Ordnance Survey, Gloucestershire XXVIII. 10, latitude 51° 53′ 20″, longitude 1° 51′ 40″.
VIII.The Town and Castle of Conway
Authors: Toy Sidney
Published: July 2011

Conway occupies a position of great natural strength and, from a medieval standpoint, of great military importance. It is defended on the one side by the River Conway, here a wide estuary, on the other by the mountains of Snowdonia; and in the middle ages it commanded the road from England into the Welsh strongholds of Gwynedd. It might be thought that the strategic value of such a site would be recognized at an early period, but there is no evidence of its military or communal occupation before the arrival of the Cistercians, whose houses were normally placed on secluded spots, in the twelfth century. The Cistercian abbey of Aberconway was founded about 1186.
IX. The Halberd in Bronze Age Europe: A Study in Prehistoric Origins, Evolution, Distribution, and Chronology
Authors: Ríordáin Seán P. Ó
Published: July 2011

The halberd is of sufficiently frequent occurrence and of a sufficiently distinctive character to be a most useful ‘type fossil’ by which may be traced connexions and the trend of cultural developments in prehistoric Europe. That another paper on the subject is not a superfluity in archaeological literature is evident from the lack of any paper dealing at once with the Irish and Continental material. That this paper should be written in Ireland is fitting because the amount of the Irish material is so large. When Coffey wrote his valuable paper on ‘Irish Copper Halberds’ (frequently referred to in the following pages), he had before him the material in the National Museum of Ireland, which comprised at that time 49 halberds. This number has in the meantime increased to 71, while the total number of Irish halberds of which I have been able to get particulars is 143, 67 having known localities. This body of material, which is considerably greater than that from any other country, makes it clear that the part played by Ireland in the story of the European halberd must have been an important one. When we come to study the typology, evolution, and distribution of the weapon, we shall get further proof of this importance.
III.—Excavations at Kingsdown Camp, Mells, Somerset, 1927–9
Authors: Gray H. St. George
Published: July 2011

The survey of Kingsdown Camp began on 12th August 1927, and digging in that year was in progress from 15th August to 27th August. In 1928 operations were continued from 7th February to 1st March, and from 10th April to 5th May. The work was completed in 1929, from 8th April to 24th April, and from 7th October to 19th October.
V.—The Sanctuary of the Madonna delle Grazie, with notes on the evolution of Italian armour during the fifteenth century
Authors: Mann J. G.
Published: July 2011

The Franciscan monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie is situated on the bank of the Mincio some five miles west of Mantua on the road to Cremona. My attention was first drawn to it by the late Baron de Cosson during a conversation in Florence in 1926, when he showed me a photograph of the interior of the church. He understood that the local tradition was that the statues were clad in armour taken from the battlefield of Marignano in 1515, and mentioned that there appeared to be some basis for this belief as the armour looked to to him genuine enough, so far as it was possible to see it from the floor of the church. ‘Rien n'est plus rare qu'une arinure ancienne’ The suggestion that there might be in existence a church full of armour dating from the early part of the sixteenth century, hitherto unrecorded, inspired a desire to visit the place at the first opportunity. I was unable to fulfil my intention that year, but two years later I was in the north of Italy again and was able to make the promised pilgrimage. The antiquary is well used to receiving specious accounts of treasures which on examination turn out to be utterly worthless. Perhaps objects associated with warlike exploits lend themselves even more commonly to exaggeration than most, and I was prepared to find that I had made a journey in vain. On my arrival a brother informed me that the armour on the statues was only of carta pesta and not worth looking at. But the first figure that I inspected showed that my hopes had been exceeded. Not only was much of the armour real, so far as one could tell through a coating of thick black paint overlaid with the dust of countless Italian summers, but its form was not that of the time of Marignano but of some fifty years earlier, when the art of the Italian armourer had reached its zenith. Last year I returned to the monastery and arranged to have a scaffold erected, and to have the seventeen figures which wear armour out of the total of sixty-seven photographed; for permission to do this I wish to record my gratitude to Monsignor Guarnieri and the Soprintendente di Belle Arti of.the district.
VII.—The Chambered Cairn of Bryn Celli Ddu
Authors: Hemp W. J.
Published: July 2011

The monument to be described lies in the parish of Llanddaniel Fab in Anglesey, the latitude being 53° 12′ 26″, and the longitude 4° 14′ 6.″ It is a large circular single-chambered cairn, originally about 160 ft. in diameter, and at least 12 to 14 ft. high. The site is at the end of a low ridge of glacial moraine 500 ft. from a small stream known as the Braint, a mile distant from the Menai Straits and 100 ft. above sea-level. Closely adjoining the cairn is the base of a second (see p. 212).
Steady state solutions for a lubrication multi-fluid flow
Authors: CHUPIN LAURENT , GREC BÉRÉNICE
Published: July 2011

We describe possible solutions for a stationary flow of two superposed fluids between two close surfaces in relative motion. Physically, this study is within the lubrication framework, in which it is of interest to predict the relative positions of the lubricant and the air in the device. Mathematically, we observe that this problem corresponds to finding the interface between the two fluids, and we prove that this interface can be viewed as a square root of a polynomial of degree at most 6. We solve this equation using an original method. First, we check that our results are consistent with previous work. Next, we use this solution to answer some physically relevant questions related to the lubrication setting. For instance, we obtain theoretical and numerical results, which can predict the occurrence of a full film with respect to physical parameters (fluxes, shear velocity, viscosities). In particular, we present a figure giving the number of stationary solutions depending on the physical parameters. Moreover, we give some indications for a better understanding of the multi-fluid case.
Enteral feeding in neonates with prostaglandin-dependent congenital cardiac disease: international survey on current trends and variations in practice
Authors: Howley Lisa W. , Kaufman Jon , Wymore Erica , Thureen Patti , Magouirk Jeff K. , McNair Bryan , da Cruz Eduardo M.
Published: July 2011

Background

The benefits of early enteral feeding in neonates are well known and yet the optimal pre-operative nutrition of prostaglandin-dependent infants with congenital cardiac disease remains ill-defined. This survey delineates international nutritional practices and trends with this population.

Materials and methods

Paediatric practitioners responded to an Internet-based survey that explored assessment of feeding practices, criteria for feeding readiness, medication dosing, concurrent feeding with umbilical catheters, and the observed incidence of feeding intolerance. Documented nutritional strategies were not correlated with patient outcomes.

Results

A total of 200 caregivers responded to the survey. Fewer United States caregivers (56%) reported routine pre-operative enteral feeding in prostaglandin-dependent infants when compared with caregivers outside the United States of America (93%). Of those respondents willing to feed, approximately two-thirds did not base their decision on the ductal flow direction. Numerous and heterogeneous parameters were reported to assess feeding readiness. Many caregivers report scepticism with regard to enteral feeding safety in neonates with an umbilical artery catheter, and to a lesser extent in the presence of an umbilical venous catheter. In summary, there is a prevailing lack of consensus regarding pre-operative enteral nutrition to prostaglandin-dependent neonates.

Conclusions

This survey demonstrates noticeable variations in pre-operative nutritional practices between providers from around the world. Arguments that support or refute this practice have little support in the medical literature. Future studies should aim to demonstrate the safety of such practice and compare the outcomes of prostaglandin-dependent neonates who were pre-operatively enterally fed with those who were not.
Multifrequency Atomic Force Microscopy: Compositional Imaging with Electrostatic Force Measurements
Authors: Magonov Sergei , Alexander John
Published: July 2011

We demonstrate that single-pass Kelvin force microscopy (KFM) and dC/dz measurements in different environments expand the compositional imaging with atomic force microscopy. The KFM and dC/dz studies were performed in the intermittent contact mode with force gradient detection of tip-sample electrostatic interactions. Both factors contribute to sensitive measurements of the surface potential and capacitance gradient with nanometer-scale spatial resolution as it was verified on a broad range of materials: metal alloys, polymers, organic layers, and liquid-like objects. For many samples the surface potential and dC/dz variations complement each other in identification of individual components of heterogeneous materials. In situ imaging in different humidity or vapors of various organic solvents further facilitate recognition of the constituents of multicomponent polymer samples due to selective swelling of components.
Neural Stem Cells in Neurospheres, Embryoid Bodies, and Central Nervous System of Human Embryos
Authors: Sathananthan A. Henry
Published: July 2011

The process of neurogenesis and formation of neural stem cells is reported in human neurospheres (NS) and embryoid bodies (EB) derived from human embryonic stem cells, in vitro, and compared with neural tissue formed in human ectopic embryos in week 4 (stage 9), developed in vivo. This morphological study was done using digital imaging by light microscopy and routine transmission electron microscopy. Both NS and EB form neural rosettes from the surface epithelium much like the process of neural tube formation from ectoderm in the embryo. The rosette is the developmental signature of neuroprogenitors in cultures of differentiating embryonic stem cells and is a radial arrangement of columnar cells that express many of the proteins expressed in neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube. The NS produce all of the major classes of progeny of the neural tube, some of which have been documented here. Specific neural markers expressed in the NS and the clinical implications of this study in cell therapy are also discussed.
BASIC FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS PUZZLES OF SPECTRAL FLOW
Authors: BOOSS-BAVNBEK B.
Published: July 2011

We explain an array of basic functional analysis puzzles on the way to general spectral flow formulae and indicate a direction of future topological research for dealing with these puzzles.
STATES ON THE CUNTZ ALGEBRAS AND p-ADIC RANDOM WALKS
Authors: JORGENSEN P. E. T. , PAOLUCCI A. M.
Published: July 2011

We study Markov measures and p-adic random walks with the use of states on the Cuntz algebras Op. Via the Gelfand–Naimark–Segal construction, these come from families of representations of Op. We prove that these representations reflect selfsimilarity especially well. In this paper, we consider a Cuntz–Krieger type algebra where the adjacency matrix depends on a parameter q ( q=1 is the case of Cuntz–Krieger algebra). This is an ongoing work generalizing a construction of certain measures associated to random walks on graphs.
Comparing the Effects of Testing and Restudying on Recollection in Recognition Memory
Authors: Verkoeijen Peter P. J. L. , Tabbers Huib K. , Verhage Marije L.
Published: July 2011

Recently, Chan and McDermott (2007) found that relative to studying words once, taking an initial test increased recollection, whereas it did not affect familiarity. However, an open question remains what the effect is of testing on recollection and familiarity relative to restudying. We conducted four experiments to address this question. Experiment 1 was a replication of Chan and McDermott’s third experiment. In Experiment 2, restudied words were compared with tested words. In Experiment 3 we replicated Experiment 2 with the exception that feedback was provided after each initial-test trial. Finally, in Experiment 4, stronger cues were used during the initial test without feedback. The results showed a recollection advantage of testing over restudying, but only when feedback was given during the test or when stronger cues were employed. Further, recognition decisions were more familiarity based for restudied words than for tested words.
How Monitoring Other’s Actions Influences One’s Own Performance
Authors: Núñez Castellar Elena , Notebaert Wim , Van den Bossche Lisa , Fias Wim
Published: July 2011

Monitoring of one’s own and other’s performance during social interactions is crucial to efficiently adapt our behavior and to optimize task performance. In the present study we investigated to what extent social factors can modulate behavioral adjustments in performance. For this purpose, participants executed a flanker task and alternated either with a computer program or with a human partner in cooperative and competitive contexts. Modulations in reaction times (RTs) (post-error slowing) and error rates (post-error accuracy) after error observation were analyzed. The results revealed that these behavioral measures were differently affected by the social manipulations. Post-error slowing was modulated by the social context (cooperation vs. competition), while post-error accuracy was sensitive to the nature of the agent involved in the interaction (human vs. computer). The present findings provide evidence that behavioral adaptations in RTs and accuracy following error observation dissociate and are sensitive to different features of the social situation.
Spatial Reasoning With Multiple Intrinsic Frames of Reference
Authors: Tamborello Franklin P. , Sun Yanlong , Wang Hongbin
Published: July 2011

Establishing and updating spatial relationships between objects in the environment is vital to maintaining situation awareness and supporting many socio-spatial tasks. In a complex environment, people often need to utilize multiple reference systems that are intrinsic to different objects (intrinsic frame of reference, IFOR), but these IFORs may conflict with each other in one or more ways. Current spatial cognition theories do not adequately address how people handle multi-IFOR reasoning problems. Two experiments manipulated relative orientations of two task-relevant objects with intrinsic axes of orientation as well as their relative task salience. Response times (RTs) decreased with increasing salience of the targeted IFOR. In addition, RTs increased as a consequence of intrinsic orientation conflict, but not by amount of orientation difference. The results suggest that people encounter difficulties when they have to process two conflicting IFOR representations, and that they seem to prioritize processing of each IFOR by salience.
Evidence Against Associative Blocking as a Cause of Cue-Independent Retrieval-Induced Forgetting
Authors: Hulbert Justin C. , Shivde Geeta , Anderson Michael C.
Published: July 2011

Selectively retrieving an item from long-term memory reduces the accessibility of competing traces, a phenomenon known as retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF). RIF exhibits cue independence, or the tendency for forgetting to generalize to novel test cues, suggesting an inhibitory basis for this phenomenon. An alternative view ( Camp, Pecher, & Schmidt, 2007 ; Camp et al., 2009 ; Perfect et al., 2004 ) suggests that using novel test cues to measure cue independence actually engenders associative interference when participants covertly supplement retrieval with practiced cues that then associatively block retrieval. Accordingly, the covert-cueing hypothesis assumes that the relative strength of the practiced items at final test – and not the inhibition levied on the unpracticed items during retrieval practice – underlies cue-independent forgetting. As such, this perspective predicts that strengthening practiced items by any means, even if not via retrieval practice, should induce forgetting. Contrary to these predictions, however, we present clear evidence that cue-independent forgetting is induced by retrieval practice and not by repeated study exposures. This dissociation occurred despite significant, comparable levels of strengthening of practiced items in each case, and despite the use of Anderson and Spellman’s original (1995) independent probe method criticized by covert-cueing theorists as being especially conducive to associative blocking. These results demonstrate that cue-independent RIF is unrelated to the strengthening of practiced items, and thereby fail to support a key prediction of the covert-cueing hypothesis. The results, instead, favor a role of inhibition in resolving retrieval interference.
Effects of Age-of-Acquisition in the Word-Fragment Completion Task
Authors: Spataro Pietro , Mulligan Neil W. , Longobardi Emiddia , Rossi-Arnaud Clelia
Published: July 2011

Barry, Hirsh, Johnston, and Williams (2001) found that Age-of-Acquisition (AoA) interacted with repetition priming in the picture naming task (greater priming for late- than for early-acquired words), and proposed that AoA might affect the stage of access to lexical-phonological representations. The present experiment examined the possibility that AoA may influence the retrieval of visual-orthographic information, by studying its effects in the Word-Fragment Completion Task (WFCT). Results showed that the overall percentages of correct completion were greater for early- than for late-acquired words, while repetition priming was higher for late- than for early-acquired items. Furthermore, the interaction between AoA and WFCT priming remained significant even when the fragments were exposed for only 4 s, reducing possible contributions from phonological and semantic processes. These findings suggest that AoA can affect implicit memory by facilitating the retrieval of the orthographic properties of the studied words.
The Groove Move
Authors: Regenberg Nina F. E. , Häfner Michael , Semin Gün R.
Published: July 2011

In two experiments we show that the experience of processing fluency can be grounded in the motor system. We manipulated whether responses in a stimulus-response paradigm were congruent or incongruent with the orientation of graspable objects. Besides the typical affordance effect (Tucker & Ellis, 1998), namely a reaction time advantage for responses made with the hand for which it would be easier to grasp the object, our results reveal that such a visuo-motor congruence elicits positive affect when preceded by incongruent trials (Experiment 1). Experiment 2 demonstrates that individuals are aware of this fluency experience and can consciously report on it. Moreover, by manipulating the task contingencies, we show that the affordance effect itself can be modulated by the experience of processing fluency. Our results are in line with theories assuming a direct coupling between perception and action (Hommel, Müsseler, Aschersleben, & Prinz, 2001; Prinz, 1997; Smith & Semin, 2004).
The Word Frequency Effect
Authors: Brysbaert Marc , Buchmeier Matthias , Conrad Markus , Jacobs Arthur M. , Bölte Jens , Böhl Andrea
Published: July 2011

We review recent evidence indicating that researchers in experimental psychology may have used suboptimal estimates of word frequency. Word frequency measures should be based on a corpus of at least 20 million words that contains language participants in psychology experiments are likely to have been exposed to. In addition, the quality of word frequency measures should be ascertained by correlating them with behavioral word processing data. When we apply these criteria to the word frequency measures available for the German language, we find that the commonly used Celex frequencies are the least powerful to predict lexical decision times. Better results are obtained with the Leipzig frequencies, the dlexDB frequencies, and the Google Books 2000–2009 frequencies. However, as in other languages the best performance is observed with subtitle-based word frequencies. The SUBTLEX-DE word frequencies collected for the present ms are made available in easy-to-use files and are free for educational purposes.