bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Debt counselling services in Gauteng (South Africa): Consumers’ perspective
Authors: Masilo Kgomotso Hilda
Published: December 2016

Debt counsellors are receiving a high number of applications from over-indebted consumers on a monthly basis. This paper investigates the effectiveness of debt counselling on consumer financial wellness. Three hundred consumers were surveyed and a response rate of 61% was achieved. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics. There was no evidence that consumers who received debt counselling improved in their financial standing. The article concluded that though debt counselling is important, it does not necessarily improve the financial prosperity of over-indebted consumers. The paper recommends that financial management education be part of the intervention methods that debt counsellors use when they counsel their clients. Consumers should be introduced to personal financial management education at an early age of their life.
Predictable and avoidable: What’s next?
Authors: Pezzuto Ivo
Published: December 2016

The author of this paper (Dr. Ivo Pezzuto) has been one of the first authors to write back in 2008 about the alleged "subprime mortgage loans fraud" which has triggered the 2008 financial crisis, in combination with multiple other complex, highly interrelated, and concurrent factors. The author has been also one of the first authors to report in that same working paper of 2008 (available on SSRN and titled "Miraculous Financial Engineering or Toxic Finance? The Genesis of the U.S. Subprime Mortgage Loans Crisis and its Consequences on the Global Financial Markets and Real Economy") the high probability of a Eurozone debt crisis, due to a number of unsolved structural macroeconomic problems, the lack of a single crisis resolution scheme, current account imbalances, and in some countries, housing bubbles/high private debt. In the book published in 2013 and titled "Predictable and Avoidable: Repairing Economic Dislocation and Preventing the Recurrence of Crisis", Dr. Ivo Pezzuto has exposed the root causes of the financial crisis in order to enables readers to understand that the crisis we have seen was predictable and should have been avoidable, and that a recurrence can be avoided, if lessons are learned and the right action taken. Almost one year after the publication of the book "Predictable and Avoidable: Repairing Economic Dislocation and Preventing the Recurrence of Crisis", the author has decided to write this working paper to explore what happened in the meantime to the financial markets and to the financial regulation implementation. Most of all, the author with this working paper aims to provide an updated analysis as strategist and scenario analyst on the topics addressed in the book "Predictable and Avoidable" based on a forward-looking perspective and on potential "tail risk" scenarios. The topics reported in this paper relate to financial crises; Government policy; financial regulation; corporate governance; credit risk management; financial risk management; economic policy; Euro Zone debt crisis; the "Great Recession"; business ethics; sociology, finance and financial markets. This paper aims to contribute to the debate about the change needed in the banking and finance industries and to supervisory frameworks, in order to enhance regulatory mechanisms and to improve global financial stability and sustainability.
Public procurement in Zimbabwe: Issues and challenges
Authors: Chigudu Daniel
Published: December 2016

With negative coverage largely by the media on state procurement, this article aims at exploring challenges and issues that militate against public procurement in Zimbabwe. The exploration is done through content analysis of statutes and procurement practices that currently obtain in the country. The study shows that despite the presence of some regulations public officials manipulate tender procedures for personal gains. There is need for improved political will to enforce the law on errant behavior. The value for money that the procurement system should promote is lost. There is no mechanism for feedback to inform management and policy makers. The article provides recommendations for the government in pursuit of public procurement best practices.
A Bayou privateer critique’s Marcoux’s fiduciary argument against stakeholder theory
Authors: Phillips Emir
Published: December 2016

This Article critique’s Alexei Marcoux’s A Fiduciary Argument Against Stakeholder Theory which set the mark for Shareholder Theory. Stakeholder Theorists sense the denouement of Shareholder Theory, but perhaps this in-depth reassessment of Marcoux’s Article may have them reconsidering. Recent corporate scandals reveal only the moral paucity of that company’s management and are not conclusive evidence of any odious qualities inherent to either shareholders or Shareholder Theory. The theory that can throw out the bathwater and keep the baby will win. This article adheres to a modified Shareholder Theory elucidated therein while admitting that the human, all-too human Shareholder Theory evinces every fiber of our moral being when injustice harms that which we most love. This Article hopefully makes clear that Stakeholder Theory is best attainable within the legal rubric of 3rd party beneficiary analysis, which is a valid extension of Shareholder Theory. One can see the power of this when applied to a 3rd party beneficiary (stakeholder), thereby generally negating any further philosophizing as to a Stakeholder Theory when the legal contract principle of 3rd party beneficiary so readily inculcates it. Thus, Stakeholder Theorists can sleep at night, 3rd party beneficiary Contract Law is operating 24/7. The contracting 1st parties need only address important contingencies likely enough to warrant the transaction costs of express provision, such as the possible subsequent inclusion of 3rd party beneficiaries. For all other contingencies, the fiduciary obligation fills the gap. And so, while presently in an awkward position, Shareholder Theory has the advantage of being right, even if it desperately needed this Article to save itself.
Collective habitation in urban planning of Jagodina, Serbia
Authors: Avramovic Vladimir
Published: December 2016

An extensive collective habitation in Jagodina started in the middle of 1950s
by planned construction of settlements ?Pivara? and ?Kablovi? by architect
Dragisa Brasovan. Along with the further demographic and economic development
of Jagodina, construction of numerous settlements of collective buildings on
the periphery of the town was continued during the first fifteen years of the
21st century when the settlements were built, mostly contrary to the
provisions of valid planning documents. An urban development of Jagodina was
regulated by general urban plans from 1956, 1976 and 2015.Planning documents
were not being carried out completely, and a legalization of unplanned
residential and other construction represented a reason for changes in
existing planning documents. Since 2000 the residential and another
construction has been realized by individual decisions of local government,
and a good base for complex treatment of urban town development was not made
by GUP 2015. According to GUP 2015, five residential zones cover the largest
part of central building area. According to architectural-urban values,
settlements ?Pivara? and ?Kablovi? are particularly noteworthy, followed by
settlements ?Kajsijar?, ?Streliste?, ?Sarina me?a? and other ones.
Succeptibility of some fungi to Boswellia carteri Birdw. essential oil
Authors: Stupar Milos , Kostic Marina , Savkovic Zeljko , Unkovic Nikola , Ljaljevic-Grbic Milica , Vukojevic Jelena
Published: December 2016

Antifungal activity of commercial sample of Boswellia carteri essential oil
against selected micromycetes was evaluated in vitro using a microatmosphere
method. When compared with biocide Sanosil S003, used as positive control,
the tested essential oil showed moderate antifungal activity. The most
susceptible fungi to oil treatment were Stachybotrys chartarum and
Trichotecium roseum. For both fungi, mycelia growth inhibition of 85% was
recorded at oil concentration of 100 ?L mL-1. The tested essential oil caused
inhibition of S. chartarum sporulation as well as depigmentation of conidi?,
which is very significant since melanin contributes to virulence, survival
and endurance of pathogenic fungi spores. Aspergillus niger was the least
susceptible isolate to essential oil treatment. Mycelial growth of this
fungus was not inhibited by any oil concentrations used in the experiment.
Seed yield and protein content in sunflower depending on stand density
Authors: Balalic Igor , Crnobarac Jovan , Miklic Vladimir , Radic Velimir
Published: December 2016

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of stand density on
seed yield and protein content in sunflower hybrids. The field experiment was
carried out at Rimski Sancevi location. Six NS sunflower hybrids were
examined. Five hybrids are confectionery (NS Goliat, NS Slatki, NS Gricko,
Vranac and Cepko), and one is used for bird food (NS-H-6485). The trial was
arranged as randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications.
Sowing was done with six different densities (from 20,000 to 70,000 plants
per hectare, with an increment of 10,000 plants per hectare). Analysis of
variance (ANOVA) showed that the effect of hybrid, stand density and hybrid ?
stand density interation were highly significant for seed yield and protein
content. The highest seed yield, on the basis of average for all densities,
was found in NS-H-6485 (4.77 t ha-1) and in NS Gricko (4.43 t ha-1). Average
seed yield of hybrids significantly increased up to 50,000 plants per ha-1,
when it reached the value of 4.50 t ha-1, and then decreased. Significantly
higher protein content, taking into account all stand densities, showed
hybrid Cepko (16.94%). Protein content, above the overall average value, was
achieved in hybrid Vranac (16.11%). The high?est protein content in the
average for all six hybrids was at the lowest stand density (20,000 plants
per ha-1), and then decreased up to higher densities. The results showed that
stand density had significant effect on seed yield and protein content in
sunflower hybrids.
Аn example of different AHP structuring in a forest management problem
Authors: Lakicevic Milena , Srdjevic Bojan , Velichkov Ivaylo , Srdjevic Zorica
Published: December 2016

The paper investigates how different hierarchy structuring in analytic
hierarchy process (AHP) may affect the final results in the decision-making
process. This problem is analyzed in a case study of the Rila monastery
forest stands in Bulgaria. There were three similar and mutually overlapped
hierarchies defined. A decision maker evaluated all of them and after
analyzing final results and consistency performance, he selected and revised
the most appropriate hierarchy structure. Consistency check assisted in
detecting the judgments which have strongly violated evaluation procedure.
These mistakes are interpreted as a consequence of a large number of required
pair-wise comparisons. The paper emphases the importance of properly defining
hierarchy structure and recommends using consistency analysis as a guide and
not as a directive for the revision of judgments.
Among Low-Income Respondents With Diabetes, High-Deductible Versus No-Deductible Insurance Sharply Reduces Medical Service Use
Authors: Rabin David L. , Jetty Anuradha , Petterson Stephen , Saqr Ziad , Froehlich Allison
Published: December 2016

OBJECTIVE

To contrast the effect of private insurance and deductibles (by size) on medical service use, health status, and medical debt for adult respondents with diabetes with low and high incomes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Using the 2011–2013 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, bivariate and regression analyses were conducted to compare demographic characteristics, medical service use, diabetes care, and health status among privately insured adult respondents with diabetes, aged 18–64 years (N = 1,461) by lower (<200% of the federal poverty level) and higher (≥200% of the federal poverty level) income and deductible vs. no deductible (ND), low deductible ($1,000/$2,400) (LD), and high deductible (>$1,000/$2,400) (HD). The National Health Interview Survey 2012–2014 was used to analyze differences in medical debt and delayed/avoided needed care among adult respondents with diabetes (n = 4,058) by income.

RESULTS

Compared with privately insured respondents with diabetes with ND, privately insured lower-income respondents with diabetes with an LD report significant decreases in service use for primary care, checkups, and specialty visits (27%, 39%, and 77% lower, respectively), and respondents with an HD decrease use by 42%, 65%, and 86%, respectively. Higher-income respondents with an LD report significant decreases in specialty (28%) and emergency department (37%) visits. Diabetes care measures are similar by income and insurance; there were no changes in physical health status. Medical debt is similar by income, but deferred service use is two times greater for those indebted and with lower income.

CONCLUSIONS

Private insurance with a deductible substantially and problematically reduces medical service use for lower-income insured respondents with diabetes who have an HD; these patients are more likely to report forgoing needed medical services.
Intranasal Corticosteroids Compared with Oral Antihistamines in Allergic Rhinitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Juel-Berg Nanna , Darling Peter , Bolvig Julie , Foss-Skiftesvik Majken H. , Halken Susanne , Winther Lone , Hansen Kirsten Skamstrup , Askjaer Nikolaj , Heegaard Steffen , Madsen Anders R. , Opstrup Morten S.
Published: December 2016

Background

Intranasal corticosteroids (INS) (corticosteroid nasal sprays) and oral antihistamines (OA) are two of the most common treatments for patients with allergic rhinitis (AR). To our knowledge, there are no systematic reviews on this topic including trials published after 2007.

Objective

To compare INS with nonsedating OAs as treatments for AR.

Methods

The systematic review and meta-analysis were based on the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation principles and the Patient, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome approach. Primary literature was searched up to January 22, 2015. Criteria for eligibility were randomized controlled trials that compared the efficacy and/or adverse effects of INS and OA in patients with AR. Continuous outcome data were analyzed by using standardized mean differences (SMD) for multiple outcome measures, and mean differences in the case of a single study or outcome. Pooled estimates of effects, 95% confidence interval (CI), were calculated by using random-effects models.

Results

The meta-analysis included five randomized controlled trials with a total of 990 patients. INS were superior to OAs in improving total nasal symptoms score (SMD -0.70 [95% CI, -0.93 to -0.477]) and in relieving the following: nasal obstruction (SMD -0.56 [95% CI, -0.82 to -0.29]), rhinorrhea (SMD -0.47 [95% CI, -1.00 to 0.05]), nasal itching (SMD -0.42 [95% CI, -0.65 to -0.18]), sneezing (SMD -0.52 [95% CI, -0.73 to -0.32]), and quality of life mean difference -0.90 [95% CI, -1.18 to -0.62]). There was no difference in relief of ocular symptoms (SMD -0.08 [95% CI, -0.23 to 0.08]). In addition, four randomized controlled trials were included in a narrative analysis. The results in the narrative analysis were comparable with those found in the meta-analysis.

Conclusion

INS were superior to OAs in improving nasal symptoms and quality of life in patients with AR.
La découpe du corps humain et ses justifications dans l'antiquité
Authors: Annoni Jean-Marie , Barras Vincent
Published: December 2016

Le développement de la technique particulière d'investigation du corps humain que représente la dissection ne peut se réduire à une histoire dont les étapes seraient dictées par le conflit entre des circonstances socioculturelles déterminées (superstition à l'égard du cadavre, peurs irrationnelles, préjugés moraux et religieux…) et une volonté médicale d'accéder à la connaissance de l'intérieur du corps. L'exposé et l'examen exhaustif des textes de l'Antiquité gréco-latine ayant trait à cette problématique permet de penser que le matériau même de la dissection, loin d'être une simple donnée brute, se constitue comme objet le long d'un parcours historique, où il importe de souligner quel rô1e joue la dynamique propre à la méthode elle-même, et quelle est l'importance des apports et des résistances provenant de la pensée technique, philosophique, médicale. On relève aussi comment l'anatomie, du fait des caractéristiques de son outil méthodologique privilégié, tend à se constituer en un corpus de connaissances qui, dès le IIIe siècle avant J.C., se stabilise et devient autonome pendant au moins un millénaire.
Blending Vigorous Leadership and Womanly Virtues: Edith Kathleen Russell at the University of Toronto, 1920–52
Authors: Kirkwood Rondalyn
Published: December 2016

This article attempts to explore the gendered attributes of leadership. Using archival resources and interviews with former nursing faculty this article examines the leadership qualities of one Woman, Edith Kathleen Russell, in one campaign, the struggle for a nursing program at the University of Toronto. The nursing program was established at the University of Toronto in 1920, a time when women’s public contribution remained firmly tied to their traditional feminine qualities. Kathleen Russell was faced with the virtually impossible task of balancing the traditional feminine qualities while practising the aggressive qualities associated with leadership and authority. Russell was successful in promoting university nursing education when she worked within the confines of gender-determined behavior. When her strong will, determination, and persistence became evident, she was silenced. The dilemma of how to blend traditional feminine characteristics with assertive leadership remains.
“Still in Process”: Collaborative Authorship in a Twentieth-Century Biomedical Textbook
Authors: Burton Heather
Published: December 2016

Although drama and film rely on collaboration, the arts can otherwise be a solitary endeavor. We think of the painter, the composer, the writer withdrawing to the studio or loft or room apart, as Alphonse Daudet withdrew to his windmill for the Lettres. In the past, science too could be pursued alone. Newton and Darwin were great individualists and discoverers: their works had single authorship. But in modern times, with new techniques that result in vastly accumulating data, science must now be a collaborative endeavor. Only the many fragments will lead to the whole.
Publishing the Works of Nicholas Culpeper, Astrological Herbalist and Translator of Latin Medical Works in Seventeenth-Century London
Authors: McCarl Mary Rhinelander
Published: December 2016

This investigation attempts primarily to untangle the complex publishing history of the works of Nicholas Culpeper (1616-54), astrological herbalist and translator of Latin medical works. It therefore identifies those works published in seventeenth-century London in a detailed appendix. Analysis of this publishing record extends our understanding of Culpeper himself, while it illustrates the relationship between author and publisher of medical texts in the book market of seventeenth-century London: the study indicates that London stationers capitalized on the reputation of Nicholas Culpeper to build the widest possible market for his original astrological /herbal medical works and his translations from continental authors.
Diary Notes on a Trip to West Africa in Relation to a Yellow Fever Expedition under the Auspices of the Rockefeller Foundation, 1926, by Oskar Klotz.
Authors: Barrie H.J
Published: December 2016

In 1926, Oskar Klotz, the professor of pathology at the University of Toronto, was asked by the Rockefeller Institute to spend six months in Lagos as a member of a commission investigating the possibility of eliminating yellow fever in West Africa. He was chief author of an ensuing report which concluded that the disease in West Africa was the same as that in the Americas, that there was no evidence at all for the prevailing belief, fathered by Hideyo Noguchi, that yellow fever was due to a spirochaete, and that no progress could be made in eliminating the disease until the real cause was found. This in turn was dependent on finding an animal that was susceptible to the disease. The Rhesus monkey was then found to be susceptible and this was the key to investigations in 1927 which finally disproved Noguchi's contention. Klotz made a second trip to Africa in 1928 investigating outbreaks of yellow fever in the interior.
“Its Baneful Influences Are Too Well Known”: Debates over Drug Use in Canada, 1867–1908
Authors: Malleck Daniel J
Published: December 2016

This article examines the debates about drug addiction, as presented by medical and non-medical reformers in Victorian Canada, to explain the emergence of anti-narcotic legislation in the early twentieth century. Most of the studies of drug prohibition in Canada emphasize the anti-Chinese issues surrounding the drafting of the 1908 Opium Act. This study asserts that in order to understand why parliament unanimously accepted this legislation, we must look beyond the issue of anti-Chinese sentiment. It explores the discussions of drug addiction in Canada, physicians' assertions of their role as protectors of national health, and the international context of drug addiction rhetoric. It concludes that the concern over both addiction in Canada and the Chinese in Canada drew upon parallel issues of freedom versus slavery, racial purity, and the need to protect the integrity of a moral and strong nation.
Perfect Subjects: Race, Tuberculosis, and the Qu’Appelle BCG Vaccine Trial
Authors: Lux Maureen
Published: December 2016

This article examines how Native children of the Qu’Appelle reserves in southern Saskatchewan became the subjects of a trial of the BCG vaccine for tuberculosis in 1933. Race and theories of racial evolution were referred to in the construction of the Native people as “primitives” and the reserves as disease menaces to the surrounding communities. Dr. R. G. Ferguson, medical superintendent of the nearby Qu’Appelle Sanatorium conducted the trial in order to prove that BCG could provide resistance to tuberculosis even among the “less evolved races.” While BCG afforded some protection against tuberculosis, nearly one-fifth of the children in the trial died from diseases of poverty, gastroenteritis and pneumonia, as a result of the lethal living conditions on the reserves.
Deporting “Ah Sin” to Save the White Race: Moral Panic, Racialization, and the Extension of Canadian Drug Laws in the 1920s
Authors: Carstairs Catherine
Published: December 2016

This article argues that a Vancouver anti-drug campaign was critical to the extension of Canada’s drug laws in the early 1920s. The highly racialized drug panic resulted in extraordinarily severe drug legislation including six-month sentences for possession. This had particularly devastating effects on Chinese-Canadians who were targeted by enforcement officials and faced the possibility of deportation. However, the drug panic also affected drug users of all backgrounds who for long afterwards faced lengthy sentences for possession as well as civil liberties violations such as extraordinary search legislation and restrictions on the right to an appeal.
“A State Bordering on Insanity”?: Identifying Drug Addiction in Nineteenth-Century Canadian Asylums
Authors: Malleck Daniel
Published: December 2016

This article examines the growing awareness of drug addiction as a form of mental illness in several Canadian lunatic asylums in the last half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth. Whereas in the 1870s and 1880s, medical and reform associations formed to cure and treat addiction and inebriety, asylum evidence suggests that it was not until the turn of the century that drug habituation was considered a condition which merited admission to asylum. Prior to the turn of the century, drug use appeared in the psychological profile of asylum entrants only as an attendant condition of a more traditional form of mental illness, such as mania or melancholia. Asylum physicians, seeking traditional categories, and utilizing subjective classification methods, generally would not consider addiction to be a distinct mental illness. At the end of the century, shifts in diagnostic convention and the official endorsement of those shifts signalled a change that was taking place in the asylum. The impact of drug addiction on the psychological profile of a patient was attracting more attention in the asylum. Subsequently drug addiction joined other earlier causes of mental illness, such as masturbation, and also began to be recognized as a mental condition worthy of treatment at the public asylum. Its status as mental disease proper, however, remained a point of debate.
The Casebook, the Daybook, and the Diary as Sources in Medical Historiography
Authors: Shephard David
Published: December 2016

Casebooks, daybooks and diaries were among a number of literary forms commonly used by physicians in the nineteenth century to record the details of their medical cases. Because they constitute primary sources on medical practice in that era they have value to the medical historian. To illustrate this, the writings of three Canadian physicians—John Mackieson, Jonathan Woolverton, and James Langstaff—are discussed, together with a consideration of some of the principles relating to the study of their manuscripts, particularly in relation to the study of the history of practice in rural areas.
Entre la «Revanche» et la «Veillée» des berceaux: Les médecins québécois francophones, la mortalité infantile et la question nationale, 1910–40
Authors: Baillargeon Denyse
Published: December 2016

Cet article analyse le discours des médecins québécois francophones, pédiatres et hygiénistes faisant partie de l'élite du corps médical, au sujet de la mortalité infantile entre 1910 et 1940 en faisant ressortir son parallélisme avec le discours nationaliste de la période. L'étude vise à montrer que l'idéologie nationaliste leur a fonrni des arguments pour justifier les taux effarants de décès infantiles chez leurs compatriotes, tout en les incitant à glorifier la forte natalité des Canadiens français. Suivant le discours médico-nationaliste, la «Revanche» des berceaux aurait même été, en elle-même, un obstacle à leur «Veillée». La légendaire fécondité des Québécoises francophones, une conception maintenant nuancée par les démographes, pourrait ainsi cxpliquer, du moins en partie, le fait que les mesures de santé publique adoptées au Québec au cours de cette période aient été mains vigoureuses qu’en Ontario, la «province soeur» qui servait pourtant de point de référence aux hygiénistes.
“No More Surprising Than a Broken Pitcher”? Maternal and Child Health in the Early Years of the Pan American Sanitary Bureau
Authors: Birn Anne-Emanuelle
Published: December 2016

The priorities and activities of international health organizations have historically been determined at the metropolitan level or through a confluence of central and local interests. The case of maternal and child health and the Pan American Sanitary Bureau during the first half of the 20th century demonstrates a different phenomenon. Rather than sparking interest and actions in maternal and child health in Latin America, the PASB ignored this area even though the agency was repeatedly urged by numerous countries in the region over several decades to provide support. This article begins with an examination of the emergence of maternal and child health circa 1900 in Europe, North America, and Latin America, identifying political, demographic, ideological, economic, and cultural commonalities and differences in these regions. We then turn to the PASB's early history and modus operandi, the pressure exerted by Latin American countries upon the PASB to pay attention to maternal and child health, and the Bureau's unwillingness to work in this area. Next we explore concomitant developments in maternal and child health and eugenics within Latin America in the 1920s and 1930s and the PASB’s first steps in this area. Finally we discuss the conflict over the PASB's role in maternal and child health on several dimensions: as a manifestation of differing cultural priorities in the U.S. and Latin America; as a question of struggle for organizational power within the PASB; and as part of a richer understanding of the diffusion of early 20th-century public health and medical practices.
Designing for “the Little Convalescents”: Children's Hospitals in Toronto and Montreal, 1875–2006
Authors: Adams Annemarie , Theodore David
Published: December 2016

This paper explores more than a century of changing ideas about the health of Canadian children through the architecture of pediatric hospitals in Montreal and Toronto. As a unique source in the history of medicine, hospital architecture reveals three distinct phases in the construction of children as patients. Early 20th-century children's hospitals remained bastions of older spatial attitudes towards health. The postwar hospital was self-consciously modern, with an arrangement more scientific and institutional than its predecessor. Through references to other typologies, the postmodern hospital marks a curious return to the earlier attitude that children's health is a family affair. Is the hospital a home for children or an institution for science?
La médicalisation de la mère et de son enfant: L'exemple du Vietnam sous domination française, 1860–1939
Authors: Monnais-Rousselot Laurence
Published: December 2016

L'histoire de la médicalisation maternelle et infantile est mal connue pour I'Asie du Sud-est. Elle est pourtant riche. Ainsi, et par exemple, I'episode de colonisation que l'Indochine française a connu entre 1860 et 1939 donne à voir une expérience à la fois originale et éluquente à ce sujet. Il permet de mieux appréhender l'étendue et les nuances d'un mouvement en voie de mondialisation. La gestion de la bonne santé de la mère et de ses enfants y constitue en effet rapidement secteur d'activité autonome et homogène au sein d'une programmation sanitaire précoce avant d'être entérinée par le gouvernement colonial en 1905. Elle intervient en outre dans un contexte scientifique et médical nouveau qui va nécessairement influencer ses orientations et applications. Certes, la politique coloniale de la France a une ambition d'exploitation marquée. Logiquement, elle va alors se concentrer sur la morbidité et la mortalité infantile. Pour autant, elle veut aussi bientôt assurer le bien-être quotidian de l'ensemble des Indochinois. Dans cette optique, l'amélioration des conditions de vie des femmes et l'attention à des questions plus sociales entourant ces populations atteignent lentement le premier rang des préoccupations de l'entredeux-guerres.

Cet aspect majeur du système de santé indochinois allait s'appliquer surtout en sol vietnamien. Néanmoins, il s'appuierait partout, en tenant progressivement compte de conditions et d'environnement locaux (pathologiques,socioculturels, économiques) et même de traditions médicales, sur deux piliers: la maternité et la sage-feinme indigène. Ces deux instruments de lutte allaient non seulement combattre une mortalité particulièrement importante mais aussi entamer un processus indispensable d’éducation hygiénique en vue d'une médicalisation efficace et pérenne. Quelques statistiques illustrent I'évolution de ce processus complexe, assurant finalement sa validité à la démarche métropolitaine et rendant compte d'une évolution claire des mentalités à l'égard du recours à la médecine occidentale et au médecin.
Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar)'s Description of a Verrucous Malignancy of the Colon (with an English Translation from the Arabic and notes on its Hebrew and Latin Versions)
Authors: Azar Henry A , McVaugh Michael R , Shatzmiller Joseph
Published: December 2016

Ibn Zuhr (ca. 1091-1161) is the most important physician of Muslim Spain. His Kitâb al-Taysîr, translated into Hebrew and Latin, is principally a manual of therapeutics containing descriptions of clinical cases. His description "On Verrucae (tháâlîl) that Occur in the Stomach [sic]," which deals with an emaciated Berber who evacuates a tumour the size of an apple in his stools, represents the first detailed report of a cancer of the colon. Latin and Hebrew translations of this report are close to the Arabic, but it is doubtful that the Latin text is based on the Hebrew. The possibility of an intermediate Judeo-Arabic text should be considered.
Herbert Spencer's influence on the genesis of Sherrington's concept of the integrative action of the nervous system
Authors: Feuerwerker Elie , Couillard Pierre , Gauthier Yvon
Published: December 2016

In the early beginning of the 20th century, a new “vision” of how the nervous system functions was put forward by Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857–1952), a founding father of modern neurophysiology. His concept of the integrative action of the nervous system became the new credo, a source of inspiration and reference. A contemporary of Sherrington, Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) had through his thoughts and works a seminal influence on the works which preceded those of Sherrington. The concept of the integrative action of the nervous system proposed by Sherrington can be seen in a broader context when one takes into account the relations between Spencer, the British philosopher, and Sherrington, his fellow-countryman, also a philosopher.
Sir William Osler and medical hypnosis
Authors: Schneck Jerome M
Published: December 2016

The medical profession and general public are influenced by opinions and comments of persons of authority and reputation pertaining to areas of medical activity with which the latter are not necessarily directly involved. Sir William Osler did not participate in the development of medical hypnosis. Known, however, for many outstanding contributions as clinician, investigator, and teacher, he is generally recognized as the most famous physician of his time. In January 1901, a little more than four years before assuming his position as Regius Professor of Medicine at Oxford University, eventually honored with a baronetcy, and while still Professor of Medicine at The Johns Hopkins University, he addressed The Johns Hopkins Historical Club on “Medicine in the Nineteenth Century”. His presentation was published in the New York Sun (2 pp 219–262). The very end of his address dealt with “hypnotism”. His statements and observations on this theme merit attention and are of historical interest because of Osler's stature and the probable impact of his pronouncements. His claims will be evaluated in the context of the period in which he gave his address and the knowledge about medical hypnosis that has accumulated since then.
“Gambling in Canada—From Vice to Disease to Responsibility: A Negotiated History”
Authors: Campbell Colin S , Smith Garry J
Published: December 2016

Gamblers and gambling have been variously viewed as derelict, immoral or criminal. Since the mid-1960s, notions of gambling generally and excessive gambling specifically have been reconstructed. Gambling, if done in moderation, is today generally viewed as an acceptable form of leisure. Those who gamble to the extent that relationships, family, friends, physical, social and mental health, employment, or finances are adversely affected are now regarded as having a problem and offered government-sponsored therapeutic intervention. Recent developments in this transformative process have witnessed the emergence of coalitions of seemingly disparate interests seeking to promote responsible gambling. Our discussion charts these changing conceptions of gambling.
“The Criminal Sexual Psychopath in Canada: Sex, Psychiatry and the Law at Mid-Century”
Authors: Chenier Elise
Published: December 2016

In 1948, Canadian parliamentarians unanimously voted in favour of adopting criminal sexual psychopath legislation. An American invention that combined the force of the law with the curative abilities of psychiatry, sexual psychopath laws were the product of faith in science, and especially “mental health,” to solve social problems, combined with growing public anxiety about violent sexual assault, particularly against children. This mid-century medico-legal experiment has been well documented by American historians. Here, the Canadian response to the problem of “sexual deviancy” is examined, with particular reference to the Committee on the Sex Offender whose findings are representative of the range of “expert” opinion on this issue. Though the law itself was widely regarded as a failure, psychiatrists and other experts successfully claimed medical authority over certain types of sex offences, and popularized medical interpretations of sexual behaviour, including the pathologization of homosexuality.
Cancer: “The Worst Scourge of Civilized Mankind”
Authors: Hayter Charles
Published: December 2016

Le cancer est actuellement la seconde cause principale de mortalité dans les pays développés et parmi les trois causes les plus importantes de décès chez les adultes dans les pays en voie de développement. Selon la plus récente prévision (avril 2003) de l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé, le taux global de cancer augmentera de 50%, pour passer de 10 millions en 2000 à 15 millions en 2020. Au début de ce siècle, le cancer est prévu devenir la première cause de mortalité au Canada et aux États-Unis. Parmi les facteurs responsables de cette tendance figurent le vieillissement de la population, la prévalence du tabac et l’adoption de styles de vie malsains (ex: la diète occidentale) dans les pays en voie de développement. Depuis les années 1930, la plupart des provinces canadiennes ont fondé des organismes gouvernementaux consacrés à la prévention, au diagnostic et au traitement du cancer. Bien que les programmes de contrôle du cancer varient, des composantes similaires s’y retrouvent: programme d’éducation publique visant la prévention et le diagnostic précoce; triage des patients à hauts risques; aménagements centralisés (cliniques du cancer) pour l’évaluation et le traitement; et recherches dans la biologie et le traitement du cancer chez l’humain.
First in Fear and Dread: Cancer Control in Saskatchewan, The First Decade—1929–1939
Authors: Shephard David A. E
Published: December 2016

In 1931 Saskatchewan became the first jurisdiction in Canada to introduce a province-wide program for the control of cancer. The program was conceived in 1929 by the cancer committee of the Saskatchewan Medical Association. The provincial government promptly took up the committee’s recommendations for centralization of cancer care in two clinics and emphasis on radiotherapy as a mode of treatment. The following year the Saskatchewan Assembly approved The Saskatchewan Cancer Commission Act, as prepared by Health Minister F. D. Munroe, himself a physician. The Regina Cancer Clinic opened at the end of 1931 and the Saskatoon Cancer Clinic at the beginning of 1932. This initial phase of the conception and introduction of cancer control in Saskatchewan is notable for the harmony of agreement among its planners and for the rapidity with which it was introduced. Progress during the remainder of the first decade was much slower, as competing interests and priorities among a larger group of individuals and institutions, together with the Depression, held back the initial momentum. Initially, however, weaknesses accompanied the strengths of the program. Weaknesses included the reluctance of some physicians to cooperate wholeheartedly as they feared the perceived effects of the incursion of a government agency in patient care plus the increasing financial burden placed on the hospitals. The strengths of the program included the existence of the program where none had been present earlier, the availability of a diagnostic and therapeutic service for patients, and a comprehensive system of patient records. In particular, the cancer control program in its first decade was the basis for notable progress in later decades and a model for other jurisdictions.
« De petites considérations doivent-elles arrêter lorsqu’il s’agit d’un grand bien général? » L’inoculation à Genève au XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Wenger Alexandre
Published: December 2016

Lors de son introduction en Europe au XVIIIe siècle, l'inoculation variolique, présentée par ses défenseurs comme un chef-d'œuvre de rationalité éclairée, a fait l'objet de débats philosophiques, médicaux et théologiques passionnés. L'histoire de l'inoculation touche à la fois à la santé publique, à l'expérience individuelle et familiale et aux progrès de la médecine. Tïop jeune pour laisser des traces directes, l'enfant représente une figure centrale mais absente de cette histoire. En se focalisant essentiellement sur le cas de Genève, cet article montre d'abord quel est, de l'avis des médecins, l'âge théorique idéal pour être inoculé. Puis il s'intéresse aux inoculateurs qui hésitent à opérer un enfant de constitution faible, par crainte de la publicité négative que représenterait un échec. Il présente ensuite deux contextes de réception de l'inoculation par le profane: les initiatives publiques genevoises en matière d'inoculation et le cas d'un drame familial après l'échec d'une inoculation. Le but de cet article est donc 1) de faire le point sur la chronologie et les aspects sociaux de l'histoire de l'inoculation à Genève; 2) de montrer que la réputation d'un médecin-inocula-teur est un paramètre fondamental dans la détermination du choix des parents ; et 3) de s'interroger sur ce que l'inoculation peut nous apprendre sur la perception de l'enfance sous l'Ancien Régime.
Emerging Scholarship in Nursing History
Authors: Toman Cynthia , Stuart Meryn
Published: December 2016

These are dynamic times for nursing history in Canada, as this special issue of the Canadian Bulletin of Medical History demonstrates. Twenty years ago, scholars sought to create one professional identity and one homogenous historical story while current historians of nursing understand the profession to be more diverse and more complex. Emerging scholarship situates itself increasingly within mainstream histories and the subfield of women’s history. The articles and book reviews represent a wide range of research interests and approaches, as well as regions outside of Ontario and central Canada. They reveal increasing diversity of primary sources, increasing use of analytic concepts, and fascinating new directions for analyzing practice as authors address questions such as: Who could legitimately claim to be a nurse, what is nursing practice, and what is health care? While these trends are encouraging, significant gaps remain in nursing historiography, and nursing practice continues to be ignored or marginalized within the wider body of health care historiography.
«Rapports de genre, de classe et d’ethnicité: l’histoire des infirmières au Québec»
Authors: Cohen Yolande
Published: December 2016

L’histoire des infirmières au Québec témoigne d’une configuration particulière de l’organisation des soins de santé: le pouvoir prédominant des congrégations religieuses y a déterminé la structure de la profession ainsi que le rôle essentiel des institutions hospitalières dans le sytème de santé. Dans cet article, l’auteure souligne l’importance des identités de genre, de religion et d’ethnicité dans la construction sociale du nursing au Canada. Après une brèveprésentation des principaux débats entre historiennes féministes du nursing durant ces trente dernières années, Yolande Cohen retrace les principaux paramètres de cette histoire à partir de ses travaux sur l’histoire du nursing au Québec au XXe siècle. Elle relate les façons dont chacune des communautés ethno-religieuses a construit son propre modèle de réforme du nursing et comment elles furent en compétition pour contrôler l’accès à la profession durant la période des pionnières. Et malgré la domination multi-séculaire du modèle franco-catholique au Québec (et les importants changements qu’il a connu au début du siècle), il n’a pas complètement abdiqué ses principes malgré les fortes pressions de la rhétorique de modernisation et de sécularisation alimentée par la communauté anglo-protestante. En fait d’importantes réformes étaient à l’œuvre dont celle de la concentration des soins au sein des institutions hospitalières (plutôt que de façon privée ou à domicile) au sein de la communauté franco-catholique. Cette étude permet ainsi à l’auteur de revenir sur les questions des distinctions de classe dans l’accès à la profession, et de nuancer les analyses qui ont été faites du nursing comme de imprégné valeurs bourgeoises. Elle souligne également l’importance de réviser notre compréhension du caring (le soin aux autres) comme une activité liée au genre féminin et recommande plutôt de l’envisager comme un bien commun qui outrepasse les limites degenre, de classe ou d’ethnie.
The Origin of the Canadian Cancer Society
Authors: Macbeth Robert A
Published: December 2016

In 1929, when the Saskatchewan Medical Association created a Cancer Committee, the major achievement of the Committee was the establishment of the first government supported comprehensive provincial cancer control program in Canada. The report also proposed the establishment of a voluntary medical-lay Canadian Society for the Control of Cancer. As the comprehensive cancer control concept spread across Canada within the provincial medical associations and provincial governments, the Canadian Medical Association (CMA), represented by Dr. John S. McEachern, took up the cause of promoting such a voluntary cancer organization. Initially the idea developed slowly but, in 1935, gained momentum when the Governor General, the Earl of Bessborough, initiated The King George V Silver Jubilee Cancer Fund for Canada and financial support for such a project became a possibility. The focus of this paper is on McEachern's shepherding of the voluntary cancer society idea within the CMA and the convoluted path which led to the provision of financial support for the project by the Trustees of the King George V Cancer Fund. The Canadian Society for the Control of Cancer, later renamed the Canadian Cancer Society, was created by Letters Patent on 28 March 1938.
This is Not a Hermaphrodite: The Medical Assimilation of Gender Difference in Germany around 1800
Authors: Johnson Matthew
Published: December 2016

In 1801 an obscure young woman in Berlin discovered to possess “an unusual formation of the sexual organs” became the flashpoint of professional debate between some of Germany’s most prominent physicians. Doctors’ opinions regarding sexual indeterminacy were always circumscribed by the limitations of their capacity to observe the human body. Because of this, “hermaphrodites” had considerable latitude in constructing bodily experience and sexual histories which would support their own largely incontrovertible claims about their bodies. Their rejoinders to the normalizing, binary notion of gender held by both physicians and jurists are remarkable.
An Annotated Chronology of the History of AIDS in Toronto: The First Five Years, 1981–1986
Authors: Robertson Mark L
Published: December 2016

The purpose of this annotated chronology is to help provide a framework for research into the history of the first five years of the AIDS epidemic in Canada but especially as it unfolded in Toronto, Canada. The chronological entries can be used to identify the order and relationship of particular themes, while the sources listed in the chronology can be used as points of reference for further investigations. This chronology is primarily derived from reports in key newspapers based in the Toronto region. Each chronological entry lists the sources which reported on the particular event.