bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Index of host habitat preference explored by movement‐based simulations and trap captures
Authors: Byers John A. , Sadowsky Avraham , Levi−Zada Anat
Published: June 2018

Animal species likely have different strengths of host habitat preference (HHP) that might be characterized by a standardized index ranging from 0 (no preference) to 1 (maximum preference). We hypothesized that in some species, HHP may result from individuals dispersing out of the host habitat having a probability of turning back at the boundary, or after entering host habitat by reducing speed or increasing size of turning angles.

Computer simulations of individuals moving between various sized patches of host and nonhost habitat were conducted based on these three behaviours hypothesized to affect HHP.

In the rebounding model, simulations resulted in equilibria of animal numbers inside and outside of host habitat that depend on sizes of these areas, initial number and the rebounding probability. Curvilinear regression of simulation results suggested an equation that predicted numbers in the host habitat and was solved for rebounding probability. A modified equation that sampled population densities (e.g., insect pheromone trap catches) inside and outside host habitat areas gave the rebounding probability, an index of HHP, without requiring the sizes of the areas. Simulations with traps and moving animals verified that the modified equation could predict the index correctly. The modified equation also estimates an index of HHP from sampled densities due to speed reductions and a combination of this and rebounding. Changes in angular turning size upon entering host habitat, however, did not affect habitat preference.

Using pheromone trap captures, we found that the lesser date moth Batrachedra amydraula has a HHP for date Phoenix dactylifera plantations of 0.96. Host habitat preference indexes also were calculated from sampled insect densities reported in the literature.

The new index of HHP is useful to characterize habitat patches of many organisms and aid understanding of animal spatial distributions and speciation processes. In addition, the index can be applied in studies of invasive species, trap crops of pest insects and conservation management.
Measurements of a ‘normal vulva’ in women aged 15–84: a cross‐sectional prospective single‐centre study
Authors: Kreklau A , Vâz I , Oehme F , Strub F , Brechbühl R , Christmann C , Günthert A
Published: June 2018

Objective

Accurate and detailed description of a ‘normal vulva’ is rare, even though a few studies have dealt with the topic of normal measurements of parts of the external female genitalia. This leads to a situation with a wide range of existing diagnoses concerning ‘normal’ vulvar morphology.

Design

Cross‐sectional prospective single‐centre study.

Setting

From August 2015 to April 2017, we included 657 women in our gynaecological and uro‐gynaecological outpatient clinic of the Cantonal Hospital Lucerne.

Population or sample

We recruited white women aged 15–84 years.

Methods

Standardised defined measurements were taken of the clitoral gland, distance from the base of the gland to the urethral orifice, length of introitus, length of perineum, length of labia majora, and length and width of labia minora. Furthermore, we recorded baseline characteristics.

Main outcome measures

The length of labia minora (r = −0.364, P < 0.001, n = 657) as well as the length of the perineum (r = −0.095, P = 0.014, n = 657) are inversely correlated with age. A positive correlation between body mass index and the length of the labia majora (r = 0.150, P < 0.001, n = 657) and the length of the introitus (r = 0.097, P = 0.014, n = 657) was found.

Results

We provide detailed data on age‐related dimensions and description of the external female genitalia in a homogeneous group of white women.

Conclusion

With our data, we present a baseline for the appearance of a normal white vulva, which could be used to establish standards for indications for gynaecological cosmetic surgery.

Tweetable abstract

This study presents data on the standard dimensions of the external female genitalia and is, to our knowledge, the biggest cohort presented on this topic by now.
Acetyl Fentanyl: Trends and Concentrations in Metro Detroit
Authors: Avedschmidt Sarah , Schmidt Carl , Isenschmid Daniel , Kesha Kilak , Moons David , Gupta Avneesh
Published: June 2018

Acetyl fentanyl (N‐[1‐phenethylpiperidin‐4‐yl]‐N‐phenylacetamide) is a potent opioid analgesic with no medicinal uses. We report deaths between 2016 and 2017 at the Medical Examiner's Office in Detroit, MI where acetyl fentanyl was found in the decedent's blood and compare them to previously published deaths between 2015 and 2016. The recent cases (cohort B) had a mean acetyl fentanyl concentration of 0.9 ng/mL (range: 0.1–5.3 ng/mL) and an associated higher concentration of fentanyl along with multiple other drugs present. The older cases (cohort A) had higher concentrations of acetyl fentanyl (mean: 8.9 ng/mL; range: 0.28–37 ng/mL) with lower, yet still toxic, concentrations of fentanyl. We conclude that the cause of death in these recent cases was likely multiple drug toxicity with fentanyl and that the consistently observed lower peripheral blood concentrations of acetyl fentanyl are most likely an artifact in the manufacture of the consumed illicit fentanyl.
Testing Reliability of the Computational Age‐At‐Death Estimation Methods between Five Observers Using Three‐Dimensional Image Data of the Pubic Symphysis,
Authors: Kim Jieun , Algee‐Hewitt Bridget F.B. , Stoyanova Detelina K. , Figueroa‐Soto Cristina , Slice Dennis E.
Published: June 2018

In an effort to standardize data collection and analysis in age estimation, a series of computational methods utilizing high‐dimensional image data of the age indicator have recently been proposed as an alternative to subjective visual, trait‐to‐phase matching techniques. To systematically quantify the reproducibility of such methods, we investigate the intrascan variability and within‐ and between‐observer reliability in initial scan data capturing and editing using 3D laser scans of the Suchey–Brooks pubic symphysis casts and five shape‐based computational methods. Our results show that (i) five observers with various training background and experience levels edited the scans consistently for all three trials and the derived shape measures and age estimates were in excellent agreement among observers, and (ii) the computational methods are robust to a measured degree of scan trimming error. This study supports the application of computational methods to 3D laser scanned images for reliable age‐at‐death estimation, with reduced subjectivity.
Pax Romana: ‘refuge abandonment’ and spread of fearless behavior in a reconciling world
Authors: Martínez‐Abraín A. , Jiménez J. , Oro D.
Published: June 2018

Intense human persecution of wildlife in the past selected for shy individuals that survived in suboptimal refuge habitats. It appears that this long‐term conflict is coming to an end in southern Europe, where direct persecution of wildlife has dramatically decreased due to human abandonment of the rural world and an increase in respectful attitudes toward wildlife. We provide a number of empirical examples of ongoing ‘refuge abandonment’ and the expansion of fearless behavior among southern European wildlife, including island and mainland case studies as well as predator and prey examples. We predict that many ecological refugees will increasingly abandon their historical refuges (of which many currently coincide with protected areas), and that the frequency of fearless behaviors will increase via cultural habituation and natural selection in populations of mammals and birds that were formerly persecuted. We also suggest that this has been a nonlinear process, which began considerably earlier than it became evident, with a long latent inertial regime, and a relatively rapid transition to a state of refuge abandonment and occupation of new, more anthropogenic habitats. The process of refuge abandonment and expansion of fearless behaviors will bring a new paradigm regarding human–wildlife relationships. It will also force changes in policies to protect high‐quality sites that are currently unoccupied and unprotected. Refuge abandonment may form a completely new research agenda and should be taken into account when studying patterns of wildlife dispersal or dynamics of spatially structured populations, among other relevant topics.
Religious Television and Contesting Piety in Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Kazi Taha
Published: June 2018

Despite acknowledging the democratizing potential of Islamic broadcast media for religious authority, Islamic debate, and Islamic interpretation, virtually all anthropological scholarship on Islam and media has tended to focus on the revivalist impetus of this nexus. Some key issues with this scholarship are its essentialization of Islamic television viewers as driven by an overriding sense of aspirational piety and its delineation of Muslim self‐reflexivity as exclusively geared toward the cultivation of a pious disposition. By focusing on the contradictory ways in which people in Karachi, Pakistan, turned to religious talk shows, to avoid and contest established Islamic practices and concepts they considered incommensurate with their everyday lives and worldviews, this article argues for a more nuanced understanding of Islamic media movements in which the complexity of the Muslim engagement with Islam and the ambivalent and contradictory outcomes of Islam's proliferation on media are both accounted for. [religious television, everyday practice, contesting piety, Islamic tradition, Islam]
Editorial: real‐life data confirm efficacy of elbasvir/grazoprevir in HCV patients with severe kidney disease—Author's reply
Authors: Flamm S. L.
Published: June 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Flamm et al and Rumi and Occhipinti papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14635 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14792.
Le centre‐ville de Montréal est‐il en perte de vitesse? Analyse de la localisation des services supérieurs 1996‐2011
Authors: Duquet Benjamin
Published: June 2018

Depuis une trentaine d'années, géographes et économistes ont alimenté une importante littérature sur la dynamique spatiale de l'emploi. À partir de la décennie 1980, certaines métropoles étatsuniennes ont fait face à une délocalisation des emplois de services supérieurs partant des centres‐villes vers des pôles périphériques. Pour le cas de la région de Montréal, plusieurs études ont observé que la métropole québécoise avait été épargnée de cette décentralisation, et ce, jusqu'au tournant du XXIe siècle. Cet article poursuit l'analyse de l’évolution de la répartition spatiale dans la région métropolitaine de Montréal entre les années 1996 et 2011. À partir de microdonnées de Statistiques Canada, plus d'une quinzaine de pôles d'emplois de services supérieurs ont été identifiés. Les résultats indiquent que le nombre d'emplois de services supérieurs du centre‐ville de Montréal s'accroît continuellement en terme absolu, mais diminue en terme relatif au profit des zones hors pôles du reste de la région métropolitaine de recensement.
Theoretical and practical study of the cefoxitin‐Escherichia coli PBP5 complex interaction by molecular dynamics to obtain computational prototype of antimicrobial susceptibility to Gram negative bacteria
Authors: Silva Thaís Boulhosa Barros da , Monteiro Marta Chagas , Borges Rosivaldo dos Santos , Barros Tainá Guimarães , Carneiro Agnaldo da Silva , Barros Carlos Augusto Lima
Published: June 2018

The penicillin‐binding proteins (PBPs) are important biological target for new antibacterial drugs development. This study focused on molecular interaction between cefoxitin and the Escherichia coli PBP5 by molecular dynamics (MD) using hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) simulations approach, searching to develop a computational simulations prototype method on antimicrobial susceptibility of gram‐negative bacteria against antibiotics. Escherichia coliATCC 8739 strain susceptibility for the drugs used in the antimicrobial susceptibility testing and selection of bioactive molecules against resistant strain. The protonation revealed a deprotonate state for His146, His151, His216, and His320 residues. The complex was stabilized after 0.6 ns of MD simulation. The global interaction means for inhibition zone diameters of E. coliATCC8739 strain and cefoxitin were 24.33 mm no showing significant difference between computational and experimental methods. Our computational simulation method can reliably be performed as a molecular modeling prototype for gram‐negative antimicrobial susceptibility testing bacteria.
Mexican‐Origin Youth's Cultural Orientations and Values: Do Older Sisters and Brothers Matter?
Authors: Rodríguez De Jesús Sue A. , Updegraff Kimberly A. , Umaña‐Taylor Adriana J. , McHale Susan M. , Zeiders Katharine H.
Published: June 2018

Family is an important context for cultural development, but little is known about the contributions of siblings. This study investigated whether older siblings’ cultural orientations and familism values predicted changes in younger siblings’ cultural orientations and familism values across 2 years and tested sibling characteristics and younger siblings’ modeling as moderators. Participants were 246 Mexican‐origin younger (Mage = 17.72; SD = 0.57) and older siblings (Mage = 20.65; SD = 1.57) and their parents. Findings revealed that older siblings’ Anglo orientations and familism values interacted with younger siblings’ modeling: When younger siblings reported high modeling, older siblings’ Anglo orientations and values predicted increases in younger siblings’ Anglo orientations and values. Discussion highlights the importance of siblings in cultural socialization.
Cushing's disease in older patients: Presentation and outcome
Authors: Qiao Nidan , Swearingen Brooke , Tritos Nicholas A.
Published: June 2018

Background

To define the symptoms, signs and treatment outcomes in a population of older patients with Cushing's disease (CD).

Methods

We analysed the clinical presentation and treatment outcomes in 45 CD patients older than 60 years, in comparison with 90 CD patients younger than 60, and a control group of 45 older patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. We reviewed preoperative clinical characteristics, medical comorbidities, imaging findings and endocrine testing as well as surgical and endocrine outcomes.

Results

Older CD patients had significantly lower body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.031), were more likely to have muscle wasting (P = 0.006) and women were less likely to have hirsutism (P = 0.033). Older patients with CD had more medical comorbidities than younger patients, which correlated with a higher ASA grade (P < 0.001), but the surgical complication rates were similar in both groups. Surgical remission was achieved in 38/45 (84.4%) older patients and 78/90 (86.7%) younger patients (P = NS). Recurrent disease was more frequent in younger patients (19.2%) in comparison with older patients (2.6%, P = 0.019).

Conclusions

Older patients with CD appear to have a distinct phenotype with a more catabolic picture, including a lower BMI and greater prevalence of muscle wasting. Surgical outcomes are similar without a significant age‐related increase in complications.
Poor ecological representation by an expensive reserve system: Evaluating 35 years of marine protected area expansion
Authors: Jantke Kerstin , Jones Kendall R. , Allan James R. , Chauvenet Alienor L.M. , Watson James E.M. , Possingham Hugh P.
Published: June 2018

Global areal protection targets have driven a dramatic expansion of the marine protected area (MPA) estate. We analyzed how cost‐effective global MPA expansion has been since the inception of the first global target (set in 1982) in achieving ecoregional representation. By comparing spatial patterns of MPA expansion against optimal MPA estates using the same expansion rates, we show the current MPA estate is both expensive and ineffective. Although the number of ecoregions represented tripled and 12.7% of national waters was protected, 61% of ecoregions and 81% of countries are not 10% protected. Only 10.3% of the national waters of the world would be sufficient to protect 10% of each ecoregion if MPA growth since 1982 strategically targeted underrepresented ecoregions. Unfortunately 16.3% of national waters are required for the same representative target if systematic protection started in 2016 (an extra 3.6% on top of 12.7%). To avoid the high costs of adjusting increasingly biased MPA systems, future efforts should embrace target‐driven systematic conservation planning.
Perceptual and arterial occlusion responses to very low load blood flow restricted exercise performed to volitional failure
Authors: Dankel Scott J. , Jessee Matthew B. , Mattocks Kevin T. , Buckner Samuel L. , Mouser J. Grant , Bell Zachary W. , Abe Takashi , Loenneke Jeremy P.
Published: June 2018

Purpose

Studies examining perceptual and arterial occlusion responses between blood flow restricted exercise and high load exercise often prescribe an arbitrary number of repetitions, making it difficult for direct comparisons. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare these protocols when performed to volitional failure.

Methods

Individuals completed four exercise conditions varying in load and pressure: (i) 15% 1RM; no restrictive pressure, (ii) 15% 1RM; 40% arterial occlusion pressure, (iii) 15% 1RM; 80% arterial occlusion pressure, and (iv) 70% 1RM; no pressure. Four sets of knee extension exercises were performed until volitional failure (or until 90 repetitions per set) was completed.

Results

A total of 23 individuals completed the study. While all conditions increased arterial occlusion pressure, the greatest increases (~30%) were observed in the blood flow restriction conditions. All lower load conditions resulted in greater RPE and discomfort than that of the high load condition, but only discomfort was increased further when adding blood flow restriction.

Conclusion

High load exercise will likely be perceived more favourably than lower load exercise to volitional failure; however, those who are incapable or unwilling to lift heavier loads may use blood flow restriction to help reduce the volume needed to reach volitional failure, although this will likely increase discomfort.
The Current Status of Drug Discovery and Development as Originated in United States Academia: The Influence of Industrial and Academic Collaboration on Drug Discovery and Development
Authors: Takebe Tohru , Imai Ryoka , Ono Shunsuke
Published: June 2018

Academic drug discovery is a vital component to current drug discovery and development environments. In this study, we investigated 798 drug discovery projects that took place between 1991 and 2015 at 36 academic institutions in the United States. The observed success rates of academic drug discovery and development were 75% at phase I, 50% at phase II, 59% at phase III, and 88% at the new drug application/biologics license application (NDA/BLA) phase. These results were similar to the corresponding success rates of the pharmaceutical industry. Collaboration between academic institutions and the pharmaceutical industry seemed more important at later stages than earlier ones; all projects that succeeded at phase III or the NDA/BLA stage involved academic‐industrial collaboration. Many academic research projects involved neoplasms and infectious diseases, and were focused on small molecules and biologics. The success rates and possible effects of academic‐industrial collaboration seemed to vary depending on disease domains and drug modalities.
Macroeconomic policy tools to finance gender equality
Authors: Seguino Stephanie
Published: June 2018

Feminist economists and heterodox macroeconomists have contributed substantively to the body of research that explores the distributional effects of macro policies. This work explicitly addresses the livelihood problems created by neoliberalism and, in addition, it provides a pathway for identifying financing mechanisms. Building on earlier work by Seguino and Grown (2006), this article synthesizes and elaborates the major contributions of this body of gender and macro research and, from this, extrapolates macro‐level policies and tools that support gender equality. Among the tools identified is targeted government spending on physical and social infrastructure, the latter a relatively new conceptual tool that is discussed in detail. A key argument is that financing for gender equality that raises economy‐wide productivity can be self‐sustaining. As a result, both physical and social infrastructure spending have the ability to create fiscal space. This possibility offers a financing framework for gender equality expenditures. A contribution of this article is to critique mainstream monetary policies and identify alternative approaches that expand the toolkit to achieve gender equality goals.
Migraine disability complicated by medication overuse
Authors: Martelletti P.
Published: June 2018

Click here to view the accompanying paper in this volume.
Periparturient and early lactation performance and metabolism of replacement Holstein‐Friesian heifers out‐wintered on fodder beet or perennial ryegrass compared with winter housing
Authors: Atkins Norton E. , Bleach Emma C. L. , Sinclair Liam A.
Published: June 2018

The effect of winter feeding system on the periparturient performance and early milk production and metabolism of pregnant Holstein‐Friesian dairy heifers destined for a high‐output, total mixed ration (TMR)‐based system was examined. Forty‐eight, 23 ± 0.4‐month‐old, in‐calf Holstein‐Friesian heifers were assigned to one of three treatments: out‐wintered on perennial ryegrass and grass silage (G), out‐wintered on fodder beet and grass silage (F) or housed and fed grass silage and concentrate (H). The study commenced in November 2013, with heifers on treatment for 91 days, housed from 6 weeks prior to parturition and fed a dry cow TMR. Postpartum performance and metabolism were monitored for 12 weeks. Prepartum, average daily gain was lower in heifers receiving G at 0.95 kg d−1 cow−1 than F or H (1.24 and 1.11 kg d−1 cow−1 respectively). Body condition score of heifers that received G was also lower compared with treatments F or H both pre‐ and postpartum. Prepartum, plasma β‐hydroxybutyrate concentrations were lowest in animals receiving treatment H, highest in F and intermediate in G, but did not differ between treatment postpartum. Milk yield averaged 30.7 kg d−1 cow−1 and was not affected by treatment, but milk fat content was lowest in animals that received F (35.4, 37.1 and 37.9 g/kg for F, G and H respectively). The results indicate that out‐wintering in‐calf dairy heifers on fodder beet or perennial ryegrass is a viable alternative to winter housing in high‐output TMR‐based milk production systems in a temperate region.
Evolutionary biogeography of the terrestrial biota of the Marquesas Islands, one of the world's remotest archipelagos
Authors: Hembry David H.
Published: June 2018

Aim

Here I review phylogenetic studies concerning the biogeography of the Marquesas Islands, an oceanic hotspot archipelago in the Pacific Ocean formed <5.5 Ma, and compare patterns (particularly pertaining to colonization and diversification) within the archipelago to those reported from the Hawaiian and Society Islands.

Location

Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia (Pacific Ocean).

Methods

I reviewed 37 phylogenetic studies incorporating Marquesas‐endemic taxa. I asked the following questions: (a) where are the sister‐groups of Marquesas lineages distributed? (b) are Marquesas‐endemic “radiations” monophyletic or polyphyletic? (c) what major between‐island phylogeographic barriers are seen in the Marquesas? (d) what evidence exists for diversification within islands? (e) how old is the Marquesas biota compared to the archipelago's age? Finally, these patterns are compared with those seen in the Society Islands and Hawaii.

Results

Most Marquesan lineages have their closest known relatives on other Pacific plate archipelagos (particularly the Society, Hawaiian, and Austral islands). Most Marquesas‐endemic radiations are found to be monophyletic, and among‐island diversification appears to be common. There is limited evidence for within‐island diversification. Some radiations may be consistent with a weak progression rule in which younger lineages are on younger islands. Crown ages of no Marquesas radiations appear to be older than the age of the archipelago (with one exception).

Main conclusions

Diversification of the Marquesas biota resembles that of the Hawaiian Islands more than that of the Society Islands. Many radiations are monophyletic and some appear to diversify in parallel with the formation of the archipelago.
Scale‐dependency of the environmental influence on fish β‐diversity: Implications for ecoregionalization and conservation
Authors: Garcia Jessica , Pelletier Dominique , Carpentier Liliane , Roman William , Bockel Thomas
Published: June 2018

Aim

To determine the ecoregions (spatial marine areas with similar environmental and physical conditions associated with relatively homogeneous fish assemblages) for shallow reef fish assemblages based on predictive models of beta diversity (β‐diversity) that account for both large‐scale environmental factors and local habitat characteristics. We assessed the influence of a spatial scale to rank the importance of these factors.

Location

New Caledonian (south‐west Pacific Ocean, 17–24° S, 158–172° W) Exclusive Economic Zone, Coral Sea Marine Park.

Taxon

Fish.

Methods

Fish and habitat data that were collected at 13 sites around New Caledonia using unbaited rotating underwater video (285 sampling stations) were analysed. Gradient forest modelling was used to predict the fish β‐diversity along the gradients of environmental factors. Ecoregions were obtained by applying clustering methods to gradient forest predictions.

Results

The gradient forest models of β‐diversity retained 59 species (total: 206 fish species) with R² > 0, including 19 fish species with R² from 0.03% to 69%. For these 19 species, the models explained up to 26% of the variance. At a large scale, β‐diversity was significantly explained by nutrient concentrations, sea surface salinity and temperature. Among the eight ecoregions that were delineated based on the β‐diversity predictions, three regions corresponded to remote sites under oceanic influence where human pressures are low and the surface nutrient concentrations are high. On the local scale, the benthic habitat explained β‐diversity better than the physical and chemical parameters, particularly in the areas subject to anthropogenic pressures.

Main conclusions

On the local scale, the respective importance of environmental factors (physical and chemical parameters versus benthic habitat) differed according to ecosystem health. Our findings suggest that nutrient enrichment due to avifauna may have a positive effect on fish β‐diversity when an ecosystem is healthy. The ecoregions reflect fish species composition in relation to a large set of environmental parameters.
In vivo virulence and genomic comparison of infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus isolates from Atlantic Canada
Authors: LeBlanc Francis , Leadbeater Steven , Laflamme Mark , Gagné Nellie
Published: June 2018

The infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) is capable of causing a significant disease in Atlantic salmon, which has resulted in considerable financial losses for salmon farmers around the world. Since the first detection of ISAV in Canada in 1996, it has been a high priority for aquatic animal health management and surveillance programmes have led to the identification of many genetically distinct ISAV isolates of variable virulence. In this study, we evaluated the virulence of three ISAV isolates detected in Atlantic Canada in 2012 by doing in vivo‐controlled disease challenges with two sources of Atlantic salmon. We measured viral loads in fish tissues during the course of infection. Sequences of the full viral RNA genomes of these three ISAV isolates were obtained and compared to a high‐virulence and previously characterized isolate detected in the Bay of Fundy in 2004, as well as a newly identified ISAV NA‐HPR0 isolate. All three ISAV isolates studied were shown to be of low to mid‐virulence with fish from source A having a lower mortality rate than fish from source B. Viral load estimation using an RT‐qPCR assay targeting viral segment 8 showed a high degree of similarity between tissues. Through genomic comparison, we identified various amino acid substitutions unique to some isolates, including a stop codon in the segment 8 ORF2 not previously reported in ISAV, present in the isolate with the lowest observed virulence.
Subordinated Knowledge as a Tool for Creative Maladjustment and Resistance to Racial Oppression
Authors: Adams Glenn , Salter Phia S. , Kurtiş Tuğçe , Naemi Pegah , Estrada‐Villalta Sara
Published: June 2018

In his address to the APA, King (1968) suggested that critical consciousness about racism, based on realities of African American experience, could serve as a tool for creative maladjustment: resistance to collective delusions and refusal to assimilate to pathological norms of a racist society. In this article, we summarize a program of research that applies decolonial perspectives of cultural psychology and a focus on the intentionality of everyday worlds to the topic of creative maladjustment. In particular, we consider the potential of critical historical consciousness, rooted in the experience of racially subordinated communities, as a resource for perception of injustice and support for policies designed to restore social justice. Hegemonic knowledge institutions (including psychological science) have evolved via cultural selection to protect White comfort and to promote White ignorance. An anti‐racist response requires investment in knowledge forms that challenge White delusions and afford creative maladjustment to systems of oppression—a task that King highlighted for psychologists more than 50 years ago.
Reaffirming King's Vision: The Power of Participation in Inclusive Diversity Efforts to Benefit Intergroup Outcomes
Authors: Brannon Tiffany N.
Published: June 2018

In 1967, Martin Luther King, Jr. reaffirmed a vision of integration as “an opportunity to participate in the beauty of diversity.” Drawing inspiration from King's vision, across two datasets with White and Asian college students (N = 1,957, N = 1,324), this article finds support for the power of participation in inclusive diversity efforts associated with underrepresented groups (i.e., Latina/o and African Americans) to benefit intergroup attitudes. Specifically, participating in an academic course or activity that involves Latina/o/x or African American culture is related to greater outgroup closeness and more supportive perceptions of policies that address inequality. Perceptions of policies included attitudes toward the merits of affirmative action, use of multicultural (vs. colorblind) approaches to diversity, and endorsement of structural (vs. individual) explanations for inequality. These results held controlling for other types of contact (i.e., outgroup friendships, roommates, interactions), college‐level demographic diversity, and prior intergroup attitudes and diversity exposure. The importance of engagement in inclusive diversity efforts for achieving integration is discussed.
Emotional Distress, Bullying Victimization, and Protective Factors Among Transgender and Gender Diverse Adolescents in City, Suburban, Town, and Rural Locations
Authors: Eisenberg Marla E. , Gower Amy L. , McMorris Barbara J. , Rider G. Nicole , Coleman Eli
Published: June 2018

Purpose

Understanding the root causes of the substantial disparities in risk and protective factors among transgender and gender diverse (TGD) adolescents is essential to the development and expansion of resources and supports for this vulnerable population. This study examines differences in emotional distress, bullying victimization, and protective factors among TGD high school students in city, suburban, town, and rural locations.

Methods

Data come from a statewide school‐based survey conducted in Minnesota in 2016 (n = 2,168 TGD youth). Analysis of covariance models were used to predict the prevalence of multiple indicators of emotional distress, bullying victimization, and protective factors across the 4 location categories, with multiple adjustments.

Findings

Significant linear trends were observed for 2 emotional distress outcomes and 2 bullying victimization outcomes, with urban TGD students having the lowest rates and rural having the highest prevalences. Additional significant differences in emotional distress were noted, with unexpectedly high rates of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation among suburban students.

Conclusions

Helping TGD adolescents in all types of locations identify resources and supportive professionals is critical to supporting this population.
Compositional variability on the surface of 1 Ceres revealed through GRaND measurements of high‐energy gamma rays
Authors: Lawrence David J. , Peplowski Patrick N. , Beck Andrew W. , Feldman William C. , Prettyman Thomas H. , Russell Chris T. , Toplis Michael J. , Wilson Jack T. , Ammannito Eleonora , Castillo‐Rogez Julie C. , DeSanctis M. C. , Mest Scott C. , Neesemann Adrian
Published: June 2018

High‐energy gamma rays (HEGRs) from Ceres’s surface were measured using Dawn's Gamma Ray and Neutron Detector (GRaND). Models of cosmic‐ray‐initiated gamma ray production predict that the HEGR flux will inversely vary with single‐layer hydrogen concentrations for Ceres‐like compositions. The measured data confirm this prediction. The hydrogen‐induced variations in HEGR rates were decoupled from the measurements by detrending the HEGR data with Ceres single‐layer hydrogen concentrations determined by GRaND neutron measurements. Models indicate that hydrogen‐detrended HEGR counting rates correlate with water‐free average atomic mass, which is denoted as *. HEGR variations across Ceres’s surface are consistent with * variations of ±0.5 atomic mass units. Chemical variations in the CM and CI chondrites, our closest analogs to Ceres’s surface, suggest that * variations on Ceres are primarily driven by variations in the concentration of Fe, although other elements such as Mg and S could contribute. Dawn observations have shown that Ceres’s interior structure and surface composition have been modified by some combination of physical (i.e., ice‐rock fractionation) and/or chemical (i.e., alteration) processes that has led to variations in bulk surface chemistry. Locations of the highest inferred * values, and thus possibly the highest Fe and least altered materials, tend to be younger, less cratered surfaces that are broadly associated with the impact ejecta of Ceres’s largest craters.
On the carrier phase of the “planetary” noble gases: TEM, Raman, and stepped combustion data for acid‐resistant residues from the Saratov (L4) meteorite
Authors: Fisenko Anatolii V. , Verchovsky Alexander B. , Shiryaev Andrei A. , Semjonova Luba F. , Averin Alexey A. , Vasiliev Alexander L. , Nickolsky Maximilian S.
Published: June 2018

Acid‐resistant residues (ARR) were separated from the Saratov (L4) meteorite with the aim to shed more light on the origin of the planetary noble gases (the Q‐gases) in meteorites and the nature of their carrier phase (Q‐phase). Eleven fractions were obtained by HCl and HCl+HF etching, ultrasonication, and subsequent density separation of the ARR in isopropanol and isopropanol+NaOH. Two aliquots of the fractions were also treated with H2O2 and HNO3 to investigate any influence of the oxidizing agent on the Q‐gases retention. The separated ARR fractions have been analyzed for C, N, and noble gases using step combustion. Raman and TEM analyses of the carbonaceous phase structures have also been applied for some of the fractions. This appears to be one of the most detailed investigations of the ARR fractions so far. The important observation made for the ARR fraction studied by TEM is the presence of abundant curved graphene stacks with a variable number of layers. Significant amounts of single‐ and bilayer graphenes and nanosized chromite grains partly covered with graphene layers are also observed. The principal features of the Q noble gases in the studied ARR fractions are the following. (1) Elemental composition of the Q‐gases depends on the extraction protocol. The most interesting is that upon H2O2 oxidation, the noble gases are retained in the sequence Xe<Ar≪He, while after HNO3 it is in the sequence He≪Xe<Ar. (2) The resistance of the Q‐phase against the thermochemical treatment is lower than for the graphite‐like phase. The results of the current work together with literature data suggest that nongraphitizing curved graphene‐like carbon sheets are the most plausible carrier of the Q‐gases.
Summanen, a new meteorite impact structure in Central Finland
Authors: Plado Jüri , Hietala Satu , Kreitsmann Timmu , Lerssi Jouni , Nenonen Jari , Pesonen Lauri J.
Published: June 2018

The Summanen structure (62°39.0′N, 25°22.5′E) is located within the Paleoproterozoic Central Finland Granite Belt, Fennoscandian Shield. The structure is hidden under Lake Summanen and not directly observable. It owes its discovery to low‐altitude airborne geophysical data, which revealed a circular, ~2.6 km wide electromagnetic in‐phase, and resistivity, anomalies. Two field campaigns were conducted in 2017 to search for impact signatures. The fieldwork concentrated on the southeastern side of the lake following the ice flow direction of the latest (Weichselian) glaciation. In addition, the islands and the SE peninsulas of the mainland were investigated for outcrops and glacial erratics. A few tens of erratic boulders with shatter cones and striated features, and a few brecciated rocks were discovered. Lamposaari Island in the eastern part of the lake revealed one fractured outcrop containing in situ porphyritic granite with converging striated features. Microscopic shock metamorphic features in two shatter‐cone‐bearing samples of porphyritic granite were found. These are planar deformation features (PDFs; up to two sets) in quartz and kink bands in biotite. Based on these geological, geophysical, and petrographic results, we suggest that Lake Summanen hides a relatively small, probably simple, meteorite impact structure, the twelfth confirmed one in Finland, of so far unknown age.
Composition, petrology, and chondrule‐matrix complementarity of the recently discovered Jbilet Winselwan CM2 chondrite
Authors: Friend Pia , Hezel Dominik C. , Barrat Jean‐Alix , Zipfel Jutta , Palme Herbert , Metzler Knut
Published: June 2018

Jbilet Winselwan (JW) is a recently found CM2 chondrite breccia containing two lithologies. A study of 508 chondrules provides the first statistically reliable size distribution for CM chondrite chondrules, which is about log normal with a mean chondrule size of 149 μm (lithology I) and 141 μm (lithology II). Chondrules are surrounded by fine‐grained rims. Apparent chondrule diameters and their apparent rim thicknesses are positively correlated with slopes of 0.12 (lithology II) and 0.18 (lithology I), the latter typical of CM chondrites. The CM chondrites are generally primitive and parts of JW experienced only mild aqueous alteration. Bulk JW element ratios are solar (=CI chondritic), e.g., Si/Mg (1.12), Fe/Mg (1.80–1.83), Ti/Al (0.053), and about solar for Ca/Al. The 26 chemically studied chondrules have subchondritic Si/Mg (0.88) and Fe/Mg ratios (0.21). Matrix and the fine‐grained chondrule rims on the other hand have superchondritic Si/Mg ratios with means of 1.34 and 1.41, respectively. The Fe/Mg ratios are also superchondritic, with means of 2.41 (matrix) and 2.61 (fine‐grained rims). The refractory element ratios in chondrules are superchondritic (Ti/Al: 0.106; Ca/Al: 1.64), and subchondritic in the JW matrix (Ti/Al: 0.031; Ca/Al: 0.71) and in the fine‐grained rims (Ti/Al: 0.023; Ca/Al: 0.68). These complementary element ratios require formation of chondrules and matrix/rims from the same reservoir in order to obtain a chondritic bulk composition. Most chondrules are mineralogically zoned, with olivine in the core and low‐Ca pyroxene in the rim; hence, CM chondrules were open systems, exchanging material with the surrounding gas.
Evaluation of a new T2 Magnetic Resonance assay for rapid detection of emergent fungal pathogen Candida auris on clinical skin swab samples
Authors: Sexton D. Joseph , Bentz Meghan L. , Welsh Rory M. , Litvintseva Anastasia P.
Published: June 2018

Candida auris is a multidrug‐resistant pathogenic yeast whose recent emergence is of increasing public‐health concern. C. auris can colonise multiple body sites, including patients’ skin, and survive for weeks in the health care environment, facilitating patient‐to‐patient transmission and fueling health care‐associated outbreaks. Rapid and accurate detection of C. auris colonisation is essential for timely implementation of infection control measures and to prevent transmission. Currently, axilla/groin composite swabs, used to assess colonisation status, are processed using a culture‐based method that is sensitive and specific but requires 14 days. This delay limits the opportunity to respond and highlights the need for a faster alternative. The culture‐independent T2 Magnetic Resonance (T2MR) system is a rapid diagnostic platform shown to detect target pathogens of interest from unprocessed blood samples in <5 hours. In this study, a new C. auris‐specific T2 assay was evaluated for screening of the skin surveillance samples. Inclusivity and limit of detection of the T2 C.  auris assay were assessed with spiked samples in a representative skin flora background. The T2 C. auris assay recognised isolates from each of the 4 known clades of C. auris and consistently detected cells at 5 CFU/mL. Finally, 89 clinical axilla/groin swab samples were processed with the T2 C. auris assay. The culture‐based diagnostic assay was used as a gold standard to determine performance statistics including sensitivity (0.89) and specificity (0.98). Overall, the T2 C. auris assay performed well as a rapid diagnostic and could help expedite the detection of C. auris in patient skin swabs.
Polyclonal antibodies to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis are able to recognise antigens from different strains from Paracoccidioides species complex, including Paracoccidioides lutzii LDR2
Authors: Lenhard‐Vidal Adriane , Assolini João P. , Chiyoda Franciele A. S. , Ono Mário A. , Sano Ayako , Itano Eiko N.
Published: June 2018

Since the new species Paracoccidioides lutzii emerged in 2009, much has been researched on strains previously considered atypical. Still, there is no consensus about recognition of antigens from P. lutzii by antibodies directed to other Paracoccidioides species, which can have great impact on Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) diagnosis. Current research investigated soluble protein/carbohydrate epitopes from P. lutzii LDR2, Paracoccidioides restrepiensis B339 and Paracoccidioides americana LDR3 recognised by IgG directed to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Cell free antigens (CFA) were analysed by: (a)silver and periodic acid‐Schiff staining of SDS‐PAGE; (b)immunoblot (IB) with rabbit IgG anti‐P. brasiliensis Pb18; (c)IB and ELISA with a pool of PCM patients’ sera before and after treatment with sodium metaperiodate (SMP) to oxidise carbohydrate epitopes. Both rabbit and human immune sera recognised several antigens of P. lutzii LDR2, P. restrepiensis B339 and P. americana LDR3. P. lutzii's gp43 was not observed in IB or silver/PAS staining. SMP treatment affected reactions with all 3 CFAs, but more intensely with antigens from P. lutzii LDR2. In conclusion, antibodies directed to P. brasiliensis recognised antigens from P. lutzii LDR2. The use of any of the recognised antigens in a broad spectrum diagnostic model for Paracoccidioides species complex needs to be further investigated.
Colocalization of Bunina bodies and TDP‐43 inclusions in a case of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with Lewy body‐like hyaline inclusions
Authors: Miki Yasuo , Mori Fumiaki , Seino Yusuke , Tanji Kunikazu , Yoshizawa Tadashi , Kijima Hiroshi , Shoji Mikio , Wakabayashi Koichi
Published: June 2018

Sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS) is characterized pathologically by loss of upper and lower motor neurons with occurrence of transactivation response DNA‐binding protein 43 kDa (TDP‐43)‐immunoreactive skein‐like and round hyaline inclusions. Lewy body‐like hyaline inclusions (LBHIs) are also found in a small proportion of sALS cases as well as in individuals with familial ALS with mutations in the Cu/Zu superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene. LBHIs in sALS are immunopositive for TDP‐43, but not for SOD1. The occurrence of Bunina bodies (BBs) is another key pathological feature of sALS. BBs are immunonegative for TDP‐43 but immunopositive for cystatin C, transferrin, peripherin and sortilin‐related receptor CNS expressed 2 (SorCS2). Despite differences between BBs and TDP‐43 inclusions in terms of protein constituents and ultrastructure, the two inclusions are known to be linked. We recently encountered a case of sALS of 10 months duration in which many round hyaline inclusions, LBHIs and BBs were found in the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. Our immunohistochemical and ultrastructural examinations revealed the presence of BBs within the skein‐like and round hyaline inclusions, and in the LBHIs. Colocalization of BB‐related proteins (cystatin C, transferrin and SorCS2) and TDP‐43 was also confirmed in the halo of LBHIs as well as in the marginal portion of the skein‐like and round hyaline inclusions. These findings suggest that there is some relationship between BBs and TDP‐43‐immunoreactive inclusions in terms of their formation processes.
Climate change leads to accelerated transformation of high‐elevation vegetation in the central Alps
Authors: Lamprecht Andrea , Semenchuk Philipp Robert , Steinbauer Klaus , Winkler Manuela , Pauli Harald
Published: June 2018

High mountain ecosystems and their biota are governed by low‐temperature conditions and thus can be used as indicators for climate warming impacts on natural ecosystems, provided that long‐term data exist.

We used data from the largest alpine to nival permanent plot site in the Alps, established in the frame of the Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments (GLORIA) on Schrankogel in the Tyrolean Alps, Austria, in 1994, and resurveyed in 2004 and 2014.

Vascular plant species richness per plot increased over the entire period, albeit to a lesser extent in the second decade, because disappearance events increased markedly in the latter period. Although presence/absence data could only marginally explain range shift dynamics, changes in species cover and plant community composition indicate an accelerating transformation towards a more warmth‐demanding and more drought‐adapted vegetation, which is strongest at the lowest, least rugged subsite.

Divergent responses of vertical distribution groups of species suggest that direct warming effects, rather than competitive displacement, are the primary causes of the observed patterns. The continued decrease in cryophilic species could imply that trailing edge dynamics proceed more rapidly than successful colonisation, which would favour a period of accelerated species declines.