bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REDUCED ORDER MODELING FOR RAPID SIMULATION OF BLAST EVENTS OF A
MILITARY GROUND VEHICLE AND ITS OCCUPANTS
Authors: Chandra Sherri , Ramalingam Jaisankar , Thyagarajan Ravi
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Due to the severity of forces exerted during an IED blast, ground vehicles
undergo multiple sub-events including local structural deformation of the floor,
blast-off, free flight and slam-down (including rollover). Simulation of the
entire blast event is computationally intensive due to the high fidelity level
of the model and the long duration of the event. The purpose of this project was
to develop a computationally-efficient, reduced order model to simulate the
blast event in one single simulation, to be used for rapid evaluation of
military ground vehicles. Models were developed using MADYMO’s rigid
body and finite element integration techniques. Different methodologies used in
MADYMO simulations, their performance results and comparisons are presented. A
Hybrid III 50th Percentile male ATD model, enhanced for use in
vertical loading conditions, was developed and validated to drop tower
tests.
MONOCOQUE ALUMINUM STRUCTURE DESIGN FOR LIGHT TACTICAL VEHICLE WITH
EMPHASIS ON DEFEATING UNDER BODY BLAST EVENT AND IMPROVING CREW
SURVIVABILITY
Authors: Lee Chu-Hwa , Lacap Demetrio M. , Keller Shawn J.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

In order to defeat under body blast events and improve crew survivability, a
monocoque aluminum cab structure has been designed as a drop on solution based
on the current M1151A1 (HMMWV) chassis. The structure is comprised of all
5083-H131 Aluminum alloy armor plates with various thicknesses. The structure
design consists of the following new features: (1) Robust joining design
utilizing interlocking ballistic joints and mechanical interlocking features,
(2) unique B-pillar gusset design connects roof & floor with B-pillar &
tunnel, and (3) “Double V” underbody shaping design. The TARDEC
designed, integrated & built vehicle achieved no crew core body injuries for
a vehicle of this weight class and demonstrated meeting the crew survivability
objective when subjected to a 2X blast during the live fire underbody blast
tests. These efforts help to not only baseline light tactical vehicle
capabilities, but also validate the possibility of meeting aggressive blast
objectives for light tactical vehicles. These results provide government-owned
designs that are scalable and actionable solutions for future HMMWV fleet
upgrades.
IMPLEMENTATION OF CONTINUUM-BASED PLASTICITY FORMULATION FOR VEHICLE/SOIL INTERACTION IN MULTIBODY SYSTEM ALGORITHMS
Authors: Contreras Ulysses , Recuero Antonio M. , Hamed Ashraf M. , Wei Cheng , Foster Craig , Jayakumar Paramsothy , Letherwood Michael D. , Gorsich David J. , Shabana Ahmed A.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Recent advances in the capabilities of personal, workstation, and cloud computing
platforms have spurred developments in many computational fields.
Terramechanics, involving the study of the dynamic interactions between vehicle
and terrain, could, to great benefit, leverage existing compute power towards
the use of higher fidelity models. In this paper, we outline the formulation and
implementation of an inelastic continuum based soil model in a multibody system
(MBS) simulation environment. Such a new computational environment will allow
for the simulation of the complex and dynamic interactions occurring at the
interface between tracks and wheels, and the ground. The soil model is developed
using the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) finite elements. In
deformable terrain, soil is modeled as a set of 8-node brick ANCF elements whose
mechanical behavior may be defined by a suitable constitutive model. A
Drucker-Prager plasticity material, which is used to model the behavior of the
soil, is proper for the simulation of a number of types of soils and offers a
good starting point for computational plasticity in terramechanics applications.
Such higher fidelity terramechanics simulations can be fruitfully applied
towards the investigation of complex dynamic phenomena in terramechanics. The
proposed ANCF/Drucker-Prager soil model is implemented in a MBS computer code.
This implementation is demonstrated using an Armored Personnel Carrier (APC)
model.
EVALUATION OF DESIGN AND OPERABILITY IN AN IMMERSIVE 3D
SIMULATOR
Authors: Navarre Russell J. , Bauer Robert J.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Operation of a virtual vehicle in order to perform dynamic evaluation of the
design can be achieved through the use of augmented reality combined with a
simulator. Many uses of virtual reality involve the evaluation of component
packaging in a static although interactive manner. That is, the virtual reality
(VR) participant can interactively view the virtual environment and perform some
minor interactions such as toggling through alternative CAD models for
comparison or changing the viewing position to another seat. The immersive 3D
simulator system described in this paper enables the VR participant to perform
operational tasks such as driving, gunnery and surveillance. Furthermore, this
system incorporates augmented reality in order to allow the mixture of the
virtual environment with physical controls for operating the virtual
vehicle.
DIGITAL PROXY SIMULATION FOR ROBOTIC HARDWARE
Authors: Chen Xi , Barker Douglas E. , Bacon James A. , English James D.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Robotics makers and application engineers stand to benefit from replacing
physical simulation with a digital simulation that can easily represent any
number of robots on a terrain and provide ground truth data for comparison with
sensor data during analysis. In this research, a digital proxy simulation (DPS)
was developed to dynamically simulate any number of articulated robots in
real-time using sophisticated robot-environment interaction models. 3D models of
the robot and environment objects can be imported or placed conveniently.
Parameters of the models can be fine-tuned to mimic the environment with high
fidelity. Sensor simulation and control capabilities of the DPS are also
highlighted. Common sensors can be simulated including lidar, image sensors, and
stereo cameras. Control plugins can be added easily to accomplish complex
tasks.
BLAST MITIGATION SEAT ANALYSIS – DROP TOWER DATA
REVIEW
Authors: Bosch Kelly , Harris Katrina , Clark David , Scherer Risa , Melotik Joseph
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

A comprehensive analysis of data collected during an evaluation of blast
energy–attenuation (EA) seats was conducted to review the performance of
commercially available and prototype seat assets. This evaluation included
twelve models of seats tested at two separate drop severities with three sizes
of anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) to develop test methodologies and assess
the appropriateness of using injury assessment reference values (IARVs) for all
occupant sizes.
Implementing Robotic Control Algorithms in Open Source and Government
Virtual Environments
Authors: Frederick Philip , Rose Mike Del , Pirozzo David , Kania Robert , Theisen Bernard , Roth Stephanie
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

There are an increasing number of simulation tools either available today or
coming online for ground vehicle autonomous behavior modeling. Engineers in
TARDECs Ground Vehicle Robotics (GVR) area have dedicated a significant portion
of effort over the past four plus years reviewing, implementing and promoting
the development these tools. This paper provides an overview of these efforts
and discusses the current state of these virtual environments from the
perspective of TARDEC robotic researchers, developers, engineers and program
managers. We specifically touch on experiences implementing control algorithms
in Player/Stage, ANVEL and MODSIM/RIDE. While we take specific measures to avoid
comparative analysis we provide our insight into the current strengths and
limitations of these systems as it relates to utilization on research efforts, a
quick development/integration program (Dismounted Soldier Autonomy Tools) and a
JCTD effort (AMAS). We also give an overview of other known autonomy M&S
systems and their stated status/attributes as well as discuss what we believe
would be necessary for these tools to mature to the point where they can
eventually serve to reduce costs associated with autonomous vehicle development
and testing.
MULTIPLE INDEPENDENT LEVELS OF SECURITY (MILS) NETWORK REFERENCE
ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Jedynak David
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the MILS Network Reference Architecture, including the added
benefit of safety critical domains for a completely integrated mixed security
and mixed safety hardware and software reference architecture for platforms,
driving to minimal SWaP and maximum flexibility in the use of vehicles. Included
are specific examples of techniques, application to specific systems, and
performance concerns. Overall SWaP-C metrics are discussed. In addition, the
enabled operational capability of user-based role and security level
reconfiguration is explained in detail.
MODULAR OPEN RF ARCHITECTURE: EXTENDING VICTORY TO RF
SYSTEMS
Authors: Melber Adam , Dirner Jason , Johnson Michael
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Radio frequency products spanning multiple functions have become increasingly
critical to the warfighter. Military use of the electromagnetic spectrum now
includes communications, electronic warfare (EW), intelligence, and mission
command systems. Due to the urgent needs of counterinsurgency operations,
various quick reaction capabilities (QRCs) have been fielded to enhance
warfighter capability. Although these QRCs were highly successfully in their
respective missions, they were designed independently resulting in significant
challenges when integrated on a common platform.

This paper discusses how the Modular Open RF Architecture (MORA) addresses these
challenges by defining an open architecture for multifunction missions that
decomposes monolithic radio systems into high-level components with well-defined
functions and interfaces. The functional decomposition maximizes hardware
sharing while minimizing added complexity and cost due to modularization. MORA
achieves significant size, weight and power (SWaP) savings by allowing hardware
such as power amplifiers and antennas to be shared across systems. By separating
signal conditioning from the processing that implements the actual radio
application, MORA exposes previously inaccessible architecture points, providing
system integrators with the flexibility to insert third-party capabilities to
address technical challenges and emerging requirements.

MORA leverages the Vehicular Integration for Command, Control, Communication,
Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR)/EW
Interoperability (VICTORY) framework. This paper concludes by discussing how
MORA, VICTORY and other standards such as OpenVPX are being leveraged by the
U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Command (RDECOM) Communications
Electronics Research, Development, and Engineering Center (CERDEC) to define a
converged architecture enabling rapid technology insertion, interoperability and
reduced SWaP.
EVALUATION OF DETERMINISTIC ETHERNET FOR THE MODULAR ACTIVE
PROTECTION SYSTEMS FRAMEWORK
Authors: Verbree David A. , Shvartsman Andrey
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The U.S. Army Tank-Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center
(TARDEC) contracted DornerWorks Ltd. to evaluate Ethernet-based networking
protocols for the safety-critical RDECOM Modular Active Protection Systems
(MAPS) framework (MAF). The MAF requires a universal and robust high-speed
communication network that can transmit heterogeneous data at near gigabit
speeds in a deterministic fashion with bounded and predictable latency. The
objectives were to evaluate candidate protocols through rigorous stressing
scenarios to: 1) assess and estimate upper bound of performance including data
throughput and reliability; and, 2) detect and identify causes and conditions of
data loss or corruption. We assessed four protocols: SAE AS6802 (TTEthernet;
TTE), ARINC664p7 (rate-constrained; RC), COTS UDP integrated with these two
protocols (best-effort; BE), and UDP on a COTS network under three levels of
network saturation and with varying payload sizes. On an unsaturated network,
TTE had the greatest one-way latency (≥595.74µs) and variance of
latency (s.d. ≥ 275.56 µs) from the applications’
perspectives due to lack of synchronization between the network cycle time and
the application transmittal period; RC and BE had low and nearly identical
latencies (40.23- 452.09 µs) that increased strongly with payload size;
and COTS UDP had, by far, the lowest latency (≤92.69) and was relatively
unaffected by payload size. On a saturated network, TTE latency increased by
17.3-44.2% , matching the configured virtual link period; RC latency also
increased slightly; BE latency increased substantially (>21 ms); UDP latency
approximately doubled for larger payload sizes. Surprisingly, with 100%
saturation on a full-duplex switched COTS network, COTS UDP had no lost packets
except those originating from the saturating devices..
Understanding Systems through Graph Theory and Dynamic
Visualization
Authors: Peterson Troy
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

As today’s Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) become more and more complex they
provide both incredible opportunity and risk. In fact, rapidly growing
complexity is a significant impediment to the successful development,
integration, and innovation of systems. Over the years, methods to manage system
complexity have taken many forms. Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE)
provides organizations a timely opportunity to address the complexities of Cyber
Physical Systems. MBSE tools, languages and methods are having a very positive
impact but are still in a formative stage and continue to evolve. Moreover, the
Systems Modeling Language (SysML) has proven to be a significant enabler to
advance MBSE methods given its flexibility and expressiveness. While the
strengths of SysML provide clarity and consistency, unfortunately the number of
people who know SysML well is relatively small. To bring the full power of MBSE
to the larger community, system models represented in SysML can be rendered in a
more intuitive form. More specifically, Graph Theory has proven to be very
effective in the design, analysis, management, and integration of complex
systems. Network Analysis and Design Structure Matrix, both variants of Graph
Theory, enable users to model, visualize, and analyze the interactions among the
entities of any system. Use of MBSE and Graph Theory together to create dynamic
visualization can help teams gain insights, build intuition and ultimately help
speed the innovation process.
THE UNITED FEDERATION OF MODELS: MODEL-BASED SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AT
ITS BEST
Authors: Vinarcik Michael. J.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

As systems become more complicated, managing them from conceptual design through
disposal has become significantly more difficult. Traditional process- and
document-based methods often struggle to cope with the realities of designing
and fielding modern engineered systems; relevant information can become
segmented and out-of-sync, leading to costly errors.

The International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) initiated a Model-Based
Systems Engineering (MBSE) initiative nearly fifteen years ago; one of the
fruits of this effort is the System Modeling Language (SysML). Modern SysML
tools are quite mature and have considerable capabilities to capture,
characterize, and connect information.

A number of efforts are currently underway to maximize the value of SysML models,
including the development of visualization, co-simulation, and robust model
integration. An entire ecosystem of adjacent tools is evolving that will
significantly impact the practice of systems engineering within the next five
years. This paper presents an integrated look at publically-available
information about existing worldwide efforts and their implications for systems
engineering practitioners.
The Linkage Between States & Modes and Performance
Requirements
Authors: Dutcher Kevin J.
Published: November 2024

While the identification of States and Modes is called out in some specification
templates, it is missing from others. This paper contends that an item cannot be
fully specified without identifying States and Modes. Furthermore, to easily
document the States and Modes, the performance requirements are best defined
within the following schema construct:

Functional Statement (verb – noun)

○

Performance Parameter 1

▪

Condition 1

▪

Condition
2

○

Performance Parameter 2

▪

Condition 1

▪

Condition
2
Re-Uniting Decision Analysis with Systems Engineering: Explicating
System Value through First Principles
Authors: Peterson Troy , Schindel Bill
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

System complexity continues to grow, creating many new challenges for engineers
and decision makers. To maximize value delivery, amidst this complexity,
“both” Systems Engineering and Decision Analysis capabilities
are essential. For well over a decade the systems engineering profession has had
a significant focus on improving systems engineering processes. While process
plays an important role, the focus on process was often at the expense of
foundational engineering axioms and their contribution to system value. As a
consequence, Systems Engineers were viewed as process shepherds which diluted
their technical influence on programs. With the recent shift toward Model Based
Systems Engineering (MBSE) the Systems Engineering discipline is
“getting back to basics,” focusing on value delivery via
foundational engineering axioms built upon first principles, using established
laws of engineering and science. This paper will share how Pattern Based Systems
Engineering (PBSE), as outlined within INCOSE’s Model Based Systems
Engineering (MBSE) initiative, is a methodology which explicates system value
through an understanding and explicit modeling of first principles, better
re-uniting Systems Engineering and Decision Analysis capabilities.
MARVEL – A Modular Vehicle Fleet Simulation Tool
Authors: Bayrak Emrah , Egilmez Mert , Kuang Henry , Li Xingyu , Park Jong Min , Papalambros Panos , Epureanu Bogdan , Umpfenbach Edward , Gerth Richard , Dasch Jean , Gorsich David , Anderson Erik , Dasch Jean
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The value of modularity in ground vehicles to the Army and other services has
been a topic of much debate for decades. There are instances of successful
implementations of modularity in current ground vehicle programs of record.
However, these implementations have generally been accomplished through
swappable mission equipment rather than large-scale transformation of the
vehicle and its core components. Concurrently, the Army Science and Technology
(S&T) community has continued to demonstrate the technical feasibility of
large-scale, transformative ground vehicle modularity, but the business case of
modularity remains elusive. Decision support tools are needed to enable Army
leadership to confidently and holistically assess the right balance between
modular and mission-specific (conventional) vehicle platforms. This complex
problem needs to address numerous considerations, including total lifecycle
cost, mission utility, personnel requirements, and fleet adaptability. In this
paper we present MARVEL, a modular fleet simulation tool developed to provide
decision support when evaluating ground vehicle modularity, and we discuss the
tool’s application to a US Army TARDEC vehicle demonstrator program.
While MARVEL development is ongoing, we present the current set of results
available from our models and discuss the lessons learned that can be gleaned
from them regarding the holistic value of a modular vehicle fleet.
FUEL COMPENSATION SOLUTION FOR A MULTI-FUEL CAPABLE DIESEL
ENGINE
Authors: Neely Gary , Ng Cheuk , Reinhart Thomas , Coppersmith Robert , Combi Anthony
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper describes the approach used to improve the fuel flexibility of a high
power density diesel engine intended for tactical combat applications. The
objective of this work was to demonstrate a technically feasible solution that
mitigated the negative performance impacts encountered when commercial and
military-grade aviation fuels are used in diesel engines that were calibrated
with standard Type 2 diesel fuel. To accomplish this objective, modifications to
the engine calibration and the implementation of a fuel compensation algorithm,
which used cylinder pressure feedback, resulted in successful demonstration of
meeting the program requirements of maintaining acceptable combustion quality
and maximum power output to within ± 2 percent of the rated power target
regardless of the fuel type supplied to the engine.
CREATING OPTIMIZED POWERTRAINS FOR THE WARFIGHTER
Authors: Hunter Gary
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The diverse range of military vehicles and operational conditions share a number
of powertrain objectives including high fuel efficiency and fuel adaptability to
lessen the logistical impact of conflict; low heat rejection to minimize the
cooling system losses, vulnerability and powertrain package space; tractive
power delivery to provide superior mobility for the vehicle; and light weight to
allow for more armor to be used and/or payload to be carried.

This paper first provides an overview of the operational powertrain requirements
of military vehicles. A review the processes used to integrate powertrain
components into an optimized system specifically developed for modern combat
vehicle applications is then provided, including an example of how the process
was employed to develop an advanced powertrain for a tactical vehicle
demonstrator based on military optimized off-the-shelf components. The paper
concludes with a summary of some further military specific engine and
transmission technologies trends to be considered as part of an optimized
mobility solution for heavy combat vehicles.
Optimal Restraint System Routing Procedures for Restraint System
Development
Authors: Karwaczynski Sebastian K.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

A process for donning restraints did not exist as related to Soldier gear
encumbrance. For laboratory testing restraint donning was left to the discretion
of the technician or test engineer setting up the Anthropomorphic Test Dummy
(ATD) and resulted in increased occupant excursion. Therefore the Ground System
Survivability (GSS) Blast Mitigation Team (BMT), United States Army Tank
Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC), Warren, MI.
conducted studies which were accomplished through restraint system testing. This
testing consisted of both Blast and Crash test modes. It was discovered that the
ideal testing method couples the occupant to the seat and reduces the amount of
restraint to gear interaction. When properly donned the occupant experiences
reduced amounts of excursion vs. the improperly restrained occupant. This
resulted in a procedure for which restraint systems are to be donned for test
events. The routing procedure is included in this publication.
METHODOLOGY DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTATIONALLY-EFFICIENT FULL VEHICLE SIMULATIONS FOR THE ENTIRE BLAST EVENT
Authors: Parthasarathy Mohan , Kosarek Philip G. , Santini Julien , Thyagarajan Ravi
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) and mines pose significant threat to military
ground vehicles and soldiers in the field. Due to the severity of the forces
exerted by a blast, ground vehicles may undergo multiple sub-events subsequent
to an explosion, including local structural deformation of the floor, gravity
flight and slam-down. The current method of choice to simulate the effect of a
shallow-buried IED or mine on a Lagrangian vehicle model, is a fluid-structure
interaction with the environment modelled with an Eulerian formulation
(explosive, ground, air) [1]. This method,
also called Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE), is more expensive and involved
than pure structural methods (usually pressure loads applied to the vehicle
surface). However, it allows for taking into account the effect of the shape,
type and size of the charge and the soil characteristics on the impulse
transmitted to the vehicle. Three approaches are proposed to reduce the
analytical simulation time while maintaining the highest level of accuracy
throughout the full blast and subsequent sub-events. The tradeoffs between the
approaches are detailed in this paper.
The Impact of Autonomy-Enabled Vehicles and System Controls on Non-Users in Semi-Controlled Environments
Authors: Straub Edward
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Commercial OEMs are fast realizing the long awaited dream of self-driving trucks
and cars. The technology continues to improve with major implications for the
Army. In the near tear, the impact may be most profound for military
installations. Many believe, however, that the major limiting factor to
wide-spread automated vehicle usage will not be technology but the human
element. What happens when humans through no choice of their own are compelled
to interact with self-driving vehicles? We propose a mixed-methods research
study that examines the complex transportation system from both a technical and
social perspective. This study will inform environmental controls (rules of the
road and infrastructure modifications) and increase understanding of the social
dynamics involved with vehicle acceptance. Findings may pave the way for a
reduction in the over $400M the Army spends annually on non-tactical vehicles
and the technical improvements, grounded in dual-use use cases will be directly
applicable to warfighting scenarios.
MISSION COMMAND FOR AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS (MCAS)
Authors: Martin Jeremy , Korfiatis Peter , Silva Udam
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

As the number of robotic systems on the battlefield increases, the number of
operators grows with it, leading to significant cost burden. Autonomous robots
are already capable of task execution with limited supervision, and the
capabilities of autonomous robots continue to advance rapidly. Because these
autonomous systems have the ability to assist and augment human soldiers,
commanders need advanced methods for assigning tasks to the systems, monitoring
their status and using them to achieve desirable results. Mission Command for
Autonomous Systems (MCAS) aims to enable natural interaction between commanders
and their autonomous assets without requiring dedicated operators or
significantly increasing the commanders’ cognitive burden. This paper
discusses the approach, design and challenges of MCAS and present opportunities
for future collaboration with industry and academia.
ANVEL-ROS: THE INTEGRATION OF THE ROBOT OPERATING SYSTEM WITH A HIGH-FIDELITY SIMULATOR
Authors: Hudson Christopher R. , Lalejini Alexander , Odom Brandon , Bethel Cindy L. , Carruth Daniel W. , Durst Phillip J. , Goodin Christopher
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The objective of this research was to survey and evaluate simulators for use with
unmanned ground vehicles and extend the functionality of the ANVEL simulator to
include the robot operating system (ROS). The goals of the research were first
to determine how the ANVEL simulator would compare to four other currently
available simulators on four criteria: physical fidelity, functional fidelity,
ease of development, and cost. The second goal was the development of an
ANVEL-ROS bridge to expand the robot control functionality in ANVEL. The
ANVEL-ROS bridge developed was verified using two robots, Turtlebot2 and Jaguar
V4. RViz, a ROS visualization tool, was used to confirm sensor output
correctness. Robot control in ANVEL was confirmed using tele-operation through
ROS commands.
A MODULAR OPEN SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE STRATEGY FOR ROBOTICS AND
AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS
Authors: Moore Michael S. , Mazzara Mark , Thomasmeyer Bill , Lentine Frank , Kent Danny , Martin David
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper describes the results of a study funded by the National Advanced
Mobility Consortium (NAMC) to develop a strategy for establishing
interoperability as the norm in military ground robotic and autonomous system
(RAS) programs. It briefly provides background explaining the current practices
and the reason the study was conducted. It outlines the types of
interoperability targeted in ground RAS programs, and describes the findings of
a survey of current efforts aimed at creating interoperability through a modular
open system architecture approach. It recommends a path forward for creating
interoperability in military ground RAS program based on maturing and
propagating the ground robotics interoperability profile (IOP) currently being
developed and matured at Project Manager, Force Projection (PM FP). Finally it
lays out specific steps to be taken and proposes that responsibility for IOP be
transitioned to a consortium-style organization as it progresses through an
“Iteration and Maturation” phase over the next 3-5 years towards
its eventual adoption by an enduring standards body. The views expressed in this
paper do not constitute official Department of Defense policy.
STRONG AUTHENTICATION IN VICTORY USING PKI
Authors: Fedorchak Bob
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper focuses on the use of PKI within intra vehicle networks in compliance
with the VICTORY specification. It will describe how the use of PKI within
vehicle networks can leverage and integrate with the other PKI efforts across
the Army to ensure a consistent and interoperable solution. It will also
describe some of the challenges with implementing PKI as part of VICTORY and
introduce possible solutions to address these challenges.
NEXT GENERATION CONDITION BASED MAINTENANCE (CBM) AND ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTICS FOR VEHICLE BATTERIES AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Authors: Rini Guy , Zachos Mark
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Predictive analysis of vehicle electrical systems is achievable by combining
condition based maintenance (CBM) techniques and testing for statistical
significance (TSS). When paired together, these two fundamentally sound sciences
quantify the state of health (SOH) for batteries, alternators, starters, and
electrical systems. The use of a communication protocol such as SAE J1939 allows
for scheduling maintenance based on condition and not a traditional time
schedule.
THE WHOLE SYSTEM TRADES ANALYSIS TOOL FOR AUTONOMOUS GROUND SYSTEMS
Authors: Henry Stephen M. , Waddell Lucas A. , DiNunzio Michael R.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

An important aspect of any new ground vehicle acquisition program is an analytic understanding of the key performance, cost, risk and growth tradeoffs inherent with the system design. The Whole System Trades Analysis Tool (WSTAT) provides a holistic framework for modeling and understanding these tradeoffs. In this paper, we present the overarching WSTAT methodology and then consider a specific implementation for the Army’s Squad Multipurpose Equipment Transport (SMET) autonomous ground vehicle. Emerging results regarding high-level SMET design considerations are provided to demonstrate the types of decision support enabled by the WSTAT capability.
THE RDECOM INTEGRATED SYSTEMS ENGINEERING FRAMEWORK (ISEF) AND ITS
USE IN SUPPORT OF THE COMBAT VEHICLE PROTOTYPE (CVP)
Authors: Umpfenbach Edward , Blasky John
Published: November 2024

Abstract

The Integrated Systems Engineering Framework (ISEF) is an RDECOM solution to
capture, leverage, and preserve/reuse Systems Engineering (SE) knowledge
generated throughout a system’s lifecycle. The framework is a system of
tools designed to support decision making with confidence through embedded SE
process management, high quality data visualizations, and system lifecycle
information traceability. A web based tool architecture supports near zero IT
footprint and allows real time collaboration between team members.

The Combat Vehicle Prototype program is a large S&T effort within the Army
community to create a virtual demonstrator to influence the next Future Fighting
Vehicle program of record. The program is made up of
“leap-ahead” technology development efforts pursuing TRL 6
demonstrations. These technologies are being coordinated with the CVP central
program office to ensure an effective system level concept is transitioned at
the end of the program.

This paper will begin by providing an overview of current capabilities within
ISEF as well as in-development and funded efforts to come in the near future.
Next, it will discuss the implementation of the ISEF toolset on the CVP program,
success stories, and areas for improvement through continued development.
Making SoS Smarter – MBSE Driven IoT
Authors: Hause Matthew
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of systems (SoS) in every sense of the
definition. A.P. Sage and others list five common SoS characteristics:
operational independence of the individual systems, managerial independence,
geographical distribution, emergent behavior and evolutionary development or
independent life cycles. Typical examples include smart houses, the electric
grid, and so-called smart cities. With military systems increasingly making use
of IoT techniques in the upgrade, development and implementation of systems, IoT
is becoming a critical factor. The future of IoT success is dependent on the
application of solid Systems Engineering and Model Based Systems Engineering
(MBSE) principals. Without MBSE, the complexity involved in the design,
development, and deployment of IoT systems would consume both system and
operational providers. IoT systems cannot be built in a vacuum and their success
will only be realized through application of modern day systems engineering
processes, methods, and tools. With the potential of 28 billion
“things” connected to the Internet by 2020, it’s not too
difficult for anyone paying attention to this emerging technology trend to
envision the massive scale of social, economic, and technological changes that
will need to occur to realize this prediction. Technology advancements in
consumer products will continue to evolve to facilitate connection to larger and
larger IoT networks. This will be the catalyst that will drive entire
infrastructure changes to: Federal, State, City, and local governments; military
systems; product development companies; utility and service providers; and even
to consumers and their homes in order to support the growing demand for
connected products. To avoid issues with security levels, this paper will show a
traffic management system and connected systems in a large city and how an MBSE
and SoS approach will help guide development.
Advanced High-Performance 4-Stroke (HP4S) Engine for Military
Applications
Authors: Franke Michael , Koehler Erik , Tomazic Dean
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Propulsion systems for military applications, especially for ground combat
vehicles, operate in harsh environments and must fulfill a long list of
challenging technical requirements. High power density, fuel efficiency,
multi-fuel capability, reliability and serviceability are only a few of the top
level requirements that cascade down to many sub-system requirements. As part of
the Combat Vehicle Prototyping (CVP) program, the US Military is focusing on
opposed piston engine technology to meet the requirements for the Advanced
Combat Engine (ACE). Globally, opposed piston engines have no considerable
presence in commercial applications and have been mostly replaced for military
applications. This paper reviews the opportunities and challenges with opposed
piston engine technology and introduces an advanced high-performance 4-stroke
engine solution as alternative for the ACE.
CAMERAS AND MACHINE VISION TO SUPPORT ROUGH TERRAIN CONTAINER HANDLER
OPERATIONS
Authors: Beach Glenn , Haanpaa Douglass , Moody Gary , Mahal Pritpaul , Rowe Steve , Siebert Gary , Burkowski Jim , Cohen Charles J.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The effective and safe use of Rough Terrain Cargo Handlers is severely hampered
by the operator’s view being obstructed. This results in the inability
to see a) in front of the vehicle while driving, b) where to set a carried
container, and c) where to maneuver the vehicles top handler in order to engage
with cargo containers. We present an analysis of these difficulties along with
specific solutions to address these challenges that go beyond the non-technical
solution currently used, including the placement of sensors and the use of image
analysis. These solutions address the use of perception to support autonomy,
drive assist, active safety, and logistics.
DIGITAL IMAGE CORRELATION FOR OFF-ROAD MOBILITY
Authors: Shoop S. , Sopher A. , Stanley J. , Botha T. , Becker C. , Ells S.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technology developed for off-road vehicle
dynamics at the University of Pretoria, South Africa, was recently assessed for
all-season and all-terrain viability through a Foreign Technology Assessment
Support (FTAS) program at the US Army Engineer Research and Development
Center-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (ERDC-CRREL) in Hanover,
New Hampshire (NH). Advancements in camera technology have brought on the
proliferation of inexpensive, high resolution and high frame-rate cameras. At
the same time the increase in computational power of computers has allowed
algorithms to determine the depth of a scene and enable the near real-time
tracking of features on an image. These advancements have enabled the
application of DIC to measure surface and velocity profiles as well as
deformation from a reference state (for terrain or for tires). In large off-road
vehicle dynamics DIC can be used to improve maneuverability of vehicles by
monitoring the road or terrain surface before and after the tire passes. From
these measurements the initial road roughness and the deformation of the terrain
can be determined to provide an indication of the terrain trafficability. DIC
can also be used to determine the motion of the vehicle or tire, which can aid
in vehicle safety systems via slip angle and traction performance.

This paper details the application of DIC on a military vehicle to measure
terrain deformation and vehicle motion on varied terrain with the final aim of
providing additional information to the driver or vehicle control system for
performance optimization; and ultimately for providing feedback on mobility or
terrain information for situational awareness at the driver or theater level.
The technology was tested and validated using the CRREL Instrumented Vehicle
(CIV) and two military vehicles; an unarmored High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled
Vehicle (HMMWV) (M1097) and a 20-ton Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck
(HEMTT). Testing with the HEMTT on snow, ice, water, asphalt, concrete and
vegetated ground will be shown to illustrate use of the technology on large
military vehicles on a variety or surfaces.
Developing the Next Generation NATO Reference Mobility
Model
Authors: McCullough Michael , Jayakumar Paramsothy , Dasch Jean , Gorsich David
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM) is a simulation tool aimed at predicting
the capability of a vehicle to move over specified terrain conditions. NRMM was
developed and validated by the U.S. Army Tank Automotive Research, Development,
and Engineering Center (TARDEC) and Engineer Research and Development Center
(ERDC) in the 1960s and ‘70s, and has been revised and updated through
the years, resulting in the most recent version, NRMM v2.8.2b. It was originally
used to facilitate comparison between vehicle design candidates by assessing the
mobility of existing vehicles under specific terrain scenarios, but has
subsequently and most recently found expanded use in support of complex decision
analyses associated with vehicle acquisition and operational planning support.
This paper summarizes recent efforts initiated under a NATO Exploratory Team
(ET) and its follow-on Research Technical Group (RTG) to upgrade this key
modeling and simulation tool and the planned path forward toward implementing
the recommendations of that team.
BLAST: BANDWIDTH AND LATENCY-SCALABLE TELEOPERATION1
Authors: Baker Chris L , Batavia Parag
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper describes an approach to aid the many military unmanned ground
vehicles which are still teleoperated using a wireless Operator Control Unit
(OCU). Our approach provides reliable control over long-distance, highly-latent,
low-bandwidth communication links. The innovation in our approach allows
refinement of the vehicle’s planned trajectory at any point in time
along the path. Our approach uses hand-gestures to provide intuitive fast path
editing options, avoiding traditional keyboard/mouse inputs which can be
cumbersome for this application. Our local reactive planner is used for vehicle
safeguarding. Using this approach, we have performed successful teleoperation
nearly 1500 miles away over a cellular-based communications channel. We also
discuss results from our user-tests which have evaluated our innovative
controller approach with more traditional teleoperation over highly-latent
communication links.
Saft’s Xcelion 6T® 28V Lithium Ion Battery
for Military Vehicles
Authors: Ferguson Scott , Brenner Candice , Cox Jasmine , Foote Ben , Hensley Keith , Ruth Nicole
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Saft has developed a competitively-priced lithium-ion replacement for the
traditional lead-acid batteries for use in the next generation of military
vehicles. Saft’s 24 volt Xcelion 6T® delivers power
at high rate that surpasses the delivered capacity of two lead-acid batteries.
The battery design is tailored to support high rates, even at extreme cold
temperatures, to support the mission needs for silent watch and starting for
military vehicles. The product is now industrialized and commercially available
for integration in the next generation of vehicles.
A SWISS ROLL STYLE COMBUSTION REACTOR FOR NON-CATALYTIC REFORMING OF
JP-8
Authors: Chen Chien-Hua , Pearlman Howard , Zelinsky Ryan , Crawmer Joel , Richard Bradley , Ronney Paul
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

ACT's non-catalytic, sulfur-tolerant “Swiss-roll”
reforming technology is an effective way to provide the required reformate
composition for the Army’s SOFC system. This technology will enable DoD
to implement efficient and low acoustic signature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
system in the field and satisfy the Single Fuel Policy. While the high sulfur
content of JP-8 and coke formation pose significant challenges for
catalytic-based reforming systems, the thermal partial oxidation based reformer
is comparatively less complex, highly compact, lightweight and requires minimal
power consumption. These advantages allow for a fuel cell fed with JP-8 be
implemented in a transportable system, such as ground vehicle, with low acoustic
signature for the US Army.
ROBUST VEHICLE STABILITY BASED ON NON-LINEAR MODEL PREDICTIVE CONTROL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION
Authors: Stamenov Velislav , Geiger Stephen , Bevly David , Balas Cristian
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

A Non-linear Model Predictive Controller (NMPC) was developed for an unmanned
ground vehicle (UGV). The NMPC uses a particle swarm pattern search algorithm to
optimize the control input, which contains a desired steer angle and a desired
longitudinal velocity. The NMPC is designed to approach a target whilst avoiding
obstacles that are detected using a light detection and ranging sensor (lidar).
Since not all obstacles are stationary, an obstacle tracking algorithm is
employed to track obstacles. Two point cluster detection algorithms were
reviewed, and a constant velocity Kalman filter-based tracking loop was
developed. The tracked obstacles’ positions are predicted using a
constant velocity model in the NMPC; this allows for avoidance of both
stationary and dynamic obstacles.
PHYSICAL TESTING AND MODELING OF BOLTED AND WELDED CONNECTIONS FOR ARMORED VEHICLE MODELS
Authors: Hadjioannou Michalis , Barsotti Matt , Sammarco Eric , Stevens David
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Protection Engineering Consultants (PEC) has performed static and dynamic-pendulum tests on bolted and welded connection sub-assemblies to generate data for development and validation of modeling approaches capable of accurately predicting the behavior of connections exposed to shock loads. The connections consisted of Rolled Homogeneous Armor (RHA) steel plates, Grade 8 bolts, and fillet welds of ER80-S wire, as typically used in armored vehicles. A summary of the forty physical tests on nine connection configurations are provided along with strain gage and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) data. The specimens were designed to have typical failure modes, i.e. bolt shear, plate tear-out, and weld shear fracture. Using these data, high-fidelity numerical models were developed, with exceptionally good comparisons to the experimental data. During the development of the numerical models, crucial modeling parameters were identified and were shown to have significant influence to the calculated response.
EFFECT OF PRE-BENDING AND HYSTERESIS OF A METAL PLATE ON
BLAST-LOADING DEFORMATION: DATA VS. NUMERICAL SIMULATION
Authors: Walker James D. , Chocron Sidney , Moore Thomas Z. , Bradley Joseph H. , Carpenter Alexander J. , Weiss Carl , Gerlach Charles A. , Grosch Donald J. , Grimm Matt , Burguess Victor W.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

V-shaped hulls for vehicles, to mitigate buried blast loads, are typically formed
by bending plate. Such an approach was carried out in fabricating small test
articles and testing them with buried-explosive blast load in Southwest Research
Institute’s (SwRI) Landmine Test Fixture. During the experiments,
detailed time dependent deflections were recorded over a wide area of the test
article surface using the Dynamic Deformation Instrumentation System (DDIS).
This information allowed detailed comparison with numerical simulations that
were performed with LS-DYNA. Though in general there is good agreement on the
deflection, in the specific location of the bends in the steel the agreement
decreases in the lateral cross section. Computations performed with empirical
blast loads developed by SwRI and by more computationally intensive ALE methods
in LS-DYNA produced the same results. Computations performed in EPIC showed the
same result. The metal plate was then bent numerically so that the initial plate
had both hardening and residual stresses from the fabrication. When blast
loaded, though the deflection reduced due to the hardening in the bends in the
plate, the qualitative disagreement with the lateral cross section remains. The
study then focused on the material strength model for the steel. It was observed
that the difference in behavior between the experiments and the computations
occurs in a region where the hull metal is unloading from its formative bend. It
is argued that using a kinematic yield surface with hysteresis, rather than an
isotropic one with no hysteresis as is commonly done with the Johnson-Cook
model, better models the unloading and hence can better match the deformation
seen in the experiments.