bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding nonprofit missions as dynamic and interpretative conceptions
Authors: Berlan David
Published: November 2017

Missions are central to all nonprofit organizations, and establish their purposes. However, formal mission statements can fail to provide a true picture of a nonprofit’s mission. This article draws on prior scholarship on missions, including the role of interpretation and change, to propose two new concepts: personal and dominant mission conceptions that introduce a dynamic, socially‐constructed understanding of nonprofit mission. Personal mission conceptions are the interpretations that individuals within a nonprofit hold of the mission, while the dominant mission conception is the collective interpretation guiding a nonprofit during a specific time. Examples from two specific nonprofits are provided to demonstrate the conceptions, along with some guidance for how mission conceptions can inform future research and practice.
Numerical analysis of a finite volume scheme for a seawater intrusion model with cross‐diffusion in an unconfined aquifer
Authors: Ait Hammou Oulhaj Ahmed
Published: November 2017

We consider a degenerate parabolic system modeling the flow of fresh and saltwater in a porous medium in the context of seawater intrusion. We propose and analyze a finite volume scheme based on two‐point flux approximation with upwind mobilities. The scheme preserves at the discrete level the main features of the continuous problem, namely the nonnegativity of the solutions, the decay of the energy and the control of the entropy and its dissipation. Based on these nonlinear stability results, we show that the scheme converges toward a weak solution to the problem. Numerical results are provided to illustrate the behavior of the model and of the scheme.
The fictitious domain method with L2‐penalty for the Stokes problem with the Dirichlet boundary condition
Authors: Zhou Guanyu
Published: November 2017

We consider the fictitious domain method with L2‐penalty for the Stokes problem with the Dirichlet boundary condition. First, we investigate the error estimates for the penalty method at the continuous level. We obtain the convergence of order in H1‐norm for the velocity and in L2‐norm for the pressure, where is the penalty parameter. The L2‐norm error estimate for the velocity is upgraded to . Moreover, we derive the a priori estimates depending on for the solution of the penalty problem. Next, we apply the finite element approximation to the penalty problem using the P1/P1 element with stabilization. For the discrete penalty problem, we prove the error estimate in H1‐norm for the velocity and in L2‐norm for the pressure, where h denotes the discretization parameter. For the velocity in L2‐norm, the convergence rate is improved to . The theoretical results are verified by the numerical experiments.
Efficacy and safety of an oral device to reduce food intake and promote weight loss
Authors: Ryan D. H. , Parkin C. G. , Longley W. , Dixon J. , Apovian C. , Bode B.
Published: November 2017

Objective

Minimal risk weight loss tools are needed. This study's objective was to confirm Food and Drug Administration submissions of the SmartByte™ System's safety and efficacy.

Methods

This 16‐week, prospective, single‐arm, four‐centre, observational study assessed the oral device in combination with a video‐delivered lifestyle programme in adults aged 18–49 years with body mass index 27 to <35 kg m−2.

Results

Seventy‐six subjects received the device and video lifestyle instruction. The prespecified per protocol (PP) population (N = 40) required sensor‐verified use of the device ≥7 times per week for 14 of 16 weeks, overall device usage rate of ≥33% and study completion. At week 16, 12 (30%) achieved ≥5% weight loss, 16 (40%) achieved ≥4% and 21 (52.5%) achieved ≥3%. Week 16 mean loss for the PP population was 2.93%, and among 36 participants who did not meet PP criteria, it was 1.45%. Among 76 intent‐to‐treat subjects, two subjects reported three mild to moderate device‐related adverse events, resolving spontaneously (one hard palate abrasion and two tongue lacerations).

Conclusion

The System, a minimal risk tool, can help individuals achieve meaningful weight loss, when used with a lifestyle video. More frequent device use was associated with more weight loss, on average, and greater chance of achieving ≥4% or ≥5% weight loss.
Competition effect of shear‐induced nuclei and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) on β‐isotactic polypropylene (iPP) formation in preshear injection‐molded iPP/MWCNT nanocomposites
Authors: Chang Baobao , Schneider Konrad , Heinrich Gert , Li Yilong , Zheng Guoqiang , Häußler Liane , Liu Chuntai , Shen Changyu
Published: November 2017

In this study, the influence of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) on β‐isotactic polypropylene (iPP) formation in preshear injection‐molded iPP/MWCNT nanocomposites is investigated layer by layer by wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD). WAXD results suggest that in preshear injection‐molded pure iPP, β‐iPP exists in not only the shear region, but also the core region as a result of preshear‐induced nucleation. The addition of MWCNT can inhibit the β‐iPP formation. As the depth away from the specimen surface is decreased, the inhibiting effect is decreased. The reason responsible for that is given as follows: (1) with the addition of MWCNT, extra nuclei are induced during preshear. Both MWCNT and extra nuclei serve as α‐iPP nucleation point. Therefore, the formation of β‐iPP is restricted; (2) the cooling rate gradient is widely accepted to exist in the injection molded sample. A larger cooling rate at a smaller depth will give rise to a lower α‐iPP crystallization onset temperature and a lower nucleation efficiency of MWCNT. Since that β‐iPP grows only in the temperature range of 105°C‐140°C, the inhibiting effect of MWCNT on β‐iPP becomes weaker as the depth is decreased. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E1149–E1158, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesis and properties of cured epoxy mixed resin systems modified by polyphenylene oxide for production of high‐frequency copper clad laminates
Authors: Weng Ling , Zhang Yingchun , Zhang Xiaorui , Liu Lizhu , Zhang Hexin
Published: November 2017

Redistributed polyphenylene oxide (rPPO) was synthesized and used to modify epoxy resin for use as high‐frequency Copper Clad Laminates (CCLs). The chemical composition, thermal stability and micro morphology of cured rPPO/(Epoxy resin)EP mixed resin systems were analyzed and their mechanical, thermal conductivity and dielectric properties determined. These results revealed that the molecular weight of rPPO containing 20 wt% bisphenol A (BPA) was greatly reduced, with a number‐average molecular weight of rPPO as low as 2652.7. Cured rPPO/EP mixed resin systems were prepared with improved heat resistance properties, exhibiting a maximum heat weight loss temperature (Td50%) of 421°C, that was 151°C higher than that observed for pure epoxy resin. Scanning results show that reducing the molecular weight of PPO effectively improves the compatibility with E‐51. Broadband dielectric spectrum analysis revealed that the cured rPPO/EP mixed resin systems had a lower dielectric constant (3.76/107 Hz) and a smaller dielectric loss of 2.11 × 10−3/107 Hz than pure epoxy resin. Similarly, composite laminates derived from cured rPPO/EP mixed resin also showed a lower dielectric constant (4.65/107 Hz) and dielectric loss (6.25 × 10−4/107 Hz) than laminates derived from pure epoxy resin. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E2334–E2345, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Exploring the effect of electron beam irradiation on the properties of some EPDM‐flax fiber composites
Authors: Stelescu Maria Daniela , Airinei Anton , Manaila Elena , Fifere Nicusor , Craciun Gabriela , Varganici Cristian , Doroftei Florica
Published: November 2017

Composites based on ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) loaded with different contents of flax fibers were irradiated using accelerated electron beams at various irradiation doses (75, 150, 300, and 600 kGy). The mechanical, physical, thermal properties, and morphology were analyzed as a function of e‐beam irradiation dose and natural fiber loading. Also, crosslink density, gel fraction, and water uptake were investigated to characterize the EPDM/fiber composites subjected to e‐beam irradiation. It was noted that the irradiation dose had a positive influence on hardness, 100% modulus and tensile strength, but an inverse effect was found on the elongation at break and elasticity. The crosslink density was estimated based on equilibrium solvent‐swelling measurements using the Flory‐Rehner relation. The kinetic parameters of thermal decomposition were determined applying the Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa isoconversional method. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:315–327, 2019. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Observational safety study of specific outcomes after trivalent cell culture seasonal influenza vaccination (Optaflu®) among adults in THIN database of electronic UK primary healthcare records
Authors: Hall Gillian C. , Davies Paul T.G. , Karim M. Yousuf , Haag Mendel D.M. , O'Leary Caroline
Published: November 2017

Purpose

To investigate the safety of trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine (TIVc) (Optaflu®), the first cell culture seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine available in Europe.

Methods

Codes and unstructured text in adult electronic healthcare records (The Health Improvement Network) were searched for a TIVc brand name or batch number and possible outcomes within a 3 month pre‐ to 6 month post‐TIVc exposure study period (2012‐2015). The outcomes were severe allergic reactions, Bell's palsy, convulsions, demyelination, paresthesia, noninfectious encephalitis, neuritis (optic and brachial), vasculitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and thrombocytopenia. Risk periods were defined based on biologically plausible time frame postvaccination when an outcome caused by the vaccine might be expected to occur. Possible outcomes were adjudicated against outcome specific case definitions and a date of onset assigned by using electronic and other medical records. Observed (risk period) to expected (outside risk and preexposure periods) rate ratios, postexposure incidence, and plots of time from exposure to outcome were reported.

Results

Sixteen of 1011 events from 4578 exposures fulfilled a primary case definition and had a date of onset during the study period. Three were in observed time. The observed‐to‐expected rate ratios were (3.3, 95% CI 0.3, 31.7) for convulsions and (1.5, 95% CI 0.2, 14.9) for thrombocytopenia with 1 outcome each in observed time. There was 1 incident inflammatory bowel disease in observed, but none in expected, time.

Conclusion

The small sample size restricts interpretation; however, no hypothesis of an increased risk of a study outcome was generated. Adjudication of events against case definitions to reduce misclassification of onset and outcomes allowed use of precise risk periods.

KEY POINTS

This observational study did not generate a hypothesis of an association between the first cell‐culture seasonal influenza vaccination available in the European Union and any of the study outcomes (severe allergic reactions, Bell's palsy, convulsions, demyelination, paresthesia, noninfectious encephalitis, neuritis [optic and brachial], vasculitis, inflammatory bowel disease [IBD], and thrombocytopenia). The small sample size limits interpretation of the results.

The review of each possible outcome identified from electronic healthcare records against case definitions was included to minimize misclassification of time and outcomes and allow the use of precise risk‐periods in an observed‐to‐expected within cohort analysis. Plots of time from exposure to outcome were included to assess the risk windows.
Mold design for the assembly injection molding of a solid housing with integrated dynamic seal
Authors: Frick Achim , Spadaro Marcel
Published: November 2017

Currently, it is not state‐of‐the‐art to mold a hard housing with integrated dynamic seal, without any postprocessing. Usually, separately processed rubber seals need to be mounted into the housing in an additional assembly step, which is time‐consuming and costly. The article deals with the mold design for the efficient manufacturing of a hard housing with an integrated dynamic soft seal, as well as the influence of processing parameters in assembly injection molding on the bonding strength, soft component properties, and sealing lip contour. Selected gating types were used to manufacture demonstrator parts and perform bond strength tests and morphological analyses. Additionally, the mechanical properties of the seal component as a function of the processing temperature were investigated. Furthermore, the contour of the injection molded seal lip was analyzed. The developed design concept allows an automatized manufacturing process of such a hybrid structure consisting of a hard and soft component. The feasibility study on the manufacturability of a demonstrator part proves a good adhesive bonding between the hard and soft component as well as a precise shape of the seal contour. A contrary dependency between bond strength and mechanical material properties of the soft component was detected. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:545–551, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Simultaneous toughening and strengthening of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐a using epoxy‐ended hyperbranched polymers obtained from thiol‐ene click reaction
Authors: Zhang Junheng , Liu Chunhai , Cheng Juan , Miao Menghe , Zhang Daohong
Published: November 2017

Epoxy‐ended hyperbranched polymers (EHBP) has become a class of additives for diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A (DGEBA), but it is tedious processes retards wide application. Here, we prepared EHBP by a thiol‐ene click reaction between thiol‐terminated hyperbranched polyesters and allyl glycidyl ether and modified DGEBA. The incorporation of EHBP significantly enhanced the toughness and strength of DGEBA. The mechanical properties of EHBP/DGEBA composite increased remarkably with the increasing EHBP molecular weight initially, and then decreased with further increase of EHBP molecular weight. The maximum increase of mechanical properties was observed in EHBP‐12/DGEBA composites. With increasing EHBPE‐12 content, the mechanical performance of the EHBP‐12/DGEBA composites increased firstly and plateaued at 9 wt% EHBP‐2. At 9 wt% EHBP‐12 content, the tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength increased to 74.46 MPa, 143.58 MPa, and 39.09 kJ m−2, respectively. When loading was increased from 12 to 15 wt%, the mechanical performance started to decrease. The use of EHBP slightly decreased the thermal stability and the glass transition temperature. Protonema observed in the fracture surface can be used to explain the significant improvement in mechanical properties. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:1703–1709, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
The Philosophy of Practice for Comprehensive Medication Management: Evaluating Its Meaning and Application by Practitioners
Authors: Pestka Deborah L. , Sorge Lindsay A. , McClurg Mary Roth , Sorensen Todd D.
Published: November 2017

Objective

Philosophy of practice is the foundation of any patient care practice because it provides a set of professional values and beliefs that guide actions and decisions in practice. Study objectives were to understand how pharmacists providing comprehensive medication management (CMM) describe their philosophy of practice and compare how participants’ philosophies align with predefined tenets of a CMM philosophy of practice.

Methods

An instrument with closed and open‐ended items was developed and administered online to the lead pharmacist at 36 clinics participating in a large CMM study. Participants were asked to describe their philosophy of practice, rate how well their current practice activities align with five predefined CMM philosophy of practice tenets, and provide examples of how they carry out each tenet and how they could improve. Responses were coded, and descriptive analysis was used to calculate participants’ practice alignment with the five philosophy of practice tenets.

Results

Thirty pharmacists completed the instrument. Twelve codes emerged that participants used to describe their philosophy of practice. These codes were mapped to five predefined tenets of a philosophy of practice. Only 3 (10%) participants included all five tenets in their philosophy of practice, 8 (26.7%) included four, 8 (26.7%) included three, 6 (20%) included two, and 5 (16.7%) included one tenet. Overall, participants rated their alignment with the five tenets highly. “Embracing a patient‐centered approach” received the highest mean score of 9.17/10; “Meeting a societal need” had the lowest mean score of 8.37/10.

Conclusion

Participants described their philosophy of practice with significant variability. CMM requires a single and consistently applied philosophy of practice to guide practice and the role of the practitioner. We propose five core tenets that resulted from this assessment to be embraced by pharmacists providing CMM and included in their philosophy of practice.
Impact of heat‐light soaking on potassium fluoride treated CIGS solar cells with CdS buffer layer
Authors: Khatri Ishwor , Shudo Kosuke , Matsuura Junpei , Sugiyama Mutsumi , Nakada Tokio
Published: November 2017

In this study, the effects of light‐soaking (LS), heat‐soaking (HS), and combined LS and HS, that is, heat‐light soaking (HLS) on potassium fluoride (KF)‐treated and KF‐free copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells with CBD‐CdS buffer layer were investigated. LS and HS did not change the basic solar cell parameters of CIGS solar cells when they were performed separately. In contrast, HLS improved cell efficiency with increased open‐circuit‐voltage for KF‐treated CIGS solar cells, whereas it reduced cell performance for KF‐free CIGS cells. Capacitance‐voltage measurements confirmed a significantly increased carrier concentration in KF‐treated CIGS solar cells, as compared to KF‐free cells by HLS. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement revealed that the HLS did not change the atomic concentration of Cd, S, and O in CBD‐CdS buffer layer. However, the concentration of Na atoms slightly increased at the CIGS surface region, as confirmed from SIMS measurement. It implies a possible reason for increased carrier concentration in KF‐treated CIGS solar cells after HLS. Temperature‐dependent current‐voltage measurements suggests that HLS modify a K‐containing new layer and affects cell performance.
Accessing quality apps to promote basic relational concepts acquisition among young children with autism
Authors: Mykyta Anne D. , Zhou Zheng
Published: November 2017

Mobile applications (apps) are increasingly being used with children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to supplement their intervention packages; however, the Apps’ educational utility is not yet understood. The lack of such knowledge results in young children's inequity of accessing quality intervention. The present qualitative study addressed this gap by analyzing the content of popular apps being used with young children (ages 3–7) with ASD for the presence of basic relational concepts. After first identifying 15 target apps via surveys, the researchers analyzed the apps for the presence of the 50 basic relational concepts, according to the Boehm Test of Basic Relational Concepts—Third Edition). Results indicated that the prevalence of basic relational concepts in the analyzed apps ranged from 0 to 39 concepts. Apps that relied on community‐generated material tended to incorporate more basic relational concepts, but use methods that could be confusing or invalid. Commercially developed apps incorporated fewer basic relational concepts, but employed teaching and testing methods that have better educational utility. These findings have implications to help closing the gaps in informing parents, professionals, and app developers on the use of apps with children with ASD.
Refining Transcriptome Gene Catalogs by MS‐Validation of Expressed Proteins
Authors: Tse Sirius P.K. , Beauchemin Mathieu , Morse David , Lo Samuel C.L.
Published: November 2017

Protein sequence identification by tandem mass spectroscopy (LC‐MS/MS) identifies thousands of protein sequences even in complex mixtures, and provides valuable insight into the biological functions of different cells. For non‐model organisms, transcriptomes are generally used to allow peptide identification, an important addition to their use as a gene catalog allowing the potential metabolic activities of cells to be determined. We used LC‐MS/MS data to identify which of the six possible reading frames in the transcriptome was actually used by the cell to make protein, and asked whether this would have an impact on downstream analyses using the dataset. We combined results from several LC‐MS/MS experiments designed to identify peptide sequences in extracts from the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedra using a 74 655‐sequence transcriptome. We compiled a list of 6628 translated nucleic acid sequences that contained the ensemble of peptide matches (termed MS‐validated sequences) and assessed the similarity in downstream analyses between this data set and the 6628 nucleic acid sequences from which they were derived. When compared with BLASTx analyses of the DNA sequences, the MS‐validated protein‐sequences‐analyzed using BLASTp showed differences in gene ontology, had more identified BLAST hits, and contained more KEGG pathway enzymes. The MS‐validated protein sequences also differ from datasets containing longest open reading frame (ORF) protein sequences. We also note a poor correlation between the levels of protein and mRNA abundance, a comparison not previously performed for dinoflagellates. The differences observed between analyses of MS‐validated protein sequence and nucleic acid sequence datasets suggest use of the former may provide a more accurate representation of cellular capacity than the latter. Developing MS‐validated protein sequence datasets may also speed interpretation of MS‐MS spectra in bottom up proteomics experiments.
Survey of financial burden of families in the U.S. with children using home mechanical ventilation
Authors: Edwards Jeffrey D. , Panitch Howard B. , Constantinescu Andrei , Miller Rachel L. , Stone Patricia W.
Published: November 2017

Aim

To describe and quantify the out‐of‐pocket expenses, employment loss, and other financial impact related to caring for a child using home mechanical ventilation (HMV).

Method

We conducted a cross‐sectional survey of U.S. families with children who used HMV. Eligible participants were invited to complete a questionnaire addressing household and child characteristics, out‐of‐pocket expenses, employment loss/reduction, and financial stress. Participants were recruited with the help of three national patient registries.

Results

Two hundred twenty‐six participants from 32 states (152 with children who used invasive ventilation and 74 with children who used noninvasive ventilation) completed the questionnaire. Participants’ median reported yearly household income was $90 000 (IQR 70 000‐150 000). The median amount paid in out‐of‐pocket expenses in the previous 3 months to care for their child using HMV totaled $3899 (IQR $2900‐4550). Reported levels of financial stress decreased as income increased; 37‐60% of participants, depending on income quintile, reported moderate financial stress with “some” of that stress due to their out‐of‐pocket expenses. A substantial majority reported one or more household members stopped or reduced work and took unpaid weeks off of work to care for their child.

Conclusion

The financial impact of caring for a child using HMV is considerable for some families. Providers need to understand these financial burdens and should inform families of them to help families anticipate and plan for them.
Elongated VCE blast waves and structural response
Authors: Geng Jihui , Mander Thomas , Thomas J. Kelly , Baker Quentin
Published: November 2017

Elongated congested volumes are common at chemical processing and petroleum refining facilities due to the arrangement of processing units, but there have been relatively few evaluations reported for the blast loads produced by elongated vapor cloud explosions (VCEs). The accidental VCE that occurred at the Buncefield, UK facility in 2005 involved an elongated congested volume formed by the trees and undergrowth along a portion of the site boundary. Some of near‐field damage indicators present at the Buncefield site could not be reasonably explained using existing standard VCE blast load prediction techniques that are based on an assumption that the congested volume filled with flammable gas cloud is hemispherical and located at grade level.

This paper summarizes recent work to define the characteristics associated with elongated congested volume VCEs and identify differences relative to standard VCEs involving compact congested volume geometries. The main conclusions from this work with regard to the blast wave shape for an elongated congested volume deflagration are: (1) the blast wave behaves as an acoustic wave along the long axis, (2) the blast wave has a very quick transition from the positive phase peak pressure to the negative phase peak pressure (i.e., quick relative to the positive phase duration), and (3) the magnitude of the pressure drop between the peak positive and negative pressures diminishes quickly with distance outside the congested volume. These observations are not consistent with the behavior of a compact congested volume geometry VCE blast wave.

Deflagration and deflagration‐to‐detonation transition (DDT) regimes were also identified for unconfined elongated congested volume VCEs as a function of the normalized flame travel distance and flame speed. These regimes were verified with existing test data, including data from the on‐going RPSEA test program. These observations and the DDT regime identification provide a frame of reference to develop a better understanding of elongated congested volume VCEs.

Generic structures, with properties typical of conventional construction, were analyzed to illustrate the effect of the elongated congested volume VCE blast loads on structural response. The results show that, for an elongated congested volume VCE, a high flame speed deflagration may result in more severe structural response in the near‐field than for a detonation (i.e., due to a DDT). These results provide an alternative near‐field damage indicator analysis approach for the investigation of elongated congested volume VCE incidents. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 37: 283–293, 2018
Advantages of diapause in Trichogramma dendrolimi mass production on eggs of the Chinese silkworm, Antheraea pernyi
Authors: Zhang Jun‐Jie , Zhang Xue , Zang Lian‐Sheng , Du Wen‐Mei , Hou Yang‐Yang , Ruan Chang‐Chun , Desneux Nicolas
Published: November 2017

BACKGROUND

Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura is widely used as a biological control agent for control of lepidopteran agricultural pests in China and can be successfully reared using the large eggs of the Chinese silkworm, Antheraea pernyi. In this study, biological parameters of diapaused, non‐diapaused, and cold‐stored T. dendrolimi were investigated for two generations on host eggs of A. pernyi under laboratory conditions.

RESULTS

The cold‐stored T. dendrolimi performed more poorly than diapaused and non‐diapaused T. dendrolimi based on biological parameters. In the F1 generation, the non‐diapaused T. dendrolimi had a higher emergence rate, longer longevity, and a lower proportion of deformed individuals than diapaused T. dendrolimi. In the F2 generation, the diapaused T. dendrolimi had a lower proportion of unemerged parasitoids than non‐diapaused T. dendrolimi. However, the diapaused T. dendrolimi had a higher number of parasitized hosts than non‐diapaused T. dendrolimi in both generations. In the F1 generation, the index of population trend (I) was found to be similar for diapaused (140.792) and non‐diapaused (141.542) T. dendrolimi and was approximately 3.4 times that of cold‐stored T. dendrolimi (41.698). In the F2 generation, the diapaused T. dendrolimi showed the largest I (146.791), followed by non‐diapaused (136.859) and cold‐stored T. dendrolimi (59.607).

CONCLUSION

In a 3‐year augmentative field release from 2014 to 2016, diapaused T. dendrolimi showed effective parasitism on eggs of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis. These results indicated that diapaused T. dendrolimi can be an efficient alternative method for mass rearing of T. dendrolimi for long‐term cold storage. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Priming of cowpea volatile emissions with defense inducers enhances the plant's attractiveness to parasitoids when attacked by caterpillars
Authors: Sobhy Islam S , Bruce Toby JA , Turlings Ted CJ
Published: November 2017

BACKGROUND

The manipulation of herbivore‐induced volatile organic compounds (HI‐VOCs) via the application of the inducers benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole‐7‐carbothioic acid S‐methyl ester (BTH) and laminarin (β‐1,3‐glucan) is known to enhance the attractiveness of caterpillar‐damaged cotton and maize plants to parasitoids. To test if this is also the case for legumes, we treated cowpea (Vigna unguiculata var. unguiculata) with these inducers and studied the effects on HI‐VOC emissions and the attraction of three generalist endoparasitoids.

RESULTS

After the inducers had been applied and the plants subjected to either real or mimicked herbivory by Spodoptera littoralis caterpillars, females of the parasitoids Campoletis sonorensis and Microplitis rufiventris showed a strong preference for BTH‐treated plants, whereas Cotesia females were strongly attracted to both BTH‐ and laminarin‐treated plants with real or mimicked herbivory. Treated plants emitted more of certain HI‐VOCs, but considerably less indole and linalool and less of several sesquiterpenes. Multivariate data analysis revealed that enhanced wasp attraction after treatment was correlated with high relative concentrations of nonanal, α‐pinene, (E)‐β‐ocimene and (E)‐4,8‐dimethyl‐1,3,7‐nonatriene (DMNT), and with low relative concentrations of indole, (S)‐linalool and (E)‐β‐farnesene. Inducer treatments had no significant effect on leaf consumption by the caterpillars.

CONCLUSION

Our findings confirm that treating cowpea plants with inducers can enhance their attractiveness to biological control agents. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Flexible and Scalable Heterogeneous Integration of GaN HEMTs on Si‐CMOS by Micro‐Transfer‐Printing
Authors: Lerner Ralf , Eisenbrandt Stefan , Fischer Frank , Fecioru Alin , Trindade António Jośe , Bonafede Salvatore , Bower Christopher , Waltereit Patrick , Reiner Richard , Czap Heiko
Published: November 2017

Tomorrow's power electronic systems require cost‐saving and more efficient power conversion solutions. The heterogeneous integration of GaN‐based high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) together with silicon CMOS by micro‐Transfer‐Printing could be a key technology for this. It enables the integration of highly integrated mature CMOS logic functionality with fast GaN HEMT output drivers with very low on‐state and switching losses. The scalability by design measures of the printed HEMT is investigated in terms of drain‐to‐gate spacing and channel width defining breakdown voltage and area‐related parameters like on‐resistance. The design flexibility of the micro‐Transfer‐Printing by printing the HEMTs on top of the CMOS devices without restrictive design rule limits is investigated by CMOS DC parameter comparison and thermal TCAD Design Of Experiment (DOE) study. No electrical or thermal functional limitation of printing the HEMTs directly on top of the CMOS dielectric layer stack was found. This enables the usage of the isolation capabilities of the CMOS dielectric layer stack to enhance the HEMT breakdown voltage.
Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Monolayer and Bilayer Phosphorene Doped with Transition‐Metal Atoms
Authors: Huang Zongyu , Wu Yanbing , Qi Xiang , He Chaoyu , Ren Xiaohui , Zhong Jianxin
Published: November 2017

The structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of phosphorene doped with transition‐metal (TM) atoms have been investigated within the framework of density functional theory based on spin‐polarized first‐principles calculations. Strong orbital hybridization is exhibited between TM atoms and P atoms, where covalent bonds form in phosphorene. Except for the Ni atom, the other TM atoms still possess localized magnetic moments. Meanwhile, the TM doping also modulates the electronic structure of phosphorene. A spin‐polarized semiconducting state appears for Mn, Fe, Co, Ni atoms absorbed on monolayer phosphorene, while metallic states appear by doping with V and Cr. Also, in the Mn/Fe/Co doping systems the spin polarization is found to be 100% at the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). In contrast, bilayer phosphorene doped with TM atoms retains its intrinsic semiconducting feature, and the systems with V and Mn interlayer doping show 100% spin polarization at the HOMO level. Whereas, both monolayer and bilayer phosphorene doped with Ni atom exhibit no spin polarization.
Formation of Acceptor States on the Silicon Hydroxylated Surface Upon NO2 Molecules Adsorption
Authors: Ptashchenko Fedor
Published: November 2017

It is shown that the hypothesis of reactivation of subsurface boron atoms in porous silicon (PS) by NO2 molecules at their adsorption on the surface dangling bonds cannot explain the reversible increase of free holes concentration in n‐type PS and in p–n junctions with oxidized surface. The alternative model of hole conduction emergence in silicon structures upon adsorption of NO2 molecules is proposed. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that fixing NO2 molecules on the hydroxyl groups of silicon or its oxide surface can produce acceptor states and, therefore, free holes.
Piezoelectric Current Generation in Wurtzite GaAs Nanowires
Authors: Alekseev Prokhor A. , Sharov Vladislav A. , Geydt Pavel , Dunaevskiy Mikhail S. , Lysak Volodymyr V. , Cirlin George E. , Reznik Rodion R. , Khrebtov Artem I. , Soshnikov Ilya P. , Lähderanta Erkki
Published: November 2017

Generation of electric current is observed when GaAs nanowires with wurtzite crystal structure are bent by the probe of an atomic force microscope. The current originates from a piezo active phase in the nanowires due to the piezoelectric effect. Increasing of the piezo‐potential in bent nanowires enhances tunneling through the probe–nanowire Schottky barrier due to the thermionic field emission. Laser illumination amplifies short‐circuit current pulses by two orders of magnitude from 9 pA to 1 nA due to the piezo‐phototronic effect. Utilization of such piezo‐phototronic effect in GaAs nanowires is a solution to accelerate the efficiency of hybrid energy sources “piezoelectric nanogenerator − solar cell” comprised of III–V nanowires.
First things first: risk model performance metrics should reflect the clinical application
Authors: Kerr Kathleen F. , Janes Holly
Published: November 2017

Developing new measures of risk model performance is an active line of research, often motivated by the conventional wisdom that area under the ROC curve is an ‘insensitive’ measure of the additional predictive capacity offered by new biomarkers. Without endorsing area under the ROC curve, we argue that this charge is not substantiated. Three articles in this issue discuss alternative metrics of risk model performance: NRI(p) (two‐category net reclassification index at the event rate), integrated discrimination index, and R‐squared statistics. Guided by the principle that performance metrics should match the intended use of a risk prediction model, we argue that routine use of these indices is not justified. Instead, we recommend decision‐theoretic measures to evaluate risk prediction models for applications in which clinically relevant risk thresholds have been established for classifying individuals. In the absence of established risk thresholds, additional research is needed to develop suitable metrics. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sparse boosting for high‐dimensional survival data with varying coefficients
Authors: Yue Mu , Li Jialiang , Ma Shuangge
Published: November 2017

Motivated by high‐throughput profiling studies in biomedical research, variable selection methods have been a focus for biostatisticians. In this paper, we consider semiparametric varying‐coefficient accelerated failure time models for right censored survival data with high‐dimensional covariates. Instead of adopting the traditional regularization approaches, we offer a novel sparse boosting (SparseL2Boosting) algorithm to conduct model‐based prediction and variable selection. One main advantage of this new method is that we do not need to perform the time‐consuming selection of tuning parameters. Extensive simulations are conducted to examine the performance of our sparse boosting feature selection techniques. We further illustrate our methods using a lung cancer data analysis.
MNC foreign investment and industrial disasters: The moderating role of technological, safety management, and philanthropic capabilities
Authors: Pek Simon , Oh Chang Hoon , Rivera Jorge
Published: November 2017

Research Summary: We investigate how industrial disasters can discourage FDI and how MNCs' technological, safety management, and philanthropic capabilities can moderate these effects. Using two unique panel data sets of entry and expansion of U.S. wholly‐owned manufacturing subsidiaries overseas, we found that industrial disasters are associated with reduced foreign entry of wholly‐owned subsidiaries in the disaster industry, but not for all firms in the host country experiencing the disaster. We also found that MNCs' technological, safety management, and philanthropic capabilities can, in some cases, positively moderate the negative relationships between industrial disasters and the foreign entry and expansion of wholly‐owned subsidiaries. Additionally, three‐way interactions with government stability suggest that technological and safety management capabilities substitute government stability in managing industrial disasters, while philanthropic capability complements government stability.

Managerial Summary: How can MNCs' technological, safety management, and philanthropic capabilities overcome the effects of industrial disasters such as chemical spills and explosions in host countries? Our results show that industrial disasters are associated with reduced foreign entry of wholly‐owned subsidiaries in the industry in which the industrial disaster occurs, but not for other firms operating in the country experiencing the disaster. However, an MNC's technological capability can, in general, lower the negative consequences of industrial disasters in both the entry and expansion of its wholly‐owned subsidiaries. Regarding the institutional quality of a host country, the results imply that MNCs should develop philanthropic capability when the government stability of the host country is strong, and develop technological and safety management capabilities when the government stability is weak.
Memantine‐Loaded PEGylated Biodegradable Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Glaucoma
Authors: Sánchez‐López Elena , Egea Maria Antonia , Davis Benjamin Michael , Guo Li , Espina Marta , Silva Amelia Maria , Calpena Ana Cristina , Souto Eliana Maria Barbosa , Ravindran Nivedita , Ettcheto Miren , Camins Antonio , García Maria Luisa , Cordeiro Maria Francesca
Published: November 2017

Glaucoma is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease associated with retinal ganglion cells (RGC) loss. Increasing reports of similarities in glaucoma and other neurodegenerative conditions have led to speculation that therapies for brain neurodegenerative disorders may also have potential as glaucoma therapies. Memantine is an N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) antagonist approved for Alzheimer's disease treatment. Glutamate‐induced excitotoxicity is implicated in glaucoma and NMDA receptor antagonism is advocated as a potential strategy for RGC preservation. This study describes the development of a topical formulation of memantine‐loaded PLGA‐PEG nanoparticles (MEM‐NP) and investigates the efficacy of this formulation using a well‐established glaucoma model. MEM‐NPs <200 nm in diameter and incorporating 4 mg mL−1 of memantine were prepared with 0.35 mg mL−1 localized to the aqueous interior. In vitro assessment indicated sustained release from MEM‐NPs and ex vivo ocular permeation studies demonstrated enhanced delivery. MEM‐NPs were additionally found to be well tolerated in vitro (human retinoblastoma cells) and in vivo (Draize test). Finally, when applied topically in a rodent model of ocular hypertension for three weeks, MEM‐NP eye drops were found to significantly (p < 0.0001) reduce RGC loss. These results suggest that topical MEM‐NP is safe, well tolerated, and, most promisingly, neuroprotective in an experimental glaucoma model.
High‐Performance Aqueous Zinc–Ion Battery Based on Layered H2V3O8 Nanowire Cathode
Authors: He Pan , Quan Yueli , Xu Xu , Yan Mengyu , Yang Wei , An Qinyou , He Liang , Mai Liqiang
Published: November 2017

Rechargeable aqueous zinc–ion batteries have offered an alternative for large‐scale energy storage owing to their low cost and material abundance. However, developing suitable cathode materials with excellent performance remains great challenges, resulting from the high polarization of zinc ion. In this work, an aqueous zinc–ion battery is designed and constructed based on H2V3O8 nanowire cathode, Zn(CF3SO3)2 aqueous electrolyte, and zinc anode, which exhibits the capacity of 423.8 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, and excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 94.3% over 1000 cycles. The remarkable electrochemical performance is attributed to the layered structure of H2V3O8 with large interlayer spacing, which enables the intercalation/de‐intercalation of zinc ions with a slight change of the structure. The results demonstrate that exploration of the materials with large interlayer spacing is an effective strategy for improving electrochemical stability of electrodes for aqueous Zn ion batteries.
Design, Synthesis, and Surface Modification of Materials Based on Transition‐Metal Dichalcogenides for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Zhu Shuang , Gong Linji , Xie Jiani , Gu Zhanjun , Zhao Yuliang
Published: November 2017

With the rapid development of nanotechnology, the emerging transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have become one of the most promising inorganic nanomaterials for medical applications due to their distinctive structures and properties. TMDCs with different sizes and morphologies exhibit unique structural advantages, as well as versatile properties. However, concerning their practicability for biomedical applications, routes toward their synthesis and chemical/physical functionalization for biosystem applications must be identified. Herein, recent advances in the design, synthesis, and surface modification of TMDC‐based nanomaterials specific for biomedical applications are reviewed. First, the basic consideration regarding how to fabricate biocompatible TMDCs efficiently for biomedical use is discussed. Solution‐based synthesis methods for 2D TMDCs, as well as TMDC‐based nanocomposites are then summarized. In addition, general strategies applied for surface functionalization of TMDCs are also discussed. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives for these promising materials in biosystem applications are outlined.
Effect of Yttrium and Titanium on Inclusions and the Mechanical Properties of 9Cr RAFM Steel Fabricated by Vacuum Melting
Authors: Zhan Dongping , Qiu Guoxing , Jiang Zhouhua , Zhang Huishu
Published: November 2017

Process of adding yttrium into the melt is not a common method for ODS steel production. In this paper, 9Cr–ODS alloy is prepared by adding Y or Y and Ti into 9Cr steel through vacuum induction melting. Optical microscopy is employed to determine the size and number of particles, scanning electron microscopy is used to examine particle type, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is used to determine the compositions of smaller particles. Micron‐size inclusions are observed in the ingots of the #2 and #3 steels; over 30% of the inclusions are 0.5–1 µm in size, and more than 85% are 0.5–3 µm. A large number of Y–Ti–O particles smaller than 0.5 µm are found in the #3 steel, and the density of inclusions reaches 2.69 × 1019 m−3. After heat treatment, the particles size decreases, and Ti effectively promotes carbide precipitation. Some nano‐sized Y–Ti–O is detected by TEM. The tensile strength of Y (Y–Ti) alloyed steel reaches 640 (700) MPa at 298 K, and fracturing mainly occurrs via micro‐hole aggregation. At 923 K, the tensile strength of the Y (Y–Ti) alloyed steel reaches 254 (270) MPa. These properties are superior to those of 9Cr steel prepared using the same process.
Hot Deformation Behavior and Processing Maps for a Large Marine Crankshaft S34MnV Steel
Authors: Chen Zhiying , Nash Philip
Published: November 2017

The hot deformation behavior of S34MnV steel is investigated by means of hot compression tests at temperatures between 1223 and 1473 K (950 to 1200 °C) and strain rates of 0.05–2 s−1. Hyperbolic sine type of constitutive equation is established. The activation energy Q is 321.943 kJ mol−1, near to the austenite lattice self‐diffusion activation energy. The processing maps under different strains are constructed based on the dynamic materials model (DMM) and Prasad's instability criterion. The instability regions vary as the strain increases. The flow instability with a strain of 0.7 approximately happens at the lower temperature 1223–1398 K (950–1125 °C) and higher strain rate 0.2–2 s−1.
Effects of Different Cutting Processes on Characteristics of Cut Damage for the Third‐Generation Automobile Medium‐Mn Steel
Authors: Chang Ying , Han Shuo , Li Xiaodong , Wang Cunyu , Zheng Guojun , Dong Han
Published: November 2017

The third‐generation automobile medium‐Mn (TAMM) steel containing large‐fractioned metastable austenite is cut by three cutting processes, such as shearing, laser‐cutting, and wire‐cut electrical discharge machining (WEDM). Microstructure, microhardness, and tensile properties are discussed to analyze the effect of cutting process on cut damage. The results show that the TAMM samples treated by three cutting processes present different microstructures. Firstly, microvoids are elongated by plastic deformation and martensite is generated due to TRIP effect for sheared edge, which decreases formability and become potential cracking reasons. Secondly, martensitic transformation is found for laser‐cut edge due to temperature variation during laser‐cutting, according to continuous cooling transformation (CCT) curve of TAMM steel. Thirdly, no martensite and elongated microvoids occur during WEDM. The WEDM edge keeps original microstructures. Furthermore, microhardness of sheared edge and laser‐cut edge sub‐surface is increased. Shear‐affected zone is about 1755 µm and laser‐cut‐affected zone is about 250 µm. However, microhardness is nearly not influenced by WEDM process. Besides, tensile displacement is affected obviously by cutting process. The stretchability of WEDM sample is the best. Tensile properties of sheared sample can be improved by adjusting die clearance. This paper is favorable to select cutting process and improve manufacturing ability of TAMM steel.