bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patients or perpetrators? The effects of trauma exposure on gang members’ mental health: a review of the literature
Authors: Beresford Hayley , Wood Jane L.
Published: May 2016

Purpose

– Gangs have become a hot topic in recent years, particularly since 2011 when gang members became the poster child for “the worst bout of civil unrest in a generation”. Given the portrayal of gang members as “super predators,” it is maybe not surprising that much of the media and scholarly attention, to date, has focussed on gang members as perpetrators of violence — paying little attention to their role as victims and the impact this may have on their psychological wellbeing (Bennett et al., 1996). The purpose of this paper is to evaluate and synthesize theory and research relating to the relationship between gang membership and mental health problems such as anxiety, depression and post traumatic stress disorder and considered how treating gang violence as a public health problem, rather than punishing it as a criminal justice problem has superior benefits in terms of rehabilitation and reduced recidivism.

Design/methodology/approach

– The scarcity of research on this topic meant that research from other subfields of psychology was be collated in order to build a clearer picture of the psychological consequences belonging to a gang can have.

Findings

– It is clear from this review that gang members’ involvement in violence (as victims and perpetrators) is likely to have a negative impact on their behavioral, social and psychological functioning.

Originality/value

– The authors suggest future directions should be aimed toward developing and honing a robust program of research capable of producing intelligence-led assessment and intervention.
Examining the moderating role of gang involvement on the context and impact of victimization
Authors: Kubik Joanna , Docherty Meagan , Boxer Paul , Veysey Bonita , Ostermann Michael
Published: May 2016

Purpose

– Research suggests that gang-involved youth are more likely than non-gang youth to experience victimization. However, very little research has addressed the issue of whether the relationship between gang involvement and victimization depends on the context in which victimization takes place. The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature of the relation between gang involvement and violent victimization in both street and school contexts.

Design/methodology/approach

– Data were provided by youth (n=421; ages 11-18; 70 percent male; 66 percent non-white) referred by the justice system for intensive home and community-based treatment of problem behavior. At intake, youth reported on their experiences of violent victimization, mental health status, problem behavior, and substance use. Youth and therapist reports were utilized to indicate gang involvement.

Findings

– Approximately 62 percent of gang-involved youth in the sample were victimized across both contexts. Linear and censored regression models found that on average, gang-involved youth experienced a greater frequency of victimization than non-gang youth (p < 0.001). Importantly, results also show that gang involvement amplifies the impact of victimization on key behavioral and mental health outcomes. Victimization in both street and school contexts increases the risk of serious problem behavior for gang-involved youth (p < 0.001). Victimization experiences in schools in particular also may increase alcohol use among gang-involved youth (p=0.006).

Originality/value

– These findings emanating from a unique sample of youth in treatment demonstrate the value of considering victimization in context for intervention programming.
CRASH and burn: abatement of a specialised gang unit
Authors: Valasik Matthew , Reid Shannon E. , Phillips Matthew D.
Published: May 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of the temporary disbandment of a gang unit on collecting gang intelligence and arresting gang members in one of the Los Angeles Police Department’s Community Policing Areas.

Design/methodology/approach

– An interrupted time series methodology (ARIMA) is utilised to examine 1,429 field interview cards and 1,174 arrests of gang members that occurred from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2011 within one police division.

Findings

– Results indicated that the dismantling of the gang unit negatively impacted the collection of intelligence on gang members by officers, regardless of whether the officers were officially serving in the gang unit. Suppression efforts by gang unit officers also resulted in a sustained decline.

Originality/value

– Given that many urban centres have specialised gang units, this study demonstrates how organisational turnover or disbandment of a gang unit negatively impacts a department’s ability to deal with local gang issues. Furthermore, these finding suggest that police organisations should consider such ramifications on intelligence-based policing activities.
Orchidectomy attenuates high‐salt diet‐induced increases in blood pressure, renovascular resistance, and hind limb vascular dysfunction: role of testosterone
Authors: Oloyo Ahmed K , Sofola Olusoga A , Yakubu Momoh A
Published: May 2016

Sex hormone‐dependent vascular reactivity is an underlying factor contributing to sex differences in salt‐dependent hypertension. This study evaluated the role of androgens (testosterone) in high salt‐induced increase in blood pressure (BP) and altered vascular reactivity in renal blood flow and perfused hind limb preparation. Weanling male rats (8 weeks old, 180–200 g) were bilaterally orchidectomised or sham operated with or without testosterone replacement (Sustanon 250, 10 mg/kg intramuscularly once in 3 weeks) and placed on a normal (0.3%) or high (4.0%) NaCl diet for 6 weeks. The high‐salt diet (HSD) increased arterial BP, renal vascular resistance (RVR) and positive fluid balance (FB). These changes were accompanied by decreased plasma nitric oxide levels. The increased BP, RVR and FB observed in the rats fed a HSD were reversed by orchidectomy while testosterone replacement prevented the reversal. Phenylephrine (PE)‐induced increased vascular resistance in the perfused hind limb vascular bed was enhanced by HSD, the enhanced vascular resistance was prevented by orchidectomy and testosterone replacement reversed orchidectomy effect. Vasorelaxation responses to acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were impaired in HSD groups, orchidectomy attenuated the impairment, while testosterone replacement prevented the orchidectomy attenuation. These data suggested that eNOS‐dependent and independently‐mediated pathways were equally affected by HSD in vascular function impairment and this effect is testosterone‐dependent in male Sprague‐Dawley rats.
Methanogenic paraffin degradation proceeds via alkane addition to fumarate by ‘Smithella’ spp. mediated by a syntrophic coupling with hydrogenotrophic methanogens
Authors: Wawrik Boris , Marks Christopher R. , Davidova Irene A. , McInerney Michael J. , Pruitt Shane , Duncan Kathleen E. , Suflita Joseph M. , Callaghan Amy V.
Published: May 2016

Anaerobic microbial biodegradation of recalcitrant, water‐insoluble substrates, such as paraffins, presents unique metabolic challenges. To elucidate this process, a methanogenic consortium capable of mineralizing long‐chain n‐paraffins (C28‐C50) was enriched from San Diego Bay sediment. Analysis of 16S rRNA genes indicated the dominance of Syntrophobacterales (43%) and Methanomicrobiales (26%). Metagenomic sequencing allowed draft genome assembly of dominant uncultivated community members belonging to the bacterial genus Smithella and the archaeal genera Methanoculleus and Methanosaeta. Five contigs encoding homologs of the catalytic subunit of alkylsuccinate synthase (assA) were detected. Additionally, mRNA transcripts for these genes, including a homolog binned within the ‘Smithella’ sp. SDB genome scaffold, were detected via RT‐PCR, implying that paraffins are activated via ‘fumarate addition’. Metabolic reconstruction and comparison with genome scaffolds of uncultivated n‐alkane degrading ‘Smithella’ spp. are consistent with the hypothesis that syntrophically growing ‘Smithella’ spp. may achieve reverse electron transfer by coupling the reoxidation of ETFred to a membrane‐bound FeS oxidoreductase functioning as an ETF:menaquinone oxidoreductase. Subsequent electron transfer could proceed via a periplasmic formate dehydrogenase and/or hydrogenase, allowing energetic coupling to hydrogenotrophic methanogens such as Methanoculleus. Ultimately, these data provide fundamental insight into the energy conservation mechanisms that dictate interspecies interactions salient to methanogenic alkane mineralization.
Major cereal crops benefit from biological nitrogen fixation when inoculated with the nitrogen‐fixing bacterium Pseudomonas protegens Pf‐5 X940
Authors: Fox Ana Romina , Soto Gabriela , Valverde Claudio , Russo Daniela , Lagares Antonio , Zorreguieta Ángeles , Alleva Karina , Pascuan Cecilia , Frare Romina , Mercado‐Blanco Jesús , Dixon Ray , Ayub Nicolás Daniel
Published: May 2016

A main goal of biological nitrogen fixation research has been to expand the nitrogen‐fixing ability to major cereal crops. In this work, we demonstrate the use of the efficient nitrogen‐fixing rhizobacterium Pseudomonas protegens Pf‐5 X940 as a chassis to engineer the transfer of nitrogen fixed by BNF to maize and wheat under non‐gnotobiotic conditions. Inoculation of maize and wheat with Pf‐5 X940 largely improved nitrogen content and biomass accumulation in both vegetative and reproductive tissues, and this beneficial effect was positively associated with high nitrogen fixation rates in roots. 15N isotope dilution analysis showed that maize and wheat plants obtained substantial amounts of fixed nitrogen from the atmosphere. Pf‐5 X940‐GFP‐tagged cells were always reisolated from the maize and wheat root surface but never from the inner root tissues. Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed root surface colonization of Pf‐5 X940‐GFP in wheat plants, and microcolonies were mostly visualized at the junctions between epidermal root cells. Genetic analysis using biofilm formation‐related Pseudomonas mutants confirmed the relevance of bacterial root adhesion in the increase in nitrogen content, biomass accumulation and nitrogen fixation rates in wheat roots. To our knowledge, this is the first report of robust BNF in major cereal crops.
Hospital Surgical Volumes and Mortality after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Using International Comparisons to Determine a Safe Threshold
Authors: Gutacker Nils , Bloor Karen , Cookson Richard , Gale Chris P. , Maynard Alan , Pagano Domenico , Pomar José , Bernal‐Delgado Enrique ,   as part of the ECHO collaboration
Published: May 2016

Objective

To estimate a safe minimum hospital volume for hospitals performing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.

Data Source

Hospital data on all publicly funded CABG in five European countries, 2007–2009 (106,149 patients).

Design

Hierarchical logistic regression models to estimate the relationship between hospital volume and mortality, allowing for case mix. Segmented regression analysis to estimate a threshold.

Findings

The 30‐day in‐hospital mortality rate was 3.0 percent overall, 5.2 percent (95 percent CI: 4.0–6.4) in low‐volume hospitals, and 2.1 percent (95 percent CI: 1.8–2.3) in high‐volume hospitals. There is a significant curvilinear relationship between volume and mortality, flatter above 415 cases per hospital per year.

Conclusions

There is a clear relationship between hospital CABG volume and mortality in Europe, implying a “safe” threshold volume of 415 cases per year.
The German ROP Registry: data from 90 infants treated for retinopathy of prematurity
Authors: Walz Johanna M. , Bemme Sebastian , Pielen Amelie , Aisenbrey Sabine , Breuß Helge , Alex Anne F. , Wagenfeld Lars , Schiedel Susanne , Krohne Tim U. , Stahl Andreas ,   the Retina.net ROP Registry
Published: May 2016

Purpose

The German retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) Registry collects data on treated ROP in a multicentre approach to analyse epidemiology and treatment patterns of severe ROP.

Methods

Nine centres entered data from 90 treated ROP infants (born between January 2011 and December 2013) into a central database. Analysis included incidence rate of severe ROP, demographic data, stage of ROP, treatment patterns, recurrence rates, relevant comorbidities and ophthalmological or systemic complications associated with treatment.

Results

Treatment rate for ROP was 3.2% of the screened population. The most frequent ROP stage at time of treatment was zone II, stage 3 +  (137 eyes). Treatment was bilateral in 97% of infants. Treatment patterns changed over time from 7% anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) monotherapy in 2011 to 32% in 2014. Overall, laser treatment was the predominant treatment. However, all infants with zone I disease received anti‐VEGF treatment. About 19% of infants required retreatment (16% of laser‐treated and 21% of anti‐VEGF treated infants). Mean time between first and second treatment was 3.8 weeks (± 11 days) for laser‐treated and 10.4 weeks (± 60 days) for anti‐VEGF‐treated infants.

Conclusion

This study is the first multicentre analysis of severe ROP in Germany. The identified treatment patterns find laser as the most prevalent form of therapy, with an increasing use of anti‐VEGF therapy over recent years. Recurrence rates were relatively high overall with slightly higher recurrence rates and later recurrence times in the anti‐VEGF group. Anti‐VEGF was predominantly used for high‐risk stages like AP‐ROP and zone I disease.
Evaluating renal function and age as predictors of amikacin clearance in neonates: model‐based analysis and optimal dosing strategies
Authors: Illamola Sílvia M. , Colom Helena , van Hasselt J. G. Coen
Published: May 2016

Aims

We aimed to compare the performance of renal function and age as predictors of inter‐individual variability (IIV) in clearance of amikacin in neonates through parallel development of population pharmacokinetic (PK) models and their associated impact on optimal dosing regimens.

Methods

Amikacin concentrations were retrospectively collected for 149 neonates receiving amikacin (post‐natal age (PNA) between 4–89 days). Two population PK models were developed in parallel, considering at least as predictors current body weight (WT), in combination with either creatinine clearance (CLcr) or age descriptors. Using stochastic simulations for both renal function or age‐based dosing, we identified optimal dosing strategies that were based on attainment of optimal peak‐ (PCC) and trough target concentration coverage (TCC) windows associated with efficacy and toxicity.

Results

The CLcr and age‐based population PK models both included current body weight (WT) on CL, central distribution volume and intercompartmental clearance, in combination with either CLcr or PNA as predictors for IIV of clearance (CL). The WT‐CLcr model explained 6.9% more IIV in CL compared with the WT‐PNA model. Both models successfully described an external dataset (n = 53) of amikacin PK. The simulation analysis of optimal dose regimens suggested similar performance of either CLcr or PNA based dosing.

Conclusion

CLcr predicted more IIV in CL, but did not translate into clinically relevant improvements of target concentrations. Our optimized dose regimens can be considered for further evaluation to optimize initial treatment with amikacin.
Children's science learning: A core skills approach
Authors: Tolmie Andrew K. , Ghazali Zayba , Morris Suzanne
Published: May 2016

Background

Research has identified the core skills that predict success during primary school in reading and arithmetic, and this knowledge increasingly informs teaching. However, there has been no comparable work that pinpoints the core skills that underlie success in science.

Aims and method

The present paper attempts to redress this by examining candidate skills and considering what is known about the way in which they emerge, how they relate to each other and to other abilities, how they change with age, and how their growth may vary between topic areas.

Results

There is growing evidence that early‐emerging tacit awareness of causal associations is initially separated from language‐based causal knowledge, which is acquired in part from everyday conversation and shows inaccuracies not evident in tacit knowledge. Mapping of descriptive and explanatory language onto causal awareness appears therefore to be a key development, which promotes unified conceptual and procedural understanding.

Conclusions

This account suggests that the core components of initial science learning are (1) accurate observation, (2) the ability to extract and reason explicitly about causal connections, and (3) knowledge of mechanisms that explain these connections. Observational ability is educationally inaccessible until integrated with verbal description and explanation, for instance, via collaborative group work tasks that require explicit reasoning with respect to joint observations. Descriptive ability and explanatory ability are further promoted by managed exposure to scientific vocabulary and use of scientific language. Scientific reasoning and hypothesis testing are later acquisitions that depend on this integration of systems and improved executive control.
Caregiver talk to young Spanish‐English bilinguals: comparing direct observation and parent‐report measures of dual‐language exposure
Authors: Marchman Virginia A. , Martínez Lucía Z. , Hurtado Nereyda , Grüter Theres , Fernald Anne
Published: May 2016

In research on language development by bilingual children, the early language environment is commonly characterized in terms of the relative amount of exposure a child gets to each language based on parent report. Little is known about how absolute measures of child‐directed speech in two languages relate to language growth. In this study of 3‐year‐old Spanish‐English bilinguals (n = 18), traditional parent‐report estimates of exposure were compared to measures of the number of Spanish and English words children heard during naturalistic audio recordings. While the two estimates were moderately correlated, observed numbers of child‐directed words were more consistently predictive of children's processing speed and standardized test performance, even when controlling for reported proportion of exposure. These findings highlight the importance of caregiver engagement in bilingual children's language outcomes in both of the languages they are learning.
Thromboembolism in adults with primary immune thrombocytopenia: a systematic literature review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Doobaree Indraraj Umesh , Nandigam Raghava , Bennett Dimitri , Newland Adrian , Provan Drew
Published: May 2016

Adults with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) may be susceptible to thromboembolism (TE). The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate studies that reported the prevalence and risk of developing TE in the ITP population from ITP diagnosis and splenectomy. We searched several bibliographic databases and included 29 studies. Using meta‐analytical techniques, the pooled prevalence of TE before ITP diagnosis was 7.84% (arterial 6.25%; venous 1.95%). The pooled ‘annualised’ cumulative incidence (without prior TE) and cumulative risk (irrespective of prior TE) were 1.29%/yr and 3.00%/yr, respectively. Splenectomised patients had pooled cumulative risk of arterial TE (ATE) and venous TE (VTE) of 0.19%/yr and 1.10%/yr, respectively. In cohorts, regardless of a history of TE, the pooled relative risk (RR) of any TE was 1.60 (1.34, 1.86) for ITP vs. ITP‐free individuals [arterial: 1.52 (1.25, 1.80); venous: 1.70 (0.96, 2.43)]. Splenectomised patients were at higher risk of venous events, pooled RR 2.39 (1.61, 3.17). To conclude, we found an increased risk of TE (mainly ATE) among ITP individuals and a higher risk of VTEs after splenectomy. How intrinsic (ITP pathophysiology, age, gender) and extrinsic factors (treatment) contribute to this risk could not be investigated here but is a task for future studies.
Strategic Escape Direction: Orientation, Turning, and Escape Trajectories of Zebra‐Tailed Lizards (Callisaurus draconoides)
Authors: Cooper William E. , Sherbrooke Wade C.
Published: May 2016

A prey's body orientation relative to a predator's approach path may affect risk of fleeing straight ahead. Consequently, prey often turn before fleeing. Relationships among orientation, turn, and escape angles and between these angles and predation risk have not been studied in terrestrial vertebrates and have rarely been studied in the field. Escape angles are expected to lead away from predators and be highly variable to avoid being predictable by predators. Using approach speed as a risk factor, we studied these issues in the zebra‐tailed lizard,Callisaurus draconoides. Lizards fled away from human simulated predators, but most did not flee straight away. Escape angles were variable, as expected under the unpredictability hypothesis, and had modes at nearly straight away (i.e., 0°) and nearly perpendicular to the predator's approach path (90°). The straight away mode suggests maximal distancing from the predator; the other mode suggests maintaining ability to monitor the predator or possibly an influence of habitat features such as obstacles and refuges that differ among directions. Turn angles were larger when orientation was more toward the predator, and escape angles were closer to straight away when turn angles were larger. Turning serves to reach a favorable fleeing direction. When orientation angle was more toward the predator, escape angle was unaffected, suggesting that turn angle compensates completely for increased risk of orientation toward the predator. When approached more rapidly, lizards fled more nearly straight away, as expected under greater predation risk. Turn angles were unrelated to approach speed.
Paternal Caregivers’ Parenting Practices and Psychological Functioning among African American Youth Living in Urban Public Housing
Authors: Doyle Otima , Clark Goings Trenette , Cryer‐Coupet Qiana R. , Lombe Margaret , Stephens Jennifer , Nebbitt Von E.
Published: May 2016

Structural factors associated with public housing contribute to living environments that expose families to adverse life events that may in turn directly impact parenting and youth outcomes. However, despite the growth in research on fathers, research on families in public housing has practically excluded fathers and the role fathers play in the well‐being of their adolescents. Using a sample of 660 African American adolescents recruited from public housing, we examined the relationship between paternal caregivers’ (i.e., fathers’ and father figures’) parenting practices and adolescents’ depressive symptoms, attitudes toward deviance, and self‐efficacy. Using a latent profile analysis (LPA), we confirmed a four‐class model of paternal parenting practices ranging from high to low levels of monitoring and encouragement. Results from a one‐way ANOVA indicated that paternal caregivers with high (compared to moderate) levels of encouragement and monitoring were associated with youth who reported less depressive symptoms, higher levels of self‐efficacy, and less favorable attitudes toward deviance. Discriminant analysis results indicated that approximately half of the sample were correctly classified into two paternal caregiver classes. The findings provide evidence that some of these caregivers engage in parenting practices that support youths’ psychological functioning. More research is needed to determine what accounts for the variability in levels of paternal encouragement and supervision, including environmental influences, particularly for paternal caregivers exhibiting moderate‐to‐low levels of paternal encouragement and monitoring.
Programming social behavior by the maternal fragile X protein
Authors: Zupan B. , Sharma A. , Frazier A. , Klein S. , Toth M.
Published: May 2016

The developing fetus and neonate are highly sensitive to maternal environment. Besides the well‐documented effects of maternal stress, nutrition and infections, maternal mutations, by altering the fetal, perinatal and/or early postnatal environment, can impact the behavior of genetically normal offspring. Mutation/premutation in the X‐linked FMR1 (encoding the translational regulator FMRP) in females, although primarily responsible for causing fragile X syndrome (FXS) in their children, may also elicit such maternal effects. We showed that a deficit in maternal FMRP in mice results in hyperactivity in the genetically normal offspring. To test if maternal FMRP has a broader intergenerational effect, we measured social behavior, a core dimension of neurodevelopmental disorders, in offspring of FMRP‐deficient dams. We found that male offspring of Fmr1+/− mothers, independent of their own Fmr1 genotype, exhibit increased approach and reduced avoidance toward conspecific strangers, reminiscent of ‘indiscriminate friendliness’ or the lack of stranger anxiety, diagnosed in neglected children and in patients with Asperger's and Williams syndrome. Furthermore, social interaction failed to activate mesolimbic/amygdala regions, encoding social aversion, in these mice, providing a neurobiological basis for the behavioral abnormality. This work identifies a novel role for FMRP that extends its function beyond the well‐established genetic function into intergenerational non‐genetic inheritance/programming of social behavior and the corresponding neuronal circuit. As FXS premutation and some psychiatric conditions that can be associated with reduced FMRP expression are more prevalent in mothers than full FMR1 mutation, our findings potentially broaden the significance of FMRP‐dependent programming of social behavior beyond the FXS population.
‘Not on the radar’: dentists' perspectives on the oral health care of dependent older people
Authors: Smith Moira B. , Thomson William Murray
Published: May 2016

Objectives

We explored the following research questions: (i) what challenges do dentists face when providing oral health care to dependent older adults; and (ii) to overcome those challenges, what recommendations would dentists providing care give those planning and implementing oral health policy and services for dependent older adults?

Background

The dentate older population is steadily increasing, and about half will end up in residential care, where dental caries rates over time are at least twice as great as those observed elsewhere.

Materials and methods

A qualitative study was used, with semi‐structured interviews conducted by a single interviewer. Dental examiners in a recent national survey of oral health in dependent older people in New Zealand were interviewed about their experiences and perspectives of that.

Results

The challenges participants identified stemmed from three areas – the patient, the care facility and the oral health sector. To address those challenges, the participants recommended actions at the patient, system and sector levels. Each of the challenges and recommendations had a number of subthemes. Overall, the dentists felt that it is a very complex situation urgently requiring policy development, cross‐sectoral collaboration and upskilling of the dental profession, carers, the private sector and the State to ensure a care environment which supports achieving and maintaining oral health among frail elders.

Conclusions

Urgent attention to frail older New Zealanders’ oral health is needed. Such attention needs to focus on not only the narrow dental clinical preventive and therapeutic implications of those needs, but also on the broader health system and policy development challenges.
Influence of increased patient age on longitudinal outcomes of root canal treatment: a systematic review
Authors: Shakiba Bita , Hamedy Reza , Pak Jaclyn G. , Barbizam Joao V. , Ogawa Rikke , White Shane N.
Published: May 2016

Objectives

To conduct a systematic review of longitudinal endodontic outcomes in elders.

Background

Negative opinions about the prognosis of non‐surgical root canal treatment (NSRCT) in elders affect decisions made by patients and dentists. Patient, caregiver and dentist attitudes and behaviours may interact to decrease the provision of NSRCT. Critical examination of the available evidence through systematic review could provide objective data to assist patients, caregivers, healthcare providers and third‐party payers in making decisions about the efficacy of NSRCT in elders and provide a robust foundation for the health promotion of NSRCT in elders.

Methods

Inclusion/exclusion criteria were used for defined searches in MEDLINE and Cochrane CENTRAL. Title lists were scanned, and abstracts read to determine utility; articles meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria were analysed. Data were extracted and compiled into a table of evidence.

Results

Defined searching produced 3605 titles; 24 articles were included, nine prospective and 15 retrospective. Overall study quality was good. Patient samples mostly represented modern populations from countries with very high human development indices. Over 17 430 teeth were included. Meta‐analysis was not attempted due to heterogeneity in reporting. All 24 included papers demonstrated that increased patient age did not decrease the success or survival rates of NSRCT.

Conclusions

This systematic review of longitudinal NSRCT outcomes demonstrated that increased patient age did not decrease the success of NSRCT. Patient age is not a prognostic factor for NSRCT. Age should not be considered by dentists or patients when making NSRCT decisions.
Survival and recovery of tall fescue genotypes: association with root characteristics and drought tolerance
Authors: Pirnajmedin F. , Majidi M. M. , Gheysari M.
Published: May 2016

Identification and selection of plant genotypes with survival, recovery and sustainable performance during drought periods is one of the main objectives of plant improvement for arid and semi‐arid regions. This study aimed to evaluate root traits and recovery of tall fescue genotypes after a period of drought stress. A total of twenty four tall fescue genotypes were selected from a wide polycross population and assessed for field drought tolerance based on stress tolerance index (STI) and recovery during 2010–2013. The genotypes were classified as tolerant, moderately tolerant and susceptible based on STI. Then, in 2014, genotypes were assessed in a pot experiment for root characteristics under two levels of moisture environments (control and intense drought stress). In both moisture environments, root length (RL), root area (RA), root volume (RV) and root weight (RW) were negatively correlated with days to recovery (DR). Genotypes that recovered from drought had greater RL, RA, RV and RW than the genotypes unable to recover. Principle component analysis (PCA) was performed to identify genotypes with superior root characteristics, stress tolerance and recovery potential that can be used for future breeding programmes. Results indicated that selection based on combining STI, recovery and extensive root system might improve drought tolerance of tall fescue.
Evolutionary Geography of a Mature Resource Sector: Shakeouts and Shakeins in British Columbia's Forest Industries 1980 to 2008
Authors: Hayter Roger , Edenhoffer Klaus
Published: May 2016

This study examines the evolutionary geography of British Columbia's forest industries during a period marked by volatility and decline. Conceptually, the study draws upon the industrial life cycle model, identifying the distinctive characteristics of resource industries during the transition to maturity and beyond. Empirically, the study focuses on industry population dynamics and employment change at a meso‐scale, to reveal changing organizational, industrial, and geographical structures of BC's forest industries during the study period. There are high levels of plant exits and in some sub‐industries also of entry, a decline in large integrated firms, and important shifts in core‐periphery characteristics.
Impaired Mood in Headache Clinic Patients: Associations With the Perceived Hindrance and Attainability of Personal Goals
Authors: Ciere Yvette , Visser Annemieke , Lebbink John , Sanderman Robbert , Fleer Joke
Published: May 2016

Background

Headache disorders are often accompanied by impaired mood, especially in the headache clinic population. There is a large body of literature demonstrating that an illness or disability may affect the way in which patients perceive their personal goals and that the perception that the attainability of goals is hindered by the illness is a risk factor for impaired mood. However, empirical evidence regarding the extent to which goals are hindered or less attainable as a result of a headache disorder, and how that is related to mood, is currently lacking.

Objective

The aim of this cross‐sectional study was to examine associations between headache severity, goal hindrance and attainability, and mood in a headache clinic population.

Methods

The sample consisted of 65 adult patients seeking treatment at a tertiary headache clinic. Prior to their first appointment in the clinic, patients completed self‐report measures of headache severity, goals and mood (PANAS).

Results

Higher self‐reported headache intensity was associated with higher goal hindrance (r = .38, P = .004), whereas greater headache frequency was associated with lower goal attainability (r = .30, P = .022). Higher perceived goal hindrance was associated with lower positive mood (r = −.27, P = .032) and higher negative mood (r = .28, P = .027). Furthermore, lower perceived goal attainability was associated with higher negative mood (r = −.34, P = .007). Goal perceptions explained an additional 11.4% of the variance in positive mood (F = 3.250, P = .047 <.05) and 10.5% of the variance in negative mood (F = 3.459, P = .039) beyond the effect of age and headache severity.

Conclusion

The results of this preliminary study suggest that perceptions of increased goal hindrance and decreased goal attainability may indeed be a risk factor for impaired mood in the headache clinic population and highlight the need for further, longitudinal research. Obtaining more insight into goal processes (eg, what types of goals are specifically disturbed, which goal adjustment strategies are (mal)adaptive) may help to identify ways to improve outcomes in the headache clinic population.
Influence of konjac flour on foaming properties of milk protein concentrate and quality characteristics of gluten‐free cookie
Authors: Akesowan Adisak
Published: May 2016

The effects of konjac flour (KF) for modifying the foaming properties of milk protein concentrate (MPC) and characteristics of gluten‐free rice cookies were investigated. The three variables of konjac concentration (0.1–0.4%),pH(pH5–9) and NaCl concentration (0.2–0.6 м) were studied. BothKFandpHhad considerable effects on the foaming capacity (FC) and foaming stability (FS) ofMPC. The NaCl had a negligible effect. LoweredFCandFSobserved atpH9 andpH5 were increased with the increase inKFaddition. Batter characteristics (flowability and consistency), cookie quality (moisture, yield, spread ratio, specific volume, hardness and colour) and sensory acceptance were evaluated in gluten‐free cookies with 0%, 0.25% and 0.4%KF. Konjac supplementation increased batter characteristics, yield, specific volume and hardness, but decreased lightness. Panellist acceptance, especially regarding texture and overall acceptability, increased in gluten‐free cookies with 0.4%KF. A higher purchasing decision was found for cookies with added KF.
Evaluation of the peptide profile with a view to authenticating buffalo mozzarella cheese
Authors: Gonçalves Ben‐Hur Ramos Ferreira , Silva Grazielly de Jesus , Pontes Silvania Farias Oliveira , Fontan Rafael da Costa Ilhéu , Egito Antonio Silvio do , Ferrão Sibelli Passini Barbosa
Published: May 2016

Electrophoretic and chromatographic techniques were used to determine water‐soluble peptide profiles aiming to identify the adulteration of buffalo milk mozzarella cheese by the addition of cow's milk. Thus, cheeses were produced with contents of cow's milk varying from 0% to 100%, and the peptides extracted after production and after 20 days of refrigeration. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS‐PAGE) identified a potential peptide marker of exclusively bovine origin with a size of about 21 kDa for the addition of cow's milk above 30%. Reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) indicated the existence of two potential peptides present in higher concentrations in buffalo milk and one exclusive for cow's milk, the latter making it possible to estimate the addition of cow's milk to buffalo milk. Six commercial brands of buffalo mozzarella cheese were evaluated, and indications of adulteration found in four of them.
Risk perception in pregnancy: a concept analysis
Authors: Lennon Suzanne Lydia
Published: May 2016

Aim

To report an analysis of the concept of risk perception in pregnancy.

Background

Pregnant women are increasingly exposed to the view that pregnancy and childbirth are intrinsically dangerous, requiring medical monitoring and management. Societal pressures are applied to women that dictate appropriate behaviours during pregnancy. These changes have resulted in increased perception of risk for pregnant women.

Design

Walker and Avant's method was selected to guide this analysis.

Data sources

Peer‐reviewed articles published in English fromCINAHL, Scopus, PubMed and Psychinfo. No date limits were applied.

Methods

Thematic analysis was conducted on 79 articles. Attributes, antecedents and consequences of the concept were identified.

Results

The attributes of the concept are the possibility of harm to mother or infant and beliefs about the severity of the risk state. The physical condition of pregnancy combined with the cognitive ability to perceive a personal risk state is antecedents. Risk perception in pregnancy influences women's affective state and has an impact on decision‐making about pregnancy and childbirth. There are limited empirical referents with which to measure the concept.

Conclusion

Women today know more about their developing infant than at any other time in history; however, this has not led to a sense of reassurance. Nurses and midwives have a critical role in assisting pregnant women, and their families make sense of the information they are exposed to. An understanding of the complexities of the concept of risk perception in pregnancy may assist in enabling nurses and midwives to reaffirm the normalcy of pregnancy.
Situation awareness: when nurses decide to admit or not admit a person with mental illness as an involuntary patient
Authors: Patterson Christopher , Procter Nicholas , Toffoli Luisa
Published: May 2016

Aim

This paper will explore the application of situation awareness in nursing to determine its suitability as a framework to study how the decision to admit or not admit a person as an involuntary patient is made.

Background

The decision by a specially qualified nurse to admit or not admit a person to a mental health facility against their will remains a central component of contemporary mental health legislation. The decision has an impact on a person's autonomy and human rights. Conversely, the decision to admit may facilitate urgent assessment and treatment and ensure the safety of the individual and others. Research highlights that decision‐making in this context is challenging due to the multiple information sources and often incomplete information available to the clinician. Situation awareness is a concept used to explain how practitioners identify, use and make meaning of a multitude of factors and elements relevant to their practice.

Design

Discussion paper.

Data sources

A search of terms related to situation awareness and mental health nursing was conducted in the period 2000 – present.

Implications for nursing

Exploring nurses decision‐making using a situation awareness framework provides for a more nuanced understanding of nurses knowledge and skill when deciding to admit or not a person as an involuntary patient.

Conclusion

The concept of situation awareness provides a framework to better understand the decision‐making process associated with the involuntary admission decision.
Scanning and deep processing of information in hypertext: an eye tracking and cued retrospective think‐aloud study
Authors: Salmerón L. , Naumann J. , García V. , Fajardo I.
Published: May 2016

When students solve problems on the Internet, they have to find a balance between quickly scanning large sections of information in web pages and deeply processing those that are relevant for the task. We studied how high school students articulate scanning and deeper processing of information while answering questions using a Wikipedia document, and how their reading comprehension skills and the question type interact with these processes. By analyzing retrospective think‐aloud protocols and eye‐tracking measures, we found that scanning of information led to poor hypertext comprehension, while deep processing of information produced better performance, especially in location questions. This relationship between scanning, deep processing, and performance was qualified by reading comprehension skills in an unexpected way: Scanning led to lower performance especially for good comprehenders, while the positive effect of deep processing was independent of reading comprehension skills. We discussed the results in light of our current knowledge of Internet problem solving.
Phenology and temperature‐dependent development of Ceutorhynchus assimilis, a potential biological control agent for Lepidium draba
Authors: von Virag A. , Bon M.C. , Cloşca C. , Diaconu A. , Haye T. , Weiss R. M. , Müller‐Schärer H. , Hinz H. L.
Published: May 2016

Lepidium draba (Brassicaceae) is a major concern for agriculture and biodiversity in the western United States. As current control methods do not provide long‐term, sustainable solutions, research has been conducted to find biological control agents. Ceutorhynchus assimilis is one of the currently investigated candidates. Known as oligophagous in the literature, a specialist clade of this root‐galling weevil exists in southern Europe. This raised the question of its ability to survive in colder climates in the target range. We investigated the phenology of C. assimilis in the field in southern France (specialist clade) and Romania (generalist clade) and measured various temperature‐dependent parameters in the laboratory. In both ranges, weevils were univoltine. Oviposition in autumn started later in France compared to Romania, while mature larvae exited galls (to pupate in the soil) earlier the following year. On average, 25% and 32% of galls from France and Romania were completely below the soil surface, respectively, and this appeared to depend on soil substrate. Weevils transported from France to Romania were able to develop, but at a much lower rate than Romanian weevils. Mortality of overwintering larvae of both clades increased with decreasing temperature and exposure time. At −5°C, lethal times Lt50 and Lt95 were 15 and 42 days for the specialist clade and 26 and 72 days for the generalist clade. A higher proportion of third instar larvae compared to first and second instar larvae survived. Pupation time at different temperatures did not differ between weevils from France or Romania. A climate match model (comparing winter temperatures) indicated that the specialist clade of C. assimilis from France has the potential to establish in some parts of the target range (e.g. Washington, Oregon, California). However, temperature extremes and winters without snow cover will likely limit its establishment unless rapid adaptive evolution takes place.
Effects of an artificial blend of host‐infested plant volatiles on plant attractiveness to parasitic wasps
Authors: Ohara Y. , Uchida T. , Kakibuchi K. , Uefune M. , Takabayashi J.
Published: May 2016

For the biological control of diamondback moth (DBM) larvae in commercial greenhouses, we have previously identified a blend of volatiles that attracted Cotesia vestalis, a parasitoid of DBM larvae. Here, we tested the effects of an artificial volatile blend on the attractiveness of komatsuna plants (Japanese mustard spinach; Brassica rapa var. perviridis) to C. vestalis under greenhouse conditions. First, we showed that female C. vestalis preferred infested komatsuna plants to uninfested plants in the greenhouse. Under the same conditions, placing the artificial attractants near both infested and uninfested plants did not affect the wasps’ preference. However, when comparing infested komatsuna plants coupled with the artificial attractants with infested plants without them, significantly more female C. vestalis were attracted to the former. The possible use of artificial C. vestalis attractants for the biological control of DBM is discussed.
Prevalence and risk factors of advanced colorectal neoplasms in asymptomatic Korean people between 40 and 49 years of age
Authors: Koo Ja Eun , Kim Kyung‐Jo , Park Hye Won , Kim Hong‐Kyu , Choe Jae Won , Chang Hye‐Sook , Lee Ji Young , Myung Seung‐Jae , Yang Suk‐Kyun , Kim Jin‐Ho
Published: May 2016

Background and Aim

Current guidelines recommend colon cancer screening for persons aged over 50 years. However, there are few data on colorectal cancer screening in 40‐ to 49‐year‐olds. This study assessed the prevalence and risk factors of colorectal neoplasms in 40‐ to 49‐year‐old Koreans.

Methods

We analyzed the results of screening colonoscopies of 6680 persons 40–59 years of age (2206 aged 40–49 and 4474 aged 50–59 years).

Results

The prevalence of overall and advanced neoplasms in the 40‐ to 49‐year age group was lower than in the 50‐ to 59‐year age group (26.7% and 2.4% vs 37.8% and 3.5%, respectively). However, the prevalence of overall and advanced neoplasms increased to 39.1% and 5.4%, respectively, in 45‐ to 49‐year‐old individuals with metabolic syndrome. In the 40‐ to 49‐year age group, age, current smoking, and metabolic syndrome were associated with an increased risk of advanced neoplasms (odds ratio [OR] 1.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04–1.30; OR 3.12, 95% CI 1.20–8.12; and OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.09–3.67, respectively).

Conclusions

Individuals aged 40–49 years had a lower prevalence of colorectal neoplasms than those aged 50–59 years, but some 40‐ to 49‐year‐olds showed a similar prevalence to those aged 50–59 years. Age, current smoking habits, and metabolic syndrome are associated with an increased risk of advanced neoplasms in subjects aged 40–49 years. Further studies are needed to stratify the risks of colon cancer and guide targeted screening in persons younger than 50 years old.