bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
X‐ray absorption spectroscopic study on Ti/n‐GaN
Authors: Kumar M. Senthil , Kumar V. Suresh , Asokan K. , Chiou J. W. , Jan J. C. , Pong W. F. , Kumar J.
Published: October 2005

Formation of low resistance and thermally stable ohmic contacts to GaN is of considerable importance for device applications. Several metallization schemes for ohmic contacts to n‐GaN with low contact resistance have been proposed and investigated by different techniques. We investigate 500 Å Ti/n‐GaN contacts of as‐deposited and rapid furnace annealed at 900 °C for 30 s, using X‐ray diffraction pattern, I–V measurements, and X‐ray absorption near edge spectra at Ti K‐ and L3,2‐edges and elucidate the mechanism responsible for the high ohmic behaviour. These measurements indicate the formation of an interfacial TixN layer and intermetallic alloys of Ti and Ga at the Ti/n‐GaN interface upon high temperature annealing. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nonlinear longitudinal strain‐wave propagating in an elastic plate with nonequilibrium laser‐generated defects
Authors: Mirzade Fikret Kh.
Published: October 2005

The propagation of long nonlinear longitudinal strain waves in an isotropic elastic plate is studied in the context of a model that takes into account the joint dynamics of elastic displacements in the medium and the concentration of the nonequilibrium laser‐generated point defects (vacancies and interstitials). The input equations of the problem are reformulated in terms of only the total displacements of the medium points. In this case, the presence of lattice defects manifests itself in the emergence of a delayed response of the system to the propagation of the strain‐related perturbations, which is characteristic of media with relaxation or memory. The governing nonlinear dispersive‐dissipative equations describing the elastic displacement wave were derived with allowance made for the values of the relaxation parameter. The influence of the generation and relaxation of lattice defects on the propagation of this wave was analyzed. It is shown that, for short relaxation times of defects, the strain wave can propagate in the form of shock fronts. In the case of longer relaxation times, shock waves do not form and the strain wave propagates only in the form of solitary waves or a train of solitons. The contributions of the finiteness of the defect‐recombination rate to the linear and nonlinear elastic modulus, and lattice dissipation and dispersion parameters are found. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural distortions of frustrated quantum spin lattices in high magnetic fields
Authors: Derzhko Oleg , Richter Johannes , Schulenburg Jörg
Published: October 2005

We study the stability of some strongly frustrated antiferromagnetic spin lattices in high magnetic fields against lattice distortions. In particular, we consider a spin‐s anisotropic Heisenberg antiferromagnet on the square‐kagomé and kagomé lattices. The independent localized magnons embedded in a ferromagnetic environment, which are the ground state at the saturation field, imply lattice instabilities for appropriate lattice distortions fitting to the structure of the localized magnons. We discuss in detail the scenario of this spin‐Peierls instability in high magnetic fields which essentially depends on the values of the exchange interaction anisotropy Δ and spin s. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of volatile compounds produced by yeasts predominant during processing of Coffea arabica in East Africa on growth and ochratoxin A (OTA) production by Aspergillus ochraceus
Authors: Masoud Wafa , Poll Leif , Jakobsen Mogens
Published: October 2005

The effects of volatile compounds produced during coffee processing by Pichia anomala, P. kluyveri and Hanseniaspora uvarum on growth of Aspergillus ochraceus and production of ochratoxin A (OTA) were studied. On malt extract agar (MEA) and on coffee agar (CA), exposure of A. ochraceus to the gaseous phase of malt yeast glucose peptone (MYGP) plates inoculated with P. anomala, P. kluyveri and H. uvarum inhibited fungal growth, with the two Pichia spp. showing the strongest effect. The main esters and alcohols produced by the three yeasts were ethyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, 2‐phenyl ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate and isoamyl alcohol. The individual esters and alcohols were found to affect fungal growth. The most effective compound in inhibiting fungal growth was 2‐phenyl ethyl acetate; which at 48 µg/l headspace completely inhibited growth of A. ochraceus. Exposure of A. ochraceus to the gaseous phase of MYGP plates inoculated with P. anomala, P. kluyveri and H. uvarum prevented production of OTA. On CA medium, only the headspace of P. anomala and P. kluyveri prevented OTA production. Furthermore, when A. ochraceus was exposed to the headspace of the individual volatile compounds, 2‐phenyl ethyl acetate was the most effective in preventing OTA production. Prevention of OTA seems to be due to reduction of fungal biomass. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of climate change on the adaptation of marine fish in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Ojaveer Evald , Kalejs Margers
Published: October 2005

The biota in the Baltic Sea has formed under wide variations in environmental conditions induced by climate change since the last glaciation. Areas of the Baltic Sea display marked differences in salinity, oxygen content and temperature of water layers, timing of the peak production cycle, and other basic environmental conditions. Some of the most important adaptations of marine fish to the conditions in the Baltic Sea facilitate reproduction at low and changeable salinity and oxygen deficiency in deeper layers, and enhance the survival of their offspring in early stages of development. In sea herring, flounder, cod, and other late immigrants (which probably colonized the Baltic after the Ancylus stage), abundant year classes occur in periods of higher salinity. During periods of low salinity, the abundance and spatial distribution of marine species is reduced. Probable earlier immigrants (e.g. gulf herring) are less dependent on saltwater inflows, but they depend more on local processes. The success of marine species in different areas of the Baltic Sea has been variable, and species adaptation, mediated by climate oscillations, has resulted in the formation of local populations.
Placental growth factor in the cerebrospinal fluid of women with preeclampsia
Authors: Foyouzi N. , Norwitz E.R. , Tsen L.C. , Buhimschi C.S. , Buhimschi I.A.
Published: October 2005

Objective: Recent data suggest that excess circulating soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐1 (sFlt‐1) may causally relate to preeclampsia. This study investigates the levels of sFlt‐1, VEGF, and PlGF in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with preeclampsia and normotensive controls. Methods: CSF was collected from preeclamptic patients (n = 15) and controls (n = 7) at the time of spinal anesthesia and assayed for PlGF, sFlt‐1, and VEGF (total and free) by specific immunoassays. Results: All sought angiogenic factors were measurable. Levels of free PlGF but not sFlt‐1 or VEGF (total or free) were increased in CSF of preeclamptic women. There was no significant difference in the ratios of angiogenic factors in the CSF of women with preeclampsia. There was no correlation between levels of angiogenic factors and CSF cell counts or severity of symptoms. Conclusion: Elevated levels of PlGF in CSF preeclamptic women may promote vascular permeability and contribute to the hypertensive encephalopathy seen in such patients.
Taiwan and the Soviet Union during the Cold War
Authors: Tubilewicz Czeslaw
Published: October 2005

Taking into account recently published evidence on Taiwan’s relations with the Soviet Union during the Cold War, this article examines the official and secret contacts between Moscow and Taipei from 1949 to 1988. It argues that despite some consideration given to a possible cooperation, Cold War hostility suited Taiwan and the Soviet Union more than collaboration. Taipei resorted to the ‘Soviet card’ in the 1970s to hinder Sino—American rapprochement, but never abandoned anti-Sovietism as the foundation of its diplomacy. The Soviet Union, for its part, prioritized normalization of relations with China and avoided rapprochement with the ROC, which could have only further strained ties with the PRC and accelerated the formation of the Sino—US united front against Moscow.
Mind boggling! Considering the possibilities of brain gym in learning to play an instrument
Authors: Moore Hilary , Hibbert Fiona
Published: October 2005

This paper is one of the first presentations of research into brain gym's effectiveness in learning musical instruments. Brain gym (or Edu-K) is the popular, over-arching name for a system of exercises, approaches, and techniques intended to improve mental and physical performance. We explain the basic concepts and activities of brain gym and review the literature already published in other disciplines. We also track the short-term progress and experience of five instrumentalists when coached in brain gym. After one week, every participant rated brain gym as having a positive effect upon their playing. We also found that every participant had a more positive opinion of brain gym than they had prior to the experiment. While the findings are purely qualitative, they do suggest that brain gym has the potential to be an effective tool for music learning, and we encourage further research.
Performers as teachers: exploring the teaching approaches of instrumental teachers in conservatoires
Authors: Purser David
Published: October 2005

This article was motivated by a staff development session when the brass faculty of a conservatoire were invited to share and discuss their approaches to teaching. It presents the results of interviews with six well known woodwind or brass players who have also taught at one or more conservatoires in London for periods of between one and 40 years. All are male. The six instruments represented are: trumpet, horn, trombone, flute, clarinet and bassoon. While there were commonalities in the approach of teachers, marked differences also emerged. Although some of these may reflect the particular demands of the instrument on which a teacher specialises, and the ease with which accomplished students of that instrument may be recruited to conservatoires, there also appear to be substantial differences in the individual approach of teachers. The findings raise the issue of whether it may be appropriate to provide some training for instrumental teachers at conservatoire level; surely one way of making the pool of accumulated wisdom more readily available, to prospective teachers and to the research community.
Guest Editorial
Authors: MILLS JANET , MOORE HILARY
Published: October 2005

The new millennium has brought a number of research articles and books that relate to instrumental (including vocal) teaching in higher education (Hunter & Russ, 2000; Jørgensen, 2000, 2001; Ritterman, 2000; Davidson & Da Costa Coimbra, 2001; Davidson & Good, 2002; Froehlich, 2002; Mills, 2002, 2004a, 2004b, 2005, in press; Nerland & Hanken, 2002; Nielsen, 2002; Federation of British Conservatoires 2003; Kokotsaki & Davidson, 2003; Mills & Smith, 2003; Mills et al., 2004; Burt & Mills, in press). Many of these publications have been written, at least to some extent, from a distance. The researchers have looked at instrumental teaching in higher education from their experience of schools, ‘academic’ teaching in universities or institutional management, for example, and have set their research questions, and sought the answers to these questions, accordingly.
A degree of independence: teachers' approaches to instrumental tuition in a university college
Authors: Burwell Kim
Published: October 2005

Undergraduate training represents a crucial stage of development for instrumentalists, including singers, as they begin to mature as independent musicians and learners. This paper asks how instrumental and vocal teachers in higher education approach this stage of student development. It focuses on the use of questions by teachers, as they cultivate the students' contribution to their own learning. The basis of the study is a research project in a UK University College, investigating the conduct of instrumental lessons through video evidence, interviews and questionnaires.
Salmonella in Black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus); prevalence, genotypes and influence on Salmonella epidemiology
Authors: PALMGREN H. , ASPÁN A. , BROMAN T. , BENGTSSON K. , BLOMQUIST L. , BERGSTRÖM S. , SELLIN M. , WOLLIN R. , OLSEN B.
Published: October 2005

During a period of 3 years, 1998–2000, 1047 faecal swabs from Black-headed gulls were sampled at one location in Southern Sweden. Salmonella spp. was found in 28 individuals (2·7%) and the dominating serotype found was S. Typhimurium (83%). Twenty-five per cent of the Salmonella-infected gulls were later recaptured and re-sampled. We found that Salmonella infection in Black-headed gulls was of short duration, and that infection in this bird species was predominantly expressed as carriage without disease manifestations. All S. Typhimurium isolates were subjected to antibiotic resistance profiling and molecular characterization by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and IS200 polymerase chain reaction. The S. Typhimurium gull isolates were compared to human and domestic animal isolates of the same serotype and phage type. We found genetic relatedness of S. Typhimurium DT195 isolates from gulls, domestic animals and humans, indicating that Black-headed gulls might play a role in the spread of S. Typhimurium in Sweden.
Disease threats posed by alien species: the role of a poxvirus in the decline of the native red squirrel in Britain
Authors: RUSHTON S. P. , LURZ P. W. W. , GURNELL J. , NETTLETON P. , BRUEMMER C. , SHIRLEY M. D. F. , SAINSBURY A. W.
Published: October 2005

Red squirrels are declining in the United Kingdom. Competition from, and squirrel poxvirus (SQPV) disease carried by, grey squirrels are assumed to be determining the decline. We analyse the incidence of disease and changes in distribution of the two species in Cumbria, from 1993 to 2003 and compare these to the predictions of an individual-based (IB) spatially explicit disease model simulating the dynamics of both squirrel species and SQPV in the landscape. Grey squirrels increased whilst red squirrels declined over 10 years. The incidence of disease in red squirrels was related to the time since grey squirrels arrived in the landscape. Analysis of rates of decline in red squirrel populations in other areas showed that declines are 17–25 times higher in regions where SQPV is present in grey squirrel populations than in those where it is not. The IB model predicted spatial overlap of 3–4 years between the species that was also observed in the field. The model predictions matched the observed data best when contact rates and rates of infection between the two species were low. The model predicted that a grey squirrel population control of >60% effective kill was needed to stop the decline in red squirrel populations in Cumbria.
The natural history of meningococcal carriage and disease
Authors: TROTTER C. L. , GAY N. J. , EDMUNDS W. J.
Published: October 2005

The prevalence of Neisseria meningitidis carriage is highest in teenagers and lowest in young children. In contrast, invasive meningococcal disease is most common in young children with a smaller secondary peak in teenagers. Data on carriage and disease were analysed to quantify the risks of infection and disease by age and serogroup. The forces of infection for serogroups B, C, other meningococci and Neisseria lactamica were modelled together with the risk of disease given infection for serogroups B and C, using maximum likelihood to fit the models to the available data. The risk of meningococcal disease given infection declines steeply through childhood and is higher for serogroup C than for serogroup B. The secondary peak in disease in teenagers appears to be explained mostly by increased transmission although there is a suggestion that other factors may also contribute. These analyses provide important insights and may be used to guide further data collection and modelling studies.
Non-local parabolic systems: applications in the three-phase capillary fluid filtration
Authors: SHELUKHIN V. V. , KONDO C. I.
Published: October 2005

Non-local degenerate parabolic systems arise in three-phase capillary flows in porous media under a pressure control at the inflow- and outflow-boundaries. A mathematical study of such systems is performed for a class of capillarity pressure functions corresponding to triangular capillarity-diffusion tensors. To this end a theory of non-degenerate parabolic approximations is developed: the unique global solvability of initial boundary-value problems is proved.
Therapist Skills: A Cognitive Model of their Acquisition and Refinement
Authors: Bennett-Levy James
Published: October 2005

A new model of therapist skill development is presented. Grounded in information processing theory, it provides a comprehensive framework that accounts for a range of phenomena encountered by trainers and trainees – for example, why different training methods are needed for different elements of therapist skill. The model features three principal systems: declarative, procedural and reflective (DPR). Reflection is identified as central to therapist skill development and, accordingly, a pivotal role is given to a reflective system, which enables therapists to reflect and build on their conceptual (declarative) knowledge and procedural skills. The DPR model incorporates a taxonomy of therapist skills, and explains why different skills develop in different ways at different rates. It highlights the centrality of therapists' perceptual skills, and of when-then rules, plans, procedures and skills (rules that determine when to implement what interventions with which patient under what conditions) in the development of therapist expertise. It makes a distinction between personal and professional selves (the self-schema vs. the self-as-therapist schema); and it identifies the role of the personal self in therapist skill development. While there are still many questions to be investigated, it is hoped that the model will stimulate researchers and provide guidance for trainers.
Cognitive-Behavioural Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Awareness under Anaesthesia: A Case Study
Authors: Nixon Reginald D. V. , Bryant Richard A. , Moulds Michelle L.
Published: October 2005

The aim of the current paper is to describe the tailoring of cognitive-behavioural treatment for a female client who developed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) subsequent to awareness under anaesthetic during an emergency caesarean procedure. Treatment consisted of prolonged and in vivo exposure, and cognitive restructuring over eight sessions. Assessment was conducted prior to treatment, immediately after treatment, and at 6- and 24-month follow-up. Follow-up at 24 months demonstrated good outcome, with the client no longer meeting criteria for PTSD.
DEATH EVERYDAY: THE ANNA MAGDALENA BACH BOOK OF 1725 AND THE ART OF DYING
Authors: YEARSLEY DAVID
Published: October 2005

The Anna Magdalena Bach Book of 1725 is a heterogeneous collection of virtuosic and profound keyboard suites, light and often insipid dances, and a number of sacred songs whose dominant theme is death. This striking juxtaposition of the sacred and secular is hardly lessened by the fact that the songs are written in a disarmingly fashionable style which at first seems incommensurate with the existential issues addressed by the poetry. While scholars have generally seen the notebook’s less demanding pieces, including the songs, as a testament to Anna Magdalena’s taste for the galant style, little has been said about her apparent penchant for reflecting on and preparing for death through the medium of her personal musical notebook. By reading these poetic texts and their musical settings against the voluminous writings on the art of dying to be found in the family’s theological library, this essay argues for the centrality of the ars moriendi in the Bachs’ domestic life and in their music-making.
MUSICAL INSTRUMENT MAKING IN GEORGIAN LONDON, 1753–1809: EVIDENCE FROM THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE OLD BAILEY AND THE MIDDLESEX SESSIONS OF THE PEACE
Authors: NEX JENNY , WHITEHEAD LANCE
Published: October 2005

Throughout the Georgian period London was the most significant British centre for musical instrument manufacture. Traditionally, research in this area has focused on the surviving instruments themselves, thereby emphasizing those makers in charge of flourishing workshops and those who were in the habit of signing their products. By examining archival sources, however, it is possible to glean a more complete picture of musical instrument production, through the identification of ‘hidden’ makers unrepresented by extant instruments, the establishment of patterns of settlement and the highlighting of relationships between different builders.

Two principal sources form the basis of this study: the online edition of the Proceedings of the Old Bailey and the Middlesex Sessions of the Peace Records. While these sources are an important record of crime and punishment, it is the unwitting testimony of the trials rather than the crimes, the legal procedures or the punishments that is the primary focus of this study. Indeed, since the trials enable the identification of people involved at all levels of the musical instrument trade, it is arguable that they provide one of the most significant means of establishing some of the processes characterizing the industry during the second half of the eighteenth century.
FARINELLI AND THE CIRCLE OF SICINIO PEPOLI: A LINK WITH THE STUART COURT IN EXILE
Authors: CORP EDWARD
Published: October 2005

Anyone with an interest in Farinelli’s career is likely to be familiar with the sixty-seven surviving letters that he sent to his patron and friend Sicinio Pepoli of Bologna. They cover the years 1731 to 1749 and are now readily available in a scholarly edition prepared by Carlo Vitali. Although an examination of these letters makes it clear that Farinelli and Pepoli were acquainted with a circle of people who were closely connected with the Stuart, or Jacobite, court in exile, this has apparently gone unnoticed until now. Determining its significance will no doubt require further research, but my argument here is that the connection should henceforth be taken into account. In order to explain this point, the present article is divided into two parts. The first draws attention to the links between Pepoli, Farinelli and the Stuarts, and identifies the Italian members of the Jacobite court. The second recalls some well known facts about Farinelli’s later career which need to be reconsidered.
A Constitution for Europe and other constitutions
Authors:   LFMB/WTE
Published: October 2005

The spring of 2005 saw major set-backs for the Treaty of Rome of 29 October 2004, establishing what it calls ‘a Constitution for Europe’. On 29 May, the French rejected the Treaty in their referendum by 54,8% (turnout 70%). Then the Dutch rejected it on 1 June by an even more massive 61,7% (turnout 63%). In response to these refusals the member states agreed to a ‘reflection period’ and a suspension of the ratification deadline at the European Council of 16 and 17 June. In the subsequent 10 July Luxembourg referendum 56,2% of the electorate voted in favour (obligatory vote), a significant drop from polls in October 2004, but at least creating a simple majority of 13 member states to ratify the document. But the UK put its ratification on hold, followed by other countries.
Long‐period tidal factors at Antarctica Syowa Station determined from 10 years of superconducting gravimeter data
Authors: Iwano Sachiko , Fukuda Yoichi , Sato Tadahiro , Tamura Yoshiaki , Matsumoto Koji , Shibuya Kazuo
Published: October 2005

We determined long‐period gravimetric tidal parameters from 10 years of superconducting gravimeter observations at Syowa Station in Antarctica. The obtained amplitude and phase lead for the Mm wave were 6.106 ± 0.030 μGal (μGal = 10−8 m s−2), 0.32° ± 0.28°, respectively, and those for the Mf wave were 11.657 ± 0.018 μGal, 0.78° ± 0.09°, respectively. We also determined the parameters of other tidal constituents with periods of 6 to 32 days; Mqm, Msqm, Mtm, Mstm, Msf, Msm, and their frequency dependence was estimated by means of a weighted least squares method. The observed values, corrected by the four ocean tide models of Schwiderski, NAO.99L, FES99, and TPXO6.0, were compared with the theoretical values calculated from the elastic and inelastic solid Earth tide models by Dehant et al. Even though the values of the ocean tide corrections have relatively large discrepancies between the four models and it is still difficult to discuss the degree of inelasticity of the Earth for this frequency band, we can say that the observations favor the inelastic Earth model rather than the elastic model.
Surf zone entrainment, along‐shore transport, and human health implications of pollution from tidal outlets
Authors: Grant S. B. , Kim J. H. , Jones B. H. , Jenkins S. A. , Wasyl J. , Cudaback C.
Published: October 2005

Field experiments and modeling studies were carried out to characterize the surf zone entrainment and along‐shore transport of pollution from two tidal outlets that drain into Huntington Beach and Newport Beach, popular public beaches in southern California. The surf zone entrainment and near‐shore transport of pollutants from these tidal outlets appears to be controlled by prevailing wave conditions and coastal currents, and fine‐scale features of the flow field around the outlets. An analysis of data from dye experiments and fecal indicator bacteria monitoring studies reveals that the along‐shore flux of surf zone water is at least 50 to 300 times larger than the cross‐shore flux of surf zone water. As a result, pollutants entrained in the surf zone hug the shore, where they travel significant distances parallel to the beach before diluting to extinction. Under the assumption that all surf zone pollution at Huntington Beach originates from two tidal outlets, the Santa Ana River and Talbert Marsh outlets, models of mass and momentum transport in the surf zone approximately capture the observed tidal phasing and magnitude of certain fecal indicator bacteria groups (total coliform) but not others (Escherichia coli and enterococci), implying the existence of multiple sources of, and/or multiple transport pathways for, fecal pollution at this site. The intersection of human recreation and near‐shore pollution pathways implies that, from a human health perspective, special care should be taken to reduce the discharge of harmful pollutants from land‐side sources of surface water runoff, such as tidal outlets and storm drains.
Laboratory study of sand bed forms induced by solitary waves in shallow water
Authors: Marin François , Abcha Nizar , Brossard Jérôme , Ezersky Alexander B.
Published: October 2005

The surface profile of water waves propagating in shoaling water approaches the solitary waveform before wave breaking. The effect of the high non‐linearity of solitary waves may be very significant on bed forms induced in the nearshore zone. In this study, experiments on bed form generation beneath solitary waves are carried out in a 10‐m‐long flume used in resonant mode. Solitary waves are generated in shallow water on the background of a standing harmonic wave. One solitary wave (soliton) propagates in each direction of the flume on the time period of the flow, above an initially flat sandy bed. Ripples form rapidly on the bed and a strong interaction with the free surface occurs. The amplitude of the soliton and the phase shift between the soliton and the harmonic wave decrease with time, while the ripple amplitude increases. The amplitude of the harmonic wave is not affected by the ripples. The final ripple wavelength is about 1000 times the sand median diameter. Bars with superimposed ripples appear, with bar crests being positioned beneath the nodes of the standing wave, when bars form with crests beneath the antinodes of surface wave for standing waves without solitons. The Eulerian drift distribution in the flume is not affected by the propagation of solitons. We propose an energy balance for solitons propagating in shallow water above flat beds in which a term for the dissipation due to sand ripples is introduced, which defines a coefficient of interaction between solitons and ripples.
Discharge, discharge variability, and the bedrock channel profile
Authors: Lague Dimitri , Hovius Niels , Davy Philippe
Published: October 2005

Long‐term bedrock incision is driven by daily discharge events of variable magnitude and frequency, with ineffective events below an incision threshold. We explore theoretically how this short‐term stochastic behavior controls long‐term steady state incision rates and bedrock channel profiles, combining a realistic frequency‐magnitude distribution of discharge with a deterministic, detachment‐limited incision model in which incision rate is a power function of basal shear stress above a critical shear stress. Our model predicts a power law relationship between steady state slope and drainage area consistent with observations. The exponent of this power law is independent of discharge mean and variability, while the amplitude factor, which controls mountain belt relief, is a power law function of mean runoff (with an exponent of −0.5) and a complex function of runoff variability. In accordance with evidence that incision occurs between 6 and 20% of time in rapidly incising rivers (>1 mm/yr) our model predicts that channel steepness is virtually insensitive to runoff variability. Runoff variability can only decrease channel steepness for very slow incision rates and/or weak lithologies. The relationship between channel steepness and incision rate is always a power law whose exponent depends on the channel cross‐sectional geometry and runoff variability. This contradicts models neglecting discharge stochasticity in which the steepness‐incision scaling is set by the incision law exponent. Our results suggest that changes in climate variability cannot explain an increase in bedrock incision rates during the Late Cenozoic within the context of a detachment limited model.
Computational complexity in the solution of large antenna and scattering problems
Authors: Bucci Ovidio M.
Published: October 2005

The main factors affecting the overall efficiency of any numerical procedure for the solution of large antenna or scattering problems, that is, the problem size, the memory occupation, and the computational cost, are introduced and are briefly discussed. It is shown how the size can be rigorously defined and estimated and the corresponding minimum, ideal computational cost is determined. Then the problem of developing algorithms approaching the ideal limit is examined, and possible ways to achieve the goal are enumerated. In particular, it is shown that in the case of large metallic scatterers in free space, the method of auxiliary sources, coupled to some kind of multilevel fast multipole algorithm, can allow development of numerical procedures whose effectiveness approaches the ideal limit.
Field studies of the storm event hydrologic response in an urbanizing watershed
Authors: Smith James A. , Baeck Mary Lynn , Meierdiercks Katherine L. , Nelson Peter A. , Miller Andrew J. , Holland Elliot J.
Published: October 2005

Dead Run is a 14.3 km2 urban drainage basin, which is a tributary to the Gwynns Falls, the principal study watershed of the Baltimore Ecosystem Study. Hydrologic response in urban watersheds is examined through analyses of rainfall and discharge observations from the Dead Run watershed during a 6 month period beginning in June of 2003. Rainfall variability for flash flood–producing storms in Dead Run can be quite large when viewed from a Euclidean perspective. When viewed from the perspective of a distance metric imposed by the drainage network of Dead Run, however, the spatial variability of rainfall is small. The drainage network structure diminishes the effects of spatial rainfall variability for storm event hydrologic response, resulting in Dead Run exhibiting striking uniformity of response to storms with contrasting spatial distribution of rainfall. There is large storm‐to‐storm variation in the event water balance of Dead Run. Variation is linked to antecedent soil moisture (from the pervious portion of the watershed underlain by urban soils), rainfall variability, and spatial heterogeneity of runoff production.
Why is the North Atlantic block more frequent and long‐lived during the negative NAO phase?
Authors: Luo Dehai
Published: October 2005

The cause of why the North Atlantic (NA) blocks are more frequent and long‐lived during the negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) than the positive phase is theoretically explored using the envelope soliton block‐eddy interaction model. It is shown that the negative NAO phase can enhance the planetary‐scale split‐jet (diffluent) flow prior to block onset, but the positive phase tends to weaken such a flow. Through the interaction with upstream synoptic‐scale waves, the enhanced diffluence in the background flow during the negative phase of NAO allows the isolated block to form more easily and live longer. Thus, it appears that the negative NAO phase can provide a favourable environment for the frequent occurrence of the NA block and its persistence.
Wave‐driven equatorial annual oscillation induced and modulated by the solar cycle
Authors: Mayr Hans G. , Mengel John G. , Wolff Charles L.
Published: October 2005

Our 3‐D model for the solar cycle (SC) effect on the QBO (H. G. Mayr et al., The QBO as potential amplifier of solar cycle influence, submitted to Geophysical Research Letters, 2005, hereinafter referred to as Mayr et al., submitted manuscript, 2005) produces a hemispherically symmetric 12‐month Annual Oscillation (AO) in the zonal winds, which is largely confined to low latitudes. This Equatorial Annual Oscillation (EAO) is generated through nonlinear interaction between the dominant anti‐symmetric AO and the anti‐symmetric component of the SC response. Due to wave‐mean‐flow interaction from small‐scale gravity waves (GW), the SC‐modulated EAO is amplified and propagates down through the stratosphere as does the QBO. The amplitude of the EAO is relatively small, but its SC modulation is large and is in phase with that of the QBO. Although the EAO is concentrated at low latitudes, prominent signatures appear in the polar regions where the SC produces measurable temperature variations. At lower altitudes, the GW‐driven downward propagation of the EAO affects the phase of the annual cycle and causes the SC effect to be different in the two hemispheres.
X‐ray bursts produced by laboratory sparks in air
Authors: Dwyer J. R. , Rassoul H. K. , Saleh Z. , Uman M. A. , Jerauld J. , Plumer J. A.
Published: October 2005

X‐ray observations were made during fourteen 1.5 to 2.0 m high‐voltage discharges in air produced by a 1.5 MV Marx circuit. All 14 discharges generated x‐rays in the ∼30 to 150 keV range. The x‐rays, which arrived in discrete bursts, less than 0.5 microseconds in duration, occurred from both positive and negative polarity rod‐to‐plane discharges as well as from small, 5–10 cm series spark gaps within the Marx generator. The x‐ray bursts usually occurred when either the voltages across the gaps were the largest or were in the process of collapsing. The bursts are remarkably similar to the x‐ray bursts previously observed from lightning. These results should allow for the detailed laboratory study of runaway breakdown, a mechanism that may play a role in thunderstorm electrification, lightning initiation and propagation, and terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes (TGFs).
Volcanic gases emitted during mild Strombolian activity of Villarrica volcano, Chile
Authors: Shinohara H. , Witter J. B.
Published: October 2005

The composition of volcanic gas emitted during mild Strombolian activity at the summit of Villarrica volcano (Chile) was estimated based on plume measurements at the rim of the summit crater about 100 m downwind of the vent, by application of a Portable Multi‐Sensor System, Alkaline Filter Pack and Gas Detection Tubes. Comparison of the measured volcanic gas composition with volatile contents in a gas‐rich melt inclusion indicates that the gas separation from magma occurs at low pressure. The measured H2O/CO2 and CO2/SO2 ratios of the gas were constant for about two hours during the measurements in spite of intermittent lava spattering from the vent, indicating that the gas emitted with the spattering lava has the same composition as the continuously emitted volcanic gas. This implies the lava spattering is not driven by bubbles supplied at depth but caused by bursting of bubbles formed under equilibrium with the magma.
The “Newton Challenge”: Kinetic aspects of forced magnetic reconnection
Authors: Pritchett P. L.
Published: October 2005

Conventional magnetic reconnection flows are envisioned to be driven from outside the current sheet, typically owing to large‐scale MHD stresses. In the present work a two‐dimensional electromagnetic particle‐in‐cell code is used to study a standard reconnection problem (the “Newton Challenge”) involving the transition from a moderately thick current sheet to a thinner sheet induced by a temporally limited, spatially varying, inflow of magnetic flux. The external forcing produces a small electron temperature anisotropy T⊥/T∥ ≲ 1.1 and an embedded electron current layer on a scale below that of the ion inertia length. The reconnection involves a two‐stage process with an initial fast (cEy/vAB0 ∼ 0.1) phase followed by a second slow stage in which the O line structure of the magnetic island is established. For weak values of the flux inflow, these two processes occur on a common slow timescale. With an open geometry along the magnetic field line direction, the reconnection rate is increased and no island structure is formed; the plasma is simply expelled from the system. In the presence of an initial finite normal magnetic field component, the fast reconnection occurs only after the normal field is driven locally through zero and the electron stabilization effect is removed.
On the interactions of mineral dust, sea‐salt particles, and clouds: A measurement and modeling study from the Mediterranean Israeli Dust Experiment campaign
Authors: Levin Z. , Teller A. , Ganor E. , Yin Y.
Published: October 2005

The size distribution and chemical composition of aerosol particles during a dust storm in the eastern Mediterranean are analyzed. The data were obtained from airborne measurements during the Mediterranean Israeli Dust Experiment (MEIDEX). The dust storm passed over the Mediterranean Sea and extended up to an altitude of about 2.5 km. The uniqueness of this dust storm is that approximately 35% of the coarse particles up to about 1 km in height were internally mixtures of mineral dust and sea salt. Just north of the dust storm, large convective clouds developed, and heavy rain was recorded by the radar on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite. The chemical and physical properties of the particles are used as initial conditions for conducting a sensitivity simulation study with the two‐dimensional detailed spectral bin microphysical model of Tel Aviv University. The simulations show that ignoring the ice‐nucleating ability of the mineral dust, but allowing the soluble component of the mixed aerosols to act as efficient giant cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), enhances the development of the warm rain process in continental clouds. In our simulations the rain amounts increased by as much as 37% compared to the case without giant CCN. Introducing similar coarse‐mode particles into more maritime‐type clouds does not have significant effect on the cloud or on the amount of rainfall. On the other hand, allowing the mineral dust particles to also act as efficient ice nuclei (IN) reduces the amount of rain on the ground compared to the case when they are inactive. The simulations also reveal that under the same profiles of meteorological parameters, maritime clouds develop precipitation earlier and reach lower altitudes than continental clouds. When the dust particles are active as both giant CCN and effective IN, the continental clouds become wider, while the effects on the more maritime clouds is very small.
L25 functions as a conserved ribosomal docking site shared by nascent chain‐associated complex and signal‐recognition particle
Authors: Grallath Silke , Schwarz Juliane P , Böttcher Ulrike M K , Bracher Andreas , Hartl F Ulrich , Siegers Katja
Published: October 2005

The nascent chain‐associated complex (NAC) is a dimeric protein complex of archaea and eukarya that interacts with ribosomes and translating polypeptide chains. We show that, in yeast, NAC and the signal‐recognition particle (SRP) share the universally conserved ribosomal protein L25 as a docking site, which is in close proximity to the ribosomal exit tunnel. The amino‐terminal segment of β‐NAC was found to be required for L25 binding. Purified NAC can prevent protein aggregation in vitro and thus shows certain properties of a molecular chaperone. Interestingly, the α‐subunit of NAC interacts with the 54 kDa subunit of SRP. Consistent with a regulatory role of NAC in protein translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), we find that deletion of NAC results in an induction of the ER stress‐response pathway. These results identify L25 as a conserved interaction platform for specific cytosolic factors that guide nascent polypeptides to their proper cellular destination.
Survivin mediates targeting of the chromosomal passenger complex to the centromere and midbody
Authors: Vader Gerben , Kauw Jos J W , Medema René H , Lens Susanne M A
Published: October 2005

The chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) coordinates chromosomal and cytoskeletal events of mitosis. The enzymatic core of this complex (Aurora‐B) is guided through the mitotic cell by its companion chromosomal passenger proteins, inner centromere protein (INCENP), Survivin and Borealin/Dasra‐B, thereby allowing it to act at the right place at the right time. Here, we addressed the individual contributions of INCENP, Survivin and Borealin to the proper functioning of this complex. We show that INCENP has an important role in stabilizing the complex, and that Borealin acts to promote binding of Survivin to INCENP. Importantly, when Survivin is directly fused to INCENP, this hybrid can restore CPC function at the centromeres and midbody, even in the absence of Borealin and the centromere‐targeting domain of INCENP. Thus, Survivin is an important mediator of centromere and midbody docking of Aurora‐B during mitosis.
Li
3
–
O
–
Li
3
molecule: A metal-nonmetal-metal sandwichlike compound with a distending electron cloud
Authors: Chen Wei , Li Zhi-Ru , Wu Di , Li Ying , Sun Chia-Chung
Published: October 2005

The D3d and D2d isomers of the Li3–O–Li3 molecule are metal-nonmetal-metal sandwichlike structures that contain two Li3 superalkali atoms. Their geometries and the real frequencies are obtained at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVDZ level. They are different from the traditional types of the nonmetal-metal-nonmetal sandwich compounds. The natural bond orbital calculation and the topological property ∇2ρ(r) calculation indicate that they are typical ionic compounds. In two isomers, the O2− anion is sandwiched in between two Li3+ cation rings. However, the different orientations of two Li3+ planes give the D3d isomer its own special characteristics. Under the action of the O2− anion in the center, the valence electrons of the D3d isomer are pushed out from two Li3+ triangle rings. This special interaction causes three phenomena. First, the valence electron clouds are distended. Second, the vertical ionization energy of the D3d isomer is considerably low, 4.39eV, so that it may also be viewed as a superalkali atom. Third, we find that the D3d isomer owns the out-of-plane aromaticity and the largest negative nucleus-independent chemical shift value (−10.8ppm) exists at 2.5Å above the center of the Li3+ ring, not at the center of the Li3+ ring like the isolated aromatic Li3+ cation.
Behavior of Ga atoms on Si(001) surface at high temperature
Authors: Hara Shinsuke , Irokawa Katsumi , Miki Hirofumi , Kawazu Akira , Torii Hitoshi , Fujishiro Hiroki I.
Published: October 2005

The growth processes and structures of Ga layers formed on a Si(001) surface have been studied by scanning tunneling microscopy and low-energy electron-diffraction analysis. Si(001) wafers cut at 0.5° toward the [110] direction and showing a double-domain surface structure were used as substrates. Ga atoms from a Knudsen cell were deposited on substrates maintained at 600°C. In a Ga coverage range between 0.15 and 0.30 monolayer (ML), a Si(001)2×3–Ga structure composed of Ga ad-dimers rows was formed. In this coverage range, the ratio of the surface area of the TA terrace to that of the TB terrace (terraces where Si dimer rows run parallel and perpendicular to the step, respectively) was changed by step rearrangement, and biatomic steps were formed partially. Such step rearrangement can be explained by the substitution of Si atoms by Ga atoms at kinks. On the TB terrace, Ga ad-dimer rows along the SA step filled the terrace, while those along the SB step (an SA step where Si dimer rows on the upper terrace run parallel and perpendicular to the SB step) terminated partly. At a Ga coverage of about 0.48 ML, a Si(001)2×2–Ga single-domain structure occupied almost the entire surface (accounts for 97% of the whole surface area). On the terraces on the surface, Ga ad-dimer rows run parallel to step edges. Bright irregular protrusions were observed on biatomic step edges, while small hazy protrusions attributed to adatoms were observed on the ledge and edge of the step.
Rotational correlation and dynamic heterogeneity in a kinetically constrained lattice gas
Authors: Pan Albert C.
Published: October 2005

We study the dynamical heterogeneity and glassy dynamics in a kinetically constrained lattice-gas model which has both translational and rotational degrees of freedom. We find that the rotational relaxation time tracks the structural relaxation time as density is increased whereas the translational diffusion constant exhibits a strong decoupling. We investigate distributions of exchange and persistence times for both the rotational and translational degrees of freedom and compare our results on the distributions of rotational exchange times to recent single molecule studies.