bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of 2‐Aryl‐3‐[3′‐ (2′′,4′′,6′′‐trichlorophenoxymethyl) ‐5′‐mercapto‐1′,2′,4′‐triazol‐4′‐yl]‐5‐substituted‐4‐thiazolidinones
Authors: Patel K. D. , Mistry B. D. , Desai K. R.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Antiacterial Activity of Some Novel 2‐(6‐Fluorochroman‐2‐yl)‐alkyl/acyl/aroyl‐1H‐benzimidazoles.
Authors: Kumar Bobba Venkata Siva , Vaidya Sanjay Dashrath , Kumar Ramanatham Vinod , Bhirud Shekar Bhaskar , Mane Ramchandra Bhimrao
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Transformation of 4‐Aryl(heteryl)‐2,6‐diamino‐3,5‐dicyano‐4H‐thiopyrans into Substituted Acrylonitriles (III), (VI), 1,4‐Dihydropyridines (X), 2,3,4,7‐Tetrahydrothiazolo[3,2‐a]pyridine (XII), and 4,7‐Dihydrothieno[2,3‐b]pyridine (XV).
Authors: Dyachenko V. D.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Concise Synthesis of 3‐Arylpiperidines.
Authors: Chang Meng‐Yang , Hsu Ru‐Ting , Chen Hua‐Ping , Lin Pei‐Jung
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Sequential Reaction Process to Assemble Polysubstituted Indolizidines, Quinolizidines and Quinolizidine Analogues.
Authors: Cai Guorong , Zhu Wei , Ma Dawei
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Pd‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 2‐Arylaminopyrimidines via Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Zhang Henry Q. , Xia Zhiren , Vasudevan Anil , Djuric Stevan W.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Antimony(III) Chloride Impregnated on Alumina — An Efficient and Economical Lewis Acid Catalyst for One‐Pot Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidinones under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Kapoor Kamal K. , Ganai Bilal A. , Kumar Satish , Andotra Charanjeet S.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave‐Assisted Dimroth Rearrangement of Thiazines to Dihydropyrimidinethiones: Synthetic and Mechanistic Aspects.
Authors: Glasnov Toma N. , Vugts Danielle J. , Koningstein Manoe M. , Desai Bimbisar , Fabian Walter M. F. , Orru Romano V. A. , Kappe C. Oliver
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Antitumor and Radioprotective Sulfonamides Containing Pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidines.
Authors: Ghorab Moustafa M. , Noaman Eman , Ismail Magda M. F. , Heiba Helmy I. , Ammar Yousry A. , Sayed Marwa Y.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Synthesis of 9,10‐Dimethoxy‐1‐(3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐3‐(4‐chlorophenyl)pyrazino [2,1‐a]isoquinolinium Bromide.
Authors: Krivorotov D. V. , Vorob'ev M. V. , Polukeev V. A. , Petrov M. L. , Glibin E. N.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reaction of Phenylglyoxal with Cyclopentenylmorpholine and Its Arylidene Derivatives.
Authors: Ivonin Sergey P. , Lapandin Andrey V. , Dolgikh Anna V.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Structure and Anticancer Activity of Novel Alkenyl‐1,3,5‐triazine Derivatives.
Authors: Saczewski F. , Bulakowska A.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Studies on Some New Fluorine Containing Triazolothiadiazines as Possible Antibacterial, Antifungal and Anticancer Agents.
Authors: Holla B. Shivarama , Rao B. Sooryanarayana , Sarojini B. K. , Akberali P. M. , Kumari N. Suchetha
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of New 2‐Amino‐8‐chloro‐5,5‐dioxo[1,2,4]triazolo[2,3‐b] [1,4,2]benzodithiazines.
Authors: Pomarnacka Elzbieta , Bednarski Patrick J. , Reszka Przemyslaw , Dziemidowicz‐Borys Ewa , Bienczak Andrzej , Werel Wladyslaw , Halasa Rafal
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Insertion of Isocyanides into P(O)—H Bonds: Selective Formation of Phosphinoyl Imines and Bisphosphinoylaminomethanes.
Authors: Hirai Takayoshi , Han Li‐Biao
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Organocatalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of α‐Hydroxy Phosphonates.
Authors: Samanta Sampak , Zhao Cong‐Gui
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave and Ultrasound Irradiation‐Assisted Synthesis of Novel Disaccharide‐Derived Arylsulfonyl Thiosemicarbazides.
Authors: Li Yu Xin , Zhao Wei Guang , Li Zheng‐Ming , Wang Su Hua , Dong Wei Li
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Direct One‐Pot Highly Enantioselective Assembly of Polyketide and Carbohydrate Synthons.
Authors: Zhao Gui‐Ling , Liao Wei‐Wei , Cordova Armando
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Approach to the Total Synthesis of Welwistatin.
Authors: Greshock Thomas J. , Funk Raymond L.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Highly Efficient Microwave‐Assisted Solvent‐Free Synthesis of α‐ and β‐2′‐Deoxy‐1,2,3‐triazolyl‐nucleosides.
Authors: Guezguez Raja , Bougrin Khalid , El Akri Khalid , Benhida Rachid
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Expeditious Enantioselective Synthesis of Antimycin A3b (I).
Authors: Wu Yikang , Yang Yong‐Qing
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
From Gallium Hydride Chlorides to Molecular Gallium Sulfides
Authors: Schmidbaur Hubert , Nogai Stefan
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Bulk Characterization Methods for Non‐Centrosymmetric Materials: Second‐Harmonic Generation, Piezoelectricity, Pyroelectricity and Ferroelectricity
Authors: Ok Kang Min , Chi Eun Ok , Halasyamani P. Shiv
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solid State 17O NMR — An Introduction to the Background Principles and Applications to Inorganic Materials
Authors: Ashbrook Sharon E. , Smith Mark E.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of Pyrrole, Pyrroline and Pyrrolidine Derivatives with Two Aryl Groups on Adjacent Positions
Authors: Bellina Fabio , Rossi Renzo
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Modular Approach to Anion Binding Podands: Adaptability in Design and Synthesis Leads to Adaptability in Properties
Authors: Steed Jonathan W.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
C3 Symmetry: Molecular Design Inspired by Nature
Authors: Gibson Susan E. , Castaldi M. Paola
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Sila‐ and Germacyclopropabenzenes
Authors: Sasamori Takahiro , Tokitoh Norihiro
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recycling Asymmetric Hydrogenation Catalysts by Their Immobilization onto Ion‐Exchange Resins
Authors: Barbaro Pierluigi
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Condensations of Thioamides with Acetylenecarboxylic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Danilkina N. A. , Mikhailov L. E. , Ivin B. A.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Liquid/Liquid Biphasic Recovery/Reuse of Soluble Polymer‐Supported Catalysts
Authors: Bergbreiter David E. , Sung Shayna D.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Silica‐Bound Homogeneous Catalysts as Recoverable and Reusable Catalysts in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Corma Avelino , Garcia Hermenegildo
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Aspects of Immobilization of Catalysts on Polymeric Supports
Authors: Dioos Bart M. L. , Vankelecom Ivo F. J. , Jacobs Pierre A.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalyzed Reactions of Alkynes in Water
Authors: Chen Liang , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Thermoregulated Liquid/Liquid Catalyst Separation and Recycling
Authors: Behr Arno , Henze Guido , Schomaecker Reinhard
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Immobilization of Osmium Catalysts for Asymmetric Dihydroxylation of Olefins
Authors: Kobayashi Shu , Sugiura Masaharu
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Continuing Development of the Chemistry of Phospholes
Authors: Quin Louis D.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Probing the Cybotactic Region in Gas‐Expanded Liquids (GXLs)
Authors: Hallett Jason P. , Kitchens Christopher L. , Hernandez Rigoberto , Liotta Charles L. , Eckert Charles A.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Modeling the Reactions of Energetic Materials in the Condensed Phase
Authors: Fried Laurence E. , Manaa M. Riad , Lewis James P.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Biochemistry of the para‐Sulfonato‐calix[n]arenes
Authors: Perret Florent , Lazar Adina N. , Coleman Anthony W.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Can C3‐Symmetric Receptors Differentiate Enantiomers?
Authors: Moberg Christina
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Bio‐Inspired Programmable Self‐Assembly on DNA Templates
Authors: Tanaka Kentaro , Shionoya Mitsuhiko
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Applications of Combinatorial Chemistry in the Agrosciences
Authors: Scherkenbeck Juergen , Lindell Stephen
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Materials for Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Analysis: Beyond Traditional Donor—Acceptor Combinations
Authors: Sapsford Kim E. , Berti Lorenzo , Medintz Igor L.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
NMR Spectroscopy of Ribonucleic Acids
Authors: Flinders Jeremy , Dieckmann Thorsten
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Use of Chitosan for the Removal of Particulate and Dissolved Contaminants
Authors: Guibal Eric , Van Vooren Maurice , Dempsey Brian A. , Roussy Jean
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Comparison of four different shields for birdcage‐type coils with experiments and numerical calculations
Authors: Liu Wanzhan , Zhang Shutong , Collins Christopher M. , Wang Jianli , Smith Michael B.
Published: October 2006

Four 12‐rung linear birdcage‐type coils were built to experimentally examine the effects of the end‐ring/shield configuration on radiofrequency magnetic field (B1) homogeneity and SNR at 125 MHz. The coil configurations include (a) a cylindrical shield (conventional), (b) a shield with annular extensions to closely shield the end‐rings (surrounding shield), (c) a shield with annular extensions connected to the rungs (solid connection), and (d) a shield with radially oriented conductors connected to the rungs (radial connection). These coils were also modeled closely with finite difference time domain (FDTD) methods to corroborate experimental findings. Images of a human head were acquired, and the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) was measured on the central axial, sagittal, and coronal slices. B1 field homogeneity in the unloaded coils was assessed on images of an oil phantom. Among the four configurations, the solid connection configuration has a lower SNR than the conventional configuration and the surrounding shield configuration but a higher SNR than the radial connection. Although there is no significant difference between the overall SNR of the conventional configuration and the surrounding shield configuration, the surrounding shield configuration has the potential to be tuned to higher frequencies than the conventional configuration. The conventional birdcage coil results in the most homogeneous B1 field in the oil phantom. Numerical results are also compared with the experimental results. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 29B: 176–184, 2006.
Random control clinical trial on the effects of aerobic exercise training on erythrocyte levels during radiation treatment for breast cancer
Authors: Drouin Jacqueline S. , Young Timothy J. , Beeler Jerome , Byrne Kevin , Birk Thomas J. , Hryniuk William M. , Hryniuk Lynn E.
Published: October 2006

BACKGROUND.

Erythrocyte changes from aerobic exercise training were examined during radiation treatment of breast cancer.

METHODS.

Twenty sedentary females with breast carcinoma who were ages 35 to 65 years were randomized to aerobic exercise (AE) of walking for 20 to 45 minutes, 3 to 5 times per week, at 50% to 70% of measured maximum heart rates or to placebo stretching (PS) activities 3 to 5 days per week during 7 weeks of radiation treatment. Measures were obtained 1 week before and after the radiation regimen. Serum blood analyses, through complete blood counts, measured red blood cell counts (RBC), hematocrit (HCT), and hemoglobin (HB). Peak aerobic capacity (peak VO2) was measured by exercise testing with oxygen uptake analysis to assess training. A Wilcoxon Mann‐Whitney U test examined changes between groups (P ≤ .05 for significance).

RESULTS.

AE peak VO2 increased by 6.3% (P = .001) and PS decreased by 4.6% (P = .083). RBC increased in AE from 4.10 to 4.21 million cells/μL and declined in PS from 4.30 to 4.19 million cells/μL; the between‐group differences were significant (P = .014). HCT increased in AE from 38.0% to 38.8% and declined in PS from 37.40% to 36.50%; the between‐group differences were significant (P = .046). HB increased in AE from 12.3 to 12.4 g/dL and declined in PS from 12.25 to 11.77 g/dL; the between‐group differences were significant (P = .009).

CONCLUSIONS.

The results of the current study suggest that moderate intensity aerobic exercise appears to maintain erythrocyte levels during radiation treatment of breast cancer compared with the declines observed in nontraining individuals. These findings suggest a safe, economical method to improve fitness and maintain erythrocytes in women during radiation treatment of breast cancer. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Microchips and single‐photon avalanche diodes for DNA separation with high sensitivity
Authors: Rech Ivan , Cova Sergio , Restelli Alessandro , Ghioni Massimo , Chiari Marcella , Cretich Marina
Published: October 2006

Modern techniques for DNA and protein analysis and separation rely on measurements of LIF and face a trend toward employing progressively smaller samples. The currently employed detectors that provide the required ultrahigh sensitivity, e.g. photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), are bulky and/or costly and delicate, whereas a key issue for the development of compact and economical instruments is the availability of miniaturized, inexpensive, and ultrasensitive photodetectors. The planar epitaxial silicon single‐photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) combine the typical advantages of microelectronics (miniaturization, ruggedness, low voltage, low power, low cost, etc.) with high sensitivity, even better than that of PMTs. The suitability of such SPADs to microchip CE has been here ascertained by developing a new apparatus with dual‐wavelength LIF detection. The apparatus has been experimented in studies on the EOF suppression and on the coating stability and tested in rapid sizing of DNA fragments. The experimental results obtained in the separation of Cy5‐labeled oligonucleotide demonstrate sensitivity better than 3 pM, which corresponds to less than 100 fluorescent molecules in the 50 pL illuminated volume.
Risk adjusted resource utilization for AMI patients treated in Japanese hospitals
Authors: Evans Edward , Imanaka Yuichi , Sekimoto Miho , Ishizaki Tatsuro , Hayashida Kenshi , Fukuda Haruhisa , Oh Eun‐Hwan
Published: October 2006

Though risk adjustment is necessary in order to make equitable comparisons of resource utilization in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction patients, there is little in the literature that can be practically applied without access to clinical records or specialized registries. The aim of this study is to show that effective models of resource utilization can be developed based on administrative data, and to demonstrate a practical application of the same models by comparing the risk‐adjusted performance of the hospitals in our dataset. The study sample included 1748 AMI cases discharged from 10 large, private teaching hospitals in Japan, between 10 April 2001 and 30 June 2004. Explanatory variables included procedures (CABG and PCI), length of stay, outcome, patient demographics, diagnosis and comorbidity status. Multiple linear regression models constructed for the study were able to account for 66.5, 27.7, and 58.4% of observed variation in total charges, length of stay and charges per day, respectively. The performance of models constructed for this study was comparable to or better than performance reported by other studies that made use of explanatory variables extracted from clinical data. The use of administrative data in risk adjustment makes broad scale application of risk adjustment feasible. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Processing, properties, and in vitro bioactivity of polysulfone‐bioactive glass composites
Authors: Oréfice Rodrigo , Clark Arthur , West Jon , Brennan Anthony , Hench Larry
Published: October 2006

The mismatch between the mechanical properties of bioceramics and natural tissue has restricted in several cases a wider application of ceramics in medical and dental fields. To overcome this problem, polymer matrix composites can be designed to combine bioactive properties of some bioceramics with the superior mechanical properties of some engineering plastics. In this work, polymer particulate composites composed of a high mechanical‐property polymer and bioactive glass particles were produced and both the in vitro bioactivity and properties of the system were investigated. Composites with different volume fraction and particle size were prepared. In vitro tests showed that hydroxy‐carbonate‐apatite can be deposited on the surface of a composite as early as 20 h in a simulated body fluid. Ionic evolution from a composite with 40% volume fraction of particles was demonstrated to be similar to bulk bioactive glasses. The mechanical properties of some of the obtained composites had values comparable with the ones reported for bone. Moreover, a physical model based on dynamical mechanical tests showed evidences that the interface of the composite was aiding in the stress transfer process. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Effect of the solution flow rate on the in vitro bioactivity of 2.5CaO·2SiO2 glass
Authors: Luciani G. , Costantini A. , Silvestri B. , Cajafa M. , Colella M. , Branda F.
Published: October 2006

A comparative study of in vitro bioactivity of 2.5CaO.2SiO2 glass has been carried out by soaking it in a simulated body fluid, with continuously and periodic exchange of this solution (dynamic and differential protocols). Dynamic assays were carried out at different solution flow rates, 3 mL/h, 6 mL/h, 12 mL/h, to study the influence of flow rate on glass reactivity. Glass surface was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy so as to compare the behavior in the two procedures, revealing that in both cases an apatite layer is formed on the glass surface, although there are differences on deposition rate and morphology, which are also influenced by the solution flow rate. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Osteoblasts and osteocytes respond differently to oscillatory and unidirectional fluid flow profiles
Authors: Ponik Suzanne M. , Triplett Jason W. , Pavalko Fredrick M.
Published: October 2006

Bone cells subjected to mechanical loading by fluid shear stress undergo significant architectural and biochemical changes. The models of shear stress used to analyze the effects of loading bone cells in vitro include both oscillatory and unidirectional fluid shear profiles. Although the fluid flow profile experienced by cells within bone is most likely oscillatory in nature, to date there have been few direct comparisons of how bone cells respond to these two fluid flow profiles. In this study we evaluated morphologic and biochemical responses to a time course of unidirectional and oscillatory fluid flow in two commonly used bone cell lines, MC3T3‐E1 osteoblasts and MLO‐Y4 osteocytes. We determined that stress fibers formed and aligned within osteoblasts after 1 h of unidirectional fluid flow, but this response was not observed until greater than 5 h of oscillatory fluid flow. Despite the delay in stress fiber formation, oscillatory and unidirectional fluid flow profiles elicited similar temporal effects on the induction of both cyclooxygenase‐2 (Cox‐2) and osteopontin protein expression in osteoblasts. Interestingly, MLO‐Y4 osteocytes formed organized stress fibers after exposure to 24 h of unidirectional shear stress, while the number of dendritic processes per cell increased along with Cox‐2 protein levels after 24 h of oscillatory shear stress. Despite these differences, both flow profiles significantly altered osteopontin levels in MLO‐Y4 osteocytes. Together these results demonstrate that the profile of fluid shear can induce significantly different responses from osteoblasts and osteocytes. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 794–807, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of p65 and C/EBPβ with HIV‐1 LTR modulates transcription of the viral promoter
Authors: Mukerjee Ruma , Sawaya Bassel E. , Khalili Kamel , Amini Shohreh
Published: October 2006

In human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) latently infected cells, NF‐kappaB (NF‐κB) plays a critical role in the transcriptional induction of the HIV‐1 promoter. The trans‐activating ability of NF‐κB can be modified by another nuclear factor C/EBPβ that can physically bind to NF‐κB and regulate its activity. Because the HIV‐1 promoter also contains a C/EBPβ site adjacent to the NF‐κB site, the present study examined cooperative functional in vivo interaction of the p65 subunit of NF‐κB and C/EBPβ, and the impact of Tat in this event. We demonstrated that ectopic expression of p65 along with Tat increases p65 binding to HIV‐1 LTR, and that this increase correlates with enhanced HIV‐1 promoter activity. Further, co‐expression of C/EBPβ and Tat leads to a decrease in p65 binding, which allows C/EBPβ to bind more efficiently to the LTR. Inhibition of p65 expression by siRNA significantly decreases C/EBPβ‐binding and LTR expression. Using ChIP assay, we confirmed the existence of an interchange between p65 and C/EBPβ and their abilities to bind to the LTR in vivo. These observations demonstrate that a delicate balance of interaction between p65, C/EBPβ, and Tat can dictate the level of HIV‐1 LTR transcription. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 1210–1216, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential regulation of cyclooxygenase‐2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase by 4‐hydroxynonenal in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes through ATF‐2/CREB‐1 transactivation and concomitant inhibition of NF‐κB signaling cascade
Authors: Vaillancourt France , Morquette Barbara , Shi Qin , Fahmi Hassan , Lavigne Patrick , Di Battista John A. , Fernandes Julio C. , Benderdour Mohamed
Published: October 2006

4‐hydroxynonenal (HNE), a lipid peroxidation end product, is produced abundantly in osteoarthritic (OA) articular tissues and was recently identified as a potent catabolic factor in OA cartilage. In this study, we provide additional evidence that HNE acts as an inflammatory mediator by elucidating the signaling cascades targeted in OA chondrocytes leading to cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression. HNE induced COX‐2 protein and mRNA levels with accompanying increases in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. In contrast, HNE had no effect on basal iNOS expression or nitric oxide (NO) release. However, HNE strongly inhibited IL‐1β‐induced iNOS or NO production. Transient transfection experiments revealed that the ATF/CRE site (−58/−53) is essential for HNE‐induced COX‐2 promoter activation and indeed HNE induced ATF‐2 and CREB‐1 phosphorylation as well as ATF/CRE binding activity. Overexpression of p38 MAPK enhanced the HNE‐induced ATF/CRE luciferase reporter plasmid activation, COX‐2 synthesis and promoter activity. HNE abrogated IL‐1β‐induced iNOS expression and promoter activity mainly through NF‐κB site (−5,817/−5,808) possibly via suppression of IKKα‐induced IκBα phosphorylation and NF‐κB/p65 nuclear translocation. Upon examination of upstream signaling components, we found that IKKα was inactivated through HNE/IKKα adduct formation. Taken together, these findings illustrate the central role played by HNE in the regulation of COX‐2 and iNOS in OA. The aldehyde induced selectively COX‐2 expression via ATF/CRE activation and inhibited iNOS via IKKα inactivation. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 1217–1231, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interaction of polyamine gene vectors with RNA leads to the dissociation of plasmid DNA‐carrier complexes
Authors: Huth Stephanie , Hoffmann Florian , von Gersdorff Katharina , Laner Andreas , Reinhardt Dietrich , Rosenecker Joseph , Rudolph Carsten
Published: October 2006

Background

Plasmid DNA (pDNA) dissociation from polyamine gene vectors after cellular uptake has not been well characterized. A more detailed understanding of this process could lead to more efficient gene transfer agents. Since RNA is present in the cytoplasm at high concentrations and due to its structural similarity to DNA, we were interested in its conceivable interaction with polyamine gene vectors.

Methods

In a first set of experiments gene vectors were incubated in cell lysate and pDNA release was investigated by Southern blot analysis with or without RNase A pretreatment and by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Further, interaction of polyamine gene vectors with RNA was investigated by fluorescence quenching assay. These methods were complemented by a functionality assay using isolated nuclei.

Results

The incubation of gene vectors with cell lysate resulted in the dissociation of pDNA from the complexes. This effect was abolished when the cell lysate was pretreated with RNase A. The addition of RNA in the absence of cell lysate led also to a dissociation of pDNA. This process commenced instantaneously after the addition of RNA as analyzed by fluorescence quenching. When gene vectors were incubated in cell lysate containing isolated nuclei, the dissociation of pDNA from the polyamine gene vectors occurred preferentially extranuclearally as confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. These results were further corroborated in a functional assay.

Conclusions

These data suggest that RNA induces pDNA dissociation from the polyamine gene vectors. Furthermore, this process apparently occurs in the cytoplasm before the gene vectors enter the nucleus. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of [18F]‐labeled N‐3(substituted) thymidine analogues: N‐3([18F]fluorobutyl) thymidine ([18F]‐FBT) and N‐3([18F]fluoropentyl) thymidine ([18F]‐FPT) for PET
Authors: Alauddin Mian M. , Ghosh Pradip , Gelovani Juri G.
Published: October 2006

Syntheses of N‐3(substituted) analogues of thymidine, N‐3([18F]fluorobutyl)thymidine ([18F]‐FBT) and N‐3([18F]fluoropentyl)thymidine ([18F]‐FPT) are reported. 1,4‐Butane diol and 1,5 pentane diol were converted to their tosyl derivatives 2 and 3 followed by conversion to benzoate esters 4 and 5, respectively. Protected thymidine 1 was coupled separately with 4 and 5 to produce 6 and 7, which were hydrolyzed to 8 and 9, then converted to their mesylates 10 and 11, respectively. Compounds 10 and 11 were fluorinated with n‐Bu4N[18F] to produce 12 and 13, which by acid hydrolysis yielded 14 and 15, respectively. The crude products were purified by HPLC to obtain [18F]‐FBT and [18F]‐FPT. The radiochemical yields were 58–65% decay corrected (d.c.) for 14 and 46–57% (d.c.) for 15 with an average of 56% in three runs per compound. Radiochemical purity was >99% and specific activity was >74 GBq/µmol at the end of synthesis (EOS). The synthesis time was 65–75 min from the end of bombardment (EOB). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of hepatic metastases using ferucarbotran‐enhanced MR imaging: Feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of three‐dimensional sensitivity‐encoding water‐excitation multishot echo‐planar sequence (3D‐SWEEP)
Authors: Mori Kensaku , Takahashi Nobuyuki , Hiratsuka Makiko , Shiigai Masanari , Minami Manabu , Oda Tatsuya , Ohkohchi Nobuhiro , Morishita Yukio
Published: October 2006

Purpose

To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a ferucarbotran‐enhanced three‐dimensional sensitivity‐encoding water‐excitation multishot echo‐planar sequence (3D‐SWEEP) for detecting hepatic metastases compared to a T2*‐weighted fast field‐echo (FFE) sequence.

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐five consecutive patients with hepatic metastases underwent ferucarbotran‐enhanced MRI on a 1.5‐T unit before hepatic resections. Eighty‐two foci of metastases were confirmed by histopathology or intraoperative ultrasonography (US). Signal‐intensity decay (SID), tumor‐to‐liver contrast (TLC), and image quality were compared between T2*‐weighted FFE and 3D‐SWEEP. Three independent observers reviewed three imaging sets: set 1, without 3D‐SWEEP or T2*‐weighted FFE; set 2, with T2*‐weighted FFE; and set 3, with 3D‐SWEEP. The mean values of areas under alternative free response receiver operating characteristic curves (Az) and sensitivities were compared among the three sets.

Results

SID and TLC were significantly greater for 3D‐SWEEP than T2*‐weighted FFE, although 3D‐SWEEP had poorer image quality. The mean Az and sensitivity were significantly greater for set 3 compared to set 1 for detecting overall lesions, and compared to sets 1 and 2 for detecting lesions of 1–2 cm in diameter.

Conclusion

Despite relatively prominent artifacts, ferucarbotran‐enhanced 3D‐SWEEP was more sensitive and accurate than T2*‐weighted FFE for detecting hepatic metastases. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Production of detoxified sorghum straw hydrolysates for fermentative purposes
Authors: Sepúlveda‐Huerta Erisema , Tellez‐Luis Simón J , Bocanegra‐García Virgilio , Ramírez José A. , Vázquez Manuel
Published: October 2006

Sorghum straw can be hydrolysed to obtain monosaccharide solutions, mainly containing xylose. The usual biotechnological application of xylose is its bioconversion to xylitol. The global process from straw to xylitol can give an added value to the sorghum straw. The process has the following sequential steps: reduction of size, acid hydrolysis, neutralization, detoxification, fermentation, recovery and purification. This work deals with the optimization of the detoxification process of sorghum straw hydrolysates with activated charcoal. The variables evaluated were pH (1–5), contact time (20–60 min) and activated charcoal charge (20–33 g kg−1). Mathematical models were obtained through a factorial experimental design. The models suggest that optimal conditions for detoxification are pH 1, contact time of 29 min and a charcoal charge of 33 g kg−1. These conditions allowed hydrolysates with 54.2 g xylose L−1, 13.5 g glucose L−1, 12 g arabinose L−1, 0.2 g furfural L−1 and 0.0 g acetic acid L−1 to be obtained. The results suggest that performing the detoxification step before the neutralization step gave the best outcome. Fermentations by Candida parapsilosis NRRL Y‐2315 were performed and it was confirmed that the treated hydrolysate is suitable for xylitol production, yielding up to 17 g L−1 of this polyol. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Switchable pulses generation in passively Q-switched
multilongitudinal-mode microchip laser
Authors: Dong J , Shirakawa A , Ueda K
Published: October 2006

Periodical switching laser pulses with nanosecond pulse
width and several kilowatts peak power from wide-separated
multilongitudinal-mode oscillation were observed experimentally in
laser-diode pumped passively Q-switched Yb:YAG microchip laser
with Cr4+:YAG as saturable absorber. Pulses from different
longitudinal modes oscillate alternatively. Periodical pulses
oscillation dynamics induced by spatial hole burning effect and
mode competition was investigated numerically by the evolution of
the inversion population of different modes and the bleaching and
recovery of the inversion population of the saturable absorber.
The numerical simulations of switchable periodical pulsation of
multilongitudinal-mode passively Q-switched Yb:YAG/Cr4+:YAG
microchip lasers are in good agreement with experimental results
and confirmed that such pulsations are an intrinsic property in
passively Q-switched Yb:YAG/Cr4+:YAG microchip lasers.
A DFB diode laser for monitoring and repumping
a barium metastable state
Authors: Gabbanini C
Published: October 2006

A DFB diode laser at 1.500 μm has been applied to
monitor absorption of the 5d6s 1D2 metastable state of
barium in a hollow cathode lamp. The laser has been used to repump
barium atoms from the metastable state in a thermal atomic beam.
Suitable repumping schemes are discussed in order to implement
efficient laser cooling of barium.
Synthesis of Au/Ag alloy nanoparticles by Nd:YAG laser irradiation
Authors: Hajiesmaeilbaigi F , Motamedi A
Published: October 2006

The dynamics of Au/Ag alloy formation under Nd:YAG
laser irradiation of a mixture of the monometallic colloidal
solutions have been experimentally investigated. The change in
absorption spectrum of the colloidal particles has been studied as
a function of laser irradiation time, fluence, and concentration
of nanoparticles in individual colloids. The characteristic time
of the alloy formation is about 10 minutes, without any
surfactant.
Use of specific Green's functions for solving direct problems involving a heterogeneous rigid frame porous medium slab solicited by acoustic waves
Authors: Groby J.‐P. , De Ryck L. , Leclaire P. , Wirgin A. , Lauriks W. , Gilbert R. P. , Xu Y. S.
Published: October 2006

A domain integral method employing a specific Green's function (i.e. incorporating some features of the global problem of wave propagation in an inhomogeneous medium) is developed for solving direct and inverse scattering problems relative to slab‐like macroscopically inhomogeneous porous obstacles. It is shown how to numerically solve such problems, involving both spatially‐varying density and compressibility, by means of an iterative scheme initialized with a Born approximation. A numerical solution is obtained for a canonical problem involving a two‐layer slab. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the existence of solutions to the Navier–Stokes–Poisson equations of a two‐dimensional compressible flow
Authors: Zhang Yinghui , Tan Zhong
Published: October 2006

In this paper, we consider the Navier–Stokes–Poisson equations for compressible, barotropic flow in two space dimensions. We introduce useful tools from the theory of Orlicz spaces. Then we prove the existence of globally defined finite energy weak solutions for the pressure satisfying p(ϱ)=aϱlogd (ϱ) for large ϱ. Here d>1 and a>0. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Precise synthesis of well‐defined dendrimer‐like star‐branched polymers by iterative methodology based on living anionic polymerization
Authors: Hirao Akira , Sugiyama Kenji , Tsunoda Yuji , Matsuo Akira , Watanabe Takumi
Published: October 2006

Dendrimer‐like star‐branched polymers recently developed as a new class of hyperbranched polymers, which resemble well‐known dendrimers in branched architecture, but comprise polymer chains between junctions, are reviewed in this highlight article. In particular, we focus on the precise synthesis of various dendrimer‐like star‐branched polymers and block copolymers by the recently developed methodology based on iterative divergent approach using living anionic polymers and 1,1‐bis(3‐tert‐butyldimethylsilyloxymethylphenyl)ethylene. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6659–6687, 2006
Selected Topics in CVD Diamond Research
Authors: Koizumi Satoshi , Nebel Christoph E. , Nesladek Milos
Published: October 2006

Since the discovery of Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) diamond growth in 1976, the steady scientific progress often resulted in surprising new discoveries and breakthroughs. This brought us to the idea to publish the special issue “Selected Topics in CVD Diamond Research” in physica status solidi (a), reflecting such advancements and interesting results at the leading edge of diamond research.

The present issue summarizes this progress in the CVD diamond field by selecting contributions from several areas such as superconductivity, super‐excitonic radiation, quantum computing, bio‐functionalization, surface electronic properties, the nature of phosphorus doping, transport properties in high energy detectors, CVD growth and properties of nanocrystalline diamond. In all these directions CVD diamond appears to be very competitive in comparison with other semiconducting materials.

As Editors of this special issue, we must admit that the selection is biased by our opinion. Nonetheless, we are sure that each contribution introduces new ideas and results which will improve the understanding of the current level of physics and chemistry of this attractive wide‐bandgap semiconductor and which will help to bring it closer to applications.

All submissions were invited based on the contributions of the authors to their specific research field. The Feature Articles have the format of topical reviews to give the reader a comprehensive summary. Partially, however, they are written in research paper style to report new results of ongoing research.

We hope that this issue will attract the attention of a broad community of scientists and engineers, and that it will facilitate the utilization of diamond in electronic applications and technologies of the future.
The Legitimacy of Humanitarian Interventions
Authors: JANSE RONALD
Published: October 2006

According to many international lawyers, humanitarian interventions without authorization by the UN Security Council are unlawful, but are sometimes morally justified. This discrepancy between legality and legitimacy has led to proposals for making international law more congruent with morality. This article examines the legitimacy of humanitarian interventions by discussing the major justifications by Walzer, Rawls, and Tesón. It argues that these justifications are open-ended: they fail to show that intervention should be limited to cases of violation of basic human rights, and do not categorically rule out intervention in the name of liberal and democratic rights. This is one more reason for being cautious with attempts to establish a law of humanitarian intervention.
Characteristics of turbulent unidirectional flow over rough beds: Double‐averaging perspective with particular focus on sand dunes and gravel beds
Authors: McLean S. R. , Nikora V. I.
Published: October 2006

We address some unsolved methodological issues in modeling of natural rough‐bed flows by critically examining existing approaches that parameterize rough‐bed flows. These often utilize loosely defined variables. Here we suggest that double‐averaging (in time and in a volume occupying a thin slab in a plane parallel to the mean bed) provides a rigorous, straightforward alternative that can aid in the parameterization process. We further present two examples: two‐dimensional bed form and gravel bed flows. We argue that the double‐averaging approach based on momentum equations should serve as a better methodological basis for modeling, phenomenological developments, and parameterizations. These equations explicitly include drag terms and form‐induced momentum fluxes due to spatial heterogeneity of the time‐averaged flow in the near‐bed region. They also provide a solid basis for better definitions of basic flow variables including the shear stress partitioning into turbulent and form‐induced momentum fluxes, skin friction, and pressure (form) drag. We show that for a range of rough‐bed flows the vertical distribution of the double‐averaged velocity consists of two distinct regions: (1) a linear region below roughness tops, and (2) a logarithmic region above them.
Similarity relationships in the unstable aquatic surface layer
Authors: Anis A.
Published: October 2006

Turbulence mixing in aquatic surface layers controls the exchange of energy, momentum, heat, and mass between the atmosphere and the water beneath it. In many instances, due to a lack of suitable observations, scaling laws from atmospheric surface layers over land have been “borrowed” to model turbulence in oceans and lakes. However, it is unclear to what extent, and under what forcing conditions, atmospheric scaling laws are valid in aquatic surface layers. Here we present unique observations of the vertical structure of two key turbulence parameters, the dissipation of turbulence kinetic energy and the dissipation of temperature fluctuations, when the aquatic surface layer was forced by a combination of wind stirring and heat loss to the atmosphere. The good agreement found with scaling laws in atmospheric surface layers, under similar forcing and stability conditions, provides new evidence linking the structure of turbulence in aquatic and atmospheric surface layers.