bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi-Agent Geosimulation of Urban Dynamics within the V-Devs Framework
Authors: Lektauers Arnis
Published: March 2010

Multi-Agent Geosimulation of Urban Dynamics within the V-Devs Framework

In recent years, a number of research efforts have focused on presenting solutions for modelling and simulation of urban systems using automata-based models allowing a transition from large scale, aggregate spatial representation in a static equilibrium to much finer scale disaggregate forms where dynamic processes are the primary focus of the simulation. In this paper a conceptual framework for integrating of agent-based models with cellular automata, geographic automata systems and geographic information systems in the context of modelling and simulation of urban systems is proposed. The proposed framework uses Visual Discrete Event System Specification (V-DEVS) that provides integrated modelling and simulation in a virtual interactive simulation environment, in a such way solving the existing problem that multi-agent systems and geographic information systems separately do not provide truly integrative modelling and simulation capabilities.
Clustering Methodology for Time Series Mining
Authors: Grabusts Pēteris , Borisov Arkady
Published: March 2010

Clustering Methodology for Time Series Mining

A time series is a sequence of real data, representing the measurements of a real variable at time intervals. Time series analysis is a sufficiently well-known task; however, in recent years research has been carried out with the purpose to try to use clustering for the intentions of time series analysis. The main motivation for representing a time series in the form of clusters is to better represent the main characteristics of the data. The central goal of the present research paper was to investigate clustering methodology for time series data mining, to explore the facilities of time series similarity measures and to use them in the analysis of time series clustering results. More complicated similarity measures include Longest Common Subsequence method (LCSS). In this paper, two tasks have been completed. The first task was to define time series similarity measures. It has been established that LCSS method gives better results in the detection of time series similarity than the Euclidean distance. The second task was to explore the facilities of the classical k-means clustering algorithm in time series clustering. As a result of the experiment a conclusion has been drawn that the results of time series clustering with the help of k-means algorithm correspond to the results obtained with LCSS method, thus the clustering results of the specific time series are adequate.
SWRL: Rule Acquisition Using Ontology
Authors: Plinere Darya , Borisov Arkady
Published: March 2010

SWRL: Rule Acquisition Using Ontology

Nowadays rule-based systems are very common. The use of ontology-based systems is becoming ever more popular, especially in addition to the rule-based one. The most widely used ontology development platform is Protégé. Protégé provides a knowledge acquisition tool, but still the main issue of the ontology-based rule system is rule acquisition. This paper presents an approach to using SWRL rules Tab, a plug-in to Protégé, for rule acquisition. SWRL rules Tab transforms conjunctive rules to Jess rules in IF…THEN form.
Influence of Thermo-Dynamic Properties and Thermal Inertia of the Building Envelope on Building Cooling Load
Authors: Jaunzems D. , Veidenbergs I.
Published: March 2010

Influence of Thermo-Dynamic Properties and Thermal Inertia of the Building Envelope on Building Cooling Load

Buildings are responsible for about 30 % of the total energy consumption of Latvia. Specific heat consumption is 200-225 kWh/m2 per annum, for its part the average consumption of one household is about 1000-1200 kWh per annum. Due to increasing needs for comfort, an increase in the total area of buildings covered by glass, as well as intensified interest in establishing a good microclimate in buildings, there is also increasingly more attention paid on to the cooling load of buildings and the related heat transfer and exchange processes. Thermal inertia and the thermal mass of building envelope are main factors, which substantially influence the amplitude of changes in temperature and the period during which the internal temperature is dependant on the external temperature.
Small-Scale Chp Potential in Latvia and Estonia
Authors: Volkova A. , Latõšv E. , Siirde A.
Published: March 2010

Small-Scale Chp Potential in Latvia and Estonia

In the research the small-scale CHP potential of Latvia and Estonia has been defined. Factors, which influence the CHP development, were analyzed in this paper, including political, geographic, climatological, legislative and technological factors. For the small-scale CHP potential assessment the three alternatives were chosen. The first alternative is the case, when only the hot water is taken into account. In this case the CHP can work with full load during the whole year because the heat load will not change (k=0,13). For the second alternative the results of the previous research were used. In this case an optimal relative heat load has been found for a small-scale CHP. This optimum value is 0,3. According to this optimum value the CHP can produce more electricity working with full load than in the first case. However, the CHP does not work whole year round. The third alternative shows the situation for the small-scale CHP when a half of the maximum heat load will be covered by the CHP. The formulas and the results for each case were provided.
The Analysis of Noise Level on Saulkarsti Bypass, Latvia
Authors: Zandberga A. , Lieplapa L. , Blumberga D.
Published: March 2010

The Analysis of Noise Level on Saulkarsti Bypass, Latvia

The environmental impact assessment (EIA) is an acknowledged method in the world used for estimating the possible changes to the environment caused by proposed development activities, including the development of linear infrastructures. The EIA of planned projects for building or reconstruction of the motorways in Latvia are usually carried out in a short time frame, and therefore the data characterizing current environmental conditions sometimes are not of the best quality. These kind of data gaps cause an inaccurate prognoses on the possible changes to environmental quality after project implementation. Our research demonstrates that this was the case concerning the weak evaluation of sound levels on the Saulkrasti bypass. Within the framework of the EIA, the prognosis of sound levels was elaborated, prooving that, generally, the traffic sound will be within the officially permissible levels, although the problem points are recognized and the erection of sound barriers are proposed. After construction of bypass, however, the noise monitoring has not been carried out in order to verify whether the prognosis are true. In fact, the results of experimental measurements at four points on the Saulkrasti bypass showed the opposite - the noise level in the daytime (Ld) exceeded the acceptable value at all points of the measurements, including the places with installed sound barriers. The task of our experimental measurements on the bypass was also to find a correlation between the noise level and traffic intensity. The results showed that a correlation between these factors is weak, and the noise level is not directly dependant on traffic intensity, but on the total impact of several factors.
Osteochondral Lesion of the Talus
Authors: Stockton Bradley J. , Boyles Robert E.
Published: March 2010

The patient was a 27-year-old male soldier in the United States Army who presented to a physical therapy clinic with a chief complaint of left ankle pain following an inversion ankle sprain during a road march. Observation revealed bilateral pes planus with a nonantalgic gait. Active range of motion measurements of the ankle revealed excessive inversion and decreased dorsiflexion on the left ankle. Ankle radiographs revealed an osteochondral defect of the medial talar dome, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed an abnormality on the medial aspect of the talar dome, with considerable bone marrow edema and depression of a portion of the articular cortex. The patient was referred to an orthopaedic surgeon and underwent left ankle mosaicplasty and medial malleolar osteotomy.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(4):238. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.0406
A study of optical solitons with Kerr and power law nonlinearities by He’s variational principle
Authors: Topkara Engin , Milovic Daniela , Sarma Amarendra K. , Majid Fayequa , Biswas Anjan
Published: March 2010

This paper studies optical solitons, in presence of perturbation terms, by the aid of He’s variational principle. The inter-modal dispersion, self-steepening and nonlinear dispersion are all treated as perturbation terms. Both Kerr law as well as power law nonlinearities are considered in this paper.
Matrixes of unconventional micro-optical components molded with etched silicon
Authors: Albero Jorge , Gorecki Christophe , Nieradko Lukasz , Päivänranta Birgit , Gomez Virginia , Thienpont Hugo , Passilly Nicolas
Published: March 2010

This paper reports on a process to create microlenses characterized by unconventional footprints, spherical profiles and a wide range of sizes. Fabricated shapes such as squares, rectangles, ellipses, triangles and hexagons are tested alone as well as in matrix with high fulfill factors. The technique is based on molds from which microlenses are fabricated by UV-molding replication. The molds are produced by silicon wet isotropic etching in an acid solution. The process is mainly steered by temperature and etching concentration. The use of the proposed technology opens a wide range of geometries allowing the fabrication of microlenses matrices with high fulfill factors as well as microlenses for beam-shaping.
Electro-optically induced absorption in α-Si:H/α-SiCN waveguiding multistacks
Authors: Rao Sandro , Della Corte Francesco G. , Summonte Caterina
Published: March 2010

Electro optical absorption in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (α-Si:H)-amorphous silicon carbonitride (α-SiCxNy) multilayers have been studied in three different planar multistacks waveguides. The waveguides were realized by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD), a technology compatible with the standard microelectronic processes. Light absorption is induced at λ = 1.55 µm through the application of an electric field which induces free carrier accumulation across the multiple insulator/semiconductor device structure. The experimental performances have been compared to those obtained through calculations using combined two-dimensional (2-D) optical and electrical simulations.
The Future of Scholarly Journal Publishing among Social Science and Humanities Associations
Authors: Waltham Mary
Published: March 2010

The study described in this report grew from recommendations for an investigation into journal economics by the National Humanities Alliance Task Force on Open Access and Scholarly Communications. Since experiments are underway to understand and enable a range of options for a shift to an open access (OA) business model for publishing some scientific, technical, and medical (STM) journals, the question arises, Do these same options exist for a similar shift within humanities and social science (HSS) journals? Findings are reported from detailed analyses of the publishing economics, including all revenues and all costs, of eight flagship US journals across a number of different HSS disciplines. Using actual business information from their association publishers for each of the years 2005, 2006, and 2007, these findings clarify that for this sample of journals, an OA business model based only on revenue from the research article author or producer would not be sufficient to sustain these journals. The research articles published in these journals were longer than typical STM journal articles, and the percentage of non-article content (e.g., book reviews and other scholarly content) was greater. Information-gathering tools and methodologies that enable like-for-like comparison of journal revenues and costs were developed and are described in the report. As an initial in-depth business review of a sample of HSS journals, the report further clarifies some of the key differences between STM and HSS journals, articulates recent journal performance, makes tentative conclusions based on this sample, and proposes further questions that need to be answered to support a shift to OA business models that are sustainable across HSS journal publishing.
What Competencies Do Today's Academic Authors Need?
Authors: Baverstock Alison
Published: March 2010

The traditional model of academic author–publisher relations was one-way and service led, publisher to author. Today the possibilities for content development are vastly greater, underpinned by the two main drivers of change: new technologies and globalization. But within this new order the author, as creator of content, assumes a greater significance, and disintermediation raises the possibility of managing without a publisher altogether. The author of this essay, a former academic/educational publisher now running an MA in Publishing program at Kingston University London, assesses the new competencies that academic authors need and the marketing opportunities and relationships they can harness to promote their work, and encourages them to both be proactive and make the most of the connections with their publisher and their university—to the benefit of all involved.
A Shrouded Wind Turbine Generating High Output Power with Wind-lens Technology
Authors: Ohya Yuji , Karasudani Takashi
Published: March 2010

We have developed a new wind turbine system that consists of a diffuser shroud with a broad-ring brim at the exit periphery and a wind turbine inside it. The shrouded wind turbine with a brimmed diffuser has demonstrated power augmentation by a factor of about 2–5 compared with a bare wind turbine, for a given turbine diameter and wind speed. This is because a low-pressure region, due to a strong vortex formation behind the broad brim, draws more mass flow to the wind turbine inside the diffuser shroud.
Air Pollution Exposure—A Trigger for Myocardial Infarction?
Authors: Berglind Niklas , Ljungman Petter , Möller Jette , Hallqvist Johan , Nyberg Fredrik , Rosenqvist Mårten , Pershagen Göran , Bellander Tom
Published: March 2010

The association between ambient air pollution exposure and hospitalization for cardiovascular events has been reported in several studies with conflicting results. A case-crossover design was used to investigate the effects of air pollution in 660 first-time myocardial infarction cases in Stockholm in 1993–1994, interviewed shortly after diagnosis using a standard protocol. Air pollution data came from central urban background monitors. No associations were observed between the risk for onset of myocardial infarction and two-hour or 24-hour air pollution exposure. No evidence of susceptible subgroups was found. This study provides no support that moderately elevated air pollution levels trigger first-time myocardial infarction.
Bioavailability of the Polyphenols: Status and Controversies
Authors: D’Archivio Massimo , Filesi Carmelina , Varì Rosaria , Scazzocchio Beatrice , Masella Roberta
Published: March 2010

The current interest in polyphenols has been driven primarily by epidemiological studies. However, to establish conclusive evidence for the effectiveness of dietary polyphenols in disease prevention, it is useful to better define the bioavailability of the polyphenols, so that their biological activity can be evaluated. The bioavailability appears to differ greatly among the various phenolic compounds, and the most abundant ones in our diet are not necessarily those that have the best bioavailability profile. In the present review, we focus on the factors influencing the bioavailability of the polyphenols. Moreover, a critical overview on the difficulties and the controversies of the studies on the bioavailability is discussed.
A Method for Clustering and Cooperation in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks
Authors: Alaei Mohammad , Barcelo-Ordinas Jose M.
Published: March 2010

Wireless multimedia sensor nodes sense areas that are uncorrelated to the areas covered by radio neighbouring sensors. Thus, node clustering for coordinating multimedia sensing and processing cannot be based on classical sensor clustering algorithms. This paper presents a clustering mechanism for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) based on overlapped Field of View (FoV) areas. Overlapping FoVs in dense networks cause the wasting of power due to redundant area sensing. The main aim of the proposed clustering method is energy conservation and network lifetime prolongation. This objective is achieved through coordination of nodes belonging to the same cluster to perform assigned tasks in a cooperative manner avoiding redundant sensing or processing. A paradigm in this concept, a cooperative scheduling scheme for object detection, is presented based on the proposed clustering method.
Phytochemicals in Cancer Prevention and Therapy: Truth or Dare?
Authors: Russo Maria , Spagnuolo Carmela , Tedesco Idolo , Russo Gian Luigi
Published: March 2010

A voluminous literature suggests that an increase in consumption of fruit and vegetables is a relatively easy and practical strategy to reduce significantly the incidence of cancer. The beneficial effect is mostly associated with the presence of phytochemicals in the diet. This review focuses on a group of them, namely isothiocyanate, curcumin, genistein, epigallocatechin gallate, lycopene and resveratrol, largely studied as chemopreventive agents and with potential clinical applications. Cellular and animal studies suggest that these molecules induce apoptosis and arrest cell growth by pleiotropic mechanisms. The anticancer efficacy of these compounds may result from their use in monotherapy or in association with chemotherapeutic drugs. This latter approach may represent a new pharmacological strategy against several types of cancers. However, despite the promising results from experimental studies, only a limited number of clinical trials are ongoing to assess the therapeutic efficacy of these molecules. Nevertheless, the preliminary results are promising and raise solid foundations for future investigations.
Les sources scripturaires de l'Upadésa et leurs valeurs respectives
Authors: Lamotte Etienne
Published: March 2010

The Scriptural Sources of the Upadeśa and their respective value.

E. Lamotte examines the attitude which the author of the Upadeśa assumes regarding the six scriptural traditions to which he constantly refers.

- 1. The Sūtra-pitaka. After a summary of two previous articles of his (which have just been translated into English by Sara Boin Webb: "The assessment of Textual Authenticity in Buddhism", Buddhist Studies Review I. 1 [1983-84], p. 4-15 and "The Assessment of Textual Interpretation in Buddhism", Ibid. II, 1-2 [1985], p. 4-24), Lamotte exposes the critical contribution which the Upadeśa makes itself: three viewpoints that have to be interpreted according to their different contexts. They are: 1. the "mundane" viewpoint, 2. the viewpoint adapted to the disposition of the auditor, 3. the "therapeutical" viewpoint and a 4th point of view which is the "definite" one, that of the absolute.

- 2. The Vinaya is treated with condescension: it is necessary for the good operation of the community but does not express the nature of things.

- 3. The Abhidharma is very much stressed by the Upadeśa inasmuch as it is a systematisation of the Sūtra-pitaka and the model of a didactic method. It is however rejected wherever it seems that the Ābhidhārmika have introduced personal ideas into their teaching.

- 4. Jātaka and Avadāna are human products toward which one may adopt a subjectivist point of view in the perspective of Upāya.

- 5. However, the Mahāyāna-sūtra are the predication of the Buddha, which is justified either through the laborious pseudo-historical explanation or through recourse to a psychic explanation which is an original feature of the Upadeśa: auto-suggestion procured by Samādhi (as cause) and the true nature of things, which is the attainment of Prajnā (as result).

- 6. Lastly, the Sāstra of the Ancient Madhyamaka are human productions, venerable but not infallible. The author of the Upadeśa does not take the negative stance of Nāgārjuna. The true character of things which is their absence of character becomes a kind of neutral ground which, by degrees, can be assimilated to Nirvāna.

It is this relativism that Lamotte considers to be the great lesson of the Mahayanistic exegesis of which the Upadeśa is the finest flower.
Le maître de Dhyāna Chih-ta et le "subitisme" de l'école du Nord
Authors: Faure Bernard
Published: March 2010

This article focusses on the life and thought of an influential figure of the Northern line of Ch'an Buddhism, Chih-ta (alias Hou-mo-ch'en Yen, d. 713). Several works on Ch'an doctrine attributed to him have been found among Tun-huang manuscripts. These texts have been considered by Japanese scholars as posterior to the famous sudden/gradual controversy initiated by Shen-hui in 734. But Chih-ta's epitaph, ignored until now, clearly shows that his teaching on "sudden awakening" largely predates Shen-hui's attack on Northern Ch'an, and that his ideas derive from the doctrine of his master Shen-hsiu (606-706), the "founder" of the supposedly gradual Northern school.

It is therefore necessary to reconsider the teleological schemas still prevalent in Ch'an historiography, according to which the early Ch'an tradition is characterized by a transition from the "gradual" to the "sudden" teaching — the latter being the emblem of orthodoxy and the hallmark of Shen-hui's Southern school. Chih-ta's epitaph is also significant for giving us a hint at the relationship between Ch'an and esoteric Buddhism, as well as the importance of popular predications and the central role of women in Northern Ch'an.
Notes d'iconographie bouddhique — des Vidyārāja et Vajradhara de Touen-houang
Authors: Soymié Michel
Published: March 2010

Paintings from Tun-huang represent Kuan-yin, especially the Kuan-yin with thousand arms and thousand eyes, surrounded by a multitude of lesser gods. The lower corners are often occupied by two terrifying deities of the vidyārāja type. Several such paintings kept at the Musée Guimet and the British Museum bear inscriptions giving these two deities rather obscure names of vajra-bearers. Some of these names, probably of a later date, come from a list of "Eight Great Vajra", a group of deities well known in the tenth century because they are depicted in the Diamond Sutra. However, the icono graphical details do not tally with these scriptural identifications.
Un manuscrit tibétain des Pratītyasamutpādahrdayakārikā de Nāgārjuna
Authors: Scherrer-Schaub Cristina Anna
Published: March 2010

The Pratityasamutpadahrdayakarika by Nagarjuna can be considered a short summary of the Madhyamika theory of causality. Some scholars are of the opinion that only five of the seven karika are authentic. While editing a Tibetan manuscript of this little treatise discovered at Dunhuang (PT 769), the author examines here the coherence of the Pratityasamutpadahrdaya's teaching in relation to Nagarjuna's doctrine.
A propos de quelques collections "nouvelles" de manuscrits de Dunhuang
Authors: Drège Jean-Pierre
Published: March 2010

Several collections of Dunhuang manuscripts have only in recent years come to the attention of scholars. We present here the contents of the additional holdings of the Peking National Library (more than 1,500 manuscripts), the collection in the Provincial Museum of Gansu (137 mss.) and the small collection held by the Xibei shifan xueyuan in Lanzhou (22 mss.).
Taiwan ti Tao-chiaoyin-yueh yuan-liu ch'u-t'an / Enquête préliminaire sur la musique taoïste de Taiwan
Authors: Chui-kuan Lü
Published: March 2010

Survey of taoist music in Taiwan. Lü Ch'ui-k'uan.

This "introduction to the Taoist music of Taiwan" is the first study of Taoist music anywhere by a musicologist. A specialist of Nan-kuan, Lü Ch'ui-k'uan begins by describing the types of music used in connection with Taoist rituals, the kinds of instruments used, and the modes of musical transmission. Played and sung by musical amateurs, Taoist music in Taiwan has close ties to local forms — Nan-kuan and Pei-kuan in particular — but there are also modes of singing or reciting which are unique to the Taoist tradition and, in some cases, probably very old. In this regard, distinctions must be made between music played before and after rituals or designed to accompany moments of "transition" and the music of the rituals themselves. Having made these distinctions, Mr. Lü goes on to describe separately and in considerable detail the relative distribution of each type of music in the rituals of the Taoists of northern and southern Taiwan. Each song type is illustrated by one or more musical scores drawn up on the basis of field recordings.
Le Fenghuang et le phénix
Authors: Diény Jean-Pierre
Published: March 2010

Despite the numerous similarities between the Chinese Fenghuang and the Western Phoenix, there is as yet no comparative study of these two legendary birds.

Believing in their real existence in nature, specialists have long searched the fauna for their prototypes. The rich variety of descriptions in literary and iconographic sources suggests, however, that both birds are a composite product of the characteristics of numerous different birds both real and imaginary. Their size, shape and behaviour as well as their alleged hybridity are not the result of any observation in nature. They have a purely symbolic significance which is not derived from observation or description. On the contrary, the symbol precedes and determines the description. The diversity of their symbolic meaning determines their physical features.

In this symbolism we can discern three themes which illuminate the essential differences between the Chinese and the Western bird. 1) Both are auspicious but the apparition of the Fenghuang has a more political meaning (inauguration of order and peace) while the Phoenix has a cosmic (cyclical) and a religious (death and resurrection) significance. 2) The exemplary heroes whose images these birds represent are very different: in China, the Confucian sage and the Taoist saint; in the West, the god who dies and is resurrected in his body. 3) Whereas the Phoenix has a fundamental relationship with the sun, the Fenghuang became a solar bird only through confusion with the Red Bird (of the South).

The two birds symbolize different aspirations: the Fenghuang stands for an ideal of harmony for this world and society whereas the Phoenix represents the hope for reincarnation in another world beyond.
Kou-mang and Ju-shou
Authors: Riegel Jeffrey K.
Published: March 2010

Kou-mang et Ju-shou sont, dans les sources de l'époque Chou (surtout le chap. sur les spectres du Mo Tzu et un passage du Kuo-yū, section Chin-Yū) une paire de divinités en charge de la vie et de la mort. Kou-mang, mi-homme mi-oiseau, est l'esprit de l'Est, associé au soleil levant, au printemps, à l'origine de la vie. Il accorde la longévité à ceux qui en sont jugés dignes par les dieux. Ju-shou, par contre, décrit comme un homme muni de griffes de tigre, est identifié avec l'Ouest, le soleil couchant, l'autonme, la maturité et le déclin de la vie. Il inflige les punitions que les dieux envoient aux malfaiteurs. Derrière les descriptions des attributs et des rôles des esprits, on devine un système qui intégrait Kou-mang et Ju-shou dans un panthéon orienté dans l'espace. Ce système est intimement lié à celui des wu-hsing ou "Cinq Agents" et les deux dieux ont, en effet, été intégrés à divers traités wu-hsing.

Des sources de l'époque Shang suggèrent que la divinité Ju-shou des Chou remonte à un dieu déjà mentionné dans les inscriptions oraculaires. Un appendice traite Kou-mang et Ju-shou comme possibles préfigurations, à leur tour, du couple divin de la Reine Mère de l'Occident ( Hsi-wang-mu) et du Sire Roi de l'Orient (Tung- wang-kung) des Han.
La littérature divinatoire dans le Daozang
Authors: Kalinowski Marc
Published: March 2010

The Daozang contains forty odd texts or portions of texts which are devoted to one or another form of divination. These texts are of three main types: numerological and symbological exegesis related to the Yijing; oracle slip (qian) collections; mantic procedures, including texts of calendarology, hemerology, astrology, meteoromancy, topomancy, and physiognomy. The main interest of the first group is that it exists, for this reminds us that the Yijing is not the exclusive preserve of Neo-Confucians. Among the second group we take special note of the Huguo jiaji Jiangdong wang lingqian: it is the oldest extant text of its kind (1225-1227), and we have precise information about its composition and cultic use.

But it is the third group which is of the greatest significance: in it we find texts which reveal the link between the divinatory almanacs of the pre-imperial period and Taoist calendarology of the Six Dynasties, texts of the early Song which help us to understand the relationship between the Dunjia system and Liuding rites, and texts which may represent an intermediary step between the Indo-Iranian astrology imported by the Buddhists during the Tang dynasty and the post-Song system of the horoscope (mingli xue).
Secret Halls of the Mountain Lords: The Caves of Wu-t'ai shan
Authors: Birnbaum Raoul
Published: March 2010

Le paysage religieux de la Chine ancienne était ponctué de lieux- charnières entre le monde des esprits et celui des humains, A l'époque médiévale, les montagnes étaient de ces lieux-charnières par excellence, et leur caractère sacré était encore accentué par la croyance qu'elles abritaient en leurs flancs des grottes magiques. La prédominance du bouddhisme influença la perception de la géographie sacrée: certaines montagnes devinrent fameuses comme siège de manifestations de Bodhisattvas , le Wu-t'ai shan notamment, vénère comme haut-lieu de Wen-shu (Manjusrï).

Les nombreuses grottes du Wu-t'ai shan peuvent être classées en quatre types:

1. Grottes d'habitation. La tradition bouddhique de grottes aptes à la pratique individuelle ou collective rencontrait la tradition chinoise de l'habitat troglodytique.

2. Grottes paradisiaques. Certaines grottes, comme la Grotte de Diamant et la Grotte de Nārayāna étaient vues comme des antichambres des domaines paradisiaques. Demeure du dieu de la montagne (Shan-shen) aux temps les plus anciens, la Grotte de Diamant devint ensuite la résidence de Wen-shu et de son escorte de dix-mille Bodhisattvas. Les récits d'expériences étranges en ce lieu et la description de ses splendeurs secrètes suivent de près l'évocation des mystères des grottes-cieux dans les traditions taoïstes décrites dans l'ouvrage pionnier de Max Kaltenmark.

3. Grottes à apparitions. Les racines bouddhiques de semblables manifestations de divinités à leurs fidèles remontent à la tradition de la Grotte du Reflet du Buddha à Nagarahāra. Le développement assez tardif de cette croyance au Wu-t'ai shan est peut-être dû à l'influence de la tradition du P'u-t'o shan.

4. Grottes matrices. Le seul exemple en est la Grotte de la Mère des Buddhas. Cette grotte a trois chambres, et l'accès à la plus profonde se fait par une fente dans la paroi rocheuse. Le retour à partir de cette matrice par le canal d'accouchement est une forme de renaissance rituelle. Cette pratique du Wu-t'ai shan est peut- être unique en Chine, mais a des parallèles, étudiés par R.A. Stein, dans d'autres cultures asiatiques.

La description de ces quatre types de grottes donne une idée de la diversité et de la complexité de ce qu'est une montagne sacrée en Chine. L'importance des grottes paradisiaques dans ce haut lieu bouddhique témoigne sans doute de l'endurance d'un fond commun aux religions chinoises par rapport auquel la distinction entre bouddhisme et taoïsme apparaît surtout comme nominale.
Recherche sur l'alchimie intérieure (neidan) : L'école Zhenyuan
Authors: Robinet Isabelle
Published: March 2010

Internal alchemy (neidan) must be distinguished from operative alchemy (waidan) and from the various techniques of breath- circulation. Internal alchemy borrows from operative alchemy its use of the Yijing and of certain chemical terms, but it does not seek to produce any chemical substance; rather, it transfers the alchemical goal of synthesis into the realm of breath and meditation techniques and philosophy. The nine texts to be examined here belong to the teaching of the True Origin (Zhenyuan), a school whose history remains obscure.

This tradition traces its origins back to Ge Hong and to operative alchemy. The texts also refer to the Yinfu jing and the Cantongqi. Numerous borrowings from the Shangqing literature also occur, among them the term zhenyuan itself. This is hardly surprising, as the Shangqing incorporation of chemical recipes and breathing techniques may be considered to be the impulse at the origin of internal alchemy. But the synthetic drive behind the Zhenyuan texts goes beyond purely Taoist sources:

-correspondences are established between Taoist and Buddhist notions (wu and you, for example);

-the zhenyuan the "true origin," is identified with both Mencius' haoran zhi qi and the Taoist yuanqi;

-elements from Taoist neiguan, "internal contemplation," and from medical texts are incorporated in the Zhenyuan synthesis, as are Buddho-Confucian notions of morality inherited from Taoist Lingbao scriptures.

The texts devote considerable space to cosmogenetic speculation and seek to synthesize Laotzian metaphysics, notions of Taiji, Qian, and Kun, and the Taoist concept of primordial breath as the link between the one and the many, via the mechanisms of its circulation in the macro- and microcosms. It is in the context of this speculation that one of the texts presents the Taiji diagram that plays so important a role in Sung Neo-Confucianism.

Most of the oppositions characteristic of other neidan texts are also to be found in the texts of the Zhenyuan school— water and fire, lead and mercury, etc. — as is the contrast between ordinary people who "follow" the natural course of things and engender children and those who "master" this course and engender their immortal self. Also noteworthy is the characteristic neidan emphasis on "double cultivation" of the physical and the mental. Most important, however, is the symbolic use of alchemical terminology: the "true crucible" is identified with the Big Dipper, the "true mercury" with the sun, and the "true cinnabar " or lead, with the moon; these heavenly bodies are in turn linked to the hun and po souls in the human body. The union of these elements is to be effected according to a calendar divided into twelve sections represented by hexagrams.

In short, the Zhenyuan school gives us yet another example of the Taoist genius for synthesis. At the same time, it has its own unique characteristics linking it to the Shangqing and Yijing traditions.
Confucians and Shamans
Authors: Walraven Boudewijn
Published: March 2010

Les descriptions de la Corée durant la période Chosôn (1392- 1910) mettent souvent en avant le contraste entre les valeurs confucéennes de la classe supérieure des yangban et les pratiques chamaniques de la majorité de la population. Confucéens et chamanes apparaissent dès lors en opposition absolue. Cette vision ne rend pas justice du fait que, malgré de nombreuses différences évidentes, les confucéens et les chamanes avaient aussi des points communs. L'examen, tenté dans cet article, des convictions qu'ils partageaient, peut expliquer comment deux systèmes de croyance, à première vue diamétralement opposés, pouvaient coexister dans la société coréenne. Les points suivants sont importants pour notre démonstration : 1) les confucéens ne niaient pas catégoriquement la réalité des divinités et des esprits, objets du culte chamanique; 2) ils croyaient en un ordre invisible liant l'homme à un niveau d'existence supérieure et aux réponses divines à des actions humaines; 3) ils insistaient sur l'importance de la pureté rituelle et acceptaient le principe de contamination par contact, ce qui les prédisposait à croire en l'efficacité de la magie noire; 4) enfin, ils mettaient en pratique une forme confucéenne de propitiation à l'adresse des esprits vindicatifs des morts. Leurs convictions fondamentales sur ces points étaient souvent similaires à celles des chamanes, même si les idées qui en dérivaient pouvaient grandement différer, comme différait aussi le style de leurs rituels.
Vers la redécouverte de Tōrei
Authors: Mohr Michel
Published: March 2010

The role played by Tōrei in the revival of the Rinzai school is still not widely known. Continuing the movement initiated by his master Hakuin, Tōrei lived at the crucial period preceding the emergence of the Takujū and Inzan lineages. He gave his certification to Gasan, leaving thus his imprint on all the remaining lineages up to today. Tōrei's life and work also reveal a remarkable combination of erudition and spiritual depth, expressed in his numerous works, including commentaries on classical texts.

The author argues that the study of the Tokugawa period is essential for understanding Rinzai Zen as it is today. It shows in particular the limits of the idealized image associated with the so-called golden age of the Zen school during the Tang period. However, the field of modern Japanese Zen Buddhism is still much neglected by both Japanese and Western scholarship. Further research on modern Rinzai Buddhism must take into account Hakuin and his school within the general context of reforms made in most of the Buddhist sects at that time. A closer look at the specific contribution of Hakuin's successor is an important step for getting a more precise picture of Zen Buddhism as it developed during that period.

This article has five parts:

I. The place of Tōrei in Hakuin 's lineage

II. The state of the field

III. Biographical data

IV. The main works of Tōrei (including dates of composition

and publication, when known)

V. Bibliography
Instructions for the Grave: The Case of Yan Zhitui
Authors: Dien Albert E.
Published: March 2010

Les "Dispositions finales " (concernant surtout ses funérailles et sa tombe) terminent les "Admonitions familiales" de Yan Zhitui, grand-père du commentateur du Han shu, Yan Shigu. Ce texte de la fin du VIe siècle témoigne de l'attachement de son auteur au Bouddhisme, dont il recommande la lecture des Ecritures et l'observance de l'Ullambana, et au Confucianisme, en particulier en ce qui concerne la piété filiale. On connaît par ailleurs le dédain de Yan Zhitui pour la quête taoïste de l'immortalité. Son "testament" est spécialement intéressant par sa volonté de funérailles simples (bozang) afin que leur modestie compense l'insuffisance des honneurs funéraires qu'il a rendus à sa mère dans des circonstances difficiles. Ses exigences, parmi lesquelles le refus d'un certain nombre d'objets usuels dans l'équipement des tombes, semblent obéir à des raisons spécifiques.

Les objets usuels dont il est question, l'archéologie nous a appris à les connaître, surtout dans des tombes d 'époques plus anciennes, sans toujours nous en expliquer le sens. Si Yan Zhitui accepte un cercueil de pin avec image de la Grande Ourse (tradition funéraire dont nous avons des traces juqu 'à l'époque des descriptions de De Groot, à la fin du XIXe siècle), il refuse de la cire, les gâchettes d'arbalète (engin apotropaïque), le porcelet de jade (symbole d'un au-delà paisible?), des figurines anthropomorphes métalliques (substituts du défunt lui prêtant main-forte dans l'au-delà).

Les relevés archéologiques (cf. Tableau) semblent montrer que le porcelet de jade a pu se diffuser du Sud vers le Nord de la Chine à une époque où certes les réfugiés venus du Sud dans le Nord, comme Yan Zhitui, étaient nombreux, mais où les historiens avaient tendance à considérer que c 'était l 'émigration du Nord qui imposait sa culture au Sud.

Passant de l'archéologie à l'étude des inscriptions funéraires (souvent pourvues d'inventaires) contemporaines de Yan Zhitui dans la région de Turfan, notre attention est attirée par une inscription de 558. Elle nous montre que les objets que Yan Zhitui semble récuser par modestie et piété filiale pouvaient bien relever d'un contexte de sotériologie bouddhique assez comparable au contexte taoïste dont Anna Seidel étudiait la préfiguration dans ses "Traces of Han Religion in Funeral Texts Found in Tombs ".
Taoist Ritual Space and Dynastic Legitimacy
Authors: Lagerwey John
Published: March 2010

Trois domaines marquent la filiation du taoïsme par rapport au système impérial des Han : d'abord, l'espace rituel (tan) est hérité des plate-formes des sacrifices impériaux des Han, groupant une aire centrale siège du "grand un" (taiyi), une aire extérieure vouée aux "Cinq-Empereurs" et, en tout, 1514 sièges de divinités. Ensuite, sur ce tan, l'exécution du "Pas de Yu" (yubu) par les prêtres taoïstes est inspirée de la circulation du grand un qui alimenta la spéculation des Han sur le Mingtang et les Neuf-Palais. Enfin, comme Anna Seidel l'a montré, les registres (lu) donnés dans les initiations taoïstes dérivent des commentaires ésotériques des classiques (chanwei) des Han et reflètent des idées semblables sur la légitimité politique. Pris ensemble, ces trois démarches montrent clairement ce que la religion taoïste naissante devait à la religion impériale et à la spéculation théologique des Han. Nous comprenons donc mieux pourquoi les familles régnantes depuis les Topa Wei jusqu'aux Ming se sont régulièrement tournées vers le taoïsme pour en obtenir la confirmation spirituelle de leur légitimité dynastique.
Un, deux, trois - Les différentes modalités de l'Un et sa dynamique
Authors: Robinet Isabelle
Published: March 2010

Altogether monist and pluralist, the Chinese have attempted to conciliate these two attitudes. It led them to ponder the interconnections, the conjunctions and the interpenetrations of one system with the other. Its result has been a dynamic conception of the unity of the world on its way toward multiplicity, i.e. a metaphysical, undetermined and homogeneous "One," which is also a "One" producing multiplicity, and is thus the foundation of duality. Duality manifests Unity and is its underling, like Yin to Yang. On the contrary, the Three, a complex entity and realm of the mixed, transcends that duality and is bent toward recovering an original unity embodied in Man and in Center. Both act as mediators between Unity and Duality. In the attempt to combine these two contradictory notions, some thinkers, according to their own idiosyncrasies, have been tempted to concede more or less importance to one or the other of these two notions (although they did not acknowledge it and claimed to equate them). Such is the case of thinkers, like Zhu Xi, who disclose in some aspects of their theories a tendency toward dualism and an opposite tendency toward absolute monism, with a Yang supremacy on Yin, detrimental to the balance of the duality Yin/Yang.
The Polymorphous Space of the Southern Marchmount [Nanyue]
Authors: Robson James
Published: March 2010

Le Pic du Sud (Nanyue ou Hengshan), situé dans la province du Hunan, a joué un rôle fondamental dans l'histoire des religions chinoises. De son passé mythique subsistent des vestiges d'un culte ancien à Zhurong, une divinité liée au feu, qui donna son nom au pic principal du Nanyue, le Zhurongfeng. Le Nanyue fut ensuite intégré dans le système impérial des Cinq Pics (wuyue) et fut imprégné du symbolisme du système de correspondances des Cinq Eléments (wuxing). Entre le Ve et le IXe siècles d'importantes communautés taoïstes et bouddhiques se fixèrent sur le Nanyue. La communauté taoïste réunissait des ascètes à la recherche des recettes alchimiques, une communauté établie du Shangqing et un culte de femmes taoïstes vénérant Wei Huacun, Dame Wei du Pic du Sud. La communauté bouddhique comprenait, quant à elle, des moines éminents du Tiantai, de la Terre Pure, du Vinaya, et du Chan, de la lignée de la "Tête de Buffle ", qui fondèrent des centres monastiques sur le Nanyue.

Au long de l'histoire du Nanyue, bouddhistes et taoïstes cohabitèrent et entretinrent des relations tantôt harmonieuses tantôt conflictuelles. En prenant comme point de départ le Nanyue zongsheng ji, sorte de gazette intégrée dans le canon taoïste comme dans le canon bouddhique, il nous est présenté une courte analyse des premiers documents sur le Nanyue, un bref aperçu historique des montagnes religieuses et une introduction aux écrits de deux moines bouddhistes célèbres, Nanyue Huisi (515-576) et Shitou Xiqian (700- 790), dont les œuvres renferment une terminologie taoïste. On trouvera, enfin, une analyse préliminaire sur la nature de l'interaction entre la communauté bouddhique et la communauté taoïste du Nanyue.
The Beyond Within: Grotto-Heavens (dongtian) in Taoist Ritual and Cosmology
Authors: Verellen Franciscus
Published: March 2010

Le contenu et le contexte taoïstes de la notion chinoise des "grottes-cieux" (dongtian) sont examinés ici au cours de la période de formation de cette notion, du IVe au Xe siècles de notre ère. Lieux de refuge, d'initiation et de passage transcendental, les microcosmes paradisiaques se trouvent à l'intérieur des montagnes sacrées. Le mot dong, littéralement "caverne" ou "torrent", signifie également "pénétrer", "communiquer" et "discerner".

Au sein de la géographie sacrée de la Chine, les grottes-cieux occupent, avec les Cinq Pics, une position primordiale. La cosmographie taoïste médiévale distingue deux séries de grottes-cieux, comprenant respectivement dix et trente-six lieux saints (cf. l'appendice). L'histoire des textes se référant aux dongtian suggère que l'origine de la notion est à placer dans le contexte des révélations du Shangqing des années 360. Plus précisément, la visualisation du monde à part que constitue la grotte-ciel s'inscrirait, au premier abord, dans les pratiques méditatives suscitées par le mouvement scripturaire du Maoshan — pratiques qui avaient pour objet, à maints égards, une représentation intériorisée et spirituelle du monde physique.

La représentation de l 'univers comme grotte constitue de même une projection mentale de l 'espace rituel idéal : le modèle de l 'autel, de l 'oratoire, du sanctuaire qu'est le corps humain. A partir des Tang, cette conception se manifeste au grand public sous la forme du Jet du dragon, rite impérial qui permet au souverain d'entrer en communication avec le monde divin à travers les grottes. Les mêmes croyances magico-religieuses ayant trait aux microcosmes, à la re-création du monde en miniature, sous-tendent par ailleurs l'esthétique de la représentation des paysages en Chine.

Enfin sont abordés ici trois thèmes mythologiques évoqués par ces lieux de passage entre différents mondes : la grotte comme matrice, comme tombeau et comme paradis. La notion que l 'au-delà peut être contenu dans ce monde, voire à l'intérieur de chacun, suggère que l'imaginaire de la grotte-ciel puisse s'interpréter comme une démarche gnostique : la connaissance de la "véritable forme" (zhenxing) du monde physique devient ainsi à la fois une connaissance du soi et du chemin du salut.