bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Licit and Illicit Vandalizing of San Francisco’s Early Garages
Authors: Kessler Mark D.
Published: April 2015

Common urban utilitarian buildings experience a range of deleterious changes, including graffiti, building modifications, and demolition. When such buildings possess historical or architectural significance, these changes potentially damage the urban fabric and diminish a shared cultural heritage. Paradoxically, while graffiti—the most superficial change—is combated as vandalism, far more invasive changes are implemented with official approval. On both fronts, respect for property underpins the regulatory policies and actions of local government. In neighborhoods experiencing rising housing prices and gentrification, these common buildings become especially vulnerable to demolition resulting from real estate development. This paper explores the possibility that if graffiti is illegal vandalism, then these other forms of change qualify as a legal vandalism. The thesis implicitly challenges the hegemony of property interests over those of other groups who inhabit the commons—including graffiti writers. The impact of graffiti, modifications, and demolition will be analyzed and compared, drawing examples from San Francisco’s stellar collection of early public garages. These buildings, which are closely related by time of construction, use, structure, and aesthetics, provide a consistent profile against which all of the aforesaid changes can be assessed.
A Natural History of the Early American Railroad
Authors: Schley David
Published: April 2015

Early railroad advocates promised that steam locomotion would allow human enterprise to triumph over natural limitations – to “annihilate space and time” – yet they simultaneously situated the new technology within prevailing ideas about nature, geography, and commerce. In Baltimore, the birthplace of American railroading, citizens ranging from artisans to bank presidents imagined that the railroad’s annihilative capacities would restore “natural” patterns of trade that had been subverted by the “artifice” of the Erie Canal. Examining how the pinnacle of nineteenth-century artifice could serve a natural order reveals the ways in which ideas about nature inflected the industrial pursuits of Early Republic Americans. Railroad supporters not only read what we would call geography as “nature,” they considered many seemingly social phenomena – including business decisions, urbanization, and internal improvement – extensions of natural phenomena. For the railroad proponents, nature was not separate from society; rather, nature set the limits and determined the course of social action.
Locating Kickemuit: Springs, Stone Memorials, and Contested Placemaking in the Northeastern Borderlands
Authors: Delucia Christine M.
Published: April 2015

Water surrounded Algonquian peoples of the Northeast, and they highly valued it for sustenance, medicine, travel, spirituality, and other purposes. When English settlers in Plymouth Colony and surroundings areas attempted to claim territorial rights in the seventeenth century, they also sought water sources, including freshwater springs, to support colonization projects. Native/colonial tensions escalated in mid-century, and when the indigenous uprising known as King Philip’s War broke out in 1675, a place called Kickemuit Spring seemed to have been a vital locale. Situated in Wampanoag homelands, near an especially protected and fertile peninsula of vital cornlands, the spring appeared in various records as a meeting-place, a boundary-marker, and grounds of deliberate pushback against English troops by Native parties. In the conflict’s devastating aftermath, both Natives and colonists transformed such springs into sites of memory, which attempted to convey their respective—and frequently divergent—understandings of historical violence. Tracking the material and symbolic evolutions of Kickemuit, as well as other environmental features linked to memory, demonstrates the sharply contested character of “placemaking” in the Northeast. It also highlights the ongoing pressures of settler colonialism in the region, where enduring Native communities continue to challenge entrenched Euro-American convictions of place-ownership.
The Other Revolution
Authors: Chaplin Joyce E.
Published: April 2015

The early American past is overdue for sustained attention as a distinctive stage in environmental history. As we denizens of the Anthropocene look toward some kind of post-fossil fuel stage of history, looking back at the pre-industrial era of American history would help us to identify what was at stake in making a transition into a carboniferous energy regime, and therefore what may be at stake in transitioning out of it. For that reason, the environment is a potent and relevant historical context, perhaps more so than the social, political, and cultural contexts that have driven the scholarship in the field of early American history over the last forty years. Much of that historiography has used the American Revolution as pivot or terminus. But the industrial revolution and its crucial turn toward carbon-based energy was in the end even more revolutionary as a historical watershed. Indeed, the industrial revolution, the “other revolution,” represents one of the greatest opportunities for early Americanists who are interested in environmental history, which should at this point mean all of us.
Borderlands of Knowledge about Nature: Crossing and Creating Boundaries in Early America
Authors: Radding Cynthia
Published: April 2015

Histories of nature and the environment have become a vital pathway of historical scholarship, offering richly varied veins of research and interpretation for a wide range of time periods and regions. This issue of Early American Studies brings to light new research on the themes of nature, knowledge, technology, and the permeable boundaries of colonial North America. The articles demonstrate the ways in which the production of knowledge was closely linked to the cultural production of space in different ecological regions and historical periods. These studies bring to our attention different kinds of knowledge and applications of science to the historical creation of borderlands among diverse peoples and physical environments in the Americas. This concluding essay develops these integrative themes, emphasizing the points that constitute a dialogue among them. In addition, it brings to this overview of “the environment in early America” relevant comparative references from Latin American environmental history to illustrate more fully the continental scope of the themes and problems that integrate this issue.
Bison Algonquians: Cycles of Violence and Exploitation in the Mississippi Valley Borderlands
Authors: Morrissey Robert Michael
Published: April 2015

During climate changes of the early 1600s, a group of Algonquians moved west from the Great Lakes into a distinctive landscape—the tallgrass prairies of the midwest. Adapting themselves to this cultural and ecological borderland between the woodlands and grassland biomes of North America, these Algonquians created an identity as the Illinois and invented a new lifeway as pedestrian bison hunters. Their bison-based economy encouraged important changes in Illinois social life, including a new division of labor and conflicts with neighbors. When the contact era opened, these changes interacted in devastating fashion with the changes caused by the arrival of European colonists. Like other groups, the Illinois participated in mourning war, they suffered from disease, and they participated in trade which intensified their conflicts. But their actions cannot be fully understood without considering their bison economy, which shaped social and ecological realities for the Illinois. This essay shows how the Illinois’ adaptation to their distinctive prairie environment helped to influence their history.
Plantation Ecologies: The Experimental Plantation in and against James Grainger’s The Sugar-Cane
Authors: Rusert Britt
Published: April 2015

This essay examines the Scottish poet and physician James Grainger’s 1764 “West-India georgic,” The Sugar-Cane, to chronicle the transformation of the plantation into an ecologically-unique site for experimentation, produced through material processes and imaginaries of British enclosure in the West Indies. Through its cataloguing of Caribbean diseases, natural remedies, and oblique references to medical experiments on the enslaved, The Sugar-Cane offers a powerful articulation of what I call the “experimental plantation,” an enclosed site from which empirical knowledge is produced, extracted, and transplanted from tropicalized lands and bodies. At the same time as the poem registers the enclosure of human and non-human life within the experimental plantation, it also belies an anxiety about the disordering, tropicalizing forces of various “fugitive” species in the Caribbean, including tropical diseases, wild animals, and maroon communities, all of which threaten to dissolve and overtake the enclosed borders of the plantation. In The Sugar-Cane, the image of the plantation as an ecologically-enclosed, protected space of British cultivation and experimentation is revealed to be a fragile colonial fantasy, always on the verge of being “infected” and creolized by indigenous plants, animals and diseases, as well as by Africans both within and outside of the enclosures of the plantation.
A New Paradigm for Pre-Columbian Agriculture in North America
Authors: Mt.Pleasant Jane
Published: April 2015

Indigenous farmers in Pre-Columbian North America have frequently been characterized as shifting cultivators whose agricultural productivity was marginal and unstable, and whose actions were damaging to the environment. In this article I challenge this assessment. The presence of large tracts of highly productive soils in eastern and central North America suggests that farmers here would not have engaged in shifting cultivation, but rather practiced permanent, intensive cropping. The lack of plows, often cited as an impediment for Native American farmers was in fact an advantage. Agricultural systems with hand tools cause less destruction of soil organic matter and reduce soil erosion; they enable sustained crop yields over longer periods of time compared to plow-based systems. Indigenous farmers in North America also grew a highly productive cereal grain, maize, uniquely suited to no-plow conditions. Maize yields of 25 to 50 bu/acre were both realistic and stable, allowing indigenous farmers to support modest populations for extended periods of time. This combination of access to fertile soils, a cropping system that preserved soils, and a high-yielding grain crop enabled agriculture that was largely productive, stable, and with limited negative effects on the environment.
Of Monsters and Parricides: The Politics of Textual Reproduction
Authors: Cleary Heather
Published: April 2015

This article examines the narrative mobilization of gendered and biogenetic metaphors of translation in two contemporary novels that feature translators as protagonists: El congreso de literatura (1999) by César Aira (Argentina) and Borges e os orangotangos eternos (2000) by Luis Fernando Verissimo (Brazil). Situating my analysis at the intersection of the “fictional turn” of Translation Studies and the rich history of writing on and through translation in Latin America, I analyze an attempt to clone Carlos Fuentes gone awry in the first text and the Oedipal and hermeneutic violence that characterizes the second to argue that, by means of their explicit engagement of the translational trope of textual reproduction, these contemporary writers challenge centrist models of cultural geopolitics and posit ludic, nonhierarchical models of reciprocal influence in their stead.
Alexander von Humboldt y Ramón de la Sagra: navegación y viaje al interior en la invención de Cuba en el siglo XIX
Authors: Domínguez Daylet
Published: April 2015

Humboldt’s and Sagra’s travels constituted two key moments in the production of a modern imaginary about Cuba and the Caribbean. In this essay, I examine the relationship they established between travel, race, and politics in their accounts of Cuba. The ways in which both naturalists tour the island are connected to the ways in which the population will be read. Humboldt’s maritime voyage would allow him to connect the island within a cartography marked by plantation and slave cultures and placing Cuba inside a possible African Confederation in the Antilles. Sagra’s travels through the interior of the island privileges an inland-based perspective centered on a whitening project and the colonization of the interior. I then propose to analyze the journeys as a trope that organizes Cuban racial imaginaries.
El naturalismo en O cortiço de Aluísio Azevedo
Authors: Cruz Rebeca Errázuriz
Published: April 2015

Este trabajo analiza la novela brasileña O cortiço (1890), de Aluísio Azevedo, desde una perspectiva que pone en entredicho su relación mimética con el naturalismo francés y, en particular, con la obra de Émile Zola. Para ello se exponen algunos elementos claves del proyecto de ese movimiento literario, para luego indagar en la obra de Azevedo y en su función singular, que la diferencia del supuesto modelo francés, a través de una presentación ambigua y crítica del proceso de modernización capitalista en Brasil.
Between Confession and Realism: Lack, Vision, and the Construction of Identity in Rafael Arévalo Martínez’s Una vida and Manuel Aldano
Authors: Spitz Maria
Published: April 2015

The present study explores the relationship between generic ambiguity in Una vida (1914) and Manuel Aldano (1922) by the Guatemalan Rafael Aróvalo Martínez, and the Darwinian/Spencerian discourse with which the narrator attempts to construct an identity that will grant him a legitimate speaking subjectivity in the face of his inability to adapt to the changes in the Spanish American letrado’s role within societies at the periphery of modernization. Through an analysis of the narrator’s development and the emerging relationships between sexuality, language, genre, and vision in Arévalo Martínez’s short novels, the reader will note the irresolute tension between confession and realism that characterizes the narration. This tension is determined by the narrator’s guilt at not being ‘‘modern’’ on the one hand, and on the other, his attempt to conform to the needs of the ciudad modernizada by constructing a ‘‘proper’’ identity and thereby justifying his right to reproduce and to speak. As a result, the works belie the inherent ambiguity of discourses on identity that produce the ambivalence that they are meant to eliminate, thus opening up the possibility of exploring less exclusionary alternatives to both generic definition and self-definition.
Strategies to Balance Fidelity to Housing First Principles with Local Realities: Lessons from a Large Urban Centre
Authors: O’Campo Patricia , Zerger Suzanne , Gozdzik Agnes , Jeyaratnam Jeyagobi , Stergiopoulos Vicky
Published: April 2015

The importance of program implementation in achieving desired outcomes is well-documented, but there remains a need for concrete guidance on how to achieve fidelity to evidence-based models within dynamic local contexts. Housing First (HF), an evidence-based model for people experiencing homelessness and mental illness, provides an important test-case for such guidance; it targets a uniquely underserved subpopulation with complex needs, and is delivered by practitioners with varying knowledge and skill levels. Scientific evidence affirms HF’s effectiveness, but its rapid dissemination has outpaced the ability to monitor not only whether it is being implemented with fidelity, but also how this can be achieved within variable local contexts and challenges. This qualitative study contributes to this need by capturing insights from practitioners on implementation challenges and specific strategies developed to overcome them. Findings reinforce the importance of developing HF-specific implementation guidelines, and of engaging relevant stakeholders throughout all phases of that development.
Tales from the Miami Healthy Heart Initiative: The Experiences of Two Community Health Workers
Authors: Lebron Cynthia N. , Reyes-Arrechea Ernesto , Castillo Andrea , Carrasquillo Olveen , Kenya Sonjia
Published: April 2015

Community health workers (CHWs) have been bridging the gap between under-served populations and health care systems for centuries; however, their experiences are rarely recounted. The Miami Healthy Heart Initiative is a randomized control trial designed to examine the effectiveness of CHWs on reducing the risk for cardiovascular disease among Hispanics with poorly controlled diabetes in South Florida. This manuscript, told from the perspective of CHWs, is a summary of cases that were successful and some that did not achieve optimal outcomes. These case summaries include anecdotal data and clinical variables that demonstrate each patient’s progress during the intervention.
Association between Family Communication and Health Literacy among Underserved Racial/Ethnic Women
Authors: Zambrana Ruth E. , Meghea Cristian , Talley Costellia , Hammad Adnan , Lockett Murlisa , Williams Karen Patricia
Published: April 2015

Health literacy and the family can be used to promote cancer screenings. We examined the associations of socio-demographic factors, family communication, and cancer literacy in a diverse population. Baseline data from the Kin Keeper SM Cancer Prevention randomized controlled trial were analyzed for Black (n=216), Latino (n=65), and Arab (n=235) women. Key variables were based on the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale IV, and the Cancer Literacy Assessment Tool. Among Blacks, cervical cancer literacy was positively associated with family communication. Cancer literacy was associated with higher educational level, employment, and family self-rated health status among Black and Arab women. Among Latinas, who were the least educated and had the lowest literacy scores, family communication was inversely related to breast cancer literacy. Family-centered networks may be a viable resource for the transmission of health cancer literacy information, inform health care decision-making, and contribute to decreasing breast and cervical cancer mortality.
Defining and Rating the Effectiveness of Enabling Services Using a Multi-stakeholder Expert Panel Approach
Authors: Escaron Anne L. , Weir Rosy Chang , Stanton Petra , Clarke Robin M.
Published: April 2015

The Affordable Care Act provides opportunities to reimburse non-medical enabling services that promote the delivery of medical care for patients with social barriers. However, limited evidence exists to guide delivery of these services. We addressed this gap by convening community health center patients, providers, and other stakeholders in two panels that developed a framework for defining and evaluating these services. We adapted a group consensus method where the panelists rated services for effectiveness in increasing access to, use, and understanding of medical care. Panelists defined six broad categories, 112 services, and 21 variables including the type of provider delivering the service. We identified 16 highest-rated services and found that the service provider’s level of training affected effectiveness for some but not all services. In a field with little evidence, these findings provide guidance to decision-makers for the targeted spread of services that enable patients to overcome social barriers to care.
Latino Parents’ Beliefs about Television Viewing by Infants and Toddlers
Authors: Beck Amy L. , Takayama John , Badiner Nora , Halpern-Felsher Bonnie
Published: April 2015

Objective . To determine Latino parents’ beliefs regarding the effects of television viewing on infants and toddlers. Methods . We conducted interviews with 26 Latino parents of infants and toddlers. We evaluated parents’ beliefs about the health effects of television viewing, sources of information on this topic and facilitators and barriers to following the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) screen-time guidelines. Results . Parents believed that television viewing was educational for children but were concerned that watching television could worsen children’s vision. Parents would be motivated to limit television viewing by children if it were recommended by a health care provider. Most parents were confident that they could limit their children’s television viewing, although some perceived logistical challenges to following guidelines. Conclusions . Parents in our study had limited knowledge of the effects of television. Counseling on television by health care providers for Latino parents may decrease Latino infants and toddlers’ television exposure.
The Health Implications of Deportation Policy
Authors: Morris Juliana E. , Palazuelos Daniel
Published: April 2015

The United States detains and deports over 400,000 people annually. This large-scale effort has important consequences for the health of affected individuals and communities. A growing body of research suggests that deportation increases stress and mental illness, economic deprivation, and individual exposure to violence, while also contributing to destabilization and crime at the community level. The challenges to reintegration experienced by deportees are additional push factors that increase their desire to re-emigrate. Furthermore, the related destabilization of local communities also contributes to the push, not just for deportees, but for all affected people in the region. This phenomenon has important implications for the long-term effectiveness of current U.S. deportation policies, which may be contributing to destabilization in home countries and thus potentiating further unauthorized emigration to the U.S.
Low Birth Weight in Kansas
Authors: Guillory V. James , Lai Sue Min , Suminski R. , Crawford G.
Published: April 2015

Context . Low birth weight (LBW) is associated with infant morbidity and mortality. This is the first study of LBW in Kansas using vital statistics to determine maternal and health care system factors associated with LBW. Outcomes . Low birth weight. Objective . Determine if prenatal care, maternal socio-demographic or medical factors, or insurance status were associated with LBW. Methods . Birth certificate data were merged with Medicaid eligibility data and subjected to logistic regression analysis. Results . Of the 37,081 single vaginal births, LBW rates were 5.5% overall, 10.8% for African Americans, and 5% for White Americans. Lacking private insurance was associated with 34% more LBW infants (AOR 1.34; 95% CI 1.13–1.58), increased comorbidity, and late or less prenatal care. Low birth weight was associated with maternal medical comorbidity and with previous adverse birth outcomes. Conclusions . Insurance status, prenatal care, and maternal health during pregnancy are associated with LBW. Private insurance was consistently associated with more prenatal care and better outcomes. This study has important implications regarding health care reform.
Teaching Bioethics at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs)
Authors: Solberg Lauren B. , Taylor Carol Freund
Published: April 2015

This article describes a two-pronged, pilot bioethics education program implemented at a historically Black college/university to determine the interest in bioethics education and begin increasing the program’s visibility. The pilot program included a Train-the-Trainer (TtT) component for selected faculty members and a simultaneously-running film- and-speaker series for the entire campus.
Non-Communicable Diseases in an Older, Aging Population: A Developing Country Perspective (Jamaica)
Authors: Mitchell-Fearon K. , Waldron N. , Laws H. , James K. , Holder-Nevins D. , Willie-Tyndale D. , Eldemire-Shearer D.
Published: April 2015

Changes in the non-communicable disease (NCD) profile of older adults living in a rapidly-aging, developing country are described. Methods . Data from a 2012 nationally representative survey of 2,943 older adults were used to determine the burden of NCDs important to elder health. Additionally, the percentage change in NCD prevalence over a 23-year period (1989–2012) was determined. Results . In 2012, approximately 75.3% of the sample reported at least one NCD; 47.5% reported comorbidities. High blood pressure (61%), arthritis (35%) and diabetes (26%) were the most reported conditions, peaking in the 70–79 age group. Females reported higher rates of disease than males. Significant increases in prevalence occurred for all conditions except arthritis; the most significant were in diabetes (157%) and cancer (118%). Conclusion . Rapid increases in NCDs are of great public health importance. Strengthening of primary health care and improvements in human resources must occur if the well-being of older adults is to be improved.
No Association between Obesity and Behavior in Low-income, Preschool Latino Children
Authors: Nagata Jason M. , Hagan Melissa J. , Heyman Melvin B. , Wojcicki Janet M.
Published: April 2015

Background . The relationship between behavioral problems and obesity in early childhood in Latinos is largely unknown. Methods . Cross-sectional anthropometric and behavioral data of children at three years of age were gathered from a cohort of 174 children of Latina mothers at two San Francisco hospitals. Child behaviors were assessed using the preschool Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/1½–5). Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between behavior and obesity. Results . At three years, 27.7% were obese. There were no associations between affective (OR = 1.89; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.42–8.59), anxiety (OR = 1.86; 95% CI 0.53–6.47), pervasive developmental (OR = 0.42; 95% CI 0.13–1.36), attention deficit hyperactivity (OR = 0.58; 95% CI 0.12–2.76), or oppositional defiant (OR = 6.49; 95% CI 0.65–64.49) problems and obesity. Conclusions . Though psychological problems and obesity are associated among older children and adolescents, there was no association in Latino three-year olds in a low-income sample.
Racial/ethnic and Weight Status Differences in Food Preparation among WIC Participants
Authors: Emerson Janice S. , Towns Darnell R. , Jones Jessica L. , Cain Van A. , Hull Pamela C.
Published: April 2015

The main purpose of this study was to examine whether the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) helped mothers of overweight/obese preschool children to cut down on dietary fat and sugar intake for their families. Data from the Children Eating Well for Health (CHEW) Nutrition Survey, a probability sample of 150 (50 each White, Black and Hispanic) families with preschoolers participating in the WIC program in Nashville/Davidson County, Tennessee, were analyzed using logistic regression modeling. Mothers who reported that the WIC program helped them reduce fat intake were 2.5 times more likely to have an overweight/obese child and 2.1 times more likely to be obese themselves. No significant effects were found for adding sugar. These results suggest that the mothers in this sample were applying WIC nutritional counseling to use food preparation techniques that cut down on added fats for themselves and their children who were at risk due to weight status.
Feasibility of Conducting a Longitudinal, Transnational Study of Filipino Migrants to the United States: A Dual-Cohort Design
Authors: Gee Gilbert C. , de Castro A.B. , Wang May C. , Crespi Catherine M. , Morey Brittany N. , Fujishiro Kaori
Published: April 2015

Most studies of immigrant health are cross-sectional and fail to collect information prior to migration, leading to potential bias and confounding. The present pilot study examines the feasibility of studying migrants prospectively, with baseline data collected before migration. The study followed two cohorts of Filipinos for one year, a migrant cohort (n=27) that emigrated to the U.S. and a second non-migrant cohort (n=26) that remained in the Philippines. The one-year retention rate was 96%. The migrant cohort arrived in the U.S. within two months of their baseline assessment. Migrants and non-migrants did not differ with regard to body mass index, waist circumference, or waist to hip ratio at baseline or at follow-up. It is feasible to conduct a transnational, longitudinal study of two cohorts of Filipinos. This design provides important pre-migration information, is analogous to a natural experiment, can be upscaled, and allows for a rigorous examination of immigrant health.
Traumatic Brain Injury Focus Groups as a Means to Understand Violence among Adolescent Males in the NYC Jail System
Authors: Graves Jasmine , Steele Jessica , Kaba Fatos , Glowa-Kollisch Sarah , Ramdath Cassandra , Rosner Zachary , MacDonald Ross , Dickey Nathaniel , Venters Homer
Published: April 2015

Because we previously identified high rates of past TBI among adolescents arriving in the New York City (NYC) jail system we engaged adolescents in nine TBI focus groups to characterize better the level of understanding regarding the relationship between TBI and violence. During these groups, the following themes emerged: 1) physical and psychological impacts of violence; 2) roots of violence; 3) the use of violence as capital in the face of a marginalized social status; and 4) the inevitability of violence, particularly in a jail setting. Although these focus groups were initiated as a means to engage adolescents around the clinical problem of TBI, their observations are strongly centered in the larger context of violence. These results suggest that intervening in the problem of TBI among our patients will require broad-based changes in the environmental and interpersonal realities, both in the jail setting, and the communities where these adolescents reside.
Improving Access to Mental Health Services for Racialized Immigrants, Refugees, and Non-Status People Living with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Chen Y.Y. Brandon , Li Alan Tai-Wai , Fung Kenneth Po-Lun , Wong Josephine Pui-Hing
Published: April 2015

The demographic characteristics of people living with HIV/AIDS (PHAs) in Canada are increasingly diverse. Despite literature suggesting a potentially heightened mental health burden borne by racialized immigrant, refugee, and non-status PHAs (IRN-PHAs), researchers have hitherto paid insufficient attention to whether existing services adequately address this need and how services might be improved. Employing community-based research methodology involving PHAs from five ethnoracial groups in Toronto, Ontario, this study explored IRN-PHAs’ mental health service-seeking behaviors, service utilization experiences, and suggestions for service improvements. Results showed that while most IRN-PHAs were proactive in improving their mental health, their attempts to obtain support were commonly undermined by service provider mistreatment, unavailability of appropriate services, and multiple access barriers. A three-pronged approach involving IRN-PHA empowerment, anti-stigma and cultural competence promotion, and greater service integration is proposed for improving IRN-PHAs’ mental health service experience.
Economic Evaluation of a Community Health Worker-Led Health Literacy Intervention to Promote Cancer Screening Among Korean American Women
Authors: Schuster Anne L.R. , Frick Kevin D. , Huh Bo-Yun , Kim Kim B. , Kim Miyong , Han Hae-Ra
Published: April 2015

Objective . The study’s objectives were to calculate the costs and evaluate the cost-effectiveness of implementing a health literacy-focused intervention to promote breast and cervical cancer screenings among Korean American women overdue for these tests. Methods . Researchers estimated the costs of a cluster-randomized controlled trial that evaluated this intervention. Effectiveness was measured as the number of breast or cervical cancer screenings received by women in either the intervention and control arms of the study. Cost-effectiveness was calculated as the incremental cost of each additional screening received by the intervention group. Results . Comparing the intervention and control group, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was estimated to be US$236 per screening, without program development costs. Conclusion . These findings suggest this program, when compared with others, offered a more cost-effective approach for promoting cancer screening. Local health officials could use this information to guide decisions about reducing cancer disparities among recent immigrant women.
Outcomes for Children with Chronic Conditions Associated with Parent- and Provider-reported Measures of the Medical Home
Authors: Raphael Jean L. , Cooley W. Carl , Vega Amanda , Kowalkowski Marc A. , Tran Xuan , Treadwell Janet , Giardino Angelo P. , Giordano Thomas P.
Published: April 2015

Purpose . Assess relationships between having a patient-centered medical home (PCMH) and health care utilization among low-income children with chronic conditions using parent and practice perspectives. Methods . We analyzed data from 240 publicly insured children with chronic conditions. Parents completed surveys assessing PCMH access and their child’s primary care practice completed the Medical Home Index (MHI) self-assessment. Multivariate negative binomial analyses were conducted to investigate relationships between PCMH and service use. Results . Parent-report of a usual source of care was associated with lower rates of emergency care (ED) encounters and hospitalizations. Practice report of higher organizational capacity (e.g., communication, staff education) was associated with lower rates of ED visits and hospitalizations. Parent report of a PCMH was positively associated with practice MHI score. Conclusions . Among low-income children with chronic conditions, having a usual source of care and higher quality organizational capacity were associated with lower rates of ED visits and hospitalizations.
Timing is Everything: Getting Students Back on Track to College Readiness in High School
Authors: Royster Pamela , Gross Jacob , Hochbein Craig
Published: April 2015

National trends and goals have pushed beyond the dropout crisis and are now focused on raising the percentage of graduates prepared for college and career. This study examined a longitudinal cohort ( n = 6443) of students in an urban, public school district in order to explore how districts and communities can redirect off-track high school students. The researchers explored timing to first-time college readiness in English and math using Event History Analysis. Variables under investigation included gender, first-generation college student status, college aspiration, enrollment in college preparatory courses, and participation in organized, extracurricular, college preparatory activities. Results indicated a student’s chances of being on the college-ready trajectory were highest in the 8 th grade. Findings also revealed a positive association between higher parent education levels and college preparatory course enrollment, particularly in math.
An Opportunity to Learn US History: What NAEP Data Suggest Regarding the Opportunity Gap
Authors: Heafner Tina L. , Fitchett Paul G.
Published: April 2015

The purpose of this study is to determine the degree to which Opportunity to Learn (OTL), is associated with students’ achievement in US History. Opportunity to Learn stems from the basic premise that there is an important relationship between the quality and frequency of classroom instruction and students’ levels of academic success. The authors examine National Assessment of Educational Progress in U.S. History (NAEP-USH) assessment data in order to better understand the relationship between classroom- and student-level variables associated with historical knowledge as measured in the 12 th grade. Findings document that instructional exposure (OTL) is a factor associated with learning outcomes; however, the OTL in history is not the same for all student populations. An opportunity gap is evident in these results and suggests that Black students are underserved in U.S. History. However, when controlling for poverty and other socio-economic variables, students’ predictive achievement on NAEP is positively associated with instructional exposure; yet, differences were observed for some but not all strategies measured in the full model. In the aggregate and disaggregate models, instructional exposure and motivational factors associated with OTL account for a large and significant percentage of the proportional variance (r 2 ) in NAEP-USH achievement. We contend that instructional exposure is significantly predictor of historical knowledge. Findings from this study indicate: 1) student and school characteristics are significant factors associated with achievement, 2) pedagogical decisions are important and can greatly impact student learning in US History, and 3) culturally congruent instructional decision-making is needed to ensure positive learning experiences for Black students.
Inquiry into the Efficacy of Interactive Word Walls with Older Adolescent Learners
Authors: Vintinner Jean Payne , Harmon Janis , Wood Karen , Stover Katie
Published: April 2015

This study analyzed the perceptions of five high school English teachers of the efficacy of interactive word walls in high school classrooms. Through data collected during interviews and professional reflective journals, as well as the review of student artifacts, this article presents the themes that emerged from effective classroom teachers. Finally, we discuss the implications for research on interdisciplinary classroom practices.
“Just Like Me”: How Immigrant Students Experience a U.S. High School
Authors: McCloud Jennifer
Published: April 2015

Using a qualitative bricolage approach (Kincheloe, 2008, 2010), this study explores the school life of immigrant students enrolled in an advanced English as a Second Language (ESL) classroom in a high school. The overarching objective of this study is to examine how these students—five from Mexico, three from Honduras, and one from China—experience and use the school space. Figured worlds (Holland et al., 1998) and positioning theory (Davies, 2000; Harré & van Langenhove, 1999) provide analytical frameworks to present how the students rely on their positions as English language learners in an ESL program, on the ESL faculty, and on one another to co-construct a variety of practices that create opportunities for agency and success in the school space. The manuscript describes how students co-construct a world in and through which they (1) navigate the institution, (2) meet academic needs, and (3) establish networks of care. The study also includes the dissonant threads—elements of data that resist perfect codification—to deepen analysis and to portray a complex portrait of ESL II (Lawrence-Lightfoot & Davis, 1997).
Professional Work for Nothing: Software Commercialization and “An Open Letter to Hobbyists”
Authors: Driscoll Kevin
Published: April 2015

In 1975 Bill Gates published “An Open Letter to Hobbyists” in response to unauthorized duplication of Microsoft software. The letter appeared in numerous hobby magazines and club newsletters, sparking a dialogue among contemporary hobbyist readers, many of whom had not yet seriously considered the ethical and economic dimensions of commercial software. In the 1980s, histories of personal computing published in the popular press preserved a memory of the open letter that was later taken up by advocates of the free and open-source software movement. As the open letter traveled through each of these discursive contexts, it enabled enthusiasts and entrepreneurs alike to think about the problems of ownership, authorship, labor, and value brought about by software commercialization.
Histories of the Internet: Introducing a Special Issue of Information & Culture
Authors: Haigh Thomas , Russell Andrew L. , Dutton William H.
Published: April 2015

We explore the gap between broad conceptions of the Internet common in daily life and the rather narrow framing of most existing work on Internet history. Looking at both scholarly histories and popular myths, we suggest that the expanding scope of the Internet has created a demand for different kinds of history that capture the development of the many technological and social practices that converged to create today’s Internet-based online world. Finally, we summarize the articles in this special issue that collectively demonstrate that there is more than one history of the Internet.
“Singing the Strong Light Works of [American] Engineers”: Popular Histories of the Internet as Mythopoetic Literature
Authors: Katz-Kimchi Merav
Published: April 2015

During the 1990s, when the Internet became a common communication medium in the United States, its history was recounted in numerous works that were intended for popular American audiences. In the context of the new legitimizing discourse of the technopolitical order of post-Fordist society, which views network technology at the center of an emancipatory social transformation, this article critically analyzes the role of the authors, as well as the main characters, actions, plot, and narrative of these works. The authors wrote for specific intended audiences, casting the history of the Internet into the mythopoetic form of the technological romance that dramatizes the eroticized prodigious work of the so-called Internet pioneers.
From Virtual to Social: Transforming Concepts and Images of the Internet
Authors: Oggolder Christian
Published: April 2015

One history of the Internet is the history of changing perceptions of this particular innovation over the course of time. This article argues that the societal perception, concepts, and images of the Internet and the changes to it are to a large extent affected by the traditional media. Against this background, the study gives a historical analysis of Internet-related news coverage in the leading liberal newspapers in Germany, Great Britain, and Italy between 2000 and 2012.
From the Mainframes to the Masses: A Participatory Computing Movement in Minnesota Education
Authors: Rankin Joy
Published: April 2015

Historians have demonstrated how systems like Usenet and Minitel fostered the social practices that we now associate with the TCP/IP Internet, but no one has considered networked computing in education. From 1965 to 1975, Minnesota implemented interactive computing at its public schools and universities with time-sharing systems—networks of teletypewriter terminals connected to computers via telephone lines. These educational networks, created with different priorities from military-sponsored networks, were user oriented from the start and encouraged software sharing and collaboration. Focusing on the educational setting gives us a history of the Internet firmly grounded in the social and political movements of the long 1960s.
Part of a Whole: RENATER, a Twenty-Year-Old Network within the Internet
Authors: Schafer Valérie
Published: April 2015

Internet history cannot entirely reflect the complexity of the network of networks’ genesis and development if it does not take into account parallel or rival projects and national paths. This article shows how the study of a specific network, for example, RENATER (the French National Telecommunications Network for Technology, Education and Research, both a public interest group and a network born in 1993), can also shed light, in a detailed way, on Internet history. It seeks to demonstrate how this case study allows for a more nuanced picture of an “Internet-centric” and teleological vision of Internet history.
“If You Build It, They Will Come”: Lusk, Wyoming, and the Information Highway Imaginaire, 1989–1999
Authors: Kozak Nadine I.
Published: April 2015

Historians of the Internet have richly analyzed the government and academic origins of networked computing in the 1960s and 1970s, as well as the early commercialization of the Internet. This work adds to the available histories by analyzing local Internet policy. This article examines Lusk, Wyoming’s development of a fiber-optic network to attract information-rich industries and enter the information age. I employ the concept of Patrice Flichy’s information highway imaginaire to highlight how the national discourse around information and communication technologies led Lusk to create its network and how the town’s network in turn contributed to the collective vision.
Crossing Borders of Different Kinds: Roma Theater in Vienna
Authors: Grobbel Michaela
Published: April 2015

This article analyzes the relationship between memory and performance of “Gypsy” diasporic identity. Roma theater is an embodied memory space that remembers the repressed past by giving voice to those who are still repressed in the present. This kind of theater is part of transcultural and transnational efforts that challenge continued misconceptions about Roma by confronting the space between images or myths made about Romas and the everyday realities experienced by them. Theater as social performance offers possibilities to re-discover Romani histories (such as the history of persecution), face past trauma, and establish ties among different Romani groups. Additionally, contemporary Roma theater has the potential to initiate dialogue with the majority culture by calling attention to the processes of image-making and thus revealing a complex picture of Roma life in today’s mediated world.
The Hypertrophied Subject in Thomas Glavinic’s Wie man leben soll and Die Arbeit der Nacht
Authors: McLary Laura
Published: April 2015

Thomas Glavinic’s novels Wie man leben soll (2004) and Die Arbeit der Nacht (2006) feature male protagonists who experience a process of devolution, echoing Robert Menasse’s concept of the “Rückentwicklungsroman” developed in his essays on Austrian literature and in his own novels, specifically the “Trilogie der Entgeisterung.” For Menasse the “Innerlichkeit” of Austrian literature in the post–World War II era simply concealed a disturbed relationship to its history, resulting in a hypertrophied subject. In Glavinic’s Wie man leben soll , the inflated self-importance of the main character against a backdrop of trivialized historical references is reflected in his meteoric success as a pop star; he is portrayed as a ridiculous figure, vulnerable in the final moment of wish fulfillment. The main character in Die Arbeit der Nacht experiences his suddenly overdetermined meaning as a subject in a posthuman world only through the erasure of and the receding importance of history.
Sacher-Masoch and the Jewish Bildungsroman
Authors: Metz Joseph
Published: April 2015

This essay reads Sacher-Masoch’s narrative Venusim Pelz as an oppositional parody of the German Bildungsroman in which male, female, Slavic, Black, and “Greek” (i.e., “German”) coordinates collapse into each other under the sign of “Jewish” representational and gender fluidity—that is, a fluidity that was widely coded in Masoch’s day as Jewish. The resulting figure, a Greek-Jewish composite of the Austro-Hungarian Empire’s dominant and subaltern ethnicities, physically materializes a new Bild (image) and Bildung (formation, education) in which opposites occupy the same bodily space. The novella, written just before the consolidation of Austria’s rival, the Prussian-dominated German Reich , destabilizes topoi of identity formation that were increasingly associated with the colonizing power of a Prussian-German monoculture. By mixing and mimicking the overdetermined signifying fields of “Jewishness” and Bildung , Venus fractures strategies of Germanic self-fashioning and the anti-Semitic discourses frequently deployed in that self-fashioning, yet simultaneously articulates Masoch’s own “borderland” colonial ambivalence.