bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Yellow Nutsedge and Cotton Response to Several Herbicides
Authors: Keeley P. E. , Carter C. H. , Miller J. H.
Published: May 2019

Seven herbicides were evaluated for the control of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Acala SJ-1’) in three field experiments during 1970 and 1971. The herbicides, 2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide (alachlor); 2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(butoxymethyl) acetanilide (CP-53619); 2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-methylthio)-s-triazine (prometryne); 2-(α-naphthoxy)-N, N-diethylpropionamide (R-7465);S-isopropyl 5-ethyl-2-methylpiperidine-1-carbothioate (R-12001); 4-chloro-5-(dimethylamino)-2-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3-(2H)-pyridazinone (San-6706); and 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-dione (methazole), were applied broadcast and incorporated 10 cm deep into the soil before the preplanting irrigation. All herbicides controlled nutsedge for at least 1 month in two or more experiments. Cotton was most tolerant to applications of 2.24 and 4.48 kg/ha of CP-53619, 3.36 and 6.72 kg/ha of prometryne, 1.12 kg/ha of San-6706, and 2.24 kg/ha of methazole. Higher rates of San-6706 and methazole and all rates of alachlor, R-7465, and R-12001 reduced the yield of cotton in one or more experiments.
Weed Control in Cotton with Emulsified Oils and Herbicidal Naphtha
Authors: Robinson E. L.
Published: May 2019

Herbicidal oil emulsions and herbicidal naphthas were applied repeatedly as postemergence treatments to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L., ‘Stoneville 7A’) in field investigations over a 4-year period. Postemergence directed applications of high aromatic oils emulsified with water were effective for selective weed control in cotton. Oil emulsions did not cause stem girdling when applied to cotton at any growth stage. Herbicidal naphthas effectively controlled weeds but caused stem girdling when applied after the cotton was 4 weeks old.
Wild Cane and Forage Sorghum Competition in Grain Sorghum
Authors: Vesecky J. F. , Feltner K. C. , Vanderlip R. L.
Published: May 2019

Grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench ‘RS 671’) was grown during 1969 and 1970 in competition with two other members of the same species, wild cane and Kansas Orange forage sorghum, transplanted at various densities along grain sorghum rows. All densities of wild cane and Kansas Orange significantly reduced both grain and fodder yields of grain sorghum. Grain yield was highly and positively correlated with leaf area, culm length, culms per plant, panicles per culm, seeds per panicle, and amount of light received at the grain sorghum canopy; and grain yield was negatively correlated with plant factors that benefited wild cane and Kansas Orange. Grain yield did not correlate with either plants per hectare or seed weight. Panicle size was most important in determining grain yield. Kansas Orange reduced grain yields more than did wild cane in 1969. During 1970, with less favorable rainfall, grain sorghum responded similarly to both transplanted weed types.
Germination, Growth, Development, and Control of Galinsoga
Authors: Ivany J. A. , Sweet R. D.
Published: May 2019

Hairy galinsoga [Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake] and smallflower galinsoga [G. parviflora Cav.] are widespread weeds in New York State. Freshly harvested achenes (seed) are not dormant and germinate in the field from early May until frost. Rate of germination but not final total percentage was stimulated by alternating temperature, with the fastest rate being at 30 C day and 20 C night and with a 16-hr photoperiod and 11,000 lux of light. Some seed in each seed-lot required light for germination. Both species were day-neutral with respect to flowering. Smallflower galinsoga produced its first flower after node seven and hairy galinsoga after node six on the main axis 6 to 8 weeks after germination. Decreasing light intensity 83% decreased fresh weight.
Mucilaginous Seed Coats
Authors: Young James A. , Evans Raymond A.
Published: May 2019

Mucilage was detectable on the seeds of 8% of 233 plant species collected in Nevada and adjacent California. Mucilaginous species were restricted to the Cruciferae, Euphorbiaceae, Labiatae, Onograceae, and Plantaginaceae. Many of the species with mucilaginous seed coats are weeds. Mucilage may influence seed dispersal and greatly influences moisture relations during germination.
Effect of Additives upon Phenmedipham for Weed Control in Sugarbeets
Authors: Miller Stephen D. , Nalewaja John D.
Published: May 2019

Weed control and sugarbeet (Beta vulgarisL.) injury from applications of methylm-hydroxycarbanilatem-methyl-carbanilate (phenmedipham) were influenced by additives, volume of additive, and species in both field and greenhouse experiments. Oils were more effective than the surfactant as additives to phenmedipham on green foxtail (Setaria virdis(L.) Beauv.), yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca(L.) Beauv.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), or common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.). Herbicidal activity of phenmedipham on kochia (Kochia scoparia(L.) Schrad.) or wild mustard (Brassica kaber(D.C.) L.C. Wheeler var.pinnatifida(Stokes) L.C. Wheeler) was not enhanced by any additive. Linseed oil (2.34 L/ha) enhanced the herbicidal activity of phenmedipham on green foxtail, yellow foxtail, and redroot pigweed more than petroleum (2.34 L/ha) or sunflower (Helianthus annusL.) oil (2.34 or 9.35 L/ha). However, linseed oil reduced the herbicidal activity of phenmedipham on kochia.
Absorption of Herbicides by Soybean Seed
Authors: Don Scott H. , Phillips Ronald E.
Published: May 2019

The absorption of14C-labeled herbicides by soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Lee’) seed from aqueous solutions and treated soil was investigated. A comparison of the absorption of the various herbicides from aqueous solution showed that differences existed in the rate and amount of herbicide absorbed by the seed. Calculations showed that the concentration of herbicides at the seed coat surface varied with absorption time which indicated that the permeability of the soybean seed to these herbicides changed during the absorption process. The rate of absorption of isopropylm-chlorocarbanilate (chlorpropham) and 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(iso propylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine) by soybean seed in soil was rapid for the first 4 hr and then decreased steadily until the event of germination at which time the rate increased. When the amount absorbed by the soybean was compared with that predicted by the perfect sink equation, it was found that the soybean was a better sink during the first few hours than afterwards. The amount of herbicide moved to the seed in the imbibed water could not account for the total amount of chlorpropham absorbed indicating considerable contributions from diffusive transport. Only during the initial 4-hr period was uptake of atrazine greater than that moved to the seed by mass flow.
Bromoxynil for Control of Common Cocklebur and Wild Common Sunflower in Soybeans
Authors: Andersen Robert N. , Behrens Richard , Warnes Dennis D. , Nelson Wallace W.
Published: May 2019

In preliminary greenhouse evaluations and then in field studies, common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicum Wallr.) and wild common sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) were controlled by early postemergence applications of 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile (bromoxynil). Bromoxynil on young soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] caused temporary necrosis, retarded growth, and delayed maturity but did not reduce the stand of soybeans. Subsequent recovery and final yields of treated soybeans were such that selective control of common cocklebur and wild common sunflower appeared feasible. Treatments were applied as aqueous sprays over the tops of both the weeds and the crop. Rates of 140 or 196 g/ha were sufficient to control common cocklebur or wild common sunflower that was in the six true-leaf stage or smaller. In terms of soybean development, the optimum time for treatment appeared to be about the first trifoliolate stage.
Soil Organic Matter Effect on Activity of Acetanilides, CDAA, and Atrazine
Authors: Parochetti J. V.
Published: May 2019

Field and greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the influence of soil organic matter on herbicidal activity using four Pocomoke soils with organic matter contents of 4.8, 7.0, 11.9, and 17.0%. In field experiments, control of giant green foxtail [Setaria viridisvar.major(Gaud.) Posp.] was greater than 75% from all treatments of 2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide (alachlor), 2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide (propachlor), andN,N-diallyl-2-chloroacetamide (CDAA) with no statistical differences between chemicals, rates, or organic matter levels. Control was statistically lower from all 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine) treatments except 2.6 kg/ha at 7% organic matter and 4.4 kg/ha at 7 and 17% organic matter. Under greenhouse conditions, giant foxtail (Setaria faberiHermm.) was used to establish GR50values on soils or soil mixtures containing 0.8, 1.9, 3.9, 6.4, 11.0, and 18.7% organic matter for the herbicides used in the field study and for 2-chloro-N-(1-methyl-2-propynyl)acetanilide (prynachlor). Generally as organic matter levels increased, the GR50values for herbicides increased; the rate of GR50increase varied with herbicides. A ranking of herbicides from most toxic to least toxic is: propachlor>alachlor>prynachlor>CDAA. Atrazine GR50values varied from a low similar to propachlor at 0.8% organic matter to 20 times greater than propachlor at 17% organic matter.
Simultaneous Determinations of MSMA and Arsenic Acid in Plants
Authors: Lakso J. U. , Peoples S. A. , Bayer D. E.
Published: May 2019

Monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA) and arsenic acid (AA) were measured simultaneously in johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.) and cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘SJ-1’) by a bicolorimetric method. Tissues from plants sprayed with MSMA while growing and tissues with MSMA and AA added just prior to extraction were analyzed. Johnsongrass sprayed with MSMA solution at 11.2 kg/ha contained, on a dry weight basis, 423.0 ppmw of MSMA and 0.00 ppmw of AA at 7 days and 10.83 and 0.21 ppmw, respectively, after 54 days of regrowth. The cotton plants were sprayed twice to runoff with MSMA, first with 0.3 g/L and second with 1.2 g/L. Cottonseed from the sprayed cotton plants contained, on a dry weight basis, 2.45 ppmw of MSMA and 0.08 ppmw of AA after the first picking and 3.02 and 0.10 ppmw, respectively, after the second. Background levels of MSMA and AA were, respectively, on a dry weight basis, 0.63 and 0.02 ppmw in johnsongrass and 0.58 and 0.00 ppmw in cottonseed.
Physiological Effects of Bromacil on Kentucky Bluegrass and Orchardgrass
Authors: Shriver J. W. , Bingham S. W.
Published: May 2019

Bromacil (5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil) had no effect on germination but reduced growth of emerging shoots of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerataL. ‘Virginia Common’) more than Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratenseL. ‘Merion’). Fresh weight gain and transpiration were reduced in orchardgrass seedlings at 0.125 ppmw of bromacil whereas 1.0 ppmw were required for reductions in bluegrass. Photosynthesis was inhibited in both plants; however, bluegrass recovered in 6 days. Water soluble carbohydrate content was greater and was not reduced as much by bromacil in bluegrass compared with orchardgrass. Absorption of 2-14C-bromacil from solution and translocation to shoots was directly related to transpiration rate. Bromacil was translocated acropetally from sheath and foliar treatments. Higher metabolic conversion of 2-14C-bromacil occurred in bluegrass compared to orchardgrass. Metabolites detected in plant extracts were 5-bromo-3-(2-hydroxy-1-methylpropyl)-6-methyluracil and an unknown. Traces of 3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil and 5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-hydroxymethyluracil were also detected. Bluegrass tolerance involved high carbohydrate levels in tissues, hydroxylation of bromacil, and recovery of photosynthesis.
Relative Phytotoxicities of Dinitroaniline Herbicides
Authors: Harvey R. G.
Published: May 2019

The relative phytotoxicities of 12 substituted dinitroaniline herbicides to soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr ‘Corsoy’], velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.), and either giant foxtail (Setaria faberiHerrm.) or foxtail millet [Setaria italica(L.) Beauv.] were compared under greenhouse and laboratory conditions. In these studies, dinitramine (N4,N4-diethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-3,5-dinitrotoluene-2,4-diamine) was most toxic to each species. Dinitramine, trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), and BAS-3921 H [N-propyl-N-(2-chloroethyl)-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine] were most inhibitory of soybean shoot growth, while oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropyl-sulfanilamide), dinitramine, and BAS-3921 H were most inhibitory of root growth. Similarly, dinitramine, oryzalin, nitralin [4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline], and BAS-3921 H inhibited velvetleaf shoot growth; and oryzalin, dinitramine, chlornidine [2,6-dinitro-N,N-di(2-dichloroethyl)-p-toluidine], nitralin, and GS-39985 (N-n-propyl-N-tetrahydrofurfuryl-4-trifluoromethyl-2,6-dinitroaniline) reduced root growth. All of the herbicides except oryzalin and nitralin inhibited foxtail millet shoot growth, while all of the herbicides reduced root growth.
Wild Watermelon Emergence and Control
Authors: Smith D. T. , Cooley A. W.
Published: May 2019

Wild watermelon (Citrullus vulgarisSchrad. var.citroidesBailey) is a widespread problem in cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) and grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench] planted on sandy soils. Preplant herbicide treatments did not suppress wild watermelon emergence, dry matter, or melon production. Preemergence application of fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea] suppressed growth and controlled the weed. However, propazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] controlled and nearly eliminated melon production. Although postemergence application of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] was effective, most postemergence treatments gave erratic control, probably because of differences in vigor from seedlings emerging from varying depths. There was no difference in emergence from seed planted 2.5 to 10 cm deep. However, emergence was lower from seed planted 20 cm deep and seedlings were less vigorous from seed buried 10 cm or deeper.
Periodicity of Germination and Emergence of Some Annual Weeds
Authors: Stoller E. W. , Wax L. M.
Published: May 2019

Seeds of yellow foxtail [Setaria lutescens(Weigel) Hubb.], ivyleaf morningglory [Ipomoea hederacea(L.) Jacq.], common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.), jimsonweed (Datura stramoniumL.), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.), and giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifidaL.) were buried in the soil November 20 and 21, 1966 at Urbana, Illinois for noting emergence of seedlings from April 1 through August 18, 1967. Similarly, seeds of yellow foxtail, ivyleaf morningglory, jimsonweed, velvetleaf, giant ragweed, common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifoliaL.), and Pennsylvania smartweed (Polygonum pensylvanicumL.) were buried on October 25, 1968 for emergence observations from April 1 to August 18, 1969. Pennsylvania smartweed, giant ragweed, and common ragweed had large flushes of germination from early April through early May, with no emergence after June 1. Velvetleaf displayed similar early flushes and had additional small flushes of emergence in late May or June. Yellow foxtail seedlings also emerged in April and May in 1969 and in May and June during both years. Common cocklebur seedlings emerged abundantly in April and May but less abundantly in June. Ivyleaf morningglory and jimsonweed displayed flushes of emergence sporadically after May 1. Flushes of emergence for all species which occurred after May 1 were preceded by sufficient rainfall to bring the surface 10 cm of soil to field capacity. Cumulative heat units in the soil above 10 C were not correlated with initiation of emergence for any species. The early emergence was attributed to stimuli from general soil warming while emergence after May 1 was stimulated by favorable soil moisture from rainfall.
Flooding for Johnsongrass Control
Authors: McWhorter C. G.
Published: May 2019

Flooding soil with 5 to 10 cm of water for 7 to 14 days killed all freshly planted johnsongrass(Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.) rhizomes in greenhouse and field experiments. A delay in flooding until culms emerged greatly reduced control. Flooding the soil in which 4-week-old johnsongrass plants grew had little effect at 15 C, but plants were killed after 8 weeks of flooding at 40 C. Death of buds on immersed johnsongrass rhizomes occurred more rapidly at 40 C than at 10, 20, 25, or 30 C. Flooding for 8 days at 40 C killed all rhizomes, but 16 days of flooding were required to kill all rhizomes at 30 C. Few buds were killed when flooded at 10 or 20 C, but germination was delayed. Immersing rhizomes in water and soil provided better control than immersing them in water without soil.
Early Development of Johnsongrass
Authors: Horowitz Menashe
Published: May 2019

Tillering, flowering, and rhizome formation of johnsongrass(Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.) started approximately 2 months after planting seeds or single-node rhizome fragments in the warm season. The minimum temperature for rhizome formation was between 15 and 20 C. Inflorescences were produced only from May to November. No causal relationship was found between flowering and rhizome formation. The bud activity of new rhizomes, as assessed by sprouting of single-node fragments, ranged between 48 and 100%. Sprouting was nil at 10 C, slow below 20 C, and maximum at 28 C. Seed germination required a temperature about 10 C higher than rhizome sprouting. While the initial leaf production of seedlings was more rapid than on plants produced from rhizomes, other differences in growth and development between seedlings and rhizome plants were of only limited practical significance.
Herbicidal Control of Volunteer Castorbean
Authors: Smith D. T. , Cooley A. W. , Mooney D. O. , Wiese A. F.
Published: May 2019

Volunteer castorbean (Ricinus communis L.) was most effectively controlled by preemergence application of 2-chloro-4,6-bis(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (propazine) at 1.1 to 2.2 kg/ha in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (Moench) L.) and by 1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea (fluometuron) at 1.7 to 2.2 kg/ha in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Preplant applications of propazine were not as effective as preemergence treatments. Efficacy of soil-applied herbicides was greatest when 1 to 2 cm of rain occurred within 7 to 10 days after application. Effective postemergence treatments on castorbean seedlings with two to eight true leaves were 2-chloro-4(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine) at 1.1 to 1.7 kg/ha, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron) at 0.9 kg/ha, or 2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine (prometryne) at 0.9 kg/ha.
Development of Range Grass Seedlings Germinated in Picloram
Authors: Scifres C. J. , Halifax J. C.
Published: May 2019

Picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) did not influence germination but differentially regulated postgermination growth of range grass seedlings. Radicle elongation of buffalograss(Buchloe dactyloides[Nutt] Elgelm.), sideoats grama(Bouteloua curtipendula[Michx.] Torr.)3, and switchgrass(Panicum virgatumL.) in petri dishes was reduced by 125 ppb picloram, whereas shoot elongation was not retarded by 1,000 ppb. Buffalograss, sideoats grama, and switchgrass seedlings, germinated in soil containing 500 ppb picloram, were usually not reduced in topgrowth production. However, topgrowth production of Arizona cottontop(Digitaria californica[Benth.] Henr.) and vine mesquite(Panicum obtusumH. B. K.) was reduced by 125 to 250 ppb of picloram in soil. Relative tolerance to picloram was ranked buffalograss, sideoats grama>switchgrass>vine mesquite, Arizona cottontop.
Nutrient Removal by Waterhyacinth
Authors: Rogers H. H. , Davis D. E.
Published: May 2019

Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus by waterhyacinth [Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms] in static and flowing water was investigated. Milligrams of phosphorus absorbed per plant per day in static water averaged 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, and 1.6 in 10, 25, and 50% Hoagland's solution and in sewage effluent, respectively, while in flowing water the values were 1.7, 2.5, and 3.3 for 10, 25, and 50% Hoagland's solution. Milligrams of nitrogen absorbed per plant per day from these same solutions averaged 5.3, 11.4, 19.8, and 6.6 from static water and 9.9, 18.4, and 20.8 from flowing water. Transpiration per plant per day averaged approximately 175 mi in static water and 225 ml in flowing water. One hectare of waterhyacinth plants under optimum conditions could absorb the average daily nitrogen and phosphorus waste production of over 800 people.
Effects of Fertilization on Aquatic Plants, Water, and Bottom Sediments
Authors: Ryan J. B. , Riemer D. N. , Toth S. J.
Published: May 2019

A 2-year field study was conducted to determine the effects of fertilization on elodea(Elodea canadensisMichx.), eurasian watermilfoil(Myriophyllum spicatumL.), and heartleaf pondweed(Potamogeton pulcherTuckerm.). Plants, water, and sediment were sampled and inorganic mineral contents determined. Water concentrations of NO3, NH4, P, and K increased sharply following fertilization and generally reached maximum values within 7 days after treatment. Concentrations of these nutrients decreased rapidly after reaching maximum values. In the first year, plant growth was not increased due to fertilization while in the second year only heartleaf pondweed produced significantly greater yields. Elodea and eurasian watermilfoil grew better in the control environment, presumably due to less competition from algae, whose growth was increased by the addition of fertilizer. At the end of the study the top 1.3 cm of bottom sediment had increased in cation exchange capacity (C. E. C.), organic matter, total N, and available P for all treatments while the underlying sediment remained relatively unchanged. Available P was greater in the surface of the fertilized sediment than in the surface of the control sediment.
Leaf Removal Interval Effect After Sprays to Woody Plants
Authors: Meyer R. E. , Bovey R. W. , Riley T. E. , McKelvy W. T.
Published: May 2019

Greenhouse grown honey mesquite(Prosopis juliflora(Swartz) D.C. var.glandulosa(Torr.) Cockerell), huisache(Acacia farnesiana(L.) Willd.), and whitebrush(Aloysia lycioidesCham.) and field grown honey mesquite, huisache, whitebrush, live oak(Quercus virginianaMill.), Arizona ash(Fraxinus velutinaTorr.), and winged elm(Ulmus alataMichx.) were defoliated at several intervals following spray treatments with 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), or [(4-chioro-o-tolyl)oxy]acetic acid (MCPA). The time required by leaves to be retained on the plant after spraying to give maximum canopy reduction or death of plants varied among species. In most species, however, herbicide absorption and transport were complete within a 4-day period or less as compared to undefoliated treated plants.
Collecting Soil Cores in Plastic Liners
Authors: Schweizer E. E. , Frey C. R.
Published: May 2019

A soil sampler was constructed to collect soil cores in plastic tubes to a depth of 30 cm. This method of sampling prevents loss of soil, minimizes soil contamination, and permits proportional sectioning of the soil core into desirable segments for bioassay or chemical analysis.
Effects of Drop Size, Spray Volume, and Dosage on Paraquat Toxicity
Authors: McKinlay K. S. , Ashford R. , Ford R. J.
Published: May 2019

The effects of drop-size, dosage, and spray volume on the toxicity of aqueous sprays of paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) were measured using sunflower (Helianthus annuusL. ‘Peredovik’). Small drops (100 μ) were more phytotoxic than large ones (350 μ), and concentrated solutions (5.5 L/ha) were more phytotoxic than dilute solutions (2.2 L/ha) at the same dosage rate.
Primary Root Elongation of Three Weed Species
Authors: Teem D. H. , Hoveland C. S. , Buchanan G. A.
Published: May 2019

Primary root elongation of prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.) at pH 5.5 was similar to that at pH 6.5 while sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL.) was reduced to 62% and tall morningglory [Ipomoea purpurea(L.) Roth] to 87% of that at pH 6.5. At pH 5.1, root elongation of prickly sida was reduced to 77% of that at pH 5.5. Some elongation was observed in the pH range of 5.1 to 6.5 for all species. Maximum primary root growth of tall morningglory, sicklepod, and prickly sida occurred at approximately 32° which was similar to that for cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Empire’). Temperature as high as 39° did not significantly reduce root elongation of sicklepod. Tall morningglory root growth was reduced approximately 50% by 0.2 ppm of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine). In contrast, sicklepod and prickly sida root growth was reduced only slightly by 1 ppm of trifluralin.
Gibberellic Acid Plus Cytokinins Induced Basal Bulbs of Purple Nutsedge Above Ground
Authors: Chetram Ritchie S. , Bendixen Leo E.
Published: May 2019

Benzyladenine (BA), kinetin, and gibberellic acid (GA) at concentrations of 6 × 10−4and 4 × 10−3M, respectively, were used to induce formation of basal bulbs above ground in rhizomes of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL.). BA plus GA induced a tropistic response in all of the rhizomes and only above ground bulbs were produced, while kinetin plus GA induced a tropistic response and bulbs formed above and below the soil surface. Control plants as well as those treated with GA, kinetin, or BA produced underground bulbs and rhizomes but no bulbs above ground. Height of above ground secondary bulbs induced by kinetin plus GA was significantly greater than those induced by BA plus GA. Transformation of primary rhizomes to shoots in the control plants did not differ significantly from transformation of those originating from plants of the various treatments. Height of primary plants of all treatments differed significantly from the controls.
Simazine-Induced Nitrate Absorption Related to Plant Protein Content
Authors: Ries S. K. , Wert V.
Published: May 2019

Barley(Hordeum vulgareL. ‘Coho’), rye(Secale cerealeL. ‘MSU Exp.’) and oat(Avena sativaL. ‘Gary’) seedlings were grown in nutrient solutions containing 0 and 10−9to 10−7M concentrations of 2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine (simazine). In kinetic studies with rye and barley seedlings, simazine increased water and nitrate uptake after 3 days' exposure to 10−9M simazine compared to controls; there was no effect from 10−7M simazine. The effect was manifested in an increase in both plant weight and total protein. After 12 days, companion plants treated with 10−7M simazine were the same size as controls but contained a higher protein concentration especially in the shoots. Regression analyses showed that the simazine-induced increases in total nitrogen content of the three grain species were closely related to the nitrate and water uptake, whether manifested by greater plant growth or more protein per gram of plant.
Daily and Seasonal Response of Huisache and Macartney Rose to Herbicides
Authors: Bovey R. W. , Haas R. H. , Meyer R. E.
Published: May 2019

Triethylamine salts of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) plus (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T) (1:1) sprays were more effective for the control of huisache(Acacia farnesiana(L.) Willd.) than for the control of Macartney rose(Rosa bracteataWendl.) at 13 dates of application in 1969 and 1970. Both species were more controlled effectively with the application rate of 1.12 than 0.56 kg/ha. Most effective control of huisache was obtained June 18, 1970, although other summer treatments in 1970 were effective. The herbicide was, on the average, more effective on huisache and Macartney rose when applied in the evening than morning or midday. Macartney rose was most effectively controlled by treatments applied in September and October of both years. Poorest control of the two species occurred when internal water stress was highest.
Social security research in France*
Authors: Michel Clément
Published: May 2019

Social security research is a relatively recent development. The interest in it and the way in which it has developed over about the last twelve years seems to have coincided, on the one hand, with the increasing financial difficulties of the social security systems and on the other with the realization that, in spite of the increase in the social security budget, numerous social problems remain to be solved.
SPERIMENTAZIONE QUANTITATIVA E SISTEMI POLITICI
Authors: Calcagno Alfredo Eric , Sainz Pedro
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Questo saggio intende mostrare come le decisioni politiche possano essere qualitativamente migliorate per mezzo di una descrizione, formulata in modo tecnico, della situazione reale in cui si svolgono, e della previsione del funzionamento e delle probabili conseguenze di un programma governativo. A tal fine, si propone una metodologia che, se non è l'unica possibile, ha il vantaggio di essere immediatamente applicabile e il merito principale di «aiutare a pensare».
STUDI SULL'INTEGRAZIONE SOVRANAZIONALE
Authors: Panebianco Angelo
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

I nuovi equilibri internazionali i cui riflessi si avvertono negli atteggiamenti dei leaders europei, combinati alle pressanti scadenze comunitarie, vanno aumentando la sensazione che, entro un tempo relativamente breve, il processo di unificazione europea si troverà di fronte ad un bivio consistente o in un salto di qualità o in una stagnazione prolungata. Frattanto, in altre parti del mondo — in Asia, in Africa, in America Latina — un numero crescente di stati cerca di reagire al sottosviluppo economico avviando processi di integrazione regionale che, in prospettiva, nelle intenzioni dei governi, dovrebbero rappresentare una risposta, sia pure piú cauta e realistica degli utopistici disegni panarabisti e panafricani che alimentarono gli entusiasmi post-coloniali, ai problemi imposti dalla frantumazione politica, dalla debolezza economica, dai rapporti con le società industrializzate. La convinzione che la politica internazionale degli anni futuri, a seguito di questi sviluppi, verrà sempre piú a dipendere da rapporti fra « unità » transnazionali piú o meno integrate, ha spostato l’interesse di un numero crescente di cultori di relazioni internazionali verso i problemi dell’integrazione politica alla ricerca di teorie a medio o a largo raggio che permettano di prevedere e, almeno in una certa misura, guidare gli sviluppi che sembrano intravedersi al di là degli stati nazionali.
LE ELEZIONI POLITICHE ITALIANE DEL 7 MAGGIO 1972
Authors: Spreafico Alberto
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Le elezioni politiche del 7 maggio 1972 hanno presentato alcune caratteristiche peculiari che hanno richiamato su di esse un'eccezionale interesse e le hanno fatte definire decisive per il futuro del sistema politico italiano. In primo luogo esse sono state le prime elezioni anticipate, di questo dopoguerra, per il rinnovo delle assemblee rappresentative.
IL POTERE DEL LAVORO NELLA SOCIETà POST-PACIFICATA (UN FUTURIBILE SINDACALE)
Authors: Sartori Giovanni
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

A dispetto di una intensiva auscultazione sociale, o sociologica, la contestazione studentesca ci ha colti alla sprovvista. Nemmeno eravamo preparati, sul finire degli anni sessanta, ai nuovi conflitti industriali. Per venti anni circa la prognosi era stata che le ideologie stavano tramontando, e la diagnosi era che le società occidentali erano ormai ≪ società pacificate ≫. Questi macroscopici errori predittivi lasciano sospettare che ci aspettano altre sorprese. E vale cominciare dall'autocritica, dal chiedersi come mai l'enorme massa di informazioni di cui disponiamo (relativamente parlando) ci lascia non meno sordi e non meno miopi di quando le informazioni non c'erano.
FATTORI DETERMINANTI DELLE PREFERENZE PARTITICHE IN ITALIA
Authors: Sani Giacomo
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Nell'interpretare la distribuzione delle preferenze politiche dell'elettorato italiano nel secondo dopoguerra, sono stati comunemente utilizzati, anche in funzione della natura dei dati usati, tre diversi gruppi di variabili. Alcuni studiosi, seguendo una ben affermata tradizione di sociologia politica, hanno sottolineato il ruolo dei fattori socio-economici, sia a livello individuale che a quello ecologico. Altri hanno dato risalto all'esistenza di tradizioni politiche profondamente radicate e alla continuità delle sub-culture politiche esistenti nelle diverse zone del paese. Infine, in alcune opere più recenti le preferenze politiche sono state messe in relazione con un altro gruppo di variabili strutturali, e cioè i circuiti di comunicazione direttamente o indirettamente collegati e ispirati a questa o quella organizzazione politica.
Thinking through other minds: A variational approach to cognition and culture
Authors: Veissière Samuel P. L. , Constant Axel , Ramstead Maxwell J. D. , Friston Karl J. , Kirmayer Laurence J.
Published: May 2019

The processes underwriting the acquisition of culture remain unclear. How are shared habits, norms, and expectations learned and maintained with precision and reliability across large-scale sociocultural ensembles? Is there a unifying account of the mechanisms involved in the acquisition of culture? Notions such as “shared expectations,” the “selective patterning of attention and behaviour,” “cultural evolution,” “cultural inheritance,” and “implicit learning” are the main candidates to underpin a unifying account of cognition and the acquisition of culture; however, their interactions require greater specification and clarification. In this article, we integrate these candidates using the variational (free-energy) approach to human cognition and culture in theoretical neuroscience. We describe the construction by humans of social niches that afford epistemic resources called cultural affordances. We argue that human agents learn the shared habits, norms, and expectations of their culture through immersive participation in patterned cultural practices that selectively pattern attention and behaviour. We call this process “thinking through other minds” (TTOM) – in effect, the process of inferring other agents’ expectations about the world and how to behave in social context. We argue that for humans, information from and about other people's expectations constitutes the primary domain of statistical regularities that humans leverage to predict and organize behaviour. The integrative model we offer has implications that can advance theories of cognition, enculturation, adaptation, and psychopathology. Crucially, this formal (variational) treatment seeks to resolve key debates in current cognitive science, such as the distinction between internalist and externalist accounts of theory of mind abilities and the more fundamental distinction between dynamical and representational accounts of enactivism.
Dereliction, decay and the problem of de-industrialization in Britain,c. 1968–1977
Authors: Andrews Aaron
Published: May 2019

De-industrialization and the rise of the service sector have formed the basis of recent attempts to develop a new metanarrative of economic change in twentieth-century Britain. Their effects have been taken as writ through labour market statistics or aggregate measures of gross domestic product. However, by focusing on particular micro-economic spaces, a different story emerges. Using the inner areas of Liverpool as a case-study, this article shows how the city's social and economic problems were underwritten by the decline of the service sector, located around the port. By reading the effects of social and economic change through accounts of the physical environment, it demonstrates how urban decay and dereliction provided material resonance to Liverpool's economic decline. The city's landscape of urban decay and dereliction encompassed the infrastructure of everyday life – housing, roads and even trees – as well as that of economic activity, including the docks and warehouses. Taken together, this article shows how this landscape of urban decay and dereliction came to be constituted as an agent within Liverpool's continued economic decline in the 1970s rather than simply being a reflection of it.
Sound Objects and Spatial Morphologies
Authors: Holbrook Ulf A. S.
Published: May 2019

One of Pierre Schaeffer’s achievements in his musical research was his proposal of the sound object as a basic unit of musical experience and his insistence on listening as a main focus of research. Out of this research grew a radical new music theory of sound-based composition. This article will draw on this extensive research to explore the spaces where this music is heard and present the claim that the space in which music is experienced is as much a part of the music as the timbral material itself. The key question here is the changes made to timbral material through acousmatic spatial listening and the subjective analysis affordance of the listeners’ placement and perspective. These consequences are studied from a phenomenological and psychoacoustic perspective and it is suggested that Schaeffer’s research on timbral and musical concepts can be extended to include spatial features.
alarm/will/sound: Sound design, modelling, perception and composition cross-currents
Authors: Sigman Alexander , Misdariis Nicolas
Published: May 2019

An ongoing international arts-research-industry collaborative project focusing on the design and implementation of innovative car alarm systems, alarm/will/sound has a firm theoretical basis in theories of sound perception and classification of Pierre Schaeffer and the acousmatic tradition. In turn, the timbre perception, modelling and design components of this project have had a significant influence on a range of fixed media, electroacoustic and media installation works realised in parallel to the experimental research. An examination of the multiple points of contact and cross-influence between auditory warning research and artistic practice forms the backbone of this article, with an eye towards continued development in both the research and the artistic domains of the project.
Democracy without political parties: the case of ancient Athens
Authors: Tridimas George
Published: May 2019

Political parties, formal, durable and mass organizations that inform voters on public policy issues, nominate candidates for office and fight elections for the right to govern, are ubiquitous in modern representative democracies but were absent from the direct participatory democracy of ancient Athens. The paper investigates how the political institutions of Athens may explain their absence. The arguments explored include voter homogeneity; the conditions at the start of the democracy, characterized by single constituency configuration of the demos, simple majority voting and lack of organized groups; the irrelevance of holding public office for determining public policy; appointment to public posts through sortition; and voting on single-dimension issues. The paper then discusses how in the absence of parties voters became informed and how political leaders were held accountable by the courts.
The national boundaries of solidarity: a survey experiment on solidarity with unemployed people in the European Union
Authors: Kuhn Theresa , Kamm Aaron
Published: May 2019

Amidst the European sovereign debt crisis and soaring unemployment levels across the European Union, ambitions for European unemployment policies are high on the political agenda. However, it remains unclear what European taxpayers think about these plans and who is most supportive of European unemployment policies. To contribute to this debate, we conducted a survey experiment concerning solidarity towards European and domestic unemployed individuals in the Netherlands and Spain. Our results suggest that (1) Europeans are less inclined to show solidarity towards unemployed Europeans than towards unemployed co-nationals, (2) individuals with higher education, European attachment, and pro-immigration attitudes show more solidarity towards unemployed people from other European countries, but (3) even they discriminate against foreigners, and (4) finally, economic left-right orientations do not structure solidarity with unemployed people from abroad.
Industrialization in the Middle East, Obstacles and Potential
Authors: Mallakh Ragaei El
Published: May 2019

Both public opinion and planners have generally emphasized and in some cases overestimated the importance of industrialization in the Middle East. Yet the needed research for sustained industrial development has lagged behind the desire for and interest in that sector and such research and literature are still in only the beginning phases.

Literature on Middle East industrial development has been constrained by, (1) modern industrialization is a relatively new phenomenon in the region. (2) Analysis of industry and its related sophisticated technology is heavily dependent on quantitative measurements and data, the inadequacy of which is still a major obstacle to researchers and writers. (3) Even with the dominant feature of Middle Eastern economics--oil--authors have tended to deal with the region overwhelmingly as a raw material producer rather than as a center for refining and processing. These difficulties have led to two approaches in literature on the Middle East's industrialization.
Intense Seismicity During the 2014–2015 Bárðarbunga‐Holuhraun Rifting Event, Iceland, Reveals the Nature of Dike‐Induced Earthquakes and Caldera Collapse Mechanisms
Authors: Ágústsdóttir Thorbjörg , Winder Tom , Woods Jennifer , White Robert S. , Greenfield Tim , Brandsdóttir Bryndís
Published: May 2019

Over 2 weeks in August 2014, magma propagated 48 km laterally from Bárðarbunga volcano before erupting at Holuhraun for 6 months, accompanied by collapse of the caldera. A dense seismic network recorded over 47,000 earthquakes before, during, and after the rifting event. More than 30,000 earthquakes delineate the segmented dike intrusion. Earthquake source mechanisms show exclusively strike‐slip faulting, occurring near the base of the dike along preexisting weaknesses aligned with the rift fabric, while the dike widened largely aseismically. The slip sense of faulting is controlled by the orientation of the dike relative to the local rift fabric, demonstrated by an abrupt change from right‐ to left‐lateral faulting as the dike turns to propagate from an easterly to a northerly direction. Around 4,000 earthquakes associated with the caldera collapse delineate an inner caldera fault zone, with good correlation to geodetic observations. Caldera subsidence was largely aseismic, with seismicity accounting for 10% or less of the geodetic moment. Approximately 90% of the seismic moment release occurred on the northern rim, suggesting an asymmetric collapse. Well‐constrained focal mechanisms reveal subvertical arrays of normal faults, with fault planes dipping inward at ∼60° ± 9°, along both the north and south caldera margins. These steep normal faults strike subparallel to the caldera rims, with slip vectors pointing toward the center of subsidence. The maximum depth of seismicity defines the base of the seismogenic crust under Bárðarbunga as 6 km below sea level, in broad agreement with constraints from geodesy and geobarometry for the minimum depth to the melt storage region.
Continuum Modeling of Pressure‐Balanced and Fluidized Granular Flows in 2‐D: Comparison With Glass Bead Experiments and Implications for Concentrated Pyroclastic Density Currents
Authors: Breard E. C. P. , Dufek J. , Roche O.
Published: May 2019

Granular flows are found across multiple geophysical environments and include pyroclastic density currents, debris flows, and avalanches, among others. The key to describing transport of these hazardous flows is the rheology of these complex multiphase mixtures. Here we use the multiphase model MFIX in 2‐D for concentrated currents to examine the implications of rheological assumptions and validate this approach through comparison to experiments of both frictional and fluidized flows made of glass beads (Sauter mean grain‐size of 75 μm). Because the rheology of highly polydisperse, highly angular, polydensity granular mixtures is poorly known, we focus on simplified monodisperse or bidisperse mixtures described by the frictional flow theory of Schaeffer (1987, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022‐0396(87)90038‐6) and Srivastava‐Sundaresan, often referred to as the Princeton model (Srivastava & Sundaresan, 2003, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032‐5910(02)00132‐8). We show that simulations including the latter model replicate well the flow shape, kinematics, and pore fluid pressure that match well‐constrained dam‐break experiments of initially fluidized or pressure‐balanced granular flows. Simulations reveal that pore fluid pressure is intrinsically modulated by dilation and compaction of the flow and hence can be generated in concentrated pyroclastic density currents. We use these simulations to interpret basal pore pressure signals from local flow properties (mixture density, solid velocity, and pore fluid pressure). Rheological changes retard these simulated flows considerably near the predicted runout, but most continuum models cannot inherently predict a zero velocity. We suggest an inertial number parameter that can be used to approximate deposition, and this approach could be a valuable tool used to validate simulations against natural pyroclastic current examples.
Electrical Resistivity of Iron Phosphides at High‐Pressure and High‐Temperature Conditions With Implications for Lunar Core's Thermal Conductivity
Authors: Yin Yuan , Zhai Kuan , Zhang Baohua , Zhai Shuangmeng
Published: May 2019

Based on cosmochemistry evidence and element partitioning experiments, phosphorus is thought to be present in the iron‐rich cores of Earth and Moon. Phosphorus has a similar effect as silicon and sulfur on the electrical and thermal transport properties of iron at core conditions. However, the magnitude of the impurity scattering caused by phosphorus, the temperature dependence of iron phosphorus compounds, and the change across melting all have not been intensively investigated. We measured the electrical resistivity of Fe3P, Fe2P, and FeP using a four‐wire method at 1.3 to 3.2 GPa and temperatures up to 1800 K. We also identify the melting temperatures of FeP, Fe2P, and Fe3P by sudden changes in resistivity upon heating. The present experimental results demonstrate that phosphorus can enhance the electrical resistivity of iron more effectively than silicon. The resistivity of iron phosphides decreases with increasing pressures and decreasing phosphorus content. The resistivity of Fe‐P alloys obeys the Matthiessen's rule, which describes the positive linear correlation between resistivity and phosphorus content. This finding is comparable to previously observed atomic order‐disorder in Fe‐Si and Fe‐C systems. Furthermore, the resistivity of liquid Fe2P and Fe3P shows a negative linear correlation with temperatures. Different from pure iron, the calculated thermal conductivity of Fe3P increases by 33% upon melting. It is speculated that the thermal conductivity of the lunar solid inner core may be much lower than that of the liquid outer core when ordered iron light element compounds (e.g., Fe3C and Fe3P) are present in the solid core.