bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The importance of service‐users’ perspectives: A systematic review of qualitative evidence reveals overlooked critical features of weight management programmes
Authors: Sutcliffe Katy , Melendez‐Torres G. J. , Burchett Helen E. D. , Richardson Michelle , Rees Rebecca , Thomas James
Published: March 2018

Background

Extensive research effort shows that weight management programmes (WMPs) targeting both diet and exercise are broadly effective. However, the critical features of WMPs remain unclear.

Objective

To develop a deeper understanding of WMPs critical features, we undertook a systematic review of qualitative evidence. We sought to understand from a service‐user perspective how programmes are experienced, and may be effective, on the ground.

Search strategy

We identified qualitative studies from existing reviews and updated the searches of one review.

Inclusion criteria

We included UK studies capturing the views of adult WMP users.

Data extraction and synthesis

Thematic analysis was used inductively to code and synthesize the evidence.

Main results

Service users were emphatic that supportive relationships, with service providers or WMP peers, are the most critical aspect of WMPs. Supportive relationships were described as providing an extrinsic motivator or “hook” which helped to overcome barriers such as scepticism about dietary advice or a lack confidence to engage in physical activity.

Discussion and conclusions

The evidence revealed that service‐users’ understandings of the critical features of WMPs differ from the focus of health promotion guidance or descriptions of evaluated programmes which largely emphasize educational or goal setting aspects of WMPs. Existing programme guidance may not therefore fully address the needs of service users. The study illustrates that the perspectives of service users can reveal unanticipated intervention mechanisms or underemphasized critical features and underscores the value of a holistic understanding about “what happens” in complex psychosocial interventions such as WMPs.
Load‐deflection behavior of fracture toughness testing of ceramics by SEVNB method
Authors: Cui Jinping , Liu Hao , Guan Kang , Rao Pinggen
Published: March 2018

This paper aims to explore the load‐deflection behavior of fracture toughness testing of ceramics by single‐edge V‐notched beam (SEVNB) method. The fracture toughness of Si3N4, 3Y‐TZP, SiC, and 8Y‐FSZ ceramics were measured by SEVNB method and single‐edge notched beam (SENB) method, respectively. The load‐deflection behavior varies with R‐curve behavior of the ceramics, the test methods and the loading conditions. Through comparative analysis, the results show that the actual fracture toughness of ceramics by SEVNB method can be determined by maximum flexure load and the notch length at loading rate of 0.05 mm/min in air. The obtained actual fracture toughness values of Si3N4, 3Y‐TZP, SiC, and 8Y‐FSZ ceramics are 5.2 ± 0.21, 4.5 ± 0.12, 3.2 ± 0.15, and 1.6 ± 0.07 MPa.m1/2, respectively.
Exposure to chorioamnionitis alters the monocyte transcriptional response to the neonatal pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis
Authors: de Jong Emma , Hancock David G , Wells Christine , Richmond Peter , Simmer Karen , Burgner David , Strunk Tobias , Currie Andrew J
Published: March 2018

Preterm infants are uniquely susceptible to late‐onset sepsis that is frequently caused by the skin commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis. Innate immune responses, particularly from monocytes, are a key protective mechanism. Impaired cytokine production by preterm infant monocytes is well described, but few studies have comprehensively assessed the corresponding monocyte transcriptional response. Innate immune responses in preterm infants may be modulated by inflammation such as prenatal exposure to histologic chorioamnionitis which complicates 40–70% of preterm pregnancies. Chorioamnionitis alters the risk of late‐onset sepsis, but its effect on monocyte function is largely unknown. Here, we aimed to determine the impact of exposure to chorioamnionitis on the proportions and phenotype of cord blood monocytes using flow cytometry, as well as their transcriptional response to live S. epidermidis. RNA‐seq was performed on purified cord blood monocytes from very preterm infants (<32 weeks gestation, with and without chorioamnionitis‐exposure) and term infants (37–40 weeks), pre‐ and postchallenge with live S. epidermidis. Preterm monocytes from infants without chorioamnionitis‐exposure did not exhibit an intrinsically deficient transcriptional response to S. epidermidis compared to term infants. In contrast, chorioamnionitis‐exposure was associated with hypo‐responsive transcriptional phenotype regarding a subset of genes involved in antigen presentation and adaptive immunity. Overall, our findings suggest that prenatal exposure to inflammation may alter the risk of sepsis in preterm infants partly by modulation of monocyte responses to pathogens.
Electrochemical deposition of tantalum carbide coatings in molten LiCl‐KCl‐K2CO3
Authors: Song Qiushi , Xu Qian , Meng Jingchun , Ning Zhiqiang , Xie Hongwei , Yu Kai
Published: March 2018

A method for the preparation of tantalum carbide (TaC) coatings on tantalum by electrochemical reduction in carbonate ions in molten LiCl‐KCl was developed. Carbide coatings were obtained on the tantalum substrate at 900°C with a bias voltage of −1.8 V versus the graphite counter electrode. The phase composition, morphology and strength of the carbide coating were characterized by XRD, SEM, and XPS analyses, as well as scratch testing. Kinetic mechanism for the formation of TaC coatings and evolution of chemical bonds between the carbide layer and substrate were schematically discussed. The coatings consist of a single phase of TaC with a thickness of approximately 5 μm. Ta2O5 and tantalate derivatives in molten salt restrict TaC formation. Electro‐deoxidation of Ta substrate can favorably eliminate tantalum‐involved compounds to produce TaC. TaC coatings improve the surface strength of Ta substrate obviously. The formation of a metal‐carbon solid solution in molten salt determines the existence of excess carbon on Ta substrate. Chemical bonds on the TaC coating were investigated in comparison with those at the interface of the metal‐oxygen‐carbon and carbon film.
Correlation between plasma ferritin level and gestational diabetes mellitus and its impact on fetal macrosomia
Authors: Wang Zhiguo , Fan Hai‐bo , Yang Wan‐wei , Mao Xiao‐dong , Xu Shu‐hang , Ma Xiao‐ping , Wan Gui‐ping , Yao Xiao‐ming , Chen Keyang
Published: March 2018

Aims/Introduction

To explore the relationship between plasma iron levels and gestational diabetes mellitus, as well as its impact on macrosomia.

Materials and Methods

We retrospectively compared ferritin level and other characteristics between pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pregnant women without GDM. The correlation between the levels of plasma ferritin, glucose and hemoglobin was explored. Meanwhile, we assessed the risk factors of macrosomia. Furthermore, we explored the relationship between ferritin level and the incidence of macrosomia.

Results

A total of 793 pregnant women were enrolled in the present study, of which 92 pregnant women had GDM and 701 pregnant women were healthy. Meanwhile, 51 pregnant women gave birth to infants with macrosomia and another 742 women had normal infants. Compared with non‐GDM women, pregnant women with GDM were older, with higher pre‐pregnancy body mass index, plasma ferritin, fasting plasma glucose, 1‐h postprandial glucose, 2‐h plasma glucose and hemoglobin. In addition, our results showed a significant positive correlation between the levels of ferritin and fasting plasma glucose when ferritin levels were >70 ng/mL. Our results also showed that pre‐pregnancy overweight or obesity, a high concentration of ferritin, as well as abnormal levels of fasting plasma glucose, 1‐h plasma glucose and 2 h plasma glucose were risk factors for macrosomia. Furthermore, as the level of ferritin increased, so did the incidence of macrosomia.

Conclusions

The current study provides evidence that pregnant women with high levels of ferritin might be prone to GDM. In addition, a high level of ferritin might be an independent risk factor for macrosomia. Therefore, the negative effect of iron supplementation in non‐anemic pregnant women might be noteworthy.
Non‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol is more informative than traditional cholesterol indices in predicting diabetes risk for women with normal glucose tolerance
Authors: Liu Lu , Li Qiu , Yuan Zhongshang , Zhao Meng , Zhang Xu , Zhang Haiqing , Zheng Dongmei , Xu Jin , Gao Ling , Guan Qingbo , Zhao Jiajun , Proud Christopher G , Wang Xuemin , Hou Xu ,   The REACTION Study Group
Published: March 2018

Aims/Introduction

Limited data are available regarding the performance of non‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (non‐HDL) in predicting incident diabetes. We aimed to analyze the association between non‐HDL and development of diabetes, and to estimate the cut‐off point of non‐HDL for discriminating incident diabetes in people with normal glucose tolerance.

Materials and Methods

Of 3,653 middle‐aged and elderly Chinese with normal glucose tolerance at enrollment, 1,025 men and 1,805 women returned to the 3‐year follow up and were involved in the final analysis. Logistic regression analysis was used to test the association between cholesterol indices and incident diabetes, and receiver operating characteristic analyses were used to identify the optimal cut‐off of each cholesterol variable for incident diabetes.

Results

Non‐HDL was an independent risk factor for diabetes for women, but not for men. In women, a 1‐standard deviation increment in non‐HDL was associated with a 1.43‐fold higher risk of diabetes (95% confidence interval 1.14–1.79; P = 0.002), whereas odds ratios for total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol were 1.33 (95% confidence interval 1.06–1.67; P = 0.015) and 1.30 (95% confidence interval 1.04–1.64; P = 0.024), respectively. The discriminatory power and the optimal cut‐off value of non‐HDL for incident diabetes increased across body mass index categories. For women with obesity, the threshold of non‐HDL for screening of diabetes was estimated as 3.51 mmol/L.

Conclusions

Non‐HDL had better performance than traditional cholesterol indices in predicting diabetes in women, but not in men. A body mass index‐specific threshold value for a non‐HDL‐controlling target is required in the prevention of type 2 diabetes.
Adaptation in temporally variable environments: stickleback armor in periodically breaching bar‐built estuaries
Authors: Paccard Antoine , Wasserman Ben A. , Hanson Dieta , Astorg Louis , Durston Dan , Kurland Sara , Apgar Travis M. , El‐Sabaawi Rana W. , Palkovacs Eric P. , Hendry Andrew P. , Barrett Rowan D. H.
Published: March 2018

The evolutionary consequences of temporal variation in selection remain hotly debated. We explored these consequences by studying threespine stickleback in a set of bar‐built estuaries along the central California coast. In most years, heavy rains induce water flow strong enough to break through isolating sand bars, connecting streams to the ocean. New sand bars typically re‐form within a few weeks or months, thereby re‐isolating populations within the estuaries. These breaching events cause severe and often extremely rapid changes in abiotic and biotic conditions, including shifts in predator abundance. We investigated whether this strong temporal environmental variation can maintain within‐population variation while eroding adaptive divergence among populations that would be caused by spatial variation in selection. We used neutral genetic markers to explore population structure and then analysed how stickleback armor traits, the associated genesEdaandPitx1and elemental composition (%P) varies within and among populations. Despite strong gene flow, we detected evidence for divergence in stickleback defensive traits andEdagenotypes associated with predation regime. However, this among‐population variation was lower than that observed among other stickleback populations exposed to divergent predator regimes. In addition, within‐population variation was very high as compared to populations from environmentally stable locations. Elemental composition was strongly associated with armor traits,Edagenotype and the presence of predators, thus suggesting that spatiotemporal variation in armor traits generates corresponding variation in elemental phenotypes. We conclude that gene flow, and especially temporal environmental variation, can maintain high levels of within‐population variation while reducing, but not eliminating, among‐population variation driven by spatial environmental variation.
Unravelling growth trajectories from complicated otoliths – the case of Brazilian codling Urophycis brasiliensis
Authors: Cavole L. M. , Cardoso L. G. , Almeida M. S. , Haimovici M.
Published: March 2018

Uncertainty regarding the age determination of the Brazilian codling Urophycis brasiliensis has hampered its stock assessment. Transverse sections of otoliths displayed up to seven (in males) and 12 (in females) alternate opaque and translucent bands that could not be conclusively validated as annuli, resulting in unrealistically high ages of first maturity (A50) (A50male = 4·5 years and A50female = 6 years). Therefore, growth was described by the von Bertalanffy (VB) model using an alternative approach that combined microstructure data (daily growth increments) and a fixed asymptotic total length (L∞). This approach was supported by applying it to two other co‐occurring species, the whitemouth croaker Micropogonias furnieri and the king weakfish Macrodon atricauda, for which daily and annual ring formation has previously been validated. The sensitivity to realistic errors associated with the choice of the L∞ and the daily increment readings was shown to be low. The results show that U. brasiliensis has a fast growth rate (Kmale = 1·19 year−1, Kfemale = 0·71 year−1) and early maturation (A50male = 1·1–1·5 years, A50female = 1·6–1·8 years); typical life‐history traits for a sub‐tropical coastal gadiform. This novel study offers an alternative approach for age and growth reconstruction for species with complex patterns of opaque and translucent bands provided that daily growth increments in the yearlings can be counted and L∞ reliably estimated.
Design standards for experimental and field studies to evaluate diagnostic accuracy of tests for infectious diseases in aquatic animals
Authors: Laurin E , Thakur K K , Gardner I A , Hick P , Moody N J G , Crane M S J , Ernst I
Published: March 2018

Design and reporting quality of diagnostic accuracy studies (DAS) are important metrics for assessing utility of tests used in animal and human health. Following standards for designing DAS will assist in appropriate test selection for specific testing purposes and minimize the risk of reporting biased sensitivity and specificity estimates. To examine the benefits of recommending standards, design information from published DAS literature was assessed for 10 finfish, seven mollusc, nine crustacean and two amphibian diseases listed in the 2017 OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals. Of the 56 DAS identified, 41 were based on field testing, eight on experimental challenge studies and seven on both. Also, we adapted human and terrestrial‐animal standards and guidelines for DAS structure for use in aquatic animal diagnostic research. Through this process, we identified and addressed important metrics for consideration at the design phase: study purpose, targeted disease state, selection of appropriate samples and specimens, laboratory analytical methods, statistical methods and data interpretation. These recommended design standards for DAS are presented as a checklist including risk‐of‐failure points and actions to mitigate bias at each critical step. Adherence to standards when designing DAS will also facilitate future systematic review and meta‐analyses of DAS research literature.
Response of the intestinal mucosal barrier of carp (Cyprinus carpio) to a bacterial challenge by Aeromonas hydrophila intubation after feeding with β‐1,3/1,6‐glucan
Authors: Jung‐Schroers V , Adamek M , Harris S , Syakuri H , Jung A , Irnazarow I , Steinhagen D
Published: March 2018

The effect of dietary β‐glucan on the bacterial community in the gut of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was examined after oral application of Aeromonas hydrophila. Carp received either feed supplemented with 1% MacroGard®, a β‐1,3/1,6‐glucan, or a β‐glucan‐free diet. Fourteen days after feeding, half of the carp from each group were intubated with 109 colony‐forming units (CFU) of a pathogenic strain of A. hydrophila. Gut samples were taken 12 hr to 7 days after application and analysed using microbiological and molecular biological techniques (NGS, RT‐PCR‐DGGE). The reaction of the mucosa and the microbiota to an A. hydrophila intubation differed in carp fed with β‐glucan compared to carp from the control group. In β‐glucan fed carp, the total bacterial amount was lower but the number of bacterial species was higher. Bacterial composition was different for carp from both treatment groups. The number of mucin filled goblet cells was reduced in carp fed the β‐glucan diet. Mucus was obviously released from the goblet cells and was probably washed out of the gut together with high numbers of bacteria. This might be protective against pathogenic bacteria and, therefore, feeding with β‐glucan may provide protection against infections of the gut in carp.
Health‐Related Quality of Life in a Predictive Model for Mortality in Older Breast Cancer Survivors
Authors: DuMontier Clark , Clough‐Gorr Kerri M. , Silliman Rebecca A. , Stuck Andreas E. , Moser André
Published: March 2018

Objectives

To develop a predictive model and risk score for 10‐year mortality using health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) in a cohort of older women with early‐stage breast cancer.

Design

Prospective cohort.

Setting

Community.

Participants

U.S. women aged 65 and older diagnosed with Stage I to IIIA primary breast cancer (N=660).

Measurements

We used medical variables (age, comorbidity), HRQOL measures (10‐item Physical Function Index and 5‐item Mental Health Index from the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36‐item Short‐Form Survey; 8‐item Modified MOS Social Support Survey), and breast cancer variables (stage, surgery, chemotherapy, endocrine therapy) to develop a 10‐year mortality risk score using penalized logistic regression models. We assessed model discriminative performance using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), calibration performance using the Hosmer‐Lemeshow test, and overall model performance using Nagelkerke R2 (NR).

Results

Compared to a model including only age, comorbidity, and cancer stage and treatment variables, adding HRQOL variables improved discrimination (AUC 0.742 from 0.715) and overall performance (NR 0.221 from 0.190) with good calibration (p=0.96 from HL test).

Conclusion

In a cohort of older women with early‐stage breast cancer, HRQOL measures predict 10‐year mortality independently of traditional breast cancer prognostic variables. These findings suggest that interventions aimed at improving physical function, mental health, and social support might improve both HRQOL and survival.
Prognosis After Emergency Department Intubation to Inform Shared Decision‐Making
Authors: Ouchi Kei , Jambaulikar Guruprasad D. , Hohmann Samuel , George Naomi R. , Aaronson Emily L. , Sudore Rebecca , Schonberg Mara A. , Tulsky James A. , Schuur Jeremiah D. , Pallin Daniel J.
Published: March 2018

Objectives

To inform the shared decision‐making process between clinicians and older adults and their surrogates regarding emergency intubation.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Multicenter, emergency department (ED)‐based cohort.

Participants

Adults aged 65 and older intubated in the ED from 2008 to 2015 from 262 hospitals across the United States (>95% of U.S. nonprofit academic medical centers).

Measurements

Our primary outcome was age‐specific in‐hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were age‐specific odds of death after adjusting for race, comorbid conditions, admission diagnosis, hospital disposition, and geographic region.

Results

We identified 41,463 ED intubation encounters and included 35,036 in the final analysis. Sixty‐four percent were in non‐Hispanic whites and 54% in women. Overall in‐hospital mortality was 33% (95% confidence interval (CI)=34–35%). Twenty‐four percent (95% CI=24–25%) of subjects were discharged to home, and 41% (95% CI=40–42%) were discharged to a location other than home. Mortality was 29% (95% CI=28–29%) for individuals aged 65 to 74, 34% (95% CI=33–35%) for those aged 75 to 79, 40% (95% CI=39–41%) for those aged 80 to 84, 43% (95% CI=41–44%) for those aged 85 to 89, and 50% (95% CI=48–51%) for those aged 90 and older.

Conclusion

After emergency intubation, 33% percent of older adults die during the index hospitalization. Only 24% of survivors are discharged to home. Simple, graphic representations of this information, in combination with an experienced clinician's overall clinical assessment, will support shared decision‐making regarding unplanned intubation.
VITAL change for mums: a feasibility study investigating tailored nutrition and exercise care delivered by video‐consultations for women 3–12 months postpartum
Authors: Vincze L. , Rollo M. E. , Hutchesson M. J. , Callister R. , Collins C. E.
Published: March 2018

Background

A tailored approach to nutrition and physical activity advice can support women following childbirth in managing barriers (i.e. time and childcare) to making healthy lifestyle changes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the implementation, acceptability and preliminary efficacy of a personally tailored nutrition and exercise programme for postpartum women delivered via video‐consultations by an accredited practising dietitian (APD) and accredited exercise physiologist (AEP).

Methods

In this feasibility study (VITAL change for mums), postpartum (3–12 months) women (body mass index ≥25 or >2 kg above pre‐pregnancy weight) who were seeking to achieve a healthy weight participated in a single‐arm intervention. Participants received up to five real‐time personalised video‐consultations (2 × APD, 2 × AEP, 1 × either) over the 8‐week intervention period. Implementation (recruitment, retention, utilisation), acceptability (participant satisfaction) and preliminary efficacy (anthropometry, dietary intake, cardiovascular fitness, physical activity level, psychological wellbeing) were assessed.

Results

Thirty women [mean (SD) age 31.6 (3.1) years, body mass index 29.0 (4.0) kg m−2, 100% married/de facto, 80% university level education] were recruited within 10 days and 27 completed the study. Women's mean (SD) ratings (out of a score of 5) indicated satisfaction with the video‐consultations [4.4 (0.9)] and the online setting [4.5 (0.8)]. Women agreed that accessing an APD [4.4 (0.8)] and AEP [4.3 (0.9)] was easier using video‐consultations than attending an in‐person consultation. Statistically significant improvements in waist circumference, body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, dietary intake and physical activity were observed from baseline to 8 weeks.

Conclusions

The findings of the present study suggest that a nutrition and exercise intervention delivered by qualified health professionals via video‐consultations is feasible, acceptable and achieves positive outcomes for women following childbirth.
The relationship between physical ill‐health and mental ill‐health in adults with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Dunham A. , Kinnear D. , Allan L. , Smiley E. , Cooper S.‐A.
Published: March 2018

Background

People with intellectual disabilities face a much greater burden and earlier onset of physical and mental ill‐health than the general adult population. Physical–mental comorbidity has been shown to result in poorer outcomes in the general population, but little is known about this relationship in adults with intellectual disabilities.

Aims

To identify whether physical ill‐health is associated with mental ill‐health in adults with intellectual disabilities and whether the extent of physical multi‐morbidity can predict the likelihood of mental ill‐health. To identify any associations between types of physical ill‐health and mental ill‐health.

Method

A total of 1023 adults with intellectual disabilities underwent comprehensive health assessments. Binary logistic regressions were undertaken to establish any association between the independent variables: total number of physical health conditions, physical conditions by International Classification of Disease‐10 chapter and specific physical health conditions; and the dependent variables: problem behaviours, mental disorders of any type. All regressions were adjusted for age, gender, level of intellectual disabilities, living arrangements, neighbourhood deprivation and Down syndrome.

Results

The extent of physical multi‐morbidity was not associated with mental ill‐health in adults with intellectual disabilities as only 0.8% of the sample had no physical conditions. Endocrine disease increased the risk of problem behaviours [odds ratio (OR): 1.22, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02–1.47], respiratory disease reduced the risk of problem behaviours (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.54–0.99) and mental ill‐health of any type (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.58–0.92), and musculoskeletal disease reduced the risk of mental ill‐health of any type (OR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.73–0.98). Ischaemic heart disease increased the risk of problem behaviours approximately threefold (OR: 3.29, 95% CI: 1.02–10.60).

Conclusions

The extent of physical multi‐morbidity in the population with intellectual disabilities is overwhelming, such that associations are not found with mental ill‐health. Mental health interventions and preventative measures are essential for the entire population with intellectual disabilities and should not be focussed on subgroups based on overall health burden.
Certified Nurse‐Midwives’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors About Infant Safe Sleep
Authors: Hodges Nichole L. , Anderson Sarah E. , McKenzie Lara B. , Katz Mira L.
Published: March 2018

Introduction

Little is known about the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of certified nurse‐midwives related to sudden infant death syndrome and infant safe sleep. However, this population is an important and trusted source of information for pregnant women and may provide guidance on infant care. We explored these topics with certified nurse‐midwives to identify potential barriers as well as enabling and reinforcing factors associated with providing infant safe sleep education in the prenatal health care environment.

Methods

Participants in this cross‐sectional survey study were certified nurse‐midwives who provide prenatal health care to women in Ohio. Surveys were mailed to all certified nurse‐midwives listed with the licensing registry of the Ohio Board of Nursing (N = 333).

Results

A total of 153 eligible respondents completed the survey for a response rate of 55%. Most participants had at least some knowledge of the infant safe sleep recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics, and two‐thirds had positive attitudes about providing infant safe sleep education in the prenatal environment. Many participants (61%) perceived that there were barriers to providing prenatal infant safe sleep education, but nearly all (94%) indicated that they were interested in providing this education to their patients. Positive attitudes about providing infant safe sleep education were predictive of whether they discussed this topic with their patients.

Discussion

Certified nurse‐midwives routinely provide guidance on infant care, and it is important that they are familiar with current evidence‐based recommendations on infant safe sleep. They should be supported in their desire to provide infant safe sleep education to their prenatal patients. In addition, efforts should be made to improve attitudes and social norms related to providing infant safe sleep education in the prenatal environment.
Picrotoxin Blockade of Invertebrate Glutamate‐Gated Chloride Channels: Subunit Dependence and Evidence for Binding Within the Pore
Authors: Etter A. , Cully D. F. , Liu K. K. , Reiss B. , Vassilatis D. K. , Schaeffer J. M. , Arena J. P.
Published: March 2018

Glutamate‐gated chloride channels have been described in nematodes, insects, crustaceans, and mollusks. Subunits from the nematode and insect channels have been cloned and are phylogenetically related to the GABA and glycine ligand‐gated chloride channels. Ligand‐gated chloride channels are blocked with variable potency by the nonselective blocker picrotoxin. The first two subunits of the glutamate‐gated chloride channel family, GluClα and GIuClβ, were cloned from the free living nematode Caenorhabditls elegans. In this study, we analyze the blockade of these novel channels by picrotoxin. In vitro synthesized GluClα and GluClβ RNAs were injected individually or coinjected into Xenopus oocytes. The EC50 values for picrotoxin block of homomeric GluClα and GluClβ were 59 μM and 77 nM, respectively. Picrotoxin block of homomeric GluClβ channels was promoted during activation of membrane current with glutamate. In addition, recovery from picrotoxin block was faster during current activation by glutamate. A chimeric channel between the N‐terminal extracellular domain of GluClα and the C‐terminal membrane‐spanning domain of GIuClβ localized the higher affinity picrotoxin binding site to the membrane‐spanning domains of GluClβ. A point mutation within the M2 membrane‐spanning domain of GluClβ reduced picrotoxin sensitivity >10,000‐fold. We conclude that picrotoxin blocks GluCl channels by binding to a site accessible when the channel is open.
Comparison between the efficacy of microneedling combined with 5‐fluorouracil vs microneedling with tacrolimus in the treatment of vitiligo
Authors: Mina Mary , Elgarhy Lamia , Al‐saeid Hanan , Ibrahim Zeinab
Published: March 2018

Background

Several treatment modalities had been used for the treatment of vitiligo, but the optimal treatment has not yet been identified.

Objectives

To study the efficacy of microneedling with 5‐flurouracil vs its efficacy with tacrolimus in the treatment of vitiligo.

Patients and methods

Twenty‐five patients with vitiligo were subjected to microneedling of 2 patches of vitiligo with dermapen, then application of 5‐fluorouracil to 1 patch and tacrolimus on the other patch. This procedure was repeated every 2 weeks for every patient for maximum 6 months (12 sessions). The patients were followed up for 3 months after the last session.

Results

The overall repigmentation was significantly higher in 5‐fluorouracil‐treated patches compared with tacrolimus. Excellent improvement occurred in 48% of 5‐ flurouracil‐treated patches while only in 16% of tacrolimus‐treated patches. In the acral parts, 40% of the patches treated with 5‐fluorouracil achieved excellent improvement (repigmentation >75%), while no patch in the acral parts achieved excellent improvement with tacrolimus. However, there was significant difference between the 2 drugs,regarding inflammation, ulceration, and hyperpigmentation which occurred with 5‐fluorouracil.

Conclusion

Microneedling combined with 5‐fluorouracil or tacrolimus is safe and effective treatment of vitiligo. However, 5‐fluorouracil achieved a greater percentage of repigmentation than tacrolimus particularly in the acral parts.
Skin microneedling for acne scars associated with pigmentation in patients with dark skin
Authors: Al Qarqaz Firas , Al‐Yousef Ali
Published: March 2018

Background

Acne is very common skin condition. Most patients with acne will have a degree of scarring as a result of their acne. In patients with darker skin color the scarring can be further complicated by hyperpigmentation. Several treatment options can be used to improve acne scarring, however the problem of post acne hyperpigmentation is not often addressed. This study especially focus on the treatment of pigmented post acne scarring using skin microneedling.

Aims

The primary objective is to assess the improvement of pigmentation of acne scarring in patients with dark skin using microneedling. Secondary objectives include evaluation of post acne scarring improvement and the safety of microneedling in pigmented skin.

Materials & Methods

39 Patients with darker skin colors (types 3, 4 and 5) completed study. Baseline evaluation for both acne scars and pigmentation scores performed using “post acne hyperpigmentation index” (PAHPI) and Goodman‐Baron scales (GB scale). Microneedling treatment done and subsequently patients reviewed at 2 weeks for initial assessment and then after at least 4 weeks from date of initial assessment using same scoring methods for both scars and pigmentation. Baseline photographs were taken and again at final assessment.

Results

Both PAHPI and Goodman‐Baron scales showed statistically significant improvement from baseline following microneedling treatment. Side effects were minor and of transient nature. None of our patients showed worsening of pigmentation.

Conclusion

Microneedling is an effective treatment for both acne scars and associated pigmentation in patients with dark skin color. The treatment appears to be safe apart from transient redness, mild dryness, and small hematomas, however additional treatments may be needed in some patients to achieve more improvement in pigmentation.
Art Criticism and its Power Over Women Artists ‐ An Inquiry into the Sources of Gender Discrimination in Jewish Palestine/Israel, 1920‐1960
Authors: Trajtenberg Graciela
Published: March 2018

Discrimination against women in the Western field of Visual Arts persists, even today. In this article I reflect upon the formative years of the field of Visual Arts in Jewish Palestine/Israel. I examine what role art critics took in the emergence of the systematic forms of artistic malestream domination. I also analyze which strategies allowed art critics to develop their position as the "knowers" of high art. While artistic malestream practices have not only held back female artists in the past, they also still affect women's artistic careers. Thus, the exposure of these concealed mechanisms can inform both academic scholarship and the artistic discourse.
Guilt(y) Today? What Some German Youths Say After Virtual Encounters with Shoah Survivors
Authors: Morgan Katalin Eszter
Published: March 2018

Against the theoretical background that sketches Biblical, legal, historical, psychological and biographical perspectives on guilt, this article examines the mental models that some German youths have in relation to the experiences told by Shoah survivors. Ethnographic descriptions and discourse analytical interpretations of these models are based on six participants’ responses to video‐graphed interviews with Shoah survivors. These responses were video‐recorded during a public presentation that the youths gave in a German small‐town in honour of Holocaust Remembrance Day. Results indicate that attitudes to the crimes of the Shoah consist largely of formulaic recitations of commonly‐adopted discourses that separate guilt from responsibility and silence the crimes in multiple, subtle ways. To balance this, some counter‐examples are provided from other German contexts. The article ends by offering pointers towards appropriate ways of being responsible.
Multidisciplinary Approach for Full‐Mouth Rehabilitation of an Adult Patient with Collapsed Occlusal Plane and Several Missing Teeth: A Clinical Report
Authors: Cheong Jieun , Hwang Yu‐Sun , Jung Bock‐Yung
Published: March 2018

In the full‐mouth rehabilitation of a patient with severely collapsed occlusion, a multidisciplinary approach including prosthodontics, orthodontics, endodontics, and surgery could provide better esthetic and functional results. Orthodontic treatment aiming for stable occlusion that meets the standard requirement of functional occlusion, enables the maintenance of occlusal function, and guarantees long‐term stability on the basis of periodontal health was attempted. The essential element of this protocol is careful treatment planning based on the optimal sequence pursuing functional occlusion.
Culturally clustered or in the cloud? How amenities drive firm location decision in Berlin
Authors: Moeller Kristoffer
Published: March 2018

Creative firms are neither capital‐ nor land‐intensive in production. They predominantly rely on creative and specialized labor and, assuming a strong competition for workers, are therefore increasingly dependent on the location of their (potential) employees. If these creative and highly qualified employees are attracted by consumption amenities such as bars, clubs, and restaurants, then it follows that these same amenities may determine the location of creative service firms. I investigate this hypothesis by examining whether Berlin Internet start‐up firms locate in urban amenity‐rich places. Identification builds on the fall of the Berlin Wall. A 1 percent increase in amenity density raises the probability of a start‐up location by almost 2 percent. A comparison with other service industries suggests that amenities are significant to the location choice of creative sectors, whereas no effect can be observed for nonreative firms.
High acclimation potential in floating Macrocystis pyrifera to abiotic conditions even under grazing pressure – a field study
Authors: Rothäusler Eva , Reinwald Hannes , López Boris A. , Tala Fadia , Thiel Martin
Published: March 2018

The persistence of floating seaweeds, which depends on abiotic conditions but also herbivory, had previously been mostly tested in outdoor mesocosm experiments. In order to investigate if the obtained mesocosm results of high seaweed persistence under natural environmental conditions and under grazing pressure can be extrapolated to field situations, we conducted in situ experiments. During two summers (2007 and 2008), Macrocystis pyrifera was tethered (for 14 d) to lines in the presence and absence of the amphipod Peramphithoe femorata at three sites (Iquique, Coquimbo, Calfuco). We hypothesized that grazing damage and seaweed persistence vary among sites due to different abiotic factors. By incubating the sporophytes in mesh bags, we were either able to isolate (grazing) or exclude (control) amphipods. To test for a mesh bag artifact, a set of sporophytes was incubated without mesh bags (natural). Mesh bags used to exclude herbivores influenced sporophyte growth and physiological performance. The chlorophyll a (Chl a) content depended largely on grazers and grazed sporophytes grew less than natural and control sporophytes within the two summers. A decrease in Chl a content was found for the sites with the highest prevailing irradiances and temperatures, suggesting an efficient acclimation to these sea surface conditions. Our field‐based results of sporophyte acclimation ability even under grazing pressure widely align with previous mesocosm results. We conclude that M. pyrifera and other temperate floating seaweeds can function as long‐distance dispersal vectors even with hitchhiking mesoherbivores.
Surgical management of a cat with hepatic arterioportal fistula
Authors: Phillips A. , Kulendra E. R. , Lam R. , Kulendra N. J. , Brockman D. J.
Published: March 2018

A 9‐month‐old domestic short‐haired cat presented with stunted growth and chronic gastrointestinal signs. Tachypnoea, a heart murmur and cranial abdominal bruit were detected on physical examination. Echocardiography revealed volume overload in all heart chambers. CT angiography identified an abnormal communication between the hepatic arterial circulation and the portal vein, along with multiple acquired shunts. The abnormal vascular communication was surgically ligated. Echocardiography documented improvement in cardiac parameters following surgery and the cat continues to have no clinical signs 39 months after surgery. This report describes successful surgical management of feline hepatic arterioportal fistula for the first time.
The burden of hepatitis C virus in Cameroon: Spatial epidemiology and historical perspective
Authors: Njouom R. , Siffert I. , Texier G. , Lachenal G. , Tejiokem M. C. , Pépin J. , Fontanet A.
Published: March 2018

Cameroon is thought to have one of the highest prevalences of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the world (4.9% among adults). A marked cohort effect exists in several communities where ≈50% of the elderly are infected. Better assessment of HCV distribution is needed for planning treatment programmes. We tested for HCV antibodies 14 150 capillary blood samples collected during the 2011 Demographic and Health Survey, whose participants were representative of the Cameroonian population aged 15‐49 (both genders) and 50‐59 years (men only). Historical data on exposure to medical care were collected and factors associated with HCV assessed through logistic regression and geospatial analyses. To estimate prevalence in all persons aged ≥15 years, we used data from the survey for the 15‐59 years fraction and modelled a cohort effect for older individuals. The nationwide HCV prevalence was 0.81% for the 15‐49 years group, and 2.51% for all individuals aged ≥15 years. Only 0.2% of individuals aged 15‐19 were seropositive. Among participants aged 15‐44 years, HCV was associated with age, rural residence and, for males, with ritual circumcision. For those aged 45‐59 years, HCV was associated with age and access to medical care in the late 1950s. Prevalence of HCV seropositivity in Cameroon is half of previous estimates. Nationwide surveys are essential to rationalize resources allocation. The high prevalence among older cohorts, a colonial legacy, has had little spillover into younger cohorts. HCV‐free generations might be attainable in countries not plagued with intravenous drug abuse.
Human stem cells patents—Emerging issues and challenges in Europe, United States, China, and Japan
Authors: Wong Alice Yuen‐Ting , Mahalatchimy Aurélie
Published: March 2018

Stem cell technology is undergoing a rapid development for its high potential in versatile therapeutic applications. Patent protection is a vital factor affecting the development and commercial success of life sciences inventions; yet human stem cells‐based inventions have been encountering significant restrictions particularly in the perspective of patentable subject matters. This article looks into the patentability limits and unique challenges for human stem cells‐based patents in four regions: Europe, the United States, China, and Japan. We will also provide suggestions for addressing the emerging issues in each region.
When knowledge goes viral: Assessing the possibility of virus‐related traditional knowledge for access and benefit‐sharing
Authors: Rourke Michelle F.
Published: March 2018

Viruses, like all genetic resources, are subject to Access and Benefit‐Sharing (ABS) obligations under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and its Nagoya Protocol. This requires that access to genetic resources accords with mutually agreed terms and with the prior informed consent of providing parties. Similar conditions must be met for the use of any Traditional Knowledge (TK) associated with genetic resources held by Indigenous Peoples and local communities. While there are many documented cases of TK indirectly associated with viruses, this article will demonstrate that there are indeed instances where TK could be directly associated with viruses. As the utility of viruses in various biotechnological applications becomes ever more apparent, it is time to consider whether the TK provisions of the CBD and Nagoya Protocol might factor into future virus ABS agreements, and whether TK considerations might also affect the suite of intellectual property protections currently afforded to viruses and viral derivatives in some jurisdictions.
Collaborative multimodal composing: tracing the unique partnerships of three pairs of adolescents composing across three digital projects
Authors: Smith Blaine E.
Published: March 2018

Although a large body of research emphasises the collaborative nature of adolescents' multimodal composing processes in and out of school, little is known about how or why collaborative partnerships might differ across composers or digital tools. Integrating sociocultural and social semiotics theoretical frameworks, this study examined how three pairs of culturally and linguistically diverse Grade 12 students collaboratively composed across three multimodal projects – a website, hypertext literary analysis and podcast – when responding to and analysing literature. Data sources included screen capture and video observations, student design interviews and written reflections. Qualitative data analysis revealed three different types of collaborative partnerships: (1) designer and assistant collaboration, (2) balanced division collaboration and (3) alternating lead collaboration. The division of labor between students was based on the convergence of mediating factors, with students negotiating multiple modes and tools, along with their partner's and their own technical skills, content knowledge and design preferences. These findings demonstrate how collaborative multimodal composing processes were multilayered and offered students flexibility for tailoring unique collaborative partnerships. Implications are discussed for understanding and supporting adolescents' collaborative multimodal composing processes in the classroom.
Pantoprazole‐induced autoimmune chronic hepatitis
Authors: Meunier Lucy , Ursic‐Bedoya Jose , Pageaux Georges‐Philippe , Larrey Dominique
Published: March 2018

Background

Although very rare, pantoprazole can result in acute hepatitis. It has yet to be reported, however, that it can also cause chronic autoimmune hepatitis.

Aim, method and results

We report the case of a patient in whom pantoprazole administration for 2 months was followed by acute liver injury with severe jaundice and features of autoimmunity. A liver biopsy revealed acute hepatocellular lesions associated with cholestasis, acute cholangitis and polymorphous inflammatory infiltration suggestive of drug‐induced liver injury. The jaundice disappeared following discontinuation of the pantoprazole. There was, however, chronic autoimmune liver injury, with the occurrence of extensive liver fibrosis within a few months. This led to the administration of immunosuppressive agents, which led to progressive and complete recovery associated with the disappearance of autoantibodies.

Conclusion

This observation further supports the notion that pantoprazole can induce acute hepatocellular hepatitis, and it strongly suggests that it may trigger acute cholangitis and autoimmune liver injury. This case also helps document that some drugs can induce chronic autoimmune hepatitis that can resolve with immunosuppressive treatment.
Ceres internal structure from geophysical constraints
Authors: King Scott D. , Castillo‐Rogez Julie C. , Toplis M. J. , Bland Michael T. , Raymond Carol A. , Russell Christopher T.
Published: March 2018

Thermal evolution modeling has yielded a variety of interior structures for Ceres, ranging from a modestly differentiated interior to more advanced evolution with a dry silicate core, a hydrated silicate mantle, and a volatile‐rich crust. Here we compute the mass and hydrostatic flattening from more than one hundred billion three‐layer density models for Ceres and describe the characteristics of the population of density structures that are consistent with the Dawn observations. We show that the mass and hydrostatic flattening constraints from Ceres indicate the presence of a high‐density core with greater than a 1σ probability, but provide little constraint on the density, allowing for core compositions that range from hydrous and/or anhydrous silicates to a mixture of metal and silicates. The crustal densities are consistent with surface observations of salts, water ice, carbonates, and ammoniated clays, which indicate hydrothermal alteration, partial fractionation, and the possible settling of heavy sulfide and metallic particles, which provide a potential process for increasing mass with depth.