bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementasi Bauran Promosi Dalam Upaya Meningkatkan Volume Penjualan Pada Toko Bangunan Tunggal Tata di Tuban Jawa Timur
Authors: Zahro' Siti Lailatuz , Firmansyah Fani
Published: December 2020

Abstrak            Material merupakan bahan baku yang mendukung proses pembangunan infrastruktur yang  menyebabkan munculnya bisnis dalam bidang material bangunan, maka banyak pesaing muncul sehingga diperlukan bauran promosi dalam mempertahankan maupun meningkatkan jumlah penjualan. Bauran promosi mempunyai enam elemen yaitu Advertising, Personal Selling, Sales Promotion, Direct marketing, Public Relation and Publisity, Word of Mouth. Pada saat ini toko bangunan Tunggal Tata berkembang pesat dengan jumlah volume penjualan yang meningkat, sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan bagaimana implementasi bauran promosi yang dilakukan oleh toko bangunan Tunggal Tata.            Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik wawancara, dan observasi, serta dokumentasi. Dalam menganalisis data menggunakan teknik interaktive Model.            Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa toko bangunan Tunggal Tata menerapkan bauran promosi melalui lima elemen yaitu Advertising melalui media logo, Personal Salling melalui media pelayanan, Sales Promotion melalui media pemberian hadiah, Direct Marketing melalui media katalog, dan Word of Mouth. Berdasarkan temuan dilapangan, selain lima elemen dari bauran promosi tersebut, toko bangunan Tunggal Tata menggunakan media tambahan yakni memberikan keringananpada pelanggan dalam proses pembayaran bahan bangunan dalam bentuk pemberian hutang. Oleh karena itu toko bangunan Tunggal tata berhasil dalam meningkatkan volume penjualan dalam empat tahun terakhir.Kata Kunci­: Implementasi, Bauran promosi, Volume penjualan
Pengaruh Brand Association terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Air Mineral Merek Aqua
Authors: Muhibi Fernante , Fahmi Syaifuddin
Published: December 2020

This study aims to describe whether brand association influences the purchasing decision of Aqua brand mineral water customers (PT Livia Mandiri Sejati Kota Pasuruan). The method used in this research is descriptive method with quantitative approach. Where the brand association factor consists of, price, product quality, brand, and promotion. Of all the factors whether it influences the decision to purchase Aqua brand mineral water in Pasuruan City. This research was conducted using a case study method where data were obtained through questionnaires to 135 respondents. The population in this study are consumers in the Pasuruan city area who have ever bought or consumed Aqua. The technique in sampling is non probability sampling with convenience sampling type. The data collection method used in this study was a questionnaire. Furthermore, from the data obtained normality test, multicollinearity test, heteroscedacity test, multiple linear regression test, F test, t test and coefficient of determination test. From the results of data analysis, brand association factors simultaneously influence the decision to purchase Aqua brand mineral water in the Pasuruan City area.
OPTIMALISASI PENGADAAN BAHAN BAKU DALAM RANGKA MEMINIMALKAN TOTAL BIAYA PERSEDIAAN TEMBAKAU PADA PT BENTOEL INTERNATIONAL INVESTAMA DI MALANG
Authors: Oktavia Dwi Dayanti , Indarwati Peni , Febriananta Marhaerni Fikky
Published: December 2020

A company should maintain an adequate or optimal level of inventory so that production operations can run smoothly and efficiently. What needs to be considered in this case is that the required raw materials are always available, so as to guarantee the smooth production process. However, the amount of inventory should not be too much because this will harm the company. Too much inventory will increase maintenance costs and storage costs in the warehouse. In addition, the amount of inventory that is too much can also increase the likelihood of losses due to damage and loss of quality that can reduce company profits. And vice versa, the amount of inventory that is too small will hamper the production process so that the company will suffer a lot of losses including: the machine does not work as it should, many workers are unemployed, and can even result in the cessation of the production process. This study aims to determine how the calculation of raw materials, what is the total cost of raw material inventory if the company establishes an EOQ (Economic Order Quantity) policy, what is the limit or point of ordering raw materials needed by the company during the grace period at PT.Bentoel International Investama in Malang.The population used is the supply of tobacco raw materials at PT. Bentoel International Investama, where this research was conducted by interview and documentation. The variable in this study is the supply of raw materials. The analysis used is the EOQ (Economic Order Quantity) method.The results of the study, if using the EOQ method in 2017 the cost savings of Rp 40,290,256,931, while in 2018 the cost savings of Rp. 44,388,428,549. Thus there is a difference between inventory policies carried out according to the company with EOQ calculations. It can be concluded that the supply of raw materials every year has increased raw materials, the frequency of purchasing raw materials when using raw materials when using the EOQ method is 2 times in one period, the limit for ordering raw materials needed by companies when using the 2017 EOQ method is 218,176.7 kg, while in 2018 it will be 210,853 kg. The total cost of raw material inventory calculated according to EOQ is less than that spent by the company, so there is a cost savings of raw material inventory
Fasilitas dan Lokasi terhadap Keputusan Konsumen Menginap di Grand Q Hotel Kota Gorontalo
Authors: Taan Hapsawati , Abdussamad Zulfia K , Palangka Indra
Published: December 2020

Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui  dan menguji pengaruh fasilitas dan lokasi terhadap keputusan menginap di Grand Q Hotel Kota Gorontalo. Metode penelitian jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah jenis penelitian kuantitatif. Populasi tidak diketahui dalam jumlah yang pasti (infinity). Penggunaan teknik sampel yang di pilih adalah penarikan sampel Accidental Sampling. Metode Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner jumlah sebanyak 96 responden. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis regresi linear berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fasilitas berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap keputusan menginap. Sedangkan lokasi berpengaruh positif namun tidak signifikan terhadap keputusan menginap di Grand Q Hotel Kota Gorontalo. Saran sebaiknya manajemen hotel senantiasa memperhatikan fasilitas  hotel karena sebagian  pengunjung merasakan bahwa fasilitas yang tersedia masih perlu ditingkatkan dan diperbaiki, serta  pentingnya lokasi parkir yang luas.Kata Kunci: Fasilitas, Lokasi, Hotel
Pengaruh Faktor-Faktor Motivasi terhadap Kinerja Karyawan (Studi Kasus di Kantor Balai Penelitian Tanaman Kacang-kacangan dan Umbi-Umbian Malang)
Authors: Putra Siswanto Wijaya
Published: December 2020

The purpose of this study was to to know and analyze how much influence the motivational factors which consist of working conditions, togetherness, rewards, the development of the performance of employees and analyze the motivational factors that have a dominant influence on employee performance Crops Research Institute for Legumes and Tuber Malang. The population in this study as many as 74 people, so the number of population is taken everything for the study, the research done by the census. Mechanical analysis using multiple regression analysis. The analysis showed that motivation which consists of working conditions, togetherness, rewards, development simultaneously affect the performance of employees. Working conditions, and the effect on employee performance rewardss. Togetherness and the development does not affect the performance of employees. Rewards dominant influence on employee performance.
Analisis Kinerja Keuangan Perusahaan dengan Menggunakan Metode Economic Value Added (EVA)
Authors: Ningsih Sri Dwi , Muslimah Tanti
Published: December 2020

This research was conducted to analyze the financial performance of property and real estate sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) using the Economic Value Added (EVA) method.This research is a quantitative research, where the data source is secondary data in the form of company annual financial reports for the period 2016 to 2018. The population of this study is a property and real estate sector company listed on the IDX, the sample of this study is five companies with sampling using the purposive sampling method. , data collection is done through documentation and literature study, then the analysis technique uses the EVA method with the calculation of NOPAT, Invested Capital, WACC and CC.The results of this study indicate that by using the EVA method, it is known that four companies produce a positive EVA value or EVA> 0 means that the company can generate added value, namely PT. Bumi Serpong Damai Tbk, PT. Summarecone Agung Tbk, PT. PP Properti Tbk, PT. Lippo Karawaci Tbk, meanwhile one company produces a negative EVA value or EVA <0 means that the company has not been able to generate added economic value, namely PT. Pakuwon Jati Tbk.
ESCOLA SUPERIOR DE GUERRA EM BRASÍLIA (1973-1974)
Authors: Salomão Eduardo Rizzatti
Published: December 2020

Às margens do lago Paranoá, repousam as ruínas das fundações da edificação queacolheria a transferência da Escola Superior de Guerra (ESG) do Rio de Janeiropara Brasília. De autoria do arquiteto Sergio Bernardes, o projeto arquitetônico,adotado nos anos 1970, visava atender ao propósito de reintegrar a renomadainstituição brasileira de estudos estratégicos de políticas de defesa ao centrodo poder político nacional. Com essa intenção, a nova sede almejava inserir aESG no ambiente acadêmico do Distrito Federal ao situá-la nas proximidadesda Universidade de Brasília (UnB). Patrimônio abandonado às intempéries, ocimento moldado pela concepção de Bernardes sobreviveu por décadas paraprovocar perguntas e se deparar com a presente retomada da ambição da criaçãode uma sede da ESG em Brasília. Este artigo apresenta os resultados da pesquisasobre a memória e o passado de experiência dos acontecimentos que levarama condenação do projeto de Bernardes. O problema que norteou o estudo é atentativa de compreensão das razões que conduziram ao cancelamento dasobras, inserindo, nessa discussão, reflexões sobre o lugar que as ruínas ocupamna história e na memória nacional.
Movimentos Docentes: Confluências na Educação
Authors: Rosalen Marilena , Carolei Paula
Published: December 2020

“Confluências na Educação” é o segundo livro da série Movimentos Docentes que buscadar ampla visibilidade as dinâmicas e práticas de professores. Neste livro são apresentadosdiferentes caminhos percorridos por professores e professoras, da educação formal, na salade aula, à extensão universitária. De estudos sobre o currículo às práticas, estratégias epesquisas na formação inicial e continuada. Experiências e relatos, diferentes caminhos,que confluem num mesmo sentido: uma Educação de qualidade.
Sosyal Bilgiler Dersinin Etkili Vatandaş Yetiştirme Rolüne Yönelik Öğretmen Adaylarının Algıları
Authors: YİĞEN Veysel , DÜNDAR Recep
Published: December 2020

Bu araştırmanın amacı öğretmen adaylarının sosyal bilgiler dersinin etkili vatandaş yetiştirme rolüne yönelik algılarını incelemektir. Araştırmada nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırma 2018-2019 eğitim-öğretim yılı güz döneminde İnönü Üniversitesi eğitim fakültesi temel eğitim sınıf ve sosyal bilgiler öğretmenliği bölümlerinde öğrenim gören 400 öğretmen adayı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada “Etkili Vatandaşlık Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Toplanan verilerin analizi SPSS v25.0 paket programı kullanılarak aritmetik ortalama, standart sapma, t testi ve tek yönlü anova testi aracılığıyla çözümlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda öğretmen adaylarının bilgi, beceri, değer ve sosyal bilgiler ile cinsiyet değişkenine göre sosyal bilgiler dersinin etkili vatandaş yetiştirme üzerindeki etkisine ilişkin algılarında anlamlı bir farklılık görülmemiştir. Sosyal bilgiler dersinin etkili vatandaş yetiştirme rolüne yönelik sınıf ve sosyal bilgiler öğretmen adayları benzer algıya sahiptir. Yaşadığımız yüzyıl bireylerin karmaşık sorunlarla iç içe olduğu bir zaman dilimidir. Bu dönemde sorunlar karşısında çözüm üretebilecek bilgi ve beceriye sahip etkili vatandaşlar yetiştirmek okullarda sosyal bilgiler dersinin programı içerisinde yer almaktadır. Bu dersi okutacak öğretmen adaylarına çağımızın bilgi, beceri ve değerleri doğrultusunda güncel eğitimlerin verilmesi önerilebilir.
Bioconversion of Selected Solid Wastes by Control Cultivation of Oyster Mushroom, Pleurotus florida and its Nutrient Analysis
Authors: Jennifer Oinam , Devi Laishram Joymati
Published: December 2020

Mushrooms are a source of nutrition particularly in respect of proteins and vitamins. It has been rightly called “vegetable meat”. Apart from being potential protein and energy source, mushrooms are famous for their medicinal values. In addition to their fascination for the gourmet, they are nature’s most active agents in the disposal of forest’s waste materials. Not only in disposing timber, but also helps in converting dead plants into available food. They are efficient agents, fitting into the nutrient cycle of farms and forests. As they utilize agricultural by products and wastes as their substrate, mushroom cultivation is an eco-friendly activity. In a country like India where vegeterians dominate, every attempt should be made to popularize a vegetable protein source like mushroom. A study on the cultivation of oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida was undertaken. It was found to grow on various solid wastes viz. paddy straw, rice husk, saw dust, water hyacinth and a mixture of all the selected substrates. The oyster mushroom cultivated on the paddy straw gives the maximum yield with high content of protein, carbohydrate and lipid.
Risk Of Cancer And Radiation Dose Received By Patients From Common Diagnostic Radiological Examinations
Authors: Al-Basri Ridha Jawad
Published: December 2020

Background: Although radiological diagnostic studies (RDS) are an important and acceptable part of medical practice, it is not without hazards. It is associated with increased risk of cancer. Unfortunately the typical and safe dose of each radiological examination is not known. Most of our knowledge of cancer risk comes from studies of survivors of those exposed to whole body radiation from atomic bomb in Hiroshima & Nagasaki, jobs associated with radiation exposure, Chernobyl survivors & patients treated with radiation therapy for cancer and other diseases.

 Objectives   To estimate radiation dose received by patients from diagnostic radiological examinations and lifetime attributable risk of cancer (LTARC).

Type of the study: A prospective study.

 Methods   A prospective study was conducted in Al-Kindi Teaching Hospital (KTH) during the period from 1st June to 31st august 2016. The study was performed on 910 adult patients. There were 595 males (65.38%) and 315 females (34.62%); mean age was 41.5 years (range 20-63).Different RDS were considered including chest-x ray (CXR), skull x-ray(SXR),    x-ray of limbs and pelvis (LPXR) for orthopedic causes , computed tomography scan (CTS) and mammography (MG) .

Results   CXR was performed for 260 (28.57%) patients which delivers 0.12 mSv. SXR was done for 160 (17.58%) patients which delivers 0.3 mSv. LPXR was performed for 220 (24.175%) which delivers 0.3-0.6 mSv. MG exposes 150 (16.48%) to 3 mSv. While CTS ,which         delivers 6.2-16 mSv according to anatomic area being scanned, was done for 120(13.19%) patients.

 Conclusion    There is great abuse for using RDS from both patients and doctors, without realizing their danger and association with cancer development. It was proved that RDS expos patients to different kinds of tissues injury including cancer.
Correlating CT findings of stroke with hyperglycemia in acute ischemic stroke patients
Authors: Shaker Ameer
Published: December 2020

Background: Studies show that diabetic patients have a higher incidence of ischemic stroke than non-diabetic patients. In the Framingham study the incidence of thrombotic stroke was 25 times higher in diabetic men and 36 times higher in diabetic women than in those without diabetes

Objectives: aim of this study to analyze topography in diabetic patients.

Type of study:  Cross sectional study.

Methods: 48 patients with acute stroke were classified into 4 groups: euglycemic, stress hyperglycemia, newly diagnosed diabetics, and known diabetics.

Results:no significant differences were found in the type, site or size of stoke between the 4 groups, higher levels of blood sugars and hemoglobin HbA1cwere significantly higher with chronic white matter ischemia in stroke patients.

Conclusions: hyperglycemia, diabetics and chronic glycemic disturbance may play role in the pathophysiology of white matter ischemia.
Congenital Club Foot Treated By Of Ponseti Method : A Short-Term Results
Authors: Al- Edanni Mohammed Shihab Ahmed
Published: December 2020

Background: Congenital club foot is a complex deformity of foot .It is a collection of different abnormalities, with different etiologies. Consequently, Severity varies with   difficulties in evaluating treatment strategies with outcome results. The treatment of congenital club foot remains controversial. Usually, the orthopedist's goal is to obtain anatomically and functionally normal feet in all patients.                                Objective: To asses short term follow up result of conservatively treated club feet in relation to the age of initial casting by Ponseti technique.          

Methods :A cross sectional observational study with some comparative content done in Al-kindy teaching hospital .A total of 36 patients (44 clubfeet) were treated by Ponseti method during the period of October 2014 to April 2017and were studied prospectively (mean follow up period 6 months, minimum follow-up period of 3 months) . Twenty six patients were male, thus male to female ratio is 2.6 : 1. It involved only patients less than two months. The patients were divided in to two groups: Group (A) included patients less than 4 weeks, while Group (B) between 4-8 weeks of age at the initiation of the treatment. gender, bilateralism, severity of the initial clubfoot deformity measured by Pirani Severity Score System, total numbers of Ponseti casts before the tenotomy, details of tenotomy, compliance with brace were examined. Passive range of movements and look of club foot are evaluated with mean six months follow-up.                                            

Results: We followed the functional Pirani Severity Scoring System and got good to excellent results in 32 patients  88.9 % (37 clubfeet – 84.1%) at mean 6 months of follow up. Ten patients  27.8 % (12 clubfeet – 27.3%) had relapse at varying age; out of which 6 patients  60% (8clubfeet  66.7%) were corrected by Ponseti casting method, while 4 patients 40% (4 clubfeet 33.3%) were resistant to Ponseti method. Poor compliance with the Denis Browne splint and poor cast technique was thought to be the main cause of failure in these patients.                                                                                 

Conclusion: Good understanding the main pathology of club foot, and the ideal method of conservative treatment for correction of the deformities systematically before starting the treatment.   In all types of club foot, we start conservative treatment, either as a definite treatment or to make surgical treatment easier for the surgeon and the patient. So Starting the treatment from the first day of life give excellent results and it will be decreased with delay.
Immunohistochemical Targeting of p110β Isoform of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase co-associated with Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 1 in a Group of Tissues from Iraqi Patients with Breast Cancer
Authors: Al-Qurtas Mohammed A.M.
Published: December 2020

Background: While two-thirds of breast cancers express hormone receptors for either estrogen (ER) and/or progesterone (PR) , genetically altered PI3K pathway was found in more than 70% of ER-positive breast cancers.An aberrant activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) in a wide variety of human cancers has selectively constituted an attractive pharmacological targets in MYC-dependent human breast cancer cells.

Aim of the study:  Role of p110-beta as well as and CDK 1  in the pathogenesis of subset of breast cancers and contribution in their carcinogenesis.

Type of the study: is a retrospective study

Methods: This retrospective research enrolled 70 paraffin embedded breast tissue blocks which were retrieved from archives of the period 2011 till 2017 at major hospitals and private histopathological laboratories as well as Forensic Medicine Institute in Baghdad. They comprised 30 breast cancers, 25 benign breast tumors and 15 apparently normal breast autopsies. Two 4 mm - thick sections were specified on positively charged slides for monoclonal primary p110 as well as and CDK 2 antibodies using immune-enzymatic antigen detection system for immunohistochemistry (IHC) techniques.

Results: Seventeen out of 30 (56.7%) of the total breast cancer cases in this study showed positive immunohistochemistry reaction(IHC) for detection of P110- beta gene expression in these tissues.  In the benign group, 6 out of 25 cases (24%) revealed positive IHC signals. None of control group presented positive signals. The differences begroup tween the percentages of P110-beta in breast cancers and each of control group and benign breast tumors group are statistically very highly significant (P value = < 0.0001). The expression of CDK1 was detected in 53.3% (16 out of 30) of breast cancers tissues and in 44% (11 out of 25) benign breast tumors, whereas none of control group of tissues showed CDK1- expression.

Conclusions: The present data indicate that p110-beta as well as and CDK 1 could have a role in the pathogenesis of subset of breast cancers and contribution in their carcinogenesis.
Predictors of poor first trimester outcome in asymptomatic women : the value of embryonic heart rate , mid sac diameter / yolk sac ratio & mid sac diameter / crown rump length
Authors: Abdulkadhim Suaad
Published: December 2020

Background:  Ultrasound provides a powerful tool for assessing early pregnancy and detecting pregnancy failure at first trimester and promoting rapid effective management. Several  criteria have been established  to predict  the pregnancy outcome particularly in symptomatic women .

Aim: To evaluate  asymptomatic women at the first trimester of pregnancy , to assess the efficacy of certain ratios as mid sac diameter (MSD)  / yolk sac ratio & crown rump length (CRL)/mid sac diameter (as indicator  of early first trimester oligohydramnios)  in predicting poor 1st   trimester outcome

Type of the study: A cross-sectional study.

Patients & Methods:  A sixty three asymptomatic women were enrolled in this prospective study . Transvaginal sonography was performed for confirmation of pregnancy viability & exclusion of multiple pregnancies 6-8 weeks of gestation & follow up ultrasound repeated at the beginning of second trimester to confirm the continuation of pregnancy and  viability of fetus. Several parameters assessed and tested against each others as embryonic heart rate , the size and morphologic criteria of gestational sac , yolk sac and  the crown rump length 

Results: The women  were classified into two groups: group A are those with successful outcome at the first trimester and group B are those with poor outcome of the 1st trimester . Decrease embryonic heart rate below 100 beat per minute  and low mid sac diameter/ yolk sac size ratio of < 1.9 , were found to be significant predictors of poor outcome however mid sac diameter/crown rump length ratio was not found to  have a similar significance 

Conclusion: In addition to the classical parameters  assessed  by trans-vaginal ultrasound, other important parameters need to be routinely applied as the  embryonic heart rate that predict poor outcome when less than 100 bpm . In addition to the ratio of mid sac diameter to the yolk sac diameter which  , if less than 1.9 ,  may point to abnormal  first trimester fate.
The Immediate And Intermediate Results Of Percutaneous Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty In Patients With Congenital Valvular Aortic Stenosis
Authors: Alwahab Hussein A.
Published: December 2020

Background: Aortic valve stenosis results from minor to severe degrees of aortic valve maldevelopment. This stenosis causes mild to severe obstruction of the left ventricular outflow .

Objectives : to study the immediate and intermediate results of percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty in patients with congenital valvular aortic stenosis .

Type of the study: A prospective study.

Methods: The study was done on thirty five patients with congenital valvular aortic stenosis who had percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty  in Ibn Al- Bitar Center for Cardiac Surgery from May 2009 to February 2011.

Results: Twenty seven patients were male (77.2%) and 8 patients were female (22.8%), male to female ratio 3.5/ 1, . The aortic valve was bicuspid in 18 patients (51.4%) while 17 patients ( 48.6%) had tricuspid aortic valve. Balloon aortic valvuloplasty was successful in 30 patients (85.7%),. Maximum peak instantaneous Doppler pressure gradient across the aortic valve 24 hours postprocedural echocardiography showed reduction which is statistically significant. New aortic regurgitation had occurred in 15 patients ( 42.8%), it was mild in 9 patients ( 25.6%), moderate in 5 patients ( 14.3%) and severe in 1 patient( 2.9%) which is statistically significant. The follow up of 12.57 ± 3.88 ( 3- 22) months after intervention was done for all patients using echocardiography Doppler study, reveal the maximum peak instantaneous Doppler pressure gradient  across the aortic valve was raised  which is statistically significant. The aortic regurgitation was present in 18 patients (51.4%) , it was mild in 9 patients (25.7%) , moderate in 6 patients (17.1%) and severe in 3 patients  ( 8.6%). No mortality had been reported during the procedure or on follow up.

                                                                                 Conclusion: Aortic balloon valvuloplasty is safe and effective procedure in the treatment of congenital valvular aortic stenosis but mild aortic regurgitation is the most common immediate complication of aortic balloon dilatation and progressive aortic regurgitation is a major problem during the intermediate follow up.
HLA-DRB1*03 And DRB1*15 Frequency In Helicobacter Pylori Superficial Gastritis
Authors: Salih Wafaa Hazim
Published: December 2020

Background: Background: Helicobacter pylori is an important gastrointestinal bacteria related to the development of  superficial atrophic gastritis, peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) may play an important roles in host immune responses to H pylori antigens.

Aim of the study: to investigate the association between HLA-DRB1 genotypes and superficial gastritis with H. pylori infection in an Iraqi patients.

Patients and methods: Sixty patients with superficial gastritis and 100 individuals with apparently normal results after endoscopic examination were recruited from Al-Kindy Teaching Hospital - Gastrocolonoscope Unit between January 2014 and July 2016. All study patients and controls group underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopic examinations. They were analyzed for CagA antibodies Immunoglobulin G (IgG) for H. pylori and HLA Class II genotyping (HLA-DRB1).

Results: Patients with superficial gastritis with H pylori. The infection showed significant expression (P=0.0001) DRB1*03:01 genotypes and DRB1*15:01 (P= 0.004) as compared to control group.

Conclusions: Genetic factor may play a role in gastritis. HLA-DRB1*03 and HLA-DRB1*15 may increased the susceptibility to superficial gastritis in H pylori infected patients.
Electrosurgery
Authors: Hasan Riyadh Mohamad
Published: December 2020

Electrosurgery is the application of a high radio frequency  of alternating polarity, electrical current to biological tissue as a means  among many functions like cut, coagulate, desiccate, or fulgurate tissue    in surgical practice . Many surgeons have faced during their lifetime one or more of the complications of these devices . It is either electrical, laser, ultrasonic and mechanical.
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injury With Versus Without Nerve Identification In Different Thyroidectomy Procedures
Authors: Jawad Saad Ramadhan
Published: December 2020

Background: The world health organization estimates that worldwide 2 billion people still have iodine deficiency Objectives: Is to make comparison between the effect of identification of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and non-identification of the nerve on incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury (RLNI) in different thyroidectomy procedures.

Type of the study: cross –sectional study.

Methods: 132 patients with goiters underwent thyroidectomy .Identification of RLN visually by exposure were done for agroup of them and non-identification of the nerves for the other group. The outcomes of RLNI in the two groupsanalyzed statistically for the effect of Identification of RLN on decreasing the incidence of the nerveinjury .The benefits of identification of RLN evaluated in each procedure ofthyroidectomy which were total thyroidectomy (TT), near totalthyroidectomy (NTT), and subtotal thyroidectomy (STT).Patients were followed up monthly for 6 months by indirect laryngoscopy for mobility of the vocal cords.

Results: 132 patients underwent thyroidectomy,258 RLNswere at risk, 124 nerves were  identified and134 nerves were  not identified,1 RLN was injured in identified group, and  8 RLN were injured in non-identified group. The pvalue was (0.0393) which was significant. TT were performed for 56 patients (42.4%) and total hemi thyroidectomy(THT)  for 6patients(4.5%), there were 118 RLNs at risk, 64RLNs were identified and 54 RLNs were not identified.1RLN was injured in identified group, and 7RLNs were injured in non-identifiedgroup, the pvalue was(0.023)which was significant.NTT procedure were performed for 38 patients(28.8%) , 76 RLNs were at risk. 30 RLNswere identified and none of themwas injured, 46 RLNswere not identified, 1 RLN was injured the p value was(1)which was not significant.STT were performed for 32patients(24.4%),64 RLNs were at risk. 30 RLNs were  identified  and 34 RLNs not identified,there was no nerve injury in both groups .

Conclusions: identification of RLN decrease incidence of RLNI in TT, while there was no significant increase of RLNI in NTT and STT when the nerve was not identified
Ventricular Myocardial Sheet
Authors: Ali Mostafa R.
Published: December 2020

Background: Despite the fact that the exact architecture and orientation of ventricular myocardium are critical to cardiac functions either in health or disease, it is still debated.

Objectives: Anatomical demonstration of the ventricle myocardium (VM)as a single, long and continuous muscular sheet and this muscular sheet can be dived into 3-segments. As a new anatomical concept the left ventricle is a triple layers wall; whether the right ventricle is a single layer wall.Histological demonstration of different directions of muscle-fibers at each layer of ventricular myocardium.

Type of the study: Cross- sectional study.

Methods: In this study 100-heart (fish, chicken, goat, sheep and cow) were dissected and analyzed. Dental lacrona and wax knife used majorly in the dissection, boiling of the hearts with distilled water and finally opening them by the “opening-technique”.

Results: Ventricular myocardium is a single, long and continuous muscular sheet in 100-samples of different species which had been included in the study (passing from the fish toward the cow). VMS can be divided into 3-segments in (100% of cow, 95% of goat and 85% of sheep). The left ventricle is a triple layers wall; whether the right ventricle is single layer wall, this result observed in (100% of cow, 95% of goat and 85% of sheep).Finally different directions of muscle fibers observed at each layer of ventricular myocardium where the subendocardial layer shows transverse running pattern of muscle fibers, mesocardial layer shows longitudinal running pattern of muscle fibers and subepicardial layer shows mixed running patterns of muscle fibers.

Conclusion: Ventricular myocardium is single, long and continuous muscular sheet. This sheet consists of 3-segments. These segments coils in spiral track and form the triple layers left ventricular wall and the single layer right ventricular wall. By histological examination of ventricular myocardial layers different directions of muscle fibers observed at each layer.
Risedronate as a therapeutic trial post-hysterectomy in premenopausal women to prevent osteoporosis
Authors: Hameed Ban Hadi
Published: December 2020

Background: Osteoporosis is a skeletal defect manifested by a reduction of bone strength as a result of reduced bone mass to the extent that there is a higher risk of fracture even on minor trauma. Hysterectomy in a premenopausal woman is a well known cause of ovarian failure resulting in an increased risk of osteoporosis.

Objective : To clarify bisphosphonate's preventive effect on osteopenia and osteoporosis in premenopausal women after hysterectomy.

Type of the study: Cross –sectional study.

Method:  84 premenopausal females post hysterectomy aged between 40 – 50 years, were enrolled in this randomized controlled double blinded trail at Al Yarmouk teaching hospital and private clinic in Baghdad for a period of two years from Augest 2011 till July 2013. Participants were assigned as: 1stgroup (study group 42 women): received risedronate treatment "over a period of one year" with calcium and vitamin D; and 2ndgroup (control group 42 women) were taken as a matched group for:"age, body mass index (BMI) and fracture history", received only calcium and vitamin D as a placebo.  Bone density had been assayed at the end of the year for all participants and evaluated for osteopenia and osteoporosis.

Results: Osteopenia and osteoporosis were significantly lower in the risedronate arm as compared to those not received the drug "14.3% & 11.9% versus 26.1% & 19% respectively".

Conclusion: The bone mineral density results were significantly better in those who received risedronate than those not received the drug.
Role of Diffusion-Weighted MR Imaging in Characterization of Posterior Fossa Tumors
Authors: Hussain Lubna Ali
Published: December 2020

Background: Conventional  MR imaging is essential for diagnosis and evaluation of the posterior fossa tumors  Objectives: To assess the value of diffusion weighted imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient in making distinction between different histological types of posterior fossa tumors.

Type of the study: Cross-sectional study.

Methods: Brain MRI and DWI assessed 19 patients (12 female and 7 male) with MRI diagnosis of posterior fossa tumors. absolute ADC values of contrast -enhancing solid tumor region and ADC ratio of solid tumor to ADC of normal -appearing deep White matter were compared with histological diagnosis postoperatively .The mean ADC value and ratio were determined by using a 2-tailed T test. Results: In eight of  medulloblastoma ,The mean  ADC value was 0.67±0.14x 10-3 mm 2/s  and  ratio 0.86±0.19  ,   ependymoma (n=3), ADC value 1.09 ±0.14 x10 -3 mm 2 /s and ratio 1,43±0.13   ,  pilocytic astrocytoma (n=4) ADC value 1,72 ±0.27x10 -3 mm2/s and ratio 2.19±0.4, brainstem glioma (n=2) with ADC value1.18±0.06 x10-3mm2/s and ratio 1.64±0.08 , haemangioblastoma  (n=1) with ADC value1.46x10-1mm2/s and ratio 1.87 , and meningioma with ADC value 0.72x10-3mm2/s and ratio 0.85. ADC values were higher in JPA than in ependymomas and medulloblastoma (P value <o,o5).ADC ratio were also  statistically significant difference among these three tumors type .

Conclusion: calculation of apparent diffusion coefficient value in the solid enhancing portion of tumor   seems to be reliable for  differentiate between  medulloblastoma at one end and , juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma (JPA) and ependymoma at other end as the former has ADC of < 1 while other tumors have ADC value of >1.
Awareness of breast cancer among university female students in Baghdad
Authors: Ahmed Abrar A R
Published: December 2020

Background: Breast cancer still a major cause of disability and mortality among women throughout the world. Lack of awareness and early detection programs in developing countries is a main reason for escalating the mortality.

Objectives: to assess level of awareness about breast cancer among university female students in Baghdad focusing on knowledge of breast cancer risk factors, warning symptoms and signs and knowledge about the screening method specially breast self-examination.

Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted over two months from first of march through April 2015 and included (240) female students in non- medical colleges at Al-Rusafa and Al-Karkh districts who completed a comprehensive self-structured questionnaire covering socio-demographic characteristics and (27) questions covering the knowledge of risk factors; warning symptoms and signs of breast cancer and the breast self- examination. Participants’ responses were analyzed statistically and percent score of knowledge level was calculated.

Results: The mean age of students was (22.8 ± 3.4) years with range (19-30) years, single (75.8%), and those with no family history of breast cancer (85.42%); the internet was the most common source of students’ information (34.7%).

 Conclusion: The overall percent score of all students’ knowledge about risk factors, warning symptoms and signs and breast self-examination was poor (<60%).
The role of prophylactic antibiotics in nasal packing for epistaxis
Authors: Ali Mohamed ibrahim , Raheem Chassan hassan
Published: December 2020

Background: This study is to evaluate the necessity of prescribing prophylactic antibiotics for nasal packing in spontaneous epistaxis. There are few published papers of infective complications in such patients.

Methods: This prospective study analysed 149 consecutive patients admitted to AL-Kindy teaching hospital with spontaneous, epistaxis, who underwent nasal packing  over 2 years period . in the first  year, 78 patients received prophylactic antibiotics , In the second  year 71 patients were not given prophylatic antibiotics.  Exclusion criteria included antibiotics prescribed for unrelated  pathology and post-operative epistaxis. Signs and symptoms of acute otitis media, sinusitis and toxic shock syndrome were assessed using clinical examination and a questionnaire.

Results: :Fourteen out of 149 patients experienced otalgia, mostly following posterior nasal packing. No patient in both groups had evidence of any infective complication.

Conclusion: we do not recommend the use of prophylactic antibiotics for patients undergoing nasal packing for spontaineous epistaxis.
Evaluation of obesity, smoking, and sedentary lifestyle associations with low back pain in young adults
Authors: Al-Ameri Laith Thamer , Hussein Nawras Alaa-Aldeen , Braisem Dalia Ahmed
Published: December 2020

Background: low back pain is one of the most common public health problems and of the most common musculoskeletal complaint. Many risk factors have been considered for developing low back pain include smoking, obesity and sedentary lifestyle.

Aim of study: To evaluate smoking, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle associations with low back pain in young adults aged (18 – 39 years).

Methods: a comparative cross sectional study for young adults aged 18 – 39 years, participants with low back pain as a symptom constitutes the first group, others free of this symptom considered as the control group. Age and gender matched in both groups. Smoking, obesity and sedentary life style variables collected and analyzed statistically using odd ratio and chi-square

Results: One hundred patients were enrolled in the study after 12 patients being removed due to our exclusion criteria. 45 patients were with low back pain, 2:1 male to female ratio, For LBP group; data show 30:15 obese to none obese ratio, 23:22 smokers to none smoker ratio, and ratio of 35:10 with sedentary lifestyle compared to active one. While in the control group, data show 22:33 obese to none obese ratio, 16:39 smokers to none smoker ratio, and ratio of 23:32 with sedentary lifestyle compared to active one. Using Chi-square test, the P- value was of 0.0079, 0.025 and 0.0003 for obesity, smoking, and sedentary lifestyle, respectively. The odds ratio was 3, 2.55 and 4.86 for obesity, smoking, and sedentary lifestyle, respectively. All above results were statistically significant.

Conclusion: Each of smoking, obesity and sedentary lifestyle is statistically correlated with low back pain in young adults' age group.
Minimal sternotomy surgery in comparison to standard sternotomy in the coronary bypass Surgery
Authors: Altae Jabbar J.
Published: December 2020

Background Median sternotomy is the gold standard incision for most cardiac operations. However, with the advent of minimal invasive surgery, a new approach emerged in cardiac surgery named mini-sternotomy and has been successfully used to perform a variety of operations.

 The aim of this paper is to present our experience of using mini-sternotomy to harvest the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) for off-pump revascularization of the left anterior descending artery (LAD)

 Methodology Over a 2-year period (October 2012-October 2014), 100 patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) via conventional median sternotomy (CMS) (n=80) and mini-sternotomy (MS) (n=20). The 2 groups were compared regarding length and difficulty of surgery, postoperative pain and respiratory function, stay in the intensive care unit (ICU), wound infection, shoulder stability and other variables.

 Results One patient (5%) with LMS was converted into CMS due to inadequate exposure. The blood loss was less in LMS patients. Lung atelectasis and pleural effusions were less in group 2. A higher PaO2, lower PaCO2 and a shorter assisted-ventilation time were observed in LMS group. Early postoperative pain score & analgesic requirements were less in LMS patients and their hospital stay was shorter (4-5 days) than CMS. Moreover, LMS patients could return to their jobs and drove cars earlier than group 2 patients. There were 9 deaths (11.3%) in CMS group vs. one death (5%) in LMS group; however, this difference was not statistically significant (p˂0.05)

 Conclusions This study shows that off-pump coronary surgery through mini-sternotomy incision is feasible and safe.
The Role of Metformin in patients with Primary Hypothyroidism
Authors: Al-Lehibi Khalid Ibrahim
Published: December 2020

Background: Insulin resistance is present in 50% or more of patients with primary hypothyroidism. Metformin can decrease TSH levels in these patients by a complex matter, this can be of great help in clinical practice.

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of metformin in reducing TSH levels in patients with primary hypothyroidism.

Methods: Hundred patients with primary hypothyroidism, 82 females, 18 males were included in this study, everyone was followed up for two months after adding metformin 850 mg twice daily in addition to thyroxin.

Results: 36 patients (36%) have a normal baseline TSH and no change after 2 months, 64 patients (64%)have a change in TSH either a decrease(49 patients ,79.56%) or an increase (15 patients , 23.44 % ).

Conclusion: Metformin therapy is highly effective in reducing TSH levels in patients with primary hypothyroidism.
Prevention in Healthcare Practice: An issue with Rising Importance
Authors: Raheem Yousif Abdul
Published: December 2020

Plentiful of healthcare practice is based on a disease/treatment approach rather than a prevention one.  That is, the predominant focus is on treating existing symptoms and conditions that bring the patient to healthcare setting. There is no doubt about the significance of this approach for acute conditions, but there is some question whether this is the most efficient and effective way of distributing healthcare for increasing number of diseases and limited resources.

The evidences from everywhere have showed the profound cost benefit of prevention in healthcare practice. Healthy community, therefore, is the ultimate aim in any health services planning. The priority of care giver is shifted now to promote health and prevent disease in any stage (susceptible, subclinical, clinical and recovery/disability) before death, and in all situations, as health status cannot remain constant for an individual, family, community or country over a period of time.
Surveillance for Contamination of Salad with Listeria Monocytogenes in Some of Baghdad Restaurants
Authors: Fathi Ilham Abid
Published: December 2020

Background: Listeria monocytogenes, a member of the genus Listeria, is widely distributed in agricultural environments, such as soil, manure and water. The genus of Listeria bacteria is about 15-17 species. It is a pathogenic bacterium that can cause a rare but dangerous infection called listeriosis.

Objectives: Studying the rate of salads contaminated with Listeria bacteria. and Listeria monocytogenes according to International, Arabic and Iraqi specifications and finding the correlation between commitments of restaurants to standard health conditions with contamination with these bacteria

Methods: The study included 152 samples of salads taken from 39 restaurants chosen randomly and of different levels and places in Baghdad from the period between 1/9/2014 to 20/1/2015. The laboratory tests were carried out on samples based on internationally approved methods in addition to methods of the International Standards Organization.

Results: The study revealed that 23 samples (15.13%) from the 152 samples taken from the restaurants were contaminated with Listeria species. of these, 3 (2%) were contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes and 20 (13.2%) were contaminated with other types of different and non-pathogenic Listeria as follows; (Listeria welshimeri, Listeria seeligeri, Listeria ivanovii, Listeria grayi, Listeria innocua) with the following prevalence (7(4.6%), 6(3.9%), 3(2%), 3(2%), 1 (0.7%) respectively).

Conclusions: Contamination of salads taken from restaurants with Listeria bacteria is not uncommon.  This indicates that routine examination is necessary and should be added to the Iraqi standard for salads.
The Actual Practice of Breast Self-Examination among Sample of Iraqi Patients with Breast Cancer
Authors: Al-Alwan Nada A. S.
Published: December 2020

Background : To assess the actual practice of breast self-examination (BSE), as an early detection tool for breast cancer, among a sample of patients affected with breast cancer in Iraq.Methods: A random sample of 200 female patients with breast cancer was analyzed to evaluate the extent of their actual practice of breast self-examination before the diagnosis of the disease.  The examined variables included the age of the patients, marital status, education, occupation, smoking habit, family history of cancer, frequency of gravidity, parity and abortions. Results: The age of patients ranged from (24-70) years with a mean age of 48 years. The highest frequency of the examined sample (24%) was noted in the age group   (50-54) years. The majority of the patients (89%) were married, 33% had university degree and 57% were employed. While 46% of the patients had a family history of cancer, in 33.5% the breast was involved. Only 5.5% of the total number of patients had practiced BSE regularly before the diagnosis of breast cancer, 57.5% had carried out the procedure randomly while 37% did not perform BSE at all during their lives.  The study illustrated that the level of education, occupation and family history of cancer had significant roles in the practice of BSE. Conclusions: The findings of this study emphasize the urgent need for promoting screening in our society through strengthening practical policy decisions to raise the level of public awareness among the Iraqi women towards the adoption of simple approaches for early detection of breast cancer.