bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Labour in the Global Economy: Four Approaches to Transnational Labour Regulation
Authors: Stone Ka Therine Van Wezel
Published: October 2023

Twenty-five years ago, Raymond Vernon foresaw that increased international economic activity would create profound political problems. He warned that the imminent growth of multinational enterprises was a ‘threat to national politics ... [because] [m]ultinational enterprises are not easily subjected to national policy’. Further, Vernon said, the threat to national politics would come not only from multinational enterprises, but also from the shrinking of trade barriers, and improvements in transportation and communications technologies. ‘These are likely to raise issues of sovereignty that may, in the end, dwarf the multinational enterprise problem’ (Vernon 1970: 396-400).
The Public Service Model of Good Administration
Authors: Woodhouse Diana
Published: October 2023

The public service model of good administration reflects the traditional ‘public service’ view of administration and the constitutional principles upon which the Civil Service is based. It therefore has its origins in the latter part of the nineteenth century when the characteristics of the modem Civil Service were established, but it also embodies values from the culture of intervention and the Welfare State that developed during the twentieth century. A starting-point for reflection is provided by the five key principles which are generally accepted as underpinning the Civil Service. These are impartiality, integrity and objectivity, selection and promotion on merit, and accountability through ministers to Parliament. To these could be added ‘a sense of public service’ and ‘a commitment to the public interest’ . It is from these principles, which both inform the administrative process and reinforce the constitutional position of civil servants, that the requirements of good administration can be distilled.
The New Public Management Model Of Good Administration
Authors: Woodhouse Diana
Published: October 2023

Criticisms of the public service model of public administration have been longstanding. However, any proposals for fundamental reform were by and large ignored. Thus the far-reaching recommendations made by Fulton remained unimplemented. In addition, whilst there have always been some, particularly economists, who have questioned the size of the public sector and the cost of the Welfare State, they were on the fringes of the debate. ‘Institutions such as the Institute of Economic Affairs, a right-wing think tank, was outside the mainstream of policy making and considered somewhat eccentric’ . This was to change as reform of the Civil Service was put on the agenda and by the end of the 1980s such institutions ‘were at the centre of government thinking’ .
The Corporate Governance Systems in the UK and Australia
Authors: Stapledon G P
Published: October 2023

This book contrasts the role of institutional shareholders in corporate governance in the United Kingdom and Australia. Corporate governance is the system by which companies are directed and controlled. The companies of present concern are quoted public companies. The comparative aspect of the book is novel: the UK system of corporate governance has (along with that of the US) been contrasted commonly with the systems of continental European countries (especially Germany) and Japan,2 but not with that of Australia. The UK and US corporate sectors are characterized by a relatively large number of quoted companies, a liquid capital market where ownership and control rights are traded frequently, and few inter-corporate equity holdings. The corporate sectors of Germany and Japan are, in contrast, characterized by a relatively small number of quoted companies, an illiquid capital market where ownership and control rights are traded infrequently, and many inter-corporate shareholdings.
The Potential for Increased Institutional Monitoring, Without Legal Reform
Authors: Stapledon G P
Published: October 2023

Given the finding in Chapter 9 that closer institutional monitoring is desirable, this chapter addresses the question of whether there is likely to be any increase in the level of monitoring without specific legal reforms. This is an important matter because several commentators, especially in the UK, have found that greater institutional monitoring would be a good thing but have relied upon mere exhortation as a way of achieving that end. The main aim of this chapter is to show that there is an array of disincentives to the performance of detailed firm-level monitoring by institutions-external fund managers in particular. The fact that this sort of monitoring does occur (as detailed in Chapters 5 and 8) shows that these disincentives are sometimes surmountable. However, it is concluded that, in the absence of positive regulatory changes, it is probable that there will be no significant increase on current levels in the UK, and only a sman increase on current levels in Australia.
Libel and the Media The Chilling Effect
Authors: Barendt Eric , Lustgarten Laurence , Norrie Kenneth , Stephenson Hugh
Published: October 2023

The impact of libel law on the freedom of the press is a subject which interests not only practising media lawyers, law students, and journalists, but also members of the general public who are keen to learn about any perceived threat to the freedom of the press. This book presents all those people with an accessible and jargon-free look at the impact of libel law on the media. It is based on research conducted by Professor Barendt and his collaborators which involved interviewing the editors of national newspapers, journalists, and their lawyers to discover the extent to which libel laws chill press freedom. The authors, a distinguished group of highly respected academics, examine the present state of libel law (including the Neill reforms and the law in Scotland), and go on to explore the impact of libel law on national and regional newspapers, broadcasters, and book and periodical publishers.
Book Publishers
Authors: Barendt Eric , Lustgarten Laurence , Norrie Kenneth , Stephenson Hugh
Published: October 2023

As with the other media, a questionnaire specifically tailored to the working of the book trade was sent to a range of publishers in the spring of 1994. Sixteen responded, and may be regarded as broadly representative, in that they included both academic and purely commercial firms. The latter were evenly divided between those wholly or mainly publishing fiction and non-fiction. Several were part of major publishing conglomerates, and also included was one of the tiny remnant of individually-owned independent publishers which have shrunk in number from approximately 200 to fewer than ten since the end of the 19S0s. Two university presses apart, virtually all the others were based in London.
Judges and the Constitution
Authors: Griffith J A G
Published: October 2023

In a lecture given to the Administrative Law Bar Association in October 1994, Mr Michael Beloff QC said, that when he came to the Bar in 1968, ‘no one was yet called a public lawyer’ and that the phrase, as late as 1985, was not altogether approved by the judiciary. In the more enlightened circles of academia, we had been accustomed to the words for some time and even had professors so designated. When F.W. Maitland gave his first lecture on The Constitutional History of England at Cambridge in the Michaelmas term of 1887 he entitled it ‘English Public Law at the Death of Edward the First’.
Judicial Legislation*
Authors: Cornish W R
Published: October 2023

The LSE Centenary Lectures in law have been a fine series. They include two very different essays in theory: Professor Unger’s Chorley Lecture incites scholars to highly critical engagement beyond the range of the merely commentative; Professor Teubner’s lecture reflects subtly on the relationships between discourses about law and its social functioning. His case for a distinctly legal discourse at once synthetic, independent, and in a sense ultimate, deserves sustained reflection.
Implementation Of The World Trade Organization Agreement In Australia*
Authors: Waincymel Professor Jeffrey
Published: October 2023

An analysis of the functions, problems and prospects of international economic regulation should not be undertaken without attention being given to domestic implementation issues. These include the domestic legal and constitutional constraints on the development of trade policy, the domestic legal requirements for the applicability of international economic norms and the optimal political, legal and administrative structures for those purposes. It is particularly inappropriate to debate the respective merits of domestic and international solutions to legal problems without fully analysing the relationship between the two.
Switzerland: The Challenge Of Direct Democracy
Authors: Cottier* Thomas , Schefe Krista Nadakavukaren
Published: October 2023

On 1 January 1995, when eighty-one countries were celebrating the end of the Uruguay Round with the coming into effect of the World Trade Organization, Switzerland was preparing for yet another political trade battle. This time, though, it was fought on the home front: direct democracy made it necessary to convince the Swiss citizens that they should endorse the new trading regime with all its implications.
The Results Of The Uruguay Round In Brazil: Legal And Constitutional Aspects Of Implementation
Authors: Casella* Paulo Borba
Published: October 2023

The implementation of the results of the Uruguay Round, in Brazil, as elsewhere, is an ongoing process and an open-ended task. The reasons for this include the depth and breadth of necessary measures as well as the fact that a constitutional revision is under way in the country. Implementation remains open-ended for many other relevant reasons, internal and external, legal and economical, and structural. Other factors include the regional economic agreements, such as those between Brazil and its partners within the framework of the Common Market of the South, with Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.
Richard Nobles and David Schiff
Authors: Luhmann Niklas
Published: October 2023

This book needs to be accessible to an English-speaking audience. It is a profound work of increasing significance in the twenty-first century. It presents what is probably the most important, original, and complete statement made about law in the second half of the twentieth century by a social theorist, a statement about the autopoiesis of law. It may well be the most complete statement since the one made at the beginning of that century by one of the founders of modem sociology, Weber, or perhaps the gradual reinterpretation during the twentieth century of Marx’s socio-economic analysis and its application to law by Pashukanis, Renner, Althusser, and Poulantizas.
The Evolution of Law
Authors: Luhmann Niklas
Published: October 2023

The history of law from ancient times to the present is comparatively well known. The available sources, however, have not been evaluated from a theoretical perspective. According to contemporary understanding, only concepts of evolutionary theory are suited to this task. The concept of evolution, however, has been used very imprecisely in the literature (including in the legal literature, in so far as it is used there at all) and has, moreover, been presented in a distorted way in criticizing evolutionary approaches. As far back as the eighteenth century accounts can be found of the evolution of law, by, in particular, Hume, Lord Kames, and Ferguson, who point out features which come close to modem evolutionary theories (such as the lack of a plan, retrospective acknowledgement of achievements, gradual development, accidental triggers, accumulation of wisdom through decisions on a case-by-case basis).
Politics and Law
Authors: Luhmann Niklas
Published: October 2023

Systems theorists generally assume that a distinction must be made between the legal system and the political system. These systems are seen as different sub-systems of society. This is especially true if we embrace the concept of autopoiesis and insist upon the autonomy and historical individuality of all social systems. However, most other social theorists reject this viewpoint because of the close and obvious relationship between politics and law.

A theory of the autopoietic, operatively closed legal system envisages that this system is able to draw a distinction between itself and other functioning systems. Hence if any external observer of the system wants to observe and describe it appropriately, he will eventually confront this distinction, which is produced in the system itself. Even if this is plausible on the whole, it creates a problem regarding the relationship between politics and law. A long tradition, going back to early modem times, makes us inclined to see only a unified politico-legal system.
Crime: in Proportion and in Perspective
Authors: Gardner* John
Published: October 2023

What is the criminal law for? Most explanations nowadays focus exclusively on the activities of criminal offenders. The criminal law exists to deter or incapacitate potential criminal offenders, say, or to give actual criminal offenders their just deserts. In all this we seem to have lost sight of the origins of the criminal law as a response to the activities of uictims, together with their families, associates and supporters. The blood feud, the vendetta, the duel, the revenge, the lynching: for the elimination of these modes of retaliation, more than anything else, the criminal law as we know it today came into existence.
Crime Seriousness and the Offender-Victim Relationship in Sentencing
Authors: Wasik Martin
Published: October 2023

The questions ‘why punish?’ and ‘how much?’ are located within political and social theories for which the relationship between the State and the criminal offender is the defining concern. We ask in what circumstances the imposition of punishment on the offender by the State can be justified at all and, where it can, what limitations should be placed upon the form and duration of that punishment.
Sentencing Young Offenders
Authors: Zedner* Lucia
Published: October 2023

Desert theory has conferred significant benefits upon young offenders sentenced by the criminal courts. It has introduced a host of due process rights into the sentencing process, curtailed the range of factors considered in deciding the sentence, and placed strict limits upon the length and nature of the sentence imposed. In so doing it has reasserted the rights of young people to enjoy levels of certainty, consistency, and parsimony in sentencing which were often denied them in the past.
Police Powers: Law in the Books and Elsewhere
Authors: Dixon David
Published: October 2023

This Chapter is concerned with the nature of police powers in England and Australia. The focus is not on specific powers (although some are discussed as examples) but rather on ‘police powers’ as a concept. Issues discussed include the origins and development of police powers, the relationship between powers and duties, the role of powers in policing practices, the legal concept of police powers, and the utility of changing police powers in response to concerns about crime and disorder. The argument running through what follows is that police powers cannot usefully be considered in legalistic isolation. What a power means is usually defined (at least in part) by how it is used. In this sense, police powers and policing practices can not be clearly distinguished.
Conclusion
Authors: Kuper Jenny
Published: October 2023

In a 1990 UNICEF lecture, the speaker commented that ‘[i]n the past it was soldiers who died in war ... The present reality is that modern man wages war against children.’1 Despite the plethora of laws designed to protect children in armed conflict, the description in Chapter 7 of the three Iraqi conflicts indicates that this speaker’s comment was largely accurate.
Environmental Protection and Human Rights: Conceptual Aspects
Authors: Merrills J G
Published: October 2023

To speak of a right to a healthy environment as a collective right, or to say that as part of their basic human rights individuals have certain entitlements in relation to the environment, is to use the language of rights to further particular objectives which the speaker thinks are important. In this respect discussion of ‘environmental rights’ is no different from the contemporary debate over abortion, self-determination, euthanasia, the rights of indigenous peoples and many other issues in which rights are asserted, challenged, and argued about by the proponents of different points of view. As these examples show, rights talk is both pervasive and exciting.
Life, The Universe and Everything: A Critique of Anthropocentric Rights
Authors: Redgwell Catherine
Published: October 2023

In Chapter 3 we saw that one critique of a human rights approach to environmental protection is its anthropocentricity; that a human right to a clean, healthy, or decent environment ignores the rights of animals and nature. There are two distinctive strands to such criticisms, broadly identified as deep ecology or environmentalism, and animal rights.4 Within each strand different motivations and philosophies are at work, ranging from a religious reverence for the preservation of all life to a more generalized repugnance towards anthropocentric justifications for environmental conservation. It is the purpose of this chapter to examine critiques of a human rights approach to environmental protection as ‘anthropocentric’ from the animal rights and environmentalist perspectives.
Doorkeepers to Many Rooms
Authors: Parker Christine
Published: October 2023

The ominous statement which begins Kafka’s famous parable of the futility of modern law-’Before the law stands a doorkeeper’ (Kafka 1992: 285)-sums up much of our knowledge of access to legal justice.’ His villainous doorkeeper with ‘big sharp nose and long, thin, black Tartar beard’ (Kafka 1992: 285) fits well the gloomy picture of the legal profession painted by much contemporary socio-legal scholarship and by many advocates for the reform of the profession’s (self-) regulation.
The Ethics of Justice
Authors: Parker Christine
Published: October 2023

While the community sees the legal profession’s problems in terms of specific complaints of overcharging, low-quality service, and the distortion of justice for the highest bidder, the most serious potential pathology of the legal profession is its failure to comprehend its role in a broader access to justice agenda. The primary significance of the legal profession for access to justice lies not in how well or badly they perform the technical task of providing legal services to a range of citizens, but in the culture or ideology of justice lawyers carry and support. It may be so narrow that it colonizes and corrupts non-legal forms of justice, denying the breadth of processes by which citizens may gain access to justice.
Competing Images of the Legal Profession: Competing Regulatory Strategies
Authors: Parker Christine
Published: October 2023

Policy arguments for reform to the regulation and organization of the legal profession often take place within the framework of two basic paradigms. Traditionalists prefer the ideal type of an independent, self-regulating profession, while reformers lean towards a model of forcible deregulation to meet requirements for a competitive market. Normative policy arguments reflect the underlying and inchoate theories of the empirical nature of the profession their proponents hold. Corresponding theories can also be found in the scholarly literature on the professions: sociological functionalism portrays lawyers as a learned, independent community of specialists who must be trusted to govern themselves (Goode 1957, Parsons 1954a), while the market control approach sees the profession as an inherently self-serving monopoly protected by ideology and a lack of accountability, which should be distrusted (Abel 1988b, 1989a, Larson 1977).
Re-Emergence of an Old Challenge for the International Community
Authors: Fidler David P
Published: October 2023

Scientists and public health experts identify emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases as great public health threats facing humanity at the approach of the new millennium. Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases are defined as ‘diseases of infectious origin whose incidence in humans has increased within the past two decades or threatens to increase in the near future’. This definition includes not only diseases never previously identified but also diseases that many believed had been conquered. A United States government inter-agency working group identified twenty nine new infectious diseases and twenty re-emerging diseases since 1973. The phenomena of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases have raised awareness about infectious disease threats after decades of complacency.
Interests in Securities
Authors: Benjamin Joanna
Published: October 2023

This book provides a uniquely clear and accessible analysis of the legal aspects of the international markets in securities (such as shares and bonds). It considers the legal implications of the computerisation and globalisation of these markets, and in particular the impact of the use of custodians, depositaries and other intermediaries by investors and collateral takers holding interests in securities. In the light of this analysis, the book goes on to consider a range of both traditional and innovative services and products in the international securities markets. These include a range of collateralisation techniques (including secured lending, repurchase agreements, securities lending and derivatives collateral) custody, settlement and repackaged securities (including managed funds and collateralised bond obligations). The position under both domestic and private international law is considered. The book is written in plain language so as to be accessible to the relative newcomer to the field, and to market professionals as well as lawyers. However, it is also sufficiently detailed to provide a valuable source of reference and analysis for experienced practitioners engaged in managing legal risk in cross-border securities collateral and investment. Given the global nature of the securities markets, it will be of international relevance and appeal.
Conclusion
Authors: George Stephen
Published: October 2023

In 1973 Britain joined a Community that had already been in existence, in different forms, for over twenty years. The original member states had developed rules and ways of working together during that period. The rules were not all favourable towards the new member: for example, both the domination of the budget by the CAP and the system devised for funding the budget disadvantaged Britain. So far as the methods of working together were concerned, the British simply had a lot to learn, and that was bound to take time. Both of these factors contributed to gaining Britain a reputation for being an awkward partner. Attempts by successive British Governments to find ways of removing the financial disadvantages of the budgetary arrangements led to a situation in which they were arguing against the representatives of the other member states, most of whom were net beneficiaries of the budget; and a certain clumsiness in pursuing their aims added to the impression of awkwardness, even though it was to some extent simply a consequence of the need to learn how the EC worked.
The Routine Fare: Knowsley North
Authors: Norris Pippa
Published: October 2023

On the basis of the campaigns outlined so far we have identified two basic categories of by-elections. On the one hand there are the dramatic contests with unexpected winners and losers, the famous by-elections typified most clearly by Glasgow Hillhead, Hamilton, Lincoln, Bermondsey, and Orpington. These are the classic by-elections remembered long after the event, which can have a significant impact on the national political scene. On the other hand there are the more routine by-elections exemplified by Tyne Bridge, Glasgow Queens Park, and by Southwark and Peckham during Mrs Thatcher’s second term, generating minimal attention and predictable results. The solid Labour seat of Knowsley North in November 1986 exemplifies these low-key campaigns while a few months later Greenwich clearly falls into the volatile category. We will therefore compare these campaigns as detailed case-studies, using the available survey evidence to analyse the conditions producing these different outcomes.
The Political Earthquakes: Greenwich
Authors: Norris Pippa
Published: October 2023

If Knowsley North can be seen as typical of the routine contests, Greenwich can be taken as a case-study for the volatile by-elections such as Bermondsey, Ryedale or Orpington. From the announcement of the by-election, following the death on 24 December 1986 of the Labour MP Guy Barnett, Greenwich had all the hallmarks of a high-profile contest. First the timing of the by-election guaranteed maximum publicity. From the autumn of 1986 intense speculation about when the Prime Minister would go to the country heightened interest in any indicators of party strength.
Electoral Volatility and Partisan Dealignment
Authors: Norris Pippa
Published: October 2023

In the second part of the book we need to move beyond particular constituency results to develop theories which can account for systematic trends. In this chapter we will start by considering explanations of electoral volatility based on theories of partisan alignment, dealignment, and realignment, to understand why by-elections have been transformed from the quiescent two-party politics of the fifties to the more unpredictable multi-party contests of the eighties.

In the classic account of voting provided by Butler and Stokes three major sources of electoral change were identified: long-term trends involving the physical replacement of the electorate, partisan re alignment where voters transfer their traditional party loyalties and lastly the short-term response of the electorate to the immediate issues and events of politics (Butler and Stokes 1974: 6).
The Comparative Context: Australia and Canada
Authors: Norris Pippa
Published: October 2023

By-Elections are used world-wide to fill legislative seats which fall vacant between regular elections. Sixty-four countries, with diverse political systems, use by-elections for all Parliamentary vacancies; they range from China to Poland, to New Zealand, Malta, South Africa, and Iran. Another thirty use by-elections to fill vacancies in the lower chamber, either commonly or in special circumstances such as the absence of any substitute candidates; these include Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Only thirty-five countries employ substitute lists or legislative appointments rather than by-elections; these include Israel, Norway, Italy, and the Netherlands.
Aligned Neutrality
Authors: Holbraad Carsten
Published: October 2023

A power, it has been said, gains maturity through defeat.1 Only the bitter experience of adversity in external relations can teach a power to set limits to its expansion and educate it into being a good neighbour. If maturity in international politics consists in voluntary limitation of territorial objectives, the series of defeats and losses suffered by Denmark in the seventeenth and particularly the nineteenth centuries certainly rendered it mature. But Denmark went far beyond checking the expansionist tendencies that had marked its international conduct in earlier times. Over the centuries, it took leave of one means after another of conducting foreign policy and, apart from two wars by its southern border in the mid nineteenth century, adopted an increasingly passive role in Euro pean politics. While becoming ever more preoccupied with inter national trade, international law, international morality, and international society, it nearly turned its back on international politics.
Scandinavia
Authors: Esaiasson Peter
Published: October 2023

Whatever horrors World War II brought to the Scandinavian countries it did civilize electioneering. As things returned to normal after the war the democratic parties agreed upon certain practical rules of the game. In Sweden the common belief in democracy was manifested in unanimous decisions to cut down on the distribution of printed pamphlets, to begin the putting up of posters at a fixed day five weeks before the election, and to grant every party equal rations of petrol. Similar agreements were made in Denmark and Norway. Only in Finland was the situation different. The country’s dramatic history, its special relations with the Soviet Union and its strong Communist Party, made a climate of basic trust between the main political actors a virtual impossibility .1
Japan
Authors: Curtis Gerald l.
Published: October 2023

Japan’s experience with political parties and elections goes back over a century. The first parliamentary election was held in 1890, for an electorate restricted to male property owners-just 1 per cent of a total population of forty million, or one in twenty-five adult men. The suffrage gradually expanded over the next three decades, and in 1925 Japan adopted universal manhood suffrage. In the decade which followed, parties became increasingly important and electoral competition grew in intensity. Even though military involvement in politics brought about the demise of the party system in the late 1930s, Japan did not discard elections entirely even during World War II. An election was held in 1942 in which several politicians ran as independents against the government-sponsored Imperial Rule Assistance Association. A number of the successful independents in that wartime election went on to play important roles in post-war politics.
Electoral Politics
Authors: Kavanagh Dennis
Published: October 2023

Elections are universal methods of political choice and decision-making. This book has commissioned essays on key topics of voting behaviour, election rules, the media, election pacts, and the consequences of elections. The essays are by distinguished authors drawn from both sides of the Atlantic, including Donald Stokes, Austin Ranney, Richard Rose, Anthony King, and Dennis Kavanagh. They form a tribute to the famous student of elections, David Butler.
Valence Politics
Authors: Stokes Donald
Published: October 2023

Communication between leaders and led is a central, problematic element of political democracy. The importance of this element at the dawn of the democratic idea is shown by the inclusion of rhetoric among the liberal arts preparing the citizen for the civic role. But democracy took root in little places, like Athens or Thebes, where direct discussion was possible. Its extension through representative institutions to the colossal states of the modern world makes still more problematic the communication of alternative leaders with those they would represent. The rise of political parties has always been seen as partly a means of easing this problem, and the study of parties and electoral systems has been partly a study of communication between the leaders who compete for public support and the public that, by giving support, clothes these leaders in legitimate authority.
Liberalism and Public Justification
Authors: Macedo Stephen
Published: October 2023

What does liberalism stand for? What does it mean to be a citizen of a liberal, constitutionalist regime? How can we live up to the demands that such a regime imposes on us? To answer these questions requires an effort in critical, moral, self-interpretation: what do we stand for at our best? What in our practices and ways are we proud of?

Part of the answer to these questions, and perhaps the part that springs most quickly into our minds, is that as citizens of liberal, constitutional regimes, we enjoy certain rights, we are free to choose along a fairly wide spectrum, and the security of our persons and property is protected. We receive, in other words, certain political goods at reasonable (or at least acceptable) cost: paying our taxes, obeying the law, voting now and then. The benefits of private citizenship are not to be sneezed at: they place certain basic human goods (security, prosperity, and freedom) within the grasp of nearly all, and that is nothing less than a fantastic human achievement.
Housing in Parliament
Authors: Brand Jack
Published: October 2023

Housing in Britain is a party political issue. Duclaud Williams points out that most of the housing questions which are battled over in Parliament are decided by civil servants in France. Housing attracted the attention of the reforming British governments of the nineteenth century in their attempts to remove the slums, and several incidents have reinforced this political character. The plan to build ‘Homes for Heroes’ haunted post-1918 administrations, but, more than anything else, the salience of housing is the result of British class politics. The stand taken by the parties on housing depended upon whether or not they were most concerned with the representation of the working class. British housing policy largely means housing policy for the less well off. As in the case of education and agriculture, we shall here be concerned with housing in England and Wales. The housing situation in Scotland is not identical with that south of the Border and is, in any case, looked after by the Scottish Office.
The Archetypal Actions Of Ritual
Authors: Humphrey Caroline , Laidlaw James
Published: October 2023

Religious rituals can provoke a deeply ambigious reaction in those who practise them. What happens in religious traditions when the nature of the ritual is questioned, but the practice of performing rituals is not itself abandoned? This book draws on the authors' observations of such reactions among Jains in western India, and asks why they can tell us about ritual as a universal mode of human action. Most anthropologists have assumed that ritual is a special kind of happening, which requires a special kind of interpretation. The authors argue that 'ritual' is a quality which can in principle apply to any kind of action. The question they try to answer is: what is distinctive about actions which are ritualized? They reject the common view that ritual carries intrinsic meaning, and explore the apparent paradox that ritualization, which makes action in an important sense non-intentional, is itself the result of an intentional act - the adoption by the actor of what the authors call the 'ritual commitment'.
The Disconnection of Purpose and Form
Authors: Humphrey Caroline , Laidlaw James
Published: October 2023

One learns many ritual acts in puja, as physical movements, by being shown what to do and copying it. But unlike learning some other physical operations (those which require skill, like playing the piano, cooking, sewing, or driving a car) the notion of excellence or expertise cannot be applied unmodified to the performance of ritualized action; for ritualization itself tends to undermine the link between the purposes for which an action is performed and the form the action takes. In performing an act in ritualized form, as a ritual act, you perform it as you do, and not some other way, just because it is so prescribed, and not because it makes sense to you to do so, or because you have reasons for doing so. You have reasons only for ‘enacting the ritual’, and whatever those purposes may be, the way to ‘get it right’ as a physical act remains the same. Nevertheless, the relation between purposes and ritualized action is not altogether straightforward.
Stances of the Self
Authors: Humphrey Caroline , Laidlaw James
Published: October 2023

In ritual action, while people perform archetypal acts which are socially prescribed, they do not thereby leave aside the selves which are their everyday or ‘real’ selves. Indeed, ritual action seems to require some kind of awareness or situating of the self in relation to the act. This is true, at least in the Indian context, even of automatically efficacious ritual of the Vedic type.
Tribes, Government, and History in Yemen
Authors: Dresch Paul
Published: October 2023

Professor Dresch combines ethnography with history to describe the tribal system over the last thousand years, and examines the values the tribal people themselves bring to the contemporary world of nation states. Drawing heavily on local histories and unpublished documents, as well as on three years' field work, he discusses the place of these tribes in the world around them from the tenth century to the twentieth. Beginning and ending with the means by which tribesmen define themselves, he discusses the relation of the major tribes to the area as a whole, to pre-modern Islamic learning, the Zaydi Imamate, and ideas of contemporary statehood. This book will be of interest to readers concerned with the relation of anthropology to history and also to those from other disciplines who are concerned with Arabia past and present. It offers a fresh approach to issues which arise throughout the Middle East.
Tribes and Collective Action
Authors: Dresch Paul
Published: October 2023

Tribesmen all belong to particular tribes. This gives them ‘authenticity’ of descent (a /) and hence the quality of honour which they consider distinguishes them from non-tribal, weak people. The tribes themselves are territorial entities. Usually the territory of each is contiguous, each has known borders with its neighbours, and there are very few points within ‘the land of the tribes’ which do not belong clearly to one tribe or another.1 The now rather worn image of the Saussurean chess-board is therefore appealing (Ardener 197 ia; xxxvi; Dresch forthcoming b): one is always in a space whose value derives from its position among others like it, and what one does then takes its meaning in large part from where one is. Within this general system are the tribesmen themselves, their shaykhs, and the collective identities coincident with tribes and sections.
The Morphology of Tribal Self-Definition
Authors: Dresch Paul
Published: October 2023

Villages are often long lasting and occupy the same physical sites for many centuries at a time, which American and European readers, with an eye on their own societies, will almost expect of a culture involved with plough-land. The continuity of tribes and of the tribal system is a separate question. There were tribes before the first Imam arrived in Yemen (he came, indeed, to arbitrate in their disputes), and there are still tribes now the last Imam has gone and Yemen has become a republic. The names l;Iashid and Baki:l are pre-Islamic. Some of the constituent tribes of each are themselves very old, and there has been occasion to mention them already in connection with events as long as a thousand years ago. In the present chapter we shall try to summarize what sort of entity tribes are that they survive demographic and political change over such long periods.
Looking at the Landscape: Class Formation and the Visual
Authors: Green Nicholas
Published: October 2023

What has the art historian to say to the anthropologist about landscape and the ways in which it is perceived? At first glance, quite a lot. Landscape has been classically constituted by the discipline of art history as one of the major genres through which the ‘modern’ (that is, Renaissance and post-Renaissance) Western tradition of art can be traced: from the early glimmerings of an emergent ‘realism’ in the panoramic vistas of a Van Eyck or a Leonardo to the classic, ordered compositions of Poussin and Claude, so often imitated by eighteenthcentury landscape gardeners; from the fresh perceptions of Constable’s sketches to the even more authentic perceptual ‘truths’ of the Impressionists. In charting this route, art history has crystallized a specific vocabulary for dealing with the bundle of issues—the representation of place or environment, the organization and categorization of space—condensed in the term ‘landscape’.
Evolution and Adaptation of the British Constitutional System
Authors: Saunders Cheryl
Published: October 2023

The British Constitution is the distinctive product of centuries of constitutional evolution in conditions necessarily unique to Britain itself. Partly through colonization, but partly also because of its apparent success, the model has spread to countries throughout the world. In each of them, inevitably, it operates differently from the original. Whatever the impact of deliberate modification or local context, however, some distinguishing features or characteristics can still be discerned. Chief amongst them are the principles, institutions, and procedures of the common law.
The Permanent ‘Constitutional Crisis’ in the Democratic Transition: The Case of Hungary
Authors: Ágh Attila
Published: October 2023

In the autumn of 1991 there was an overt ‘constitutional crisis’ in Hungary concerning the role of the president of the republic, a crisis which was subsequently more or less settled. In fact, the whole history of the democratic transition has been a permanent constitutional crisis. The constitution-making process as a method of establishing the fundamental rules of the game in politics and as a constant redefinition of the concept of the state has always been central in the transition. Consequently, the major political disputes have centred on the issue of constitution-making.
On the Evolution of a European State: Reflections on the Conditions of and the Prospects for a European Constitution
Authors: Schuppert Gunnar Folke
Published: October 2023

The evolution of a European state and the development of a constitution is a dynamic process. The European Community (EC) is always on its way to somewhere, although the direction it takes can vary and there may be advances and regression. The path for European integration was laid out in the preamble of the Treaty of Rome, which declared that the creation of a European Community was ‘determined to lay the foundation of an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe’.1 The Single European Act of 28 February 1986 reaffirmed this basic law of development in its pre mble, and also, explicitly, in Article 1, where it states that ‘the European Communities and the European Political Co-operation pursue the goal to contribute collectively to the concrete steps towards a European Union’.2
The heat Of the hearth
Authors: Carsten Janet
Published: October 2023

Janet Carsten offers a vivid and original investigation of the nature of kinship in Malaysia, based upon her own experience of life as a foster daughter in a family on the island of Langkawi. Kinship relations are crucial to personal and social identity, and in Malay culture identity is mutable and fluid: it is given at birth through ties of procreation, but it is also acquired throughout life by living together and sharing food. The author shows that the heat of the hearth is not only necessary for cooking and sharing food, but central to domestic life, including childbirth and reproduction. Kinship is a process not a state; people become kin largely through the everyday actions of women in and between households. The incorporation and assimilation of newcomers--`making kinship'--is central to the social reproduction of the village communities; domestic life is thus central to the political process. Janet Carsten gives the reader a fascinating `anthropology of everyday life', including a compelling view of gender relations; she urges reassessment of recent anthropological work on gender, and a new approach to the study of kinship.
Ireland: A Region without Regions—The Odd Man Out?
Authors: Laffan Brigid
Published: October 2023

The EU’s regional policy is perceived by Ireland’s political class as one of the most important European policy areas for domestic purposes. Ireland, because of its relatively low level of economic development, is considered as one of the cohesion states in EU policy. Considerable diplomatic and political effort goes into managing the structural funds and extracting the maximum return from the EU budget. Ireland is defined as one region for the purposes of EU funding, which has in the past enabled the incumbent government to manage the partnership with Brussels without having to take undue account of local or regional interests. However, the 1988 reform of the funds undermined the ‘gatekeeper’ role of central government. EU cohesion policy is now part of territorial politics in Ireland and has contributed to a debate about development strategy. This chapter examines the question of local government and regionalism in Ireland and the significance accorded to EU monies. The structural funds provide a lens through which to analyse intergovernmental politics or the EC-national-local continuum.
Britain Viewed from Europe
Authors: Pappamikail Peter Brown
Published: October 2023

Your politics reminds me of your bath taps: In British hotels I am always struck that you have two separate taps: you have a choice of either scalding hot or freezing cold water. But you can never get a convenient mix of the two. (Shimon Peres) It is the intention of this chapter to look at Britain’s relationship with Europe through the eyes of some of those at the sharp end of European integration, namely Brussels-based politicians and officials.
Medicine and the Decline of Mortality: Indicators of Nutritional Status
Authors: Floud Roderick
Published: October 2023

It is now almost ten years since the beginnings of a concerted effort to use anthropometric indicators of nutritional status in the service of demographic and economic history. Before that time, anthropometry had been largely the preserve of human biologists, nutritionists, and anthropologists, although Le Roy Ladurie had used measurements of French conscripts as part of his description of French society at the end of the Napoleonic period. This is not to say that anthropometry had not been used by historians; from the earliest days of the study of the subject, there has been considerable interest in the heights, weights and growth of people during the past, and calculations of change over time have commonly been made. Moreover, the concept of the ‘secular trend’ in growth in height and weight had entered all textbooks of human biology as one element of the changes which had been observed in developed countries and could now be observed in developing countries.
Conditions of Work and the Decline of Mortality
Authors: Haines Michael R
Published: October 2023

It now seems evident that conditions in the workplace, whether factory, farm, workshop, mine, commercial establishment, or elsewhere, influence health and, by extension, mortality. We are aware of numerous conditions related to workplace hazards, such as ‘brown lung’ disease among textile workers, asbestosis, ‘black lung’ disease among coal miners, other lung conditions among coal and hard-rock miners and workers in dusty environments, lead and other metal and chemical poisoning, and a variety of cancers. And, of course, there is the ever-present danger of debilitating or fatal accidents, as well as the many physical conditions resulting from particular aspects of repetitive arduous tasks. Indeed, we now have an entire speciality, which evolved early in the twentieth century, known as industrial medicine. But it is not always easy to identify such phenomena historically.