bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards an American Indian Indigenous Theology
Authors: Tinker Tink
Published: December 2010

An indigenous American Indian theology must respond, first of all, out of the ongoing oppression of Indian communities. This means that our indigenous theologies must be explicitly and unashamedly political. After 500 years of colonialism and conquest, we must begin, in this process, to find ways to reclaim our own indigenous identities. As we struggle theologically with the residual effects of colonialism and conquest, this means that we will struggle to maintain or reclaim our cultures and our languages. We must assure our colonizer/missionary relatives that our peoples were in touch with the Creator long before the European colonialist ancestors brought the gospel of Jesus Christ to us. From this point on, we indigenous peoples must focus on rebuilding our national (indigenous) communities and not on building churches. That should be the substance of our theological reflection today. So our theologies must necessarily deconstruct the theological discourses of the colonialist Euro‐Western churches that have missionized and continue to missionize our peoples. This has to be our starting point before we can reconstruct useful ways of organizing our lives together as indigenous communities.
Indigenous Theology in its Latin American Setting
Authors: Hernández Eleazar López
Published: December 2010

This article explores the emergence of Indian theology at the Latin American level. Indian theology appeared in the church of Latin America over the last 20 years. This branch of theology is a rethinking or reshaping of what existed there during the pre‐Columbian period and incorporating the most valuable contributions of the Christian faith. These were brought to the people during the first 50 years of the evangelism. ‘Indian theology’ therefore comes down to us from the distant past, a collective movement by the indigenous grassroots, indigenous leaders, and supporters of the indigenous cause within the church. Indian theology has taken different forms in Latin America: within the churches; within the people's own traditions, independently of the churches; and within indigenous social movements. Building bridges between people of diverse views through dialogue is leading to increased understanding and respect.
The Sources and Resources of Our Indigenous Theology
Authors: Cebrián Dina Ludeña
Published: December 2010

In this article I describe the sources of my indigenous theology out of my own experiences, my worldview, and as a woman.

In the first part, I mention our struggles of resistance as the source from which we draw our strength and hopes to resist oppression and dream of a different society, as our ancestors dreamed and acted.

I then speak of our living for the day as an act of ideological resistance. It is possible that many readers do not yet understand it, but this involves a worldview different from that of Western capitalism. Some communities in the Amazon still practise this other worldview and take it as their guide. They live day by day, concerned not for the morrow but for the present day; they attempt to live a life of quality, justice and honesty, as if it were the last day of their lives.

The source from which our theological enterprise springs is also our wise men and women, who still survive in our communities. They are the guardians of our ancestral wisdom on life, the cosmos and our relations with the created world and its creatures.

Moreover, our lifestyle is based on caring for and protecting Pachamama as one of the joint creators with God, who offers us life and enables us to live in the world as brothers and sisters, because we come into being in Pachamama and return to her.
Indigenous Theology: Sources and Resources Perspectives from the Philippines
Authors: Anno Ferdinand
Published: December 2010

This article proposes an approach to doing theology with and for the indigenous communities in the Philippines, specifically the Ygollotes/Igorots of the Cordillera region, in their struggle for identity and self‐determination. It proceeds from a protest ritual that is representative and celebrative of the culture and identity; the religious and spiritual resources; the emancipatory stories; the vision, hopes and struggles of these northern Philippines indigenous communities. The article focuses on rereading the land‐centred culture, spirituality, and life of indigenous communities in the context of their struggles for fullness of life, with the perspective of identifying several sources and resources for a liberative, ecumenical, and indigenous peoples' theology of struggle.
LOGISTICS COSTS IN SOUTH AFRICA – THE CASE FOR MACROECONOMIC MEASUREMENT
Authors: Havenga Jan
Published: December 2010

In South Africa, logistics optimisation is largely managed from a microeconomic perspective. This paper makes the case for macroeconomic logistics measurement, presents the results of the country's national logistics cost model and proposes the first key macroeconomic logistics indicators for South Africa.

The research shows that South Africa's logistics costs are higher than the global average. The majority of these costs are attributable to road transport, of which the biggest cost driver is fuel, which in turn is determined by volatile oil prices. This poses a significant exogenous risk to logistics cost management in South Africa. The risk can be mitigated through a structural adjustment in long‐distance freight transport (from road dominated to rail dominated). The paper concludes by proposing two key macroeconomic logistics indicators to facilitate this process.
BCR‐ABL translocation in a dog with chronic monocytic leukemia
Authors: Cruz Cardona Janice A. , Milner Rowan , Alleman A. Rick , Williams Christina , Vernau William , Breen Matthew , Tompkins Mary
Published: December 2010

Abstract:A 9‐year‐old female spayed mixed breed dog was evaluated at the University of Florida Small Animal Hospital for marked leukocytosis with no associated clinical signs. CBC abnormalities included marked leukocytosis (106,000/μL), marked monocytosis (78,000/μL), and the presence of 13% blast cells (13,832/μL), supporting a diagnosis of leukemia. Cytopenias and dysplastic changes in other cell lines were not present. Microscopic examination of bone marrow showed hypercellular uniparticles with a marginal increase in frequency of unclassified blast cells (2%), but was otherwise unremarkable. Flow cytometric immunophenotyping of blood cells determined that leukemic cells were CD45+, CD14+, and CD34–, and based on side scatter and CD45 reactivity the marrow contained 19% monoblasts. By immunocytochemical staining, the leukemic cells in the bone marrow were CD11b+, CD11c+, CD11d+, MHC‐II+, MPO+, and CD34–. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of peripheral blood leukocytes documented a chromosomal translocation producing a BCR‐ABL gene hybrid, similar to the “Philadelphia” chromosome abnormality recognized in human chronic myelogenous leukemia, as well as a phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene deletion. Hydroxyurea therapy was attempted, but was ineffective; the dog died 7 months after initial presentation. Clinical and laboratory findings and the protracted course supported a diagnosis of chronic monocytic leukemia (CMoL) and, to our knowledge, this is the first case of CMoL with a BCR‐ABL chromosomal abnormalitiy described in dogs. This may have clinical implications for treatment of dogs with chronic leukemias associated with particular genetic mutations. However, more case studies are needed to further characterize this disease.
Efficacy of Atovaquone and Azithromycin or Imidocarb Dipropionate in Cats with Acute Cytauxzoonosis
Authors: Cohn L.A. , Birkenheuer A.J. , Brunker J.D. , Ratcliff E.R. , Craig A.W.
Published: December 2010

Background:Imidocarb or a combination of atovaquone and azithromycin (A&A) has been suggested for treatment of cats with cytauxzoonosis, but neither has been prospectively evaluated for efficacy.

Hypothesis/Objectives:That survival to hospital discharge is improved by treatment with A&A as compared with imidocarb.

Animals:Eighty acutely ill cats withCytauxzoon felisinfection treated at one of 18 veterinary clinics in 5 states.

Methods:An open‐label, randomized prospective study compared survival in cats treated with atovaquone (15 mg/kg PO q8h) and azithromycin (10 mg/kg PO q24h) or imidocarb (3.5 mg/kg IM). All received heparin, fluids, and supportive care. Clinical and clinicopathologic data from initial presentation were collated. Parasitemia was quantified (n = 79) and pathogens genotyped (n = 60). Logistic regression was used to determine the impact of treatment group on the primary endpoint, survival to hospital discharge or death. Covariants were analyzed by rank‐sum testing.

Results:Of 53 cats treated with A&A, 32 (60%) survived to discharge while only 7 of 27 cats (26%) treated with imidocarb survived (P= .0036; odds ratio 7.2, 95% CI 2.2, 24). Cats with a lower parasitemia were more likely to survive, as were cats with higher white blood cell counts and lower total bilirubin. Unique pathogen genotypes were identified from 15 cats, while genotype isolated from 21 cats had been described previously. There were multiple pathogen genotypes identified in 24 cats.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Survival to discharge was more likely in cats treated with A&A as compared with imidocarb, although case fatality rate remained high.
DERIVATION OF TWO WELL‐BEHAVED THEORETICAL CONTAGION INDICES AND THEIR SAMPLING PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION FOR ASSESSING FOREST LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY
Authors: PARRESOL BERNARD R.
Published: December 2010

AbstractStudies of spatial patterns of landscapes are useful to quantify human impact, predict wildlife effects, or describe variability of landscape features. A common approach to identify and quantify landscape structure is with a landscape scale model known as a contagion index. A contagion index quantifies two distinct components of landscape diversity: composition and configuration. Some landscape ecologists promote the use of relative contagion indices. It is demonstrated that relativized contagion indices are mathematically untenable. Two new theoretical contagion indices,Γ1andΓ2, are derived using a mean value approach (i.e., statistical expected value) instead of entropy. Behavior ofΓ1andΓ2was investigated with simulated random, uniform, and aggregated landscapes. They are shown to be well‐behaved and sensitive to composition and configuration. Distributional properties ofandare derived. They are shown to be asymptotically unbiased, consistent, and asymptotically normally distributed. Variance formulas forandare developed using the delta method. The new index models are used to examine landscape diversity on three physiographic provinces in Alabama by analyzing the pattern and changes in forest cover types over the recent past. In comparingand, use ofin analysis of variance gave a more conservative test of contagion.
Universal Quantum Viscosity in a Unitary Fermi Gas
Authors: Cao C. , Elliott E. , Joseph J. , Wu H. , Petricka J. , Schäfer T. , Thomas J. E.
Published: December 2010

Viscosity studies of an ultracold gas of6Li atoms in two temperature regimes enable comparison with a string theory limit.
Short‐lived carriage of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus in human nasal cavities after exposure to infected animals
Authors: Wright C. F. , Gloster J. , Mazelet L. , Paton D. J. , Ryan E. D.
Published: December 2010

A quarantine period for potentially contaminated personnel can be used to reduce the risk of transfer of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus (FMDV) from infected to susceptible premises. This is set at 72 hours in the UK, on the basis of results from laboratory studies and field observations. Previous analysis of FMDV carriage within human nasal cavities has relied upon virus isolation by culture in susceptible cells. This study, involving 51 people, evaluated a PCR method, which detected viral genomic material within 35 nasal swabs taken from personnel after up to eight hours exposure to infected animals. Only one of 23 people who was PCR‐positive immediately after exposure to FMDV‐infected animals remained positive the following day, indicating a low risk of prolonged carriage of virus in the nasal cavities.
Intraspecific trait variation in grassland plant species reveals fine-scale strategy trade-offs and size differentiation that underpins performance in ecological communities
Authors: Bilton Mark C. , Whitlock Raj , Grime J. Philip , Marion Glenn , Pakeman Robin J.
Published: December 2010

Traits have been widely used in plant ecology to understand the rules governing community assembly, and to characterize primary strategies that define community structure and ecosystem properties. Relatively little is known as to whether the traits that are ecologically important at macroecological scales are either variable, or of consequence at fine scales within species. We measured trait variation within populations of the grassland plants Festuca ovina L. and Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult., to test the hypothesis that fine-scale intraspecific trait variation drives local community structure. Both species showed large genotypic variation for all traits. Size-related traits of genotypes of K. macrantha observed under monoculture predicted their performance in model grassland communities that possessed both genetic and species diversity. The same correspondence was much weaker for the experimental population of F. ovina. A trade-off in allocation between shoot mass and relative allocation to reproduction was evident in the experimental population of F. ovina. Furthermore, both species showed evidence of a positive relationship between specific leaf area (SLA) and allocation to culm mass. This trait covariation indicates the existence of intraspecific trade-offs in life-history and growth strategies similar to those used to define primary plant strategies, which potentially buffers both species abundance and species coexistence against environmental challenges.
A new conifer-inhabiting species of Ceratocystis from Norway
Authors: Reid J. , Iranpour M. , Rudski S. M. , Loewen P. C. , Hausner G.
Published: December 2010

A new species, Ceratocystis norvegica J. Reid & Hausner sp. nov., is described from Norway. Based on morphological criteria and analyses of rDNA internal transcribed spacer and small subunit rDNA sequences, strains collected from galleries of the bark beetle Ips typographus on Picea abies (L.) H. Karst, were shown to be distinct both from members of the Ceratocystis coerulescens complex and from other species described previously from conifers. Ceratocystis norvegica has the following defining characteristics: convergent ostiolar hyphae; a sharply defined temperature optimum at 20 °C; an apparent lack of a conidial state; and ascospores that on germination produce either self-fertile or self-sterile strains.
Structural and kinematic analysis of the Shagawa Lake shear zone, Superior Province, northern Minnesota: implications for the role of vertical versus horizontal tectonics in the Archean
Authors: Erickson Emerald J.
Published: December 2010

The steeply dipping Shagawa Lake shear zone, which strikes ENE through the Vermilion District of the Superior Province in northeastern Minnesota, is marked by zone-parallel foliation and a mineral elongation lineation (Le). Le includes (i) a broad population with pitch of 90° ± 60°, and (ii) a less abundant population with pitch of 15° ± 15°. Shallowly plunging Le is rare, and where it occurs, it overprints the pervasive steeply plunging Le. Shear sense indicators occur within the L–S tectonite motion plane, normal to foliation and parallel to Le. Microstructures define both south-side-up and north-side-up displacement domains, but no spatial patterns emerge across the shear zone. L–S tectonites with east-plunging Le indicate either south- or north-side-up shear parallel to Le, whereas L–S tectonites with west-plunging Le indicate predominantly north-side-up shear parallel to Le. Strike-slip L–S tectonites are rare, but consistently record sinistral shear. Overprinting relationships and structural-kinematic patterns can be attributed to sinking of the Vermilion District volcanic basin and relative rise of the southern region followed by rise of the northern region, as represented by the Giants Range Batholith and Vermilion Granitic Complex, respectively. Structural and kinematic evidence indicates that a process like sagduction–diapirism could explain the rising granitoids and sinking volcanic basin. The narrow width of the shear zone, the need for structural dates and radiometric dates of the surrounding plutons, and lack of documented strike-slip kinematic data make it difficult to evaluate when and how the shear zone transitioned to horizontal displacement.
Eudaemonema webbi sp. nov. (Mammalia, Mixodectidae) from the late Paleocene of western Canada: the youngest known mixodectid
Authors: Scott Craig S.
Published: December 2010

Mixodectidae (Mammalia, Archonta) are an unusual, poorly known family of dermopteran-like mammals that have been discovered at several North American localities of primarily early Paleocene age. Among the three or four recognized mixodectid genera, Eudaemonema Simpson is perhaps one of the least understood, being known from only a few localities of late Torrejonian and earliest Tiffanian age. This paper reports on a new species of Eudaemonema from the late Paleocene of Alberta, Canada, that significantly extends the geographic and stratigraphic ranges of the genus. Eudaemonema webbi sp. nov. is known from middle and late Tiffanian localities in central and south central Alberta, and it represents the youngest and northernmost species of Eudaemonema so far discovered. E. webbi differs from the genotypic species E. cuspidata in being larger and in having a suite of dental characters (e.g., molariform posterior premolars, enlarged molar protocone and hypocone, development of a second grinding platform on the lower molars) that suggests an increased emphasis on grinding during mastication. E. webbi possesses several dental features (e.g., broad, shelf-like molar paraconid–paracristid, lingually shifted molar hypoconulid) that resemble those of cynocephalids (Mammalia, Dermoptera), with these resemblances interpreted herein as convergent. The occurrence of E. webbi at Gao Mine extends the stratigraphic range of Eudaemonema into the late Tiffanian (Ti5) and represents the youngest known record of Mixodectidae.
Mating success of alternative male phenotypes and evidence for frequency-dependent selection in Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Authors: Berejikian Barry A. , Van Doornik Donald M. , Endicott Rob C. , Hoffnagle Timothy L. , Tezak Eugene P. , Moore Megan E. , Atkins Jeffery
Published: December 2010

As with other species, frequency-dependent selection during reproduction has long been proposed as an important mechanism in maintaining alternative male reproductive phenotypes in Pacific salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp.). Jack salmon mature one year earlier than the youngest females in a population and are much smaller than older “adult” males. We tested the hypothesis that mating success of both phenotypes is consistent with the frequency-dependent selection model. By holding male density constant and varying the frequency of adults and jacks in eight separate breeding groups, we found that adult male access to females, participation in spawning events, and adult-to-fry reproductive success increased with their decreasing frequency in a breeding group. Jacks exhibited the same pattern (increasing success with decreasing frequency), although the relationships were not as strong as for adults. Overall, jack and adult males mated with a similar number of females, but jacks sired only 20% of all offspring. Observational data suggested that adult males benefited from sperm precedence associated with their ability to court females and enter the nest first at the time of spawning. Our work provides the first experimental evidence of frequency-dependent selection during mating in the family Salmonidae.
Coldwater fish oxythermal habitat in Minnesota lakes: influence of total phosphorus, July air temperature, and relative depth
Authors: Jacobson Peter C. , Stefan Heinz G. , Pereira Donald L.
Published: December 2010

An empirical model was developed that describes the influence of lake productivity, climate, and morphometry on coldwater fish oxythermal habitat. An oxythermal habitat variable called temperature at 3 mg·L–1 of dissolved oxygen (TDO3) was developed by interpolating the water temperature at a benchmark oxygen concentration (3 mg·L–1) from a temperature–oxygen profile. Coldwater habitat was most available in the least productive lakes (total P < 25 µg·L–1) with the greatest relative depths (geometry ratios < 2 m–0.5) and where mean July air temperatures were less than 17 °C. Species response curves were developed from values of TDO3 measured during the greatest period of oxythermal stress in late summer (maxTDO3). Lake trout was present in lakes with the lowest values of maxTDO3, while cisco was present in lakes with the highest and broadest range of maxTDO3. Projections for a scenario where climate warming (+4 °C in mean July air temperature) was accompanied by eutrophication (doubling of total P) indicated that coldwater fish oxythermal habitat would be devastated in a subset of lakes typical for Minnesota. Protecting deep, unproductive lakes from eutrophication will be a necessary management strategy to ensure that coldwater fish persist in at least some Minnesota lakes after climate warming.
The metabolic and biochemical basis of vulnerability to recreational angling after three generations of angling-induced selection in a teleost fish
Authors: Redpath Tara D. , Cooke Steven J. , Suski Cory D. , Arlinghaus Robert , Couture Patrice , Wahl David H. , Philipp David P.
Published: December 2010

Although the selective pressures of commercial fishing are well known, few studies have examined this phenomenon in recreational fisheries. This study used a unique population of largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ) with lines bred for low (LVF) and high (HVF) vulnerability to recreational angling. We evaluated whether differential vulnerability to angling was correlated with physiological traits, including metabolic rate, metabolic scope, anaerobic capacity, and biochemical response to exercise. Indeed, angling selection affected the metabolic rate of fish significantly. The standard metabolic rate was 10%, maximal metabolic rate was 14%, and metabolic scope was 16% lower for LVF compared with HVF. Following exhaustive exercise, LVF required 1 h for lactate levels to recover to control values, whereas HVF required 2 h. Anaerobic energy expenditure was significantly lower for LVF, a finding consistent with the observation that LVF swam at a steadier rate during exercise. Although the reasons behind vulnerability to angling are complex, the phenotypic trait “vulnerability to angling” appears to be linked to a suite of physiological traits, including metabolism and the capacity for anaerobic activity. Thus, angling-induced selection might alter the physiological characteristics of wild largemouth bass populations, with unknown outcomes for long-term population viability.
Spatial distribution of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) breeders: among- and within-river variation and predicted consequences for offspring habitat availability
Authors: Finstad Anders Gravbrøt , Einum Sigurd , Sættem Leif Magnus , Hellen Bjart Are
Published: December 2010

The spatial distribution of breeders within populations may have important implications for offspring habitat availability in species where mobility of early life stages is restricted. Here we address this issue using time series of spawner distributions from eight Norwegian Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) populations. Whereas spawners distribute themselves uniformly along the length of the rivers in some populations, others show a heavily skewed distribution. Linear mixed models identified pronounced and temporally consistent among-population differences in spawner distributions. Using a model of limited juvenile dispersal from nests following emergence, we show that the observed spawner distributions are predicted to result in significant proportions of rivers being inaccessible for young of the year during early life stages, and the magnitude of this effect differs among populations (e.g., ranging from 27% to 59% for dispersal distance of 250 m). Thus, assuming population regulation during early but not later juvenile stages, consistent differences in spawner distributions among populations such as those observed here may translate into differences in productivity (i.e., carrying capacity) as well as egg densities required for populations to reach their spawning targets.
A hierarchical model to estimate the abundance and biomass of salmonids by using removal sampling and biometric data from multiple locations
Authors: Ruiz Philippe , Laplanche Christophe
Published: December 2010

We present a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the abundance and the biomass of brown trout ( Salmo trutta fario ) by using removal sampling and biometric data collected at several stream sections. The model accounts for (i) variability of the abundance with fish length (as a distribution mixture), (ii) spatial variability of the abundance, (iii) variability of the catchability with fish length (as a logit regression model), (iv) spatial variability of the catchability, and (v) residual variability of the catchability with fish. Model measured variables are the areas of the stream sections as well as the length and the weight of the caught fish. We first test the model by using a simulated dataset before using a 3-location, 2-removal sampling dataset collected in the field. Fifteen model alternatives are compared with an index of complexity and fit by using the field dataset. The selected model accounts for variability of the abundance with fish length and stream section and variability of the catchability with fish length. By using the selected model, 95% credible interval estimates of the abundances at the three stream sections are (0.46,0.59), (0.90,1.07), and (0.56,0.69) fish/m2. Respective biomass estimates are (9.68, 13.58), (17.22, 22.71), and (12.69, 17.31) g/m2.
The curvaton scenario in brane cosmology: model parameters and their constraints
Authors: Farajollahi Hossein , Ravanpak Arvin
Published: December 2010

We have studied the curvaton scenario in brane world cosmology in an intermediate inflationary scenario. This approach has allowed us to find some constraints on different parameters that appear in the model.
Generalized second law of thermodynamics in the presence of interacting tachyonic field and scalar (phantom) field
Authors: Chattopadhyay Surajit , Debnath Ujjal
Published: December 2010

In the present work, we consider the tachyonic field, the phantom field, and the scalar field in both interacting and non-interacting situations and investigate the validity of the generalized second law of thermodynamics in a flat FRW universe. We find that in all cases, except for the phantom field dominated universe, the derivative of the entropy remains at negative level and increases with the decrease in redshift.
Integrated spatial fire and forest management planning
Authors: Acuna Mauricio A. , Palma Cristian D. , Cui Wenbin , Martell David L. , Weintraub Andres
Published: December 2010

Forest management planners usually treat potential fire loss estimates as exogenous parameters in their timber production planning processes. When they do so, they do not account for the fact that forest access road construction, timber harvesting, and silvicultural activities can alter a landscape’s vegetation or fuel composition, and they ignore the possibility that such activities may influence future fire losses. We develop an integrated fire and forest management planning methodology that accounts for and exploits such interactions. Our methodology is based on fire occurrence, suppression, and spread models, a fire protection value model that identifies crucial stands, the harvesting of which can have a significant influence on the spread of fires across the landscape, and a spatially explicit timber harvest scheduling model. We illustrate its use by applying it to a forest management unit in the boreal forest region of the province of Alberta in western Canada. We found that for our study area, integrated fire – forest management planning based on our methodology could result in an 8.1% increase in net present value when compared with traditional planning in which fire loss is treated as an exogenous factor.
Prediction of balsam fir sawfly defoliation using a Bayesian network model
Authors: Iqbal Javed , MacLean David A.
Published: December 2010

Predictions of defoliation are an important component of planning aerial insect control programs, especially for defoliators such as balsam fir sawfly ( Neodiprion abietis (Harris)) that cause severe impacts on forest growth and yield. Currently, defoliation prediction is done manually based on field observations and experience, but it is a good candidate for a Bayesian network (BN), a flexible tool for combining available expert knowledge and empirical data. We created a BN model and linked it to a geographic information system to map predicted defoliation for balsam fir sawfly in western Newfoundland over an area of 5.7 million ha from 2001 to 2008. Based on expert knowledge, probabilistic influence of egg counts, previous defoliation, and stand characteristics (species composition, stand age, and management intervention) on subsequent-year defoliation was quantified. For validation purposes, maps created using the BN model were compared with manual defoliation predictions and with measured aerial defoliation survey maps. BN model defoliation prediction maps were found to be in moderate agreement (mean Kappa value of 0.59) with conventional manual prediction maps. Overall, the BN model showed similar accuracy to manual predictions, but with benefits of automating the process and of providing more spatial detail in predictions.
Lodgepole pine provenances differ in chemical defense capacities against foliage and stem diseases
Authors: Wallis Christopher M. , Reich Richard W. , Lewis Kathy J. , Huber Dezene P.W.
Published: December 2010

Maximization of lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta Douglas ex Louden var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Watson) growth in a future climate with increased pest activity requires an understanding of the natural variability of quantitative resistance to disease. Foliar and bark secondary metabolites from different lodgepole pine provenances (populations) were quantified and correlated with severity of foliar diseases caused by Lophodermella spp. ( Lophodermella concolor (Dearn.) Darker or Lophodermella montivaga Petre.) or Elytroderma deformans (Wier) Darker and bark diseases caused by Elytroderma or Endocronartium harknessii (J.P. Moore) Y. Hiratsuka. Greater foliar concentrations of lignin, tannins, and some phenolics were associated with increased resistance to single or multiple foliar pathogens. Bark secondary metabolites levels were generally unassociated with resistance to bark diseases. Provenances appearing to originate in ecosystems where lodgepole pine are not the dominant species generally were more susceptible to foliar diseases and had less foliar defense-associated compounds than trees from areas where pines were the dominant species, yet clear trends proved to be elusive. Regardless, pine provenances with greater foliar levels of identified defense-associated compounds should be preferred seed sources for replanting forests in areas in which foliar disease is expected to be increasingly prevalent.
Effects of selective tree harvests on aboveground biomass and net primary productivity of a second-growth northern hardwood forest
Authors: Dyer Jacob H. , Gower Stith T. , Forrester Jodi A. , Lorimer Craig G. , Mladenoff David J. , Burton Julia I.
Published: December 2010

Restoring structural features of old-growth forests, such as increased canopy gap sizes and coarse woody debris, is a common management goal for second-growth, even-aged stands. We experimentally manipulated forest structure by creating variable-size canopy gaps in a second-growth northern hardwood forest in north-central Wisconsin following two growing seasons of pre-treatment monitoring. The objectives of this study were to quantify the influence of canopy gaps of different sizes (50–380 m2) on aboveground biomass and productivity of each vegetation stratum two growing seasons following treatment. Two years after treatment, ground layer biomass in canopy openings increased significantly relative to surrounding undisturbed transition zones. The response of ground layer biomass was greatest in the large versus the medium and small gaps. Sapling aboveground net primary productivity was significantly greater in undisturbed transition zones than within gaps across gap sizes following the second post-treatment growing season. Annual stem diameter increment was greatest for trees along gap borders and was correlated with crown class, percentage of crown perimeter exposed, gap area, and shade tolerance. Total aboveground net primary productivity was significantly lower in the gap addition plots the first year but by the second post-treatment growing season no longer differed from that in the control plots.
ELASTIC LATERAL AND RESTRAINED DISTORTIONAL BUCKLING OF DOUBLY SYMMETRIC I-BEAMS
Authors: CHEN WEI , YE JIHONG
Published: December 2010

Based on the energy principle, a theoretical study of the elastic lateral distortional buckling (LDB) and restrained distortional buckling (RDB) of I-beams is presented. First, because the existing potential energy expressions for LDB are not suitable for members under a transverse distributed load, a new general potential energy expression of I-beams for lateral buckling is derived by using the nonlinear elastic theory. The proposed expression is equivalent to the classical potential equation when web distortion is suppressed and caters for I-beams under transverse distributed load, transverse concentrated load, and end moments, and when the web is flexible. Then, an LDB equation for simply supported, doubly symmetric, I-beams under uniform distributed load is developed by invoking the Ritz method. In addition, an RDB equation for continuous composite beams is also deduced by using some simplifications. The corresponding simplifications and equations are verified by the finite element method. Suggestions for further study are also presented. The outcomes of the present paper have important theoretical and practical significance and provide a rational basis for practical design methods.
DISTORTIONAL BUCKLING OF COLD-FORMED STEEL SECTIONS SUBJECTED TO UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED TRANSVERSE LOADING
Authors: CHEN JIAN-KANG , LI LONG-YUAN
Published: December 2010

This paper presents an investigation on the influence of stress gradient on the elastic critical stress of distortional buckling of cold-formed steel sections supporting wall sheeting or roof cladding in buildings. The critical stress of distortional buckling of cold-formed steel section beams subjected to a uniformly distributed transverse loading is calculated using the model proposed recently by Li and Chen. The sections investigated in the paper include channel, zed, and sigma sections. Numerical examples are provided that highlight the influence of stress gradient, section dimensions, and sheeting lateral restraints on the critical stress of distortional buckling.
DYNAMICS AND BUCKLING OF THIN PRE-TWISTED BEAMS UNDER AXIAL LOAD AND TORQUE
Authors: LEUNG A. Y. T.
Published: December 2010

Free vibration and buckling of pre-twisted beams exhibit interesting coupling phenomena between compression, shears, moments and torque and have been the subject of extensive research due to their importance as models of wind turbines and helicopter rotor blades. The paper investigates the influence of axial compression and torque on the natural vibration of pre-twisted straight beam based on the Euler-Bernoulli theory. The derivation begins with the three-dimensional Green strain tensor. The nonlinear part of the strain tensor is expressed as a product of displacement gradient to derive the strain energy due to initial stresses. The Frenet formulae in differential geometry are employed to treat the pre-twist. The strain energy due to elasticity and the linear kinetic energy are obtained in classical sense. From the variational principle, the governing equations and the associated natural boundary conditions are derived. To the best knowledge of the author, the buckling of pre-twisted beam due to initial torque has not been studied in details. The major contribution of the paper is in the consideration of the influence of initial stresses caused by initial shears, moments and torques for pre-twisted beam-columns by means of the Frenet formulae and second order strains. A number of numerical examples are given. Some particular cases are compared with existing results. It is noted that the first mode increases together with the rate of twist but the second decreases seeming to close the first two modes together. The gaps close monotonically as the rate of twist increases for natural frequencies and buckling compressions.
RAMAN STUDIES OF ELECTROSTATIC DOPING OF A THIN SINGLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBE BUNDLE
Authors: GAO P. Q. , ZHANG Q. , YUAN S. N. , PENG N. , HE D. Y.
Published: December 2010

In situ Raman measurements have been carried out on a thin bundle of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in field effect transistor configuration at various gate voltages. Two excitation lasers with the photon energy of 1.96 eV and 2.41 eV, respectively, are selected to excite the Raman scattering modes of metallic and semiconducting SWNTs in the bundle, respectively. For the metallic SWNTs, the G- Raman mode is found to shift to higher frequencies and narrow down its line shape at negative gate voltages, but be insensitive to positive gate voltages. These findings confirm that the Kohn anomaly exists in a thin SWNT bundle and that the LO phonon mode changes along with the position of the Fermi level in the metallic SWNTs. In contrast, semiconducting SWNTs do not show any observable changes in the Raman spectra.
OBSERVATION OF NANOSCALED ZnO GROWTH ON POLYCRYSTALLINE Zn METAL SHEET PREPARED BY ATMOSPHERIC-PRESSURE PLASMA JET
Authors: CHEN HAO-LONG , TSENG KO-CHENG
Published: December 2010

Nanoscaled zinc oxides were grown on a polycrystalline Zn metal sheet by using an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (APPJ) with pure oxygen as the reaction gas in an ambient environment. The initial growth formed nanoparticles on the polycrystalline Zn substrate. The nanoscaled ZnO growth process was as follows: nanoparticles, nanocrystal clusters, and then nanocrystal columns with increasing plasma treatment times. The morphologies of nanoscaled ZnO resembled bulbs, long-legged tetrapods, and multipods. The morphologies and structures of the nanoscaled ZnO thus obtained were investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD). The possible growth mechanisms of nanoscaled ZnO are discussed in this paper.
DEPENDENCE OF THE ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF III–V SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM DOTS ON THE FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS
Authors: KUMAR SUBINDU , KABI SANJIB
Published: December 2010

The absorption spectra of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are expected to be a series of δ-function-like discrete lines due to the nature of the density of states. In a realistic III–V QD system, the absorption spectra is the superimposition of the contribution from each individual dot and the overall behavior is modeled by considering a Gaussian size distribution. In this paper, we study and present the dependence of the Gaussian nature of the absorption spectra of In X Ga 1-X N/GaN QD systems on the dot size distribution and some fundamental parameters such as bowing effect of the band gap, band offset ratio, and so on. It is observed that the absorption spectra depend strongly on the dot size distribution. The results presented helps to get a better insight of the optical properties of In X Ga 1-X N/GaN QD systems.
STRUCTURAL AND OPTICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON NANOCRYSTALLINE TiO2 THIN FILMS PREPARED BY SOL–GEL SPIN COATING TECHNIQUE
Authors: SENTHIL T. S. , THAMBIDURAI M. , MUTHUKUMARASAMY N. , BALASUNDARAPRABHU R.
Published: December 2010

TiO2 thin films have been deposited onto well cleaned glass substrates by sol–gel spin coating method. The prepared TiO2 films have been annealed at different temperatures (350°C, 450°C and 550°C). The structural properties of the films have been studied using X-ray diffraction method and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM). The as-deposited films have been found to be amorphous in nature. The crystalline quality has been observed to improve with annealing temperature. The annealed TiO2 films have been found to exhibit anatase phase. The optical properties have been studied using transmittance spectrum.
FORMATION OF NANOCLUSTERS IN EXPANDING LASER PLUME
Authors: GAMALY E. G. , MADSEN N. R. , RODE A. V. , GOLBERG D.
Published: December 2010

Formation of carbon nanoclusters in a laser-pulse created plume expanding in vacuum and in a noble gas environment at various pressures was studied. Experiments were performed with carbon nanoclusters formed by laser ablation of graphite targets with 12-picosecond 532 nm laser pulses at MHz-range repetition rate in a broad range of ambient He , Ar , Kr , and Xe gas pressures from 2 × 10-2 Torr to 1500 Torr. The experimental results confirmed our theoretical prediction that the average size of the nanoparticles depends weakly on the type of the ambient gas, and is determined exclusively by the single-laser pulse parameters. The most important finding relates to the fact that in vacuum the cluster size is mainly determined by hydrodynamic expansion of the plume, while in the ambient gas it is controlled by atomic diffusion in the gas.
Inhibition of Kv4.3 by genistein via a tyrosine phosphorylation-independent mechanism
Authors: Kim Hee Jae , Ahn Hye Sook , Choi Bok Hee , Hahn Sang June
Published: December 2010

The effects of genistein, a protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor, on voltage-dependent K+(Kv) 4.3 channel were examined using the whole cell patch-clamp techniques. Genistein inhibited Kv4.3 in a reversible, concentration-dependent manner with an IC50of 124.78 μM. Other PTK inhibitors (tyrphostin 23, tyrphostin 25, lavendustin A) had no effect on genistein-induced inhibition of Kv4.3. Orthovanadate, an inhibitor of protein phosphatases, did not reverse the inhibition of Kv4.3 by genistein. We also tested the effects of two inactive structural analogs: genistin and daidzein. Whereas Kv4.3 was unaffected by genistin, daidzein inhibited Kv4.3, albeit with a lower potency. Genistein did not affect the activation and inactivation kinetics of Kv4.3. Genistein-induced inhibition of Kv4.3 was voltage dependent with a steep increase over the channel opening voltage range. In the full-activation voltage range positive to +20 mV, no voltage-dependent inhibition was found. Genistein had no significant effect on steady-state activation, but shifted the voltage dependence of the steady-state inactivation of Kv4.3 in the hyperpolarizing direction in a concentration-dependent manner. The Kifor the interaction between genistein and the inactivated state of Kv4.3, which was estimated from the concentration-dependent shift in the steady-state inactivation curve, was 1.17 μM. Under control conditions, closed-state inactivation was fitted to a single exponential function, and genistein accelerated closed-state inactivation. Genistein induced a weak use-dependent inhibition. These results suggest that genistein directly inhibits Kv4.3 by interacting with the closed-inactivated state of Kv4.3 channels. This effect is not mediated via inhibition of the PTK activity, because other types of PTK inhibitors could not prevent the inhibitory action of genistein.
The nutriceutical bovine colostrum truncates the increase in gut permeability caused by heavy exercise in athletes
Authors: Marchbank Tania , Davison Glen , Oakes Jemma R. , Ghatei Mohammad A. , Patterson Michael , Moyer Mary Pat , Playford Raymond J.
Published: December 2010

Heavy exercise causes gut symptoms and, in extreme cases, “heat stroke” partially due to increased intestinal permeability of luminal toxins. We examined bovine colostrum, a natural source of growth factors, as a potential moderator of such effects. Twelve volunteers completed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover protocol (14 days colostrum/placebo) prior to standardized exercise. Gut permeability utilized 5 h urinary lactulose-to-rhamnose ratios. In vitro studies (T84, HT29, NCM460 human colon cell lines) examined colostrum effects on temperature-induced apoptosis (active caspase-3 and 9, Baxα, Bcl-2), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expression and epithelial electrical resistance. In both study arms, exercise increased blood lactate, heart rate, core temperature (mean 1.4°C rise) by similar amounts. Gut hormone profiles were similar in both arms although GLP-1 levels rose following exercise in the placebo but not the colostrum arm ( P = 0.026). Intestinal permeability in the placebo arm increased 2.5-fold following exercise (0.38 ± 0.012 baseline, to 0.92 ± 0.014, P < 0.01), whereas colostrum truncated rise by 80% (0.38 ± 0.012 baseline to 0.49 ± 0.017) following exercise. In vitro apoptosis increased by 47–65% in response to increasing temperature by 2°C. This effect was truncated by 60% if colostrum was present (all P < 0.01). Similar results were obtained examining epithelial resistance (colostrum truncated temperature-induced fall in resistance by 64%, P < 0.01). Colostrum increased HSP70 expression at both 37 and 39°C ( P < 0.001) and was truncated by addition of an EGF receptor-neutralizing antibody. Temperature-induced increase in Baxα and reduction in Bcl-2 was partially reversed by presence of colostrum. Colostrum may have value in enhancing athletic performance and preventing heat stroke.