bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Optometrist-Led Eye Care Program for Older Residents of Retirement Homes and Long-Term Care Facilities
Authors: Labreche Tammy , Stolee Paul , McLeod Jordache
Published: October 2011

Background and PurposeVisual impairment among older adults residing in long-term care (LTC) facilities and retirement homes is common and can have a significant adverse impact on their quality of life. Despite the burden of illness, they frequently receive inadequate eye care. We describe an optometrist-led eye care program serving this population, including a profile of participants and the program’s educational role for optometry students.MethodsAn optometrist assessed residents of LTC facilities and retirement homes. Participants received their routine eye care, which included a report to the resident’s family physician, through the program. A chart review was conducted for a consecutive series of patients; data were recorded on a standardized data abstraction form.ResultsAll residents examined had at least one (average 1.8) ocular condition. Challenges presented by residents in their assessment, such as confusion and/or impaired comprehension (14.3%), refusal or poor cooperation (13.2%), and physical limitations (8.8%), were common, indicating the necessity of adapting eye assessment procedures to the needs of this population.ConclusionThis study supports the involvement of optometrists in the eye care for residents of retirement homes and LTC facilities, where optometrists can be an important clinical and educational resource. The program is a useful learning opportunity for optometry students.
Updated Survey of the Geriatric Content of Canadian Undergraduate and Postgraduate Medical Curricula
Authors: Gordon Janet E.
Published: October 2011

Background and PurposeA survey in 2005 determined the hours of mandatory geriatrics content in Canadian undergraduate and postgraduate medical curricula. The present survey was undertaken to update these data for 2008–9.MethodsA survey was sent to a designated geriatrician at each medical school.ResultsThe mandatory geriatrics content of the undergraduate curricula ranged between 10 and 299 hours, with a mean of 82. Seven of 16 schools had a mandatory clerkship rotation of a least 1 week. Fourteen family medicine programs had a rotation in geriatric medicine and all psychiatry programs required a rotation in geriatric psychiatry. A geriatric rotation was mandatory for six internal medicine, six neurology, five physiatry, one orthopedic, and one emergency medicine program. In comparison to 2004–5, the mean hours of geriatrics teaching in the undergraduate curricula had increased from 78 to 82. However, two schools saw a decrease in preclerkship teaching and one school lost a 2-week clerkship. Postgraduate requirements had changed little overall, with the exception that, for emergency medicine, geriatrics was now mandatory for only one program, instead of three.ConclusionsAlthough the total number of hours of teaching in geriatric medicine in the undergraduate curricula had increased slightly in 2008–9 compared to 2004–5, in some schools teaching hours were reduced. In the postgraduate curricula emergency medicine requirements for geriatrics were reduced. Of greater importance is determining which core competencies are being taught and mastered, and this is an area of ongoing study.
Cutaneous Infections Caused by Herpesviridae: A Review
Authors: Chisholm Cary , Lopez Lisa
Published: October 2011

The herpes family of viruses accounts for a significant proportion of human cutaneous disease. Although most episodes of viral infection can be diagnosed clinically, a small subset of these outbreaks will require biopsy for histologic interpretation and diagnosis. Most herpesviruses cause characteristic architectural and cytologic changes in the context of active infection, whereas the effects of some will not manifest until the future as malignant disease. Other infections may go unnoticed secondary to a lack of specific histologic findings. Because herpesviruses cause such a wide spectrum of cutaneous conditions, it is prudent that pathologists be aware of the varied clinical and histopathologic presentations so that these infections will not persist undiagnosed. Additionally, methods of virus detection will briefly be reviewed.
Microsatellite Instability and Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Geiersbach Katherine B. , Samowitz Wade S
Published: October 2011

Context.—About 15% of colorectal cancers are characterized by genomic microsatellite instability, and of these, about 1 in 5 (2%–4% overall) are due to Lynch syndrome, a dominantly inherited condition predisposing the patient to cancers of multiple organ systems, including the gastrointestinal tract. Identification of individuals with Lynch syndrome allows for increased surveillance of the affected individual and of potentially affected family members.

Objective.—To review the literature on microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer and current laboratory diagnostic testing strategies for the detection of Lynch syndrome.

Data Sources.—This review is based on peer-reviewed literature, published guidelines from professional organizations (Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention Working Group, National Comprehensive Cancer Network), and information from clinical laboratories performing microsatellite instability testing.

Conclusions.—Universal screening for Lynch syndrome in all individuals affected with colorectal cancer has been recommended by the Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention Working Group. Preliminary screening tests can identify individuals unlikely to be affected by Lynch syndrome, thereby reducing the need for full gene analysis. Immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction–based tests for microsatellite instability have similar clinical sensitivity and specificity, and each method has advantages and limitations. BRAF and MLH1 methylation testing are useful reflex tests for those with a defect in MLH1 identified by immunohistochemistry. Emerging technologies, such as high-throughput sequencing, may substantially affect diagnostic algorithms in the future.
Synthesis of MS (M = Zn, Cd, and Pb)–chitosan nanocomposite film via a simulating biomineralization method
Authors: Wang Shan , Huang Yi , Zheng Minyan , Wei Yongsheng , Huang Siping , Gu Yuanzi
Published: October 2011

MS nanoparticles were prepared with chitosan (CS) as the synthesis template at normal temperature by simulating biomineralization method. ZnS, PbS, and CdSCS nanocomposites as model were prepared by simulating biomineralization method of corresponding twain valent ions into nanoparticles in the presence of CS. The structural and morphological features of MS (M = Zn, Cd, and Pb)–CS were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Optical characteristics of nanocomposites were studied by the approaches of ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy and fluorescence, from which the conclusions show that the CS matrix offers limited conditions for ZnS to grow, the precursor concentration can also affect the formed particle size, and thus the particle size can be controlled in the CS matrix by these two means. The differential scanning calorimetery result indicated a strong and uniform interaction between CS and nanoparticles. The experimental results indicated that all the nanoparticles aggregated into nanopartical and CS as a template played an important role in the formation of nanopartical. In addition, a possible structure‐controlling mechanism was proposed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 30: 269–275, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20222
Alkali, boron and phosphorous removal from coal‐derived syngas: review and thermodynamic considerations
Authors: Dolan M. D. , Ilyushechkin A. Y. , McLennan K. G. , Sharma S. D.
Published: October 2011

Alkalis are highly corrosive towards materials associated with syngas processing and utilisation, including ceramic particulate filters and metallic components. The removal of alkali species, consequently, is an important step in the cleaning of coal and biomass‐derived syngas. The origins of the alkali contaminant govern the ability of specific sorbents to remove these species via chemical means. Alkali salt removal is dependent on the formation of an acid halide species, a reaction, which in the absence of H2O, involves hydrogen and carbon dioxide. This reaction becomes increasingly unfavourable above 1000 °C, but below this temperature, equilibrium conversion approaches 100%. The fluxing of a gasifier slag, which is often necessary to reduce viscosity to a level that allows tapping, reduces its ability to absorb alkali halides. This effect however was not observed with oxide‐based alkalis, which shows strong affinity for gasifier slag regardless of fluxing, up to 1600 °C. Furthermore, there is a potential for removal of boron and phosphorous contaminants using these same sorbents. In a complete high‐temperature, dry gas cleaning sequence, alkali removal would ideally be undertaken prior (or simultaneously to) halide removal and prior to sulfur removal. © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical properties development of sodium alginate films with additives by UV‐radiation processing
Authors: Mollah M. Z. I. , Khan Mubarak A.
Published: October 2011

To improve mechanical properties of polymer films; sodium alginate (SA) films was prepared with ethylene glycol (EG) and photocured. The formulation was prepared at various concentration with EG and photoinitiator (2%) in methanol. The mechanical properties were optimized in case of monomer (EG) concentration, soaking time, and radiation dose of intensities. The highest polymer loading (PL) was 7.1% and tensile strength (TS) of the film was 37.9 MPa were found for 3 min soaking in 5% EG containing formulation at 20th pass of UV radiation; the highest value (22%) of elongation at break (Eb) was obtained at 1 min soaking time at 15th passes of UV doses. The mechanical properties improvement of the films varied acrylic monomers; such as 2‐ethylhexylacrylate (EHA), 1,4‐butanediol diacrylate (BDDA), and trimethylpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) were used as additives (2%) in the optimized formulation. The highest PL (12.7%) and TS (42.2 MPa) of the films are at 5% EG, 2% TMPTA, and 2% photoinitiator in methanol at 3 min soaking time at 20th pass of UV radiation. The highest Eb (25%) was obtained using additives 2% EHA additives in 5% EG and 2% photoinitiator in methanol at 3 min soaking time. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Selective sorption of heavy metal on phosphorylated sago starch‐extraction residue
Authors: Igura Masato , Okazaki Masanori
Published: October 2011

The phosphorylated sago starch‐extraction residue (P‐SR) was produced for the removal of heavy metal from wastewater. The phosphoric ester in the phosphorylated residue was evaluated by means of infrared microspectrometry and solid‐state NMR. In this study, the phosphorus contents of produced P‐SR, phosphorylated cellulose (P‐C), and phosphorylated sago starch were 31.7, 34.2, and 4.6 mg/g, respectively. The phosphorus contents of P‐C and sago starch were clearly different because of the difference of each structure. The maximum sorption capacities of heavy metals (cadmium, lead, copper, and zinc) in single heavy metal sorption on P‐SR were 0.20, 0.25, 0.36, and 0.24 mmol/g (Cu > Pb > Zn > Cd), respectively. On the other hand, the amount of sorbed heavy metals in coexisted heavy metal sorption on P‐SR followed the order of Pb > Cu > Cd > Zn that was different from the relations of maximum sorption capacities for individual heavy metals. The heavy metal sorption behavior in single and coexisted heavy metal solution for P‐SR were different and P‐SR showed the intrinsic heavy metal sorption affinity, called as selective sorption. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Influence of polymer microstructure on the performance of post‐treated latex‐based pressure sensitive adhesives
Authors: Qie Lili , Dubé Marc A.
Published: October 2011

Latex‐based butyl acrylate (BA)/acrylic acid (AA)/2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) films with various microstructures were heated to improve their performance. The treated PSA films showed significantly better performance than original latex‐based PSA films with similar polymer microstructures. The effect of the heat treatment depended on the polymer microstructure of the untreated PSA films (or corresponding latices). Decreasing the amount of very small sol polymers (i.e., Mx < 2Me) in gel‐free untreated PSA films, or both very small (i.e., Mx < 2Me) and very large sol polymers (i.e., Mx > 20Me) in gel‐containing untreated PSA films led to treated PSA films with significantly better performance. (Note: Me is the molecular weight between two adjacent entanglement points in a polymer material.) In addition, simultaneously increasing the sol polymer molecular weight (Mw) as well as the size of the chain segments between two adjacent cross‐linking points (Mc) of the gel polymer in the original PSAs resulted in treated PSA films with better performance. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Hyperbranched homo and thermoresponsive graft copolymers by using ATRP‐macromonomer initiators
Authors: Allı Sema , Allı Abdulkadir , Hazer Baki
Published: October 2011

Macromonomer initiators behave as macro cross‐linkers, macro initiators, and macromonomers to obtain branched and cross‐linked block/graft copolymers. A series of new macromonomer initiators for atom transfer radical polymerization (MIM‐ATRP) based on polyethylene glycol (Mn = 495D, 2203D, and 4203D) (PEG) were synthesized by the reaction of the hydroxyl end of mono‐methacryloyl polyethylene glycol with 2‐bromo propanoyl chloride, leading to methacryloyl polyethylene glycol 2‐bromo propanoyl ester. Poly (ethylene glycol) functionalized with methacrylate at one end was reacted with 2‐bromopropionyl chloride to form a macromonomeric initiator for ATRP. ATRP was found to be a more controllable polymerization method than conventional free radical polymerization in view of fewer cross‐linked polymers and highly branched polymers produced from macromonomer initiators as well. In another scenario, ATRP of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) was initiated by MIM‐ATRP to obtain PEG‐b‐PNIPAM branched block/graft copolymers. Thermal analysis, FTIR, 1H NMR, TEM, and SEM techniques were used in the characterization of the products. They had a thermo‐responsive character and exhibited volume phase transition at ∼ 36°C. A plasticizer effect of PEG in graft copolymers was also observed, indicating a lower glass transition temperature than that of pure PNIPAM. Homo and copolymerization kinetics were also evaluated. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Adsorption of reactive yellow 145 onto chitosan coated magnetite nanoparticles
Authors: Kalkan Nuzhet Ayca , Aksoy Serpil , Aksoy Eda Ayse , Hasirci Nesrin
Published: October 2011

Removal of dyes from the industrial discharge water is an important issue for safety of the environment. In this study, magnetic (magnetite, Fe3O4) nanoparticles were coated with chitosan (CS) and the efficiency of these chitosan coated magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4‐CS) for the adsorption of a reactive textile dye (Reactive Yellow 145, RY145) was examined first time in literature. TEM, XRD, and EPR results revealed that the thickness of the coat was about 2–5 nm, no phase change in the spinel structure of magnetic particles existed after coating, and particles had paramagnetic property, respectively. Adsorption of RY145 on Fe3O4‐CS nanoparticles occurs according to Langmuir model in the temperature range 25°C–45°C with a maximum adsorption capacity of 47.62 mg g−1 at 25°C, in aqueous media. Thermodynamic parameters demonstrated that the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous, and the maximum desorption of the dye was 80% over a single adsorption/desorption cycle. In this study, the high efficiency of the CS coated magnetic nanoparticles in the adsorption and removal of reactive dyes from water was shown on model RY145. This type of nanoparticles can be good candidates in industrial applications for the decolorization of waste waters. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Comparative study on electrical properties of orientated carbon nanotubes/epoxy composites
Authors: Dai Jianfeng , Wang Junhong , Mu Xiaowen , Chen Xiaoting
Published: October 2011

The percolation threshold of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/epoxy resin composites was simulated in the Bruggeman' Effective‐Medium Theory based on experiment. Both distinct percolation effect and low percolation threshold in the aligned CNTs/epoxy composites were predicted. With the CNTs loading larger than the percolation threshold, the critical exponent of CNTs/epoxy composites rises rapidly with the increase of aspect ratio of CNTs. It is shown that the electrical conductivity of composites presents distinct aeolotropism, the percolation threshold is sensitive relative to the tiny change of the orientation factor, the aspect ratio, and the structure of CNTs in the composites matrix. The simulated results are consistent with the experimental results basically, and the discrepancy between simulated results and experimental results has been interpreted reasonably. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Synthesis and Comparative Study of Anti‐Mycobacterium Activity of a Novel Series of Fluoronitrobenzothiazolopyrazoline Regioisomers
Authors: Hazra K. , Nargund L. V. G. , Rashmi P. , Narendra Sharath Chandra J. N. , Nandha B. , Harish M. S.
Published: October 2011

In an attempt to find a new and a safer drug for tuberculosis, we have synthesized a series of fluoronitrobenzothiazolopyrazolines for antitubercular activity. The series comprises three subclasses: fluorobenzothiazolopyrazolines (11a–f), fluoronitrobenzothiazolopyrazoline, nitro group at 5th position (12a–f) and 4th position (13a–f). All compounds were screened for their in‐vitro antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain by using Middlebrook 7H‐9 broth. An introduction of NO2 group at 5th position of benzothiazole ring (12a–f) increased the antitubercular activity whereas introduction of NO2 group at 4th position (13a–f) was found to decrease the activity remarkably. Two compounds from each series showing good antitubercular activity were tested for cytotoxicity on THP‐1 cell lines and they showed low cytotoxicity.
The long‐term stability in gene expression of human endothelial cells permits the production of large numbers of cells suitable for use in regenerative medicine
Authors: Punshon Geoffrey , Vara Dina S. , Sales Kevin M. , Seifalian Alexander M.
Published: October 2011

Tissue engineering has been conducted in the study of cardiovascular grafts for many years. Many obstacles have been overcome in this rapidly changing field, but one difficulty has remained until now: the large number of endothelial cells (ECs) needed for seeding the inner layer of bypass graft. Recent advances in endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) isolation and culture techniques have increased the interest in genetic studies. Despite these advances in EPC studies, the “gold standard” for the seeding of tissue engineering constructs or hybrid grafts remains mature human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). This study investigates the ability of HUVECs to be expanded in culture to provide sufficient cells for graft seeding. The levels of gene expression of key genes are then examined to ensure that these cells retain the EC phenotype. This study demonstrates that HUVECs may be cultured for up to 12 passages without alteration in phenotype. Subsequent passage numbers are sufficiently similar to those preceding them to allow cells of different passages to be mixed without gene expression anomalies.
Querkraftbemessung von Spannbeton‐Fertigdecken bei biegeweicher Lagerung
Authors: Roggendorf Thomas , Hegger Josef
Published: October 2011

Die Querkrafttragfähigkeit von Spannbeton‐Fertigdecken wird bei einer Lagerung auf schlanken Trägern oder Unterzügen anstelle von starren Auflagern wie beispielsweise Wandscheiben deutlich herabgesetzt. In Teil 1 dieses Beitrags wurde ein Bemessungsmodell für Querkraft bei biegeweicher Lagerung hergeleitet. Der vorliegende zweite Teil beschreibt die Kalibrierung und Validierung der Modellparameter anhand der Ergebnisse von 21 Großversuchen an biegeweich gelagerten Deckensystemen aus Finnland und Deutschland.

Shear design of prestressed hollow core slabs on flexible supports – Part 2: Model calibration and validation

The shear resistance of hollow core slabs is considerably reduced when the slabs are bedded on flexible supports like slender beams or girders instead of rigid walls. In the first part of this paper a design model to determine the shear resistance on flexible supports has been derived. This second part describes the calibration and validation of the model parameters based on the results of 21 full‐scale tests on floor systems with flexible supports from Finland and Germany.
Fertigteillösung für ein geometrisch anspruchsvolles Bauwerk
Authors: Fastabend Michael , Albert Mark
Published: October 2011

Für die Erstellung einer Abfahrtsrampe für das Parkdeck eines Geschäftshauses war aufgrund von terminlichen Zwängen der Bauausführung, sowie des Wunsches nach einer Sichtbetonqualität aller Konstruktionselemente und der Notwendigkeit einer möglichst unterstützungsfreien Bauweise die geplante monolithische Ortbetonkonstruktion zu einer Fertigteilkonstruktion umzuplanen. Anhand dieses Beispiels aus der Praxis werden die Vorteile einer Fertigteilkonstruktion sowie die zu beachtenden statischen und konstruktiven Randbedingungen bei dem Wechsel von einer monolithischen Konstruktion auf eine Bauweise mit vorgefertigten Elementen erläutert. Der Fokus wird insbesondere auf die erforderliche Ausbildung der Anschlussdetails für die Fertigteillösung gerichtet.
Development of a sensitive method for simultaneous determination of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol in plasma samples by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Silvestro Luigi , Savu Simona Rizea , Savu Simona Nicoleta , Tudoroniu Ariana , Tarcomnicu Isabela
Published: October 2011

A new method for the fast simultaneous quantification of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol from plasma samples by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, with adequate sensitivity for pharmacokinetic applications, was developed and validated. The chromatographic separation and mass‐spectrometric parameters were optimized for the retention and detection of the two compounds, despite quite different structures and properties. Two columns connected in series were used, cation‐exchange (Zorbax 300‐SCX, 5 cm × 2.1 mm, 5 µm) and octadecyl (Discovery HSC18, 10 cm × 2.1 mm, 5 µm). The mass‐spectrometric interface was operated in negative electrospray ionization mode; high sensitivity and lesser matrix effects were obtained, permitting smaller consumption of plasma. The sample preparation was based on supported liquid–liquid extraction in 96‐well format plates that provided clean samples with a simplified procedure that was suitable for automation. The method was validated according to regulatory guidelines, by assessing lower limits of quantification, selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, extraction recoveries and matrix effects. A comparison with two other methods for the separate determination of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol in plasma samples, previously developed by our group, is presented. The statistical evaluation of the results obtained with the three methods on a set of unknown samples from treated patients demonstrated good correlation (R2 0.987 for fluticasone propionate and 0.967 for salmeterol). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid determination and comparative pharmacokinetics of tetrahydropalmatine in spontaneously hypertensive rats and normotensive rats
Authors: Hong Zhanying , Cai Guojun , Ma Wentao , Wen Jun , Chai Yifeng , Fan Guorong
Published: October 2011

A rapid high‐performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for determination of tetrahydropalmatine (THP), an active component of Rhizoma Corydalis, in rat plasma. The samples were prepared using protein precipitation and separated on an Agilent XDB‐C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with the mobile phase consisting of methanol–0.1% phosphate acid solution, adjusted with triethylamine to pH 5.5 (65:35). Good linearity was found within 0.10–10.00 µg/mL of THP in rat plasma sample. The intra‐ and inter‐day precision values were less than 10%. The developed method was successfully applied to assess the pharmacokinetics of THP in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive rats. After oral administration of a single dose of THP (60 mg/kg), the maximum plasma concentrations were 6.15 ± 2.1 and 7.54 ± 2.9 µg/mL for normotensive rats and SHR, respectively. The mean values of AUC0–∞ of THP in SHR were 81.44 ± 45.0 µg h/mL, significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in normotensive rats (44.06 ± 19.6 µg h/mL). The t1/2 and MRT in SHR were much longer than that in healthy Sprague–Dawley rats, indicating slow elimination of THP in SHR. The results indicated that there are some differences in pharmacokinetics of THP in SHR and Sprague–Dawley rats and it is very important to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of drugs in pathological conditions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction in the elderly aged ≥75 years
Authors: Sakai Koyu , Nagayama Shinya , Ihara Kasumi , Ando Kenji , Shirai Shinichi , Kondo Katsuhiro , Yokoi Hiroyoshi , Iwabuchi Masashi , Nosaka Hideyuki , Nobuyoshi Masakiyo
Published: October 2011

Objectives: We aimed to see whether primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) benefits for ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in the aged could be validated. Background: Primary PCI benefits in elderly patients with STEMI remain uncertain. Methods: We reviewed 947 consecutive patients treated with primary PCI for STEMI: 331 were aged ≥75 years (older) and 616 <75 years (younger). Results: The older group had higher percentage of renal insufficiency (7.9% vs. 3.1%, P = 0.0010), prior stroke (9.4% vs. 3.9%, P = 0.0006), 30‐day mortality rate (7.6% vs. 3.9%, P = 0.015), and cardiac mortality rate (6.6% vs. 3.7%, P = 0.045). Successful reperfusion rates were similarly high in both groups (90.0% and 92.7%, P = 0.16), despite the higher proportion of patients with door‐to‐balloon time >90 min (15% vs. 8.4%, P = 0.0016) in older patients. Successful compared with unsuccessful PCI significantly decreased 30‐day mortality rates in the older group (6.0% vs. 21%, P = 0.0018) and in the younger group (2.8% vs. 18%, P < 0.0001). When reperfusion was successful, cardiac mortality rate in older patients was not significantly greater than in younger patients (5.4% vs. 2.8%, P = 0.057). By multivariate analysis, unsuccessful reperfusion independently predicted 30‐day mortality (odds ratio, 4.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.79–9.12; P = 0.0008), whereas age ≥75 years (odds ratio, 1.00; 95% confidence interval, 0.41–2.41; P = 0.99) and door‐to‐balloon time >90 min (odds ratio, 1.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.76–4.20; P = 0.19) did not. Conclusions: Pre‐existing comorbidities characterize older patients developing STEMI. Aggressive PCI in older patients improves prognosis, and short door‐to‐balloon time is an important parameter conditioning the prognosis. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The retrograde approach to coronary artery chronic total occlusions
Authors: Brilakis Emmanouil S. , Grantham J. Aaron , Thompson Craig A. , DeMartini Tony J. , Prasad Abhiram , Sandhu Gurpreet S. , Banerjee Subhash , Lombardi William L.
Published: October 2011

The retrograde approach has revolutionized the treatment of chronic total occlusions. Several retrograde techniques have recently been described. In this article, we present a practical review with step‐by‐step instructions on the indications for retrograde interventions, equipment and retrograde channel selection, and techniques for retrograde crossing and treatment of chronic total occlusions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Proximal and distal maximal luminal diameters as a guide to appropriate deployment of the ABSORB everolimus‐eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold
Authors: Farooq Vasim , Gomez‐Lara Josep , Brugaletta Salvatore , Gogas Bill D. , Garcìa‐Garcìa Hector M. , Onuma Yoshinobu , van Geuns Robert Jan , Bartorelli Antonio , Whitbourn Robert , Abizaid Alexandre , Serruys Patrick W.
Published: October 2011

Objectives: Due to the limited distensibility of the everolimus‐eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold (ABSORB) compared to metallic platform stents, quantitative coronary arteriography (QCA) is a mandatory requirement for ABSORB deployment in the on‐going ABSORB EXTEND Single‐Arm Study. Visual assessment of vessel size in the ABSORB Cohort B study often lead to under and over‐sizing of the 3 mm ABSORB in coronary vessels (recommended range of the vessel diameter ≥2.5 mm and ≤3.3 mm), with an increased risk of spontaneous incomplete scaffold apposition post ABSORB deployment. We report whether mandatory QCA assessment of vessel size pre‐implantation, utilizing the maximal luminal diameter (Dmax) and established interpolated reference vessel diameter (RVD) measurements, has improved device/vessel sizing. Methods: Pre‐implantation post‐hoc QCA analyses of all 101 patients from ABSORB Cohort B (102 lesions) and first consecutive 101 patients (108 lesions) from ABSORB EXTEND were undertaken by an independent core‐laboratory; all patients had a 3 mm ABSORB implanted. Comparative analyses were performed. Results: Within ABSORB Cohort B, a greater number of over‐sized vessels (>3.3 mm) were identified utilizing the Dmax compared to the interpolated RVD (17 vessels, 16.7% vs. 3 vessels, 2.9%; P = 0.002). Comparative analyses demonstrated a greater number of appropriate vessel‐size selection (75 vessels, 69.4% vs. 48 vessels, 47.1%; P = 0.001), a trend towards a reduction in implantation in small (<2.5 mm) vessels (29 vessels, 26.9% vs. 40 vessels, 39.2%; P = 0.057) and a significant decrease in the implantation in large (>3.3 mm) vessels (4 vessels, 3.7% vs. 17 vessels, 16.7%; P = 0.002) in ABSORB EXTEND. Bland–Altman plots suggested a good agreement between operator and core‐laboratory calculated Dmax measurements. Conclusions: The introduction of mandatory Dmax measurements of vessel size prior to ABSORB implantation significantly reduced the under‐sizing of the 3.0 mm scaffold in large vessels validating the use of this technique in vessel sizing prior to ABSORB implantation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Continuous Gas‐Phase Hydroformylation of a Highly Diluted Technical C4 Feed using Supported Ionic Liquid Phase Catalysts
Authors: Haumann Marco , Jakuttis Michael , Franke Robert , Schönweiz Andreas , Wasserscheid Peter
Published: October 2011

The concept of supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) catalysis has been established in recent years by our group and others. Its application in continuous catalytic gas‐phase processes provides a very attractive way to bridge the gap between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. In this contribution, we extend SILP hydroformylation catalysis to reactions with a highly diluted, technical C4 feed containing 1.5 % 1‐butene, 28.5 % 2‐butenes, and 70 % of inert n‐butane. To obtain the desired product, n‐pentanal, the Rh‐biphephos catalyst system was immobilized in the SILP system to allow for consecutive isomerization/hydroformylation activity. The resulting SILP catalyst material converted up to 81 % of the reactive butenes, with a residence time of 155 s in the reactor. An n‐pentanal selectivity greater than 92 % was realized for more than 500 h time‐on‐stream in the continuous gas‐phase reaction. Post‐reaction NMR studies revealed no significant loss of the phosphite ligand through ligand oxidation during the reaction.
Unsymmetrically Substituted 9,10‐Dihydro‐9,10‐diboraanthracenes as Versatile Building Blocks for Boron‐Doped π‐Conjugated Systems
Authors: Januszewski Estera , Lorbach Andreas , Grewal Rekha , Bolte Michael , Bats Jan W. , Lerner Hans‐Wolfram , Wagner Matthias
Published: October 2011

The targeted hydrolysis of the 9,10‐dihydro‐9,10‐diboraanthracene adduct (Me2S)HB(C6H4)2BH(SMe2) (1) with 0.5 equiv of H2O leads to formation of the borinic acid anhydride [(Me2S)HB(C6H4)2B]2O (2) and thereby provides access to the field of unsymmetrically substituted 9,10‐dihydro‐9,10‐diboraanthracenes. Compound 2 reacts with tBuCCH to give the corresponding vinyl derivative in an essentially quantitative conversion. Subsequent cleavage of the B‐O‐B bridge by LiAlH4 with formation of hydridoborate functionalities is possible but is accompanied by partial BC(vinyl) bond degradation. This situation changes when the related mesityl derivative [MesB(C6H4)2B]2O (7) is employed, which can be synthesized from BrB(C6H4)2BBr (6) by treatment with 1 equiv of MesMgBr and subsequent hydrolysis. The reaction of 7 with LiAlH4 in tetrahydrofuran (THF) furnishes Li[MesB(C6H4)2BH2] (8); hydride elimination with Me3SiCl leads to formation of the THF adduct MesB(C6H4)2BH(THF) (9⋅THF). Alternatively, 7 can be transformed into the bromoborane MesB(C6H4)2BBr (10) by treatment with BBr3. A Br/H‐exchange reaction between 10 and Et3SiH yields the donor‐free borane MesB(C6H4)2BH (9), which forms B‐H‐B bridged dimers (9)2 in the solid state. The vinyl borane MesB(C6H4)2BC(H)C(H)Mes (14) is accessible from MesCCH and either 9⋅THF or 9. Compared with the related compound Mes2BC(H)C(H)Mes, the electronic absorption and emission spectra of 14 reveal bathochromic shifts of Δλ(abs)=17 nm and Δλ(em)=74 nm, which can be attributed to the rigid, fully delocalized π framework of the [MesB(C6H4)2B] chromophore.
Die vielen Gesichter des Poly(ethylenglykol)s
Authors: Dingels Carsten , Schömer Martina , Frey Holger
Published: October 2011

Poly(ethylenglykol) ist in unserem Leben allgegenwärtig. Wir begegnen diesem biokompatiblen und hervorragend wasserlöslichen Polymer, meist ohne dass uns dies bewusst ist, in fast allen Bereichen des alltäglichen Bedarfs: Von Haut‐ und Haarpflegeartikeln, über Kosmetik‐ und Styling‐Produkten bis hin zu Lebensmitteln und Medikamenten. Selbst in der maritimen Militärtechnologie und bei der Konservierung geborgener Kulturgüter wird es eingesetzt. Dieser Artikel beschäftigt sich mit der Darstellung, den teils überraschenden Eigenschaften und der Anwendung dieses strukturell simplen, aber faszinierend vielseitigen Polymers.
Nass oder trocken: Änderung der Benetzung je nach Zucker
Authors: Harrer Roswitha
Published: October 2011

Chiralität zu induzieren oder etwas durch Chiralität zu beeinflussen, ist immer eine Herausforderung. In Polymerfilme lassen sich chirale Moleküle hineinbringen, die andere chirale Moleküle erkennen. Erkannt, gebannt – und verändert: Ein dünnes Copolymer wechselte sein Benetzungsverhalten, indem es chirale Zuckermoleküle selektiv band.
Schüler und Lehrer sollen experimentieren
Authors: Meichsner Beate
Published: October 2011

Gut 19 Millionen Euro war der chemischen Industrie in den letzten zehn Jahren ein guter experimenteller Chemieunterricht wert. Die “Schulpartnerschaft Chemie” des Fonds der Chemischen Industrie (FCI) ist damit eine wesentliche Stütze dieses Unterrichtsfaches in Deutschland – und wird es auch bleiben. Denn für 2012 ist diese Partnerschaft gesichert und soll auch darüber hinaus fortgesetzt werden, so der FCI‐Geschäftsführer, Dr. Gerd Romanowski. “Das Geld ist gut investiert: Denn mit guter Bildung können wir eine nachhaltige Rendite für die gesamte Gesellschaft erzielen.”
Disturbance of reactive oxygen species homeostasis induces atypical tubulin polymer formation and affects mitosis in root‐tip cells of Triticum turgidum and Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Livanos Pantelis , Galatis Basil , Quader Hartmut , Apostolakos Panagiotis
Published: October 2011

In this study, the effects of disturbance of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis on the organization of tubulin cytoskeleton in interphase and mitotic root‐tip cells of Triticum turgidum and Arabidopsis thaliana were investigated. Reduced ROS levels were obtained by treatment with diphenylene iodonium (DPI) and N‐acetyl‐cysteine, whereas menadione was applied to achieve ROS overproduction. Both increased and low ROS levels induced: (a) Macrotubule formation in cells with low ROS levels and tubulin paracrystals under oxidative stress. The protein MAP65‐1 was detected in treated cells, exhibiting a conformation comparable to that of the atypical tubulin polymers. (b) Disappearance of microtubules (MTs). (c) Inhibition of preprophase band formation. (d) Delay of the nuclear envelope breakdown at prometaphase. (e) Prevention of perinuclear tubulin polymer assembly in prophase cells. (f) Loss of bipolarity of prophase, metaphase and anaphase spindles. Interestingly, examination of the A. thaliana rhd2/At respiratory burst oxidase homolog C (rbohc) NADPH oxidase mutant, lacking RHD2/AtRBOHC, gave comparable results. Similarly to DPI, the decreased ROS levels in rhd2 root‐tip cells, interfered with MT organization and induced macrotubule assembly. These data indicate, for first time in plants, that ROS are definitely implicated in: (a) mechanisms controlling the assembly/disassembly of interphase, preprophase and mitotic MT systems and (b) mitotic spindle function. The probable mechanisms, by which ROS affect these processes, are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brilliant Triboluminescence of a Lanthanide Coordination Polymer with Low‐Vibrational‐Frequency and Non‐Centrosymmetric Structural Networks
Authors: Hasegawa Yasuchika , Hieda Ryo , Miyata Kohei , Nakagawa Tetsuya , Kawai Tsuyoshi
Published: October 2011

Characteristic triboluminescence from a lanthanide coordination polymer with a non‐centrosymmetric structure is reported. The lanthanide coordination polymer is composed of luminescent EuIII ions and bidentate phosphane oxides, poly[3,3′‐bis(diphenylphosphoryl)‐2,2′‐bipyridine][tris(hexafluoroacetylacetonate)]europium (poly‐Eu‐BIPYPO) crystals. The coordination geometry of poly‐Eu‐BIPYPO is categorized as an asymmetric eight‐coordinate square antiprism (8‐SAP). The space group of the crystal is also classified as the non‐centrosymmetric Cc, which is suitable for piezoelectricity and triboluminescence. The photoluminescence quantum yield of poly‐Eu‐BIPYPO crystals excited at 380 nm is found to be 61 %. Triboluminescence of the lanthanide coordination polymer is observed upon breaking, even at ambient temperature and in daylight. The remarkable triboluminescence phenomenon and geometrical structure of lanthanide coordination polymer are demonstrated.
Synthesis and Structures of Fluoroalkylated Triketides
Authors: Büttner Stefan , Desens Willi , Michalik Dirk , Langer Peter
Published: October 2011

The synthesis and structures of fluoroalkylated triketides (3,5‐dioxo esters) and 1,3,5‐triketones – such as 1,1,1‐trifluoroheptane‐2,4,6‐dione – were studied. The synthesis is based on reactions between 1,3‐dicarbonyl dianions and esters. In CDCl3, the fluoroalkylated triketides exclusively exist in the forms of enol tautomers. In [D6]DMSO, equilibria between enols and keto hydrates, formed by addition of water to the enols, are observed. In [D6]DMSO, 1,1,1‐trifluoroheptane‐2,4,6‐dione and 5‐chloro‐1,1,1‐trifluoroheptane‐2,4,6‐dione exist exclusively in the forms of their cyclic hemiketals. In CDCl3, tautomeric mixtures of the hemiketals and of three open‐chained tautomers are observed (among which the dienol tautomers are predominant).
Uncertainties of Yeast‐Based Biofuel Cell Operational Characteristics
Authors: Babanova S. , Hubenova Y. , Mitov M. , Mandjukov P.
Published: October 2011

The commonly used parameters characterizing fuel cells and in particular microbial fuel cells (MFCs) electrical performance are open circuit voltage (OCV), maximum power, and short circuit current. These characteristics are usually obtained from polarization and power curves. In the present study, the expanded uncertainties of operational characteristics for yeast‐based fuel cell were evaluated and the main sources of uncertainty were determined. Two approaches were used: the uncertainty budget building for sources uncertainty estimation and a statistical treatment of identical MFCs results – for operational characteristics uncertainty calculation. It was found that in this particular bioelectrochemical system the major factor contributing to operational characteristics uncertainties was the electrodes' resistance. The operational characteristics uncertainties were decreased from 19 to 13% for OCV, from 42 to 14% for maximal power, and from 46 to 13% for short circuit current with the usage of electrodes with resistance in the interval 6–7 Ω. The described approaches can be used for operational characteristics expanded uncertainties calculation of all types of fuel cells using data from polarization measurements.
Geotechnical monitoring as key safety management element at the Dürnstein/Wachau rockslide / Geotechnische Messungen als zentraler Bestandteil des Sicherheitsmanagementplans beim Felssturz Dürnstein/Wachau
Authors: Müllegger Martin , Lenz Gerold , Laimer Hans Jörg
Published: October 2011

Following a rockslide in a former quarry near the town of Dürnstein/Wachau, extensive remedial measures were necessary to restore the damaged rail infrastructure and ensure long term safety. To provide for safe working conditions during the phase of construction of additional protection measures, a geotechnical risk management system based on the observational method per EC 7 was developed and implemented. Geotechnical monitoring was a key safety management element. The paper discusses the specific challenges, practical approaches and general experiences associated with the use of the observational method for the monitoring of cliff faces.

Nach einem Felssturz in einem ehemaligen Steinbruchgelände nahe der Ortschaft Dürnstein/ Wachau waren umfangreiche Maßnahmen zur Wiederherstellung und langfristigen Sicherung der stark beschädigten Bahnlinie erforderlich. Um während der Sanierungsphase die Sicherheit gewährleisten zu können, wurde ein Risikomanagement in Anlehnung an die Beobachtungsmethode nach EC 7 geplant und umgesetzt. Zentraler Bestandteil des Sicherheitsmanagementplans waren geotechnische Messungen.

Der vorliegende Beitrag berichtet über die speziellen Herausforderungen, konkreten Problemlösungsansätze und allgemeinen Erfahrungen bei der Anwendung der Beobachtungsmethode zur Überwachung von Felswänden.
TBM advance in the main adit to the Nant de Drance pumped storage power plant / TBM Vortrieb im Hauptzugangstunnel zum Pumpspeicherkraftwerk Nant de Drance
Authors: Weh Markus , Bertholet Francois
Published: October 2011

The 5.6 km long main adit of the pumped storage power plant at Nant de Drance in Switzerland is currently under construction. The tunnel is being excavated by a hard rock TBM with a diameter of 9.45 m. Unexpectedly high water inflows with water pressures up to 42 bar as well as unfavourable ground conditions have caused various delays and interruptions of the excavation. To overcome the unfavourable ground conditions, grouting works are facilitated ahead of the TBM as well as from the backup. The paper describes the design and implementation of the grouting works on site as well as the effect of the encountered rock mass conditions on the TBM advance with a special focus on the influence of unstable face conditions, blocky ground and high water pressure.

Im Pumpspeicherprojekt Nant de Drance in der Schweiz wird der 5,6 km lange Zugangsstollen (Durchmesser 9,45 m) mittels einer Gripper‐Hartgesteins‐TBM aufgefahren. Aufgrund von hohen Bergwasserzutritten mit Wasserdrücken bis 42 bar und aufgrund von schleifenden Störzonen mit schlechten Gebirgsbedingungen musste das Gebirge mittels acht Injektionsbohrschirmen entweder abgedichtet oder konsolidiert werden. Der Artikel erläutert, wie diese Maßnahmen ursprünglich geplant und nachher auch umgesetzt wurden. Zudem wird aufgezeigt, wie die angetroffenen Bedingungen den TBM‐Vortrieb beeinflussten. Im speziellen wird auf instabile Ortsbrustbedingungen, blockiges Ausbruchmaterial und hohe Bergwasserdrücke beim TBM‐Vortrieb oder bei der Ausführung von Bohrungen eingegangen.
The timeframe and continuity of measurement data acquisition – intention and reality / Zeitrahmen und Kontinuität von Messbeobachtungen – Wunsch und Wirklichkeit
Authors: Walter Herbert , Kitzler Christian
Published: October 2011

The value of geotechnical measurements for the evaluation and prediction of the effects of construction and repair measures as well as for the production of geotechnical and structural models in geotechnical and underground construction is indisputable. In practice, however, it sometimes turns out that the required statements cannot be derived from the available data with sufficient reliability. This article presents three examples of measurement programmes and discusses their strengths and weaknesses. One of the examples concerns a classic mined excavation in soft soil, another the measurement programme in a pivot tunnel for the estimation of swelling potential and the third the improvement of slope support measures while maintaining traffic. The importance of a timely start to measurement and a sufficiently high measurement frequency adapted to the results of the measurements and the progress of construction are demonstrated. A sufficiently long run of measurements after the completion of construction is also desirable. Various types of measurements and observations should be matched to each other and integrated. The results of laboratory tests, large‐scale experiments and structural calculations – if available – should also be included in this integration. Continuity of measurements should be ensured, for example, by sufficient redundancy even if individual data are lost. Documentation should permit rapid interpretation of the overall situation.

Der Wert von geotechnischen Messungen zur Beurteilung und Prognose der Auswirkungen von Bau‐ und Sanierungsmaßnahmen und zur Erstellung von geotechnischen und statischen Modellen im Grund‐ und Hohlraumbau ist unbestritten. In der Praxis zeigt sich allerdings gelegentlich, dass die benötigten Aussagen nicht mit ausreichender Treffsicherheit aus den vorhandenen Daten abgeleitet werden können. Im Beitrag werden drei Beispiele von Messprogrammen vorgestellt und ihre Stärken und Schwächen beleuchtet. Eines der Beispiele betrifft einen klassischen bergmännischen Vortrieb im Lockergestein, ein anderes das Messprogramm in einem Versuchsstollen zur Abschätzung des Quellpotenzials und ein drittes die Ertüchtigung einer Hangsicherung unter Aufrechterhaltung des Verkehrs. Es wird gezeigt, wie wichtig zum Beispiel ein rechtzeitiger Beginn der Messungen und eine ausreichend hohe sowie an die Messergebnisse sowie an den Bauablauf angepasste Messfrequenz sind. Eine ausreichend lange nach Bauende fortgesetzte Messreihe ist anzustreben. Verschiedene Arten von Messungen und Beobachtungen sollten aufeinander abgestimmt und vernetzt sein. Auch Ergebnisse von Laborversuchen, Großversuchen und statischen Berechnungen – soweit vorhanden – sollten Teil der Vernetzung sein. Kontinuität der Messungen sollte zum Beispiel durch ausreichende Redundanz auch bei Ausfall einzelner Messdaten gesichert werden. Die Dokumentation sollte eine rasche Interpretation des Gesamtgeschehens erlauben.