bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of the Co2(OH)(PO4)1–x(AsO4)x [0 ≤ x ≤ 1] Solid Solution
Authors: de Pedro Imanol , Rojo José María , Rodríguez Fernández Jesús , Lezama Luis , Rojo Teófilo
Published: May 2010

The Co2(OH)(PO4)1–x(AsO4)x [0 ≤ x ≤ 1] solid solution was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and, polycrystalline samples characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction and spectroscopic measurements. The cell parameters of the isostructural phosphate–arsenate phases follow Vegard's law in the whole range of composition. The IR spectra are characteristic of three distinct features corresponding principally to the vibrations of both the hydroxide and tetrahedral (XO4)3– (X = P, As) groups together with the evolution of the intensity of stretching [νas (X–O)] vibration modes corresponding to the PO4 and AsO4 tetrahedra in the solid solution. Diffuse reflectance data show bands belonging to the octahedral and trigonal bipyramidal geometries of the Co2+ ions with a high degree of covalence in the Co–O bonds of the arsenate phases. Magnetization measurements of Co2(OH)(PO4)1–x(AsO4)x [0 ≤ x ≤ 1] show the existence of antiferromagnetic interactions with the presence of a ferromagnetic component below the ordering temperature. TN decreases from 71 to 19 K as the arsenate amount is increased. ZFC‐FC curves show irreversibility just below TN for Co2(OH)(PO4)1–x(AsO4)x [x = 0.1–0.75]. The magnetic behavior of Co2(OH)(PO4)0.1(AsO4)0.9 is completely different from the rest of the hydroxyphosphate–arsenate members and similar to that observed in the undoped arsenate compound where an incommensurate magnetic phase is observed.
A Comparative Study on the Reactivity of Tris‐β‐Diketiminate Ytterbium Complexes: Steric Effect of β‐Diketiminato Ligands
Authors: Jiao Rui , Xue Mingqiang , Shen Xiaodong , Zhang Yong , Yao Yingming , Shen Qi
Published: May 2010

A series of tris‐β‐diketiminate ytterbium complexes with the general formula [YbL3] {L = [N(C6H5)C(Me)]2CH–, LH (1); [N(4‐MeC6H4)C(Me)]2CH–, L4‐Me (2), and [N(2‐MeC6H4)C(Me)]2CH–, L2‐Me (3)} were synthesized and structurally characterized. All complexes have longer Yb–N bond lengths than other YbL‐containing derivatives, and complex 3 has the longest average Yb–N bond length. A comparative study on the reactivity of complexes 1–3 revealed that complex 3 was a highly active catalyst for the polymerization of ϵ‐caprolactone and L‐lactide, as well as for the addition of amines to carbodiimides, whereas both complexes 1 and 2 were almost inactive under the same conditions. The active sequence is consistent with the distance of the Yb–N bond, which is reflected in the sterically induced activation of the bulky tris‐β‐diketiminate ytterbium complexes.
Regiospecific Three‐Component Access to Fluorescent 2,4‐Disubstituted Quinolines via One‐Pot Coupling‐Addition‐Cyclocondensation‐Sulfur Extrusion Sequence
Authors: Rotzoll Sven , Willy Benjamin , Schönhaber Jan , Rominger Frank , Müller Thomas J. J.
Published: May 2010

2,4‐Di‐ and 2,4,7‐trisubstituted quinolines are readily synthesized in a regioselective fashion from acyl chlorides, terminal alkynes, and 2‐aminothiophenols by a consecutive, microwave‐assisted one‐pot three‐component Sonogashira coupling‐Michael addition–cyclocondensation sequence and following sulfur extrusion in moderate to good yields. The terminal sulfur extrusion step was studied by DFT computations. The absorption spectra of 2,4‐disubstituted quinolines can be rationalized by DFT‐ZINDO‐CI calculations and all derivatives show intense blue emission upon UV excitation.
Probing Fluorine Interactions in a Polyhydroxylated Environment: Conservation of a C–F···H–C Recognition Motif in Presence of O–H···O Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Mehta Goverdhan , Sen Saikat
Published: May 2010

Three conformationally locked fluorinated polycyclitols have been specially crafted on a rigid trans‐decalin backbone, employing a surprisingly facile pyridine‐poly(hydrogen fluoride)‐mediated stereospecific epoxide ring opening as the key reaction. Molecular design of the three fluorinated probes under study focused on providing an efficient platform for (a) evaluating the ability of covalently bonded fluorine, vis‐à‐vis the isosteric hydroxy group, to act as a H‐bond acceptor and (b) examining the possibility for an organic fluorine moiety, placed suitably in a spatially invariant position, to engage an 1,3‐diaxial OH functionality in a purported intramolecular O–H···F hydrogen bond. The present endeavour reveals that C(sp3)–F···H–C(sp3) hydrogen bonds, though weak and lesser investigated, can indeed be observed and supramolecular recognition motifs, involving such interactions, can be conserved even in crystal structures laden with stronger O–H···O hydrogen bonds.
Polymer‐Supported Chiral Organocatalysts: Synthetic Strategies for the Road Towards Affordable Polymeric Immobilization
Authors: Kristensen Tor E. , Hansen Tore
Published: May 2010

In this microreview, we highlight the field of polymer‐supported organocatalysis, especially immobilized enamine and iminium organocatalysts. We try to formalize the overall synthetic strategies for polymeric immobilization as spanning the area of two overlapping regions, from a copolymer strategy favoured by low‐valued and small catalysts to a classical post‐modification strategy favoured by valuable and/or large catalysts. Organocatalysis is particularly interesting as it is probably best described as being located in the transitional region, and we will trace the historic and factual origins for the unfortunate predispositions towards post‐modification schemes. In addition, we try to identify affordable and useful syntheses of key organocatalyst immobilization intermediates, as well as polymer supports that are more compatible with a broader range of reaction solvent polarity, something of crucial importance in organocatalysis.
The 3‐Hydroxypiperidine Skeleton: Key Element in Natural Product Synthesis (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 15/2010)
Authors: Wijdeven Marloes A. , Willemsen Jorgen , Rutjes Floris P. J. T.
Published: May 2010

The cover picture shows an artistic impression of the interaction of different types of 3‐hydroxypiperidine‐containing natural products with an imaginary receptor protein. The 3‐hydroxypiperidine motif represents a privileged structural element that occurs in a large variety of biologically relevant compounds displaying a range of activities. Examples include the natural products 3‐hydroxypipecolic acid, prosopinine, morusimic acid D, cassine and febrifugine. Enantioselective synthetic strategies to these compounds are presented in the Microreview by F. P. J. T. Rutjes et al. on p. 2831 ff. Cover picture design by Dr. Sander S. van Berkel.
Looking for honesty: The primary role of morality (vs. sociability and competence) in information gathering
Authors: Brambilla Marco , Rusconi Patrice , Sacchi Simona , Cherubini Paolo
Published: May 2010

Research on the two fundamental dimensions of social judgment, namely warmth and competence, has shown that warmth has a primary and a dominant role in information gathering about others. In two studies we examined whether the sociability and morality components of warmth play distinct roles in such a process. Study 1 (N = 60) investigated which traits were mostly selected when forming impressions about others. The results showed that, regardless of the task goal, traits related to morality and sociability were differently processed. Furthermore, participants were more interested in obtaining information about morality than about sociability when asked to form a global impression about others. Study 2 (N = 98) explored the adoption of asymmetric/symmetric strategies when asking questions to make inferences on others. As predicted, participants adopted an asymmetrically disconfirming strategy on morality traits, while they looked for more symmetrical evidence on sociability or competence traits. Overall, our findings indicated a distinct and a dominant role of the moral component of warmth in the information‐gathering process. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The hunt for the epiallele
Authors: Finer Sarah , Holland Michelle L. , Nanty Lisa , Rakyan Vardhman K.
Published: May 2010

Understanding the origin of phenotypic variation remains one of the principle challenges of contemporary biology. Recent genome‐wide association studies have identified association between common genetic variants and complex phenotype; however, the minimal effect sizes observed in such studies highlight the potential for other causal factors to be involved in phenotypic variation. The epigenetic state of an organism (or ‘epigenome’) incorporates a landscape of complex and plastic molecular events that may underlie the ‘missing link’ that integrates genotype with phenotype. The nature of these processes has been the subject of intense scientific study over the recent years, and characterisation of epigenetic variation, in the form of ‘epialleles’, is providing fascinating insight into how the genome functions within a range of developmental processes, environments, and in states of health and disease. This review will discuss how and when mammalian epialleles may be generated and their interaction with genetic and environmental factors. We will outline how an epiallele has a variable relationship with phenotype, and how new technologies may be used for their detection and to facilitate an understanding of their contribution to phenotype. Finally, we will consider epialleles in population variation and their teleological role in evolution. variation and their teleological role in evolution. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 52:1–11, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combining rapid bioassessment and field-based microcosms for identifying impacts in an urban river
Authors: O'Brien Matthew L. , Pettigrove Vincent , Carew Melissa E. , Hoffmann Ary A.
Published: May 2010

Rapid bioassessment indices based on macroinvertebrates are the most commonly used tools for assessing stream condition. However, once stream degradation has been detected, it is often difficult to identify which environmental stressors are most important because of changes in multiple correlated factors. In this study, we examined eight sites in an urban river watershed using a field-based microcosm experiment and the rapid bioassessment-based biotic index, SIGNAL. The experiment assessed the effects of polluted river sediment by examining the macroinvertebrate taxa that colonized sediments at an unpolluted wetland. Results were compared with an assessment of field-collected macroinvertebrates using SIGNAL, a biotic index that assigns pollution sensitivity scores to macroinvertebrate families, and environmental data, to determine whether sediment pollution or other factors such as habitat deterioration were likely to be influencing riverine macroinvertebrate communities. The microcosm results indicated that common species (Tanytarsus fuscithorax, Procladius paludicola, and Ablabesmyia notabilis) and the overall macroinvertebrate assemblage did not significantly change among sediments from different sites, with the exception of local effects on a few uncommon taxa (Chironomus pseudoppositus, Kiefferulus martini, Cladotanytarsus australomancus, Chaoboridae, Polypedilum “S1,” and Tanytarsus belairensis). In contrast, SIGNAL showed a gradual trend of deterioration from upstream to downstream, decreasing from a score of 6.5 in upstream areas (unimpacted) to a score of 4.4 in the downstream sites (moderately impacted). This result combined with a significant correlation of SIGNAL scores to habitat data suggested that habitat deterioration rather than polluted sediment was likely to be responsible for the declining stream condition detected with the rapid bioassessment approach. The addition of the microcosms to other monitoring approaches could be useful for determining whether sediment pollution is influencing degraded urban streams. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010; 29:1773–1780. © 2010 SETAC
Clouds, Wind and Precipitation
Authors: Hense Andreas
Published: May 2010

Weather forecasting is a complex process. Modern predictions are based on increasingly precise data and a lot of fundamental research. Above all, meteorologists need to have an even better understanding of natural phenomena occurring in the atmosphere
The Ichthyosaur Cemetery
Authors: Stinnesbeck Wolfgang , Frey Eberhard , Leppe Cartes Marcelo
Published: May 2010

Some 120 million years ago, the ichthyosaurs died at the edge of the Tyndall Glacier. Now, palaeontologists are getting to the bottom of how such mass mortality in such a confined space came about – looking for clues in the Torres del Paine National Park in Chile
Old Masters, Modern Methods
Authors: Stijnman Ad , Stäcker Thomas
Published: May 2010

Creating the “Virtuelles Kupferstichkabinett” [“Virtual Print Room”]: in Braunschweig and Wolfenbüttel, more than 40,000 prints are being digitally collected to benefit research and the general public
Do It Again, Nick!
Authors: Unterstell Rembert
Published: May 2010

At Europe's largest pinniped research station, zoologists are investigating the highly developed sensory world of common seals – often right in front of enthralled spectators / A visit to the station in Warnemünde
Design and characterization of PEGylated terpolymer biomaterials
Authors: Heath Daniel E. , Cooper Stuart L.
Published: May 2010

A terpolymer copolymerized from hexyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, and poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) was synthesized. Polymers containing 0–25 mol % PEGMA were studied. As the mole fraction of PEGMA in the polymer chains increased, the material becomes more hydrophilic as observed by a decrease in the contact angle of water (81°–68°) and an increase in the equilibrium water absorption (0.7–237 wt %). Furthermore, the material shows nonfouling interfacial properties through resistance to protein adsorption and cellular attachment. A total of 1.2 μg/cm2 fibrinogen, 18,000 HUVECs/cm2, and 3,000,000 platelets/cm2 adsorbed or adhered on non‐PEGylated materials, whereas very low amounts of protein or cells were observed on materials containing ≥15 mol % PEGMA. Being thermoplastic, the polymer can be processed postsynthesis. To illustrate the processing capabilities of the material, polymer solutions were electrospun into nonwoven fibrous scaffold, which also retained their nonfouling character. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Oriented immobilization of anti‐CD34 antibody on titanium surface for self‐endothelialization induction
Authors: Li Quan‐Li , Huang Nan , Chen Cheng , Chen Jia‐Long , Xiong Kai‐Qin , Chen Jun‐Ying , You Tian‐Xue , Jin Jian , Liang Xin
Published: May 2010

Inducing spontaneous endothelialization of synthetic cardiovascular implant in vivo is thought to be a promising approach to solve the surface‐induced thrombosis and restenosis problem. In the present study, anti‐CD34 antibody, a kind of special marker of EPC, was oriented immobilized on titanium surface by means of a layer‐by‐layer self‐assembly coating technique. The multilayer coating was prepared by first depositing one layer of avidin on the NaOH‐treated titanium substrate, then depositing a layer of biotinylated protein A binding to the avidin, and finally anti‐CD34 antibody was oriented immobilized by protein A binding to the Fc fragment (COOH‐terminal of a antibody molecule, which has no antigen binding sites) of the anti‐CD34 antibody with its antigen binding fragment (Fab) away from the titanium surface. The coated titanium was exposed to EPC derived from mouse bone marrow in vitro, and implanted into dog femoral arteries. The results suggested that the anti‐CD34 antibody immobilized surfaces could increase EPC attachment and capture, and induce rapid complete endothelialization of the lumenal surface of the implant in vivo. It suggests that the approach described here may be used for fabrication of titanium‐based vascular implant surfaces for inducing endothelialization in vivo. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
GDF‐9 promotes the growth of prostate cancer cells by protecting them from apoptosis
Authors: Bokobza Sivan M. , Ye Lin , Kynaston Howard G. , Jiang Wen G.
Published: May 2010

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have long been implicated in the process of prostate cancer progression and bone metastasis. This current study investigates the role of GDF‐9, a BMP member, in prostate cancer. GDF‐9 was over‐expressed in PC‐3 cells using a mammalian expression construct. Additionally, GDF‐9 ribozyme transgenes were generated in order to knock down the expression of GDF‐9 in PC‐3 and DU‐145 cells. These cells were then used in in vitro growth assays in order to determine the effect of GDF‐9 on prostate cancer cell growth. Recombinant GDF‐9 was also generated and used to treat both cell lines before carrying out further growth assays. Levels of apoptosis were subsequently analyzed using flow cytometry. Cell growth was significantly increased in the GDF‐9 over‐expressing cells compared to the two controls. The cell growth rate at day 5 was significantly greater in the PC‐3GDF‐9exp. (1,131.1 ± 79.1%) compared to both PC‐3WT (563.9 ± 90.6%) and PC‐3pEF (763.3 ± 82.0%), P ≤ 0.001 versus both controls. The opposite effect was seen in both PC‐3 and DU‐145 GDF‐9 knockdown cells. The PC‐3WT cells treated with rh‐GDF‐9 (1.35 ± 0.28) had a significantly increased absorbance and hence growth rate compared to the untreated PC‐3 cells (0.79 ± 0.05), P = 0.026. Finally, flow cytometry and Hoechst 33342 DNA staining demonstrated decreased apoptosis and caspase‐3 expression levels in PC‐3GDF‐9exp. cells and rh‐GDF‐9‐treated PC‐3WT cells. This study shows that GDF‐9 can promote the growth rate of both PC‐3 and DU‐145 cells by protecting the cells from caspase‐3‐mediated apoptosis, and suggests that GDF‐9 may aid in the progression of prostate cancer by acting as a survival factor. J. Cell. Physiol. 225: 529–536, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimisation of lactic acid fermentation for improved vinegar flavour during rosy vinegar brewing
Authors: Jiang Yujian , Guo Jianna , Li Yudong , Lin Sen , Wang Li , Li Jianrong
Published: May 2010

BACKGROUND: Rosy vinegar is a well‐known traditional Chinese product whose flavour is affected by its lactic acid content. In this study, Lactobacillus bacteria were employed to increase the content of lactic acid during the ethanol fermentation stage.

RESULTS: The optimised fermentation parameters were determined as an inoculation amount of 3% (v/v), a temperature of 30 °C and an initial pH value of 4.0. Fermentation under these optimal conditions resulted in an alcohol degree of 6.2% (v/v), a total acidity of 49.5 g L−1 and a lactic acid content of 4.14 g L−1. The content of lactic acid (4.14 g L−1), which approached the level achieved by solid state fermentation, was 3.56‐fold higher than that in vinegar fermented without lactic acid bacteria (1.16 g L−1).

CONCLUSION: The results indicate that mixed fermentation with Lactobacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains greatly increases the lactic acid content and improves the flavour of rosy vinegar. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Computational analysis of unassigned high‐quality MS/MS spectra in proteomic data sets
Authors: Ning Kang , Fermin Damian , Nesvizhskii Alexey I.
Published: May 2010

In a typical shotgun proteomics experiment, a significant number of high‐quality MS/MS spectra remain “unassigned.” The main focus of this work is to improve our understanding of various sources of unassigned high‐quality spectra. To achieve this, we designed an iterative computational approach for more efficient interrogation of MS/MS data. The method involves multiple stages of database searching with different search parameters, spectral library searching, blind searching for modified peptides, and genomic database searching. The method is applied to a large publicly available shotgun proteomic data set.
Protein expression during the embryonic development of a gastropod
Authors: Sun Jin , Zhang Yu , Thiyagarajan Vengatesen , Qian Pei‐Yuan , Qiu Jian‐Wen
Published: May 2010

Despite the potential use of gastropod embryos in basic and applied research, little is known about their protein expression. We examined, for the first time, changes in proteomic profile during embryonic development of Pomacea canaliculata from an embryo without a shell (stage II) to an embryo with a fully formed shell (stage III) to understand the roles that proteins play in critical developmental events, such as the formation of shell, operculum and heart, and the differentiation of head and foot. To analyze protein expression during development, we used 2‐DE to detect, MS to analyze, and de novo peptide sequencing followed by MS‐BLAST to identify the proteins. The de novo cross‐species protein identification method was adopted because of a lack of genomic and proteomic data in the whole class of Gastropoda. 2‐DE detected approximately 700 protein spots. Among the 125 spots that were abundant, 52% were identified, a marked improvement over the conventional direct MS‐BLAST method. These proteins function in perivitelline fluid utilization, shell formation, protein synthesis and folding, and cell cycle and cell fate determination, providing evidence to support that this embryonic period is a period of dynamic protein synthesis and metabolism. The data shall provide a basis for further studies of how gastropod embryos respond to natural and human‐induced changes in the environment.
Ambidexterity as a Competence of Project Leaders: A Case Study from Two Polar Expeditions
Authors: Aubry Monique , Lièvre Pascal
Published: May 2010

This article explores the tensions between different modes of action that a project leader uses throughout the course of a project. The study examines whether these different modes can be identified and, if so, whether there is a possibility for the project leader to change modes. This is referred to as ambidexterity. Ambidexterity is explored within two polar expeditions. Results are surprising. No conclusion can be reached about the advantage of one mode over the other. But what does stand out as a discriminating factor is the possibility of using all modes throughout the project.
Synthesis and conformation of an analog of the helix‐loop‐helix domain of the Id1 protein containing the O‐acyl iso‐prolyl‐seryl switch motif
Authors: Beisswenger Michael , Yoshiya Taku , Kiso Yoshiaki , Cabrele Chiara
Published: May 2010

Synthetic peptides reproducing the helix‐loop‐helix (HLH) domains of the Id proteins fold into highly stable helix bundles upon self‐association. Recently, we have shown that the replacement of the dipeptide Val‐Ser at the loop–helix‐2 junction with the corresponding O‐acyl iso‐dipeptide leads to a completely unfolded state that only refolds after intramolecular O → N acyl migration. Herein, we report on an Id HLH analog based on the substitution of the Pro‐Ser motif at the helix‐1–loop junction with the corresponding O‐acyl iso‐dipeptide. This analog has been successfully synthesized by solid‐phase Fmoc chemistry upon suppression of DKP formation. No secondary structure could be detected for the O‐acyl iso‐peptide before its conversion into the native form by O → N acyl shift. These results show that the loop–helix junctions are determinant for the folded/unfolded state of the Id HLH domain. Further, despite the high risk of DKP formation, peptides containing O‐acyl iso‐Pro‐Ser/Thr units are synthetically accessible by Fmoc chemistry. Copyright © 2010 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transparent semiconducting oxides: materials and devices
Authors: Grundmann Marius , Frenzel Heiko , Lajn Alexander , Lorenz Michael , Schein Friedrich , von Wenckstern Holger
Published: May 2010

Transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) are a well‐known material class allowing Ohmic conduction. A large free carrier concentration in the 1021 cm−3 range and high conductivity (beyond 104 S/cm) is feasible simultaneously with high transparency. Applications are manifold and include touch screens and front contacts for displays or solar cells. Transparent semiconducting oxides (TSO) are oxides with an intermediate free carrier concentration (typically 1014–1018 cm−3) allowing the formation of depletion layers. We review recent results on TSO‐based transistors and inverters. Most work has been reported on MISFETs. We show that MESFETs exhibit high performance and low voltage operation of oxide electronics. MESFET‐based inverters offer superior performance compared to results reported for TSO MISFET‐based circuits.

magnified image

Optical image of inverter based on thin film MESFETs with Mg0.003Zn0.997O channels (left) and experimental inverter characteristic for supply voltage of $V_{{\rm DD}} = + 2.0\;{\rm V}$ (right).
InGaN based light emitting diodes with Ga doped ZnO as transparent conducting oxide
Authors: Li X. , Liu H. Y. , Liu S. , Ni X. , Wu M. , Avrutin V. , Izyumskaya N. , Özgür Ü. , Morkoç H.
Published: May 2010

We report on the electrical and optical properties of InGaN based light emitting diodes (LEDs) utilizing Ga doped ZnO (GZO) grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) as a highly transparent contact p‐electrode (GZO‐LEDs). For comparison, the LEDs with semi‐transparent thin Ni/Au (5/5 nm) current spreading layers were also fabricated on the same wafer (Ni/Au‐LEDs). Unpackaged GZO‐LEDs with 200 µm diameter showed negligible light output degradation for up to 30 min under CW current of 100 mA (corresponding to a 318 A/cm2 current density), while the light output for Ni/Au‐LEDs was reduced by 85% after only 5 min of operation due to the severe current crowding effect (or current filamentation). Pulsed electroluminescence (EL) measurements revealed that the GZO‐LEDs exhibit 50% higher EL intensity for the same current levels.
The inhibitory effects of nano‐Ag on voltage‐gated potassium currents of hippocampal CA1 neurons
Authors: Liu Zhaowei , Ren Guogang , Zhang Tao , Yang Zhuo
Published: May 2010

The application of the nano‐sized materials continues to grow at a rapid rate in the fields of medicine, biotechnology, and environmental technology. Voltage‐gated potassium currents play a key role in excitable cellular viability and function, especially in the central nervous system. The aim of this study was to investigate the actions of silver nano‐particles (nano‐Ag) on voltage‐activated potassium currents in hippocampal CA1 neurons using whole cell patch‐clamp technique. The hydrodynamic mean diameter of nano‐Ag (10−5g mL−1) was 223.9 nm in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF). Both types, transient potassium (IA) and delayed rectifier potassium (IK) current amplitudes were inhibited by the nano‐Ag (10−5g mL−1). The nano‐Ag particles produced a hyperpolarizing shift in the activation‐voltage curve of IK and inactivation‐voltage curve of IA and also delayed the recovery of IA from inactivation. The results suggest that nano‐Ag may have potential to alter the excitability of neurons by depressing the potassium channels. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2010.
A comparison of hepatocyte cytotoxic mechanisms for thallium (I) and thallium (III)
Authors: Pourahmad Jalal , Eskandari Mohammad Reza , Daraei Bahram
Published: May 2010

Thallium (Tl) is a highly toxic heavy metal though up to now its mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we comparatively investigated the cytotoxic mechanisms of Tl(I) and Tl(III) in isolated rat hepatocytes. Both Tl(I) and Tl(III) cytotoxicities were associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, lipid peroxidation, collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of caspases cascade, lysosomal membrane leakiness, and cellular proteolysis. Hepatocyte glutathione (GSH) was also rapidly oxidized. GSH‐depleted hepatocytes were more resistant to Tl(I)‐induced cytotoxicity, ROS formation and lipid peroxidation. This suggests that Tl(I) is reductively activated by GSH. On the other hand, GSH‐depleted hepatocytes were much more sensitive to Tl(III)‐induced cytotoxicity, ROS formation, and lipid peroxidation. This suggests that GSH only plays an antioxidant role against Tl(III) cytotoxicity. Our results also showed that CYP2E1 involves in Tl(I) and Tl(III) oxidative stress cytotoxicity mechanism and both cations detoxified via methylation. In conclusion, both Tl(I) and Tl(III) cytotoxicities were associated with mutual mitochondrial/lysosomal injuries (cross‐talk) initiated by increased ROS formation resulted from metal‐CYP2E1 destructive interaction or metal‐induced disruption of mitochondrial electron transfer chain. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2010.
Heterometallic Trinuclear Complexes of Macrocyclic Oxamide: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Zhang Guo‐Ying , Sun Ya‐Qiu , Fan Lan‐Lan , Xu Yan‐Yan , Gao Dong‐Zhao
Published: May 2010

Two heterometallic trinuclear complexes of macrocyclic oxamide [Co(NiL1)2L2(H2O)]·3H2O (1) and [Mn(NiL1)2L2(H2O)]·0.5CH3OH·1.5H2O (2) (H2L1 = 2,3‐dioxo‐5,6,14,15‐dibenzo‐1,4,8,12‐tetraazacyclopentadeca‐7,13‐diene, H2L2 = 5‐sulfosalicylic acid) were synthesized and structurally characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. Single‐crystal X‐ray analyses reveal that both the complexes contain discrete neutral trinuclear [(NiL1)2ML2(H2O)] (for 1 and 2, M = Co, Mn, respectively) moieties. The structures of 1 and 2 have oxamido‐bridged trinuclear [MIINiII2] units and consist of one‐dimensional chains formed by strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Furthermore, the magnetic properties of complex 1 were investigated and discussed in detail.
Zinc(II) Complexes with 1H‐Imidazol‐4‐yl‐Containing Polyamine Ligand
Authors: Qi Zhao‐Peng , Yuan Qing , Cai Kai , Okamura Taka‐aki , Sun Wei‐Yin , Ueyama Norikazu
Published: May 2010

The protonation and ZnII/CuII complexation constants of tripodal polyamine ligand N1‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐N1‐(1H‐imidazol‐4‐ylmethyl)‐ethane‐1,2‐diamine (HL) were determined by potentiometric titration. Three new compounds, i.e. [H3(HL)](ClO4)3 (5), [Zn(HL)Cl](ClO4) (6) and {[Zn(L)](ClO4)}n (7) were obtained by reactions of HL·4HCl with Zn(ClO4)2·6H2O under different reaction pH, and they were compared with the corresponding CuII complexes reported previously. The results indicate that the reaction pH and metal ions have remarkable influence on the formation and structure of the complexes.
Schrittweise Darstellung von verzweigten tripodalen Chlor‐Methyl‐Siloxanen der allgemeinen Formel tBuSi[{OSiMe2}yOSiMe3–xClx]3 [x = 0–3; y = 0–2] sowie Synthese der Silanole tBuSi[(OSiMe2)xOH]3 [x = 1, 2] und des bicyclischen Siloxans tBuSi(OSiMe2O)3SitBu
Authors: Veith Michael , Rammo Andreas , Schütt Oliver , Huch Volker
Published: May 2010

The branched tripodal chloro‐methyl‐siloxanes of the general formula tBuSi[{OSiMe2}yOSiMe3–xClx]3 [x = 0–3; y = 0–2] were synthesized, starting with tert‐Butyl‐trisilanol (1). The treatment of 1 with the chloro‐methyl‐silanes (Me3–xSiClx+1) (x = 0–3) in the presence of triethylamine leads to the compounds tBuSi(OSiMe2Cl)3 (2), tBuSi(OSiMeCl2)3 (3) and tBuSi(OSiCl3)3 (4). The siloxanes 2–4 are colourless oily liquids, which can be purified by distillation. Their yields decrease with the number of chloro substituents. In the reaction of compound 2 with three equivalents of water the silantriol tBuSi(OSiMe2OH)3 (5) is generated which is used to create the branched tripodal chloro‐methyl‐siloxanes tBuSi(OSiMe2OSiMe3)3 (6), tBuSi(OSiMe2OSiMe2Cl)3 (7), tBuSi(OSiMe2OSiMeCl2)3 (9) and tBuSi(OSiMe2OSiCl3)3 (10). Compound (7) is only a side product with a yield of 25 %., The cyclic tBuSi[{(OSiMe2)2Cl}(OSiMe2)3O] (8) can be isolated and characterised. The transformation of the compound tBuSi(OSiMe2OSiMe2Cl)3 (7) into the trisilanol tBuSi(OSiMe2OSiMe2OH)3 (11) allows to prepare the tripodale siloxane tBuSi(OSiMe2OSiMe2OSiMe3)3 (12) in good yields., The reaction of tBuSi(OSiMe2Cl)3 (2) with tert‐butyl trisilanol 1 leads to the formation of bicyclic tBuSi(OSiMe2O)3SitBu (13). An X‐ray structure determination on 13 reveals a [3.3.3]‐bicycle with a C3 axis, which crystallizes in the cubic crystal system in the space group Pa$\bar{3}$. The reported compounds 2–13 were characterised by NMR‐ and IR spectroscopy (5, 11) and show correct elemental analyses. The 29Si‐NMR‐data of the compounds show interesting trends with respect to the Si–O chain length and the chloro substistuents.
Nickel(II) N‐Benzyl‐N‐methyldithiocarbamato Complexes as Precursors for the Preparation of Graphite Oxidation Accelerators
Authors: Trávníček Zdeněk , Pastorek Richard , Štarha Pavel , Popa Igor , Slovák Václav
Published: May 2010

The nickel(II) N‐benzyl‐N‐methyldithiocarbamato (BzMedtc) complexes [Ni(BzMedtc)(PPh3)Cl] (1), [Ni(BzMedtc)(PPh3)Br] (2), [Ni(BzMedtc)(PPh3)I] (3), and [Ni(BzMedtc)(PPh3)(NCS)] (4) were synthesized using the reaction of [Ni(BzMedtc)2] and [NiX2(PPh3)2] (X = Cl, Br, I and NCS). Subsequently, complex 1 was used for the preparation of [Ni(BzMedtc)(PPh3)2]ClO4 (5), [Ni(BzMedtc)(PPh3)2]BPh4 (6), and [Ni(BzMedtc)(PPh3)2]PF6 (7). The obtained complexes 1–7 were characterized by elemental analysis, thermal analysis and spectroscopic methods (IR, UV/Vis, 31P{1H} NMR). The results of the magnetochemical and molar conductivity measurements proved the complexes as diamagnetic non‐electrolytes (1–4) or 1:1 electrolytes (5–7). The molecular structures of 4 and 5·H2O were determined by a single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. In all cases, the NiII atom is tetracoordinated in a distorted square‐planar arrangement with the S2PX, and S2P2 donor set, respectively. The catalytic influence of selected complexes 1, 3, 5, and 6 on graphite oxidation was studied. The results clearly indicated that the presence of the products of thermal degradation processes of the mentioned complexes has impact on the course of graphite oxidation. A decrease in the oxidation start temperatures by about 60–100 °C was observed in the cases of all the tested complexes in comparison with pure graphite.
PdZn or ZnPd: Charge Transfer and Pd–Pd Bonding as the Driving Force for the Tetragonal Distortion of the Cubic Crystal Structure
Authors: Friedrich Matthias , Ormeci Alim , Grin Yuri , Armbrüster Marc
Published: May 2010

The intermetallic compound PdZn was reported to have two modifications, the tetragonal CuAu‐type low‐temperature phase and the cubic CsCl‐type high‐temperature phase. The existence of the cubic high‐temperature phase at the equiatomic composition could not be proven experimentally. Calculations of the total energy reveal a minimum at c/a = 1.155, clearly excluding the cubic structure at the equiatomic composition in the system Pd‐Zn. Analysis of the chemical bonding applying the electron localizability approach reveals charge transfer from zinc to palladium and proves direct Pd–Pd interactions in the (001) plane to be the main reason for the tetragonal distortion of the cubic CsCl‐type structural pattern for ZnPd.
Borazine Based Molecular Single Source Precursors for Si/B/N/C Ceramics
Authors: Schurz Fanny , Jansen Martin
Published: May 2010

The family of borazines [(SiCl3)NB(Cln(CH3)1–n]3 was synthesized and characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy, as wellas by single crystal structure analysis. After cross‐linking with methylamine, a soluble polymer was obtained that was transformed to anall‐inorganic random network of nominal composition Si1.0B1.0N3.0C0.9O0.1 (idealized SiBN3C) at 1400 °C. With an on‐set of weight loss at 1840 °C and a resistance against rapid oxidation in pure oxygen of up to 1300 °C, the new Si/B/N/C ceramic shows a high temperature performance similar to those of previously reported Si/B/N/C materials.
Direktsynthese und Kristallstruktur von [BeBr2(CH3CN)2]
Authors: Neumüller Bernhard , Dehnicke Kurt
Published: May 2010

The berylliumbromide‐acetonitrile complex [BeBr2(CH3CN)2] (1) was prepared in a one‐step synthesis from beryllium powder and bromine in acetonitrile at room temperature to give colourless single crystals, which were characterized by X‐ray diffraction and IR spectroscopy. Compound 1 crystallizes orthorhombically in the space group Pnma with four formula units per unit cell. Lattice dimensions at 100(2) K: a = 1253.1(1), b = 1003.7(1), c = 650.8(1) pm, R1 = 0.0217. The structure of 1 consists of monomeric molecules with site symmetry m and distances Be–Br of 214.7(5) pm and Be–N of 171.3(4) pm.
Clinical Outcomes of Video‐Assisted Skin‐Sparing Partial Mastectomy for Breast Cancer and Immediate Reconstruction with Latissimus Dorsi Muscle Flap as Breast‐Conserving Therapy
Authors: Nakajima Hiroo , Fujiwara Ikuya , Mizuta Naruhiko , Sakaguchi Koichi , Ohashi Mahiro , Nishiyama Asako , Umeda Yoshimi , Ichida Miho , Magae Junji
Published: May 2010

Background

Skin‐sparing partial mastectomy (SSPM) has yet to be investigated as a breast‐conserving therapy for early‐stage breast cancer. We report the clinical outcomes for video‐assisted SSPM (VA‐SSPM) with immediate breast reconstruction using autogenous tissue.

Methods

VA‐SSPM is indicated for early‐stage breast cancer arising in the upper‐outer or lower‐outer quadrant without skin involvement. An incision is placed along the midaxillary line, and SSPM is performed under endoscopic guidance using subcutaneous tunneling and lifting methods. Through the same incision, a latissimus dorsi muscle flap is harvested for breast reconstruction. From January 2000 to October 2007, 168 patients (Tis, n = 24; T1, n = 37; T2, n = 107) underwent VA‐SSPM, and morbidity, curability, and postoperative patient satisfaction were investigated.

Results

Postoperative complications included skin necrosis (2.4%, n = 4) and muscle flap necrosis (0.6%, n = 1), but no severe complications were observed. After a mean follow‐up of 58.6 months, eight patients (4.8%) experienced local recurrence. Sixty‐month distant metastasis‐free survival rates for Tis, T1, and T2 were 100%, 97%, and 83.3%, respectively, with an overall rate of 88.4%. Furthermore, overall survival rates for Tis, T1, and T2 were 100%, 94.1%, and 94.4%, respectively, with an overall survival rate of 95% for all patients. A patient satisfaction survey showed that 81.6% of patients evaluated the surgery as “good.”

Conclusions

VA‐SSPM for early‐stage breast cancer improves cosmetic results and achieves high patient satisfaction without increasing local or distant organ recurrence. This method offers a useful local therapy for early‐stage breast cancer.
Lessons from 30 years of selective screening for tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency
Authors: Dhondt Jean‐Louis
Published: May 2010

In addition to being hyperphenylalaninemic, patients lacking tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) are deficient in the neurotransmitters whose synthesis depends on the normal activity of tetrahydrobiopterin‐dependent tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylases. Consequently, these patients have to be rapidly recognized among hyperphenylalaninemic babies, since they need specific and early substitutive therapy. Since 1980, BH4 metabolism has been investigated in 2,186 hyperphenylalaninemic babies, using HPLC measurement of pteridines in urine to recognize tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis deficiency (GTP cyclohydrolase and PTPS deficiency) and direct DHPR assay in dried blood samples to recognize DHPR deficiency. A total of 73 tetrahydrobiopterin deficient patients have been detected. Considering the group of neonates born in France (1,342), out of the 32 BH4 deficient patients which have been detected, only 8 were from caucasian families. The lessons from that experience are: (1) tests on blood and urine collected on filter paper cards commend itself by their convenience and simplicity, and samples can be collected on the first visit of the screened infants to the out‐patient clinic; and (2) the preconceaved idea that newborns with moderate elevation of blood phenylalanine are false positives of the screening or mild forms of hyperphenylalaninemia explains that a significant number of cases were investigated after 1 month of age; however, in half of BH4‐deficient babies, blood phenylalanine was below 10 mg/dl (0.6 mmol/l).
Genes, suicide and decisions
Authors: Courtet P. , Guillaume S. , Malafosse A. , Jollant F.
Published: May 2010

Objective

A better understanding of the pathophysiology of suicidal behaviour (SB) may enable the discovery of more specific treatments and a better identification of vulnerable patients. The vulnerability to SB appears to be underlied by genetic factors coding for traits rendering the individual less able to cope with stressing situations, and more likely to be engaged in a suicidal process.

Method

During the recent years, neuroscientific studies begun to identify potential endophenotypes.

Results

We have shown that disadvantageous decision making (DM) was involved in the vulnerability to SB. DM impairment appears to be independent of comorbid psychiatric disorders, associated with emotional dysregulation (i.e. affective lability trait and skin conductance responses), and modulated by serotonergic genotypes associated with SB. In recent fMRI studies, the region that is likely involved in DM, is overactivited in response to angry faces, suggesting a higher sensitivity to specific negative social stimuli. Deficit in risk evaluation and excessive response to specific emotional stimuli may represent key processes in the vulnerability to SB.

Conclusions

These potential endophenotypes may represent future relevant markers of vulnerability for the identification of vulnerable patients, and relevant targets for the development of new treatments.
A novel hPirh2 splicing variant without ubiquitin protein ligase activity interacts with p53 and is down‐regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Wu Gang , Sun Meiqian , Zhang Liping , Zhou Juan , Wang Yi , Huo Keke
Published: May 2010

MINT‐7890105: hPirh2b (uniprotkb:Q2KN33) physically interacts (MI:0915) with p53 (uniprotkb:P04637) by anti tag coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0007)
Addressing critical gaps in achieving universal access to sexual and reproductive health (SRH): The case for improving adolescent SRH, preventing unsafe abortion, and enhancing linkages between SRH and HIV interventions
Authors: Mbizvo Michael Takura , Zaidi Shahida
Published: May 2010

The new target for achieving universal access to reproductive health was integrated within the revised Millennium Development Goal framework in October 2008, following reaffirmation of this ICPD goal at the 2005 World Summit. To achieve this goal, the Alliance for Women's Health identified 3 issues needing urgent attention: (1) adolescent sexual and reproductive health; (2) unsafe abortions and related mortality and morbidity; and (3) HIV prevention and care. These themes were discussed in Cape Town at the FIGO 2009 Precongress Workshop convened by the Alliance. The critical gaps identified by the Workshop included: the lack of information on sexual and reproductive health (SRH) issues for adolescents, such as safe sexual practices, contraception, risks related to early childbearing; unsafe abortion and its adverse consequences; and inadequate linkages between sexual and reproductive health and HIV interventions that result in missed opportunities for addressing both. Recommendations included the use of innovative information dissemination techniques, ensuring access to family planning and comprehensive abortion care to the full extent allowed by national laws, in accordance with FIGO and WHO guidelines, and promotion of universal HIV counseling and testing with opt‐out strategies within SRH services and information on SRH in all HIV services.
Critical gaps in universal access to reproductive health: Contraception and prevention of unsafe abortion
Authors: Culwell Kelly R. , Vekemans Marcel , de Silva Upeka , Hurwitz Manuelle , Crane Barbara B.
Published: May 2010

Unsafe abortion accounts for a significant proportion of maternal deaths, yet it is often forgotten in discussions around reducing maternal mortality. Prevention of unsafe abortion starts with prevention of unwanted pregnancies, most effectively through contraception. When unwanted pregnancies occur, provision of safe, legal abortion services can further prevent unsafe abortions. If complications arise from unsafe abortion, emergency treatment must be available. Recommendations made on this issue during the Precongress Workshop held prior to the 2009 FIGO World Congress in Cape Town, South Africa, were part of a report that was adopted by the FIGO General Assembly. These recommendations address prevention of unsafe abortion and its consequences and support access to safe abortion care to the full extent allowed by national laws, along with 6 strategies for implementation, including integration of family planning into other reproductive health services, adequate training for providers, task‐sharing with mid‐level providers, and using evidence to discuss this issue with key stakeholders.
The FIGO Working Group on the Prevention of Unsafe Abortion: Mandate and process for achievement
Authors: Leke Robert J.I. , Padilla de Gil Marina , Távara Luis , Faúndes Anibal
Published: May 2010

The Working Group of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) on the Prevention of Unsafe Abortion and its Consequences received a mandate to contribute to reduce the number of women who have to resort to induced abortion and the maternal mortality and morbidity associated with unsafe abortion by minimizing unintended pregnancies, improving access to safe abortion services, and increasing the quality of and access to post‐abortion care, including post‐abortion contraception. A project proposal was prepared and approved by an anonymous donor, funding a structure headed by a general coordinator, the Chair of the Working Group, together with 6 regional coordinators and 1 assistant regional coordinator, plus 43 focal points nominated by the participating societies. A situational analysis of induced/unsafe abortion for each country was prepared by the focal points with the technical support of the Guttmacher Institute, and a plan of action based on the findings of the analysis. The situational analysis and plans of action were discussed at 7 regional workshops held between June and August, 2008. Fifty‐four member societies nominated a focal point, 48 attended the regional workshops, and 43 had a plan of action approved by their governments and respective societies. The plans of action are currently in the process of implementation, with the collaboration of a number of national and international agencies and organizations.
Goals and activities proposed by countries in seven regions of the world toward prevention of unsafe abortion
Authors: Mirembe Florence , Karanja Joseph , Hassan Ezzeldin Osman , Faúndes Anibal
Published: May 2010

This article describes the goals and activities included in the national plans of action for the prevention of unsafe abortion. With broad variability, all were in line with the initiative's purpose of contributing to reduce the number of women who have unplanned pregnancies and induced abortions, as well as the maternal mortality and morbidity associated with unsafe abortion. The interventions proposed can be classified in 5 groups: (1) to work toward better national policies through obtaining and disseminating accurate evidence‐based data on abortion and to sensitize policy makers and health professionals on issues pertaining to unsafe abortion; (2) to reduce the number of unplanned/unwanted pregnancies by increasing the use of modern contraceptive methods, introducing or improving sex education, and improving adolescent‐friendly reproductive health services; (3) to make induced abortion safer by making adequate abortion services available, within the full extent of the national laws, and promoting access to safe abortion; (4) to improve postabortion care, including postabortion contraception; and (5) to reduce the need to resort to abortion by working on facilitating the process of adoption. The proportions of plans that include each of these interventions are described, as well as some regional differences.