bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Makes You a Whistleblower? A Multi-Country Field Study on the Determinants of the Intention to Report Wrongdoing
Authors: Latan Hengky , Chiappetta Jabbour Charbel Jose , Ali Murad , Lopes de Sousa Jabbour Ana Beatriz , Vo-Thanh Tan
Published: March 2022

Whistleblowers have significantly shaped the state of contemporary society; in this context, this research sheds light on a persistently neglected research area: what are the key determinants of whistleblowing within government agencies? Taking a unique methodological approach, we combine evidence from two pieces of fieldwork, conducted using both primary and secondary data from the US and Indonesia. In Study 1, we use a large-scale survey conducted by the US Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB). Additional tests are conducted in Study 1, making comparisons between those who have and those who do not have whistleblowing experience. In Study 2, we replicate the survey conducted by the MSPB, using empirical data collected in Indonesia. We find a mixture of corroboration of previous results and unexpected findings between the two samples (US and Indonesia). The most relevant result is that perceived organizational protection has a significant positive effect on whistleblowing intention in the US sample, but a similar result was not found in the Indonesian sample. We argue that this difference is potentially due to the weakness of whistleblowing protection in Indonesia, which opens avenues for further understanding the role of societal cultures in protecting whistleblowers around the globe.
Toward a collaborative governance model for distributed ledger technology adoption in organizations
Authors: Anthony Jnr. Bokolo
Published: March 2022

Distributed ledger technology (DLT) is one of the emerging technologies adopted in organizations. Unlike traditional databases, the integrity of the DLT is maintained automatically by an algorithmic consensus mechanism and not by any dominant authority. Thus, the consensus mechanism controls the decision-making and governance process. But the adoption of DLT is faced with issues regarding how to ensure that governance decisions in distributed ledger systems in the interest of all actors and stakeholders involved in the operations of organizational operations. Therefore, it is imperative to provides a better understanding of the governance of DLT adoption in organizations. Accordingly, this study conducts an extensive literature review to investigate the governance issues and control of DLT adoption in intra-organizational domain. Findings from this study presents state-of-the-art governance practices to offer a comprehensive understanding on key governance issues in organizations. Additionally, the findings present factors associated with governance of DLT adoption solutions. More importantly, a governance model is developed to enhance the adoption of DLT adoption to accelerate the digitalization of organizational operations.
Effects of Macroprudential Policies on Bank Lending and Credit Risks
Authors: Behncke Stefanie
Published: March 2022

I analyse the effects of two macroprudential policy measures implemented in Switzerland: the activation of the countercyclical capital buffer (CCyB) and a cap on the loan-to-value (LTV) ratios. I use a difference-in-differences method to estimate the effects of these measures on risk indicators, such as their LTV and loan-to-income (LTI) ratios and mortgage growth rates. I find that both the CCyB and the LTV cap led to a reduction in high LTV mortgages. The banks affected by the CCyB also reduced their mortgage growth rates. I do not find any evidence that these measures had unintended consequences on LTI risks, other measures of mortgage lending standards, or non-mortgage credit growth.
Parental Depression Symptoms and Internalizing Mental Health Problems in Autistic Children
Authors: Piro-Gambetti Brianna , Greenlee Jessica , Hickey Emily J. , Putney Jennifer M. , Lorang Emily , Hartley Sigan L.
Published: March 2022

Autistic youth are at risk for internalizing mental health problems such as depression and anxiety. Similarly, parents of autistic youth report higher levels of depression than parents of typically developing children. The goal of this study was to examine bidirectional associations between parent depression symptoms and the internalizing problems of autistic youth in 188 families across four time points (T1–T4; spaced 12 months apart). A cross-lagged panel model revealed that mother (T1 and T2) and father (T1) depression symptoms positively predicted the youth’s internalizing problems 12 months later. The youth’s internalizing problems at T3 positively predicted maternal depression symptoms at T4. Future research should explore genetic and environmental pathways that link parent depression and internalizing problems in autistic youth.
Novel insights into the SLC7A11-mediated ferroptosis signaling pathways in preeclampsia patients: identifying pannexin 1 and toll-like receptor 4 as innovative prospective diagnostic biomarkers
Authors: El-Khalik Sarah Ragab Abd , Ibrahim Rowida Raafat , Ghafar Muhammad Tarek Abdel , Shatat Doaa , El-Deeb Omnia Safwat
Published: March 2022

Purpose

Ferroptosis is associated with oxidative stress (OS) and is caused by iron-dependent lipid-peroxidative damage, but its role in PE is unclear. The aim of this study is to determine whether pannexin 1 (Panx1) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are key regulators of ferroptosis in PE.

Methods

The study included 65 patients with PE and 25 healthy pregnant women. In normal and PE placental tissues, OS and ferroptosis markers, including Fe2+, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4) activity, were estimated. Panx1 and solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) mRNA expression levels were relatively quantified in placental tissues using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), while serum Panx1, serum TLR4, and placental activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) levels were measured by ELISA.

Results

In placental tissues, Panx1 and TLR4 expression levels were significantly increased in patients with PE compared to controls and were positively correlated with pro-ferroptosis mediators such as placental Fe2+ and MDA levels and negatively correlated with anti-ferroptosis regulators such as placental GSH level, HO-1, and Gpx4 activity. Additionally, Panx1 and TLR4 had a positive correlation with ATF3 and a negative correlation with SLC7A11. Serum Panx1 and TLR4 levels were positively correlated with their placental tissue expression and showed good diagnostic capabilities for ferroptosis in PE.

Conclusion

Therefore, Panx1 and TLR4 are suggested to induce ferroptosis in PE via SLC7A11-mediated signaling pathways, offering a novel perspective on PE pathogenesis and novel diagnostic tools for PE.
Automatic Cardiac Structure Contouring for Small Datasets with Cascaded Deep Learning Models
Authors: van den Oever L. B. , Spoor D. S. , Crijns A. P. G. , Vliegenthart R. , Oudkerk M. , Veldhuis R. N. J. , de Bock G. H. , van Ooijen P. M. A.
Published: March 2022

Cardiac structure contouring is a time consuming and tedious manual activity used for radiotherapeutic dose toxicity planning. We developed an automatic cardiac structure segmentation pipeline for use in low-dose non-contrast planning CT based on deep learning algorithms for small datasets. Fifty CT scans were retrospectively selected and the whole heart, ventricles and atria were contoured. A two stage deep learning pipeline was trained on 41 non contrast planning CTs, tuned with 3 CT scans and validated on 6 CT scans. In the first stage, An InceptionResNetV2 network was used to identify the slices that contained cardiac structures. The second stage consisted of three deep learning models trained on the images containing cardiac structures to segment the structures. The three deep learning models predicted the segmentations/contours on axial, coronal and sagittal images and are combined to create the final prediction. The final accuracy of the pipeline was quantified on 6 volumes by calculating the Dice similarity coefficient (DC), 95% Hausdorff distance (95% HD) and volume ratios between predicted and ground truth volumes. Median DC and 95% HD of 0.96, 0.88, 0.92, 0.80 and 0.82, and 1.86, 2.98, 2.02, 6.16 and 6.46 were achieved for the whole heart, right and left ventricle, and right and left atria respectively. The median differences in volume were -4, -1, + 5, -16 and -20% for the whole heart, right and left ventricle, and right and left atria respectively. The automatic contouring pipeline achieves good results for whole heart and ventricles. Robust automatic contouring with deep learning methods seems viable for local centers with small datasets.
Confidentiality considerations: multimedia signals transmission over different wireless channels utilized efficient secured model
Authors: Nassar Sabry S. , El-Bendary Mohsen A. M.
Published: March 2022

The confidentiality of highly-sensitive multimedia signals is considered in this paper, it can be enhanced by efficient secured model utilizing several-layer security algorithms. The hybrid data hiding and cryptographic techniques are merged for constructing secured model. The Least Significant Bit (LSB) data hiding steganography is utilized with a 2-D Logistic-based map (Model-I) and second Model-II involves data hiding merging within chaotic-Baker-based image encryption security techniques. ِPerformance analyzing and comparison have been presented utilizing various images for examining the applicability of the different proposed image security scenarios for securing wireless image transmission over noise-free, and noisy channels. Moreover, the proposed algorithms are applied for transmission over Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) channels, and their performance is evaluated under different conditions of fading environments with utilizing the powerful error control schemes in the case of SUI-3 model channel and randomizing the packet based on the encryption tools. An equalizer is used to mitigate the impact of composite fading. A multi-layer security model using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) steganography with chaotic Baker encryption is proposed to protect highly-sensitive text based data records. The results reveal that it can be used efficiently for protecting highly-sensitive text message and records (text-based data). The timing analysis and comparative study are considered with respect to the previous related works.
The use of composite time trade-off and discrete choice experiment methods for the valuation of the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (SWEMWBS): a think-aloud study
Authors: Yiu Hei Hang Edmund , Al-Janabi Hareth , Stewart-Brown Sarah , Petrou Stavros , Madan Jason
Published: March 2022

Purpose

To identify patterns and problems in completing composite time trade-off (C-TTO) and discrete choice experiment (DCE) exercises for the valuation of the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (SWEMWBS) to inform the optimisation of a valuation protocol.

Methods

Fourteen cognitive interviews were conducted in the UK using concurrent and retrospective think-aloud and probing techniques. Each participant completed 8 C-TTO tasks and 8 DCE tasks within a computer-assisted personal interview setting. Verbal information was transcribed verbatim. Axial coding and thematic analysis were used to organise the qualitative data and identify patterns and problems with the completion of tasks.

Results

While participants found the tasks generally manageable, five broad themes emerged to explain and optimise the response to the tasks. (1) Format and structure: attention to the design of practice examples, instructions, and layout were needed. (2) Items and levels: underlying relationships were discovered across different combinations of levels of SWEMWBS items. (3) Decision heuristics: participants engaged in diverse strategies to assist trade-off decisions. (4) Valuation feasibility: certain states were difficult to imagine, compare and quantify. (5) Valuation outcome: the data quality was affected by participants’ discriminatory ability across states and their time trade-off decisions.

Conclusion

The interviews contributed insights regarding the robustness of the proposed methods. The application of C-TTO and DCE valuation techniques was practical and suitable for capturing individual attitudes towards different mental well-being scenarios. A modified protocol informed by the results is being tested in a larger sample across the UK.
Graphical test for discrete uniformity and its applications in goodness-of-fit evaluation and multiple sample comparison
Authors: Säilynoja Teemu , Bürkner Paul-Christian , Vehtari Aki
Published: March 2022

Assessing goodness of fit to a given distribution plays an important role in computational statistics. The probability integral transformation (PIT) can be used to convert the question of whether a given sample originates from a reference distribution into a problem of testing for uniformity. We present new simulation- and optimization-based methods to obtain simultaneous confidence bands for the whole empirical cumulative distribution function (ECDF) of the PIT values under the assumption of uniformity. Simultaneous confidence bands correspond to such confidence intervals at each point that jointly satisfy a desired coverage. These methods can also be applied in cases where the reference distribution is represented only by a finite sample, which is useful, for example, for simulation-based calibration. The confidence bands provide an intuitive ECDF-based graphical test for uniformity, which also provides useful information on the quality of the discrepancy. We further extend the simulation and optimization methods to determine simultaneous confidence bands for testing whether multiple samples come from the same underlying distribution. This multiple sample comparison test is useful, for example, as a complementary diagnostic in multi-chain Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) convergence diagnostics, where most currently used convergence diagnostics provide a single diagnostic value, but do not usually offer insight into the nature of the deviation. We provide numerical experiments to assess the properties of the tests using both simulated and real-world data and give recommendations on their practical application in computational statistics workflows.
Classifying Examples is More Effective for Learning Relational Categories Than Reading or Generating Examples
Authors: Steininger Tim M. , Wittwer Jörg , Voss Thamar
Published: March 2022

Successful teaching requires that student teachers acquire a conceptual understanding of teaching practices. A promising way to promote such a conceptual understanding is to provide student teachers with examples. We conducted a 3 (between-subjects factor example format: reading, generation, classification) x 4 (within-subjects factor type of knowledge: facts, concepts, principles, procedures) experiment with N = 83 student teachers to examine how different formats of learning with examples influence the acquisition of relational categories in the context of lesson planning. Classifying provided examples was more effective for conceptual learning than reading provided examples or generating new examples. At the same time, reading provided examples or generating new examples made no difference in conceptual learning. However, generating new examples resulted in overly optimistic judgments of conceptual learning whereas reading provided examples or classifying provided examples led to rather accurate judgments of conceptual learning. Regardless of example format, more complex categories were more difficult to learn than less complex categories. The findings indicate that classifying provided examples is an effective form of conceptual learning. Generating examples, however, might be detrimental to learning in early phases of concept acquisition. In addition, learning with examples should be adapted to the complexity of the covered categories.
Senolytic treatment rescues blunted muscle hypertrophy in old mice
Authors: Dungan Cory M. , Figueiredo Vandre C. , Wen Yuan , VonLehmden Georgia L. , Zdunek Christopher J. , Thomas Nicholas T. , Mobley C. Brooks , Murach Kevin A. , Brightwell Camille R. , Long Douglas E. , Fry Christopher S. , Kern Philip A. , McCarthy John J. , Peterson Charlotte A.
Published: March 2022

With aging, skeletal muscle plasticity is attenuated in response to exercise. Here, we report that senescent cells, identified using senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA β-Gal) activity and p21 immunohistochemistry, are very infrequent in resting muscle, but emerge approximately 2 weeks after a bout of resistance exercise in humans. We hypothesized that these cells contribute to blunted hypertrophic potential in old age. Using synergist ablation-induced mechanical overload (MOV) of the plantaris muscle to model resistance training in adult (5–6-month) and old (23–24-month) male C57BL/6 J mice, we found increased senescent cells in both age groups during hypertrophy. Consistent with the human data, there were negligible senescent cells in plantaris muscle from adult and old sham controls, but old mice had significantly more senescent cells 7 and 14 days following MOV relative to young. Old mice had blunted whole-muscle hypertrophy when compared to adult mice, along with smaller muscle fibers, specifically glycolytic type 2x + 2b fibers. To ablate senescent cells using a hit-and-run approach, old mice were treated with vehicle or a senolytic cocktail consisting of 5 mg/kg dasatinib and 50 mg/kg quercetin (D + Q) on days 7 and 10 during 14 days of MOV; control mice underwent sham surgery with or without senolytic treatment. Old mice given D + Q had larger muscles and muscle fibers after 14 days of MOV, fewer senescent cells when compared to vehicle-treated old mice, and changes in the expression of genes (i.e., Igf1, Ddit4, Mmp14) that are associated with hypertrophic growth. Our data collectively show that senescent cells emerge in human and mouse skeletal muscle following a hypertrophic stimulus and that D + Q improves muscle growth in old mice.
A near-infrared plasma membrane-specific AIE probe for fluorescence lifetime imaging of phagocytosis
Authors: Wu Ming-Yu , Leung Jong-Kai , Kam Chuen , Chou Tsu Yu , Wang Jia-Li , Zhao Xueqian , Feng Shun , Chen Sijie
Published: March 2022

Phagocytosis is a biological process that plays a key role in host defense and tissue homeostasis. Efficient approaches for realtime imaging of phagocytosis are highly desired but limited. Herein, an AIE-active near-infrared fluorescent probe, named TBTCP, was developed for fluorescence lifetime imaging of phagocytosis. TBTCP could selectively label the cell plasma membrane with fast staining, wash-free process, high signal-to-background ratio, and excellent photostability. Cellular membrane statuses under different osmolarities as well as macrophage phagocytosis of bacteria or large silica particles in early stages could be reported by the fluorescence lifetime changes of TBTCP. Compared with current fluorescence imaging methods, which target the bioenvironmental changes in the late phagocytosis stage, this approach detects the changes in the cell membrane, thus giving a faster response to phagocytosis. This article provides a functional tool to report the phagocytic dynamics of macrophages which may greatly contribute to the studies of phagocytic function-related diseases.
Radiocarbon dating and Hallstatt chronology: a Bayesian chronological model for the burial sequence at Dietfurt an der Altmühl ‘Tennisplatz’, Bavaria, Germany
Authors: Rose Helene Agerskov , Müller-Scheeßel Nils , Meadows John , Hamann Christian
Published: March 2022

This study is first attempt to refine Early Iron Age absolute chronology, specifically the timing of the Hallstatt C-D transition in southern Germany, using Bayesian chronological modelling of radiocarbon (14C) dates. The Hallstatt period (c.800–450 BC) marks the transition from prehistory to proto-history in Central Europe. The relative chronological framework for Hallstatt burials developed by the mid-twentieth century is still used today, but absolute dating is limited by the scarcity of dendrochronological dates and the perception that 14C dating in the Hallstatt period (HaC-HaD) is futile, due to the calibration plateau between c.750 and 400 cal BC. We present new AMS 14C dates on 16 HaC-HaD burials from a stratified sequence at Dietfurt an der Altmühl ‘Tennisplatz’ (Bavaria, Germany). This sequence is situated entirely on the ‘Hallstatt plateau’, but by combining 14C dating with osteological, stratigraphic, and typological information, we demonstrate that the plateau is no longer the ‘catastrophe’ for archaeological chronology once envisaged. Taking into account dendrochronological dating elsewhere, we show that at Dietfurt, the HaC-HaD transition almost certainly occurred before 650 cal BC, and most likely between 685 and 655 cal BC (68.3% probability), several decades earlier than usually assumed. We confirm the accuracy and robustness of this estimate by sensitivity testing. We suggest that it is now possible, and essential, to exploit the increased precision offered by AMS measurement and the IntCal20 14C calibration curve to re-evaluate absolute chronologies in Early Iron Age Europe and equivalent periods in other regions.
A relation for accelerating deformation of sandy soil and its application to predict the time to failure of a sandy model slope under repeated rainfall
Authors: Sasahara Katsuo
Published: March 2022

The measurement of groundwater level and surface displacement in a sandy model slope under repeated rainfall was conducted to examine the effect of repeated pore pressure loading and unloading on the slope deformation. The velocity increased with small fluctuation even immediately before failure. Positive and negative accelerations occurred due to fluctuations in the velocity. The velocity increased with a considerable rise in the groundwater level and approached its ultimate value immediately before failure. The surface displacement increased not only with the rise in the groundwater level but also with the fall of the groundwater level and under a constant groundwater level. The relationships between the velocity and the absolute value of the acceleration derived from the surface displacement were linear on a logarithmic scale and unique for each stage with increasing and decreasing velocities due to the rise and lowering in the groundwater level. While the relationship was different during the stage of creep during failure. The relationship had been recognized to be applicable only during an increase in velocity; in this paper, a new relationship was established for any velocity trend and the method for predicting the time of failure was proposed based on the relationship between the velocity and acceleration. The time remaining to failure, which was defined as the difference between the predicted failure time and present time, could approach zero at the actual failure time when the constant α in the equation was greater than 1.4, and the determining factor in regression analysis for deriving the constant was high under different periods of measurement before the final event. The time remaining to failure approaching zero might be an indicator for predicting failure time.
Typhoon Risk Perception: A Case Study of Typhoon Lekima in China
Authors: Tang Jiting , Yang Saini , Liu Yimeng , Yao Kezhen , Wang Guofu
Published: March 2022

The typhoon is one major threat to human societies and natural ecosystems, and its risk perception is crucial for contextualizing and managing disaster risks in different social settings. Social media data are a new data source for studying risk perception, because such data are timely, widely distributed, and sensitive to emergencies. However, few studies have focused on crowd sensitivity variation in social media data-based typhoon risk perception. Based on the regional disaster system theory, a framework of analysis for crowd risk perception was established to explore the feasibility of using social media data for typhoon risk perception analysis and crowd sensitivity variation. The goal was to quantitatively analyze the impact of hazard intensity and social and geographical environments on risk perception and its variation among population groups. Taking the Sina Weibo data during Typhoon Lekima of 2019 as an example, we found that: (1) Typhoon Lekima-related Weibo public attention changed in accordance with the evolution of the typhoon track and the number of Weibo posts shows a significantly positive correlation with disaster losses, while socioeconomic factors, including population, gross domestic product, and land area, are not explanatory factors of the spatial distribution of disaster-related Weibo posts; (2) Females, nonlocals with travel plans, and people living in areas with high hazard intensity, low elevation, or near waterbodies affected by Lekima paid more attention to the typhoon disaster; and (3) Descriptions of rainfall intensity by females are closer to the meteorological observation data.
Stability of Embankment Constructed on Soft Soil Treated with Soil–Cement Columns
Authors: Prakash K. G. , Krishnamoorthy A.
Published: March 2022

The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of soil–cement (SC) columns, provided either individually or in combination with lime columns, on the stability of embankment constructed on soft consolidating soil. The stability of the embankment was evaluated in terms of both the settlement and factor of safety at various time intervals during the consolidation. The effectiveness of columns was studied numerically using the two-dimensional plane strain finite element method. Settlement, excess pore water pressure and factor of safety were obtained at various time intervals. From the study, it was concluded that SC columns were effective in improving both the settlement and factor of safety of embankment throughout the consolidation of foundation soil. Provision of SC columns with lime columns was also effective in improving the stability of embankment. In addition, the stability of the embankment was affected by the arrangement of columns in the lime and SC composite system. The arrangement most effective to improve the settlement need not be the most effective system to improve the factor of safety after the construction of the embankment.
Empirical Model for the Description of Weld Seam Geometry in Coaxial Laser Hot-Wire Deposition Welding Processes with Different Steel Wires
Authors: Budde Laura , Biester Kai , Huse Michael , Lammers Marius , Hermsdorf Jörg , Overmeyer Ludger
Published: March 2022

Claddings are used to protect areas of components that are exposed to particular chemical, physical or tribological stresses. The aim when developing a cladding process is to achieve a cladding with low waviness in order to reduce the amount of machining required. Computational models and FEA simulations can be used to determine process parameters for claddings with low rework including a prediction of the height and width of a single weld seam aswell as the development of welding strategies. In this paper empirical models describing the geometry of single weld seams on a substrate manufactured with a coaxial laser hot-wire cladding process are investigated for three steel wire materials and different welding parameters. The coordinates of surface points of the weld seams were detected using a laser scanning microscope and post-processed by a self-created script. In order to describe the cross sectional shape of the weld seams, the parameters of parabolic, cosinusiodal or circular arc model functions are derived from the surface data using a fitting algorithm. For the tested wire materials, an effect of the wire material on the shape of the weld seam was not observed. The investigations also show that regardless of the varied welding parameter set or wire material, a circular model function appears to be the most suitable model shape for describing the cross sectional weld seam geometry in coaxial laser metal deposition with hot-wire. The regression residua using a circular arc model function ranged from 18.9 $$\upmu$$
μ
m to 34.6 $$\upmu$$
μ
m, which indicates a good approximation.
Anomaly detection for high-dimensional space using deep hypersphere fused with probability approach
Authors: Zheng Jian , Li Jingyi , Liu Cong , Wang Jianfeng , Li Jiang , Liu Hongling
Published: March 2022

Data distribution presents sparsity in a high-dimensional space, thus difficulty affording sufficient information to distinguish anomalies from normal instances. Moreover, a high-dimensional space may exist many subspaces, obviously, anomalies can exist in any subspaces. This also creates trouble for anomaly mining. Consequently, it is a challenge for anomaly mining in a high-dimensional space. To address this, here proposed a deep hypersphere method fused with probabilistic approach for anomaly mining. In the proposed method, the deep neural network is used as a feature extractor to capture those layered low-dimensional features from the data lying in a high-dimensional space. To promote the ability of the deep neural network to capture these features, the probability approach of sample binary-classification is fused into the loss function, thereby forming the probability deep neural network Then, the hypersphere is used as an anomalous detector. In the low-dimensional features extracted by the deep neural network, the anomalous detector separates anomaly features from normal features. Finally, experimental results on synthetic and real-world data sets show that the proposed method not only outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in the precision of mined anomalies, but also this hybrid method consisting of deep neural networks and traditional detection methods has outstanding capabilities of mining high-dimensional anomalies. We find that deep neural networks fusing the probabilistic method of sample multi-classification can capture these desired low-dimensional features; moreover, these captured low-dimensional features present more obvious layered characteristics. We also demonstrate that as long as these captured features represent a fewer anomaly instances, it can sufficiently identify anomalies from normal instances.
A federated learning framework for cyberattack detection in vehicular sensor networks
Authors: Driss Maha , Almomani Iman , e Huma Zil , Ahmad Jawad
Published: March 2022

Vehicular Sensor Networks (VSN) introduced a new paradigm for modern transportation systems by improving traffic management and comfort. However, the increasing adoption of smart sensing technologies with the Internet of Things (IoT) made VSN a high-value target for cybercriminals. In recent years, Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) techniques attracted the research community to develop security solutions for IoT networks. Traditional ML and DL approaches that operate with data stored on a centralized server raise major privacy problems for user data. On the other hand, the resource-constrained nature of a smart sensing network demands lightweight security solutions. To address these issues, this article proposes a Federated Learning (FL)-based attack detection framework for VSN. The proposed scheme utilizes a group of Gated Recurrent Units (GRU) with a Random Forest (RF)-based ensembler unit. The effectiveness of the suggested framework is investigated through multiple performance metrics. Experimental findings indicate that the proposed FL approach successfully detected the cyberattacks in VSN with the highest accuracy of 99.52%. The other performance scores, precision, recall, and F1 are attained as 99.77%, 99.54%, and 99.65%, respectively.
Interactive spatio-temporal feature learning network for video foreground detection
Authors: Zhang Hongrui , Li Huan
Published: March 2022

Video foreground detection (VFD), as one of the basic pre-processing tasks, is very essential for subsequent target tracking and recognition. However, due to the interference of shadow, dynamic background, and camera jitter, constructing a suitable detection network is still challenging. Recently, convolution neural networks have proved its reliability in many fields with their powerful feature extraction ability. Therefore, an interactive spatio-temporal feature learning network (ISFLN) for VFD is proposed in this paper. First, we obtain the deep and shallow spatio-temporal information of two paths with multi-level and multi-scale. The deep feature is conducive to enhancing feature identification capabilities, while the shallow feature is dedicated to fine boundary segmentation. Specifically, an interactive multi-scale feature extraction module (IMFEM) is designed to facilitate the information transmission between different types of features. Then, a multi-level feature enhancement module (MFEM), which provides precise object knowledge for decoder, is proposed to guide the coding information of each layer by the fusion spatio-temporal difference characteristic. Experimental results on LASIESTA, CDnet2014, INO, and AICD datasets demonstrate that the proposed ISFLN is more effective than the existing advanced methods.
Recent Advances in Design Strategies and Multifunctionality of Flexible Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Materials
Authors: Cheng Junye , Li Chuanbing , Xiong Yingfei , Zhang Huibin , Raza Hassan , Ullah Sana , Wu Jinyi , Zheng Guangping , Cao Qi , Zhang Deqing , Zheng Qingbin , Che Renchao
Published: March 2022

With rapid development of 5G communication technologies, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding for electronic devices has become an urgent demand in recent years, where the development of corresponding EMI shielding materials against detrimental electromagnetic radiation plays an essential role. Meanwhile, the EMI shielding materials with high flexibility and functional integrity are highly demanded for emerging shielding applications. Hitherto, a variety of flexible EMI shielding materials with lightweight and multifunctionalities have been developed. In this review, we not only introduce the recent development of flexible EMI shielding materials, but also elaborate the EMI shielding mechanisms and the index for "green EMI shielding" performance. In addition, the construction strategies for sophisticated multifunctionalities of flexible shielding materials are summarized. Finally, we propose several possible research directions for flexible EMI shielding materials in near future, which could be inspirational to the fast-growing next-generation flexible electronic devices with reliable and multipurpose protections as offered by EMI shielding materials.
Body Image and Body Schema in Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Scoping Review
Authors: Bertuccelli Margherita , Cantele Francesca , Masiero Stefano
Published: March 2022

Alterations in body representations (i.e., body image and body schema) are increasingly getting attention in clinical practice. Adolescents affected by idiopathic scoliosis experience body image dissatisfaction, and alterations in body schema have been suggested to be a consequence of the disease development. Although research has recognized the predisposing role of body representation disorders to psychopathologies, these aspects have been largely overlooked in this clinical population. This scoping review aims to establish the state of the art on the widely neglected aspects of body image and body schema disorders in adolescents affected by idiopathic scoliosis. PubMed, Scopus, PsycInfo, and MEDLINE were consulted to select articles published between 2000 and 2021. Three independent reviewers identified 27 articles by following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping review guidelines. Body image was assessed in 24 of the 27 studies. Body image disorders were reported, with more severe scoliosis cases showing higher body image dissatisfaction. Surgery seems to be the best approach to improve body image outcomes, but studies did not reveal clear associations between clinical measures of scoliosis severity (e.g., Cobb angle, hump height) and body image. Disorders of body schema have been reported, but the finding might have been biased by the paucity of studies on this aspect of body representations (4/27). This review highlighted the wide prevalence of psychological distress and body schema alterations among adolescents affected by idiopathic scoliosis; but it also revealed that both are disregarded and not properly evaluated.
Cultural variability in appraisal patterns for nine positive emotions
Authors: Cong Yong-Qi , Keltner Dacher , Sauter Disa
Published: March 2022

Emotions result from evaluations of events, referred to as appraisals. Specific configurations of appraisals have been shown to characterize different emotions, with some variation occurring across cultures. However, appraisal research to date has focused primarily on negative emotions, though recent efforts have started to also examine the appraisal profiles of positive emotions. Cross-cultural work on the appraisals of positive emotions has, however, been scarce. Here, we examine the appraisal profiles of nine positive emotions in the US and China. Using 13 commonly employed appraisal dimensions, we investigated the evaluations of events eliciting amusement, awe, compassion, desire, gratitude, interest, love, pride, and relief. Eighty participants from China and the US recalled events from their own life involving each of these emotions and provided Likert-scale appraisal ratings for each emotional event. Consistent with previous research, we find distinct appraisal patters for each positive emotion. We also, for the first time, demonstrate cultural variations in appraisals of positive emotions. Our study extends existing research by highlighting differences in appraisals of positive emotions across cultures.
Risk Attitudes to Catastrophic Events: VSL and WTP for Insurance Against Earthquakes
Authors: Barbieri Nicolò , Mazzanti Massimiliano , Montini Anna , Rampa Andrea
Published: March 2022

The purpose of the paper is to investigate the attitude to risk related to low-probability, high-impact events. To do this, we compare the willingness to pay (WTP) to reduce mortality risks and the WTP for life insurance against earthquakes. We explore whether risk perception affects these measures, and exploit WTP to reduce risk of fatality to calculate the Value of a Statistical Life (VSL) related to seismic events. We rely on data from a survey administered to a representative sample of the Italian population. Our results highlight that the WTP to reduce mortality risk is lower than the WTP for life insurance, and that the correlations between risk perception and these two measures differ. The findings suggest that individuals’ preferences are directed toward risk management strategies in which the mortality risk is transferred to the capital market, rather than risk mitigation strategies involving the individual in sharing the costs and benefits with all of society.
(Mal)Adaptive Learning After Switches Between Object-Based and Rule-Based Environments
Authors: Schaaf Jessica V. , Xu Bing , Jepma Marieke , Visser Ingmar , Huizenga Hilde M.
Published: March 2022

In reinforcement-learning studies, the environment is typically object-based; that is, objects are predictive of a reward. Recently, studies also adopted rule-based environments in which stimulus dimensions are predictive of a reward. In the current study, we investigated how people learned (1) in an object-based environment, (2) following a switch to a rule-based environment, (3) following a switch to a different rule-based environment, and (4) following a switch back to an object-based environment. To do so, we administered a reinforcement-learning task comprising of four blocks with consecutively an object-based environment, a rule-based environment, another rule-based environment, and an object-based environment. Computational-modeling results suggest that people (1) initially adopt rule-based learning despite its suboptimal nature in an object-based environment, (2) learn rules after a switch to a rule-based environment, (3) experience interference from previously-learned rules following a switch to a different rule-based environment, and (4) learn objects after a final switch to an object-based environment. These results imply people have a hard time adjusting to switches between object-based and rule-based environments, although they do learn to do so.
Humble Behaviorism Redux
Authors: Kirby Megan S. , Spencer Trina D. , Spiker Shane T.
Published: March 2022

The need to bring behavior analysis to scale is no more obvious or urgent than now. Collaboration between behavior analysts and healthcare workers, educators, policymakers, mental health clinicians, social workers, and so many other professionals is critical to reaching under-resourced and traditionally marginalized populations. First, however, interprofessional collaboration must be adopted widely and reinforced within the behavior analytic community. Disciplinary centrism and hubris pose barriers to effective interprofessional collaboration, leading one to assume the position that practitioners of the same discipline are better trained and smarter than those of a different field. However, cultural humility (Wright, Behavior Analysis in Practice, 12(4), 805–809, 2019) is an alternative to disciplinary centrism that allows professionals to retain identities born of cultural histories and training (Pecukonis, Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 40(3), 211–220, 2020). Furthermore, cultural reciprocity is a process of self-observation and collaborative inquiry that involves questioning one’s own assumptions and forces individuals (and professions) to confront the contradictions between their values and their practices (Kalyanpur & Harry, 1999). In this paper, we revisit the call for Humble Behaviorism first made by Alan Neuringer in 1991 and the recommendations of fellow behavior analysts since. Specifically, we introduce a framework of cultural reciprocity to guide humble behaviorists as they acquire behaviors necessary to establish and maintain productive interprofessional relationships. We encourage them to act on their ethical and moral duties to address social problems of global concern and bring behavior analysis to scale.
The adhesively-bonded glass brick system of the Qaammat Pavilion in Greenland: From research to realization
Authors: Oikonomopoulou F. , Bristogianni T. , van der Velden M. , Ikonomidis K.
Published: March 2022

An adhesively bonded, solid-glass brick pavilion has been designed by Konstantin Arkitekter as a landmark within the Aasivissuit – Nipisat UNESCO heritage in Greenland. The sculptural glass structure, measuring approximately 3.2 m in diameter × 2 m in height, faces a diverse set of engineering challenges compared to existing adhesively bonded glass brick structures. Placed in a remote location in the arctic circle, it has to withstand winter temperatures as low as -35 °C, and be built under a limited budget with the aid of the local population. Hence, key for the successful construction of the pavilion is finding an adhesive that satisfies the structural and aesthetic requirements of the project and simultaneously provides a simple and fast construction that spares the need for specialized building crew and sophisticated equipment, and is able to withstand the polar winter temperatures. Applicability and shear tests in (i) lab temperature conditions and (ii)) -5 °C lead to the final selection of: (a)3M™ Scotch-Weld™ Polyurethane Adhesive DP610,which has a higher shear strength capacity, 1 mm gap filling capacity and is clear in colour, for bonding the bottom rows of the pavilion where higher strength is required due to the reduced overlapping of the bricks; and of (b) DOWSIL Experimental Fast Curing Adhesive developed by Dow Silicones Belgium particularly for this project, with a satisfactory shear strength, 3 mm gap filling capacity and white colour for the rest of the pavilion; its considerably larger gap filling capacity facilitates the ease of assembly as it can accommodate within the joint thickness the anticipated ± 1.5 mm standard size deviations of the soda-lime cast glass solid bricks and the possible accumulated deviations during construction. The paper further describes the application of the adhesive, first on a small-scale prototype, and then on site, and presents the encountered engineering and logistical challenges during the construction of the pavilion in Greenland.
Justification as ignorance and epistemic Geach principles
Authors: Dutant Julien
Published: March 2022

Sven Rosenkranz’s Justification as Ignorance shows how a strongly internalist conception of justification can be derived from a strongly externalist conception of knowledge, given an identification of justification with second-order ignorance (not knowing that one doesn’t know) and a set of structural principles concerning knowing and being in a position to know. Among these principles is an epistemic analogue of the Geach modal schema which states that one is always in a position to know that one doesn’t know p or in a position to know that one doesn’t know not-p. Even suitably refined, the principle faces a range of counterexamples in which it misleadingly and persistently seems to one that one knows whether p without it seeming to one that one knows p nor that one knows not-p. These cases also threaten the book’s case for the luminosity of second-order ignorance, which is in turn central to its derivation of strongly internalist principles of justification.
Bronze Age Maritime and Warrior Dynamics in Island East Asia
Authors: Hudson Mark
Published: March 2022

Recent interdisciplinary studies, combining scientific techniques such as ancient DNA analysis with humanistic re-evaluations of the transcultural value of bronze, have presented archaeologists with a fresh view of the Bronze Age in Europe. The new research emphasises long-distance connectivities and political decentralisation. 'Bronzisation' is discussed as a type of proto-globalisation. In this Element, Mark Hudson examines whether these approaches can also be applied to East Asia. Focusing primarily on Island East Asia, he analyses trade, maritime interactions and warrior culture in a comparative Eurasian framework. He argues that the international division of labour associated with Bronze Age trade provided an important stimulus to the rise of decentralised complexity in regions peripheral to alluvial states. Building on James Scott's work, the concept of the 'barbarian niche' is proposed as a way to model the longue durée of premodern Eurasian history. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.