bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is it useful to evaluate the presence of aberrant right subclavian artery in prenatal diagnosis ultrasounds?
Authors: Martínez‐Payo Cristina , Suanzes Elena , Nieto‐Jiménez Yolanda , Ruiz de Azúa Miguel , Siles Ana , Usano Ana Isabel , Pérez‐Medina Tirso
Published: October 2020

Aim

Analyze if the evaluation of aberrant right subclavian artery in the prenatal echography has improved the detection of chromosomal, genetic and/or morphological abnormalities in our population.

Methods

Descriptive, observational, cross‐sectional study of the cases of aberrant right subclavian artery diagnosed in our Prenatal Diagnosis Unit between January of 2011 and December of 2018.

Results

Two hundred and fifty‐seven cases of aberrant right subclavian artery were diagnosed and among them, 179 were considered isolated cases and thus were confirmed after birth. The detection of aberrant right subclavian artery did not improve itself neither the diagnosis of trisomy 21 in the second trimester of pregnancy nor other chromosomal or genetic abnormalities, including the not isolated cases. There were two cases of trisomy 21 diagnosed in the second trimester that presented major sonographic disorders and an inadequate examination during the first trimester. When aberrant right subclavian artery was associated with soft markers of aneuploidy in the second trimester, any case was a trisomy 21. Aberrant right subclavian artery seems to be associated with some minor and major heart defects, especially ventriculoseptal defect and aneurismatic ductus, and in some cases, also with clubfeet.

Conclusion

When an adequate screening of aneuploidies and a thorough ultrasound have been performed during the first trimester, aberrant right subclavian artery hardly helps to perform other diagnosis in the second trimester.
Changes in pulp sensitivity across the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with temporomandibular disorders
Authors: Krunic Jelena , Mladenovic Irena , Radovic Ivana , Stojanovic Nikola
Published: October 2020

Background

Menstrual cycle may contribute to experimental pain measures in healthy women and women with chronic pain.

Objectives

The present study aimed to investigate variation in pulp sensitivity across the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and to explore the effect of TMD pain and psychosocial variables on the pulp response.

Methods

This longitudinal study involved 47 regularly menstruating women aged 20‐45, 24 healthy and 23 with diagnosed painful TMD. The electric and cold stimuli were performed by electric pulp tester and refrigerant spray, respectively, on mandibular lateral incisors, in five menstrual phases (menstrual, follicular, periovulatory, luteal and premenstrual). Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD were used to assess TMD, chronic pain, depression and somatisation. Regression analysis was performed to investigate the effect of the predictor variables on the pulp sensitivity.

Results

Significant phase‐related differences were observed for pain intensity to cold stimuli. Higher pain sensitivity was reported in menstrual in comparison with luteal phase (P = .019) among healthy women, and in menstrual in comparison with follicular (P = .033), periovulatory (P = .003) and luteal (P = .007) phases in TMD women. No significant differences were recorded for electric stimuli. Regression analysis identified depression as the determinant of cold and electric response in menstrual phase, regardless of age and presence of TMD.

Conclusion

Menstrual phase in healthy and TMD women with regular menstrual cycle is characterised with higher pulp sensitivity to cold stimuli. Depressive symptoms independently influence pulp response in this phase.
Sustaining Complement Quality for Digital Product Platforms: A Case Study of the Philips Hue Ecosystem
Authors: Hilbolling Susan , Berends Hans , Deken Fleur , Tuertscher Philipp
Published: October 2020

Innovation in a digital world increasingly revolves around open platforms that consist of a core technology and a large variety of complementary products developed by an ecosystem of independent complementors. The platform ecosystem literature has mainly focused on indirect network effects arising from the quantity of complements, with little attention to the quality of complements, despite the importance of quality for the complementary value that drives platform ecosystems. Because digital products are malleable and dependent on the ever‐evolving ecosystem, we advance arelationalanddynamicconceptualization of complement quality. Drawing on a systematic, in‐depth qualitative case study of the Philips Hue connected lighting platform and its complementary third‐party apps, we study how and why complement quality is sustained over time. By analyzing apps and their updates, we developed a process model that explains pathways through which complement quality is enhanced, maintained, or deteriorates. Changes in the platform core, changes in other ecosystem elements, and idiosyncratic connections by users result in expanding affordances, materializing glitches, and emerging obsolescence. Without further action, glitches and obsolescence lead to deteriorating quality. Joint action of complementors, platform owners, and users is needed to act upon affordances, glitches, and obsolescence, in order to maintain integrity and enhance functionality. This paper contributes to the literature on innovation in platform ecosystems by explaining the dynamic and relational nature of complement quality in a digital platform ecosystem and showing the interdependence of ecosystem members (the triad between platform owner, complementors, and users) in sustained development efforts.
Front End Transfers of Digital Innovations in a Hybrid Agile‐Stage‐Gate Setting
Authors: Brock Kati , den Ouden Elke , Langerak Fred , Podoynitsyna Ksenia
Published: October 2020

Digital innovations often follow a more fluid innovation process and, therefore, require different ways of managing the front end of innovation. Agile as alternative to established front end management practices is often suggested, potentially combined with Stage‐Gate, in what is called a hybrid Agile‐Stage‐Gate model, to reap the benefits from both. Implementing the hybrid model in the front end is however not sufficient for firms with separate Research and Development departments to succeed. In such organizations digital innovations still need to be transferred from Research, where the front end work on digital innovations takes place, to the Development department, where formal development actually starts. Yet, such front end transfers have been described as inefficient and ineffective. Realizing digital innovation front end transfers is likely even more challenging because of their fluid definition. In the absence of extant theory on front end transfers in such a setting, this research uses a case study approach to analyze the front end transfer experiences of the Research department of a firm in the lighting industry that is undergoing a transformation from traditional to digital lighting. The in‐depth analysis of triangulated data on eight front end projects shows that Research struggles to transfer digital innovations to Development, because transfer practices in terms of management, scope, and synchronization, turn out to be inherently challenging in a hybrid Agile‐Stage‐Gate setting. Specifically, the results reveal that each transfer practice plays an intricate role in either facilitating (i.e., transfer management) or inhibiting (i.e., transfer scope and synchronization) front end transfers of digital innovations. The discovery of these opposing forces has important implications for novel theorizing on the use of Agile in the front end of digital innovation, transfer practices from Research to Development in a hybrid setting, as well as for theorizing about digital innovation management.
Plant polyphenols can directly affect ovarian cell functions and modify toluene effects
Authors: Sirotkin Alexander , Záhoranska Zuzana , Tarko Adam , Fabova Zuzana , Alwasel Saleh , Halim Harrath Abdel
Published: October 2020

The influence of toluene alone and in combination with plant polyphenols apigenin, daidzein or rutin on viability, proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen accumulation), apoptosis (Bax accumulation) and release of progesterone (P), testosterone (T) and estradiol (E) in cultured porcine ovarian granulosa cells was evaluated. Toluene reduced ovarian cell viability, proliferation and E release; it promoted P release, demonstrating no effect on apoptosis or T output. Apigenin alone failed to affect cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis and P and T release, but stimulated E release, promoting the inhibitory action of toluene on proliferation, preventing and even reversing the stimulatory effect of toluene on apoptosis and P. Daidzein alone reduced cell viability and promoted T release, preventing and reversing the stimulatory effect of toluene on cell proliferation. Rutin administration reduced cell viability and E output, promoting the inhibitory action of toluene on cell viability and stimulatory effect on P release, and preventing the inhibitory action of toluene on E release. Toluene reduced apigenin‐ and rutin‐induced E release, promoting action of daidzein on cell viability. These observations suggest the action of toluene and plant polyphenols on ovarian cell functions and the functional interrelationships between these molecules in the ovary.
Genes affecting the extension of chronological lifespan in Schizosaccharomyces pombe (fission yeast)
Authors: Ohtsuka Hokuto , Shimasaki Takafumi , Aiba Hirofumi
Published: October 2020

So far, more than 70 genes involved in the chronological lifespan (CLS) of Schizosaccharomyces pombe (fission yeast) have been reported. In this mini‐review, we arrange and summarize these genes based on the reported genetic interactions between them and the physical interactions between their products. We describe the signal transduction pathways that affect CLS in S. pombe: target of rapamycin complex 1, cAMP‐dependent protein kinase, Sty1, and Pmk1 pathways have important functions in the regulation of CLS extension. Furthermore, the Php transcription complex, Ecl1 family proteins, cyclin Clg1, and the cyclin‐dependent kinase Pef1 are important for the regulation of CLS extension in S. pombe. Most of the known genes involved in CLS extension are related to these pathways and genes. In this review, we focus on the individual genes regulating CLS extension in S. pombe and discuss the interactions among them.
Novel selective agonist of GPR18, PSB‐KK‐1415 exerts potent anti‐inflammatory and anti‐nociceptive activities in animal models of intestinal inflammation and inflammatory pain
Authors: Fabisiak Adam , Fabisiak Natalia , Mokrowiecka Anna , Malecka‐Panas Ewa , Jacenik Damian , Kordek Radzislaw , Zielińska Marta , Kieć‐Kononowicz Katarzyna , Fichna Jakub
Published: October 2020

Background

GPR18 is a recently deorphanized receptor which was reported to act with several endogenous cannabinoid ligands. Here, we aimed to describe the role of GPR18 in intestinal inflammation and inflammatory pain.

Methods

The anti‐inflammatory activity of selective GPR18 agonist, PSB‐KK‐1415, and antagonist, PSB‐CB5, was characterized in semi‐chronic and chronic mouse models of colitis induced by 2,4,6‐trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS). The extent of inflammation was evaluated based on the macroscopic and microscopic scores, quantification of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and Western blot analyses of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐6 in colonic tissue. The expression of GPR18 in colonic samples from patients with Crohn's disease (CD) was quantified using real‐time PCR. The anti‐nociceptive potential of the agonist in intestinal inflammation was evaluated in the mouse model of inflammatory pain.

Key Results

In semi‐chronic colitis, PSB‐KK‐1415 reduced macroscopic score (1.79 ± 0.22 vs. 2.61 ± 0.48), expression of TNF‐α (1.89 ± 0.36 vs. 2.83 ± 0.64), and microscopic score (5.00 ± 0.33 vs. 6.45 ± 0.40), all compared to mice with colitis. In chronic colitis, PSB‐KK‐1415 decreased macroscopic score (3.33 ± 1.26 vs. 4.00 ± 1.32) and MPO activity (32.23 ± 8.51 vs. 41.33 ± 11.64) compared to inflamed mice. In the mouse model of inflammatory pain, PSB‐KK‐1415 decreased the number of pain‐induced behaviors in both, controls (32.60 ± 2.54 vs. 58.00 ± 6.24) and inflamed mice (60.83 ± 2.85 vs. 85.00 ± 5.77) compared to animals without treatment with PSB‐KK‐1415 (P < 0.005 for both). Lastly, we showed an increased expression of GPR18 in CD patients compared to healthy controls (3.77 ± 1.46 vs. 2.38 ± 0.66, p = 0.87).

Conclusions & Inferences

We showed that GPR18 is worth considering as a potential treatment target in intestinal inflammation and inflammatory pain.
Gender Gaps in the Evaluation of Research: Evidence from Submissions to Economics Conferences*
Authors: Hospido Laura , Sanz Carlos
Published: October 2020

We study gender differences in the evaluation of submissions to economics conferences. Using data on more than 9,000 submissions from the Annual Congress of the European Economic Association (2015–17), the Annual Meeting of the Spanish Economic Association (2012–17) and the Spring Meeting of Young Economists (2018), we find that all‐female‐authored papers are 3.3% points (p.p.), or 6.8%, less likely to be accepted than all‐male‐authored papers. The estimated gap ranges from 5.4 p.p. (95% CI: 2.5 p.p., 8.3 p.p.) to 2.9 p.p. (0 p.p., 5.8 p.p.). This gap is present after controlling for number of authors of the paper; field; referee fixed effects; cites of the paper; authors’ previous publication record, affiliations, and experience; and connections between the authors of a given paper and the referees that evaluate it. We provide evidence suggesting that the gap is driven by stereotypes against female authors: it is entirely driven by male referees, only exists for lesser‐known authors, and seems larger in more masculine fields, especially in finance.
A case report of synchronous ameloblastoma and odontogenic keratocyst of the mandible
Authors: Belknap A.N. , Vidican C.B. , Cohen D.M. , Bhattacharyya I. , Islam M.N. , Gohel A.
Published: October 2020

We present a report of bilateral mandibular radiolucent lesions that were diagnosed as synchronous ameloblastoma and odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) in a 75‐year‐old female patient. To the best of our knowledge, the simultaneous occurrence of ameloblastoma and OKC of the jaws, as contralateral lesions, has not been previously reported.
Anatomical changes in the pulmonary veins and left atrium after cryoballoon ablation
Authors: Miyama Hiroshi , Takatsuki Seiji , Hashimoto Kenji , Yamashita Terumasa , Fujisawa Taishi , Katsumata Yoshinori , Kimura Takehiro , Fukuda Keiichi
Published: October 2020

Background

The anatomical changes in pulmonary veins (PVs) after cryoballoon ablation (CBA) are unclear. We aimed to determine the morphological changes in the PVs and left atrium (LA) along with the predictive factors for clinical PV stenosis.

Methods

We analyzed data of 320 PVs from 80 patients who underwent CBA for atrial fibrillation (age: 62 ± 10 years, 59 males). All patients underwent pre‐ and post‐procedural cardiac computed tomography. We defined clinical PV stenosis when the cross‐sectional area decreased by more than 50%.

Results

The average ostial PV area and LA volume decreased significantly after CBA (pre‐ vs post‐CBA; 2.4 ± 1.0 cm2 vs 2.3±1.1 cm2, P < .001, 75.0 ± 23.2 cm3 vs 70.7 ± 21.9 cm3, P < .001, respectively). There was a significant correlation between the reduction rates of the PV area and those of LA volume (R = 0.411, P < .001). The larger preoperative PV area and greater reduction in LA volume were associated with advanced PV narrowing. Clinical PV stenosis was observed in six PVs, was more common in females (male vs female; 0.8% vs 4.8%, P = .043), and tended to be more frequent in left PVs (left PVs vs right PVs; 3.1% vs 0.6%: P = .107), irrespective of the LA volume reduction.

Conclusions

The significant reduction of the ostial PV area occurred after CBA, which correlated with the reduction rate of LA volume. The narrowing of the PV was partly produced by the LA volume reduction. Clinical PV stenosis was more common in females and tended to be more frequent in left PVs.
Heat stress in Marchantia polymorpha: Sensing and mechanisms underlying a dynamic response
Authors: Marchetti Fernanda , Cainzos Maximiliano , Cascallares Milagros , Distéfano Ayelén Mariana , Setzes Nicolás , López Gabriel Alejandro , Zabaleta Eduardo , Pagnussat Gabriela Carolina
Published: October 2020

Sensing and response to high temperatures are crucial to prevent heat‐related damage and to preserve cellular and metabolic functions. The response to heat stress is a complex and coordinated process that involves several subcellular compartments and multi‐level regulatory networks that are synchronized to avoid cell damage while maintaining cellular homeostasis. In this review, we provide an insight into the most recent advances in elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in heat stress sensing and response in Marchantia polymorpha. Based on the signaling pathways and genes that were identified in Marchantia, our analyses indicate that although with specific particularities, the core components of the heat stress response seem conserved in bryophytes and angiosperms. Liverworts not only constitute a powerful tool to study heat stress response and signaling pathways during plant evolution, but also provide key and simple mechanisms to cope with extreme temperatures. Given the increasing prevalence of high temperatures around the world as a result of global warming, this knowledge provides a new set of molecular tools with potential agronomical applications.
Impact of river dynamics on the genetic variation of Gypsophila repens (Caryophyllaceae): a comparison of heath forest and more dynamic gravel bank populations along an alpine river
Authors: Reisch C. , Sattler J.
Published: October 2020

Alpine rivers are, despite anthropogenic water flow regulation, still often highly dynamic ecosystems. Plant species occurring along these rivers are subject to ecological disturbance, mainly caused by seasonal flooding. Gypsophila repens typically grows at higher altitudes in the Alps, but also occurs at lower altitudes on gravel banks directly along the river and in heath forests at larger distances from the river. Populations on gravel banks are considered non‐permanent and it is assumed that new individuals originate from seed periodically washed down from higher altitudes. Populations in heath forests are, in contrast, permanent and not regularly provided with seeds from higher altitudes through flooding. If the genetic structure of this plant species is strongly affected by gene flow via seed dispersal, then higher levels of genetic diversity in populations but less differentiation among populations on gravel banks than in heath forests can be expected.

In this study, we analysed genetic diversity within and differentiation among 15 populations of G. repens from gravel banks and heath forests along the alpine River Isar using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP).

Genetic diversity was, as assumed, slightly higher in gravel bank than in heath forest populations, but genetic differentiation was, in contrast to our expectations, comparable among populations in both habitat types.

Our study provides evidence for increased genetic diversity under conditions of higher ecological disturbance and increased seed dispersal on gravel banks. Similar levels of genetic differentiation among populations in both habitat types can be attributed to the species' long lifetime, a permanent soil seed bank and gene flow by pollinators among different habitats/locations.
Assessment of nutritional status in maintenance hemodialysis patients: A multicenter cross‐sectional study in Iran
Authors: Akhlaghi Zahra , Sharifipour Farzaneh , Nematy Mohsen , Safarian Mohammad , Malekahmadi Mahsa , Barkhidarian Bahareh , Norouzy Abdolreza
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Protein‐energy wasting (PEW) is common in hemodialysis patients and is linked with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Regarding importance of nutrition in these patients, a recent study was administered to evaluate the nutritional status of hemodialysis patients.

Materials

In this cross‐sectional study 540 HD patients from 15 dialysis centers were evaluated. The nutritional status of the patients was determined by Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), Dialysis Malnutrition Score (DMS), and Malnutrition Inflammation Score (MIS). Their dietary intakes were assessed using a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ).

Result

Based on DMS, 66.7% of HD patients were well nourished and the prevalence of mild‐to‐moderate and severe PEW were 32.4% and 0.9% in HD patients, respectively. Based on MIS, 65.2% of HD patients were well nourished and the prevalence of mild‐to‐moderate and severe PEW was 34.0%. The prevalence of mild‐to‐moderate and severe malnutrition based on SGA was 35.0% and 1.1%, respectively. Energy and protein intake in 85.6% and 80.6% of patients respectively were less than the minimum recommended amount.

Conclusion

HD patients are at risk of malnutrition and in this regard training the patient, periodic assessment of nutritional status, and referring them to a dietitian seems necessary.
Democracy, aid, and diffusion: A normative approach to the hybrid regime
Authors: Kim Jessica
Published: October 2020

Despite its increased prioritization over the past several decades, democracy remains an elusive feat for many nations. This is due, in part, to a recent uptick in hybrid regimes, which possess qualities of both democracy and authoritarianism simultaneously. Among others, one especially salient explanation for hybrid formation is democracy aid itself, which often engenders superficial democratization while masking ongoing authoritarian practices. Still, despite considerable research examining how various factors—including aid—impact hybrid regimes, relatively little headway has been made. This is due primarily to continued disagreement over how to best measure and situate hybrids within the broader democracy literature. In this review, I demonstrate the role sociology can play in addressing this issue while advancing research on democracy, hybrids, and aid in a productive way. I argue that using sociological theories explaining the spread of global norms—such as democracy—to analyze hybrid regimes will facilitate improved understanding of democracy and the factors which shape it across the social sciences.
“Where’s your bum brain?” Humor, social understanding, and sibling relationship quality in early childhood
Authors: Paine Amy L. , Karajian Gassiaa , Hashmi Salim , Persram Ryan J. , Howe Nina
Published: October 2020

We investigated humor production in relation to social understanding and relationship quality in early childhood, by coding N = 72 5‐year‐olds’ (M = 5.78, SD = .41) spontaneous humor production during play with an older (n = 34; M age = 7.84 years, SD = .84) or younger sibling (M age = 3.72 years, SD = .54). Children who demonstrated better understanding of minds also produced more humor (preposterous statements and humorous anecdotes, and sound play). Types of humor were differentially associated with siblings’ ratings of positive rapport; associations were moderated by sibling constellation factors. Our findings highlight children's humor production as an important marker of their understanding of minds and of their warm, positive relationships.
Adding the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐day Saints to Analyses of Climate Change Skepticism: A Research Note
Authors: Haltinner Kristin , Sarathchandra Dilshani
Published: October 2020

Existing literature on perceptions of climate change skeptics does not include a direct examination of skeptics who are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐day Saints (LDS), likely because they make up a small percentage of the U.S. population (1.6%). However, the LDS church is one of the fastest growing religious sects in the nation and world and is acquiring more political power, especially in the western United States. Our research note presents a preliminary look at Latter‐day Saint skeptics. We find evangelical and Latter‐day Saint skeptics align on measures of religious ideation and the belief that “humans are meant to rule over the rest of nature.” Yet, on measures of environmental concerns and values, Latter‐day Saint skeptics appear to be somewhere between evangelical and mainline Christian skeptics. This pilot project provides a foundation for future work regarding LDS perceptions of climate change, environmental policy, and climate communication.
Project management tools for healthcare education
Authors: Dilly Christen K. , Klochan Katie A. , Bosslet Gabriel
Published: October 2020

Health care education inherently requires managing projects, but few educators have the luxury of working with a project manager. In this article, we propose that applying project management theory to education work, and using project management software to organize our work, can improve our efficiency. We outline the approach project managers take to their work, which includes five steps: initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing. We apply project management theory to the processes involved with health care education projects, and we describe the typical work that would be done at each step. We introduce readers to project management software, using one free program as an example. We provide examples of how we have used the software successfully. Finally, we provide suggestions for educators to use when selecting project management software.
The ESCRT‐I components VPS28A and VPS28B are essential for auxin‐mediated plant development
Authors: Liu Jianyang , Wang Yanning , Cheng Youfa
Published: October 2020

The highly conserved endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) pathway plays critical roles in endosomal sorting of ubiquitinated plasma membrane proteins for degradation. However, the functions of many components of the ESCRT machinery in plants remain unsolved. Here we show that the ESCRT‐I subunits VPS28A and VPS28B are functionally redundant and required for embryonic development in Arabidopsis. We conducted a screen for genetic enhancers of pid, which is defective in auxin signaling and transport. We isolated a no‐‐cotyledon in pid 104 (ncp104) mutant, which failed to develop cotyledons in a pid background. We discovered that ncp104 was a unique recessive gain‐of‐function allele of vps28a. VPS28A and VPS28B were expressed during embryogenesis and the proteins were localized to the trans‐Golgi network/early endosome and post‐Golgi/endosomal compartments, consistent with their functions in endosomal sorting and embryogenesis. The single vps28a and vps28b loss‐of‐function mutants did not display obvious developmental defects, but their double mutants showed abnormal cell division patterns and were arrested at the globular embryo stage. The vps28a vps28b double mutants showed altered auxin responses, disrupted PIN1‐GFP expression patterns, and abnormal PIN1‐GFP accumulation in small aberrant vacuoles. The ncp104 mutation may cause the VPS28A protein to become unstable and/or toxic. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the ESCRT‐I components VPS28A and VPS28B redundantly play essential roles in vacuole formation, endosomal sorting of plasma membrane proteins, and auxin‐mediated plant development.
Multiphase Fluid Dynamics in Storage Tanks of Varying Geometry
Authors: Kargbo Obai , Xue Mi-An , Zheng Jinhai
Published: October 2020

Sloshing control is key in the offshore storage and transportation of petroleum and other liquid phased products such as liquid natural gas (LNG). It is of interest in the enhancement of the structural stability of offshore platforms and floating production storage and offloading units. This work presents a numerical approach in the study and analysis of the effect of storage tank configurations on the hydrodynamic response of a multiphase-layered fluid undergoing sloshing. The study showed that tank configurations had an effect on the internal and free surface wave heights of the multiphase fluid sloshing in the tank, as well as on the dynamic pressure intensity being exerted on the tank walls, with some configurations exhibiting comparatively greater sloshing wave and pressure damping.
Experimental Study of Oscillating Freestream Effect on the Spatiotemporal Distributions of Leading-Edge Film Cooling
Authors: Shao Hongyi , Qenawy Mohamed , Zhang Tianlun , Peng Di , Liu Yingzheng , Zhou Wenwu
Published: October 2020

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the influence of mainstream oscillations on spatio-temporal variation of leading-edge film cooling effectiveness. The investigation utilized fast-response pressure-sensitive paint (Fast-PSP) technique at high frame rate. During the experiment, coolant (i.e., CO2, DR = 1.53) was discharged into three rows of cylindrical holes. Various blowing ratios (i.e., M = 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, and 1.50) were tested under the steady (i.e., f = 0 Hz) and oscillating (i.e., f = 7 Hz and 25 Hz) conditions. The measured instantaneous effectiveness was analyzed in terms of time-averaged and phase-averaged results. The results revealed that the mainstream oscillation, consisting of simultaneous pressure and velocity oscillation, significantly influences the behavior of the film cooling effectiveness. The time-averaged effectiveness significantly decreased at high oscillating frequency (i.e., 13.0–19.8% reduction at M = 0.50, f = 25 Hz compared with f = 0 Hz), especially at low blowing ratios (i.e., M = 0.50 and 0.75). The phase-averaged results captured significant decay in the film distributions associated with backflow caused by negative pressure gradients in coolant holes at certain phases. However, the mainstream oscillation effect was relatively insignificant at high blowing ratios (i.e., M = 1.00 and 1.50), which revealed the robustness of coolant coverage at low coolant Strouhal number (i.e., high blowing ratio) under the same oscillating frequency. Furthermore, the unsteady coolant intermittency showed highly unstable film coverage at high coolant Strouhal number. The coolant decay associated with backflow at high coolant Strouhal number should be considered by the gas-turbine designers in order to improve the lifecycle of turbine blades.
Electrochemically mediated gating membrane with dynamically controllable gas transport
Authors: Liu Yayuan , Chow Chun-Man , Phillips Katherine R. , Wang Miao , Voskian Sahag , Hatton T. Alan
Published: October 2020

Electrochemical gating mechanism achieves dynamic and continuous modulation of gas transport across a gas-liquid interface.
Shedding light on moiré excitons: A first-principles perspective
Authors: Guo Hongli , Zhang Xu , Lu Gang
Published: October 2020

First-principles simulations are performed to shed light on moiré excitons in twisted MoS
2
/WS
2
heterostructures.
Record U.S. and Australian fires raise fears for many species
Authors: Pickrell John , Pennisi Elizabeth
Published: October 2020

Scientists say fires likely wiped out some rare Australian organisms, and worry U.S. blazes now threaten more.
A call for diagnostic tests to report viral load
Authors: Service Robert F.
Published: October 2020

Measure could help officials know who is most contagious.
Multiplicity of dislocation pathways in a refractory multiprincipal element alloy
Authors: Wang Fulin , Balbus Glenn H. , Xu Shuozhi , Su Yanqing , Shin Jungho , Rottmann Paul F. , Knipling Keith E. , Stinville Jean-Charles , Mills Leah H. , Senkov Oleg N. , Beyerlein Irene J. , Pollock Tresa M. , Gianola Daniel S.
Published: October 2020

Pathways for ductility

Alloys containing multiple elements can be very strong but often suffer from poor ductility. F. Wang
et al.
found that different mechanisms accommodated plasticity in a molybdenum-niobium-titanium multiprincipal element alloy (see the Perspective by Cairney). Instead of so-called “screw” dislocations, deformation is accommodated by multiple pathways that include “edge” dislocations and activation of crystallographic slip planes. These results offer a design paradigm for developing new high-strength alloys.

Science
, this issue p.
95
; see also p.
37
Extensive heterogeneity in somatic mutation and selection in the human bladder
Authors: Lawson Andrew R. J. , Abascal Federico , Coorens Tim H. H. , Hooks Yvette , O’Neill Laura , Latimer Calli , Raine Keiran , Sanders Mathijs A. , Warren Anne Y. , Mahbubani Krishnaa T. A. , Bareham Bethany , Butler Timothy M. , Harvey Luke M. R. , Cagan Alex , Menzies Andrew , Moore Luiza , Colquhoun Alexandra J. , Turner William , Thomas Benjamin , Gnanapragasam Vincent , Williams Nicholas , Rassl Doris M. , Vöhringer Harald , Zumalave Sonia , Nangalia Jyoti , Tubío José M. C. , Gerstung Moritz , Saeb-Parsy Kourosh , Stratton Michael R. , Campbell Peter J. , Mitchell Thomas J. , Martincorena Iñigo
Published: October 2020

Genetic profiles of the bladder

Depending on the environment of the individual, the human bladder can be exposed to carcinogens as they are flushed through the body. Lawson
et al.
and Li
et al.
examined the genetic composition of laser-dissected microbiopsies from normal and cancer cells collected from the urothelium, a specialized epithelium lining the lower urinary tract (see the Perspective by Rozen). These complementary studies identified the mutational landscape of bladder urothelium through various sequencing strategies and identified high mutational heterogeneity within and between individuals and tumors. Both studies identified mutational profiles related to specific carcinogens such as aristolochic acid and the molecules found in tobacco. These studies present a comprehensive description of the diverse mutational landscape of the human bladder in health and disease, unraveling positive selection for cancer-causing mutations, a diversity of mutational processes, and large differences across individuals.

Science
, this issue p.
75
, p.
82
; see also p.
34
How to fix the GDPR's frustration of global biomedical research
Authors: Bovenberg Jasper , Peloquin David , Bierer Barbara , Barnes Mark , Knoppers Bartha Maria
Published: October 2020

Sharing of data for research beyond the EU must improve
The origins of thirst
Authors: Zimmerman Christopher A.
Published: October 2020

Sensory signals arise throughout the body and converge in the brain to regulate drinking
Coaxing stem cells to repair the spinal cord
Authors: Becker Catherina G. , Becker Thomas
Published: October 2020

Spinal cells in mice can be induced to generate protective oligodendrocytes after injury
Effectiveness of exercises by telerehabilitation on pain, physical function and quality of life in people with physical disabilities: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials with GRADE recommendations
Authors: Dias Jane Fonseca , Oliveira Vinicius Cunha , Borges Pollyana Ruggio Tristão , Dutra Fabiana Caetano Martins Silva , Mancini Marisa Cotta , Kirkwood Renata Noce , Resende Renan Alves , Sampaio Rosana Ferreira
Published: October 2020

Objective

Investigate whether exercise-based telerehabilitation improves pain, physical function and quality of life in adults with physical disabilities.

Design

Systematic review of randomised controlled trials.

Data sources

Searches were performed in AMED, MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Embase, PEDro, Cochrane Library and PsycINFO.

Eligibility criteria

Trials were considered if they evaluated exercise by telerehabilitation. The population included adults with physical disability. Comparisons were control and other interventions. The outcomes were pain, physical function and quality of life. Study selection, data extraction and analysis followed the protocol registered in PROSPERO (CRD42019122824). GRADE determined the strength of evidence.

Results

Forty-eight trials were included in the quantitative analysis. When compared with other interventions, there was high-quality evidence that telerehabilitation was not different to other interventions for pain (95% CI: −0.4 to 0.1), physical function (95% CI: −0.2 to 0.2) and quality of life (95% CI: −0.1 to 0.5) at long-term. There was moderate-quality evidence that telerehabilitation was not different to other interventions for physical function (95% CI: −0.1 to 0.5) and quality of life (95% CI: −0.2 to 0.5) at short-term. However, due to the low-quality evidence and the small number of trials comparing exercise protocols offered by telerehabilitation with control groups, it is still not possible to state the efficacy of telerehabilitation on pain, function and quality of life at short-term and long-term.

Conclusions

Exercise by telerehabilitation may be an alternative to treat pain, physical function and quality of life in adults with physical disabilities when compared with other intervention.
Undernutrition, polygynous context and family structure: a multilevel analysis of cross-sectional surveys of 350 000 mother–child pairs from 32 countries
Authors: Anjorin Seun Stephen , Uthman Olalekan A , Ameyaw Edward Kwabena , Ahinkorah Bright Opoku , Chattu Vijay Kumar , Bishwajit Ghose , Seidu Abdul-Aziz , Darteh Eugene Kofuor Maafo , Yaya Sanni
Published: October 2020

Background

Contextual factors, especially where people live, has been linked to various health outcomes, therefore, there is an increasing focus on its implication for policies and implementation of health interventions. Polygyny is a widespread practice in sub-Saharan Africa that also reflects socioeconomic and sociocultural features. This study investigated the association between polygynous context and risk of undernutrition.

Methods

Recent Demographic and Health Surveys involving 350 000 mother–child pairs from 32 sub-Saharan African countries conducted between 2010 and 2018 as of March 2020, were analysed using relevant descriptive and 3-level multilevel logistic regression modelling. Undernutrition among under-5 was defined as underweight, stunting and wasting using the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study. Odd Ratio (OR) at 95% credible interval was used to report the associations.

Results

The prevalence of contextual polygyny varied widely across the 32 sub-Saharan African countries, the lowest (0%) found in one of the regions in South Africa and the highest (52%) in one of the regions in Uganda. Underweight, stunting and wasting were lowest in Uganda (3.5%, 9.3%–1.27%, respectively), stunting was highest in Mozambique (37.1%) while wasting was highest in Niger (7.7%). Furthermore, the results showed that the contextual prevalence of polygynous practice exacerbates the risk of underweight (1.003 (0.997–1.008)) and wasting (1.014 (1.007–1.021)) among under-5 children, even when gender inequality and sociodemographic indicators were adjusted for. Polygyny was negatively associated with stunting though not significant; multiple births had the strongest and positive association with the risk of undernutrition among under-5 children in sub-Saharan Africa.

Conclusions

This study further corroborates the strong influence of contextual factors on health outcomes—which is undernutrition in this study. In addition to specific interventions aimed at reducing the prevalence of undernutrition, broader strategies that will address contextual issues are required.
Description of the epidemiological characteristics of work-related eye injuries in Spain: a retrospective study
Authors: Martin-Prieto Sergio , Álvarez-Peregrina Cristina , Thuissard-Vasallo Israel , Catalina-Romero Carlos , Calvo-Bonacho Eva , Villa-Collar César , Sánchez-Tena Miguel Ángel
Published: October 2020

Objective

To describe the epidemiological characteristics and trends of work-related eye injuries (WREIs) in Spain over a 10-year period by sex, age and occupational sector.

Design and settings

A descriptive, retrospective and longitudinal study based on data from workers insured by a labour insurance company in Spain from 2008 to 2018 was presented. The study considered the ratio of the number of WREI per 100 000 population and the relative risk of suffering an ocular injury. WREIs were characterised by sex, age and occupational sector of injured workers.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

Ratio of the number of WREI.

Participants

In Spain, all workers are insured by a labour insurance company that provides cover in the event of work-related accidents. In this study, we have included all workers insured by one of these insurance companies, IBERMUTUA, with workers in all areas of Spain.

Results

The study included 50 265 WREI in the company over the 10-year period. Most of the injuries occurred in males (44 445; 88.4%), in 35–44 age group (15 992; 31.8%) and in industry workers (18 899; 42.6%). The average incidence was 429.75 per 100 000 workers insured and 4273.36 per 100 000 IBERMUTUA accidents (related and not related to eyes). Males, 16–24 age group and industry occupational sector group, have the highest incidence for WREI. The incidence of WREI decrease over the study period in all variables. Males have 6.56 (95% CI 6.38 to 6.75) times more risk of suffering WREI than females. 16–24 age group have 1.77 (95% CI 1.71 to 1.83) times more risk than in the group of workers older than 55. Finally, industry workers have 7.73 (95% CI 7.55 to 7.92) times more risk than services workers.

Conclusions

The risks of suffering WREI is higher for males, younger and less experienced workers, and for those who works in a manual task.
EnDPoINT: protocol for an implementation research study to integrate a holistic package of physical health, mental health and psychosocial care for podoconiosis, lymphatic filariasis and leprosy into routine health services in Ethiopia
Authors: Semrau Maya , Ali Oumer , Deribe Kebede , Mengiste Asrat , Tesfaye Abraham , Kinfe Mersha , Bremner Stephen A , Hounsome Natalia , Kelly-Hope Louise A , MacGregor Hayley , Taddese Henock B , Banteyerga Hailom , HaileMariam Damen , Negussu Nebiyu , Fekadu Abebaw , Davey Gail
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) causing lower limb lymphoedema such as podoconiosis, lymphatic filariasis (LF) and leprosy are common in Ethiopia. Routine health services for morbidity management and disability prevention (MMDP) of lymphoedema caused by these conditions are still lacking, even though it imposes a huge burden on affected individuals and their communities in terms of physical and mental health, and psychosocial and economic outcomes. This calls for an integrated, holistic approach to MMDP across these three diseases.

Methods and analysis

The ‘Excellence in Disability Prevention Integrated across NTDs’ (EnDPoINT) implementation research study aims to assess the integration and scale-up of a holistic package of care—including physical health, mental health and psychosocial care—into routine health services for people with lymphoedema caused by podoconiosis, LF and leprosy in selected districts in Awi zone in the North–West of Ethiopia. The study is being carried out over three phases using a wide range of mixed methodologies. Phase 1 involves the development of a comprehensive holistic care package and strategies for its integration into the routine health services across the three diseases, and to examine the factors that influence integration and the roles of key health system actors. Phase 2 involves a pilot study conducted in one subdistrict in Awi zone, to establish the care package’s adoption, feasibility, acceptability, fidelity, potential effectiveness, its readiness for scale-up, costs of the interventions and the suitability of the training and training materials. Phase 3 involves scale-up of the care package in three whole districts, as well as its evaluation in regard to coverage, implementation, clinical (physical health, mental health and psychosocial) and economic outcomes.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethics approval for the study has been obtained in the UK and Ethiopia. The results will be disseminated through publications in scientific journals, conference presentations, policy briefs and workshops.
Couples-based approach to HIV prevention for transgender women and their partners: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial testing the efficacy of the ‘It Takes Two’ intervention
Authors: Gamarel Kristi E , Sevelius Jae M , Neilands Torsten B , Kaplan Rachel L , Johnson Mallory O , Nemoto Tooru , Darbes Lynae A , Operario Don
Published: October 2020

Introduction

HIV transmission and acquisition risk among transgender women is particularly high in the context of primary partnerships. This project extends a previous pilot couples-focused HIV intervention programme, which was shown to be feasible, acceptable and promising in reducing sexual risk behaviour among transgender women and their partners. This randomised controlled trial (RCT) tests the efficacy of this culturally sensitive HIV prevention programme for HIV-serodiscordant and HIV-negative seroconcordant transgender women and their partners.

Methods and analysis

To finalise the protocol for trial, we used qualitative methods to hone eligibility criteria, refine the intervention and control manuals, and name and brand the intervention (‘It Takes Two’). The RCT investigates the effects of the It Takes Two intervention on Composite Risk for HIV (CR-HIV) among 100 couples. CR-HIV is a binary indicator of couple HIV risk using validated measures of sexual behaviour, pre-exposure prophylaxis use among HIV-negative participants and viral suppression among participants living with HIV. Using a two-arm RCT, we will examine intervention effects on CR-HIV at 12-month follow-up comparing transgender women and their partners randomised to the intervention versus control (HIV prevention information only).

Ethics and dissemination

This study has been reviewed and approved by the University of California, San Francisco (19-28624) and the University of Michigan (HUM00147690) Institutional Review Boards. Participants provide informed consent before taking part of the study activities. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at scientific conferences. We will make our results available to the community of researchers and general public interested in transgender health to avoid unintentional duplication of research, as well as to others in the health and social services community, including LGBT community-based organisations, AIDS service organisations and other transgender-serving organisations. The full de-identified dataset and codebook will be shared at the University of Michigan Digital Repository.

Trial registration number

NCT04067661.