bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Orientation or dis‐orientation?
Authors: FOXLEY CECELIA H.
Published: December 2011

This study was undertaken in an effort to determine the effect of freshman orientation upon student perceptions of university environment, knowledge of university information, and attitudes toward the orientation experience. The most important finding was that orientation significantly influenced student perception of university environment, as measured by the CUES. On the Practicality, Awareness, and Scholarship scales, differences between the pre‐test and post‐test groups were found to be significant at the .01 level of confidence; on the Community scale the difference was significant at the .05 level. The interesting point is, however, that these differences were not in the desired or expected direction.
Occupational prestige and the Ethiopian student
Authors: BROWN ROBERT L.
Published: December 2011

Approximately 200 university sociology students in Ethiopia, in rating 90 selected occupations, placed governmental positions at or near the top with unskilled positions near the bottom. Authority and power were leading reasons for high placement. Comparative ratings of the same or similar Ethiopian and American occupations provided a high correlation coefficient.
Microcounseling: the counselor as trainer
Authors: IVEY ALLEN E.
Published: December 2011

The skills of the counselor are too important to be used only in the guidance office. The counselor should move into the school and the community to teach others the various skills of counseling and interpersonal communication. Microcounseling is a systematic method for teaching counseling skills in a short period of time. The author explains the relationship of microcounseling and counselor education to the role of the practicing counselor. He believes that conducting systematic training programs in such skills as microcounseling should become an important role for counselors.
The counselor as psychoecologist
Authors: KURILOFF PETER J.
Published: December 2011

Counselors may be in need of a new model of practice. Current approaches based on the intrapersonal models of psychotherapy are not congruent with institutional realities. More important, they assume, often falsely, a “disturbed” person who must be adjusted to a “normal” environment. This article suggests that emotional disturbance be viewed as an ecological phenomenon that exists in the transactions among people. The task of the counselor is to alter disturbed transactions in ways that promote individual competence. The implications for practice of viewing the counselor as a psychoecologist are discussed and illustrated through a case study.
Etcetera
Authors: George Daniel Sinick
Published: December 2011

Publishers interested in having their materials reviewed here are requested to send two copies to Dr. Daniel Sinick, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20006. Items reviewed in this column are not available from APGA.
Obtaining results through modeling
Authors: NYE L SHERRY
Published: December 2011

This article presents practical applications of the theoretical notion of modeling. Use of live and symbolic models is emphasized, along with the modeling techniques of role reversal and role identification.
Etcetera
Authors: Sinick Daniel
Published: December 2011

Publishers interested in having their materials reviewed here are requested to send two copies to Dr. Daniel Sinick, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20006. Items reviewed in this column are not available from APGA.
Assertive training in groups
Authors: SANSBURY DAVID L.
Published: December 2011

In this article the author describes a group approach to helping the nonassertive client. After describing the group composition and goals, he presents a session‐by‐session description for conducting the assertive training group. In addition, he presents suggestions based on experiences in leading the group.
Children in Stress: Anticipatory Guidance in the Framework of the Educational System
Authors: Klingman Avigdor
Published: December 2011

This article suggests the application of anticipatory intervention principles in schools to meet the psychological needs of teachers, pupils, and parents as well as of the school as an organizational system for coping with extreme stress caused by either natural or man‐made disaster. A theoretical‐typological model of preventive intervention is suggested adapting the tripartite intervention model of Caplan (1967) and the five‐stage behavior model presented by Glass (1959) to reactions to disaster. Also described are direct anticipation measures developed to prepare school population to confront the unexpected disaster so as to minimize the psychological damage. These include the use of simulation and simulation games by mental health professionals who initiate and evaluate the anticipatory intervention methods, and the use of specially designed classroom study units (“Emergency Kit”) by teachers and teachers' substitutes. The role of the school counselor in initiating and helping to implement such programs, as well as responding therapeutically to immediate emotional problems in disaster, is argued for.
Counselor Accountability
Authors: Knapper Everette Q.
Published: December 2011

With increasing competition for the tax dollar, it seems that the public demand for counselor accountability may persist. Therefore it may be in the best interest of the profession to seize the initiative by demonstrating collective worth via some accountability strategy, thus obviating the need for external monitoring and control. This professional initiative may protect the freedom of counselors to assume their appropriate roles and attend to the individual needs and aspirations of their clients.
The Evolution of Empathy
Authors: Hackney Harold
Published: December 2011

Therapeutic empathy has been an often‐used construct by counseling professionals. Through that usage, the term has evolved in meaning and significance from its original presentation by Carl Rogers. This article traces that evolution by identifying its users and contributors over the past 20 years. These include counselor‐practitioners, counselor educators, researchers, and increasingly, the public. The resulting changes have implications for future research directions, counselor training, and the practice of counseling.
The Whole Student Catalog, an Academic and Career Planning Guide
Authors: Gevirtz Maureen
Published: December 2011

This article describes an innovative catalog that serves as an orientation manual, career planning guide, directory of student services, and as an easily read college catalog. Procedures for creating, publishing, and revising the book are described. Suggestions for implementation in a variety of institutional and educational settings are given.
Outcomes of Jogging: Implications for Counseling
Authors: Harper Frederick D.
Published: December 2011

Physiological, psychological, and spiritual outcomes of jogging are presented and documented along with the description of a treatment‐training, experimental jogging course that was carried out in a counselor education program involving counselors‐in‐training. Guidelines for starting a jogging program are presented and followed by implications for the use of jogging in various counseling settings and with selected client problems. Finally, recommendations are presented for counselor action toward self‐development and program development.
Learning to Earn Is Not Learning to Live: Student Development Educators As Meaning Makers
Authors: Nash Robert J. , Saurman Kenneth P.
Published: December 2011

The article argues that student personnel professionals must become knowledgeable about the implications of the learning‐earning conflict in higher education. Through the use of a case study, the authors discuss several issues related to career training in higher education. They offer an alternative model for career development that is based on helping students discover and create meaning in their studies. The principle of meaning making is an elaboration of Frankl's work and projects a new importance for student development education.
Hidden Agendas and the Learning‐Earning Controversy: A Reply to Robert J. Nash and Kenneth P. Saurman
Authors: Stoler Mark A. , Stoler Jennie Versteeg
Published: December 2011

Student personnel administrators have a vital role to play in the university as facilitators and counselors, but they should not attempt to be “comprehensivists” or “meaning makers.” The Nash‐Saurman emphasis on such roles, and on “personal meaning” in higher education, misrepresents the activities of faculty members and the primary mission of the university and invites continued dilution of academic rigor. Such emphases also reflect a continuation of, rather than a break with, the marketplace mentality in higher education and constitute a politically self‐serving position on the part of professional educators.
Counseling Sexually Abused Children
Authors: Slager‐Jorné Paula
Published: December 2011

Cases of sexual abuse of children are being reported in increasing numbers. A large percentage of child sexual abuse occurs in or around the home. Family members, family friends, or known adults are most often the offenders. There are certain family factors likely to be operating in a child's sexual abuse and these factors must be explored with all family members. Sexual abuse can have many disturbing consequences for the child and the family. A counseling approach should be to help an abused child and the offender feel that they are still worthwhile individuals. Underlying issues in the family should also be explored. Paula Slager‐Jorné is director of training at the Children's Center in Detroit, Michigan.
Skill Domains Critical to the Helping Professions*
Authors: Cole Henry P. , Lacefield Warren E.
Published: December 2011

A theoretical and empirical study of professional education in the human service disciplines is described. Seven highly generalizable, cognitive, and affective skill domains are postulated as broad goals worthy of incorporating into such programs. Data are analyzed from several groups of helping professionals (N = 240). These persons perceive all the skill domains to be required for effective professional practice and to be relatively teachable. Excepting basic professional‐technical skill areas, these persons are less sure that such competencies should be used as criteria for selection and evaluation of students and certain the skill areas are not presently used in this manner. The existence of this paradox bodes ill for efforts to establish affective curricular goals.
Nonacademic Career Counseling for Graduate Students
Authors: Krolik James J. , Nelson Joan L.
Published: December 2011

At the University of Michigan, an innovative career counseling service is offered to graduate students. The Office of Non‐Academic Career Counseling and Placement assists graduate students expand career options in response to a tight academic market. The career counseling method promotes self‐directed behavior and proceeds through a series of four major job‐search stages. A brief statement of the effectiveness of our services is included in the discussion.
Gurus, Mystics, and Medicine Men: On Transcending Anger
Authors: Henschen Thomas L.
Published: December 2011

Many contemporary Western writers, both professional helpers and laypersons, often urge expression of anger as a key to healthy living. There are many experts, perhaps best described as sharing a mystical orientation, who offer a different perspective on how to handle anger. This article attempts to relate the unity of their thinking as well as to suggest that the time is overdue for consideration of viable alternatives to expressing strong negative feelings.
Effective Challenging Through Additive Empathy
Authors: Turock Art
Published: December 2011

Empathy is a counseling skill that is highly regarded by most practitioners. Constant reflection of only expressed surface feelings however, may perpetuate a limited view of a client's problem. The ability to extend a client's original understanding is a valuable resource for a helper to offer. Through additive empathy, a helper challenges a client to examine a deep and broad perspective for assessing problems and then to take action. The purposes of this article are to identify some elements of additive empathy and to describe practical guidelines for using the skill in counseling and in systematic skill training.
Social Misperception and Its Implications for Counseling
Authors: Fremont Ted S. , Wallbrown Fred H. , Nelson Eunice D.
Published: December 2011

This article explores social misperception, a unique way of viewing the behavior problems of children. While the emotional‐disturbance label is usually given to behaviorally disordered youngsters, it inaccurately reflects the social learning problems of children. Explored are the characteristics of social misperception (both verbal and nonverbal), its historical foundations (taken from the psychological and educational literature), and its relation to learning disabilities and to emotional disturbance; a differential diagnostic system is offered. Counselors are given techniques by which they can assist teachers with remediation, a task that helps the counselor to assist classroom teachers to become socially sensitive to the emotional needs of children.
Barriers to Adult Career Change
Authors: Fredrickson Ronald H. , Macy Francis U. , Vickers Donn
Published: December 2011

Adults have unique problems in making career changes. They face crucial economic, educational, and psychological barriers that require special guidance services. In this article, barriers to adult career change are identified and a five‐county regional learning service using paraprofessionals is described. Results in working with more than 200 adults making career changes is reported. Suggestions for overcoming some of the problems adults face in making career changes are explained.
Helping Children Accept Death and Dying Through Group Counseling
Authors: Berg Constance D.
Published: December 2011

This article suggests that the new wave of openness about death in our culture and the elimination of the death taboo will not be completely accomplished without developing a generalized practice in death counseling with children. A brief historical perspective of research confirms the necessity of including children in discussions about death education. A taped counseling session with several preadolescent boys in a rural midwestern school demonstrates the importance of accepting the deep feelings and fears that children must deal with in order to be free from unnatural anxiety about death and dying as adults.
Life Direction Seminars: Facilitating Human Development at a Women's College
Authors: Galassi Merna Dee , Lemmon Sarah M.
Published: December 2011

A seven‐session Life Direction Seminar was designed both to familiarize female college students with the effects of socialization on their development and to expose them to the multitude of options available to them. The objectives were for each student to develop an awareness of her assets and capabilities, to develop an awareness and knowledge concerning alternative roles and life‐styles, and to learn to develop short‐range goals. The exercises, films, and reading materials used in the small groups are described.
Nonverbal Communication: Information and Application for Counselors
Authors: Schlesinger Judith S.
Published: December 2011

The study of nonverbal communication has generated numerous hypotheses and theories but little that is directly useful to the practitioner. This article discusses the major controversies in the literature to provide an overview of the field. Concepts with practical application are then organized into a suggested model for interpreting nonverbal behavior in the actual counseling setting.
Preparing Individuals for job Interviews: Suggestions From More Than 60 Years of Research
Authors: Galassi John P. , Galassi Merna Dee
Published: December 2011

After a review of the existing literature on employment interviews, the findings are organized into a four‐phase model for implementing training programs that prepare clients to interview more effectively. The four phases include developing realistic expectations, developing successful interviewing skills, using effective training procedures, and preparing clients to cope with rejection shock. The importance of active preparation for job interviews and the counselor's potential role in this process are emphasized.
Evaluation of Guidance Programs: Call the Question
Authors: Bardo Harold R. , Cody John J. , Bryson Seymour L.
Published: December 2011

Difficulties of time, counselor qualifications, appropriateness of the evaluating criteria, and concern for a positive impact on education confront those who attempt to evaluate guidance programs. These obstacles have been overcome in some programs. The notion that evaluation is on a priority level equal to that of other guidance practices is a most important concept. Evaluation may lead to improvement of the qualify of the impact of guidance programs on the educational setting. Also, evaluation should help counselors define more clearly their role in the public schools.
Understanding Body Language
Authors: Sielski Lester M.
Published: December 2011

The article details the significance of nonverbal communication or body language for the counselor in interview situations. The article gives background material of the research done in the area of nonverbal communication and quotes extensively from the leaders in the field. The article includes illustrations of messages sent by arm and hand gestures, feet movements, eye movements, silence, posture, appearance, the use of time and space, and the grouping of individuals. The article also includes a discussion of kinesics, the study of body movements; proxemics, the study of the use of personal space; and culture as a guiding factor in body language.
Marijuana Revisited
Authors: Archer James , Lopata Ann
Published: December 2011

This review examines recent research on the psychological effects of marijuana. The article contains material on potency, research problems, use patterns in the United States, and expectancy, as well as a review of research on acute effects, including psychosis, toxic delerium, acute anxiety, and brain damage. Nonacute effects are also examined, with material on studies of amotivational syndrome, intellectual functioning, memory, sexual activity, and driving. Research on marijuana's relationship to other drugs and to criminal behavior is also evaluated. Implications for counselors are discussed. Counselors are urged to help provide accurate information to users and to encourage an informed‐decision approach. The significance of marijuana use to value and life‐style choice and the counselor's role in considering marijuana law changes are evaluated.
How Not to Apply to College
Authors: Schleichkorn Jay
Published: December 2011

Samples of letters written by college students are excerpted to demonstrate the deterioration of students' writing skills. The relative unimportance many college students and graduates attach to the art of writing letters of inquiry is emphasized. A checklist is provided to assist students in preparing letters requesting information from colleges and universities.
Parents of the Handicapped Child: Facilitating Acceptance Through Group Counseling
Authors: Huber Charles H.
Published: December 2011

All parents have an image of the way they would like their children to be. Often this expectation is contradicted by reality for the parents of a handicapped child. Whether at the time of birth when obvious differences are apparent or later when performance differences are recognized, the discrepancy between expectation and reality causes parents to experience a loss and accompanying feelings of grief. This article suggests that the method of group counseling using a relevant framework on which to base discussion is without equal as a means of assisting parents to deal with their situations. Presented to those who lead parent groups for these persons is an applicable model and guidelines for its implementation.
Money and Credit: A Challenge to the Counseling Profession
Authors: Greenberg Joel L.
Published: December 2011

Although credit and money abuse are increasing at fantastic rates and devastating individuals and families, few counselors know what to do or where to send their clients for help. Money is a symbol viewed differently by each individual. If viewed in a pathological way, money can lead to depression, marital problems, illness, or even suicide. There are many warning signs the counselor can look for and techniques that can be used to help alleviate the problem and the anxiety it brings. Consumer‐credit counseling centers offer budget advice, value clarification, and debt‐management programs.
WANDERING MINDS AND WANDERING FEET
Authors: Allardyce Archie
Published: December 2011

In the bright lexicon of the thousands of youths who have been wandering over the country during the past two years, there is no such word as “guidance.” Only a very small fraction of them have had even the slightest vocational instruction. What they have worked at, what occupations their fathers have followed, and what they would like to do—or think they would like—are points on which little information has been gathered. Some 200 of them, however, have been systematically interviewed on these matters as they passed through Cincinnati. The findings are here assembled.
PROBLEMS OF THE ADMISSIONS OFFICER
Authors: Linton Clarence
Published: December 2011

Although in this article the Secretary of Teachers College, Columbia University, is ostensibly writing about the task of the admissions officer in selecting students, it is evident that the junction of that official is as much distributive as selective. He does his selecting, indeed, on the basis of his ability to distribute the selectees. If any of the applicants for admission cannot be distributed into suitable courses of study at his institution, then his function of distribution is widened. For it is not enough that he reject such applicants; he should also advise them regarding an institution which can do for them what is required, or, as Dr. Linton puts it, counsel the applicant who is refused admission with respect to alternate possibilities. It would be hard to exaggerate the potential usefulness of such an official.
COUNSELORS CORNER
Authors: Brennan J. Harold
Published: December 2011

It is not easy, as a rule, for a person to get an accurate picture of himself. There are individuals who are gifted with an abnormal amount of objectivity, but they are as few as they are fortunate. Herewith is presented a method for enabling students to get an idea of their abilities and traits, rating them themselves, and also for giving them information about occupations. The method has been tried for a year with 500 students in the guidance classes of the Junior High School in Amsterdam, New York, with satisfactory results. Obviously, it need not be swallowed whole, but may be abbreviated or otherwise altered as a guidance worker may desire.
Rockland County's Self‐Survey: Continuous Fact Finding as the Basis of Its Developing Program of Vocational Education and Guidance
Authors: Gooch Wilbur I. , Miller Leonard M.
Published: December 2011

The following account of what is happening—and how it is being caused to happen—in the planning and development of the vocational education and guidance program of Rockland County, New York, will be of interest not only to those who are concerned with other county‐wide programs already established or in contemplation, but to all students of guidance administration and practice. Here is an experiment and a demonstration in which survey techniques are a continuous and integral part of the actual process of program building, not merely a means of gathering information for later use in such a program. The survey task and its outcomes thus far are described by two participants: Mr. Miller, the County Director of Guidance, and Dr. Gooch, field representative of the National Occupational Conference.
The Roots of Individuality: Contempt Has Brought About Its Factual Disappearance
Authors: Carrel Alexis
Published: December 2011

It is a commonplace among vocational counselors that effective guidance depends upon knowledge of the individual and of the environment. Probably no one knows more about the mechanism of the human body than Alexis Carrel, noted surgeon and Nobel Prize winner, yet he proclaims that “our ignorance is profound.” But while lamenting the fact that “we are the victims of the sciences of life over those of matter,” we take courage in the succeeding assertion that “the only possible remedy for this evil is a much more profound knowledge of ourselves.”

The following quotations from his stirring book, Man the Unknown, reprinted by permission of the publishers, Harper and Brothers, make direct or indirect reference to the relationship between the human being and the work he has to do in the world. That constitutes, as Dr. Carrel would say, a primary datum of observation in the professional equipment of the vocational counselor. In fact, the entire book is a basic piece of literature in the science and philosophy of vocational guidance. The reader may and will, at times, disagree violently with the author, but can never ignore him.
Mental Hygiene in Industry: Personality Disorders as a Personnel Problem
Authors: McMurry Robert N.
Published: December 2011

The following article appeared in the November issue of Personnel under the title, “Personality Disorders in Industry.” Though the article was written primarily for personnel workers, and the material is presented largely from the employer's point of view, it deals with a kind of knowledge which should also be in the possession of vocational counselors and applied in their efforts to assist the individual in reaching a good occupational adjustment. So interestingly and convincingly does Dr. McMurry set forth the need for a psychiatric approach to certain problems of guidance and personnel work that we asked permission of the author and of the American Management Association, which publishes Personnel, to reprint the article in full.
Faculty Counseling at Minnesota: An Evaluation Study by Social Case‐Work Methods
Authors: Williamson E. G.
Published: December 2011

In this article Dr. Williamson reports a careful study, in which analysis was made of 130 case histories, of the work done by faculty counselors in the 1928 and 1929 Self‐Appraisal Sessions of the University of Minnesota Summer School. The kind of problems encountered and the methods employed were considered in this evaluation, and estimates were secured from the student counselees regarding the value of the counsel received. From the study have emerged many significant facts about what goes on in the counseling process, as well as a number of important suggestions regarding the training of counselors.
Keeping the Record: News of the National Vocational Guidance Association
Authors: McNamara Marie
Published: December 2011

Secretaries of the branches are requested to send reports to Miss McNamara, Commercial High School, Tower Parkway, New Haven, Connecticut, promptly after each meeting or other event.
Placement of the Tuberculous
Authors: PERSONS W. FRANK
Published: December 2011

“… I am one of the millions of citizens who have had Tb. After years spent in the cure I am now told that I have an arrested case, which means a cure, and that I can work at suitable employment. That is the rub—suitable employment!

“I was a construction foreman—a job that requires physical exertion and contact with all kinds of weather. I know no other kind of work. If I attempt this kind of work I am told the result is likely to be another breakdown—whereas if I will do office work or {take one of} the many positions that are in existence that require little physical {muscular} exertion, I have a chance to expect reasonably long life with the self‐respect of earning my living.

“But I haven't a chance. No one will hire a man who has had Tb. … No one wants us around them even though we are cured with no activity that could possibly spread the disease. Before leaving the sanatorium I worked twelve hours a day as night orderly with fifty‐two patients, seven days a week. I did this for six months without any harmful effects as to health. …

“What chance have I? I went into a sanatorium at thirty years of age and after what is termed by the celebrities who have Tb. ‘a heroick fight’ which is really a lot of hooey—the fight being the natural desire to live—I find myself at forty‐one discharged as cured and dependent on my aged father and mother who have to struggle to make a living when they could have been on easy street in their old age but for me…

“I hope you can help me and the literally millions of tuberculars and former tuberculars to find some way to earn a living.”
Pittsburgh Accepts the Challenge
Authors: RULE JAMES N. , GRAHAM BEN G.
Published: December 2011

Pittsburgh for many years has been interested in the problems of occupational adjustment. It was with heightened interest, therefore, that I participated in the recent NOC Occupational Education Tour for School Superintendents.

Immediate application of major recommendations made by members of the Tour, published in the June number of OCCUPATIONS, was accomplished in Pittsburgh schools in the late spring and early summer months of 1937. Nearly two years ago our Board of Education provided for a Committee to Study High Schools. The purpose was to bring to the consideration of problems involving the future development of the schools the benefit of the best judgment and experience of the teaching and supervisory staff. The study group represents a cross‐section of our instructional and administrative forces, and gives teachers opportunity to participate in the constructive criticism of existing policies, and the development of new policies.

Under the chairmanship of James N. Rule, the committee meeting all day each Monday during the school year, and each week day during the entire month of July, has achieved much in reorganizing and rebuilding our high school program. Especially is this true with respect to matters pertaining to the various phases of Occupational Adjustment, as related by Dr. Rule in the accompanying article. In addition to regular meetings of the committee, special general conferences have been held to which were invited leading laymen and women, local educational leaders, members of the administrative staff, and the high school principals. Outstanding outside educational leaders addressed some of these conferences and consulted with the committee. These included Fred C. Smith, University of Tennessee, Secretary of the National Vocational Guidance Association; Edwin A. Lee, Director, National Occupational Conference; Earl W. Barnhart, United States Office of Education; Herbert E. Hawkes, Columbia University; W. C. Reavis, University of Chicago; and John W. Withers, New York University.
Occupational Information in the Small Community Part I: Preparatory Steps
Authors: CLARK FLORENCE E.
Published: December 2011

Requests come frequently to the National Occupational Conference for suggestions in the gathering of occupational information useful to part‐time counselors and teachers in small communities. The task of preparing suitable up‐to‐date material to fill the gap was assigned by NOC to Miss Clark, Chairman of the Occupational Research Section of the National Vocational Guidance Association. Part I tells what published materials and other aids are needed and how they should be used. Part II, to appear in the December issue of Occupations, will describe how students may conduct a job analysis survey.
The Disappearing Dean of Men1
Authors: COWLEY W. H.
Published: December 2011

Trends in colleges and universities toward transferring their varied personnel services to an executive coordinator indicate that jobs of dean of men will evolve into positions as coordinators or as subordinates to such coordinators, Dr. Cowley believes. Following an historical résumé of the post of dean of men in American educational institutions, his address points to the desirability of such an evolution.
Take Rochester, for Example—
Authors: FULLER RAYMOND G.
Published: December 2011

In many cities of the United States a surprising number of agencies are involved in providing occupational adjustment for the entire community. They include public and private schools and colleges; industrial, civic, and social welfare groups; city, state, and federal agencies. With the cooperation of the National Occupational Conference, Occupations presents a general overview of adjustment activities in one of these cities in the hope that the account will provide stimulation for other communities to take stock of all available resources.
A Vocational Follow‐Up of College Women
Authors: WALLACE ISABEL K.
Published: December 2011

This investigation of the first‐year occupational status of the 1930–1936 graduates of a college for women finds little relation between a student's major field of study and the job she secures during her first year out of college. Miss Wallace also reports the graduates' sentiments concerning the adequacy or non‐adequacy of their college preparation for meeting post‐college experiences.
The Socio‐Economic Approach to Gathering Information About Occupations
Authors: CLARK FLORENCE E.
Published: December 2011

Every counselor feels the need for knowing more about trends in occupations. Not only is knowledge of trends in occupations incomplete, but research techniques to determine trends are inadequately worked out at the present time. Undoubtedly investigators will experiment with many different techniques before adequate ones are found. One only is suggested here. It proposes to build up a picture of an occupation longitudinally, with a consideration of the economic and social structure in which the occupation functions.
A Look Toward the Future
Authors: LEE EDWIN A.
Published: December 2011

Substantial progress in occupational adjustment means immediate exploration looking toward cooperation from all contributing individuals and agencies: in research and evaluation of research; in study of technological and population changes and trends; and in serious consideration of educational problems of adults and of the handicapped, according to the Director of NOC, addressing the 1938 convention of the National Vocational Guidance Association.
The Strategy of Coordination
Authors: COWLEY W. H.
Published: December 2011

After establishing the importance of having effective coordination in the personnel work of schools and colleges, Dr. Cowley lists three types needed today to raise personnel standards: coordination of personnel within an institution, coordination with instruction, and coordination among national societies.
The Employment of College Students: Its Role in the Educative Process
Authors: SUPER DONALD E.
Published: December 2011

How valuable is part‐time student employment as an educational experience or as a preparation for a future vocation? How are the colleges trying to solve the problem? To what extent is a student's employment related to his course of study? These are some of the questions discussed in this lively article.
Labor Unions as Sources of Occupational Information1
Authors: STARR MARK
Published: December 2011

Unions know where there are jobs and they have first‐hand information concerning the supply and demand for labor, declares this union author, who suggests the conditions for cooperation among unions, vocational schools, and placement agencies.
Principals Offered Follow‐Up Program
Authors: LANDY EDWARD
Published: December 2011

To enable the schools to aid youth more effectively in their occupational adjustment is one of the objectives of the Occupational Follow‐Up and Adjustment Service Plan which has been sent to 7,100 principals. In 1939–1940 the plan was developed by a study staff of the National Association of Secondary‐School Principals. Read for yourself this interesting account of the plan—its development and operation.
Family Names from Forebears' Occupations
Authors: KITSON HARRY D.
Published: December 2011

What's in a name? The relationship between family names and occupations may be used to advantage by the clever classroom teacher. Here are some suggestions which show the fascinating possibilities of this game.
Helping Youth to Help Themselves
Authors: LUFBURROW N. A.
Published: December 2011

Information on occupations, group discussions, individual conferences, record‐keeping, placement—all these are included in the comprehensive vocational guidance program of the Central YMCA, Baltimore. In addition to this breadth of service, the program offers unusual opportunity for self‐help.
Vocational Education on a County Basis How a Small Community Can Share in Defense Training
Authors: MILLER LEONARD M.
Published: December 2011

Lacking exploratory courses and special shop facilities, how can the small community set up defense training programs? How Rockland County, New York, is meeting this challenge is described in this article which brings up to date our portrayal of one of the most successful examples of a vocational adjustment program on a county‐wide basis.
Does Type of Education Affect Negroes' Careers?
Authors: LOOP ANNE S.
Published: December 2011

To what degree are the occupational adjustments of Negro workers affected by their educational attainments? This question is considered in this article based on a study of the employment records of 6,799 Negroes living in Manhattan. Since the findings throw light on a current economic problem, the article will interest all counselors.
Try‐out Experience at N.Y.A. Work Center
Authors: MORRIS EVELYN L.
Published: December 2011

Although for the past five years, NYA has been providing work experience for youth, these provisions have until recently been in work locations furnished by a variety of agencies. With a wide expansion of NYA into shops conducted entirely under its own supervision, the editors felt that a description of a sample plant was in order.
Mosaic Art Revived in New Jersey
Authors: WHARTON HOWARD J.
Published: December 2011

The revival of mosaic art as a form of decoration is an interesting WPA project which may stimulate employment in the tile industry and create a market for clay deposits.
Phantasy and Vocational Choice
Authors: TROW WM. CLARK
Published: December 2011

Believing that questions on vocational interest blanks may tempt pupils to wishful thinking or phantasy in listing their occupational choices, the author prepared an interest blank for a sampling of Detroit high school pupils. The findings and an interpretation of the results are given in this article.
The Aircraft Industry Looks to the Schools
Authors: HELBING ALBERT T.
Published: December 2011

Assuming that we are on the threshold of an expanding future in the use of aircraft, this author declares that young people in the schools should study the industry. The nature of jobs available, the kind of employee needed, the training offered by one company, and the need for a revised vocational education program in the secondary schools are all discussed in this article.
Indiana Colleges Rationalize Recruiting
Authors: SEMBOWER JOHN F.
Published: December 2011

In January, 1941, the Magazine described a plan (“Standards Set for College Admissions”) which had been an attempt to introduce sanity and efficiency into college recruiting in the Chicago area. This article explains the rational way in which the educational authorities of a state have set about to remedy existing evils.
Child Labor and the War Emergency
Authors: McCONNELL BEATRICE
Published: December 2011

Facts and figures cited here show a marked upswing in the employment of youth as a result of the defense effort. The author also points out the real threat to child labor standards and other social gains which are the result of years of effort.
Teachers Don Overalls
Authors: DAVIS WARREN C.
Published: December 2011

Here is an account of how one vocational school encourages its teaching personnel to seek occupational experience during the summer vacation in order to forge a closer link between the school and the world of work.
Occupational Outlook and the War*
Authors: HINRICHS A. F.
Published: December 2011

The forecasting record of the Occupational Outlook Service, the outlook for 1942, the new responsibilities of vocational counselors under wartime conditions are included in this article. It is of special interest to our readers for, as Dr. Hinrichs says, “The Occupational and Employment Outlook work of the Bureau of Labor Statistics is partly your baby.”
Vocational Guidance and Job Families*
Authors: SHARTLE CARROLL L.
Published: December 2011

Job families or “constellations of occupations” are based on an analysis of more than 70,000 jobs in industry and the armed forces. These job families are significant in vocational guidance for they reveal information which suggests a group of related occupations for which a person may be qualified or trained. Useful now in placing personnel in industry or the armed forces, they will be helpful also in post‐war readjustments.
Army Instruments of Individual Appraisal
Authors: HAYS CAPTAIN CREIGHTON E.
Published: December 2011

In addition to the tests universally used in classifying men in the Army (see “Every Man in the Right Place,” Lieut. George P. Warner, Occupations, Oct., 1941, p. 3), there are other tests used by different organizations within the Army for a variety of purposes. The Army Air Corps, for example, uses a group of aptitude and achievement tests in selecting recruits for its technical schools. A Weather Aptitude Test, a combination of general mental ability and physics achievement test, has been found to have a high correlation with grades of students who attend the Weather Observers School. A special battery of clerical tests is used in selecting students for the special Air Corps Clerical School. Shop mathematics is covered in another test and is used as a part of the general Mechanical battery. Tests of the surface development and mechanical movements types are also included. Parachute riggers, Link Trainer service men, airplane mechanics, weather observers, photographers, radio operators are all selected for training partially upon the basis of test scores.

The factor of interest is probably given greater consideration in the selection of men for the Air Corps than in any other branch of the service. Men entering the Air Corps are informed about the different courses and the nature of the work. If they have a high school education and their score on the Army General Classification Test is at the 50th percentile or above, they may choose the technical school they wish to attend. Aptitude and achievement tests are used to verify the wisdom of a man's choice. Only when the odds are hopelessly against success in his chosen school is he encouraged to make a different choice.
The Role of Women in the War Effort
Authors: HICKEY MARGARET A.
Published: December 2011

The possibility that some five million women not now working must be recruited and placed in war industries and other essential jobs before the end of 1943, has turned the spotlight on the nation's available womanpower. To consider this problem a conference met in New York City, sponsored by the National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs, the National Board of the YWCA, and the National Women's Trade Union League. One of the principal speakers was Margaret A. Hickey, Chairman of the Women's Advisory Committee, War Manpower Commission. Following is the major portion of her speech. The article is part of the supplement to Chapter XV of “Vocational Guidance for Victory, the Counselor's Wartime Manual.”
Consider the Trade Journal
Authors: JOCHEN ALBERT E.
Published: December 2011

The war effort with its emphasis on skills in technical occupations and semi‐skilled trades points to the wisdom of increasing the use of trade journals as a source of occupational information. These suggestions for using this material in the classroom present a challenge to ingenious teachers.
The Wartime Manual In Action A—IN BRANCH DISCUSSIONS
Authors: Schneidler Gwendolen
Published: December 2011

In line with a suggestion made by the Board of Trustees of the National Vocational Guidance Association and described in the October issue of Occupations, we are presenting here the second in a proposed series of study outlines on timely topics for discussion by members of the Association. If this outline is used for discussion in your Branch, we should appreciate hearing from your Branch Secretary and receiving a summary of the discussion. Such communications should be addressed to the writer who will also be glad to receive suggestions for future study outlines to be published in this journal.
Deaf Mutes Work for Defense
Authors: Sackenthal Joseph D.
Published: December 2011

The utilization of the handicapped in war industries is a problem now receiving serious consideration. Hence this report of the vocational preparation of one handicapped group has vital significance. We hope that the near future will bring us reports concerning the vocational rehabilitation of other groups.
Rotary Gives Youth Vocational Experiences1
Authors: WEBER C. A.
Published: December 2011

A Rotary project which enables youth to find its place more quickly in the world of work is described here. Other service clubs could also cooperate with the schools and make a valuable contribution to the community.
For Veterans Who Seek High School Education Hartford Reports
Authors: QUIRK THOMAS J.
Published: December 2011

In any group of educators you hear arguments: veterans will want to complete high school; veterans won't want to return to high school for they think they are too old. The accounts here published may throw some light on the situation. Apparently there are some veterans who will resume high school studies if conditions are made favorable.—Ed.
Streamlining the Counselor's Office
Authors: FLADSETH FLOYD R.
Published: December 2011

Here is a proposed plan for a counseling suite in a small high school, which is only suggestive. Other arrangements might prove equally satisfactory; therefore, comments are solicited, from readers with practical suggestions tested by experience. See also “Building for School Counseling,” Occupations, Feb., 1946, p. 266; and “A Special Room for Counseling,” Nov., 1940, p. 106. —Ed.
To Youth Who Choose Blindly
Authors: DALE REBECCA VAN HAMM
Published: December 2011

Investigators have frequently canvassed the vocational intentions of young persons and have found that they do not conform to the vocational pattern of the community. How to bring this discrepancy home to youth is a problem which has been effectively solved by a realistic bulletin prepared by the Counseling Services of the Cincinnati Public Schools. We reprint an excerpt with permission, in the hope that it may provide counselors with a pattern which they can use in helping youth to think realistically about occupations. The bulletin as distributed among the Cincinnati schools included statistics prepared by Counselor Ruth Kuller, comparing the number of Cincinnati workers in various fields with the number of pupils choosing these occupations.— The Editors.