bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Choosing Our Own Ways
Authors: Attig Thomas
Published: November 2023

We must gauge for ourselves what balance between spectator and participant roles is appropriate in ceremonies of separation, including creating memorials. Total immersion, like Fran and Bob’s when Bryan died, is not for everyone. But even modest participation can make ceremonies of separation more meaningful. We can look for opportunities as they arise in our own experiences. Roy Nichols told stories of how he began to offer options very early in his talks with those who came to his funeral home. They could do something, like contacting the newspapers or arranging with churches, or he could do it for them. In a little while he would ask them what they decided. Sometimes, they said “yes” to all his open invitations, divided responsibilities, and totally immersed themselves. In their own ways, and in terms of their own needs, styles, and preferences, they planned and did virtually everything themselves, as Roy and his family had.
Memories and Dying Days
Authors: Attig Thomas
Published: November 2023

My father died in the hospital in 1969. His life had been difficult after a stroke in 1965 and a debilitating surgery shortly thereafter. My mother and grandmother cared for him at home. But he was in and out of nursing homes and hospitals throughout the period. I helped take care of him when I was home from college the first two years after his stroke. I was then away in graduate school the last two years of his life and able to visit only infrequently. Though he was obviously deteriorating, there was never a time when death and dying were discussed openly. There was a great deal of mutual affection, yet it was not easily or often expressed. Much of what could have been said remained unsaid. I remember my last visit before Dad died. Mom called to tell me that he was quite ill and had been admitted to the hospital again. She made it clear that if I came, it would be my last visit. Though incredibly weak, Dad, as usual, was glad to see me. Our conversation was minimal. Quiet time predominated. He seemed surprised at my visit, since I had visited him at home not long before. Yet, he acted not so surprised.
Richly Meaningful Memories
Authors: Attig Thomas
Published: November 2023

Bryn and Violet eagerly awaited the birth of their third child. But Ellie came too soon, in the twenty-second week of Violet’s pregnancy. She was so tiny. And she had serious respiratory difficulties. The doctor told them that she would have to strugle mightily to survive. She assured them she and the staff in the neonatal intensive care unit would do all they could to pull Ellie through and allow her to go home. Ellie lived only ten days. Either Violet or Bryn was by the side of her incubator every hour of her short life. They watched how she struled. Though they could not hold Ellie, they were encouraged to touch her gently and speak to her. They did so for hours. They sang every lullaby they knew. And they prayed that God would hold her in his arms and protect her. They hung on every word the doctor effered them, first with realistic and then with desperate hope as Ellie’s condition worsened.
Acting on Promises
Authors: Attig Thomas
Published: November 2023

Carla was the eldest of eight children. As so often happens in large families, she helped her mother with the younger ones, and took on more responsibilities as she grew. She wondered if her mother, Marti, loved her as much as the others. She didn’t feel as much of her warmth, and sometimes felt pushed to do too much around the house. Still, she loved her siblings, especially the surprise of the late arrivals, her twin sisters, Maria and Linda, born when she was eleven. Carla’s father died five years after the twins came. Carla had adored him, and the loss was crushing. Her mother, too, was devastated. The insurance made it possible for her to go on without having to return to work before the children were grown. A sister and brother-in-law who lived nearby offered invaluable support and assistance. Marti relied even more on Carla, but Carla became distant, irritable, rebellious, and hard for her mother to reach. She continued to do her part at home, out of love for her brothers and sisters, but she longed to escape. She married at nineteen, moved with her husband to another city, and started a family of her own.
Doing Things Their Way
Authors: Attig Thomas
Published: November 2023

Dean’s grandparents’ farm was less than an hour’s drive from the suburb where he lived with his parents. His family didn’t need a holiday, birthday, or anniversary as an excuse to get together, though they never missed one. He loved his grandmother, Edie, but he couldn’t get enough of his grandfather, Nathan. Dean followed him everywhere, and Nathan loved him every minute they were together. Nathan had a way with Dean that made him feel like he was the center of his world. When he played or talked with Dean, Nathan gave him his undivided and rapt attention. He looked at Dean with warm, loving eyes that said he delighted in simply being with him. He drew cartoons while Dean watched and giggled, and he showed him some simple ways to make up his own cartoons. He motioned for Dean to sit beside him when he seemed unhappy or hurt. He had a way of listening that assured Dean that he really understood him. He lifted Dean into his arms or onto his shoulders so he could see what everyone else was seeing. He made up bedtime stories that were better than any in the books his parents read him.
Choosing How We Approach Our Hurt
Authors: Attig Thomas
Published: November 2023

As Henry held Grace close that awful morning, the reality of separation from her was palpable. A part of him wanted to hide. But where could he possibly go? He sensed that he would have to be unconscious not to notice that Grace was no longer with him. Those who would advise him to “keep busy” or to “put your mind on other things” would mean well. But, to him, the hurt that Grace’s absence aroused seemed inescapable-he could not pretend otherwise. The road ahead looked endless. The feelings seemed at times unbearably heavy. He vowed to himself to stay the course, not run away. In the weeks that followed, Henry’s soul ached in every corner of his home. Though he knew he never would, it was still as if he expected to meet Grace there: at the now silent breakfast table. By the sink brushing her teeth. Searching the closet. At the door as he left for work. In the hall where they deposited the residue of the day’s business. Beside him as they watched the evening news. Strolling through the neighborhood at twilight. Reading in her favorite chair by the fire. Humming along as familiar music came from the stereo. In their bed at day’s end and at the sound of the alarm. Henry only knew how to live in his home with Grace.
Soul Food and Soul Music
Authors: Attig Thomas
Published: November 2023

Dad was a cook in Wally’s Cefe, a small-town restaurant he owned with his brother. He made great soups that we all enjoyed but that he never ate because he refused to eat vegetables. My brother and I were allowed to make our own milkshakes when we ate or sometimes worked at the restaurant. And Dad often cooked at home. Meat and potatoes were the rule when he did, and the steaks were often chickenjried. He loved fruit pie, especially apple. I think of him whenever I enjoy any of these foods, including an occasional steak without the added chicken-fry. I remember how hard he worked to provide a home for us. His favorite foods take me back to that home with a quiet, gentle man I called Pop. My grandmother came over from “the old country” in time for the birth of her fifth child, my mother. Life in her home seemed to revolve around the kitchen and the large dining room table with her presiding at its head. I have difficulty remembering her without an apron. She loved German sausage and sauerkraut, dark rye and pumpernickel breads, and cabbage rolls. She also loved strong cheeses I have never been able to approach.
Changing and Growing
Authors: Attig Thomas
Published: November 2023

Six months before her husband’s death, Jacquelyn Mitchard had a dream. It was a story rich enough to be the subject of a novel. The next morning she told it to her husband. She had not been a writer. Yet he predicted that in two years she would be in a different place. She would be a first-class writer. On the Today Show, not too long ago, Jacquelyn told her interviewer that she finished her first novel, At the Deep End of the Ocean, two years to the day after her husband’s death. She said she wanted to show her children that we can expand our dreams, not contract them, after a tragedy. In part because of her husband’s confidence in her, she found ability within herself she did not know was there. Antonio and Chris Daniels and their two older sisters were raised by their mother, Alice, in inner-city Columbus, Ohio. Children in their part of town seldom escaped from their poor, troubled surroundings. But Alice was determined that her children would use education as their way out. She worked during the day, attended school at night, earned her degree, and became a family counselor to support them.
Meaning, Interpretation, and Analyticity
Authors: Moser Paul K
Published: November 2023

Whatever else we are, you and I are language users. Witness my writing this chapter, and your reading it. Reflection on what you and I are doing thus indicates that we are language users. Even if we lack exact identity-conditions for languages and language users, we do not forgo talk of such phenomena. Evidently, then, meaningful talk allows for considerable vagueness.
The Autonomy of Morals
Authors: Cavell Stanley
Published: November 2023

One could scarcely question A. N. Prior’s observation that “... in our own time the perception that information about our obligations cannot he logically derived from premisses in which our obligations are not mentioned has become a commonplace, though perhaps only in philosophical circles” (Logic and the Basis of Ethics, p. 36). Non-naturalistic ethical theories seem to he based entirely upon this perception; an anti non-naturalistic position such as Stevenson’s assumes it; because of it, writers such as S. E. Toulmip, however different from the former in other respects, set out to characterize a special “logic” or “mode of reasoning” to explicate the force of moral argument. Apart from any intrinsic logical interest the thesis may itself hold, one is struck by the claims made in its behalf.
Between Acknowledgment and Avoidance
Authors: Cavell Stanley
Published: November 2023

In tracing our <disappointment with criteria, in denying that Wittgensteinian criteria can, or are meant to, refute skepticism, I seem, in my re marks about the problem of other minds, to have left the other’s privacy intact. And doesn’t Wittgenstein deny privacy? What else is the teaching of his obsessive emphasis on the publicness of language and on the out wardness of criteria? I have suggested that the teaching is in service of a vision that false views of the inner and of the outer produce and sustain one another, and I would be glad to have suggested that the correct relation between inner and outer, between the soul and its society, is the theme of the Investigations as a whole.
Hovering and Jumping: Contrasting Problems in Scaling
Authors: Alexander R McNeill
Published: November 2023

Evolution is a powerful, optimizing process that tends to form animals and plants to designs that are, for them, close to the best possible. When similar organisms evolve a range of sizes, evolution will tend to scale them so that each has a near-optimal design for its particular size. Scaling problems are problems of optimization over a range of sizes.
Why Are the Laws of Nature So Important to Science (I)?
Authors: Lange Marc
Published: November 2023

I take for granted that science is interested in discovering the non-nomic facts. But for p ∈ U, why should science care about discovering whether or not p is a law insofar as this goes beyond discovering whether or not p is true? By discovering a regularity to be a matter of natural law, we learn nothing more about the non-nomic facts than we already knew simply from discovering the regularity itself. Why, then, should science be concerned with discovering whether some regularity is accidental or a matter of natural law? Of course, if science’s goal is stipulated to be the discovery of all facts, including nomic facts, then science must be interested in discovering the laws. But this answer merely begs the question; it cannot persuade anyone who did not already accept that the laws matter to science.
The Temple Of Culture
Authors: Freedman Jonathan
Published: November 2023

From the beginning of modern intellectual history to the culture wars of the present day, the experience of assimilating Jews and the idiom of “culture” have been fundamentally intertwined with each other. Freedman's book begins by looking at images of the stereotypical Jew in the literary culture of nineteenth- and twentieth-century England and America, and then considers the efforts on the part of Jewish critics and intellectuals to counter this image in the public sphere. It explores the unexpected parallels and ironic reversals between a cultural dispensation that had ambivalent responses to Jews and Jews who became exponents of that very tradition.
Iris Murdoch and Contemporary Moral Inquiry
Authors: Antonaccio Maria
Published: November 2023

How are we to think about morality in an age in which the very notion of the self has been challenged and every claim about the good is disputed? This book examines one of the most compelling contemporary responses to this question. The moral philosophy of Iris Murdoch presents an important challenge to current ethical inquiry: the effort to reclaim a notion of the self as individual and to reconceive its relation to an idea of moral value or the good. Specifically, Murdoch seeks to retrieve the notion of consciousness as morally central to an account of human being and, further, to conceive consciousness as inescapably related to an idea of the good. Such an argument is bound to be controversial in an intellectual climate characterized by an unrelenting critique of the idea of subjectivity, as well as a suspicion of any attempt to make substantive claims about humanity or the human good.
Prospects for Murdochian Ethics
Authors: Antonaccio Maria
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter completed my exposition of the central themes of Murdoch’s moral thought. Specifically, the chapter drew together the themes of morality, the self, and the good through an interpretation of Murdoch as a “reflexive realist.” I showed that Murdoch’s realist and metaphysical ethic correlates her account of consciousness with an idea of the good through the reflexive structure of the ontological proof. So understood, the proof reveals that the good is an objective principle of perfected moral knowledge that is only accessible through the medium of “personal resonance.” This account complicates standard readings of Murdoch’s rhetoric of vision and unselfing by exposing the constructive role of the imagination in moral vision and the role of the will in moral motivation. It also led to a consideration of the limits of Murdoch’s account of morality as spiritual change, limits which compel her to formulate a morality of rules and axioms in a theory of obligation.
Husserl
Authors: Pietersma Henry
Published: November 2023

For reasons already given in the previous chapter, Husserl’s doctrine of knowledge plays a central role in this study. Because he attached a greater importance to a theory of knowledge than either Heidegger or Merleau-Ponty, he developed it with greater care than they did. In fact, his epistemology introduced most of the concepts and terms which· Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty made use of in writing about epistemic matters, whether to agree or to disagree with him. The doctrines of knowledge which they developed are therefore not intelligible with out a thorough study of Husserl’s doctrine.
Socrates at Colonus
Authors: White Stephen A
Published: November 2023

Throughout the long day he knows will be his last, as he awaits the end decreed for him, conversing with his companions and a pair of visitors from Thebes, then rising to bathe and bid his family farewell, the old man grows steadily more imposing. Ushered in on the frail arm of his daughter- “awful to see, awful to hear,” proclaims the chorus of local residents in the Oedipus at Colonus (141)-Oedipus first appears as a miserable suppliant, terrified by the approach even of a solitary stranger.
Dopaminergic and Noradrenergic Influences on Cognitive Functions Mediated by Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Arnsten Amy F T
Published: November 2023

Many researchers consider dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) a fundamental problem in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The PFC is critical for guiding behavior using working memory (Goldman-Rakic, 1987; see Rapport, Chapter 12). Working memory is constantly updated; the PFC uses these representations to guide behavior effectively, freeing the organism from its dependence on the environment, inhibiting inappropriate responses or distractions and allowing us to plan and organize our behavior (Robbins, 1996). The PFC, particularly on the right side, is activated during both sustained and selective attention tasks (Coull et al., 1998).
The Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat as a Model of ADHD
Authors: Sagvolden Terje
Published: November 2023

In all areas of research, one is trying to find or build models that can be used to summarize and simplify the understanding of a disorder, research problem, or phenomenon under investigation. In clinical research there are several advantages associated with animal models of disorders (Sagvolden et al., 1992a; Sagvolden, 1996; Sagvolden & Sergeant, 1998a; Solanto, 1998; Taylor, 1998). Ethical, methodological and economic factors restrict research on human subjects. For example, ethical factors limit studies of drug effects on children with ADHD and comparison children.
The Origins of Philosophical Ideas
Authors: Locke John
Published: November 2023

After a traditional classical education at Westminister and Oxford, John Locke (1632–1704) developed an interest in the experimental sciences. Remaining at Oxford after his degree, he became acquainted with Robert Boyle and the physician Thomas Sydenham. Although he did not offficially receive a medical degree, he was trained as a physician. Offered a position as secretary to the Earl of Sandwich, then ambassador to Spain, he preferred to continue his studies at Oxford. But his friendship with the Earl of Shaftesbury—whom he also served as a personal physician—kept him at the center of political life. He helped write the Constitution of the Carolina colony, and was secretary of the Council of Trade and Plantations until 1700. Locke went to France in 1675, initially for reasons of health. Once there, he found an agreeable intellectual circle around Gassendi, who introduced him to other critics of Cartesian philosophy. After returning to England in 1679, he became a political advisor to the Whig opponents of the royalist party. When the Earl of Shaftesbury fled to the Netherlands, Locke—who had been kept under surveillance for his political views—followed him in 1683. During his stay in Holland he wrote the First Letter Concerning Toleration which was published anonymously in 1689. He was active in advancing the accession of William of Orange, and returned to England in 1689 as the offficial escort of Princess Mary.
Meditations on My Troubled Heart
Authors: Rousseau Jean-Jacques
Published: November 2023

Born in Geneva, raised by an aunt after the death of his mother, Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) was, he tells us, largely educated by his solitary reading of Cicero and Romantic French novels. When he left Geneva in 1728, he became associated with Mme Warens, who influenced his (temporary) conversion from Calvinism to Catholicism. In 1748, he went to Paris, intending to make his fame as a musician. His opera, Le Devin du Village (1752), was not a great success, but he became a visible intellectual figure, and Diderot invited him to contribute to the Encyclopédie. Against the background of a theory of human nature, both The Discourse on the Arts and Sciences (1750) and The Discourse on the Origins of Inequality (1755) present severely critical descriptions of social luxury and political corruption. The Lettre aà d’Alembert (1758) charges opera and the theater with debasing public morality. As he saw it, social corruption arises from a ramified and entrenched division of labor that engenders dependency, passivity, and resentment. Rousseau’s major works present therapeutic programs for these ills. La Nouvelle Heloise (1761) is a psychological novel of domesticity and romance; émile (1762) presents an educational regimen that is intended to preserve autonomy; The Social Contract or Principles of Right (1762) and Considerations on the Government of Poland (1770) present a political solution, sketching a contractarian theory of political legitimation and organization.
The Tasks of Philosophy
Authors: Kant Immanuel
Published: November 2023

Born in a pietistic family of Scots origin, Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) studied theology, natural science, and philosophy at the University of Koenigsberg. Influenced by students of Leibniz and Christian Wolff, he was also impressed by his reading of Hume and Rousseau. After spending nine years as a private tutor, Kant was appointed as lecturer and eventually as a professor at the University of Koenigsberg. His early work, published in the 1760s, consisted largely of criticisms and modifications of Wolff, Leibniz, and Descartes. From 1781–1790, he wrote his major—and monumental—critical works: The Critique of Pure Reason (1781), Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics (1783), Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785), Critique of Practical Reason (1788), and Critique of Judgment (1790). The Metaphysics of Morals (1797) extended and applied his earlier ethical theory. Because Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone (1794) raised the suspicion of the Prussian censor, Kant was forbidden to publish on religious subjects. That prohibition lapsed with the death of Frederick William III. Kant’s later more popular essays—On Perpetual Peace (1795), The Idea of a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Point of View (1784), and What Is Enlightenment? (1784)—were widely circulated and widely read.
The New Science of Philosophy
Authors: Hegel Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
Published: November 2023

G.W.F. Hegel (1770–1831) studied theology and classics at the University of Tübingen. His first university post was at Jena, where he met Fichte, Schelling, and the Schlegels. His academic trajectory carried him to Heidelberg in 1816 and to Berlin in 1818. Having first focused on current issues in moral theory and the philosophy of religion, Hegel turned to a critical development of Kantian philosophy. At Jena, he began—and quickly finished—his vast, ambitious Phenomenology of Spirit (which, as popular legend has it, was completed when Napoleon’s troops invaded Jena on October 12, 1807). The Phenomenology presents a rational reconstruction of stages in the development of consciousness, starting from sense awareness, through perception and understanding, to the social world and fully articulated self-consciousness. This “movement” charts isomorphic phases in the maturation of individual psychology, the development of social relations, and the growth of self-consciousness in world history. Hegel attempted to break down—to unite, to show the interdependence—of an array of familiar philosophical oppositions: duty and inclination, objectivity and subjectivity, action and reaction, form and matter, mind and body, freedom and determinism, the individual and the state, the particular and the universal, moralityand science, language and reality, truth and fiction, imagination and reason, invention and discovery, empiricism and idealism, experience and the experienced, casual and logical relations. Each of these philosophic terms represents a partial perspective on Reality, which is, when properly understood, realized to be a uniffied, systematically interconnected system. Hegel thought of Absolute Spirit as the pervasive, immanent spirit that actively unfolds itself in a process that moves dialectically toward greater articulation and determinacy, revealing the rational interconnectedness of all the “parts” or “aspects” of Reality.
Autobiographical Note
Authors: Peirce Charles Sanders
Published: November 2023

Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914), the son of the mathematician Benjamin Peirce, was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and educated at Harvard, where he took a degree in chemistry. After a few disastrous academic appointments, he worked as a physicist for the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey until 1887, when he retired to devote himself to writing philosophy. Living in isolation and poverty, he was supported by his lifelong friend, William James. Peirce’s early papers developed the initial formulation of pragmatism as a theory of meaning. The meaning of a proposition consists in the sum total of all conceivable necessary consequences of its truth. As Peirce saw it, those consequences include not only logical entailments but also projectible experimental observations and conduct. Influenced by his early reading of Hegel, he thought of \scientific inquiry—perhaps even philosophical inquiry—as progressively defining-and-discovering reality. Peirce eventually dissociated himself from what he saw as the weaker forms of pragmatism developed by James and Dewey, and insisted on calling his view “pragmaticism.”
Writing a Life of Writing
Authors: Beauvoir Simone De
Published: November 2023

Simone de Beauvoir (1908–1986) studied philosophy at L’Ecole Normale Supérieure and the Sorbonne. Like many other intellectuals of the time, she taught in a lycée. Influenced by Husserl and Heidegger, she wrote a phenomenological study of the experience of radical freedom (The Ethics of Ambiguity, 1949). She preferred to express her philosophical views in works of fiction: She Came to Stay (1943), All Men Are Mortal (1946), and The Mandarins (1954). Active in the Resistance, she wrote political essays, increasingly turning her attention to feminist theory. Her groundbreaking The Second Sex (1949) influenced feminist thinking around the world. She later turned to writing autobiography, using her life as an example of the complex situation of politically active intellectual women who are also fully engaged daughters and lovers (Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter, 1958; The Prime of Life, 1960; The Force of Circumstance, 1963). Reflecting on the death of her mother, she began to write about ageing: The Coming of Age (1970) and All Said and Done (1972). She continued to write political essays, many of them severely critical of the United States (America Day by Day, 1948).
Philosophical Apprenticeships
Authors: Gadamer Hans-Georg
Published: November 2023

A student of Natorp and Heidegger at Marburg, Hans-Georg Gadamer (1900–) has been professor of philosophy at the University of Heidelberg since 1949. His first book, Plato’s Dialectical Ethics (1931), announced one of the major themes of his later work: the role of dialogue in the tasks of hermeneutic interpretation. Critical of Heidegger’s rejection of the history of philosophy of as merely logocentric, he thought that “the return to being” is best expressed in the continuity of a tradition of dialogic interpretation. In Truth and Method (1960) and Philosophical Hermeneutics (1967–1972) Gadamer argue that art should replace natural science as the model for understanding in the human sciences because works of art are inexhaustibly open to interpretation. Like genuine conversation, the “dialogue” between an interpreter and a work of art transforms the interpreter’s self-understanding. Habermas has criticized Gadamer for a conservatism that seems implicit in treating dialogue as a hermeneutic interpretation of the past, rather than as political deliberation about the future. Gadamer replied that he was engaged in explicating the conditions for the possibility of any communication—conservative or revolutionary. In Dialogue and Deconstruction (1989) Gadamer attacked (what he saw as) Derrida’s claim that perceptive interpretation under-mines itself by revealing its own critical deconstruction.
My Intellectual Path
Authors: Berlin Isaiah
Published: November 2023

Born in Riga, Latvia, Isaiah Berlin (1909–1997) immigrated to Britain in 1920. With the exception of a period during which he served as an attacheÉat the British embassy in Washington, D.C. during World War II, he spent the greater part of his life in Oxford. A critic of historical determinism, moral relativism, and all forms of totalitarianism, Berlin wrote numerous essays on such political theorists as Machiavelli, Vico, Herder, le Maistre, Marx, and Sorel. Berlin’s influential “Two Concepts of Liberty” (1958) distinguishes the liberal “negative” liberty of Mill and Herzen from the “positive” liberty of Rousseau, Hegel, and Marx. The former argues for limiting the power of authority to constrain individual choice and action. In the name of assuring the development of human potentialities, the adherents of “positive” liberty are willing to grant authority to those who would promote (what they consider) the conditions for rational autonomy. Berlin argues that the movement toward positive liberty is a movement toward totalitarianism (The Crooked Timber of Humanity, 1990).
Understanding Cancer and Pain
Authors: Patt Richard B , Lang Susan S
Published: November 2023

A diagnosis of cancer is usually unexpected and is always a frightening and overwhelming experience. Few families possess the knowledge needed to undertake the many very difficult decisions that will be required; with referral to new doctors, busy medical offices, and changing insurance requirements, it is easy to feel bewildered, confused, and helpless. In addition to providing basic information about cancer and its treatment, this chapter will discuss the various kinds of pain that are associated with cancer.
Understanding Medications Used to Treat Severe Pain
Authors: Patt Richard B , Lang Susan S
Published: November 2023

Misconceptions about the effects and side effects of morphine, the most well known of the strong opioids, and similar drugs are the primary reasons why people with cancer around the world are undermedicated. Yet with a proper understanding of these drugs, pain can be adequately relieved with a minimum of side effects in nearly all patients.
Desperate Measures
Authors: Fontijn Claire
Published: November 2023

One of the most fascinating figures of seventeenth-century music, composer and singer Antonia Padoani Bembo (c.1640 - c.1720) was active in both Venice and Paris. Her work provides a unique cross-cultural window into the rich musical cultures of these cities, yet owing to her clandestine existence in France, for almost three centuries Bembo's life was shrouded in mystery. In this first-ever biography, Clare Fontijn unveils the enthralling and surprising story of a remarkable woman who moved in the musical, literary, and artistic circles of these European cultural centers. Rebuffed in the attempt to divorce her abusive husband, Bembo fled to Paris, leaving her children in Venice. Joining ranks with composers glorifying Louis XIV, her song charmed the Sun King and won over his court's sympathy to the cause of women. She obtained his sponsorship to live in a semi-cloistered community in Paris, where she wrote music for the spiritual and worldly needs of the royal family. Offering fine examples of sacred and secular vocal repertory for chamber settings and large ensembles, Bembo's oeuvre reveals her preoccupation with female agency through dynamic portrayals of such powerful figures as the Virgin Mary and the Duchess of Burgundy. The genres in which she worked--love song, opera, motet, cantata, trio sonata, and air--testify to the magic of her voice and to her place alongside Strozzi, Jacquet de La Guerre, and other major women composers of her time. Expertly engaging with musicology, history, and gender studies, Claire Fontijn tells the story of a brave and daring woman while providing a valuable key to a long-hidden treasure trove of music. A groundbreaking biography, Desperate Measures details the compelling life and music of a woman with courage, determination, and talent who thrived within the dictates of society and culture.
Ties That Bind
Authors: Fontijn Claire
Published: November 2023

Bembo’ s music for the wedding of the Duke and Duchess of Burgundy in 1697 beautifully proclaimed her devotion to the royal family in Produzioni armoniche with festive pieces describing the duchess’ s pleasing manner (no. 3), bringing metaphorical characters into dialogue for the wedding (no.), and celebrating the bridal chamber (no. ). The wedding dialogue, in particular, paved the way for Bembo’ s future endeavors in dramatic multi-section vocal work. Presumably having gained the approbation of the duchess, she anticipated the advent of her first child by selecting two new texts: the The Deum in Latin, followed by a secular Italian poem of equivalent length.
Hydrocephalus
Authors: Filley Christopher M
Published: November 2023

The term hydrocephalus refers to the accumulation of excessive water in the head. Ordinarily the total volume of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the neuritis is approximately 140 cm3, of which roughly 25 cm3 are found in the four ventricles (Fishman, 1992). Higher ventricular volumes of CSF can develop either because additional CSF occupies space within a brain of normal size, or the parenchyma atrophies and CSF replaces the lost tissue (hydrocephalus ex vacuum). The cerebral white matter is implicated in both of these situations, either because an excessive volume of CSF may injure the periventricular regions or because changes in white matter contribute to the development of cerebral atrophy. These various situations, and their neurobehavioral squeal, are considered in this chapter. Hydrocephalus occurring acutely in the context of mass lesions, trauma, infarction, and the like will not be reviewed because of methodological difficulties in studying the impact of specific white matter neuropathology in these settings.
Focal Neurobehavioral Syndromes
Authors: Filley Christopher M
Published: November 2023

As the information in Chapter 15 indicates, cognitive dysfunction and dementia are the most frequently recognized neurobehavioral syndromes encountered in patients with white matter disorders of the brain. In contrast, focal syndromes are relatively rare. Three major factors help explain these observations. First, the neuropathology involvement of most diseases and injuries of the white matter tends to be diffuse or multifocal, so that isolated lesions that might give rise to focal syndromes are relatively uncommon. Second, the neurobehavioral syndrome might occur only transiently and never come to clinical attention, and the patient recovers before a precise clinical-pathologic correlation can be made. Finally, focal syndromes, even when present, may be underappreciated because of the attention focused on other clinical and basic aspects of the disorder.
Diffuse Processes
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to describe the electrophysiologic findings in diseases that affect the neuraxis diffusely. This includes pathology of anterior horn cells (AHCs), roots, nerves, neuromuscular junctions, and muscles (Fig. 1). Anterior horn cell diseases include poliomyelitis, one form of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, infantile spinal muscular atrophy (SMA I or Cases 14, 49, Werdnig-Hoffmann disease), juvenile 65, 76 spinal muscular atrophy (SMA II and III or Kugelberg-Welander disease), and motor neuron disease (MND; e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, AIS). Rare forms have been attributed to Hodgkin’s disease or macroglobulinemia.
Hemiatrophy of the Tongue
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

For several months, a 46-year-old man noted difficulty with speech articulation and wasting of the left half of his tongue. There were no other symptoms. Medical history was limited to hypertension. Physical Examination. The left tongue half was atrophied and deviated to the left on protrusion. Cranial nerve function was otherwise intact. There were no other motor or sensory deficits. DTRs were active and symmetric, with no pathologic responses.
Arm Weakness Postthoracotomy
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

Routine chest X-ray of a 74-year-old man revealed a mass of the upper lobe of the left lung. Diagnostic evaluation consisted of bronchoscopy and mediastinoscopy with lymph node biopsy. In addition, a scalene node was biopsied by excising the left scalene fat pad. The nodes were free of tumor, and there was no radiologic evidence of spread.
Mixed Upper and Lower Motor Neuron Problem
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

One year previously, a 50-year-old man first noted slight leg weakness. This progressed over the next several months until ambulation required the aid of a walker. Over the previous 2 years, he had paresthesias in his hands and feet, extending to his knees. He had had high arches and hammer toes since childhood and was generally considered weaker than his peers and a poor athlete. Family history was negative for neuromuscular disease, including his four sisters. His medical history included childhood rheumatic fever, infectious hepatitis (when age 30), slight hypertension, and an episode of chest pain.
Two Cardiorespiratory Deaths in a Family
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

The patient was a 27-year-old woman whose symptoms began 2 days previously while she was attending the funeral of her mother-in-law. She noted difficulty swallowing and articulating with some breathing problem. By the next day she was struggling to breathe and becoming cyanotic. A mobile rescue team found her apneic with ventricular fibrillation. She was intubated and cardiopulmonary resuscitation was administered. A similar course had preceded the death of her mother-in-law, including respiratory and cardiac arrest.
Thigh Pain and Gluteal Tenderness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

A 39-year-old woman developed low back pain 4 years previously after sustaining a fall. It radiated to her left thigh. There was deep local gluteal tenderness on palpation, and exacerbation of her pain on internal rotation of her flexed, adducted hip. She was referred for verification of the diagnosis of pirifonnis syndrome. Medical history was noncontributory.
Postacoustic Neurectomy Facial Palsy
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

An 18-year-old boy was referred for evaluation of facial nerve function, 6 months after a two-stage removal of a 5 cm acoustic neuroma. Instability of gait and unilateral hearing loss lead to the diagnosis. Complete resection of the tumor was performed with the use of microscope dissection in two separate 10 hour procedures. This was accomplished using intraoperative facial nerve stimulation and EMG monitoring in an attempt to preserve the facial nerve. In spite of this, since the operations, there was no clinical evidence of left facial movement. Patient’s gait instability disappeared. Medical history only of Osgood Schlatter’s disease of both knees.
Hyper-CPK-emia and Muscle Aches
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

A 48-year-old woman complained of diffuse muscle aches maximal in the lower limbs during the previous 7 years. She was found to have markedly increased serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels and was referred for evaluation. She admitted to mild generalized weakness and some numbness of her fingers. There was no previous or family medical history. Physical Examination. She had normal cranial nerves, cerebellar function, sensation, and even strength. DTRs were symmetrically active in the upper limbs and absent in the lower limbs. No pathologic reflexes were present. Nerves were normal to palpation, and no muscle tenderness was found.
Compartment Syndrome and Forearm Numbness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

Two years previously, a 31-year-old construction worker was pulling a cable, maintaining extreme exertion with his right forearm muscles. Afterward, he suffered from pain in his forearm with radiation to his medial two fingers. An emergency operation was performed that day because of “compartment syndrome.’’ Postoperatively, he was left with numbness of his medial forearm and upper arm. Medical history was normal.
Optic Neuritis and Motor Blocking
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

A 59-year-old physician requested evaluation because of recurrent low back problems. Low back pain and numbness of one foot had lead to a laminectomy 12 years before for a left L5S1 disc. Symptoms abated for 8 years, then recurred periodically with pain in the left buttock radiating to the left leg, slight weakness, and plantar numbness. MRI was interpreted as slight L4-5, scarring. In passing, he mentioned an episode of clouding of vision of his right eye occurring 5 years before. Evaluation at that time defined a scotoma. A diagnosis of optic neuritis was made by chiefs of neuro-ophthalmology in two major medical centers. On MRI, multiple bright focal periventricular cerebral spots were seen, most consistent with demyelination. He was treated for a period with prednisone. His visual acuity returned after about a year. Medical and family history were otherwise unremarkable.
Critical Illness Weakness After Gastric Bypass
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

Because of marked obesity, a 28-year-old woman underwent a gastric bypass operation, which was followed by a reoperation for wound problems. In the interim, a nephrotic syndrome was diagnosed when she developed leg edema. She started to develop generalized weakness after the original procedure, progressing during the subsequent days to a severe total quadriparesis. Except for sleep apnea, patient had no prior medical history. Studies revealed atalectatic or fibrotic lung bases, and CT evidence consistent with fatty liver. Serum chemistry abnormalities included total protein, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase, SGOT, with many other borderline studies.
Dropped Head Syndrome
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

A 56-year-old woman slowly developed poor head control and difficulty with balance over a 7-month period. She had occasional right hand symptoms and low back pain. Medical history of severe scoliosis. Physical Examination. She had a severe drooping of her head with weakness of neck extensors. Strength was otherwise intact. Cranial nerves and cerebellar function and sensation were intact. DTRs were symmetric and hypoactive with no pathologic reflexes.
Introduction
Authors: Koons Robert C
Published: November 2023

Physicists are currently searching for what they call a “theory of everything.” However, it turns out that the “everything” they have in mind falls far short of every thing. The physicists’ theory of everything has nothing to say about mental phenomena, agency, values, norms, teleology, or intentionality, to men tion but a few. In fact, physicists rarely have much to say about the natures of the fundamental elements of their theory: particles, fields, space, and time.
A Probabilistic Model of Causation
Authors: Koons Robert C
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I will develop a quantitative, probabilistic model of causation, building on the work done in the preceding two chapters. As before, the desiderata for the model include securing the transitivity of causation and the statistical independence properties associated with the Markov properties. At the same time, I want to faithfully represent the full complexity of the relationship be tween causation and probability, including the possibility of causes with negative statistical correlation to their effects, the possibility of independent over determination, and the possibility of cases of the preemption of causality, in which positive correlation is not sufficient for causal connection.
Conceptions Of Appropriateness: Plato’s Revision of Literary Usage in the Phaedo and Republic 5
Authors: Levin Susan B
Published: November 2023

The framework of eponymy plays a central role in Plato’s reflections at this juncture because it provides the semantic correlate to the notion of participation, which is itself crucial to his metaphysical theory. Platonic eponymy underscores dependencies. In so doing, as we will see, it does far more than bring out mere historical linguistic ties between onomata. Rather, it both reflects and draws attention to ontological and valuational dependencies involving Forms and members of the pertinent classes of entities in the spatiotemporal realm. As in the case of etymology, so too with eponymy, Plato is quite concerned with the issue of whether, and under what conditions, onomata are properly assigned to their referents.
The Majoritarian Premise and Constitutionalism
Authors: Dworkin Ronald
Published: November 2023

Democracy means government by the people. But what does that mean? No explicit definition of democracy is settled among political theorists or in the dictionary. On the contrary, it is a matter of deep controversy what democracy really is. People disagree about which techniques of representation, which allocation of power among local, state, and national governments, which schedule and pattern of elections, and which other institutional arrangements provide the best available version of democracy. But beneath these familiar arguments over the structures of democracy there lies, I believe, a profound philosophical dispute about democracy’s fundamental value or point, and one abstract issue is crucial to that dispute, though this is not always recognized. Should we accept or reject what I shall call the majoritarian premise?

This is a thesis about the fair outcomes of a political process: it insists that political procedures should be designed so that, at least on important matters, the decision that is reached is the decision that a majority or plurality of citizens favors, or would favor if it had adequate information and enough time for reflection.
Polity and Group Difference: A Critique of the Ideal of Universal Citizenship
Authors: Young Iris Marion
Published: November 2023

An ideal of universal citizenship has driven the emancipatory momentum of modern political life. Ever since the bourgeoisie challenged aristocratic privileges by claiming equal political rights for citizens as such, women, workers, Jews, blacks, and others have pressed for inclusion in that citizenship status. Modern political theory asserted the equal moral worth of all persons, and social movements of the oppressed took this seriously as implying the inclusion of all persons in full citizenship status under the equal protection of the law.

Citizenship for everyone, and everyone the same qua citizen. Modern political thought generally assumed that the universality of citizenship in the sense of citizenship for all implies a universality of citizenship in the sense that citizen­ ship status transcends particularity and difference. Whatever the social or group differences among citizens, whatever their inequalities of wealth, status, and power in the everyday activities of civil society, citizenship gives everyone the same status as peers in the political public. With equality conceived as sameness, the ideal of universal citizenship carries at least two meanings in addition to the extension of citizenship to everyone: (a) universality defined as general in opposition to particular: what citizens have in common as opposed to how they differ, and (b) universality in the sense of laws and rules that say the same for all and apply to all in the same way: laws and rules that are blind to individual and group differences.