bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiple loss of heterozygosity without K‐ras mutation identified by molecular analysis on fine‐needle aspiration cytology specimen of acinar cell carcinoma of pancreas
Authors: Ohori N. Paul , Khalid Asif , Etemad Babak , Finkelstein Sydney D.
Published: October 2002

Fine‐needle aspiration diagnosis of pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma (PAC) is challenging. Typically, the cytologic findings in PAC are described as a cellular population of loosely cohesive clusters and single neoplastic cells. The individual cells have granular cytoplasm, uniform nuclei, a fine chromatin pattern, and occasional prominent nucleoli. These features are suggestive of PAC but not diagnostic. We illustrate a case in which the combination of cytopathologic findings, clinical information, and molecular analysis enabled us to arrive at the diagnosis of PAC. Although the cytomorphologic features alone were not specific, the presence of a markedly elevated serum lipase level, cutaneous lesions of fat necrosis, and loss of heterozygosity at 1p, 5q25 at the APC locus, 9p21 at the p16 locus, and 17p13 at the p53 locus were essential in excluding the main differential diagnostic entities including pancreatic ductal carcinoma, pancreatic endocrine tumor, and pancreatoblastoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:42–46. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Targeted replacement of rodent CCR2 with the human orthologue CCR2B: A mouse model for in vivo analysis of human target‐selective small molecule MCP‐1 receptor antagonists
Authors: Prosser Haydn M. , Cooper David G. , Forbes Ian T. , Geppert Martin , Gribble Andrew D. , Grau Evelyn V. , Groot Pieter H. , Harper Alex J. , Moores Kitty E. , Pickering Susan J. , Piercy Valerie
Published: October 2002

Rodent models for testing the efficacy of lead compounds are often invalidated by species selectivity of the compounds. The advent of mouse embryonic stem cell technology has allowed the development of genetically engineered mouse strains that incorporate a specific human gene in place of the orthologous mouse gene, a so‐called knock‐in mouse. This study describes the generation and validation of a mutant mouse line that expresses human CCR2B as a functional substitute for murine CCR2. The human CCR2B knock‐in mice are viable and appear normal. In vitro assays indicate that the CCR2B knock‐in is functionally expressed, giving a macrophage chemotactic profile in response to JE or MCP‐1 that is similar to human peripheral blood monocytes rather than that of a murine macrophage cell line. In addition, the human selective CCR2B antagonist, SB‐399721, was a more potent inhibitor of CCR2B knock‐in macrophages in response to hMCP‐1 than JE. The ability of the human CCR2B gene to functionally substitute for the mouse orthologue in vivo is demonstrated by a normal inflammatory response to intraperitoneal thioglycollate injection. Drug Dev. Res. 55:197–209, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of muscle malonyl‐CoA levels in the nutritionally insulin‐resistant desert gerbil, Psammomys obesus†
Authors: Shafrir Eleazar , Ziv Ehud , Saha Asish K. , Ruderman Neil B.
Published: October 2002

Background

Malonyl‐CoA, an allosteric inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyl transferase, controls the oxidation of fatty acids in muscle and other tissues by regulating their entrance into mitochondria. The level of malonyl‐CoA in muscle is influenced by the uptake of energy substrates such as glucose, the precursor of its synthesis. The desert gerbil, Psammomys obesus, develops a severe insulin resistance with hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia when transferred from its native nutrition to a relative high‐energy (HE) rodent chow. In keeping with this it shows a low rate of glucose transport and a failure of insulin to suppress hepatic glucose production during a hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp.

Methods

The concentration of malonyl‐CoA has been determined by radio‐enzymatic assay together with the levels of citrate and malate in the gastrocnemius muscle of diabetes‐prone (DP) and diabetes‐resistant (DR) P. obesus during the administration of exogenous insulin, during an hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp and following a 48‐h fast.

Results

Muscle GLUT4 protein was reduced by 44% in DP Psammomys on a HE diet, compared with normoglycemic‐normoinsulinemic animals on a low‐energy (LE) diet. Muscle levels of malonyl‐CoA, its precursor citrate and the citrate counter‐ion malate were not elevated in DP Psammomys on the HE diet despite the hyperinsulinemia. Likewise, the administration of external insulin in subcutaneous (sc) implants to DP Psammomys did not evoke hypoglycemia, decrease glucose production or increase the concentration of malonyl‐CoA and citrate in muscle, as it did in both albino rats and a selected line of DR Psammomys. In contrast, fasting significantly reduced muscle malonyl‐CoA and citrate levels in the DP and DR Psammomys and promoted the fat oxidative pathway.

Conclusion

Since non‐diabetic Psammomys on a LE diet already show insulin resistance in the fed state, the sustained low malonyl‐CoA levels in these animals imply a readiness for the oxidation of fatty acids. In a desert gerbil, adjusted to a food‐scarce environment, such a continuing utilization of fatty acids as energy substrate by muscle would preserve the available glucose for glucose‐dependent tissues and would diminish the need for gluconeogenesis. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Olanzapine in the treatment of anorexia nervosa: An open label trial
Authors: Powers Pauline S. , Santana Carlos A. , Bannon Yvonne S.
Published: October 2002

Objective

The primary goal of the study was to determine if olanzapine is effective in producing weight gain in patients with anorexia nervosa.

Method

Twenty patients with anorexia nervosa (restricting or binge/purge subtype) without schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder enrolled in an open label study of olanzapine 10 mg. Patients attended weekly drug monitoring sessions and weekly group medication adherence sessions that provided psychoeducation.

Results

Eighteen patients received the drug and 14 patients completed the 10‐week study. The four drop‐outs had gained a mean of 3.25 lb at their last visit. Of the 14 patients who completed the study, 10 gained an average of 8.75 lb and 3 of these patients attained their ideal body weight. The remaining four patients who completed the study lost a mean of 2.25 lb.

Discussion

These findings are promising with clinically significant weight gain in an outpatient setting during a brief 10‐week period. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 146–154, 2002.
Performance and configuration of M‐CMA (Modified Constant Modulus Algorithm) adaptive array using polyphase filters
Authors: Denno Satoshi , Ohira Takashi
Published: October 2002

As a way to realize an adaptive array of small size, low cost, and low power consumption, there exists a configuration method combining analog signal processing and digital signal processing. M‐CMA has been proposed as a control algorithm for such an approach. However, when this approach is applied to an actual communication system, there arises the problem that the narrow‐band filter in the receiver prevents M‐CMA from converging to the desired solution. In this paper, in order to effectively operate an M‐CMA adaptive array in the presence of a narrow‐band filter, a configuration is proposed in which polyphase filters are used as narrow‐band filters. Its superior interference suppression capability is confirmed by a theoretical analysis and computer simulation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(12): 53–64, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10021
Electrocutaneous display with receptor selective stimulations
Authors: Kajimoto Hiroyuki , Kawakami Naoki , Maeda Taro , Tachi Susumu
Published: October 2002

A tactile display of skin touch sensations to transcutaneous electric current stimulation is proposed. Since top‐down design methods expressing various sensations (e.g., pressure sensation, vibration sensation, tactile sensation) expressed by language feedback have been used in many of the past skin touch sensation displays and since these sensations are the results of combining the activities of various kinds of sensory receptors, the displays thus designed have been limited in that they displayed only certain limited sensations. In contrast, the authors' device is based on stimulating sensory nerves differently by kind. It is considered that if stimulations can be performed to suit different kinds of sensory nerves, all sensations can be generated by combining them. These stimulations are called “tactile primary colors” from their similarity to the visual sense. Electrical stimulation from the skin surface is used as the stimulating means. Although the history of electrical stimulation itself is old, many studies regarding electrical stimulation have ended up generating ad hoc simple sensations without attempting to construct the above primary colors. In this paper, two methods for selectively stimulating the receptors are proposed. One is a method of changing the depth of stimulation by changing the weight of each electrode, using electrodes in an array form. The other is a method of selectively stimulating in the direction of a nerve axon by using an anodic electric current, in contrast to the cathodic current used in the transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the past methods. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(6): 40–49, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10056
Acceleration of block matching by indirectly comparing square errors
Authors: Kimoto Tadahiko , Fujii Toshiaki , Harada Masaki , Ohwaki Yoshinori , Tanimoto Masayuki
Published: October 2002

For accelerating block matching using square errors as distance, we will propose a method of simplifying the search of the minimum distance value. Before determining the distance value between blocks, the distance value is indirectly compared with the minimum value up to this time by using an evaluation value whose operation is small, and the case in which the distance value cannot reach a minimum is decided. By doing so, the number of times of actually determining the distance value can be reduced. The ratio of processing times for the algorithm of searching the minimum value by determining all distance values becomes a linear function of the ratio (ratio of indirect decision) of the blocks which can be indirectly decided. We have performed a simulation of the proposed algorithm by applying it to the block matching for the detection of motion vectors between moving pictures. As a result, it was confirmed that the processing time can be reduced by about 20% by enlarging the set (searching space) of searching the minimum value. Moreover, experiments have shown that the ratio of indirect decision inside the sequence after the block at which it becomes a minimum distance inside that space will became larger. Accordingly, the proposed algorithm is executed by performing ordering inside the space such that the block of becoming a minimum distance comes to the front. As a result, the processing time is further reduced by about 20%, thus proving that such ordering is effective in the proposed algorithm. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(8): 65–75, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10067
Physics‐based 3D head model reconstruction from cephalograms for medical application
Authors: Aoki Yoshimitsu , Terajima Masahiko , Nakashima Akihiko , Hashimoto Shuji
Published: October 2002

Engineering techniques are being vigorously utilized in the medical sector. Examples are the visualization of human body measurements such as CT and MRI by computer graphics, and the prediction of the results of surgery by computer simulation. This paper discusses a system in which a cephalogram is constructed on the basis of anatomical knowledge, and the change in the 3D facial shape after facial surgery, especially corrective surgery on the jaw, is predicted. The proposed model has a layered structure composed of skeleton, muscle, and skin, and can use physical calculations to generate dynamically the modification of the facial surface accompanying the motion of muscle and skeleton. Using this cephalogram as the standard model, the facial surface and the skeleton shape are modified on the basis of 3D coordinate data on the measurement points obtained from two x‐ray normalized images taken from the front and the side, and the head model for the individual is constructed. The change in shape of the facial surface when bone is moved following the actual surgical procedure is predicted in 3D. In the prediction experiment, a head model was constructed from the x‐ray normalization images of the patient before surgery, and the surgical procedure was simulated. The prediction result was compared with the actual results and evaluated, and demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(11): 45–55, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10053
Study on the depth position of title in 3D presentation
Authors: Shigeta Kazuhiro , Nakayama Minoru , Shimizu Yasutaka
Published: October 2002

The authors studied depth positions of the title characters corresponding to the best viewing of the entire screen, while stereo pictures and title characters were presented at the same time on a stereo display by liquid‐crystal shutter eyeglasses. They conducted subjective tests of dynamic images obtained by rotation for measuring the best viewable title character positions with varying conditions of picture depth positions and rotation speed, as well as with different picture representation models. Positions expressing the average depth rate of the presentation pictures were defined as mean depth positions, and the results were compared with the test results. It was discovered that the title character positions corresponding to the best viewable screen closely matched the mean depth positions when the solid model was used for expressing the presentation pictures. Moreover, when pictures were expressed by the wire‐frame model, the best view positions of the title characters closely matched the mean depth positions for the case when the same pictures were represented by the solid model. In addition, the best viewable title character positions were the same at rotation speeds of 20 and 80°/s, which demonstrated that they were not affected by the rotation speed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(11): 26–35, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1125
Image distribution method with identifier embedding scheme for copyright protection
Authors: Abe Takehito , Fujii Hiroshi , Kushima Kazuhiko , Sakurai Norihiko
Published: October 2002

A problem in the transport of digital images is infringement of rights such as illegal copying. One possible method of preventing the illegal use of images is to embed an individual user identification in the image by the “electronic transparency” technique in order to detect and locate illegal copiers. It will be a large burden, however, for the provider to compose and distribute images with IDs corresponding to individual users. Another difficult problem is that mass production in low‐cost media such as CD‐ROM is made impossible. This paper proposes the following method. Image scrambling by cryptography is applied. The same image file is distributed after scrambling, using CD‐ROMs, for example. Then the decoding key is sold and the user builds in the individual ID. The effectiveness of the method is examined. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(12): 80–88, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley. com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1130
Active noise control system using the simultaneous equation method without the estimation of error path filter coefficients
Authors: Fujii Kensaku , Muneyasu Mitsuji , Ohga Juro
Published: October 2002

In an active noise control system that uses the Filtered‐x method as an adaptive algorithm, the impulse response on the error path is observed and the result is assigned as a coefficient of an error path filter before the system is started. Such an impulse response can obviously change after the system is started. The change can increase the difference between the assigned coefficient and the inherent coefficient of the error path filter, and thus render the operation of noise control unstable. This paper proposes a noise control filter coefficient renewal method that does not require the calculation of an error path filter coefficient by focusing on the fact that, when a set of two different coefficients is assigned to a noise control filter, the system consisting of components from a noise detection microphone to an error detection microphone establishes two independent equations whose variables are impulse responses for the feedforward path and the error path system. The coefficient of the noise control filer can be renewed by solving the simultaneous equations by iteration. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(12): 101–108, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley. com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1132
Behavior of electron swarm in the Paschen minimum with Ne and Ar
Authors: Takebayashi Tatsuyuki , Fukuyama Tatsuya , Itoh Haruo
Published: October 2002

Behavior of the electron swarm at the starting condition of the self‐sustaining discharge depending on p0d is investigated in Ne and Ar by using a Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). The calculations are performed under the E/p0 and p0d conditions including the Paschen minimum, which was obtained from the experiment by Penning and Addink. From the result it is found that the energy nonequilibrium region spread over almost the gap space in particular near the Paschen minimum. Thus, we proposed the improved description for the formula of Townsend's self‐sustaining condition. The calculated result allows that the starting conditions of the self‐sustained discharge in Ne and Ar would be applicable to Engel's theory. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(4): 9–16, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10001
Fabrication of a conductive molecular wire using the ionization‐assisted evaporation method
Authors: Iizuka Masaaki , Kudo Kazuhiro , Kuniyoshi Shigekazu , Tanaka Kuniaki
Published: October 2002

Organic molecules are interesting materials with potential for use in next‐generation optical and electronic devices. It is important to prepare highly oriented molecular wires, since the optical and electrical properties of organic films strongly depend on their molecular orientation. The charge‐transfer‐complex wire of TTF‐TCNQ has been studied for application to molecular wires having quasi‐one‐dimensional conductivity. We have prepared highly oriented TTF‐TCNQ grains using the ionization and electric‐field‐assisted deposition method, and have investigated the growth mechanism of TTF‐TCNQ grains. These results demonstrate that needle‐like TTF‐TCNQ grain growth near the electrodes is controlled both by the electric field between the electrodes and by the ionization of evaporated molecules. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(3): 8–15, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10015
Numerical performance simulation of frozen helium plasma disk MHD generator
Authors: Kobayashi Hiromichi , Satou Yukimasa , Okuno Yoshihiro
Published: October 2002

MHD electrical power generation with frozen helium plasma (FHP) is examined numerically. The FHP can be initiated by preionized helium without the alkali metal seed at the generator inlet. Since the three‐body recombination coefficient of helium ions is low at electron temperatures above 5000 K, the ionization degree can be kept almost constant in the entire region of the generator channel. The r−θ two‐dimensional numerical results show that the performance of the FHP MHD generator is comparable to that of the seeded plasma MHD generator, if the additional power consumed to preionization is ignored. In the FHP MHD generator, the ionization degree at the inlet should be controlled precisely, as well as the seed fraction in the seeded plasma MHD generator. Under an adequate inlet ionization degree for sustaining the FHP plasma, the plasma maintains the uniform structure. On the other hand, a slightly excess ionization degree causes a strong Lorentz force in the upstream region of the generator, deteriorating the generator performance. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(3): 26–33, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10030
IPP selection based on contingency analysis and optimal power flow
Authors: Suetsugu Yo , Iwamoto Shinichi
Published: October 2002

Recently the deregulation of the electric power industry has progressed worldwide. In Japan the electric power industry law was revised to achieve a reduced electricity price in 1995, and competition in the power generation market was started in Japan. Moreover, the retail wheeling to large customers was launched in March 2000. Under this situation, IPP selectors (electric power utilities) have to think about efficient connection to existing systems by which they have select IPPs considering not only the cost but also the future demand. Therefore, in order to achieve efficient connection of IPPs to the existing systems some selection guidelines are needed. What IPP selectors want to know is “where” and “how much” in the existing system they want to have IPPs. It is thought that knowing good connecting point(s) and the appropriate capacity of IPPs becomes one of the IPP selection guidelines. In this paper, we propose a method by which we can determine the connecting point(s) and the appropriate capacity of IPPs to plan the appropriate electric power system for the future. The proposed method in which IPP selectors can select from both sides of reliability and economy is verified using simulations. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(3): 16–25, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10037
Tentative design and evaluation of a high‐temperature superconducting generator
Authors: Kanamori Yasuo , Yamada Masato , Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Nakamura Hideyuki , Arata Masanori , Nishimura Mariko
Published: October 2002

Studies on superconducting generators have been carried out worldwide. Especially in Japan, it is worthy of attention that Super‐GM led the national project concerning the successful development of the 70 MW‐class superconducting generators. Low‐temperature superconducting wires have been applied to field windings of generators. In Japan, the next‐generation coated conductors, namely, high‐temperature superconducting wires, have proceeded under the national project supported by NEDO. Provided that the next‐generation coated conductors are applied to field windings, the weight and volume of superconducting generators will be reduced. Furthermore, using liquid nitrogen as a coolant instead of liquid helium, the reliability of high‐temperature superconducting generators is expected to improve.

This paper provides tentative designs of a high‐temperature superconducting generator whose field windings are composed of YBa2Cu3O7−x wires. By comparison with the low‐temperature superconducting generator developed by Super‐GM, the usefulness of the high‐temperature superconducting generator is discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(1): 1–7, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10052
Catalytic inhibitors of topoisomerase II are DNA‐damaging agents: induction of chromosomal damage by merbarone and ICRF‐187
Authors: Wang Ling , Eastmond David A.
Published: October 2002

Merbarone is a catalytic inhibitor of topoisomerase II (topo II) that has been proposed to act primarily by blocking topo II‐mediated DNA cleavage without stabilizing DNA–topo II‐cleavable complexes. In this study merbarone was used as a model compound to investigate the genotoxic effects of catalytic inhibitors of topo II. The clastogenic properties of merbarone were evaluated using in vitro and in vivo micronucleus (MN) assays combined with CREST staining. For the in vitro MN assay, ICRF‐187, a different type of catalytic inhibitor, and etoposide, a topo II poison, were used for comparison. Treatment of TK6 cells with all three of these drugs resulted in highly significant dose‐related increases in kinetochore‐lacking MN and, to a lesser extent, kinetochore‐containing MN. In addition, a good correlation between p53 accumulation and MN formation was seen in the drug‐treated cells. A mouse MN assay was performed to confirm that similar DNA‐damaging effects would occur in vivo. Bone marrow smears from merbarone‐treated B6C3F1 mice showed a dose‐related increase in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes with a mean of 26 MN per 1000 cells being seen at the 60 mg/kg dose. Almost all MN lacked a kinetochore signal, indicating that merbarone was predominantly clastogenic under these conditions in vivo. The present study clearly shows that merbarone is genotoxic both in vitro and in vivo, and demonstrates the inaccuracy of earlier statements that merbarone and other catalytic inhibitors block the enzymatic activity of topo II without damaging DNA. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:348–356, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of N‐(deoxyguanosin‐8‐yl)‐4‐azobiphenyl by 32P‐postlabeling analyses of DNA in human uroepithelial cells exposed to proximate metabolites of the environmental carcinogen 4‐aminobiphenyl
Authors: Hatcher James F. , Swaminathan Santhanam
Published: October 2002

DNA adducts formed in human uroepithelial cells (HUC) following exposure to N‐hydroxy‐4‐aminobiphenyl (N‐OH‐ABP), the proximate metabolite of the human bladder carcinogen 4‐aminobiphenyl (ABP), were analyzed by the 32P‐postlabeling method. Two adducts detected by 32P‐postlabeling were previously identified as the 3′,5′‐bisphospho derivatives of N‐(deoxyguanosin‐8‐yl)‐4‐aminobiphenyl (dG‐C8‐ABP) and N‐(deoxyadenosin‐8‐yl)‐4‐aminobiphenyl (dA‐C8‐ABP) (Frederickson S et al. [1992] Carcinogenesis 13: 955–961; Hatcher and Swaminathan [1995b] Carcinogenesis 16: 295–301). In contrast to the dG‐C8‐ABP adduct, which was 3′‐dephosphorylated by nuclease P1, dA‐C8‐ABP was resistant to nuclease P1, thus providing an enrichment step before postlabeling. Autoradiography of the two‐dimensional thin‐layer chromatogram of the postlabeled products obtained following nuclease P1 digestion revealed several minor adducts, one of which has been identified in the present study. Postlabeling analyses following nuclease P1 digestion of the products obtained from the reaction of N‐acetoxy‐4‐aminobiphenyl with deoxyguanosine‐3′‐monophosphate (dGp) demonstrated the presence of this minor adduct. The 3′‐monophosphate derivative of the adduct was subsequently chromatographically purified and subjected to spectroscopic analyses. Based on proton NMR and mass spectroscopic analyses of the synthetic product, the chemical structure of the adduct has been identified as N‐(deoxyguanosin‐N2‐yl)‐4‐azobiphenyl (dG‐NN‐ABP). 32P‐Postlabeling analysis of the nuclease P1–enriched DNA hydrolysate of HUCs treated with N‐OH‐ABP or N‐hydroxy‐4‐acetylaminobiphenyl (N‐OH‐AABP) showed the presence of the dG‐NN‐ABP adduct. It was also detected in calf thymus DNA incubated with HUC cytosol and N‐OH‐ABP in the presence of acetyl‐CoA, or incubated with HUC microsomes and N‐OH‐AABP. These results demonstrate that in the target cells for ABP carcinogenesis in vivo, N‐OH‐ABP and N‐OH‐AABP are bioactivated by acyltransferases to reactive arylnitrenium ions that covalently interact at the N2 position of deoxyguanosine in DNA. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:314–322, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of genotoxic damage is not correlated with the ability to methylate arsenite in vitro in the leukocytes of four mammalian species†
Authors: Peng B. , Sharma R. , Mass M.J. , Kligerman A.D.
Published: October 2002

Arsenic is a natural drinking water contaminant that impacts the health of large populations of people throughout the world; however, the mode or mechanism by which arsenic induces cancer is unclear. In a series of in vitro studies, we exposed leukocytes from humans, mice, rats, and guinea pigs to a range of sodium arsenite concentrations to determine whether the lymphocytes from these species showed differential sensitivity to the induction of micronuclei (MN) assessed in cytochalasin B–induced binucleate cells. We also determined the capacity of the leukocytes to methylate arsenic by measuring the production of MMA [monomethylarsinic acid (MMAV) and monomethylarsonous acid (MMAIII)] and DMA [dimethylarsinic acid (DMAV) and dimethylarsonous acid (DMAIII)]. The results indicate that cells treated for 2 hr at the G0 stage of the cell cycle with sodium arsenite showed only very small to negligible increases in MN after mitogenic stimulation. Treatment of actively cycling cells produced induction of MN with increasing arsenite concentration, with the human, rat, and mouse lymphocytes being much more sensitive to MN induction than those of the guinea pig. These data gave an excellent fit to a linear model. The leukocytes of all four species, including the guinea pig (a species previously thought not to methylate arsenic), were able to methylate arsenic, but there was no clear correlation between the ability to methylate arsenic and the induction of MN. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:323–332, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mutation analysis of K‐ras‐2 in liver angiosarcoma and adjacent nonneoplastic liver tissue from patients occupationally exposed to vinyl chloride
Authors: Weihrauch Markus , Bader Michael , Lehnert Gerhard , Koch Bernd , Wittekind Christian , Wrbitzky Renate , Tannapfel Andrea
Published: October 2002

Vinyl chloride (VC) is a potent liver carcinogen that induces angiosarcomas in humans and animals. Recent evidence shows that liver tumors from patients with VC exposure may have a specific K‐ras mutation pattern. This study was performed to determine the status of K‐ras‐2 in liver angiosarcomas (LAS) from workers occupationally exposed to VC. We examined the presence of K‐ras‐2 mutations in 15 LAS from patients with known exposure to VC (median exposure: 8,260 ppm [range 3,900– 21,000 ppm]]. In all cases, other risk factors for the development of LAS were excluded. Direct DNA sequencing after microdissection of the tumor cells was used for the analysis. Heterozygous mutations of K‐ras‐2 were detected in 8/15 LAS (53%). Five patients (33%) had a mutation of codon 12 and three of codon 13 (20%). The most common changes were G→A transitions in five LAS which lead to the substitution of aspartic acid for glycine in the resulting p21 protein. In two patients (13%), mutations of the K‐ras‐2 gene were identified in the adjacent nonneoplastic liver tissue. These data indicate that VC induces a high frequency of G→A transitions in human LAS. This mutation pattern is likely a consequence of VC‐DNA‐adduct formation. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 40:36–40, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimental investigation of the earthquake response of a model of a marble classical column
Authors: Mouzakis H. P. , Psycharis I. N. , Papastamatiou D. Y. , Carydis P. G. , Papantonopoulos C. , Zambas C.
Published: October 2002

Experimental results concerning the earthquake response of a marble model of a classical column are reported herein. The model was a 1: 3 scale replica of a column of the Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens, made from the same material as the original. Several earthquake motions, scaled appropriately in order to cause significant rocking but no collapse of the column, were used as the excitation. The base motion was applied in plane (in one horizontal and the vertical direction) or in space (in two horizontal and the vertical direction), using the shaking table facility at the Laboratory for Earthquake Engineering of the National Technical University of Athens. It was found that the column might undergo large deformations during the shaking, which are not necessarily reflected by the residual displacements at the end of it. For planar excitations, significant out‐of‐plane displacements can happen, triggered by the inevitable imperfections of the specimen. It was also verified that the response is very sensitive, even to small changes of the geometry or the input motion parameters. For this reason, the experiments were not repeatable and ‘identical’ experiments produced different results. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of the saltation system under controlled environmental conditions
Authors: Arnold Samantha
Published: October 2002

The transport of sand by the wind occurs predominantly by the process of saltation. Following the entrainment of sand by an above threshold wind, the saltation system is regulated by the mutual interaction of the atmospheric boundary‐layer, the sand cloud and the sand bed. Despite existing data on the spatial and temporal development of the sand transport system, very little is known about the development of the saltation system towards equilibrium.

Results are presented from wind‐tunnel experiments that were designed to address the simultaneous spatial and temporal development of the saltation system, with and without artificial sand feed. The development of the saltation system was monitored over a streamwise length of 8 m during a period of 3600 s. Mass flux data were measured simultaneously at 1 m intervals by the downwind deployment of seven Aarhus sand traps. Wind velocity data were collected throughout the experiments.

The downwind spatial development of the saltation system is manifested by an overshoot in mass flux and friction velocity prior to declining towards a quasi‐equilibrium. Mass flux overshoots at approximately 4 m downwind, in remarkable agreement with existing data of a comparable scale. Friction velocity overshoots at approximately 6 m downwind, a result not previously witnessed in saltation studies. The overshoot of mass flux prior to the overshoot in friction velocity is a spatial manifestation of the time lag between the entrainment of grains and the deceleration of the wind by the grains in transport.

Temporally, the development of the saltation system is controlled by the availability of entrainable grains from the sand bed. Through time the saltation system develops from a transport‐limited to a supply‐limited system. The depletion of the sand bed through time limits the appropriateness of the assumption of ‘equilibrium’ for the universal prediction of mass flux. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Locally modified surface winds on linear dunes as derived from directional raingauges
Authors: Sharon David , Margalit Adina , Berkowicz Simon M.
Published: October 2002

The study deals with local airflow patterns induced by 12–16 m high, partly vegetated dunes, under various prevailing wind conditions. Detailed empirical data were derived by means of an unconventional use of directional raingauges. The utility and accuracy of the method have been previously tested in a combined empirical and numerical study over ridges on a similar scale. Results are presented on the nature, extent and intensity of locally modified patterns of surface flow and on their dependence on wind conditions and slope inclination. Results may serve to verify or refine existing perceptions or models of the flow affecting sand movement over dunes. For example, deflected surface wind flow and even stationary vortices were found to form under winds with resultant angles of incidence of only 5–10° relative to the axes of the dunes, and on slopes inclined only 12–15°, i.e. lower angles than often assumed in previous studies of dune morphology. Various effects of the resulting surface flow on the dune ecosystem are also referred to, e.g. the distribution of settling dust and seed dispersal. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Conservation Easements to Save the Upper San Pedro River
Authors: Luster Kevin J.
Published: October 2002

This article will discuss how Fort Huachuca, in cooperation with The Nature Conservancy and the Bureau of

Land Management (BLM), has become the first Army installation to use conservation easements2 to fulfill its responsibility under the Endangered Species Act to conserve endangered and

threatened species dependent upon the Upper San Pedro River ecosystem.3 Fort Huachuca

sits at the base of the Huachuca Mountains on the western fringe of the San Pedro River Valley in Cochise

County, 60 miles southeast of Tucson and 15 miles north of Mexico. The Fort covers 73,142 acres of terrain at

elevations ranging from 3,940 feet to 8,625 feet.4 © 2002 Wiley Periodicals,

Inc.*
Planning the Montana Air National Guard Range: A Model for Successful Public Involvement
Authors: Mitnik Tammy J. , Ripley J. Douglas , Speakthunder Benjamin W.
Published: October 2002

This article describes the efforts of the Montana Air National Guard (ANG) in planning for the

establishment of a new air‐to‐ground training range in north‐central Montana. While the

requirements and procedures for federal agencies to comply with the National Environmental Policy Act

(NEPA) in planning their undertakings are fairly clear, many agencies encounter problems in achieving

successful public involvement during the NEPA process. The planning for the Montana ANG Training Range achieved a

high level of success in engaging public participation, including input from the Fort Belknap Indian Community. We

provide a summary of the NEPA approach used by the Montana ANG in planning for this undertaking and suggest that

their experiences may serve as useful models for other agencies preparing similar environmental analyses. ©

2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Redirection for Environmental Justice
Authors: Yamada Gerald H.
Published: October 2002

President Clinton issued an environmental justice executive order that made each federal agency responsible to

promote environmental justice as part of its mission. Generally, this executive order was not substantively

implemented. For example, implementation of the executive order by the Clinton administration's Environmental

Protection Agency (EPA) was frustrated by a lack of clear direction and federal court decisions that

limited the EPA's approach of using a civil rights statute to challenge state environmental decisions.The Bush

administration's EPA reconfirmed that environmental justice is a high agency priority. However, the EPA could

be signaling a different approach. This article examines the reasons why implementation of environmental justice

stalled at the end of the Clinton administration and the forecast for a significant shift in the EPA's

approach.

This article discusses how implementation of environmental justice fared at the end of the Clinton administration

and during the first year and a half of the Bush administration.1 The Clinton

administration left office with expectations unfulfilled. The Bush administration, through Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA) Administrator Christine Todd Whitman, has reconfirmed that environmental justice remains a

priority. Administrator Whitman, however, appears to be moving toward a NEPA‐like approach and away from

relying on civil rights laws as the primary tool to assess the effects of state environmental decisions on minority

and low‐income communities. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Innovative Technology Evaluation Program, Camp Edwards, Massachusetts: Part 1—Soil Treatability Studies
Authors: Hill David L. , Gregson Benjamin P. , Weeks Katherine R. , Veenstra Scott C.
Published: October 2002

Live‐fire training activity dating from around 1941 to 1997 resulted in the deposition of spent

munitions, propellants, and explosives in impact‐area soils at the Camp Edwards Training Ranges on the

Massachusetts Military Reservation. Resulting contaminants of concern, including RDX, HMX, TNT, and

2,4‐DNT, are found in particulate form and are heterogeneously dispersed in the soil. An Innovative

Technology Evaluation (ITE) Program was initiated by the Army National Guard in March 2000 to

investigate the potential for remediation of these soils.

Remediation technologies chosen for the ITE program to address this problem included soil washing,

low‐temperature thermal destruction (LTTD), composting, solid‐phase bioremediation,

bioslurry, chemical oxidation, and chemical reduction. The soil washing process was shown in field trials to

reduce the volume of soil requiring further treatment by 75 percent. All technologies were effective on soils

that had been treated using soil washing. LTTD, solid‐phase bioremediation, and bioslurry were effective

on untreated soil, while composting was less effective, and chemical reduction and oxidation were not tested on

untreated soils. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.*
Extraction and isolation of Pistacia lentiscus L. essential oil by supercritical CO2
Authors: Congiu Raffaele , Falconieri Danilo , Marongiu Bruno , Piras Alessandra , Porcedda Silvia
Published: October 2002

Supercritical CO2 extraction coupled to a fractional separation technique (SFE) was used to isolate essential oil from the leaves and berries of Pistacia lentiscus L. The technique adopted allowed us to separate the volatile oil from waxes. In the case of the leaf essential oil, the yield was 0.45% by weight of the charged material. The chemical composition of the oil, determined by GC–MS analysis, revealed the presence of β‐caryophyllene (31.38%), germacrene D (12.05%) and γ‐cadinene (6.48%). Remarkable differences were noticed in the corresponding hydrodistilled oil, composed chiefly by β‐pinene (18.71%), β‐phellandrene (12.83%) and β‐caryophyllene (13.22%). The yield of volatile oil obtained or treating Pistacia lentiscus berries was only 0.2%. β‐myrcene, α‐pinene and α‐phellandrene are the compounds characteristic of the oil obtained with both methods, SFE and hydrodistillation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volatile constituents of Cymbopogon olivieri (Boiss.) Bor from Iran
Authors: Norouzi‐Arasi Hassan , Yavari Issa , Ghaffarzadeh Fatimeh , Mortazavi Mohammad‐Sadigh
Published: October 2002

The constituents of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of Cymbopogon olivieri (Boiss.) Bor, growing wild in Iran, was investigated by GC–MS. Forty‐two components, representing 97.6% of the oil, were identified, of which piperitone (53.3%), α‐terpinene (13.6%), elemol (7.7%), β‐eudesmol (4.4%), torreyol (3.3%), limonene (2.9%) and α‐cadinol (2.1%) were the major components. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chromenes in Ageratum conyzoides L
Authors: Kasali Adeleke A. , Winterhalter Peter , Adio Adewale M. , Knapp Holger , Bonnlander Bernd
Published: October 2002

The essential oil of Ageratum conyzoides leaves was analysed by means of GC and GC–MS; 40 constituents—13 monoterpernoids (5.17%), 17 sesquiterpenoids (13.95%) and eight chromenes (71.05%)—were identified. Two of the chromenes, 6‐(1′‐ hydroxylethyl)‐2,2‐dimethyl chromene and 7‐hydroxyl‐2,2‐dimethylchromene, are, reported for the first time as constituents of A. conyzoides. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐order upwinding and the hydraulic jump
Authors: Ferreira V. G. , Tomé M. F. , Mangiavacchi N. , Castelo A. , Cuminato J. A. , Fortuna A. O. , McKee S.
Published: October 2002

This work is concerned with the computation of incompressible axisymmetric and full three‐dimensional free‐surface flows. In particular, the circular‐hydraulic jump is simulated and compared with approximate analytic solutions. However, the principal thrust of this paper is to provide a real problem as a test bed for comparing the many existing convective approximations. Their performance is compared; SMART, HLPA and VONOS emerge as acceptable upwinding methods for this problem. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of fluid flows using an unstructured finite volume method with adaptive tri‐tree grids
Authors: Hu Z. Z. , Greaves D. M. , Wu G. X.
Published: October 2002

A tri‐tree grid generation procedure is developed together with a finite volume method on the unstructured grid for solving the Navier–Stokes equations. A hierarchic numbering system for the data structure is used. The grid is adapted by adding and removing cell elements dependent on the vorticity magnitude. A special treatment is developed to ensure good quality triangular elements around the cylinder boundary. The adopted finite volume method is based on the cell‐centred scheme. The pressure–velocity coupling is treated using the SIMPLE algorithm. A modified QUICK scheme for unstructured grids is derived. The developed method is used to simulate the flow past a single and multiple cylinders at low Reynolds number. The obtained results are in good agreement with the published data. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anisotropic mesh adaptation: towards user‐independent, mesh‐independent and solver‐independent CFD. Part II. Structured grids
Authors: Ait‐Ali‐Yahia Djaffar , Baruzzi Guido , Habashi Wagdi G. , Fortin Michel , Dompierre Julien , Vallet Marie‐Gabrielle
Published: October 2002

The present paper is the second article in a three‐part series on anisotropic mesh adaptation and its application to (2‐D) structured and unstructured meshes. In the first article, the theory was presented, the methodology detailed and brief examples given of the application of the method to both types of grids. The second part details the application of the mesh adaptation method to structured grids. The adaptation operations are restricted to mesh movement in order to avoid the creation of hanging nodes. Being based on a spring analogy with no restrictive orthogonality constraint, a wide grid motion is allowed. The adaptation process is first validated on analytical test cases and its high efficiency is shown on relevant transonic and supersonic benchmarks. These latter test cases are also solved on adapted unstructured grids to provide a reference for comparison studies. The third part of the series will demonstrate the capability of the methodology on 2‐D unstructured test cases. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conditional predictability of daily exchange rates
Authors: Tambakis Demosthenes N. , Van Royen Anne‐Sophie
Published: October 2002

At what forecast horizon is one time series more predictable than another? This paper applies the Diebold–Kilian conditional predictability measure to assess the out‐of‐sample performance of three alternative models of daily GBP/USD and DEM/USD exchange rate returns. Predictability is defined as a non‐linear statistic of a model's relative expected losses at short and long forecast horizons, allowing flexible choice of both the estimation procedure and loss function. The long horizon is set to 2 weeks and one month ahead and forecasts evaluated according to MSE loss. Bootstrap methodology is used to estimate the data's conditional predictability using GARCH models. This is then compared to predictability under a random walk and a model using the prediction bias in uncovered interest parity (UIP). We find that both exchange rates are less predictable using GARCH than using a random walk, but they are more predictable using UIP than a random walk. Predictability using GARCH is relatively higher for the 2‐weeks‐than for the 1‐month long forecast horizon. Comparing the results using a random walk to that using UIP reveals ‘pockets’ of predictability, that is, particular short horizons for which predictability using the random walk exceeds that using UIP, or vice versa. Overall, GBP/USD returns appear more predictable than DEM/USD returns at short horizons. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.