bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cele remediacji a rola akredytowanych laboratoriów — aspekty praktyczne
Authors: Hańderek Mateusz
Published: October 2021

Article analyses issues connected with lack of specific regulations regarding performance of examinations by accredited laboratories in the process of remediation and possibilities for authorities to verify results of such examinations. In order to provide contest for the analysis, the article familiarizes the reader with short description of the remediation as a legal institution as well as the corresponding procedure. Article also includes de lege ferenda postulates in this respect.
О польском, русском и украинском переводах песенки Mary did you know
Authors: Biczak Swietłana
Published: October 2021

В статье предметом анализа являются переводы рождественской песни Mary did you know на польский, русский и украинский языки. Такое исследование позволяет указать специфику переводческих трансформаций при передаче как содержания, так и стихотворной формы религиозных текстов, которым до сих пор уделялось недостаточно внимания.
O sześciu rzekomych redakcjach Mistrza i Małgorzaty w kontekście polskich przekładów
Authors: Przebinda Grzegorz Władysław
Published: October 2021

Powyższe studium powstało jako owoc długich, przeprowadzonych w latach 2017-2020, badań archiwalnych nad rękopisami i maszynopisami Mistrza i Małgorzaty, przechowywanymi w dwóch moskiewskich archiwach pisarza. Autor tekstu formuje wniosek, iż nie wszystkie polskie przekłady opierają się na najbardziej kanonicznej wersji oryginału, niektóre z nich nie podają źródła oryginalnej rosyjskiej podstawy tekstu, a dwa tłumaczenia – najstarsze Ireny Lewandowskiej i Witolda Dąbrowskiego oraz najmłodsze Jana Cichockiego – wprowadzają wręcz czytelnika w błąd co do źródła, głównie zresztą dla celów komercyjnych. Celem nadrzędnym powyższego artykułu jest jednak częściowy choćby opis pasjonujących przygód tekstu Bułhakowa, zakończony konkluzją, iż Autor nie zdążył niestety stworzyć wersji kanonicznej swego arcydzieła. To zaś pozwala niestety niektórym tłumaczom i krytykom formułować karkołomne i często nie mające absolutnie niczego wspólnego z rzeczywistością tekstologiczne hipotezy co do Mistrza i Małgorzaty.
O technikach tłumaczenia nazw obcych w XVII-wiecznej publicystyce rosyjskiej
Authors: Głuszak Dorota Maria
Published: October 2021

W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono techniki towarzyszące przekładowi rzeczowników pochodzenia obcego w rosyjskich tekstach publicystycznych. Jako źródła wykorzystano rosyjskie teksty przekładowe opublikowane pod wspólną nazwą Vesti-Kuranty. Materiał stanowiący przedmiot analizy został wyekscerpowany ze wszystkich dostępnych wydań rękopisów powstałych w latach 1600­­­­­­­–1670. Celem badania jest ukazanie wybranych zabiegów stosowanych przez siedemnastowiecznych tłumaczy mających służyć jako podpowiedzi w zrozumieniu wyrazów dotychczas nieznanych na gruncie rosyjskim oraz przedstawienie różnych rozwiązań tłumaczeniowych mających na celu przybliżenie terminów i wartości obcych.
Doświadczenie przestrzeni oblężonego Leningradu w dziennikach Lubow Szaporiny i Sofii Ostrowskiej
Authors: Komisaruk Ewa Grażyna
Published: October 2021

Obiektem analizy w artykule są fragmenty dzienników Lubowi Szporiny (!879–1967) i Sofii Ostrowskiej(1902–1983), w których subiektywna przestrzeni Leningradu czasów blokady związana jest ze sposobem funkcjonowania człowieka w mieście. W centrum uwagi znalazły się następujące problemy: sposób percepcji i prezentacji pejzażu miejskiego, specyfika przestrzennym zachowań leningradczyków (w tym "technika" przemieszcania się w mieście), a także obserwacje i refleksje związane z obrazem miasta.
Atikamekw and Euro-Canadian Territorialities around the Saint-Maurice River (1850–1930)
Authors: Castonguay Stephane , Samson Hubert
Published: October 2021

This essay focuses on the processes of territorialization, deterritorialization and reterritorialization through which Euro-Canadian society extended its control along the valley of the St. Maurice River between 1850 and 1930. That territory had been settled by the Atikamekw people where they had established their hunting and fishing grounds for centuries. However, the Atikamekw people were confronted by environmental and technological transformations around the St. Maurice River with the implementation of sociotechnical systems during that time period, as two successive phases of industrialization based on specific water use brought along a proliferation of urban centers and the arrival of the large-scale industry. This was particularly the case when the proliferation of hydroelectric dams along the St. Maurice River and its tributaries followed the construction of fluvial infrastructure to facilitate the floating of wood pulp harvested in the upper basin of the river. Not only did the technical activities surrounding the construction of hydroelectric facilities materially transform the St. Maurice River watershed, they also allowed a symbolic appropriation of the land by the production of maps and surveys that ‘erased’ the presence of the Atikamekw. Physical and symbolic boundaries resulting from these new forms of organization and configuration of the territory restricted the spatial practices and representations of the Atikamekw. Logging confined these people within isolated enclaves (the so-called “Indian reserves”), while dams bypassed their networks of exchange and communication. The aim of this essay is to understand the conflicts between the territorialities of the Atikamekw and that of the Euro-Canadians by focusing on the place of water uses within the geographical imaginations and the land use patterns of these populations.
“First in Time, First in Right”: Indigenous Self-Determination in the Colorado River Basin
Authors: Formisano Paul
Published: October 2021

This article adopts the premise “first in time, first in right” to bring Indigenous knowledge about the Colorado River Basin and the natural world more broadly out of the mainstream’s obscurity to reposition these perspectives at the foreground of the region’s water cultures. To initiate what is in essence a decolonization of Colorado River Basin water knowledge, I examine texts representing various tribal affiliations and genres to consider how their particular use of story engages the historic and ongoing environmental injustices they have faced and continue to negotiate in their fight to preserve their sacred lands, identity, and access to reliable, clean water. Such a decolonization occurs through these texts’ use of narrative to work within and against the scientific and instrumental discourses and their respective genres that have traditionally constructed and dictated mainstream Colorado River knowledge and activity. My treatment of narrative within the Ten Tribes Partnership Tribal Water Study (2018) and the Grand Canyon Trust’s “Voices of Grand Canyon” digital project (2020) sheds greater light on the essential relationships the Basin’s nations and tribes have with the Colorado River. Through these counternarratives to the West’s dominant water ideologies and cultures, the Basin’s tribal nations draw attention to past and ongoing struggles to secure equitable water access while amplifying their resilience and determination that defines their calls for environmental justice.
Working Lives on the Mississippi and Volga Rivers. Nineteenth-Century Perspectives
Authors: Zeisler-Vralsted Dorothy
Published: October 2021

Throughout the nineteenth century, major rivers assumed multiple roles for the emergent nation-states of the western world.  The Thames in England, Seine in France, and Rhine in Germany all served as fodder for a growing sense of national identity.   Offering a unity and uniqueness, the rivers were enlisted by poets, artiss, and writers to celebrate their country's strengths and aesthetic appeal.  The Mississippi and Volga Rivers were no exceptions to this riverine evolution.  At the same time, however, less vocal populations experienced the rivers differently.  To African Americans--enslaved and free--laboring on the Mississippi offered a freedom of movement unknown to the land-bound.  While employed on steamships, African Americans escaped the vigilance of an overseer with the possibility to escape bondage.  Still the work was demanding and relentless.  To the burlaki, the Volga was taskmaster and nurturer.  But for both groups, laboring on the rivers resulted in connections that were immediate, intimate, exacting, often tedious and brutal concomitant with marginalized lives, consigned to society's fringe.  Still, the lives shaped by working on these rivers, produced rich cultures revealing alternative riverine histories.  In these histories, the rivers possessed an agency, enshrining an ambiguity in humans' kinship to the environment; a complexity often missing in the national narratives.
RIAS Editorial Policy / Stylesheet
Authors: Editors RIAS
Published: October 2021

Information concerning the RIAS policy and formatting instructions for potential contributors to the journal.
The Chosen People: The Hudson River School and the Construction of American Identity
Authors: Cusack Tricia
Published: October 2021

This article considers nineteenth-century riverscapes of the Hudson in relation to the formation of American identity. It argues that riverscapes in the United States contributed to welding a national identity to a Christian one, although officially the identities were distinct. I examine the role of the Hudson River School in the creation of the ‘wilderness’ as an image of American homeland, and how this construct incorporated the iconic figure of the Euro-American Christian ‘pilgrim-pioneer.’ America looked more to the future than to the past for its national narrative, and an orientation to the future was symbolized in art by the flow of the Hudson toward distant horizons, while the pioneer identity was extended to embrace the entrepreneur-developer. The pioneer has remained an iconic figure for American nationalism, but is now more firmly located in the nation’s past; Janus’s gaze has been adjusted, demonstrating the potentially fluid character of nationalist discourse.
The Discourse of Propaganda: Case Studies from the Persian Gulf War and the War on Terror  by John Oddo (A Book Review)
Authors: Gumuła Piotr
Published: October 2021

Piotr Gumuła's review of John Oddo's The Discourse of Propaganda: Case Studies from the Persian Gulf War and the War on Terror. Pennsylvania State UP, 2018.
Inovasi Alat Peraga Edukatif Bermain Cerdas (BCD’s) Untuk Media Pembelajaran Bagi Anak PAUD
Authors: Sodik HM , Nur Sasongko Muhammad Ilman
Published: October 2021

PAUD merupakan sarana bagi anak usia dini dalam menimba ilmu. Media pembelajaran sebagai sarana untuk mengenalkan berbagai ilmu pengetahuan bagi anak usia dini dan melatih motoric halus. Media pembelajaran yang baik menjadi ketertarikan anak usia dini dalam belajar. Keterbatasan media belajar menjadi masalah bagi PAUD. Pengabdian dengan membuatkan media belajar yang mampu menarik sangat dibutuhkan. Metode pelaksanaan dengan membuat disain alat peraga edukatif bermain cerdas (BCD’s) dan buku sebagai sarana pembelajaran. Hasil pemanfaatan alat peraga edukatif BCD’s sangat efektif bagi anak usia dini dengan hasil 4,6 menit untuk mengenal garis, 5 menit untuk mengenal bentuk geometri, 5,8 menit untuk mengenal angka, 11,4 menit untuk mengenal tanaman, 13,6 menit untuk penjumlahan, 14,9 menit untuk pengurangan dan 15 menit untuk menyambung huruf menjadi sebuah kata.
Peningkatan Kapasitas Produksi Budidaya Lele Pada Kolam BioFloc Bertenaga Surya Untuk Ketahanan Pangan di Masa Pandemi Covid 19
Authors: Nurhadi Nurhadi , Wiharya Chandra , Agustriyana Lisa
Published: October 2021

Pandemi COVID 19 berdampak pada melemahnya kemampuan ekonomi masyarakat yang tergabung dalam Poklahsar Citara Singosari Malang yang mengembangkan budidaya ikan lele pada kolam bio floc. Masalahnya, kemampuan ekonomi yang rendah menyebabkan mereka hanya mampu mengembangkan 4 unit kolam, sehingga hasilnya belum optimal. Untuk mengatasinya, dilakukan kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini. Metode pengabdian adalah metode difusi Ipteks untuk menghasilkan kolam biofloc bertenaga surya. Tahapan kegiatan meliputi: menyiapkan lokasi, mendesain, membuat dan memasang kolam biofloc bertenaga surya.  Karya utama berupa 4 unit kolam biofloc bertenaga surya, berdiameter @ 2 m dengan kapasitas 3.000 ekor ikan/kolam. Pompa air kolam digerakkan oleh panel surya berkapasitas 500 WP dan mampu menyala 24 jam/hari. Dampak dan manfaat yaitu terjadi pemberdayaan masyarakat dan lingkungan yang cukup signifikan. Masyarakat mampu mengubah lahan kosong yang tidak produktif menjadi lahan produktif untuk pengembangan budidaya lele biofloc. Jumlah kolam yang semula hanya 4 unit dan berukuran kecil, diameter @ 1,5 m, berkembang menjadi 10 unit berukuran besar, diameter @ 2-4 m, yang semuanya digerakkan oleh pompa air bertenaga surya, sehingga kebutuhan listrik menjadi zero (nol). Perhitungan kapasitas produksi dan omzet budidaya lele naik mencapai  4 kali lipat dari sebelumnya. Kolam biofloc bertenaga surya ini sangat penting untuk meningkatkan kapasitas produksi budidaya lele dan ketahanan pangan masyarakat di masa pandemi, sehingga potensial dikembangkan lagi di kemudian hari.
Pemasaran Online Untuk Usaha Mikro Kecil Menengah Sosis Bakar Bu Wiwik
Authors: Alfiana Alfiana , Hamzah Rofifah Qonita , Farah Dita Alia , Kiik Yovita
Published: October 2021

Sejak pandemi COVID-19, beberapa lini bisnis tidak dapat beroperasi secara maksimal,  sehingga beberapa pengusaha mulai mencari alternative untuk menjual produk mereka secara omline. Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah atau (UMKM) merupakan salah satu kategori bisnis yang mendapatkan dampak paling besar. Bisnis Online merupakan salah satu hal yang diminati di bidang ekonomi yang dilakukan untuk memperluas market share. Maka program Kuliah Pengabdian Masyarakat (KPM) yang dilakukan oleh Universitas Widyagama, Malang berusaha membantu salah satu UMKM di Kabupaten Malang yaitu Sosis Bakar Bu Wiwik dengan membuatkan pengurusan media sosial dengan merencanakan konten, foto-foto produk, desain feeds Instagram, menulis caption, dan mengunggah konten. Semuanya dilakukan pada media sosial instagram Sosis Bakar Bu Wiwik.
Understanding the Sexual Victimization of Children by Juveniles: Identifying Criminal Event Patterns
Authors: Chopin Julien , Beauregard Eric
Published: October 2021

The purpose of this study is to explore the crime-commission process involved in the sexual victimization of children perpetrated by juveniles. Specifically, this study aims to explore the interconnectedness of pre-crime, crime, and post-crime phases with victimological characteristics using a criminal event perspective. The sample used in this study consists of 185 cases of child sexual abuses perpetrated by juveniles. The first step of this study uses latent class analysis to explore the relationship between each step of the crime-commission process. As a second step, additional variables were used to test the external validity of our model. Results suggest that there are three different criminal event patterns: familiar sexually non-intrusive, familiar sexually intrusive, and stranger sexually non-intrusive. Moreover, we found that specific victimological characteristics were associated with each of the patterns. Practical implications in terms of situational crime prevention and victim assistance are discussed.
O Uso da Ayahuasca como terapia alternativa na depressão: efeitos farmacológicos e adversos
Authors: Souza Silva Beatriz , Pereira Lima Giovanna , Rodrigues Alencar dos Santos Isabela , Cunha da Silva Julia , Moreno Garcia Daniel , Antunes Alyne Alexandrino
Published: October 2021

Doença comum atualmente, a depressão, quando diagnosticada, é tratada com fármacos antidepressivos, sendo os inibidores seletivos da receptação de serotonina (ISRSs) considerados os de primeira escolha. Tanto esta quanto as demais classes de antidepressivos costumam apresentar efeitos adversos, que muitas vezes levam ao abandono do tratamento pelo paciente. Um outro desafio no tratamento da depressão ocorre quando o paciente não responde mais aos fármacos disponíveis. Uma alternativa para o tratamento consiste na utilização de plantas medicinais, sendo o chá de Ayahuasca alvo de muitos estudos neste contexto. Preparada a partir da decocção do cipó Banisteriopsis caapi com as folhas de Psychotria viridis, a Ayahuasca, considerada como uma bebida enteógena, apresenta atividade psicoativa, mediada pela ação da N,N-dimetiltriptamina, conhecida como DMT (proveniente das folhas) em interação com derivados de β-carbolinas (harmina, harmalina e tetrahidroharmina, provenientes do cipó), que atuam como inibidores da monoamina oxidase (MAO). O presente trabalho, por meio de uma breve revisão bibliográfica, buscou elucidar o uso da Ayahuasca no tratamento da depressão, bem como sua ação farmacológica e efeitos adversos, em comparação com o tratamento farmacológico convencional, possibilitando verificar que, a partir de estudos mais aprofundados, a substância poderá ser considerada uma alternativa viável para o tratamento da depressão, desde que utilizada com cautela.
Türk Basınında 1921 Maarif Kongresi
Authors: KARAKÜTÜK Harun
Published: October 2021

Basın-yayın araçları kullanılmaya başlandıkları zaman diliminden beri toplumların kendini ifade etmesinde etkin rol üstlenmiştir. Toplumu oluşturan bireylerin herhangi bir olay karşısındaki tutumları, duygu ve düşünceleri basın-yayın araçları sayesinde ortaya çıkma imkânı bulmuştur. Ele aldığımız bu çalışmanın temel amacı da yüz yıl öncesinde, Birinci Dünya Savaşı ve ardından başlayan Millî Mücadele yıllarında, Türk halkının cephede düşmana karşı silahlı mücadele verirken diğer taraftan ülke içerisinde cehalete karşı verdiği mücadeleyi, dönemin basın-yayın araçlarında yer alan haberler doğrultusunda, ortaya koymaktır. Gazeteler, kongre boyunca konuya yoğun ilgi göstermiştir. Birçok gazete kongre hakkında köşe yazıları ve makaleler yayınlamıştır. Kongrenin toplanması gazeteler tarafından askeri cepheden ayrı ikinci bir cephe olarak nitelendirilmiştir. Yapılan haberler ile savaş zamanında bir eğitim kongresinin toplanmış olması cephedeki savaşın yakın zamanda zaferle neticeleneceğinin bir habercisi olarak kabul edilmiştir.
Mortality Reduction in ICU-Admitted COVID-19 Patients in Suriname after Treatment with Convalescent Plasma Acquired Via Gravity Filtration
Authors: Bihariesingh Rosita , Bihariesingh Rosita , Bansie R , Froberg J , Ramdhani N , Mangroo R , Bustamente D , Diaz E , Thakoer I , Vreden S , Choudhry Z , Jansen Klomp W , Diavatopoulos D A , Nierich A
Published: October 2021

Introduction: Although convalescent plasma (CP) treatment is a potential therapeutic option for patients with COVID-19, there is a paucity of data from intensive care unit (ICU) patients with COVID-19 in low-resource settings, such as Suriname. CP was produced by a novel gravity-based filtration method.
Methods: In an open-label, multi-center, non-randomized prospective clinical trial, patients with severe or life- threatening COVID-19 symptoms (n=28) with CP treatment were compared with standard treatment alone (n=50). A pre-planned interim analysis is reported. The primary endpoint was a 28-day ICU mortality. Secondary endpoints were changes two days after treatment initiation in pulmonary oxygen exchange capacity (PF ratio) and chest x-ray (CXR) score.
Results: Mortality occurred in 18% (CP: 5/28) vs. 36% (Control:18/50). CP treatment of severe COVID-19 resulted in a higher probability of survival, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.22 (95% CI, 0.074-0.067), correcting for age, the presence of diabetes and COVID-19 severity. In the severe group, CP resulted in an improved CXR score (P = 0.0013) and increase in PF ratio (P = 0.011) as compared to standard therapy. The gravity-based plasmapheresis method used for CP production was well-tolerated and no adverse events were observed in the donors.
Discussion: CP therapy in combination with standard treatment resulted in 78% reduction of 28-day ICU mortality (HR = 0.22) compared to standard treatment alone. Both CXR-score and PF ratio changes represent effective indicators for the treatment effect of CP after two days. The novel CP production method was effective and represents a practical solution for Low- and middle-income countries to produce CP.
Radiation-Related Hypopharynx-Stenosis with Spared Larynx Treated by a Novel-Shaped Silicone Stent
Authors: Herzog Michael , Herzog Michael , Velten Andreas , Velten Benjamin , Bogdanov Vasyl , Grafmans Daniel
Published: October 2021

Background: Radiation-related hypopharyngeal stenoses are considered as complications after larynx sparing therapy of hypopharyngeal or laryngeal tumors.
Methods: The reported patient suffered from chondronecrosis of the cricoid after radiation of a larynx carcinoma and was treated by removing the necrotic cartilage. To prevent emerging stenosis of the hypopharynx, a customized hypopharyngeal stent was constructed on the basis of CT scan data. The Y-shaped stent was placed dorsal to the larynx, caudal to the arytenoid cartilages and remained in place without dislocation or irritation of the larynx for 8 weeks. During that time, the hypopharynx was stented, and the mucosa grew around the stent covering the complete circumference of the hypopharynx again. 18 weeks after removal of the stent, the hypopharynx did not reveal any re-stenosis.
Conclusion: This customized hypopharyngeal stent is the first reported approach applied with spared larynx, which has been tolerated for a long period of time.
Vaginal Dilator Use to Promote Sexual Wellbeing After Radiotherapy in Gynaecological Cancer Survivors: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Charatsi Dimitra , Charatsi Dimitra , Vanakara Polyxeni , Nikolaou Michail , Evaggelopoulou Aikaterini , Korfias Dimitrios , Simopoulou Foteini , Charalampakis Nikolaos , Schizas Dimitrios , Daponte Alexandros , Kyrgias George , Tolia Maria
Published: October 2021

Background: Since continuing advances in radiotherapy technology broaden the role of radiotherapy in the treatment of gynaecologic malignancies, the use of vaginal dilators has been introduced in order to mitigate the risk of vaginal stenosis. The main aims of this study were to investigate the vaginal dilator use efficacy in the treatment of radiation-induced vaginal stenosis and the vaginal dilator effect on sexual quality of life.
Methods: We studied fifty-three patients with endometrial or cervical cancer. The participants were treated with radical or adjuvant external beam radiotherapy and/or brachytherapy. They were routinely examined at four time points post-radiotherapy when also they were asked to fill in a validated sexual function-vaginal changes questionnaire. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The vaginal stenosis grading score was decreased and the size of the vaginal dilator comfortably insertable was gradually increased throughout the year of vaginal dilator use while radiation-induced vaginal and sexual symptoms were improved throughout the year of VD use. All patients with initial grade 3 showed vaginal stenosis of grade 2 after 12 months of vaginal dilator use and 65.8% of the patients with grade 2 initial vaginal stenosis demonstrated final vaginal stenosis grade 1 while 77.8% of the participants with initial 1st size of vaginal dilators reached the 3rd vaginal dilator size after 12 months. Starting time of dilator therapy <= 3 months after the end of radiotherapy was associated with a significant decrease in vaginal stenosis. Additionally, there was an overall upward trend regarding patients’ satisfaction with their sexual life.
Conclusion: Endometrial and cervical cancer survivors should be encouraged to use vaginal dilators for the treatment of vaginal stenosis and sexual rehabilitation after radiotherapy.
Renal Lymphangiectasia as an Unusual Cause of Perirenal Collections: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Xanicia Long Jiahuan , Xanicia Long Jiahuan , Kok Kit Ng
Published: October 2021

Renal lymphangiectasia (RLM) is a rare condition characterized by dilatation of perirenal, parapelvic or intrarenal lymphatics. We report an unusual case of bilateral RLM in a 20-year-old Malay male who presented with 1 month duration of bilateral flank pain. Bedside ultrasound showed bilateral perinephric collections, which were further confirmed on computer tomography intravenous pyelogram (CT IVP). Other causes of perinephric collections were ruled out based on laboratory and radiological findings, and he was managed conservatively as for RLM with surveillance ultrasound kidneys at 3 to 6 monthly intervals.
Issues and Challenges in Countering Transnational Organized Crimes: Implications on Peace Conditions in Af-Pak Region
Authors: Ahmad Sohail , Bakht Mahwish , Kalim Inayat
Published: October 2021

Insecure borders always provide passage to criminals for their institution. Borders depict the geographical limits of a particular state and determine its power and functioning in a region. Internal security of the country cannot be assured until its boundaries are not regularized. Countries like Afghanistan and Pakistan having numerous social, economic, and security challenges serve as an avenue for traffickers. A disputed border is waning the bilateral relations and promoting the narco-economy in the Af-Pak region. The Afghan opiate is also serving as solid financial support for the Taliban and other terrorist groups. The existence of persistent mistrust and blame game policy is contagiously affecting the lives of ordinary people. The political leadership of Afghanistan and Pakistan should learn a lesson from their past to protect their nationals from economic disasters and smugglers. In addition, the nature of this study is qualitative. Both primary and secondary data prove the main agenda of this study by highlighting the deep and robust linkage of the border dispute in the spread of drug trafficking in both countries. Moreover, there is a dire need for Pak-Afghan border management to provide shelter to the locals and the legal economy. For gaining mutual economic benefits, both states can utilize borders by articulating the mechanism for border regulation.
Hybrid Warfare Strategy of India: Impacts on Pakistan
Authors: Akhtar Nasreen , Jan Inamullah , Akram Sumaira
Published: October 2021

Hybrid warfare is a multi-faceted military strategy, an amalgam of conventional, irregular, and cyber warfare where technology adds exuberant intensification in the methods of hybridity to achieve political goals. The objective of this study is to conceptualize hybrid warfare, analyze India's hybrid warfare against Pakistan and suggest a counter-response to neutralize the hybrid forces working against Pakistan's stability and sovereignty. This study endeavors to develop a vantage point to understand the concept of hybrid warfare and its projection on Pakistan at internal and external fronts. This research analyzes data through qualitative methods and finds the related concepts and methods through content analysis and interpretative methodology.
Situating Women in Trauma of War: An Analysis of Baghdad Burning: A Blog from an Iraqi Woman
Authors: Ain Qurat ul , Anwar Saima , Rafiq Shumaila
Published: October 2021

The paper deals with situating women in war trauma in Baghdad Burning Volume 2, a girl's blog from Iraq. In the current study, the researcher attempts to reveal the rising of fundamentalism in Iraq after the war. The objective of this study is to safeguard the rights and honour of women after traumatic experiences. The study explores whether the unlashed media is doing its duties truthfully or it dishonestly manipulates the facts about the Iraqi women's traumatic experiences. The paper exposes the reason behind the hiding of the true identity of the author, pseudo-named Riverbend. The framework for the study has been taken from an article "A Conceptual Framework for the Impact of Traumatic Experiences", written by Eve B Carlson and the co-author Constance Dalenberg. The study unfolds the reality that a traumatic event becomes a nightmare, especially for a woman, and a series of flashbacks to the same traumatic experience becomes recurrent. The paper concludes the living standards, disparities and situation of women in contemporary war-stricken Iraq.
Ethno-Nationalism: Theories and the Dynamics of the Demand for the New Federating Units
Authors: Malik Muhammad Shoaib , Abbasi Azhar Mahmood , Arshad Umair
Published: October 2021

Ethnicity has been not only the source of diversity but also social and political tensions across the globe. The socio-economic and political alienation and sense of deprivation trigger ethnonationalism that manifests itself into different forms and manifestations ranging from armed struggles to political movements. The failure to establish a vibrant and pluralist society with social and economic justice at its heart paves the way for ethnic strife that attracts different responses and reactions from the states faced with the ethnic conflict. Based on the qualitative research methods, this scholarly endeavor seeks to dissect the dynamics and drivers of ethnic-nationalism and how the countries like India, Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Switzerland, the Philippines and South Africa have tried to address the problem. Further, it analyses the different theoretical approaches, notably primordialism, constructivism, instrumentalist, language and power, religion, race and culture have been employed by the countries to tackle the non-traditional threat posed by ethnonationalism.
Revival Of Civil-Military Nexus On Drafting New National Security Policy: Critical Discourse Analysis of Pakistan's Two English Newspapers
Authors: Zulfiqar Amna , Khalid Faiza , Khalid Maria
Published: October 2021

Over the past few years, Pakistan carried out various publicized battles against militancy and terrorism led primarily by thePakistan military. Due to the changed geostrategic context, civil-military coordination is necessary for developing a new national securitypolicy. Therefore the objective of the present study is to examine civil-military coordination portrayed in the English press of Pakistanfollowed by the most significant event, i.e., the formation of Provincial Apex committees. These committees were formed for strengtheningcollaboration between civil-military institutions to execute NAP in different provinces, consequently the study analyzed news stories of twoEnglish newspapers, i.e., Dawn and The News, by employing the CDA model proposed by Fairclough. Results indicate that Dawn coveredthe image of the Pakistan military by highlighting actions of then COAS for empowering committees in different provinces for fasterexecution on NAP and restoration of IDP’s whereas, The News covered lack of coordination between civil-military leadership on executionof NAP.
A Comparative Study of Flipped-Learning and E-Learning in ELT Teacher Education
Authors: Mirza Ejaz , Nasir Muhammad Haseeb
Published: October 2021

Advancement in technology has brought a positive change in pedagogical practices. The development started with the integration of technology as a tool for teaching and has reached e-learning and Flipped-learning. In this study, the features of e-learning and Flippedlearning are compared from the perspective of technology and pedagogy in practice. To collect the data, English language teachers of public sector colleges and universities, who had attended online courses and blended courses, were selected for focus group discussion through purely judgmental sampling. The questions for focus group discussion were based on the Stephen Bax's (2003) criteria to compare different phases of CALL. The research highlights that flipped-learning gives more support and freedom to the learner to work at his own pace, whereas e-learning gives more opportunities for independent learning. There is no face-toface interaction in e-learning, whereas, in flipped-learning, the learners get a chance to interact in real-time. The participants of e-learning courses were urged to incorporate some sort of realtime interaction, whether online or face-to-face.
Modern Problems of Historical Imagology in the Context of International Relations (“Our Ownˮ and “Othersˮ: Interaction and Perception of the Cultures of the West and Russia (for the anniversary of Viktor Leonidovich Malkov) / ed. T.L. Labutina. Saint-Petersburg, 2020)
Authors: Smirnova Irina
Published: October 2021

The review provides an overview of the collective monograph “Own” and “Others”: Interaction and perception of cultures of the West and Russia (For the anniversary of Viktor Leonidovich Malkov), which presents the results of the latest comparative studies in the field of cross-cultural dialogue between the countries of the West and Russia. The content of the book is viewed through the prism of such a conceptual trend in imagology as the perception of the image of “Own / Others” in the context of international relations (politics, culture, diplomacy, social conflictology, etc.).
The Diplomatic Service of Louis XVI: The Work of French Foreign Affairs Department in the 1780s
Authors: Pimenova Ludmila
Published: October 2021

The article aims to examine the organization of work of the State Secretariat for Foreign Affairs of France in the last decades before the Revolution of 1789 when the department was headed by Charles Gravier, Comte de Vergennes. By this time, there had developed a practice of preferentially appointing as head of the foreign affairs department people who had the first-hand experience of diplomatic service at the helm of embassies. He managed to create an efficiently working ministry apparatus. The details of its work are known thanks to the primary source for the research presented in this article, namely a note drawn up by one of Vergennes’ subordinates, the head of the “northern” directorate of the State Secretariat Pierre-Michel Hennin. During the years of Vergennes’ ministry, the staff was increased and a topographic bureau was created, which was tasked with drawing up a general map of the clarified borders of the French kingdom. The directorates of the State Secretariat were headed by professional diplomats who had received a good education and had practical experience working in embassies. Within the department, a well-thought-out system of clerical work was established. The difficulty in the work of the department, not mentioned in Hennin’s note, was the impossibility of career growth for ordinary employees. They could count on a seniority salary increase, but not a promotion. Thus, by the end of the Ancien Régime, there were two types of professional careers in the State Secretariat for Foreign Affairs of the French king: diplomatic one for high and middle echelons and clerical for ordinary employees.
Official Diplomacy and Informal Relations at the court of Catherine the Great: James Harris’s Embassy to Russia
Authors: Novikova Arina
Published: October 2021

The article is devoted to the study of James Harris’s diplomatic mission to Russia (1778–1783). During almost the entirety of his diplomatic mission, Harris was accompanied by his sister Katherine Gertrude and his wife Harriet. Katherine Gertrude Harris depicted the events during her stay in Russia in a series of diaries, which is the main source of research. Although Katherine’s papers remain unpublished and are almost neglected in historiography, it seems that the diaries can shed light on many aspects of the diplomatic mission since she and her brother the ambassador, took part in both the ceremonies and behind-the-scenes life of the imperial court. Previously this diplomatic mission was mainly studied from the point of diplomatic negotiations that took place between ambassadors and official representatives. Thus, the diplomatic results of the mission were investigated more than the diplomatic process. The article aims to fill this gap and study the informal part of the embassy based on the use of social capital. James Harris as an experienced diplomat had complicated negotiation strategies, one of which was to form bonds with influential politicians to impact Russian decision-making mechanisms. The study presented in the article shows that interactions between the envoy and other private and quasi-private individuals, whose decisions could affect the course of diplomatic negotiations, played an important role in J. Harris’s mission. What is more, James Harris’s wife and sister, participating in court ceremonies and banquets, became the mission’s “shadow” actors. Katherine Gertrude noted facts and gossips about the Russian high society and developed friendships with those who were assumed to be capable of influencing the political sentiments of the court.
Career Strategies of Russian Diplomats in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century (the Cases of I.M. Simolin and P.A. Levashev)
Authors: Petrova Maria
Published: October 2021

The article examines the careers of the famous eighteenth-century Russian diplomats Ivan Matveevich Simolin and Pavel Artemyevich Levashev, whose paths repeatedly crossed – in Copenhagen, Vienna, and Regensburg, creating tension between them. Analysing the correspondence of diplomats preserved in the Archives of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire and the Russian State Archive of Ancient Documents, the author concludes that they acted in the same way to get a promotion: they constantly reminded of themselves to the superiors in the College of Foreign Affairs A.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, M.I. Vorontsov, N.I. Panin, and A.M. Golitsyn, devoting their literary works to them, helping purchase pieces of art or luxury goods, and keeping a keen eye on their real and potential rivals. Their lack of moderation in the implementation of such a strategy, blatant attempts to show off or to compromise colleagues were discouraged by the leadership of the Russian foreign office. There were also objective factors that hindered the career advancement of the two diplomats, which they were not always ready to take into account: the lack of vacant posts, the successful activities of their rivals, as well as conflicts with foreign courts, that, under certain circumstances, did not allow Russian monarchs to make necessary replacements for reasons of state prestige. The cases of I.M. Simolin and P.A. Levashev show how the principle of personal service, fixed by Peter I in the Table of Ranks of 1722, worked in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs and how it regulated its personnel policy.
A French diplomat in the Russian Service. Missions of the Count d'Antraigues in Venice (1795–1797)
Authors: Mitrofanov Andrey
Published: October 2021

The article deals with the history of secret diplomacy of the time of the French Revolution. It aims to show unknown aspects of the French émigré сount d'Antraigue's activities as a councillor to the Russian embassy in Venice and as a personal representative of Louis XVIII in 1795–1797. Unpublished documents from the Archives of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire and the memoirs of contemporaries form the source base of the research. The practice of appointing French royalists “under Russian protection” as employees of Russian diplomatic missions was proposed by the Russian court in 1794. The case of d’Antraigues, therefore, was not unique. D'Antraigues' duties in this post were related to the search for information on revolutionary France, the French army in Italy, the politics of the Italian states. His contacts with Swedish agents, French royalists, and French army officers were the most fruitful. At the same time, he was associated with British diplomats. Bonaparte used the errors of the diplomat to his advantage: сount d'Antraigues’s notes served as a pretext for the coup d'état of 18 Fructidor, Year V. Although he сount lost credibility in the eyes of the royalists yet, thanks to the support of A.K. Razumovsky, he continued his service as correspondent and honorary “pensionnaire” of the Russian court. It was after 1797 that a “black legend” developed around the name of the count, thanks, in particular, to former secret agents of the Directory and Napoleon Bonaparte, depicting him as an opportunist.
Martin Opitz (1597–1639), a Poet in the Diplomatic Service During the Thirty Years' War
Authors: Lazareva Arina
Published: October 2021

The article is devoted to one of the greatest German poets of the Baroque era, Martin Opitz. Although during his lifetime he became one of the most honoured writers, poetry seldom brought him financial stability and independence, which he achieved thanks to his diplomatic service under various influential rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. M. Opitz never had a high diplomatic rank, usually holding the positions of an agent or a secretary, which, however, did not prevent him from often being in the thick of political events. Opitz's life spanned the years of the Thirty Years' War, which turned his life upside down. The article focuses on the problem of the influence of M. Opitz's diplomatic activity on the formation of his patriotic views and the development of the German national idea in his poetic works, thanks to which he became widely known. During his diplomatic trips, Opitz, by virtue of his pronounced artistic emotional perception of the events of the Thirty Years' War, tragic for the German lands, divided the world around him into “friends”, “Germans”, and “aliens”, i.e. enemies who sought, as the poet argued, “to enslave Germany.” The article evaluates the role of diplomatic activity in the life of Opitz in the formation of the specific phenomenon of German nationalism. The article is based on rare, only partially introduced into academic circulation historiography, where a special place is occupied by biographical materials, namely the private correspondence of M. Opitz, his first biography, compiled by a close friend Ch. Koeler, and the funeral sermon by the poet Jh. Rist.
A digitális szövegkiadások nehézségei és lehetőségei a közgyűjteményekben
Authors: Mihály Eszter
Published: October 2021

A kéziratos forrásokat őrző közgyűjtemények hagyományos feladatait a digitális technológiák fejlődése és rohamos elterjedése miatt egyre sürgetőbb újragondolni, átformálni, kibővíteni. A hagyományos eljárások, mint a források leírása, metaadatolása, gyűjteményezése már nem látszik elegendőnek, illetve ezek módszere is korszerűsítésre szorul. Az archiválás, hosszútávú megőrzés, illetve a kereshetővé és hozzáférhetővé tétel szintén mást jelent digitális közegben, mint az analóg világban.
Az online oktatás könyvtári támogatása a Szegedi Tudományegyetemen
Authors: Fülöp Tiffany , Nagy Gyula
Published: October 2021

Fortunately, the forced change to online education required by the pandemic situation did not caught the University of Szeged completely unprepared. Our institution has a long tradition of using electronic teaching materials in various projects and situations. One of the most important tool is the SZTE Repository of Educational Resources, operated by the Klebelsberg Library, which stores almost 4,500 electronic learning material and it has more than 1 million downloads. In the first part of our study, we show our experiences gained during the development and running of the database. In the second part, we would like to talk about the development of an online education platform (https://edu.ek.szte.hu). It has launched last year and we presented here our first e-learning course, ‘Introduction to library and information science’. This course was previously held-in-person by the library staff to hundreds of students per semester at the university as a general education course. Redesigning the course took several months. During this time, we had to face several technical and education-related issues and questions which gave us the experience and the necessary knowledge about the methods of switching from classroom teaching to online courses.
A földrajzi személyi hungarikum feldolgozásának problematikája
Authors: Ungváry Rudolf
Published: October 2021

A magyar vagy magyar vonatkozású szerzőknek, csakúgy, mint külföldi társaiknak, van két alapvető földrajzi meghatározottsága: a születési és a halálozási helyük. Ezeknek azért van jelentőségük, mert arról tájékoztatnak, hogy honnan származik a szerző, illetve arról, hogy hol halt meg. A magyar és magyar vonatkozású szerzők esetében tárgyalt földrajzi nevek mind magyar vonatkozásúak, ezért hungarikumnak tekinthetőek. Így bevezethetjük a földrajzi személyi hungarikum fogalmát. Ennek minősül minden olyan földrajzi hely, amely magyar vonatkozású személyek születési és halálozási helye, külföldi állomáshelye, hungarikum kiadási helye.
Dissociative Identity Disorder Scan in National Wrestlers and Comparison According to Several Variables
Authors: Tazegül Ünsal
Published: October 2021

Aims: The purpose of this study was to scan dissociative identity disorders in wrestlers who represented their nations in International tournaments. Material and methods: Dissociative Experiences Scale-DES was used as a data collection tool. Relational and Causative comparison models in quantitative research methods were also used in our research. Study group consisted of 14 male wrestlers competed in International tournaments. As sample number did not meet parametrical norms, non-parametric tests were taken place. Desctiptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U test, One-Way variance analysis and Spearmen Correlation analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results: As a result of statistical analysis, dissociative scores of wrestlers in study group were determined to be above 30. When this results was evaluated according to Dissociative Experiences Scale, it can be suggested that there might be dissociative disorders in wrestlers inside study group. Conclusions: Consequently, as a result of statistical analysis, Wrestlers were determined to have 30 and above dissociative scores. And when this is examined according to Dissociative Experience Scale; It indicated that there is a Dissociative disorder in wrestlers.
Customer Satisfaction with Massage Service (Sport Personnel and General)
Authors: Iskandar  , Samudro Y. Tovan Juni , Gustian Uray
Published: October 2021

The problem in this study is how the level of customer service satisfaction for massage for sports / general practitioners. This study aims to see the level of customer satisfaction with massage services (sports and general practitioners) with variables 1. Reliability (reliability), 2. Responsiveness (responsiveness), 3. Assurance (assurance), 4. Empathy (empathy), 5. direct evidence (tangibles). Ex post facto quantitative descriptive research design for customers who had received massage services from October 2020 to February 2021. The instrument is in the form of a questionnaire in descriptive statistical analysis. The results of the research data concluded that the level of customer satisfaction in the very satisfied category was 91% and 7% satisfied.