bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical outcomes and economic impact of the 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines on hypertension in China
Authors: Wang Zengwu , Hao Guang , Wang Xin , Chen Zuo , Zhang Linfeng , Zhang Zugui , Hu Hao , Weintraub William S. , Gao Runlin ,   for the China hypertension survey investigators
Published: July 2019

The 2017 guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of high blood pressure in adults were published by the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association. The impact on clinical outcomes and costs needs to be estimated prior to adopting these guidelines in China. Data from a nationally representative sample in China were analyzed. The prevalence and treatment were calculated based on the criteria of the 2017 guidelines and 2018 Chinese guidelines among participants aged ≥35 years old. Direct medical costs, as well as the averted disability adjusted of life years and cost saving from cardiovascular disease events prevented by controlling hypertension, were also estimated. The prevalence and treatment rate of hypertension were 32.0% and 43.4% according to the 2018 Chinese guidelines. Based on the 2017 guidelines, another 24.5% of the adult population (estimated 168.1 million) would be classified as having hypertension; of whom, about 32.1 million would need to be pharmaceutically treated to reach the current treatment rate of 43.4%. As a result, an estimated additional 42.7 billion US dollars  of the direct medical cost would be required for lifetime therapy. By preventing cardiovascular events, the new guidelines would reduce lifetime costs by 3.77 billion US dollars, while preventing 1.41 million disability adjusted of life years lost. Application of the 2017 guidelines in China will substantially increase the prevalence of hypertension and produce a large increase in therapy costs, although it would prevent cardiovascular disease events and save disability adjusted of life years.
Clinical and genetic characteristics of people with type 1 diabetes who have discrepancies in titers of anti‐glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody measured by radioimmunoassay and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Takagi Satoshi , Miura Junnosuke , Hoshina Sari , Uchigata Yasuko , Babazono Tetsuya
Published: July 2019

Aims/Introduction

The aim of the present study was to compare the clinical and genetic characteristics between people with type 1 diabetes who were positive and negative for autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA) measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with low‐titer GADA measured by radioimmunoassay.

Materials and Methods

Among Japanese people with type 1 diabetes in whom GADA were measured by both ELISA and radioimmunoassay, those who had low titers of GADA measured by radioimmunoassay (1.5–10 U/mL), regardless of positivity for GADA measured by ELISA, were studied. There were 65 participants with acute‐onset type 1 diabetes and 30 participants with slowly progressive insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. Clinical characteristics and human leukocyte antigen types were compared in ELISA‐positive (≥5 U/mL) and ELISA‐negative participants. Endogenous insulin secretion was evaluated by C‐peptide index.

Results

Among participants with slowly progressive insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus, postprandial C‐peptide index was significantly higher in ELISA‐negative participants than in ELISA‐positive participants (r = 0.619, P = 0.002). Among 52 participants whose human leukocyte antigen typing was carried out, all of the participants with slowly progressive insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus who had DRB1*09:01 were positive by GADA‐ELISA (P = 0.021). In acute‐onset type 1 diabetes participants, there were no significant differences for the C‐peptide index and human leukocyte antigen genotypes.

Conclusions

The difference in the positivity for GADA‐ELISA might reflect cytotoxicity toward pancreatic β‐cells and preservation of endogenous insulin secretion in people with slowly progressive insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. We also suggest that the difference in the GADA‐ELISA‐specific epitope depends on the human leukocyte antigen genotype.
Effects of the short sale circuit breaker on the stock market
Authors: Switzer Lorne N. , Yue Heng
Published: July 2019

We provide new evidence on the effects of the recently introduced short sale circuit breaker, Rule 201, which triggers when the price of a stock drops more than 10 percent in a single day. The regulatory presumption is that the trigger should damper intraday price declines for affected stocks. However, our evidence suggests that this is not the case. The circuit breaker fails to reduce intraday volatility and intraday price declines, especially for the most volatile stocks in the market. Market quality measures based on liquidity and pricing efficiency are largely unaffected. Higher dispersion of investor opinion increases overpricing when the circuit breaker is in force. Price stabilization after stocks trigger the circuit breaker is shown for stocks that experience substantial price declines. Finally, post‐shock drift reduction is consistent with improved informational efficiency.
Panax notoginseng saponins promotes cutaneous wound healing and suppresses scar formation in mice
Authors: Men Si‐ye , Huo Qiao‐ling , Shi Lei , Yan Yan , Yang Cheng‐cheng , Yu Wen , Liu Bao‐qing
Published: July 2019

Background & Aim

Panax notoginseng saponins are believed to promote wound healing due to its anti‐proliferative effect on fibroblasts. The present work was therefore aimed to examine the beneficial effect of PNS on wound healing in vitro and in a murine model of cutaneous wound.

Methods

The in vitro effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on the proliferation of and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in human fibroblast 3T3 cells were studied. The in vivo effects of Panax notoginseng saponins were examined in C57 mice with dorsal cutaneous wound. The healing rate and scar formation were followed after treatment with Panax notoginseng saponins. The histology and fibroblast accumulation in the wounds were studied using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Expression of α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) was examined by immunohistochemistry.

Results

Panax notoginseng saponins inhibited the proliferation of human fibroblast 3T3 with an EC50 of 1.825 mM Panax notoginseng saponins (0.1 mM) significantly promoted NO production (P < 0.01) and NO synthase activity (P < 0.01) of 3T3. In C57 mice with dorsal cutaneous wounds, 0.1 mM Panax notoginseng saponins significant expedited wound healing by reducing the size of lesions and suppressing the formation of scar. H&E staining revealed that treatment with Panax notoginseng saponins suppressed fibroblast accumulation in wound areas, while immunohistochemistry showed a significant reduction in α‐SMA expression by 0.1 mM Panax notoginseng saponins.

Conclusion

Panax notoginseng saponins are a promising drug candidate that can accelerate wound healing and reduce scar formation.
Digital Food and Beverage Marketing Environments in a National Sample of Middle Schools: Implications for Policy and Practice
Authors: Polacsek Michele , Boninger Faith , Molnar Alex , O'Brien Liam M.
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND

One promising approach to influence nutrition behavior is to limit food and beverage marketing to children. Children are a lucrative market and schools may be an effective setting in which to intervene. Studies have shown that marketing in schools is prevalent but little is known about digital marketing (DM) to students in the school setting.

METHODS

We used an online survey to assess DM environments in a national sample of middle schools.

RESULTS

Our findings demonstrate that students are exposed to marketing through school devices. Gaps in school district, school and classroom policy and practice lead to student exposure to food and beverage marketing.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data point to actionable policy and practice change at the school district, individual school, and classroom levels that could help limit unwanted and harmful food and beverage marketing to youth.
Physical Activity in Young Schoolchildren in After School Programs
Authors: Riiser Kirsti , Haugen Anders L. H. , Lund Siv , Løndal Knut
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND

After‐school programs (ASP) provide opportunities to influence children's physical activity (PA). However, little is known about the PA levels of the youngest schoolchildren. The aim of the study was to describe the level of PA intensity and sedentary time among first graders attending ASP in Norway, and to investigate factors that are associated with PA in the ASP.

METHODS

First graders from 14 ASPs were invited to participate in the study and 426 children were included. The children wore an accelerometer for five consecutive days during their stay in the ASP. Light, moderate, and vigorous PA and sedentary time were registered and analyzed.

RESULTS

On average, the children accumulated 25.8 minutes of moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during their ASP‐stay. However, there was considerable variation within the sample. Sex, as well as body mass, were associated with MVPA. The activity level increased substantially when the children had to be outside.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings show that on average, the children were quite physically active in the ASP. However, it seems critical to devote increased attention to the least active children and to include extensive outdoor play‐time in the ASP schedule.
Dietary apple polyphenols supplementation enhances antioxidant capacity and improves lipid metabolism in weaned piglets
Authors: Xu Xiaojiao , Chen Xiaoling , Huang Zhiqing , Chen Daiwen , Yu Bing , Chen Hong , He Jun , Luo Yuheng , Zheng Ping , Yu Jie , Luo Junqiu
Published: July 2019

Apple polyphenols (APPs) are biologically active flavonoids that have antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, improving insulin sensitivity, hypocholesterolaemic effect and antiviral properties. This study was conducted to explore effects of dietary APPs supplementation on antioxidant activities and lipid metabolism in weaned piglets. Fifty‐four weaned piglets (half male and female) were randomly divided into three groups with six replicates in each group and three piglets in each repetition. Piglets were fed control diet (basal diet) or a control diet supplemented with 400 mg/kg or 800 mg/kg APPs for 6 weeks. Blood and liver samples were collected to determine biochemical, antioxidant and lipid metabolism parameters. Here we showed that dietary APPs supplementation increased HDL‐C and decreased T‐CHO, TG and LDL‐C concentrations. Dietary APPs supplementation increased antioxidative capacity in serum and CAT activity in liver, and significantly increased the mRNA expressions of CAT, GST and SOD1 in liver. ACC mRNA level and LPL activity were tended to decrease by APPs. HMG‐CoAR, CTP7A1, CD36 and FATP1 mRNA levels were decreased by APPs, while LDL‐R, PGC‐1α, Sirt1 and CPT1b mRNA levels were increased by 400 mg/kg APPs. No alterations in growth performance were found in all treatments. This study firstly provided the evidence that dietary APPs supplementation could enhance systemic antioxidant capacity and improve lipid metabolism in weaned piglets. The mechanism by which APPs improve lipid metabolism might be through regulating hepatic cholesterol metabolism and increasing fatty acid oxidation, and decreasing fatty acid uptake and de novo synthesis.
Using Variationism and Learner Corpus Research to Investigate Grammatical Gender Marking in Additional Language Spanish
Authors: Gudmestad Aarnes , Edmonds Amanda , Metzger Thomas
Published: July 2019

The current study responds to the call for increased dialogue among different areas of additional language research. Specifically, we bring together learner corpus research and variationist approaches to second language acquisition to advance learner corpus research in two ways: (a) by modeling interlanguage development and variability and (b) by conducting an analysis that moves away from descriptive error analysis. To accomplish this goal, we analyzed grammatical gender marking in additional language Spanish. The data come from LANGSNAP, a longitudinal learner corpus. Through the use of a generalized linear mixed‐effects model (a multivariate, quantitative analysis), we revealed new information about the development and variable use of gender marking in additional language Spanish. Through our analyses, we hope to contribute to greater interactions among researchers working in different strands of additional language research.
Breastfeeding duration in infancy and adult risks of type 2 diabetes in a high‐income country
Authors: Bjerregaard Lise G. , Pedersen Dorthe C. , Mortensen Erik L. , Sørensen Thorkild I. A. , Baker Jennifer L.
Published: July 2019

Observed associations between breastfeeding and reduced risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood may be confounded. We examined if the duration of breastfeeding in infancy was associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood after adjustment for a range of prenatal and postnatal risk factors. We prospectively followed 6,044 individuals from the Copenhagen Perinatal Cohort born 1959–1961. Duration of any breastfeeding (≤0.5, >0.5–1, >1–2, >2–4, >4 months) was assessed at the infant's 1‐year health examination. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for type 2 diabetes (at age ≥30 years, 237 persons) by breastfeeding duration without and with adjustment for parental social status and education, maternal pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI), maternal diabetes and smoking during pregnancy, gestational weight gain, parity, preterm birth, birth weight, sex, and BMI at ages 7 and 41–43 years. In the unadjusted analysis, compared with infants breastfed for ≤0.5 month, those breastfed for >4 months had a 51% reduced risk of type 2 diabetes (HR = 0.49; 95% CI [0.32, 0.75]). After the stepwise adjustment for putative early life confounders, this was attenuated to a nonsignificant 31% reduced risk (HR = 0.69; 95% CI [0.44, 1.07]). Adjustment for childhood and adulthood BMI minimally changed the results. We found that the inverse association between the duration of breastfeeding and risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood is considerably weakened and no longer significant after adjustment for prenatal and postnatal factors in the infant and mother.
SigR, a hub of multilayered regulation of redox and antibiotic stress responses
Authors: Park Joo‐Hong , Lee Ju‐Hyung , Roe Jung‐Hye
Published: July 2019

Signal‐specific activation of alternative sigma factors redirects RNA polymerase to induce transcription of distinct sets of genes conferring protection against the damage the signal and the related stresses incur. In Streptomyces coelicolor, σR (SigR), a member of ECF12 subfamily of Group IV sigma factors, responds to thiol‐perturbing signals such as oxidants and electrophiles, as well as to translation‐blocking antibiotics. Oxidants and electrophiles interact with and inactivate the zinc‐containing anti‐sigma factor, RsrA, via disulfide bond formation or alkylation of reactive cysteines, subsequently releasing σR for target gene induction. Translation‐blocking antibiotics induce the synthesis of σR, via the WhiB‐like transcription factor, WblC/WhiB7. Signal transduction via RsrA produces a dramatic transient response that involves positive feedback to produce more SigR as an unstable isoform and negative feedbacks to degrade , and reduce oxidized RsrA that subsequently sequester σR and . Antibiotic stress brings about a prolonged response by increasing stable σR levels. The third negative feedback, which occurs via IF3, lowers the translation efficiency of the sigRp1 transcript that utilizes a non‐canonical start codon. σR is a global regulator that directly activates > 100 transcription units in S. coelicolor, including genes for thiol homeostasis, protein quality control, sulfur metabolism, ribosome modulation and DNA repair. Close homologues in Actinobacteria, such as σH in Mycobacteria and Corynebacteria, show high conservation of the signal transduction pathways and target genes, thus reflecting the robustness of this type of regulation in response to redox and antibiotic stresses.
Mere Metaphysics: An Ecumenical Proposal
Authors: Betz John R.
Published: July 2019

This is the second part of an essay that appeared in Modern Theology in October, 2018, entitled “After Heidegger and Marion: The Task of Christian Metaphysics Today.” Whereas the first part made a case for the importance of metaphysics to Christian theology (specifically in the form of an analogical, proto‐Christological metaphysics), and hinted at its ecumenical potential, the point here is twofold: first, to provide a more detailed argument for analogical metaphysics as the kind of metaphysics Christianity in fact implies; secondly, to elaborate its ecumenical potential – now, though, more specifically, with regard to the Christian East. Whereas the previous essay sought to overcome while respecting the difference between Catholic analogy and Reformed dialectics by arguing for a dialectical analogy as the proper form of Christian metaphysics, here the specific task is to show a formal compatibility between the analogical metaphysics of the Christian West and the sophiological metaphysics of the Christian East. Accordingly, the goal is to show that there is such a thing as a mere metaphysics – a common metaphysics – of the Christian tradition, notwithstanding real differences and mutually enriching emphases.
Sympathetic activity in obesity: a brief review of methods and supportive data
Authors: Lambert Gavin W. , Schlaich Markus P. , Eikelis Nina , Lambert Elisabeth A.
Published: July 2019

The increase in the prevalence of obesity and the concomitant rise in obesity‐related illness have led to substantial pressure on health care systems throughout the world. While the combination of reduced exercise, increased sedentary time, poor diet, and genetic predisposition is undoubtedly pivotal in generating obesity and increasing disease risk, a large body of work indicates that the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) contributes to obesity‐related disease development and progression. In obesity, sympathetic nervous activity is regionalized, with activity in some outflows being particularly sensitive to the obese state, whereas other outflows, or responses to stimuli, may be blunted, thereby making the assessment of sympathetic nervous activation in the clinical setting difficult. Isotope dilution methods and direct nerve recording techniques have been developed and utilized in clinical research, demonstrating that in obesity there is preferential activation of the muscle vasoconstrictor and renal sympathetic outflows. With weight loss, sympathetic activity is reduced. Importantly, sympathetic nervous activity is associated with end‐organ dysfunction and changes in sympathetic activation that accompany weight loss are often reflected in an improvement of end‐organ function. Whether targeting the SNS directly improves obesity‐related illness remains unknown, but merits further attention.
Vagal mechanisms as neuromodulatory targets for the treatment of metabolic disease
Authors: Berthoud Hans‐Rudolf , Neuhuber Winfried L.
Published: July 2019

With few effective treatments available, the global rise of metabolic diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease, seems unstoppable. Likely caused by an obesogenic environment interacting with genetic susceptibility, the pathophysiology of obesity and metabolic diseases is highly complex and involves crosstalk between many organs and systems, including the brain. The vagus nerve is in a key position to bidirectionally link several peripheral metabolic organs with the brain and is increasingly targeted for neuromodulation therapy to treat metabolic disease. Here, we review the basics of vagal functional anatomy and its implications for vagal neuromodulation therapies. We find that most existing vagal neuromodulation techniques either ignore or misinterpret the rich functional specificity of both vagal efferents and afferents as demonstrated by a large body of literature. This lack of specificity of manipulating vagal fibers is likely the reason for the relatively poor beneficial long‐term effects of such therapies. For these therapies to become more effective, rigorous validation of all physiological endpoints and optimization of stimulation parameters as well as electrode placements will be necessary. However, given the large number of function‐specific fibers in any vagal branch, genetically guided neuromodulation techniques are more likely to succeed.
Preoperative metabolic acidosis and acute kidney injury after open laparotomy in the neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Yum Sook Kyung , Seo Yu Mi , Youn Young‐Ah , Sung In Kyung
Published: July 2019

Background

This study evaluated potential risk factors associated with acute kidney injury (AKI) in infants undergoing bedside open laparotomy in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and analyzed the association between postoperative AKI and outcomes.

Methods

Retrospective data, including neonatal characteristics, perioperative findings (i.e. vital signs and fluid status), postoperative AKI incidence, and postoperative mortality rate of infants who underwent bedside open laparotomy in the NICU between May 2013 and May 2018 were collected and analyzed.

Results

A total of 53 cases (26 in AKI group vs 27 in non‐AKI group) were analyzed. On univariable analysis, transfusion, pre‐ and postoperative blood gas analysis and number of inotropic agents, cumulative postoperative percentage fluid overload (48 h), and preoperative hourly urine output were associated with the development of postoperative AKI. On multivariable logistic regression analysis, preoperative acidosis (pH <7.15 or base deficit >10; P = 0.002; OR, 11.067; 95%CI: 2.499–49.017) and preoperative urine output (P = 0.035; OR, 0.548; 95%CI: 0.314–0.959) were significant factors associated with postoperative AKI. Postoperative mortality rate 30 days after surgery was higher in the AKI group, but the difference was not significant.

Conclusions

Preoperative metabolic acidosis and urine output are important factors potentially associated with the development of postoperative AKI in neonates undergoing bedside open laparotomy. Strategies such as alkali therapy, which protect the kidney from further injury, should be validated in future studies. A decreasing urine output may suggest deteriorating kidney function prior to surgery, potentially amplifying the risk of postoperative AKI.
Leveling the core competencies of public health nursing to evaluate senior baccalaureate nursing students
Authors: Larsen Rachelle , Reif LuAnn
Published: July 2019

Objectives

This study assessed a revised instrument based on the tier one Core Competencies for Public Health Nurses. Following instrument revision, the self‐reported competence of prelicensure baccalaureate nursing students was examined.

Design and Sample

In this descriptive study, 102 senior, prelicensure baccalaureate nursing students completed a revised Core Competencies instrument prior to and immediately following completion of public health nursing courses. Parametric statistics were used to determine if there were significant differences in pre‐ and postcourse domain scores and the impact of selected demographic variables on postcourse domain scores.

Results

Pilot testing confirmed the reliability and validity of the revised instrument. A paired t test determined postcourse domain scores were significantly higher than precourse domain scores. Overall, students rated themselves as competent in all domains, with the lowest ratings of competence in policy development/program planning. Likelihood of choosing a future career in public health was significantly higher for students in traditional public health clinical settings.

Conclusion

The revised tier one Core Competency instrument provided information related to students’ self‐reported competence in public health nursing competencies. These findings provide valuable insight for development and revision of public health nursing courses ensuring a nursing workforce competent in the provision of population health.
Infection by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi causes intestinal changes B‐1 cells dependent
Authors: Souza Karine Delgado , Fernandes Ellenn Pollyanna Alexandre , dos Santos Amanda Gubert Alves , de Lima Lainy Leiny , Gonzaga Wagner Francisco Kennerly Marcondes , Xander Patricia , Nogueira‐Melo Gessilda de Alcantara , Sant'Ana Débora de Mello Gonçales
Published: July 2019

Evaluating the histopathological and morphometric changes caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi infection either in the presence or absence of B‐1 cells. Wild‐type Balb/c and XID mice were used. Half of XID mice received B‐1 cells adoptive transfer (XID + B1). Five animals from each group were infected (Balb/c I, XID I and XID + B1 I), totalizing six groups (n = 5). After 45 days of infection, the ileum was collected for histological processing and analysis. After infection, the XID animals showed an increase in the thickness of the intestinal layers, in the depth and width of the crypt and in the villi width. However, the Balb/c I group showed a reduction in almost all these parameters, whereas the villi width was increased. The villi height decreased in the infected XID animals; however, it was increased in the XID + B1 I group. Leishmania (L) infantum chagasiinfection caused a decrease in the number of Paneth cells; however, their area was increased. Finally, goblet cells and enterocytes presented different change profiles among groups. This study showed that the parasite infection causes structural and histopathological alterations in the intestine. These changes might be influenced by the absence of B‐1 cells.
Grafting induces flowering time and tuber formation changes in Brassica species involving FT signalling
Authors: Zheng Y. , Luo L. , Gao Z. , Liu Y. , Chen Q. , Kong X. , Yang Y.
Published: July 2019

Brassica species are widely cultivated and important biennial and annual crops. The transition from vegetative to reproductive development in Brassica species is critical in agriculture and horticulture. Grafting is a useful tool for improving agricultural production and investigating the movement of long‐range signals.

Here we established a hypocotyl micrografting system in B. rapa crops and successfully grafted the rootstock of turnip onto many different scion genotypes. Grafting with turnip rootstock prolonged vegetative growth, delayed flowering and improved seed yield in rapeseed.

The late‐flowering turnip rootstock could delay flowering of the scion of the early‐flowering turnip accession. The BrrFLC1 (FLOWERING LOCUS C1 in B. rapa) transcript levels and H3K4me3 levels at the BrrFLC1 locus were up‐regulated and subsequently suppressed the downstream FT (FLOWERING LOCUS T) signals in leaves of the scion to delay flowering. Vernalization treatment can efficiently promote flowering time in turnip. The non‐vernalised turnip flowered early after grafting onto the rootstock of the vernalised turnip, which was accompanied by high levels of FT homologue expression in leaves of the scion. Hypocotyl excision experiments revealed that the process of tuber formation was suppressed by removing the hypocotyl tissue, which in turn repressed the expression of tuberization‐related genes.

Our findings suggest that the rootstock generates mobile signals that are transported from the rootstock to the scion to fine‐tune FT signalling and modulate flowering time.
Responses of the kelp Saccharina latissima (Phaeophyceae) to the warming Arctic: from physiology to transcriptomics
Authors: Li Huiru , Monteiro Cátia , Heinrich Sandra , Bartsch Inka , Valentin Klaus , Harms Lars , Glöckner Gernot , Corre Erwan , Bischof Kai
Published: July 2019

The Arctic region is currently facing substantial environmental changes due to global warming. Melting glaciers cause reduced salinity environments in coastal Arctic habitats, which may be stressful for kelp beds. To investigate the responses of the kelp Saccharina latissima to the warming Arctic, we studied the transcriptomic changes of S. latissima from Kongsfjorden (Svalbard, Norway) over a 24‐hour exposure to two salinities (Absolute Salinity [SA] 20 and 30) after a 7‐day pre‐acclimation at three temperatures (0, 8 and 15°C). In addition, corresponding physiological data were assessed during an 11‐days salinity/temperature experiment. Growth and maximal quantum yield for photosystem II fluorescence were positively affected by increased temperature during acclimation, whereas hyposalinity caused negative effects at the last day of treatment. In contrast, hyposalinity induced marked changes on the transcriptomic level. Compared to the control (8°C – SA 30), the 8°C – SA 20 exhibited the highest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), followed by the 0°C – SA 20. Comparisons indicate that S. latissima tends to convert its energy from primary metabolism (e.g. photosynthesis) to antioxidant activity under hyposaline stress. The increase in physiological performance at 15°C shows that S. latissima in the Arctic region can adjust and might even benefit from increased temperatures. However, in Arctic fjord environments its performance might become impaired by decreased salinity as a result of ice melting.
Strawberries under salt stress: ALA and ROS to the rescue
Authors: Baral Anirban
Published: July 2019

Generating salt‐tolerant plants that can cope with increasing soil salinity is a major goal of crop‐breeding programs worldwide. Together with genetic approaches, research efforts are focusing on finding chemical modulators of salt tolerance. The exogenous application of 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA) has been shown to improve salt tolerance in diverse crop species, but its mechanism of action is not properly understood. Wu et al. (2019) report that ALA treatment enhances reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the roots of salt‐stressed strawberry plants. Activation of several key ion transporters downstream to the ROS signal helps to sequester the toxic Na+ ions in the roots and protects the shoots against salt stress.
Gametes from stem cells: Status and applications in animal reproduction
Authors: Goszczynski Daniel E. , Denicol Anna C. , Ross Pablo J.
Published: July 2019

In vitro gamete differentiation could revolutionize animal production by decreasing generation intervals, increasing the number of gametes per animal and facilitating the dissemination of elite genetics. In addition, it could help to develop new strategies for the conservation of endangered species. The recent in vitro reconstitution of germ cell development in mice has inspired researchers to invest their best efforts into reproducing this achievement in livestock species. With this goal in mind, multiple differentiation approaches and cell sources have been evaluated. The degree of success in these evaluations varies according to the species and the stage of development studied, but, in general, partially positive results have been obtained. Evidence suggests that although functional gametes with true reproductive potential are still to be obtained, it is a matter of time before this goal is achieved.
Vertebrate‐mediated seed rain and artificial perches contribute to overcome seed dispersal limitation in a Mediterranean old field
Authors: La Mantia Tommaso , Rühl Juliane , Massa Bruno , Pipitone Sergio , Lo Verde Gabriella , Bueno Rafael S.
Published: July 2019

Natural regeneration of vegetation is a frequent outcome of land abandonment, although the rate and diversity of such regeneration may be severely restricted by seed dispersal limitation, among other factors. In spite of this, studies aiming to quantify seed rain and test methods to enhance it, such as artificial perches, are still underrepresented in the Mediterranean. In our study, we quantified seed rain density and richness and tested the effects of artificial perches on such rain over a distance gradient on seven Mediterranean island old fields. In each of the seven sites, we positioned three sampling stations, each consisting of 1 seed trap under an artificial perch and 1 as a control on the ground, distributed at 30, 60, and 90 m from natural vegetation remnant. All traps received seeds, suggesting no overall dispersal limitation. Of the 11 seed species found, 10 were fleshy‐fruited and dispersed by vertebrates. Seed traps under perches received significantly higher seed rain of fleshy‐fruited species dispersed by birds, while ground traps received significantly more seeds of the species also dispersed by mammals, especially Rubus ulmifolius. The distance from the seed source was nonsignificant in all cases. Our study demonstrates the key role of vertebrate‐mediated seed dispersal services to overcome dispersal limitation in old fields, as well as the effective contribution of even small artificial perches in contrasting such limitation. The lack of differences over the distance gradient reveal that the upper spatial limit of dispersal limitation was not achieved.
Building popular legitimacy with reconciliatory gestures and participation: A community‐level model of authority
Authors: O'Brien Thomas C. , Tyler Tom R. , Meares Tracey L.
Published: July 2019

The research tests a model of reconciliation between authorities and communities. It expands past models of legitimacy to an intergroup dynamic model by identifying two community‐level actions that legal authorities can undertake to build their popular legitimacy and promote cooperation. One type of action is a community‐level reconciliatory gesture: an initiative that authorities make to communities to build trust by recognizing and trying to move beyond prior negative experiences. A second involves community‐level opportunities for participating in decisions about how to manage social order. The results of this study with residents from a large metropolitan city suggest that both types of community‐level gestures can make distinct contributions to building trust in and cooperation with the police.
Cyber insurance and private governance: The enforcement power of markets
Authors: Herr Trey
Published: July 2019

In the last half decade, cyber insurance has emerged as a multi‐billion‐dollar industry with the authority to set and enforce standards of security behavior. Although cybersecurity has become a concern of national policymakers, insurers appear to have supplanted the state to play an influential role in governing some aspects of client behavior. This paper explores private governance by cyber insurance firms and evaluates two competing explanations for its emergence – either that the private sector advanced to set and enforce cybersecurity standards for financial gain, or that the state retreated from its responsibility to regulate and private sector actors filled the gap only as necessary. To find an answer between these explanations, this article develops a single outcome case study of the American cyber insurance industry. Following a theoretical introduction to private governance and its manifestation through insurance, the article examines the insurance process and its application in cybersecurity, the key role of standards, and the mechanism of enforcing those standards. The article concludes by identifying key elements of this market‐based enforcement and discussing implications for crafting effective private governance in other domains and public policy.
Faecal microbial dysbiosis in children with Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome
Authors: Zhang Liang , Li Ying ying , Tang Xuemei , Zhao Xiaodong
Published: July 2019

Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X‐linked primary immunodeficiency disease caused by a mutation in the WAS gene that encodes the WAS protein (WASp); up to 5‐10% of these patients develop inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The mechanisms by which WASp deficiency causes IBD are unclear. Intestinal microbial dysbiosis and imbalances in host immune responses play important roles in the pathogenesis of polygenetic IBD; however, few studies have conducted detailed examination of the microbial alterations and their relationship with IBD in WAS. Here, we collected faecal samples from 19 children (all less than 2 years old) with WAS and samples from WASp‐KO mice with IBD and subjected them to 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. We found that microbial community richness and structure in WAS children were different from those in controls; WAS children revealed reduced microbial community richness and diversity. Relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobiain in WAS children was significantly lower, while that of Proteobacteria was markedly higher. WASp‐KO mice revealed a significantly decreased abundance of Firmicutes. Faecal microbial dysbiosis caused by WASp deficiency is similar to that observed for polygenetic IBD, suggesting that WASp may play crucial function in microbial homoeostasis and that microbial dysbiosis may contribute to IBD in WAS. These microbial alterations may be useful targets for monitoring and therapeutically managing intestinal inflammation in WAS.
Populist communication and media environments
Authors: Nadler Anthony
Published: July 2019

Populist leaders and movements have long adapted their communication practices to fit their media environments. Yet, research on the relationship between media and populism has been limited until recently. This article offers an overview of how media researchers have been identifying populist media and communication practices and investigating ways in which media structures may constrain or enable the growth of populist movements. It discusses three different scholarly frameworks that suggest that social media platforms and shifts in news media may be providing new opportunities for populist messages to circulate more widely. These shifts may be a contributing factor to a recent surge in populism across many countries. Finally, this article raises normative questions about journalistic practices and media policy in response to concerns about right‐wing populist communication practices.
On the trail of comparative urbanism: Square dance and public space in China
Authors: Qian Junxi , Lu Yanheng
Published: July 2019

Civic cultures in public space occupy a central place in the theorisations of social relations and social interactions in the modern city. But theoretical perspectives formulated in Western urban contexts tend to assume clear‐cut distinction between Gesellschaft and Gemeinschaft, and between the public and private realms, and assume that encounter automatically steers people towards the ethics and politics of difference. These optics represent epistemologies which for the most part address the socio‐spatial nexus in Euro‐American urban modernity, and are ill equipped for elucidating the contingent, improvised relationships between public space and multiple urban modernities beyond the West. This paper works on the trail of the comparative urbanism and delves into configurations of publicness in “square dance” in reform‐era urban China. Starting from historical conceptions of publicness in China but being mindful of how they are reconfigured and renegotiated amid a rapid transition towards urban modernity, this paper argues that publicness in reform‐era China is of a largely experimental, negotiated nature. On the one hand, square dance exceeds sociological accounts and categories which produce epistemological opposition between stranger and community, between public self and intimate affiliations. It incubates sentiments of collectivism that overcome anonymity and strangeness but do not contradict the ethos of individualism in the modern city. On the other hand, square dance can be conceptualised as an active process of urban learning, in which people are motivated to reflect over what codes, rules, and ethics are needed for governing urban publics. In all, this paper aims to broaden the conceptual spectrum of the ideas of public space and urban civic cultures through comparative analysis and theorisation.
Low titer group O whole blood for prehospital hemorrhagic shock: It is an offer we cannot refuse
Authors: Spinella Philip C. , Gurney Jennifer , Yazer Mark H.
Published: July 2019

See article on page 2238–2247, in this issue
Do high‐risk behavior deferrals work? How to make it better?
Authors: Pandey Suchitra , Shan Hua
Published: July 2019

See article on page 2334–2343, in this issue
Predonation fears identify young donors at risk for vasovagal reactions
Authors: France Christopher R. , France Janis L. , Conatser Robert , Lux Pete , McCullough Jeannine , Erickson Yasuko
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND

Extending existing research on the relationship between predonation fear of having blood drawn and risk for vasovagal reactions among young donors, this study assessed the predictive power of specific donation‐related fears.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

After the health screening, high school whole blood donors (59.5% female) were randomly assigned into one of three groups. Group 1 (n = 881) answered a control question about their prior night's sleep. Group 2 (n = 911) answered the sleep question and a question about fear of having blood drawn. Group 3 (n = 924) answered the sleep question, the fear of having blood drawn question, and four questions about specific donation‐related fears (seeing blood, needles, pain, and fainting).

RESULTS

The proportion of vasovagal reactions did not differ significantly among the groups, indicating that asking one or more fear questions before donation did not promote reactions. Fearful donors were more likely to have a vasovagal reaction, even after controlling for other important demographic and health predictors, with odds ratios ranging from 2.17 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.44‐3.27) for fear of fainting to 3.50 (95% CI, 2.34‐5.23) for fear of seeing blood. Hours of sleep was not significantly related to vasovagal reaction risk.

CONCLUSION

Predonation fear identifies donors who are more likely to experience a vasovagal reaction and does so without increasing the risk of such reactions. Accordingly, fear should be assessed during screening to identify those who could benefit from instruction in anxiety management and who might require greater attention to help prevent donor injury.
Does aid for trade diversify the export structure of recipient countries?
Authors: Kim Yu Ri
Published: July 2019

The importance of aid for trade as a tool for facilitating trade, economic growth and social development has received attention since the concept was introduced in 2005. While one of the main targets of aid for trade is export diversification, reflecting the fact that the exports of many developing countries are concentrated in a small range of items, there have not been many efforts to measure the effect of aid for trade on export structure. This study, therefore, attempts to trace the relationship between aid for trade and 133 aid recipients' export structure between 1996 and 2013. Using the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index to measure the degree of export concentration, the findings suggest that total aid for trade has reduced the concentration level in the short run. In the long run, on the other hand, aid for trade has had no significant effect on export structure of recipient countries. Only aid for building productive capacity, which is one of the three categories of aid for trade, contributes to lower concentration. Yet, this change is not caused by an increase in export diversity but by the redistribution of shares of existing products of a similar sophistication level.
Mitochondrial genome reorganization characterizes various lineages of mesostigmatid mites (Acari: Parasitiformes)
Authors: Li Wei‐Ning , Shao Renfu , Zhang Qi , Deng Wei , Xue Xiao‐Feng
Published: July 2019

Mesostigmata is an extremely diverse group of mites with more than 11,000 described species in 109 families. The complete mitochondrial (mt) genomes of five species of mesostigmatid mites from three families (Varroidae, Ologamasidae, Phytoseiidae) have been reported previously; all of them are rearranged or highly rearranged in gene order. However, it is unclear when mt genome reorganization occurred and how common it is in mesostigmatid mites. We sequenced the mt genomes of ten species of mesostigmatid mites from five more families (Blattisociidae, Diplogyniidae, Laelapidae, Macrochelidae, Parasitidae). We found that species in the families Diplogyniidae and Parasitidae have retained the ancestral mt genome organization of arthropods, which is in stark contrast to the highly rearranged mt genomes in the Phytoseiidae species. As in the Varroidae and Ologamasidae species, the mt genomes of the Blattisociidae, Macrochelidae and Laelapidae species are also rearranged but are less rearranged than in the Phytoseiidae species. Each of the six mesostigmatid families that have rearranged mt genomes is characterized by unique gene order not seen in other mesostigmatid families. Furthermore, the mt genome organization also differs among three genera of the Phytoseiidae, between two genera of the Laelapidae, and among threeMacrochelesspecies of the Macrochelidae. Our results indicate that: (a) the most recent common ancestor of mesostigmatid mites likely retained the ancestral mt genome organization of arthropods; and (b) mt genome organization characterizes various lineages of mesostigmatid mites and provides a valuable source of information for understanding their phylogeny and evolution.
Gyrotactic Microorganism Effects on Mixed Convective Nanofluid Flow Past a Vertical Cylinder
Authors: Sudhagar Palani , Kameswaran Peri K. , Kumar B. Rushi
Published: July 2019

The transient mixed convection boundary layer analysis of incompressible flow over an isothermal vertical cylinder is embedded in a saturated porous medium in the vicinity for Gyrotactic microorganism effects. The mathematical model used for the bioconvective nanofluid incorporates the effects of Brownian motion, thermophoresis, and gyrotactic microorganisms. Moreover, the resulting governing nonsimilarity equations are changed into partial differential equations and solved numerically. The results are explained graphically for various physical parameters. It is determined that bioconvection parameter boosts the heat transfer rates and the thickness of the motile microorganism reduces the mass transfer rates. Expanding bioconvection Lewis number leads to decrease in heat transfer rates and the density of the motile microorganism, whereas the mass transfer rates decelerate the flow field. The investigation is pertinent to the nanobiopolymer manufacturing processes.
REVIEWS OF ACOUSTICAL PATENTS
Authors: Fulop Sean A.
Published: July 2019

The purpose of these acoustical patent reviews is to provide enough information for a Journal reader to decide whether to seek more information from the patent itself. Any opinions expressed here are those of the reviewers as individuals and are not legal opinions. Patents are available via the internet at the USPTO website, and also using Google Patents.
Retinol binding protein 3 is increased in the retina of patients with diabetes resistant to diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Yokomizo Hisashi , Maeda Yasutaka , Park Kyoungmin , Clermont Allen C. , Hernandez Sonia L. , Fickweiler Ward , Li Qian , Wang Chih-Hao , Paniagua Samantha M. , Simao Fabricio , Ishikado Atsushi , Sun Bei , Wu I-Hsien , Katagiri Sayaka , Pober David M. , Tinsley Liane J. , Avery Robert L. , Feener Edward P. , Kern Timothy S. , Keenan Hillary A. , Aiello Lloyd Paul , Sun Jennifer K. , King George L.
Published: July 2019

Retinol binding protein 3 may protect against the progression of diabetic retinopathy by inhibiting glucose uptake into retinal cells.