bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polar alignment of a massive retrograde circumbinary disc around an eccentric binary
Authors: Abod Charles P , Chen Cheng , Smallwood Jeremy , Rabago Ian , Martin Rebecca G , Lubow Stephen H
Published: September 2022

A test particle orbit around an eccentric binary has two stationary states in which there is no nodal precession: coplanar and polar. Nodal precession of a misaligned test particle orbit centres on one of these stationary states. A low-mass circumbinary disc undergoes the same precession and moves towards one of these states through dissipation within the disc. For a massive particle orbit, the stationary polar alignment occurs at an inclination less than 90°, which is the prograde-polar stationary inclination. A sufficiently high angular momentum particle has an additional higher inclination stationary state, the retrograde-polar stationary inclination. Misaligned particle orbits close to the retrograde-polar stationary inclination are not nested like the orbits close to the other stationary points. We investigate the evolution of a gas disc that begins close to the retrograde-polar stationary inclination. With hydrodynamical disc simulations, we find that the disc moves through the unnested crescent shape precession orbits and eventually moves towards the prograde-polar stationary inclination, thus increasing the parameter space over which circumbinary discs move towards polar alignment. If protoplanetary discs form with an isotropic orientation relative to the binary orbit, then polar discs may be more common than coplanar discs around eccentric binaries, even for massive discs. This has implications for the alignment of circumbinary planets.
Variability due to climate and chemistry in observations of oxygenated Earth-analogue exoplanets
Authors: Cooke G J , Marsh D R , Walsh C , Rugheimer S , Villanueva G L
Published: September 2022

The Great Oxidation Event was a period during which Earth’s atmospheric oxygen (O2) concentrations increased from ∼10−5 times its present atmospheric level (PAL) to near modern levels, marking the start of the Proterozoic geological eon 2.4 billion years ago. Using WACCM6, an Earth System Model, we simulate the atmosphere of Earth-analogue exoplanets with O2 mixing ratios between 0.1 and 150 per cent PAL. Using these simulations, we calculate the reflection spectra over multiple orbits using the Planetary Spectrum Generator. We highlight how observer angle, albedo, chemistry, and clouds affect the simulated observations. We show that inter-annual climate variations, as well short-term variations due to clouds, can be observed in our simulated atmospheres with a telescope concept such as LUVOIR or HabEx. Annual variability and seasonal variability can change the planet’s reflected flux (including the reflected flux of key spectral features such as O2 and H2O) by up to factors of 5 and 20, respectively, for the same orbital phase. This variability is best observed with a high-throughput coronagraph. For example, HabEx (4 m) with a starshade performs up to a factor of two times better than a LUVOIR B (6 m) style telescope. The variability and signal-to-noise ratio of some spectral features depends non-linearly on atmospheric O2 concentration. This is caused by temperature and chemical column depth variations, as well as generally increased liquid and ice cloud content for atmospheres with O2 concentrations of <1 per cent PAL.
An exploration of dust grain growth within WCd systems using an advected scalar dust model
Authors: Eatson J W , Pittard J M , Van Loo S
Published: September 2022

Dust production is one of the more curious phenomena observed in massive binary systems with interacting winds. The high temperatures, UV photon flux, and violent shocks should destroy any dust grains that condense. However, in some extreme cases, dust production yields of approximately 30 per cent of the total mass-loss rate of the stellar winds have been observed. In order to better understand this phenomenon, a parameter space exploration was performed using a series of numerical models of dust producing carbon phase Wolf–Rayet (WCd) systems. These models incorporated a passive scalar dust model simulating dust growth, destruction, and radiative cooling. We find that reasonable dust yields were produced by these simulations. Significant changes in the dust yield were caused by changing the mass-loss rates of the stars, with a greater mass-loss rate contributing to increased dust yields. Similarly, a close orbit between the stars also resulted in higher dust yields. Finally, a high-velocity wind shear, which induces Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instabilities and wind mixing, drastically increases the dust yields.
Comprehensive bayesian modeling of tidal circularization in open cluster binaries part I: M 35, NGC 6819, NGC 188
Authors: Penev Kaloyan M , Schussler Joshua A
Published: September 2022

Tidal friction has long been recognized to circularize the orbits of binary stars over time. In this study, we use the observed distribution of orbital eccentricities in populations of binary stars to probe tidal dissipation. In contrast to previous studies, we incorporate a host of physical effects often neglected in other analyses, provide a much more general description of tides, model individual systems in detail (in lieu of population statistics), and account for all observational uncertainties. The goal is to provide a reliable measurement of the properties of tidal dissipation that is fully supported by the data, properly accounts for different dissipation affecting each tidal wave on each object separately, and evolves with the internal structure of the stars. We extract high precision measurements of tidal dissipation in short period binaries of Sun-like stars in three open clusters. We find that the tidal quality factor on the main sequence falls in the range $5.7 < \log _{10}Q_\star ^{\prime } < 6$ for tidal periods between 3 and 7.5 days. In contrast, the observed circularization in the 150 Myr old M 35 cluster requires that pre-main sequence stars are much more dissipative: $Q_\star ^{\prime } < 4\times 10^4$. We test for frequency dependence of the tidal dissipation, finding that for tidal periods between 3 and 7.5 days, if a dependence exists, it is sub-linear for main-sequence stars. Furthermore, by using a more complete physical model for the evolution, and by accounting for the particular properties of each system, we alleviate previously observed tensions in the circularization in the open clusters analyzed.
Oscillation modes and gravitational waves from strangeon stars
Authors: Li Hong-Bo , Gao Yong , Shao Lijing , Xu Ren-Xin , Xu Rui
Published: September 2022

The strong interaction at low energy scales determines the equation of state (EOS) of supranuclear matters in neutron stars (NSs). It is conjectured that the bulk dense matter may be composed of strangeons, which are quark clusters with nearly equal numbers of u, d, and s quarks. To characterize the strong-repulsive interaction at short distance and the nonrelativistic nature of strangeons, a phenomenological Lennard-Jones model with two parameters is used to describe the EOS of strangeon stars (SSs). For the first time, we investigate the oscillation modes of non-rotating SSs and obtain their frequencies for various parameterizations of the EOS. We find that the properties of radial oscillations of SSs are different from those of NSs, especially for stars with relatively low central energy densities. Moreover, we calculate the f-mode frequency of nonradial oscillations of SSs within the relativistic Cowling approximation. The frequencies of the f-mode of SSs are found to be in the range from 6.7 kHz to $8.7\, \rm {kHz}$. Finally, we study the universal relations between the f-mode frequency and global properties of SSs, such as the compactness and the tidal deformability. The results we obtained are relevant to pulsar timing and gravitational waves, and will help to probe NSs’ EOSs and infer nonperturbative behaviours in quantum chromodynamics.
Forced eccentricity in circumbinary discs
Authors: Lubow Stephen H
Published: September 2022

We analyse the eccentric response of a low-mass coplanar circumbinary disc to secular tidal forcing by a Keplerian eccentric orbit central binary. The disc acquires a forced eccentricity whose magnitude depends on the properties of the binary and disc. The largest eccentricities occur when there is a global apsidal resonance in the disc. The driving frequency by the binary is its apsidal frequency, which is equal to zero. A global resonance occurs when the disc properties permit the existence of a zero apsidal frequency free eccentric mode. Resonances occur for different free eccentric modes, which differ in the number of radial nodes. For a disc not at resonance, the eccentricity distribution has somewhat similar form to the eccentricity distributions in discs at resonance that have the closest matching disc aspect ratios. For higher disc aspect ratios, the forced eccentricity distribution in a 2D disc is similar to that of the fundamental free mode. The forced eccentricity distribution in a 3D disc is similar to that of higher order free modes, not the fundamental mode, unless the disc is very cool. For parameters close to resonance, large phase shifts occur between the disc and binary eccentricities that are locked in phase. Forced eccentricity may play an important role in the evolution of circumbinary discs and their central binaries.
Detection of a quasi-periodic oscillation at ∼40 mHz in Cen X-3 with Insight-HXMT
Authors: Liu Q , Wang W , Chen X , Yang W , Lu F J , Song L M , Qu J L , Zhang S , Zhang S N
Published: September 2022

We investigated the quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) features in the accretion-powered X-ray pulsar Cen X-3 observed by Insight-HXMT. For two observations in 2020 when Cen X-3 was in an extremely soft state, the power density spectrum revealed the presence of obvious QPO features at ∼40 mHz with an averaged fractional rms amplitude of ∼9 per cent. We study the mHz QPO frequency and rms amplitude over orbital phases, and find that the QPO frequency is ∼33–39 mHz at the orbital phase of 0.1–0.4, increasing to ∼37–43 mHz in the orbital phase of 0.4–0.8, but has no strong dependence on X-ray intensity. We also carried out an energy-dependent QPO analysis, the rms amplitude of the mHz QPOs have a decreasing trend as the energy increases from 2 to 20 keV. In addition, the QPO time-lag analysis shows that the time-delay is ∼20 ms (a hard lag) in the range of ∼5–10 keV, and becomes negative [time-lag of −(20–70) ms] above ∼10 keV. The different QPO theoretical models are summarized and discussed. In the end, we suggest that these energy-dependent timing features as well as the origin of mHz QPOs in Cen X-3 may be ascribed to an instability when the accretion disc is truncated near the corotation radius.
The early evolution of magnetar rotation – I. Slowly rotating ‘normal’ magnetars
Authors: Prasanna Tejas , Coleman Matthew S B , Raives Matthias J , Thompson Todd A
Published: September 2022

In the seconds following their formation in core-collapse supernovae, ‘proto’-magnetars drive neutrino-heated magnetocentrifugal winds. Using a suite of two-dimensional axisymmetric magnetohydrodynamic simulations, we show that relatively slowly rotating magnetars with initial spin periods of P⋆0 = 50–500 ms spin down rapidly during the neutrino Kelvin–Helmholtz cooling epoch. These initial spin periods are representative of those inferred for normal Galactic pulsars, and much slower than those invoked for gamma-ray bursts and superluminous supernovae. Since the flow is non-relativistic at early times, and because the Alfvén radius is much larger than the proto-magnetar radius, spin-down is millions of times more efficient than the typically used dipole formula. Quasi-periodic plasmoid ejections from the closed zone enhance spin-down. For polar magnetic field strengths B0 ≳ 5 × 1014 G, the spin-down time-scale can be shorter than the Kelvin–Helmholtz time-scale. For B0 ≳ 1015 G, it is of the order of seconds in early phases. We compute the spin evolution for cooling proto-magnetars as a function of B0, P⋆0, and mass (M). Proto-magnetars born with B0 greater than $\simeq 1.3\times 10^{15}\, {\rm \, G}\, (P_{\star 0}/{400\, \rm \, ms})^{-1.4}(M/1.4\, {\rm M}_\odot)^{2.2}$ spin down to periods >1 s in just the first few seconds of evolution, well before the end of the cooling epoch and the onset of classic dipole spin-down. Spin-down is more efficient for lower M and for larger P⋆0. We discuss the implications for observed magnetars, including the discrepancy between their characteristic ages and supernova remnant ages. Finally, we speculate on the origin of 1E 161348−5055 in the remnant RCW 103, and the potential for other ultra-slowly rotating magnetars.
Mapping time-dependent magnetic topologies of active stars
Authors: Finociety B , Donati J-F
Published: September 2022

Throughout the last decades, Zeeman–Doppler Imaging (ZDI) has been intensively used to reconstruct large-scale magnetic topologies of active stars from time-series of circularly polarized (Stokes V) profiles. ZDI being based on the assumption that the topology to be reconstructed is constant with time (apart from being sheared by differential rotation), it fails at describing stellar magnetic fields that evolve on time-scales similar to the observing period. We present a new approach, called TIMeS (for Time-dependent Imaging of Magnetic Stars), to derive the time-dependent large-scale magnetic topologies of active stars, from time-series of high-resolution Stokes V spectra. This new method uses the combined concepts of sparse approximation and Gaussian process regression to derive the simplest time-dependent magnetic topology consistent with the data. Assuming a linear relation between the Stokes V data and the reconstructed magnetic image, TIMeS is currently applicable to cases in which the magnetic field is not too strong (with an upper limit depending on v sin i). We applied TIMeS to several simulated data sets to investigate its ability to retrieve the poloidal and toroidal components of large-scale magnetic topologies. We find that the proposed method works best in conditions similar to those needed for ZDI, reconstructing reliable topologies with minor discrepancies at very low latitudes whose contribution to the data is small. We, however, note that TIMeS can fail at reconstructing the input topology when the field evolves on a time-scale much shorter than the stellar rotation cycle.
Genetic evidence for multiple mating and mixing of sperm from multiple males in the seminal receptacles of female Japanese flying squid (Todarodes pacificus)
Authors: Ohtani Ryusei , Yamamoto Jun , Yanagimoto Takashi , Adachi Kohsuke , Bower John R , Fujioka Hidefumi A , Hirose Miyuki , Nakaya Mitsuhiro , Suzuki Satoshi , Tokioka Shun
Published: September 2022

The genetic diversity of sperm and spermatangia stored by mated Japanese flying squid (Todarodes pacificus) was examined to better understand how this ommastrephid squid mates and stores sperm. Analyses were conducted using spermatangia implanted in the lips of immature squid collected in Tsugaru Strait, northern Japan, in July–August 2019, spermatangia implanted in the lips of mature squid collected in the East China Sea in April 2019, and sperm stored in the seminal receptacles of squid collected off Tosashimizu, Kochi Prefecture, Japan, in February 2019. DNA was extracted, microsatellite loci were amplified using five PCR primers, and allele peaks were analysed. Analysis of the spermatangia confirmed that females in the field mate with multiple males, suggesting that males transfer from 1 to at least 14 spermatangia in each mating. Analysis of the seminal receptacles showed that sperm from multiple males are mixed within individual sperm chambers. Spermatangia were also found implanted in the lips of males, providing evidence of same-sex sexual behaviour. To date, studies of cephalopod mating systems have focused on coastal species, and the results of this study add to our growing knowledge of more oceanic species.
Arm heating to relieve Raynaud’s phenomenon in systemic sclerosis: A single-arm multicentre prospective clinical trial
Authors: Watanabe Akane , Shima Yoshihito , Takahashi Hiroki , Akiyama Yuji , Kodera Masanari , Jinnin Masatoshi , Azuma Naoto , Ishii Koji , Kumanogoh Atsushi
Published: September 2022

Objectives

Raynaud’s phenomenon, one of the major symptoms of systemic sclerosis (SSc), is difficult to treat. Although it is empirically considered that warming is a beneficial technique, there is no supportive evidence. We conducted a multicentre study to evaluate whether continuous heating of the arm alleviates Raynaud’s phenomenon in SSc.

Methods

A pair of disposable warmers was applied to the upper arm near the elbow of patients with SSc. Two weeks of non-warmer application were followed by 2 weeks of warmer application, which was repeated twice. The Raynaud Condition Score (RCS), number of episodes, and duration of Raynaud’s phenomenon were recorded. The differences in the mean RCS, frequency, and duration of Raynaud’s phenomenon between the warmer application and non-application periods were analysed.

Results

Twenty-eight patients were included in the analysis. The average RCS was 1.98 and 2.66 during the warmer application and non-application periods, respectively. The change between the two periods was statistically significant by paired t-test. In addition, the frequency and total duration of Raynaud’s phenomenon in the warmer application period were significantly lower than those in the non-application period.

Conclusions

Heating of the upper arm near the elbow is effective in alleviating Raynaud’s phenomenon in SSc.
Associations Between E-cigarettes and Subsequent Cocaine Use in Adolescence: An Analysis of the UK Millennium Cohort Study
Authors: Silva Constanza P , Maggs Jennifer L , Kelly Brian C , Vuolo Mike , Staff Jeremy
Published: September 2022

Introduction

Nicotine exposure via early combustible cigarette smoking can prime the adolescent brain for subsequent cocaine use. However, there is limited evidence whether e-cigarette use, a nicotine delivery system that is increasingly popular among youth, is associated with later cocaine use. We examine the association between e-cigarette use by the age of 14 years and cocaine use by the age of 17 years.

Aims and Methods

The Millennium Cohort Study is a nationally representative sample of 18 552 9-month-old children born between September 2000 and January 2002 in the United Kingdom. Follow-up interviews and surveys were collected from children and their caregivers at modal ages 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, and 17 years. Our analytic sample included 340 youth who had used e-cigarettes by age 14 years (exposure variable), matched using coarsened exact matching, to 4867 nicotine naïve youth on childhood common liability confounders and demographics measured from infancy to age 11. The outcome was cocaine use by the modal age of 17 years.

Results

Of the 5207 successfully matched youth, 7.6% of adolescent e-cigarette users by age 14 years used cocaine by age 17 years versus 3.1% of non-e-cigarette users. Multivariable logistic regression in the matched sample indicated that e-cigarette use by age 14 years was associated with 2.7 times higher odds of cocaine use by age 17 years (95% CI, 1.75 to 4.28).

Conclusions

These findings in a UK sample showed that e-cigarette use in early adolescence is associated with higher odds of cocaine use later in adolescence, similar to risks posed by tobacco cigarette smoking.

Implications

In this large-scale prospective cohort study (n = 5207), youth who had used e-cigarettes by the age of 14 years were matched to nicotine naïve youth on childhood common liability confounders and demographics measured from infancy to age 11 years (e.g. school engagement, risk-taking propensity, delinquency, peer and parental smoking, parental educational attainment). After matching, 7.6% of age 14 years e-cigarette users had subsequently used cocaine by the age of 17 years versus 3.1% of non-e-cigarette users. Although e-cigarettes are promoted as a strategy for nicotine-dependent users to reduce the harms of combustible cigarettes, the evidence here suggests that for nicotine naïve youth, they may increase the risk of subsequent cocaine use.
Pentecostal and Charismatic Theology
Authors: Macchia Frank D.
Published: September 2022

Pentecostalism began early in the twentieth century in the humble beginnings of a Kansas Bible school and, especially important for its transformation into a global movement, in the Apostolic Faith Mission on Asuza Street in Los Angeles under the leadership of William J. Seymour. However, these humble beginnings among the Pentecostals stood in stark contrast to the vastness of their eschatological vision. Their doctrine of Spirit baptism, especially as evidenced by tongues (Acts 2:4), became most controversial among Christians who came into contact with the growing movement. This article discusses the discovery of eschatology among scholars of Pentecostalism as the overall context in which to understand the distinctive elements of Pentecostal theology. It then explores in light of that discussion the major issues involved in substantively constructing a Pentecostal eschatology. It also analyzes the coming of Jesus Christ, otherworldliness, and salvation.
Church, Ecumenism, and Eschatology
Authors: Farrow Douglas
Published: September 2022

A teleological approach to ecumenism is directed precisely to making the partial communion existing between Christians grow towards full communion in truth and charity. But a sound ecumenism must be eschatological as well as teleological. Indeed, it must be eschatological if it is to continue being teleological. If teleology occupies itself with the divine imperative of growth in unity and communion, eschatology occupies itself with the conditions that pertain in the fulfillment of that imperative. It takes account of the Catholic Church's situation in the last times—or of history's new situation in the time of the church—and of its expectation of the last things. The modern ecumenical movement has from the beginning suffered from designs and agendas that fall short of full respect for the divine imperative. One root of the problem is the failure of eschatological nerve in the West, particularly in the liberal Protestantism shaped by Friedrich Schleiermacher's landmark work, The Christian Faith.
Eschatology and Resurrection
Authors: Davis Stephen T.
Published: September 2022

Christianity holds that human history and the creation itself are moving in a certain direction. This article is about resurrection, a concept that is firmly embedded in Christian teaching and is crucial to the entire Christian plan of salvation, including eschatology. It discusses four afterlife theories (death ends all, reincarnation, immortality, resurrection) and their relationship to eschatology, and examines Christian teachings about resurrection, both the resurrection of Jesus and the resurrection of everybody else (the “general resurrection”). It compares four quite different ways of understanding the general resurrection in classical and current Christian thought. It then emphasizes the fact that the Christian notion of resurrection has virtually always been bodily resurrection. In addition, it considers the link between resurrection and contemporary cosmology and comments on the negative eschatological views of those cosmologists who hold that the universe, in its distant future, will pass out of existence from heat death or freezing. Finally, the article discusses the relationship between resurrection and what has been called “the beatific vision.”.
Purgatory
Authors: Griffiths Paul J.
Published: September 2022

The English word “purgatory” is a technical term belonging to Christian doctrine. As such, it translates the Latin purgatorium and means “place of purification,” a place in which whatever impurities you suffer are removed. In its most general Christian doctrinal sense, the word denotes a place (or condition or state) entered at death, remained in for a time, and then left for heaven. Purgatory's inhabitants are in an intermediate state between death and heaven. They are in heaven's antechamber, preparing for eternal, loving intimacy with God. Purgatory is like heaven in being bound irreversibly to salvation, like hell in intensity of suffering, and like earthly life in being ordered around the purification of sin by penance through time. It is the thread that binds heaven, hell, and earthly life together, conceptually speaking. This article examines the concept of purgatory and the Christian reasons for affirming (such as prayer for the dead) or denying (especially by Protestants) its existence. It also discusses the treatment of purgatory in Dante Alighieri's Commedia and the link between purgatory and eschatology.
Eschatology and Politics
Authors: Webb Stephen H.
Published: September 2022

No theologian has done more to show the political significance of eschatology than Jürgen Moltmann. For Moltmann, the subject matter of all theology should be focused on hope, and eschatology is the doctrine where Christian hope is most explicitly formulated. Moreover, Moltmann thinks that hope, more than love, is the Christian virtue most relevant for politics. If God intervenes at the end of history in order to silence all of our struggles and passions, then history is rendered meaningless. Moltmann identifies this catastrophic version of eschatology with apocalypticism. Moltmann did not repudiate liberation theology's advocacy of socialism as the primary means for advancing the kingdom agenda. In The Coming of God, Moltmann clarified his distinction between eschatology and apocalypticism by addressing the issue of millennialism. This article examines eschatology and politics, focusing on the views of Moltmann and the alternative views of George Weigel, Wolfhart Pannenberg, and Oliver O'Donovan. It also discusses providence versus eschatology and Whittaker Chambers's views on the eschatological challenge of Communism, as well as the politics of progressive premillennialism.
Eschatology and Epistemology
Authors: Abraham William J.
Published: September 2022

Eschatology represents the climax of a rich narrative of creation and redemption in which God as supreme agent preserves and restores the world from its collapse into sin and death. Eschatological claims have been deeply contested in Christian theology and philosophy in the recent past. In part, the worries about eschatology have often been driven by epistemological concerns that have deep roots in the beginning of modern philosophy. Some leading theologians have made eschatology the heartbeat of their theology, as in the case of Jürgen Moltmann. Wolfhart Pannenberg went further and made it central to his epistemology of theology. Epistemology is generally understood as the critical investigation of rationality, justification, and knowledge. While the intellectual omnicompetence of natural science has always been challenged, eschatology in the modern period has lived under the shadow of forms of positivism that have materially and formally cast doubt on its intrinsic credibility. The retrieval of a robust vision of eschatology goes hand in hand with the retrieval of a substantial vision of divine revelation.
Eschatology in Fine Art
Authors: Hornik Heidi J.
Published: September 2022

This article discusses eschatology in fine art, focusing primarily on Christian eschatology during the medieval and Renaissance periods. When one thinks of eschatology in the field of art history, the examples chosen are from this period in Western culture. This article compares several eschatological themes and their changes in respect to history, culture, and changing doctrinal issues. The “four last things” (death, judgment, heaven, and hell) summarize Catholic eschatology today. In the medieval and Renaissance worlds, the beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church dominated the artist's individual eschatology with its concerns about death; particular judgment; heaven, or eternal happiness; purgatory, or the intermediate state; and hell, or eternal punishment. It is logical then that the art of this time period can be divided according to these subject areas: the crucifixion and resurrection, the harrowing of hell, the last judgment with depictions of heaven and hell, scenes from the Book of Revelation, the approach of the end of the world, and the new Jerusalem.
Conclusion: Emerging Issues in Eschatology in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Bauckham Richard
Published: September 2022

The most widely influential Christian theological work on eschatology in the later part of the twentieth century was undoubtedly that of Jürgen Moltmann. All theological eschatology in the early twenty-first century must be in at least implicit dialogue with Moltmann, however much, with Miroslav Volf, himself a pupil of Moltmann, it may situate itself “after Moltmann.” The kind of eschatology that Moltmann develops in his rich and complex book, The Coming of God: Christian Eschatology can be grouped into seven: Christological eschatology, integrative eschatology, redemptive eschatology, processive eschatology, theocentric eschatology, contextual eschatology, and politically and pastorally responsible eschatology. This article discusses emerging issues in eschatology in the twenty-first century, Christian eschatology and the metanarratives of progress, the myth of progress in the twenty-first century, the challenge of postmodernism, and eschatology and the arts.
An Exploration of Care Mapping Among Families of Children with Medical Complexity (CMC)
Authors: Adams S , Nicholas D , Weiser N , Mahant S , Kanani R , Boydell K , Cohen E
Published: September 2022

BACKGROUND: A care map is a visual diagram that illustrates all of the resources needed to support a child with medical complexity, providing a contextualized view of the child in a broader health network. It is believed that health care providers (HCPs) can utilize care maps to enable child and family centered care by helping families prioritize and coordinate their health needs. While the popularity of care maps has been growing, there is a paucity of research on their clinical usefulness.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to explore how care maps are constructed by parents, what they mean for parents and HCPs, and how they can be applied in a clinical setting.

DESIGN/METHODS: This is a qualitative study informed by a grounded theory approach. Theoretical sampling of parents and HCPs of CMC was utilized. Fifteen care map training sessions and forty-five semi-structured interviews with parents and HCPs of CMC were conducted. The data was coded and analyzed iteratively for predominant themes and emerging theory.

RESULTS: Both HCPs and parents strongly identified the care map [Figure 1] as a valuable tool in the care of CMC. Data analysis revealed key themes that demonstrated how and why care maps are useful. Care maps allow HCPs to recognize family experiences, identify parental goals of care and promote improved care coordination and communication. Parents described creating care maps as an empowering and therapeutic process that helped them to organize and communicate their complex interplay of supports. Both parents and HCPs acknowledged challenges associated with care mapping including the ability of parents to create a care map as well as the HCPs ability to independently interpret the care map’s meaning.

CONCLUSION: Care maps are a useful communication and coordination tool to demonstrate a contextualized view of a family’s narrative of their experience caring for a CMC. Findings may inform a model of how to utilize care maps in clinical practice.
Urine Clean Catch Collection in the Paediatric Emergency Department: Success, Time to Void and Contamination Rates
Authors: Kaufman J , Tosif S , Fitzpatrick P , Donath S , Hopper S , Bryant P , Babl F
Published: September 2022

BACKGROUND: Young children frequently require investigation for urinary tract infection (UTI). Clean catch urine (CCU) is a common urine collection method in pre-continent children but can be time consuming or unsuccessful, and contaminated cultures may lead to an inability to diagnose or exclude UTI. There are few data available examining the success and time required for CCU and factors influencing contamination. We hypothesise that time taken to obtain CCU influences contamination, due to accidental contamination during collection.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the time taken to obtain CCU in pre-conti-nent children, and if time to collection is related to the contamination rate.

DESIGN/METHODS: Prospective observational study of CCU collection in pre-continent children aged 2-48 months at a paediatric emergency department in Australia. A standardised CCU collection protocol was used. Primary outcome was time to first void; secondary outcomes were success of obtaining (catching) CCU and contamination of urine cultures obtained. Contamination was defined as per hospital microbiology standards. Descriptive analysis of time to void included median and interquartile range (IQR). We performed a regression analysis of key factors possibly related to contamination, including age, sex and time to collection.

RESULTS: Of the 218 recruited patients, 61% were male, mean age 11.4 months (SD 8.5). The main indication for CCU was: 128 fever of unknown origin (59%), 31 vomiting (14%), 27 specifically suspected UTI (12%), 32 other reason (15%). From first CCU attempt, 174 voided (80%) of which 139 were successful catches (64%) and 34 were missed on voiding (16%). 44 first CCU attempts were stopped before voiding (20%), 26 patients had 2 attempts (12%), and 2 patients had 3 CCU attempts (1%). Median time to first void was 25 minutes (IQR 8 – 49). 27 children (12%) voided <5 minutes, 33 (19%) voided >1hr. Of the 130 patients who had urine culture results available, 50 were contaminated (38%). There was no significant difference in contamination rate by age, sex or time to sample collection. Of 218 patients where ED clinicians set out to collect CCU in the emergency department, only 80 (37%) resulted in a successful CCU attempt with an uncontaminated culture.

CONCLUSION: Contamination rates are high in clean catch urine, but not related to the time taken for sample collection. CCU attempts are often unsuccessful, and have a low diagnostic yield for investigation of UTI in young children in clinical practice.
INOSITOL (1,3,4) TRIPHOSPHATE 5/6 KINASE1-dependent inositol polyphosphates regulate auxin responses in Arabidopsis
Authors: Laha Nargis Parvin , Giehl Ricardo F H , Riemer Esther , Qiu Danye , Pullagurla Naga Jyothi , Schneider Robin , Dhir Yashika Walia , Yadav Ranjana , Mihiret Yeshambel Emewodih , Gaugler Philipp , Gaugler Verena , Mao Haibin , Zheng Ning , von Wirén Nicolaus , Saiardi Adolfo , Bhattacharjee Saikat , Jessen Henning J , Laha Debabrata , Schaaf Gabriel
Published: September 2022

The combinatorial phosphorylation of myo-inositol results in the generation of different inositol phosphates (InsPs), of which phytic acid (InsP6) is the most abundant species in eukaryotes. InsP6 is also an important precursor of the higher phosphorylated inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs), such as InsP7 and InsP8, which are characterized by a diphosphate moiety and are also ubiquitously found in eukaryotic cells. While PP-InsPs regulate various cellular processes in animals and yeast, their biosynthesis and functions in plants has remained largely elusive because plant genomes do not encode canonical InsP6 kinases. Recent work has shown that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) INOSITOL (1,3,4) TRIPHOSPHATE 5/6 KINASE1 (ITPK1) and ITPK2 display in vitro InsP6 kinase activity and that, in planta, ITPK1 stimulates 5-InsP7 and InsP8 synthesis and regulates phosphate starvation responses. Here we report a critical role of ITPK1 in auxin-related processes that is independent of the ITPK1-controlled regulation of phosphate starvation responses. Those processes include primary root elongation, root hair development, leaf venation, thermomorphogenic and gravitropic responses, and sensitivity to exogenously applied auxin. We found that the recombinant auxin receptor complex, consisting of the F-Box protein TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE1 (TIR1), ARABIDOPSIS SKP1 HOMOLOG 1 (ASK1), and the transcriptional repressor INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID INDUCIBLE 7 (IAA7), binds to anionic inositol polyphosphates with high affinity. We further identified a physical interaction between ITPK1 and TIR1, suggesting a localized production of 5-InsP7, or another ITPK1-dependent InsP/PP-InsP isomer, to activate the auxin receptor complex. Finally, we demonstrate that ITPK1 and ITPK2 function redundantly to control auxin responses, as deduced from the auxin-insensitive phenotypes of itpk1 itpk2 double mutant plants. Our findings expand the mechanistic understanding of auxin perception and suggest that distinct inositol polyphosphates generated near auxin receptors help to fine-tune auxin sensitivity in plants.
Lignocellulose molecular assembly and deconstruction properties of lignin-altered rice mutants
Authors: Martin Andri Fadillah , Tobimatsu Yuki , Lam Pui Ying , Matsumoto Naoyuki , Tanaka Takuto , Suzuki Shiro , Kusumi Ryosuke , Miyamoto Takuji , Takeda-Kimura Yuri , Yamamura Masaomi , Koshiba Taichi , Osakabe Keishi , Osakabe Yuriko , Sakamoto Masahiro , Umezawa Toshiaki
Published: September 2022

Bioengineering approaches to modify lignin content and structure in plant cell walls have shown promise for facilitating biochemical conversions of lignocellulosic biomass into valuable chemicals. Despite numerous research efforts, however, the effect of altered lignin chemistry on the supramolecular assembly of lignocellulose and consequently its deconstruction in lignin-modified transgenic and mutant plants is not fully understood. In this study, we aimed to close this gap by analyzing lignin-modified rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutants deficient in 5-HYDROXYCONIFERALDEHYDE O-METHYLTRANSFERASE (CAldOMT) and CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE (CAD). A set of rice mutants harboring knockout mutations in either or both OsCAldOMT1 and OsCAD2 was generated in part by genome editing and subjected to comparative cell wall chemical and supramolecular structure analyses. In line with the proposed functions of CAldOMT and CAD in grass lignin biosynthesis, OsCAldOMT1-deficient mutant lines produced altered lignins depleted of syringyl and tricin units and incorporating noncanonical 5-hydroxyguaiacyl units, whereas OsCAD2-deficient mutant lines produced lignins incorporating noncanonical hydroxycinnamaldehyde-derived units. All tested OsCAldOMT1- and OsCAD2-deficient mutants, especially OsCAldOMT1-deficient lines, displayed enhanced cell wall saccharification efficiency. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray diffraction analyses of rice cell walls revealed that both OsCAldOMT1- and OsCAD2 deficiencies contributed to the disruptions of the cellulose crystalline network. Further, OsCAldOMT1 deficiency contributed to the increase of the cellulose molecular mobility more prominently than OsCAD2 deficiency, resulting in apparently more loosened lignocellulose molecular assembly. Such alterations in cell wall chemical and supramolecular structures may in part account for the variations of saccharification performance of the OsCAldOMT1- and OsCAD2-deficient rice mutants.
Estimating R0 from early exponential growth: parallels between 1918 influenza and 2020 SARS-CoV-2 pandemics
Authors: Foster Grant , Elderd Bret D , Richards Robert L , Dallas Tad
Published: September 2022

The large spatial scale, geographical overlap, and similarities in transmission mode between the 1918 H1N1 influenza and 2020 SARS-CoV-2 pandemics together provide a novel opportunity to investigate relationships between transmission of two different diseases in the same location. To this end, we use initial exponential growth rates in a Bayesian hierarchical framework to estimate the basic reproductive number, R0, of both disease outbreaks in a common set of 43 cities in the United States. By leveraging multiple epidemic time series across a large spatial area, we are able to better characterize the variation in R0 across the United States. Additionally, we provide one of the first city-level comparisons of R0 between these two pandemics and explore how demography and outbreak timing are related to R0. Despite similarities in transmission modes and a common set of locations, R0 estimates for COVID-19 were uncorrelated with estimates of pandemic influenza R0 in the same cities. Also, the relationships between R0 and key population or epidemic traits differed between diseases. For example, epidemics that started later tended to be less severe for COVID-19, while influenza epidemics exhibited an opposite pattern. Our results suggest that despite similarities between diseases, epidemics starting in the same location may differ markedly in their initial progression.
Disloyal Managers and Shareholders’ Wealth
Authors: Fich Eliezer M , Harford Jarrad , Tran Anh L
Published: September 2022

A duty of loyalty prohibits fiduciaries from appropriating business opportunities from their companies. Starting in 2000, Delaware, followed by several other states, allowed boards to waive their duty. We show that public firms covered by waiver laws invest less in R&D, produce fewer and less valuable patents, and exhibit abnormally high inventor departures. Remaining innovation activities contribute less to firm value, a fact confirmed by the market reaction when firms reveal their curtailed internal growth opportunities by announcing acquisitions. Consistent with the laws’ intent to provide contracting flexibility to emerging firms, we find evidence of positive impacts for small firms.

Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
A Network Approach to Trauma, Dissociative Symptoms, and Psychosis Symptoms in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Schlesselmann Ante J , Huntjens Rafaele J C , Renard Selwyn B , McNally Richard J , Albers Casper J , De Vries Vera E , Pijnenborg G H Marieke
Published: September 2022

Background

Dissociative experiences commonly occur in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). Yet little is known about how dissociative experiences in SSD are related to SSD symptoms. Accordingly, we investigated the relations between dissociative experiences and SSD symptoms, focusing on symptoms bridging these 2 symptom clusters as well as their relation to reported trauma history.

Study Design

Network analyses were conducted on the responses of 248 individuals with an SSD who enrolled from multiple mental health centers in The Netherlands. Dissociative experiences were assessed via the Dissociative Experience Scale, SSD symptoms using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, and trauma history through the Trauma History Questionnaire.

Study Results

The results indicated that dissociative symptoms in SSD are mostly independent of other symptoms, but that emotional distress bridges between the dissociative and SSD symptom clusters. Furthermore, results revealed associations between positive and negative SSD symptoms and trauma through emotional distress, whereas dissociative symptoms remained relatively isolated.

Conclusion

Because SSD symptoms and dissociative experiences clustered relatively independent from each other, our findings promote the idea of tailored treatment approaches for individuals with an SSD with frequent dissociative experiences, specifically targeting these symptoms.
Environmental policy and R&D productivity: A case study from the Korean Emissions Trading Scheme
Authors: Mo Jung Youn
Published: September 2022

This study investigates the relationship between emissions trading schemes and Research and Development (R&D) productivity based on data from manufacturing industries participating in the Korean Emissions Trading Scheme (KETS). First, this study estimates the total factor R&D productivity by industry, and it is confirmed that changes in R&D productivity vary across industries. The total factor R&D productivity in Korea has been decreasing, but the annual growth trend has been increasing rapidly due to the introduction of the KETS. Based on the estimated R&D productivity, panel data model estimation is executed to reveal the effect of environmental policy on R&D productivity. Empirical results confirm that environmental policy plays a vital role in promoting R&D productivity, and policy stringency affects R&D performance. The results also find that the environmental policy encourages enterprises to participate in KETS for improving R&D productivity.
Inhibition of O-GlcNAcase Inhibits Hematopoietic and Leukemic Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Drives Dendritic Cell Differentiation via STAT3/5 Signaling
Authors: Luanpitpong Sudjit , Rodboon Napachai , Samart Parinya , Janan Montira , Klaihmon Phatchanat , Lorthongpanich Chanchao , U-Pratya Yaowalak , Issaragrisil Surapol
Published: September 2022

Myeloid differentiation blockage at immature and self-renewing stages is a common hallmark across all subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), despite their genetic heterogeneity. Metabolic state is an important regulator of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal and lineage-specific differentiation as well as several aggressive cancers. However, how O-GlcNAcylation, a nutrient-sensitive posttranslational modification of proteins, contributes to both normal myelopoiesis and AML pathogenesis remains largely unknown. Using small molecule inhibitors and the CRISPR/Cas9 system, we reveal for the first time that inhibition of either OGA or OGT, which subsequently caused an increase or decrease in cellular O-GlcNAcylation, inhibits the self-renewal and maintenance of CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) and leukemic stem/progenitor cells and drives normal and malignant myeloid differentiation. We further unveiled the distinct roles of OGA and OGT inhibition in lineage-specific differentiation. While OGT inhibition induces macrophage differentiation, OGA inhibition promotes the differentiation of both CD34+ HSPCs and AML cells into dendritic cells (DCs), in agreement with an upregulation of a multitude of genes involved in DC development and function and their ability to induce T-cell proliferation, via STAT3/5 signaling. Our novel findings provide significant basic knowledge that could be important in understanding AML pathogenesis and overcoming differentiation blockage—agnostic to the genetic background of AML. Additionally, the parallel findings in normal HSPCs may lay the groundwork for future cellular therapy as a means to improve the ex vivo differentiation of normal DCs and macrophages.