bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accounting for competing risks in randomized controlled trials: a review and recommendations for improvement
Authors: Austin Peter C. , Fine Jason P.
Published: January 2017

In studies with survival or time‐to‐event outcomes, a competing risk is an event whose occurrence precludes the occurrence of the primary event of interest. Specialized statistical methods must be used to analyze survival data in the presence of competing risks. We conducted a review of randomized controlled trials with survival outcomes that were published in high‐impact general medical journals. Of 40 studies that we identified, 31 (77.5%) were potentially susceptible to competing risks. However, in the majority of these studies, the potential presence of competing risks was not accounted for in the statistical analyses that were described. Of the 31 studies potentially susceptible to competing risks, 24 (77.4%) reported the results of a Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, while only five (16.1%) reported using cumulative incidence functions to estimate the incidence of the outcome over time in the presence of competing risks. The former approach will tend to result in an overestimate of the incidence of the outcome over time, while the latter approach will result in unbiased estimation of the incidence of the primary outcome over time. We provide recommendations on the analysis and reporting of randomized controlled trials with survival outcomes in the presence of competing risks. © 2017 The Authors.Statistics in Medicinepublished by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Do Individual Employees' Learning Goal Orientation and Civic Virtue Matter? A Micro‐Foundations Perspective on Firm Absorptive Capacity
Authors: Yao Fiona K. , Chang Song
Published: January 2017

Research summary: In this study, we build on the micro‐foundations perspective and investigate how individual characteristics contribute to the development of firm absorptive capacity. In particular, we assess how individual learning goal orientation affects firm potential and realized absorptive capacity. Furthermore, we study how individuals' civic virtue acts as a micro‐level social integration mechanism that moderates the effect from firm realized absorptive capacity to potential absorptive capacity. Using the multilevel structural equation modeling technique and data from 871 core‐knowledge employees nested in 139 high‐technology firms, we find support to our major hypotheses. Together, this study finds support for the micro‐foundations' perspective and generates novel insights on how individual‐level factors could be linked with firm‐level heterogeneity in absorptive capacity.

Managerial summary: We study how employees' characteristics contribute to a firm's absorptive capacity, that is, the ability of a firm to identify, assimilate, and exploit knowledge from the environment. Because firms have increasingly tapped into external resources to foster innovation over the past two decades, absorptive capacity is crucial to firm learning and success. Using data from 871 core‐knowledge employees in 139 high‐technology firms, we find that individual employees' learning goal orientation, the tendency to seek improvements in employees' competence and to understand or master new things advances the development of a firm's potential and realized absorptive capacity. More important, individual employees' civic virtue, the discretionary involvement in company issues, serves as a social integration mechanism that reduces the gap between firm potential and realized absorptive capacity. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ripple Effects of CEO Awards: Investigating the Acquisition Activities of Superstar CEOs' Competitors
Authors: Shi Wei , Zhang Yan , Hoskisson Robert E.
Published: January 2017

Research summary: This study proposes that CEOs may undertake intensive acquisition activities to increase their social recognition and status after witnessing their competitors' winning CEO awards. Using a sample of U.S. S&P 1,500 firm CEOs, we find that CEOs engage in more intensive acquisition activities in the period after their competitors won CEO awards (i.e., postaward period), compared to the preaward period. Moreover, this effect is stronger when focal CEOs themselves had a high likelihood of winning CEO awards. Our findings also show that acquisitions by focal CEO firms in the postaward period realize lower announcement returns compared to acquisitions by the same CEOs in the preaward period.

Managerial summary: Each year a few CEOs receive CEO awards from business media and CEOs who receive such awards become instant celebrities, that is, superstar CEOs. This study explores how superstar CEOs' competitors react to not winning CEO awards. We find that superstar CEOs' competitors undertake more intensive acquisition activities in the postaward period compared to the preaward period. This is particularly true for competitors who were close, yet did not win CEO awards. In addition, acquisitions by superstar CEOs' competitors are associated with lower announcement returns in the postaward compared to the preaward period. These findings collectively indicate that acquisitions may be used as a channel for superstar CEOs' competitors to elevate their own social status, but at a cost to shareholders. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Impact of Distance (External) and Organizational Factors (Internal) on the Knowledge Chain of Multinational Corporations: South Africa as a Host Country
Authors: Shaw Bradley , Luiz John M.
Published: January 2017

The geographic dispersion of multinational corporations (MNCs) implies that while it gives them access to new and different knowledge from diverse localities, it also adds to the costs and complexities of managing that knowledge and its effective dispersal across geographies. The purpose of this article is to examine how knowledge is transferred within MNCs and provide a framework for this process, particularly focusing on the role that distance (external) and organizational (internal) factors plays therein. A qualitative study is utilized, focusing on two technology companies from different cultural home countries and the technology transfer process with their South African subsidiaries. We find that the standardization of knowledge impacts the creation and diffusion of knowledge; expatriates impact on the creation, diffusion, and adoption; and, finally, relevance and localization impact on the adoption and utilization of knowledge. We present a conceptual framework around trust and rationalization as regards transferring knowledge within MNCs and find some evidence of the impact of distance, particularly cultural, on the methods employed in this transfer. The article illustrates the practical ways in which MNCs organize their internal resources and overcome various dimensions of distance in ensuring knowledge transfers. By choosing companies from such divergent home countries (one industrialized and one newly industrialized, with very different cultural settings) and examining their knowledge transfers with their South African subsidiaries, we are able to unpack various dimensions of distance and how organizational mechanisms affect this process. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pulmonary Metastasis After Resection of Cholangiocarcinoma: Incidence, Resectability, and Survival
Authors: Yamada Mihoko , Ebata Tomoki , Yokoyama Yukihiro , Igami Tsuyoshi , Sugawara Gen , Mizuno Takashi , Yamaguchi Junpei , Nagino Masato
Published: January 2017

Background

There are few reports on pulmonary metastasis from cholangiocarcinoma; therefore, its incidence, resectability, and survival are unclear.

Methods

Patients who underwent surgical resection for cholangiocarcinoma, including intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal cholangiocarcinoma were retrospectively reviewed, and this study focused on patients with pulmonary metastasis.

Results

Between January 2003 and December 2014, 681 patients underwent surgical resection for cholangiocarcinoma. Of these, 407 patients experienced disease recurrence, including 46 (11.3%) who developed pulmonary metastasis. Of these 46 patients, 9 underwent resection for pulmonary metastasis; no resection was performed in the remaining 37 patients. R0 resection was achieved in all patients, and no complications related to pulmonary metastasectomy were observed. The median time to recurrence was significantly longer in the 9 patients who underwent surgery than in the 37 patients without surgery (2.5 vs 1.0 years, p < 0.010). Survival after surgery for primary cancer and survival after recurrence were significantly better in the former group than in the latter group (after primary cancer: 66.7 vs 0% at 5 years, p < 0.001; after recurrence: 40.0 vs 8.7% at 3 years, p = 0.003). Multivariate analysis identified the time to recurrence and resection for pulmonary metastasis as independent prognostic factors for survival after recurrence.

Conclusion

Resection for pulmonary metastasis originating from cholangiocarcinoma can be safely performed and confers survival benefits for select patients, especially those with a longer time to recurrence after initial surgery.
Construction of a novel lipolytic fusion biocatalyst GDEst-lip for industrial application
Authors: Gudiukaite Renata , Sadauskas Mikas , Gegeckas Audrius , Malunavicius Vilius , Citavicius Donaldas
Published: January 2017

The gene encoding esterase (GDEst-95) from Geobacillus sp. 95 was cloned and sequenced. The resulting open reading frame of 1497 nucleotides encoded a protein with calculated molecular weight of 54.7 kDa, which was classified as a carboxylesterase with an identity of 93–97% to carboxylesterases from Geobacillus bacteria. This esterase can be grouped into family VII of bacterial lipolytic enzymes, was active at broad pH (7–12) and temperature (5–85 °C) range and displayed maximum activity toward short acyl chain p-nitrophenyl (p-NP) esters. Together with GD-95 lipase from Geobacillus sp. strain 95, GDEst-95 esterase was used for construction of fused chimeric biocatalyst GDEst-lip. GDEst-lip esterase/lipase possessed high lipolytic activity (600 U/mg), a broad pH range of 6–12, thermoactivity (5–85 °C), thermostability and resistance to various organic solvents or detergents. For these features GDEst-lip biocatalyst has high potential for applications in various industrial areas. In this work the effect of additional homodomains on monomeric GDEst-95 esterase and GD-95 lipase activity, thermostability, substrate specificity and catalytic properties was also investigated. Altogether, this article shows that domain fusing strategies can modulate the activity and physicochemical characteristics of target enzymes for industrial applications.
Prevalence and Characteristics of Patients with Suspected Inherited Renal Cell Cancer: Application of the ACMG/NSGC Genetic Referral Guidelines to Patient Cohorts
Authors: Truong Hong , Hegarty Sarah E. , Gomella Leonard G. , Kelly William K. , Trabulsi Edouard J. , Lallas Costas D. , Giri Veda N.
Published: January 2017

Patients with suspected hereditary renal cell cancer (RCC) are under‐referred for genetic evaluation. Characterizing the prevalence and characteristics of suspected inherited RCC is a crucial step toward advancing personalized, genetically‐based cancer risk management for patients and their families. To evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of suspected inherited RCC syndromes based on consensus criteria, we performed a cross‐sectional analysis of patients with a diagnosis of RCC in SEER (2001–2011, n = 105,754) and in our institutional cancer registry (2004–2013, n = 998). Consensus criteria for referral of patients with RCC for genetic evaluation from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and National Society of Genetic Counselors (ACMG/NSGC) were applied to the two cohorts. The associations between meeting referral criteria with demographic characteristics were assessed with chi‐square tests. Overall, 24.0 % of the SEER cohort and 33.7 % of our institutional cohort met ACMG/NSGC referral criteria for genetic counseling. While white patients more commonly met early onset clear cell RCC criteria, black patients met papillary RCC criteria at twice the rate of whites in both cohorts (p < 0.0001). As many as 1 in 5 individuals with RCC meet referral criteria for genetic evaluation based on newly emerging guidelines, with differences in pathology noted by race. Prospective genetic testing studies utilizing emerging referral guidelines should help to refine the genetic spectrum of inherited kidney cancer. This study supports efforts to increase awareness of referral of patients with RCC for genetic counseling particularly among urologic providers.
Self-rated health and barriers to healthcare in Ukraine: The pivotal role of gender and its intersections
Authors: Cockerham William C. , Hamby Bryant W. , Hankivsky Olena , Baker Elizabeth H. , Rouhani Setareh
Published: January 2017

The ongoing health crisis in the Ukraine has persisted for 48 years with a clear division of gender-based outcomes as seen in the decline of male life expectancy and stagnation of female longevity. The purpose of this paper is to investigate differences in self-rated health and system barriers to health care applicable to gender and its intersections because of the differing negative health outcomes for men and women. Intersectionality theory provides an analytic framework for interpreting our results. Utilizing a nationwide sample of the Ukrainian population (N ¼ 1908), we found that low socioeconomic status (SES) women rate their health worse than men generally and any other socioeconomic group. Yet women also face the greatest barriers to health care until older ages when the ailments of men cause them to likewise face the obstacles. In reviewing the barrier to health care scale, one barrier—that of health care services being too expensive—dominated the responses with some 52.5 percent of the sample reporting it. Consequently, the greatest problem in Ukraine with respect to health reform reported by the population is the out-of-pocket costs for care in a system that is officially free. These costs, constituting some 40 percent of all national health expenditures, affect women and the aged the most.
Intonation and Prosodic Structure
Authors: Féry Caroline
Published: January 2017

This book provides a state-of-the-art survey of intonation and prosodic structure. Taking a phonological perspective, it shows how morpho-syntactic constituents are mapped to prosodic constituents according to well-formedness conditions. Using a tone-sequence model of intonation, it explores individual tones and how they combine, and discusses how information structure affects intonation in several ways, showing tones and melodies to be 'meaningful' in that they add a pragmatic component to what is being said. The author also shows how despite a superficial similarity, languages differ in how their tonal patterns arise from tone concatenation. Lexical tones, stress, phrase tones, and boundary tones are assigned differently in different languages, resulting in great variation in intonational grammar, both at the lexical and sentential level. The last chapter is dedicated to experimental studies of how we process prosody. The book will be of interest to advanced students and researchers in linguistics, and particularly in phonological theory.
Religious War and Religious Peace in Early Modern Europe
Authors: Te Brake Wayne P.
Published: January 2017

Religious War and Religious Peace in Early Modern Europe presents a novel account of the origins of religious pluralism in Europe. Combining comparative historical analysis with contentious political analysis, it surveys six clusters of increasingly destructive religious wars between 1529 and 1651, analyzes the diverse settlements that brought these wars to an end, and describes the complex religious peace that emerged from two centuries of experimentation in accommodating religious differences. Rejecting the older authoritarian interpretations of the age of religious wars, the author uses traditional documentary sources as well as photographic evidence to show how a broad range Europeans - from authoritative elites to a colorful array of religious 'dissenters' - replaced the cultural 'unity and purity' of late-medieval Christendom with a variable and durable pattern of religious diversity, deeply embedded in political, legal, and cultural institutions.
The Age of Charisma
Authors: Young Jeremy C.
Published: January 2017

An innovative examination of American society, culture, and politics, The Age of Charisma argues that the modern relationship between American leaders and followers grew out of a unique group of charismatic social movements prominent in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. Drawing on hundreds of letters and testimonials, Jeremy C. Young illustrates how 'personal magnetism' in public speaking shaped society by enabling a shift from emotionally-inaccessible leadership to emotionally-available leadership. This charismatic speaking style caused a rapid transformation in the leader-follower relationship, creating an emotional link between speakers and listeners, and the effects of this social transformation remain with us today. Young argues that ultimately, charismatic movements enhanced American democracy by encouraging the personalization of leadership - creating a culture in which today's leaders appeal directly to Americans through mass media.
ASEAN Champions
Authors: Park Seung Ho , Ungson Gerardo Rivera , Francisco Jamil Paolo S.
Published: January 2017

With a population of about six hundred million people, and a combined GNP of more than US$ 2.4 trillion, the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) is set to become the seventh largest economy in the world. Launched in December 2015, the AEC unveiled initiatives to create a single market and production zone, a competitive and equitable region, and integrated links to the global economy. ASEAN Champions seeks to address the role of the strong local firms in regional integration, how these 'champions' succeeded and endured, despite facing adverse circumstances, and the factors that facilitated or impeded their participation in regional integration. The book provides insights for future firm and government-led strategies to enhance the integration process. By complementing current narratives that focus on macroeconomic, socio-political, and trade considerations, Park, Ungson and Francisco offer an enlightening and engaging read, ideally suited to academics and professionals alike.
The Defiant Border
Authors: Leake Elisabeth
Published: January 2017

The Defiant Border explores why the Afghan-Pakistan borderlands have remained largely independent of state controls from the colonial period into the twenty-first century. This book looks at local Pashtun tribes' modes for evading first British colonial, then Pakistani, governance; the ongoing border dispute between Pakistan and Afghanistan; and continuing interest in the region from Indian, US, British, and Soviet actors. It reveals active attempts by first British, then Pakistani, agents to integrate the tribal region, ranging from development initiatives to violent suppression. The Defiant Border also considers the area's influence on relations between Pakistan, Afghanistan, and India, as well as its role in the United States' increasingly global Cold War policies. Ultimately, the book considers how a region so peripheral to major centers of power has had such an impact on political choices throughout the eras of empire, decolonization, and superpower competition, up to the so-called 'war on terror'.
Introducing Language and Cognition
Authors: Sharwood Smith Mike
Published: January 2017

In this accessible introduction, Mike Sharwood Smith provides a working model or 'map' of the mind, with language as its centrepiece. Drawing on cutting-edge research across linguistics, psychology and neuroscience, it allows students to quickly grasp how each separate aspect of the mind's operations can be related. This 'big picture' view includes the way the mind makes, stores and loses memories of all kinds as well how its various 'expert systems' combine and collaborate to solve, typically beyond our conscious awareness, the myriad of tasks we are faced with every minute and millisecond of our existence. The book also focuses on language, that is, the mind of monolingual, bilingual and multilingual speakers. It will be of interest to all students wishing to learn more about the complex relationship between language - one of the most important ways in which we define ourselves as human - and the mind.
Development after Statism
Authors: Naseemullah Adnan
Published: January 2017

How can industrial production be managed without the guidance of the state? Adnan Naseemullah discusses industrial development in a new era of drastically constricted state capacity, from the perspective of the manufacturing firm. India's manufacturing economy has been growing after state promotion has receded. How, then, does Indian manufacturing develop in this context? Naseemullah argues that Indian firms must create production structures themselves, investing in networks of capital and labor without signals from above. Depending on manufacturers' backgrounds, these relationships are based either on formal rules or through personal ties, creating a patchwork of institutions that crosscut region and sector. As a result, many firms have been able to regain some certainty for investment, but at the cost of national coherence and the possibility of broader transformation. As a mirror case, this book also explores Pakistan's industrial trajectories, in which similar dynamics suggest the broader applicability of this framework.
The Complexity of Self Government
Authors: Lane Ruth
Published: January 2017

The Complexity of Self Government represents a revolutionary approach to political science. Bottom-up theory turns political and social analysis upside down by focusing analytic attention not on vacuous abstractions but on the individual men and women who either consciously or inadvertently create the institutions within which they live. Understanding this practical level of human activity is made possible through complexity theory, recently developed in computer models, but of wider use in understanding everyday human behaviour. To this complexity framework, the book adds social science to give life and colour to the analytical picture: micro-sociology from Garfinkel and Goffman, anthropology from Bourdieu, and non-technical game theory based on Thomas Schelling's microanalytics, to give rigour and bite. Theoretical examples include India's Mumbai, Iran, the marshes of southern Iraq, Berlusconi's Italy, backcountry China, Zimbabwe, and Nelson Mandela's revolution in South Africa.
The association between childhood trauma, parental bonding and depressive symptoms and interpersonal functioning in depression and bipolar disorder
Authors: Marshall M. , Shannon C. , Meenagh C. , Mc Corry N. , Mulholland C.
Published: January 2017

Objectives

This study explores rates of a history of childhood trauma in adult patients with bipolar disorder and depression and the impact of such trauma and parental bonding patterns on depressive mood and interpersonal functioning at the time of assessment.

Methods

A cross-sectional design was used and a sample of 49 participants was recruited from a mental health outpatient service in Northern Ireland. Data were subject to correlations, one-way analysis of variance and hierarchal regression analyses. A cut-off point of r=±0.25 was used to select variables for inclusion in the hierarchal regression analyses.

Results

High rates of childhood trauma were present in both samples: 74% in bipolar disorder and 82% in depression. Childhood trauma and poor parental bonding (with mother) were significant predictors of higher rates of current inter-episode depressive mood and interpersonal difficulties.

Conclusions

This finding adds to the evidence that routine assessment of early childhood experience is likely to prove helpful in clinical care.
Asymptotic theory for torsional convection in rotating fluid spheres
Authors: Zhang Keke , Lam Kameng , Kong Dali
Published: January 2017

This paper is concerned with the classical, well-studied problem of convective instabilities in rapidly rotating, self-gravitating, internally heated Boussinesq fluid spheres. Sanchez et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 791, 2016, R1) recently found, unexpectedly via careful numerical simulation, that non-magnetic convection in the form of axially symmetric, equatorially antisymmetric torsional oscillation is physically preferred in a special range of small Prandtl number for rapidly rotating fluid spheres with the stress-free boundary condition. We derive an asymptotic solution describing convection-driven torsional oscillation – whose flow velocity and pressure are fully analytical and in closed form – that confirms the result of the numerical analysis and is in quantitative agreement with the numerical solution. We also demonstrate, through the derivation of a different asymptotic solution, that convection-driven torsional oscillation cannot occur in rapidly rotating fluid spheres with the no-slip boundary condition.
The effectiveness of high-involvement work practices in manufacturing firms: Does context matter?
Authors: Vazquez-Bustelo Daniel , Avella Lucía
Published: January 2017

This paper adopts an integrative and complementary approach to the universalistic and contingency frameworks for analyzing the effectiveness of high-involvement work practices (HIWPs) in Spanish manufacturers. It focuses on some practices that firms adopt at operational level (decentralization, teamwork, job enlargement, information and knowledge sharing and performance-based compensation) to enhance operational performance (cost, quality, flexibility and delivery) and financial performance (return on asset), dealing with the possible moderating effect of three contextual variables: firm age, firm size and trade union power. Using moderated hierarchical regressions and data from 265 Spanish manufacturers, our results show that three of the five HIWPs considered in our study have direct effects on business performance. We also find that three contextual variables have moderating effects on the relation between HIWPs and business performance. Our paper contributes to the debate over the respective merits of the universalistic and contingency frameworks; it offers a broader view about the type of contemporary human resources practices that are successful in the Spanish industrial sector, and in a European manufacturing context, and may guide managers when assigning their firms’ limited resources to the most relevant human resources practices in each particular setting, considering internal characteristics, such as firm age, firm size and trade union power.
“Of Darkness from Vain Philosophy”: Hobbes's Critique of the Classical Tradition—ERRATA
Authors: STAUFFER DEVIN
Published: January 2017

Due to mistakes made by the outgoing editorial team, there were several errors in the article by Stauffer in the August 2016 issue of American Political Science Review (2016).
Ministers, bishops and the changing balance of power in Irish education 1950–70
Authors: Walsh John
Published: January 2017

This study explores how power over primary and post-primary education was contested between a traditional Catholic elite and the Irish state during a period of far-reaching educational reform. The interaction between successive ministers for education and the Catholic bishops was a constant feature of the politics of educational expansion, but it was an uneasy and volatile relationship, which sometimes shaded into hostility. Power was contested between a newlyassertive Department of Education and the clerical managers or religious orders who traditionally controlled the schools. The Catholic Church did not react to policy change as a monolithic entity: divisions emerged within the traditional elite under the strain of adapting to unprecedented policy change, underlined by significant tensions between the bishops and the Catholic managerial authorities. A traditional consensus on the predominance of the Catholic Church in education disappeared, to be replaced by a new balance of power in which the state both contested with traditional stakeholders and collaborated uneasily with them to advance educational reform.
Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Setaria digitata (Nematoda: Setariidae) from China
Authors: Liu G.-H. , Li J.-Y. , Zhu X.-Q.
Published: January 2017

Setaria digitata is a filarial parasite that causes fatal cerebrospinal nematodiasis in goats, horses and sheep, resulting in substantial economic losses to livestock farmers. In the present study, the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of S. digitata from China was determined, characterized and compared with that of S. digitata from Sri Lanka. The identity of the mt genomes was 98.3% between S. digitata from China and Sri Lanka, and the complete mt genome sequence of S. digitata from China was slightly shorter (25 bp) than that from Sri Lanka. For the 12 protein genes, this comparison revealed sequence differences at both the nucleotide (1.4%) and amino acid (2.2%) levels. The present study determined the complete mt genome sequence of S. digitata from China, providing novel genetic markers for the study of the population genetics and molecular epidemiology of S. digitata in animals.
Roman Roadworks near Vindolanda and theCohors I Tungrorum
Authors: Birley Anthony R.
Published: January 2017

On the Stanegate near Vindolanda two milestones are stillin situ. The complete eastern one lacks an inscription. Only the base of the western one survives, cut down and splitc. 1815; but eighteenth-century antiquaries read an inscription on it, now recognised as secondary, and a little of a primary text, probably naming Hadrian and perhaps a Tungrian unit. Writing-tablets and inscriptions showcohors I Tungrorumat Vindolanda in the late first and early second century, so it may have set up the milestone. Evidence from elsewhere names army units as road-builders on milestones. The distance between the Stanegate milestones is greater than the ‘standard’ length, hence perhaps the so-calledpes Drusianuswas used. The final section discusses the secondary inscription.
Seeing Marcellus inAeneid6
Authors: Freudenburg Kirk
Published: January 2017

This paper will examine the claims of theexcudent alii(‘others will hammer out’) priamel ofAeneid6.847–53 within the immediate context of the parade's end, where Marcellus, parading thespolia opima,is used to exemplify the claims made about fine and speculative arts belonging to the Greeks, and war and the arts of empire to the Romans. It will be shown that certain, highly specific memories of the elder Marcellus are cued by the priamel that run directly counter to Anchises’ claims. The paper will look at how these claims are spoken in character, and driven by specific narrative motives, and it will relate the mismatch of exemplified to exemplifier to certain larger patterns within theAeneidof things being left unsaid only to stand out all the more by being left unsaid. The paper concludes with a speculative essay on the necessary reductions and revisions that go into the making, and reading, of culturally instrumentalized monuments.
Bottoms up! How top-down pitfalls ensnare speech perception researchers, too
Authors: Cutler Anne , Norris Dennis
Published: January 2017

Not only can the pitfalls that Firestone & Scholl (F&S) identify be generalised across multiple studies within the field of visual perception, but also they have general application outside the field wherever perceptual and cognitive processing are compared. We call attention to the widespread susceptibility of research on the perception of speech to versions of the same pitfalls.
How cognition affects perception: Brain activity modelling to unravel top-down dynamics
Authors: Desseilles Martin , Phillips Christophe
Published: January 2017

In this commentary on Firestone & Scholl's (F&S's) article, we argue that researchers should use brain-activity modelling to investigate top-down mechanisms. Using functional brain imaging and a specific cognitive paradigm, modelling the BOLD signal provided new insight into the dynamic causalities involved in the influence of cognitions on perceptions.
Young children's knowledge about the links between writing and language
Authors: TREIMAN REBECCA , BOLAND KELLY
Published: January 2017

The present study tested the hypothesis (Byrne, 1996) that young children who do not yet understand that the elements of alphabetic writing represent phonemes link writing to language at the level of morphemes. We asked US preschoolers to write words that varied in the number of morphemes and the number of syllables that they contained. We identified a group of 50 children who used letters that represented phonemes in the intended words no more often than expected by chance (mean age = 4 years, 9 months). These prephonological spellers did not produce longer spellings for two-morpheme words such as teacup than for one-morpheme words such as napkin, although the length of their spellings was affected by the number of letters that they used to spell the previously presented word and by the order of the word in the experiment. The results suggest that the length of prephonological spellers’ productions is not influenced by the linguistic length of a message in phonemes, syllables, or morphemes, and they do not support the idea that these children show a special sensitivity to morphemes.
Security expertise and international hierarchy: the case of ‘The Asia-Pacific Epistemic Community’
Authors: Jerdén Björn
Published: January 2017

Many states partially relinquish sovereignty in return for physical protection from a more powerful state. Mainstream theory on international hierarchies holds that such decisions are based on rational assessments of the relative qualities of the political order being offered. Such assessments, however, are bound to be contingent, and as such a reflection of the power to shape understandings of reality. Through a study of the remarkably persistent US-led security hierarchy in East Asia, this article puts forward the concept of the ‘epistemic community’ as a general explanation of how such understandings are shaped and, hence, why states accept subordinate positions in international hierarchies. The article conceptualises a transnational and multidisciplinary network of experts on international security – ‘The Asia-Pacific Epistemic Community’ – and demonstrates how it operates to convince East Asian policymakers that the current US-led social order is the best choice for maintaining regional ‘stability’.
The politics of universal rights claiming: Secular and sacred rights claiming in post-revolutionary Tunisia
Authors: Borg Stefan
Published: January 2017

This article contributes to a theoretical understanding of rights claiming as a specific form of political practice. The article develops and defends a post-foundationalist understanding of rights discourse as a way of making a claim to social change through appealing to a universal and illustrates such an understanding with the contestation over women’s rights in post-revolutionary Tunisia. To develop this argument, the article draws on Jacques Rancière’s notion of political subjectification and Ernesto Laclau’s engagement with the relation between the universal and the particular. To examine the relevance of such conceptualisation, the article turns to the struggle over women’s rights in post-revolutionary Tunisia, where secular and sacred understandings of the universal have been invoked frequently through rights discourse. In this context it is shown that claims to the universal give rhetorical force to rights discourse, and instead of depoliticising social relations, which rights discourse is often charged with, such claims are vital for political efficacy. However, whereas Laclau’s position helps us to understand rights as a language of resistance, a more robust defence of the universal is needed to defend rights in terms of emancipatory political change. To pursue this argument, the article turns to Rancière’s defence of axiomatic equality.
Growth and biomass allocation in seedlings of rain-forest trees in New Caledonia: monodominants vs. subordinates and episodic vs. continuous regenerators
Authors: Read Jennifer , McCoy Stephane , Jaffré Tanguy , Sanson Gordon , Logan Murray
Published: January 2017

Some species-rich secondary forests in New Caledonia have a monodominant canopy. Here we investigate growth and biomass allocation traits that might explain single-species’ dominance of these post-disturbance stands, and their later decline in the absence of large-scale disturbance. Seedlings of 20 rain-forest trees were grown in two light treatments in a nursery house. In the sun treatment, monodominants grew faster (56.7 ± 1.4 mg g−1 wk−1) than subordinates (40.2 ± 2.6 mg g−1 wk−1). However, some episodically regenerating (ER) subordinates had high growth rates similar to those of monodominants. In the shade treatment, monodominants and subordinates had similar growth rates (33.7 ± 2.6 and 34.0 ± 1.9 mg g−1 wk−1 respectively). Notably, monodominants in both sun and shade treatments had lower root mass fraction (0.29 ± 0.02 and 0.27 ± 0.02 g g−1 respectively) than subordinates (0.39 ± 0.02 and 0.37 ± 0.02 g g−1). Fast growth in sunny conditions is probably imperative for these relatively shade-intolerant ER monodominants. In field conditions, high shoot mass fraction combined with efficient root performance may facilitate faster growth in monodominants competing with other ER species in sunlit sites. Slower growth in shade may contribute to loss of dominance over time in undisturbed forests.
Disease burden of hepatitis E in a rural population in China: a community-based survey
Authors: JIANG H. , HUANG S. , ZHAO Y. , WANG Y. , YANG C. , CAI J. , WANG Z. , ZHANG J. , ZHANG X. , JIN H.
Published: January 2017

This study aimed to estimate the disease burden of hepatitis E in a rural region in China. A total of 489 hepatitis E cases were reported according to a community-based survey in an active hepatitis surveillance system between 2008 and 2015, the questionnaire and record-review methods were constructed to evaluate the economic and health burden of hepatitis E virus infections from societal perspectives. All costs were converted to US$ in 2015. The age-standardized cumulative incidence rate was 107·9/100 000, and the median age-standardized annual incidence rate was 16·5/100 000. The median direct, indirect, and intangible cost were $1046·0, $49·1, and $77·3/patient, respectively, and the median economic burden per patient was $1836·5, which accounted for 51·2% of per capita disposable income. Moreover, the median quality-adjusted life year and visual analogue scale score were 0·7 and 70·0/case, respectively. Both economic burden and health burden of inpatients was more serious than that of outpatients (P < 0·001). Disease burden of hepatitis E is heavy on patients, their families, and society. More studies on the disease burden of hepatitis E are necessary to increase social awareness of the disease and confirm reasonable disease-control measures.
Eunuchs in Politics in the Later Roman Empire
Authors: Hopkins Keith
Published: January 2017

Why Eunuchs? Primarily because they were important. No-one who has waded through the church histories of the fourth and fifth centuries or the numerous later Byzantine chronicles, or those lives of the saints which touch upon court life, can have failed to be struck by die frequent imputation that, in the Eastern Empire especially, the real power lay in the hands not of the emperor nor of his aristocrats, but of his chief eunuch; or alternatively that the corps of eunuchs as a group wielded considerable if not predominant power at court. Yet the eunuchs were barbarians by birth and slaves into the bargain. The purpose of this paper is to explain why eunuchs held so much power in the imperial and aristocratic society of Eastern Rome, to put this power in the context of the socio-political developments of the later Empire, and to analyse some of the social functions of this power.

Yet here, right at the beginning, the objection might be raised that we are faced with nothing but a problem in historiography. Eunuchs might have been to Byzantine historians nothing more than women and gods were to Herodotus, convenient personal pegs to hang historical causes on.
EQUIVALENCES FOR TRUTH PREDICATES
Authors: NICOLAI CARLO
Published: January 2017

One way to study and understand the notion of truth is to examine principles that we are willing to associate with truth, often because they conform to a pre-theoretical or to a semi-formal characterization of this concept. In comparing different collections of such principles, one requires formally precise notions of inter-theoretic reduction that are also adequate to compare these conceptual aspects. In this work I study possible ways to make precise the relation of conceptual equivalence between notions of truth associated with collections of principles of truth. In doing so, I will consider refinements and strengthenings of the notion of relative truth-definability proposed by Fujimoto (2010): in particular I employ suitable variants of notions of equivalence of theories considered in Visser (2006) and Friedman & Visser (2014) to show that there are better candidates than mutual truth-definability for the role of sufficient condition for conceptual equivalence between the semantic notions associated with the theories. In the concluding part of the paper, I extend the techniques introduced in the first and show that there is a precise sense in which ramified truth (either disquotational or compositional) does not correspond to iterations of comprehension.
Sprachentwicklung bei Kindern mit Migrationshintergrund und elterliches Vorlesen
Authors: Eisenwort Brigitte , Aslan Hacire , Yesilyurt Symeyye Nur , Till Benedikt , Klier Claudia M.
Published: January 2017

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Kinder mit Migrationshintergrund zeigen meist in einer oder beiden Sprachen ungenügende Kompetenzen. In der folgenden Untersuchung sollen die Sprachmuster türkisch-österreichischer Migrantenkinder untersucht und Faktoren gefunden werden, die darauf Einfluss haben. Methode: 52 Kinder im Alter von 5 bis 6 Jahren und ihre Eltern wurden untersucht. Für die Eltern galten folgende Einschlusskriterien: türkischer Migrationshintergrund und zu Hause Türkisch zu sprechen. Für die Kinder galten keine Hörstörung, keine Blindheit, keine chronische Erkrankung, eine zumindest durchschnittliche allgemeine Entwicklung, in Österreich geboren zu sein und Kindergartenbesuch als Einschlusskriterien. Die Evaluierung der Sprachentwicklung Türkisch und Deutsch wurde mit Havas 5 durchgeführt. Weiter wurde den Eltern ein soziodemografischer Fragebogen sowie der CCLO-Fragebogen vorgegeben. Ergebnisse: Die Sprachleistungen der Kinder waren signifikant besser im Türkischen als im Deutschen. Darüber hinaus waren die Sprachkompetenzen sowohl auf Türkisch als auch auf Deutsch höher, je mehr den Kindern zu Hause öfter auf Türkisch vorgelesen wurde. Diskussion: Kinder beherrschen vor Schuleintritt ein strukturell einfaches Türkisch, haben jedoch geringe Deutschkenntnisse. Vorlesen in der Muttersprache ist nicht nur förderlich für den Mutterspracherwerb, sondern auch für den Deutscherwerb. Schlussfolgerung: In Projekte zur Förderung des Vorlesens sollen verstärkt Migrantensprachen eingebunden werden.
Funktionelle Urologie und Neurourologie – Update 2017
Authors: Reitz André , Doggweiler Regula
Published: January 2017

Zusammenfassung. Die funktionelle Urologie befasst sich mit der Diagnostik und Therapie von Störungen der Harnblasen- und Beckenbodenfunktion und der Harninkontinenz. Die urodynamische Funktionsdiagnostik als zentrale diagnostische Methode ermöglicht durch die Messung einfacher physiologischer Parameter eine direkte Beurteilung der Funktion des unteren Harntraktes. Die Urodynamik dient dazu, klinische Symptome quantitativ zu reproduzieren, die Änderung physiologischer Parameter während der Messung in einen pathophysiologischen Zusammenhang zu stellen, eine Diagnose abzuleiten, eine Behandlung einzuleiten und im Verlauf deren Erfolg zu kontrollieren. Facetten der funktionellen Urologie sind die Neurourologie, die Urologie der Frau, die funktionelle Kinderurologie, die psychosomatische Urologie und die Behandlung der Harninkontinenz bei Frauen und Männern jeglichen Alters.
Das Hämorrhoidalleiden – ein Therapiealgorithmus aus chirurgischer Sicht
Authors: Cabalzar-Wondberg Daniela , Turina Matthias
Published: January 2017

Zusammenfassung. Der auf Höhe der Linea dentata gelegene Corpus cavernosum recti spielt eine tragende Rolle bei der Regulierung der Feinkontinenz. Kommt es zu einer pathologischen Vergrösserung des Corpus cavernosum verbunden mit Symptomen, spricht man von einem Hämorrhoidalleiden. Das Hämorrhoidalleiden ist eine Volkskrankheit mit einer Inzidenz von ca. 40 %, wobei die Rate an Selbsttherapien hoch ist. Im klinischen Alltag fällt der stadienadaptierten Therapie eine wichtige Rolle zu: Hämorrhoiden Grad I sind die Domäne der konservativen Therapie, Hämorrhoiden Grad II können in Abhängigkeit der Schwere der Symptome konservativ oder operativ angegangen werden. Hämorrhoiden Grad III und Grad IV sollten einer Operation zugeführt werden.
Informeller Zwang in der therapeutischen Beziehung
Authors: Jäger Matthias
Published: January 2017

Zusammenfassung. Die therapeutische Beziehung ist nicht nur die Grundlage für die Vermittlung jeder medizinischen Behandlung, sondern selbst einer der wirksamsten Faktoren für den Therapieerfolg. Mit der Absicht, die Behandlungsbereitschaft und den Gesundheitszustand eines Patienten zu verbessern, wird im Rahmen der Arzt-Patienten-Beziehung häufig informeller Zwang unterschiedlicher Intensität angewendet. Da dies wahrscheinlich oft eher unreflektiert im Rahmen der klinischen Routine geschieht, besteht das Risiko eines Behandlungsabbruchs als unerwünschte Nebenwirkung der therapeutischen Beziehungsgestaltung. Es ist in der Gesundheitsversorgung daher sehr wichtig, dass sich Ärzte wie auch andere Fachpersonen ihrer eigenen Haltung stets bewusst sind und in der Interaktion mit Patienten reflektiert und der Situation angemessen handeln. Eine Auseinandersetzung mit eigenen Werten und konzeptuellen Grundlagen zur Gestaltung der therapeutischen Beziehung kann dies unterstützen.
H19/let-7/LIN28 reciprocal negative regulatory circuit promotes breast cancer stem cell maintenance
Authors: Peng Fei , Li Ting-Ting , Wang Kai-Li , Xiao Guo-Qing , Wang Ju-Hong , Zhao Hai-Dong , Kang Zhi-Jie , Fan Wen-Jun , Zhu Li-Li , Li Mei , Cui Bai , Zheng Fei-Meng , Wang Hong-Jiang , Lam Eric W-F , Wang Bo , Xu Jie , Liu Quentin
Published: January 2017

Long noncoding RNA-H19 (H19), an imprinted oncofetal gene, has a central role in carcinogenesis. Hitherto, the mechanism by which H19 regulates cancer stem cells, remains elusive. Here we show that breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) express high levels of H19, and ectopic overexpression of H19 significantly promotes breast cancer cell clonogenicity, migration and mammosphere-forming ability. Conversely, silencing of H19 represses these BCSC properties. In concordance, knockdown of H19 markedly inhibits tumor growth and suppresses tumorigenesis in nude mice. Mechanistically, we found that H19 functions as a competing endogenous RNA to sponge miRNA let-7, leading to an increase in expression of a let-7 target, the core pluripotency factor LIN28, which is enriched in BCSC populations and breast patient samples. Intriguingly, this gain of LIN28 expression can also feedback to reverse the H19 loss-mediated suppression of BCSC properties. Our data also reveal that LIN28 blocks mature let-7 production and, thereby, de-represses H19 expression in breast cancer cells. Appropriately, H19 and LIN28 expression exhibits strong correlations in primary breast carcinomas. Collectively, these findings reveal that lncRNA H19, miRNA let-7 and transcriptional factor LIN28 form a double-negative feedback loop, which has a critical role in the maintenance of BCSCs. Consequently, disrupting this pathway provides a novel therapeutic strategy for breast cancer.