bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-Perceived Somatotypes and Clothing-Related Behavior of Older Men and Women
Authors: Chowdhary Usha
Published: August 2011

507 older men and women (65 yr. or over) participated in an investigation of relationship between clothing-related behavior of older men and women and self-perceived somatorypes. Analysis indicated that body-type was significantly related to significance of apparel, self-esteem, and chronological age. No sex differences were found in perception of body-types. Several implications are discussed and suggestions for further research are made.
Attention State in Electrodermal Activity during Auditory Stimulation of Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Shibagaki Masamitsu , Yamanaka Tadashige , Furuya Takeshi
Published: August 2011

Electrodermal activity during passive and active listening tasks of 18 children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and 49 healthy school children was studied. The procedure included baseline recording, a passive listening task, instructions, and both simple and discriminative active-listening tasks. ADHD subjects tended to exhibit lower arousal as indicated by the decrease in amplitude of the skin conductance response. Present findings confirm classical observation that ADHD children have shorter attention spans.
Repeated Presentation of Stimuli and Production of Original Response by English-Speaking Indian High School Students
Authors: Chakraborty Basanti D. , Khatena Joe , Morse David T.
Published: August 2011

Sounds and Images, a measure of originality, was administered to 131 English-speaking high school students of Orissa, India in 1987. The test has two forms, viz., IA and IB. Each form has four sounds which were presented three times. To each the students wrote their verbal images which were scored for originality and analyzed for effects of multiple presentation and differential sounds. The main effects of sounds (IA, IB), of presentation (IA), and the interaction of presentation by sound (IB) were nonsignificant, but presentation (IB) and the interaction of presentation by sound were significant.
Perceptions of Bush, Clinton, and Perot in Relation to Frequency of Presidential Debate Viewing
Authors: Powell F. C. , Wanzenried J. W.
Published: August 2011

Two groups of university students reported their frequency of watching the presidential debates of 1992 (245 vs 173) while one group was shown the opening and closing statements made by each candidate in each debate. The 1992 Leathers Personal Credibility Scale was used to measure respondents' perceptions of the three candidates. Analysis of variance using frequency of viewing the debates yielded no significant change in perceptions of the candidates among or between groups.
Blink Activity and Task Difficulty
Authors: Tanaka Yuu , Yamaoka Kiyoshi
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the relationship between task difficulty and blink activity, which includes blink rate, blink amplitude, and blink duration. Two kinds of tasks established two levels of difficulty. In Exp. 1, a mental arithmetic task was used to examine the relationship. Analysis showed that blink rate for a difficult task was significantly higher than that for an easier one. In Exp. 2, a letter-search task (hiragana Japanese alphabet) was used while the other conditions were the same as those in Exp. 1; however, the results of this experiment were not influenced by the difficulty of the task. As results indicate that blink rate is related to not only difficulty but also the nature of the task, the nature of the task is probably dependent on a mechanism in information processing. The results for blink amplitude and blink duration showed no systematic change during either experiment.
Gender Differences in Attitudes toward Mathematics among Undergraduate College Students: The Role of Environmental Variables
Authors: Kwiatkowski Erica , Dammer Richard , Mills Jon K. , Jih Chwan-Shyang
Published: August 2011

Differences associated with gender in perceptions and attitudes toward mathematics were investigated in a sample of 132 undergraduates. The Mathematics Attitude Questionnaire was administered to 64 male and 68 female college students recruited from general required courses. On three factor scores the college students were compared. The men showed more interest in mathematics and were more likely than the women to enroll in mathematics courses. These findings suggest that women's attitudes and perceptions toward mathematics are less positive than those of men. The influences of environmental variables on college students' attitudes toward mathematics were also discussed.
Deliberative vs Disingenuous Subjects on the Social Desirability of Need for Cognition
Authors: Hunt James M. , Chatterjee Anindya , Kernan Jerome B.
Published: August 2011

Petty and Cacioppo's need for cognition scale (NCS)—both long version and short version—correlated significantly with the social desirability scale of Crowne and Marlowe. Inasmuch as need for cognition is an important individual-difference variable in Petty and Cacioppo's elaboration likelihood model of attitude change, caution seems warranted whenever this model is used in settings associated with cognitive achievement, lest subjects disingenuously feign cognitive need in a socially desirable attempt to appear “smart” or deliberative.
Final Comments on Hudesman, Page, and Rautiainen's (1992) Subliminal Psychodynamic Activation Experiment
Authors: Fudin Robert
Published: August 2011

Hudesman, et al.'s (1992) contention that their finding shows that subliminal psychodynamic activation (SPA) improved academic performance is questioned. That experiment lacked controls outlined by Fudin in 1986 which are needed to support the assumption that a positive SPA outcome is effected because the meaning of an entire experimental message is encoded. In 1993 Hudesman and Page argued that Gustafson and Källmén's 1991 results, obtained with such controls, indicated that the controls do not have to be used in subsequent SPA experiments. The 1990 results of Greenberg and of Kothera, Fudin, and Nicastro, however, do not support those of Gustafson and Kàllmén. From a different perspective, it is argued that good experimental controls are needed in all SPA experiments because they increase internal validity. Given that Hudesman, et al's subjects scored in a limited range on the mathematics portion of the 1978 CUNY Skills Assessment Test, the implication that their result can be generalized to all subjects is questioned.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: LXXII. Barometric Pressure, Lunar Cycle, and Traffic Accidents
Authors: Alonso Y.
Published: August 2011

This study assessed relationships between traffic accidents and variables of the physical environment. Daily data on traffic accidents over a 4-year period were compared with daily records of barometric pressure and synodic lunar cycle. No significant variations in the number of accidents were found related to barometric height but a significant lunar periodicity was observed for one of the years considered. The number of accidents occurring during the full moon day was lowest; the highest occurred two days before the full moon. Accidents occurred more frequently during crescent moon than during waning moon, but no significant differences were noted when the lunar month was divided into four intervals of new moon, first quarter, full moon, and second quarter.
Assessment of Annihilation Anxiety from Projective Tests
Authors: Hurvich Marvin , Benveniste Paul , Howard Jill , Coonerty Sheila
Published: August 2011

This report details procedures to measure annihilation anxiety, a concept derived from Freud's 1926 formulation of traumatic anxiety. A 25-item pencil-and-paper inventory administered to patient and to nonpatient samples is described, along with a brief summary of earlier findings. The delineation of nine interrelated experiential components of annihilation anxiety provides the background for the construction of Rorschach and TAT measures of the concept. Findings comparing the pencil-and-paper inventory and the projective test measures are presented as well as examples of responses judged to reflect annihilation anxiety from Rorschach and TAT protocols.
Snoring and Nightmares
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Bautista Jose
Published: August 2011

To test the conclusion of a recent study that snoring and disturbing dreams are strongly associated, 199 university undergraduates responded to a questionnaire that assessed their level of snoring and the frequency with which they experienced fantastic nightmares. Contrary to data provided by this recent study, we did not find a significant relationship between snoring and disturbing dreams. Some possible reasons for the discrepancy between these data sets were considered.
Body-Shape Perceptions of Elderly Women Exercisers and Nonexercisers
Authors: Hallinan Christopher J. , Schuler Petra B.
Published: August 2011

Perceptions of current and ideal body shape for 49 elderly women exercisers (66 to 88 yr.) and 29 nonexercisers were measured using a nine-figure sihouette scale. Exercisers showed greater difference between current and ideal shape than non-exercisers, but no association was found for age Further research needs to consider additional socioeconomic factors and be validated from a broader population.
Developmental Differences in Vowel Duration in Open and Closed Syllables
Authors: Lehman Mark E.
Published: August 2011

Vowel duration in open and closed syllables was investigated in groups of ten normal 5-, 8-, and 10-year-old children, and adults. Productions of three syllables (bee, bead, beet), analyzed acoustically for vowel duration, indicated that for all age groups, mean vowel durations for “bee” and “bead” were significantly different from “beet” but were not different from each other. Developmental effects were noted in mean and variability of vowel duration. In addition, a context effect was observed, with adult-like values for both mean and variability obtained at an earlier age for “beet” than for “bee” and “bead.” These results suggest that both phonemic and phonetic factors are important in accounting for developmental changes in mean and variability of vowel duration.
Examination Dreams
Authors: Halliday G.
Published: August 2011

Students' interviews of 33 persons with examination dreams showed these typically concern a real examination a person is yet to take and which the dreamer sometimes subsequently fails.
Effects of Physical Inactivity on All-Cause Mortality Risk in Upper Bavaria
Authors: Weyerer Siegfried
Published: August 2011

The effect of physical activity on all-cause mortality was examined using a representative random sample of 1,536 persons (15 years and older) in three communities in Upper Bavaria. 27.0% of the respondents reported regular and 26.2% occasional physical exercise. During the 5-year follow-up 5.1% ( n = 79) of the original sample died. Using a logistic regression model, the relation between physical activity and mortality was measured by the odds ratio, with subjects reporting regular physical activity as the reference group. Crude mortality risk was significantly higher among the physically inactive (men: 3.97; women: 4.36) but not among respondents practising occasionally (men: 1.67; women: 1.24). After adjustment for potential confounding variables (age, social class, physical and mental health), the mortality risk was elevated but not statistically significant for the physically inactive (men: 1.76; women: 1.51) and for the group practising occasionally (men: 1.50; women: 1.14).
Right-Sided Bias in Traditional Kyokushinkai Karate Kata
Authors: Layton Clive , Arneil Steve
Published: August 2011

The 912 moves forming the 24 kata (forms) of Kyokushinkai karate were analysed for left-right bias. Significant right-sided bias was noted for counter-offensive techniques and over-all, but not for blocks.
Effects of Cognitive Foveal Load on a Peripheral Single-Target Detection Task
Authors: Chan H. S. , Courtney Alan J.
Published: August 2011

This experiment investigated the effects of foveal cognitive load on a primary peripheral single-target detection task. Four levels of foveal task with cognitive loads involving identification and summation of numerals were used. Number of correct targets detected seemed unaffected by the foveal load in the near periphery but a decrement occurred beyond 7.7°. Response times for correct responses showed large dispersion compared with that for correct locations. At a low cognitive load, foveal task performance showed no deterioration for all eccentricities tested, but at a higher cognitive load performance declined gradually across eccentricities. Mild evidence of runnel vision was obtained as indicated by the significant interaction of cognitive loads × eccentricities. Resources theory accounted well for the results.
Suicide from Bridges in Washington, DC
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The total number of suicides from bridges in Washington, DC declined after barriers were erected in 1986 on the most popular bridge for suicide.
Heart-Rate and Blood-Pressure Responses to Speech Alone Compared with Cognitive Challenges in the Stroop Task
Authors: Stein Phyllis K. , Boutcher Stephen H.
Published: August 2011

Heart-rate and blood-pressure responses are assumed to reflect the “stressfulness” of cognitive tasks. Cardiovascular responses to speech are often assumed to be negligible. To test these assumptions, 34 middle-aged men (mean age 45.0 ± 6.1) performed three versions of the Stroop color-conflict task, passive responding, push-button, and verbal. Although difficulty of passive responding was rated 11.8 (fairly light), push-button 16.1 (between hard and very hard), and verbal Stroop 14.5 (hard), all were significantly differenr. Analysis of variance showed during tasks heart-rate responses and systolic blood pressure did not differ. Recovery average heart-rare and over-all heart-rate patterns were not different for the difficult tasks but were significantly different from the easy task. Diastolic blood-pressure changes during tasks were more similar for verbal tasks despite the difference in difficulty. Stressor heart-rate and systolic blood-pressure responses did not reflect the difficulty of this stressful task. Verbalization of responses contributed significantly to cardiovascular reactivity.
Androgyny Predicts Empathy for Trainees in Medicine
Authors: Yarnold Paul R. , Martin Gary J. , Soltysik Robert C. , Nightingale Steven D.
Published: August 2011

Data from 65 medical students and residents support the hypothesis that scores on a measure of androgyny are predictive of those on an index of empathy but relatively modest predictive accuracy was observed for sympathetic responses. Further exploration is suggested.
Perceptual Adaptation in the Vestibulo-Ocular System: EEG Correlates of Spatial and Temporal Rearrangement
Authors: Galbraith Gary C. , Schultz Wolfram
Published: August 2011

Spatial-temporal visuomotor rearrangement caused pursuit eye movements to counteract the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). Vertical head nodding produced horizontal oscillations of a light spot delayed 1 or 150 msec. Adaptation resulted in apparent complementary motion of a stationary stimulus during nodding. 16 subjects adapted and tested at 150 msec. showed a 10% magnitude apparent motion. Following normal vision, while the electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded, subjects were readapted at 150 msec. but tested at 1 msec. (to measure temporal generalization). Individual performance was correlated with EEG alpha. Adaptation correlated negatively with Oz and Fz intensity, and positively with Oz frequency. Temporal generalization correlated positively with Oz intensity and negatively with Oz - Fz phase angle. These results suggest that visuomotor adaptability is related to electrocortical activity.
Gender Differences in the Judged Acceptability of Graffiti
Authors: McMenemy Pamela , Cornish Ian M.
Published: August 2011

Mean ratings of the social acceptability of collected graffiti showed no gender differences for 22 men and 22 women undergraduates in Northern Ireland. The bases for gender differences in content must lie elsewhere.
Spatial Displacement among Pedestrians: A Cross-Cultural Replication
Authors: Rawdon Vicki A. , Willis Frank N.
Published: August 2011

An observational study of pedestrians in a shopping mall in a mid-western U.S. city was replicated in shopping malls in London. The avoidance movements of 2692 shoppers were recorded as they approached other shoppers. The relationships between these movements and the shoppers' gender, age, race, group size, and other characteristics were examined. Results of both studies indicated that men were likely to be displaced by women, smaller groups by larger ones, and nonhandicapped persons by handicapped ones. The results differed, however, with respect to race, with black persons tending to displace white individuals in the Midwest regardless of group size, while lone white pedestrians tended to displace lone black pedestrians in London. In London larger groups tended to displace smaller ones regardless of race. Hypotheses regarding spatial displacement were discussed. The need for more cross-situational and cross-cultural research in social psychology was clear.
Children's and Adults' Learning of a Visuomanual Coordination: Role of Ongoing Visual Feedback and of Spatial Errors as a Function of Age
Authors: Fayt Cécile , Minet Marc , Schepens Nicole
Published: August 2011

The role of ongoing visual feedback and of spatial errors in learning a target-aimed task was investigated in 6-, 8-, and 11-yr.-old children, and young adults. In each of the four age groups, 16 subjects were randomly assigned to one of three conditions of learning (either with or without vision of the limb or with vision of final spatial error). All the subjects were tested without vision of the limb before and after the learning session. Before learning, directional bias was larger for 8-yr.-old children and target undershooting was greater for adults. After learning with vision of final spatial error, amplitude and direction improved for all age groups. Nevertheless, directional accuracy during the learning session increased more slowly for children than for adults. After learning with vision of the limb, direction improved for 6- and 8-yr.-old children only, demonstrating a specific role of ongoing visual feedback during learning at these ages. Further, an analysis of movement paths suggests a poorer capability for integrating proprioception by children than by adults.
The Relationship between Empathic Response and Scores on the California Psychological Inventory
Authors: Downs Elizabeth , Jenkins Stephen J.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the relationship between scores on the California Psychological Inventory and Carkhuff's accurate empathy rating scale for 49 graduate students in counselor education, rs ranged from - .42 for Dominance to .30 for ‘v.1,’ the internality-externality vector.
Faculty Women's Allocations of Time
Authors: Stark-Adamec C. , Robinson T. P. , Loutzenhiser L.
Published: August 2011

Data are presented for 121 faculty women's allocation of time and energy on academic and nonacademic tasks. It is clear that the enormous amount of time and energy that faculty women devote to these activities leaves them very little time for eating, sleeping, and relaxing.
Talent, Special Ability, and Hemispheric Processing
Authors: Piro Joseph M.
Published: August 2011

The role talent training and special ability may play in hemispheric functioning is discussed. Further research on hemispheric processing from the perspective of cognitive strength as well as deficit is suggested.
Deaf Students' Self-Appraisals, Achievement Outcomes, and Teachers' Inferences about Social-Emotional Adjustment in Academic Settings
Authors: Chovan William L. , Roberts Kristina
Published: August 2011

35 deaf students completed the Self-description Questionnaire I and their teachers completed the Meadow/Kendall social-emotional inventory for deaf students. Significant positive but small correlations were found among reading scores, reading appraisals, and social-emotional adjustment inferences. Achievement, particularly reading, appears associated with concepts of self.
Frontal Hemisphere Lateralization and Depressive Personality Traits
Authors: Biondi Massimo , Parise Pasquale , Venturi Piero , Riccio Lucilla , Brunetti Giacobba , Pancheri Paolo
Published: August 2011

To assess the relationship between hemispheric differences in information processing and interhemispheric asymmetries in terms of brain bioelectrical activity, we correlated scores on the MMPI Depression scale with interhemispheric asymmetry, measured as peak amplitude and latency of the P3 component of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) at the frontocortical region of 14 healthy unselected volunteers (8 men and 6 women) who were about to start a course in autogenic training. The sample was subdivided into two groups on the basis of the median score on the MMPI Depression scale. Subjects scoring above the median showed a right lateralization at the frontocentral region and a significantly shorter P3 latency at the right hemisphere compared to the left.
An Analysis of Sidedness in Traditional Goju-Ryu Karate Kata
Authors: Layton Clive , Higaonna Morio
Published: August 2011

The 684 moves of the 12 Goju-ryu kata (forms) widely practised today were analysed for left-right bias. Significant right-sided bias was evident for kicks only.
Color-Naming and Color-Matching by Preschool Children as a Function of Visual Field and Sex
Authors: Bernasek Jennifer L. , Haude Richard H.
Published: August 2011

The accuracy for both a color-naming and a color-matching task as a function of visual field and sex was investigated in preschool children. Subjects were 17 boys and 17 girls ranging in age from 4.4 to 5.6 yr. Each subject was tested on both tasks, for which the target stimuli were presented tachistoscopically. Accuracy measures for each task were obtained separately for both left and right visual fields. A two-factor (sex x visual field) analysis of variance with repeated measures on the visual-field factor showed a significant difference between the sexes on the color-naming task only. No significant difference between visual fields was found for either task. However, significant interactions between sex and visual field for both the color-naming and color-matching tasks were obtained, t tests for simple main effects showed a significant right visual-field advantage for girls in naming colors. Conversely, a significant left visual-field advantage for color-matching was found for boys. Also, on the color-matching task, significant sex differences were found for both visual fields when compared separately. Boys were more accurate for left and girls more accurate for right visual field. Boys performed in a more strongly lateralized fashion on the color-matching task than did the girls, supporting the notion of greater lateralization among males.
Reinforcement Generalization as Interaction between Processes Rather than Events: Absence of Schedule-Induced Hyperdipsia in Rats with Histories of Minimal Food-Water Contiguity
Authors: Persinger M. A. , Makarec Katherine
Published: August 2011

All scientific disciplines contain concepts that reflect interactions between their processes as well as between their units. The divergence process (generalization) applied to reinforcement predicts the existence of reinforcement generalization. Existence of this operation was suggested by the absence of schedule-induced hyperdipsia in rats for which the normal temporal contiguity between eating and drinking had been prevented. The results indicate that through generalization of reinforcement, which could explain the adjunctive class of behaviors, reinforcement of one process evokes comparable changes in other processes even if their overt correlates are not displayed contiguously.
Perceived Control, Adjustment, and Communication Problems in Laryngeal Cancer Survivors
Authors: Blood Gordon W. , Dineen Mary , Kauffman Susan M. , Raimondi Susan C. , Simpson Kathleen C.
Published: August 2011

Health locus of control, adjustment to cancer, and communication experiences after a laryngectomy were investigated in 63 laryngeal cancer survivors. Survivors who showed internal control also scored as better adjusted and had fewer communication problems. Scales were intercorrelated (.68 to .92).
Changes in Construals of Tic-Producing Situations following Cognitive and Behavioral Therapy
Authors: O'Connor K. P. , Gareau D. , Blowers G. H.
Published: August 2011

12 clients suffering from chronic tics participated in one of two treatment programs, either a behavioral group using competing response therapy or a group using Beck-style cognitive restructuring. A repertory grid based upon the personal construct psychology of George Kelly was administered to all clients before and after treatment. The grid comprised a set of elements made up of situations with high, medium, and low risk of eliciting tics, and constructs were derived from comparisons between them. Clients' ratings of the elements on the constructs were subjected to a principal components analysis using an INGRID program. Following treatment the total variation around construct means decreased in both groups but significantly more in the cognitive group, indicating a narrowing of the difference in their perceptions of situations which formerly indicated high and low risk of inducing tics.
Field Dependence-Independence and Brain Organization: The Confluence of Two Different Ways of Describing General Forms of Cognitive Functioning? A Theoretical Review
Authors: Tinajero Carolina , Páramo María Fernanda , Cadaveira Fernando , Rodriguez-Holguin Socorro
Published: August 2011

We reviewed a total of 67 studies of the relationship between the cognitive style dimension of field dependence-independence and brain organization. To date, such studies have followed three basic lines of approach: (1) cerebral localization of processes involved in field dependence-independence; (2) evaluation of the relationship between field dependence-independence and hemisphericity; (3) evaluation of the relationship between field dependence-independence and hemispheric differentiation. The results of all three types of study are largely coherent with the differentiation theory formulated by Witkin and his coworkers. In addition, findings to date are of interest in that they suggest new directions for more detailed investigation of the relationship between field dependence-independence and brain organization. These directions appear very promising for improving our understanding of both the nature of cognitive styles and the functioning of the brain in general.
Lateral Preference of Preschool and Primary School Children
Authors: Gudmundsson Einar
Published: August 2011

Cross-sectional development and consistency of four lateral preference behaviors (hand, foot, ear, eye) in 79 preschool and 131 primary school children were studied. Although predominant right-sidedness is manifested in the limbs and sensory organs, only handedness showed a significant increase over the age range studied (3 yr. to 9 yr., 11 mo.). Approximately 85% of children in preschool and 87% in primary school showed lateral consistency in the upper and lower extremities. The concordance between other sidedness behaviors reflected only chance associations in both samples. The results indicate that lateral preference behaviors in children are not unidimensional.
Hemisphericity Style, Sex, and Performance on a Letter-Detection Task
Authors: Roig Miguel , Ryan Robert
Published: August 2011

Subjects classified by scores on the Preference Questionnaire as preferring either a left- or a right-hemisphericity style were asked to read a one-page passage and to circle each letter t they encountered as they read the passage. There were no statistically significant differences in letter detection between the 58 right- and the 64 left-style scorers. However, contrary to previous findings, the 73 women detected significantly more ts, including unsounded ts, than the 55 men. Our results suggest that hemisphericity style is not an important factor in letter detection.
Differences in Dynamic Visual Acuity between Athletes and Nonathletes
Authors: Ishigaki Hisao , Miyao Masaru
Published: August 2011

We surveyed the dynamic visual acuity of 53 university athletes and 46 nonathlete university students, using a Landolt C ring as a target. The target moved from left to right on screen initially at the maximum angular velocity of 300°/sec. and then gradually decreased in velocity until the subject recognized the direction of the gap in the Landolt C ring. The angular velocities at which the subject correctly recognized the direction of the gap were used as the parameters of the acuity measure. When the sizes of the gap in the Landolt C ring were 42′ and 28′, there were no differences in the performances of the athletes and nonathletes. However, when the gap sizes were 14′ and 8′, athletes could recognize the gap at significantly higher velocities than the nonathletes. In this case the dynamic visual acuity of athletes was superior to that of the nonathletes.
Visual Search in Simple Simulations of Realistic Scenes
Authors: Boersema Theo , Zwaga Harm J. G. , Jorens Kees
Published: August 2011

The effect distracting objects have on visual-search performance in real-life situations cannot readily be predicted from current search theories. The validity of an approach to close this gap was tested by comparing search performance for color slides of scenes in public buildings with performance for simplified computer-generated images derived from these slides. The target was always a blue rectangle in both the original slides of scenes and the computer simulations. The distractors were differently colored rectangles (not blue), and their number was varied systematically. Analysis showed a significant linear increase in search time with number of distractors, which challenges predictions of current search theories. An explanation for this contradiction is proposed. Also, search times for color slides were significantly longer than those for computer images; however, there was no significant interaction between type of stimulus and number of distractors. It is concluded that the simulated scenes yielded adequate predictions of the effect of distracting objects on search performance in real-life situations.
Reliability of Judging Genuine and Simulated Suicide Notes
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The performance of naive judges (10 men and 13 women) on two sets of genuine versus simulated suicide notes (54 pairs) indicated poor parallel-forms reliability for this task.
The Sugar Scoring System for the Bender-Gestalt Test: An Objective Approach That Reflects Clinical Judgment
Authors: Parsons Laura , Weinberg Sharon Lawner
Published: August 2011

Although several objective scoring systems have been developed for use with the abbreviated form of the Bender-Gestalt test of visuomotor development (Figures A, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8), each has been criticized as being inadequate in some way or other. This paper reviews the inadequacies of these systems as described in the literature and presents the results of a small study designed to investigate the psychometric properties of a new objective scoring system, recently proposed by Sugar, which incorporates both quantitative and qualitative perspectives. The new system is shown to be psychometrically sound in validity and reliability. Additional advantages are described. The new system is recommended as a good, if not better, alternative to other, existing methods for scoring the Bender-Gestalt test.
Developmental Outcome of Very Low Birth Weight Infants with Intraventricular Hemorrhage
Authors: Whitehead Anna J.
Published: August 2011

Analyses of data from 20 infants confirmed that ventricular dilatation in VLBW preterm infants carries poor prognosis for development, but not IVH alone.
Effects of Subliminal Stimuli on Unconscious Processing of Anxiety: An Examination of Implicit Perception
Authors: Smith Timothy B.
Published: August 2011

Researchers in cognitive psychology generally accept that information, including emotions, may be processed outside of awareness. Some have postulated that anxiety may be induced by stimuli presented below the level of detection, a process called implicit perception; however, conflicting findings as to the validity of subliminal stimuli in influencing anxiety have been reported over the past decade. In the present study, 39 subjects were exposed to either positive, negative, or neutral subliminal stimuli, and half the subjects were informed as to the type of stimuli they received. All subjects were monitored for frontalis muscle tension, a physiological indicator of anxiety, on an electromyograph (EMG). No significant effects of the exposure upon EMG recordings were noted. Awareness of the type of stimuli presented had a small but insignificant effect. These results, although tentative, when replicated would question the validity of subliminal visual presentation in altering emotive states.
Preliminary Study of the Bilingual Version of the Khatena-Torrance Creative Perception Inventory
Authors: Palaniappan Ananda Kumar
Published: August 2011

A bilingual version of the Khatena-Torrance Creative Perception Inventory was given to 70 Malaysian students. The two 50-item subscales, ‘Something About Myself’ and ‘What Kind of Person Are You?’, require the respondent to choose one of two alternatives. Test-retest reliability and criterion validity indices for this version suggest the bilingual form is suitable to assess the creative perception of these students. Replication with other groups is recommended.
Relational Communication Messages of Type-A Scoring Physicians
Authors: Lamude Kevin G. , Scudder Joseph , Dickson Risa
Published: August 2011

In a study of 112 primary care physicians, physicians' self-reported Type-A scores were significantly associated with their use of more dominance, formality, and task orientation and less similarity in relational communication messages with their patients.
Interactive Effects of Musical and Visual Cues on Time Perception: An Application to Waiting Lines in Banks
Authors: Chebat Jean-Charles , Gelinas-Chebat Claire , Filiatrault Pierre
Published: August 2011

This study explores the interactive effects of musical and visual cues on time perception in a specific situation, that of waiting in a bank. Videotapes are employed to simulate the situation; a 2 × 3 factorial design ( N = 427) is used: 2 (high vs low) amounts of visual information and 2 (fast vs slow) levels of musical tempo in addition to a no-music condition. Two mediating variables are tested in the relation between the independent variables (musical and visual ones) and the dependent variable (perceived waiting time), mood and attention. Results of multivariate analysis of variance and a system of simultaneous equations show that musical cues and visual cues have no symmetrical effects: the musical tempo has a global (moderating) effect on the whole structure of the relations between dependent, independent, and mediating variables but has no direct influence on time perception. The visual cues affect time perception, the significance of which depends on musical tempo. Also, the “Resource Allocation Model of Time Estimation” predicts the attention-time relation better than Ornstein's “storage-size theory.” Mood state serves as a substitute for time information with slow music, but its effects are cancelled with fast music.
Validation of Two New Brief Cognitive Tests with a WAIS—R Short Form Using a Hospitalized Depressed Sample
Authors: Grossman Ira , Chan Tommy , Parente Ana , Kaufman Alan S.
Published: August 2011

The K-FAST and K-SNAP, two new brief cognitive measures designed for adolescents and adults, were validated against another brief measure—a four-subtest short form of the WAIS—R—using a sample of 20 adult patients hospitalized for depression. Data supported the validity of these two new instruments.
Hemisphericity Style, Sex, and Performance on a Line-Bisection Task: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Roig Miguel , Cicero Frank
Published: August 2011

118 subjects classified as preferring either a right or a left hemisphericity style were asked to bisect a set of horizontal lines with each hand. Analyses showed no significant differences between right- and left-style subjects; however, men's performance indicated a significantly greater left pseudoneglect than women's.
Effect of Exercise on Simple Reaction Times of Recreational Athletes
Authors: McMorris Terry , Keen Peter
Published: August 2011

To examine the effect of moderate and fatiguing exercise on the simple reaction times of recreational athletes, 12 subjects took a simple reaction-time test while at test and while cycling on a Monark cycle ergometer at 70% and 100% of maximum workload. To estimate 70% and 100% of maximum workload the subjects underwent a standard incremental test until exhaustion, defined as subjects being unable to maintain the required pedal rate of 70 rpm. Simple reaction time during maximal exercise was significantly slower than in the other two conditions which did not differ significantly from one another. Heart rate and rate of perceived exertion differed significantly for all three conditions.
Arousability and Eye Color: A Test of Worthy's Hypothesis
Authors: Lawrence Jason , Bautista Jose , Hicks Robert A.
Published: August 2011

As a test of the hypothesis that eye color is related to reactivity, we measured the relationships between scores on the Arousal Predisposition Scale and two measures of eye color. Our data did not support this hypothesis.
Undergraduates' Conceptions of Cognitive Functions of Mental Imagery
Authors: Antonietti Alessandro , Baldo Sabrina
Published: August 2011

A questionnaire was administered to 42 undergraduates to study what they thought about the role of mental images in memorizing, problem-solving, musing, and everyday-life activities. Analysis showed that, according to students' conceptions, imagery is more useful in undirected than in directed thinking and that the efficacy of visual images is rated higher when they are employed to represent mentally concrete than abstract material.
Reception of Piotr Ya. Gal'Perin's Ideas in the West
Authors: van der Veer René , Arievitch Igor
Published: August 2011

A review of the references to the works of the Soviet scholar Piotr Ya. Gal'perin revealed the inadequacy of the reception of his contribution to psychology in the West. He is usually referred to as the author of concrete instructional techniques whereas in actual fact his work was much broader in scope and encompassed original contributions to fundamental problems of psychology.
Prepubescent Children May Have Specific Deficits in Olfactory Sensitivity
Authors: Koelega Harry S.
Published: August 2011

In three age groups (mean ages 9, 15, and 20 years, ns = 58, 58, 112) olfactory sensitivity to 5 odorants was assessed. The prepubescent children showed no loss in sensitivity to the odor of amyl acetate but were inferior in detection of the other 4 odorants, in particular, in detection of 2 musk odors. The results suggest odorant-specific receptor development during puberty. However, it is emphasized that several factors should be better controlled before it can be concluded that changes with age can be used as a model to increase knowledge of olfactory function.
Sex Differences in Olfactory Sensitivity and the Problem of the Generality of Smell Acuity
Authors: Koelega Harry S.
Published: August 2011

Sex differences in olfactory sensitivity are not an invariably recurring phenomenon. In the present study some factors, possibly involved in inconsistent findings, are investigated. Sensitivity to 5 different odorants was assessed in 112 subjects on 4 different occasions. Sex differences emerged for some odors but not for others, and some explanations for this state of affairs were suggested. There was no effect of the personality dimension of extraversion-introversion. Low correlations among the 5 measures of detectability question the existence of a general factor of sensitivity.
Test-Retest Reliabilities of Standard and Realigned Forms of the Learning Style Inventory
Authors: Newby Robert W.
Published: August 2011

The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that response bias was present in the standard form of Kolb's Learning Style Inventory and that this bias lowered reliability. An alternative form of the inventory was created by realigning the response endings to the sentences. Correlations calculated on scores obtained on two separate occasions for the two forms ranged from .45 to .73. Realignment did not improve reliabilities.
Loneliness and Sleep during Adolescence
Authors: Mahon Noreen E.
Published: August 2011

Samples of 106 early, 111 middle, and 113 late adolescents responded to the UCLA Loneliness Scale and the VSH Sleep Scale. Statistically significant correlations showed greater loneliness was associated with greater sleep disturbance in early and middle adolescents but not in late adolescents. Both sleep effectiveness and amount of sleep were not appreciably correlated with loneliness during adolescence.
Stimulus Repetition Produces Automatic Facilitation in a Naming Task
Authors: Algarabel Salvador , Dasí Carmen
Published: August 2011

Repeated prime-target pairs in a lexical decision task showed improvement across 4 stimulus onset asynchronies for a single subject.
Informativeness, Imitation, and Language Play: Factors in Word Learning
Authors: Holdgrafer Gary
Published: August 2011

11 normally developing children of 20 to 24 months of age were taught a nonsense word under informative and increasingly routine conditions. Modelling was the teaching procedure. There were significantly more spontaneous productions of the new word in the informative condition than in the most routine condition for most of the children. This was also true for the familiar words presented. Significantly more language play in the form of repetitions was exhibited for the new word than with familiar words by 10 children, indicating that language play is a strategy for acquiring new words. Only 5 children used imitation of the model as an acquisition strategy. Modest support for the effects of informativeness is provided. Other motivations for word use are discussed as well as clinical implications of these results.
Effect of Meditation on Empathy and Anxiety
Authors: Pearl Joseph H. , Carlozzi Alfred F.
Published: August 2011

Comparison of a group practicing Clinically Standardized Meditation ( n = 24) for 8 wk. and a no-treatment control group ( n = 26) showed that meditation diminished anxiety but had no effect on empathy.
Toward a Training Model for Rorschach Scoring Revisited: A Follow-up Study on a Training System for Interscorer Agreement
Authors: DeCato Clifford M.
Published: August 2011

A standardized method for training in Rorschach scoring using the Perceptanalytic system showed high interscorer reliability in a classroom setting by 1984. To assess whether this model for training would continue to yield stronger interscorer agreement with continued use in vivo data from classroom training were gathered over a six-year follow-up period (1985–1991). For the subjects, 167 students in a graduate clinical psychology training program, results indicated the system produces high interscorer agreement at both Level I (relatively clear and simple responses) and Level II (very complex or pathological responses). Over-all percent of agreement for 54,329 combined coding and summarizing operations attained a M of 90% ( SD = 6.0%). Sufficiently high interscorer reliability in Rorschach scoring can be attained in a classroom setting to support the use of the Perceptanalytic method for training doctoral students. Further research on training systems for the Rorschach as well as some speculative heuristic hypotheses about the nature of the learning process for Rorschach scoring are suggested.
Man's Triune Conscious Mind: Part II
Authors: Aurell Carl G.
Published: August 2011

The perceptual model described in a 1989 paper and regarded as Part I to the present paper is further specified, illustrated, and discussed especially where understanding will benefit from the conscious submind approach to information processing. Emotion is treated as “emotional perception,” a concept useful for its structuring. An important restriction in the use of awareness in relation to consciousness is pointed out. A mechanism for attention is suggested.
Behavioral Training of a Young Woman with Rett Syndrome
Authors: Bat-Haee Mohammad A.
Published: August 2011

Changes in use of hands, ambulation, and weight were maintained at 6 mo. by a 24-yr.-old woman with Rett syndrome.
Analysis of Body Esteem of Female Collegiate Athletes
Authors: Dinucci James M. , Finkenberg Mel E. , McCune Sandra L. , McCune E. Donice , Mayo Tammy
Published: August 2011

Scores on three subscales of the Body Esteem Scale were analyzed for the effect of group participation on body esteem. Intercollegiate women athletes from three sports (basketball, n = 9; volleyball, n = 10; and Softball, n = 12) and a control group of 34 women who did not participate in athletics were respondents. Scores on Weight Concern and Physical Condition significantly discriminated between the groups. On Weight Concern the mean of the control group was significantly lower than those of the athletic groups. On Physical Condition the control group mean was significantly lower than that of the basketball group. Other comparisons were not significant.
Effect of Multimodal Stimulus Presentation on Recall
Authors: Kobus David A. , Moses John D. , Bloom Eaye Alvarado
Published: August 2011

This study was conducted to investigate how the mode of stimulus presentation affects recall in the classroom environment. 289 undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of 7 experimental groups. All subjects were presented the same stimuli in one of 7 possible modes: (1) Printed Word, (2) Spoken Word, (3) Picture, (4) Printed Word + Spoken Word, (5) Picture + Spoken Word, (6) Picture + Printed Word, and (7) Printed Word, Picture + Spoken Word. 30 words, 6 from each of 5 categories, were presented to each group. A new stimulus was presented every 5 sec. Subjects were to recall (in writing) as many stimuli as possible in 5 min. regardless of order. One-way between-groups analyses of variance were conducted on recall and cluster index scores. A significant main effect of mode of presentation showed that recall was best for the Picture or multimodal group (Printed Word, Picture + Spoken Word). Groups receiving only the spoken or printed word showed significantly poorer recall than the multimodal groups. No statistically significant differences between groups were found on the cluster index score. It appears that the simultaneous presentation of redundant stimuli in multiple modalities does support the multiple-resource hypothesis by displaying enhanced recall when information is available from multiple attentional resources.
Videotape- versus Pellet-Reward Preferences in Joystick Tasks by Macaques
Authors: Washburn David A. , Hopkins William D.
Published: August 2011

Andrews and Rosenblum (1993) convincingly demonstrated the effectiveness of live-social-video reward for joystick-task performance by bonnet macaques. We performed a similar series of experiments with quite different results. Taken together, these experiments emphasize the importance of the variability in individual preferences for reward effectiveness.