bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Margins in Stage I and II Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Puram Sidharth V. , Mays Ashley C. , Bayon Rodrigo , Bell Diana , Chung Jeffson , Fundakowski Christopher E. , Johnson Bradley T. , Massa Sean T. , Sharma Arun , Varvares Mark A.
Published: June 2023

Importance

The assessment and management of surgical margins in stage I and II oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most important perioperative aspects of oncologic care, with profound implications for patient outcomes and adjuvant therapy. Understanding and critically reviewing the existing data surrounding margins in this context is necessary to rigorously care for this challenging group of patients and minimize patient morbidity and mortality.

Observations

This review discusses the data related to the definitions related to surgical margins, methods for assessment, specimen vs tumor bed margin evaluation, and re-resection of positive margins. The observations presented emphasize notable controversy within the field about margin assessment, with early data coalescing around several key aspects of management, although studies are limited by their design.

Conclusions and Relevance

Stage I and II oral cavity cancer requires surgical resection with negative margins to obtain optimal oncologic outcomes, but controversy persists over margin assessment. Future studies with improved, well-controlled study designs are required to more definitively guide margin assessment and management.
The effect of extended shift work on autonomic function in occupational settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Jelmini Jacob D , Ross Jeremy , Whitehurst Lauren N , Heebner Nicholas R
Published: June 2023

Objective

To examine the effect of 24-h shift work on autonomic nervous system function via heart rate variability (HRV) methodologies.

Methods

Electronic databases (indexed in either PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, or OpenDissertations) were searched from January 1964 to March 2023. A modified Downs and Black checklist was used for assessing methodological quality and the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to evaluate the quality of evidence. Study design, study population, study sample, shift work description, and assessment of HRV metrics and methods were extracted from each study.

Findings

A total of 58 478 study articles were identified, of which 12 articles met inclusion criteria. Sample sizes varied from eight to 60 participants, with the ratio of low- to high-frequency HRV (LF/HF) as the most common frequency-domain variable reported. Of the nine included studies that observed LF/HF, three (33.3%) demonstrated a significant increase after 24-h shift work. Moreover, of the five studies that reported HF, two (40%) noted a significant decrease after 24-h shift work. When observing risk of bias, two (16.6%) studies were low quality, five (41.7%) were moderate quality, and five (41.7%) were high quality.

Interpretation

There were inconsistent findings demonstrating an effect of 24-h shift work on autonomic function, with a suggested shift away from parasympathetic dominance. Discrepancies in HRV methodologies, such as the duration of recordings and hardware used for measurement, may have contributed to the disparity in findings. In addition, differences in roles and responsibilities across occupations may explain the incongruence in findings across studies.
Species, the Value of
Authors: Rolston Holmes
Published: June 2023

When animals, birds, and plants vanish from the landscape, this raises public concern. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, reporting a multinational consensus of hundreds of experts, concluded: “Over the past few hundred years, humans have increased species extinction rates by as much as 1,000 times background rates that were typical over Earth's history.” The US Congress, deploring the lack of “adequate concern [for] and conservation [of]” species, passed the Endangered Species Act 1973. A quite effective international convention from the same year is CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). Loss of species seems intuitively bad, but why? What values are attached to species?
Event‐triggered adaptive fuzzy optimal control of modular robot manipulators using zero‐sum differential game through value iteration
Authors: Dong Bo , Feng Zhian , Cui Yiming , Zhu Xinye , An Tianjiao
Published: June 2023

In this article, a novel event‐triggered zero‐sum differential game through value iteration (VI)‐based adaptive fuzzy control is proposed for modular robot manipulators (MRMs) with uncertain disturbance. The subsystem dynamic of MRMs is established by joint torque feedback (JTF) technology. An identifier based on fuzzy logic model (FLM) is established to identify unknown system dynamics. Then, the trajectory tracking control issue of MRMs with uncertain disturbance is transformed into a two‐player zero‐sum differential game. On the basis of event‐triggered mechanism and VI algorithm, the event‐triggered Hamilton–Jacobi–Issacs (HJI) equation is approximately solved through establishment of actor‐critic structure. Different from the traditional adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) algorithm, this scheme is based on adaptive fuzzy optimal control through an actor‐critic structure, which refers to adaptation of both optimal cost function and optimal control policy. Moreover, tracking errors of closed‐loop MRM system are demonstrated to be uniformly ultimately bounded (UUB) under Lyapunov stability theorem. At last, experimental examples and comparisons show the reliability and effectiveness of this method.
Challenges and Opportunities of Implantable Neural Interfaces: From Material, Electrochemical and Biological Perspectives
Authors: Zeng Qi , Huang Zhaoling
Published: June 2023

The desirable implantable neural interfaces can accurately record bioelectrical signals from neurons and regulate neural activities with high spatial/time resolution, facilitating the understanding of neuronal functions and dynamics. However, the electrochemical performance (impedance, charge storage/injection capacity) is limited with the miniaturization and integration of neural electrodes. The “crosstalk” caused by the uneven distribution of elctric field leads to lower electrical stimulation/recording efficiency. The mismatch between stiff electrodes and soft tissues exacerbates the inflammatory responses, thus weakening the transmission of signals. Though remarkable breakthroughs have been made through the incorporation of optimizing electrode design and functionalized nanomaterials, the chronic stability, and long‐term activity in vivo of the neural electrodes still need further development. In this review, the neural interface challenges mainly on electrochemistry and biology are discussed, followed by summarizing typical electrode optimization technologies and exploring recent advances in the application of nanomaterials, based on traditional metallic materials, emerging 2D materials, conducting polymer hydrogels, etc., for enhancing neural interfaces. The strategies for improving the durability including enhanced adhesion and minimized inflammatory response, are also summarized. The promising directions are finally presented to provide enlightenment for high‐performance neural interfaces in future, which will promote profound progress in neuroscience research.
Synergy of Organic and Inorganic Sites in 2D Perovskite for Fast Neutron and X‐Ray Imaging
Authors: Shao Wenyi , Li Qiang , He Tengyue , Zhang Yue , Niu Mengchen , Wang Hongyun , Zhang Zhenzhong , Zhou Yang , Wang Jian‐Xin , Fan Ruirui , Xia Xiaochuan , Bakr Osman M. , Mohammed Omar F. , Liang Hongwei
Published: June 2023

Fast neutron and X‐ray imaging are considered complementary nondestructive detection technologies. However, due to their opposite cross‐sections, development of a scintillator that is sensitive to both fast neutrons and X‐rays within a single‐material framework remains challenging. Herein, an organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite (C4H9NH3)2PbBr4 (BPB) is demonstrated as a scintillator that fully meets the requirements for both fast neutron and X‐ray detection. The hydrogen‐rich organic component acts as a fast neutron converter and produces detectable recoil protons. The heavy atom‐rich inorganic fraction efficiently deposits the energy of charged recoil protons and directly provides a large X‐ray cross‐section. Due to the synergy of these organic and inorganic components, the BPB scintillator exhibits high light yields (86% of the brightness of a commercial ZnS (Ag)/6LiF scintillator for fast neutrons; 22 000 photons per MeV for X‐rays) and fast response times (τdecay = 10.3 ns). More importantly, energy‐selective fast neutron and X‐ray imaging are also demonstrated, with high resolutions of ≈1 lp mm−1 for fast neutrons and 17.3 lp mm−1 for X‐rays; these are among the highest resolution levels for 2D perovskite scintillators. This study highlights the potential of 2D perovskite materials for use in combined fast neutron and X‐ray imaging applications.
Bandwidth Control and Symmetry Breaking in a Mott‐Hubbard Correlated Metal
Authors: Shoham Lishai , Baskin Maria , Tiwald Tom , Ankonina Guy , Han Myung‐Geun , Zakharova Anna , Caspi Shaked , Joseph Shay , Zhu Yimei , Inoue Isao H. , Piamonteze Cinthia , Rozenberg Marcelo J. , Kornblum Lior
Published: June 2023

In Mott materials strong electron correlation yields a spectrum of complex electronic structures. Recent synthesis advancements open realistic opportunities for harnessing Mott physics to design transformative devices. However, a major bottleneck in realizing such devices remains the lack of control over the electron correlation strength. This stems from the complexity of the electronic structure, which often veils the basic mechanisms underlying the correlation strength. This study presents control of the correlation strength by tuning the degree of orbital overlap using picometer‐scale lattice engineering. This study illustrates how bandwidth control and concurrent symmetry breaking can govern the electronic structure of a correlated SrVO3 model system. This study shows how tensile and compressive biaxial strain oppositely affect the SrVO3 in‐plane and out‐of‐plane orbital occupancy, resulting in the partial alleviation of the orbital degeneracy. The spectral weight redistribution under strain is derived and explained, which illustrates how high tensile strain drives the system toward a Mott insulating state. Implementation of such concepts can push correlated electron phenomena closer toward new solid‐state devices and circuits. These findings therefore pave the way for understanding and controlling electron correlation in a broad range of functional materials, driving this powerful resource for novel electronics closer toward practical realization.
A Novel Strategy for Visualizing, Tracing, and Measuring the Gastrointestinal Absorption of Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Xudong , Xu Lining , Ma Minghao , Xu Ming , Zhou Qunfang , Liu Sijin , Jiang Guibin
Published: June 2023

The silver‐based formulation has become one of the most widely used nanoagents for agrifood industry and clinical translation. However, the in vivo fate of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) via oral exposure remains poorly understood. Here, a specific strategy is shown for tracking the gastrointestinal transformation, intestinal absorption, and organ distribution of particulate Ag after oral exposure by using the gold (Au)‐Ag core−shell NPs (Au@AgNPs). Taking advantage of both plasmonic and elemental characteristics of Au@AgNPs, the transformation of particulate Ag in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and later on, intestinal absorption are visualized at the single‐particle level. Furthermore, quantitative analysis reveals that the clearance rate of ingested particulate Ag from the blood and organs is much higher than that of ionic Ag, and at 6 h post‐oral administration, the former only contributed 0.08%, 1.10%, and 0.64% of the total Ag in the liver, spleen, and kidneys. Finally, the transcellular and paracellular pathways are identified as two possible mechanisms responsible for the transepithelial transport of particulate Ag. This study opens an avenue toward the examination of oral bioavailability of NPs and may have important implications in exploring the oral delivery technologies of nanoagents.
Observation of Chirality‐Induced Roton‐Like Dispersion in a 3D Micropolar Elastic Metamaterial
Authors: Chen Yi , Schneider Jonathan L. G. , Groß Michael F. , Wang Ke , Kalt Sebastian , Scott Philip , Kadic Muamer , Wegener Martin
Published: June 2023

A theoretical paper based on chiral micropolar effective‐medium theory suggested the possibility of unusual roton‐like acoustical‐phonon dispersion relations in 3D elastic materials. Here, as a first novelty, the corresponding inverse problem is solved, that is, a specific 3D chiral elastic metamaterial structure is designed, the behavior of which follows this effective‐medium description. The metamaterial structure is based on a simple‐cubic lattice of cubes, each of which not only has three translational but also three rotational degrees of freedom. The additional rotational degrees of freedom are crucial within micropolar elasticity. The cubes and their degrees of freedom are coupled by a chiral network of slender rods. As a second novelty, this complex metamaterial is manufactured in polymer form by 3D laser printing and its behavior is characterized experimentally by phonon‐band‐structure measurements. The results of these measurements, microstructure finite‐element calculations, and solutions of micropolar effective‐medium theory are in good agreement. The roton‐like dispersion behavior of the lowest phonon branch results from two aspects. First, chirality splits the transverse acoustical branches as well as the transverse optical branches. Second, chirality leads to an ultrastrong coupling and hybridization of chiral acoustical and optical phonons at finite wavevectors.
MOF‐Based Electromagnetic Shields Multiscale Design: Nanoscale Chemistry, Microscale Assembly, and Macroscale Manufacturing
Authors: Panahi‐Sarmad Mahyar , Samsami Shakiba , Ghaffarkhah Ahmadreza , Hashemi Seyyed Alireza , Ghasemi Shayan , Amini Majed , Wuttke Stefan , Rojas Orlando , Tam Kam Chiu , Jiang Feng , Arjmand Mohammad , Ahmadijokani Farhad , Kamkar Milad
Published: June 2023

The effects of electromagnetic (EM) radiation have received increased attention, closely associated with the widespread use of electronics and wireless communication. A significant development in the area is the recent adoption of metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) to effectively enable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. MOF tunable molecular scaffold architecture offers numerous pathways to generate customizable magnetic and electrical properties, which are prerequisite materials characteristics for efficient EMI shielding performance. Their flexibility in terms of structural design, accompanied by high porosity and large specific surface area, makes MOFs excellent candidates to shield EM waves at multiple scales. Herein, the crucial role of molecular‐, nano‐, micro‐, and macro‐scale structural design is reviewed in accordance with the shielding performance of MOFs. The current design strategies of MOF‐based EMI shields are systematically outlined, and the shielding mechanisms are also expounded based on their structural features. The factors that hinder the widespread utilization of functional MOF‐derived EMI shields are also examined. Future research directions are unveiled for the rational design of the next‐generation MOF‐based EMI shields to address the pressing EM radiation concerns.
A Biomimicking and Multiarm Self‐Indicating Nanoassembly for Site‐Specific Photothermal‐Potentiated Thrombolysis Assessed in Microfluidic and In Vivo Models
Authors: Liu Kuan‐Ting , Quiñones Edgar Daniel , Liu Ming‐Hsin , Lin Che‐Wei , Chen Yan‐Ting , Chiang Chia‐Che , Wu Kevin Chia‐Wen , Fan Yu‐Jui , Chuang Er‐Yuan , Yu Jiashing
Published: June 2023

Thrombolytic and antithrombotic therapies are limited by short circulation time and the risk of off‐target hemorrhage. Integrating a thrombus‐homing strategy with photothermal therapy are proposed to address these limitations. Using glycol chitosan, polypyrrole, iron oxide and heparin, biomimicking GCPIH nanoparticles are developed for targeted thrombus delivery and thrombolysis. The nanoassembly achieves precise delivery of polypyrrole, exhibiting biocompatibility, selective accumulation at multiple thrombus sites, and enhanced thrombolysis through photothermal activation. To simulate targeted thrombolysis, a microfluidic model predicting thrombolysis dynamics in realistic pathological scenarios is designed. Human blood assessments validate the precise homing of GCPIH nanoparticles to activated thrombus microenvironments. Efficient near‐infrared phototherapeutic effects are demonstrated at thrombus lesions under physiological flow conditions ex vivo. The combined investigations provide compelling evidence supporting the potential of GCPIH nanoparticles for effective thrombus therapy. The microfluidic model also offers a platform for advanced thrombolytic nanomedicine development.
3D Printed Chondrogenic Functionalized PGS Bioactive Scaffold for Cartilage Regeneration
Authors: Wang Sinan , Luo Bin , Bai Baoshuai , Wang Qianyi , Chen Hongying , Tan Xiaoyan , Tang Zhengya , Shen Sisi , Zhou Hengxing , You Zhengwei , Zhou Guangdong , Lei Dong
Published: June 2023

Tissue engineering is emerging as a promising approach for cartilage regeneration and repair. Endowing scaffolds with cartilaginous bioactivity to obtain bionic microenvironment and regulating the matching of scaffold degradation and regeneration play a crucial role in cartilage regeneration. Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) is a representative thermosetting bioelastomer known for its elasticity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility and is widely used in tissue engineering. However, the modification and drug loading of the PGS scaffold is still a key challenge due to its high temperature curing conditions and limited reactive groups, which seriously hinders its further functional application. Here, a simple versatile new strategy of super swelling‐absorption and cross‐linked networks locking is presented to successfully create the 3D printed PGS‐CS/Gel scaffold for the first time based on FDA‐approved PGS, gelatin (Gel) and chondroitin sulfate (CS). The PGS‐CS/Gel scaffold exhibits the desirable synergistic properties of well‐organized hierarchical structures, excellent elasticity, improved hydrophilicity, and cartilaginous bioactivity, which can promote the adhesion, proliferation, and migration of chondrocytes. Importantly, the rate of cartilage regeneration can be well‐matched with degradation of PGS‐CS/Gel scaffold, and achieve uniform and mature cartilage tissue without scaffold residual. The bioactive scaffold can successfully repair cartilage in a rabbit trochlear groove defect model indicating a promising prospect of clinical transformation.
Ion–Dipole Interaction Enabling Highly Efficient CsPbI3 Perovskite Indoor Photovoltaics
Authors: Wang Kai‐Li , Lu Haizhou , Li Meng , Chen Chun‐Hao , Bo Zhang Ding‐ , Chen Jing , Wu Jun‐Jie , Zhou Yu‐Hang , Wang Xue‐Qi , Su Zhen‐Huang , Shi Yi‐Ran , Tian Qi‐Sheng , Ni Yu‐Xiang , Gao Xing‐Yu , Zakeeruddin Shaik M. , Grätzel Michael , Wang Zhao‐Kui , Liao Liang‐Sheng
Published: June 2023

Metal halide perovskites are ideal candidates for indoor photovoltaics (IPVs) because of their easy‐to‐adjust bandgaps, which can be designed to cover the spectrum of any artificial light source. However, the serious non‐radiative carrier recombination under low light illumination restrains the application of perovskite‐based IPVs (PIPVs). Herein, polar molecules of amino naphthalene sulfonates are employed to functionalize the TiO2 substrate, anchoring the CsPbI3 perovskite crystal grains with a strong ion–dipole interaction between the molecule‐level polar interlayer and the ionic perovskite film. The resulting high‐quality CsPbI3 films with the merit of defect‐immunity and large shunt resistance under low light conditions enable the corresponding PIPVs with an indoor power conversion efficiency of up to 41.2% (Pin: 334.11 µW cm−2, Pout: 137.66 µW cm−2) under illumination from a commonly used indoor light‐emitting diode light source (2956 K, 1062 lux). Furthermore, the device also achieves efficiencies of 29.45% (Pout: 9.80 µW cm−2) and 32.54% (Pout: 54.34 µW cm−2) at 106 (Pin: 33.84 µW cm−2) and 522 lux (Pin: 168.21 µW cm−2), respectively.
High‐Efficiency Silicon Nanowire Array Near Infrared Photodetectors via Length Control and SiOx Surface Passivation
Authors: Son Bongkwon , Shin Sang‐Ho , Zhao Zhi‐Jun , Ju Byeong‐Kwon , Jeong Jun‐Ho , Kim Munho , Tan Chuan Seng
Published: June 2023

Silicon (Si) nanowire (NW) array is a promising light‐trapping platform due to the strong interaction between light and nanostructure. A photodetector benefits from the improved optical absorption in the Si NW array. Although the optical absorption increases with the NW length, the large NW length is not always preferable owing to the large surface area. Herein, the systematic study on the Si NW array photodetectors with varied NW lengths is investigated. It is revealed that the photodetectors with 1 µm length provide a highest responsivity of 0.65 A W−1 and a specific detectivity of 1.40 × 109 cm Hz1/2 W−1 at the wavelength of 1000 nm, including the dark current of 54 µA at 1 V. In addition, the silicon oxide (SiOx) surface passivation is introduced to induce the high photogain. As a result, the responsivity is improved by 13 times (0.55 A W−1) at 1100 nm. This work proposes high‐efficiency Si NW array photodetectors by the NW array length control and the SiOx surface passivation.
Graph Theory Design of 3D Printed Conductive Lattice Electrodes
Authors: Huddy Julia E. , Tiwari Anand P. , Zhao Huan , Li Yan , Scheideler William J.
Published: June 2023

3D printing has the promising capability to fabricate engineered lattice structures with broadly tunable surface area and optimal geometries for maximizing structural and functional properties. This study characterizes the electrical conductivity of 3D lattices of varying size, structure, and porosity to guide additively manufactured electrode design in energy storage devices. Graph theory‐based calculations and experiments comparing the conductivity of multiple strut lattice structures and illustrating the scaling laws governing architectures with either coated or solid conductive struts are presented. The lightweight lattices explored here show higher conductivity than random foams that lack a periodic mesostructure. It is experimentally demonstrated that the 3D lattice type influences the specific capacity when employed in supercapacitors, outperforming 2D supercapacitor counterparts, and other 3D printed electrodes while allowing for optimization of the design for different energy storage applications. Additionally, it is shown that tuning the physical structure of the lattices allows for precise control over the electrical response to mechanical loading, as confirmed through experimental measurements. The lattice structure programs the electrodes’ mechanical stiffness, with higher relative density samples showing higher Young's modulus. These results can serve to guide the design of 3D printed electrodes in a variety of electrochemical and electromechanical device applications.
3D Printing of Ionic Liquid Polymer Networks for Stretchable Conductive Sensors
Authors: Narupai Benjaporn , Wong Jitkanya , Sanchez‐Rexach Eva , Smith‐Jones Julian , Le Vy Chau Thao , Sadaba Naroa , Sardon Haritz , Nelson Alshakim
Published: June 2023

Stretchable conductive materials have attracted great attention due to their potential applications as strain sensors, wearable electronics, soft robotics, and medical devices. The fabrication of these materials with customized object geometries is desirable, but the methods to achieve them are still highly limited. Additive manufacturing via vat photopolymerization can generate sophisticated object geometries, but there is still a significant need to print with materials that afford improved conductivity, mechanical properties, elastic recovery, and durability. Herein, stretchable strain sensors with a range of 3D printed designs are reported using vat photopolymerization. Ionic liquid resins are optimized for their printability using Sudan‐I as a photoabsorber and used to fabricate 3D objects that are subjected to compression, stretching, and bending loads that are detected as real‐time changes in current. Additionally, the self‐adhesive nature of these materials enables mechanically damaged structures to be mended together to regain its function as a strain sensor. These ionic liquid resins are compatible with commercial 3D printers, which enhances their applicability for on‐demand production of customized devices.
3D Bioprinting and Its Role in a Wound Healing Renaissance
Authors: Tanfani Joseph D. , Monpara Jasmin D. , Jonnalagadda Sriramakamal
Published: June 2023

3D printing (3DP) is an accessible platform being increasingly utilized by independent researchers in fields ranging from industrial manufacturing to medicine. 3D bioprinting is a form of 3D printing that makes use of “bioinks,” organic or synthetic polymer formulations that are often laden with cells. The wide range of materials available means that bioinks can be tailored to the types of tissue that they are meant to emulate. Human skin has a complex microenvironment consisting of numerous layers, cell types, growth factors, and molecular signaling pathways. 3D bioprinting's flexibility and ability to create complex, bioactive structures means that it has great potential in creating artificial skin constructs for skin wound regeneration. While the available materials and cell types for 3DP are large, an ideal bioink for printing artificial skin remains yet to be found. This review will cover the various types of 3DP, the bioinks commonly used, the functionalization of printed artificial skin constructs, challenges that arise in the 3D bioprinting of skin, and future directions for the field. The structure of skin and the wound healing process will also be discussed, as sufficient understanding of these subjects is key to the development of therapeutic artificial skin constructs.
Narrowband and Broadband Dual‐Mode Perovskite Photodetector for RGB Detection Application
Authors: Fan Qingshan , Zhang Hanqing , Li Keqiang , Jin Ziheng , Zhang Ting , Wan Chen , Liu Xiaodong , Li Shibin , Huang Jiang
Published: June 2023

Wavelength‐selective light detection is becoming more and more prevalent as new sectors emerge, such as imaging, wearable electronic devices, the Internet of Things, machine vision, and biosensing. Traditional narrowband RGB detection necessitates several separate devices for different colors by changing the active layer materials or applying color filters ahead of the broadband detector, which increases the architectural complexity and limits the quality of color sensing. Here, this work devises a novel dual‐mode perovskite photodetector with both narrowband and broadband light sensing based on the imbalance transportation of carriers in the perovskite: Rhodamine B (RhB) active layer. In Mode 1, under light illumination from ITO, a narrowband response in 600–700 nm is obtained with a specific detectivity (D*) of 6.7 × 1011Jones, responsivity (R) of 7.6 mA W−1, and a full‐width at half‐maximum (FWHM) of 80 nm. In Mode 2, under light illumination from Ag, the visible broadband response of 400–700 nm is achieved with a D* of 1012Jones and R over 80 mA W−1. Furtherly, by designing a simple optical system and signal processing, RGB light signals are detected independently and panchromatic image sensing and rebuilding are realized. This work will give inspiration to architecture design for multi‐band integrated photodetectors.
Tuning Oxygen Vacancy in CaZnOS through Cation Substitution for Substantially Enhanced Multimode Luminescence of Mn2+ and Tb3+
Authors: Wang Zhihao , Wang Bohan , Zeng Xiping , Peng Dengfeng , Wang Yu
Published: June 2023

Current luminescence materials are abundantly available for visualization fields on a theoretical level, while the lack of luminescent intensity has largely hindered their practical application. Here, the substantial enhancement of the multimode luminescence is demonstrated including mechanoluminescence (ML), photoluminescence (PL), and X‐ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL) for Mn2+ and Tb3+ in zinc calcium oxysulfide (CaZnOS) by increasing the concentration of oxygen vacancies (OVs). Through a comprehensive structure analysis, it is found that the CaZnOS lattice has a tolerance of 60% of Sr2+ with respect to Ca2+ in the methodology. The experimental characterizations verified that the lattice distortion of CaZnOS originating from Sr2+ incorporation can efficiently promote the elimination of oxygen elements and simultaneously produce more OVs in the matrix, which can effectively fortify the trapped electrons and ultimately promote stronger luminescence. The ML, PL, and XEOL achieve around two to six times’ enhancement after Sr2+ incorporation. The findings provide insight into mechanisms underlying the luminescence behavior change of phosphors after cation substitution and may have wide implications for the practical application of intrinsically defective phosphors.
Reliable Identification and Interpretation of Single‐Cell Molecular Heterogeneity and Transcriptional Regulation using Dynamic Ensemble Pruning
Authors: Fan Yi , Wang Yunhe , Wang Fuzhou , Huang Lei , Yang Yuning , Wong Ka‐Chun , Li Xiangtao
Published: June 2023

Unsupervised clustering is an essential step in identifying cell types from single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) data. However, a common issue with unsupervised clustering models is that the optimization direction of the objective function and the final generated clustering labels in the absence of supervised information may be inconsistent or even arbitrary. To address this challenge, a dynamic ensemble pruning framework (DEPF) is proposed to identify and interpret single‐cell molecular heterogeneity. In particular, a silhouette coefficient‐based indicator is developed to determine the optimization direction of the bi‐objective function. In addition, a hierarchical autoencoder is employed to project the high‐dimensional data onto multiple low‐dimensional latent space sets, and then a clustering ensemble is produced in the latent space by the basic clustering algorithm. Following that, a bi‐objective fruit fly optimization algorithm is designed to prune dynamically the low‐quality basic clustering in the ensemble. Multiple experiments are conducted on 28 real scRNA‐seq datasets and one large real scRNA‐seq dataset from diverse platforms and species to validate the effectiveness of the DEPF. In addition, biological interpretability and transcriptional and post‐transcriptional regulatory are conducted to explore biological patterns from the cell types identified, which could provide novel insights into characterizing the mechanisms.
Longitudinal Single‐Cell Imaging of Engineered Strains with Stimulated Raman Scattering to Characterize Heterogeneity in Fatty Acid Production
Authors: Tague Nathan , Lin Haonan , Lugagne Jean‐Baptiste , O'Connor Owen M. , Burman Deeya , Wong Wilson W. , Cheng Ji‐Xin , Dunlop Mary J.
Published: June 2023

Understanding metabolic heterogeneity is critical for optimizing microbial production of valuable chemicals, but requires tools that can quantify metabolites at the single‐cell level over time. Here, longitudinal hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) chemical imaging is developed to directly visualize free fatty acids in engineered Escherichia coli over many cell cycles. Compositional analysis is also developed to estimate the chain length and unsaturation of the fatty acids in living cells. This method reveals substantial heterogeneity in fatty acid production among and within colonies that emerges over the course of many generations. Interestingly, the strains display distinct types of production heterogeneity in an enzyme‐dependent manner. By pairing time‐lapse and SRS imaging, the relationship between growth and production at the single‐cell level are examined. The results demonstrate that cell‐to‐cell production heterogeneity is pervasive and provides a means to link single‐cell and population‐level production.
Polyglycerol‐Amine Covered Nanosheets Target Cell‐Free DNA to Attenuate Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Wu Kefei , Lu Xiaohui , Li Yi , Wang Yating , Liu Ming , Li Hongyu , Li Huiyan , Liu Qinghua , Shao Dan , Chen Wei , Zhou Yi , Tu Zhaoxu , Mao Haiping
Published: June 2023

Increased levels of circulating cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) are associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI). Scavenging cfDNA by nanomaterials is regarded as a promising remedy for cfDNA‐associated diseases, but a nanomaterial‐based cfDNA scavenging strategy has not yet been reported for AKI treatment. Herein, polyglycerol‐amine (PGA)‐covered MoS2 nanosheets with suitable size are synthesized to bind negatively charged cfDNA in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo models. The nanosheets exhibit higher cfDNA binding capacity than polymer PGA and PGA‐based nanospheres owing to the flexibility and crimpability of their 2D backbone. Moreover, with low cytotoxicity and mild protein adsorption, the nanosheets effectively reduced serum cfDNA levels and predominantly accumulated in the kidneys to inhibit the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps and renal inflammation, thereby alleviating both lipopolysaccharide and ischemia‐reperfusion induced AKI in mice. Further, they decreased the serum cfDNA levels in samples from AKI patients. Thus, PGA‐covered MoS2 nanosheets can serve as a potent cfDNA scavenger for treating AKI and other cfDNA‐associated diseases. In addition, this work demonstrates the pivotal feature of a 2D sheet‐like structure in the development of the cfDNA scavenger, which can provide a new insight into the future design of nanoplatforms for modulating inflammation.
Electrochemical Nitrogen Fixation for Green Ammonia: Recent Progress and Challenges
Authors: Jin Haneul , Kim Suyeon S. , Venkateshalu Sandhya , Lee Jeseok , Lee Kwangyeol , Jin Kyoungsuk
Published: June 2023

Ammonia, a key feedstock used in various industries, has been considered a sustainable fuel and energy storage option. However, NH3 production via the conventional Haber–Bosch process is costly, energy‐intensive, and significantly contributing to a massive carbon footprint. An electrochemical synthetic pathway for nitrogen fixation has recently gained considerable attention as NH3 can be produced through a green process without generating harmful pollutants. This review discusses the recent progress and challenges associated with the two relevant electrochemical pathways: direct and indirect nitrogen reduction reactions. The detailed mechanisms of these reactions and highlight the recent efforts to improve the catalytic performances are discussed. Finally, various promising research strategies and remaining tasks are presented to highlight future opportunities in the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction.
Antibody‐Drug Conjugates to Treat Bacterial Biofilms via Targeting and Extracellular Drug Release
Authors: Tvilum Anne , Johansen Mikkel I. , Glud Lærke N. , Ivarsen Diana M. , Khamas Amanda B. , Carmali Sheiliza , Mhatre Snehit Satish , Søgaard Ane B. , Faddy Emma , de Vor Lisanne , Rooijakkers Suzan H. M. , Østergaard Lars , Jørgensen Nis P. , Meyer Rikke L. , Zelikin Alexander N.
Published: June 2023

The treatment of implant‐associated bacterial infections and biofilms is an urgent medical need and a grand challenge because biofilms protect bacteria from the immune system and harbor antibiotic‐tolerant persister cells. This need is addressed herein through an engineering of antibody‐drug conjugates (ADCs) that contain an anti‐neoplastic drug mitomycin C, which is also a potent antimicrobial against biofilms. The ADCs designed herein release the conjugated drug without cell entry, via a novel mechanism of drug release which likely involves an interaction of ADC with the thiols on the bacterial cell surface. ADCs targeted toward bacteria are superior by the afforded antimicrobial effects compared to the non‐specific counterpart, in suspension and within biofilms, in vitro, and in an implant‐associated murine osteomyelitis model in vivo. The results are important in developing ADC for a new area of application with a significant translational potential, and in addressing an urgent medical need of designing a treatment of bacterial biofilms.
Programmable Acoustic Holography using Medium‐Sound‐Speed Modulation
Authors: Xu Mingxin , Wang Jizhen , Harley William S. , Lee Peter V. S. , Collins David J.
Published: June 2023

Acoustic holography offers the ability to generate designed acoustic fields to manipulate microscale objects. However, the static nature or large aperture sizes of 3D printed acoustic holographic phase plates limits the ability to rapidly alter generated fields. In this work， a programmable acoustic holography approach is demonstrated by which multiple discrete or continuously variable acoustic targets can be created. Here, the holographic phase plate encodes multiple images, where the desired field is produced by modifying the sound speed of an intervening fluid media. Its flexibility is demonstrated in generating various acoustic patterns, including continuous line segments, discrete letters and numbers, using this method as a sound speed indicator and fluid identification tool. This programmable acoustic holography approach has the advantages of generating reconfigurable and designed acoustic fields, with broad potential in microfluidics, cell/tissue engineering, real‐time sensing, and medical ultrasound.
An Anti‐Fracture and Super Deformable Soft Hydrogel Network Insensitive to Extremely Harsh Environments
Authors: Yang Baibin , Wang Caihong , Xiang Ruihan , Zhao Qiang , Wu Yong , Tan Shuai
Published: June 2023

Design of hydrogels with superior flexible deformability, anti‐fracture toughness, and reliable environment adaption is fundamentally and practically important for diverse hydrogel‐based flexible devices. However, these features can hardly be compatible even in elaborately designed hydrogels. Herein soft hydrogel networks with superior anti‐fracture and deformability are proposed, which show good adaption to extremely harsh saline or alkaline environments. The hydrogel network is one‐step constructed via hydrophobic homogenous cross‐linking of poly (sodium acrylate), which is expected to provide hydrophobic associations and homogeneous cross‐linking for energy dissipation. The obtained hydrogels are quite soft and deformable (tensile modulus: ≈20 kPa, stretchability: 3700%), but show excellent anti‐fracture toughness (10.6 kJ m−2). The energy dissipation mechanism can be further intensified under saline or alkaline environments. The mechanical performance of the hydrophobic cross‐linking topology is inspired rather than weakened by extremely saline or alkaline environments (stretchability: 3900% and 5100%, toughness: 16.1 and 17.1 kJ m−2 under saturated NaCl and 6 mol L−1 NaOH environments, respectively). The hydrogel network also shows good performance in reversible deformations, ion conductivity, sensing strain, monitoring human motions, and freezing resistance under high‐saline environments. The hydrogel network show unique mechanical performance and robust environment adaption, which is quite promising for diverse applications.
Spin Glass Behavior in Amorphous Cr2Ge2Te6 Phase‐Change Alloy
Authors: Wang Xiaozhe , Sun Suyang , Wang Jiang‐Jing , Li Shuang , Zhou Jian , Aktas Oktay , Xu Ming , Deringer Volker L. , Mazzarello Riccardo , Ma En , Zhang Wei
Published: June 2023

The layered crystal structure of Cr2Ge2Te6 shows ferromagnetic ordering at the two‐dimensional limit, which holds promise for spintronic applications. However, external voltage pulses can trigger amorphization of the material in nanoscale electronic devices, and it is unclear whether the loss of structural ordering leads to a change in magnetic properties. Here, it is demonstrated that Cr2Ge2Te6 preserves the spin‐polarized nature in the amorphous phase, but undergoes a magnetic transition to a spin glass state below 20 K. Quantum‐mechanical computations reveal the microscopic origin of this transition in spin configuration: it is due to strong distortions of the CrTeCr bonds, connecting chromium‐centered octahedra, and to the overall increase in disorder upon amorphization. The tunable magnetic properties of Cr2Ge2Te6 can be exploited for multifunctional, magnetic phase‐change devices that switch between crystalline and amorphous states.
Disentangling day–night contributions toward altering atmospheric desiccation strength for US croplands
Authors: Kukal Meetpal Singh , Irmak Suat
Published: June 2023

Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is the difference between saturation and actual water vapor pressures and is driven by interactions between air temperature and humidity. Globally, VPD observations indicate drying of the atmosphere, while air temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) have changed asymmetrically during daytime versus nighttime. However, whether daytime or nighttime T (Tday and Tnight, respectively) and RH (RHday and RHnight, respectively) have been more important to VPD change is unknown, and so is the seasonal variation of this importance. This research determines the relative contribution of Tday, Tnight, RHday, and RHnight to VPD change observed during 1981–2021 across the conterminous United States. Tday contributed 41% to driving a VPD increase of 2.1 standard deviations (SD), followed by contributions of 25%, 22%, and 12% from RHday, RHnight, and Tnight, respectively. Regions with significant VPD increase have seen increase in Tday (by 1 SD) and Tnight (by 0.9 SD) and a decrease in RHday (by 1 SD) and RHnight (by 3.4 SD). Diurnal asymmetry in warming and drying trends was true for most months, with greater rates of change during the nighttime than daytime. Tday was the dominant driver of the annual mean VPD rise for 70% of the counties, followed by RHday (18%), RHnight (11%), and Tnight (1%). We conclude that warming and drying during the days and nights together explain increased VPD across the US croplands and that climate stressors during days and nights should be viewed independently due to their crop‐specific impacts that vary spatially and seasonally.
The international consensus classification of eosinophilic disorders and systemic mastocytosis
Authors: Wang Sa A. , Orazi Attilio , Gotlib Jason , Reiter Andreas , Tzankov Alexandar , Hasserjian Robert P. , Arber Daniel A. , Tefferi Ayalew
Published: June 2023

Based on new data and increased understanding of disease molecular genetics, the international consensus classification (ICC) has made several changes in the diagnosis and classification of eosinophilic disorders and systemic mastocytosis. Myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia (M/LN‐eo) and gene rearrangements have been renamed as M/LN‐eo with tyrosine kinase gene fusions (M/LN‐eo‐TK). The category has been expanded to include ETV6::ABL1 and FLT3 fusions, and to accept PCM1::JAK2 and its genetic variants as formal members. The overlaps and differences between M/LN‐eo‐TK and BCR::ABL1‐like B‐lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)/de novo T‐ALL sharing the same genetic lesions are addressed. Besides genetics, ICC for the first time has introduced bone marrow morphologic criteria in distinguishing idiopathic hypereosinophilia/hypereosinophilic syndrome from chronic eosinophilic leukemia, not otherwise specified. The major diagnostic criteria for systemic mastocytosis (SM) in the ICC remain largely based on morphology, but several minor modifications/refinements have been made in criteria related to diagnosis, subclassification, and assessment of disease burden (B‐ and C‐findings). This review is to focus on the ICC updates related to these disease entities, illustrated through changes related to morphology, molecular genetics, clinical features, prognosis, and treatment. Two practical algorithms are provided in navigating through the diagnosis and classification systems of hypereosinophilia and SM.
Comparative ontogeny of functional aspects of human cervical vertebrae
Authors: Nalley Thierra K. , Scott Jeremiah E. , McGechie Faye , Grider‐Potter Neysa
Published: June 2023

Objectives

Differences between adult humans and great apes in cervical vertebral morphology are well documented, but the ontogeny of this variation is still largely unexplored. This study examines patterns of growth in functionally relevant features of C1, C2, C4, and C6 in extant humans and apes to understand the development of their disparate morphologies.

Materials and Methods

Linear and angular measurements were taken from 530 cervical vertebrae representing 146 individual humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. Specimens were divided into three age‐categories based on dental eruption: juvenile, adolescent, and adult. Inter‐ and intraspecific comparisons were evaluated using resampling methods.

Results

Of the eighteen variables examined here, seven distinguish humans from apes at the adult stage. Human‐ape differences in features related to atlantoaxial joint function tend to be established by the juvenile stage, whereas differences in features related to the nuchal musculature and movement of the subaxial elements do not fully emerge until adolescence or later. The orientation of the odontoid process—often cited as a feature that distinguishes humans from apes—is similar in adult humans and adult chimpanzees, but the developmental patterns are distinct, with human adultlike morphology being achieved much earlier.

Discussion

The biomechanical consequences of the variation observed here is poorly understood. Whether the differences in growth patterns represent functional links to cranial development or postural changes, or both, requires additional investigation. Determining when humanlike ontogenetic patterns evolved in hominins may provide insight into the functional basis driving the morphological divergence between extant humans and apes.
Millimeter‐Wave WISP Search with Coherent Light‐Shining‐Through‐a‐Wall Toward the STAX Project
Authors: Miyazaki Akira , Lofnes Tor , Caspers Fritz , Spagnolo Paolo , Jelonnek John , Ruess Tobias , Steinmann Johannes L. , Thumm Manfred
Published: June 2023

A dark photon is one of the simplest extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics and can be a dark matter candidate. Dark photons kinetically mix with ordinary photons. The mass range from 10−4to 10−3 eV of such dark photons is underconstrained by laboratory‐based experiments and a new search is therefore motivated. In this mass range, dark photons behave like waves rather than particles and the corresponding electromagnetic waves are in the millimeter‐wave range. The technical difficulties of the millimeter waves have prevented so far dark photon experiments in this mass range. The use of coherent millimeter waves to search for dark photons in a Light‐Shining‐through‐a‐Wall (LSW) experiment is proposed. The merits and limitations of coherent wave detection are clarified and the potential of single photon sensors at microwaves is investigated. Development of millimeter‐wave technology is not only limited to dark photons. Technically, an experiment for dark photons by using electromagnetic waves resembles that for axions, another light dark matter candidate, with static magnetic fields. This paper represents an essential step toward axion LSW in the millimeter‐wave range (Sub‐THz‐AXion experiment; STAX) as a potential successor of an on‐going experiment in infrared.