bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A host target of a bacterial cysteine protease virulence effector plays a key role in convergent evolution of plant innate immune system receptors
Authors: Prokchorchik Maxim , Choi Sera , Chung Eui‐Hwan , Won Kyungho , Dangl Jeffery L. , Sohn Kee Hoon
Published: September 2019

Some virulence effectors secreted from pathogens target host proteins and induce biochemical modifications that are monitored by nucleotide‐binding and leucine‐rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors. Arabidopsis RIN4 protein (AtRIN4: RPM1‐interacting protein 4) homologs are present in diverse plant species and targeted by several bacterial type III effector proteins including the cysteine protease AvrRpt2.

RIN4 is ‘guarded’ by several independently evolved NLRs from various plant species, including Arabidopsis RPS2. Recently, it was shown that the MR5 NLR from a wild apple relative can recognize the AvrRpt2 effector from Erwinia amylovora, but the details of this recognition remained unclear.

The present contribution reports the mechanism of AvrRpt2 recognition by independently evolved NLRs, MR5 from apple and RPS2, both of which require proteolytically processed RIN4 for activation. It shows that the C‐terminal cleaved product of apple RIN4 (MdRIN4) but not AtRIN4 is necessary and sufficient for MR5 activation. Additionally, two polymorphic residues in AtRIN4 and MdRIN4 are identified that are crucial in the regulation of and physical association with NLRs.

It is proposed that polymorphisms in RIN4 from distantly related plant species allow it to remain an effector target while maintaining compatibility with multiple NLRs.
Organelle contacts for lipid mobilization
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: September 2019

Interorganellar cross-talk controls the storage and mobilization of lipids in fruitflies.
Barriers and enablers that influence guideline-based care of geriatric fall patients presenting to the emergency department
Authors: Parks Adam , Eagles Debra , Ge Yipeng , Stiell Ian G , Cheung Warren J
Published: September 2019

Background

Geriatric patients commonly present to the ED after a fall. Recent evidence suggests that ED physicians are poorly adherent to published ED-specific geriatric fall guidelines. This study applied a theoretical domains framework (TDF) approach to systematically investigate barriers and enablers in the provision of guideline-based care to ED geriatric fall patients.

Methods

From June to September 2017, semistructured interviews of staff ED physicians practising in Ontario, Canada, were conducted and analysed. An interview guide based on the TDF was used to capture 14 domains influencing provision of guideline-based care. Relevant domains were identified based on frequencies of beliefs, existence of conflicting beliefs and evidence of strong beliefs that would influence provision of guideline-based care.

Results

Eleven interviews were conducted with practising ED physicians. Thirty belief statements were identified across 13 relevant TDF domains (all exceptOptimism). Prominent themes included lack of knowledge, paucity of evidence, heterogeneous self-perceived skills, perceived increased time and workload, importance of allied health support, inconsistently available allied health workers, lack of positive reinforcement, emotions negatively impacting these clinical encounters and support for memory aids. Overall, ED physicians were supportive of guideline implementation, and believe it will lead to better outcomes for geriatric fall patients.

Conclusion

This study identified important barriers and enablers to provision of guideline-based care in geriatric ED fall patients. Based on these findings, future implementation of guidelines nationally and internationally should focus on improving knowledge and training on guidelines, improving positive reinforcement for guideline-appropriate management, greater allied health support and further research to support guidelines.
Key occupational stressors in the ED: an international comparison
Authors: Greenslade Jaimi H , Wallis Marianne , Johnston Amy N B , Carlström Eric , Wilhelms Daniel B , Crilly Julia
Published: September 2019

Background

The ED Stressor Scale outlines 15 stressors that are of importance for ED staff. Limited research has identified how commonly such stressors occur, or whether such factors are perceived with similar importance across different hospitals. This study sought to examine the frequency or perceived severity of these 15 stressors using a multicentre cohort of emergency clinicians (nurses and physicians) in EDs in two countries (Australia and Sweden).

Method

This was a cross-sectional survey of staff working in eight hospitals in Australia and Sweden. Data were collected between July 2016 and June 2017 (depending on local site approvals) via a printed survey incorporating the 15-item ED stressor scale. The median stress score for each item and the frequency of experiencing each event was reported.

Results

Events causing most distress include heavy workload, death or sexual abuse of a child, inability to provide optimum care and workplace violence. Stressors reported most frequently include dealing with high acuity patients, heavy workload and crowding. Violence, workload, inability to provide optimal care, poor professional relations, poor professional development and dealing with high-acuity patients were reported more commonly by Australian staff. Swedish respondents reported more frequent exposure to mass casualty incidents, crisis management and administrative concerns.

Conclusions

Workload, inability to provide optimal care, workplace violence and death or sexual abuse of a child were consistently reported as the most distressing events across sites. The frequency with which these occurred differed in Australia and Sweden, likely due to differences in the healthcare systems.
Integrating complex systems science into road safety research and practice, part 1: review of formative concepts
Authors: Naumann Rebecca B , Kuhlberg Jill , Sandt Laura , Heiny Stephen , Apostolopoulos Yorghos , Marshall Stephen W , Lich Kristen Hassmiller
Published: September 2019

Many of our most persistent public health problems are complex problems. They arise from a web of factors that interact and change over time and may exhibit resistance to intervention efforts. The domain of systems science provides several tools to help injury prevention researchers and practitioners examine deep, complex and persistent problems and identify opportunities to intervene. Using the increase in pedestrian death rates as an example, we provide (1) an accessible overview of how complex systems science approaches can augment established injury prevention frameworks and (2) a straightforward example of how specific systems science tools can deepen understanding, with a goal of ultimately informing action.
Bifurcations in Ratra–Peebles quintessence models and their extensions
Authors: Humieja Franciszek , Szydłowski Marek
Published: September 2019

We have used the dynamical system approach in order to investigate the dynamics of cosmological models of the flat Universe with a non-minimally coupled canonical and phantom scalar field and the Ratra–Peebles potential. Applying methods of the bifurcation theory we have found three cases for which the Universe undergoes a generic evolution emerging from either the de Sitter or the static Universe state and finishing at the de Sitter state, without the presence of the initial singularity. This generic class of solutions explains both the inflation and the late-time acceleration of the Universe. In this class inflation is an endogenous effect of dynamics itself.
Effect of Ambient PM2.5-Bound BbFA and DahA on Small Airway Dysfunction of Primary Schoolchildren in Northeast China
Authors: Kang Zhen , Liu XiaoBo , Yang Chao , Wang Cheng , Miao XinXiuNan , Na XiaoLin
Published: September 2019

Given the lack of research on the schoolchildren exposure to PM2.5-bound PHAs in northeast China, we investigated the effects of exposure to ambient benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbFA) and dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DahA) bound to PM2.5 on pulmonary ventilation dysfunction (PVD) and small airway dysfunction (SAD). PM2.5 samples at two schools (A and B) were collected, and the concentrations of PM2.5-bound 4–6-ring PAHs were analyzed. PVD and SAD were evaluated by pulmonary function tests in 306 students while urinary MDA and CRP levels were measured. The results confirmed that ambient PM2.5-bound 4–6-ring PHA levels were significantly higher and the PVD and SAD incidence in schools A and B were increased during the heating season. We found that PM2.5-bound BbFA, BkFA, BaP, and DahA levels were only correlated with SAD in schoolchildren; the correlation coefficients of BbFA and DahA were the highest effect estimates, possibly due to altered MDA levels. Therefore, this research enables us to better understand the effects of exposure to ambient PM2.5-bound PHAs on pulmonary function parameters. Our results also showed that identification of hazardous PM2.5-bound BbFA and DahA to health is crucial for preventing the respiratory-related diseases.
Recent Shift in the State of the Western Pacific Subtropical High due to ENSO Change
Authors: Huang Zongci , Zhang Wenjun , Geng Xin , Jin Fei-Fei
Published: September 2019

The boreal summer western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) exhibits a remarkable decadal shift in its spatial pattern and periodicity around the late 1990s. In the former period, the WPSH is primarily characterized by a large-scale uniform pattern over Asia and its surrounding area with an oscillating period of ~4–5 yr. However, the WPSH-related atmospheric circulations shift to a dipole structure and oscillate at ~2–3 yr in the recent period. We found that this decadal shift is largely contributed by the ENSO regime change. During the former period, the tropical Pacific was dominated by the conventional eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) with an oscillating period of ~4–5 yr. Strong anticyclone anomalies usually are maintained over the western North Pacific (WNP) during the EP El Niño decaying summer, accounting for most of the WPSH temporal and spatial variability. In contrast, the recent period features much more frequent occurrence of central Pacific (CP) El Niño events in the tropical Pacific with a ~2–3-yr oscillating period. A dipole structure in the WNP and Indian Ocean is evident during both developing and decaying summers of CP El Niño, consistent with the WPSH leading mode after the late 1990s. The results have important implications for seasonal prediction of the WPSH and associated Asian summer climate anomalies.
Examining the Impact of SMAP Soil Moisture Retrievals on Short-Range Weather Prediction under Weakly and Strongly Coupled Data Assimilation with WRF-Noah
Authors: Lin Liao-Fan , Pu Zhaoxia
Published: September 2019

Remotely sensed soil moisture data are typically incorporated into numerical weather models under a framework of weakly coupled data assimilation (WCDA), with a land surface analysis scheme independent from the atmospheric analysis component. In contrast, strongly coupled data assimilation (SCDA) allows simultaneous correction of atmospheric and land surface states but has not been sufficiently explored with land surface soil moisture data assimilation. This study implemented a variational approach to assimilate the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) 9-km enhanced retrievals into the Noah land surface model coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model under a framework of both WCDA and SCDA. The goal of the study is to quantify the relative impact of assimilating SMAP data under different coupling frameworks on the atmospheric forecasts in the summer. The results of the numerical experiments during July 2016 show that SCDA can provide additional benefits on the forecasts of air temperature and humidity compared to WCDA. Over the U.S. Great Plains, assimilation of SMAP data under WCDA reduces a warm bias in temperature and a dry bias in humidity by 7.3% and 19.3%, respectively, while the SCDA case contributes an additional bias reduction of 2.2% (temperature) and 3.3% (humidity). While WCDA leads to a reduction of RMSE in temperature forecasts by 4.1%, SCDA results in additional reduction of RMSE by 0.8%. For the humidity, the reduction of RMSE is around 1% for both WCDA and SCDA.
Transfer-based decentralisation, economic growth and spatial inequality: Evidence from China’s 2002–2003 tax sharing reform
Authors: Fan Fan , Li Ming , Tao Ran , Yang Dali
Published: September 2019

China has adopted a transfer-based fiscal decentralisation scheme since the mid-1990s. In the 1994 tax sharing reform, the central government significantly raised its share of government revenue vis-à-vis local governments by taking most of the newly created value-added tax on manufacturing. One aim for the adoption of the transfer-based fiscal scheme was to channel more funds to less developed regions and rural areas, and to alleviate growing interregional inequality and urban–rural income disparity. In 2002 and 2003 the Chinese central government further grabbed 50% and 60%, respectively, of the income taxes previously assigned only to local governments while providing more fiscal transfers to the country’s poor regions and the countryside. Utilising the 2002–2003 change in China’s central–local tax sharing regime as an exogenous policy shock, we employ a Simulated Instrumental Variable approach to causally evaluate the effects of the policy shock on growth, interregional inequality and urban–rural disparity. We find the lower local tax share dis-incentivised local governments and led to lower growth. Although higher central transfers helped to reduce interregional inequalities in per capita GDP and per capita income, the equalising effects were only present for urban incomes. We argue that transfer-based decentralisation without bottom-up accountability was detrimental to economic growth and had limited impact on income redistribution.
Social Indicators: A Comparison Among Selected Countries
Authors: Iqbal Badar Alam , Rahman Mohd Nayyer , Hasan Munir
Published: September 2019

The difference between growth and development is not subtle but substantially huge and the gap is ever increasing. The dividing line is social indicators. Countries witnessing high growth rates for decades are not equal performers in development when social indicators are observed. India is an emerging economy on the one hand and a developing on the other hand but a lower income country as per World Bank statistic. While India holds economic indicators that appears to be promising to the world and investors that is not the case with social indicators. The present study is an attempt to critically review the social indicators for India and to trace the trajectory of fall or growth in such indicators while comparing with selected countries.
Disease–treatment interactions in the management of patients with obesity and diabetes who have atrial fibrillation: the potential mediating influence of epicardial adipose tissue
Authors: Packer Milton
Published: September 2019

Both obesity and type 2 diabetes are important risk factors for atrial fibrillation (AF), possibly because they both cause an expansion of epicardial adipose tissue, which is the source of proinflammatory adipocytokines that can lead to microvascular dysfunction and fibrosis of the underlying myocardium. If the derangement of epicardial fat adjoins the left atrium, the result is an atrial myopathy, which is clinically manifest as AF. In patients with AF, there is a close relationship between epicardial fat volume and the severity of electrophysiological abnormalities in the adjacent myocardial tissues, and epicardial fat mass predicts AF in the general population. The expansion of epicardial adipose tissue in obesity and type 2 diabetes may also affect the left ventricle, impairing its distensibility and leading to heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Patients with obesity or type 2 diabetes with AF often have HFpEF, but the diagnosis may be missed, if dyspnea is attributed to increased body mass or to the arrhythmia. The expected response to the treatment for obesity, diabetes or AF may be influenced by their effects on epicardial inflammation and the underlying atrial and ventricular myopathy. Bariatric surgery and metformin reduce epicardial fat mass and ameliorate AF, whereas insulin promotes adipogenesis and cardiac fibrosis, and its use is accompanied by an increased risk of AF. Rate control strategies for AF may impair exercise tolerance, because they allow for greater time for ventricular filling in patients who cannot tolerate volume loading because of cardiac fibrosis and HFpEF. At the same time, both obesity and diabetes decrease the expected success rate of rhythm control strategies for AF (e.g., electrical cardioversion or catheter ablation), because increased epicardial adipose tissue volumes and cardiac fibrosis are important determinants of AF recurrence following these procedures.
Net age, but not integrity, may be associated with decreased protection against Plasmodium falciparum infection in southern Malawi
Authors: Andronescu Liana R. , Buchwald Andrea G. , Coalson Jenna E. , Cohee Lauren , Bauleni Andy , Walldorf Jenny A. , Kandangwe Chifundo , Mzilahowa Themba , Taylor Terrie E. , Mathanga Don P. , Laufer Miriam K.
Published: September 2019

Background

Distribution campaigns for insecticide-treated nets (ITN) have increased the use of ITNs in Malawi, but malaria prevalence remains high even among those using the nets. Previous studies have addressed ITN ownership, insecticide resistance, and frequency of ITN use as possible contributing factors to the high prevalence of malaria infection despite high ITN coverage, but have rarely considered whether the condition of the ITN, or how many people use it, impacts efficacy. This study assessed how ITN integrity, ITN age, and the number of persons sharing a net might mitigate or reduce protective efficacy among self-identified ITN users in Malawi.

Methods

From 2012 to 2014, six cross-sectional surveys were conducted in both the rainy and dry seasons in southern Malawi. Data were collected on ITN use, integrity (number and size of holes), and age. Blood samples for detecting Plasmodium falciparum infection were obtained from reported ITN users over 6 months of age. Generalized linear mixed models were used to account for clustering at the household and community level. The final model controlled for gender, household eaves, and community-level infection prevalence during the rainy season.

Results

There were 9646 ITN users with blood samples across six surveys, 15% of whom tested positive for P. falciparum infection. Among children under 5 years old, there was a 50% increased odds of P. falciparum infection among those sleeping under an ITN older than two years, compared to those using an ITN less than 2 years old (OR = 1.50; 95% CI 1.07–2.08). ITN integrity and number of individuals sharing an ITN were not associated with P. falciparum infection.

Conclusions

Older ITNs were associated with higher rates of P. falciparum in young children, which may indicate that insecticide concentrations play a larger role in infection prevention than the physical barrier of an ITN. ITN use was self-reported and the integrity measures lacked the precision of newer methods, suggesting a need for objective measures of ITN use and more precise assessment of ITN integrity.
Construction of a novel quinoxaline as a new class of Nrf2 activator
Authors: Kandasamy Murugesh , Mak Kit-Kay , Devadoss Thangaraj , Thanikachalam Punniyakoti Veeraveedu , Sakirolla Raghavendra , Choudhury Hira , Pichika Mallikarjuna Rao
Published: September 2019

Background

The transcription factor Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and its principal repressive regulator, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), are perilous in the regulation of inflammation, as well as maintenance of homeostasis. Thus, NRF2 activation is involved in cytoprotection against many inflammatory disorders. N′-Nicotinoylquinoxaline-2-carbohdyrazide (NQC) was structurally designed by the combination of important pharmacophoric features of bioactive compounds reported in the literature.

Methods

NQC was synthesised and characterised using spectroscopic techniques. The compound was tested for its anti-inflammatory effect using Lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli (LPSEc) induced inflammation in mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells). The effect of NQC on inflammatory cytokines was measured using enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). The Nrf2 activity of the compound NQC was determined using ‘Keap1:Nrf2 Inhibitor Screening Assay Kit’. To obtain the insights on NQC’s activity on Nrf2, molecular docking studies were performed using Schrödinger suite. The metabolic stability of NQC was determined using mouse, rat and human microsomes.

Results

NQC was found to be non-toxic at the dose of 50 µM on RAW 264.7 cells. NQC showed potent anti-inflammatory effect in an in vitro model of LPSEc stimulated murine macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells) with an IC50 value 26.13 ± 1.17 µM. NQC dose-dependently down-regulated the pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β (13.27 ± 2.37 μM), IL-6 (10.13 ± 0.58 μM) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α] (14.41 ± 1.83 μM); and inflammatory mediator, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) with IC50 values, 15.23 ± 0.91 µM. Molecular docking studies confirmed the favourable binding of NQC at Kelch domain of Keap-1. It disrupts the Nrf2 interaction with kelch domain of keap 1 and its IC50 value was 4.21 ± 0.89 µM. The metabolic stability studies of NQC in human, rat and mouse liver microsomes revealed that it is quite stable with half-life values; 63.30 ± 1.73, 52.23 ± 0.81, 24.55 ± 1.13 min; microsomal intrinsic clearance values; 1.14 ± 0.31, 1.39 ± 0.87 and 2.96 ± 0.34 µL/min/g liver; respectively. It is observed that rat has comparable metabolic profile with human, thus, rat could be used as an in vivo model for prediction of pharmacokinetics and metabolism profiles of NQC in human.

Conclusion

NQC is a new class of NRF2 activator with potent in vitro anti-inflammatory activity and good metabolic stability.
The long noncoding RNA NEAT1_1 is seemingly dispensable for normal tissue homeostasis and cancer cell growth
Authors: Adriaens Carmen , Rambow Florian , Bervoets Greet , Silla Toomas , Mito Mari , Chiba Tomoki , Asahara Hiroshi , Hirose Tetsuro , Nakagawa Shinichi , Jensen Torben Heick , Marine Jean-Christophe
Published: September 2019

NEAT1 is one of the most studied lncRNAs, in part because its silencing in mice causes defects in mammary gland development and corpus luteum formation and protects them from skin cancer development. Moreover, depleting NEAT1 in established cancer cell lines reduces growth and sensitizes cells to DNA damaging agents. However, NEAT1 produces two isoforms and because the short isoform, NEAT1_1, completely overlaps the 5′ part of the long NEAT1_2 isoform; the respective contributions of each of the isoforms to these phenotypes has remained unclear. Whereas NEAT1_1 is highly expressed in most tissues, NEAT1_2 is the central architectural component of paraspeckles, which are nuclear bodies that assemble in specific tissues and cells exposed to various forms of stress. Using dual RNA-FISH to detect both NEAT1_1 outside of the paraspeckles and NEAT1_2/NEAT1 inside this nuclear body, we report herein that NEAT1_1 levels are dynamically regulated during the cell cycle and targeted for degradation by the nuclear RNA exosome. Unexpectedly, however, cancer cells engineered to lack NEAT1_1, but not NEAT1_2, do not exhibit cell cycle defects. Moreover, Neat1_1-specific knockout mice do not exhibit the phenotypes observed in Neat1-deficient mice. We propose that NEAT1 functions are mainly, if not exclusively, attributable to NEAT1_2 and, by extension, to paraspeckles.
Estar presente no museu
Authors: Arslan Luciana Mourão , Silva Patrícia Chavarelli Vilela da
Published: September 2019

Este texto apresenta duas propostas entre dança e artes visuais realizadas no Museu Universitário de Arte (MUnA) da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU). A primeira pensa sobre uma prática de improvisação em dança baseada na experiência estética estabelecida no museu; a segunda discute um processo de composição em tempo real na dança, realizado a partir da relação com obras de arte, espaço arquitetônico e público do museu. A partir dessas experiências, surgem reflexões sobre a noção de estado de presença como forma de vivenciar experiências estéticas, mais sensíveis, atentas, integrais (tanto para o improvisador quanto para o público de arte). Por fim, pretende-se destacar como a improvisação pode desdobrar múltiplos processos de criação e aprendizagem da arte.
Oficinas educativas/reflexivas e a interface com saúde e o meio ambiente
Authors: Nascimento Allane Tenório Brandão da Silva , Santos Iris Fátima , Nunes José Ronaldo Vasconcelos
Published: September 2019

Este relato de experiência aborda as oficinas reflexivas/educativas desenvolvidas no projeto “A interface entre a Rede de Atenção Básica e meio ambiente”, da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, que teve como público alvo um grupo de idosos, moradores do bairro Maués, localizado na cidade de Vitória de Santo Antão, interior pernambucano. Participaram do grupo, 20 idosos de ambos os sexos. Foram realizadas três oficinas grupais de educação ambiental, envolvendo as temáticas: “Destino do lixo”, “Animais peçonhentos” e “Reciclagem e Arboviroses”, no período entre abril de 2017 e janeiro de 2018. Foram levantadas entre os idosos as principais dúvidas sobre os temas abordados, esclarecidas, no decorrer das oficinas, com utilização de estratégia participativa, associada a recursos dinâmicos. As oficinas mostraram uma estratégia eficiente de sensibilização sobre o tema “Meio Ambiente e Saúde”. Promoveu-se a reflexão sobre os problemas ambientais do cotidiano daquela comunidade e estimulou-se a comunidade a assumir um papel importante no seu autocuidado e cuidado com o meio ambiente. Estimularam-se as ações de reciclagem, de cuidados com sua produção de resíduos, bem como a importância do fortalecimento do controle social.
Construction of generalized rotations and quasi-orthogonal matrices
Authors: Verde-Star Luis
Published: September 2019

We propose some methods for the construction of large quasi-orthogonal matrices and generalized rotations that may be used in applications in data communications and image processing. We use certain combinations of constructions by blocks similar to the one used by Sylvester to build Hadamard matrices. The orthogonal designs related with the matrix representations of the complex numbers, the quaternions, and the octonions are used in our construction procedures.
Der Einfluß des Coulomb-Feldes und der Elektronenhülle auf die Form des radioaktiven β-Spektrums
Authors: Flügge Charlotte , Flügge Siegfried
Published: September 2019

Es wird gezeigt, daß für Elektronen-Energien von mehr als 50 keV auch bei den schwersten Elementen die Elektronenhülle keinen Einfluß auf die Form radioaktiver ^-Spektren hat. Für den Einfluß des Coul omb-Feldes des Atomkerns wird eine Tabelle berechnet und mitgeteilt. S eit E. Fermi 1934 eine Feldtheorie des
Über die nach der Umwandlung von Tantal durch Neutronen ausgesandten Strahlungen mit langer Halbwertszeit
Authors: Neuert Hugo
Published: September 2019

Die mit einem ß-Zählrohr mit 20 μ-Al-Fenster gemessene ß-Strahlung setzt sieh aus 2 Komponenten zusammen, einer energieärmeren ß-Strahlung von 0,28 MeV und einer energiereicheren von 1,1 MeV. Außerdem treten 2 Komponenten von y-Strahlung auf, eine härtere von 1,42 MeV und eine weiche von 0.23 MeV. Aus ß-y-Koinzidenzmessungen geht hervor, daß die harte ß-Strahlung gleichzeitig mit der weichen y-Strahlung emittiert wird. Sie entstammt dem Prozeß 181Ta (n, y) 182Ta*. Die weiche ß-Strahlung koinzidiert mit der harten y-Strahlung. Sie rührt vom Prozeß 181Ta (n,p) 181Hf her.
Leitfähigkeit und Hall-Effekt von Germanium
Authors: Ringer Walter , Welker Heinrich
Published: September 2019

Im experimentellen Teil der Arbeit wurden an unlegierten und mit Kupfer legierten Germaniumpräparaten, welche im Hochvakuum gegossen worden waren, Leitfähigkeitund Hall-Effekt-Messungen durchgeführt. Dabei wurde an dem reinsten Germaniumpräparat mit einem Verunreinigungsgehalt von ungefähr 10-3 Gew.-% der spezif. Widerstand ϱ = 0,86 Ω cm und die Hall-Konstante R = 2000 cm3/Amp. sec gefunden, woraus sich eine Elektronenkonzentration von n = 3-1015cm-3 und eine Elektronenbeweglichkeit b = 2000 cm sec-1/Volt cm-1 errechnet. Für die Präparate mit einem Fremdstoffgehalt < 0,1 Gew.-% ist die Elektronenbeweglichkeit konstant und nimmt obigen Wert an, so daß die Leitfähigkeit in diesem Bereich nur noch von der Elektronenkonzentration abhängig ist, welche ihrerseits wieder als dem Fremdstoffgehalt proportional erscheint. Für reinstes Germanium ist demnach ein um Größenordnungen höherer Widerstand als der hier gemessene zu erwarten.

Im theoretischen Teil der Arbeit wird gezeigt, wie die aus den Messungen gefundene außerordentlich hohe Beweglichkeit im Sinne der wellenmechanischen Metalltheorie zu deuten ist.
Das räumliche Mischungsverhältnis der Zwerge und Riesen vom Spektraltyp G 5 und G 8
Authors: Lohmann Werner
Published: September 2019

Unter Berücksichtigung der interstellaren Absorption wird aus der Spektralklassifikation der BD-Sterne im Umkreis von 5° um den Nordpol das räumliche Mischungsverhältnis der Zwerge und Riesen vom Typ G5 und G8 bestimmt. Bei Annahme eines linearen Anstiegs der photovisuellen Gesamtabsorption auf 1m10 bei 450 pc ergeben sich die Verhältnisse der Sternanzahlen Zwerge : Riesen = 350 :1 bzw. 50 : 1. Bei Annahme einer Absorptionsstufe vom gleichen Betrag in 270 pc Entfernung entspr. 240:1 bzw. 38:1.
Die Dichteverteilung in den Dunkelwolken und ihre Massen
Authors: Schoenberg Erich
Published: September 2019

Aus der Vermessung von Aufnahmen der südlichen Milchstraße in bezug auf die Helligkeitsverteilung in isolierten kleinen Dunkelwolken wird die Verteilung der absorbierenden Materie, d.h. das Dichtegesetz innerhalb derselben abgeleitet. In einer gleichzeitig er-scheinenden Arbeit 1 wurden die Massen derselben Dunkelwolken berechnet, wobei sich als Durchschnittsmasse 10 33 g, d. h. ein Wert von der Größenordnung der Sternmassen ergab. Der Verlauf der Dichte zeigt ein scharfes Maximum im Zentrum und einen Abfall in Wellen über den sichtbaren Rand der Dunkelwolken hinaus. Die mittlere Dichte der Wolken ist umgekehrt proportional dem Durchmesser derselben.
Zur Statistik bei Elektronenvervielfachern
Authors: Sauter Fritz
Published: September 2019

Unter der Annahme, daß der Verstärkungsgrad eines Vervielfachers in seinen Schwankungen einem bestimmten Wahrscheinlichkeitsgesetz unterworfen ist, kann man einen allgemeinen Zusammenhang aufstellen zwischen den Amplitudenverteilungskurven der Eingangs-und Ausgangsimpulse. Für den Verstärkungsgrad wird aus den Experimenten eine exponentielle Verteilungsfunktion erschlossen. Ihre Anwendung auf verschiedene konkrete Probleme führt auf Amplitudenverteilungskurven für die Ausgangsimpulse, welche in Parallele zu verschiedenen gemessenen Verteilungskurven gebracht werden können.
Der Hall-Effekt von Rubidium
Authors: Krautz Erich
Published: September 2019

Es wird die Hall-Konstante von Rubidium zu 106 × AH = -5920 ± 140 [CGS] bestimmt und das Verhalten des Rubidiums hinsichtlich des Leitungsmechanismus im Vergleich mit den übrigen Alkalimetallen diskutiert. Rubidium erscheint als einziger Vertreter der klassischen Elektronengasvorstellung.
Zur Kenntnis des ferro-paramagnetischen Übergangsgebietes
Authors: Fraunberger Friedrich
Published: September 2019

Es wird der Hochfrequenzwiderstand von Nickel zwischen 350° C und 550° C gemessen, um das Verschwinden der spontanen Magnetisierung aus dem Skin-Effekt verfolgen zu können. Die Ansicht, daß der paramagnetische Curiepunkt Θη,, der eigentliche Curiepunkt ist, wird unterstützt. Daß daneben noch ein Anomalienpunkt auftritt, der unter Θη liegt, folgt zwangsläufig aus der Annahme, daß die Weißsche Feldkonstante im Anomalienpunkt ansteigt.
Theorie des Anklingens von Phosphoren, die für Ausleuchtung sensibilisiert sind
Authors: Brauer Peter
Published: September 2019

Es wird über Ergebnisse von Rechnungen berichtet, die den Ablauf des Ausleuchtvorgangs in für Ausleuchtung sensibilisierten Phosphoren verfolgen. Es ergibt sich u. a., daß bei Ein-setzen der Ultrarotbestrahlung die Helligkeit des emittierten Lichtes auf einen Teil der Endhelligkeit springt, um dann den stationären bzw. Endwert allmählich zu erreichen. Die theoretischen Ergebnisse werden mit experimentellen Ergebnissen von Scott, Thompson und Ellickson verglichen
Eine Differentialgleichungstheorie der Elementarteilchen
Authors: Wlldermuth K.
Published: September 2019

Im ersten Teil wird gezeigt, daß man zur Gewinnung einer divergenzfreien Theorie der Elementarteilchen zwangsläufig vom üblichen Hamilton-Formalismus abweichen muß, falls man nicht ein sehr gekünsteltes Abschneideverfahren für die hohen Impulse 2 , durch die in der Quantentheorie der Wellenfelder bekanntlich immer die Divergenzen hervorgerufen werden, einführen will; d.h., falls man nicht den physikalisch sehr einleuchtenden Gedanken aufgeben will, daß durch die Wechselwirkung sämtlicher Teilchen untereinander die Divergenzen der Theorie von selbst verschwinden.

Im zweiten Teil werden ein paar qualitative physikalische Folgerungen besprochen, die man bereits jetzt aus der Theorie entnehmen kann. Wie in der Arbeit von Heisenberg ausgeführt wurde, muß man sich im Rahmen der obigen Theorie die Teilchen mit ganzzahligem Spin als aus Spinorteilchen zusammengesetzt vorstellen. Es zeigt sich nun, daß es auch näherungsweise nicht richtig ist, das Lichtquant als aus Elektron und Positron zusammen-gesetzt zu betrachten; sondern mit einer gewissen Wahrscheinlichkeit ist es aus Proton und Antiproton usw. zusammengesetzt. Zum Schluß wird dann noch kurz gezeigt, wie man sich eine qualitative Vorstellung über das Zustandekommen des Coulomb-Feldes machen kann.
Über die Zerstörung der Lumineszenz von Leuchtstoffen durch α-Teilchen
Authors: Broser Immanuel , Kallmann Hartmut
Published: September 2019

Die Zerstörung der Radio-Lumineszenz von vier verschiedenen Leuchtstoffen durch Bestrah-lung mit α-Teilchen wird quantitativ ausgemessen. Die Zerstörbarkeit nimmt in der Reihe CdS, ZnS, Zn2SiO4 und CaWO4 ab, die jeweils noch vorhandene Lumineszenz folgt mit wachsender Zahl absorbierter a-Teilchen nicht dem exponentiellen Gesetz. An CdS-Einkristallen wird fest-gestellt, daß die zerstörende Wirkung der α-Teilchen von ihrer Geschwindigkeit abhängt.
Über einige in der Theorie der Farbenphotographie gebräuchliche Farbräume
Authors: Hellmig Ehrhard
Published: September 2019

Es wird gezeigt, daß der auf den Farbmaßzahlen x, y, Y aufgebaute Rösch-Farbraum keine affine Transformation des trichromatischen Farbraumes (IBK-Raumes) bzw. des Luther-Raumes darstellt. Er ist also kein Vektorraum der Farben. Die Farben anteiliger Mischung liegen im Rösch-Farbraum auf gebogenen Linien, nur ausnahmsweise - nämlich für Farbkomponenten gleichen Farbgewichtes, gleicher Helligkeit oder gleicher Farbart - liegen die anteiligen Mischungen auf Geraden.

Es werden die Gleichungen für die Mischlinien im Rösch-Raum mitgeteilt und als Beispiel die Transformation eines additiven Farbkörpers aus dem trichromatischen in den Rösch-Farbraum anschaulich dargestellt. Der affine Zusammenhang zwischen dem trichromatischen und dem Luther-Farbraum wird im einzelnen untersucht.
Spectral Sensitivity and Chemical Sensitization of Photographic Emulsions
Authors: Biltz Martin
Published: September 2019

The article describes some earlier results and a few recent ones of experiments on the spectral sensitivity of photographic emulsions and considers the consequences of these results, especially with regard to the action of chemical sensitizers.
Ein ortszeitlicher weltweiter Tagesgang der kosmischen Ultrastrahlung bei geringen erdmagnetischen Störungen durch Korpuskeln
Authors: Ehmert A. , Sittkus A.
Published: September 2019

Bei schwachen erdmagnetischen korpuskelbedingten Störungen tritt in der Intensität der kosmischen Ultrastrahlung ein charakteristischer Tagesgang auf. Der Vergleich der gleichzeitigen Auswirkung in Ionisationskammern und Zählrohrkoinzidenzgeräten zeigt, daß wahrscheinlich zwei Vorgänge zusammenspielen. Das Auftreten und sogar in hohem Maß der Verlauf dieser Tagesgänge sind weltweite Erscheinungen. Aber der Verlauf ist an die Ortszeit gebunden.
Selbstregistrierung des Zodiakallichtes
Authors: Regener Victor H.
Published: September 2019

Es wird eine Methode zur automatischen Registrierung des Zodiakallichtes kurz beschrieben.
Ein der WKB-Methode verwandtes Verfahren zur Entwicklung von Wellenfeldern
Authors: Braunbek Werner
Published: September 2019

Die Darstellung der komplexen Amplitude eines Wellenfeldes in der Form he i k S läßt sich in verschiedener Weise durchführen, je nachdem h und S reelle Ortsfunktionen sein sollen, oder aber für eine von beiden komplexe Größen zugelassen werden, wobei dann noch gewisse Zusatzforderungen zur Bestimmtheit von h und S aufgestellt werden müssen. Die Möglichkeit des komplexen S führt auf die übliche WKB-Methode, während die Möglichkeit des komplexen h hier näher erörtert wird. Auch sie erlaubt eine asymptotische Entwicklung der komplexen Amplitude nach Potenzen von (i k)-1, die sich eng an das geometrisch-optische System der Eikonalflächen und der dazu orthogonalen „Strahlen" anschließt.

An dem einfachen Beispiel der auslaufenden, homogenen Zylinderwelle wird das Verfahren erläutert und der WKB -Methode gegenübergestellt. Die entstehende asymptotische Reihe wird als identisch mit der asymptotischen Entwicklung der strengen Lösung nachgewiesen.
Influence of Radiative Absorption on the Establishment of Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium
Authors: Drawin H. W.
Published: September 2019

By solving the coupled system of collisional-radiative rate equations for a homogeneous and steady-state plasma as a function of the radiative excitation rates one obtains the population densities of the ground and of the excited levels for any given degree of reabsorption. One finds that in hydrogen plasmas which are completely optically opaque towards all Lyman lines and partially optically opaque towards Hα the equilibrium populations will not be established for electron densities below 1X1016 cm-3.
The Effect of Anharmonic Vibrational Coupling on Deuterium Isotope. Exchange Equilibria Involving Ring Dimers of Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Monse E. U.
Published: September 2019

The observed isotope fractionation factor, α, for deuterium isotope exchange between liquid acetic acid and hydrogen gas is compared with a value of a calculated on the basis of a harmonic force field for the dimer. The calculated value of a is found to be about 30 % higher than the observed value. The discrepancy is considered to be due to the neglect of anharmonic coupling between the hydroxyl bond stretching- and the hydrogen bond stretching vibrations of the dimer.
On Quotient Spaces
Authors: Bergmann Peter G.
Published: September 2019

Quotient spaces are examined as they occur in canonical formalisms with constraints. Illustrative examples are taken from classical mechanics, from general-relativistic theories, and from the theory of the electron microscope.
The Origin of Cosmic Rays - New Interest in an Old Question
Authors: Grewing M. , Heintzmann H.
Published: September 2019

After briefly reviewing the experimental facts that seem of direct relevance for the question of the origin of cosmic rays, and after quickly going through the “classical” theories of cosmic ray origin, we discuss in some detail those theories that have been put forward over the past few years since the discovery of pulsars. This discovery brought the first observational evidence for the existence of super-strong magnetic fields in nature.
Computation of Decaying Wall-Stabilized Arcs
Authors: Hermann W.
Published: September 2019

The interaction between an electric arc and a gas flow is governed by the flow of mass relative to surfaces of constant temperature. This fact is used to introduce a new method for the computation of decaying wall-stabilized arcs in which the temperature is used as a free variable instead of the radial coordinate. The method is also applicable to more general cases and gives direct insight into the physical processes involved. An implicit two level scheme is described which guarantees numerical stability for any chosen time step. The method is applied to a decaying wall stabilized arc. The results agree quite well with published experimental curves.
A Contribution to the Investigation of Collision- Induced Transitions in the Microwave Range
Authors: Mäder H. , Dreizler H. , Guarnieri A.
Published: September 2019

A MW-MW-double resonance spectrometer for the investigation of collision-induced transitions is described and tested with some rotational transitions of ethylene oxide.
Solute-Solvent Interactions and High Spin ⇌ Low Spin Transitions in Ferric Dithiocarbamates
Authors: Ganguli P.
Published: September 2019

The HS ⇌ LS transition in ferric dithiocarbamates in a number of solvents has been investigated using NMR and is interpreted in terms of preferential solvation or second co-ordination sphere reorganisation effects. These studies clearly demonstrate that neglect of pseudo contact shifts can lead to erroneous conclusions about the spin delocalisation mechanisms. The spin derealization in these systems is by direct σ-delocalization along the alkyl chain. The As values of 2T2 and 6A1 states have the same sign.
An Application to H2
+ of Laplace Type Integral Transform and its Inverse
Authors: Primorac M. , Kovačević K.
Published: September 2019

Laplace type integral transformation (LIT) has been applied to wavefunctions. The effect of the inverse transform is also discussed. LIT wavefunctions are tested in the calculation of the ground-state energy of H2
+, where the untransformed functions were 1s, 12s, 123s and 1234s- STO. The results presented here show that LIT wavefunctions are applicable in molecular computations. The analytical formulae for two-centre one-electron integrals over LIT wavefunctions are derived by use of a Barnett-Coulson-like expansion of rb
N (rb + p)-v
.
Chaos-Induced Diffusion. Analogues to Nonlinear Fokker-Planck Equations
Authors: Fujisaka H. , Grossmann S. , Thomae S.
Published: September 2019

Deterministic chaotic dynamics induced by a climbing map with variable local jump size is shown to yield anomalous diffusion, i.e. a nonlinear increase of the variance with time. The relation to Fokker-Planck equations with variable drift and diffusivity is given. Turbulent two-particle diffusion may be a possible application.
Enthalpies of Mixing for Binary Liquid Mixtures of Monocarbonic Acids and Alcohols
Authors: Haase R. , Lorenz R.
Published: September 2019

We present the results of calorimetric measurements of the molar enthalpy of mixing (molar excess enthalpy) H̄E as a function of temperature and composition (described by the mole fraction x of the alcohol) for 18 binary liquid systems consisting of an aliphatic monocarbonic acid (formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric acids) and an aliphatic alcohol (methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol. 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol). The experiments cover temperatures between 298.15 K and 318.15 K and the whole range of compositions (usually nearly 40 compositions at each temperature). There is a great variety of behaviour as far as the function H̄E(x) for T= const is concerned. Many systems show endothermic mixing ( H̄E > 0), other systems exothermic mixing (H̄E < 0), again other systems partly endothermic, partly exothermic behaviour. There is one case (acetic acid + 2-methyl-2-propanol) where H̄E(x) changes its sign twice and the molar excess heat capacity exhibits unusually large negative values.
Gel’fand-Yaglom Wave Equations based on the Representation (3/2,5/2) ⊕ (1/2,5/2) ⊕ (-1/2,5/2) ⊕ (-3/2,5/2). Charge and Causality
Authors: Koutroulos C. G.
Published: September 2019

There are no examples of higher spin wave-equations of the Gel'fand-Yaglom form based on the representation (3/2, 5/2) ⊕ (1/2, 5/2) ⊕ (-1/2, 5/2) ⊕ (-3/2, 5/2) having definite charge and propagating causally in an external electromagnetic field.
Coupling Schemes for Cubic Complexes
Authors: Perumareddi J. R.
Published: September 2019

In the presence of spin-orbit interaction, six coupling schemes are possible for cubic complexes. Five of these coupling schemes have been worked out although only three, called strong-field, weak-field and (j, j) coupling schemes, are well-known. We show the derivation of the sixth coupling scheme and review briefly the significance and utility of the six coupling schemes.
The Use of the Gauss-Chebyshev Quadrature in Estimation of the Total π -Electron Energy of Benzenoid Hydrocarbons
Authors: Ciosłowski J.
Published: September 2019

The application of the Gauss-Chebyshev quadrature to the integral type formula for the total π-electron energy (Eπ) leads to the well-known relation between the Hosoya modified topological index Z̃ and Eπ. Possible alternative formulae are discussed and tested on some benzenoid hydrocarbons.
Depolarization of Photoluminescence of Isotropic Solutions Produced by Excitation Energy Migration
Authors: Kawski A. , Kamiński J.
Published: September 2019

A theory of the excitation energy transfer between like molecules in isotropic solution based on a centre or shell model of a primarily excited luminescent molecule and on the extended Förster “excitation master equation” has been elaborated. Fluorescence and phosphorescence depolarization are shown to be governed by singlet-singlet energy migration and described by the same expression. The comparison of the theoretical curve with the experimental data obtained by Gondo et al. (1975) for benzo[f]quinoline in ethanol glass at 77 K results in the following critical distance R0 for the excitation energy migration: 21.5 Å for fluorescence and phosphorescence, respectively.
Indication of Shock-wave in 12C + Emulsion Interactions at 4.5 GeV per Nucleon
Authors: Ghosh Dipak , Roy Jaya , Sengupta Ranjan
Published: September 2019

This paper presents a study of the angular distribution and two-particle angular correlation among ‘black’ and ‘rey’particles produced in the interaction of 12C nuclei with a photoemulsion at 4.5 GeV per nucleon. Experimental data are compared with Monte Carlo simulated values assuming independent emission. The observation of some short-range correlation among the target fragments may indicate shock-wave formation.
Partially Fractal Impedance Networks
Authors: Thompson D.
Published: September 2019

We analyse linear networks of impedances in the case when the impedances at every level differ by a factor of b from those at the previous level. Such networks can be used as models for rough surfaces, in which case there will exist a level of finest detail which must be taken into account in any calculation. We obtain an exact expression for the ratio of the impedance of the network to the outer impedance for an arbitrary number of elements in the network. We show that this class of networks shows a transition from a fractal geometric structure to a non-fractal structure according to the value of b. However, their effective impedance is never fractal.
Autorregulación de los prestadores de servicio de la información
Authors: Palop Belloch Melania
Published: September 2019

Este artículo analiza los sistemas de autorregulación, así como las herramientas tecnológicas disponibles para garantizar la eliminación del material nocivo de la víctima de violencia de género virtual.La metodología utilizada ha consistido en la consulta de bibliografía, jurisprudencia y la realización de entrevistas a profesionales especializados en la materia.Los resultados obtenidos demuestran la existencia de herramientas tecnológicas viables para eliminar y no ocultar la información nociva de la víctima de violencia de género y ciberacoso. Pero sin ser aplicado ante una falta de corregulación entre las partes y de exigencia por la propia Ley orgánica.