bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Análise e modelagem matemática aplicada ao roteamento veicular em atividade turística na cidade de São Paulo
Authors: Barboza Flavio Luiz de Moraes , Furlan Anderson Alves , Moura Daniel De Andrade
Published: March 2016

O setor dos transportes é um grande consumidor de recursos e, tratando-se de transporte rodoviário urbano de mercadorias e pessoas, representa a maior parte da totalidade dos deslocamentos diários nos grandes centros urbanos, gerando preocupação devido às perspectivas de forte crescimento e à necessidade de sua ordenação logística e gerencial. Além disso, existe a necessidade da análise do setor sob a ótica ambiental. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar um plano de transportes a fim de reduzir custos logísticos. Por meio da técnica de Programação Linear, aplicada na modelagem matemática para roteamento de veículos, buscou-se aperfeiçoar o itinerário de um city tour. O resultado apontou que 27 minutos podem ser reduzidos no transporte ótimo, resultando numa economia de quase 50 litros de combustível em uma visita a 18 pontos turísticos de São Paulo.
A Neural Theory of Percepts and Mental Images
Authors: Culbertson James T. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2016

This essay is an analysis of conscious perception and conscious memory. It tries to show that percepts and mental images (roughly, experientially, the same as Hume's "impressions and ideas") are sets of particles at the perceived stimulus objects and at the remembered stimulus objects. It is thus a theory of direct perception and direct memory, and a materialism but not a central state materialism. The percept (we claim) is an "appearance" of the stimulus object particles (perceived object particles) which is due to the way the particles at the perceived object are interconnected (interrelated) by the networks of stimuli-plus-neuron-impulses starting from them. The same is true of the mental image. This essay is primarily an analysis of such networks--to show, we claim, how they make the sets of object particles seem to have sense qualities and gestalts and other properties of percepts and mental images.
Canadian and American Dissertations on Descartes and Cartesianism 1865-1984
Authors: Cress Donald A. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2016

Gregor Sebba's monumental Bibliographia Cartesiana; A Critical Guide to the Descartes Literature 1800-1960 (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1964) is the basic bibliographical tool of pre-1960 Descartes scholarship. While somewhat weak in its coverage of twentieth century Anglo-American analytical literature on Descartes, it is outstanding ic its coverage of continental scholarship. Willis Doney's "Bibliography," in his Descartes: A Collection of Critical Essays (New York: Doubleday, 1967), largely rectifies Sebba’s lack of coverage of pre-1960 analytical work on Descartes. Subsequent to Doney's 1967 bibliography, there have been several useful bibliographical updates, including the excellent "Bulletin Cartésien," published annually in the Archives de Philosophie. However, Vere Chappell and Willis Doney's Twenty-Five Years of Descartes Scholarship, 1960-1984: A Bibliography (forthcoming, New York: Garland, 1987) promises to become the definitive update of Sebba. The present bibliography is designed to supplement the above bibliographies by listing Canadian and American dissertations on Descartes and Cartesianism from 1865 through 1984. It lists dissertations alphabetically by author and provides locations in Dissertations Abstracts as well as University Microfilms order numbers, whenever available.
The Panjange nigrifrons group in Borneo (Araneae: Pholcidae): high diversity in Sarawak, apparent absence in Sabah
Authors: Huber Bernhard A. , Leh Moi Ung Charles
Published: March 2016

We revise the Panjange nigrifrons group in Borneo and document an unexpected diversity in western Sarawak forests. Five species occur within 80 km from Kuching, each species being known from its type locality only. Further species occur east until Niah, but the genus seems to be absent from Sabah. We contrast this with another pholcid genus (Aetana Huber, 2005), which is diverse in Sabah and westward until Niah, but does not seem to occur in central and western Sarawak. Five species are newly described: Panjange kapit Huber, sp. nov., Panjange kubah Huber, sp. nov., Panjange niah Huber, sp. nov., Panjange pueh Huber, sp. nov., Panjange seowi Huber, sp. nov.; Panjange tahai (Huber, 2011) comb. nov. is transferred from Pholcus.
Parent training for families with a child with ASD: A naturalistic systemic behavior analytic model
Authors: Gena Angeliki , Galanis Petros , Tsirempolou Erifylli , Michalopoulou Eleni , Sarafidou Kalliopi
Published: March 2016

The great challenges that the treatment of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) present to therapists and to parents, alike, arise not only from the severity of this disability, but also from two other factors: the continuously increasing prevalence of ASD and the serious financial restraints imposed by the recent economic hardships that the Western World faces. Thus, the need for parent-training practices is more prevalent than ever. The purpose of the present study was to identify parent-training practices that encompass child-related, parent-related and parent-child-interaction related variables as a means of addressing the difficulties that arise during parent-child interactions in a systemic and systematic way. Complex phenomena, such as the parent-child interaction, need to be treated with multi-focused interventions that produce generalized, systemic outcomes that are of clinical or social significance. The changes achieved in this intervention, which was conducted within a naturalistic context, were multiple and systemic since they involve child-related (e.g., on task behavior), parent-related (e.g., provision of reinforcement), and parent-child-interaction related variables (e.g., joint attention). Those changes were obtained through the use of behavior analytic techniques, such as modeling and systematic, direct parent training. Most importantly, those changes were spread to response categories for which training was not provided, generalized to novel settings and maintained through time. We may conclude that the combination of systemic and behavior-analytic approaches and methodologies may provide a highly beneficial perspective toward designing parent-training research protocols that may also lead to improved clinical practices.
Utilizing storytelling to promote emotional well-being of children with a distinct physical appearance: The case of children who wear eyeglasses
Authors: Brouzos Andreas , Vassilopoulos Stephanos P. , Moschou Kalliopi
Published: March 2016

This study explored the effectiveness of storytelling in supporting children with unusual physical traits. Participants were forty-eight children, aged 9 – 12 who, due to various eye diseases, wear eyeglasses. They completed various standardized self-report measures, both before and after participation, in one of the six intervention groups. The measures assessed shyness and social anxiety symptoms, loneliness and social dissatisfaction, perception of negative evaluation, satisfaction with one’s appearance, and anxiety regarding physical appearance. The intervention consisted of six 90-min group sessions and included both individual and group activities. The results lend support to the hypothesis that storytelling can significantly contribute to the emotional well-being of children, with a distinct physical appearance.
Fifty Years of Innovation in Plastic Surgery
Authors: Kwasnicki Richard M , Hughes-Hallett Archie , Marcus Hani J , Yang Guang-Zhong , Darzi Ara , Hettiaratchy Shehan
Published: March 2016

Background Innovation has molded the current landscape of plastic surgery. However, documentation of this process only exists scattered throughout the literature as individual articles. The few attempts made to profile innovation in plastic surgery have been narrative, and therefore qualitative and inherently biased. Through the implementation of a novel innovation metric, this work aims to identify and characterise the most prevalent innovations in plastic surgery over the last 50 years.

Methods Patents and publications related to plastic surgery (1960 to 2010) were retrieved from patent and MEDLINE databases, respectively. The most active patent codes were identified and grouped into technology areas, which were subsequently plotted graphically against publication data. Expert-derived technologies outside of the top performing patents areas were additionally explored.

Results Between 1960 and 2010, 4,651 patents and 43,118 publications related to plastic surgery were identified. The most active patent codes were grouped under reconstructive prostheses, implants, instruments, non-invasive techniques, and tissue engineering. Of these areas and other expert-derived technologies, those currently undergoing growth include surgical instruments, implants, non-invasive practices, transplantation and breast surgery. Innovations related to microvascular surgery, liposuction, tissue engineering, lasers and prostheses have all plateaued.

Conclusions The application of a novel metric for evaluating innovation quantitatively outlines the natural history of technologies fundamental to the evolution of plastic surgery. Analysis of current innovation trends provides some insight into which technology domains are the most active.
Effectiveness of Temporal Augmentation Using a Calvarial Onlay Graft during Pterional Craniotomy
Authors: Kim Yoon Soo , Yi Hyung Suk , Kim Han Kyu , Han Yea Sik
Published: March 2016

Temporal hollowing occurs to varying degrees after pterional craniotomy. The most common cause of temporal hollowing is a bony defect of the pterional and temporal regions due to the resection of the sphenoid ridge and temporal squama for adequate exposure without overhang. The augmentation of such bony defects is important in preventing craniofacial deformities and postoperative hollowness. Temporal cranioplasty has been performed using a range of materials, such as acrylics, porous polyethylene, bone cement, titanium, muscle flaps, and prosthetic dermis. These methods are limited by the risk of damage to adjacent tissue and infection, a prolonged preparation phase, the possibility of reabsorption, and cost inefficiency. We have developed a method of temporal augmentation using a calvarial onlay graft as a single-stage neurosurgical reconstructive operation in patients requiring craniotomy. In this report, we describe the surgical details and review our institutional outcomes. The patients were divided into pterional craniotomy and onlay graft groups. Clinical temporal hollowing was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS). Temporal soft tissue thickness was measured on preoperative and postoperative computed tomography (CT) studies. Both the VAS and CT-based assessments were compared between the groups. Our review indicated that the use of an onlay graft was associated with a lower VAS score and left-right discrepancy in the temporal contour than were observed in patients undergoing pterional craniotomy without an onlay graft.
Missed opportunities of inclusion in a cohort of HIV‐infected children to initiate antiretroviral treatment before the age of two in West Africa, 2011 to 2013
Authors: Dahourou Désiré L , Amorissani‐Folquet Madeleine , Coulibaly Malik , Avit‐Edi Divine , Meda Nicolas , Timite‐Konan Marguerite , Arendt Vic , Ye Diarra , Amani‐Bosse Clarisse , Salamon Roger , Lepage Philippe , Leroy Valériane ,   for the Monod Anrs 12206 Study Group
Published: March 2016

Introduction

The World Health Organization (WHO) 2010 guidelines recommended to treat all HIV‐infected children less than two years of age. We described the inclusion process and its correlates of HIV‐infected children initiated on early antiretroviral therapy (EART) at less than two years of age in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, and Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

Methods

All children with HIV‐1 infection confirmed with a DNA PCR test of a blood sample, aged less than two years, living at a distance less than two hours from the centres and whose parents (or mother if she was the only legal guardian or the legal caregiver if parents were not alive) agreed to participate in the MONOD ANRS 12206 project were included in a cohort to receive EART based on lopinavir/r. We used logistic regression to identify correlates of inclusion.

Results

Among the 217 children screened and referred to the MONOD centres, 161 (74%) were included and initiated on EART. The main reasons of non‐inclusion were fear of father's refusal (48%), mortality (24%), false‐positive HIV infection test (16%) and other ineligibility reasons (12%). Having previously disclosed the child's and mother's HIV status to the father (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 3.20; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.55 to 6.69) and being older than 12 months (aOR: 2.05; 95% CI: 1.02 to 4.12) were correlates of EART initiation. At EART initiation, the median age was 13.5 months, 70% had reached WHO Stage 3/4 and 57% had a severe immune deficiency.

Conclusions

Fear of stigmatization by the father and early competing mortality were the major reasons for missed opportunities of EART initiation. There is an urgent need to involve fathers in the care of their HIV‐exposed children and to promote early infant diagnosis to improve their future access to EART and survival.
PI(3,5)P2 biosynthesis regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation by intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms
Authors: Mironova Yevgeniya A , Lenk Guy M , Lin Jing-Ping , Lee Seung Joon , Twiss Jeffery L , Vaccari Ilaria , Bolino Alessandra , Havton Leif A , Min Sang H , Abrams Charles S , Shrager Peter , Meisler Miriam H , Giger Roman J
Published: March 2016

Proper development of the CNS axon-glia unit requires bi-directional communication between axons and oligodendrocytes (OLs). We show that the signaling lipid phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate [PI(3,5)P2] is required in neurons and in OLs for normal CNS myelination. In mice, mutations of Fig4, Pikfyve or Vac14, encoding key components of the PI(3,5)P2 biosynthetic complex, each lead to impaired OL maturation, severe CNS hypomyelination and delayed propagation of compound action potentials. Primary OLs deficient in Fig4 accumulate large LAMP1+ and Rab7+ vesicular structures and exhibit reduced membrane sheet expansion. PI(3,5)P2 deficiency leads to accumulation of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) in LAMP1+perinuclear vesicles that fail to migrate to the nascent myelin sheet. Live-cell imaging of OLs after genetic or pharmacological inhibition of PI(3,5)P2 synthesis revealed impaired trafficking of plasma membrane-derived MAG through the endolysosomal system in primary cells and brain tissue. Collectively, our studies identify PI(3,5)P2 as a key regulator of myelin membrane trafficking and myelinogenesis.
A SPOPL/Cullin-3 ubiquitin ligase complex regulates endocytic trafficking by targeting EPS15 at endosomes
Authors: Gschweitl Michaela , Ulbricht Anna , Barnes Christopher A , Enchev Radoslav I , Stoffel-Studer Ingrid , Meyer-Schaller Nathalie , Huotari Jatta , Yamauchi Yohei , Greber Urs F , Helenius Ari , Peter Matthias
Published: March 2016

Cullin-3 (CUL3)-based ubiquitin ligases regulate endosome maturation and trafficking of endocytic cargo to lysosomes in mammalian cells. Here, we report that these functions depend on SPOPL, a substrate-specific CUL3 adaptor. We find that SPOPL associates with endosomes and is required for both the formation of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and the endocytic host cell entry of influenza A virus. In SPOPL-depleted cells, endosomes are enlarged and fail to acquire intraluminal vesicles (ILVs). We identify a critical substrate ubiquitinated by CUL3-SPOPL as EPS15, an endocytic adaptor that also associates with the ESCRT-0 complex members HRS and STAM on endosomes. Indeed, EPS15 is ubiquitinated in a SPOPL-dependent manner, and accumulates with HRS in cells lacking SPOPL. Together, our data indicates that a CUL3-SPOPL E3 ubiquitin ligase complex regulates endocytic trafficking and MVB formation by ubiquitinating and degrading EPS15 at endosomes, thereby influencing influenza A virus infection as well as degradation of EGFR and other EPS15 targets.
X-ray phase imaging using a Gd-based absorption grating fabricated by imprinting technique
Authors: Yashiro Wataru , Kato Kosuke , Sadeghilaridjani Maryam , Momose Atsushi , Shinohara Takenao , Kato Hidemi
Published: March 2016

A high-aspect-ratio absorption grating with a pitch of several µm is a key component of X-ray grating interferometery, which is an X-ray phase imaging technique that allows for highly sensitive X-ray imaging with a compact laboratory X-ray source. Here, we report that X-ray phase imaging was successfully performed at 15 keV by using a 23 ± 1-µm-height, 9-µm-pitch absorption grating (10 × 10 mm2) based on Gd (Gd60Cu25Al15) fabricated by a metallic glass imprinting technique. The imprinting technique is cost-efficient and has a high-production rate, and will be widely used for fabricating gratings not only for X-rays but also neutrons in the near future.
Review on thin-film transistor technology, its applications, and possible new applications to biological cells
Authors: Tixier-Mita Agnès , Ihida Satoshi , Ségard Bertrand-David , Cathcart Grant A. , Takahashi Takuya , Fujita Hiroyuki , Toshiyoshi Hiroshi
Published: March 2016

This paper presents a review on state-of-the-art of thin-film transistor (TFT) technology and its wide range of applications, not only in liquid crystal displays (TFT-LCDs), but also in sensing devices. The history of the evolution of the technology is first given. Then the standard applications of TFT-LCDs, and X-ray detectors, followed by state-of-the-art applications in the field of chemical and biochemical sensing are presented. TFT technology allows the fabrication of dense arrays of independent and transparent microelectrodes on large glass substrates. The potential of these devices as electrical substrates for biological cell applications is then described. The possibility of using TFT array substrates as new tools for electrical experiments on biological cells has been investigated for the first time by our group. Dielectrophoresis experiments and impedance measurements on yeast cells are presented here. Their promising results open the door towards new applications of TFT technology.
Understanding the impact of interface reaction on dipole strength at MgO/SiO2 and Y2O3/SiO2 interfaces
Authors: Fei Jiayang , Kita Koji
Published: March 2016

We investigated the variation in negative dipole strength at MgO/SiO2 and Y2O3/SiO2 interfaces when changing the annealing temperature. The reduction in negative dipole strength was observed after silicate formation. We found that the reactivity at the interfaces is one of the dominant factors of dipole layer formation at high-k/SiO2 interfaces for chemically reactive systems where cation migration should be taken into account as the driving force of the dipole layer formation.
Characterization of zeolite-trench-embedded microcantilevers with CMOS strain gauge for integrated gas sensor applications
Authors: Inoue Shu , Denoual Matthieu , Awala Hussein , Grand Julien , Mintova Sveltana , Tixier-Mita Agnès , Mita Yoshio
Published: March 2016

Custom-synthesized zeolite is coated and fixed into microcantilevers with microtrenches of 1 to 5 µm width. Zeolite is a porous material that absorbs chemical substances; thus, it is expected to work as a sensitive chemical-sensing head. The total mass increases with gas absorption, and the cantilever resonance frequency decreases accordingly. In this paper, a thick zeolite cantilever sensor array system for high sensitivity and selectivity is proposed. The system is composed of an array of microcantilevers with silicon deep trenches. The cantilevers are integrated with CMOS-made polysilicon strain gauges for frequency response electrical measurement. The post-process fabrication of such an integrated array out of a foundry-made CMOS chip is successful. On the cantilevers, three types of custom zeolite (FAU-X, LTL, and MFI) are integrated by dip and heating methods. The preliminary measurement has shown a clear shift of resonance frequency by the chemical absorbance of ethanol gas.
Heterogeneous quantum dot/silicon photonics-based wavelength-tunable laser diode with a 44 nm wavelength-tuning range
Authors: Kita Tomohiro , Yamamoto Naokatsu , Matsumoto Atsushi , Kawanishi Tetsuya , Yamada Hirohito
Published: March 2016

A heterogeneous wavelength-tunable laser diode combining quantum dot and silicon photonics technologies is proposed. A compact wavelength-tunable filter with two ring resonators was carefully designed and fabricated using silicon photonics technology. The tunable laser combining the wavelength-tunable filter and an optical amplifier, which includes InAs quantum dots, achieved a 44.0 nm wavelength-tuning range at around 1250 nm. The broadband optical gain of the quantum dot optical amplifier was effectively used by the optimized wavelength-tunable filter. This heterogeneous wavelength-tunable laser diode could become a breakthrough technology for high-capacity data transmission systems.
Is Same-Day Inguinal Hernia Surgery Possible?
Authors: Capoglu Recai , Tiryaki Cagri , Kargi Ertugrul , Gonullu Emre , Gonullu Neset Nuri , Ozbay Oguz
Published: March 2016

The Lichtenstein hernia repair is associated with low recurrence rates and short operation times, and can be performed under local anesthesia. Thus, this is among the most-preferred methods used in recent years. Our objective was to explore the same-day discharge rates, and the causes of delayed discharge and re-admission to hospital, of patients treated using the Lichtenstein repair method, to evaluate the feasibility of performing same-day hernia surgery in clinical practice. One hundred of a total of 236 patients diagnosed with unilateral inguinal or femoral hernias, who required surgical treatment, and who agreed with the conditions of the study, were prospectively included. All patients were treated using the Lichtenstein mesh repair method, under local anesthesia between June 2006 and January 2008. We investigated the types and locations of hernias, duration of surgery, seniority of the surgeon, the feasibility of same-day surgery in subgroups stratified by ASA risk scores, and postoperative complication rates, in patients who underwent inguinal surgery under local anesthesia. The rates of pain and postoperative complications were very low in hernia patients who underwent same-day surgery under local anesthesia. The operation reduces the length of hospital stay and helps patients mobilize earlier. Both the literature, and our data, indicate that inguinal hernia repair under local anesthesia is safe and effective, reducing anesthesia-related complications and the length of hospital stay; is cost-effective; and is applicable in all patients.
Introduction to Cheminformatics
Authors: Wishart David S.
Published: March 2016

Cheminformatics is a field of information technology that focuses on the collection, storage, analysis, and manipulation of chemical data. The chemical data of interest typically includes information on small molecule formulas, structures, properties, spectra, and activities (biological or industrial). Cheminformatics originally emerged as a vehicle to help the drug discovery and development process, however cheminformatics now plays an increasingly important role in many areas of biology, chemistry, and biochemistry. The intent of this unit is to give readers some introduction into the field of cheminformatics and to show how cheminformatics not only shares many similarities with the field of bioinformatics, but also enhances much of what is currently done in bioinformatics, molecular biology, and biochemistry. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Matrix Gla protein repression by miR‐155 promotes oncogenic signals in breast cancer MCF‐7 cells
Authors: Tiago Daniel M. , Conceição Natércia , Caiado Helena , Laizé Vincent , Cancela Maria Leonor
Published: March 2016

MGP is a protein that was initially associated with the inhibition of calcification in skeleton, soft tissues, and arteries, but more recently also implicated in cancer. In breast cancer, higher levels of MGP mRNA were associated with poor prognosis, but since this deregulation was never demonstrated at the protein level, we postulated the involvement of a post‐transcriptional regulatory mechanism. In this work we show that MGP is significantly repressed by miR‐155 in breast cancer MCF‐7 cells, and concomitantly there is a stimulation of cell proliferation and cell invasiveness. This study brings new insights into the putative involvement of MGP and oncomiR‐155 in breast cancer, and may contribute to develop new therapeutic strategies.
Molecular insight of DREAM and presenilin 1 C‐terminal fragment interactions
Authors: Pham Khoa , Miksovska Jaroslava
Published: March 2016

Interactions between downstream regulatory element antagonist modulator (DREAM) and presenilin 1 (PS1) are related to numerous neuronal processes. We demonstrate that association of PS1 carboxyl peptide (residues 445–467, HL9) with DREAM is calcium dependent and stabilized by a cluster of three aromatic residues: F462 and F465 from PS1 and F252 from DREAM. Additional stabilization is provided by residues in a loop connecting α helices 7 and 8 in DREAM and residues of PS1, namely cation–π interactions between R200 in DREAM and F465 in PS1 and the salt bridges formed by R207 in DREAM and D450 and D458 in PS1.
Thermo‐kinematic evolution of theAnnapurna‐DhaulagiriHimalaya, centralNepal: TheCompositeOrogenicSystem
Authors: Parsons A. J. , Law R. D. , Lloyd G. E. , Phillips R. J. , Searle M. P.
Published: March 2016

The Himalayan orogen represents a “Composite Orogenic System” in which channel flow, wedge extrusion, and thrust stacking operate in separate “Orogenic Domains” with distinct rheologies and crustal positions. We analyze 104 samples from the metamorphic core (Greater Himalayan Sequence, GHS) and bounding units of the Annapurna‐Dhaulagiri Himalaya, central Nepal. Optical microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analyses provide a record of deformation microstructures and an indication of active crystal slip systems, strain geometries, and deformation temperatures. These data, combined with existing thermobarometry and geochronology data are used to construct detailed deformation temperature profiles for the GHS. The profiles define a three‐stage thermokinematic evolution from midcrustal channel flow (Stage 1, >700°C to 550–650°C), to rigid wedge extrusion (Stage 2, 400–600°C) and duplexing (Stage 3, <280–400°C). These tectonic processes are not mutually exclusive, but are confined to separate rheologically distinct Orogenic Domains that form the modular components of a Composite Orogenic System. These Orogenic Domains may be active at the same time at different depths/positions within the orogen. The thermokinematic evolution of the Annapurna‐Dhaulagiri Himalaya describes the migration of the GHS through these Orogenic Domains and reflects the spatial and temporal variability in rheological boundary conditions that govern orogenic systems.
Movements of the thermocline lead to high variability in benthic mixing in the nearshore of a large lake
Authors: Chowdhury Mijanur R. , Wells Mathew G. , Howell Todd
Published: March 2016

The thermocline of Lake Ontario is in constant motion, and as it washes back and forth along the sloping lakebed there is a striking asymmetry in near‐bed stratification and benthic turbulence between its rise and fall. Detailed field observations of the stratification and water currents from the summers of 2012 and 2013 showed that the thermocline motions had large amplitudes (as high as 15 m) and a dominant period between 16 and 17.5 h, corresponding to a near‐inertial internal Poincaré wave. During the falling phase, the warmer down‐slope flow was strongly stratified with near‐bed water temperature gradients of 1°C m−1. In contrast during the rising phase of colder up‐slope flow, there was an unstable stratification in near‐bed water and large temperature overturns due to the differential advection of stratified waters, i.e., the shear‐driven convective mechanism. Using a Thorpe‐scale analysis of overturns, the inferred turbulent diffusivity during the up‐slope flow was Kz =5 × 10−4 m2 s−1. In striking contrast during the down‐slope flow, the strong stratification had lower turbulent diffusivities of Kz =10−6 m2 s−1. The near bottom region of Lake Ontario within the thermocline swash‐zone has intense biological activity and the highest concentrations of invasive dreissenid mussels. We discuss the potential biological implications of the striking variability in benthic mixing and near‐bed stratification for nutrient cycling in the Lake Ontario nearshore.
Triptycene‐Based Chiral Macrocyclic Hosts for Highly Enantioselective Recognition of Chiral Guests Containing a Trimethylamino Group
Authors: Zhang Geng‐Wu , Li Peng‐Fei , Meng Zheng , Wang Han‐Xiao , Han Ying , Chen Chuan‐Feng
Published: March 2016

A new class of chiral macrocyclic arene composed of three chiral 2,6‐dihydroxyltriptycene subunits bridged by methylene groups was designed and synthesized. Structural studies showed that the macrocyclic molecule adopts a hex‐nut‐like structure with a helical chiral cavity and highly fixed conformation. Efficient resolution was achieved through the introduction of chiral auxiliaries to give a couple of enantiopure macrocycles, which exhibited high enantioselectivity towards three pairs of chiral compounds containing a trimethylamino group.
Daisy Chain Rotaxanes Made from Interlocked DNA Nanostructures
Authors: Weigandt Johannes , Chung Chia‐Ling , Jester Stefan‐S. , Famulok Michael
Published: March 2016

We report the stepwise assembly of supramolecular daisy chain rotaxanes (DCR) made of double‐stranded DNA: Small dsDNA macrocycles bearing an axle assemble into a pseudo‐DCR precursor that was connected to rigid DNA stoppers to form DCR with the macrocycles hybridized to the axles. In presence of release oligodeoxynucleotides (rODNs), the macrocycles are released from their respective hybridization sites on the axles, leading to stable mechanically interlocked DCRs. Besides the expected threaded DCRs, certain amounts of externally hybridized structures were observed, which dissociate into dumbbell structures in presence of rODNs. We show that the genuine DCRs have significantly higher degrees of freedom in their movement along the thread axle than the hybridized DCR precursors. Interlocking of DNA in DCRs might serve as a versatile principle for constructing functional DNA nanostructures where the movement of the subunits is restricted within precisely confined tolerance ranges.
Ortho‐Functionalized Aryltetrazines by Direct Palladium‐Catalyzed C−H Halogenation: Application to Fast Electrophilic Fluorination Reactions
Authors: Testa Christelle , Gigot Élodie , Genc Semra , Decréau Richard , Roger Julien , Hierso Jean‐Cyrille
Published: March 2016

A general catalyzed direct C−H functionalization of s‐tetrazines is reported. Under mild reaction conditions, N‐directed ortho‐C−H activation of tetrazines allows the introduction of various functional groups, thus forming carbon–heteroatom bonds: C−X (X=I, Br, Cl) and C−O. Based on this methodology, we developed electrophilic mono‐ and poly‐ortho‐fluorination of tetrazines. Microwave irradiation was optimized to afford fluorinated s‐aryltetrazines, with satisfactory selectivity, within only ten minutes. This work provides an efficient and practical entry for further accessing highly substituted tetrazine derivatives (iodo, bromo, chloro, fluoro, and acetate precursors). It gives access to ortho‐functionalized aryltetrazines which are difficult to obtain by classical Pinner‐like syntheses.
Targeted Ultrasound‐Assisted Cancer‐Selective Chemical Labeling and Subsequent Cancer Imaging using Click Chemistry
Authors: Wang Hua , Gauthier Marianne , Kelly Jamie R. , Miller Rita J. , Xu Ming , O'Brien William D. , Cheng Jianjun
Published: March 2016

Metabolic sugar labeling followed by the use of reagent‐free click chemistry is an established technique for in vitro cell targeting. However, selective metabolic labeling of the target tissues in vivo remains a challenge to overcome, which has prohibited the use of this technique for targeted in vivo applications. Herein, we report the use of targeted ultrasound pulses to induce the release of tetraacetyl N‐azidoacetylmannosamine (Ac4ManAz) from microbubbles (MBs) and its metabolic expression in the cancer area. Ac4ManAz‐loaded MBs showed great stability under physiological conditions, but rapidly collapsed in the presence of tumor‐localized ultrasound pulses. The released Ac4ManAz from MBs was able to label 4T1 tumor cells with azido groups and significantly improved the tumor accumulation of dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO)‐Cy5 by subsequent click chemistry. We demonstrated for the first time that Ac4ManAz‐loaded MBs coupled with the use of targeted ultrasound could be a simple but powerful tool for in vivo cancer‐selective labeling and targeted cancer therapies.
Isothermal Cyclic Conversion of Methane into Methanol over Copper‐Exchanged Zeolite at Low Temperature
Authors: Tomkins Patrick , Mansouri Ali , Bozbag Selmi E. , Krumeich Frank , Park Min Bum , Alayon Evalyn Mae C. , Ranocchiari Marco , van Bokhoven Jeroen A.
Published: March 2016

Direct partial oxidation of methane into methanol is a cornerstone of catalysis. The stepped conversion of methane into methanol currently involves activation at high temperature and reaction with methane at decreased temperature, which limits applicability of the technique. The first implementation of copper‐containing zeolites in the production of methanol directly from methane is reported, using molecular oxygen under isothermal conditions at 200 °C. Copper‐exchanged zeolite is activated with oxygen, reacts with methane, and is subsequently extracted with steam in a repeated cyclic process. Methanol yield increases with methane pressure, enabling reactivity with less reactive oxidized copper species. It is possible to produce methanol over catalysts that were inactive in prior state of the art systems. Characterization of the activated catalyst at low temperature revealed that the active sites are small clusters of copper, and not necessarily di‐ or tricopper sites, indicating that catalysts can be designed with greater flexibility than formerly proposed.
Synergistic Cocatalytic Effect of Carbon Nanodots and Co3O4 Nanoclusters for the Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation on Hematite
Authors: Zhang Peng , Wang Tuo , Chang Xiaoxia , Zhang Lei , Gong Jinlong
Published: March 2016

Cocatalysis plays an important role in enhancing the activity of semiconductor photocatalysts for solar water splitting. Compared to a single cocatalyst configuration, a cocatalytic system consisting of multiple components with different functions may realize outstanding enhancement through their interactions, yet limited research has been reported. Herein we describe the synergistic cocatalytic effect between carbon nanodots (CDots) and Co3O4, which promotes the photoelectrochemical water oxidation activity of the Fe2O3 photoanode with a 60 mV cathodically shifted onset potential. The C/Co3O4‐Fe2O3 photoanode exhibits a photocurrent density of 1.48 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode), 78 % higher than that of the bare Fe2O3 photoanode. The slow reaction process on the single CoIII‐OH site of the Co3O4 cocatalyst, oxidizing H2O to H2O2 with two photogenerated holes, could be accelerated by the timely H2O2 oxidation to O2 catalyzed on CDots.
Modulating fcc and hcp Ruthenium on the Surface of Palladium–Copper Alloy through Tunable Lattice Mismatch
Authors: Yao Yancai , He Dong Sheng , Lin Yue , Feng Xiaoqian , Wang Xin , Yin Peiqun , Hong Xun , Zhou Gang , Wu Yuen , Li Yadong
Published: March 2016

Herein, we report an epitaxial‐growth‐mediated method to grow face‐centered cubic (fcc) Ru, which is thermodynamically unfavorable in the bulk form, on the surface of Pd–Cu alloy. Induced by the galvanic replacement between Ru and Pd–Cu alloy, a shape transformation from a Pd–Cu@Ru core–shell to a yolk–shell structure was observed during the epitaxial growth. The successful coating of the unconventional crystallographic structure is critically dependent on the moderate lattice mismatch between the fcc Ru overlayer and PdCu3 alloy substrate. Further, both fcc and hexagonal close packed (hcp) Ru can be selectively grown through varying the lattice spacing of the Pd–Cu substrate. The presented findings provide a new synthetic pathway to control the crystallographic structure of metal nanomaterials.
White Graphene undergoes Peroxidase Degradation
Authors: Kurapati Rajendra , Backes Claudia , Ménard‐Moyon Cécilia , Coleman Jonathan N. , Bianco Alberto
Published: March 2016

Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) nanosheets are emerging as promising 2D materials for different types of applications. However, biodegradation of hBN materials is poorly explored owing to their high chemical inertness and strong oxidation resistance. The assessment of oxidation/biodegradation of hBN is important in developing biomedical tools. Herein, we report the first study on the biodegradability of hBN nanosheets comparing the enzymatic catalysis of two different peroxidases, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and human myeloperoxidase (MPO), with the photo‐Fenton (P.F.) reaction. The results show that degradation of hBN nanosheets is different to that of graphene and graphene oxide, since partial oxidation was found using MPO after 35 h, while HRP failed to degrade hBN up to 60 days. Nearly complete oxidation/degradation was occurred by P.F. reaction in 100 h. These results are helpful in designing advanced conjugates for biomedical uses of hBN.
The synthesis and characteristics of sodium alginate/graphene oxide composite films crosslinked with multivalent cations
Authors: Zheng Haicheng , Yang Jisheng , Han Suya
Published: March 2016

Association of a method of the incorporation of graphene oxide (GO) into sodium alginate (Na‐alg) polymer matrix with a method of the use multivalent cations crosslinker was put forward to synthesize novel Na‐alg/GO nanocomposite films. The structures, morphologies, and the properties of Na‐alg/GO films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and tensile tests. The results revealed that the interlayer distance of GO sheets increased from 0.83 nm to 1.08 nm after assembling with Na‐alg, and Na‐alg inserted into GO layers crosslinking with multivalent cations increased the interlayer distance further. Ionic crosslinking significantly enhanced thermal and mechanical properties of Na‐alg/GO nanocomposite films. In particular, Fe3+ led to Na‐alg/GO nanocomposite films of significantly higher tensile strength and modulus than Ca2+ and Ba2+. The excellent thermal and mechanical properties of these novel Na‐alg/GO nanocomposite films may open up applications for Na‐alg films. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43616.
Evaluation of oil production from oil palm empty fruit bunch by oleaginous micro‐organisms
Authors: Ahmad Farah B , Zhang Zhanying , Doherty William OS , O'Hara Ian M
Published: March 2016

Oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) is a readily available, lignocellulosic biomass that has potential to be utilized as a carbon substrate for microbial oil production. In order to evaluate the production of microbial oil from EFB, a technical study was performed through the cultivation of oleaginous micro‐organisms (Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Aspergillus oryzae, and Mucor plumbeus) on EFB hydrolyzates. EFB hydrolyzates were prepared through dilute acid pre‐treatment of the biomass, where the liquid fraction of pre‐treatment was detoxified and used as an EFB liquid hydrolyzate (EFBLH). The solid residue was enzymatically hydrolyzed prior to be used as an EFB enzymatic hydrolyzate (EFBEH). The highest oil concentrations were obtained from M. plumbeus (1.9 g/L of oil on EFBLH and 4.7 g/L of oil on EFBEH). In order to evaluate the feasibility of large‐scale microbial oil production, a techno‐economic study was performed based on the oil yields of M. plumbeus per hectare of plantation, followed by the estimation of the feedstock cost for oil production. Other oil palm biomasses (frond and trunk) were also included in this study, as it could potentially improve the economics of large‐scale microbial oil production. Microbial oil from oil palm biomasses was estimated to potentially increase oil production in the palm oil industry up to 25%, at a cheaper feedstock cost. The outcome of this study demonstrates the potential integration of microbial oil production from oil palm biomasses with existing palm oil industry (biodiesel, food and oleochemicals production), that could potentially enhance sustainability and profitability of microbial oil production. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
A Description of the Forensic Monitoring System of the Missouri Department of Mental Health
Authors: Reynolds James B.
Published: March 2016

The Forensic Monitoring System (FMS) of the Missouri Department of Mental Health considers and approves consumers committed under not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) status for release. The system extends to the outpatient sector to ensure that such persons maintain their mental stability and do not pose a danger to the community. The process of conditional release and the organization of the FMS are outlined, reasons for the low recidivism rate are discussed, and paternalism in requiring treatment compliance as a condition of individual liberty is explored. Case examples illustrate the success, in terms of revocation and rearrest rates, of the Missouri system, which typically sees an annual return to inpatient custody of only 7%, and a still lower rate of criminal recidivism. Cost‐effectiveness is discussed in terms of resources spent so that recovered persons with dangerous mental illnesses may live in safety outside of an institution. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Textile Catalysts—An unconventional approach towards heterogeneous catalysis
Authors: Mayer‐Gall Thomas , Lee Ji‐Woong , Opwis Klaus , List Benjamin , Gutmann Jochen S.
Published: March 2016

Textile catalysts are a new approach utilizing immobilization of different classes of catalysts onto textile materials such as polyethylene terephthalate and polyamide. Robust, inexpensive fibrous materials are chosen because they are available in many variations. By a photochemical approach a series of different supported organocatalysts (organotextile catalysts) has been prepared, showing high catalytic activity and good reusability. The aim of this concept article is to present the scope, limits and open questions of our innovative approach. The working principle of the immobilization and its control parameters will be explained and the scope of useable catalysts is shown. Therefore we will show the significant influence of the anchoring group on loading and more importantly on catalyst activity. This concept is also applicable to organometallic catalysts and enzymes. Understanding the different phenomena allows us to develop “textile catalysts” as a new powerful tool for heterogeneous catalysis.
Isomerization of Halogenated Cyclopentene over a NH4F Catalyst
Authors: Zhang Chengping , Hu Ruzhu , Qing Feiyao , Quan Hengdao
Published: March 2016

The mechanism of the halogen‐transfer isomerization of halogenated cyclopentene was investigated over a NH4F catalyst in DMF. This catalytic system was to have the unique ability to isomerize halogenated cyclopentene selectively. The process of migration of the F atom in the 3‐position on the C(sp3) atom to the 4‐position on the C(sp3) atom is in chemical equilibrium, whereas the process of migration of the F atom in the 2‐position on the C(sp2) atom to the 3‐position on the C(sp3) atom is not. Therefore, halogenated cyclopentene containing fluorine on either the C(sp3) or C(sp2) atom could be prepared selectively in terms of the NH4F catalyst.
Design of a Prussian Blue Analogue/Carbon Nanotube Thin‐Film Nanocomposite: Tailored Precursor Preparation, Synthesis, Characterization, and Application
Authors: Husmann Samantha , Zarbin Aldo J. G.
Published: March 2016

Multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) filled with different species of cobalt (metallic cobalt, cobalt oxide) were synthesized by a chemical vapor deposition method through cobaltocene pyrolysis. A systematic study was performed to correlate different experimental conditions with the structure and characteristics of the obtained material. Thin films of Co‐filled CNTs were deposited over conductive substrates through a liquid–liquid interfacial method and were used for cobalt hexacyanoferrate (CoHCFe) electrodeposition by an innovative route in which the Co species encapsulated in the CNTs were employed as reactants. The CNT/CoHCFe films were characterized by different spectroscopic, microscopic, and electrochemical techniques and presented high electrochemical stability in different media. The nanocomposites were applied as both an electrochemical sensor to H2O2 and a cathode for ion batteries and showed limits of detection at approximately 3.7 nmol L−1 and a capacity of 130 mAh g−1 at a current density of 5 A g−1.
A Double‐Clicking Bis‐Azide Fluorogenic Dye for Bioorthogonal Self‐Labeling Peptide Tags
Authors: Demeter Orsolya , Fodor Eszter A. , Kállay Mihály , Mező Gábor , Németh Krisztina , Szabó Pál T. , Kele Péter
Published: March 2016

Herein, we give the very first example for the development of a fluorogenic molecular probe that combines the two‐point binding specificity of biarsenical‐based dyes with the robustness of bioorthogonal click‐chemistry. This proof‐of‐principle study reports on the synthesis and fluorogenic characterization of a new, double‐quenched, bis‐azide fluorogenic probe suitable for bioorthogonal two‐point tagging of small peptide tags by double strain‐promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition. The presented probe exhibits remarkable increase in fluorescence intensity when reacted with bis‐cyclooctynylated peptide sequences, which could also serve as possible self‐labeling small peptide tag motifs.
Solvothermally Driven Mn Doping and Clustering of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Heat Delivery Applications
Authors: Otero‐Lorenzo Ruth , Fantechi Elvira , Sangregorio Claudio , Salgueiriño Verónica
Published: March 2016

Direct interactions between nanoparticles of Mn‐doped magnetite or maghemite (clearly differentiated by Raman spectroscopy) grouped in spherical clusters minimize the effect related to their characteristic magnetic dead layer at the surface. Hence, the clustering process jointly with the manganese doping renders these ferrite nanostructures very attractive as displaying increased saturation magnetization, offering, consequently, outstanding values of the specific absorption rate (SAR) for heat delivery. The whole picture for bio‐related applications has been considered, with issues related to magnetic manipulation, colloidal stability, and biocompatibility.