bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entorhinal vessel density correlates with phosphorylated tau and TDP‐43 pathology
Authors: Llamas Rodríguez Josué , van der Kouwe André J. W. , Oltmer Jan , Rosenblum Emma , Mercaldo Nathaniel , Fischl Bruce , Marshall Michael , Frosch Matthew P. , Augustinack Jean C.
Published: June 2024

INTRODUCTION

The entorhinal cortex (EC) and perirhinal cortex (PC) are vulnerable to Alzheimer's disease. A triggering factor may be the interaction of vascular dysfunction and tau pathology.

METHODS

We imaged post mortem human tissue at 100 μm3 with 7 T magnetic resonance imaging and manually labeled individual blood vessels (mean = 270 slices/case). Vessel density was quantified and compared per EC subfield, between EC and PC, and in relation to tau and TAR DNA‐binding protein 43 (TDP‐43) semiquantitative scores.

RESULTS

PC was more vascularized than EC and vessel densities were higher in posterior EC subfields. Tau and TDP‐43 strongly correlated with vasculature density and subregions with severe tau at the preclinical stage had significantly greater vessel density than those with low tau burden.

DISCUSSION

These data impact cerebrovascular maps, quantification of subfield vasculature, and correlation of vasculature and pathology at early stages. The ordered association of vessel density, and tau or TDP‐43 pathology, may be exploited in a predictive context.

Highlights

Vessel density correlates with phosphorylated tau (p‐tau) burden in entorhinal and perirhinal cortices.

Perirhinal area 35 and posterior entorhinal cortex showed greatest p‐tau burden but also the highest vessel density in the preclinical phase of Alzheimer's disease.

We combined an ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging model and histopathology to demonstrate the 3D reconstruction of intracortical vessels and its spatial relationship to the pathology.
Mutations in CLCN6 as a Novel Genetic Cause of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis in Patients and a Murine Model
Authors: He Hailan , Cao Xiaoshuang , He Fang , Zhang Wen , Wang Xiaole , Peng Pan , Xie Changning , Yin Fei , Li Dengfeng , Li Jiada , Wang Minghui , Klüssendorf Malte , Jentsch Thomas J. , Stauber Tobias , Peng Jing
Published: June 2024

Objective

The aim of this study was to explore the pathogenesis of CLCN6‐related disease and to assess whether its Cl−/H+‐exchange activity is crucial for the biological role of ClC‐6.

Methods

We performed whole‐exome sequencing on a girl with development delay, intractable epilepsy, behavioral abnormities, retinal dysfunction, progressive brain atrophy, suggestive of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs). We generated and analyzed the first knock‐in mouse model of a patient variant (p.E200A) and compared it with a Clcn6−/− mouse model. Additional functional tests were performed with heterologous expression of mutant ClC‐6.

Results

We identified a de novo heterozygous p.E200A variant in the proband. Expression of disease‐causing ClC‐6E200A or ClC‐6Y553C mutants blocked autophagic flux and activated transcription factors EB (TFEB) and E3 (TFE3), leading to autophagic vesicle and cholesterol accumulation. Such alterations were absent with a transport‐deficient ClC‐6E267A mutant. Clcn6E200A/+ mice developed severe neurodegeneration with typical features of NCLs. Mutant ClC‐6E200A, but not loss of ClC‐6 in Clcn6−/− mice, increased lysosomal biogenesis by suppressing mTORC1‐TFEB signaling, blocked autophagic flux through impairing lysosomal function, and increased apoptosis. Carbohydrate and lipid deposits accumulated in Clcn6E200A/+ brain, while only lipid storage was found in Clcn6−/− brain. Lysosome dysfunction, autophagy defects, and gliosis were early pathogenic events preceding neuron loss.

Interpretation

CLCN6 is a novel genetic cause of NCLs, highlighting the importance of considering CLCN6 mutations in the diagnostic workup for molecularly undefined forms of NCLs. Uncoupling of Cl− transport from H+ countertransport in the E200A mutant has a dominant effect on the autophagic/lysosomal pathway. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:608–624
A Unique Wide‐Spacing Fence‐Type Superstructure for Robust High‐Voltage O3‐Type Sodium Layered Cathode
Authors: Mao Qianjiang , Zhang Jicheng , Wong Deniz , Yin Wen , Wang Ruoyu , Zhang Tianran , Liu Xiangfeng
Published: June 2024

Enhancing the energy density of layered oxide cathode materials is of great significance for realizing high‐performance sodium‐ion batteries and promoting their commercial application. Lattice oxygen redox at high voltage usually enables a high capacity and energy density. But the structural degradation, severe voltage decay, and the resultant poor cycling performance caused by irreversible oxygen release seriously restrict the practical application. Herein we introduce a novel fence‐type superstructure (2a×3a type supercell) into O3‐type layered cathode material Na0.9Li0.1Ni0.3Mn0.3Ti0.3O2 and achieve a stable cycling performance at a high voltage of 4.4 V. The fence‐type superstructure effectively inhibits the formation of the vacancy clusters resulting from out‐of‐plane Li migration and in‐plane transition metal migration at high voltage due to the wide d‐spacing, thereby significantly reducing the irreversible release of lattice oxygen and greatly stabilizing the crystal structure. The cathode exhibits a high energy density of 545 Wh kg−1, a high rate capability (112.8 mAh g−1 at 5 C) and a high cycling stability (85.8 %@200 cycles with a high initial capacity of 148.6 mAh g−1 at 1 C) accompanied by negligible voltage attenuation (98.5 %@200 cycles). This strategy provides a distinct spacing effect of superstructure to design stable high‐voltage layered cathode materials for Na‐ion batteries.
Multi‐Stimuli‐Responsive Network of Multicatalytic Reactions using a Single Palladium/Platinum Catalyst
Authors: Kurpik Gracjan , Walczak Anna , Dydio Paweł , Stefankiewicz Artur R.
Published: June 2024

Given her unrivalled proficiency in the synthesis of all molecules of life, nature has been an endless source of inspiration for developing new strategies in organic chemistry and catalysis. However, one feature that remains thus far beyond chemists’ grasp is her unique ability to adapt the productivity of metabolic processes in response to triggers that indicate the temporary need for specific metabolites. To demonstrate the remarkable potential of such stimuli‐responsive systems, we present a metabolism‐inspired network of multicatalytic processes capable of selectively synthesising a range of products from simple starting materials. Specifically, the network is built of four classes of distinct catalytic reactions—cross‐couplings, substitutions, additions, and reductions, involving three organic starting materials—terminal alkyne, aryl iodide, and hydrosilane. All starting materials are either introduced sequentially or added to the system at the same time, with no continuous influx of reagents or efflux of products. All processes in the system are catalysed by a multifunctional heteronuclear PdII/PtII complex, whose performance can be controlled by specific additives and external stimuli. The reaction network exhibits a substantial degree of orthogonality between different pathways, enabling the controllable synthesis of ten distinct products with high efficiency and selectivity through simultaneous triggering and suppression mechanisms.
High Photoinitiating Efficiency of Benzothioxanthene‐Based Oxime Esters in Photopolymerization via Photocleavage and/or Single Electron Transfer under Visible Light and Sunlight
Authors: Zhang Yijun , Song Bin , Liu Zheng , Noon Adel , Dietlin Céline , Morlet‐Savary Fabrice , Schmitt Michael , Gigmes Didier , Dumur Frédéric , Lalevée Jacques
Published: June 2024

In this work, six benzothioxanthene‐based oxime esters were employed as photoinitiators for photopolymerization under visible light (LED) and sunlight. Their abilities to behave as Type I photoinitiators by mean of a photocleavage mechanism of oxime esters but also in multicomponent photoinitiating systems with an iodonium salt (through an electron transfer mechanism) were both explored with the different structures. Due to their broad absorption spectra tailing up 600 nm, photoinitiating properties of the benzothioxanthene‐based oxime esters were systematically tested under excitation with low‐intensity LED light at wavelengths of 405 nm and 450 nm. Additionally, parallel to the polymerization tests done under artificial light, the different benzothioxanthene‐based oxime esters were also investigated as solar photoinitiators and displayed a high reactivity in France (Western Europe) even in winter conditions. For the best candidates i.e. the most reactive structures, direct laser write experiments were carried out, evidencing the interest of these structures.
Selective Activation of Lattice Oxygen Site Through Coordination Engineering to Boost the Activity and Stability of Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Zhang Guikai , Pei Jiajing , Wang Yueshuai , Wang Guowei , Wang Yongsheng , Liu Wenchao , Xu Jinfeng , An Pengfei , Huang Huan , Zheng Lirong , Chu Shengqi , Dong Juncai , Zhang Jing
Published: June 2024

Although Ru‐based materials are among the outstanding catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the instability issue still haunts them and impedes the widespread application. The instability of Ru‐based OER catalysts is generally ascribed to the formation of soluble species through the over‐oxidation of Ru and structural decomposition caused by involvement of lattice oxygen. Herein, an effective strategy of selectively activating the lattice oxygen around Ru site is proposed to improve the OER activity and stability. Our synthesized spinel‐type electrocatalyst of Ru and Zn co‐doped Co3O4 showed an ultralow overpotential of 172 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a long‐term stability reaching to 100 hours at 10 mA cm−2 for alkaline OER. The experimental results and theoretical simulations demonstrated that the lattice oxygen site jointly connected with the octahedral Ru and tetrahedral Zn atoms became more active than other oxygen sites near Ru atom, which further lowered the reaction energy barriers and avoided generating excessive oxygen vacancies to enhance the structural stability of Ru sites. The findings hope to provide a new perspective to improve the catalytic activity of Ru‐incorporated OER catalysts and the stability of lattice‐oxygen‐mediated mechanism.
Hepatic Biotransformation of Renal Clearable Gold Nanoparticles for Noninvasive Detection of Liver Glutathione Level via Urinalysis
Authors: Qi Yuming , Xu Mingze , Lu Huixu , Wang Xiaoxian , Peng Yexi , Wang Ziyuan , Liang Fengying , Jiang Xingya , Du Bujie
Published: June 2024

Renal clearable nanoparticles have been drawing much attention as they can avoid prolonged accumulation in the body by efficiently clearing through the kidneys. While much effort has been made to understand their interactions within the kidneys, it remains unclear whether their transport could be influenced by other organs, such as the liver, which plays a crucial role in metabolizing and eliminating both endogenous and exogenous substances through various biotransformation processes. Here, by utilizing renal clearable IRDye800CW conjugated gold nanocluster (800CW4‐GS18‐Au25) as a model, we found that although 800CW4‐GS18‐Au25 strongly resisted serum‐protein binding and exhibited minimal accumulation in the liver, its surface was still gradually modified by hepatic glutathione‐mediated biotransformation when passing through the liver, resulting in the dissociation of IRDye800CW from Au25 and biotransformation‐generated fingerprint message of 800CW4‐GS18‐Au25 in urine, which allowed us to facilely quantify its urinary biotransformation index (UBI) via urine chromatography analysis. Moreover, we observed the linear correlation between UBI and hepatic glutathione concentration, offering us a noninvasive method for quantitative detection of liver glutathione level through a simple urine test. Our discoveries would broaden the fundamental understanding of in vivo transport of nanoparticles and advance the development of urinary probes for noninvasive biodetection.
Machine Learning Algorithm Guides Catalyst Choices for Magnesium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Reactions
Authors: Baczewska Paulina , Kulczykowski Michał , Zambroń Bartosz , Jaszczewska‐Adamczak Joanna , Pakulski Zbigniew , Roszak Rafał , Grzybowski Bartosz A. , Mlynarski Jacek
Published: June 2024

Organic‐chemical literature encompasses large numbers of catalysts and reactions they can effect. Many of these examples are published merely to document the catalysts’ scope but do not necessarily guarantee that a given catalyst is “optimal”—in terms of yield or enantiomeric excess—for a particular reaction. This paper describes a Machine Learning model that aims to improve such catalyst‐reaction assignments based on the carefully curated literature data. As we show here for the case of asymmetric magnesium catalysis, this model achieves relatively high accuracy and offers out of‐the‐box predictions successfully validated by experiment, e.g., in synthetically demanding asymmetric reductions or Michael additions.
Carbon‐Based Weakly Coordinating Anions: Molecular Design, Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Kelling Leif , Eßer Julian , Knyszek Daniel , Gessner Viktoria H.
Published: June 2024

Although carbanions, which are usually regarded as reactive species and powerful metalation reagents, can be stabilized through choice of the substitution pattern, they have rarely been considered for the design of weakly coordinating anions (WCA). Here, we report on an evaluation of the potential of a series of differently substituted carbanions to serve as WCA by computational methods. This led us to the synthesis of the water‐ and air‐stable allyl anion 1 with triflyl and 3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl (ArF) moieties, which can be isolated in high yields even on a gram‐scale. Single crystal X‐ray crystallography and NMR studies confirmed the weak coordination ability of the anion by showing negligible or only weak interactions with different cations. This property enabled the application of 1 in the stabilization of reactive group 14 and 15 cations. In addition to the crystallization of a phosphenium cation, the first all‐carbon salt with a non‐aromatic carbanion is reported, which revealed to be a convenient reagent for hydride abstraction such as from silanes. Overall, this work demonstrates the so far untapped potential of carbanions as WCA, that are accessible with a variety of different cations for various applications.
Highly Active Oxidation Catalysts through Confining Pd Clusters on CeO2 Nano‐Islands
Authors: Gashnikova Daria , Maurer Florian , Sauter Eric , Bernart Sarah , Jelic Jelena , Dolcet Paolo , Maliakkal Carina B. , Wang Yuemin , Wöll Christof , Studt Felix , Kübel Christian , Casapu Maria , Grunwaldt Jan‐Dierk
Published: June 2024

CeO2‐supported noble metal clusters are attractive catalytic materials for several applications. However, their atomic dispersion under oxidizing reaction conditions often leads to catalyst deactivation. In this study, the noble metal cluster formation threshold is rationally adjusted by using a mixed CeO2‐Al2O3 support. The preferential location of Pd on CeO2 islands leads to a high local surface noble metal concentration and promotes the in situ formation of small Pd clusters at a rather low noble metal loading (0.5 wt %), which are shown to be the active species for CO conversion at low temperatures. As elucidated by complementary in situ/operando techniques, the spatial separation of CeO2 islands on Al2O3 confines the mobility of Pd, preventing the full redispersion or the formation of larger noble metal particles and maintaining a high CO oxidation activity at low temperatures. In a broader perspective, this approach to more efficiently use the noble metal can be transferred to further systems and reactions in heterogeneous catalysis.
Mixed‐charge cellulose nanocrystal modified cellulose acetate membrane with endotoxin scavenging ability and antibacterial properties
Authors: Zhou Yuan , Zhang Qiang , Xia Zhaoxia , Wang Zhaojiang , Liu Libin , Jiang Yuanzhang , Han Yanting , Xie Linshen , Tan Lin , Zhang Yong
Published: June 2024

Blending modification is used to improve the hemocompatibility of cellulose acetate (CA) dialysis membranes while endowing the CA membrane with endotoxin scavenging and antibacterial capabilities. First, polydopamine (PDA) and polyethylenimine (PEI) are used as negatively charged and positively charged moieties, respectively, together with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) to construct mixed charge CNCs (PEI‐PDA@CNCs). Then PEI‐PDA@CNCs is blended with the CA casting solution, and the modified CA dialysis membrane is prepared through a phase inversion process. Through biocompatibility, adsorption, antibacterial, and filtration experiments, various properties of PEI‐PDA@CNCs modified CA membrane (PDCA) are systematically tested. The results show that the PDCA membrane exhibited good blood compatibility and noncytotoxicity. At the same time, the PDCA membrane has antibacterial properties and excellent endotoxin adsorption capacity. Compared with the CA membrane, the clearance rates of PDCA membrane for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli reach 54.0% ± 1.5% and 52.9% ± 5.9% respectively. In the dynamic adsorption experiment, the adsorption capacity of PDCA membrane for endotoxin increases to 2322.1 ± 45.9 EU/g. The research results indicate that PEI‐PDA@CNC‐modified multifunctional CA membrane with endotoxin adsorption and antibacterial properties has potential application prospects in the fields of hemodialysis and blood purification.
Flexible bismaleimide resins based on bio‐based diamine: Synthesis and properties
Authors: Guo Rongye , Huang Zheng , Wang Ruibin , Xu Lingtian , Wan Liqiang , Huang Farong
Published: June 2024

The low toughness and high softening temperature of bismaleimide (BMI) resin limit its application in the field of electronic packaging. Herein, a series of flexible BMI resins with maleic anhydride terminated were synthesized via the imide reaction between dianhydrides and bio‐based 8,8′‐(4‐hexyl‐6‐octylcyclohexane‐1,3‐diyl)bis(octane‐1‐amine) (HOBOA). The degree of polymerization of these BMI resins was controlled to 1, 3, and 5 by adjusting the molar ratio of dianhydrides to HOBOA. These BMI resins show a low softening temperature below 100°C. These BMI resins were cured by the thermal procedure as follows: 145°C/2 h, 185°C/2 h, 225°C/2 h, and 275°C/2 h. The thermal decomposition temperature of cured resins is above 395°C. The tensile testing results demonstrated that cured resins exhibit a high elongation at break of around 60%. The dielectric constant of the cured resins is between 2.72 and 3.09 at room temperature. The water absorption rate of cured resins is less than 0.7% after being soaked in water for 30 days. After the cured resins were soaked separately in acid and alkali, the tensile strength retention rate reaches more than 90%. Additionally, the lap shear strength of cured resins coated on 7075 aluminum alloy exceeds 7.0 MPa.
Conservation applications of niche modeling: Native and naturalized ferns may compete for limited Hawaiian dryland habitat
Authors: Edwards‐Calma Krystalyn , Jiménez Laura , Zenil‐Ferguson Rosana , Heyduk Karolina , Thomas Miles K. , Tribble Carrie M.
Published: June 2024

Premise

Competition from naturalized species and habitat loss are common threats to native biodiversity and may act synergistically to increase competition for decreasing habitat availability. We use Hawaiian dryland ferns as a model for the interactions between land‐use change and competition from naturalized species in determining habitat availability.

Methods

We used fine‐resolution climatic variables and carefully curated occurrence data from herbaria and community science repositories to estimate the distributions of Hawaiian dryland ferns. We quantified the degree to which naturalized ferns tend to occupy areas suitable for native species and mapped the remaining available habitat given land‐use change.

Results

Of all native species, Doryopteris angelica had the lowest percentage of occurrences of naturalized species in its suitable area while D. decora had the highest. However, all Doryopteris spp. had a higher percentage overlap, while Pellaea ternifolia had a lower percentage overlap, than expected by chance. Doryopteris decora and D. decipiens had the lowest proportions (<20%) of suitable area covering native habitat.

Discussion

Areas characterized by shared environmental preferences of native and naturalized ferns may decrease due to human development and fallowed agricultural lands. Our study demonstrates the value of place‐based application of a recently developed correlative ecological niche modeling approach for conservation risk assessment in a rapidly changing and urbanized island ecosystem.
Combining chemical profiles and biological abilities of different extracts from Tanacetum nitens (Boiss. & Noë) Grierson using network pharmacology
Authors: Dall'Acqua Stefano , Yagi Sakina , Sut Stefania , Uba Abdullahi Ibrahim , Ponniya Sathish Kumar M. , Koyuncu Ismail , Toprak Kenan , Balos Mehmet Maruf , Kaplan Alevcan , Çakılcıoğlu Uğur , Zengin Gokhan
Published: June 2024

Tanacetum nitens (Boiss. & Noë) Grierson is an aromatic perennial herb used in Turkish traditional medicine to treat headache, fever, and skin diseases. This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, enzyme inhibition, and cytotoxic properties of T. nitens aerial parts. Organic solvent extracts were prepared by sequential maceration in hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol while aqueous extracts were obtained by maceration or infusion. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and LC‐DAD‐MS analysis allowed the identification and quantification of different phytoconstituents including parthenolide, tanacetol B, tatridin B, quinic acid derivatives, β‐sitosterol, and glycoside derivatives of quercetin and luteolin. The type and amount of these phytochemicals recovered by each solvent were variable and significant enough to impact the biological activities of the plant. Methanolic and aqueous extracts displayed the highest scavenging and ions‐reducing properties while the dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts exerted the best total antioxidant activity and metal chelating power. Results of enzyme inhibition activity showed that the hexane, ethyl acetate, and dichloromethane extracts had comparable anti‐acetylcholinesterase activity and the latter extract revealed the highest anti‐butyrylcholinesterase activity. The best α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase inhibition activities were obtained from the hexane extract. The dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts exhibited the highest cytotoxic effect against the prostate carcinoma DU‐145 cells. In conclusion, these findings indicated that T. nitens can be a promising source of biomolecules with potential therapeutic applications.
Polyurea‐urethane Temperature‐responsive Hydrogels for Sustained Delivery of Anti‐VEGF Therapeutics
Authors: Loh Wei Wei , Lin Qianyu , Zhao Xinxin , Su Xinyi , Loh Xian Jun , Lim Jason Y C
Published: June 2024

Temperature‐responsive hydrogels, or thermogels, have emerged as a leading platform for sustained delivery of both small molecule drugs and macromolecular biologic therapeutics. Although thermogel properties can be modulated by varying the polymer's hydrophilic‐hydrophobic balance, molecular weight and degree of branching, varying the supramolecular donor‐acceptor interactions on the polymer remains surprisingly overlooked. Herein, to study the influence of enhanced hydrogen bonding on thermogelation, we synthesized a family of amphiphilic polymers containing urea and urethane linkages using quinuclidine as an organocatalyst. Our findings showed that the presence of strongly hydrogen bonding urea linkages significantly enhanced polymer hydration in water, in turn affecting hierarchical polymer self‐assembly and macroscopic gel properties such as sol‐gel phase transition temperature and gel stiffness. Additionally, analysis of the sustained release profiles of Aflibercept, an FDA‐approved protein biologic for anti‐angiogenic treatment, showed that urea bonds on the thermogel were able to significantly alter the drug release mechanism and kinetics compared to usage of polyurethane gels of similar composition and molecular weight. Our findings demonstrate the unrealized possibility of modulating gel properties and outcomes of sustained drug delivery through judicious variation of hydrogen bonding motifs on the polymer structure.
Estimation of VaR with jump process: Application in corn and soybean markets
Authors: Lin Minglian , SenGupta Indranil , Wilson William
Published: June 2024

Value at risk (VaR) is a quantitative measure used to evaluate the risk linked to the potential loss of investment or capital. Estimation of the VaR entails the quantification of prospective losses in a portfolio of investments, using a certain likelihood, under normal market conditions within a specific time period. The objective of this article is to construct a model and estimate the VaR for a diversified portfolio consisting of multiple cash commodity positions driven by standard Brownian motions and jump processes. Subsequently, a thorough analytical estimation of the VaR is conducted for the proposed model. The results are then applied to two distinct commodities—corn and soybean—enabling a comprehensive comparison of the VaR values in the presence and absence of jumps.
A Dual‐Layered Anode Buffer Layer Structure for All Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Lu Yushi , Chang Hansen Michael , Birke Kai Peter
Published: June 2024

Over the past few decades, lithium‐ion batteries have garnered considerable attention, especially for their use in electric vehicles (EVs). In recent years, solid‐state batteries have become increasingly popular due to their excellent safety features and potential for high energy density. However, solid‐state batteries with lithium metal anodes present challenges in terms of electrochemical reactivity and cost. To address these challenges, alternative anode systems such as the “anode‐free” approach are being explored. In this study, we introduced a dual‐layered anode comprising a primary layer of physically vapor‐deposited zinc and a secondary layer of carbon black, focusing on investigating the influence of varying thicknesses of the lithiophilic zinc layer on cell cycling performance. Among the three different zinc thicknesses chosen for this purpose – categorized as thin (286 nm), medium (1.802 μm), and thick (6.519 μm) – the dual‐layered anode buffer layer was analyzed in a single‐layer full pouch cell. An in‐depth investigation into the lithium‐zinc alloying behavior was conducted through post‐mortem analysis. From the results, we found that the combination of the zinc layer with the carbon black layer improved cell cycling performance in terms of discharge capacity retention compared to a single layer of either zinc or carbon black. The cycling performance of this dual‐layered anode could be further enhanced by optimizing the zinc layer thickness, likely due to the irreversible alloying step of zinc and lithium. Among the various thicknesses evaluated, the thin zinc layer (286 nm) combined with the carbon black layer demonstrated the most promising cycling performance in all solid‐state batteries.
Bipolar Organic Cathodes for Stable and Sustainable Na‐Ion and Rechargeable Al Batteries
Authors: Youngsam Kim Eric , Vi‐khanh Ta Kaitlyn , Chen Fu , Yang Zhenzhen , Yu Yun , Luo Chao
Published: June 2024

Bipolar organic materials have emerged as promising cathode materials for rechargeable batteries because of their high voltage and high capacity. However, they suffer from poor cyclic stability and slow reaction kinetics. In this work, we designed and synthesized two bipolar organic cathode materials, containing carbonyl (n‐type) and amine (p‐type) functional groups, as well as extended conjugation structures, for Na‐ion batteries (NIBs) and rechargeable aluminum batteries (RABs). As universal electrode materials, bipolar organic materials exhibited exceptional electrochemical performance in terms of high capacity, high voltage, long cycle life, and fast rate capability. The extended conjugation structures in backbones of the bipolar organic materials facilitate the π–π stacking with graphene, playing a critical role in the high performance. Furthermore, the formation of a stable and robust NaF‐rich cathode electrolyte interphase was shown to stabilize the bipolar organic cathode in NIBs. Electrochemical kinetic measurements reveal that both functional groups undergo reversible redox reactions. Specifically, the electron transfer rate constant of the p‐type amine group is one order of magnitude higher than that of the n‐type carbonyl group. These results highlight the efficacy of developing bipolar organic materials for achieving high‐performance organic cathode in NIBs and RABs.
Membraneless Micro Redox Flow Battery: From Vanadium to Alkaline Quinone
Authors: Torres Maria José , Hervas‐Ortega Jorge , Oraá‐Poblete Beatriz , de Quirós Alberto Bernaldo , Maurice Ange A. , Perez‐Antolin Daniel , Quintero Alberto E.
Published: June 2024

This work presents the first proof‐of‐concept of a membraneless micro redox flow battery with an automated closed‐loop control. Using micro actuators and micro sensors, charge and discharge is achieved in continuous operation in recirculation. A maximum value of 60 % State of Charge with commercial Vanadium electrolyte, monitored via online spectrometry, is delivered, with a maximum discharge current density of 60 mA/cm2, and a discharge volumetric capacity of 21.5 Ah/L. Next, cycling tests show a decrease in coulombic efficiency of 0.5 % per cycle, and capacity loss. To overcome some drawbacks encountered with Vanadium, an alkaline quinone electrolyte is used instead in the membraneless micro redox flow battery. Using this new electrolyte, sixty continuous cycles are performed showing a decrease in coulombic efficiency of 0.6 % per cycle, and a capacity loss of only 1.2 % per cycle. The performances obtained outshine previous literature results. The highest energy efficiency ever obtained for a membraneless micro redox flow battery is presented here with alkaline quinone having an efficiency of 28.9 %. The cycling of a membraneless micro redox flow battery is successfully performed for the first time. This work also includes performance improvement suggestions for future work, with this landmark opening a promising path towards achieving the metrics of conventional redox flow batteries.
Alcohol exposure during pregnancy induces cardiac mitochondrial damage in offspring mice
Authors: Su Yujuan , Yu Yujuan , Quan Junjun , Zhang Junjie , Xu Ying
Published: June 2024

Background

Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) has been linked to congenital heart disease and fetal alcohol syndrome. The heart primarily relies on mitochondria to generate energy, so impaired mitochondrial function due to alcohol exposure can significantly affect cardiac development and function. Our study aimed to investigate the impact of PAE on myocardial and mitochondrial functions in offspring mice.

Methods

We administered 30% alcohol (3 g/kg) to pregnant C57BL/6 mice during the second trimester. We assessed cardiac function by transthoracic echocardiography, observed myocardial structure and fibrosis through staining tests and electron transmission microscopy, and detected cardiomyocyte apoptosis with dUTP nick end labeling assay and real‐time quantitative PCR. Additionally, we measured the reactive oxygen species content, ATP level, and mitochondrial DNA copy number in myocardial mitochondria. Mitochondrial damage was evaluated by assessing the level of mitochondrial membrane potential and the opening degree of mitochondrial permeability transition pores.

Results

Our findings revealed that PAE caused cardiac systolic dysfunction, ventricular enlargement, thinned ventricular wall, cardiac fibrosis in the myocardium, scattered loss of cardiomyocytes, and disordered arrangement of myocardial myotomes in the offspring. Furthermore, we observed a significant increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species content, a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP level, and mitochondrial DNA copy number, and sustained opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores in the heart tissues of the offspring.

Conclusions

These results indicated that PAE had adverse effects on the cardiac structure and function of the newborn mice and could trigger oxidative stress in their myocardia and contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction.
Comparison of Apgar scores and cord blood gas parameters in fetuses with isolated congenital heart disease and healthy controls
Authors: Bayrak Ayse Cigdem , Fadiloglu Erdem , Kayikci Umutcan , Kir Edip Alptug , Cagan Murat , Deren Ozgur
Published: June 2024

Objective

This retrospective study aimed to investigate how congenital heart disease (CHD) affects early neonatal outcomes by comparing Apgar scores and umbilical cord blood gas parameters between fetuses with structural cardiac anomalies and healthy controls. Additionally, within the CHD group, the study explored the relationship between these parameters and mortality within six months.

Methods

Data from 68 cases of prenatally diagnosed CHD were collected from electronic medical records, excluding cases with missing data or additional comorbidities. Only patients delivered by elective cesarean section, without any attempt at labor, were analyzed to avoid potential confounding factors. A control group of 147 healthy newborns was matched for delivery route, maternal age, and gestational week. Apgar scores at 1, 5, and 10 minutes, as well as umbilical cord blood pH, base deficit, and lactate levels, were recorded.

Results

Maternal age, gestational week at delivery, and birth weight were similar between the CHD and control groups. While Apgar score distribution was significantly lower at 1st, 5th, and 10th minutes in the CHD group, umbilical cord blood gas parameters did not show significant differences between groups. Within the CHD group, lower umbilical cord blood pH and larger base deficit were associated with mortality within six months.

Conclusion

Newborns with CHD exhibit lower Apgar scores compared to healthy controls, suggesting potential early neonatal challenges. Furthermore, umbilical cord blood pH and base deficit may serve as predictors of mortality within six months in CHD cases. Prospective studies are warranted to validate these findings and integrate them into clinical practice, acknowledging the study's retrospective design and limitations.
Improving the genetic stability of bacterial growth control for long‐term bioproduction
Authors: Clavier Thibault , Pinel Corinne , de Jong Hidde , Geiselmann Johannes
Published: June 2024

Using microorganisms for bioproduction requires the reorientation of metabolic fluxes from biomass synthesis to the production of compounds of interest. We previously engineered a synthetic growth switch in Escherichia coli based on inducible expression of the β‐ and β′‐subunits of RNA polymerase. Depending on the level of induction, the cells stop growing or grow at a rate close to that of the wild‐type strain. This strategy has been successful in transforming growth‐arrested bacteria into biofactories with a high production yield, releasing cellular resources from growth towards biosynthesis. However, high selection pressure is placed on a growth‐arrested population, favoring mutations that allow cells to escape from growth control. Accordingly, we made the design of the growth switch more robust by building in genetic redundancy. More specifically, we added the rpoA gene, encoding for the α‐subunit of RNA polymerase, under the control of a copy of the same inducible promoter used for expression control of ββ′. The improved growth switch is much more stable (escape frequency <10−9), while preserving the capacity to improve production yields. Moreover, after a long period of growth inhibition the population can be regenerated within a few generations. This opens up the possibility to alternate biomass accumulation and product synthesis over a longer period of time and is an additional step towards the dynamical control of bioproduction.
Validity of an ultrasound device to measure bone mineral density
Authors: Puranda Jessica L. , Edwards Chris M. , Weber Vinicius M. R. , Aboudlal Mohamed , Semeniuk Kevin , Adamo Kristi B.
Published: June 2024

This study aims to examine the validity and reliability of the UltraScan650™, a portable ultrasound device, used to measure BMD at the 1/3rd radius position. Fifty‐two female first responders and healthcare providers were assessed using DXA (forearm, femur, lumbar, and total body) and the UltraScan650™. Fat and lean mass were also assessed using the DXA. Pearson correlations, Bland–Altman plots, t‐tests, and linear regressions were used to assess validity. Intra‐class correlation (ICC) coefficients were used to assess reliability. Inter‐rater reliability and repeatability were good (ICC = 0.896 [0.818; 0.942], p < 0.001) and excellent (ICC = 0.917 [0.785; 0.989], p < 0.001), respectively. BMD as measured by the UltraScan650™ was weakly correlated to the DXA (r = 0.382 [0.121; 0.593], p = 0.0052). Bland–Altman plots revealed that the UltraScan650™ underestimated BMD (−0.0569 g/cm2), this was confirmed with a significant paired t‐test (p < 0.001). A linear regression was performed (0.4744 × UltraScan650™ + 0.4170) to provide more information as to the issue of agreement. Bland–Altman plots revealed a negligible bias, supported by a paired t‐test (p = 0.9978). Pearson's correlation revealed a significant relationship (r = −0.771 [−0.862; −0.631], p < 0.0001) between adjusted UltraScan650™—DXA and the average of the two scans (i.e., adjusted UltraScan650™ and DXA), suggesting a proportional constant error and proportional constant variability in measurements of BMD from the UltraScan650™. The UltraScan650™ is not a valid alternative to DXA for diagnostic purposes; however, the UltraScan650™ could be used as a screening tool in the clinical and research setting given the linear transformation is employed.
Decolonising integrative practice with Black queer men who experienced trauma: A thematic analysis
Authors: Davis Anthony Jay , Morahan Maria
Published: June 2024

Aim

Black queer men in the UK are increasingly at risk of mental health problems related to anxiety and depression, often triggered by traumatic experiences. This study explored the efficacy of integrative practice with Black queer men who experienced trauma from a decolonised, intersectional and queer‐affirming perspective.

Method

One‐to‐one semi‐structured interviews with nine integrative practitioners were completed. Data collected from these interviews were analysed using Braun and Clarke's six stages of reflexive thematic analysis (RTA).

Findings

RTA identified four subordinate themes: (1) understanding the experience of Black queer men, (2) developing the working alliance and use of self in practice, (3) effective integrative practice and (4) intersectional differences and considerations. Findings discussed the varying forms of trauma Black queer male clients experienced that impacted their mental health and how developing a strong working alliance with Black queer men was crucial when supporting them to recover from trauma. Additionally, the participants described a breadth of trauma‐informed integrative counselling and coaching practice. A decolonised approach utilising the intersection of race, gender and sexuality of Black queer men was successfully integrated into the approach used by practitioners in this study.

Conclusion

Overall, this study evidenced that a decolonised perspective to integrative practice effectively supports Black queer men to recover from trauma. Future research should focus on an integrated approach with Black queer men and other gender and sexual ethnic minority clients who experienced trauma.
Design and development of a mixed reality teaching systems for IV cannulation and clinical instruction
Authors: Xiong Wei , Peng Yingda
Published: June 2024

Intravenous cannulation (IV) is a common technique used in clinical infusion. This study developed a mixed reality IV cannulation teaching system based on the Hololens2 platform. The paper integrates cognitive‐affective theory of learning with media (CATLM) and investigates the cognitive engagement and willingness to use the system from the learners' perspective. Through experimental research on 125 subjects, the variables affecting learners' cognitive engagement and intention to use were determined. On the basis of CATLM, three new mixed reality attributes, immersion, system verisimilitude, and response time, were introduced, and their relationships with cognitive participation and willingness to use were determined. The results show that high immersion of mixed reality technology promotes students' higher cognitive engagement; however, this high immersion does not significantly affect learners' intention to use mixed reality technology for learning. Overall, cognitive and emotional theories are effective in mixed reality environments, and the model has good adaptability. This study provides a reference for the application of mixed reality technology in medical education.
Synthesis and Thermodynamic Evaluation of Sialyl‐Tn MUC1 Glycopeptides Binding to Macrophage Galactose‐Type Lectin
Authors: Ayyalasomayajula Ramya , Boneva Ivet , Ormaza David , Whyte Andrew , Farook Kamran , Gorlin Zachary , Yancey Evelyn , André Sabine , Kaltner Herbert , Cudic Maré
Published: June 2024

Interactions between the tumor‐associated carbohydrate antigens of Mucin 1 (MUC1) and the carbohydrate‐binding proteins, lectins, often lead to the creation of a pro‐tumor microenvironment favoring tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and immune evasion. Macrophage galactose binding lectin (MGL) is a C‐type lectin receptor found on antigen‐presenting cells that facilitates the uptake of carbohydrate antigens for antigen presentation, modulating the immune response homeostasis, autoimmunity, and cancer. Considering the crucial role of tumor‐associated forms of MUC1 and MGL in tumor immunology, a thorough understanding of their binding interaction is essential for it to be exploited for cancer vaccine strategies. The synthesis of MUC1 glycopeptide models carrying a single or multiple Tn and/or sialyl‐Tn antigen(s) is described. A novel approach for the sialyl‐Tn threonine building block suitable for the solid phase peptide synthesis was developed. The thermodynamic profile of the binding interaction between the human MGL and MUC1 glycopeptide models was analyzed using isothermal titration calorimetry. The measured dissociation constants for the sialyl‐Tn‐bearing peptide epitopes were consistently lower compared to the Tn antigen and ranged from 10 μM for mono‐ to 1 μM for triglycosylated MUC1 peptide, respectively. All studied interactions, regardless of the glycan's site of attachment or density, exhibited enthalpy‐driven thermodynamics.
Super‐Resolution Imaging Reveals the Mechanism of Endosomal Acidification Inhibitors Against SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection
Authors: Yan Chunyu , Zhou Wei , Zhang Yan , Zhou Xuelian , Qiao Qinglong , Miao Lu , Xu Zhaochao
Published: June 2024

In this study, super‐resolution structured illumination microscope (SIM) was used to analyze molecular mechanism of endocytic acidification inhibitors in the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic, such as Chloroquine (CQ), Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and Bafilomycin A1 (BafA1). We fluorescently labeled the SARS‐CoV‐2 RBD and its receptor ACE2 protein with small molecule dyes. Utilizing SIM imaging, the real‐time impact of inhibitors (BafA1, CQ, HCQ, Dynasore) on the RBD‐ACE2 endocytotic process was dynamically tracked in living cells. Initially, the protein activity of RBD and ACE2 was ensured after being labeled. And then our findings revealed that these inhibitors could inhibit the internalization and degradation of RBD‐ACE2 to varying degrees. Among them, 100 nM BafA1 exhibited the most satisfactory endocytotic inhibition (~63.9 %) and protein degradation inhibition (~97.7 %). And it could inhibit the fusion between endocytic vesicles in the living cells. Additionally, Dynasore, a widely recognized dynein inhibitor, also demonstrated cell acidification inhibition effects. Together, these inhibitors collectively hinder SARS‐CoV‐2 infection by inhibiting both the viral internalization and RNA release. The comprehensive evaluation of pharmacological mechanisms through super‐resolution fluorescence imaging has laid a crucial theoretical foundation for the development of potential drugs to treat COVID‐19.
Improving Molecular‐Dynamics Simulations for Solid–Liquid Interfaces with Machine‐Learning Interatomic Potentials
Authors: Hou Pengfei , Tian Yumiao , Meng Xing
Published: June 2024

Emerging developments in artificial intelligence have opened infinite possibilities for material simulation. Depending on the powerful fitting of machine learning algorithms to first‐principles data, machine learning interatomic potentials (MLIPs) can effectively balance the accuracy and efficiency problems in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, serving as powerful tools in various complex physicochemical systems. Consequently, this brings unprecedented enthusiasm for researchers to apply such novel technology in multiple fields to revisit the major scientific problems that have remained controversial owing to the limitations of previous computational methods. Herein, we introduce the evolution of MLIPs, provide valuable application examples for solid–liquid interfaces, and present current challenges. Driven by solving multitudinous difficulties in terms of the accuracy, efficiency, and versatility of MLIPs, this booming technique, combined with molecular simulation methods, will provide an underlying and valuable understanding of interdisciplinary scientific challenges, including materials, physics, and chemistry.
Advancements and Challenges in the Synthesis of Oxymethylene Ethers (OMEs) as Sustainable Transportation Fuels
Authors: Geitner Robert , Schuett Timo , Zechel Stefan , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: June 2024

The urgent need for sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels in the transportation sector is driving research into novel energy carriers that can meet the high energy density requirements of heavy‐duty vehicles without exacerbating the climate change. This concept article examines the synthesis, mechanisms, and challenges associated with oxymethylene ethers (OMEs), a promising class of synthetic fuels potentially derived from carbon dioxide and hydrogen. We highlight the importance of OMEs in the transition towards non‐fossil energy sources due to their compatibility with the existing Diesel infrastructure and their cleaner combustion profile. The synthesis mechanisms, including the Schulz‐Flory distribution and its implications for OME chain length specificity, and the role of various catalysts and starting materials are discussed in depth. Despite advancements in the field, significant challenges remain, such as overcoming the Schulz‐Flory distribution, efficiently managing water as an undesirable byproduct, and improving the overall energy efficiency of the OME synthesis. Addressing these challenges is crucial for OMEs to become a viable alternative fuel, contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the transition to a sustainable energy future in the transportation sector.
Challenges in the Recycling of Battery Casing Materials
Authors: Staudacher Malena , Lyon Tony , Peuker Urs
Published: June 2024

Current recycling methods for the very popular lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) focus mainly on recovering valuable metals such as cobalt and nickel for economic reasons. The cell casing components, which are mainly made of aluminum, can make a significant contribution to achieving political recycling targets. Mechanical processes are used to separate the casing components from the overall LIB material stream. The aluminum, copper, steel, and plastic components are then further concentrated into various potential products by, e.g., magnetic separation, eddy current separation, and air classification. Considering the benefits of additional stress to compact the metal parts, the knowledge gained from the individual sorting steps can be combined to form a process flow chart.