bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Flow Stress Behavior and Physical-Based Constitutive Model for As-Quenched Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy
Authors: Guo Ruichao , Liang Dandan , Qin Guohua
Published: July 2023

Although heat-treatable Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys are widely used in aerospace industries, distortion and cracks exist due to the residual stress during quenching. Understanding the flow stress behavior and numerically modeling the process is the key to predicting the residual stress. This paper investigated the flow stress behavior of the as-quenched 7050 alloy at strain rates from 0.1 s−1 to 1 s−1, temperatures between 423 K and 723 K, and cooling rates from 0.1 K/s to 10 K/s. The experimental results showed that the strain rate, cooling rate, and temperature have effects on the flow stress value, except for the cooling rates at a temperature of 423 K or 723 K. The kinetics model was used to obtain the precipitate features, i.e., precipitate size and volume fraction. Then, a physical constitutive model based on the evolution of immobile dislocation, solutes, and precipitates was developed. The predicted flow stresses showed good agreement with the experimental data. The findings of this work expand the knowledge on the as-quenched flow behavior of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys, improving the prediction accuracy of residual stress by FEM.
Computational Materials Design for Ceramic Nuclear Waste Forms Using Machine Learning, First-Principles Calculations, and Kinetics Rate Theory
Authors: Wang Jianwei , Ghosh Dipta B. , Zhang Zelong
Published: July 2023

Ceramic waste forms are designed to immobilize radionuclides for permanent disposal in geological repositories. One of the principal criteria for the effective incorporation of waste elements is their compatibility with the host material. In terms of performance under environmental conditions, the resistance of the waste forms to degradation over long periods of time is a critical concern when they are exposed to natural environments. Due to their unique crystallographic features and behavior in nature environment as exemplified by their natural analogues, ceramic waste forms are capable of incorporating problematic nuclear waste elements while showing promising chemical durability in aqueous environments. Recent studies of apatite- and hollandite-structured waste forms demonstrated an approach that can predict the compositions of ceramic waste forms and their long-term dissolution rate by a combination of computational techniques including machine learning, first-principles thermodynamics calculations, and modeling using kinetic rate equations based on critical laboratory experiments. By integrating the predictions of elemental incorporation and degradation kinetics in a holistic framework, the approach could be promising for the design of advanced ceramic waste forms with optimized incorporation capacity and environmental degradation performance. Such an approach could provide a path for accelerated ceramic waste form development and performance prediction for problematic nuclear waste elements.
Application of Constitutive Models and Machine Learning Models to Predict the Elevated Temperature Flow Behavior of TiAl Alloy
Authors: Zhao Rui , He Jianchao , Tian Hao , Jing Yongjuan , Xiong Jie
Published: July 2023

The hot deformation behaviors of a Ti46Al2Cr2Nb alloy were investigated at strain rates of 0.001–0.1 s−1 and temperatures of 910–1060 °C. Under given deformation conditions, the activation energy of the TiAl alloy could be estimated as 319 kJ/mol. The experimental results were predicted by different predictive models including three constitutive models and three data-driven models. The most accurate data-driven model and constitutive model were an artificial neural network (ANN) and an Arrhenius type strain-compensated Sellars (SCS) model, respectively. In addition, the generalization capability of ANN model and SCS model was examined under different deformation conditions. Under known deformation conditions, the ANN model could accurately predict the flow stress of TiAl alloys at interpolated and extrapolated strains with a coefficient of determination (R2) greater than 0.98, while the R2 value of the SCS model was smaller than 0.5 at extrapolated strains. However, both ANN and SCS models performed poorly under new deformation conditions. A hybrid model based on the SCS model and ANN predictions was shown to have a wider generalization capability. The present work provides a comprehensive study on how to choose a predictive model for the flow stress of TiAl alloys under different conditions.
Non-Fourier Heat Conduction of Nano-Films under Ultra-Fast Laser
Authors: Mao Yudong , Liu Shouyu , Liu Jiying , Yu Mingzhi , Li Xinwei , Yang Kaimin
Published: July 2023

The ultra-fast laser heating process of nano-films is characterized by an ultra-short duration and ultra-small space size, in which the classical Fourier law based on the hypothesis of local equilibrium is no longer applicable. Based on the Cattaneo–Vernotte (CV) model and the dual-phase-lag (DPL) model, the two-dimensional analytical solutions of heat conduction in nano-films under ultra-fast laser are obtained using the integral transformation method. The results show that there is a thermal wave phenomenon inside the film, which becomes increasingly evident as the elapse of the lag time of the temperature gradient. Moreover, the wave amplitude in the vertical direction is much larger than that in the horizontal direction of the nano-film. By comparing the numerical result of the two models, it is found that the temperature distribution inside the nano-film based on the DPL model is gentler than that of the CV model. Additionally, the temperature distribution in the two-dimensional solution is lower than that in the one-dimensional solution under the same Knudsen number. In the comparison results of the CV model, the maximum peak difference in the thermal wave reaches 75.08 K when the Knudsen number is 1.0. This demonstrates that the horizontal energy carried by the laser source significantly impacts the temperature distribution within the film.
Reset-First and Multibit-Level Resistive-Switching Behavior of Lanthanum Nickel Oxide (LaNiO3−x) Thin Films
Authors: Kim Daewoo , Lee Jeongwoo , Kim Jaeyeon , Sohn Hyunchul
Published: July 2023

The resistive random-access memory (RRAM) with multi-level storage capability has been considered one of the most promising emerging devices to mimic synaptic behavior and accelerate analog computations. In this study, we investigated the reset-first bipolar resistive switching (RS) and multi-level characteristics of a LaNiO3−x thin film deposited using a reactive magnetron co-sputtering method. Polycrystalline phases of LaNiO3 (LNO), without La2O3 and NiO phases, were observed at similar fractions of Ni and La at a constant partial pressure of oxygen. The relative chemical proportions of Ni3+ and Ni2+ ions in LaNiO3−x indicated that it was an oxygen-deficient LaNiO3−x thin film, exhibiting RS behavior, compared to LNO without Ni2+ ions. The TiN/LaNiO3−x/Pt devices exhibited gradual resistance changes under various DC/AC voltage sweeps and consecutive pulse modes. The nonlinearity values of the conductance, measured via constant-pulse programming, were 0.15 for potentiation and 0.35 for depression, indicating the potential of the as-fabricated devices as analog computing devices. The LaNiO3−x-based device could reach multi-level states without an electroforming step and is a promising candidate for state-of-the-art RS memory and synaptic devices for neuromorphic computing.
Correction: Anders et al. First Principle Surface Analysis of YF3 and Isostructural HoF3. Materials 2022, 15, 6048
Authors: Anders Jennifer , Limberg Niklas , Paulus Beate
Published: July 2023

In the original publication [...]
Voids Development in Metals: Numerical Modelling
Authors: Wciślik Wiktor , Lipiec Sebastian
Published: July 2023

The article is a continuation of two previous review papers on the fracture mechanism of structural metals through the nucleation, growth and coalescence of voids. In the present paper, the literature on the numerical modelling of void nucleation and development has been reviewed. The scope of the work does not include porous material models and their numerical implementation. As part of the discussion on void initiation, nucleation around second phase particles and nucleation as an effect of the discontinuity of the crystal structure were discussed separately. The basic void cell models, finite element method (FEM) models of periodically distributed particles/voids and models based on the results of the observations of the actual microstructure of materials have been characterised. Basic issues related to the application of the cohesive approach in void nucleation modelling have been considered. A separate issue is the characteristics of atomistic simulations and peridynamic modelling, which have been developed in recent years. Numerical approaches to modelling the growth and coalescence of voids are described, with particular emphasis on the influence of the stress state and strain localisation. Basic conclusions from the simulation are presented, pointing to the contribution of FEM modelling to the understanding of microstructural phenomena leading to ductile fracture.
Removal of Impurities from EAFD Ammonium Carbonate Leachate and Upgrading the Purity of Prepared ZnO
Authors: Takacova Zita , Piroskova Jana , Miskufova Andrea , Vindt Tomas , Hezelova Maria , Orac Dusan
Published: July 2023

The paper describes cementation as a suitable method applied in the refining of EAFD leachates in order to obtain required purity of ZnO for specific industrial application. For study of cementation conditions, the leachate from alkaline leaching with (NH4)2CO3 was used. The leachates contained a high amount of zinc (8000–12,000 µg/mL) and a low content of impurities such as iron, lead, copper, chromium and manganese in the range of 1–21 µg/mL. Cementation conditions were predicted by thermodynamic study, theoretically confirming the viability of the proposed experiments at the considered pH = 8–9. Cementation experiments were carried out using powdered zinc and aluminium (5 g/L) as cementation agents in the first phase separately. To increase the cementation efficiency, their combination was used (2.5:2.5 g/L or 5:5 g/L) at temperatures of 20, 40, 60 and 80 °C for 30 min. The optimum cementation conditions were established as: Zn:Al = 5:5 g/L, 60 °C. Under the given conditions, 100% of Fe, Cu, Pb and Mn were removed from the leachate. The ZnO with the maximum purity of 96.67% was obtained by crystallization of cemented leachate at 105 °C, followed by calcination at 900 °C for 4 h. ZnO with such a purity is suitable for use in the electrical or rubber industries.
Equilibrium Analysis and Simulation Calculation of Four-Star Type Crank Linkage Mechanism
Authors: Chai Kai , Hu Junbo , Lou Jingjun
Published: July 2023

Unbalanced inertia force is inevitably generated during the operation of crank linkage. It is one of the main excitation sources of air compressor vibration and the focus of managing air compressor vibration noise. In this regard, this paper studies the variation law of inertia force in the four-star type crank linkage mechanism. Certain balancing methods are used to reduce the unbalanced inertia force. Firstly, we present a comparison of perfect and partial balanced problems of crank linkage inertia forces. Then, using the ADAMS software multibody dynamics calculation method, the balancing mass is numerically calculated to optimize the design of the balancing mass for partial balancing of inertia force. Next, the influence law of piston mass asymmetry on the force of crankshaft revolving pair is studied. Lastly, two new types of four-star type crank linkage mechanism are proposed from the viewpoint of completely balanced inertia forces and moments of inertia. The results show that the perfectly balanced inertia force is better than the partially balanced inertia force in terms of a balancing effect. The parametric design of ADAMS software is more efficient and can get the best quality quickly. The design of perfectly balanced inertia force will increase the length and complexity of the crankshaft, while reducing the structural strength. The research results of this paper are important for improving the vibration damping performance of marine air compressors.
Deep Learning and Autonomous Vehicles: Strategic Themes, Applications, and Research Agenda Using SciMAT and Content-Centric Analysis, a Systematic Review
Authors: Morooka Fábio Eid , Junior Adalberto Manoel , Sigahi Tiago F. A. C. , Pinto Jefferson de Souza , Rampasso Izabela Simon , Anholon Rosley
Published: July 2023

Applications of deep learning (DL) in autonomous vehicle (AV) projects have gained increasing interest from both researchers and companies. This has caused a rapid expansion of scientific production on DL-AV in recent years, encouraging researchers to conduct systematic literature reviews (SLRs) to organize knowledge on the topic. However, a critical analysis of the existing SLRs on DL-AV reveals some methodological gaps, particularly regarding the use of bibliometric software, which are powerful tools for analyzing large amounts of data and for providing a holistic understanding on the structure of knowledge of a particular field. This study aims to identify the strategic themes and trends in DL-AV research using the Science Mapping Analysis Tool (SciMAT) and content analysis. Strategic diagrams and cluster networks were developed using SciMAT, allowing the identification of motor themes and research opportunities. The content analysis allowed categorization of the contribution of the academic literature on DL applications in AV project design; neural networks and AI models used in AVs; and transdisciplinary themes in DL-AV research, including energy, legislation, ethics, and cybersecurity. Potential research avenues are discussed for each of these categories. The findings presented in this study can benefit both experienced scholars who can gain access to condensed information about the literature on DL-AV and new researchers who may be attracted to topics related to technological development and other issues with social and environmental impacts.
A Comparison between Explainable Machine Learning Methods for Classification and Regression Problems in the Actuarial Context
Authors: Lozano-Murcia Catalina , Romero Francisco P. , Serrano-Guerrero Jesus , Olivas Jose A.
Published: July 2023

Machine learning, a subfield of artificial intelligence, emphasizes the creation of algorithms capable of learning from data and generating predictions. However, in actuarial science, the interpretability of these models often presents challenges, raising concerns about their accuracy and reliability. Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) has emerged to address these issues by facilitating the development of accurate and comprehensible models. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of various XAI approaches for tackling distinct data-driven insurance problems. The machine learning methods are evaluated based on their accuracy, employing the mean absolute error for regression problems and the accuracy metric for classification problems. Moreover, the interpretability of these methods is assessed through quantitative and qualitative measures of the explanations offered by each explainability technique. The findings reveal that the performance of different XAI methods varies depending on the particular insurance problem at hand. Our research underscores the significance of considering accuracy and interpretability when selecting a machine-learning approach for resolving data-driven insurance challenges. By developing accurate and comprehensible models, we can enhance the transparency and trustworthiness of the predictions generated by these models.
Visual Analytics Using Machine Learning for Transparency Requirements
Authors: Fadloun Samiha , Bennamane Khadidja , Meshoul Souham , Hosseini Mahmood , Choutri Kheireddine
Published: July 2023

Problem solving applications require users to exercise caution in their data usage practices. Prior to installing these applications, users are encouraged to read and comprehend the terms of service, which address important aspects such as data privacy, processes, and policies (referred to as information elements). However, these terms are often lengthy and complex, making it challenging for users to fully grasp their content. Additionally, existing transparency analytics tools typically rely on the manual extraction of information elements, resulting in a time-consuming process. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel approach that combines information visualization and machine learning analyses to automate the retrieval of information elements. The methodology involves the creation and labeling of a dataset derived from multiple software terms of use. Machine learning models, including naïve Bayes, BART, and LSTM, are utilized for the classification of information elements and text summarization. Furthermore, the proposed approach is integrated into our existing visualization tool TranspVis to enable the automatic detection and display of software information elements. The system is thoroughly evaluated using a database-connected tool, incorporating various metrics and expert opinions. The results of our study demonstrate the promising potential of our approach, serving as an initial step in this field. Our solution not only addresses the challenge of extracting information elements from complex terms of service but also provides a foundation for future research in this area.
Enhanced Night-to-Day Image Conversion Using CycleGAN-Based Base-Detail Paired Training
Authors: Son Dong-Min , Kwon Hyuk-Ju , Lee Sung-Hak
Published: July 2023

Numerous studies are underway to enhance the identification of surroundings in nighttime environments. These studies explore methods such as utilizing infrared images to improve night image visibility or converting night images into day-like representations for enhanced visibility. This research presents a technique focused on converting the road conditions depicted in night images to resemble daytime scenes. To facilitate this, a paired dataset is created by augmenting limited day and night image data using CycleGAN. The model is trained using both original night images and single-scale luminance transform (SLAT) day images to enhance the level of detail in the converted daytime images. However, the generated daytime images may exhibit sharpness and noise issues. To address these concerns, an image processing approach, inspired by the Stevens effect and local blurring, which align with visual characteristics, is employed to reduce noise and enhance image details. Consequently, this study contributes to improving the visibility of night images by means of day image conversion and subsequent image processing. The proposed night-to-day image translation in this study has a processing time of 0.81 s, including image processing, which is less than one second. Therefore, it is considered valuable as a module for daytime image translation. Additionally, the image quality assessment metric, BRISQUE, yielded a score of 19.8, indicating better performance compared to conventional methods. The outcomes of this research hold potential applications in fields such as CCTV surveillance systems and self-driving cars.
Indexing of US Counties with Overdispersed Incidences of COVID-19 Deaths
Authors: Shanmugam Ramalingam , Fulton Lawrence , Betancourt Jose , Pacheco Gerardo J. , Sen Keya
Published: July 2023

The number of COVID-19 fatalities fluctuated widely across United States (US) counties. The number of deaths is stochastic. When the average number of deaths is equal to the dispersion, the distribution is the usual Poisson. When the average number of deaths is higher than the dispersion, the distribution is an intervened Poisson. When the average number of deaths is lower than the dispersion, the distribution is an incidence-rate-restricted Poisson (IRRP) type. Because dispersion of COVID-19 fatalities in some counties is higher than the average number of fatalities, the underlying model for the chance-oriented mechanism might be IRRP. Understanding where this overdispersion or volatility exists and the implications of it is the topic of this research. In essence, this paper focuses on the number of COVID-19 fatalities that fluctuated widely across United States (US) counties and develops an incidence-rate-restricted Poisson (IRRP) to understand where this overdispersion or volatility exists and the implications of it.
Promoting Heme and Phycocyanin Biosynthesis in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 by Overexpression of Porphyrin Pathway Genes with Genetic Engineering
Authors: Cao Kai , Wang Xiaodong , Sun Fengjie , Zhang Hao , Cui Yulin , Cao Yujiao , Yao Qingshou , Zhu Xiangyu , Yao Ting , Wang Meng , Meng Chunxiao , Gao Zhengquan
Published: July 2023

Due to their unique biochemical and spectroscopic properties, both heme and phycocyanobilin are widely applied in the medical and food industries. Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 contains both heme and phycocyanin, and is capable of synthesizing phycocyanin using heme as a precursor. The aim of this study was to uncover viable metabolic targets in the porphyrin pathway from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 to promote the accumulation of heme and phycocyanin in the recombinant strains of microalgae. A total of 10 genes related to heme synthesis pathway derived from Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 and 12 genes related to endogenous heme synthesis were individually overexpressed in strain PCC 6803. The growth rate and pigment content (heme, phycocyanin, chlorophyll a and carotenoids) of 22 recombinant algal strains were characterized. Quantitative real-time PCR technology was used to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the changes in physiological indicators in the recombinant algal strains. Among the 22 mutant strains, the mutant overexpressing the haemoglobin gene (glbN) of strain PCC 6803 had the highest heme content, which was 2.5 times higher than the wild type; the mutant overexpressing the gene of strain PCC 7942 (hemF) had the highest phycocyanin content, which was 4.57 times higher than the wild type. Overall, the results suggest that genes in the porphyrin pathway could significantly affect the heme and phycocyanin content in strain PCC 6803. Our study provides novel crucial targets for promoting the accumulation of heme and phycocyanin in cyanobacteria.
An Effectiveness Evaluation of Nucleo-Annuloplasty for Lumbar Discogenic Lesions Using Disc-FX: A Scoping Review
Authors: Lin Guang-Xun , Jhang Shang-Wun , Chen Chien-Min
Published: July 2023

Background and Objectives: Degenerative disk disease is a widespread chronic condition that causes diskogenic pain. Diskogenic pain can be treated with various therapy methods. Disc-FX is a revolutionary, minimally invasive, percutaneous nucleo-annuloplasty method that combines manual diskectomy with nuclear and annular remodeling using radiofrequency ablation to relieve diskogenic pain. In this study, the technical features, clinical outcomes, and complications of Disc-FX are summarized. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature review was performed. By exploring several databases, we collected studies on Disc-FX for treating diskogenic pain. The outcomes included perioperative data, clinical results, and complications. Results: In the 15 studies included, data from 570 patients were collected. L4–L5 was the most frequently operated level, and most cases underwent single-level procedures. The follow-up period for these patients ranged from 2 months to 24 months. One study reported a procedure time between 35 and 60 min, whereas the remaining studies reported a procedure time of less than 30 min. The mean visual analog scale score decreased from 7.22 preoperatively to 1.81 at the final follow-up. The mean numerical rating scale score decreased from 6.98 preoperatively to 3.9 at the final follow-up. The mean Japanese Orthopaedic Association score improved from 16.26 preoperatively to 25.88 in the final follow-up. The mean Oswestry Disability Index score decreased from 35.37 preoperatively to 14.66 at the final follow-up. The mean satisfaction rate (based on the Macnab criteria) was 87.6% (range, 78.4–95.2%). The total incidence of postoperative transient pain was 8.77% (50/570) after nucleo-annuloplasty using Disc-FX, and recurrence was 1.58% (9/570). Conclusions: According to our comprehensive evaluation, using percutaneous nucleo-annuloplasty for treating lumbar diskogenic diseases provided considerable pain alleviation and improved functional outcomes with fewer complications. Disc-FX is a safe and effective procedure that is a good treatment option for patients with diskogenic pain.
Plasma-Rich Fibrin—Regenerative Material in Tympanic Membrane Surgery
Authors: Tiple Cristina , Chirila Magdalena , Vesa Stefan Cristian , Stamate Mirela Cristina
Published: July 2023

Background and Objectives: Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) membrane plays an important role in cell proliferation and aids in healing. This study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of the addition of PRF to the graft in tympanoplasty. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted involving 47 patients with chronic dry eardrum perforation, who were candidates for different types of tympanoplasty (type I-IV). The study took place in the ENT department, County Emergency Clinical Hospital of Cluj-Napoca. In group 1 (27 patients) tympanoplasty was performed with a cartilage graft, while in group 2 (20 patients) a cartilage graft was used with the addition of a PRF membrane. The PRF clot was extracted and transformed into a thin membrane. Postoperative evaluation included otoendoscopy and otomicroscopy at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery, as well as pure-tone audiometry at 12 months. Results: Postoperative follow-up at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months showed a higher rate of graft survival in the PRF group than in the non-PRF group. At the 12-month mark, a successful outcome was observed in 95.0% of patients in the PRF group, while the success rate in group 1 was 70.4% (p < 0.05). The postoperative hearing threshold value was statistically significantly lower in the group with PRF, compared to the non-PRF group, being 18.4 ± 10.4 dB and 27.6 ± 16.2 dB (p < 0.001), respectively. Although the postoperative air-bone gap value did not differ significantly between groups, there was a greater improvement in the PRF group (p < 0.7). The PRF was well tolerated, and the incisions healed perfectly. Conclusions: The PRF membrane increases the rate of autograft survival and is therefore an effective material for patients with chronic perforations of the tympanic membrane.
Evaluation of Therapeutic Capability of Emustil Drops against Tear Film Complications under Dry Environmental Conditions in Healthy Individuals
Authors: Abusharha Ali , Pearce Ian E. , Afsar Tayyaba , Razak Suhail
Published: July 2023

Background and Objectives: Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial ailment of the tears and ocular surface. The purpose of this study was to assess the tear film physiology under controlled dry environmental conditions and compare the efficacy of oil-in-water emulsion drops on tear film parameters in protection and relief treatment modalities under low-humidity conditions. Emustil eye drops were used after exposure to a low-humidity environment in the relief method, whereas, in the protection method, the drops were applied before exposure to low humidity. Materials and Methods: 12 normal male subjects (mean age 34.0 ± 7.0 years) were exposed to ultra-dry environmental conditions. A number of tear film measurements were carried out under desiccating environmental conditions in a controlled environment chamber (CEC), where the chamber temperature sat at 21 °C with a relative humidity (RH) of 5%. Keeler’s TearScope Plus and an HIRCAL grid were used to assess the tear break-up time and lipid layer thickness (LLT), and the evaporation rate was evaluated using a Servomed EP3 Evaporimeter. Results: LLT measurements showed that the dry environment affected LLT significantly (p = 0.031). The median grade of LLT dropped from grade 3 (50–70 nm) at 40% RH to grade 2 (13–50 nm) at 5% RH. A significant increase in LLT was seen after both modes of treatment, with a median LLT grade of 3 when the Emustil was used for both protection (p = 0.004) and relief (p = 0.016). The mean tear evaporation rate in normal environmental conditions (40%) was 40.46 ± 11.80 g/m2/h (0.11 µL/min) and increased sharply to 83.77 ± 20.37 g/m2/h (0.25 µL/min) after exposure to the dry environment. A minimal decrease in tear film evaporation rate was seen in relief; however, statistical tests showed that the decrease in tear film evaporation rate was not significant. Mean NITBUT dropped from 13.6 s at 40% RH to 6.6 s at 5% RH (p = 0.002). All NITBUT measurements at 5% RH (with or without the instillation of Emustil) were significantly lower than those at 40%. The instillation of Emustil at 5% RH resulted in a significant improvement in NITBUT for protection (p = 0.016) but this was not the case for relief (p = 0.0.56). Conclusions: A control environmental chamber (CEC) enables the analysis of tear film parameters comparable to those found in dry eye patients. This enables us to examine the capability of oil in emulsion drops to manage tear film disruption in healthy individuals. This study suggests that using Emustil oil-in-water emulsion before exposure to a dry environment should be advocated for people who work in dry environments.
Navigation-Assisted Micro-Window Excision of Thoracic Ossification of Ligamentum Flavum (Mishima Surgery) in Professional Baseball Pitchers: A Case Report and Technical Note
Authors: Ishii Ken , Isogai Norihiro , Urata Ryunosuke , Funao Haruki , Igawa Tatsuya , Mihara Hisanori , Yamazaki Tetsuya
Published: July 2023

Background and Objectives: Thoracic ossification of the ligamentum flavum (OLF) often causes myelopathy and/or radiculopathy. The disease is frequently observed in East Asian populations. Although thoracic OLF in young athletes who have underwent decompression surgery has been reported, the removal of posterior spinal bony elements and ligamentous complex may often cause postoperative thoracolumbar instability. We established a novel surgical technique that preserves the posterior spinal elements, including the spinous processes, facet joints, and supraspinous and interspinous ligaments for thoracic OLF. This is the first case report to describe a navigation-assisted micro-window excision of thoracic OLF. Case: A 32-year-old male right-handed professional baseball pitcher with significant weakness and numbness in the left leg was referred to our hospital. The patient was diagnosed with thoracic OLF at T10-11 based on radiographic and magnetic resonance images in August 2022. After exposure of the left T10-11 laminae via a small unilateral incision, the location of T10-11 OLF was detected over the lamina by O-arm navigation. Then, the micro-window was made directly above the OLF using a navigated air drill, and the OLF was removed on the ipsilateral side. The contralateral side of OLF was also resected through the same micro-window, achieving complete spinal cord decompression. Results: The next day of the surgery, his leg weakness and numbness were significantly improved. Six weeks after the surgery, he started pitching. Three months after surgery, his symptoms had gone completely, and he pitched from the mound. Approximately 6 months after surgery, he successfully pitched in a professional baseball game. Conclusions: A navigation-assisted micro-window excision of thoracic OLF effectively preserved the spinal posterior bony elements and ligamentous complex. However, long-term clinical outcomes should be evaluated in future studies.
Male Infertility and the Risk of Developing Testicular Cancer: A Critical Contemporary Literature Review
Authors: Maiolino Giuseppe , Fernández-Pascual Esaú , Ochoa Arvizo Mario Alberto , Vishwakarma Ranjit , Martínez-Salamanca Juan Ignacio
Published: July 2023

Background and Objectives: The relationship between male infertility (MI) and testicular cancer (TC) is bilateral. On one hand, it is well-established that patients diagnosed with TC have a high risk of pre- and post-treatment infertility. On the other hand, the risk of developing TC in male infertile patients is not clearly defined. The objective of this review is to analyze the histopathological, etiological, and epidemiological associations between MI and the risk of developing testicular cancer. This review aims to provide further insights and offer a guide for assessing the risk factors for TC in infertile men. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies discussing the relationship between MI and the risk of developing TC. Results: The incidence rates of germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS) appear to be high in infertile men, particularly in those with low sperm counts. Most epidemiological studies have found a statistically significant risk of developing TC among infertile men compared to the general or fertile male populations. The concept of Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome provides an explanatory model for the common etiology of MI, TC, cryptorchidism, and hypospadias. Clinical findings such as a history of cryptorchidism could increase the risk of developing TC in infertile men. Scrotal ultrasound evaluation for testis lesions and microlithiasis is important in infertile men. Sperm analysis parameters can be useful in assessing the risk of TC among infertile men. In the future, sperm and serum microRNAs (miRNAs) may be utilized for the non-invasive early diagnosis of TC and GCNIS in infertile men. Conclusions: MI is indeed a risk factor for developing testicular cancer, as demonstrated by various studies. All infertile men should undergo a risk assessment using clinical examination, ultrasound, and semen parameters to evaluate their risk of TC.
Sodium Thiosulfate for Calciphylaxis Treatment in Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Gossett Christy , Suppadungsuk Supawadee , Krisanapan Pajaree , Tangpanithandee Supawit , Thongprayoon Charat , Mao Michael A. , Cheungpasitporn Wisit
Published: July 2023

Limited data are available on the utilization of sodium thiosulfate (STS) treatment for calciphylaxis in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, while it is well-studied in hemodialysis (HD) patients. A systematic literature search was conducted using Ovid MEDLINE, EBM Reviews—Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and EBM Reviews—Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews to identify reported cases of PD patients with calciphylaxis who received STS. The search covered the inception of the databases through August 2022. Across 19 articles, this review identified 30 PD patients with calciphylaxis who received STS. These included 15 case reports, 2 case series, and 2 cohort studies. The administration routes and doses varied depending on the study. For intravenous (IV) administration (n = 18), STS doses ranged from 3.2 g twice daily to 25 g three times weekly for 5 weeks to 8 months. Outcomes included 44% of patients experiencing successful wound healing, 6% discontinuing STS due to adverse effects, 67% transitioning to HD, and 50% dying from calciphylaxis complications. For intraperitoneal (IP) administration (n = 5), STS doses ranged from 12.5 to 25 g three to four times weekly for 12 h to 3 months. Results showed 80% of patients achieving successful wound healing, 80% discontinuing STS due to adverse effects, 40% transitioning to HD, and 20% dying from IP STS-related chemical peritonitis. In cases where patients switched from IV to IP STS (n = 3), doses ranged from 12.5 to 25 g two to three times weekly for 2.5 to 5 months. Among them, 67% experienced successful wound healing, while 33% died from sepsis. Two cases utilized oral STS at a dose of 1500 mg twice daily for 6 and 11 months, resulting in successful wound healing without adverse effects or need for HD. However, one patient (50%) died due to small bowel obstruction. This systematic review provides an overview of STS treatment for PD patients with calciphylaxis. Although successful treatment cases exist, adverse effects were significant. Further research, including larger clinical studies and pharmacokinetic data, is necessary to establish the optimal route, dose, and efficacy of STS in PD patients.
Efficacy of Aceclofenac and Ilaprazole Combination Therapy versus Celecoxib Monotherapy for Treating NSAID-Induced Dyspepsia in Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Patients
Authors: Lee Sanghoon , Kim Jung Guel , Kim Ho-Joong
Published: July 2023

Background and Objectives: Dyspepsia is a common adverse event associated with the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Although proton pump and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors are potential treatment options, the optimal strategy remains unclear. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of combination therapy with aceclofenac and ilaprazole versus celecoxib monotherapy for the treatment of dyspepsia caused by NSAID use in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Materials and Methods: This prospective, double-blind, randomized, actively controlled study was conducted at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital in South Korea from July 2020 to September 2021. The participants were randomized into one of two treatment groups: celecoxib monotherapy (control group) and combination therapy with aceclofenac and ilaprazole (test group). The primary efficacy endpoint was the mean change in the Short-Form Leeds Dyspepsia Questionnaire (SF-LDQ) scores from baseline to treatment week 8. The secondary efficacy endpoint was the mean change in Short-Form-12 (SF-12) scores from baseline (week 0) to treatment week 8. Results: The study enrolled 140 patients who were randomly assigned to receive combination therapy with aceclofenac and, ilaprazole or celecoxib. In the per protocol set, the mean change in SF-LDQ scores from week 0 to week 8 was −0.51 ± 4.78 and 1.85 ± 6.70 in the combination therapy and celecoxib group, respectively (p = 0.054). SF-12 scores did not differ significantly between the two groups. Adverse events were reported in both groups, but there was no significant difference in incidence. Conclusions: Combination therapy with aceclofenac and ilaprazole can be a treatment option for NSAID-induced dyspepsia in some situations.
Anoxic Treatment of Agricultural Drainage Water in a Venturi-Integrated Membrane Bioreactor
Authors: Kayaalp Necati
Published: July 2023

Due to low sludge production and being a clean source without residuals, hydrogen-based autotrophic denitrification appears to be a promising choice for nitrate removal from agricultural drainage waters or water/wastewater with a similar composition. Although the incorporation of hydrogen-based autotrophic denitrification with membrane bioreactors (MBRs) enabled almost 100% utilization of hydrogen, the technology still needs to be improved to better utilize its advantages. This study investigated the anoxic treatment of both synthetic and real drainage waters using hydrogen gas in a recently developed membrane bioreactor configuration, a venturi-integrated submerged membrane bioreactor, for the first time. The study examined the effects of the inflow nitrate concentration, and the use of a venturi device on the removal efficiency, as well as the effects of the presence of headspace gas circulation and circulation rate on membrane fouling. The study found that using the headspace gas circulation through a venturi device did not significantly affect the treatment efficiency, and in both cases, a removal efficiency of over 90% was achieved. When the inlet NO3−–N concentration was increased from 50 mg/L to 100 mg/L, the maximum removal efficiency decreased from 98% to 92%. It was observed that the most significant effect of the headspace gas circulation was on the membrane fouling. When the headspace gas was not circulated, the average membrane chemical washing period was 5 days. However, with headspace gas circulation, the membrane washing period increased to an average of 12 days. The study found that the headspace gas circulation method significantly affected membrane fouling. When the upper phase was circulated with a peristaltic pump instead of a venturi device, the membrane washing period decreased to one day. The study calculated the maximum hydrogen utilization efficiency to be approximately 96%.
Membranes Based on Cellulose and Copolymers of Acrylonitrile Prepared from Joint Solutions
Authors: Makarov Igor S. , Shambilova Gulbarshin K. , Vinogradov Markel I. , Anokhina Tatyana S. , Bukanova Aigul S. , Kairliyeva Fazilat B. , Bukanova Saule K. , Levin Ivan S.
Published: July 2023

Cellulose and copolymers of acrylonitrile (PAN) are characterized by their chemical resistance to several conventional solvents. Therefore, these polymers are often used to obtain membranes for the recovery of such solvents. In this work, for the first time, composite membranes formed from highly concentrated mixed solutions based on cellulose and PAN are considered (the total content of polymers is 18 wt.%). For mixed solutions, the morphology and rheological behavior were evaluated. It is shown that the resulting solutions are two-phase, and their morphology depends on the components’ ratio and the system’s history. The non-monotonous change in the viscosity with the PAN content indicates a specific interaction of cellulose and PAN in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide solutions. The rheological behavior of mixed solutions allows for their processing in conditions identical to those of cellulose solutions. The introduction of PAN into the cellulose matrix promotes a decrease in the structural order in the system, affecting the membranes’ transport properties. For composite membranes, it was found that with an increase in the content of the PAN phase, the retention of Remazol and Orange decreases, while the observed values are several times higher than those for cellulose membranes. The permeability of ethanol increases with increasing terpolymer content.
Comparison of Pilot-Scale Capacitive Deionization (MCDI) and Low-Pressure Reverse Osmosis (LPRO) for PV-Powered Brackish Water Desalination in Morocco for Irrigation of Argan Trees
Authors: Cañas Kurz Edgardo E. , Hellriegel Ulrich , Hdoufane Abdelkarim , Benaceur Ibtissame , Anane Makram , Jaiti Fatima , El-Abbassi Abdelilah , Hoinkis Jan
Published: July 2023

The use of saline water resources in agriculture is becoming a common practice in semi-arid and arid regions such as the Mediterranean. In the SmaCuMed project, the desalination of brackish groundwater (TDS = 2.8 g/L) for the irrigation of Argan trees in Essaouira, Morocco, to 2 g/L and 1 g/L (33% and 66% salt removal, respectively) using low-pressure reverse osmosis (LPRO) (p < 6 bar) and membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) was tested at pilot scale. MCDI showed 40–70% lower specific energy consumption (SEC) and 10–20% higher water recovery; however, the throughput of LPRO (2.9 m3/h) was up to 1.5 times higher than that of MCDI. In addition, both technologies were successfully powered by PV solar energy with total water costs ranging from EUR 0.82 to EUR 1.34 per m3. In addition, the water quality in terms of sodium adsorption ratio was slightly higher with LPRO resulting in higher concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+, due to blending with feed water. In order to evaluate both technologies, additional criteria such as investment and specific water costs, operability and brine disposal have to be considered.
Modifying Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mo-Nb Single Crystals via Thermal Annealing
Authors: Huang Li , Zhang Wen , Hu Zhongwu , Yin Tao , Guo Linjiang , Zheng Hanyu
Published: July 2023

Molybdenum-Niobium (Mo-Nb) single crystals possess excellent mechanical properties, such as high strength and low creep rate at high temperatures, which leads to Mo-Nb single crystals’ potential application in the irradiated and aerospace environment. Mechanical properties at high temperatures are closely related to structural defects, including the density of dislocation and low-angle grain boundaries in a single-crystal Mo alloy. It is well known that the density of defects is mainly contributed to by processing and annealing. To clarify the microstructural evolution of Mo-Nb single-crystal alloys, thermal annealing tests with temperatures varying from 1100 °C to 1700 °C were conducted. Two Nb contents (3 at.% and 6 at.%) were chosen to investigate the effect of Nb content on the thermal stability (≤1700 °C) of single-crystal Mo-Nb alloys. Samples with high Nb content (6 at.%) soften after annealing, while ductility at room temperature obviously enhances In the low Nb content (3 at.%) sample, however, hardening and softening occur after low (1100 °C) and high temperature annealing, respectively. The evolution of mechanical properties could be mainly attributed to the change of density in the low-angle grain boundary. Furthermore, the changing Nb element and dislocation density during annealing are still important to the strength and ductility of Mo-Nb single crystals.
Study on High-Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Platinum-Clad Nickel Composite Wire
Authors: Chen Yongtai , Wang Saibei , Zhao Shangqiang , Yang Youcai , Li Aikun , Hu Jieqiong , Fang Jiheng , Chong Xiaoyu , Xie Ming
Published: July 2023

Platinum-clad nickel composite wires with platinum layer thicknesses of 5 μm and 8 μm were prepared by a cladding drawing process. Oxidation experiments were performed using a muffle furnace at temperatures of 500 °C, 600 °C, 700 °C, and 800 °C for 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h. The oxidized samples were examined for high-temperature oxidation behavior using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with an energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometer attached. The results showed that the interface bond between the platinum cladding and the nickel core wire was serrated and that the thickness of the platinum cladding was not uniform. At low temperatures (500 °C and 600 °C), the diffusion rate of the nickel was low. The composite wire could be used for a short time below 600 °C. When the temperature reached 700 °C and above, the nickel diffused to the surface of the composite wire and was selectively oxidized to form a nickel oxide layer. The research results provide a theoretical reference for the selection of a service temperature for platinum-clad nickel composite wires used as the lead material for thin-film platinum resistance temperature sensors.
Atomistic Study of the Interaction Nature of H-Dislocation and the Validity of Elasticity in Bcc Iron
Authors: Zheng Yuanyuan , Yu Ping , Zhang Lin
Published: July 2023

One way to assess the validity of elasticity is with the method of atomic simulations. Molecular statics (MS) simulations are performed to study the interactions between H and edge dislocations in bcc iron using embedded-atom-method potential for a Fe-H system. The nature of H-dislocation interactions can be investigated and the validity of elasticity can be examined. We show that the sites with strong binding energy are found at the dislocation core, as well as in the slip plane, suggesting high H concentrations can form along the slip plane. It is found that the interstitial H not only interacts with hydrostatic stress, but also with the shear stresses generated by the dislocation, especially on the slip plane. When the dislocation stresses are represented using anisotropic elasticity, the validity of elasticity is at H-dislocation distance larger than ~19 Å, i.e., the same as the isotropic predictions. When H lies closer to the dislocation, good agreement with simulations is obtained if considering all strains induced by H at the octahedral sites and using anisotropic elasticity.