bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Explaining Populist Party Adaptation in Latin America
Authors: Burgess Katrina
Published: October 2003

This article uses a two-level framework to explain variation in Latin American populist parties' responses to the neoliberal challenge of the 1980s and 1990s. First, it examines the incentives for adaptation, focusing on the electoral and economic environments in which parties operated. Second, it examines parties' organizational capacity to adapt, focusing on leadership renovation and the accountability of office-holding leaders to unions and party authorities. This framework is applied to four cases: the Argentine Justicialista Party (PJ), the Mexican Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), the Peruvian APRA party, and Venezuelan Democratic Action (AD). In Argentina, the combination of strong incentives and substantial adaptive capacity resulted in radical programmatic change and electoral success. In Mexico, where the PRI had high adaptive capacity but faced somewhat weaker external incentives, programmatic change was slower but nevertheless substantial, and the party survived as a major political force. In Peru, where APRA had some capacity but little incentive to adapt, and in Venezuela, where AD had neither a strong incentive nor the capacity to adapt, populist parties achieved little programmatic change and suffered steep electoral decline.
Electoral Systems and Party Formation in Russia
Authors: Golosov Grigorii V.
Published: October 2003

This article draws on a comprehensive data set from the 1993-1999 Russian regional legislative elections to estimate the consequences of different plurality or majority rules, as well as their combinations with proportional representation (PR), for party formation in the country. The results of multiple regression analysis indicate that the system of single-member plurality does not support party formation. Mixed electoral systems involve PR support parties in two ways: first, mechanically, by excluding independents from party list competition, and second, as a result of contamination effects across these systems' components. Counterintuitively, the analysis reveals that the systems of multimember plurality and two-round majority tend to be relatively supportive of party formation. The article explains this phenomenon by developing a model that incorporates these systems' ability to set lower effective thresholds and to enhance the information value of party labels, thus facilitating the entry of party candidates and their electoral success.
Factors Influencing Responsibility Attribution to Wife Abuse
Authors: Tang Catherine So-Kum
Published: October 2003

This study, to determine factors that influenced responsibility attribution to wife abuse, involved the participation of 499 Chinese police officers. Participants tended to assign greater responsibility to wife abusers than to abused wives, and both victims and abusers were held more responsible for physical than for nonphysical wife abuse situations. In general, a low level of responsibility attributed to abused wives was best predicted by liberal gender attitudes, high educational attainment, and female gender. On the other hand, a high level of responsibility attributed to wife abusers was best predicted by a low level of responsibility attributed to abused wives, perceived negative effects of wife abuse, liberal gender attitudes, older age, and high educational attainment.
Measuring Police Attitudes Toward Discretion
Authors: Wortley Richard K.
Published: October 2003

This article describes the construction of two scales to measure police attitudes toward the selective enforcement of the law. The Service-Legalistic scale measures police discretion along a flexible-inflexible continuum. Service-oriented police advocate the use of discretion to help solve social problems; legalistic police oppose discretion because it interferes with their duty to enforce the law equitably. The Watchman scale examines the use of discretion to maintain control. Watchman-oriented police simultaneously ignore minor offenses and call for greater powers to deal with serious crime. Service-related discretion was found to negatively correlate with authoritarianism and the belief that crime is caused by the individual dispositions of offenders; watchman-related discretion positively correlated with authoritarianism, ethnocentrism, and a belief in individual crime causation.
Psychological Testing and the Selection of Police Officers
Authors: Cochrane Robert E. , Tett Robert P. , Vandecreek Leon
Published: October 2003

Through a national survey of municipal police departments, this study identifies current selection and psychological assessment practices for police officers. Of the 355 police agencies invited to participate in the survey, 155 returned completed questionnaires (43%). Analyses of the extent and nature of assessment procedures revealed that the majority of police departments perform a background investigation, medical exam, interview with applicant, drug test, physical fitness exam, and polygraph test. Furthermore, more than 90% of responding agencies require a psychological evaluation of applicants, which shows a significant increase from prior surveys. Results from this study shed light on the changes and trends that have occurred in police selection in the past decade. Overall, the majority of police departments that responded used extensive and sophisticated selection measures, especially those departments serving larger cities. However, many agencies are not following public policy guidelines and psychological assessment recommendations, suggesting the need for further refinements.
Values and Behavior: Strength and Structure of Relations
Authors: Bardi Anat , Schwartz Shalom H.
Published: October 2003

Three studies address unresolved issues in value-behavior relations. Does the full range of different values relate to common, recurrent behaviors? Which values relate more strongly to behavior than others? Do relations among different values and behaviors exhibit a meaningful overall structure? If so, how to explain this? We find that stimulation and tradition values relate strongly to the behaviors that express them; hedonism, power, universalism, and self-direction values relate moderately; and security, conformity, achievement, and benevolence values relate only marginally. Additional findings suggest that these differences in value-behavior relations may stem from normative pressures to perform certain behaviors. Such findings imply that values motivate behavior, but the relation between values and behaviors is partly obscured by norms. Relations among behaviors, among values, and jointly among values and behavior exhibit a similar structure. The motivational conflicts and congruities postulated by the theory of values can account for this shared structure.
Connectionist Simulation of Attitude Learning: Asymmetries in the Acquisition of Positive and Negative Evaluations
Authors: Eiser J. Richard , Fazio Russell H. , Stafford Tom , Prescott Tony J.
Published: October 2003

Connectionist computer simulation was employed to explore the notion that, if attitudes guide approach and avoidance behaviors, false negative beliefs are likely to remain uncorrected for longer than false positive beliefs. In Study 1, the authors trained a three-layer neural network to discriminate “good” and “bad” inputs distributed across a two-dimensional space. “Full feedback” training, whereby connection weights were modified to reduce error after every trial, resulted in perfect discrimination. “Contingent feedback,” whereby connection weights were only updated following outputs representing approach behavior, led to several false negative errors (good inputs misclassified as bad). In Study 2, the network was redesigned to distinguish a system for learning evaluations from a mechanism for selecting actions. Biasing action selection toward approach eliminated the asymmetry between learning of good and bad inputs under contingent feedback. Implications for various attitudinal phenomena and biases in social cognition are discussed.
The Fundamental Attribution Error in Detecting Deception: The Boy-Who-Cried-Wolf Effect
Authors: O'Sullivan Maureen
Published: October 2003

Most people are unable to detect accurately when others are lying. Many explanations for this inability have been suggested but the cognitive heuristics involved in lie detection have received little attention. The present study offers evidence from two experiments, based on two different groups of observers, judging two different kinds of lies, presented in two different testing situations, that the fundamental attribution error significantly undermines the ability to detect honesty and deception accurately. Trait judgments of trustworthiness were highly correlated with state judgments of truthfulness, leading, as predicted, to positive correlations with honest detection accuracy and negative correlations with deception detection accuracy. More accurate lie detectors were significantly more likely than less accurate lie detectors to separate state and trait judgments of honesty. The effect of other biases, such as the halo effect and the truthfulness bias, also are examined. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
An On-Line Look at Automatic Contrast and Correction of Behavior Categorizations and Dispositional Inferences
Authors: Tobin Stephanie J. , Weary Gifford
Published: October 2003

The current study examined on-line behavior recategorization as a mechanism underlying corrections for contextual influences in dispositional inferences. After watching an initial comparison video that portrayed either a successful or unsuccessful performance on a spatial ability task, cognitive load and no load participants watched and made real-time ratings of a target performance. The comparison video was expected to exert a contrastive influence on participants' automatic impressions of the performance (behavior categorizations) and the child's intelligence (dispositional inferences). Load participants' on-line and post-video performance and ability ratings showed this expected effect, as did no load participants' initial on-line performance ratings. However, no load participants' later on-line and post-video ratings did not. These findings support the notion that corrections for contextual influence can occur at the level of behavior identification as perceivers encode behavioral cues.
The Good, the Bad, and the Healthy: Impacts of Emotional Disclosure of Trauma on Resilient Self-Concept and Psychological Distress
Authors: Hemenover Scott H.
Published: October 2003

This study examined the impact of disclosing traumas on resilient self-perceptions and psychological distress. Participants (N = 50) wrote about a traumatic life event or their plans for the next day and completed measures of resilience and distress before disclosing (pretest) and 3 months later (posttest). Results revealed that trauma participants increased in positive self-perceptions (mastery, personal growth, self-acceptance) and decreased in distress (depression, interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, somatization) from pretest to posttest. Control participants showed no changes except for autonomy, on which they decreased. Results suggest that in addition to reducing psychological distress, disclosing traumas change self-perception, resulting in a more resilient self-concept.
Experimental Tests of an Attitudinal Theory of the Gender Gap in Voting
Authors: Eagly Alice H. , Diekman Amanda B. , Schneider Monica C. , Kulesa Patrick
Published: October 2003

This research examined the hypothesis that gender gaps in voting stem from differences in the extent to which men and women agree with candidates' issue stances. Two initial experiments portraying candidates by their sex and attitudes and a third experiment that also included information about political party produced the predicted attitudinal gender-congeniality effect: Participants of each sex reported greater likelihood, compared with participants of the other sex, of voting for the candidate who endorsed positions typically favored more by their own sex than the other sex. In addition, this gender-congeniality effect was present among Republican and independent participants but absent among Democratic participants because Democratic men as well as women favored candidates who advocated the positions typically favored by women. Interpretation invoked the importance of group interest based on gender as an influence on women's voting.
Communicating Islamic Fundamentalism as Global Citizenship
Authors: Khatib Lina
Published: October 2003

This article discusses Islamic fundamentalism as forming an imagined community functioning within and beyond the nation, and therefore communicating a local/global identity. Through the use of textual and network analysis, the article focuses on the Internet and its uses by various Islamic fundamentalist groups across the globe. The article argues that the Internet is used by the groups as a “portable homeland” that allows them to strengthen their global ties and communicate with one another, and also to communicate with the connected world at large. The article thus looks at cyberspace as another venue for the carrying out of political conflicts. The author argues that cyberspace has become an enabling tool through which Islamic fundamentalist groups protect, strengthen, and communicate their multiple identities. In this way, Islamic fundamentalism is analyzed not as an inward-looking resistant force that opposes globalization but as a glocal force in itself.
Environmental Sovereignty Discourse of the Brazilian Amazon: National Politics and the Globalization of Indigenous Resistance
Authors: Todd Anne Marie
Published: October 2003

This analysis explores the connection between globalization and national identity in cultural expressions of environmental sovereignty. Competing claims to resources in the Brazilian Amazon reflect changing notions of state authority and the role of indigenous citizens in protection of biodiversity. The debate between Brazilian state governments and the Yanomami Indians and seringueiros (Brazilian Rubber Tapper communities) illustrates the complex interaction of national identity and expressions of local culture in a global ecological context.
Patriotism and the Limits of Globalization: Renegotiating Citizenship in Singapore
Authors: Kluver Randolph , Weber Ian
Published: October 2003

Singapore, as one of the world's most globalized nations, has undergone a series of tumultuous political and economic crises that has forced the nation's leaders to adopt a very proactive stance to the formation of national identity. To create an imagined nation that would secure economic growth and harmonious ethnic ties, the leaders of the nation chose to define Singapore as a global city, which has had a long-term effect of lessening citizen loyalty to the Republic as the effects of globalization are realized. This article examines the role of globalization in forming and weakening national identity, and hence patriotism in Singapore, and explores the ways in which civic discourse is employed by the citizens and governmental leaders of Singapore to renegotiate national identity and patriotism.
Familial Functioning as a Support System for Adolescents' Postdetention Success
Authors: Brown Randall , Killian Eric , Evans William P.
Published: October 2003

Youths transitioning out of detention are particularly in need of support systems that can divert them from recidivism. This article examines the relationship between incarcerated youths' sense of their families' functioning and their perceived likelihood for postdetention success. Despite the control of background variables, results reveal that delinquents who indicated stronger familial functioning also reported a greater likelihood of future success. Although interventions that focus on improving the supportive capacity of families have shown great promise, treatment drop-out rates remain high. To explore incarcerated youths' view of family focused interventions, respondents rated the potential utility of family and nonfamily focused intervention options. A majority of respondents reported that family focused interventions would be helpful. A group of respondents, overrepresented by adolescents with low family functioning, reported that this type of intervention would not be helpful. These results are discussed in terms of their impact on offering family focused interventions for juveniles.
The Effectiveness of Relapse Prevention with Offenders: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Dowden Craig , Antonowicz Daniel , Andrews D. A.
Published: October 2003

Although relapse prevention models have been applied within offender treatment, there has been little controlled outcome research evaluating their effectiveness. This meta-analysis of 40 tests of relapse prevention treatment revealed moderate mean reductions in recidivism (0.15), and certain elements of the relapse prevention model (i.e., training significant others in the program model and identifying the offense chain) yielded stronger effects than others (i.e., provision of booster/aftercare sessions and developing coping skills). Further analyses revealed that the clinically relevant and psychologically informed principles of risk, need, and general responsivity yielded the strongest reductions in recidivism. The implications for future research and treatment are discussed.
Female Repeat Offenders Negotiating Identity
Authors: Geiger Brenda , Fischer Michael
Published: October 2003

This study examines the process of identity negotiation for Israeli female ex-convicts who were separated for extensive periods of time from their children and eventually lost custody over them. The content analysis of in-depth interviews reveals that these women were able to reconstruct their biographies and retrospectively account for their crimes and drug addiction in terms of the sexual, physical, and economic abuse they had endured and by appeal to higher loyalties, their children who they had to provide for. However, when having to account for their failings as mothers, all biographical reconstruction, external blame, and accusation collapsed. Looking at themselves through their children's eyes, female offenders were simply unable to renegotiate the imputed identity of incompetent mother. They could neither confront their children's anger nor explain to them why they had abandoned them. Permanently alienated from the center of motherhood, these women were doomed to an existential chaos.
An Exploration of Childhood Victimization and Family-of-Origin Characteristics of Sexual Offenders Against Children
Authors: Stirpe Tania S. , Stermac Lana E.
Published: October 2003

A comparison of the childhood victimization experiences and family-of-origin characteristics of 33 sexual offenders against children, 66 violent offenders, and 25 nonviolent offenders participating in assessment or treatment at a forensic division of a Canadian psychiatric hospital was undertaken using a semistructured interview designed specifically for this study. Overall, 31.5% of the sample reported contact sexual abuse (i.e., oral, vaginal, or anal) by age 14. Sexual offenders against children reported significantly more sexual abuse than both violent and nonviolent offenders and were more likely to have been sexually propositioned and exposed to. Sexual offenders against children were also more likely to report physical discipline as the primary type of discipline in the home. Analyses of the variables concerning characteristics of parents, siblings, and significant others also indicated significant differences between groups. Implications of these findings on the intergenerational hypothesis are discussed as well as their relevance for treatment.
“Better for Us than it was For Her”: African American Families, Communities, and Reform in Modern Georgia
Authors: Chirhart Ann Short
Published: October 2003

This article argues that African American families devised a unique method to educate their daughters so that they could stay in school and eventually work as teachers in black communities. Black women's accomplishments were honored as an adaptation to economic and social oppression and a definitive cultural value in the twentieth century.
“How would i Live without Loulie?” Mary and Louisa Poppenheim, Activist Sisters in Turn-of-the-Century South Carolina
Authors: Johnson Joan Marie
Published: October 2003

This article explores the importance of family support in enabling some southern white women to take on more activist, public roles in the early twentieth century. Mary and Louisa Poppenheim, educated sisters from in Charleston, South Carolina, were well positioned to take the lead in women's clubs and other organizations. Graduates of Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York, they helped redefine “the new southern woman” to mean an educated woman who was active in public roles while retaining her elite social position. They drew strength to do so from the support of their parents, especially their mother, and from each other. The relationship they had as sisters—Mary and Louisa never married and lived in their family home together their entire lives—was perhaps most crucial to sustaining decades of service as clubwomen and social reformers.
Heat, Sex, and Sugar: Pregnancy and Childbearing in the Slave Quarters
Authors: Follett Richard
Published: October 2003

This article examines the dynamics of slave fecundity in the antebellum South and analyzes the relationship between the planters 'labor requirements and pregnancy on large sugar estates in nineteenth-century Louisiana. In contrast to the cotton states, where the slave population grew, bondspeople in Louisiana's sugar world experienced natural population decrease. This derived in part from imbalanced sex ratios, but as this article explores, it also occurred because of the punishing nature of sugar production that taxed slave women in distinct ways over the entire year. As this article shows, conceptions peaked during the annual harvest season but collapsed at other times because of nutritional stress, overwork, heat, and exhaustion. Addressing the seasonality of slave childbirths, the article posits that workload combined with climatic, ecological, hormonal, nutritional, and lactation factors ultimately shaped the reproductive ecology of American slavery.
A Tale of Two Patriarchs; or, How a Eunuch and a Wife Created a Family in the Church
Authors: Lyerly Cynthia Lynn
Published: October 2003

This article uses the spiritual friendship of Jeremiah Minter, Methodist preacher, and Sarah Jones, a planter's wife, as a window into southern patriarchal norms and the alternative affective families created in evangelical churches. Their correspondence was erotically charged, but religious devotion offered them a language in which to safely recast their ardor into piety. Minter, by rejecting slavery and the culture of honor and by choosing to become a “eunuch for the kingdom of heaven's sake,” and Jones, by being a spiritual leader, challenged family patriarchs and southern gender conventions. Through the Methodist Church, both formed fictive families that were loving and egalitarian and that supported and sustained them.
Dissertation Acknowledgements
Authors: Hyland Ken
Published: October 2003

Although sometimes considered to be only marginally related to the key academic goals of establishing claims and reputations, acknowledgements are commonplace in scholarly communication and virtually obligatory in dissertation writing. The significance of this disregarded “Cinderella” genre lies partly in the opportunities it offers students to present a social and scholarly self disentangled from academic discourse conventions and personally thank those who have shaped the accompanying text. Beyond the role it plays in academic gift giving and self-presentation, however, the textualization of gratitude reveals social and cultural characteristics, an intimation of disciplinary specialization within a broad generic structure. This analysis of the acknowledgements accompanying 240 Ph.D. and M.A. dissertations written by nonnative speakers of English suggests that personal gratitude is mediated by disciplinary preferences and strategic career choices, reflecting one way in which postgraduate writing represents a situated activity.
Lone Geniuses in Popular Science
Authors: Charney Davida
Published: October 2003

Popular accounts of scientific discoveries diverge from scholarly accounts, stripping off hedges and promoting short-term social consequences. This case study illustrates how the “horse-race” framing of popular accounts devalues the collective sharing, challenging, and extending of scientific work. In her best-selling Longitude , Dava Sobel (1996) depicts John Harrison's 18th-century invention of a marine chronometer, a ground-breaking precision instrument that eventually allowed sailors to calculate their longitude at sea, as an unequal race with Harrison as beleaguered hero. Sobel represents the demands of the Board of Longitude to test and replicate the chronometer as the obstructionist machinations of an academic elite. Her framing underreports the feasibility of the chronometer and its astronomical rival, the lunar distance method, which each satisfied different criteria. That readers accept Sobel's framing is indicated by an analysis of 187 reviews posted on Amazon.com, suggesting that popular representation of science fuels cynicism in popular and academic forums.
Evidencing Nonstandard Feature Dynamics
Authors: Mix Julie Ann
Published: October 2003

Via a Speak Aloud and Write protocol methodology, this study investigated the characteristics of the wording formulation process of a select group of 7 African American students in freshman composition who claimed nonstandard features were active at least 30% to 40% of the time while they composed their papers. Control of rhetorical context was established in terms of tone (formal), purpose (to explain or argue), audience (English instructor), and the time-place context (“simultaneously” spoken-written at one sit-ting). Two Speak Aloud and Write transcripts per participant were analyzed for grammatical and “pronunciation-related” nonstandard feature dynamics in reference to consequences on the page, given the requirements of freshman composition. Findings indicate complex dynamics at work in the form of 7 feature dynamic patterns and 19 variations, with particularly marked activity in relation to a consonant cluster reduction feature and to specific verbal nonconcord features. Also, students who shared feature dynamics pattern characteristics generally shared literacy background characteristics.
The Lived Experience of Feeling Very Tired: A Study of Adolescent Girls
Authors: Baumann Steven L.
Published: October 2003

This Parse method phenomenological-hermeneutic study centered on the phenomenon of feeling very tired. It was part of a multisite study on feeling very tired using the human becoming theory and the Parse research method. The purpose of the study was to explore the meaning of feeling very tired as described by a group of high school girls. The finding, which is the structure of the lived experience of feeling very tired, surfaced from the dialogues: Feeling very tired is struggling with being attentively present as calming contentment emerges amid discomforting discordance . The conclusion of the study is that feeling very tired is a complex paradoxical rhythm.
The Lived Experience of Feeling Very Tired: A Study Using the Parse Research Method
Authors: Parse Rosemarie Rizzo
Published: October 2003

The purpose of this study was to answer the research question, What is the structure of the lived experience of feeling very tired? The Parse research method was used to discover the meaning of feeling very tired for 10 women volunteer participants. The major finding of the study is the structure: The lived experience of feeling very tired is devitalizing languor arising with engaging endeavors amid pulsating moments of repose-revive . The study finding contributes knowledge about feeling very tired and its connection to health and quality of life. The structure is discussed in light of the principles of human becoming, and suggestions are made for future research.
Conceptual Models of Nursing: International in Scope and Substance? The Case of the Roy Adaptation Model
Authors: Fawcett Jacqueline
Published: October 2003

This column focuses on exploration of the international applicability of conceptual models of nursing developed by nurse theorists from the United States. Viewpoints put forward by Marilyn E. Parker and William K. Cody are presented. Then, nurse scholars from Colombia and Japan discuss their experiences with use of the Roy adaptation model in their countries.
The American Nurses Association Code of Ethics: A Reflection on the Ethics of Respect and Human Dignity with Nurse as Expert
Authors: Milton Constance L.
Published: October 2003

The American Nurses Association Code of Ethics for Nurses calls for the nurse to practice with compassion and respect for every individual. What are the ethics and challenges of practicing professional nursing with expertise and educating a new generation of nurses while incorporating the interpretive statements into practice? This column differentiates the traditional biomedical views on human dignity and respect while exploring the embedded ethics of respect and self-determination and what it truly means to be an expert of nursing from the theoretical perspective of the human becoming school of thought.
Abstractions and Particulars: Learning Theory for Practice
Authors: Mitchell Gail J.
Published: October 2003

Debates continue about the role of nursing theory in nursing and yet it is generally accepted that all knowledge is theoretical and all learning requires abstract theory. This column looks at the interplay between abstract theoretical concepts and particulars from nursing practice and research that are informed by theory and that at the same time expand understanding of the abstract notion. Examples from practice and research highlight the critical role of nursing theory.
Understanding the Stranger
Authors: Bunkers Sandra Schmidt
Published: October 2003

This column presents teaching-learning processes involved in gaining an understanding of the stranger or the other —the one we see as so different from ourselves. A paradox concerning the stranger or the other exists in this 21st century. Never has the world been more dangerous, with terrorism continuing to spark suspicions of those that are different from us. And, never, at the same time, has the world been more in need of finding ways to embrace those that are different and those that are viewed as the stranger to the larger society. The concept of hospitality and the concept of true presence are explored, in light of human differences, as possibilities for engaging the stranger .
Video-Cued Narrative Reflection: A Research Approach for Articulating Tacit, Relational, and Embodied Understandings
Authors: Raingruber Bonnie
Published: October 2003

The author's purpose in this article is to describe the effectiveness of video-cued narrative reflection as a research approach for accessing relational, practice-based, and lived understandings. Video-cued narrative reflection provides moment-by-moment access to tacit experience. The immediate nature of the videotape captures emotional nuances, embodied perceptions, spatial influences, relational understandings, situational factors, and temporal manifestations. By watching videotaped interactions, participants are able to re-collect, reexperience, and interpret their life world. Video-cued narrative reflection allows participants to be simultaneously engaged and reflective while describing significant understandings. By inserting audiotaped reflective commentary of participants into the original videotape transcript, contextual meanings can be located and articulated more easily. Although not appropriate for all types of research, this approach offers promise for certain studies.
Validation of Qualitative Research in the “Real World”
Authors: Pyett Priscilla M.
Published: October 2003

In this article, the author takes up the debate about the usefulness of the concept of validity in qualitative research and acknowledges the critical role of the researcher as an “instrument” in the research process. Qualitative research, and the process of analysis in particular, involves continuous reflexivity and self-scrutiny. Balancing the need for creativity and rigor, the qualitative researcher can experience uncertainty, particularly in relation to small numbers. The author describes steps that she and a colleague took to ensure the validity and accuracy of the findings in a qualitative study of female sex workers. She discusses specific challenges in relation to the validity of their interpretation and describes two unexpected and serendipitous validity checks that served as affirmation.
Understanding the Barriers to Cervical Cancer Screening among Older Women
Authors: van Til Linda , MacQuarrie Colleen , Herbert Rosemary
Published: October 2003

Despite the fact that 90% of cervical cancers can be prevented by regular Pap screening, many women are not screened regularly, particularly older women. To understand better the barriers to screening, the authors held five focus groups during April 2000 in Prince Edward Island (PEI), Canada. Of the 32% of women aged 45 to 70 who had not been screened over a 5-year period (1995-2000), 60 randomly selected women participated in this research. The authors analyzed discussions for themes using an inductive approach, with interpretation guided by the population health model. Women who have avoided a Pap test are falling between the cracks created by a complex interaction between personal experiences and the health system's approach to Pap screening.
Participant Experiences of Talking Circles on Type 2 Diabetes in Two Northern Plains American Indian Tribes
Authors: Struthers Roxanne , Hodge Felicia Schanche , Geishirt-Cantrell Betty , De Cora Lorelei
Published: October 2003

The Talking Circle, a culturally appropriate, 12-week educational intervention, was employed on two Northern Plains American Indian reservations to provide information on type 2 diabetes. In a phenomenological study, funded as a minority supplement to the Talking Circle intervention, the authors asked 8 American Indian participants of the Talking Circle to describe their experience of being an American Indian Talking Circle participant. Seven common themes describe the phenomenon of participating in a Talking Circle diabetic intervention. The Talking Circle technique was effective in providing information on type 2 diabetes through culturally appropriate community sharing. Type 2 diabetes is viewed by both outsiders and those involved as a chronic disease of the utmost concern in American Indian communities.
Identifying Signals of Suffering by Linking Verbal and Facial Cues
Authors: Morse Janice M. , Beres Melanie A. , Spiers Judith A. , Mayan Maria , Olson Karin
Published: October 2003

Here, the authors describe microanalytically the two main behavioral states in suffering (enduring and emotional suffering) so that in subsequent research, appropriate comforting responses to ease and relieve suffering can be identified for each behavioral state. Their objectives were to describe the facial expressions of enduring and emotional suffering, and to link them with verbal narrative and thus develop a microanalytic description of each behavioral state. Using Ekman's modified EMFACS , they videotaped interviews with 19 participants and coded co-occurring verbal text and expressions. They also documented differences between each behavioral state and the transitions from enduring to emotional suffering. Enduring and emotional suffering are distinct and identifiable behaviors. These formerly implicit behavioral cues can be used in clinical assessment and research.
Postpartum Flatal and Fecal Incontinence Quality-of-Life Scale: A Disease- and Population-Specific Measure
Authors: Cockell Sarah J. , Oates-Johnson Tina , Gilmour Donna T. , Vallis T. Michael , Turnbull Geoffrey K.
Published: October 2003

Using various recruiting methods, the authors identified 10 women who suffer from flatal and/or fecal incontinence subsequent to one or more previous vaginal deliveries. Each of these women participated in an individual in-depth 1-hour interview assessing symptom frequency, severity, and impact on quality of life. Participants also completed the Fecal Incontinence Quality-of-Life Scale and evaluated how well this scale captured their experiences. The authors used qualitative analyses to generate themes from the interviews and modified the existing scale, adding new items and themes to capture this population's particular symptom experience. This scale is being evaluated in the context of a surgical clinical trial comparing two techniques for repairing anal sphincter lacerations from delivery.
Meaning and Agency in Discussing End-of-Life Care: A Study of Elderly Veterans' Values and Interpretations
Authors: Young Amanda J. , Ofori-Boateng Terri , Rodriguez Keri L. , Plowman Judith L.
Published: October 2003

The authors of this exploratory study used textual analysis of transcribed interviews to examine the mental constructs that individuals form around advance care terminology and to learn how elderly veterans conceptualize the language used in the Veterans Administration advance directive. They found that respondents often negotiated meaning by drawing on rigid schemas, specific mental constructs already in place: The Lord's Will, Machine Talk, Being a Burden, and Being Productive. The authors also examined the transcripts for agency. In addition to assigning external agency for end-of-life care decisions, respondents often expressed a complex interaction of “self” and “other” agency. These results challenge us to develop communication methods that allow patients to claim agency and participate fully in decisions regarding their health care, especially at the end of life.
State Long-Term Care Ombudsman Knowledge of State Laws concerning Nursing Home Conscience Policies
Authors: Hosay Cynthia K.
Published: October 2003

A study of the Long-Term Care Ombudsman in each state and the District of Columbia found that fourteen of the twenty-five respondents did not know when their state laws allowed nursing homes to refuse to honor patient end-of-life wishes. The Ombudsman is supposed to be an advocate for residents of nursing homes and a source of information. State laws vary as to when a facility may refuse to honor treatment directives and what it must do if it will not honor a patient wish. Patients and their families who do not know that an end-of-life directive will not be honored until the patient is dying may turn to the ombudsman for assistance. The ombudsman must know the laws of the state to intercede for the patient and to advocate for policy changes when the need for change is suggested.
Coping with Death: Perceptions of Health Care Professionals Working in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit and in a Geriatric Service
Authors: Ulla Sara , Coca Cristina , del Rincón Carolina , Díaz José L. , Arranz Pilar , Remor Eduardo A. , Bayés Ramón
Published: October 2003

Many health care professionals have to deal regularly with their patients' deaths and relatives' bereavement, but frequently they have not been trained in this area, and therefore the psychological cost is very high. The authors' principal aim in this work is to describe health care professionals' perceptions about death. A group of health care professionals who worked with children was compared with a group who worked with elderly people. Results showed that emotional aspects were perceived as more important than biomedical aspects in the death process. Between the groups, some differences were detected relating to the perception of the proximity of members' own deaths, and the authors could also observe that the death of a loved one was perceived as more important than their own death. These results should be taken into account to design training programs for health care professionals to minimize psychological costs and increase the quality of care.
Acquired Brain Injury: Meaning-Making Out of Lived Trauma
Authors: Tasker Susan L.
Published: October 2003

The purpose of this article is to extend the findings of a research project independent of this article but from which this article arises. More specifically, this article examines the lived experience of a major life event from the perspective of the individual: How is meaning brought to such an event? To address theoretical and professional issues related to the meaning-making process of a brain injury experience, narrative data was collected over a seven-week period from five adult survivors of brain injury (mean age = 41.4 years; range, twenty-eight to fifty-three years). Analysis of content was conducted from which a composite case scenario was derived. Felt losses and needs are documented, and coping responses described. Findings of (1) the importance of a future rather than a one-day-at-a-time perspective, (2) the contribution of caring relationships, (3) the role of spirituality, and (4) the need to feel understood, are delineated and discussed.
Children with Parents in Prison: Disenfranchised Grievers Who Benefit from Bibliotherapy
Authors: Hames Carolyn C. , Pedreira Debra
Published: October 2003

Child welfare professionals are encountering a growing number of children with incarcerated parents. Too frequently these children, like children whose parents have died, are disenfranchised grievers coping with compounded losses. William Worden has identified four emotional tasks for grieving children. This article explores the applicability of this model to children with parents in prison and suggests the use of bibliotherapy as an effective intervention. Juvenile literature written specifically for this population is analyzed accordingly.
Looking Jewish
Authors: Richardson Laurel
Published: October 2003

Although my mother was Jewish, I apparently do not fit the cultural stereotypes of “looking Jewish.” In this personal narrative, I recount some of my experiences with the stereotyping from both Jews and Gentiles that define me as “non-Jewish” and my responses. The narrative structure of the piece keeps the reader off balance, replicating my experience as a person whose “looks” and identity do not map onto a sociological category. As such, the article speaks more generally about the life experiences and negotiation strategies of any “bi-racial/ethnic/cultural/sexual” person.
Reconstructing Opa: Last Meditations of a Meteorologist
Authors: Brummans Boris H. J. M.
Published: October 2003

This anthropological poetry was brought to life by reconstructing my grandfather's last diary accounts. I follow the poetry with reflections on reconstructing my grandfather through writing, reading, and numerous dialogues with him and a “model reader” (Eco, 1992, 1994).
Proverbial Wisdom: “Every Dog Shall have its Day”
Authors: Davis Susan
Published: October 2003

In this piece of experimental writing, the author uses the proverbial expression “every dog shall have its day” to explore her reactions to her mother's illness and her interactions with the health care establishment.
Ingestion, Elimination, Sex, and Song: Trickster as Premodern Avatar of Postmodern Research Practice
Authors: Kamberelis George
Published: October 2003

In this article, I argue that the mythological figure of the Trickster may be read as a premodern avatar of postmodern research practice or what Denzin and Lincoln called the sixth and seventh moments of qualitative inquiry. I begin by describing the key imperatives of the sixth and seventh moments. These imperatives include (a) a commitment to morally sound, praxis-oriented research; (b) strategic use of eclectic constellations of theories, methods, and research strategies; (c) production of dialogic, nonrepresentational texts; and (d) conduct of mindful inquiry resulting in sacred texts. In a modest attempt to write not only about but also in the sixth and seventh moments, I offer extensive descriptions and interpretations of the extant narratives of the Winnebago Trickster, Wakdjunkaga, making indirect or oblique connections to sixth and seventh moment imperatives along the way. I return to these connections in the end of the article and make them more explicit.
Mother. Unmother: A Storied Look at Infertility, Identity, and Transformation
Authors: Chester DeAnna H.
Published: October 2003

This article is a personal storied look at how infertility changed me and what that has meant to me communicatively and thus interpersonally. This part of my life story takes on facets of the grief that comes with barrenness, chronicles the search for a new integrated identity within the confines of stigma, and examines the transformation and ritual that have palliated this quest. This story does not spur answers or fix anything, neither does it teach someone how or how not to act or react to the infertile. It is written to resonate, to share a lived experience, to be a dialogue between reader and writer.
Two Journeys
Authors: Chawla Devika
Published: October 2003

“Two Journeys” is a performance narrative in which I juxtapose memories of early childhood and adolescent experiences in a boarding school in northern India with adult experiences in America and graduate school. In the story, I describe the geographical displacements of a 10-year-old and later an adult to a life without comfort zones—exile at home and abroad. I move back and forth reflectively between the cultures of youth, womanhood, India, and America and explore how my lived liminal moments have become cultural movements, transitions, and turning points that are inherently linked to my self and my narrativity.
“Challenging” Research Practices: Turning a Critical Lens on the Work of Transcription
Authors: Tilley Susan A.
Published: October 2003

This article interrogates transcription work in the context of qualitative research. Although it is common practice in academe for someone other than the researcher to transcribe tapes recorded for purposes of data collection, the author argues the importance of researchers taking seriously the ways in which the person transcribing tapes influences research data. She suggests that the transcriber's interpretive/analytical/theoretical lens shapes the final texts constructed and as a result has the potential to influence the researcher's analysis of data. Specifically, the article explores the experiences of Ken, a person hired to transcribe audiotapes of focus group interviews conducted for a larger research study. The numerous challenges Ken faced during the work are addressed. His use of voice recognition software to simplify the task is discussed as well as the educational potential transcription work holds for graduate students.
A Trial to Support Family Caregivers in Long-Term Care Insurance in Japan: Self-Help Groups in Small Communities
Authors: Momose Yumiko , Asahara Kiyomi , Murashima Sachiyo
Published: October 2003

In this article, the authors discuss issues regarding the families of impaired elders in the long-term care insurance program for the elderly in Japan and the activities of self-help groups (SHGs) in the support of family caregivers in small communities. Using data from a qualitative and quantitative research study, the effects of SHGs on family caregivers were clarified. A process in which family caregivers found meaning through their participation in SHGs emerged. Through this process, SHGs alleviated the care-givers' mental distress related to caregiving, and caregivers had the potential to promote a change from traditional and cultural norms regarding family caregiving to new norms that support the use of home care services. There was also a discussion about the support that health and welfare professionals provide to caregivers both in the empowerment process and as they explain activities and issues related to caregiving to community members.