bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perfect Absorber Based on Mie Dielectric Metamaterials
Authors: Liu Xiao Ming , Lan Chu Wen , Zhao Qian , Zhou Ji
Published: December 2013

An isotropic Mie resonance-based metamaterial perfect absorber with near unity absorbance is experimentally and numerically demonstrated. The metamaterial is constructed with an array of dielectric cubes and a metallic ground plane. A good agreement between experimental and simulated result at X band absorption is achieved, the absorptivities are 97% and 98% at 9.96 GHz, separately. The absorption peak of the metamaterial perfect absorber is dependent on the permittivity, the size and the array pattern of the dielectric particles. The Mie resonance of dielectric particles provides a novel mechanism for creating the electric and magnetic resonances and offers a simpler route for the isotropic metamaterial perfect absorber with near unity absorbance.
Ultrasonic Assisted Dynamic Inverse Emulsion: A Novel Polymerization Technique to Prepare Conductive Polyaniline/Palygorskite Composite
Authors: Zhang Zhe , Wang Xiao Liang , Xu Jian , Ma Heng Chang , Lei Zi Qiang
Published: December 2013

The present work describes an ultrasonic assisted in-situ dynamic inverse emulsion polymerization process of aniline (ANI) in the presence of organic palygorskite (OPGS) in toluene. Core-shell structure of electrically conducting polymerized ANI (PANI) combined with OPGS was prepared by utilizing the method. Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) was used as the dopant and emulsifier. The OPGS was obtained via the chemical reaction of pretreated palygorskite with hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (HTAB). The prepared PANI/OPGS composite was characterized by FT-IR, UV-Vis, XRD, TGA and SEM. In addition, the conductivity was evaluated at different ANI/OPGS weight ratio. When the ANI/OPGS weight ratio increased to 2:7, the conductivity of the composite still remained at 10 S/m at room temperature. The results demonstrated that ultrasonic assisted dynamic inverse emulsion would be an excellent polymerization technique to increase the conductivity and the polymerization rate.
Formation Mechanism and Photocatalytic Properties of Bismuth Vanadate
Authors: Shan Lian Wei , Fang Rui , Li Wei , Dong Li Min , Liu Bo
Published: December 2013

This study is focused on formation mechanism and photocatalytic properties of bismuth vanadate. BiVO4 powders were synthesized by a sol-gel method, and its photocatalytic performance was investigated under different Ag+ environments in this paper. The experimental data obtained were tested by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV/vis scanning spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) etc. The decolorization rate of MO was researched by Ag2O loading and Ag (NO3) used as electron acceptor. The possible photocatalytic mechanism has been discussed by photocatalytic reactions.
An Ultraviolent-Enhanced Response Solar Cell and Tunneling Effect
Authors: He Bo , Du Hui Wei , Zhao Lei , Xu Fei , Ma Zhong Quan
Published: December 2013

A sort of ITO/SiO2/n+p configuration of solar grade silicon - based SINP device has been successfully fabricated by coupling high quality of indium tin oxide (ITO) thin film and ultra-thin silicon dioxide buffer layer on the p-n junction, which showed a potential to improve the short-circuit current density (JSC) as well as the conversion efficiency. The progress to avoid the use of last two processes with PECVD and high temperature firing in the normal production for the crystal silicon solar cell may be a way toward the low cost and the high efficiency. In addition, the tunneling hypostasis of carriers is present in the device.
Single Crystalline V2O5 Nanowire/Graphene Composite as Cathode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: He Qing , Zhao Dong Lin , Zhu Yang Yang , Zhang Jing Xing
Published: December 2013

The single crystalline V2O5 nanowire/graphene nanosheets (GNS) composite has been successfully prepared via an easy and facile one-step hydrothermal synthesis method. The morphology, structure and electrochemical performance of V2O5 nanowire/GNS composite as cathode material for lithium-ion batteries were systematically investigated by transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and a variety of electrochemical testing techniques. The V2O5 single crystalline nanowires were supported on the GNS substrate and exhibited excellent electrochemical properties. When used as a cathode material of lithium-ion batteries, the composite material revealed high initial discharge capacities and exceptional rate capacities. It was found that V2O5 nanowire/GNS composite exhibited a relatively high reversible capacity of 357 mA h g-1 and fine cycle performance.
The Photocatalysis Properties of Heterostructured WO3-TiO2 Composite Prepared by Waste WC-TiC Hardmetal
Authors: Yang Yi Long , Wang Jinshu , Li Yong Li , Wu Jun Shu , Li Hong Yi
Published: December 2013

We reported a facile hydrothermal route for the preparation of WO3TiO2 composite nanoparticles (TWCNs) using waste WC-TiC hardmetal in the presence of hydrofluoric acid (HF). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis were employed for structural and composition analyses of the TWCNs. Our results suggested that HF was not only strongly involved in the growth of WO3, but also played a critical role in the etching effect for TWCN product. The photocatalytic activity of TWCNs was investigated by UV-vis spectroscopy. Dye molecules could be rapidly decomposed with TWCNs photocatalyst under visible light illumination. The enhanced photocatalytic activity is attributed to well matched band edge positions of WO3 and TiO2, and the large specific surface area of TWCNs in view of the incorporation of mesopores. The results presented here are expected to make a contribution toward the development of recycling waste resource delicately for photocatalytic water purification.
Effect of Microstructure of Mo-Cu Alloy on the Thermal Expansion Coefficient
Authors: Li Zeng Feng , Liu Hai Yan , Li Ai Jun , Zhang Han Liang , Huang Yuan Ping , Shi Ying
Published: December 2013

Mo-Cu alloy with high density can be fabricated at lower sintering temperature by high-energy ball-milling mechanical-alloying method and adding activation element. The rule of change of microstructure and its effect on the thermal expansion coefficient are studied. It is found that the holes in the Mo-Cu alloy sintered at lower temperature disappear, and Mo and Cu distribute uniformly. The Mo particles are fine-grained, and distribute uniformly in the Cu particles using the mechanical-alloying method. The change of thermal expansion coefficient with temperature is in accordance with the effect of adding activation element. There is a minor inflexion in the thermal expansion coefficient curve at 500°C. The change of thermal expansion coefficient with temperature is the same as 95% Al2O3 sealing material. Thus, the thermal property between Mo-Cu alloy and 95% Al2O3 match well.
The Development and Application of Si-Based Quantum Dot Resonant Tunneling Diodes
Authors: Yao Jin Tao , Wang Chong , Yang Jie , Yang Yu
Published: December 2013

The development history of resonant tunneling diodes (RTD), the principle of quantum dot resonant tunneling diodes (QDRTD), and their characteristics of exceptional negative differential resistance (NDR) of QDRTD, are briefly introduced in this paper. The typical type and the design processes of QDRTD, and recent research progress are summarized in detail. Finally, the facing problems and the future necessary development directions of QDRTD are discussed.
Magnetically Correlated Schottky Barrier in the La1.8Ca1.2Mn2O7 Double-Layered Perovskite Ceramic
Authors: Chen Shun Sheng , Shi Da Wei , Wang Hong Xia , Yang Chang Ping , Xiao Hai Bo , Klaus Bärner , Medvedeva Vyachslav
Published: December 2013

Double-layered La1.8Ca1.2Mn2O7 sample with a perovskite structure was synthesized by solid state reaction and electrical transport properties were investigated using 4-wire direct current (DC) and 2-wire alternating current (AC) measurement methods. The result reveals that the I-V characteristic of the La1.8Ca1.2Mn2O7 ceramic exhibits a linear behaviour above Curie temperature (TC) while it shows a strong nonlinearity below TC. The nonlinear coefficient increases with decreasing temperatures and reaches a maximum of 60.5 at 14 K for the limit of the experiment. We believe that a magnetically correlated Schottky barrier forming at the grain boundary is the main factor to control the transport properties for the La1.8Ca1.2Mn2O7 ceramic.
Terahertz Magnetic Response in ReFeO3-Type Antiferromagnetism
Authors: Fu Xiao Jian , Zhou Ji
Published: December 2013

ReFeO3 type orthoferrites with the perovskite structure are important antiferromagnetic materials, which show antiferromagnetic resonance and magnetic dipole radiation in the terahertz frequency region. In this paper, the interaction between GdFeO3 ceramic and terahertz magnetic field were investigated with a terahertz spectroscopy. It is shown that the GdFeO3 ceramic has remarkable absorption and emission at 0.61 THz and the permeability exhibits a resonant phenomenon, which can be attributed to the quasi-antiferromagnetic mode. This is of significance in the developments of novel terahertz devices.
The Study of Fine Tungsten Rhenium Thermocouple Wires in the Temperature Measurement of the Molten Steel
Authors: Yang Hao , Chen De Mao , Liu Qi , Xin Xue Jun , Bo Xin Wei , Wang Xiao Yu
Published: December 2013

In this paper, the producing methods of high precision Fine Tungsten-Rhenium Thermocouple wires and its applied research in the temperature measurement of the molten steel are introduced, The effects of Fine W-Re Thermocouple Wires on the fabrication technology, the temperature measurement precision and stability of the Quick Response Tungsten-Rhenium Thermocouple probe are discussed. The results show that the temperature measurement precision and stability of φ0.05mm Fine W-Re Thermocouple wires reach that of Type S thermocouple wires. The crack of W-Re Thermocouple wires can be avoided and the length of thermocouple wires can be cut more shorter in the process of manufacturing the Quick Response W-Re Thermocouple probe with φ0.05mm Fine W-Re Thermocouple Wires, so that the product yield and efficiency can be advanced.
Synthesis and Luminescent Properties of Pr3+ Activated KNbO3 Phosphors by Sol-Gel Combustion Process
Authors: Zhang Jun Ji , Zhou Hui , Chen Ji Shi , Tang Ting , Hao Yuan Zheng
Published: December 2013

Praseodymium doped KNbO3 (KNbO3:Pr) phosphors were synthesized by a facile solgel combustion method. Phase evolution, particle size and luminescent properties of the powders synthesized at various temperatures were investigated. Single-phase KNbO3:Pr nanoscale particles were obtained at 600°C by directly crystallizing from amorphous precursors. The particle size of KNbO3:Pr powders can be well controlled by varying the heat treatment temperature. Under the excitation of 450 nm, KNbO3:Pr phosphors showed the well-known Pr3+ emissions associated with the 4f inter-level electronic transitions in Pr3+ ions.
Photoelectric Properties of the Doped Silicon with Carbon Family Elements
Authors: Ji Peng Fei , Wang Chong , Yang Jie , Shi Zhang Sheng , Yang Yu
Published: December 2013

Today, silicon material plays an irreplaceable role in microelectronic of the information industry, however it don`t have a good emission characteristics. In order to explore the emission character, we calculated the electrons structure, absorbance of silicon doped with C, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb by the first-principles methods.
Formation and Magnetic Properties of Metastable Fe92Bi8 Nanocrystalline Solid Solution
Authors: Xu Min , Wang Qun Jiao
Published: December 2013

Mechanical alloying was first employed to make supersaturated solution of Fe-Be, which is immiscible under an equilibrium condition at ambient temperature. A nanocrystalline alloy was successfully produced by mechanical alloying for the composition of Fe92Bi8 that could hardly be formed by the rapid solidification of melted alloys. The changes of structure and magnetic properties of milled Fe92Bi8 with the milling time were studied by using XRD, DSC and saturation magnetization (σs) measurements. The nanocrystalline solution is of bcc structure of α-Fe after 160h milling and the crystal size reaches 8nm after 200h milling. The σs of Fe92Bi8 decreases with the increasing of the milling time. After 200h milling, the σs decreases to a value of 156Am2/kg.
Preparation and Characterization of Diesel Fuel-Based Magnetic Fluids
Authors: Zhang Zhi Li , Duan Pei Song , Shi Dan , Li De Cai
Published: December 2013

Among different types of magnetic fluids, diesel fuel-based magnetic fluids have a high application value because of low viscosity, low volatile and cheap carrier liquid. In this paper, Fe3O4 nanomagnetic particles were prepared, optional technological conditions were determined. It was that concentration of the reactors was 0.6mol/L, reaction temperature was 70°C and reaction time was 1h. Then it was found that the appropriate coating time for surfactant was 4 hours. The particles prepared under this process had the high saturation magnetization and preferable dispersibility. Finally by ultrasonic oscillating combined with mechanical raking, diesel fuel-based Fe3O4 magnetic fluids were prepared.
Prediction of Fibrous and Recrystallized Structures in 6xxx Alloy Extruded Profiles
Authors: Segatori Antonio , Reggiani Barbara , Donati Lorenzo , Tomesani Luca , El Mehtedi Mohamad
Published: December 2013

The final microstructure of extruded profiles is of great importance for final mechanical properties and, consequentially, the ability to control and predict it is of extreme interest for Academic and Industrial researchers. In the paper a combined model, able to discern recrystallized areas respect to fibrous structures within the same profile, is initially proposed then validated through FEM implementation on an experimental campaign performed by Parson [1]. The model was tested under different die geometries and process conditions and a qualitative comparison with final microstructure obtained in the extrusion of a simple aluminum rod was performed.
Tool Design Induced Anisotropic Flow Behavior of Hot Extruded Aluminum Profiles
Authors: Ossenkemper Stefan , Haase Matthias , Soyarslan Celal , Jäger Andreas , Tekkaya A. Erman
Published: December 2013

The hot extrusion process may lead to frequently observed textures in the profiles, like fiber structures in longitudinal direction. Aluminum profiles (AA6060) were extruded with different tool types (flat-face dies and modified porthole dies). Compression tests of cylindrical specimens, which were machined out of these profiles likewise in extrusion direction, were conducted to examine possible effects of the in-plane anisotropy in lateral direction. A hardness distribution over the cross section of the specimens was measured. It was found that dependent on tool design and profile geometry, the specimens developed preferred lateral flow directions during upsetting. Simulations of the upsetting test, with assigned Hill parameters to consider anisotropy of the material, showed, that this anisotropy, not the local hardness nonuniformity, is the main reason for the detected plastic flow properties.
A New High Speed Friction Test for Extrusion Processes
Authors: Sanabria Vidal , Müller Sören , Reimers Walter
Published: December 2013

A new axial friction set up for high speed friction was successfully developed and tested at the Extrusion Research and Development Center of TU Berlin. The friction behavior between the Aluminium alloy EN-AW 6060 and the hot-working steel 1.2344 at 300 °C and 400 °C was studied. The experiments were carried out with a relative friction speed from 0.1 to 50 mm/s, and a normalized contact/normal pressure of σn/kf ~ 0 and 1.5. The friction stress curves were depicted and compared with the Tresca friction model. A similar tendency between them was found, however all the theoretical results were around 15 and 30 % higher than the experimental results. In general, higher friction forces were found at 300 °C. Moreover, the effect of normal stress on the friction stress could be studied. By increasing the normalized normal stress from 0 to 1.5 kf the friction stress increases around 30 % at 300 °C and 10 % at 400 °C. A strong adhesion effect was observed especially at 400 °C, which represents around the 90 % of the total friction stress. The friction results can be reproduced using a friction factor of m= 0.85 at 300 °C and m= 0.7 at 400 °C.
On the Balance of the Metal Flow in Porthole Dies with Differently Sized Porthole Channels
Authors: Valberg Henry Sigvart , Nolte Dirk , Khan Yawar Abbas
Published: December 2013

The relative balance between the metal flow in two portholes in extrusion has been investigated by experiments and FE-analysis. The investigation deals with asymmetric extrusion, i.e., the billet is extruded through a die with portholes of unequal size. Metal flow has been characterized by an experimental grid pattern technique. An optimized FEM-model of the experiment has been built and the experimental metal flow is found to be mimicked accurately by this model. The velocity conditions in the two differently sized ports feeding material into the weld chamber, and further from here into the extrudate, have been investigated to see if the balance between the flow through the two channels changes as extrusion proceeds. Increasing asymmetri between the two portholes has been realized in the analysis by displacement of the die bridge laterally in relation to the direction of extrusion.
Targeted Chromatin Profiling Reveals Novel Enhancers in Ig H and Ig L Chain Loci
Authors: Predeus Alexander V. , Gopalakrishnan Suhasni , Huang Yue , Tang Jun , Feeney Ann J. , Oltz Eugene M. , Artyomov Maxim N.
Published: December 2013

The assembly and expression of mouse Ag receptor genes are controlled by a collection of cis-acting regulatory elements, including transcriptional promoters and enhancers. Although many powerful enhancers have been identified for Ig (Ig) and TCR (Tcr) loci, it remained unclear whether additional regulatory elements remain undiscovered. In this study, we use chromatin profiling of pro–B cells to define 38 epigenetic states in mouse Ag receptor loci, each of which reflects a distinct regulatory potential. One of these chromatin states corresponds to known transcriptional enhancers and identifies a new set of candidate elements in all three Ig loci. Four of the candidates were subjected to functional assays, and all four exhibit enhancer activity in B but not in T lineage cells. The new regulatory elements identified by focused chromatin profiling most likely have important functions in the creation, refinement, and expression of Ig repertoires.
DIVERSIDAD DE ESPECIES ARBUSTIVAS EN UNA ZONA SEMIÁRIDA DEL CENTRO DE MÉXICO
Authors: Gelviz-Gelvez Sandra M. , Pavón Hernández Numa P.
Published: December 2013

La diversidad alfa (verdadera) y la diversidad beta (recambio y anidamiento) de especies arbustivas se evaluaron en la zona semiárida del estado de Hidalgo, México. El índice de valor de importancia de las especies se relacionó con variables edáficas y elementos climáticos. Se reportan 46 especies arbustivas pertenecientes a 21 familias, entre las que sobresalen Asteraceae y Fabaceae. El mayor número de especies efectivas registradas en un sitio fue de 7.8 y el menor de 1.6. La diversidad beta fue alta (0.9), lo cual se explica principalmente por el recambio de especies entre sitios (0.87) y en menor medida por el anidamiento (0.38). Las variables ambientales que mejor explicaron la distribución de las especies fueron la precipitación, el porcentaje de arena, el pH y el nitrógeno. Los resultados coinciden con lo documentado en otras zonas semiáridas, donde la alta diversidad regional se debe a un alto recambio de especies generado por la heterogeneidad ambiental que se muestra como un mosaico de condiciones, tanto de los elementos climáticos como de las características edáficas.
ESTRUCTURA POBLACIONAL DE Abies religiosa (Kunth) Schltdl. et Cham., EN EL EJIDO EL CONEJO DEL PARQUE NACIONAL COFRE DE PEROTE, VERACRUZ, MÉXICO
Authors: Pineda-López María del Rosario , Ortega-Solis Rafael , Sánchez-Velásquez Lázaro R. , Ortiz-Ceballos Gustavo , Vázquez-Domínguez Guillermo
Published: December 2013

Se estudió la estructura de los rodales de oyamel (Abies religiosa) presentes en el ejido El Conejo, localizado en el Parque Nacional Cofre de Perote, Veracruz. Se evaluó la densidad, diámetro, altura y cobertura del arbolado adulto en 17 parcelas de 625 m2. La regeneración se midió en las 17 parcelas utilizando subcuadrantes de 312.50 m2. El arbolado mostró una estructura de crecimiento de “J” invertida; sin embargo, los individuos se encuentran suprimidos y, aun cuando la regeneración es adecuada, el arbolado requiere de la apertura de claros para su desarrollo. Se encontró una superficie arbolada altamente fragmentada y amenazada de manera permanente por el crecimiento de la frontera agrícola y la extracción de leña para uso doméstico. Los resultados muestran evidencia de que la categoría de parque nacional no contribuye a la conservación del bosque.
Primary and secondary biomass burning aerosols determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR) spectroscopy during the 2008 EUCAARI campaign in the Po Valley (Italy)
Authors: Paglione M. , Saarikoski S. , Carbone S. , Hillamo R. , Facchini M. C. , Finessi E. , Giulianelli L. , Carbone C. , Fuzzi S. , Moretti F. , Tagliavini E. , Swietlicki E. , Eriksson Stenström K. , Prévôt A. S. H. , Massoli P. , Canaragatna M. , Worsnop D. , Decesari S.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Atmospheric organic aerosols are generally classified into primary and secondary (POA and SOA) according to their formation processes. An actual separation, however, is challenging when the timescales of emission and of gas-to-particle formation overlap. The presence of SOA formation in biomass burning plumes leads to scientific questions about whether the oxidized fraction of biomass burning aerosol is rather of secondary or primary origin, as some studies would suggest, and about the chemical compositions of oxidized biomass burning POA and SOA. In this study, we apply nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to investigate the functional group composition of fresh and aged biomass burning aerosols during an intensive field campaign in the Po Valley, Italy. The campaign was part of the EUCAARI project and was held at the rural station of San Pietro Capofiume in spring 2008. Factor analysis applied to the set of NMR spectra was used to apportion the wood burning contribution and other organic carbon (OC) source contributions, including aliphatic amines. Our NMR results, referred to the polar, water-soluble fraction of OC, show that fresh wood burning particles are composed of polyols and aromatic compounds, with a sharp resemblance with wood burning POA produced in wood stoves, while aged samples are clearly depleted of alcohols and are enriched in aliphatic acids with a smaller contribution of aromatic compounds. The comparison with biomass burning organic aerosols (BBOA) determined by high resolution aerosol mass spectrometry (HR-TOF-AMS) at the site shows only a partial overlap between NMR BB-POA and AMS BBOA, which can be explained by either the inability of BBOA to capture all BB-POA composition, especially the alcohol fraction, or the fact that BBOA account for insoluble organic compounds unmeasured by the NMR. Therefore, an unambiguous composition for biomass burning POA could not be derived from this study, with NMR analysis indicating a higher O / C ratio compared to that measured for AMS BBOA. The comparison between the two techniques substantially improves when adding factors tracing possible contributions from biomass burning SOA, showing that the operational definitions of biomass burning organic aerosols are more consistent between techniques when including more factors tracing chemical classes over a range of oxidation levels. Overall, the non-fossil total carbon fraction was 50–57%, depending on the assumptions on the 14C content of non-fossil carbon, and the fraction of organic carbon estimated to be oxidized organic aerosol (OOA) from HR-TOF-AMS measurements was 73–100% modern.
Modelling economic and biophysical drivers of agricultural land-use change. Calibration and evaluation of the Nexus Land-Use model over 1961–2006
Authors: Souty F. , Dorin B. , Brunelle T. , Dumas P. , Ciais P.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. The central role of land-use change in the Earth System and its implications for food security, biodiversity and climate has spurred the development of global models that combine economical and agro-ecological drivers and constraints. With such a development of integrated approaches, evaluating the performance of global models of land-use against observed historical changes recorded by agricultural data becomes increasingly challenging. The Nexus Land-Use model is an example of land-use model integrating both biophysical and economical processes and constraints. This paper is an attempt to evaluate its ability to simulate historical agricultural land-use changes over 12 large but economically coherent regions of the world since 1961. The evaluation focuses on the intensification vs. extensification response of crop and livestock production in response to changes of socio-economic drivers over time, such as fertiliser price, population and diet. We examine how well the Nexus model can reproduce annual observation-based estimates of cropland vs. pasture areas from 1961 to 2006. Food trade, consumption of fertilisers and food price are also evaluated against historical data. Over the 12 regions considered, the total relative error on simulated cropland area is 2% yr−1 over 1980–2006. During the period 1961–2006, the error is larger (4% yr−1) due to an overestimation of the cropland area in China and Former Soviet Union over 1961–1980. Food prices tend to be underestimated while the performances of the trade module vary widely among regions (net imports are underestimated in Western countries at the expense of Brazil and Asia). Finally, a sensitivity analysis over a sample of input datasets provides some insights on the robustness of this evaluation.
Dynamic ikaite production and dissolution in sea ice – control by temperature, salinity and pCO2 conditions
Authors: Rysgaard S. , Wang F. , Galley R. J. , Grimm R. , Lemes M. , Geilfus N.-X. , Chaulk A. , Hare A. A. , Crabeck O. , Else B. G. T. , Campbell K. , Papakyriakou T. , Sørensen L. L. , Sievers J. , Notz D.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Ikaite is a hydrous calcium carbonate mineral (CaCO3 · 6H2O). It is only found in a metastable state, and decomposes rapidly once removed from near-freezing water. Recently, ikaite crystals have been found in sea ice and it has been suggested that their precipitation may play an important role in air-sea CO2 exchange in ice-covered seas. Little is known, however, of the spatial and temporal dynamics of ikaite in sea ice. Here we present evidence for highly dynamic ikaite precipitation and dissolution in sea ice grown at an out-door pool of the Sea-ice Environmental Research Facility (SERF). During the experiment, ikaite precipitated in sea ice with temperatures below −3 °C, creating three distinct zones of ikaite concentrations: (1) a mm to cm thin surface layer containing frost flowers and brine skim with bulk concentrations of > 2000 μmol kg−1, (2) an internal layer with concentrations of 200–400 μmol kg−1 and (3) a~bottom layer with concentrations of < 100 μmol kg−1. Snowfall events caused the sea ice to warm, dissolving ikaite crystals under acidic conditions. Manual removal of the snow cover allowed the sea ice to cool and brine salinities to increase, resulting in rapid ikaite precipitation. The modeled (FREZCHEM) ikaite concentrations were in the same order of magnitude as observations and suggest that ikaite concentration in sea ice increase with decreasing temperatures. Thus, varying snow conditions may play a key role in ikaite precipitation and dissolution in sea ice. This will have implications for CO2 exchange with the atmosphere and ocean.
The Paris Debate: Ricœur’s Public Intervention and Private Reflections on the Status and Meaning of Christian Philosophy in the 1930s
Authors: Sohn Michael
Published: December 2013

This article explores Paul Ricœur’s early writings in the 1930s on Christian philosophy.  It seeks to contextualize both his published and unpublished works from that period within the robust historical, philosophical and theological debates in Paris between the leading intellectuals of the time: Bréhier, Gilson, Blondel, Brunschvicg, Marcel, Maury, de Lubac, and Barth.  The article proceeds to examine Ricœur’s own position within these debates.
Recension: Jean Grondin, Paul Ricœur (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, Que sais-je? n° 3952, 2013).
Authors: Frey Daniel
Published: December 2013

Recension: Jean Grondin, Paul Ricœur (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, Que sais-je? n° 3952, 2013), 127 pp.
The Use of E-supervision to Support Speech-Language Pathology Graduate Students during Student Teaching Practica
Authors: Carlin Charles H. , Boarman Katie , Carlin Emily , Inselmann Karissa
Published: December 2013

In the present feasibility study, e-supervision was used to provide university liaison supervision to SLP graduate students enrolled in student teaching practica. Utilizing a mixed methodology approach, interview and survey data were compared in order to identify similarities and differences between face-to-face and e-supervision and guide future practice. Results showed e-supervised graduate students received adequate supervision, feedback, support, and communication. Further, e-supervision provided additional benefits to supervisors, children on the caseload, and universities. Despite the benefits, disadvantages emerged. Implications for future practice and limitations of the study were identified.
2014 Mid-Atlantic Telehealth Resource Center Annual Summit
Authors: Wibberly Katharine Hsu
Published: December 2013

The Mid-Atlantic Resource Center (MATRC; http://www.matrc.org/) advances the adoption and utilization of telehealth within the MATRC region and works collaboratively with the other federally funded Telehealth Resource Centers to accomplish the same nationally. MATRC offers technical assistance and other resources within the following mid-Atlantic states: Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia.   The 2014 MATRC Summit “Adding Value through Sustainable Telehealth” will be held March 30-April 1, 2014, at the Fredericksburg Expo & Conference Center, Fredericksburg, VA. The Summit will explore how telehealth adds value to patients, practitioners, hospitals, health systems, and other facilities. Participants will experience a highly interactive program built around the case history of “Mr. Doe” as he progresses through the primary care, inpatient hospitalization, and post-discharge environments. The Summit will conclude with a session on financial and business models for providing sustainable telehealth services.   For further information and registration, visit: http://matrc.org/component/content/article/2-uncategorised/80-mid-atlantic-telehealth-resource-summit-2014
American Telemedicine Association: 19th Annual International Meeting & Tradeshow
Authors: Bernard Jordana
Published: December 2013

The 2014 American Telemedicine Association (ATA 2014) Annual International Meeting & Exposition, will be held May 18-20, 2014 in Baltimore, Maryland. ATA 2014 will bring together healthcare professionals, leading telemedicine programs, and industry. This meeting has been the premier forum for professionals in the telemedicine, telehealth and mHealth space for over 19 years. ATA 2014 is on course to be the largest ATA meeting ever, with over 6,000 projected attendees. The exhibit hall will feature nearly 300 of the leading vendors in remote healthcare technologies. The program will include 500 educational sessions and posters highlighting the latest innovations, applications and research in telemedicine. The educational sessions at ATA 2014 will offer training, information, and updates on issues vital to the practice and industry of telemedicine.   Detailed program information--including courses, sessions and Continuing Medical Education (CME) information--will be available January 2014 at: http://www.americantelemed.org.
Seeing the Complete FOG Picture
Authors: Hennessy Kevin S.
Published: December 2013

FOG (fats, oils, and grease) is a major component of discharges from certain food service establishments. Homes and large food‐processing facilities can also be significant contributors of FOG, the leading cause of public sewer system blockages and treatment plant upsets. The resulting sewer backups, access‐hole overflows, and wastewater spills in turn lead to contamination and damage to homes, businesses, and the environment. The US Environmental Protection Agency in a report to Congress (2004) stated that “grease from restaurants, homes and industrial sources are the most common cause (47%) of reported blockages.” However, although the need to stop FOG from clogging sewers and treatment plants is certainly an important challenge for local governments and publicly owned treatment works, it is just the first step in what should be a comprehensive, cradle‐to‐grave approach to handling FOG.
Aging infrastructure and decreasing demand: A dilemma for water utilities
Authors: Qureshi Naeem , Shah Jeny
Published: December 2013

What strategies can water utilities in the United States develop to maintain and rehabilitate an aging infrastructure when a primary source of funding ‐ revenue from public demand ‐ is on the decline?
Diamond-like carbon doped with highly π-conjugated molecules by plasma-assisted CVD
Authors: Xie Wei , Muraya Naoki , Yanase Takashi , Nagahama Taro , Shimada Toshihiro
Published: December 2013

We demonstrate the synthesis of diamond-like carbon (DLC) doped with highly π-conjugated molecules by codepositing organic semiconductor molecules during the plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition of DLC. From the results of optical absorption spectroscopy, it was revealed that organic semiconductor molecules reacted with plasma but were not completely decomposed. The results of Raman spectroscopy strongly suggested that a certain chemical moiety remained in the film.
Wavelength tuning and controlled temperature dependence in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with a thermally and electrostatically actuated cantilever structure
Authors: Nakahama Masanori , Sano Hayato , Inoue Shunya , Sakaguchi Takahiro , Matsutani Akihiro , Ahmed Moustafa , Bakry Ahmed , Koyama Fumio
Published: December 2013

We demonstrate the wavelength tuning and the control of its temperature dependence in 850 nm GaAs vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) using a thermally and electrostatically actuated cantilever structure. The temperature dependence can be controlled from +0.035 to −0.14 nm/K by changing the length of a micromachined cantilever, which can be electrostatically actuated for wavelength tuning. Continuous wavelength tuning over 36 nm was obtained keeping almost constant temperature dependence. The result indicates a possibility of realizing widely-tunable VCSELs with engineered temperature dependence.
Perfil e percepção ambiental dos visitantes do flutuante dos botos, Parque Nacional de Anavilhanas, Novo Airão – AM
Authors: Vidal Marcelo Derzi , Santos Priscila Maria da Costa , Oliveira Camila Vasconcelos de , Melo Lara Clímaco de
Published: December 2013

No Flutuante dos Botos, situado no Parque Nacional de Anavilhanas, município de Novo Airão-AM, desenvolve-se o turismo interativo com o boto-vermelho (Inia geoffrensis). As interações com os botos iniciaram em 1998 e, desde então, o empreendimento passou a ser o principal ponto turístico da cidade. Neste trabalho é apresentado o perfil e a percepção ambiental de 119 visitantes do Flutuante dos Botos. Conclui-se que o turismo interativo com os cetáceos no Parque Nacional de Anavilhanas é positivo tanto no âmbito econômico-social do município de Novo Airão, pois promove direta e indiretamente a geração de renda, quanto no âmbito ambiental, já que o modelo de turismo implementado é visto pelos visitantes como uma ferramenta que contribui para a conservação dos botos.
Editorial
Authors: Anjos Sara Joana Gadotti dos , Corrêa Cynthia Harumy Watanabe
Published: December 2013

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Strategic Steps for Advanced Molecular Imaging with Magnetic Resonance-Based Diagnostic Modalities
Authors: Belkic´ Dž. , Belkic´ K.
Published: December 2013

With the rapidly-expanding sophistication in our understanding of cancer cell biology, molecular imaging offers a critical bridge to oncology. Molecular imaging through magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) can provide information about many metabolites at the same time. Since MRS entails no ionizing radiation, repeated monitoring, including screening can be performed. However, MRS via the fast Fourier transform (FFT) has poor resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Moreover, subjective and non-unique (ambiguous) fittings of FFT spectra cannot provide reliable quantification of clinical usefulness. In sharp contrast, objective and unique (unambiguous) signal processing by the fast Padé transform (FPT) can increase resolution and retrieve the true quantitative metabolic information. To illustrate, we apply the FPT to in vitro MRS data as encoded from malignant ovarian cyst fluid and perform detailed analysis. This problem area is particularly in need of timely diagnostics by more advanced modalities, such as high-resolution MRS, since conventional methods usually detect ovarian cancers at late stages with poor prognosis, whereas at an early stage the prognosis is excellent. The reliability and robustness of the FPT is assessed for time signals contaminated with varying noise levels. In the presence of higher background noise, all physical metabolites were unequivocally identified and their concentrations precisely extracted, using small fractions of the total signal length. Via the “signal-noise separation” concept alongside the “stability test”, all non-physical information was binned, such that fully denoised spectra were generated. These results imply that a reformulation of data acquisition is needed, as guided by the FPT in MRS, since a small number of short transient time signals can provide high resolution and good SNR. This would enhance the diagnostic accuracy of MRS and shorten examination times, thereby improving efficiency and cost-effectiveness of this high throughput cancer diagnostic modality. Such advantages could be particularly important for more effective ovarian cancer detection, as well as more broadly for improved diagnostics and treatment within oncology.
Women Who Cough and Men Who Hunt
Authors: Naaman Erez
Published: December 2013

This article examines how Arabic handled societal taboos in the medieval Islamic world and the ways by which language users applied censorship that led to the creation of euphemisms. Special attention is given to sources from the eastern part of the Islamic world dating to the fourth/tenth and the fifth/eleventh centuries, and to the taboo topics and types of euphemisms they disclose. The complex relationship between the concept of euphemism and kināya, the polysemous Arabic term that renders it, is examined. As a whole, the evidence demonstrates an overwhelming Arabic preference for figurative speech over change of form as the essential generation mechanism of euphemisms. Finally, light is shed on the ways in which discerning medieval literary critics anticipated significant modern sociolinguistic observations: the relations between euphemism, orthophemism, and dysphemism, in addition to the incessant process of euphemism degradation.
Marginalia to Mesopotamian Malevolent Magic
Authors: Scurlock JoAnn
Published: December 2013

This is a review article of Corpus of Mesopotamian Anti-Witchcraft Rituals, vol. 1. By Tzvi Abusch and Daniel Schwemer. Ancient Magic and Divination, vol. 8/1. Leiden: Brill, 2011. Pp. xvi + 482, plates. $255.
Neo-Babylonian Court Procedure. By Shalom E. Holtz
Authors: Wells Bruce
Published: December 2013

Neo-Babylonian Court Procedure. By Shalom E. Holtz. Cuneiform Monographs, vol. 38. Leiden: Brill, 2009. Pp. xiii + 335. $170.
Commentary on the Minor Pauline Epistles. By Theodore of Mopsuestia, translated and edited by Rowan A. Gree
Authors: Komline Han-luen Kantzer
Published: December 2013

Commentary on the Minor Pauline Epistles. By Theodore of Mopsuestia, translated and edited by Rowan A. Greer. SBL Writings from the Greco-Roman World, vol. 26. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2010. Pp. xliv + 839. $89.95 (paper).
Philosophy in Early Safavid Iran: Najm al-Dīn Maḥmūd al-Nayrīzī and His Writings. By Reza Pourjavady
Authors: Rizvi Sajjad
Published: December 2013

Philosophy in Early Safavid Iran: Najm al-Dīn Maḥmūd al-Nayrīzī and His Writings. By Reza Pourjavady. Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science, vol. 82. Leiden: Brill, 2011. Pp. vii + 224. $136.
Buddhist Funeral Cultures of Southeast Asia and China. Edited by Paul Williams and Patrice Ladwig
Authors: McDaniel Justin
Published: December 2013

Buddhist Funeral Cultures of Southeast Asia and China. Edited by Paul Williams and Patrice Ladwig. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Pp. xiv + 296. £60.
Mixing state and hygroscopicity of dust and haze particles before leaving Asian continent
Authors: Li Weijun , Shao Longyi , Shi Zongbo , Chen Jianmin , Yang Lingxiao , Yuan Qi , Yan Chao , Zhang Xiaoye , Wang Yaqiang , Sun Junying , Zhang Yangmei , Shen Xiaojing , Wang Zifa , Wang Wenxing
Published: December 2013

Pollutants during haze and Asian dust storms are transported out of the Asian continent, affecting the regional climate and the hydrological and biogeochemical cycles. Understanding the physicochemical properties of aerosol particles is essential to quantify their impacts. In order to determine physicochemical properties of aerosols before leaving the Asian continent, we carried out a field campaign from 14 April to 2 May 2011 at a background site in the path of Asian dust and haze outflows. We measured concentrations of gaseous pollutants (SO2, NO2, NO, O3, and CO), black carbon (BC), and particle number in situ and collected airborne particles for microscopic analysis. Pollutant concentrations (BC, 4 µg m−3; CO, 808 ppb; SO2, 24 ppb; NO2, 37 ppb) were highest during haze periods, except for PM2.5 mass, which was highest (162 µg m−3) during a dust storm. Seventy‐one percent of haze particles were coated with organic films and 32% were internal mixtures of sulfates and refractory particles (e.g., soot, metal/fly ash, and mineral). Seventy‐nine percent of haze particles have deliquescence relative humidity at 68–70%. During a dust storm, soot particles were observed among dust particles. Most dust particles were hydrophobic, and no Ca(NO3)2 was observed in dust particles collected during the dust storms, but up to 32% of dust particles were found to be coated with Ca(NO3)2 after the main dust storm moved out of the sampling area. These results indicated that both natural and anthropogenic aerosol particles in Asian outflow can undergo significant physicochemical processes before leaving the Asian continent.
Adaptive neuro‐predictive control for redundant robot manipulators in presence of static and dynamic obstacles: A Lyapunov‐based approach
Authors: Jasour Ashkan M. , Farrokhi Mohammad
Published: December 2013

This paper presents a novel approach for online path tracking and obstacle avoidance of redundant robot manipulators. To this end, a nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) method is designed that can track a desired path or reaches a moving target in the Cartesian space while avoiding static or moving obstacles as well as singular configurations in the workspace of the robot. The finite cost function of the NMPC is optimized at every sampling time, yielding an online optimal approach. In order to avoid collisions with moving obstacles and, at the same time, capturing a moving target, the future positions of the obstacles and the moving target are predicted using artificial neural networks (ANNs). Moreover, ANNs are employed to find a proper nonlinear model for the NMPC. The adaptation laws for the ANNs are obtained using the Lyapunov's direct method. The advantages of the proposed method are fourfold: (i) an adaptive and optimal approach is obtained, which can cope with changes in the system parameters; (ii) no inverse kinematics of the redundant manipulators is required; (iii) no prior knowledge about the obstacles and motion of the moving object is required; and (iv) stability of the closed‐loop system is guaranteed. Numerical simulations, performed on a four degree‐of‐freedom redundant spatial manipulator actuated by DC servomotors, show effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exfoliation of Threading Dislocation‐Free, Single‐Crystalline, Ultrathin Gallium Nitride Nanomembranes
Authors: ElAfandy Rami T. , Majid Mohammed A. , Ng Tien Khee , Zhao Lan , Cha Dongkyu , Ooi Boon S.
Published: December 2013

Despite the recent progress in gallium nitride (GaN) growth technology, the excessively high threading dislocation (TD) density within the GaN crystal, caused by the reliance on heterogeneous substrates, impedes the development of high‐efficiency, low‐cost, GaN‐based heterostructure devices. For the first time, the chemical exfoliation of completely TD‐free, single‐crystalline, ultrathin (tens of nanometers) GaN nanomembranes is demonstrated using UV‐assisted electroless chemical etching. These nanomembranes can act as seeding layers for subsequent overgrowth of high‐quality GaN. A model is proposed, based on scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as optical measurements to explain the physical processes behind the formation of the GaN nanomembranes. These novel nanomembranes, once transferred to other substrates, present a unique and technologically attractive path towards integrating high‐efficiency GaN optical components along with silicon electronics. Interestingly, due to their nanoscale thickness and macroscopic sizes, these nanomembranes may enable the production of flexible GaN‐based optoelectronics.
8.91% Power Conversion Efficiency for Polymer Tandem Solar Cells
Authors: bin Mohd Yusoff Abd. Rashid , Lee Seung Joo , Kim Hyeong Pil , Shneider Fabio Kurt , da Silva Wilson Jose , Jang Jin
Published: December 2013

A power conversion efficiency of up to 8.91% is obtained for a solution‐processed polymer tandem solar cells based on a large‐bandgap polymer, poly(4,4‐dioctyldithieno(3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d)silole)‐2,6‐diyl‐alt‐(2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole)‐4,7‐diyl) with a polymeric interconnecting layer to electrically connect the front and rear subcells, demonstrating that proper device and interface engineering are can improve the performance of polymer tandem solar cells.