bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bacteriostatic Activity of Serum Against Staphylococci
Authors: Cybulska Janina , Jeljaszewicz J.
Published: January 2020

Cybulska, Janina(State Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland),and J. Jeljaszewicz. Bacteriostatic activity of serum against staphylococci. J. Bacteriol.91:953–962. 1966.—Antistaphylococcal activity of normal serum against strains exhibiting various patterns of coagulase, clumping-factor, and staphylokinase production is not connected with the presence of these factors. Purified coagulase does not influence this property of serum. Coagulase-negative strains with clumping-factor activity grow in normal serum as typical pathogenic staphylococci. Serum bacteriostatic activity against staphylococci may be reversed by several nonspecific factors, such as sterile broth, supernatant fluids of coagulase-negative strains, and ammonium sulfate precipitates of culture supernatant fluids of various staphylococci. Immune sera with a high agglutinating titer for staphylococcal cells do not prevent growth of serum-resistant strains; serum-susceptible strains are inhibited as in normal serum control. Activation or blocking of the serum fibrinolytic system does not influence serum bacteriostatic activity. The growth rate of serum-resistant strains is identical in serum and in Todd-Hewitt broth; serum-susceptible strains are inhibited to the inoculum level, but decreases and increases in viable count are noted during a 24-hr observation period. Observations made with sera of 10 animal species clearly demonstrated differences in serum bacteriostatic activity, mouse serum being completely noninhibitory and cat serum only weakly inhibitory. The technique of quantitative determination of serum susceptibility of staphylococci is described, and the importance of serum antistaphylococcal activity in vitro is discussed. Experimental staphylococcal infection produced in rabbits by intravenous injection of differentStaphylococcus aureusstrains did not result in significant changes in serum antistaphylococcal activity. The technique of experimental infection used caused chronic infection, with a peak on the 14th day; this was proved by means of a newly developed 5′-nucleotidase test. At the same time, sera of infected animals exhibited slight inhibitory properties, which returned to initial values 1 week later. Infection was produced by strains recognized as nonpathogenic and was inhibited in vitro by sera from both normal and infected rabbits. It is concluded that antistaphylococcal activity of serum should be considered as an “in vitro” phenomenon, which seems to have no importance in defense mechanisms of rabbits infected intravenously with staphylococci.
Papain-Treated Globulins in Specific and Cross-Reacting Immunofluorescent Staining
Authors: Jones Wallis L. , Foster John W.
Published: January 2020

Jones, Wallis
L. (Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Ga.),
and J. W. Foster
. Papain-treated globulins in specific and cross-reacting immunofluorescent staining. J. Bacteriol.
91:
984–986. 1966.—Cross-reaction staining with preimmune and specific fluorescein conjugates to
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
was studied by use of papain-treated antisera. Enzyme-treated antisera were labeled and chromatographically separated into three fractions. Fractions were tested by both direct and inhibition fluorescent-antibody procedures. The cross-reaction staining was found in all three fractions, whereas specific staining was found in only two fractions.
Isolation and Characterization of the K1 (L) Antigen of
Escherichia coli
Authors: Bolaños Roger , DeWitt Charles W.
Published: January 2020

Bolaños, Roger
(Tulane University, New Orleans, La.),
and Charles W. DeWitt
. Isolation and characterization of the K1 (L) antigen of
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
987–996. 1966.—An acidic polysaccharide with the serological properties of the K1 (L) antigen has been isolated from
Escherichia coli
O2:K1:H4 by means of phenol-water extraction, fractionation with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (Cetavlon), filtration through Sephadex G-200, and chromatography on anion-exchange cellulose columns. Nucleic acid and protein content were reduced to a nondetectable level. There is no contamination with O antigen. The active material appears in two different positions in the Cetavlon fractionation, each with a slightly different serological specificity, as followed by the inhibition of passive hemagglutination. By paper chromatography, the polysaccharide moiety of the O antigenic fraction is composed of glucose, galactose, hexosamine and rhamnose. The absence of colanic acid in either K1 fraction was not proven, although its participation in our assay system, as well as the participation of the common or cross-reacting antigen, was ruled out by serological means.
Pneumococcal Neuraminidase
Authors: Lee L. T. , Howe C.
Published: January 2020

Lee, L. T. (Columbia University, New York, N.Y.),and C. Howe. Pneumoccal neuraminidase. J. Bacteriol.91:1418–1426. 1966.—The elaboration of neuraminidase by pneumococci grown under optimal conditions in liquid medium was studied in relation to the bacterial growth cycle. The enzyme was found free in the culture medium in increasing concentration throughout most of the logarithmic phase of growth, at the end of which enzyme concentration had reached a maximum. Only a small fraction of the total neuraminidase was cell-associated at any time. It appears, therefore, that pneumococcal neuraminidase is actively secreted by dividing cells and does not accumulate solely as a result of cellular autolysis. Neuraminidase in cell-free extracts (types I, III, VII, and XIV) was neutralized both by homotypic and by heterotypic antibody, thus demonstrating it to be a group antigen. The enzyme was separable in agar gel electrophoresis from other protein and polysaccharide pneumococcal antigens. Limited immunochemical data suggest that pneumococcal neuraminidase may be of relatively low molecular weight.
Action of a Proline Analogue,
l
-Thiazolidine-4-Carboxylic Acid, in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Unger Leon , DeMoss R. D.
Published: January 2020

Unger, Leon
(University of Illinois, Urbana),
and R. D. DeMoss
. Action of a proline analogue,
l
-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1556–1563. 1966.—The effect of the proline analogue,
l
-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (thioproline), on growth, and its relation to the metabolic function of proline in protein synthesis in
Escherichia coli
K-12, has been studied. Thioproline causes linear growth in
E. coli
within one generation. The inhibition is specifically reversed by the simultaneous addition of
l
-proline. Thioproline, or a closely related metabolic derivative, is incorporated into bacterial proteins. Proline antagonizes the incorporation of “thioproline” into protein. The analogue specifically inhibits the rate and extent of prolyl-ribonucleic acid formation. The effectiveness of thioproline as a proline analogue is attributed to its ability to interfere with the utilization of proline for protein synthesis and to mimic proline in its function of being incorporated into proteins. The effect of the incorporation of thioproline on protein structure and enzyme activity is discussed.
Expression of the Leucine Operon
Authors: Burns R. O. , Calvo J. , Margolin P. , Umbarger H. E.
Published: January 2020

Burns
, R. O. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories of Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.), J.
Calvo, P. Margolin, and H. E. Umbarger
. Expression of the leucine operon. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1570–1576. 1966.—The four genes which specify the structure of the three enzymes specifically involved in the biosynthesis of leucine in
Salmonella typhimurium
constitute a single operon. Three types of control mutants have been delineated on the basis of their location on the
Salmonella
chromosome and the manner in which they coordinately affect the rates of synthesis of the pertinent enzymes. The three types of mutants correspond to operator-negative, operator-constitutive, and regulator-negative. The rate of synthesis of the enzymes can also be altered by varying the amount of leucine made available to the cell. Leucine can be effectively limited by limiting the supply of α-ketoisovalerate, but in doing so two of the three enzymes, α-isopropylmalate synthetase and isopropylmalate isomerase, are labilized. This observation was correlated with an in vivo diminution of the levels of the substrates of these enzymes and the fact that α-ketoisovalerate and α-isoporpylmalate protect the respective enzymes against thermal inactivation in vitro. The functional association of the structural genes is also illustrated by the presence of polarity mutations; that is, certain structural gene mutations lower the rates of synthesis of the enzymes specified by genes located distally to the mutated gene and the operator segment of the operon.
Filament Formation in
Clostridium acidiurici
Under Conditions of Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Terry David R. , Gaffar Abdul , Sagers Richard D.
Published: January 2020

Terry, David
R. (Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah),
Abdul Gaffar, and Richard D. Sagers
. Filament formation in
Clostridium acidiurici
under conditions of elevated temperatures. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1625–1634. 1966.—Vegetative cells of
Clostridium acidiurici
, when grown at temperatures up to 42 C, are straight rods varying from 2.5 to 4 μ in length. When grown at 43 C, the cells show a definite tendency to elongate, and, when grown at 44 C, filaments are formed, often exceeding 500 μ in length. Only an occasional cross wall is apparent in the heat-induced long forms, but as the temperature is lowered they readily form cross walls and fragment into short, single cells. Chromatin material is distributed in evenly spaced clusters throughout the length of the filaments. The filaments grown at 44 C are gram-negative, whereas cells grown at 37 C are gram-positive. However, filament formation and gram-negativity apparently are not due to magnesium deficiency, since the gram-negative filaments are formed in concentrations of magnesium ranging from 10
−6
to 10
−2
m
. The rapid transition from filaments to single cells upon lowering the temperature from 44 to 37 C suggests that the temperature-related repression of the cross wall-forming system is a phenotypic response rather than the selection of specific mutants which produce the observed phenomena.
Analysis of the Life Cycle of
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
Authors: Morowitz Harold J. , Maniloff Jack
Published: January 2020

Morowitz, Harold
J. (Yale University, New Haven, Conn.),
and Jack Maniloff
. Analysis of the life cycle of
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1638–1644. 1966.—A series of electron microscope observations on
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
strain A5969 have been made by use of thin-section techniques and negative staining. The methods presented a consistent picture of a postdivision cell, which contains a fibrillar nuclear region, surrounding ribosomal region, highly organized bleb at one end of the cell, granular infrableb region, and bounding unit membrane. Cell division commenced with the appearance of a second infrableb area at the end of the cell opposite the original bleb. A new bleb grew in this area, and the cell then elongated. The nuclear material segregated into two parts separated by a band of ribosomes. A constriction appeared, in this central ribosome-packed area, leading to the formation of two daughter cells. The following was noted: the cells were very small (volume, 5 × 10
−14
cm
3
); each cell was highly structured and strongly ordered; and the replication appeared to be a very precisely programmed series of events.
Pasteurella pestis:
Growth Temperature, Virulence, and the Graded Response
Authors: Rosenwald Albert J. , Lincoln Ralph E.
Published: January 2020

Rosenwald, Albert
J. (Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.),
and Ralph E. Lincoln
.
Pasteurella pestis:
growth temperature, virulence, and the graded response. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1693–1695. 1966.—A comparison of the virulence of
Pasteurella pestis
was made by the graded and quantal response methods. Both tests reflected the difference in virulence of cultures grown at three temperatures. Cultures grown at lower temperatures gave the most variable response in virulence tests, and cultures grown at higher temperatures were more virulent. Results from the graded response test were obtained more quickly and more economically than those from the quantal response test.
Radiomimetic Properties of 2-Aminopurine in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Zampieri Antonio , Greenberg Joseph
Published: January 2020

Zampieri, Antonio
(Palo Alto Medical Research Foundation, Palo Alto, Calif.),
and Joseph Greenberg
. Radiomimetic properties of 2-aminopurine in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1773–1774. 1966.—A radioresistant mutant (R
4
) of
Escherichia coli
strain S was found to be resistant to 2-aminopurine. The composition of the post-treatment plating medium and temperature of incubation did not influence the sensitivity of R
4
to 2-aminopurine. However, strain S was much more sensitive to 2-aminopurine when plated on tryptone-agar than on minimal glucose-salts-agar. Strain S was also more sensitive when the post-treatment incubation was at 37 C than at 45 C. When
E. coli
strain S was treated with sufficient 2-aminopurine to permit only 10
−5
survivors, 67% of the survivors were resistant to ultraviolet light and to radiomimetic compounds. 2-Aminopurine induced filaments in radiation-sensitive, but not radiation-resistant, strains of
E. coli
. It is concluded that 2-aminopurine, a base analogue which induces transition mutations, is radiomimetic in several properties.
Ultraviolet Mutagenesis in Bacteriophage T4 I. Irradiation of Extracellular Phage Particles
Authors: Drake John W.
Published: January 2020

Drake, John
W. (University of Illinois, Urbana). Ultraviolet mutagenesis in bacteriophage T4. I. Irradiation of extracellular phage particles. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1775–1780. 1966.—Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of extracellular T4 phage particles induces about 2 × 10
−4
r
mutations per lethal hit. The mutants largely escape detection unless the irradiated phages are plated with very soft overlay agar. Multiplicity reactivation is not a prerequisite for mutagenesis. A much higher frequency of base pair substitution-type mutants is induced than is found in the spontaneous background, but sign mutants are also induced. Nearly half of the mutants map into previously identified UV hot spots. The
r
II mutants induced extracellularly are very similar to those induced intracellularly. The mutants also appear to result from direct radiation effects upon the bacteriophage deoxyribonucleic acid.
Fine-Structure Mapping by Transformation in the Tryptophan Region of
Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Carlton Bruce C.
Published: January 2020

Carlton, Bruce
C. (Yale University, New Haven, Conn.). Fine-structure mapping by transformation in the tryptophan region of
Bacillus subtilis
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1795–1803. 1966.—The arrangements of eight mutational sites within a segment of the tryptophan cluster of
Bacillus subtilis
have been determined by three-point reciprocal crosses with a mutation in the same gene cluster used as an outside marker. Estimates of distances between sites were made by two-point crosses and normalization to recombination values for an unlinked marker to correct for physiological variabilities between recipient strains. In general, the additivities of map distances determined by this procedure were reasonable, although some discrepancies were noted in reciprocal crosses between widely separated sites within the gene region examined. No definitive polarity effect on recombination was evident, and it appears that the variations observed in reciprocal crosses may be an effect of the probability of recovery of crossovers between exogenotic and endogenotic segments. It is concluded that fine-structure mapping is feasible for the transformation system in this organism and that a high degree of resolution can be attained.
Temperature-Dependent Anomalies in the Growth of Microorganisms
Authors: Davey C. B. , Miller Raymond J. , Nelson Larry A.
Published: January 2020

Davey
, C. B. (North Carolina State University, Raleigh),
Raymond J. Miller, and Larry A. Nelson
. Temperature-dependent anomalies in the growth of microorganisms. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1827–1830. 1966.—Water in the liquid phase (0 to 100 C) has been shown, by others, to undergo subtle changes in its physical structure at approximately 15, 30, 45, and 60 C. It has been suggested that these temperature-dependent anomalies in the structure of water may have biological implications. After incubation in a polythermostat, direct cell counts were made to determine temperature-growth interactions for the four bacteria which were used to cover the temperature range from 5 to 70 C:
Pseudomonas fragi
, 5 to 25 C;
Streptococcus faecalis
, 20 to 40 C;
Bacillus coagulans
, 35 to 55 C; and
B. stearothermophilus
1518 smooth, 50 to 70 C. In all cases, growth was suppressed at the predicted temperatures, suggesting a strong interaction between the structure of water and biological activity.
Growth Inhibition of
Mycoplasma
by Inhibitors of Polyterpene Biosynthesis and Its Reversal by Cholesterol
Authors: Smith Paul F. , Henrikson Carl V.
Published: January 2020

Smith, Paul
F. (University of South Dakota, Vermillion),
and Carl V. Henrikson
. Growth inhibition of
Mycoplasma
by inhibitors of polyterpene biosynthesis and its reversal by cholesterol. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1854–1858. 1966.—Compounds which inhibit enzymatic reactions in the biosynthetic pathway to carotenoids inhibited growth of a sterol-nonrequiring species,
Mycoplasma laidlawii
, strain B, and
M. hominis
, strain 07. Since
M. hominis
lacks the enzymes for polyterpene biosynthesis, the inhibitory compounds must act also at other sites. Most inhibitors exerted a lytic effect at bactericidal levels. The inhibition of
M. laidlawii
is reversed by exogenous cholesterol.
M. laidlawii
exhibited a greatly increased content of cholesterol and a greatly decreased content of carotenoids when grown in the presence of phenethylbiguanide and cholesterol. These results are considered as further evidence for a common function for sterols and carotenols in
Mycoplasma
.
Effect of 8-Azaguanine on the Transition from Vegetative Growth to Presporulation in
Bacillus cereus
Authors: Stahly D. P. , Srinivasan V. R. , Halvorson H. Orin
Published: January 2020

Stahly
, D. P. (University of Illinois, Urbana), V. R.
Srinivasan, and H. Orin Halvorson
. Effect of 8-azaguanine on the transition from vegetative growth to presporulation in
Bacillus cereus
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1875–1882. 1966.—The guanine analogue, 8-azaguanine (azaG), was found to inhibit sporulation of
Bacillus cereus
strain T when added to proliferating cells, but not to inhibit when added after the transition to presporulation. When azaG was added to vegetative cells, the growth rate was reduced, but no immediate bactericidal effect was demonstrated. Azaguanine was shown to be incorporated solely into ribonucleic acid (RNA). All of the natural purine bases and nucleosides were found to prevent azaG inhibition by blocking incorporation of the analogue into the RNA. Addition of a subinhibitory level of C
14
-azaG to proliferating cells resulted in an increase in incorporation paralleling the increase in number of cells. At the time of transition from growth to presporulation, a rapid removal of the azaG label from the cells occurred in the absence of net RNA breakdown. If differentiation was inhibited by increasing the concentration of azaG, then no expulsion took place. Instead, at the end of growth, net incorporation ceased, and a steady-state condition was established in which incorporation equaled breakdown. No azaG degradative enzymes are present in presporulating cells. The possibility is discussed that an increase in the ratio of natural purines to azaG occurred at the time of transition, and that the natural purine derivatives then were reincorporated into RNA preferentially to azaG. The data are consistent with the hypothesis than an increased rate of RNA turnover occurs at the time of transition from vegetative growth to presporulation. Addition of phosphate buffer (
p
H 7.0, 0.1
m
) to azaG-inhibited vegetative cells caused reversal of inhibition, the reversal being accompanied by expulsion of the azaG. At least a partial explanation of this effect is that phosphate causes a decrease in the azaG intracellular pool size.
Trehalase in Conidia of
Aspergillus oryzae
Authors: Horikoshi Koki , Ikeda Yonosuke
Published: January 2020

Horikoshi, Koki
(The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan),
and Yonosuke Ikeda
. Trehalase in conidia of
Aspergillus oryzae
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1883–1887. 1966.—Trehalases (soluble trehalase and coat-bound trehalase) were found in the conidia of
Aspergillus oryzae
, and the total activity of the trehalases increased during the germination process. The soluble trehalase was purified by diethylaminoethyl-cellulose column chromatography; its optimal
p
H, Michaelis constant, and heat stability were studied. In vitro, the trehalases were competitively inhibited by
d
-mannitol, which was also contained in the conidia. Since the trehalose content in the conidia decreased at an early stage of germination, it was assumed that trehalase might begin to hydrolyze trehalose after the inhibitory effect of
d
-mannitol decreased.
Inhibitory Proteins in the Newcastle Disease Virus-Induced Suppression of Cell Protein Synthesis
Authors: Bolognesi D. P. , Wilson D. E.
Published: January 2020

Bolognesi
, D. P. (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y.),
and D. E. Wilson
. Inhibitory proteins in the Newcastle disease virus-induced suppression of cell protein synthesis. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1896–1901. 1966.—Infection by Newcastle disease virus brings about a rapid and marked inhibition of cell protein synthesis (CPS) in chick embryo fibroblast monolayers. The block to CPS is initiated about 5 hr after infection, and by 9 hr about 85% of the host protein synthesis is shut off. Azauridine (3 mg/ml), a ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis inhibitor, prevents the virus-induced inhibition of CPS when added at the time of infection; but it does not prevent the inhibition when added at 3 hr after infection. When puromycin (60 μg/ml), a protein synthesis inhibitor, was added at 3.5 hr after infection, viral RNA was synthesized in normal amounts, but the virus-induced inhibition of CPS was prevented. Actinomycin D added at the time of infection does not, however, prevent the virus-induced inhibition of CPS. The results of these experiments indicate that proteins synthesized during Newcastle disease virus replication are responsible for the inhibition of host-cell protein synthesis. The synthesis of these inhibitory proteins depends on the prior synthesis of viral RNA.
Morphology of the Spore of Some Strains ofClostridium botulinumType E
Authors: Hodgkiss W. , Ordal Z. John
Published: January 2020

Hodgkiss, W. (Torry Research Station, Aberdeen, Scotland),and Z. John Ordal. Morphology of the spore of some strains ofClostridium botulinumtype E. J. Bacteriol.91:2031–2036. 1966.—The spores of four strains ofC. botulinumtype E show an unusual and elaborate morphology. Numerous tubular appendages radiate from the surface of the spore. The spore and its appendages are enclosed in a delicate exosporium. The electron microscopic morphology of the spores, as seen in metal-shadowed and negatively stained preparations, and by the carbon-replica technique, is described.
Altered End-Product Patterns and Catabolite Repression in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Dobrogosz Walter J.
Published: January 2020

Dobrogosz, Walter
J. (North Carolina State University, Raleigh). Altered end-product patterns and catabolite repression in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
2263–2269. 1966.—End products formed during growth of
Escherichia coli
ML30 on glucose were examined under various conditions known to promote or prevent catabolite repression of the inducible β-galactosidase system in this organism. Cultures were grown under these conditions in the presence of C
14
-glucose or C
14
-pyruvate. The products formed were assayed isotopically after separation on columns of silicic acid. Under conditions known to promote catabolite repression, glucose was degraded primarily to acetate and CO
2
. When repression was turned off by anaerobic shock, glucose metabolism was characterized by the accumulation of ethyl alcohol in addition to acetate and CO
2
. The results presented in this report indicate that oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate may markedly affect the amount of energy that can be derived from glucose catabolism. In turn, the amount of energy derived from catabolic processes may play a key role in the mechanism of catabolite repression.
Regulation of Sulfate Transport in
Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Dreyfuss Jacques , Pardee Arthur B.
Published: January 2020

Dreyfuss, Jacques
(Princeton University, Princeton, N.J.),
and Arthur B. Pardee
. Regulation of sulfate transport in
Salmonella typhimurium
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
2275–2280. 1966.—The transport of sulfate into
Salmonella typhimurium
is an active process. Intracellular and extracellular sulfate are in rapid equilibrium. Although the entry process requires energy, the exit of sulfate and the exchange of intracellular sulfate are relatively independent of an exogenous energy supply. When a concentrated suspension of cells is first exposed to sulfate, transport is rapid, but approximately 1 min thereafter the properties of the cells change so that net sulfate flow is outwards. This overshoot seems to depend on a high intracellular sulfate concentration and on the energy supply. Transport ability is inhibited in mutants which accumulate the high energy intermediate 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that the entry of sulfate is feedback-inhibited by a high-energy compound which is formed in the course of transport. Feedback inhibition, in conjunction with the repression of sulfate transport, provides an effective means of regulating the intracellular concentration. The regulatory mechanism is highly efficient in rapidly growing cells, but can be perceived as an overshoot in dense cell suspensions.
Replication of Mengovirus I. Effect on Synthesis of Macromolecules by Host Cell
Authors: Plagemann Peter G. W. , Swim H. Earle
Published: January 2020

Plagemann, Peter
G. W. (Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio),
and H. Earle Swim
. Replication of mengovirus. I. Effect on synthesis of macromolecules by host cell. J. Bacteriol.
91:
2317–2326. 1966.—The replication of mengovirus was studied in two strains of Novikoff (rat) hepatoma cells propagated in vitro. The replicative cycle in both strains required 6.5 to 7 hr. Infection resulted in a marked depression of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein synthesis by strain N1S1-63. Inhibition of RNA synthesis was reflected by a decrease in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-dependent RNA polymerase activity of isolated nuclei. Mengovirus had no effect on either protein or RNA synthesis or on the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity of a second strain, N1S1-67. The time course of viral-induced synthesis of RNA by cells was studied in cells treated with actinomycin D. It was first detectable between 2.5 and 3 hr after infection and continued until 6.5 to 7 hr. The formation of mature virus was estimated biochemically by measuring the amount of RNA synthesized as a result of viral infection which was resistant to degradation by ribonuclease in the presence of deoxycholate. Approximately 70% of the deoxycholate-ribonuclease-resistant RNA was located in mature virus, and the remainder was double-stranded. The formation of mature virus began about 45 min after viral-directed (actinomycin-resistant) synthesis of RNA was detectable in the cell, and only about 18 to 20% of the total RNA synthesized was incorporated into virus. Release of virus from cells began about 1 hr after maturation was first detectable. Release of virus from cells was accompanied by a loss of a large proportion of their cytoplasmic RNA and protein.
Replication of Mengovirus II. General Properties of the Viral-Induced Ribonucleic Acid Polymerase
Authors: Plagemann Peter G. W. , Swim H. Earle
Published: January 2020

Plagemann, Peter
G. W. (Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio),
and H. Earle Swim
. Replication of mengovirus. II. General properties of the viral-induced ribonucleic acid polymerase. J. Bacteriol.
91:
2327–2332. 1966.—Mengovirus induces the appearance of a ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase activity in Novikoff hepatoma cells which is readily distinguished from the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-dependent RNA polymerase since it is not inhibited by actinomycin D or deoxyribonuclease, but is inhibited by ammonium sulfate, and is stable at −17 C. The incorporation of uridine into RNA by infected cells in the presence of actinomycin D does not reflect the viral polymerase activity as measured in cell-free preparations. The viral-induced RNA polymerase is produced in a biphasic fashion. Puromycin inhibits the production of viral polymerase, and in its presence the enzyme appears to be unstable between 4 and 6 hr. Puromycin also prevents the secondary rise in polymerase which begins at the end of replicative cycle. Under these conditions, however, the polymerase appears to be stable. The overall data indicated that some unspecified process is responsible for the apparent instability of viral-induced RNA polymerase between 4 and 6 hr and that it becomes inoperative toward the end of the replicative cycle.
Stimulation of Nonspecific Resistance to Infection by a Crude Cell Wall Preparation from
Mycobacterium phlei
Authors: Fox Alfred E. , Evans George L. , Turner Frank J. , Schwartz Benjamin S. , Blaustein Ansel
Published: January 2020

Fox, Alfred
E. (Warner-Lambert Research Institute, Morris Plains, N.J.),
George L. Evans, Frank J. Turner, Benjamin S. Schwartz, and Ansel Blaustein
. Stimulation of nonspecific resistance to infection by a crude cell wall preparation from
Myocobacterium phlei
. J. Bacteriol.
92:
1–5. 1966.—Exposure of large quantities of viable
Mycobacterium phlei
to attrition in a colloid mill resulted in 90 to 95% disruption of the organisms. Isolation of the crude cell wall preparation was accomplished by centrifugation of the broken cells at 10,000 ×
g
, resuspension of the sediment, and repeated centrifugation at 1,000 ×
g
to remove intact cells. Single oral or parenteral doses of the cell wall preparation increased the resistance of mice and guinea pigs to experimental infection with
Salmonella enteritidis
, and of mice to
Staphylococcus aureus
, for prolonged periods after administration. Histological examination of the organs of mice treated orally or intraperitoneally revealed a lymphoid hyperplasia of the spleen and a Kupffer cell proliferation of the liver. The preparation was nontoxic to mice by the oral route at doses up to 5,000 mg/kg, and the intraperitoneal
ld
50
was approximately 680 mg/kg.
Density Gradient Centrifugation Studies on Rabies Virus
Authors: Neurath A. Robert , Wiktor Tadeusz J. , Koprowski Hilary
Published: January 2020

Neurath, A. Robert
(The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pa.),
Tadeusz J. Wiktor, and Hilary Koprowski
. Density gradient centrifugation studies on rabies virus. J. Bacteriol.
92:
102–106. 1966.—Cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation of rabies virus revealed a heterogeneous population of infectious virus particles, the majority of which showed a density of 1.20 g/ml. From results obtained by rate zonal centrifugation in preformed sucrose gradients, it was possible to calculate a sedimentation coefficient of about 600
S
for rabies virus. Sedimentation coefficients of about 23
S
and 10
S
were calculated for two soluble rabies antigens present in infected tissue-culture fluids, and they showed a density of 1.26 g/ml in cesium chloride solutions.
Oxidation of
d
- and
l
-Valine by Enzymes of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Norton J. E. , Sokatch J. R.
Published: January 2020

Norton
, J. E. (University of Oklahoma School of Medicine, Oklahoma City),
and J. R. Sokatch
. Oxidation of
d
- and
l
-valine by enzymes of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. J. Bacteriol.
92:
116–120. 1966.—Cell-free extracts prepared from
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
grown on
dl
-valine catalyzed the consumption of oxygen with several
d
-amino acids, but not with the corresponding
l
-amino acids. The product of
d
-valine oxidation was identified as 2-oxoisovalerate by the preparation and characterization of 2-oxoisovalerate 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone. The enzyme catalyzing
d
-amino acid oxidation was present in extracts of cells grown on valine, but not on glucose, had a
p
H optimum of approximately 9.0, consumed 1 atom of oxygen per mole of keto acid produced, and was not stimulated by any of the usual electron transport cofactors. It was not possible to demonstrate either the direct oxidation of
l
-valine or the conversion of
l
- to
d
-valine by these enzyme preparations. However, a possible route of
l
-valine metabolism by transamination with 2-oxoglutarate with regeneration of the amino group acceptor by glutamate oxidation was established by identification of the transaminase and
l
-glutamate dehydrogenase in these enzyme preparations.
Tetracycline Inhibition of Cell-Free Protein Synthesis II. Effect of the Binding of Tetracycline to the Components of the System
Authors: Day L. E.
Published: January 2020

Day
, L. E. (Chas. Pfizer & Co., Inc., Groton, Conn.). Tetracycline inhibition of cell-free protein synthesis. II. Effect of the binding of tetracycline to the components of the system. J. Bacteriol.
92:
197–203. 1966.—When tetracycline, an inhibitor of cell-free protein synthesis, was preincubated with each component of the
Escherichia coli
cell-free system, i.e., ribosomes, soluble ribonucleic acid (sRNA), polyuridylic acid (poly U), and S-100 (supernatant enzymes), only the ribosomal-bound antibiotic was inhibitory to the cell-free assay. Experiments designed to further localize the site of inhibition to either the 50
S
(Svedberg) or the 30
S
ribosomal subunit were not conclusive. Tritiated tetracycline (7-H
3
-tetracycline) was bound to isolated 50
S
ribosomes, and these were recombined with 30
S
subunits to form 70
S
ribosomes. When these ribosomes were dissociated and the subunits reisolated, the antibiotic was found with both the 50
S
and the 30
S
particles. The same results were observed when the tetracycline was initially bound to the 30
S
subunit.
Color Test for the Measurement of Antibody to T-Strain Mycoplasmas
Authors: Purcell Robert H. , Taylor-Robinson D. , Wong D. , Chanock R. M.
Published: January 2020

Purcell, Robert
H. (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md.), D.
Taylor-Robinson, D. Wong, and R. M. Chanock
. Color test for the measurement of antibody to T-strain mycoplasmas. J. Bacteriol.
92:
6–12. 1966.—A metabolic inhibition technique for the measurement of antibody to T-strain mycoplasmas was developed, based upon the ability of T-strain mycoplasmas to metabolize urea with the concomitant production of ammonia, and the ability of specific antiserum to inhibit this ammonia production. Phenol red added to the medium served as an indicator of
p
H change resulting from ammonia production. Specific antiserum to T-strain mycoplasma T-960 was prepared. The T-strain organism was shown to be serologically distinct from the recognized large-colony mycoplasmas. Antibody to mycoplasma strain T-960 in human sera was demonstrated with the metabolic inhibition technique.
Death of
Bacillus subtilis
Auxotrophs Due to Deprivation of Thymine, Tryptophan, or Uracil
Authors: Pritikin William B. , Romig W. R.
Published: January 2020

Pritikin, William
B. (University of California, Los Angeles),
and W. R. Romig
. Death of
Bacillus subtilis
auxotrophs due to deprivation of thymine, tryptophan, or uracil, J. Bacteriol.
92:
291–296. 1966.—Auxotrophic mutants of
Bacillus subtilis
168 that require either tryptophan, uracil, or thymine died rapidly when deprived of any of these compounds. Phage PBS1 was produced by infected
B. subtilis
168 (
thy try-2
) deprived of thymine. Phage PBS1 was not produced by infected
B. subtilis
168 (
try-2
) deprived of tryptophan or infected
B. subtilis
168-15 (
try-2 ura
) deprived of uracil.
B. subtilis
168
thy try-2
and 168-15 could be transduced by phage PBS1 after prolonged deprivation of tryptophan or uracil, respectively. When
B. subtilis
168-15 was transduced to uracil independence by phage PBS1, the uracil-independent transductants became immune to uracil-less death within 10 min of exposure to phage, and began to multiply within 2 hr after exposure to phage at an incubation temperature of 46 C.
Factors Affecting the Survival of Auxotrophs and Prototrophs of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
in Mixed Populations
Authors: Moat Albert G. , Barnes Isabel J. , McCurley Eleanor H.
Published: January 2020

Moat, Albert
G. (Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa.),
Isabel J. Barnes, and Eleanor H. McCurley
. Factors affecting the survival of auxotrophs and prototrophs of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
in mixed populations. J. Bacteriol.
92:
297–301. 1966.—The conditions under which the number of yeast prototrophs, as well as respiration-deficient mutants, could be materially decreased, while allowing the survival of auxotrophic mutants in recoverable numbers, have been investigated in detail. Neither the use of carbohydrates other than glucose to prevent development of respiration-deficient mutants, nor treatment with acriflavine to render all surviving wild types respiration-deficient, provided a selective advantage for the auxotrophs. Increased concentrations of the antifungal agents amphotericin B or endomycin, while reducing the number of respiration-deficient mutants, did not significantly increase the final mutant-wild type ratio. A more soluble form of amphotericin B (Fungizone), when used under carefully defined physiological conditions, produced a significant reduction in the number of surviving prototrophs relative to the surviving auxotrophs, without development of respiration-deficient mutants.
Genetic Differentiation by Nucleic Acid Homology II. Genotypic Variations Within TwoMycoplasmaSpecies
Authors: Somerson Norman L. , Reich Paul R. , Walls Barbara E. , Chanock Robert M. , Weissman Sherman M.
Published: January 2020

Somerson, NormanL. (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.),Paul R. Reich, Barbara E. Walls, Robert M. Chanock, and Sherman M. Weissman. Genetic differentiation by nucleic acid homology. II. Genotypic variations within twoMycoplasmaspecies. J. Bacteriol.92:311-317. 1966.—A deoxyribonucleic-ribonucleic acid (DNA-RNA) homology technique was used to determine genetic relatedness among the nucleic acids of eight mycoplasmas which were serologically classified asMycoplasma hoministype 1. The DNA preparations from these organisms were each found to be distinct. No subgrouping of theM. hoministype 1 strains could be demonstrated. In contrast, when the nucleic acids from six serologically related mycoplasmas which were isolated from tissue cultures were studied, the DNA from these species could not be distinguished. The DNA buoyant densities of the tissue culture isolates were similar. These isolates were closely related genetically to a porcine mycoplasma,M. hyorhinis.
Isolation and Identification of Canthaxanthin fromMicrococcus roseus
Authors: Cooney J. J. , Marks H. W. , Smith Anne M.
Published: January 2020

Cooney, J. J. (University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio), H. W.Marks, Jr., and Anne M. Smith. Isolation and identification of canthaxanthin fromMicrococcus roseus. J. Bacteriol.92:342–345. 1966.—The principal colored carotenoid ofMicrococcus roseuswas purified by solvent partitioning followed by column and thin-layer chromatography. Absorption spectra, partition coefficients, and infrared spectra suggested that the pigment was a diketo derivative of β-carotene. The pigment was subjected to reduction, and the reduced pigment was subsequently dehydrated. Spectral data and partition coefficients of these derivatives indicated that the original pigment was canthaxanthin (4′,4′-diketo-β-carotene). The pigment was an all-transisomer; it does not exist as an ester inM. roseus. Canthaxanthin has not previously been identified as a bacterial pigment.
Feedback Regulation of Arginine Biosynthesis in Blue-Green Algae and Photosynthetic Bacteria
Authors: Hoare D. S. , Hoare S. L.
Published: January 2020

Hoare
, D. S. (The University of Texas, Austin),
and
S. L.
Hoare
. Feedback regulation of arginine biosynthesis in blue-green algae and photosynthetic bacteria. J. Bacteriol.
92:
375–379. 1966.—A number of blue-green algae and photosynthetic bacteria synthesize arginine from glutamate via acetylated intermediates. Cell-free extracts of these photosynthetic microorganisms contain an
N
-acetyl glutamate phosphokinase, which is specifically inhibited by arginine. They also contain a transacetylase which forms ornithine from
αN
-acetyl ornithine and glutamate. The transacetylase appears to be specific for
l
-glutamate. Arginine synthesis and its regulation by feedback inhibition in photosynthetic microorganisms differ from that in
Escherichia coli
and other
Enterobacteriaceae
.
Adsorption Specificity of Bacteriophage PBS1
Authors: Frankel Ruth W. , Joys Terence M.
Published: January 2020

Frankel, Ruth
W. (University of Oregon Medical School, Portland),
and Terence M. Joys
. Adsorption specificity of bacteriophage PBS1. J. Bacteriol.
92:
388–389. 1966.—By use of newly isolated nonflagellate mutants, the location of the receptor site for phage PBS1 is confirmed as being on the flagella of
Bacillus subtilis
. Tests with partially purified flagella isolated from a culture of susceptible organisms, and with a strain of
B. subtilis
possessing nonfunctional flagella, show that phage PBS1 has an adsorption specificity for active flagella.
Peroxidatic Activity of Mycobacteria and Relation to Catalase
Authors: Winder Frank G.
Published: January 2020

Winder, Frank
G. (Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland). Peroxidatic activity of mycobacteria and relation to catalase. J. Bacteriol.
92:
413–417. 1966.—Catalase from
Mycobacterium smegmatis
was purified about 50-fold. All fractions showed a ratio of peroxidatic activity to catalatic activity approximately the same as that of the crude extract, a ratio only about four times that given by catalase from
Micrococcus lysodeikticus
. This and other evidence strongly suggest that the peroxidatic activity of
M. smegmatis
is due to its catalase. Less complete evidence suggests that this is true in the case of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
also. It is suggested that in the context of the mycobacteria the term “peroxidatic activity” should replace the term “peroxidase” unless evidence is found that a true peroxidase exists in these organisms.
Metabolism of 6-Mercaptopurine by Resistant
Escherichia coli
Cells
Authors: Coggin Joseph H. , Loosemore Muriel , Martin William R.
Published: January 2020

Coggin, Joseph
H. (University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.),
Muriel Loosemore, and William R. Martin
. Metabolism of 6-mercaptopurine by resistant
Escherichia coli
cells. J. Bacteriol.
92:
446–454. 1966.—6-Mercaptopurine (MP) utilization as a source of purine in MP-sensitive and -resistant cultures of
Escherichia coli
was investigated. The label of MP-
8-C
14
appeared in adenine and guanine of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid in sensitive and resistant cultures. Studies using MP-
S
35
further demonstrated that the MP moiety was degraded, as shown by a rapid decrease in radioactivity from cells upon exposure to MP for 20 min. Enzymatic analysis showed that MP was converted to 6-mercaptopurine ribonucleotide (MPRP) by extracts derived from both sensitive and resistant cells. Resistant cell preparations, however, degraded MPRP to inosine monophosphate (IMP) rapidly when compared with analogue degradation by sensitive cells. Inosineguanosine-5′-phosphate pyrophosphorylase from resistant cells did not catalyze the synthesis of IMP from hypoxanthine when the cells were cultured in the presence of MP, but these enzyme preparations actively converted guanine to guanosine monophosphate (GMP). Pyrophosphorylase derived from resistant cells cultured in medium without MP catalyzed the conversion of hypoxanthine to IMP and also guanine to GMP. These observations suggest that inosine-guanosine-5′-phosphate pyrophosphorylase is composed of two distinct enzymes. The mode of resistance to MP in
E. coli
is related to an enhancement of the enzymatic degradation of MPRP to the pivotal purine intermediate, IMP.
Growth of
Leptospira pomona
and Its Effect on Various Tissue Culture Systems
Authors: Miller Robert E. , Miller Norman G. , White Roberta J.
Published: January 2020

Miller, Robert
E. (University of Nebraska College of Medicine, Omaha),
Norman G. Miller, and Roberta J. White
. Growth of
Leptospira pomona
and its effect on various tissue culture systems. J. Bacteriol.
92:
502–509. 1966.—
Leptospira pomona
strain 3341 was grown in association with primary fetal bovine kidney (PBK) and human embryonic skin-muscle fibroblastic (HE) cells in Eagle's minimal essential medium (MEM) with 5% sheep serum. Growth curves of leptospires in PBK and HE cell cultures showed no substantial increase in growth above that obtained in Eagle's MEM in the absence of tissue culture cells. This suggested that no stimulatory growth factors for leptospires were produced by the tissue cells. Fibroblastic cells of the PBK monolayer showed separation, deterioration, and, finally, complete disintegration. Epithelial-like cells remained unaffected. HE cells showed the same cytopathic effect as PBK fibroblastic cells, indicating that this effect was not limited to PBK fibroblastic cells. Warthin-Starry stains of PBK and HE cell monolayers showed masses of leptospires adhering to fibroblastic cells, whereas only a few were seen on epithelial-like cells. Large numbers of leptospires on the surface of fibroblastic cells are very likely associated with the cytopathic effect. Dislodgment of leptospires from fibroblastic cells did not increase the total number of spirochetes in the culture. This indicated that leptospiral growth did not occur on the surface of these cells.
Effect of 9-β-
d
-Arabinofuranosyladenine on Polymer Synthesis in a Polyauxotrophic Strain of
Escherichia coli
Authors: Leung Hazel Barner , Doering Alice McGovern , Cohen Seymour S.
Published: January 2020

Leung, Hazel Barner
(University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia),
Alice McGovern Doering, and Seymour S. Cohen
. Effect of 9-β-
d
-arabinofuranosyladenine on polymer synthesis in a polyauxotrophic strain of
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
92:
558–564. 1966.—Adenine-requiring mutants have been obtained from
Escherichia coli
strain 15 TAU, which also needs thymine, arginine, and uracil for growth. Some of these are killed by 9-β-
d
-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A) in the absence of exogenous adenine; a particular mutant of this type, designated TAUAd, has been used in our studies. The lethality of ara-A,
d
-arabinosylhypoxanthine, and the 1-
n
-oxide of ara-A has been compared; ara-A is equally toxic in the presence or absence of thymine. Although the absence of uracil reduces ara-A toxicity, the lack of arginine almost eliminates lethality. It was found that ara-A completely inhibits deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis without markedly affecting ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis. Some inhibition of protein synthesis can be detected. However, the interpretation of these results is complicated because (i) exogenous adenine must be excluded, (ii) endogenous adenine is made available from RNA turnover, and (iii) ara-A is being rapidly converted to only slightly less toxic arabinosylhypoxanthine by the adenosine deaminase of
E. coli
. A suitable inhibitor for the bacterial deaminase has not yet been found.