bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why do peer reviewers decline to review manuscripts? A study of reviewer invitation responses
Authors: Willis Michael
Published: January 2016

With peer review under closer scrutiny than ever before, research is needed to investigate not only what incentives encourage researchers to review manuscripts, but also what reasons prevent them from reviewing. We analysed responses to reviewer invitations sent by one journal in March to July 2015. The data showed that the overwhelming reason why reviewers decline is because they are unavailable to do so. Although the finding may not be surprising and confirms the findings of earlier research, the study illustrates how a journal can analyse and draw conclusions from its own reviewer invitation data as a first step to improving the invitation acceptance rates.
Peer review in megajournals compared with traditional scholarly journals: Does it make a difference?
Authors: Björk Bo‐Christer , Catani Paul
Published: January 2016

A megajournal is an open‐access journal that publishes any manuscript that presents scientifically trustworthy empirical results, without asking about the potential scientific contribution prior to publication. Megajournals have rapidly increased their output and are currently publishing around 50,000 articles per year. We report on a small pilot study in which we looked at the citation distributions for articles in megajournals compared with journals with traditional peer review, which also evaluate articles for contribution and novelty. We found that elite journals with very low acceptance rates have far fewer articles with no or few citations, but that the long tail of articles with two citations or less was actually bigger in a sample of selective traditional journals in comparison with megajournals. This indicates the need for more systematic studies, because the results raise many questions as to how efficiently the current peer review system in reality fulfils its filtering function.
Process for selecting and implementing a manuscript management system: Experiences of a new peer‐reviewed journal
Authors: Salem Ruwaida M. , Culbertson Natalie M. , O'Connell Alison
Published: January 2016

Key points

Global Health: Science and Practice, a start‐up peer‐reviewed journal, used a fourstage process to evaluate and implement a manuscript management system: define internal requirements, explore platform options, select platform of choice, and configure and test the platform

Configuration and testing of the selected platform took longer than anticipated, mainly because we had to spend considerable time developing our submission and peer review workflows.

The six key features of manuscript management of most value are: automating manuscript tracking; selecting peer reviewers; assigning alterative reviewers; sending automated letters and reminders; facilitating blinded peer review, and monitoring and evaluating journal processes
Perturbation determinants in Banach spaces — with an application to eigenvalue estimates for perturbed operators
Authors: Hansmann Marcel
Published: January 2016

In the first part of this paper we provide a self‐contained introduction to (regularized) perturbation determinants for operators in Banach spaces. In the second part, we use these determinants to derive new bounds on the discrete eigenvalues of compactly perturbed operators, broadly extending some recent results by Demuth et al. In addition, we also establish new bounds on the discrete eigenvalues of generators of C0‐semigroups.
Development of a diagnostic DNA chip to screen for 30 autosomal recessive disorders in the Hutterite population
Authors: Triggs‐Raine Barbara , Dyck Tamara , Boycott Kym M. , Innes A. Micheil , Ober Carole , Parboosingh Jillian S. , Botkin Alexis , Greenberg Cheryl R. , Spriggs Elizabeth L.
Published: January 2016

Background

The Hutterites are a religious isolate living in colonies across the North American prairies. This population originated from approximately 90 founders, resulting in a number of genetic diseases that are overrepresented, underrepresented, or unique. The founder effect in this population increases the likelihood that Hutterite couples carry the same recessive mutations. We have designed a diagnostic chip on a fee‐for‐service basis with Asper Biotech to provide Hutterites with the option of comprehensive carrier screening.

Methods

A total of 32 disease‐causing mutations in 30 genes were selected and primers were designed for array primer extension‐based testing. Selected mutations were limited to those leading to autosomal recessive disorders, maintaining its primary use as a test for determining carrier status.

Results

The DNA chip was developed and validated using 59 DNA controls for all but one of the mutations, for which a synthetic control was used. All mutations were readily detected except for a duplication causing restrictive dermopathy where heterozygotes and homozygotes could only be distinguished by sequencing. Blinded testing of 12 additional samples from healthy Hutterites was performed by Asper Biotech using chip testing. All known mutations from previous molecular testing were detected on the chip. As well, additional mutations identified by the chip in these 12 samples were subsequently verified by a second method.

Conclusions

Our analysis indicates that the chip is a sensitive and specific means of carrier testing in the Hutterite population and can serve as a model for other founder populations.
Concurrent 3D acquisition of diffusion tensor imaging and magnetic resonance elastography displacement data (DTI‐MRE): Theory and in vivo application
Authors: Yin Ziying , Kearney Steven P. , Magin Richard L. , Klatt Dieter
Published: January 2016

Purpose

To introduce a newly developed technique (DTI‐MRE) for the simultaneous acquisition of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and 3D‐vector field magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) data, and to demonstrate its feasibility when applied in vivo to the mouse brain.

Methods

In DTI‐MRE, simultaneous encoding is achieved by using a series of diffusion/motion‐sensitizing gradients (dMSGs) with specific timing and directions. By adjusting the duration of the dMSGs with the diffusion time and with the mechanical vibration frequency, the shear wave motion and diffusion are encoded into the MR phase and MR magnitude signals, respectively. The dMSGs are applied in a noncollinear and noncoplanar manner that optimizes the capture of both the DTI signal attenuation and the three‐dimensional MRE displacements. In this work, the feasibility of the DTI‐MRE technique was demonstrated on in vivo mouse brains (n=3) using a 9.4T animal MRI scanner. The DTI‐MRE derived parameters (MD, mean diffusivity; FA, fractional anisotropy; MRE displacement fields; and shear modulus |G|) were compared with those acquired using conventional, separate MRE and diffusion methods.

Results

The averaged (MD, FA, and |G|) values for three mice are (0.580 ± 0.050 µm2/ms, 0.43 ± 0.02, and 4.80 ± 0.06 kPa) and (0.583 ± 0.035 µm2/ms, 0.46 ± 0.02, and 4.91 ± 0.19 kPa) for DTI‐MRE, and conventional DTI and 3D‐vector field MRE measurements, respectively. All derived parameters (MD, FA, |G|, and displacement) obtained using the combined DTI‐MRE method and conventional methods were significantly correlated with P < 0.05.

Conclusion

Simultaneous acquisition of DTI and 3D‐vector field MRE is feasible in vivo and reduces the scan time by up to 50% compared with conventional, separate acquisitions, while providing an immediate co‐registration of maps of diffusion properties and stiffness. Magn Reson Med 77:273–284, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Utility of whole exome sequencing in evaluation of juvenile motor neuron disease
Authors: Agarwal Sonika , Potocki Lorraine , Collier Talia R. , Woodbury Suzanne L. , Adesina Adekunle M. , Jones Jeremy , Lotze Timothy E.
Published: January 2016

Introduction

This case report focuses on identifying novel mutations in juvenile motor neuron disease and emphasizes the significance of whole exome sequencing (WES).

Methods

We report a 13‐year‐old Hispanic boy with rapidly progressive weakness, muscle atrophy, tremor, and tongue fasciculation, along with upper motor neuron findings of hyperactive gag reflex, hyperreflexia, and cog‐wheel rigidity. Electromyography was suggestive of motor neuron disease. After an extensive evaluation, WES was performed.

Results

WES identified a heterozygous de novo variant of unknown clinical significance (VUS) in the fused‐in‐sarcoma gene (FUS) [c.1554_1557del]. Although initially reported as a VUS, the clinical data from our patient and data from the medical literature support that the variant is indeed disease‐causing.

Conclusions

The genetic etiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is heterogeneous and, as clinical sequencing for FUS was not available, WES was the only method by which a diagnosis of juvenile ALS could be made. Muscle Nerve 53: 648–652, 2016
Multisurface plasticity for Cosserat materials: Plate element implementation and validation
Authors: Godio Michele , Stefanou Ioannis , Sab Karam , Sulem Jean
Published: January 2016

The macroscopic behavior of materials is affected by their inner micro‐structure. Elementary considerations based on the arrangement, and the physical and mechanical features of the micro‐structure may lead to the formulation of elastoplastic constitutive laws, involving hardening/softening mechanisms and non‐associative properties. In order to model the non‐linear behavior of micro‐structured materials, the classical theory of time‐independent multisurface plasticity is herein extended to Cosserat continua. The account for plastic relative strains and curvatures is made by means of a robust quadratic‐convergent projection algorithm, specifically formulated for non‐associative and hardening/softening plasticity. Some important limitations of the classical implementation of the algorithm for multisurface plasticity prevent its application for any plastic surfaces and loading conditions. These limitations are addressed in this paper, and a robust solution strategy based on the singular value decomposition technique is proposed. The projection algorithm is then implemented into a finite element formulation for Cosserat continua. A specific finite element is considered, developed for micropolar plates. The element is validated through illustrative examples and applications, showing able performance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of the proteome by amino acids
Authors: Bourgoin‐Voillard Sandrine , Goron Arthur , Seve Michel , Moinard Christophe
Published: January 2016

Besides their main contribution as substrates for protein synthesis, amino acids as signaling molecules could exert some regulatory functions on protein synthesis and/or proteolysis that have been emphasized in a number of recent studies. Several publications have highlighted supplemental roles of those amino acids in protein metabolism as well as in immunity, heat shock response, or apoptosis processes. In this way, via their regulatory properties, selected amino acids (such as leucine, glutamine, arginine, citrulline, or methionine) directly influence the proteome. In this review, we are proposing an overview of the regulation of the proteome by amino acids in mammals.
Reactivities of mixed organozinc and mixed organocopper reagents. Part 13 Kinetic study for phosphine‐catalyzed acylation of alkylarylzincs and effect of residual group on the transfer rate of alkyl group
Authors: Ömür Pekel Özgen
Published: January 2016

Kinetics of reactions of di‐n‐butylzinc,n‐Bu2Zn, and mixedn‐butyl(substituted phenyl)zinc reagents andn‐Bu(functional group (FG)C6H4)Zn with benzoyl chloride in the presence of tri‐n‐butylphosphine have been investigated. Reaction rates of transferablen‐butyl group have been determined in tetrahydrofuran at 0 °C to compare the transfer rate ofn‐butyl group in homo and mixed diorganozincs. Rate law is consistent with a third‐order reaction, which is first order in diorganozinc, benzoyl chloride, andn‐Bu3P, and a mechanism was proposed. The lower reaction rate ofn‐BuPhZn than that ofn‐Bu2Zn and negative reaction constant in Hammett plot are in accordance with the carbanionic charge of transferablen‐butyl group in the acylation reaction. These findings support the hypothesis that the reaction rate of transferable group, RT, changes depending upon the residual group, RR, in RRRTZn reagents. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poly(3‐hexyl thiophene)‐b‐poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide): Synthesis and its composition dependent structural, solubility, thermoresponsive, electrochemical, and electronic properties
Authors: Kumari Pallavi , Khawas Koomkoom , Hazra Sunit , Kuila Biplab Kumar
Published: January 2016

Conjugated block copolymers consisting of poly(3‐hexyl thiophene) (P3HT) and a thermoresponsive polymer poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) with varying composition have been synthesized by facile click reaction between alkyne terminated P3HT and azide terminated PNIPAM. The composition‐dependent solubility, thermoresponsive property in water, phase behavior, electrochemical, optical, and electronic properties of the block copolymers were systematically investigated. The block copolymers with higher volume fraction of PNIPAM form thermoresponsive spherical micelles with P3HT‐rich crystalline cores and PNIPAM coronas. Both X‐ray and atomic force microscopic studies indicated that the blocks copolymers showed well‐defined microphase separated nanostructures and the structure depended on the composition of the blocks. The electrochemical study of the block copolymers clearly demonstrated that the extent of charge transport through the block copolymer thin film was similar to P3HT homopolymer without any significant change in the band gap. The block copolymers showed improved or similar charge carrier mobility compared with the pure P3HT depending on the composition of the block copolymer. These P3HT‐b‐PNIPAM copolymers were interesting for fabrication of optoelectronic devices capable of thermal and moisture sensing as well as for studying the thermoresponsive colloidal structures of semiconductor amphiphilic systems. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 1785–1794
Energetic Material/Polymer Interaction Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Oxley Jimmie C. , Smith James L. , Kagan Gerald L. , Zhang Guang , Swanson Devon S.
Published: January 2016

The interactions of energetic materials and polymers have important implications in safety, long‐term storage, and performance of explosives and explosive mixtures. Atomic force microscopy was used to investigate adhesion forces at the molecular scale of nine energetic materials, organic explosives and energetic salts, on eleven common polymers (polyethylene, polyvinylalcohol, poly(vinyl chloride), polycarbonate, polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), styrene‐butadiene rubber, poly(4‐vinyl phenol), poly(2,6‐dimethylphenylene oxide), poly(2,6‐diphenyl‐p‐phenylene oxide) (Tenax®), and polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon®)). Teflon was the least adhesive polymer to all energetic materials, while no distinct trend could be elucidated among the other polymers or energetic materials.
Actively tunable thin films for visible light by thermo‐optic modulation of ZnO
Authors: Battal Enes , Okyay Ali Kemal
Published: January 2016

Applications of active control of light matter interactions within integrated photonics, hyper‐spectral imaging, reconfigurable lasers, and selective bio‐surfaces have enormously increased the demand for realization of optical modulation covering the spectrum from ultraviolet (UV) up to infrared (IR) wavelength range. In this study, we demonstrate ZnO‐based actively tunable perfect absorber operating within UV and visible spectrum with more than 5 nm shift in the resonant absorption wavelength. Using spectroscopic ellipsometry technique, we extract temperature‐dependent optical constants of atomic layer‐deposited ZnO within 0.3–1.6 and 4–40 μm spectra. We also observe bandgap narrowing of ZnO at elevated temperatures due to lattice relaxation verified by the red‐shift of phonon‐modes. At around its bandgap, refractive index variations up to 0.2 is obtained and ZnO is shown to exhibit thermo‐optic coefficient as high as 9.17 × 10−4 K−1 around the bandgap which is the largest among well‐known large bandgap materials.
Cover Picture: Theory of optical properties of graphene quantum dots (Phys. Status Solidi RRL 1/2016)
Authors: Ozfidan Isil , Güçlü A. D. , Korkusinski Marek , Hawrylak Pawel
Published: January 2016

No abstract is available for this article.
Density functional theory study on the possibility of Si‐, Ge‐, and Sn‐doped carbon nanotubes as efficient support materials for platinum
Authors: Zhang Guohua , Chen Yun , Xie Weiyu , Liu Fang , Chen Chuntian
Published: January 2016

PBEPBE‐D3 calculations were performed to investigate how platinum (Pt) interacts with the internal and external surfaces of single‐walled pristine, Si‐, Ge‐, and Sn‐doped (6,6) carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Our calculations showed that atomic Pt demonstrates stronger binding strength on the external surfaces than the internal surface adsorption for the same type of nanotube. In cases of external surface adsorptions, Si‐, Ge‐, and Sn‐doped CNTs show comparable binding energies for Pt, at least 1.40 eV larger than pristine CNT. This enhancement can be rationalized by the strong covalent interactions between Pt and XC (X = Si, Ge, and Sn) pairs based on structural and projected density of states analysis. In terms of internal surface adsorptions, Ge and Sn doping could significantly enhance the binding of Pt. Pt atom shows much more delocalized and bonding states inside Ge‐ and Sn‐doped CNTs, indicating multiple‐site interaction pattern when atomic Pt is confined inside the nanotubes. However, the internal surface of Si‐doped CNT presents limited enhancement in Pt adsorption with respect to that of pristine CNT because of their similar binding geometries. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Theoretical insights into the relative bonding of normal and abnormal N‐heterocyclic carbenes in [PdCl2(NHCR)2] and [PdCl2(NHCR)(aNHCR)] (R = H, Ph, Mes)
Authors: Pandey Krishna K.
Published: January 2016

Quantum chemical insights into normal Pd‐C2(NHCR) and abnormal Pd‐C5(aNHCR) bonding, dominated by dispersion interactions in N‐hetereocyclic carbene complexes [PdCl2(NHCR)2] (I, R = H; II, R = Ph; III, R = Mes (2,4,6‐trimethyl)phenyl)) and [PdCl2(NHCR)(aNHCR] (IV, R = H; V, R = Ph; VI, R = Mes) have been investigated at DFT and DFT‐D3(BJ) level of theory with particular emphasis on the effects of the noncovalent interactions on the structures and the nature of Pd‐C2(NHCR) and Pd‐C5(aNHCR) bonds. The optimized geometries are good agreement with the experimental values. The Pd‐C bonds are essentially single bond. Hirshfeld charge distributions indicate that the abnormal aNHCR carbene ligand is relatively better electron donor than the normal NHCR carbene ligand. The C2 atom has larger %s contribution along Pd‐C2 bond than the C5 atom along Pd‐C5 bond. As a consequence the Pd‐C2(NHCR) bonds are relative stronger than the Pd‐C5(aNHCR) bonds. Thus, the results of natural hybrid orbital analysis support the key point of the present study. Calculations predict that for bulky substituent (R = Ph, Mes) at carbene, the Pd‐C2(NHCR) bond is stronger than Pd‐C5(aNHCR) bond due to large dispersion energy in [PdCl2(NHCR)2] than in [PdCl2(NHCR)(aNHCR)]. However, in case of non‐bulky substituent with small and almost equal contribution of dispersion energy, the Pd‐C2(NHCR) bond is relative weaker than Pd‐C5(aNHCR) bond. The bond dissociation energies are dependent on the R substituent, the DFT functional and the inclusion of dispersion interactions. Major point of this study is that the abnormal aNHCs are not always strongly bonded with metal center than the normal NHCs. Effects of dispersion interaction of substituent at nitrogen atoms of carbene ligand are found to play a crucial role on estimation of relative bonding strengths of the normal and abnormal aNHCs with metal center. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Climate change in literature and literary studies: From cli‐fi, climate change theater and ecopoetry to ecocriticism and climate change criticism
Authors: Johns‐Putra Adeline
Published: January 2016

In the last 5 years, climate change has emerged as a dominant theme in literature and, correspondingly, in literary studies. Its popularity in fiction has given rise to the term cli‐fi, or climate change fiction, and speculation that this constitutes a distinctive literary genre. In theater, the appearance of several big‐name productions from 2009 to 2011 has inspired an increase in climate change plays. There has been a growing trend, too, of climate change poetry, thanks to the rise of ecopoetry (poetry that exhibits ecological awareness and engages with the world's current state of environmental degradation) and the launch of some key climate change poetry initiatives in the media. This prevalence of climate change literature has brought about a greater engagement with climate change in literary studies, notably the environmentally oriented branch of literary studies called ecocriticism. The increasing number of ecocritical analyses of climate change literature, particularly novels, is helping to shape a canon of climate change fiction. In a separate development, there has been greater interest in the phenomenon of climate change in literary or critical theory (the branch of literary studies concerned with literary concepts and philosophies rather than with literary texts). This development—centered on the study of climate change as a philosophical or existentialist problem—is sometimes termed climate change criticism or critical climate change.WIREs Clim Change2016, 7:266–282. doi: 10.1002/wcc.385

This article is categorized under:

Trans‐Disciplinary Perspectives > Humanities and the Creative Arts
Displaced Proximal Humerus Fractures: Is a Sling as Good as a Plate?
Authors: Steinhaus Michael E. , Dare David M. , Gulotta Lawrence V.
Published: January 2016

The treatment of displaced proximal humerus fractures is challenging and complex, as its success is predicated on multiple factors. While it is clear that a majority of proximal humerus fractures may be treated nonoperatively, it is less clear which patients benefit from surgical management. The PROFHER trial, a randomized controlled study, used patient-reported outcomes to compare surgical to nonsurgical management of displaced proximal humerus fractures. The purpose of this review is to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the PROFHER trial and to assess the validity of its conclusion in the context of existing literature. The authors found no difference in the Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS) between the surgical and nonsurgical groups. Additionally, no difference was found between groups in any of the secondary outcomes, which included the Short-Form 12 (SF-12) health survey, surgical and fracture-related complications, additional surgery or therapy, inpatient medical complications, and mortality. They concluded that the recent increase in surgical management of proximal humerus fractures is perhaps unwarranted. While the randomization was successful and the pragmatic design may enable greater generalizability, this study possesses numerous flaws inherent in such an ambitious endeavor, including an inability to identify specific factors which explain the lack of superiority of surgical management. Despite its weaknesses, this study is a valuable datapoint which encourages surgeons to reexamine their surgical indications for this injury.
The Management of the Symptomatic Patient with a Metal-on-Metal Hip Prosthesis
Authors: Harrington Kate , Phelan Emma , Torreggiani William C. , Doody Orla
Published: January 2016

Metal-on-metal (MoM) hip implants have gained popularity due to their greater stability and reduction in implant failure compare to metal-on-polyethylene prostheses. However, as well as carrying general risks of hip implantation, risks specifically associated with MoM implants have been well documented in recent years. Conditions such as pseudotumours or aseptic lymphocyte-dominated vasculitis-associated lesions are specific to MoM hip implants. In this review we discuss the typical patient presentation, the investigations that should be performed, the typical findings on various imaging modalities, and the treatment options of symptomatic patients with MoM hip arthroplasties.
First in human study with a prodrug of galantamine: Improved benefit‐risk ratio?
Authors: Baakman Anne C. , 't Hart Ellen , Kay Denis G. , Stevens Jasper , Klaassen Erica S. , Maelicke Alfred , Groeneveld Geert J.
Published: January 2016

Introduction

Gln‐1062 (Memogain) is a pharmacologically inactive prodrug of galantamine. Owing to its lipophilic nature, it preferentially enters the brain, where it is cleaved into active galantamine. Gln‐1062 is expected to have fewer peripheral side effects than other cholinesterase inhibitors, with improved effectiveness.

Methods

This was a double‐blind, comparator and placebo‐controlled, sequential cohort, single ascending dose study in 58 healthy subjects with Gln‐1062 in doses of 5.5, 11, 22, 33, and 44 mg, compared with oral galantamine 16 mg and donepezil 10 mg. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics were assessed.

Results

Gln‐1062 doses up to 33 mg were well tolerated and induced a dose‐dependent increase in the plasma concentrations of Gln‐1062 and galantamine. Gln‐1062 had a dose‐dependent positive effect on verbal memory and attention, mainly in the first hours after drug administration.

Discussion

Gln‐1062 was better tolerated than galantamine in doses with the same molarity and led to improved effects in cognitive tests. This is most likely caused by the more favorable distribution ratio between peripheral and central cholinesterase inhibition. These results give reason for further exploration of this compound.
Neurological Diseases, Disorders and Injuries in Canada: Highlights of a National Study
Authors: Bray Garth M. , Huggett Deanna L.
Published: January 2016

The National Population Health Study of Neurological Conditions, a partnership between Neurological Health Charities Canada and the Government of Canada, was the largest study of neurological diseases, disorders, and injuries ever conducted in Canada. Undertaken between 2009 and 2013, the expansive program of research addressed the epidemiology, impacts, health services, and risk factors of 18 neurological conditions and estimated the health outcomes and costs of these conditions in Canada through 2031. This review summarizes highlights from the component projects of the study as presented in the synthesis report,Mapping Connections: An Understanding of Neurological Conditions in Canada. The key findings included new prevalence and incidence estimates, documentation of the diverse and often debilitating effects of neurological conditions, and identification of the utilization, economic costs, and current limitations of related health services. The study findings will support health charities, governments, and other stakeholders to reduce the impact of neurological conditions in Canada.
The Under-Utilization of the Head Impulse Test in the Emergency Department
Authors: McDowell Timothy , Moore Fraser
Published: January 2016

Background: The head impulse test (HIT) is an evidenced based clinical tool to differentiate between peripheral and central causes of vertigo. Our objective was to determine the rate of utilization of the HIT in the emergency room (ER). Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients presenting to the ER over one year who received a final diagnosis of dizziness or vertigo. Details of clinical examinations, investigations, and diagnosis were recorded. Patients were grouped into episodic, acute constant, and chronic vertigo groups. Results: HIT was performed in only 31 of 642 (5%) patients with vertigo. In the acute constant group it was negative in 6 of 6 patients ultimately diagnosed with stroke and positive in 6 of 13 cases of peripheral vertigo.Discussion: Despite good published evidence regarding its use the HIT is under-utilized in the ER. Physicians need to be aware of the HIT and newer video HITs and make use of them in practice.
EPISTEMIC ENTITLEMENT AND THE LEACHING PROBLEM
Authors: McGlynn Aidan
Published: January 2016

Crispin Wright has explored and defended the proposal that we are rational in accepting certain ‘cornerstone’ propositions that play an epistemically foundational role on the basis of non-evidential warrants – entitlements – rather than on the basis of evidential justifications. One of the principal objections to this proposal, formulated by Wright himself, is the leaching problem. Put metaphorically, the problem is that it's hard to see how a superstructure of justified belief and knowledge could have something less epistemically secure lying at its foundations. In this paper I discuss how to best formulate the objection behind the metaphor, and I argue that it remains a live worry despite Wright's attempts to neutralize it. I also aim to clarify Wright's conservatism in light of some conflicting remarks he has made about whether he takes acquiring (as opposed to claiming to possess) justification or knowledge to be subject to the conservative requirement that one must have antecedent warrant for accepting the relevant cornerstone propositions. A major theme of the paper is that these two issues are intimately linked – that formulating Wright's conservatism in the most stable and motivated way leaves him without a response to the leaching problem considered in its strongest form.
LEARNING TO LISTEN: EPISTEMIC INJUSTICE AND THE CHILD
Authors: Burroughs Michael D. , Tollefsen Deborah
Published: January 2016

InEpistemic InjusticeMiranda Fricker argues that there is a distinctively epistemic type of injustice in which someone is wronged specifically in his or her capacity as a knower. Fricker's examples of identity-prejudicial credibility deficit primarily involve gender, race, and class, in which individuals are given less credibility due to prejudicial stereotypes. We argue that children, as a class, are also subject to testimonial injustice and receive less epistemic credibility than they deserve. To illustrate the prevalence of testimonial injustice against children we document examples of negative prejudicial treatment in forensic contexts where children frequently act as testifiers. These examples, along with research on the child's competence and reliability as a testifier, reveal widespread epistemic prejudice against children. Given that subjection to prejudice can have a detrimental impact on children we discuss ways to ameliorate this form of testimonial injustice. We argue that, both in formal and natural contexts, the child's testimony should be evaluated alongside the relationships that support (or fail to support) her development as a testifier. The adult can play a central role in creating successful testimonial interactions with children by acting as a “responsible hearer.”
International Influences and Democratic Regression in Interwar Europe: Disentangling the Impact of Power Politics and Demonstration Effects
Authors: Møller Jørgen , Skaaning Svend-Erik , Tolstrup Jakob
Published: January 2016

Scholars have convincingly argued that theoretical frameworks that combine international influences and domestic factors are needed to understand political regime developments. We argue that exogenous shifts in the balance of power between great powers (‘power politics’) spark demonstration effects. These, in turn, are filtered into the domestic political system of smaller states via changes in political polarization – but with the effects being conditional on the domestic vulnerability of democracy. To assess this framework we turn to interwar Europe, where the international order changed from undergirding democracy to facilitating autocratic rule. An analysis of three countries (Poland, Austria and Denmark), backed by a more general glance at the remaining interwar cases, shows that the interaction between demonstration effects, pressure from great powers and the domestic resilience of democracy offers substantial leverage in accounting for patterns of democratic regression.
Elderly Taiwanese who spend more on fruits and vegetables and less on animal-derived foods use less medical services and incur lower medical costs
Authors: Lo Yuan-Ting C. , Wahlqvist Mark L. , Huang Yi-Chen , Lee Meei-Shyuan
Published: January 2016

A higher intake of fruits and vegetables (F&V) compared with animal-derived foods is associated with lower risks of all-cause-, cancer- and CVD-related mortalities. However, the association between consumption patterns and medical costs remains unclear. The effects of various food group costs on medical service utilisation and costs were investigated. The study cohort was recruited through the Elderly Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan between 1999 and 2000 and followed-up for 8 years until 2006. It comprised free-living elderly participants who provided a 24-h dietary recall. Daily energy-adjusted food group costs were estimated. Annual medical service utilisation and costs for 1445 participants aged 65–79 years were calculated from the National Health Insurance claim data. Generalised linear models were used to appraise the associations between the food group costs and medical service utilisation and costs. Older adults with the highest F&V cost tertile had significantly fewer hospital days (30 %) and total medical costs (19 %), whereas those in the highest animal-derived group had a higher number of hospital days (28 %) and costs (83 %) as well as total medical costs (38 %). Participants in the high F&V and low animal-derived cost groups had the shortest annual hospitalisation stays (5·78 d) and lowest costs (NT$38 600) as well as the lowest total medical costs (NT$75 800), a mean annual saving of NT$45 200/person. Older adults who spend more on F&V and less on animal-derived foods have a reduced medical-care system burden. This provides opportunities for nutritionally related healthcare system investment strategies.
Longitudinal diet quality is not associated with depressive symptoms in a cohort of middle-aged Australian women
Authors: Lai Jun S. , Oldmeadow Christopher , Hure Alexis J. , McEvoy Mark , Byles Julie , Attia John
Published: January 2016

There is increasing evidence for the role of nutrition in the prevention of depression. This study aims to describe changes in diet quality over 12 years among participants in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health in relation to changes in depressive symptoms. Women born between 1946 and 1951 were followed-up for 12 years (2001–2013). Dietary intake was assessed using the Dietary Questionnaire for Epidemiological Studies (version 2) in 2001, 2007 and every 2–3 years after that until 2013. Diet quality was summarised using the Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS). Depressive symptoms were measured using the ten-item Centre for Epidemiologic Depression Scale at every 2–3-year intervals during 2001–2013. Linear mixed models were used to examine trends in diet quality and its sub-components. The same model including time-varying covariates was used to examine associations between diet quality and depressive symptoms adjusting for confounders. Sensitivity analyses were carried out using the Mediterranean dietary pattern (MDP) index to assess diet quality. Minimal changes in overall diet quality and its sub-components over 12 years were observed. There was a significant association between baseline diet quality and depression (β=−0·24, P=0·001), but this was lost when time-varying covariates were added (β=−0·04, P=0·10). Sensitivity analyses showed similar performance for both ARFS and MDP in predicting depressive symptoms. In conclusion, initial associations seen when using baseline measures of diet quality and depressive symptoms disappear when using methods that handle time-varying covariates, suggesting that previous studies indicating a relationship between diet and depression may have been affected by residual confounding.
A healthy Nordic diet and physical performance in old age: findings from the longitudinal Helsinki Birth Cohort Study
Authors: Perälä Mia-Maria , von Bonsdorff Mikaela , Männistö Satu , Salonen Minna K. , Simonen Mika , Kanerva Noora , Pohjolainen Pertti , Kajantie Eero , Rantanen Taina , Eriksson Johan G.
Published: January 2016

Epidemiological studies have shown that a number of nutrients are associated with better physical performance. However, little is still known about the role of the whole diet, particularly a healthy Nordic diet, in relation to physical performance. Therefore, we examined whether a healthy Nordic diet was associated with measures of physical performance 10 years later. We studied 1072 participants from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study. Participants’ diet was assessed using a validated 128-item FFQ at the mean age of 61 years, and a priori-defined Nordic diet score (NDS) was calculated. The score included Nordic fruits and berries, vegetables, cereals, PUFA:SFA and trans-fatty acids ratio, low-fat milk, fish, red and processed meat, total fat and alcohol. At the mean age of 71 years, participants’ physical performance was measured using the Senior Fitness Test (SFT), and an overall SFT score was calculated. Women in the highest fourth of the NDS had on average 5 points higher SFT score compared with those in the lowest fourth (Pfor trend 0·005). No such association was observed in men. Women with the highest score had 17 % better result in the 6-min walk test, 16 % better arm curl and 20 % better chair stand results compared with those with the lowest score (all P values<0·01). In conclusion, a healthy Nordic diet was associated with better overall physical performance among women and might help decrease the risk of disability in old age.
Development and validation of two food portion photograph books to assess dietary intake among adults and children in Central Africa
Authors: Amougou Norbert , Cohen Emmanuel , Mbala Marie L. , Grosdidier Basile , Bernard Jonathan Y. , Saïd-Mohamed Rihlat , Pasquet Patrick
Published: January 2016

Owing to nutritional transition in Cameroon, one in two adults is overweight and one in five is obese, and 8·1 % of children are overweight and 2·1 % are obese. Given this phenomenon, dietary intake assessment is needed to establish appropriate preventive nutrition-sensitive strategies. Our aim was to develop and test the validity of two food portion photograph books (FPPB) to be used as visual aids for adults and children taking part in a 24-h dietary recall. To design FPPB, interviews and focus group discussions were undertaken with women to obtain consensus on the local categorisation of foods. For each cooked and weighed food, three photographs of the average small, medium and large serving portion sizes were taken, and four intermediary portion sizes were calculated. To validate the FPPB, a sample of adults (361) and children (224) were asked, at meal times, to self-serve a food portion prepared in the household and the portion sizes were weighed; 24 h after the measurement, the same subjects were shown the appropriate FPPB and were asked to indicate the food and the portion they consumed. In adults, of the 821 portions tested, 77 % were accurately estimated, whereas in children 74 % of the 556 portions tested were accurately estimated. For both groups, the small- and medium-sized portions were frequently selected and accurately estimated (>70 %). Our findings suggest that the adult and children’s FPPB can be used in Cameroon to estimate food portion sizes, and thus nutritional intake in the frame of the 24-h dietary recall.
The Anatomical Perspective: Epistemology and Ethics in a Colonial Missionary Clinic
Authors: Ko Kevin E.
Published: January 2016

For Dutch Calvinist missionaries in Central Java, two events bookended the radically transformative decade of the 1890s. The first, at the start of the decade, was the severing of relations with a charismatic Javanese leader named Sadrach, a decision that marked a redoubled commitment to suppress local Christian syncretism and to promote Calvinist orthodoxy in its stead. The second, at the decade's end, was the establishment of a modern clinic to serve as the flagship institution of a reformulated and reinvigorated missionary project. This article considers how these two seemingly disparate events are related. It suggests that much of what was troubling to missionaries about Sadrach and his indigenous Christian movement involved their understandings and uses of the body. I then consider how the mission attempted to use modern clinical experience and the anatomical perspective to address a range of ethical and epistemological problems posed by Sadrach and his followers' understandings of the body. The modern clinic would serve as a key pedagogical and disciplinary tool for the reordering of a vocabulary and syntax of bodies and souls, a grammar of religious and social expression.
Parameter Uncertainty in Multiperiod Portfolio Optimization with Transaction Costs
Authors: DeMiguel Victor , Martín-Utrera Alberto , Nogales Francisco J.
Published: January 2016

We study the impact of parameter uncertainty on the expected utility of a multiperiod investor subject to quadratic transaction costs. We characterize the utility loss associated with ignoring parameter uncertainty, and show that it is equal to the product between the single-period utility loss and another term that captures the effects of the multiperiod mean-variance utility and transaction cost losses. To mitigate the impact of parameter uncertainty, we propose two multiperiod shrinkage portfolios and demonstrate with simulated and empirical data sets that they substantially outperform portfolios that ignore parameter uncertainty, transaction costs, or both.
Acoustic correlates of lexical stress in Uyghur
Authors: Yakup Mahire , Sereno Joan A.
Published: January 2016

The present study examined lexical stress patterns in Uyghur, a Turkic language. The main goal of this research was to isolate and determine which acoustic parameters provide cues to stress in Uyghur. A number of studies have investigated the phonetic correlates of lexical stress across the world's languages, with stressed syllables often longer in duration, higher in pitch, and greater in amplitude. The present study systematically investigated the acoustic cues to stress in Uyghur, examining duration, fundamental frequency, and amplitude. Three experiments were conducted: one utilizing minimal pairs in Uyghur, one examining disyllabic nouns in Uyghur that contrasted in the first syllable, and one investigating the interaction of lexical stress with Uyghur sentence intonation. The data consistently show that duration was a robust cue to stress in Uyghur, with less consistent effects for intensity. The data also clearly show that fundamental frequency was not a cue to lexical stress in Uyghur. Uyghur does not use the fundamental frequency to distinguish stressed from unstressed syllables. The results suggest that Uyghur does not pattern like a pitch-accent language (e.g. Turkish), but rather like a stress-accent language.
The use of ground penetrating radar (GPR) in the investigation of historical quarry abandonment in Svalbard
Authors: Koster Benjamin , Kruse Frigga
Published: January 2016

This paper investigates historical quarry abandonment in Spitsbergen, Svalbard. A short-lived British marble quarry in Kongsfjorden lay deserted after 1920. We ask why this attempt at the large-scale development of Arctic marble was unproductive; whether there are structural features that affected the known historical trenches and boreholes; and whether the reason for abandonment was primarily geological. During interdisciplinary fieldwork rooted in industrial archaeology and structural geology, we employed medium-resolution ground penetration radar (GPR) to discern subsurface disturbances near the workings. Seven survey grids gave rise to both areas of fracturing and folding as well as areas of sound marble. Using complementary historical documents, we are able to dispel the myths that permafrost or shattered surface rock affected workability and profitability. Although structural disturbances were present, bedrock geology was, in fact, less important than the proportion of waste rock to marketable product. Whether a product was marketable depended on a multitude of other factors. This paper moves away from oversimplified reasoning in mining history and promotes the bridging of geological and historical scales in order to understand the full suite of local and global driving forces in the historical process.
Decoupling of the amygdala to other salience network regions in adolescent-onset recurrent major depressive disorder
Authors: Jacobs R. H. , Barba A. , Gowins J. R. , Klumpp H. , Jenkins L. M. , Mickey B. J. , Ajilore O. , Peciña M. , Sikora M. , Ryan K. A. , Hsu D. T. , Welsh R. C. , Zubieta J.-K. , Phan K. L. , Langenecker S. A.
Published: January 2016

Background

Recent meta-analyses of resting-state networks in major depressive disorder (MDD) implicate network disruptions underlying cognitive and affective features of illness. Heterogeneity of findings to date may stem from the relative lack of data parsing clinical features of MDD such as phase of illness and the burden of multiple episodes.

Method

Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected from 17 active MDD and 34 remitted MDD patients, and 26 healthy controls (HCs) across two sites. Participants were medication-free and further subdivided into those with singlev.multiple episodes to examine disease burden. Seed-based connectivity using the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) seed to probe the default mode network as well as the amygdala and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) seeds to probe the salience network (SN) were conducted.

Results

Young adults with remitted MDD demonstrated hyperconnectivity of the left PCC to the left inferior frontal gyrus and of the left sgACC to the right ventromedial prefrontal cortex (PFC) and left hippocampus compared with HCs. Episode-independent effects were observed between the left PCC and the right dorsolateral PFC, as well as between the left amygdala and right insula and caudate, whereas the burden of multiple episodes was associated with hypoconnectivity of the left PCC to multiple cognitive control regions as well as hypoconnectivity of the amygdala to large portions of the SN.

Conclusions

This is the first study of a homogeneous sample of unmedicated young adults with a history of adolescent-onset MDD illustrating brain-based episodic features of illness.
Adaptation under Scrutiny: Peering Through the Lens of Community Governance in China
Authors: HOWELL JUDE
Published: January 2016

This paper examines processes of adaptive governance and authoritarian resilience through the lens of community governance, bringing together hitherto unrelated fields of study. It argues first that adaptation has unintended consequences that can threaten stability but do not necessarily cause regime crisis. Second, it contends that the structural fault-lines of institutionalised categorical inequality, marketisation, and professionalization, along with the pathologies of Leninist authoritarianism, undermine adaptive community governance. The paper draws on qualitative research in two neighbourhoods of Shanghai.