bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Choosing Wisely Neurology: Recommendations for the Canadian Neurological Society
Authors: Beyak Catherine , Costello Fiona , Burton Jodie M. , Couillard Philippe
Published: September 2020

Background:

Choosing Wisely Canada (CWC) is a national branch of a global campaign advocating for fewer unnecessary tests and for optimizing patient care. Professional societies representing physicians, pharmacists, and nurses participate by generating lists of recommendations meant to reduce patient harm and resource mismanagement in healthcare. The Canadian Neurological Society (CNS) plays an important role in advocating for quality patient care demonstrated by deriving specific recommendations. This process is described.

Method:

The CNS Choosing Wisely task force adapted 10 recommendations for Canadian neurology practice. These were approved by the CNS board, and subsequently ranked by CNS members.

Results:

Ten recommendations were brought forward and ranked in a survey completed by CNS members. Survey ranking is presented. The top five recommendations were selected and optimized, resulting in seven key recommendations.

Conclusion:

The recommendations set forth by the CNS will help with resource stewardship and patient safety in the delivery of neurological care by healthcare providers in Canada.
Doing Trans-Economic Justice: A Critique of Anti-Discrimination Laws and Inclusive Employment Policies
Authors: Irving Dan , Hoo Nathan
Published: September 2020

This article draws on our qualitative study of trans unemployment to introduce considerations of the relationship between trans unemployment and the demands for workers across economic sectors to perform affective labour as integral to industrial service relations. Affective dimensions of labour are often unspoken and unconscious, rendering it challenging for anti-discrimination laws to accommodate. We demonstrate the ways that recent cases grounded on unconscious bias open spaces for further consideration of the ways that trans employment discrimination rooted in demands for affective labour can be dealt with by anti-discrimination law.
A cloud-based bioinformatic analytic infrastructure and Data Management Core for the Expanded Program on Immunization Consortium
Authors: Vignolo Sofia M. , Diray-Arce Joann , McEnaney Kerry , Rao Shun , Shannon Casey P. , Idoko Olubukola T. , Cole Fatoumata , Darboe Alansana , Cessay Fatoumatta , Ben-Othman Rym ,   EPIC Consortium, Tebbutt Scott J. , Kampmann Beate , Levy Ofer , Ozonoff Al
Published: September 2020

The Expanded Program for Immunization Consortium – Human Immunology Project Consortium study aims to employ systems biology to identify and characterize vaccine-induced biomarkers that predict immunogenicity in newborns. Key to this effort is the establishment of the Data Management Core (DMC) to provide reliable data and bioinformatic infrastructure for centralized curation, storage, and analysis of multiple de-identified “omic” datasets. The DMC established a cloud-based architecture using Amazon Web Services to track, store, and share data according to National Institutes of Health standards. The DMC tracks biological samples during collection, shipping, and processing while capturing sample metadata and associated clinical data. Multi-omic datasets are stored in access-controlled Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) for data security and file version control. All data undergo quality control processes at the generating site followed by DMC validation for quality assurance. The DMC maintains a controlled computing environment for data analysis and integration. Upon publication, the DMC deposits finalized datasets to public repositories. The DMC architecture provides resources and scientific expertise to accelerate translational discovery. Robust operations allow rapid sharing of results across the project team. Maintenance of data quality standards and public data deposition will further benefit the scientific community.
Measuring organizational mentoring climate: Importance and availability scales
Authors: Tigges Beth B. , Sood Akshay , Dominguez Nora , Kurka Jonathan M. , Myers Orrin B. , Helitzer Deborah
Published: September 2020

Introduction:

Although organizational climate may affect faculty’s mentoring behaviors, there has not been any way to measure that climate. The purpose of this study was to test the reliability and validity of two novel scales to measure organizational mentoring climate importance and availability at two public research universities.

Methods:

We developed 36 content-valid mentoring climate items in four dimensions: Structure, Programs/Activities, Policies/Guidelines, and Values. In total, 355 faculty completed an anonymous, structured, online survey asking about the importance (very important to very unimportant) and availability (no, don’t know, yes) of each of the items. We conducted reliability analyses and construct validity testing using exploratory common factor analysis, principal axis factoring, and oblique rotation.

Results:

The majority of the predominantly female, White non-Hispanic, senior, tenure-track faculty were not currently mentoring another faculty or being mentored. Analyses demonstrated a 15-item solution for both the Organizational Mentoring Climate Importance (OMCI) and the Availability (OMCA) Scales, with three factors each: Organizational Expectations, Mentor–Mentee Relationships, and Resources. Standardized Cronbach alphas ranged from 0.74 to 0.90 for the subscales, and 0.94 (OMCI) and 0.87 (OMCA) for the full scales. Faculty rated all items as somewhat to very important; however, perceived availability was very low ranging from mentor training programs (40%) to guidelines for evaluating mentoring success or managing conflict (2.5%).

Conclusions:

The scales will allow studying of how organizational climate may affect mentoring behavior and whether climate can be changed to improve faculty mentoring outcomes. We provide recommendations for furthering the science of organizational mentoring climate and culture.
Were Jews in interwar Poland more educated?
Authors: Abramitzky Ran , Halaburda Hanna
Published: September 2020

In the context of interwar Poland, we find that Jews tended to be more literate than non-Jews, but show that this finding is driven by a composition effect. In particular, most Jews lived in cities and most non-Jews lived in rural areas, and people in cities were more educated than people in villages regardless of their religion. The case of interwar Poland illustrates that the Jewish relative education advantage depends on the historical and institutional contexts.
Lack of Alignment in Emergency Response by Systems and the Public: A Dutch Disaster Health Literacy Case Study
Authors: Sørensen Kristine
Published: September 2020

Objective:

Disaster health literacy is vital for emergency medicine and public health preparedness. Conversely, how health and safety information is communicated has a significant impact on disaster health literacy. A lack of alignment between the disaster response and the public’s reaction was apparent during a Dutch chemical incident. This case study aims to provide insights into why that misalignment occurred.

Methods:

The case study used readily available Twitter data. The tweets represented both the public and the authorities. The tweets were coded, thematically categorised, analysed, and synthesised to generate an explanatory framework describing the obstacles experienced during the emergency.

Results:

The analysis identified four areas of concern with regards to the lack of alignment between the authorities and the public: the alert of the chemical incident, the inadequate communication, the problematic disaster management, and the insufficient disaster health literacy.

Conclusion:

The case study showed shortcomings in communication and a lack of alignment in the emergency response of the authorities as well as the public’s disaster health literacy. Immediate action points were apparent, and a more profound evaluation is recommended to avoid further escalation of an emergency in the future. Trust needs to be built before the next incident strikes.
Injury Assessment of Individuals Wounded in the Lushan Earthquake and the Emergency Department Workload: A Corresponding Correlation Study
Authors: Tang Shiyuan , Ni Fen , Hu Hai , Du Xiaojiong , Zhu Shuheng , Wang Haoyuan , Niu Zhendong , He Yarong , Cao Yu
Published: September 2020

Objective:

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the correlation between the trauma score of individuals wounded in the Lushan earthquake and emergency workload for treatment. We further created a trauma score-emergency workload calculation model.

Methods:

We included data from patients wounded in the Lushan earthquake and treated at West China Hospital, Sichuan University. We calculated scores per the following models separately: Revised Trauma Score (RTS), Prehospital Index (PHI), Circulation Respiration Abdominal Movement Speech (CRAMS), Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS-28), and Nursing Activities Score (NAS). We assessed the association between values for CRAMS, PHI, and RTS and those for TISS-28 and NAS. Subsequently, we built a trauma score-emergency workload calculation model to quantitative workload estimation.

Results:

Significant correlations were observed for all pairs of trauma scoring models with emergency workload scoring models. TISS-28 score was significantly associated with PHI score and RTS; however, no significant correlation was observed between the TISS-28 score and CRAMS score.

Conclusions:

CRAMS, PHI, and RTS were consistent in evaluating the injury condition of wounded individuals; TISS-28 and NAS scores were consistent in evaluating the required treatment workload. Dynamic changes in emergency workload in unit time were closely associated with wounded patient visits.
Dei Verbum: Scripture, Tradition, and Historical Criticism
Authors: Thiel John E.
Published: September 2020

The Council Fathers at Vatican II struggled to negotiate the Council's teaching on divine revelation with regard to the teaching of Trent, but more immediately with regard to the modern theology of the Magisterium and the modern value of historical criticism that had recently been recognized by Pius XII as having a legitimate role in the interpretation of Scripture.Dei Verbum's teaching stressed the unity of Scripture and tradition in the revelation of God's word, but never considered the role of historical criticism in the interpretation of God's word in tradition that it affirmed in God's revelation in the biblical word. This article argues that the recognition of the legitimate role of historical criticism in the interpretation of tradition remains an issue of needed development in the teaching ofDei Verbum.
Impact of national guidelines for antimicrobial stewardship to reduce antibiotic use in upper respiratory tract infection and gastroenteritis
Authors: Sato Daisuke , Goto Tadahiro , Uda Kazuaki , Kumazawa Ryosuke , Matsui Hiroki , Yasunaga Hideo
Published: September 2020

Objective:

To examine whether the issue and dissemination of national guidelines in the Manual of Antimicrobial Stewardship had an impact on reducing antibiotic use for acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) and gastroenteritis.

Method:

An interrupted time-series analysis was performed using a large nationwide database from June 2016 to June 2018. Outpatients with ARTI or gastroenteritis aged ≥6 years were identified. The outcome measures were any antibiotic use and broad-spectrum antibiotic use. The season-adjusted changes in the rate of antibiotic prescriptions for 2 periods before and after the guideline issue date were examined.

Results:

There were 13,177,735 patients with ARTI and 300,565 patients with gastroenteritis during the study period. Among patients with ARTI, there was a significant downward trend in antibiotic use during the 2-year study period (−0.06% per week; 95% CI, −0.07% to −0.04%). However, there was no significant change in trends of antibiotic use between the pre-issue period and post-issue period (trend difference, −0.01% per week; 95% CI, −0.10% to 0.07%). Similarly, for patients with gastroenteritis, there was no significant change in the trends of antibiotic use between the pre-issue period and post-issue period (trend difference, −0.02% per week; 95% CI, −0.04% to 0.01%). Similar associations were observed in analyses for broad-spectrum antibiotic use.

Conclusions:

Despite the issue of national guidelines to promote the appropriate use of antibiotics, there were no significant changes in trends of antibiotic use for outpatients with ARTI or gastroenteritis between the pre-issue and post-issue periods.
Fragility and resilience in the European Union's security strategy: comparing policy paradigms
Authors: Baldaro Edoardo , Costantini Irene
Published: September 2020

The article takesfragilityandresilienceas distinct policy paradigms, and proposes a structured, focused comparison of how they informed and changed the EU approach to conflict and crisis management in time. The first section provides a cumulative synthesis of the debate onfragilityandresiliencein the international and European security discourse and practice on the background of which their comparison is built. By analysing the founding documents respectively endorsingfragilityandresiliencein the European context, namely the 2003 European Security Strategy and the 2016 European Union Global Strategy in addition to the existing literature on these topics, the two paradigms are examined in terms of (1) what understanding of the international system they advance; (2) where they identify the locus of the threat; (3) which role they attribute to the international community (4) and the type of solutions they proposed. In accordance with our results, we conclude that the two paradigms are not in competition, since they emerged from and reflected a contingent shift in global and local environments. Moreover, rather than providing a novel lens to better look at conflict and crisis situation, resilience is found to offer more insights into the EU's perception of its role in these contexts.
Success or failure? Making sense of outcomes in a public sector change project
Authors: Hagebakken Grete , Olsen Trude Høgvold , Solstad Elsa
Published: September 2020

The most common method of assessing outcomes of change projects is to compare the final outcomes with predefined goals and conclude that the project has been a success, or more commonly, a failure. We question whether such simple conclusions pay due respect to complex processes. In this paper, we apply a sensemaking perspective to explore how and when outcomes of change projects are assessed. We report from a longitudinal case study of a project in the Norwegian public sector that was initiated to suggest and implement changes in response to major challenges in the health sector. We found outcome narratives in all project phases, including those not based on change objectives. The study contributes to the literature by suggesting that outcome narratives are continuously constructed throughout change projects and that competing outcome narratives can co-exist, be reinforced or be merged over time.
Plectatrypinae and other ribbed atrypides succeeding the end Ordovician extinction event, Central Oslo Region, Norway
Authors: Baarli B. Gudveig
Published: September 2020

Strata of the Solvik Formation in the central Oslo Region (upper Hirnantian through most of Aeronian) are very fossiliferous and provide a good record relating to the survival and recovery faunas after the end-Ordovician mass extinctions. The ribbed atrypide fauna is especially rich with 21 species present. Samples from most of these taxa have been sectioned to reveal internal structures for taxonomic study. Of these, 13 species belong to the family Atrypidae, three of which are described in the present paper;Dihelictera engerensisn. sp.,Gotatrypa vettrensisn. sp., andRhinatrypa henningsmoenin. gen. The family Atrypidae follows a global pattern of recovery with an increase in diversity registered in upper Rhuddanian and further diversification in Aeronian strata. The focus of this paper is the family Atrypinidae, which shows a different pattern. They are common and fairly diverse near the base of the Rhuddanian in deeper waters and rare further up, especially in the Aeronian. One new genus,Bockeliena, and two new species,Plectatrypa rindiandEuroatrypa?sigridiare defined. The relationship between the subfamilies Spirigerininae and Plectatrypinae is clarified through thin sections of material from the Ordovician/Silurian boundary layers. The plectatrypids originated in Baltica through transitional species found in upper Katian to Hirnantian strata leading from the cosmopolitanEospirigerinato thePlectatrypalineage with imbricate ribbing and, separately, toBockelienaand others with lamellose, widely spaced ornamentation. The Oslo Region probably acted as a nexus for survival and spread of brachiopods after the end-Ordovician mass extinction.

UUID:http://zoobank.org/95340b41-5537-4192-9338-211a2940bea8.
Amazons and fallen women: transgressive female behaviour in the novels of Giuseppe Garibaldi
Authors: Moore Diana
Published: September 2020

This article draws attention to the understudied literary career of one of Italy's most famous patriots, Giuseppe Garibaldi. From 1868 to 1874, Garibaldi wrote and published three novels:Clelia(1870),Cantoni(1870), andI Mille(1874). Scholars have recognised the works as evidence of Garibaldi's anticlericalism and dissatisfaction with Italy's political moderatism, but have not yet sufficiently shown how the novels reveal the influence of Garibaldi's involvement with the female emancipation movement and his personal relationships with unconventional women. While Garibaldi is less well-known for his feminism than other men of the left, like Giuseppe Mazzini, his fictional heroines celebrate female physical strength and violence, offer women a means of participating in the nation outside the home, and challenge the predominant sexual double standard. While acknowledging that Garibaldi often conformed to prevailing patriarchal literary conventions, this article argues that his novels simultaneously offer support for the values of female emancipation.
Cave life histories of non-anthropogenic sediments help us understand associated archaeological contexts
Authors: Karkanas Panagiotis , Marean Curtis , Bar-Matthews Mira , Jacobs Zenobia , Fisher Eric , Braun Kerstin
Published: September 2020

Pinnacle Point (PP) near Mossel Bay in the Western Cape Province, South Africa, is known for a series of archaeological caves with important archaeological finds. Extensive excavations and studies in two of them (PP13B and PP5-6) have documented alternating periods of anthropogenic-dominated and geogenic-dominated sedimentation. A variety of caves do not bear evidence of anthropogenic remains. We have studied in detail the remnant deposits of three of them, Staircase Cave, Crevice Cave, and PP29, which have been formed under the same geologic and sedimentary conditions with those with anthropogenic contributions. Their remains are small and patchy but have extensive speleothem formations (as do most caves at PP) that were isotopically analyzed for paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental reconstruction. These caves also offer the opportunity to understand the purely geogenic signature of the PP locality and thus offer a geogenic baseline for the anthropogenic caves. Archaeologists normally focus only on sites with strong anthropogenic signals, but by building cave life histories we “raise the bar” (Goldberg 2008, p. 30) on our contextual knowledge.
A class of three-dimensional gyroviscous magnetohydrodynamic models
Authors: Lingam Manasvi , Morrison Philip J. , Wurm Alexander
Published: September 2020

A Hamiltonian and action principle formalism for deriving three-dimensional gyroviscous magnetohydrodynamic models is presented. The uniqueness of the approach in constructing the gyroviscous tensor from first principles and its ability to explain the origin of the gyromap and the gyroviscous terms are highlighted. The procedure allows for the specification of free functions, which can be used to generate a wide range of gyroviscous models. Through the process of reduction, the noncanonical Hamiltonian bracket is obtained and briefly analysed.
Prey–predator interaction suggests sacred groves are not functionally different from neighbouring used lands
Authors: Hariraveendra M. , Rajesh T.P. , Unni Anjana P. , Sinu Palatty Allesh
Published: September 2020

Sacred groves (SG) of south India are either relics of primary or secondary forests or swamps, worshipped by the local communities, and distributed in the countrysides (CS) and forest landscapes of India. Studies suggest that SGs harbour a biodiversity different from that of adjoining CS and have a structural similarity to protected forests. Studies also suggest a negative effect of structural complexity of forests on predation. Considering these two expectations, we compared the predation of artificial caterpillars inside SGs and CSs with the hypothesis that predation will be less in SG than in CS. Examining the predation marks, we identified the likely predator and scored the intensity of predation. Bite marks of arthropods, birds, lizards and mammals were observed on caterpillars of both habitats. The predation rate and predation intensity were similar for overall predators and for each predator taxon in both habitats, despite the fact that mammal predation was mostly encountered in SGs. Because the proportion of predated caterpillars is not different between habitats and the intensity of predation is high in SGs, we conclude that SGs may not have a quality of the expected standard.
The Finnish tail construction as a first mention
Authors: Priiki Katri
Published: September 2020

This article examines the Finnish tail construction (right dislocation) used as a first mention of a referent and the variation of the demonstrative pronouns tämä ‘this’, tuo ‘that’, and se ‘it’ in the construction. Many previous studies have suggested that tail construction (TC) referents are highly active and thus already mentioned and salient in a conversation. However, in Finnish, the TC may introduce new referents into a conversation, and this article provides an empirical analysis of how and why this is done. First-mention TCs are often evaluations or questions in which the proposition links the utterance to the preceding context. When presenting new information, the TC allows the speaker to present a potentially lengthy lexical definition of a new referent at the end of the utterance, avoiding the additional emphatic meanings or unwanted implications a simply inverted word order might create.
Parental internalizing disorder and the developmental trajectory of infant self-regulation: The moderating role of positive parental behaviors
Authors: Sun Xiaoning , Seeley John R. , Allen Nicholas B.
Published: September 2020

Child self-regulation (SR), a key indicator for later optimal developmental outcomes, may be compromised in the presence of parental mental disorders, especially those characterized by affective dysregulation. However, positive parental behaviors have been shown to buffer against such negative effects, especially during infancy when SR shows great plasticity to environmental inputs. The current study investigated the effect of maternal and paternal lifetime and current internalizing disorders on the developmental trajectory of infant SR from 3 to 24 months, and the potential moderating role of positive parental behaviors. A latent growth model revealed that SR increased overall from 3 to 24 months. Mothers’ positive parental behaviors demonstrated significant moderation effects, such that maternal lifetime internalizing disorder was associated with higher SR intercept only among those with low levels of positive parental behavior. Mothers’ lifetime internalizing disorder was also associated with a lower linear slope in SR development with a moderate effect size. Fathers’ current internalizing disorder was significantly associated with a higher intercept and lower linear slope of the SR trajectory. The current study expands the infant SR literature by describing its early developmental trajectory as well as early risk and protective factors within the parent–infant environment, taking into consideration developmental inputs from both parents.
Porcine follicular fluid derived from > 8 mm sized follicles improves oocyte maturation and embryo development duringin vitromaturation of pigs
Authors: Park Ji-Eun , Lee Sang-Hee , Hwangbo Yong , Park Choon-Keun
Published: September 2020

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of porcine follicular fluid (pFF) from large-sized (LFF; >8 mm in diameter) and medium-sized (MFF; 3–6 mm in diameter) follicles on the maturation and developmental competence of porcine oocytes. Cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) were collected from follicles 3–6 mm in diameter. The collected COCs were incubated for 22 h with LFF or MFF (in vitromaturation (IVM)-I stage) and were incubated subsequently for 22 h with LFF or MFF (IVM-II stage). Cumulus expansion was confirmed after the IVM-I stage and nuclear maturation was evaluated after the IVM-II stage. Intracellular glutathione (GSH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured and embryonic development was evaluated. Relative cumulus expansion and GSH levels were higher in the LFF group compared with in the MFF group after the IVM-I stage (P <0.05). After the IVM-II stage, the numbers of oocytes in metaphase-II were increased in the LFF group and GSH content was higher in all of the LFF treatment groups compared with in the MFF treatment groups during both IVM stages (P <0.05). ROS levels were reduced by LFF treatment regardless of IVM stage (P <0.05). Blastocyst formation and the total numbers of cells in blastocysts were increased in all LFF treatment groups compared with the control group (P <0.05). These results suggested that pFF from large follicles at the IVM stage could improve nucleic and cytoplasmic maturation status and further embryonic development through reducing ROS levels and enhancing responsiveness to gonadotropins.
Seven transformative crises from European revolution to corona: globalization and state capacity
Authors: James Harold
Published: September 2020

The article considers crises of globalization: the 1840s, the 1870s, the Great War, the Great Depression, the Great Inflation (1970s), the Global Financial Crisis (2008) and the Great Lockdown (2020). Each led to a reshaping of the institutions that supervised or regulated economic development globally but also nationally. In each case, a series of questions are answered: what were the origins of the crisis, what were the monetary and fiscal policy responses, how did the crisis affect the drivers of globalization, trade, migration and capital flows? And how did these different challenges affect governance and views of politics? The article concludes that supply shocks are most easily dealt with by inflationary mechanisms, allowing groups to gain some apparent compensation for their losses through the supply shock. But the resulting mobilization into groups also strains social cohesion.
Improved feature decay algorithms for statistical machine translation
Authors: Poncelas Alberto , Maillette de Buy Wenniger Gideon , Way Andy
Published: September 2020

In machine-learning applications, data selection is of crucial importance if good runtime performance is to be achieved. In a scenario where the test set is accessible when the model is being built, training instances can be selected so they are the most relevant for the test set. Feature Decay Algorithms (FDA) are a technique for data selection that has demonstrated excellent performance in a number of tasks. This method maximizes the diversity of the n-grams in the training set by devaluing those ones that have already been included. We focus on this method to undertake deeper research on how to select better training data instances. We give an overview of FDA and propose improvements in terms of speed and quality. Using German-to-English parallel data, first we create a novel approach that decreases the execution time of FDA when multiple computation units are available. In addition, we obtain improvements on translation quality by extending FDA using information from the parallel corpus that is generally ignored.
DaRLing: A Datalog rewriter for OWL 2 RL ontological reasoning under SPARQL queries
Authors: FIORENTINO ALESSIO , ZANGARI JESSICA , MANNA MARCO
Published: September 2020

The W3C Web Ontology Language (OWL) is a powerful knowledge representation formalism at the basis of many semantic-centric applications. Since its unrestricted usage makes reasoning undecidable already in case of very simple tasks, expressive yet decidable fragments have been identified. Among them, we focus on OWL 2 RL, which offers a rich variety of semantic constructors, apart from supporting all RDFS datatypes. Although popular Web resources - such as DBpedia - fall in OWL 2 RL, only a few systems have been designed and implemented for this fragment. None of them, however, fully satisfy all the following desiderata: (i) being freely available and regularly maintained; (ii) supporting query answering and SPARQL queries; (iii) properly applying the sameAs property without adopting the unique name assumption; (iv) dealing with concrete datatypes. To fill the gap, we present DaRLing, a freely available Datalog rewriter for OWL 2 RL ontological reasoning under SPARQL queries. In particular, we describe its architecture, the rewriting strategies it implements, and the result of an experimental evaluation that demonstrates its practical applicability.
A logic-based decision support system for the diagnosis of headache disorders according to the ICHD-3 international classification
Authors: COSTABILE ROBERTA , CATALANO GELSOMINA , CUTERI BERNARDO , MORELLI MARIA CONCETTA , LEONE NICOLA , MANNA MARCO
Published: September 2020

Decision support systems play an important role in medical fields as they can augment clinicians to deal more efficiently and effectively with complex decision-making processes. In the diagnosis of headache disorders, however, existing approaches and tools are still not optimal. On the one hand, to support the diagnosis of this complex and vast spectrum of disorders, the International Headache Society released in 1988 the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD), now in its 3rd edition: a 200 pages document classifying more than 300 different kinds of headaches, where each is identified via a collection of specific nontrivial diagnostic criteria. On the other hand, the high number of headache disorders and their complex criteria make the medical history process inaccurate and not exhaustive both for clinicians and existing automatic tools. To fill this gap, we present head-asp, a novel decision support system for the diagnosis of headache disorders. Through a REST Web Service, head-asp implements a dynamic questionnaire that complies with ICHD-3 by exploiting two logical modules to reach a complete diagnosis while trying to minimize the total number of questions being posed to patients. Finally, head-asp is freely available on-line and it is receiving very positive feedback from the group of neurologists that is testing it.
Explanation Generation for Multi-Modal Multi-Agent Path Finding with Optimal Resource Utilization using Answer Set Programming
Authors: BOGATARKAN AYSU , ERDEM ESRA
Published: September 2020

The multi-agent path finding (MAPF) problem is a combinatorial search problem that aims at finding paths for multiple agents (e.g., robots) in an environment (e.g., an autonomous warehouse) such that no two agents collide with each other, and subject to some constraints on the lengths of paths. We consider a general version of MAPF, called mMAPF, that involves multi-modal transportation modes (e.g., due to velocity constraints) and consumption of different types of resources (e.g., batteries). The real-world applications of mMAPF require flexibility (e.g., solving variations of mMAPF) as well as explainability. Our earlier studies on mMAPF have focused on the former challenge of flexibility. In this study, we focus on the latter challenge of explainability, and introduce a method for generating explanations for queries regarding the feasibility and optimality of solutions, the nonexistence of solutions, and the observations about solutions. Our method is based on answer set programming.
The New Normal: We Cannot Eliminate Cuts in Coinductive Calculi, But We Can Explore Them
Authors: Komendantskaya Ekaterina , Rozplokhas Dmitry , Basold Henning
Published: September 2020

In sequent calculi, cut elimination is a property that guarantees that any provable formula can be proven analytically. For example, Gentzen’s classical and intuitionistic calculi LK and LJ enjoy cut elimination. The property is less studied in coinductive extensions of sequent calculi. In this paper, we use coinductive Horn clause theories to show that cut is not eliminable in a coinductive extension of LJ, a system we call CLJ. We derive two further practical results from this study. We show that CoLP by Gupta et al. gives rise to cut-free proofs in CLJ with fixpoint terms, and we formulate and implement a novel method of coinductive theory exploration that provides several heuristics for discovery of cut formulae in CLJ.
The Legacy of Economic Recession in Terms of Over-Indebtedness: A Framework and Review of the Evidence
Authors: Hiilamo Heikki
Published: September 2020

With the expansion of credit, low interest rates and overly optimistic expectations about future economic and housing price developments, mortgage lending soared in most OECD countries in the run-up to the 2008 global economic crisis. The crisis revealed the hidden epidemic of over-indebtedness, which continues to overshadow the lives of millions in rich countries. In the wake of the global economic crisis, the household debt crisis led to worsening economic conditions and put pressure on government finances, which caused further income shocks in the form of austerity measures such as social welfare cuts and higher taxes. This article is based on a scoping review aimed at summarising and reflecting on the available literature. It analyses the effects of over-indebtedness on individuals and societies across six OECD countries: Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, the UK and the US.
RACIALIZATION OF LATINX IMMIGRANTS
Authors: Estrada Emily P. , Cabaniss Emily R. , Coury Shelby A.
Published: September 2020

Xenophobic narratives that describe Latinx immigrants as culturally deficient, threatening, and undeserving lawbreakers have received extensive scrutiny from the public and academics alike. However, few scholars have examined the positive narratives that surround this group, an especially important line of inquiry given the nature and prevalence of colorblind racial ideology today. In this paper, we consider how (seemingly) positive elite news media discourse contributes to the racialization of Latinx immigrants. We analyzed 1383 frames derived from newspaper articles appearing on the front page ofThe New York Timesbetween 2001 and 2019. We found that even supportive articles contribute to the racialization of this group by subtly reinforcing boundaries between “us” and “them,” especially when compared to positive articles about non-Latinx immigrants. Specifically, positive newspaper articles portrayed Latinx immigrants as economically exploitable, as vulnerable but blameworthy, and as mostly illegal. We also found that positive newspaper articles portrayed both Latinx and non-Latinx immigrants as devoted to their families and traditional gender roles. However, we argue that this depiction reinforces a hierarchy based on White notions of deservingness. Our analysis shows the flexibility of colorblind discourse to prop up existing racial hierarchies in U.S. society and to “Other” racial and ethnic minorities.
Flux Transfer Event With an Electron‐Scale Substructure Observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission
Authors: Silveira M. V. D. , Sibeck D. G. , Lee S. H. , Koga D. , Souza V. M. , Gonzalez W. D. , Russell C. T.
Published: September 2020

On 12 November 2015 the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft traversed the magnetopause from the magnetosphere to the magnetosheath encountering evidence of magnetic reconnection and a tiny flux transfer event (FTE) on the magnetosheath side of the magnetopause boundary layer. The FTE exhibited a large negative‐positive bipolar variation in the normal magnetic field component (BN), an enhanced (negative) north‐south component direction (BL), and a variation in the third component BM resembling a “W” shape with negative values close to the edges and positive values near the center. Using the tetrahedron formation, we estimate that the FTE moved southward and duskward with a speed of VFTE = 324 km/s. The FTE size in the transverse direction is 518 km, which corresponds to 4.42 ion gyroradii. We identify an internal layer where the electron bulk flow velocity exhibits different behaviors at each of the four spacecraft and the current density was more intense at two spacecraft. Within the FTE's core region, the ion bulk flow behavior was similar for all four spacecraft. Using the velocity obtained from timing analysis, we estimate a dimension of this core region to be 181.4 km, which corresponds to 1.5 ion gyroradii. It is evident that the internal region is not large enough to affect the ion behavior but can do so for electrons. We conclude that the FTE's core is an electron‐scale substructure.
The Benthic B/Ca Record at Site 806: New Constraints on the Temperature of the West Pacific Warm Pool and the “El Padre” State in the Pliocene
Authors: White S. M. , Ravelo A. Christina
Published: September 2020

The West Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP)'s response to increased pCO2 during the Pliocene is a key model validation target. Different temperature proxies show different trends: The foraminiferal Mg/Ca sea surface temperature (SST) record shows Pliocene WPWP temperatures ~1.2°C cooler than today (Wara et al., 2005, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1112596), whereas a TEX86 study finds a cooling trend and claims the Pliocene WPWP was warmer than today (Zhang et al., 2014, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1246172). We focus on understanding biases in Mg/Ca data as the best way to constrain the temperature of the Pliocene WPWP. The strongest nonthermal controls on foraminiferal Mg/Ca are Mg/Ca of seawater and dissolution. Dissolution, which imparts a cool bias to Mg/Ca temperatures, depends on Δ[CO32−], the difference from the carbonate ion concentration needed for calcite saturation. Thus, Pliocene proxy discrepancies might stem from varying Δ[CO32−] over time. To constrain the effect of changing dissolution on the Mg/Ca data, we collected benthic foraminiferal B/Ca data (a proxy for Δ[CO32−]) from the WPWP spanning 0–5.5 Ma. We find no long‐term trend in Δ[CO32−], but variations above and below the threshold of foraminiferal dissolution yield an ~0.4°C cold bias when averaged over the middle to early Pliocene. Changes in seawater Mg/Ca create an ~0.6°C cold bias in the Pliocene Mg/Ca data. After accounting for these biases, we find that the Pliocene WPWP was ~0.1°C cooler than the late Holocene, ranging from −0.5°C to +0.5°C including all uncertainties. Our reconstruction shows a much lower east‐west temperature gradient in the Pliocene tropical Pacific than today, supporting a permanent El Niño‐like “El Padre” state.
Quantifying the Impact of Wind and Surface Humidity‐Induced Surface Heat Exchange on the Circulation Shift in Response to Increased CO2
Authors: Tan Zhihong , Shaw Tiffany A.
Published: September 2020

We extend the locking technique to separate the poleward shift of the atmospheric circulation in response to quadrupled CO2 into contributions from (1) CO2 increase, (2) cloud radiative effects, and (3) wind and surface humidity‐induced surface heat exchange. In aquaplanet simulations, wind and surface humidity‐induced surface heat exchange accounts for 30–60% of the Hadley cell edge and midlatitude eddy‐driven jet shift. The increase of surface specific humidity dominates and mostly follows global mean warming. Consistent with previous work the remaining shift is attributed to cloud radiative effects. Across CMIP5 models the intermodel variance in the austral winter circulation shift in response to quadrupled CO2 is significantly correlated with the response of the subtropical‐subpolar difference of surface heat exchange. The results highlight the dominant role of surface heat exchange for future circulation changes.
Proglacial Lakes Control Glacier Geometry and Behavior During Recession
Authors: Sutherland J. L. , Carrivick J. L. , Gandy N. , Shulmeister J. , Quincey D. J. , Cornford S. L.
Published: September 2020

Ice‐contact proglacial lakes are generally absent from numerical model simulations of glacier evolution, and their effects on ice dynamics and on rates of deglaciation remain poorly quantified. Using the BISICLES ice flow model, we analyzed the effects of an ice‐contact lake on the Pukaki Glacier, New Zealand, during recession from the Last Glacial Maximum. The ice‐contact lake produced a maximum effect on grounding line recession >4 times further and on ice velocities up to 8 times faster, compared to simulations of a land‐terminating glacier forced by the same climate. The lake contributed up to 82% of cumulative grounding line recession and 87% of ice velocity during the first 300 years of the simulations, but those values decreased to just 6% and 37%, respectively, after 5,000 years. Numerical models that ignore lake interactions will, therefore, misrepresent the rate of recession especially during the transition of a land‐terminating to a lake‐terminating environment.
The Transcrustal Magma Reservoir Beneath Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat: Insights From 3‐D Geodetic Inversions
Authors: Gottsmann J. , Flynn M. , Hickey J.
Published: September 2020

We invert intraeruptive ground displacements recorded between 2003 and 2005 on Montserrat to shed light on the magmatic plumbing system of Soufrière Hills Volcano. Incorporating 3‐dimensional crustal mechanical and topographic data in a finite‐element model, we show that the recorded displacements are best explained by a southeastward dipping (plunge angle of 9.3°) vertically extended triaxial ellipsoidal pressure source with semiaxes lengths of 1.9 and 2.0 km horizontally, and 5.0 km vertically. The source is centered at 9.35 km depth below main sea level and embedded in independently imaged anomalously weak crustal rocks. The source orientation appears to be controlled by the local stress field at the intersection of two major WNW‐ESE and NW‐SE striking tectonic lineaments. We derive an average volumetric strain rate of 8.4 × 10−12 s−1 by transcrustal pressurization which may have contributed to flank instability and mass wasting events in the southern and eastern sectors of the island.
Global Methyl Halide Emissions From Rapeseed (Brassica napus) Using Life Cycle Measurements
Authors: Jiao Yi , Acdan Jerrold , Xu Rong , Deventer Malte Julian , Zhang Wanying , Rhew Robert C.
Published: September 2020

Global budgets of methyl halides are not balanced between currently identified sources and sinks. Among biological sources, rapeseed is regarded as the second largest terrestrial source of CH3Br, extrapolated from laboratory‐based incubations and limited field measurements. This study analyzes the CH3Br budget from rapeseed (Brassica napus “Empire”), using field‐based life cycle measurements, yielding a globally scaled emission rate of 2.8 ± 0.7 Gg year−1. Though this verifies that rapeseed is a significant global source, it is just half of the previous estimation, even after accounting for the doubling of global annual rapeseed production since then. The ozone‐depleting potential of rapeseed is further sustained through CH3Cl and CH3I emissions, which were measured for the first time and scaled to 5.3 ± 1.3 and 4.0 ± 0.8 Gg year−1 globally.
SMAP Detects Soil Moisture Under Temperate Forest Canopies
Authors: Colliander Andreas , Cosh Michael H. , Kelly Vicky R. , Kraatz Simon , Bourgeau‐Chavez Laura , Siqueira Paul , Roy Alexandre , Konings Alexandra G. , Holtzman Natan , Misra Sidharth , Entekhabi Dara , O'Neill Peggy , Yueh Simon H.
Published: September 2020

Soil moisture dynamics in the presence of dense vegetation canopies are determinants of ecosystem function and biogeochemical cycles, but the capability of existing spaceborne sensors to support reliable and useful estimates is not known. New results from a recently initiated field experiment in the northeast United States show that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive) satellite is capable of retrieving soil moisture under temperate forest canopies. We present an analysis demonstrating that a parameterized emission model with the SMAP morning overpass brightness temperature resulted in a RMSD (root‐mean‐square difference) range of 0.047–0.057 m3/m3 and a Pearson correlation range of 0.75–0.85 depending on the experiment location and the SMAP polarization. The inversion approach included a minimal amount of ancillary data. This result demonstrates unequivocally that spaceborne L‐band radiometry is sensitive to soil moisture under temperate forest canopies, which has been uncertain because of lack of representative reference data.
Projected Increases in Monthly Midlatitude Summertime Temperature Variance Over Land Are Driven by Local Thermodynamics
Authors: Vargas Zeppetello L. R. , Battisti D. S.
Published: September 2020

The increasing frequency of very high temperatures driven by global warming has motivated growing interest in how the probability distribution of summertime temperatures will evolve in the future. Climate models forced by increasing CO2 simulate increasing monthly‐averaged temperature variance across the midlatitudes. In this study we present evidence that these projections are credible and driven primarily by the magnitude of local warming. A first‐principles analytic theory reproduces the increased midlatitude summertime temperature variance in climate models extremely well by considering only the warming‐induced change in the climatological vapor pressure deficit. The impacts of local warming on saturation specific and relative humidity are shown to have roughly equal contributions to increases in summertime temperature variance. The vegetation response to increasing CO2 is found to be an important contributor to the uncertainty in modeled temperature variance change, highlighting the role of plants in shaping the summertime temperature distribution.
Structure of an Atmospheric River Over Australia and the Southern Ocean: II. Microphysical Evolution
Authors: Finlon Joseph A. , Rauber Robert M. , Wu Wei , Zaremba Troy J. , McFarquhar Greg M. , Nesbitt Stephen W. , Schnaiter Martin , Järvinen Emma , Waitz Fritz , Hill Thomas C. J. , DeMott Paul J.
Published: September 2020

An atmospheric river affecting Australia and the Southern Ocean on 28–29 January 2018 during the Southern Ocean Clouds, Radiation, Aerosol Transport Experimental Study (SOCRATES) is analyzed using nadir‐pointing W‐band cloud radar measurements and in situ microphysical measurements from a Gulfstream‐V aircraft. The AR had a two‐band structure, with the westernmost band associated with a cold frontal boundary. The bands were primarily stratiform with distinct radar bright banding. The microphysical evolution of precipitation is described in the context of the tropical‐ and midlatitude‐sourced moisture zones above and below the 0°C isotherm, respectively, identified in Part I. In the tropical‐sourced moisture zone, ice particles at temperatures less than −8°C had concentrations on the order of 10 L−1, with habits characteristic of lower temperatures, while between −8°C and −4°C, an order of magnitude increase in ice particle concentrations was observed, with columnar habits consistent with Hallett‐Mossop secondary ice formation. Ice particles falling though the 0°C level into the midlatitude‐sourced moisture region and melting provided “seed” droplets from which subsequent growth by collision‐coalescence occurred. In this region, raindrops grew to sizes of 3 mm and precipitation rates averaged 16 mm hr−1.