bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Junior Nyasha , Schipper Jeremy
Published: June 2020

Samson is a popular subject in biblical scholarship on the use of the Bible in art, literature, and popular culture, although this scholarship tends to focus on Samson in White European and White American art and literature. The introduction explains how Samson becomes identified with people of African descent in American literature. It discusses the biblical story of Samson and the lack of physical descriptions of Samson in the Bible. It provides examples of the racialized uses of Samson in poetry, sermons, speeches, narratives by enslaved persons, court records, and newspapers. It offers some possible reasons why the biblical story of Samson may have become associated with African Americans.
Black Samson and Labor Movements
Authors: Junior Nyasha , Schipper Jeremy
Published: June 2020

The strained relationship of African Americans and organized labor generated a wide variety of opinions among African American writers in the early twentieth century. Some saw organized labor as a threat to African American social and economic progress while others saw socialism and communism as a vehicle for it. In this chapter, we track developments in the use of Samson imagery by African American writers who examined the complex and often contentious relationship between African Americans, labor movements, and the Communist Party from the early twentieth century through the Harlem Renaissance, the Great Depression, and toward the Civil Rights Era.
Ancient Israel's Neighbors
Authors: Doak Brian R.
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this book is to tell the story of Israel’s nearest neighbors—not only discovering what the Bible has to say about them but also what we can know from archaeology, ancient inscriptions, and other sources. The Bible itself presents these neighbors in nuanced and conflicting ways; sometimes they are friends or even related to Israel at a family level, and sometimes they are enemies, spoken of as though they must die in order for Israel to live. We are left wondering how the biblical portrayal might have affected our thinking about these people as historical groups, on their own terms. How would an Aramaean have described her own religion? How would an Edomite have described conflict with Israel? This book explores both the biblical portrayal of the smaller groups surrounding Israel and what people can know about these groups through their own literature, archaeology, and other sources. By uncovering the identity of the Philistines as settlers along the coast at the same time that early Israel carved out their place in the land, for example, one can better understand the social turmoil and political maneuvering that lies just beneath the surface of the biblical narrative, and can see more clearly just how the authors of the Bible saw themselves in the face of others.
Sexual Violence and the Politics of Forgiveness in Guinea
Authors: Dave Nomi
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines the limits of musical activism by considering some of the varied ways in which music has addressed women’s rights and gender-based violence in Guinea. It centers around the case of a young Guinean rapper who was recently charged with sexual assault, and whose case generated intense criticism from feminist activists and intense support from his fans. The chapter considers two songs closely connected to the case: one that calls for an end to violence against women, and one that calls on women to forgive him. These two songs seem to reflect radically divergent views on gender-based violence. But they are both linked to an underlying ambivalence about women’s rights on the behalf of musicians, audiences, and the state. Survivors of sexual violence are absent in both cases, erased by a politics of forgiveness that calls on them to forget and to be forgotten.
Unraveling and Welding Together
Authors: Schwartzott Amy
Published: June 2020

The arts are often framed as resources that bring people together, perhaps by depicting common experiences or appealing to shared pleasures. In crisis contexts, artistic production takes on a new role, as a venue in which to mediate (intervene) and remediate (heal) conflict. By channeling chaotic experiences into aesthetics, NGOs and artists hope to order and transcend disaster through projects designed to reunite warring parties, victims and perpetrators, or governments and their subjects. Yet they also insert new structures into the political landscape, such as NGO and civil society organizations, that are not necessarily any more stable or accountable than the systems they are reinforcing.
Humanitarian Theater in the Great Lakes Region
Authors: Le Lay Maëline
Published: June 2020

In nominally “postwar” contexts throughout Africa’s Great Lakes region, participatory theater has been mobilized almost exclusively as a tool for either awareness or healing. The rhetoric prescribed for peace and development is so dominant in the humanitarian market that the artist’s ethos is channeled in directions more ethical than aesthetic. The shared circulation of participatory theater through the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Burundi shows how an aesthetic model is exported and becomes a transnationalized tool, one designed to be tailored to any kind of crisis context. Thanks to NGOs’ powerful influence, this model shapes theater and performance landscapes by influencing generations of writers and actors, uniting creators through artistic networks. This theater is characterized by a strong aspiration to performativity which occurs in texts and performances through the centrality of the chorus, frequent mise en abyme, and the quest for catharsis.
Slavery and Warfare on Land
Authors: Plank Geoffrey
Published: June 2020

Chapter 8 examines the pattern of organized violence associated with slavery on both sides of the Atlantic. In Africa and the Americas women were more likely to be taken and held as slaves than men, but the transatlantic slave trade broke with this pattern, and to explain why, the chapter examines the evolution of the European practice of slavery. In the early modern era, Christian Europeans foreswore enslaving each other, while in the Mediterranean, Muslims enslaved Christians and Christians enslaved Muslims. European slave traders favored male war captives. When European slave traders carried Africans across the Atlantic, they brought many warriors to the Americas, and the chapter concludes with an examination of the warfare endemic to slave societies in North and South America and the Caribbean.
Mechanical Choices
Authors: Moore Michael S.
Published: June 2020

This book assays how the remarkable discoveries of contemporary neuroscience impact our conception of ourselves and our responsibility for our choices and our actions. Dramatic (and indeed revolutionary) changes in how we think of ourselves as agents and as persons are commonly taken to be the implications of those discoveries of neuroscience. Indeed, the very notions of responsibility and of deserved punishment are thought to be threatened by these discoveries. Such threats are collected into four groupings: (1) the threat from determinism, that neurosciences shows us that all of our choices and actions are caused by events in the brain that precede choice; (2) the threat from epiphenomenalism, that our choices are shown by experiment not to cause the actions that are the objects of such choice but are rather mere epiphenomena, co-effects of common causes in the brain; (3) the threat from reductionist mechanism, that we and everything we value is nothing but a bunch of two-valued switches going off in our brains; and (4) the threat from fallibilism, that we are not masters in our own house because we lack the privileged knowledge of our own minds needed to be such masters. The book seeks to blunt such radical challenges while nonetheless detailing how law, morality, and common-sense psychology can harness the insights of an advancing neuroscience to more accurately assign moral blame and legal punishment to the truly deserving.
Yield Curves, Swap Curves, and Term Structure of Interest Rates
Authors: Davis Tom P. , Mossessian Dmitri
Published: June 2020

This chapter discusses multiple definitions of the yield curve and provides a conceptual understanding on the construction of yield curves for several markets. It reviews several definitions of the yield curve and examines the basic principles of the arbitrage-free pricing as they apply to yield curve construction. The chapter also reviews cases in which the no-arbitrage assumption is dropped from the yield curve, and then moves to specifics of the arbitrage-free curve construction for bond and swap markets. The concepts of equilibrium and market curves are introduced. The details of construction of both types of the curve are illustrated with examples from the U.S. Treasury market and the U.S. interest rate swap market. The chapter concludes by examining the major changes to the swap curve construction process caused by the financial crisis of 2007–2008 that made a profound impact on the interest rate swap markets.
Other Bond Products
Authors: Devos Erik , Karpowicz Robert , Spieler Andrew C.
Published: June 2020

Over time, the availability of investable bond products has expanded considerably to include bonds focused on social improvements (social impact bonds), life settlement securitization (death bonds), natural disaster risk transfer (catastrophe bonds), environmental improvements (green bonds), and collateralized bonds (covered bonds). Social impact bonds are geared toward positive social change to provide financing to programs that are otherwise ignored or underfunded. Death bonds are bonds backed by the cash flows from life insurance policies. Catastrophe bonds enable spreading the risk of natural disasters or human catastrophes to a broader investor base. Green bonds are issued to raise funds to revitalize brownfield sites or underdeveloped areas and geared toward energy efficiency and pollution control, sustainable agriculture, and clean transportation. Covered bonds are issued against a pool of assets but remain on the issuer’s balance sheet providing safety in the event of bankruptcy. This chapter briefly discusses each of these products.
Securitization Process
Authors: Ferguson Mark , Mcbride Joseph , Tripp Kevin
Published: June 2020

The securitization process has become an essential tool that provides liquidity to firms and borrowers while opening up the breadth and depth of the capital markets to previously underserved individuals and firms. Securitized products pool illiquid, idiosyncratic assets or contracts, turn those pools into claims (bonds) with a new capital structure with differing risk-return attributes, and sell those bonds to institutional investors. Securitization began in the housing market where single-family mortgages were pooled and sold to investors as mortgage-backed securities. The securitized market has increased in size and complexity to include many other asset classes such as commercial real estate loans in commercial mortgage-backed securities, student loans, credit card debt, auto leases, equipment leases, and aircraft leases in asset-backed securities. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the participants in and the general structure of securitizations.
Collateralized Debt Obligations, Collateralized Bond Obligations, and Collateralized Loan Obligations
Authors: Eckrote Robert , Milliken Christopher , Nikbakht Ehsan , Spieler Andrew C.
Published: June 2020

Collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) are structured products that are issued by a special purpose vehicle with the objective of improving the issuer’s balance sheet, increasing access to illiquid securities, and/or generating a higher yield than would be offered in a traditional fixed income security. This chapter provides an overview of CDOs including a discussion on the history, structure, uses, and impact on investors and the broader financial system. CDOs can be further classified by the type of security held as collateral, such as collateralized bond obligations (CBOs), which typically hold high yield debt, and collateralized loan obligations (CLOs), which hold bank loans. These financial structured products gain notoriety for their role in the financial crisis of 2007–2008 and have since declined in popularity. Despite the negative perception that CDOs carry, securitization continues to play an important function in the financial system and offers benefits to issuers and consumers as long as both parties use the end product responsibly.
Valuing and Analyzing Fixed Income Derivatives
Authors: Simsek Koray D. , Kiymaz Halil
Published: June 2020

Derivatives valuation is based on the key principle of no-arbitrage pricing. This chapter presents valuation models for various types of fixed income derivatives, including forward rate agreements (FRAs), interest rate swaps, Eurodollar and Treasury bond futures, bond options, caps and floors, swaptions, and options on interest rate futures. Following the financial crisis that began in the summer of 2007, major changes occurred in the practice of fixed income derivatives valuation, particularly regarding the adoption of overnight indexed swaps (OIS) as a source of the risk-free rate. This chapter shows how OIS discounting is implemented in FRA pricing and swap valuation. Traditional approaches such as cost of carry valuation in futures pricing are illustrated. With respect to option valuation, this chapter explains the risk-neutral pricing approach as well as closed-form solutions such as the Black model. The chapter also provides numeric examples to illustrate the practical use of the presented models and formulas.
Against
Authors: Waldron Jeremy
Published: June 2020

The debate continues with Waldron’s presentation of several arguments against targeted killing. Most of these arguments focus on the killing itself and the difference that is made by the fact that the individuals on the government’s death lists are hunted down by name, often well away from any area of combat or imminent responsibility for terrorist attack. Though Waldron’s arguments, like Meisels’, focus on the actions of American and Israeli forces, it is important also to consider the likely proliferation of targeted killing as a standard technique of statecraft throughout the world. And that leads us to the possibility of governmental abuse of targeted killing authority. The term “terrorist” is easily extended just as the term “imminent” is being stretched by defenders of targeted killing to ensure that targets are available. There is a danger that targeted killing might be used against insurgents as well as terrorists, not to mention successful criminals and political opponents. And the practice of targeted killing tends to weaken the inhibition against assassination that until now has characterized civilized political life.
Hell Is Other Planets
Authors: Malone-France Derek
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines the history of questions concerning life on other worlds within theology. Not surprisingly, in each phase of the historic extraterrestrial life (ETL) debates, the conceptions of ETL that were put forward tended either to strongly reflect and reinforce—or else provocatively controvert and undermine—traditional human self-conceptions. As such, traditional Christianity—as constructed in the Renaissance and early modern periods, in both its Catholic and non-Catholic forms—faced unique conceptual and interpretive exigencies in relation to the possibility of ETL, precisely because of its particular metaphysical and existential construction of the divine-human relation. Some thinkers viewed these conceptual and interpretive exigencies as opportunities for the creative extension, reinterpretation, and transformation of traditional Christian understandings. Others took their traditional understandings to be sufficient counterevidence to the ETL hypothesis, denying the possibility of life elsewhere in the cosmos on the basis that it conflicted with what they “knew” to be true, on the basis of Biblical or doctrinal authority. Still others viewed the emerging scientific plausibility of ETL as definitive counterevidence against Christianity.
Life as It Could Be
Authors: Campos Luis
Published: June 2020

This chapter explores the intersection between two related fields: synthetic biology and astrobiology. Pushing the engineering of life past traditional limits in molecular biology and expanding the envelope of life to forms never before extant, synthetic biologists are now beginning to design experimental ways of getting at what astrobiologists have long suspected: that the life known here on Earth is but a subset of vast combinatorial possibilities in the universe. The resonances between the future engineered possibilities of this world and speculations about possible biologies on habitable others are not merely happenstance. Indeed, there is a curious and compelling deeper history interlinking scientific speculation about new forms of life elsewhere in the universe with visions for the human-directed engineering of new forms of life on Earth. For decades, the astrobiological and the synthetic biological have mutually inspired each other and overlapped in powerful genealogical ways.
METI or REGRETTI
Authors: Smith Kelly C.
Published: June 2020

This chapter assesses the ethical justification for attempting to message extraterrestrial intelligence (METI). Most of the discussion within the space community concerning METI has been about the level of risk it poses. Addressing the empirical dimensions of METI risk is a useful exercise, to be sure, but it is often unappreciated that these details just do not resolve key questions. In particular, if one looks at METI through an ethical lens, the central question is not what the level of risk is but whether those who are exposed to that risk agree to it. Rather than simply allowing anyone with access to the necessary resources do whatever they wish, people need to involve public policy, social science, humanities, and other fields of expertise to develop explicit best practices and then work to enshrine these in soft law.
The Partisan Politics of Law and Order
Authors: Wenzelburger Georg
Published: June 2020

The comparative study of law and order policies has mostly overlooked partisan politics as a possible explanation of differences between Western nations. Filling this gap in the literature, this book argues theoretically and substantiates empirically that law and order policies are heavily affected by partisan politics. By means of a large-N analysis of spending data and a new dataset on law and order legislation as well as four in-depth case studies, the empirical evidence shows that party competition and the party ideology of governments do affect policies—depending on the institutional context of a political system. Moreover, path dependencies tend to freeze these effects over a certain period of time creating positive feedback dynamics.
Charlie Parker, Composer
Authors: Martin Henry
Published: June 2020

Charlie Parker, Composer is the first assessment of a major jazz composer’s oeuvre in its entirety. Providing analytical discussion of each of Parker’s works, this study combines music-theoretical, historical, and philosophical perspectives. A variety of analytical techniques are brought to bear on Parker’s compositions, including application of a revised Schenkerian approach to the music that was developed through the author’s prior publications. After a review of Parker’s life emphasizing his musical training and involvement in composition, the book proceeds by considering the types of Parker pieces as categorized by overall form and harmony and the amount of preplanned music they contain. The historical circumstances of each piece are reviewed, and, in some cases, sources of the ideas of the most important tunes are explored. The introduction includes a discussion of the ontology of a jazz composition. The view is advanced that the Western concept of a music composition needs to be expanded to embrace practices typical of jazz composition and forming a significant part of Parker’s work. While focusing on Parker’s more conventional tunes, the book also considers his large-scale melodic formulas. Two formulas in particular are arguably compositional, since they are extensive and sometimes appear in subsequent improvisations. As part of the research for this book, all of Parker’s copyright submissions to the Library of Congress were examined and photographed. The book reproduces the four of them that were copied by Parker himself.
Desire in Chromatic Harmony
Authors: Smith Kenneth M.
Published: June 2020

Of the many composers in the Western classical tradition who celebrated the marriage between psyche and sound, those explored in this book followed the lines diverging from Wagner in philosophizing the nature of desire in music. This book offers two new theories of tonal functionality in the music of the first half of the twentieth century that seek to explain its psychological complexities. First, the book further develops Riemann’s three diatonic chord functions, extending them to account for chromatic chord progression and substitution. The three functions (tonic, subdominant, and dominant) are compared to Jacques Lacan’s twin concepts of metaphor and metonymy, which drive the apparatus of human desire. Second, the book develops a technique for analyzing the drives that pull chromatic music in multiple directions simultaneously, creating a libidinal surface that mirrors the tensions of the psyche found in Schopenhauer, Freud, and the post-Freudians Lacan, Lyotard, and Deleuze. The harmonic models are tested in psychologically challenging pieces of music by post-Wagnerian composers. From the obsession with death and mourning in Suk’s Asrael Symphony to an exploration of “perversion” in Strauss’s Elektra, from the post-Kantian transcendentalism of Ives’s Concord Sonata to the “Accelerationism” of Skryabin’s late piano works, and from the Sufi mysticism of Szymanowski’s Song of the Night to the failed fantasy of the American dream in Copland’s The Tender Land, the book cuts a path through the dense forests of chromatic complexity and digs deep into the psychological makeup of post-Wagnerian psychodynamic music.
Bearing Witness While Black
Authors: Richardson Allissa V.
Published: June 2020

Bearing Witness While Black: African Americans, Smartphones and the New Protest #Journalism tells the story of this century’s most powerful black social movement through the eyes of 15 activists. At the height of the Black Lives Matter uprisings, African Americans filmed and tweeted evidence of fatal police encounters, spurring a global debate on excessive police force, which disproportionately claimed the lives of African Americans. The book reveals how smartphones, social media, and social justice empowered black activists to create their own news outlets, continuing a centuries-long, African American tradition of using the news to challenge racism. It identifies three overlapping eras of domestic terror against African American people—slavery, lynching, and police brutality—and the journalism documenting their atrocities, generating a genealogy showing how slave narratives of the 1700s inspired the abolitionist movement; black newspapers of the 1800s galvanized the anti-lynching and civil rights movements; and smartphones of today powered the anti–police brutality movement. This lineage of black witnessing, the book shows, is formidable and forever evolving. The text is informed by the author’s activism. Personal accounts of her teaching and her own experiences of police brutality are woven into the book to share how she has inspired black youth to use mobile devices to speak up from the margins. Bearing Witness While Black conveys a crucial need to protect our right to look into the forbidden space of violence against black bodies and to continue to regard the smartphone as an instrument of moral suasion and social change.
#StayWoke
Authors: Richardson Allissa V.
Published: June 2020

In chapter 4, the activists explain how their brand of grassroots protest journalism has helped them highlight the use of excessive police force in the United States. They also discuss the risks that are associated with being hyper-visible, such as state-sponsored intimidation, doxing, and online trolling.
Epilogue
Authors: Richardson Allissa V.
Published: June 2020

The book’s epilogue outlines the major legislative advances inspired by the Black Lives Matter movement and the strides made by the 15 activists in the two-to-three years that followed their initial interviews in 2016 and 2017.
John Cage's Concert for Piano and Orchestra
Authors: Iddon Martin , Thomas Philip
Published: June 2020

The book is a comprehensive examination of John Cage’s seminal Concert for Piano and Orchestra. It places the piece into its many contexts, examining its relationship with Cage’s compositional practice of indeterminacy more generally, the importance of Cage’s teacher, Arnold Schoenberg, on the development of his structural thought, and the impact of Cage’s (mis)understanding of jazz. It discusses, on the basis of Cage’s sketches and manuscripts, the compositional process at play in the piece. It details the circumstances of the piece’s early performances—often described as catastrophes—its recording and promotion, and the part it played in Cage’s (successful) hunt for a publisher. It examines in detail the various ways in which Cage’s pianist of choice, David Tudor, approached the piece, differing according to whether it was to be performed with an orchestra, alongside Cage delivering the lecture, ‘Indeterminacy’, or as a piano solo to accompany Merce Cunningham’s choreography Antic Meet. It demonstrates the ways in which, despite indeterminacy, the instrumental parts of the piece are amenable to analytical interpretation, especially through a method which exposes the way in which those parts form a sort of network of statistical commonality and difference, analysing, too, the pianist’s part, the Solo for Piano, on a similar basis, discussing throughout the practical consequences of Cage’s notations for a performer. It shows the way in which the piece played a central role, first, in the construction of who Cage was and what sort of composer he was within the new musical world but, second, how it came to be an important example for professional philosophers in discussing what the limits of the musical work are.
Conflict with Euro-American Mormon Leadership, 1922–1935
Authors: Pulido Elisa Eastwood
Published: June 2020

This chapter discusses Margarito Bautista’s efforts as a missionary for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Mexico from 1922 to 1924, his preaching of unconventional doctrines while there, the fracas that ensued after his return to Salt Lake City over the lack of indigenous leadership in the Mexican Branch, and Bautista’s subsequently diminished influence in the Mormon Church. It argues that Bautista’s meteoric rise through the ranks of Mormon leadership came to a halt as he became increasingly insistent that Mexicans should govern their own congregations. Bautista’s name disappeared from the records of the Mexican Branch at about the same time the company that had employed him prior to his mission went bankrupt. During this period, his nationalism grew as he read about the Cristero Rebellion in Mexico. By 1930, without influence in the Church and unemployed, Bautista took up his pen and began to write.
Bautista’s Magnum Opus
Authors: Pulido Elisa Eastwood
Published: June 2020

Bautista’s magnum opus, a 564-page tome melding Aztec history with Mormon scripture, was published in 1936 in Mexico City; he titled the work La evolución de México: sus verdaderos progenitores y su origen: el destino de America y Europa (The Evolution of Mexico: Its True Progenitors and Its Origin, the Destiny of America and Europe). The chapter argues that Bautista intended to introduce Mexicans on a national level to Book of Mormon narratives that explain centuries of Mexican oppression, reimagine Mexicans as an exceptional race, and prophesy the recovery of sovereignty for indigenous Americans. The first major indigenous hermeneutic of Mormon scripture, La evolución promises divine retribution to colonizers and assures Mexicans that God waits for them to assume global leadership, to build the New Jerusalem, and to usher in Christ’s millennial reign. La evolución offers a “prophetic program” for Mexico’s political and spiritual redemption: obey God and prosper.
Synthesis
Authors: Striedter Georg F. , Northcutt R. Glenn
Published: June 2020

After summarizing the earlier chapters, which focused on the evolution of specific lineages, this chapter examines general patterns in the evolution of vertebrate nervous systems. Most conspicuous is that relative brain size and complexity increased independently in many lineages. The proportional size of individual brain regions tends to change predictably with absolute brain size (and neurogenesis timing), but the scaling rules vary across lineages. Attempts to link variation in the size of individual brain areas (or entire brains) to behavior are complicated in part because the connections, internal organization, and functions of individual brain regions also vary across phylogeny. In addition, major changes in the functional organization of vertebrate brains were caused by the emergence of novel brain regions (e.g., neocortex in mammals and area dorsalis centralis in teleosts) and novel circuits. These innovations significantly modified the “vertebrate brain Bauplan,” but their mechanistic origins and implications require further investigation.
“El Tema del Apollo”
Authors: Washburne Christopher
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines the relationship between African America, Latin America, and the Caribbean through the music and its associated performance practices realized on the stage of the Apollo Theater in Harlem from 1934 to the early 2000s. Through the lens of race, nation, and ethnicity, the complex and often tenuous relations among the diverse peoples who colluded and collided on the stage of the Apollo to produce some of the most significant and influential contributions to popular cultural expression in the United States throughout the twentieth century are explored. Though the Apollo is considered one of the most significant and influential venues in the twentieth century for African American music, studying the discourse and historical narratives concerning the theater’s history and traditions reveals that the venue was also one of the most important Caribbean and Latin American stages in the United States during that time. Situated just blocks from one of the most vibrant Caribbean and Latin American neighborhoods in North America, Spanish Harlem or El Barrio, the Apollo Theater was and continues to be a nexus for intercultural exchange between African American, Latin American, and Caribbean musics.
Self-Control as Hybrid Skill
Authors: Mylopoulos Myrto , Pacherie Elisabeth
Published: June 2020

A main obstacle to the successful pursuit of long-term goals is a lack of self-control. But what is the capacity for self-control? The aim of this chapter is to contribute to an overarching theory of self-control by exploring the proposal that it is best understood as a form of hybrid skill. The authors draw on recent work on skill in the domain of motor control to highlight important ways in which experts differ from novices in the capacities they deploy. They then consider how the resulting framework can be applied to the domain of self-control. The chapter ends by examining how this approach can help reconcile a motivational construal of self-control, according to which it involves resisting competing temptations in order to do what one deems best, and an executive construal, in which the emphasis is on overriding “cold” habits that are at odds with what one intends to do.
Children, Responsibility for Self-Control Failures, and Narrative Capacity
Authors: Griffith Meghan
Published: June 2020

Children are often regarded as less morally blameworthy when they fail to control their behavior. If one regards failures of self-control as failures to do what one knows or judges to be best, then one must ask whether children are less blameworthy even when they “know better.” The author argues that children are less blameworthy for these failures because it is harder for them to exercise self-control. She argues that one important reason that it is harder for children to control themselves is that children are still in the process of developing what she calls “narrative capacity.” Her account of this capacity is informed by both psychological and philosophical accounts. The chapter spells out the characteristic features of narrative capacity and illustrates how these are required for self-control.
Empathic Self-Control
Authors: Shoemaker David
Published: June 2020

People with a high degree of self-control typically enjoy greater well-being than those with a low degree of self-control. They also tend to have a high degree of empathy. Further, those with low self-control also tend to have low empathy. But what possible connection could there be between self-control and empathy, given that how one regulates oneself seems to have no bearing on how one views others? This chapter aims to argue for a very tight relation between self-control and empathy, namely, that empathy is in fact one type of self-control, a previously unexplored feature of interpersonal lives. In addition, once one sees that the type of empathy exercised is also exercised when casting oneself into the shoes of one’s future self, it becomes evident how intrapersonal empathy better enables other more familiar types of self-control.
Negligence and Social Self-Governance
Authors: Vargas Manuel
Published: June 2020

Self-control can involve more than just impulse inhibition. For some notions of self-control, especially those concerned with moral responsibility, sensitivity to reasons is the idea central to self-control. For these accounts, it is not obvious how to capture the idea that people are responsible for negligence and other instances of apparently non-volitional culpability. One blames people for failing to take into account some important moral consideration in deciding what to do, for failing to remember some commitment, and for failing to recognize situationally relevant things. This chapter proposes an account of this broader notion of self-control, one that solves the problem of control in non-volitional culpability cases, and that retains the idea that people in such cases could have complied with the demands of morality.
But now they denounce it as a mere excuse for bigotry
Authors: Koppelman Andrew
Published: June 2020

A few high-profile struggles transformed the perception of religious liberty. Beginning as recently as 2014, the Left began to regard a few individuals who refused to facilitate same-sex weddings—wedding photographer Elaine Huguenin, Kentucky county clerk Kim Davis, baker Jack Phillips—as the paradigm for religious dissent. Soon the term came to be seen as an excuse for discrimination.
Worsening the divisions that helped elect Trump
Authors: Koppelman Andrew
Published: June 2020

This controversy exacerbated the alienation of Religious Right from liberalism, and helped drive them to support Trump. It was part of the reason why Clinton lost the white Evangelical and Catholic votes so resoundingly, and thus the presidency. It reflects deeper antireligious tendencies on the Left. It facilitates Trump’s efforts to reshape not only American identity, but Christian identity.
Free speech principles are barely relevant
Authors: Koppelman Andrew
Published: June 2020

Some have claimed that accommodation is mandated by free speech. In the Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado case, the Supreme Court was offered an impressive array of variations on this claim. Mostly they are bad arguments. Although merchants have the right to announce their disagreement with the law, speech principles cannot resolve the controversy. Free speech could be construed to protect businesses that produce expressive media, such as (some) photographers, but it can’t intelligibly be stretched to help others with equally pressing conscience claims, such as bakers. It thus addresses the issue in a morally arbitrary way.
Introduction
Authors: Nannicelli Ted
Published: June 2020

This chapter summarizes the methods, arguments, and contents of the overall book. It outlines the central considerations in support of the production-oriented approach to the ethical criticism of art. It claims that judgments of an artwork’s ethical value are often made (and often should be made) in terms of how it was created and, furthermore, that this is in part because some art forms more readily lend themselves to this form of ethical appraisal. In addition, the chapter claims that among the ways in which we ethically criticize art, this production-oriented approach more often leads to practical consequences (censure, dismissal, prosecution, legislation) because its claim to objectivity is less contested than that of other sorts of ethical criticism.
The Production-Oriented Approach to the Ethical Criticism of Art
Authors: Nannicelli Ted
Published: June 2020

This chapter sketches the general argument for the production-oriented approach to the ethical criticism of art. It begins by noting that at least some artworks (of performance art, for example) are isomorphic with the actions by which they are created. Such artworks are open to ethical evaluation in the same way that any action of a moral agent is open to ethical appraisal. This clears the conceptual space for the production-oriented approach. The chapter goes on to show that the production-oriented approach has an advantage over the interpretation-oriented approaches advocated by Booth, Devereaux, and Gaut in virtue of its ability to assign praise or blame to real moral agents who are responsible for their artworks. The chapter then bolsters the rationale for the production-oriented approach by appealing to anti-empiricist arguments in the aesthetics literature before drawing upon an analogy to similar arguments in virtue ethics and virtue epistemology.
Conclusion
Authors: Nannicelli Ted
Published: June 2020

This chapter summarizes the book’s central claims and looks at paths for future work on the applied ethics of artistic creation and ethical criticism. It suggests the need for two parallel strands of inquiry: On the one hand, as the term “applied ethics” suggests, there is a need for a finer-grained understanding of both the artistic and ethical contexts of artistic creation—an understanding that will need to be informed by research across a number of fields, including anthropology, art history, and moral psychology. On the other hand, whatever details of that context are revealed by this fine-grained analysis, there will be a more abstract conceptual challenge about how to reconcile the norms of that art-historical and ethical context with those in currency in the art-historical and ethical context from which one is judging the work. So, the parallel path of inquiry is in metaethics.
The partial skeletons
Authors: Ward Carol V. , Haeusler Martin , Zipfel Bernhard
Published: June 2020

Sterkfontein is notable not only for its wealth of isolated bones but also for the fortuitous preservation of two partial skeletons, both attributed to Australopithecus africanus, Sts 14 and StW 431 from Member 4. This short chapter reviews the history of recovery and preservation of these skeletons. Sts 14 was the first partial skeleton of any australopith ever found, including 19 associated bones recovered in a single block of breccia in 1947. The skeleton was too fragile to be removed by mechanical preparation techniques, so was only removed from the block using acid preparation in the late 1960s. Additional rib fragments were only recently identified and accessioned with this skeleton. StW 431 was recovered in 1987, with four additional elements identified and published in 2003. Although this skeleton did not derive from a single block of breccia, their proximity within the sediments and similar preservation indicate that these bones are associated. Given the small size of Sts 14 and compared to the much larger size of StW 431, they are likely female and male individuals respectively. Subsequent chapters describe individual skeletal elements by anatomical region.
Scapula, clavicle, and proximal humerus
Authors: Green David J.
Published: June 2020

This chapter describes parts of four scapulae, two clavicles, and three proximal humeri, and provides information on the functional anatomy of the Sterkfontein hominin pectoral girdle and shoulder joint. The clavicle resembles that of other hominins, which indicates a more horizontal orientation than in apes. Comparative analysis of these scapulae, though, suggests that the glenohumeral joint of Australopithecus africanus is more cranially oriented than typical for humans, perhaps even more so than seen in East African early hominins. This morphology may also indicate features of dorsal scapular shape, which could impact potential areas of attachment as well as line of action of dorsal rotator cuff muscles. The glenohumeral joint morphology and orientation implies the possibility of more arboreality in the A. africanus locomotor repertoire.
Antonin Scalia and American Constitutionalism
Authors: Purcell, Jr. Edward A.
Published: June 2020

Antonin Scalia and American Constitutionalism is a critical study of Justice Antonin Scalia’s jurisprudence, his work on the U.S. Supreme Court, and his significance for an understanding of American constitutionalism. After tracing Scalia’s emergence as a hero of the political right and his opposition to many of the decisions of the Warren Court, this book examines his general jurisprudential theory of originalism and textualism, arguing that he failed to produce either the objective method he claimed or the “correct” constitutional results he promised. Focusing on his judicial performance over his thirty years on the Court, the book examines his opinions on virtually all of the constitutional issues he addressed, from fundamentals of structure to most major constitutional provisions. The book argues that Scalia applied his jurisprudential theories in inconsistent ways and often ignored, twisted, or abandoned the interpretive methods he proclaimed, in most cases reaching results that were consistent with “conservative” politics and the ideology of the post-Reagan Republican Party. Most broadly, it argues that Scalia’s jurisprudence and career are particularly significant because they exemplify—contrary to his own persistent claims—three paramount characteristics of American constitutionalism: the inherent inadequacy of “originalism” and other formal interpretive methodologies to produce “correct” answers to controverted constitutional questions; the relationship—particularly close in Scalia’s case—between constitutional interpretations on one hand and substantive personal and political goals on the other; and the truly and unavoidably “living” nature of American constitutionalism itself. As a historical matter, the book concludes, Scalia stands as a towering figure of irony because his judicial career disproved the central claims of his own jurisprudence.
Theorist
Authors: Purcell Edward A. Jr.
Published: June 2020

This chapter discusses Justice Antonin Scalia’s jurisprudence and his advocacy of what he called “public meaning” originalism in contrast to Robert Bork’s “original intent” originalism. The U.S. Constitution was properly construed, Scalia maintained, only by focusing on the text of the document itself and, where necessary, on the public writings of the Founders and well-established national “traditions.” Scalia rejected all other interpretive theories and lumped them together as “nonoriginalist” types of subjective and antidemocratic theories of “living” constitutionalism. This chapter examines the elements and assumptions behind his jurisprudence and offers a severe critique of both. It summarizes and draws on an extensive literature undermining the claims of his constitutional “originalism and concludes that his jurisprudential ideas were deeply flawed for a variety of reasons.
Awakening Verse
Authors: Roberts Wendy Raphael
Published: June 2020

Beginning with Isaac Watts’s Horae Lyricae (1706) and concluding with the burgeoning poetic print culture of the early nineteenth century, Awakening Verse unfolds how evangelical ministers, itinerants, and laypeople in colonial British North America capaciously engaged prevailing ideas about literary taste and created a distinct transatlantic poetics grounded in Watts’s notion of the “plainest capacity.” From the evangelical women who were instrumental in the development of bountiful verse ministries and the creation of poetic coteries to the itinerant ministers for whom poetics and its attendant sociability were central, evangelicals produced new forms of the “poet-minister,” “print itinerancy,” and “espousal poetics” that emerged as crucial practices of revivalism and facilitated rearrangements of ecclesiastical, gendered, and racialized authority. Well-known poet-ministers, such as the Scottish Ralph Erskine, the Bostonian Sarah Moorhead, and the Virginian James Ireland, reimagined formal poetic elements in the service of saving souls. Others, like Samuel Davies and Phillis Wheatley, became enmeshed in critical debates over the racialization of evangelical verse. Countless others, in print and in manuscript, joined with Watts to save poetry from its “profligate” uses. Awakening Verse shows that American literary and religious histories that regularly exclude one hundred years of verse severely impoverish the understanding of early evangelicalism and American poetry. Taking revival poets and their verse as seriously as they and their contemporaries did provides an entirely new understanding of eighteenth-century evangelical and literary culture, one in which poetry serves as one of the primary actors in the creation, maintenance, and adaptation of evangelical culture and religious enthusiasm animates American poetics.
Cyclops
Authors: Aguirre Mercedes , Buxton Richard
Published: June 2020

This book provides an innovative, authoritative, and richly illustrated study of the myths relating to the Cyclopes from classical antiquity until the present day. It is the first such book-length study of the topic in any language. The first part, dealing with classical antiquity, is organized thematically: after discussing various competing scholarly approaches to the myths, Aguirre and Buxton analyse ancient accounts and images of the Cyclopes in relation to landscape, physique (especially eyes, monstrosity, and hairiness), lifestyle, gods, names, love, and song. While the man-eating Cyclops Polyphemus, famous already in the Odyssey, plays a major part, so also do the Cyclopes who did monumental building work, as well as those who toiled as blacksmiths. The second part of the book concentrates on the post-classical reception of the myths. Topics discussed include medieval allegory, Renaissance grottoes, Italian and Spanish poetry, Spanish drama, and the novels of Hugo, Joyce, and Ellison; in the visual arts, dozens of images are examined, beginning with the medieval and early modern periods, moving on to Surrealism and Abstract Impressionism, and ending with contemporary painting and sculpture. Movie Cyclopes also appear, as does a wonderful circus performance. The overall aim of the authors is to explore, not just the perennial appeal of the Cyclopes as fearsome monsters, but the depth and subtlety of their mythology, which raises complex issues of thought and emotion. All too often, a Cyclops is assumed to be nothing more than a gruesome one-eyed monster. This book seeks to demonstrate that there is far more to it than that—quite apart from the fact that Cyclopes are by no means always one-eyed!