bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indebted Freedom: Paul Tillich
Authors: Joas Hans
Published: March 2024

This chapter focuses on several aspects of the understanding of faith, history, and political freedom in the work of the Protestant theologian Paul Tillich. It offers an interpretation of his views about temporality, symbols, and the interaction of religious traditions. But the main focus is on his liberating of debates about religion from the dichotomous distinction between autonomy and heteronomy by introducing the idea of “theonomy” as “indebted freedom.” The great relevance of this move to an understanding of faith under conditions of political freedom and in a culture permeated by the value of individual self-determination and autonomy is demonstrated here.
Conclusion
Authors: Joas Hans
Published: March 2024

The concluding part of the book first summarizes the results of the preceding chapters when it comes to overcoming Hegel’s philosophy of history in relation to the four main aspects that structure the entire volume. It then turns to the challenge posed by Nietzsche’s philosophy in general and his claim about Judaism and Christianity in particular. This challenge was taken up by both Max Weber and Ernst Troeltsch at the beginning of the twentieth century, but in different ways. The reconstruction of these different approaches leads to the prospect of future analyses of the global history of moral universalism, in which Karl Jaspers is certain to play a key role. It is crucial that this project follows Troeltsch’s method of genealogical historical reconstruction and Weber’s look beyond Europe and Christianity. Such a global genealogy of moral universalism promises to be the constructive fusion of the ideas elaborated in this book with reference to selected thinkers on religion of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.
Introduction
Authors: Amann Edmund , Figueiredo Paulo N.
Published: March 2024

This introductory chapter sets out the conceptual and empirical background for the book, as well as the questions it addresses. The discussion suggests that despite many years of attempted reform and undoubted economic and social progress, Latin America has failed to close the income and development gap with the advanced industrial countries. It is suggested that the region is caught in a middle-income trap where structural impediments are frustrating the achievement of accelerated, inclusive and sustainable growth. Against this background, this chapter lays out the central questions to be examined in the volume. These centre on the nature of the factors and circumstances forming the middle-income trap faced by Latin America. They also concern possible routes out of it. In this connection, particular attention is paid to the structural characteristics of the region’s economies and the potential implications of the re-primarization process which has been witnessed in recent years.
Institutional Challenges, the Middle-Income Trap, and the Pursuit of Global Economic Integration in Latin America
Authors: Doctor Mahrukh
Published: March 2024

This chapter considers the significance of institutional obstacles and how these and related structural issues feed into Latin America’s middle-income trap. A special area of focus surrounds innovation and structural change. Elevated levels of income inequality and minimal level of social cohesion have meant that institutions that foster rapid innovation and inclusive development policy, although urgently needed, have not always materialized. The analysis also suggests that institutional frameworks set up for conditions of inwardly-oriented development and pre-globalization patterns of international trade have not always proved conducive to managing participation in an innovation-driven and knowledge-intensive global economy. The analysis strongly implies that effective institutional design and reform of existing structures are required if the region is to improve its economic performance and acquire a more advantageous position in the global division of labour.
The Co-Evolution of FDI and the Output and Export Structures of Brazil and Mexico, 2000–2015
Authors: Pineli André , Narula Rajneesh
Published: March 2024

This chapter investigates the co-evolution between FDI, economic structure, and export structures in the two largest Latin American economies, Brazil and Mexico, over the period 2000–2015. Both initially followed quite similar development strategies during the import substitution era, but in the era of the Washington Consensus adjusted their strategies in differing ways. In addition to the analysis of key indicators, the chapter discusses the role played by industrial policies—or their absence—within Brazil’s and Mexico’s development strategies. Industrial policy instruments, such as infant industry protection, subsidies, tax and financial incentives, as well as performance requirements, may be crucial to shift the economic structure in the direction of the desired industries.
Conclusions
Authors: Amann Edmund , Figueiredo Paulo N.
Published: March 2024

This chapter draws together the main arguments that flow through the preceding chapters. It is suggested that Latin America’s growth challenges are serious and rooted in structural impediments. These include under-investment in human and fixed capital, failure to build backward and forward linkages connecting lead sectors and the remainder of the economy, and the inability to create political consensus behind effective and consistently applied reforms. Yet, the chapter argues, success lies within the region’s grasp. This is because of the productive and technological capabilities that have already been built up, the nature of the region’s natural-resource-intensive sectors, and the opportunities that the global economy (despite its apparent fragmentation), will continue to present. The challenge for the future lies in forging a consensus to drive forward effective horizontal and vertical policies capable of unleashing the growth potential that Latin America undoubtedly possesses.
Taylor Cyr and Matthew Flummer on Free Will Basics
Authors: Cyr Taylor W. , Flummer Matthew T.
Published: March 2024

In this chapter, Taylor Cyr and Matthew Flummer discuss what free will is and why it matters. Though there is disagreement among philosophers, most agree that free will is having a kind of control over one’s actions. This control is usually thought of as either the ability to do otherwise or the control that is necessary for moral responsibility. After distinguishing between being responsible for an action and being held responsible for an action, they move on to the putative connections between free will and autonomy, creativity, rationality, virtue, and love. The chapter concludes by addressing some misconceptions about free will.
Timothy O’Connor on Agent-Causal Libertarianism
Authors: Cyr Taylor W. , Flummer Matthew T.
Published: March 2024

In this chapter, Taylor Cyr and Matthew Flummer talk with Timothy O’Connor about agent-causal libertarianism, the view that we have free will and that free will requires indeterministic causation by agents that is not reducible to causation by agent-involving events. Along the way, they discuss the notion of emergence, an agent-causalist understanding of acting for reasons. They then discuss two versions of the problem of luck for libertarianism. The first has to do with the way luck seems to undermine control of actions and the second with the way luck undermines explanation of actions. They conclude with how agent-causal libertarians should respond to the problem of luck.
David Palmer on Non-Causal Libertarianism
Authors: Cyr Taylor W. , Flummer Matthew T.
Published: March 2024

In this chapter, Taylor Cyr and Matthew Flummer speak with David Palmer about non-causal libertarianism, the view that we have free will and that free actions are uncaused (and therefore not causally determined). They discuss reasons one might be attracted to a non-causalist position, how the view compares to other forms of libertarianism, and whether the non-causalist can account for acting for reasons, for example, by appealing to teleological explanations as opposed to causal ones. They conclude by talking about some of Palmer’s recent work on a non-causalist approach to control, and they also discuss some other challenges for the non-causalist position.
Implementation Strategies
Authors: Kirchner JoAnn E. , Waltz Thomas J. , Powell Byron J. , Woodward Eva N. , Smith Jeffrey L. , Proctor Enola K.
Published: March 2024

As the field of implementation science moves beyond studying barriers to and facilitators of implementation to the comparative effectiveness of different strategies, it is essential to create a common taxonomy to define the strategies studied. This advances the understanding of strategy mechanisms of action and supports replicability in future studies. Similarly, clear documentation must be done of the implementation strategies that are applied, the factors that influence their selection, and any adaptation of the strategy during the course of implementation and sustainment of the innovation being implemented. By incorporating this type of rigor into the work it will be able to advance not only the science of implementation but also the ability to place evidence-based innovations into the hands of practitioners in a timely and efficient manner.
Fidelity and Its Relationship to Effectiveness, Adaptation, and Implementation
Authors: Shelton Rachel C. , Adsul Prajakta , Emmons Karen M. , Linnan Laura A. , Allen Jennifer D.
Published: March 2024

There is substantial variability in the implementation of evidence-based interventions across the United States, which leads to inconsistent access to evidence-based prevention and treatment strategies at a population level. Increased dissemination and implementation of evidence-based interventions could result in significant public health gains and the potential to address persistent health inequities. While the availability of evidence-based interventions is increasing, study of implementation, adaptation, and dissemination has relatively recently gained attention in public health. To date, insufficient attention has been given to the issue of fidelity. Consideration of fidelity is necessary to balance the need for internal and external validity across the research continuum. There is also a need for a more robust literature to increase knowledge about factors that influence fidelity, strategies for maximizing fidelity, and methods for measuring and analyzing fidelity and learning from variation in implementation fidelity.
The Role of Organizational Processes in Dissemination and Implementation Research
Authors: Aarons Gregory A. , Ehrhart Mark G. , Lengnick-Hall Rebecca , Moullin Joanna C.
Published: March 2024

Taken as a whole, both organizational characteristics and specific organizational strategies are important for the effective dissemination and implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs) in health and allied healthcare settings, as well as mental health, alcohol/drug treatment, and social service settings. One of the primary goals of this chapter is to support implementers and leaders within organizations in attending to and shaping the context in which implementation takes place in order to increase the likelihood of implementation success and long-term sustainment. The chapter summarizes some of the most critical organizational factors and strategies likely to impact successful EBP implementation. There are myriad approaches to supporting organizational development and change; this chapter focuses on issues supported by relevant scientific literatures, particularly those germane to EBP implementation in healthcare and related settings.
Furthering Dissemination and Implementation Research
Authors: Trinkley Katy E. , McNeal Demetria M. , Fort Meredith P. , Green Lawrence W. , Huebschmann Amy G.
Published: March 2024

This chapter raises questions about the reliability of much “evidence-based practice” disseminated from the original studies and systematic reviews of those studies insofar as they were often conducted and reviewed with inadequate attention to external validity. Important issues are raised for dissemination and implementation researchers. Indeed, the pressure on investigators to provide for increasingly rigorous controls on threats to internal validity, and to exclude studies that fall below standards for internal validity, has made many such sources of evidence more suspect in their external validity and less credible to the practitioners or policymakers who would adopt them. Greater attention is needed to ways to incorporate considerations of external validity into studies and in systematic reviews of studies to produce more generalizable evidence and to practice-based evidence that can complement the more formal evidence-based practices by evaluating the dissemination and implementation process.
Dissemination and Implementation Research in Community and Public Health Settings
Authors: Mazzucca-Ragan Stephanie , Wiedenman Eric M. , Vinson Cynthia A.
Published: March 2024

There are many opportunities to disseminate and implement evidence-based programs and policies (EBPPs) through public health and community settings to support health and work toward health equity and justice. This chapter highlights the breadth of these opportunities. Making the most of these opportunities will require significant prioritization and investment of time and financial resources on the part of funders, research institutions, public health agencies, community partners, and policymakers. Funding agencies, along with others internationally, have also created and supported infrastructures to increase access to information about evidence-based programs and linkages between researchers and practitioners in public health and community organizations. However, these relatively small steps at their current level of support will be insufficient to accelerate closing the discovery-delivery gap. Closing this gap necessitates an increase in funding for this type of dissemination and implementation (D&I) research beyond the typical, disease-specific funding structures and an increase in the support for collaborations between researchers and practitioners, such as the recognition of community-focused research activities and products in tenure and promotion standards and value placed on practice-based research. Absent a significant effort at redesigning and increasing investments in D&I research and knowledge translation on the part of science and service funding agencies, and a similar change in the academic rewards for research, practice, and policy partnerships, integrating the lessons learned from research with those learned from practice and policy, the ideal of research influencing practice and policy and vice versa will remain a side show to our seemingly unquenchable thirst for discovery.
Decarbonizing the car
Authors: Moore Andrew
Published: March 2024

The car symbolizes a seriously incomplete analysis of environmental impact, having been distorted into a massive and unbalanced public “attractor.” In this narrative, internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) are, in general, presented as greatly inferior to battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in energy consumption and environmental impact; e-fuels are seen as a desperate, costly attempt to save outdated, filthy technology. Closer and fuller analysis reveals a very different picture: if manufacturing impacts are included, currently it is unlikely that most BEVs will outperform comparable modern ICEVs in energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and environmental and human health impact. In a future where CO2-neutral e-fuels are exclusively used, the advantage of ICEVs over BEVs at current technology status is clear. BEVs currently “succeed” because their costs are partly government subsidized and partly traded against environmental damage. Wealthy countries export much of the manufacturing environmental impact to poorer countries and then celebrate zero tailpipe emissions.
Negotiated Agreements
Authors: Bodansky Daniel , van Asselt Harro
Published: March 2024

Chapter 9 explores negotiated instruments as a means of addressing international environmental problems. From its inception, international environmental law has consisted primarily of treaties and other forms of negotiated instruments, which offer several advantages over more informal mechanisms of international cooperation. Traditionally, treaties were comparatively static arrangements, memorializing the rights and duties of the parties as agreed at a particular point in time. Today, environmental agreements are usually dynamic arrangements, establishing ongoing regulatory processes. The chapter introduces the basic types of international instruments, and analyzes why states negotiate and accept them. It then describes the process by which agreements are created, from the inception of negotiations to the adoption and entry into force of the resulting instrument. The chapter also explores the various design issues in developing international environmental agreements. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the role of private standard-setting—that is, instruments involving business, NGOs, and other nonstate actors.
Customary (and Not So Customary) Norms
Authors: Bodansky Daniel , van Asselt Harro
Published: March 2024

In contrast to treaties, the two generally recognized types of non-treaty norms—customary law and general principles—are not created through formal acts of lawmaking and do not have a canonical form. Chapter 10 explores the processes through which such norms emerge. Although there is limited evidence that international environmental norms are customary in nature, environmental non-treaty norms are emerging, first, in the form of international common law shaped by judicial decisions, and second, as general principles. The chapter also examines whether—and if so, how and why—non-treaty norms have an effect on behavior. While non-treaty law does not directly guide behavior, it sets boundary conditions for the development of more precise behavioral rules through courts and international negotiations.
Is the common school dead?
Authors: Fuller Bruce
Published: March 2024

Many reform advocates on the political left and right ironically agree that common schools—state-run and uniform renditions of education—must die a quiet death. In its wake, a variety of school forms have sprouted on both sides of the Atlantic, animated by the embrace of market competition, private interests, and the progressive pursuit of fair and culturally responsive schools. This growing movement yields schools that serve particular families, including locally run charter, magnet, and dual-language schools, campuses that typically serve certain ethnic communities or particular curricular aims. This chapter describes the decline of mass schooling and the shift toward organizational pluralism, along with resulting effects on learning and social stratification. Institutional variety manifests plural civic spaces that become locally responsive and potentially segregated over time.
“State advances, min retreats”Recentralization of minban education in China
Authors: Chan Raymond K. H. , Wang Ying
Published: March 2024

Minban education has established a strong presence and enjoyed certain autonomy permitted by the government in China’s education system since the early 1980s. While minban schools achieved significant size and became competitive, problems were also identified and partly tackled by recentralization with greater government control from the mid-2010s. This chapter offers an overview of minban education’s development in China from the 1980s. It is argued that rapid development since the 1990s was characterized by the governance mode of controlled decentralization, and the latest stage from the mid-2010s featured a reversion, commonly phrased as “State advances, Min (non-state sector) retreats.” This change in the mode of governance and policy direction is considered a result of an attempt to rectify the situation and to reconsolidate the Party and the state’s directing role in this minban sector. However, such an attempt has cast doubt on the future development of minban education.
Where the public was always privateGoing beyond privatization in/of/through education and policymaking in postcolonial contexts
Authors: Moschetti Mauro C. , Edwards D. Brent , Caravaca Alejandro
Published: March 2024

While Ball and Youdell’s typology of privatization in, of, and through education and policymaking represents advancements in the way that privatization is understood, and while this framework is useful for nuancing what is meant by privatization, these concepts should be complemented by additional considerations if they are to be useful beyond descriptive terms. Our main argument here is that it is necessary to consider the foundations and nature of the State if one wishes to grasp the origins, logic, and range of possible ways that privatization manifests in a setting. By focusing on the State—particularly the postcolonial State—we raise the issue of “context.” Drawing on data obtained through interviews, document analysis, and literature review, we further highlight the “ethos of privatization,” a form of privatization rooted in colonial and capitalist relations through which State actors prioritize personal benefit and resource extraction over concern for the provision of quality public services.
Policies
Authors: Põder Kaire
Published: March 2024

This is the concluding chapter of the book Privatization in and of Education. It summarizes the key messages from the chapters and synthesises the messages to the predictive future of education policies in the dimensions of private–public. We rely on the argument that private schools are more efficient than public schools after controlling for the differences in inputs, including students. So theoretically there is something beyond resources that makes private schools more efficient, what we intend to discuss. Moreover, the biggest contemporary problem of private schooling is related to the poorly mitigated trade-off between efficiency and equity or inclusion, and this applies to various contexts and cases in this book. Thus our policy perspective is to reveal interventions needed for both private and public schools to flourish and increase horizontal diversity without between-school vertical segregation.
Aventure Malgache (1944)Aventure Malgache (1944)
Authors: Barr Charles
Published: March 2024

In “Aventure Malgache (1944): French colonial tensions,” Alfred Hitchcock’s short French-language propaganda film, Aventure Malgache, is discussed both as a striking item in its own right and for the place it occupies within his career trajectory. Commissioned by Sidney Bernstein for the British Ministry of Information, it heralds a shift back from Hollywood toward Europe, via the partnership with Bernstein that was soon consolidated in Transatlantic Pictures. The selected single shot is a long-held triangular composition, which looks ahead to the long-take strategies of the Transatlantic features Rope (1948) and Under Capricorn (1949). This temporary move away from montage-based cinema is placed in the context of the career of a director who was always, in style as in content, subtly responsive to cultural and social pressures. The setting of the film in the African colony of Madagascar triggers a final section, in the same spirit, on Hitchcock’s handling of race.
The Wrong Man (1956)The Wrong Man (1956)
Authors: Steimatsky Noa
Published: March 2024

“The Wrong Man (1956): Towards singularity” examines a superimposition shot. Marking a turning point in this narrative of mistaken identity, it erupts like a luminous visual revelation in the film’s otherwise bleak realist universe. It involves not one but, by definition, two shots in lap-dissolve, extended at a climactic point to a superimposition. Yet it begs to be seen as one. The optical impression of spatiotemporal simultaneity effects a play of transparency and opacity, surface and depth, singular and dual/multiple, seminal to the challenging questions of identity and identification at the heart of film. The doubling/splitting of identity, the deceptiveness of appearances, the displacement of guilt—all are key tropes inflecting Hitchcock’s work. Through close analysis, this chapter reflects on the multiplicity of meanings bound up with the technique’s ambiguity, which ultimately disturbs our confidence in the uniqueness of human beings and points to an irrecoverable gap between seeing and knowing.
Arab Brazil
Authors: Hassan Waïl S.
Published: March 2024

Arabs have left a permanent imprint on Brazil: from the legacy of Muslim Iberia to Arab immigrants since the late nineteenth century and the prominence today of Brazilians of Arab descent in politics, the economy, literature, and culture. Arab Brazil argues that representations of Arab and Muslim immigrants in Brazilian literature and popular culture since the early twentieth century reveal anxieties and contradictions in the country’s ideologies of national identity. The book analyzes those representations in a century of Brazilian novels, short stories, and telenovelas to show how the Arab East works paradoxically as a site of otherness, of different language, culture, and religion; and of solidarity, with deep historical, demographic, and geopolitical ties. What explains this contradiction is a Brazilian form of Orientalism, distinct from the British, French, and US varieties analyzed by Edward Said, and which problematizes the idealized image of Brazil as a country built on mistura (ethnic and racial mixing) and cultural anthropophagy, or the digestion and incorporation of diverse cultural influences. The book raises such questions as: What happens when a discourse of Western mastery over the Orient migrates to another part of the developing world? What are the contours of Brazilian Orientalism? What are the ideological stakes of a Eurocentric discourse mediating a South-South relationship? Arab Brazil argues that whereas colonial Orientalism is based on the duality of Self/Other, East/West, and colonizer/colonized, Brazilian Orientalism has a tertiary structure that defines the country’s cultural identity in relation both to the Arab world and to Europe and the United States. In a country that lies in the American hemisphere but is part of the Global South, these differences exhibit anxieties about Brazil’s place in the world.
Merchants to Landowners
Authors: Hassan Waïl S.
Published: March 2024

The first two Arab Brazilian novelists, Cecílio Carneiro (1911–70) and Permínio Asfora (1913–2001), challenge the split image of admirable Arabs of the past and undesirable Arab immigrants in the present. In A fogueira (1942, The Bonfire), Carneiro fictionalizes the life of his father, who came from Lebanon penniless but within a couple of decades became one of the wealthiest cocoa plantation owners in the state of São Paulo. Similarly, Asfora’s Noite Grande (1947, Long Night) emphasizes the Arab role in the country’s economic growth during the rubber boom by depicting a Palestinian immigrant as a model citizen who participates in the establishment of law and order in the backlands of Piauí. But the two novelists differ in their approach to the racialization of Arabs: Carneiro inscribes his protagonist within dominant whiteness whereas Asfora denounces racial and ethnic criteria of citizenship.
Agnostics On Campus
Authors: Kaczynski Richard
Published: March 2024

Aleister Crowley seeks out J. F. C. Fuller’s fellow Agnostic Journal (AJ) contributor and apparent subeditor, Victor Neuburg, who is preparing to publish Wild Honey, his collection of poetry from AJ. Crowley and Neuburg form an intense mutual attraction: intellectual, spiritual, and emotional. A Cambridge undergraduate as Crowley once was, Neuburg organizes the campus’s Pan Society to host poetry readings by Crowley, which also serve as a recruitment tool for Neuburg’s mystical society. The resulting core of students goes on to form the Cambridge University Freethought Association, setting the stage for a confrontation among its members, the Cambridge dons, and the university’s dean, with unexpected consequences over a decade later.
Crowley Versus the Rationalist Press Association
Authors: Kaczynski Richard
Published: March 2024

Chapter 6 documents how Aleister Crowley and company’s hard shift into occultism met with consternation and mixed reviews in the Agnostic circles with which they were once allied. The Rationalist Press Association’s (RPA) Literary Guide and Rationalist Review panned J. F. C. Fuller’s The Star in the West (1907), damned Crowley’s Konx Om Pax (1907) with faint praise, and rejected The Equinox journal as “expensively printed lunacy.” In response, Crowley and Fuller used the review pages of The Equinox to attack not only the RPA but the entire Agnostic movement, running scathing reviews of the Literary Guide and its publications. Other works by Crowley from this time, such as The World’s Tragedy (1910), also reveal increasing acrimony toward Agnosticism.
Gendered Transnational Authoritarianism in Cyberspace
Authors: Yılmaz Murat
Published: March 2024

Transnational authoritarianism—the efforts of states to influence, surveil, and target citizens abroad—brings together international migration studies and authoritarian studies. Despotic state practices outside of the nation-state’s territories are enhanced by the rise of information and communications technologies (ICT), with the cybersphere ripe for exploitation by authoritarian regimes. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) perfected cyber-surveillance for domestic control and now uses these strategies to harm citizens abroad. Through a case study of the Uyghur community—a minority Turkic and Muslim population undergoing persecution by the CCP—this chapter explores how the Chinese state uses the cybersphere to surveil and target Uyghurs abroad. The chapter argues that the cybersphere plays an integral role in the CCP’s efforts to silence and harm Uyghurs living outside of China and that this cyberviolence of the CCP in its transnational authoritarianism holds concerning implications for democracy and human security.
Capacity Building and Cyber Insecurity in Latin America
Authors: Henshaw Alexis
Published: March 2024

Several Latin American countries are considered among the most connected states in the Global South. However, with this connectivity comes questions about surveillance, information security, and the impact of mis- and disinformation on democratic political systems. This chapter approaches the discussion of cyber insecurity on a regional level, noting the transnational nature of many major threats in the region. These include the spread of mis- and disinformation about COVID-19 and electoral politics, the use of spyware against human rights defenders, and the increased deployment of surveillance technologies for border security. Primary takeaways from the discussion are that states in the region have proven poor guarantors of cybersecurity, that cyber capacity-building efforts (especially from the US and China) have exacerbated security issues in the region, and that the environment of risk is further shaped by considerations of race/ethnicity, gender, and class.
Conclusion
Authors: Mhajne Anwar , Henshaw Alexis
Published: March 2024

The conclusion summarizes the key arguments made in the chapters in this edited volume. A recurring theme within the discussion of cybersecurity frameworks is the critical inquiry: “Whose security are we addressing? Security from what? And security by what means?” These inquiries underscore the imperative for cybersecurity processes to be characterized by inclusivity, multidisciplinarity, contextual sensitivity, and an intersectional perspective. It is emphasized that such processes should move beyond the conventional, state-centric definition of cybersecurity, broadening their scope to encompass human rights considerations and attentiveness to the narratives and counsel of marginalized individuals, activists, and civil society groups. This underscores the indispensable role of a feminist framework in any discourse concerning security, insecurity, and rights in the realm of cyberspace.
The Servant(’s) Turn, in the Middle Ground
Authors: Hai Ambreen
Published: March 2024

Chapter 2 looks closely at servitude in Salman Rushdie’s first four major novels of the 1980s and 1990s to argue that Rushdie’s pathbreaking fiction constitutes a pivotal middle step in the trajectory charted in this book, paving the way for servitude fiction. In contrast to his predecessors, with his insider-outsider returnee vision, Rushdie brings servant characters into the middle ground (though still not the foreground). Rushdie’s pathbreaking work, while remaining focused on upper-class protagonists, creates a new visibility for servitude that is nonetheless self-contradictory. By comparison, this chapter shows how three younger transnational writers’ work—Shyam Selvadurai’s Funny Boy, Monica Ali’s Brick Lane, and Mohsin Hamid’s Moth Smoke—though not centered on servitude, also pulls servitude into the middle ground, while taking very different approaches to Rushdie’s. Together, in Part One, Chapters 1 and 2 set up a literary-historical context to measure the departures, innovations, and interventions of the servitude fiction examined in Part Two.
Legacies of Servitude, Global and Local
Authors: Hai Ambreen
Published: March 2024

Chapter 7 focuses on Kiran Desai’s Booker Prize–winning novel The Inheritance of Loss to explore how, compared to Umrigar’s The Space Between Us, it tackles three issues: the affective relations and micropolitics between an employer’s family and an aging servant, the intergenerational consequences of servitude, and the final crisis of betrayal of the servant by the employer. Where most readings of this novel focus on globalization, migration, (post)colonialism, nationalism, and separatism, it argues that these questions are connected through the crucial figure of the cook, who, though overlooked by most critics, constitutes the linchpin of the novel. Paying attention to Desai’s uses of humor, irony, and empathetic but unsentimental narrative modes, it shows how the cook connects these seemingly disparate issues and helps foreground the problems of social inequities, cultures of servitude, and the lasting consequences of servitude both within the postcolonial nation and across nations in the Global South and North.
Introduction
Authors: Marat Erica
Published: March 2024

The introduction presents the book’s puzzle: Why are some violent acts more galvanizing than others? While some victims of abuse turn into symbols of resistance against a complacent society that tolerates violence, most suffer in silence, alone, and hidden from public view. It explains that certain conditions must be in place for an act of violence to become transformative: (1) the victims are identifiable as members of a group of known statistical victims; (2) the violence occurs within preexisting interpretive frameworks; and (3) both an image and a narrative of violence are available. The chapter outlines the book’s research methodology and its roadmap.
Transformative Violence in the Global Context
Authors: Marat Erica
Published: March 2024

This chapter builds on the qualitative studies and considers three factors—the presence of core activists, an identifiable victim from a kin group, and powerful images—that have been present in similar mobilization campaigns across the globe in the past three decades. Using a small antiviolence mobilization (AVM) data set on postviolence mobilization, this chapter reviews how the factors triggering protests in India and Mexico can thrive in other contexts as well. The significance of the qualitative indicators has been confirmed in nearly all cases. Quantitative analysis revealed additional factors present in both flash mobilization and planned campaigns. Finally, the chapter explores the limits of the transformative violence approach.
Conclusions
Authors: Marat Erica
Published: March 2024

The conclusion outlines the transformative violence argument, presents case evidence used to build the argument, and discusses its applicability in the global context. It also highlights the advantages of the transformative violence approach in understanding sudden mobilization and mobilization against violence, for both social science researchers and policy analysts. Following events of transformative violence, deep changes took place in India and Mexico; the most substantive transformation took place among kin activists, whose plight was reproduced on the national and international levels and who continue to focus public attention on the identifiable victims years after the violent event. Smaller-scale violent events that involve attacks on marginalized communities and generate narrower mobilization take place with greater frequency than those that shake nations.
Subversion and Power
Authors: Maschmeyer Lennart
Published: March 2024

This chapter establishes subversion’s mechanism of action, its strategic role, and its value. Subversion produces outcomes through secret and indirect exploitation and manipulation of adversary systems. This mechanism allows a wide range of outcomes short of war and offers significant promise. Ideally, subversion is a cheap, easy, and effective alternative to, or complement to, the use of force. Paradoxically, however, even when used to avoid escalation, subversion may increase its likelihood. The reason is that secretly and indirectly exploiting and manipulating adversary systems poses a set of significant challenges that limit strategic value in practice. Importantly, the efforts required to overcome these challenges constrain the speed, intensity, and control that actors can achieve in subversive operations. Furthermore, the analysis shows these constraints interact in a way that confronts subversive actors with trade-offs that form a trilemma—at best they can have two out of these three variables. Consequently, subversion tends to be either too slow, too weak, or too volatile to produce strategic value in most circumstances. Finally, the chapter defines the quality of subversion based on these characteristics and formulates expectations for the empirical analysis.
How a Nation and Its People Move Forward
Authors: Emerson Michael O. , Bracey Glenn E.
Published: March 2024

Chapter 7 considers the meaning of this book’s argument and findings. Throughout this book, we have argued that it is impossible to understand the United States without understanding both the role of race and the role of religion in animating American life. That is because race has been religionized, and racial inequality fuels the Religion of Whiteness (ROW). Thus we advocate thinking about racism spiritually, meaning centering the way racism functions not only materially and symbolically but also spiritually in people’s lives. Thinking about racism spiritually draws attention to the collective effervescence people feel as a result of belonging to the dominant group. This framework helps explain why people passionately uphold white supremacy, why betrayal is intrinsic to the ROW, and why people ill-served by racism defend racial inequity so fervently. The chapter concludes with a discussion of counter-storytelling as a means to resist the ROW and strengthen marginalized communities.
Evaluating Gardens and Gardening
Authors: Fenner David , Fenner Ethan
Published: March 2024

Chapter 10—“Evaluating Gardens and Gardening”—is, apart from a summative conclusion to the book, the final chapter. It begins with an examination of the question that follows from Chapter 9: how is the aesthetic value of one garden compared to that of another? This follows the path developed in Chapter 5 and relies on a positive answer to the question in Chapter 9 concerning whether such comparison is possible. This is followed by a discussion of the character and value of garden criticism, with a particular emphasis on the garden critic. The chapter concludes with a discussion of gardening practice and the virtues and moral attitudes that such practice introduces or fosters, and this in turn is followed with a brief exploration of the moral obligations of garden designers, gardeners, and garden visitors.
How to Train Your Abled Linguist
Authors: Henner Jon
Published: March 2024

In this chapter, the author talks about how some people think that autistic people are not able to understand that other people have thoughts and feelings. They use their beliefs to make guesses about if language is learned from nothing, or if people are born with language in their brains. The author does not think these people are right. Instead, he believes that their feelings about disabled people affect their understanding of how autistic people live in society. The author tries to explain that these people, who are linguists, need to understand disability and their own feelings about disability before they write about how disabled people use language.
The Justice Language Action Project
Authors: Sclafani Jennifer , Gounari Panayota , Fakhrutdinova Iuliia , Sarria Vannessa Quintana
Published: March 2024

This chapter presents the Justice Language Action Project, an educational outreach project that provides professional development in critical discourse analysis and language awareness to K-12 teachers and assists them in incorporating these perspectives into social justice-themed curricular units for their classrooms. The project was designed to address the needs of teachers in urban districts with high numbers of English learners and other minoritized students. These teachers were working to respond to the unprecedented challenges of the 2020–2021 school year—specifically, the longstanding educational inequities exacerbated by the pandemic and the traumatic events that sparked the Black Lives Matter movement across the nation. First, the authors describe the four-day workshop that they led in August 2021. Next, they describe the units that teachers created and their experiences, successes, and challenges in implementation. The chapter offers this model to other linguists seeking to engage in community partnerships to foster equity and inclusion in K-12 classrooms.
Conclusion
Authors: Mallinson Christine , Henner Jon , Hudley Anne H. Charity , Bucholtz Mary
Published: March 2024

This conclusion to Inclusion in Linguistics provides a set of action plans to make linguistics a genuinely and intersectionally inclusive discipline and profession not merely in philosophy but, crucially, in practice. The resulting roadmap highlights specific recommendations made by the authors of the foregoing chapters, with particular attention to how to foster inclusion intersectionally, structurally, and educationally in all aspects of linguistics research, teaching, community partnerships, public engagement, and institutional and professional service. Central to these goals is the need to dismantle the barriers that make linguistics exclusionary and instead to embrace practices that center, support, and sustain minoritized scholars and students as well as sociopolitically marginalized communities. An inclusive linguistics will not look like the current version of the discipline, and it will not be confined to the ivory tower. Building a truly just, equitable, and inclusive linguistics will require ongoing and collective efforts.
The Foundations of the Moral Contract
Authors: Naseemullah Adnan A. , Chhibber Pradeep K.
Published: March 2024

The key concept of the moral contract, in which states in democracies have a political obligation to redress structures of inequity, is introduced in this chapter. It discusses E.P. Thompson’s moral economy framework and Amartya Sen’s notion of “entitlement relations,” before establishing the idea of moral obligation by governments in democracies. It then lays out the meaning of the moral contract in the many complex inequities of colonial rule and challenges to these inequities by anti-colonial resistance. Through a discussion of the Constituent Assembly Debates and politics in India just after Independence, the chapter highlights the importance of equality as a political obligation placed on the state. It argues that similar obligations are evident in Pakistan, despite the failure of constitution-making and significant regime differences.
Practice
Authors: Gomes Anil
Published: March 2024

This chapter argues that our faith in ourselves as the agents of our thinking is sustained by the practice of holding and being held accountable for our judgements, a practice which relates us to other people who are independent of us and our activities. It offers an account of the way in which practices sustain faith, sets out the nature of the practice of holding and being held accountable, and argues that this practice sustains our faith in ourselves as intellectual agents. It considers the kind of relation to an objective world which this secures and compares the overall argument of the book with the arguments offered by Descartes and Kant.
Framework and theoretical assumptions
Authors: Isac Daniela
Published: March 2024

This chapter introduces the main theoretical assumptions of the analysis proposed in later chapters. The general theoretical framework adopted in this book is that of the Minimalist program (Chomsky 1995). The chapter presents the general assumptions about the architecture of the grammar and the interfaces, about the typology of features (interpretable vs non-interpretable, valued vs unvalued), the processes of feature checking and feature valuation, and the structure of DPs (including the hierarchical position of pre-nominal and post-nominal modifiers, of pre-nominal and post-nominal demonstratives, of cardinals, weak and strong quantifiers, complements, possessives and prepositions).
A river of glowing light
Authors: Silvertown Jonathan
Published: March 2024

On 30 June 1876, Prince Peter Kropotkin made a daring escape from a Tsarist prison where he had been incarcerated for his revolutionary activities. At the age of 20 he had joined a Cossack regiment in Siberia. Primed by reading Darwin’s recently published Origin of Species, he arrived in Siberia expecting to see competition everywhere in nature. Instead, what struck him was how dependent animals were on other members of their species. Russian evolutionists who, like Kropotkin, were familiar with the extreme rigours of the Russian climate tended to interpret the Darwinian struggle for existence as an endurance test against physical factors. But in the more crowded land and less exacting climate of England where Kropotkin took refuge after his escape, he found that scientists regarded the struggle for existence as a competition for resources. Kropotkin wrote a book, Mutual Aid, as a riposte, arguing that cooperation was important to evolution because of the advantage it confers on the group. Kropotkin idolized Darwin and believed that mutual aid was fully consistent with Darwin’s theory. While that is true, Kropotkin had overlooked something important. Natural selection does not operate on groups; rather, it favours the individuals best adapted to survive and reproduce, who thereby leave the most offspring. Many others have since fallen into the same trap as Kropotkin, believing for example that natural selection operates for the good of the species. Can we explain the evolution of altruism another way?