bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential survival in horses requiring end‐to‐end jejunojejunal anastomosis compared to those requiring side‐to‐side jejunocaecal anastomosis
Authors: PROUDMAN C. J. , EDWARDS G. B. , BARNES J.
Published: March 2007

Reasons for performing study: Horses requiring different methods of intestinal anastomosis during equine colic surgery may have differences in mortality and morbidity.

Hypotheses: Horses requiring side‐to‐side jejunocaecal anastomosis have a higher mortality and morbidity rate than those requiring end‐to‐end jejunojejunal anastomosis. Morbidity and mortality of handsewn vs. stapled side‐to‐side jejunocaecal anastomoses are not significantly different.

Methods: A prospective, nonrandomised, observational study was conducted. Clinical and surgical details were recorded during hospitalisation and survival data acquired by periodic telephone questionnaire. Differences in mortality and morbidity rate were evaluated by survival analysis.

Results: A total of 184 horses underwent end‐to‐end jejunojejunal anastomosis and 178 underwent side‐to‐side jejunocaecal anastomosis. Horses with a jejunocaecal anastomosis had a significantly higher mortality rate. The incidence of post operative colic in horses requiring side‐to‐side jejunocaecal anastomoses was greater than those requiring end‐to‐end jejunojejunal anastomoses. Within the group undergoing side‐to‐side jejunocaecal anastomosis there was no evidence of differential survival between horses with handsewn vs. stapled anastomoses.

Conclusions: Mortality rate is higher in horses that have required side‐to‐side jejunocaecal anastomosis than in those that needed end‐to‐end jejunojejunal anastomosis; and post operative colic is more common after side‐to‐side jejunocaecal anastomosis. No difference in mortality was found between horses with handsewn and stapled side‐to‐side jejunocaecal anastomoses.

Potential relevance: Surgeons should be aware of the increased mortality and morbidity in horses requiring side‐to‐side jejunocaecal anastomosis. Our finding of no difference in mortality between handsewn and stapled side‐to‐side jejunocaecal anastomoses justifies surgeons exercising personal preference in their selection of anastomosis method.
Interventions to Prevent Child Maltreatment
Authors: Jin Jill
Published: March 2024

This JAMA Patient Page describes the pros and cons of primary care interventions to prevent child maltreatment in children and adolescents younger than 18 years without signs or symptoms of maltreatment.
Acetylated KHSRP impairs DNA‐damage‐response‐related mRNA decay and facilitates prostate cancer tumorigenesis
Authors: Yuan Haihua , Cai Renjie , Chen Biying , Wang Qian , Wang Mengting , An Junyi , An Weishu , Tao Ye , Yu Jianxiu , Jiang Bin , Zhang Yanjie , Xu Ming
Published: March 2024

Androgen‐regulated DNA damage response (DDR) is one of the essential mechanisms in prostate cancer (PCa), a hormone‐sensitive disease. The heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNPK)‐homology splicing regulatory protein known as far upstream element‐binding protein 2 (KHSRP) is an RNA‐binding protein that can attach to AU‐rich elements in the 3′ untranslated region (3′‐UTR) of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) to mediate mRNA decay and emerges as a critical regulator in the DDR to preserve genome integrity. Nevertheless, how KHSRP responds to androgen‐regulated DDR in PCa development remains unclear. This study found that androgen can significantly induce acetylation of KHSRP, which intrinsically drives tumor growth in xenografted mice. Moreover, enhanced KHSRP acetylation upon androgen stimuli impedes KHSRP‐regulated DDR gene expression, as seen by analyzing RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) datasets. Additionally, NAD‐dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin‐7 (SIRT7) is a promising deacetylase of KHSRP, and androgen stimuli impairs its interaction with KHSRP to sustain the increased KHSRP acetylation level in PCa. We first report the acetylation of KHSRP induced by androgen, which interrupts the KHSRP‐regulated mRNA decay of the DDR‐related genes to promote the tumorigenesis of PCa. This study provides insight into KHSRP biology and potential therapeutic strategies for PCa treatment, particularly that of castration‐resistant PCa.
Variability in verbal eyewitness confidence
Authors: Pennekamp Pia , Mansour Jamal K. , Batstone Rhiannon J.
Published: March 2024

Typically, an eyewitness' verbal confidence is used to judge the reliability of their lineup identification. Across three experiments (N = 3976), we examined eyewitnesses' own words confidence in their lineup decision. For identification decisions (n = 1099), we identified 781 quantitatively unique responses representing 132 qualitatively unique statements that could be categorized into low, medium, and high confidence. For rejectors (n = 781), we identified 599 quantitatively unique responses representing 143 qualitatively unique responses that could be categorized into low, medium, and high confidence. Most participants provided a verbal phrase (e.g., pretty sure) but a significant proportion—34.19% of identifiers and 29.05% of rejectors—provided numbers (e.g., 80%). The present data highlight the variability in how confidence is expressed. The criminal justice system would benefit from guidance for interpreting verbal confidence. We provide a picture of eyewitnesses' verbal confidence as a first step.
Harnessing Engineered Extracellular Vesicles from Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Therapeutic Scaffolds for Bone‐Related Diseases
Authors: Yu Tingting , Wang Jingwei , Zhou Yusai , Ma Chao , Bai Rushui , Huang Cancan , Wang Shidong , Liu Kai , Han Bing
Published: March 2024

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play a crucial role in maintaining bone homeostasis and are extensively explored for cell therapy in various bone‐related diseases. In addition to direct cell therapy, the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) by MSCs has emerged as a promising alternative approach. MSC‐derived EVs (MSC‐EVs) offer equivalent therapeutic efficacy to MSCs while mitigating potential risks. These EVs possess unique properties that enable them to traverse biological barriers and deliver bioactive cargos to target cells. Furthermore, by employing modification and engineering strategies, the therapeutic effects and tissue targeting specificity of MSC‐EVs can be further enhanced to meet specific therapeutic needs. In this review, the mechanisms and advantages of MSC‐EV therapy in diseased bone tissues are highlighted. Through simple isolation and modification techniques, MSC‐EV‐based biomaterials have demonstrated great promise for bone regeneration. Finally, future perspectives on MSC‐EV therapy are presented, envisioning the development of next‐generation regenerative materials and bioactive agents for clinical translation in the field of bone regeneration.
Dual Self‐Assembly of Puerarin and Silk Fibroin into Supramolecular Nanofibrillar Hydrogel for Infected Wound Treatment
Authors: Yang Dan , Zhao Wei , Zhang Shengyu , Liu Yu , Teng Jingmei , Ma Yuxi , Huang Rongjian , Wei Hua , Chen Hailan , Zhang Jiantao , Chen Jing
Published: March 2024

The treatment of infected wounds remains a challenging biomedical problem. Some bioactive small‐molecule hydrogelators with unique rigid structures can self‐assemble into supramolecular hydrogels for wound healing. However, they are still suffered from low structural stability and bio‐functionality. Herein, a supramolecular hydrogel antibacterial dressing with a dual nanofibrillar network structure is proposed. A nanofibrillar network created by a small‐molecule hydrogelator, puerarin extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Pueraria, is interconnected with a secondary macromolecular silk fibroin nanofibrillar network induced by Ga ions via charge‐induced supramolecular self‐assembly. The resulting hydrogel features adequate mechanical strength for sustainable retention at wounds. Good biocompatibility and efficient bacterial inhibition are obtained when the Ga ion concentration is 0.05%. Otherwise, the substantial release of Ga ions and puerarin endows the hydrogel with excellent hemostatic and antioxidative properties. In vivo, evaluation of a mouse‐infected wound model demonstrates that its healing effect outperformed that of a commercially available silver‐containing wound dressing. The experimental group successfully achieves a 100% wound closure rate on day 10. This study sheds new light on the design of nanofibrillar hydrogels based on supramolecular self‐assembly of naturally derived bioactive molecules as well as their clinical use for treating chronic infected wounds.
2D Nanomaterials Reinforced Organic Coatings for Marine Corrosion Protection: State of the Art, Challenges, and Future Prospectives
Authors: Wu Yangmin , Wu Yinghao , Sun Yingxiang , Zhao Wenjie , Wang Liping
Published: March 2024

2D nanomaterials, with extraordinary physical and chemical characteristics, have long been regarded as promising nanofillers in organic coatings for marine corrosion protection. The past decade has witnessed the high‐speed progress of 2D nanomaterial‐reinforced organic composite coatings, and plenty of breakthroughs have been achieved as yet. This review covers an in‐depth and all‐around outline of the up‐to‐date advances in 2D nanomaterial‐modified organic coatings employed for the marine corrosion protection realm. Starting from a brief introduction to 2D nanomaterials, the preparation strategies and properties are illustrated. Subsequently, diverse protection models based on composite coatings for marine corrosion protection are also introduced, including physical barrier, self‐healing, as well as cathodic protection, respectively. Furthermore, computational simulations and critical factors on the corrosion protection properties of composite coatings are clarified in detail. Finally, the remaining challenges and prospects for marine corrosion protection based on 2D nanomaterials reinforced organic coatings are highlighted.
Controlled Trapping and Release of Droplets through Dynamically Reconfigurable Surfaces
Authors: Rajak Anil , Rühe Jürgen
Published: March 2024

Most previous publications attempt to control the trapping and release of liquid droplets on a surface through tuning the surface energy of the substrate, for example, by photoisomerization. In this work, the energy barrier between the trapped and released state is raised or lowered by controlling the droplet contact area. This is achieved by designing a dynamically reconfigurable surface where an external stimulus is used to change the surface topography. The system consists of two microstructured components, one being ridges separated by microtrenches and the other a perforated membrane. They are aligned in such a way that the ridges can be raised or lowered through the perforations with the help of a piezo drive. This way the topography changes from surfaces consisting of hills to one consisting of holes – and back again. This dynamic surface reconfiguration changes the contact area such that drops resting or rolling on them become captured or released on demand.
Miniaturization of Multicolor Quantum Dots Lasing Based on 2D Constrained Resonator
Authors: Zhang Meng , Dai Hailang , Zhao Yanbo , Chen Xianfeng
Published: March 2024

Elevated expectations for laser performance, encompassing broadband tunability, integration, low power consumption, and a low threshold, have emerged within the realms of photonic chips and optoelectronic devices. Nevertheless, achieving multicolor miniaturized lasers within a singular micro‐nano structure remains challenging, hindered by constraints in geometric structure, optical gain, and bandgap considerations. Here, an approach to obtain integrated multicolor lasing beam output simultaneously in a desired direction from a 2D‐constrained micro‐resonator is proposed. The wavelength of the lasing beam is tuned by controlling the size of quantum dots (QDs) in the resonator. Owing to the high density of power within the cavity and the localized surface plasmon resonance on the surface of the Au‐Ag nanowires (NWs), a notably low laser threshold is realized in the micro‐resonator channel. This work introduces a method for realizing an integrated multicolor micro‐laser, providing a pathway toward the implementation of active photonic chips and advanced optoelectronic devices.
Thermal Enhancement of Upconversion in Sub‐10 nm Yb3+/Er3+/Na+ Tridoped Cs2ZrF6 Nanocrystals for Ratiometric Temperature Sensing
Authors: Hu Changhe , Li Xiao , Xie Wenfeng , Liu Jie , Fu Huhui , Zhang Yaning , Lu Jingbing , Xiong Qi , Qian Yuanqi , Liu M.
Published: March 2024

Alkaline zirconium fluorides (AxZryFx+y, A = Li, Na, and K), featuring unique crystallographic structures, have recently emerged as a class of attractive hosts for fabricating lanthanide (Ln3+)‐doped upconversion nanocrystals (UCNCs) that exhibited distinct morphology, upconversion luminescence (UCL) performance, and physicochemical property. In this paper, for the first time the controlled preparation of Yb3+/Er3+‐doped UCNCs is reported based on the trigonal Cs2ZrF6 host, leading to tunable morphology and size of the resulting UCNCs by varying the reaction temperature and time. By further incorporating Na+ ions into the Cs2ZrF6 crystal lattice, sub‐10 nm Yb3+/Er3+/Na+ tridoped UCNCs with highly improved crystallinity and thus greatly enhanced UCL intensity are obtained. Moreover, these resulting UCNCs display abnormal thermal enhancement of UCL over a temperature range from 333 to 493 K, enabling the fabrication of supersensitive luminescent nanothermometers for temperature sensing. Based on the luminescence intensity ratio of two nonthermally coupled levels (i.e., 4F9/2 and 2H11/2) of Er3+, the as‐prepared Cs2ZrF6:Yb/Er/Na UCNCs exhibit an extremely large absolute sensitivity of 177.3% K−1 and a considerably high relative sensitivity of 1.52% K−1 at 333 K. These results unambiguously demonstrate that Cs2ZrF6 is a suitable host material for preparing small‐sized Ln3+‐doped UCNCs as nanothermometer for high‐performance ratiometric temperature sensing.
Synergistic Redox Modulation for High‐Performance Nickel Oxide‐Based Inverted Perovskite Solar Modules
Authors: Liu Yan , Ding Bin , Zhang Gao , Ma Xintong , Wang Yao , Zhang Xin , Zeng Lirong , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja , Yang Guanjun , Chen Bo
Published: March 2024

Nickel oxide (NiOx)‐based inverted perovskite solar cells stand as promising candidates for advancing perovskite photovoltaics towards commercialization, leveraging their remarkable stability, scalability, and cost‐effectiveness. However, the interfacial redox reaction between high‐valence Ni4+ and perovskite, alongside the facile conversion of iodide in perovskite into I2, significantly deteriorates the performance and reproducibility of NiOx‐based perovskite photovoltaics. Here, potassium borohydride (KBH4) is introduced as a dual‐action reductant, which effectively avoids the Ni4+/perovskite interface reaction and mitigates the iodide‐to‐I2 oxidation within perovskite film. This synergistic redox modulation significantly suppresses nonradiative recombination and increases the carrier lifetime. As a result, an impressive power conversion efficiency of 24.17% for NiOx‐based perovskite solar cells is achieved, and a record efficiency of 20.2% for NiOx‐based perovskite solar modules fabricated under ambient conditions. Notably, when evaluated using the ISOS‐L‐2 standard protocol, the module retains 94% of its initial efficiency after 2000 h of continuous illumination under maximum power point at 65 °C in ambient air.
Organic Synaptic Transistors with an Ultra‐Short‐Term Weight‐Reconstruction for Processing Multiple Types of Signals
Authors: Yu Hang , Wang Tianqi , Li Yanyun , Luo Pan , Ni Yao
Published: March 2024

An organic synaptic transistor (OST) that utilizes a multiple‐annealing process and an ion gate to achieve significant reductions in operating voltage and increases in transconductance is demonstrated. The OST exhibits an ultra‐short‐term plasticity (USTP) with a maximum retention time of only 20.7 ms, which does not increase with the number and duration of spikes. This is the shortest retention time yet achieved by an ion‐gel‐regulated synaptic transistor. In addition, OST‐integrated array exhibits a tunable weight plasticity and a short weight refresh time for a stable image resetting in ample time of <0.2 s. It is also sensitive to the frequency and amplitude of electrical inputs; a low‐frequency suppression and a nonlinear amplitude gain enables OST‐constructed filter for use in processing multiple types of signals. This work is a step toward constructing high‐performance and multifunctional artificial intelligent systems.
Microkinetic Modeling to Decode Catalytic Reactions and Empower Catalytic Design
Authors: Kulkarni Shekhar R. , Lezcano Gontzal , Velisoju Vijay Kumar , Realpe Natalia , Castaño Pedro
Published: March 2024

Kinetic model development is integral for designing, redesigning, monitoring, and optimizing chemical processes. Of the various approaches used within this field, microkinetic modeling is a crucial tool that focuses on surface events to analyze overall and preferential reaction pathways. This work covers noticeable features of microkinetic modeling for three critical case studies: (i) ammonia to hydrogen, (ii) oxidative coupling of methane to chemicals, and (iii) carbon dioxide hydrogenation for methanol synthesis. We analyze how microkinetic modeling enables predicting and optimizing complex reaction networks, allowing the design of efficient and tailored catalysts with enhanced activity and selectivity.
Supramolecular Control of the Temperature Responsiveness of Fluorescent Macrocyclic Molecular Rotamers
Authors: Berry Stuart N. , Zou Meijun , Nguyen Sarah L. , Sajowitz Aidan E. , Qin Lei , Lewis William , Jolliffe Katrina A.
Published: March 2024

To fully harness the potential of molecular machines, it is crucial to develop methods by which to exert control over their speed of motion through the application of external stimuli. A conformationally strained macrocyclic fluorescent rotamer, CarROT, displays a reproducible and linear fluorescence decrease towards temperature over the physiological temperature range. Through the external addition of anions, cations or through deprotonation, the compound can access four discreet rotational speeds via supramolecular interactions (very slow, slow, fast and very fast) which in turn stop, reduce or enhance the thermoluminescent properties due to increasing or decreasing non‐radiative decay processes, thereby providing a means to externally control the temperature sensitivity of the system. Through comparison with analogues with a higher degree of conformational freedom, the high thermosensitivity of CarROT over the physiological temperature range was determined to be due to conformational strain, which causes a high energy barrier to rotation over this range. Analogues with a higher degree of conformational freedom display lower sensitivities towards temperature over the same temperature range. This study provides an example of an information rich small molecule, in which programable rotational speed states can be observed with facile read‐out.
Chiral nematic cellulose nanocrystal composites: An organized review
Authors: De France Kevin J.
Published: March 2024

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are commercially available materials derived from cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer on our planet. Due largely to their high strength, high surface area‐to‐volume ratio, tailorable surface chemistry, and the abundance of biomass feedstocks with which to produce them, CNCs have attracted significant interest in applications spanning the paints and coatings, composites, packaging, and biomedical sectors. However, and perhaps most interestingly, CNCs will self‐assemble (or, as I've teased in the title, organize) to form highly ordered chiral nematic liquid crystal phases when concentrated in suspension. Upon complete solvent evaporation, this chiral nematic order is ‘locked’, yielding films with structural colour—colour arising not due to chemical pigments, but rather due to the physical structure of a material itself. In the pursuit of novel multi‐functional materials, research interest has shifted recently towards the incorporation of functional additives to form composite chiral nematic films. Along with introducing the basics of liquid crystals and self‐assembly, this review discusses the main approaches used in order to form CNC‐based composite films: co‐assembly, templating, and post‐processing, and highlights exceptional examples in each case. Finally, I give my uniquely Canadian perspective on the current status, future prospects, and major challenges associated with the development of CNC‐based chiral nematic composite materials.
Synthetic Studies toward Pseudolaric Acids: Radical Cyclization to Form Bridged Scaffold
Authors: Niu Yujie , Lin Minggui , Cui Hao , Huang Yanji , Shen Yang , Zhang Yandong
Published: March 2024

Comprehensive Summary

Pseudolaric acids are a family of diterpenoid natural products that exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities. The main structural feature of their framework is a trans‐fused perhydroazulene bearing a bridged lactone positioned at the junction of the rings. Herein, we have developed a radical cyclization strategy that allows flexible tuning of the cyclization process through diverse silicon substitutions on the substrates. This strategy can assist in constructing a series of skeletons with structural resemblance to pseudolaric acids and expedites the construction of the bridged lactone. Finally, it facilitates the synthesis of the entire skeletal structure of the pseudolaric acid family of natural products, excluding the B‐ring functionalization.
Clinical Pharmacology Considerations for the “Off‐the‐Shelf” Allogeneic Cell Therapies
Authors: Mody Hardik , Sutaria Dhruvitkumar S. , Miles Dale
Published: March 2024

Autologous chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell (CAR‐T) therapies have garnered unprecedented clinical success with multiple regulatory approvals for the treatment of various hematological malignancies. However, there are still several clinical challenges that limit their broad utilization for aggressive disease conditions. To address some of these challenges, allogeneic cell therapies are evaluated as an alternative approach. As compared with autologous products, they offer several advantages, such as a more standardized “off the shelf” product, reduced manufacturing complexity, and no requirement of bridging therapy. As with autologous CAR‐T therapies, allogeneic cell therapies also present clinical pharmacology challenges due to their in vivo living nature, unique pharmacokinetics or cellular kinetics (CKs), and complex dose‐exposure‐response relationships that are impacted by various patient‐ and product‐related factors. On top of that, allogeneic cell therapies present additional unique challenges, including attenuated in vivo persistence and graft‐vs.‐host disease risk as compared with autologous counterparts. This review draws comparison between autologous and allogeneic cell therapies, summarizing key engineering aspects unique to allogeneic cell therapy. Clinical pharmacology learnings from emerging clinical data of allogeneic cell therapy programs are also highlighted, with particular emphasis on CK, dose‐exposure‐response relationship, lymphodepletion regimen, repeat dosing, and patient‐ and product‐related factors that can impact CK and patient outcomes. There are specific unique challenges and opportunities arising from the development of allogeneic cell therapies, especially in optimizing lymphodepletion and establishing a regimen for repeat dosing. This review highlights how clinical pharmacologists are well positioned to help address these challenges by leveraging novel clinical pharmacology and modeling and simulation approaches.
Human disturbance in riparian areas disrupts predator–prey interactions between grizzly bears and salmon
Authors: Adams Megan S. , Levi Taal , Bourbonnais Mathieu , Service Christina N. , Artelle Kyle , Bryan Heather , Paquet Paul , Nelson Trisalyn , Darimont Chris T.
Published: March 2024

Wildlife must increasingly balance trade‐offs between the need to access important foods and the mortality risks associated with human‐dominated landscapes. Human disturbance can profoundly influence wildlife behavior, but managers know little about the relationship between disturbance–behavior dynamics and associated consequences for foraging. We address this gap by empirically investigating the consequences of human activity on a keystone predator–prey interaction in a region with limited but varied industrial disturbance. Using stable isotope data from 226 hair samples of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) collected from 1995 to 2014 across 22 salmon‐bearing watersheds (88,000 km2) in British Columbia, Canada, we examined how human activity influenced their consumption of spawning salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), a fitness‐related food. Accounting for the abundance of salmon and other foods, salmon consumption strongly decreased (up to 59% for females) with increasing human disturbance (as measured by the human footprint index) in riparian zones of salmon‐bearing rivers. Declines in salmon consumption occurred with disturbance even in watersheds with low footprints. In a region currently among the least influenced by industrial activity, intensification of disturbance in river valleys is predicted to increasingly decouple bears from salmon, possibly driving associated reductions in population productivity and provisioning of salmon nutrients to terrestrial ecosystems. Accordingly, we draw on our results to make landscape‐scale and access‐related management recommendations beyond current streamside protection buffers. This work illustrates the interaction between habitat modification and food security for wildlife, highlighting the potential for unacknowledged interactions and cumulative effects in increasingly modified landscapes.
Phenotypic differentiation despite gene flow: Beak morphology, bite performance, and population genetics of Loggerhead Shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus)
Authors: Sustaita Diego , Wulf Gwendalyn K. , Sethuraman Arun
Published: March 2024

Previous studies of Loggerhead Shrikes (Laniidae: Lanius ludovicianus) in North America have indicated considerable intraspecific genetic and phenotypic differentiation, but the congruence between genetic and phenotypic differentiation remains obscure. We examined phenotypic differences in beak shape and bite force among geographic groupings across a 950 km range, from the lower Imperial Valley to the upper Central Valley of California, USA. We integrated these analyses with a population genetic analysis of six microsatellite markers to test for correspondence between phenotypic and genetic differences among geographic groups. We found significant phenotypic differentiation despite a lack of significant genetic differentiation among groups. Pairwise beak shape and bite force distances nevertheless were correlated with genetic (FST) distances among geographic groups. Furthermore, the phenotypic and genetic distance matrices were correlated with pairwise geographic distances. Takentogether, these results suggest that phenotypic differences might be influenced by neutral processes, inbreeding (as indicated by high heterozygosity deficiencies we observed), local adaptation, and/or phenotypic plasticity.
Mitogenomics reveals extremely low genetic diversity in the endangered Jilin clawed salamander: Implications for its conservation
Authors: Zhou Yu , Li Ningkun , Zhou Hongjun , Zhou Ruoyan , Cui Shuyan , Zheng Guo
Published: March 2024

The Jilin clawed salamander (Onychodactylus zhangyapingi) is an endemic, endangered, and level‐two protected amphibian species of China. In the context of serious threats to amphibians worldwide, conservation studies of this endangered species are urgently needed. In this study, mitogenomic conservation genetics and species distribution modeling analyses were performed for O. zhangyapingi. Sixty‐three samples were collected from nine different locations, and the complete mitochondrial genome was sequenced. Population genetic analyses revealed that O. zhangyapingi exhibits only one genetic structure with extremely low nucleotide diversity. Late Pleistocene climate cooling may have led to a reduction in effective population size and extremely low mitogenomic nucleotide diversity in this salamander, and the subsequent temperature increase (~20 kya to present) provided the opportunity for rapid population growth. The continuous highly suitable region for O. zhangyapingi is only approximately 3000 km2 on the southeastern boundary of Jilin Province, China. Fortunately, there are three large forested national nature reserves within the distribution of O. zhangyapingi that can effectively protect endangered species. Our findings suggest that O. zhangyapingi is a vulnerable species with a narrow distribution and extremely low genetic diversity, and we should pay more attention to the conservation management of this species.
Tree regeneration in models of forest dynamics: A key priority for further research
Authors: Díaz‐Yáñez Olalla , Käber Yannek , Anders Tim , Bohn Friedrich , Braziunas Kristin H. , Brůna Josef , Fischer Rico , Fischer Samuel M. , Hetzer Jessica , Hickler Thomas , Hochauer Christian , Lexer Manfred J. , Lischke Heike , Mairota Paola , Merganič Ján , Merganičová Katarina , Mette Tobias , Mina Marco , Morin Xavier , Nieberg Mats , Rammer Werner , Reyer Christopher P. O. , Scheiter Simon , Scherrer Daniel , Bugmann Harald
Published: March 2024

Tree regeneration is a key process in forest dynamics, particularly in the context of forest resilience and climate change. Models are pivotal for assessing long‐term forest dynamics, and they have been in use for more than 50 years. However, there is a need to evaluate their capacity to accurately represent tree regeneration. We assess how well current models capture the overall abundance, species composition, and mortality of tree regeneration. Using 15 models built to capture long‐term forest dynamics at the stand, landscape, and global levels, we simulate tree regeneration at 200 sites representing large environmental gradients across Central Europe. The results are evaluated against extensive data from unmanaged forests. Most of the models overestimate recruitment levels, which is compensated only in some models by high simulated mortality rates in the early stages of individual‐tree dynamics. Simulated species diversity of recruitment generally matches observed ranges. Models simulating higher stand‐level species diversity do not feature higher species diversity in the recruitment layer. The effect of light availability on recruitment levels is captured better than the effects of temperature and soil moisture, but patterns are not consistent across models. Increasing complexity in the tree regeneration modules is not related to higher accuracy of simulated tree recruitment. Furthermore, individual model design is more important than scale (stand, landscape, and global) and approach (empirical and process‐based) for accurately capturing tree regeneration. Despite the mismatches between simulation results and data, it is remarkable that most models capture the essential features of the highly complex process of tree regeneration, while not having been parameterized with such data. We conclude that much can be gained by evaluating and refining the modeling of tree regeneration processes. This has the potential to render long‐term projections of forest dynamics under changing environmental conditions much more robust.
Photochemical Trifluoromethylative Difunctionalization of Styrenes and Phenylacetylenes via a Catalytic EDA Platform
Authors: Nasireddy Seshadri Reddy , Upreti Ganesh Chandra , Singh Anand
Published: March 2024

Herein we report a visible‐light‐induced trifluoromethylative difunctionalization of styrenes and phenylacetylenes using trifluoromethyl thianthrenium triflate (TT‐CF3+OTf−). The transformation was enabled by the discovery of a photoactive catalytic EDA complex formed between carbazolyl dithiocarbamate and TT‐CF3+OTf−. This three‐component reactivity platform establishes a new paradigm for TT‐CF3+OTf−, significantly expanding its repertoire of photochemically enabled trifluoromethylation reactions.
Review on allosteric modulators of dopamine receptors so far
Authors: Girmaw Fentaw
Published: March 2024

Background

Contemporary research is predominantly directed towards allosteric modulators, a class of compounds designed to interact with specific sites distinct from the orthosteric site on G protein‐coupled receptors. These allosteric modulators play a pivotal role in influencing diverse pharmacological effects, such as agonism/inverse agonism, efficacy modulation, and affinity modulation. One particularly intriguing aspect is the demonstrated capacity of allosteric modulation to enhance drug selectivity for therapeutic purposes, potentially leading to a reduction in serious side effects associated with traditional approaches. Allosteric ligands, a majority of which fall into the categories of negative allosteric modulators or positive allosteric modulators, exhibit the unique ability to either diminish or enhance the effects of endogenous ligands. Negative allosteric modulators weaken the response, while positive allosteric modulators intensify it. Additionally, silent allosteric modulators represent a distinct class that neither activates nor blocks the effects of endogenous ligands, adding complexity to the spectrum of allosteric modulation. In the broader context of central nervous system disorders, allosteric modulation takes center stage, particularly in the realm of dopamine receptors specifically, D1, D2, and D3 receptors. These receptors hold immense therapeutic potential for a range of conditions spanning neurodegenerative disorders to neurobehavioral and psychiatric disorders. The intricate modulation of dopamine receptors through allosteric mechanisms offers a nuanced and versatile approach to drug development. As research endeavors continue to unfold, the exploration of allosteric modulation stands as a promising frontier, holding the potential to reshape the landscape of drug discovery and therapeutic interventions in the field of neurology and psychiatry.
Automatic detection of knee osteoarthritis grading using artificial intelligence‐based methods
Authors: Yildirim Muhammed , Mutlu Hurşit Burak
Published: March 2024

Osteoarthritis (OA) means that the slippery cartilage tissue that covers the bone surfaces in the joints and allows the joint to move easily loses its properties and wears out. Knee OA is the wear and tear of the cartilage in the knee joint. Knee OA is a disease whose incidence increases especially after a certain age. Knee OA is difficult and costly to be detected by specialists using traditional methods and may lead to misdiagnosis. In this study, computer‐aided systems were used to prevent errors in traditional methods of detecting knee OA, shorten the diagnosis time, and accelerate the treatment process. In this study, a hybrid model was developed by using Darknet53, Histogram of Directional Gradients (HOG), Local Binary Model (LBP) methods for feature extraction, and Neighborhood Component Analysis (NCA) for feature selection. Our dataset used in experiments contains 1650 knee joint images and consists of five classes: Normal, Doubtful, Mild, Moderate, and Severe. In the experimental studies performed, the performance of the proposed method was compared with eight different Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) Models. The developed model achieved better performance metrics than the eight different models used in the study and similar studies in the literature. The accuracy value of the developed model is 83.6%.
One‐stage versus two‐stage endoscopic management for acute cholangitis caused by common bile duct stones: A retrospective multicenter cohort study
Authors: Maruta Akinori , Iwashita Takuji , Yoshida Kensaku , Iwasa Yuhei , Okuno Mitsuru , Iwata Keisuke , Tezuka Ryuichi , Uemura Shinya , Shimizu Shogo , Shimizu Masahito
Published: March 2024

Background

One‐stage endoscopic management, where papillary interventions and stone removal are simultaneously performed, has been reported to be an effective treatment for acute cholangitis caused by common bile duct stones (CBDS). However, there have been few reports comparing it with two‐stage management, and there is no established strategy for the indication of one‐stage management. The aim of the present study was to compare the short‐ and long‐term outcomes between one‐ and two‐stage management for acute cholangitis caused by CBDS.

Methods

We retrospectively studied 577 patients who underwent one‐ or two‐stage endoscopic management for acute cholangitis between May 2010 and December 2020. The patients were divided into one‐ and two‐stage groups by endoscopic management. The clinical outcomes were compared between groups.

Results

The technical and clinical success were similar in both groups, although the length of hospital stay was significantly shorter in the one‐stage group. Although there was no difference in the early adverse event (AE) between two groups, post‐ERCP pancreatitis was recognized in 3.4% and 10.0%, which was significantly higher in the two‐stage group. The cumulative late AE rate was 22.6% and 14.1%, which was significantly higher in the one‐stage group. In the multivariate analyses, intervention (one‐stage), number of CBDS ≥2, biliary drainage, the use of ML, and gallbladder stone were identified as significant factors associated with the recurrence of CBDS.

Conclusion

Although one‐stage endoscopic management is useful and safe with reducing hospital stays, diligent postoperative follow‐up with consideration to recurrence of CBDS is essential.
Predictors of female American black bear body mass in an anthropogenic landscape
Authors: Nelson Shelley L. , Carr Patrick C. , McBride Anthony , Aubry Lise M.
Published: March 2024

Anthropogenic pressure, such as urbanization and habitat loss, can wield many effects on wildlife that radiate through ecosystems. Large carnivores tend to experience these effects more severely than other species, diminishing their viability and altering ecosystem function by suppressing their role as an apex predator. Yet opportunistic carnivores that rely on an omnivorous diet can sometimes take advantage of anthropogenic food and improve their fitness prospects. We quantified the effect of phenotypic and ecological factors on female body mass of the American black bear (Ursus americanus) in New Jersey, USA. Habitat and reliable mast crops in New Jersey keep adult female black bear body mass and reproduction higher than many parts of the United States, and historically, female black bears in the mid‐Atlantic states tend to be larger than in other parts of their range. We used data collected from den surveys (n = 317) in northern New Jersey from 1984 to 2019 to examine the shared roles of climate, anthropogenic pressure (human food subsidies, harvest), habitat composition and configuration, natural food availability (hard mast production), and bear characteristics (age, history of human–black bear conflict) on female black bear body mass using generalized linear mixed models. Adult female body mass was heaviest with increased availability of cultivated crop and within low‐intensity developed land covers, suggesting anthropogenic food subsidies found in these 2 land cover types are contributing to female overall body mass. A history of conflict with humans explained heavier females, and a quadratic effect of age on body mass supported a senescent decline in adult female body mass later in life. Our results suggest that access to specific land cover types (i.e., crops, low‐intensity developments) that provide a diversity of food (e.g., corn, soft and hard mast) and support low human densities, explains female black bear body mass in a fragmented landscape.
Optimal subsidy policy for new energy vehicles based on the influence of multiple factors and consumers' green preference
Authors: Wang Yi , Zhang Zilu , Zhu Meihong
Published: March 2024

Policies concerning subsidies for new energy vehicles and consumers' environmental preferences significantly impact the sales of such vehicles. To investigate the correlation between sales and subsidies or consumers' environmental preferences and to devise optimal subsidy strategies, two Stackelberg game models are constructed based on both monopoly and duopoly markets, with solutions derived for Nash equilibrium points. In order to refine the strategy for subsidy adjustments, two dynamic adjustment models considering bounded rationality are established. Additionally, the process of adjusting subsidies towards Nash equilibrium points is analyzed. Simulations, utilizing actual research data, are performed to assess China's current adjustment strategies. The findings reveal a substitution relationship between consumers' environmental preferences and subsidies. Furthermore, optimal subsidy levels and bounded rational subsidy adjustment strategies are identified. Governments should thoroughly consider consumers' environmental preferences when refining subsidy policies, as it is a crucial factor influencing the development of the new energy vehicle industry.
The dynamics of the flavin, NADPH, and active site loops determine the mechanism of activation of class B flavin‐dependent monooxygenases
Authors: Pierdominici‐Sottile Gustavo , Palma Juliana , Ferrelli María Leticia , Sobrado Pablo
Published: March 2024

Flavin‐dependent monooxygenases (FMOs) constitute a diverse enzyme family that catalyzes crucial hydroxylation, epoxidation, and Baeyer–Villiger reactions across various metabolic pathways in all domains of life. Due to the intricate nature of this enzyme family's mechanisms, some aspects of their functioning remain unknown. Here, we present the results of molecular dynamics computations, supplemented by a bioinformatics analysis, that clarify the early stages of their catalytic cycle. We have elucidated the intricate binding mechanism of NADPH and L‐Orn to a class B monooxygenase, the ornithine hydroxylase from known as SidA. Our investigation involved a comprehensive characterization of the conformational changes associated with the FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) cofactor, transitioning from the out to the in position. Furthermore, we explored the rotational dynamics of the nicotinamide ring of NADPH, shedding light on its role in facilitating FAD reduction, supported by experimental evidence. Finally, we also analyzed the extent of conservation of two Tyr‐loops that play critical roles in the process.
Identifying the employment effect of county‐city merger in China
Authors: Liu Wenhua , Xie Ting
Published: March 2024

This paper draws upon a quasi‐natural experiment of county‐city mergers in China to examine whether state‐led urbanisation makes a difference in local labour markets. Based on the difference‐in‐differences framework and three waves of data from the China Household Finance Survey, we show that, on the urban fringe, residents' probability of working in nonagricultural sectors increased by 6.69 percentage points after the policy. Residents responded mainly by shifts from the agriculture sector to being self‐employed. The results indicate that, after fringe counties connect to the corresponding big city in substance, residents in peripheral areas could benefit from the positive spillover effect from large cities and gain employment.
A case of surgical treatment for bronchial foreign bodies with obstructive pneumonia
Authors: Yamashita Yuki , Ugajin Motoi , Yanoma Saki , Yamashita Masakatsu , Kani Hisanori
Published: March 2024

Children and older adults are prone to unintentional foreign body aspiration. A 69‐year‐old man with fever and anorexia presented with obstructive pneumonia resulting from foreign body aspiration. Attempts to remove the foreign body using a bronchoscope failed due to its adhesion to the periphery of the bronchus. Although antibiotic therapy did not improve the obstructive pneumonia caused by the bronchial foreign body, surgery enabled an improvement. The surgical specimen showed similar pathological findings as the fine brown granular material observed in root granulomas occurring as a complication following leakage of root canal filling used in the treatment of dental caries. Therefore, the bronchial foreign body may have been a dental filling. Case reports describing surgical improvement of difficult‐to‐remove bronchial foreign bodies with concurrent infection are rare.
Where believer, seller, and beneficiary come together: A typology of eco‐innovators
Authors: Peters Anna , Schuster Andreas S. , Kanbach Dominik K. , Kraus Sascha , Meyer Natanya
Published: March 2024

In response to escalating environmental concerns and the imperative for sustainable development, corporations have turned to eco‐innovation (EI) to enhance competitiveness and reduce ecological footprints. This study scrutinizes 17 European Commission EI‐awarded companies from 1990 to 2021, uncovering pivotal dimensions and archetypes that drive successful EI implementation. Internal drivers, including management commitment and agile work structures, are paramount for “Believers” who champion sustainability as a core value. “Sellers” strategically respond to market demands, while “Beneficiaries” follow regulatory mandates. The academic implications are profound, providing a robust foundation for future research. This typology contributes to the discourse surrounding EI development and diffusion while offering corporate managers tangible guidance for tailored EI strategies. It illuminates how distinct motives lead to nuanced combinations of internal and external drivers. This empirical study fills a critical research gap, providing best‐practice insights for companies seeking to integrate EI effectively.
Revitalization of Diluent Amide‐Based Electrolyte for Building High‐Voltage Lithium‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Ma Shunchao , Cong Lina , Fu Fang , Rumesh Madhusanka Suwanda Arachchige Don , Wang Hongyu , Xie Haiming
Published: March 2024

Hitherto, highly concentrated electrolyte is the overarching strategy for revitalizing the usage of amide ‐ in lithium‐metal batteries (LMBs), which simultaneously mitigates the reactivity of amide toward Li and regulates uniform Li deposition via forming anion‐solvated coordinate structure. However, it is undeniable that this would bring the cost burden for practical electrolyte preparation, which stimulates further electrolyte design toward tailoring anion‐abundant Li+ solvation structure in stable amide electrolytes under a low salt content. Herein, a distinct method is conceived to design anions‐enriched Li+ solvation structure in dilute amide‐electrolyte (1 m Li‐salt concentration) with the aid of integrating perfluoropolyethers (PFPE‐MC) with anion‐solvating ability and B/F‐involved additives. The optimized electrolyte based on N,N‐Dimethyltrifluoroacetamide (FDMAC) exhibits outstanding compatibility with Li and NCM622 cathode, facilitates uniform Li deposition along with robust solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation. Accordingly, both the lab‐level LMB coin cell and practical pouch cell based on this dilute FDMAC electrolyte deliver remarkable performances with improved capacity and cyclability. This work pioneers the feasibility of diluted amide as electrolyte in LMB, and provides an innovative strategy for highly stable Li deposition via manipulating solvation structure within diluent electrolyte, impelling the electrolyte engineering development for practical high‐energy LMBs.