bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlation of whole blood hydroxychloroquine concentration with cutaneous lupus erythematosus and factors associated with it: First multicenter, cross‐sectional analysis in Malaysia
Authors: Peh D. , Wan Ahmad Kammal W. S. L. , Beh P. J. , Yong A. C. H. , Tan W. C. , Lim A. L. , Thevarajah S. , Stanslas J. , How Kang Nien
Published: January 2022

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is the first‐line systemic treatment for cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE). Whole blood HCQ concentration (WBHCQ) was found to correlate with CLE severity among Caucasians. However, studies on Asians are scarce. We aim to explore the relationship of WBHCQ with CLE disease activity among multi‐racial Malaysians and the factors associated with WBHCQ. A cross‐sectional study targeting patients with CLE was conducted from 1 June till 30 November 2019. Disease activity was assessed using Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index – Activity Score (CLASI‐AS). Blood was analyzed for WBHCQ concentration using a high‐performance liquid chromatography technique. Statistical analysis was done using R studio version 1.2.1335. A total of 88 subjects (male : female, 4.5:1) with a median age of 41 years old were recruited. The median duration CLE was 5 years. The majority had acute cutaneous lupus (n = 45, 51.1%). The median WBHCQ was 946.8 ng/mL. Indians were found to have the highest WBHCQ (median ± interquartile range [IQR], 1515.4 ± 1494.8 ng/mL). Males had a lower WBHCQ (median ± IQR, 733.5 ± 573.8 ng/mL) than females (995.5 ± 925.1 ng/mL). However, no statistically significant association between race and sex with WBHCQ was demonstrable (p = 0.247, p = 0.066). No correlation was demonstrated between WBHCQ and CLASI‐AS (r = −0.02, p = 0.851). A positive correlation was found between HCQ dosage (ideal bodyweight) and WBHCQ (r = 0.24, p = 0.027). No other factors were found associated with WBHCQ. Indians and females were observed to have higher WBCHQ; however, no significant correlation was identified. Further study is required to confirm the finding.
Levelling the playing field: Exploring inequalities and exclusions with a community‐based football league for people with experience of mental distress
Authors: Pettican Anna , Speed Ewen , Bryant Wendy , Kilbride Cherry , Beresford Peter
Published: January 2022

Introduction

Sport workforce strategy in the United Kingdom (UK) has identified the occupational therapy profession as being ideally positioned to contribute to public health agendas relating to tackling physical inactivity amongst marginalised populations, such as disabled people and people with experience of mental distress. However, a robust understanding of the enablers, restrictions, and exclusions such groups encounter when seeking to participate in sport and physical activity is currently lacking.

Methods

This study aimed to gain an in‐depth understanding of the different ways people with experience of mental distress talked about their participation in a community‐based football league in England, in the UK. Nine people took part in this strand of a larger participatory action research (PAR) study, which used go‐along interviews as the method of data collection. In alignment with PAR seeking to address power imbalances, the data from the go‐along interviews were analysed through a Foucauldian lens using a collaboratively produced analytic framework.

Findings

Participants constructed the community‐based football league as fostering feelings of purpose and belonging, against a backdrop of them describing experiencing stigma and exclusion when seeking to be active in their wider communities. They used the concept of occupational marginalisation to further interpret their situation.

Conclusion

Understanding why and how people participate in football extends beyond seeing it as an individual exercise to shared social lives and occupations. With this perspective, occupational therapists could address occupational marginalisation in partnership with community sports organisations, collaborating for wider social change beyond specialist services.
Microbiome‐related aspects of locust density‐dependent phase transition
Authors: Lavy Omer , Lewin‐Epstein Ohad , Bendett Yonatan , Gophna Uri , Gefen Eran , Hadany Lilach , Ayali Amir
Published: January 2022

Locust plagues are a notorious, ancient phenomenon. These swarming pests tend to aggregate and perform long migrations, decimating cultivated fields along their path. When population density is low, however, the locusts will express a cryptic, solitary, non‐aggregating phenotype that is not considered a pest. Although the transition from the solitary to the gregarious phase has been well studied, associated shifts in the locust's microbiome have yet to be addressed. Here, using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, we compared the bacterial composition of solitary desert locusts before and after a phase transition. Our findings revealed that the microbiome is altered during the phase transition, and that a major aspect of this change is the acquisition of Weissella (Firmicutes). Our findings led us to hypothesize that the locust microbiome plays a role in inducing aggregation behaviour, contributing to the formation and maintenance of a swarm. Employing a mathematical model, we demonstrate the potential evolutionary advantage of inducing aggregation under different conditions; specifically, when the aggregation‐inducing microbe exhibits a relatively high horizontal transmission rate. This is the first report of a previously unknown and important aspect of locust phase transition, demonstrating that the phase shift includes a shift in the gut and integument bacterial composition.
Siderophores provoke extracellular superoxide production by Arthrobacter strains during carbon sources‐level fluctuation
Authors: Ning Xue , Liang Jinsong , Men Yujie , Wang Yuhan , Chang Yangyang , Bai Yaohui , Liu Huijuan , Wang Aijie , Zhang Tong , Qu Jiuhui
Published: January 2022

Superoxide and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) shape microbial communities and drive the transformation of metals and inorganic/organic matter. Taxonomically diverse bacteria and phytoplankton produce extracellular superoxide during laboratory cultivation. Understanding the physiological reasons for extracellular superoxide production by aerobes in the environment is a crucial question yet not fully solved. Here, we showed that iron‐starving Arthrobacter sp. QXT‐31 (A. QXT‐31) secreted a type of siderophore [deferoxamine (DFO)], which provoked extracellular superoxide production by A. QXT‐31 during carbon sources‐level fluctuation. Several other siderophores also demonstrated similar effects to A. QXT‐31. RNA‐Seq data hinted that DFO stripped iron from iron‐bearing proteins in electron transfer chain (ETC) of metabolically active A. QXT‐31, resulting in electron leakage from the electron‐rich (resulting from carbon sources metabolism by A. QXT‐31) ETC and superoxide production. Considering that most aerobes secrete siderophore(s) and undergo carbon sources‐level fluctuation, the superoxide‐generation pathway is likely a common pathway by which aerobes produce extracellular superoxide in the environment, thus influencing the microbial community and cycling of elements. Our results pointed that the ubiquitous siderophore might be the potential driving force for the microbial generation of superoxide and other ROS and revealed the important role of iron physiology in microbial ROS generation.
Unraveling mass incarceration: Criminology's role in the policy process*
Authors: Nagin Daniel S.
Published: January 2022

In this address I argue that large reductions in unproductive and unjust uses of imprisonment requires curtailment of the over use of life imprisonment. I go on to discuss how criminologists should engage the policy process to achieve material reductions in prison populations by the accumulation of many incremental reductions in the overuse of incarceration.
Stability of oil‐in‐water emulsions with eggplant flesh pulp (Solanum melongena L.) emulsifier: Effects of storage time, pH, ionic strength, and temperature
Authors: Zhu Yuxia , Peng Zengqi , Wu Junjun , Zhang Yawei
Published: January 2022

In this study, we investigated the stability of oil‐in‐water emulsions prepared using eggplant flesh pulp (EFP) as natural emulsifier. The effects of time and environmental stresses on the stability of emulsions with different EFP concentrations were evaluated using the creaming indices (CIs), particle sizes, and zeta potentials of the emulsions. The emulsions with EFP concentrations of up to 1.50% remained stable for at least 90 days. The CIs, mean particle diameters (MPDs ]d3,2]), and zeta potentials of the emulsions with adequate EFP concentrations remained unchanged in the pH range of 3–9. Microstructure observations revealed that flocculation occurred for the emulsion with an EFP concentration of 1.50% at pH 3, whereas flocculation and coalescence occurred in the emulsion with a low EFP concentration of 0.50%. Upon increasing the concentration of NaCl from 0 to 0.5 M, the MPDs (d3,2) of the emulsions with EFP concentrations of 1.00% and 1.50% remained nearly constant (57 and 48 µm, respectively). Moreover, the MPDs (d3,2) and zeta potentials of the emulsions with EFP concentrations of 1.00% and 1.50% did not change significantly upon increasing temperature from 4 to 100°C. Hence, the emulsions with adequate EFP concentrations presented long storage times and were stable under various environmental stresses. Our results indicate that EFP is an effective and inexpensive emulsifier that can confer emulsions long‐term storage stability and good resistance to environmental stresses.

Practical Application

Eggplant, which is a common crop, is a rich source of natural materials. In this study, eggplant flesh pulp (EFP) was prepared via mechanical homogenization and its emulsifying properties for oil‐in‐water emulsions were evaluated. Our results demonstrated that the EFP‐stabilized oil‐in‐water emulsions featured long storage times and were stable under environmental stresses (pH, ionic strength, and temperature). These properties render EFP‐stabilized emulsions suitable as delivery systems for encapsulating and releasing nonpolar active ingredients in food products.
The phenotype of recovery VI: The association between life‐history strategies, delay discounting, and maladaptive health and financial behaviors among individuals in recovery from alcohol use disorders
Authors: Athamneh Liqa N. , Freitas‐Lemos Roberta , Basso Julia C. , Keith Diana R. , King Michele J. , Bickel Warren K.
Published: January 2022

Background

The life‐history theory is a well‐established framework that predicts behaviors and explains how and why organisms allocate effort and resources to different life goals. Delay discounting (DD) is associated with risky behaviors and has been suggested as a candidate behavioral marker of addiction. Thus, we investigated the relationship between DD, life‐history strategies, and engagement in risky behaviors among individuals in recovery from alcohol use disorder (AUD).

Methods

Data from 110 individuals in recovery from addiction from The International Quit & Recovery Registry, an ongoing online registry designed to understand recovery phenotype, were included in the analysis. The association between life‐history strategies, DD, engagement in risky behaviors, and remission status were assessed.

Results

Life‐history strategy scores were significantly associated with DD rates and finance, health, and personal development behaviors after controlling for age, sex, race, ethnicity, years of education, marital status, smoking status, and history of other substance use. Remission status was significantly associated with life‐history strategy, DD, drug use, fitness, health, and safe driving after controlling for age, sex, race, years of education, marital status, and smoking status. In addition, a mediation analysis using Hayes’ methods revealed that the discounting rates partially mediated the association between remission status and life‐history strategy scores.

Conclusions

Life‐history strategies and remission status are both significantly associated with DD and various health and finance behaviors among individuals in recovery from AUD. This finding supports the characterizations of DD as a candidate behavioral marker of addiction that could help differentiate subgroups needing special attention or specific interventions to improve the outcomes of their recovery. Future longitudinal studies are warranted to understand the relationships between changes in life‐history strategies, DD, maladaptive health behaviors, and remission status over time.
Ongoing HIV transmission following a large outbreak among people who inject drugs in Athens, Greece (2014–20)
Authors: Roussos Sotirios , Paraskevis Dimitrios , Psichogiou Mina , Kostaki Evangelia Georgia , Flountzi Eleni , Angelopoulos Theodoros , Chaikalis Savvas , Papadopoulou Martha , Pavlopoulou Ioanna D. , Malliori Meni , Hatzitheodorou Eleni , Pylli Magdalini , Tsiara Chrissa , Paraskeva Dimitra , Beloukas Apostolos , Kalamitsis George , Hatzakis Angelos , Sypsa Vana
Published: January 2022

Background and Aims

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) outbreak among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Athens, Greece in 2011–13 was the largest recent epidemic in Europe and North America. We aimed to assess trends in HIV prevalence, drug use and access to prevention among PWID in Athens to estimate HIV incidence and identify risk factors and to explore HIV‐1 dispersal using molecular methods during 2014–20.

Methods

Two community‐based HIV/hepatitis C programmes on PWID were implemented in 2012–13 (n = 3320) and 2018–20 (n = 1635) through consecutive respondent‐driven sampling (RDS) rounds. PWID were uniquely identified among rounds/programmes. We obtained RDS‐weighted HIV prevalence estimates per round for 2018–20 and compared them to 2012–13. We assessed changes in HIV status, behaviours and access to prevention in PWID participating in both periods. We estimated HIV incidence in a cohort of seronegative PWID as the number of HIV seroconversions/100 person‐years during 2014–20 and used Cox regression to identify associated risk factors. Molecular sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed in HIV seroconverters.

Results

HIV prevalence per round ranged between 12.0 and 16.2% in 2012–13 and 10.7 and 11.3% in 2018–20 with overlapping 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Among PWID participating in both programmes, HIV prevalence (95% CI) increased from 14.2% (11.7–17.1%) in 2012–13 to 22.0% (19.0–25.3%) in 2018–20 (P < 0.001). There was a deterioration in socio‐economic characteristics such as homelessness [from 16.2% (95% CI = 13.5–19.2%) to 25.6% (22.3–29.0%)], a shift in cocaine use [16.6% (13.9–19.6%) versus 28.1% (24.7–31.7%], reduced access to free syringes [51.8% (48.0–55.7%) versus 44.5% (40.7–48.3%)] and a decrease in daily injecting [36.2% (32.6–39.9%) versus 28.5% (25.2–32.1%)]. HIV incidence (95% CI) in 2014–20 was 1.94 (1.50–2.52) new cases/100 person‐years and younger age, lower educational level, larger injection network and daily injecting were risk factors. Almost 9% of HIV seroconversions occurred within a newly expanding phylogenetic cluster.

Conclusions

In Athens, Greece, compared with the period 2012–13, in the period 2018–20 there was a deterioration in socio‐economic conditions among people who inject drugs, an increase in the use of cocaine, reduced access to needle and syringe programmes and stable low levels of human immunodeficiency virus testing. Ongoing human immunodeficiency virus transmission was documented during 2014–20 in existing as well as new transmission clusters.
Real‐world effectiveness of pharmacological treatments of opioid use disorder in a national cohort
Authors: Heikkinen Milja , Taipale Heidi , Tanskanen Antti , Mittendorfer‐Rutz Ellenor , Lähteenvuo Markku , Tiihonen Jari
Published: January 2022

Aim

To investigate the real‐world effectiveness of pharmacological treatments (buprenorphine, methadone) of opioid use disorder (OUD).

Design

A nation‐wide, register‐based cohort study.

Setting

Sweden.

Participants

All residents aged 16–64 years living in Sweden using OUD medication from July 2005 to December 2016 (n = 5757, 71.8% men) were identified from registers of prescriptions, inpatient and specialized outpatient care, causes of death, sickness absence and disability pensions.

Measurements

Main outcome: hospitalization due to OUD. Secondary outcomes: hospitalization due to any cause; death due to all, natural and external causes. Mortality was analyzed with between‐individual multivariate‐adjusted Cox hazards regression model. Recurrent outcomes, such as hospitalizations, were analyzed with within‐individual analyses to eliminate selection bias. OUD medication use versus non‐use was modelled with PRE2DUP (from prescription drug purchases to drug use periods) method.

Findings

Buprenorphine [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.54–0.97] and methadone (HR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.59–0.93) use were associated with significantly lower risk of OUD hospitalization, but not any‐cause hospitalizations, compared with the time‐periods when the same individual did not use OUD medication. The use of buprenorphine and methadone were both associated with significantly lower risk of all‐cause mortality (HR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.34–0.59; HR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.41–0.63, respectively), compared with non‐use of both medications. Similar results were found for risk of mortality due to external causes (HR = 0.39; 95% CI = 0.27–0.54; HR = 0.40; 95% CI = 0.29–0.53, respectively), but not for mortality due to natural causes. The risk of OUD hospitalization and all‐cause mortality was decreased in all duration categories of studied medications (< 30, 31–180, 181–365 and >365 days), except for methadone use less than 30 days.

Conclusions

The use of buprenorphine and methadone are both associated with a significantly lower risk of hospitalization due to opioid use disorder and death due to all and external causes, when compared with non‐use.
Trajectories of e‐cigarette advertising exposure, e‐cigarette use and cigarette smoking in a sample of young adults from Hawaii
Authors: Pokhrel Pallav , Kawamoto Crissy T. , Pagano Ian , Herzog Thaddeus A.
Published: January 2022

Aim

To test whether intrapersonal growth in e‐cigarette advertising exposure over time is associated with growth in e‐cigarette use and/or cigarette smoking.

Design

Longitudinal study using four waves of data were collected in 6‐month intervals between 2018 and 2020.

Setting and participants

Participants were 2327 young adults recruited from colleges in Hawaii, USA.

Measurements

Data were collected on demographics, e‐cigarette advertising exposure measured using the cued‐ recall method and recent (past 30‐day) cigarette and e‐cigarette use.

Findings

The average trajectory for e‐cigarette advertising exposure over time was significant and upward [M slope = 0.18 (0.14–0.22), P < 0.0001]. However, average trajectories for e‐cigarette [M slope = −0.08 (−0.18 to 0.02), P = 0.09] and cigarette [M slope = −0.14 (−0.30 to 0.02), P = 0.07] use were not. There were significant differences in individual level trajectories across participants for advertising exposure [σ2 = 0.12 (0.10–0.14), P < 0.0001], e‐cigarette use [σ2 = 0.22 (0.14–0.30), and cigarette smoking (σ2 = 0.17 [0.09–0.25], P < 0.0001). Individuals with an increasing rate of advertising exposure showed an increasing rate of e‐cigarette use [B = 0.63 (0.36–0.90), P < 0.0001). Neither initial level of, nor rate of change in, advertising exposure was significantly associated with cigarette smoking growth factors (P > 0.05). Higher initial level of e‐cigarette use was associated with higher initial level of cigarette smoking [B = 0.89 (0.69–1.09), P < 0.0001] but decreased rate of cigarette smoking over time [B = −0.12 (−0.20 to –0.04) P = 0.003]. Rate of change in e‐cigarette use was not associated with the rate of change in cigarette smoking (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Increased exposure to e‐cigarette advertising appears to be associated with increased e‐cigarette use but not with increased cigarette smoking. Higher initial level of e‐cigarette use appears to be associated with higher initial level of cigarette smoking but may be associated with a decreasing rate of cigarette smoking over time.
Prevalence of alcohol use disorders in primary health‐care facilities in Russia in 2019
Authors: Rehm Jürgen , Shield Kevin D. , Bunova Anna , Ferreira‐Borges Carina , Franklin Ari , Gornyi Boris , Rovira Pol , Neufeld Maria
Published: January 2022

Aims

To estimate prevalence of alcohol use disorders (AUD) and alcohol dependence (AD) for Russia in 2019, based on clients in primary health‐care facilities.

Design

Cross‐sectional assessment of AUD and AD. Prevalence estimates were cross‐validated using a treatment multiplier methodology.

Setting

A total of 21 primary health‐care facilities, including dispanserization units (population health preventive care settings).

Participants

A total of 2022 participants (986 women and 1036 men) 18 years of age and older.

Measurements

Composite International Diagnostic Interview.

Findings

The prevalence of AD and AUD was 7.0% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 5.9–8.1%] and 12.2% (95% CI = 10.8–13.6%), respectively. Marked sex differences were observed for the prevalence of AD (women: 2.8%; 95% CI = 1.7–3.8%; men: 12.2%; 95% CI = 10.3–14.1%) and AUD (women: 6.1%; 95% CI = 4.6–7.7%; men: 19.5%; 95% CI = 17.2–21.8%). Age patterns of AD and AUD prevalence were sex‐specific. Among women, the prevalence of AUD and AD was highest in the youngest age group and decreased with age. Among men, the prevalence of AUD and AD was highest among men aged 45–59 years. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the prevalence of AD as estimated using a treatment multiplier (6.5%; 95% CI = 5.0–8.9%) was similar to the estimates of the main analysis.

Conclusions

Even though alcohol use has declined since 2003 in Russia, the prevalence of alcohol use disorders and alcohol dependence remains high at approximately 12 and 7%, respectively.
A uniquely distributed purpuric drug eruption from acalabrutinib
Authors: Truong Kelvin , Bhattacharyya Abir , Kim Jennifer , Wells Jillian
Published: January 2022

Acalabrutinib is a second‐generation, highly selective Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor (BTKi) indicated for use in some mature B‐cell malignancies. The authors describe a uniquely distributed drug reaction presenting as palpable purpura over the bilateral upper limbs. BTKi is theorised to cause haemorrhage through off‐target inhibition of Tec kinases and EGFR receptors. Dermatologists play an integral role in the multidisciplinary management of these patients to limit the negative impact on patient quality of life and, more importantly, to restrict dose reduction or treatment discontinuation.
The varieties of sonic experience: “Quiet” versus “not‐noise” in a Ghanaian harvest festival
Authors: Goshadze Mariam
Published: January 2022

Sacred calm engulfs Ghana's town of Nungua every year as the Ga people prepare to celebrate Kplejoo, their annual harvest festival. To honor the presence of deities at this time, the Ga ritual specialists introduce a week‐long restriction on drumming and noise‐making. The ritual quiet that descends over Nungua defies the conventional categorization of “quietness” as a sonically neutral category. In this context, “quietness” does not translate to the elimination of high frequencies of sound, but rather stands for the perfect sonic habitat for the visiting deities, whose aural sensibilities cannot be subsumed under the “worldly” sonic categories. The article adopts a cross‐world acoustemological approach to explore the sonically packed content of “quietness” or “not‐noise” in the ritual space of Nungua, placing a special emphasis on ritual songs that are not considered “noisy.” Since the appreciation of “not‐noise” is possible only once the deities are introduced into the picture, the work also calls for an increased focus on cross‐world sensory transmissions as an important methodological step in the anthropological study of the senses.
Landscapes of forgetting and structural silence in the American Southeast
Authors: Cobb Charles R.
Published: January 2022

Archaeological studies of memory have shown how the past is continually resurrected through selective practices of remembrance. Strategies of social amnesia have received less attention, however. The US southeast provides a useful vantage point for exploring how landscape and the built environment legislated acts of forgetting at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Whereas platform mounds and plazas mediated tensions between remembrance and erasure within communities prior to the arrival of Europeans, later colonial encroachments on Indigenous lands led to the increasing importance of these features as anchors of memory. This shifting, topological record embodied heterogenous, disjunctive framings of temporality.
Ethnic disparities in Phyllodes Tumour in Aotearoa New Zealand: a retrospective review
Authors: Grinlinton Megan Elizabeth , McGuinness Matthew James , Christie Mary , Oldfield Robyn , Ramsaroop Reena , Moss David
Published: January 2022

Background

Phyllodes tumour (PT) is a rare breast neoplasm and little is known about its epidemiological risk factors. The literature suggests a higher incidence of PT in Asian patients and other minority ethnic groups. The purpose of this study was to identify whether there was a difference in incidence, grade and age at presentation for patients with PT among minority ethnic groups when compared with European patients in Aotearoa New Zealand (AoNZ).

Methods

A retrospective review was conducted across the three District Health Boards (DHBs) in Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand (AoNZ), from 2008 to 2018 to investigate the relationship between ethnicity and clinical characteristics of PT. Demographic information and histology reports were reviewed to obtain relevant data. The primary outcome measure was ethnicity and the secondary outcome measures were age at presentation, tumour volume and grade.

Results

One hundred and fifty‐nine patients were included. The total number of non‐European patients were 108 (68%). Minority ethnic groups including Pasifika, Māori and MELAA were overrepresented in the patient cohort. Larger tumour volume was significantly correlated with higher tumour grade (p < 0.001). Pasifika patients presented with larger tumours (p 0.05) and at a younger age (p 0.027) when compared with European patients.

Conclusion

This study found that patients with PT in AoNZ were significantly overrepresented in Asian, Pasifika and MELAA ethnic groups. Pasifika patients may be at an increased risk of presenting at a younger age with larger, higher grade tumours when compared with European patients. Further research is required to investigate the reasons behind these findings in minority ethnic groups.
The epidemiology of injuries related to falling trees and tree branches
Authors: Way Teagan L. , Balogh Zsolt J.
Published: January 2022

Background

Trees are an essential component of our environment. However, falling trees and/or branches have the potential to cause serious morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to describe the nature and severity of tree related injuries based on admissions to a level 1 trauma centre.

Methods

A retrospective review of all trauma admissions related to accidental tree failures was undertaken from January 2013 to June 2021. Patients were identified from the trauma registry using ICD‐10 code ‘W20’. We included basic demographics, hospital admission details and inpatient mortality. Weather information was obtained through the Bureau of Meteorology and remoteness was classified using the Accessibility/Remoteness Index of Australia. Results are presented as mean, standard deviation, median and percentages.

Results

Out of 13 884 admissions, 37 (0.26%) were attributed to trees. 21 (0.15%) of those were injuries due to accidental tree failures and were included in the analysis. 38% were considered to be severely injured based on an injury severity score of greater than 15. 23.8% were polytrauma patients. The chest was the most commonly injured body region (47.6%). Two patients required intensive care admission with ventilator support. The majority of injuries occurred in outer regional areas and 52% of patients were injured when wind speed exceeded 20 km/h.

Conclusion

We demonstrated that the likelihood of being injured by falling trees is very low. This information should be taken into account when planning future developments or considering the removal of existing trees in the interest of public safety.
Environmental determinants of human milk composition in relation to health outcomes
Authors: Gridneva Zoya , George Alexandra D. , Suwaydi Majed A. , Sindi Azhar S. , Jie Ma , Stinson Lisa F. , Geddes Donna T.
Published: January 2022

Humans are exposed to environmental factors at every stage of life including infancy. The aim of this mini‐review was to present a narrative of environmental factors influencing human milk composition. Current literature shows lactation is a dynamic process and is responsive to multiple environmental challenges including geographical location, lifestyle, persistent pollutants and maternal factors (ethnicity, diet, stress, allergy and adiposity) that may influence human milk composition in a synergistic manner and should be considered in order to improve infant and maternal outcomes on a populations scale. Further interventional studies on larger international cohorts are needed to elucidate these complex relationships. Lactating women should aim for a healthy lifestyle and maintain a healthy body composition prior to and throughout the reproductive period, including during lactation.
Effects of dietary oligosaccharides on serum biochemical index, intestinal morphology, and antioxidant status in broilers
Authors: Yang Can , Tang Xiao Wu , Liu Xian , Yang Hai , Bin Dong Mei , Liu Hui Jing , Tang Qing Hai , Tang Jiao Yu
Published: January 2022

In order to determine the effect of different oligosaccharides on growth performance, intestinal health, and antioxidant status of broilers, 240 1‐day‐old XiangHuang broilers were randomly distributed to 4 treatments with 6 replicates each. Birds were fed corn‐soybean‐based diets (CON), and birds in xylo‐oligosaccharides (XOS), fructo‐oligosaccharides (FOS), and iso‐maltooligosaccharide (IMO) groups were given the basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg XOS, FOS, and IMO, respectively. Result showed that average daily gain (ADG) during the whole 5 weeks in FOS group was greater than that in control group (p < 0.05). Both breast and thigh muscle percentages were higher for birds fed XOS versus CON (p < 0.05). Oligosaccharides supplementation increased jejunal villus height compared with control group (p < 0.05). Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in breast muscle was lower for birds fed diet containing FOS versus CON (p < 0.05). Activities of total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD) in serum and thigh muscle were higher in IMO than in control group (p < 0.05). Serum T‐SOD and breast muscle's glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activity was higher in XOS compared with control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion, dietary oligosaccharides such as XOS, FOS, and IMO could improve intestinal health and antioxidant ability of muscle without affect growth performance in broilers.
To leave or not to leave? An analysis of individual and neighbourhood characteristics shaping place attachment in Harare's selected informal settlements
Authors: Bandauko Elmond , Kutor Senanu Kwasi , Arku Godwin
Published: January 2022

Place attachment is one of the important characteristics of sustainable neighbourhoods. The dynamics of place attachment in deprived neighbourhoods remain under‐researched, especially in Global South contexts. This paper examines how individual socio‐demographic and neighbourhood characteristics influence place attachment in Harare's selected informal settlements, namely Hopley, Hatcliffe Extension, and Epworth Ward 7. These neighbourhoods were purposefully selected as Harare's largest informal settlements. The paper uses survey data collected from randomly sampled participants from the three neighbourhoods. These data were analyzed using binary logistic regression. Based on multivariate analysis, long‐time residents were 2.35 times more likely (OR = 2.35, p < 0.01) to report high place attachment, when compared to newcomers. When compared to renters, owner‐occupiers (OR = 2.91, p < 0.001) had higher odds of reporting high place attachment. Participants with savings were more likely (OR = 1.80, p < 0.05) to report high place attachment when compared with those who do not have savings. Neighbourhood reputation and neighbourhood safety positively influence place attachment in Harare's selected informal settlements. Surprisingly, those living in Epworth Ward 7 (OR = 0.48, p < 0.05) were less likely to report high place attachment. Nonetheless, this study demonstrates that residents of deprived neighbourhoods can develop high place attachment with their residential environments.
High prevalence of hypertension and target organ damage in patients with 11β‐hydroxylase deficiency
Authors: Sun Bang , Lu Lin , Gao Yinjie , Yu Bingqing , Chen Shi , Tong Anli , Wu Xueyan , Mao Jiangfeng , Wang Xi , Zhao Zhiyuan , Zhang Wei , Nie Min
Published: January 2022

Background

Prevalence of hypertension and hypertension‐mediated organ damage (HMOD) had not been well studied in patients with 11β‐hydroxylase deficiency (11β‐OHD).

Objective

The study was to assess the prevalence and risk factors of hypertension and HMOD in patients with 11β‐OHD.

Design

Retrospective cohort analysis in a single medical centre.

Patients

Twenty‐eight patients with 11β‐OHD were recruited between January 2003 and June 2021, and their diagnosis had been confirmed by Sanger sequencing.

Measurements

Blood pressure and clinical indicators for the assessment of HMOD occurrence were collected from the medical records. Medication adherence of antihypertensive drugs and glucocorticoids were determined by the patients' biochemistry. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with HMOD.

Results

Prevalence of hypertension and HMOD in the cohort was 100% and 50%, respectively. The kidneys (71.43%) are the organ most commonly damaged by high blood pressure, followed by the heart (64.29%), eyes (57.14%) and brain (21.43%). Risk factors of HMOD were hypokalemia (odds ratio [OR]: 9.16; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.634–51.43; p = .012), blood pressure ≥ 180/110 mmHg (OR: 22.0, 95% CI: 3.08–157.34; p = .002) and irregular glucocorticoid use (OR: 3.18, 95% CI: 1.13–8.98; p = .021). Blood pressure ≥ 180/110 mmHg was an independent predictor for HMOD.

Conclusion

Hypertension and HMOD are prevalent in patients with 11β‐OHD in our study. These findings illustrate the importance of early HMOD evaluation and optimal glucocorticoid medication in 11β‐OHD patients.
Neuroprotective effects of curcumin on the cerebellum in a rotenone‐induced Parkinson’s Disease Model
Authors: Fikry Heba , Saleh Lobna A. , Abdel Gawad Sara
Published: January 2022

Aims

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent age‐related neurodegenerative disorder. The cerebellum plays a role in PD pathogenesis. Curcumin has numerous medicinal uses, mostly attributed to its potent antioxidant properties. This study investigated the potential protective influence of curcumin on the cerebellum of albino rats with rotenone‐induced PD.

Methods

Forty adult male albino rats were randomized into four treatment groups: vehicle (group I); rotenone 3 mg/kg/day i.p. injection (group II); rotenone 3 mg/kg/day plus curcumin 30 mg/kg/day i.p. injection (group III); and curcumin 30 mg/kg/day i.p. injection (group IV).

Results

Compared to group I, group II exhibited marked degenerative changes in hematoxylin & eosin‐stained sections and a reduction in Nissl granules in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. In group III, the neurotoxic effects in the cerebellum were reduced. Furthermore, the degenerated Purkinje and GFAP‐positive cells increased considerably in group II and were partially reduced in group III versus group II. Compared to group I, rats in group II showed reduced rotarod motor activity, partially restored in group III. Acetylcholine esterase, glutathione, and superoxide dismutase were significantly reduced, and malondialdehyde was significantly increased in group II compared to group I and was partially increased in group III.

Conclusion

Curcumin attenuated neurotoxic effects and degenerative histological changes and alleviated induced oxidative stress in the cerebellar cortex of a PD rat model. Therefore, curcumin dietary supplementation may have neuroprotective effects against the development of cerebellum‐related PD symptoms.
A deep learning and heuristic methodology for predicting breakups in social network structures
Authors: Molokwu Bonaventure Chidube , Shuvo Shaon Bhatta , Kobti Ziad
Published: January 2022

Literature have focused on studying the apparent and latent interactions within social graphs as an n‐ary operation, which yields binary outputs comprising positives (friends, likes, etc.) and negatives (foes, dislikes, etc.). Inasmuch as interactions constitute the bedrock of any given social network (SN) structure; there exist scenarios where an interaction, which was once considered a positive, transmutes into a negative as a result of one or more indicators which have affected the interaction quality. At present, this transmutation has to be manually executed by the affected actors in the SN. These manual transmutations can be quite inefficient, ineffective, and a mishap might have been incurred by the constituent actors and the SN structure prior to a resolution. Our problem statement aims at automatically flagging positive ties that should be considered for breakups or rifts (negative‐tie state), as they tend to pose potential threats to actors and the SN. Therefore, we have proposed ClasReg: a unique framework capable of breakup and link predictions.
Absence of hemoglobin increase is associated with reduced graft survival after kidney transplantation
Authors: Goldman Shira , Schechter Amir , Steinmetz Tali , Agur Timna , Shepshelovich Daniel , Gafter‐Gvili Anat , Hanniel Iddo , Rozen‐Zvi Benaya , Rahamimov Ruth
Published: January 2022

Background

Anemia is prevalent following kidney transplantation and is associated with reduced graft survival. The association between temporal changes in hemoglobin (Hb) level at the early post‐transplant period and graft survival is unknown.

Patients and methods

The study cohort included consecutive patients included in a single center transplantation registry between January 2002 and December 2016. Temporal changes in Hb values during the first 90 days after the transplantation were evaluated by piecewise linear regression model. Significant Hb increase rate was defined as an increase of .5 gram/deciliter/month. Patients were divided into groups according to the presence of significant Hb increase. The primary outcome was death‐censored graft failure.

Results

Of 946 patients included in the study cohort, 831 (87.8%) had at least one interval of Hb increase, and 115 (12.2%) had no Hb increase. The absence of Hb increase was associated with an elevated risk of death censored graft failure by univariate (HR 2.9, 95% CI 1.88–4.49, P < .001) and multivariate (HR 2.47, 95% CI 1.48–4.12, P = .001) analyses. The timing and rate of Hb increase had no association with the main outcome.

Conclusions

Lack of Hb increase during the early post‐transplant period is associated with an increased risk of graft loss.
Unravelling the JPMorgan spoofing case using particle physics visualization methods
Authors: Debie Philippe , Gardebroek Cornelis , Hageboeck Stephan , van Leeuwen Paul , Moneta Lorenzo , Naumann Axel , Pennings Joost M. E. , Trujillo‐Barrera Andres A. , Verhulst Marjolein E.
Published: January 2022

On 29 September 2020, JPMorgan was ordered to pay a settlement of $920.2 million for spoofing the metals and Treasury futures markets from 2008 to 2016. We examine these cases using a visualization method developed in particle physics (CERN) and the messages that the exchange receives about market activity rather than time‐based snapshots. This approach allows to examine multiple indicators related to market manipulation and complement existing research methods, thereby enhancing the identification and understanding of, as well as the motivation for, market manipulation. In the JPMorgan cases, we offer an alternative motivation for spoofing than moving the price.
Benefit‐finding process development in families raising children with chronic food hypersensitivity
Authors: Glazebrook Ammanda‐Jane , Burke Karena J. , Shakespeare‐Finch Jane
Published: January 2022

Objective

To examine benefit‐finding processes in families raising children with chronic food hypersensitivity and provide practical advice for practitioners and families.

Background

The existing literature primarily describes benefits individuals identify from adversity. This study addresses a literature gap by examining processes facilitating benefit‐finding within families.

Method

This was a multicenter classical grounded theory study comparing benefit‐finding processes through analysis of semistructured interviews with 11 families (48 nuclear family members).

Results

Three main benefit‐finding processes were identified, forming a hierarchical benefit‐finding process model: It Could Be Worse (benefit‐finding); Silver Lining (benefit‐reminding generating positive affect); Action Advantage (benefit‐reminding generating advantageous behavior change). Enhanced family functioning and well‐being was observed with Action Advantage. Parental training facilitated Action Advantage. Parental role‐modeling and reinforcement transferred benefit‐finding processes among family members, producing a shared family process.

Conclusions

Training parents to model Action Advantage benefit‐finding and implementing Family Management Plans addressing biopsychosocial well‐being of all family members is recommended. Evidence suggests such actions may enhance family functioning, cohesive relationships, and well‐being.

Implications

Translatable findings advance theory and may facilitate benefit‐finding process assessment instruments, interventions, and teachable strategies for practitioners and researchers supporting families raising children with chronic food hypersensitivity.
WILHELM VON HUMBOLDT AND HEINRICH VON KLEIST: IMAGINING THE STATE IN THE WAKE OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
Authors: Lü Yixu
Published: January 2022

Scholarship has paid scant attention to affinities between the thought of Wilhelm von Humboldt and that of Heinrich von Kleist. Both were, at different times, fascinated by the aftermath of the French Revolution and its influence on the shape of contemporary Europe. Humboldt's essays of the 1790s plead the cause of individual ‘Bildung’ against the hegemony of an interventionist state. His verdict on the new French constitution is ultimately pessimistic as he denies that history permits successful and sudden reversals of political structures. Kleist sees the Revolution as betrayed by Napoleon's ascendancy. His first work on his tragedy Penthesilea is dated between 1805 and 1806 in Königsberg, where he would have had ready access to Humboldt's publications. The calamitous defeat of Prussia in October 1806 overshadowed the play's completion in 1807. It is in this climate of the disintegration of a traditional order that Kleist invents the Amazon state as the tragic sequel to a revolution. Suppressing all individual freedom, it is the opposite of what Humboldt imagined a state should be, thus suggesting we may find in Humboldt's political thought a hitherto neglected source for Penthesilea.
Collaborative public sector innovation: An analysis of Italy, Japan, and Turkey
Authors: Cinar Emre , Simms Chris , Trott Paul
Published: January 2022

The importance of involving citizens in the early stages of public sector innovation and bottom‐up governance arrangements for collaboration has been proposed in a number of theoretical papers. However, to date, few empirical studies are evident in the literature. To deepen our understanding of collaborative public sector innovation, our exploratory article analyses: (i) the actors of collaboration, (ii) collaboration across the innovation stages, (iii) the perceived aspects of collaboration for innovative outcomes, and (iv) the governance of collaboration. Our analysis covers 99 innovations from Italy, Japan, and Turkey. We reveal that collaboration still largely occurs within the bureaucracy of public sector organizations. Attempts to include civic and private sectors are evident, depending on the country context. Further, we uncover that a mutual understanding and shared goals are crucial for success, which is accomplished through top‐down governance as opposed to self‐governed bottom‐up networks.
The role of dermoscopy in the diagnosis of subungual glomus tumors
Authors: Göktay Fatih , Güldiken Gaye , Altan Ferhatoğlu Zeynep , Güneş Pembegül , Atış Güldehan , Haneke Eckart
Published: January 2022

Background and Objectives

The dermoscopic features of glomus tumors have only been described in a few case reports. The aim of this research was to define the clinical and dermoscopic features of subungual glomus tumors.

Methods

Thirty‐two patients with subungual glomus tumors were evaluated retrospectively.

Results

On the photographs, longitudinal erythronychia, longitudinal leukonychia, punctate leukonychia, splinter hemorrhage, isolated capillaries, distal notching, distal subungual hyperkeratosis, onycholysis, and onychoschizia were found. There was no statistical difference between the rates of detection of these findings by evaluation from clinical photographs alone and from both clinical and dermoscopic photographs. While ramified vessels with bluish spots could be detected in only five of 26 cases with bluish spots in their clinical photographs, these ramified vessels were seen in 14 cases in bluish spots in dermoscopic photographs (P = 0.004). Compared to clinical examination, dermoscopy was able to detect blue spots in three more cases. Lesion duration was higher in the cases with ramified vessels (P = 0.018).

Conclusions

Dermoscopy seems to contribute to the clinical examination in displaying only ramified vessels located in bluish spots and in determining the localization of the subungual tumors. The presence of ramified vessel in the bluish spots is strongly related to lesion duration.