bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supporting Teacher Metacognition about Formative Assessment in Online Writing Environments
Authors: Woodard Rebecca , Magnifico Alecia Marie , McCarthey Sarah
Published: November 2013

Rubrics have become popular tools for assessing student writing both in classroom and standardized testing environments. Rubric construction and efficacy, however, is a topic that has been largely sidestepped in the literature and in teacher professional development. Composing an effective rubric — particularly for instructional or formative contexts — is a complex task that requires teachers to think metacognitively about their goals for a writing assignment, identify the assignment's purpose, weight the importance of various textual features, and align these elements to analytic scores. In this article, the authors conduct a textual analysis of initiating texts (i.e. rubrics and assignments) that teachers designed for use with a Scholar writing and peer response assignment. They identify three types of mismatch among the assignments, assessments, and purposes for writing; discuss implications of these mismatches for student writing and learning; and, finally, suggest ways in which online e-learning environments like Scholar might be designed to better support teachers' metacognition around assessment construction.
New Pedagogies of Motivation: Reconstructing and Repositioning Motivational Constructs in the Design of Learning Technologies
Authors: Magnifico Alecia Marie , Olmanson Justin , Cope Bill
Published: November 2013

In this article the authors examine motivational constructs through the lens of new media-supported educational efforts. By examining a range of online, new-media-based learning communities and instructional technologies, they analyze the ways in which motivation is positioned within the field of education, how ecologies of motivation embedded within new media might be understood, how motivation might be organized and represented, and how constructions of motivational elements in designed learning technologies might help us better understand their fit in different educational contexts and with different students.
Cu(II) removal enhancement from aqueous solutions using ion-imprinted membrane technique
Authors: Zarghami Soheil , Kazemimoghadam Mansoor , Mohammadi Toraj
Published: November 2013

In this study, Cu(II)-ion-imprinted membrane adsorbents were prepared via cross-linking of blended chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) using glutaraldehyde as cross-linker and copper ions as template. The ability of IIMs to adsorb copper ions from aqueous solutions was assessed using a batch of experiments under different conditions by changing cross-linking density (0.05 mass %, 0.1 mass %, and 0.2 mass %), template content (0.2 mass %, 0.5 mass %, and 0.9 mass %), initial analyte concentration (50 mg L−1, 100 mg L−1, and 150 mg L−1), and adsorbent concentration (0.5 g L−1, 1.0 g L−1, and 2.0 g L−1). The Taguchi method was used to plan a minimum number of experiments. The following optimal levels were thus determined for the four factors: cross-linking density: 0.1 mass %; template content: 0.5 mass %; initial analyte concentration: 150 mg L−1; and adsorbent concentration: 0.3 g L−1.
Problematic Portrayals and Contentious Content
Authors: Foster Stuart , Burgess Adrian
Published: November 2013

This article reports on a study about the ways in which the Holocaust is portrayed in four school history textbooks in England. It offers detailed analysis and critical insights into the content of these textbooks, which are commonly used to support the teaching of this compulsory aspect of the history National Curriculum to pupils aged eleven to fourteen. The study draws on a recent national report based on the responses of more than 2,000 teachers and explicitly uses the education guidelines of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) as a benchmark against which to evaluate the textbook content. It identifies a number of potentially alarming findings of which two themes predominate: a common tendency for textbooks to present an “Auschwitz-centric,” “perpetrator narrative” and a widespread failure to sensitively present Jewish life and agency before, during, and after the war. Ultimately, the article calls for the improvement of textbook content, but equally recognizes the need for teachers to be knowledgeable, judicious, and critical when using textbooks in their classrooms.
Elder Quests, Kid Ventures, and Kinder Quests
Authors: Wojcik-Andrews Ian
Published: November 2013

Films for young audiences today, particularly those deemed multicultural such as Whale Rider or Up, combine two journeys or quests, those of an elderly person and those of a young child. These films and others, such as The Secret of Roan Inish, represent a new genre called Kid Quests. This article examines the history, defining features, and cultural worth of kid quests and discusses their value and relevance to topics current in diversity studies such as age.
Modelling Late Weichselian evolution of the Eurasian ice sheets forced by surface meltwater-enhanced basal sliding
Authors: Clason C.C. , Applegate P.J. , Holmlund P.
Published: November 2013

We simulated the Late Weichselian extent and dynamics of the Eurasian ice sheets using the shallow-ice approximation ice-sheet model SICOPOLIS. Our simulated Last Glacial Maximum ice-sheet extents closely resemble geomorphological reconstructions, and areas of modelled fast flow are consistent with the known locations of palaeo-ice streams. Motivated by documented velocity response to increased meltwater inputs on Greenland, we tested the sensitivity of the simulated ice sheet to the surface meltwater effect (SME) through a simple parameterization relating basal sliding to local surface melt rate and ice thickness. Model runs including the SME produce significantly reduced ice volume during deglaciation, with maximum ice surface velocities much greater than in similar runs that neglect the SME. We find that the simple treatment of the SME is not applicable across the whole ice sheet; however, our results highlight the importance of the SME for dynamic response to increased melting. The southwest sector of the Scandinavian ice sheet is most sensitive to the SME, with fast flow in the Baltic ice stream region shutting off by 15 ka BP when the SME is turned on, coincident with a retreat of the ice-margin position into the Gulf of Bothnia.
Assessing ice-cliff backwasting and its contribution to total ablation of debris-covered Miage glacier, Mont Blanc massif, Italy
Authors: Reid T.D. , Brock B.W.
Published: November 2013

Continuous surface debris cover strongly reduces the ablation of glaciers, but high melt rates may occur at ice cliffs that are too steep to hold debris. This study assesses the contribution of ice-cliff backwasting to total ablation of Miage glacier, Mont Blanc massif, Italy, in 2010 and 2011, based on field measurements, physical melt models and mapping of ice cliffs using a high-resolution (1 m) digital elevation model (DEM). Short-term model calculations closely match the measured melt rates. A model sensitivity analysis indicates that the effects of cliff slope and albedo are more important for ablation than enhanced longwave incidence from sun-warmed debris or reduced turbulent fluxes at sheltered cliff bases. Analysis of the DEM indicates that ice cliffs account for at most 1.3% of the 1 m pixels in the glacier’s debris-covered zone, but application of a distributed model indicates that ice cliffs account for ~7.4% of total ablation. We conclude that ice cliffs make an important contribution to the ablation of debris-covered glaciers, even when their spatial extent is very small.
CD20 mAb-Mediated Complement Dependent Cytotoxicity of Tumor Cells is Enhanced by Blocking the Action of Factor I
Authors: Lindorfer Margaret , Beum Paul , Taylor Ronald
Published: November 2013

The CD20 mAbs, rituximab (RTX) and ofatumumab (OFA), have been used with success in the clinic in the treatment of B cell malignancies. These mAbs can eliminate B cells only by utilizing the body’s immune effector mechanisms, and there is considerable evidence that OFA is particularly effective at eliminating B cells by mediating complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). However, effector mechanisms such as complement can be exhausted or down-regulated. Therefore, several approaches are being investigated with the goal of increasing CDC mediated by these mAbs. We reported that when patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are treated with RTX or with OFA, complement is rapidly activated on circulating, targeted CLL B cells. However, a substantial fraction of these cells escape CDC and clearance due to degradation of covalently deposited active C3b fragments to inactive fragments iC3b and C3d. This process is mediated by a plasma protease, Factor I. Therefore, a rational approach for increasing CDC would be to block this reaction by inhibiting Factor I with a neutralizing mAb. Indeed, we have demonstrated that use of neutralizing mAb A247, specific for factor I, significantly and substantially increases CD20 mAb-mediated CDC of both cell lines and of primary CLL cells in vitro.
Insights into Chromatin Structure and Dynamics in Plants
Authors: Rosa Stefanie , Shaw Peter
Published: November 2013

The packaging of chromatin into the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell requires an extraordinary degree of compaction and physical organization. In recent years, it has been shown that this organization is dynamically orchestrated to regulate responses to exogenous stimuli as well as to guide complex cell-type-specific developmental programs. Gene expression is regulated by the compartmentalization of functional domains within the nucleus, by distinct nucleosome compositions accomplished via differential modifications on the histone tails and through the replacement of core histones by histone variants. In this review, we focus on these aspects of chromatin organization and discuss novel approaches such as live cell imaging and photobleaching as important tools likely to give significant insights into our understanding of the very dynamic nature of chromatin and chromatin regulatory processes. We highlight the contribution plant studies have made in this area showing the potential advantages of plants as models in understanding this fundamental aspect of biology.
Formation and Dissociation of Methane Hydrates from Seawater in Consolidated Sand: Mimicking Methane Hydrate Dynamics beneath the Seafloor
Authors: Kerkar Prasad , Horvat Kristine , Mahajan Devinder , Jones Keith
Published: November 2013

Methane hydrate formation and dissociation kinetics were investigated in seawater-saturated consolidated Ottawa sand-pack under sub-seafloor conditions to study the influence of effective pressure on formation and dissociation kinetics. To simulate a sub-seafloor environment, the pore-pressure was varied relative to confining pressure in successive experiments. Hydrate formation was achieved by methane charging followed by sediment cooling. The formation of hydrates was delayed with increasing degree of consolidation. Hydrate dissociation by step-wise depressurization was instantaneous, emanating preferentially from the interior of the sand-pack. Pressure drops during dissociation and in situ temperature controlled the degree of endothermic cooling within sediments. In a closed system, the post-depressurization dissociation was succeeded by thermally induced dissociation and pressure-temperature conditions followed theoretical methane-seawater equilibrium conditions and exhibited excess pore pressure governed by the pore diameter. These post-depressurization equilibrium values for the methane hydrates in seawater saturated consolidated sand-pack were used to estimate the enthalpy of dissociation of 55.83 ± 1.41 kJ/mol. These values were found to be lower than those reported in earlier literature for bulk hydrates from seawater (58.84 kJ/mol) and pure water (62.61 kJ/mol) due to excess pore pressure generated within confined sediment system under investigation. However, these observations could be significant in the case of hydrate dissociation in a subseafloor environment where dissociation due to depressurization could result in an instantaneous methane release followed by slow thermally induced dissociation. The excess pore pressure generated during hydrate dissociation could be higher within fine-grained sediments with faults and barriers present in subseafloor settings which could cause shifting in geological layers.
Impact of Traumatic Dental Injury on the Quality of Life of Brazilian Preschool Children
Authors: Siqueira Maria , Firmino Ramon , Clementino Marayza , Martins Carolina , Granville-Garcia Ana , Paiva Saul
Published: November 2013

This study aimed to assess the impact of traumatic dental injury (TDI) on the quality of life of preschoolers and their families. A cross-sectional study was carried out, with a sample of 814 children, aged three to five years old, in Campina Grande, Brazil. Parents/caregivers were asked to complete the Brazilian Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale and a questionnaire on socio-demographic data. Oral examinations of the children were performed by three previously calibrated dentists. Bivariate and multiple Poisson regression analyses were performed (α = 5%). The prevalence of negative impact from oral conditions on quality of life was 31.1% among the children and 24.7% among the families. TDI was not associated with a negative impact on quality of life. Parent/caregiver’s assessment of the child’s oral health (PR = 1.210; 95% CI: 1.027–1.426) and history of toothache (PR = 4.997; 95% CI: 2.943–8.493) remained in the final model for the child section, whereas only a history of toothache (PR = 2.791; 95% CI: 1.801–4.325) remained in the final model for the family section. TDI exerted no negative impact on quality of life in the present sample. A history of toothache was the only variable associated with a negative impact on the quality of life of the preschoolers and their families.
Spatio-Temporal Occurrence Modeling of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Subtype H5N1: A Case Study in the Red River Delta, Vietnam
Authors: Tran Chinh , Yost Russell , Yanagida John , Saksena Sumeet , Fox Jefferson , Sultana Nargis
Published: November 2013

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1 poses severe threats to both animals and humans. Investigating where, when and why the disease occurs is important to help animal health authorities develop effective control policies. This study takes into account spatial and temporal occurrence of HPAI H5N1 in the Red River Delta of Vietnam. A two-stage procedure was used: (1) logistic regression modeling to identify and quantify factors influencing the occurrence of HPAI H5N1; and (2) a geostatistical approach to develop monthly predictive maps. The results demonstrated that higher average monthly temperatures and poultry density in combination with lower average monthly precipitation, humidity in low elevation areas, roughly from November to January and April to June, contribute to the higher occurrence of HPAI H5N1. Provinces near the Gulf of Tonkin, including Hai Phong, Hai Duong, Thai Binh, Nam Dinh and Ninh Binh are areas with higher probability of occurrence of HPAI H5N1.
Up-Regulation of mRNA Ventricular PRNP Prion Protein Gene Expression in Air Pollution Highly Exposed Young Urbanites: Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Glucose Regulated Protein 78, and Nanosized Particles
Authors: Villarreal-Calderon Rodolfo , Franco-Lira Maricela , González-Maciel Angélica , Reynoso-Robles Rafael , Harritt Lou , Pérez-Guillé Beatriz , Ferreira-Azevedo Lara , Drecktrah Dan , Zhu Hongtu , Sun Qiang , Torres-Jardón Ricardo , Aragón-Flores Mariana , Calderón-Garcidueñas Ana , Diaz Philippe , Calderón-Garcidueñas Lilian
Published: November 2013

Mexico City Metropolitan Area children and young adults exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants including fine and ultrafine particulate matter (PM) vs. clean air controls, exhibit myocardial inflammation and inflammasome activation with a differential right and left ventricular expression of key inflammatory genes and inflammasomes. We investigated the mRNA expression levels of the prion protein gene PRNP, which plays an important role in the protection against oxidative stress and metal toxicity, and the glucose regulated protein 78, a key protein in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling, in ventricular autopsy samples from 30 children and young adults age 19.97 ± 6.8 years with a lifetime of low (n:4) vs. high (n:26) air pollution exposures. Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy studies were carried out in human ventricles, and electron microscopy studies were also done in 5 young, highly exposed Mexico City dogs. There was significant left ventricular PRNP and bi-ventricular GRP78 mRNA up-regulation in Mexico City young urbanites vs. controls. PRNP up-regulation in the left ventricle was significantly different from the right, p < 0.0001, and there was a strong left ventricular PRNP and GRP78 correlation (p = 0.0005). Marked abnormalities in capillary endothelial cells, numerous nanosized particles in myocardial ER and in abnormal mitochondria characterized the highly exposed ventricles. Early and sustained cardiac ER stress could result in detrimental irreversible consequences in urban children, and while highly complex systems maintain myocardial homeostasis, failure to compensate for chronic myocardial inflammation, oxidative and ER stress, and particles damaging myocardial organelles may prime the development of pathophysiological cardiovascular states in young urbanites. Nanosized PM could play a key cardiac myocyte toxicity role.
Using Collaborative Tagging for Text Classification: From Text Classification to Opinion Mining
Authors: Charton Eric , Meurs Marie-Jean , Jean-Louis Ludovic , Gagnon Michel
Published: November 2013

Numerous initiatives have allowed users to share knowledge or opinions using collaborative platforms. In most cases, the users provide a textual description of their knowledge, following very limited or no constraints. Here, we tackle the classification of documents written in such an environment. As a use case, our study is made in the context of text mining evaluation campaign material, related to the classification of cooking recipes tagged by users from a collaborative website. This context makes some of the corpus specificities difficult to model for machine-learning-based systems and keyword or lexical-based systems. In particular, different authors might have different opinions on how to classify a given document. The systems presented hereafter were submitted to the D´Efi Fouille de Textes 2013 evaluation campaign, where they obtained the best overall results, ranking first on task 1 and second on task 2. In this paper, we explain our approach for building relevant and effective systems dealing with such a corpus.
4-[(2-Hydroxy-4-pentadecyl-benzylidene)-amino]-benzoic Acid Methyl Ester
Authors: Naganagowda Gadada , Mahato Sanjit , Meijboom Reinout , Petsom Amorn
Published: November 2013

A new Schiff base, 4-[(2-hydroxy-4-pentadecyl-benzylidene)-amino]-benzoic acid methyl ester was synthesized and its UV, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and ESI-MS spectroscopic data are presented.
Modified Titanium Surface-Mediated Effects on Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Response
Authors: Chaudhari Amol , Duyck Joke , Braem Annabel , Vleugels Jozef , Petite Hervé , Logeart-Avramoglou Delphine , Naert Ignace , Martens Johan , Vandamme Katleen
Published: November 2013

Surface modification of titanium implants is used to enhance osseointegration. The study objective was to evaluate five modified titanium surfaces in terms of cytocompatibility and pro-osteogenic/pro-angiogenic properties for human mesenchymal stromal cells: amorphous microporous silica (AMS), bone morphogenetic protein-2 immobilized on AMS (AMS + BMP), bio-active glass (BAG) and two titanium coatings with different porosity (T1; T2). Four surfaces served as controls: uncoated Ti (Ti), Ti functionalized with BMP-2 (Ti + BMP), Ti surface with a thickened titanium oxide layer (TiO2) and a tissue culture polystyrene surface (TCPS). The proliferation of eGFP-fLuc (enhanced green fluorescence protein-firefly luciferase) transfected cells was tracked non-invasively by fluorescence microscopy and bio-luminescence imaging. The implant surface-mediated effects on cell differentiation potential was tracked by determination of osteogenic and angiogenic parameters [alkaline phosphatase (ALP); osteocalcin (OC); osteoprotegerin (OPG); vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A)]. Unrestrained cell proliferation was observed on (un)functionalized Ti and AMS surfaces, whereas BAG and porous titanium coatings T1 and T2 did not support cell proliferation. An important pro-osteogenic and pro-angiogenic potential of the AMS + BMP surface was observed. In contrast, coating the Ti surface with BMP did not affect the osteogenic differentiation of the progenitor cells. A significantly slower BMP-2 release from AMS compared to Ti supports these findings. In the unfunctionalized state, Ti was found to be superior to AMS in terms of OPG and VEGF-A production. AMS is suggested to be a promising implant coating material for bioactive agents delivery.
Toxic C17-Sphinganine Analogue Mycotoxin, Contaminating Tunisian Mussels, Causes Flaccid Paralysis in Rodents
Authors: Marrouchi Riadh , Benoit Evelyne , Le Caer Jean-Pierre , Belayouni Nawel , Belghith Hafedh , Molgó Jordi , Kharrat Riadh
Published: November 2013

Severe toxicity was detected in mussels from Bizerte Lagoon (Northern Tunisia) using routine mouse bioassays for detecting diarrheic and paralytic toxins not associated to classical phytoplankton blooming. The atypical toxicity was characterized by rapid mouse death. The aim of the present work was to understand the basis of such toxicity. Bioassay-guided chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry were used to detect and characterize the fraction responsible for mussels’ toxicity. Only a C17-sphinganine analog mycotoxin (C17-SAMT), with a molecular mass of 287.289 Da, was found in contaminated shellfish. The doses of C17-SAMT that were lethal to 50% of mice were 750 and 150 μg/kg following intraperitoneal and intracerebroventricular injections, respectively, and 900 μg/kg following oral administration. The macroscopic general aspect of cultures and the morphological characteristics of the strains isolated from mussels revealed that the toxicity episodes were associated to the presence of marine microfungi (Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp. and Trichoderma sp.) in contaminated samples. The major in vivo effect of C17-SAMT on the mouse neuromuscular system was a dose- and time-dependent decrease of compound muscle action potential amplitude and an increased excitability threshold. In vitro, C17-SAMT caused a dose- and time-dependent block of directly- and indirectly-elicited isometric contraction of isolated mouse hemidiaphragms.
OxymaPure/DIC: An Efficient Reagent for the Synthesis of a Novel Series of 4-[2-(2-Acetylaminophenyl)-2-oxo-acetylamino] Benzoyl Amino Acid Ester Derivatives
Authors: El-Faham Ayman , Al Marhoon Zainab , Abdel-Megeed Ahmed , Albericio Fernando
Published: November 2013

OxymaPure (ethyl 2-cyano-2-(hydroxyimino)acetate) was tested as an additive for use in the carbodiimide (DIC) approach for the synthesis of a novel series of α-ketoamide derivatives (4-[2-(2-acetylaminophenyl)-2-oxo-acetylamino]benzoyl amino acid ester derivatives). OxymaPure showed clear superiority to HOBt/DIC or carbodiimide alone in terms of purity and yield. The title compounds were synthesized via the ring opening of N-acylisatin. First, N-acetylisatin was reacted with 4-aminobenzoic acid under conventional heating as well as microwave irradiation to afford 4-(2-(2-acetamidophenyl)-2-oxoacetamido)benzoic acid. This α-ketoamide was coupled to different amino acid esters using OxymaPure/DIC as a coupling reagent to afford 4-[2-(2-acetylaminophenyl)-2-oxo-acetylamino]benzoyl amino acid ester derivatives in excellent yield and purity. The synthesized compounds were characterized using FT-IR, NMR, and elemental analysis.
G-Quadruplexes as Sensing Probes
Authors: Ruttkay-Nedecky Branislav , Kudr Jiri , Nejdl Lukas , Maskova Darina , Kizek Rene , Adam Vojtech
Published: November 2013

Guanine-rich sequences of DNA are able to create tetrastranded structures known as G-quadruplexes; they are formed by the stacking of planar G-quartets composed of four guanines paired by Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding. G-quadruplexes act as ligands for metal ions and aptamers for various molecules. Interestingly, the G-quadruplexes form a complex with anionic porphyrin hemin and exhibit peroxidase-like activity. This review focuses on overview of sensing techniques based on G-quadruplex complexes with anionic porphyrins for detection of various analytes, including metal ions such as K+, Ca2+, Ag+, Hg2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Sr2+, organic molecules, nucleic acids, and proteins. Principles of G-quadruplex-based detection methods involve DNA conformational change caused by the presence of analyte which leads to a decrease or an increase in peroxidase activity, fluorescence, or electrochemical signal of the used probe. The advantages of various detection techniques are also discussed.
Assessment of Pharmacists’ Knowledge and Competence Regarding Anti-Tobacco Counseling
Authors: Dymek Justyna , Skowron Agnieszka
Published: November 2013

The aim of the study was to assess Polish community pharmacists’ knowledge about the health consequences of smoking and the abilities they need in professional advice-giving during the smoking cessation process. Therefore, we use a self-answered questionnaire to assess pharmacists’ knowledge about the health consequences of smoking and his/her abilities in NRT advice-giving. In total, the pharmacists could earn 20 points, 14 in the knowledge section and 6 in the abilities section. One hundred and nine pharmacists from community pharmacies were included, 87 of whom were women (79%). The average age of respondents was 38 years (24–72). The mean knowledge rating of pharmacists regarding the health risk factors connected with smoking was 7.7 points (SD = 2.2), the maximum was 14. None of the respondents obtained the maximum possible score in the test. Only 2.7% of pharmacists correctly identified all four factors important in selecting the form of NRT. Analysis showed that pharmacists’ knowledge about tobacco dependence and tobacco-related diseases is insufficient for an effective tobacco control interventions. It seems necessary to undertake systematic training to improve their knowledge about nicotine addiction and abilities in NRT and smoking cessation advice-giving.
Openness as Visualization Technique for Interpretative Mapping of Airborne Lidar Derived Digital Terrain Models
Authors: Doneus Michael
Published: November 2013

Openness is proposed as a visualization technique for the archaeological interpretation of digital terrain models derived from airborne laser scanning. In contrast to various shading techniques, openness is not subject to directional bias and relief features highlighted by openness do not contain any horizontal displacement. Additionally, it offers a clear distinction between relief features and the surrounding topography, while it highlights both the highest and lowest parts of features. This makes openness an ideal tool for mapping and outlining of archaeological features. A comparison with sky-view factor and local relief model visualizations helps to evaluate advantages and limits of the technique.
Political Criteria for Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Selection and the Role of the Urban Dimension
Authors: Rivera Manuel
Published: November 2013

A flood of ideas and proposals on the shape and selection of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has begun to rise since 2012. This article looks at some of them, trying to understand which kind of “boundary work” between science and policy is done here. Starting with a reflection on the epistemological and practical implications of “discussing SDGs”, it primarily addresses scientists, but also decision makers and activists interested in the post-2015 debate. In practical terms of SDG selection, the argument goes in favor of a self-reflective “politization of science”; i.e., against claims for broad scientific comprehensiveness of SDGs and in favor of an “exemplary” selection of thematic areas and targets, which would combine aspects of (i) political opportunity and (ii) societal visibility. These criteria are only very partially met in the proposals the article looks at. By applying them, the article emphasizes the political importance of addressing, through SDGs, the subnational level directly, thus making the case for an SDG on cities. Such an SDG should, by the same logic, be rather focused and exemplary than all-encompassing. The recently employed formula of “resilient, inclusive and connected cities” is considered useful, when accompanied by tangible and communicable indicators.
Developing Engineering Students’ Understanding of Sustainability Using Project Based Learning
Authors: Jollands Margaret , Parthasarathy Raj
Published: November 2013

Project based learning (PjBL) can be an effective approach to developing graduate attributes, but it depends on how it is implemented. Chemical Engineering of RMIT University has a stream of PjBL subjects from first to final year. The projects are incrementally more complex but have the same goal: to choose a best process design, using management decision making tools to justify their choices. The tools include GEMI Metrics NavigatorTM. This paper reports an evaluation of whether students’ understanding of sustainability is enhanced by undertaking multiple projects, as well as use of sophisticated analysis tools. Student learning outcomes from intermediate and final subjects were compared using ConceptMaps and a focus group. The students’ understanding of sustainability increased substantially from 2nd to final year, similar to results reported in European studies. The spread of results was broad, attributed to range of student ability and differences between student cohorts. Development of understanding of sustainability was attributed to undertaking multiple projects and use of spread-sheeting tools. Use of the GEMI tool was identified as facilitating application of sustainability principles to process design decisions. Concept maps are a useful way to evaluate innovations in teaching sustainable engineering.
Teachers’ Competencies for the Implementation of Educational Offers in the Field of Education for Sustainable Development
Authors: Bertschy Franziska , Künzli Christine , Lehmann Meret
Published: November 2013

The term of education is an integral part of any programmatic political document on sustainable development. This fact underlines the significance that is assigned to education in the context of sustainable development. It leads to the question of what competencies teachers need in order to develop and implement educational offers in the field of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) so that they can aspire to and attain specific educational goals with their students. This touches on the question of the building of corresponding competencies in teacher education and further education. So far, few attempts have been made to describe teachers’ competencies regarding ESD and to develop corresponding competence models. The following article presents two models—Curriculum, Sustainable Development, Competences, Teacher Training (CSCT Model) and Learning for the future: The Competences in Education for Sustainable Development (ECE Model)—and discusses their benefit for teacher education and further education. These models differ in how broadly they define ESD and in what audiences they target at. This comparison shows and explains why competence models should focus on profession-specific core competencies if they are to be used as a basis for the conception of educational offers in the field of ESD in education and further education of teachers. The drawn conclusion consists in initial considerations for the conception of another competence model.
Influence of Fermentation and Drying Materials on the Contamination of Cocoa Beans by Ochratoxin A
Authors: Dano Sébastien , Manda Pierre , Dembélé Ardjourma , Kouassi Abla Ange , Bibaud Joel , Gouet Julien , Ze Maria Sika Charles
Published: November 2013

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced mainly by species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. Contamination of food with OTA is a major consumer health hazard. In Cote D’Ivoire, preventing OTA contamination has been the subject of extensive study. The current study was conducted to evaluate the influence of fermentation and drying materials on the OTA content in cocoa. For each test, 7000 intact cocoa pods were collected, split open to remove the beans, fermented using 1 of 3 different materials, sun-dried on 1 of 3 different platform types and stored for 30 days. A total of 22 samples were collected at each stage of post-harvesting operations. The OTA content in the extracted samples was then quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. OTA was detected in beans at all stages of post-harvesting operations at varying levels: pod-opening (0.025 ± 0.02 mg/kg), fermentation (0.275 ± 0.2 mg/kg), drying (0.569 ± 0.015 mg/kg), and storage (0.558 ± 0.04 mg/kg). No significant relationships between the detected OTA level and the materials used in the fermentation and drying of cocoa were observed.
Historical and Technical Notes on Aqueducts from Prehistoric to Medieval Times
Authors: De Feo Giovanni , Angelakis Andreas , Antoniou Georgios , El-Gohary Fatma , Haut Benoît , Passchier Cees , Zheng Xiao
Published: November 2013

The aim of this paper is to present the evolution of aqueduct technologies through the millennia, from prehistoric to medieval times. These hydraulic works were used by several civilizations to collect water from springs and to transport it to settlements, sanctuaries and other targets. Several civilizations, in China and the Americas, developed water transport systems independently, and brought these to high levels of sophistication. For the Mediterranean civilizations, one of the salient characteristics of cultural development, since the Minoan Era (ca. 3200–1100 BC), is the architectural and hydraulic function of aqueducts used for the water supply in palaces and other settlements. The Minoan hydrologists and engineers were aware of some of the basic principles of water sciences and the construction and operation of aqueducts. These technologies were further developed by subsequent civilizations. Advanced aqueducts were constructed by the Hellenes and, especially, by the Romans, who dramatically increased the application scale of these structures, in order to provide the extended quantities of water necessary for the Roman lifestyle of frequent bathing. The ancient practices and techniques were not improved but survived through Byzantine and early medieval times. Later, the Ottomans adapted older techniques, reintroducing large-scale aqueducts to supply their emerging towns with adequate water for religious and social needs. The scientific approach to engineering matters during the Renaissance further improved aqueduct technology. Some of these improvements were apparently also implemented in Ottoman waterworks. Finally the industrial revolution established mechanized techniques in water acquisition. Water is a common need of mankind, and several ancient civilizations developed simple but practical techniques from which we can still learn. Their experience and knowledge could still play an important role for sustainable water supply, presently and in future, both in developed and developing countries.
Typologie de l'autel, emplacement et fonction des reliques dans la péninsule ibérique et le sud de la Gaule du Ve au XIe siècle
Authors: Dourthe Pierre
Published: November 2013

Typologie des altars, platz und funktion der reliquien auf der Iberischen Halbinsel und in südgallien vom 5. bis zum 11. Jahrhundert, von Pierre Dourthe.

Auf der Iberischen Halbinsel befindet sich der Altar immer im Zentrum der Absis (weil der Klerus nicht dort plaziert ist) ; im Süden Galliens ist er hingegen meist in der Öffnung zur Absis. Vom typologischen Gesichtspunkt her ist — frühestens ab der Mitte des 6. Jahrhunderts (in Spanien) — die Verwendung eines Altars mit einem einzigen Sockel bemerkenswert, die nach unserer Ansicht in keinem Zusammenhang mit dem Raum der Absis steht. Dieser Typ ist auch in Septimanien wohlbekannt. In beiden Regionen erhält sich dieser Brauch über die frühchristliche Periode hinaus und ist wenigstens bis zum 1 1 . Jahrhundert nachweisbar.

Der Altar erweist sich, wenigstens auf der Iberischen Halbinsel, als bevorzugter Anbringungsort des Reliquiars. Ausserhalb dieser Region ist die Aufbewahrung der Reliquien am oberen Ende des Altarschafts nur im Süden Galliens (vielleicht auch im tunesischen Mactar) bezeugt. In dieser Lösung zeigt sich der Wille, die Reliquien unmittelbar unter dem Altartisch zu plazieren. Die Anbringung des Loculus am oberen Ende der Stütze — sowohl in frühchristlicher Zeit, wie auch während des ganzen frühen Mittelalters — bezeugt, dass es keine Änderung der Tradition gegeben hat. Später, zweifelsfrei nach dem Beginn des 12. Jahrhunderts, ändert sich der Brauch, denn von nun an pflegt man die Reliquien in den Altartisch selbst einzulassen.

Schliesslich zeigt das Studium der liturgischen Texte, dass das Vorhandensein der Reliquien häufig, wenn auch nicht immer, mit der Weihe der Kirche verbunden ist.
Les années d'apprentissage du jeune de L'Orme : l'hôtel Bullioud à Lyon
Authors: Pauwels Yves
Published: November 2013

Les années d'apprentissage du jeune de L'Orme : l'hôtel Bullioud à Lyon.

Nous ne savons du voyage effectué par Philibert de L'Orme en Italie entre 1533 et 1536 que ce qu'il en rapporte dans son traité, publié seulement en 1567. L'examen précis des ordres mis en œuvre à l'hôtel Bullioud de Lyon, premier bâtiment construit lors de son retour en France, met en cause mainte affirmation du traité. Il apparaît en effet que Philibert ne maîtrise pas vraiment la grammaire des ordres, qu'il imite les formes romaines intuitivement, sans en comprendre vraiment le sens, et que ses sources d'inspiration sont de niveaux très divers. De Rome, de L'Orme a ramené un répertoire formel dont il ne comprendra le fonctionnement qu'après avoir pris connaissance du livre IV de Serlio, paru en 1537 ; le progrès que l'on peut constater à Saint-Maur (1541) et surtout à Anet (vers 1546) témoigne de l'importance prise par le traité de l'Italien, premier ouvrage en langue vulgaire exposant clairement la syntaxe du vitruvianisme.
One-pot cross-enyne metathesis (CEYM)–Diels–Alder reaction of gem-difluoropropargylic alkynes
Authors: Fustero Santos , Bello Paula , Miró Javier , Sánchez-Roselló María , Haufe Günter , del Pozo Carlos
Published: November 2013

Propargylic difluorides 1 were used as starting substrates in a combination of cross-enyne metathesis and Diels–Alder reactions. Thus, the reaction of 1 with ethylene in the presence of 2nd generation Hoveyda–Grubbs catalyst generates a diene moiety which in situ reacts with a wide variety of dienophiles giving rise to a small family of new fluorinated carbo- and heterocyclic derivatives in moderate to good yields. This is a complementary protocol to the one previously described by our research group, which involved the use of 1,7-octadiene as an internal source of ethylene.
Sous le drapeau rouge : la conférence internationale de psychotechnique de Moscou de 1931. 1 re partie : Psychotechnique et taylorisme à la russe
Authors: Turbiaux Marcel
Published: November 2013

En marge des articles d’Isabelle Gouarné (2007, 2011, 2012), relatifs à la conférence internationale de psychotechnique de Moscou, en 1931 et à l’intervention qu’y fit Isaak Spielrein (1931b/2012), l’auteur souligne, dans le choix du lieu de la tenue de cette conférence, proposé par Spielrein, le rôle des relations, que J.-M. Lahy, influent secrétaire général de l’Association internationale de psychotechnique, à la fois, partisan du matérialisme dialectique et critique du taylorisme, entretenait, depuis plusieurs années déjà, avec l’URSS et, notamment, avec J. Ossip Arkad’evic Ermanski, lui aussi opposant au taylorisme et préfacier de la traduction en russe du livre de Lahy sur le « Système Taylor », ainsi qu’avec Isaak Naftulevich Spielrein, principal représentant de la psychotechnique en URSS, pour qui elle offrait une solution de rechange au taylorisme. En effet, l’application, en URSS, de « l’organisation du travail », fut imposée par Lénine et Trotski, en raison de la désastreuse situation économique du pays. Elle fut incarnée par l’Institut central du travail, dirigé par Alexeï Kapitonovich Gastev, qui fait l’objet de cette première partie de cet article, ainsi que les oppositions qu’elle souleva, mais dont Gastev sortit provisoirement vainqueur, tandis que la psychotechnique et son chef de file, Spielrein, étaient de plus en plus critiqués.
Exode rural et crises du logement dans l'Italie des années 1950-1970
Authors: Cumoli Flavia
Published: November 2013

L’article traite des crises du logement en Italie après la Seconde Guerre mondiale et dans les années 1960, période qui marque le début du miracle économique italien. Il s’agit, dans l’immédiat après-guerre, d’une crise quantitative liée aux destructions de la guerre et aux retards de la période fasciste, à la croissance démographique et à l’exode rural considérable, puis d’une crise plus sociale liée aux choix économiques, les aides de l’État accentuant la conduite libérale de la construction. En effet, celle-ci s’est faite d’abord en direction des classes moyennes, abandonnant de facto les couches populaires dans des formes diverses de sous-logement ségrégé aux multiples dénominations. L’article aborde initialement les dimensions du « problème » des logements pour se pencher ensuite sur les espaces de la crise, les quartiers délaissés et les processus de leur relégation, en focalisant l’attention sur trois cas exemplaires : la campagne et les Sassi de Matera, les Borgate de Rome, les Coree de Milan. La dernière partie envisage les luttes urbaines, la place de la question du logement dans les mouvements protestataires de 1968, à un moment où des accusations de détournement de fonds publics étaient portées dans la presse contre des membres du gouvernement.
Le Gabinete Técnico de Habitação et la réforme du logement social à Lisbonne (1959-1974)
Authors: Nunes João Pedro
Published: November 2013

Dans les années 1960, le Gabinete Técnico de Habitação est chargé par la mairie de Lisbonne de mettre en œuvre un vaste programme de logement social. En parallèle avec la planification et la construction des premiers grands ensembles lisboètes, ce bureau élabore un diagnostic statistique sur la pénurie de logements dans la ville. Portant sur les bidonvilles, la sous-location et le surpeuplement des logements, cette enquête lui permet d’énoncer une situation de crise du logement. En analysant cette qualification politique aussi bien que les critiques formulées contre les modes d’action publique de l’Estado Novo, on accède aux catégories et aux contenus qui sont aux sources de la réforme du logement social engagée à la fin de la décennie. L’histoire de cette crise du logement permet d’éclairer les changements observés dans les modes étatiques de gestion du problème du logement à Lisbonne durant les dernières années du régime dictatorial et dans une phase d’urbanisation accélérée.
L'encadrement des loyers depuis 1900, une question européenne
Authors: Voldman Danièle
Published: November 2013

La fixation par les pouvoirs publics d’un prix maximum de vente pour les produits de première nécessité, qu’il s’agisse des denrées alimentaires, des combustibles, des transports et du loyer des habitations, est une revendication ancienne des classes populaires. Cette mesure a été appliquée sous des appellations diverses à travers l’Europe à des moments particuliers de son histoire, soit par choix politique, soit pour contenir une situation sociale explosive, soit encore pour réguler un marché immobilier considéré comme déséquilibré. Les deux temps forts de l’encadrement des loyers par les pouvoirs publics, au cours de la Première Guerre mondiale et pendant le développement des États-providence après 1945, ont été suivis de tentatives pour en finir avec ce dirigisme. En effet, si la mesure était défendue par les réformateurs au nom de la justice sociale, les propriétaires y voyaient une limitation des libertés individuelles et, surtout, les milieux économiques la considéraient comme une aberration contre-productive.
En los confines de Rayya. Algunas consideraciones en torno a Estepa y su alfoz en época andalusí
Authors: Martínez Enamorado Virgilio
Published: November 2013

Este trabajo analiza el territorio y la ciudad de Estepa (Sevilla) en época andalusí, atendiendo a la historiografía (árabe y castellana de la conquista), a la arqueología y a la toponimia. Se realiza un recorrido diacrónico sobre el poblamiento de la ciudad andalusí de Isṭabba y su tierra o alfoz en época medieval, incluido en la kūra de Rayya (dependencias de Mālaqa o Rayya), desde los inicios del siglo VIII hasta la conquista castellana.
Altered IFN-γ–Mediated Immunity and Transcriptional Expression Patterns in N-Ethyl-N-Nitrosourea–Induced STAT4 Mutants Confer Susceptibility to Acute Typhoid-like Disease
Authors: Eva Megan M. , Yuki Kyoko E. , Dauphinee Shauna M. , Schwartzentruber Jeremy A. , Pyzik Michal , Paquet Marilène , Lathrop Mark , Majewski Jacek , Vidal Silvia M. , Malo Danielle
Published: November 2013

Salmonella enterica is a ubiquitous Gram-negative intracellular bacterium that continues to pose a global challenge to human health. The etiology of Salmonella pathogenesis is complex and controlled by pathogen, environmental, and host genetic factors. In fact, patients immunodeficient in genes in the IL-12, IL-23/IFN-γ pathway are predisposed to invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella infection. Using a forward genomics approach by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) germline mutagenesis in mice, we identified the Ity14 (Immunity to Typhimurium locus 14) pedigree exhibiting increased susceptibility following in vivo Salmonella challenge. A DNA-binding domain mutation (p.G418_E445) in Stat4 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Factor 4) was the causative mutation. STAT4 signals downstream of IL-12 to mediate transcriptional regulation of inflammatory immune responses. In mutant Ity14 mice, the increased splenic and hepatic bacterial load resulted from an intrinsic defect in innate cell function, IFN-γ–mediated immunity, and disorganized granuloma formation. We further show that NK and NKT cells play an important role in mediating control of Salmonella in Stat4Ity14/Ity14 mice. Stat4Ity14/Ity14 mice had increased expression of genes involved in cell–cell interactions and communication, as well as increased CD11b expression on a subset of splenic myeloid dendritic cells, resulting in compromised recruitment of inflammatory cells to the spleen during Salmonella infection. Stat4Ity14/Ity14 presented upregulated compensatory mechanisms, although inefficient and ultimately Stat4Ity14/Ity14 mice develop fatal bacteremia. The following study further elucidates the pathophysiological impact of STAT4 during Salmonella infection.
Scientific contributions in the field of Transport and Supply Chain Management
Authors: Kruger Stephen
Published: November 2013

The Department of Transport and Supply Chain Management at the University of Johannesburg proudly presents to you Volume 7 of the Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management (JTSCM), an accredited publication unique to South Africa.