bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contemporary Australian Business Law
Authors: Giancaspro Mark , Golding Gabrielle , Nosworthy Beth , Brown David , Viven-Wilksch Jessica , Wawryk Alexandra , Villios Sylvia , Zito Paula
Published: February 2023

Australian businesses operate within a complex legal environment, so it's important students and professionals understand their legal obligations. Contemporary Australian Business Law is an authoritative text that makes key legal concepts accessible to business students, while maintaining academic rigour. Written for business students new to studying business law, this text introduces the fundamental legal topics encountered in business, including contracts, business structures, taxation, property and employment. Discussion in each chapter strikes a balance between accessibility and detail to assist understanding of these complex legal issues. A hypothetical scenario running through each chapter scaffolds learning and provides relevant real-world examples of the law in practice. Each chapter includes margin definitions, case boxes that guide students through landmark business law cases, and practice problems that test students' ability to apply their knowledge to realistic situations. Written by experts, Contemporary Australian Business Law is an essential introduction to the Australian legal system for business students.
Commanders of Dutch East India Ships in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Bruijn Jaap R.
Published: February 2023

Provides a detailed picture of the lives of the commanders and those around them, both at home and at sea.
After the mammoths: The ecological legacy of late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions
Authors: Smith Felisa A. , Elliott Smith Emma A. , Hedberg Carson P. , Lyons S. Kathleen , Pardi Melissa I. , Tomé Catalina P.
Published: February 2023

The significant extinctions in Earth history have largely been unpredictable in terms of what species perish and what traits make species susceptible. The extinctions occurring during the late Pleistocene are unusual in this regard, because they were strongly size-selective and targeted exclusively large-bodied animals (i.e., megafauna, >1 ton) and disproportionately, large-bodied herbivores. Because these animals are also at particular risk today, the aftermath of the late Pleistocene extinctions can provide insights into how the loss or decline of contemporary large-bodied animals may influence ecosystems. Here, we review the ecological consequences of the late Pleistocene extinctions on major aspects of the environment, on communities and ecosystems, as well as on the diet, distribution and behavior of surviving mammals. We find the consequences of the loss of megafauna were pervasive and left legacies detectable in all parts of the Earth system. Furthermore, we find that the ecological roles that extinct and modern megafauna play in the Earth system are not replicated by smaller-bodied animals. Our review highlights the important perspectives that paleoecology can provide for modern conservation efforts.
Wellbeing and mental health outcomes amongst hospital healthcare workers during COVID-19
Authors: Lowry D. , Hevey D. , Wilson C. , O’ Doherty V. , O’ Sullivan S. , Finnerty C. , Pender N. , D’Alton P. , Mulhern S.
Published: February 2023

Background:

Global healthcare systems have been particularly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are widely reported to have experienced increased levels of baseline psychological distress relative to the general population, and the COVID-19 pandemic may have had an additive effect. However, previous studies are typically restricted to physicians and nurses with limited data available on hospital HCWs. We aimed to conduct a cross-sectional, psychological evaluation of Irish HCWs during COVID-19.

Methods:

HCWs across five adult acute level-4 Dublin-based hospitals completed an online survey of wellbeing and COVID-19 experience.

Results:

There were 1898 HCWs who commenced the survey representing 10% of the total employee base. The sample comprised nurses (33%), doctors (21%), Health and Social Care Professionals (HSCPs) (24%) and ‘Other’ disciplines (22%), and 81% identified as female. Clinical levels of depression, anxiety and PTSD symptoms were endorsed by 31%, 34% and 28% of respondents, respectively. Professional grouping effects included: nurses reporting significantly greater levels of COVID-19 exposure, infection, COVID-fear, moral injury, and post-traumatic distress; HSCPs were significantly less likely to report mood dysfunction. In terms of gender, males were significantly less likely to report negative pandemic experiences, low resilience, and significantly more likely to endorse ‘minimal’ depression, anxiety, and traumatic distress. Logistic regression modelling revealed mental health outcomes (depression, anxiety and PTSD symptoms) were associated with increased frontline exposure, fewer career years’ experience, elevated pre-pandemic stress, and female gender.

Discussion:

To our knowledge, this is the largest evaluation of psychological wellbeing amongst HCWs in acute hospitals in the Dublin region. Our findings have implications for healthcare workforce wellbeing and future service delivery.
Revisiting the modes of China's revisionism: a comment on Natalizia and Termine
Authors: Lawson Fred H. , Legrenzi Matteo
Published: February 2023

Gabriele Natalizia and Lorenzo Termine lay out an innovative framework to analyze the trajectory of the current foreign policy of the People's Republic of China. As it stands, it suffers from serious conceptual ambiguities and generates a set of categories that is too large to guide empirical research. After revision, however, the framework that Natalizia and Termine propose can be deployed to elucidate Beijing's behavior in various parts of the world, most notably the Persian Gulf.
The numerical simulation of aircraft evacuation and its application to aircraft design and certification
Authors: Owen M. , R. Galea E. , Lawrence P. J. , Filippidis L.
Published: February 2023

Computer based mathematical models describing the aircraft evacuation process have a vital role to play in the design and development of safer aircraft, the implementation of safer and more rigorous certification criteria, in cabin crew training and post-mortem accident investigation. As the risk of personal injury and the costs involved in performing large-scale evacuation experiments for the next generation ultra high capacity aircraft (UHCA) are expected to be high, the development and use of these evacuation modelling tools may become essential if these aircraft are to prove a viable reality. This paper describes the capabilities and limitations of the airEXODUS evacuation model and some attempts at validation, including its successful application to the prediction of a recent certification trial, prior to the actual trial taking place. Also described is a newly defined performance parameter known as OPS that can be used as a measure of evacuation trial optimality. In addition, sample evacuation simulations in the presence of fire atmospheres are described.
Realisation of the full potential of the laser doppler anemometer in the analysis of complex flows
Authors: Barrett R. V. , Swales C.
Published: February 2023

An improved method of alignment for the laser doppler anemometer has been developed which greatly enhances its capabilities for the examination of the often very small scale complexities of three-dimensional flows. Unlike the alignment methods normally employed, which are subjective, this method is quantitative, using a pin-hole device to measure laser light intensity. This ‘pin-hole meter’ also enables the geometry of the laser beam configuration to be defined in situ and with greater facility and precision than previous methods. Examples are given which illustrate the enhanced capability of the system, the greatest improvement coming from the ability to operate in the difficult to achieve and sustain, off-axis mode of signal collection. With this mode, the improved procedures enable very small measurement volumes, typically 50 micron diameter, while maintaining high data rates, in measurements taken from distances compatible with accessing the flow from outside the windtunnel.
The dynamic induced velocity field of a model rotor in hover conditions
Authors: Ellenrieder T. J. , Brinson P. R.
Published: February 2023

Results obtained from measurements of the dynamic induced velocity field beneath a model rotor are presented. The collective and cyclic pitch of a four bladed rotor of 1·54 m diameter were excited at frequencies up to 1·5 times rotor shaft speed. Flow measurements were taken using hot wire anemometry probes and a laser doppler anemometer. A range of radial and vertical positions near the rotor disc were investigated.

Analysis of the dynamic induced flow response is conducted in the frequency domain and it is found that there are significant radial and azimuthal variations which depend on the frequency of excitation. It is also observed that a change in the character of the inflow response occurs near and above the shaft rotational frequency and that vertical measuring distance from the rotor significantly affects the measured responses.

Some results for the case of cyclic excitation are given. These show, that contrary to momentum theory predictions, the highest induced velocities in the dynamic case do not occur over the area of the disc where the blade pitch is at its maximum.

Overall, the results show that the dynamic induced velocity field is highly complex and heavily influenced by the distribution of time varying shed vorticity within the wake.
An experimental study of the idealised vortex system of a novel rotor blade tip
Authors: Copland C. M. , Coton F. N. , Galbraith R. A. McD.
Published: February 2023

Experiments have been conducted to investigate the flowfield associated with two co-rotating vortices which represent the idealised vortex system associated with a novel rotor blade tip planform. These vortices were generated by two rectangular NACA 0015 half wings positioned upstream of the working section of a low speed windtunnel. Hot-wire measurements were conducted downstream of the generators using X-wire probes to document the strength, position and size of the vortices. A numerical model was utilised to provide an accurate means of determining vortex strength, position and size. Finally, the model was successfully extended to consider the rotation of the vortex system.
Heat transfer in a radially rotating smooth-walled tube
Authors: Morris W.D. , Chang S.W.
Published: February 2023

This paper describes a detailed experimental investigation of turbulent heat transfer in a radially rotating tube with particular reference to its application to the design of cooled turbine rotor blades. The paper focuses on the strategy adopted, the description of the apparatus used, the method of data processing and a selection of measurements which illustrate the manner by which Coriolis force and centripetal buoyancy force interactively affect the local heat transfer along the leading and trailing edges of the tube.

As well as re-confirming the fact that Coriolis force and centripetal buoyancy have a significant influence on the forced convection mechanism present due to the through flow, a number of new experimentally-based observations are presented. An empirical correlation, which is physically consistent, has been developed which permits the interactive effect of Coriolis force and centripetal buoyancy on forced convection to be evaluated and quantified.

The work has been motivated by the need to understand the general effect of rotation on the performance of the internal cooling airways used in gas turbine rotor blades.
Shockwaves in the rotor world — a personal perspective of 30 years of rotor aerodynamic developments in the UK
Authors: Wilby P. G.
Published: February 2023

Tonight we commemorate the achievements of Juan de la Cierva, the great pioneer of rotary aviation. His development of the autogyro stimulated the development of the early rotor theories and paved the way for the modern helicopter. In turning the autogyro into a practical aircraft, Cierva proved to be an innovator prepared to take an unconventional approach. He was at the same time pragmatic in that he really wanted to build a helicopter but realised that the required technology was not yet mature, and settled on the autogyro as representing what was an achievable concept. His concept was thus unconventional, dramatic and achievable — an admirable combination. However, in his first attempts to fly an autogyro he rapidly came up against the problem that faces all rotory wing designers — which is that the advancing blade has a much greater lifting potential than the retreating blade, due to the difference in dynamic head. This led him to introduce the flapping hinge that allowed the rotor to achieve roll balance as well as providing the backward tilt of the rotor that is necessary for autorotation. Having made this step forward, he realised that the introduction of blade camber would allow the retreating blade to achieve higher angles of incidence before stalling, but in so doing he built in a potentially dangerous control characteristic.
A robust controller design for supersonic intermittent blowdown-type windtunnels
Authors: Hwang D-S. , Hsu P-L.
Published: February 2023

Effective operation of a large-scale supersonic intermittent blow-down windtunnel system requires suitable control of the air control valve to establish the desired pressure profile in the settling chamber and generate a corresponding supersonic air flow. In this paper, we establish a lumped parameter nonlinear time-varying mathematical model for blowdown-type windtunnels, based on the thermal-fluid mechanical balance principle. We apply the LQG/LTR procedure to achieve a robust controller design that diminishes the effects of unavoidable uncertainties and time-varying characteristics and obtains the desired experimental environment in the system. Simulation results show that this LQG/LTR based controller, with a carefully selected loop shape combining both anti-integrator windup and the time-delay compensation schemes, achieves satisfactory control performance for the entire windtunnel testing procedure.
Computation, analysis and theory of two-phase flows
Authors: Guha A.
Published: February 2023

The non-equilibrium fluid mechanics and thermodynamics of two-phase vapour-droplet and gas-particle flow are considered. The formation of the droplets as well as their subsequent interaction with the vapour are discussed. Five topics have been given particular attention: (i) CFD application to unsteady condensation waves, (ii) CFD application to shock waves moving through a vapour-droplet mixture, (iii) a new theory of nucleation of water droplets in steam turbines based on Monte Carlo simulation (steam turbines are responsible for 80% of global electricity production and the presence of moisture significantly reduces the turbine efficiency costing £50m per annum in the UK alone), (iv) a unified theory for the interpretation of total pressure and total temperature in two-phase flows and, (v) a unified theory of particle transport in a turbulent flowfield.
Future large aircraft design — the delta with suction
Authors: Denning R. M. , Allen J. E. , Armstrong F. W.
Published: February 2023

Since the 1970s, large passenger aircraft design has evolved by modest, but commercially significant, incremental change following the underwing pod concept pioneered by the Boeing 707. In the 21st century, the market is likely to require greater passenger capacity to deal with air-side congestion and higher performance and operational efficiency to justify investment and conserve finite fossil fuel resources. Public opinion will require far greater emphasis on control of noise and engine exhaust pollution. There is likely to be much increased emphasis on pollution in the upper-atmosphere and its environmental impact. In such a situation, it is questionable whether the evolutionary design route can produce the necessary advances and this must stimulate the search for radical design alternatives.

A revolutionary approach, involving the delta planform combined with wing laminar flow control and its impact on overall design, is given a preliminary study in this paper. This has been carried out by assuming that major improvements in drag can be obtained by extensive laminarisation. Using non-dimensional methods, the resulting broad interactive impacts on airframe and engine design and performance are derived. The effect of assuming varying quantities of low-energy air sucked from the foot of the boundary layer is studied and suction-system performance examined.

In addition to the large potential improvements in range, a strong relationship between lower drag, lower cruising altitude and lower cruise engine size is identified. In the study, several factors emerge which may combine to drive large aircraft design towards low aspect ratio and the integrated delta wing planform. This paper is intended as a stimulus and a basis for further study and research.
UH-60A helicopter rotor airloads measured in flight
Authors: Kufeld R. M. , Bousman W. G.
Published: February 2023

The flight test phase of the Nasa-Army UH-60A Airloads Program was completed in February 1994. The objective of the project was to measure the airloads in flight on an UH-60A Black Hawk using 221 blade pressure transducers installed in nine radial arrays. In addition, 21 transducers were installed along the blade leading edge to better identify blade-vortex interaction phenomena. This paper briefly describes the program's background and history, instrumentation, and data acquisition. Airloads data are presented for two test conditions with different levels of complexity: steady, level flight and a diving turn. These flight data provide useful information of relatively simple and complex nonlinear flow for the validation of theoretical analyses. Evidence of shock waves, reverse flow, dynamic stall and blade vortex interactions are presented.
Experimental investigation of vortex dynamics on a 65° delta wing in sideslip
Authors: Guglieri G. , Quagliotti F.B.
Published: February 2023

The flow structure on the upper side of a delta wing is extremely complex. At moderate angle of attack the flowfield is dominated by organised vortical flow structures emanating from the leading edge. The pressure distribution created on the wing surface by these leading edge vortices causes an increment of lift which may be a relevant percentage of the total wing lift, depending on sweep angle.

Delta wing performance is conditioned, however, by a phenomenon known as vortex breakdown or vortex bursting which appears at high angle of attack. This leads to a drastic change in the flowfield which influences the trend of the aerodynamic coefficients.

With the aim of giving a contribution to the understanding of the phenomenon of vortex breakdown, a 65° delta wing has been extensively tested in the low speed windtunnel of Politecnico di Torino (TPI) both in static and dynamic conditions, under forced oscillatory motions.

Many experiments have been carried out in an effort to understand the factors which can affect the breakdown by varying angle of attack, sideslip angle and Reynolds number.

Flow visualizations have been performed using helium bubble tracers. This technique showed a very good capability for visualizing vortical flows and breakdown, both in static and dynamic conditions.

For the static case, pressure distributions are presented, correlated to force measurements and flow visualizations, at different angles of attack and sideslip for different flow conditions.

For the dynamic case force measurements are shown, compared with flow visualizations, for different angles of attack and for different oscillation frequencies.
Transport aircraft — a challenge for aluminium alloys for the 21st century
Authors: Jupp J. A. , Price H. J.
Published: February 2023

The anticipated size of the world airliner market over the period 1997-2016, and the resultant requirements for aluminium plate and extrusions to satisfy potential Airbus wing box production is reviewed.

The ‘value’ of technology and the threat posed by polymer composites to the future of aluminium alloys for large transport aircraft wing box structures is discussed and the prospect is raised that there may be limited further development potential for conventional aluminium alloys within the civil transport wing context. This may then force a re-evaluation of the role of aluminium-lithium alloys and other non-conventional metallic materials as alternatives to polymer composites.

Opportunities to maximise the cost-effectiveness of advanced aluminium alloys are discussed and the potential benefits of closer co-operation between the aircraft and aluminium industries highlighted within a joint technical and commercial framework.

The ‘challenge’ to the aluminium industry is described as a continuing requirement to assist the aircraft manufacturer to offer ‘optimum value’ products to the airlines. Otherwise, alternative technologies such as polymer composites will emerge and the pre-eminent position of aluminium in civil transport aircraft will be eroded.
ON NEAR-PERFECT NUMBERS OF SPECIAL FORMS
Authors: HASANALIZADE ELCHIN
Published: February 2023

We discuss near-perfect numbers of various forms. In particular, we study the existence of near-perfect numbers in the Fibonacci and Lucas sequences, near-perfect values taken by integer polynomials and repdigit near-perfect numbers.
Hitching a Ride: Cholera, the Canal, and Quarantine
Authors: Baron Beth
Published: February 2023

Returning by ship from the hajj in 1902, Aida and Fatma landed at the quarantine station of El Tor, 120 miles south of the city of Suez in the Sinai Peninsula.1The El Tor station had been set up in the Egyptian town following international sanitary conferences convened to promote international standards for sanitary protections to safeguard Europe from “Asiatic” diseases, most notably cholera. Endemic in India for centuries, cholera had spread out of the Ganges basin in the nineteenth century through globalizing networks of trade and steam transport. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, with its shortening of travel times and distances, increased the danger of epidemics turning into pandemics. Although pathways of the cholera pathogen included routes across the Eurasian steppe and Russia into Germany, European authorities focused on the hajj as the catalyst for diffusion of the disease—a super-spreader event. El Tor was meant to be the linchpin in the system of stopping disease from passing through the Suez Canal to Europe.2
The Financing of Ministerial Stipends in the Established Church of Scotland: the Rural Parish
Authors: SAWKINS JOHN W.
Published: February 2023

This paper describes and analyses the remuneration arrangements of Church of Scotland ministers serving rural parishes between 1815 and 1974. It constructs and deploys a new longitudinal and cross-sectional dataset, materially more extensive in range and scope than those previously developed, calibrating the absolute and relative level of stipend throughout the period. It offers a preliminary analysis of the economic consequences for ministers and the established Church of the process of fixing, or standardising, stipends in money terms from 1925 onwards, highlighting how this undermined the financial foundations of the Church's principal means of stipendiary funding.
Neotropical sisterhood: new species ofGyrodactylusvon Nordmann, 1832 (Platyhelminthes: Monogenea) infectingRhamdia guatemalensisandRhamdia laticauda(Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) in Mexico
Authors: García-Vásquez A. , Pinacho-Pinacho C.D. , Guzmán-Valdivieso I. , Calixto-Rojas M. , Rubio-Godoy M.
Published: February 2023

We describe two new species of monogenean parasites of the genusGyrodactylusvon Nordmann, 1832 infecting Neotropical catfishes (Siluriformes) in southern Mexico:Gyrodactylus chulinin. sp. from ‘chulín’,Rhamdia laticaudacollected in Oaxaca; andGyrodactylus juilin. sp. from ‘juil’,Rhamdia guatemalensisfrom Veracruz. Morphologically, both new taxa are similar toGyrodactylusspp. infecting catfishes (Siluriformes) in South America. Sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1-5.8S–ITS2 rDNA), the D2+D3 domains of the large ribosomal subunit (28S rDNA) and the cytochrome oxidase II (COII) gene were obtained from multiple parasite specimens and analysed using Bayesian inference. Phylogenetic hypotheses using ITS rDNA and COII genes, recovered two newGyrodactylusspecies fromRhamdiaspp.:G. chulinin. sp.; andGyrodactylus juilin. sp., which are sister species toGyrodactylus lilianae, a parasite ofRhamdia quelenin Brazil, and show strong affinity to other gyrodactytlids infecting Neotropical catfishes. This suggests that these new taxa, the first gyrodactylids described fromRhamdiaspp. in Mexico, co-migrated to Tropical Middle America with their Neotropical catfish hosts, after the emergence of the Isthmus of Panama.
Dietary fibre and health: the story so far
Authors: Mathers John C.
Published: February 2023

The present paper reviews progress in research on dietary fibre and human health over the past five decades. There is now convincing evidence from prospective cohort studies that diets low in dietary fibre are associated with increased risk of common non-communicable diseases including CVD, type 2 diabetes and colorectal cancer. These findings provide strong support for hypotheses proposed by Denis Burkitt 50 years ago, based on very limited evidence but with considerable imagination and insight. For the first two to three decades of this period, research on dietary fibre was hampered by the lack of consensus about the definition, and measurement, of this complex and diverse dietary component and by the lack of appropriate tools for investigating the gut microbiome that is central to understanding mechanisms of action. Recent technical and scientific advances in microbiome research (based on fast, low-cost, DNA sequencing) are facilitating investigation of the associations between dietary fibre, the gut microbiome and human health. Current challenges include the need for agreement about the characteristics of a healthy gut microbiome. Although the health benefits attributed to higher dietary fibre intake are likely to be shared with most types of dietary fibre, one should anticipate that different sources of dietary fibre and the other components (resistant starch and non-digestible oligosaccharides) that make up dietary fibre will have characteristically different effects on human physiology and disease risk. In conclusion, population-level intakes of dietary fibre are low and there is a public health priority to develop and implement more effective interventions to increase intake.
Longitudinal patterns and sociodemographic profiles of health-related behaviour clustering among middle-aged and older adults in China and Japan
Authors: Wu Min , Yang Conghui , Zhang Yu'an , Umeda Maki , Liao Jing , Mawditt Claire
Published: February 2023

Given inevitable age-related decreases in physical or mental capacity, studies on health-related behaviour (HRB) clustering in older people provide an opportunity to reduce health-care costs and promote healthy ageing. This study explores the clustering of HRBs and transition probabilities of cluster memberships over time, and compares sociodemographic characteristics of these clusters among Chinese and Japanese middle-aged and older adults. Using the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) from 2011 to 2015 (N = 19614) and the Japanese Study of Ageing and Retirement (JSTAR) from 2007 to 2011 (N = 7,080), Latent Transition Analysis was applied to investigate the clustering and change in clustering memberships of smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity and body mass index. Multivariate logistic regression was used to explore the sociodemographic characteristics of these longitudinal HRB cluster members. We identified four common clusters in CHARLS and JSTAR: ‘smoking’, ‘overweight or obese’, ‘healthy lifestyle’ and ‘current smoking with drinking’, and an additional cluster named ‘ex-smoking with drinking’ in JSTAR. Although HRB cluster members were largely stable in both cohorts, participants in China tended to move towards an unhealthy lifestyle, while participants in Japan did the opposite. We also found that participants who smoked and drank were more likely to be male, younger, less educated and unmarried in both cohorts, but the overweight or obese participants were female, urban and higher income in CHARLS but not JSTAR. Our study not only contributes to the knowledge of longitudinal changes in health-related behavioural clustering patterns in an Asian elderly population, but may also facilitate the design of targeted multi-behavioural interventions to promote healthy lifestyles among older people in both countries.
Stakeholder preferences for attributes of digital health technologies to consider in health service funding
Authors: von Huben Amy , Howell Martin , Norris Sarah , Wong Kam Cheong , Tang James , Kazi Samia , Laranjo Liliana , Chow Clara K. , Howard Kirsten
Published: February 2023

Objectives

Health service providers are currently making decisions on the public funding of digital health technologies (DHTs) for managing chronic diseases with limited understanding of stakeholder preferences for DHT attributes. This study aims to understand the community, patient/carer, and health professionals’ preferences to help inform a prioritized list of evaluation criteria.

Methods

An online best–worst scaling survey was conducted in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United Kingdom to ascertain the relative importance of twenty-four DHT attributes among stakeholder groups using an efficient incomplete block design. The attributes were identified from a systematic review of DHT evaluation frameworks for consideration in a health technology assessment. Results were analyzed with multinomial models by stakeholder group and latent class.

Results

A total of 1,251 participants completed the survey (576 general community members, 543 patients/carers, and 132 health professionals). Twelve attributes achieved a preference score above 50 percent in the stakeholder group model, predominantly related to safety but also covering technical features, effectiveness, ethics, and economics. Results from the latent class model supported this prioritization. Overall, connectedness with the patient’s healthcare team seemed the most important; with “Helps health professionals respond quickly when changes in patient care are needed” as the most highly prioritized of all attributes.

Conclusions

It is proposed that these prioritized twelve attributes be considered in all evaluations of DHTs that manage chronic disease, supplemented with a limited number of attributes that reflect the specific perspective of funders, such as equity of access, cost, and system-level implementation considerations.
Divisors computing minimal log discrepancies on lc surfaces
Authors: LIU JIHAO , XIE LINGYAO
Published: February 2023

Let$(X\ni x,B)$be an lc surface germ. If$X\ni x$is klt, we show that there exists a divisor computing the minimal log discrepancy of$(X\ni x,B)$that is a Kollár component of$X\ni x$. If$B\not=0$or$X\ni x$is not Du Val, we show that any divisor computing the minimal log discrepancy of$(X\ni x,B)$is a potential lc place of$X\ni x$. This extends a result of Blum and Kawakita who independently showed that any divisor computing the minimal log discrepancy on a smooth surface is a potential lc place.
Contesting Master Narratives: Renderings of National History by Mainland China and Taiwan
Authors: Lyu Zhaojin , Zhou Haiyan
Published: February 2023

The growing tension between mainland China and Taiwan has a cultural aspect closely related to national identity. We focus on recent history curriculum changes in the mainland and in Taiwan and find that education authorities on both sides have implemented master narratives for content selection in and organization of history textbooks. In mainland China, the master narrative of pluralist unity constructs a geographically consistent Chinese nation throughout history, which bolsters the state's current claim to a territorial integrity including Taiwan. In Taiwan, the master narrative of multiculturalism becomes the essence of Taiwanese identity, and weakens Sinocentrism in Taiwanese official historiography.
“No Quixotry in Redress of Grievances”: How Community Abatement of Public Nuisances Disappeared from American Law
Authors: Meyer William B.
Published: February 2023

Before 1859, the right of any member of the public to abate a public nuisance existed unchallenged in American law as a judicially recognized form of popular justice. In that year, the decision inBrown v. Perkins, authored by Massachusetts Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw, restricted the right to those who had suffered particular injury. The decision grew out of a suit for damages by the owner of an illegal saloon, which had been sacked by a local mob. Reversing what Shaw himself had said in his charge to the jury in the same suit in the preceding year, it had little grounding in earlier American case law. Shaw's prestige and the apparent demands of public policy, however, helped win courts over to the new doctrine in relatively short order. The change was most enthusiastically promoted by judges and scholars of conservative leanings disturbed by the threat of popular excess and most resisted by those of more radical inclinations. It paralleled American law's broader shift in the same period toward centralized regulation and the constitutionalization of rights and powers.
Folding left and right matters: Direct style, accumulators, and continuations
Authors: DANVY OLIVIER
Published: February 2023

The equivalence of folding left and right over Peano numbers and lists makes it possible to minimalistically inter-derive (1) structurally recursive functions in direct style, (2) structurally tail-recursive functions that use an accumulator, and (3) structurally tail-recursive functions in delimited continuation-passing style, using Ohori and Sasano’s lightweight fusion by fixed-point promotion. When the fold-left and the fold-right functions account for primitive iteration for Peano numbers, this equivalence is unconditional. When they account for primitive recursion for Peano numbers, this equivalence is modulo left permutativity of their induction-step parameter – a property which is more general than associativity and commutativity. And when they account for primitive iteration or for primitive recursion over lists, this equivalence is modulo left permutativity of their induction-step parameter if these two fold functions have the same type. Since the 1980s, however, the two fold functions for lists do not have the same type: the arguments for their induction-step parameter are swapped, a re-ordering that complicated Bird and Wadler’s duality theorems and whose history is reviewed in an appendix. Without this re-ordering, Bird and Wadler’s second duality theorem more visibly accounts for “re-bracketing,” which is a key step to make recursive programs tail recursive in the general area of program development, from Cooper in the 1960s and onwards.
Experimental Constraints on the Rheology of Lavas From 2021 Cumbre Vieja Eruption (La Palma, Spain)
Authors: Di Fiore F. , Vona A. , Scarani A. , Giordano G. , Romano C. , Giordano D. , Caricchi L. , Martin Lorenzo A. , Rodriguez F. , Coldwell B. , Hernandez P. , Pankhurst M.
Published: February 2023

The 2021 Tajogaite eruption of Cumbre Vieja (La Palma, Spain) was typified by the emission of low viscosity lavas that flowed at high velocities and inundated a large area. We experimentally investigated the rheological evolution of melt feeding the eruption through concentric cylinder viscometry to understand the exceptional flowing ability of these lavas and constrain its emplacement dynamics. We conducted a set of cooling deformation experiments at different cooling rates (from 0.1 to 10 °C/min), and isothermal deformation experiments at subliquidus dwell temperatures between 1225 and 1175°C. All experiments were conducted at a shear rate of 10 s−1. Results show that disequilibrium crystallization and its timescale fundamentally control the rheological evolution of the melt, resulting in different rheological response to deformation of the crystal‐bearing magmatic suspension. Integrating rheological data with field observations allows us to shed light on the mechanisms that govern the high flowability of these lavas.
Slow‐Moving Landslides Triggered by the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake, New Zealand: A New InSAR Phase‐Gradient Based Time‐Series Approach
Authors: Cao Yunmeng , Hamling Ian , Massey Chris , Upton Phaedra
Published: February 2023

Earthquake‐triggered slow‐moving landslides are not well studied mainly due to a lack of high‐resolution in‐situ geodetic observations both in time and space. Satellite‐based interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) has shown potential in landslides applications, however, it is challenging to detect earthquake‐triggered slow‐moving landslides over large areas due to the effects of post‐seismic tectonic deformations, atmospheric delays, and other spatially propagated errors (e.g., unwrapped errors caused by decorrelation noises). Here, we present a novel InSAR phase‐gradient‐based time‐series approach to detect slow‐moving landslides that triggered by the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake. Twenty‐one earthquake‐triggered large (>0.1 km2) slow‐moving landslides are detected and studied. Our results reveal decaying characteristics of the temporal evolutions of these landslides, that averagely 3.9 years after the earthquake, their post‐seismic velocity will decay by 90% to reach approximately the pre‐seismic level. Our study opens new perspectives for understanding mass balance of earthquakes and helps reduce associated hazards.
The Cross Equatorial Transport of the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai Eruption Plume
Authors: Schoeberl M. R. , Wang Yi , Ueyama R. , Taha G. , Yu W.
Published: February 2023

On 15 January 2022, the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai (HT) eruption injected SO2 and water into the middle stratosphere. Shortly after the eruption, the water vapor anomaly moved northward toward and across the equator. This northward movement appears to be due to equatorial Rossby waves forced by the excessive infrared water vapor cooling. Following the early eruption stage, persistent mid‐stratospheric water vapor and aerosol layers were mostly confined to Southern Hemisphere tropics (Eq. to 30°S). However, during the spring of 2022, the westerly phase of the tropical quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) descended through the tropics. The HT water vapor and aerosol anomalies were observed to again move across the equator coincident with the shift in the Brewer‐Dobson circulation and the descent of the QBO shear zone.
m6A-modified circRNA MYO1C participates in the tumor immune surveillance of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma through m6A/PD-L1 manner
Authors: Guan Hua , Tian Kun , Luo Wei , Li Mingfei
Published: February 2023

Emerging evidence indicates the critical roles of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification in human cancers. Herein, our work reported that a novel m6A-modified circRNA from the MYO1C gene, circMYO1C, upregulated in the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Our findings demonstrated that circMYO1C is highly expressed in PDAC tissues. Functionally, circMYO1C promoted the proliferation and migration of PDAC cells in vitro and its silencing reduced the tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, circMYO1C cyclization was mediated by m6A methyltransferase METTL3. Moreover, methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-seq) unveiled the remarkable m6A modification on PD-L1 mRNA. Moreover, circMYO1C targeted the m6A site of PD-L1 mRNA to enhance its stability by cooperating with IGF2BP2, thereby accelerating PDAC immune escape. In conclusion, these findings highlight the oncogenic role of METTL3-induced circMYO1C in PDAC tumorigenesis via an m6A-dependent manner, inspiring a novel strategy to explore PDAC epigenetic therapy.
Hybrid autoencoder with orthogonal latent space for robust population structure inference
Authors: Yuan Meng , Hoskens Hanne , Goovaerts Seppe , Herrick Noah , Shriver Mark D. , Walsh Susan , Claes Peter
Published: February 2023

Analysis of population structure and genomic ancestry remains an important topic in human genetics and bioinformatics. Commonly used methods require high-quality genotype data to ensure accurate inference. However, in practice, laboratory artifacts and outliers are often present in the data. Moreover, existing methods are typically affected by the presence of related individuals in the dataset. In this work, we propose a novel hybrid method, called SAE-IBS, which combines the strengths of traditional matrix decomposition-based (e.g., principal component analysis) and more recent neural network-based (e.g., autoencoders) solutions. Namely, it yields an orthogonal latent space enhancing dimensionality selection while learning non-linear transformations. The proposed approach achieves higher accuracy than existing methods for projecting poor quality target samples (genotyping errors and missing data) onto a reference ancestry space and generates a robust ancestry space in the presence of relatedness. We introduce a new approach and an accompanying open-source program for robust ancestry inference in the presence of missing data, genotyping errors, and relatedness. The obtained ancestry space allows for non-linear projections and exhibits orthogonality with clearly separable population groups.
Pulmonary recovery from COVID-19 in patients with metabolic diseases: a longitudinal prospective cohort study
Authors: Sonnweber Thomas , Grubwieser Philipp , Pizzini Alex , Boehm Anna , Sahanic Sabina , Luger Anna , Schwabl Christoph , Widmann Gerlig , Egger Alexander , Hoermann Gregor , Wöll Ewald , Puchner Bernhard , Kaser Susanne , Theurl Igor , Nairz Manfred , Tymoszuk Piotr , Weiss Günter , Joannidis Michael , Löffler-Ragg Judith , Tancevski Ivan
Published: February 2023

The severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is related to the presence of comorbidities including metabolic diseases. We herein present data from the longitudinal prospective CovILD trial, and investigate the recovery from COVID-19 in individuals with dysglycemia and dyslipidemia. A total of 145 COVID-19 patients were prospectively followed and a comprehensive clinical, laboratory and imaging assessment was performed at 60, 100, 180, and 360 days after the onset of COVID-19. The severity of acute COVID-19 and outcome at early post-acute follow-up were significantly related to the presence of dysglycemia and dyslipidemia. Still, at long-term follow-up, metabolic disorders were not associated with an adverse pulmonary outcome, as reflected by a good recovery of structural lung abnormalities in both, patients with and without metabolic diseases. To conclude, dyslipidemia and dysglycemia are associated with a more severe course of acute COVID-19 as well as delayed early recovery but do not impair long-term pulmonary recovery.
Estimation of the visual contribution to standing balance using virtual reality
Authors: Assländer Lorenz , Albrecht Matthias , Diehl Moritz , Missen Kyle J. , Carpenter Mark G. , Streuber Stephan
Published: February 2023

Sensory perturbations are a valuable tool to assess sensory integration mechanisms underlying balance. Implemented as systems-identification approaches, they can be used to quantitatively assess balance deficits and separate underlying causes. However, the experiments require controlled perturbations and sophisticated modeling and optimization techniques. Here we propose and validate a virtual reality implementation of moving visual scene experiments together with model-based interpretations of the results. The approach simplifies the experimental implementation and offers a platform to implement standardized analysis routines. Sway of 14 healthy young subjects wearing a virtual reality head-mounted display was measured. Subjects viewed a virtual room or a screen inside the room, which were both moved during a series of sinusoidal or pseudo-random room or screen tilt sequences recorded on two days. In a between-subject comparison of 10 $$\times$$
×
6 min long pseudo-random sequences, each applied at 5 amplitudes, our results showed no difference to a real-world moving screen experiment from the literature. We used the independent-channel model to interpret our data, which provides a direct estimate of the visual contribution to balance, together with parameters characterizing the dynamics of the feedback system. Reliability estimates of single subject parameters from six repetitions of a 6 $$\times$$
×
20-s pseudo-random sequence showed poor test–retest agreement. Estimated parameters show excellent reliability when averaging across three repetitions within each day and comparing across days (Intra-class correlation; ICC 0.7–0.9 for visual weight, time delay and feedback gain). Sway responses strongly depended on the visual scene, where the high-contrast, abstract screen evoked larger sway as compared to the photo-realistic room. In conclusion, our proposed virtual reality approach allows researchers to reliably assess balance control dynamics including the visual contribution to balance with minimal implementation effort.
Impact of gene alterations on clinical outcome in young adults with myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Konishi Tatsuya , Sadato Daichi , Toya Takashi , Hirama Chizuko , Kishida Yuya , Nagata Akihito , Yamada Yuta , Shingai Naoki , Shimizu Hiroaki , Najima Yuho , Kobayashi Takeshi , Haraguchi Kyoko , Okuyama Yoshiki , Harada Hironori , Ohashi Kazuteru , Harada Yuka , Doki Noriko
Published: February 2023

Young adults with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) are rare, and the clinical significance of driver mutations has not yet been analysed. We analysed the gene mutations and copy number alterations (CNAs) in younger MDS patients using next-generation sequencing, targeting 68 genes that were recurrently mutated in myeloid malignancies, to investigate the correlation between their genetic alterations and clinical outcomes. We enrolled 55 patients retrospectively (aged < 50 years). At least one mutation was detected in 56% of the patients. The most frequently mutated genes were ASXL1 and RUNX1, 13% each. We defined higher-risk patients as those with ≥ 2 mutations, except for SF3B1 mutation, and/or CNA. The 3-year overall survival (OS) in patients with a higher-risk was lower than that in those with a lower-risk (50.8% vs. 71.8%, P = 0.024). Among the 44 transplant recipients, patients with higher-risk had a significantly lower OS and tended to have a higher cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) than those with a lower-risk (3-year OS: 38.0% vs. 64.4%, P = 0.039; 3-year CIR: 44.0% vs. 24.1%, P = 0.076). Our results showed that genetic aberrations can predict clinical outcomes in younger MDS patients, despite the low rate of genetic mutations.