bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular characterization, biofilm analysis and experimental biofouling study of Fusariumisolates from recent cases of fungal keratitis in New York State
Authors: Dyavaiah Madhu , Ramani Rama , Chu David S , Ritterband David C , Shah Mahendra K , Samsonoff William A , Chaturvedi Sudha , Chaturvedi Vishnu
Published: February 2007

Background

To characterize Fusarium isolates from recent cases of fungal keratitis in contact lens wearers, and to investigate fungal association with MoistureLoc solution.

Methods

We studied six fungal isolates from recent cases of keratitis in New York State. The isolates were characterized by nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of multiple genes, and then typed using minisatellite and microsatellite probes. Experimental fungal biofilm formation was tested by standard methods. MoistureLoc solutions were tested in biofouling studies for their efficacy in elimination of Fusarium contamination.

Results

Fusarium solani – corneal ulcers (2 isolates), lens case (1 isolate), and F. oxysporum – corneal ulcer (1 isolate), eye (1 isolate), were recovered from five patients. An opened bottle of MoistureLoc solution provided by a patient also yielded F. solani. Two distinct genotypes of F. solani as well as of F. oxysporum were present in the isolated strains. Remarkably, F. solani strains from the lens case and lens solution in one instance were similar, based on phylogenetic analyses and molecular typing. The solution isolate of F. solani formed biofilm on contact lenses in control conditions, but not when co-incubated with MoistureLoc solution. Both freshly opened and 3-month old MoistureLoc solutions effectively killed F. solani and F. oxysporum, when fungal contamination was simulated under recommended lens treatment regimen (4-hr). However, simulation of inappropriate use (15 – 60 min) led to the recovery of less than 1% of original inoculum of F. solani or F. oxysporum.

Conclusion

Temporary survival of F. solani and F. oxysporum in MoistureLoc suggested that improper lens cleaning regimen could be a possible contributing factor in recent infections.
Integrative analysis of a cancer somatic mutome
Authors: Hernández Pilar , Solé Xavier , Valls Joan , Moreno Víctor , Capellá Gabriel , Urruticoechea Ander , Pujana Miguel Angel
Published: February 2007

Background

The consecutive acquisition of genetic alterations characterizes neoplastic processes. As a consequence of these alterations, molecular interactions are reprogrammed in the context of highly connected and regulated cellular networks. The recent identification of the collection of somatically mutated genes in breast tumors (breast cancer somatic "mutome") allows the comprehensive study of its function and organization in complex networks.

Results

We analyzed functional genomic data (loss of heterozygosity, copy number variation and gene expression in breast tumors) and protein binary interactions from public repositories to identify potential novel components of neoplastic processes, the functional relationships between them, and to examine their coordinated function in breast cancer pathogenesis. This analysis identified candidate tumor suppressors and oncogenes, and new genes whose expression level predicts survival rate in breast cancer patients. Mutome network modeling using different types of pathological and healthy functional relationships unveils functional modules significantly enriched in genes or proteins (genes/proteins) with related biological process Gene Ontology terms and containing known breast cancer-related genes/proteins.

Conclusion

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the breast somatic mutome, highlighting those genes with a higher probability of playing a determinant role in tumorigenesis and better defining molecular interactions related to the neoplastic process.
Caspase-mediated cleavage of the exosome subunit PM/Scl-75 during apoptosis
Authors: Schilders Geurt , Raijmakers Reinout , Malmegrim Kelen CR , Walle Lieselotte Vande , Saelens Xavier , Vree Egberts Wilma , van Venrooij Walther J , Vandenabeele Peter , Pruijn Ger JM
Published: February 2007

Recent studies have implicated the dying cell as a potential reservoir of modified autoantigens that might initiate and drive systemic autoimmunity in susceptible hosts. A number of subunits of the exosome, a complex of 3'→5' exoribonucleases that functions in a variety of cellular processes, are recognized by the so-called anti-PM/Scl autoantibodies, found predominantly in patients suffering from an overlap syndrome of myositis and scleroderma. Here we show that one of these subunits, PM/Scl-75, is cleaved during apoptosis. PM/Scl-75 cleavage is inhibited by several different caspase inhibitors. The analysis of PM/Scl-75 cleavage by recombinant caspase proteins shows that PM/Scl-75 is efficiently cleaved by caspase-1, to a smaller extent by caspase-8, and relatively inefficiently by caspase-3 and caspase-7. Cleavage of the PM/Scl-75 protein occurs in the C-terminal part of the protein at Asp369 (IILD369↓G), and at least a fraction of the resulting N-terminal fragments of PM/Scl-75 remains associated with the exosome. Finally, the implications of PM/Scl-75 cleavage for exosome function and the generation of anti-PM/Scl-75 autoantibodies are discussed.
Constitutive activation of smoothened (SMO) in mammary glands of transgenic mice leads to increased proliferation, altered differentiation and ductal dysplasia
Authors: Moraes Ricardo C. , Zhang Xiaomei , Harrington Nikesha , Fung Jennifer Y. , Wu Meng-Fen , Hilsenbeck Susan G. , Allred D. Craig , Lewis Michael T.
Published: February 2007

The hedgehog signaling network regulates pattern formation, proliferation,cell fate and stem/progenitor cell self-renewal in many organs. Altered hedgehog signaling is implicated in 20-25% of all cancers, including breast cancer. We demonstrated previously that heterozygous disruption of the gene encoding the patched-1 (PTCH1) hedgehog receptor, a negative regulator of smoothened (Smo) in the absence of ligand, led to mammary ductal dysplasia in virgin mice. We now show that expression of activated human SMO(SmoM2) under the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter in transgenic mice leads to increased proliferation, altered differentiation, and ductal dysplasias distinct from those caused by Ptch1 heterozygosity. SMO activation also increased the mammosphere-forming efficiency of primary mammary epithelial cells. However, limiting-dilution transplantation showed a decrease in the frequency of regenerative stem cells in MMTV-SmoM2epithelium relative to wild type, suggesting enhanced mammosphere-forming efficiency was due to increased survival or activity of division-competent cell types under anchorage-independent growth conditions, rather than an increase in the proportion of regenerative stem cells per se. In human clinical samples, altered hedgehog signaling occurs early in breast cancer development, with PTCH1 expression reduced in ∼50% of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive breast cancers (IBC). Conversely, SMO is ectopically expressed in 70% of DCIS and 30% of IBC. Surprisingly, in both human tumors and MMTV-SmoM2 mice, SMO rarely colocalized with the Ki67 proliferation marker. Our data suggest that altered hedgehog signaling may contribute to breast cancer development by stimulating proliferation, and by increasing the pool of division-competent cells capable of anchorage-independent growth.
Grand Canonical Monte Carlo Simulation Study of Hydrogen Storage in Ordered Mesoporous Carbons at 303 K
Authors: Kowalczyk Piotr , Jaroniec Mietek , Solarz Lech , Terzyk Artur P. , Gauden Piotr A.
Published: February 2007

Results of Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations of hydrogen storage at 303 K in ordered mesoporous carbons (OMCs) which are inverse replicas of cubic Im3¯m silica are presented. Of the ones investigated here, the highest gravimetric total storage of hydrogen (ca. 2 wt% at P = 22 MPa and 303 K) was observed for the OMC replica of the cubic Im3¯m material which was characterized by the largest lattice parameter and internal pore radius of the carbon sphere (a = 9.98 nm and Rint ≈ 3.0 nm). However, the corresponding volumetric density of hydrogen did not exceed 17 kg H2/m3. The highest excess storage was observed for a threshold value given approximately by a ≈ 7.98 nm and Rint ≈ 2.4 nm. Above this value, the excess storage and volumetric density of hydrogen did not change.

The adsorption was dominated by the bulk storage, with the adsorbent serving as a tank whose storage properties were governed by the available space for hydrogen molecules (bulk storage) and not by physical adsorption (i.e. densification of the supercritical fluid on the walls of the porous material). The calculated average value for hydrogen adsorption in internal spaces was twice as high as in the internal spaces of the spherical cavities, i.e. in the lattice parameter range of the Im3¯m OMC replicas that were studied experimentally at 303 K.

Our calculations indicate that the calculated maximum gravimetric weight per cent and volumetric density of hydrogen lay well below the target of 2010 for 6.0 wt% and 45 kg H2/m3 indicated by the United States Department of Energy. The storage of hydrogen at 303 K and P < 22 MPa in the OMC replicas of the cubic Im3¯m silica was effective against compression of the hydrogen fluid. However, it was not sufficiently effective to justify the application of these materials for the development of fuel cells for the automobile industry.
New bioinformatic tools for analysis of nucleotide modifications in eukaryotic rRNA
Authors: Piekna-Przybylska Dorota , Decatur Wayne A. , Fournier Maurille J.
Published: February 2007

This report presents a valuable new bioinformatics package for research on rRNA nucleotide modifications in the ribosome, especially those created by small nucleolar RNA:protein complexes (snoRNPs). The interactive service, which is not available elsewhere, enables a user to visualize the positions of pseudouridines, 2′-O-methylations, and base methylations in three-dimensional space in the ribosome and also in linear and secondary structure formats of ribosomal RNA. Our tools provide additional perspective on where the modifications occur relative to functional regions within the rRNA and relative to other nearby modifications. This package of new tools is presented as a major enhancement of an existing but significantly upgraded yeast snoRNA database available publicly at http://people.biochem.umass.edu/sfournier/fournierlab/snornadb/. The other key features of the enhanced database include details of the base pairing of snoRNAs with target RNAs, genomic organization of the yeast snoRNA genes, and information on corresponding snoRNAs and modifications in other model organisms.
A novel family of C. elegans snRNPs contains proteins associated with trans-splicing
Authors: MacMorris Margaret , Kumar Madhur , Lasda Erika , Larsen Alison , Kraemer Brian , Blumenthal Thomas
Published: February 2007

In many Caenorhabditis elegans pre-mRNAs, the RNA sequence between the 5′ cap and the first 3′ splice site is replaced by trans-splicing a short spliced leader (SL) from the Sm snRNP, SL1. C. elegans also utilizes a similar Sm snRNP, SL2, to trans-splice at sites between genes in polycistronic pre-mRNAs from operons. How do SL1 and SL2 snRNPs function in different contexts? Here we show that the SL1 snRNP contains a complex of SL75p and SL21p, which are homologs of novel proteins previously reported in the Ascaris SL snRNP. Interestingly, we show that the SL2 snRNP does not contain these proteins. However, SL75p and SL26p, a paralog of SL21p, are components of another Sm snRNP that contains a novel snRNA species, Sm Y. Knockdown of SL75p is lethal. However, knockdown of either SL21p or SL26p alone leads to cold-sensitive sterility, whereas knockdown of both SL21p and SL26p is lethal. This suggests that these two proteins have overlapping functions even though they are associated with different classes of snRNP. These phenotypic relationships, along with the association of SL26p with SL75p, imply that, like the SL1 RNA/Sm/SL75p/SL21p complex, the Sm Y/Sm/SL75p/SL26p complex is associated with trans-splicing.
The Perils of Particularism: Political History After Hartz
Authors: Gerring John
Published: February 2007

A sea-change has occurred in political historywriting since the 1950s. Gone, for the most part, are many of the broad, sweeping generalizations that used to characterize this field. The terms employed in such endeavors—the American Mind, the American Way of Life, American Civilization, the American Spirit (all titles of books published in the mid-twentieth century)—seem anachronistic, if not downright ridiculous, today. Whatever it is that defines the values and direction of American politics, this set of cultural markers seems a good deal more elusive today than it did to scholars like Louis Hartz, Daniel Boorstin, and Richard Hofstadter in the postwar era. In the place of studies of America, the disciplines of history, political science, and sociology have turned to careful, highly focused studies of particular eras, areas, and groups. National character is out, local cultures are in.
Corporate Influence and World War II: Resolving the New Deal Political Stalemate
Authors: Waddell Brian
Published: February 2007

Since many scholars focus on the New Deal as the foundation for modern U.S. governance, it is widely assumed that the United States is characterized by a weak state as compared to the welfare states of Western Europe. Yet, in the wake of World War II, the United States established a national security “warfare state” that rivaled the welfare states of Western Europe in scope of authority and operations and in its isolation from popular forces. The wartime redirection of U.S. state power also resolved the political stalemate stemming from the executive-congressional and business-government tensions roused during the New Deal. In fact, the course of wartime statebuilding was in many ways a response to the political tensions of the New Deal and to the expectation that the organization of wartime mobilization would indelibly define the postwar organization of U.S. state power. As this article argues, wartime mobilization resolved the New Deal political stalemate in large part by granting various segments of the corporate community the opportunity to influence the shape of U.S. national state power.
Local Experience and National Policy in Federal Reclamation: The Shoshone Project, 1909–1953
Authors: Bonner Robert E.
Published: February 2007

When the Newlands Reclamation Act was passed in 1902, it inaugurated an ambitious program of federal dam-and canal-building aimed at opening public land in the West to homesteading through irrigation. Ordinary Americans from all walks of life were to be given the opportunity to take out homesteads on land where the Reclamation Service had made water available; the land was free, but the cost of building the dams and canals was to be repaid to the federal government over a ten-year period. The overriding goal of federal Reclamation in the early years was to reinvigorate the agrarian tradition of America by making usable otherwise useless public land.
The Dynamics of New Englishes: From Identity Construction to Dialect Birth
Authors: Schneider Edgar W. (Edgar Werner)
Published: February 2007

So-called NEW ENGLISHES, distinct forms of English which have emerged in postcolonial settings and countries around the globe, have typically been regarded individually, as unique varieties shaped by idiosyncratic historical conditions and contact settings, and no coherent theory to account for these processes has been developed so far. This article argues that despite all obvious dissimilarities, a fundamentally uniform developmental process, shaped by consistent sociolinguistic and language-contact conditions, has operated in the individual instances of rerooting the English language in another territory. At the heart of this process there are characteristic stages of identity construction by the groups involved, with similar relationships between the parties in migration contact settings (i.e. the indigenous population and immigrant groups, respectively) having resulted in analogous processes of mutual accommodation and, consequently, similar sociolinguistic and structural outcomes. Outlining a basic developmental scenario, I suggest that speech communities typically undergo five consecutive phases in this processÑFOUNDATION, EXONORMATIVE STABILIZATION, NATIVIZATION, ENDONORMATIVE STABILIZATION, and DIFFERENTIATION Ñand I describe the sociolinguistic characteristics of each one. This framework is then applied to case studies of seven different countries (Fiji, Hong Kong, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Australia, and New Zealand) which, I argue, are currently positioned at different points along the developmental cycle.
Inevitable Reconstructions: Voice and Ideology in Two Landmark U.S. Supreme Court Opinions
Authors: Conway Glenda
Published: February 2007

Mikhail M. Bakhtin's theories of dialogism provide a means for
identifying and analyzing the presence and the impact of indirect-voice
representations of key individuals in two highly controversial opinions
issued by the U.S. Supreme Court, Scott v. Sandford and Bowers
v. Hardwick. In both opinions, dialogic analysis establishes a pattern
of particular litigants being transformed into parodic spokespersons
for the emphatically differentiated and ineffectual ideologies they are
perceived by the Court to represent.
Indo-Pakistani Sign Language Grammar: A Typological Outline
Authors: Zeshan Ulrike
Published: February 2007

This article presents an outline of basic aspects of the grammar of Indo-Pakistani Sign Language (IPSL), the sign language used in deaf communities in parts of the Indian subcontinent, cast in a typological framework.
Following a typological profile that is intended to capture the essential character of IPSL grammatical organization by typological standards, the article proceeds to describe important domains of IPSL grammar. This includes word classes and their syntactic functions, the marking of basic syntactic relations, the pronominal paradigm, possessive constructions, and categories of number marking. Basic sentence types (negatives, interrogatives, subordinate clauses) are also covered, as well as some principles of discourse organization.
IPSL is quite different in many respects from the better-documented Western sign languages and is therefore very interesting from the point of view of typological variation across sign languages.
Children of the Pátria: Representations of Childhood and Welfare State Ideologies at the 1922 Rio de Janeiro International Centennial Exposition
Authors: Wadsworth James E. , Marko Tamera L.
Published: February 2007

The child does not only belong to the family .... Child rearing is no longer purely a question of family order, it embraces a multitude of interests for the social order .... The problem of childhood is the greatest national dilemma.

Brazilian hygienist Dr. Alfredo Ferreira de Magalhães proclaimed his view of child welfare to an elite audience of medical, legal, political, military, and business leaders during the opening ceremonies at the 1922 First Brazilian Congress for the Protection of Childhood held in Rio de Janeiro. For the first time in Brazil, children had become a distinct focus of teachers, lawyers, military leaders, politicians, police, priests, judges, journalists, and novelists who struggled to incorporate liberal and positivistic ideas into public policies and institutions. Members of all classes of Brazilian society had cared for children and had lamented high rates of infant mortality well before the turn of the century. The 1920s movement, however, differed significantly from previous approaches to child welfare in Brazil. This was the first time that elites from such a wide variety of professions and positions of power insisted that the state assume responsibility for funding, implementing, and enforcing child welfare legislation and institutions.
Ciudadanas útiles para la Patria. La educación de las ‘hijas del pueblo’ en Argentina (1884-1916)
Authors: Lionetti Lucía
Published: February 2007

A partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX se inició en la Argentina un proceso de crecimiento y diversificación económica y social que hizo posible para los hombres del ‘80 proyectar un orden de liberación y progreso. En efecto, la tarea de modernización tuvo sus primeras manifestaciones en torno a los años cincuenta, pero fue en los tiempos de la Argentina Moderna cuando se pudo dar forma definitiva al modelo agroexportador y su inserción al mercado mundial. La inversión de capitales extranjeros, la eliminación del “desierto” para obtener tierras económicamente productivas y la formación de un mercado de trabajo, a partir del disciplinamiento de la mano de obra nativa y el arribo de gentes de otras latitudes, fueron los aportes indispensables para poder concretarlo. Quedaba pendiente para el Estado de reciente organización-gracias al marco legal que concretaba la Constitución-un complejo desafío, el de “construir la nación.” El crecimiento económico estuvo acompañado por la consolidación del régimen político oligárquico de los “notables” que entendieron el ejercicio de la política como una facultad exclusiva de los que disponían de la riqueza, la educación y el prestigio social.
The Spanish Colonial Military: Santo Domingo 1701-1779
Authors: Rivas Christine
Published: February 2007

It is generally recognized that the grave military reverses of 1762 impelled Charles III “to place his American Empire on a competitive military footing.” A crucial element in this process was the “expansion of the regular, or veteran garrisons. . . .” This is not to say, of course, that there were no military establishments in the Indies before the Seven Years War. Indeed, as Allan J. Kuethe points out:

Ferdinand VI (1746-1759) had inherited from his father, Philip V (1700-1759) a promising defense system that had to its credit a dramatic victory over the British at Cartagena in 1741. But misplaced confidence arising from that very triumph … lulled Ferdinand into an unimaginative perpetuation of his father's system. . . .

Yet, how different was this “promising defense system” from that put into place after 1762?
Four Key Roles for Regulation of Biotechnology: Are They Being Fulfilled at the International Level?
Authors: Rhodes Catherine
Published: February 2007

The first stage of the argument in this paper is that regulation of the biotechnology revolution is required. Put simply, this is because there will be both positive and negative impacts of the revolution, and there is also the possibility of misuse. In each area that the revolution impacts upon, there are both harms to be avoided and benefits to be promoted. An important component of this will be identification and assessment of risks. Regulation of the biotechnology revolution at local, national and regional levels is important, but the revolution and its impacts are global, and in several issue areas coordinated state action will be required – here international regulation has an essential part to play. When looking at the global impacts of the revolution it is clear that they are not evenly distributed – the benefits of the revolution may fail to reach those who need them most. From this analysis four key roles fro regulation of the biotechnology revolution can be identified: promotion of benefits; identification, assessment and management of risks; prevention or minimisation of negative impacts; and promotion of capacity building. There are various international regulations relevant to the control of the biotechnology revolution, but they do not form a coherent set. This presents problems for fulfilment of the four roles.
Regulating Assisted Reproduction in the EU: Time for a new Directive?
Authors: Vidalis Takis
Published: February 2007

Three decades of continuing research on assisted reproduction, particularly on IVF, offer us nowadays a large variety of methods and techniques for supporting successfully the human reproductive abilities. To give some figures, according to recent information by the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE), during this period, more than 3 million IVF children have been born worldwide, with a pace of 200000 births per year. In Europe, we have the 56% of these births, with an annual increase of about 10%.
Current Regulation of Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products in the European Union
Authors: Muckenfuss Heide , Cichutek Klaus , Flory Egbert
Published: February 2007

The rapid biotechnological progress has promoted the development of novel medicinal therapies which are currently changing medical practice substantially. Patients may benefit from new opportunities for the treatment of various diseases, but on the other hand new risks have to be faced. To ensure timely access of patients to innovative medicines while taking safety aspects into consideration, an appropriate legislation is needed. This review aims at giving an overview of the role of the so called “Advanced Therapy Products” in today's medical practice and describes their current regulation in the European Union (EU).
Videobasierte 4D-Umfelderfassung für erweiterte Assistenzfunktionen (Vision-Based 4D-Environmental Perception for Advanced Assistance Functions)
Authors: Neumaier Stephan , Färber Georg
Published: February 2007

Mit dem verstärkten Einzug von Assistenzfunktionen ins Fahrzeug steigen auch die Anforderungen an eine maschinelle Umfelderfassung. Während sich bislang großteils auf Radarsensorik konzentriert wurde, rechtfertigen Funktionen wie beispielsweise ein erweitertes ACC oder STA zunehmend auch den Einsatz von Videosensorik. In diesem Kontext wird der so genannte 4D-Ansatz zur Szeneninterpretation, eine daraus abgeleitete allgemeine Systemstruktur sowie ein Satz grundlegender Bildverarbeitungsoperatoren vorgestellt. Aufbauend darauf werden als konkrete Anwendungen eine videobasierte Fahrspur- und Fahrzeugerkennung präsentiert sowie deren kombinierte Nutzung im Rahmen einer Demonstration zum Thema Stauassistent.
Book Reviews
Authors: COREIL JEANNINE
Published: February 2007

Rara! Vodou, Powero and Performance in Haiti and Its Diaspora. Elizabet McAliste. Berkele: IJniversity of California Press, 2002. xviii + 259 pp., photographs, appendix, glossary, notes, references, index, compact disk with CD guide.
Book Reviews
Authors: EPPRECHT MARC
Published: February 2007

Making Men in Ghana. Stephan F. Miescher. Bloomingto: Indiana University Press, 2005. xxxii + 323 pp., map, photographs, glossary, references, index.
Book Reviews
Authors: NARAYAN KIRIN
Published: February 2007

Gallery Bundu: A Story about an African Past. Paul Stoller. Chicag: University of Chicago Press, 2005. 193 pp.
Filipina migrants in rural Japan and their professions of love
Authors: FAIER LIEBA
Published: February 2007

During fieldwork in rural Nagano, I regularly heard Filipina migrants assert that they loved their Japanese husbands. Most of these men had been customers the women met while working as “entertainers” at local Filipina hostess bars. Here I explore how, why, and to what ends these women emphasized their love for their husbands as they crafted lives and selves in both Japan and the Philippines. Taking a transnational perspective to feminist work on emotion, I explore how love is made meaningful through global processes and the roles it plays in migrants' efforts to craft new gendered and sexualized subjectivities.
Extra embryos: The ethics of cryopreservation in Ecuador and elsewhere
Authors: ROBERTS ELIZABETH F. S.
Published: February 2007

Through ethnographic comparison with Ecuador, I localize North American and European ethical debates about embryos. In Ecuador, some in vitro fertilization (IVF) practitioners and patients do whatever they can to preserve the life of embryos through donation or cryopreservation. For this group, embryos are embroiled in debates about life, as they commonly are in North America. However, other Ecuadorians do not view embryos through debates about life. Instead, these IVF practitioners and patients let embryos die rather than freeze them, to regulate the legitimate bounds of kin relations. These contrasting models of life ethics and kin ethics illuminate ideologies of religion, kinship, and personhood in Ecuador. In addition, this comparison demonstrates that the location of embryos in a framework of kinship prevents their circulation and exchange, whereas the North American and European debates about the human life of embryos allow for their continued circulation in the globalized reproductive marketplace.
On NCATE Standards and Culture at Work: Conversations, Hegemony, and (Dis‐)Abling Consequences
Authors: Varenne Hervé
Published: February 2007

Many are unaware of the power of the NCATE standards for the accreditation of schools of education. In this article, I first trace the development of the political authority of these standards, and their imposition on hundreds of schools of education. I then focus on the discourse of these standards, particularly the emphasis on “knowledge, skills and dispositions” as personal properties to control. I conclude with a call to highlight the struggles in which all involved are engaged.
Creating Classroom Cultures: One Teacher, Two Lessons, and a High‐Stakes Test
Authors: Valli Linda , Chambliss Marilyn
Published: February 2007

Using activities as its analytic focus, this article compares the classroom cultures of two reading lessons taught by the same teacher. One was from a regular reading class and the other from a reading intervention class that was designed to help students pass the high‐stakes state assessment. By developing fine‐grained descriptions of classroom activities and participant roles, the article offers educators and policymakers a close look at the ways in which childcentered and test‐centered classroom cultures are constructed and the different types of learning opportunities and relationships each provides.
Swimming: On Oxygen, Resistance, and Possibility for Immigrant Youth under Siege
Authors: Fine Michelle , Jaffe‐Walter Reva
Published: February 2007

In this article, we consider the ways in which educational policies and institutions today enable or obstruct young people who are immigrant English‐language learners as they seek to cross cultural and educational borders. Contrasting a class action suit in California protesting high stakes testing that will significantly limit graduation rates, and an ethnographic analysis of the international high schools in which immigrant youth engage with cultural and educational depth and support and graduate at exceptional rates, this article challenges the current policy climate in which immigrant youth are increasingly under siege and at risk of being multiply undocumented. In the spirit of protest, we trace the many sites of resistance and possibility dotting the nation, in which educators, communities, families, advocates, and youth are demanding educational access and justice.
The Useless Image: Bataille, Bergson, Magritte
Authors: Guerlac Suzanne
Published: February 2007

This paper explores Bataille's writings on primitive art, specifically his essay on the Lascaux cave, in order to elaborate a notion not of the informe (as contemporary art critics have done), but of the fictive figural image. It reads this "useless image"—a term borrowed from Bataille—in the work of Magritte through Bergson's notion of resemblance and the operation of attentive recognition.
Valproic Acid Affects Membrane Trafficking and Cell-Wall Integrity in Fission Yeast
Authors: Miyatake Makoto , Kuno Takayoshi , Kita Ayako , Katsura Kosaku , Takegawa Kaoru , Uno Satoshi , Nabata Toshiya , Sugiura Reiko
Published: February 2007

Valproic acid (VPA) is widely used to treat epilepsy and manic-depressive illness. Although VPA has been reported to exert a variety of biochemical effects, the exact mechanisms underlying its therapeutic effects remain elusive. To gain further insights into the molecular mechanisms of VPA action, a genetic screen for fission yeast mutants that show hypersensitivity to VPA was performed. One of the genes that we identified was vps45+, which encodes a member of the Sec1/Munc18 family that is implicated in membrane trafficking. Notably, several mutations affecting membrane trafficking also resulted in hypersensitivity to VPA. These include ypt3+ and ryh1+, both encoding a Rab family protein, and apm1+, encoding the μ1 subunit of the adaptor protein complex AP-1. More importantly, VPA caused vacuolar fragmentation and inhibited the glycosylation and the secretion of acid phosphatase in wild-type cells, suggesting that VPA affects membrane trafficking. Interestingly, the cell-wall-damaging agents such as micafungin or the inhibition of calcineurin dramatically enhanced the sensitivity of wild-type cells to VPA. Consistently, VPA treatment of wild-type cells enhanced their sensitivity to the cell-wall-digesting enzymes. Altogether, our results suggest that VPA affects membrane trafficking, which leads to the enhanced sensitivity to cell-wall damage in fission yeast.
Toward Creating Family-Friendly Work Environments in Pediatrics: Baseline Data From Pediatric Department Chairs and Pediatric Program Directors
Authors: McPhillips Heather A. , Burke Ann E. , Sheppard Kate , Pallant Adam , Stapleton F. Bruder , Stanton Bonita
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVE. The objective was to determine baseline characteristics of pediatric residency training programs and academic departments in regard to family-friendly work environments as outlined in the Report of the Task Force on Women in Pediatrics.

METHODS. We conducted Web-based anonymous surveys of 147 pediatric department chairs and 203 pediatric program directors. The chair's questionnaire asked about child care, lactation facilities, family leave policies, work-life balance, and tenure and promotion policies. The program director's questionnaire asked about family leave, parenting, work-life balance, and perceptions of “family-friendliness.”

RESULTS. The response rate was 52% for program directors and 51% for chairs. Nearly 60% of chairs reported some access to child care or provided assistance locating child care; however, in half of these departments, demand almost always exceeded supply. Lactation facilities were available to breastfeeding faculty in 74% of departments, although only 57% provided access to breast pumps. A total of 78% of chairs and 90% of program directors reported written maternity leave policies with slightly fewer reporting paternity leave policies. The majority (83%) of chairs reported availability of part-time employment, whereas only 27% of program directors offered part-time residency options. Most departments offered some flexibility in promotion and tenure.

CONCLUSIONS. Although progress has been made, change still is needed in many areas in pediatric departments and training programs, including better accessibility to quality child care; improved lactation facilities for breastfeeding mothers; clear, written parental leave policies; and flexible work schedules to accommodate changing demands of family life.
Monitoring Students' Collaboration in Computer-Mediated Collaborative Problem-Solving: Applied Feedback Approaches
Authors: Zumbach Joerg , Reimann Peter , Koch Sabine C.
Published: February 2007

This research describes a methodology for applying design- and management-based scaffolding techniques aimed to enhance cooperative behavior. Based on assumptions of how successful online learning groups act together, we developed feedback-based mechanisms that aimed at contributing to group functions of well-being, member support, and productive learning outcomes. The collaborative online learning environments were enriched by functions such as tracking, analyzing, and feeding back parameters of participation, collaboration, motivation, and emotional state to group members. Two studies were conducted to analyze effects of these mechanisms. In the first study, we showed advantages of feedback on processes of group well-being, parameters of participation, and interaction. In the second study, we combined feedback approach for monitoring and fostering collaborative behavior with a design-based approach using distributed learning resources. Results suggest that by distributing learning material, collaboration can be positively influenced. However, this intervention had no substantial effect on cognitive outcomes or group climate. In addition, monitoring students' interactions and providing feedback on collaboration triggered collaborative behavior, facilitated problem-solving processes, and enhanced group climate.
Supporting Self-Regulated Learners for a While and What Computers Can Contribute
Authors: Kollar Ingo , Fischer Frank
Published: February 2007

This article's main claim is that to support individuals' development toward becoming self-regulated learners requires certain amounts of other-regulation, i.e. scaffolding. Starting from this assertion, we discuss 6 issues that surfaced in the 5 articles of this special issue. First, we argue that designers need good reasons for taking freedom away from the learners. Beyond practical reasons, we suggest that the reduction of freedom should more often be warranted in theoretical considerations. Second, as the articles in this special issue show, other-regulation can come from a variety of external sources like software tools, peers, or teachers. However, one critical issue for the design of other-regulation seems to be its degree of coercion. Third, by reviewing the empirical results of the single articles, it can be inferred that learners with different prerequisites do not benefit equally from the scaffolds reported in this special issue. In the fourth section of this discussion, we therefore argue that inter- and intra-individual differences are key challenges for the design of instruction for self-regulated learning and, fifth, that digital media have a strong potential to provide adaptive instructional support for learners with different prerequisites. They might be used to dynamically assess the learners' internalization of self-regulated learning strategies and fade single scaffolds in and out of the learning environment as appropriate. Finally, we argue that, especially in institutionalized learning settings, designers of instruction need to consider how best to orchestrate different sources of other-regulation in order to successfully facilitate the development of self-regulated learners.
The Sources of The Imagist Aesthetic
Authors: Martin Wallace
Published: February 2007

Earlier writers have erroneously assumed that Symbolism exercised a significant influence on the Imagist aesthetic. Hulme and Pound derived their conceptions of the image from the writings of French psychologists and philosophers. In the empiricist-associationist psychological tradition (represented in the writings of Taine and Théodule Ribot), I'image corresponds to David Hume's “impression”: it is the mental representation of sensory experience, the virtues of which are clarity, precision, and complexity (as opposed to the vagueness and simplicity of ideas). Hulme read works by Taine and Ribot, and his “Notes on Language and Style” embodies their theory of the image. Pound's conception of the image is similar to that contained in Ribot's Essai sur I'imagination créatrice. After 1908, Hulme adopted Bergson's organicist theory of the image; for Bergson, l'image was the linguistic embodiment of intuition. Imagism was not the culmination of the Romanticist aesthetic, as some critics have argued; it was the first attempt to transcend the subject-object dichotomy of nineteenth-century poetic theory.
Proust Confirmed by Neurosurgery
Authors: O'Brien Justin
Published: February 2007

Marcel Proust stated clearly and repeatedly in his vast A la recherche du temps perdu his determining theory of involuntary memory. Proust's entire work was based upon experiences of total recall from a store of memories unconsciously preserved in the mind. In a paper delivered in 1957 by Dr. Wilder Penfield of the Montreal Neurological Institute are to be found physiological bases for Proust's esthetic experiences. Wilder reported that forgotten experiences were revealed to patients in great detail when electrodes were applied to various parts of their brains. Penfield thus supports Proust's view of a stream of memories (or, as Penfield calls it, a continuous filmstrip) preserving an individual's total experiential responses from childhood onward. The juxtaposition of Proust's statements with those of the neurosurgeon about the nature of this stream of unconscious memories, their relation to conscious memory, and the conditions under which they are recalled throws light upon the validity of Proust's technique.
The Four Narrative Perspectives in Absalom, Absalom!
Authors: Levins Lynn Gartrell
Published: February 2007

In Absalom, Absalom!, as in The Sound and the Fury and As I Lay Dying, Faulkner's concern is with the individual's subjective apprehension of the palpable world of experience. In the latter novels he distinguishes one character's point of view from another's by means of significant variations in language and style in those sections which present a different individual consciousness. The distinction among the four narrative perspectives in Absalom, Absalom!, however, is not stylistic, but formal. Faulkner differentiates the viewpoints in the novel by shaping each perspective after a different literary genre. It is a skillful adaptation of form to meaning, for the selection of these particular genres expresses, structurally, the imagination's subjective act of re-creating history, engaged in by four narrators emotionally involved in either Thomas Sutpen or the Southern myth: Rosa Coldfield, haunted by the moral “outrage” inflicted by the “demonic” Sutpen, shapes her narrative to the Gothic mystery; Mr. Compson, convinced of the epical proportions of the South, relates his narrative as a Greek tragedy; Quentin, obsessed by Henry's relationship with Judith because of his own involvement with Caddy, presented in The Sound and the Fury, expresses his narrative in the framework of the chivalric romance; and Shreve, the detached, intellectual Northerner, relieves the intensity of the preceding viewpoints by means of the ludicrous humor of the tall tale.
Milton's Use of Classical Mythology in Paradise Lost
Authors: Collett Jonathan H.
Published: February 2007

There are three categories of myth in Paradise Lost, each of which is essential to the epic's proleptic structure: first, those myths identifying the pagan gods with the fallen angels; second, those myths used in comparisons with Eden, Adam, and Eve; finally, in Book xi, those myths that are types of the Old and New Testament revelation that Adam will receive. The first and third categories are evidences of God working in history, and these myths are consequently “fabled”, set in story form by the pagans; the second group have no historical reality and are only “feigned”, or fabricated. Milton uses these two words carefully. From another perspective, the first and second uses lead from the timelessness of prelapsarian existence to history. The third moves in reverse, from history to eternity, not of the world before the Fall but of the Christian glory to come.
The Politics of Literature
Authors: Reck Rima Drell
Published: February 2007

As teachers of literature we find ourselves involved with and compromised by the contemporary world. The events of the December 1968 Modern Language Association meeting made our dilemma painfully clear. The dissidents of the MLA have shaken the organization out of its lethargy. We must assess the extent of our responsibility and the nature of our commitments on two levels, the personal and the professional. To teach literature effectively and communicate with students themselves intensely aware of contemporary realities we must ourselves be responsible and conscious. The present disagreement within the MLA concerns the mode of our responsibility: shall we act as private individuals on social and political questions or shall we assume that precise and uniform political involvement is our best course? The course proposed to us by the dissidents of the MLA would endanger our position as critical intellectuals free to determine our own responsibility and to assume it. To politicize the MLA would be to institutionalize bad faith precisely at the moment when we realize most acutely the necessity of good faith and ruthless honesty with ourselves if we are to survive as a meaningful organization.
The Conquests of the Grail Castle and Dolorous Guard
Authors: Carman J. Neale
Published: February 2007

In the Perlesvaus the conquest of the Grail Castle and in the Prose Lancelot the conquest of the Castle of Dolorous Guard both serve to establish the supremacy of the hero. The succession of events in the two recitals contains many parallels proving that they are closely related. The details of the Prose Lancelot are such as to show a probability that it used the Perlesvaus as a source. For instance, the despair of the besieged, but noncombatant, lords, demonstrated on the walls of their castles, is carried swiftly to suicide in the Perlesvaus, reduced to flight and suicidal behavior in the Prose Lancelot. Again, the three shields that give Lancelot marvelous strength and that differ in appearance only through the number of bands that decorate them celebrate nothing, though the whole episode stands as the crowning step in the process by which the Lady of the Lake brought the child whom she educated to acceptance as the best knight in the world. In the Perlesvaus the various supernatural aids all manifest la vertu de Deu in harmony with the sole purpose of that romance, the exaltation of Christianity.
The Stress Patterns of Gothic
Authors: Bennett William H.
Published: February 2007

In Gothic, as in Proto-Germanic, primary word stress was fixed on word-initial syllables, including roots, reduplicating syllables, and prefixes; the Gothic negative-pejorative prefixun- appears to have been no exception to the rule. Secondary word stress occurred initially on second immediate constituents of compounds and quasi-compounds; the stress of gudhŨs ‘temple’ and faurhāh ‘curtain’ was not exceptional. Weak word stress fell medially on vowels between syllables bearing other degrees of stress and on syllable-forming suffixes directly following primary or secondary stress; finally, weak word stress occurred on syllable-forming endings. Evidence for primary phrase stress is very limited. Excepting ga-, proclitics of verb phrases–as distinguished from compound verbs and adverbs plus verbs–bore secondary phrase stress. There appears to be no evidence to show that this stress remained in Gothic feminine compound verbal abstract nouns. The phonologic development of forms like sg. dat. pamma ‘this, that,’ sg. dat. hiamma ‘whom, what,’ and pi. 3 sind ‘they are’ reflects a stress alternation that was dependent upon their syntactic context. Go. ga-, -u -u-, and -uh -uh- bore weak phrase stress. The Gothic stress of most Biblical proper names is obscure. Alliterative passages in Gothic shed no light on the problem; rather, it is the evidence for primary word stress that serves to identify the alliteration.