bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermally Initiated Free-Radical Oxidation of Cellulose
Authors: Hinojosa Oscar , Arthur Jett C. , Mares Trinidad
Published: March 2007

Purified cotton cellulose was heated in the resonant cavity of the electron spin resonance spectrometer in static nitrogen, flowing nitrogen, and flowing air and in vacuum. The formation of free radicals in the samples of cotton was monitored at temperatures below 300°C. Cotton was treated with chemical additives and then heated in static nitrogen at atmos pheric pressure. At the same temperature of heating, a much greater concentration of free radicals was formed in purified cotton heated in static nitrogen than in cotton heated in flowing nitrogen or in vacuum. The rate of free-radical forma tion in cotton heated in flowing nitrogen was constant throughout the heating period. Cotton, heated at the same tem peratures and times in flowing air or in static nitrogen, showed a greater concentration of free radicals than cotton heated in flowing nitrogen. The effects of additives or the application of vacuum on the apparent energy of activation for the formation of free radicals in heated cotton were also investigated. The amount of char formed during pyrolysis, as indi cated by the intensity of the free-radical signal, was much greater for samples which contained additives or which were allowed to trap decomposition products than for untreated cotton purged free of volatile decomposition products, as they were formed.
Sewing Needle Temperature
Authors: Howard G. Michael , Virgilio D.R. , Mack E.R.
Published: March 2007

The effect of various sewing conditions and needle characteristics on the temperature observed during high speed sewing has been studied. The maximum needle temperatures were determined by means of infrared (ir) flux measurements. A complete statistical experiment was used to show the effect of sewing speed, the use of thread as compared to no thread in testing, thread size, and needle diameter on the needle temperature. The temperature was found to increase with speed at a rate of about 0.08°F/rpm. The use of thread was found to decrease the observed temperatures by as much as 200°F and there was a significant thread-speed interaction. Thread size and needle diameter were not found to be significant. It was found possible to reduce the needle temperature by 10-15% by using a cyclic type of operation with short periods of sewing followed by short periods of idle time. The use of thread or cloth lubricants were found to have very little effect. The use of forced air cooling was found to be very effective in lowering the needle temperatures with reductions of 150-200°F being easily obtained. It is concluded that the application of all the factors shown to reduce needle temperatures could reduce the temperature of a chrome-plated needle sewing at 4000 rpm from 700°F to below 300°F for a Kooltorr® needle sewing at 3000 rpm on a machine equipped with an air cooling pump.
Humidity and Heat Effects on the Coefficient of Energy Dissipation
Authors: Duckett K.E. , Cheng C.C.
Published: March 2007

Six varieties of cotton are heat treated at temperatures of 100°C, 140°C, and 180°C. Frictional parameters, via coeffi cicnts of energy dissipation, are measured on each of these and control samples (20°C) at a number of consecutive relative humidities (30%, 45%, 55%, 65%, 80%, 65%, 55%, 45%, and 30%). The results for all combinations are discussed. Comparisons between these findings and those of other investigators are made.
Yarn Evenness in Open-End Spinning
Authors: Lord P.R.
Published: March 2007

Open-end yarn is said to have a better evenness than ring yarn, but the truth of this statement depends on the error wavelength. It is shown that errors are reduced when the error wavelength in the yarn is less than the circumference of the collecting surface. In practice the main advantages in open-end spinning as far as evenness is concerned derive from the suppression or avoidance of drafting waves and the manufacture of large packages.
The Geometry of Ordered Split-Film Networks
Authors: Schoppee Meredith M. , Poisson W.H.
Published: March 2007

An idealized geometrical analysis of ordered split-film networks produced by mechanical cutting is presented. Expres sions descrihing hranch length and width and stem widths in the expanded film structure are derived as functions of the processing variahles and cutting drum specifications. The fractional distrihution of area of the split film between stems and branches and average branch and stem denier are determined. Conditions necessary for producing an extendible sheet structure are specified in detail. An illustrative design is offered for a tyrical split-film application.
Effect, of Light on the Flammability of Nomex Fabric
Authors: Day M. , Wiles D.M.
Published: March 2007

Nomex fabrics have been irradiated in a xenon-arc Weather-Ometer, and the resulting changes in combustion char acteristics, tensile properties, and degree of discoloration were measured. The ignition and hurning proprties of ir radiated and unirradiated specimens were determined with the TRI Flammahility Analyzer employing burning con figurations of 45° and the horizontal (12 o'clock). Indications are that the limiting oxygen index is reduced and the burning rate increased as irradiation time is increased. Flammability results obtained with DOC FF 3-71 were not conclusive. Nevertheless, the reduction in flame resistance of Nomex as a result of irradiation appears to be less of a potential problem than the concomitant decrease in tenacity.
Orientation-Disorientation Effects in Tensioned, Mercerized Cotton. The Pretreatment of Yarns for Wash-Wear Fabrics of High Strength and Durability
Authors: Murphy A.L. , Margavio M.F. , Welch C.M.
Published: March 2007

Slack mercerization of cotton, with restretching to various degrees in the mercerizing alkali, was compared to merceriza tion at constant, preselected lengths as a method of yarn pretreatment. Fabrics were woven of these pretreated 2-ply yams and were crosslinked with DMEU to a wrinkle recovery of 270°-286° (W + F). In certain cases little or no loss of strength occurred during DP finishing, and the yarn-mercerized fabrics possessed greater strength after crosslinking than ordinary fabric not crosslinked at all. Moreover, after 20 launderings several of the experimental wash-wear fabrics equalled in strength the unmercerized, uncrosslinked, unlaundered fabrics prepared as controls. X-ray orientation, yarn strength, and elongation, as well as the degree of stretching during yarn pretreatment, were correlated with yarn and fabric strength after crosslinking and after fabric laundering. In yarn slack-mercerized and restretched to 91% of normal length, both the strength and the elongation after crosslinking equalled the values for unmercerized yarn before cross linking. The same effect occurred in fabrics woven from these yarns. Evidence is presented that domains of swelled and shrunken cellulose remain in mercerized cotton fibers even after tension has been applied to orient the crystallites and straighten the fibrillar spirals of the alkali-wet cotton. The most effective yarn pretreatment, for increased strength retention after DMEU crosslinking, was slack mercerization followed by restretching to 103% of normal length. In fabrics woven of these yarns, covalent crosslinking by DMEU actually increased the durability, as measured by strength retained during multiple launderings. Yarn commercially mercerized to 102% of normal length also was highly suitable. The increased yarn length obtained in this kind of pretreatment could largely offset the cost of yarn mercerization, leaving the cost of yarn plying as the principal item of expense.
An Exploratory Study of Imperfections in Cotton Yarns
Authors: Padmanabhan A.R. , Balasubramanian A.
Published: March 2007

Imperfections in yams are serious flaws that greatly detract from the quality. They are classified into three categories according to their linear density variations. With a view to studying the physical nature of various imperfections, we investigated carded and combed yarns, estimating correlations between diameter and mass of various imperfections and analyzing the composition of thin and thick places and neps. We identified the major factors responsible for different categories of imperfections.
Ultimate Tensile Properties of Normal and Modified Wool
Authors: Cook J.R. , Fleischfresser B.E.
Published: March 2007

The ultimate tensile properties have been determined for a wool yam before and after chemical modification as a function of temperature, strain rate, and regain. Under the conditions prevailing at failure, wool behaves viscoelastically, the breaking stress and breaking strain each varying with the test conditions. Applying the WLF equation allows data obtained at different temperatures to be superposed to give master curves showing breaking stress or strain as a function of reduced strain rate at a chosen reference temperature. Failure envelopes give the locus of failure in tensile deformation under a wide range of conditions. Possible reasons are presented for the fracture be havior of the different wools.
Fatigue of Cotton and Viscose Staple Yarns by Biaxial Rotation Over a Pin
Authors: Subramanian V. , Gopalakrishnan P. , Gerald M. John , Raghunathan K. , Peer Mohamed A. , Natarajan K.S.
Published: March 2007

An investigation is reported on the fatigue life of open-end, ring spun, and siro spun yarns using the technique of biaxial rotation over a pin. Open-end yarns have a sig nificantly higher fatigue life compared to ring spun yams. Mercerization increases fatigue life. For siro spun yams, an increase in strand spacing increases the fatigue life in a linear manner. The effect of the twist factor on fatigue life is interesting, in that maximum life is achieved at a twist factor of 40 and thereafter falls. Yarn density and fatigue life seem to be well correlated.
Effect of Denier-per-Filament of Polyester on Yarn Strength in Open-End Rotor Spinning
Authors: Alston Peter V.
Published: March 2007

There is considerable interest in replacing fine ring spun yarns with fine rotor spun yarns for uniforms and career apparel because the cost of yarn manufacture is much lower with rotor spinning than with conventional ring spinning. However, rotor spun yarns are inherently weaker than ring spun yarns. The effect of the denier-per-filament (DPF) of polyester on the yarn strength of rotor spun yarns is investigated and com pared to the ring spun counterparts. The strengths of both rotor and ring spun yams increased linearly with a decrease in the DPF of the polyester, and the magnitude of the change was the same for both spinning systems. The strengths and elongations of the ring spun yarns were 44% and 37% higher than those of the rotor spun yarns when the same polyester was used. The strength of the rotor spun yarn increased 23% over the DPF range that is commercially available.
Sensorial Comfort
Authors: Sweeney Maureen M. , Branson Donna H.
Published: March 2007

This study explores the feasibility of using psychophysical methods to assess one component of sensorial comfort—moisture sensation in clothing. We used the psy chophysical method of constant stimuli to assess the absolute and differenoe thresholds of moisture sensation in the upper back area of twelve female volunteers. Wetted fabric swatches applied to the skin served as the stimuli. The psychometric functions demonstrating the relationship between moisture and moisture sensation for these determinations exhibited linear trends similar to those found in other areas of sensory testing using psychophysical methods. We anticipate that this study will provide the first step in a programmatic research effort using psychophysical methods to assess the contribution of moisture sensation as well as other sensorial comfort factors to judgments of clothing comfort.
Holding Length: Effect on Digital Fibrograph Span Length
Authors: Krowicki Richard S. , Thibodeaux Devron P.
Published: March 2007

Fibers scanned for length by most instruments must be held in position for the scan. The holding length has been determined mathematically as being of the order of 4.06 mm ( 0.16 in.). Since the start of scan begins at 3.81 mm (0.15 in.) from the holding edge, the average start of scan actually begins at a length of 7.87 mm (0.31 in.). A general holding length is shown with a photomicrograph. Applying this concept to data presented in the literature gives acceptable results in all but one case. The holding length appears to be a function of fiber rigidity, which means that it varies.
An Abrasion Machine for Evaluating Single Fiber Transfer
Authors: Annis Patricia A. , Bresee Randall R.
Published: March 2007

An abrasion machine has been developed for laboratory use based on the principle of abrading textiles at a slow rate with a small abrasive force and then evaluating abrasion damage after only minor textile structural changes have occurred. Structural change is evaluated in terms of fiber transfer, which is the release and relocation of individual fibers. The abrasion machine is described and its use is illustrated with three fabrics by evaluating the number, length, and configuration of transferred fibers. Since most textiles transfer fibers during ordinary use and care, this machine has the potential for application to a wide variety of textile problems.
Kinetics of Polyester Fiber Dissolution
Authors: Kallay N. , Grancari A.M. , Tomi M.
Published: March 2007

A theoretical model has been developed to describe the kinetics of polyester fiber dissolution in alkaline solutions. The model is based on the surface reaction concept. The rate of dissolution is taken as being proportional to the surface area of fibers and to the concentration of OH- ions raised to a certain power (order of reaction: 0, 1, or 2). Integrated forms of rate laws are derived for all possible orders of dissolution reactions. According to the results, weight loss is not a simple linear function of time, as usually accepted. The kinetics of the process is characterized by the rate constant, which is, for a given system, independent of the content of OH-, fibers, and water in the system. The experiments performed with poly(ethylene terephthalate) and aqueous NaOH solution at 100°C show that the reaction is a first order process with respect to surface and hydroxyl ions. A practical application for silk-like fabric production is demonstrated. The temperature effect is considered on the basis of the activation energy. The proposed analysis of experimental data enables optimization of the tech nological process in which silk-like fabrics are produced by alkaline hydrolysis of polyester textiles.
Effect of Photodegradation on the Mechanical Properties of Wool and Wool/Polyester Fabrics
Authors: Baird Margot , Carr Christopher M. , Holt Leo A.
Published: March 2007

The effect of sunlight exposure on the mechanical properties of wool and wool/ polyester fabrics has been investigated. Instrumental analysis shows that the fabrics become stiffer, rougher, and less elastic with irradiation. This research reveals some differences compared to previously published results for wool fabric irradiated with an artificial light source. Subjective analysis suggests that changes in the mechanical properties can be detected at shorter irradiation times for the 100% wool fabric than for the wool/polyester fabrics. The hygral expansion of wool is unaffected by sunlight irradiation.
Dead Cotton Coverage of Direct Dyes
Authors: Smith Brent
Published: March 2007

More than 100 direct dyes of known structure are evaluated for dead cotton coverage. For each hue, dyes that cover best are identified, and a statistical analysis of the cor relation of dye properties (e.g., structural features) and coverage ability is presented.
Automating the Arealometer: Examination of the Kozeny Equation
Authors: Duckett K.E. , Cain J. , Krowicki R.S. , Thibodeaux D.P.
Published: March 2007

Samples of eleven cottons with a wide range of fineness and immaturity properties, as measured by the Arealometer, were studied for airflow behavior on an experimental computerized system. Specific surface areas as calculated from the Kozeny relationship were obtained for void fractions ranging between 0.60 to 0.90. The observed variation in fiber fineness with void fraction was unexpected as originally applied to the Areal ometer. Nevertheless, both the specific surface areas A and AH at low and high specimen compressions, respectively, correlated favorably with results of the Arealometer. These correlations were best when the values obtained on the newly automated system were at fixed void fractions rather than fixed porous plug resistances to airflow as built into the Arealometer.
Measuring Hygral Expansion in Woven Wool Fabrics
Authors: Cookson P.G. , De Boos A.G. , Roczniok A.F. , Ly N.G.
Published: March 2007

Hygral expansion measurements of woven wool fabrics are influenced by the way in which wet fabric, after relaxation in water, is dried. If the wet fabric is dried directly in an oven, the hygral expansion values are relatively low, but if the fabric is allowed to dry under ambient conditions before oven drying, the values are relatively high (and closer to the "true" values). An interlaboratory trial conducted using thirteen commercial worsted fabrics includes a statistical analysis of different methods for determining the magnitude of hygral expansion. The fabric drying conditions have an important bearing on the magnitude of the dry dimension, and this in turn influences the hygral expansion value obtained.
Surface Whitened, Shrink Resistant Wool Cloth of Improved Lightfastness
Authors: Levene R. , Kohanowski N. , Avichai H.
Published: March 2007

An aqueous treatment has been developed for fully bleached woven wool cloth that combines surface whitening with resistance to shrinkage during washing. It is based on the surface application of a low temperature curing acrylic latex containing a flu orescent whitening agent. The copolymer of the latex contains groups capable of cross- . linking or of reacting with the wool protein. Surface whitening is achieved when the latex is applied by either padding or an exhaust process, but the latex is more effective in conferring shrink resistance when applied by padding.
Large-Scale Extension and Recovery of Plain Woven Fabrics
Authors: Anandjiwala Rajesh D. , Leaf G.A.V.
Published: March 2007

To confirm the value of the theoretical analyses presented in Part I, a number of specially woven fabrics have been tested. The agreement between experiment and theory is sometimes reasonable, but it is better during extension than during recovery. The reasons for such discrepancies are discussed. The outcome of this study implies that medium to high curvature yarn bending, which is inherent in a fabric's large- strain tensile behavior, should be taken into consideration. Fibers in a yarn are strained beyond their yield limits due to the high curvatures imposed, and as a result, the recovery from such large strains is principally governed by fiber hysteresis rather than the interfiber frictional restraint mechanism. This necessitates the modification of yarn bending behavior. An attempt is made to propose a modified yarn bending rule by taking account of initial nonlinear bending due to interfiber frictional restraint and of a fiber-yielding mechanism at high curvature.
Production and Evaluation of Cotton / Viscose Yarns with Long Staple Viscose Fibers on the Surface and in the Body
Authors: Radhakrishnaiah P. , Arulselvan B.
Published: March 2007

Two cotton / viscose yarns, one in which a thin strand of long staple viscose fibers spirally wrapped the yam surface and the other in which the viscose fibers remained scattered in the body of the yam, were produced and their properties compared with a 100% cotton yarn. An attempt was made to determine viscose fiber compositions that give maximum strength in the two kinds of cotton / viscose yarns. The experimental yams were used as filling yams in a plain weave fabric and the fabrics compared for strength, abrasion resistance, and stiffness properties. As expected, the two cotton / viscose yarns reached optimum strength at a twist factor considerably lower than that required for the 100% cotton yam. Also, at the optimum twist factor, both the cotton / viscose yarns were stronger than the corresponding 100% cotton yam. Optimum yarn strength was associated with a 10% viscose composition in both yams. The strength of conventional cotton / viscose yam (draw frame mixed) showed greater sensitivity to viscose fiber composition, while that of wrapped yarn showed less sensitivity. In the fabric stage, the wrapped yam accounted for better tensile strength and abrasion resistance and increased flexural rigidity.
Evaluating Carpet Appearance Loss: Periodicity and Tuft Placement
Authors: Pourdeyhimi B. , Xu B. , Wehrle L.
Published: March 2007

Changes in carpet appearance brought about by mechanical wear may be evaluated with respect to changes in heterogeneous image properties, e.g., periodicity and tuft placement. In this paper, we discuss using gray-scale image analysis to measure texture periodicity and tuft spatial distribution. The techniques described are appropriate for "ordered" textures with relatively well defined objects. We use the gravity centers of local intensity maxima to indicate the position of tuft centers. The placement of these points may then be analyzed with respect to average distance, density, and spatial pattern. Our samples show that mechanical wear causes increased average tuft-to-tuft distance, decreased spatial density, and a tendency towards randomness.
Changes in Fabric Mechanical Properties After Pressure Decatizing as Measured by FAST
Authors: Le C.V. , Tester D.H. , Ly N.G. , De Jong S.
Published: March 2007

We have investigated the effects of decatizing temperature, prior rotary pressing, and fabric initial regain on the mechanical properties of decatized fabrics of various constructions and dyeing stages. Undyed and plain weave fabrics were the most sensitive to decatizing treatment. Higher decatizing temperature consistently increased exten sibility and bias extension and decreased bending rigidity. Rotary pressing had a marked influence on the mechanical properties of fabrics subsequently set by pressure deca tizing ; the resulting decrease in tensile properties and increase in bending rigidity are explained by simple mechanisms. The magnitude of changes in the warp and weft extensions, bias extension, and bending rigidity with setting temperature and rotary pressing is analyzed and discussed in relation to various fabric types.
Experimental Study of Flow Through Geotextiles
Authors: Adolphe D. , Lopes M. , Sigli D.
Published: March 2007

Filtration flows through various geotextiles are experimentally studied using a laser Doppler velocimetry technique. Comparisons are presented of the hydraulic behavior of needle-punched and heat-bonded geotextiles, and some influences of fabric damage and flow regimes are demonstrated to characterize geotextile efficiency.
Irradiation of CI Disperse Yellow 23 and Disperse Orange 29 in an Ester Environment 1
Authors: Freeman Harold S. , Mcintosh Stanley A.
Published: March 2007

The title compounds, both disazo dyes, were found to undergo photoisomerism in dimethylphthalate solution and in films cast from a mixture of dye and cellulose acetate. Light-induced isomerism did not occur, however, in PET film that had been extruded, oriented, and dyed with the same two colorants. The prolonged irradiation of disperse yellow 23 in either solution or a polymer matrix produced azobenzene and some mono-substituted azobenzenes. Disperse orange 29 underwent photodegradation to produce a mixture of disubstituted monoazobenzenes, a partially reduced disazo- benzene, and para-nitroaniline.
Evaluating Maturity of Cotton Fibers Using Image Analysis: Definition and Algorithm
Authors: Bugao xu  , Pourdeyhimi Behnam
Published: March 2007

Maturity of cotton fibers refers to the extent of development of their secondary wall and is an important characteristic. To characterize and quantify cotton maturity, we have developed an imaging system based on our previous research on fiber cross- sectional shape analysis. In this paper, we focus on methods of characterizing cotton fiber maturity. We review the techniques for processing images of fiber cross sections, propose a new approach for describing cotton maturity and discuss other related char acteristics.
Stickiness Potential of Individual Insect Honeydew Carbohydrates on Cotton Lint
Authors: Miller William B. , Peralta Estela , Ellis Danielle R. , Perkins Henry H.
Published: March 2007

Stickiness of cotton fiber is usually caused by honeydew deposits from phloem- feeding insects, including whiteflies and aphids. This work was conducted to determine if the specific sugars commonly found in insect honeydews have different stickiness properties when applied to cotton lint. Standard sugar solutions were applied to non sticky cotton lint using a chromatography sprayer and assessed for stickiness using a minicard. The results indicate significant variation in natural stickiness within the sugars commonly found in insect honeydews. Trehalulose, a major component of sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) honeydew, was very sticky, as were turanose, palatinose, and sucrose. Melezitose, raffinose, glucose, and fructose were relatively nonsticky. Oligosaccharide stickiness was not directly related to the oligomer chain length, at least up to DP 3. These results suggest efforts to exploit biological methods to ameliorate honeydew-affected lint should focus on sugar components known to be sticky.
Carding Fiber Load Measurement
Authors: Rust J.P. , Koella E.
Published: March 2007

An optical means is presented for measuring areal fiber density on-line on com mercial carding elements. The splitting fractions of the various elements have been evaluated through a process of peeling fiber loads from the elements, and these fractions have subsequently been used in instrument calibration. The optical device is used to monitor fiber loading of the main cylinder while doffer fiber loading and feed roll speed are also being monitored. The instrumentation itself has been studied for sen sitivity, reproducibility, limitations, and possible sources of internal and external noise. The instrumentation is then used on-line to study mechanisms of fiber transfer and storage. Results of dynamic testing under conditions of varying feed rates offer insight into the process of carding. The complex nature of element loading and unloading has been partially elucidated. Hypotheses are proposed and experimental results pro vided as supporting evidence.
Measuring the Twisting Rigidity of Woven Fabrics
Authors: Mori Toshio , Lloyd David W.
Published: March 2007

An apparatus has been developed to determine twisting rigidities of woven fabrics by subjecting fabric samples to monotonically increasing twist. In order to avoid slack in the test specimen and permit a reliable measurement, tensioning weights are applied. The twisting moment acting on the fabric is measured, along with the in-plane load that is simultaneously developed by the coupling effect between the in-plane and out- of-plane deformation modes. The twisting deformation of the fabric is described to correlate the complex deformation with properties that can be measured, based on an elastic plate model. A plot of measured twisting rigidities versus preload yields a straight line that does not pass through the origin, and a small twisting rigidity at zero preload is graphically determined. The in-plane load caused by the twisting process is connected with the in-plane shear strain that relates twisting moment through one of the coupling rigidities.
Reaction of Wool with Permonosulfate and Related Oxidants
Authors: Denning R.J. , Freeland G.N. , Guise G.B. , Hudson A.H.
Published: March 2007

As part of a program directed at zero-AOX shrinkproofing treatments, we have compared the reactivity of different oxidants with wool by following their disappearance under similar conditions. The reactivity series was as follows: aqueous chlorine > DCCA ~ permonosulfate > permanganate / salt > peracetic acid > permanganate > persulfate ~ hydrogen peroxide. This series was not related to redox potentials but generally followed the level of shrink resistance imparted by the oxidant. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy using the attenuated total reflectance technique showed significant differences in the amounts of cystine oxidation products formed in the oxidations above. One new finding was the direct formation of low concentrations of Bunte salts by the oxidation of wool with persulfate. We further studied the surface of permonosulfate-treated fibers with scanning electron microscopy and frictional measurements. Permonosulfate treated wool fibers produce Allwörden sacs with chlo rine water, whereas aqueous chlorinated fibers do not. We suggest that the most likely mechanism for shrink resistance in permonosulfate treatments is the removal of de graded protein from below the exocuticle, producing a modified surface with a reduced differential friction between the "for" and "against" scale directions.
Shrink-Resistant Properties and Surface Characteristics of Wool Fibers Treated with Multifunctional Epoxides
Authors: Ito Hiraku , Muraoka Yoichiro , Umehara Ryo , Shibata Yutaka , Miyamoto Takeaki
Published: March 2007

Shrink-resistant properties and surface characteristics were investigated for wool fibers treated with hydrophilic multifunctional epoxides (glycerol polyglycidyl ether—GPE). Two different reaction conditions were used for the treatment, one in a saturated NaCl aqueous solution (S sample ) and the other in the absence of NaCl (W sample). Add- on percentages of both samples were almost the same. On the other hand, both shrink- resistant properties and surface characteristics were different for these two samples, showing that the reaction medium strongly affected the reaction mode of GPE. The degree of shrink-resistance of the W sample did not improve, while that of the S sample was much improved and almost equal to Cl/Hercostt (commercially) treated wool fibers. FTIR analyses showed that the surface concentration of GPE in the S sample was lower than that in the W sample, reflecting that the hydrophobic nature of the scale surface was maintained for the S sample and not the W sample. SEM observation results revealed prominent scale edges for the W sample but not for the S sample. These results explain the differences in shrink-resistant properties for the two samples.
Mechanics of Woven Fabrics
Authors: Seyam A. , El-Shiekh Aly
Published: March 2007

Extensive coverage of previous work in the area of developing a dimensionless number or index to express a woven fabric's degree of tightness or firmness is critically reviewed. The review also includes applications of fabric tightness to designs of similar cloth, to weaving resistance, and to their relationships with fabric properties. A new tightness factor, based on a combination of Ashenhurst's ends-plus-intersections theory and Love's racetrack geometry, is suggested. The advantages and limitation of the new tightness are discussed.
A Particle-Based Model for Simulating the Draping Behavior of Woven Cloth
Authors: Breen David E. , House Donald H. , Wozny Michael J.
Published: March 2007

We demonstrate a physically based technique for producing draping simulations of a variety of woven fabrics. Our approach employs an interacting-particle model based on the microstructure of woven cloth, rather than using a continuum approx imation. Empirical data from a fabric testing device are used to tune energy functions within the model. We describe the model, how we convert the fabric test data to energy functions, and two experiments we conducted to evaluate the approach. The first experiment produces nonlinear mechanical data from the model. The second exper iment compares photographs of three different kinds of draping cloth with visualizations of simulation results. The experiments show that we are able to reliably recover quan titative mechanical information from the model and to reproduce the unique large- scale draping characteristics of a range of fabrics.
Modeling the Dependence of Fabric Reflectance on Denier per Filament
Authors: Rubin B. , Kobsa H. , Shearer S.M.
Published: March 2007

A ray trace model for predicting fiber optical properties has been previously described. This model, which treats each filament in a yarn bundle independently, has been extended to include multifilament scattering. The new model is used to predict the reflectance properties of a series of simulated yarn bundles with different numbers of filaments, providing further insight into the interaction of light with a fabric. Two effects of reducing denier per filament are predicted: decreased dye yield and increased back-scattering. The dye yield data are in agreement with the empirical relationship that the amount of dye required to achieve a given depth of shade varies as the inverse square root of the denier per filament.
Predicting End Breakage Rates in Worsted Spinning
Authors: Huang X.C. , Oxenham W. , Grosberg P.
Published: March 2007

Existing models for predicting end breakage rates in spinning give unrealistic values when considering the effects of changes in count or speed on the worsted ring frame. A new approach to predicting end breaks gives results that are closer to experience values. The most important factor in determining end breaks is yarn strength variation, followed by mean yarn strength and spinning tension.
Preparation and Testing of a Local Polymer Composite Based on Urea-Formaldehyde as a Binder
Authors: Ghanem N.A. , Mohsen R.
Published: March 2007

The goal of this work was to prepare a polymer composite from totally local materials that had good abrasive properties, reasonable compressive strength, and one that could be easily applied.

A number of local composites based on urea-formaldehyde and using ammonium chloride as a hardener have been prepared.

It was concluded that the % hardener depends on the temperature of application, while the cure time depends on the composite formulations. Suggested applications for these composites are flooring material for railways and building bricks.
Using Microprocessor-Based Technology to Enhance the Measurement and Documentation of TDI/MDI Exposures
Authors: McMahon R.
Published: March 2007

The use of microprocessor-based technology significantly improves the sen sitivity and response speed of existing TDI/MDI detection systems while simultaneously providing the industrial hygienist, occupational health profes sional, or process engineer with greater flexibility in documenting exposure data.

The Chemcassette photo-colorimetric detection system, long an industry stan dard for TDI/MDI monitoring, becomes even faster and more sensitive when coupled with a microprocessor-controlled sampling and data acquisition system. As a result, it can detect isocyanate concentrations well below both existing and proposed regulations while simultaneously documenting all pertinent exposure information.
Studies on the Application of Liquid Aromatic Secondary Amines as Chain Extenders and Reactive Carriers for Other Amine or Hydroxyl-Containing Polyurethane Curatives
Authors: Baumann W.M. , Scott R.V. , Klempner D. , Frisch K.C. , Xiao H.X. , House D.W.
Published: March 2007

Aromatic amines generally react rapidly with aromatic isocyanates. This reaction can be slowed to a controllable rate through the use of secondary amines. This paper demonstrates the versatility of secondary diamines as curatives for toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and diphenyl methane diisocyanate (MDI) based prepolymers. Types of polyols included in the study are polyesters such as polyethylene adipate (PEA) and polycaprolactone (PCP) and polyethers such as poly(oxytetramethylene) glycol (PTMG) and poly(oxypropylene) glycol (PPG).
Aromatic Diols as Chain Extender in PU Reaction Molding
Authors: Tong S.N. , Tsai S.R. , Lii J.S. , Wu P.T.K.
Published: March 2007

Polyurethane (PU) has outstanding properties, and has been applied in many fields. In general, it is prepared by the reaction of diisocyanate, polyol, chain extender, surfactant, catalyst, filler, reinforcement and blowing agent, etc. Most studies are based on the use of aliphatic chain extender such as 1,4- butanediol. The disadvantage is their low sag temperature.
Polygamy Reconsidered: Causes and Consequences of Declining Sex Ratio in African-American Society
Authors: Semaj Leahcim Tufani
Published: March 2007

The Black family is under assault from within and with out. Among the factors contributing to this situation is the declining sex ratio. It has become necessary to evalu ate various family lifestyles since it is impossible for every Black woman to enter into a "monogamous" re lationship (with a Black man). This situation worsens as her educational and income level increases. To assess the relative evaluation of some options, the Male-Fe male Relationship Survey was administered to 90 Black women and men whose mean age and level of education was 25.3 years and 15.0 years, respectively. Men and women ranked monogamy the most desirable option, but overt sharing was second. Both sexes ranked as least desirable women being lesbians, giving up, or finding a White mate. Other significant findings were due to age, marital status, and education. These findings suggest that overt sharing relationships may be a viable option augmenting monogamy among Black families.
Language styles of 10 nursery school children
Authors: Michell Lynn
Published: March 2007

Recent studies of the language of children in nursery schools paint a bleak picture of infrequent and unimaginative interactions between adults and children and limited conversations about the here-and-now of the nursery (Thomas 1973, Tizard 1976, Wood 1980, Silva 1980). But these global portraits may mask important differences in the discourse of individual children whose language styles may be varied and distinct. Most of the studies concentrate on adult-child interactions and do not describe the conversations which take place when children play on their own. This study describes the language styles of 10 children in the same open plan nursery school by analysing discourse in terms ofAmount, Moves and Meanings. Although the broad findings are in agreement with previous descriptions of the language of children and adults in nursery schools, the results conceal some important differences in the language of individual children, of boys and girls, of children from different home backgrounds, and of conversations between children compared to adult-child interactions. Language profiles for the 10 children are quite distinct and show that there is considerable variation in who the children choose to talk to, what they talk about and how they talk. Consequently the knowledge they gain from their nursery experiences (whether about things, ideas or people) is also very different.
Old and new forms, old and new meanings: the form-function hypotheses revisited
Authors: Kuczaj Stan A.
Published: March 2007

The spontaneous speech of fifteen children was examined in order to test two hypotheses: (1) newly acquired forms are first used to express previously acquired meanings; (2) newly acquired meanings are first expressed by pre viously acquired forms. The data provide support for these hypotheses, but also demonstrate other relations between the acquisition of linguistic forms and meanings. The implications of the findings for theories of language development are briefly considered.
Young children's overextensions of object words in comprehension and/or production: support for a prototype theory of early object word meaning
Authors: Kuczaj Stan A.
Published: March 2007

That young children overextend the meaning of at least some object words (words used to refer to objects) is well recognized. However, recent research suggests that overextensions in production may not be reflected in comprehension. In order to better determine the relation between overextension in production and overextension in com prehension, six children ranging in age from 1;9 to 2;4 were given a production task and a comprehension task. The data demonstrate that when children are given a number of choices on a comprehension task for a particular word, their initial choice is invariably an appropriate exemplar of the target word. However, the children's successive choices for each target term are likely to involve overextended objects. It is argued that this pattern supports a prototype account of early object word meaning acquisition.
Precocious reading acquisition: psycholinguistic development, IQ, and home background
Authors: Patel P.G. , Patterson P.
Published: March 2007

One child in one hundred learns to read at home around the age of four. These children are an interesting population, particularly in relation to the different components of their psycholinguistic development and home background.

Twenty such children from Ottawa, Canada were administered Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests, CIRCUS (a general language develop ment test), tests related to metalinguistic processing and WISC. Some relevant home background data were also collected.

Results show that precocious reading acquisition in these preschoolers cannot be attributed to either intelligence or general language develop ment. Interestingly, these children who read fluently like older children performed badly on metalinguistic processing tasks. The total pattern of the findings on these children suggest that the poor scores on these tests could not be dismissed in terms of task difficulty.

An attempt is made to relate the above results to the current scientific scholarship on the possible psycholinguistic deficits associated with failure in reading acquisition, especially involving metalinguistic abilities.
Referential and expressive language: a study of two mother-child dyads
Authors: Goldfield Beverley A.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between object and social attention, maternal language, and referential and expressive speech was examined for two children who represent lexical extremes in a study of early word learning. Children were videotaped at play in the home at 12, 15, and 18 months; mothers kept a record of the first 50 words. The child who acquired a highly referential lexicon was more sociable and engaged in less toy play and exploration than the child with a highly social- expressive lexicon. However, the child with more object labels more often initiated episodes of joint attention by showing and giving toys, and heard more maternal talk which labelled and described toys. More personal-social speech in the second child was associated with more nontoy-mediated social attention, and more socially expressive maternal language.
Evidence for the morphemic spelling of novel derivatives by 12-year-old children
Authors: Sterling Chris , Rusby Susan
Published: March 2007

This experiment is concerned with 12-year-old children's ability (a) to spell a novel derivative when given its pronunciation, the (novel) root from which it originates and an appropriate context and (b) to generate the derivative when given the root and context on some distant occasion (productivity). A child's ability to produce the correct spelling and the significant contingency of spelling performance on productivity performance are taken as evidence for morphemic spel ling, the basis of which is knowledge of the generalized orthographic relationship between root and derivative.
The child's knowledge of English kin terms
Authors: Benson Nancy J. , Anglin Jeremy M.
Published: March 2007

Five groups of subjects (three-, four-, five-, and six-year-olds as well as adults) with four males and four females per group were interviewed and questioned with respect to their knowledge of twelve English kin terms: mother, father, sister, brother, daughter, son, wife, husband, aunt, uncle, grandmother, and grandfather. A questionnaire, which in the case of the children was filled out by their parents, helped deter mine rank orderings for the twelve terms with respect to the estimated relative frequency subjects had: (1) spent with each of the relations; (2) heard the words spoken; and (3) spoken the words. Analyses of the data revealed that: (1) younger children tended to discuss the words in terms of particular people and with reference to personal experience, whereas older children and adults talked in a more general way; (2) the tendency to produce relational definitions of the kin terms was neg ligible in the preschool years and became increasingly more frequent thereafter; (3) although with age definitions of the kin terms became more accurate, even the definitions of adults were not typically stated in terms of reciprocity; (4) experience as assessed by each of the three sets of parental rankings was successful in predicting both the quality of definitions provided by the children and the order of acquisition of the kin terms, whereas measures of semantic complexity were less successful in doing so.
Medium effects on children's story rewriting and story retelling
Authors: Cameron Catherine Ann , Hunt Anne K. , Linton Murray J.
Published: March 2007

As part of a longitudinal study of the development of literacy skills, seven-year-old children wrote and told stories previously read to them. This partial replication of Geva & Olson (1983) examined the charac teristics of story rewriting by hand and by computer, as well as oral story retelling, and their relationships with reading comprehension. The productions of these second graders were comparable to Geva & Olson's six-year-olds' story retelling in use of language forms, reflect ing knowledge of story schemata, and an awareness of the formal characteristics of narrative conventions. The children in this within- subjects design demonstrated few significant psycholinguistic differ ences between production media, in spite of their voiced preference for word-processing activities. Relationships were revealed between reading comprehension and story rewriting and retelling.
Communication patterns between mothers and mentally retarded infants
Authors: Mahoney Gerald
Published: March 2007

This investigation was conducted to identify patterns of maternal communication with young mentally retarded children and to deter mine how these patterns relate to children's level of communicative competence. Samples of communication between 60 mother-child dyads were collected. All children were mentally handicapped and were either one, two, or three years of age. Maternal and child vocal and communicative behaviours were analysed for the entire sample according to their communicative function, MLU, grammatical com pleteness, mood, and relationship to the topic of conversation. The results indicated that distinct patterns of mother-child communication could be differentiated on the basis of how children responded to their mothers' communication. These patterns were related to differences in linguistic and discourse features in mothers' communication and to children's level of communicative functioning, but were generally unrelated to other factors that might influence children's rate of language development.