bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review of Welding Residual Stress Stiffening Effect on Vibrational Characteristics of Structures Using Damage Approach and Vibratory Stress Relief Implementation
Authors: MajidiRad AmirHossein , Yihun Yimesker
Published: November 2017

There is a huge amount of research and study on the quality, parameter manipulation, material selection etc. of welding to develop optimized results for specific applications. To have a profound understanding of the process, and to investigate and verify various parameters which affect the quality of the welding process, experts use analytical, numerical and experimental methods. The major concern regarding the welding procedure is welding defect, which can affect the integrity of the welded structure. Various nondestructive structural health monitoring methods and modal analysis techniques have been employed to study and improve the strength and quality of the welded structure. Modal analysis is one of the most accurate and commercial techniques to track down the damage within the structures. It uses natural frequency, damping factors and modal shapes to observe the structural and material defects in details. There have been noticeable developments in this area and lots of studies have been conducted applying this technique to put welding procedure under rigorous scrutiny to improve its efficiency. While modal analysis is a tool to identify structural integrity of the components, vibration can affect the nature of the metal and change the mechanical properties in some cases. Mechanical vibration and Ultrasonic as low and high frequency oscillations respectively, are able to change the microstructure of the structures so that dislocations move, hence the stress trapped within will redistribute. This redistribution can lead to residual stress reduction up to a level. In this review paper, all remarks above are considered, defined and accurately studied through various cases in order to address different application of vibratory stress relief and recent achievement in this field.
Vehicle Tracking and Classification From Videos Under Illumination Changes and Occlusions
Authors: Sturari Mirco , Esposto Luca , Spurio Christian , Tigano Domenico , Mancini Adriano , Zingaretti Primo
Published: November 2017

Vehicle tracking and classification algorithms that remain robust under illuminations changes and occlusions remain a challenging task for vehicle recognition systems. A vehicle which reappears in the scene after disappearing behind an obstacle or a bigger vehicle has to re-obtain the previous identification number assigned by the system. In other circumstances, two or more vehicles overlapping each other are recognized by the system as a single entity: for this reason, after splitting, the system has to reassign pending identification numbers to the respective vehicles. In this paper we propose a three steps (vehicle identification with removal of headlight reflections, tracking with occlusion management and classification with size and speed estimation) algorithm operating in presence of illumination changes, reflections and occlusions. The experimental results obtained by processing a video recorded from a static camera show that the approach is able to successfully manage occlusions in over 90% of cases and to satisfactory classify vehicles into four classes, depending on their length/dimension.
Friction Torque Modelling and Efficiency Analysis of the Preloaded Inverted Planetary Roller Screw Mechanism
Authors: Qiao Guan , Liu Geng , Ma Shangjun , Shi Zhenghong , Lim Teik C.
Published: November 2017

The efficiency analytical model of the inverted planetary roller screw mechanism is formulated based on the friction torque calculation. Firstly, the friction torque model considering the load distribution of thread teeth is established including the components such as curvature friction torque, friction torque due to spinning sliding, pure sliding friction torque between rollers and carriers, friction torque generated by the viscosity of lubricant, and preload torque. Secondly, the contribution of the friction torque components and torque distribution on the roller thread teeth are investigated. Finally, efficiency analysis is conducted by discussing the influences of structure parameters of the inverted planetary roller screw mechanism and operating conditions. Computational results reveal that the total friction torque and efficiency are influenced by axial load, number of roller thread teeth, nut speed, contact angle, and helix angle of nut with different extents. This study provides an understanding of the relationship between friction torque, transmission efficiency, and system design parameters, which can be employed to enhance the inverted planetary roller screw mechanism optimization design.
Developing an Activity Model for Selecting Dimensional-Metrology Systems in Inspection Planning
Authors: Feng Shaw C. , Kramer Thomas R. , Horst John A. , Hedberg Thomas D. , Barnard Feeney Allison
Published: November 2017

This paper describes an activity model that represents activities and information flow in dimensional metrology systems based on design information and measurement requirements from manufacturers. The purpose of developing the activity model is to facilitate measurement equipment selection rules and conformity decision rules development. The rules can be for users to plan a measurement process using functionally complex and highly capable dimensional measurement equipment and measurement software systems. This activity model provides a basis for developing a rule model as a part of the Quality Information Framework (QIF) standard.
A Clinical Decision Support System for Chronic Venous Insufficiency
Authors: Calamanti Chiara , Cenci Annalisa , Bernardini Michele , Frontoni Emanuele , Zingaretti Primo
Published: November 2017

Earlier diagnosis plays a pivotal role in clinical applications, since it can strongly reduce the incidence and impact of many diseases and, consequently, the reduction of health care costs. This last aspect depends strongly from right therapy prescriptions, especially when there are various opportunities. Within this context, Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) could bring several benefits. In this paper, we propose a CDSS with the aim of improving the clinician practice based on recommendations, assessment of the patient and screening of patients with risk factors to prevent chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) complications. The proposed CDSS is implemented in the Nu.Sa. cloud system, which involves thousands of italian General Practitioners (GPs) collecting data (EHR data, personal data, patient’s medical history) from millions of patients. The proposed architecture is designed to collect data from a distributed scenario where GPs are collecting clinical history and pharmacy or second level hospitals gather data from medical devices connected to the cloud over a standard data architecture. We show that exploiting the integration of the medical device VenoScreen Plus with the patient EHR, this CDSS is capable to improve preventive care, to enhance clinical performance, to influence clinical decision making and to significantly improve the decision quality levering on data driven approach.
Structuring Information of Modular Product Platforms
Authors: Schuh Günther , Riesener Michael , Schrey Elisabeth , Jank Merle-Hendrikje
Published: November 2017

A common way to react to mass customization and cost pressure is the introduction of modular product platforms in manufacturing companies. By the help of a modular product platform (MPP), which is composed of standardized and customizable product elements, it is possible to offer economically feasible prices for customized products. Although MPPs are commonly used across different industries, their advantages are not completely exploited. This is especially true when the reuse efficiency of standard elements and knowledge about its structures and elements are rather low. An explanation for the latter can be found looking at how product information is usually managed today. Product information is usually managed in a Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) system. However, current information technology (IT) solutions for PLM are not designed to systematically deliver platform information and support the lifecycle management of MPPs. Oftentimes, PLM solutions support product information for research and development. Thus, dealing with MPP’s lifecycle, which includes all relevant roles and adjusted permissions across the lifecycle, is often beyond the scope of PLM systems. Despite the severe industry need for improved information quality and availability on the entire MPP’s lifecycle, current research in this field lacks a systematic approach to tackle this problem. Theoretical foundations of an information structure for MPPs should be developed and platform specific requirements for PLM solutions need to be identified. It is shown how current PLM solutions can be adjusted, to support companies regarding MPP’s lifecycle management. Moreover, a detailed procedure to structure the information of MPPs is explained.

Therefore, this paper suggests a methodology to structure information of MPPs. While previous research papers contained an outline of the methodology to structure MPP’s information, this paper presents the detailed procedure. The methodology is based on the platform information flow, that is derived from a platform process model for the MPP’s lifecycle. Different perspectives and roles are considered to identify role specific information profiles and their access to information. Comparing different information profiles, information is characterized based on parameters to build the foundation of a common structure for a semantic information model. In this regard, the aim of this research is to increase efficiency for the business processes using a MPP, by means of a coherent structure for MPP’s information. That way, information can be stored and used by different roles along the platform’s business processes without creating redundancies or inconsistencies.
An Empirical Design Tool for Estimating In-Plane Diametric Shrinkage and Bulging of Circular Cylinders Made With Fused-Deposition Modeling
Authors: Martusevich Kirill , Sen Chiradeep
Published: November 2017

This paper presents two design for additive manufacturing (DfAM) tools for estimating diametric in-plane shrinkage and the longitudinal variation of diameter in circular cylinders produced by the Fused-Deposition Modeling (FDM) method. First, an experiment is conducted by printing thirty cylinders and taking 980 measurements to study the variation of diametric shrinkage along the cylinder axis and with the variation of the top and bottom thicknesses and diameter of the cylinder. The variation of in-plane shrinkage along the axis produced an interesting bulging effect, which is also studied. The studies are conducted using a custom-made, dual-extrusion 3d-printer and a poly-lactic acid plastic. Second, the statistically significant trends from the experiment are compiled into two DfAM tools, presented as charts, which could be used to estimate and compensate for shrinkage and bulging resulting in FDM-printed circular cylinders of comparable sizes used in the study.
Conceptual and Functional Design of a Robotics Chamfering Tool for Wooden Beams
Authors: Muscolo Giovanni Gerardo , Caldwell Darwin , Cannella Ferdinando
Published: November 2017

The paper presents the conceptual and functional design of a novel machine used to create chamfers on wooden beams and called RCT. The authors show, in this paper, the technical problem and the technical specifications used to design a machine to solve the problem. The novelty of the patented invention is based on its originality and usefulness. All claims of the invention are underlined by the novelty and innovation. In this paper, the steps performed to design the proposed machine are discussed in details. The chamfering process is performed using disc saws and the machine is moved on the wooden beam using rubber wheels. This machine uses four disk saws to create chamfers on wooden beams. The particularity of this machine is the possibility to use two or four disk saws for chamfering two or four edges. The market’s needs allow us to design a novel machine with original motion and manufacturing process giving a big impact to creativity and innovation in design for manufacturing.
Topology Optimization of Components With Embedded Objects Using Discrete Object Projection
Authors: Koh Saranthip , Guest James K.
Published: November 2017

Although traditional free-form topology optimization typically addresses monolithic structures, a recently developed method termed Discrete Object Projection extended topology optimization to design problem of optimizing the layout (and shape) of discrete, non-overlapping objects within a predefined domain. This domain may be the unit cell of a composite, where (for example) stiff inclusions are embedded in a compliant matrix material, or component of pre-defined geometry. The current work extends this recently developed methodology to three-phase design problems consisting of void phase and two material phases, one of which is a discrete object, essentially enabling the simultaneous optimization of component topology and object layout within that topology. This is achieved by combining the Heaviside Projection Method (HPM) with multi-phase Rational Approximation of Material Properties (RAMP) method. The proposed algorithm is demonstrated on benchmark problems in structural design where the elastic stiffness of structures is to be enhanced by optimizing the layout of embedded reinforcement.
Proposal of Delta Design Map Based on Function, Behavior, Structure and User Experience for Design Ideation Support
Authors: Murakami Tamotsu , Koyanagi Tomoyuki
Published: November 2017

In the present competitive business environment, designers and engineers need to come up with creative, innovative and valuable design ideas. In engineering design, the function (F), behavior (B) and structure (S) of a product are discussed using design theory and methodology. On the other hand, the concept of user experience (UX) is becoming important in product design. In this paper, we first discuss the relationship among F, B, S, UX and the value of a product. Then we propose a delta design map as a framework for a systematic method and computational tool for design ideation support. A delta design map does not describe F, B, S and UX for design examples but describes their differences (delta) between design examples. This approach makes the descriptions efficient and gives clear criteria on what needs to be described and what need not be described. By preparing a delta design map, we can systematically and exhaustively analyze the potential similarity among all design examples from the viewpoint of F, B, S and UX and obtain triggers for ideation. The results of a simple trial of the proposed method are presented and discussed in this paper.
Education Readiness Levels (ERLs): A Scale for Assessing Educational Coursework and Training Modules
Authors: Dinda Shantanab , Simpson Timothy W. , Gluck Leanne
Published: November 2017

There is renewed interest in workforce development and manufacturing education/training thanks to the establishment of the Manufacturing USA Institutes, originally called the National Network for Manufacturing Innovation (NNMIs). As part of their efforts to bridge the gap between basic research and technology commercialization, these institutes are nurturing curriculum development and outreach activities related to their technological foci. As community colleges and universities scramble to respond to the increased demand for a highly-educated workforce with specific advanced manufacturing skills, the institutes are struggling to assess the educational artefacts that are being developed as part of their research funding to educate and (re)train the workforce. In this paper, we introduce Education Readiness Levels (ERLs) to evaluate the “readiness” of educational artefacts — courses, programs, modules, lesson plans, and hands-on activities — based on seven critical elements: class size, cost, instructors, depth of content, facilities, target audience and course material. We define 10 readiness levels for each element (0–9), and codify each level by extending the corresponding scale on the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) or Manufacturing Readiness Level (MRL). Using our ERLs, courses can be evaluated based on the scores for each element, identifying areas performing well and those that need improvement. The ERLs are represented graphically, allowing for easy comparison between courses and established targets. One can also measure progress using the ERLs, especially for courses and training modules of upcoming areas of manufacturing. To demonstrate the scale, we apply the ERLs to several funded projects from America Makes, the first Manufacturing USA Institute, whose focus is on 3D printing and additive manufacturing.
FLEGX: A Jumping Flexible Robotic Leg
Authors: Ludovico Daniele , D’Imperio Mariapaola , Cannella Ferdinando
Published: November 2017

Nowadays the robotic challenges are various and many of these are oriented towards bioinspired, safe and energy efficient solutions. Considering these needs, the authors propose the development of a flexible robotic leg as a first step in the design of a jumping humanoid robot. The virtual prototyping techniques played a key role in the identification of the optimal geometric and dynamic features of the leg, such as the length and thickness of the flexible link or the inertial properties of the whole system, and in the choice of the most suitable mechanical and electromechanical components. Several simulations were performed using the software MSC.Nastran® and MSC.Adams® - Matlab/Simulink® integrated environment and their results will be presented. Future works concern the assembly of a physical prototype and an extended campaign of experimental tests to collect data useful for validate the numerical models.
Towards Multi-Body Analyses for Advanced Flexible Robotic Systems
Authors: D’Imperio Mariapaola , Canali Carlo , Caldwell Darwin , Cannella Ferdinando , Pizzamiglio Cristiano , Ludovico Daniele , Mentrasti Lando
Published: November 2017

Manufacturers answered to the global competition rise by increasing the efficiency of their development process by substituing the hardware tests with their virtual counterpart. Following the same idea, in this paper, the introduction of the virtual prototyping technique in the design of a complex robotic leg is proposed. The novelty of this work is double: the first motivation lies on the characteristic of the mechanism, since it is a FLEXible jumping LEG; the second one, instead, regards to the introduction of methods well known in other research field but rarely used in robotics. This paper describes the whole design process, while the assembly of the physical prototype, the control development and the experimental tests will be matters of future works.
Pedal Actuator of Driver Robot Based on Flexible Manipulator
Authors: Yu Liangyao , Zheng Sheng , Chang Jinghu , Liu Xiaoxue
Published: November 2017

In most testing scenarios, driver robot can improve the testing accuracy and reduce the testing time when it replaces human driver. In this paper, an innovative pedal actuator of driver robot based on flexible manipulator is designed. This pedal actuator of driver robot can save the driver cabin space by changing the shape of manipulator according to different vehicle models, so that the human driver can sit in the cabin, together with the driver robot, monitor the testing process and take over the driver robot when necessary.

The proposed pedal actuator of driver robot is composed of a flexible manipulator and end effector. The end effector which is respected to generate 500N pressure in maximum is based on ball screw pairs actuated by DC motor. The flexible manipulator is designed referring to 2-DOF universal joints. The designed prism shells around joint can improve rigidity of flexible manipulator under the condition of small size. Modular link design is used and every module has 2 degrees of freedoms. Its reaching range can be adjusted by increasing or decreasing the amount of modules. A three dimensional model has been constructed and the working principle of flexible manipulator is demonstrated in this paper. Simplified kinematics model of flexible manipulator is established, and the homogeneous coordinate transformation matrix and Denavit-Hartenberg convention are used to derive the kinematics equations. And the rotation angle of prism shell which is directly related to the servo motor angle is used to express the bending angle of the universal joint in the kinematics equations, so that it becomes straightforward and simple to solve the forward kinematics problem and control the manipulator.
A Normalized Circle Intersection Method for Bi-Objective Optimization Programming
Authors: Zhou Jianhua , Xia Tingting , Li Mian , Xu Min
Published: November 2017

Multi-objective optimization (MOO) problems are encountered in many applications and a number of approaches have been proposed to deal with this kind of problems. Despite the computational efforts, the quality of the Pareto front is also a considerable issue. An evenly distributed Pareto front is desirable for developing analytical expressions. In this paper, a brand new approach called Normalized Circle Intersection (NCI) is proposed, which is able to efficiently generate a Pareto front with evenly-distributed Pareto points for bi-objective problems, no matter the feasible boundary is convex or not. Firstly, the anchor points are computed using an existing sequential MOO (SMOO) approach. Then in the normalized objective space, a circle with a radius of r centering at one of the anchor points or the latest obtained Pareto point is drawn. The intersection of the circle and the feasible boundary, which exists for sure, can be determined whether it is a Pareto point or not. For a convex or concave feasible boundary, the intersection is exactly the Pareto point to be found, while for a non-convex boundary the intersection can provide useful information for searching the true Pareto point even if it self is not a Pareto point. A novel MOO formulation is proposed for NCI correspondingly. Four examples, including two numerical and two engineering examples, are provided to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method. Comparison of the computational results with WS, NNC and SMOO shows the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Generalized Unified Closed Form Inverse Kinematics for Mobile Manipulators With Reusable Redundancy Parameters
Authors: Sharma Shashank , Scheurer Christian
Published: November 2017

Mobile manipulation is a hot topic of research due to the increased flexibility in tasks they offer. However, ‘true’ mobile manipulation, that is seamless integration and synchronization of mobility and manipulation is rarely performed in a standard industrial or service robotics scenario. Even though, there is huge demand for such applications for example, a mobile robot applying sealant on a large aircraft wing, off the shelf solutions are missing. The reason being, basic challenges like positioning of mobile platform for a task, dealing with redundancies from a planning and control point of view, a repeatable fast inverse kinematics and dealing with high dimensional Configuration space of the highly redundant mobile robot are still not solved. In this paper we present a novel and generalized algorithm to solve inverse kinematics for mobile manipulators in closed form. We also define reusable, generalized redundancy parameters which have meaning in the task space. The algorithm is implemented on the real-time KUKA Sunrise robot controller and Nullspace motions have been performed on our 12 DOF Valeri robot.
Long-Term Performance Estimation of Aquaculture Solar Aeration System for Developing World
Authors: Yamani Douzi Sorkhabi Sami , Mahmoud Ahmed , Sur Shakya , Pavlov Elan , Bilton Amy
Published: November 2017

Over the past several decades, the wild capture fisheries have become unsustainable and the practice of small-scale aquaculture has increased in the rural areas of developing countries. In aquaculture ponds, it is critical to maintain adequate levels of dissolved oxygen to ensure productivity and fish health. To provide adequate dissolved oxygen, aeration systems can be employed. However, the current aeration systems are expensive and require secure access to electricity, putting them out of reach for developing world applications. To address this need, a simple aeration system powered by solar energy, called a Solar Updraft Aerator (SUpA) is proposed. SUpA induces convection in the pond by directing absorbed solar energy to deeper pond layers, increasing the dissolved oxygen level. To be effective, SUpA needs to provide adequate dissolved oxygen even when there are multiple days of low sunlight. This research estimates the long-term performance of SUpA under different weather conditions and for a period of 15 to 18 years. Through this process, the dissolved oxygen level of the aquaculture pond is simulated with and without SUpA system to evaluate the magnitude of the influence. The results indicate that SUpA can significantly reduce the number of hours that the dissolved oxygen level is below the needed threshold.
Automated Assembly Stability Evaluation by Theoretical and Physics Simulation Methods
Authors: Huang Weifeng , Rafibakhsh Nima , Hoyle Christopher , Campbell Matthew I.
Published: November 2017

One of the challenges in achieving an optimal assembly process plan via computational methods is the need to automatically estimate the stability of every subassembly in the process. A highly stable assembly plan can reduce the assembly time and the usage of fixtures. In this paper, to automatically estimate the assembly stability with high accuracy, we propose a novel approach, which divides the evaluation of assembly stability into two sections: theory-based evaluation and simulation-based evaluation. Theory-based stability is evaluated using degrees of freedom and tip-slide difficulty for each part in the assembly. For simulation-based stability evaluation, a physics engine is used to simulate the spatial kinematic behavior. Both approaches function with any given tessellated CAD model and can thus be used to optimize the stability factor of automatically created assembly plans. In this paper, the two methods are described along with a comparison on relatively realistic mechanical part shapes.
Design of a 3D Printable Mechanical Time Simulating Solar System for Use in STEM Education
Authors: Moffett Mark B. , Larochelle Pierre
Published: November 2017

The use of designed tools to assist with relating abstract ideas to reality is now a possibility with the use of the modern manufacturing method of 3D printing. The inner four planets’ natural orbital periods with respect to Earth were modeled in SolidWorks and then fabricated using 3D printing. A 3D printable mechanical time simulating solar system model used in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) could assist with the user’s understanding of the history of science, planetary orbital mechanics, gearing ratios, 3D printing, and systematically constructing a project using instructions. This paper describes the design of a 3D printable time simulating solar system model and how its construction could be used to teach the history of mechanical engineering and the abstract idea of the solar system. The combination of these two ideas could inspire users to learn, pursue coursework and, eventually, a career in a STEM field.
Automated Design of Closed-Die Forgings
Authors: Massoni Brandon R. , Campbell Matthew I.
Published: November 2017

Design of closed-die forgings is often too difficult and time consuming to be done early in the design process, but the manufacturing cost is heavily influenced by early design decisions. This paper describes a method for quickly predicting closed-die forging designs from tessellated shape files. This is performed by computationally slicing the 3D solid into 2D cross-sections and applying forging design rules to these cross-sections. This method can be used to identify the best parting line and stroke direction as well as estimate both the forging weight and shape in seconds. This information can be used early in the design process to quickly help engineers make informed decisions and comparisons even before a part design is finalized. Initial results show that this method can be applied quickly and accurately to a wide array of realistic mechanical parts.
Effect of Angular Momentum in ZMP on Human Motion Planning
Authors: Chung Hyun-Joon , Chung Goobong , Xiang Yujiang
Published: November 2017

Zero moment point (ZMP) is an important balance criterion for human motion planning. An important term in the ZMP formula is the rate of angular momentum (RAM) of each link. It is not trivial to compute this term compared to other terms in ZMP formula. In this paper, we first propose an efficient recursive Lagrangian method for calculating the rate of angular momentum in ZMP. This new approach gives a direct way to calculate the rate of angular momentum for each link. Secondly, we evaluate the effects of RAM in ZMP on human motion predictions for walking and running. These two motions are characterized as low speed and high speed motions respectively. We conclude that it is critical to include RAM in ZMP to predict accurate high speed motion. It has relatively less effect on low speed motion.
A Miniature, 3D-Printed, Walking Robot With Soft Joints
Authors: DeMario Anthony , Zhao Jianguo
Published: November 2017

Miniature robots have many applications ranging from military surveillance to search and rescue in disaster areas. Nevertheless, the fabrication of such robots has traditionally been labor-intensive and time-consuming. This paper proposes to directly leverage multi-material 3D printing (MM3P) to fabricate centimeter-scale robots by utilizing soft materials to create soft joints in replacement of revolute joints. We demonstrate the capability of MM3P by creating a miniature, four-legged walking robot. Moreover, we establish a numerical method based on the Psuedorigid-Body (PRB) 1R model to predict the motion of the leg mechanism with multiple soft joints. Experimental results verify the proposed numerical method. Meanwhile, a functional walking robot actuated by a single DC motor is demonstrated with a locomotion speed of one body length/sec. The proposed design, fabrication, and analysis for the walking robot can be readily applied to other robots that have mechanisms with soft joints.
An Attention-Based Framework for Context Identification in Autonomous Robots
Authors: Montironi Maria Alessandra , Cheng Harry H.
Published: November 2017

Being able to correctly assess the context it is currently acting in is a very important ability for every autonomous robot performing a task in a real world scenario such as navigating, manipulating an object or interacting with a user. Sensors are the primary interface with the external world and the means through which contextual knowledge is generated. Humans and animals use cognitive processes such as attention to selectively process perceived task-relevant information and to recognize the context they are currently acting in. Biologically inspired computational models of attention have been developed in recent years to be used as interpretation keys of mainly visual sensor data. This paper presents a new framework for situation assessment that expands existing computational models of attention by providing a unified methodology to interpret and combine data from different sources. The method utilizes probabilistic state estimation techniques such as Bayesian recursive estimation, Kalman filter, and hidden Markov models to interpret features extracted from sensor data and formulate hypotheses about different aspects of the task the robot is performing or of the environment it is currently acting in. The concept of Bayesian surprise is also used to mark the information content of each new hypothesis. A weight that takes into account the confidence in the estimate that generated the hypothesis, its information content, and the quality of the data is then calculated. The methodology presented in this paper is general and allows to consistently apply the framework to data from different types of sensors and to then combine their hypotheses. Once formulated, hypotheses can then be used for context-based reasoning and plan adaptation. The framework was implemented on a small two-wheel differential drive robot equipped with a camera, an ultrasonic and two infrared range sensors. Three different sets of results that evaluate the performance of different features of the framework are presented. First, the method has been applied to detect a target object and to distinguish it from similar objects. Second, the hypotheses strength calculation method has been characterized by isolating the effect of belief, surprise, and of the quality of the data. Third, the combination of hypotheses from different modules has been evaluated in the context of environment classification.
Optimization of Novel Corner Module for Urban Electric Vehicle
Authors: Waters Allison J. , Khajepour Amir
Published: November 2017

With urban populations on the rise, sustainable design of cities will be necessary to maintain reasonable quality of life for its inhabitants. Space to accommodate citizens in these densely populated cities will be in short supply and high demand. Strategic shifts in the transportation industry can alleviate the lack of space for residential and commercial facilities in densely populated areas.

One opportunity to mitigate this growing problem is to reduce the size of personally owned, commuter vehicles. Smaller vehicles will reduce the storage space and increase the density of vehicles on roads. Another solution gaining traction in the automotive industry today are autonomous vehicles. Autonomous technology can allow cars to travels closer to one another without increasing the likelihood of a crash. Lastly, changing the market from personally owned vehicles to fleets owned by the company to be used as public transportation would reduce the traffic density.

These changes to the automotive industry will facilitate a change in the layout and packaging of commercial vehicles to meet new objectives. This paper proposes a novel corner module design that meets the market’s needs for mass production of X-by-wire systems integrated into a compact space while maintaining current levels of vehicle stability, handling and ride comfort. The proposed corner module features an in-wheel motor with electronic steering and braking. To increase the handling of the vehicle, the corner module has active camber control and can be modified for active ride height adjustment. Furthermore, the simplicity and minimal quantity of the components makes the corner module design ready for mass production.

The geometry of the purposed corner module was optimized using a genetic algorithm. The objectives were to target a wheel lateral displacement of 10 cm at the −15° of camber angle and to minimize the longitudinal displacement of the wheel in a steer range of −20° to 20° at 0° of camber angle. The optimization had three types of constraints: packaging space limits, component interference and cylinder size. The optimization successfully found a solution that met both objectives while remaining within the constraints. The workspace of the wheel was limited by the rear cylinder size and the fixed length of the linkage.
A Framework for the Design and Optimization of Self-Folding Structures
Authors: Bowen Landen , Frecker Mary , Simpson Timothy W. , Strzelec Rebecca
Published: November 2017

Due to the multidisciplinary nature and complexity of self folding structures, it can be difficult to know where to start when designing for a new application. Decisions about the active and passive materials to be used and the functionality of the design are very interrelated and can create problems if not considered holistically. There is a need to formalize the steps necessary to move from an origami-inspired shape to a full self-folding concept.

In this paper, an optimization framework is proposed to help designers create self-folding, origami-inspired structures that can accommodate any type of active material. The optimization framework formalizes the design steps needed to move from a target shape/application to a self-folding design. The method is simulation-based, allowing a self-folding design candidate to be identified quickly prior to costly trial-and-error physical prototyping. A general version of the framework is presented that can accommodate a variety of simulation and optimization methods, after which a specific implementation of the framework utilizing a dynamic model and trade space exploration tools is discussed and then used to design a multi-field self-folding carton.

By using the framework, a novel design was identified that both significantly decreased the folding error as well as the amount of active material used when compared to designs that would typically be attempted in a trial-by-error design approach. The demonstrated self-folding design optimization framework has the potential to streamline the design of self-folding structures, resulting in better designs with less time, effort, and cost.
A Partitioned Lagrangian-Lagrangian Approach for Fluid-Solid Interaction Problems
Authors: Rakhsha Milad , Pazouki Arman , Serban Radu , Negrut Dan
Published: November 2017

We present a Lagrangian-Lagrangian method for solving Fluid-Solid Interaction (FSI) problems in which the solid phase is deformable/compliant. The fluid phase is modeled using Smoothed Particles Hydrodynamics (SPH); the deformable bodies are modeled with the Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation (ANCF). Each phase is integrated implicitly in time and the solutions are coupled explicitly by a force-displacement coupling in which the fluid-on-solid effect is modeled via forces applied to the solid phase; and, the solid-on-fluid effect is modeled via fluid boundary conditions. We validate the formulation against two experimental tests: dam brake and elastic gate analysis.
Gradient-Based Multi-Component Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing (MTO-A)
Authors: Zhou Yuqing , Saitou Kazuhiro
Published: November 2017

Topology optimization for additive manufacturing has been limited to the component-level designs with the component size smaller than the printer’s build volume. To enable the design of structures larger than the printer’s build volume, this paper presents a gradient-based multi-component topology optimization framework for structures assembled from components built by additive manufacturing. Constraints on component geometry for additive manufacturing are incorporated in the density-based topology optimization, with additional design variables specifying fractional component membership. For each component, constraints on build size, enclosed voids, overhangs, and the minimum length scale are imposed during the simultaneous optimization of overall base topology and component partitioning. The preliminary result on a minimum compliance structure shows promising advantages over the conventional monolithic topology optimization. Manufacturing constraints previously applied to monolithic topology optimization gain new interpretations when applied to multi-component assemblies, which can unlock richer design space for topology exploration.
Synthesis of 4C and RCCC Linkages to Visit Four Positions Based on Solution Region Methodology
Authors: Han Jianyou , Cao Yang
Published: November 2017

This paper synthesizes 4C and RCCC linkages based on the solution region methodology, that is an extension of the synthesis of spherical 4R linkages. The synthesis of spatial RCCC linkages is significantly more complicated than 4C linkages, because they are composed of an RC and a CC dyads. For the four positions problem, there are infinite solutions of the CC dyad, but there is no solution for the RC dyad theoretically. We first synthesize the spherical 4R linkages by setting up spherical 4R linkage solution region using four orientations of four given positions. So the directions of the kinematic pairs for a 4C linkage can be determined by picking a point on the spherical 4R linkage solution region. Then we use the directions of the 4C linkage and the points of four given positions to determine the spatial solution lines for 4C linkages. Next we establish a 4C linkage solution region using the solution lines. Each point on a 4C linkage solution region corresponds to a 4C linkage that visits the four positions. Different point on a spherical 4R linkage solution region corresponds to a different solution region for 4C linkages. Thus, we find the linkage solution on the solution region, which has no sliding displacement between input and fixed links through the four positions. The solution is an RCCC linkage that visits the four positions. Finally, we find all RCCC linkages on many different 4C linkage solution regions and establish the RCCC linkage solution region.
Extending the Capabilities of Electrified Propulsion Systems
Authors: Raghavan Madhusudan , Atluri V. Prasad
Published: November 2017

We present a study aimed at extending the capabilities of an electrified propulsion system using (a) advanced optimization to refine system parameter values, (b) architectural synthesis/optimization techniques to explore alternative gear, motor, and clutch arrangements with lower losses and (c) system augmentation via the inclusion of solar panels.
Design Whodunit: The Relationship Between Individual Characteristics and Interaction Behaviors in Design Concept Generation
Authors: Sonalkar Neeraj , Jablokow Kathryn , Edelman Jonathan , Mabogunje Ade , Leifer Larry
Published: November 2017

This paper investigates the relationship between interaction behaviors and the cognitive characteristics of participating individuals in engineering design teams engaged in concept generation. Individual characteristics were measured using the Kirton Adaption-Innovation inventory (KAI), which assesses an individual’s cognitive preference for structure in seeking and responding to change. Team interactions were measured using the Interaction Dynamics Notation (IDN), which allows interaction behaviors to be quantitatively analyzed. A correlation analysis revealed statistically significant correlations between individual characteristics and specific interaction behaviors, and ideation utterances. An interaction sequence analysis of the team data also revealed specific interaction sequences associated with greater probabilities of idea occurrence within the team. These findings serve as a first step towards building a cognitive-behavioral model of engineering design team performance.
Branch Reconfiguration With Bricard Variations Based on Toroids Intersections: Line-Symmetric Case
Authors: López-Custodio P. C. , Dai J. S. , Rico J. M.
Published: November 2017

This paper for the first time investigates a disintegrated Bricard mechanism in two toroids and reveals their intersection that leads to a set of Bricard variations with various branches of reconfiguration. The discovery is made in the concentric toroid-toroid intersection. By manipulating the construction parameters of the toroids any possible bifurcation point is explored. This casts light on the reconfiguration of these linkages and leads to the common bi-tangent planes that present singularities in the intersection set.

The study reveals the presence of Villarceau and secondary circles in the toroids intersection. Therefore, a way to reconfigure the Bricard linkage to two different types of Bennett mechanism is uncovered. Further a linkage with two Bricard and two Bennett motion branches is explored. In addition, the paper reveals the Altmann linkage as a member of this Bricard variation family.
Gear Whine Analysis of an Integrated-Spring Split Gear System
Authors: Lentini Antonino Sergio , Flock Sebastian , Vonderscher Yann
Published: November 2017

The need to reduce weight in internal combustion (IC) engines introduces new or increased NVH challenges. In particular, gear-related noise such as rattle and whine need to be addressed.

This paper discusses a methodology aimed at simulating a novel “split gear” system designed to counteract the rattle noise typically generated in accessory drive gears on combustion engines. In particular, the focus is on the increased gear whine associated with this system.

The ‘split gear’ system is simulated as a multi-body system incorporating contact force prediction developed by Siemens. It enables efficient identification of the contact between gear teeth based on their intrinsic involute geometry, including the effects from microgeometry corrections as well as relative displacements and misalignments of the gears. The gear contact force is evaluated taking into account both compliances for the global bulk and local contact. The multi-body approach and dedicated modeling technique permitted the investigation of interaction between gears of the ‘split gear’ system and appropriate replication of the operational boundary conditions.

The activity presented in this paper consisted of two main phases, measurements of the dynamic behavior of the split gear system and multi-body simulations. The former allows gathering reference data for validation of the simulation model built in the latter phase.

The results show the potential of the new method to analyze gear systems in view of NVH performance.
Quantifying Almond Water Stress Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): Correlation of Stem Water Potential and Higher Order Moments of Non-Normalized Canopy Distribution
Authors: Zhao Tiebiao , Chen YangQuan , Ray Andrew , Doll David
Published: November 2017

Optimization of water use relies on accurate measurement of water status of crops. Stem water potential (SWP) has become one of the most popular methods to monitor the water status of almond trees. However, it needs to take twice visit and at least thirty minutes to obtain one measurement, which makes it very difficult to understand the water status information in the orchard level. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based remote sensing promises to deliver reliable and precise field-scale information more efficiently by providing multispectral higher-resolution images with much lower cost and higher flexibility. This paper aims to extract almond water status from UAV-based multispectral images via building the correlation between SWP and vegetation indices. Different from the traditional method that focuses on normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) means, higher-order moments of non-normalized canopy distribution descriptors were discussed to model SWP measurements. Results showed that the proposed methods performed better than traditional NDVI mean.