bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethylene and the Removal of Embryonal Apple Seed Dormancy
Authors: Sińska Irena , Gladon Richard J.
Published: September 2022

Evolution of endogenous ethylene (C2H4) increased in seed of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) in a stepwise manner during 40 days of stratification. C2H4 evolution during culture of isolated embryos depended on the stratification stage. Cultured embryos of seeds stratified 0 to 30 days increased in C2H4 production immediately preceding germination, but embryos stratified 40 days showed a simultaneous rise in C2H4 production with germination. During embryo culture, C2H4 was produced by both embryonic axes and cotyledons. Application of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) to the seed-stratification medium increased embryo germination. Trapping endogenously produced C2H4 with Hg(CIO4)2 during stratification did not affect embryo germination, but trapping it during culture of isolated embryos completely inhibited germination.
Effects of Cultural Practices on the Incidence of Head Smut in Sweet Corn
Authors: Mack H. J. , Baggett J. R. , Koepsell P. A.
Published: September 2022

Incidence of head smut caused by Sphacelotheca reiliana (Kuhn) Clinton in sweet corn (Zea mays L.) was decreased by frequent early irrigation (total of 15-20 cm of water during the first 18 to 21 days after planting), compared to no irrigation during the same period. The percentage of infection increased as planting depth increased from 2.5 cm to 7.6 cm. Large seed produced fewer infected plants than small seed, whereas the percentage of infected plants produced from medium-size seed was intermediate.
Influence of Foliar-applied NO3 and NH4 on Dry Matter and Nitrogen Accumulation in Snap Beans
Authors: Busada C. J. , Mills Harry A. , Jones J. B.
Published: September 2022

Weekly foliar fertilizer applications of 10 ppm NO3-N [as Ca(NO3)2] or NH4-N [as (NH4)2SO4] significantly reduced dry matter, N accumulation, and yield of ‘Blue Lake 274’ snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in solution culture. The reduction in dry matter and N accumulation were greatest with the NH4-N vs. the NO3-N foliar treatment. Data obtained in this study indicates that the cultural practice of applying NH4 or NO3 fertilizer through an overhead irrigation system may reduce snap bean yield.
Salinity Effects on Germination, Growth, and Yield of Turnips
Authors: Francois L. E.
Published: September 2022

The effect of salinity on germination, growth, and yield of turnips (Brassica rapa L. Rapifera group) was determined in artificially salinized laboratory germination cultures and field plots. Saline treatments were imposed by irrigating with water that contained equal weights of NaCl and CaCl2. Relative yield of turnip tops (greens) was reduced 4.3% with each unit increase in salinity above 3.3 dS/m (dS/m = mmho/cm). Storage root growth was reduced 9.0% for each unit increase in salinity above 0.9 dS/m. Top growth would be considered moderately tolerant to salinity and root growth as moderately sensitive. Turnips proved to be more salt-tolerant at germination than at later stages of growth. Root quality was not affected over the salinity range tested.
Nitrogen Concentration and NH4+/NO3− Ratio Effects on Amino Acid Pattern and Protein Quality Seeds of Vigna unguiculata
Authors: Meredith F. I. , Mills H. A. , Dull G. G.
Published: September 2022

The effect of N source (, ) and N concentration on amino acid patterns was determined for seeds of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (southernpea, cowpea) cv. Pinkeye Purple Hull. The lowest amino acid content was obtained when supplied all of the N. At 75 ppm N, amino acids and proteins in seeds were increased as the ratio of to was increased. N source, at 150 ppm N, had no effect on amino acid content. Increasing total N from 75 ppm to 150 ppm increased protein levels. Protein quality was unaffected by changing the : ratios or by doubling the N concentration. The limiting amino acid was methionine.
‘Novole’: A Crabapple Selected for Resistance to Pine Voles and Meadow Voles
Authors: Cummins James N. , Aldwinckle Herb S. , Byers Ross E.
Published: September 2022

In 1973, Ross Byers at VPI's Winchester laboratory and rootstock breeder Jim Cummins and plant pathologist Herb Aldwinckle at Cornell's Geneva station initiated a cooperative project to explore Malus for resistance to the pine vole, Microtus pinetorum Leeone. The Geneva breeders furnished more than 300 clones during the next 5 years, representing 12 Malus species and including many interspecific hybrids. Byers and his associates tested the voles' responses to the many choices offered. Throughout the several years of testing, the voles consistently exhibited a strong nonpreference for a Japanese crabapple, now introduced as ‘Novole’, and later for many of its hybrids (1, 6).
Nomenclature of the Cultivated Apple
Authors: Korban S. S. , Skirvin R. M.
Published: September 2022

A historical analysis of apple nomenclature leads to the conclusion that the legitimate epithet for the cultivated apple is Malus Xdomestica Borkh.
Blackberry Breeding
Authors: Moore J. N.
Published: September 2022

Blackberries are classified taxonomically in the genus Rubus, subgenus Eubatus, and consist of a highly variable and complex group of plants. Bailey (1) recognized over 350 species of blackberries, but the taxonomy of the subgenus is still in much confusion. Blackberries range from evergreen, subtropical types to deciduous clones that survive beyond the Arctic Circle. Most are indigenous to the northern hemisphere but some occur in the tropical mountain regions of the southern hemisphere. A naturally occurring ploidy range from diploid (2x = 2n = 14) to dodecaploid (12x = 2n = 84) exists (5). Homoploid blackberry species are mostly interfertile and biological systems encouraging outcrossing are common, thus native populations of blackberries in much of the world are highly hybrid (7). Consequently, it is difficult to assign cultivars to specific species, since progenitors of modern cultivars were selected from the wild.
Culture and Management of Blackberries in the United States
Authors: Lipe John A. , Martin Lloyd W.
Published: September 2022

Three basic types of blackberries (Rubus spp.) are grown in the United States: 1) erect and semierect, 2) western trailing, and 3) southeastern trailing, commonly called “dewberries” (22).
Blackberry Propagation
Authors: Caldwell J. D.
Published: September 2022

Blackberry [Rubus (Tourn.) L. subgenus Eubatus] propagators utilize a variety of asexual techniques and many different types of vegetative material to propagate desirable genotypes. Traditional methods include propagation through removal of sucker plants, tip layering, and various types of cuttings. Although some traditional methods still are used commonly, tissue culture methods eventually may become the preferred means of propagation, especially as techniques become refined and familiar to propagators.
Phosphorus Leaching from 32P-superphosphate-amended Soilless Container Media
Authors: Yeager T. H. , Barrett J. E.
Published: September 2022

Polyvinyl chloride columns (4 × 15 cm) containing by volume either 2 pine bark : 1 moss peat : 0 sand, 2 pine bark : 0 moss peat : 1 sand, 0 pine bark : 1 moss peat : 1 sand, or 2 pine bark : 1 moss peat : 1 sand amended with 3 kg m-3 of 32P-superphosphate (8.7% P) were leached daily with 16 or 32 ml of deionized water (pH 5.5) in 1 hour. Irrigation rate did not affect 32P leaching nor was there a media rate interaction or difference in the percentage total 32P and dissolved 32P leached. Medium 2:1:1 had the greatest percentage (76%) of 32P leached during the 3-week experimental period, however, 55% of the 32P amendment leached from each medium the 1st week.
Propagation of Date Palms by Shoot Tip Cultures
Authors: Tisserat Brent
Published: September 2022

Shoot tips, 0.5 mm in length, of date palm (Phoenix daetylifera L.) were established on Murashige and Skoog (MS) inorganic salts and (per liter) 30 g sucrose, 0.4 mg thiamine HCl, 100 mg myo-inositol, 10 mg naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 3 g charcoal, and 8 g agar. After 8 weeks, tips were proliferated through axillary bud outgrowths on a liquid medium devoid of charcoal containing 0.1 mg/liter NAA and 10 mg/liter 6-benzylamino purine (BA). These additional shoots then could be rooted by reculture to an agar medium devoid of BA containing 0.1 mg/liter NAA and successfully transferred to soil.
Cultivation of Banana using Plantlets from Meristem Culture
Authors: Hwang S. C. , Chen C. L. , Lin J. C. , Lin H. L.
Published: September 2022

Plantlets orginating from adventitious buds of explants obtained from the decapitated shoot apex of a banana sucker established well under field conditions and gave rise to mature plants with uniform growth and normal yield of fruit. A total of one million pathogen-free plantlets for commercial planting was produced in 1983. Introduction of plantlets for commercial planting prevents the spreading of fusarial wilt of banana by planting materials to the disease-free orchards.
Effects of Temperature and Controlled Atmosphere on the Survival of Overwintering Populations of European Red Mite Eggs on Stored ‘McIntosh’ Apples
Authors: Lidster P. D. , Sanford K. H. , McRae K. B.
Published: September 2022

The mortality of European red mite [Panonychus ulmi (Koch)] eggs on fruit of ‘McIntosh’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) in storage increased with continuing exposure to low O2 (1.5% CO2 + 1.0% O2) or conventional controlled atmospheres (5.0% CO2 + 3.0% O2) and with elevated storage temperatures to 7.5°C. Lethality was sufficient to provide commercial control for overwintering populations. Susceptibility of red mite eggs differed among years and orchards within years.
Fruit Morphology and Drop of Navel Oranges in Florida
Authors: Lima Jose Eduardo O. , Davies Frederick S.
Published: September 2022

Some morphological aspects of navel oranges [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] were studied in 1980 and 1981 on healthy fruit and fruit affected by secondary-fruit yellowing (SFY), stylar-end decay (SED), and fruit splitting, major causes of summer and summer-fall fruit drop in Florida. Fruit affected by SED or splitting were generally larger and had larger styler-end apertures, and those affected by SED had a higher frequency of rind protrusions into primary-fruit locules than healthy fruit. Healthy fruit harvested from the south top of trees were heavier and had larger secondary fruit, stylar-end apertures, and thicker peel than fruit from the northern-bottom canopy position. Some of these characteristics are associated with incidence of SFY, SED, and fruit splitting.
Dark Storage of Calamondin
Authors: Ben-Jaacov J. , Steinitz B. , Tendler Y.
Published: September 2022

Pot plants of calamondin (Citrus madurensis Lour.) were dark-stored for 2 weeks at 10° or 20°C. There was considerable leaf and fruit abscission in plants stored at 20°. Plants stored in the dark for 2 weeks at 12° were of excellent quality and leaf and fruit drop was negligible during storage. These plants continued to flourish in a simulated home environment. Horizontal placement of plants during storage increased packing density by 50% without reducing plant quality, compared to plants packed in a vertical position.
Influence of Single Applications of Insecticides on Net Photosynthesis of Pecan
Authors: Wood B. , Payne J.
Published: September 2022

Each of 11 insecticides tested as a single spray application on mature leaves of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wang.) K. Koch] seedlings reduced net photosynthesis (Pn) 1 day after treatment. Eight of these materials still reduced Pn 9 days after a single spray treatment; however, in a study with 5 materials, all seedlings except those treated with petroleum oil had recovered after 14 days. Recovery of leaf photosynthetic activity generally occurred more rapidly following application of wettable powder formulations than emulsifiable concentrates. Petroleum oil was the most damaging treatment with Pn of treated plants being only 60% of the untreated check 9 days after treatment; however, leaves were nearing recovery after 14 days. The influence of insecticides on pecan irregular bearing is discussed.
Field Evaluation of Sweet Potato Clones for Reaction to Root-Knot and Stubby Root Nematodes in California
Authors: Roberts P. A. , Scheuerman R. W.
Published: September 2022

Clones of ‘Jewel’, ‘Eureka’, ‘Pope’, ‘Oklamex’, ‘Garnet’, L5-19, NC-719, and W-152 sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] were tested for 1 to 3 seasons in field plots of coarse-textured sand soils. The soils were infested with Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood and Paratrichodorus minor (Colbran) Siddiqui that included 1,3-dichloropropene fumigated and nonfumigated subplots. ‘Jewel’, followed by ‘Pope’, was the highest-yielding copper-skinned type and the least affected by nematode infection; however, it supported large numbers of M. incognita. Yields of ‘Eureka’ were lowest in nonfumigated plots in the presence of P. minor. Significantly greater P. minor population increase occurred on ‘Eureka’ than on other clones. Yield of red-skinned W-152 was greater than ‘Garnet’ on fumigated plots, but W-152 showed no greater yield when nematode-infected. ‘Oklamex’, L5-19, and NC-719 were discontinued after 1 year because of poor yield or quality. M. incognita resistance in all clones prevented damage to the appearance of sweet potatoes, but plant growth and yield were increased significantly in fumigated plots compared with yields from nonfumigated plots. M. incognita reproduced on all lines, especially when soil temperature was high in 1981.
Indian Hot Peppers as New Sources of Resistance to Bacterial Wilt, Phytophthora Root Rot, and Root-Knot Nematode
Authors: Peter K. V. , Goth R. W. , Webb R. E.
Published: September 2022

The 4 hot peppers from India ‘Pant C-1’, ‘KAU Cluster’ (Capsicum annuum L.), ‘White Khandari’, and ‘Chuna’ (C. frutescens L.) were evaluated along with 6 United States cultivars for their reaction to Pseudomonas solanacearum E.F. Smith (races 1 and 2), Phytophthora capsici Leonian, and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita Chitwood. The Indian ‘Pant C-1’ was resistant to 4 Pseudomonas solanacearum isolates and moderately resistant to Phytophthora root rot and root-knot nematode. The breeding line ‘White Khandari’ was resistant to 3 isolates of the bacterium and root-knot nematode and moderately resistant to Phytophthora root rot. These Indian pepper lines could be an additional source in multiple disease-resistant breeding programs. Multiple disease resistance and good horticultural characteristics make ‘Pant C-1’ an excellent source of these resistances.
Postharvest Effects of Storage Method and Duration on Quality Retention of Poinsettias
Authors: Scott Lelia F. , Blessington Thomas M. , Price James A.
Published: September 2022

Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. cvs. Mikkel Improved Rochford (MIR), Annette Hegg Dark Red (AHDR), and Gutbier V-14 Glory (GV14) were subjected to 2 storage methods (24 hours/day light or 24 hours/day darkness) for 2, 4, 6, or 8 days, and then held for a 14-day postharvest evaluation period in the greenhouse. Light-stored MIR and AHDR plants had a lower leaf drop but a higher cyathium drop as compared to dark-stored plants. GV14 was unaffected by storage methods. All cultivars retained better postharvest quality when stored for a minimal duration of time.
Fungal Inoculation, Fungicide Treatments, and Storage Affect Postharvest Decay and Vase-life of Leatherleaf Fern Fronds
Authors: Stamps R. H. , Chase A. R.
Published: September 2022

Storage at 4.5°C prevented decay of cut fronds of leatherleaf fern [Rumohra adiantiformis (G. Forst) Ching] artificially inoculated with Cylindrocladium heptaseptatum Sobers, Alfieri, & Knauss and/or naturally infected with C. pteridis Wolf and increased frond vase-life compared to 24° storage. Storage at 4.5° for 10, 21, and 31 days did not affect subsequent frond vase-life. Inoculation of fronds decreased vase life by 11% in one experiment and had no effect in a second. Prestorage dips in benomyl suspensions at concentrations as low as 38 ppm reduced frond decay by 82% when stored at 24° and increased vase-life of fern stored at both 4.5° and 24°. Benomyl [methyl l-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole-carbamate] dips at concentrations as high as 300 ppm had no detrimental effect on vase-life. Iprodione [3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-N-(1-methylethyl)-2,4-dioxo-1-imidazolidinecarboxamide] had no effect on vase-life.
Influence of Nitrogen and Dolomitic Limestone on ‘Whitmanii’ Fern
Authors: Crockett J. S. , Gilliam C. H. , Evans C. E. , Shumack R. L.
Published: September 2022

Nephrolepsis exaltata (L.) Schott cv. Whitmanii supplied with 3 fertilizer rates and varying rates of dolomitic limestone grew more efficiently at lower N rates when 0-3.0 kg/m3 of dolomitic limestone was used. Nonlimed ferns exhibited marginal foliar necrosis damage when fertilized with 300 and 450 ppm N, while limed ferns exhibited similar damage only when fertilized at 450 ppm N. Liming decreased foliar N content, increased medium soluble salt levels, prevented the increase in pH level from high fertilizer rates, and provided a buffer against toxicity, possibly from ammonia.
Trickle Irrigation of Field-grown Nursery Stock Based on Net Evaporation
Authors: Ponder Harry G. , Gilliam Charles H. , Evans Clyde E.
Published: September 2022

Gardenia jasminoides Ellis and Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Compacta’ were field-grown with 4 irrigation rates based on 0%, 25%, 50%, and 100% replacement of net evaporation from a class A pan. Irrigated gardenia were larger than nonirrigated gardenia, and those grown with 50% and 100% replacement of net evaporation had greater total root growth than nonirrigated plants. Root number, root dry weight, and fibrous root number in a 20-cm rootball were generally greater with irrigated plants than nonirrigated plants. Ilex crenata shoot growth was greater also with irrigation versus nonirrigation. Based on this data, 25% replacement of net evaporation resulted in plants of both species being similar to higher irrigation rates.
‘Florida VR 2-34’ Bell Pepper
Authors: Cook A. A.
Published: September 2022

‘Florida VR 2-34’ is a sweet bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) with the multiple virus resistances of ‘Florida VR 2’ and which produces a high proportion of fruits with “square” rather than incurved blossom ends.
NYIR 9602, NYIR 9605, and NYIR 8329 Lepidopterous Pest-resistant Cabbage Breeding Lines
Authors: Dickson M. H. , Eckenrode C. J. , Blamble A. E.
Published: September 2022

NYIR 9602, NYIR 9605, and NYIR 8329 are dark-green, glossy-leaved cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) breeding lines that exhibit resistance in the field to larvae of the lepidopterous pests Artogeia rapae L. (imported cabbage worm), Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) (cabbage looper), and Plutella xyloStella L. (diamondback moth). They were released by the New York State Agr. Expt. Station in May 1983 and are available for breeding programs as a source of germplasm or as hybrid parents.
Solanum sucrense and Solanum tuberosum, Bacterial Wilt-tolerant Potato Germplasm
Authors: Jaworski C. A. , Phatak S. C. , Ghate S. R. , Gitaitis R. D.
Published: September 2022

Bacterial wilt or brown rot caused by Pseudomonas solanaceamm E.F. Sm. is a major limiting factor of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production in the warm, humid regions of the world, including the coastal plain region of southeastern United States (5).
Cultural Modifications of Deciduous Tree Fruits for Mechanized Production
Authors: Peterson Donald L.
Published: September 2022

Tree fruit production is a labor intensive operation requiring an average of over 300 manhours/ha (38), which represents the largest single production cost (15). Most of this labor is seasonal, with hand pruning and harvesting accounting for 30% and 50%, respectively, of the total cost (6, 17, 34). The supply of skilled domestic workers to perform necessary operations usually does not meet the seasonal labor requirement. Substantial numbers of undocumented aliens are employed to reduce this shortage; but they represent an unstable supply (29, 33). Increased mechanization is one option for alleviating this labor shortage. Increased importation of low priced foreign fruit and fruit products is another justification for increased mechanization to reduce costs and keep American orchardists competitive (33).
Methods of Inducing Water Stress in Plants
Authors: Krizek Donald T.
Published: September 2022

Recent droughts in the United States, Africa, and other parts of the world have focused attention on the fact that the world’s water supply is declining rapidly. Maximum potential of horticultural and agronomic crops seldom is attained under natural conditions because of limitations imposed by drought, flooding, cold, heat, acid soils, and other environmental stresses (85, 87, 172).
Prevention of Sucrose Inversion during Preparation of HPLC Samples
Authors: Boersig Michael R. , Negm Fayek B.
Published: September 2022

A preparative column consisting of 1 ml each polyvinylpyrrolidone, Amberlite IRA-45 in the acetate form, and Dowex 50W in the acid form removed 98% to 99% of the cations and phenolics from leaf extracts of Euonymus japonica Thunb. and from standard solutions of magnesium acetate and catechin. Sucrose inversion occurred when 2 or 3 ml of cation exchange resin were used or when 1 ml was used at a flow rate of 0.1 ml/min. Sucrose inversion was inversely related to column flow rate.
Chemical Weed Control in Caladiums
Authors: Gilreath J. P. , Harbaugh B. K.
Published: September 2022

Eight herbicides were evaluated for phytotoxicity to field grown ‘Candidium’ caladiums (Caladium × hortulanum Birdsey) in 1983. The 4 most promising or currently used herbicides were evaluated for weed control and phytotoxicity in 1984. During 1984, 4 applications of 2.24 kg/ha alachlor, 2.24 kg/ha simazine, 1.68 kg/ha oryzalin, and 0.56 kg/ha oxyfluorfen, all in combination with 1 postemergence application of 0.28 kg/ha fluazifop-butyl, were applied to caladiums. Alachlor and oxyfluorfen provided poor weed control and reduced plant vigor, tuber weights, and tuber size in 1984. Simazine provided good weed control, but reduced plant vigor and yield. Oryazlin provided excellent weed control without crop injury. Chemical names used: 2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide (alachlor); 6-chloro-N,N’-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (simazine); 4-(dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitrobenzene sulfonamide (oryzalin); 2-chloro-l-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (oxyfluorfen); butyl-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy] phenoxy] propanoate (fluazifop-butyl).
A Nondestructive Method for Measuring Root System Surface Area
Authors: Wulster George J.
Published: September 2022

A method is described for obtaining nondestructive estimates of root system surface area. The technique is based on the assumption that the larger the root system, the more gel of a given viscosity will adhere to it. The correlation between gel adherence and 5 parameters of root system size (root length, root fresh weight, root dry weight, root volume, and root surface area) is established.
Fertilizer and Irrigation Effects on Medium Leachate and African Violet Growth
Authors: Sanderson Kenneth C. , Martin Willis C. , Shu Lih-Jyu , Evans Clyde E. , Patterson Richard M.
Published: September 2022

Of various controlled-release fertilizer materials, tested on African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendl) at 300, 600, and 900 kg/ha for leachate soluble salts, Ca, P, K, and Mg and plant injury, Scott 25.0–4.4–8.3 gave the best result and Scott 15.0–8.7–4.2 gave the poorest result. Precise 8.0–4.8–4.2 leachate generally contained more Ca and Mg and lower leachate soluble salts, but was lower in P and K than the other fertilizers. With the exception of Precise, the leachate soluble salts of most of the fertilizers was initially (10th irrigation) too high. The 900 kg/ha rates for some fertilizers caused high leachate soluble salts and plant injury.
The Effect of Source and Culture Host on the Larviposition of the Melon Aphid on Several Test Plants
Authors: Kishaba Albert N. , Coudriet Donald L.
Published: September 2022

When the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, was collected from 3 field host species at 3 different localities and then reared on 3 different laboratory host plants, their larviposition was the greatest when the field host, maintenance, and the test plants were the same species. Those collected from Cucurbita sp. and subcultured on either Cucumis melo L. ‘PMR 45’ muskmelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum and Nakai ‘Crimson Sweet’ watermelon, or Cucurbita pepo L. ‘Small Sugar’ pumpkin, initially larviposited less when compared to the stock cultured on ‘PMR 45’ for 8 years. After 6 months of acclimation, those reared on either watermelon or muskmelon larviposited equally as well as the stock culture. Those reared on pumpkin, however, did not appear to acclimate. Larviposition of aphids cultured on muskmelon, watermelon, and pumpkin on 5 common test plants suggest watermelon the most acceptable as a transition host. Regardless of aphid source or rearing host, reproduction was lowest on progeny 91731 selected from our aphid-resistance source PI 414723, which was used to develop 3 released aphid-resistant breeding lines of muskmelon.
A Gene Affecting Tomato Root Morphology
Authors: Hochmuth George J. , Gabelman Warren H. , Gerloff Gerald C.
Published: September 2022

A strain of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) having a high capacity for P uptake and characterized by prolific root hair formation (“cottony root”) was studied genetically. Based on data from several experiments, a monogenic, recessive mode of inheritance was indicated. The gene symbol crt has been proposed for “cottony root”.
Rooting of Sweet Potato Stem Cuttings under CO2-enriched Environment and with IAA Treatment
Authors: Bhattacharya Sheila , Bhattacharya N. C. , Strain B. R.
Published: September 2022

Stem cuttings of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. ‘Georgia Jet’) with intact apex and leaves were cultured in water or in different concentrations of IAA and were maintained in controlled-environment chambers at 350, 675, or 1000 ppm CO2. The temperature was 20°C during a 14-hr day and 14° during a 10-hr dark period. The photosynthetic photon flux density was 550 μmol s-1m-2 (27.7 mol m-2 day-1). Elevated CO2 concentrations stimulated the production of roots in the presence of IAA, and this effect was more pronounced at 675 ppm than at 1000 ppm CO2 atmosphere.
Screening for Cucumber Antibiosis to Pickleworm
Authors: Wehner Todd C. , Elsey Kent D. , Kennedy George G.
Published: September 2022

A detached-leaf test was used to screen a cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) germplasm collection for antibiosis to the pickleworm (Diaphania nitidalis Stoll.). Data were collected on 1160 lines planted in the field in 1981. The 36 most resistant and 36 most susceptible lines were retested with improved methods, reducing the number of lines to 8 and finally to 6 based on leaf damage by pickleworm larvae. Selections were made within those lines to stabilize the resistant or susceptible reaction of each line in our test. In a final test, no significant differences were found among the selections, which included the most resistant and most susceptible lines identified in all studies. A heritability study was run on a population produced by intercrossing the 5 most resistant and 3 most susceptible lines identified in the initial field screening for 3 generations. Parent-offspring regression was used to estimate a narrow-sense heri-tablity of 0.03. Thus, there was little or no genetic variation in cucumber for antibiosis to pickleworm larvae, and other methods of control should be used.
Irradiance and Plant Growth in Greenhouses during Winter
Authors: Downs Robert J.
Published: September 2022

Turnip (Brassica rapa L.) growth in an unshaded, temperature-controlled greenhouse varied annually as a function of month. Growth was proportional to the average daily irradiance at plant level, but variance of the data suggested an interaction with some other environmental factor, possibly reduced substrate and plant temperature due to reradiation to the cold greenhouse glass at night during winter.
A Portable Fogging Apparatus for Field or Greenhouse Use
Authors: Musselman Robert C. , Sterrett Jerry L. , Granett Andrew L.
Published: September 2022

A portable fogging apparatus has been developed to deliver fog to field or greenhouse experimental plots. The device is inexpensive, easy to construct, requires little maintenance, and is transported easily to remote locations. The system uses compressed gas, but requires no pressurized fresh water source or electrical power. It has been used successfully to deliver acidic fogs both to remote field plots and to greenhouse plants.
Nitrate-ammonium Nitrogen Ratio and Fertilizer Application Method Influence Bract Necrosis and Growth of Poinsettia
Authors: Nell Terril A. , Barrett James E.
Published: September 2022

‘Gutbier V-14 Glory’ poinsettia was introduced to the commercial industry in the late 1970s and has been shown to be sensitive to bract necrosis (3). Necrotic spots occasionally develop on the intermediate bracts during the latter parts of the crop cycle. Nell and Barrett (2) found this problem to be worse when plants were provided 300–400 mg/liter Ν at every irrigation and well watered during bract coloration. Symptoms resembled injury due to elemental toxicity or desiccation. Observations in commercial operations suggested that necrosis may be related to fertilizer source or formulation.
‘Wells Delight’ and ‘Bloodstone’ Creeping Blueberries
Authors: Kirkman W. Benson , Ballington James R.
Published: September 2022

Creeping blueberries [Vaccinium section Herpothamnus (Small) Sleumer] comprise 2 species under current taxonomic treatments (2,3). Distribution is limited primarily to the eastern half of North and South Carolina. Vaccinium crassifolium Andrews (1), the most widespread species, occurs in the outer Coastal Plain in South Carolina and inland to the fall zone just below the North Carolina-South Carolina line. It occurs in North Carolina throughout most of the Coastal Plain, Sandhills, and occasionally into the eastern Piedmont. Vaccinium sempervirens Rayner and Henderson (3) was recently described as a new species endemic to Lexington County, South Carolina. It differs from Vaccinium crassifolium primarily in vegetative characteristics and is geographically isolated from it (W.B. Kirkman and J.R. Ballington, unpublished data).
California: A Horticultural Cornucopia
Authors: Rubatzky Vincent E.
Published: September 2022

The cornucopia, or ‘horn of plenty’, symbolizes abundance and is a symbol suitable for expressing the horticultural abundance of California.
Training Future Plant Breeders — A Unique Opportunity for Horticulture Departments
Authors: Bradley George A.
Published: September 2022

I am not a plant breeder, but for 30 years I have been associated with a department where the area of plant breeding and genetics has received major emphasis, and I have come to believe that this area holds more promise than any other in improving agricultural production nationally and worldwide. Recent and continuing changes in the plant breeding and genetics area are creating a unique opportunity for departments of horticulture that can provide a complete program in plant breeding and genetics, from genetic engineering to the final release of a cultivar. Although many future graduates may be associated with only a small part of total cultivar development, all would gain perspective from association with faculty that represent all segments of the scientific program.
Hiding Our Light Under a Bushel or Are Good Teachers of Horticulture Truly Scarce?
Authors: Read Paul E.
Published: September 2022

Good horticultural educators are indeed a rare breed, based on the dearth of publications cited under “Education” in Hort-Science indexes. The data presented in Tables 1 and 2 are cause for serious concern in my opinion. Furthermore, the picture becomes even more dismal when the figures are examined closely.
Germination Under Cold Soil Conditions
Authors: Herner Robert C.
Published: September 2022

Low soil temperatures present a major limitation for direct-seeding many agronomic and horticultural crops. This limitation is particularly true for areas that have relatively short growing seasons, making it necessary to direct-seed into cool soils in the spring.
Germination Under Flooding: Metabolic Implications and Alleviation of Injury
Authors: Norton Colin R.
Published: September 2022

The role of metabolic change in determining flooding injury in plants and soaking injury in seeds has been the subject of considerable scientific controversy in recent years. There are 4 areas in which the debate has focused.
Environmental and Physiological Constraints on Field Performance of Seeds
Authors: Matthews S. , Powell Alison A.
Published: September 2022

As with other crops, the establishment of a stand in the field is the essential first step in the growing of vegetables. There are, however, several production and economic factors that make field performance of vegetable seeds particularly crucial. The worst possibility, emergence failure that necessitates resowing, could mean a delay in harvest that leads to a drastic fall in market price. Uneven emergence reduces overall yield in wide-spaced crops such as lettuce (5, 13) and leads to variability in harvest date and size (5, 13), both of which are critical in satisfying the demands of the market in terms of availability and grading quality. Lack of uniformity in the rate of emergence can also adversely affect the ability to harvest at one time and still achieve uniform standards of size and quality.
Retardation of Vine Development of Pot-grown Sweet Potato Plants with Mepiquat Chloride
Authors: Hall Melvin R. , Turner Janies C.
Published: September 2022

Mepiquat chloride sprays did not affect the percentage of dry weight partitioned to ‘Georgia Jet’ sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas Lam.] vines or storage roots, but with 4000 or 8000 mg liter−1 concentrations there was a tendency toward reduced vine length and reduced number of nodes. Plants grown in 2.5-liter pots were smaller than plants grown in 10-liter pots, but responded similarly to mepiquat chloride. Chemical names used: 1,1-dimethyl piperidinium chloride (mepiquat chloride).
Strawberry Cultivar Response to Postplant Applications of Terbacil
Authors: Masiunas J. B. , Weller S. C.
Published: September 2022

Terbacil at 0, 0.28, 0.56, 0.84, and 1.12 kg·ha−1 was applied immediately after planting to strawberry (Fragaria xananassa Duch.) cultivars Surecrop, Honeoye, Guardian, Redchief, and Delite. Plant vigor and number of mother plants were reduced by all herbicide rates >0.28 kg·ha−1. ‘Delite’ plants were less vigorous at the time of planting than other cultivars. There were no differences between cultivars in number of rooted runners, but terbacil at rates >0.28 kg·ha−1 reduced runner rooting. Yield the year following planting was dependent on terbacil rate and cultivar. Vigorous cultivars (i.e., ‘Redchief) had superior yields. Terbacil at 0.28 kg·ha−1 was safe when applied to newly planted strawberries on soils with organic matter content of at least 1.0%. Chemical name used: 5-chloro-3-(l,l-dimethylethyl)-6-methyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione (terbacil).
Field Dissolution of Sulfur-coated Ureas in Turfgrass
Authors: Hummel N. W. , Waddington D. V.
Published: September 2022

A field study was conducted to characterize dissolution of sulfur-coated ureas (SCU) of different particle sizes. Five fine and 4 coarse SCU sources from the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) were selected to represent a range of 7-day dissolution rates. They were applied at a N rate of 122 kg·ha−1 to 324 cm2 plots. Undissolved, residual pellet weights were determined every 2 weeks for 12 weeks after application. In comparisons of fine and coarse SCU with similar laboratory dissolution rates, the fine materials dissolved significantly faster than the coarse materials. The 7-day laboratory dissolution rate correlated strongly to pellet recovery in the field when fine and coarse materials were compared separately. The correlation was not as strong when all SCU sources were compared jointly.
Kentucky Bluegrass and Annual Bluegrass Responses to Ethofumesate
Authors: Shearman R. C.
Published: September 2022

In a 1983 study, ethofumesate at 1.1, 2.2, and 3.3 kg°ha−1; bensulide at kg°ha−1; and an untreated control were compared for annual bluegrass [Poa annua var. annua (L.) Timm] control and injury to ‘Park’ and ‘Touchdown’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). Ethofumesate at 1.1 to 3.3 kg°ha−1 reduced verdure and clipping yields of both cultivars, but gave significant P. annua control. Bensulide at 13.6 kg°ha−1 caused no injury and had unsatisfactory P. annua control. In 1984 ethofumesate was applied to ‘Touchdown’ at 1.1 and 2.2 kg°ha−1 and in repeat treatments of 1.1 + 1.1 kg°ha−1 and 2.2 + 1.1 kg°ha−1 with a 30-day interval between treatments, and was compared to bensulide at 13.6 kg°ha−1 and an untreated control. Ethofumesate caused injury at 7 and 15 days after treatment (DAT), but only the repeat treatments had significant injury at 60 DAT. No injury was detectable at 260 DAT. Excellent annual bluegrass control was obtained at 2.2 kg°ha−1 and 2.2 + 1.1 kg°ha−1. Good annual bluegrass reduction was noted for the other treatments with exception of bensulide, which only reduced the pest population by 50%. Lateral spread of ‘Touchdown’ increased with ethofumesate treatment (when compared to the untreated control) due to reduced annual bluegrass competition. Chemical names used: (±)-2-ethoxy-2,3-dihydro-3.3-dimethyl-5-benzofuranyl methanesulfonate (ethofumesate); and O,O-bis(l-methylethyl)S-[2[(phenylsufonyl) aminojethyl] phosphorodithioate (bensulide).
Effects of Calcium and Auxin on Russet Spotting and Phenylalanine Ammonialyase Activity in Iceberg Lettuce
Authors: Ke Dangyand , Saltveit Mikal E.
Published: September 2022

Application of 0.3-0.5 M Ca or 0.1−1.0 mM 2,4-D strongly inhibited russet spotting (RS) in iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) leaf tissues and significantly reduced extractable phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity. Since neither Ca nor 2,4-D reduced PAL activity in vitro, they may inhibit RS development by inhibiting in vivo PAL biosynthesis. Chemical names used: (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D); and 1H-indol-3-acetic acid (IAA).
Influence of Fruit Maturity and Growing District on Brown-core Disorder in ‘Bosc’ Pears
Authors: Chen P. M. , Borgic D. M. , Sugar D. , Mellenthin W. M.
Published: September 2022

‘Bose’ pear fruits (Pyrus communis L.) grown in northern Oregon (NO, Hood River) and southern Oregon (SO, Medford) were harvested during the commercial harvest period and stored in either 1 % O2 with trace CO2 or in 5 other controlled atmosphere (CA) regimes, O2/CO2 at 0.5%/0%, 1.0%/0.5%, 1.5%/0.5%, 2.0/0.5%, and 2.5%/1.0%, for 6 months at −1°C in 1982, 1983, and 1984. Fruits from the NO were more susceptible to brown core (BC) disorder than those from SO. Late-harvested fruits, especially from NO, were more susceptible than early harvested ones. A low O2 concentration of <1% in CA storage without CO2 increased the potential for fruit to develop BC, and an elevated CO2 level enhanced the effect of low O2. Based on this study, it is recommended that ‘Bose’ pear fruits from NO can be safely stored in O2 not less than 1.5% with trace CO2 and those from SO in O2 as low as 1% with CO2 between 0 and 0.5% for 6 months at −1° with little probability of BC.
Accumulation of 14C from Foliar-applied [14C]urea by Developing Tomato Fruits
Authors: Shelp Barry J. , Shattuck Vernon I.
Published: September 2022

Metabolism of foliar-applied [14C]urea and accumulation of 14C by developing fruits was investigated in trimmed tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants. Carrier-free, high-specific-activity [14C]urea, applied to the single source leaf, resulted in production of 14C-labeled neutral compounds (presumably sugars) that were exported from this leaf and recovered from the single developing fruit after 6 and 24 hr. [14C]urea also was recovered from the fruit, but it possessed only one-half as much 14C activity as neutral compounds. Using an in vivo assay, leaf pieces also exhibited linear rates of urea-dependent NH3 production (2.17 ± μpmol°g−1 fresh weight per hour) that was inhibited (96%) by acetohydroxamate, a compound specific for the enzyme urease. Thus, urea is metabolized to NH3 and CO2 in tomato leaves via the enzyme urease, and the released CO2 is assimilated in a fashion similar to that of external CO2. Foliar application of [14C]urea may be useful for studying source-sink relations in tomato plants.
Early Shoot and Root Quality Effects on Nursery and Field Development of Tissue-cultured Loblolly Pine
Authors: Wisniewski L. A. , Frampton L. J. , McKeand S. E.
Published: September 2022

Height, number of roots, root length, and shoot quality rating on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) tissue culture plantlets were measured in the laboratory and related to subsequent nursery and field performance. Shoot quality rating was the most important characteristic and was most consistently correlated with nursery and field traits. These results imply that only plantlets with the best shoot quality rating should be used so that growth rates will be similar to seedlings.
Genetic Selection During the Abscission of Avocado Fruitlets
Authors: Degani Chemda , Goldring Anat , Gazit Shmuel , Lavi Uri
Published: September 2022

Evidence is presented suggesting that genetic selection could be an important factor in avocado fruitlet abscission. ‘Ettinger’ embryos (Persea americana Mill.) at different stages of fruit development were classified according to their leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) electrophoretic pattern in the Lap-2 locus. Analysis of several fruitlet populations showed significant deviations from the expected Mendelian ratio. The genotypic ratios at the different stages indicate genetic selection during fruitlet abscission.
Resistance in Cowpea to the Southern Green Stink Bug
Authors: Schalk James M. , Fery Richard L.
Published: September 2022

A series of outdoor screen-cage tests were carried out over a 4-year period to determine the range of available resistance in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] to the southern green stink bug (SGSB) [Nezara viridula (L.)]. A total of 124 cowpea cultivars, breeding lines, and plant introductions (PI) were evaluated in an unreplicated test in 1981 (Test I); and PI 293476, PI 293557, PI 293570, PI 353074, and PI 354580 were identified as having potentially useful levels of resistance. In a subsequent replicated test in 1982 (Test II), these introductions exhibited less SGSB seed damage and significantly greater seed yield than did the susceptible check Ala 562-3-1-2. PI 293557 and PI 293570 were evaluated further in replicated tests in 1983 (Test III) and 1984 (Test IV) using both infested and uninfested treatments. Both accessions produced appreciable seed yields under conditions that significantly reduced yields in the susceptible checks. Tolerance to SGSB injury appears to be responsible for the resistance exhibited by PI 293557 and PI 293570.
Heritability of Enzymatic Browning in Peaches
Authors: Hansche Paul E. , Boynton Buck
Published: September 2022

Heritabilities were estimated for 4 measures of bruise-induced enzymatic browning in peaches (Prunus persica L.) Batsch. Two were direct measures: intensity of the brown color (IB) and the diameter of the brown region (DB). Two were indirect measures: activity of polyphenyloxydase (PPO) and the concentration of polyphenols (PPC). The heritability of IB was moderately high (0.35 ± 0.04). That of DB was not significantly different from zero (0.08 ± 0.06). The heritability of PPC was reasonably high (0.38 ± 0.05), and that of PPO moderate (0.26 ± 0.04). Because the heritabilities of IB and PPC are about equal, the rate of reduction in IB resulting from selection on PPC should not be expected to be as great as that resulting from direct selection applied to IB. Thus, at present it appears that the direct measure of IB provides breeders with the best measure, among the 4 studied, of the susceptibility of seedlings to bruise-induced enzymatic browning.
Cold Storage of Kiwifruit Shoot Tips in Vitro
Authors: Monette Paul L.
Published: September 2022

Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch, cv. Hayward) shoot tip cultures were stored in the dark successfully at 8°C. After a year, their fresh weight had increased 8-fold and they produced more shoot tips than at the start of storage. Storage was less successful at 4°. Chemical names used: 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA), N6-benzyla-minopurine (BAP).
Estimating Yields of Red Raspberries in Small Research Plots
Authors: Daubeny Hugh A. , Dale Adam , McGregor Graeme
Published: September 2022

Estimated yields were compared to actual yields of red raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) from research plots planted in stool beds at Abbotsford, B.C. and Invergowrie, Scotland and in hedge rows at Healesville in Victoria, Australia. Estimated yields, based on fruit set on 2 canes immediately prior to the start of harvest multiplied by the mean weight of 50 fruit taken at least 5 times throughout the harvest season, accurately assessed yield of the plots at all 3 locations. Accuracy of estimates was improved if plots had similar cane numbers and numbers of canes sampled were increased.
Effect of Harvest Maturity on Viability of Onion Seed
Authors: Steiner J. J , Akintobi D. C.
Published: September 2022

A study was undertaken to determine the moisture content at which the seed of ‘Sweet Spanish’ onion (Allium cepa L.) expressed maximum yield and viability but at the same time did not shatter. A harvest maturity curve was developed to provide an estimate for optimum time of harvest. Umbels could be harvested with moisture contents as high as 66% without any adverse effect on seed size or viability. The umbels could be left on the plant until umbel moisture was as low as 52% before shattering commenced. The resulting 14% moisture range, within which harvest may proceed without losses to shattering or immature seed, provides an adequate buffer for harvesting onion seed.
Survival of European Red Mite on Apples with Different Levels of Susceptibility to Powdery Mildew
Authors: Goonewardene Hilary F. , Kwolek W. F. , Williams E. B.
Published: September 2022

Twenty-eight apple selections exhibiting different levels of powdery mildew resistance, based on greenhouse and field ratings from other investigations at other locations, were evaluated as grafts in the greenhouse for European red mite survival and development. Although we found selections HAR5T8, HAR8T140, HCR9T48, HCR14T149, OR48T70, and TSR14T146 to have a significantly (P = 0.05, 80 df) higher powdery mildew rating than NY55140-19, at one or more European red mite counts the other 22 selections did not show similar differences. Only selection HAR5T142 had significantly higher (P = 0.05, 80 df) mite counts relative to HCR21T200. The absence of a relationship between powdery mildew and European red mite infestations in apple was demonstrated through the lack of significant correlation between the levels of infestation by these 2 pests.
A Laboratory Exercise for Scaling of Hyacinths
Authors: Preece John E.
Published: September 2022

Under natural conditions, hyacinths (Hyacinthus orientalis L.) propagate vegetatively at a slow rate by the production of clusters of daughter bulbs (4, 12). For commercial propagation, scooping, scoring (4, 5, 12), and coring (2, 4) are used because they result in more uniform progeny than natural propagation (4). Hyacinths also can be propagated asexually using in vitro techniques (10, 11). This artificial propagation destroys the apical growing point and requires special treatments and environmental conditions.
Bolting Differences Among Nine Leaf Lettuce Cultivars
Authors: Kahn Brian A. , Magnello Dennis F.
Published: September 2022

Bolting (premature production of flowers or seeds) of leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) results in elongated seedstalks and bitter leaves (1). Seed companies often refer to differences in bolting in their advertisements for leaf lettuce cultivars. However, scientific studies that substantiate or refute these claims are not readily available.