bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sea-ice dynamics strongly promote Snowball Earth initiation and destabilize tropical sea-ice margins
Authors: Voigt A. , Abbot D. S.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. The Snowball Earth bifurcation, or runaway ice-albedo feedback, is defined for particular boundary conditions by a critical CO2 and a critical sea-ice cover (SI), both of which are essential for evaluating hypotheses related to Neoproterozoic glaciations. Previous work has shown that the Snowball Earth bifurcation, denoted as (CO2, SI)*, differs greatly among climate models. Here, we revisit the initiation of a Snowball Earth in the atmosphere-ocean general circulation model ECHAM5/MPI-OM for Marinoan (~630 Ma) continents and solar insolation decreased to 94%. In its standard setup, ECHAM5/MPI-OM initiates a Snowball Earth much more easily than other climate models at (CO2, SI)* ≈ (500 ppm, 55%). Previous work has shown that the Snowball Earth bifurcation can be pushed equatorward if a low bare sea ice albedo is assumed because bare sea ice is exposed by net evaporation in the descent region of the Hadley circulation. Consistent with this, when we replace the model's standard bare sea-ice albedo of 0.75 by a much lower value of 0.45, we find (CO2, SI)* ≈ (204 ppm, 70%). When we additionally disable sea-ice dynamics, we find that the Snowball Earth bifurcation can be pushed even closer to the equator and occurs at a much lower CO2: (CO2, SI)* ≈ (2 ppm, 85%). Therefore, both lowering the bare sea-ice albedo and disabling sea-ice dynamics increase the critical sea-ice cover in ECHAM5/MPI-OM, but sea-ice dynamics have a much larger influence on the critical CO2. For disabled sea-ice dynamics, the state with 85% sea-ice cover is stabilized by the Jormungand mechanism and shares characteristics with the Jormungand climate states. However, there is no Jormungand bifurcation between this Jormungand-like state and states with mid-latitude sea-ice margins. Our results indicate that differences in sea-ice dynamics schemes can be as important as sea ice albedo for causing the spread in climate model's estimates of the location of the Snowball Earth bifurcation.
Automated ice-core layer-counting with strong univariate signals
Authors: Wheatley J. J. , Blackwell P. G. , Abram N. J. , McConnell J. R. , Thomas E. R. , Wolff E. W.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. We present an automated method for determining the annual layer chronology of an ice-core with a strong annual signal, utilising the hydrogen peroxide record from an Antarctic Peninsula ice-core as a test signal on which to count annual cycles. The signal is de-trended and normalised before being split into sections with a deterministic cycle count and those that need more attention. Possible reconstructions for the uncertain sections are determined and a method for assigning probability measures to each reconstruction is discussed. These methods could be adapted for use on much longer datasets, thereby reducing manual effort and providing a robust methodology.
Flood occurrence mapping of the middle Mahakam lowland area using satellite radar
Authors: Hidayat H. , Hoekman D. H. , Vissers M. A. M. , Hoitink A. J. F.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. Floodplain lakes and peatlands in the middle Mahakam lowland area are considered as ecologically important wetland in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. However, due to a lack of data, the hydrological functioning of the region is still poorly understood. Among remote sensing techniques that can increase data availability, radar is well-suitable for the identification, mapping, and measurement of tropical wetlands, for its cloud unimpeded sensing and night and day operation. Here we aim to extract flood extent and flood occurrence information from a series of radar images of the middle Mahakam lowland area. We explore the use of Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) imagery for observing flood inundation dynamics by incorporating field water level measurements. Water level measurements were carried out along the river, in lakes and in peatlands, using pressure transducers. For validation of the open water flood occurrence map, bathymetry measurements were carried out in the main lakes. A series of PALSAR images covering the middle and lower Mahakam area in the years 2007 through 2010 were collected. A fully inundated region can be easily recognized on radar images from a dark signature. Open water flood occurrence was mapped using a threshold value taken from radar backscatter of the permanently inundated river and lakes areas. Radar backscatter intensity analysis of the vegetated floodplain area revealed consistently high backscatter values, indicating flood inundation under forest canopy. We used those values as the threshold for flood occurrence mapping in the vegetated area.
Shallow groundwater effect on land surface temperature and surface energy balance under bare soil conditions: modeling and description
Authors: Alkhaier F. , Flerchinger G. N. , Su Z.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. Understanding when and how groundwater affects surface temperature and energy fluxes is significant for utilizing remote sensing in groundwater studies and for integrating aquifers within land surface models. To investigate the shallow groundwater effect under bare soil conditions, we numerically exposed two soil profiles to identical metrological forcing. One of the profiles had shallow groundwater. The different responses that the two profiles manifested were inspected regarding soil moisture, temperature and energy balance at the land surface. The findings showed that the two profiles differed in three aspects: the absorbed and emitted amounts of energy, the portioning out of the available energy and the heat fluency in the soil. We concluded that due to their lower albedo, shallow groundwater areas reflect less shortwave radiation and consequently get a higher magnitude of net radiation. When potential evaporation demand is sufficiently high, a large portion of the energy received by these areas is consumed for evaporation. This increases the latent heat flux and reduces the energy that could have heated the soil. Consequently, lower magnitudes of both sensible and ground heat fluxes are caused to occur. The higher soil thermal conductivity in shallow groundwater areas facilitates heat transfer between the top soil and the subsurface, i.e. soil subsurface is more thermally connected to the atmosphere. For the reliability of remote sensors in detecting shallow groundwater effect, it was concluded that this effect can be sufficiently clear to be detected if at least one of the following conditions occurs: high potential evaporation and high contrast between day and night temperatures. Under these conditions, most day and night hours are suitable for shallow groundwater depth detection.
Geo-Political Structure and Integration Strategies in Nigeria since Independence: A Critique
Authors: J. O Adefila,
Published: July 2012

It becomes obvious that the critical problem of the governments in Nigeria is centred on how to sustain and maintain the territorial integrity of the country since we attained independence in 1960. The problem is traceable to the ethno-pluralistic and socio-cultural diversities among the various components that constitute the federal state. The British administration had profound influence on spatial imbalance and dualistic pace of the economy such that the country is polarized into poor rural, agricultural, disadvantaged on the one hand and urban, affluent, industrial and commercial on the other. The paper aimed at assessing the measures being adopted by successive governments in Nigeria towards national integration and stability in the midst of tribal, religious, and cultural differences. One made use of secondary information from official gazettes, journals, national dailies, literatures and research works. It was discovered that integrative measures such as adopting federal system of government, the issue of federal character, establishment of National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), and creation of more States and local governments have not yielded much improvements and achievement of maintaining unity, peace and progress. Instead, there has been political violence, ethnic clash, religious intolerance, civil unrests, armed robbery, leading to insecurity of life and properties. On this note, one recommends among other things an advocacy for holding national conference or referendum where rightful thinking stakeholders, elder-statesmen, political leaders and trade unions would put heads together and champion a new course for Nigeria to progress. Moreover, there should be social justice in the distribution and allocation of national resources to regions in the country without discrimination either on the ground of political, religious or tribal affiliations. The derivative principle should be strictly adhered to, such that wealth and mineral producing areas should have proportionate share of the national income. Finally, we should sink all differences in the country and allow democratic government to reign supreme in order to make Nigeria takes her rightful position in the world.
Assessing the Institutional Capacity Enhancement Strategy by the Zimbabwe AIDS Network in Mashonaland Central Province.
Authors: Taderera Hope
Published: July 2012

The current discourse assesses capacity building interventions by the Zimbabwe AIDS Network. It focuses on the organization’s Institutional Capacity Enhancement Strategy in Mashonaland Central Province. An overview of Zimbabwe’s HIV/AIDS policy interventions is made, to locate the policy context within which capacity building interventions are being pursued. Qualitative and quantitative methodologies were triangulated to come up with data which allowed for comprehensive collection, presentation and analysis of findings. A survey was carried out in Ward 11, a primary catchment area serviced by Howard Mission Hospital to assess the impact of the Institutional Enhancement Strategy in the community. This hospital was randomly selected from amongst the list of ZAN member organization in Mashonaland Central Province. Qualitative data was collected using key informant, and in-depth interviews. Secondary data was collected through a documentary search. An analysis of findings revealed that Howard Mission Hospital received a total average rating of 3, 7 from the community for its HIV/AIDS interventions, which implied a good rating. It was concluded that ZAN’s intervention towards capacitating Howard Mission Hospital for the benefit of the community in the fight against HIV/AIDS. This indicates success in contributing towards Zimbabwe’s AIDS policy, even though some challenges were also noted.
Intraoperative Assessment of Medial Rectus Pulley Location in Strabismus
Authors: Thouvenin Dominique , Norbert Olivier
Published: July 2012

Purpose.

Extraocular muscle (EOM) pulleys are important in eye movement physiology and may play a role in the outcome of strabismus surgery. Few studies have evaluated “normal” position of EOM pulleys. We sought to assess intraoperatively medial rectus (MR) pulley location and variations in a prospective observational case series.

Methods.

A total of 194 consecutive patients with all types of strabismus aged 2 to 64 years had primary surgery on MR. We conducted 357 measures of the distance between scleral insertion of MR and anterior part of the pulley. We compared results to preoperative angle of deviation, age, refraction, and position of eyes under anesthesia.

Results.

Median location of the anterior part of the MR's pulley is 12.03 mm from scleral insertion, varying from 8 to 15 mm. There is a strong relation with refraction (p=0.005) and with preoperative angle of deviation (p=0.00002) and deviation under anesthesia (p=0.0001). The MR's pulley tends to be more anterior in hyperopic cases and esotropias, and posterior in myopias and exotropias.

Conclusions.

Our study shows physiologic variations of MR's pulley position with evidence of an adaptation to biometric parameters of the globe, represented by refraction state of the eyes in our study. Elsewhere, strabismus leads to an independent variation of MR's pulley location evaluated relatively to muscle's scleral insertion, but probably not if evaluated relatively to the orbit. We discuss consequences on ocular motility and surgery of these variations. They may explain some unexpected effects of strabismus surgery. Further studies are needed to ascertain their real impact.
Repeated Injection of Botulinum Toxin a in Patients with Neurogenic Bladder: Our Experience
Authors: Cantoro Ubaldo , Minardi Daniele , Lacetera Vito , Conti Alessandro , Catanzariti Francesco , Muzzonigro Giovanni
Published: July 2012

Background

In literature, the majority of data about treatment with botulinum toxin A are based on the results of a single treatment. We evaluate the safety and effectiveness in the medium term of the use of botulinum toxin type A in patients with neurogenic bladder, taking into consideration the clinical and urodynamic parameters, particularly in cases with repeated injections.

Methods

25 patients were divided into 2 groups: a first group of patients with detrusor overactivity, and a second with overactive sphincter. We performed 20–30 injections (Dysport), at a dose ranging between 500 and 1000 U. The first group was treated with infiltration in the detrusor and in the detrusor and trigone. The second group received injections in the perisphinteric zone, and in the perisphinteric zone and bladder neck. Of the 25 patients, 12 received a retreatment: the first group of patients kept a daily voiding diary to record the number of bladder emptying, incontinence episodes, nycturia and urgency of urination. The urodynamic parameters and symptoms pre-treatment and 4 months after the treatment were compared in both groups.

Results

In the first group there were significant changes in the cystometric capacity, maximum detrusor pressure, and in the post-void residual urine 4 months after treatment. These patients were satisfied with the treatment because of the improvement of incontinence and episodes of urgency. In 9 out of 15 retreated patients, the therapeutic results were similar to the first treatment. The second group reported significant improvements in maximum urinary flow rate, post-void residual urine and maximum detrusor pressure. 3 out of 10 patients were retreated even in this group; the new therapeutic results were similar to the first treatment.

Conclusions

Our results in 25 patients with neurogenic bladder showed a concordance with the literature data. The treatment of detrusor and sphincter neurogenic overactivity with botulinum toxin A is effective and safe. Also in the 12 patients with repeated injection treatment, it has been proven safe and effective.
Energy Efficiency Policy Puzzles
Authors: Brennan Timothy J.
Published: July 2012

Promoting energy efficiency (EE) has become a leading policy response to greenhouse gas emissions, energy dependence, and the cost of new generators and transmission lines. Such policies present numerous puzzles. Electricity prices below marginal production costs could warrant EE policies if EE and energy are substitutes, but they will not be substitutes if the energy price is sufficiently high. Using EE savings to meet renewable energy requirements can dramatically increase the marginal cost of electricity. Rejecting “rationality” of consumer energy choices raises doubts regarding cost-benefit analysis when demand curves may not reveal willingness to pay. Decoupling to guarantee constant profit regardless of use contradicts findings that incentive-based mechanisms outperform cost-of-service regulation. Regulators may implement EE policies to exercise buyer-side market power against generators, increasing consumer welfare but reducing overall economic performance. Encouraging utilities to take over potentially competitive EE contradicts policies to separate competitive from monopoly enterprises.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5547/01956574.34.2.1
Changes in the Operational Efficiency of National Oil Companies
Authors: Hartley Peter R. , Medlock Kenneth B.
Published: July 2012

Using data on 61 oil companies from 2001-09, we examine the evolution of revenue efficiency of National Oil Companies (NOCs) and shareholder-owned oil companies (SOCs). We find that NOCs generally are less efficient than SOCs, but their efficiency increased faster over the last decade. We also find evidence that partial privatizations increase operational efficiency, and (weaker) evidence that mergers and acquisitions during the decade tended to increase the efficiency of the merging firms. Finally, we find evidence that much of the inefficiency of NOCs is consistent with the hypothesis that government ownership leads to different firm objectives.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5547/01956574.34.2.2
Regional Trade Agreements, Emissions Bubbles, and Carbon Tariff Harmonization
Authors: Dissou Yazid , Siddiqui Muhammad Shahid
Published: July 2012

In the context of sub-global participation in greenhouse gas mitigation efforts, this paper investigates the effectiveness of a Canada-U.S. emissions bubble under their existing regional trade agreement. It also explores the potential economic impact of carbon tariff harmonization through the implementation of a common Canada-U.S. external border tariff adjustment as a mean to address competitiveness issues. Using a multi-region, multi-sector computable general equilibrium model, the paper finds that the creation of an emission bubble between the two countries could improve efficiency. The findings also suggest that a carbon tariff harmonization policy could give rise to distributional issues among Annex I regions and could fail to mitigate the negative competitiveness impacts of carbon abatement policies.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5547/01956574.34.2.3
Prediction and Inference in the Hubbert-Deffeyes Peak Oil Model
Authors: Boyce John R.
Published: July 2012

The Hubbert-Deffeyes “peak oil” (HDPO) model predicts that world oil production is about to enter a period of sustained decline. This paper investigates the empirical robustness of this claim. I use out-of-sample methods to test whether the HDPO model is capable of estimating ultimately recoverable reserves. HDPO model estimates of ultimately recoverable reserves, based on data available 30 years or more in the past, are found to be less than current observed cumulative production and discoveries. This result is robust to different specifications of the HDPO model, to applications to production and discoveries data, and to various levels of geographical aggregation. These problems stem from an attempt by the HDPO model to force a linear relationship onto data which are inherently nonlinear. This characteristic of the data is present in a wide variety of natural resources. I also show that the HDPO model is incapable of distinguishing between processes for which cumulative production is truly finite and processes for which cumulative production is unbounded. These findings undermine claims that the HDPO model is capable of yielding meaningful measures of ultimately recoverable reserves or of predicting when world oil production might peak.
Fuel Input Substitution under Tradable Carbon Permits System: Evidence from Finnish Energy Plants 2005-2008
Authors: Linden Mikael , Makela Matti , Uusivuori Jussi
Published: July 2012

Following the Kyoto protocol and the European Union climate policies energy plants exceeding 20 MW capacity have been part of the EU’s emissions-trading scheme (ETS) since 2005. However, the users of renewable fuels will not pay for tradable carbon allowances. Advanced energy production technologies enable the switch from fossil fuels to renewable wood fuels, and therefore wood fuels may constitute a competitive substitute for fossil fuels, especially if the price of allowances is relatively high. In this context we analyzed plant level Finnish data from years 2005-2008 with mixed models. Econometric equations were specified and estimated for the wood-fossil fuel ratios, and for the fossil fuel cost shares. We found that the EU ETS has short term impacts on the fuel mixes of the energy plants. The elasticity ofsubstitution between fossil and non-fossil fuels is larger under the ETS. Large plants have adjusted their fuel technology choices toward more wood using and fuel price sensitive forms. The size of energy plants and heterogeneity among them across the industries determine the extent of fuel substitution. However plants’ regional locations have limited roles in the interfuel flexibility.
Daphhimalenines C and D. New Alkaloids from Daphniphyllum himalense
Authors: Zhang Yu , He Hong-Ping , Guo Ling-Li , Li Shi-Fei , Di Ying-Tong , Hao Xiao-Jiang
Published: July 2012

Two new Daphniphyllum alkaloids, daphhimalenines C and D (1and 2) were isolated from the leaves of Daphniphyllum himalense. Their structures were established by spectroscopic methods, especially 2D NMR techniques.
A New Triterpene from Atalantia retusa Merr.
Authors: Ragasa Consolacion Y. , Espineli Dinah L. , Mandia Emelina H. , Raga Dennis D. , Don Ming-Jaw , Shen Chien-Chang
Published: July 2012

Atalantia retusa Merr. is a rare Philippine endemic shrub which was reported to exhibit high antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. The dichloromethane extract of the air-dried leaves of A. retusa afforded a new triterpene, retusenol (1), and friedelin (2), dischidiol (3), 5,7-dimethoxy-8- (3-methyl-2-oxybutyl)coumarin (4), humulene (5), and β-caryophyllene (6). The structures of 1 - 4 were elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR experiments. Friedelin, a known analgesic and antiinflammatory drug, is an active principle of the shrub. Compounds 1 - 4 were tested for cytotoxicity against the human cancer lung adenocarcinoma A549, colon carcinoma HCT116 and the non-cancer Chinese hamster ovary AA8 using the MTT assay. Triterpenes 1 - 3 had no linear interpolation with HCT 116 and A549, thus the IC50 value could not be computed. This implied that these compounds did not exhibit any cytotoxic effect against these cell lines. Meanwhile, 4 exhibited moderate cytoxicity against A549, HCT 116 and AA8 with IC50 values of 47.5634, 42.4338 and 46:2751 μ g mL-1, respectively. Compounds 1, 2 and 4 were tested for their antimicrobial properties against seven microorganisms and exhibited the highest activity against B. subtilis, even surpassing the activity of the standard antibiotic Chloramphenicol. They also exhibited antimicrobial activities against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, C. albicans, and T. mentagrophytes, but were inactive against A. niger and E. coli.
Isolation of the Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Intermedine-N-oxide from Cerinthe glabra and ab initio Calculation of its 13C NMR Shifts
Authors: Luber Markus , Musa Arafa , Kadry Hazem A. , Bracher Franz
Published: July 2012

The pyrrolizidine alkaloid intermedine-N-oxide was isolated from Cerinthe glabra for the first time. Due to the questionable assignments of NMR signals of this compound in previous literature reports ab initio calculations of the 13C NMR values based on the GIAO approach, using HF and B3LYP levels of theory and the four basis sets 6-31G(d), 6-311G(d), 6-31G(d,p), and 6-311G(d,p) were performed. The assignments obtained this way are in very good accordance with the experimental values.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of a Tetra-Cobalt(II)-substituted Sandwich-type Tungstophosphate, (1,3-H2dap)2H4[Co4(1,3-Hdap)2(α-BPW9O34)2]·3H2O
Authors: Wang Zi-Liang , Xi Hui-Ping
Published: July 2012

A sandwich-type tungstophosphate, (1,3-H2dap)2H4[Co4 (1,3-Hdap)2(α-B-PW9O34)2] ·3H2O (1,3-dap=1,3-diaminopropane), was hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental and thermo-gravimetric analysis, and IR and UV spectroscopy. The compound presents a classical tetra-transition metal-substituted sandwich framework, [Co4(1,3-Hdap)2(α-B-PW9O34)2]8-, which contains two lacunary α-B-[PW9O34]9- Keggin units linked by a rhomblike Co4O14(1,3-dap)2 cluster lying across an inversion center. The Co2+ ions are coordinated by a mono-protonated dap ligand. Isolatedly protonated 1,3-dap units act as counter-ions interacting with the [PW9O34]9- polyanions via hydrogen bonds forming a three-dimensional framework.
Synthesis, Structure and Spectroscopy of a New Polyiodide in the α,ω-Diazaniumalkane Iodide/Iodine System
Authors: Reiss Guido J. , Megen Martin van
Published: July 2012

The reaction of 1,4-diaminobutane with hydroiodic acid in the presence of iodine yields the title compound 1,4-diazaniumbutane tetraiodide, C4H14N2I4 (1). The title compound has been structurally characterized by crystallographic and spectroscopic methods (Raman and IR). 1is built up by centrosymmetric 1,4-diazaniumbutane cations in all-trans conformation and linear I42- anions. Both, cations and anions are located on centers of inversion (2/m) in the monoclinic space group C2/m. The hydrogen bonds between the azanium groups and the terminal iodine atoms of the I42- anions lead to a three-dimensional framework. The structural parameters of the tetraiodide anion, derived from X-ray crystallographic data are in excellent agreement with the results from Raman spectroscopy. The Raman and IR data for the analogous a,w-diazaniumalkane tetraiodide salts (H3N-(CH2)6-NH3)I4 (2) and (H3N-(CH2)7-NH3)I4 (3) are reported, and the structures of 1, 2and 3are compared.
Acer-Fraxinus dominated woods of the Italian peninsula: a floristic and phytogeographical analysis
Authors: Angiolini Claudia , Foggi Bruno , Viciani Daniele
Published: July 2012

Forest communities dominated by noble broad-leaved trees (maple, lime and ash) in Europe are of elevated scientific and con­servation interest for the European Union. In this paper, we first present a synthesis of the maple and ash forests in peninsular Italy. By classifying these forests, we distinguish seven main groups for the territory, which only broadly match the syntaxa proposed in the literature. The variability of the Apennine data is then analysed floristically and phytogeographically (using chorological components) in a central-southern European context, using numerical classification, INSPAN, and direct ordination of several synoptic tables. These analyses allow us to identify six different groups of European Acer-Fraxinus communities. Canonical Vari­ates Analysis (CVA) of the geographical components confirms the existence of distinct phytogeographical groups. In particular, we highlight the clear distinction between central European (including the Alps) and southern European coenoses. Among the latter there was a clear floristic and chorological distinction between Balkan and Apennine groups. These results reflect the biogeographical subdivisions of Europe, but do not support the syntaxonomical schemes proposed by other authors, which are based only on floristic-ecological information or (recently) use a smaller data set of Italian relevés. This study also shows that syntaxonomical schemes above the association level should pay more attention to phytogeographical aspects rather than focus on floristic-ecological information alone, in order to propose models that are of value on a geographical scale.
Questioning the Impossible
Authors: Gallant Rachel
Published: June 2024

In this narrative medicine essay, a pediatric oncologist gains new insight into the decision to transition from cancer-directed therapy to comfort-focused care when roles are reversed and she experiences end-of-life decision-making as a caregiver.
Cost—A Hidden Aspect of Equity-Grounded Implementation Science
Authors: Nagy Gabriela , Saldana Lisa , Gonzalez-Guarda Rosa M.
Published: June 2024

This JAMA Forum discusses the cost of health inequities, the lack of attention to implementation science and the costs in the research enterprise, and provides recommendations for targeting cost in equity-grounded implementation science.
Current policies in Europe and South Asia do not prevent veterinary use of drugs toxic to vultures
Authors: Cook Sophie E. , Green Rhys E. , Lieberherr Eva , Bowden Christopher G. R. , Chaudhry Muhammed Jamshed Iqbal , Alam A. B. M. Sarowar , Bharathidasan S. , Prakash Vibhu , Ghoshal Abhishek , Margalida Antoni , Shobrak Mohammed , Thapa Ishana
Published: June 2024

Population declines of vultures of the genus Gyps in the Indian Subcontinent in the 1990s and 2000s were among the most rapid global population declines recorded for any bird species.

Multiple lines of evidence identified veterinary treatment of cattle with the non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac as the principal cause of the vulture population crash. Diclofenac causes kidney failure and death within a few days of a vulture scavenging the carcass of a recently treated cow.

Despite coordinated regulatory action by governments to ban veterinary diclofenac in South Asia, enforcement has been incomplete in many areas. Progress in preventing the veterinary use of other NSAIDs now also known to be vulture‐toxic has been slow. A mosaic of inconsistent licensing processes currently exists across South Asian vulture range states, leading to issues with successful policy implementation, legitimacy and effectiveness.

At present, mandatory safety testing to ensure NSAIDs already in use or proposed for use are vulture‐safe is not part of drug licensing procedures in any vulture range state.

In 2021, Bangladesh became the first country to ban a vulture‐toxic NSAID, in addition to diclofenac, by banning veterinary use of ketoprofen. In 2023, India became the second country to take this step when the government announced a ban on veterinary aceclofenac and ketoprofen. This government action in India may have been triggered by a recent legal challenge.

Despite its veterinary use now being banned in South Asian and the Middle Eastern countries, diclofenac has been authorised for sale since 2013 as a veterinary drug in Spain, even though Spain holds 90% of the vulture population of Europe. The European Commission's decision to leave the authorisation of this drug to Member States is at odds with a central pillar of environmental law in the European Union (EU): the precautionary principle. Furthermore, this approach is not consistent with the stringent standards and burden of proof applied to the licensing of EU plant protection products.

Solution. A solution to this lack of protection of Gyps vulture populations is for regulatory regimes for veterinary NSAIDs to be augmented.
Study to evaluate the effect of Tangshen Fang combined with guideline‐directed medical treatment on the quality of life and clinical outcomes in patients with diabetic nephropathy: A clinical trial on constructing a novel paradigm of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Jin Xian , Wang Yanmei , Li Ping , Wu Lili , Wang Na , Duan Jun , Jiang Qinyu , Li Yangxi , Yin Zhuo , Wu Xi'ai , Chen Xiaoping
Published: June 2024

Background

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most common microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus and has become the primary cause of end‐stage renal disease in China. In patients with severe renal insufficiency, Western medical treatments often yield unsatisfactory results. Preliminary studies have indicated that the Chinese herbal formula Tangshen Fang improves estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in patients with DKD.

Methods/design

This is a multicenter, randomized, open‐label, controlled clinical trial. DKD patients with eGFR levels between 25 and 75 mL/min (1.73 m2) and urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (UACR) ≥ 30 mg/g, or eGFR level between 25 and 60 mL/min (1.73 m2) and UACR <30 mg will be included. A total of 144 participants will be randomly allocated to the treatment group (Tangshen Fang plus standard Western medicine with or without other traditional Chinese medicine [TCM]) and the control group (standard Western medicine with or without other TCM) at a 1:1 ration. The study duration will be 24 weeks and the follow‐up period will be extended to 96 weeks. The primary endpoint will be the change in eGFR from baseline to week 24. Secondary endpoints will include changes in UACR, body weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, lipid levels, fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and improvement in TCM symptoms and quality of life. Adverse events will also be evaluated.

Discussion

This study will provide evidence of the effectiveness and safety of Tangshen Fang in treating patients with DKD. It will also form the clinical pathway and expert consensus on integrating traditional Chinese and Western medicine for DKD and provide clinical evidence for the rational use of hospital preparations of Tangshen Fang.

Trial registration

Chinese Clinical Trials Registry, ChiCTR2300069269. Registered March 10, 2023.
Residue‐Free Droplet Transport Against Gravity via Wettability‐Patterned Liquid‐Like Surfaces
Authors: Zhao Xiaoxiao , Soltani Mohammad , Golovin Kevin
Published: June 2024

Lifting individual water droplets against gravity without external energy input is reported. Classical capillary rise requires the complete wetting of a transport pathway, resulting in water loss and poor collection efficiency. Boosting Laplace pressure propulsion while diminishing contact line pinning enables lossless water droplet ascension. Surfaces with properly designed physicochemical gradients can propel single water droplets as high as 65 mm against gravity, enabled by 1) surface wettability patterns, 2) liquid‐like polymer brushes, and 3) controlling droplet size within a shorebird beak‐inspired wedge geometry. Surface wettability patterns induce droplet elongation toward the gap‐to‐apex direction of the wedge geometry, which boosts Laplace pressure propulsion by increasing droplet length and diminishes contact line pinning by decreasing droplet width. Polymer brushes for wettability patterning exhibit minimal contact angle hysteresis, minimizing contact line pinning and enabling residue‐free droplet ascension. Controlling the droplet size prevents the dominance of either contact line pinning or gravity over Laplace pressure propulsion, enabling droplet transport against gravity. Utilizing these design rules, low surface tension n‐decane is also transported against gravity, and a particle‐laden solution is separated using sedimentation and against‐gravity transportation. Such surfaces may facilitate lossless, against‐gravity, and power‐free water pumps in numerous emerging sustainability and energy applications.
Switching Hydrophobic Interface with Ionic Valves for Reversible Zinc Batteries
Authors: Tang Di , Zhang Xinyue , Han Daliang , Cui Changjun , Han Zishan , Wang Lu , Li Zhiguo , Zhang Bo , Liu Yingxin , Weng Zhe , Yang Quan‐Hong
Published: June 2024

Developing hydrophobic interface has proven effective in addressing dendrite growth and side reactions during zinc (Zn) plating in aqueous Zn batteries. However, this solution inadvertently impedes the solvation of Zn2+ with H2O and subsequent ionic transport during Zn stripping, leading to insufficient reversibility. Herein, an adaptive hydrophobic interface that can be switched “on” and “off” by ionic valves to accommodate the varying demands for interfacial H2O during both the Zn plating and stripping processes, is proposed. This concept is validated using octyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (C8TAB) as the ionic valve, which can initiatively establish and remove a hydrophobic interface in response to distinct electric‐field directions during Zn plating and stripping, respectively. Consequently, the Zn anode exhibits an extended cycling life of over 2500 h with a high Coulombic efficiency of ≈99.8%. The full cells also show impressive capacity retention of over 85% after 1 000 cycles at 5 A g−1. These findings provide a new insight into interface design for aqueous metal batteries.
Gold‐Catalyzed Orthogonal and Chemocontrolled Synthesis of [4‐7‐6] Tricycles from 1,5‐Diynes
Authors: Hoshikawa Shoki , Alonso José M. , Matsumoto Takashi , Yanai Hikaru , Almendros Pedro
Published: June 2024

We report a one‐pot cascade sequence catalyzed by gold starting from 1,5‐diynes and a zwitterion (source of Tf2C=CH2), which allows the chemo‐, regio‐ and stereoselective preparation of cyclobutene‐fused [4‐7‐6] tricycles and displays orthogonal reactivity of the 1,5‐diyne system, zwitterion and metal catalyst. Moreover, the obtained tricyclic bis(triflyl)cyclobutenes [triflyl=(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl] can be easily converted into more complex structures such as bridged ketal and fused 1,3‐oxazine tetracyclic systems, demonstrating the potential of our protocol.
Mechanical Neural Networks with Explicit and Robust Neurons
Authors: Mei Tie , Zhou Yuan , Chen Chang Qing
Published: June 2024

Mechanical computing provides an information processing method to realize sensing‐analyzing‐actuation integrated mechanical intelligence and, when combined with neural networks, can be more efficient for data‐rich cognitive tasks. The requirement of solving implicit and usually nonlinear equilibrium equations of motion in training mechanical neural networks makes computation challenging and costly. Here, an explicit mechanical neuron is developed of which the response can be directly determined without the need of solving equilibrium equations. A training method is proposed to ensure the robustness of the neuron, i.e., insensitivity to defects and perturbations. The explicitness and robustness of the neurons facilitate the assembly of various network structures. Two exemplified networks, a robust mechanical convolutional neural network and a mechanical recurrent neural network with long short‐term memory capabilities for associative learning, are experimentally demonstrated. The introduction of the explicit and robust mechanical neuron streamlines the design of mechanical neural networks fulfilling robotic matter with a level of intelligence.
Hierarchical Protofilament Intertwining Rules the Formation of Mixed‐Curvature Amyloid Polymorphs
Authors: Zhou Jiangtao , Assenza Salvatore , Tatli Meltem , Tian Jiawen , Ilie Ioana M. , Starostin Eugene L. , Caflisch Amedeo , Knowles Tuomas P. J. , Dietler Giovanni , Ruggeri Francesco S. , Stahlberg Henning , Sekatskii Sergey K. , Mezzenga Raffaele
Published: June 2024

Amyloid polymorphism is a hallmark of almost all amyloid species, yet the mechanisms underlying the formation of amyloid polymorphs and their complex architectures remain elusive. Commonly, two main mesoscopic topologies are found in amyloid polymorphs characterized by non‐zero Gaussian and mean curvatures: twisted ribbons and helical fibrils, respectively. Here, a rich heterogeneity of configurations is demonstrated on insulin amyloid fibrils, where protofilament packing can occur, besides the common polymorphs, also in a combined mode forming mixed‐curvature polymorphs. Through AFM statistical analysis, an extended array of heterogeneous architectures that are rationalized by mesoscopic theoretical arguments are identified. Notably, an unusual fibrillization pathway is also unraveled toward mixed‐curvature polymorphs via the widespread recruitment and intertwining of protofilaments and protofibrils. The results present an original view of amyloid polymorphism and advance the fundamental understanding of the fibrillization mechanism from single protofilaments into mature amyloid fibrils.
Replicating CD Nanogrooves onto PDMS to Guide Nanowire Growth for Monolithic Flexible Photodetectors with High Bending‐Stable UV–vis–NIR Photoresponse
Authors: Liu Hanyu , Zhou Wei , Chen Xiangtao , Huang Pingyang , Wang Xingyu , Zhou Guofu , Xu Jinyou
Published: June 2024

Guided nanowires grown on polymer surfaces facilitate their seamless integration as flexible devices without post‐growth processing steps. However, this is challenging due to the inability of polymer films to provide the required lattice‐matching effect. In this work, this challenge is addressed by replicating highly aligned nanogrooves from a compact disc (CD) onto a casted flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surface. Leveraging the replicated nanogrooves, copper hexadecafluorophthalocyanine (F16CuPc) and various metal phthalocyanines are guided into large‐area, self‐aligned nanowires. Subsequently, by employing specifically designed shadow masks during electrode deposition, these nanowires are seamlessly integrated as either a monolithic flexible photodetector with a large sensing area or on‐chip flexible photodetector arrays. The resulting flexible photodetectors exhibit millisecond and long‐term stable response to UV–vis–NIR light. Notably, they demonstrate exceptional bending stability, retaining stable and sensitive photoresponse even at a curvature radius as low as 0.5 cm and after enduring 1000 bending cycles. Furthermore, the photodetector array showcases consistent sensitivity and response speed across the entire array. This work not only proves the viability of guided nanowire growth on flexible polymer surfaces by replicating CD nanogrooves but also underscores the potential for large‐scale monolithic integration of guided nanowires as flexible devices.
Elemental Distribution in Catalyst‐Coated Membranes of Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysers Tracked by Synchrotron X‐Ray Fluorescence
Authors: Rex Alexander , Almeida De Campos Leonardo , Gottschalk Torben , Ferreira Sanchez Dario , Trinke Patrick , Czioska Steffen , Saraçi Erisa , Bensmann Boris , Grunwaldt Jan‐Dierk , Hanke‐Rauschenbach Richard , Sheppard Thomas L.
Published: June 2024

The stability of catalyst layers and membranes in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) cells represents an ongoing challenge, compounded by the dissolution of components and migration of elements within the catalyst‐coated membrane (CCM). Conventional microscopy methods often struggle to efficiently evaluate large cross‐sections of PEMWE membranes, which is essential for representative analysis of technical scale CCMs. Herein, synchrotron radiation‐based X‐Ray fluorescence microscopy is exploited to analyze the stability of CCMs with around 1 μm resolution and a field of view of ≈200 × 75 μm2. Three application scenarios are investigated: 1) migration of catalyst elements, 2) dissolution of components, and 3) contaminated water supply containing ions. XRF is performed at three different X‐Ray energies (11.7, 11.4, and 11.0 keV), revealing the local elemental composition, including Pt, Ir, Ti, and Fe, under different stressing conditions. Notable observations include the distribution of Ir across the membrane and in the cathode catalyst layer, localization of Pt within the membrane, accumulation of Ti in the cathode catalyst layer, and minimal presence of Fe. XRF has been demonstrated to be a powerful analytical tool for accurate and high throughput imaging of catalyst degradation in PEMWE scenarios, particularly of technical scale devices.
Relationships of the wild peanut species, section Arachis: A resource for botanical classification, crop improvement, and germplasm management
Authors: Leal‐Bertioli Soraya C. M. , de Blas Francisco J. , Carolina Chavarro M. , Simpson Charles E. , Valls José F.M. , Tallury Shyam P. , Moretzsohn Márcio C. , Custodio Adriana R. , Thomas Stalker H. , Seijo Guillermo , Bertioli David J.
Published: June 2024

Premise

Wild species are strategic sources of valuable traits to be introduced into crops through hybridization. For peanut, the 33 currently described wild species in the section Arachis are particularly important because of their sexual compatibility with the domesticated species, Arachis hypogaea. Although numerous wild accessions are carefully preserved in seed banks, their morphological similarities pose challenges to routine classification.

Methods

Using a high‐density array, we genotyped 272 accessions encompassing all diploid species in section Arachis. Detailed relationships between accessions and species were revealed through phylogenetic analyses and interpreted using the expertise of germplasm collectors and curators.

Results

Two main groups were identified: one with A genome species and the other with B, D, F, G, and K genomes. Species groupings generally showed clear boundaries. Structure within groups was informative, for instance, revealing the history of the proto‐domesticate A. stenosperma. However, some groupings suggested multiple sibling species. Others were polyphyletic, indicating the need for taxonomic revision. Annual species were better defined than perennial ones, revealing limitations in applying classical and phylogenetic species concepts to the genus. We suggest new species assignments for several accessions.

Conclusions

Curated by germplasm collectors and curators, this analysis of species relationships lays the foundation for future species descriptions, classification of unknown accessions, and germplasm use for peanut improvement. It supports the conservation and curation of current germplasm, both critical tasks considering the threats to the genus posed by habitat loss and the current restrictions on new collections and germplasm transfer.
Paired Electrolysis Enables Reductive Heck Coupling of Unactivated (Hetero)Aryl Halides and Alkenes
Authors: Lai Yihuan , Milner Phillip J.
Published: June 2024

The formation of carbon‐carbon (C−C) bonds is a cornerstone of organic synthesis. Among various methods to construct Csp2−Csp3 bonds, the reductive Heck reaction between (hetero)aryl halides and alkenes stands out due to its potential efficiency and broad substrate availability. However, traditional reductive Heck reactions are limited by the use of precious metal catalysts and/or limited aryl halide and alkene compatibility. Here, we present an electrochemically mediated, metal‐ and catalyst‐free reductive Heck reaction that tolerates both unactivated (hetero)aryl halides and diverse alkenes such as vinyl boronates and silanes. Detailed electrochemical and deuterium‐labeling studies support that this transformation likely proceeds through a paired electrolysis pathway, in which acid generated by the oxidation of N,N‐diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) at the anode intercepts an alkyl carbanion formed after radical‐polar crossover at the cathode. As such, this approach offers a sustainable method for the construction of Csp2−Csp3 bonds from (hetero)aryl halides and alkenes, paving the way for the development of other electrochemically mediated olefin difunctionalization reactions.
Strained Au skin on Mesoporous Intermetallic AuCu3 Nanocoral for Electrocatalytic Conversion of Nitrate to Ammonia across a Wide Concentration Range
Authors: Xiao Yuhang , Tan Xiaohong , Du Binjie , Guo Yingying , He Weidong , Cui Hao , Wang Chengxin
Published: June 2024

Electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NitRR) uses nitrate from wastewater, offering a hopeful solution for environmental issues and ammonia production. Yet, varying nitrate levels in real wastewater greatly affect NitRR, slowing down its multi‐step process. Herein, a multi‐strategy approach was explored through the design of ordered mesoporous intermetallic AuCu3 nanocorals with ultrathin Au skin (meso‐i‐AuCu3@ultra‐Au) as an efficient and concentration‐versatile catalyst for NitRR. The highly penetrated structure, coupled with the compressive stress exerted on the skin layer, not only facilitates rapid electron/mass transfer, but also effectively modulates the surface electronic structure, addressing the concentration‐dependent challenges encountered in practical NitRR process. As expected, the novel catalyst demonstrates outstanding NitRR activities and Faradaic efficiencies exceeding 95 % across a real and widespread concentration range (10–2000 mM). Notably, its performance at each concentration matched or exceeded that of the best‐known catalyst designed for that concentration. Multiple operando spectroscopies unveiled the catalyst concurrently optimized the adsorption behavior of different intermediates (adsorbed *NOx and *H) while expediting the hydrogenation steps, leading to an efficient overall reduction process. Moreover, the catalyst also displays promising potential for use in ammonia production at industrial‐relevant current densities and in conceptual zinc‐nitrate batteries, serving trifunctional nitrate conversion, ammonia synthesis and power supply.