bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Litter size and infant survivorship in wild groups of cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) in Colombia
Authors: Savage A. , Soto L. , Medina F. , Emeris G. , Soltis J.
Published: April 2009

Cotton‐top tamains (Saguinus oedipus) are a critically endangered primate found only in Colombia. Efforts to conserve this species are centered on developing effective management plans that integrate biological information regarding population dynamics and factors that influence their survival. This study documented infants born to wild cotton‐top tamarin females from 1994–2008 at two distinct field sites in northern Colombia. Our studies have shown that wild cotton‐top tamarins typically give birth to one litter each year and infant survival to 6 months of age was greater in the wild than has been reported in captive colonies. However, similar to reports from captive colonies, litter size of wild cotton‐top tamarins ranges from 1–3 infants, with twin litters most common. Here we report the first occurrence of triplet litters in nearly 20 years of observing wild cotton‐top tamarin groups. Over the first 3 months of life, wild‐born infants exhibited highest mortality during the first week of life, similar to reports from captive colonies. Infant survival in the wild also increases with successive litters as it does in captivity. However, inter‐birth interval, group size, and the number of adult males in the group did not appear to influence infant survival in the wild. The value of such long‐term data from field studies aids in the information that can be used to model future population trends and develop effective conservation plans for this critically endangered primate. Am. J. Primatol. 71:707–711, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photografting of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid onto polyolefines initiated by formaldehyde in aqueous solutions
Authors: Han Jianmei , Wang Huiliang
Published: April 2009

Formaldehyde aqueous solution can act as an effective photoinitiating system for water‐borne photografting. The photografting of acrylic acid (AA) and methacrylic acid (MAA) onto high‐density polyethylene (HDPE), low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP) initiated by formaldehyde aqueous solutions has been reported. The effects of formaldehyde content and monomer concentration on grafting varied with the polymeric substrates and monomers used. For the grafting of AA onto HDPE, the extent of grafting increased with increasing formaldehyde content in the solution, monomer concentration had a little effect on grafting. Whereas for the grafting of MAA onto HDPE, the grafting performed in 8% formaldehyde aqueous solution lead to the highest extent of grafting, the extent of grafting increased with monomer concentration till 2.5 mol/L. MAA was easier to be grafted onto the polyolefins than AA. The easiness of grafting occurring on the polyolefins was in a decreasing order of LDPE > HDPE > PP. Qualitative and semi‐quantitative Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) characterizations of the grafted samples were performed. For both grafted LDPE and PP samples, at the same irradiation time, the carbonyl index of the samples grafted with MAA was higher than that grafted with AA. The FTIR results are in accord with the results obtained by gravimetric method. The water absorbency of the grafted samples increased almost linearly with the extent of grafting. The PE films grafted with AA adsorbed more water than those grafted with MAA. This study had broadened the water‐borne initiating system for photografting. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Investigation on the uniformity of high‐density polyethylene/wood fiber composites in a twin‐screw extruder
Authors: Zhang Jingjing , Park Chul B. , Rizvi Ghaus M. , Huang Hanxiong , Guo Qingping
Published: April 2009

Uniform dispersion of wood fiber in high‐density polyethylene can improve the mechanical properties and surface finish of the wood plastic composites. However, it is difficult to achieve uniform dispersion when the wood content is high, due to its low thermal stability, incompatibility with polymer, and affinity for agglomeration. This work was undertaken to improve the uniformity of high‐density polyethylene/wood composites by designing screw configurations, optimizing screw speed, and altering material compositions. The rheological properties and scanning electron microscope micrograph were used to characterize the uniformity. The results showed that the medium dispersive and distributive mixing, medium screw speed, and lubricant were all beneficial in improving uniformity. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Linear‐dendritic copolymers as nanocatalysts
Authors: Adeli M. , Zarnegar Z.
Published: April 2009

Functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) containing four chloride end functional groups (PEG‐Cl4) was synthesized through reaction between cyanuric chloride and PEG‐(OH)2. Chloride end functional groups of PEG‐Cl4 were able to initiate the ring opening polymerization of 2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline and star copolymers containing a PEG core, and poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) (POX) arms were obtained. Polymerization was quenched using diethanolamine, and star copolymers containing hydroxyl end functional groups (PEG‐POX‐OH) were obtained. ε‐Caprolactone was then polymerized using the hydroxyl end functional groups of star copolymers and amphiphilic linear‐dendritic copolymers containing PEG and POX, and poly(caprolactone) (PCL) blocks were synthesized. Linear‐dendritic copolymers were able to load the organic and inorganic guest molecules. Application of host‐guest systems such as nanocatalyst for Heck chemical reaction was also investigated. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
On the importance of the reaction between OH and RO2 radicals
Authors: Archibald A. T. , Petit A. S. , Percival C. J. , Harvey J. N. , Shallcross D. E.
Published: April 2009

A new model, BAMBO (Bristol's Atmospheric Marine Boundary layer mOdel), was developed in order to investigate the reaction between peroxy radicals (RO2) and the hydroxyl radical (OH) under typical marine boundary layer (MBL) conditions. The results of this work have shown that the inclusion of the title reaction has negligible effects on inorganic species and ozone but can have significant effects on predicted atmospheric mixing ratios of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs), which are generally poorly represented in atmospheric models. This work highlights that the title reaction may be important to modelling trace gas composition in the MBL. However, thorough experimental and theoretical studies are needed to clarify many of the assumptions made. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Soil model parameter estimation with ensemble data assimilation
Authors: Orescanin Biljana , Rajkovic Borivoj , Zupanski Milija , Zupanski Dusanka
Published: April 2009

A parameter estimation problem in context of ensemble data assimilation is addressed. In an example using a one‐point soil temperature model, the parameters corresponding to the emissivity and to the effective depth between the surface and the lowest atmospheric model level are estimated together with the initial conditions for temperature. The nonlinear synthetic observations representing various fluxes are assimilated using the Maximum Likelihood Ensemble Filter (MLEF). The results indicate a benefit of simultaneous assimilation of initial conditions and parameters. The estimated uncertainties are in general agreement with actual uncertainties. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
The emerging role of cystatins in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Žerovnik Eva
Published: April 2009

Recently opposing effects of cysteine protease inhibitors, the human cystatins, on neurodegeneration have been reported. Human cystatin C is a risk factor for late‐onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), whereas human stefin B (cystatin B) has no direct involvement in AD. Conflicting data show that their target protease, cathepsin B, might be anti‐amyloidogenic, helping in amyloid‐beta (Aβ) clearance or, instead, might be involved in Aβ production. Some reports claim that cystatin C binds soluble Aβ, making transgenic animals healthier, others, in contrast, that deleting cystatins genes may contribute to amyloid pathology in animal models of AD.
Conformational analysis of a peptide approximating the HCCH motif in HIV‐1 Vif
Authors: Giri Kalyan , Maynard Ernest L.
Published: April 2009

Virion infectivity factor (Vif) is an accessory protein encoded by HIV‐1. Vif recruits a Cul5‐based ubiquitin ligase that targets APOBEC3G, a host‐encoded antiviral enzyme, for proteasomal degradation. The C‐terminus of Vif contains a conserved His‐X5‐Cys‐X17‐18‐Cys‐X3‐5‐His (HCCH) motif that binds zinc and interacts with Cul5. In this study, CD spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, light scattering, and zinc binding assays were used to examine the conformational properties of HCCHp, a 42‐amino acid peptide encompassing the HCCH motif. A single tryptophan residue was engineered into HCCHp to probe local structural changes induced by zinc binding. Zinc binding increased burial of the Trp residue from solvent and increased tertiary packing. The solvent 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol (TFE) induced the formation of an α‐helical conformation of HCCHp with a midpoint of 20% (vol/vol) and inhibited zinc‐induced aggregation of HCCHp. TFE titration data were sigmoidal, consistent with the cooperative nature of helix formation. Zinc binding to HCCHp in 30% TFE solutions was cooperative and weakened the TFE‐induced structure. In 80% TFE solutions this cooperativity was lost, suggesting a mechanism in which monomeric and oligomeric peptide forms display different affinities for zinc. TFE weakened zinc binding to HCCHp by two orders of magnitude relative to the zinc binding affinity measured in aqueous solvent. The data suggest that HCCHp conformation and zinc binding affinity are tightly coupled. We propose that the lack of intrinsic structure in the HCCH motif may be important for Vif's function as an E3 ubiquitin ligase adaptor protein. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 92: 417–425, 2009.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Factors affecting effectiveness in e‐learning: An analysis in production management courses
Authors: Martínez‐Caro Eva
Published: April 2009

E‐learning may help to open up new channels for the traditional teaching of engineering but there are many questions about what makes e‐learning an effective and satisfactory method, in particular, in the field of industrial engineering. This article evaluates the potential factors affecting the effectiveness of engineering e‐learning courses by applying structural equation modeling in a sample of students of multiple production management courses for industrial engineering students. This way, the gaps and methodological weaknesses detected in prior studies has been avoided. The findings of this study suggest that interaction is key to getting successful outcomes, that the right mixture of human and technology must be found, that it is crucial to teach students to learn online and that special attention must be directed to non‐traditional students who have the additional pressure of resolving time conflicts between e‐learning, work and/or family life. These findings can help engineering colleges and schools offering e‐learning courses to learn more about how to enhance students' success. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 572–581, 2011
An algorithm to form balanced and diverse groups of students
Authors: Yeoh Hak Koon , Mohamad Nor Mohamad Iskandr
Published: April 2009

We share the details of a simple algorithm which groups students based on diversity in gender and race while keeping the group average CGPA nearly equal. Application on simulated and actual class profiles gave multiple‐feasible solutions within seconds, with a maximum absolute deviation in group average CGPA of 0.03/4.00 or lower. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 582–590, 2011
Growth factors and glucose homeostasis in diabetic rats: effects of exercise training
Authors: Gomes Ricardo José , Leme José Alexandre Curiacos de Almeida , de Moura Leandro Pereira , de Araújo Michel Barbosa , Rogatto Gustavo Puggina , de Moura Rodrigo Ferreira , Luciano Eliete , de Mello Maria Alice Rostom
Published: April 2009

To investigate the alterations of glucose homeostasis and variables of the insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) growth system in sedentary and trained diabetic (TD) rats, Wistar rats were divided into sedentary control (SC), trained control (TC), sedentary diabetic (SD), and TD groups. Diabetes was induced by Alloxan (35 mg kg−1 b.w.). Training program consisted of swimming 5 days week−1, 1 h day−1, during 8 weeks. Rats were sacrificed and blood was collected for determinations of serum glucose, insulin, growth hormone (GH), IGF‐1, and IGF binding protein‐3 (IGFBP‐3). Muscle and liver were removed to evaluate glycogen content. Cerebellum was extracted to determinate IGF‐1 content. Diabetes decreased serum GH, IGF‐1, IGFBP‐3, liver glycogen, and cerebellum IGF‐1 peptide content in baseline condition. Physical training recovered liver glycogen and increased serum and cerebellum IGF‐1 peptide in diabetic rats. Physical training induces important metabolic and hormonal alterations that are associated with an improvement in glucose homeostasis and serum and cerebellum IGF‐1 concentrations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paclitaxel‐induced ST‐Segment Elevations
Authors: Gemici Gökmen , Çinçin Altuǧ , Deǧertekin Muzaffer , Oktay Ahmet
Published: April 2009

A 51‐year‐old woman presented with severe chest pain minutes after starting intravenous paclitaxel as a part of the systemic chemotherapy due to ovarian carcinoma. The electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed sinus rhythm with ST‐segment elevations in inferior and anterior leads. The ST‐segment elevations resolved immediately after sublingual nitroglycerine. Cardiac troponin T and CPK MB levels remained in the normal range at repeat measurements. It was presumed that in spite of standard premedication, paclitaxel had induced acute coronary syndrome with ST‐segment elevations in this patient. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design, fabrication, and testing of an insertable double‐imaging‐region gradient coil
Authors: Goodrich K. Craig , Hadley J. Rock , Moon Sung M. , Chronik Blaine A. , Scholl Timothy J. , Debever Joshua T. , Parker Dennis L.
Published: April 2009

We have constructed a small‐bore insertable gradient coil with two linear gradient imaging regions and interfaced it with an MRI scanner. We have also constructed an RF system capable of transmitting or receiving in both regions simultaneously. Designs for conductor placement for two‐region X‐, Y‐, and Z‐gradient coils were optimized by simulated annealing. Wire patterns for each axis were chosen that gave low inductance, reasonable homogeneity over a large imaging volume and high efficiency (gradient field per‐unit‐current). Imaging was performed on a Siemens 3T TIM Trio scanner equipped with three additional gradient amplifier channels and a second RF/gradient array controller. Phantoms were placed in the two imaging regions as well as the central non‐imaging region to test gradient homogeneity and crosstalk between regions. Images acquired simultaneously in the two regions showed very little signal crosstalk between imaging regions and even less signal from the central, non‐imaging region. When combined with an overlapping single‐region gradient insert, extended field‐of‐view (FOV) imaging will be possible without moving the table or the subject and without increasing nerve stimulation. Construction and testing of a two‐region gradient coil insert is a necessary intermediate step as a proof of concept for an extended field of view, contiguous, three‐region human‐sized gradient system. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 35B: 98–105, 2009
Association of the progesterone receptor gene with endometrial cancer risk in a Chinese population
Authors: Xu Wang‐Hong , Long Ji‐rong , Zheng Wei , Ruan Zhi‐xian , Cai Qiuyin , Cheng Jia‐rong , Xiang Yong‐Bing , Shu Xiao‐Ou
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND:

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the progesterone receptor (PGR) gene have been associated with the risk of endometrial cancer. However, to the authors' knowledge, no study to date has systematically evaluated the role of the PGR gene in endometrial carcinogenesis.

METHODS:

Exposure information and DNA samples collected in the Shanghai Endometrial Cancer Study, a population‐based case‐control study of 1204 incident cases and 1212 age‐ and frequency‐matched population controls, were used in this study. Seven tag SNPs were identified for the PGR gene plus the 5‐kilobase (kb) flanking regions using the Han Chinese data from the HapMap project with a pairwise correlation coefficient (r2) ≥ 0.90. These 7 SNPs captured 92% of SNPs in the region with a pairwise r2 ≥ 0.90 or 100% of SNPs with a pairwise r2 ≥ 0.80. Genotyping of polymorphisms was performed by using the Affymetrix MegAllele Targeted Genotyping System. A logistic regression model was used to compute adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).

RESULTS:

Of 7 tag SNPs that were assessed, 2 polymorphisms in the 3′ flanking region of the PGR gene, reference SNP identification number (rs) 11224561 (rs11224561) and rs471767, were associated with the risk of endometrial cancer. The cytosine/cytosine (CC) genotype of SNP rs11224561 was associated with decreased risk (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.50‐0.92) compared with the thymine/thymine (TT) genotype. Carrying the guanine (G) allele of the rs471767 SNP also was associated with decreased risk, although the association was not statistically significant (OR, 0.78, 95%CI, 0.59‐1.04 and OR, 0.32, 95%CI, 0.03‐3.05 for the adenine [A]G and GG genotypes, respectively, compared with the homozygote AA).

CONCLUSIONS:

The current findings suggested that polymorphisms in the 3′ flanking region of the PGR gene may be associated with the risk of endometrial cancer. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Comparing safety and efficacy of first‐line irinotecan/fluoropyrimidine combinations in elderly versus nonelderly patients with metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: Jackson Nadine A. , Barrueco José , Soufi‐Mahjoubi Raoudha , Marshall John , Mitchell Edith , Zhang Xiaoxi , Meyerhardt Jeffrey
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND:

Irinotecan‐based chemotherapy regimens are 1 option for treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). The authors report the safety and efficacy of such regimens in elderly patients using a large phase III trial (bolus, infusional, or capecitabine with camptostar‐celecoxib [BICC‐C]) cohort.

METHODS:

In period 1, 430 previously untreated patients with mCRC were randomized in a 3‐by‐2 design to receive irinotecan plus infusional 5‐fluorouracil, and leucovorin (FOLFIRI), irinotecan plus bolus 5‐fluorouracil/leucovorin (mIFL), and irinotecan plus oral capecitabine (CapeIRI). In period 2, an additional 117 patients were randomized to receive FOLFIRI or mIFL and bevacizumab. In both periods patients were also randomized to a double‐blind treatment with celecoxib or placebo. A secondary analysis was conducted examining the safety and efficacy of these regimens in elderly (age >70 years) versus nonelderly (age ≤70 years) patients.

RESULTS:

In period 1, 19.5% of patients were elderly, compared with 24.8% in period 2. Rates of grade 3 and higher toxicity did not differ significantly between age groups in either period by treatment arm, with the exception of asthenia in the FOLFIRI and CapeIRI arms (P= .05 andP= .03, respectively) and dehydration in the CapeIRI arm in period 1 (P= .02). Overall progression‐free survival for FOLFIRI in both periods was not statistically different by age. Objective responses and overall survival did not differ by patient age within treatment arms and periods.

CONCLUSIONS:

Irinotecan/fluoropyrimidine combinations are well tolerated in the elderly population, with similar efficacy to that found in nonelderly patients in first‐line mCRC. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Variational iteration method for inverse problem of diffusion equation
Authors: Yıldırım Ahmet
Published: April 2009

In this work, the solution of an inverse problem concerning a diffusion equation with source control parameters is presented. Inverse problems of parabolic type arise from many fields of physics and play a very important role in various branches of science and engineering. In the last few years, considerable efforts have been expended in formulating accurate and efficient methods to solve these equations. In this research, the variational iteration method is used for solving an inverse parabolic problem and computing an unknown time‐dependent parameter. In this method, the solution is calculated in the form of a convergent series with an easily computable component. This approach does not need linearization, weak nonlinearity assumptions or perturbation theory. The results show applicability, accuracy and efficiency of VIM in solving inverse problems of parabolic type. It is predicted that VIM can be widely applied in science and engineering problems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A quadratic least‐squares solution reconstruction in a boundary layer region
Authors: Petrovskaya N. B.
Published: April 2009

A local weighted least‐squares (LS) method is often used to approximate a solution function in computational aerodynamics problems. In our paper we study LS approximation by a quadratic polynomial on unstructured grids that have the high cell aspect ratio. It will be shown in the paper that an LS method degrades to unacceptable accuracy on stretched meshes and weighting of distant stencil points does not result in a more accurate reconstruction. A concept of numerically distant points will be employed to explain the reasons behind the method's poor performance and an approach will be discussed that allows one to improve the results of a quadratic LS reconstruction in a boundary layer region. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow cytometric evaluation of CD38 expression assists in distinguishing follicular hyperplasia from follicular lymphoma
Authors: Mantei Kristin , Wood Brent L.
Published: April 2009

The distinction of follicular lymphoma (FL) from reactive follicular hyperplasia (FH) can be a diagnostic challenge in flow cytometry. In this study, the median fluorescent intensity (MFI) of CD38 as assessed by flow cytometry on B and T cell subpopulations in 102 lymph nodes specimens with histopathologically confirmed FL was compared with 55 cases of FH. The MFI of CD38 was highly significantly reduced in the neoplastic B cells in FL when compared with the reactive germinal center B cells in FH (P < 1.0E‐16). The MFI of CD38 did not differ between the non‐neoplastic B‐cells in FL and nongerminal center B‐cells in FH (P = 0.14) or between T‐cells and non‐neoplastic B‐cells in FL (P = 0.63). A marginal increase in the MFI of CD38 was seen for T cells in FL compared with FH (P = 0.04). An increased difference in the MFI of CD38 was identified for T‐cells compared with nongerminal center B‐cells in FH (P = 0.005). No difference in CD38 expression was seen between Grades 1, 2, or 3 FL. The study also confirmed increased expression of CD10 (P < 1.0E‐9), decreased CD19 (P < 1.0E‐22), and CD20 (P < 1.0E‐16) in FL in comparison with FH, as has been previously reported. This study identified decreased CD38 as a common finding in FL in comparison with FH and provides an additional tool to help differentiate FL from FH by flow cytometry. © 2009 Clinical Cytometry Society
A Cyclometallated (Azobenzene)palladium(II) Complex of 1,4,7‐Trithiacyclononane: Synthesis and Reactivity with Thioether‐Dithiolate Metalloligands, Single‐Crystal X‐ray Diffraction Analyses and Electrochemical Studies
Authors: Shin Richard Y. C. , Goh Chun Lian , Goh Lai Yoong , Webster Richard D. , Li Yongxin
Published: April 2009

The treatment of [{Pd(C6H4N=NC6H5)(μ‐Cl)}2] (5) with AgPF6/NH4PF6 in acetone, followed by the addition of two molar equivalents of 1,4,7‐trithiacyclononane (9S3), gives the deep red complex [Pd(C6H4N=NC6H5)(9S3)][PF6] (6A) in high yield, whereas the direct reaction of 5 with two molar equivalents of 9S3 gives [Pd(C6H4N=NC6H5)(9S3)][Pd(C6H4N=NC6H5)Cl2] (6B) in quantitative yield based on 5. The subsequent reaction of 5 and 6A with the metalloligand [(HMB)RuII{η3‐tpdt}] [3; HMB = η6‐C6Me6, tpdt = S(CH2CH2S–)2] results in displacement of the chloride and 9S3 ligands, respectively, to give the Ru‐Pd heterobimetallic complex [{(HMB)RuII(μ‐η2:η3‐tpdt)}{Pd(C6H4N=NC6H5)}][PF6] (7) in 85 % yield. Similar reactions with the Cp* analogue of 3, namely [(Cp*)RuIII{η3‐tpdt}] (4), give the trinuclear complex [{Cp*RuIII(μ‐η2:η3‐tpdt)}2Pd](PF6)2 (8), in which all the ligands on palladium have been displaced, in a yield of around 80 %. X‐ray diffraction analyses of 6A, 6B and its solvates (6B·H2O and 6B·CHCl3) have shown that short atom–atom interactions between the cation and the counterion and lattice solvent molecules have a significant effect on the bond parameters of the molecules, and 1H NMR spectroscopy indicates that these interactions persist even in solution. The single‐crystal X‐ray structure of 7 has also been determined. Cyclic voltammetry experiments have been performed on 6A, 6B and 7 in CH2Cl2 and CH3CN at GC and Pt electrodes.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Introducing a new parameter for quality control of proteome profiles: Consideration of commonly expressed proteins
Authors: Slany Astrid , Haudek Verena J. , Gundacker Nina C. , Griss Johannes , Mohr Thomas , Wimmer Helge , Eisenbauer Maria , Elbling Leonilla , Gerner Christopher
Published: April 2009

Interpretation of proteome profiling experiments largely relies on comparative analyses. False‐positive identifications may cause fatal misinterpretation of data. On the other hand, proteome analysis may also suffer from false negatives, when proteins that are actually present are not detected. This circumstance may be as fatal as false‐positive identifications and was hardly considered until now. Appropriate positive controls would facilitate quality assessment of proteome profiling experiments. Based on cell biology knowledge, our aim was to generate a list of commonly expressed proteins, which may serve as positive control. Following a pragmatic experimental strategy, we compared the cytoplasmic fractions of four largely differing kinds of cells, which were human DCs, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Proteome profiling was performed by 2D‐PAGE in addition to shotgun analysis. By shotgun analysis, 665 proteins were identified, which occurred in each of the four cells types; 360 proteins of those were also detectable in the corresponding 2‐D gels. We consider these proteins as common proteins. All shotgun analysis data, including mass fragmentation spectra of the corresponding peptides, are accessible via the proteomics identification database (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pride). As expected, most of the common proteins could be clearly assigned to at least one of the following functional categories: chaperones, cytoskeleton, energy metabolism, redox regulation, nucleic acid processing, protein turnover, membrane transport, protein synthesis and signaling. We suggest that the present data may prove helpful for data assessment, quality control and interpretation of a large variety of experiments based on proteome profiling.
Omic analyses unravels global molecular changes in the brain and liver of a rat model for chronic Sake (Japanese alcoholic beverage) intake
Authors: Masuo Yoshinori , Imai Tsunehiko , Shibato Junko , Hirano Misato , Jones Oliver A. H. , Maguire Mahon L. , Satoh Kouji , Kikuchi Shoshi , Rakwal Randeep
Published: April 2009

The effects of chronic administration of Sake (Japanese alcoholic beverage, Nihonshu) on brain and liver of female F334 (Fisher) rats were surveyedviaglobal omic analyses using DNA microarray, 2‐DE, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance. Rats weaned at 4 wk of age were given free access to Sake (15% alcohol), instead of water. At 13 months of age, and 24 h after withdrawal of Sake supply, rats were sacrificed, and the whole brain and liver tissues dissected for analyses. In general, molecular changes in brain were found to be less than those in liver. Transcriptomics data revealed 36 and 9, and 80 and 62 up‐ and down‐regulated genes, in the brain and liver, respectively, with binding and catalytic activity gene categories the most prominently changed. Results suggested Sake‐induced fragility of brain and liver toxicity/damage, though no significant abnormalities in growth were seen. At protein level, a striking decrease was found in the expression of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe‐S protein 1 in brain, suggesting attenuation of mitochondrial metabolism. In liver, results again suggested an attenuation of mitochondrial function and, in addition, glycoproteins with unknown function were induced at protein and gene levels, suggesting possible changes in glycoprotein binding in that organ. Metabolomic analysis of brain revealed significant increases in valine, arginine/ornithine, alanine, glutamine, and choline with decreases in isoleucine,N‐acetyl aspartate, taurine, glutamate, and gamma aminobutyric acid. Our results provide a detailed inventory of molecular components of both brain and liver after Sake intake, and may help to better understand effects of chronic Sake drinking.
Seismic reliability of V‐braced frames: Influence of design methodologies
Authors: Longo Alessandra , Montuori Rosario , Piluso Vincenzo
Published: April 2009

According to the most modern trend, performance‐based seismic design is aimed at the evaluation of the seismic structural reliability defined as the mean annual frequency (MAF) of exceeding a threshold level of damage, i.e. a limit state. The methodology for the evaluation of the MAF of exceeding a limit state is herein applied with reference to concentrically ‘V’‐braced steel frames designed according to different criteria. In particular, two design approaches are examined. The first approach corresponds to the provisions suggested by Eurocode 8 (prEN 1998—Eurocode 8: design of structures for earthquake resistance. Part 1: general rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings), while the second approach is based on a rigorous application of capacity design criteria aiming at the control of the failure mode (J. Earthquake Eng. 2008; 12:1246–1266; J. Earthquake Eng. 2008; 12:728–759). The aim of the presented work is to focus on the seismic reliability obtained through these design methodologies. The probabilistic performance evaluation is based on an appropriate combination of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis, probabilistic seismic demand analysis (PSDA) and probabilistic seismic capacity analysis. Regarding PSDA, nonlinear dynamic analyses have been carried out in order to obtain the parameters describing the probability distribution laws of demand, conditioned to given values of the earthquake intensity measure. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extreme weight change behaviours: Are overweight and normal weight adolescents different, and does this vary over time?
Authors: McCabe Marita P. , Ricciardelli Lina A.
Published: April 2009

This study examined the nature of extreme weight loss behaviours among overweight and normal weight adolescents. Body mass index (BMI), body dissatisfaction, body importance, pubertal timing, negative affect, bulimic symptoms, food supplements and exercise dependence were evaluated at Time 1 and 16 months later at Time 2 among 788 adolescents. There were a large number of differences in the strategies adopted by overweight adolescents, and these remained relatively stable over time. In addition, girls engaged in more bulimic symptoms than boys; particularly overweight girls. Negative affect was also a major predictor of health risk behaviours for overweight adolescent boys and girls. Implications of these findings for the treatment of extreme weight loss behaviours among overweight adolescents are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Risk and protective factors for disturbed eating in adolescent girls – aspects of perfectionism and attitudes to eating and weight
Authors: Gustafsson Sanna Aila , Edlund Birgitta , Kjellin Lars , Norring Claes
Published: April 2009

The aim of this study was to longitudinally examine the role of personal standards, self‐evaluation, perceived benefits of thinness and attitudes to eating and weight in the development of healthy versus disturbed eating in adolescent girls. In a longitudinal study, girls who participated in two assessments, four to five years apart, were divided into three groups according to the attitudes to eating that they manifested at the second evaluation: those with disturbed eating patterns (DE‐group, n = 49), those with intermediate concerns about eating (IE‐group, n = 260) and those with healthy eating attitudes (HE‐group, n = 120). Variables concerning attitudes to eating and weight and physical self‐evaluation emerged as risk factors, whereas personal standards or self‐evaluation in general did not. Protective factors were a low BMI, healthy eating attitudes, an accepting attitude towards body size and a positive self‐evaluation, particularly with regard to physical and psychological characteristics. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of early risk and protective factors for eating disturbances in girls. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
An approach to sub‐grouping the eating disorder population: Adding attachment and coping style
Authors: Turner Hannah , Bryant‐Waugh Rachel , Peveler Robert
Published: April 2009

Objective

To investigate whether clinically meaningful sub‐groups of patients can be identified by clustering eating disorder features, attachment and coping styles.

Method

165 patients completed the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE), Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ) and Utrecht Coping List (UCL). Cluster analysis was used to identify sub‐groups across the sample.

Results

Four clusters were identified. Cluster one had low levels of eating disorder behaviours and the most severe attachment and coping difficulties. Cluster two had high levels of dietary restriction and exercise, and a fearful/avoidant attachment style. Cluster three had high levels of binge eating and vomiting, and few attachment and coping difficulties. Cluster four had low levels of eating disorder features and positive attachment and coping styles.

Conclusions

Clustering participants on the basis of eating disorder features, attachment and coping yields four sub‐groups appearing to have clinical face validity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Erratum: John F. Morgan (2008) The invisible man: A self‐help guide for men with eating disorders, compulsive exercise and bigorexia, routledge: London, UK, (paperback), pp. 172, ISBN 978‐1‐58391‐150‐1
Authors: Waine Joanne
Published: April 2009

The above paper (DOI: 10.1002/erv.905) was published online on 24 February 2009 in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.com), and in print in European Eating Disorders Review 17 (2): 162–163. The following error was subsequently identified.

The author of this book review was wrongly given as Frances Connan. The author was in fact Joanne Waine.

The Publisher accepts full responsibility for this error and would like to apologise for any confusion caused.
Optimal location of unified power flow controller for congestion management
Authors: Chong B. , Zhang X. P. , Godfrey K. R. , Yao L. , Bazargan M.
Published: April 2009

In deregulated environments, electricity companies are likely to experience an increase in the number of daily market transactions. High penetration of renewable energy generation is likely to bring further uncertainty of network management in terms of power flows and voltages where the systems are being operated towards their limits. Subsequently the stressed systems would result in congestion in transmission networks. Therefore, effective means for congestion management of transmission networks will become increasingly important, particularly for transmission system operators (TSOs). The benefits of using flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) controllers on transmission networks for static and dynamic control are well recognized. In this paper, a sensitivity based three‐step optimization method, capable of determining the congestion cost, optimal location and rating of a unified power flow controller (UPFC) is presented. A bilateral electricity market model is assumed and the proposed method is illustrated using the IEEE 30 bus system. Results show high congestion cost reductions, which reinforces the UPFC as a viable solution. In addition, it is shown that the sensitivity based method is efficient at identifying the vicinity of the optimal location for installation, as the number of required simulations is kept to a minimum. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heterogeneity of Kir4.1 channel expression in glia revealed by mouse transgenesis
Authors: Tang Xiaofang , Taniguchi Kenichiro , Kofuji Paulo
Published: April 2009

The weakly inwardly rectifying K+channel Kir4.1 is found in many glial cells including astrocytes. However, questions remain regarding the relative contribution of Kir4.1 to the resting K+conductance of mature astrocytes in situ. We employed a bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic approach in mice to visualize Kir4.1 expression in vivo. These mice (Kir4.1‐EGFP) express enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the transcriptional control of the Kir4.1 promoter. The brains of adult Kir4.1‐EGFP transgenic mice showed co‐expression of EGFP and Kir4.1 in astrocytes. In addition, weaker expression of EGFP was detected in NG2+ glial cells when compared with EGFP expression in GFAP+ glial cells. Whole‐cell voltage clamp recordings of EGFP+ glial cells in the CA1 area of the adult mouse hippocampus indicated astrocytes displaying properties consistent with both the “passive” and “complex” subpopulations. EGFP+ cells with bright fluorescence had the linear current–voltage (I–V) relationships and extensive gap junctional coupling characteristic of passive astrocytes. However, EGFP+ glia with weaker fluorescence displayed properties associated with complex astrocytes including nonlinearI–Vrelationships and lack of intercellular gap junctional coupling. Pharmacological blockade of inward currents implied that Kir4.1 channels constitute the dominant resting K+conductance in both glial cell types and are more highly expressed in passive astrocytes. These results suggest differential expression of Kir4.1 in glia and that this channel likely underlies the resting K+conductance in passive and complex astrocytes. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mental capacity to consent to treatment and admission decisions in older adult psychiatric inpatients
Authors: Maxmin Kate , Cooper Claudia , Potter Laurence , Livingston Gill
Published: April 2009

Objectives

There is little information about older adult psychiatric inpatients' capacity to consent to clinical decisions. In younger adults, lack of capacity is associated with poor insight and psychosis rather than cognitive impairment. We assessed the prevalence and predictors of mental capacity to make treatment and admission decisions in older psychiatric inpatients, and asked their views about who should make these decisions.

Methods

We interviewed 99 participants using the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Treatment (MacCAT‐T) in three geographical locations.

Results

Fifty‐two (52.5%) participants had capacity for admission and 38 (38.4%) for treatment decisions. Capacity was associated with not having dementia, and higher levels of insight and cognition. Those with depression were more likely to have capacity than those with psychosis. 75% of patients without capacity for admission were not detained legally.

Conclusions

Patients can have capacity to make decisions in one area but not in others. Many people are admitted and treated in a way that is contrary to the human rights legislation. The new Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards in England and Wales are likely to apply to a significant proportion of older inpatients. Most people wanted doctors to make treatment and admission decisions and very few wanted their family to make decisions on their behalf. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
At‐risk alcohol drinking in primary care patients aged 75 years and older
Authors: Weyerer Siegfried , Schäufele Martina , Eifflaender‐Gorfer Sandra , Köhler Leonore , Maier Wolfgang , Haller Franziska , Cvetanovska‐Pllashiniku Gabriela , Pentzek Michael , Fuchs Angela , van den Bussche Hendrik , Zimmermann Thomas , Eisele Marion , Bickel Horst , Mösch Edelgard , Wiese Birgitt , Angermeyer Matthias C. , Riedel‐Heller Steffi G. ,   for the German AgeCoDe Study group (German Study on Ageing, Cognition, Dementia in Primary Care Patients).
Published: April 2009

Background

Little is known about the prevalence and risk factors of alcohol problems among older people (especially those aged 75 years and more). The aims of this study were to report alcohol consumption patterns and to determine their association with socio‐demographic variables and health characteristics.

Method

3224 non‐demented subjects aged 75 and over and attending general practitioners (GPs) (n = 138) in an urban area of Germany were studied by structured clinical interviews including detailed assessment of alcohol consumption patterns distinguishing between abstainers, moderate drinkers and at‐risk drinkers (>20 g of alcohol for women and >30 g of alcohol for men).

Results

A high proportion (50.1%) of the sample were abstainers, 43.4% were moderate drinkers. The prevalence of at‐risk alcohol consumption was 6.5% (95% CI 5.6–7.4). Rates were significantly higher for men (12.1%; 95% CI 10.2–14.0) compared to women (3.6%; 95% CI 2.8–4.4). After full adjustment for confounding variables we found that compared to moderate drinking abstaining from alcohol was significantly associated with female gender, lower education, and mobility impairment. Compared to moderate drinking at‐risk drinking was significantly higher among men, individuals with a liver disease, and current smokers.

Conclusions

Multivariate analysis revealed that, apart from liver disease, at‐risk drinking in a non‐demented population aged 75 and over was associated with relatively good physical and mental health. Nevertheless, public prevention measures should focus on at‐risk drinkers to make them aware of potential risks of high alcohol consumption in old age. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
International survey on willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) for one additional QALY gained: what is the threshold of cost effectiveness?
Authors: Shiroiwa Takeru , Sung Yoon‐Kyoung , Fukuda Takashi , Lang Hui‐Chu , Bae Sang‐Cheol , Tsutani Kiichiro
Published: April 2009

Although the threshold of cost effectiveness of medical interventions is thought to be £20 000–£30 000 in the UK, and $50 000–$100 000 in the US, it is well known that these values are unjustified, due to lack of explicit scientific evidence. We measured willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) for one additional quality‐adjusted life‐year gained to determine the threshold of the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio. Our study used the Internet to compare WTP for the additional year of survival in a perfect status of health in Japan, the Republic of Korea (ROK), Taiwan, Australia, the UK, and the US. The research utilized a double‐bound dichotomous choice, and analysis by the nonparametric Turnbull method. WTP values were JPY 5 million (Japan), KWN 68 million (ROK), NT$ 2.1 million (Taiwan), £23 000 (UK), AU$ 64 000 (Australia), and US$ 62 000 (US). The discount rates of outcome were estimated at 6.8% (Japan), 3.7% (ROK), 1.6% (Taiwan), 2.8% (UK), 1.9% (Australia), and 3.2% (US). Based on the current study, we suggest new classification of cost‐effectiveness plane and methodology for decision making. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic versus static models in cost‐effectiveness analyses of anti‐viral drug therapy to mitigate an influenza pandemic
Authors: Lugnér Anna K. , Mylius Sido D. , Wallinga Jacco
Published: April 2009

Conventional (static) models used in health economics implicitly assume that the probability of disease exposure is constant over time and unaffected by interventions. For transmissible infectious diseases this is not realistic and another class of models is required, so‐called dynamic models. This study aims to examine the differences between one dynamic and one static model, estimating the effects of therapeutic treatment with antiviral (AV) drugs during an influenza pandemic in the Netherlands. Specifically, we focus on the sensitivity of the cost‐effectiveness ratios to model choice, to the assumed drug coverage, and to the value of several epidemiological factors. Therapeutic use of AV‐drugs is cost‐effective compared with non‐intervention, irrespective of which model approach is chosen. The findings further show that: (1) the cost‐effectiveness ratio according to the static model is insensitive to the size of a pandemic, whereas the ratio according to the dynamic model increases with the size of a pandemic; (2) according to the dynamic model, the cost per infection and the life‐years gained per treatment are not constant but depend on the proportion of cases that are treated; and (3) the age‐specific clinical attack rates affect the sensitivity of cost‐effectiveness ratio to model choice. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematic reviews of economic evaluations: utility or futility?
Authors: Anderson Rob
Published: April 2009

Systematic reviews of studies of effectiveness are the centrepiece of evidence‐based medicine and policy making. Increasingly, systematic reviews of economic evaluations are also an expected input into much evidence‐based policy making, with some health economists even calling for ‘an economics approach to systematic review’.

This paper questions the value of conducting systematic reviews of economic evaluations to inform decision making in health care. It argues that the value of systematic reviews of economic evaluations is usually undermined by three things. Firstly, compared with effectiveness studies, there is a much wider range of factors that limit the generalisability of cost–effectiveness results, over time and between health systems and service settings, including the context‐dependency of resource use and opportunity costs, and different decision contexts and budget constraints. Secondly, because economic evaluations are more explicitly intended to be decision‐informing, the requirements for generalisability take primacy, and considerations of internal validity become more secondary. Thirdly, since one of the two main forms of economic evaluation – decision analytic modelling – is itself a well‐developed method of evidence synthesis, in most cases the need for a comprehensive systematic review of previous economic evaluations of a particular health technology or policy choice is unwarranted.

I conclude that apparent ‘meta‐analytic expectations’ for clear and widely applicable cost–effectiveness conclusions from systematic reviews of economic evaluations are optimistic and generally futile. For more useful insights and knowledge from previous economic studies in evidence‐based policy making, a more limited range of reasons for conducting systematic reviews of health economic studies is proposed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regime switching in stock index and futures markets: a note on the NIKKEI evidence
Authors: Kanas Angelos
Published: April 2009

Using a time‐varying regime‐switching vector error correction approach, we find strong evidence that the NIKKEI stock index cash and futures prices are jointly characterized by regime switching, which is time‐varying and dependent upon the basis, the interest rate, the volatility of the cash index, and the US futures market. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.