bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical Skill Factors Contributing to Success on the Professional Golf Tour
Authors: Nix Charles L. , Koslow Robert
Published: August 2011

Success in professional golf is often measured by scoring average and monetary earnings. It has been suggested that specific physical abilities associated with golfing skills are of primary importance to success at golf. Yet, there is a paucity of literature addressing these relationships. The purpose of this study was to estimate the relationships between success and specific shot-making skills, using data from the 1987 PGA Tour. Correlation and regression techniques indicated that four independent variables (average driving distance, greens in regulation, putts per round, and sand saves) constituted a model of best fit for both measures of success. These four variables explained over 87% of the variance associated with average scores, and over 50% of the variance associated with monies earned. These results support a theoretical model highlighting specific shot-making abilities as crucial to success in professional golf.
Dreaming and Habitual Sleep Duration
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Lucero Kristy , Mistry Rashmita
Published: August 2011

By demonstrating that habitual short-sleeping university students were less likely to report dreaming but were more likely to experience unpleasant dreams than their long-sleeping peers, we replicated Hartmann's 1973 results.
Serial-Position Effects in Paragraph Recall following Mild Closed-Head Injury
Authors: Hall Stuart , Bornstein R. A.
Published: August 2011

Serial-position effects were examined on a contextual memory task (paragraph recall) for patients with minor to mild closed-head injury and normal controls. Analysis indicated that at immediate recall, both normals and closed-head-injury patients have primacy and recency effects. With regard to total recall, however, the closed-head-injury patients remembered significantly fewer items than normal controls. The poorer performance of the minor to mild closed-head-injury group was not related to the duration from injury to neuropsychological evaluation and appears to be a lasting feature of memory performance following such injury. The pattern of serial-position effects was different between the groups. Normal controls showed slight recency and primacy effects and relatively better recall for the middle portions of the story, while patients with minor to mild closed-head injuries have prominent recency and primacy effects. Potential explanations for this pattern of performance are discussed.
Presentation Does Not Guarantee Recall: Students Need to Learn Study Habits
Authors: Westman Alida S. , Lewandowski Lisa M.
Published: August 2011

When we attempted to teach visualization as a study strategy to investigate whether recall was enhanced, we discovered that the students did not study; most did not review until shortly before an examination. Failure to study was verified by 98 students enrolled in two sections of a senior course at a 4-yr. university. Recall shortly before an examination was not as good as on the day of initial presentation. Working to improve presentations or teach specific study skills must be accompanied by teaching study habits to improve recall in education. Failure to study clarifies many educational problems.
Traditional Beliefs and Colour Perception
Authors: Grieve K. W.
Published: August 2011

This study examined colour preferences and colour associations held by a group of 26 urbanized, educated black South Africans (11 men, 15 women); comparisons are drawn with traditional beliefs and meanings of colours. That black and red were the colours preferred by these subjects corresponds with reports in the literature. In general, the colour associations corresponded to those of Western studies and did not appear to indicate ethnic differences based on traditional beliefs. The particular significance of colour cannot be separated from the context in which it is observed. Limitations of present data are indicated.
Effects of Advanced Weight Training on Body-Cathexis and Self-Esteem
Authors: Melnick Merrill J. , Mookerjee Swapan
Published: August 2011

27 college students participated in an advanced weight-training course while a control group of 30 completed a physical education major theory course. Both groups were administered the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale and the Secord and Jourard Body-cathexis Scale prior to and at the conclusion of a 16-wk. field experiment. The weight-training subjects had significantly higher self-esteem and body-cathexis scores than the control group which were attributed, in part, to significant improvement in their body composition, maximal strength, and strength endurance scores. These data support the contention that global self-esteem is a multidimensional construct responsive to positive changes in the physical self.
Isokinetic Strength and Standing Broad Jump Performance
Authors: Reilly T. , Atkinson G. , Coldwells A.
Published: August 2011

For 26 men anthropometric measures were not significantly correlated with broad jump performance. Broad jump performance, however, was correlated .56 with peak torque during fast isokinetic action but not at all with slow action.
Visual Impressions of Heaviness: Effects of Velocity, Size of an Object, and Direction of Motion on Visual Impressions of Heaviness
Authors: Bitoh Akio
Published: August 2011

The weight of an object can be judged by observing the person who carries it. An intuitive impression of heaviness is induced by varying the running speed of videotapes depicting the human motion of carrying, besides the detection of actual weight. Subjects estimated visual impressions of heaviness on a 7-point categorical scale by observing videotaped events showing an actor going up a stairway (Exp. 1) and walking on a flat surface (Exp. 2). Estimates of visual impressions of heaviness had a direct relationship with the size of an object and an inverse relationship with the velocity of the motion. Velocity had more effect on the impressions when the weight was carried up a stairway than on a flat surface. Then the velocity of the motion, the size of the object, and the direction of the motion were significant factors that affected visual impressions of heaviness.
Neuropsychological, Neurological, and Mri Correlates of Dementia in Advanced Huntington's Disease: A Single Case Study
Authors: Brooker Alan E. , Dougherty David S. , Love Karl F. , Kelly William M.
Published: August 2011

Affected Huntington's disease patients present with a progressive dementia that can be detected with a variety of neuropsychological procedures. Neuropsychological findings include impaired mental flexibility and concentration, deterioration of verbal and procedural memory, diminished nonverbal memory, and slowing of both fine and gross motor functions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers unique advantages in depicting morphologic changes associated with Huntington's disease. Frontotemporal atrophy and, in particular, atrophy of the corpus striatum are characteristically observed. Given the ease of obtaining coronal images and the improved differentiation of gray matter and white matter, MRI can provide better identification of these findings than traditional imaging methods such as computed tomography (CT). Finally, the presence of steadily progressive neuropsychological deterioration in conjunction with characteristic atrophy observed on MRI can be combined with diminished metabolic activity of the corpus striatum as observed on positron emission tomography (PET) for added diagnostic specificity.
Effect of the Full Moon on a Sample of Developmentally Delayed, Institutionalized Women
Authors: Hicks-Caskey William E. , Potter Daniel R.
Published: August 2011

Over 19 lunar months reports of all aggressive acting-out misbehaviors as recorded by direct-care staff were evaluated and recorded on a day-by-day basis for a randomly selected sample of 20 developmentally delayed women, CA 18 to 50; MA, 9 to 18 months. All had been in continuous residence in a residential treatment center for a minimum of 31 months. A grid representing the 24-hr. period of the full moon (a), the three days prior to the day of the full moon (b), the three days after the full moon (c), and the balance of the lunar period (d) was placed over the record. Comparisons using the Duncan multiple-range test indicated that the mean number of misbehaviors on the day of the full moon was significantly higher than the mean number on any other day of the lunar period (the next highest was for the three days prior to the day of the full moon).
Using a First-Letter Mnemonic to Improve Basketball Set-Shot Performance
Authors: Kovar Susan K. , VanPelt Caryl
Published: August 2011

This study tested the effects of a mnemonic strategy on the acquisition and enhancement of free-throw shooting by fifth-grade elementary school children, 18 boys and 35 girls, who were randomly assigned to one of three groups (mnemonic, word cue, or control). These children were taught the correct technique for the basketball set shot using different instructional strategies and were skill tested for both technique and number of baskets made after instruction and practice under regular physical education class-like conditions. A multivariate analysis of variance indicated that the treatment group using the mnemonic strategy scored significantly higher than the other two groups in correct performance of the technique. No significant differences were found among the groups in number of baskets made.
Some Thoughts on Impossible Figures
Authors: Molins Josep V.
Published: August 2011

Based on an artistic analysis of the construction of “impossible figures,” their structure and the origin of the perceptual effects they induce are discussed, including the use of a basic indeterminate space of intersection, penetration of indeterminate solids, and symmetry. These and other points are illustrated by 17 progressively more complex figures constructed by the author.
Vividness of Image and Retrieval Time
Authors: Hishitani Shinsuke
Published: August 2011

The relationship between vividness of image and information-retrieval time was examined. In an integrated-image condition the retrieval time for a vivid-image set was shorter than the retrieval time for a dim-image set; on the other hand, there was no difference in retrieval time between vivid- and dim-image sets in a verbal-rehearsal condition. Since the retrieval time difference between the two sets in the integrated-image group was not an artifact of image-construction time or presentation position, it was concluded that vividness of image affected information-retrieval time in the integrated-image group. The results were explained in terms of a picture-metaphor hypothesis of imagery.
Younger and Older Adults' Perception of the Wundt-Hering Illusion as a Function of Display Illumination and Reflectance Contrast
Authors: Astor-Stetson Eileen , Lane Susan
Published: August 2011

Reflectance contrast (i.e., black as compared to grey figures on white ground) and display illumination were manipulated to vary the brightness contrast of Wundt-Hering figures. 16 college students and 16 older adults were presented with high, medium, and low reflectance contrast figures. For half the participants, display illumination was manipulated by covering the figures with a .5 yellow neutral density filter. Magnitude of the illusion increased significantly with increased reflectance contrast for college students, and college students were significantly more susceptible to the high contrast figures than were older adults. Display illumination had no effect on the performance of either group.
Verbal Fluency and the Measurement of Future-Oriented Goals and Hopes: Comparison of Questionnaire and Interview Data
Authors: Nurmi Jari-Erik , Lainekivi Johanna
Published: August 2011

A total of 111 adolescents were asked about their future goals and hopes either in interviews or by questionnaire. Analysis showed that the total number of goals/hopes was influenced by the subjects' verbal fluency on the questionnaires but not in the interviews.
Sex Differences in Body-Cathexis Associated with Exercise Involvement
Authors: Salusso-Deonier Carol J. , Schwarzkopf Robert J.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine sex differences in body-cathexis associated with exercise involvement. Data were collected from exercising groups of 52 women and 23 men volunteers from a university fitness improvement class and from comparison groups of 41 women and 9 men volunteers from classes unrelated to exercise. Multivariate analysis of variance of prestudy body-cathexis scores identified significant sex differences; men had much higher body-cathexis for waist, hip, thigh, fitness, and weight than did women. Multivariate analysis of poststudy data, normalized to control for prestudy sex differences, yielded a significant effect for the exercise involvement of fitness class men and women. Regular exercise seems to have potential as a method for improving body-cathexis for both men and women. Further research on methods for improving satisfaction with weight is needed.
Capacity, Duration, and Position Effects in Visual Memory following a Successive Field Procedure
Authors: Foley Rebecca , Mulhern Gerry
Published: August 2011

This study considered the efficacy of a Successive Field procedure in revealing properties of iconic memory. 8 subjects were required to identify differences between sequentially presented stimulus and target arrays of letters. While results were broadly in line with previous estimates of the capacity and duration of iconic storage, there was also evidence that identification of target letters depended on their position in the array.
Children's Understanding of Facial Expression of Emotion: I. Voluntary Creation of Emotion-Faces
Authors: Profyt Linda , Whissell Cynthia
Published: August 2011

22 children (ages 4 to 6 yr.) from a day-care service were asked to “make a face” that would show how they would feel in five situations representing the basic emotions of happiness, sadness, disgust, anger, and fear. Children decoded their own videotaped responses one week later, and they also decoded the same expressions presented by a child whom they did not know. Groups of day-care teachers and university students were employed in decoding the children's facial responses. Recognizability of all emotions by all decoders improved with the age of the child in a linear manner (9% gain per year). Happy and disgusted expressions were the most easily decoded.
A Freehand Method for Drawing Stereoscopic Pictures
Authors: Schulman Paul H.
Published: August 2011

A method for the freehand drawing of anaglyphs is described. Usually textbooks cover the topic of stereopsis in an abstract way, making it difficult for students to grasp. The present method enables students to draw anaglyphs by hand and should make the concept of binocular disparity more easily learned.
Native and Cross-Language Speech Sounds: Some Perceptual Processes
Authors: Pinard Minola A.
Published: August 2011

Using a developmental approach, two aspects of debate in the speech perception literature were tested, (a) the nature of adult speech processing, the dichotomy being along nonlinguistic versus linguistic lines, and (b) the nature of speech processing by children of different ages, the hypotheses here implying in infancy detector-like processes and at age four “adult-like” speech perception reorganizations. Children ranging in age from 4 up to 18 years discriminated native and foreign speech contrasts. Results confirm the hypotheses for adults. It is clear that different processes are operating at different ages; however, more complex processes may come into play around the ages of 6 to 10 years; boys may use different strategies than girls, and with age, a multiplicity of processes may be concurrently active.
Empirical Note on Creativity as a Covariate of Learning Style Preference
Authors: Boyle Edmund J. , Geiger Marshall A. , Pinto Jeffrey K.
Published: August 2011

A great deal of research has examined students' preferred learning styles as measured by Kolb's 1985 Learning Style Inventory, but little effort has been made to test the covariate effects of other individual psychological facets, such as creativity, on preferred learning style. For a sample of 84 college undergraduates, the relationship between learning style and Raudsepp's problem-solving creativity scale was observed not to covary.
Magnitude-Estimation Scaling of Speech Intelligibility: Effects of Listeners' Experience and Semantic-Syntactic Context
Authors: Ellis Lee W. , Fucci Donald J.
Published: August 2011

Fifteen speech-language pathologists with extensive experience judging speakers' intelligibility and 15 control subjects with no such previous experience provided magnitude-estimation responses for two sets of nine audiotaped speech samples. These samples were three utterances composed of a group of 17 words that contained all the consonant phonemes of English. These words were arranged to form a set of either meaningful or nonsense utterances. Nine separate versions of both the meaningful and nonsense utterances were created by systematically increasing the number of phonemes produced incorrectly on each of the nine recordings. The analysis indicated no significant difference between the magnitude-estimation scaling responses of experienced and inexperienced listeners. A significant over-all difference was found for listeners' responses to meaningful versus nonsense utterances. The advantages of magnitude-estimation scaling as a measure of speakers' intelligibility are discussed.
Group Work as a Method of Promoting Cohesiveness within a Women's Gymnastics Team
Authors: McClure Bud A. , Foster Constance D.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effects of membership in a personal growth group on group cohesiveness within a women's gymnastics team. 15 gymnasts were randomly assigned to either a treatment or control group. The treatment group ( n = 8) met weekly for 15 1-hr. sessions while the control group ( n = 7) received additional practice. Prior to the start of the season (and again at the conclusion) subjects were administered the Group Environment Questionnaire, the Multidimensional Sport Cohesive Instrument, and the Team Climate Questionnaire. Analysis of covariance and binomial expansion showed a significant increase in cohesiveness within the treated group.
Sex-Related Differences in Spatial Ability in a Group of South African Students
Authors: Oosthuizen Stanley
Published: August 2011

Many recent studies have reported a convergence in the scores of males and females on spatial tests; however, these studies also indicate different amounts of convergence. There are indications that spatial differences continue to exist. It was decided to study such differences in spatial ability on two different tests for two groups of South African first-year university students ( ns = 60), one from arts and one from the sciences. In all comparisons statistically significant differences were found between the sexes.
The Computerized Tower of Hanoi: A New Form of Administration and Suggestions for Interpretation
Authors: Leòn-Carriòn José , Morales Manuel , Forastero Pedro , Del Marìa , Domìnguez-Morales Rosario , Murillo Francisco , Jimenez-Baco Remedios , Gordon Paloma
Published: August 2011

A computerized version of the Tower of Hanoi with a new form of administration was administered to two different groups, 15 men and 22 women, who were university students reporting normal psychological histories, and 24 traumatically brain-injured patients (20 men and 4 women). Scores on this test for both groups can be interpreted as an index of ability to solve problems and of learning strategies. Men and women scored differently on the task, i.e., women used different strategies than men to solve problems.
The Stroop Congruency Effect is More Observable under a Speed Strategy Than an Accuracy Strategy
Authors: Chen Jenn-Yeu , Johnson Marcia K.
Published: August 2011

Naming the ink color of an incongruent color word (e.g., RED printed in green) usually takes longer than naming the ink color of a color bar. However, when the ink matches the word (e.g., red printed in red), naming tends to be faster. These phenomena are known as the Stroop interference effect and the Stroop congruency effect, respectively. Although the interference effect has been robust and reliable across studies, the congruency effect tends to be elusive. It was hypothesized that this variation in outcomes might be related to subjects' response strategy. The experiment conducted to test this hypothesis induced either a speed or an accuracy strategy in two separate groups of subjects. Significant interference effects were found for both groups and the magnitudes did not differ. At the same time, the congruency effect was observed in the speed group but not in the accuracy group. These results suggest that researchers who wish to observe and study the Stroop congruency and interference effects should place special emphasis on speed. Implications of the study for a model of the Stroop effect are also discussed.
Schematizing as a Measure of Leveling-Sharpening
Authors: Hamilton Mark A.
Published: August 2011

A computer-administered schematizing test was used to assess three measures of leveling-sharpening: accuracy scores, incremental difference scores, and rate of change scores. Reliability and correlational analyses of 119 subjects' responses showed that the mean accuracy measure was superior to the ranking accuracy, incremental error, incremental discrepancy, and response-lag measures. Analysis also indicated that a 50-trial version of the schematizing test would be as reliable as a 150-trial version.
Application of Nasometry to Speech Samples of Hearing-Impaired Children
Authors: LaPine P. R. , Stewart M. G. , Tatchell J.
Published: August 2011

Nasalance measurements from speech samples of 19 hearing-impaired children (12 boys, 7 girls, of M age 8.0 yr.) were computed via a Nasometer 6200 for three speaking conditions: unaided, aided, and FM amplification. The nasalance scores for each condition were compared with the device norms. Scores for each condition were correlated and then ranked by age for additional comparisons.
Development of Critical Thinking among Students in Kindergarten through Grade 4
Authors: Soloff Sheila B. , Houtz John C.
Published: August 2011

A test to measure critical thinking ability in early elementary grades was designed and used to assess the development of one aspect of critical thinking, the detection of bias, in 102 students in kindergarten through fourth grade. The test was administered in a story-telling format. Analysis showed an age-related increase in critical thinking ability, with differences becoming significant at Grade 4.
Head-Injury Prevalence among Community College Students
Authors: Holmes Cooper B. , Buzzanga Victoria L.
Published: August 2011

835 community college students were surveyed to establish the prevalence of head injury or illness. Results are compared to prevalence rates among 4-year college students.
Effects of Auditory Disruption of Lingual Tactile Sensitivity in Skilled and Unskilled Speaking Conditions
Authors: Krummel Susanne , Petrosino Linda , Fucci Donald
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of disruption of the auditory feedback channel on lingual vibrotactile thresholds obtained under skilled and unskilled speaking conditions. Each of 22 adults was asked to read an English (skilled) and French (unskilled) passage under conditions of normal and altered auditory feedback. Bilateral presentation of masking noise was utilized to disrupt auditory feedback. Before each of the experimental sessions and immediately following a reading, lingual vibrotactile thresholds were obtained. Analysis indicated that the mean differences in the pre- and postvibrotactile threshold measurements of the skilled auditory disrupted condition varied significantly from the mean differences in the pre- and postvibrotactile threshold measurements of the three other conditions. The role of feedback in the speech production of skilled and unskilled speakers is discussed.
Neuropsychological Sequelae of Stroke as a Function of Handedness
Authors: Naugle Richard I. , Raymond Michael J.
Published: August 2011

The preservation of visuospatial ability relative to verbal ability following right middle cerebral artery stroke was assessed in 19 left- and 19 right-handed male patients who were group-matched on the basis of age, education, and time elapsed since stroke. Analysis of covariance (covarying education) indicated that the left- and right-handed groups were significantly different with regard to the discrepancy between Verbal IQ and Performance IQ, with the left-handed patients showing a smaller difference than the right-handers. These results provide further evidence that sinistrality may be associated with less hemispheric specialization.
Double Response to Stroop Stimuli
Authors: Shimada Hiroyuki , Nakajima Yoshiaki
Published: August 2011

To reexamine Klein's 1964 findings we carried out two experiments on the double response made to Stroop stimuli. In Exp. 1 incongruent color-word stimuli were presented on a CRT online with a microcomputer. A color-word card was used in Exp. 2. Subjects were asked to read words before naming colors or, conversely, to name colors before reading words. An analysis of variance (the task x the type of task) was performed on response times in both experiments. Two main effects and interactions were nonsignificant. Some subjects made an error-like reverse-order response on the double-response task. The present findings do not support Klein's findings or the competition explanation of the Stroop effect.
Meaningfulness Values of Words: Relation to Concreteness, Imagery, Emotionality, and Interest
Authors: Campos Alfredo
Published: August 2011

We estimated that, contrary to previous studies, there was a positive correlation between ratings of meaningfulness and of emotionality of words. The correlation was .36 between ratings of meaningfulness and emotionality obtained by Campos and Gonzalez but .03 with ratings obtained in 1990 by Campos. Hypothesized positive correlations for ratings of meaningfulness with ratings of concreteness, imagery, and interest were significant.
A Proposed Conceptual Model of Human Behavior and its Implications for Design of Warnings
Authors: Lehto Mark R.
Published: August 2011

A model of human behavior is proposed that hierarchically describes levels of operator performance. Judgement-based performance occurs at the top level, and the lower levels correspond to knowledge-, rule-, and skill-based performance. Different forms of information denoted as values, symbols, signs, and signals are used at each of these levels of performance, allowing the effectiveness of different warning applications to be inferred. To be effective, warning information must be presented in the form appropriate for the operator's level of performance. Values therefore are appropriate when performance is at the judgement-based level. Explicit verbal information (symbols) is most likely to be effective when directed toward changing behavior from a knowledge- to a rule-based level, as when recommending actions in novel situations or to a judgement-based level, when goal priorities need to be changed. Signs are likely to be effective when performance is at a rule-based level, while signals are best for guiding needed transitions from a skill- to a rule-based level. Warning information should be carefully matched to the level of performance at which errors are taking place to be most effective and avoid information overload. To attain this goal, task analysis that focuses on cognitive activity is of essence. This includes measuring users' knowledge and documenting the flow of information during task performance.
Influence of Age, Sex, Hearing Loss, and Balance on Development of Running by Deaf Children
Authors: Butterfield Stephen A.
Published: August 2011

130 deaf boys and girls, ages 3 to 14 years, were tested on development of mature running form. The mature form in this skill was associated with chronological age and performance of static and dynamic balance. Sex and hearing loss do not appear to affect development of running.
Validation of a Pictorial Recall Test in Three Visual Formats
Authors: Berry Louis H. , Jesky-Smith Romaine
Published: August 2011

This study describes the validation of a visual recall test which was constructed using three different levels of visual complexity, line drawing, monochrome photographic, and color photographic. For a sample of 111 college students, the test was significantly correlated (.42 and .92) with two recognized tests of visual memory.
Geriatric Depression Scale: Consistency of Depressive Symptoms over Time
Authors: Yesavage Jerome A.
Published: August 2011

The following is a comment on the importance of the 1991 finding by I. L. Abraham of the unchanging nature of depressive symptoms over time: one concludes that such patients will not change unless major interventions, both pharmacologic or psychosocial, can be made.
Students' Perceptions of Male Teachers: Effects of Teachers' Dress and Students' Characteristics
Authors: Butler Sara , Roesel Kathy
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of a male teacher's clothing and selected students' characteristics on students' perceptions of teachers' characteristics. The sample consisted of 152 male and female high school students. Respondents selected one of four photographs of a male teacher model dressed in four different clothing styles for each of 20 teachers' characteristic statements. The mediating effects of students' gender, formality of clothing, and perceptions of the importance of clothing were also investigated. Significant differences among the four clothing styles were found for all 20 statements. Students' gender and rated importance of clothing had some influence on this relationship. The results supplement previous research on female teachers by suggesting that different types of clothing also influence students' perceptions of male teachers and that students' characteristics have some mediating effect.
Mathematical Abilities of Preschool Children as Measured by the Aptitude Test for School Beginners
Authors: Oosthuizen Stanley
Published: August 2011

The domain of preschool testing has received considerable attention in recent years. This study investigated which mathematical tasks are found most difficult at preschool level for boys and girls of two separate age groups, which tasks indicate a developmental tendency and which differentiate between the sexes. A sample of 60 children (30 boys and 30 girls) aged 5 yr., 6 mo. to 5 yr., 11 mo. were included as well as a sample of 60 children (30 boys and 30 girls) aged 6 yr., 0 mo. to 6 yr., 5 mo. The items referring to the basic arithmetic operations (+, -, x, ÷) were encountered as most difficult, certain items clearly indicated developmental changes, and no items differed significantly in difficulty for boys and girls of the same age.
Review of Auditory Subliminal Psychodynamic Activation Experiments
Authors: Fudin Robert , Benjamin Cassandra
Published: August 2011

Subliminal psychodynamic activation experiments using auditory stimuli have yielded only a modicum of support for the contention that such activation produces predictable behavioral changes. Problems in many auditory subliminal psychodynamic activation experiments indicate that those predictions have not been tested adequately. The auditory mode of presentation, however, has several methodological advantages over the visual one, the method used in the vast majority of subliminal psychodynamic activation experiments. Consequently, it should be considered in subsequent research in this area.
A Martial Arts Exploration of Elbow Anatomy: Ikkyo (Aikido's First Teaching)
Authors: Seitz Frank C. , Olson Gregory D. , Stenzel Thomas E.
Published: August 2011

The Martial Art of Aikido, based on several effective anatomical principles, is used to subdue a training partner. One of these methods is Ikkyo (First Teaching). According to Saotome, the original intent of Ikkyo was to “break the elbow joint” of an enemy. Nowadays the intent is to secure or pin a training partner to the mat. This investigation focused on examining Ikkyo with the purpose of describing the nerves, bones, and muscles involved in receiving this technique. Particular focus was placed on the locations and sources of the reported pain.
Reliability of the Group Identification Scale in Northern Ireland
Authors: Hunter John A. , Stringer Maurice
Published: August 2011

The reliability of the group identity scale was psychometrically acceptable in Northern Ireland. 193 Catholics and Protestants were tested.
A Six-Year Follow-up of Academic Achievement in An Israeli Elementary School Integration Project
Authors: Katz Yaacov J. , Ben-Yochanan Avraham , Sheinman Masha
Published: August 2011

An integration project initiated at the Gush Etzion Regional Elementary School in Israel at the beginning of the 1984/85 school year has now been running for six years. In the program ethnically Oriental pupils from a lower achievement-oriented environment and lower socioeconomic status were assigned to integrated classrooms together with higher achievement-oriented and higher socioeconomic-status students of Western ethnic background. A number of interventions designed to promote improved academic achievement were implemented at the school. Analysis indicated that pupils of lower socioeconomic status assigned to the experimental group achieved significantly higher reading scores than pupils of lower socioeconomic status in the control group attending a nonintegrated school. However, pupils of higher socioeconomic status studying in the integrated school and belonging to a comparison group achieved higher scores on the research instrument than members of either the experimental or the control groups despite the interventions undertaken to close the achievement gap. It appears that, although the interventions undertaken contributed to academic success of the experimental group subjects, they did not go all the way towards closing the achievement gap between lower and higher socioeconomic-status pupils.
Effect of Caffeine on Motor Performance by Caffeine-Naive and -Familiar Subjects
Authors: Jacobson B. H. , Thurman-Lacey S. R.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the effect of caffeine on selected manipulation skills by caffeine-naive and caffeine-familiar subjects. The subjects were 20 caffeine-naive (<90 mg/d) and 20 caffeine-familiar (>750 mg/d) college-age (21 ± 1.7 yr.) women. Measurements included steadiness error time and frequency, duration of tracing, error time and frequency, and dexterity. Doses of 2.5, 5.0 mg-kg−1 body weight caffeine or a placebo (200 mg. methylcellulose) were administered randomly to all subjects on three separate occasions. A 2 × 3 repeated-measures analysis of variance yielded a significant group difference for steadiness error time between the 5 mg·kg−1 and 2.5 mg·kg−1 dose and between 5 mg·kg−1 and the placebo. For frequency of steadiness errors, the nonuser group posted significant gains for both 5.0 and 2.5 mg·kg−1 over the placebo control. On tracing error time and error frequency, 5.0 mg·kg−1 resulted in significant increases from both 2.5 mg·kg−1 and the placebo group. In the caffeine-naive group, both doses of caffeine led to significant increases in dexterity time from the placebo, and the 5.0 mg·kg−1 dose was significantly different from the 2.5 mg·kg−1 trial. It was concluded that caffeine had detrimental effects on selected performance skills of caffeine-naive women but not in caffeine-familiar women.
Influence of Style of Dress on Formation of First Impressions
Authors: Satrapa Andrea , Melhado Marcia Burrattino , Coelho Margarida Maria Curado , Otta Emma , Taubemblatt Ruben , De Fayetti Siqueira Waléria
Published: August 2011

Within a university, students of various colleges dress differently. Our purpose was to verify the influence of style of dress on formation of first impressions. Subjects were 30 women of three colleges from a university in Sao Paulo. Subjects rated on a 7-point scale three photographs (without faces) of male students from each one of the three colleges. The first model dressed in a socially formal way, the second one in a socially informal way, and the third one sportively. The three models were rated comparably on intelligence and culture. The model who dressed in a socially formal way was considered less handsome, extroverted, sympathetic, charming, and attractive than the other two models. Subjects tended also to attribute to the first a rightist ideology. No interactions were found between subjects' and models' colleges.
Relation between Reaction Time and Movement Time in College Wrestlers
Authors: Whitley Jim D. , Montano Lou
Published: August 2011

Interrelationships among reaction time, movement time, and win-loss percentage were studied for 16 college wrestlers who executed a standard wrestling double-leg attack .62 m in length. There was a significant correlation of .64 between reaction time and movement time, which differed from the typical pattern of nonsignificant and significant but small correlations previously reported in reaction time-movement time studies of both athletes and nonathletes. This departure from the magnitude of correlation commonly reported between these variables (explained by Henry's theory of neuromotor specificity) was thought to be related to the fact that reaction time and movement time in wrestling movements are taught as a single, common response. Another finding of interest was a significant correlation (−.62) between movement time and win-loss record. This finding indicates that in this small group of wrestlers movement time played a more important role in their success than reaction time.
Endurance Swimming, Community Participation and Socioeconomic Factors
Authors: Kirkby Robert J. , Lindner Helen
Published: August 2011

Community participation in endurance events, including long-distance swimming races, has grown. To assess the extent to which participants in endurance swims represent all socioeconomic levels of the community, data were collected from the 748 entrants in two major Australian swimming events. The suburbs in which the entrants lived (as listed on the entry forms) were categorised into five groupings by average incomes as reported in the 1986 Australian Census. Analysis showed that, similar to previous findings with runners, competitors from the upper socioeconomic strata were overly represented in the swimming events. Least representation came from the lowest socioeconomic grouping.
Psychology of the Scientist: LIV. Reception and Rejection of “Western” Psychology in “Eastern” Europe during the 1950S and 1960S: Woodworth's Experimental Psychology
Authors: Brožek Josef , Pečjak Vid
Published: August 2011

This is a report on a fascinating but unknown facet of the history of American and international psychology. Its aim is to describe the differences in attitudes of “East European” (Soviet, Slovak, Polish, and Yugoslav) psychologists to American psychology and, more concretely and specifically, to R. S. Woodworth's textbook Experimental psychology of 1938 or its second (Woodworth-Schlosberg) edition of 1954. While in the eyes of most of the Western psychologists and of many American politicians, “Eastern” Europe (including Central European Czechs and South European Yugoslavs) appeared ideologically homogeneous, the attitudes to Experimental psychology varied from very negative and negative to positive and very positive. While the reported facts are striking, the information currently available to us does not provide an adequate basis for the interpretation of the differences. This applies, in particular, to what were the countries with “orthodox” Communist governments (Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and Poland).
Visual Processing Deficits in Dyslexia: Receptors or Neural Mechanisms?
Authors: Stuart G. W. , Lovegrove W. J.
Published: August 2011

In 1989 and 1990 Grosser and Spafford attributed abnormalities in the peripheral vision of dyslexic subjects to an anomalous distribution of rods and cones. We argue that at the light levels used in these experiments cone responses should dominate both central and peripheral vision. A more likely explanation of their findings is that there is a postreceptoral deficit in the transient visual channel. This hypothesis is supported by independent anatomical, physiological, and psychophysical evidence.
Self-Esteem of Older Adult College Students
Authors: Woodard Peggy G. , Suddick David E.
Published: August 2011

For 183 adult college students, all over 25 years of age, correlations between their academic success and self-esteem, as measured by the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, were positive. The rs were significant for age also, but other correlations between demographic variables and self-esteem scores were not significant.
Use of a Sport Socialization Inventory with Cerebral Palsied Youth
Authors: Lugo Anabelle M. , Sherrill Claudine , Pizarro Ana L.
Published: August 2011

The validity and reliability of the 1978 Sport Interest Inventory of Greendorfer and Lewko were examined to evaluate its appropriateness for youth with cerebral palsy, ages 13 to 21 years. Test-retest data from 35 subjects indicated a reliability coefficient of .92. Data from 112 subjects were subjected to factor analysis to examine construct validity. This analysis indicated that the factor structure was similar to that reported for able-bodied youth, except for the items pertaining to friends and opportunity set.
Subliminal Psychodynamic Activation Method and Annihilation Anxiety: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Greenberg Ann Core
Published: August 2011

Research with the subliminal psychodynamic activation (SPA) method has led to improvements in subjects' functioning in a variety of areas, including but not limited to weight control, school grades, and feelings of general anxiety. In 1987, Hurvich proposed that the SPA method could be used to further the understanding of annihilation anxiety. 100 nonclinical subjects completed questionnaires pertaining to annihilation anxiety, psychological differentiation, and state anxiety and were tachistoscopically exposed to the subliminal message of symbiotic-like oneness, MOMMY AND I ARE ONE, and to control messages. Analysis showed that women with low annihilation anxiety had significantly lower state anxiety than women with high annihilation anxiety, regardless of the content of the subliminal message; results did not reach significance for men. Correlations among scores on the questionnaires also were noted.
Gestural Behavior: Causes and Questions
Authors: McBrayer Daniel J. , Johnson William R. , Purvis Donna
Published: August 2011

Previous research has shown that nonverbal gestures can be externally cued using movies about insects as the stimulus. This study was designed to test whether 55 subjects (33 women and 22 men) reading and discussing a short passage would yield similar responses. Analysis indicated that nonverbal gestures can be externally cued by reading a passage and discussing it and that the frequency of these gestures varies with the subject matter being read/discussed.
Developmental Quality and Developmental Level in Rorschach Scoring: A Question of Shared Meaning
Authors: DeCato Clifford M. , Alterman Arthur I. , Slap-Shelton Laura
Published: August 2011

Modification of Friedman's developmental level scoring (DL) for Rorschach area components by Exner within the Comprehensive System to derive a new code, Developmental Quality (DQ), raises the question of whether the two have the same meaning. Recent research indicated significant differences. Here Rorschach area components for 20 men addicted to alcohol gave an r of .32 which suggests the shared meaning between these methods is too low to support identical inferences.
Forward Digit Span and Articulation Speed for Malay, English, and Two Chinese Dialects
Authors: Elliott J. M.
Published: August 2011

157 children aged 10 years and 154 university students aged 22 to 25 years were divided into four groups based on their principal home language (Malay, English, Mandarin, or Hokkien). Each subject was tested on forward digit span and articulation speed for numbers in English and in one of the other three languages. Analysis suggested that both speed of articulation and fluency in language affected the digit span value.
Criterion Validity for Rotton's Paralogic Test-Beliefs of Forbidden Knowledge May Negatively Affect Inferential Problem Solving
Authors: Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

The hypothesis was tested that belief in restricted or exclusionary knowledge interferes with strong inferential processing. Scores on Rotton's Paralogic Test, multiple-choice examinations (mutually interactive items), and the belief clusters from the Personal Philosophy Inventory were factor analyzed for 55 part-time university men and women. Subjects who endorsed more items concerning forbidden knowledge (i.e., there are some things that Science should not investigate) displayed poorer logical and inferential performance (25% explained variance). These results suggest that such beliefs may limit cognitive exploration of certain conceptual domains.
Multitechnique-Multimethod Matrix Methodology for Construct Validation and its Application for the Construct of Cognitive Structure
Authors: Hoz Ron , Champagne Audrey B. , Klopfer Leopold E.
Published: August 2011

The hypothetical construct of cognitive structure encodes human knowledge internally, and two-stage probes are used to define it operationally to obtain external representations of cognitive structure. First, a proximity matrix is constructed that encodes subjects' responses on a task, and secondly, a scaling method is applied to the proximity matrix to yield a representation of cognitive structure in the form of concept categories or spatial configurations. A new multitechnique-multimethod matrix methodology for construct validation of two-step probes is proposed that modifies and extends Campbell and Fiske's multitrait-multimethod matrix. It is based on the assessment of (i) the reliability and validity of products at each step and (ii) certain important psychometric features of the scaling methods and cognitive structure probes. This methodology was applied to assess the construct validity of the cognitive structure in the domain of classical mechanics. The data-gathering techniques of Free Sort and Tree Construction were fairly reliable and valid, whereas the Word Association technique was not. The combined cognitive structure probes have above moderate reliability and validity, except for those employing multidimensional-scaling. In addition to demonstrating the theoretical value of the multitechnique-multimethod matrix methodology, these results provide empirical evidence for the interpretations given to the hypothetical construct of cognitive structure and support the use of current probes for the derivation of cognitive structure representations.
Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Sentence-Combining on Reading Comprehension When the Criterion Measure is the Test of Reading Comprehension
Authors: Fusaro Joseph A.
Published: August 2011

Effects on reading comprehension of sentence-combining, which is grounded in psycholinguistic theory, have been ambiguous. Two assessments of the effects of sentence-combining on reading comprehension in which the Test of Reading Comprehension was given resulted in disparate results. This limited meta-analysis is based on the two studies with the goal of an over-all conclusion. The meta-analysis indicated that sentence-combining had no appreciable effect on reading comprehension when the test was used as the criterion measure.