bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Problematic Video Game Usage in Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: Mößle Thomas , Rehbein Florian
Published: June 2013

Aim: The aim of this article is to work out the differential significance of risk factors of media usage, personality and social environment in order to explain problematic video game usage in childhood and adolescence. Method: Data are drawn from the Berlin Longitudinal Study Media, a four-year longitudinal control group study with 1 207 school children. Data from 739 school children who participated at 5thand 6thgrade were available for analysis. Result: To explain the development of problematic video game usage, all three areas, i. e. specific media usage patterns, certain aspects of personality and certain factors pertaining to social environment, must be taken into consideration. Video game genre, video gaming in reaction to failure in the real world (media usage), the children’s/adolescents’ academic self-concept (personality), peer problems and parental care (social environment) are of particular significance. Conclusion: The results of the study emphasize that in future – and above all also longitudinal – studies different factors regarding social environment must also be taken into account with the recorded variables of media usage and personality in order to be able to explain the construct of problematic video game usage. Furthermore, this will open up possibilities for prevention.
Effects of viscosity and osmotic stress on the reaction of human butyrylcholinesterase with cresyl saligenin phosphate, a toxicant related to aerotoxic syndrome: kinetic and molecular dynamics studies
Authors: Masson Patrick , Lushchekina Sofya , Schopfer Lawrence M. , Lockridge Oksana
Published: June 2013

CSP (cresyl saligenin phosphate) is an irreversible inhibitor of human BChE (butyrylcholinesterase) that has been involved in the aerotoxic syndrome. Inhibition under pseudo-first-order conditions is biphasic, reflecting a slow equilibrium between two enzyme states E and E′. The elementary constants for CSP inhibition of wild-type BChE and D70G mutant were determined by studying the dependence of inhibition kinetics on viscosity and osmotic pressure. Glycerol and sucrose were used as viscosogens. Phosphorylation by CSP is sensitive to viscosity and is thus strongly diffusion-controlled (kon≈108 M−1·min−1). Bimolecular rate constants (ki) are about equal to kon values, making CSP one of the fastest inhibitors of BChE. Sucrose caused osmotic stress because it is excluded from the active-site gorge. This depleted the active-site gorge of water. Osmotic activation volumes, determined from the dependence of ki on osmotic pressure, showed that water in the gorge of the D70G mutant is more easily depleted than that in wild-type BChE. This demonstrates the importance of the peripheral site residue Asp70 in controlling the active-site gorge hydration. MD simulations provided new evidence for differences in the motion of water within the gorge of wild-type and D70G enzymes. The effect of viscosogens/osmolytes provided information on the slow equilibrium E⇌E′, indicating that alteration in hydration of a key catalytic residue shifts the equilibrium towards E′. MD simulations showed that glycerol molecules that substitute for water molecules in the enzyme active-site gorge induce a conformational change in the catalytic triad residue His438, leading to the less reactive form E′.
Flow events drive patterns of phytoplankton distribution along a river–estuary–bay continuum
Authors: Saeck Emily A. , Hadwen Wade L. , Rissik David , O'Brien Katherine R. , Burford Michele A.
Published: June 2013

Freshwater flow events drive phytoplankton productivity in subtropical coastal river systems. However, few studies have the necessary temporal and spatial resolution to fully characterise the effect of events on the distribution of phytoplankton across the full river–estuary–bay continuum. The present study characterised the response of phytoplankton to high-flow events in an Australian subtropical system; and identified the primary drivers of this response. During high-flow events, the concentration of phytoplankton chlorophyll a (Chl a) initially declined in the estuary, a response primarily driven by the shortened water-residence time. In the bay, phytoplankton growth in the near-shore zone was light limited; however, nutrients stimulated phytoplankton growth on the seaward edge of the river plume. During the post-high-flow phase, the concentration of Chl a in the freshwater reaches peaked downstream, where catchment-derived nutrients accumulated. In the estuary, elevated nutrient loads stimulated phytoplankton growth upstream and downstream of the light-limited zone. In the bay, nitrogen availability declined, and Chl a declined with an increasing distance offshore. The phytoplankton response to events documented in the present study can be used to identify when and where phytoplankton in subtropical systems may be strongly influenced by changes in the magnitude of nutrient, sediment and freshwater loads associated with high-flow events which result from anthropogenic pressures within the catchment.
A molecular assessment of species boundaries and phylogenetic affinities in Mogurnda (Eleotridae): a case study of cryptic biodiversity in the Australian freshwater fishes
Authors: Adams Mark , Page Timothy J. , Hurwood David A. , Hughes Jane M.
Published: June 2013

As the driest inhabitable continent, it comes as no surprise that Australia has comparatively few species of freshwater-dependent fishes compared with land masses of similar size and latitudinal coverage. In addition to relatively low rainfall and few permanent waterbodies, a range of other climatic, geological, physical, and biogeographical factors are generally offered up, to account for the low species count in a country otherwise regarded as mega-biodiverse. Here, we challenge this traditional view by hypothesising that Australia’s lack of freshwater fishes largely reflects a dearth of detailed taxonomic activity. Using both allozyme and mtDNA markers, we undertook a molecular assessment on the Australian purple-spotted gudgeons (Mogurnda), recently subjected to a taxonomic revision that saw a three-fold increase in the number of described species. In addition to demonstrating additional, species-level biodiversity within M. adspersa, our genetic data revealed discordant patterns of mitochondrial and nuclear genetic affinities among populations in several species, plus a sister relationship between the two central Australian species. We discuss the broader implications of such cryptic biodiversity for the Australian freshwater fish fauna; most notable among these is our prediction that only 50% of species have been described.
A multifaceted approach to modelling growth of the Australian bonito, Sarda australis (Family Scombridae), with some observations on its reproductive biology
Authors: Stewart J. , Robbins W. D. , Rowling K. , Hegarty A. , Gould A.
Published: June 2013

Growth of the Australian bonito, Sarda australis, is described for the first time using data from three different sources. Von Bertalanffy growth functions were fitted to: (1) size-at-age data derived from sectioned sagittal otoliths, (2) monthly length–frequency collections from a commercial line fishery, and (3) tag–recapture data from a long-term cooperative tagging study. Age estimates of S. australis were indirectly validated by examining the percentage of otoliths with opaque edges each month. The best-fitting growth functions for each data source yielded similar results, showing strong seasonal variations in growth rate. Maximum growth occurred during summer, with near cessation of growth apparent during winter. Early growth was very fast, with fish attaining ~30 cm fork length (FL) after 3–4 months. Growth of males and females was not significantly different. The oldest fish sampled was estimated to be 3+ years old, while the largest fish aged was 63.8 cm FL. Gonadosomatic indices indicated that S. australis has an austral spring/summer spawning period in eastern Australia. A preliminary estimate of the size at first sexual maturity was ~36 cm FL for both males and females, corresponding to an age of ~1 year.
Emergent fauna from hard surfaces on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia
Authors: Kramer M. J. , Bellwood D. R. , Bellwood O.
Published: June 2013

The community composition of a coral reef emergent fauna was quantified on Orpheus Island, Great Barrier Reef. Emergence traps deployed over hard surfaces revealed a wide diversity of organisms, spanning eight different phyla, of which Crustacea were particularly abundant. Within the Crustacea, harpacticoid copepods were the most common (24 ± 2 ind. 100 cm–2, mean ± s.e.). The composition of the emergent fauna differed markedly from previous descriptions of the cryptofauna in the epilithic algal matrix. Furthermore, the emergent fauna was two orders of magnitude less abundant than their benthic counterparts. Our results point to a limited trophic link between the benthos and the overlying nocturnal plankton assemblage.
Picophytoplankton abundance and distribution in three contrasting periods in the Pearl River Estuary, South China
Authors: Zhang Xia , Shi Zhen , Ye Feng , Zeng Yanyi , Huang Xiaoping
Published: June 2013

Abundance and distribution characteristics of three picophytoplankton groups (Synechococcus, Prochlorococcus and picoeukaryotes), identified by flow cytometer, and two types of picocyanobacteria (phycoerythrin and phycocyanin-rich strains), determined by epifluorescence microscope, were assessed in three contrasting periods in the Pearl River Estuary, South China. The average abundance of picophytoplankon and picocyanobacteria was 104 cells mL–1 in the two summer observations and 103 cells mL–1 in winter. Low cell density in the cold season was probably due to high turbidity and low water temperature. Prochlorococcus was detected within the estuarine plume in the summer investigations and was undetectable in the winter. Higher abundance and the further upstream occurrence of Prochlorococcus in the summer of 2011 were mainly associated with extreme low river flows. We presumed that Prochlorococcus abundance and distribution range were balanced by river discharge and saline-water intrusion. Synechococcus was the dominant group in the inner estuary. Similar to Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus distribution was related with freshwater inflow. The river inflow exerted strong limitation on Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus, with this effect weakening along the salinity gradient. Picoeukaryotes were the least abundant category among picophytoplankton and showed a different distribution pattern from that of Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus. For picocyanobacteria, there was a clear spatial gradient with phycocyanin-rich strains dominant in the upper estuary, and phycocyanin-rich and phycoerythrin-rich cells dominant downstream. A significant negative correlation was observed between phycocyanin-rich cells to phycoerythrin-rich cells ratio and salinity.
Diel, seasonal and man-induced changes in copepod assemblages and diversity, with special emphasis on hyperbenthic calanoid species, in a Mediterranean meromictic system (Lake Faro)
Authors: Zagami G. , Brugnano C.
Published: June 2013

The present study focuses on variations in day and night copepod community structure in a meromictic Mediterranean ecosystem (Lake Faro). Because of the high salinity in the lake, this environment is defined as a coastal-marine rather than true-lagoon ecosystem. Copepod abundances showed wide oscillations, with marked spatial and seasonal heterogeneity. The copepod assemblage was dominated by coastal and estuarine species Paracartia latisetosa and Acartia margalefi, in late summer–autumn and spring, respectively. A remarkable change in species composition was the occurrence of the alien species Oithona brevicornis, never having been reported in this environment before. O. brevicornis is progressively replacing the congener species O. nana. The discovery of the hyperbenthic calanoid species ‘ecological group’ contributes to increased functional diversity of this ecosystem, despite their relatively low abundances. All six hyperbenthic calanoid species occurred in the plankton community only at night, with spatial distribution patterns being related to substrate more than water physico-chemical parameters. Among all hyperbenthic calanoid species, Pseudocyclops xiphophorus was the only one able to inhabit the whole lake because of its daytime habitat (fouling material, attached to submerged ropes and mooring posts, widely distributed all around the lake). In this habitat, the temporal abundance pattern resembled the night-time one in plankton community.
Balancing the odds: the relationship between growth and energy storage in juvenile snapper (Chrysophrys auratus : Sparidae)
Authors: Sim-Smith Carina J. , Jeffs Andrew G. , Radford Craig A.
Published: June 2013

Larval and early juvenile fish living in temperate environments with limited resources face conflicting metabolic demands. To optimise their survival probability, fish must balance the need to out-grow predators by maximising their growth, while also accumulating sufficient energy reserves to sustain them through winter. We tested the hypothesis that resource allocation in Chrysophrys auratus changed from maximising growth to maximising energy storage over their first summer–autumn by measuring recent growth rates from otolith increments, and lipid, protein and carbohydrate concentrations in fish. Lipid concentrations showed the greatest change over the growing season, increasing three-fold between summer and mid-autumn. Growth rates showed the opposite trend, being significantly lower in mid-autumn than in summer. The relationships between growth rate and lipid or protein concentrations were consistent with a shift in resource allocation from growth to storage. During summer and early autumn, growth rates were independent of protein or lipid concentrations, but during mid-autumn there were significant positive correlations between the variables. Biochemical concentrations were independent of fish size, indicating that the accumulation of sufficient energy reserves for winter is determined by the timing of settlement and subsequent feeding conditions, which are likely to affect interannual recruitment variability of this important species.
Mechanism and kinetics of a sodium-driven bacterial flagellar motor
Authors: Lo Chien-Jung , Sowa Yoshiyuki , Pilizota Teuta , Berry Richard M.
Published: June 2013

Significance

Using new experimental methods, we measure the mechanical output of the bacterial flagellar motor, the rotary molecular machine that propels swimming bacteria, while varying both electrical and chemical components of the ion-motive force that drives it. We find that each independent torque-generating stator in the motor passes 37 ± 2 ions per revolution, at odds with previous indications of 26 or 52 ions. Fitting our data to theoretical models reveals the kinetics of the motor mechanism. Our thorough search of the multidimensional parameter space of generalized motor models, guided by experimental data, is an approach that may be widely applicable.
Serving with spirit: an integrative model of workplace spirituality within service organizations
Authors: Lee Seonjeong , Lovelace Kathi J. , Manz Charles C.
Published: June 2013

Service organizations are uniquely subject to the effects of emotional labor. To address these impacts, we examine workplace spirituality (WPS) as a valuable resource within the emotional labor context of service organizations and propose an integrative model that encompasses the effects
of WPS on employees, customers, and the organization. We posit that organizations that possess the WPS values of respect, humanism, and integrity, and an ethical organizational climate can buffer the negative effects of emotional labor through increased employee satisfaction and organizational
commitment. Similarly, we propose that WPS can positively influence customer satisfaction and loyalty and also organizational performance and sustainability directly through its WPS values and ethical climate, and indirectly through employee satisfaction and commitment and customer satisfaction
and loyalty. Our conceptual integrative model provides testable propositions related to WPS within the emotional labor context of service organizations. Implications for theory and practice are outlined.
Work ethics from the Islamic and Hindu traditions: in quest of common ground
Authors: Richardson Christopher , Sinha Lalita , Yaapar Md. Salleh
Published: June 2013

Interest in the role of spiritual and religious traditions in the workplace has been growing in recent years. In this article, we seek to contribute to this burgeoning field of study by investigating the significance of work in man’s life according to the Islamic and Hindu traditions
and, in particular, the common work-related ethical principles advocated in the two religions. We focus our discussion on three key interrelated ethical principles which apply to the domain of work: justice, benevolence, and trusteeship – all of which are espoused in both Islam and Hinduism
and which, we argue, stem from the key metaphysical principle of “unity”, a shared doctrine in both religions.
A microfluidic device for the continuous culture and analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans in a toxic aqueous environment
Authors: Jung Jaehoon , Nakajima Masahiro , Tajima Hirotaka , Huang Qiang , Fukuda Toshio
Published: June 2013

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) receives attention as a bioindicator, and the C. elegans condition has been recently analyzed using microfluidic devices equipped with an imaging system. To establish a method without an imaging system, we have proposed a novel microfluidic device with which to analyze the condition of C. elegans from the capacitance change using a pair of micro-electrodes. The device was designed to culture C. elegans, to expose C. elegans to an external stimulus, such as a chemical or toxicant, and to measure the capacitance change which indicates the condition of C. elegans. In this study, to demonstrate the capability of our device in a toxic aqueous environment, the device was applied to examine the effect of cadmium on C. elegans. Thirty L4 larval stage C. elegans were divided into three groups. One group was a control group and the other groups were exposed to cadmium solutions with concentrations of 5% and 10% LC50 for 24 h. The capacitance change and the body volume of C. elegans as a reference were measured four times and we confirmed the correlation between them. It shows that our device can analyze the condition of C. elegans without an imaging system.
Finite dimensional modules for multiloop superalgebras of types 𝐴(𝑚,𝑛) and 𝐶(𝑚)
Authors: Rao S.
Published: June 2013

In this article we construct a new class of finite dimensional irreducible modules generalizing evaluation modules for multiloop superalgebras of types

A
(
m
,
n
)

A(m,n)

and

C
(
m
)

C(m)

. We prove that these are the only such modules. In all other cases it is known that such modules are evaluation modules.
No association of G‐protein‐coupled receptor kinase 5 or β‐adrenergic receptor polymorphisms with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in a large Australian cohort
Authors: Figtree Gemma A. , Bagnall Richard D. , Abdulla Irfan , Buchholz Stefan , Galougahi Keyvan Karimi , Yan Warren , Tan Timothy , Neil Chris , Horowitz John D. , Semsarian Chris , Ward Michael R.
Published: June 2013

Aims

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) is an increasingly recognized syndrome in which patients present with chest pain and ST changes, and are observed to have reversible LV apical ballooning in the absence of angiographically significant coronary artery stenosis. Although the pathophysiology remains unclear, the syndrome occurs almost exclusively in women, and is often triggered by stress. Recent small studies have reported association of TC with functional variants in the G‐protein‐coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) gene, as well as in the β1‐adrenergic receptor (β1AR) and β2AR.

Methods and results

We tested these associations in a larger cohort of 92 TC patients. In addition we examined for the association of polymorphisms in the oestrogen receptor α (ERα) and catechol‐O‐methyl transferase (COMT) with the occurrence of TC, by comparing the allele frequency of these variants in the TC cohort with that in previously genotyped large Caucasian cohorts. Ninety‐two patients with TC were recruited from four Australian centres; they had an age range of 41–90 years (mean ± SD = 66.3 ± 9) and 89/92 were female. There were no significant differences in allelic frequency in the TC group vs. the historic control database for any of the loci.

Conclusion

In the largest genotyped TC cohort in the literature, we have found no association of genetic variants in the ERα, β1AR, β2AR, or COMT genes, or with the previously implicated GRK5, with occurrence of the syndrome.
Interaction between baseline and early worsening of renal function and efficacy of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system blockade in patients with heart failure: insights from the Val‐HeFT study
Authors: Lesogor Anastasia , Cohn Jay N. , Latini Roberto , Tognoni Gianni , Krum Henry , Massie Barry , Zalewski Andrew , Kandra Albert , Hua Tsushung A. , Gimpelewicz Claudio
Published: June 2013

Aims

We evaluated the effect of (dual) renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) blockade with valsartan and an ACE inhibitor [92.7% of patients were treated with an ACE inhibitor in the Valsartan in Heart Failure Trial (Val‐HeFT)] in patients with NYHA class II–IV heart failure (HF) and reduced EF on cardiovascular (CV) death and HF hospitalization by subgroups and by presence of early worsening of renal function (EWRF) and according to baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).

Methods and results

We analysed the data from 5010 patients enrolled in the Val‐HeFT study. A total of 2346 (46.8%) patients had baseline renal impairment (i.e. baseline eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2). Further, 425 patients (8.6%) had EWRF (i.e. eGFR decrease >20% within 1 month after randomization), whereas 4503 patients (91.4%) had ≤20% decline in eGFR. Overall, the difference between valsartan and placebo on the composite endpoint of CV death and HF hospitalization was significant [P = 0.0005; hazard ratio (HR) 0.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.75–0.92)]. In patients with baseline renal impairment, the difference between the treatment groups was also significant (P = 0.0002; HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.66–0.88). Patients with EWRF had higher risk of CV death and HF hospitalization vs. those without ERWF (P < 0.0001; HR 1.44, 95% CI 1.21–1.71), and within the EWRF group a significant difference was also observed between valsartan and placebo (P = 0.0086; HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.45–0.89). However, the interaction between treatment and eGFR at Month 1 was not significant (P = 0.1160).

Conclusion

Benefits were maintained in patients with renal dysfunction at baseline and those who experienced EWRF.
Tracking the changes of a fish community following a megascale reclamation and ensuing mitigation measures
Authors: Tam Yin-Ki , Ni I-Hsun , Yau Cynthia , Yan Man-Yee , Chan Wai-Shan , Chan Sze-Man , Lu Hsueh-Jung
Published: June 2013

Tam, Y-K., Ni, I-H., Yau, C., Yan, M-Y., Chan, W-S., Chan, S-M., Lu, H-J. 2013. Tracking the changes of a fish community following a megascale reclamation and ensuing mitigation measures. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 1206–1219. A fish community in Hong Kong that had experienced megascale reclamation in Chek Lap Kok International Airport, and the ensuing marine protected areas (MPAs) establishment was tracked for 12 years. Significant shifts in community structure, typified by 17 species, were revealed by multivariate analyses and community metrics. Dynamic factor analysis disclosed two underlying common trends among them and their significant correlations with changes in water quality, area of seabed disturbance, and area of MPAs. A time-lag for detectable community changes was also revealed. During reclamation, the fish density was low and community health was poor. Large species disappeared leaving a community dominated by small, fast-growing and young-to-mature species. After completion of reclamation, some large and medium species returned, but soon after the establishment of MPAs, medium-sized, fast-growing and young-to-mature species thrived on reduction of fishing pressure, and filled the guilds rapidly. Therefore, even though fish density and community health were improved, the original community structure was not restored. This study provides a good reference for impacts of reclamation at the community level and the possible outcomes of reducing fishing pressure in a depleted fish community.
A proposed method for assessing the extent of the seabed significantly affected by demersal fishing in the Greater North Sea
Authors: Diesing Markus , Stephens David , Aldridge John
Published: June 2013

Diesing, M., Stephens, D., and Aldridge, J. 2013. A proposed method for assessing the extent of the seabed significantly affected by demersal fishing in the Greater North Sea. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 1085–1096. The widespread impact of bottom towed fishing gear on benthic species and communities has long been recognized. The responses to a given intensity of fishing disturbance can be influenced by the extent to which these species and communities are preconditioned to disturbance by natural processes, in particular waves and currents. The advent of vessel monitoring system (VMS) and models of natural disturbance enable high-resolution and large-scale comparisons of fishing and natural disturbance. VMS data were employed to estimate the trawled area per 12 km by 12 km grid cell. We then quantified natural disturbance by estimating the number of days in a year the seabed was disturbed by tides and waves. As natural disturbance acts on large spatial scales, we assumed that each natural disturbance event affects whole grid cells. Frequencies could thus be translated into an area of impact, allowing us to compare fishing with natural disturbance. We show how such comparisons can be used to estimate the extent of different seabed substrate types significantly affected by demersal fishing. A measure of the probability that fishing disturbance exceeds natural disturbance provides one metric for identifying areas of significant trawling impact on seabed habitats and might be used to measure progress towards achieving good environmental status for sea-floor integrity within the context of the European Union's Marine Strategy Framework Directive. For more than half the seabed in the English sector of the Greater North Sea, the results suggest that disturbance attributable to demersal fishing exceeds natural disturbance based on data from the years 2006 to 2008. The imbalance between natural and fishing disturbance is greatest in muddy substrates and deep circalittoral habitats.
Reproduction of the blue-footed booby predicts commercial fish abundance in the eastern tropical Pacific
Authors: Meraz Juan , Ancona Sergio , Rodríguez Cristina , Drummond Hugh
Published: June 2013

Meraz, J., Ancona, S., Rodríguez, C., and Drummond, H. 2013. Reproduction of the blue-footed booby predicts commercial fish abundance in the eastern tropical Pacific. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 1263–1272. To establish whether reproduction in a colony of the blue-footed booby in the eastern tropical Pacific predicts local abundance of prey fish several months later, 13 years of data were analysed. Eight reproductive variables assessed during the period of January–May, grouped in two factors, were related to commercial catches in the surrounding 6600 km2 area during the following June–December. The first factor explained 33% of interannual variance in fish captures per unit effort during June–December (future FCUE), and 63% when only El Niño years were considered. Also, the proportion of large clutches present on three single-day censuses in the spring explained 51, 46 and 35% of variance in future FCUE among all years, and 78, 85 and 82% of variance among El Niño years. In contrast, sea surface temperatures in March did not explain variance in future FCUE. Proportion of large clutches is a moderately good predictor of the abundance of commercial fish during the subsequent seven months and can be satisfactorily and cheaply measured on a single day.
Evolution of international commitments for fisheries sustainability
Authors: Rice Jake
Published: June 2013

Rice, J. 2014. Evolution of international commitments for fisheries sustainability. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 157–165. The basic standards for the sustainability of fisheries were set by international policy in the UN Fish Stocks Agreement (FSA). However, each year since the FSA was ratified, the United Nations General Assembly has negotiated and agreed to resolutions on Ocean Law of the Sea and on Sustainable Fisheries. This paper reviews chronologically how the interpretation of “sustainability” has evolved in those resolutions, as well as been addressed in the decadal world summits on sustainable development. Although the basic biological benchmarks for sustainability have not been altered by these resolutions, commitments for the standards to be met by all ecosystem components impacted by fishing have become increasingly strong. The annual resolutions have increasingly stressed that environmental sustainability is critically important, but is not more important than social well-being aspects of sustainability, with fisheries having a vital role in sustainable development in many parts of the world. In addition, agreements on biodiversity conservation made largely in Oceans and Law of the Sea resolutions are increasingly influencing the nature and pace of evolution of how “sustainability” is interpreted in fisheries.
A case of foodborne listeriosis linked to a contaminated food-production process
Authors: Lamden K. H. , Fox A. J. , Amar C. F. L. , Little C. L.
Published: June 2013

We report a case of listeriosis linked to consumption of contaminated ox tongue. A public health investigation identified intermittent contamination at a meat-production process and ox-tongue production was discontinued. Sensitive molecular subtyping methods are improving our ability to track sources ofListeria monocytogenescontamination through the food chain. Detailed investigation of sporadic cases of listeriosis can provide important public health information and its wider use is encouraged.
Identifying multiple forms of lateral disorder in cellulose fibres
Authors: Thomas L. H. , Altaner C. M. , Jarvis M. C.
Published: June 2013

Many strong biological materials exist in the form of fibres that are partially crystalline but contain a substantial proportion of disordered domains, which contribute to the mechanical performance but result in broadening of the reflections in the diffraction patterns of such materials and make structure determination difficult. Where multiple forms of disorder are simultaneously present, many of the accepted ways of modelling the influence of disorder on a fibre diffraction pattern are inapplicable. Lateral disorder in cellulose fibrils of flax fibres was characterized by a multi-step approach. First, a scattering component derived from domains less uniformly oriented than the rest was isolated. A second scattering component giving rise to asymmetry in the radial profiles of the equatorial reflections was then quantified and subtracted. This component was associated with domains that could be related to the crystalline cellulose lattice, but with more variable and, on average, wider equatorial d spacings. A further partially oriented component with highly disordered lateral d spacings unrelated to any of the cellulose lattice dimensions was identified. This component may be derived from non-cellulosic polysaccharides. The remaining broadening was then separated into a contribution from disorder within the crystalline lattice, including known disorder in hydrogen bonding, and a Scherrer contribution from the microfibril diameter. The methods described are likely to find applications in the study of both natural and synthetic polymer fibres in which mechanical properties are influenced by disorder.
RADDOSE-3D: time- and space-resolved modelling of dose in macromolecular crystallography
Authors: Zeldin Oliver B. , Gerstel Markus , Garman Elspeth F.
Published: June 2013

RADDOSE-3D allows the macroscopic modelling of an X-ray diffraction experiment for the purpose of better predicting radiation-damage progression. The distribution of dose within the crystal volume is calculated for a number of iterations in small angular steps across one or more data collection wedges, providing a time-resolved picture of the dose state of the crystal. The code is highly modular so that future contributions from the community can be easily integrated into it, in particular to incorporate online methods for determining the shape of macromolecular crystals and better protocols for imaging real experimental X-ray beam profiles.
Solving complex open-framework structures from X-ray powder diffraction by direct-space methods using composite building units
Authors: Inge A. Ken , Fahlquist Henrik , Willhammar Tom , Huang Yining , McCusker Lynne B. , Zou Xiaodong
Published: June 2013

The crystal structure of a novel open-framework gallogermanate, SU-66 {|(C6H18N2)18(H2O)32|[Ga4.8Ge87.2O208]}, has been solved from laboratory X-ray powder diffraction (XPD) data by using a direct-space structure solution algorithm and local structural information obtained from infrared (IR) spectroscopy. IR studies on 18 known germanates revealed that the bands in their IR spectra were characteristic of the different composite building units (CBUs) present in the structures. By comparing the bands corresponding to Ge—O vibrations in the IR spectra of SU-66 with those of the 18 known structures with different CBUs, the CBU of SU-66 could be identified empirically as the Ge10(O,OH)27 cluster (Ge10). The unit cell and space group (extinction symbol P--a; a = 14.963, b = 31.593, c = 18.759 Å) were determined initially from the XPD pattern and then confirmed by selected-area electron diffraction. The structure of SU-66 was solved from the XPD data using parallel tempering as implemented in FOX [Favre-Nicolin & Černý (2002). J. Appl. Cryst.
35, 734–743] by assuming P21
ma symmetry and two Ge10 clusters in the asymmetric unit. Rietveld refinement of the resulting structure using synchrotron XPD data showed the framework structure to be correct and the space group to be Pmma. The framework has extra-large (26-ring) one-dimensional channels and a very low framework density of 10.1 Ge/Ga atoms per 1000 Å3. SU-66, with 55 framework atoms in the asymmetric unit, is one of the more complicated framework structures solved from XPD data. Indeed, 98% of the reflections were overlapping in the XPD pattern used for structure solution. Tests on other open-framework germanates (SU-62, SU-65, SU-74, PKU-12 and ITQ-37) for which the XPD data, unit cell, space group and IR spectra were available proved to be equally successful. In a more complex case (SU-72) the combination of FOX and powder charge flipping was required for structure solution.
Functional differences between alien and native species: do biotic interactions determine the functional structure of highly invaded grasslands?
Authors: Gross Nicolas , Börger Luca , Duncan Richard P. , Hulme Philip E.
Published: June 2013

Although observed functional differences between alien and native plant species support the idea that invasions are favoured by niche differentiation (ND), when considering invasions along large ecological gradients, habitat filtering (HF) has been proposed to constrain alien species such that they exhibit similar trait values to natives.

To reconcile these contrasting observations, we used a multiscale approach using plant functional traits to evaluate how biotic interactions with native species and grazing might determine the functional structure of highly invaded grasslands along an elevation gradient in New Zealand.

At a regional scale, functional differences between alien and native plant species translated into nonrandom community assembly and high ND. Alien and native species showed contrasting responses to elevation and the degree of ND between them decreased as elevation increased, suggesting a role for HF. At the plant‐neighbourhood scale, species with contrasting traits were generally spatially segregated, highlighting the impact of biotic interactions in structuring local plant communities. A confirmatory multilevel path analysis showed that the effect of elevation and grazing was moderated by the presence of native species, which in turn influenced the local abundance of alien species.

Our study showed that functional differences between aliens and natives are fundamental to understand the interplay between multiple mechanisms driving alien species success and their coexistence with natives. In particular, the success of alien species is driven by the presence of native species which can have a negative (biotic resistance) or a positive (facilitation) effect depending on the functional identity of alien species.
The impact of 36 years of grazing management on vegetation dynamics in dune slacks
Authors: Millett Jonathan , Edmondson Sally
Published: June 2013

Grazing mammals are often used to maintain and restore high conservation value plant communities, but the evidence base for management is lacking long‐term studies.

We erected grazing exclosures in dune slacks to determine the impact of three different grazing regimes on the plant community: (1) rabbits and sheep excluded for 36 years, (2) continued rabbit grazing for 36 years and (3) rabbit grazing for 17 years followed by rabbit and sheep grazing for 19 years. We monitored plant community composition inside and outside the exclosures.

All of the plant communities changed over time, moving away from the original high‐value system and losing some characteristic species. Grazing slowed succession, reduced woody perennial cover and increased graminoid and forb cover and species diversity. The impact of adding sheep grazing to the existing rabbit grazing was additive at the functional group scale, but both complementary and additive (depending on the species) at the plant species scale.

Synthesis and applications. At the levels of grazing present in this study (2·5 sheep ha−1 year−1), sheep had similar impacts on dune slack plant communities to rabbits, making them suitable for replacing or augmenting rabbit grazing for conservation management. At the intensity present in this study, long‐term grazing can help to maintain a species‐rich dune slack community but is not sufficient for successful restoration.
Steelhead vulnerability to climate change in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Wade Alisa A. , Beechie Timothy J. , Fleishman Erica , Mantua Nathan J. , Wu Huan , Kimball John S. , Stoms David M. , Stanford Jack A.
Published: June 2013

Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and other Pacific salmon are threatened by unsustainable levels of harvest, genetic introgression from hatchery stocks and degradation or loss of freshwater habitat. Projected climate change is expected to further stress salmon through increases in stream temperatures and altered stream flows.

We demonstrate a spatially explicit method for assessing salmon vulnerability to projected climatic changes (scenario for the years 2030–2059), applied here to steelhead salmon across the entire Pacific Northwest (PNW). We considered steelhead exposure to increased temperatures and more extreme high and low flows during four of their primary freshwater life stages: adult migration, spawning, incubation and rearing. Steelhead sensitivity to climate change was estimated on the basis of their regulatory status and the condition of their habitat. We assessed combinations of exposure and sensitivity to suggest actions that may be most effective for reducing steelhead vulnerability to climate change.

Our relative ranking of locations suggested that steelhead exposure to increases in temperature will be most widespread in the southern Pacific Northwest, whereas exposure to substantial flow changes will be most widespread in the interior and northern Pacific Northwest. There were few locations where we projected that steelhead had both relatively low exposure and sensitivity to climate change.

Synthesis and applications. There are few areas where habitat protection alone is likely to be sufficient to conserve steelhead under the scenario of climate change considered here. Instead, our results suggest the need for coordinated, landscape‐scale actions that both increase salmon resilience and ameliorate climate change impacts, such as restoring connectivity of floodplains and high‐elevation habitats.
Early intervention services of children with physical disabilities: Complexity of child and family needs
Authors: Ziviani Jenny , Darlington Yvonne , Feeney Rachel , Rodger Sylvia , Watter Pauline
Published: June 2013

Background/aim

To gain insight into the special issues confronting parents when accessing early intervention for children with physical disabilities where child and/or family characteristics indicate complex needs within the unique Australian context.

Methods

Qualitative interviews with families receiving early intervention for their children with physical disabilities (N = 10). Families with complex circumstances such as having children with high support needs, those from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, and single‐parent families were recruited to the study. Families where parents had mental or health issues, parents/other family members had an identified disability, and/or where families lived in regional or rural locations were also purposively sampled.

Results

Participants highlighted issues around (i) the nature of early intervention services provided; (ii) the ways in which services were structured; and (ii) managing their child's needs/planning into the future. Parents stressed the importance of having access to a variety of early intervention services aside from therapy. They also emphasised the need for greater clarity about what to expect from services, the intensity of therapy, other services they could access and how long they would be able to receive these.

Conclusions

Despite their complex circumstances and needs, participants' experiences of accessing early intervention services were largely consistent with the broader research literature. Of the parents interviewed, those with health problems and single mothers expressed most apprehension about managing their child's needs and planning for the future.
A comparison of the long‐term consequences of vaginal delivery versus caesarean section on the prevalence, severity and bothersomeness of urinary incontinence subtypes: a national cohort study in primiparous women
Authors: Gyhagen M , Bullarbo M , Nielsen TF , Milsom I
Published: June 2013

Objective

To study the effect of one vaginal delivery (VD) compared with one caesarean section (CS) on the prevalence, severity and bothersomeness of urinary incontinence (UI) subtypes—stress (SUI), urge (UUI) and mixed (MUI)—20 years after delivery.

Design

Registry‐based national cohort study.

Setting

Women who returned postal questionnaires (response rate 65.2%) in 2008.

Population

Primiparae with one birth in 1985–88 (n = 5236) and no further births.

Methods

Medical Birth Register data were linked to a questionnaire. Analysis of variance and multivariate analysis were used to obtain adjusted prevalences and odds ratios (adjOR).

Main outcome measures

Prevalence, risk factors, severity, bothersomeness of UI subtypes.

Results

The prevalence of SUI, UUI and MUI was 15.3, 6.1, 14.4%, respectively, and was higher for all subtypes after VD versus CS. Moderate to severe incontinence was more prevalent after VD (21.3%) compared with CS (13.5%; adjOR 1.68, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.40–2.03). Bothersome incontinence differed between MUI (38.9%), UUI (27.1%) and SUI (18.0%). The prevalence of bothersome UI was higher after VD compared with CS (11.2 versus 6.3%; adjOR 1.85, 95% CI 1.42–2.39) and consulting a doctor for UI was reported more often after VD than CS. Bothersome MUI occurred in 40.0% of incontinent women after VD compared with 29.9% after CS (adjOR 1.65, 95% CI 1.07–2.54). Symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse was an important modifier of UI with regard to its prevalence, duration, type and bothersomeness.

Conclusion

The prevalence of SUI, UUI and MUI was higher and moderate to severe UI and bothersome UI were reported more often after VD than CS 20 years after one delivery.
How Do Stamp Duties Affect the Housing Market?
Authors: Davidoff Ian , Leigh Andrew
Published: June 2013

Land transfer taxes are a substantial portion of the cost of moving house in many developed countries. Because stamp duties are endogenous with respect to the house price, we create an instrumental variable that is the stamp duty on a property, based on the starting house price in the relevant postcode and the national house price trend. In a specification with postcode and year fixed effects, this instrument effectively captures policy changes and non‐linearities in the stamp duty schedule. We find that the impact of an increase in the tax rate is to lower house prices suggesting that the economic incidence of the tax falls on the seller. We also observe impacts of stamp duty on housing turnover. A 10 per cent increase in stamp duty lowers turnover by 3 per cent in the first year, and by 6 per cent if sustained over a 3‐year period.
MASCULINITIES, PERSISTENCE, AND DESISTANCE
Authors: CARLSSON CHRISTOFFER
Published: June 2013

In life‐course criminology, when gender has been the focus of study, it has predominantly been treated as a variable. Studies that explore the gendered nature of criminal careers through the lived experiences of offenders are rare, even though these studies can make important contributions to our understanding of crime and the life course. Analyzing qualitative data, this article uses life‐history narratives of a small sample of male juvenile delinquents (N = 25), born in 1969–1974, to explore the possible link among masculinities, persistence, and desistance from crime. The findings of the study suggest that processes of persistence and desistance are imbued with age‐specific norms of what it means to “be a man” and successfully do masculinity in different stages of life. Analyzing these gender‐specific practices gives a deepened understanding of processes that underlie the offenders’ lives as they go through stages of continuity and change in crime. The findings of the study further suggest a complex intersection between gendered biographies and gendered structures, with fruitful contributions to life‐course criminology. The implications of these findings are discussed.
PEACEFUL WARRIORS: CODES FOR VIOLENCE AMONG ADULT MALE BAR FIGHTERS
Authors: COPES HEITH , HOCHSTETLER ANDY , FORSYTH CRAIG J.
Published: June 2013

Considerable theoretical and empirical inquiry has focused on the role codes for violence play in generating crime. A large part of this work has examined the attitudes and codes condoning retaliation and violence as well as the prevalence of these among minorities residing in impoverished neighborhoods. Much about the nature of codes remains unknown, however, and this may in part reflect a narrow interest in beliefs about provocation and uses of violence among the inner‐city poor. In this study, we elaborate on a code of violence as part of a system of order and honor as articulated by a network of White, working‐class males in a southern U.S. city who participate in bar fights. The findings suggest that the code these men use prohibits predatory violence, puts exclusive limitations on situations that warrant violence, and constrains the level of violence in a fight. We detail the contours of this code (e.g., purpose of fighting, the rules of honorable fighting, and justifications for violating these rules) and discuss the code as both a cause and a consequence of behavior.