bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Making Good Economies with Bad Economic Instruments: A brief history of wind power’s changing economies
Authors: Ossandón José , Pallesen Trine , Karnøe Peter , Georg Susse
Published: February 2025

This article examines how notions of the good are entangled with instruments of valuation in the case of wind power in Denmark. Analytically, we develop what we tentatively call a comparative actantial approach to the study of policy instruments. Empirically, we inspect three support schemes introduced between 1979 and 1999 by the Danish state to foster the development of wind power. The comparative inspection shows wind power's notable shifts in what we call its actantial status: the same character appears as a very different kind of agent in the very different good economies for wind power portrayed by the instruments. The article contributes to two different but related literatures: it contributes to recent intersection between science and technology studies and economic geography inspecting the variable ontologies of energy resources, and it contributes to the discussion in this theme issue about instruments of valuation and the good economy.
Mellin convolutions of products and ratios
Authors: Mathai Arak M. , Haubold Hans J.
Published: February 2025

Usually, convolution refers to Laplace convolution in the literature, but Mellin convolutions can yield very ueful results. This aspect is illustrated in the coming sections. This study deals with Mellin convolutions of products and ratios. Functions belonging to the pathway family of functions are considered. Several types of integral representations, their equivalent representations in terms of G and H-functions, and their equivalent computable series representations are examined in this study.

Mathematics Subject Classification 2010: 26A33, 44A10, 33C60, 35J10.
The rational design, biofunctionalization and biological properties of orthopedic porous titanium implants: a review
Authors: Guo Chunliang , Ding Tao , Cheng Yuan , Zheng Jianqing , Fang Xiule , Feng Zhiyun
Published: February 2025

Porous titanium implants are becoming an important tool in orthopedic clinical applications. This review provides a comprehensive survey of recent advances in porous titanium implants for orthopedic use. First, the review briefly describes the characteristics of bone and the design requirements of orthopedic implants. Subsequently, the pore size and structural design of porous titanium alloy materials are presented, then we introduce the application of porous titanium alloy implants in orthopedic clinical practice, including spine surgery, joint surgery, and the treatment of bone tumors. Following that, we describe the surface modifications applied to porous titanium implants to obtain better biological functions. Finally, we discuss incorporating environmental responsive mechanisms into porous titanium alloy materials to achieve additional functionalities.
An approach to improve the numerical simulation of crushed salt compaction behavior
Authors: Friedenberg Larissa , Olivella Sebastià
Published: February 2025

Crushed salt as backfill material in a repository for high-level nuclear waste is aimed to act as a long-term barrier. The sealing effect of crushed salt evolves with ongoing compaction and therefore reduction in porosity and permeability. For a reliable prognosis of the compaction behavior in the long-term, constitutive models are crucial that capture the experimentally observed processes and credibly extrapolate these processes outside the range they were calibrated in. Up to now there is still no constitutive model for crushed salt which is validated against all factors/processes influencing compaction and/or the whole porosity range (especially φ < 5%). The constitutive model for crushed salt compaction available in CODE_BRIGHT has been used in the field of repository research for several years. It has been applied in recent research projects on crushed salt compaction, where shortcomings in the modelling of compaction behaviour in dependence on mean stress and deviatoric stress variations are identified. Based on this discovered potential for improvement an approach for the modification of the constitutive model is proposed within this paper. It addresses the assumption of an idealized geometry and network of grains which is introduced by mathematically constraint functions dependent on void ratio. The proposed approach aims to give more flexibility in the handling of geometry dependence. The paper comprises an introduction into the use of crushed salt in the context of nuclear waste repository. The description of the constitutive model for crushed salt available in CODE_BRIGHT is given, as well as, the proposal for improvement and its application. It is finished with a sensitivity study for the new approach followed by a summary and outlook.
Sorting of complex sphingolipids within the cellular endomembrane systems
Authors: Svistunov Victor O. , Ehrmann Kigumbi J. , Lencer Wayne I. , Schmieder S. S.
Published: February 2025

Cells contain a plethora of structurally diverse lipid species, which are unevenly distributed across the different cellular membrane compartments. Some of these lipid species require vesicular trafficking to reach their subcellular destinations. Here, we review recent advances made in the field that contribute to understanding lipid sorting during endomembrane trafficking.
Ferroptosis and noncoding RNAs: exploring mechanisms in lung cancer treatment
Authors: Rostami Ravari Nadi , Sadri Farzad , Mahdiabadi Mohammad Ali , Mohammadi Yaser , Ourang Zahra , Rezaei Zohreh
Published: February 2025

Lung cancer (LC) is a highly prevalent and deadly type of cancer characterized by intricate molecular pathways that drive tumor development, metastasis, and resistance to conventional treatments. Recently, ferroptosis, a controlled mechanism of cell death instigated by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, has gained attention for its role in LC progression and treatment. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), are emerging as key modulators of ferroptosis, significantly influencing LC biology. This review explores how ncRNAs control ferroptotic pathways and affect tumor growth, metastasis, and therapy resistance in LC. By understanding the dual functions of ncRNAs in both activating and inhibiting ferroptosis, we aim to uncover new therapeutic targets and strategies for LC. These insights provide a promising direction for the development of ncRNA-based treatments designed to induce ferroptosis, potentially improving therapeutic outcomes for patients with LC.
Prolactin drives cortical neuron maturation and dendritic development during murine embryonic stem cell differentiation
Authors: Martinez-Alarcon Omar , Colin-Lagos Daniela , Ramirez-Meza Ximena , Castilla Alejandra , Hernandez-Montes Georgina , Flores-Garza Eliezer , Lopez-Saavedra Alejandro , Avila-Gonzalez Daniela , Martinez-Juarez Alejandro , Molina-Hernández Anayansi , Diaz-Martinez Nestor Emmanuel , Portillo Wendy , Diaz Nestor Fabian
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Prolactin (PRL) is a pleiotropic hormone implicated in various physiological processes; however, its contribution to neurodevelopment, particularly early corticogenesis, remains insufficiently characterized. In this study, we investigate PRL’s regulatory influence on the initial stages of cortical development, with an emphasis on its effects on neuronal and astrocytic differentiation.

Methods

We employed a standardized in vitro differentiation protocol to generate cortical neurons from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Prolactin receptor (PRLr) expression was evaluated in pluripotent stem cells, neural stem cells (NSCs), immature neurons, and mature neurons using both PCR and immunofluorescence. These analyses revealed dynamic changes in PRLr expression throughout the differentiation process. Additionally, cells were treated with varying concentrations of PRL during early and late differentiation phases, enabling assessment of its impact on neuronal phenotypic distribution and morphological complexity.

Results

Early PRL administration significantly enhanced the population of β-tubulin III + immature neurons, promoting neuronal survival without altering NSC proliferation. Furthermore, PRL treatment increased the abundance of Tbr1 + and NeuN + neurons, augmented dendritic complexity, and accelerated neuronal maturation. In contrast, PRL exposure at later stages of neural differentiation did not yield comparable effects. Notably, PRL delayed the maturation of protoplasmic astrocytes, although the total astrocyte population was not affected.

Discussion

These findings highlight PRL’s pivotal role as a regulator of early corticogenesis by modulating neuronal survival, dendritic development, and astrocyte maturation. PRL thus emerges as a potential key factor in neurodevelopment, underscoring its importance in the hormonal regulation of neural differentiation and maturation. These insights may have broader implications for understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying normal and pathological neurodevelopment.
Non-destructive analysis of Ganoderma lucidum composition using hyperspectral imaging and machine learning
Authors: Ran Jing , Xu Hui , Wang Zhilong , Zhang Wei , Bai Xueyuan
Published: February 2025

Background

Ganoderma lucidum is a widely used medicinal fungus whose quality is influenced by various factors, making traditional chemical detection methods complex and economically challenging. This study addresses the need for fast, noninvasive testing methods by combining hyperspectral imaging with machine learning to predict polysaccharide and ergosterol levels in Ganoderma lucidum cap and powder.

Methods

Hyperspectral images in the visible near-infrared (385–1009 nm) and short-wave infrared (899–1695 nm) ranges were collected, with ergosterol measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and polysaccharides assessed via the phenol-sulfuric acid method. Three machine learning models—a feedforward neural network, an extreme learning machine, and a decision tree—were tested.

Results

Notably, the extreme learning machine model, optimized by a genetic algorithm with voting, provided superior predictions, achieving R2 values of 0.96 and 0.97 for polysaccharides and ergosterol, respectively.

Conclusion

This integration of hyperspectral imaging and machine learning offers a novel, nondestructive approach to assessing Ganoderma lucidum quality.
Coupling of chromatography with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: trends and prospects
Authors: Dmitrieva Ekaterina V. , Kapitanova Olesya O. , Lv Shixian , Sinyashin Oleg G. , Veselova Irina A.
Published: February 2025

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique for the determination of analytes with the advantages of sensitivity, portability, and simplicity, able to provide structural information for the identification of compounds. However, when it comes to the analysis of complex samples, matrix components may interfere with the analyte quantification. To overcome this shortcoming, a number of approaches have been proposed, such as extraction techniques. Among them, the coupling of chromatography with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy seems to be promising. It allows combining the advantages of both techniques, i.e., high efficiency of chromatographic separation and high sensitivity of surface enhanced Raman scattering detection, and makes possible simultaneous quantification of multiple analytes. The review summarizes the latest achievements in the combination of these techniques.
Inflammatory and neuropathological responses to Vesiculovirus carajas encephalitis in adult mice: variability, tolerance and resistance
Authors: Cavalcante Maria Sueli Barbosa , Santos Diego Siqueira , Araújo Lidineuza Machado , Freitas Priscilla Lieuthier , Silva Carlos Augusto Moreira , Carvalho Karina Glazianne Barbosa , Araújo Marialva Tereza Ferreira , Silva Eliana Viera Pinto da , Rodrigues de Farias Ana Paula Drummond , Guerreiro Diniz Daniel , Picanço Diniz Cristovam Wanderley , Diniz José Antonio Picanço
Published: February 2025

Vesiculovirus carajas (CARV) is a pathogen with neuroinvasive potential, yet its impact on neuroinflammation and sickness behavior remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the neuropathological and immunological responses to CARV encephalitis in adult BALB/c mice. Mice were intranasally inoculated with either infected or uninfected brain homogenates, and clinical, histopathological, and cytokine profiles were analyzed. CARV antigens were primarily detected in necrotic neurons, with prominent microglial activation near the ventricles and blood vessels. By day 10 post-infection, infected mice exhibited significantly elevated levels of MCP-1, IFN-γ, IL-12 p70, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 in the brain, indicating a strong inflammatory response. These findings highlight the inflammatory modulation associated with CARV infection and suggest a hematogenous route of neuroinvasion, distinguishing CARV from other vesiculovirus species. This study provides new insights into the pathogenesis of CARV encephalitis and its potential impact on neuroimmune dynamics.
L-serine metabolic regulation and host respiratory homeostasis
Authors: Li Pan , Wu Xiaoyan , Huang Yanlan , Qin Ruijing , Xiong Pan , Qiu Yangyang
Published: February 2025

L-Serine, a non-essential amino acid (NEAA), can be obtained through diet or in situ synthesis. Functionally, L-serine not only serves as the precursor of other amino acids, lipids, and nucleotides, but also participates in the folate/methionine cycle. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that L-serine is widely used in the adjuvant therapy of many diseases (e.g., inflammation, infections, fibrosis, and tumors). Here, we summarize the synthesis and metabolism of serine followed by its functions in health and disease. Moreover, we delineate the potential mechanisms whereby L-serine is involved in the occurrence and progression of respiratory diseases. This review aims to summarize the research progress of serine in diseases, propose the problems that need to be solved in the future, and provide guidance for subsequent research and development.
Spatial assessment of current and future migration in response to climate risks in Ghana and Nigeria
Authors: Schürmann Alina , Teucher Mike , Kleemann Janina , Inkoom Justice Nana , Nyarko Benjamin Kofi , Okhimamhe Appollonia Aimiosino , Conrad Christopher
Published: February 2025

West Africa’s vulnerability to climate change is influenced by a complex interplay of socio-economic and environmental factors, exacerbated by the region’s reliance on rain-fed agriculture. Climate variability, combined with rapid population growth, intensifies existing socio-economic challenges. Migration has become a key adaptive response to these challenges, enabling communities to diversify livelihoods and enhance resilience. However, spatial patterns of migration in response to climate risks are not fully understood. Thus, the study evaluates the applicability of the IPCC risk assessment framework to map and predict migration patterns in Ghana and Nigeria, with a focus on identifying areas of potential out-migration. By integrating geospatial environmental, socio-economic, and population data, the study highlights areas that have a higher likelihood of migration for the current baseline and near future (2050). Future climate is modeled using CMIP6 projections under the RCP4.5 scenario, while population projections providing insight into future exposure. The results from the baseline assessment are compared with actual migrant motivations, providing a ground-level perspective on migration drivers. In northern Ghana and Nigeria, elevated hazard, vulnerability, and exposure scores suggest a higher likelihood of migration due to the overall risk faced by the population. This pattern is projected to persist in the future. However, migrant responses indicate that environmental factors often play a secondary role, with vulnerability factors cited more frequently as migration drivers. The findings highlight the importance of developing localized adaptation strategies that address the specific needs of vulnerable areas. Additionally, management strategies that enhance community resilience and support sustainable migration pathways will be critical in addressing future climate-induced migration challenges.
Digital transformation in journalism: mini review on the impact of AI on journalistic practices
Authors: Sonni Alem Febri
Published: February 2025

This mini-review examines the digital transformation in journalism over the past decade (2014–2024), focusing on adopting AI technologies, changing business models, and evolving professional practices. Through an analysis of recent literature, we identify three main streams of research: technology integration in newsrooms, shifting content consumption patterns, and business model innovation. Findings show that AI has changed how news is produced and distributed but poses significant ethical and professional challenges. Current research gaps include a limited understanding of the long-term impact of AI on journalistic practice, insufficient cross-cultural studies of digital adoption patterns, and early explorations of the effectiveness of immersive journalism. This review suggests future research directions in the ethics of automated journalism, sustainable digital business models, and cross-platform content optimization strategies.
Saline fluids play a major role in continental crust formation
Authors: Castillo Paterno R.
Published: February 2025

A new general perspective on the long-standing problem of continental crust formation is presented in this study. Unlike prevailing models for continental crust formation that rely heavily on the behavior of major and trace elements in silicate melts in solidus and subsolidus pressure and temperature conditions, this study emphasizes the additional behavior of almost all elements in hydrothermal fluids in subsolidus and above solidus geochemical reactions at or near the Earth’s surface. Based on the latter concept, post-Archaean continental crust is formed along subduction zones by materials from the mantle wedge fluxed by saline metamorphic fluids released from the hydrothermally altered oceanic slab. Archaean continental crust, on the other hand, is formed atop Archaean “lithospheric blocks” by materials from the mantle and from within the middle to lower section of such blocks fluxed by saline metamorphic fluids released from the hydrothermally altered proto-oceanic crust. Although the two formation processes are different, continental crust has a fairly homogeneous andesitic composition because the respective attendant fluid in either process enriches it with fluid-mobile elements. In sum, the significant role of saline fluids in continental crust formation in present, post-Archaean subduction zones is key to that in the past, within Archaean lithosphere and mantle.
Student wellbeing during COVID-19—Impact of individual characteristics, learning behavior, teaching quality, school system-related aspects and home learning environment
Authors: Brauchle Julian , Unger Valentin , Hochweber Jan
Published: February 2025

Introduction

The measures taken to contain the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the lives of young people. Studies indicate a decrease in wellbeing and an increase in mental health problems among adolescents. However, the influence of individual or contextual factors on student wellbeing has hardly been investigated to date.

Methods

In the present study, we used a cross-sectional survey design to examine the impact of individual student characteristics and learning behavior, teaching quality, school system-related aspects and home learning environment on the wellbeing of N = 1,212 secondary school students from Germany and Switzerland (grade level: 5–13; age: 10–20) during the pandemic. Most students completed the survey retrospectively, while some students were in quarantine at the time of the survey.

Results

In stepwise multivariate regression models, higher student socioeconomic status and perceived teacher support were found to be positive predictors of wellbeing, while more frequent procrastination was found to be a negative predictor. Lower levels of wellbeing were found for female and older students, and German (compared to Swiss) students.

Discussion

Our study contributes to the assessment of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on student wellbeing, specifically to the identification of particularly affected or vulnerable groups. This may help to better prepare education systems for future, comparable situations and to mitigate negative outcomes for students.
Evaluation of gut microbiota alterations following orlistat administration in obese mice
Authors: Xue Chang , Wang Tianying , Chen Yang , Zhang He , Wang Hongjie , Li Qiang
Published: February 2025

Background

The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in various metabolic disorders. Orlistat has shown beneficial effects on weight loss and metabolism, but its direct impact on the gut microbiota has not been extensively reported. Thus, this study aimed to explore the effects of orlistat on the gut microbiota in mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity.

Methods

Thirty male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into a normal control group (fed a standard diet, N), and a model group (fed a 60% fat diet). A body weight exceeding the basal body weight by 130% defined a successfully established obesity model. The model group was further divided into a positive control group (fed a 60% fat diet, F), and an orlistat group (fed a 60% fat diet and treated with orlistat at 30 mg/kg, bid, A), with 10 mice in each group. The parameters assessed included weight loss, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels, and intestinal hormones. Gut microbiota diversity was analyzed using high-throughput sequencing.

Results

Orlistat treatment significantly reduced body weight and FPG levels, and increased glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) levels in obese mice. High-fat diet-fed mice exhibited increased microbial diversity and richness, which were significantly diminished by orlistat administration. Additionally, orlistat treatment led to a significant decrease in the proportion of Bacteroidetes and an increase in the proportion of Helicobacter and Allobaculum. Notable shifts in the abundances of Bacteroidetes were observed, correlating with changes in several functional metabolic pathways, including “cell motility” and “neurodegenerative diseases.” Co-occurrence network analysis suggested a more complex bacterial network in orlistat-treated mice, alongside a reduction in the density of bacterial correlation networks.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates that orlistat’s beneficial effects on body weight, FPG, GLP-1, and GIP are likely mediated through modifications in the gut microbiota composition.
Differential expression of plasma extracellular vesicles microRNAs and exploration of their association with bone metabolism in childhood trauma participants treated in a psychosomatic clinic
Authors: He Yangyang , Wuertz-Kozak Karin , Cazzanelli Petra , Houtenbos Sanne , Garcia-Carrizo Francisco , Schulz Tim J. , Wippert Pia-Maria
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Early life stress (ELS) impacts neurotransmitters and cell communication, potentially disrupting neurological and physiological processes. Recently, ELS has been implicated in impaired bone metabolism, with extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their cargo, microRNAs (miRNAs), might affecting this process. This research aimed to elucidate the association between childhood trauma, a specific form of ELS, and bone metabolism through studying miRNA in EVs within three steps: firstly, examining alterations of EV miRNAs between ELS and controls, secondly analyzing associations between altered EV miRNAs and bone markers, and thirdly exploring the target gene prediction and enrichment pathways of altered EV miRNAs.

Methods

This study included a subgroup of the DEPREHA project (total n=208) from a psychosomatic clinic. Firstly, real-time quantitative PCR was performed on plasma EVs isolated from childhood trauma participants with depression (n=6) and matched healthy controls (n=9) to detect the differentially expressed EV miRNAs. Secondly, general linear regression models were employed to investigate the associations between specific EV miRNAs and circulating bone turnover markers (procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide (P1NP), osteocalcin, and β-CrossLaps (CTx)), adjusting for depression as a potential confounder. Thirdly, the miRNA target gene networks and enriched pathways were explored based on altered EV miRNAs.

Results

These analyses could be conducted on n=19 participants from the entire group (11 [57.9%] female; median [IQR] age, 35.00 [26.00] years), but finally n=15 participants were included for analyses. 22 out 380 EV miRNAs were differentially expressed between childhood trauma participants (6 up-regulated and 16 down-regulated) and healthy controls. Among these, miR-25-3p, miR-26b-5p, miR-451a, and miR-421 were associated with P1NP (bone formation marker) and CTx (bone resorption marker). MiR-26b-5p, miR-330-3p, and miR-542-5p were associated with osteocalcin (bone turnover marker). MiRNA target gene network prediction revealed highly associated target genes of dysregulated miRNAs, such as Trinucleotide Repeat Containing Adaptor 6B (TNRC6B), and enrichment analysis highlighted pathways including the forkhead box protein O (FoxO) signaling pathway.

Discussions

This study explored the potential associations between childhood trauma and bone metabolism, due to the sample size and experimental group limitations, these associations should be validated in future experiments with larger sample sizes and different control group settings.
Clinical spectrum and uncommon features of McCune-Albright syndrome in children: a cohort study from a National Referral Center
Authors: Bergignat Solène , Chapurlat Roland , Nicolino Marc , Perge Kevin
Published: February 2025

Introduction

McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) is a rare disease caused by somatic gain-of-function variants in the GNAS gene that lead to constitutive activation of the G protein alpha subunit (Gsα). Pathologic consequences can involve several tissues. Fibrous dysplasia (FD), café-au-lait skin macules and hyperfunctioning endocrinopathies are classic manifestations. However, the phenotypic spectrum of MAS is considerably wider and more complex.

Methods

We performed a pediatric retrospective study from our National Referral Center between 2007 and 2021 to describe the clinical spectrum of MAS in children, with a focus on unusual or severe manifestations.

Results and discussion

A total of 33 children were included. Peripheral precocious puberty was the most frequent endocrinopathy, affecting 84,6% of girls and was the presenting feature for 57,6% of them. Thyroid involvement was also common, consisting in morphological abnormalities with or without slight hyperthyroidism. Thyroid nodules were typically benign, but one patient presented a follicular thyroid carcinoma. Cushing syndrome typically occurs in the neonatal period, but we observed an unusual case of hypercortisolism revealed in early infancy. FD was very common and manifested along a wide range of severity, from monostotic and asymptomatic lesion to polyostotic FD with pain, fractures, and compressive optic neuropathy. We described a locally aggressive FD involving sphenoid and maxillary bones which leaded a young female patient to death. Finally, we reported hepatic disorders, including a case of hepatocellular adenoma. In conclusion, MAS is a multisystemic disorder, with a variable combination of symptoms, and a broad range of severity. These uncommon abnormalities mostly occurred in patients with significant involvement of multiple other tissues.
Detecting imported malaria infections in endemic settings using molecular surveillance: current state and challenges
Authors: Safarpour Mahdi , Cabrera-Sosa Luis , Gamboa Dionicia , Van geertruyden Jean-Pierre , Delgado-Ratto Christopher
Published: February 2025

The Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016–2030 targets eliminating malaria from at least 35 countries and reducing case incidence by 90% globally. The importation of parasites due to human mobilization poses a significant obstacle to achieve malaria elimination as it can undermine the effectiveness of local interventions. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of parasite importation is essential to support control efforts and advance progress toward elimination. Parasite genetic data is widely used to investigate the spatial and temporal dynamics of imported infections. In this context, this systematic review aimed to aggregate evidence on the application of parasite genetic data for mapping imported malaria and the analytical methods used to analyze it. We discuss the advantages and limitations of the genetic approaches employed and propose a suitable type of genetic data along with an analytical framework to discriminate imported malaria infections from local infections. The findings offer potential actionable insights for national control programs, enabling them select the most effective methods for detecting imported cases. This also may aid in the evaluation and refinement of elimination programs by identifying high-risk areas and enabling the targeted allocation of resources to these regions.
Forensic entomology in Cameroon (Central African sub-region): the use of arthropod fauna of rat (Rattus norvegicus, Berkenhout, 1769, var. Wistar) carcasses as silent crime scene witnesses
Authors: Feugang Youmessi Francis Dupont
Published: February 2025

Globally, in order to solve a crime during a legal procedure, the presentation of palpable proof at court is the main tool. The contribution of necrophagous insects to this issue has recently increased as these invertebrates appear to comprise one of the major modern methods for the reinforcement of the judiciary system. This scientific discipline known as forensic entomology is a field of criminalistics/criminology that aims to use the results gathered from the study of insects collected at a crime scene in order to solve crimes involving wildlife or other animals/humans. In court, questions such as the estimation of the time of death, the cause of death, the movement of the corpse after death, and neglect of elderly are recurrent during a criminal investigation. In order to gather data that can be exploited to answer the aforementioned questions, we conducted, from March 18 to June 12, 2023, an experiment on carcasses of rats (Rattus norvegicus, Berkenhout, 1769, var. Wistar) within the University of Yaounde 1 campus. These were exposed to an open-air environment inside a wooden cage for protection in the bush behind Amphitheater 502 of the Faculty of Science of the University of Yaounde 1. The aim of this research work was to census necrophagous arthropod fauna that can always be exploited as harmless witnesses at the crime scene in order to determine the time of death, the cause of death, and the movement of the carcass after the crime. A total of 2,345 arthropod fauna belonging to three classes (Arachnida, Myriapoda, and Hexapoda), 16 orders (Acari, Araneida, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Dermaptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Dictyoptera, Collembola, Homoptera, Orthoptera, Psocoptera, and Thysanura), 37 families, 14 genera, and 27 species were included in the census. This cadaveric fauna, referred to as “silent crime scene witnesses,” constitutes many trophic guilds such as predators, necrophagous and omnivorous, with 541, 1,289, and 294 insects, respectively. The aforementioned leading guilds were secondarily followed by saprophagous, opportunists, parasitoids, hematophagous, and accidental host, with 122, 85, 8, 3, and 2 individuals, respectively. The present preliminary forensic entomology research work obtained a high biodiversity of necrophagous arthropod fauna from the study site, which showed the presence of several trophic guilds that can potentially be used as accurate tools during faunal criminal inquiries within the Central African sub-region.
Investigation of the role of miRNA variants in neurodegenerative brain diseases
Authors: Frydas Alexandros , Cacace Rita , van der Zee Julie , Van Broeckhoven Christine , Wauters Eline
Published: February 2025

Introduction

miRNAs are small noncoding elements known to regulate different molecular processes, including developmental and executive functions in the brain. Dysregulation of miRNAs could contribute to brain neurodegeneration, as suggested by miRNA profiling studies of individuals suffering from neurodegenerative brain diseases (NBDs). Here, we report rare miRNA variants in patients with Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD).

Methods

We initially used whole exome sequencing data in a subset of FTD patients (n = 209) from Flanders-Belgium. We then performed targeted resequencing of variant-harboring miRNAs in an additional subset of FTD patients (n = 126) and control individuals (n = 426). Lastly, we sequenced the MIR885 locus in a Flanders-Belgian AD cohort (n = 947) and a total number of n = 755 controls.

Results

WES identified rare seed variants in MIR656, MIR423, MIR122 and MIR885 in FTD patients. Most of these miRNAs bind to FTD-associated genes, implicated in different biological pathways. Additionally, some miRNA variants create novel binding sites for genes associated with FTD. Sequencing of the MIR885 locus in the AD cohort initially showed a significant enrichment of MIR885 variants in AD patients compared to controls (SKAT-O, p-value = 0.026). Genetic association was not maintained when we included sex and APOE status as covariates. Using the miRVaS prediction tool, variants rs897551430 and rs993255773 appeared to evoke significant structural changes in the primary miRNA. These variants are also predicted to strongly downregulate mature miR885 levels, in line with what is reported for MIR885 in the context of AD.

Discussion

Functional investigation of miRNAs/variants described in this study could propose novel miRNA-mediated molecular cascades in FTD and AD pathogenicity. Furthermore, we believe that the genetic evidence presented here suggests a role for MIR885 in molecular mechanisms involved in AD and warrants genetic follow-up in larger cohorts to explore this hypothesis.
Comparative genomics of three non-hematophagous leeches (Whitmania spp.) with emphasis on antithrombotic biomolecules
Authors: Zhao Fang , Huang Zuhao , Tang Lizhou , Zhang Wenting , Liu Zichao , Lin Gonghua
Published: February 2025

Leeches are well known for blood-feeding habits and are widely used for medicinal purposes as they secrete various antithrombotic substances. However, some leeches exhibit non-hematophagous habits and their significance for medicinal use is controversial. Here we provide the chromosome-level genomes of two non-hematophagous leeches, Whitmania acranulata and Whitmania laevis, and, in combination with previous results from Whitmania pigra, we compared these genomes with an emphasis on antithrombotic biomolecules. All three species had the same chromosome number of 11. The genome size, repeat site percentage, and number of protein-coding genes of W. laevis (173.87 Mb, 28.28%, 23,818) were similar to those of W. pigra (169.37 Mb, 27.02%, 24,156), whereas these values of W. acranulata (181.72 Mb, 29.55%, 27,069) were higher than those of the other two leeches. W. laevis was a monophyletic clade of W. pigra, whereas W. acranulata had a paraphyletic relationship with W. pigra. The number of antithrombotic genes in W. laevis (N = 76) was similar to that of W. pigra (N = 79), whereas W. acranulata (N = 102) had apparently more such genes. Of the 21 gene families, 9 and 11 were differentially expressed in W. acranulata and W. laevis compared to W. pigra, respectively. The expression profiles of the antithrombotic gene families were more similar between W. acranulata and W. laevis. Although there were several cases of gene loss or pseudogenization, most antithrombotic genes of the three Whitmania species were intact and transcribable. These results provide valuable insights into the evolution of non-hematophagous leeches and development of antithrombotic drugs.
Maternal and fetal outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus: a narrative review of dietary interventions
Authors: Phalle Anuja , Gokhale Devaki
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with a myriad of maternal and fetal complications that severely compromise the mother and child's future health. Dietary interventions are effective in reducing the risk of GDM. However, when diagnosed with GDM in 2nd and 3rd the effectiveness of these interventions on maternal and fetal health remains unexplored. Therefore, this review critically examines existing literature for short- and long-term maternal and fetal outcomes of dietary interventions followed after GDM diagnosis.

Methodology

An extensive literature search through Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science was conducted to include original, full-text articles published in English between 2013 and April 2024. All randomized controlled trials, case-control, prospective cohort studies, and longitudinal follow-up trials that recruited GDM mothers following dietary interventions upon diagnosis were included. However, pre-pregnancy interventional, retrospective, and prospective studies reporting maternal and fetal outcomes in healthy pregnant women were excluded. This review followed the Narrative Review Checklist by the Academy of Nutrition & Dietetics, Elsevier.

Results

We reviewed the effects of eight popular dietary interventions on various short and long-term materno-fetal outcomes in women recently diagnosed with GDM. Dietary interventions such as Mediterranean, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and low-GI positively affected both short and long-term maternal and fetal outcomes. In contrast, fasting during Ramadan negatively affected maternal and fetal outcomes. Studies with low-carb, high-protein, and calorie restriction reported mixed findings for materno-fetal outcomes. Although certain dietary interventions have shown beneficial effects in the past literature, their findings were limited by small sample size, short intervention duration, and inconsistencies in the outcomes and population studied, compromising the quality of evidence. Further, we observed a scarcity of studies exploring the effect of dietary interventions followed during 2nd and 3rd trimesters after being diagnosed with GDM on long-term materno-fetal outcomes.

Conclusion

Dietary interventions followed during 2nd and 3rd trimesters after the diagnosis of GDM may be crucial for preventing short and long-term materno-fetal complications; however, there is a lack of strong evidence to support this notion. Future studies are recommended to monitor the long-term materno-fetal outcomes of GDM.
Animal models of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome: a call for longitudinal animal studies
Authors: Dai Jingyi , He Fanyi , Chen Qian , Li Qiujing , Zhao Liping , Du Yingrong
Published: February 2025

Animal models are indispensable for unraveling the mechanisms underlying post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). This review evaluates recent research on PASC-related perturbations in animal models, drawing comparisons with clinical findings. Despite the limited number of studies on post-COVID conditions, particularly those extending beyond three months, these studies provide valuable insights. Three hallmark features of PASC—lung fibrosis, hyperglycemia, and neurological sequelae—have been successfully replicated in animal models, paving the way for mechanistic discoveries and future medical interventions. Although most studies have reported post-COVID conditions within 14–60 days post-infection, they still offer critical reference for future long-term research. This review also explores potential mechanisms of persisting immune misfiring, a key factor in the chronicity of PASC symptoms. Moreover, challenges in modeling PASC are also discussed, including the limited genetic diversity in inbred animal strains and difficulties in accurately identifying PASC-affected individuals. To address these issues, we propose methodological improvements, such as comparing individual animal parameters with control averages and incorporating genetically diverse populations like collaborative cross models. These strategies will enhance the identification and characterization of PASC endotypes in animal studies. By integrating findings from animal models with clinical manifestations of PASC, future research can provide more valuable insights into its mechanisms and support the development of effective therapeutic strategies. Finally, we emphasize the urgent need for longitudinal studies in animal models to fully uncover the mechanisms driving PASC and guide interventions to mitigate its public health impact.
Analysis of single-cell and spatial transcriptomics in TNBC cell-cell interactions
Authors: Xin Yan , Ma Qiji , Deng Qiang , Wang Tielin , Wang Dongxu , Wang Gang
Published: February 2025

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly malignant tumor in women, characterized by high morbidity, mortality, and recurrence rates. Although surgical treatment, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are the mainstays of current treatment methods, the high heterogeneity of TNBC results in unsatisfactory outcomes with low 5-year survival rates. Rapid advancements in omics technology have propelled the understanding of TNBC molecular biology. The emergence of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and spatial transcriptomics (ST) has significantly enhanced knowledge of tumor heterogeneity and the distribution, functionality, and intercellular interactions of various cell types within the tumor microenvironment, including tumor cells, T cells, B cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts. The present study provides an overview of the technical characteristics of scRNA-seq and ST, highlighting their applications in exploring TNBC heterogeneity, cell spatial distribution patterns, and intercellular interactions. This review aims to enhance the comprehension of TNBC at the cellular level for the development of effective therapeutic targets.
The multi-faceted immune modulatory role of S100A4 in cancer and chronic inflammatory disease
Authors: Wong Thomas , Kang Reece , Yun Kyuson
Published: February 2025

S100A4 is a Ca2+-binding protein involved in multiple chronic inflammatory and neoplastic conditions. This review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of S100A4 function in immune cells, comparing and contrasting S100A4 regulation of immune responses in cancer and chronic inflammatory diseases. We provide evidence that S100A4 regulation of immune cell function has a profound role in promoting the pathogenesis of cancer and pro-inflammatory conditions. Finally, we discuss relevant future directions to target S100A4 therapeutically in different disease states.
Artesunate alleviated murine ulcerative colitis by regulating immune response through inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress
Authors: Yin Shaojie , Li Liuhui , Chen Xiaolan , Wang Jing , Mao Yujuan , Wang Jingxuan , Xie Xiaoyuting , Li Jingui , Yang Haifeng
Published: February 2025

Innate and adaptive immunity are intricately linked to the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC), with dysregulation of the Treg/Th17 balance and M2/M1 macrophage polarization identified as critical factors. Artesunate (ARS) has previously been shown to alleviate UC by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). To further investigate the regulatory effects of ARS on immune dysregulation associated with colitis and the role of ERS in this process, an experimental colitis model was established using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Flow cytometry was employed to assess changes in the Th17/Treg cell ratio in the spleen and macrophage polarization in the intestine, while RT-qPCR was used to quantify the transcription levels of relevant genes in colonic tissues. ARS treatment significantly mitigated DSS-induced pathological damage, reduced the proportion of CD4+Th17 cells, and downregulated the mRNA expression of IL-17A, IL-17F, and RORγt, while concurrently increasing the proportion of CD4+Treg cells and upregulating TGF-β expression. Additionally, ARS restored the DSS-induced decline in the M2/M1 macrophage ratio and enhanced the transcription of Arg-1 and IL-10, while suppressing the expression of pro-inflammatory markers, including iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Notably, co-treatment with 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA, ERS inhibitor) augmented the immunoregulatory effects of ARS, whereas 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG, ERS agonist) co-treatment counteracted its protective activity against UC. These findings suggest that ERS plays a crucial role in mediating the therapeutic effects of ARS on UC, particularly by modulating Th17/Treg balance and macrophage polarization. This study provides further insights into the mechanistic basis of ARS in UC treatment offering a potential avenue for therapeutic intervention.
NLRP3 inflammasome in cardiovascular diseases: an update
Authors: Mo Binhai , Ding Yudi , Ji Qingwei
Published: February 2025

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be the leading cause of mortality worldwide. The nucleotide oligomerization domain-, leucine-rich repeat-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is involved in numerous types of CVD. As part of innate immunity, the NLRP3 inflammasome plays a vital role, requiring priming and activation signals to trigger inflammation. The NLRP3 inflammasome leads both to the release of IL-1 family cytokines and to a distinct form of programmed cell death called pyroptosis. Inflammation related to CVD has been extensively investigated in relation to the NLRP3 inflammasome. In this review, we describe the pathways triggering NLRP3 priming and activation and discuss its pathogenic effects on CVD. This study also provides an overview of potential therapeutic approaches targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome.
Efficacy of Kegan Liyan oral liquid vs. Lianhuaqingwen capsules for patients with mild COVID-19: a double-blinded, randomized, controlled, non-inferiority trial
Authors: Li Yuewei , Chi Yihe , Zhu Mengting , Fan Feiting , Deng Zhongyang , Xiao Jingmin , Jin Shaohan , Lin Luoqi , Chen Xiaochun , Xu Ruhong , Fan Long , Yu Xuhua , Liang Ziyao , Quan Jingyu , Li Shangzhao , Peng Xinying , Chen Yuanbin , Lin Lin , Wu Lei
Published: February 2025

Background

Traditional Chinese medicine has been used for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a therapeutic option. Lianhuaqingwen capsules (LHQW) are well-recognized for their efficacy, while Kegan Liyan oral liquid (KGLY), widely used for influenza treatment, has emerged as a promising candidate for COVID-19 therapy. This trial aims to assess whether KGLY is non-inferior to LHQW in treating mild COVID-19.

Methods

A total of 127 participants (63 in KGLY group and 64 in LHQW group) were randomly allocated to receive either KGLY therapy or LHQW therapy in a 1:1 ratio. The treatment was given for 7 days, and the follow-up period was 3 days.

Outcome measures

The primary outcome was symptom remission at day 10. Secondary outcomes included symptom recovery, time to symptom remission, recovery rates and time to recovery of selected symptoms, change in visual analog scale score for selected symptoms, area under the curve of the visual analog scale score for sore throat, negative conversion of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, having a positive test result after negative conversion, and incidence of pneumonia.

Results

Full analysis set analysis showed that the symptom remission rate at day 10 was 60.7% with KGLY and 58.3% in LHQW (difference + 2.3 p.p., lower limit of 95% confidence interval − 14.8 p.p.), indicating non-inferiority. There were no significant differences between the groups for any secondary outcome. The occurrence of adverse events did not differ between the groups and no severe adverse events were documented in either group.

Conclusion

Based on the study results, this trial proved that KGLY was non-inferior to LHQW for mild COVID-19, providing a promising option for COVID-19 treatment.

Clinical trial registration

https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=166372, Identifier, [ChiCTR2200059105].