bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of structure of Fe3+ magnetic center in polyparaphenylene
Authors: Vasyukov V. N. , Shapovalov V. A. , Dyakonov V. P. , Dmitruk A. F. , Aksimentjeva E. I. , Szymczak H. , Piechota S.
Published: October 2004

In the temperature range between 4.2 and 300 K, the EPR spectrum of the impurity Fe3+ ion in the organic polyparaphenylene has been investigated. An effect developed as an unusual temperature change of Fe3+ EPR spectrum has been revealed. The EPR spectrum of powder sample consists of two resonance lines. Line 1 with the effective g‐value equal to g1 = 4.21 ± 0.05 is of the maximum intensity at T = 4.2 K. With temperature increase, the intensity of line 1 decreases until vanishing. Line 2 is observed over the whole temperature range. For T = 300 K, the g‐value of line 2 is g2 = 2.00 ± 0.09. To study the structure of magnetic ion molecular environment and define nonequivalent positions of the magnetic ion in polyparaphenylene, a calculation was done of the energy of Fe3+ magnetic ion for various possible molecular environments. It is shown that in polyparaphenylene for the Fe3+ magnetic ion there are two different stationary molecular environments. The obtained model of magnetic ion molecular environment was used to explain the temperature dependence of the EPR spectrum. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
A GUI software development system for digital AV applications
Authors: Haruna Shuusuke , Sanada Norio , Kinoh Hisayuki , Sumiya Kazutoshi , Taki Kazuo
Published: October 2004

The scale of software on digital AV appliances that handle large‐volume multichannel digital data has been increased by the GUIs (graphical user interfaces) loaded on them in recent years. In addition, the GUIs of AV appliances use remote controls having cursor keys. Focus management must be performed by these to point to the object of operation, in contrast to the mouse, which is capable of pointing on the entire screen. Since focus management changes with changes in the specifications of GUIs, such as screen layouts and the like, software may not be reusable. In this paper, a development system that attempts to improve the productivity of GUI software requiring focus management is discussed from the points of view of (1) a software design model based on an object‐oriented MVC model, (2) an execution model with good efficiency corresponding to the design model, (3) development tools performing synthesis of GUI software and automatic generation of focus management procedures, and (4) applications and evaluations of the system. In an example of the application of the system, software productivity with a GUI specification change was improved by a factor of three. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(7): 99–107, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10018
Equivalence of real‐time DPDAs and discrete extended simple recurrent networks with some restrictions
Authors: Moriya Junnosuke , Nishino Tetsuro
Published: October 2004

To model human natural language processing using computation theory, Elman proposed a simple recurrent network. A simple recurrent network is a recurrent neural network with restrictions added to the connections between gates. When the range of the function for computing each gate of a simple recurrent network is a finite set (this is called a discrete simple recurrent network), its computational capability is known to be equivalent to that of a finite automaton with output. This paper introduces a modification of a discrete simple recurrent network so that it has a computational capability equivalent to that of a real‐time deterministic pushdown automaton (real‐time DPDA). In other words, the discrete simple recurrent network is extended as follows. (1) It contains a number of gates equal to a constant multiple of the input length, and (2) those gates can be used to simulate a stack with a depth of at most the input length. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(7): 55–62, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10275
Learning and inference in hierarchical models with singularities
Authors: Amari Shun‐ichi , Ozeki Tomoko , Park Hyeyoung
Published: October 2004

When we infer the underlying rule which generates a large amount of data, we assume a family of hierarchical statistical models and estimate an appropriate model and its parameters. In this case, the parameter space of the model usually includes singularities, and interesting phenomena, different from those appearing in conventional inference theory, are observed. In this paper, we review the studies of singular models in learning and inference which are being extensively developed in Japan, and elucidate the mechanisms of strange behavior by using simple models. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(7): 34–42, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10353
Coupled Markov random field models with phases as line field and region field
Authors: Tanaka Kazuyuki , Furusato Daiki , Horiguchi Tsuyoshi
Published: October 2004

We investigate a boundary‐based and a region‐based coupled Markov random field model, both of which are useful in image restorations of gray‐level images. In the conventional boundary‐based and the conventional region‐based coupled Markov random field models, both a line field and a region field take only two discrete states, 0 and 1. In the boundary‐based coupled random field model, existence and nonexistence of the edge at each nearest‐neighbor pair of pixels are denoted by 1 and 0, respectively. In the region‐based coupled random field model, some different regions at each pixel are labeled by discrete numbers. We propose a boundary‐based coupled Markov random field model with continuous line field and a region‐based coupled Markov random field model with continuous segmentation field from a standpoint of a plane rotator model in statistical mechanics. The iterative algorithms for image restoration are constructed by using a mean‐field approximation. We investigate how the proposed models produce a better quality of restored images. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(7): 24–33, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10364
A Research‐Across‐the‐Curriculum Movement
Authors: Malachowski Mitchell R.
Published: October 2004

As with research universities, primarily undergraduate institutions also feel the imperative to exercise hands‐on learning. “Students first!” should be the motto of these colleges and universities. But how should they navigate the political waters?
Potential genotoxicity of wastewater‐contaminated pore waters with comparison to sediment toxicity and macrobenthic community composition*
Authors: Lewis Michael A. , Daniels Carol B. , Moore James C. , Chen Thomas
Published: October 2004

The objectives of this survey were to determine the genotoxic potential of sediment pore waters above and below 10 wastewater outfalls and to compare the results to sediment chemical quality guidelines, acute toxicity, and macrobenthic community composition. The focus of the study was on genotoxicity since its occurrence in environmental media below wastewater discharges in the Gulf of Mexico region has not been reported in the scientific literature. Pore waters from 43 sediment samples were assayed using a microbial mutagenicity assay before and after activation with a rat liver microsome mix (S‐9). A combination of either direct or activated responses was observed for 40% of the pore waters. Direct, activated, and both direct and activated responses were observed in 5, 26, and 9% of the total samples, respectively. Mutagenic effects were observed below 7 of the 10 outfall areas and in 4 of 6 control areas associated with 6 outfalls. The lowest pore water concentrations causing an activated mutagenic response were statistically similar above and below the outfalls. Mutagenicity occurred more frequently than acute toxicity to estuarine and freshwater invertebrates and there was no consistent relationship between its occurrence and the exceedance of sediment chemical quality guidelines. In contrast, there was some indication that mutagenic activity paralleled low benthic community diversity. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 63–73, 2002
A systematic review of the ultrasound estimation of fetal weight
Authors: Dudley N. J.
Published: October 2004

Objectives

The range and use of ultrasound fetal measurements have gradually been extended. Measurements have been combined to estimate fetal weight by mathematically based non‐linear regression analysis or physically based volumetric methods. Fetal weight estimation is inaccurate, with poor sensitivity for prediction of fetal compromise. Several authors have shown the unacceptable level of intra‐ and interobserver variability in fetal measurement and the impact of errors on growth assessment. The aims of this study were to review the available methods and possible sources of inaccuracy.

Methods

Four databases were searched for studies comparing ultrasound estimated fetal weight (EFW) with birth weight. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria evaluated 11 different methods. Errors were graphically summarized.

Results

No consistently superior method has emerged. Volumetric methods provide some theoretical advantages. Random errors are large and must be reduced if clinical errors are to be avoided.

Conclusions

The accuracy of EFW is compromised by large intra‐ and interobserver variability. Efforts must be made to minimize this variability if EFW is to be clinically useful. This may be achieved through averaging of multiple measurements, improvements in image quality, uniform calibration of equipment, careful design and refinement of measurement methods, acknowledgment that there is a long learning curve, and regular audit of measurement quality. Further work to improve the universal validity and accuracy of fetal weight estimation formulae is also required. Copyright © 2004 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The pur6 gene of the puromycin biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces alboniger encodes a tyrosinyl‐aminonucleoside synthetase
Authors: Ángel Rubio Miguel , Barrado Patricia , Carlos Espinosa Juan , Jiménez Antonio , Lobato Marı́a Fernández
Published: October 2004

The pur6 gene of the puromycin biosynthetic gene (pur) cluster from Streptomyces alboniger is shown to be essential for puromycin biosynthesis. Cell lysates from this mycelial bacterium were active in linking l‐tyrosine to both 3′‐amino‐3′‐deoxyadenosine and N
6,N
6‐dimethyl‐3′‐amino‐3′‐deoxyadenosine with a peptide‐like bond. Identical reactions were performed by cell lysates from Streptomyces lividans or Escherichia coli transformants that expressed pur6 from a variety of plasmid constructs. Physicochemical and biochemical analyses suggested that their products were tridemethyl puromycin and O‐demethylpuromycin, respectively. Therefore, it appears that Pur6 is the tyrosinyl‐aminonucleoside synthetase of the puromycin biosynthetic pathway.
Analysis of estrogen receptor α signaling complex at the plasma membrane
Authors: Azuma Kotaro , Horie Kuniko , Inoue Satoshi , Ouchi Yasuyoshi , Sakai Ryuichi
Published: October 2004

There is accumulating evidence that the estrogen receptor (ER) can transduce specific signals at the plasma membrane. We tried to clarify the biological function of ER as a signaling molecule by identifying proteins that interact with the membrane‐localized ER. The activation function 1 and 2 (AF‐1 and AF‐2) domains of ERα with or without the membrane‐targeting sequence were stably expressed in the breast cancer cell line, MCF‐7. The level of tyrosine phosphorylation of AF‐2 was significantly elevated by the membrane localization. By mass‐spectrometry analysis, α‐ and β‐tubulins and heat shock protein 70 were identified as the AF‐1‐associated proteins. Of these, tubulins are associated only with membrane‐targeted AF‐1.
Cations modulate the substrate specificity of bifunctional class I O‐methyltransferase from Ammi majus
Authors: Lukačin Richard , Matern Ulrich , Specker Silvia , Vogt Thomas
Published: October 2004

Caffeoyl‐coenzyme A O‐methyltransferase cDNA was cloned from dark‐grown Ammi majus L. (Apiaceae) cells treated with a crude fungal elicitor and the open reading frame was expressed in Escherichia coli. The translated polypeptide of 27.1‐kDa shared significant identity to other members of this highly conserved class of proteins and was 98.8% identical to the corresponding O‐methyltransferase from parsley. For biochemical characterization, the recombinant enzyme could be purified to apparent homogeneity by metal‐affinity chromatography, although the recombinant enzyme did not contain any affinity tag. Based on sequence analysis and substrate specificity, the enzyme classifies as a cation‐dependent O‐methyltransferase with pronounced preference for caffeoyl coenzyme A, when assayed in the presence of Mg2+‐ions. Surprisingly, however, the substrate specificity changed dramatically, when Mg2+ was replaced by Mn2+ or Co2+ in the assays. This effect could point to yet unknown functions and substrate specificities in situ and suggests promiscuous roles for the lignin specific cluster of plant O‐methyltransferases.
Development of a tightly regulated U6 promoter for shRNA expression
Authors: Lin Xiaoyu , Yang Jianguo , Chen Jun , Gunasekera Angelo , Fesik Stephen W. , Shen Yu
Published: October 2004

Short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) have been used to achieve stable target knockdown in a variety of biological systems. Here, we report the development of a tightly regulated tetracycline‐responsive human U6 promoter for shRNA expression. By engineering two copies of the tet operators flanking the TATA box of the human U6 promoter, we created a U6 promoter derivative (2O2) that exhibited much lower basal transcriptional activity compared with recently reported inducible pol III dependent promoters. As a consequence of its tighter regulation, the 2O2 system greatly improved the success rate in making inducible knockdown cell lines.
Biology, fishery and trade of sea moths (Pisces: Pegasidae) in the central Philippines
Authors: Pajaro Marivic G. , Meeuwig Jessica J. , Giles Brian G. , Vincent Amanda C.J.
Published: October 2004

Sea moths (family Pegasidae) are little-studied benthic fish, found throughout the Indo-Pacific. Two species of sea moths, Pegasus volitans and Eurypegasus draconis, are caught incidentally in illegal trawl gear in the Philippines and sold into the dried fish trade. Approximately 130,000–620,000 P. volitans and 130,000 E. draconis were landed off north-western Bohol alone in 1996. An additional 43,000–62,000 sea moths (predominantly P. volitans) were caught live for the aquarium trade. Catch per unit effort for P. volitans was double that of E. draconis, probably because of its occurrence in shallower waters where fishing effort was concentrated. Sea moths may be unsuited for heavy exploitation as they occur at low densities. Moreover, a female-biased catch could lower the effective population size, given the reported monogamy amongst sea moths. No population data were available for a complete conservation assessment, although divers surveyed did report declines in their abundance.
Has the invasive mongoose Herpestes javanicus yet reached the island of Taveuni, Fiji?
Authors: Morley Craig G.
Published: October 2004

The Fijian island of Taveuni is being proposed as a potential World Heritage Site because much of its flora and fauna, including many endemic species, remains intact. The greatest threat facing Taveuni's wildlife is a potential incursion by the invasive small Indian mongoose Herpestes javanicus from nearby islands, and anecdotal reports have suggested that the mongoose may already be present. To determine if mongooses were present on Taveuni 40 traps were set in two locations close to the main ports of entry, in typical mongoose habitat. Normally mongooses are easily caught if they are present, but in 204 trap nights none were captured, although eight feral cats and 11 rats were caught. None of the 31 people questioned from around the island had seen the mongoose. A list of seven recommendations is provided for a management strategy to prevent any possible incursion by mongooses and to eradicate any arrivals at the earliest opportunity.
Providence, foreknowledge, and explanatory loops: a reply to Robinson
Authors: HUNT DAVID P.
Published: October 2004

In a number of earlier papers I have attempted to defend the providential utility of simple foreknowledge as a via media between the accounts of divine providence offered by Molinists, on the one hand, and ‘open theists’, on the other. In the current issue of this journal, Michael Robinson argues that my response to one of the standard difficulties for simple foreknowledge – that its providential employment would generate explanatory loops – is inadequate. In the following paper I answer Robinson's charge.
FUNCTIONAL PEARL Parallel Parsing Processes
Authors: CLAESSEN KOEN
Published: October 2004

We derive a combinator library for non-deterministic parsers with a monadic interface, by means of successive refinements starting from a specification. The choice operator of the parser implements a breadth-first search rather than the more common depth-first search, and can be seen as a parallel composition between two parsing processes. The resulting library is simple and efficient for “almost deterministic” grammars, which are typical for programming languages and other computing science applications.
A Look Inside
Authors: Fields R. Douglas , Lee Philip
Published: October 2004

Standard neurobiology textbooks commonly do not contain a chapter on cancer, and the word might not even appear in the
index. Its absence cannot be explained simply on the grounds that the subject falls more appropriately within the clinical
realm, because you will find chapters devoted to various other nervous system diseases. Could this intellectual blind spot
result from the fact that mature neurons, being post-mitotic, do not succumb to the disease? This absence in most texts is
curious, considering the severe functional implications. The word is sometimes used metaphorically to connote an unstoppable
process of destruction, and indeed some forms of brain cancer present the most dire prognosis of any cancer. But more
importantly the neglect of this subject is curious, because on a molecular and cellular level, cancer is the result of biological
processes that are at the forefront of modern neurobiological research. These include such current hot-topic areas as intraand
inter-cellular signaling networks, regulation of gene transcription, control of cellular differentiation, regulation of cell
motility, migration and cell death; the secretion and response to growth factors, and interactions with the vascular and
immune systems. Finally, the current enthusiasm and promising research on the use of stem cells for therapeutic treatment
of nervous system disease has brought us face-to-face with our ignorance in this area, as we find that many types of stem cells
transplanted into the brain form tumors. This issue of Neuron Glia Biology contains a special collection of original research
papers on cancer in the peripheral and central nervous system and a review on the subject. These papers are introduced below
by Special Feature Editor, Philip Lee.
Effect of annual pasture composition, plant density, soil fertility and drought on vulpia (Vulpia bromoides (L.) S.F. Gray)
Authors: Dowling P. M. , Leys A. R. , Verbeek B. , Millar G. D. , Lemerle D. , Nicol H. I.
Published: October 2004

Vulpia is a widespread weed of temperate Australian pastures, and readily replaces more productive species. Short-term management of vulpia is possible with herbicides but densities rapidly increase in poorly competitive pastures after herbicide application. A field experiment at Wagga Wagga, NSW, examined the effect of 2 fertility levels and 4 pasture types [subterranean clover sown at 1, 25, 100 kg/ha, and subterranean clover (25 kg/ha) + annual ryegrass (20 kg/ha)] on 2 densities of vulpia (50,5 500 plants/m2) from 1990 to 1994. Initially vulpia plant density was inversely related to sowing rate of subterranean clover, but over time this effect declined as the subterranean clover populations converged. Presence of annual ryegrass always resulted in lower vulpia plant, panicle and seed densities compared with treatments where subterranean clover only was present. Respective densities per m2 in 1993 for the average of the subterranean clover monocultures and for annual ryegrass plus subterranean clover were: plant 1315 v. 265; panicle 6700 v. 130; seed 542 400 v. 3460. The effect of drought in 1994 and presence of annual ryegrass were shown to significantly lower the sustainable population of vulpia at Wagga Wagga from 5000–6000 to <1000 plants/m2. The short-term nature of herbicide application for control, and the need to ensure that competitive species were present to slow recruitment of vulpia in any long-term management strategy, were highlighted.
Excess cation concentrations in shoots and roots of pasture species of importance in south-eastern Australia
Authors: Braschkat J. , Randall P. J.
Published: October 2004

Excess cation concentrations (total cations – total inorganic anions) are reported for roots and shoots of 16 plant species of importance in pastures in south-eastern Australia. This information is required for the calculation of acidification in grazed pasture systems. The excess cation concentrations for shoots at flowering were [cmol(+)/kg]: perennial grasses — Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) 50, Phalaris aquatic (phalaris) 51, Danthonia richardsonii (wallaby grass) 30, Dactylus glomerata (cocksfoot) 62, Holcus lanatus (Fog grass) 60; annual grasses — Lolium rigidum 29, Vulpia bromoides (vulpia) 40, Hordeum leporinum (barley grass) 46, Bromus mollis (soft brome) 59; perennial legumes — Medicago sativa (lucerne) 115, Trifolium repens (white clover) 147; annual legumes — Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover) 142, Medicago truncatula (barrel medic) 114, Ornithopus sativus (serradella) 137; weeds — Arctotheca calendula (cape weed) 165, Echium plantagineum (Paterson’s curse) 169. Values for roots were in the same order as shoots in vulpia and wallaby grass but lower for the other species, varying between 26 and 62% of the shoot value in grasses and 29 and 49% in legumes. For a subset of 4 legumes and 3 grasses, the excess cation concentrations in shoots were measured over the main production period in spring. Excess cation concentrations generally declined during the season, with the change being relatively larger in grasses than legumes.
The relevance of delivery mode and other programme characteristics for the effectiveness of early childhood intervention
Authors: Blok Henk , Fukkink Ruben G. , Gebhardt Eveline C. , Leseman Paul P. M.
Published: October 2004

Although it is generally believed that early intervention programmes are an effective means to stimulate children’s cognitive development, many questions remain concerning programme design and delivery. This article reviews 19 studies into the effectiveness of early intervention programmes published from 1985 onward. The database comprised 85 different outcomes or effect sizes (71 in the cognitive domain, 14 in the socioemotional domain). The overall effect size estimate was d 1/40.32 ( SE 1/4 0.05) in the cognitive domain, and d 1/4 0.05 ( SE 1/4 0.02) in the socioemotional domain. Effect sizes were found to depend on delivery mode. Centre-based interventions and interventions following the combined home- and centre-based delivery mode produced greater effect sizes than did home-based programmes in the cognitive domain, but not in the socioemotional domain. The programme inclusion of coaching of parenting skills was also positively related to outcomes in the cognitive domain. Several other programme characteristics, including age of onset, programme length and intensity, continuation after kindergarten, and the inclusion of social or economic support, appeared not to be uniquely related to outcomes.
Critical Role of Collapsin Response Mediator Protein-associated Molecule CRAM for Filopodia and Growth Cone Development in Neurons
Authors: Hotta Azusa , Inatome Ryoko , Yuasa-Kawada Junichi , Qin Qingyu , Yamamura Hirohei , Yanagi Shigeru
Published: October 2004

Collapsin response mediator proteins (CRMPs) have been implicated in signaling of axonal guidance, including semaphorins. We have previously identified a unique member of this gene family, CRMP-associated molecule CRAM (CRMP-5), which is phylogenetically divergent from the other four CRMPs. In this study, we have examined the distribution and function of CRAM in developing neurons. Immunohistochemical analysis showed accumulation of CRAM in the filopodia of growth cones. Experiments using cytochalasin D indicated that filopodial localization of CRAM was independent of filamentous actin. Overexpression of CRAM in neuronal cells significantly promoted filopodial growth and led to the formation of supernumerary growth cones, which acquired resistance to semaphorin-3A stimulation. Finally, knockdown of CRAM by using RNA interference blocked filopodial formation and revealed an aberrant morphology of growth cones. We propose that CRAM regulates filopodial dynamics and growth cone development, thereby restricting the response of growth cone to repulsive guidance cues.
The Changing Demographics of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the United States
Authors: Sikora Andrew G. , Toniolo Paolo , DeLacure Mark D.
Published: October 2004

Objectives/Hypothesis: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCCA) has declined in the United States since the late 1970s. During this time, substantial immigration from other countries has occurred, and the average lifespan has increased. We tested the hypothesis that these trends have altered the HNSCCA patient population.

Study Design: Retrospective analysis was made of population‐based data from the SEER database, a national registry capturing roughly 10% of all U.S. cancer diagnoses.

Methods: We examined all unique diagnoses of HNSCCA in the database from 1976 to 1999 and determined the breakdown of cases by age, sex, and race.

Results: The absolute number of new HNSCCA diagnoses per year declined overall by 5% during the time period of the study, whereas new diagnoses in patients older than 74 years of age increased by more than 20%. The rate of HNSCCA per 100,000 person‐years in elderly women did not change, and the rate in elderly men decreased, indicating that the observed increase in cases is explained by a growing population of elderly persons at risk. An increase in the absolute number of cases, but not the incidence rate, was also seen among persons younger than 50 years of age. Although both the absolute number of new cases and the incidence rates of HNSCCA in white male patients declined substantially, the percentage of HNSCCA patients classified as minorities increased from 14.5% to more than 20% of all cases. During the time period of the study, the overall number of HNSCCA cases in nonwhite and Hispanic patients increased by 36%.

Conclusion: Increasing numbers of elderly and minority patients with HNSCCA are likely to alter patterns of disease and utilization of health care resources.
Endolymphatic Duct Violation During Retrosigmoid Dissection of the Internal Auditory Canal: A Human Temporal Bone Radiographic Study
Authors: Sulman Cecille G. , Vecchiotti Mark A. , Semaan Maroun T. , Lewin Jonathan S. , Megerian Cliff A.
Published: October 2004

Objective/Hypothesis: Successful hearing preservation after acoustic neuroma resection is sometimes complicated by delayed hearing deterioration. The goal of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that internal auditory canal (IAC) drilling during retrosigmoid acoustic neuroma removal may result in endolymphatic duct (ELD) injury, a potential cause of delayed hearing loss (HL) after hearing preservation surgery.

Study Design: Temporal bone anatomic and radiographic study and literature review.

Methods: Twenty‐one human temporal bones were analyzed with high‐resolution multislice computed tomography (HRMCT) and subjected to standard retrosigmoid IAC dissection with labyrinthine preservation and follow‐up HRMCT for analyses of the ELD. A MEDLINE search was performed of studies documenting long‐term hearing preservation outcomes after retrosigmoid dissection.

Results: Five of 21 (24%) bones were found to have violation of the ELD despite preservation of labyrinthine structures and the endolymphatic sac. These results correlate with the mean incidence of long‐term hearing decline (26.6%). Reviews of human and animal studies indicate that injury to the ELD may create endolymphatic hydrops.

Conclusions: The ELD is vulnerable to injury during IAC dissection even if labyrinthine structures at the lateral aspect of the IAC are preserved. These findings may be helpful in explaining and potentially preventing some cases of long‐term hearing deterioration that may be a result of endolymphatic hydrops after ELD injury during acoustic tumor removal. Careful preoperative review of imaging studies using HRMCT may prove useful before retrosigmoid dissection.
Speech Intelligibility and Quality of Life in Head and Neck Cancer Survivors
Authors: Meyer Tanya K. , Kuhn Joan C. , Campbell Bruce H. , Marbella Anne M. , Myers Katherine B. , Layde Peter M.
Published: October 2004

Objective: Poor speech intelligibility adversely affects quality of life self‐assessment in long term survivors of head and neck cancer treatment.

Study Design: Observational case series including both objective clinical speech testing and subjective quality of life questionnaire administration.

Methods: Five‐year head and neck cancer survivors were recruited to study the association between speech intelligibility and quality of life. Survivors were analyzed as an entire group, and also subdivided into laryngectomees and non‐laryngectomees. Objective testing included sentence and word intelligibility. Subjective testing included quality of life questionnaires (UWQOL, FACT, FACT‐head and neck, and PSS‐HN) and a locally prepared “cancer concern” question. Associations were sought between intelligibility, quality of life and demographics.

Results: Sixty‐two survivors underwent testing. Lower sentence intelligibility and word intelligibility scores were associated with diminished self‐perceived UWQOL Speech (P = .0001 and P = .0001, respectively) and PSS‐HN Understandability of Speech (P = .009 and P = .005). Decreased word intelligibility was additionally associated with decreased UWQOL Chewing (P = .003), UWQOL Swallowing (P = .02), UWQOL Recreation (P = .05), PSS‐HN Willingness to Eat in Public (P = .03), and PSS‐HN Normalcy of Diet (P = .0001). The associations continued even after patients who had undergone laryngectomy were excluded.

Conclusions: Long‐term survivors of head and neck cancer continue to have both objective and subjective deficits in speech parameters five years after treatment. Objective deficits are associated with subjective concerns about speech, eating, and recreation. Understanding how communication deficits affect quality of life in long‐term head and neck cancer survivors may allow more effective therapies to modulate these concerns in the recovery period.
Diffuse Nasal Polyposis and Endonasal Endoscopic Surgery: Long‐Term Results, a 65‐Case Study
Authors: Dufour Xavier , Bedier Arnaud , Ferrie Jean‐Claude , Gohler Catherine , Klossek Jean‐Michel
Published: October 2004

Objective: To analyze the efficacy of a standardized surgical procedure in patients with nasal polyposis.

Study Design: Prospective study of nonrandomized cases from a single institution.

Methods: An inception cohort of 65 consecutive patients with nasal polyposis observed from January 1994 to December 1997. Presence of asthma, allergies, or aspirin intolerance, duration of nasal polyposis, previous surgery, and medical treatment were noted. Clinical symptoms were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS), and a preoperative computed tomography scan was performed before the surgical procedure. At the end of the study, an evaluation was performed to collect all information concerning nasal symptoms, asthma conditions, quality of life, and patient's opinion about this type of surgery.

Results: Sixty patients have completed the study. Polyposis was isolated in 29 patients (group A), asthma was present in 21 patients (group B), and aspirin intolerance in 10 patients (group C). Nasal obstruction (n = 53/60, 88.3%) and olfactory disturbances (n = 54/56, 96.4%) were the main preoperative complaints, according to the VAS, with a high degree of severity. No significant difference for nasal symptomatology was found between the three groups. Nasal obstruction and olfactory dysfunction was improved in 37 and 42 patients, respectively, without a statistical significance between the groups. A reduction of the antiasthmatic treatment was observed in 24 of 31 patients. A massive and anteriorly localized recurrence was noted in 3 and 19 patients, respectively.

Conclusions: Endoscopic sphenoethmoidectomy is indicated for nasal polyposis refractory to intensive medical management with a good improvement of patient's quality of life.
PYCNOCOCCUS PROVASOLII GEN. ET SP. NOV., A COCCOID PRASINOXANTHIN‐CONTAINING PHYTOPLANKTER FROM THE WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC AND GULF OF MEXICO1
Authors: Guillard Robert R. L. , Keller Maureen D. , O'Kelly Charles J. , Floyd Gary L.
Published: October 2004

The new genus Pycnococcus Guillard is based on several clones from the western North Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. The type and only described species, Pycnococcus provasolii Guillard, sp. nov., is typified by clone Ω48‐23 from the North Atlantic. Cells of Pycnococcus provasolii are solitary, spherical, 1.5–4.0 μm in diameter, have a resistant cell wall lacking sporopollenin, and have the ultrastructural characteristics of green algae. With the light microscope they are scarcely distinguishable from cells of other coccoid planktonic organisms. In pigmentation P. provasolii resembles Micromonas pusilla, Mantoniella squamata, and Mamiella gilva in having chl a, much chl b, Mg 2,4‐divinylphaeoporphyrin a5 monomethyl ester (presumably), and prasinoxanthin as a major xanthophyll. The pyrenoid of P. provasolii has a cytoplasmic channel, which is unique among species closely related to it. Flagellates, occurring rarely in culture, are similar to but distinguishable from known Pedinomonas species by size and shape. Pycnococcus provasolii is referred to the new family Pycnococcaceae Guillard, in the order Mamiellales of the class Micromonadophyceae (Chlorophyta). Clones of Pycnococcus provasolii are oceanic in nutritional characteristics, require only vitamin B12 in culture, and are well adapted to growth under blue or blue‐violet light of low intensity.
EFFECTS OF HERBIVORE SIZE AND HUNGER LEVEL ON PERIPHYTON COMMUNITIES1
Authors: Steinman Alan D.
Published: October 2004

The effects of herbivore size and hunger level were tested on lotic periphyton community structure and ash‐free dry mass (AFDM). My hypotheses were 1) that small herbivores would remove more periphyton per unit biomass than large herbivores of the same species because of energetic demands and 2) that within the same size class, starved herbivores would remove more periphyton than nonstarved herbivores. The herbivore used was the prosobranch snail Elimia clavaeformis Lea. Seven treatments were employed: 1) no snails (control); 2) small “starved” snails; 3) large “starved” snails; 4) small and large “starved” snails; 5) small fed snails; 6) large fed snails; and 7) small and large fed snails. Although snails removed significant amounts of periphyton AFDM relative to controls, neither snail size nor degree of starvation had a significant effect on loss of total AFDM. Small snails removed significantly more erect forms of Stigeoclonium tenue (C. A. Ag.) Kütz. than large snails, but snail size had no other significant effect. Starved snails removed significantly more Cocconeis placentula Ehr. than fed snails, suggesting that after the more susceptible growth forms (e.g. erect Stigeoclonium) were removed, Cocconeis cells became more vulnerable to grazing by hungry snails. When small and large snails were combined in chambers, large snails gained weight over time, whereas small snails lost weight. These results suggest that intraspecific competition may occur within populations of Elimia.
DIFFERENTIAL LOCALIZATION OF CARRAGEENAN GELLING SEQUENCES IN KAPPAPHYCUS ALVAREZII VAR. TAMBALANG (RHODOPHYTA) WITH FITC‐CONJUGATED CARRAGEENAN OLIGOSACCHARIDES1
Authors: Zablackis Earl , Vreeland Valerie , Doboszewski Bogdan , Laetsch Watson M.
Published: October 2004

The ability of kappa (κ) and iota (ι) carrageenans to form gels is dependent upon the regular repeat of disaccharide units along the carbohydrate chain. Short, chemically‐ and enzymatically‐purified fragments of κ and ι carrageenan were conjugated to fluorescein and used as specific hybridization probes for localization of κ and ι carrageenan gelling sequences within the cells walls and intercellular matrices of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty. The probes label cell walls and intercellular matrices under ionic conditions appropriate for gelation of κ and ι carrageenans. The distribution of κ and ι carrageenans in the matrix and cell walls of K. alvarezii was determined with respect to cell type (epidermis, cortex, medulla, and central axis) and age. The κ‐probe labels the cell walls of all cell types except epidermal in both young and old tissues. In contrast, the ι‐probe labels the cell walls of the epidermis in both young and old tissue and the cell walls of the thylles only in old tissue. Both probes label intercellular matrix material; however, ι‐probe labelling is very much weaker than κ‐probe labelling. The results indicate that FITC‐conjugated carrageenan oligosaccharides are useful tools that provide information on gelling subunit distribution.
LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF A PUNCTATE SPECIES OF PYRAMIMONAS, P. MUCIFERA SP. NOV. (PRASINOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Sym Stuart D. , Pienaar Richard N.
Published: October 2004

Pyramimonas mucifera sp. nov., a punctate species of the genus, is unusual both behaviorally and at the fine structural level. It forms two distinct populations in culture, one benthic and one planktonic. Planktonic forms are more conventional for the genus, but benthic forms are found in loosely packed mucilage, have flagellar rather than ciliary beating of the flagella, and display a higher degree of metaboly. Ultrastructurally this species is unusual in that it has a unique scale complement and the cells contain numerous muciferous vesicles, leaving only small pockets of cytoplasm containing the usual organelles. This species has a 3–1 type flagellar apparatus but has an additional fibrillar band, a 4–3‐2–3 microtubular root system and a flexible synistosome.

The discovery of a mucilage‐producing species of Pyramimonas draws attention to possible links with other prasinophytes (Halosphaera) and green algae of questionable affiliation (Oltmannsiellopsis and Hafniomonas). It also provides a model of the primitive pyramimonad.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF GALLS ON THE RED ALGA GRACILARIA EPIHIPPISORA1
Authors: Apt Kirk E. , Gibor Aharon
Published: October 2004

A strain of Gracilaria epihippisora Hoyle produces gall‐like cell proliferations in culture. These growths can be excised and grown separately, where they retain an undifferentiated morphology and reach 5mm in diameter. The gall tissue consists of a single morphological cell type without any differentiation between surface and internal cells as is characteristic of normal thallus tissue. Gall cells are typically 20–40 μm in diameter and contain the usual complement of organelles and a prominent vacuole, although there are several distinct features. The large multilobed plastids have an extensive proliferation of thylakoid membranes, which form an arrangement of loops and spirals. The thallus outer cell wall layer is highly reduced. The gall growths contain intracellular virus‐like particles (ca. 80 nm in diameter) that occur in discrete groups.
A NEW PHYLOGENY FOR CHROMOPHYTE ALGAE USING 16S‐LIKE RRNA SEQUENCES FROMMALLOMONAS PAPILLOSA(SYNUROPHYCEAE) ANDTRIBONEMA AEQUALE(XANTHOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Ariztia Edgardo V. , Andersen Robert A. , Sogin Mitchell L.
Published: October 2004

The 16S‐like ribosomal RNA genes fromMallomonas papillosaHarris et Bradley (Synurophyceae) andTribonema aequalePascher (Xanthophyceae) were sequenced and compared to those of other eukaryotes.Mallomonasis closely related toOchromonas(Chrysophyceae) and supports the general hypothesis of a close phylogenetic relationship between the Synurophyceae and Chrysophyceae.Tribonemais specifically related toCostaria costata(C. A. Agardh) Saunders (Phaeophyceae) demonstrating an unexpected phylogenetic relationship between the Xanthophyceae and Phaeophyceae. Distance and parsimony analysis place these four chromophyte genera in a complex evolutionary assemblage that includes the Bacillariophyceae and Oomycetes but excludes the Dinophyceae. The close relationship between the chromophyte algae and the Öomycete fungi supports the hypothesis that protists with tripartite hairs form a natural assemblage.
IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION OF LUCIFERIN‐BINDING PROTEIN ANTI‐SENSE RNA TO THIN SECTIONS OF THE BIOLUMINESCENT DINOFLAGELLATE GONYAULAX POLYEDRA1
Authors: Fritz Lawrence , Milos Patrice , Morse David , Hastings J. Woodland
Published: October 2004

Radiolabeled RNA transcripts from a cDNA clone of Gonyaulax polyedra Stein luciferin‐binding protein (a protein involved in bioluminescence and which increases intracellularly at night) were synthesized in an in vitro transcription assay and hybridized to fixed, thin sections of Gonyaulax cells in both day and night phases. When visualized under dark‐field microscopy, probes, which were complementary in sequence (anti‐sense probes) to the luciferin‐binding protein mRNA, bound to cell sections and revealed a dense, even distribution of photographic silver grains over the cytoplasm, with more intense labeling in night phase cells. Control probes, consisting of the identical sequence as the cellular mRNA (sense probe), revealed little specific labeling in day and night cells. This suggests that cellular levels of luciferin‐binding protein mRNA are higher in night phase cells, which is in contrast to recent biochemical findings that the mRNA levels are constant throughout the day and night. This new data is compared with the previous work, and the utility and limitations of the in situ hybridization technique in analyzing message distribution and abundance is discussed.
ENDOPHYTIC ALGAE OFCHONDRUS CRISPUS(RHODOPHYTA). III. HOST SPECIFICITY1
Authors: Correa Juan A. , McLachlan J. L.
Published: October 2004

Susceptibility of rhodophycean macroalgae to infection by the green endophytes,Acrochaete operculataCorrea & Nielsen andA. heterocladaCorrect & Nielsen was studied. Cross‐infection experiments showed thatA. operculatais host specific and developed only in sporophytic fronds ofChondrus crispusStackh. andIridaea cordata(Turn.) Bory. AlthoughA. operculatapenetrated equally the multilamellar outer cell wall of sporophytic and gametophytic fronds ofC. crispus,subsequent development was arrested in the gametophytic fronds. Susceptibility of the sporophytic phase ofC. crispuswas detected early in the development of the host, at a discoid stage that is structurally distinct from the adult fronds. The evidence strongly suggests that host specificity inA. operculatais determined by cell‐wall composition of the hosts, likely the carrageenan fraction. In contrast,A. heterocladawas not host specific, infecting all offered hosts, including carrageenophytes and agarophytes. Germination occurred on the surface of the hosts and led to the development of an epiphytic stage. Subsequent penetration in many cases involved total displacement of cortical tissue in the infected frond.
DISJUNCT DISTRIBUTION OF THE XANTHOPHYLL LOROXANTHIN IN THE GREEN ALGAE (CHLOROPHYTA)1
Authors: Fawley Marvin W.
Published: October 2004

Thirty‐five green algal species, representing 17 orders in 5 classes, were examined for the presence of the xanthophyll loroxanthin by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography. Of these, 16 possessed loroxanthin, including at least one member of each class of green algae. The distribution of loroxanthin as established by this and previous studies is disjunct within the Chlorophyta and does not appear to have any taxonomic significance. Most of the green algae examined possessed one or more xanthophyll pigments that have not been found in land plants.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND HERITABLE CHANGES IN CYCLIC AMP LEVELS ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN FLAGELLAR FORMATION IN CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII (CHLOROPHYTA)1
Authors: Jayaswal R. K. , Handa Avtar K. , Bressan Ray A. , Cherniack Judith , Filner Philip
Published: October 2004

Synchronously dividing cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dang. (Chlorophyta) produce a single peak of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), about sevenfold above the basal level, at the time of onset of the flagellar shortening that precedes mitosis. Cultures of a spontaneous palmelloid variant (which forms flagella‐less cell clusters) of C. reinhardtii produce up to 15 times more cAMP per gram fresh weight of cells than do cultures of normal C. reinhardtii. Revertants from the palmelloid phenotype to the normal phenotype exhibit the low levels of cAMP characteristic of normal C. reinhardtii. Thus, elevation of cAMP level and decreased ability to form or maintain flagella are closely related phenomena. We propose that flagellar assembly/disassembly is regulated by endogenous cAMP in C. reinhardtii.
VARIATION IN NUMBER OF APICAL RAMIFICATIONS AND VEGETATIVE CELL LENGTH IN FRESHWATER POPULATIONS OF CLADOPHORA (ULVOPHYCEAE, CHLOROPHYTA)1
Authors: Parodi Elisa R. , Cáceres Eduardo J.
Published: October 2004

Populations of Cladophora with two different levels of ploidy, n = 18/2n = 36 (18/36) and n = 24/2n = 48 (24/48), are present in creeks in the southern part of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The goals of our study were to 1) relate the number of apical branches · mm−2 in 18/36 and 24/48 populations with the water velocity at the collection site; 2) correlate the number of apical ramifications · mm−2 in plants of the same population (24/48) growing in sectors with distinct water velocities; 3) compare cell length among populations with different ploidy levels, analyzing the sources of variation in different sectors of the same creek and in different plants of the same sector; and 4) analyze the sources of variation in cell length in 24/48 populations, including variations among different creeks.

Our results suggest that 1) the number of branches · mm−2 tends to increase with higher water velocity; 2) the 24/48 populations have more ramifications · mm−2 than the 18/36 ones; 3) the length of vegetative cells is not an adequate criterion for differentiating between 18/36 and 24/48 populations; and 4) variations in vegetative cell length in 24/48 populations are highly significant among plants from different sectors of the same creek.
A METHOD FOR OBTAINING AXENIC ALGAL CULTURES USING THE ANTIBIOTIC CEFOTAXIME WITH EMPHASIS ON CLADOPHOROPSIS MEMBRANACEA (CHLOROPHYTA)1
Authors: Kooistra Wiebe H. C. F. , Boele‐Bos Stella A. , Stam Wytze T.
Published: October 2004

Axenic cultures of the tropical green seaweed Cladophoropsis membranacea (C. Agardh) Boergesen were obtained by cutting 2‐mm apical tips from fast‐growing unialgal filaments and incubating them in 1/2PES containing 100 μg · mL−1 cefotaxime. After 1 week, apical tips were cut from the newly grown plantlets, washed through a series of sterile drops of seawater, and incubated in sterile 1/2PES. Plantlets were screened for the presence of bacteria by incubating droplets of the culture medium on peptone agar plates and by examining DAPI‐stained filaments. Ninety to one hundred percent of the plantlets obtained with this treatment were axenic. Cefotaxime was also effective against cyanobacteria but of only limited value in rhodophytes.