bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abiotic stress protection by ecologically abundant dimethylsulfoniopropionate and its natural and synthetic derivatives: insights fromBacillus subtilis
Authors: Broy Sebastian , Chen Chiliang , Hoffmann Tamara , Brock Nelson L. , Nau‐Wagner Gabriele , Jebbar Mohamed , Smits Sander H. J. , Dickschat Jeroen S. , Bremer Erhard
Published: November 2014

Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is an abundant osmolyte and anti‐stress compound produced primarily in marine ecosystems. After its release into the environment, microorganisms can exploitDMSPas a source of sulfur and carbon, or accumulate it as an osmoprotectant. However, import systems for this ecophysiologically important compatible solute, and its stress‐protective properties for microorganisms that do not produce it are insufficiently understood. Here we address these questions using a well‐characterized set ofBacillus subtilismutants to chemically profile the influence ofDMSPimport on stress resistance, the osmostress‐adaptive proline pool and on osmotically controlled gene expression. We included in this study the naturally occurring selenium analogue ofDMSP, dimethylseleniopropionate (DMSeP), as well as a set of syntheticDMSPderivatives. We found thatDMSPis not a nutrient forB. subtilis, but it serves as an excellent stress protectant against challenges conferred by sustained high salinity or lasting extremes in both low and high growth temperatures.DMSePand syntheticDMSPderivatives retain part of these stress protective attributes, butDMSPis clearly the more effective stress protectant. We identified the promiscuous and widely distributedABCtransporterOpuCas a high‐affinity uptake system not only forDMSP, but also for its natural and synthetic derivatives.
A single regulatory gene is sufficient to alter Vibrio aestuarianus pathogenicity in oysters
Authors: Goudenège David , Travers Marie Agnès , Lemire Astrid , Petton Bruno , Haffner Philippe , Labreuche Yannick , Tourbiez Delphine , Mangenot Sophie , Calteau Alexandra , Mazel Didier , Nicolas Jean Louis , Jacq Annick , Le roux Frédérique
Published: November 2014

Oyster diseases caused by pathogenic vibrios pose a major challenge to the sustainability of oyster farming. In France, since 2012 a disease affecting specifically adult oysters has been associated with the presence of Vibrio aestuarianus. Here, by combining genome comparison, phylogenetic analyses and high‐throughput infections of strains isolated before or during the recent outbreaks, we show that virulent strains cluster into two V. aestuarianus lineages independently of the sampling dates. The bacterial lethal dose was not different between strains isolated before or after 2012. Hence, the emergence of a new highly virulent clonal strain is unlikely. Each lineage comprises nearly identical strains, the majority of them being virulent, suggesting that within these phylogenetically coherent virulent lineages a few strains have lost their pathogenicity. Comparative genomics allowed the identification of a single frameshift in a non‐virulent strain. This mutation affects the varS gene that codes for a signal transduction histidine‐protein kinase. Genetic analyses confirmed that varS is necessary for infection of oysters and for a secreted metalloprotease expression. For the first time in a Vibrio species, we show here that VarS is a key factor of pathogenicity.
Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of economically important acaroid mites (Acari: Astigmata: Acaroidea) in Korea
Authors: Khaing Tin Moe , Shim Jae‐Kyoung , Lee Kyeong‐Yeoll
Published: November 2014

Molecular diagnosis is highly valuable for the species identification of microscopic mites. Here, we collected some economically important mites of the superfamily Acaroidea from various stored products in Korea. Those nucleotide sequences of ribosomal second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) regions were determined by PCR using universial primers. In nucleotide sequence comparison at GenBank database, seven species including Rhizoglyphus robini, R. echinopus, Sancassania sp. Acarus siro, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, T. similis in Acaridae and Suidasia medanensis in Suidasiidae were identified. Particularly, COI sequences of R. robini, R. echinopus, Sancassania sp. and T. similis were firstly determined. Our results suggest that the phylogenetic relationships inferred from the ITS2 region, rather than COI region, were similar to those derived based on their morphological classification. Our study provides molecular information for the identification and phylogenetic relationship of acaroid mites in Korea.
The Effects of Whole Grain High‐Amylose Maize Flour as a Source of Resistant Starch on Blood Glucose, Satiety, and Food Intake in Young Men
Authors: Luhovyy Bohdan L. , Mollard Rebecca C. , Yurchenko Svitlana , Nunez Maria Fernanda , Berengut Shari , Liu Ting Ting , Smith Christopher E. , Pelkman Christine L. , Anderson G. Harvey
Published: November 2014

The objective of this study was to determine the dose response effect of whole grain high‐amylose maize (HAM) flour as a source of resistant starch (RS) on blood glucose, appetite and short‐term food intake. In a repeated‐measures crossover trial, healthy men (n = 30, 22.9 ± 0.6 y, BMI of 22.6 ± 0.3 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to consume 1 of 3 cookies once a week for 3 wk. Cookies were control (100% wheat flour), low‐dose (63% wheat flour,37% HAM flour), and high‐dose (33% wheat flour, 67% HAM flour) providing 53.5, 43.5, and 36.3 g of available carbohydrate, respectively. Ad libitum food intake was measured 120 min at a pizza meal, blood glucose and subjective appetite were measured after consumption of the cookie (0 to 120 min) and after the pizza meal (140 to 200 min). Blood glucose concentrations were lower at 30 and 45 min after high‐dose treatment, and at 120 min after both high‐ and low‐dose treatments compared to control (P < 0.05). Blood glucose AUC before the pizza meal (0 to 120 min) was 44% and 14% lower, and higher by 43% and 41% after the pizza meal (140 to 200 min) compared with control. Yet despite the higher response following the meal, cumulative AUC (0 to 200 min) was still 22% lower after the high‐dose treatment (P < 0.05). All treatments equally suppressed subjective appetite and there was no effect on food intake. In conclusion, HAM flour as a source of RS and incorporated into a cookie was associated with better glycemic control in young men.
Mealtime Behaviors and Food Consumption of Perceived Picky and Nonpicky Eaters through Home Use Test
Authors: Boquin Mandy , Smith‐Simpson Sarah , Donovan Sharon M. , Lee Soo‐Yeun
Published: November 2014

Picky eating has been investigated through numerous surveys and food recalls, but few studies have applied in‐home meal evaluations as a method to investigate behaviors and food preferences of children perceived by their parent to be a picky eater (PE) or nonpicky eater (NPE). A 2‐wk in‐home meal study was completed to investigate differences in PE and NPE mealtime behaviors and food selections using real‐time parental observations. Parents (n = 170) and their 2‐ to 4‐y‐old children (83 PE and 87 NPE) evaluated 5 standardized meals in‐home. Parents recorded their child's and their own hedonic liking of the products and completed an assessment of their child's behavior and consumption at each meal. Significant differences were found between perceived PE and NPE children for all 16 behaviors assessed. On average, perceived NPE were assessed to consume a higher percentage of the meal served and to have higher acceptance scores for most of the foods evaluated. Some foods, though, like breaded chicken and plain pasta, were liked equally by PE and NPE. Several significant differences in hedonic liking were revealed when PE children were compared to their parents. Yet, few differences in liking occurred between NPE children and their parents or between the 2 parental groups. Because study participants evaluated meals real‐time rather than memory recall, the differences and similarities found between perceived PE and NPE may be considered direct experiential evidence with reduced subjective bias as created when subjects recall past experiences. Thus, findings from this study can provide the foundation to establish an objective definition and classification of PE and NPE.
Effect of d‐Psicose Used as Sucrose Replacer on the Characteristics of Meringue
Authors: O'Charoen Siwaporn , Hayakawa Shigeru , Matsumoto Yoshiki , Ogawa Masahiro
Published: November 2014

Excessive intake of sugar‐rich foods leads to metabolic syndrome. d‐Psicose (Psi) not commonly found in nature, is noncalorie sweetener with a suppressive effect on the blood glucose level. Thus, Psi has the potential to be utilized as a sucrose (Suc) replacer in sugar‐rich foods, including meringue‐based confectionery (MBC). In this study, we investigated the effect of Psi on the physical and chemical properties of meringue. Meringue was made by whipping egg white and Suc (at a weight ratio of 1:1) and baking at 93 °C for 2 h. Thirty percent of the total weight of Suc was replaced with d‐ketohexoses such as Psi, d‐fructose, d‐tagatose, and d‐sorbose. The meringues containing d‐ketohexoses had higher specific volume than the meringue not containing d‐ketohexoses (Ct‐meringue). Baking of meringue caused differences between Psi and the other d‐ketohexose meringues. Meringue containing Psi (P30‐meringue) had the highest breaking stress (7.00 × 105 N/m2) and breaking strain (4.40%), resulting in the crunchiest texture. In addition, P30‐meringue also had the highest antioxidant activity (491.84 μM TE/mg‐meringue determined by ABTS method) and was the brownest due to a Maillard reaction occurring during baking. The replacement of Suc with Psi improved the characteristics of baked meringue. Thus, Psi was found to be useful in modifying the physical and chemical properties of MBC.
The role of liver stiffness measurement in the evaluation of liver function and esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients
Authors: Hua Jing , Liu Gui Qin , Bao Han , Sheng Li , Guo Can Jie , Li Hai , Ma Xiong , Shen Jia Lin
Published: November 2014

Objective

We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of liver stiffness measurement (LSM) in predicting the presence and severity of esophageal varices (EV) and investigating its association with liver function (LF) in patients with liver cirrhosis.

Methods

Medical records of 90 cirrhotic patients who underwent LSM by transient elastography were retrospectively reviewed. The relationship between LSM and the presence and severity of EV was evaluated by esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and multislice spiral computed tomography (MSCT). Another 25 healthy individuals were included as controls.

Results

LSM was significantly associated with the Child–Pugh score in cirrhotic patients, with the highest LSM in those with Child–Pugh C. Patients with clinically decompensated cirrhosis had a higher LSM than those with compensated cirrhosis (36.75 ± 16.54 kPa vs 17.65 ± 10.87 kPa, P < 0.01). However, there was no significant difference in LSM value between patients with severe EV and those with no or non‐severe EV determined by endoscopy (28.18 ± 17.44 kPa vs 31.00 ± 18.44 kPa) or MSCT (29.71 ± 18.39 kPa vs 24.90 ± 14.80 kPa). The diagnostic value of LSM for predicting severe EV was low in unselected cirrhotic patients. The presence of EV examined by EGD and MSCT was similar to each other.

Conclusions

LSM could be used to evaluate the progression of liver cirrhosis continuously. However, its role in assessing EV grades in advanced cirrhosis needs further confirmation. MSCT can assess EV accurately and may serve as an alternative to endoscopy in the assessment of portal hypertension.
Measuring Health‐Promoting Behaviors: Cross‐Cultural Validation of the Health‐Promoting Lifestyle Profile‐II
Authors: Sousa Pedro , Gaspar Pedro , Vaz Daniela C. , Gonzaga Sílvia , Dixe M. Anjos
Published: November 2014

Purpose

Individual lifestyles have emerged as valuable health constructs. This study aims to psychometrically test the Portuguese (European) version of the Health‐Promoting Lifestyle Profile‐II.

Methods

After an adequate linguistic and cultural adaptation of the Health‐Promoting Lifestyle Profile‐II scale, their psychometric properties were assessed (N = 889) by Cronbach's alpha and confirmatory factor analysis.

Findings

Results showed an adequate fit to a 52‐item, six‐factor structure. A global alpha of .925 was obtained.

Conclusions

The Portuguese version demonstrated good validity and reliability in a wide adult sample, and can thus be applied to the Portuguese population.

Implications for Nursing Practice

This instrument is useful as an evaluation tool for health‐promoting lifestyles and as an instrument for testing the effectiveness of health‐promoting programs.
History's remainders: On time and objects after conflict in Cyprus
Authors: BRYANT REBECCA
Published: November 2014

In the aftermath of war, those who remain must rebuild lives in spaces that bear the scars of conflict. This essay focuses on one such space, the unrecognized state in north Cyprus, which has experienced waves of displacement, ethnic cleansing, and the appropriation and redistribution of “enemy” property. Families raise children in plundered spaces; grandchildren play in gardens replanted after war; houses are furnished with the remains of others’ lives. In such contexts, the questions of what belongs to whom, and who belongs where, or with whom, are particularly contested, while the future of these places and objects remains uncertain. This essay asks what everyday historical work may be done with looted homes and objects, and it shows how practices with and stories about belongings may also be ways of helping us to “belong” in history. [temporality, materiality, history, memory, belonging, Cyprus]
Farming the South African “Bush”: Ecologies of belonging and exclusion in rooibos tea
Authors: IVES SARAH
Published: November 2014

As rooibos tea's economic value has risen, its status has gone from a wild plant to a culturally significant product against which some residents of the South African rooibos‐growing region measure their sense of belonging and indigeneity. I examine how “coloured” residents negotiated the region's fraught history of cultural indigeneity as well as its celebratory relation to ecological indigeneity. With the majority of land still in white South Africans’ hands and more than a quarter of the population without work, indigenous claims have taken on increasing importance as political rallying points and means of economic survival. Although “coloured” people, members of a South African racial category denied nativity to any place, could potentially benefit from claims of indigeneity, many rejected a temporally and spatially incarcerating idea of cultural indigeneity. Instead, they found economic possibilities in and metonymic identification with an indigenous plant. [race, indigeneity, South Africa, multispecies, agriculture, commodity]
Astigmatism among myopics and its changes from childhood to adult age: a 23‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Pärssinen Olavi , Kauppinen Markku , Viljanen Anne
Published: November 2014

Purpose

To study the prevalence of and changes in astigmatism from the onset of myopia at school age.

Methods

Two hundred and forty myopic schoolchildren (mean age 10.9 years), with no previous spectacles, were recruited during 1983–1984 to a randomized 3‐year clinical trial of bifocal treatment of myopia. Three annual examinations with subjective cycloplegic refraction were performed for 237–238 subjects. Subsequent examinations were performed at the mean ages of 23.2 and 33.9 years for 178 and 163 subjects, and the last examination, including data from prescriptions of different ophthalmologists, for 32 subjects. Corneal topography was studied at baseline, at the 3‐year follow‐up and at the two adulthood follow‐ups. Prevalence and changes in refractive astigmatism (RA), in its polar values J0 and J45, and corneal astigmatism (CA) were studied.

Results

Mean RA of the right eye increased during follow‐up from 0.26 D (SD) ± 0.30 to 0.79 D ± 0.74. Mean CA was 1.07 D ± 0.74 at study end. The prevalence of RA ≥0.25 or ≥1.00 D increased from 54.9 and 3.8% to 83.4 and 34.4%, respectively. The main direction of the axis of RA and its polar value J0 and CA changed mainly through sphericity, from against the rule (ATR) to with the rule during the follow‐up. There was a negative correlation between RA and spherical refraction in the ATR group at end of follow‐up. Changes in RA were associated with increase in myopia and with changes in CA.

Conclusions

The prevalence and mean amount of RA associated with CA increased, and the axis of astigmatism changed among myopics during the 23‐year follow‐up.
Bilateral trade between China and Canada: trends, patterns, and comparisons
Authors: Fen Su , Latif Ehsan
Published: November 2014

Using data from the United Nations Comtrade database Standard International Trade Classification Revision III, this study examined major trends of and changes in the bilateral trade between Canada and China. It investigated issues related to trade intensities, intra‐industry trade, comparative advantages, and trade complementarity in the two countries. The results showed that there has been a significant increase in bilateral trade between the two countries over the past decade or so. However, the estimated trade intensity indices suggest that Canada and China are trading less than they should. On the other hand, analysis using revealed comparative advantage indices suggests that there is no overlap in comparative advantage between two countries. Further, the trade complementarity indices show that Canada's export structure is compatible with China's import structure and at the same time, China's export structure is also compatible with Canada's import structure. Thus, there is a high potential to increase bilateral trade between Canada and China.
Single‐incision multiport laparoendoscopic surgery using a short‐type flexible endoscope and its usefulness in cholecystectomy
Authors: Yamaguchi Takashi , Abe Nobutsugu , Matsunobu Shuuichiro , Mizuno Hideaki , Yanagida Osamu , Takeuchi Hirohisa , Masaki Tadahiko , Mori Toshiyuki , Sugiyama Masanori
Published: November 2014

Introduction

We previously demonstrated the advantages of a short‐type flexible endoscope as a working scope in laparoscopic surgery through single‐incision procedures in animal experiments. In this report, we examined the outcomes of laparoscopic surgery through a single incision using a flexible endoscope in a clinical setting. Specifically, we performed cholecystectomy using single‐incision multiport laparoendoscopic (SIMPLE) surgery.

Methods

Thirteen patients with cholecystolithiasis or gallbladder polyp underwent SIMPLE cholecystectomy using a newly developed short‐type flexible endoscope with a working length of 60 cm. Twenty‐seven patients underwent standard single‐incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy using a 5‐mm rigid laparoscope. We retrospectively compared the surgical outcomes between the two groups.

Results

SIMPLE cholecystectomy using the short‐type flexible endoscope was successfully carried out. No gallbladder perforation occurred, but perforation occurred in four cases in the standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy group; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Although no other surgical outcomes differed between the two groups, the flexible endoscope had several advantages over the standard laparoscope. The scope provided a flexible view of the operating field. The gallbladder dissection using the cutting device via the scope was easier and safer than that in standard single‐incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The water‐jet, suctioning, and self‐cleaning lens functions of the scope served the surgery well.

Conclusions

SIMPLE cholecystectomy using a short‐type flexible endoscope has surgical outcomes equivalent to those of standard single‐incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy, but this endoscope with multiple functions may make the surgical procedures less stressful and safer.
Increasing maternal prepregnancy body mass index is associated with reduced insulin sensitivity and increased blood pressure in their children
Authors: Derraik José G. B. , Ayyavoo Ahila , Hofman Paul L. , Biggs Janene B. , Cutfield Wayne S.
Published: November 2014

Objective

We aimed to assess the effects of maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) on insulin sensitivity, metabolism and blood pressure in the offspring.

Methods

We studied 70 prepubertal children aged 8·9 ± 1·9 years (range 4–11 years), born 38–40 weeks of gestation and appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age birthweight. Maternal prepregnancy body mass index (MPP BMI) was calculated from self‐reported weight. Children's insulin sensitivity was measured using intravenous glucose tolerance tests and Bergman's minimal model. Other clinical assessments included auxology, fasting lipid and hormonal profiles, DXA‐derived body composition and 24‐h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Data were analysed using random effect mixed models, adjusting for important confounders and a random factor to account for sibling clusters.

Results

Increasing MPP BMI was correlated with increasing BMI standard deviation scores (SDS) (r = 0·30; P = 0·012) and lower insulin sensitivity in their children (r = −0·34; P = 0·004). In multivariate regression models, increasing MPP BMI was associated with lower insulin sensitivity (β = −0·040; P = 0·005), with every 1 kg/m2 increase in MPP BMI associated with a 4·0% decrease in offspring insulin sensitivity. Greater MPP BMI was associated with higher systolic blood pressure in the daytime (β = 0·794; P = 0·010) and night‐time (β = 0·800; P = 0·017), as well as higher 24‐h mean arterial pressure (β = 0·508; P = 0·025) in the offspring.

Conclusion

Greater maternal prepregnancy BMI is associated with lower insulin sensitivity and higher blood pressure in their children, effects that were independent of offspring adiposity. Thus, higher maternal BMI prior to pregnancy (even among women of normal BMI) may contribute to increased risk of type 2 diabetes and other metabolic diseases in the subsequent generation.
Imaging techniques to evaluate cell therapy in peripheral artery disease: state of the art and clinical trials
Authors: Grimaldi Vincenzo , Schiano Concetta , Casamassimi Amelia , Zullo Alberto , Soricelli Andrea , Mancini Francesco Paolo , Napoli Claudio
Published: November 2014

Cell‐based therapies, as potential approach to cure peripheral artery disease (PAD), have been clinically investigated after promising results in preclinical models. The so far published studies are very heterogeneous, as different cell sources, cell types, amounts of administered cells and delivering strategies have been used. Overall, cell therapies for PAD bring about a general improvement of patient's clinical condition, even though conclusions cannot be established due to the small size and non‐randomized design of these trials. In this context, non‐invasive imaging techniques, aimed to monitor angiogenesis and neovascularization after cell therapy, will help the follow‐up of clinical studies. However, still much work is needed to establish advanced imaging procedure to overcome the limitation of the current techniques and to accumulate more data in large populations of patients. Here, we report the main imaging techniques employed to evaluate the outcome of the different cell‐based therapies in PAD. Moreover, we focus on both published and ongoing clinical trials utilizing cell therapy in PAD.
PD‐1, S‐100 and CD1a expression in pseudolymphomatous folliculitis, primary cutaneous marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma (MALT lymphoma) and cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia
Authors: Goyal Amrita , Moore Johanna B. , Gimbel Devon , Carter Joi B. , Kroshinsky Daniela , Ferry Judith A. , Harris Nancy L. , Duncan Lyn M.
Published: November 2014

Background

Pseudolymphomatous folliculitis is a lymphoid proliferation that clinically and histopathologically mimics primary cutaneous extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma). In this study, we assessed the diagnostic value of three immunohistochemical markers, programmed death‐1 (PD‐1), CD1a and S100.

Methods

We evaluated 25 cases of cutaneous lymphoid proliferations with established diagnoses, including 9 patients with pseudolymphomatous folliculitis, 11 with MALT lymphoma, and 5 with cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia (CLH). The clinical, histopathologic and immunohistochemical characteristics were reviewed and three major characteristics assessed: (a) proportion of T cells expressing PD‐1, (b) pattern of expression of CD1a by dendritic cells and (c) pattern of expression of S100 by dendritic cells.

Results

We found pseudolymphomatous folliculitis to have a significant increase in PD‐1+ T cells compared with MALT lymphoma (p < 0.0001). The pattern of CD1a staining is also informative: MALT lymphoma is significantly more likely to demonstrate a peripheral concentration of CD1a+ dendritic cells around lymphoid nodules than pseudolymphomatous folliculitis (p < 0.0003) or CLH (p < 0.05). Pseudolymphomatous folliculitis demonstrates an interstitial distribution of CD1a+ cells more often than MALT lymphoma (p < 0.04). S100 staining was not a helpful discriminator.

Conclusions

Histopathologic factors including PD‐1 and CD1a staining patterns may allow for more certainty in distinguishing lymphoid hyperplasia, including pseudolymphomatous folliculitis, from MALT lymphoma.
Reliability and Validity of a Short Version of the General Functioning Subscale of the McMaster Family Assessment Device
Authors: Boterhoven de Haan Katrina L. , Hafekost Jennifer , Lawrence David , Sawyer Michael G. , Zubrick Stephen R.
Published: November 2014

The General Functioning 12‐item subscale (GF12) of The McMaster Family Assessment Device (FAD) has been validated as a single index measure to assess family functioning. This study reports on the reliability and validity of using only the six positive items from the General Functioning subscale (GF6+). Existing data from two Western Australian studies, the Raine Study (RS) and the Western Australian Child Health Survey (WACHS), was used to analyze the psychometric properties of the GF6+ subscale. The results demonstrated that the GF6+ subscale had virtually equivalent psychometric properties and was able to identify almost all of the same families who had healthy or unhealthy levels of functioning as the full GF12 subscale. In consideration of the constraints faced by large‐scale population‐based surveys, the findings of this study support the use of a GF6+ subscale from the FAD, as a quick and effective tool to assess the overall functioning of families.
The relationship between individual habitat use and diet in brown trout
Authors: Giller Paul , Greenberg Larry
Published: November 2014

Salmonids exhibit considerable variation within and between individuals in growth, diet, foraging strategy and habitat use, but little is known about how these characteristics covary. Previous work has shown that habitat use strongly influences growth rates in brown trout (Salmo trutta).

We examined individual variation in diet of PIT‐taggedSalmo truttain three stream enclosures in relation to individual habitat use, size, sex and growth. Each enclosure consisted of a fine substratum pool and a coarse substratum riffle. By placing antennae between these habitats, we continuously monitored habitat use under field conditions. Fish were recaptured four times over the 2‐month study period, and diet, which was examined through stomach flushing, was related to habitat use over the previous 48 h. Individual fish growth was also measured.

Based on habitat use, trout were classified as either movers or stayers, with stayers being of two types, those using only pools and those using only riffles and movers using and swimming between pools and riffles. The stayers in pools took more terrestrial prey than the stayers in riffles, whereas the latter fed more on aquatic invertebrates such as the crustaceanGammarus pulex,the plecopteranLeuctraand cased caddis larvae. Movers had diets intermediate between the stayers in pools and the stayers in riffles.

Results of canonical correspondence analysis showed that variation in diet amongst individual fish over the study period was significantly influenced by enclosure, growth and % time spent in the pool during the day. Graphical models of diet analysis showed that population and mean individual prey diversity tended to differ amongst enclosures and suggested that stayers in pools consumed a greater prey diversity, whereas stayers in riffles consumed more prey. Discriminant analysis of diets revealed significant discrimination by habitat and sex on two of the four sampling occasions, based on daytime habitat use, but only on one date based on night‐time habitat use. Stoneflies and terrestrial prey contributed most to the separation.
Refractory Migraine in a “Just World”
Authors: Jones J. Michael
Published: November 2014

The “just world hypothesis” is the belief that a poor outcome to treatment always implies patient noncompliance. However, all disease states have a spectrum of severity, with the most severe end representing treatment failures despite compliant patients and excellent care. Some refractory headache patients represent this group of compliant patients, who had excellent care but who have bad disease.
Dispersal, movements and site fidelity of post‐fledging King EidersSomateria spectabilisand their attendant females
Authors: Bentzen Rebecca L. , Powell Abby N.
Published: November 2014

Post‐fledging dispersal and site fidelity are poorly understood, particularly for sea ducks that spend the majority of their annual cycle at sea. This is the first description of movements and their timing for first‐year (juvenile) and second‐year (subadult) King EidersSomateria spectabilisin relation to their attendant females. We fitted satellite transmitters that operated for 2 years to 63 hatch‐year birds and 17 attendant females at breeding areas in northern Alaska in 2006–2009. Our goals were to describe the spatio‐temporal distribution of pre‐breeding individuals and adult females that had been successful breeders. We also examined fidelity to wing moulting and wintering areas as well as natal philopatry. Juveniles did not appear to follow attendant adults, although they did winter in the same three general wintering areas, suggesting that genetic inheritance and social factors may have roles in the initial migration from the breeding area. Additionally, juveniles were more variable in the timing and duration of migration, moved longer distances during the winter, and were less faithful to moulting and wintering areas than adults, indicating that individual exploration and acquired navigational memory played a role in subsequent migrations. Most (75%) subadult females returned to natal areas, probably prospecting for future nesting sites, whereas subadult males were widely dispersed at sea. Timing and duration of moult migration and wing moult of adult females that were presumed to be successful breeders differed from those of unsuccessful breeders due to the extended time that the former spent on the breeding grounds. Temporal and spatial segregation of post‐fledging King Eiders from adults has direct management implications in terms of resource development and population dynamics.
Filling a critical practice gap: experience with a dermatology day treatment center at Mayo Clinic
Authors: Storan Eoin R. , McEvoy Marian T. , Wetter David A. , el‐Azhary Rokea A. , Bridges Alina G. , Camilleri Michael J. , Davis Mark D. P.
Published: November 2014

Background

Intensive treatment options are lacking for patients with severe skin disease recalcitrant to outpatient therapy. The availability of inpatient dermatology care has almost disappeared in many parts of the United States. One possible solution for this is a day treatment center for patients with severe dermatologic disease recalcitrant to outpatient therapy.

Methods

Descriptive study based on retrospective medical record review of all patients attending the day hospital for treatment in 2010. We collected data on patient demographics, distribution of admission diagnosis, treatments used, and length of stay.

Results

A total of 211 patients had 235 admissions. Mean age was 57.7 years (range 3.8–92.1 years). The most common indications for admission were dermatitis (139 admissions [59.2%]), psoriasis (58 [24.7%]), and mycosis fungoides (eight [3.4%]). The main treatment interventions were wet dressings (195 admissions [83.0%]) and Goeckerman treatment (38 [16.2%]). The median number of days of treatment was three (interquartile range, 2–5 days) for wet dressings and 22 days (interquartile range, 21–24 days) for Goeckerman therapy.

Conclusions

The dermatology day treatment center provided intensive skin‐directed therapy and filled a critical practice gap in the management of our patients with severe widespread skin diseases recalcitrant to outpatient therapy. We propose that the dermatology day treatment center is a valuable model that could be considered by both private practitioners and academic centers in the United States as an important adjunct to fill the gap in availability of intensive topical treatments for patients with severe skin disease.
Explaining the Mexican-American Health Paradox Using Selectivity Effects
Authors: Martinez Jose N. , Aguayo-Tellez Ernesto , Rangel-Gonzalez Erick
Published: November 2014

While typically socioeconomically disadvantaged, Mexican migrants in the United States tend to have better health outcomes than non-Hispanic whites. This phenomenon is known as the “Hispanic health paradox.” Using data from Mexico and the United States, we examine several health outcomes for non-Hispanic whites and Mexicans in the United States and in Mexico and employ Blinder–Oaxaca decompositions to help explain the paradox. We find evidence that selectivity is playing a significant role in the relatively healthy status of Mexican migrants in the United States. More importantly, there is evidence that health selectivity is a complex process and its effects typically do not work the same way for different health conditions and across genders. We also find evidence that some of migrants’ health advantages are lost as they spend more time in the United States.
A Multi Sited Approach to Analysis of Destination Immigration Data: An Asian Example
Authors: Hugo Graeme
Published: November 2014

There has been a bias in standard international migration data collection and research toward immigration and destinations while emigration origins have been neglected. This has hampered our ability to provide a substantial empirical base for migration and development policy decision making in origin areas. While improvement of migration data collection in origin countries remains an important priority, this paper argues that much can be learned about emigration from low income countries from immigration data in high income destinations. Migration stock and flow data from Australia are used to provide information on the scale and nature of movement between Asia and Australia. It establishes that there are important but different flows in both directions which belie traditional conceptualisations of south-north migration and this has significant implications for the effects of migration on economic development.
Reunifying versus Living Apart Together across Borders: A Comparative Analysis of sub-Saharan Migration to Europe
Authors: Beauchemin Cris , Nappa Jocelyn , Schoumaker Bruno , Baizan Pau , González-Ferrer Amparo , Caarls Kim , Mazzucato Valentina
Published: November 2014

This article studies the process of reunification in Europe among “living apart together across borders” (LATAB) couples of African origin (DR Congo, Ghana, and Senegal). Couple reunion is conceived as a multilevel process, wherein state selection (through immigration policies in destination countries) interacts with self-selection (at the couple level), under influence of the social context at origin. Based on event history analyses of the MAFE project, empirical results show that LATAB is a majority and durable living arrangement for sub-Saharan migrants, that the odds if reunifying depend on gender and inter-generational relationships, and that restrictive contexts at destination do not deter couple reunion.
Multichannel flow‐injection‐analysis biosensor system for on‐line monitoring of glucose, lactate, glutamine, glutamate and ammonia in animal cell culture
Authors: Blankenstein G. , Spohn U. , Preuschoff F. , Thommes J. , MR Kula
Published: November 2014

The application of a chemiluminometric method for the on‐line monitoring of a hybridoma cell culture is described. Enzyme sensors for glucose, lactate, glutamine, glutamate and ammonia, based on oxidase‐catalysed reactions, were developed and connected to a flow‐injection‐analysis (f.i.a.) biosensor. H2O2 produced by the oxidase‐catalysed enzyme reaction was detected by luminol chemiluminescence with a fibre‐optic H2O2 biosensor. The system has been used to monitor animal cell cultures. A continuous hybridoma cell cultivation for the production of monoclonal antibodies is presented as an example. It was possible to monitor the bioprocess over a period of 15 days. A complete analysis of all five components could be performed within 42 min. The enzyme sensors were stable during the whole cultivation time without significant loss of activity. The computer‐controlled biosensor f.i.a. works with good reliability. The precision for all five components ranged between 2.2 and 4.5%. It was possible to determine glutamine in one step using an anti‐interference enzyme reactor. Endogenous glutamate was completely removed up to a level of 0.5 mM.
A Modeling System to Assess Land Cover Land Use Change Effects on SAV Habitat in the Mobile Bay Estuary
Authors: Estes Maurice G. , Al‐Hamdan Mohammad Z. , Ellis Jean T. , Judd Chaeli , Woodruff Dana , Thom Ronald M. , Quattrochi Dale , Watson Brian , Rodriguez Hugo , Johnson Hoyt , Herder Tom
Published: November 2014

Estuarine ecosystems are largely influenced by watersheds directly connected to them. In the Mobile Bay, Alabama watersheds we examined the effect of land cover and land use (LCLU) changes on discharge rate, water properties, and submerged aquatic vegetation, including freshwater macrophytes and seagrasses, throughout the estuary. LCLU scenarios from 1948, 1992, 2001, and 2030 were used to influence watershed and hydrodynamic models and evaluate the impact of LCLU change on shallow aquatic ecosystems. Overall, our modeling results found that LCLU changes increased freshwater flows into Mobile Bay altering temperature, salinity, and total suspended sediments (TSS). Increased urban land uses coupled with decreased agricultural/pasture lands reduced TSS in the water column. However, increased urbanization or agricultural/pasture land coupled with decreased forest land resulted in higher TSS concentrations. Higher sediment loads were usually strongly correlated with higher TSS levels, except in areas where a large extent of wetlands retained sediment discharged during rainfall events. The modeling results indicated improved water clarity in the shallow aquatic regions of Mississippi Sound and degraded water clarity in the Wolf Bay estuary. This integrated modeling approach will provide new knowledge and tools for coastal resource managers to manage shallow aquatic habitats that provide critical ecosystem services.
Barley beta‐glucan promotes MnSOD expression and enhances angiogenesis under oxidative microenvironment
Authors: Agostini Silvia , Chiavacci Elena , Matteucci Marco , Torelli Michele , Pitto Letizia , Lionetti Vincenzo
Published: November 2014

Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), a foremost antioxidant enzyme, plays a key role in angiogenesis. Barley‐derived (1.3) β‐d‐glucan (β‐d‐glucan) is a natural water‐soluble polysaccharide with antioxidant properties. To explore the effects of β‐d‐glucan on MnSOD‐related angiogenesis under oxidative stress, we tested epigenetic mechanisms underlying modulation of MnSOD level in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Long‐term treatment of HUVECs with 3% w/v β‐d‐glucan significantly increased the level of MnSOD by 200% ± 2% compared to control and by 50% ± 4% compared to untreated H2O2‐stressed cells. β‐d‐glucan‐treated HUVECs displayed greater angiogenic ability. In vivo, 24 hrs‐treatment with 3% w/v β‐d‐glucan rescued vasculogenesis in Tg (kdrl: EGFP) s843Tg zebrafish embryos exposed to oxidative microenvironment. HUVECs overexpressing MnSOD demonstrated an increased activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), reduced load of superoxide anion (O2−) and an increased survival under oxidative stress. In addition, β‐d‐glucan prevented the rise of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)1‐α under oxidative stress. The level of histone H4 acetylation was significantly increased by β‐d‐glucan. Increasing histone acetylation by sodium butyrate, an inhibitor of class I histone deacetylases (HDACs I), did not activate MnSOD‐related angiogenesis and did not impair β‐d‐glucan effects. In conclusion, 3% w/v β‐d‐glucan activates endothelial expression of MnSOD independent of histone acetylation level, thereby leading to adequate removal of O2−, cell survival and angiogenic response to oxidative stress. The identification of dietary β‐d‐glucan as activator of MnSOD‐related angiogenesis might lead to the development of nutritional approaches for the prevention of ischemic remodelling and heart failure.
Expression of key executioner of apoptosis caspase‐3 in periodontal health and disease
Authors: Pradeep Avani R. , Suke Deepak Kumar , Prasad M. V. Ramchandra , Singh Sonender Pal , Martande Santosh Somnath , Nagpal Kanika , Naik Savitha B. , Guruprasad C. N. , Raju Arjun P. , Singh Priyanka , Siddaya Math
Published: November 2014

Aim

A highly‐regulated form of programmed cell death is apoptosis, and its perturbation has been associated with periodontal disease. Caspase‐3 is one of the key executioners of apoptosis. The present study was designed to evaluate and correlate the levels of caspase‐3 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum in participants with clinically‐healthy periodontium, gingivitis, and chronic periodontitis (CP).

Methods

Forty‐four sex‐ and age‐matched participants were enrolled into three groups based on clinical parameters. Group 1 participants had clinically‐healthy periodontium, group 2 participants had gingivitis, and group 3 participants had CP. GCF and serum samples were collected to evaluate the levels of caspase‐3.

Results

The mean caspase‐3 concentration in GCF and serum was highest in group 3, followed by group 2, and was significantly correlated with gingival index, probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL).

Conclusion

GCF and the serum concentration of caspase‐3 proportionally increases with the progression of periodontal disease, that is, gingival inflammation, PD, and CAL.
Anthropogenic Carbon Stock Dynamics of Pulp and Paper Products in Germany
Authors: Cote Mauricio , Poganietz Witold‐Roger , Schebek Liselotte
Published: November 2014

Carbon‐based materials (CBMs) for energetic and material purposes combine biogenic and anthropogenic carbon cycles. In the latter, numerous manufactured products with various in‐use lifespans accumulate as anthropogenic carbon stocks. Understanding the behavior of these stocks is an important requirement to estimate not only future waste amounts, source for secondary raw materials, but also the impacts and effects in carbon emissions and carbon management. Previous models have estimated material stock changes; however, a lack of research in carbon stocks is perceived. Moreover, studies follow in‐use lifespan estimation approaches, such as decay functions, which do not coincide with observed consumption and waste treatment patterns. In the first part of this article, we present a carbon stock‐flow model to analyze inter‐relationships between carbon flows and stocks from raw materials to waste treatment processes considering a consumer perspective, where the dynamics of anthropogenic carbon stocks are completely described. In the second part, we study the pulp and paper industry in Germany under a scenario approach to analyze the behavior, development, and impacts of paper stocks and flows between 2010 and 2040. The model provided coherent results, with industrial data estimating 33.9 million metric tons in 2010 in paper stocks, equivalent to 410 kilograms per person. Consumption per capita and in‐use lifespan of products were identified as the most significant variables in carbon stock building. Model simulations show a sustained growth in stocks for the next 30 years, with increase in waste and carbon emissions. But in combination with recycling and reuse mechanisms and consumption patterns, environmental impacts are reduced.
The Recognition and Management of Intrapartum Fetal Heart Rate Emergencies: Beyond Definitions and Classification
Authors: Fahey Jenifer O.
Published: November 2014

The ongoing and well‐documented debate about the value of electronic fetal monitoring has focused primarily on the fact that most variant fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns are poor predictors of fetal acid–base status. Most recently, much of this attention has been focused on the implications for clinical management of FHR patterns that the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development has classified as indeterminate: neither normal nor abnormal. Given that a majority of fetuses will have an FHR pattern considered indeterminate at some point in labor, this is an important and worthwhile discussion. It is also important, however, for providers to be able to recognize those patterns that signal the presence of developing acidemia and those that signal the potential presence of an acute obstetric complication that can quickly lead to acidemia and fetal asphyxia, such as a placental abruption or uterine rupture. Early identification of these FHR patterns, and immediate intervention to improve oxygenation or expedite birth, may help improve neonatal outcomes. The first part of this article presents descriptions of theses FHR patterns. The route and timing of birth during these emergencies is then discussed. The last part of the article presents an overview of strategies for optimizing the efficiency of providers, particularly teams of providers, in responding to FHR emergencies. The use of simulation‐based training is reviewed, with specific focus on its potential application in the context of preparing for these emergencies.