bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How shortcomings in the mental health system affect the use of involuntary community treatment orders
Authors: Light Edwina M. , Robertson Michael D. , Boyce Philip , Carney Terry , Rosen Alan , Cleary Michelle , Hunt Glenn E. , O'Connor Nick , Ryan Christopher J. , Kerridge Ian H.
Published: July 2016

Objective The aim of the present study was to examine stakeholder perspectives on how the operation of the mental health system affects the use of involuntary community treatment orders (CTOs). Methods A qualitative study was performed, consisting of semi-structured interviews about CTO experiences with 38 purposively selected participants in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Participants included mental health consumers (n = 5), carers (n = 6), clinicians (n = 15) and members of the Mental Health Review Tribunal of NSW (n = 12). Data were analysed using established qualitative methodologies. Results Analysis of participant accounts about CTOs and their role within the mental health system identified two key themes, namely that: (1) CTOs are used to increase access to services; and (2) CTOs cannot remedy non-existent or inadequate services. Conclusion The findings of the present study indicate that deficiencies in health service structures and resourcing are a significant factor in CTO use. This raises questions about policy accountability for mental health services (both voluntary and involuntary), as well as about the usefulness of CTOs, justifications for CTO use and the legal criteria regulating CTO implementation. What is known about this topic? Following the deinstitutionalisation of psychiatric services over recent decades, community settings are increasingly the focus for the delivery of mental health services to people living with severe and persistent mental illnesses. The rates of use of involuntary treatment in Australian community settings (under CTOs) vary between state and territory jurisdictions and are high by world standards; however, the reasons for variation in rates of CTO use are not well understood. What does this paper add? This paper provides an empirical basis for a link between the politics of mental health and the uptake and usefulness of CTOs. What are the implications for practitioners? This paper makes explicit the real-world demands on the mental health system and how service deficiencies are a significant determinant in the use of CTOs. Practitioners and policy makers need to be candid about system limitations and how they factor in clinical and legal justifications for using involuntary treatment. The results of the present study provide data to support advocacy to improve policy accountability and resourcing of community mental health services.
Distinguishing familiarity from fluency for the compound word pair effect in associative recognition
Authors: Ahmad Fahad N. , Hockley William E.
Published: July 2016

We examined whether processing fluency contributes to associative recognition of unitized pre-experimental associations. In Experiments 1A and 1B, we minimized perceptual fluency by presenting each word of pairs on separate screens at both study and test, yet the compound word (CW) effect (i.e., hit and false-alarm rates greater for CW pairs with no difference in discrimination) did not reduce. In Experiments 2A and 2B, conceptual fluency was examined by comparing transparent (e.g., hand bag) and opaque (e.g., rag time) CW pairs in lexical decision and associative recognition tasks. Lexical decision was faster for transparent CWs (Experiment 2A) but in associative recognition, the CW effect did not differ by CW pair type (Experiment 2B). In Experiments 3A and 3B, we examined whether priming that increases processing fluency would influence the CW effect. In Experiment 3A, CW and non-compound word pairs were preceded with matched and mismatched primes at test in an associative recognition task. In Experiment 3B, only transparent and opaque CW pairs were presented. Results showed that presenting matched versus mismatched primes at test did not influence the CW effect. The CW effect in yes-no associative recognition is due to reliance on enhanced familiarity of unitized CW pairs.
Un calcul d’anneaux de déformations potentiellement Barsotti–Tate
Authors: Caruso Xavier , David Agnès , Mézard Ariane
Published: July 2016

Soit

F
F

une extension non ramifiée de

Q

p

\mathbb {Q}_{p}

incluse dans une clôture algébrique

Q

¯

p

\overline {\mathbb {Q}}_p

de

Q

p

\mathbb {Q}_p

fixée. Le premier objectif de ce travail est de présenter une méthode purement locale pour calculer les anneaux de déformations potentiellement Barsotti–Tate de type galoisien modéré de niveau

[
F
:

Q

p

]

[F : \mathbb {Q}_{p}]

des représentations irréductibles de dimension

2
2

de

G
a
l

(

Q

¯

p

/

F
)

\mathrm {Gal}(\overline {\mathbb {Q}}_p/F)

. Nous appliquons ensuite cette méthode dans le cas particulier où

F
F

est de degré

2
2

sur

Q

p

\mathbb {Q}_{p}

, ce qui nous conduit, dans ce cas, à la détermination presque exhaustive de ces anneaux de déformations. Notre approche met en évidence un lien, apparemment ténu, entre la structure de ces anneaux de déformations et la géométrie de la variété de Kisin correspondante.

En guise de corollaire, nous vérifions, toujours dans le cas où

F
F

est de degré

2
2

sur

Q

p

\mathbb {Q}_{p}

et à l’exception de deux cas très particuliers, une conjecture de Kisin qui prédit que les multiplicités galoisiennes intrinsèques valent toutes

0
0

ou

1
1

.

Abstract. Let

F
F

be an unramified extension of

Q

p

\mathbb {Q}_{p}

. The first aim of this work is to develop a purely local method to compute the potentially Barsotti–Tate deformation rings with tame Galois type of level

[
F
:

Q

p

]

[F : \mathbb {Q}_{p}]

of irreducible two-dimensional representations of the absolute Galois group of

F
F

. We then apply our method in the particular case where

F
F

has degree

2
2

over

Q

p

\mathbb {Q}_{p}

and determine in this way almost all these deformation rings. In this particular case, we observe a close relationship between the structure of these deformation rings and the geometry of the associated Kisin variety.

As a corollary and still assuming that

F
F

has degree

2
2

over

Q

p

\mathbb {Q}_{p}

, we prove, except in two very particular cases, a conjecture of Kisin which predicts that intrinsic Galois multiplicities are all equal to

0
0

or

1
1

.
The enumeration of generalized Tamari intervals
Authors: Préville-Ratelle Louis-François , Viennot Xavier
Published: July 2016

For any finite path

v
v

on the square grid consisting of north and east unit steps, starting at (0,0), we construct a poset Tam

(
v
)

(v)

that consists of all the paths weakly above

v
v

with the same number of north and east steps as

v
v

. For particular choices of

v
v

, we recover the traditional Tamari lattice and the

m
m

-Tamari lattice.

Let

v
←

\overleftarrow {v}

be the path obtained from

v
v

by reading the unit steps of

v
v

in reverse order, replacing the east steps by north steps and vice versa. We show that the poset Tam

(
v
)

(v)

is isomorphic to the dual of the poset Tam

(

v
←

)

(\overleftarrow {v})

. We do so by showing bijectively that the poset Tam

(
v
)

(v)

is isomorphic to the poset based on rotation of full binary trees with the fixed canopy

v
v

, from which the duality follows easily. This also shows that Tam

(
v
)

(v)

is a lattice for any path

v
v

. We also obtain as a corollary of this bijection that the usual Tamari lattice, based on Dyck paths of height

n
n

, can be partitioned into the (smaller) lattices Tam

(
v
)

(v)

, where the

v
v

are all the paths on the square grid that consist of

n
−
1

n-1

unit steps.

We explain possible connections between the poset Tam

(
v
)

(v)

and (the combinatorics of) the generalized diagonal coinvariant spaces of the symmetric group.
Strictly convex central configurations of the planar five-body problem
Authors: Chen Kuo-Chang , Hsiao Jun-Shian
Published: July 2016

In this paper we investigate strictly convex central configurations of the planar five-body problem, and prove some necessary conditions for such configurations. In particular, given such a central configuration with multiplier

λ
\lambda

and total mass

M
M

, we show that all exterior edges are less than

r
0

=
(
M

/

λ

)

1

/

3

r_0=(M/\lambda )^{1/3}

, at most two interior edges are less than or equal to

r
0

r_0

, and its subsystem with four masses cannot be a central configuration. We also obtain some other necessary conditions for strictly convex central configurations with five bodies, and show numerical examples of strictly convex central configurations with five bodies that have either one or two interior edges less than or equal to

r
0

r_0

. Our work develops some formulae in a classic work by W. L. Williams in 1938 and we rectify some unsupported assumptions there.
Exploiting DNA repair defects for novel cancer therapies
Authors: van Gent Dik C. , Kanaar Roland
Published: July 2016

Most human tumors accumulate a multitude of genetic changes due to defects in the DNA damage response. Recently, small-molecule inhibitors have been developed that target cells with specific DNA repair defects, providing hope for precision treatment of such tumors. Here we discuss the rationale behind these therapies and how an important bottleneck—patient selection—can be approached.
Distinct isoform-specific complexes of TANGO1 cooperatively facilitate collagen secretion from the endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Maeda Miharu , Saito Kota , Katada Toshiaki
Published: July 2016

Collagens synthesized within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are too large to fit in conventional COPII-coated transport vesicles; thus their export from the ER requires specialized factors. TANGO1 (L) is an integral membrane protein that binds to collagen and the coatomer of vesicles and is necessary for collagen secretion from the ER. Here we characterized the short isoform of TANGO1 (TANGO1S), lacking the collagen-binding domain, and found that it was independently required for collagen export from the ER. Moreover, we found that each of the TANGO1 isoforms forms a stable protein complex with factors involved in collagen secretion: TANGO1L/cTAGE5/Sec12 (900 kDa) and TANGO1S/cTAGE5/Sec12 (700 kDa). Of interest, TANGO1S and TANGO1L seemed to be interchangeable in exporting collagen from the ER. Our results suggest that mammalian ER exit sites possess two different-sized membrane-bound macromolecular complexes that specifically function in large-cargo export from the ER.
The Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone
Authors: Noyes John
Published: July 2016

This chapter first discusses the breadth and location of the territorial sea. It then considers its juridical status; examines the navigational rights of foreign flag vessels in the territorial sea; and highlights some ‘other rules of international law’ and actions of international organizations that apply there. Finally, it explores the contiguous zone.
Landlocked and Geographically Disadvantaged States
Authors: Tuerk Helmut
Published: July 2016

The growing realization of the enormous resources and economic potential of the seas along with concerns over the impact of long-distance fishing fleets on coastal fish stocks and the threats posed by pollution from ships to coastal communities and ocean life have caused a major shift towards more national authority over maritime areas, leading to a diminution of the extent of the high seas and an attenuation of its freedoms. This development has directly affected the landlocked States as well as other States in a less favourable geographical position with respect to the seas and their resources. This chapter analyzes how landlocked and geographically disadvantaged States sought to safeguard their rights and interests in connection with the emergence of a new law of the sea; the rights granted to them under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC); how these rights have been realized in practice; and the role of these States in the further development of the law of the sea.
The United Nations
Authors: Corell Hans
Published: July 2016

This chapter discusses the contributions of the United Nations to the development of the law of the sea during the period following the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) in 1982. It covers preparing for the entry into force of the LOSC; informal consultations relating to the implementation of Part XI of the LOSC; establishing the Convention institutions after the entry into force of the LOSC; the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea (DOALOS); United Nations conferences on the human environment; the role of the General Assembly; the Meeting of States Parties to the LOSC; sustainable fisheries and straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks; the Oceans and Coastal Areas Network (UN-Oceans); the United Nations open-ended informal consultative process on oceans and the law of the sea; the so-called Regular Process; the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction; and piracy on the agenda of the Security Council.
Regional Fisheries Management Organizations
Authors: Rayfuse Rosemary
Published: July 2016

This chapter assesses the contribution of Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) to the achievement of the principles of conservation and cooperation articulated in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC). It begins with a brief historical introduction to the institutionalisation of cooperation through RFMOs and an examination of their structural limitations. It then considers the role and contribution of RFMOs in developing the specific content of the obligation to conserve, including the implications for RFMOs of the increasing recognition of the need to protect, conserve, and manage marine biodiversity in general. Finally, it examines the challenges to RFMOs posed by climate change.
Charting the Future for the Law of the Sea
Authors: Rothwell Donald , Oude Elferink Alex , Scott Karen , Stephens Tim
Published: July 2016

This chapter assesses the future of the law of the sea in light of the analysis of the past and present development of the law of the sea provided in the preceding chapters. It looks at key themes emerging from this Handbook, with particular attention to the future of maritime limits and zones, law of the sea actors and institutions, substantive regimes under the law of the sea, and regional seas. It considers the future for the UN Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC), the ‘Constitution of the Oceans’.
Transparency, Accountability, and Responsibility for Internationally Mandated Operations
Authors: Ku Charlotte
Published: July 2016

This chapter deals with the transparency of decision-making that establishes international military operations, the accountability of individual actors, and the responsibility of the institutions creating the mandates for such operations. It begins with an overview of the sources of internationally mandated use of force, including the United Nations and regional arrangements. It then turns to UN operational and legal milestones in carrying out international mandates for peace operations. The chapter also discusses changes in national accountability mechanisms by citing the episodes in Somalia, Rwanda, and the Balkans. Finally, it reviews the 2000 Report of the Panel on Peace Operations that revealed the complexity of transparency, accountability, and responsibility with respect to internationally mandated military operations.
When Does Self-Defence End?
Authors: Gill Terry
Published: July 2016

This chapter discusses issues surrounding the suspension and termination of the right of self-defence. More specifically, it examines whether the right to exercise self-defence ends once an initial attack has been dealt with, or whether the right to exercise self-defence remains operative until the threat has been neutralized. The chapter first considers the nature of self-defence and the modalities of armed attack in relation to the duration of the initial attack and possible subsequent attacks. It then looks at the principles of necessity, proportionality, and immediacy in the context of the ongoing exercise of self-defence. Finally, it assesses the implications of the UN Security Council’s collective security measures for the continued exercise of the right of self-defence.
Private Military Companies and the Jus Ad Bellum
Authors: Ralby Ian
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines the use of private military companies (PMCs) to deal with international armed conflicts and the prohibition of the use of force in relation to such entities. It considers the jus ad bellum implications of private military contracting in international law and international relations. The chapter explains what PMCs are and what they do, drawing a distinction between mercenaries and various terms used to refer to private companies hired by states in lieu of armed forces. It presents case studies where PMCs have engaged in prohibited or lawful use of force at the behest of a state, or where they may be used by a state in situations that run counter to jus ad bellum. Three real-world examples are highlighted. The chapter concludes by assessing the implications of using PMCs in armed conflicts for state responsibility with respect to the prohibition on the use of force.
The Principle of Proportionality from a Jus Ad Bellum Perspective
Authors: Christodoulidou Theodora , Chainoglou Kalliopi
Published: July 2016

This chapter analyses the principle of proportionality from a jus ad bellum perspective and its application in the exercise of the right of self-defence, in the use of force to protect human rights, and against terrorism. It first gives an overview of the contemporary law of the use of force as codified in the UN Charter, followed by a discussion on proportionality in customary international law. It then considers the measures by which double proportionality is calculated and, in particular, how proportionality can be measured when it seeks to meet the general objective of the use of force. Finally, the chapter examines the concept of proportionality as reflected in the judicial decisions of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and in the legal opinions of the ICJ judges.
Diagnosis of Capnocytophaga canimorsus Sepsis by Whole-Genome Next-Generation Sequencing
Authors: Abril Maria K. , Barnett Adam S. , Wegermann Kara , Fountain Eric , Strand Andrew , Heyman Benjamin M. , Blough Britton A. , Swaminathan Aparna C. , Sharma-Kuinkel Batu , Ruffin Felicia , Alexander Barbara D. , McCall Chad M. , Costa Sylvia F. , Arcasoy Murat O. , Hong David K. , Blauwkamp Timothy A. , Kertesz Michael , Fowler Vance G. , Kraft Bryan D.
Published: July 2016

We report the case of a 60-year-old man with septic shock due to Capnocytophaga canimorsus that was diagnosed in 24 hours by a novel whole-genome next-generation sequencing assay. This technology shows great promise in identifying fastidious pathogens, and, if validated, it has profound implications for infectious disease diagnosis.
Preliminary Evaluation of a Sitafloxacin-Containing Regimen for Relapsed or Refractory Pulmonary Mycobacterium avium Complex Disease
Authors: Fujita Kohei , Fujita Masaki , Ito Yutaka , Hirai Toyohiro , Mio Tadashi , Watanabe Kentaro , Mishima Michiaki
Published: July 2016

Although sitafloxacin (STFX) is known to have a favorable minimum inhibitory concentration for Mycobacterium avium, few studies have evaluated the clinical efficacy of an STFX-containing regimen for pulmonary M avium complex (MAC) disease. To evaluate the clinical efficacy of STFX-containing regimens for relapsed or refractory pulmonary MAC disease, we retrospectively reviewed 18 patients with pulmonary MAC disease who received STFX for at least 4 weeks for pulmonary MAC disease between January 2008 and February 2016. Of 18 patients, 10 (55.6%) showed improved radiological characteristics and 8 (44.4%) showed negative sputum cultures at 6 months. Regarding the clinical symptoms, improvements were observed in decreasing order in sputum production (77.8%), cough (72.2%), and malaise (55.6%). Common adverse events included nausea or vomiting (38.9%), followed by loose stool or diarrhea (27.8%) and sleepiness (11.1%). Although this study contained a small number of subjects, we describe a STFX-containing regimen that was effective in achieving sputum culture negative conversions and had an acceptable adverse events profile.
Penicillin Use in Meningococcal Disease Management: Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Sites, 2009
Authors: Blain Amy E. , Mandal Sema , Wu Henry , MacNeil Jessica R. , Harrison Lee H. , Farley Monica M. , Lynfield Ruth , Miller Lisa , Nichols Megin , Petit Sue , Reingold Arthur , Schaffner William , Thomas Ann , Zansky Shelley M. , Anderson Raydel , Harcourt Brian H. , Mayer Leonard W. , Clark Thomas A. , Cohn Amanda C.
Published: July 2016

In 2009, in the Active Bacterial Core surveillance sites, penicillin was not commonly used to treat meningococcal disease. This is likely because of inconsistent availability of antimicrobial susceptibility testing and ease of use of third-generation cephalosporins. Consideration of current practices may inform future meningococcal disease management guidelines.
Institutionalization and Professionalization
Authors: Reay Trish , Goodrick Elizabeth , Hinings Bob
Published: July 2016

Health care systems are both highly institutionalized and highly professionalized. We suggest that both characteristics should be considered to understand the underlying power dynamics and how organizational change can occur. Although these characteristics have mostly been considered separately, we identify three ways they are being brought together and show how each reveals different underlying power dynamics that in turn suggest different explanations of organizational change. To conclude, we set out three avenues for future research that will continue to advance our knowledge of change in health care.
Health Care Transparency in Organizational Perspective
Authors: Levay Charlotta
Published: July 2016

Health care organizations are under increasing pressure to account for their performance to outside constituencies. This chapter reviews the background, nature, and consequences of organized efforts to enhance transparency in health care. Market reforms and quality concerns create mounting demands for public transparency, but health care quality is difficult to assess in a way that is both fair and accessible to a general audience. Public quality reporting has not been shown to improve quality of care, and there is a risk that it produces nominal rather than effective transparency. Especially when combined with economic incentives, transparency regimes tend to breed gaming, which is repeatedly ignored by systems designers. Health professionals typically react negatively, even if they also participate in and derive some benefits from transparency efforts. Future research needs to explore systematically the strategies that professionals, patients, and organizations engage in when creating and receiving public quality information.
The Paradox of Health Care Performance Measurement and Management
Authors: Lewis Jenny M.
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines an important paradox of performance measurement and management in health care—the problem of simultaneous overload and deficit. To understand why this paradoxical situation exists, the chapter begins with a consideration of accountability and how this has changed as the performance movement has grown. It then examines why performance is being measured, what is being measured, and some fundamental problems with performance measurement. Finally, it considers the relationship between performance measurement and performance management. It concludes that this paradox of both too much and too little is inherent to measuring and managing performance, particularly in health care. This problem can be mitigated with more contextually specific approaches and greater local flexibility and dialogue. But it cannot be easily solved in highly centralized systems where such changes amount to a loss of control and a concomitant increase in social, economic and political risks.
Implementing E-Health
Authors: Doolin Bill
Published: July 2016

The application of information and communication technology to support health care organization, management, and delivery is high on the health policy agenda in many countries, and its implementation has become a significant issue. Despite optimistic expectations and increasing investment in e-health, the anticipated benefits are often elusive. This chapter reviews the factors driving the development of e-health before introducing a conceptualization of e-health focused on the management and use of health care information at the point of care, between health care providers and, ultimately, by health care consumers. The chapter then explores a range of issues that render e-health implementation problematic. In particular, implementing e-health is both a complex and emergent process that requires consideration of local health care contexts, and a socio-technical problem involving changes in work processes, interactions, and behaviors.
Management Consulting in Health
Authors: Kirkpatrick Ian , Lonsdale Chris , Neogy Indraneth
Published: July 2016

In many countries governments and other funder of health services have become increasingly reliant on the advice of management consultants. In this chapter we focus on the nature and impact of this change drawing on a variety of secondary sources. Following a review of the wider literature on management consulting we look mainly at the UK experience to discuss how the role of consultants in health has evolved over the past four decades and with what consequences. A key conclusion is that the involvement of management consultants in health has been extensive, helping, as partners in government, to shape both the implementation and inception of new public management (NPM) reforms. However, we also point to the need for more research on this topic to better understand the impact this consulting advice is having and how the role of consultants might vary within and between different national health systems.
Inter-Organizational Networks in Health Care
Authors: Sheaff Rod , Schofield Jill
Published: July 2016

Inter-organizational networks have proliferated in health systems, as has network research, but coherent explanations relating the varieties of health network to their respective structures, activities and outcomes remain lacking. Focusing on their core productive processes and their governance structures, this chapter contrasts care networks with program networks. It compares these concepts with findings from some primary research on NHS health networks during 2005–10, and notes some implications for network theory and research. NHS networks’ dense, flat structures reflect these networks’ dual function as both care and as program networks. These findings are relevant to the “integrated care” networks developing in many health systems. The development of these networks appears, partly, to be a workaround for the obstacles that market and quasi-market health systems place in the way of coordinating complex care across multiple separate providers.
Narratives of Health Policy
Authors: Currie Graeme , Martin Graham
Published: July 2016

In this chapter we undertake a narrative analysis of health care policy reform. We consider the beguiling and rhetorical quality of health care policy reform, and how it positions “heroes” and “villains” as it attempts to shape imagined futures, under three narrative themes—management, measurement; markets. However, we highlight the policy narrative is not entirely beguiling. A countervailing professional narrative argues that regulatory bodies and clients put their trust in the experts, which has made change slow to realize in some areas. Meanwhile, a narrative critical of policy reform makes the case for a return to bureaucracy to counter excesses of flexibility, adaptability and emphasis upon delivery associated with new public management and entrepreneurial governance. To illustrate our analysis, we draw upon a particularly propitious health care setting for policy reform, that of the English NHS. We suggest our analysis is not just transferable to other national contexts, underpinned by new public managment policy, but extends to reforms in other national settings, although the detail of the management, measurement and market themes may vary on the ground, as illustrated in the case of the US and Nordic countries.
A New Lens on Organizational Innovations in Health Care
Authors: Shortell Stephen , Addicott Rachael
Published: July 2016

The long received wisdom in the organization design, change, and innovation literature is that “form follows function”. We question this dictum particularly for organizations facing radical, volatile changes such as those occurring in the health care sector. Drawing on examples from England, the United States and, to a lesser degree, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and Singapore we suggest that changes in form oftenprecedechanges in function. We further suggest that they need to do so in order for the functions to be successfully executed. This is as opposed to past attempts to making functional changes without recognizing the need to first change the organizational form in which the functions are to be carried out. We also discuss the implications of this re-framing for form-function alignment and future research.
Nations and Nationalism in the USSR, 1924–1991
Authors: Jones Stephen F.
Published: July 2016

Although others had practised “affirmative action” for national minorities, the USSR was the first state to institutionalize it in the 1920s. The policy failed to create economic and political equality among Soviet nations and to end national animosities. Instead, as Russian nationalism revived under Stalin, the centre re-established its imperial authority over the non-Russian peoples. However, the USSR was not a traditional empire: though it was hostile to nationalism, the republics benefited (in unequal ways) from generous economic policies and from cultural development. By the 1960s, many elites had gained significant control in their own republics. But wider global changes threatened the USSR’s cohesion. While perhaps doomed by internal contradictions between a centralized state and party on the one hand, and federal structures and multiple nations on the other, the USSR’s collapse owed as much to the economy and to the relationship of the state to its rapidly changing population as it did to nationalism.
Logic in the Tradition of Prabhācandra
Authors: Gorisse Marie-Hélène
Published: July 2016

The characterization of truth-preserving arguments is a core issue in India and received the detailed attention of philosophers. This chapter presents Prabhācandra’s theory of inference from the eleventh century, stressing its uniqueness and detailed critique of Dignāga and Dharmakīrti. In Prabhācandra’s framework, the inferential evidence has not three but just one characteristic, “being impossible otherwise.” The epistemological problem of the means to know when evidence has this characteristic is solved without regress by appeal to a non-inferential source of knowing, the “discernment of universals” (tarka). Finally, important advances in the role of negation in logical inference are related to a greater emphasis on linguistic form.
“Pitiful Creature of Darkness”
Authors: Sternfeld Jessica
Published: July 2016

In Andrew Lloyd Webber’s hit megamusicalThe Phantom of the Opera(Broadway 1988), the title character invites a range of interpretations from both fellow characters and audience. Presented sometimes as superhuman (ghost, phantom, god, angel), sometimes subhuman (monster, animal, murderer, sociopath), the Phantom almost never manifests as a man with a disfigured face. Swathed in romance and coated with a layer of false pity, this musical invokes a number of standard plot tropes involving an Other versus a community, including several variations posited by scholars of Disability Studies. This chapter explores how this supposedly modernized take on a story so readily plays into old stereotypes without seeming to, resulting—without audience awareness—in an updated take on the freak show.
Richard III
Authors: Leonard Kendra Preston
Published: July 2016

In keeping with the early modern belief that physiognomy was directly related to the mind, and that nonnormate bodies were the exterior markers of equally malformed and sinful minds, Shakespeare’s hunchbacked, limping Richard III is utterly without morals. Laurence Olivier’s cinematic adaptation ofRichard IIIand its score by William Walton support this thesis. While the film’s score contains some synchronous music that imitates Richard’s nonnormate physical movements, it is more concerned with his interior actions. The score thus engages with Richard’s disabilities on multiple levels, offering sonic interpretations for both physical and mental deformity. This essay argues that Walton’s film music for Richard suggests both his exterior and interior monstrosity (as viewed at the time of the play’s writing) by literally altering the customary sounds of the orchestra as well as using tropes traditionally associated with otherness.
Pride of the Marines
Authors: Lerner Neil
Published: July 2016

The 1945 Warner Bros. filmPride of the Marinesoffers a revealing case study for ways that a Hollywood film could represent visual impairments. Based on an actual Marine who had suffered serious vision loss while fighting in World War II, this film had a number of people working on it who would soon find themselves suffering under from the politics of anticommunism (two of its writers were among the Hollywood Ten, and its star actor was also blacklisted). In addition to visual elements, dialogue, and acting techniques, the music provides an important dimension to the ways blindness could be represented and stereotyped in a Hollywood film, and in so doing it points to the largely undiscussed questions of music in the way disabilities were depicted in films.
Difference, Disability, and Composition in the Late Middle Ages
Authors: Cuthbert Michael Scott
Published: July 2016

Francesco da Firenze (often called Landini) and Antonio da Teramo were two of the most important Italian composers of the late fourteenth centuries. Though both reached the pinnacles of fame, contemporary descriptions and pictorial images of both composers highlight aspects of disability. Francesco “il Cieco” was blind, and Antonio “Zachara” was short of stature, wore his arm in a sling, and had only two or three fingers on each hand. Chronicles of their lives contain a narrative of compensation with respect to Francesco and an overcoming of disability for Antonio, who was scribe to the pope. Accounts of the intellectual prowess and artistic renown of composers and theorists with disabilities abound throughout the Middle Ages and Early Renaissance and suggest that disability was viewed primarily as a distinctive difference. For instance, blind composers were held responsible for the graphical notation of their works to the same extent as sighted musicians.
Imagined Hearing
Authors: Jones Jeanette DiBernardo
Published: July 2016

Using as case studies the creative works and performances of Deaf musicians, including the Deaf rock band Beethoven’s Nightmare and rappers Sean Forbes and Signmark, this essay challenges the hearing world to think about the alternative modes of hearing that a deaf musical culture offers. Examining the musicians’ biographies, repertories, performance spaces, and audiences within a greater context of Deaf culture and history, this essay argues for a way of making and listening to music that is specifically Deaf, a way that celebrates deafness and also situates the Deaf as a minority within a hearing world. Musical practices that arise from this political identity create a Deaf musical culture that calls us to acknowledge the linguistic differences and histories that are present in the performance and reception of Deaf music.
“They Say We Exchanged Our Eyes for the Xylophone”
Authors: Hogan Brian
Published: July 2016

The funeral xylophone tradition of the Birifor people of Northwest Ghana is renowned across the West African hinterland for its musical artistry, cultural histories, surrogated song texts, and symbolic meaning. The Northwest as a whole has a historically high incidence of blindness, motivating a range of interpretations of visual impairment as disability. In rural Birifor communities, the music, bodies, and ability of blind xylophonists are filtered through a cultural ideology of ability that hijacks social conceptions of disability as biological deviance, and manufactures disability as spiritual deviance. This reveals a spiritual model of disability, which together with the mystical aspects of musicianship in Birifor culture, leads to a compound form of subordination for blind musicians. Against this culturally pervasive ableism, blind Birifor xylophonists compose and perform “enemy music” as an act of resistance, contestation, and catharsis that recasts disability as a lived reality and reframes the true locations of disability.
“The Absurd Disordering of Notes”
Authors: Keyes Beth
Published: July 2016

Railway spine, nerve prostration, combat neurosis, post-traumatic stress disorder: throughout the twentieth century, a complex array of terms has been codified by cultural, national, and medical institutions to describe a body and mind made dysfunctional by the inability to process intensely disturbing memories. In the wake of World War I, trauma-induced mental illness—diagnosed and treated as “shell-shock” in countless veterans—became an imperative focal point for sociopolitical and medical reform throughout Europe. This essay explores the connections between this historically contextualized psychiatric disorder and the music of Ivor Gurney, a soldier in the British Army whose life and work was significantly affected by his diagnosis in 1918. Through particular disturbances of form, structure, and texture, Gurney’s musical landscapes reenact the conditions of psychic trauma by creating a world in which memories are disruptive, invasive, and ultimately disabling.
The Space Between Worlds
Authors: Kelly-McHale Jacqueline , Abril Carlos R.
Published: July 2016

Latinos represent one of the fastest growing segments of the school-aged population in the US, yet they continue to be underserved within educational systems that operate with minimal regard for students’ home cultures and the unique needs of underserved groups. In music education, problems of access, language, and cultural responsiveness impact Latino students. Inequities in the classroom might stem from the space found and tensions between the world of music education and student home culture. This chapter will explore how pedagogical practices in music education often misalign with Latino culture, and how teacher beliefs and attitudes impact Latino children. This examination can help to interrogate curriculum and instruction for the purpose of considering how they can align more closely with Latino students’ lives, both within and outside the music classroom.
Hidden in Plain Sight
Authors: Bradley Deborah
Published: July 2016

This chapter seeks to tease out some of the challenges related to issues of race and racism as they play out within music education. These challenges include the slippery nature of the concept of race, the complex nature of racism, and the ideology of Whiteness that informs much current music education practice, including those practices considered to be “multicultural.” The chapter proposes that racism remains hidden under such common-sense narratives as “music is a universal language,” which operates in tandem with color-blind racism, and within the myth of “authenticity” in world music education that often prevents the inclusion of musics other than Western art musics in the curriculum. By interrogating some of the ways in which cultural Whiteness operates as racism within music education, the chapter seeks to shed light on ways of thinking that keep racism hidden in plain sight.
Musical Creativity and “the Police”
Authors: Kanellopoulos Panagiotis (Panos) A.
Published: July 2016

This chapter suggests a framework for understanding how neoliberal educational agendas are gradually seizing modernist, progressivist, and child-centric notions of (musical) creativity, while imperceptibly depriving them of their potential for countering educational injustices. Furthermore, it is argued that the renewed emphasis on creativity in education does not aim at counterbalancing performativity-centered educational policies but is (a) a response to the emergent entrepreneurial turn in education, and (b) a sign of recognition of creativity as a work-related value. The chapter elaborates on how music education discourse on creativity is gradually being appropriated within this entrepreneurial, performativity-oriented climate. Finally, it is argued that music education may still be able to advance a vision of creative engagement that addresses issues of social justice in forms of prefigurative pedagogies of an activist orientation.
Rescuing Choral Music from the Realm of the Elite
Authors: de Quadros André
Published: July 2016

Choral music is frequently regarded as the most widespread form of participatory music making and is increasingly regarded as a locus for personal agency, community bonding, and social change. However, the dominant aesthetic paradigm, choice of repertoire, leadership dynamic, and relationship of performance to stage and location speak to an exclusionary practice. The chapter discusses the nature of choral practice and refers to the nature of exclusion as situated in concepts of justice and Boal’s artistic process for the oppressed. The second part of the chapter presents two case studies in community choral music grounded in social inclusion. The two cases are situated in the American incarceration system and an Arab town in Galilee.
Facing the Music
Authors: Horsley Stephanie , Woodford Paul
Published: July 2016

Neoliberalism and its educational reforms are premised on the importance of individual participation in market practices in order to further one’s own well-being. Such pursuits are supported by a negative justice conception of social welfare. These practices, which stress equality over equity, have distinct implications for how systems of education and citizens are discursively constructed and positioned in society. This affects how music education is structured and perceived within the practices of neoliberal education. This chapter explores the tensions between a neoliberal education ideology based on negative rights and social justice education underpinned by positive rights, the latter of which can lead to greater democratic participation, empathy, and equity in schools. Music education can play a role in subverting or providing an alternative approach to neoliberal education systems that focus primarily on developing self-interested, economic individuals who may be limited in the ways in which they view democratic participation.
Music Education and the Invisible Youth
Authors: Hickey Maud
Published: July 2016

There is a recent and growing body of research on the activities surrounding music and arts education efforts with incarcerated juveniles. What seems to be missing from this current research are advocacy, educational, and policy efforts from the K–12 school music education community. Who is teaching the music to the youth in these settings? What is being taught and for what purposes? And how might music educators’ understandings of these relatively new programs illuminate the need to extend music teacher education and policy discourse beyond the traditional boundaries of K–12 school institutions? This chapter provides a summary and analysis of the research on music education for incarcerated youth around the globe. It details the practices and pedagogies in youth detention centers with the goal to provide ideas for future actions and practices from the K–12 music education community.
Educational Policy Reforms and the Politics of Music Teacher Education
Authors: Rusinek Gabriel , Aróstegui José Luis
Published: July 2016

This chapter discusses the politics of music teacher education in relation to the major policies that transnational institutions are promoting virtually all over the world, in relation to national curricula reforms and in relation to the programs developed by higher education institutions. The first section copes with the impact of international organizations on the reforms of national curricula based on an economic rationale and on the shaping of a new role for music and arts education in schools. The second section discusses to what extent higher education institutions in charge of teacher education are assuming these curricular changes. The final section contends that music teacher education programs should consider three major issues to foster social justice: (1) the quality of programs from an educational perspective; (2) the demise of music education as part of compulsory education; and (3) the acknowledgment of politics in music education and music teacher education.
Scientific Concepts
Authors: Cheon Hyundeuk , Machery Edouard
Published: July 2016

This chapter describes three different approaches to the philosophical study of concepts: The semantic approach, which is concerned with the semantic content of scientific concepts, the cognitive approach, which views scientific concepts as psychological entities and brings the psychological research on lay concepts to bear on theorizing about them, and the experimental approach that brings experimental tools drawn from psychology or sociology to the study of scientific concepts. The authors express doubts about the prospects of the semantic approach, illustrate the importance of taking into account the complexities of the psychology of concepts for the cognitive approach, and defend the experimental approach.
Meditation and Positive Psychology
Authors: Shapiro Shauna L. , Jazaieri Hooria , de Sousa Sarah
Published: July 2016

Mental health, once defined in terms of absence of illness, has gradually become understood in a more holistic way, which includes the positive qualities that help people flourish. This evolving definition of mental health has led to an exploration of other traditions and practices, including mindfulness meditation, which for thousands of years have been devoted to developing an expanded vision of human potential. One result was the introduction of the practice of mindfulness into Western scientific study. However, the original intentions of mindfulness meditation, to catalyze our potential for healing and development, have been largely ignored by the scientific community. Yet a small number of researchers and theorists have explored and continue to explore the positive effects of mindfulness practice. The chapter focuses on this pioneering work.
Challenges to an Evolutionary Perspective on Religion
Authors: Beit-Hallahmi Benjamin
Published: July 2016

The evolutionary perspective on religion proposes that religious ideation is natural and plausible because of innate mechanisms, the product of evolution, that lead humans to imagine reality through egocentric, anthropocentric, animistic, or teleological processes and to interpret events through intentionality and design. If these mechanisms operate in all human brains, the level of religiosity in individual and social lives is likely to remain stable and uniform, regardless of time and place. Challenges to this perspective include that the expression of religious ideation is contingent on numerous conditions, contexts, and circumstances. Manifest individual differences in religiosity, and instability in collective religiosity, lead to consideration of the gap between “deep structure” and “phenotypic” manifestations. The most serious test of this perspective is the recent appearance of secularization, which entails a massive reduction in the resources devoted to religion. The chapter analyzes the challenges and provides an integration of historical and psychological data.