bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dinâmica temporal e espacial da begomovirose causada por Tomato yellow vein streak virus em tomateiro na região de Campinas-SP
Authors: Della Vecchia Marilia Gabriela Salveti , Rosa Daniel Dias , Bergamin Filho Armando , Amorim Lilian , Rezende Jorge Alberto Marques , Ribeiro Ailton
Published: February 2008

O objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar os padrões temporal e espacial do Tomato yellow vein streak virus (ToYVSV) em tomatais cultivados em condições de campo, no município de Sumaré, e de estufa plástica, na região de Elias Fausto, Estado de São Paulo. No ensaio de campo, plantado com a variedade Alambra, foram avaliadas 4.032 plantas, distribuídas em oito blocos. Em oito estufas plásticas, com plantios escalonados da variedade Ikram, foram avaliadas 6.016 plantas. As avaliações foram feitas com base nos sintomas característicos induzidos por esse vírus. A confirmação da identidade do vírus foi feita por meio da análise da seqüência de nucleotídeos de parte do DNA-A viral (genes AV1 e AC3). No ensaio em condições de campo, a incidência da doença evoluiu lentamente, desde um mínimo de 0,002 (proporção de plantas sintomáticas) até um máximo de 0,0497. Mesmo assim, foi possível constatar um efeito de borda, pois a incidência média de plantas doentes nos blocos situados nos bordos da área foi 2,1 vezes maior do que naqueles internos. O progresso da incidência da doença foi linear, o que indica que novas infecções foram devidas principalmente a um influxo constante de vetores virulíferos de fora para dentro da área avaliada. Nos plantios em estufas plásticas, os níveis finais de doença foram fortemente dependentes da época de plantio, com médias variando de 4,8% a 69,3%. A distribuição espacial de plantas sintomáticas nesses plantios foi fortemente agregada. Essa agregação provavelmente não se deve a infecções secundárias dentro das estufas plásticas, mas sim à concentração de plantas sintomáticas nos bordos das estufas, conseqüência da migração de vetores virulíferos a partir de áreas externas à estufa. Com base nesses resultados, sugere-se a eliminação de fontes de inóculo representadas por plantios mais velhos de tomateiro e por hospedeiras do vírus na vegetação espontânea como uma das principais medidas para o manejo da doença.
Genetic resources of vegetable crops: a survey in the Brazilian germplasm collections pictured through papers published in the journals of the Brazilian Society for Horticultural Science
Authors: Sudré Cláudia P , Leonardecz Eduardo , Rodrigues Rosana , Amaral Júnior Antônio T do , Moura Maria da CL , Gonçalves Leandro SA
Published: February 2008

The research on plant genetic resources is essential for the conservation of genetic diversity and accessions' divergence studies, as a basis for plant breeding. Aiming to know the state of art in this subject, a historical survey was carried out in Revista de Olericultura and in Horticultura Brasileira, from 1961 to 2006, searching for papers dealing with vegetable crops genetic resources. In each of the papers, the species studied, first author institution, publication year, applied software, number of accessions and descriptors, and the multivariate techniques used were registered. Based on these characteristics, papers were grouped using multivariate analysis. Sixty-one papers dealt somehow with genetic resources in the time covered by the survey, from which 91.8% were published after 1990 (60.7% from 2001 to 2005). The use of multivariate analysis was reported in 57.3% of the papers, with an average of 2.3 and maximum of 6 multivariate procedures per paper. The Tocher Method, reported in 34% of the papers, was the most frequently used multivariate analysis. Twenty-five species were studied. Capsicum was the most frequently studied genus, either considering number of papers (seven) or accessions (664). Research institutions located in the Southeast region concentrated the highest number of papers. UFV (Federal University of Viçosa), UENF (North Fluminense State University Darcy Ribeiro), Embrapa Vegetables, and UNESP (São Paulo State University) Campus of Jaboticabal responded for 45% of the papers. There was an improvement in the adequacy of the statistical techniques used along time, due mainly to the development of free-access software. The software Genes was the most frequently reported in the papers surveyed. Nevertheless, almost 50% of the authors did not mention the software used for data analysis. Quantitative morphoagronomic and evaluation descriptors were the most often used. The multivariate analysis allowed grouping the papers in nine clusters.
Estimativa da diversidade genética de germoplasma de cebola via descritores morfológicos, agronômicos e bioquímicos
Authors: Buzar Anne Giselle R , Oliveira Valter R , Boiteux Leonardo S
Published: February 2008

A divergência genética de 64 acessos de cebola (Allium cepa L.) tropicais e subtropicais do banco de germoplasma da Embrapa Hortaliças foi avaliada utilizando 23 descritores morfológicos, bioquímicos e agronômicos. A distância generalizada de Mahalanobis (D²) foi usada como medida de dissimilaridade e os métodos de otimização de Tocher e hierárquico do Vizinho mais Próximo foram empregados para o agrupamento dos acessos. O germoplasma de cebola avaliado apresentou base genética relativamente ampla. As cultivares EX 3000 e Régia foram os acessos geneticamente mais similares. A maior distância genética estimada foi entre os acessos VAL 14 e Beta Cristal. O método de otimização de Tocher proporcionou a formação de treze grupos, enquanto o procedimento hierárquico do vizinho mais próximo possibilitou a formação de doze grupos (corte com 43% de dissimilaridade) A maioria dos acessos dos tipos Grano e Granex, agronomicamente considerados de dias curtos e com ciclo de maturação precoce, se concentraram em mesmo grupo de similaridade genética. À exceção do acesso Tampico White, os demais acessos de bulbos brancos do tipo indústria (Beta Cristal; Dehydrator # 8; Dehydrator # 6; Primero e White Creole) exibiram estreito relacionamento. Os acessos TX 24, Baia Periforme Super Precoce, EX 3001, Excel, Red Creole, H 688, Franciscana IPA 10 e Roxa IPA 3 exibiram alta dissimilaridade genética. Os caracteres teor de açúcares totais, comprimento de bulbo, número de dias para a colheita, porcentagem de bulbos com diâmetro entre 70 e 90 mm e massa média de bulbos foram responsáveis por 58% de toda a variabilidade genética observada entre os acessos. O estudo da divergência entre acessos é importante subsídio na escolha de parentais divergentes e complementares a fim de desenvolver populações segregantes com ampla base genética em programas de melhoramento genético de cebolas tropicais.
Physiological and quality attributes associated with different centrifugation times of baby carrots
Authors: Moretti Celso Luiz , Mattos Leonora Mansur , Machado Cristina MM , Kluge Ricardo Alfredo
Published: February 2008

Centrifugation is one of the most important steps in the fresh-cut industry. Inadequate centrifugation can lead to increased white blush in baby carrots. The present work was carried out aiming at evaluating the effects of different centrifugation times in baby carrots physiological and quality attributes. Carrot roots cv. Alvorada were harvested and minimally processed as baby carrots. After processing, samples were placed in nylon bags and centrifuged (378 rad. s-1) for 0; 30; 60; 90, and 120 seconds. Temperature of baby carrots centrifuged for 120 seconds was 63% higher than the temperature at the beginning of the experiment. Respiratory activity increased 49% when centrifugation time increased from 30 to 120 seconds. Ethylene evolution remained around 1.7 µL kg-1 h-1 until 60 seconds, increasing to 3.5 µL kg-1 h-1 at 120 seconds of centrifugation. Whiteness index increased 34% and 68% when centrifugation time shifted from 30 s to 60 s and from 30 s to 120 s, respectively. No significant changes in total carotenoids content were observed for the different tested centrifugation intervals. Baby carrots should be centrifuged for 30 seconds in order to maintain the quality and to avoid the development of white blush.
Sobre a possibilidade de conciliação do ideal da integralidade nos cuidados à saúde e a cacofonia da demanda
Authors: Spink Mary Jane P.
Published: February 2008

O objetivo deste artigo é refletir sobre a factibilidade da aplicação plena dos princípios da integralidade nos serviços de atenção à saúde. Propomos que, para além do nível de abstração, quando analisado a partir da zona caótica das interações cotidianas, o princípio da integralidade é fractal: reflete visões de mundo coerentes em seus microcontextos, mas nem sempre passíveis de considerar as igualmente diversas visões de mundo dos interstícios interpessoais dessas redes de acolhimento e atendimento às demandas em saúde. Para entender essa dinâmica, foi realizado um exercício de análise discursiva, que procurou contrapor a diversidade semântica à variedade de posições de pessoa que se faz presente no cotidiano das práticas de saúde. Iniciamos pela caracterização do ideal da integralidade e suas relações com a demanda, pontuando a diversidade de seus sentidos e tomamos como exemplo documentos voltados à operacionalização do SUS. Em seguida, aprofundamos a reflexão sobre a diversidade semântica de demanda com base em seus significados dicionarizados, definindo, a partir deste exercício, tipos de posições de pessoa em relações dialógicas que envolvem demandas. Para isso, utilizamos uma experiência pessoal recente de internação hospitalar de uma paciente que nos levou a problematizar os dilemas éticos que se apresentam no cuidado a pacientes terminais.
Recuperação populacional e fecundidade dos Kamaiurá, povo Tupi do Alto Xingu, Brasil Central, 1970-2003
Authors: Pagliaro Heloisa , Junqueira Carmen
Published: February 2008

Este trabalho analisa a fecundidade dos Kamaiurá, povo Tupi habitante do Parque Indígena do Xingu (PIX), entre 1970 e 2003. As fontes de dados foram os registros do Programa de Saúde da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp) no Parque Indígena do Xingu e levantamentos de campo realizados em 2003. O estudo mostrou que até 1966 a população Kamaiurá manteve-se estável devido à alta mortalidade por epidemias de doenças infecciosas e disputas com os povos da região, assim como à fecundidade moderada. Entre 1967 e 2002, essa população cresceu 3,5% ao ano. O nível da fecundidade das Kamaiurá passou de 5,7 para 6,2 filhos por mulher, entre 1970 e 2003, tendo atingido seu valor máximo em 1980 (6,6). A partir da década de 1990, houve um envelhecimento do padrão reprodutivo, evidenciado pela redução dos níveis de fecundidade das mulheres com até 24 anos e aumento entre as mulheres dos demais grupos etários. A média de idade ao nascimento do primeiro filho aumentou de 16,2 para 18,8 anos, no período 1970-2003, e a proporção de mulheres solteiras maiores de 15 anos de idade também cresceu: de 6,3%, em 1971, para 26%, em 2003. Nesse período, o intervalo entre os nascimentos variou entre 30,3 e 36 meses. O aumento da fecundidade dos Kamaiurá foi favorecido pela melhoria das condições de saúde decorrente da queda da mortalidade, mas ocorreu sem o abandono de suas práticas tradicionais de controle da natalidade, o que lhes permitiu crescer de forma racional e equilibrada.
Democracia, saúde pública e universalidade: o difícil caminhar
Authors: Marques Rosa Maria , Mendes Áquilas
Published: February 2008

Este artigo analisa os determinantes e as condicionalidades do processo de universalização da saúde pública dos países desenvolvidos, especialmente os europeus, e do Brasil, visando salientar suas diferenças. Na primeira parte, em que são apresentadas as principais interpretações sobre a construção do Welfare State, enfatiza-se as características daquele momento histórico e sua articulação com o padrão de acumulação dominante. Para isso, foi revisitada a literatura principal sobre o assunto, tanto em relação ao processo de construção dos sistemas de proteção, quanto ao chamado padrão fordista de acumulação. Na segunda parte, voltada para o entendimento das condições nas quais se definiu a universalidade das ações de serviço de saúde no Brasil, se destaca que as condições gerais do capitalismo não são mais aquelas do período do pós-guerra; salienta-se que o novo ambiente interage e constrange a trajetória brasileira, principalmente quanto à ação de seu Estado e enfatiza-se que a desigualdade constitui marca indelével da sociedade brasileira, o que poderia ser visto como uma dificuldade para a aplicação da universalidade no país. Para essa parte, novamente a pesquisa priorizou o conhecimento acumulado na literatura, em especial na econômica. Embora de maneira desigual, mesmo com esse constrangimento, dados empíricos indicam que houve avanços na condição de saúde da população brasileira após o surgimento do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), especialmente com o Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF).
Serviços residenciais terapêuticos em saúde mental: uma proposta que busca resgatar a subjetividade dos sujeitos?
Authors: Suiyama Renata Cristina Boaretto , Rolim Marli Alves , Colvero Luciana de Almeida
Published: February 2008

Este estudo procura contextualizar o surgimento de projetos de moradia para pessoas com transtornos mentais no Brasil a partir da implantação da Reforma Psiquiátrica, ocorrida na década de 1980, e da problemática dos moradores de hospitais psiquiátricos. Apresenta os resultados de um levantamento bibliográfico realizado na base de dados LILACS sobre o tema, a partir do qual foram encontradas diferentes abordagens da questão da moradia para pessoas com transtornos mentais no período das três diferentes décadas sobre as quais o levantamento ocorreu: década de 1980: busca da humanização do espaço asilar por meio dos lares abrigados; década de 1990: construção dos parâmetros para moradias, que começam a ocupar os espaços urbanos; a partir de 2000: busca do ator principal das moradias, ou seja, quem nelas reside. No entanto, a construção desses espaços não garante a mudança na lógica das relações institucionais em pessoas com transtornos mentais, permanecendo como um dos desafios o resgate da subjetividade dos sujeitos por meio da ampliação dos espaços de troca e participação dos sujeitos que nela residem.
Avaliação dos procedimentos coletivos em saúde bucal: percepção de adolescentes de Embu, SP
Authors: Souza Greice de Brito , Sá Pedro Henrique do Rosário Nogueira de , Junqueira Simone Rennó , Frias Antônio Carlos
Published: February 2008

A redução na prevalência de cárie em crianças no Estado de São Paulo é explicada pela fluoretação das águas de abastecimento, uso de dentifrícios fluoretados e ampliação do acesso às ações coletivas de saúde bucal, na qual se inserem os procedimentos coletivos (PC), desenvolvidos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde. Nos PC incluem-se atividades anuais preventivas e educativas. Sobre as últimas, espera-se que os participantes adquiram e mantenham hábitos saudáveis de higiene bucal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a percepção, o conhecimento e as práticas em saúde bucal e a avaliação das atividades educativas e preventivas de 219 estudantes do 1º ano do ensino médio, egressos de escolas públicas, que receberam os PC de 1ª a 4ª série, de 1ª a 8ª série ou que não receberam os PC, no município de Embu (SP) 2005. Analisou-se associação entre os grupos pelo teste qui-quadrado. A percepção, o conhecimento e as práticas em saúde bucal não foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os três grupos. A maioria dos jovens acredita ser importante falar sobre saúde bucal nas escolas e, mesmo os que não participaram dos PC, afirmaram ter recebido algum ensinamento na escola, o que reforça que o conhecimento e a conseqüente prática em saúde bucal são influenciados por outros fatores. Neste estudo, ter participado ou não dos PC quando criança não causou impacto diferente em relação aos cuidados em saúde bucal na adolescência.
Frutas, legumes e verduras: recomendações técnicas versus constructos sociais
Authors: Gomes Fabio da Silva
Published: February 2008

Recomendações e prescrições de metas à população, muitas vezes, são construídas apenas com base em definições técnico-científicas, ignorando processos sócio-construtivos dos riscos que envolvem valores, percepções e experiências. Dessa forma, barreiras importantes podem dificultar o avanço de políticas de implementação dessas recomendações. Este artigo apresenta contribuições multidisciplinares à construção de recomendações e metas prescritas, essencialmente no que tange ao consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras, discutindo sobre algumas barreiras psicossociais e macro-estruturais para o consumo desses alimentos e suas implicações para as intervenções de base populacional. Assumindo um propósito reflexivo, o artigo conduz uma revisão crítica analisando a problemática em questão à luz de teorias estruturalistas sobre a construção social do risco. Recomendações e prescrições de metas definidas foram analisadas considerando o risco, seus determinantes sociais, componentes e conceitos agregados como fatores multidimensionais. Lições importantes extraídas da revisão incluem: 1) a necessidade de incorporar as contribuições populares à definição da agenda, conteúdo, estratégias de comunicação e implementação da política de alimentação; 2) a essencialidade da retomada dos aspectos não-nutricionais do alimento como componentes indispensáveis à valorização e promoção do consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras; e 3) a necessidade de adotar um conceito de alimentação saudável, que acompanhe a amplitude do conceito de saúde. A análise indica que as mensagens devem aproximar-se mais da valorização da cultura e tradição, evitando referências à alimentação saudável, essencialmente ou exclusivamente baseadas em nutrientes, doenças, longevidade e sofisticação.
O jardim imemorial: as flores do mal e as formas primordiais da arte
Authors: Scramim Susana
Published: February 2008

Este ensaio visa estudar as "correspondances" operadas em As flores do mal considerando sua característica de procedimento poético que testemunha uma concepção crítica simultaneamente "pré" e "pós-moderna" nos poemas ali reunidos. As "correspondances" serão consideradas na relação entre procedimentos de figuração poética e a historicidade "natural" das formas, e observadas a partir de um ponto de vista anacrônico, que, segundo Walter Benjamin, produz uma experiência poética cuja temporalidade é organizada com base na idéia de fluxo imemorial.
Baudelaire, Benjamin e a arquitetura d’As flores do mal
Authors: Oliveira Bernardo Barros Coelho de
Published: February 2008

Este artigo tenta explorar a idéia, sugerida de modo cauteloso por Walter Benjamin no ensaio "Sobre alguns temas em Baudelaire", de uma "arquitetura secreta" d’As flores do mal, ou seja, a de um desenho que unificaria os poemas e tornaria visível o frágil equilíbrio entre os momentos do livro em que a percepção aurática é celebrada e aqueles em que a sua perda é afirmada sem reservas. O poema "A uma passante" funcionaria, nesta leitura arquitetônica, como passagem privilegiada entre estes dois extremos, e nos levaria a entrever um caminho para pensar a percepção moderna da obra de arte não como uma simples superação do aurático, mas sim como uma tensa dialética entre choque e luto pela unidade perdida.
Assessing the global threat of invasive species to marine biodiversity
Authors: Molnar Jennifer L , Gamboa Rebecca L , Revenga Carmen , Spalding Mark D
Published: February 2008

Although invasive species are widely recognized as a major threat to marine biodiversity, there has been no quantitative global assessment of their impacts and routes of introduction. Here, we report initial results from the first such global assessment. Drawing from over 350 databases and other sources, we synthesized information on 329 marine invasive species, including their distribution, impacts on biodiversity, and introduction pathways. Initial analyses show that only 16% of marine ecoregions have no reported marine invasions, and even that figure may be inflated due to under‐reporting. International shipping, followed by aquaculture, represent the major means of introduction. Our geographically referenced and publicly available database provides a framework that can be used to highlight the invasive taxa that are most threatening, as well as to prioritize the invasion pathways that pose the greatest threat.
Humus Components and Soil Biogenic Structures in Norway Spruce Ecosystems
Authors: Galvan Paola , Ponge Jean-François , Chersich Silvia , Zanella Augusto
Published: February 2008

Whether the structure of Oa and A horizons varies according to animal activity is still a matter of conjecture, especially in amphi, a humus form with mixed features of mull and moder, which has been described in environments with strong seasonal contrasts. The Oa and A horizons of spruce [Picea abies(L.) Karst.] coniferous forests of the Province of Trento (Italy) were sampled in six sites with a total of 134 humus profiles along transect lines, embracing the variety of parent rocks, climate, and vegetation conditions that prevail at the upper montane level in this region. The distribution of humus components (plant debris, roots, animal feces, minerals) was assessed by an optical method and analyzed with correspondence analysis (CA). Moder humus forms were characterized by enchytraeid activity, with concomitant deposition of organic and mineral‐organic feces in Oa and A horizons, respectively. Conversely, amphis were characterized by the concomitant deposition of organic and mineral‐organic earthworm feces in Oa and A horizons, respectively. We conclude that Oa and A horizons of moders and amphis differed only quantitatively in the content of mineral matter in animal feces. The fine‐grained mineral‐organic structure that is mostly found in the A horizon of amphis results from the alimentary activity of small epigeic earthworms that mix organic matter with mineral matter, like anecic earthworms do in mulls.
A New Approach to Estimate Soil Hydraulic Parameters Using Only Soil Water Retention Data
Authors: Twarakavi Navin K. C. , Saito Hirotaka , Šimunek Jirka , van Genuchten M. Th.
Published: February 2008

Traditional approaches for estimating soil hydraulic parameters (such as the RETC code) perform well when experimental data for both the retention curve and hydraulic conductivity function are available; however, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity data are often unavailable. The objective of this work was to develop an approach to estimate robust soil hydraulic parameters from water retention curve data alone. The proposed approach, called the Multiobjective Retention Curve Estimator (MORE), is based on the Multiobjective Shuffled Complex Evolution Metropolis (MOSCEM‐UA) algorithm and estimates an optimal parameter set by simultaneously minimizing two objective functions each representing water content and relative unsaturated hydraulic conductivity residuals. To address the lack of observed unsaturated hydraulic conductivity data, MORE transforms both predicted and observed water contents into the hydraulic conductivity space using a pore‐size distribution model (e.g., the Mualem model) and also optimizes the soil hydraulic parameters in this fictitious space. We applied MORE to two cases. In the first case, MORE was used to estimate soil parameters using only retention curve data for 12 random soils selected from the UNSODA database. While the soil hydraulic parameters estimated using RETC and MORE fit the retention curve similarly, the MORE approach consistently decreased the error in fitting unsaturated hydraulic conductivities by as much as 5% compared with RETC. The second case involved using the parameters fitted using the MORE and RETC approaches to model a field‐scale experiment. Compared with RETC, the error in predicted water contents decreased by 25% using parameters predicted by MORE. The MORE approach was shown to fit robust soil hydraulic parameters; however, the approach is relatively slower and more time consuming than RETC.
Nitrogen Supply in Rice‐Based Cropping Systems as Affected by Crop Residue Management
Authors: Thuy Nguyen Hong , Shan Yuhua , Bijay-Singh  , Wang Kairong , Cai Zucong , Yadvinder-Singh  , Buresh Roland J.
Published: February 2008

Concerns regarding the detrimental effects of burning crop residues on human health and the environment have increased interest in alternative uses of crop residues. We examined the in situ use of crop residue as a source of supplemental N for succeeding crops in rice (Oryza sativaL.)‐based cropping systems at three sites during 3 yr. The experiments included a rice–wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) rotation at Yixing, Jiangsu Province, China; a rice–wheat rotation at Ludhiana, Punjab, India; and double‐rice cropping at Taojiang, Hunan Province, China. The supply of N from crop residues was assessed in the absence of fertilizer N as the difference in total plant N between plots with and without residue. At Yixing, incorporation of wheat residue before rice significantly increased the N supply to the rice by 14 kg N ha−1averaged across 3 yr. At Ludhiana, incorporation of rice residue before wheat reduced the N supply by 3 kg N ha−1to the wheat, but increased the N supply by 5 kg N ha−1to the rice crop following the wheat. In all cases, the return of crop residues had no net benefit on crop yield when fertilizer N was supplied at rates sufficient to eliminate N deficiency. The incorporation of crop residues did not increase the N supply to the succeeding crop during its vegetative growth phase, but the N supply to the crop at later growth stages was often increased. Adjustments in the timing and rate of fertilizer N are probably necessary to optimally supply N to crops receiving residues.
Residue Carbon Stabilization in Soil Aggregates of No‐Till and Tillage Management of Dryland Cropping Systems
Authors: Olchin Gabe P. , Ogle Stephen , Frey Serita D. , Filley Timothy R. , Paustian Keith , Six Johan
Published: February 2008

Tillage events have an important influence on residue incorporation into soil profiles and soil aggregate disruption, and ultimately influence the net C gain or loss in soils. Thus, our objective was to evaluate tillage‐induced influences on aggregate structure, residue‐derived C stabilization, and the subsequent efficiency of C stabilization in aggregates of no‐till (NT) and tillage management (TM) practices at different depth increments of the soil profile. Uniformly 13C‐labeled wheat residues were added to incubation cores representing soils under NT and TM during a year‐long in situ incubation at a dryland agriculture experiment site. Residue was added directly onto the surface of NT cores, while residues were incorporated into the 0‐ to 5‐, 5‐ to 15‐, and 15‐ to 30‐cm depth increments of the TM cores. We found that residue additions did not have a significant effect (P > 0.05) on aggregate dynamics in either NT or TM, but NT management did result in the greatest stabilization of residue‐derived C (11.2 ± 2.4 g residue C kg−1 soil kg−1 residue C added, P < 0.05) in the macroaggregate (>250‐μm) fraction of the 0‐ to 15‐cm increment. Residue‐derived C stabilization was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the 0‐ to 30‐cm increment than in the 0‐ to 15‐cm increment of the TM management cores. Overall, our results indicate that, within a plow depth of 15 cm, limiting the tillage‐induced disruption of aggregates has a stronger influence on the efficiency of C stabilization than residue incorporation into the profile via tillage. When residues are distributed to a 30‐cm depth, however, the negative impact of aggregate disruption through tillage appears counterbalanced, with similar efficiencies of C stabilization between the NT and TM practices, possibly due to slower decomposition of residues deeper in the profile.
Alpine Soils on Mount Mansfield, Vermont, USA: Pedology, History, and Intraregional Comparison
Authors: Munroe Jeffrey S.
Published: February 2008

The highest summits in the northeastern United States rise above the tree line and support unique islands of alpine tundra. Little is known about the properties and history of these soils and it is unclear how soils compare between the separate, isolated alpine areas. As a step toward addressing this oversight, the physical and chemical properties of alpine soils were investigated on Mt. Mansfield, the highest mountain in Vermont. Soil thickness was determined through probing, while profile development and horizon properties were investigated in 31 excavations. Soil covers ∼85% of the study area, with profiles averaging 18 cm thick (maximum of 58 cm). Most profiles demonstrate a variation on the sequence Oi, Oa and/or A, Bw or Bs (rare), AC, and Cr horizons. The Oa horizons contain significantly more C, Ca, K, and Mg than A horizons, and have higher cation exchange capacity and base saturation, and lower pH values. Almost one‐third of the profiles were classified as Histosols, while nearly twice as many were classified as Entisols. Only two profiles contained cambic horizons and were classified as Inceptisols. Histosols contained significantly more K and organic matter than Entisols. A buried Sphagnum layer, radiocarbon dated to approximately 1000 yr ago, suggests a wetter climate at that time. Mount Mansfield soils are generally thinner than those described from nearby alpine environments and contain more organic matter with higher C/N ratios. Intraregional comparison suggests that carefully selected soil profiles could be combined to form litho‐, climo‐, and biosequences to elucidate controls on soil formation in these environments.
Sample Pretreatment Affects the Distribution of Organic Carbon in Aggregates of Tropical Grassland Soils
Authors: Paul Sonja , Martinson Guntars O. , Veldkamp Edzo , Flessa Heiner
Published: February 2008

Soil aggregation is an important mechanism for the stabilization of soil organic C (SOC). The distribution of SOC among aggregate classes depends on sample pretreatment and on the applied method of aggregate fractionation. We examined the effect of soil pretreatment (air‐dried vs. field‐moist soil) on the yield and SOC content of aggregate size fractions (8000–2000, 2000–250, 250–53, and <53 μm). Aggregate size fractions were separated by wet sieving tropical soils of different parent material and mineralogy (volcanic ashes dominated by short‐range‐order aluminosilicates and marine Tertiary sediments dominated by smectitic clays), which were used as pastures for 13 to 50 yr after deforestation. In addition, the proportion of pasture‐ and forest‐derived SOC in the aggregate fractions was determined using the 13C/12C isotope ratio. In volcanic ash soils, there was no clear effect of soil pretreatment on the distribution of aggregates into aggregate size classes. Furthermore, the SOC concentration and proportion of pasture‐derived SOC of aggregates within each size class did not differ across treatments. In smectitic clay soils, however, the two pretreatments resulted in distinct differences in the distribution of dry matter yield and also of SOC among the aggregate fractions. Wet sieving of dry soil led to a separation of macroaggregates rich in pasture‐derived SOC, whereas wet sieving of moist soil isolated microaggregates with high contents of pasture‐derived SOC. This implies that soil organic matter plays a major role in both the formation and the stabilization of macroaggregates and in the early stage of microaggregate formation in sedimentary soils but not in volcanic ash soils.
A Method to Determine Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity in Living and Undecomposed Sphagnum Moss
Authors: Price Jonathan S. , Whittington Peter N. , Elrick David E. , Strack Maria , Brunet Nathalie , Faux Erica
Published: February 2008

Sphagnum mosses (Sphagnum L.) are the primary peat‐forming plant in northern peatlands and rely on capillary transport of water to facilitate physiological processes. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of the living, undecomposed, and poorly decomposed mosses is needed to estimate and model water flux to their growing upper layer. This study describes a new apparatus to measure this in the highly porous (∼90%) hummock profile where the pore sizes are large and the mosses delicate, in which established methods do not work. Independent tension disks controlled the pressure head (ψ, between 0 and −35 cm of water) and the pressure gradient and thus flow. The uppermost 5‐cm layer of moss had a saturated hydraulic conductivity of 1800 μm s−1, and decreased when unsaturated (ψ = −25 cm of water) to 0.03 μm s−1 Moss 25 cm below the surface had equivalent values of 230 and 11.0 μm s−1 at moisture contents of 0.18 to 0.22 m3 m−3 The The soil water retention model RETC provided a good fit for both hydraulic conductivity and water retention when fitted simultaneously, but did not perform well to predict hydraulic conductivity from water retention data alone.
Tillage Effects on Soil Organic Carbon Fractions in Mediterranean Dryland Agroecosystems
Authors: Álvaro-Fuentes J. , López M. V. , Cantero-Martinez C. , Arrúe J. L.
Published: February 2008

Under semiarid conditions, soil quality and productivity can be improved by enhancing soil organic matter content by means of alternative management practices. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of no‐till (NT) and cropping intensification as alternative soil practices to increase soil organic C (SOC). At the same time, we studied the influence of these management practices on two SOC fractions (particulate organic matter C, POM‐C, and the mineral‐associated C, Min‐C), in semiarid agroecosystems of the Ebro River valley. Soil samples were collected from five soil layers (0–5‐, 5–10‐, 10–20‐, 20–30‐, 30–40‐cm depth) during July 2005 at three long‐term tillage experiments located at different sites in the Ebro River valley (northeast Spain). Soil bulk density, SOC concentration and content, SOC stratification ratio, POM‐C, and Min‐C were measured. Higher soil bulk density was observed under NT than under reduced tillage (RT), subsoil tillage (ST), or conventional tillage (CT). At the soil surface (0–5‐cm depth), the highest total SOC concentration, POM‐C, and Min‐C were measured under NT, followed by RT, ST, and CT, respectively. In the whole soil profile (0–40 cm), similarly, slightly greater SOC content was measured under NT than under CT with the exception of the Selvanera site, where deep subsoil tillage combined with moldboard plowing accumulated more SOC than NT. In semiarid Mediterranean agroecosystems where CT consists in moldboard plowing, NT is a viable management practice to increase SOC.
Production of Adenoviral Vectors in 293 Cells: A Case Study of the Adaptation of Attached Cells to Grow in Suspension
Authors: Negrete Alejandro , Ling Tau Chuan , Lyddiatt Andrew
Published: February 2008

A study of the production of adenoviral vectors in suspension 293 cells has been explored. A defined serumfree
medium (293 SFM II) formulated without human or animal origin components from Invitrogen was used for the suspension
adapted 293 cells. It was demonstrated that the 293 cells can be adapted to grow in suspension using serum free
medium. The effect of different cell culture parameters was determined. The production technique demonstrated here is
expected to simplify purification processes and circumvents the problems associated with serum containing medium.
Impact of Glycosylation on Saccharomyces cerevisiae Endopolygalacturonase PGU1 Activity and Stability
Authors: Houle V. , Gagnon M.C. , Dubé E. , Hurtubise Y. , Beauregard M.
Published: February 2008

Endopolygalacturonases are among the best selling enzymes for a number of commercial applications such as
food processing. For such enzymes, a potentially important component of production cost is glycosylation. This important
modification of endopolygalacturonase has been detected for a number of species, but its real importance has not been
thoroughly studied. Here we investigated endopolygalacturonase PGU1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae CECT 1389 produced
in S. cerevisiae INVSc 1. Combinatorial mutagenesis of recombinant S. cerevesiae PGU1 putative glycosylation
sites was performed, where asparagines 318 and 330 were replaced with either aspartic acid or glutamine. Electrophoretic
analysis of the different recombinant enzymes studied here demonstrates that the putative sites 318 and 330 are indeed
glycosylated when produced in S. cerevesiae INVSc 1. The optimal activity of these enzymes was detected at pH 4.5 and
55-60 ºC. As for stability, all enzymes studied were less than 50% active after an incubation of two hours at 50 ºC and at
pH between 4.5 and 6.0. Glycosylation did not provide any significant stabilisation of PGU1, but the replacement of Asn
330 with Gln had a deleterious effect on stability. The secondary structure spectra are characteristics of proteins mostly
composed of beta sheets. The Tm values measured for PGU1, PGU1 deglycosylated with endo H, and three mutants
ranged from 53 to 55.4ºC, indicating that glycosylation had no impact on PGU1 conformation.
Anatomy of the Hind Limb Skeleton of the Chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera)
Authors: Çevik-Demirkan A. , Özdemir V. , Türkmenoğlu İ. , Demirkan İ.
Published: February 2008

This study aimed to document the detailed features of the hind limb bones in chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera). Twenty chinchillas (10 females and 10 males) were used. Animals were euthanized and X-ray of appendicular skeleton of pelvis was taken immediately. Then the bones were macerated. The iliac wing was considerably long and the gluteal line formed a distinct crista. The sacropelvic surface (facies sacropelvina) was not observed, however, the iliac tuberosity (tuberositas iliaca) was evident. While the average distance between the midacetabulum and the tuber coxae (ventral iliac spine) was 33.58 mm in males and 31.34 mm in females, the average distance between the midacetabulum and the ischial tuberosity was 15.09 mm in males and 17.18 mm in females (statistically non-significant). The caput ossis femoris was bent to medial at an average of 60 degrees angle. The differences in both the width and length of the obturator foramen between males and females were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The third trochanter (trochanter tertius) and the supracondyloid fossa were absent. The tibia and the fibula formed a joint on the proximal and distal parts. The comparative size of the distal tarsal bones were IV > III > I > II (from the largest to the smallest) and the fifth metatarsal bone shaped a small bone. The comparative lengths of the other metatarsal bones were II > III > I > IV (from the longest to the shortest). Three phalanges bones were notable. The proximal phalanx was the biggest of all.
Development of the Rabbit Pancreas with Particular Regard to the Argyrophilic Cells
Authors: Titlbach M. , Maňáková E.
Published: February 2008

The aim of the study was the description of the prenatal development of rabbit pancreas, cell modifications, and changes in their volume and mitotic activity. Immunohistochemical, light and electron microscopic procedures were employed. Stereological methods were used for estimation of cellular and nuclear volumes. hits on epithelial cells, tubular lumens, and endocrine progenitor cells were counted by systematic field sampling using test grid. Number of mitoses was registered in various cellular types after colchicine treatment. Data obtained were converted to 1 mm3 tissue. First granules were observed in cells on day 10 and 18 hours, however two different granular types are distinguishable by electron microscopy only on day 15, when insulin and glucagon can be detected immunohistochemically. Cellular volume increased remarkably in harmony with findings of granules in serous cells. Number of epithelial cells increased also exponentially. The increase was more rapid between days 13 and 15, later it appeared exponential. Value of mitotic index and length of cell cycle did not change considerably between days 15 and 24. Mitoses were observed in ductal, exocrine, as well as endocrine cells. The dividing endocrine cells were those that contained fine dense granules (progenitor cells). The sub-population of progenitor cells is able to divide, however, this source of cells appears insufficient for exponential growth. Results after colchicine treatment show the increase of cell population but the life-span and a period necessary for volume multiplication vary. Mitoses decrease in both sub-populations during the prenatal period. The progenitor cells arise probably by differentiation from the ducts, because their number increases proportionally to the main cell population.
Blood Concentrations of Thyroid Hormones and Lipids and Content of Lipids in the Liver of Dairy Cows in Transitional Period
Authors: Djoković R. , Šamanc H. , Jovanović M. , Nikolić Z.
Published: February 2008

The aim of the present investigation was to determine the correlation in the blood concentrations of thyroid hormones, lipids and glucose as well as the content of lipids in the liver of dairy cows in the transitional period. The animals (n = 40) were divided into four groups: the first group included late pregnant cows (n = 10) from the 10th to 4th day before calving; the second group included late pregnant cows (n = 10) from the 4th to 1st day before calving; the third group included clinically puerperal healthy cows (n = 10), whereas the fourth group included puerperal cows with clinical symptoms of ketosis (n = 10). Samples of liver and blood tissues were taken from all cows. Pathohistological examination of liver samples showed statistically significantly higher (p < 0.01) lipid infiltration in ketotic cows compared to healthy cows in late pregnancy and puerperium. Biochemical examination of blood serum showed significantly higher values (p < 0.01) of free fatty acids in ketotic cows, such as significantly lower blood concentrations of glucose (p < 0.01), triacylglycerols (p < 0.01), total cholesterol (p < 0.05), triiodthyronine (p < 0.05) and thyroxine (p < 0.05), compared to the values obtained in the blood serum in the groups of healthy cows before and after calving. In this study, significantly positive correlations were determined between the content of lipids in the liver and blood concentration of free fatty acids (r = 0.51; p < 0.05) as well as the negative ones between the content of lipids in the liver and blood concentrations of glucose (r = -0.69; p < 0.05), triacylglycerols (r = -0.55; p < 0.05) and total cholesterol (r = -0.50; p < 0.05) in the group of ketotic cows. Our investigations suggested that a hypothyroidal status was established in ketotic cows and that the blood concentrations of free fatty acids, triacylglycerols, total cholesterol and glucose served as major biochemical indicators in determining liver steatosis in the dairy cows in the transitional period.
Coagulation Tests and Selected Biochemical Analytes in Dairy Cows with Hepatic Lipidosis
Authors: Padilla-Arellanes S. , Constantino-Casas F. , Núnez-Ochoa L. , Doubek J. , Vega-Murguia C. , Bouda J.
Published: February 2008

The aim of this study was to determine the values and changes in conventional and optimised clotting tests, as well as in selected biochemical analytes during hepatic lipidosis in postpartum dairy cows. Ten healthy and ten Holstein cows with hepatic lipidosis were selected based upon clinical history, clinical examination, liver biopsy, flotation test and histological analysis of hepatic tissue. Prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) were determined in non-diluted and diluted blood plasma samples. Clotting times determined in diluted plasma samples were prolonged in cows with hepatic lipidosis and there was a difference in the PT value at both 50% and 25% plasma dilutions between both groups of animals (P = 0.004 and P = 0.001). Significant differences between healthy animals and cows with hepatic lipidosis were observed in blood serum values for free fatty acids (FFA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and triacyglycerols (P = 0.001, P = 0.007 and P = 0.044), respectively. FFA and liver biopsy are better diagnostic indicators for hepatic lipidosis than coagulation tests. The optimised PT is prolonged in cows with hepatic lipidosis and can detect this alteration that cannot be appreciated using conventional PT test.
Impact of Different Milk Yields on Milk Quality in Bohemian Spotted Cattle
Authors: Hanuš O. , Frelich J. , Janů L. , Macek A. , Zajíčková I. , Genčurová V. , Jedelská R.
Published: February 2008

The milk yield (MY) is a significant economic and health factor. MY influences the health state of dairy cows, their reproduction performance, longevity and milk indicators (MIs). Differences within MIs between 2 higher (1; 8 348 kg per lactation; 240 individual milk samples) and 2 lower yielding herds (2; 7 344; 239) of Bohemian Spotted dairy cows (B) were tested. Sampling was carried out during summer and winter feeding seasons. Lactation factors were well balanced. Group 1 was on a higher genetical level, had better nutrition and higher MY by 13.7% (P < 0.001). All herds were milked twice a day. Twenty-three MIs were examined and 39.1% (9 of 23; 30.4% it was formerly in Holstein (H) with higher MY by 30%) were influenced (P < 0.05) by relatively smaller difference in MY: fat; log somatic cell count; urea (U); acetone (AC); alcohol stability; time for enzymatic coagulation; whey volume; ratio of urea nitrogen in nonprotein nitrogen (URN); fat/protein content ratio. It shows a higher susceptibility of B cows to the impact of higher MY on lactation physiology than H. Most changes were in more important MIs, usually with higher differences compared with H. The whole milk protein spectrum was not influenced (P > 0.05). The U was higher (5.707 > 4.365 mmol l-1) in group 1, AC and URN as well (0.0362 > 0.0238 mmol l-1 and 51.94 > 41.97%). It corresponds with nitrogen and energy metabolism.
Detection of Paenibacillus larvae Spores in the Debris and Wax of Honey Bee by the Tween 80 Method
Authors: Bzdil J.
Published: February 2008

The aim of the present study was to validate a new method of detection of Paenibacillus larvae spores in the debris and wax of honey bee and compare it with the method commonly used in the Czech Republic, i.e. the method based on dissolving wax components of samples in toluene or benzene and releasing them in a liquid medium. The new method builds on homogenization of the material at the temperature of 70 ± 2 °C, using distilled water and homogenization agent Tween 80. The spores are transferred from the suspension thus created to a liquid medium diluted and treated by heat (90 ± 2 °C) in order to destroy vegetative saprophytic microflora. This medium is then inoculated on solid culture media (blood agar and MYPGP with nalidixic acid) at individual doses of 0.2 ml. After five to eight-day incubation at 37 ± 1 °C, the suspected P. larvae colonies are counted and subjected to confirmation. The count of colonies multiplied by 100 represents the number of spores in 1 g of the material. Eleven debris control samples from circular test and 10 demonstrably positive debris samples containing P. larvae spores were used to compare both methods. The new method was independently tested on other 1,509 field samples of winter debris collected in protection areas around American foulbrood (AFB) outbreaks and examined from 1 January 2006 to 10 May 2006. Of these 1,509 field samples, 46 were P. larvae positive. The comparison of the number of spores found concurrently by both methods in 21 control samples and their benchmarking by the paired t-test method showed that the Tween method was significantly more effective in detection of P. larvae spores in the examined material than the commonly used Toluene method (the t value was -3.524). The test results indicate that the Tween method, as soon as it is tested and validated at other research sites, can be effective in examining the debris and wax of honey bee. Unlike Toluene method based on organic solvents, the Tween method is more acceptable from the point of view of fire protection, environment compatibility, waste disposal and occupational health and safety of laboratory staff. From the scientific perspective, the Tween method could play an important role in early diagnostics and subsequent control of the incidence of American foulbrood not only in the Czech Republic, but also in other countries worldwide.