bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A FLORESTA AMAZÔNICA E A ÁGUA DA CHUVA
Authors: Higuchi Niro , Santos Joaquim dos , Lima Adriano José Nogueira , Higuchi Francisco Gasparetto , Chambers Jeffrey Quintin
Published: August 2014

O artigo “A floresta amazônica e a água da chuva” apresenta que a precipitação média anual é a principal variável meteorológica para o setor florestal da Amazônia. A temperatura média anual varia pouco dentro da Amazônia Legal - apenas 8%. A precipitação média anual apresenta uma variação maior, quase 100%. O crescimento e incremento das árvores amazônicas apresentam correlações significativas com a precipitação. A precipitação interanual apresenta sinais mais fortes que a intra-anual, para explicar essas correlações. Apenas o crescimento e incremento não são suficientes para determinar se a floresta está sequestrando ou emitindo carbono. As taxas de mortalidade e recrutamento desempenham papel importante para estimar esse balanço. Elas apresentam relações intrínsecas com a precipitação. A falta ou excesso de chuvas influencia, principalmente, nas taxas de mortalidade. Na escala regional, a falta de chuvas tem contribuído com o aumento da mortalidade das árvores amazônicas; na escala de comunidades, é o excesso de chuvas que mais contribui para o aumento da mortalidade. São apresentados os resultados das ocorrências de dois fenômenos meteorológicos no mesmo ano, que atingiu a região amazônica. Numa escala de comunidade utilizando três parcelas permanentes (1 ha), os resultados são analisados para dimensionar os efeitos dos dois fenômenos na floresta.Palavras-chave: Taxa de mortalidade; seca; downburst; dinâmica. AbstractThe Amazon Forest and the rain. The article "The Amazon Forest and the rain" shows that the average annual rainfall is the main weather variable for the forestry sector in the Amazon. The average annual temperature has little variation in the Amazon; only 8%. The average annual rainfall has a greater variation, almost 100%. The growth and increment of Amazonian trees show significant correlations with precipitation. The interannual precipitation presents stronger signals than the intra-annual one to explain these correlations. Only the growth and increment of trees are not enought to determine whether the forest is sequestering or emitting carbon. Mortality and recruitment rates play an important role to estimate this balance. These rates have intrinsic relationships with rainfall. The lack or excess of rain influence, mainly, mortality rates. On a regional scale, the lack of rain has contributed to the increased mortality of tropical rainforest trees; in the range of communities is the heavy rainfall that contributes to increased mortality. This article presents the results of two occurrences of weather phenomena in the same year, which reached the Amazon region. In community scale, using three permanent plots (1 ha), results are analyzed to gauge the effects of both phenomena in the forest.Keywords: Mortality rate; drought; downburst; dynamics.
FLORÍSTICA, VOLUME E BIOMASSA LENHOSA DE UM FRAGMENTO DE MATA ATLÂNTICA NO MUNICÍPIO DE SANTA MARIA DE JETIBÁ, ESPÍRITO SANTO
Authors: Imaña-Encinas José , Paula José Elias de , Conceição Cláudio De Almeida
Published: August 2014

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a florística, volume e biomassa em duas áreas de Mata Atlântica. Essas áreas estão localizadas na Reserva Biológica Sítio Palmares, no município de Santa Maria de Jetibá, Espírito Santo. Foram avaliadas 6 (seis) parcelas de áreas preservadas (mata primária) e 6 (seis) parcelas em uma área de regeneração natural com 33 anos de idade (mata secundária). Foram medidas todas as árvores com diâmetro a 1,30 m do solo (DAP) igual ou superior a 5 cm. Na área de mata primária foram encontradas 341 árvores distribuídas em 70 espécies e 32 famílias, que apresentaram DAP médio aritmético de 14,82 cm e área basal igual a 43,60 m2.ha-1, contabilizando 518 m3.ha-1 de fustes e galhos e 397.674 kg.ha-1 de biomassa lenhosa. A área de mata secundária apresentou 195 árvores classificadas em 17 espécies e 14 famílias, com DAP médio de 12,4 cm. Ainda, foram apresentados 12,5 m2.ha-1 de área basal, 93 m3.ha-1 de volume de madeira e 54.631 kg.ha-1 de biomassa lenhosa.
PRODUÇÃO DE CARVÃO VEGETAL DE CASCA DE BARU (Dipteryx alata) UTILIZANDO CÉLULAS DE CARBONIZAÇÃO
Authors: Vale Ailton Teixeira , Olsen Leandro Borges
Published: August 2014

Em Pirenópolis, GO, o extrativismo do baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.) é comum entre os pequenos produtores rurais. Organizações não governamentais têm desenvolvido projetos de comercialização da amêndoa para aumentar a renda familiar. O extrativismo gera uma grande quantidade de resíduos na forma de casca. A casca descartada no meio ambiente contribui para a poluição ambiental. No entanto, a transformação em carvão vegetal agrega valor, tornando-a um produto comercializável para churrasco. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar um sistema de produção de carvão de casca baru em células de carbonização. Na carbonização, utilizou-se um forno metálico envolto em cápsula de alvenaria com fonte de calor externa. A casca de baru utilizada foi coletada em Pirenópolis, e o experimento foi conduzido na Universidade de Brasília. Foram testados dois tratamentos, carbonização em 7,5 h e em 9,5 h. Para todas as variáveis estudadas, não foi encontrada diferença significativa entre os tratamentos, optando-se pela carbonização em 7,5 h. A carbonização realizada em 7,5 horas gerou rendimento em carvão vegetal acima de 32%, com qualidades do carvão vegetal semelhantes àquelas encontradas na literatura. Portanto, o sistema de produção de carvão vegetal de baru utilizando células de carbonizações mostrou-se eficiente e pode ser utilizado em substituição a outros sistemas.Palavras-chave: Células de carbonização; casca; Dipteryx alata; carvão.AbstractCharcoal production of bark of baru (Dipteryx alata) using carbonization cells. In Pirenópolis - GO, extraction of baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.) is common among small farmers. Non-governmental organizations have developed projects for the marketing of almonds to increase family income. The extraction generates a lot of waste in the form of bark. The bark discarded in the environment contributes to environmental pollution. However, the transformation into charcoal adds value by making it a marketable product for barbecue. The objective of this study was to evaluate a production system of charcoal from baru bark in carbonization cells. For the carbonization it was used a metallic furnace encased in brick with external heat source. The bark came from Pirinópolis and the experiment was developed at the University of Brasilia. Two treatments were tested, carbonization at 7.5 h and 9.5 h. For all studied variables it was not found significant differences between treatments, then the option is carbonization at 7.5 h. The carbonizations were performed in 7.5 hours, producing charcoal yield above 32% with qualities similar to those found in the literature. Therefore, the production system of charcoal from “baru” bark using carbonization cells was efficient and can be used instead of other systems.Keywords: Cell carbonization; bark; Dipteryx alata; charcoal.
COMPOSIÇÃO DO BANCO DE SEMENTES NO SOLO EM ÁREAS DE PRESERVAÇÃO PERMANENTE SOB DIFERENTES TIPOS DE COBERTURA
Authors: Schorn Lauri Amandio , Fenilli Tatiele Anete Bergamo , Krieger Andres , Pellens Gabriel Corso , Budag Juliana Jaqueline , Nadolny Marmonn Canestraro
Published: August 2014

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a composição e similaridade do banco de sementes no solo em três áreas com diferentes históricos de cobertura do solo: I - floresta nativa remanescente; II - extração recente de Pinus; III - reflorestamento de Pinus. Foram coletadas 10 amostras de solo aleatoriamente, para cada uma das três áreas. As amostras de solo foram colocadas em bandejas de 60 x 40 x 10 cm e dispostas em canteiros a céu aberto no laboratório de silvicultura da FURB, em Blumenau, SC, para análise da germinação, entre junho de 2008 e maio de 2009. As plântulas germinadas foram classificadas em grupos: arbóreas, arbustivas, cipós, herbáceas, gramíneas, pteridófitas e arbóreas exóticas. Foram identificados 2223 indivíduos, pertencentes a 37 espécies e 22 famílias. As espécies com maior quantidade de sementes germinadas nos três ambientes foram Eupatorium compressum e Braquiaria subquadripara. A densidade de indivíduos/m2 foi de 2.846 (ambiente I), 4.292 (ambiente II) e 2.125 (ambiente III). O número de espécies, diversidade e equabilidade foram decrescentes do ambiente I para o ambiente III. Concluiu-se que o tipo de uso e cobertura da área tem relação com a densidade dos grupos de plantas presentes no banco de sementes no solo.Palavras-chave: Regeneração; Floresta Ombrófila Mista; recuperação de área.AbstractComposition of soil seed bank in areas of permanent preservation under different types of coverage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the composition of soil seed bank in three types of use of permanent preservation area: I - remaining native Forest; II - recent extraction of Pinus; III - reforestation of Pinus. 10 soil samples were collected in randomly points distributed in each one of the three areas. The soil samples were individually placed in plastic trays with 60 x 40 x 10cm and arranged in open plots in the Silviculture Laboratory of FURB in Blumenau - SC, for analysis of germination, from June 2008 to May 2009. The seedlings were classified into groups: trees, shrubs, vines, herbs, grasses, ferns and pine. 2223 individuals were identified; they belonged to 37 species and 22 families. The species with the largest number of germinated seeds within the three environments were Eupatorium compressum and Braquiaria subquadripara. The density was 2846 indivíduals.m2 (environment I), 4292 (environment II) and 2125 (environment III). The number of species and diversity values decreased from environment with native remaining forest to the environment area with Pinus. Results point to the fact that the type of use and coverage of the area is related to density of plant groups present in the soil seed bank. Keywords: Regeneration; Mixed Forest; reclamation area.
COMPARAÇÃO DA EFICÁCIA DE TÉCNICAS DE NUCLEAÇÃO PARA RESTAURAÇÃO DE ÁREA DEGRADADA NO SUL DO BRASIL
Authors: Marcuzzo Suzane Bevilacqua , Ganade Gislene , Araújo Maristela Machado , Muniz Marlove Fátima Brião
Published: August 2014

O desenvolvimento de grandes centros urbanos em áreas naturais resultou na supressão e degradação de florestas. A fim de obter ferramentas para implantação de programas de restauração nessas áreas, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de diferentes técnicas nucleadoras sobre os fatores bióticos e abióticos que limitam a regeneração natural, em uma área degradada em remanescente de floresta, no perímetro rural-urbano de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. O experimento foi conduzido em blocos inteiramente casualizados, em esquema fatorial, composto pelos seguintes tratamentos: Controle (C), Transposição de Solo (TS), Resíduos da Arborização Urbana Triturados (RT), Transposição de Solo misturado aos Resíduos da Arborização Urbana Triturado (TS+RT) e Poleiros Artificiais. Durante 12 meses, foi avaliada a abundância e riqueza de plântulas estabelecidas, e por sete meses, a chuva de sementes em coletores. Os resultados indicam que a transposição de solo foi o método mais eficiente para restauração da área degradada em estudo. Adicionalmente, a utilização de poleiros artificiais se mostrou eficiente, indicando tendência de aumento da riqueza florística e de sementes dispersas. No entanto, a vegetação exótica da área urbana apresentou forte influência na composição florística, cuja sucessão terá trajetória diferente da vegetação original.Palavras-chave: Nucleação; poleiros artificiais; arborização urbana; transposição de solo.AbstractComparison of nucleation techniques effectiveness for degraded area restoring in Southern Brazil. The development of large urban centers in natural areas resulted in abolition and degradation of forests. In order to obtain tools for restoring programs development in such areas, this study aimed to evaluate efficiency of different nucleus techniques in relation to biotic and abiotic factors which limit natural regeneration in a depressed area of remnant forest in rural-urban perimeter of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks, in factorial disposition, composed of the following treatments: Control (C), Transposition of Soil (TS), crushed waste of urban afforestation (RT), Transposition of soil mixed to crushed waste of urban afforestation (TS+RT), and artificial perches. During 12 months,  abundance and richness of seedlings laid down were evaluated and for seven months the seed rain in sinks. Results point that the soil transposition was the most efficient method for restoration of the degraded area. Additionally, artificial perches using proved to be efficient, pointing to wealth increase trend and floristic wealth of dispersed seeds. However, the exotic vegetation of the urban area has strong influences on floristic composition, whose succession will have different trajectory of original vegetation.Keywords: Artificial perches; nucleation; urban afforestation; soil transposition.
Delivering potable water: Beyond the policies
Authors: Roberts Megan G. , Long Sharon C.
Published: August 2014

Members of two AWWA committees team up to emphasize how water professionals provide the continuous attention needed to supply safe drinking water to the public.
Supplier Diversity: From “Checking the Box” to Developing a Trusted and Valued Partner
Authors: Klocek Priya , Dayib Hussein , Mukherjee Raja , Crespo Eduardo
Published: August 2014

This article discusses why supplier diversity is so important. Companies in the private and public sectors are asking vendors to identify the amount of funding they will spend on minority and diverse firms as they bid for potential projects. This often leaves vendors scrambling to find a qualified minority business enterprise (MBE) to support their needs. An MBE is defined as a for‐profit enterprise, regardless of size, that is physically located in the United States or its trust territories and is owned, operated, and controlled by minority group members ‐ US citizens who are Asian, black, Hispanic, or Native American.
Be Prepared to Pay More for Power But Look for Opportunities
Authors: Roberson J. Alan , Carpenter Adam T.
Published: August 2014

On June 2, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) released its proposal for the control of carbon dioxide emissions from existing power plants. The proposed regulation would require the electric power sector to reduce emissions an average of 30% below their 2005 levels by 2030, although the percentage varies by state. It also provides states significant latitude to develop and implement state‐specific plans. USEPA is planning to finalize this rule in June 2015, well before the presidential election in November 2016. To say that this proposal has raised some controversy would be a massive understatement.
L’« horloge biologique » des femmes : un modèle naturaliste en question. Les normes et pratiques françaises face à la croissance de l’infertilité liée à l’âge
Authors: Vialle Manon
Published: August 2014

La croissance de l’infertilité liée à l’âge dans les sociétés industrielles avancées suscite un accroissement de demandes en matière d’assistance médicale à la procréation (AMP) et amène ainsi chaque société à s’interroger sur ses normes et pratiques. En France, cette question est un révélateur de la spécificité du modèle bioéthique qui encadre les techniques d’AMP ainsi que de ses tensions et contradictions croissantes. La particularité de ce modèle est de se présenter comme strictement « thérapeutique » et de reposer sur la notion d’« infertilité pathologique ». Or c’est justement la simplicité apparente de cette distinction entre pathologie et convenance que met en question l’infertilité liée à l’âge : elle ouvre vers une approche plus complexe de l’infertilité comme phénomène liant à la fois le somatique et le social. À partir d’une enquête auprès de professionnels qui font face à l’infertilité, nous montrerons la prégnance de ce modèle thérapeutique dans leur pratique. Mais nous verrons également que le contexte sociodémographique contemporain amène à une évolution de la notion même d’infertilité et interroge ce modèle de référence. De plus, l’apparition de nouvelles techniques telles que la congélation ovocytaire renforce la mise en question du modèle bioéthique et amène à penser autrement l’opposition pathologie/convenance sur laquelle il est construit. La question est de savoir si ce modèle saura évoluer vers une vision plus complexe et moins idéologique de l’infertilité, ce qui s’avère être un enjeu important pour la société française dans les années à venir et qui va bien au-delà de l’accès aux techniques favorisant ce dépassement.
Les nouvelles techniques médicales de reproduction en Roumanie : entre autonomie des femmes et inégalités socioéconomiques
Authors: Bretonnière Sandrine
Published: August 2014

L'Europe de l'Est est fréquemment perçue comme un vaste marché libéralisé de la procréation assistée pour les femmes venant de l'Ouest, allant jusqu'à l'accès à des corps reproducteurs. Mais que se joue-t-il dans les pays de cette partie orientale de l’Europe, pour les femmes et les hommes qui y vivent? Mon propos, dans cet article, sera centré sur la Roumanie et analysera le champ de la procréation assistée, son insertion et son développement dans une société marquée, d’une part, par la politique pronataliste de l’ère communiste, et, d’autre part, par l’absence d’encadrement législatif sur les techniques médicales de reproduction (Cutas, 2008). Dans un contexte fortement patriarcal (Kaser, 2008), je tenterai de montrer que la procréation médicalement assistée (PMA) – mais aussi l’avortement – représentent des vecteurs de réappropriation de leur corps par les femmes roumaines. Ce processus de réappropriation des corps permet de recouvrer une autonomie, qui s’articule avec celle des médecins pour qui les techniques médicales de reproduction représentent un moyen d'exploration et d’excellence biomédicales. S’engageant dans des parcours de PMA qui entraînent des grossesses tardives, parfois postménopausiques, les femmes roumaines remettent également en cause – presque incidemment – les cadres sociaux de biologisation des différences femmes-hommes (Engeli, 2010; Théry, 2010). Cette autonomie a un prix, néanmoins, car l’État n’impose certes pas de limites juridiques aux pratiques médicalisées de procréation, mais il ne couvre pas non plus les frais afférents (à l’exception d’un programme-pilote du ministère de la Santé en 2011-12), exacerbant ainsi les inégalités socioéconomiques. Ce sont ces inégalités et la distorsion des droits individuels qu’elles créent qui sont à l’origine d’une mobilisation de femmes roumaines sur la problématique de l’infertilité et de sa prise en charge par l’État roumain. Pour contrer une dimension d’injustice reproductive (Bretonnière, 2013), l’État roumain est interpellé par les actrices sociales qui l’invitent à réinvestir le champ de la procréation pour garantir des droits effectifs à ses citoyennes, et non pas pour contrôler les paramètres de la reproduction humaine.
Repenser l’alliance matrimoniale avec l’assistance médicale à la procréation en situation migratoire
Authors: Duchesne Véronique
Published: August 2014

Cet article examine le lien entre « faire un enfant » et « faire une famille » à partir d’une enquête ethnographique menée auprès de migrantes et de migrants nés en Afrique subsaharienne ayant recours à l’assistance médicale à la procréation (AMP) en Île-de-France. Quels que soient leur nationalité, leur niveau de scolarité, leur secteur d’emploi, leur classe socioéconomique, les circonstances et les raisons de leur migration, toutes et tous ont fait un lien entre leur quête d’un enfant et le fait d’être mariés ou d’avoir le projet de se marier. En situation migratoire, faire un enfant n’est pas seulement l’affaire d’un homme et d’une femme, les ascendants et les collatéraux de chacun des membres du couple infertile interviennent de façon différente. Cet article propose finalement de réinterroger l’alliance matrimoniale, d’un point de vue théorique, à partir de l’analyse des prestations matrimoniales dans le contexte de l’AMP.
‘Everything That Makes up a Woman's Life’: Feminism and Femininity in Houseparty
Authors: Forster Laurel
Published: August 2014

This article explores the ways in which an unassuming regional afternoon television programme for women, Houseparty (1972–81) overlapped with the feminist concerns of the 1970s Women's Liberation Movement. Without any overt feminist agenda, this much-loved programme achieved a feminist communication through cross-over between talk television and consciousness-raising, and by addressing issues of prominent concern to women in this decade such as the role of the housewife and the working woman, motherhood and the potential of craft as a political statement. Innovative direction and the intention to offer ‘authentic’ presentations of female experience, led a mode of conversation that straddled both feminism and femininity.
Adipocyte ALK7 links nutrient overload to catecholamine resistance in obesity
Authors: Guo Tingqing , Marmol Patricia , Moliner Annalena , Björnholm Marie , Zhang Chao , Shokat Kevan M , Ibanez Carlos F
Published: August 2014

Obesity is associated with blunted β-adrenoreceptor (β-AR)-mediated lipolysis and lipid oxidation in adipose tissue, but the mechanisms linking nutrient overload to catecholamine resistance are poorly understood. We report that targeted disruption of TGF-β superfamily receptor ALK7 alleviates diet-induced catecholamine resistance in adipose tissue, thereby reducing obesity in mice. Global and fat-specific Alk7 knock-out enhanced adipose β-AR expression, β-adrenergic signaling, mitochondrial biogenesis, lipid oxidation, and lipolysis under a high fat diet, leading to elevated energy expenditure, decreased fat mass, and resistance to diet-induced obesity. Conversely, activation of ALK7 reduced β-AR-mediated signaling and lipolysis cell-autonomously in both mouse and human adipocytes. Acute inhibition of ALK7 in adult mice by a chemical-genetic approach reduced diet-induced weight gain, fat accumulation, and adipocyte size, and enhanced adipocyte lipolysis and β-adrenergic signaling. We propose that ALK7 signaling contributes to diet-induced catecholamine resistance in adipose tissue, and suggest that ALK7 inhibitors may have therapeutic value in human obesity.
Reconceiving the hippocampal map as a topological template
Authors: Dabaghian Yuri , Brandt Vicky L , Frank Loren M
Published: August 2014

The role of the hippocampus in spatial cognition is incontrovertible yet controversial. Place cells, initially thought to be location-specifiers, turn out to respond promiscuously to a wide range of stimuli. Here we test the idea, which we have recently demonstrated in a computational model, that the hippocampal place cells may ultimately be interested in a space's topological qualities (its connectivity) more than its geometry (distances and angles); such higher-order functioning would be more consistent with other known hippocampal functions. We recorded place cell activity in rats exploring morphing linear tracks that allowed us to dissociate the geometry of the track from its topology. The resulting place fields preserved the relative sequence of places visited along the track but did not vary with the metrical features of the track or the direction of the rat's movement. These results suggest a reinterpretation of previous studies and new directions for future experiments.
Foley Catheter vs Prostaglandin as Ripening Agent in Pregnant Women With Premature Rupture of Membranes
Authors: Mackeen A. Dhanya , Walker LaToya , Ruhstaller Kelly , Schuster Meike , Sciscione Anthony
Published: August 2014

Context: Although studies support the efficacy of the Foley catheter (FC) as a cervical ripening agent in pregnant women at term with intact membranes, its efficacy has not been well studied in women with premature rupture of membranes (PROM).

Objective: To compare the interval to delivery in women with PROM who underwent induction of labor and cervical ripening with mechanical (FC) vs nonmechanical (prostaglandin [PG]) cervical ripening agents.

Design: Retrospective medical record review at 2 hospitals of pregnant women who delivered between January 2009 and April 2011.

Setting: Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Christiana Care Health System in Newark, Delaware.

Patients: Pregnant women with singleton gestations 36 weeks or greater who presented with PROM.

Interventions: Cervical ripening with FC or PG.

Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome was time from induction until delivery. Secondary outcomes included epidural use, maximum temperature during labor, number of vaginal examinations, occurrence of tachysystole, oxytocin dose, delivery mode, chorioamnionitis, and neonatal Apgar score.

Results: Of 155 medical records of patients who met the inclusion criteria, 33 women underwent cervical ripening with PG (ie, misoprostol) and 122 with FC. The interval to delivery was almost halved in women who underwent cervical ripening with FC compared with misoprostol (736 vs 1354 minutes; P<.01). Compared with the women in the misoprostol group, those in the FC group received a statistically significant higher dose of oxytocin (P<.01). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups with respect to the remaining secondary outcomes. Of note, all of the women who received FC were from Christiana Care Health System, and all women who received misoprostol were from Thomas Jefferson University Hospital.

Conclusion: Foley catheters may help shorten the interval to delivery in women who are candidates for cervical ripening after PROM at or near term. There does not appear to be an increased risk for cesarean delivery or chorioamnionitis in those treated with FC.
Recodificación Fonológica y Formación de Representaciones Ortográficas en Español
Authors: Ferroni Marina V. , Diuk Beatriz Graciela
Published: August 2014

El objetivo del estudio fue explorar si la recodificación fonológica de palabras actúa como mecanismo de aprendizaje de su forma ortográfica en español. Por medio de una muestra intencional, 46 niños que cursaban el 3er año de escolaridad primaria en un colegio de Buenos Aires participaron de un estudio experimental: debían leer narraciones breves con pseudopalabras meta, las que incluían algún fonema que puede ser codificado mediante más de un grafema en el sistema ortográfico del español (/b/ como o como ); 2 días después los niños se sometían a un post-test para verificar si se había producido aprendizaje ortográfico. Se calcularon estadísticos descriptivos y contrastes entre medias (pruebas de Wilcoxon y Friedman). Los resultados generales arrojaron evidencia a favor de la hipótesis de la recodificación fonológica como mecanismo de autoaprendizaje. Sin embargo, un análisis por ítem reveló que, en los casos en que la pseudopalabra incluye un grafema no dominante con una amplia diferencia de frecuencia con respecto al grafema dominante (/s/ como o como), la lectura no constituye un mecanismo suficiente para formar la representación ortográfica correspondiente.
Análisis Psicométrico de la Escala Parental Breve (EPB): Invarianza Demográfica y Longitudinal en Adolescentes Chilenos
Authors: Cumsille Patricio , Martínez María Loreto , Rodríguez Viviana , Darling Nancy
Published: August 2014

Se reporta el análisis psicométrico de la Escala Parental Breve (EPB), desarrollada a partir del PSI II (Darling & Toyokawa, 1997). La EPB se compone de 3 subescalas: 2 que evalúan dimensiones del estilo parental (responsividad/ calidez y demanda parental) y una que evalúa la práctica parental de monitoreo. Se utilizó una muestra intencionada de adolescentes chilenos (segunda medición N = 1426, 53% mujeres; tercera medición N = 1342, 51% mujeres; cuarta medición N = 879, 51% mujeres) de 6 colegios particulares, subvencionados y municipales de la Región Metropolitana, reclutados para un estudio longitudinal sobre desarrollo de autonomía en adolescentes y relaciones entre padres y adolescentes. Mediante análisis factorial exploratorio se evaluó la dimensionalidad de la EPB en la segunda medición. Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios apoyaron la invarianza métrica de la EPB por género, nivel socioeconómico y edad, en la tercera medición, y la estabilidad temporal de la escala, comparando las mediciones 3 y 4. Las correlaciones de las escalas del instrumento con otros indicadores de comportamiento parental y de bienestar en los adolescentes apoyaron la validez concurrente de la EPB.
Long‐Term Ecological Research and Network‐Level Science
Authors: Collins Scott L. , Childers Daniel L.
Published: August 2014

With every passing year, the effects of global environmental change are becoming more pervasive and are occurring at a more accelerated pace. Climate change, land use change, atmospheric nitrogen deposition, ocean acidification and sea level rise, loss of biodiversity, and homogenization of Earth's ecosystems are all manifestations of human activities. These short‐ and long‐term effects of environmental changes continue to mount.
African Science Leaders Focus on Key Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: August 2014

While dozens of African presidents were in Washington, D. C., in early August to meet with U.S. president Barack Obama during the first U.S.‐Africa Leaders Summit, African science ministers and science academy officials held their own gathering at the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to focus on challenges and opportunities related to environmental protection, climate change, development, health, poverty, technology, and other issues.
Earth Observation Plan Looks Toward Balancing U.S. Federal Priorities
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: August 2014

The U.S. federal government funds about $2.5 billion for Earth observation satellite systems and more than $1 billion for airborne, terrestrial (including freshwater), and marine networks and surveys among 11 departments and agencies. Combined, those Earth observation activities add about $30 billion to the U.S. economy each year.
The Summer of Supermoons
Authors: McCarter Tricia
Published: August 2014

Two perigee full moons appeared in the sky this summer, one on 12 July and one on 10 August, and a third will appear on 9 September. Perigee is the moment the Moon passes closest to the Earth. Although the appearance of these moons is not extraordinary—they occur, on average, between four and six times per year—the 10 August moon was the brightest and closest of all the perigee moons that will appear this year.
AGU Journals Increase Speed and Impact
Authors: Warner Mary
Published: August 2014

Fast publication and high quality and impact are important for effective dissemination of geoscience research. With this in mind, AGU's journal editors and staff, along with staff at our publishing partner, Wiley, have been working to increase both the speed of publication and the impact of the research published in our 18 peer‐reviewed journals while maintaining our commitment to quality. Significant progress continues to be made on both fronts, as evidenced by the most recent publication times and the 2013 release of the Journal Citation Reports®, which was issued by Thomson Reuters on 29 July.
Supporting Science Careers
Authors: Howard Claire
Published: August 2014

AGU is a diverse community of scientists from numerous countries. Our members focus on various research areas and are at different career stages. Supporting career scientists—those actively in the field, shaping policy, teaching, researching, and managing—is critical to ensuring future excellence in geoscience. This excellence, in turn, serves to better humanity.
Gombosi Receives 2013 Space Weather and Nonlinear Waves and Processes Prize: Citation
Authors: McCoy Robert P.
Published: August 2014

The Space Physics and Aeronomy section of AGU awards the Space Weather and Nonlinear Waves and Processes Prize to Tamas Gombosi of the University of Michigan. Gombosi, the founding director of the Center for Space Environment Modeling, has been a leader in space weather research, a visionary in space weather numerical modeling for several decades, and a pioneer of international space physics collaboration. Gombosi's major contributions to space weather include the development of the first time‐dependent numerical model of the terrestrial polar wind and the creation of the BATS‐R‐US magnetohydrodynamic model, a powerful and versatile numerical tool widely used today for modeling the global geospace, the heliosphere, and the solar interior.
Morrow, Reiff, Receive 2013 Space Physics and Aeronomy Richard Carrington Awards: Response
Authors: Morrow Cherilynn
Published: August 2014

I am delighted to receive the SPARC award, which recognizes education and public outreach (E/PO) efforts that incorporate our community's scientific achievements while addressing authentic educational needs. No one is honored in isolation, and I owe a large debt of gratitude to many fellow pioneers, including the author of the citation above and my fellow SPARC awardee, Pat Reiff. Back in 1994, she was one of two committee members to be overtly supportive as I made the first ever E/PO presentations to the (then) NASA Space Science Advisory Committee. Today all of the recent space science decadal reports include explicit support for E/PO programs integrated within NASA and National Science Foundation research missions.
Morrow, Reiff, Receive 2013 Space Physics and Aeronomy Richard Carrington Awards: Response
Authors: Reiff Patricia H.
Published: August 2014

It is a special privilege to receive this award honoring Richard Carrington's discovery of what we now call space weather. It is particularly appropriate that this award also recognizes Cherilynn Morrow, who 20 years ago made a presentation to the Space Science Advisory Committee on Jeff Rosendhal's idea of mission‐based E/PO. We worked together, bringing that idea to the successful, but threatened, network it is today. For me, learning and teaching go hand in hand—as we publish our findings for our peers, we should also repay the public investment in our research with accurate, understandable results. My interest in space science was sparked by a father‐daughter course in astronomy sponsored by the Brownies at the Oklahoma City Planetarium and kindled by the Bell Labs production The Strange Case of the Cosmic Rays directed by Frank Capra. Knowing that planetarium shows and educational movies can change lives, I have devoted a large portion of my last 25 years to creating software, shows, and portable planetariums to inspire and engage youth. This has not been a one‐person effort, of course. My work Cherilynn Ann Morrow would have been impossible without the collaboration of Carolyn Sumners, vice president of the Houston Museum of Natural Science. Our museum kiosk and planetarium control software would not have happened without the skill and perseverance of my chief programmer, Colin Law. Jim Burch has been first a mentor and then a colleague on both the research and outreach sides of my career. I share this honor with a long line of highly talented students and postdocs who have contributed science content and outreach efforts. Most importantly, without the support of my husband, Tom Hill, I would not have had the time and freedom to build an educational network while continuing research and raising a family. I thank AGU for bestowing this honor.
Future Earth: Advancing Civic Understanding of the Anthropocene
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: August 2014

The Anthropocene, a term first coined in the 1980s by biologist Eugene Stoermer, is a word that encapsulates a powerful idea—that the world is now in the throes of a novel geological epoch, a period of time in which human activity, not natural cycles, dominates many of Earth's chemical, geological, and biological systems. The growing realization of our importance has caused a reanalysis, both scientifically and ethically, of our relationship with the natural world.
Wildfires increasing in size and frequency across the U.S. West
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: August 2014

Since 1984, wildfires have increased in size and frequency, correlating with higher drought severity across the western United States. Dennison et al. looked at remotely sensed data from the U.S. government's Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity project from the years 1984−2011, focusing on fires larger than 400 hectares in nine ecoregions that included mountains, plains, and deserts. The authors found that not only are wildfires becoming more frequent—by an estimated seven large fires per year—but they are also burning more total area, increasing by about 355 square kilometers per year.
Designing a model of turbulent dissipation by internal wave breaking
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: August 2014

In some regions of the ocean, massive internal waves travel vertically through the water column. Buoyed by strong temperature and pressure gradients, the waves—which can be hundreds of meters tall—carry cold, deep water up toward the surface. The slow‐moving waves are a major component of ocean turbulence, and their existence drives a large‐scale redistribution of salt, energy, heat, and nutrients. When one of these oceanic internal waves breaks, however, the dissipation of turbulent energy diminishes ocean stratification, mitigating further mixing.
Impact of the MJO on the boreal winter extratropical circulation
Authors: Garfinkel Chaim I. , Benedict James J. , Maloney Eric D.
Published: August 2014

The effect of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) on the Northern Hemisphere wintertime stratospheric polar vortex is evaluated using a meteorological reanalysis data set and a modern atmospheric general circulation model. The MJO influences the tropospheric North Pacific; and in particular, it modulates the heat flux that is in phase with the climatological planetary waves in both the troposphere and stratosphere. The phase of the MJO in which convection is propagating into the tropical central Pacific leads to a weakened vortex, while suppressed MJO convection in this region is associated with a stronger vortex. Subsequently, the MJO modulates the phase of the tropospheric North Atlantic Oscillation (also known as the Arctic Oscillation or the Northern Annular Mode). While the responses in the model and in the reanalysis data differ in some respects, they both indicate that the MJO can remotely impact the extratropical tropospheric circulation via the stratosphere.
Evidence of viscoelastic deformation following the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake revealed from seafloor geodetic observation
Authors: Watanabe Shun‐ichi , Sato Mariko , Fujita Masayuki , Ishikawa Tadashi , Yokota Yusuke , Ujihara Naoto , Asada Akira
Published: August 2014

The GPS/acoustic seafloor positioning has detected significant postseismic movements after the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake (M9.0), just above the source region off the Pacific coast of eastern Japan. In contrast to the coastal Global Navigation Satellite Systems sites where trenchward‐upward movements were reported, the offshore sites above the main rupture zone in the northern part of the source region exhibit landward displacements of tens of centimeters with significant subsidence from almost 3 years of repeated observations. At the sites above around the edge of the main rupture zone, smaller amount of trench‐normal movements was found. Although the terrestrial movements were reasonably interpreted by afterslip beneath the coastal area, these offshore results are rather consistent with effects predicted from viscoelastic relaxation in the upper mantle, providing definitive evidence of its occurrence. On the other hand, the results in the southern part of the source region imply superposition of effects from viscoelastic relaxation and afterslip.
Fluid seepage velocities through marine sediments constrained by a global compilation of interstitial water SO42−, Mg2+, and Ca2+ profiles
Authors: Anderson B. W. , Coogan L. A. , Gillis K. M.
Published: August 2014

The depth dependence of the SO42−, Mg2+, and Ca2+ contents of interstitial waters extracted from sediments in 140 Deep Sea Drilling Project/Ocean Drilling Program/Integrated Ocean Drilling Program drill holes on oceanic crust has been fit using a model of transport (advection and diffusion) and reaction. These drill holes come from a range of crustal ages, sediment types, sediment thicknesses, and sediment accumulation rates. The best fitting specific discharge through the sediment at these locations is estimated to be generally <500 m Myr−1 (0.05 cm yr−1), where sediments are thicker than 100 m, although an order of magnitude faster seepage is estimated for some locations with sediment tens of meters thick. Assuming that the drill holes are globally representative, then seepage of fluids through marine sediments at specific discharges of a few hundred m Myr−1 is estimated to be only a few percent of the total ridge flank hydrothermal fluid flux. This is consistent with the previous suggestion that hydrothermal fluid exchange between the ocean and the crustal aquifer primarily occurs through basement outcrops. Chemical fluxes of SO42−, Mg2+, and Ca2+ across the sediment‐water interface globally (excluding continental margins) are estimated to be less than 10% of the riverine input to the ocean.
Strain‐induced outgassing of three‐phase magmas during simple shear
Authors: Shields J. K. , Mader H. M. , Pistone M. , Caricchi L. , Floess D. , Putlitz B.
Published: August 2014

A major factor determining the explosivity of silicic eruptions is the removal of volatiles from magma through permeability‐controlled outgassing. We studied the microstructural development of permeability during deformation of highly viscous magma by performing simple shear experiments on bubble (0.12–0.36 volume fraction) and crystal‐bearing (0–0.42 volume fraction) silicate melts. Experiments were performed under torsion, at high temperature and pressure (723–873 K and 150–200 MPa) in a Paterson deformation apparatus at bulk shear strains between 0 and 10. The experimental setup allows for gas escape if bubble connectivity is reached on the sample periphery. Three‐dimensional imaging and analysis of deformed bubbles was performed using X‐ray tomography. The development of localized deformation in all samples, enhanced by crystal content, leads to brittle fracture at bulk strains > 2 and sample‐wide fracturing in samples deformed to strains >5. A decrease in both bubble fraction and dissolved volatile content with increasing strain, along with strain‐hardening rheological behavior, suggests significant shear‐induced outgassing through the fracture networks, applicable to shallow conduit degassing in magmas containing crystal fractions of 0–0.42. This study contributes to our understanding of highly viscous magma outgassing and processes governing the effusive‐explosive transition.
Experimental evidence for seismically initiated gas bubble nucleation and growth in groundwater as a mechanism for coseismic borehole water level rise and remotely triggered seismicity
Authors: Crews Jackson B. , Cooper Clay A.
Published: August 2014

Changes in borehole water levels and remotely triggered seismicity occur in response to near and distant earthquakes at locations around the globe, but the mechanisms for these phenomena are not well understood. Experiments were conducted to show that seismically initiated gas bubble growth in groundwater can trigger a sustained increase in pore fluid pressure consistent in magnitude with observed coseismic borehole water level rise, constituting a physically plausible mechanism for remote triggering of secondary earthquakes through the reduction of effective stress in critically loaded geologic faults. A portion of the CO2 degassing from the Earth's crust dissolves in groundwater where seismic Rayleigh and P waves cause dilational strain, which can reduce pore fluid pressure to or below the bubble pressure, triggering CO2 gas bubble growth in the saturated zone, indicated by a spontaneous buildup of pore fluid pressure. Excess pore fluid pressure was measured in response to the application of 0.1–1.0 MPa, 0.01–0.30 Hz confining stress oscillations to a Berea sandstone core flooded with initially subsaturated aqueous CO2, under conditions representative of a confined aquifer. Confining stress oscillations equivalent to the dynamic stress of the 28 June 1992 Mw 7.3 Landers, California, earthquake Rayleigh wave as it traveled through the Long Valley caldera, and Parkfield, California, increased the pore fluid pressure in the Berea core by an average of 36 ± 15 cm and 23 ± 15 cm of equivalent freshwater head, respectively, in agreement with 41.8 cm and 34 cm rises recorded in wells at those locations.
Simulating extreme total water levels using a time‐dependent, extreme value approach
Authors: Serafin Katherine A. , Ruggiero Peter
Published: August 2014

Coastal flood hazard zones and the design of coastal defenses are often devised using the maximum recorded water level or a “design” event such as the 100 year return level, usually projected from observed extremes. Despite technological advances driving more consistent instrumental records of waves and water levels, the observational record may be short, punctuated with intermittent gaps, and vary in quality. These issues in the record often preclude accurate and robust estimates of extreme return level events. Here we present a total water level full simulation model (TWL‐FSM) that simulates the various components of TWLs (waves, tides, and nontidal residuals) in a Monte Carlo sense, taking into account conditional dependencies that exist between the various components. Extreme events are modeled using nonstationary extreme value distributions that include seasonality and climate variability. The resulting synthetic TWLs allow for empirical extraction of return level events and the ability to more robustly estimate and assess present‐day flood and erosion hazards. The approach is demonstrated along a northern Oregon, USA littoral cell but is applicable to beaches anywhere wave and water level records or hindcasts are available. Simulations result in extreme 100 year TWL return levels as much as 90 cm higher than those extrapolated from the “observational” record. At the Oregon site, this would result in 30% more coastal flooding than the “observational” 100 year TWL return level projections. More robust estimates of extreme TWLs and tighter confidence bounds on return level events can aid coastal engineers, managers, and emergency planners in evaluating exposure to hazards.