bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Guidelines for the Use of the WAIS-IV with WAIS-III Cross-Cultural Normative Indications
Authors: Shuttleworth-Edwards Ann B.
Published: March 2013

The aim of this article was to provide practitioner guidelines for the use of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale — 4th Edition (WAIS-IV) within the South African context, given the absence of local norms for this edition of the test. Normative indications for WAIS-III test performance (English administration), in respect of South African black African (predominantly Xhosa) first language samples (age range 19–30), demonstrate that Grade 12 and Graduate Xhosa groups with disadvantaged education were significantly lower than the US standardization by 20 to 30 IQ points. This raises the question as to whether practitioners should use the WAIS-III rather than the more clinically advanced WAIS-IV for such testees given the lack of appropriate norms. In response to this dilemma, a mechanism is presented for converting a WAIS-IV raw score test profile into a WAIS-III test profile such that it may be subjected to analysis in terms of available WAIS-III cross-cultural norms. Following this procedure, WAIS-III subtest scaled scores and index scores were calculated from WAIS-IV data for three young adult Xhosa speaking individuals with disadvantaged education. Descriptive comparisons of the original WAIS-IV scores and the derived WAIS-III scores reveal substantial equivalence across each of the three test profiles. Taking both clinical and statistical data into account, a neuropsychological analysis was elucidated in respect of one of these cases, on the basis of which a contextually coherent interpretation of a WAIS-IV brain injury test protocol using the Shuttleworth-Edwards et al. WAIS-III cross-cultural norms is achieved. While further research is warranted, it appears that for diagnostic purposes practitioners can legitimately proceed to the use of the WAIS-IV in respect of such educationally disadvantaged populations by means of cautious application of these WAIS-III local norms.
Red, Green, Blue, Red, Argh! A Missing Shift in Processing: The Stroop Task Does Not Affect Facial Recognition
Authors: Nortje Alicia , Tredoux Colin
Published: March 2013

The transfer-inappropriate processing shift is one explanation for the verbal overshadowing effect: a phenomenon that prevents accurate face recognition following a verbal description of that same face. Rather than examining a shift from configural to featural processing, this experiment investigated whether a shift from automatic to controlled processing could have similar deleterious effects on facial recognition. Automatic, and controlled, processing were induced using a computer-based Stroop task. Participants ( n = 288) processed the font colour, or word reading conditions of the Stroop task; afterwards, their facial recognition was tested. Even though the Stroop effect did occur, the differences in facial recognition between participants who responded to the automatic condition and participants who responded to the controlled condition of the Stroop task did not differ significantly. The results suggest that the processing shift from configural to featural processing, which is induced by the Navon letters, would better explain the verbal overshadowing effect than the processing modes underlying the Stroop task.
‘Seeing is Believing’: The Effect of Viewing and Constructing a Composite on Identification Performance
Authors: Kempen Kate , Tredoux Colin G.
Published: March 2013

This experiment investigated the effects of composite construction and viewing on later identification recognition accuracy. A total of 122 participants were exposed to a composite target for five seconds and then randomly assigned to one of three groups: control, view, or construction. Participants in the construction group were required to produce a composite of the original target. Participants in the view group were exposed to a composite created by another participant (a constructor). The control group completed a distractor task. After a delay, all participants returned to select the target from a lineup. Individual lineups were created for each participant. Lineups were constructed by blending the participant's construction with the target face to form a graded lineup of similar faces. The construction group performed significantly more poorly than the control group (51.22% vs. 23.26%) and target identifications were also lower for the view group compared to the control group (26.23% vs. 51.22%). This study showed similar results to those of previous work, indicating that composite construction decreases identification performance. Furthermore, mere exposure to a composite may also contaminate the memory trace for the original target.
A Multimodal Approach to Multiple Obsessive-Compulsive Behaviours
Authors: Beaty D.T.
Published: March 2013

A 35 year old male suffering from obsessive-compulsive neurosis was referred to this examiner after 18 months of psycho-analysis. The client's multiple obsessive-compulsive behaviour had decreased only slightly and further obsessions had subsequently manifested themselves. A seven-day baseline was initiated after which a multimodal behaviour therapy regimen was used over a 28-day period. After the 21st day the subject reported full control of his compulsions and on a six-week assessment he reported that marital, personal and social relations had improved as a result of his control over previous compulsive acts.
Selection of Candidates for Psychotherapy Training: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Snyders F.J.A.
Published: March 2013

New demands on the therapeutic psychologist and a new approach to the selection of candidates for postgraduate training in psychotherapy are explored. Intrapsychic approaches to selection are questioned, and a procedure based on interactional and communication approaches is devised and applied. Psychotherapy is described in terms of a conceptual structure including relationship dimensions, basic facilitative conditions, interviewing skills, group skills, and attitudinal components. On this basis a selection programme is applied. In vivo interpersonal situations where extensive use is made of ratings, are emphasized and statistical analyses of the data support the hypothesis that in vivo situations are realistic settings for the assessment of therapeutic potentialities. Rating procedures are found to be highly reliable. Interviewing skills, basic facilitative dimensions, internal frame of reference, and group proficiency, seem to be of prime importance in identifying potentialities for further training, and the feasibility of selecting candidates on the basis of measurable skills is advocated.
Psychological Factors Differentiating Unwed Mothers Keeping Their Babies from Those Placing Them for Adoption
Authors: Straker G. , Altman R.
Published: March 2013

The study focused on possible psychological variables which could differentiate unwed mothers keeping their babies from those placing them for adoption when certain pragmatic, sociological variables were kept constant. These psychological variables were derived from a model constructed on the basis of psychoanalytic writing on the genesis of unwed pregnancy. Three hypotheses generated from this model were tested, viz. that unwed mothers who kept their babies would have poorer feminine identification; greater hostility toward their own mothers; and greater object needs than unwed mothers who released their babies for adoption. The Thematic Apperception Test was used to investigate these hypotheses. The experimental group consisted of 15 unwed mothers who had decided to keep their babies. These were compared with a control group of 12 unwed mothers who had decided to place their babies for adoption. The experimental and control groups were matched on a number of sociological variables. The results supported the above hypotheses. The applicability of these results were discussed.
A General Hospital Patient is Not a NUT
Authors: Striimpfer D.J.W.
Published: March 2013

Psychological problems of general hospital patients are related to physical illness and disability, and/or physical disorder produced by affective distress. The typical emphasis on psychopathology during academic training, and the orientation towards psychiatry during internships maladapt clinical psychologists for work with such patients. This argument is supported by diverse illustrations: psychological disturbance in pregnant women, psychological problems of patients in intensive care units, the inappropriateness of a psychopathological approach to the psychological aspects of coronary heart disease, and the adaptive value of denial in some instances of physical illness. Psychological reactions to medical conditions can be understood better in terms of developmental crisis. Implications for training are mentioned.
Cultural, Motivational and Temporal Problems with the 16 P.F. Test
Authors: Adcock Ngaire V. , Adcock C.J.
Published: March 2013

In view of the queries raised about the validity of the 16 P.F. factors when applied to a large New Zealand sample (vide Adcock & Adcock 1977), it was decided to make a study of individual items which did not seem to be satisfactory in the light of three criteria: inadequate loadings on any of the factors found in the analysis; gross failure to yield any indication of face validity; and failure to gain appreciable loading on group factors as defined by group factor analysis of the correlational matrix sectioned in accord with the scoring material. Consideration of these items indicates that many are greatly affected by cultural and temporal differences and by test climate.
'n Faktorontleding van die ‘Eysenck Personality Questionnaire’ vir Afrikaanssprekendes
Authors: Plug C.
Published: March 2013

Die ‘Eysenck Personality Questionnaire’, wat in 1975 in Engeland ontwikkel is, is aangepas vir Afrikaanssprekendes. 'n Voorlopige vorm van die vraelys is in Afrikaans vertaal en op 906 persone toegepas. Faktorontleding toon dat die faktorstruktuur van die vertaalde vraelys nie veel verskil van die van die oorspronklike skaal nie. Items is geselekteer om skale van 20 items elk te vorm vir die meting van ekstraversie, neurotisis-me en psigotisisme, sowel as 'n leuenskaal. Die eien-skappe van die skale vir Afrikaanssprekendes verskil nie veel van die van die oorspronklike skale nie, behal-we dat die betroubaarheid van die psigotisisme-skaal laer is.
Indigenous Healing in South Africa: A Neglected Potential
Authors: Holdstock T.L.
Published: March 2013

The incidence of indigenous healing, recognition of the spiritual and emotional dimension in the lives of our population, lack of ‘professionally’ qualified mental health workers, inadequacy of imposing Western approaches on other cultures, proven effectiveness of nonprofessional workers in the mental health area, shortcomings in and disenchantment with Western models of healing and the holistic nature of indigenous healing compel cognisance. The similarity between certain Western approaches, such as that of Jung, and indigenous healing, development in brain research, humanistic and transpersonal psychology, arguments by the World Health Organization (WHO), and the call to integrate indigenous and Western approaches to healing, necessitates a closer look at the area. South African academics and professionals have urged for the recognition of indigenous healing in order to provide a comprehensive mental health service. It is felt that indigenous healing can teach us and offer unique opportunities in the applied and research aspects of psychology.
Recent Africana on Malnutrition and Behaviour: A Special Review
Authors: Brozek Josef
Published: March 2013

Eastern, Southern and Western African studies on the effects of malnutrition on behaviour are reviewed. The studies are briefly described in terms of the behavioural assessment procedures employed, the nature of the malnutrition involved, the age-groups studies and conclusions drawn on the basis of the results of the research. Comment on the studies is also made. From the review it becomes clear that studies on chronic and acute malnutrition may yield considerably different results in terms of behavioural sequelae.
An Analysis of the Relationship between Nutrition and Psychological Health
Authors: Edwards D.J.A.
Published: March 2013

A number of variables affecting and affected by an individual's food intake are identified. More specifically this article deals with the extent to which healthy psychological functioning is impaired if food intake is nutritionally inappropriate, and the extent to which healthy psychological functioning is facilitated when dietary management is implemented. These questions are posed and discussed in the wider context of the relation between psychophysiological functioning and dietary regulation.
Design and Establishment of a Primate Troop Enclosure
Authors: Tollman S.G. , Lucas J.W.
Published: March 2013

The advantages and disadvantages of caged and field studies are well documented. Both types of study are necessary for a complete elucidation of the behaviour of a species. The evidence presented here suggests that a cage which has been built at the University of Natal overcomes many of the difficulties involved in cage studies in that it provides for many of the activities seen in a free-ranging troop, including territorial behaviour. The success of this enterprise may stem largely from the use of a hemispherical rather than cubical cage, and the preservation of genealogical links among the inmates. A ‘natural’ troop has been successfully maintained in the cage since May 1975.
Internal-External Control among South African Students — A Cross-Cultural Study
Authors: Moodley-Rajab Devi , Ramkissoon R.D.
Published: March 2013

To investigate the relationship between internal versus external locus of control, sex, and ethnic group membership, three groups of university students (Indians, English-speaking White South Africans and Blacks) were compared on their responses to the Rotter I-E Control Scale. The hypothesis that a belief in internal versus external control is significantly related to ethnic group membership was rejected but it was confirmed for the variable of sex.
'n Skaal vir die meting van empatiese begrip
Authors: Van Wyk J.D.
Published: March 2013

Daar kan min twyfel wees dat 'n sekere mate van empatiese begrip grondliggend is aan alle suksesvolle terapeutiese situasies en ander interpersoonlike verhoudings wat konstruktief en opbouend is. Daar word tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat 'n deegelike kennis van die aard van empatie noodsaaklik is. In 'n kort teoretiese bespreking word die volgende aspekte van nader beskou: die verskillende betekenisse wat aan die begrip geheg word; die verskille en ooreenkomste tussen empatie en verwante begrippe soos simpatie, identifikasie en projeksie. 'n Geldige meting van empatie kan van groot betekenis wees. Op grond van 'n kritiese evaluering van die vyf basiese metingsbenaderings tot empatie, kan daar gesê word dat die verskillende metinge nie een onderliggende konstruk verteenwoordig nie en dat skaalmetinge, ondanks die kritiek daarteen, van groot praktiese betekenis is en nog steeds die aanvaarbaarste van al die meetinstrumente is. 'n Empatieskaal met voorbeelde van die verskillende vlakke van die skaal, sowel as die skaal se nagevorsde psigometriese eienskappe word gegee.
Metateorie: 'n Sesde ‘krag’ in die sielkunde
Authors: Jordaan Wilhelm , Jordaan Jackie
Published: March 2013

Die nutswaarde van wat genoem word 'n sesde ‘krag’ of paradigma in die sielkunde, naamlik die ontwikkeling van metateorieë van menslike gedrag en ervaring, en dat die ontwikkeling van 'n metateorie gegrond behoort te word op 'n interdissiplinëre sisteembenadering, word ondersoek. Aggressiewe gedrag word as voorbeeld gebruik om die benadering te ‘toets’. 'n Persoon funksioneer as 'n hiërargies-ïgemtegreerde oop sisteem en die oopheid van hierdie sisteem word bepaal deur die mate van interaksie binne en tussen die subsisteme waaruit die totale sisteem saamgestel is. Die volgende subsisteme, in hiërargiese orde, word behandel: biologiese, intrapsigiese, fisiese, interpersoonlike, sosiaal- sielkundige, en sosiologiese. Dit word voorgestel dat enige verskynsel wat die sielkundige wil ondersoek, op hierdie verskillende maar geïntegreerde ‘vlakke van gesprek’ bestudeer word. Die sisteembenadering tot persoonsfunksionering leen hom dus tot interdissiplinëre teoriekonstruksie, navorsing en intervensie. Die implikasies van 'n interdissiplinere sisteembenadering vir die sielkundige se filosofie van die wetenskap, sy navorsingsaktiwiteite en beplanning van intervensies word kortliks bespreek.
How Many Answer Categories should Attitude and Personality Scales Use?
Authors: Ray J.J.
Published: March 2013

General population data were sought on the question of what is the optimal number of response categories for attitude and personality scale items. When an ethnocentrism scale was administered to 100 randomly sampled residents of Johannesburg, it was found to show a reliability of 0,73 with five-point options. Scoring the extreme options as the same gave also a three point version of each item. So scored, the scale reliability dropped to 0,65. In a second study the Jackson Dominance Scale was administered to two random postal samples of the Australian State of New South Wales. When administered and scored with three response options for each item the reliability was 0,84. Collapsed to two options the reliability of the scale dropped to 0,80. When administered and scored with only two response options the reliability was 0,81. It was concluded that collapsed scoring is a useful methodology for examining the effects of varied response options and that more response options generally improve reliability.
The Septal Forebrain in Relation to REM Sleep, Hippocampal Theta and Sensory Regulation
Authors: Holdstock T.L.
Published: March 2013

Large lesions in the septal forebrain failed to influence the REM sleep of hooded rats under a number of different conditions. This was true whether the electrical activity of the cortex or the activity of the dorsal and ventral hippocampus were used as criteria to assess REM sleep. The amount of REM sleep of animals with and without lesions was the same under baseline and REM deprivations conditions, and also similar under conditions of different types of environmental noise. The most surprising finding was the persistence of hippocampal theta activity after septal co-agulation. As has been reported previously, REM deprivation causes an appreciable compensatory effect. The values of REM sleep obtained under baseline and deprivation conditions were comparable to that previously obtained in our laboratory.
Houdingsverandering teenoor die bejaarde deur eksistensiële kontak
Authors: Nieuwoudt J.M. , Thom D.P.
Published: March 2013

Die houdings van 290 Afrikaanssprekende, 467 Engels- sprekende, 42 Swart- en 27 Indiërstudente teenoor die bejaarde is gemeet voor en na die blootstelling aan 'n eksistensiële kontaksituasie met bejaarde persone. Hoogsbeduidende statistiese verskille is gevind tussen die gemiddeldes van die voor- en natoetse. Hoewel die rigting van houdingsverandering in die algemeen positief was, het 'n aantal proefpersone ook geen verandering, of 'n negatiewe verandering getoon. Hierdie bevindings steun die hipotese dat eksistensiële kontak 'n belangrike metode is om houdingsverandering teenoor die bejaarde te bewerkstellig.
Extrapunitive, Intropunitive and Impunitive Responses of Indian Students to Different Racial Groups in South Africa
Authors: Rajab D. , Chohan E.A.
Published: March 2013

The Rosenzweig P — F Study was administered to a group of South African Indian students (N = 403) from the University of Durban-Westville with slight modifications in administration. The subjects were divided into three groups and were instructed to react to Blacks in Group A, to Whites in Group B, and to Indians in Group C. The results indicated that the subjects differed in their responses to the three racial groups revealing predominantly intropunitive and impunitive responses to Blacks, and extrapunitive responses to Indians.
'n Eksperiment in verband met die interpretasie van sielkundige toetse
Authors: Langenhoven H.P.
Published: March 2013

A new approach to psychological measurement was followed in which 18 scores were obtained from six tests in 24 min. The hypotheses were tested (a) that psychological tests could be constructed, presented and scored in such a way that separate dimensions of aptitude, speed and accuracy could be measured by the same tests and (b) that prediction of a criterion could be improved by taking all three of these dimensions into account in the interpretation of test results. The first hypothesis was confirmed but the finding with regard to the second was not decisive, possibly because the tests were not sufficiently relevant to the criterion of university success, and because the reliabilities of the tests were too low. It was suggested that further research is conducted with this approach to psychological measurement.
Raised in the Wrong Sex: A Case Study
Authors: De Vetta H.M.
Published: March 2013

This report describes the psychological and social effects of a change of gender, undergone by a black Zimbabwian subject. The subject was identified as a male at birth, and reared as such in a society in which the differentiation between male and female social roles is more incisive than is generally the case in modern Western society. The appearance at adolescence of gender-incongruent physical secondary sex characteristics, and the comprehensive physical and psychological examinations that were subsequently performed, showed ‘him’ to be essentially feminine, however. Hence, after minor genital surgery, the subject was re-registered as a female and retested 16 months after her reassignment of sex. The subject showed marked improvement in the pattern of serious intrapsychic maladjustment evinced on initial testing, but a deterioration in social behaviour. These findings indicate that differences in psychosexual orientation and behaviour have a biological basis, and are not wholly learned and/or imprinted.
Classification Preference among Elderly Indian Subjects
Authors: Bhana Kastoor
Published: March 2013

Thirty Indian adults were tested on a Piagetian cognition task which involved stimuli which they could classify or seriate. The stimuli consisted of a familiar shape, cup cutouts, of five different sizes and five colour intensities. There were 25 pieces altogether. In this situation, the majority of the subjects preferred to make a partial classification response, and none of the subjects seriated. There was a significant sex difference with the females using a more ‘primitive’ response category than males. The results are discussed in terms of possible reasons for the findings and further research possibilities are suggested.
Modification of Imaginative Play in Preschool Children through the Intervention of an Adult Model
Authors: Shmukler Diana , Naveh Idva
Published: March 2013

An intervention technique designed to enhance the level of imaginative play in the preschool child through the direct intervention of an adult model was applied in two studies. In both studies pre- and post-test ratings of experimental and control groups' spontaneous play were made by observers blind to the nature of the experiment. The first study, carried out with middle-class children, showed that the experimental group increased significantly on ‘co-operation and interaction with peers' and ‘affect’ but not ‘imaginativeness’. When the experiment was repeated in Study 2 with lower-class children, ‘imaginative play’ and ‘concentration’ were found to increase significantly for experimental children. It was concluded that the initial level of spontaneous imaginative play is crucial in determining the effects of such intervention techniques.
Psychology in South Africa: Development, Trends and Future Perspectives
Authors: Van Raubenheimer I. W.
Published: March 2013

Since its establishment in the twenties, psychology in South Africa has developed phenomenally in the academic, research and practical fields. This development has been expedited and stimulated by the ample availability of funds, a particular interest of the public in psychology and a sound infrastructure that regulates the professional and assosiational life of psychologists. There are, however, negative tendencies which reveal that, although a considerable amount of research is done in South Africa, there are not many publications and few research results are applied. Furthermore, as in other countries, not enough is being done toward the accomplishment of a framework or system within which psychological knowledge can be classified. In this regard important research is, however, in progress in South Africa which might lead to a breakthrough in this field.
The Role of Touch in Interpersonal Relations Implications for Psychotherapy
Authors: Edwards D.J.A.
Published: March 2013

In western culture the use of touch in interpersonal relations has, as far as possible, been avoided. Partly this was because the touching of infants and children was believed to encourage dependency and weakness, and partly because touch between adults was seen as almost exclusively a sexual matter. This view of touch has now been re-evaluated and the fundamental nature of touch as a nurturant response is now more fully understood. It is suggested that there are nine types of touch in interpersonal relations: information pick-up, movement facilitation, prompting, aggressive, nurturant, celebratory, sexual, cathartic and ludic. In the context of psychotherapy touch was avoided in the development of classical psychoanalysis but is used in many contemporary forms of therapy. It is argued that there are appropriate applications of most of the types of touch referred to above, with the exception of sexual in psychotherapy, but it is pointed out that many of these applications are powerful therapeutic techniques which require judgement, sensitivity and skill on the part of the therapist.
A Cross-Cultural Study of Maslow's Motivation Theory in Industry
Authors: Barling J.
Published: March 2013

This study assessed the utility of Maslow's Need Hierarchy Theory for the work setting. Specifically, the predictive utility of each of the five needs was measured in terms of work motivation ( viz. promotional aspirations and the amount of effort expended) for 278 economically active individuals from various cultural groups in South Africa. Only the promotional aspirations index was used, however, as the effort expended index was totally unreliable. The physiological, safety and security, and love and belongingness needs predicted promotional aspirations for the Black group, while only physiological needs predicted promotional aspirations for the Indian subjects. On the other hand promotional aspirations were not predicted significantly by any of the needs for the White group. It was concluded that the results for the Black and Indian samples may be consistent with their socioeconomic position, while the results obtained for the White group may be explained by their lack of interest in promotional aspirations. The need for utilizing alternative measures of work motivation and work performance, and possibly adhering to a different philosophy of science in future research was indicated.
Goodman's Method of Analysis for Multivariate Data — a Practical Application
Authors: Simon A.
Published: March 2013

Goodman's method of multivariate analysis is designed for use with nominal and ordinal data, extends to non-recursive models and can explain large variation in the data with residuals greater than 0,9 commonplace. A practical application of this method to a study of factors related to intended emigration by a group of students at the University of the Witwatersrand indicated that the best hypothesis-selected on the basis of a low Chi Square likelihood ratio coupled with a low degree of freedom-explained 97,3% of the data.

‘Religion’ was the variable most directly influentially related to ‘settle’ followed by what students considered the prospects for the future of Whites in South Africa to be, followed by attitudes towards the apartheid policy and ‘religiosity’ in that order. Specific related interlinks could not be omitted from the model, the strongest concerning students who disagreed with the apartheid policy and felt the prospects for the future of Whites were poor.
'n Herevaluasie van die konsep vrees-vir-sukses by vroue
Authors: Erwee Ronel
Published: March 2013

'n Analise van Horner (1968, 1972) se teorie dat vroue vrees vir sukses openbaar, toon dat uitvoerige kritiek ingebring kan word teen die navorsingsmetodologie. Hierbenewens kom konseptuele verwarring voor in die defineëring van die konstruk. Daar word voorgestel dat Horner se navorsings-bevindinge eerder in die lig van bestaande ontwikkelingsteorie herinterpreteer moet word as 'n artefak van die besondere steekproef in 'n besondere ontwikkelingsfase. Voorstelle vir toekomstige navorsing oor die manifestasie van prestasie-oriëntasie by vroue ten einde bestaande wanopvattings uit die weg te ruim, vloei uit die voorgaande voort.
Development of a Life Event Scale for Pregnant, White, South African Women
Authors: Chalmers Beverley
Published: March 2013

The development of a life event scale for use with pregnant, white, South African women is described. Estimates of test-retest reliability of two data gathering techniques are given. The validity of the scale is discussed. It is suggested that the life event scale described overcomes many of the psychometric objections to life event scales that are found in the literature.
Intellectual Maturity in Nigerian Primary School Children
Authors: Jegede R. Olukayode , Bamgboye E. Afolabi
Published: March 2013

This study was done with the aim of assessing the intellectual maturity of children attending typical free primary schools in Ibadan. Human figure drawings produced by 416 boys and 766 girls attending two non-fee paying primary schools were scored using the scoring system introduced by Koppitz. Data analysis shows that intellectual maturity, measured by the scores on the human figure drawings, is significantly related to age. In addition there is a significant interaction between age and sex: girls tend to score higher than boys at certain ages. The findings are discussed in relation to the effects of age, sex and social class, and the use of human figure drawings to measure intellectual maturity.
Abused children: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Jacobson R. , Straker G.
Published: March 2013

This article is a brief overview of the data on the characteristics of abused children and the psychological sequelae of abuse. The relationship between abuse and the sex of the child, age of the child, the child's ordinal position in the family, bonding failure, congenital handicap and temperament are explored within the context of conflicting views. The available data concerning the sequelae of abuse for the child e.g. intelligence and personality are critically reviewed.
Application of the Theory of Relative Deprivation to Occupational Discrimination against Women
Authors: Appelgryn A.E.M. , Plug C.
Published: March 2013

The theory of relative deprivation was tested by studying work satisfaction of white teachers, with women teachers representing an occupationally deprived group. Hypotheses were derived from Davis' (1959) theory of relative deprivation and from Crosby's (1976) extension of this theory. These were tested by applying the Job Description Index of Smith et at. (1969) and two personality measures to 100 female and 83 male teachers. Some of the predicted negative correlations between work satisfaction and both salary and teaching experience were found for junior women teachers, but not for those in senior posts. The predicted differences in work satisfaction between male and female teachers were also found only for junior teachers. These results partially support Davis' theory, but also point to one of its weaknesses. No support was found for Crosby's extension of the theory to include the effects of personality variables.
Die invloed van geslagsverskille op die aanvaarding van infertiliteit
Authors: Brand H.J. , Roos S.S. , Van Der Merwe A.B.
Published: March 2013

Die hoofdoelstelling van hierdie ondersoek was om die aard van geslagsverskille ten opsigte van aanvaarding van infertiliteit na te gaan. As proefpersone het 118 blanke infertiliteitspasiënte (59 egpare) gedien. 'n Persoonlike onderhoud van semi-gestruktureerde aard, is as meetinstrument gebruik, waartydens vrae oor die invloed van infertiliteit op die huweliksverhouding, asook oor emosionele reaksies wat met die ontstaan en duur van infertiliteit gepaard gaan, beantwoord moes word, 'n Aansienlike persentasie van die onder-houdsveranderlikes het beduidende verskille tussen die geslagte opgelewer. In die algemeen blyk dit dat, in vergely-king met die manlike groep, infertiliteit 'n groter negatiewe uitwerking op die gedrag van die vroulike groep gehad het sodat verwerking en aanvaarding van infertiliteit by die vrou baie moeiliker plaasgevind het.
Do Authoritarian Attitudes or Authoritarian Personalities Reflect Mental Illness?
Authors: Ray J.J.
Published: March 2013

It is pointed out that authoritarian attitudes and authoritarian behaviour are generally not associated. The few studies that have been made of authoritarian behaviour directly are reviewed. In studies of Nazi Germany, of police and army personnel and of educational methods, no evidence is found that authoritarian behaviour is psychopathological. Ray's (1976) Directiveness scale measuring authoritarian behaviour and a balanced F-scale were presented to a random sample of 95 Sydney people in a doorstep survey. The authoritarian personality as measured by the Directiveness scale was found to go with better mental health as measured by the Eysenck Neuroticism scale. There was no significant correlation between the balanced F-scale and neuroticism. The study made use of extensive controls against acquiescent response set and social desirability response set.
A Study on Pre-Purchase Information Search by Consumers
Authors: Rousseau Deon
Published: March 2013

Out-of-store and in-store information search are two steps that are generally posited to precede a purchase decision (Moore & Lehmann 1980). This paper focuses on the type and amount of information sources consulted prior to purchasing, the duration of in-store information-seeking and the buying determinants which are decisive in the final decision-making process for a given product category. Data were obtained from a non-probability convenience sample (N = 152 buyers of small electrical appliances) by means of in-store observations and on the spot post-purchase interviews to detect out-of-store information search. The study revealed that consumer-dominated sources (influence of relatives, friends or neighbours) were rated as prime sources for out-of-store information search, followed by market-dominated sources (newspaper and magazine adverts). In-store information search consisted mainly of physical examination and comparison of articles and prices, reading of store adverts and seeking advice from sales staff or fellow shoppers. The total average shopping time for buyers of small electrical appliances was 7,02 minutes with a median spending per shopping minute of R4,40. Finally the study pointed towards brand consciousness and quality features as being the main purchasing motives for small electrical appliances, followed by convenience considerations (ease of workload).
Cross-Cultural Psychology: An Eclectic and Idiosyncratic View
Authors: Deregowski J.B.
Published: March 2013

The paper argues that cross-cultural psychology is not a discipline within the broad field of psychology but an approach to the subject. It describes briefly some of the applications of this approach to the studies of perception and traces the effects and possible effects of these on psychology in general and on further crosscultural works.

Although applications of psychology are recognized as important, the paper is primarily concerned with theoretical issues and draws especial attention to the benefits which may accrue from symbiosis between cross-cultural psychology and ethnography. Some of the hostile reactions which cross-cultural psychology occasionally provokes are briefly dealt with.
The Comparability of Job Evaluation Methods in Supplying Approximately Similar Classifications in Rating One Job Series
Authors: Snelgar R.J.
Published: March 2013

There is a belief that any job evaluation method, when correctly applied to a series of jobs, will result in approximately the same rating classification as that supplied by any other method for the same job series. This study was aimed primarily at a determination of the extent to which a number of job evaluation methods, differing in methodology, and presently in use within South Africa on a national basis, would in fact supply similar classification. Correlation coefficients among the ratings supplied by participating organizations, in terms of points allocation for each job subsequent to evaluation according to job evaluation factors (raw point ratings), were unexpectedly high. These correlations ranged from 0,93 to 0,99, with an average of 0,98, indicating a remarkably high level of agreement. Correlations were properly transformed, and mean correlations of each organization with every other organization subsequently calculated. These mean correlations ranged from 0,96 to 0,98, once again indicating a high degree of commonality.
The Evaluation of Diagnostic Models
Authors: Cudeck Robert
Published: March 2013

There are two kinds of diagnostic models used in psychological research. A categorical model is used most commonly, but dimensional models have also been studied (Skinner, 1979; Strauss, 1973). When developing or using a model, it is important to determine when the model is appropriate for a particular setting. Unfortunately, methods for carrying out this kind of evaluation are only applied infrequently, particularly with categorical models. This paper reviews the importance of evaluating diagnostic models, and empasizes a Bayesian method for evaluating categorical models. An illustration of the method with previously published data is given.
Verbal and Performance IQ Differences in the Determination of Brain Damage Using the SAWAIS
Authors: Murdoch B.D.
Published: March 2013

The practice of using a verbal/performance IQ difference of 15 points in the determination of brain damage using the SAWAIS, appears relatively widespread. However, this practice is not grounded on a relevant empirical base. It further ignores evidence suggesting differences between the SAWAIS and Wechsler-Bellevue Scale, and takes little cognizance of the cultural complexities of the (white) South African population. This paper assesses the validity of the practice by determining the incidence of verbal/performance IQ differences in the SAWAIS standardization group. A difference of 15 points as a cut-off for brain damage appears unrealistic using the SAWAIS.
Linguistic Universals: Implications of a Neurological Reappraisal of Jakobson's Phonological Hierarchy
Authors: Arndt Horst , Stewart William E.
Published: March 2013

An ongoing research project designed to test Jakobson's claim of a universal rank order among the elements of phonological systems is described and illustrated. The strategy is that of close analysis, on surface, feature and neuromuscular levels successively, of phonetically deviant L2 performance data. While the first two analytical stages tend to corroborate the existence of widely valid cross-language constraints, the third yields evidence for an explanatory hypothesis in terms of the properties of participant neuromuscular mechanisms. It is argued that this ‘physiological hypothesis’ is superior to rival ‘nativist’ postulates in placing Jakobson's hierarchy on a firm ontological footing.
Structural Equivalence of an Intelligence Test for Two Language Groups
Authors: Cudeck Robert , Claassen Nicolaas
Published: March 2013

The factorial equivalence of the New South African Group Test (NSAGT) Intermediate Form G in Afrikaans and English was investigated. The covariance matrices of the six subtests were compared for a group of Afrikaans-speaking students ( N = 319) and a group of English-speaking students ( N = 171). Although the covariance matrices differed significantly, similarity in factor structure for the two groups was found for progressively stringent tests of factorial invariance (Jöreskog, 1971b). It was concluded that the tests may be regarded as equivalent as far as internal structure is concerned. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
A Comparison of Alternative Techniques of Instruction
Authors: Barnes N.R. , MacArthur D. , Ballantine P.R.
Published: March 2013

The present study examined some of the problems involved in communication and learning processes when inexperienced subjects were presented with information supplied through unfamiliar types of instruction media. In the study, 110 Xhosa-speaking novices to the gold mining industry were instructed through the media of video-tape or lecture, in either Fanakalo or Xhosa, with repeated or non-repeated presentations. Results showed that those who received repeated instruction recalled more information. A significant interaction also occurred between language and instruction medium. Level of education also affected comprehension. It appeared that the more the presentation methods were tailored to the specific needs of the individuals — in this case presentation through a familiar language, using an empathie lecturer — the more effective the communication and learning was likely to be.
Directiveness and Authoritarianism: Some Research Findings and a Critical Reappraisal
Authors: Duckitt J.H.
Published: March 2013

Resulting from a cogent critique of the F scale as a measure of personality, Ray (1976) has proposed his ‘directiveness’ scale as a behaviourally valid measure of authoritarian personality. Research using this scale has suggested that authoritarian personality and the endorsement of authoritarian attitudes or ideology may be quite unrelated. This was supported by the present study which found no relationship between directiveness and either intolerant and negative attitudes towards homosexuals or an F scale measure of authoritarian attitudes. The conceptualizations of authoritarianism of Ray and Adorno et al. (1950) were then briefly reviewed and it was suggested that they appear to be quite distinct. It was therefore concluded that research using Ray's directiveness scale does not invalidate the theory of the authoritarian personality and that the development of a behaviourally valid measure of authoritarian personality as conceptualized by Adorno et al. remains a major research priority.
'n Groeptegniek vir die hantering van depressie
Authors: Nel C.M. , Nel J.A.
Published: March 2013

Depressie is vandag 'n algemene probleem in die gemeenskap. Dit manifesteer byvoorbeeld die studentebevolking as 'n verskynsel wat minstens een derde van alle studente raak. Hierdie hoë voorkoms van depressie plaas groot druk op die personeel van studentevoorligtingsburo's.

'n Wyse wat aangewend kan word om hierdie druk te verlig, is om van groeptegnieke gebruik te maak. Een tegniek wat in die buiteland suksesvol aangewend is, is een wat 'n kombinasie van RET en gedragsmodifikasiebeginsels gebruik. Indien hierdie tegniek onder Suid-Afrikaanse omstandighede goeie rekenskap kan gee, kan dit 'n aansienlike bydrae tot die oplossing van bogenoemde probleem maak.

In 'n eenrigting variansie-analise is hierdie tegniek as een vlak van die onafhanklike veranderlike en die Beck depressievraelys as die afhanklike veranderlike gebruik. Die resultaat toon dat die strategie effektief kan wees, mits die groepsdinamiese fasette wat met groepsterapie gepaard gaan, in orde is.
From Operationism to Cultural Design: An Approach to Skinner's Development
Authors: Swartz Leslie
Published: March 2013

Aspects of B.F. Skinner's development into a social engineer are examined with particular consideration of the link between his later work and his reliance on operationism. Special emphasis is given to his manner of argument. Analysis of this style provides a perspective not accessible through attempts to locate Skinner's work in terms of traditions of thinking.
Perceptions of the Human Life-Span: A Cross-National Approach
Authors: Jaquish Gail A. , Ripple Richard E. , Arndt Stephan
Published: March 2013

Perceptions of aging were obtained from three age groups: adolescents, young adults, and adults. Male and female Americans and South Africans ranging in age from 15 to 40 years provided words to describe eight age decades of the human life-span. Responses were coded for positive, neutral, and negative perceptions of the eight age-stages. A repeated measures analysis of variance tested for differing patterns of responses between the age and national groups. Main effects for nation, age group, and age-stage were significant. An absence of significant interactions suggested that the developmental pattern of perceptions of age-stages across the human life-span was comparable in the two nation states. The three age groups expressed similar perceptions of aging, although adults viewed aging more positively than did adolescents and young adults.
Self-Efficacy Beliefs and Racial Behaviour in Male Children
Authors: Simon Michelle , Barling Julian
Published: March 2013

Bandura proposed a common cognitive mechanism — perceived self-efficacy — to underly behaviour change, regardless of the induction mode used to generate such changes. To assess self-efficacy theory, this research focused on 91 male children's ( M age = 9,44 years) racial prejudice and behaviour. These children were assigned randomly to a performance accomplishments, modelling, verbal persuasion or control condition; and behavioural ratings and self-efficacy beliefs assessed prior to the intervention, immediately thereafter, and six weeks after it was terminated. It was found that: (a) verbal persuasion was the only significant determinant of self-efficacy; (b) self-efficacy predicted behaviour in the modelling condition when post-test self-efficacy was correlated with post-test behaviour, but not when pre-test self-efficacy was related to post-test behaviour; (c) self-efficacy mediated the effects of performance accomplishments in terms of social interaction and non-interaction, while the modelling × self-efficacy interaction was significant with regard to social approach behaviour; and (d) no evidence was found for any maintenance of behaviour change six weeks after treatment was terminated. These phenomena are discussed in terms of self-efficacy theory in particular, and social learning theory in general.