bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant effect of water and acetone extracts of Fucus vesiculosus on oxidative stability of skin care emulsions
Authors: Poyato Candelaria , Thomsen Birgitte Raagaard , Hermund Ditte B. , Ansorena Diana , Astiasarán Iciar , Jónsdóttir Rosa , Kristinsson Hordur G. , Jacobsen Charlotte
Published: July 2016

A water and an acetone extract of the Icelandic brown algae Fucus vesiculosus were evaluated as potential natural sources of antioxidant compounds in skin care emulsions. To assess their efficacy in inhibiting lipid oxidation caused by photo‐ or thermoxidation, they were stored in darkness and room temperature as control conditions, and compared to samples stored under accelerated conditions (light and room temperature, or darkness and 40°C). The presence of extracts in the skin care emulsions induced remarkable colour changes when the emulsions were exposed to light, and more extensively under high temperature. High temperature also caused greater increments in the droplet size of the emulsions. The analysis of the tocopherol content, peroxide value and volatile compounds during the storage revealed that, whereas both water and acetone extracts showed (at 2 mg/g of emulsion) protective effect against thermooxidation, only the water extract showed antioxidant activity against photooxidation.

Practical applications: This research is the basis of developing natural antioxidants derived from seaweed to limit lipid oxidation in skin care products.

Skin care emulsions are exposed to light (A+) or elevated storage temperatures (H0) to promote lipid oxidation during storage. Control samples are stored at ambient temperatures in the dark (A0). Two Icelandic brown alga Fucus vesiculosus extracts, water (WE) and acetone (AE) extract, were added as natural antioxidants to control lipid oxidation and ensure a stable product. Both extract (depending on concentration, 1 or 2) decreased photooxidation of skin care emulsions compared to the reference (REF) without added extract, as decreased formation of secondary volatile oxidation products was observed. However, the presence of extracts in the skin care emulsions induced remarkable colour changes during storage. Moreover, samples exposed to elevated storage temperatures increased oil droplet size and resulted in disrupted emulsion structure (syneresis) by day 35.
Recent Advances of Manganese Catalysis for Organic Synthesis
Authors: Carney Jonathan R. , Dillon Barry. R. , Thomas Stephen P.
Published: July 2016

Manganese is a non‐toxic, inexpensive and earth abundant metal, so is a perfect candidate for catalysis whether as a replacement for precious metals or in the search for novel reactivity. Despite this, manganese catalysis has not undergone the same development of other earth‐abundant metals (particularly iron and cobalt). This review details recent synthetic methodologies using manganese catalysts, including C–H activation, late stage fluorination, hydrosilylation and cross‐coupling.
Shibasaki Catalysts and Their Use for Asymmetric Synthetic Applications by the Chemical Industry
Authors: Gröger Harald
Published: July 2016

Shibasaki catalysts are a unique, highly efficient, and broadly applicable class of catalysts, which enable highly enantioselective reactions, have a broad utility towards a range of different reactions, and contain a ligand sphere that can be fine‐tuned in an elegant and simple manner. Key features of these catalysts include their bifunctionality and their Lewis acid/Brønsted base or Lewis acid/Lewis base components in combination with a chiral backbone. Their catalytic properties have made Shibasaki catalysts attractive for the development of industrial processes. Such reactions that employ Shibasaki catalysts and address their industrial potential are summarized in this review. Among them are processes that were jointly developed by the Shibasaki group with chemical companies or commercialized at a later time by industry. Actelion Pharmaceuticals, Nissan Chemicals, Hokko Chemicals, SKW Trostberg AG (presently Alzchem AG), and Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma jointly with Sunovion Pharmaceuticals have been involved in activities for the commercial use of Shibasaki catalysts.
Application of Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate and Ethylene Glycol Methacrylate Phosphate Copolymer as Hydrogel Electrolyte in Enzymatic Fuel Cell
Authors: Kizling Michał , Biedul Piotr , Zabost Dariusz , Stolarczyk Krzysztof , Bilewicz Renata
Published: July 2016

A composite polymer electrolyte is developed to improve the properties of electrochemical devices, such as lithium‐ion batteries, supercapacitors and fuel cells. Here we report the application of poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and ethylene glycol methacrylate phosphate copolymer as a pseudo solid state electrolyte for an enzymatic fuel cell. The phosphate groups present in the polymer chains ensure the stability of pH during fuel cell work and enable retaining water molecules in the polymer matrix through hydrogen bond formation. After optimization of synthesis conditions the maximum ionic conductivity of the hydrogel reached 0.028 S cm−1 and maximum loading of entrapped water was 50 % of hydrogel total mass. The hydrogel was employed as the electrolyte in electrochemical measurements of the enzymatic electrodes. The current density of fructose oxidation on the anode covered with single walled carbon nanotubes derivatized with amine groups and fructose dehydrogenase reached 5.2 mA cm−2 in 100 mM fructose concentration in the hydrogel and the current onset potential was −0.12 V vs Ag/AgCl. The cathode covered with multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified with naphthalene groups and laccase gave current density 0.56 mA cm−2 with onset potential of 0.6 V vs Ag/AgCl. Fully enzymatic fuel cell with hydrogel electrolyte exhibited maximum power density 0.2 mW cm−2 and higher stability in time than the cell with the same electrodes stored in water solution.
On the Validity of Calling Wallach's Rule Wallach's Rule
Authors: Ernst Karl‐Heinz
Published: July 2016

In a paper addressing the problem that the majority of chiral compounds crystallize as racemates instead of conglomerates, Jack Dunitz coined the expression “Wallach's Rule”. The paper gives credit to Wallach's publication in Liebigs Annalen der Chemie in 1895, in which, among other work, a comparison of crystal density of racemates and their homochiral analogues was reported. Of the nine compounds investigated, eight showed higher densities for the racemates. Although Wallach was the only author of the Annalen paper, it was not Otto Wallach, but Theodore Liebisch, Wallach's colleague from the mineralogy institute in Göttingen at that time, who performed the experiments and reported these results. Short overviews about the CVs of the contemporaries Wallach and Liebisch, as well as Liebisch's postdoc Sommerfeld, are presented. It is discussed whether Wallach or Liebisch had the idea to study crystal densities and which one of the two scientists should be properly credited with proposing “Wallach′s Rule”.
Fetal Membrane Ultrastructure and Development in the Oviparous Milksnake Lampropeltis triangulum (Colubridae) with Reference to Function and Evolution in Snakes
Authors: Kim Young K. , Blackburn Daniel G.
Published: July 2016

In eggs of oviparous reptiles, fetal membranes maintain developing embryos through the exchange of respiratory gases and provision of water and calcium. As part of a survey of reptilian fetal membranes, we used scanning electron microscopy to study fetal membrane morphology in the oviparous Pueblan milksnake, Lampropeltis triangulum campbelli. The chorioallantois initially is an avascular structure lined by enlarged chorionic and allantoic epithelia. Upon vascularization, the chorionic epithelium becomes greatly attenuated, enhancing the potential for gas exchange; the allantoic epithelium also flattens. The bilaminar omphalopleure of the yolk sac lacks blood vessels, but it becomes vascularized by allantoic capillaries and transformed into an omphalallantois. Upon regression of the isolated yolk mass, this membrane is converted to chorioallantois, equipping it for gas exchange. Allantoic fluid serves as a water reservoir, and we postulate that it facilitates water uptake by establishing an osmotic gradient. Early in development, epithelia of both the chorion and the omphalopleure show apical microvilli that greatly increase the cell surface area available for water uptake. However, these features are incompatible with gas exchange and are lost as oxygen needs take precedence. A comparison of the fetal membranes to those of other squamate species (both oviparous and viviparous) reveals characteristics that are probably ancestral for snakes, some of which are plesiomorphic for Squamata. The widespread phylogenetic distribution of these features reflects their utility as adaptations that serve functional requirements of squamate embryos.
Animal models of chronic pain: Advances and challenges for clinical translation
Authors: Burma Nicole E. , Leduc‐Pessah Heather , Fan Churmy Y. , Trang Tuan
Published: July 2016

Chronic pain is a global problem that has reached epidemic proportions. An estimated 20% of adults suffer from pain, and another 10% are diagnosed with chronic pain each year (Goldberg and McGee, ). Despite the high prevalence of chronic pain (an estimated 1.5 billion people are afflicted worldwide), much remains to be understood about the underlying causes of this condition, and there is an urgent requirement for better pain therapies. The discovery of novel targets and the development of better analgesics rely on an assortment of preclinical animal models; however, there are major challenges to translating discoveries made in animal models to realized pain therapies in humans. This review discusses common animal models used to recapitulate clinical chronic pain conditions (such as neuropathic, inflammatory, and visceral pain) and the methods for assessing the sensory and affective components of pain in animals. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of modeling chronic pain in animals as well as highlighting strategies for improving the predictive validity of preclinical pain studies. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
IgE‐binding potencies of three peach Pru p 1 isoforms
Authors: Gao Zhong‐Shan , Zhou Xiang , Yang Zhao‐Wei , Versteeg Serge A. , Gao Ling , Fu Wan‐Yi , Wang Hui‐Ying , Zhou Jian‐Ying , Akkerdaas Jaap H. , van Ree Ronald
Published: July 2016

Scope

Pru p 1, the Bet v 1 homologue from peach, has been identified as a clinically relevant allergen. Three isoforms have been described, two in peach fruit (Pru p 1.0101 and Pru p 1.0201) and one in pollen (Pru p 1.0301). The present study aimed to compare their IgE‐binding potencies.

Methods and results

Three Pru p 1 isoforms were cloned and expressed as soluble proteins with His‐tags in Escherichia coli. Protein identity was confirmed by MS, circular dichroism, and RNAse activity. IgE‐binding capacity using ELISA and ImmunoCAP was compared. Three Pru p 1 isoforms had quite similar IgE‐binding potencies for 60% of the sera, but more than twofold between any two isoforms among 40% of the 47 sera. The mean IgE binding of Pru p 1.0201 was slightly higher than other two isoforms. In a sera pool, homologous ImmunoCAP inhibition was higher than other two heterologous isoforms. Individual serum with diverse IgE values of three isoforms demonstrated the higher IgE inhibition of specific isoform with higher IgE value.

Conclusion

A similar and variable pattern of IgE recognition was observed among three Pru p 1 isoforms. The two new isoforms can be used as more accurate diagnostic reagents.
The correlation between retrograde leak point pressure and 24‐hour pad weight
Authors: Solomon Eskinder , Kass‐Iliyya Antoine , Malde Sachin , Kirkham Alexander Paul Squire , Greenwell Tamsin Jillian , Ockrim Jeremy Louis
Published: July 2016

Aim

To assess the correlation between retrograde leak point pressure (RLPP) and 24‐hr pad weight (24PW) in men with post‐prostatectomy incontinence.

Methods

We performed RLPP and 24PW measurements on 61 patients with a history of post‐prostatectomy stress urinary incontinence (SUI). We examined the relationship of RLPP and 24PW. We also reviewed the urodynamic and clinical data of these patients to explain our findings.

Results

The mean age was 70 years (SD ± 7.4, range: 51–87). The mean RLPP was 36.8 cmH2O (SD ± 15.3, range: 9–76), the mean 24PW was 499 g (±677 g, range: 16.5–3,177 g). There was a good and significant negative correlation between RLPP and 24PW (r = 0.56, P < 0.01). RLPP was able to differentiate between cases of mild/moderate (<400 g) and severe (≥400 g) incontinence. Patients with RLPP <30 cmH2O had significantly higher 24PW (mean 825 g, median 768 g) when compared with patients with RLPP >30 cmH2O (mean 257.8 g, median 100 g, P < 0.01).

Conclusions

RLPP could be used as an objective and potentially more reliable substitute to pad weight to objectify and stratify SUI in post‐prostatectomy patients. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:1119–1123, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Safe and Effective Use of Pharmacologic and Device Therapy for Peripartum Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Laliberte Benjamin , Reed Brent N. , Ather Ayesha , Devabhakthuni Sandeep , Watson Kristin , Lardieri Allison B. , Baker‐Smith Carissa M.
Published: July 2016

Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is an uncommon, idiopathic complication of pregnancy associated with significant (10–30%) mortality. The disease occurs late in pregnancy or in the months following delivery, resulting in reduced systolic function and heart failure (HF) symptoms. Limited direction is provided for the management of PPCM, and the safe and effective use of medications in pregnant and breastfeeding women with PPCM presents a unique challenge. Although several HF therapies in pregnant and lactating women are supported by robust evidence, evidence to support the use of other therapies is significantly lacking. Current guidelines recommend treatment as in other forms of HF with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) but with consideration for the important nuances in this population as well as the unique and potential teratogenic effects of these therapies. Since most patients with PPCM recover their LVEF, the duration of therapy is currently unknown and warrants further study. We review the available literature surrounding pharmacologic and device therapy for PPCM and provide insight into managing patients with the condition.
One‐pot oxidation of aromatic and cyclic hydrocarbons using the Au (III) and Pd (II) catalyst under microwave irradiation
Authors: Srivastava Manish , Srivastava Anamika , Goyal Ashu , Mishra Aakanksha , Tomer Preeti , Dwivedi Jaya , Kishore D.
Published: July 2016

We report here in highly efficient one‐pot catalytic system which utilizes in situ generated sodium ferrate for the oxidation of aromatic and cyclic hydrocarbons in the presence of Au (III) and Pd (II) metal ions catalyst under ecofriendly green synthetic method. Results of these studies revealed that Au (III) catalytic system gave higher yield as compared with Pd (II) catalytic system because of the higher electrode potential of Au(III) than Pd(II). All compounds were characterized by infrared and NMR spectral analysis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parametric generation of explosion scenarios for quantitative risk assessment of gas explosion in offshore plants
Authors: Heo YeongAe , Lee Inwon
Published: July 2016

In this study, probabilistic risk assessment has been carried out for the prediction of gas explosion loads due to hydrocarbon leaks and subsequent explosions in the topside of offshore platforms. In the initial phase of the risk assessment, the effect of various scenario parameters on the annual probability of gas explosion was quantified via a MATLAB code. For calculating the gas explosion frequency, the hydrocarbon leak frequencies and the ignition probabilities were derived from the HCR (HydroCarbon Release) database from the Health & Safety Executive (HSE, UK), and the IP (Ignition Probability) report from UKOOA (UK Offshore Operators Association), respectively. The MATLAB code has the algorithm to cope with the varying design practice in either Front End Engineering Design phase or detailed design phase. User‐definable parameter setup and spreadsheet data input provide the user with the flexibility in selecting relevant level of elaboration for such design parameters as the leak size distribution, the hydrocarbon composition, etc. These features of the code enable controlling the number of explosion scenarios without any parameter range remaining unaccounted for. The present MATLAB code has been applied to generate hydrocarbon leak scenarios and corresponding explosion probability for the topside process modules of a specific oil Floating Production, Storage and Offloading. Varying the number of cases for each parameter leads to the variation of the number of explosion scenarios selected, which are either 48 or 24 in the particular case. For each explosion scenario, the gas leak and explosion simulation was carried out using the FLame Acceleration Simulator (FLACS) commercial S/W package, giving rise to the annual probability of exceedance for the explosion overpressure. Discussion of the influence of explosion scenario selection method on the change of the overpressure exceedance curves is made. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 36: 139–149, 2017
Quantum spin Hall insulator interacting with quantum light: Inhomogeneous Dicke model
Authors: Gulácsi Balázs , Dóra Balázs
Published: July 2016

Time‐periodic perturbations due to classical electromagnetic fields are useful to engineer the topological properties of matter using the Floquet theory. Here, we investigate the effect of quantized electromagnetic fields by focusing on the quantized light–matter interaction on the edge state of a quantum spin Hall insulator. We show that this interaction can be studied using an inhomogeneous Dicke model and that the corresponding Hamiltonian is integrable. A Dicke‐type superradiant phase transition occurs at arbitrary weak coupling and the electronic spectrum acquires a finite gap. In addition, when the total number of excitations are fixed, a photocurrent is generated along the edge, pseudoquantized as in the low‐frequency limit and decaying as for high frequencies with being the photon frequency.
A Multivariate Control Chart for Autocorrelated Tool Wear Processes
Authors: Harris Keith , Triantafyllopoulos Kostas , Stillman Eleanor , McLeay Thomas
Published: July 2016

Full automation of metal cutting processes has been a long held goal of the manufacturing industry. One key obstacle to achieving this ambition has been the inability to monitor completely the condition of the cutting tool in real time, as premature tool breakage and heavy tool wear can result in substantial costs through damage to the machinery and increasing the risk of non‐conforming items that have to be scrapped or reworked. Instead, the condition of the tool has to be indirectly monitored using modern sensor technology that measures the acoustic emission, sound, spindle power and vibration of the tool during a cut. An online monitoring procedure for such data is proposed. Firstly, the standard deviation is extracted from each sensor signal to summarise the state of the tool after each cut. Secondly, a multivariate autoregressive state space model is specified for estimating the joint effects and cross‐correlation of the sensor variables in Phase I. Then we apply a distribution‐free monitoring scheme to the model residuals in Phase II, based on binomial type statistics. The proposed methodology is illustrated using a case study of titanium alloy milling (a machining process used in the manufacture of aircraft landing gears) from the Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre in Sheffield, UK, and is demonstrated to outperform alternative residual control charts in this application. © 2016 The Authors Quality and Reliability Engineering International Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Carbon isotope analyses of n‐alkanes released from rapid pyrolysis of oil asphaltenes in a closed system
Authors: Chen Shasha , Jia Wanglu , Peng Ping'an
Published: July 2016

Rationale

Carbon isotope analysis of n‐alkanes produced by the pyrolysis of oil asphaltenes is a useful tool for characterizing and correlating oil sources. Low‐temperature (320–350°C) pyrolysis lasting 2–3 days is usually employed in such studies. Establishing a rapid pyrolysis method is necessary to reduce the time taken for the pretreatment process in isotope analyses.

Methods

One asphaltene sample was pyrolyzed in sealed ampoules for different durations (60–120 s) at 610°C. The δ13C values of the pyrolysates were determined by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS). The molecular characteristics and isotopic signatures of the pyrolysates were investigated for the different pyrolysis durations and compared with results obtained using the normal pyrolysis method, to determine the optimum time interval. Several asphaltene samples derived from various sources were analyzed using this method.

Results

The asphaltene pyrolysates of each sample were similar to those obtained by the flash pyrolysis method on similar samples. However, the molecular characteristics of the pyrolysates obtained over durations longer than 90 s showed intensified secondary reactions. The carbon isotopic signatures of individual compounds obtained at pyrolysis durations less than 90 s were consistent with those obtained from typical low‐temperature pyrolysis. Several asphaltene samples from various sources released n‐alkanes with distinct carbon isotopic signatures.

Conclusions

This easy‐to‐use pyrolysis method, combined with a subsequent purification procedure, can be used to rapidly obtain clean n‐alkanes from oil asphaltenes. Carbon isotopic signatures of n‐alkanes released from oil asphaltenes from different sources demonstrate the potential application of this method in ‘oil–oil’ and ‘oil–source’ correlations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An anterior mediastinal lesion in TAFRO syndrome showing complete remission after glucocorticoid and tocilizumab therapy
Authors: Sakashita Kentaro , Murata Kengo , Inagaki Yuji , Oota Souichi , Takamori Mikio
Published: July 2016

Thrombocytopenia (T), anasarca (A), myelofibrosis (F), renal dysfunction (R), and organomegaly (O) (TAFRO) syndrome is a variant of multicentric Castleman's disease. We describe here a 57‐year‐old man who presented with persistent fever, pleural effusion, and ascites. He was negative for human immunodeficiency virus and human herpes virus‐8. A computed tomography scan showed an anterior mediastinal mass and small inguinal lymphadenopathy. Although a biopsy of the anterior mediastinum showed fatty tissue infiltrated with CD20
+ and CD45RO
+ lymphocytes, a biopsy of the left inguinal lymph node revealed a hyaline vascular type of Castleman's disease. He subsequently developed severe thrombocytopenia and renal dysfunction. In addition, his bone marrow biopsy showed myelofibrosis. TAFRO syndrome was diagnosed based on the lymph node pathology and the characteristic manifestations of the syndrome. Tocilizumab and glucocorticoid therapy achieved complete remission and regression of the mediastinal mass. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TAFRO syndrome accompanied by an anterior mediastinal mass, which responded very well to therapy.
Long‐term clinical course of idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Sugimoto Shunsuke , Terada Jiro , Naito Akira , Nishimura Rintaro , Tsushima Kenji , Tatsumi Koichiro
Published: July 2016

Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis (IPH) is a rare cause of diffuse alveolar haemorrhage during childhood, and its precise pathophysiology and long‐term clinical course remain unclear. A 31‐year‐old man was diagnosed with IPH at four years of age and had recurrent episodes of haemoptysis. The patient's symptoms responded well to steroids. However, pulmonary fibrosis and the cystic region in the lung progressively worsened. At age 27, the patient developed polyarthritis with positive anti‐cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies. The patient also developed hand synovitis, which was diagnosed with ultrasonography. These results indicate complications from rheumatoid arthritis. The patient's dyspnoea gradually worsened, and at the age of 31, he developed pneumothorax and an acute exacerbation of IPH. The clinical course from ages 4 to 31 included progressive chronic respiratory failure because of pulmonary fibrosis, acute exacerbations, complications with rheumatoid arthritis, and deliberation regarding lung transplantation. The development of rheumatoid arthritis after the onset of IPH supports the theory of an autoimmune mechanism of IPH.
Design and analysis of the covert channel implemented by behaviors of network users
Authors: Qian Yuwen , Sun Ting , Li Jun , Fan Chang , Song Huaju
Published: July 2016

In this paper, a novel covert channel, called covert behavior channel, is proposed according to behaviors of network users to solve the security and efficiency problem of the traditional covert channel. In the proposed channel, operation sequences of the network protocols are used as carriers of covert information. An encryption‐based information embedding scheme is designed to improve security of the covert information. With the help of Markov model, the capacity of the proposed covert channel with time‐varying noise is derived. The formulation for analyzing the covert behavior channel is presented against the channel noise aroused by discarding packets. By introducing corrected entropy‐based algorithm to detect the covert behavior channel, the security of the channel is verified. Numerical results show that the proposed covert behavior channel is more secure than covert storage channels and achieves a better bit rate and robustness than that of covert timing channels. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aggregation of Heteropolyanions Implicates the Presence of Zundel Ions Near Air‐Water Interfaces
Authors: Bera Mrinal K. , Antonio Mark R.
Published: July 2016

Protons play crucial roles in the interactions between heteropolyanions (HPAs) in aqueous solutions and solid acid salts. We report the aggregation behaviours of Keggin HPAs near the surfaces of heteropolyacid solutions. The structure of the aggregated HPA layer near the solution–vapour phase boundary closely resembles the solid‐state crystal structure of the heteropolyacids in which the HPAs are connected by Zundel ions. The resemblance not only implicates the presence of protons in the form of planar Zundel ions near the air‐water interface but, also, suggests that these align parallel to the interface. This study demonstrates an indirect means of assessing the impact of protons on HPA interactions near air‐water interfaces and, in general, provides new insights about interfacial proton chemistry of heteropolyacids.
Synthesis of 9,10‐Dimethyl‐2,3,6,7‐Anthracenetetra(thioacetate) and Benzenepentathiol; Improved Syntheses of 1,2,4,5‐Benzenetetra(thioacetate) and Benzenehexathiol
Authors: Hu Huaiyuan , Singh Mayank Pratap , Baghel Garima Singh , Dye Gregory W. , Gerlach Deidra L. , Vaid Thomas P.
Published: July 2016

A synthesis is reported for 9,10‐dimethyl‐2,3,6,7‐anthracenetetra(thioacetate), an anthracenetetrathiol derivative that may find use in molecular electronics and conducting metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs). The easily accessible 2,3,6,7‐tetrahydroxy‐9,10‐dimethylanthracene was treated with 2‐(4‐pyridyl)ethanethiol in molten p‐toluenesulfonic acid to yield the tetra(thioether), which was methylated and then deprotected with triethylamine in the presence of acetic anhydride to yield 9,10‐dimethyl‐2,3,6,7‐anthracenetetra(thioacetate), a protected form of the tetrathiol. Separately, the first synthesis of benzenepentathiol and streamlined syntheses of 1,2,4,5‐benzenetetra(thioacetate) and benzenehexathiol are reported.
Convenient Access to Arylated Spirocyclic Bisphosphonates
Authors: Lord Taylor M. , Casino Stephanie L. , Hartzell Susan E. , Garcia Kevin J. , Pike Robert D. , Stockland Robert A.
Published: July 2016

The synthesis of P‐arylated spirocyclic bisphosphonates is described. The title compounds were generated through a process that combined transesterification with a palladium catalyzed P‐arylation. The cross‐coupling step could be carried out at room temperature using aryl iodides, while analogous reactions involving aryl bromides required heating. Nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur containing heterocycles were also successfully incorporated into the framework. Using this approach 20 new arylated compounds were generated bearing a range of electrophiles and functional groups. For the more reactive aryl iodides, the catalyst loading could be decreased to 0.3 % Pd per P−H group in scaled‐up versions of the method. The two‐step process does not require the use of chlorophosphorus reagents.
Freezing Molecular Orientation under Stretch for High Mechanical Strength but Anisotropic Hydrogels
Authors: Lin Peng , Zhang Tingting , Wang Xiaolong , Yu Bo , Zhou Feng
Published: July 2016

The poor mechanical strength of hydrogels has largely limited their wide applications, and improving hydrogels' mechanical strength is a hot and important topic in the hydrogel research field. Although many successful strategies have been proposed to improve hydrogels' mechanical strength during the past decades, a hydrogel with a tensile stress surpassing dozens of mega Pascal is desirable, yet still a big challenge. To address this issue, the Fe3+‐mediated physical crosslinking formed under stretch conditions was employed in a chemically crosslinked poly (acrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid) network to achieve a dual‐crosslinked hydrogel. The expected molecular orientation occurs under stretch and allows the maximumu chelating interaction between pendant carboxylic anions and Fe3+ and molecules conformation being frozen, leading to the mechanical strength improving dramatically. As a result, an unprecedentedly high mechanical strength, but anisotropic dual‐crosslinked hydrogel was obtained. By optimizing the experimental parameters, the nominal tensile stress along pre‐stretching direction can reach as high as ≈40 MPa with elastic modulus of ≈40 MPa at large strain (>200%). In addition, the molecular orientation also leads to big difference of mechanical performance between parallel and perpendicular direction.
Current management of spontaneous intra-abdominal abscess in Crohn's disease
Authors: Carvalho Ana Teresa Pugas , Esberard Barbara Cathalá , da Luz Moreira Andre
Published: July 2016

Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic transmural disease process with approximately 10% of patients developing spontaneous intra-abdominal abscess during the first 5 years after the diagnosis. The symptoms are often nonspecific. The treatment modalities include the use of wide-spectrum antibiotics, imaging-guided percutaneous drainage (PD) and surgical drainage with or without resection. The best initial treatment strategy has not been settled controversial, as there are only retrospective studies with small sample sizes available in the literature. The majority of the patients would eventually need surgery. However a highly selected patient population with small abscess in the absence of fistulas or bowel strictures, especially those naive to immunomodulators or biologics, may respond to medical treatment alone with wide-spectrum antibiotics. The increased use of PD drainage in the last few years has been shown to reduce postoperative morbidities and risk of fecal diversion, allowing for subsequent elective surgery. Varied success rates of PD drainage have been reported in the literature. The initial surgical intervention of CD-related spontaneous abdominal sepsis is mandatory in patients with diffuse peritonitis due to free perforation. Surgery is also indicated in those with failed initial medical treatment and/or PD. This review article was aimed to evaluate the treatment modalities for spontaneous intra-abdominal abscess in CD patients and propose an algorithm for the best management of this complication.
Interprosthetic Fracture of Distal Femur around Total Knee Replacement with Pre-Existing Dynamic Condylar Screw
Authors: Kin Lau Chi , Cheong Cheng Hang , Shuen Ho Hon
Published: July 2016

Treatment of interprosthetic fracture of distal femur around total knee replacement is difficult. Preexisting hip implants further increase the technical challenges. In this case report, we present an 85-year-old patient who suffered from a displaced distal femur fracture with a pre-existing dynamic condylar screw and total knee replacement. Internal fixation with distal femur locking plate and incorporation of the locking plate with the pre-existing dynamic condylar screw provided a good treatment option for this difficult problem. It avoided the possible complication associated with removal of pre-existing implant and allowed sufficient overlap of the two plates to prevent any stress risers or fracture.
Drainage networks, lakes and water fluxes beneath the Antarctic ice sheet
Authors: Willis Ian C. , Pope Ed L. , Leysinger Vieli Gwendolyn J.-M.C. , Arnold Neil S. , Long Sylvan
Published: July 2016

Antarctica Bedmap2 datasets are used to calculate subglacial hydraulic potential and the area, depth and volume of hydraulic potential sinks. There are over 32 000 contiguous sinks, which can be thought of as predicted lakes. Patterns of subglacial melt are modelled with a balanced ice flux flow model, and water fluxes are cumulated along predicted flow pathways to quantify steady-state fluxes from the main basin outlets and from known subglacial lakes. The total flux from the continent is ~21 km3 a−1. Byrd Glacier has the greatest basin flux of ~2.7 km3 a−1. Fluxes from subglacial lakes range from ~1 × 10−4 to ~1.5 km3 a−1. Lake turnover times are calculated from their volumes and fluxes, and have median values of ~100 a for known ‘active’ lakes and ~500 a for other lakes. Recurrence intervals of a 0.25 km3 flood range from ~2 months to ~2000 a (median ≈130 a) for known ‘active’ lakes and from ~2 to ~2400 a (median ≈ 360 a) for other lakes. Thus, several lakes that have recently been observed to fill and drain may not do so again for many centuries; and several lakes that have not, so far, been observed to fill and drain have the potential to do so, even at annual to decadal timescales.
Limit drift
Authors: LEVIN GENADI , ŚWIA̧TEK GRZEGORZ
Published: July 2016

We study the problem of the existence of wild attractors for critical circle coverings with Fibonacci dynamics. This is known to be related to the drift for the corresponding fixed points of renormalization. The fixed point depends only on the order of the critical point$\ell$and its drift is a number$\unicode[STIX]{x1D717}(\ell )$which is finite for each finite$\ell$. We show that the limit$\unicode[STIX]{x1D717}(\infty ):=\lim _{\ell \rightarrow \infty }\unicode[STIX]{x1D717}(\ell )$exists and is finite. The finiteness of the limit is in a sharp contrast with the case of Fibonacci unimodal maps. Furthermore,$\unicode[STIX]{x1D717}(\infty )$is expressed as a contour integral in terms of the limit of the fixed points of renormalization when$\ell \rightarrow \infty$. There is a certain paradox here, since this dynamical limit is a circle homeomorphism with the golden mean rotation number whose own drift is$\infty$for topological reasons.
Entropy, minimal surfaces and negatively curved manifolds
Authors: SANDERS ANDREW
Published: July 2016

Taubes [Minimal surfaces in germs of hyperbolic 3-manifolds. Proceedings of the Casson Fest, Geom. Topol. Monogr.7 (2004), 69–100 (electronic)] introduced the space of minimal hyperbolic germs with elements consisting of the first and second fundamental form of an equivariant immersed minimal disk in hyperbolic 3-space. Herein, we initiate a further study of this space by studying the behavior of a dynamically defined function which records the entropy of the geodesic flow on the associated Riemannian surface. We provide a useful estimate on this function which, in particular, yields a new proof of Bowen’s theorem on the rigidity of the Hausdorff dimension of the limit set of quasi-Fuchsian groups. These follow from new lower bounds on the Hausdorff dimension of the limit set which allow us to give a quantitative version of Bowen’s rigidity theorem. To demonstrate the strength of the techniques, these results are generalized to convex-cocompact surface groups acting on $n$-dimensional $\text{CAT}\,(-1)$ Riemannian manifolds.
Neither democratic nor a programme: the Democratic Programme of 1919
Authors: O’Connor Emmet
Published: July 2016

On 21 January 1919, the first Dáil adopted four constitutional documents, the best known of which is the Democratic Programme, a statement of social values, based on proposals from the Labour Party. The Programme is usually regarded as a cynical reward to Labour for its abstention from the 1918 general election, and nationalist elites have frequently been criticised for reneging on it. This paper will argue that the Programme was written to advance the Irish cause at the International Socialist Conference at Berne in February 1919, that parts of the Programme were implemented, and that it is very likely that the Labour Party did not write it to be implemented.
Friends of Ireland: early O’Connellism in Lower Canada
Authors: Lynn Shane
Published: July 2016

In September 1828, societies of the ‘Friends of Ireland’ were founded throughout the United States and British North America for the purpose of raising funds and disseminating propaganda in support of the O’Connellite campaign for Catholic emancipation. In March 1831, the societies were briefly revived to agitate for repeal of the Union. The first Irish diasporic social movement to appear in Britain’s overseas empire, the British North American Friends of Ireland enjoyed greatest support in French-speaking Lower Canada, where for a time sympathetic localpatriotesperceived a common cause with their new Irish neighbours. This article explores the transatlantic reciprocal interactions, cross-ethnic alliances and regional distinctions which characterised early O’Connellism in Lower Canada. It follows its initial successes to its virtual collapse in the early 1830s, as an increasingly polarised Lower Canada slid towards rebellion. Comparisons are employed with similar agitation elsewhere in British North America, in the United States, and in Ireland. It is argued that instrumentalist explanations for Irish diasporic nationalism, typically drawn from studies of post-famine Irish-America, do not convincingly account for the appearance and form of O’Connellite nationalism in British North America.
Getting Rid of Performance Ratings: Genius or Folly? A Debate
Authors: Adler Seymour , Campion Michael , Colquitt Alan , Grubb Amy , Murphy Kevin , Ollander-Krane Rob , Pulakos Elaine D.
Published: July 2016

Despite years of research and practice, dissatisfaction with performance appraisal is at an all-time high. Organizations are contemplating changes to their performance management systems, the most controversial of which is whether to eliminate performance ratings. The pros and cons of retaining performance ratings were the subject of a lively, standing-room-only debate at the 2015 Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology conference in Philadelphia (Adler, 2015). Given the high interest in this topic, this article recaps the points made by the panelists who participated in the debate. The arguments for eliminating ratings include these: (a) the disappointing interventions, (b) the disagreement when multiple raters evaluate the same performance, (c) the failure to develop adequate criteria for evaluating ratings, (d) the weak relationship between the performance of ratees and the ratings they receive, (e) the conflicting purposes of performance ratings in organizations, (f) the inconsistent effects of performance feedback on subsequent performance, and (g) the weak relationship between performance rating research and practice in organizations. The arguments for retaining ratings include (a) the recognition that changing the rating process is likely to have minimal effect on the performance management process as a whole, (b) performance is always evaluated in some manner, (c) “too hard” is no excuse for industrial–organizational (I-O) psychology, (d) ratings and differentiated evaluations have many merits for improving organizations, (e) artificial tradeoffs are driving organizations to inappropriately abandon ratings, (f) the alternatives to ratings may be worse, and (g) the better questions are these: How could performance ratings be improved, and are we conducting the entire performance management process properly? The article closes with questions organizational members have found useful for driving effective performance management reform.
Genius or Folly? It Depends on Whether Performance Ratings Survive the “Psychological Immune System”
Authors: Neville Lukas , Roulin Nicolas
Published: July 2016

At the heart of the debate between Colquitt's and Adler's (Adler et al., 2016) camps is a disagreement about the degree to which employees can be expected to respond favorably to challenging, negative, or critical feedback. Colquitt and colleagues argue that we often try and avoid blame, select jobs that don't rate us against others, and respond unhappily to accurate appraisals. Adler and his collaborators, by contrast, are more optimistic. They point to how feedback drives us to seek new strategies, change our behavior, and improve our skills.
Performance Management: Embracing Complexity, Evading Reductionism, and Moving to Outcome-Based Approaches
Authors: Waters Shonna D. , Baughman Wayne A. , Dorsey David W.
Published: July 2016

Adler et al. (2016) open with a summary of the business case driving our field to change and close by providing principles for accomplishing that change, where they conclude that “there is no right answer to the ratings question” (p. 244). Lying between the opening and closing sections is a series of arguments for and against today's performance rating status quo, arguments illustrating just what happens when too many years are spent seeking answers along too narrow a path. In this commentary, we provide additional support for the strategy- and outcome-driven approach to performance management advocated in the article. In addition, we offer ideas for what has contributed to getting us and keeping us where we are. Unless we understand what has driven performance ratings research and practice to be the object of an intense and lengthy debate, these same forces may well drive us to carry out years-long experiments of questionable value along similarly narrow paths. We want to offer our views on how to foster outcome-based practice more broadly.
Of Babies and Bathwater: Don't Throw the Measure Out With the Application
Authors: Woehr David J. , Roch Sylvia G.
Published: July 2016

Adler et al. (2016) provide a discussion of the pros and cons surrounding the issue of “Getting Rid of Performance Ratings.” Yet neither the pro nor the con side of the debate appears to fully consider the central role of performance ratings outside the realm of performance management.
Emotion Regulation and Resilience: Overlooked Connections
Authors: Kay Sophie A.
Published: July 2016

According to the focal article by Britt, Shen, Sinclair, Grossman, and Klieger (2016), it seems conclusive that all definitions of resilience involve an experience of significant adversity, regardless of whether it is examined as a trait or an outcome. This experience of adversity is inherently emotional. When considering the ability or outcome of “bouncing back” from a stressful or chronic event, one must recognize the emotional experience and consider how individuals may cope with their emotions. This said, there is a clear connection between resilience and emotion regulation. The focal article presents a descriptive model of resilience for employees, which includes mention of energy and affect as individual resources but does not acknowledge the connection between resilience and emotion regulation. In this commentary I argue that these two research areas are related but largely neglected in the current literature. I will discuss the (a) process model of emotion regulation, (b) points of connection with resilience, and (c) empirical research suggesting the importance of positive emotion.
Resilience: Distinct Construct or Conglomerate of Existing Traits?
Authors: Fogarty Gerard J. , Perera Harsha N.
Published: July 2016

Since its inception in mainstream scientific psychology, resilience has emerged as a popular, yet controversial, construct. As evidenced in the target article, this controversy can be attributed, at least in part, to current conceptual and methodological difficulties hampering understanding of the construct. Chief among these concerns is the discriminant validity of resilience with respect to conceptually similar individual differences constructs, such as hardiness, mental toughness, adaptability, and even the five-factor personality dimensions. Advances in research on resilience, and ultimately the utility of the construct in applied settings, hinge on its distinction from related concepts.
Bouncing Back to the Future: A Look at the Road Ahead for the Assessment of Resilience
Authors: Harms P. D. , Wood Dustin
Published: July 2016

We appreciate the authors of the target article (Britt, Shen, Sinclair, Grossman, & Klieger, 2016) shining a spotlight on the important work being done in the study of resilience and providing a historical overview of how resilience has been conceptualized and assessed in the past. To add to this review, we would briefly like to comment on current developments in the field of resilience and related fields that may have broader implications for both the study of resilience and for many other topics in the industrial–organizational literature as well.
How Much Do We Really Know About Employee Resilience? More, If We Include the Sport Psychology Resilience Research
Authors: Shoenfelt Elizabeth L.
Published: July 2016

Britt, Shen, Sinclair, Grossman, and Klieger (2016) present an argument for consolidation and conceptual unification of the resilience research. As one of the few industrial–organizational (I-O) psychologists who regularly work in the sport psychology field, I was compelled to note the omission by Britt et al. of any reference to the resilience research in the sport psychology domain. As an I-O psychologist practicing sport psychology, I have stood on the shoulders of giants in applying with athletes and coaches our I-O theory and knowledge in areas such as motivation (e.g., Locke & Latham, 2002), training (e.g., skill acquisition, automaticity, deliberate practice, expertise, adaptive expertise, error based learning; e.g., Chen, Thomas, & Wallace, 2005; Ericsson, Krampe, & Tesch-Romer, 1993; Ericsson, & Lehmann, 1996; Logan, 1988; Lorenzet, Salas, & Tannenbaum, 2005), leadership, and group and team dynamics (e.g., Colquitt, Noe, & Jackson, 2002; Salas, Cooke, & Rosen, 2008). I-O psychology tends to be on the vanguard in these areas, whereas sport psychology lags somewhat behind (compare Locke & Latham, 2002, with Gould, 1993, and Weinberg & Weigand, 1993; compare Vroom & Yetton, 1973, with Chelladurai & Haggerty, 1978). However, resilience has been a central research focus for sport psychologists for some time; it is a relatively recent area of interest for I-O psychologists. Interestingly, Britt et al. did not include even a single reference from the sport psychology literature. I strongly encourage I-O psychologists studying resilience to review, borrow, and build on the sport psychology research in this area.
Employee Resilience: A Faceted Analytical Approach
Authors: Rabenu Edna , Tziner Aharon
Published: July 2016

We share Britt, Shen, Sinclair, Grossman, and Klieger's (2016) concern over the confusion of the conceptual definition of resilience and believe that this thorny issue should be solved. Hence, our objective in this commentary is to dispel to some extent the fuzzy state of the resilience construct content, building on the extant resilience literature. This will help to enhance resilience construct validity.