bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Update on Severe Burn Management for the Intensivist
Authors: Lundy Jonathan B. , Chung Kevin K. , Pamplin Jeremy C. , Ainsworth Craig R. , Jeng James C. , Friedman Bruce C.
Published: June 2015

Thermal injury of humans causes arguably the most severe perturbations in physiology that can be experienced. These physiologic derangements start immediately and can persist in some form until months or even years after the burn wounds are healed. Burn shock, marked activation of the systemic inflammatory response, multiple-organ failure, infection, and wound failure are just a few of the insults that may require management by the intensivist. The purpose of this article is to review recent advances in the critical care management of thermally injured patients.
The Value of Incorporating Measures of Relationship Concordance When Constructing Profiles of Intimate Partner Homicides: A Descriptive Study of IPH Committed Within London, 1998-2009
Authors: Sebire Jacqueline
Published: June 2015

This article presents a profile of intimate partner homicides (IPH) committed within London incorporating a gendered comparison of the perpetrators’ relationships. Data was sourced from the original police files for offenses committed in the capital between 1998 and 2009 ( N = 207; 173 male and 34 female perpetrators). In common with other international descriptive studies, the results indicate comparative differences between partners according to perpetrator gender in terms of age profiles, employment status, experience of mental health issues, intoxication at time of killing, and possession of criminal convictions. Gender-based IPH descriptive studies have tended to focus on a collation of either victim or perpetrator or relationship characteristics, often in isolation from one another. Assessments of how parties interact within fatal relationships are invariably absent, and yet, it is the relationship that forms the backdrop against which the fatal acts are perpetrated. This study, therefore, not only provides an insight into the profile of IPH committed within London where none had previously existed but also demonstrates the advantages of incorporating relationship concordance measures. The inclusion of such measures when researching IPH assists homicide investigators in understanding the dynamics taking place within the cohort of fatal relationships they police. It also provides researchers a useful platform to enhance understanding of this crucial aspect, for it is the relationship itself which is what defines IPH and distinguishes as a unique subset of homicide.
“#discrimination”
Authors: Grant Aimee
Published: June 2015

Background:

Stigma is a significant barrier to breastfeeding. Internationally, mothers have reported stigma surrounding public breastfeeding. In the United Kingdom, the Equality Act 2010 gives women the right to breastfeed in public, including within private businesses. In April 2014, a woman who was breastfeeding in a UK sports shop was asked to leave, resulting in a localized protest by breastfeeding mothers. This resulted in the issue of public breastfeeding being highlighted in local, national, and social media.

Objective:

To examine online opinion regarding breastfeeding in public and protesting about the right to breastfeed in public within the context of a single case.

Methods:

Online user-generated content relating to the case of Wioletta Komar was downloaded from Twitter and the comments section of a UK online news source, Mail Online. Data comprised 884 comments and 1210 tweets, collected within 24 hours of the incident. Semiotic and thematic analysis was facilitated by NVivo 10.

Results:

Comments from Twitter were supportive (76%) or neutral (22%) regarding the protesting women and public breastfeeding. Conversely, Mail Online comments were mostly negative (85%). Mail Online posters questioned the legality of public breastfeeding, while Twitter comments acknowledged and supported women’s legal right to breastfeed publicly. Many Mail Online commenters stated that they found it uncomfortable to watch breastfeeding or thought it was unnecessary to breastfeed in public.

Conclusion:

If the UK government is serious about increasing breastfeeding, interventions to promote public support for public breastfeeding are urgently required.
The similitude design method of thin-walled annular plates and determination of structural size intervals
Authors: Luo Zhong , Wang You , Zhu Yunpeng , Zhao Xueyan , Wang Deyou
Published: June 2015

For the design problem of dynamic similitude models of an aero engine’s turbine discs, distorted scaling laws and structural size intervals of thin walled annular plates are established in the research. According to the governing equation, the geometrically complete scaling law of thin walled annular plates is firstly established. In order to determine accurate distorted scaling laws of thin walled annular plates, three significant principles are proposed and theoretically proved combining the governing equation and the sensitivity analysis. According to results of the sensitivity analysis, accurate distorted scaling laws of thin walled annular plates are obtained based on significant principles. In addition, structural size intervals of distorted scaling laws of thin walled annular plates are calculated by the numerical method. Finally, the previous six orders’ natural frequencies of thin walled annular plates are discussed as examples to verify the theory presented in this research, and distorted scaling laws of each order’s natural frequency are obtained and the corresponding structural size intervals are analyzed.
Optimum design of a 4-PSS-PU redundant parallel manipulator based on kinematics and dynamics
Authors: Wang Liping , Zhang Binbin , Wu Jun
Published: June 2015

This paper presents an optimum design of a 4-PSS-PU redundant parallel manipulator by taking the workspace, conditioning performance, and acceleration into account. On the basis of rank of the Jacobian matrix, a method to directly find out the workspace is presented, rather than the search method. Based on the dynamic model, a maximum acceleration index is defined. The corresponding atlases of these performance indices are represented graphically in the established design space. Based on these atlases, the optimum design is performed and the optimum region is determined. It is expected to realize the high acceleration of parallel manipulators by using the optimum method.
Optimization of machining fixture layout using integrated response surface methodology and evolutionary techniques
Authors: Sundararaman KA , Padmanaban KP , Sabareeswaran M
Published: June 2015

Fixtures are the work-holding devices, widely used in manufacturing, to completely immobilize the workpiece during machining. The position of fixture elements around the workpiece strongly influences the workpiece deformation which in-turn affects the machining accuracy. The workpiece deformation can be minimized by finding the appropriate position for the locators and clamps. Thus, it is necessary to model the complex behavioral relationship that exists in the fixture–workpiece system. In this research paper, response surface methodology is used to model the relationship between position of locators and clamps and maximum deformation of the workpiece during end-milling, and then the developed model has been optimized by genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization. As the predictive model is being developed by response surface methodology, a huge reduction in computational complexity and time is achieved during the optimization of machining fixture layout. Also, it is evident that the approach which integrates response surface methodology and particle swam optimization produces better results.
A case of primary adrenal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in HIV
Authors: Malik Seema , Chapman Cordelia B-P , Drew Olivia
Published: June 2015

Primary adrenal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in HIV is a very rare, highly aggressive extra-nodal lymphoma. There is only one previous case reported in the literature. Our patient presented with isolated bilateral adrenal masses with no lymphadenopathy or visceral involvement, which made the diagnosis challenging.
Culture Moderates Biases in Search Decisions
Authors: Pattaratanakun Jake A. , Mak Vincent
Published: June 2015

Prior studies suggest that people often search insufficiently in sequential-search tasks compared with the predictions of benchmark optimal strategies that maximize expected payoff. However, those studies were mostly conducted in individualist Western cultures; Easterners from collectivist cultures, with their higher susceptibility to escalation of commitment induced by sunk search costs, could exhibit a reversal of this undersearch bias by searching more than optimally, but only when search costs are high. We tested our theory in four experiments. In our pilot experiment, participants generally undersearched when search cost was low, but only Eastern participants oversearched when search cost was high. In Experiments 1 and 2, we obtained evidence for our hypothesized effects via a cultural-priming manipulation on bicultural participants in which we manipulated the language used in the program interface. We obtained further process evidence for our theory in Experiment 3, in which we made sunk costs nonsalient in the search task—as expected, cross-cultural effects were largely mitigated.
Turbulent Times, Rocky Relationships
Authors: Forest Amanda L. , Kille David R. , Wood Joanne V. , Stehouwer Lindsay R.
Published: June 2015

What influences how people feel about and behave toward their romantic partners? Extending beyond features of the partners, relationship experiences, and social context, the current research examines whether benign, relationship-irrelevant factors—such as one’s somatic experiences—can influence relationship perceptions and interpersonal behavior. Drawing on the embodiment literature, we propose that experiencing physical instability can undermine perceptions of relationship stability. Participants who experienced physical instability by sitting at a wobbly workstation rather than a stable workstation (Study 1), standing on one foot rather than two (Study 2), or sitting on an inflatable seat cushion rather than a rigid one (Study 3) perceived their romantic relationships to be less likely to last. Results were consistent with risk-regulation theory: Perceptions of relational instability were associated with reporting lower relationship quality (Studies 1–3) and expressing less affection toward the partner (Studies 2 and 3). These findings indicate that benign physical experiences can influence perceptions of relationship stability, exerting downstream effects on consequential relationship processes.
Thermodynamic and economical analysis of the ORC module application to an existing combined heat and power unit with the backpressure turbine
Authors: Bartela Łukasz , Kotowicz Janusz , Kubiczek Henryk , Skorek-Osikowska Anna , Brzęczek Mateusz
Published: June 2015

This paper presents the results of the thermodynamic and economic analyses of two variants of integration of a CHP unit with ORC modules. The first variant consists in an integration of a CHP unit with a single ORC module. The module is installed on one of the steam outlets from the asymmetric part of a back-pressure steam turbine. The second variant assumes installation of modules on two outlets of this part of the steam turbine. An argument for the integration of a unit with ORC modules is the ability to obtain in the summer period additional electric power based on the use of heat, which in the period of lower demand for heat is dissipated in the environment. For these two variants, the thermodynamic analysis was carried out, which allowed to determine the electrical power that can be generated by ORC modules. Analyses were performed for various low-temperature boiling fluids. Economic analyses were also performed, which allowed to determine the net present value and the internal rate of return for the two variants of integration. Assumptions required to perform economic analyzes were adopted. As a part of the economic analysis, sensitivity analysis of the selected economic effectiveness indicators on the relative change of the investment cost and electricity prices was performed. The influence of changes of working time of the integrated unit within a year and the discount rate was also examined. The obtained results indicate a high potential of the proposed integrations. Supplying of ORC modules by steam leaving the backpressure steam turbine can allow for economically justified extension of the period of operation of many CHP units. Appropriate modernizations in the case of switched off post-industrial CHP units can contribute to the restoration of their ability to generate profit.
Influence of noncondensible gas on flowing characteristics of multiple nozzle oil jet pump for lubrication system in steam turbine
Authors: Zhang Jun , Mao Jing-ru , Wang Shun-sen , Zhang Jun-jie , Sun Peng
Published: June 2015

The full cavitation model introduced by Singhal et al. was partly improved based on experimental results. The improved cavitation model is used to simulate cavitating flow in multiple nozzle oil jet pump for lubrication system in steam turbine. The influence of noncondensible gas on flowing characteristics of multiple nozzle oil jet pump was studied with noncondensible gas content in the range of 0.01–500 ppm. Results show that noncondensible gas has little influence on nonchoking flow while imminent choking flow and deep choking flow are greatly affected. With the increase of noncondensible gas, multiple nozzle oil jet pump enters choking flow earlier. The maximum suction flow rate per unit throat area of multiple nozzle oil jet pump remains constant with varying pressure ratios and area ratios under choking flow, which is only determined by the noncondensible gas content. It is suggested that the maximum suction flow rate per unit throat area is used for the prediction of choking flow in multiple nozzle oil jet pump. This study also provides qualitative criteria for the upper limit of water content in lubrication oil, which avoids multiple nozzle oil jet pump working under choking flow.
The school librarian as motivational agent and strategist for reading appreciation
Authors: Domínguez Noraida , García Idalisse , Martinó Jackeline , Méndez Alejandra
Published: June 2015

The promotion of reading appreciation is one of the many responsibilities of school librarians. Different strategies have been used in elementary and middle school to achieve this, and these strategies need to meet the students’ interests. This article presents the results of a study that was conducted to identify the different strategies elementary and middle school librarians in Puerto Rico are currently using to promote reading appreciation. A total of 24 elementary school librarians and 12 middle school librarians completed a questionnaire. The participants work in public schools located in different cities around the island of Puerto Rico. Through the collected data it was possible to identify and compare the different strategies. Some of the conclusions indicate that school librarians consider Library Week a key activity for the promotion of reading appreciation, and the Internet as a key resource for the implementation of the different activities they design. The conclusions also acknowledge that school librarians face different challenges, the most difficult being collaboration and support from the students’ parents. In general, this study provides useful information to be considered by school librarians, school administrators, and by the Department of Education as a way of identifying what needs to be done in terms of reading appreciation. It also provides school librarians with an overview of important elements that are needed when promoting reading as a key activity in the learning process.
Ro/SSA autoantibody-positive pregnancy: reactions to serial fetal Doppler echocardiographic surveillance
Authors: Tingström J , Hjelmstedt A , Welin Henriksson E , Sonesson S-E , Wahren-Herlenius M
Published: June 2015

Objective

The risk for congenital heart block (CHB) associated with maternal Ro/SSA autoantibodies is low, but the possibility of treating early stages of disease has seen the introduction of Doppler echocardiographic surveillance programs with serial examinations during the CHB susceptibility weeks of pregnancy. The aim of the present study was to understand how Ro/SSA autoantibody-positive women having undergone Doppler echocardiographic surveillance programs and giving birth to children without CHB experienced their pregnancy and frequent ultrasound examinations.

Methods

A validated questionnaire based on data from an interview-study was distributed to Ro/SSA-positive women supervised with Doppler examinations during their pregnancy ( n = 100).

Results

The response rate was 79%. The majority of the women (61%) reported that the increased number of ultrasound examinations influenced their pregnancy, but in a positive way, with qualified information and additional support from health care personnel in conjunction with the examinations. Further, the visits to the clinic provided opportunities to see the ultrasound picture of the expected infant. However, one-third of the women also reported stress in relation to the examinations.

Conclusions

Fetal echocardiographic surveillance holds many and predominantly positive effects for Ro/SSA-positive women during pregnancy in addition to the medical advantages.
Modeling of correlated data with informative cluster sizes: An evaluation of joint modeling and within-cluster resampling approaches
Authors: Zhang Bo , Liu Wei , Zhang Zhiwei , Qu Yanping , Chen Zhen , Albert Paul S
Published: June 2015

Joint modeling and within-cluster resampling are two approaches that are used for analyzing correlated data with informative cluster sizes. Motivated by a developmental toxicity study, we examined the performances and validity of these two approaches in testing covariate effects in generalized linear mixed-effects models. We show that the joint modeling approach is robust to the misspecification of cluster size models in terms of Type I and Type II errors when the corresponding covariates are not included in the random effects structure; otherwise, statistical tests may be affected. We also evaluate the performance of the within-cluster resampling procedure and thoroughly investigate the validity of it in modeling correlated data with informative cluster sizes. We show that within-cluster resampling is a valid alternative to joint modeling for cluster-specific covariates, but it is invalid for time-dependent covariates. The two methods are applied to a developmental toxicity study that investigated the effect of exposure to diethylene glycol dimethyl ether.
Local and transnational networking among female immigrant entrepreneurs in peripheral rural contexts: Perspectives on Russians in Finnmark, Norway
Authors: Munkejord Mai Camilla
Published: June 2015

Social networks are vital to the start-up and development of new businesses. In immigrant entrepreneurship research, the key role of co-ethnic networks has been particularly highlighted. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the networking practices of immigrants who start businesses in a rural context where co-ethnic communities do not exist. In order to address this gap, this article highlights the experiences of female Russian immigrant entrepreneurs living in Finnmark in northernmost Norway. Finnmark in fact represents a particularly interesting geographical context for such an empirical focus. The article considers how social, economic and cultural contexts configure network relationships and reveals the important role of the family, and in particular the male spouse, representing a network of resources that may alleviate migrant disadvantage through affective ties. Moreover, it shows that the family of the immigrant entrepreneurs may be located both locally in the new context of settlement and transnationally in the country of origin, and in addition may be of both co-ethnic and cross-ethnic character.
Development of a new torsional vibration damper incorporating conventional centrifugal pendulum absorber and magnetorheological damper
Authors: Abouobaia Ehab , Bhat Rama , Sedaghati Ramin
Published: June 2015

Excessive torsional vibrations in mechanical systems with rotating mechanical components result in noise, excessive stresses, or even fatigue failure if not suppressed or controlled properly. Accordingly, they should be suppressed or controlled immediately to ensure system’s reliability. In this study, a hybrid torsional vibration damper is proposed incorporating a conventional centrifugal pendulum vibration absorber and a magnetorheological damper. While centrifugal pendulum vibration absorbers are simple and reliable than passive torsional vibration absorbers, their performance is limited to the designed tuning conditions. Magnetorheological dampers have recently received considerable attention due to their inherent fail-safe feature, low power requirement, and capability to attenuate vibration under unpredictable environmental conditions. This research aims at developing a novel hybrid torsional vibration damper combining conventional centrifugal pendulum vibration absorber with the magnetorheological rotary damper in which the centrifugal pendulum vibration absorber has been connected to the cylindrical housing of the magnetorheological damper. The analytical model of the rotor system integrated with proposed hybrid torsional damper has been developed. The superior performance of the proposed torsional damper has been then demonstrated by comparing the results with those of rotor system without any damper, rotor system with only centrifugal pendulum vibration absorber, and finally rotor system with only magnetorheological rotary damper.
Realistic Survival Outcomes After Vasopressor Use in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Farkas Daniel T. , Rahnemai-Azar Amir A. , Kunhammed Shameem Shah , Greenbaum Arieh , Bibi Shahida , John Mohan Mathew
Published: June 2015

Aim:

Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) have significantly increased mortality rates. Frequently, clinicians are called upon to help families make decisions regarding aggressiveness of care. Having a realistic expectation of outcome is critical for these discussions. This article looked at survival and outcomes following initiation of vasopressors.

Methods:

All patients admitted to the ICU between January and June 2011were included. Patients were classified into those who had been started on vasopressors (VP+) and those who had not (VP−). Outcomes of these groups including survival were calculated and compared.

Results:

A total of 1023 patients were included: 169 in the VP+ group and 854 in the VP− group. The survival rate in the VP+ group was 29.6% compared to 92.0% in the VP− group. This was both clinically and statistically significant ( P < .001).

Conclusion:

Patients started on vasopressors in the ICU have very poor outcomes. Being able to quantify this accurately is important to clinicians having discussions with family members.
Says Who? An Experiment on Allegations of Corruption and Credibility of Sources
Authors: Botero Sandra , Cornejo Rodrigo Castro , Gamboa Laura , Pavao Nara , Nickerson David W.
Published: June 2015

To hold politicians accountable for corrupt practices, voters must rely on reports from third parties and view these accusation sources as credible. We conducted a survey experiment varying sources for corruption accusations and measuring citizens’ evaluations of political candidates in Colombia. Consistent with prior surveys, we find that respondents trust newspapers more than the judiciary or nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Corruption accusations coming from the leading national newspaper drive down levels of support and trust for corrupt politicians relative to identical accusations made against identical candidates by NGOs and the judiciary. Our results also indicate that people with lower levels of education were more responsive than more educated individuals to corruption accusations coming from newspapers when compared to those coming from the judiciary or an NGO. Perceptions of candidate competence did not move with perceived trustworthiness.
Phyllodes Tumor of the Breast With Malignant Melanoma Component
Authors: Vergine Marco , Guy Catherine , Taylor Mark R.
Published: June 2015

Phyllodes tumors of the breast display a wide variation in histological appearance and are classified into benign, borderline, and malignant categories based on a combination of histological parameters. These tumors may include a malignant heterologous component that is believed to originate through a process of multidirectional differentiation from a cancer stem cell. In these cases, the tumor is classified as a malignant phyllodes tumor. Among the heterologous elements that have been described in malignant phyllodes tumors are rhabdomyosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, liposarcoma and angiosarcoma. We present the first case of a phyllodes tumor with a malignant melanoma component in the breast of a 71-year-old lady, discussing the clinical implications of this diagnosis.
Minimal Invasive Suture-Tape Augmentation for Chronic Ankle Instability
Authors: Cho Byung-Ki , Park Kyoung-Jin , Kim Seok-Won , Lee Hyung-Joon , Choi Seung-Myung
Published: June 2015

Background:

Although the modified Brostrom procedure has had excellent clinical results, postoperative complications such as skin irritation by suture material and problematic scar formation occur. This prospective study was performed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of mini-open ligament augmentation (internal brace technique) using suture tape for chronic ankle instability in a select cohort of patients.

Methods:

Thirty-four young female patients with less than 70 kg of body weight were followed for more than 2 years after suture tape augmentation for lateral ankle instability. The clinical evaluation consisted of the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS), Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) score, Sefton grading system, and the period to return to various activities. Measurement of talar tilt angle and anterior talar translation was obtained from stress radiographs to evaluate the longevity of mechanical ankle stability.

Results:

FAOS and FAAM scores had significantly improved to 92.5 points at final follow-up ( P < .001). According to the Sefton grading, 31 cases (91.2%) achieved satisfactory functional results. The period to return to exercise was on average 10.2 weeks for jogging and 9.6 weeks for walking on uneven ground. The average subjective satisfaction score of patients was 93.8 points, and satisfaction with the scar was 98.5 points. Talar tilt angle and anterior talar translation had significantly improved to an average of 4.5 degrees and 4.1 mm, respectively, at final follow-up ( P < .001). There were no complications such as skin irritation and wound infection, except for 1 case of chronic inflammation.

Conclusions:

Minimally invasive suture tape augmentation seems to be an effective alternative for young women with chronic ankle instability. Because there is a possibility of progressive elongation over time, the longevity of mechanical ankle stability and the proper indication for using the internal brace technique should be addressed in future studies.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV, case series study.
Economies of Scale Versus Small Is Beautiful
Authors: Wells Peter
Published: June 2015

This article defines business models for sustainability as contested and contextual, and provides a novel framework in terms of the architecture of the business, its principles and components for the analysis of such models. With this framework, a preliminary comparison using the engaged scholarship methodology is made between microbreweries and large multinational brewers. It is concluded that defining and determining comparative sustainability performance based on different business models results in ambiguities and contradictions that are not readily resolved, but a key determinant in the broad definition of business sustainability in the brewing sector is the degree of localism that the business model exhibits.
MWCNTs Induce ROS Generation, ERK Phosphorylation, and SOD-2 Expression in Human Mesothelial Cells
Authors: Yu Min , Chen Riping , Jia Zhenyu , Chen Junqiang , Lou Jianlin , Tang Shichuan , Zhang Xing
Published: June 2015

Biological oxidative responses are involved in the toxicity of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), which may cause asbestos-like pathogenicity. Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD-2) has been proposed as a biomarker of early responses to mesothelioma-inducing fibers. This study was conducted to investigate the alteration of SOD-2 expression in the human mesothelial cell lines Met-5A after exposure to nontoxic doses of MWCNTs and the potential signaling pathway. The parameters measured included the viability, morphological change, superoxide formation, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation, and messenger RNA (mRNA)/protein levels of SOD-2. Our results showed that MWCNTs upregulated SOD-2 expression at both mRNA and protein level. Coincidently, both superoxide formation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were observed in Met-5A cells exposed to MWCNTs and were diminished by pretreatment with the reactive oxidative species (ROS) scavenger, N-acetyl-l-(+)-cysteine (NAC). To further investigate the role of ROS/ERK1/2 in MWCNTs-induced SOD-2 overexpression, prior to MWCNTs exposure, cells were pretreated with the Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK 1/2) inhibitor (U0126) or with NAC. Both pretreatments decreased the MWCNTs-induced overexpression of SOD-2. These results suggest that upregulation of SOD-2 in Met-5A cells exposed to MWCNTs is mediated by ROS formation and ERK1/2 activation.
Introduction of a novel tribometer especially designed for scratch, adhesion and hardness investigation up to 1000℃
Authors: Varga M , Flasch M , Badisch E
Published: June 2015

In order to gain a fundamental understanding of material behaviour at elevated temperatures a unique tribometer was designed which can operate at temperatures up to 1000℃. The test takes place in vacuum in order to avoid oxidation and the normal load range varies from 10 to 500 N. It is thus possible to describe the evolution of hardness over a broad range of temperatures and loads. This can give indications of possible microstructural modifications, which can be investigated afterwards on cross sections. For the characterisation of single abrasive phenomena on a very fundamental level, scratch tests at variable loads are proposed. The interaction of sliding surfaces can be simulated by adhesion testing. To this end an application specific counter body, e.g. taken from a field specimen, can be slid over the specimen surface at variable loads. Finally, it can be stated that this newly designed tribometer offers an enormous potential for deeper understanding of fundamental wear phenomena like ploughing, micro-breaking or adhesion occurring at high temperature. The possibilities of high temperature scratch and hardness testing with the new measurement system are shown on the common austenitic stainless steel 1.4301 (AISI 304).
Children’s physical activity levels during primary school break times
Authors: Powell Emma , Woodfield Lorayne A , Nevill Alan AM
Published: June 2015

The overall aim of this study was to assess the diversity of primary school children’s physical activity (PA) during outdoor recess. The study was grounded in a mixed method approach, assisting in the identification of multifaceted predictors of children’s PA, including insights to social behaviours during break time. Data were obtained from children aged 7–10 years across five primary schools in the West Midlands, United Kingdom. Data were collected during the English winter months from November 2013 to January 2014 and involved two distinct phases. In the quantitative phase ( n = 82), children’s PA levels and social play behaviours were directly observed at break time using the system for observing children’s activity and relationships during play (SOCARP).The SOCARP instrument coded 820 minutes of school break time across the categories of: physical activity; group size; activity type and social play behaviours. In the qualitative phase ( n = 80), children participated in group interviews in relation to their perceptions and experiences of the playground environment. Findings indicated boys and girls have different predictors of their PA levels. Participating in sports activities and engaging in large groups were positive predictors of boys’ moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), whereas pro-social interactions and small/medium groups were positive predictors of girls’ MVPA. The qualitative findings highlighted several themes including: boys and sport; power hierarchies; girls’ walk and talk; and imaginary play. Drawing from the current findings, it is suggested that interventions should focus on the social environment of break times, facilitating walk and talk routes for girls and sporting opportunities for boys.
Invariance of measures to understand decision-making for pursuing living donor kidney transplant
Authors: Brick Leslie Ann , Sorensen Donya , Robbins Mark L , Paiva Andrea L , Peipert John D , Waterman Amy D
Published: June 2015

Living donor kidney transplant is the ideal treatment option for end-stage renal disease; however, the decision to pursue living donor kidney transplant is complex and challenging. Measurement invariance of living donor kidney transplant Decisional Balance and Self-Efficacy across gender (male/female), race (Black/White), and education level (no college/college or higher) were examined using a sequential approach. Full strict invariance was found for Decisional Balance and Self-Efficacy for gender and partial strict invariance was found for Decisional Balance and Self-Efficacy across race and education level. This information will inform tailored feedback based on these constructs in future intervention studies targeting behavior change among specific demographic subgroups.
Forgiveness and health-related quality of life in older people: Adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies as mediators
Authors: Rey Lourdes , Extremera Natalio
Published: June 2015

This study examined whether adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies mediate the relationship between forgiveness and health-related quality of life in a sample of 350 Spanish people aged 55 years and older. Positive refocusing and positive reappraisal strategies partially mediated the relation between forgiveness and mental health. Thus, focusing on planning partially mediated the relation between forgiveness and physical health. Our findings contribute to an emerging understanding of the underlying coping process between forgiveness and health outcomes and might provide preliminary insight for potential intervention for increasing quality of life via the promotion of forgiveness and adaptive coping in the elderly.
Exploring the social meaning of contemporary urban vernaculars: Perceptions and attitudes about Citétaal in Flanders
Authors: Marzo Stefania
Published: June 2015

This paper aims to provide a more nuanced understanding of the social meaning of a contemporary urban vernacular called Citétaal (Citélanguage).

While most studies on the perception of urban vernaculars have applied qualitative discursive methods, we investigate the perception of and attitudes towards Citétaal by combining a qualitative and quantitative approach. In a discursive analysis of online surveys and social media networks, we analyze how this variety is perceived and represented on a collective level, and in comparison to other varieties, such as standard Dutch and regional Limburg Flemish. These insights are used to organize a speaker evaluation experiment ( n=95) in which we verify to what extent the various meanings in the indexical field of Citétaal occur on the individual level of the listener’s mind and how they are structured. We will also measure the listener’s ability to guess the speaker’s ethnic and regional origin. The qualitative data will be further used to interpret the results of the experiment.

It will be shown that although social meanings of Citétaal strongly vary within the community, they are clearly regimented by prevailing standard language ideologies. Citétaal is still perceived as a vernacular spoken by foreign speakers, and its social meanings fluctuate between values of low social status and high attractiveness. The opposition (considered as distance) between speaker attractiveness and status is the highest for Citétaal and the lowest for standard Dutch, which suggests that social meanings of standard Dutch are more stable and widely accepted throughout the Flemish community.

The conclusions highlight the importance of combining qualitative and quantitative methods when studying perceptions and attitudes in order to provide a fuller understanding of the social meaning of urban vernaculars in the larger community.
Grey preference analysis of indoor environmental factors using sub-indexes based on Weber/Fechner's law and predicted mean vote
Authors: Li Nianping , Cui Haijiao , zhu Chihui , Zhang Xuhan , Su Lin
Published: June 2015

The purpose of this study was to determine the influences of environmental parameters on common health symptoms in office buildings. A grey preference analysis based on a new indoor environment quality (IEQ) index and a controlled field survey of 91 office occupants were conducted in an office building in Guangzhou, China. The new IEQ index based on Weber/Fechner’s law and predicted mean vote (PMV) was developed and validated by our survey. In the survey, the six environmental parameters (air temperature, illumination intensity, noise level, carbon dioxide, formaldehyde and PM10) were measured. The subjects’ satisfaction levels and the nine health symptoms (eye dryness, lethargy, dry throat, headache, nausea, skin dryness, blocked nose, influenza-like symptom and chest tightness) were determined using questionnaires. The results show that the proposed IEQ index can preferentially predict the subjective sensations of occupants. PM10 was identified as the most significant environmental parameter, followed by formaldehyde, air temperature, carbon dioxide, noise level and illumination intensity. Eye dryness and lethargy were the most significant symptoms, followed by dry throat, headache, nausea, skin dryness and chest tightness. Blocked nose and influenza-like symptom were hardly reported by subjects. The findings of this study could provide a practical guidance for IEQ management to reduce unhealthy diseases for occupants.
Fracture non-union epidemiology and treatment
Authors: Nandra Rajpal , Grover Liam , Porter Keith
Published: June 2015

Fracture non-union remains a clinical problem despite advances in the understanding of basic science and technology. Each fracture has a unique personality as does the patient suffering the injury. Thus, each case must be treated on an individual basis. This article defines the problem of fracture non-union and reports recent epidemiological studies. We discuss relevant risk factors and methods for assessing patients who have a tendency toward fracture non-union. There are many treatment options for patients with non-union, where a number of these modalities are still under review. We discuss current evidence with the use of bone morphogenic protein, platelet-rich plasma and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound to augment the treatment of fracture non-union.
Using history to explain the present: The past as born and performed
Authors: Glass Pepper G.
Published: June 2015

While ethnographers call for including temporal contexts in their studies, they do not closely consider how to accomplish this. Instead, they tend to treat the past as historical facts, collected by experts, and largely isolated from the understandings of their subjects. This study analyzes how residents being interviewed about their city invoked the past. As opposed to a past born from static historical sources, the past of interviewees was largely autobiographical, and it was actively performed through interactions that strategically critiqued or wistfully enhanced the present. These intimate, populist histories reflected and maintained community ideals and identities, and they defied elite, professional explanations, revealing conflicts between how researcher and researched define the world. Ethnographers and other researchers of the present should be sensitive to how their subjects construct the past, as well as their own representations of history and the dynamics of power underlying them.
Ethnography, theory, and sociology as a human science: An interlocution
Authors: Reed Isaac Ariail
Published: June 2015

Ethnography has compelled sociology to recognize and articulate the implications of the fact that it is a human science. This response to readers of Interpretation and Social Knowledge is presented as an exercise in ‘working epistemics’: a reflection on knowledge production that connects the philosophy of social science to extant problems in specific subfields and methodological approaches in sociology, themselves connected to the work of making empirically driven truth claims in sociology. In so doing, it addresses the investigator’s reflexivity about his or her knowledge production, causality and contrastive explanation, social power and the theory of fields, and finally the relationship between hermeneutic sociology and the sociological lexicon bequeathed by a ‘theory of action’.
A comprehensive analysis of the impact of biofuels on the performance and emissions from compression and spark-ignition engines
Authors: Di Iorio Silvana , Mancaruso Ezio , Sementa Paolo , Vaglieco Bianca Maria
Published: June 2015

The compression ignition and small displacement spark-ignition engines play an important role in the urban air pollution. In particular, vehicles equipped with compression ignition engines are widely used because of their higher performance and fuel efficiency with respect to the spark-ignition ones. Nevertheless, spark-ignition engines with low displacements are even more wide-spreading because of the lower fuel consumption and emissions. They are also used for two-wheeled vehicles, whose easier navigation makes them widely used in heavily congested areas. Their contribution on urban pollution is worsened by the fact that these vehicles have to comply with the Euro 3 standard; light vehicles have, instead, to fulfill the more restrictive Euro 6, which for the compression ignition and gasoline direct injection engines indicates for particle emissions also a number-based regulation. This article aims to characterize the effects of biofuels on engine emissions and performance of compression ignition and spark-ignition engines. The investigation was carried out on different class of engines. Direct injection and a port fuel injection spark-ignition engines fueled with ethanol and its blends, 10 v/v%, 50 v/v% and 85 v/v% of ethanol in gasoline. The compression ignition engine was equipped with a common rail injection system and was fueled with pure rapeseed methyl ester, representative of fatty acid methyl ester, and its blends in diesel, 20 v/v% and 50 v/v%. The gaseous emissions and the particle concentration were measured at the exhaust by means of conventional instruments. Particle size distribution function was measured in the range from 5.6 to 560 nm by means of an engine exhaust particle sizer. A comprehensive characterization of the particulate carbon was performed by means of optical diagnostics in the combustion chamber. In particular, two-dimensional images of flame evolution were detected and processed by two-color pyrometry technique to assess the in-cylinder soot formation and oxidation processes. For both the investigated spark-ignition and compression ignition engines, the use of biofuels shows a partial increase in the specific fuel consumption and a reduction of the soot particles emission. Nevertheless, a further effort on engine technology should be paid to balance the mass with the size and number of the particles.
Decreasing spatial disorientation in care-home settings: How psychology can guide the development of dementia friendly design guidelines
Authors: O’Malley Mary , Innes Anthea , Wiener Jan M
Published: June 2015

Alzheimer’s disease results in marked declines in navigation skills that are particularly pronounced in unfamiliar environments. However, many people with Alzheimer’s disease eventually face the challenge of having to learn their way around unfamiliar environments when moving into assisted living or care-homes. People with Alzheimer’s disease would have an easier transition moving to new residences if these larger, and often more institutional, environments were designed to compensate for decreasing orientation skills. However, few existing dementia friendly design guidelines specifically address orientation and wayfinding. Those that do are often based on custom, practice or intuition and not well integrated with psychological and neuroscientific knowledge or navigation research, therefore often remaining unspecific. This paper discusses current dementia friendly design guidelines, reports findings from psychological and neuropsychological experiments on navigation and evaluates their potential for informing design guidelines that decrease spatial disorientation for people with dementia.
Against critical thinking pedagogy
Authors: Hayes David
Published: June 2015

Critical thinking pedagogy is misguided. Ostensibly a cure for narrowness of thought, by using the emotions appropriate to conflict, it names only one mode of relation to material among many others. Ostensibly a cure for fallacies, critical thinking tends to dishonesty in practice because it habitually leaps to premature ideas of what the object or student is asserting. Most importantly, critical thinking pedagogy assumes that students start out with thick beliefs and should become thinner. But in an age of default skepticism such as ours, it reinforces the vague belief that no beliefs are true and presses students toward an even thinner condition. What is needed instead is a pedagogy that thinks toward belief. This pedagogy would be marked by: (1) interpretive charity; (2) tolerance for a specific kind of exploratory bullshit; (3) the exercise of the imagination.
Making material memories: Kinmen’s bridging objects and fractured places between China and Taiwan
Authors: Zhang J.J. , Crang Mike
Published: June 2015

The post-war material culture of Kinmen, a former military outpost in Taiwan, reveals a biography moving from conflict to hope for rapprochement, from matériel to militaria to souvenir. By experimenting with the concept of sensuous materialism, this article looks at touristic things from and of the battlefield past and explores how, through their materialities, things interact with people’s senses and shape their understandings of cross-strait relations. Far from being inert, these things are full of life and energy in their ability to animate the object–human relationship. Social memories are enacted through specific material affordances with the senses. Those memories are sensuous, emotional and affective as well as political and historic. Examining the making, staging and consumption of touristic things and how their commemorative materialities interact with and shape people’s consciousness of past histories, present happenings and future dreams helps us gain a more nuanced understanding of the China–Taiwan rapprochement process.