bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth Response of a Boreal Black Spruce Stand to Fertilizer Treatments
Authors: Foster Neil W. , Morrison Ian K. , Swan H. S. D.
Published: August 2019

Results are reported for a fertilizer field trial with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers in a 100-yr-old black spruce stand in the Lake Nipigon region of northern Ontario. A comparison of four levels of N (0, 112, 224, and 336 kg/ha) revealed significant effects (p = .05) of treatment on diameter growth. In a comparison of N (112 and 224 kg/ha) in combination with K and PK (74 and 93 kg/ha, respectively) the volume growth of fertilized trees, at the end of 5 and 10 years, was generally greater than that of controls, but not significantly greater (p = .05). The best 10- year growth response was to 224 kg N/ha, which produced 7.4 m3/ha of extra wood over controls. No additional growth was realized when K and PK were added with N. North. J. Appl. For. 3:142-144, Dec. 1986.
Northeastern Forest Survey Site Index Equations and Site Productivity Classes
Authors: Scott Charles T. , Voorhis Nancy G.
Published: August 2019

The Forest Inventory and Analysis project of the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station estimates site productivity as part of its survey of the forest resources. Site productivity is defined as the growth rate of a fully stocked stand at the age of maximum mean annual increment. It is assumed that site productivity is related to site index and can be estimated from it. Polymorphic site index equations for 19 species found in the Northeast are presented for use in determining site productivity class. The equations were developed from existing site index tables or equations and are intended to facilitate the analysis of forest growth and potential productivity. North. J. Appl. For. 3:144-148, Dec. 1986.
Managing Saratoga Spittlebug in Pine Plantations by Suppressing Sweetfern
Authors: Heyd Robert L. , Murray Ronald L. , Wilson Louis F.
Published: August 2019

The herbicides Roundup® and Krenite® were tested to control sweetfern in red and jack pine plantations. Both significantly reduced sweetfern and other herbaceous plants the first year, but Roundup® at 1 qt/ac and 2 qt/ac dosages gave the best performance during the entire period. Krenite® at a 3 gal/ac dosage also satisfactorily controlled plants, but this dosage burned the pine foliage and was expensive. North. J. Appl. For. 4:16-17, Mar. 1987.
Larch Plantation Management in the Northeast
Authors: Carter Katherine K. , Selin L. Oscar
Published: August 2019

The potential productivity of native and exotic larch plantations in the northeastern United States and eastern Canada is summarized. Attainment of high productivity over short rotations depends on the application of silvicultural practices that differ from those that are commonly applied to other, more tolerant, northern conifers. Practices leading to the successful establishment and management of larch plantations are discussed. North. J. Appl. For. 4:18-20, Mar. 1987.
Reliability of Ethanol Flotation for Testing Tamarack Seed
Authors: Eavy A. Lee , Houseweart Mark W.
Published: August 2019

The reliability of assessing tamarack seed quality using 95% ethanol to separate empty and full seed was tested using two different methods. X-radiography analysis and germination trials indicated that ethanol flotation of tamarack seed results in the loss of 30-40% of the full seed and over 52% of the germinable seed if floating seed is considered empty and subsequently discarded. Seeds infested by the seed chalcid consistently floated and were removed with the floating seed. X-radiography is the most appropriate method for evaluating tamarack seed quality. North. J. Appl. For. 4:69-72, June 1987.
Bark Stripping by White-Tailed Deer in West Virginia
Authors: Michael Edwin D.
Published: August 2019

This paper reports on deer girdling trees by stripping bark. This behavior was documented in a small portion of Monongalia County, West Virginia, and was restricted to slippery elm. Fifty-six percent of all slippery elm examined had bark stripped from trunk or roots. Thirty-five percent of the trees with stripped bark had 90-100% of the trunk girdled. Girdling of the trunk reached as high as 7 ft above ground level. Stripping of bark from roots extended as far as 9 ft from the trunk. This behavior was first noted in 1981 and appears to be increasing. A serious economic impact may result if deer begin stripping bark from commercially valuable trees. North. J. Appl. For. 4:96-97, June 1987.
Acorn Usage by Deer: Significance of Oak Management
Authors: Pekins Peter J. , Mautz william W.
Published: August 2019

Fall food habits and food availability of four lead white-tailed deer were studied in hardwood seedling-sapling areas, cut-over mixed hardwood areas, and an oak sawtimber site in southern New Hampshire in 1979 and 1980. Red or white oak acorns were the single most consumed foods in both years. Acorns and/or oak leaves comprised over one-half the fall diet. Individual foods representing 10% or more of the diet were red oak acorns, red oak leaves, and yellow birch leaves in early fall, and red oak and white oak acorns, and red oak leaves in late fall. Management implications and recommendations are discussed. North. J. Appl. For. 4:124-128, Sept. 1987.
White Spruce Plantations in the Upper Great Lakes Region: Status and Problem-Solving Needs
Authors: Rauscher H. Michael
Published: August 2019

This paper summarizes discussions on the status of white spruce plantations of knowledgeable forest managers and researchers representing federal, state, county, university, and private organizations. These discussions cover such topics as the establishment, intermediate silviculture, final harvest, and growth and yield of white spruce plantations. Also included is an extensive list of major problem areas relevant to the management of white spruce plantations. North. J. Appl. For. 4:146-149, Sept. 1987.
Predicting Timber Harvests on Private Forests in Southwest Wisconsin
Authors: Bliss John C. , Grassl Mark J.
Published: August 2019

A procedure for predicting timber harvest occurrence on nonindustrial private forests correctly predicted harvests on 87% of the properties used for model development, and 71% of the properties in a separately collected data set. The procedure requires limited, easily obtained data and little computation, yet it approximates logistic regression analysis. The study utilized historical timber harvest data on 84 properties in the Kickapoo River watershed of Vernon County, Wisconsin. Tract size and farm status was significantly related to timber harvest occurrence on the properties studied; owner residency was not. The procedure can help field foresters identify potential users of timber harvest assistance. North. J. Appl. For. 4:152-154, Sept. 1987.
The Reporting of Timber Market Prices
Authors: Michie Bruce R. , Kametz Thomas
Published: August 2019

Timber market price reports make useful information available to private landowners. Insights regarding what information to include are discussed as well as what sources should provide that information. Basic definitions, explanations of how to interpret price data, and a description of local timber markets, would be helpful to landowners. Sawmills appear to be the most reliable source of Pennsylvania stumpage price data. North. J. Appl. For. 4:160-161, Sept. 1987.
Yellow-Poplar Site Quality Related to Slope Type in Mountainous Terrain
Authors: McNab W. Henry
Published: August 2019

Site index and topographic variables were measured on 112, ¼-ac sample plots with yellow-poplar overstory in the Blue Ridge Province of the Southern Appalachian Mountains. The plots were grouped by slope type—nose, side, or head—and multiple regression analysis was used to develop equations for predicting height at 50 years. Estimated site index was significantly less on side slopes than on head slopes. Stand age was the most important variable in both equations, followed by aspect and land surface shape. The equations accounted for 79% of the variation of yellow-poplar height on head slopes and 84% on side slopes. North. J. Appl. For. 4:189-192, Dec. 1987.
Possible Misinterpretations of Equivalent Annual Incomes in Inflationary Times
Authors: Klemperer W. David
Published: August 2019

Equivalent annual incomes (EATs) are often computed to compare investments with similar size but different lives. One common form of EAT fails to readily illustrate that before-tax present values of new projects should not change with inflationary expectations, given the same real interest rate. This type of EAI also fails to reflect reduction in after-tax present value of new projects as expected inflation rises. An EAI formulation is suggested that eliminates these problems and assures correct project rankings regardless of the inflation rate. North. J. Appl. For. 4:210-211, December 1987.
A Guide to Using Regression Equations for Estimating Tree Biomass
Authors: Crow Thomas R. , Schlaegel Bryce E.
Published: August 2019

Tree biomass is most commonly estimated using regressions of green or dry weight to tree dimensions. Rarely is it feasible for managers to develop their own predictive equations, so they must rely on published regressions and weight tables developed from those regressions. A guide is presented that will help each manager select the most appropriate equation available for a given situation. We also provide common regression models currently in use, statistics for comparing published equations, and practical examples of their application. Sources of weight tables and biomass regressions for northern species are also noted.

North. J. Appl. For. 5:15-22, March 1988.
Silvicultural Opportunities Ten Years After Clearcutting Central Hardwoods
Authors: Myers Charles C. , Buchman Roland G.
Published: August 2019

Natural reproduction in central hardwoods 8 to 13 years after clearcutting is assessed for stands in southern Illinois. Abundant reproduction for management of valuable hardwoods is present on all sites. There are more valuable hardwood stems per acre on the dry sites, with smaller average dbh, than on the mesic sites. Better oak reproduction is found on the dry sites. There are an average of 202 dominant or codominant oak stems per acre on the dry sites compared to 42 on the mesic sites. Valuable timber species reproduction can provide most of the crop trees and trainers; TSI will generally be required on mesic and dry sites.

North J Appl For 5 22-25, March 1988
Management Impacts on Christmas Tree Returns
Authors: Howard Theodore E. , Walkowiak John T.
Published: August 2019

Existing Christmas tree production cost and return models do not link the number and average price of merchantable trees to management practices. This model simulates number and price as functions of specific management practices accomplished within a rotation. The model allows evaluation of the trade-offs between additional management costs and resulting revenues. Using average production costs, investment of typical and intensive management scenarios in Northern New England were simulated. Real rates of return from 6 to 18% were obtained depending on the management regime and market prices.

North. J. Appl. For. 5:51-55, March 1988.
Changes in Forest Condition Associated With Gypsy Moth on New Frontiers of Infestation
Authors: Herrick Owen W. , Gansner David A.
Published: August 2019

Changes in forest condition associated with gypsy moth have now been measured for two infestations: northeastern Pennsylvania (1971-79) and central Pennsylvania (1978-85). Despite the variation in changes inflicted across both affected areas, average damage levels were very similar in these case studies. Measurements taken before and after infestation indicate that changes in average plot volume were 8 and 9%, respectively. Before outbreaks in the respective areas, 87 and 86% of the plots were fully stocked or overstocked; afterward, 79 and 83% were in this condition but with a reduced oak component.

North. J. Appl. For. 5:59-61, March 1988.
Natural Resource Characteristics Preferred by Woodland Buyers in Northern Minnesota
Authors: Baughman Melvin J.
Published: August 2019

Persons who bought woodland in northern Minnesota in 1983-84 were surveyed to determine what natural resources were important in their choice of property to buy. Woodland preferred by the greatest number of buyers had the following traits: paved road access, upland, lake or stream access, excellent fishing, abundant wildlife, mix of hardwoods and conifers, 40 to 100% tree cover, and trees over 9 in. diameter or a mix of sizes.

North. J. Appl. For. 5:69-70, March 1988.
State and Local Regulation of Private Forestry in the East
Authors: Cubbage Frederick W. , Siegel William C.
Published: August 2019

State and local regulation of private forestry in the eastern United States is increasing. A number of statewide laws regulate the practice of forestry in some fashion. Many local governments in the northeastern states and a few in the South have enacted or considered ordinances governing logging operations, primarily to prevent property damage or to preserve amenity values. The trend toward disjointed local regulation may prompt renewed calls from the forestry sector for uniform state forest practice laws. North. J. Appl. For. 5:103-108, June 1988.
Farm Tractor Skidding Costs in Relation to Profitability of a Fuelwood Harvesting System
Authors: Turner Terry L. , Huyler Neil K. , Bousquet Daniel W.
Published: August 2019

The need to improve forest management on small private woodlands has stimulated interest in using smaller skidding tractors for tree removal. A Massey Ferguson four-wheel drive farm tractor being used for fuelwood removals was observed for one year to assess its productive potential. On a range of site conditions the tractor produced 1.04 cords per scheduled hour. At full-time tractor operation of 1800 scheduled hours per year, producing 1872 cords, the machine cost was $5.40 per cord for an average skidding distance of 878 ft. This is a very favorable skidding cost, but it is not realistic. Examination of a model fuelwood harvesting system in which this machine might operate showed that machine cost is much higher in actual practice because the tractor is only used for part of each workday. The modal system produced wood at the rate of 2 cords per day for a 200-day year with the skidding tractor producing 1.57 cords per scheduled hour at a 529 ft skid distance. The system was capable of producing only 400 cords per year, thus reducing scheduled hours necessary for tractor use to 255. The machine cost under these conditions was $18 per cord because fixed machine cost per cord was higher. North. J. Appl. For. 5:207-210, Sept. 1988.
Effects of Frequency of Chemical Weed Control on Growth and Quality of Christmas Trees1
Authors: Brown James H. , Spetich Martin A. , Heiligmann Randall B.
Published: August 2019

Effective weed control is essential to the production of high-quality Christmas trees on most planting sites. Many growers use herbicides applied along rows of trees, in combination with mowing between rows, to control competing grasses and broadleaved weeds. This study evaluated one-time, biannual, and annual applications of herbicide during a 6-year period on growth and quality of different Christmas tree species planted on moderately dry and moist planting sites. Increased height growth from more frequent applications was limited primarily to the drier site, and even on that site rotation length would have been reduced by only 1 year. Christmas tree quality, as reflected by foliage density and tree weights, generally improved on both areas as herbicides were applied more frequently. Colorado spruce, Douglas-fir, and Fraser fir benefited more than Scotch and white pines. North. J. Appl. For. 6:15-17, March 1989.
Response of American Beech Regeneration to Selection Cutting of Northern Hardwoods in New York
Authors: Jones Robert H. , Nyland Ralph D. , Raynal Dudley J.
Published: August 2019

Root sprout and seedling regeneration of American beech was sampled in two maple-dominated northern hardwood stands 13-14 years after single-tree selection cutting. The largest stems had been advance regeneration, and seedlings comprised a substantial and well-distributed portion of these. Among stems established after the cut, root sprouts outnumbered seedlings. Total beech regeneration abundance was correlated with basal area of overstory beech. For long-term beech control, it may be useful to reduce beech seedling populations before selection cutting, and to cut large diameter beech trees. North. J. Appl. For. 6:34-36, March 1989.
Twenty Years of Black Walnut Genetic Improvement at Purdue University
Authors: Beineke Walter F.
Published: August 2019

In 1967 a black walnut tree improvement program was initiated by Purdue University for the state of Indiana. Techniques of superior tree selection, grafting, controlled pollination, close-spaced progeny testing, and early second-generation selection were developed. The success of this program has been demonstrated by the establishment of 40 acres of clonal and seedling black walnut seed orchards and the production of 30,000 improved seedlings in 1986 and 1987. Nine patented clones, the first patents granted for timber purposes, were released to private industry for production and sale. Based on selections presently in the state seed orchards, improvement was 2, 5, 13, and 12% for height, diameter, volume, and stem form, respectively, over nursery-run checks.

North. J. Appl. For. 6:68-71, June 1989.
Aspen Stand Development Following Harvest in the Lake States Region
Authors: Bates Peter C. , Blinn Charles R. , Alm Alvin A. , Perala Donald A.
Published: August 2019

This paper summarizes the literature that reports factors influencing the development of aspen stands following harvest. It is intended primarily for forest managers in the Lake States region, although some work done in the western United States is included.

Aspen stands generally regenerate to dense sucker stands after harvest. Competition, disease, and other injurious agents aid natural thinning in maturing stands. Although competition among stems is the primary cause of mortality in many stands, in some stands mortality caused by disease and injury may reduce expected yield. Forest managers should be aware of the factors that can affect aspen stand development, particularly when evaluating regeneration densities and rotation length, and when planning thinning operations.

North. J. Appl. For. 6:178-183, December 1989
The Fungus
Chondrostereum purpureum as a Silvicide to Control Stump Sprouting in Hardwoods
Authors: Wall Ron E.
Published: August 2019

Cultures of the fungus Chondrostereum purpureum (Fr.)Pouzar were applied to cut surfaces of hardwood stumps immediately after the trees were felled in late spring and summer and the stumps monitored for fungus infection and adventitious sprouting during the ensuing 2 years. Hardwood species inoculated were red maple, sugar maple, yellow birch, paper birch, pin cherry, trembling aspen, and beech. The fungus was applied as wheat bran cultures in a mineral oil slurry or by inverting petri dish cultures on the stump. All treatments resulted in development of sporophores of the fungus on the stump within 2 years and a concomitant reduction, as compared to the uninoculated controls, of the number of stump sprouts. The speed of stump invasion by the fungus and reduction of sprouting varied both among and within species. The feasibility of using this fungus as a biological control of regrowth after stand cleaning is discussed. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):17-19, March 1990.
Tank Mixing Roundup® with Adjuvants and Other Herbicides for Striped Maple Control
Authors: Horsley Stephen B.
Published: August 2019

The possibility of increasing Roundup® activity on striped maple was evaluated by tank mixing 1 qt/ac of Roundup with one of eight adjuvants or other herbicides and comparing each tank mix with Roundup alone. Control of striped maple was evaluated 1 and 2 years after treatment. Two years were required to obtain the full effect of the treatments. Spray distribution in tree crowns was an important factor in determining herbicide effectiveness. Trees 10 to 20 ft tall that received the main air blast of herbicide spray had the highest kill. None of the tank mixes resulted in control that was significantly better than Roundup alone. Tank mixes of Roundup with either Sorbicide Herbicide Adjuvant or 2,4-D significantly reduced control of striped maple. Thus, using both spray equipment that adequately covers tree crowns from the ground to a height of about 20 ft and compatible adjuvants are important for successful control of striped maple in Allegheny hardwood stands. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):19-22, March 1990.
Timber Value Growth Rates in Maine
Authors: Gansner David A. , Arner Stanford L. , Zarnoch Stanley J.
Published: August 2019

Rates of growth in value of standing timber in the Northeast can differ greatly between stands and between trees. Faced with this kind of variation, resource planners and managers need all the help they can get in determining financial rates of return for the region's woodlands. Analysis of recent inventory data indicates that the average annual change in value for forest stands in Maine between 1971 and 1982 was 4.3% and ranged from –12 to +43%. Because of high mortality and growth loss associated with spruce budworm, the average rate of value growth for fir trees was only 1.3%. Red oak, with its fast growth and low mortality rates, grew at a rate of 6.9%. North. J. Appl. For. 7:62-64, June 1990.
Construction of Variable-Density Empirical Yield Equations from Forest Management Inventory Data
Authors: Walters David K. , Ek Alan R. , Czysz David
Published: August 2019

Using simple concepts, forest management inventory data, and microcomputers for analysis, methodology is described whereby a forest owner or manager can construct yield equations quickly and economically. Models such as these should adequately explain the average yield trends in the data and can be adjusted, through the use of ratios, to specific stand information. Steps and cautions in choice of model form, data aggregation, and fitting procedure are discussed and illustrated. Assumptions and procedures for model implementation are also described. North. J. Appl. For. 7:110-113, September 1990.
Pine-Pine Gall Rust on Young Jack Pine in Northwestern Ontario
Authors: Juzwik Jennifer , Chong Nancy
Published: August 2019

Pine-pine gall rust, caused by Endocronartium harknessii, accounted for >99% of all stem rusts encountered during a 1987 survey of jack pine in 71 plantations regenerated with planted stock or by seeding between 1979 and 1984 in northwestern Ontario. Significant differences in rust incidence were detected among the six districts in the region (P < 0.05) with mean incidence ranging from 6.7 to 17.2%. Trees with main stem galls were found more frequently than trees with only branch galls. The majority of main stem infections in 44 plantations where incidence of main stem galls was >5% were in the potential impact class where deformity or mortality was imminent (P < 0.05). The average level of mortality attributed to rust was low (3.4%). Implications of the results to the region's jack pine tree improvement program and to stand management are discussed. North. J. Appl. For. 7:133-136, September 1990.
The World Eucapulp Industry and its Impact on the Northern U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry
Authors: Stier Jeffrey C.
Published: August 2019

Eucalyptus woodpulp (eucapulp) emerged as a significant force in the world market for paper grade pulp approximately a decade ago, and since 1976, production has increased at a compound annual rate of growth exceeding 20%. Recently, the closure of a Wisconsin pulpmill was associated with imports of eucapulp, and fears that a rapid influx of eucapulp would destroy local pulpwood markets spread throughout the northern U.S. forestry community. Eucapulp is an ideal fiber furnish for production of tissue and printing and writing papers, both of which are mainstays of the pulp and paper industry in the North. Eucapulp represents a major structural shift in the world pulp and paper sector, and it is likely to have a continuing impact on the U.S. industry, especially in the North. However, imports of eucapulp and of papers made from eucapulp are expected to increase in the future at an evolutionary pace and not to pose an immediate threat to the regional industry. North. J. Appl. For. 7:158-163, December 1990.
Stem Biomass Growth of Four Plantation-Grown Conifer Species in Southwestern Wisconsin
Authors: Gower Stith T. , Chapman Jonathan W. , Volin John C. , Hagen Adrian E.
Published: August 2019

Red and white pine, European larch and Norway spruce were destructively harvested from 27-year-old plantations in southwestern Wisconsin and regression equations were developed to estimate stem biomass accumulation rates for the four species. Total stem biomass accumulation differed significantly (P < 0.05) among the four species and ranged from 51.8 tons/ac for Norway spruce to 75.1 tons/ac for European larch. Annual stem biomass increment also differed among the four species and was significantly greater (P < 0.001) in 1987 than 1988 for all four conifers. The large decrease in tree growth was attributed to the severe drought of 1988. North J. Appl. For. 8(1):26-28
A Field Guide to Site Quality for the Allegheny Hardwood Region
Authors: Jones Stephen B. , Saviello Thomas B.
Published: August 2019

A site quality evaluation technique using soils and topographic criteria is presented. The field guide, developed in the unglaciated, deeply dissected Allegheny Plateau region of southwestern New York and in northcentral and northwestern Pennsylvania, is currently being used by International Paper foresters on company property within that region. A different set of decision criteria and site quality weightings is applied for each of four topographic units: (1) plateau tops (≤15% slope) and side slopes < 10%, (2) upper slopes (>9% slope), (3) middle slopes (>9% slope), and (4) lower slopes (>9% slope). Decision criteria are all field determinable and include: soil texture, soil stoniness, aspect, shade angle, slope shape, and effective rooting depth. Points are awarded so that relative site quality ratings from 40 to 100 are scored. Site I, II, and III designations are assigned to site quality ratings of 80-100, 60-79, and 40-59, respectively. North. J. Appl. For. 8(1):3-8
Growth Response of Upland Oak Sawtimber Stands to Thinning in Connecticut
Authors: Ward Jeffrey S.
Published: August 2019

Thirty pairs of thinned and unthinned plots in roadside fuelwood areas, and 12 plots in each of 2 commercial cordwood thinnings were located in Connecticut oak sawtimber stands. Thinning during 1969-82 reduced stocking on plots an average of 30%. Subsequent stand basal area growth, cubic-foot growth, and board-foot growth were similar among all treatments. There was no decrease in stem quality nor increase in epicormic branching associated with thinning. Thinning mature oak sawtimber stands provides forest managers an opportunity to capture volume of declining trees while increasing growth on residual oak sawtimber. North. J. Appl. For. 8(3):104-107.
The Western Upper Peninsula Forest Improvement District's First Five Years
Authors: Irland Lloyd C. , Maass David I.
Published: August 2019

In 1985, the Western Upper Peninsula Forest Improvement District began operations, serving six counties in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. An evaluation in the fifth year of its forestry program found that the District had increased landowner participation in forest management, upgraded significant aspects of the quality of forest practice, and established a sound administrative system. Costs of service delivery were competitive with other programs in the region. The evaluation identified a number of areas for improvement. Financial self-sufficiency should not be expected in the coming decade. North. J. Appl. For. 8(3):107-111.
Eastern Dwarf Mistletoe on Red Spruce in Eastern Maine
Authors: Livingston William H. , Ritz George F. , Rombold John S.
Published: August 2019

Eastern dwarf mistletoe was found on 15.4% of the red spruce stems in a predominantly 70- 80-year-old softwood stand in eastern Maine. Infected trees rarely show decline symptoms or are killed by the parasite. Dwarf mistletoe was found on red spruce in 13 additional locations in the state. Infected trees can be detected by the presence of small (<1-2 ft diameter) witches' brooms. Extent of dwarf mistletoe infections on red spruce is more common than previously reported. Management of spruce regeneration, natural and planted, should include assessment and control of dwarf mistletoe on residual red spruce. North. J. Appl. For 8(3):123-125.
Regeneration of Northern Hardwoods in the Northeast with the Shelterwood Method
Authors: Hannah Peter R.
Published: August 2019

Study plots (1/4 ac) were located in four northern hardwood stands in Vermont, and shelterwood canopy covers of 40, 60, 80, and 100%, and a control (no cutting) were established. Regeneration on small plots within the treated areas was sampled over a 3-year period and the composition of saplings determined after 6 years. While there were substantial increases in amount of regeneration under most canopy covers, there was no significant differences due to treatment. Some important trends, however, were evident. Sugar maple showed some increase in seedling density under most canopy densities with up to 68,000 new sugar maple seedlings per acre under 60% canopy cover. Yellow birch did best under 40 to 80% canopy cover and with good soil scarification. White ash increased under most densities but was best at about 80% canopy cover. Competitors, beech, striped maple, and hobblebush, increased under most densities. At about 60% canopy cover and less, raspberries and blackberries, pin cherry, and other shade-intolerant species increase in abundance. Among regeneration less than 3 ft all after 3 years, preferred species outnumbered less preferred species by 5 to 1. Among regeneration over 3 ft tall when examined 6 years after treatment, the less preferred species, on average, outnumber preferred species by 2 to 1 (sugar maple 0-3430/ac, yellow birch 0-1920/ac, beech 200-2220/ac and striped maple 0-3130/ac). Most beech regeneration seemed to arise as root suckers. Small striped maple grew rapidly and assumed dominance among the regeneration when released. Northern hardwoods have diverse composition in the overstory, and much of the regeneration tallied after 3 years was already in place when the shelterwood cuts were made. Advanced regeneration as well as new regeneration is the key to success, or failure, if it is predominantly undesirable species. In implementing a shelterwood in northern hardwoods, 60 to 80% canopy cover seems good for most species. All trees below the main canopy should be cut to create a high canopy shade. Undesirable species should be controlled by cutting or possibly herbicides before or when the stand is cut, with additional treatment as necessary to maintain desired composition. North. J. Appl. For. 8(3):99-104.
Control of Kalmia with Bialaphos, a Microbially Produced Phytotoxin
Authors: Jobidon Robert
Published: August 2019

A small plot experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of bialaphos, a microbially produced phytotoxin, on kalmia. Bialaphos was tested at five rates of application, including the control, and three dates of application, representing three phenological stages. Three weeks after bialaphos application in June and August, a complete defoliation of kalmia stems was observed. Second-year results revealed a significant quadratic effect of bialaphos rate on kalmia resurgence and a significant linear effect of bialaphos rate on kalmia height growth. Best control of kalmia resurgence (0 8/m²) and height growth (3.1 cm) was achieved with the highest application rate (2.5 kg a.i./ha). For both variables, the interaction between month of application and rate of application was not significant. The results obtained suggest that bialaphos could efficiently control kalmia on disturbed sites and thus prevent the establishment of an unproductive and persistent shrub seral stage. North. J. Appl. For. 8(4):147-149.
Thinning Northern Hardwoods with Chain Saws and Forwarders
Authors: Thompson Michael A.
Published: August 2019

Intermediate treatment in northern hardwood poletimber stands is an important silvicultural tool. The choice of harvesting system is constrained by the low product value and the need to minimize residual stand damages. The objective of this study was to document the performance of a conventional forwarding operation in a northern hardwood poletimber thinning. Chain saw productivity averaged 15 cords per scheduled hour (SH), with a large portion of time spent piling manually (17%). Forwarding productivity averaged 3 6 cords/SH at an average forwarding distance of 400 ft. These figures are based on an observed time of 24 hr from 5 working days over a 2-wk period. Time predictors were calculated for each element in the productive forwarding cycle. Bole damage to residual trees was nearly nonexistent. The frozen ground conditions eliminated concern for soil compaction and rutting. Estimated cost to roadside for the system was about $19/cord. Adding the cost of transportation brings the total to about $30/ cord. Based on these observations, the conventional forwarding system appears well suited for thinning small-diameter hardwoods. This information can be used to predict the performance of similar systems in northern hardwood poletimber stands for economic analyses and preparing bids. North. J. Appl. For. 8(4):149-153.
Revised Data on U.S. Hardwood Lumber Export Volumes to Europe, 1981 to 1990
Authors: Hansen Bruce G. , Luppold William G. , Thomas R. Edward
Published: August 2019

During the past decade, poor documentation and computer software containing outdated price parameters used to screen and "correct" data taken from U.S. export declarations resulted in significant overestimation of official U.S. hardwood lumber export volumes. In the year prior to their correction, U.S. hardwood lumber exports to Europe were about half the officially reported volume. Although official statistics indicated red oak was the most important species traded, the new data indicate that, in fact, white oak exports in 1988 were actually three times red oak exports. To provide a check on the official statistics and to revise previous export volume data, new estimates were developed using information taken directly from ship manifests. Not only have the ship manifest data provided a more accurate assessment of U.S./European trade, but they have provided new insights into the species composition and geographic source of U.S. exports as well. This paper uses the revised data to focus on three aspects of U.S./European trade--trade trends over the decade, species composition of U.S. hardwood lumber exports, and the origin of U.S. exports. North. J. Appl. For. 8(4):156-160.
Growing Density and Container Volume Affect Nursery and Field Growth of Interior Spruce Seedlings
Authors: Simpson David G.
Published: August 2019

Interior spruce (white or Englemann spruce) was grown in containers having volumes of 45 to 120 cm³ and at nursery densities of 64 to 1111 seedlings/m². In three experiments, seedlings grown at greater densities had decreased shoot and root weights, decreased stem diameters, and in some cases greater shoot heights. Seedlings grown in containers with greater volumes were larger. Interaction between container volume and growing density was such that the effect of container volume was only evident at growing densities less than 568 seedlings/m². Maximum crop biomass for interior spruce was found to be 3 kg/m². Crop uniformity decreased as maximum crop biomass was approached. The greatest number of uniformly larger (5 to 6 g) seedlings are produced at growing densities of 500 to 600 seedlings/m². Growth of outplanted seedlings suggested larger seedlings had greater field growth, but the mean relative growth rates (RGR) of different sized seedlings were not affected by nursery growing densities. The results reported support the view that larger planting stock has apparently greater growth not because of greater growth rates, but because of larger initial size and the compounding effect of growth. North. J. Appl. For. 8(4):160-165.
Base-Age Invariant Polymorphic Site Index Curves for Black Spruce and Balsam Fir Within Central Newfoundland
Authors: Newton Peter F.
Published: August 2019

Increasing management intensity within Newfoundland requires that regional site index equations be species-specific and base-age invariant. Accordingly, base-age invariant polymorphic site index curves for black spruce and balsam fir were developed for use on upland mineral sites within central insular Newfoundland. Specifically, employing mean dominant height and breast-height age data derived from 129, 0.081 ha permanent sample plots situated in pure black spruce (n = 71) and mixed black spruce/balsam fir (n = 58) stands, site index equations were calibrated by species and stand type. In addition, given the approximate numeric equivalence of the resultant parameter estimates, data for both species and stand types were combined and a pooled equation calibrated. The equations were evaluated on their bias and predictive ability over 10-, 20-, and 30-year projection periods. Results indicated that the predictions were positively biased averaging +1.29 m, +2.36 m, and +3.15 m for 10-, 20-, and 30-year projection periods, respectively. Corresponding 95% prediction error intervals for these periods were -0.56 to +3.14 m, -0.88 to +5.44 m, and -1.27 to +6.56 m. These biases and prediction errors are within acceptable limits for site-class designations; however, explicit use of the site-index equations with growth and yield models would depend on error tolerances specified by individual users. North. J. Appl. For. 9(1):18-22
Effects of Soil Disturbance on Hayscented Fern Establishment
Authors: Groninger John W. , McCormick Larry H.
Published: August 2019

A survey conducted in a central Pennsylvania mixed oak stand revealed that hayscented fern reproduced from spores (sexual reproduction) following timber harvesting. Establishment occurred most frequently where the soil had been disturbed by log skidding. Sexually reproduced ferns occurred more frequently where skidding on wet soil during the spring resulted in a high degree of soil disturbance compared with skidding on the same soil during the summer when it was drier. Reduction of logging-related soil disturbance by restriction of skidding on wet soils can decrease the number of microsites favorable for fern development and control the establishment of hayscented fern from spores. North. J. Appl. For. 9(1):29-31.
Microsite Soil Compaction Enhances Establishment of Direct-Seeded Jack Pine in Northwestern Ontario
Authors: Van Damme Laird W. , Buse Lisa , Warrington Steve
Published: August 2019

The effects of microsite soil compaction on direct seeding of jack pine and black spruce were tested in conjunction with Bracke scarification. The compaction effect was achieved by manually tamping the seed spot. It was anticipated that compaction might decrease the number of seeds required to establish seedlings and extend the sowing season in Northwestern Ontario Experimental results showed that compaction increased the number of scalps stocked with jack pine by 30% after the first growing season. Compaction with a pyramidal surface doubled the percent stocked scalps over conventional sowing for the latest sowing date. Compaction may allow an extension of the jack pine sowing season from late June into early July. Still, early spring sowing provided the best overall results for both species. Compaction effects were not detected for black spruce. The experimental sowing rate of five seeds per scalp may have been insufficient to detect black spruce treatment responses on the dry mineral soil seed spots. North. J. Appl. For. 9(3):107-112.
Radiofrequency Procedures for the Treatment of Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ajrawat Prabjit , Radomski Lenny , Bhatia Anuj , Peng Phillip , Nath Nikhil , Gandhi Rajiv
Published: August 2019

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of radiofrequency (RF) ablation and neuromodulation modalities for knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

The Pubmed, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception to August 2018. All comparative and noncomparative studies that reported clinical outcome measures and adverse events related to RF modalities for knee OA were included. Pain scores, physical function measures, quality of life (QOL), patient satisfaction, and adverse events for three months and beyond of postprocedure follow-up were analyzed qualitatively.

Results

Thirty-three studies, including 13 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), two nonrandomized comparative studies, and 18 noncomparative cohort studies, were identified, with 1,512 patients (mean age = 64.3 years, 32.5% males). All 33 studies were considered to be of moderate or high methodological quality. All 33/33 (100%) studies reported alleviation of OA-related knee pain from baseline until three to 12 months with RF modalities, with six comparative studies reporting 194/296 (65.5%) and 29/150 (19.3%) RF and control patients achieving >50% pain relief, respectively. Three of the 33 studies reported QOL, with three of three studies (100%) achieving improvements in disease-specific QOL from baseline until three to 12 months. Twenty-eight of the 33 studies reported functional outcomes, with 27/28 (96%) studies obtaining enhanced functionality from baseline up until three to 12 months. Ten of the 33 studies reported patient satisfaction, with eight of 10 studies (80%) indicating that patients were significantly satisfied after RF procedures, and from these eight studies, four were comparative studies that indicated that 86/154 (56%) and 33/104 (32%) RF and control patients were extremely satisfied or satisfied, respectively. Regarding adverse events (AEs), 29 of the 33 studies reported AEs, with 20/29 (69%) studies indicating no AEs related to the RF modalities and the remaining nine studies only indicating minor localized AEs. Twenty-nine of the 33 studies indicated no serious knee-related AEs pertaining to RF modalities.

Conclusions

Current evidence substantiates that RF modalities for knee OA potentially improve pain, functionality, and disease-specific QOL for up to three to 12 months with minimal localized complications. This suggests that RF modalities are perhaps an effective adjunct therapy for patients with knee OA who are unresponsive to conservative therapies. Further RCTs with larger sample sizes and long-term follow-up that directly compare the three primary RF modalities are warranted to confirm the clinical efficaciousness and superiority of these RF modalities for knee OA.
Role of Foresters in the Areawide Waste Treatment Management Planning Process
Authors: Dissmeyer George E. , Singer J. Robert
Published: August 2019

The Areawide Waste Treatment Management Planning Process (Section 208, PL 92-500) is expected to affect forest land management, including silvicultural practices, costs, and policy. Foresters need to understand and become involved in the 208 planning process, to receive training in available pollution control technology, and to press for research in cost-effective methods for minimizing water quality impacts and in methods to predict impacts of proposed management.
Wild Hogs in Southern Forests
Authors: Wood Gene W. , Lynn Teddy E.
Published: August 2019

A questionnaire seeking to identify locations of wild hog populations and problems associated with these animals was sent to 733 foresters, wildlife biologists, and land managers in 11 southeastern states. Forty-nine percent of the questionnaires were returned with usable information. Respondents reported on feral hog (Sus scrofa domesticus), European wild hog (S. scrofa cristatus), and hybrid populations which, combined, occupied 42,330 square miles of land. About 67 percent of this land was in Florida and Texas. Texas was the only state reported to have increasing hog populations. Respondents were primarily of the opinion that damage to plant systems was minor except in certain local areas. Competition with deer, turkey, and squirrels for food resources was believed to be an important influence by less than half of the respondents while about one-third rated turkey nest predation as important.
Effects of Soil Wetting Agent Concentration on Southern Pine Seed Germination
Authors: Barnett James P.
Published: August 2019

A widely used soil wetting agent at the recommended rate (0.1 percent) reduced germination of longleaf, slash, loblolly, and shortleaf pine seeds. Germination varied by species and seed lot. The application rate may be lowered to 0.02 to 0.04 percent, which provides adequate wetting without reducing germination.
Performance of Unthinned Loblolly and Slash Pine Plantations on Three Sites in South Carolina
Authors: Van Lear D. H. , Goebel N. B. , Williams J. G.
Published: August 2019

The performance of adjacent unthinned plantations of loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm.) on three sites in South Carolina was evaluated after 16 growing seasons. Sites ranged from a noneroded Piedmont soil to an excessively drained sandy soil of the Sandhills physiographic region. Growth and survival varied widely among sites, with greatest productivity occurring in the Piedmont and the lowest in the Congaree Sandhills. Despite the droughty nature of the latter site, survival after 16 growing seasons was over 80 percent for both species. On a volume basis, loblolly pine outperformed slash pine at the upper Pidemont and Aiken Plateau sites, while slash pine was superior on the dry Sandhills site. Incidence of fusiform rust was much higher for both species at the Aiken Plateau than at the other sites.
Estimating Timber Losses from a Town Ant Colony with Aerial Photographs
Authors: Moser John C.
Published: August 2019

Aerial photographs were used to locate an individual nest of Atta texana (Buckley) and to estimate the area of damage in a plantation of lablolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Stumpage loss from the nest over a period of 30 years was estimated to be $653.
Site Index Equations for Loblolly and Slash Pine Plantations on Non-Old-Fields in East Texas
Authors: Lenhart J. David , Hunt Ellis V. , Blackard Jock A.
Published: August 2019

Equations to estimate site index (index age 25 years) for plantations of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) on non-old-fields in East Texas have been developed. The height-prediction curves were based on the Richards' growth function and track well within the range of the data (1-17 years).

South. J. Appl. For. 10:109-112, May 1986.
Individual Tree Basal Area Increment and Total Height Equations for Appalachian Mixed Hardwoods After Thinning
Authors: Harrison Wade C. , Burk Thomas E. , Beck Donald E.
Published: August 2019

Growth response of various species to thinning in even-aged stands of Appalachian mixed hardwoods was predicted with species-specific regression equations. Periodic annual increment over a five-year period was expressed as a linear function of original tree basal area divided by breast height age and a thinning or competition index based on stand basal area. For most species, a combination of stand basal area before and after thinning served as the thinning index; for the five oak species studied, the index was simply stand basal area after thinning. Nonlinear regression equations were formulated to express total tree height as a function of dbh and average height of dominant and codominant white oak. The equations for tree basal area increment and total height may be applied to predict growth after thinning in Appalachian mixed hardwood stands.

South J. Appl. For. 10:99-104, May 1986