bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Chlorophyll, Macronutrients and Carbohydrates in Apple Leaves “Crystal Variety” as Affected by the Addition of Compound Fertilizer and Humus
Authors: Hamandi Al-Salmani Younes M. , Saleh Al-Douri Ehsan F.
Published: July 2024

The experiment was conducted on two-year-old apple trees of the ‘Crystal’ variety, grafted onto quince rootstock, planted in an orchard at the Horticulture and Landscape Engineering Department, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University. The orchard had dimensions of 3.5 × 4 meters and was irrigated by drip irrigation. The trees were fertilized with two fertilizers: first, NPK compound fertilizer at four levels - no fertilization as a control, balanced 40:40:40, high nitrogen 60:40:40, high potassium 40:40:60 - at a rate of 200 grams per tree for each. The second fertilizer was Hummix Power humus material at four levels - no addition as a control, 250, 500, 750 grams per tree. The fertilizer levels were divided into two equal doses, with the first half applied before the initiation of vegitative bud development and the second half two months later. The experiment followed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, and one tree per experimental unit. The results indicated that the treatment with high nitrogen compound fertilizer and 500 grams per tree of humus material gave the highest values for chlorophyll content (a, b, and total) without significant difference from the treatment with high nitrogen compound fertilizer and 750 grams per tree of humus material. Meanwhile, the high potassium compound fertilizer, humus material at 750 grams per tree, and the interaction between these two factors outperformed in achieving the highest values for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium percentages, total leaf carbohydrate content, and the carbohydrate to nitrogen ratio in the leaves.
Effect of Foliar Spraying with Licorice Extract and Adding Humic Acid to the Soil on the Yield of Apple Trees (Ibrahimi Cultivar) Malus Pumila
Authors: Kanber Huda Sami , Omar Al-Zubaidi Marwah Mohammed
Published: July 2024

This study was conducted in the spring of 2022 in a farmer’s apple orchard in Kirkuk Province. and the experiment was factorial with a randomized complete block design with three replications and includes two factors, as the first factor represents spraying with licorice extract at levels 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 g.l-1 is denoted by L0, L1, L2, L3, L4, and L5, respectively, while the second factor represents the addition of humic acid to the soil at levels 0, 3, 6 and 9 g. l-1 is denoted by (H0, H1, H2 and H3) respectively, each tree was considered an experimental unit and the coefficients were randomly distributed within one sector and analyzed using the SAS program and the averages were compared using the least significant difference test (L.S.D) at the level of probability of 5%, and the results indicated a significant increase with the increase of foliar spraying with licorice extract at the level of (8 g.l-1) and the addition of humic acid to the soil at the level (9 g.l-1) in all the studied traits compared to the comparison treatment, and the interaction between the foliar spraying of the licorice extract and the addition of humic acid to the soil was superior in all traits When the L5H3 overlap relative to the comparison treatment that gave the lowest value is given.
Growth and Flowering Response of Freesia hybrida to Spraying with Jasmonic Acid and Nano Magnesium
Authors: Al-Jaafari Aziz K. N. , Al-Zurfi Mushtaq T. H.
Published: July 2024

Due to the importance of cultivating and trading freesia corms and studying the possibility of increasing and multiplying freesia flowers to meet consumer needs. The study aimed to evaluate the application of different levels of jasmonic acid and nanomagnesium in the growth and flowering of freesia plants. Therefore, an experiment was carried out at the Scientific Research Station of the College of Agriculture - University of Kufa during the agricultural season 2023-2024. The yellow Wintergold corms, produced by the Turkish company Asyalale, were planted on 10/20/2023 in plastic pots with a diameter of 25 cm in an agricultural medium of river sand and peat moss at a ratio of 3:1, weighing 5 kg, at a rate of one plant per pot. Spraying was done with jasmonic acid at four concentrations (0, 10, 20 and 30) mg.L-1, or nanomagnesium, at four concentrations (0, 40, 80 and 120) mg.L-1. The spraying was carried out three times, the first spraying was when the true leaves appeared and the spraying was done twice. Others with an interval of 21 days. The parameters were applied in a factorial experiment with two factors and three replications, and (R.C.B.D) Randomized complete Block Design 4×4×3 = 48. The results showed that spraying jasmonic acid at a concentration of 30 mg.L-1 with nanomagnesium at concentrations of 80 and 120 mg.L-1. The best results that recorded a significant increase in the dry weight of the shoot, the number of days required for the flower stand to appear, the number of days required for flowering, the number of florets in the inflorescence, the number of corms, the nitrogen content of the leaves, the potassium content of the leaves and the magnesium content of the leaves were in the treatment. The interaction was 30 mg.L-1 jasmonic and 120 mg.L-1 nanomagnesium, which did not differ from the interaction of jasmonk at the same concentration with 80 mg.L-1 nanomagnesium. The mentioned interaction treatments differed significantly from the individual treatments and was also significantly different from the control treatment in all the studied parameters.
Utilizing Geospatial Techniques for Change Detection of the Baghdad Campus landscape From 1988 to 2022
Authors: Mahdi Suhad A. , Jasim Sada N.
Published: July 2024

Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques offer significant potential as a quantitative approach for monitoring urban growth and environmental changes on landscape. This study assesses urban growth and drought monitoring in University of Baghdad campus from 1988 to 2022 by using Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) and spectral indices: Normalized Difference built up Index (NDBI) to detect and map built-up areas or urban developments and Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDBI) used to detect areas experiencing water stress. The (LU/LC) and NDMI values were classified into five categories: High Vegetation, Built -up Area, Low Vegetation, Moist Soil and Barren Soil. Built -up Area of (LU/LC) recorded 6.578 km2 (19%) in 1988 which increased to 9.009 km2 (26%) in 2022 representing a 36% increase in the percentage, whereas Built -up Area of (NDBI) recorded 7.617 Km2 (22 %) in 1988 and decreased to 5.887 Km2 (17 %) in 2022 representing a 22% reduces in the percentage of built-up area relative to the total area. NDBI estimated values were (- 0.14 -0.58) and (- 0.4 - 0.01) for 1988, 2022 respectively. The estimated NDMI values were classified into five categories: Very low Moisture, low Moisture, Medium Moisture, High Moisture and Very High Moisture. NDMI values recorded (- 0.29 -0.29) and (- 0.06 - 0.25) for 1988, 2022 respectively. The study emphasized the importance of using remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) techniques in landscape design and management towards implementation of effective strategies for enhancing environmental sustainability.
Effect of Bio and Organic Fertilization on the Growth and Yield of Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis Romanesco
Authors: Hajool Husien , Manea Ali Ibadi , Mahmood Saad S.
Published: July 2024

The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of different organic fertilization treatments during the agricultural season of 2023–2024 in the province of Babylon. Furthermore, it is essential for Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis Romanesco development and production. Experiments were conducted with three replicates using a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Biofertilization (control) and organic fertilizing agents (vermicompost fertilizer, poultry waste fertilizer, and BioHealth fertilizer) are the primary determinants. The following constitutes the outcomes of the research: Biofertilization with the Novatec 21 fertilizer treatment enhanced the majority of the evaluated indicators significantly more than that with the BioHealth fertilizer treatment. These variables comprised analysis of the plant’s stature, leaf area, dry matter proportion, chlorophyll content, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents, weight of the flower crown, and overall yield. In contrast to the poultry waste treatment, vermicompost organic fertilization exhibited a substantial enhancement in the majority of the assessed parameters. The aforementioned parameters comprised analysis of the plant’s stature, leaf area, dry matter proportion, chlorophyll content, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents, weight of the flower crown, and the total yield.
Effect of Nanofertilization on Yield and Its Components in Six Cultivars of Upland Cotton
Authors: Kadhim Zabar Khudair Abdul , Jader Al-Nuaimi Jassim Jawad
Published: July 2024

The field study was conducted during the year 2023, to study Effect of nanofertilization on the yield and its components in six cultivars of upland cotton under 5% selection intensity and to estimate the coefficient of variation for the studied traits of seed cotton yield by Effect of nanofertilization, and the cultivars are (Coker, IK30, MONTANA CHRIB-AM, 539, ALEPPO 9, CUTRUR). Seeds of the cultivars were planted in Babil Governorate using a factorial experiment according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results of the statistical analysis showed that there were highly significant differences in the averages of the cultivars for all the studied traits, as the CHRIBAM539 cultivar excelled in the number of bolls open, bolls open weight, earlyness factor, ginning outturn percentage, seed cotton yield per plant, and plant yield (microgram hectare-1), followed by the IK30 cultivar, bolls weight, and in ginning outturn percentage (gm per plant) and the Halab 9 cultivar was superior in chlorophyll percentage, while the Coker cultivar was excelled on the seed factor, while the Cutrur cultivar was non excelled in any of the studied traits. The concentration of (2) g.L-1 of nanofertilization with half the fertilizer recommendation achieved the highest cotton yield per plant with the CHRIBAM539 cultivar, followed by the MONTANA cultivar, reaching (209.9) (173.6) respectively. Interactions between cultivars and nanofertilization with half the ground fertilizer recommendation gave highly significant differences in the number of bolls, bolls weight, seed factor, earliness factor, fiber yield, ginning outturn percentage, and seed cotton yield.
Evaluation the Antibacterial Activity of some Macro Algae Isolated from Baghdad-Iraq
Authors: Salman Nagham Dawood , Dwaish Ahmed Sahi , Kareem Sawsan Mohammed
Published: July 2024

Because of their aggressiveness and capacity to build biofilms, multidrug-resistant bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus present a global threat and cause chronic illnesses. This study focused on two different areas: first, it looked at the antibiotic resistance profiles and biofilm activity of bacteria isolates taken from wounds and newborns. Secondly, it investigated the possibility of using algal extracts as strong agents that combat bacteria and biofilm formation. Two algal extracts, Spirogyra and Oedogonium (Chlorophyta) methanol extract were examined separately for their antibacterial and antibiofilm properties. The antibacterial and antibiofilm qualities of the algal extract were assessed. Algal extracts may be useful as antibacterial and antibiofilm agents to treat illnesses that are resistant to drugs, according to this study. It is necessary to conduct further research in clinical applications.
Weed Management of Wheat Crop (Triticum aestivum L.) Under Chemical Control Conditions
Authors: Ali Al-Luhiby Jassim Khader , Ahmed Muhammad Ramadan
Published: July 2024

The experiment was conducted at the research station of the Field Crops Department of the College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, during the winter season 2022-2023, with the aim of knowing the effect of the concentrations of some herbicides, as well as the competitive ability of some bread wheat varieties. A completely randomized block design (split-factorial) was used. The experiment includes two factors. The first factor (herbicides) in (main plot): Selective weed herbicides to combat the weeds accompanying the wheat crop. In addition to the first indoor treatment (Atlantis) to combat narrow and broad-leaved weeds, with three concentrations (480, 320, 160) g/ha + (480) milliliters of diffuser for every 400 liters/ha. Secondly (Topic) to combat the narrow-leaved weeds at a concentration of (600, 300, 900) liters/ha, ml per 400 liters/ha. In addition to the comparison treatment untreated (control), where it was sprayed with distilled water only. The second factor is the variety factor : three varieties of soft wheat crop, namely (Badriya, Gad and Bentlou). The results of the experiment showed the following regarding the rates of the varieties outperforming the Jad variety, with a percentage of control reaching (50.04)%. The Bentlow variety was superior in terms of total yield, inhibition rate, and lowest weed weight At a rate of (320) kg/ha, (48.45)%, and (230.6) plants/m2, respectively. While the Badriya variety excelled in terms of having the highest seed weight, which reached (41.77) grams. As for herbicide rates and concentrations, the herbicide Atlantis at the recommended concentration recorded the highest values for the weight of the weed, the percentage of weed inhibition, the percentage of weed control, the weight of 1000 grain, and the total yield At a rate of (166.3) plants/m2, (59.94)%, (57.14)%, (40.59) grams and (3.75) tons/ha-1, respectively.
The Growth and Yield of Oat Cultivars Influenced by Kinetin Application
Authors: Saleh B. H. , Abdulkareem Baraa M. , Shahatha S. Sh. , Mousa O. M. , Abdulhamed Zeyad A. , Abood Nihad M. , Ali Alkaisy Abed Ul-Lateef M.
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was conducted during the winter season (2021-2022) at the College of Agriculture Research Station - Anbar University, located at longitude 43.39 and latitude 33.44, to study the effect of foliar nutrition with kinetin on some growth and yield traits of oat cultivars. In this study, a split-plot design according to RCBD with three replications was used. The main plots included kinetin levels (0, 50, 100, and 150) mg L-1, while the cultivars (Al-Juda, Carlup, Genzania) were allocated to sub-plots. Oat cultivars differed significantly in most of the studied traits. The Carlup cultivar recorded the shortest duration to reach the physiological maturity stage and the highest plant height (118.01 cm), leaf area, average number of tillers per unit area, chlorophyll content, and grain yield (5.38 tons ha-1). Kinetin application improved the studied vegetative growth traits, yield, and its components. The concentration of 150 mg L-1outperformed in most of the studied traits such as chlorophyll content, leaf area, number of tillers, and grain yield (5.73 tons ha-1), and did not differ significantly from the concentration of 100 mg L-1. A significant interaction effect between cultivars and kinetin concentrations was found in most of the studied traits. Plants of the Carlup cultivar sprayed with a concentration of 150 mg L-1achieved the highest average grain yield of 5.96 tons ha-1.
Response of Certain Biochemical Characteristics of Soybean Crop to Ascorbic Acid Spraying and Irrigation Interval
Authors: Hammad Ahmed Jappar , Ali Imad M.
Published: July 2024

To find out how ascorbic acid spraying affects the biochemical characteristics of soybean crops under various irrigation interval impacts, as well as the extent to which the optimal ascorbic acid spray concentration may be recognized, a field experiment was conducted in the summer of 2023 at the College of Agriculture research station in the Al-Bu’itha area, Anbar Governorate. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was used in the study’s split-plot layout. The experiment’s main plots had irrigation intervals of 4, 8, and 12 days, while ascorbic acid spray concentrations of 0, 1000, 2000, and 3000 mg L-1 were included in the sub-plots. The findings indicate that the concentration of ascorbic acid of 3000 mg L-1 surpassed the greatest mean in terms of chlorophyll content, carotene content, POD, and SOD achieving measurements of 32.1 mg g-1 fresh weight, 874.5 mg g-1 fresh weight, 56.7, and 0.811 respectively. In contrast same concentration of ascorbic acid recorded the lowest average of in terms of H2O2 and MDA had 2.893 and 0.77 respectively. Whereas, irrigation interval the 4-day interval produced the best results in terms of chlorophyll content, and carotene content, were 39.37 mg g-1 fresh weight and 898.8 mg g-1 fresh weight respectively. While the 12-day interval recorded highest average of POD, SOD, H2O2 and MDA had 74.011, 1.409,6.07 and 1.448 respectively.
The Effects of Weed Control and Plant Density on the Yield and Components of Mung Bean and Accompanying Weeds
Authors: Kanoosh Adel A. , Mohammed Yas A.
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was carried out during the spring season of 2023 at the Al-Hamidia research station of the College of Agriculture - Anbar University, with the aim of studying the effect of several weed control treatments and three plant spacing distances on the growth and yield of mung bean, its components, and the accompanying weeds. The experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D.) in split-plot design with three replications. The main plots included the weed control treatments (Bentazon + Gallant super sprayed at the recommended rate of 2 liters ha-1 + 0.750 L-1, Bentazon + Gallant super sprayed at half the recommended rate and the same two pesticides sprayed at half the recommended rate, in addition to the weed-free treatment and the weedy treatment). While sub-plots were occupied by the plant spacing distances (10, 20 and 30 cm). The results showed a significant effect of control treatments and planting distances between plants for all studied traits, where the weed control herbicides treatment (Bentazon + Gallant super) at the recommended rate was significantly superior in reducing weed dry weight, chlorophyll index, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, weight of 100 seeds, and seed yield (39. 14 g m-2, 47.80 SPAD, 26.09 pods plant-1, 9.89 seeds pod-1, 6.62 g, 100 seeds and seed yield and 1.636 tons ha-1) respectively. The 10 cm planting distance between plants was superior in reducing weed dry weight to 68.18 g m-2 with the highest seed yield of 1.588 tons ha-1. The seed yield varied significantly depending on the treatment. The weed-free treatment with 10 cm spacing produced the highest yield (2.256 tons ha-1), followed by 2.178 tons ha-1 from the recommended rate of Bentazon + Gallant super applied half the rate with the same spacing, and 2.052 tons ha-1 from the same two herbicides, which did not differ significantly but was significantly different from the weedy treatment.
Efficiency of the RAPD Molecular Indicator to Determine the Genetic Polymorphism of Flax Genotypes
Authors: Oudah Ali Mahdi , Abdulhamed Zeyad A. , Hammadi Hamdi Jasim
Published: July 2024

An experiment was carried out during the winter season 2022-2023, using ten genotypes of flax (2 Sakiha, 5 Sakiha, 7 Sakiha, 8 Sakiha, 9 Sakiha, Giza 3, Giza 4, Giza 5, Pure line 107, and Blanka). To determine the genetic fingerprint of flax genotypes. RAPD markets were used to evaluate genetic polymorphism ce between 10 genotypes of flax. All 11 primers produced 142 bands, at a rate of 11.83 bands per primer. The number of polymorphism t pieces ranged between 15 for primer UBC556 and 9 for primer A82, with a molecular weight that ranged between 400-2250 bp. The total number and percentage reached For dissimilar pieces, 125 and 88.08%, respectively. The highest percentage of discrepancies reached 100% for primers UBC604 and B24. Based on the binary data, genetic similarity, and the relatedness chart, the flax genotypes were separated into major and secondary groups. Analysis of the groups under the comparison ratio of the combinations within the relatedness chart showed that the variety Sakiha 5 with the structure Giza 4 and the structure Pure line 107 gave the highest genetic dimension, reaching 0.90 and 0.88, respectively. Perhaps this will be reflected in the flax later. The results indicated that RAPD parameters are highly efficient in diagnosing purity and genetic polymorphism between flax genotypes, so efficient selection of subsequent generations is possible.
Effect of Plant Density on some Productive Traits for Some Introduced Peanut Genotypes
Authors: Al-Dulaimi Nouri A. H. A , Abas Sinan A.
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was conducted in the fields of a farmer in the Al-Sufiya area in Al-Ramadi on the right bank of the Euphrates River during the summer season of the year 2023 to investigate the effect of plant densities of 44444, 53333, and 66666, plants ha-1. The plants were planted at a single distance between rows of 75 cm and three plant spacing within the row (20, 25, 30 cm). Four genotypes of field peanuts were used, three of which were introduced (NC7, Masal, Ausa hanim) compared to the local genotype, Saadiya, in the yield traits of the field peanut crop. A randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) was used with three replications, in a split plot arrangement, where plant densities occupied the main plots and genotypes occupied the sub plots. The results indicated significant differences among the genotypes. The genotypeNC7 achieved the highest number of pods per plant (91.6 pods plant-1), while the genotype Masal outperformed in the number of seeds per pod (1.292 seeds pod-1). The genotype Masal also attained the highest seed yield (5.002 tons ha-1) with non-significant differences compared to the NC7 and Ausa hanim structures. Additionally, planting at the lower plant density of 44444 plants ha-1reduced competition per plant and resulted in the highest number of pods per plant (89.6 pods plant-1) and 100-seed weight (87.01 grams). However, increasing the number of plants per unit area up to 66666 plants per hectare led to a higher seed yield (4.969 tons ha-1). Consequently, the interaction between high density and the Masal genotype, as well as between high density and the NC7 genotype, resulted in the highest total seed yield, at 5.612 and 5.234 tons ha-1, respectively.
Separating and identifying Some Fatty Acids From Lantana camara L. Leaves and Flowers and Studying Their Effect Against Some Pathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Asri Omar J. , Sultan Fatimah I.
Published: July 2024

This study included the separation of some fatty acids using the saponification process from the petroleum ether extract that was prepared with the Soxhleet device. The separated fatty acids were identified with the GC-MC device. The results showed that the flowers contained fifteen fatty acids, the highest concentration being oleic acid at a retention time of 13.316\ minutes, and eight fatty acids in the leaves of lantana camara, the highest concentration being linoleic acid at a retention time of 6.096\ minutes. On the other hand, this study included a study of the biological effectiveness of fatty acids extracted from leaves and flowers of lantana camara against the bacteria used under study: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, if they achieved the highest inhibitory activity against Staph.aureus bacteria at a concentration of 400 mg/cm3 by 19±1 mm, As for the E. coli bacteria it had an effect of 19±1 mm at a concentration of 400–100 mg/cm3 compared to the antibiotics used under the study, while the inhibitory effects against the A.tumefaciens bacteria were significantly greater at the four concentrations used under the study.
Effect of Potassium Supplementation and Foliar Spraying with Ascorbic Acid on Some Yield Characteristics of Wheat Plants
Authors: Al-Masoudi Farah Nasser , Shannan Rawaa Ghafiel , Khudair Alasadi Fatima Karim
Published: July 2024

An experiment was conducted with plastic pots in Al-Husseiniya area in order to study the effect of potassium fertilization and foliar. spraying with ascorbic acid and their interactions on some yield characteristics of wheat (Abu Ghraib) grown in mixed sandy soil during the agricultural season 2023-2024. The experiment factors were represented by three levels of the add potassium (B), which in (0, 100, 200 kg K.h-1) Fertilization was carried out in three batches: after emergence, three leaf stage and at flowering. The second factor was represented by three concentrations of ascorbic acid (A), which are (0, 0.3, 0.6 gm) was sprayed in two - stages, the first the thinning stage (four-leaf stage) and the second at elongation (8-leaf stage). The experiment included 27 experimental units according to a completely randomized design (C.R.D) with three replications as described below: 1-Potassium fertilization had a significant effect on yield characteristics, as these traits increased with increasing potassium levels at the level of 200 kg K. h-1, represented by the number of spikes, the length of the spike, amounted to 3.32 spikes. Plant-1, 9.52 cm in order. 2-Foliar spraying with ascorbic acid showed a significant effect on some yield characteristics at a concentration of 0.6 gm represented by the number of spikes, the weight of the spike, and the number of grains per spike amounted to 3.54 spikes. Plant-1, 2.44 gm, 41.1 pcs. 1 spike in succession. 3-Show the bilateral interaction of foliar spraying with ascorbic acid at a concentration of 0.6gm and nitrogen fertilization at the level of 200 kg K.h-1 showed significant differences and gave the highest value for all yield characteristics represented by the number of spikes, the length of the spike, the weight of the spike, and the number of grains per spike, which amounted to 3.90 spikes. Plant-1, 10.58 cm, 2.68 g, 46.7 pcs. Sunbulah -1 in order and it is considered the best treatment.
Testicular Tissue Injury and Sperms Abnormalities Induced by Potassium Bromate and the Ameliorative Effect of Sesame Oil in Male Rats
Authors: Ali Jasim Shaimaa Mohammed
Published: July 2024

The potassium bromate is one of the food additives, mostly it used in bakeries as flour improver and dough conditioner. It is a nephrotoxic in humans and probable carcinogenic in human and rats. Depending on its duration of exposure and dose, it employs a various degree of toxicity consumed with food and water in the many organisms. The study was conducted to investigate about harmful and toxic effects of potassium bromate in addition, the protective role of sesame oil in male rats. The criteria for assessment measured through sperms head and tail abnormality rate, histopathological, and relative testes organ weight. Thirty-two male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were used, the animals were separated in to four groups; each group consisted of eight animals. The first group treated distilled water considered a control, second group treated by sesame oil (4 ml/kilogram of body weight), the third group received about (12 mg of potassium bromate per one kilogram of body weight) and the fourth group received potassium bromate and sesame oil for 21 days. This study indicated significant increment p≤0.05 in the rate of sperm head and tail abnormality in group treated with potassium bromate and group treated with potassium bromate plus sesame oil as comparison with controls. In addition, the results identified significant decrement p≤0.05 of sperm head and tail abnormality rate in animal group treated with potassium bromate plus sesame oil when they were compared with group treated by potassium bromate alone. Additionally, the research identified damages in testes tissues of potassium bromate treated group and potassium bromate plus sesame oil group compared with controls. The study also indicated slightly histopathological damages in testes tissue in group was administrated potassium bromate plus sesame oil compared with group which was administrated potassium bromate only. The results reported significant decrement p≤0.05 of relative testes weight in animal group that was treated by potassium bromate, potassium bromate plus sesame oil compared by controls. Additionally, the results showed the positive role of sesame oil in significantly p≤0.05 enhancing KBrO3 affecting relative testes weight.
Yield and Quality of Sesame Under Various Weed Removal Periods and Predicting the Optimum Weed Control Time
Authors: Aadi Omar N. , Almarie Ahmed A.
Published: July 2024

The present work aimed to estimate the optimum period for weed control and predict yield losses coming from weed competition of three Sesame varieties under various weed removal periods. A field experiment was conducted during the season of 2023 by making the study field free of weeds by hand weeding starting from sesame plant emergence until periods of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks. Then, weed plants are allowed to grow after these periods till the end of the growing season. Results of the study determined that the optimum period for wee control from the sesame plants’ emergence until the third week after emergence according to acceptable yield losses which was estimated by 10-12% in comparison to the yield of sesame plants served by weedy-free throughout the growing season. yield losses of sesame resulting from weed competition all over the growing season ranged from 66.42 to 95.95% for the three cultivated sesame varieties. The results of the present work recommend making the field free of weeds from emergence until the third week of the sesame plant age and not delaying the control operation by using any weed control that is still effective against weeds until this period to avoid unacceptable loss of the economic yield.
Effect of Seaweed Extract (Algareen-Twin) and Bio-Fertilizer (Optimus-Plus) on the Growth and Yield of Barley
Authors: Nafdan Al-Shammery Yaqub Mohammed , Aziz Moyassar Mohammed
Published: July 2024

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of spraying levels of seaweed in a field experiment conducted in the Rabia district of the village (Al-Kubar), 106 km northwest of Mosul city. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of spraying levels of seaweed extract (100, 200, 300 ml. 100 L of water-1) and levels of bio-fertilizer (0, 50, 100, 150 ml.100 L of water-1) in the growth traits and yield of barley, as the results showed superiority to the level of seaweed extract (300 ml.100 L of water-1) for most of the traits studied ((plant height 84.26 cm), (tillers No. 530 tillers.m-2), (leaf chlorophyll content 48.71 SPAD), (Flag leaf area 25.07 cm2), (Spikes No. 450.5 Spikes.m-2), (Grain yield 499.56 g. m-2), (and the harvest index 52.37%)). As for the bio-fertilizer, the level (150 ml. 100 L of water-1) exceeded most of the studied traits ((plant height 81.51 cm), (Tillers No. 496.28 tillers. m-2), (chlorophyll content of leaves 45.46 SPAD), (Flag leaf area 24.81 cm2), (Spikes No. 428.06 Spike.m-2), (Grain yield 477.27 g.m-2), (and harvest index 50.11%)). The results also showed that the interaction of spraying seaweed extract at a level of (300 ml. 100 L of water-1) and the bio-fertilizer at a level of (150 ml. 100 L of water-1) had a significant positive effect for most of the studied traits, as follows: ((plant height 91.48 cm), (Tillers No. 551.17 tillers.m-2), (Chlorophyll content in leaves 52.13 SPAD), (Flag leaf area 26.62 cm2), (Spikes No. 473 spike.m-2), (Grain yield 602.92 g.m-2), and (Harvest index 57.05%)).
Effect of Nitrogen and Sulfur Fertilizers on Growth and Yield of Canola
Authors: Jabr Mohammad Bushra Abdel , Al-Mohammad Maher H. S. , Mustafa Sala B. I.
Published: July 2024

For the purpose of determining the impact of three levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 60, and 120 kg.ha-1) and sulfur fertilizer (0, 40, and 60 kg.ha-1) on production and growth indicators (number of leaves, number of branches, chlorophyll pigments, and fresh and dry weights), a field experiment was carried out during the winter season (2021/2022) in the fields of Al-Diwaniyah Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Diwaniyah Agriculture Directorate, Al-Nouriyah Forest Division. Means were compared using the least significant difference test (LSD) at a 0.05 level of probability. In a factorial experiment employing a wholly randomized block design with three replications, treatment combinations were allocated among factors. The most important results obtained are that the 120 kg N ha-1 treatment recorded the highest means for plant height, number of branches, number of leaves and fresh weight, while the 60 kg N ha-1 treatment recorded the highest means for dry weight and total chlorophyll. As for the yield and its components, the 60 kg N ha-1 treatment was significantly excelled and recorded the highest means in the number of pods, the number of seeds, the weight of 200 seeds, grain yield, and dry matter yield, while the 120 kg N ha-1 treatment recorded the highest means in pod length. The treatment with 60 kg S ha-1 significantly affected all vegetative traits and yield traits studied except for the trait of 200 seed weight, which had the highest average when adding 40 kg S ha-1.
Effect of Inoculation with Mycorrhizae, Phosphorus Levels, and Humic Acids on some Components of Wheat Yield
Authors: Idan Marwan Khaled , Oleiwi Mohammad Salal
Published: July 2024

Mycorrhizal inoculation (M1) produced the greatest number of grains per spike (36.5 in number) and gained the greatest weight of 1000 grains (36.32 g). The percentage of harvest index achieved its maximum value at ha-1. The biological yield reached its highest at 34.02%, with a quantitative optimum of 14.12 tons ha-1. Furthermore, the application of P2 phosphate fertilizer resulted in the maximum measured weight of 1000 grains (37.50 g), the highest measured number of grains per spike (38.06 grains spike -1), and the highest measured grain yield (5.31 tons). The biological yield was measured at 14.75 tons ha-1, representing the highest value. Additionally, the harvest index revealed that this yield was the highest at 36.52%. Furthermore, the introduction of humic acid H2 resulted in the weight of 1000 grains reaching 37.47 g and the number of grains per spike reaching their maximum values. Humic acid H2 produced the maximum grain yield, measuring 5.31 tons ha-1, at a rate of 38.67 grain spikes per square hectare. The value of the biological produce reached at 14.55 tons.ha-1, while the highest percentage in the harvest index had a 41.56% reduction in its value. The greatest value was produced by the second interaction treatment M1P2. We determined the peak value for the number of grains per surge to be 38.62, with a weight of 39.09 g for 1000 grains. Spike-1, and it most significantly increased the grain yield by 5.50 tons.ha-1, the biological yield by 14.99 tons.ha-1, and the percentage by which it increased the grain yield by the most substantial quantity. The harvest index achieved a value of 36.56%. The triple interaction M1P2H2 demonstrated superior performance by achieving the highest values for grain yield (6.31 tons ha-1) and grain yield per spike (43.95 grains spike-1). Additionally, this treatment yielded the highest value for grain weight (43.95%) and number of grains per spike (43.95%).
Estimation of Genetic Parameters for Six Genotypes of Rice Crop Under the Effect of Different Combinations of Fertilizers
Authors: Hussein S. R. , Abbas S. H. , Musa A. J.
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was conducted at the rice research station in Al-Mishkhab, Najaf / Iraq during the summer agricultural season 2021, with a random complete block design (RCBD) according to the split-plot arrangement and with three Replications. The aim of estimating some genetic parameters of yield characteristics and it’s for Six rice genotypes grown under different fertilizer combinations, the main plot included several combinations of fertilizers(of organic, biological and chemical fertilizers)while the sub plot included six genotypes (Yasamin, Dijlah, Mishkhab2, Brnamge4, Anber33, and Ghadeer). The results showed the superiority of the Mishkhab2genotype by giving it the highest average for chlorophyll content and flag leaf area, which amounted to 41.47 SPAD, 24.59 cm2, While the Amber33 variety achieved the lowest average number of days from planting to physiological maturity139.00 day. The Yasamin variety also achieved the highest average for grain yield, amounting to 4.62 ton ha-1. As for as for the fertilizer combinations, combination full recommendation organic fertilizer full recommendation organic fertilizer (full recommendation organic fertilizer) achieved the highest average of chlorophyll content and the lowest average number of days from planting until physiological maturity, which of 39.81 SPAD and 138.61day, respectively. While treatment (half recommendation for organic fertilizer + half recommendation for chemical fertilizer)achieved the highest average number of grains in Dalia, the number of branches in Dalia, the lowest infertility rate, and the highest average grain yield, which amounted 81.5 grain panicle-1,12.32 branch panicle-1,6.90%,3.43 ton ha-1 respectively. The results of the genetic analysis also indicated that the genetic, environmental, and phenotypic variances were significant for all traits, and their values varied according to the genotypes.
Influence of Treatment of Fresh Cut Apples by Microwave Radiation some Properties of Their Juices During Storage
Authors: Abdul Kareem Zakaria Malik , Ali Al-Jammaas Oday Hasan
Published: July 2024

In this study, Apple Juice was extracted from previously green apple fruits, neutralized by blanching using a microwave oven, before the extracted juice was fermentation at a temperature of (4)°C for a period of (30) days, and compared with the juice of untreated fruits (a comparison sample). PPO (Polyphenol oxidase) in Apple fruits with the treatments mentioned in some characteristics of apple juice extracted from those fruits. The studied characteristics are: Residual Enzymatic Activity, Total Soluble Sugars, Ascorbic Acid content, Total Phenols content, and Browning Index. Knowing that the enzyme polyphenol oxidase.
Study of the Effect of Storage Period on the Growth of Fungi in Green Coffee in Open Atmospheres
Authors: Al-Jawadi Maha A. M. , Ahmed Salah Omar
Published: July 2024

The aim of the current study is to determine the effect of storing green Brazilian coffee in open conditions on fungal activity. The moisture content of the coffee was adjusted to 5, 10, and 15%, then cardamom was added in the following concentrations: 0, 0.5, and 1.5%. The control treatment was free of cardamom powder. The samples were then stored for periods of 2, 4, and 6 months. The temperature and relative humidity of the samples were measured during the storage periods relative to their monthly averages. The total number of fungi contaminating the type of coffee and their prevalence rates were estimated. There was an increase in the total number of fungi after two months of storage, but prolonging the storage period caused a significant decrease in the total number of fungi, and the roasted coffee of both types was free of the presence of fungi. Aspergillus fungi are prevalent in coffee species, especially A. ochreceus, A. flavus, and A. niger, while Penicillium fungi were found in lower percentages, and yeast was found as a contaminant of Brazilian coffee. The results showed that the monthly averages of temperature and relative humidity during storage periods varied from one month to another and the averages ranged between 28.55 - 38.17 °C and 44.85 - 55.28%.
The Synergistic Effect of Germinating Soybean Seed in Prolonging the Shelf Life of Cold-Preserved Camel Meat
Authors: Hial Aboud Wasan Faiq , Juma Al-Ani Fatima Faiq
Published: July 2024

The current study sought to prepare an extract of the essential oils of the mint plant of the Lamiaceae family, and the powder of sprouted soybean seeds, and to study its antifungal activity and the qualitative, chemical and microbial traits of processed meat products (camel meat). In addition to manufacturing meat (camel meat burger) according to the Iraqi standard, to find alternative ways to inhibit the proliferation of types of bacteria and prevent and delay the appearance of unwanted flavors and tastes during the preservation period of the burger. The study was conducted in the laboratories of the Ministry of Science and Technology Department of Environmental and Water Research
Effect of Postbiotics and Killed Cells of lactobacillus acidophilus Bacteria on Improving the Storage Properties of Soft Cheese
Authors: Wahhab Hoor S. , Al-Mosowy Azhar J.
Published: July 2024

The current study aimed to use the postbiotics and killed cells of Lactobacillus acidophilus and compare them with the live cells of this probiotic in extending the shelf life of soft cheese and increasing its shelf life. This was done by manufacturing 6 treatments of soft cheese and adding probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus and its postbiotics in addition to the addition of dead cells after heat killing to the curd at a concentration of 5 and 10% for each addition. These additions and treatments were compared with the control cheese treatment that was free of any addition. The results showed that the cheese treatments containing probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus and its postbiotics were more stable and had fewer bacterial counts, as no change in bacterial counts was observed during the 24-day period and its free of psychrophilic bacteria, coliform bacteria, yeasts and molds., all of which was reflected in the chemical characteristics of the treatments in terms of pH, total acidity, soluble nitrogen and the degree of fat hydrolysis, which were lower in the treatments supplemented with the live probiotic and its metabolites. While the results for the control cheese showed a clear development and an increase in bacterial numbers with the appearance of yeasts and molds as storage progressed towards 24 days, and this showed a clear deterioration in the chemical characteristics of the control cheese after 10 days of storage of the cheese treatments.
Improving or Enhancing the Functional Properties of Egg White Proteins by Modifying Them Using Ultrasound and Enzymatic Methods
Authors: Majeed Rana Hameed , Hashim Alia Zyara
Published: July 2024

Egg white proteins are an important part of the food industry, as they work to increase the nutritional value and provide food with many sensory and functional properties. Several technologies have been developed to improve the functional properties of egg white proteins, including the use of ultrasound and enzymatic methods, which work to improve the nutritional and functional properties. For food products. Many studies have been conducted on changing the structure of egg white proteins through ultrasonic treatment and the use of enzymatic methods. These treatments affect the structure of proteins, which are discovered using different techniques. The main goal of this review is to shed light on the treatment of egg white proteins. Ultrasonic and enzymatic methods, and showing the effect of these treatments on the structure of proteins and their functional properties.
The Effect of Planting Dates on some Growth Traits at the Flowering Stage for Four Varieties of Sesame Crop
Authors: Abdullah Alalwani Mosab Hasan , Alobaidy Bushra Sh. J.
Published: July 2024

A Field experiment was conducted during the summer season of 2023 at the Al-Hamadiyah station, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, east of Ramadi city, Iraq, with the aim was to determining the effect of planting dates on four varieties of sesame crop. A randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) was used with three replications, in a split-plot arrangement, where planting dates (1/5, 15/5, and 1/6) occupied the main plots and varieties (Had, Al-Rafidain, Common Local, and Foreign) occupied the subplots. The results showed a significant increase for the first planting date in all the studied traits, namely: number of branches, leaf area, leaf water content, lesser water loss, higher chlorophyll content in leaves, and plant dry weight (all traits were measured at the beginning of flowering) (5.72 branches plant-1, 463.10 dm2, 99.77, 0.159, 55.82 SPAD, and 96.42 grams, respectively,). While, the second planting date achieved lower averages for the aforementioned traits, except for water loss, which recorded a lower average of 0.122%. The Hade variety excelled in the number of branches (6.46 branches plant-1), leaf area (463.10 dm2), and dry weight (86.56 grams plant-1). In contrast, the foreign variety had the highest relative water content and the least water loss percentage (93.77 and 0.123) respectively. The Rafidain variety showed the lowest number of branches, at 3.82 branches plant-1. The interaction between the two factors had a significant effect on all studied traits, indicating a difference in the response of plant varieties to the effect of planting dates.
Improving Blood Fat Levels in Experimental Animals by Feeding on Yogurt Treated with Probiotics and Chlorella vulgaris
Authors: Abd Nawras Saad , Ghazi Sarah Jabbar , Neama Alatheri Sabreen Salam
Published: July 2024

The experiment included dosing experimental animals with yogurt and lacto-fermented milk supplemented fortified with probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12) and/or Chlorella vulgaris algae at a concentration of 0.6% weight/volume. The effect of treatments on blood fat levels (TG - TC - VLDL - LDL - HDL) was studied. The treatments were: Negative control (C-) fed on a standard diet, the positive control (C+) fed on rich-fat diet + 1 ml of distilled water dosed daily, or fed on rich-fat diet and dosed with 1 ml whole milk with 3% yogurt starter T1, T1 plus 5% Lactobacillus (T2), or Bifidobacteria (T3), or 0.06% Chlorella vulgaris (T4), or with 5% Lactobacillus+ 0.06 % C. vulgaris (T5), or with 5% Bifidobacteria + 0.06% C. Vulgaris (T6), or with (5% Lactobacillus+ 5% Bifidobacteria+ 0.06% C. vulgaris (T7). The results indicate that dosing with lactoferment treated with the probiotic and the alga C. vulgaris led to a significant decrease in the concentration of total cholesterol, especially in the groups synergized between the probiotic bacteria and the alga C. vulgaris, compared to the positive control groups, which recorded 113.80 mg/dl. A decrease in triglycerides was also observed in the blood of rats treated with lactofermented milk with C. vulgaris. Treatment T5 was significantly higher than the rest of the treatments, recording a decrease in triglycerides to 32.1 mg/dl. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) also showed a significant decrease in treatments dosed with lactic fermentation with C. vulgaris, where treatment T6 was significantly superior to the rest of the treatments, recording 12.47. mg/dl. On the other hand, very low-density proteins (VLDL) recorded a significant decrease in the T4 treatment, different from the rest of the Bio-Synergy treatments, as they recorded 6.15 mg/dl. As for high-density lipoproteins, a significant increase in the coefficients of the bio-synergistic groups was observed compared to the positive control group, which recorded 15.6 mg/dl.