bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Negatively buoyant projectiles – from weak fountains to heavy vortices
Authors: MYRTROEEN O. J. , HUNT G. R.
Published: July 2010

An experimental investigation to establish the maximum rise height zm attained by a finite volume of fluid forced impulsively vertically upwards against its buoyancy into quiescent surroundings of uniform density is described. In the absence of a density contrast, the release propagates as a vortex ring and the vertical trajectory is limited by viscous effects. On increasing the source density of the release, gravitational effects limit the trajectory and a maximum rise height zm is reached. For these negatively buoyant releases, the dependence of zm on the length L of the column of ejected fluid, nozzle diameter D (= 2r0), dispensing time and source reduced gravity is determined by injecting saline solution into a fresh-water environment. For 3.4 ≲ L/D ≲ 9.0, zm/r0 is shown to scale on the source parameter η = Fr(L/D), a product of the source Froude number Fr and the aspect ratio L/D for the finite-volume release. Our results show that the morphology of the cap that develops above the source and the vortical motion induced within are sensitively dependent on the source conditions. Moreover, three rise-height regimes are identified: ‘weak-fountain-transition’, ‘vorticity-development’ and ‘forced-release’ regimes, each with a distinct morphology and dependence of dimensionless rise height on η.
A new nonlinear vortex state in square-duct flow
Authors: OKINO S. , NAGATA M. , WEDIN H. , BOTTARO A.
Published: July 2010

A new nonlinear travelling-wave solution for a flow through an isothermal square duct is discovered. The solution is found by a continuation approach in parameter space, starting from a case where the fluid is heated internally. The Reynolds number for which the travelling wave emerges is much lower than that of the solutions discovered recently by an analysis based on the self-sustaining process (Wedin et al., Phys. Rev. E, vol. 79, 2009, p. 065305; Uhlmann et al., Advances in Turbulence XII, 2009, pp. 585–588). Furthermore, the new travelling-wave solution is shown to be unstable from the onset.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms, putatively neutral DNA markers and population genetic parameters in IndianPlasmodium vivaxisolates
Authors: GUPTA BHAVNA , DASH ADITYA P. , SHRIVASTAVA NALINI , DAS APARUP
Published: July 2010

With a view to developing putatively neutral markers based on Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human malaria parasite,Plasmodium vivax, we utilized the published whole genome sequence information ofP. falciparumandP. vivaxto find a ~200 kb conserved syntenic region between these two species. We have selected 27 non-coding DNA fragments (in introns and intergenic regions) of variable length (300–750 bp) inP. vivaxin this syntenic region. PCR ofP. vivaxisolates of a population sample from India could successfully amplify 17 fragments. Subsequently, DNA sequencing and sequence analysis confirmed the polymorphic status of only 11 fragments. Altogether, 18 SNPs were detected and 2 different measures of nucleotide diversity showed variable patterns across different fragments; in general, introns were less variable than the intergenic regions. All 11 polymorphic fragments were found to be evolving according to a neutral equilibrium model and thus could be utilized as putatively neutral markers for population genetic studies inP. vivax. Different molecular population genetics parameters were also estimated, providing initial insight into the population genetics of IndianP. vivax.
Life events and borderline personality features: the influence of gene–environment interaction and gene–environment correlation
Authors: Distel M. A. , Middeldorp C. M. , Trull T. J. , Derom C. A. , Willemsen G. , Boomsma D. I.
Published: July 2010

Background

Traumatic life events are generally more common in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) than in non-patients or patients with other personality disorders. This study investigates whether exposure to life events moderates the genetic architecture of BPD features. As the presence of genotype–environment correlation (rGE) can lead to spurious findings of genotype–environment interaction (G×E), we also test whether BPD features increase the likelihood of exposure to life events.

Method

The extent to which an individual is at risk to develop BPD was assessed with the Personality Assessment Inventory – Borderline features scale (PAI-BOR). Life events under study were a divorce/break-up, traffic accident, violent assault, sexual assault, robbery and job loss. Data were available for 5083 twins and 1285 non-twin siblings. Gene–environment interaction and correlation were assessed by using structural equation modelling (SEM) and the co-twin control design.

Results

There was evidence for both gene–environment interaction and correlation. Additive genetic influences on BPD features interacted with the exposure to sexual assault, with genetic variance being lower in exposed individuals. In individuals who had experienced a divorce/break-up, violent assault, sexual assault or job loss, environmental variance for BPD features was higher, leading to a lower heritability of BPD features in exposed individuals. Gene–environment correlation was present for some life events. The genes that influence BPD features thus also increased the likelihood of being exposed to certain life events.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this study is the first to test the joint effect of genetic and environmental influences and the exposure to life events on BPD features in the general population. Our results indicate the importance of both genetic vulnerability and life events.
Analogous analogies? Thomas Aquinas and Karl Barth
Authors: Furry Timothy J.
Published: July 2010

This article attempts to show that Karl Barth and Thomas Aquinas are not as divergent as often thought. Taking Eugene Rogers's argument as a working hypothesis, I argue for two points of convergence between Barth and Aquinas, specifically on their understandings of analogy. First, both root analogy in christology. Using Christ as the great magister, Aquinas shows how Christ teaches us to see him, despite its difficulty, in his trinitarian divinity. Barth, using the imagery of the prodigal son, discusses how the incarnation places humanity in an ontological relationship within God's own dialogue within the Trinity. Second, both understand analogy as a theological practice, not a metaphysical mechanism or abstract doctrine, though metaphysics and doctrine are at play in their work. Both Aquinas and Barth attempt to train their readers in the judgement necessary to speak truthfully about God. This analogical relationship between Barth and Aquinas I call the analogia Christi.
Response to Richard Burridge, Imitating Jesus
Authors: Hays Richard B.
Published: July 2010

I am pleased to have the opportunity to participate in this debate on a book that I have watched in the making, from a distance, over the past ten years or more. Richard Burridge was a faithful participant in the New Testament Ethics Seminar at the Studiorum Novi Testamenti Societas, a seminar that I had the privilege of co-chairing, along with Wolfgang Schrage and Andreas Lindemann. During the years of that working group Richard presented early drafts of material that adumbrated the basic themes of Imitating Jesus. Consequently, he and I have been discussing our common interests in these matters for quite a while. Anyone who reads Richard's substantial new work alongside my earlier book, The Moral Vision of the New Testament, will see that we don't always agree, but there are actually a fair number of commonalities – perhaps more commonalities than would be conveyed by a casual survey of Richard's explicit references to my work.
Imitating Jesus: reading the Eternal Word
Authors: Markham Ian
Published: July 2010

For the six years I was at Hartford Seminary (which is one-third Muslim), I had the enjoyable challenge of teaching Christian doctrine to Muslims. I have lost count of the number of conversations I have with Muslims who invite me to compare the Bible and the Qur'an and admit that the Qur'an looks much more like the Word of God than the Bible. In every case, I would push back and insist that they are not comparing like with like. For Christians, the primary Word of God is the Eternal Word – the Word made flesh in the life, death and resurrection of Jesus. In fact, I would explain the right way to compare the Qur'an is not with the Bible but with the Eternal Word made flesh. The incarnation is the Christian equivalent of the Qur'an. And perhaps it is better to see the Bible as closer to the Hadith. At this point, the same question is asked: ‘but how is it possible to read a life?’
Response
Authors: Burridge Richard A.
Published: July 2010

I am extremely grateful to everyone who participated in the discussion of my book, Imitating Jesus: An Inclusive Approach to New Testament Ethics. Thanks go first to Professor Kenneth Newport for organising and chairing the session on the ‘Use, Influence and Impact of the Bible’ at the SBL Meeting in Boston in November 2008, as well as for his interest in the project over the last decade. Also each of the panellists have contributed so much to my work throughout the gestation and writing of this book.
Précis ofThe creative mind: Myths and mechanisms
Authors: Boden Margaret A.
Published: July 2010

What is creativity? One new idea may be creative, whereas another is merely new: What's the difference? And how is creativity possible? These questions about human creativity can be answered, at least in outline, using computational concepts. There are two broad types of creativity, improbabilist and impossibilist. Improbabilist creativity involves (positively valued) novel combinations of familiar ideas. A deeper type involves METCS: the mapping, exploration, and transformation of conceptual spaces. It is impossibilist, in that ideas may be generated which – with respect to the particular conceptual space concerned – could not have been generated before. (They are made possible by some transformation of the space.) The more clearly conceptual spaces can be defined, the better we can identify creative ideas. Defining conceptual spaces is done by musicologists, literary critics, and historians of art and science. Humanist studies, rich in intuitive subtleties, can be complemented by the comparative rigour of a computational approach. Computational modelling can help to define a space, and to show how it may be mapped, explored, and transformed. Impossibilist creativity can be thought of in “classical” Al terms, whereas connectionism illuminates improbabilist creativity. Most Al models of creativity can only explore spaces, not transform them, because they have no self-reflexive maps enabling them to change their own rules. A few, however, can do so. A scientific understanding of creativity does not destroy our wonder at it, nor does it make creative ideas predictable. Demystification does not imply dehumanization.
ALTRUISM AS A THICK CONCEPT
Authors: Schefczyk Michael , Peacock Mark
Published: July 2010

In this paper, we examine different forms of altruism. We commence by analysing the ‘behavioural’ definition and, after clarifying its conditions for altruism, we argue that it is not in ‘reflective equilibrium’ with everyday linguistic usage of the term. We therefore consider a ‘psychological’ definition, which we likewise refine, and argue that it better reflects ordinary language use. Both behavioural and psychological approaches define altruism descriptively and thus fail to capture an important aspect of altruism, namely its normative component. Altruism, we argue, is a ‘thick concept’, i.e. one which embodies both positive and normative components. We discuss and compare various formulations of this normative component.
The effect of chromatic and luminance information on reaction times
Authors: O’DONELL BEATRIZ M. , BARRAZA JOSE F. , COLOMBO ELISA M.
Published: July 2010

We present a series of experiments exploring the effect of chromaticity on reaction time (RT) for a variety of stimulus conditions, including chromatic and luminance contrast, luminance, and size. The chromaticity of these stimuli was varied along a series of vectors in color space that included the two chromatic-opponent-cone axes, a red–green (L–M) axis and a blue–yellow [S − (L + M)] axis, and intermediate noncardinal orientations, as well as the luminance axis (L + M). For Weber luminance contrasts above 10–20%, RTs tend to the same asymptote, irrespective of chromatic direction. At lower luminance contrast, the addition of chromatic information shortens the RT. RTs are strongly influenced by stimulus size when the chromatic stimulus is modulated along the [S − (L + M)] pathway and by stimulus size and adaptation luminance for the (L–M) pathway. RTs are independent of stimulus size for stimuli larger than 0.5 deg. Data are modeled with a modified version of Pieron’s formula with an exponent close to 2, in which the stimulus intensity term is replaced by a factor that considers the relative effects of chromatic and achromatic information, as indexed by the RMS (square-root of the cone contrast) value at isoluminance and the Weber luminance contrast, respectively. The parameters of the model reveal how RT is linked to stimulus size, chromatic channels, and adaptation luminance and how they can be interpreted in terms of two chromatic mechanisms. This equation predicts that, for isoluminance, RTs for a stimulus lying on the S-cone pathway are higher than those for a stimulus lying on the L–M-cone pathway, for a given RMS cone contrast. The equation also predicts an asymptotic trend to the RT for an achromatic stimulus when the luminance contrast is sufficiently large.
SLAVOPHILE RELIGIOUS THOUGHT AND THE DILEMMA OF RUSSIAN MODERNITY, 1830–1860
Authors: MICHELSON PATRICK LALLY
Published: July 2010

Russian public opinion in the first half of the nineteenth century was buffeted by a complex of cultural, psychological, and historiosophical dilemmas that destabilized many conventions about Russia's place in universal history. This article examines one response to these dilemmas: the Slavophile reconfiguration of Eastern Christianity as a modern religion of theocentric freedom and moral progress. Drawing upon methods of contextual analysis, the article challenges the usual scholarly treatment of Slavophile religious thought as a vehicle to address extrahistorical concerns by placing the writings of A. S. Khomiakov and I. V. Kireevskii in the discursive and ideological framework in which they originated and operated. As such, the article considers the atheistic revolution in consciousness advocated by Russian Hegelians, the Schellingian proposition that human freedom and moral advancement were dependent upon the living God, P. Ia. Chaadaev's contention that a people's religious orientation determined its historical potential, and the Slavophile appropriation of Russia's dominant confession to resolve the problem of having attained historical consciousness in an age of historical stasis.
INDIA, THE BHAGAVAD GITA AND THE WORLD
Authors: BAYLY C. A.
Published: July 2010

This essay considers the relationship between the Bhagavad Gita as a transnational text and its changing role in Indian political thought. Indian liberals used it to mark out the boundaries between the public sphere they desired and a reformed Hinduism. Indian intellectuals also used the image of Krishna to construct an all-wise founder figure for the new India. Meanwhile, in the transnational sphere of debate, the Gita came to represent India itself in the works of theosophists, spiritual relativists and a variety of intellectual radicals, who approved of the text's ambivalent view of the relationship between political action and the World Spirit. After the First World War, Indian liberals, notably Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, philosopher and later India's second president, used Krishna's words to urge a new and humane international politics infused with the ideal of “detached action”.
COMMON PRINCIPLES, DIFFERENT HISTORIES: UNDERSTANDING RELIGIOUS LIBERTY IN THE UNITED STATES AND FRANCE
Authors: MOORE R. LAURENCE
Published: July 2010

In her bookLiberty of Conscience: In Defense of America's Tradition of Religious Equality(New York: Basic Books, 2008) the American philosopher Martha Nussbaum joins a chorus of American intellectuals who have criticized France and other European nations for their failure to embrace the concept of cultural pluralism. In Nussbaum's opinion, the meaning that the French attach toegalitéhas remained stuck in circumstances peculiar to the eighteenth century. The concept is outdated and has not in the contemporary world been able to protect cultural diversity in general and religious diversity in particular. Her book takes to task what she terms “the French tradition of “coercive assimilation” that is insensitive to what George Washington stressed as the “‘delicacy and tenderness’ that is owed to other people's ‘conscientious scruples.’” The French refusal to allow Muslim schoolgirls to cover their heads with a foulard, however stylish it might be, is linked back to the French emancipation of Jews that required, in Nussbaum's analysis, a heavy requirement of cultural erasure. The French, like most Europeans, grew used to the idea “that citizens are all alike,” an idea that now haunts France as it tries to figure out what to do with its Muslim population.
Dual frequency coaxial rotary joint with multi-stepped transition
Authors: Chakrabarty Soumyabrata , Singh Vijay Kumar , Sharma Shashi Bhusan
Published: July 2010

The present paper presents the design and development of a dual-channel microwave rotary joint using coaxial waveguide as primary waveguide and rectangular waveguide as the secondary waveguide. Design is presented at 5.85–7.02 GHz with 20% bandwidth and at 14–14.5 GHz bands with 3.6% bandwidth using dual channel mode transducers exciting transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode in the coaxial waveguide. Rectangular to coaxial waveguide transitions employing multi-stepped doorknob transitions are used to excite the TEM mode from the rectangular waveguide. The measured results for electrical parameters such as return loss, insertion loss of the dual-channel rotary joint are presented with 360° rotation of the rotary part with respect to the stator part.
Possibilities of wireless power supply
Authors: Kracek Jan , Mazanek Milos
Published: July 2010

This paper presents an overview of the principles suitable for wireless power supply of devices with a small power input in picocells. This means predominantly different types of small electric devices in the space of rooms. Basic principles, namely electromagnetic induction and electromagnetic wave, are explained using examples of developed systems. Different types of wireless power systems are compared with respect to efficiency, frequency, power, and transmission distance.
Analysis and mitigation of phase noise and sampling jitter in OFDM radio receivers
Authors: Syrjälä Ville , Valkama Mikko
Published: July 2010

This article addresses the analysis and digital signal processing (DSP)-based mitigation of phase noise and sampling clock jitter in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) radios. In the phase noise studies, the basic direct-conversion receiver architecture case is assumed with noisy downconverting oscillator. In the sampling jitter case, on the other hand, the so-called direct-radio-frequency-sampling receiver architecture is deployed utilizing bandpass sub-sampling principle. The basis for the DSP-based impairment mitigation techniques is first formed using analytical receiver modeling with incoming OFDM waveform, where the effects of both oscillator phase noise and sampling clock jitter are mapped to certain type subcarrier cross-talk and distortion compared to ideal receiver case. Then iterative detection principles and interpolation techniques are developed to essentially estimate and cancel the subcarrier distortion. Also some related practical aspects, like channel estimation, are addressed. The performance of the proposed mitigation techniques is analyzed and verified with extensive computer simulations. In the simulations, realistic phase-locked-loop-based oscillator models are used for phase noise and sampling clock jitter. In addition, different received signal conditions like plain additive white Gaussian noise channel and extended ITU-R Vehicular A multipath channel are considered for practical purposes. Altogether the obtained results indicate that the effects of oscillator and sampling clock instabilities can be efficiently reduced using the developed signal processing techniques.
Integration of numerical and field-theoretical techniques in the design of single- and multi-band rectennas for micro-power generation
Authors: Rizzoli Vittorio , Costanzo Alessandra , Masotti Diego , Donzelli Francesco
Published: July 2010

We introduce an integrated design methodology for the optimization of RF-to-DC conversion efficiency of multi-band rectennas (rectifying antennas), with the aim of harvesting the RF energy available in humanized environments. Existing RF sources can either operate at known frequencies, power budgets, and locations, or can be ubiquitously available at different frequency bands, and with unknown directions of incidence and polarizations. In all cases, the RF link power budget may be extremely low. In order to harvest a significant quantity of energy, it is thus mandatory to place a very special care in the design of each part of the receiving/storing system. For this purpose, the receiving antenna must be optimized together with the rectifying circuit and the load. In our work, this is accomplished by a rigorous design tool based on the concurrent use of nonlinear/electromagnetic (EM) CAD tools and EM theory. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by comparing the computed and measured performance of single- and multi-band rectennas, both linearly and circularly polarized. Such antennas are designed to harvest RF energy from a variety of cellular and WiFi systems that are normally present in civil environments.
Soziales Kompetenztraining nach erworbener Hirnschädigung – Zufriedenheits- und Erfolgs- einschätzungen von Patienten, Angehörigen und Therapeuten
Authors: Schellhorn Anne , Pössl Josef
Published: July 2010

In dieser Studie wurden die Erfahrungen von 55 Teilnehmern mit einem speziell für hirngeschädigte Patienten entwickelten Sozialen Kompetenztraining erfasst. Auch Angehörige und Therapeuten wurden zu Verhaltensänderungen befragt. Obwohl fast die Hälfte der Patienten eine mangelnde Störungseinsicht hatte, zeigten sie eine hohe Zufriedenheit mit dem Trainingsprogramm; die Beurteilung von Verhaltensänderungen fiel etwas zurückhaltender aus. Besonders positiv wurden die Gruppenatmosphäre und die Rollenspiele mit Videoaufnahmen bewertet. Patienten schätzten die erreichten Veränderungen im Sozialverhalten positiver ein als Angehörige und diese wiederum positiver als die Therapeuten. Zwischen den Selbsteinschätzungen und den Fremdeinschätzungen ergaben sich keine signifikanten Zusammenhänge, wohl aber zwischen den Beurteilungen von Angehörigen und Therapeuten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das Soziale Kompetenztraining von den Patienten unabhängig von der Störungseinsicht sehr gut angenommen wird.
Erfassung von Strategien im Umgang mit Aufmerksamkeitsdefiziten – Entwicklung eines Aufmerksamkeits-Kompensations-Fragebogens für die neurologische Rehabilitation
Authors: Volz-Sidiropoulou Eftychia , Niemann Hendrik , Gauggel Siegfried
Published: July 2010

Die Verwendung von Kompensationsstrategien im Umgang mit Aufmerksamkeitsstörungen wurde bislang in der Klinischen Neuropsychologie nicht systematisch untersucht. Ein Grund für diesen Neglect ist darin zu sehen, dass momentan kaum entsprechende Fragebögen zur Verfügung stehen. Mit dem ”Aufmerksamkeits-Kompensations-Fragebogen” (AKO) soll dieser Mangel zumindest teilweise behoben und ein standardisierter Fragebogen für die Forschung und klinische Praxis zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Der AKO ist ein Selbstbeurteilungsfragebogen und besteht aus 13 Items, mit deren Hilfe die Nutzung verschiedener Kompensationsstrategien erfasst wird. Zur Untersuchung der psychometrischen Eigenschaften des AKO wurden die Daten von 72 neurologischen Patienten analysiert. Die durchgeführte Hauptachsenanalyse ergab eine drei Faktoren-Struktur. Die Faktoren können mit den Begriffen „Kontrolle der Aufgabenbearbeitung“, „Akzeptanzstrategien“ und „Ergebniskontrollstrategien“ bezeichnet werden. Die interne Konsistenz betrug α = .87 für die Gesamtskala und variierte zwischen α = .71 – .84 bei den extrahierten Faktoren. Das Ergebnis des AKO korrelierte mit der Selbstbeurteilung von Aufmerksamkeitsdefiziten (r = .72, p<.01) sowie mit Testleistungen in Aufmerksamkeitstests (r = .31 – .34, p<.01). Die ersten psychometrischen Ergebnisse sind ermutigend und weisen den AKO als ein brauchbares Messinstrument zur Erfassung von Aufmerksamkeits-Kompensationstrategien aus.
Control of the symmetry of plume‐ridge interaction by spreading ridge geometry
Authors: Shorttle O. , Maclennan J. , Jones S. M.
Published: July 2010

The Iceland, Galápagos, and Azores plumes have previously been identified as interacting asymmetrically with adjacent spreading centers. We present evidence that the flow fields in these plume heads are radially symmetric, but the geometry of the mid‐ocean ridge systems imparts an asymmetric compositional structure on outflowing plume material. First, we quantify the degree of symmetry in geophysical and geochemical observables as a function of plume center location. For each plume, we find that bathymetry and crustal thickness observations can be explained using a single center of symmetry, with these calculated centers coinciding with independently inferred plume center locations. The existence of these centers of symmetry suggests that the flow fields and temperature structure of the three plume heads are radially symmetric. However, no centers of symmetry can be found for the incompatible trace element and isotopic observations. To explain this, we develop a simple kinematic model to predict the effect of mid‐ocean ridge geometry on the chemical composition of outflowing plume material. The model assumes radially symmetric outflow from a compositionally heterogeneous plume source, consisting of a depleted mantle component and enriched blebs. These blebs progressively melt out during flow through the melting regions under spreading centers. Asymmetry in trace element and isotopic profiles develops when ridges on either side of the plume center receive material that has been variably depleted according to the length of flow path under the ridge. This model can successfully explain compositional asymmetry around Iceland and Galápagos in terms of an axisymmetric plume interacting with an asymmetric ridge system.
Spectral and stratigraphic mapping of hydrated sulfate and phyllosilicate‐bearing deposits in northern Sinus Meridiani, Mars
Authors: Wiseman Sandra M. , Arvidson R. E. , Morris R. V. , Poulet F. , Andrews‐Hanna J. C. , Bishop J. L. , Murchie S. L. , Seelos F. P. , Des Marais D. , Griffes J. L.
Published: July 2010

We present detailed stratigraphic and spectral analyses that focus on a region in northern Sinus Meridiani located between 1°N to 5°N latitude and 3°W to 1°E longitude. Several stratigraphically distinct units are defined and mapped using morphologic expression, spectral properties, and superposition relationships. Previously unreported exposures of hydrated sulfates and Fe/Mg smectites are identified using MRO CRISM and MEX OMEGA near‐infrared (1.0 to 2.5 μm) spectral reflectance observations. Layered deposits with monohydrated and polyhydrated sulfate spectral signatures that occur in association with a northeast‐southwest trending valley are reexamined using high‐resolution CRISM, HiRISE, and CTX images. Layers that are spectrally dominated by monohydrated and polyhydrated sulfates are intercalated. The observed compositional layering implies that multiple wetting events, brine recharge, or fluctuations in evaporation rate occurred. We infer that these hydrated sulfate‐bearing layers were unconformably deposited following the extensive erosion of preexisting layered sedimentary rocks and may postdate the formation of the sulfate‐ and hematite‐bearing unit analyzed by the MER Opportunity rover. Therefore, at least two episodes of deposition separated by an unconformity occurred. Fe/Mg phyllosilicates are detected in units that predate the sulfate‐ and hematite‐bearing unit. The presence of Fe/Mg smectite in older units indicates that the relatively low pH formation conditions inferred for the younger sulfate‐ and hematite‐bearing unit are not representative of the aqueous geochemical environment that prevailed during the formation and alteration of earlier materials. Sedimentary deposits indicative of a complex aqueous history that evolved over time are preserved in Sinus Meridiani, Mars.
Observations of the Antarctic Slope Undercurrent in the southeastern Weddell Sea
Authors: Chavanne Cédric P. , Heywood Karen J. , Nicholls Keith W. , Fer Ilker
Published: July 2010

The Antarctic Slope Front presents a dynamical barrier between the cold Antarctic shelf waters in contact with ice shelves and the warmer subsurface waters offshore. Two hydrographic sections with full‐depth current measurements were undertaken in January and February 2009 across the slope and shelf in the southeastern Weddell Sea. Southwestward surface‐intensified currents of ∼30 cm s−1, and northeastward undercurrents of 6–9 cm s−1, were in thermal‐wind balance with the sloping isopycnals across the front, which migrated offshore by 30 km in the time interval between the two sections. A mid‐depth undercurrent on February 23 was associated with a 130‐m uplift of the main pycnocline, bringing Warm Deep Water closer to the shelf break. This vertical displacement, comparable to that caused by seasonal variations in wind speed, implies that undercurrents may affect the exchanges between coastal and deep waters near the Antarctic continental margins.
Experimental determination of layer cloud edge charging from cosmic ray ionisation
Authors: Nicoll K. A. , Harrison R. G.
Published: July 2010

The cloud‐air transition zone at stratiform cloud edges is an electrically active region where droplet charging has been predicted. Cloud edge droplet charging is expected from vertical flow of cosmic ray generated atmospheric ions in the global electric circuit. Experimental confirmation of stratiform cloud edge electrification is presented here, through charge and droplet measurements made within an extensive layer of supercooled stratiform cloud, using a specially designed electrostatic sensor. Negative space charge up to 35 pC m−3 was found in a thin (<100 m) layer at the lower cloud boundary associated with the clear air‐cloud conductivity gradient, agreeing closely with space charge predicted from the measured droplet concentration using ion‐aerosol theory. Such charge levels carried by droplets are sufficient to influence collision processes between cloud droplets.
The Effects of Long‐ or Medium‐Chain Fat Diets on Glucose Tolerance and Myocellular Content of Lipid Intermediates in Rats
Authors: De Vogel‐van den Bosch Johan , Hoeks Joris , Timmers Silvie , Houten Sander M. , van Dijk Paul J. , Boon Wendy , van Beurden Denis , Schaart Gert , Kersten Sander , Voshol Peter J. , Wanders Ronald J.A. , Hesselink Matthijs K. , Schrauwen Patrick
Published: July 2010

Accumulation of triacylglycerols (TAGs) and acylcarnitines in skeletal muscle upon high‐fat (HF) feeding is the resultant of fatty acid uptake and oxidation and is associated with insulin resistance. As medium‐chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are preferentially β‐oxidized over long‐chain fatty acids, we examined the effects of medium‐chain TAGs (MCTs) and long‐chain TAGs (LCTs) on muscle lipid storage and whole‐body glucose tolerance. Rats fed a low‐fat (LF), HFLCT, or an isocaloric HFMCT diet displayed a similar body weight gain over 8 weeks of treatment. Only HFLCT increased myocellular TAG (42.3 ± 4.9, 71.9 ± 6.7, and 48.5 ± 6.5 µmol/g for LF, HFLCT, and HFMCT, respectively, P < 0.05) and long‐chain acylcarnitine content (P < 0.05). Neither HF diet increased myocellular diacylglycerol (DAG) content. Intraperitoneal (IP) glucose tolerance tests (1.5 g/kg) revealed a significantly decreased glucose tolerance in the HFMCT compared to the HFLCT‐fed rats (802 ± 40, 772 ± 18, and 886 ± 18 area under the curve for LF, HFLCT, and HFMCT, respectively, P < 0.05). Finally, no differences in myocellular insulin signaling after bolus insulin injection (10 U/kg) were observed between LF, HFLCT, or HFMCT‐fed rats. These results show that accumulation of TAGs and acylcarnitines in skeletal muscle in the absence of body weight gain do not impede myocellular insulin signaling or whole‐body glucose intolerance.
Enantioselective reduction of prochiral ketones by engineered bifunctional fusion proteins
Authors: Hölsch Kathrin , Weuster‐Botz Dirk
Published: July 2010

NADPH‐dependent oxidoreductases are useful catalysts for the production of chiral synthons. However, preparative applications of oxidoreductases require efficient methods for in situ regeneration of the expensive nicotinamide cofactors. An advantageous method for cofactor regeneration is the construction of bifunctional fusion proteins composed of two enzymes, one catalysing the reduction reaction and the other one mediating the recycling of cofactors. Herein, we describe the in‐frame fusion between an NADP+‐accepting mutant of FDH (formate dehydrogenase) from Mycobacterium vaccae N10 and KR [3‐ketoacyl‐(acyl‐carrier‐protein) reductase] from Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942. The generation of linker insertion mutants led to a fusion protein exhibiting 100 and 80% of the enzymatic activities of native KR and FDH respectively. Escherichia coli cells expressing the fusion protein showed an approx. 2‐fold higher initial reaction rate in the production of chiral alcohols than cells expressing the enzymes separately. The application of the engineered fusion protein in whole‐cell bioreduction of pentafluoroacetophenone resulted in a substrate conversion of 99.97% with an excellent enantiomeric excess of 99.9% (S)‐1‐(pentafluorophenyl)ethanol.
Dual roles for MEF2A and MEF2D during human macrophage terminal differentiation and c-Jun expression
Authors: Aude-Garcia Catherine , Collin-Faure Véronique , Bausinger Huguette , Hanau Daniel , Rabilloud Thierry , Lemercier Claudie
Published: July 2010

Recent reports have evidenced a role for MEF2C (myocyte enhancer factor 2C) in myelopoiesis, although the precise functions of this transcription factor are still unclear. We show in the present study that MEF2A and MEF2D, two other MEF2 family members, are expressed in human primary monocytes and in higher amounts in monocyte-derived macrophages. High levels of MEF2A–MEF2D heterodimers are found in macrophage-differentiated HL60 cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitations demonstrate that MEF2A is present on the c-Jun promoter, both in undifferentiated and in macrophage-differentiated cells. Moreover, c-Jun expression is derepressed in undifferentiated cells in the presence of HDAC (histone deacetylase) inhibitor, indicating the importance of chromatin acetylation in this process. We show that MEF2A/D dimers strongly interact with HDAC1, and to a lesser extent with HDAC7 in macrophages, whereas low levels of MEF2A/D–HDAC1 complexes are found in undifferentiated cells or in monocytes. Since trichostatin A does not disrupt MEF2A/D–HDAC1 complexes, we analysed the potential interaction of MEF2A with p300 histone acetyltransferase, whose expression is up-regulated in macrophages. Interestingly, endogenous p300 only associates with MEF2A in differentiated macrophages, indicating that MEF2A/D could activate c-Jun expression in macrophages through a MEF2A/D–p300 activator complex. The targets of MEF2A/D–HDAC1–HDAC7 multimers remain to be identified. Nevertheless, these data highlight for the first time the possible dual roles of MEF2A and MEF2D in human macrophages, as activators or as repressors of gene transcription.
“Do You Think Hearing Loss in Aging is Normal? Think Again!”
Authors: Pitts Donna , Ward Kathleen
Published: July 2010

Older adults with hearing loss may not receive the necessary and appropriate referral and follow-up services, if the individuals involved with their care believe that hearing loss is simply a normal consequence of aging. While hearing loss may be “common” in older adults, it is by no means “normal” and brings with it consequences that can affect older individuals from a communicative and a psychosocial standpoint. This article will review types of hearing loss, some causes of hearing loss in older people, and the importance of evaluation and appropriate rehabilitative management of older individuals with hearing loss.
Auditory Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Krishnamurti Sridhar
Published: July 2010

Alzheimer's disease is neurodegenerative disorder which affects a growing number of older adults every year. With an understanding of auditory dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease, the speech-language pathologist working in the health care setting can provide better service to these individuals. The pathophysiology of the disease process in Alzheimer's disease increases the likelihood of specific types of auditory deficits as opposed to others. This article will discuss the auditory deficits in Alzheimer's disease, their implications, and the value of clinical protocols for individuals with this disease.
A Historical Perspective of Voice Management: 1940-1970
Authors: Boone Daniel R.
Published: July 2010

Purpose: To provide the current speech-language pathologist with a historical perspective of voice management of children and adults in the time period 1940-1970, employing both literature citation and personal anecdotal experience.

Method: Each decade of the time period 1940-1970 has been reviewed specific to available literature, descriptions of existing clinical voice services available, and the personal academic and clinical training of the author and his subsequent professional experiences. Equipment availability for use in measurement and treatment of respiratory and resonance problems was well established in the 1940s and early 1950s. Equipment for measuring voice pitch and voice quality arrived much later. For much of this time period, the treatment of vocal hyperfunction was primarily provided by psychologists and psychiatrists.

Results: As we review the practice of clinical voice 40-60 years ago, we appreciate this past influence on what we do today in voice management.

Conclusions: Without the benefit of computer assist and related instrumentation that we have today, voice management in past time periods appears to have been remarkably successful.
Rethinking the firm's mission and purpose
Authors: Jordi Canals L.
Published: July 2010

The dominant notion of the firm in Management theory is mostly borrowed from Economics and assumes that firms maximize profits or market value. This notion may be at the roots of today's basic problems in corporations. The current financial crisis has laid them bare. That notion is coherent neither with a broader view of human nature, nor with a wider perspective on the purpose of the firm. Moreover, this hypothesis may have negative effects on firms' leadership and governance, making the role of senior executives in society unattractive, and may erode corporate reputation. In this paper, we review those arguments and present a more comprehensive view of the firm.
First-principles study of type-I and type-VIII Ba8Ga16Sn30 clathrates
Authors: Kono Yasushi , Ohya Nobuyuki , Taguchi Takashi , Suekuni Koichiro , Takabatake Toshiro , Yamamoto Setsuo , Akai Koji
Published: July 2010

We calculated the electronic structures and the thermoelectric properties for type-I and type-VIII Ba8Ga16Sn30 (BGS) clathrates. The band structures show that type-I and type-VIII BGS are indirect semiconductors with band gaps of 0.51 eV and 0.32 eV, respectively. The calculated Seebeck coefficient of n-type type-I BGS is higher than that of n-type type-VIII BGS because of the larger density of states in type-I at the bottom of the conduction band. This is in good agreement with the experimental results. We also calculated the electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity due to charge carriers. Estimated thermoelectric figure of merit, ZT, exceeds 1.0 for both types.
Carbon capture and storage: More energy or less carbon?
Authors: Chalmers Hannah , Gibbins Jon
Published: July 2010

Innovations in energy supply have traditionally been valued because they make more energy available than would otherwise be the case and/or make it available at lower cost. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) can also be viewed in this way to some extent, for example, as a means to keep coal as an electricity generation fuel in Europe and the USA. But the underlying driver for CCS is really that less fossil carbon is being emitted to the atmosphere. Since long-term cumulative emissions are the determining factor for climate change, long-term retention of stored CO2 is important. Long-term “leakage” risks also apply, however, to fossil fuels that are displaced in the short term by nonfossil energy sources (i.e., nuclear, renewables) since the fossil fuels may subsequently be used and the CO2 released to the atmosphere. If CCS is to achieve effective reductions in CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, however, it is important that projects are either near carbon-neutral, able to capture around 90% or more of the fossil carbon in the fuel used, or carbon-negative, capturing CO2 from biomass or directly from the air. Another class of CCS project, which involves capturing CO2 from hydrocarbon production (e.g., natural gas purification or oil sands processing) is still carbon-positive since the CO2 from the product fuel is likely to be released to the atmosphere. This class of CCS project should therefore be viewed as a “license to operate” for projects producing fossil fuels but not as an example of the approach that is needed to achieve the large cuts in greenhouse gas emissions (e.g., 80% or more in developed countries by 2050) now being suggested. Near carbon-neutral and carbon-negative CCS projects will have to produce carbon free energy vectors such as electricity, hydrogen, or heat. These in turn can be used to displace direct fossil use by the transport and building sectors. To make CCS available as a reasonably well-proven option by around 2020, a first tranche of demonstration plants need to be deployed as quickly as possible. A second, larger tranche of reference plants then needs to continue the learning process and demonstrate the technology at scale and ready for multiple repeat orders. After this second tranche, CCS should be ready to contribute to a rapid decarbonization of the electricity supply from coal, natural gas, and biomass power plants in developed countries in the decade 2020–2030.
Beam energy scaling of a stably operated laser wakefield accelerator
Authors: Chen S. H. , Tai L. C. , Liu C. S. , Lin-Liu Y. R.
Published: July 2010

Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations were performed to demonstrate the fluctuation of the maximum beam energy while varying the plasma density in a laser wakefield accelerator (LWFA) under the transition from mildly relativistic regime to relativistic regime. The fluctuation of the beam energy is induced by the unstable accelerating structure, which length is dynamically oscillating between the plasma wavelength and the relativistic plasma wavelength. The simulation results also reveal the existence of the parameter space for the stable operation of a LWFA. An empirical formulation was derived by the curve fitting of the simulated radius of curvature of the returning electrons along the boundary of the plasma bubble in a stably operated LWFA. The comparisons between the energy scaling law derived from the empirical formulation, the two-dimensional and three-dimensional PIC simulations, and previous experimental results with self-guided laser pulses show good agreement. The scaling law derived in the study can provide a correct estimation of the maximum beam energy for a newly designed LWFA experiment with an optimal configuration of the laser pulse.
Equilibrium properties of the plasma sheath with a magnetic field parallel to the wall
Authors: Krasheninnikova Natalia S. , Tang Xianzhu
Published: July 2010

Motivated by the magnetized target fusion (MTF) experiment [R. E. Siemon et al., Comments Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 18, 363 (1999)], a systematic investigation of the force balance and equilibrium plasma flows was carried out using analytical theory and the particle-in-cell code VPIC [K. J. Bowers et al., Phys. Plasmas 15, 055703 (2008)] for a one-dimensional plasma sheath with a magnetic field parallel to the wall. Initially uniform full Maxwellian plasma consisting of equal temperature collisionless electrons and ions is allowed to interact with a perfectly absorbing wall. The analysis of the steady-state force balance of the entire plasma as well as its individual components illuminates the roles that the hydrodynamic, magnetic, and electric forces play. In particular, when ρthi<λD, the magnetic force balances the divergence of the pressure tensor. As the magnetic field is decreased, the electric force becomes prominent in areas where quasineutrality breaks, which can be a substantial part of the sheath. Its importance depends on the relation between three parameters, namely, electron and ion thermal Larmor radii and plasma Debye length: ρthe, ρthi, and λD. The relative importance of the electron and ion current in the magnetic or Lorentz force term can be understood through the analysis of the two-fluid force balance. It reveals that the current is carried primarily by the electrons. This is due to the direction of the electric field that helps confine the ions, but not the electrons, which are forced to carry a large current to confine themselves magnetically. In the regimes where the electric field is negligible, the ions also need the current for confinement, but in these cases the divergence of ion pressure tensor is much smaller than that of the electrons. Consequently the ion current is also smaller. The study of the electron and ion flow parallel to the wall clarifies this picture even further. In the regime of strong magnetic field, the particle average velocity parallel to the wall uy is purely diamagnetic. However, since the ion number density is very low near the wall, they do not produce considerable contribution to the current. In the ρthi<λD regime, uy consists of two parts: diamagnetic and E⃗×B⃗ drifts. Since the direction of the former depends on the particle charge while the latter does not (at least to lowest order), the drifts for the electrons add, while for the ions they mostly cancel each other. Although the primary motivation for this research is MTF, the analytical and computational results presented in this paper can also be applicable to the plasma sheath in the conventional magnetic confinement devices, in particular, near the first wall of tokamaks.