bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors Affecting Age of Onset of Menopause at Child Birth, Birth Control of Nigerian Women
Authors: Ogbu Ojeka Sunday , Zigabelbari Zabbey Victor , Friday Saronee
Published: January 2020

Introduction: Menopause simply refers to the time when a woman stops having monthly period. There have been numerous systematic studies into the age at onset of menopause and the factors affecting it, in different parts of the world. However, the establishment of this age and factors affecting it in Rivers state has been scanty.

Aim: This research was therefore undertaken to ascertain the age at onset of menopause in women of Rivers state, residing in Port Harcourt and the effect of parity, age at last child birth and form of birth control on it.

Methodology: This study used data from over 380 postmenopausal women from populations in Port Harcourt, Rivers state. Different ages specified by the respondents through structural questionnaires were used. The data was collected and analyzed using the ANOVA method. It was used to obtain a percentage frequency which was presented in a table.

Results: The result shows the mean menopausal age among Rivers state women to be 49.1 years. It was also found that menopausal age was affected by subjects’ parity, age at last child birth and form of birth control.

Conclusion: The mean menopausal age of women of Rivers State, living in Port Harcourt has been found to be 49.1 years. This age has also been found to be positively affected by a woman’s parity, age at last child birth and form of birth control.
Multimeric fusion single‐chain variable fragments as potential novel high‐capacity ligands
Authors: Sakhnini Laila I. , Pedersen Anja K. , Dainiak Maria B. , Bülow Leif
Published: January 2020

In basic and applied biotechnology, design of affinity ligands has become essential for high‐capacity applications such as affinity‐based downstream processes for therapeutic molecules. Here, we established a proof‐of‐concept for the use of multimeric fusion single‐chain variable fragment (scFvs) as high‐capacity ligands in affinity adsorbents. Mono‐ and di/tri‐scFvs separated by Pro‐rich negatively charged linkers were designed, produced, and immobilized to 6% cross‐linked agarose beads. Frontal binding experiments with a target protein of 50 kDa resulted in up to 20 mg·mL−1 and 82% in dynamic binding capacity and utilization yield, respectively, at 100% breakthrough. The utilization of the binding sites was impacted by the ligand format and ligand density, rather than limitation in pore size of adsorbent as previously suggested. Overall, we demonstrated that multimeric fusion scFvs can successfully be developed and used as high‐capacity ligands in affinity adsorbents, enabling lean process design and alignment with process specifications.
Under 2% of Medicaid‐covered youths get MAT after OD: Study
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: January 2020

Fewer than one‐third of youths receive addiction treatment after an opioid overdose, and only one in 54 receive pharmacotherapy (methadone, buprenorphine or naltrexone), a study published in JAMA Pediatrics reports. The researchers urge interventions to link these youths to treatment after an overdose, and call for improving access to medications: methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone.
Hydration‐Effect‐Promoting Ni–Fe Oxyhydroxide Catalysts for Neutral Water Oxidation
Authors: Wang Ning , Cao Zhen , Zheng Xueli , Zhang Bo , Kozlov Sergey M. , Chen Peining , Zou Chengqin , Kong Xiangbin , Wen Yunzhou , Liu Min , Zhou Yansong , Dinh Cao Thang , Zheng Lirong , Peng Huisheng , Zhao Ying , Cavallo Luigi , Zhang Xiaodan , Sargent Edward H.
Published: January 2020

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts that function efficiently in pH‐neutral electrolyte are of interest for biohybrid fuel and chemical production. The low concentration of reactant in neutral electrolyte mandates that OER catalysts provide both the water adsorption and dissociation steps. Here it is shown, using density functional theory simulations, that the addition of hydrated metal cations into a Ni–Fe framework contributes water adsorption functionality proximate to the active sites. Hydration‐effect‐promoting (HEP) metal cations such as Mg2+ and hydration‐effect‐limiting Ba2+ into Ni–Fe frameworks using a room‐temperature sol–gel process are incorporated. The Ni–Fe–Mg catalysts exhibit an overpotential of 310 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in pH‐neutral electrolytes and thus outperform iridium oxide (IrO2) electrocatalyst by a margin of 40 mV. The catalysts are stable over 900 h of continuous operation. Experimental studies and computational simulations reveal that HEP catalysts favor the molecular adsorption of water and its dissociation in pH‐neutral electrolyte, indicating a strategy to enhance OER catalytic activity.
A Highly Stretchable Microsupercapacitor Using Laser‐Induced Graphene/NiO/Co3O4 Electrodes on a Biodegradable Waterborne Polyurethane Substrate
Authors: Wang Wentao , Lu Longsheng , Xie Yingxi , Yuan Wei , Wan Zhenping , Tang Yong , Teh Kwok Siong
Published: January 2020

Constructing microsupercapacitors (MSCs) with an outstanding stretchability is urgent for wearable electronics, and an intrinsic biodegradability is also meaningful. Herein, laser‐induced graphene/NiO/Co3O4 (NiO/Co3O4/LIG) is in situ synthesized on a polyimide (PI) film during laser processing, then the electrodes are transferred to a biodegradable waterborne polyurethane (WPU) substrate to fabricate stretchable MSCs. Experimentally, the as‐prepared stretchable MSCs exhibit an excellent areal capacitance of 2.4 mF cm−2, high capacitance retention of 77.1% at 50% strain, and capacitance degradation of less than 19.8% after 1000 stretching cycles. These desirable properties are mainly attributed to the gradient structure of NiO/Co3O4/LIG, the synergistic effect of hybrid NiO/Co3O4 nanoparticles, and the intensive interface adhesion between the electrodes and WPU. Interestingly, the robust function of stretchable MSCs is further presented by using them to power a microsensor and assembling them with triboelectric nanogenerators to generate power from mechanical contact with skin, which makes the stretchable MSCs promising as a sustainable driving source for wearable electronics.
Microcavity‐Enhanced Blue Organic Light‐Emitting Diode for High‐Quality Monochromatic Light Source with Nonquarterwave Structural Design
Authors: Lin Jie , Hu Yongsheng , Liu Xingyuan
Published: January 2020

Despite their rapid development, organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) are limited to display and lighting applications, and exploiting the application and development of OLEDs has become one of the critical issues. In this study, a new type of distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) with low absorption spacer as a bottom mirror is developed through nonquarterwave structural design. Different factors affecting the electroluminescence (EL) properties of microcavity OLEDs (MOLEDs) are investigated by using the optical microcavities with different structures to regulate the EL properties of 4,4′‐bis[(N‐carbazole)styryl] biphenyl (BSB‐Cz). The optimized MOLEDs with quarterwave DBRs exhibited a maximum external quantum efficiency of 8.86 ± 0.06%, demonstrating an enhancement of 79% compared to a reference device. Under the premise of almost not changing the electrical injection of the functional layer materials in the cavity, the spectral full‐width at half maximum of MOLEDs with a nonquarterwave structural design is as narrow as 2 ± 0.05 nm. These improvements are not only suitable for small organic molecules or polymeric materials, but also for novel nanoluminescent materials, such as quantum dots, perovskites, etc. Overall, the current study suggests the general applicability of this novel concept to obtain high‐quality monochromatic light, irrespective of the type of materials used.
Efficient Super Broadband NIR Ca2LuZr2Al3O12:Cr3+,Yb3+ Garnet Phosphor for pc‐LED Light Source toward NIR Spectroscopy Applications
Authors: He Shuai , Zhang Liangliang , Wu Hao , Wu Huajun , Pan Guohui , Hao Zhendong , Zhang Xia , Zhang Ligong , Zhang Hong , Zhang Jiahua
Published: January 2020

Super broadband near‐infrared (NIR) phosphor converted light‐emitting diodes (pc‐LEDs) are future light sources in NIR spectroscopy applications such as food testing. At present, a few blue LED excitable super broadband NIR phosphors (bandwidth > 300 nm) have been developed producing the NIR output powers below 26 mW at 100 mA input current after LED packaging. Here, an efficient super broadband NIR phosphor achieved by doping Yb3+ is reported in the NIR Ca2LuZr2Al3O12:Cr3+ (CLZA:Cr3+) garnet phosphor developed previously. Benefited from the superposition of Cr3+ emission and highly efficient Yb3+ emission excited by energy transfer from Cr3+, the codoped CLZA:Cr3+,Yb3+ phosphor shows a bandwidth of 320 nm and an internal quantum efficiency of 77.2% both higher than that (150 nm and 69.1%) of singly doped CLZA:Cr3+ phosphor. The codoped phosphor converts LED produced 41.8 mW NIR output at 100 mA input current. The pc‐LED as a light source is also well applied to the NIR transmission spectra measurement of water. The results indicate the great potential of CLZA:Cr3+,Yb3+ phosphor in super broadband NIR pc‐LED applications.
Cs2CO3 Catalyzed Intramolecular Aminocarbonylation of Alkynes: Synthesis of 3‐Amino‐1H‐inden‐1‐ones from N‐tert‐Butyl‐2‐(1‐alkynyl)benzaldimines
Authors: Guo Zhen , Liu Tao , Liang Xiujuan , Wu Yuting , Yao Tuanli
Published: January 2020

Synthesis of a wide variety of 3‐amino‐1H‐inden‐1‐ones from N‐tert‐butyl‐2‐(1‐alkynyl)benzaldimines via intramolecular aminocarbonylation of alkynes using Cs2CO3 as catalyst and air as oxidant has been developed. This highly atom‐efficient, transition‐metal‐free reaction proceeds under thermal conditions. We propose that the reaction proceeds through an unprecedented 5‐exo‐dig cyclization of N‐tert‐butyl‐2‐(1‐alkynyl)benzaldimines and thermal rearrangement of 3‐methylene‐2λ2‐isoindolin‐1‐ols.

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Economic analysis of adopting no‐till and cover crops in irrigated cotton production under risk
Authors: Fan Yubing , Liu Yangxuan , DeLaune Paul B. , Mubvumba Partson , Park Seong C. , Bevers Stanley J.
Published: January 2020

Adoption of soil conservation practices has been promoted to improve environmental and economic benefits across the United States. These practices are especially necessary for soil health improvement in the Southern High Plains where soils are prone to erosion and agricultural irrigation relies heavily on groundwater. Winter cover crops and no‐till cropping are two conservation practices for reducing soil erosion, but producers might face additional risks associated with adopting these practices. The objective of this study was to examine the profitability and risks associated with alternative tillage and cover crops (no cover crop, winter wheat [Triticum asestivum L.], and grass–legume mixture) for irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Using data from a 6‐yr field experiment, net return distributions of each production system were evaluated and ranked across various risk aversion levels. The results showed that the average net returns were $1040 and $1049 ha−1 for conventionally tilled and no‐till cotton without a cover crop, while the net returns were $1121 and $1075 ha−1 for no‐till cotton with wheat and mixed cover crops, respectively. Producers adopting cover crops had a greater probability of getting a middle interval of net returns between $760 and $1370 ha−1. The results of risk analysis show that risk‐neutral and slightly risk‐averse producers prefer no‐till cotton production with wheat cover, while no‐till with mixed and wheat cover are the first and second most preferred systems for very and extremely risk‐averse producers. Sensitivity analysis confirms consistent profit effects of cover crops and no‐till adoption at multiple cotton price levels.
The permeability of replicated microcellular structures in the Darcy regime
Authors: Otaru Abdulrazak J.
Published: January 2020

This study provides an extension to previously published articles on measurements and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling and simulations of airflow across “bottleneck‐type” structures in the Forchheimer regime to purely inertial‐neglected (Darcy regime) incompressible flowing fluid via tomography datasets. A linear‐dependent relationship between the CFD computed unit pressure drop developed across the samples and the superficial fluid inlet velocity was observed for all the samples for creeping fluid flow (0–7 × 10−03m·s−1). The permeability of the structures was observed to be dependent on the structural parameters of the porous medium and most importantly, its pore diameter openings. Linear graphical relations between permeability and pore‐structure related properties of these materials were observed and these could assist in minimizing the number of design iterations needed for the processing of self‐supporting porous metals.
Electrostatic effects on hydrodynamics in the riser of the circulating fluidized bed for polypropylene
Authors: Ge Shiyi , Lou Zhedong , Yang Yao , Huang Zheliang , Sun Jingyuan , Wang Jingdai , Yang Yongrong
Published: January 2020

Electrostatic potential in the multizone circulating fluidized bed (CFB) reactor for polypropylene is measured even larger than 1,000 V. In this article, electrostatic effects on hydrodynamics in the riser of CFBs were studied via experiment and computational fluid dynamic simulation. Experimental results showed electrostatics increased solids holdup in the riser for more than 20% in fast fluidization. Using measured charge densities as electrostatic model parameters, electrostatic effects were simulated by two‐fluid model coupled with electrostatics accurately. The relative deviation between measured and simulated solids holdup was 3.53% at 5.68 m/s, which was the first time that this mode was verified quantitatively. Further analysis of simulation results demonstrated the mechanism of electrostatic effects was that the electrostatic forces increased the radial particle velocity and induced particle accumulation near the wall, leading to the increase of solids holdup. These electrostatic effects are more significant in the dense‐phase region, which require special care.
Amine‐functionalized ordered mesoporous silicas as model materials for liquid phase acid capture
Authors: Miller Peter J. , Shantz Daniel F.
Published: January 2020

Uptake of dilute aqueous acetic acid was compared using primary, secondary, tertiary amines, and quaternary ammonium grafted ordered mesoporous silica. Primary amine and quaternary ammonium grafted samples showed the highest uptake, 0.21 mmol acetic acid/g SBA‐15, with secondary and tertiary amines showing nominally lower, 0.18 mmol/g, at 0.5 mmol aminosilane loaded per gram SBA‐15. Solution conditions during uptake were varied to conclude that only associated acetic acid could be bound and that the mechanism relied heavily on electrostatic interactions. The aminosilane packing density was found to be crucial to performance with variation depending on the ligand bulk as well as the silica support's pore size. Relevant solution conditions for cellulose depolymerization were also explored by comparing uptake of multiple organic acids and with dextrose added. Here, it was shown that the most hydrophobic organic acid was preferentially extracted, and the uptake was enhanced in the presence of dextrose.
Efficient Alkynylation of 2‐Oxindoles with Alkynyl Dibenzothiophenium Triflates: Total Synthesis of (±)‐Deoxyeseroline
Authors: Roy Avishek , Maity Arindam , Giri Rahul , Bisai Alakesh
Published: January 2020

We report here a highly efficient method for direct alkynylations of 3‐alkyl/aryl/indolyl 2‐oxindoles using a series of 5‐(alkynyl)dibenzothiophenium triflates (3 a–e) under transition‐metal‐free conditions. This direct electrophilic alkynylation method gave access to a variety of 2‐oxindoles having quaternary center at the benzylic position in an operationally simple and inexpensive procedure. Further, chemoselective alkynylations could be realized in case of N−H free 2‐oxindoles and 3‐(indolyl)‐2‐oxindoles to afford a number of 3,3‐disubstituted‐2‐oxindoles. This methodology was then employed in the total synthesis of (±)‐deoxyeseroline (1 a) as well as C(3a)‐indolyl furoindoline moiety (31).
The cotton test redistributes nasal airflow in patients with empty nose syndrome
Authors: Malik Jennifer , Thamboo Andrew , Dholakia Sachi , Borchard Nicole A. , McGhee Sam , Li Chengyu , Zhao Kai , Nayak Jayakar V.
Published: January 2020

Background

Empty nose syndrome (ENS) remains a controversial disease primarily associated with inferior turbinate tissue loss. Cotton placement into the inferior meatus often alleviates ENS symptoms within minutes, but the physiologic explanation for this phenomenon is unknown. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was employed to evaluate the mechanisms of altered nasal airflow conferred by cotton testing.

Methods

Six ENS patients (12 sides) with pre‐existing sinus computed tomography (CT) imaging were enrolled after marked symptomatic improvement (decrease in score on the Empty Nose Syndrome 6‐Item Questionnaire [ENS6Q] of >7 points) with office‐based cotton testing. The fashioned cotton plug was labeled in situ with iohexol contrast spray, and sinus CT was immediately obtained to detect cotton contouring in the inferior meatus. CT imaging from pre‐ and post‐cotton placement was analyzed using comparative CFD techniques.

Results

After cotton placement, significant symptomatic improvement and reduced ENS6Q scores (16.8 ± 4.1 to 3.1 ± 2.4; p < 0.001) were recorded. Using CFD, cotton placement produced an expected 21% increase in upper airway resistance (p < 0.05). However, a significant shift in the nasal airflow distribution was also detected, with a transition of airflow vectors away from a middle meatus jetstream (−41%; p < 0.002).

Conclusion

Objective CFD assessment confirmed that the cotton test not only increases nasal resistance, but also restores airflow distribution to the inferior meatus in symptomatic ENS patients. These results highlight the potential efficacy of cotton test in ENS patients and further bolster the utility of this tool in identifying appropriate candidates for the inferior meatus augmentation procedure.
Unusual demetalation of iron from [2]ferrocenophane skeleton of di‐nuclear ferracycle carbonyl complex
Authors: Ji Radhe Shyam , Tauqeer Mohd. , Singh Amrendra K. , Pathak Biswarup , Shaikh Mobin M. , Mathur Pradeep
Published: January 2020

Photolysis of a hexane solution containing 1,1′‐ bis (trimethylsilylethynyl)ferrocene (1) and Fe (CO)5, under argon at 0 °C led to the formation of dinuclear complexes [Fe (CO)2{η2:η2 – C (SiMe3) = C(C5H4)FeC(C5H4) = C (SiMe3)Fe (CO)3}–μ–CO] (2) and [Fe (CO)2{η2:η2–C (SiMe3) = C(C5H5)–C(C5H5) = C (SiMe3)Fe (CO)3}–μ–CO] (3). DFT calculations support the experimentally observed demetalation of ferrocene unit of 2 to 3 in presence of water. These compounds were comprehensively characterized by IR and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and crystallographically (1 and 3).
A different paradigm for the initial colonisation of Sahul
Authors: ALLEN JIM , O'CONNELL JAMES F.
Published: January 2020

The questions of when and how humans reached Sahul, the Pleistocene continent of Australia and New Guinea, has remained a central issue of Australian archaeology since its development as an academic discipline in the mid‐twentieth century. Modelling this event has persistently appealed to minimal assumptions – the simplest watercraft, the shortest routes, the smallest viable colonising groups. This paper argues that Australian archaeology can no longer ignore the way our understanding of this initial colonisation is being reshaped by current genomic research. It reviews this evidence and concludes that a colonising wave of hundreds or perhaps low thousands of people was involved. If correct, it suggests that we need to rethink our models, modify or discard the minimalist assumptions that have so far driven them and consider how this different paradigm affects our understanding of early settlement in Sahul.
Response‐surface methodology for the production and the purification of a new H2O2‐tolerant alkaline protease from Bacillus invictae AH1 strain
Authors: Hammami Amal , Bayoudh Ahmed , Hadrich Bilel , Abdelhedi Ola , Jridi Mourad , Nasri Moncef
Published: January 2020

This work deals with the optimization of the culture conditions of Bacillus invictae AH1 in order to increase the production level of the proteolytic activity. Response‐surface methodology (RSM) was applied for the most significant fermentation parameters (concentration of wheat bran and K2HPO4/KH2PO4) that were earlier identified by Plackett–Burman Design from seven possible factors. A central composite design was used and the quadratic regression model of producing active protease was built. A maximum protease activity was reached and validated experimentally, using a maximum wheat bran concentration (50 g/L) with increased K2HPO4/KH2PO4 concentration (2.275 g/L). Protease production obtained experimentally coincident with the predicted value and the model was proven to be adequate. Interestingly, the use of RSM increased the protease production by four times (7,000 U/mL) using a low‐cost substrate and a culture time of 40 hr, as compared to the standard culture conditions. In the second part of this study, a H2O2‐tolerant alkaline protease produced from B. invictae AH1 with a molecular mass of about 41 kDa, noted P3, was purified by successive steps of ultrafiltration, gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. The K
m and Vmax values of the purified protease using casein, as substrate, were about 4 mg/mL and 27 μM/min, respectively. The highest enzyme activity was found at pH 9.0 and a temperature of 60°C. In addition, the enzyme showed a quasi‐total stability against H2O2 (5% for 1 hr) and against most of the tested solid and liquid detergents, suggesting its eventual use in bio‐detergent formulations.
Terry's nails
Authors: Meegada Sreenath , Verma Rajanshu
Published: January 2020

Terry's nails can be manifested in systemic diseases like cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, renal failure, and other conditions which emphasizes the importance of physical examination in every clinical encounter.
Experimental Investigation of Decentralized Process Control for Reactive Dividing‐Wall Columns
Authors: Egger Lisa S. , Fieg Georg
Published: January 2020

The reactive dividing‐wall column (RDWC) presents a highly integrated process that enables significant reductions in investment costs and energy consumption. However, the high degree of integration of this apparatus causes numerous interactions between kinetics, vapor‐liquid equilibrium, and mass transfer. To ensure a reliable operation of the RDWC, suitable control schemes need to be developed and experimentally validated. A decentralized control scheme for the RDWC is presented and for the first time experimentally investigated on an RDWC pilot plant. A comparison of experimental and simulated data is carried out and shows good agreement.
Selectively Chemocatalytic Conversion of Fructose to 1,2‐Propylene Glycol over Ru‐WOx/Hydroxyapatite Catalyst†
Authors: Li Chuang , Xu Guangyue , Zhang Xiang , Fu Yao
Published: January 2020

Summary of main observation and conclusion

The conversion of fructose to 1,2‐propylene glycol (PG) is an important process from cellulosic biomass to high‐value added chemicals. Herein, Ru‐WOx/hydroxyapatite (HAP) catalyst was employed for this reaction and reached up to 91.3% yield of PG at 180 °C, 1 MPa initial hydrogen for 8 h in water. On this catalyst, Ru and WOx were highly dispersed on HAP support and they interacted with each other to form a special catalytic center. The lack of isolated Ru or RuW alloy site led to a moderate activity for hydrogenolysis and hindered the further conversion of PG to propanol. The weak basic HAP support efficiently prevented the humin formation. This precisely controlled catalyst has potential in green PG production.
Photoredox‐Catalyzed Functionalization of Alkenes with Thiourea Dioxide: Construction of Alkyl Sulfones or Sulfonamides
Authors: Li Yuewen , Liu Jin‐Biao , He Fu‐Sheng , Wu Jie
Published: January 2020

Summary of main observation and conclusion

Sulfonylation of alkenes through photoredox‐catalyzed functionalization of alkenes with thiourea dioxide under visible‐light irradiation is achieved. The reaction of alkenes, thiourea dioxide and electrophiles provides a green and efficient access to alkyl sulfones and sulfonamides. A broad reaction scope is presented with good functional group compatibility and excellent regioselectivity. A plausible mechanism involving a radical addition process with sulfur dioxide radical anion (SO2‐) derived from the oxidation of sulfur dioxide anion (SO22–) is proposed, which is supported by fluorescence quenching experiments.
Enantioselective Sulfoxidation of Thioanisole by Cascading a Choline Oxidase and a Peroxygenase in the Presence of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents
Authors: Li Yongru , Ma Yunjian , Li Peilin , Zhang Xizhen , Ribitsch Doris , Alcalde Miguel , Hollmann Frank , Wang Yonghua
Published: January 2020

A bienzymatic cascade for selective sulfoxidation is presented. The evolved recombinant peroxygenase from Agrocybe aegeritra catalyses the enantioselective sulfoxidation of thioanisole whereas the choline oxidase from Arthrobacter nicotianae provides the H2O2 necessary via reductive activation of ambient oxygen. The reactions are performed in choline chloride‐based deep eutectic solvents serving as co‐solvent and stoichiometric reductant at the same time. Very promising product concentrations (up to 15 mM enantiopure sulfoxide) and catalyst performances (turnover numbers of 150,000 and 2100 for the peroxygenase and oxidase, respectively) have been achieved.
Drought tolerance in maize is influenced by timing of drought stress initiation
Authors: Ao Samadangla , Russelle Michael P. , Varga Tamás , Feyereisen Gary W. , Coulter Jeffrey A.
Published: January 2020

Maize (Zea mays L.) yield loss due to drought is a common but often unpredictable occurrence worldwide. Approaches to mitigate yield loss include developing drought‐tolerant hybrids and managing nitrogen (N) to optimize water use. Three experiments were conducted in Minnesota to compare drought‐tolerant and standard maize hybrids under well‐watered conditions and sustained moderate drought stress from the 14 leaf collar maize phenological stage (V14) or the blister maize phenological stage (R2) to physiological maturity. Three fertilizer N rates (guideline N rate [100%] or 50% higher and lower) were applied to each combination of hybrid and drought stress. Grain yield was 10% greater with the drought‐tolerant than standard hybrid when drought stress began at V14, but did not differ between hybrids when drought stress began at R2 or in the absence of drought stress. Grain and silage yields with the 150% N rate were 7 and 12% greater for the drought‐tolerant than the standard hybrid, respectively. Improved grain yield of the drought‐tolerant hybrid when drought stress began at V14 was associated with greater aboveground biomass, N uptake, and kernel number. Hybrids exhibiting such characteristics may have enhanced ability to tolerate sustained moderate drought stress over a similar period of phenological development.
Spherical Sacrificial ZnO Template–Derived Hybrid Ni/Co3O4 Cubes as Efficient Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Riaz Muhammad Sohail , Zhao Siwei , Dong Chenlong , Iqbal Muhammad Javed , Zhao Yantao , Huang Fuqiang
Published: January 2020

Heterostructure transition metal derivatives have been extensively studied in electrocatalysis, but most of the hybrid samples are on nanoscale with low stability and tap density. ZnO microspheres are applied as a sacrificial template, followed by alkaline etching and aluminum reduction to construct Ni/Co3O4 microcubes. The porous hybrid microcubes show stirring performance in both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). For HER, it exhibits comparable overpotential of 145 mV at 10 mA cm−2 as Pt/C (101 mV) and desirable stability. For OER, it outperforms RuO2 with lower overpotential when the current exceeds 17.8 mA cm−2 and much smaller Tafel slope of 34 mV dec−1 versus RuO2 (72 mV dec−1). The potential activity is assigned to the charge transfer at the heterointerfaces, and the synergic effects of the Ni/Co3O4 phases, which possibly will cast light on the design of microscale bifunctional electrocatalysts.
Width variations control the development of grain structuring in steep step‐pool dominated streams: insight from flume experiments
Authors: Saletti Matteo , Hassan Marwan A.
Published: January 2020

We report results from flume experiments designed to study the effect of width variations on the formation and stability of steps in steep streams. To physically model channel width changes we inserted multiple trapezoidal elements in the flume. Two competing effects are in play: a fluidic effect, suggesting that steps are more likely to form in wide areas because of deposition enhanced by lower shear stress, and a granular effect, suggesting that steps are more likely to form in narrow areas because of particle jamming. Our experiments show that width variations enhance the formation of steps. Although steps can form in every location, those in narrow/narrowing areas are more common, more stable and they occupy a larger portion of the channel width. These results stress the importance of particle interactions in coarse‐bedded streams and help river engineers by providing a new element to consider when designing step‐pool sequences in river restoration projects. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methodology for numerical simulations of ellipsoidal particle‐laden flows
Authors: Lambert Baptiste , Weynans Lisl , Bergmann Michel
Published: January 2020

Despite being relevant in many natural and industrial processes, suspensions of nonspherical particles have been largely underinvestigated compared with the extensive analyses made on the gravity‐driven motions of spherical particles. One of the main reasons for this disparity is the difficulty of accurately correcting the short‐range hydrodynamic forces and torques acting on complex particles. These effects, also known as lubrication, are essential to the suspension of the particles and are usually poorly captured by direct numerical simulation of particle‐laden flows. In this article, we propose a partitioned volume penalization‐discrete element method solver, which estimates the unresolved hydrodynamic forces and torques. Corrections are made locally on the surface of the interacting particles without any assumption on the particle global geometry. Numerical validations have been made using ellipsoidal particles immersed in an incompressible Navier‐Stokes flow.
Experiences with two detached eddy simulation approaches through use of a high‐order finite volume solver
Authors: Cengiz Kenan , Özyörük Yusuf
Published: January 2020

In the present study, two advanced detached eddy simulation (DES) approaches, shear‐layer‐adapted delayed DES and zonal DES in mode II, which are known to help transition from RANS to LES mode, are employed in various flow problems in conjunction with a high‐order finite volume solver. The numerical scheme, being only applicable on structured grids, has low‐dissipation and low‐dispersion features. Such features benefit mostly in the LES mode, minimizing the interference of numerical diffusion with subgrid eddy viscosity. First, corresponding subgrid models are validated via decaying homogeneous turbulence benchmark case. Then, a channel flow problem is chosen to examine these models in attached flow situations. Finally, flow around an airfoil at low Reynolds number is solved using the shear‐layer‐adapted delayed DES approach only, in an aim to obtain trailing‐edge noise spectrum at an observer location. Despite some log‐layer mismatch over turbulent boundary layers, which is typical of most DES methods, the combined application of high‐resolution numerical method and advanced DES approaches, which are implemented on a stabilized Spalart‐Allmaras turbulence model, shows merit in resolution of turbulence in regions of interest.
Drivers for the implementation of market‐based food safety management systems: Evidence from Lebanon
Authors: Abebe Gumataw Kifle , Bahn Rachel Anne , Chalak Ali , Yehya Abed Al Kareem
Published: January 2020

The food safety landscape continues to evolve across time, geography, and supply chains. This research seeks to analyze the determinants of market‐based food safety management systems (FSMSs) implementation in the Middle Eastern context. Primary data were collected from food safety managers representing 94 processors across Lebanon. We found food processors having implemented ISO 22000 (50%), HACCP (40%), and ISO 9001 (25.5%); however, none of the processors implemented industry‐based FSMSs. Although ISO 22000 was mostly implemented by large (85%) and medium (67%) processors, the uptake of ISO 22000 by small processors has picked up (29%). Economic incentives (market orientation) and firm‐specific factors (organizational readiness, product/process characteristics, company size, and ownership structure) are the key drivers for the increased implementation of market‐based FSMSs. Predominantly export‐oriented processors had the odds of implementing ISO 22000 5.5 times more than the domestically oriented processors. Firms with a quality assurance (QA) unit had 15 times higher chance of implementing ISO 22000 than otherwise. Finally, processors engaged in fresh produce had 4.9 times higher chance of implementing ISO 22000 than those engaged in dry goods. The study establishes that the dominance of public‐based FSMSs in the governance of food safety is a strategic choice (economic incentives) more than statutory requirements.
Nonphagocytic Activation of NOX2 Is Implicated in Progressive Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis During Aging
Authors: Jiang Joy X. , Fish Sarah R. , Tomilov Alexey , Li Yuan , Fan Weiguo , Dehnad Ali , Gae David , Das Suvarthi , Mozes Gergely , Charville Gregory W. , Ramsey Jon , Cortopassi Gino , Török Natalie J.
Published: January 2020

Background and Aims

Older patients with obesity/type II diabetes mellitus frequently present with advanced NASH. Whether this is due to specific molecular pathways that accelerate fibrosis during aging is unknown. Activation of the Src homology 2 domain–containing collagen‐related (Shc) proteins and redox stress have been recognized in aging; however, their link to NASH has not been explored.

Approach and Results

Shc expression increased in livers of older patients with NASH, as assessed by real time quantitative PCR (RT‐qPCR) or western blots. Fibrosis, Shc expression, markers of senescence, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form oxidases (NOXs) were studied in young/old mice on fast food diet (FFD). To inhibit Shc in old mice, lentiviral (LV)–short hairpin Shc versus control‐LV were used during FFD. For hepatocyte‐specific effects, floxed (fl
/fl) Shc mice on FFD were injected with adeno‐associated virus 8–thyroxine‐binding globulin–Cre‐recombinase versus control. Fibrosis was accelerated in older mice on FFD, and Shc inhibition by LV in older mice or hepatocyte‐specific deletion resulted in significantly improved inflammation, reduction in senescence markers in older mice, lipid peroxidation, and fibrosis. To study NOX2 activation, the interaction of p47phox (NOX2 regulatory subunit) and p52Shc was evaluated by proximity ligation and coimmunoprecipitations. Palmitate‐induced p52Shc binding to p47phox, activating the NOX2 complex, more so at an older age. Kinetics of binding were assessed in Src homology 2 domain (SH2) or phosphotyrosine‐binding (PTB) domain deletion mutants by biolayer interferometry, revealing the role of SH2 and the PTB domains. Lastly, an in silico model of p52Shc/p47phox interaction using RosettaDock was generated.

Conclusions

Accelerated fibrosis in the aged is modulated by p52Shc/NOX2. We show a pathway for direct activation of the phagocytic NOX2 in hepatocytes by p52Shc binding and activating the p47phox subunit that results in redox stress and accelerated fibrosis in the aged.
The influence and impact of smoking on red blood cell morphology and buccal microflora: A case‐control study
Authors: Aldosari Khalid Hadi , Ahmad Gulfam , Al‐Ghamdi Sameer , Alsharif Mohammed H. Karrar , Elamin Abubaker Y. , Musthafa Muhammad , Abbas Mohammed Y. , Alqarni Abdulaziz Abdullah , Alqudeebi Suliman Khaled , Binsaqer Abdullah Ali , Al‐Ghamdi Hussain
Published: January 2020

Background

Tobacco smoking is a major health issue worldwide. In addition to several health problems, smoking can also cause buccal cavity ulcers and buccal cavity cancer in case of chronic smoking. Tobacco smoking may also lead to deranged morphology of red blood cells (RBCs), which results in reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.

Aim

(a) To investigate and compare the changes in the RBC morphology of smokers and nonsmokers. (b) To investigate and compare the normal buccal flora of smokers and nonsmokers.

Methodology

A total of 81 men were included in the study. Study population was divided into two groups: group 1; smokers (n = 50) and group 2; nonsmokers, which served as control (n = 31). After informed written consent from the study participants, a 5 mL of venous blood was drawn under sterile conditions for complete blood analysis and RBC morphology. Samples from buccal cavity were collected by cotton swab and cultured in sterile petri dishes to identify the bacterial growth. Data of RBC morphology and buccal microbiota were compared between smokers and nonsmokers.

Results

Buccal microflora results showed heavy growth in smokers compared with nonsmokers. Mean values of RBCs, Platelets, WBCs, HGB (hemoglobin), and MCV (mean corpuscular volume) did not differ between smokers and nonsmokers. Mean red cell distribution (RDW) width significantly was lower in smokers than nonsmokers. Macrocytic RBCs was more in smokers (60%) compared with nonsmokers (4%).

Conclusions

Our results showed an increase in the percentage of macrocytic RBCs and a decrease in the red cell distribution width (RDW) in smokers compared with nonsmokers. Buccal Microflora was significantly higher in smoker group in contrast to nonsmoker group.
Gustatory ultrastructures of an amphihaline migratory fish hilsaTenualosa ilisha
Authors: Malick Chandan , Chatterjee Subhendu Kumar , Bhattacharya Samir , Suresh Vettath Raghavan , Kundu Rakesh , Saikia Surjya Kumar
Published: January 2020

This study was conducted with the tongue samples of different life stages of hilsa, that is, adult Marine hilsa, adult Riverine hilsa, and Riverine juvenile hilsa, respectively. Three types of taste buds (Types I, II, and III based on their elevation from the epithelium at different levels) of the tongue, which may be to ensure full utilization of the gustatory ability of the fish were rocorded. Presence of specific taste buds indicate that the fish hilsa dwells in turbid waters with a possible preference toward diatom like planktonic food source. Enhanced expression of taste receptors (T1R1 and T1R3) and associated stimulatory G‐proteins subunits on tongue also indicate occurrence of amino acid like substances that guided sensory cues for feeding by this fish. A firm regularity or stringency of the free surface of the epithelial cells may be attributed to compactly arranged microridges. These structures protect against physical abrasions potentially caused during food manoeuvring and swallowing. In our present observations, the surface architectures of the tongue of hilsa are discussed within the background of migratory adaptation of the species in the context of feeding and habitat preferences.
Courtship in the male red‐sided garter snake is dependent on neural aromatase activity during winter dormancy
Authors: Krohmer Randolph W.
Published: January 2020

The red‐sided garter snake exhibits a dissociated reproductive pattern, mating at a time when their gonads are quiescent and circulating sex steroids, initially reported to be low, have been found to be elevated during the breeding season. However, the only cue identified that initiates courtship behavior and mating in the red‐sided garter snake is an extended period of low‐temperature dormancy (LTD) followed by exposure to warm temperatures. In this study, we examined a possible association between winter dormancy, sex steroid hormone metabolism, and initiation of reproductive behavior in the male red‐sided garter snake. Upon emergence from winter dormancy, courtship behavior was assessed using attractive females as stimuli. Animals receiving implants containing 1,4,6‐androstatriene‐3,17‐dione (ATD), an aromatase inhibiter, showed little or no courtship behavior, while animals implanted with ATD + 17β estradiol (E2) or blank implants exhibited normal courtship. In addition, neurons in the pathways critical in the control of reproductive behavior were examined using the Golgi method. Examination of brains collected upon emergence revealed animals implanted with ATD had a significantly reduced number of dendritic spines compared to controls and animals treated with ATD + E2. This study provides the first documentation that courtship behavior and mating in the male red‐sided garter snake appears to be controlled not by LTD alone, but in conjunction with sex steroid hormones. Moreover, behavioral data suggest that the aromatization of androgens during LTD appears to be critical for the initiation of reproductive behavior in the male red‐sided garter snakes.
1,3‐Oxazole‐isoniazid hybrids: Synthesis, antitubercular activity, and their docking studies
Authors: Shah Shailesh R. , Katariya Kanubhai D.
Published: January 2020

A series of novel N′‐([2‐aryl‐5‐methyl‐1,3‐oxazole‐4‐yl]methylene)isonicotino/nicotino hydrazides 10a‐l were prepared by the condensation reaction of 2‐aryl‐5‐methyl‐1,3‐oxazole‐4‐carbaldehydes 8a‐f with the corresponding isonicotino/nicotino hydrazides 9a/9b. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by various spectroanalytical techniques, including IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, elemental (C,H,N), and mass analysis. All the newly prepared INH‐1,3‐oxazole hybrids were evaluated for their in vitro antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Among all the synthesized hybrids, compounds 10c and 10i derivatives displayed highest antitubercular activity with minimal inhibitory concentration 1.56 μg/mL. Further, molecular docking studies against the InhA enzyme were carried out to understand the interactions between potent hybrids and the target enzyme. Thus, these kind hybrids have the potentiality for the discovery of new antitubercular agents for deployment in the control and eradication of tuberculosis.
A Case study of the radiation therapy treatment of a transitional cell carcinoma of the distal urethra
Authors: Donovan Amy , Beldham-Collins Rachael , Turner Sandra
Published: January 2020

Urethral carcinoma is a rare urological cancer, accounting for only 1% of malignancies in Australia. The most common histology is transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). The majority of these cancers are treated with surgery. The main purpose of this case study is to describe a novel radiation treatment technique for treatment of this uncommon cancer. This report details organ‐preserving treatment for a distal penile urethral cancer using definitive radiation therapy (RT). In May 2016 a 69‐year‐old male presented to Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre (CPMCC) with a small TCC of the distal urethra. The patient was offered numerous treatment options, both radical and organ‐preserving approaches, and came to a final decision of a course of radiation therapy despite the lack of randomised evidence to guide treatment in this setting. A dose of 66 Gy in 33 fractions from parallel opposed lateral beams was prescribed to the distal penile urethra. This case required an unusual approach to patient set up to allow access for accurate treatment delivery and to maintain patient comfort. The patient tolerated the full course of radiation therapy with expected skin side effects. He has maintained adequate penile function and is currently free from disease at 33 months with ongoing clinical follow‐up.
Preservation of traditional Chinese pork balls supplemented with essential oil microemulsion in a phase‐change material package
Authors: Wang Yifei , Zhang Qian , Bian Wenyi , Ye Lin , Yang Xiaobo , Song Xiaoqiu
Published: January 2020

BACKGROUND

In this study, we evaluated the combined effect of cinnamon essential oil (CEO) microemulsions, and a temperature buffering package using phase‐change material (PCM) microcapsules on the physicochemical property, lipid oxidation, and bacterial load of traditional Chinese pork balls (shi zi tou) during temperature fluctuation storage for 9 days.

RESULTS

Transmission electron microscope characterization revealed that n‐tetradecane microcapsules possessed a core‐shell spherical shape with a size ranging from 300 to 600 nm. The use of n‐tetradecane microcapsule packaging was found to maintain cold storage temperature efficiently. After 9 days of storage, the combination of CEO microemulsions with n‐tetradecane microcapsules did not lead to changes in the color parameters of pork balls. At day 9, n‐tetradecane microcapsules, used alone or in combination with CEO microemulsions, showed lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values than the control group, while their combination exhibited the lowest pH and 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) values. Furthermore, the combination treatment retarded the growth of total plate count, lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and Staphylococcus spp. after 4 and 9 days.

CONCLUSIONS

The combinations of CEO microemulsions and PCM microcapsules could extend the shelf‐life of cooked pork products, suggesting a feasible strategy for meat preservation. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
The speed of learning and learning forces
Authors: Haider Sajjad , Mariotti Francesca
Published: January 2020

In this paper, we propose a model of learning forces to measure and accelerate the speed of learning in knowledge initiatives. The model is built on the assertion that the speed at which companies learn and how they manage underlying learning forces determines their competitive position. Borrowing analogies from the field of physics, we introduce learning forces, learning acceleration, and knowledge value growth concepts to explain the transitions in knowledge capabilities. It is argued that these transitions can have different speeds, vectors (magnitude and direction), and trajectories (path). Further, we consider the changes in the efficiency and effectiveness of knowledge sharing to examine such transitions. The paper builds the argument that the speed and the success of learning depend on whether the vector of knowledge transition and the forces applied are aligned with the direction of the business strategy and whether or not the generated knowledge supports core capabilities (existing or potential) of the organization. Further, we examine how managing forces of friction, unlearning redundant knowledge, and creating a leaner knowledge strategy can improve learning processes.