bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ КРАСНОГО ШЛАМА ДЛЯ ИЗГОТОВЛЕНИЯ МИНЕРАЛЬНОГО ВЯЖУЩЕГО МАТЕРИАЛА
Authors: Черняк Лев , Дорогань Наталья , Аникина Мария
Published: July 2021

Наведено результати досліджень силікатних систем з червоним шламим як техногенної сировини для виготовлення мінерального в’яжучого матеріалу. Показано особливості хіміко-мінералогічного складу, фазових перетворень при випалі та в’яжучих властивостей матеріалу при використанні червоного шламу в складі вихідних сировинних сумішей.
ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЕ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ КОЭФФИЦИЕНТА СЦЕПЛЕНИЯ БЕТОННОЙ БРУСЧАТКИ
Authors: Гамеляк Игорь , Карфази Леонид , Холоднюк Василий
Published: July 2021

Проведено випробування опору ковзання по лицевій поверхні бетонних елементів мощення. Опір ковзанню вимірювався маятниковим приладом TRL-тестер (МП-3). Для випробувань використовували зразки бетонної бруківки, котрі виготовлені за технологією вібропресування. Випробовувані зразки отримані від двох різних виробників. Порядок випробувань був наступним. Спершу випробовували опір ковзанню по сухій поверхні елементів брукування. Наступне вимірювання проводилося після двогодинного витримування бруківки у воді при її температурі плюс (20 ± 5) °С. Використовуючи кореляційну залежність між приладами, значення показників опору ковзання по поверхні бетонної бруківки за маятниковим приладом МП-3 перераховано в значення коефіцієнта зчеплення за приладом ПРКС-2 при швидкості 60 км/год. З отриманими значеннями проведена статистична обробка. За результатами якої побудовано графіки надійності зміни коефіцієнту зчеплення при різних умовах. Визначено значення коефіцієнта зчеплення елементів мощення при різних станах поверхні. Показники коефіцієнта зчеплення для зразків бруківки Гподібної форми становлять в середньому 0,558 для сухих зразків та 0,503 для вологих. Для зразків у формі двотавра та прямокутної форми середнє значення коефіцієнта зчеплення сухих зразків менше і практично рівне 0,519 … 0,511, а вологих − 0,421 … 0,425.
СИСТЕМНАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ЗДАНИЙ В ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИИ И СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВЕ
Authors: Корнило Ирина , Киселев Вадим
Published: July 2021

У статті виявлена необхідність наукового забезпечення вирішення важливої проблеми, щодо забезпечення студентів вузом мистецтв і технологій, Проведено аналіз сучасного досвіду проектування і будівництва вузів в країні та досліджено вплив мистецтва і технологій на функціональну структуру вузу
La percepción de los estudiantes universitarios en relación con el trabajo interdisciplinario
Authors:   Universidad Central del Ecuador, RODRIGUEZ-TORRES Angel F. , NARANJO-PINTO Jorge A. ,   Universidad Central del Ecuador, CARGUA-GARCIA Nancy I. ,   Universidad Central del Ecuador, BUSTAMANTE-TORRES Johana P. ,   Universidad Central del Ecuador, CHASI-SOLORZANO Byron F. ,   Universidad Central del Ecuador
Published: July 2021

El objetivo del estudio es analizar las percepciones de los estudiantes universitarios en relación con el trabajo interdisciplinario. La metodología tiene un enfoque cuantitativo de corte descriptivo y correlacional. Se administró el cuestionario a 581 estudiantes. Los resultados muestran que el trabajo colaborativo es lo más valorado; el mayor nivel de asociación se da entre la resolución de problemas-investigación; y existe diferencias significativas en las habilidades interdisciplinarias, actitudes reflexivas y trabajo colaborativo.
Surdocegueira, comunicação e alfabetização: um mapeamento de estudos
Authors:   Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste (UNICENTRO). Brasil, ALVARISTO Eliziane de F. , SANTINELLO Jamile ,   Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste (UNICENTRO). Brasil, HALLAL Renato ,   Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR/PG)
Published: July 2021

Este estudo objetiva investigar o que apresentam os estudos sobre comunicação e alfabetização de estudantes com surdocegueira na perspectiva da educação inclusiva. Para tanto, realizou-se um mapeamento de estudos no período de 2008 a 2020 na base de dados do Portal de Periódicos CAPES/MEC/BRASIL. Os resultados apresentam estudos que discutem sobre formas para a comunicação, entretanto, ausências no processo da alfabetização de estudantes com surdocegueira. Contudo, o cenário educacional carece de estudos, a abordar práticas pedagógicas que incitem tal processo.
Ondas sonoras no ensino médio: construção de uma sequência didática
Authors:   Escola Estadual de Ensino Médio Ceciliano Abel de Almeida, São Mateus-ES. Brasil, DA GAMA Salvio F. , XAVIER Lucas A. ,   Escola de Ensino Fundamental e Médio Professora Filomena Quitiba, Piúma –ES. Brasil, SEGATTO Breno R. ,   Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Brasil
Published: July 2021

O presente trabalho apresenta uma proposta de sequência didática voltada ao estudo das ondas sonoras para alunos de ensino médio. Buscamos seguir as linhas gerais do que preconiza a Teoria da Aprendizagem Significativa de David Ausubel, que, em síntese, destaca a importância dos conhecimentos prévios dos alunos. Na fase de análise das respostas ao teste, com o auxílio de elementos da análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin, verificamos traços de evolução, apesar da presença de uma certa resistência às mudanças conceituais.
MERLIN: Una nueva herramienta para la predicción del riesgo de inundaciones en la demarcación hidrográfica Galicia-Costa
Authors: Fraga Ignacio , Cea Luis , Puertas Jerónimo , Mosqueira Gonzalo , Quinteiro Belén , Botana Sonia , Fernández Laura , Salsón Santiago , Fernández-García Guillermo , Taboada Juan
Published: July 2021

Este artículo presenta MERLIN, una nueva herramienta para estimar el riesgo de inundaciones a partir de predicciones de caudales y calados en Áreas de Riesgo Potencial Significativo de Inundaciones (ARPSIS) de la demarcación hidrográfica Galicia-Costa. El sistema MERLIN opera en dos fases. Durante una primera fase de inicialización, modelos hidrológicos de las cuencas incluidas en el sistema asimilan datos hidro-meteorológicos para caracterizar la capacidad de infiltración del terreno. Durante la fase de predicción, los modelos hidrológicos previamente inicializados se alimentan con predicciones meteorológicas para determinar los caudales esperados durante los próximos días. Las predicciones de caudal alimentan a modelos hidráulicos de las ARPSIS que determinan los calados y la extensión de zonas inundadas. El funcionamiento de MERLIN se evaluó en 4 cuencas piloto a partir de los caudales registrados durante los temporales del invierno del 2019-2020, mostrando una buena capacidad de predecir los valores posteriormente observados.
El uso del suelo en las cuencas de captación condiciona la calidad del agua en embalses del sudeste peninsular ibérico
Authors: León-Palmero Elizabeth , Reche Isabel , Morales-Baquero Rafael
Published: July 2021

Se examinan los contenidos de nitrógeno total (NT), fósforo total (PT) y las relaciones NT/PT, en 12 embalses del sur-este de la Península Ibérica, con objeto de indagar en la influencia del uso del suelo en las cuencas de captación sobre el estado trófico de estos sistemas. Los embalses mostraron relaciones NT/PT que indican limitación por P o co-limitación según el sistema considerado. Según los análisis de regresión en árbol univariados efectuados, sólo el porcentaje de áreas cultivadas clasifica significativamente a los embalses por sus contenidos en P y N, mientras el porcentaje de áreas urbanas agrupa, además, a los embalses por los contenidos en N. La relación positiva encontrada entre el porcentaje de áreas cultivadas y el estado trófico de los embalses, cuantificado según el índice de Carlson (TSI), indica un deterioro en la calidad del agua en los embalses inducido por la actividad agrícola.
Studies on the Influence of Sodium Hydroxide Concentration on the Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Modified 9Cr-1Mo (P91) Steel Weldment
Authors: Toppo Anita , Sivai Bharasi N. , Das C.R. , George R.P.
Published: July 2021

Influence of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration on the behavior of modified 9Cr-1Mo (P91) steel weldment with respect to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance was studied in this work. Weldment of this steel was prepared using a shielded metal arc welding process using modified 9Cr-1Mo electrode followed by weld heat treatment at 1,033 K/1 h. Stress corrosion cracking experiments were performed at 473 K at a strain rate of 1 × 10−6 s−1 in millipore water (MP) (inert medium) as well as in 1 M, 2 M, 3 M, and 4 M NaOH medium. Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS), and % total elongation (%TE) determined from stress-strain plots were found to decrease with increasing concentration of NaOH. The SCC susceptibility index (Iscc) evaluated using UTS and %TE was highest for the specimen tested in 4 M NaOH. The number density of cracks determined by optical microscopy increased with the concentration of NaOH. Also, it was higher in number in the base metal than in the weld metal. However, at highest concentration of 4 M NaOH, cracks were observed in the heat affected zone of the weld metal. Fractographic studies by scanning electron microscopic showed mixed mode from intergranular to transgranular cracking and vice versa at all concentrations of NaOH. Failure in the base metal was attributed to coarse precipitates, facilitating easy pitting at the precipitate/matrix interface. From the studies it was inferred that weld metal showed better resistance than base metal to SCC in 1 M to 4 M NaOH concentrations.
A IMPORTÂNCIA DA INTERVENÇÃO NUTRICIONAL EM PACIENTES ONCOLÓGICOS AFETADOS PELA COVID- 19
Authors: Santana Raqueline Pastor de Santana e , Jesus Anderson Avelino De , Silva Rebeca Santos Da , Almeida Irlandia Oliveira , Lima Felicson Leonardo Oliveira
Published: July 2021

Introdução: Desde a emergência, na China, em dezembro de 2019, o novo coronavírus (SARS-COV-2) tem sido apontado como responsável pela pandemia de COVID-19, onde na atualidade, a humanidade tem enfrentado uma grave crise sanitária. Segundo a Sociedade Brasileira de Oncologia (2020), o paciente com câncer, possui características que podem propiciar as formas mais graves da doença e altos índices de mortalidade, dentre elas: a população idosa, presença de comorbidades, hipoalbuminemia, desnutrição e outras complicações nutricionais. Alguns sintomas como náuseas, vômitos, diarreia, anosmia e disgeusia já foram relatados em pacientes com COVID-19. Sabe-se que a presença desses sintomas está fortemente associada com a desnutrição na população oncológica. Objetivo: Discorrer sobre a importância do tratamento nutricional em pacientes oncológicos afetados pela COVID-19. Material e métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa de revisão bibliográfica de caráter qualitativo, foram utilizados artigos científicos das bases de dados SCIELO e PUBMED em língua portuguesa e inglesa, mediante uso de critérios de inclusão e exclusão que ao fim foram selecionados um total de 23 artigos, estes publicados entres os anos de 2011 a 2021. Resultados: Segundo a literatura o tratamento nutricional é de vasta importância na reabilitação do paciente oncológico associado a COVID-19, uma vez que as duas patologias em questão possuem sintomas que afetam diretamente o estado nutricional dos pacientes acometidos. Conclusão: A terapia nutricional em pacientes oncológicos afetados com COVID-19 ainda é um aspecto pouco reconhecido por parte das organizações de saúde, visando manter e /ou reestabelecer o estado nutricional do paciente tanto no contexto da COVID-19 quanto dos fatores de risco da desnutrição.
O ENFRENTAMENTO DOS DESAFIOS TRAZIDOS PELA PANDEMIA DA COVID-19 NOS CUIDADOS PALIATIVOS
Authors: Almeida Maria Fernanda Brunetta de , Arrais Letícia Maria Mendonça , Batista Ticiana Farias , Pires Adriana Pinheiro Bezerra
Published: July 2021

Introdução: Devido à atual situação pandêmica provocada pelo SARS-CoV-2, nota-se um aumento da demanda por Cuidados Paliativos em diversos contextos clínicos. Aliado às orientações de isolamento e às precauções mais restritivas de acesso hospitalar para pacientes com doenças graves, o acompanhamento de pacientes com condições potencialmente terminais tornou-se um desafio. Observa-se, portanto, a necessidade de implantação de novas estratégias para o acompanhamento desses pacientes. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura reconhecendo as principais estratégias para enfrentar os desafios trazidos da pandemia da COVID-19 para os cuidados paliativos. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura a partir da análise de vinte (20) publicações científicas publicadas entre 2020 e 2021. Destes, foram selecionadas nove (9), na base de dados do PubMed e Scielo, utilizando como termos de pesquisa: “COVID-19'', ''Palliative Care” e “Oncology”, terminologias de acordo com o sistema de Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS). Resultados: Diante da sobrecarga dos Sistemas de Saúde e das orientações de isolamento impostas pelo risco de adoecimento pelo SARS-CoV-2, as equipes de saúde foram levadas a desenvolver estratégias alternativas para atender a demanda por Cuidados Paliativos, equilibrando o cuidado com o risco de exposição, principalmente para pacientes oncológicos, visto que estes conferem grupo de risco e frequentemente necessitam de suporte hospitalar. Nesse sentido, a principal estratégia identificada é baseada na triagem por meio do uso da telemedicina estruturada. Entretanto, os maiores desafios são alcançar as pessoas com dificuldade de acesso a tecnologias, bem como a falta de recursos humanos e de evidências científicas. Conclusão: É irrefutável que o modelo da assistência prestada aos pacientes em cuidados paliativos oncológicos necessita ser modificado em virtude da pandemia. Conseguinte, apesar das novas estratégias configuradas, o alcance da maior parte das pessoas em cuidados paliativos oncológicos ainda é uma barreira a ser vencida
FLUORESCÊNCIA NO TRATAMENTO CIRÚRGICO DA OSTEONECROSE MANDIBULAR: UMA REVISÃO LITERÁRIA
Authors: Gonçalves Eduarda Andrea Pessuto , Cabelo Geovanna Garé , Simonato Luciana Estevam
Published: July 2021

Introdução: A osteonecrose é uma afecção que se apresenta como uma degradação óssea e acomete com frequência os ossos gnáticos, em especial, a mandíbula. É uma das complicações que podem ocorrer nos pacientes submetidos a radioterapia da região de cabeça e pescoço. O tratamento dessa enfermidade é complexo e existem muitos fatores a esclarecer, pois, não existe um protocolo definido de terapia, podendo essa ser conservadora ou invasiva. No manejo invasivo, existe uma ferramenta que pode auxiliar na escolha do tecido ósseo a ser debridado: a fluorescência óptica. A fluorescência ajuda a distinguir o osso necrótico do osso vital, já que ao remover menos do que o necessário haverá muita chance de recidiva e se remover em excesso pode comprometer o osso remanescente, fragilizando-o e levando ao risco de fratura. Objetivos: Dessa forma, o presente trabalho objetiva, avaliar os benefícios do uso da fluorescência no tratamento cirúrgico da osteonecrose, e assim esclarecer os profissionais da área da saúde. Material e Métodos: Adotaram-se como critérios de inclusão artigos indexados nas bases de dados PubMed e SciELO no período de 2017 a 2020. Resultados: O resultado dessa pesquisa mostrou que a abordagem conjunta da fluorescência e o manejo invasivo terapêutico da osteonecrose mandibular é um método promissor e que consegue auxiliar na ressecção de margens ósseas com maior segurança. Mostrou, ainda, que apesar de muitas terapias terem sido propostas na literatura no tratamento da osteonecrose dos maxilares, a cirurgia é uma das mais resolutivas, associada a outras terapias de controle de infecção, como antibioticoterapia e terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana, por exemplo. Conclusão: Isto posto, é importante ressaltar, que novos estudos precisam ser feitos a fim de otimizar a técnica e protocolar sua utilização, mas o uso da fluorescência tem se mostrado uma importante ferramenta em cirurgias de osteonecrose dos maxilares provocada por medicamentos.
Partition of India: The Gurdaspur Dispute
Authors:   University Institute of Sciences, Department of Mathematics, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab-140413, India., Sharma Shivam
Published: July 2021

The Partition of India was arguably one of the largest Two-way migration in human history. There are several sets of census data and other verified sources which strengthens the argument that the exchange of population since 1947 has caused immense harm to the integrity of the Indian Sub-continent which is beyond repair. The paper discusses a brief history and the sequence of events that lead to the allotment of three out of four tehsil’s of Gurdaspur district to the Indian dominion despite having a majority Muslim population. The importance of Gurdaspur was remarkable for both the dominions and the contested area was earlier assumed to be allotted to Pakistan while a later amendment made it a part of India, which opened routes for a direct pathway to Kashmir. It also discusses the Radcliffe Commission that was appointed to demarcate the two new separate dominions, India, and Pakistan in just eight weeks.
Enhancing Security in Internet of Things Environment by Developing an Authentication Mechanism using COAP Protocol
Authors: S ALhusayni Samah Mohammed , Ali Alosaimi Wael
Published: July 2021

Internet of Things (IoT) has a huge attention recently due to its new emergence, benefits, and contribution to improving the quality of human lives. Securing IoT poses an open area of research, as it is the base of allowing people to use the technology and embrace this development in their daily activities. Authentication is one of the influencing security element of Information Assurance (IA), which includes confidentiality, integrity, and availability, non repudiation, and authentication. Therefore, there is a need to enhance security in the current authentication mechanisms. In this report, some of the authentication mechanisms proposed in recent years have been presented and reviewed. Specifically, the study focuses on enhancement of security in CoAP protocol due to its relevance to the characteristics of IoT devices and its need to enhance its security by using the symmetric key with biometric features in the authentication. This study will help in providing secure authentication technology for IoT data, device, and users.
COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance In Pregnancy
Authors: Desai Priya , Kaur Gagandeep , Dong Fanglong , Rodriguez Maria
Published: July 2021

Background: Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, limited data existed regarding the safety and efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine in pregnant women. As such, many pregnant women have reservations about receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. However, pregnant women are of particular concern as they are considered a vulnerable population due to the increased risk of severe complications from COVID-19. This study investigates the willingness of pregnant patients to receive the vaccine before and after discussion with a health care provider.

Methods: 124 pregnant women were surveyed from February to March of 2021 at a perinatal center. Patients were queried about their willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine before and after reading a fact sheet and discussing the vaccine's safety with a provider.

Results: There was a statistically significant effect of discussing the vaccine with a physician regarding patients' willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Additionally, patients who received the annual influenza vaccine were significantly more likely to get the COVID-19 vaccine.

Conclusion: Pregnant women were more willing to receive the COVID-19 vaccine after discussion with a health care provider. The importance and impact of health education should be given special consideration in medical offices.
Influence of growth locations on physicochemical properties of starch and flour from amadumbe (Colocasia esculenta) genotypes
Authors:   , Mawoyo Bruce
Published: July 2021

Amadumbe commonly, known as taro is a traditionally underutilised tuber crop in Southern Africa. Nutritionally, amadumbe corms contain appreciable levels of carbohydrate mainly in the form of starch which is resistant to digestion. It also contains mucilage, a soluble fibre, which is good for the human digestive health. Thus, amadumbe starch and mucilage can be used as functional ingredients in food formulations. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of genotypes and growth location on the physicochemical properties of amadumbe flour and starch. Eighteen (18) amadumbe genotypes grown in Roodeplaat, Gauteng and Umbumbulu, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa, were studied. Roodeplaat received a lower annual average rainfall (514 mm) and high environmental temperature (24oC) compared to Umbumbulu (828 mm, 19oC) during the cropping season. Specifically, the influence of growth location and genotypes on the chemical composition (proximate composition and mineral contents) as well as the functional properties of amadumbe flours were investigated. Furthermore, starch was extracted and its physicochemical and functional properties were also studied. The carbohydrate contents (73-81%) of amadumbe flours were substantially high and varied with growth location. Mucilage contents (6-9%) were very low across genotypes in both locations. Water absorption and oil absorption capacities positively correlated to carbohydrates and mucilage in the flour irrespective of growth locations. Swelling power and solubility index was influenced by the amylose content of the flour. Genotype and growth location significantly affected the pasting properties of amadumbe flour. The pasting temperature was very high (approx. 90oC) across genotypes in both locations, while peak viscosity differed significantly (54-242 RVU) for genotypes grown in different environments. The amylose contents (0-14.4%) of amadumbe starches were low and varied significantly with growth location and among genotypes. Three genotypes, G2, G20, and G21 grown in Roodeplaat lacked amylose. Amadumbe starches showed reflective peaks at 2θ=15o and doublet at 17o, 18o and 24o typical of A-type starches. Amadumbe genotypes had small sized (1-5 µm) and polygonal starch granules. Functional properties including water absorption, swelling power, gelatinisation temperature and peak viscosity significantly positively correlated with amylose content. These findings further suggest that water availability could have a major effect on starch synthesis as the two locations received a different amount of rainfall during the growing season. Findings from this study are important for future improvement programmes and selection of appropriate genotypes for industrial production or food application of amadumbe flour and starch.
Production of oligosaccharides from lignocellulosic biomass
Authors:   ,   Durban University of Technology, Arumugam Nanthakumar
Published: July 2021

Lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant plant material present on earth which is primarily composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The composition of lignocellulosic biomass varies depending on the type of plant material and the conditions at which the plant grow. Exploration of lignocellulose for the production of value-added compounds including all types of platform chemicals, biofuels and bioactive compounds is gaining momentum. However, extensive research needs to the carried out to minimize the cost of production to make the processing of this biomass more viable. In the last two decades, several agricultural biomass types have been studied to facilitate the production of biochemicals and biofuels at a low cost. Biomass such as peanut shells, bambara, cowpea and sorghum are some of the indigenous crops of South Africa that are yet to be explored for value addition. Therefore, this study was designed to characterize the underutilized agro-residues such as peanut shell, bambara, cowpea and sorghum biomass for the enzymatic production of prebiotic xylooligosaccharides (XOS) and their application.
Yeşil Bina Üretiminde Proje Yönetimi Kapsamında Yaşanılan Zorluklar ve Çözüm Önerileri
Authors: KÖMÜRLÜ Rüveyda , CECELOĞLU Dilara
Published: July 2021

İnşaat sektörü, toplumun yaşam kalitesinin iyileştirilmesinde ve toplumun ihtiyaçlarının karşılanmasında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Fakat inşaat sektörü, dünyada üretilen enerjinin %47'sini tüketirken sanayi sektörü ise yalnızca %28'ini tüketmektedir. Ayrıca İnşaat sektörü, küresel CO2 emisyonlarının %35'ine ve ortaya çıkan atığın %45-65'ine neden olmaktadır. Tüm bunlar çevresel sürdürülebilirliği teşvik etmektedir. Çevre bilincinin artması ve çevre korumasına verilen önem ile ortaya çıkan ‘Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma’ yeşil bina kavramı ile sık kullanılmaktadır. Yeşil binalar, sağlıklı ve kaynakları verimli kullanan sürdürülebilir yapılardır. Yeşil binalara son zamanlarda çok önem verilmesine rağmen, yaygın olarak benimsenmesinde birtakım engeller vardır. Bu çalışma, bazı ülkeler referans alınarak yeşil bina üretiminin benimsenmesindeki kritik zorluklar ve bu zorluklara sunulan çözüm önerilerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Ayrıca, bu alanda çalışan uygulayıcıların ve hükümetin engelleri azaltmak için uygun önlemleri almasına ve Türkiye için öneriler vererek yeşil binaların benimsenmesini teşvik etmeye yardımcı olmak amaçlanmaktadır.
Global maps of aerosol single scattering albedo using combined CERES-MODIS retrieval
Authors: Devi Archana , Satheesh Sreedharan Krishnakumari
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Single Scattering Albedo (SSA) is a leading contributor to the uncertainty in aerosol radiative impact assessments. Therefore accurate information on aerosol absorption is required on a global scale. In this study, we have applied a multi-satellite algorithm to retrieve SSA using the concept of ‘critical optical depth.’ Global maps of SSA were generated following this approach using spatially and temporally collocated data from Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors on board Terra and Aqua satellites. The method has been validated using the data from aircraft-based measurements of various field campaigns. The retrieval uncertainty is ±0.03 and depends on both the surface albedo and aerosol absorption. Global mean SSA estimated over land and ocean is 0.93 and 0.97, respectively. Seasonal and spatial distribution of SSA over various regions are also presented. The global maps of SSA, thus derived with improved accuracy, provide important input to climate models for assessing the climatic impact of aerosols on regional and global scales.
Reduced ice number concentrations in contrails from low aromatic biofuel blends
Authors: Bräuer Tiziana , Voigt Christiane , Sauer Daniel , Kaufmann Stefan , Hahn Valerian , Scheibe Monika , Schlager Hans , Huber Felix , Le Clercq Patrick , Moore Richard , Anderson Bruce
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Sustainable aviation fuels can reduce contrail ice numbers and radiative forcing by contrail cirrus. We measured apparent ice emission indices for fuels with varying aromatic content at altitude ranges of 9.1–9.8 km and 11.4–11.6 km. Measurement data were collected during the ECLIF II/NDMAX flight experiment in January 2018. The fuels varied in both aromatic quantity and type. Between a sustainable aviation fuel blend and a reference fuel Jet A-1, a maximum reduction in apparent ice emission indices of 40 % was found. We show vertical ice number and extinction distributions for three different fuels and calculate representative contrail optical depths. Optical depths of contrails (0.5–3 minutes in age) were reduced by 40 to 52 % for a sustainable aviation fuel compared to the reference fuel. Our measurements suggest that sustainable aviation fuels result in reduced ice particle numbers, extinction coefficients, optical depth and climate impact from contrails.
The impact of organic pollutants from Indonesian peatland fires on the tropospheric and lower stratospheric composition
Authors: Rosanka Simon , Franco Bruno , Clarisse Lieven , Coheur Pierre-François , Pozzer Andrea , Wahner Andreas , Taraborrelli Domenico
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The particularly strong dry season in Indonesia in 2015, caused by an exceptionally strong El Niño, led to severe peatland fires resulting in high volatile organic compound (VOC) biomass burning emissions. At the same time, the developing Asian monsoon anticyclone (ASMA) and the general upward transport in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) efficiently transported the resulting primary and secondary pollutants to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). In this study, we assess the importance of these VOC emissions for the composition of the lower troposphere and the UTLS and investigate the effect of in-cloud oxygenated VOC (OVOC) oxidation during such a strong pollution event. This is achieved by performing multiple chemistry simulations using the global atmospheric model ECHAM/MESSy (EMAC). By comparing modelled columns of the biomass burning marker hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and carbon monoxide (CO) to spaceborne measurements from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), we find that EMAC properly captures the exceptional strength of the Indonesian fires. In the lower troposphere, the increase in VOC levels is higher in Indonesia compared to other biomass burning regions. This has a direct impact on the oxidation capacity, resulting in the largest regional reduction in the hydroxyl radical (OH) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). While an increase in ozone (O3) is predicted close to the peatland fires, simulated O3 decreases in eastern Indonesia due to particularly high phenol concentrations. In the ASMA and the ITCZ, the upward transport leads to elevated VOC concentrations in the lower stratosphere, which results in the reduction of OH and NOx and the increase in the hydroperoxyl radical (HO2). In addition, the degradation of VOC emissions from the Indonesian fires becomes a major source of lower stratospheric nitrate radicals (NO3), which increase by up to 20 %. Enhanced phenol levels in the upper troposphere result in a 20 % increase in the contribution of phenoxy radicals to the chemical destruction of O3, which is predicted to be as large as 40 % of the total chemical O3 loss in the UTLS. In the months following the fires, this loss propagates into the lower stratosphere and potentially contributes to the variability of lower stratospheric O3 observed by satellite retrievals. The Indonesian peatland fires regularly occur during El Niño years, and the largest perturbations of radical concentrations in the lower stratosphere are predicted for particularly strong El Niño years. By activating the detailed in-cloud OVOC oxidation scheme Jülich Aqueous-phase Mechanism of Organic Chemistry (JAMOC), we find that the predicted changes are dampened. Global models that neglect in-cloud OVOC oxidation tend to overestimate the impact of such extreme pollution events on the atmospheric composition.
Identification of typical eco-hydrological behaviours using InSAR allows landscape-scale mapping of peatland condition
Authors: Bradley Andrew Vincent , Andersen Roxane , Marshall Chris , Sowter Andrew , Large David John
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Better tools for rapid and reliable assessment of global peatland extent and condition are urgently needed to support action to prevent their further decline. Peatland surface motion is a response to changes in the water and gas content of a peat body regulated by the ecology and hydrology of a peatland system. Surface motion is therefore a sensitive measure of ecohydrological condition but has traditionally been impossible to measure at the landscape scale. Here we examine the potential of surface motion metrics derived from InSAR satellite radar to map peatland condition in a blanket bog landscape. We show that the timing of maximum seasonal swelling of the peat is characterized by a bimodal distribution. The first maximum is typical of steeper topographic gradients, peatland margins, degraded peatland and more often associated with ‘shrub’-dominated vegetation communities. The second maximum is typically associated with low topographic gradients often featuring pool systems, and Sphagnum dominated vegetation communities. Specific conditions associated with ‘Sphagnum’ and ‘shrub’ communities are also determined by the amplitude of swelling and average multiannual motion. Peatland restoration currently follows a re-wetting strategy, however our approach highlights that landscape setting appears to determine the optimal endpoint for restoration. Aligning expectation for restoration outcomes with landscape setting might optimise peatland stability and carbon storage. Importantly, deployment of this approach, based on surface motion dynamics, could support peatland mapping and management on a global scale.
Model intercomparison of COSMO 5.0 and IFS 45r1 at kilometer-scale grid spacing
Authors: Zeman Christian , Wedi Nils P. , Dueben Peter D. , Ban Nikolina , Schär Christoph
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The increase in computing power and recent model developments allow for the use of global kilometer-scale weather and climate models for routine forecasts. At these scales, deep convective processes can be partially resolved explicitly by the model dynamics. Next to horizontal resolution, other aspects such as the applied numerical methods, the use of the hydrostatic approximation, and time step size are factors that might influence a model's ability to resolve deep convective processes. In order to improve our understanding of the role of these factors, a model intercomparison between the nonhydrostatic COSMO model and the hydrostatic Integrated Forecast System (IFS) from ECMWF has been conducted. Both models have been run with different spatial and temporal resolutions in order to simulate 2 summer days over Europe with strong convection. The results are analyzed with a focus on vertical wind speed and precipitation. Results show that even at around 3 km horizontal grid spacing the effect of the hydrostatic approximation seems to be negligible. However, time step proves to be an important factor for deep convective processes, with a reduced time step generally allowing for higher updraft velocities and thus more energy in vertical velocity spectra, in particular for shorter wavelengths. A shorter time step is also causing an earlier onset and peak of the diurnal cycle. Furthermore, the amount of horizontal diffusion plays a crucial role for deep convection with more diffusion generally leading to larger convective cells and higher precipitation intensities. The study also shows that for both models the parameterization of deep convection leads to lower updraft and precipitation intensities and biases in the diurnal cycle with a precipitation peak which is too early.
SciKit-GStat 1.0: A SciPy flavoured geostatistical variogram estimation toolbox written in Python
Authors: Mälicke Mirko
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Geostatistical methods are widely used in almost all geoscientific disciplines, i.e. for interpolation, re-scaling, data assimilation or modelling. At its core geostatistics aims to detect, quantify, describe, analyze and model spatial covariance of observations. The variogram, a tool to describe this spatial covariance in a formalized way, is at the heart of every such method. Unfortunately, many applications of geostatistics rather focus on the interpolation method or the result, than the quality of the estimated variogram. Not least because estimating a variogram is commonly left as a task for computers and some software implementations do not even show a variogram to the user. This is a miss, because the quality of the variogram largely determines, whether the application of geostatistics makes sense at all. Furthermore, the Python programming language was missing a mature, well-established and tested package for variogram estimation a couple of years ago. Here I present SciKit-GStat, an open source Python package for variogram estimation, that fits well into established frameworks for scientific computing and puts the focus on the variogram before more sophisticated methods are about to be applied. SciKit-GStat is written in a mutable, object-oriented way that mimics the typical geostatistical analysis workflow. Its main strength is the ease of usage and interactivity and it is therefore usable with only a little or even no knowledge in Python. During the last few years, other libraries covering geostatistics for Python developed along with SciKit-GStat. Today, the most important ones can be interfaced by SciKit-GStat. Additionally, established data structures for scientific computing are reused internally, to keep the user from learning complex data models, just for using SciKit-GStat. Common data structures along with powerful interfaces enable the user to use SciKit-GStat along with other packages in established workflows, rather than forcing the user to stick to the authors programming paradigms. SciKit-GStat ships with a large number of predefined procedures, algorithms and models, such as variogram estimators, theoretical spatial models or binning algorithms. Common approaches to estimate variograms are covered and can be used out of the box. At the same time, the base class is very flexible and can be adjusted to less common problems, as well. Last but not least, it was made sure, that a user is aided at implementing new procedures, or even extending the core functionality as much as possible, to extend SciKit-GStat to uncovered use-cases. With broad documentation, user guide, tutorials and good unit-test coverage, SciKit-GStat enables the user to focus on variogram estimation, rather than implementation details.
Historical simulation of maize water footprints with a new global gridded crop model ACEA
Authors: Mialyk Oleksandr , Schyns Joep F. , Booij Martijn J. , Hogeboom Rick J.
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Crop water productivity is a key element of water and food security in the world and can be quantified by the water footprint (WF). Previous studies have looked at the spatially explicit distribution of crop WFs but little is known about the temporal dynamics. We develop a new global gridded crop model – AquaCrop-Earth@lternatives (ACEA) – that can simulate three consumptive WF components: green (WFg), blue from irrigation (WFbi), and blue from capillary rise (WFbc) at high temporal and spatial resolutions. The model is applied to analyse global maize production during 1986–2016 at 5 × 5 arc minute grid. Our results show that in 2012–2016, the global average unit WF of maize is 723.2 m3 t−1 y−1 (89.5 % WFg, 8.3 % WFbi, 2.2 % WFbc) with values varying greatly around the world. Regions characterised by high agricultural development generally show a small unit WF and its interannual variation, such as Western Europe and Northern America (WF < 500 m3 t−1 y−1, CV < 15 %). On the contrary, regions with low agricultural development show opposite outcomes, such as Middle and Eastern Africa (WF > 2500 m3 t−1 y−1, CV > 40 %). Since 1986, the global unit WF of maize has reduced by 34.6 % mainly due to the historical decrease in yield gaps. However, due to the rapid expansion of rainfed and irrigated cropland, the global WF of maize production has increased by 48.8 % peaking at 762.9 × 109 m3 y−1 in 2016. As many regions still have a high potential in decreasing yield gaps, the unit WF of maize is likely to continue reducing, whereas the WF of maize production is likely to continue growing as humanity’s rising appetite can lead to further cropland expansion. The simulation of other crops with ACEA is necessary to assess the pressure of overall crop production on ecosystems and freshwater resources worldwide.
Input Torque Measurements for Wind Turbine Gearboxes Using Fiber Optical Strain Sensors
Authors: Gutierrez Santiago Unai , Fernández Sisón Alfredo , Polinder Henk , van Wingerden Jan-Willem
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Accurate knowledge of the input torque in wind turbine gearboxes is key to improving their reliability. Traditionally, rotor torque is measured using strain gauges bonded to the shaft. Transferring the resulting signal from the rotating shaft to a stationary data acquisition system while powering the sensing devices is complex and costly. The magnitude of the torques involved in wind turbine gearboxes and the high stiffness of the input shaft pose additional difficulties. This paper presents a new alternative method to measure the input torque in wind turbine gearboxes based on deformation measurements of the static first stage ring gear. We have measured deformation using fiber optic strain sensors based on fiber Bragg gratings because of their advantages compared to conventional electrical strain gauges. The present study was conducted on a Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy gearbox with a rated power of 6MW, in which a total of 54 fiber optic strain sensors were installed on the outer surface of the first stage ring gear. The gear mesh forces between the planets and the ring gear cause measurable deformations on the outer surface of the stationary ring gear. The measured strains exhibit a dynamic behavior. The strain values change depending on the relative position of the strain sensors to the planet gears, the instantaneous variations of the input torque, and the way load is shared between planets. A satisfactory correlation has been found between the strain signals measured on the static ring gear and torque. Two signal processing strategies are presented in this paper. The first procedure is based on the peak-to-peak strain values computed for the gear mesh events, and therefore, torque can only be estimated when a gear mesh event is detected. The second signal processing procedure combines the strain signals from different sensors using a Coleman coordinate transformation and tracks the magnitude of the fifth harmonic component. With this second procedure, it is possible to estimate torque whenever strain data of all sensors is available, leading to an improved frequency resolution up to the sampling frequency used to acquire strain data. The method presented in this paper could make measuring gearbox torque more cost-effective, which would facilitate its adoption in serial wind turbines and enable novel data-driven control strategies, as well as a more accurate assessment of the consumed fatigue life of the gearboxes throughout their operation.
A INCLUSÃO LABORAL DOS CATADORES DE MATERIAIS RECICLÁVEIS E REUTILIZÁVEIS
Authors:   Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Calazans da Silva Neto Agenor
Published: July 2021

Nesse momento a humanidade vivencia uma das mais graves emergências de saúde pública das últimas décadas. E para o enfrentamento desta emergência decorrente da pandemia do coronavírus (COVID-19), abruptamente a sociedade teve que adotar medidas de distanciamento e isolamento social que afetaram a produção econômica, ocasionando a perda do emprego e da renda de milhares de trabalhadores e trabalhadoras.
O DESCARTE INCORRETO DE RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS E SUA INFLUÊNCIA NA SAÚDE PÚBLICA
Authors:   Universidade Católica do Salvador, Machado Borba Laila , do Nascimento Silva Aída Cristina ,   Universidade Federal da Bahia
Published: July 2021

A Agenda 2030, organizada pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), em 2015, buscou identificar problemas e superar desafios sociais que ainda se encontram no mundo contemplados dentre os 17 (dezessete) objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável e 169 metas pactuados entre os países. O terceiro objetivo visa o fornecimento de uma saúde de qualidade e uma vida sadia para todos (ONU, 2015). Ainda em 1948, a mesma organização, já preocupada com o tema, definiu a saúde como um estado de completo bem-estar físico, mental e social e não somente ausência de afecções e enfermidades (ONU, 1948), mas posteriormente, acrescentou ainda, que a saúde é uma fonte para a vida cotidiana. É um conceito embasado em questões sociais e pessoais. Trata-se de um direito fundamental que deve ser visto de forma coletiva a ser assegurado a todos, independentemente de raça, religião, condição socioeconômica e ideológica. Nessa convenção de 1986, foram estabelecidas as condições básicas e recursos para garantir a saúde: paz, abrigo, educação, alimentação, renda, ecossistema estável, recursos sustentáveis, justiça social e equidade (The 1st International Conference on Health Promotion, 1986).
RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS EM UMA SOCIEDADE DE CONSUMO
Authors:   Universidade Federal da Bahia, Melo da Silva Larissa
Published: July 2021

À luz da máxima que vivemos numa sociedade consumista, percebe-se que vivemos também numa sociedade de desperdícios uma vez que consumo não é o que se compra, mas o que se gasta na busca para satisfazer as necessidades, sem pensar nos impactos gerados pelo processo produtivo dessa satisfação. Bauman (2001) afirma que, anteriormente, o consumo tinha o propósito de satisfazer as necessidades biológicas e sociais de sobrevivência dos indivíduos e deixava de ser relevante no momento em que as necessidades eram satisfeitas. Mas na atualidade o consumo é automotor, sendo o propósito da sociedade, que proclama a impossibilidade de satisfação das necessidades e a continuidade do estado de tensão, na busca de satisfazê-las.
SEARCH SQUADS’ FINDINGS MUSEUM PRESENTATION POTENTIAL: THE SELECTION PRINCIPLES
Authors: Pyankevich Aleksandr V.
Published: July 2021

The search for artefacts of the Great Patriotic War was analyzed. The features of the military archeology artifacts museum use were revealed. The museum properties of the search squads’ findings were considered. Military archaeology artefacts informativeness, representativeness, expressivity and attractiveness were analyzed. The criteria for military archeology artefacts selection in the field work have been identified. Attribution methods of for various groups of Great Patriotic War military archeology artefacts were proposed.
DEMOCRACY, POLITICAL IDENTITY, AND THE FATE OF MINORITY POLITICS: REFLECTIONS TOWARDS INDONESIA’S NATIONAL CONCURRENT ELECTIONS IN 2024
Authors: OSBIN SAMOSIR
Published: July 2021

The 2019 and 2014 General Elections in Indonesia was laden with religious identity politics. The election of the DKI Jakarta Governor in 2017 confirmed the politics of religious identity. People were fed up of continuing the democratic process because black and dirty campaigns ruined elections. The Indonesia’s democratic posture is getting worse. Presidential candidates were also divided into the Allah party for supporters of Islamic religious identity and the Ibilis party branded for those who opposed. The principles of democracy, namely respect for human dignity, exclusion of primordial issues, open and fair elections, freedom for voters are actually lost and damage Indonesian democracy. For a long time, the issue of religious identity politics was the most dangerous for democracy and a healthy political process in Indonesia. How was the fate of Christian politicians in such bad religious identity politics at that time when they were nominated by political parties from strong Islam-based regions? The personal attitude of Christian candidates who can be trusted between their words and deeds, speaking less but doing more is able to transcend fears in the politics of religious identity. This research looks at the 2019 and 2014 General Elections to be a reflection towards the 2024 Simultaneous General Elections through in-depth interviews and literature reviews.