bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Information design and information services What information professionals should know about design, in order to deliver value‐added information products
Authors: Orna Liz
Published: February 2008

This article is essentially a practical one, though the occasion for the talk on which it is based was a rather theoretical article (Orna & Stevens, 1991) about common ground between information scientists and information designers. That in turn arose from thinking about our practical experience as a partnership combining the two disciplines over many years.
A comparison between the competencies deemed necessary for teacher‐librarians in Iran and those suggested by librarians from developing countries
Authors: Jowkar A.
Published: February 2008

The present survey attempts to investigate the viability of a single library education programme for the education of teacher‐librarians in developing countries. Questionnaires were sent to 55 professional librarians in 29 different countries, of which 35 replies were received. Data were analysed and the result was compared with the outcome of a similar survey done for the education of teacher‐librarians in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The overall view is that a single library programme for developing countries is possible.
A retail opportunity in the contemporary information market
Authors: Jackson A.E
Published: February 2008

Information has been needed for as long as people have had to make decisions and deal with uncertain situations. The greater the uncertainty — brought about by the ever‐increasing rate of change of modern society — the greater the need for information and the more valuable is the information which reduces uncertainty.
Why computers do not translate better
Authors: Hutchins W. John
Published: February 2008

The linguistic and computational complexities of machine translation are not always apparent to all users or potential purchasers of systems. As a consequence, they are sometimes unable to distinguish between the failings of particular systems and the problems which the best system would have. In this article I shall attempt to outline the difficulties encountered by computers in translating from one natural language into another. This is an introductory paper for those unfamiliar with what computers can and cannot achieve in this field.
ELINOR: The Electronic Library project at De Montfort University Milton Keynes
Authors: Arnold Kathryn , Collier Mel , Ramsden Anne
Published: February 2008

In November 1990 Leicester Polytechnic (now De Montfort University) won a contract to provide higher education in the new city of Milton Keynes, against strong competition from a number of other higher education institutions in the region. In January 1991 the Polytechnic took possession of a green field site for the new campus from the Milton Keynes Development Corporation. Eight months later in September 1991 the first buildings had been erected, staff appointed, services organized, students recruited and the first courses commenced. This must surely claim to be the quickest ever inception of a new higher education institution.
Business information in Hungary Impressions of the contemporary scene
Authors: Towlson Kaye
Published: February 2008

Hungary is one of the fastest moving central european countries in the shift towards the market economy; with a target of 50% privatization by the year 1994. Part of this rapid change is a growing and substantial interest throughout the Hungarian information world in business information; particularly that available in the West. There is an acceptance within the information profession of the need to develop a business information infrastructure to support the needs of the growing community of private SME's (small to medium sized enterprises) in the move towards a market economy. This article will consider this development, taking account of existing Hungarian sources and barriers to development.
A study of journals needed to support the Project 2000 nursing course with an evaluation of citation counting as a method of journal selection
Authors: Moorbath Paul
Published: February 2008

The nursing journals titles needed to support Project 2000 were considered. In order to reflect the structure of nursing literature as a whole, a citation count from the Citation index for 1990 was undertaken. In order to rank journals in each of the 4 branches of Project 2000, an analysis of the citations in a leading journal representing each branch was undertaken. To reflect student usage a survey of photocopier use and citation in student bibliographies was undertaken. In order to reflect what titles the library ought to have, a questionnaire survey of tutors was undertaken. The ranking of titles in the Citation index was tested for correlation with the ranks obtained from student use and tutor recommendation and the correlation between student use and tutor recommendation was drawn. Finally, a scheme for combining the rankings of journal titles obtained by the methods above was devised in order to produce an overall ranking of the principal titles.
Creating hypertext documents: is it worth the effort?
Authors: Langford Duncan , Brown Peter
Published: February 2008

Producing an effective hyperdocument requires considerable work and a surprising diversity of skills. In addition to being good writers, the authors should have abilities in design, user‐interfaces, testing, structuring and maintenance. This paper will analyse the work that goes into producing production‐quality hyperdocuments and what the cost/benefits are. It is assumed that the reader, though not necessarily a hypertext expert, knows what hypertext is.
Using language analysis to manage information
Authors: Smart Godfrey
Published: February 2008

The ESPRIT Project SIMPR developed software to analyse documents and generate indexes for them. Of immediate application as a document indexing and classification system, this also offers a technology for information modelling that has broader implications, supporting many new uses for information management software. The Project was based on the assumption that information can only be managed successfully by computer systems that can view the information contained in a document through the language in which the document is written, and that systems need to be sufficiently flexible to respond to the changing requirements of document use.
Telmi: a reusable information retrieval system and its applications
Authors: Lassalle Edmond
Published: February 2008

The use of an information retrieval (IR) system would be easier if natural language processing were applied. There are essentially two different ways to use NLP techniques: as a user interface coupled with a factual database, or as an integrated part of a system which deals with a textual database. In this paper, two approaches are presented, that of MGS, a commercialized system in use in France Télécom, and that of Telmi, a France Télécom research system. Telmi is an information retrieval system designed for use with medium sized databases of short text. The characteristics of the system include fine‐grained NLP, an open domain and large scale knowledge base, automated indexing based on conceptual representation of texts, and reusability of the NLP tools. The knowledge base is (semi) automatically extracted from a monolingual machine‐readable dictionary (MRD). Telmi is integrated into a production‐scale prototype which implements a Minitel Information Service (IS) for the use of the general public. France Télécom Minitel(i) and its problems are described, along with the solutions Telmi offers. The paper then goes on to describe how France Télécom intends to reuse, in a continuation of the present project, the Telmi tools in a multilingual system, particularly in (semi)automatic data acquisition from multilingual MRDs.
The great electronic information bazaar — a rough guide to exploring the Internet
Authors: Watson Ian
Published: February 2008

The Internet is a decentralized network of computers located throughout the world. Many of these machines (or servers) contain information which is freely available while others require payment or at least some form of authorization to log in. The growth of the network in recent years has opened up new ways of storing and accessing information and presents a challenge for anyone involved in information work. Improvements in telecommunications will see the Internet develop into a vital piece of information infrastructure through which it will be possible to transmit not just text but images and video. This paper provides a brief overview of the Internet: what it is, where it came from and what it offers. It introduces some of the tools that have emerged in recent years to help find and retrieve information from the many servers throughout the world. It also provides hints on where to look for more information on getting connected. In conclusion some comments are made on the relevance of the Internet for the information community and attention is drawn to some policy developments in the USA and the UK.
Agents for electronic document supply: who are the likely players?
Authors: Day Dorothy , McKim Geoff , Orchard Douglas , Purcell April , Wachsmann David , Davenport Elisabeth
Published: February 2008

The authors consider a group of commercial vendors who may be potential agents or players in electronic document supply. The group examines five potential providers of products/services: Dow Jones, Geac, OCLC, Faxon, RLG using Malone's 1989 comments on electronic markets as a framework, and using Porter's analytics to describe competition, and the role of technology in conferring advantage. The authors suggest that electronic document supply has produced an observable shift in exchange relationships between suppliers and buyers: the former are regrouping into partnerships which offer a confusing range of options to clients.
The poor man's Internet: reaching the networks with e‐mail only
Authors: Bauwens Michel
Published: February 2008

‘If you're not on the net, you're not in the know’, stated The Economist in its 1992 year‐end review of conspiracies and networks. While it is true that the Internet is a wonderful resource, i.e. an ocean of information waiting to be tapped, and while it is also true that the information is freely available, not everybody has access to it. If you're working for the academic community or some research institution, you probably only need to ask your local system administrator.
Domesticating the revolution: information and communication technologies and everyday life
Authors: Silverstone Roger
Published: February 2008

This paper provides an opportunity to reflect on some of the questions that have been raised both in empirical work on information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the household (Silverstone, 1991; Silverstone and Hirsch, 1992) and previous attempts to conceptualize the place and significance of ICTs in everyday life (Silverstone, Hirsch and Morley, 1992). It is intended to raise questions both about the cultural politics of information and communication technologies and, more broadly, about the politics of culture — about information and communication technologies' mediation of public and private spheres. It also raises questions about the nature, direction and speed of the ‘information revolution’.
Selection criteria for technical options available in electronic publishing — networks, CD‐ROM and micro‐products
Authors: Ashford John H.
Published: February 2008

The choice of strategy and the evolution of policy for electronic publishing as an aid to information dissemination are at present complicated by the variety of technical options and by uncertainty about the proper balance between relatively high risk innovative and more predictable conservative approaches. This paper is intended to provide a set of ‘route maps’ through the technical options available now and in the near future, and to indicate the criteria which would guide choice of technology for various application categories and investment priorities. A lucid and accessible guide to the publication and availability of scientific and technical papers will be found in Line, 1992; this paper has been followed in several places below, but Line's discussion of the impact of new technology on publishers is not repeated.
Information services for the Museum of Scotland Project
Authors: Burnett John , McClure Sheila
Published: February 2008

The paper discusses information services which are being developed within the National Museums of Scotland (NMS), to support the Museum of Scotland Project. NMS has started to build a new museum in the centre of Edinburgh, to display its rich collections of Scottish material. It is due to open in 1998. The information needs of project teams are examined. A strategy for responding to the rapidly changing needs of project teams is described. The approach concentrates on developing a variety of information resources, which together meet the needs of users, and making some of them accessible throughout the organization as services on a data communications network. Internal services include collections databases, a collections management system for the Museum of Scotland Project, and the library catalogue online. External services include the development of a Scottish national database of museum objects, and access to the Joint Academic Network. The data communications network is described, and the management of the system is discussed.
MT — myth, muddle or reality?
Authors: Derrington Seamus
Published: February 2008

The trend away from development of fully automatic machine translation (FAMT) is the result of failure to develop the foundation level of machine translation (MT) systems design theory. In order to create this level and establish reliably whether FAMT is achievable or not we will have to revise our view of the inter‐disciplinary approach. The paper ends with an assessment of the interdisciplinary approach as applied to date.
Choose your words carefully
Authors: de Gale Patrick
Published: February 2008

This paper will look in turn at: the place and flow of terminology in the corporation; the attenuation that terms are subject to in the course of that flow; some of the reasons that meanings get altered while words progress from user to user; what actions may help the speedy and correct dissemination of the intended message.
Promotion of library services in the voluntary sector: the case of Christian Aid
Authors: Heery Sarah
Published: February 2008

Paper discussing the promotion of library services in a specialist library in a voluntary organization, with background to the history of the information service and an outline of existing current awareness services, and posing the question of how, even with on‐going promotional activities and methods to encourage user participation in the running of their library, to encourage end user independence in such an information environment with limited user potential.
Building a browsable virtual library
Authors: Poulter Alan
Published: February 2008

The concept of the virtual reality library is introduced and defined as a new form of OPAC. Since a desktop virtual reality package is needed to construct a virtual reality library the expected functionality of such software is discussed in general terms. One such desktop virtual reality package, REND386, is then discussed in detail and used to build a working prototype of a virtual reality library.
The role of GIS in the management of natural resources
Authors: Deane G.C.
Published: February 2008

Most aspects of land resources management require information on the current extent of features and the ways in which their distribution has changed in the past. Such information can be collected by ground survey and/or the use of aerial survey and satellite imagery. By capturing these spatial data on a computer‐based geographical information system and overlaying different data sets the land resource planner and manager have the capability to analyse changes in the distribution of features. This is important for assessing the impact of previous planning decisions and for carrying out inventories of existing procedures.
The knowledge base of social work: a citation analysis
Authors: Berman Yitzhak , Solomon Eaglstein A.
Published: February 2008

The knowledge base of the social work profession was studied. Previous research has generally taken into account only citations from social work journals. In this paper a broader view was taken. Consequently in order to determine the sources of knowledge in American and non‐American journals, citations from four sources for the year 1992 were counted and analysed: social work journals, journals from other fields, books and grey literature. The most frequent citation source was books, followed by non‐social workjournals, grey documentation and finally by social workjournals. Differential use of the four sources by American and British journals was noted and discussed in terms of structural and ideological restraints extant in the two countries.
Towards effective utilization of university library resources: the situation in University of Cape Coast, Ghana
Authors: Edu Korsah John
Published: February 2008

University libraries acquire book and non‐book materials to support their instructional needs and research programmes. This explains why various library services have been developed to promote and facilitate effective use of recorded information in all formats by users. This paper examines the services offered by the University of Cape Coast (UCC) Library which include collection building, resource‐sharing, conservation, user education and technical services. Others include registration, circulation, library publications, reservation, reference, current awareness and library regulation. It is concluded that, in spite of limited resource allocation, UCC Library has made systematic efforts to offer effective library services to its users.
European information: the pattern of provision in Scotland
Authors: Marcella Rita , Parker Susan
Published: February 2008

As part of the research underpinning an Honours dissertation a study of the agencies providing European information in Scotland was carried out in the spring of 1994. The aims of this study were to investigate the nature of the services offered by the existing agencies, to consider their accessibility and geographic spread, and to determine the extent of the interaction which took place between these agencies. The study sought to provide a broad picture of provision across a physically large geographic area. Given the relatively few agencies involved, visits were made to each and structured interviews were carried out with staff.
Translating in cyberspace: the coming industry of teletranslation
Authors: O'Hagan Minako
Published: February 2008

This paper examines the implications on translation services of the exploding use of new telecommunications technologies, with particular emphasis on computer communications in cyberspace, represented by the Internet. The relationship between language translation and cyberspace in an advanced information society is explored to show that the new communications environment is both creating demand for translation and helping to meet that demand. The paper concludes that the symbiosis between translation services and the emerging communications environment could culminate in ‘a teletranslation service’ as an International Value‐Added Network Service (IVANS) with worldwide accessibility using networked translators best to meet growing demand.
Terms are not alone: term choice and choice terms
Authors: Ananiadou Sophia , McNaught John
Published: February 2008

This paper assesses the degree to which established practices in terminology can provide the translation industry with the lexical means to support mediation of information between languages, especially where such mediation involves modification. The effects of term variation, collocation and sublanguage phraseology present problems of term choice to the translator. Current term resources cannot help much with these problems; however, tools and techniques are discussed which, in the near future, will offer translators the means to make appropriate choices of terminology.
Simplified English grammar and style correction in an MT framework: the LRE SECC project
Authors: Adriaens Geert
Published: February 2008

This paper describes ongoing developments in the LRE‐2 project SECC (Simplified English Grammar and Style Checker/Corrector). After a general description of the project, the approach to building the SECC writing tool is discussed. First, lingware issues are dealt with: resources used, technical implications of simplified grammar correction as machine translation, testing and evaluation issues. Next, we take a look at software issues, in particular the user interfaces. Finally, we discuss some open issues and future developments.
Information mastery
Authors: McPherson P.K.
Published: February 2008

An enterprise exists as a congress of information and knowledge: it is the knowledge embedded in it, and the processing of information throughout it, that lead to the strategy, change and action that convert the enterprise into a dynamic reality. Management, however else it may be defined, is also the process that ensures that information and knowledge are effectively deployed in an enterprise's interests. In this the manager is joined by all the knowledge workers in the organization—the designers, researchers, engineers, trainers, administrators, accountants — who provide the enterprise with its collective brainpower. That brainpower, focused on the wellbeing and success of the enterprise, is the true generator of value added and must therefore be the chief asset of any business or institution.
Public libraries and national information superstructures
Authors: Stubbs Julian F.L.
Published: February 2008

The information revolution which we are approaching, the IT Information Revolution, is only the last of 4 major information revolutions which have punctuated man's own evolution. The upcoming IT revolution will make different demands on libraries; will offer them different opportunities. If these are not grasped then the eventual future for public libraries may be limited. Technology per se is not, in many senses, an important issue here — it is the way that technology is, or will be, utilized that will be the key. There will be a need to re‐draw operational models of libraries to reflect this revolution and its attendant information superstructures — and this will be far harder than getting access to, or learning to live with, the technology.
Impel project: the impact on people of electronic libraries
Authors: Edwards Catherine , Day Joan M. , Walton Graham
Published: February 2008

The IMPEL Project is a research project run collaboratively by the Information Services Department and Department of Information and Library Management at the University of Northumbria at Newcastle. It investigates the human aspects of increased electronic provision in UK academic libraries, focusing at this stage on the social and organizational impact on qualified librarians.
IT — a glimpse of the future
Authors: Cochrane Peter
Published: February 2008

Our ability to generate information and transport it about the planet on superhighways of optical fibre is about to change the way in which we communicate, work and live. There is not a single aspect of our future that will go untouched by the communication and computing revolution that is now upon us. The change we are about to witness will overshadow the impact of the printed word, industrial revolution, and physical transport. The next major wave of IT development will focus on the delivery of information and experience on demand, in the right form, at the right time, at the right price to fixed or mobile terminals anywhere, over networks of optical fibre, radio, satellite, and optical wireless. Bandwidth, distance and time will no longer be significant cost elements as service and access become dominant.
Academic referencing of Internet‐based resources
Authors: Fletcher Gordon , Greenhill Anita
Published: February 2008

Despite the rapid growth of the Internet during 1994 and 1995 no adequate or consistent method of referencing material from this source has been developed. Failure to address this issue will result in Internet resources not being awarded full recognition within academic discourse. Unless corrected, the significance of this oversight will be exacerbated as more academic journals become available online and more computer literate students enter tertiary study. Furthermore, the status of researchers who have published in this medium will be affected and universities may deprive themselves of the staff best equipped to meet the challenges of the electronic age.
Implementing TQM for library services: the issues
Authors: Rowley Jennifer
Published: February 2008

TQM is defined as managing the entire organization so that it excels in all dimensions of products and services which are important to the customers. Excellence in a TQM organization is defined by customer requirements and needs.
Councillors and information: a study of information needs and information provision
Authors: Nicholas Dave , Colgrave Kate
Published: February 2008

Little attention has been given to the needs of local authority councillors for well over a decade; a period in which the changes imposed by national government have made it necessary for councillors to keep up to date in all areas of local government provision. This paper attempts to provide a brief assessment of the information seeking behaviour of local authority councillors and the importance of information to them. By interviewing a cross section of local councillors and sending a questionnaire to selected information providers the study has identified the sources of information available for and most used by councillors. The research has shown what information the councillors consider important and their methods when seeking information. The survey of questionnaire responses has exposed the similarities and differences in the ways that information is provided for and taken up by councillors. Pointers for further research are suggested.
Creating a ring of commitment to customers
Authors: Shaw Robert
Published: February 2008

Customers are widely demanding that organizations be committed to achieving higher and higher standards, in return for their loyal support. Information technology (IT) can potentially help to achieve this commitment, and we examine some successful cases. Yet, for most organizations, the implementation of such strategies is fraught with problems. Databases which should be gold mines degenerate into dustbins, and inter‐departmental strife tears apart the organization's commitments. We examine how organizations can negotiate binding commitments to customers, which cross departmental boundaries, and draw some lessons about the successful use of IT to support organization's marketing objectives.
More than just a name: the art of prospect research
Authors: Jeffery Christine
Published: February 2008

Prospect research aims to provide all the information necessary for the solicitation process (i.e. asking a potential donor for a gift), from compiling lists of names in the first instance, to building up an in‐depth profile of the prospect. There are a number of resources available to the researcher, including biographical books, newspapers and magazines and electronic media such as online databases and CD‐ROMs. In addition to researching individuals, companies and trusts in the United Kingdom and possibly the United States, the prospect researcher in Britain is increasingly being asked to investigate prospects around the world, to provide country profiling, as wealthy individuals become ‘citizens of the world’, rather than just one country, and as British charities begin to look overseas for donors.
Is the business cybrarian a reality? Internet use in business libraries
Authors: Kelly Sarah , Nicholas David
Published: February 2008

The Internet is now with us and as a result fundamental changes in information work encompassing the ‘virtual library’ and the ‘cybrarian’ are being forecasted. But how much of all this is hype — and have we not all been here before, when online in the shape of full‐text systems like FT PROFILE first arrived? And PROFILE has been with us more than a dozen years and, yes, the basic shape of the information service has changed as a result — a little more buying in of the full text and less indexing it yourself. Indeed it was the advent of full text information services that first enabled librarians to run a purely electronic library. Why then should we look to more fundamental changes as a result of the arrival of the Internet? Since business librarians have often been at the forefront of technological and management changes within the information world — the early learners — their experiences with the Internet are of interest to us all. Can they tell us where we are all going? Since the business sector is such a large and multivariate group the assertion has been tested out on just one sector — the banking and finance sector. There are sound grounds for choosing this sector, for it employs more information professionals than any other business field. It is also, perhaps, the most influential business sector since anything that happens in the banking world is soon felt by all those working in other areas. The largest proportion of information professionals in the banking and finance sector are based in the City of London. However, this group contains two diverse banking areas, namely investment and dealing. While many of the target group were involved in in‐depth project finance research, others had to answer questions on companies and currencies within minutes. The information professionals in this sector are under intense pressure to deliver quality information at speed. It was assumed that if the Internet was a welcome part of this environment, it would not be long before it was a staple part of any efficient library. And after all, unlike PROFILE, the Internet is free isn't it?
The Public Information Relay: long‐term solution or half‐way house?
Authors: Kelly Aoife , Nicholas David
Published: February 2008

Public access to European Union information has become an issue in European Union information policy. The Public Information Relay has been established in the United Kingdom in order to facilitate access to European Union information for the general public. This research project aimed to assess the effectiveness of the new Relay in facilitating public access to European Union information by interviewing some of the key personnel involved as well as other relevant individuals. Several criteria were set against which the potential effectiveness of the Public Information Relay was measured: the general public's opinion of the information they received; the Public Information Relay structure; the Relay members' commitment of resources to the Relay; the Relay members' participation in regional and national networks and the European Commission's commitment to the Public Information Relay. The research explored issues which are particularly relevant to an information provider catering to the needs of the general public.
Road telematics — revolution or revolt?
Authors: Wander T.R.
Published: February 2008

The UK road network faces critical problems over the next decade. Severe road congestion made worse by ever increasing vehicle numbers and consequent requirements for road maintenance and repair form a vicious circle, while provision of new roads remains an increasingly expensive and environmentally unacceptable solution. But as billions of pounds are wasted annually in traffic jams, air and sound pollution continue to affect our health and pedestrian safety and emergency service access suffer, we must all recognize that to prevent future chaos actions must be taken now. Some of these measures may be unpalatable to a nation dedicated to the motor car. The use of dedicated electronic systems including route guidance, incident avoidance, in‐vehicle signing, head up displays and anticollision radar have the potential to revolutionize every facet of road transportation, and are already starting to provide drivers with new standards of safety, comfort, security, reliability and efficiency. However to combat fully the growing crisis threatening our road system radical solutions must be sought to offer answers for the better management of the UK's road infrastructure for the next decade and beyond.
Building the lawyer‐proof Web site
Authors: Smith Graham J.H.
Published: February 2008

The lawyer‐proof Web site is, regrettably, either a contradiction in terms or an unachievable Platonic ideal. Whilst it may be possible to ensure that a Web site is reasonably safe under the laws of one country, or even a few major countries, the chances of doing so for every country from which it can be accessed are not great. The ideal of the lawyer‐proof Web site also embodies a hidden irony: to approach the ideal the site designer needs to involve a lawyer in the design of the Web site from an early stage, before irrevocable decisions about structure of the site and pathways through it have been taken and implemented.
Management development for information professionals
Authors: Kinnell Margaret
Published: February 2008

Professional education in the library and information sector has only provided for first qualification level: through undergraduate and postgraduate programmes which meet the criteria required for accreditation by professional bodies (including the Library Association, Institute of Information Scientists, British Computer Society). The management curriculum within such programmes has offered knowledge and skills relevant to earlier perceptions of the needs of first professional posts, with middle and senior managers lacking substantial information‐sector‐ specific programmes to meet their needs for advanced education and training. Two British Library sponsored short courses provided a model which stimulated the development of the Loughborough MBA (Information and Library Management) programme, offered jointly by Loughborough University's Business School and Department of Information and Library Studies. This flexible, part‐time, advanced masters degree, ‘badged’ for the LIS sector, also provides intensive short‐course opportunities for UK and overseas participants.
future lubricants
Authors: VINEALL G.J.C.
Published: February 2008

There is a pastime, or parlour game—or perhaps an intelligence test—in which the person enjoying the game—or test—calls out one word, while the victim responds with the first word which comes into his head. The object of this has escaped me but I feel certain that when the pundits of the oil world play this game between courses at their lunches, between lunches at their courses, or even between poises at their benches, and ask the question “Lubricant?”, the immediate response is “Petroleum” and the maximum reward is given or mark awarded.
application of colloidal graphite to some lubrication problems
Authors: STUART A.H.
Published: February 2008

Some twenty five years ago Dr. A.H. Stuart established a private research laboratory for the investigation of certain industrial problems which were then being brought to his notice. These problems ranged over a wide area but in recent years those connected with lubrication have been much in evidence. Some of them have lead to an intensive study of the physical properties of graphite. In addition to a large number of private reports to engineering firms, he has published over 400 papers and articles on this work. Dr. Stuart has served on a number of research committees and panels of examiners and is the author of six books on applied mathematics. In the following article he discusses the value of colloidal graphite for lubrication at high temperatures and pressures, for running‐in new machinery and its application to resin‐bonded fabric bearings.
Corrosion preventives and their assessment
Authors: SAMUEL D.L.
Published: February 2008

PROTECTION against rusting can bo obtained by more or less permanent coatings such as paints and lacquers but there are many circumstances where these cannot be used. Thus, for example, there is the metal part or sheet which has to be stored until required for the next stage of processing or assembly and which must be protected during this time, and the working parts of the internal combustion engine which must be maintained free from corrosion during non‐running periods. For such conditions we require a temporary protective which can be removed easily when required.
Cutting oils and coolants
Authors: HARMAN H.M.
Published: February 2008

CONSIDERABLE improvements have been made during recent years to cutting tools with the object of removing stock more rapidly and consequently more economically. Most of the power used in driving a machine tool is transmitted to the tool tip and the resulting heavier loading necessitates increased attention to provide adequate cooling and lubrication. Correct cooling and lubrication provides increased tool life and a final product that has a better finish and is truer in size.
EVALUATION of ENGINE PRESERVATIVE OILS
Authors: SELLEI HELEN
Published: February 2008

In the first part of this article in our September issue, DR. SELLEI dealt with the practical side of engine preservative oil evaluation. In this contribution, she discusses the most important papers covering the theoretical considerations. Engine preservative oils, used for the double purpose of preservation and lubrication, are evaluated as rust preventives and also as lubricants. By carrying the accelerated rusting tests, such as the humidity test, beyond specification limits a method was found which shows the merit of the oils tested and rates them according to their potential rust preventive performance. For evaluating the lubricating performance, engine tests are necessary. Preliminary screening with the Underwood machine and the one cylinder Lauson engine is recommended. A brief summary of the theoretical background of corrosion prevention is presented, with reference to correlation between theoretical considerations and humidity protection.
COLOUR CODES
Authors: HARRISON J.
Published: February 2008

IT is always advisable to keep a record of lubricants issued from the stores. Storekeepers frequently tend to issue them too often on demand and without check. While there are dangers in stinting lubricants, the issuing of definite amounts at specified time intervals does keep consumption under control and prevents waste. A control system of this kind is particularly advantageous where prime movers are concerned because any gradual increase in consumption will often indicate the growing need for an overhaul, whilst a sudden increase, which would immediately be noticed, would provide evidence of rapidly developing serious trouble.
Rotary, oscillating & reciprocating seals
Authors: BEACHAM T.E. , TOWLER F.H.
Published: February 2008

In recent years, considerable advances have been made in the prevention of leakage of liquids and oils past moving surfaces. Leakage is the most common source of complaint with regard to hydraulic machinery, in which field the authors have had considerable experience. The subject covers a wide field and, has been limited by excluding hydraulic joints. For the purpose of these papers, a hydraulic seal is defined as one whose function it is to prevent the leakage of liquid between surfaces having relative movement.
Anti‐friction bearing greases
Authors: CARMICHAEL E.S. , ROBINSON R.C.
Published: February 2008

The principal characteristics of greases used as lubricants for anti‐friction bearing applications will be considered under their respective headings.
CHROMIUM as a wear preventive
Authors: JACKSON GEO. H.
Published: February 2008

The cause and prevention of wear has been a subject of intensive research for many years but has received considerable stimulus from the rapid development of the internal combustion engine, especially the Diesel Engine.
BEARING MATERIALS, LUBRICATION
Authors: Warburton H.
Published: February 2008

The most frequent source of bearing failure is insufficient or incorrect lubrication. Other causes may be broadly attributed to indiscriminate mutilation of the bearing surface by grooving, which is only too often resorted to with the well meaning but mistaken idea of counteracting any shortcomings in the bearing metal itself. Frequently this is due to the fact that slow speed bearings, or journals often starting to rotate from rest, or oscillating journals, do not allow the development of an oil wedge.
METAL TRANSFER from PISTON RINGS to CYLINDERS during RUN‐IN
Authors: STRANG C.D. , BURWELL J.T
Published: February 2008

The current hypothesis on the mechanism of dry and boundary friction conceives solid surfaces in contact as forming very minute welds or adhesions on the isolated areas of true contact. When sliding occurs, these welds are broken and new ones are formed. Other phenomena may also take place during sliding, but the present paper deals only with observations of the adhesion factor.
AIRCRAFT LUBRICATION
Authors: HUNT KENNETH C.
Published: February 2008

The last few years have seen the gas turbine applied in various forms as an aircraft power plant, and it is fair to say that its introduction has resulted in a revolution in aircraft engine lubrication requirements.
Chrome plating of piston rings
Authors: Hepworth J.L.
Published: February 2008

The hardness of metallic chromium coupled with its corrosion resistance make it an admirable material for wear resistance, and it has been applied to many wearing parts with success.
Engine oil viscosity and vehicle fuel consumption
Authors: WILFORD A.T.
Published: February 2008

A SUBSTANTIAL proportion of the expenditure involved in running a motor vehicle is attributable to the cost of the fuel which it uses. So far as Great Britain is concerned the great bulk of this fuel has to be imported. Moreover, due mainly to the imposition of further taxation, its cost to the user has recently increased by about 40 per cent in the case of petrol and 45 per cent for road diesel fuel. There is therefore every incentive to economise in the use of motor fuels.
AIRCRAFT LUBRICATION
Authors: HUNT KENNETH C.
Published: February 2008

The first article of this series referred to the problems and difficulties peculiar to aircraft lubrication because of the wide temperature range to which aircraft lubricants are subjected. An engine lubricant works only for a very short time at sub‐zero temperatures, and spends most of its working life at around 100°C. (212°F.). The converse is true of most airframe lubricants—they spend much of their working life at very low temperatures and only occasionally reach the higher levels. Continuous efficient lubrication at very low temperatures must therefore be provided.
The application of radioactive tracers to the lubrication industry
Authors: LEICESTER GERDA M.
Published: February 2008

ALTHOUGH the radioactive tracer technique has been known for many years, it is only recently that the production of a wide variety of artificially produced radioactive isotopes has opened up this field of research to all industries. Many firms may be prejudiced against adopting this new technique, because of possible dangers to personnel, lack of trained staff or an inadequate knowledge of the subject, but in many cases the advantages over ordinary methods are so great that it is worth while overcoming these prejudices.
SILICONES
Authors: GADSBY G.N.
Published: February 2008

ALTHOUGH the element silicon is second only to oxygen in order of abundance in the earth's crust the chemistry of its compounds and in particular of organo‐silicon compounds had developed but little before the turn of the century. It is true that the German chemist Friedel and his students Crafts and Ladenburg and later Polis prepared a few isolated organo‐silicon compounds during the latter half of the nineteenth century (1863–1886), but the land mark in this field is undoubtedly the classical work of Professor F. S. Kipping and his school at University College, Nottingham. This work extended over nearly forty years from 1899 to 1937 during which time a systematic study was made of this branch of chemistry.
SILICONES
Authors: GADSBY G.N.
Published: February 2008

In the first part of this article in our October issue, Mr. Gadsby considered the early history and nature of Silicone Fluids, the synthesis of silicones, and properties as they concern lubrication. In this part, the author is concerned with the behaviour of these fluids in thin film lubrication and includes a review of research relevant to this problem.
FATTY OILS IN LUBRICATION
Authors: SUNN K.G.
Published: February 2008

As staled in our Editorial, most papers submitted in the class for awards to those not engaged in the lubricant industry were not of the practical character that we wished. This contribution, which has the most practical appeal of those submitted was therefore selected to win the award. Lubricant users, in all industries, will find interest in these details about fatty oils, which, although termed by the author “Ugly Sisters” do play a very important part in a large volume of lubricants and in spite of the greater use of chemical additives, are still employed in considerable quantities for oils and greases. Mr. Slinn is a chemist at British Timken Ltd.
animal and vegetable Oils … Fats and Waxes
Authors: GRIFFITHS C.
Published: February 2008

Parts 1 and 2 in this series appeared in our April and May issues respectively, and dealt with general composition and properties of these oils, fats and waxes. The next and final part will cover testing.
renovation of used oils with carbon and activated alumina
Authors: WILLIAMS A.E.
Published: February 2008

In many types of plant and machinery the lubricating systems in use make possible the recovery of the used oil in bulk, and when desired this oil may be treated, or renovated, and put back into use. It is not suggested that it is possible by any method of renovation to convert a used oil to its original state of purity and physical and chemical characteristics. It is, however, relatively simple to improve a used oil to such an extent that it becomes again a useful lubricant, if not for the same purpose wherein it has already been employed.