bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Music and Hearing Protection: A Call to Action
Authors: Federman Jeremy , Picou Erin
Published: May 2009

Millions of people are exposed to loud music, either as musicians or as recreational consumers of music. Audiologists are in the best position to address hearing conservation problems for musicians and music listeners. However, the issue of music-induced hearing loss (MIHL) has unique challenges. Specifically, estimates of the size of the populations have likely underestimated the number of musicians at risk for MIHL. In addition, performance levels for musicians have been measured to be as loud as 109 dBA, and both professional and recreational listening devices can deliver sounds as loud as 130 dBA. However, compliance with conservation recommendations remains poor for a variety of reasons, despite increased awareness through educational campaigns. Moreover, methods to mediate exposure have had limited successes for both groups. The purpose of this paper is to assess the scope of the problem and the successes of current conservation strategies with the aim of inspiring renewed interest and solutions to the problems helping musicians and consumers protect their hearing.
On the Role of Visual References in Collaborative Visualization
Authors: Pettersson Lars Winkler , Kjellin Andreas , Lind Mats , Seipel Stefan
Published: May 2009

Multi-Viewer Display Environments (MVDE) provide unique opportunities to present personalized information to several users concurrently in the same physical display space. MVDEs can support correct 3D visualizations to multiple users, present correctly oriented text and symbols to all viewers and allow individually chosen subsets of information in a shared context. MVDEs aim at supporting collaborative visual analysis, and when used to visualize disjoint information in partitioned visualizations they even necessitate collaboration. When solving visual tasks collaboratively in a MVDE, overall performance is affected not only by the inherent effects of the graphical presentation but also by the interaction between the collaborating users. We present results from an empirical study where we compared views with lack of shared visual references in disjoint sets of information to views with mutually shared information. Potential benefits of 2D and 3D visualizations in a collaborative task were investigated and the effects of partitioning visualizations both in terms of task performance, interaction behavior and clutter reduction. In our study of a collaborative task that required only a minimum of information to be shared, we found that partitioned views with a lack of shared visual references were significantly less efficient than integrated views. However, the study showed that subjects were equally capable of solving the task at low error levels in partitioned and integrated views. An explorative analysis revealed that the amount of visual clutter was reduced heavily in partitioned visualization, whereas verbal and deictic communication between subjects increased. It also showed that the type of the visualization (2D/3D) affects interaction behavior strongly. An interesting result is that collaboration on complex geo-time visualizations is actually as efficient in 2D as in 3D.
Luminescent properties of ensemble and individual erbium-doped yttrium oxide nanotubes
Authors: Mao Yuanbing , Guo Xia , Tran Thai , Wang Kang L. , Shih C. Ken , Chang Jane P.
Published: May 2009

The luminescent properties, including cathodoluminescence and photoluminescence, of the erbium-doped yttrium oxide (Er3+:Y2O3) nanotubes (NTs) have been systematically studied. These NTs were synthesized by a hydrothermal treatment followed by a dehydration process. Cathodoluminescent measurements show that every Er3+:Y2O3 NT is luminescent under electron excitation. In the near-infrared region, sharp, well-resolved, pump-power-dependent, and thermally stable photoluminescence was observed from ensemble NTs. Individual NTs also present characteristic luminescent emissions in the same spectral region. These properties make these NTs promising for applications in display, bioanalysis, and telecommunication.
Role of nodal bud and sprout tissue nutrients in sprout establishment, growth, and salt tolerance of sugarcane
Authors: Wahid Abdul , Sabir Hina , Farooq M. , Ghazanfar Alia , Rasheed Rizwan
Published: May 2009

Soil salinity suppresses plant growth by reducing, among other factors, the acquisition of essential nutrients by roots and their transport to shoots. However, studies on the intra-specific differences in nutrient accumulation under salinity are scarce. A study was conducted to determine varietal differences in (a) nodal mineral concentrations and (b) sprouting, growth, and nutrient acquisition by sprouts of 7 sugarcane varieties under increased NaCl salinity. Although significant varietal differences were observed in sprouting, shoot and root dry mass, and number of roots in saline soil, varieties CPF-237 and CP-4333 had a smaller reduction in most of these attributes. Although non-significant, varieties exhibited differences in the nodal nutrient contents, which were correlated with sprouts’ growth characteristics and appeared to have great involvement in the salinity tolerance of the varieties. All the varieties accumulated Na+ and Cl− in saline soil, and all had a reduction in macro- and micronutrients. No correlations were shown between Na+ or Cl− and the level of the nutrients under control. However, correlations of Na+ and Cl−, although negative with dry weights, were more significant for shoots than for roots under salinity stress. Among the nutrients, the shoot and root dry weights were more highly correlated with the micronutrient than with the macronutrient contents, suggesting a possible involvement of the former in salinity tolerance of sugarcane. In conclusion, sugarcane varieties showed fewer differences in the endogenous nodal bud nutrients but varied greatly in the acquired micronutrient concentrations by the sprouts. Thus the management of saline fields with appropriate micronutrient supply may have great implications for accruing better sugarcane yield from saline fields.
Yield determination in olive hedgerow orchards. I. Yield and profiles of yield components in north - south and east - west oriented hedgerows
Authors: Gómez-del-Campo María , Centeno Ana , Connor David J.
Published: May 2009

A study of the vertical distribution of flowering and fruit set and of components of yield (fruit numbers, fruit size, and fruit oil content) was maintained for 2 years in N–S- and E–W-oriented olive hedgerows of comparable structure (row spacing 4 m, hedgerow height to 2.5 m, width c. 1 m) near Toledo, Spain (39.9°N). Mean yield of the N–S orchard was 1854 kg oil/ha without difference between sides or years. Yield of the E–W orchard was greater in 2006, producing 2290 kg/ha, but only 1840 kg/ha in 2007, the same as the N–S orchard. The S side of the E–W orchard yielded more (59%) than the N side in 2007. In both orchards and years, most fruit was produced at 1.0–2.0 m height and fruit density was the most influential component in these differences, reflecting more intense bud initiation in these upper layers. Other components that determined fruit number, fertile inflorescences, fruits per fertile inflorescence, and fruit drop were not significantly different between layers. Fruit characteristics depended on hedgerow position. In both N–S and E–W hedgerows, fruit high in the hedgerow was the largest, most mature, and with highest oil content. These differences were more marked in N–S than in E–W hedgerows. Fruit growth and development were concentrated from the middle of September until the end November. Oil content per fruit increased linearly during that period when 65% of final oil content was accumulated. Similar patterns were observed between sides. The results of yield and yield profiles are discussed in the general context of light interception. The results suggest the importance of hedgerow porosity, and distinct penetration patterns of direct-beam radiation through N–S and E–W hedgerows, as the basis for explanation of the high yield of the N side of E–W hedgerows.
Yield determination in olive hedgerow orchards. II. Analysis of radiation and fruiting profiles
Authors: Connor David J. , Centeno Ana , Gómez-del-Campo María
Published: May 2009

Profiles of fruit density, fruit size, and oil content were measured on 12 occasions in 7 olive orchards in Spain and 2 in Australia. Orchard structure varied widely. Height ranged from 2.0 to 5.5 m, row spacing from 3 to 6 m, and canopy width from 0.7 to 3 m. Most orchards were oriented north–south (N–S) but one in Spain was oriented close to east–west (E–W) (20° NE–SW). All orchards in Spain were cv. Arbequina, and in Australia they were cvv. Barnea and Picual. Analyses with a model of interception and transmission that estimated interception by individual sides of hedgerows revealed that fruit size and oil content were strongly related to intercepted radiation during the month before harvest across all orchards. Relationships were also evident between fruit density and interception but varied among orchards and years, indicating the importance of other environmental and probably physiological effects. In N–S orchards of cv. Arbequina, average fruit size and oil content increased linearly from 0.40 g (dry weight) to 0.72 g, and from 36 to 49% (of dry weight), as daily intercepted PAR increased from 6 to 25 mol/m2 (15–60% of horizontally incident radiation). The general principles of response extended to E–W orchards. There, it was shown that generally large fruit with high oil content on S sides was consistent with the plateau responses to radiation evident in the more extensive N–S data. On the N side, however, and accounting for transmission through the hedgerow, both fruit size and oil content were greater than in positions intercepting equivalent radiation in N–S orchards. Examples are provided of the utility of responses of fruit density, size, and oil content in establishing combinations of row height, row width, and row distance to improve or maintain productivity in some of the orchards included in the study.
Characterization of arrangement and expression of the T cell receptor γ locus in the sandbar shark
Authors: Chen Hao , Kshirsagar Sarika , Jensen Ingvill , Lau Kevin , Covarrubias Roman , Schluter Samuel F. , Marchalonis John J.
Published: May 2009

Ig and T cell receptor (TCR) genes consist of separate genomic elements, which must undergo rearrangement and joining before a functional protein can be expressed. Considerable plasticity in the genomic arrangement of these elements has occurred during the evolution of the immune system. In tetrapods, all Ig and TCR chain elements are arranged as translocons. In teleosts, the Ig heavy and TCR chains are translocons, but light chain genes may occur as clusters. However, in chondrichthyes, all of the Ig light and heavy chain genes are arranged as clusters. These clusters vary in number from <10 to several hundred, depending on isotype and species. Here, we report that the germ-line gene for the TCR γ chain in a chondrichthyan, the sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus), is present as a single locus arranged in a classic translocon pattern. Thus, the shark utilizes 2 types of genomic arrangements, the unique cluster organization for Ig genes and the “conventional” translocon organization for TCR genes. The TCR γ translocon contains at least 5 V region genes, 3 J segment genes, and 1 C segment. As expected, the third hypervariable segment (CDR3), formed by the rearrangement of the Vγ and Jγ segments, contributed the major variability in the intact V region structure. Our data also suggest that diversity may be generated by mutation in the V regions.
Scribble participates in Hippo signaling and is required for normal zebrafish pronephros development
Authors: Skouloudaki Kassiani , Puetz Michael , Simons Matias , Courbard Jean-Remy , Boehlke Christopher , Hartleben Björn , Engel Christina , Moeller Marcus J. , Englert Christoph , Bollig Frank , Schäfer Tobias , Ramachandran Haribaskar , Mlodzik Marek , Huber Tobias B. , Kuehn E. Wolfgang , Kim Emily , Kramer-Zucker Albrecht , Walz Gerd
Published: May 2009

Spatial organization of cells and their appendages is controlled by the planar cell polarity pathway, a signaling cascade initiated by the protocadherin Fat in
Drosophila
. Vertebrates express 4 Fat molecules, Fat1–4. We found that depletion of Fat1 caused cyst formation in the zebrafish pronephros. Knockdown of the PDZ domain containing the adaptor protein Scribble intensified the cyst-promoting phenotype of Fat1 depletion, suggesting that Fat1 and Scribble act in overlapping signaling cascades during zebrafish pronephros development. Supporting the genetic interaction with Fat1, Scribble recognized the PDZ-binding site of Fat1. Depletion of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), a transcriptional co-activator inhibited by Hippo signaling, ameliorated the cyst formation in Fat1-deficient zebrafish, whereas Scribble inhibited the YAP1-induced cyst formation. Thus, reduced Hippo signaling and subsequent YAP1 disinhibition seem to play a role in the development of pronephric cysts after depletion of Fat1 or Scribble. We hypothesize that Hippo signaling is required for normal pronephros development in zebrafish and that Scribble is a candidate link between Fat and the Hippo signaling cascade in vertebrates.
The IL-1-like cytokine IL-33 is inactivated after maturation by caspase-1
Authors: Cayrol Corinne , Girard Jean-Philippe
Published: May 2009

IL-33 is a chromatin-associated cytokine of the IL-1 family that has recently been linked to many diseases, including asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular diseases. IL-33 signals through the IL-1 receptor-related protein ST2 and drives production of pro-inflammatory and T helper type 2-associated cytokines in mast cells, T helper type 2 lymphocytes, basophils, eosinophils, invariant natural killer T cells, and natural killer cells. It is currently believed that IL-33, like IL-1β and IL-18, requires processing by caspase-1 to a mature form (IL-33
112–270
) for biological activity. Contrary to the current belief, we report here that full-length IL-33
1–270
is active and that processing by caspase-1 results in IL-33 inactivation, rather than activation. We show that full-length IL-33
1–270
binds and activates ST2, similarly to IL-33
112–270
, and that cleavage by caspase-1 does not occur at the site initially proposed (Ser
111
), but rather after residue Asp
178
between the fourth and fifth predicted β-strands of the IL-1-like domain. Surprisingly, the caspase-1 cleavage site (DGVD
178
G) is similar to the consensus site of cleavage by caspase-3, and IL-33 is also a substrate for this apoptotic caspase. Interestingly, we found that full-length IL-33, which is constitutively expressed to high levels by endothelial cells in most normal human tissues, can be released in the extracellular space after endothelial cell damage or mechanical injury. We speculate that IL-33 may function, similarly to the prototypical alarmins HMGB1 and IL-1α, as an endogenous danger signal to alert cells of the innate immune system of tissue damage during trauma or infection.
Suppressed Ca
2+
/CaM/CaMKII-dependent K
ATP
channel activity in primary afferent neurons mediates hyperalgesia after axotomy
Authors: Kawano Takashi , Zoga Vasiliki , Gemes Geza , McCallum J. Bruce , Wu Hsiang-En , Pravdic Danijel , Liang Mei-Ying , Kwok Wai-Meng , Hogan Quinn , Sarantopoulos Constantine
Published: May 2009

Painful axotomy decreases K
ATP
channel current (IK
ATP
) in primary afferent neurons. Because cytosolic Ca
2+
signaling is depressed in injured dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons, we investigated whether Ca
2+
–calmodulin (CaM)–Ca
2+
/CaM-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) regulates IK
ATP
in large DRG neurons. Immunohistochemistry identified the presence of K
ATP
channel subunits SUR1, SUR2, and Kir6.2 but not Kir6.1, and pCaMKII in neurofilament 200–positive DRG somata. Single-channel recordings from cell-attached patches revealed that basal and evoked IK
ATP
by ionomycin, a Ca
2+
ionophore, is activated by CaMKII. In axotomized neurons from rats made hyperalgesic by spinal nerve ligation (SNL), basal K
ATP
channel activity was decreased, and sensitivity to ionomycin was abolished. Basal and Ca
2+
-evoked K
ATP
channel activity correlated inversely with the degree of hyperalgesia induced by SNL in the rats from which the neurons were isolated. Inhibition of IK
ATP
by glybenclamide, a selective K
ATP
channel inhibitor, depolarized resting membrane potential (RMP) recorded in perforated whole-cell patches and enhanced neurotransmitter release measured by amperometry. The selective K
ATP
channel opener diazoxide hyperpolarized the RMP and attenuated neurotransmitter release. Axotomized neurons from rats made hyperalgesic by SNL lost sensitivity to the myristoylated form of autocamtide-2-related inhibitory peptide (AIPm), a pseudosubstrate blocker of CaMKII, whereas axotomized neurons from SNL animals that failed to develop hyperalgesia showed normal IK
ATP
inhibition by AIPm. AIPm also depolarized RMP in control neurons via K
ATP
channel inhibition. Unitary current conductance and sensitivity of K
ATP
channels to cytosolic ATP and ligands were preserved even after painful nerve injury, thus providing opportunities for selective therapeutic targeting against neuropathic pain.
Cigarette Smoking Among Opioid‐Dependent Clients in a Therapeutic Community
Authors: Chun JongSerl , Haug Nancy A. , Guydish Joseph R. , Sorensen James L. , Delucchi Kevin
Published: May 2009

This study examines smoking behavior in a sample of 231 opioid‐dependent clients entering therapeutic community treatment, and investigates the relationship between smoking behavior and drug treatment outcomes. We applied regression analyses for selected Addiction Severity Index composites (alcohol, drug, medical, psychiatric), including factors for smoking (number of cigarettes per day, expired‐air carbon monoxide level, nicotine dependence), time (baseline, 6 and 12‐month), and smoking‐by‐time interaction. This study confirmed a high smoking prevalence (95%) among opioid users. Among participants interviewed at all time points (n = 206), 13% shifted from smoking to non‐smoking status at some time after admission. Participants who reported a greater number of cigarettes were more likely to report higher drug severity at any time point.
Engagement and Retention in Outpatient Alcoholism Treatment for Women
Authors: Graff Fiona S. , Morgan Thomas J. , Epstein Elizabeth E. , McCrady Barbara S. , Cook Sharon M. , Jensen Noelle K. , Kelly Shalonda
Published: May 2009

Reviews of the dropout literature note significant attrition from addiction treatment. However, consistent predictors have not been identified and few studies have examined factors related to retention and engagement for women in gender‐specific treatment. The current study consisted of 102 women and their partners randomized to individual or couples outpatient alcoholism treatment. Women attended more treatment sessions if they were assigned to individual treatment, older, had fewer symptoms of alcohol dependence, had more satisfying marital relationships, had spouses who drank, and had matched preference for treatment condition. Women were more engaged in treatment (ie, completed more assigned homework) if they had fewer children at home, fewer alcohol dependence symptoms, later age of onset of alcohol diagnosis, more satisfying marital relationships, and spouses who accepted or encouraged their drinking. Results highlight important associations of treatment and relationship variables with treatment retention and engagement.
Reasons for Quitting Smoking Prior to a Self‐Quit Attempt among Smokers with and without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder or Other Anxiety/Mood Psychopathology
Authors: Marshall Erin C. , Vujanovic Anka A. , Kutz Amanda , Gibson Laura , Leyro Teresa , Zvolensky Michael J.
Published: May 2009

The present investigation examined intrinsic and extrinsic reasons for quitting among daily cigarette smokers with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as compared to clinical daily smokers with other anxiety and mood disorders (AM) and daily smokers with no current Axis I psychopathology (C) prior to a self‐guided quit attempt. It was hypothesized that (1) the PTSD group would report greater intrinsic (ie, self‐control and health concerns) reasons for quitting smoking, and (2) among those with PTSD, anxiety sensitivity (fear of anxiety; AS) would predict greater intrinsic reasons for quitting smoking. Participants were 143 (58.7% female; Mage = 29.66 years, SD = 11.88) daily cigarette smokers. Partially consistent with prediction, the PTSD group reported significantly greater self‐control intrinsic reasons for quitting, but not health concern intrinsic reasons, than the C group (p < .01). The PTSD group also reported greater immediate reinforcement extrinsic reasons for quitting than the C group (p < .05). The PTSD and AM groups did not significantly differ on any reasons for quitting. Also partially consistent with hypotheses, higher levels of anxiety sensitivity in daily smokers with Axis I psychopathology (both PTSD and AM groups) significantly predicted greater self‐control intrinsic reasons for quitting. AS did not significantly predict immediate reinforcement extrinsic reasons for quitting. The current findings suggest that individuals with PTSD and other psychopathology may have unique motivations for quitting smoking that could be usefully explored within smoking cessation treatment programs.
Theories of Addiction: Methamphetamine Users' Explanations for Continuing Drug Use and Relapse
Authors: Newton Thomas F. , De La Garza Richard , Kalechstein Ari D. , Tziortzis Desey , Jacobsen Caitlin A.
Published: May 2009

A variety of preclinical models have been constructed to emphasize unique aspects of addiction‐like behavior. These include Negative Reinforcement (“Pain Avoidance”), Positive Reinforcement (“Pleasure Seeking”), Incentive Salience (“Craving”), Stimulus Response Learning (“Habits”), and Inhibitory Control Dysfunction (“Impulsivity”). We used a survey to better understand why methamphetamine‐dependent research volunteers (N = 73) continue to use methamphetamine, or relapse to methamphetamine use after a period of cessation of use. All participants met DSM‐IV criteria for methamphetamine abuse or dependence, and did not meet criteria for other current Axis I psychiatric disorders or dependence on other drugs of abuse, other than nicotine. The questionnaire consisted of a series of face‐valid questions regarding drug use, which in this case referred to methamphetamine use. Examples of questions include: “Do you use drugs mostly to make bad feelings like boredom, loneliness, or apathy go away?”, “Do you use drugs mostly because you want to get high?”, “Do you use drugs mostly because of cravings?”, “Do you find yourself getting ready to take drugs without thinking about it?”, and “Do you impulsively take drugs?”. The scale was anchored at 1 (not at all) and 7 (very much). For each question, the numbers of participants rating each question negatively (1 or 2), neither negatively or affirmatively (3–5), and affirmatively (6 or 7) were tabulated. The greatest number of respondents (56%) affirmed that they used drugs due to “pleasure seeking.” The next highest categories selected were “impulsivity” (27%) and “habits”(25%). Surprisingly, many participants reported that “pain avoidance” (30%) and “craving” (30%) were not important for their drug use. Results from this study support the contention that methamphetamine users (and probably other drug users as well) are more heterogeneous than is often appreciated, and imply that treatment development might be more successful if treatments targeted subtypes of patients, though a range of limitations to the approach used are acknowledged.
Plasticity of Addiction: A Mesolimbic Dopamine Short‐Circuit?
Authors: Niehaus Jason L. , Cruz‐Bermúdez Nelson D. , Kauer Julie A.
Published: May 2009

The development of drug addiction progresses along a continuum from acute drug use to compulsive use and drug seeking behavior. Many researchers have focused on identifying the physiological mechanisms involved in drug addiction in order to develop effective pharmacotherapies. Neuroplasticity, the putative mechanism underlying learning and memory, is modified by drugs of abuse and may contribute to the development of the eventual addicted state. Innovative treatments directly targeting these drug‐induced changes in brain reward components and circuits may be efficacious in reducing drug use and relapse.
Intermittent Marijuana Use Is Associated with Improved Retention in Naltrexone Treatment for Opiate‐Dependence
Authors: Raby Wilfrid Noel , Carpenter Kenneth M. , Rothenberg Jami , Brooks Adam C. , Jiang Huiping , Sullivan Maria , Bisaga Adam , Comer Sandra , Nunes Edward V.
Published: May 2009

Naltrexone is a theoretically promising alternative to agonist substitution treatment for opioid dependence, but its effectiveness has been severely limited by poor adherence. This study examined, in an independent sample, a previously observed association between moderate cannabis use and improved retention in naltrexone treatment. Opioid dependent patients (N = 63), admitted for inpatient detoxification and induction onto oral naltrexone, and randomized into a six‐month trial of intensive behavioral therapy (Behavioral Naltrexone Therapy) versus a control behavioral therapy (Compliance Enhancement), were classified into three levels of cannabis use during treatment based on biweekly urine toxicology: abstinent (0% cannabis positive urine samples); intermittent use (1% to 79% cannabis positive samples); and consistent use (80% or greater cannabis positive samples). Intermittent cannabis users showed superior retention in naltrexone treatment (median days retained = 133; mean = 112.8, SE = 17.5), compared to abstinent (median = 35; mean = 47.3, SE = 9.2) or consistent users (median = 35; mean = 68.3, SE = 14.1) (log rank = 12.2, df = 2, p = .002). The effect remained significant in a Cox model after adjustment for baseline level of heroin use and during treatment level of cocaine use. Intermittent cannabis use was also associated with greater adherence to naltrexone pill‐taking. Treatment interacted with cannabis use level, such that intensive behavioral therapy appeared to moderate the adverse prognosis in the consistent cannabis use group. The association between moderate cannabis use and improved retention on naltrexone treatment was replicated. Experimental studies are needed to directly test the hypothesis that cannabinoid agonists exert a beneficial pharmacological effect on naltrexone maintenance and to understand the mechanism.
Intermittent abstentionism and multi-level mobilisation in Italy
Authors: Legnante Guido , Segatti Paolo
Published: May 2009

This article is focused on one of the most relevant novelties in the Italian electoral market of the past decade: the emerging phenomenon of intermittent abstentionism. Rather than an increase in overall abstentionism rates, aggregate and survey data show a clear increase in the number of floating voters who swing between voting and non-voting. After a description of the characteristics of intermittent abstensionists, the article discusses the relationship between different electoral systems at different levels of government and territorial differentiation as far as voting participation is concerned. It then discusses the impact of intermittent abstentionism on the results of the 2006 general election where the parties’ electoral campaigns appear to have been aimed at mobilising intermittent abstensionists. The article concludes with some considerations of the Italian electoral cycle, particularly in relation to the changes generated by the run-up to the 2008 elections.
In‐session processes in online counselling with young people: An exploratory approach
Authors: Williams Robert , Bambling Matthew , King Robert , Abbott Quentin
Published: May 2009

Aims: The aim of this study was to conduct an exploratory investigation into the in‐session processes and behaviours that occur between therapists and young people in online counseling. Method: The Consensual Qualitative Research method was employed to identify in‐session behaviours and a coding instrument was developed to determine their frequency of use and assess whether nuances carried in the meaning of text messages have an influential effect during sessions. 85 single‐session transcripts were examined in total by two independent coders. Results: Sample statistics revealed that, on average, rapport‐building processes were used more consistently across cases with both types of processes having a moderately strong positive effect on young people. However, closer examination of these processes revealed weaker positive effects for in‐session behaviours that rely more heavily on verbal and non‐verbal cues to be accurately interpreted. Implications for practice: These findings imply that therapists may focus more on building rapport than accomplishing tasks with young people during online counselling sessions due to the absence of verbal and non‐verbal information when communicating via text messages.
A qualitative exploration into how the use of prayer in counselling and psychotherapy might be ethically problematic
Authors: Gubi Peter Madsen
Published: May 2009

Aim: This research article contributes to the debate on the value and limitation of the use of spiritual strategies, like prayer, in counselling (Foskett & Lynch, 2001) by disseminating the insights that were gained from a qualitative study of mainstream counsellors whose work includes prayer. Method: Participants were 19 British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP)‐accredited and Churches Ministerial Counselling Service (CMCS)‐approved counsellors who use prayer in their practice. They were interviewed, and the data were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Results: The data reveal that counsellors who use prayer are aware that ethical problems may be encountered: if prayer changes the way that the counsellor is perceived; when using prayer with issues of psychopathology; if the counsellor uses prayer to impose faith on a client; when being professionally held to account; if prayer is used for avoidance or as a defence; if prayer is used to enhance the counsellor's power; if prayer is not part of the client's agenda; if prayer is used routinely; if prayer cannot be challenged; if there is a cultural pressure to pray; and if the prayer method is not matched to the client – but that their concern over potential ethical issues is not of sufficient strength to override their therapeutic use of prayer if facilitated with due care.
Broadband Vibrational Cooling of Cold Cesium Molecules: Theory and Experiments
Authors: Sofikitis D. , Fioretti A. , Weber S. , Viteau M. , Chotia A. , Horchani R. , Allegrini M. , Chatel B. , Comparat D. , Pillet P.
Published: May 2009

The use of a broadband, frequency shaped femtosecond laser on translationally cold cesium molecules has recently demonstrated to be a very efficient method of cooling also the vibrational degree of freedom. A sample of cold molecules, initially distributed over several vibrational levels, has thus been transfered into a single selected vibrational level of the singlet X1g ground electronic state. Our method is based on repeated optical pumping by laser light with a spectrum broad enough to excite all populated vibrational levels but limited in its frequency bandwidth with a spatial light modulator. In such a way we are able to eliminate transitions from the selected level, in which molecules accumulate. In this paper we briefly report the main experimental results and then address, in a detailed way by computer simulations, the perspectives for a complete" cooling of the molecules, including also the rotational degree of freedom. Since the pumping process strongly depends on the relative shape of the ground and excited potential curves, ro-vibrational cooling through different excited states is theoretically compared.
Delayed Ionization and Delayed Detachment in Molecules and Clusters
Authors: Lepine F. , Baguenard B. , Concina B. , A. Lebeault M. , Bordas C.
Published: May 2009

The evolution of a molecular system excited above its ionization threshold depends on a number of parameters that include the nature of the excited states and their couplings to the various continua. The general nature of the processes governing this evolution depends also essentially on the complexity of the molecule, more precisely on its size, density of states, and strength of the couplings among the various internal degrees of freedom. In this paper we address the question of the transition between autoionization that prevails in small molecules, and delayed ionization occurring in larger molecules or clusters. This transition is illustrated by autoionization of Na2 Rydberg states on one hand, delayed ionization in fullerene C60, and delayed detachment in small cluster anions on the other hand. All processes are studied in the case of nanosecond laser excitation, corresponding to a rather slow deposition of the internal energy.
3 Companionate Marriage
Authors: Simmons Christina
Published: May 2009

By the 1920s, as sex radicals were silenced by the Red Scare, more conventional reformers—social scientists and ex‐radicals—developed the concept of companionate marriage, to adapt marriage to a growing youth culture, women's independence and civil equality, and a more consumer‐oriented middle class. Figures like Judge Ben Lindsey, author of Companionate Marriage, portrayed sexual intimacy as the cement of marriage and birth control as a necessary support; they called for greater privacy and freedom from parental control for young couples; and they demanded sexual and psychological equality for women. Companionate marriage reflected a more individualistic society and a vision of marriage as the union of two individuals bonded through sexual love, rather than the traditional institution of childbearing, kin, and property relations.
4 Modern Marriage: Three Visions
Authors: Simmons Christina
Published: May 2009

Novelists as well as reformers in the interwar period depicted three competing versions of companionate marriage. The most widespread was “flapper marriage,” which modernized but did not really confront male dominance. Its proponents acclaimed flapper wives who had rejected demure styles of femininity, but they demonized powerful matriarchs and independent career women. African Americans imagined “partnership marriage,” in which marital roles were less distinct, wives were often employed, and marriage was more anchored in wider kin and community networks. Black and white feminists sought “feminist marriage,” in which not only sex but also paid work and household labor involved greater equality between women and men. Although all versions accepted more individual freedom in style and public behavior than Victorian mores allowed, only African Americans seriously supported individual freedom to choose marriage partners across racial lines.
Morphology of central nervous system axons
Authors: HIRANO ASAO , LLENA JOSEFINA F.
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses the fundamental structure of the normal central myelinated axons, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. Topics covered include the relationship between myelin and axon the central nervous system, cross section of the myelin sheath, cross section of the axon, longitudinal views of the myelin sheath and the axon, model of the myelin sheath, and comparison of central and peripheral myelinated axons.
Molecular biology of myelination
Authors: MONUKI EDWIN S. , LEMKE GREG
Published: May 2009

This chapter considers illustrative examples of the structural and regulatory molecules involved in myelination. Topics discussed include the myelin sheath, the molecules of the myelin sheath, development of myelinating cells, and the molecules the regulate myelin gene expression.
Development of axons: Calcium, steering, and the growth cone
Authors: DAVENPORT ROGER W. , BOLSOVER STEPHEN R. , KATER S. B.
Published: May 2009

This chapter examines the control mechanisms underlying the establishment, modification, and repair of nervous systems as they reside at the level of the neuronal growth cone. It begins with a brief history and then outlines some of the essential morphological and structural features of neuronal growth cones. It discusses recent studies of the effects that physiological guidance cues exert on growth cone behavior and the role of the intracellular messenger calcium in controlling both overall growth cone behavior and neuronal pathfinding.
Voltage-gated ion channels in axons: Localization, function, and development
Authors: WAXMAN STEPHEN G.
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses the molecular architecture of the cell membrane of mammalian axons. It focuses on the distribution and development of voltage-gated ion channels, their roles in axonal function, and their relevance to neurological disorders.
Diffuse axonal injury
Authors: POVLISHOCK JOHN T. , CHRISTMAN CAROLE W.
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses the factors involved in the genesis of diffuse axonal injury and the factors involved in its attendant morbidity. Topics covered include the pathobiology of brain injury, evidence for injury of axons in human traumatic brain injury, evidence for the occurrence of diffuse axonal injury in experimental animals, pathogenesis of diffuse axonal injury in experimental animal models, and consequences of diffuse axonal injury.
Role of cellular interactions in axonal growth and regeneration
Authors: McKERRACHER LISA , JULIEN JEAN-PIERRE , AGUAYO ALBERT J.
Published: May 2009

This chapter considers how growth cone motility and changes in the neuronal cytoskeleton are modulated by cues from the local environment. It begins by examining the mechanisms by which positive and negative environmental cues guide growing axons. It then discusses the various intrinsic and extrinsic factors that can modulate changes in axonal caliber. Finally, the chapter examines the critical role of axonal environments in neuronal survival and axonal regeneration after injury.
Clinical aspects of traumatic injury to central nervous system axons
Authors: DIMITRIJEVIC MILAN R.
Published: May 2009

This chapter begins by describing the features of segmental reflex activities in patients with chronic and clinically complete spinal cord injury. It then presents evidence that some of those features result from residual descending brain influence. Evidence is offered that such residual central nervous system (CNS) axons can mediate volitionally induced generalized and localized facilitation and suppression of motor units in clinically paralyzed muscles. Finally, the chapter discusses clinical and neurophysiological observations about the late recovery of CNS axonal function.
Introduction
Authors: Patton Kimberley Christine
Published: May 2009

This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the possible meanings of images of gods performing religious rituals, which was prompted by vase painting ascribed to the Berlin painter, one of the great masters of ancient Greek vase-painting. It argues that it is virtually impossible to solve the hermeneutical problem of the “libating gods” in ancient Greek vase painting by staying within the evidence afforded by the tradition. We need to look elsewhere, and we need to subject these images to the multiple recombination afforded only through comparative analysis. Similar images from other religions of the world are then considered in this chapter. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Iconographic Evidence
Authors: Patton Kimberley Christine
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses some of the more important iconographic issues pertaining to the Greek evidence for the theme of “gods pouring libations”, namely, that of red-figure vase-painting. It draws from a representative catalogue of such vases from the late archaic, classical, and Hellenistic periods of antiquity, and includes an analysis of their cultic features.
Zoroastrian Heresy: Zurvān's Thousand-Year Sacrifice
Authors: Patton Kimberley Christine
Published: May 2009

This chapter examines an ultimately heretical but historically influential Zoroastrian creation myth, the thousand-year sacrifice performed by the high god Zurvān. It argues that the high profile of ritual sacrifice in the Zurvanite cosmogony was introduced for reasons that were external to the myth. However, these motives bore a strong correlation to developments in Zoroastrianism and its priesthood during a decline in the Arsacid period and aggressive renaissance during the Sasanian period in Iran.
The Observant God of the Talmud
Authors: Patton Kimberley Christine
Published: May 2009

This chapter examines talmudic passages mentioned concerning God's piety, drawing from the cultic prescriptions set forth in the Pentateuch, the exegesis on the aqedah (binding of Isaac) in Christian theologies of the crucifixion, and Christ's multivalent sacrificial and sacerdotal roles in the Eucharist. It argues that the talmudic representation of God's own worship was introduced to serve specific motives that were in fact historically crucial to the survival of Judaism. The Talmud envisions these scenes at a particular moment, a time of great loss and danger to orthopraxy. Upon closer examination, each of God's ritual actions, taken within their greater liturgical and theological context, do not necessarily correspond to human praxis on a one-to-one basis; rather, they reveal a kind of analogical patterning, as divine participatory acts of piety similar to those of human beings, but with ritual features that are unique to God.
“God and His Angels Pray for the Prophet”: A Qurʾānic Paradigm
Authors: Patton Kimberley Christine
Published: May 2009

This chapter examines the problem of the God and the angels' ṣallāt for Muhammad described in Sūrah 33:56 of the Qurān. Specifically, it addresses the question of whether God, whose transcendence Islam describes as inconceivable, and who cannot be limited, really “prays for” the Prophet, one of his own creatures. It argues that two elements support and ratify, rather than undermine, a literal interpretation of Sūrah 33:56—“God prays for the Prophet”— which is the phrase's most obvious and at the same time its deepest meaning. The first is one of the most essential metaphysical qualities of God (ṣifāt Allāh) as defined by Islam—his self-sufficiency, embodied in the names of al-qayyūm (the self-subsisting) and al-ghanī (the self-sufficing). Second is his reciprocal relationship to the cultic life of Islam, both directly and as mediated by the Prophet.
Introduction
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N.
Published: May 2009

This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the lack of information on the fiber pathways that link the different components of the distributed neural system. It argues that understanding the white matter tracts is a pivotal step in the further elaboration of knowledge of brain structure and function, particularly with regard to the anatomic substrates of higher-order behavior. It considers available technologies to study white matter pathways, including magnetic resonance tractography. It then describes the purpose of this book, which is to outline the different white matter pathways of the cerebral hemispheres using the autoradiographic technique in the animal model. The book aims to aid in the understanding of the organization of the fibers that emanate from the cerebral cortex, the “parent” node in the distributed system.
White Matter Pathways in Early Neuroscience
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N.
Published: May 2009

This chapter presents a comprehensive historical review of the evolution of ideas and observations about the structure and function of white matter. This historical review is undertaken in the light of historian Max Neuburger's (1868-1955) statement that understanding the achievements of modern science “is inconceivable without a knowledge of the history of its development and growth, its origins and sources”.
Cingulate Cortex
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N.
Published: May 2009

This chapter describes the isotope injection cases in the cingulate gyrus of two rhesus monkeys. It analyzes the resulting association, striatal, commissural, and subcortical fiber trajectories, as well as the cortical and subcortical terminations. The injections were in the retrosplenial cortex in area 30 and in area 23 (Case 22) and in the rostral cingulated gyrus in area 24 (Case 23).
Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus and Arcuate Fasciculus
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N.
Published: May 2009

The superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and the arcuate fasciculus (AF) have long been considered synonymous in the human, and these names have been used interchangeably. According to observations in the monkey, however, they are separate entities. The SLF comprises three subcomponents (SLF I, II, and III) linking the parietal lobe association cortices with the frontal lobe. The AF, by contrast, appears to be separate and distinct from the SLF. This chapter presents a historical account of SLF and AF. It reviews the origins of the earlier notions and how the understanding of these fiber bundles became embedded in neurological anatomy and perpetuated in current terminology.
Middle Longitudinal Fasciculus
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N.
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses the results of the investigation of the middle longitudinal fasciculus (MdLF) of rhesus monkey brains. Observations confirm the presence of the MdLF pathway that lies in the white matter of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and extends from the caudal end of the STG to the temporal pole. In addition to the fibers within the MdLF that arise in the caudal inferior parietal lobule and terminate in the STG and the cortex of the superior temporal sulcus, researchers observed that the MdLF conveys fibers from the caudal cingulated gyrus and the middle sector of the parahippocampal gyrus toward the multimodal cortex (area TPO and PGa) in the upper bank of the superior temporal sulcus. Further, the MdLF links caudal with rostral sectors within the superior temporal region itself. In addition, fibers arise from the lateral and orbital prefrontal cortices and travel caudally first in the extreme capsule, and then within the MdLF to terminate in area TPO.
Uncinate Fasciculus
Authors: Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Pandya Deepak N.
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses the results of the investigation of the uncinate fasciculus (UF) of rhesus monkey brains. It shows that the UF is a bidirectional pathway that preferentially links the anterior temporal lobe with the medial and orbital prefrontal cortex. Fibers from the rostral part of the superior temporal gyrus (temporal proisocortex and area TS1) and the inferotemporal region (areas TE1 and TEa) ascend in the temporal stem, where they are positioned rostral to the most anteriorly situated fibers of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus. The uncinate fibers then aggregate lateral to the ventral part of the claustrum, situated medial to the insular cortex, and below and medial to the fibers of the extreme capsule. They then move medially through the limen insula into the white matter of the orbital cortex.