bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of protoplasmic extracts of tubercle bacilli as skin test antigens
Authors: Counts Jon M. , Kubica George P.
Published: February 2010

A protoplasmic extract prepared by mechanical agitation of phenol-killed tubercle bacilli was subjected to differential centrifugation to separate the insoluble intact cells and cellular debris from the soluble fraction. The soluble fraction partially purified by precipitation with ammonium sulfate was used to skin-test guinea pigs sensitized by infection with either M. tuberculosis or mycobacteria other than tubercle bacilli. A high degree of both sensitivity and specificity of reaction was observed when relatively small doses of protein (0.001 and 0.0001 mg) were injected into sensitized animals. Chromatographic fractionation of the partially purified extract on Sephadex G-50 did not increase the sensitivity or specificity of the protoplasmic antigen.
Conversion of DDT to DDD in soil and the effect of these compounds on soil microorganisms
Authors: Ko W. H. , Lockwood J. L.
Published: February 2010

DDT was rapidly converted to DDD in submerged soil amended with alfalfa residue. The rate of conversion increased with increasing amounts of alfalfa. In nutrient media, 2 of 10 bacteria and 2 of 10 actinomycetes were completely inhibited by 10 p.p.m. DDT, whereas 4 of 10 bacteria and 6 of 10 actinomycetes were inhibited by 10 p.p.m. DDD. When added to agar in soil dilution plates, 10 p.p.m. DDT or DDD markedly decreased numbers of bacterial and actinomycete colonies. DDD had a broader antimicrobial spectrum and greater toxicity to microorganisms than DDT. However, both compounds had little effect on microorganisms in soil. Fungi were not affected by either compound in culture or in soil.
Virus enhancement with a growth product of Streptomyces scabies. I. Production and properties of scaben
Authors: Konowalchuk Jack
Published: February 2010

When Streptomyces scabies is grown in liquid medium for 22 hours it produces a product that enhances the cytopathic effect of echovirus-infected tissue cultures. For convenience, this product has been named scaben. This report describes the production of scaben, some of its properties, and its effect on the cytopathic changes of tissue cultures infected with several echoviruses.
Temperature-sensitive glucose fermentation in the obligately psychrophilic yeast Candida gelida
Authors: Grant D. W. , Sinclair N. A. , Nash C. H.
Published: February 2010

Fermentation of glucose by resting cells and cell-free extracts of the obligate psychrophile Candida gelida was essentially abolished after being heated for 30 minutes at 35 C. A survey of the enzymes of the yeast alcoholic fermentation pathway revealed that pyruvate decarboxylase was the only temperature-sensitive enzyme. Kinetic studies of thermal inactivation showed that C. gelida pyruvate decarboxylase was 50% inactivated after it was heated for 10 minutes at 35 C. Restoration of glucose fermentation rate in heated extracts from C. gelida, after addition of purified yeast pyruvate decarboxylase, confirmed that heat-induced loss of fermentative activity was due to inactivation of a temperature-sensitive pyruvate decarboxylase.
Virus enhancement with a growth product of Streptomyces scabies. II. Increased release of coxsackievirus B5 from HEp-2 monolayers treated with scaben
Authors: Konowalchuk Jack , Speirs Joan I.
Published: February 2010

A single-cycle infection of scaben-treated HEp-2 monolayers with coxsackievirus B5 showed no increase in total virus yield but an enhancement of virus release which was correlated with an earlier cytopathic effect. These findings were further substantiated in multiple-cycle infections where enhanced release shortened the period necessary to infect all the cells in a monolayer, thus, in effect, producing higher yields of virus in a shorter time. Larger plaques were obtained with both coxsackievirus B5 m and m+ variants when scaben was added to the agar overlay. The mechanism of action of scaben is not clear but we suspect that it alters the cell membrane and thus enhances virus release.
The oxygen uptake of phased yeast cultures growing at different doubling times on nitrogen- and energy-limited media
Authors: Müller J. , Dawson P. S. S.
Published: February 2010

The oxygen uptake of Candida utilis growing in phased culture at doubling times of 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours was measured under conditions of nitrogen and energy source limitation. No abrupt doubling of oxygen uptake was observed at any stage of the cell cycle. The pattern of oxygen uptake was closely related to the assimilation of the growth-limiting nutrient. In nitrogen-limited growth, the specific oxygen uptake (Qo2) was found to decrease as the doubling time increased, but, in glucose-limited growth, no change was observed.
Relation of age of cultures to yield of mycelium, hydrogen cyanide production, peroxidases, and proteins from mycelium of a low-temperature basidiomycete
Authors: Sekhon Awatar S. , Colotelo Nicholas
Published: February 2010

Changes in dry weight, hydrogen cyanide production, peroxidase, and soluble proteins of mycelium of a low-temperature basidiomycete with age of cultures were studied.Hydrogen cyanide was detected only after there was a decrease in growth of mycelium as determined by dry-weight measurements. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analyses showed that the pattern and numbers of peroxidase and other soluble-protein bands varied with the age of the culture. Concomitant with decreases in yield of mycelium, there was a decrease in the numbers of peroxidase and soluble-protein bands.
Reaction of endotoxin and surfactants. III. Effect of sodium lauryl sulfate on the structure and pyrogenicity of endotoxin
Authors: Rudbach Jon A. , Milner Kelsey C.
Published: February 2010

Endotoxins from Gram-negative bacteria were dissociated by sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). Evidence for dissociation was disappearance of a rapidly sedimenting component after endotoxin was mixed with SLS and the formation of hybrids between antigenically different endotoxins mediated by SLS. Pyrogenicity, however, was not reduced in parallel with dissociation of the endotoxin. Also, plasma did not reduce the pyrogenicity of SLS-dissociated endotoxin as it did with endotoxin dissociated by sodium deoxycholate. It is theorized that failure of the SLS-dissociated endotoxin subunits to react with plasma factors prevents a demonstrable reduction in pyrogenicity of the preparation.
Nitrogen-fixing blue-green algae in acid forest and nursery soils
Authors: Jurgensen M. F. , Davey C. B.
Published: February 2010

Algal populations were studied in soils from sites representing several major forest types ranging from the spruce–fir forests in the Appalachian Mountains to the Southern pine forests along the Atlantic Coast. In addition, the nitrogen-fixing blue-green algal population of a forest tree nursery was examined.The results of this investigation indicate a general lack of nitrogen-fixing algae in acid forest soils. However, a pronounced development of these algae was observed in the acid nursery soil, especially on the soil surface. Low numbers of algae were found in some forest soils but only when the soil was above pH 5.4. No nitrogen-fixing Cyanophyceae were isolated from soils in the Appalachian Mountains regardless of soil acidity. Nostoc muscorum was the most common nitrogen-fixing species occurring under both forest and nursery conditions. Nostoc commune was isolated only from the nursery soil. Several strains of Nostoc ellipsosporum were obtained from a mixed hardwood–softwood site. An examination of the algal flora of a number of Alaskan tundra soils gave results similar to those found in the forest soils.
A nutritional study of some agarolytic marine bacteria
Authors: Girard Arthur E. , Buck John D. , Cosenza Benjamin J.
Published: February 2010

The growth of 29 agarolytic marine bacteria was studied in several complex and defined liquid screening media as well as with four amino acids alone and in combination with galactose and NH4Cl. Thirteen cultures were selected for response to other carbon sources, including a variety of carbohydrates and Krebs cycle intermediates.Results indicated that the nutrition of all cultures was "simple"; i.e., single amino acids were utilized with galactose and other carbon compounds replaced galactose. In general, the agarolytic bacteria tested showed a diverse ability to utilize monosaccharides, although growth levels were less than in complex media. Only two cultures responded to Krebs cycle compounds.Some ecological aspects are discussed.
Demonstration of a toxin from Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (L.) Ralfs
Authors: Sawyer Philip J. , Gentile John H. , Sasner Jr. John J.
Published: February 2010

A potent toxin was extracted from a natural population of the blue-green alga, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. The toxin is thermo- and acid-stable; alkaline labile; soluble in water and ethanol; insoluble in acetone, ether, and chloroform; and readily dialyzable. Preliminary studies show that the alga contains a toxin which, when released from lysed cells, operates at the membrane level, destroying excitability without alteration of the transmembrane resting potential.
Repair of ultraviolet light damage by a facultative autotroph: Hydrogenomonas facilis
Authors: Pootjes C. F.
Published: February 2010

Hydrogenomonas facilis ATCC 15376 was shown to possess a photoreactivation system which was able to repair ultraviolet radiation damage under both heterotrophic and autotrophic conditions. Acriflavine enhanced the lethal effect of ultraviolet radiation on H. facilis.Five strains of ultraviolet-irradiated bacteriophage specific for H. facilis were photoreactivated in infected bacteria. One strain, SH6, was markedly more resistant to ultraviolet inactivation.Visible light inhibited the synthesis of bacteriophage by H. facilis except for strain SH6. Incubation of SH6-infected bacteria in the light increased the titer more than 10-fold.
Cell division in a species of Erwinia. XII. A study of nutritional influences in D-serine inhibition of growth and division of Erwinia sp., and of certain specific sites of D-serine action
Authors: Grula Mary M. , Smith R. W. , Parham C. F. , Grula E. A.
Published: February 2010

D-Serine-induced inhibitions of growth and cell division of Erwinia sp. are greatly influenced by the pH and composition of the medium. In a glucose-aspartic medium, optimum elongation occurs at pH 6.8–7.2. In an aspartic acid medium, glucose, independently of pH, enhances division inhibition, but reduces growth inhibition. In ammonia media, a high toxicity is generally accompanied by poor inhibition of division. Division inhibition in ammonia media increases with decreasing ammonia concentration, and with increasing pantothenate concentration. Growth inhibition and division inhibition can, to a large extent, be varied independently of one another. Because of the nutritional dependence of division inhibition, it is proposed that the primary mechanism controlling the rate of division with respect to the rate of growth, and hence cell length, is at the metabolic level.D-Serine causes a marked accumulation of keto acids in most ammonia media as well as in a glucose – aspartic acid medium. This accumulation, decreased by added pantothenate, is the result of inhibition of pantothenate synthesis. D-Serine inhibits the entry of aspartic acid into the cell; this is a major factor in D-serine inhibition of growth. Filaments grown in the presence of D-serine show no decrease relative to normal cells in content of DNA, RNA, or protein.
Enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff path in fructose-grown Hydrogenomonas eutropha
Authors: Kuehn G. D. , McFadden B. A.
Published: February 2010

Evidence is provided for induction of key enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway during growth of Hydrogenomonas eutropha on fructose. In this and other respects the organism is closely similar to Hydrogenomonas H 16. In contrast to H. facilis, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase is undetectable in extracts of fructose-grown H. eutropha.
The effect of carbon source on trap formation by Arthrobotrys conoides
Authors: James A. W. , Nowakowski R. J.
Published: February 2010

The nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys conoides grows as typical vegetative hyphae on laboratory media containing glucose or starch as sole carbon source. However, in the presence of nematodes, "nemin", and several of the aliphatic amino acids (such as valine), this predacious fungus forms traps which are composed of sticky loops. The present studies show that, when A. conoides is grown on a semisynthetic medium in which various carbohydrates are substituted for glucose as the carbon source available for growth, the nature of the carbohydrate exerts a major effect on the induction of trap formation.
Catabolite repression and feedback inhibition of protease in Streptococcus faecalis var. liquefaciens
Authors: Sashital Kunda S. , Zimmerman Leonard N.
Published: February 2010

Five amino acids, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and valine, specifically and individually repressed the formation of the extracellular protease of Streptococcus faecalis var. liquefaciens. Neither the protease itself, nor the synthesis of β-galactosidase, nor the growth of the organism was affected adversely by the presence of these amino acids. Several di- and tri-peptides containing these inhibitory amino acids also specifically repressed proteinase biosynthesis.Proline is involved in the feedback inhibition of the protease.
Spontaneous spheroplast formation by Desulfovibrio aestuarii
Authors: Levin R. E. , Vaughn R. H.
Published: February 2010

Electron micrographs of sectioned spheroplasts of D. aestuarii have shown spontaneous spheroplast formation to be initiated by a separation of the cell wall to form an external projection or bleb. The transition to spheres occurs 4 to 6 days after exponential growth, is preceded by loss of sulfate-reducing ability, osmotic sensitivity, and viability, and is temperature dependent.
Studies on the synthesis of staphylococcal alpha toxin
Authors: Hendricks Charles W. , Altenbern Robert A.
Published: February 2010

Several strains of S. aureus were induced with mitomycin C, a radiomimetic drug, and the results do not offer direct support for a general explanation for alpha toxin synthesis based upon various aspects of lysogeny. Data are also presented showing that toxin is generated intracellularly and continually released into the medium. Small alkaline changes in pH by the metabolizing culture, not affecting growth, are sufficient to stop or greatly inhibit toxin synthesis. In an actively growing culture, this phenomenon appears as a sharp rise in intracellular toxin synthesis, followed by a peak and then decline, even though the culture continues to grow and increase in optical density. Because the toxin molecule is stable at normal cultural pH values, an alkaline pH may interfere with toxin synthesis at the intracellular level.
Isolation and characterization of a fungistatic principle produced by bacteria
Authors: Smith P. L. , Green Jr. R. J.
Published: February 2010

A fungistatic principle produced by a bacterium Pseudomonas sp. was isolated, characterized, and its potential role in soil fungistasis considered. The principle was isolated from a concentrated cultural filtrate of the bacterium by the use of column chromatography, and characterized by its solubility and elemental analysis and by infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectra. The fungistatic principle was an unsaturated, aliphatic, hydroxyketone with a molecular weight of approximately 166. This compound could be recovered from soil only with organic solvents and, therefore, it was concluded that the principle probably does not contribute to soil fungistasis.
Role of streptomycin in the life of Streptomyces griseus: streptidine-containing fractions in the cell walls of Streptomyces griseus strains
Authors: Barabás Gy. , Szabó G.
Published: February 2010

Streptidine was isolated from the cell wall and mycelia of a Streptomyces griseus strain that did not produce streptomycin. Streptidine probably exists as a complex with arginine and other Sakaguchi- and ninhydrin-positive compounds. Hydrolyzing these compounds with 6 N HCl for 20 hours released streptidine, arginine, threonine, serine, and alanine. A method is presented for the separation of streptidine from arginine.Streptidine was also found in the cell wall of a streptomycin-producing S. griseus strain. These facts support a hypothesis that streptidine plays a role in the cell wall structure of S. griseus.
A marine isolate of Pseudomonas nigrifaciens. I. Classification and nutrition
Authors: Norton Cynthia F. , Jones Galen E.
Published: February 2010

A bacterium producing a deep blue pigment was isolated from Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, and identified as Pseudomonas nigrifaciens. It requires at least 6.4 p.p.t. salinity for growth, 9.6 p.p.t. for pigmentation, and grows from 4 to 30 C, optimally at 15–18 C. An organic nitrogen source is necessary for growth but no specific amino acids or growth factors are required. Two major seawater ions are essential, potassium (10−3 M minimum, 8 × 10−3 M optimum) and magnesium (growth occurring in 1 week on 10−5 M, 10−2 M optimum at 20 h). Growth occurs without addition of sodium or chloride ion. Optimum pigmentation occurs on solid media, but pigmentation does occur in shaken vitamin-free casamino acids medium of 35 p.p.t. salinity. Water-soluble blue pigment appears during log phase and breaks down to a brownish coloration during stationary phase, coinciding with a pH change from 7.4 to 8.3. The blue pigment in sterile filtered culture fluid exhibits redox and pH indicator properties. Redox activity is observed in culture fluid, where standing causes reduction and shaking reoxidation.
Tryptophan metabolism and toxin formation in Staphylococcus aureus Wood 46 strain
Authors: Leboeuf-Trudeau T. , de Repentigny J. , Frenette R. M. , Sonea S.
Published: February 2010

Tryptophan analogs known to act selectively on protein synthesis were used to study the effects of tryptophan depletion on the formation of Staphylococcus aureus (Wood 46 strain) toxic material. The production of toxin during growth and its presence in culture supernatants were followed by determining alpha hemolytic activity in rabbit blood agar, lethality for mice, and immunodiffusion patterns with staphylococcal antitoxins. The following results were obtained when the bacteria were grown in the presence of 4- and 5-methyltryptophans and 7-azatryptophan: (1) growth inhibition from 20 to 50%; (2) loss of alpha hemolytic activity; (3) inability of culture supernatants to kill mice; (4) decrease in the number of antigens precipitating with staphylococcal antitoxin and absence of reaction with purified alpha antitoxin. No significant effects were observed with 5-fluorotryptophan; 6-methyltryptophan was totally inactive. All inhibitions were reversed by L-tryptophan, anthranilic acid, and indole, but only partially by chorismic acid, and not at all by shikimic acid. These observations are suggestive of a predominant role of L-tryptophan in the synthesis of staphylococcal alpha toxin.
Biotin auxotrophs of Escherichia coli
Authors: Pai C. H.
Published: February 2010

Biotin-requiring mutants have been isolated from Escherichia coli K-12 and classified into four nutritional groups on the basis of their responses to various biotin vitamers, the ability to feed other mutant strains, and the nature of vitamers excreted into the growth medium. The growth response of the mutant strains to various biotin vitamers was in a linear sequence starting from 7-keto-8-aminopelargonic acid to 7,8-diaminopelargonic acid, to desthiobiotin, and to biotin. From the results of the cross-feeding experiments the excretion of three types of vitamers was indicated and two of the vitamers were identified as desthiobiotin and 7-keto-8-aminopelargonic acid. The third vitamer could not be detected by bio-autographic technique. From these results a biosynthetic pathway of biotin in E. coli has been proposed.
Yield of non-dialyzable mycobacterial constituents during the growth cycle
Authors: Turcotte R.
Published: February 2010

The culture of two human strains of mycobacteria (H37Rv and H37Ra) on Sauton medium differs from that of a bovine strain (BCG) in the later phases of growth of the three strains. The yield of soluble non-dialyzable mycobacterial constituents extracted from the bacillary bodies is more elevated in the lag and the exponential phases of growth than in the later phases of growth. The appearance of mycobacterial constituents in culture filtrates of H37Rv and H37Ra occurs in two successive steps. The content of tuberculin in culture filtrates of strain BCG is very low.
The thermodynamics of iron oxidation by the ferrobacilli
Authors: Lees H. , Kwok S. C. , Suzuki I.
Published: February 2010

The free-energy changes involved in the oxidation of ferrous iron by the ferrobacilli have been recalculated. Microcalorimetric measurements of the heat output of the oxidation have shown that the recalculated free-energy changes are in harmony with these measurements in that the measured heat output differs from the calculated free energy by an amount approximating to the theoretical entropy change involved.
Inhibition of CO2 fixation in group D streptococci
Authors: Lachica Victor F. , Hartman Paul A.
Published: February 2010

The stimulatory effect of acetyl-CoA and the inhibitory effect by L-aspartate and some intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in the assimilation of CO2 by crude extracts of group D streptococci suggest that the pyruvate carboxylase of Streptococcus faecium and the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase of S. bovis are allosteric enzymes. This implies that these enzymes are sites for the control of the amount of aspartate and of the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates synthesized.
A micro tissue culture test for the titration and neutralization of rubella virus
Authors: Furesz John , Moreau Pierre , Yarosh Walter
Published: February 2010

A simple and reproducible micro tissue culture assay has been devised in RK13 and LLC-RK1 rabbit kidney cells for the titration and neutralization of rubella virus. In this "one-step" assay all virus and serum dilutions were prepared with spiral loops in disposable microplates and tissue cultures suspended in medium 199 and 3% horse or fetal calf serum were added to the microcups simultaneously. Micro tissue cultures were kept in a humidified incubator (36 °C) under a constant pressure of 5% CO2 for 8 days and were read microscopically for viral cytopathic changes on the seventh and eighth day. The microneutralization test performed in LLC-RK1 cell cultures was shown to be a reliable method for the detection of small amounts of rubella antibodies in human sera.The micro assay may be also applied to the virus titration of live, attenuated rubella vaccines.
Extracellular enzymes produced by a Pseudomonas sp. and their effect on cell envelopes of Chromobacterium violaceum
Authors: Whiteside Theresa L. , Corpe W. A.
Published: February 2010

A bacterium producing lytic enzymes was isolated from soil on bacterial agar in which heat-killed, Gram-negative cells served as a substrate. On the basis of its morphology, physiological properties, and growth characteristics, the lytic bacterium was identified as a Pseudomonas sp. It produced extracellular enzymes which were recovered from the culture nitrate by fractionation with ammonium sulfate and partially purified by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The enzymes which were resolved included a proteinase, at least two lipases, and one enzyme which caused some lysis of cell envelopes but was neither a proteinase nor lipase. Isolated envelopes of a Gram-negative bacterium, Chromobacterium violaceum, were extensively lysed by the enzyme mixture, and resulted in partial liberation of all the major envelope components, except phosphorus, in either a diffusible or non-diffusible form. In spite of large losses of protein, lipid, and polysaccharide, the enzyme-treated envelopes preserved their integrity and their elongated shape. This indicated that little or no hydrolysis of glycosaminopeptide took place.
Some factors affecting association-dissociation of β-galactosidase from Streptococcus lactis 7962
Authors: McFeters G. A. , Sandine W. E. , Becker R. R. , Elliker P. R.
Published: February 2010

β-Galactosidase from Streptococcus lactis 7962 was partially purified and enzymatic and chemical properties were determined. The enzyme was unstable in phosphate buffer at 2 °C, dissociating into two forms and losing activity at the rate of 1.0% per hour. Dissociation was prevented and activity stabilized by treatment of enzyme extracts with 0.85 M ammonium sulfate. The two forms of the enzyme were separable by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 equilibrated with buffer containing 0.85 M ammonium sulfate. These enzyme forms were indistinguishable on the basis of Km (10−3 M), temperature (37.5 °C), and pH (7.05) optima. From molecular weight determinations of the two forms, it appeared that the form (dimer) having the larger molecular weight was composed of two monomers. Holding enzyme extracts at 27 °C for 22 h caused the dimer enzyme form to increase in amount while the monomer correspondingly decreased; ammonium sulfate stabilized cell extracts contained only the dimer form, suggesting that dissociation and reaggregation occurred in non-salt stabilized preparations. Culture age at the time of enzyme extraction also influenced the relative amounts of the two enzyme forms present; the dimer form decreased and monomer increased as the cells passed through the rapid growth phase; both forms of the enzyme decreased as growth slowed down.
Effect of cultural conditions on the synthesis of violacein in mesophilic and psychrophilic strains of Chromobacterium
Authors: Kimmel Kenneth E. , Maier Siegfried
Published: February 2010

A stimulatory function of tryptophan was indicated in the synthesis of the purple pigment, violacein, in nine strains of Chromobacterium. In complex media, tryptophan increased the production of pigment, but the addition of glucose to a complex tryptophan medium supported considerably more pigmentation/cell mass. In a simple medium such as Koser citrate broth, tryptophan was essential for pigment production; however, pigment was produced in casein hydrolysate, indicating that other amino acids could replace the tryptophan requirement. Both mesophilic and psychrophilic strains were facultatively anaerobic in growth but required oxygen for pigmentation.
Behavior of Fusarium roseum 'Sambucinum' under carbon starvation conditions in relation to survival in soil
Authors: Griffin G. J. , Pass T.
Published: February 2010

Direct observation of washed macroconidia of F. roseum 'Sambucinum' infested in rewetted soil and incubated at 6 °C indicated that germination increased to 79% at 4 days and increased slowly thereafter. Lysis of germ tubes was inhibited and most germ tubes were not lysed even after 48 days incubation. Small two- or three-celled macroconidia were commonly produced on germ tubes. In contrast, peak germination (39%) occurred at 2 days in rewetted soil incubated at 25 °C with germ tube lysis occurring rapidly between 4 and 8 days. Only sparse sporulation was observed. After 9 months, survival of F. roseum 'Sambucinum' was much greater in soil incubated at 6 °C than at 25 °C.Macroconidia required an exogenous source of carbon for high germination and formed one- or two-celled chlamydosporic macroconidia in media lacking exogenous carbon. After 9 months incubation under carbon starvation conditions at 25 °C chlamydosporic macroconidia had a longer latent period and a much slower rate of germination than macroconidia. Germinated macroconidia formed two- or three-celled macroconidia within 24 h when transferred to media lacking exogenous carbon. Four-celled macroconidia were produced by F. roseum 'Sambucinum' in a dilute glucose medium before exhaustion of the glucose while F. solani 'Coeruleum' formed chlamydospores in this medium after glucose depletion. Behavior of F. roseum 'Sambucinum' under carbon starvation conditions is similar to behavior in rewetted soil in the mode of sporulation and in the formation of chlamydosporic macroconidia, but differs by a lack of appreciable germination and by a greatly reduced lysis of fungal structures.
Salmonella serotypes isolated from turtle environment
Authors: Kennedy M. E.
Published: February 2010

When 85 samples of water collected from aquaria housing turtles of the genus Pseudemys in 1966 were examined bacteriologically 10 (11.7%) yielded Salmonella, 4 (4.7%) Arizona, 1 (1.1%) Proteus, and 62 (72.9%) Citrobacter. The Salmonella belonged to nine serotypes: Salmonella heidelberg (2), S. newport, S. infantis, S. oranienburg, S. bredeney, S. give, S. hamburg, S. kentucky, and S. poona. S. hamburg was the only isolation of this serotype in Canada in 1966. S. poona, S. kentucky, S. infantis, and S. give were isolated only once from turtles or their environment during 1966.
Activity of myxin against Ceratocystis ulmi
Authors: Peterson E. A.
Published: February 2010

Eight strains of Ceratocystis ulmi originating from different locations and host species were found to be highly sensitive to the antibiotic myxin in in vitro tests. By paper disc assay, amounts as low as 0.5–1.0 μg caused strong inhibition of the fungus on solid media. The minimum inhibitory concentration in liquid culture was 0.2 μg/ml and levels of antibiotic above this concentration proved to be fungicidal.
Growth of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans on various substrates
Authors: McGoran C. J. M. , Duncan D. W. , Walden C. C.
Published: February 2010

When Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was grown on ferrous iron and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) in excess of 96% of the bacterial population was associated with the insoluble material. When sulfur was the substrate 77% of the bacteria were so associated. This necessitated consideration of the complete growth system to obtain accurate growth curves. By using total bacterial nitrogen as the measure of growth, it was shown that T. ferrooxidans had a minimum generation time of 6.5 to 10 hours on a ferrous iron substrate, 7 to 8 days on a sulfur substrate, and 14 to 17 hours on a chalcopyrite substrate. The pH range for growth was dependent on the substrate used.
Electron microscopic observation of crystalline arrays of virus-like particles in tissues of mink with Aleutian disease
Authors: Tsai K. S. , Grinyer I. , Pan I. C. , Karstad L.
Published: February 2010

Aggregates of virus-like particles, which measured about 25 mμ in diameter in the form of crystalline arrays, were observed in the tissues of mink experimentally infected with Aleutian disease (AD). Such structures were not observed in normal control mink. The similarity between these structures and the viral crystals of porcine polioencephalomyelitis and early foot-and-mouth disease virus crystals is emphasized.
Alteration in the multiplication of Staphylococcus aureus by Enovid
Authors: Yotis W. W. , Cummings J. M.
Published: February 2010

The widespread use of oral contraceptive drugs stimulated an assessment of one such compound for any effects on staphylococci. In vitro turbidimetric studies indicated that norethynodrel in therapeutic doses had a bacteriostatic action on the growth of staphylococci. When adult female mice received 2.5 μg norethynodrel and 1.2 μg mestranol intraperitoneally on each of 3 days before intravenous challenge with virulent staphylococci, the spleens and kidneys of the norethynodrel–mestranol (Enovid) treated mice contained one-half to one-third lower viable staphylococcal counts than those obtained from the same organs of the control mice. Furthermore, during the first several days after infection the Enovid-treated mice showed reduced mortality rates in comparison to those observed in the control mice. Thus, Enovid may affect the development of staphylococcal infections or chemical reactions governing the growth of staphylococci.
Tyrosinase activity of the symbionts and fat bodies of the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae
Authors: Goldberg Charles , Pierre Leon L.
Published: February 2010

Tyrosinase activity of the symbionts, and fat bodies of the (Madeira) cockroach, Leucophaea maderae, revealed the following: (a) greatest enzyme synthesis (which decreased upon adolescence) by normal nymphal fat bodies; (b) decreased and somewhat comparable synthesis by aposymbiotic fat bodies; (c) least synthesis by symbiont materials; and (d) definite symbiont enzyme contribution to the pigmentation of the normal insect cuticle.
Sources of alcohol dehydrogenase (NAD+-linked) in the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae
Authors: Despreaux Jr. Carl W. , Pierre Leon L.
Published: February 2010

The activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (NAD+-linked) in symbionts, and normal and aposymbiotic fat bodies of the (Madeira) cockroach, Leucophaea maderae, revealed the following: (1) highest concentrations of the enzyme in symbiont materials; (2) lowest concentrations of the enzyme in aposymbiotic fat bodies; (3) comparable concentrations of the enzyme in similar types of fat bodies; (4) possible symbiont contribution of the enzyme to normal insects; and (5) probable inhibition of the symbiont enzyme synthesis in normal tissues.
Regulation of NAD-specific alcohol dehydrogenases in Neurospora crassa
Authors: Zink M. W.
Published: February 2010

Neurospora crassa is capable of synthesizing two different alcohol dehydrogenases. The synthesis of each depends upon the carbon source on which the mycelium is grown. The fermentative alcohol dehydrogenase, consisting of one electrophoretic protein band, is produced when the mycelium is grown on sucrose. The oxidative alcohol dehydrogenase, consisting of at least two isozymes, is synthesized when Neurospora crassa is grown on ethanol as a sole source of carbon. This latter enzyme is repressed by sugars such as glucose or sucrose. The two enzymes have been differentiated (1) electrophoretically, (2) by their substrate specificity, (3) by the ratio of the forward and reverse reactions, and (4) by their thermostability. Extracts from acetate-grown cells indicate a mixture of the two enzymes.
Regulation of 6-methylsalicylate and patulin synthesis in Penicillium urticae
Authors: Bu'Lock J. D. , Shepherd D. , Winstanley D. J.
Published: February 2010

By using selective inhibition of protein synthesis by p-fluorophenylalanine, thienylalanine, or cycloheximide, together with a resuspension technique, it is shown that 6-methylsalicylate synthetase activity of Penicillium urticae appears to be due to a metabolically stable enzyme, formed during replicatory growth, and becoming active later as a consequence of increases in substrate levels. In the same fungus, the conversion of 6-methylsalicylate into gentisaldehyde and patulin involves metabolically labile enzymes, which are formed later in the culture development. Regulation of the synthesis of these later enzymes may involve both induction in the presence of substrate and repression by high nutrient levels.
Identification of aerobic heterotrophic soil bacteria to generic level by using multipoint inoculation techniques
Authors: Bowie I. S. , Loutit Margaret W. , Loutit J. S.
Published: February 2010

A scheme has been devised to facilitate the identification of aerobic heterotrophic soil bacteria to generic level using Skerman's key. Tests used in the scheme have been modified from those originally described to allow use, where possible, of multipoint inoculation techniques. Modified tests have been compared with those originally described and in all cases the use of modified tests was justified. Although there was no saving in length of time needed to identify any one isolate there was considerable saving in the number of manipulations required and more isolates could be handled in the time.
Astringency in fruits. I. Microbial degradation of catechin
Authors: Chandra T. , Madhavakrishna W. , Nayudamma Y.
Published: February 2010

Four molds (Aspergillus fumigatus, A. terreus, A. niger, Penicillium species) and a Streptomyces species capable of degrading catechin were isolated from soil by enrichment techniques. These organisms and Aspergillus flavus (dicat), isolated from a dicatechin medium, were compared for their ability to degrade catechin. The studies indicated that A. flavus (dicat) was the most active of the organisms tested. The degradation of catechin by A. flavus (dicat) was optimal at pH 5.0 and 0.3% catechin. Phloroglucinol carboxylic acid and protocatechuic acid were identified as products of the degradation.
Nutritional requirements for cell wall synthesis in Micrococcus lysodeikticus
Authors: Hatton M. P.
Published: February 2010

Preferential cell wall synthesis in Micrococcus lysodeikticus, as determined by an increase in the dry weight of the cell wall, took place in a medium containing DL-glutamic acid, DL-alanine, L-lysine, glycine, magnesium ions, glucose and phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. Cell wall synthesis could not be completely dissociated from protein synthesis in the 'cell wall' medium. The cell wall synthesized in the defined medium accounted for 40–56% of the total dry weight increase of the cells. Chloramphenicol had no effect on cell wall synthesis. Incorporation of uracil and guanine in the medium did not result in any increase in the amount of cell wall synthesized. DL-Glutamic acid alone, or a mixture of the three amino acids DL-alanine, L-lysine, and glycine, were capable of replacing the four amino acids present in the complete medium, but under these conditions the total dry weight of cell wall synthesized was only 75% of that produced in the complete medium. There was no reduction in cell wall synthesis when L-glutamic acid replaced DL-glutamic acid, L-alanine replaced DL-alanine, or sucrose replaced glucose in the cell wall medium. Deprivation of magnesium ions produced the greatest decrease in wall synthesis; this was the most important single factor involved in cell wall synthesis which was studied in the present investigation. There was no observable change in the chemical composition of the cell wall synthesized in the 'wall' medium when compared to that synthesized by cells grown in a complex medium.
Chemoautotrophic sulfur bacteria in the marine environment. I. Isolation, cultivation, and distribution
Authors: Adair Frank W. , Gundersen K.
Published: February 2010

Chemoautotrophic sulfur bacteria were isolated in pure form from estuarine, neritic, and oceanic environments by the use of small-volume enrichment cultures. Thiosulfate was the only energy source added to the medium. Bicarbonate and carbon dioxide were the carbon sources.The bacteria were found in seawater samples collected at the surface and at a depth of 30 meters. Clay and mud sediments contained chemoautotrophs and heterotrophic pseudomonads with the capacity to oxidize thiosulfate.The isolated microorganisms differed greatly in their morphologies. Cells ranged in shape from vibrios to several varieties of rods which occurred alone, in pairs, in long chains, and in clusters. All of the bacteria were aerobic, Gram-negative, and non-sporulating.Growth characteristics with respect to the formation of elemental sulfur, production of tetrathionate, and final pH varied markedly. Colonies on thiosulfate – mineral salts agar were all 1 mm or less in diameter. A test, of two of the chemoautotrophs indicated a need for seawater in the growth medium.Out of a total of six different chemoautotrophic bacteria, one was identified as a strain of Thiobacillus thioparus. Another was facultatively autotrophic. The other four types were not compatible with the descriptions of any of the known thiobacilli.
Chemoautotrophic sulfur bacteria from the marine environment. II. Characterization of an obligately marine facultative autotroph
Authors: Adair Frank W. , Gundersen K.
Published: February 2010

Marine strain D10-B, a Gram-negative, non-motile, facultative chemoautotrophic sulfur bacterium, oxidized thiosulfate to sulfate with the production of energy which was used for 14CO2 fixation. The assimilation of 14CO2 was almost completely inhibited by 5 × 10−4 M 2,4-dinitrophenol. Thiosulfate oxidation was inhibited by 47% in the presence of 5 × 10−4 M KCN. The thiosulfate-oxidizing system appeared to be inducible. Elemental sulfur, sulfite, and tetrathionate were also respired, but only thiosulfate served as a substrate for growth. Strain D10-B grew heterotrophically on a variety of single and complex organic substrates. The organism was compared to Thiobacillus novellus and Thiobacillus intermedins. It was classified as a marine strain of T. novellus.
Clover rhizoplane bacteria antagonistic to Rhizobium trifolii
Authors: Hattingh M. J. , Louw H. A.
Published: February 2010

Eighty-three bacteria, from a total of 1091, isolated from the rhizoplane of inoculated pasture clovers, inhibited the growth of two Rhizobium trifolii strains. The antagonists belonged to the genera Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, Achromobacter, Flavobacterium, Alcaligenes, Erwinia, Aerobacter, Bacillus, Streptomyces, Nocardia, Corynebacterium, Arthrobacter, and Brevibacterium. Most, as well as the strongest, antagonists were confined to Pseudomonas. Two distinct groups were recognized within this genus. The A and B groups produced pink water soluble and green fluorescent pigments, respectively.
Systematics of the genera Hansenula and Pichia: proton magnetic resonance spectra of their mannans as an aid in classification
Authors: Spencer J. F. T. , Gorin P. A. J.
Published: February 2010

The proton magnetic resonance (p.m.r.) spectra of the mannans extracted from a number of species of Hansenula and Pichia were determined, and the species in each genus grouped according to similarities in the p.m.r. spectra. Some of the groups of Pichia species formed mannans having similar spectra to those produced by some species of Hansenula. Several Candida species produced mannans having spectra similar to those of Pichia species. Pichia vanrijii formed a mannan whose spectrum resembled the spectra of the mannans formed by Schwanniomyces species. Pachysolen tannophilus formed a mannan with a spectrum resembling those of Hansenula holstii and Hansenula capsulata. Citeromyces matritensis and its asporogenous form Torulopsis globosa formed mannans unlike those of any other yeast studied.
Growth and macromolecular biosynthesis by Micrococcus sodonensis during the utilization of glucose and lactate
Authors: Blevins W. T. , Perry J. J. , Evans J. B.
Published: February 2010

Micrococcus sodonensis can metabolize glucose to carbon dioxide and water via both the hexose monophosphate shunt and glycolysis but cannot use it as a sole source of carbon and energy. When lactate-grown cells of M. sodonensis are replaced on glucose there is a 50% increase in cell population. The synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and protein continues for about 1.5 to 2.0 h before it ceases. Cells replaced in lactate medium under the same conditions double in number in approximately 4 h. Cells replaced in glucose do not synthesize phosphorus-containing compounds as ascertained by inorganic phosphate uptake while lactate-utilizing cells take up phosphate at a significant and continuous rate. The results suggest that the inability to utilize glucose as a sole source of carbon and energy is related to this incapability of M. sodonensis to gain sufficient energy from glucose oxidation. Results with related strains of micrococci suggest this phenomenon may be widespread in this group of microorganisms.
The assimilation of bicarbonate by Neocosmospora vasinfecta
Authors: Budd K.
Published: February 2010

The assimilation of 14C-bicarbonate under controlled conditions was examined in midlog-phase mycelium grown on dextrose as sole carbon source. Sustained assimilation depended on the presence of exogenous nitrogen and carbon sources. When these were provided, assimilation rates of 20–30 μmoles/hour per 100 mg dry weight were maintained for at least 4 hours. After the second hour, almost all of the assimilated bicarbonate-C entered the 80% ethanol-insoluble fraction. Amino acids, especially aspartic and glutamic, were the main destination of assimilated bicarbonate-C; nucleic acids and acids of the tricarboxylic acid cycle accounted for smaller amounts of this carbon. The apparent Km for overall assimilation was 1.4 – 2.2 × 10−4 M with respect to bicarbonate.Assimilation was inhibited by inhibitors of protein synthesis, especially actidione and p-fluorophenylalanine. Evidence was obtained for regulation of assimilation by its end products, and also by the carbon source on which the mycelium was grown. It is concluded that assimilation of bicarbonate or CO2 has an anaplerotic function during protein synthesis in this organism.
Prodigiosin and the metabolism of free amino compounds in Serratia marcescens as a function of iron, manganese, and aging
Authors: Reisner Gerald S.
Published: February 2010

Upon addition of either iron or manganese to a purified agar medium, the level of prodigiosin per unit protein in Serratia marcescens increased over that in cultures containing no added Fe3+ or Mn2+. Addition of manganese in the presence or absence of added iron was generally correlated with increased prodigiosin per unit protein. Iron added in the absence of supplemental manganese was correlated with increasing prodigiosin levels. However, increasing the iron concentration in the presence of all levels of added manganese resulted in decreased prodigiosin production. Prodigiosin per unit protein as a function of culture age showed a definite increase up to the stationary phase of growth. Additions of Fe3+ or Mn2+ or both resulted in cells which contained both free hydroxylysine and free ethanolamine, and lower levels of all other ninhydrin-reactive compounds than were found in cells to which neither of these cations was added.
Factors affecting the yield and biological activity of lipid extracts of Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Tadayon R. A. , Carroll K. K. , Murray R. G. E.
Published: February 2010

The biological activity of lipid extracts of five strains of Listeria monocytogenes was studied, with special reference to their monocytosis-producing activity in mice. Two of the strains gave more active extracts than the others, and cells grown at 4 C produced more lipid with better activity than cells grown at room temperature or at 37 C. Extracts obtained from cells harvested at the various stages of log phase at 4 C all gave similar levels of monocytosis in mice. The level of monocyte response varied from animal to animal, but in general, older mice (28 to 48 weeks) responded better than young mice (9 to 15 weeks) and females gave a better response than males. These extracts also produced leucopenia in young mice, but this was less consistent and leucocytosis was more often observed in older mice. Granulocytosis and lymphopenia were commonly found in mice injected with lipid extracts of L. monocytogenes. These changes were affected by the strain of bacteria but not by the age and sex of the test animals. The changes in blood picture normally reached a maximum 1 to 2 days after injection and returned to normal after about 5 days.
Production of a cholinesterase-solubilizing factor from a Cytophaga sp. by continuous cultivation
Authors: Bovallius Å.
Published: February 2010

Cytophaga sp. (NCMB 1314) produces a factor capable of solubilizing cholinesterase from body muscle of plaice. A simple dialyzable medium supporting bacterial growth and production of the cholinesterase-solubilizing factor has been developed. The optimal conditions for extracellular production of the factor have been investigated. Either the whole culture or a cell-free preparation can be used to liberate structurally bound cholinesterase from body muscle of plaice.
Cephalosporium sp. (PRL 2070) and the production of cephalochromin
Authors: Haskins R. H. , Knapp Constance
Published: February 2010

An isolate of Cephalosporium sp. (PRL 2070) and the chemical changes taking place in the culture medium during its production of the pigment cephalochromin are described.