bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Late-Quaternary Pollen Record from Ka‘au Crater, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i
Authors: Hotchkiss Sara , Juvik James O.
Published: October 2002

A pollen record from Ka‘au Crater, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i contains evidence for changes in vegetation and climate since about 28,00014C yr B.P. Zone 1 (ca. 28,100–ca. 22,80014C yr B.P.) has pollen of dry to mesic forest species, includingPipturus-type,Dodonaea viscosa, Acacia koa, Chenopodium oahuense, Claoxylon sandwicense, Myrsine,andMetrosideros-type. In zone 2 (ca. 22,800–ca. 16,20014C yr B.P.)MyrsineandCoprosmaincrease, with herbs, fern allies, and Grammitidaceae suggesting open canopies. Zone 3 (ca. 16,200–ca. 970014C yr B.P.) has pollen of wet forest species, includingFreycinetia arborea,abundantPritchardia,andMetrosideros-type. Zone 4 (ca. 9700–ca. 700014C yr B.P.) is similar, with lessPritchardiaand moreMetrosideros-type.

Climate reconstruction was based on modern climatic ranges of flowering plants and an index derived from abundance of pollen in surface samples. Both methods agree on a qualitative reconstruction, although the ages are poorly constrained: 28,000–25,00014C yr B.P. cool and dry; 25,000–23,00014C yr B.P. dry and warmer; 23,000–20,00014C yr B.P. moderately dry with declining temperature; 20,000–16,00014C yr B.P. moderately dry and cool; 16,000–900014C yr B.P. warm and wet; 9000–700014C yr B.P. warm and possibly drier. Lower precipitation at Ka‘au Crater during the late glacial period and last glacial maximum is consistent with the interpretation that the North Pacific subtropical anticyclone was south of its present position. The pollen-derived temperature index yields an estimate of 3°–5°C temperature depression during the last glacial maximum.
A 37-Meter Record of Paleoclimatological Events from Stable Isotope Data on Continental Molluscs in Valle di Castiglione, Near Rome, Italy
Authors: Zanchetta Giovanni , Bonadonna Francesco Paolo , Leone Gabriello
Published: October 2002

New stable isotope analyses on molluscan shells from a long core drilled in the crater lake of Valle di Castiglione, near Rome, extended the investigated portion of the core to 37 m. The succession of δ18O‰ values in the core interval 37–2.3 m ranges from −2.8 to +6.9‰ with only six samples below 0‰ (PDB). These results point to arid climatic phases coupled with the high measured δ18O values of the biogenic carbonate. In contrast, depleted 18O samples correspond to wet climatic periods, in agreement with a strong evaporative control on the lake water isotopic composition. The 13C content of the shells shows sharp changes controlled by the dissolved inorganic carbon isotope budget. Isotopic data suggest that the whole body of water behaved as a closed system, thus resembling lacustrine systems located in arid and semiarid regions where hydrological control dominates the geochemical parameters.
Closed kinetic chain alone compared to combined open and closed kinetic chain exercises for quadriceps strengthening after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with respect to return to sports: a prospective matched follow‐up study
Authors: Mikkelsen C. , Werner S. , Eriksson E.
Published: October 2002

Rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has focused over the past decade on closed kinetic chain (CKC) exercises due to presumably less strain on the graft than with isokinetic open kinetic chain exercises (OKC); however, recent reports suggest that there are only minor differences in ACL strain values between some CKC and OKC exercises. We studied anterior knee laxity, thigh muscle torque, and return to preinjury sports level in 44 patients with unilateral ACL; group 1 carried out quadriceps strengthening only with CKC while group 2 trained with CKC plus OKC exercises starting from week 6 after surgery. Anterior knee laxity was determined with a KT‐1000 arthrometer; isokinetic concentric and eccentric quadriceps and hamstring muscle torque were studied with a Kin‐Com dynamometer before and 6 months after surgery. At an average of 31 months after surgery the patients answered a questionnaire regarding their current knee function and physical activity/sports to determine the extent and timing of their recovery. No significant differences in anterior knee laxity were noted between the groups 6 months postsurgery. Patients in group 2 increased their quadriceps torque significantly more than those in group 1, but no differences were found in hamstring torque between the groups. A significantly higher number of patients in group 2 (n=12) than in group 1 (n=5) returned to sports at the same level as before the injury (P<0.05). Patients from group 2 who returned to sports at the same level did so 2 months earlier than those in group 1. Thus the addition of OKC quadriceps training after ACL reconstruction results in a significantly better improvement in quadriceps torque without reducing knee joint stability at 6 months and also leads to a significantly higher number of athletes returning to their previous activity earlier and at the same level as before injury.
Significance of bile leaks complicating conservative surgery for liver hydatidosis
Authors: Skroubis George , Vagianos Constantine , Polydorou Andreas , Tzoracoleftherakis Evangelos , Androulakis John
Published: October 2002

Hepatic hydatidosis presents a challenge in liver surgery, and there is still controversy regarding the appropriate surgical technique. A high incidence of postoperative bile leaks is reported as a significant disadvantage of conservative surgical procedures. The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence and clinical importance of bile leakage in patients being treated exclusively by a conservative surgical technique. From January 1985 to November 2000 a total of 187 patients were operated on at our department for hepatic hydatidosis. They were subjected to the standard conservative surgical technique (wide unroofing and cyst drainage). A total of 18 complications were related to bile leakage (10%), 3 of them bile abscesses (1 drained surgically and 2 percutaneously), 1 case of bile peritonitis due to an accessory bile duct in the gallbladder bed (treated surgically), and 14 fistulas (1 bronchobiliary and 13 biliocutaneous). Five of the fistulas, including the bronchobiliary one, were treated successfully by endoscopy; and the remaining nine healed after conservative treatment. Bile leakage, representing a significant complication following conservative operations for hepatic hydatidosis, can be effectively treated conservatively or endoscopically, not justifying more aggressive surgical approaches.
Coexpression and Accumulation of Ubiquitin +1 and ZZ Proteins in Livers of Children with α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
Authors: Wu Sandy S. , de Chadarevian Jean-Pierre , McPhaul Laron , Riley Nora E. , van Leeuwen Fred W. , French Samuel W.
Published: October 2002

The ZZ variant of α1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is well known to cause liver damage and cirrhosis in some affected children. Ubiquitin abnormality was recently shown to be significant in AATD in childhood cirrhosis. Molecular misreading (MM), defined as faulty transcription of genomic information from DNA into mRNA, as well as its translation into mutant proteins, has been documented in many pathologic processes where aggregation of abnormal proteins occurs. The misread protein, ubiquitin-B+1 (UBB+1), was recently identified in the hallmarks of various neurological disorders. The objective of this study was to determine whether MM of ubiquitin occurs in AATD. Twelve explanted liver specimens from AATD-affected children with cirrhosis were retrieved from archival sources, along with 10 control liver specimens obtained from autopsies of age-matched children with no clinical, gross anatomic, or histologic evidence of liver disease. Double immunofluorescence studies using rabbit polyclonal antibodies against UBB+1 and AAT were performed on consecutively sectioned tissue. UBB+1 immunoreactivity was colocalized with AAT in all cirrhotic AATD livers. The control livers were consistently negative. Ubiquitin MM is prominent in AATD-affected cirrhotic livers. This indicates that for children with AATD and cirrhosis, ubiquitin MM is a necessary cofactor to the aggregation of mutant ZZ isoform of AATD.
Adult learning in community: Themes and threads
Authors: Stein David S. , Imel Susan
Published: October 2002

Learning in community takes a variety of forms and generally emphasizes the community rather than the individual level of learning. Although many learning communities are homogeneous in nature, power and politics play a role, and the presence of a facilitator can change the dynamics.
Children's and adults' recall of children's news stories in both print and audio‐visual presentation modalities
Authors: Furnham Adrian , De Siena Samantha , Gunter Barrie
Published: October 2002

Research into adults' recall from different presentation modalities has demonstrated a recall advantage for print over television yet recent research indicates that children remember television news better than print news. An experiment was conducted by comparing children's and adults' recall of children's news stories presented in two different modalities, television and print, in order to establish whether children's recall advantage for television is dependent on their age or level of reading proficiency. A sample of 40 adults, 40 13‐year‐olds and 40 11‐year‐olds were presented with children's news stories, either in their original televised form or in a print version. All participants were aware they would be tested for recall. The results of the cued recall test indicated that children from both age groups learned more from the television news than from the print versions, regardless of age or reading proficiency and that adults remembered equal amounts from both presentation modalities. For the 11‐year‐olds the advantage of television was only found for information that had been accompanied by redundant pictures in the televised version, providing support for the dual‐coding hypothesis. For 13‐year‐olds the recall of television was not dependent on the addition of redundant visual information. Viewers and readers were found to invest the same amounts of mental effort, but reported levels of invested mental effort were found to be dependent on age and level of reading proficiency. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Repeated interrogations: verbal and non‐verbal cues to deception
Authors: Granhag Pär Anders , Strömwall Leif A.
Published: October 2002

The major aim of this study was to investigate to what extent verbal and non‐verbal features of liars' and truth‐tellers' behaviour change during the course of repeated interrogations. After seeing a staged event, 24 suspects (12 liars and 12 truth‐tellers) were interrogated three times over a period of 11 days. In terms of the non‐verbal features, and in line with our prediction, we found that the liars displayed significantly fewer smiles, self‐manipulations, pauses, and less gaze aversion than truth‐tellers. Furthermore, over time the initial differences between liars' and truth‐tellers' non‐verbal behaviour increased for smiles, gaze aversion and pauses. In addition, we found that the cue ‘richness of detail’—the most indicative verbal marker for truth as given in previous research—had no discriminative power at any of the interrogation sessions. Finally, and in contrast to beliefs held by supposed expert lie‐catchers (e.g. judges and police officers), truthful and deceptive statements were found to be equally consistent over time. The psycho‐legal implications of the above findings are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When is a map not a map? Task and language in spatial interpretation with digital map displays
Authors: Davies Clare
Published: October 2002

Cognitive studies of map interpretation, for both paper‐based and digital maps (e.g. in geographic information systems), have generally assumed awareness of the map's geographic representational characteristics. However, many tasks using a digital map do not require visualization of the geographic environment it represents, but a conflicting focus on the geometric properties of the visual array. An experimental study demonstrated that the tasks performed and linguistic terms used with a digital map influenced the user's mental representation, as reflected by ease of orientation within the actual geographic environment (as measured by an unexpected photograph interpretation task). The map was still present during this task, since the concern was with interpretation rather than recall. No gender, age or expertise effects were found. Results are discussed with regard to the concept of reference frames and other spatial distinctions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between high performance and knowledge about how to master cooperation situations
Authors: Sonnentag Sabine , Lange Ilka
Published: October 2002

This paper applies the expertise approach to cooperation settings and examines high performers' knowledge about cooperation situations. We argue that high performers know more about how to address cooperation situations than do moderate performers. Specifically, we assume that they know more about problem analysis, about how to address the task, the cooperation partner and the cooperation partners' task approach. We report findings of two empirical studies in which study participants responded to scenario situations. The first study based on a sample of 39 software professionals showed that high performers were superior with respect to overall knowledge and specific knowledge aspects. The second study based on a sample of 62 engineers partially replicated these findings. High performers' better knowledge of cooperation situations could not be explained by years of experience or perspective taking. However, situation‐specific experiences partially accounted for the relationship between performance level and knowledge. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extension of discrete simple adaptive control with asymptotically perfect tracking
Authors: Shibata H. , Sun Y. , Fujinaka T. , Chen G.
Published: October 2002

A discrete‐time algorithm for simple adaptive control, proposed by one of authors, circumvents some drawbacks of the algorithm derived directly from continuous‐time one. However, it leaves steady‐state output error between a controlled plant and a reference model. This paper proposes a modified algorithm, which removes the steady‐state output error. The stability of the algorithm is proved based on asymptotic output tracker theory, instead of command generator tracker theory. Finally, simulation results illustrate satisfactory control performance, that verifies the usefulness of the proposed algorithm. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Size, cost, and productivity in the meat processing industries
Authors: Xia Yin , Buccola Steven
Published: October 2002

Technology and technical change in the meat processing industries are examined in a cost function framework. Consistent with other studies, we find productivity growth rates to have declined in the past several decades. Nevertheless, growth has consistently been positive and has responded only modestly to the business cycle and to capital prices. Productivity‐induced downshifts in unit cost curves have boosted cost elasticities, enhancing incentives for firm and plant‐size growth. Rising capital shadow prices suggest the quality of capital has grown relative to that of labor and materials. Technical change appears to be capital‐using and material‐saving, counteracting the generally capital‐saving and material‐using effects of output expansion. [EconLit Citations: D24, L66, O30]. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bone marrow necrosis: Clinicopathologic analysis of 20 cases and review of the literature
Authors: Paydas Semra , Ergin Melek , Baslamisli Fikri , Yavuz Sinan , Zorludemir Suzan , Sahin Berksoy , Bolat Filiz A.
Published: October 2002

Bone marrow necrosis (BMN) is a relatively uncommon clinicopathologic entity. The etiology is diverse, and malignancy, especially hematopoietic in origin, is the most common underlying disease of BMN. In this retrospective analysis, cases with BMN were re‐evaluated for etiology, histopathologic details, and clinical manifestations. In the last 8 years, 23 cases of BMN were detected among the 1,083 bone marrow (BM) biopsies, and the prevalence was found to be 2.2%. Three of these 23 cases with BMN were children, and 20 cases were in adults. Sixteen of these cases (80%) had underlying malignant disease, and four (20%) had nonmalignant disease. Among the malignant cases, three cases had acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), four had relapsed Hodgkin's disease (R‐HD), one had acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), two had chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), two had non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), three had disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) associated with metastatic solid tumor, and one had myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative syndrome (MDS/MPS). Among the nonmalignant cases, two had tuberculosis infection, one had anti‐phospholipid syndrome (APS), and one had a history of drug ingestion. The most common symptoms were bone pain, fever, fatigue, and jaundice. The most common laboratory findings were variable and associated with underlying disease, but anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and high LDH and alkaline phosphatase levels were detected in the majority of the cases, as was also seen in other series. BMN was graded according to the extent of necrosis in the BM biopsy, and necrosis was extensive in 12 cases, moderate in five cases, and mild in three cases. Increased reticulin was found in 16 cases; four cases had severe, eight had moderate, and four had mild fibrosis, and this was found to be an interesting accompanying finding in BMN. In conclusion malignancy is the most common cause of BMN but some nonmalignant conditions such as tuberculosis and APS may be the underlying cause of BMN. Am. J. Hematol. 70:300–305, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Turner syndrome associated with acquired von Willebrand disease, primary biliary cirrhosis, and inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Sokol Lubomir , Stueben Eugen T. , Jaikishen Jay P. , Lamarche Maximo B.
Published: October 2002

We report a unique case of Turner syndrome associated with acquired von Willebrand disease (AvWD), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). During 7 years of close follow‐up, the patient presented with multiple major episodes of upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding caused by different pathogenic mechanisms, such as IBD, AvWD, gastric varices, and thrombocytopenia. AvWD mimicking familial vWD type III on laboratory testing was most probably triggered by autoimmune mechanism associated with PBC. Therapy of PBC with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) resulted in significant decrease of liver enzymes followed by normalization of vWF and FVIII levels. Portosystemic shunt placement with ligation of gastric varices improved hypersplenism and severe thrombocytopenia and led to clinical stability for more than 24 months. The clinicopathological features of these disorders and of the recurrent bleeding episodes are discussed in the text along with a review of the literature. Am. J. Hematol. 70:257–259, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spontaneous reports of thrombocytopenia in association with quinine: Clinical attributes and timing related to regulatory action
Authors: Brinker Allen D. , Beitz Julie
Published: October 2002

Quinine has been marketed in the United States (U.S.) both over‐the‐counter (OTC) and by prescription for numerous purposes, including malaria and muscle spasms. In 1994 and 1995, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) acted to limit the marketing of quinine based on the conclusion that no data supported its safe and efficacious use in these settings. This report includes clinical attributes from the largest case series to date of apparently isolated thrombocytopenia in association with quinine and trends in the receipt of spontaneous adverse event reports to FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) for this drug–event combination in relation to regulatory action. In this study, we reviewed reports of spontaneous adverse drug events received by CDER. From 1974 through December 2000, CDER received 397 adverse event reports for quinine. Based on crude, unreviewed counts, 141 (35.5%) of these reports described apparently isolated thrombocytopenia. Reporting for this event peaked in 1995, coincident with regulatory action, and has subsequently declined. After elimination of cases confounded by acute or chronic disease or concomitant drug therapy, 64 reports of quinine‐associated thrombocytopenia were used to form a case series. This case series, including 11 cases since January 1996, supports the potential for rapid time‐to‐onset (median 7 days) and clinical severity (hospitalization reported in 55 of the 64 cases). Although the number of reports since regulatory action is limited, CDER continues to receive reports of thrombocytopenia in association with quinine in use for nocturnal leg cramps. Extrapolation of spontaneous adverse event reports for a product with substantial OTC use precludes estimates of rates/incidence. Therefore, the effect of regulatory actions in 1994/1995 is difficult to measure using this approach. Although reports have decreased since regulatory actions on quinine, quinine remains available in the U.S. by prescription and in food products/dietary supplements. This case series confirms previous smaller series that suggest quinine‐associated thrombocytopenia may present rapidly with symptoms of profound thrombocytopenia. Clinicians evaluating patients with new‐onset and apparently idiopathic thrombocytopenia should maintain clinical vigilance for ingestion of quinine and elicit a detailed food/dietary supplement history from the patient. Am. J. Hematol. 70:313–317, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dissimilarities in the process of formation of curiaú, a semi‐isolated Afro‐Brazilian population of the Amazon region
Authors: Ribeiro‐Dos‐Santos Ândrea Kely Campos , Pereira Jaciléa Maria , Lobato Mario Roberto F. , Carvalho Bruno Maia , Guerreiro João Farias , Batista Dos Santos Sidney Emanuel
Published: October 2002

The genetic consequences of the social policy of the past in relation to the formation of Afro‐Brazilian societies are interesting and have been studied at various biological levels (classical polymorphisms and the mitochondrial and nuclear levels. These allow the estimation of the contribution of African genes and the participation of other ethnic groups in the formation of these communities. With this objective, uniparental systems of exclusively maternal (mtDNA) or paternal (Y‐DNA) inheritance in the Curiaú community were analyzed. The results demonstrate a differential contribution of the maternal and paternal genetic systems. Thirty‐three sequences were identified by mtDNA analysis; 53% showing an African and 47% an Amerindian origin. For the paternal system, 57% were of African, 37% of European, and 6% of Amerindian origin. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 14:440–447, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of health information in youth on adult physical activity: 20‐Year study results from the Amsterdam growth and health longitudinal study
Authors: Kemper Han C.G. , Verhagen E.A.L.M. , Milo D. , Post G.B. , Van Lenthe F. , van Mechelen W , Twisk J.W.R. , W  , de Vente W
Published: October 2002

In the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study (AGAHLS), a group of apparently healthy males and females (n = 200) were interviewed about their physical activities on eight separate occasions over a period of 20 years between 13 and 33 years of age (multi‐measured group: MM). Information about their health was given based on their personally measured lifestyle (activity, diet, smoking) and biological risk characteristics for chronic diseases (medical check‐ups). A comparable group of boys and girls (n = 200) was only measured on two occasions (bi‐measured group: BM): at 13 and 33 years. Physical activity was estimated with a structured interview. Total physical activity and sports activity were estimated in three intensity levels (light, moderate, and heavy). It was hypothesized that the eight repeated medical check‐ups with health information in the MM group would result in a healthier lifestyle with respect to the determinants and levels of habitual physical activity compared to the BM group. Contrary to the hypothesis, males and females in the BM group showed a significantly higher increase or a lower decrease in physical activities compared to the MM group. This negative effect on the physical activity pattern at 33 years in the MM group may have been caused by more underreporting of physical activities than in the BM group. In conclusion, there does not appear to be a significant effect of long‐term (multi‐measured) health information with medical check‐ups during adolescence and young adulthood on level of physical activity in males and females at 33 years of age. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 14:448–456, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Somatic comparisons of South Korean children and youths born and reared in a rural area with the descendants of rural to urban migrants
Authors: Kim Ki‐Hack , Spurgeon John H. , French Karen E. , Kim Ki‐Bong
Published: October 2002

During April–May 2000 somatic data were collected on 236 males and 191 females ages 6, 9, 13, and 15 years residing in rural areas around the communities of Ankye, Euisung, and Kunwi in Kyungsang Puk Do province, South Korea, and 237 males and 219 female of the same ages born and reared at Taegu in families of “rural to urban migrants.” Comparisons were made between urban and rural groups for measures of body size and form, skinfold thickness, the body mass index (BMI), and estimated arm muscle area (ARM). Age at menarche was obtained from school records for the 13‐ and 15‐year‐olds. The data were analyzed in separate 2 (urban–rural) × 4 (age) analyses of variance with an alpha level of P < 0.01. Age differences were significant for all dimensions. There was a significant main effect for urban–rural differences in arm girth, upper limb index, and ARM. Rural males were larger in these variables. Among females, only arm girth was significantly different. Age at menarche was significantly earlier in the urban sample (12.6 years) than in the rural sample (13.0 years). Compared with both recent and earlier data for South Korea, present‐day 6‐, 9‐, 13‐, and 15‐year‐old males and females are taller and heavier at every age, indicating secular gains. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 14:476–485, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Occupation and risk of esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma
Authors: Engel Lawrence S. , Vaughan Thomas L. , Gammon Marilie D. , Chow Wong‐Ho , Risch Harvey A. , Dubrow Robert , Mayne Susan T. , Rotterdam Heidrun , Schoenberg Janet B. , Stanford Janet L. , West A. Brian , Blot William J. , Fraumeni Joseph F.
Published: October 2002

Background

Adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia have risen dramatically in incidence over the past few decades, however, little research has been conducted on the occupational risk factors for these cancers.

Methods

In this population‐based case‐control study, lifetime job histories were compared between cases of esophageal adenocarcinoma (n = 283), gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (n = 259), and population controls (n = 689). Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for ever employment and by duration in various occupational and industrial categories were calculated using unconditional logistic regression.

Results

The risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma was elevated for persons ever employed in administrative support (OR = 1.5; 95%CI = 1.0–2.1); financial, insurance, and real estate (OR = 1.6; 95%CI = 1.0–2.4); and health services (OR = 2.2; 95%CI = 1.2–3.9). The risk of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma was increased among transportation workers (OR = 1.7; 95%CI = 1.1–2.6), as well as among carpenters (OR = 1.8; 95%CI = 0.9–3.9) and workers in the furniture manufacturing industry (OR = 2.4; 95%CI = 0.9–6.3). However, we observed few duration–response relations between length of employment in any category and cancer risk.

Conclusions

This study revealed associations of esophageal adenocarcinoma with employment in administrative support, health services, and a category of financial, insurance, and real estate industries, and of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma with transportation and certain woodworking occupations. Some of these findings may be due to the play of chance associated with the multiple comparisons made in this study. Our results suggest that, overall, workplace exposures play a minor role in the etiology and upward trend of esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinomas. Am. J. Ind. Med. 42:11–22, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of personal protective equipment use among Midwestern farmers
Authors: Carpenter W. Scott , Lee Barbara C. , Gunderson Paul D. , Stueland Dean T.
Published: October 2002

Background

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is readily available and widely recommended, yet usage among agricultural workers is largely unknown.

Methods

A mail survey of 2,483 farmers in six Midwestern states with telephone follow‐up addressed PPE usage related to sun exposure, noise abatement, chain saw usage, welding and metal work, handling of large animals in and out of confinement facilities, feed handling, manure storage facilities, and mixing and applying chemicals. Summary statistics of survey responses were compiled.

Results

With the exception of welding masks, PPE usage was low. Farmers were satisfied with availability of PPE through local hardware and farm cooperatives, but the decision to use PPE was personal and influenced little by outside parties.

Conclusion

PPE usage rates by farmers on Midwestern farms need to be increased. The desire of the individual farmer to reduce risk of personal injury or exposure should be targeted. The most effective venue will be local agricultural extension services. Am. J. Ind. Med. 42:236–247, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimation of genetic risk for type 1 diabetes
Authors: Ilonen Jorma , Sjöroos Minna , Knip Mikael , Veijola Riitta , Simell Olli , Åkerblom Hans K. , Paschou Peri , Bozas Evangelos , Havarani Beatrice , Malamitsi‐Puchner Ariadne , Thymelli Joanna , Vazeou Andriani , Bartsocas Christos S.
Published: October 2002

The most important gene loci defining risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are located within the HLA gene region. HLA‐DQ molecules are of primary importance but HLA‐DR gene products modify the risk conferred by HLA‐DQ. The risk associated with an HLA genotype is defined by the particular combination of susceptible and protective alleles. The highest risk is associated with a combination of two different risk haplotypes (7% risk to develop T1DM in Finland) whereas protective genotypes covering 69% of population have a risk of less than 0.2%). The complicated analysis of HLA genotypes is simplified by strong linkage disequilibrium between HLA‐DRB1, ‐DQA1 and ‐DQB1 loci. In many cases one can deduce the alleles of other loci based on determination of the alleles in one locus. Differences between various populations in the frequency of marker alleles and in the linkages between them has to be taken into account. We have developed PCR based typing methods that utilize blood spot samples, microtiter plate format and lanthanide labeled oligonucleotide probes to define HLA‐DQ and ‐DR alleles relevant for T1DM risk. Typing is run stepwise so that after initial HLA‐DQB1 typing only those samples will be further analyzed in which ‐DQA1 or ‐DRB1 typing is informative and expected to contribute to the risk estimation. This method has been used to screen more than 50,000 newborn infants in Finland over a time period of 6 years, and it has been able to identify most children who have developed T1D during the follow‐up period. The efficiency of the procedure has also been tested in Finnish and Greek populations. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“Apple‐peel” intestinal atresia, ocular anomalies, and microcephaly syndrome: Brain magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Bellini Carlo , Mazzella Massimo , Arioni Cesare , Fondelli Maria Paola , Serra Giovanni
Published: October 2002

We report on a male child with “apple‐peel” atresia associated with microcephaly and ocular anomalies. To date, no magnetic resonance imagings have been published. We report on the fourth reported case with this phenotype, but the first to be studied by brain magnetic resonance imaging. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Testing for genetic associations in a spina bifida population: Analysis of the HOX gene family and human candidate gene regions implicated by mouse models of neural tube defects
Authors: Volcik K.A. , Blanton S.H. , Kruzel M.C. , Townsend I.T. , Tyerman G.H. , Mier R.J. , Northrup H.
Published: October 2002

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are among the most common severely disabling birth defects in the United States, affecting approximately 1–2 of every 1,000 live births. The etiology of NTDs is multifactorial, involving the combined action of both genetic and environmental factors. HOX genes play a central role in establishing the initial body plan by providing positional information along the anterior–posterior body and limb axis and have been implicated in neural tube closure. There are many mouse models that exhibit both naturally occurring NTDs in various mouse strains as well as NTDs that have been created by “knocking out” various genes. A nonparametric linkage method, the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT), was utilized to test the HOX gene family and human equivalents of genes (when known) or the syntenic region in humans to those in mouse models which could play a role in the formation of NTDs. DNA from 459 spina bifida (SB) affected individuals and their parents was tested for linkage and association utilizing polymorphic markers from within or very close to the HOXA, HOXB, HOXC, and HOXD genes as well as from within the genes/gene regions of eight mouse models that exhibit NTDs. No significant findings were obtained for the tested markers. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Familial interstitial 570 kbp deletion of the UBE3A gene region causing Angelman syndrome but not Prader‐Willi syndrome
Authors: Bürger Joachim , Horn Denise , Tönnies Holger , Neitzel Heidemarie , Reis André
Published: October 2002

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a disorder of psychomotor development caused by loss of function of the imprinted UBE3A gene. Since the paternal UBE3A copy is regularly silent, only mutations inactivating the maternal copy cause AS. Among 1,272 patients suspected of AS, we found one with an isolated deletion of the UBE3A gene on the maternally inherited chromosome. Initial DNA methylation testing at the SNURF‐SNRPN locus in the patient revealed a normal pattern. The deletion was only detected through allelic loss at microsatellite loci D15S1506, D15S122, and D15S210, and confirmed with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) probes derived from the loci. It extends approximately 570 kilobase pairs (kbp), encompassing the UBE3A locus, and is flanked by loci PAR/SN and D15S986. The deletion is familial, and haplotype studies suggest that a great grandfather of the index patient already carried this deletion, and that it causes AS when inherited through the female germline but not Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS) when paternally inherited. Our findings support the hypothesis that the functional loss of maternal UBE3A gene activity is sufficient to cause AS and that the deleted region does not contain genes or other structures that are involved in PWS. Finally, this case highlights that methylation tests can fail to detect some familial AS cases with a recurrence risk of 50%. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A risk‐factor model of epistatic interaction, focusing on autism
Authors: Jones Marshall B. , Szatmari Peter
Published: October 2002

Research to date on the genetics of autism has not uncovered a major susceptibility locus and indications are that a number of genes, perhaps as many as 15–20, may play detectable but minor roles in the etiology of the condition. To cope with this situation, a risk‐factor model based on standard epidemiologic designs is proposed. The model supposes that adding a factor to a fixed set of existing factors always increases the total risk. Thus, according to the model genetic contributions cumulate but are not necessarily additive. A threshold, hence, epistasis is required. The model is applied to several conditions in which the risk of autism is elevated, some genetic (fragile X, tuberous sclerosis) and some exogenous (rubella and thalidomide embryopathies). Male gender is discussed as a risk factor. This approach is contrasted primarily with Gillberg and Coleman's view of autism as “a syndrome or series of syndromes caused by many different separate individual diseases.” The principal point of difference is whether the effects of different causes cumulate or do not cumulate. In the present approach they do, in Gillberg and Coleman's they do not. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic counseling in hereditary breast/ovarian cancer in Israel: Psychosocial impact and retention of genetic information
Authors: DiCastro Michal , Frydman Moshe , Friedman Irit , Shiri‐Sverdlov Ronit , Papa Moshe Z. , Goldman Boleslaw , Friedman Eitan
Published: October 2002

Genetic counseling for individuals at high risk for developing breast and ovarian cancer (oncogenetic counseling) involves evaluation of cancer risk, psychological assessment, and genetic testing for germline mutations in BRCA1/BRCA2 genes. The long‐term psychosocial impact of oncogenetic counseling on consultees and the retention of oncogenetic information are uncertain. We retrospectively interviewed 155 women who underwent oncogenetic counseling in a single medical center in Israel in 1996 (N = 50) and 1998 (N = 105). There were 29 (18.7%) BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers and 126 non‐carriers; 58 (37.4%) had a past or present history of cancer, and 97 (62.6%) were first‐degree relatives within breast/ovarian cancer families. A questionnaire evaluating self‐reported distress and anxiety symptoms before and after counseling, as well as the retention of relevant information (e.g., individual and offspring cancer risk, early detection schemes), one and three years after the initial consultation was administered. Overall, oncogenetic counseling had a minimal effect on anxiety‐related symptoms. Mutation carriers reported anxiety‐associated symptoms, such as sleeplessness and “bad mood”, more frequently than non‐carriers following oncogenetic counseling. As expected, 61.8% of carriers and only 30% of non‐carriers accurately remembered the personal and offspring cancer risk and preventive and early detection schemes. We conclude that although there seemed to be slight worsening of anxiety‐related symptoms following oncogenetic counseling in BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers, these symptoms were minimal and did not affect everyday life activities. In addition, there is an ongoing need to emphasize oncogenetic information to high‐risk individuals. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Omodysplasia: An affected mother and son
Authors: Venditti Charles P. , Farmer Jennifer , Russell Karen L. , Friedrich Christopher A. , Alter Craig , Canning Douglas , Whitaker Linton , Mennuti Michael T. , Driscoll Deborah A. , Zackai Elaine H.
Published: October 2002

We describe a second family with mother to son transmission of omodysplasia, a rare skeletal dysplasia characterized by shortened humeri, shortened first metacarpals and craniofacial dysmorphism. The mother in this family had been diagnosed previously with Robinow syndrome; subsequently, her diagnosis was reclassified. Her pregnancy was closely monitored antenatally with serial ultrasound examinations. Delayed ossification of the humerus was noted prenatally. Her son had ambiguous genitalia and similar skeletal manifestations as his mother. A comparison to other known and suspected cases of dominant omodysplasia is presented. Our observations confirm the existence of a dominant variant of omodysplasia, document genital hypoplasia as an important feature of this syndrome in males and highlight the need to differentiate this entity from Robinow syndrome. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Further case of Cantú syndrome: Exclusion of cryptic subtelomeric chromosome aberrations
Authors: Engels Hartmut , Bosse Kristin , Ehrbrecht Antje , Zahn Susanne , Hoischen Alexander , Propping Peter , Bindl Lutz , Reutter Heiko
Published: October 2002

Cantú syndrome consists of hypertrichosis, osteochondrodysplasia, and cardiomegaly, and has been reported in 18 patients to date. We report an infant with Cantú syndrome. In addition to typical findings, he had relatively mild radiological and cardiological manifestations. Previously undescribed findings included pyloric stenosis and elevated alkaline phosphatase levels. Brain scans showed bilateral calcification of the Arteriae thalamostriatae and widening of the outer liquor spaces and lateral ventricles. Because the propositus is the youngest patient reported to date, our findings refine the clinical spectrum of Cantú syndrome in neonates and young infants. The etiology and mode of inheritance of Cantú syndrome are unknown. Most cases are sporadic. Microdeletions have been discussed as a possible cause of Cantú syndrome. Recently, several syndromes with multiple congenital anomalies and mental retardation have been shown to be caused by subtelomeric chromosome aberrations. We excluded the presence of a cryptic subtelomeric chromosome anomaly in our patient by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) screening with locus‐specific probes. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Female reproductive parameters and fruit availability: factors determining onset of estrus in Japanese macaques
Authors: Takahashi Hiroyuki
Published: October 2002

This study examined the onset of estrus, nutritional conditions during the mating season, and female reproductive parameters in a troop of unprovisioned Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata fuscata). The mean interbirth interval (IBI) was 25.1 mo, suggesting a 2‐yr birth cycle. The mean IBI following the death of an infant before the mating season was only 19.8 mo, whereas the mean IBI was 27.8 mo when the infant survived. Estrus occurred during the time of the greatest food quality, in the autumn (i.e., mating season). A female whose infant did not survive the mating season tended to come into estrus more readily than one with a surviving infant. Only one of the 19 females whose infants survived came into estrus, whereas 43 of the 58 (74.1%) females whose infants did not survive came into estrus. Fruit conditions during the mating season each year were evaluated by the seed crop of the two species (Fagus crenata and Zelkova serrata) that constituted the main food source for the macaques; fruiting levels were classified as “high‐fruit” or “low‐fruit.” Females came into estrus more often during high‐fruit mating seasons than during low‐fruit mating seasons: 36 (97.3%) of 37 females came into estrus during high‐fruit mating seasons, whereas eight (20%) of 40 females came into estrus during low‐fruit mating seasons. Although females came into estrus under both high‐ and low‐fruit conditions during the mating season, estrus seldom occurred when females had a surviving infant, and it appears that the absence of a surviving infant is an almost essential variable for the onset of estrus. When females with a surviving infant were excluded from the analysis because they were unlikely to come into estrus, all 35 remaining females (100%) came into estrus during high‐fruit mating seasons, whereas only eight (34.8%) of 23 females came into estrus during low‐fruit mating seasons. Therefore, the onset of estrus is strongly affected not only by the survival of infants through the mating season, but also by fruiting conditions, especially the availability of high‐quality food. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Segment and joint angles of hind limb during bipedal and quadrupedal walking of the bonobo (Pan paniscus)
Authors: D'Août Kristiaan , Aerts Peter , De Clercq Dirk , De Meester Koen , Van Elsacker Linda
Published: October 2002

We describe segment angles (trunk, thigh, shank, and foot) and joint angles (hip, knee, and ankle) for the hind limbs of bonobos walking bipedally (“bent‐hip bent‐knee walking,” 17 sequences) and quadrupedally (33 sequences). Data were based on video recordings (50 Hz) of nine subjects in a lateral view, walking at voluntary speed. The major differences between bipedal and quadrupedal walking are found in the trunk, thigh, and hip angles. During bipedal walking, the trunk is approximately 33–41° more erect than during quadrupedal locomotion, although it is considerably more bent forward than in normal human locomotion. Moreover, during bipedal walking, the hip has a smaller range of motion (by 12°) and is more extended (by 20–35°) than during quadrupedal walking. In general, angle profiles in bonobos are much more variable than in humans. Intralimb phase relationships of subsequent joint angles show that hip‐knee coordination is similar for bipedal and quadrupedal walking, and resembles the human pattern. The coordination between knee and ankle differs much more from the human pattern. Based on joint angles observed throughout stance phase and on the estimation of functional leg length, an efficient inverted pendulum mechanism is not expected in bonobos. Am J Phys Anthropol 119:37–51, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interictal and postictal alterations of pulsatile secretions of luteinizing hormone in temporal lobe epilepsy in men
Authors: Quigg Mark , Kiely James M. , Shneker Bassel , Veldhuis Johannes D. , Bertram Edward H.
Published: October 2002

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy has been associated with abnormalities of reproductive physiology, but the mechanisms of hormonal dysregulation are not clear. Chronic effects of the epileptic state and the acute impact of seizures could alter hypothalamic function, which is represented by the downstream pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone. This study evaluates the interictal and postictal secretion of luteinizing hormone in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. We characterized luteinizing hormone secretion in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy during two 24‐hour epochs: an interictal baseline and a postictal interval initiated by an electrographically confirmed spontaneous seizure. Males, rather than females, were studied so that menstrual cycles could not account for differences between epochs. Blood luteinizing hormone and prolactin (as a positive control) were measured every 10 minutes. Deconvolution analysis defined luteinizing hormone secretion in terms of interpulse interval, amplitude, and mass. Approximate entropy quantitated relative degradation in the orderliness of serial luteinizing hormone release. Interictal baseline epochs were compared to those of healthy controls with unpaired Student's t tests and between interictal and postictal epochs within epileptic patients with paired t tests. Ten epileptic men completed both interictal and postictal epochs. Interictally, seizure patients had lower mean concentrations, slower pulse rates, and higher peak amplitudes than healthy male controls. Within epileptic patients, mean interpulse interval, pulse amplitude, and pulse mass were not affected by the occurrence of seizures, whereas the orderliness of pulse mass decreased postictally. Acute seizures induced timing irregularity in luteinizing hormone secretion, whereas chronic epilepsy was associated with changes in luteinizing hormone pulse frequency, amplitude, and mass. Altered timing and regularity of neuroendocrine pulse patterns may underlie other disorders of homeostasis in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.