bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Daybreak: Communicating the climate crisis with a board game
Authors: Menapace Matteo
Published: March 2024

Daybreak is a cooperative board game about stopping climate change, co-designed by Matt Leacock and Matteo Menapace, and published by CMYK.
In this talk, Menapace will discuss how he and Leacock set out to design a game that balances a foundation in climate science with a radical optimism, in which players cooperate to build an equitably decarbonized future, where all of us can not just survive, but thrive.
Menapace will share key lessons learned in effectively communicating complex scientific concepts related to climate change, and weave in prompts for scientists to incorporate games (in particular cooperative games) and playfulness in their work.
Reconstructing the Flood History of Nan Ancient City: Insights from Sedimentary Analysis
Authors: Srisunthon Prapawadee , Berger Alex , Fuelling Alex , Abdulkarim Mubarak , Ertlen Damien , Mueller Daniela , Wilk Jakob , Reubold Meike , Preusser Frank
Published: March 2024

Monsoon-induced floods have played a pivotal role in shaping the fortunes of Asian civilizations and communities over the millennia, and their far-reaching consequences persist to this day. This study delves into the floodplain east of Nan ancient city, a city during Lan Na period in northern Thailand dating back to the 13th century AD. Our primary objective was to unravel the source direction of a catastrophic flood event in 1818 AD, which ultimately led to the city's relocation. Our sedimentological analyses revealed a diverse range of deposition. An innovative provenance study using mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIRS), conducted for the first time in this region, indicated a significant contribution from eastern tributaries not from the Nan River. Only two of the nine sediment cores (WTR and HH2) presented evidence of Nan River sediment. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating revealed a striking pattern: modern floods dominated the shallow depths (ca. 0-1.10 m) of all cores, while deeper layers exhibited unexpectedly older ages, exceeding 11,000 years. This finding aligns with climate data from multiple proxies, suggesting that Nan ancient city, akin to neighboring e.g. Kingdom of Angkor, endured a dry period. Based on these comprehensive findings, we postulate that the 1818 AD flood catastrophe originated from the east. The deluge may have been triggered by rainfall during an extended dry spell, when the parched and compacted soil's permeability was severely diminished. This sudden surge of water swiftly transported the sediment, ultimately inundating and devastating the city. The insights gained from this study are a reminder of the profound impact of monsoon-related floods on human settlements in Asia. By understanding the conceptions between sedimentology, provenance, and climate, we can better comprehend the historical and ongoing challenges posed by these natural disasters and advance strategies for sustainable development in vulnerable regions.Keywords: flood sediment, monsoon, Southeast Asia,  provenance analysis, OSL dating, Lan Na, Nan, Thailand
Strength of co-variability of energy droughts highly region dependent 
Authors: van Duinen Bram , van der Most Lieke , Baatsen Michiel , van der Wiel Karin
Published: March 2024

The European electricity system is becoming increasingly dependent on weather conditions, which influence both electricity demand and production. Non-linear dependence of the electricity system on the weather conditions can lead to energy droughts – high demand coinciding with low renewable energy production – even under non-extreme meteorological conditions. Weather conditions driving energy droughts can transcend national boundaries, which leads to the possibility that multiple countries experience concurrent energy droughts, potentially leading to a widespread energy crisis. We examine the interplay between large-scale weather conditions and the risks of co-occurrence and opportunities of disjoint occurrence of energy droughts in renewable electricity systems in European countries. We analyse 1600 years of modelled energy data against meteorological conditions from large ensemble climate model simulations to identify patterns of co-variability of energy droughts in the present-day climate.We find a strong spatial variability in the risk for concurrent energy droughts within Europe, depending on a country’s renewable energy mix and the region's response to specific large-scale meteorological patterns (weather regimes). Some countries, such as Latvia and Slovenia, mostly experience energy droughts isolated from their neighbouring countries. However, we also find clusters of countries that experience concurrent energy droughts. This is the case for the North Sea region, and many countries in central/eastern Europe. Here, there is limited potential for cooperation, putting these countries more at risk of energy crises. Finally, we differentiate between moderate and extreme energy droughts, which have different co-occurrence signatures. This implies that an interconnected electricity grid has potential to resolve some moderate events, but is less effective in the extreme events.
Probabilistic Modeling of Sediment Dynamics in Braided River Systems
Authors: Gotelli Clemente , Ancey Christophe
Published: March 2024

Understanding the relationship between bedload transport and morphological changes is crucial in braided river systems, particularly those on steep slopes. Despite significant research efforts in recent decades, unraveling this interplay remains a complex challenge. Our study delves into this problem, utilizing a physical model to conduct long-duration (500h) experiments of steep-slope braided river systems. To visualize the dynamic changes in the water network, we collected real-time data on bedload transport and captured overhead imagery every ten seconds. By doing so, we could depict the water network's evolution by categorizing different morphological shapes or states based on their similarities, as previous studies have suggested [1,2]. We identified a correlation between sediment transport regimes and the different morphological configurations of our physical model. This correlation allowed us to distinguish distinct bedload transport patterns associated with each morphological state. Building upon this relationship, we developed a probabilistic model based on Markov Chains capable of capturing sudden changes between states, a characteristic of this type of river. Inspired by ideas from previous studies [3,4], this model forecasts alterations in river formations and sediment movement patterns. Our approach enhances the understanding and management of dynamic river systems. It also provides essential information about how sediment transport patterns and river shape interacts, contributing significantly to studying river dynamics and conservation.ReferencesScheidt, C.; Fernandes, A.M.; Paola, C.; Caers, J. Quantifying Natural Delta Variability Using a Multiple-Point Geostatistics Prior Uncertainty Model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 2016, 121, 1800–1818.
Hoffimann, J.; Scheidt, C.; Barfod, A.; Caers, J. Stochastic Simulation by Image Quilting of Process-Based Geological Models. Comput. Geosci. 2017, 106, 18–32.
Hoey, T. Temporal Variations in Bedload Transport Rates and Sediment Storage in Gravel-Bed Rivers. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 1992, 16, 319–338.
Maniatis, G.; Williams, R.; Hoey, T. A High Resolution Topography (HRT) Based Stochastic Model for Multi-Year River Adjustment Post Restoration Available online: https://sway.cloud.microsoft/CruVy46rM9ebccUU (accessed on 8 January 2024).
Factors influencing the kinetic energy of throughfall drops
Authors: Zabret Katarina , Radulović Lana , Alivio Mark Bryan , Bezak Nejc , Šraj Mojca
Published: March 2024

The rainfall erosivity influences the detachment of soil particles, movement and washing away the surface soil layers, which affects soil degradation and leads to various environmental problems. It depends primarily on the kinetic energy of raindrops, determined by the size and velocity of raindrops. However, rainfall microstructure (size, velocity and number of raindrops) is significantly changed during the process of rainfall interception. Precipitation, that is not intercepted by the vegetation, reaches the ground as throughfall (falling directly through the gaps in the canopy or dripping from the leaves and branches) or stemflow (flowing down the branches and stem). Therefore, the kinetic energy of throughfall under the vegetation is different than kinetic energy of open rainfall.In the urban park located in Ljubljana, Slovenia, we have monitored the rainfall microstructure in the open and underneath the deciduous (Betula pendula Roth.) and coniferous (Pinus nigra Arnold) trees between 12 July 2022 and 19 July 2023. We have analysed the differences between rainfall microstructure and kinetic energy of raindrops in the open and underneath the trees.The observed average number of raindrops per event under both trees was lower than the number of raindrops in the open. Also, the average kinetic energy of drops per event was significantly lower under the trees than in the open. Additionally, an analysis of factors influencing the kinetic energy of throughfall drops underneath the both trees was performed using the boosted regression trees and random forest models. Both models identified rainfall amount as the most influencing factor.Acknowledgments: Results are part of the research programme P2-0180 and research projects J2-4489, N2-0313 and J6-4628, financed by the Slovenian Research Agency (ARIS).
Unveiling the Ocean’s Rhythms: Blending Deep Learning and Spectral Analysis Together to Gain Insights into Sunda Shelf Surface Currents using AIS Data
Authors: Puah Jun Yu , Haigh Ivan D. , Lallemant David , Fablet Ronan , Morgan Kyle , Switzer Adam D.
Published: March 2024

Surface currents influence ship navigation, coastal heat transfer and sediment transport, and thus necessitate robust models that can reliably predict surface current behaviour. However, our ability to make predictions over long time scales are commonly hampered by a lack of long observational datasets. Remote sensing technologies, which include satellite altimetry and high-frequency radar, are often used to measure global surface currents. However, their ability to reveal insights on ocean dynamics at a regional scale remain limited by restrictions related to space-time sampling. Here, we explore the use of AIS data as a means to derive surface currents in the Sunda Shelf Region in equatorial southeast Asia. Firstly, we apply nearest-neighbour interpolation to map relevant AIS information, that includes the ship’s speed over ground, course over ground and heading, onto a grid with a spatial resolution of 100m and an hourly temporal resolution. Next, we applied a gradient descent approach to derive surface currents at the positions of the ships. We then implement a generative model on PyTorch to reconstruct surface currents in the region. The model performance is evaluated by comparing to observational data from drifters and drifting buoys. Lastly, we employed wavelet analysis, a type of nonstationary spectral analysis, to examine the dominant frequencies or periods where surface currents are strong. Our pilot study highlights the potential of AIS data as a credible alternative to traditional methods of measuring surface currents in data scarce areas.
Physically Structured Variational Inference for Bayesian Full Waveform Inversion
Authors: Zhao Xuebin , Curtis Andrew
Published: March 2024

Full waveform inversion (FWI) has become a commonly used tool to obtain high resolution subsurface images from seismic waveform data. Typically, FWI is solved using a local optimisation method which finds one model that best fits observed data. Due to the high non-linearity and non-uniqueness of FWI problems, finding globally best-fitting solutions is not necessarily desirable since they fit noise in the data, and quantifying uncertainties in the solution is challenging. In principle, Bayesian FWI calculates a posterior probability distribution function (pdf), which describes all possible model solutions and their probabilities. However, characterising the posterior pdf by sampling alone is often intractably expensive due to the high dimensionality of FWI problems and the computational expense of their forward functions. Alternatively, variational inference solves Bayesian FWI problems efficiently by minimising the difference between a predefined (variational) family of distributions and the true posterior distribution, requiring optimisation rather than random sampling. We propose a new variational methodology called physically structured variational inference (PSVI), in which a physics-based structure is imposed on the variational family. In a simple example motivated by prior information from past FWI solutions, we include parameter correlations between pairs of spatial locations within a dominant wavelength of each other, and set other correlations to zero. This makes the method far more efficient in terms of both memory requirements and computational cost. We demonstrate the proposed method with a 2D acoustic FWI scenario, and compare the results with those obtained using three other variational methods. This verifies that the method can produce accurate statistical information of the posterior distribution with significantly improved efficiency.
Life Cycle Assessment of soil and water bioengineering structures
Authors: von der Thannen Magdalena , Rauch Hans Peter
Published: March 2024

Nowadays there is a high demand on engineering solutions considering not only technical aspects but also ecological and aesthetic values. Soil and water bioengineering (SWB) is a construction technique that uses biological components for hydraulic and civil engineering solutions. In general it pursues the same objectives as conventional civil engineering structures. In this context SWB techniques are often used as standalone solutions or in combination with conventional engineering structures.Currently, existing assessment methods for SWB structures are evaluating technical and economic aspects. In a modern engineering approach, additionally, environmental impacts should be considered. Therefore, the Institute of Soil Bioengineering and Landscape Construction aims at developing an Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) model for this special field of soil bioengineering and river restoration. Different studies were carried out to assess the carbon footprint of various SWB structures mainly with the popular impact category Global Warming Potential (GWP). The life cycle itself can be divided into four phases: the product phase, the construction phase, the use phase and the end of life phase. For the presented case studies the system boundary is defined as cradle to gate (until the construction is finished), except for one case study where the use phase is analysed (including the maintenance and conservation work as well as the potential positive effects resulting from the living plants).The results show that SWB construction sites are able to perform better in terms of carbon emissions than conventional construction sites, but they even cause negative effects on the environment. Apart from that, SWB structures are able to compensate emissions from construction by absorbing carbon through growing vegetation in the use stage. Therefore, a holistic approach starting in the planning stage can help to optimize processes throughout the life cycle and to minimize the environmental burdens. The case studies show that the application of an LCA model is not only important in terms of engineering effects but also provides transparency for the responsible planners and stakeholders, by pointing out the total consumption of resources in all phases and components.
Double Acoustic Emission events detection using U-net Neural Network
Authors: Kolar Petr , Petružálek Matěj , Šílený Jan , Lokajíček Tomáš
Published: March 2024

In the past decade, the development of the Deep Neural Network formalism has emerged as a promising approach for addressing contemporary task in seismology, particularly in the effective and potentially automated processing of extensive datasets, such as seismograms. In this study, we introduce a 4D Neural Network (NN) based on the U-Net architecture, capable of simultaneously processing data from the entire seismic network. Our dataset comprises records/seismograms of Acoustic Emission (AE) events obtained during a laboratory loading experiment on a rock specimen. While AE event records share similarities with real seismograms, they exhibit simplifications in certain features.To assess the capability of the proposed NN in handling complex data, including occurrences of multiple events observed during experiments, we generated double-event seismograms through the augmentation of unambiguous single-event seismograms. These augmented datasets were employed for training, validation, and testing of the NN. Despite the individual station detection rate being approximately 30%, the simultaneous processing of multiple stations significantly increased efficiency, achieving an overall detection rate of 97%.In this work, we treat seismograms as "images," adopting an approach that proves to be fruitful. The simultaneous processing of seismograms, coupled with this image-based treatment, demonstrates high potential for reliable automatic interpretation of seismic data. This approach (possibly combined with other methodologies), holds promise for seismogram processing.
Critical Submergence for Lateral Rectangular Intakes: A CFD Study
Authors: Das Bhagwan , Ahmad Zulfequar , Sharma Pramod Kumar
Published: March 2024

The formation of an air-entraining vortex in the vicinity of an intake is considered a severe problem for intakes. An intake is a short or long pipe with more than three times its diameter connected to the face of an orifice, which is provided in the side or bottom of a vessel or channel. The depth of water at which the tail of a free surface vortex core just reaches the tip of an intake, causing air entrainment, is referred to as critical submergence for that intake. Few studies have been reported in the literature on rectangular intakes for the computation of critical submergence compared to circular or square intake configurations. The present study discusses the numerical investigation of critical submergence for rectangular intakes placed laterally on the side wall of an open channel under uniform flow conditions. A series of numerical simulations were performed to compute the critical submergence for rectangular intakes. A three-dimensional multiphase CFD model was developed to simulate critical submergence at intakes. Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equation with SST k-ω turbulence model was used to simulate the fluid flow inside the computational domain. These models, together with the volume of fluid (VOF) two-phase (water-air) model, were found well capable to simulate the flow at critical submergence. Surface streamlines and phase volume fraction analysis studies were used to identify the air-entraining vortex at critical conditions. Multiphase CFD study assisted in understanding the flow structure and turbulence characteristics of the vortex flow at the vicinity of intakes. The approach Froude number and intake Froude number play a vital role in computing critical submergence with CFD simulations.
A metasomatized lithospheric mantle contribution to the genesis of Li-rich magmas in slab-window settings
Authors: Schettino Erwin , González-Pérez Igór , Marchesi Claudio , González-Jiménez José María , Grégoire Michel , Gervilla Fernando , Blanco-Quintero Idael , Corgne Alexandre , Schilling Manuel
Published: March 2024

The geological factors controlling Li abundances in the mantle and mantle-derived magmas rising through the continental lithosphere, as well as their implications for Li ore genesis in the shallow crust, are still under debate. Here, we look from the mantle source perspective at those mechanisms that may boost the Li inventory in continental arc magmas, by characterizing a set of sub-arc mantle xenoliths from the southern Andes (Coyhaique volcanic field, western Patagonia). The mineral trace element signatures and oxygen fugacity estimates (FMQ > +3) in these peridotite xenoliths are consistent with those expected for a mantle wedge fluxed by oxidizing, subduction-related silicate melts rich in slab-derived volatile components. However, our data support that subduction-related metasomatism did not enhance significantly the Li inventory of the sub-arc lithospheric mantle, at odds with the generally claimed major role of slab-derived fluids in enriching Li in the supra-subduction mantle wedge. Major and trace element compositions of minerals also record transient thermal and chemical anomalies fingerprinting the interaction with OIB-type alkaline melts, which percolated through the shallow (7.2-16.8 kbar) and hot (952-1054 °C) mantle wedge in response to the opening of an asthenosphere slab window and ridge collision. This alkaline metasomatism produced exceptionally high Li abundances (6-15 ppm) in metasomatic clinopyroxene, promoting the generation of a Li-rich and fertile lithospheric mantle wedge. A numerical model suggests that low degrees (< 10%) of partial melting of this alkaline-metasomatized sub-arc lithospheric mantle generates primitive melts having Li abundances (⁓13 ppm) much higher than average subduction-zone basalts. Extreme differentiation by fractional crystallization of these Li-rich magmas may provide an effective pathway for enhancing the fold enrichment process required for a magmatic rock to effectively source ore deposition in the shallow arc crust.
Spatio-temporal patters of fire in humid-Atlantic Europe: is vegetation phenology rather than fire weather the key driver? 
Authors: Doerr Stefan , Nikonovas Tadas , Santin Cristina , Clay Gareth , Belcher Claire , Kettridge Nicholas
Published: March 2024

Fire weather indices are used widely as predictors for landscape fire potential. However, for the United Kingdom (UK: England, N-Ireland, Scotland and Wales) and comparable regions of humid-Atlantic Europe, they do not correlate well with fire occurrence. Here we explore the role of vegetation phenology as a key driver for fire occurrence in the UK.We mapped satellite-derived fire occurrence and phenology climatology for 2012-2023 onto main fire-affected vegetation cover types within distinct precipitation regions for the UK. This enabled fire occurrence for fuels in different phenological phases to be explored across distinct ‘fuel’ types and regions.Semi-natural grassland and dwarf shrub-dominated land emerged as the prominent fire affected ecosystems across much of the UK. We found that, critically, fire occurrence for vegetation at its maximum greenness were reduced by a factor of five to six compared to dormant vegetation, despite higher fire weather indices being typically associated with the former.In contrast to most regions of the world that exhibit more extreme fire weather, fire activity in the UK’s humid Atlantic climate therefore seems strongly governed by vegetation phenology. This suggests that incorporating vegetation phenology is la critical step in the development of robust fire risk and behaviour prediction systems for regions with similar climate. It should be noted, however, that we also found evidence of that this fire-suppressing phenology barrier can be broken during extreme summer heat/drought events, which are likely to increase in frequency and severity under changing climate.  Hence fire weather indices remain critical predictors during the currently still rare extreme summer heat/drought events.
Categorisation of infrasound signals originated from thunderstorms using the Central and Eastern European Infrasound Network
Authors: Pásztor Marcell , Šindelářová Tereza , Ghica Daniela , Antonescu Bogdan , Mitterbauer Ulrike , Liashchuk Alexander , Bozóki Tamás , Bondár István
Published: March 2024

The Central and Eastern European Infrasound Network (CEEIN) has been operating since 2019 in a collaboration of Hungarian, Czech, Romanian, Austrian, and Ukrainian research institutes. The study aims to extend the process of categorisation of infrasound signals that has been previously applied to the Hungarian infrasound array (PSZI) to the other CEEIN stations. The method of associating infrasound signals with thunderstorms relies on correlating the detections both spatially and temporally to lighting data from the Worldwide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN), which is considered ground truth. As a result, over 30,000 infrasound detections were categorized as thunderstorm-originated in the period between 2019 and 2023. Based on the results, we analyse the capabilities of the CEEIN to detect thunderstorms.
Improving Orbit Propagation of LEO Satellites Using Atmospheric Drag Analysis   
Authors: Dey Soumyajit , Anderson Phillip , Bukowski Aaron
Published: March 2024

The variability of the atmospheric drag force on satellites is influenced by several factors, which include neutral density and gas composition, solar activity, and the orientation and shape of the satellite. During periods of geomagnetic activity, changes in these properties contribute to significant variations in the drag force, impacting the satellite trajectory. Therefore, the atmospheric drag force is considered as one of the largest sources of error in the orbit estimation for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. The methods presently used for satellite orbit determination define a constant term to represent the drag force, which can result in significant errors in long-term propagation and prediction of satellite positions. This work aims to improve SGP4 orbit propagation method by updating the drag term at regular intervals. The estimation of the drag term implements atmospheric drag analysis, which involves calculating the satellite drag coefficients using different Gas-Surface Interaction (GSI) models and neutral density data from Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model (GITM) to estimate the mean motion derivative. The results demonstrate improved orbit propagation and estimation of orbital decay for the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellites during selected periods containing quiet and storm times.
Exploring the root economics space in shrub-encroached subalpine grasslands
Authors: Tello-García Elena , Neunteufel Anna-Lena , Laorden-Camacho Lucía , Binet Marie-Nöelle , Marchal Camille , Colace Marie-Pascale , Grigulis Karl , Mouhamadou Bello , Peintner Ursula , Tappeiner Ulrike , Lavorel Sandra , Leitinger Georg
Published: March 2024

Shrub encroachment, a global phenomenon caused by land abandonment and shifts in traditional land use practices, is particularly prevalent in subalpine grasslands. This ecological shift is characterized by increased woodiness, which leads to changes in biogeochemical cycles and microbial composition. These changes in turn impact the soil's abiotic environment, particularly on carbon and nitrogen availability. While the influence of these changes on aboveground plant traits is well recognized, a substantial knowledge gap remains regarding their effects belowground. Understanding how shrub encroachment affects root morphological traits and mycorrhization is crucial, as they play a key role in nutrient uptake and transfer. This study focuses on the effects of shrub encroachment on root morphological traits and arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) colonization at the levels of both herbaceous plants and of communities, i.e. including herbaceous and dwarf shrub plants, along a gradient of shrub encroachment in subalpine grasslands. We also aimed to describe the root economics space in encroached grasslands and to identify key soil changes correlated with changes in root traits. In herbaceous plants, shrub encroachment decreases AMF colonization and specific root length (SRL), and increases root tissue density (RTD). At the community level, AMF colonization, SRL, and RTD all decrease with shrub encroachment. Surprisingly, the observed root economics space at the community level does not follow the already established negative correlations of “do-it-yourself” strategies with high SRL and “outsourcing” strategies with increased root diameter and AMF colonization. Moreover, we observed a negative correlation between RTD and AMF. Our results highlight the importance of soil characteristics, specifically the carbon/nitrogen ratio (C:N) and soil pH, for changes in root traits. We conclude that shrub encroachment promotes the development of shorter and less dense roots and causes a decrease in AMF colonization through changes in the soil abiotic environment, such as an increase in C:N and a decrease in pH. This research provides valuable insights by expanding our understanding of belowground responses to shrub encroachment and highlights the importance of considering root traits in the broader context of ecosystem functioning.
Education in climate expertise as an instrument for sustainable change and a pathway for climate-resilient future
Authors: Peltokangas Kenneth , Riuttanen Laura , Nygård Tiina , Ruuskanen Taina , Hulkkonen Mira , Kuntsi-Reunanen Eeva , Gregow Hilppa , Kaurola Jussi , Kulovesi Kati , Kulmala Markku
Published: March 2024

IntroductionThe Specialisation programme in climate expertise is an education programme that aims to provide professionals from different fields with the know-how to drive systemic change towards a climate-resilient future. This two-year-long programme is meant to be carried out alongside work, teaching important and previously identified competencies necessary for effective climate action1, including both subject knowledge and general skills, like argumentation, problem-solving, critical thinking, collaboration, and effective communication2. Through education we hope to provide the basis for future collaboration, innovation, and understanding necessary to tackle climate change and related environmental as well as socio-economic problems.ResearchThe programme is offered by the University of Helsinki, University of Eastern Finland, Finnish Meteorological Institute and was designed together with the Climate University network and Climate Leadership Coalition. The programme launches in spring 2024 with students from both public, and private sectors. The program's duration (2 years), scope (60 ECTS), as well as the large number of students (up to 50) from different backgrounds provide a unique opportunity for the students to network and exchange ideas, as well as providing a platform for us to explore the following questions: (1) how education shapes the agency and professional identities of climate experts, (2) how education meets the multidisciplinary needs of various stakeholders, and (3) how education translates to concrete climate actions?ConclusionsThe Specialisation programme in climate expertise aspires to find effective ways to address the needs of different stakeholders facing the current climate crisis, and to empower professionals with the necessary know-how to lead transformative climate actions within their respective fields. The programme is currently offered only in Finnish, but we hope to grow the programme in the future and to include international students, therefore expanding our multidisciplinary network of climate experts across national borders as well as societal sectors. More information: https://www.helsinki.fi/en/faculty-science/teaching-and-studying/continuous-learning-and-web-based-studies/specialisation-programme-climate-expertiseReferences1.    Siponen, J., M. Santala, J. Salovaara, V.-M. Vesterinen, S. Tolppanen, A. Lauri, J. Lavonen and L. Riuttanen. Climate Competence – a view of professionals in the field (submitted).2.    Riuttanen, L., Ruuskanen, T., Äijälä, M. and Lauri, A., 2021. Society needs experts with climate change competencies–what is the role of higher education in atmospheric and Earth system sciences?. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 73(1), pp.1-14.
Relating deep moonquake source regions from Apollo missions with their temporal and spatial patterns using machine learning
Authors: Majstorović Josipa , Lognonné Philippe , Kawamura Taichi , Panning Mark
Published: March 2024

NASA selected a new in-situ seismic experiment, Farside Seismic Suite (FSS), onboard CP-12 lander with the landing site at the farside of the Moon in Schrödinger Basin. This future mission should provide us with the data to further constrain lunar interior and the Moon seismicity. Due to the single-station nature of the mission, localisation of the newly detected events will be challenging. Therefore, in this study we develop a pipeline for the deep moonquake (DMQ) source region localisation on the legacy of the data acquired during the Apollo missions. We are interested into DMQs since their source regions, called nests, on the near side have been identified, and since their occurrence patterns follow specific spatial and temporal patterns. Spatial patterns are related to tsp=ts-tp travel time measurement. We can show that based on tsp measurements we can form group of nests, called sets, that share similar travel times within error bars and therefore we cannot distinguish between nests that belong to the same set just using the travel time information. Temporal patterns are related to the fact that occurrence of DMQs is closely related to the monthly motion of the Moon around the Earth. Different nests correspond differently to three lunar months: synodic, draconic, anomalistic. By combining the spatial and temporal patterns we try to characterise different nests and exploit this information for their prediction. For this purpose we develop a machine learning model for nets classification. An input data into model we use orbital parameters related to the monthly motion of the Moon around Earth, which we relate to different nests. The ML model is learned to classify between nests that belong to the sam set. We report that models are achieving an accuracy over 70% when those are trained to classify =< 4 nests within the set, and better than 90% when only two DMQ nests are in the same set. This approach opens up a new way to DMQ location estimate, on the near and farside of the Moon, when captured by the future FSS single-station seismometers or other seismic stations on the Moon. 
Processing Pipeline for Computing Time Series of 3D Glacier Surface Flow and Mass Balance
Authors: Gupta Ayush , Devaraju Balaji , Tiwari Ashutosh
Published: March 2024

To comprehend glacier dynamics for a region, a time-series study of glacier change is essential. Existing research often relies exclusively on glacier mass balance or surface displacements to understand how glaciers adapt to a warming climate. Moreover, the generation of large time series data often requires a substantial amount of computation and time. We address these limitations by building an efficient open-source pipeline for the mass processing of satellite images, generating extensive time series data for tracking glacier changes. This pipeline employs Sentinel-1 (S-1) interferometric wide swath SAR data to produce seasonal time series of glacier surface displacements and annual time series of glacier mass balance over prolonged durations. Our processing chain utilizes the ISCE framework for SAR data processing and autoRIFT software for performing offset tracking. It combines both ascending and descending S-1 images and utilizes offset tracking to compute displacements in both azimuthal and range directions. These estimates are then fine-tuned through the use of OT-SBAS. Our pipeline computes northward, eastward, and vertical flow velocities through weighted least squares, with weights designed to make the model more robust. Furthermore, it employs a machine-learning algorithm for pixel-wise segmentation of glaciers using optical data, facilitating the computation of areal changes in glaciers. The derived vertical and areal changes are then leveraged to compute glacier mass balance. Three valley-type glaciers (Bara Shigri, Chota Shigri, and Samudra Tapu) located in the Chandra basin, Himachal Himalaya, were selected to test out the proposed pipeline. The 3D surface displacement and mass balance time series were retrieved from 2017 to 2022. This software can be employed to monitor glaciers through the analysis of frequent revisit SAR data obtained from satellites like Sentinel-1 and the upcoming NISAR. 
Exploiting the SLR+GRACE/GRACE-FO Hybrid Solutions to Determine Gravimetric Excitations of Polar Motion
Authors: Nastula Jolanta , Śliwińska-Bronowicz Justyna , Wińska Małgorzata , Partyka Aleksander
Published: March 2024

In this study, we investigate the excitation of polar motion (PM) caused by changes in the distribution of hydrosphere mass. This phenomenon is expressed through hydrological angular momentum (HAM) series, which can be estimated using global models of the continental hydrosphere, Earth's gravity field variations, and numerical climate models.The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) missions have provided crucial data for understanding the time-variable gravity field affected by changes in global mass distribution. These missions also reveal how mass variations in the continental hydrosphere and cryosphere affect PM. However, it has been identified that GRACE/GRACE-FO solutions have certain limitations when determining geopotential coefficients of lower degrees. As a remedy, it has become standard practice to replace the C20 values obtained from GRACE/GRACE-FO solutions with corresponding estimates from Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR). Similar substitutions are also recommended for the C21 and S21 coefficients.In our study, we employ hybrid SLR+GRACE/GRACE-FO time-variable gravity solutions, made available by the Institute of Geodesy at Graz University of Technology (ITSG) and Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), to determine hydrological/gravimetric angular momentum (HAM). To evaluate the SLR+GRACE/GRACE-FO-based HAM series, we compare them with the hydrological signal in observed PM excitation, referred to as geodetic residuals (or GAO). Additionally, we compare these series with HAM derived from GRACE/GRACE-FO data, focusing on seasonal and non-seasonal variations.Our findings indicate that the excitation functions derived from the hybrid solution closely align with the GAO. In fact, they are similar or even better consistent with GAO than the series derived from the GRACE/GRACE-FO data.
Solidification evolution of a dry Martian magma ocean: Constraints from high pressure-temperature experimental petrology
Authors: Wang Xue , Lin Yanhao , van Westrenen Wim
Published: March 2024

The Mars is thought to have been covered by a deep magma ocean after its formation. In the past, the solidification of this ocean was modeled by one-step experimental1 and numerical models2 assuming a Fe-rich (~18.7 wt% FeO) mantle composition3. Estimates of the mantle composition and depth of the Martian magma ocean were recently updated by using the latest cosmochemical model (~13.7 wt% FeO)4 and the newest seismic observations from the InSight mission (the depth of the mantle, ~1560 km)5. Here, we present an experimental crystallization study of a nominally dry experimental Martian magma ocean (MMO), simulating up to ~50 percent fractional crystallization of the updated MMO composition and refined core-mantle boundary condition. A ‘two-stage’ model of magma ocean solidification is assumed, which features early efficient crystal suspension up to 50% solidification in magma and corresponding equilibrium crystallization, followed by fractional crystallization of the later residual magma ocean. For the first stage experiments at pressures of 1.5, 5, 10, 13 and 16 GPa and a constant temperature were designed to represent MMO equilibrium crystallization. Results indicate formation of a cumulate pile of olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, garnet, spinel, periclase and quartz. Our preliminary result significantly differ from the previous experimental and numerical studies1,2, likely due to the updated mantle composition and interior structure of Mars. Further second-stage experiments will start at the averaged residual magma composition resulting from the first stage, and we will provide more detailed results at the conference.References and Notes1. Bertka, C. M. & Fei, Y. Mineralogy of the Martian interior up to core-mantle boundary pressures. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 102, 5251–5264 (1997).2. Elkins-Tanton, L. T., Zaranek, S. E., Parmentier, E. M. & Hess, P. C. Early magnetic field and magmatic activity on Mars from magma ocean cumulate overturn. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 236, 1–12 (2005).3. Dreibus, G. & Wänke, H. Mars, a volatile-rich planet. Meteoritics 20, 367–381(1985).4. Khan, A., Sossi, P. A., Liebske, C., Rivoldini, A. & Giardini, D. Geophysical and cosmochemical evidence for a volatile-rich Mars. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 578, 117330 (2022).5.  Stähler, S. C. et al. Seismic detection of the martian core. Science 373, 443–448 (2021). 
Eta features, additional to the vertical coordinate, deserving attention
Authors: Mesinger Fedor , Veljovic Katarina , Chou Sin Chan , Gomes Jorge L. , Lyra André A. , Jovic Dusan
Published: March 2024

An experiment reported in Mesinger and Veljovic (JMSJ 2020) and at the preceding EGU General Assembly, showed an advantage of the Eta over its driver ECMWF ensemble members in placing 250 hPa jet stream winds east of the Rockies.  Verifications subsequent to 2020 confirmed this advantage.  A byproduct of that experiment was that of the Eta ensemble switched to use sigma, Eta/sigma, also achieving 250 hPa wind speed scores better than their driver members, although to a lesser extent.  It follows that the Eta must include feature or features additional to the eta coordinate responsible for this advantage over the ECMWF.An experiment we have done strongly suggests that the van Leer type finite-volume vertical advection of the Eta, implemented in 2007, may be a significant contributor to this advantage.  In that experiment, having replaced a centered finite-difference Lorenz-Arakawa scheme, this finite-volume scheme enabled a successful simulation of an intense downslope windstorm in the lee of the Andes.Another likely and perhaps unique feature of the Eta contributing to that advantage is its sophisticated representation of topography, designed to arrive at the most realistic grid-cell values with no smoothing (Mesinger and Veljovic, MAAP 2017).While apparently a widespread opinion is that it is a disadvantage of terrain intersecting coordinates that “vertical resolution in the boundary layer becomes reduced at mountain tops as model grids are typically vertically stretched at higher altitudes (Thuburn, 10.1007/978-3-642-11640-7 2011),” a comprehensive 2006 NCEP parallel test gave the opposite result.  With seemingly equal PBL schemes, the Eta showed a higher surface layer accuracy over high topography than the NMM, using a hybrid terrain-following system (Mesinger, BLM 2023).Hundreds of thousands of the Eta forecasts and experiments performed demonstrate that the relaxation lateral boundary condition, almost universally used in regional climate models (RCMs), in addition to conflicting with the properties of the basic equations used, is unnecessary.  Similarly, so-called large scale or spectral nudging, frequently applied in RCMs, based on an ill-founded belief, should only be detrimental if possible numerical issues of the limited area model used are addressed.  Note that this is confirmed by the Eta vs ECMWF results we refer to above.Even so, to have large scales of a nested model ensemble members most times more accurate than those of their driver members, surely requires not only the absence of detrimental techniques, but also the use of a lateral boundary condition (LBC) scheme that is not inducing major errors.  The scheme of the Eta is at the outflow points of the boundary prescribing one less condition than at the inflow points (e.g., Mesinger and Veljovic, MAAP 2013), and has for that reason been referred to by McDonald (MWR 2003) as one of “fairly well-posed” schemes.
Multi-annual Rock Glacier Velocity (RGV) products based on InSAR 
Authors: Schmid Lea , Rouyet Line , Delaloye Reynald , Pellet Cécile , Jones Nina , Strozzi Tazio
Published: March 2024

Rock glaciers are debris landforms resulting from the creep of mountain permafrost. Whereas motion rates are related to multiple structural, topographic and climatic factors, and range from a few cm/a to multiple m/a, their interannual variations are primarily linked to those of the thermal state of the permafrost. With the objective to provide a novel climate change indicator suitable for mountain permafrost environments, the established parameters of the Essential Climate Variable (ECV) Permafrost Active Layer Thickness (ALT) and Permafrost Temperature (PT) have been complemented in 2021 by Rock Glacier Velocity (RGV). RGV is an annualized rock glacier velocity time series documenting the creep rate of mountain permafrost. Relative velocity changes extracted from multiple sites are needed to robustly represent the climate signal. However, RGV production on the basis of in-situ measurements is costly and therefore restricted to some specific sites. We propose a new approach to extract RGV using spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR). We used Sentinel-1 SAR images (wavelength: approx. 5.55 cm) between 2015 and 2022 to compute and average (stack) interferograms with short temporal baselines of 6 to 12 days, extract multiple spatially distributed velocity time series and identify dominant trends through clustering. Pilot results on selected rock glaciers in Switzerland show good agreement between InSAR-based RGV and in-situ measured RGV from the Swiss Permafrost Monitoring Network PERMOS, especially regarding the relative change of velocities. Despite some limitations, the method makes it possible to systematically extract time series for a large amount of rock glaciers, thereby contributing to further use RGV as climate change indicator. Future research will focus on testing the method on additional rock glaciers, with an emphasis on rock glaciers suitable for analysis with 12-day interferograms (current Sentinel-1 repeat-pass). We aim to produce time series in multiple mountain ranges worldwide, providing a comprehensive dataset of InSAR-based-RGV products.
Experimental characterization of multi-phase flow in porous rock relevant for subsurface gas storage
Authors: Boon Maartje
Published: March 2024

Large scale subsurface gas storage in porous reservoirs can play an important role in the energy transition. Geological storage of carbon dioxide will mitigate CO2 emissions while underground energy storage, for example in the form of hydrogen gas, can be used to balance out the renewable energy production and demand. To investigate the feasibility of large scale subsurface gas storage in porous reservoirs, simulation models are needed that accurately capture the multi-phase flow behaviour in porous rock. Important input parameters for reservoir simulators are relative permeability and capillary pressure which highly depend on the wettability of the system. In this presentation, we will show results of different experimental techniques to characterize and visualize gas transport in porous rock including a novel experimental device to characterize wettability under the impact of different driving forces.