bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time Variation of Insulating Properties of Closed Cell Foam Insulation
Authors: Ostrogorsky A.G. , Glicksman L.R.
Published: March 2007

Heat is transferred through closed-cell foam insulation by conduc tion through the solid polymer making up the cell structure, conduction through the low conductivity gas (blowing agent) inside the cells, and radiation.

The effective thermal conductivity of closed-cell foam panels changes with the foam age due to diffusion of air components into the foam and diffusion of the blow ing agent out from the foam. The change in the composition and thermal conductiv ity of the gas mixture was modeled as a function of the aging time. The change in the composition is computed by solving the transient diffusion equations for each gas species in the foam. The thermal conductivity of the gas mixture is computed from an empirical correlation proposed by Lindsay and Bromley.

A computer program was developed to numerically solve the governing equations. The effective diffusion coefficients of the air components and the blowing agent are the main code inputs. The numerical prediction of the change of the effective con ductivity of foam panels for a given age is within 6% or better of the conductivity obtamed in long-term tests under three different thermal environments.
Binder Droplet-Fiber Interactions in the Production of Thermal Insulations
Authors: Mitchell Brian S. , Koutsky James A.
Published: March 2007

Wetting characteristics of binder resins used in the production of mineral fiber thermal insulations are examined. Contact angles for droplets of phenol-formaldehyde and sodium silicate resins on glass and mineral fibers were de termined under process conditions using a technique developed by Carroll. It is shown that these solutions give consistently low contact angles (θ < 20°) over all concentrations studied. Time-dependent contact angles are also discussed to com pare cure characteristics of the two resin systems.
Fiber Glass for Insulating Cryogenic Tanker Systems
Authors: Fay R. Michael , Albers Mark A.
Published: March 2007

Large quantities of cryogemc liquids are routinely transported in over-the-road cryogemc tankers. The majority of these tankers are insulated with ex panded perlite at a density of 96 to 160 kg/m3 and reduced pressures below 0.07 mb (0.05 mm Hg). Fiber glass insulation at a density of 32 kg/m3 used in place of ex panded perlite offers similar thermal performance. Fiber glass insulation has a sig nificantly lower density which relates to lower cryogenic tanker weight and thereby the ability to either transport more product or use less fuel.

This article reviews the requirements of thermal insulations for over-the-road cryogenic tankers and compares thermal conductivities of various insulations used for this application. Data on a new "AA" fiber glass insulation designed for this cryogemc market is presented. The results indicate that this new fiber glass blanket can offer the highest thermal resistivities on a per weight basis of any of the insula tion systems evaluated.
Model Based Frequency Domain Estimation of the Thermal Properties of Building Insulation
Authors: Lindfors Anders , Christoffersson Anders , Roberts Roland , Anderlind Gunnar
Published: March 2007

Estimation of the thermal resistance ( R) and (especially) the thermal capacity (C) of building components from in situ measurements involves the analy sis of dynamic (not steady-state) heat flow data. Such analyses require a suitable dynamic model of the system. Such models, and thus analyses, are most elegantly handled in the frequency domain. Such modeling shows that in realistic experimental situations the presence of the heat flux transducer can have a significant effect on the dynamics of the system, even if the R and C of the transducer are much smaller than those of the component. This is confirmed by analysis of a real data set. Inclusion of the transducer in our model of the system produces estimates which, especially for short and highly dynamic data series, are more accurate and robust than those pro duced using more traditional time domain techniques.
Energy Efficiency of Commercial Building Envelope Designs in Hong Kong
Authors: Lam Joseph C.
Published: March 2007

Envelope designs of eighty-three commercial buildings completed in January and June during an 11-year period (1982-1992) in Hong Kong have been surveyed. Four different building envelope types have been identified: reinforced concrete (RC) with tile cladding, precast concrete panel, curtain walls, and overclad ding. RC with tile cladding is adopted for less expensive small development. Most large scale building projects tend to use curtain walls and overcladding. Precast con crete panel is not very common and is used only when a strongly moulded facade is desired. To get some idea about energy efficiency in terms of limiting heat gain through the building envelope, the overall thermal transfer value (OTTV) has been analyzed, and implications for energy consumption are discussed.
A Case Study of Upgrading an Existing Residential Building Relating to Energy Conservation in China
Authors: Xu Peng  , Yi Cheng  , Sui Chengfei  , Zhao Lihua
Published: March 2007

The thermal behaviors of specimens and an upgraded prototype resi dential building are measured in laboratory and in situ in this study. The research shows that the proposed insulation system can save as much as 50 percent of the en ergy through it while the field measurements basically indicate the ability for the retrofitted residential dwelling to meet the requirements set by the Ministry of Con struction in China in terms of energy conservation, i.e., 30 percent reduction of the overall energy consumed by newly-built buildings. This retrofitted practice pre sented in this paper is generally accepted as an example that has instructive influence commercially as well as environmentally over nearly 90 percent of the total existing buildings in cold regions of China.
Improving Evaluation Theory Through The Empirical Study of Evaluation Practice
Authors: Smith Nick L.
Published: March 2007

Articles should deal with topics applicable to the broad field of program evaluation. Implications for practicing evaluators should be clearly identified. Examples of contributions include, but are not limited to, reviews of new developments in evaluation and descriptions of a current evaluation effort, research problem, or technique. Manuscripts should include appropriate references and not exceed 10 double-spaced typewritten pages in length.
Project-Based Learning: Building Communities of Reflective Practitioners
Authors: Ayas Karen , Zeniuk Nick
Published: March 2007

In this article we delve into the potential learning capacity inherent in project-based organizations derived from conclusions drawn from action research as well as extensive field experience. We propose project-based learning as a means to deal with the challenge of sustainable growth of learning capacity, i.e. developing learning capabilities that enable reasoning beyond the short term; knowledge creation and sharing beyond the individual or team. Based on stories from the field, we explore the distinguishing features of project-based learning and ways in which project-based learning can be instrumental in building communities of reflective practitioners.
Four Theatres: Moral Discourses in Polish Management
Authors: Kostera Monika , Kozminski Andrzej K.
Published: March 2007

This article proposes the metaphor of four theatres for the analysis of ethical discourses in management. The authors adopt a social constructivist and pragmatist perspective and explore the performative definitions of morality that people active within Polish business have. The preliminary results of a study carried out among Polish managers are presented. The managers were asked to respond to a list of highly controversial statements. Their responses have been analysed from the point of view of the theatrical metaphors. We present case studies of companies that illustrate the various theatrical modes that we have found in our material. Finally, some implications for change are analysed.
An Alternative Approach to the Evaluation of Management Training: The Use of Protocol Analysis Method
Authors: Mmobuosi Ifechukude B.
Published: March 2007

What the scientific evaluator of management training courses wishes to know of the courses and their application to work are all in the consciousness of the course-participating manager. What the evaluator has to do is to sift from the manager's recorded accounts of his or her learning and post-course experiences. This is protocol analysis method as an alternative to the currently prevalent positivist methods of evaluation.
The Use and Effectiveness of the Case Study Method in Management Education- A Critical Review
Authors: Smith Gareth
Published: March 2007

The paper begins by looking at a definition of the term 'case study' and notes the lack of empirical evidence to substantiate many of the claims made of it. The growth and current usage of the method is charted and then the empirical research into the method which does exist is critically examined.
Whither Management Education?
Authors: Raelin Joseph A.
Published: March 2007

As pedagogical approaches, the professional education model and more recently action learning have each made important contributions to the preparation of experienced students for management practice. Using some carefully chosen domains, these approaches, in particular their advantages and limitations, are reviewed. Some guidelines are then proposed to help develop a future model of management education which in some instances goes beyond even a synthesis of the two extant approaches.
Representations of Talk at Work
Authors: Case Peter
Published: March 2007

This work documents a reflexive study of workplace talk. It attempts to trace the conversational encounters of a management educator whilst engaged in routine academic activities. Concepts drawn from Speech-act theory and Actor-network theory are found useful in interpreting transcribed conversational episodes and pursuing performative and translational features of their evolution. Analytical emphasis falls on the dual characteristic of talk's operation in both accomplishing pragmatic ends and facilitating ritual sociability. In considering the textual representation of workplace talk, it is argued that context-less transcription of talk is boring. Despite the legitimate analytical ambitions of ethnomethodology, the transcription protocol of conversation analysts does little to remedy the anaesthetic effects of drily reproduced exchanges. An inquiry into styles of representation adopted by playwrights and screenplay writers is used to inform an alternative approach to the representation and interpretation of dialogue.
How Do Managers Think?
Authors: Watson Tony J.
Published: March 2007

A participant observation research study among managers is drawn upon to argue that the thinking which shapes the actions of managers can be seen as informed by sets of beliefs and generalizations which involve a mixture of pragmatic and moral principles. Personal patterns of managerial practice are informed by value-orientated lay theories which managers evolve as part of the parallel processes by which they shape their personal self-identities and learn to handle the shifting demands of their managerial work. It does not follow, however, that these espoused principles directly shape behaviour. Various factors limit the possibility of managers' potential `theories in use' being fully put `into use' in practice. This paper concentrates on the context of corporate power and control within which managers are likely to operate. It is recognized, however, in the conclusion, that more general factors of basic human fragility and angst may also be major limiting factors-these relating to a double-control problem which characterizes all managerial work.
Knowing and Learning as Networking
Authors: Araujo Luis
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to build on contemporary views emanating from the sociology of science and technology and cognitive science regarding cognition as situated and distributed, and knowing and learning as residing in heterogeneous networks of relationships between the social and material world. The main argument presented here is that most studies of organizational learning are underpinned by individual cognitivist metaphors and rely on a topographic view of organizations, conceived as containers of knowledge and a locale of learning. Instead, we propose socio-technical networks as the unit of analysis, and advocate a network view of organizations, conceived as a set of interlocking and shifting relations with porous and fluid boundaries. Finally, we will argue that the broader institutional context has important structuring consequences for situated practices, both for formal organizational practices as well as for informal, intra-and extra-organizational practices linking individuals to wider occupational communities.
Machiavelli's Kitchen
Authors: Bos Rene Ten
Published: March 2007

Berlin's ideas about value pluralism are used in order to criticize business ethics. These ideas can be traced back to Machiavelli, a philosopher who has been remarkably popular among managers and business leaders. The first part of the article, therefore, enters into why Berlin thought Machiavelli paved the way for value pluralism. It will be concluded that we need skills to handle pluralism rather than a strong emphasis on values. In the second part of the article, Berlin's ideas about value pluralism are related to Foucault's ideas about ethics. Both philosophers offer us ideas about how aforementioned skills are to be understood. In the third and final part, it will be argued that business ethics undermines the use of these skills. The ironical objective of the article is to show that business ethics has a very strained relationship with certain democratic and liberal intuitions.
Thinking with AND: Management Concepts and Multiplicities
Authors: Styhre Alexander
Published: March 2007

Management and organizational studies have directed attention towards the continuous change of, and introduction of, management tools such as models and concepts. In this perspective, management appears as a texture of concepts that are interrelated in a multiplicity of ways. To grapple with the expanding space of management concepts, the production of concepts in management has been problematized from a number of perspectives such as semiotics, discourse theory and deconstructive approaches. Most contributors who have demonstrated a frustration over the inability to fix management concepts see this as a flaw of management studies. This paper has two objectives. First, to discuss Gilles Deleuze's theory of language and the concept as a fruitful way of dealing with uncertainty of meaning, and, second, to point out the possibilities rather than the shortcomings of `unfixed' management concepts.
Postmodernism and the Rest of the World
Authors: Radhakrishnan R.
Published: March 2007

Postmodernism is the expression of a profound contradiction: deterritorialization and a borderless world on the one hand, and, on the other, the return of nationalism and the exacerbation of the gap between the `developed' and the `underdeveloped' worlds. The freedom that is associated with postmodernism is, in fact, an abject surrender to the dominance of capitalism. This essay argues that the significance of postmodernism has to be determined globally and world-historically and not merely within the confines of the metropolitan West. Secure in its dominance, postmodernism travels the world over in the name of knowledge, theory and epistemology. The pervasive epistemics of the `post-' sanctions the domination of other knowledges by the knowledge of the West. In a world polarized into the West and the Rest, the rest of the world has the ethico-political responsibility as well as authority to ensure that postmodernism does not mandate itself as the universal human condition.
Paradigms of Organizations: An Exploration in Textbook Rhetorics
Authors: Fineman Stephen , Gabriel Yiannis
Published: March 2007

This paper addresses a `paradigmatic gap' between current thinking on the nature of behaviour in organizations and the introductory organization behaviour textbook. It is argued that recent academic discourses, influenced by postmodernism and feminism, present organizations as fragile, unpredictable and discontinuous. However, the traditional organizational behaviour textbook continues to present an image of a solid, ordered and predictable organizational world. Rhetoric theory offers a powerful framework for examining the epistemological, stylistic and discursive assumptions and devices which make written text persuasive. It is used here to explore the persuasive strategies adopted by introductory textbook authors. In particular, it examines the style, content, structure and author—reader relationship of established textbooks. These are then contrasted to the rhetorical formats of the few `alternative' text-books, which attempt to bridge the paradigmatic gap. It is concluded that traditional textbooks are unable to portray organizations in line with current thinking because of their inherent assumptions about what a textbook should be and do. The alternative textbooks are faced with the challenge of not only presenting different theories but of developing a radical new rhetoric of the `textbook' itself. This is evident in how the authors address the reader, the move away from facts and theories to stories, in celebrating ambiguity, and in their accent on serendipitous learning.
Celluloid Projections: Images of Technology and Organizational Futures in Contemporary Science Fiction Film
Authors: Corbett J. Martin
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the posited role of technology in our organizational futures as portrayed in contemporary science fiction films. Whilst the dominant imagery of such films has much in common with the way new technology is portrayed in mainstream management and organization texts, it is argued that the latter have much to learn from the imaginative constructions of the developing relationship between technology and organization that is offered by science fiction film-makers.
Corporate Transformations: Designer Culture, Designer Employees and `Post-Occupational' Solidarity
Authors: Casey Catherine
Published: March 2007

This article argues that the new corporate culture currently being constructed in the corporate institution of work has wide social implications. The interplay of post-industrial technologies, new organizational practices and wider social influences is effecting changes in corporate production and culture. In particular, the integration of knowedge and work tasks and employee flexibility enabled by the `smart' technologies is generating new forms of work organization and blurring occupational boundaries. It is argued that the deliberate reconstruction of corporate culture deconstructs the culture of industrial workplaces as it simultaneously attempts to compensate for the loss of forms of social solidarity typical of industrialism. Industrial corporate culture is replaced with a designer., `simulated' culture that requires and produces a shift in employee identification and industrial solidarities. This empirically based interpretive essay discusses some of the social effects of the corporate reconstruction of culture and its displacement of a primary locus of industrial society's social solidarity. It proposes the emergence of a post-industrial, `post-occupational' social solidarity.
Maslow, Monkeys and Motivation Theory
Authors: Cullen Dallas
Published: March 2007

One of the most enduring influences in motivation theory is Maslow's needs hierarchy. The empirical basis for the needs hierarchy was Maslow's own studies of dominance in monkeys and humans. In both cases, Maslow concluded that one individual's ability to be dominant over others was due to that individual's acknowledged superiority, and that differences in human or monkey groups occurred because of differences in the exercise of dominance by the individuals in those groups. The incorporation of these ideas into the needs hierarchy explains its intuitive appeal: the hierarchy justifies managerial power, while at the same time absolving managers of accountability for ineffective motivational practices. However, recent primatological research reveals serious flaws in Maslow's understanding of the nature of dominance in monkeys and apes. As a consequence, Maslow's theory is based on research which is no longer considered valid by the discipline in which it was done.
Building the Tower of Babel: Communities of Practice and Paradigmatic Pluralism in Organization Studies
Authors: Kaghan William , Phillips Nelson
Published: March 2007

In this paper, we argue that the work of Thomas Kuhn lends itself to two conflicting interpretations of the nature of scientific work, and that these have very different implications for debates on paradigmatic pluralism within organization studies. We begin by framing two ideal typical interpretations (a reductionist interpretation and an irreductionist interpretation) of the allegory of the Tower of Babel. We then explore in more depth the irreductionist interpretation of Kuhn that has driven research in the `social studies of science' over the last two decades. In line with irreductionist studies, we examine the concept of boundaries between scientific fields and between science and society and argue for a more fluid and dynamic conception than has been common in previous work. We suggest revisions of more traditional conceptions of paradigm, incommensurability, and mature and immature science. We end by briefly discussing these issues in the context of the debates on paradigmatic pluralism in organization theory and strategic management.
God Gave Physics the Easy Problems:
Authors: BERNSTEIN STEVEN , LEBOW RICHARD NED , STEIN JANICE GROSS , WEBER STEVEN
Published: March 2007

For conceptual and empirical reasons the quest for predictive theory rests on a mistaken analogy between physical and social phenomena. Evolutionary biology is a more productive analogy for social science. We explore the value of this analogy in its `hard' and `soft' versions, and examine the implications of both for theory and research in International Relations. We develop the case for forward `tracking' of International Relations on the basis of local and general knowledge as a constructive response to the problems we identify in backward-looking attempts to build deductive, nomothetic theory.
Moving toward Culture-Inclusive Theories of Emotion
Authors: Winegar Lucien T.
Published: March 2007

After a brief summary of the target article, this commentary touches on dangers of ethnocentricity in the study of psychological phenomena, a co-constructive metatheory for emotion-cognition relationships, and dangers of universality in the study of psychological phenomena. Cultural bias does present a problem in research. However, it is not clear that this bias can be avoided by a move to conceptual primitives as a means of searching for universals in emotion. Perhaps studies of emotion would be better served by considering emotion as obtaining from social co-constructive processes. Finally, it is not clear what the 'discovery' of universality provides to our understanding of psychological phenomena. While searches for universality may yield interesting findings, the pronouncement of universality does not.
What Happened to the Democrats in the South?
Authors: Hill Kevin A. , Rae Nicol C.
Published: March 2007

This paper analyses the dramatic reduction in the numbers of white southern Democrats in the US House of Representatives since 1992. After 30 years of gradual erosion as a political force on Capitol Hill, the decline in white southern Democratic numbers has markedly accelerated during the 1990s. Georgia's House delegation includes not a single white Democrat, and Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi and South Carolina had only one as of 1998. Moreover, in many of the southern US House districts that they continue to hold, white Democrats are clinging onto office by precarious electoral margins. The reduction in southern white Democratic members became noticeable in the 1992 elections and escalated in the 1994 national Republican landslide. The underlying movement continued in 1996 despite a national trend toward the Democrats in the House elections. In this paper, several hypotheses of this decline are tested: (1) redistricting and the creation of majority-minority districts following the 1990 census; (2) retirement of white Democratic incumbents; (3) increasing levels of campaign spending by Republican challengers; and (4) Republican realignment. We find that a combination of race-based redistricting and the overwhelming success of GOP candidates in open-seat elections combined with favorable partisan tides to produce the southern Republican majorities of 1994 and 1996. We conclude that this is the culmination of a process of secular realignment, and there are no indications that this reversal of fortune for the Democrats will change anytime soon.
Citizen Orientations to Political Parties in Russia
Authors: Pammett Jon H. , DeBardeleben Joan
Published: March 2007

A combination of factors renders problematic the establishment of a competitive party system in Russia. Survey evidence from the period of the 1993 Duma election is used to examine the nature of attitudes to parties; these are found to be more supportive than might have been expected. The extent of public orientations to party is found to relate to interest in politics and belief in the meaningfulness of elections. General similarity in party orientation is found to exist among parties of different sizes and ideological stances. The importance of the development of public belief in political parties as a basis for democracy is emphasized.
New Politics and Partisan Alignment
Authors: McAllister Ian , Studlar Donley T.
Published: March 2007

Since the emergence of New Politics issues, there has been considerable debate about their potential for creating party system realignment. However, this debate has largely ignored the role of political elites in responding to changes in mass electorates. In this paper, we develop a model of realignment based on values and ideology which takes party elites into account. The model is tested using data that are based on national voter and parliamentary candidate surveys collected in Australia during the 1990 federal election. A realignment hypothesis predicts that the contemporary Australian party system is being replaced by a system reflecting New Politics/Old Politics conflict. An adaptation hypothesis predicts that the existing parties are adapting to New Politics concerns. The results show more support for the adaptation hypothesis and although a potential for realignment exists, postmaterial values and environmental ideologies have as yet insufficiently penetrated both elites and masses to bring this about. The results have major implications for the development of party alignments in other advanced societies.
Partial Consolidation of the East-Central European Parties
Authors: Agh Attila
Published: March 2007

The Hungarian party system is stable and only moderately fragmented. The Hungarian Socialist Party, the largest party after the 1994 elections in the Hungarian parliament, shows some features that illustrate partial consolidation of the east-central European parties, since these features can also be observed in some other (Polish and Czech) parties. The Hungarian Socialist Party has a rather large national organization and disciplined membership, with a relatively firm relationship to some social strata (intelligentsia, professionals and white-collar workers, on the one hand, and some working-class groups on the other). Its electoral victory and its role as the major partner in the incumbent coalition, however, have created some new problems for the party, but most probably even under this pressure of high expectations it can maintain its relative consolidation.
Inside the Black Box
Authors: Müller Wolfgang C.
Published: March 2007

This article is a case study of how one of the strongest mass parties of western democracies, the Austrian Socialist Party (SPÖ), largely replaced its mass organization with the survey method and modern means of mass communication as its major links with the general electorate. These party changes are compatible with both an `environmentalist' and a `purposive-action' interpretation. However, party adaptation to environmental changes did not occur automatically, as implied by the `environmentalist' approach. Rather, each innovation met resistance and was introduced only belatedly or half-heartedly. The most elaborate `purposive-action' theory of party change (Harmel and Janda, 1994) fits well with the case of the SPÖ's organizational modernization. Leadership change, change of the dominant faction and external shocks exhaust the factors required to explain party organization change. On the basis of this case study leadership change is considered as the single most important factor.
Validity of the Motivational Orientation in Sport Scale (MOSS) for Use with Australian Children
Authors: Rose Elizabeth , Larkin Dawne
Published: March 2007

In this study we investigated the validity of the Motivational Orientation in Sport Scale (MOSS) with Australian girls and boys ( N = 379). Also, we examined gender and grade differences in motivational orientation in sport. With the exception of the curiosity subscale, a preliminary factor analysis demonstrated agreement with the factor structure of the MOSS. However, separate factor analyses for boys and girls indicated that only three of the five subscales (challenge, mastery and criteria) are relatively stable for studies with Australian girls and boys. The MANOVA revealed significant effects of gender and grade. Follow-up ANOVAs showed significant gender differences with girls who were more extrinsically oriented towards sport than boys on challenge, mastery and criteria. There also were significant grade effects for challenge and mastery. Our findings demonstrate both acceptability and the limitations of employing the MOSS with Australian children.
Effects of Manipulating the Motivational Climate in Physical Education Lessons
Authors: Morgan Kevin , Carpenter Paul
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the effects of manipulating the motivational climate in athletics lessons to be mastery oriented on pupils’ perceptions of the motivational climate, achievement goal orientations and cognitive and affective responses. A total of 153 male and female secondary school pupils were involved in the study over a period of seven weeks. Eighty pupils participated in the mastery intervention programme (experimental group) which implemented Epstein’s (1989) TARGET teaching structures, while 73 pupils experienced the existing athletics teaching programme (control group). The pupils completed a pre- and post-intervention survey assessing their achievement goal orientations, beliefs about the causes of success, task choice, satisfaction, boredom and attitude towards athletics. Additionally the post-intervention survey assessed the pupils’ perceptions of the motivational climate. Results reveale pupils’ perceptions of a mastery climate and significant increases in their task orientation, preference for challenging tasks, satisfaction and positive attitude as a result of experiencing the mastery programme. These findings are discussed with regard to the implications for physical educators.
Evaluation Traditions in Denmark
Authors: Hansson Finn
Published: March 2007

Evaluation research developed slowly in Denmark, partly due to special political conditions in the development of the Danish welfare state. In the last 10 years evaluation has been growing rapidly, especially in the area of public services. This article presents four major traditions in Danish evaluation research today; survey-based evaluations, theory-developing evaluations, action research-based evaluations and internal evaluations. The picture of Danish evaluation research is still rather dominated by survey- based evaluations relying on otherwise much criticized positivistic quantitative methods and without the use of theory in evaluations. Even if other traditions exist the international discussions of theory and methods in evaluation research have not yet found their way into Danish evaluation discussions to any substantial degree. The positive political interest in Denmark in the use of evaluations—and especially the growth in internal evaluations—accentuates the problem of evaluation research being able to overcome its link with positivistic methodologies and subsequently integrate newer traditions in social science theory and methodology in order to produce useful knowledge.
Sexual Role Identity Among Japanese and Japanese-American High School Students
Authors: Blane Howard T. , Yamamoto Kazuo
Published: March 2007

Sexual role identity was investigated by administering short forms of the Gough (CPI) femininity scale and the Franck Drawing Completion Test to 369 Japanese-American and Caucasian-American high school students in Hawaii and to 93 students in Japan. Across sex, Japanese were more feminine on both measures than either American group; within the American group, Japanese-Americans were more feminine than Caucasian-Americans on the Gough measure, but did not differ from them on the Franck. Sex-by-ethnicity results showed that males followed the ethnic pattern on both measures, whereas Japanese females were less feminine on the Gough than Japanese-American females and were equal to Caucasian-American females. Higher femininity of Japanese males may be understood as reflecting an Oriental factor of greater femininity related to definitional models of masculinity common to the East, in contrast to Western proof-of-masculinity models. Lower femininity of Japanese women may result from shifting conceptions of femininity in Japan and the East generally, while higher femininity among Japanese-American females may be a subcultural expression related to the history and origins of Japanese in Hawaii.
The Paediatric Nurse, the Child and the Illness Network
Authors: English Margaret , Nunn Kenneth Patrick
Published: March 2007

Modem advances in health-care knowledge and technology have resulted in complex modalities of treatment. As a consequence children suffering conditions, once incompatible with survival, are now experiencing a lifetime of chronic health care and treatment. Acute paediatric health care can be simultaneously life-saving and terrifying for the child. Children's expression of emotional and psychological distress through somatoform symptoms can be confusing and perplexing for clinicians. If unrecognized, particularly in the acute care setting, somatoform symptoms may lead to abnormal illness behaviour and abnormal treatment behaviour with the child being subjected to unnecessary `abusive' investigations and treatment. The complexity for paediatric nurses lies in recognizing the child's distress and interpreting the symptoms for the child, the parents and other health-care professionals. This is different from the intervention that a psychologist or social worker might provide because of the experienced nurse's understanding of the child's illness environment. Nursing demands that the biological, the psychological and the psychosocial are woven into the structure of daily care. Quality nursing care is dependent on expert nursing knowledge and understanding of this illness environment. The expert nurse, by connecting with and understanding the child, fulfils a twofold role: the child's advocate, facilitating the coordination and integration of management plans, and the child's interpreter. Increasingly developed nursing expertise enables an appreciation of the particular needs of the child from the child's point of view.
Promoting Evidence-Based Practice in Child Protection
Authors: Macdonald Geraldine
Published: March 2007

This article argues for the adoption of an evidence-based approach to decision-making in child protection. Such a change hinges upon the availability of good quality, up-to-date evidence that is readily accessible to practitioners and policy-makers. Following a resume' of the arguments for recognizing controlled trials as methodologically superior to other forms of methodology in evaluating professional interventions, the article presents the case for adopting a similarly rigorous approach to synthesizing research findings. It then identifies a range of obstacles to promoting evidence-based practice and makes recommendations for changes in training, research, and practice which might facilitate improvement in both primary research and in reviews of the literature.
Post-Traumatic Stress Reactions in Children
Authors: Street Eddy , Sibert Jo
Published: March 2007

An audit of 55 children referred for medico-legal assessment following accidents is outlined. The children's reaction to the traumatic event is described. The variation of symptom-range, intensity and duration is suggestive of a spectrum of stress reactions to traumatic events in which post-traumatic stress disorder is at the extreme end. A number of symptoms not included in the DSM-III-R criteria for PTSD were identified. PTSD was established clinically only in the older age group. Parental responses to their child's difficulties are described. The need for research into developmental changes in children's reaction to trauma is highlighted.
An 'Academic Detailing' Intervention To Decrease Exposure to HIV Infection among Health-care Workers
Authors: Treloar Carla J. , Higginbotham Nick , Malcolm John , Sutherland David , Berenger Sandy
Published: March 2007

This intervention aimed to decrease health-care workers' experience of automatic pilot (mindless functioning) when performing high risk procedures. An academic detailing visit resulted in a significant increase in compliance with safety guidelines and a decreased incidence of other unsafe practices among 80 health care workers of two hospital units. The effects of mindlessness on health behaviour may be far reaching and the model described in this paper can be used to develop appropriate interventions.
An Exploration of the Discursive Constructions used in Young Adults' Memories and Accounts of Contraception
Authors: Harden Angela , Willig Carla
Published: March 2007

The study reported in this article uses discourse analysis to examine the meaning and significance of contraception for young adults and emphasizes the social construction of meaning to better explain what can limit and what can facilitate use of contraception. The study used memory work (Crawford et al., Emotion and Gender: Constructing Meaning from Memories. Sage, 1992) and group discussions to collect accounts of contraception. Analysis of the accounts revealed that constructions of contraception used in the memories all signified sex, which invoked wider gendered discourses surrounding sexuality. Such discourses gave rise to contradictory positionings for the actors within the memories. In contrast, the accounts of contraception from the group discussions were predominantly produced with reference to a health promotion discourse. However, further analysis revealed that the constitution of this discourse was always highly precarious. These findings are discussed in terms of the implications for health promotion efforts.
Books, Letters, Documents
Authors: Danet Brenda
Published: March 2007

Digital writing is doubly attenuated; it is 'oral', yet it lacks the social and physical cues accompanying speech, and although it is a form of writing, it has no physical substance. The implications of this phenomenon are exam ined with respect to three types of texts: books, letters, and documents. As physical objects, books and letters have served as embodiments of experi ence and of the 'personal touch'. It is harder to give up documents as physi cal objects than books or letters. Not only the meanings inscribed in documents, but also aesthetic attributes of them and of the situations in which they are manipulated have been critical to the constitution of new social arrangements and relationships. As we move from late print culture to early computer culture, we will come to give up embodying functions of books and letters, which will become increasingly digital. Binding constitu tive ceremonies may someday take place in virtual 'places' in cyberspace, with either virtual simulation of aesthetic experience, or with simultaneous real-world aesthetic activity among persons dispersed around the globe.
Criticism and Criminology:
Authors: PAVLICH GEORGE
Published: March 2007

Although the new criminology held a mandate to advance novel critical genres, it developed a radical program at the expense of studying the bases of its critique. In this article, I argue that by overlooking the latter, influential strands of radical criminology (e.g. left realism) have inadvertently succumbed to the lure of an insubstantial critical pragmatism. Here, critique claims legitimacy either on the basis of an ability to secure universal emancipation, or increase managerial efficiency. Both claims are problematic since contemporary knowledge-producing arenas no longer embrace the certainties driving modernity's critical genres and technical efficiency disallows fundamental critique. As such, critique has been immoderately abridged. By not paying sufficient attention to such issues, many critical criminologists have not appreciated the extent to which their favored critical genres are ill-suited to an ethos wracked by uncertainty. In trying to recover legitimate genres of critique, I refer to recent developments within critical criminology and I explore how Lyotard's work can help us to reconceive critical practices in criminology. The discussion concludes with a prologue outlining an alternative critical genre that might claim legitimacy through `paralogy.'
Disturbing Notions of Chronic Illness and Individual Responsibility: Towards a Genealogy of Morals
Authors: Galvin Rose
Published: March 2007

This article seeks to demonstrate that chronic illness is increasingly being viewed as culpability in the face of known risks, an instance of moral failure that requires the intervention of a range of political technologies. I argue that, in many western nations, it is becoming less acceptable to enter and remain in a physically incapacitated state: it clashes too uncomfortably with the image of the ‘good citizen’ as someone who actively participates in social and economic life, makes rational choices and is independent, self-reliant and responsible. By engaging in a genealogical analysis of chronic illness and individual responsibility, exploring how they are placed within the framework of contemporary ‘risk-society’, employing the insights derived from recent governmentality studies and developing a case study based on the current Australian experience with health promotion and welfare reform, I investigate the ways in which the concepts of health and illness are currently being deployed as tools of ‘government’.
Intersecting Power Relations in Teachers' Experiences of Being Sexualized or Harassed by Students
Authors: Lahelma Elina , Palmu Tarja , Gordon Tuula
Published: March 2007

In this article we discuss ways in which teachers comment on and voice experiences of being sexualized by students, as well as actual incidents of harassment. We analyse shifting power relationships involved in these processes, focussing on gender and age relations and institutional positions. We address teachers' emotions, but also their strategies for confronting these kinds of incidents. We conclude by discussing their experience in the context of their responsibility to address sex-based harassment in which students are in focus. We build, first, on observations and teacher interviews conducted during an ethnographic study in secondary schools `Citizenship, Difference and Marginality in Schools - with Special Reference to Gender'. The second source of data consists of teachers' letters and telephone calls to Elina Lahelma that were solicited responses to her two columns on sexual harassment at school in a teachers' trade union journal.
Risky Business: Heterosexual Credit and Lending Practice
Authors: Grace Felicity
Published: March 2007

In this article I reconsider the biased impact of discourses of `gender neutrality', `capacity to repay' and `acceptable risk' in the sexual economic sites of bank lending policy and the practices of loans officers. My analysis of bank tests for propensity to repay demonstrates how easily the complex production, operation and interweaving of (hetero) normative gender-sex-sexuality can be refigured as neutral through the application of equal opportunity rhetorics of equal access and sameness of treatment. Together queer/feminist research can demonstrate that it is often apparently neutral economic practices which place sexual subjects within culture and give meaning and substance to heteronormative sexual identity politics.
Chinese Taoist Cognitive Psychotherapy in the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Contemporary China
Authors: Zhang Yalin , Young Derson , Lee Sing , Zhang Honggen , Xiao Zeping , Hao Wei , Feng Yongmin , Zhou Hongxiang , Chang Doris F.
Published: March 2007

Chinese Taoist cognitive psychotherapy (CTCP) combines elements of cognitive therapy and Taoist philosophy. Empirical evidence of its efficacy and mechanisms of action is lacking. This study compared the efficacy of CTCP, benzodiazepines (BDZ), and combined treatment in Chinese patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). In total, 143 patients with GAD were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: CTCP only, BDZ only, or combined CTCP and BDZ treatment. Patients were evaluated at intake, and re-examined one and six months after treatment. The results indicated that BDZ treatment rapidly reduced symptoms of GAD at one month, but its effect was lost at six months. CTCP reduced symptoms more slowly and its effect was significant after six months of treatment. Combined treatment led to acute, as well as enduring, symptom reduction. Unlike BDZ treatment, CTCP reduced type A behavior, improved coping style, and decreased neuroticism. It is concluded that CTCP with or without BDZ treatment is a more effective, although slower, method for the treatment of GAD than BDZ for GAD patients in urban China.
Review : Antegrade continence enema: nursing considerations
Authors: Laurie Christina
Published: March 2007

■ The Malone ACE procedure offers an alternative treatment for children with faecal incontinence and soiling

■ Nurses need to be aware of the importance of the careful selection, preparation and continuing support of children and carers

■ Children and carers need to be aware of the high level of compliance required to achieve success
Review : Dispelling modern day myths about children's pain
Authors: Twycross Alison
Published: March 2007

■ Children are still enduring unnecessary pain
A professional, unreliable, heroic marionette (M/F
Authors: van Zoonen Liesbet
Published: March 2007

In this article, journalism in all its popular, educational, sensational, serious and political varieties is examined. This variety is analytically contained by categorizing the field along two dimensions that pervade contemporary journalism: gender and goals (mstitutional vs audience orientations). The four resulting domains of journalism are then analysed in terms of structural constraints resulting from the characteristics of the production process on the one hand, and the diversity of subjective inputs of journalists on the other. The particular articulations of structure and subjectivity found in each domain produce various forms of agency within journalism and construct so-called 'organizational identities' of journalists. Contrary to the professional mythology surrounding traditional news journalism, subjectivity in its myriad manifestations is a constitutive and necessary element of these organizational identities in all genres of journalism. It is argued that subjectivity does not contradict objectivity, and that both could function as ethical standards for contemporary journalisms.