bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonic Margin Preparation for Fixed Prosthodontics: A Pilot Study
Authors: HORNE POPPY , BENNANI VINCENT , CHANDLER NICHOLAS , PURTON DAVID
Published: September 2011

Purpose:  Atraumatic, oscillating ultrasonic instruments have recently been developed for prosthodontic margin finishing. This in vitro observational pilot study aimed to compare the condition of crown preparation margins finished using new ultrasonic instruments with margins finished with conventional rotary instruments.

Methods:  Two extracted human canine teeth were prepared for crowns. A split‐tooth model was used to refine the margins: half of the margin was finished with conventional rotary instruments, the other with ultrasonic instruments. The profiles of the margins were observed using scanning electron microscopy, and a quantitative comparison of surface roughness was obtained using surface roughness analysis software.

Results:  The margins finished with the ultrasonic instruments exhibited a better‐defined axial wall/margin angle and a smoother marginal surface. Rotary instruments produced a sharper and more continuous external line angle. Two‐dimensional surface roughness analysis showed that the margins produced with the ultrasonic instruments were approximately half as rough as the margins prepared with the conventional rotary instruments.

Conclusion:  The ultrasonic instruments produce margins in better condition than the current standard and appear to have some practical advantages.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Preparations for fixed prosthodontics finished with these ultrasonic instruments created better‐defined margins, which could result in more successful prostheses.

(J Esthet Restor Dent ••:••–••, 2011)
Effects of estrogen on estrogen receptor expression in the bursal cells of chick embryos and steroidogenic enzymes gene expression in the bursa: Relevance of estrogen receptor and estrogen synthesis in the bursa of chick embryos
Authors: SHIN Young‐Ha , SHIRAISHI Shunta , NARABARA Kiyoaki , ABE Asaki , KONDO Yasuhiro
Published: September 2011

Estrogen has been reported to act on B cell genesis in the bursa of Fabricius of chick embryos. In this study, we attempted to demonstrate the hypothesis that B cell genesis is controlled by estrogen receptor (ER) in the bursal cells and steroidogenic enzymes synthesized in the bursa. We previously reported the presence of estrogen receptor α (ERα) in the bursa during the late stage of embryogenesis and an increase in the expression of ERα messenger RNA (mRNA) between the 13th day and 16th day. The number of ER‐positive cells was maximal on the 16th day. In the present study, ER‐positive cells in the bursa during the late stage of embryogenesis increased 4 h after β‐estradiol treatment on the 14th to 18th day. The concentration of β‐estradiol in the embryonic bursa increased. These results suggest that this stage of embryogenesis is critical in B cell development in the bursa in connection with the effect of estrogen treatment. Our findings also showed that the mRNA expression of five steroidogenic enzymes occurred in the bursa of chick embryos. These results suggest that estrogen is synthesized in the embryonic bursa and estrogen acts on the bursal cells in a paracrine fashion.
Determining the geographic origin of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, using trace element content
Authors: Peng Qi , Tang Qi‐Yi , Wu Jia‐Lun , Miao Qing‐Ling , Cheng Jia‐An
Published: September 2011

Abstract  A chemometric study using pattern recognition technology was carried out to characterize the geographic origins of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. The concentrations of 23 trace elements (Mn, Mo, Cd, Ce, V, Th, Cs, Be, Tl, Fe, Nd, Pr, Se, Tm, Lu, Eu, Ho, Br, Dy, Gd, U, Sm and Er) in 53 samples from seven regions in southern China were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The data obtained were successively evaluated using a multivariate statistical approach, namely, linear discriminant analysis, which allowed classification and discrimination of the N. lugens samples from Fuqing, Shaoguan, Hepu, Yongfu, Hengnan, Wan‐an and Yongkang with high accuracy and a clear separation among the seven regions. The results show that pattern identification on the basis of trace elements in the bodies of N. lugens is feasible for determining the geographic origins of individuals.
Towards a comprehensive picture of the star cluster age–metallicity relationship in the Small Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Piatti Andrés E.
Published: September 2011

We present the results on the age and metallicity estimates of 11 Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) clusters obtained from CCD Washington CT1T2 photometry. The 11 clusters reproduce the ∼2 Gyr bursting formation paradigm when entering them into the age–metallicity relationship (AMR). Once these clusters were added to the largest known SMC cluster sample with ages and metallicities put into an homogeneous scale, we found that a comprehensive picture of the cluster AMR can be obtained, which includes the following components: two enhanced formation processes at t∼ 2 and 5–6 Gyr, which have taken place throughout the entire body of the galaxy; the absent of a metallicity gradient and a relative spread in metallicity for clusters older than ∼7 Gyr. Furthermore, such picture should not significantly change due to incompleteness in the number of studied clusters. Indeed, based on the statistics of catalogued and studied clusters, we found that a total of seven relatively old/old clusters have not yet studied, and even a smaller number is obtained if the cluster spatial distribution is considered.
Evaluation of Green Tea Extract as a Glazing Material for Shrimp Frozen by Cryogenic Freezing
Authors: Sundararajan Srijanani , Prudente Alfredo , Bankston J. David , King Joan M. , Wilson Paul , Sathivel Subramaniam
Published: September 2011

Abstract:  Solutions of green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract (GTE) in distilled water were evaluated as a glazing material for shrimp frozen by cryogenic freezing. Total of 2%, 3%, and/or 5% GTE solutions (2GTE, 3GTE, 5GTE) were used for glazing. Distilled water glazed (GDW) and nonglazed shrimp (NG) served as controls. The GTE was characterized by measuring color, pH, oBrix, total phenols, and % antiradical activity. Individual catechins were identified by HPLC. The freezing time, freezing rate, and energy removal rate for freezing shrimp by cryogenic freezing process were estimated. The frozen shrimp samples were stored in a freezer at –21°C for 180 d. Samples were analyzed for pH, moisture content, glazing yield, thaw yield, color, cutting force, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) after 1, 30, 90, and 180 d. The HPLC analysis of GTE revealed the presence of catechins and their isomers and the total polyphenol content was148.10 ± 2.49 g/L. The freezing time (min) and energy removal rate (J/s) were 48.67 ± 2.3 and 836.67 ± 78.95, respectively. Glazed samples had higher moisture content compared to NG shrimp after 180 d storage. GTE was effective in controlling the lipid oxidation in shrimp. Glazing with GTE affected a* and b* color values, but had no significant effect on the L* values of shrimp.
Kinetics of 3‐Deoxy‐D‐Erythro‐Hexos‐2‐Ulose in Unifloral Honeys
Authors: Arena Elena , Ballistreri Gabriele , Fallico Biagio
Published: September 2011

Abstract:  In this study, for the first time, the amount of 3‐deoxy‐d‐erythro‐hexos‐2‐ulose (3‐DG) in fresh citrus and chestnut honeys was determined. 3‐DG was measured as the corresponding quinoxalines after derivatization with orthophenylenediamine using reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC). Notwithstanding the freshness of the samples, high levels of 3‐DG were detected in both honeys. The comparison of 3‐DG and 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) concentrations, which was also quantified by RP‐HPLC, showed that citrus honeys had the lowest amount of 3‐DG (107 mg/kg) and the highest of HMF (16.7 mg/kg), while chestnut honeys had the opposite (398 and 1.2 mg/kg, respectively). During thermal treatment, different 3‐DG and HMF trends were highlighted between the citrus and chestnut honeys; at the end, 3‐DG formation was more favored with respect to HMF formation. Moreover, in citrus honeys, a good correlation between 3‐DG and HMF levels was observed, which was not found in chestnut honeys, suggesting a role of the high pH values of these honeys on the degradation routes. The kinetic analysis showed the highest k value for 3‐DG and HMF formation in chestnut and citrus honeys, respectively. The lowest Ea values related to 3‐DG formation and the highest to HMF formation, indicating that the key intermediate 3‐DG is easily formed at low temperatures, whilst the formation of HMF requires higher temperatures. For this reason, 3‐DG seems to be an aging index rather than a thermal index and its use, at least for honeys at high pH values, together with HMF, could improve their quality assessment.
Effects of Anticaking Agents and Relative Humidity on the Physical and Chemical Stability of Powdered Vitamin C
Authors: Lipasek Rebecca A. , Taylor Lynne S. , Mauer Lisa J.
Published: September 2011

Abstract:  Vitamin C is an essential nutrient that is widely used by the food industry in the powder form for both its nutritional and functional properties. However, vitamin C is deliquescent, and deliquescence has been linked to physical and chemical instabilities. Anticaking agents are often added to powder systems to delay or prevent caking, but little is known about their effect on the chemical stability of powders. In this study, various anticaking agents (calcium phosphate, calcium silicate, calcium stearate, corn starch, and silicon dioxide) were combined with sodium ascorbate at 2% and 50% w/w ratios and stored at various relative humidities (23%, 43%, 64%, 75%, 85%, and 98% RHs). Chemical and physical stability and moisture sorption were monitored over time. Additionally, saturated solution samples were stored at various pHs to determine the effect of surface pH and dissolution on the vitamin degradation rate. Storage RH, time, and anticaking agent type and ratio all significantly affected (P < 0.05) moisture sorption and vitamin C stability. Silicon dioxide and calcium silicate (50% w/w) and calcium stearate (at both ratios) were the only anticaking agents to improve the physical stability of powdered sodium ascorbate while none of the anticaking agents improved its chemical stability. However, corn starch and calcium stearate had the least adverse effect on chemical stability. Dissolution rate and pH were also important factors affecting the chemical and physical stability of the powders. Therefore, monitoring storage environmental conditions and anticaking agent usage are important for understanding the stability of vitamin C.

Practical Application:  Anticaking agent type and ratio significantly affected the physical and chemical stability of vitamin C over time and over a range of RHs. No anticaking agent improved the chemical stability of the vitamin, and most caused an increase in chemical degradation even if physical stability was improved. It is possible that anticaking agents would greatly affect other chemically labile deliquescent ingredients, and therefore, anticaking agent usage and storage conditions should be monitored in blended powder systems.
Empirically Supported Family‐Based Treatments for Conduct Disorder and Delinquency in Adolescents
Authors: Henggeler Scott W. , Sheidow Ashli J.
Published: September 2011

Several family‐based treatments of conduct disorder and delinquency in adolescents have emerged as evidence‐based and, in recent years, have been transported to more than 800 community practice settings. These models include multisystemic therapy, functional family therapy, multidimensional treatment foster care, and, to a lesser extent, brief strategic family therapy. In addition to summarizing the theoretical and clinical bases of these treatments, their results in efficacy and effectiveness trials are examined with particular emphasis on any demonstrated capacity to achieve favorable outcomes when implemented by real‐world practitioners in community practice settings. Special attention is also devoted to research on purported mechanisms of change as well as the long‐term sustainability of outcomes achieved by these treatment models. Importantly, we note that the developers of each of the models have developed quality assurance systems to support treatment fidelity and youth and family outcomes; and the developers have formed purveyor organizations to facilitate the large‐scale transport of their respective treatments to community settings nationally and internationally.
Quantifying forage specialisation in polyphagic insects: the polylectic and rare solitary bee, Colletes floralis (Hymenoptera: Colletidae)
Authors: DAVIS EMILY S. , REID NEIL , PAXTON ROBERT J.
Published: September 2011

Abstract.  1. Many insect species vary in their degree of foraging specialisation, with many bee species considered polyphagic (polylectic). Wild, non‐managed bee species vary in their conservation status, and species‐specific biological traits such as foraging specialisation may play an important role in determining variance in population declines. Current agri‐environment schemes (AESs) prescribe the introduction of flower seed mixes for agricultural systems to aid the conservation of wild bees. However, the extent to which flower combinations adequately meet bee foraging requirements is poorly known.

2. We quantitatively assessed pollen use and selectivity using two statistical approaches: Bailey’s Intervals and Compositional Analysis, in an examplar species, a purportedly polylectic and rare bee, Colletes floralis, across 7 sites through detailed analysis of bee scopal pollen loads and flower abundance.

3. Both approaches provided good congruence, but Compositional Analysis was more robust to small sample sizes. We advocate its use for the quantitative determination of foraging behaviour and dietary preference.

4. Although C. floralis is polylectic, it showed a clear dietary preference for plants within the family Apiaceae. Where Apiaceae was uncommon, the species exploited alternative resources. Other plant families, such as the Apiaceae, could be included, or have their proportion increased in AES seed mixes, to aid the management of C. floralis and potentially other wild solitary bees of conservation concern.
Provision of oral health care to adult patients by dental therapists without the prescription of a dentist
Authors: Calache Hanny , Hopcraft Matthew S.
Published: September 2011

Objectives: Dental therapists are increasingly been seen as part of the solution to assist in improving access to dental care for underserved populations. The aim of this article is to report the outcomes of an educational bridging program designed to provide university‐educated dental therapists with the appropriate knowledge and skills required to enable them to translate their current clinical scope of practice to adult patients aged 26+ years.

Methods: Ten dental therapists completed an educational program approved by the Dental Practice Board of Victoria as a pilot. Feedback from patients and supervising and supporting dentists was provided during the project.

Results: Supervising and supporting dentists rated the knowledge and clinical skills of participants as good to high at the completion of the education program and considered them safe to treat adults patients. Patients were very satisfied with the dental treatment provided. Eight participants successfully completed the assessment and were permitted by the Dental Practice Board of Victoria to extend their clinical scope of practice to adult patients.

Conclusions: Feedback from patients and dentists indicated that, following the completion of an educational bridging program, dental therapists with a university education were able to develop the knowledge and skills required to treat adult patients aged 26+ years without the prescription or supervision of a dentist. Enabling dental therapists to treat adult patients may have a role to play in improving access to dental care for underserved populations.
Impact of organ culturing on metabolic profile of human corneas: preliminary results
Authors: Kryczka Tomasz , Ehlers Niels , Nielsen Kim , Midelfart Anna
Published: September 2011

Purpose:  It is suggested that the quality of corneal graft may depend on modifications that appear in the tissue during culturing. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in the metabolic profile between cultured and noncultured human corneas.

Methods:  Corneas from 12 donors were obtained post‐mortem and cultured for 6–20 days. Control corneas were obtained from four patients with malignant melanoma of the chorioidea and were kept frozen at −80 °C until analysed. The metabolic profiles of the samples were investigated using high‐resolution, magic angle spinning 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and special software for: (i) analysis of complex mixtures, (ii) principal component analysis and (iii) specialized statistical analysis.

Results:  Twenty metabolites were detected and assigned in the corneas. Significant differences in metabolic profiles between cultured and noncultured corneas were revealed. It was also shown in samples kept in culture for 9–14 days that the levels of (i) alanine, formate, lactate and (ii) acetate, alanine, arginine, lactate were elevated in comparison with the samples kept for <9 and more than 14 days, respectively.

Conclusions:  Corneal culturing affects the metabolic profile of the tissue. The increases in the levels of some metabolites within the second week of culturing likely result from variations in tissue metabolic or enzymatic activity caused by changed (organ culture) environment. As the mechanisms responsible for these changes are not clear, further research is indicated.
Evaporation in Solar Thermal Collectors During Operation—Reasons and Effects of Partial Stagnation
Authors: Glembin J. , Eggert D. , Rockendorf G. , Scheuren J.
Published: September 2011

Evaporation in solar thermal collectors normally takes place when the collector pump is not running—the so-called full stagnation. But it is possible that part of the heat transfer fluid evaporates inside a solar thermal collector field although the pump is operating and the collector field outlet temperature is significantly below the evaporation temperature. This operating status is called partial stagnation since only parts of the collector are affected by evaporation. Partial stagnation happens at a pronounced nonuniform temperature distribution in combination with a low mass flow rate and/or a high temperature level. A main reason for an irregular temperature distribution is a nonuniform flow distribution inside the solar thermal system. The paper presents an experimental investigation that analyzes the reasons and effects of partial stagnation occurrences. For this, outdoor measurements were made with a direct-flow vacuum tube collector. Criteria that promote partial stagnation have been identified, such as a coaxial tube design, a low system pressure, and a high gas content of the fluid. Performance measurements show no efficiency reduction during partial stagnation in the system investigated at a horizontal or positive collector slope. A high degree of partial stagnation, however, might pass into a complete evaporation of the collector volume although the collector pump is still running. This could lead to a complete blockage of the flow and a high thermal load of the system components. In all cases, partial stagnation leads to an unstable operation and a high load of the collector fluid and should, therefore, be avoided by design measures. A minimized risk for evaporation during operation is achieved by a more equal flow distribution inside the collector and the whole collector field, air bubbles, and solid particles should be completely removed. In addition, the gas content dissolved in the fluid may be reduced and the system pressure level may be increased in order to raise the boiling temperature.
Study of Carbon Nanotubes on Wear Performance of Aluminum Matrix Composites by Friction Stir Processing
Authors: Xu Weiping , Ke Liming , Xing Li , Zhang Zhifeng , Zhao Xia
Published: September 2011

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) reinforced Al matrix composites were prepared by friction stir processing (FSP). The effect of CNTs content on the wearing performance and hardness of Al matrix composites was studied. Results show that CNTs reinforced Al matrix composites by FSP are to create a good dispersion of the CNTs in the matrix and to achieve a good combination with the matrix. The interface of CNTs and pure aluminum matrix is smooth, no defects and is one kind of mechanical bonding interface. There are a large number of dislocations. CNTs can strengthen the matrix composites effectively and obviously improve the hardness of the composites. With increasing CNTs content, CNTs can also improve the wear performance of the matrix composites.
Ultrasonic-Vibration-Assisted Grinding of Brittle Materials: A Mechanistic Model for Cutting Force
Authors: Qin Na , Pei Z. J. , Cong W. L. , Treadwell C. , Guo D. M.
Published: September 2011

A mechanistic model for cutting force in ultrasonic-vibration-assisted grinding (UVAG) (also called rotary ultrasonic machining) of brittle materials is proposed for the first time. Fundamental assumptions include: (1) brittle fracture is the dominant mechanism of material removal, and (2) the removed volume by each diamond grain in one vibration cycle can be related to its indentation volume in the workpiece through a mechanistic parameter. Experiments with UVAG of silicon are conducted to determine the mechanistic parameter for silicon. With the developed model, influences of six input variables on cutting force are predicted. These predicted influences trends are also compared with those determined experimentally for several brittle materials.
Dynamic Evaluation of a Nanocomposite Force Sensor
Authors: Werner Andrew , Mears Laine , Clark Andrew
Published: September 2011

This paper describes the dynamic characteristics of a newly-designed force sensor comprised of carbon nanoparticles embedded in a polyphenylene sulfide matrix and operating on the principle of contact resistance change with pressure. Sensor performance was investigated for frequencies ranging from 1 to 1,000 Hz using two testing setups: a load frame for low frequency characterization and a piezo-electric stack for describing higher-frequency behavior. Bode magnitude and phase response plots were developed and it was determined that the sensor under study can be modeled as a first order system up to 600 Hz. The −3 dB bandwidth was found to be 90 Hz and the sensor’s time constant was determined to be 0.0018 seconds. A dynamic model of the sensor is constructed and compared against performance data. The sensor was found to have non-linear spring properties, allowing for two damping coefficients, one for each spring constant range, to be calculated. The damping coefficient was calculated to be 619 lb-s/in for loadings under 600 lbs and 1928 lb-s/in for loadings greater than 600 lbs. The sensor’s time response was also found to be more similar in shape to the input loading waveform when it was compared to piezoelectric load transducers.
Millimeter-Scale Thin Part Self-Assembly in the Fluidic Phase and its Sensitivity to Part Scaling
Authors: Park Kwang Soon , Baskaran Rajashree , Bo¨hringer Karl F.
Published: September 2011

This paper presents a novel method to achieve high yield assembly of millimeter-scale thin silicon chips from an air-water interface. Surface functionalized silicon parts (1×1 mm2 with 100 μm thickness) assemble in preprogrammed hydrophilic locations on a wafer substrate with self-alignment. We optimize the process and design factors systematically using DOE (Design of Experiment) that leads to high yield (close to 100 %). This paper also presents an experimental and theoretical study of a high yield self-assembly process with programmable template. An analysis of the method is presented with an emphasis on the combined effect of substrate tilting angle and part size on fluidic assembly at an air-water interface. For 1×1, 3×3 and 5×5 mm2 parts with 100 μm thickness, the maximum substrate tilting angles are experimentally determined and the surface tension induced torques are calculated based on the developed model. The result indicates that there is a limit on the lateral size of the parts that can be assembled when we use one substrate tilting angle. Based on our analysis, we propose a novel method that is capable of assembling parts of higher lateral dimensions using parametric changes in substrate tilting angle.
Sizing Extreme Environmental Condition Influences on the Multiphase Polymeric Composites’ CTE
Authors: Pop Petru A. , Luca-Motoc Dana , Bejinaru-Mihoc Gheorghe
Published: September 2011

The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of multiphase polymeric composite materials represents an important role in the process of engineered materials design, especially while approaching thermal management issues. Tailoring and designing material combinations in order to develop a composite structure to prove stability over a wide range of temperatures, from cryogenic to high values, to withstand extreme environmental conditions is the dream and the purpose of any engineering team involved in such study/research area. The paper aims to approach and to present the variations of the CTE with extreme environmental conditions (e.g. cryogenic, desert and hygroscopic conditioning) for particular combinations of particle-fibers multiphase polymeric composite materials. Influencing factors will be underlined to accompany the experimental research.
Application of Sandwich-Based Designs on Main Structural Parts of Machine Tools
Authors: Smoli´k Jan , Kuli´sˇek Viktor , Janota Miroslav
Published: September 2011

New, higher and challenging properties of new high-speed machines and high-performance machines bring up many questions connected to the design and properties of the main machine tool structures. Parameters like static stiffness, eigenfrequencies, modal damping and mass of parts may be identified as very important, and all these properties need to be improved. The most important material properties in the field of machine tools are presented in this paper. A case study based on a modification of a real horizontal machining centre is introduced. The modification consists in using a sandwich design concept in the main structural machine tool part. The sandwich concept, widely known and used in the aerospace industry and, more generally, the transportation industry, is not commonly used in machine tool design. A significant reduction of mass has been achieved by manufacturing a hybrid column with aluminum foam cores, while static stiffness has not been affected.
Energy Consumption in Discrete Part Production
Authors: Kalla Devi K. , Corcoran Samantha , Twomey Janet , Overcash Michael
Published: September 2011

It is widely recognized that industrial production inevitably results in an environmental impact. Energy consumption during production is responsible for a part of this impact, but is often not provided in cradle-to-gate life cycles. Transparent description of the transformation of materials, parts, and chemicals into products is described herein as a means to improve the environmental profile of products and manufacturing machine. This paper focuses on manufacturing energy and chemicals/materials required at the machine level and provides a methodology to quantify the energy consumed and mass loss for simple products in a manufacturing setting. That energy data are then used to validate the new approach proposed by (Overcash et.al, 2009a, and 2009b) for drilling unit processes. The approach uses manufacturing unit processes as the basis for evaluating environmental impacts at the manufacturing phase of a product’s life cycle. Examining manufacturing processes at the machine level creates an important improvement in transparency which aids review and improvement analyses.
A New Flexible and Multi-Purpose System Design for 3-Dimensional Printing
Authors: Li Ho-Lung , Geisler Chris G. , Wootton David M. , Zhou Jack G.
Published: September 2011

A new type of Solid freeform fabrication (SFF) machine based on Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language has been developed to construct hydrogel scaffolds and porous structures. The system comprises three servo motors, three motor drives, three appropriate optical linear encoders, digital/analogue input and output interfaces, an air pressure control system, a UV light device, a hot plate, and a nozzle with dispensing controller. In this study, the system was connected into a PC to act as a high-performance servo controller for monitoring the control of a three axis x-y-z moving arms. The printing procedures were repeated layer-by-layer to form a 3D structure. A biocompatible and thermosensitive material, PEG-PLGA-PEG triblock copolymer, has been printed by this new three-dimensional direct printing machine and the experimental results are discussed with respect to potential applications. Our novel SFF printing system has some advantages over other commercial SFF machines, which includes: 1. Changeable printing nozzles for materials with different viscosities. 2. Re-constructible system setup for different printing purposes. 3. Capability for heterogeneous printing. 4. User-friendly software development 5. Economic system design. The study of the hardware and software and their integration are described and its new heterogeneous printing algorithm is discussed for multiple purpose uses. The integrated software has been developed to link all components of the control system together and it is easy to adapt to different applications.
In-process characterization tool for optically produced sub-100-nm structures
Authors: Shaikh M. Z. , Kieß S. , Grégoire M. , Simon S. , Tausendfreund A. , Zimmermann M. , Goch G.
Published: September 2011

In this paper an in-process measurement tool based on coherent laser light scattering by sub-100-nm structures is presented. Laser beams of high fluence are used for fabricating three-dimensional nanostructures in the sub-100-nm range for different applications and measurement of these nanostructures is vital during manufacturing for quality control, defect analysis, calibration measurements, etc. However, present offline measurement techniques such as atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy prove to be too slow and, in some cases, also destructive. It is shown that by measuring the scattered laser light distribution of nanostructures such as zinc-oxide nanograss, it is possible to distinguish between defect-free and defective nanostructures. This allows for fast, contactless and nondestructive measurements of nanostructures. Using discrete dipole approximation (DDA) to simulate the scattered laser light distribution of modeled zinc-oxide nanograss and also CCD optical measurements of commercial grade nanograss, a correlation between the two sets of measurements strongly supports the concept of a tool capable of providing measurements of sub-100-nm nanostructures in a running manufacturing process.
Obtaining and Estimating Kinetic Parameters from the Literature
Authors: Neves Susana R.
Published: September 2011

These lecture materials describe how to create kinetic models based on information in the literature and include a student assignment.
Quinolone Induction of
qnrVS1
in Vibrio splendidus and Plasmid-Carried
qnrS1
in Escherichia coli, a Mechanism Independent of the SOS System
Authors: Okumura Ryo , Liao Chun-Hsing , Gavin Mariah , Jacoby George A. , Hooper David C.
Published: September 2011

Plasmid-carried
qnrS1
is derived from
Vibrio splendidus
chromosomal
qnrVS1. qnrVS1
transcripts increased 21- to 34-fold with subinhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin but much less with mitomycin. No LexA binding sites were upstream of
qnrS1
or
qnrVS1
, and similar induction levels were observed in
lexA
-positive and
lexA
-negative
Escherichia coli
strains with native
qnrS1
plasmid pMG306 but not with pUC18-cloned
qnrS1
or
qnrVS1
. Thus,
qnrS1
induction by quinolones is independent of the SOS system and requires sequence besides that of the structural gene.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF FILM DISTRIBUTION IN HORIZONTAL-TUBE FALLING FILM EVAPORATOR
Authors: CHEN JIN-BO , QIU QING-GANG
Published: September 2011

The technique of horizontal-tube falling film has been used in the cooling and heating industries such as refrigeration systems, heating systems and ocean thermal energy conversion systems. The comprehensive performance of evaporator is directly affected by the film distribution characteristics outside tubes. In this paper, numerical investigation was performed to predict the film characteristics outside the tubes in horizontal-tube falling film evaporator. The effects of liquid flow rate, tube diameter and the circular degree of tube on the film thickness were presented. The numerical simulation results were compared with that of the empirical equations for calculating the falling film thickness, and agreements between them were reasonable. Numerical simulation results show that, at the fixed fluid flow density, the liquid film is thicker on the upper and lower tube and the thinnest liquid film appears at angle of about 120°. The results also indicate that, when the fluid flow density decreases to a certain value, the local dryout spot on the surface of the tube would occur. In addition, the film thickness decreases with the increases of the tube diameter at the fixed fluid flow density.
SIMULATION OF A LOW TEMPERATURE EVAPORATOR IN A CASCADE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
Authors: GUNAWARDANE DUSHYANTHA , BANSAL PRADEEP
Published: September 2011

This paper presents a mathematical model for the evaporator of a cascade refrigeration system, operating down to -40°C. The system uses Carbon dioxide (R744) and Propylene (R1270), respectively, as the low temperature and high temperature cycle refrigerant. The model is developed in Engineering Equation Solver software package following the elemental Number of Transfer Units-effectiveness method, where frost has not been considered. The evaporator is a cross-flow finned tube serpentine heat exchanger, which was divided into numerous elements along the flow path of the refrigerant. The inputs to the model include inlet temperatures and mass flow rates of both the streams along with the heat flux, while the main outputs are the outlet temperatures, refrigeration capacity and HX effectiveness. The model is found to underpredict the refrigeration capacity by about 10% when compared with experimental data.
Envisioning persuasion profiles
Authors: Kaptein Maurits , Eckles Dean , Davis Janet
Published: September 2011

Public policy increasingly plays a role in influencing the work that we do as HCI researchers, interaction designers, and practitioners. "Public policy" is a broad term that includes both government policy and policy within non-governmental organizations, such as standards bodies. The Interacting with Public Policy forum focuses on topics at the intersection of human-computer interaction and public policy.

Jonathan Lazar, Editor
Parametric polymorphism and semantic subtyping
Authors: Gesbert Nils , Genevès Pierre , Layaïda Nabil
Published: September 2011

We consider a type algebra equipped with recursive, product, function, intersection, union, and complement types together with type variables and implicit universal quantification over them. We consider the subtyping relation recently defined by Castagna and Xu over such type expressions and show how this relation can be decided in EXPTIME, answering an open question. The novelty, originality and strength of our solution reside in introducing a logical modeling for the semantic subtyping framework. We model semantic subtyping in a tree logic and use a satisfiability-testing algorithm in order to decide subtyping. We report on practical experiments made with a full implementation of the system. This provides a powerful polymorphic type system aiming at maintaining full static type-safety of functional programs that manipulate trees, even with higher-order functions, which is particularly useful in the context of XML.
Toeplitz Operators on the Weighted Pluriharmonic Bergman Space with Radial Symbols
Authors: Sun Zhi Ling , Lu Yu Feng
Published: September 2011

We construct an operator R whose restriction onto weighted pluriharmonic Bergman Space
is an isometric isomorphism between and . Furthermore, using the operator R we prove
that each Toeplitz operator Ta with radial symbols is unitary to the multication operator γa,μI. Meanwhile, the Wick function of a Toeplitz operator with radial symbol gives complete information about
the operator, providing its spectral decomposition.
Mean‐Variance Hedging and Forward‐Backward Stochastic Differential Filtering Equations
Authors: Wang Guangchen , Wu Zhen
Published: September 2011

This paper is concerned with a mean‐variance hedging problem with partial information, where the initial endowment of an agent may be a decision and the contingent claim is a random variable. This problem is explicitly solved by studying a linear‐quadratic optimal control problem with non‐Markov control systems and partial information. Then, we use the result as well as filtering to solve some examples in stochastic control and finance. Also,
we establish backward and forward-backward stochastic differential filtering equations which are different from the classical filtering theory introduced by Liptser and Shiryayev (1977), Xiong (2008), and so forth.
Role of Superoxide Anions in the Redox Changes Affecting the Physiologically Occurring Cu(I)-Glutathione Complex
Authors: Speisky Hernán , López-Alarcón Camilo , Olea-Azar Claudio , Sandoval-Acuña Cristian , Aliaga Margarita E.
Published: September 2011

The physiologically occurring copper-glutathione complex, [Cu(I)-[GSH]2], has the ability to react continually with oxygen, generating superoxide anions (). We addressed here the effects that superoxide removal has on the redox state of Cu(I) and GSH present in such complex and assessed the formation of Cu(II)-GSSG as a final oxidation product. In addition, we investigated the potential of a source of external to the Cu(I)-[GSH]2complex to prevent its oxidation. Removal of from a Cu(I)-[GSH]2-containing solution, whether spontaneous or Tempol-induced, led to time-dependent losses in GSH that were greater than those affecting the metal. The losses in GSH were not accompanied by increments in GSSG but were largely accounted for by the cumulative formation of Cu(II)-GSSG molecules. Notably, the redox changes in Cu(I) and GSH were totally prevented when Cu(I)-[GSH]2was coincubated with hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase. Data suggest that the generation of by Cu(I)-[GSH]2implies the obliged formation of an intermediate whose subsequent oxidation into Cu(II)-GSSG or back reduction into Cu(I)-[GSH]2is favoured by either the removal or the addition of , respectively.
Abstract Description of Internet Traffic of Generalized Cauchy Type
Authors: Li Ming , Zhao Wei
Published: September 2011

Self‐similar process with long‐range dependence (LRD), that is, fractional Gaussian noise (fGn) with LRD is a widely used model of Internet traffic. It is indexed by its Hurst parameter HfGn
that linearly relates to its fractal dimension DfGn. Note that, on the one hand, the fractal dimension D of traffic measures local self‐similarity. On the other hand, LRD is a global property of traffic, which is characterized by its Hurst parameter H. However, by using fGn, both the self‐similarity and the LRD of traffic are measured by HfGn
. Therefore, there is a limitation for fGn to accurately model traffic. Recently, the generalized Cauchy (GC) process was introduced to model traffic with the flexibility to separately measure the fractal dimension DGC
and the Hurst parameter HGC of traffic. However, there is a fundamental problem whether or not there exists the generality that the GC model is more conformable with real traffic than single parameter models, such as fGn, irrelevant of traffic traces used in experimental verification. The solution to that problem remains unknown but is desired for model evaluation in traffic theory or for model selection against specific issues, such as queuing analysis relating to the autocorrelation function (ACF) of arrival traffic. The key contribution of this paper is our solution to that fundamental problem (see Theorem 3.17) with the following features in analysis. (i) Set‐valued analysis of the traffic of the fGn type. (ii) Set‐valued analysis of the traffic of the GC type. (iii) Revealing the generality previously mentioned by comparing metrics of the traffic of the fGn type to that of the GC type.
Failure to Unmask Pseudonormal Diastolic Function by a Valsalva Maneuver
Authors: Hu Kai , Liu Dan , Niemann Markus , Hatle Liv , Herrmann Sebastian , Voelker Wolfram , Ertl Georg , Bijnens Bart , Weidemann Frank
Published: September 2011

Background—

For the clinical assessment of patients with dyspnea, the inversion of the early (E) and late (A) transmitral flow during Valsalva maneuver (VM) frequently helps to distinguish pseudonormal from normal filling pattern. However, in an important number of patients, VM fails to reveal the change from dominant early mitral flow velocity toward larger late velocity.

Methods and Results—

From December 2009 to October 2010, we selected consecutive patients with abnormal filling with (n=25) and without E/A inversion (n=25) during VM. Transmitral, tricuspid, and pulmonary Doppler traces were recorded and the degree of insufficiency was estimated. After evaluating all standard echocardiographic morphological, functional, and flow-related parameters, it became evident that the failure to unmask the pseudonormal filling pattern by VM was related to the degree of the tricuspid insufficiency (TI). TI was graded as mild in 24 of 25 patients in the group with E/A inversion during VM, whereas TI was graded as moderate to severe in 24 of the 25 patients with pseudonormal diastolic function without E/A inversion during VM.

Conclusions—

Our data suggest that TI is a major factor to prevent E/A inversion during a VM in patients with pseudonormal diastolic function. This probably is due to a decrease in TI resulting in an increase in forward flow rather than the expected decrease during the VM. Thus, whenever a pseudonormal diastolic filling pattern is suspected, the use of a VM is not an informative discriminator in the presence of moderate or severe TI.
A Multicentury Reconstruction of May Precipitation for the Mid-Atlantic Region Using Juniperus virginiana Tree Rings*
Authors: Stockton Maxwell R. , Hessl Amy E. , Cook Edward R. , Buckley Brendan M.
Published: September 2011

This paper presents a multicentury reconstruction of May precipitation (1200–1997) for the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The reconstruction is based on the first principal component (PC1) of two millennial-length Juniperus virginiana L. (eastern red cedar) tree-ring chronologies collected from rocky, limestone sites in the Ridge and Valley province of West Virginia. A split-calibration linear regression model accounted for 27% of the adjusted variance in the instrumental record and was stable through time. The model was verified by the reduction of error (RE = 0.21) and coefficient of efficiency (CE = 0.20) statistics. Multidecadal changes in precipitation were common throughout the reconstruction, and wetter than median conditions and drier than median conditions occurred during the medieval climate anomaly (1200–1300) and the Little Ice Age (1550–1650), respectively. The full reconstruction contained evidence of interannual and decadal variability; however, the twentieth century recorded the greatest number of decadal extreme wet and dry periods. A comparison of the May precipitation reconstruction to other regional reconstructions [Potomac River, Maryland, streamflow (Cook and Jacoby); Virginia/North Carolina July Palmer hydrologic drought index (PHDI; Stahle et al.); Missouri July PHDI (Cleaveland and Stahle); and White River, Arkansas, streamflow (Cleaveland)] showed that the eastern U.S. decadal drought and pluvial events extended into the mid-Atlantic region. A positive correlation between PC1 and the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index and comparisons of smoothed May precipitation and the NAO (Luterbacher et al.) indicated that J. virginiana’s response to May precipitation was mediated by winter temperature.
Internal Variability of the Dynamically Downscaled Tropical Cyclone Activity over the Western North Pacific by the IPRC Regional Atmospheric Model
Authors: Wu Chun-Chieh , Zhan Ruifen , Lu Yi , Wang Yuqing
Published: September 2011

As synoptic storms, tropical cyclones (TCs) are highly nonlinear systems resulting from multiscale interactions. In particular, the genesis of TCs involves complex nonlinear processes, exhibiting strong internal variability in climate model simulations. This study attempts to examine such internal variability of dynamically downscaled TCs over the western North Pacific Ocean based on four simulations of 20 typhoon seasons (1982−2001) initialized on 4 successive days using the International Pacific Research Center (IPRC) Regional Atmospheric Model (iRAM). The results show that on both seasonal and interannual time scales, the initial conditions significantly affect the downscaled TC activity, with the largest internal variability occurring in August on the seasonal time scale. The spreads between any of the individual simulations and the ensemble mean are comparable to and in some circumstances greater than the interannual variation of the observed TC frequency. The internal variability of the downscaled TC activity is found to be insensitive to the amplitude and the pattern of the initial perturbations. However, day-to-day model solutions are strongly affected by the internal variability. As a result, the development of nonlinear atmospheric instabilities significantly modulates the genesis and development of the TC-like vortices, leading to the large internal variability of the downscaled TC activity. In addition to the traditional initial value problem, criteria (in particular, threshold values) used in the TC detection contribute equally to the internal variability of the downscaled TCs in the simulations. Consistent with earlier studies, the results from this study also show that the ensemble mean provides the better downscaled information on seasonal and interannual frequencies of TC genesis and occurrence.
Overactivation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells inhibits antiviral T-cell responses: a model for HIV immunopathogenesis
Authors: Boasso Adriano , Royle Caroline M. , Doumazos Spyridon , Aquino Veronica N. , Biasin Mara , Piacentini Luca , Tavano Barbara , Fuchs Dietmar , Mazzotta Francesco , Lo Caputo Sergio , Shearer Gene M. , Clerici Mario , Graham David R.
Published: September 2011

A delicate balance between immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive signals mediated by dendritic cells (DCs) and other antigen-presenting cells (APCs) regulates the strength and efficacy of antiviral T-cell responses. HIV is a potent activator of plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), and chronic pDC activation by HIV promotes the pathogenesis of AIDS. Cholesterol is pivotal in maintaining HIV envelope integrity and allowing HIV-cell interaction. By depleting envelope-associated cholesterol to different degrees, we generated virions with reduced ability to activate pDCs. We found that APC activation was dissociated from the induction of type I IFN-α/β and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)–mediated immunosuppression in vitro. Extensive cholesterol withdrawal, resulting in partial protein and RNA loss from the virions, rendered HIV a more powerful recall immunogen for stimulating memory CD8 T-cell responses in HIV-exposed, uninfected individuals. These enhanced responses were dependent on the inability of cholesterol-depleted HIV to induce IFN-α/β.