bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHANCHING THE EXTERNALIZING AND INTERNALIZING SPECTRUM OF PERSONALITY WITH SELF-REGULATION THERAPY
Authors: Amigó Salvador , Micó Joan C , Caselles Antonio
Published: February 2018

This article presents an integrator model of changes in the externalizing and internalizing factors of personality grouped in the General Factor of Personality (GFP), based on the Unique Trait Personality Theory (UTPT) [1]. This theory proposes that a continuum exists between personality and psychopathology, as well as the existence of a GFP that occupies the apex of the hierarchy of personality, and extends from an impulsiveness-and-aggressiveness pole (externalizing spectrum) to an anxiety-and-introversion pole (internalizing spectrum). With an experimental intra-group design, 30 regular users of stimulant drugs (cocaine and amphetamine) used the Self-Regulation Therapy (SRT). The SRT is a psychological procedure based on classic conditioning and suggestion used to experience a relaxation effect after the first session, and a stimulation effect during the second session. This stimulation is achieved by reproducing, by the SRT, the sensations produced by stimulant drugs. Effects were recorded on format-state scales of personality adjectives and activation, which represented both externalizing and internalizing factors. The results showed that both relaxation and stimulation, by imitating the effects of drugs, brought about short-term changes in both the GFP, and the externalizing and internalizing factors, and also in the predicted direction, i.e., changes in global personality.
Magnetospheric Multiscale Observations of an Ion Diffusion Region With Large Guide Field at the Magnetopause: Current System, Electron Heating, and Plasma Waves
Authors: Zhou M. , Berchem J. , Walker R. J. , El‐Alaoui M. , Goldstein M. L. , Lapenta G. , Deng X. , Li J. , Le Contel O. , Graham D. B. , Lavraud B. , Paterson W. R. , Giles B. L. , Burch J. L. , Torbert R. B. , Russell C. T. , Strangeway R. J. , Zhao C. , Ergun R. E. , Lindqvist P.‐A. , Marklund G.
Published: February 2018

We report Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) observations of a reconnecting current sheet in the presence of a weak density asymmetry with large guide field at the dayside magnetopause. An ion diffusion region (IDR) was detected associated with this current sheet. Parallel current dominated over the perpendicular current in the IDR, as found in previous studies of component reconnection. Electrons were preferentially heated parallel to the magnetic field within the IDR. The heating was manifested as a flattop distribution below 400 eV. Two types of electromagnetic electron whistler waves were observed within the regions where electrons were heated. One type of whistler wave was associated with nonlinear structures in E|| with amplitudes up to 20 mV/m. The other type was not associated with any structures in E||. Poynting fluxes of these two types of whistler waves were directed away from the X‐line. We suggest that the nonlinear evolution of the oblique whistler waves gave rise to the solitary structures in E||. There was a perpendicular super‐Alfvénic outflow jet that was carried by magnetized electrons. Intense electrostatic lower hybrid drift waves were localized in the current sheet center and were probably driven by the super‐Alfvénic electron jet, the velocity of which was approximately equal to the diamagnetic drift of demagnetized ions. Our observations suggest that the guide field significantly modified the structures (Hall electromagnetic fields and current system) and wave properties in the IDR.
Imaging the Global Distribution of Plasmaspheric Oxygen
Authors: Goldstein J. , Chappell C. R. , Davis M. W. , Denton M. H. , Denton R. E. , Gallagher D. L. , Gladstone G. R. , Lecocke M. B. , Sandel B. R. , Windt D. L.
Published: February 2018

This paper investigates the potential for 83.4 nm imaging of the plasmaspheric dense oxygen torus, using simple models for core plasma density and composition to constrain a simulated image code. We derive the requirements for plasmaspheric O+imaging, and the expected performance of an imager based on a slightly modified version of the IMAGE extreme ultraviolet camera. We find that such an imager can achieve a sensitivity of 0.69(s R pixel)−1, sufficient to capture the dense torus 83.4 nm signal with 25 min integration time. The background rejection ratios for this design are 1.5 × 10−4at 58.4 nm and 7.4 × 10−8for Lyman‐α. We discuss the effects of ion temperature and motion, and O++glow. We compute simulated O+images of the formation and global distribution of the dense torus. We also examine the possibility of direct observation of oxygen outflow from the ionosphere.
Statistical Study of Magnetic Topology for Eruptive and Confined Solar Flares
Authors: Cui Yanmei , Wang Haimin , Xu Yan , Liu Siqing
Published: February 2018

Large flares and halo coronal mass ejections (CMEs) can often cause strong space environment disturbances and sequently a series of space environment effects. The X‐class flares associated with halo CMEs are particular prone to these effects. In this paper, 58 X‐class flares were collected and studied with the source locations in 30° from the disk center, which were observed from 1996 to 2015. Among these events, 48 flares were associated with CMEs and defined as “eruptive” events. The other 10 flares without CMEs were defined as “confined” flares. By comparing the properties of flares and associated magnetic fields for the two sets of samples, we found the following: (1) magnetic free energy and overlying transverse fields play important roles in producing solar eruptions. Eruptive flares with high‐speed CMEs tend to occur in active regions with more free energy and larger decay index. (2) CME speeds are affected by magnetic free energy, which are described by parameters of the unsigned magnetic flux, the area of polarity inversion region, and the strength of transverse fields in the low altitude. These parameters have moderate positive correlations with CME speeds.
Evidence for Radiative Recombination of O+ Ions as a Significant Source of O 844.6 nm Emission Excitation
Authors: Waldrop L. , Kerr R. B. , Huang Y.
Published: February 2018

Photoelectron (PE) impact on ground‐state O(3P) atoms is well known as a major source of twilight 844.6 nm emission in the midlatitude thermosphere. Knowledge of the PE flux can be used to infer thermospheric oxygen density, [O], from photometric measurements of 844.6 nm airglow, provided that PE impact is the dominant process generating the observed emission. During several spring observational campaigns at Arecibo Observatory, however, we have observed significant 844.6 nm emission throughout the night, which is unlikely to arise from PE impact excitation which requires solar illumination of either the local or geomagnetically conjugate thermosphere. Here we show that radiative recombination (RR) of O+ ions is likely responsible for the observed nighttime emission, based on model predictions of electron and O+ ion density and temperature by the Incoherent Scatter Radar Ionosphere Model. The calculated emission brightness produced by O + RR exhibits good agreement with the airglow data, in that both decay approximately monotonically throughout the night at similar rates. We conclude that the conventional assumption of a pure PE impact source is most likely to be invalid during dusk twilight, when RR‐generated emission is most significant. Estimation of [O] from measurements of 844.6 nm emission demands isolation of the PE impact source via coincident estimation of the RR source, and the effective cross section for RR‐generated emission is found here to be consistent with optically thin conditions.
First OH Airglow Observation of Mesospheric Gravity Waves Over European Russia Region
Authors: Li Qinzeng , Yusupov Kamil , Akchurin Adel , Yuan Wei , Liu Xiao , Xu Jiyao
Published: February 2018

For the first time, we perform a study of mesospheric gravity waves (GWs) for four different seasons of 1 year in the latitudinal band from 45°N to 75°N using an OH all‐sky airglow imager over Kazan (55.8°N, 49.2°E), Russia, during the period of August 2015 to July 2016. Our observational study fills a huge airglow imaging observation gap in Europe and Russia region. In total, 125 GW events and 28 ripple events were determined by OH airglow images in 98 clear nights. The observed GWs showed a strong preference of propagation toward northeast in all seasons, which was significantly different from airglow imager observations at other latitudes that the propagation directions were seasonal dependent. The middle atmosphere wind field is used to explain the lack of low phase speed GWs since these GWs were falling into the blocking region due to the filtering effects. Deep tropospheric convections derived from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis data are determined near Caucasus Mountains region, which suggests that the convections are the dominant source of the GWs in spring, summer, and autumn seasons. This finding extends our knowledge that convection might also be an important source of GWs in the higher latitudes. In winter the generation mechanism of the GWs are considered to be jet stream systems. In addition, the occurrence frequency of ripple is much lower than other stations. This study provides some constraints on the range of GW parameters in GW parameterization in general circulation models in Europe and Russia region.
The Origin and Mantle Dynamics of Quaternary Intraplate Volcanism in Northeast China From Joint Inversion of Surface Wave and Body Wave
Authors: Guo Zhen , Wang Kai , Yang Yingjie , Tang Youcai , John Chen Y. , Hung Shu‐Huei
Published: February 2018

We present a 3‐D model of NE China by joint inversion of body and surface waves. The joint inversion significantly improves the resolution at shallow depths compared with body wave tomography alone and provides seismic evidence for the origin of Quaternary volcanism in NE China. Our model reveals that the mantle upwelling beneath the Changbaishan volcano originates from the transition zone and extends up to ~60 km, and spreads at the base of the lithosphere with the upwelling head ~5 times wider than the raising tail in the lower upper mantle. However, low velocities beneath the Halaha and Abaga volcanoes in the Xingmeng belt are confined to depths shallower than 150 km, suggesting that magmatism in the Xingmeng belt is more likely caused by localized asthenospheric upwelling at shallow depths rather than from the common deep source. A small‐scale sublithospheric mantle convection may control the spatial and temporal distribution of Quaternary magmatism in NE China; that is, the upwelling beneath the Changbaishan volcano triggers the downwelling beneath the southern Songliao basin, where the high velocity imaged extends to ~300 km. The downwelling may further induce localized upwelling in the surrounding areas, such as the Halaha and Abaga volcanoes. Thanks to the joint constraints from both surface and body waves, we can estimate the dimension of the convection cell. The convection cell is located between 42°N and 45°N, spreads around ~500 km in the W‐E direction measured from the distance between centers of downwelling and upwelling, and extends to ~300 km vertically.
Archie's Saturation Exponent for Natural Gas Hydrate in Coarse‐Grained Reservoirs
Authors: Cook Ann E. , Waite William F.
Published: February 2018

Accurately quantifying the amount of naturally occurring gas hydrate in marine and permafrost environments is important for assessing its resource potential and understanding the role of gas hydrate in the global carbon cycle. Electrical resistivity well logs are often used to calculate gas hydrate saturations, Sh, using Archie's equation. Archie's equation, in turn, relies on an empirical saturation parameter, n. Though n = 1.9 has been measured for ice‐bearing sands and is widely used within the hydrate community, it is highly questionable if this n value is appropriate for hydrate‐bearing sands. In this work, we calibrate n for hydrate‐bearing sands from the Canadian permafrost gas hydrate research well, Mallik 5L‐38, by establishing an independent downhole Sh profile based on compressional‐wave velocity log data. Using the independently determined Sh profile and colocated electrical resistivity and bulk density logs, Archie's saturation equation is solved for n, and uncertainty is tracked throughout the iterative process. In addition to the Mallik 5L‐38 well, we also apply this method to two marine, coarse‐grained reservoirs from the northern Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project: Walker Ridge 313‐H and Green Canyon 955‐H. All locations yield similar results, each suggesting n ≈ 2.5 ± 0.5. Thus, for the coarse‐grained hydrate bearing (Sh > 0.4) of greatest interest as potential energy resources, we suggest that n = 2.5 ± 0.5 should be applied in Archie's equation for either marine or permafrost gas hydrate settings if independent estimates of n are not available.
Water Mass Classification on a Highly Variable Arctic Shelf Region: Origin of Laptev Sea Water Masses and Implications for the Nutrient Budget
Authors: Bauch D. , Cherniavskaia E.
Published: February 2018

Large gradients and inter annual variations on the Laptev Sea shelf prevent the use of uniform property ranges for a classification of major water masses. The central Laptev Sea is dominated by predominantly marine waters, locally formed polynya waters and riverine summer surface waters. Marine waters enter the central Laptev Sea from the northwestern Laptev Sea shelf and originate from the Kara Sea or the Arctic Ocean halocline. Local polynya waters are formed in the Laptev Sea coastal polynyas. Riverine summer surface waters are formed from Lena river discharge and local melt. We use a principal component analysis (PCA) in order to assess the distribution and importance of water masses within the Laptev Sea. This mathematical method is applied to hydro‐chemical summer data sets from the Laptev Sea from five years and allows to define water types based on objective and statistically significant criteria. We argue that the PCA‐derived water types are consistent with the Laptev Sea hydrography and indeed represent the major water masses on the central Laptev Sea shelf. Budgets estimated for the thus defined major Laptev Sea water masses indicate that freshwater inflow from the western Laptev Sea is about half or in the same order of magnitude as freshwater stored in locally formed polynya waters. Imported water dominates the nutrient budget in the central Laptev Sea; and only in years with enhanced local polynya activity is the nutrient budget of the locally formed water in the same order as imported nutrients.
The Climatology of Low‐Level Jet in Beijing and Guangzhou, China
Authors: Miao Yucong , Guo Jianping , Liu Shuhua , Wei Wei , Zhang Gen , Lin Yanluan , Zhai Panmao
Published: February 2018

The important roles of low‐level jet (LLJ) in transport of heat, moisture, and pollutants have long been recognized. However, partly due to the lack of long‐term observations, the characteristics of LLJs in Beijing and Guangzhou have not been well understood. Using long‐term wind profiler observations and numerical simulations, the basic climatological characteristics of LLJ in Beijing and Guangzhou were documented, and their relationships with large‐ and local‐scale forcings were investigated. The occurrence frequencies of LLJ in both megacities approximately exhibit a bimodal distribution during an annual cycle. In terms of the seasonality, the LLJs in Beijing occur more often in spring and winter, and those in Guangzhou appear more frequently from October to December and from February to April. Pronounced diurnal variations of LLJ are found in Beijing, where most LLJs occurred during the nighttime, and the diurnal variations of LLJ in Guangzhou are less prominent. Favorable synoptic conditions for LLJ formations in Beijing are those having a southwest‐northeast or southeast‐northwest pressure gradient across Beijing. Dominant synoptic patterns associated with LLJs in Guangzhou are those having a low‐pressure or high‐pressure system to the northwest. Overall, the LLJs are primarily induced by synoptic forcings and modulated by the diurnal evolution of planetary boundary layer. The key findings from this study provide us a better understanding of the LLJs in these highly populated regions.
Optimizing Precipitation Thresholds for Best Correlation Between Dry Lightning and Wildfires
Authors: Vant‐Hull Brian , Thompson Tollisha , Koshak William
Published: February 2018

This work examines how to adjust the definition of “dry lightning” in order to optimize the correlation between dry lightning flash count and the climatology of large (>400 km2) lightning‐ignited wildfires over the contiguous United States (CONUS). The National Lightning Detection Network™ and National Centers for Environmental Prediction Stage IV radar‐based, gauge‐adjusted precipitation data are used to form climatic data sets. For a 13 year analysis period over CONUS, a correlation of 0.88 is found between annual totals of wildfires and dry lightning. This optimal correlation is found by defining dry lightning as follows: on a 0.1° hourly grid, a precipitation threshold of no more than 0.3 mm may accumulate during any hour over a period of 3–4 days preceding the flash. Regional optimized definitions vary. When annual totals are analyzed as done here, no clear advantage is found by weighting positive polarity cloud‐to‐ground (+CG) lightning differently than –CG lightning. The high variability of dry lightning relative to the precipitation and lightning from which it is derived suggests it would be an independent and useful climate indicator.
Estimation of Turbulent Heat Fluxes by Assimilation of Land Surface Temperature Observations From GOES Satellites Into an Ensemble Kalman Smoother Framework
Authors: Xu Tongren , Bateni S. M. , Neale C. M. U. , Auligne T. , Liu Shaomin
Published: February 2018

In different studies, land surface temperature (LST) observations have been assimilated into the variational data assimilation (VDA) approaches to estimate turbulent heat fluxes. The VDA methods yield accurate turbulent heat fluxes, but they need an adjoint model, which is difficult to derive and code. They also cannot directly calculate the uncertainty of their estimates. To overcome the abovementioned drawbacks, this study assimilates LST data from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite into the ensemble Kalman smoother (EnKS) data assimilation system to estimate turbulent heat fluxes. EnKS does not need to derive the adjoint term and directly generates statistical information on the accuracy of its predictions. It uses the heat diffusion equation to simulate LST. EnKS with the state augmentation approach finds the optimal values for the unknown parameters (i.e., evaporative fraction and neutral bulk heat transfer coefficient, CHN) by minimizing the misfit between LST observations from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite and LST estimations from the heat diffusion equation. The augmented EnKS scheme is tested over six Ameriflux sites with a wide range of hydrological and vegetative conditions. The results show that EnKS can predict not only the model parameters and turbulent heat fluxes but also their uncertainties over a variety of land surface conditions. Compared to the variational method, EnKS yields suboptimal turbulent heat fluxes. However, suboptimality of EnKS is small, and its results are comparable to those of the VDA method. Overall, EnKS is a feasible and reliable method for estimation of turbulent heat fluxes.
Coupled Retrieval of Liquid Water Cloud and Above‐Cloud Aerosol Properties Using the Airborne Multiangle SpectroPolarimetric Imager (AirMSPI)
Authors: Xu Feng , van Harten Gerard , Diner David J. , Davis Anthony B. , Seidel Felix C. , Rheingans Brian , Tosca Mika , Alexandrov Mikhail D. , Cairns Brian , Ferrare Richard A. , Burton Sharon P. , Fenn Marta A. , Hostetler Chris A. , Wood Robert , Redemann Jens
Published: February 2018

An optimization algorithm is developed to retrieve liquid water cloud properties including cloud optical depth (COD), droplet size distribution and cloud top height (CTH), and above‐cloud aerosol properties including aerosol optical depth (AOD), single‐scattering albedo, and microphysical properties from sweep‐mode observations by Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Airborne Multiangle SpectroPolarimetric Imager (AirMSPI) instrument. The retrieval is composed of three major steps: (1) initial estimate of the mean droplet size distribution across the entire image of 80–100 km along track by 10–25 km across track from polarimetric cloudbow observations, (2) coupled retrieval of image‐scale cloud and above‐cloud aerosol properties by fitting the polarimetric data at all observation angles, and (3) iterative retrieval of 1‐D radiative transfer‐based COD and droplet size distribution at pixel scale (25 m) by establishing relationships between COD and droplet size and fitting the total radiance measurements. Our retrieval is tested using 134 AirMSPI data sets acquired during the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) field campaign ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS. The retrieved above‐cloud AOD and CTH are compared to coincident HSRL‐2 (HSRL‐2, NASA Langley Research Center) data, and COD and droplet size distribution parameters (effective radius reff and effective variance veff) are compared to coincident Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP) (NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies) data. Mean absolute differences between AirMSPI and HSRL‐2 retrievals of above‐cloud AOD at 532 nm and CTH are 0.03 and <0.5 km, respectively. At RSP's footprint scale (~ 323 m), mean absolute differences between RSP and AirMSPI retrievals of COD, reff, and veff in the cloudbow area are 2.33, 0.69 μm, and 0.020, respectively. Neglect of smoke aerosols above cloud leads to an underestimate of image‐averaged COD by ~15%.
Simulation of Changes in the Near‐Surface Soil Freeze/Thaw Cycle Using CLM4.5 With Four Atmospheric Forcing Data Sets
Authors: Guo Donglin , Wang Aihui , Li Duo , Hua Wei
Published: February 2018

Change in the near‐surface soil freeze/thaw cycle is critical for assessments of hydrological activity, ecosystems, and climate change. Previous studies investigated the near‐surface soil freeze/thaw cycle change mostly based on in situ observations and satellite monitoring. Here numerical simulation method is tested to estimate the long‐term change in the near‐surface soil freeze/thaw cycle in response to recent climate warming for its application to predictions. Four simulations are performed at 0.5° × 0.5° resolution from 1979 to 2009 using the Community Land Model version 4.5, each driven by one of the four atmospheric forcing data sets (i.e., one default Climate Research Unit‐National Centers for Environmental Prediction [CRUNCEP] and three newly developed Modern Era Retrospective‐Analysis for Research and Applications, Climate Forecast System Reanalysis, and European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis Interim). The observations from 299 weather stations in both Russia and China are employed to validate the simulated results. The results show that all simulations reasonably reproduce the observed variations in the ground temperature, the freeze start and end dates, and the freeze duration (the correlation coefficients range from 0.47 to 0.99, and the Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiencies range from 0.19 to 0.98). Part of the simulations also exactly simulate the trends of the ground temperature, the freeze start and end dates, and the freeze duration. Of the four simulations, the results from the simulation using the CRUNCEP data set show the best overall agreement with the in situ observations, indicating that the CRUNCEP data set could be preferentially considered as the basic atmospheric forcing data set for future prediction. The simulated area‐averaged annual freeze duration shortened by 8.03 days on average from 1979 to 2009, with an uncertainty (one standard deviation) of 0.67 days caused by the different atmospheric forcing data sets. These results address the performance of numerical model in simulating the long‐term changes in the near‐surface soil freeze/thaw cycle and the role of different atmospheric forcing data sets in the simulation, which are useful for the prediction of future freeze/thaw dynamics.
Understanding the Role of Rainfall and Hydrology in Determining Fluvial Erosion Efficiency
Authors: Deal E. , Braun J. , Botter G.
Published: February 2018

Due to the challenges in upscaling daily climatic forcing to geological time, physically realistic models describing how rainfall drives fluvial erosion are lacking. To bridge this gap between short‐term hydrology and long‐term geomorphology, we derive a theoretical framework for long‐term fluvial erosion rates driven by realistic climate by integrating an established stochastic‐mechanistic model of hydrology into a threshold‐stochastic formulation of stream power. The hydrological theory provides equations for the daily streamflow probability distribution as a function of climatic boundary conditions. The new parameters introduced are rooted firmly in established climatic and hydrological theory. This allows us to account for how fluvial erosion rates respond to changes in rainfall intensity, frequency, evapotranspiration rates, and soil moisture dynamics in a way that is consistent with existing theories. We use this framework to demonstrate how hydroclimatic conditions and erosion threshold magnitude control the degree of nonlinearity between steepness index and erosion rate. We find that hydrological processes can have a significant influence on how erosive a particular climatic forcing will be. By accounting for the influence of hydrology on fluvial erosion, we conclude that climate is an important control on erosion rates and long‐term landscape evolution.
Nitrogen Fixation Inputs in Pasture and Early Successional Forest in the Brazilian Amazon Region: Evidence From a Claybox Mesocosm Study
Authors: Davidson Eric A. , Markewitz Daniel , de O. Figueiredo Ricardo , de Camargo Plínio B.
Published: February 2018

The role of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) during secondary forest succession and in tropical pastures has been investigated and debated for several decades. Here we present results of a replicated experimental study in a degraded cattle pasture of eastern Amazonia using mass balance and a 15N tracer in lined soil pit mesocosms with three treatments: (1) plant‐free control plots, (2) pasture grass Brachiaria brizantha, and (3) regrowth of early successional secondary forest species. Accumulation of N in grass biomass slightly exceeded estimates of net N mineralization from the plant‐free control plots but was within the margin of error, so inputs of BNF may not have been needed. In contrast, the secondary forest vegetation accumulated about 3 times as much biomass N annually as the net N mineralization estimate, suggesting at least some role for BNF. Based on isotopic and mass measurements of N‐fixing species, BNF was estimated to contribute at least 27 ± 3% of mean annual plant uptake in the secondary forest regrowth vegetation plots. Although BNF is probably important for recuperation of tropical secondary forests following land use change, the majority of the N taken up by both grasses and secondary forest regrowth arose from mineralization of the stocks of soil N.
Investigation of the Fire Radiative Energy Biomass Combustion Coefficient: A Comparison of Polar and Geostationary Satellite Retrievals Over the Conterminous United States
Authors: Li Fangjun , Zhang Xiaoyang , Kondragunta Shobha , Roy David P.
Published: February 2018

Biomass burning substantially contributes to atmospheric aerosol and greenhouse gas emissions that influence climate and air quality. Fire radiative energy (FRE) (units: MJ) has been demonstrated to be linearly related to biomass consumption (units: kg) with potential for improving biomass burning emission estimation. The scalar constant, termed herein as the FRE biomass combustion coefficient (FBCC) (units: kg/MJ), which converts FRE to biomass consumption, has been estimated using field and laboratory experiments, varying from 0.368 to 0.453 kg/MJ. However, quite different FBCC values, especially for satellite‐based approaches, have been reported. This study investigated the FBCC with respect to 445 wildfires that occurred from 2011 to 2012 across the Conterminous United States (CONUS) considering both polar‐orbiting and geostationary satellite data. The FBCC was derived by comparing satellite FRE estimates with biomass consumption for the CONUS. FRE was estimated using observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES); biomass consumption was estimated using Landsat‐derived burned areas with fuel loadings from the Fuel Characteristic Classification System and using combustion completeness parameterized by Landsat burn severity and Fuel Characteristic Classification System fuelbed type. The reported results confirm the linearity of the empirical relationship between FRE and biomass consumption for wildfires. The CONUS FBCC was 0.374 kg/MJ for GOES FRE, 0.266 kg/MJ for MODIS FRE, and 0.320 kg/MJ considering both GOES and MODIS FRE. Limited sensitivity analyses, comparing MODIS and GOES FRE with biomass consumption estimated in three different ways, indicated that the FBCC varied from 0.301 to 0.458 kg/MJ.
The GFDL Global Atmosphere and Land Model AM4.0/LM4.0: 2. Model Description, Sensitivity Studies, and Tuning Strategies
Authors: Zhao M. , Golaz J.‐C. , Held I. M. , Guo H. , Balaji V. , Benson R. , Chen J.‐H. , Chen X. , Donner L. J. , Dunne J. P. , Dunne K. , Durachta J. , Fan S.‐M. , Freidenreich S. M. , Garner S. T. , Ginoux P. , Harris L. M. , Horowitz L. W. , Krasting J. P. , Langenhorst A. R. , Liang Z. , Lin P. , Lin S.‐J. , Malyshev S. L. , Mason E. , Milly P. C. D. , Ming Y. , Naik V. , Paulot F. , Paynter D. , Phillipps P. , Radhakrishnan A. , Ramaswamy V. , Robinson T. , Schwarzkopf D. , Seman C. J. , Shevliakova E. , Shen Z. , Shin H. , Silvers L. G. , Wilson J. R. , Winton M. , Wittenberg A. T. , Wyman B. , Xiang B.
Published: February 2018

In Part 2 of this two‐part paper, documentation is provided of key aspects of a version of the AM4.0/LM4.0 atmosphere/land model that will serve as a base for a new set of climate and Earth system models (CM4 and ESM4) under development at NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL). The quality of the simulation in AMIP (Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project) mode has been provided in Part 1. Part 2 provides documentation of key components and some sensitivities to choices of model formulation and values of parameters, highlighting the convection parameterization and orographic gravity wave drag. The approach taken to tune the model's clouds to observations is a particular focal point. Care is taken to describe the extent to which aerosol effective forcing and Cess sensitivity have been tuned through the model development process, both of which are relevant to the ability of the model to simulate the evolution of temperatures over the last century when coupled to an ocean model.
Polyphased Inversions of an Intracontinental Rift: Case Study of the Marrakech High Atlas, Morocco
Authors: Leprêtre R. , Missenard Y. , Barbarand J. , Gautheron C. , Jouvie I. , Saddiqi O.
Published: February 2018

The High and Middle Atlas intraplate belts in Morocco correspond to Mesozoic rifted basins inverted during the Cenozoic during Africa/Eurasia convergence. The Marrakech High Atlas lies at a key location between Atlantic and Tethyan influences during the Mesozoic rifting phase but represents today high reliefs. Age and style of deformation and the mechanisms underlying the Cenozoic inversion are nevertheless still debated. To solve this issue, we produced new low‐temperature thermochronology data (fission track and [U‐Th]/He on apatite). Two cross sections were investigated in the western and eastern Marrakech High Atlas. Results of inverse modeling allow recognizing five cooling events attributed to erosion since Early Jurassic. Apart from a first erosional event from Middle/Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, four stages can be related to the convergence processes between Africa and Europe since the Late Cretaceous. Our data and thermal modeling results suggest that the inversion processes are guided at first order by the fault network inherited from the rifting episodes. The sedimentary cover and the Neogene lithospheric thinning produced a significant thermal weakening that facilitated the inversion of this ancient rift. Our data show that the Marrakech High Atlas has been behaving as a giant pop‐up since the beginning of Cenozoic inversion stages.
Forearc Basin Stratigraphy and Interactions With Accretionary Wedge Growth According to the Critical Taper Concept
Authors: Noda Atsushi
Published: February 2018

Forearc basins are important constituents of sediment traps along subduction zones; the basin stratigraphy records various events that the basin experienced. Although the linkage between basin formation and accretionary wedge growth suggests that mass balance exerts a key control on their evolution, the interaction processes between basin and basement remain poorly understood. This study performed 2‐D numerical simulations in which basin stratigraphy was controlled by changes in sediment fluxes with accretionary wedge growth according to the critical taper concept. The resultant stratigraphy depended on the degree of filling (i.e., whether the basin was underfilled or overfilled) and the volume balance between the sediment flux supplied to the basin from the hinterland and the accommodation space in the basin. The trenchward progradation of deposition with onlapping contacts on the trenchside basin floor occurred during the underfilled phase, which formed a wedge‐shaped sedimentary unit. In contrast, the landward migration of the depocenter, with the tilting of strata, was characteristic for the overfilled phase. Condensed sections marked stratigraphic boundaries, indicating when sediment supply or accommodation space was limited. The accommodation‐limited intervals could have formed during the end of wedge uplift or when the taper angle decreased and possibly associated with the development of submarine canyons as conduits for bypassing sediments from the hinterland. Variations in sediment fluxes and their balance exerted a strong influence on the stratigraphic patterns in forearc basins. Assessing basin stratigraphy could be a key to evaluating how subduction zones evolve through their interactions with changing surface processes.
Centimeter‐Height 3D Printing with Femtosecond Laser Two‐Photon Polymerization
Authors: Chu Wei , Tan Yuanxin , Wang Peng , Xu Jian , Li Wenbo , Qi Jia , Cheng Ya
Published: February 2018

Nowadays 3D printing has been widely used for producing geometrically complex 3D structures from a broad range of materials such as ceramics, metals, polymers and semiconductors. Although it has been demonstrated that a fabrication resolution as high as ≈100 nm can be achieved in 3D printing based on two‐photon polymerization (TPP), the end product height of TPP is typically on millimeter scale limited by the short working distance of high‐numerical‐aperture focal lens. Herein, a method based on simultaneous spatiotemporal focusing of the femtosecond laser pulses is presented, which enables fabricating centimeter‐height 3D structures of fine features with TPP. An isotropic spatial resolution is also demonstrated, which can be continuously tuned in the range of ≈10–40 µm by only varying the power of femtosecond laser, making this technique extremely flexible and easy to implement. Several Chinese guardian lions of a maximum height of 0.6 cm and a Terra Cotta Warrior of a height of 1.3 cm are fabricated using this method.
Surface‐Plasmon‐Polariton Diode by Asymmetric Plano‐Concave Nanocavities
Authors: Liu Feifei , Zhang Xinping
Published: February 2018

High‐efficiency and direction‐controllable launching of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) is highly desired in plasmonic devices and photonic circuits. Here, a heteroplasmonic device is reported consisting of an array of asymmetric nanocavities with each nanocavity constructed by an asymmetric Ag nanoshell (AgNS) and a planar gold film (AuFilm). A photoresist grating is used both as a template for fabricating the AgNS array and as the dielectric filling medium of the nanocavities. Interaction between localized surface plasmon resonance in the asymmetric AgNSs and SPPs in the AuFilm has enhanced the propagating surface modes along the gold film. A phase modulation induced by the asymmetry and interference between the SPP modes have been the main physics supporting the directional propagation of the surface waves or the in‐plane optical diode effect at normal incidence. The SPP diode works in different directions at different wavelengths, which can be controlled by adjusting the asymmetry of the AgNSs.
Aqueous α‐Arylation of Mono‐ and Diarylethanone Enolates at Low Catalyst Loading
Authors: Astarloa Iratxe , SanMartin Raul , Herrero María Teresa , Domínguez Esther
Published: February 2018

Acetophenone and deoxybenzoin derivatives are selectively α‐arylated using a combination of very small amounts of palladium acetate and diphenylphosphine oxide as catalyst system and water as the only solvent. Target di‐ and triarylethanones are isolated virtually free of metal residues, and the reaction is amenable to gram‐scale. A mechanistic proposal based on TEM images, poisoning experiments, kinetic plot and ESI‐MS spectrometry is also provided.

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Slow‐Release Formulation of Cowpea Mosaic Virus for In Situ Vaccine Delivery to Treat Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Czapar Anna E. , Tiu Brylee David B. , Veliz Frank A. , Pokorski Jonathan K. , Steinmetz Nicole F.
Published: February 2018

The plant viral nanoparticle cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) is shown to be an effective immunotherapy for ovarian cancer when administered as in situ vaccine weekly, directly into the intraperitoneal (IP) space in mice with disseminated tumors. While the antitumor efficacy is promising, the required frequency of administration may pose challenges for clinical implementation. To overcome this, a slow release formulation is developed. CPMV and polyamidoamine generation 4 dendrimer form aggregates (CPMV‐G4) based on electrostatic interactions and as a function of salt concentration, allowing for tailoring of aggregate size and release of CPMV. The antitumor efficacy of a single administration of CPMV‐G4 is compared to weekly administration of soluble CPMV in a mouse model of peritoneal ovarian cancer and found to be as effective at reducing disease burden as more frequent administrations of soluble CPMV; a single injection of soluble CPMV, does not significantly slow cancer development. The ability of CPMV‐G4 to control tumor growth following a single injection is likely due to the continued presence of CPMV in the IP space leading to prolonged immune stimulation. This enhanced retention of CPMV and its antitumor efficacy demonstrates the potential for viral–dendrimer hybrids to be used for delayed release applications.
Nature and Extent of Solution Aggregation Determines the Performance of P(NDI2OD‐T2) Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Nahid Masrur M. , Welford Adam , Gann Eliot , Thomsen Lars , Sharma Kamendra P. , McNeill Christopher R.
Published: February 2018

Here the effect of solvent quality on the microstructure and organic field‐effect transistor (OFET) performance of thin films of the high mobility naphthalene‐diimide‐thiophene‐based n‐type semiconducting copolymer P(NDI2OD‐T2) is investigated. A strong correlation between OFET mobility and solvent quality is observed with average electron mobility increasing from 0.21 cm2V−1s−1for samples prepared from tolerably good solvents to 0.56 cm2V−1s−1for samples prepared from poor solvents, with a maximum electron mobility of 1.5 cm2V−1s−1observed for transistors processed from toluene. The variation in transistor performance with solvent quality is linked to the nature and extent of the solution aggregation of P(NDI2OD‐T2) chains. Small angle X‐ray scattering measurements reveal elongated rod‐like aggregates up to 300 nm in length in solutions prepared using poor solvents, in contrast to more coil‐like chains with radius of gyration of ≈10–15 nm for solutions based on good to tolerably poor solvents. Thin films produced from decreasing solvent quality show an increase in the extent of correlated ordering of backbones and the degree of edge‐on orientation of polymer chains at the air/film interface. This work establishes the important link between solution‐phase chain aggregation behavior, thin‐film microstructure, and transistor performance in the P(DNI2OD‐T2) system.
Air Plasma Activation of Catalytic Sites in a Metal‐Cyanide Framework for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Guo Yanru , Wang Teng , Chen Jun , Zheng Jie , Li Xingguo , Ostrikov Kostya (Ken)
Published: February 2018

Targeted activation of highly ordered and distributed metal sites in nanoporous frameworks is a generic strategy to develop high‐performance catalysts. The key challenge is to achieve such activation without damaging the frameworks. Here it is demonstrated that atmospheric‐pressure low‐temperature plasma generated in air improve catalytic properties of an Fe/Co bimetallic cyanide framework through the specific “soft” incorporation of reactive oxygen species without affecting the framework structure. The bonding and oxidative states of the high‐density catalytic metal sites in the framework are modified while the nanoporous nature of the framework is retained, which leads to superior catalytic performance for the oxygen evolution reaction at high current densities close to the operation conditions of commercial alkaline electrolyzers.
Clinical associations between allergies and rapid eye movement sleep disturbances
Authors: Berson Shelley R. , Klimczak Jaclyn , Prezio Elizabeth A. , Hu Shirley , Abraham Manoj
Published: February 2018

Background

Allergic rhinitis, an immunoglobulin E inflammatory condition including nasal congestion, obstruction, sneezing, pruritus, and fatigue symptoms, has significant impact on quality of life and impairs sleep. Sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB) patients often have normal all‐night apnea‐hypopnea (AHI) or respiratory‐disturbance (RDI) indices on polysomnography (PSG). We hypothesized that the rapid eye motion–respiratory disturbance index (REM‐RDI) may be a novel predictor of allergic status.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 100 patients compared REM‐RDI results in 67 allergen‐positive patients with 33 nonallergic patients who presented with nasal blockage. Subjects completed STOP‐Bang©, 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22)©, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale© questionnaires and underwent skin‐prick testing (SPT) and PSGs including REM‐RDI values. Using multivariate logistic regression models, we evaluated relationships between allergic status and sleep parameters while controlling for possible confounders including body mass index (BMI).

Results

Using REM‐RDI as the outcome of interest, allergen‐positive patients were 3.92 times more likely to have REM‐RDI values in a moderate/severe range (≥15 events/hour); and patients with moderate/severe REM‐RDI values were more likely to be allergen positive (p < 0.05). Allergic status was not significantly related to all‐night AHI, RDI, or REM‐AHI. BMI was not significantly related to REM‐RDI. STOP‐Bang© was related to allergy status (p = 0.02) and REM‐RDI (p < 0.01). Allergic patients had increased REM latency and less total amount of REM.

Conclusion

We revealed significant bidirectional associations between allergen positivity and increased REM‐RDI values independent of BMI, AHI, RDI, and REM‐AHI. Allergic inflammation and REM‐RDI data may play important roles in diagnosing and treating fatigued SDB patients and as objective perioperative safety and outcomes measures.
Lewis Acid Catalyzed Stereoselective Dearomative Coupling of Indolylboron Ate Complexes with Donor–Acceptor Cyclopropanes and Alkyl Halides
Authors: Das Saikat , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Studer Armido
Published: February 2018

Indolylboron ate complexes readily generated from 2‐lithioindoles and boronic esters underwent multicomponent dearomative coupling with D‐A cyclopropanes and alkyl halides in the presence of Sc(OTf)3 as a catalyst. The reactions proceeded with complete diastereoselectivity and excellent stereospecificity to provide indolines containing three contiguous stereocenters. The valuable boronic ester moiety remains in the product and allows for subsequent functionalization.
Mit N‐heterocyclischen Carbenen behandelte Goldoberflächen in Pentacen‐Transistoren: Verbesserte Stabilität und Kontakt an der Grenzfläche
Authors: Lv Aifeng , Freitag Matthias , Chepiga Kathryn M. , Schäfer Andreas H. , Glorius Frank , Chi Lifeng
Published: February 2018

N‐Heterocyclische Carbene (NHCs), die mit der Oberfläche von Au‐Elektroden reagieren, wurden erfolgreich in Pentacen‐Transistoren eingesetzt. Mit der Anwendung von NHCs stieg die Ladungsträgermobilität von Pentacen‐Transistoren um das Fünffache, während der Kontaktwiderstand an der Pentacen‐Au‐Grenzfläche um 85 % reduziert wurde. Selbst nach zweistündigem Tempern der NHC‐Au‐Elektroden bei 200 °C vor der Pentacen‐Abscheidung nahm die Ladungsträgermobilität der Pentacen‐Transistoren nicht ab. Die hervorragenden Eigenschaften machen NHCs zu ausgezeichneten Alternativen zu Thiolen als Metallmodifikatoren für die Anwendung in organischen Feldeffekttransistoren (OFETs).
Tracking the Dynamic Folding and Unfolding of RNA G‐Quadruplexes in Live Cells
Authors: Chen Xiu‐Cai , Chen Shuo‐Bin , Dai Jing , Yuan Jia‐Hao , Ou Tian‐Miao , Huang Zhi‐Shu , Tan Jia‐Heng
Published: February 2018

Because of the absence of methods for tracking RNA G‐quadruplex dynamics, especially the folding and unfolding of this attractive structure in live cells, understanding of the biological roles of RNA G‐quadruplexes is so far limited. Herein, we report a new red‐emitting fluorescent probe, QUMA‐1, for the selective, continuous, and real‐time visualization of RNA G‐quadruplexes in live cells. The applications of QUMA‐1 in several previously intractable applications, including live‐cell imaging of the dynamic folding, unfolding, and movement of RNA G‐quadruplexes and the visualization of the unwinding of RNA G‐quadruplexes by RNA helicase have been demonstrated. Notably, our real‐time results revealed the complexity of the dynamics of RNA G‐quadruplexes in live cells. We anticipate that the further application of QUMA‐1 in combination with appropriate biological and imaging methods to explore the dynamics of RNA G‐quadruplexes will uncover more information about the biological roles of RNA G‐quadruplexes.
Designed Precursor for the Controlled Synthesis of Highly Active Atomic and Sub‐nanometric Platinum Catalysts on Mesoporous Silica
Authors: De Sudipta , Babak Maria V. , Hülsey Max J. , Ang Wee Han , Yan Ning
Published: February 2018

The development of new methods to synthesize nanometric metal catalysts has always been an important and prerequisite step in advanced catalysis. Herein, we design a stable nitrogen ligated Pt complex for the straightforward synthesis by carbonization of uniformly sized atomic and sub‐nanometric Pt catalysts supported on mesoporous silica. During the carbonization of the Pt precursor into active Pt species, the nitrogen‐containing ligand directed the decomposition in a controlled fashion to maintain uniform sizes of the Pt species. The nitrogen ligand had a key role to stabilize the single Pt atoms on a weak anchoring support like silica. The Pt catalysts exhibited remarkable activities in the hydrogenation of common organic functional groups with turnover frequencies higher than in previous studies. By a simple post‐synthetic treatment, we could selectively remove the Pt nanoparticles to obtain a mixture of single atoms and nanoclusters, extending the applicability of the present method.