bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Paediatric Obesity on Drug Pharmacokinetics: A Virtual Clinical Trials Case Study with Amlodipine
Authors: Burhanuddin Khairulanwar , Mohammed Afzal , Badhan Raj K. S.
Published: April 2024

The incidence of paediatric obesity continues to rise worldwide and contributes to a range of diseases including cardiovascular disease. Obesity in children has been shown to impact upon the plasma concentrations of various compounds, including amlodipine. Nonetheless, information on the influence of obesity on amlodipine pharmacokinetics and the need for dose adjustment has not been studied previously. This study applied the physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling and established a paediatric obesity population to assess the impact of obesity on amlodipine pharmacokinetics in children and explore the possible dose adjustments required to reach the same plasma concentration as non-obese paediatrics. The difference in predicted maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC) were significant between children with and without obesity across the age group 2 to 18 years old when a fixed-dose regimen was used. On the contrary, a weight-based dose regimen showed no difference in Cmax between obese and non-obese from 2 to 9 years old. Thus, when a fixed-dose regimen is to be administered, a 1.25- to 1.5-fold increase in dose is required in obese children to achieve the same Cmax concentration as non-obese children, specifically for children aged 5 years and above.
High-Value Compounds in Papaya By-Products (Carica papaya L. var. Formosa and Aliança): Potential Sustainable Use and Exploitation
Authors: Vinha Ana F. , Costa Anabela S. G. , Espírito Santo Liliana , Ferreira Diana M. , Sousa Carla , Pinto Edgar , Almeida Agostinho , Oliveira Maria Beatriz P. P.
Published: April 2024

Background: Food waste is a global and growing problem that is gaining traction due to its environmental, ethical, social, and economic repercussions. Between 2022 and 2027, the worldwide papaya market is expected to have a huge increase, meaning a growth in organic waste, including peels and seeds. Thus, this study evaluated the potential use of peels and seeds of two mature papaya fruits as a source of bioactive compounds, converting these by-products into value-added products. Proximate analysis (AOAC methods), mineral content (ICP-MS), free sugars (HPLC-ELSD), fatty acid composition (GC-FID), vitamin E profile (HPLC-DAD-FLD), and antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP assays) were evaluated. Results: Both by-products showed high total protein (20–27%), and dietary fiber (32–38%) contents. Papaya peels presented a high ash content (14–16%), indicating a potential application as a mineral source. 14 fatty acids were detected, with α-linolenic acid (30%) as the most abundant in the peels and oleic acid (74%) in the seeds. Both by-products showed high antioxidant activity. Conclusion: Papaya by-products display great potential for industrial recovery and application, such as formulation of new functional food ingredients.
Characterization of the Fatty Acyl-CoA Reductase (FAR) Gene Family and Its Response to Abiotic Stress in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Zhou Danni , Ding Mingyu , Wen Shuting , Tian Quanxiang , Zhang Xiaoqin , Fang Yunxia , Xue Dawei
Published: April 2024

Fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) is an important NADPH-dependent enzyme that can produce primary alcohol from fatty acyl-CoA or fatty acyl-carrier proteins as substrates. It plays a pivotal role in plant growth, development, and stress resistance. Herein, we performed genome-wide identification and expression analysis of FAR members in rice using bioinformatics methods. A total of eight OsFAR genes were identified, and the OsFARs were comprehensively analyzed in terms of phylogenetic relationships, duplication events, protein motifs, etc. The cis-elements of the OsFARs were predicted to respond to growth and development, light, hormones, and abiotic stresses. Gene ontology annotation analysis revealed that OsFAR proteins participate in biological processes as fatty acyl-CoA reductase during lipid metabolism. Numerous microRNA target sites were present in OsFARs mRNAs. The expression analysis showed that OsFARs were expressed at different levels during different developmental periods and in various tissues. Furthermore, the expression levels of OsFARs were altered under abiotic stresses, suggesting that FARs may be involved in abiotic stress tolerance in rice. The findings presented here serve as a solid basis for further exploring the functions of OsFARs.
Mapping the Spatial Distribution of Natural Gamma Dose Rates as a Baseline Study in the Province of Asti, Italy
Authors: Del Monte Omar , Paola Alessandro , Pérez Bertin , Sajo-Bohus Laszlo , Palacios Fernández Daniel
Published: April 2024

Natural background gamma rays and their effects on human health are essential components of both radiation protection and public concern. In the frame of these aspects, the mapping of the natural gamma dose rate values of the Province of Asti is given. The Asti Fire Brigade Command approved a project relating to the mapping of gamma radiation from the natural background in the territory of Asti. The project engaged both the Nuclear, Biological, Chemical, and Radiological (NBCR) and Topography Applied to Rescue (TAS) components of the Asti Command. Skilled personnel, comprising level 1 TAS operators for data collection and level 2 TAS operators for cartographic analysis, were deployed across the six working days. The methodology involved the use of two digital handheld radiation G-M detectors, in conjunction with a portable GPS unit, including the Global Mapper software. One of the significant findings of this study is the observation that the natural gamma dose rate levels were 201.25% higher in the streets of the city center compared to other areas, predominantly because the building materials in these locations contain a higher amount of natural radionuclides. The results indicated that the level of natural gamma dose rates in the studied region is close to the global average value.
Erythrosine–Dialdehyde Cellulose Nanocrystal Coatings for Antibacterial Paper Packaging
Authors: Shi Shih-Chen , Ouyang Sing-Wei , Rahmadiawan Dieter
Published: April 2024

Though paper is an environmentally friendly alternative to plastic as a packaging material, it lacks antibacterial properties, and some papers have a low resistance to oil or water. In this study, a multifunctional paper-coating material was developed to reduce the use of plastic packaging and enhance paper performance. Natural cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with excellent properties were used as the base material for the coating. The CNCs were functionalized into dialdehyde CNCs (DACNCs) through periodate oxidation. The DACNCs were subsequently complexed using erythrosine as a photosensitizer to form an erythrosine–CNC composite (Ery-DACNCs) with photodynamic inactivation. The Ery-DACNCs achieved inactivations above 90% after 30 min of green light irradiation and above 85% after 60 min of white light irradiation (to simulate real-world lighting conditions), indicating photodynamic inactivation effects. The optimal parameters for a layer-by-layer dip coating of kraft paper with Ery-DACNCs were 4.5-wt% Ery-DACNCs and 15 coating layers. Compared to non-coated kraft paper and polyethylene-coated paper, the Ery-DACNC-coated paper exhibited enhanced mechanical properties (an increase of 28% in bursting strength). More than 90% of the bacteria were inactivated after 40 min of green light irradiation, and more than 80% were inactivated after 60 min of white light irradiation.
Investigation on the Correlation between Biaxial Stretching Process and Macroscopic Properties of BOPA6 Film
Authors: Li Bowen , Liao Guangkai , Li Yuankang , Yin Haomin , Cui Lingna , Cao Kaikai , Xie Zhenyan , Liu Jiaxin , Liu Yuejun
Published: April 2024

Biaxially oriented polyamide 6 (BOPA6) films were prepared by extrusion casting and biaxial stretching with polyamide 6. The effects of different biaxially oriented on the macroscopic properties of BOPA6 were investigated by characterizing the rheological, crystallization, optical, barrier and mechanical properties. The results show that the increase of stretching temperature leads to the diffusion and regular stacking rate of BOPA6 chain segments towards crystal nuclei increases, the relative crystallinity increases, reaching 27.87% at 180 °C, and the mechanical strength and optical performance decrease. Heat-induced crystallization promotes the transformation of β-crystals to α-crystals in BOPA6, resulting in a more perfect crystalline structure and enhancing oxygen barrier properties. BOPA6 chains are oriented, and strain-induced crystallization (SIC) occurs during the biaxial stretching. Further increasing the stretch ratio, the relative crystallinity increased to 30.34%. The machine direction (MD) and transverse direction (TD) tensile strength of BOPA6 (B-33) are nearly two times higher than the unstretched film, reaching 134.33 MPa and 155.28 MPa, respectively. In addition, the permeation decreases to 57.61 cc·mil/(m2 day), and the oxygen barrier performance has improved by nearly 30% compared to the sample B-22. BOPA6 has a high storage modulus at a high stretching rate (300%/s). Rapid chain relaxation would promote the molecular chain disorientation, destroy the entangled network of the molecular chain, and lead to a decrease in tensile strength, reducing to about 110 MPa.
Bi-Level Inverse Robust Optimization Dispatch of Wind Power and Pumped Storage Hydropower Complementary Systems
Authors: Jing Xiuyan , Ji Liantao , Xie Huan
Published: April 2024

This paper presents a bi-level inverse robust economic dispatch optimization model consisting of wind turbines and pumped storage hydropower (PSH). The inner level model aims to minimize the total generation cost, while the outer level introduces the optimal inverse robust index (OIRI) for wind power output based on the ideal perturbation constraints of the objective function. The OIRI represents the maximum distance by which decision variables in the non-dominated frontier can be perturbed. Compared to traditional methods for quantifying the worst-case sensitivity region using polygons and ellipses, the OIRI can more accurately quantify parameter uncertainty. We integrate the grid multi-objective bacterial colony chemotaxis algorithm and the bisection method to solve the proposed model. The former is adopted to solve the inner level problem, while the latter is used to calculate the OIRI. The proposed approach establishes the relationship between the maximum forecast deviation and the minimum generation cost associated with each non-dominated solution in the optimal load allocation. To demonstrate its economic viability and effectiveness, we simulate the proposed approach using real power system operation data and conduct a comparative analysis.
MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry-Based Identification of Aerobic Mesophilic Bacteria in Raw Unpreserved and Preserved Milk
Authors: Mikulec Nataša , Špoljarić Jasminka , Plavljanić Dijana , Lovrić Nina , Oštarić Fabijan , Gajdoš Kljusurić Jasenka , Sarim Khan Mohd. , Zdolec Nevijo , Kazazić Snježana
Published: April 2024

The number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria in milk is one of the indicators of the hygienic quality of milk. The aim of this work was to determine such aerobic mesophilic bacteria and their number in raw unpreserved milk and milk preserved with sodium azide. In 40 collected samples, the total number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria was determined using the classical method of counting colonies on a nutrient medium according to the international standard HRN EN ISO 4833-1:2013. The results showed a trend of decreasing the number of grown colonies in milk preserved with sodium azide. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry also successfully identified 392 bacterial colonies in raw unpreserved milk samples and 330 colonies in preserved milk samples. Of these, 30 genera and 54 bacterial species were identified in the raw unpreserved milk samples, while 27 genera and 41 bacterial species were identified in the preserved samples. By using a collective approach, the present study provided a more detailed insight into milk’s hygienic quality and the presence of certain species before and after the preservation with sodium azide.
Impact of Blade Modifications on the Performance of a Darrieus Wind Turbine
Authors: Korukçu M. Özgün
Published: April 2024

Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) are gaining increasing significance in the realm of renewable energy. One notable advantage they possess is their ability to operate efficiently in diverse wind conditions, including low-speed and turbulent winds, which are often prevalent in urban areas. In this study, dimples and pitch angles into the rotor blades are used to enhance the aerodynamic performance of a straight-bladed Darrieus turbine. To simulate the turbine’s rotation under transient conditions, computational fluid dynamics calculations are conducted in a two-dimensional setting. The unsteady Navier–Stokes equations are solved, and the k-ω SST turbulence model is employed to represent turbulent flow. The results of the simulation demonstrate that the application of a circular dimple on the pressure side of the blades, positioned at 0.25 of the chord length with a diameter of 0.08 chord length, leads to a 5.18% increase in the power coefficient at λ = 2.7, in comparison to a turbine with plain airfoils. Moreover, when an airfoil with both a dimple and a + 1° pitch angle is utilized, the turbine’s performance at λ = 2.7 improved by 7.17% compared to a plain airfoil, and by 1.8% compared to a dimpled airfoil without a pitch angle. Additionally, the impact of a double dimple on both the pressure and suction sides of the airfoil on turbine performance was investigated. It was discovered that the double-dimpled airfoil exhibited lower performance in comparison to a plain airfoil. The study showed that the utilization of both dimples and pitch angles for airfoils of a Darrieus turbine blade increases the power generated by the turbine.
Application of Pure and Modified Polyvinylidene Fluoride Materials for Wastewater Treatment Using UASB Reactor Technologies: A Review
Authors: Sikosana Mmontshi Lebohang , Khoabane Sikhwivhilu Keneiloe , Moutloali Richard , Madyira Daniel
Published: April 2024

Wastewater treatment is now required because of the problems caused by water constraints. Wastewater is anaerobically digested to produce biogas, which can be used as a source of energy for things like lighting and heating. The upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor has been recognized as an important wastewater treatment technology among anaerobic treatment methods. Although their treated effluent typically does not meet most discharge criteria, UASB reactors are generally stated to have a chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction ranging from 60 to 90% for most types of wastewater. In comparison to traditional anaerobic procedures, anaerobic municipal wastewater treatment using membranes can produce higher effluent quality in terms of COD, suspended solids (SSs) and pathogen counts, as well as a steady treatment performance to fulfill strict discharge regulations. The objective of this review was to perform a literature review on parameters to consider when selecting a membrane to include in a UASB reactor. Membranes that are available in the market were compared in terms of both physical and chemical properties. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes were found be superior to the others, and their modification also reduced the fouling propensity. When comparing modified PVDF (PVDF/PVDF-g-PEGMA) to pristine PVDF (116 L·m−2 h−1), a higher pure water flux (5170 L·m−2 h−1) was noted. The main drawback of such modifications could significantly increase the final membrane production costs. Research is still lacking when it comes to research on comparing the membranes and PVDF and UASB reactor technology interaction, including effects of its modification as discussed (stability, longevity of improved flux, etc.
Wrathful Rites: Performing Shefokh ḥamatkha in the Hileq and Bileq Haggadah
Authors: Gertsman Elina , O’Mara Reed
Published: April 2024

This essay explores a remarkable manuscript, the so-called Hileq and Bileq Haggadah (Paris, BnF Ms. Hébreu 1333), illuminated in southern Germany in the fifteenth century. Our focus, in particular, is on the image that accompanies the Shefokh ḥamatkha prayer, an invocation of God’s vengeance upon nonbelievers. Here, we posit the role of the Shefokh ḥamatkha folio within the context of the Hileq and Bileq Haggadah, suggesting that its prominent position and extravagant visual program involve the reader–viewer in a performative scenario that inflects the meaning of the other images in the book as well as the enactment of the Seder ritual itself. The messianic import of the folio is underscored by its enactive language, both visual and oral, and predicated on the emotional communities that coalesced around the Passover ritual in the later Middle Ages.
Asymptotic Methods for Transaction Costs
Authors: Mayerhofer Eberhard
Published: April 2024

We propose a general approximation method for the determination of optimal trading strategies in markets with proportional transaction costs, with a polynomial approximation of the residual value function. The method is exemplified by several problems, from optimally tracking benchmarks and hedging the log contract to maximizing utility from terminal wealth. Strategies are also approximated by practically executable, discrete trades. We identify the necessary trade-off between the trading frequency and trade size to ensure satisfactory agreement with the theoretically optimal, continuous strategies of infinite activity.
A Reliable Observation Point Selection Method for GB-SAR in Low-Coherence Areas
Authors: Zhang Zexi , Li Zhenfang , Suo Zhiyong , Qi Lin , Tang Fanyi , Guo Huancheng , Tao Haihong
Published: April 2024

Ground-Based Synthetic Aperture Radar (GB-SAR), due to its high precision, high resolution, and real-time capabilities, is widely used in the detection of slope deformations. However, the weak scattering coefficient in low-coherence areas poses a great challenge to the observation point selection accuracy. This paper introduces a selection process for reliable observation points that integrates phase and spatial information. First, for various observation points with differentiated stability, we propose to utilize maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) methods to achieve stability assessment. Second, a phase correction approach is proposed to address unwrapped phase errors encountered at less stable points. Third, adaptive filtering for deformation information at observation points is achieved using estimated variance combined with wavelet filtering thresholds. Finally, in dealing with unknown deformation trends, we propose utilizing a clustering method to accurately identify these trends, thereby enhancing the precision in identifying reliable observation points (ROPs). The experimental results demonstrate that this method enhances the accuracy of observation point selection in low-coherence areas, providing a broader observational field for deformation detection.
Optimizing Greenhouse Design with Miniature Models and IoT (Internet of Things) Technology—A Real-Time Monitoring Approach
Authors: Udrea Ioana , Gheorghe Viorel Ionut , Dogeanu Angel Madalin
Published: April 2024

The market for smart greenhouses has been valued at USD 1.77 billion in 2022 and is expected to grow to 3.39 billion by 2030. In order to make this more efficient, with the help of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, it is desired to eliminate the problem of traditional agriculture, which has poor monitoring and accuracy control of the parameters of a culture. Climate control decisions in a greenhouse are made based on parameter monitoring systems, which can be remotely controlled. Instead of this adjustment of the measured parameters, it would be preferable from the point of view of energy consumption that they should be calculated at optimal values from the design phase of the greenhouse. For this reason, it would be better to perform an energy simulation of the greenhouse first. For the study carried out in this work, a small greenhouse (mini-greenhouse) was built. It was equipped with an IoT sensor system, which measured indoor climate parameters and could send data to the cloud for future recording and processing. A simplified mathematical model of the heat balance was established, and the measured internal parameters of the mini-greenhouse were compared with those obtained from the simulation. After validating the mathematical model of the mini-greenhouse, this paper aimed to find the optimal position for placing a normal-sized greenhouse. For this, several possible locations and orientations of the greenhouse were compared by running the mathematical model, with which the most unfavorable positions could be eliminated. Then, some considerably cheaper “mini-greenhouses” were made and placed in the locations with the desired orientations. Using sensor systems and technologies similar to those presented in this work, the parameters from all mini-greenhouses can be monitored in real time. This real-time monitoring allows for the simultaneous analysis of all greenhouses, without the disadvantages of data collection directly in the field, with all data being recorded in the cloud and other IoT-specific advantages being made use of. In the end, we can choose the optimal solution for the location of a real-size greenhouse.
Innovation Ecosystem for Resource-Rich Countries: Validation of Entrepreneurship Framework for Qatar as a Case
Authors: Al-Housani Mohammad I. , Al-Sada Mohammed S. , Koç Muammer
Published: April 2024

This study investigated how entrepreneurship can reshape resource-based countries such as Qatar into more diverse, sustainable, and knowledge-driven economies. By integrating both exploratory and quantitative research methods, it closely examines how various elements, including government policies, societal values, financial aids, and technological advancements, interact to influence entrepreneurial success. A significant part of the research involves a survey design based on initial qualitative research from a previous study to test the effectiveness of these strategic suggestions. This paper presents targeted recommendations for stakeholders to enhance entrepreneurship education, streamline business regulations, and introduce a national entrepreneurship zone (ENT-Q) facilitated by a digital platform (Ryadah). These steps aim to improve the entrepreneurial environment significantly, making it easier to access crucial business information, support small businesses through dedicated funds, and shift towards a diversified and knowledge-based economy. The anticipated result is better policymaking in entrepreneurship, increased entrepreneurial activity and success, and a move away from reliance on traditional oil and gas sectors. By offering a detailed plan for promoting entrepreneurship in resource-rich settings, this paper contributes valuable insights into economic diversification and sustainable development, providing actionable strategies that can be adapted to similar economies worldwide in a manner that is more accessible and understandable.
Estimation of Corn Net Primary Productivity and Carbon Sequestration Based on the CASA Model: A Case Study of the Fen River Basin
Authors: Zhang Zhiqiang , Huo Lijuan , Su Yuxin , Shen He , Yang Gaiqiang
Published: April 2024

The utilization of remote sensing technology to assess changes in crop net primary productivity (NPP), biomass, and carbon sequestration within the Fen River Basin, a crucial agricultural region in China, is important for achieving agricultural modernization, enhancing ecological environment quality, and obtaining carbon neutrality objectives. This study employed satellite remote sensing and the Carnegie–Ames–Stanford approach (CASA) model as research methods to investigate the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of corn NPP in the Fen River Basin. Correlation analysis was conducted to examine the response of corn NPP to various environmental factors in the region, while aboveground biomass and carbon sequestration of corn were estimated using a biomass inversion model driven by NPP and principles of photosynthesis in green plants. The findings revealed that, from a temporal perspective, corn NPP in the Fen River Basin exhibited a unimodal variation pattern, with an average value of 368.65 gC/m2. Spatially, the corn NPP displayed a discernible differentiation pattern, with the highest values primarily observed in the middle reaches of the Fen River Basin. Throughout the spatial and temporal variations in corn NPP during 2011–2020, the carbon sequestration capacity of corn exhibited an upward trend, particularly since 2017. The corn NPP displayed a positive correlation with temperature and precipitation. The response to solar radiation was mildly negative and a mildly positive correlation. In 2020, the aboveground biomass and carbon sequestration of corn followed a normal distribution, with the highest values concentrated in the northwestern part of the lower Fen River.
Superabsorbent Hydrogels in the Agriculture and Reclamation of Degraded Areas
Authors: Sroka Katarzyna , Sroka Paweł
Published: April 2024

Superabsorbent materials (SAPs) are crosslinked polymer networks composed of ionic and non-ionic monomers. SAPs can absorb and retain water solutions up to several hundred times their own weight. As a result of swelling, they form a gel that is insoluble in water, considered safe and decomposes over time. This review focuses on the synthesis, degradation and chemical composition of SAP materials, with particular emphasis on chemical substances that are soluble in water and can migrate into the environment. Numerous applications of natural and synthetic hydrogels in agriculture and the reclamation of degraded areas in preventing erosion, retention water, reducing leaching of colloidal soil components and plant protection products, fertilisers and mineral salts into surface waters have been described. The influence of SAPs on the microbial activity of soils is described. New trends in the search for environmentally friendly SAPs made of modified biopolymers and waste materials are presented, which not only increase yields, but also ensure sustainable agro-environmental development.
Applications of Kepler Algorithm-Based Controller for DC Chopper: Towards Stabilizing Wind Driven PMSGs under Nonstandard Voltages
Authors: Atia Basiony Shehata , Mahmoud Mohamed Metwally , Elzein I. M. , Mohamed Abdel-Rahim Abdel-Moamen , Alkuhayli Abdulaziz , Khaled Usama , Beroual Abderrahmane , Shaaban Salma Abdelaal
Published: April 2024

An optimization technique, the Kepler optimizer (KO), is presented to enable permanent magnet synchronous wind generators (PMSWG) to run safely under faults and to accomplish the goal of low-carbon efficient power delivery and sustainable development. Utility companies are struggling, which is preventing the increase in wind penetration, in spite of the grid incorporation of PMSWG. One of these undisputed concerns is the grid-side voltage dip (VD) and swell (VS) at the PCC. Converters and DCL capacitors are particularly vulnerable to PCC nonstandard voltages because of an imbalance in the DCL input–output powers. Because of this, it is essential to provide WF-GCs to support grid operations, and developing techniques to realize FRTCs has become a crucial GC need. Installing an industrial braking chopper (BC) across the DCL is the suggested technique, due to its effectiveness and low price. In addition, a new KO-based control system for BC is used to enhance its effectiveness. Four situations were examined to assess and analyze the proposed control system regarding the transient response of the system. These situations exposed the investigated system to an irregular grid condition: without BC, with BC controlled by a hysteresis controller, and with BC controlled by KO-based PI (proposed) at (a) 100% VD, (b) 70% VD, (c) 30% VD, and (d) 20% VS. To verify the advantages and efficacy of the suggested control systems in the examined circumstances, MATLAB/SIMULINK was utilized. The simulation findings confirmed the feasibility of the suggested system as a whole and the control structures in suppression of all parameter transient changes, while also achieving FRTC. Furthermore, maintaining a steady DCL voltage serves as an advantage that would lengthen the electrical converters’ lifetime and shorten the time that the unit would be turned off if it happens to fail.
The State of the Art of Photovoltaic Module Cooling Techniques and Performance Assessment Methods
Authors: Harmailil Ihsan Okta , Sultan Sakhr M. , Tso Chih Ping , Fudholi Ahmad , Mohammad Masita , Ibrahim Adnan
Published: April 2024

Due to its widespread availability and inexpensive cost of energy conversion, solar power has become a popular option among renewable energy sources. Among the most complete methods of utilizing copious solar energy is the use of photovoltaic (PV) systems. However, one major obstacle to obtaining the optimal performance of PV technology is the need to maintain ideal operating temperature. Maintaining constant surface temperatures is critical to PV systems’ efficacy. This review looks at the latest developments in PV cooling technologies, including passive, active, and combined cooling methods, and methods for their assessment. As advances in research and innovation progress within this domain, it will be crucial to tackle hurdles like affordability, maintenance demands, and performance in extreme conditions, to enhance the efficiency and widespread use of PV cooling methods. In essence, PV cooling stands as a vital element in the ongoing shift towards sustainable and renewable energy sources.
A Charged Particle with Anisotropic Mass in a Perpendicular Magnetic Field–Landau Gauge
Authors: Ciftja Orion
Published: April 2024

The loss of any symmetry in a system leads to quantum problems that are typically very difficult to solve. Such a situation arises for particles with anisotropic mass, like electrons in various semiconductor host materials, where it is known that they may have an anisotropic effective mass. In this work, we consider the quantum problem of a spinless charged particle with anisotropic mass in two dimensions and study the resulting energy and eigenstate spectrum in a uniform constant perpendicular magnetic field when a Landau gauge is adopted. The exact analytic solution to the problem is obtained for arbitrary values of the anisotropic mass using a mathematical technique that relies on the scaling of the original coordinates. The characteristic features of the energy spectrum and corresponding eigenstate wave functions are analyzed. The results of this study are expected to be of interest to quantum Hall effect theory.
A Comparative Study of the Mode-Decomposed Characteristics of the Asymmetricity of a Vortex Rope with Flow Rate Variation
Authors: Li Shujing , Guang Weilong , Yang Yang , Li Puxi , Xiao Ruofu , Zhu Di , Jin Faye , Tao Ran
Published: April 2024

In hydro turbines, the draft tube vortex rope is one of the most crucial impact factors causing pressure pulsation and vibration. It is affected by operating conditions due to differences in the flow rate and state and can be symmetric or asymmetric along the rotational direction. It may influence the stability of draft tube flow. To achieve a better understanding, in this work, dynamic mode decomposition is used in a draft tube case study of a simplification of a vortex rope. As the flow rate increases, the shape of the vortex rope becomes clear, and the flow rotation becomes more significant as the inlet flow rate increases. Dynamic mode decomposition was used to determine the relative frequencies, which were 0 (averaged), 0.7 times, and 1.4 times the features of the reference frequency. As the inlet flow rate increases, the order of high-energy modes and their influence on the vortex rope gradually increase, and this characteristic is exhibited further downstream of the draft tube. When the inlet flow rate is low, the impact of mode noise is greater. As the flow velocity increases, the noise weakens and the rotation mode becomes more apparent. Identifying the mode of the vortex flow helps extract characteristics of the vortex rope flow under different operating conditions, providing a richer data-driven basis for an in-depth analysis of the impact of operating conditions on the flow stability of a draft tube.
Strategic Adoption of Digital Innovations Leading to Digital Transformation: A Literature Review and Discussion
Authors: Campagna Joseph M. , Bhada Shamsnaz V.
Published: April 2024

Digital transformation efforts as part of the Fourth Industrial Revolution promise to revolutionize engineering practices. However, given the multitude of technological choices and the diversity of potential investment decisions, many engineering entities are slow and haphazard in their adoption of digital innovations and fail to meet the expectations set for digital engineering and digital transformation. In this study, we analyze the literature on adoption, including a systematic literature review on adoption theory and a characterization of where the research is focused. We introduce the term strategic adoption to represent adoption associated with not a single innovation but rather a digitally transformed and hyperconnected set of innovations in a digital ecosystem. From the analysis of 22 adoption theories/models and 178 adoption factors, we introduce twelve strategic adoption influencers and make recommendations for their use in accelerating the strategic adoption of digital innovations leading to digital engineering transformation. We discuss the theoretical and practical considerations for strategic adoption influencers and suggest future research directions.
Review of Explosive Contamination and Bioremediation: Insights from Microbial and Bio-Omic Approaches
Authors: Corredor Daniel , Duchicela Jessica , Flores Francisco J. , Maya Maribel , Guerron Edgar
Published: April 2024

Soil pollution by TNT(2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), RDX(hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane), and HMX(octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine), resulting from the use of explosives, poses significant challenges, leading to adverse effects such as toxicity and alteration of microbial communities. Consequently, there is a growing need for effective bioremediation strategies to mitigate this damage. This review focuses on Microbial and Bio-omics perspectives within the realm of soil pollution caused by explosive compounds. A comprehensive analysis was conducted, reviewing 79 articles meeting bibliometric criteria from the Web of Science and Scopus databases from 2013 to 2023. Additionally, relevant patents were scrutinized to establish a comprehensive research database. The synthesis of these findings serves as a critical resource, enhancing our understanding of challenges such as toxicity, soil alterations, and microbial stress, as well as exploring bio-omics techniques like metagenomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics in the context of environmental remediation. The review underscores the importance of exploring various remediation approaches, including mycorrhiza remediation, phytoremediation, bioaugmentation, and biostimulation. Moreover, an examination of patented technologies reveals refined and efficient processes that integrate microorganisms and environmental engineering. Notably, China and the United States are pioneers in this field, based on previous successful bioremediation endeavors. This review underscores research’s vital role in soil pollution via innovative, sustainable bioremediation for explosives.
Factors Associated with Neutralizing Antibody Responses following 2-Dose and 3rd Booster Monovalent COVID-19 Vaccination in Japanese People Living with HIV
Authors: Ngare Isaac , Tan Toong Seng , Toyoda Mako , Kuwata Takeo , Takahama Soichiro , Nakashima Eriko , Yamasaki Naoya , Motozono Chihiro , Fujii Teruhisa , Minami Rumi , Barabona Godfrey , Ueno Takamasa
Published: April 2024

People living with HIV (PLWH) could be at risk of blunted immune responses to COVID-19 vaccination. We investigated factors associated with neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses against SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern (VOCs), following two-dose and third booster monovalent COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in Japanese PLWH. NAb titers were assessed in polyclonal IgG fractions by lentiviral-based pseudovirus assays. Overall, NAb titers against Wuhan, following two-dose vaccination, were assessed in 82 PLWH on treatment, whereby 17/82 (20.73%) were classified as low-NAb participants. Within the low-NAb participants, the third booster vaccination enhanced NAb titers against Wuhan and VOCs, albeit to a significantly lower magnitude than the rest. In the multivariate analysis, NAb titers against Wuhan after two-dose vaccination correlated with age and days since vaccination, but not with CD4+ count, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and plasma high-sensitivity C-Reactive protein (hsCRP). Interestingly, an extended analysis within age subgroups revealed NAb titers to correlate positively with the CD4+ count and negatively with plasma hsCRP in younger, but not older, participants. In conclusion, a third booster vaccination substantially enhances NAb titers, but the benefit may be suboptimal in subpopulations of PLWH exhibiting low titers at baseline. Considering clinical and immune parameters could provide a nuanced understanding of factors associated with vaccine responses in PLWH.
Flow Cytometry-Based Measurement of Antibodies Specific for Cell Surface-Expressed Folded SARS-CoV-2 Receptor-Binding Domains
Authors: Sehgal Al Nasar Ahmed , Safran Jera , Kratzer Bernhard , Gattinger Pia , Stieger Robert B. , Musiejovsky Laszlo , Trapin Doris , Ettel Paul , Körmöczi Ulrike , Rottal Arno , Borochova Kristina , Dorofeeva Yulia , Tulaeva Inna , Weber Milena , Grabmeier-Pfistershammer Katharina , Perkmann Thomas , Wiedermann Ursula , Valenta Rudolf , Pickl Winfried F.
Published: April 2024

Background: COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has now become endemic and is currently one of the important respiratory virus infections regularly affecting mankind. The assessment of immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants is important for guiding active and passive immunization and SARS-CoV-2-specific treatment strategies. Methods: We here devised a novel flow cytometry-based diagnostic platform for the assessment of immunity against cell-bound virus antigens. This platform is based on a collection of HEK-293T cell lines which, as exemplified in our study, stably express the receptor-binding domains (RBDs) of the SARS-CoV-2 S-proteins of eight major SARS-CoV-2 variants, ranging from Wuhan-Hu-1 to Omicron. Results: RBD-expressing cell lines stably display comparable levels of RBD on the surface of HEK-293T cells, as shown with anti-FLAG-tag antibodies directed against a N-terminally introduced 3x-FLAG sequence while the functionality of RBD was proven by ACE2 binding. We exemplify the usefulness and specificity of the cell-based test by direct binding of IgG and IgA antibodies of SARS-CoV-2-exposed and/or vaccinated individuals in which the assay shows a wide linear performance range both at very low and very high serum antibody concentrations. In another application, i.e., antibody adsorption studies, the test proved to be a powerful tool for measuring the ratios of individual variant-specific antibodies. Conclusion: We have established a toolbox for measuring SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity against cell-bound virus antigens, which may be considered as an important addition to the armamentarium of SARS-CoV-2-specific diagnostic tests, allowing flexible and quick adaptation to new variants of concern.
Diphtheria and Tetanus Immunity Status among Greek Adults: Results from a Nationwide Seroprevalence Study
Authors: Papagiannis Dimitrios , Thireos Eleftherios , Mariolis Anargiros , Katsioulis Antonios , Lampropoulos Ioannis Ch. , Tsiaousi Ioanna , Gartzonika Kostantina , Malliaraki Niki , Malli Foteini , Rouka Erasmia C. , Marinos Georgios , Symvoulakis Emmanouil K. , Rachiotis Georgios , Gourgoulianis Konstantinos I.
Published: April 2024

Diphtheria and tetanus could lead to serious morbidity. We aimed to evaluate immunity levels by measuring specific IgG antibodies for diphtheria and tetanus in serum samples from a nationally expanded sample of the Greek population. A geographically stratified sampling approach based on regional units (NUTS level 2) was applied by considering variables such as age group (30–80+) and sex. In total, 1201 persons (47.7% males and 52.3% females) participated in the survey. Bivariate analysis revealed a negative relationship between diphtheria and tetanus median antibody titers and age. The overall seropositivity rate for diphtheria IgG antibodies (≥0.10 IU/mL) was estimated at 31.5%. Regarding tetanus, the total seropositivity rate was estimated at 59.5% (tetanus IgG antibodies ≥0.10 IU/mL). Logistic regression analysis indicated that age groups <40 years and 40–59 years were independently associated with tetanus seropositivity. Logistic regression also revealed that male sex and being aged 60–69 years were independent risk factors for diphtheria-related seropositivity. Lastly, being resident of some regions was an independent risk factor for both diphtheria- and tetanus-related seropositivity. The present study shows that Greek adults are still not completely immune to diphtheria and tetanus. It is likely possible to achieve optimal immunization coverage by implementing serviceable public health initiatives after comprehending real community needs.
Major Role of S-Glycoprotein in Providing Immunogenicity and Protective Immunity in mRNA Lipid Nanoparticle Vaccines Based on SARS-CoV-2 Structural Proteins
Authors: Bykonia Evgeniia N. , Kleymenov Denis A. , Gushchin Vladimir A. , Siniavin Andrei E. , Mazunina Elena P. , Kozlova Sofia R. , Zolotar Anastasia N. , Usachev Evgeny V. , Kuznetsova Nadezhda A. , Shidlovskaya Elena V. , Pochtovyi Andrei A. , Kustova Daria D. , Ivanov Igor A. , Dmitriev Sergey E. , Ivanov Roman A. , Logunov Denis Y. , Gintsburg Alexander L.
Published: April 2024

SARS-CoV-2 variants have evolved over time in recent years, demonstrating immune evasion of vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies directed against the original S protein. Updated S-targeted vaccines provide a high level of protection against circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2, but this protection declines over time due to ongoing virus evolution. To achieve a broader protection, novel vaccine candidates involving additional antigens with low mutation rates are currently needed. Based on our recently studied mRNA lipid nanoparticle (mRNA-LNP) platform, we have generated mRNA-LNP encoding SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins M, N, S from different virus variants and studied their immunogenicity separately or in combination in vivo. As a result, all mRNA-LNP vaccine compositions encoding the S and N proteins induced excellent titers of RBD- and N-specific binding antibodies. The T cell responses were mainly specific CD4+ T cell lymphocytes producing IL-2 and TNF-alpha. mRNA-LNP encoding the M protein did not show a high immunogenicity. High neutralizing activity was detected in the sera of mice vaccinated with mRNA-LNP encoding S protein (alone or in combinations) against closely related strains, but was undetectable or significantly lower against an evolutionarily distant variant. Our data showed that the addition of mRNAs encoding S and M antigens to mRNA-N in the vaccine composition enhanced the immunogenicity of mRNA-N and induced a more robust immune response to the N protein. Based on our results, we suggested that the S protein plays a key role in enhancing the immune response to the N protein when they are both encoded in the mRNA-LNP vaccine.
3D Characterization of Pore Structure and Pore Scale Seepage Simulation of Sandstone Based on Computational Tomography
Authors: Zhu Kaipeng , Li Kai , Ji Yadong , Li Xiaolong , Liu Xuan , Liu Kaide , Chen Xuandong
Published: April 2024

The microscopic pore structure of sandstone determines its macroscopic permeability. Based on computer tomography (CT) technology, CT scans were performed on three different types of sandstone pore structures, namely coarse sandstone, medium sandstone, and fine sandstone. And the three-dimensional microscopic structure of sandstone pores was reconstructed. Furthermore, based on the Navier–Stokes equations, the fluid flow process in the pore structure of sandstone was simulated, and the effective permeability of sandstone was obtained. By extracting the pore structure from sandstone CT images, the average porosity of coarse sandstone, medium sandstone, and fine sandstone was 16.43%, 12.03%, and 11.64%, respectively. And the porosity of unconnected pores is less than 0.5%. The porosity and permeability of coarse sandstone are higher than those of medium sandstone and fine sandstone with an average value of 1.7 D. The porosity of medium sandstone and fine sandstone is relatively similar. However, the average pore radius and pore throat radius of medium sandstone are larger than those of fine sandstone. More importantly, although the permeability and porosity of sandstone are generally linearly related, when the porosity is low, the data show a large dispersion, and auxiliary indicators such as pore structure characteristic parameters such as pore throat radius should be adopted to evaluate the permeability of sandstone. The flow trajectory of fluid in the pore structure of sandstone is revealed through the streamline of fluid in the pore structure, revealing the mechanism of fluid flow.
The Impact of Climate Change on Hydro-Meteorological Droughts in the Chao Phraya River Basin, Thailand
Authors: Kimmany Bounhome , Visessri Supattra , Pech Ponleu , Ekkawatpanit Chaiwat
Published: April 2024

This study evaluated the impacts of climate change on hydro-meteorological droughts in the Chao Phraya River Basin (CPRB), Thailand under two Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). We used three Reginal Climate Models (RCMs) of the Southeast Asia Regional Climate Downscaling/Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment—Southeast Asia (SEACLID/CORDEX-SEA), which are bias corrected. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to simulate streamflow for future periods. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI) were estimated and used for drought characterization at three time scales (3, 6, and 12 months). The lag time between meteorological and hydrological droughts is approximately 1–3 months. The results suggest that the CPRB is likely to experience less frequent hydro-meteorological drought events in the future. The meteorological drought is projected to be longer, more severe, and intense. The severity of hydrological drought tends to decrease, but the intensity could increase. Climate change has been discovered to alter drought behaviors in the CPRB, posing a threat to drought monitoring and warning because droughts will be less predictable in future climate scenarios. The characterization of historical and future droughts over the CPRB is therefore valuable in developing an improved understanding of the risks of drought.