bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic utility of bilateral bone marrow examination
Authors: Wang Jun , Weiss Lawrence M. , Chang Karen L. , Slovak Marilyn L. , Gaal Karl , Forman Stephen J. , Arber Daniel A.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

To retrospectively evaluate the significance of morphologic examination and ancillary studies performed on bilateral bone marrow biopsy specimens, 1864 bone marrow samples were studied.

METHODS

Bilateral bone marrow biopsy specimens included 883 specimens that were evaluated for involvement by non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL); 381 specimens that were evaluated for involvement by carcinoma (CA); 362 specimens that were evaluated for involvement by Hodgkin disease (HD); 94 specimens that were evaluated for involvement by sarcoma (SA); 56 specimens that were evaluated for involvement by multiple myeloma (MM); 53 specimens that were evaluated for involvement by acute and chronic leukemia, myelodysplasia, and/or myeloproliferative disorders (LEUK); and 35 specimens that were evaluated for other reasons.

RESULTS

Of all 1864 specimens, 410 samples (22.0%) were positive for disease, including 77% of MM samples, 58% of LEUK samples, 29.6% of NHL samples, 14% of SA samples, 9.9% of HD samples, and 6.8% of CA samples. A discrepancy between the left and right sides was identified in 48 specimens (11.7% of positive samples). The discrepancy rate was 39% for HD samples, 29% for SA samples, 23% for CA samples, and 9.2% for NHL samples. No morphologic discrepancies between bilateral samples were found in MM samples or LEUK samples. Bilateral flow cytometric studies (n = 113 samples) were positive in 11 samples (9.7%; all morphologically positive), with two discrepancies detected between bilateral samples. Bilateral cytogenetic studies (n = 74 samples) were positive in 5 samples (7%), and there were no discrepancies. Bilateral molecular studies (n = 16 samples) were positive in 7 samples (44%), and there were 3 discrepancies.

CONCLUSIONS

Bilateral morphologic evaluation is useful in the evaluation of patients with NHL, HD, CA, and SA and is not indicated for patients with acute or chronic leukemia, myelodysplasia, MM, and other diseases. Bilateral flow cytometric or cytogenetic studies of bone marrow did not provide additional information in this population to justify bilateral samples. The role of bilateral molecular analysis needs to be defined further, but pooled samples for molecular studies may be adequate. Cancer 2002;94:1522–31. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10364
Seminal vesicle involvement in patients with D1 disease predicts early prostate specific antigen recurrence and metastasis after radical prostatectomy and early androgen ablation
Authors: Ahlering Thomas E. , Skarecky Douglas W. , McLaren Christine E. , Weinberg Alan C.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Controversy persists regarding the management of patients who present with locally advanced metastatic prostate carcinoma. Although radical prostatectomy is not curative, there is growing evidence that survival may be prolonged when the surgery is combined with early androgen ablation. In the current study, the authors present data with which to evaluate and define factors for disease progression in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy with lymph node positive disease who are treated with early endocrine ablation.

METHODS

Data from 40 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy and early androgen ablation between 1987–1998, all of whom had lymph node positive disease, were analyzed. Age, preoperative prostate specific antigen (PSA) level, clinical and pathologic Gleason score, surgical margin, seminal vesicle involvement (SVI), and the number and percentage of involved positive lymph nodes were analyzed to predict PSA progression, metastasis, and death using univariate and multivariate statistical techniques.

RESULTS

Univariate analysis identified only SVI as a statistically significant predictor of PSA progression and metastasis. Twenty‐seven patients (67.5%) were found to have SVI. Multivariate analysis failed to identify other factors that added significantly to the predictive ability of SVI. Kaplan–Meier estimates of time to PSA recurrence and metastasis demonstrated that SVI was highly predictive of disease progression. The median time to PSA progression for the 27 patients with SVI was 7.5 years compared with no progression reported in the 13 patients without SVI (P = 0.011).

CONCLUSIONS

VI is a very powerful predictor of disease progression in patients with lymph node positive disease who undergo radical prostatectomy and early androgen ablation. In the current study, preoperative PSA, clinical or pathologic Gleason scores, and other clinical factors were not found to be predictive of disease outcome. Cancer 2002;94:1648–53. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10378
Transcervical needle biopsy for the differential diagnosis between uterine sarcoma and leiomyoma
Authors: Kawamura Naoki , Ichimura Tomoyuki , Ito Fumihiro , Shibata Sachiko , Takahashi Kumiyo , Tsujimura Akemi , Ishiko Osamu , Haba Tomoko , Wakasa Kenichi , Ogita Sachio
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

The clinical differential diagnosis between uterine sarcoma and benign leiomyoma is difficult even with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Therefore, a considerable number of patients have undergone hysterectomies due to an indication of “suspected malignancy” based on tumor size alone. However, approximately 80% of these hysterectomies have been judged to have been recommended inappropriately. In such situations, reliable preoperative diagnostic tests are required. The authors have evaluated the accuracy of needle biopsy for uterine myoma‐like tumors, a procedure that to the authors' knowledge has been performed infrequently.

METHODS

Transcervical needle biopsy was performed in 435 patients with uterine myoma‐like tumors. The biopsy specimens were scored for degree of malignancy according to the histopathologic criteria proposed by Bell et al. Histopathologic evaluation of surgical specimens and clinical outcome after 2 years of follow‐up were used as the reference standards.

RESULTS

Of 435 patients, 7 had uterine sarcomas, 4 of which were scored as ≥ 4 points and were diagnosed as “sarcoma” by needle biopsy alone. No sarcoma cases were included in the group of patients with a score of 0. The cutoff score combining the highest sensitivity and specificity with respect to distinguishing uterine leiomyosarcoma from uterine leiomyoma was 2; sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 100%, 98.6%, 58%, and 100.0%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Transcervical needle biopsy using histopathologic scoring is a reliable diagnostic test for the differential diagnosis between uterine sarcoma and leiomyoma. This diagnostic method, combined with MRI screening, could reduce the number of patients currently undergoing unnecessary surgery. Cancer 2002;94:1713–20. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10382
Treatment decisions for breast carcinoma
Authors: Bruera Eduardo , Willey Jie S. , Lynn Palmer J. , Rosales Marguerite
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Patient autonomy and participation in treatment decision making have been encouraged in recent years. However, patients and physicians frequently disagree with regard to the patient's needs and perceptions of their illness. To the authors' knowledge to date only limited research has assessed physicians' perceptions of patients' decision‐making preferences. The purpose of the current prospective study was to determine the agreement between patient decision‐making preferences and physician perceptions of those preferences.

METHODS

Women with breast carcinoma who were attending their first outpatient consultation with a breast medical oncologist in a university cancer center were enrolled in the current study. At the end of the consultation, the patients were given a survey regarding their treatment decision‐making preferences that included active, shared, and passive roles in decision‐making and the patients' attending physicians also were given a survey regarding their perceptions of the patients' decision‐making preferences.

RESULTS

Fifty‐seven patients had complete data and were analyzed. Approximately 89% of these 57 patients preferred either an active or a shared role in decision making. The agreement between patients and physicians with regard to decision‐making preference only occurred in 24 cases (42%). The majority of covariates such as age, education, and income were not found to be statistically significant with regard to patient preferences or to the proportion of patients and physicians who agreed on the patient's preferences.

CONCLUSIONS

Women with breast carcinoma appear to have a strong desire for involvement in making decisions regarding their treatment. However, physicians do not appear to be consistently able to predict the decision‐making preferences of their patients. Enhanced agreement between patient preferences and physician expectations mostly likely will improve communication and patient satisfaction with the treatment decision‐making process. Cancer 2002;94:2076–80. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10393
Loss of PTEN expression is associated with metastatic disease in patients with endometrial carcinoma
Authors: Salvesen Helga B. , Stefansson Ingunn , Kalvenes May Britt , Das Soma , Akslen Lars A.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

The PTEN tumor suppressor gene frequently is involved in endometrial carcinoma. Loss of heterozygosity and mutations reportedly are common, although the biologic importance of these changes remain largely unknown. The objective of this study was to assess the pattern of PTEN expression by immunohistochemistry in a large series of patients with endometrial carcinoma.

METHODS

A population‐based series of 316 patients with endometrial carcinoma who had long and complete follow‐up was investigated for PTEN expression and its correlation with clinicopathologic variables, tumor markers, and survival.

RESULTS

PTEN protein expression was mainly cytoplasmic in tumor cells, with no expression seen in 56 of 279 patients (20%) who had evaluable results. A heterogeneous staining pattern was found in 70 tumors (25%). A significant association between the loss of PTEN expression and metastatic disease was identified (P = 0.05). However, PTEN staining did not influence survival significantly.

CONCLUSIONS

The loss of PTEN expression is relatively frequent in endometrial carcinoma and is associated significantly with metastatic disease. This indicates that the PTEN system plays an important role in some endometrial carcinomas, but further studies of PTEN protein expression related to various genetic alterations are necessary. Cancer 2002;94:2185–91. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10434
A prospective, randomized trial comparing neoadjuvant chemotherapy with radiotherapy alone in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Hareyama Masato , Sakata Koh‐ichi , Shirato Hiroki , Nishioka Takeshi , Nishio Masamichi , Suzuki Keishiro , Saitoh Akio , Oouchi Atsushi , Fukuda Satoshi , Himi Tetsuo
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

A prospective, randomized study was performed to determine the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy over radiotherapy alone in patients with locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

METHODS

From January 1991 to December 1998, 80 patients were enrolled in this study. Patients with locoregional carcinoma of the nasopharynx were randomized to receive two courses of chemotherapy, consisting of cisplatin and 5‐fluorouracil (CDDP‐5FU), that were administered before radiation therapy (CT arm) or radiotherapy alone. The patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy were treated with radiation therapy, which was scheduled to commence 2 weeks after the second course chemotherapy.

RESULTS

With a median follow‐up of 49 months, a trend toward improved overall survival or disease free survival favoring the CT arm was observed (5‐year overall survival rate, 60% vs. 48%; 5‐year disease free survival rate, 55% vs. 43%), although this difference was not significant. There were no differences in locoregional failure free survival between the two arms. However, metastasis free survival favored the CT arm, although this difference was not significant. The results also demonstrated that most patients in the CT arm who experienced recurrent disease developed locoregional recurrences before distant metastases, suggesting that improvements in locoregional control may lead to improved disease free survival.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of CDDP‐5FU chemotherapy prior to radiotherapy in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma did not result in a significant improvement in disease free survival or overall survival. However, there was a positive tendency in favor of the CT arm for distant metastasis free survival, although there was no improvement in the locoregional recurrence free survival rate. Cancer 2002;94:2217–23. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10473
Prostate specific antigen progression after radical prostatectomy in African‐American men versus White men
Authors: Banerjee Mousumi , Powell Isaac J. , George Julie , Biswas Debjit , Bianco Fernando , Severson Richard K.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

It is well established that African‐American men (AAM) have a worse mortality from prostate carcinoma (PC) than White men (WM). Outcome data for men treated with radical prostatectomy for clinically localized PC demonstrate more advanced tumors and higher biochemical recurrence rates among AAM compared with WM. The objective of the current study was to characterize the pattern of prostate specific antigen (PSA) progression by race in patients experiencing disease recurrence after undergoing radical prostatectomy. Racial differences in the pattern of rising PSA would warrant different intervention strategies for reducing the disproportionality in survival outcomes between the two racial groups.

METHODS

Between 1991–1996, 1080 consecutive men underwent radical prostatectomy for clinically localized PC at Wayne State University‐affiliated Harper Hospital. Two hundred forty‐one patients developed a biochemical recurrence on or before January, 1, 1999. The median follow‐up was 39 months. Longitudinal PSA profiles of 77 men who met the study inclusion criteria were analyzed. Average relative velocities of PSA were compared between AAM and WM. Linear mixed effects regression was used to test the hypothesis that, after adjusting for age, preoperative PSA, stage and grade of disease, PSA levels increase at a faster rate in AAM compared with WM.

RESULTS

The mean average relative velocity for AAM and WM experiencing a disease recurrence was 0.25 ng/mL and 0.11 ng/mL per month, respectively (P = 0.21). The relative rate of PSA increase in patients who developed a disease recurrence after radical prostatectomy was 18.9% per month for AAM and 16.3% per month for WM (P = 0.73).

CONCLUSIONS

AAM and WM appear to have similar rates of PSA progression after undergoing radical prostatectomy. Cancer 2002;94:2577–83. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10535
Prostate carcinoma with testicular or penile metastases
Authors: Tu Shi‐Ming , Reyes Adriana , Maa April , Bhowmick Deb , Pisters Louis L. , Pettaway Curtis A. , Lin Sue‐Hwa , Troncoso Patricia , Logothetis Christopher J.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Despite the proximity, prostate carcinoma seldom metastasizes to the penis or testis.

METHODS

In the current study, the authors retrospectively examined the clinical history of 12 patients with prostate carcinoma and testicular or penile metastases. Pathologic review and immunohistochemical staining were performed on tumors from eight of these patients.

RESULTS

Patients with prostate carcinoma and testicular or penile metastasis responded to androgen ablative therapy (median duration, 33 months). They were predisposed to developing persistent or recurrent urinary symptoms and visceral metastases. Six of 9 evaluable patients had elevated serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels (> 6 ng/mL), whereas 2 of 10 patients had low or undetectable serum prostate specific antigen levels (< 4 ng/mL). In seven of the eight patients for whom specimens were available, the tumors were found to contain histologic features that were compatible with a diagnosis of ductal or endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the prostate.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with prostate carcinoma and testicular or penile metastases have unique clinical and pathologic characteristics. Many of these patients' tumors are compatible with a subtype of prostate carcinoma known as ductal adenocarcinoma. Further studies need to be performed to elucidate the biologic basis of the various histologic subtypes of prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2002;94:2610–7. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10546
Cisplatin, tegafur, and leucovorin
Authors: Wang Hung‐Ming , Wang Cheng‐Su , Chen Jen‐Shi , Chen I‐How , Liao Chun‐Ta , Chang Tung‐Chieh Joseph
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of cisplatin, tegafur, and leucovorin as neoadjuvant chemotherapy (CT) for patients with advanced, nonmetastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN).

METHODS

Patients with SCCHN according to World Health Organization (WHO) performance status of 2 or less and adequate organ function were enrolled. The CT regimen (PTL) was 50 mg/m2 cisplatin (P) on Day 1, 800 mg per day oral tegafur (T), and 60 mg per day oral leucovorin (L) for 14 days. The CT was administered at outpatient clinics for 14‐day cycles. PTL was initiated with the intent of organ preservation and it was continued for a maximum of six cycles before locoregional therapy. Reevaluation after three cycles led to the termination of CT when the response was less than a partial response. CT was discontinued immediately upon evidence of tumor progression or excessive toxicity.

RESULTS

From March 1996 through July 1999, 97 patients were enrolled consecutively. All participants were men with a median age of 56 years (range, 37–70 years). The primary tumor sites were the tongue base, 14, and the hypopharynx, 83. Sixteen percent of the tumors were Stage III, 84% were Stage IV, 62% were Stage T4, and 44% were Stage N2‐3. The median number of CT cycles was six. On an intent‐to‐treat basis, 26 patients (27%) achieved complete responses and 32 patients (33%) achieved partial responses. The overall response rate was 60% (95% confidence interval, 50–70%). The most common toxicities of WHO Grade 3 or higher included (percent of patients): anemia, 8.3%; stomatitis, 6.3%; thrombocytopenia, 3.1%; and vomiting, 3.1%. With a median follow‐up period of 3 years, the overall survival and disease‐free survival rates were 40% and 38%, respectively. Organ preservation was achieved in 70% (29 of 37) of the surviving patients.

CONCLUSION

The outpatient PTL regimen was a moderately effective and minimally toxic CT for SCCHN. PTL should be studied further in combination with other active agents or radiotherapy for patients with SCCHN. Cancer 2002;94:2989–95. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10570
Socioeconomic and demographic disparities in treatment for carcinomas of the colon and rectum
Authors: VanEenwyk Juliet , Campo Joseph S. , Ossiander Eric M.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

The current study examined the relationship between socioeconomic and demographic factors and type of treatment for carcinomas of the colon and rectum. The National Institutes of Health and the National Cancer Institute recommend surgery followed by adjuvant chemo‐ and/or radiotherapy for Stage III colon and Stages II and III rectal carcinomas.

METHODS

The authors linked Washington State's cancer registry and hospital discharge records and U.S. census data to assess socioeconomic and demographic factors related to treatment, controlling for clinical factors.

RESULTS

Compared to colon carcinoma patients under age 65 years, patients aged 75–84 years and 85 years or older were at higher risk for a treatment plan of surgery without adjuvant therapy (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3–4.7; OR = 14.1, CI = 6.3–31.4, respectively). Risk of no adjuvant therapy was more than doubled for patients in zip codes in the lowest quartile of per capita income compared to the top three quartiles (OR = 2.3, CI = 1.5–3.4) and for those with Medicare compared to private insurance (OR = 2.2, CI = 1.3–3.8). Older patients with rectal carcinoma were also at higher risk of a treatment plan that did not include adjuvant therapy.

CONCLUSIONS

The current findings suggest disparities in the provision of recommended medical procedures related to socioeconomic and demographic factors. Cancer 2002;95:39–46. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10645
Distribution and development of dopamine‐ and octopamine‐synthesizing neurons in the medicinal leech
Authors: Crisp Kevin M. , Klukas Kathleen A. , Gilchrist Laura S. , Nartey Adelrita J. , Mesce Karen A.
Published: August 2002

Although the medicinal leech is a well‐studied system in which many neurons and circuits have been identified with precision, descriptions of the distributions of some of the major biogenic amines, such as dopamine (DA) and octopamine (OA), have yet to be completed. In the European medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis and the American medicinal leech Macrobdella decora,we have presented the first immunohistochemical study of DA neurons in the entire central nervous system, and of OA‐immunoreactive (ir) neurons in the head and tail brains. Dopaminergic neurons were identified using the glyoxylic acid method and antisera to DA and its rate‐limiting synthetic enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Octopaminergic neurons were recognized using a highly specific antiserum raised against OA. An antibody raised against DA‐β‐hydroxylase (DβH), the mammalian enzyme that converts DA to norepinephrine (NE), was found to immunostain OA‐ir neurons. This antibody appears to cross‐react with the closely related invertebrate enzyme tyramine‐β‐hydroxylase, which converts tyramine to OA, suggesting that the OA‐ir cells are indeed octopaminergic, capable of synthesizing OA. Because the DβH antiserum selectively immunostained the OA‐ir neurons, but not the DA‐synthesizing cells, our results also indicate that the DA‐ir neurons synthesize DA and not NE as their end product. The expression of TH immunoreactivity was found to emerge relatively early in development, on embryonic day 9 (47–48% of development). In contrast, OA expression remained absent as late as embryonic day 20. Higher order processes of some of the dopaminergic and octopaminergic neurons in the adult brain were observed to project to a region previously described as a neurohemal complex. Several TH‐ir processes were also seen in the stomatogastric nerve ring, suggesting that DA may play a role in the regulation of biting behavior. By mapping the distributions and developmental expression pattern of DA and OA neurons in the leech, we aim to gain a better understanding of the functional roles of aminergic neurons and how they influence behavior.J. Comp. Neurol. 442:115–129, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Projections of the sexually dimorphic calcitonin gene‐related peptide neurons of the preoptic area determined by retrograde tracing in the female rat
Authors: Spratt David P. , Herbison Allan E.
Published: August 2002

The medial preoptic area of the rat exhibits morphologic sex differences and is implicated in the control of sexually dimorphic behavior and function. Neurons expressing calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) within the anteroventral periventricular (AVPV) and medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) of the medial preoptic area exhibit female‐dominant sex differences in number through organizational and activational effects of gonadal steroids. The present study used retrograde tracing experiments to establish the projections of the AVPV and MPN CGRP neurons in the female rat. After the intraperitoneal administration of Fluoro‐Gold to female rats (n = 5), we were unable to detect retrograde tracer in any CGRP‐immunoreactive cells of the hypothalamus. Intracerebral injections of 50‐ to 100‐nl volumes of Fluoro‐Gold into the mediobasal hypothalamus resulted in up to 70% of CGRP neurons in the AVPV and MPN containing retrograde tracer. Similar large volume tracer depositions in the lateral septum, periaqueductal gray, two likely CGRP projection sites, resulted in no labeling of preoptic CGRP neurons. Experiments using small volume (30‐nl) injections of Fluoro‐Gold and green fluorescent microspheres at multiple sites in the mediobasal hypothalamus (n = 18) revealed that approximately 60% of AVPV and 30% of MPN neurons expressing CGRP were projecting to the region of the tuberal and ventral premammillary nuclei, with a minor projection to the dorsomedial nucleus. These findings demonstrate a major projection of the preoptic CGRP neurons to the posterior hypothalamus in the female rat and support further a functional role for these neurons in the sexually dimorphic regulation of reproductive functioning. J. Comp. Neurol. 445:336–346, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polysialic acid and the formation of oculomotor synapses on chick ciliary neurons
Authors: Brusés Juan L. , Chauvet Norbert , Rubio Maria E. , Rutishauser Urs
Published: August 2002

The polysialic acid (PSA) moiety of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) participates in a variety of developmental processes, including axonal guidance and cell migration. PSA's function in these contexts stems from its ability to reduce cell interactions. The present study examines the regulation of PSA expression during formation of the calyciform synapse by the oculomotor axons on chick ciliary neurons. Prior to synaptogenesis, PSA is abundantly and uniformly expressed on the surface of the ciliary neuron body. However, at the time synaptic bonds start to form, as reflected in the localized accumulation of synaptic vesicles, PSA is lost from the point of synaptic contact. Thereafter, PSA is progressively lost from the ciliary neuron surface as the calyx grows. The dense mats of pseudodendritic‐like somatic spines, which extend from the postsynaptic cell body, form an exception. These spines, which are known to undergo morphological remodeling, retain PSA expression until the end of embryogenesis. The experimental removal of PSA did not affect synaptogenesis itself, in that no significant changes were observed in the surface covered by the calyx, the number of spine aggregates, the size of acetylcholine receptor clusters, the cell surface area covered by these receptors, or the ultrastructure of the calyx, spine mats, and active zones. Together, these observations suggest that the synapse eliminates PSA as a part of its normal development and that the loss of PSA from the site of axon‐target interaction may serve to stabilize structures formed during synaptogenesis. J. Comp. Neurol. 446:244–256, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Uncrossed and crossed projections from the upper cervical spinal cord to the cerebellar nuclei in the rat, studied by anterograde axonal tracing
Authors: Matsushita Matsuo , Xiong Guoxiang
Published: August 2002

In the upper cervical spinal segments, neurons in the medial part of lamina VI give rise to uncrossed spinocerebellar axons, whereas the central cervical nucleus (CCN) and neurons in laminae VII and VIII give rise to crossed spinocerebellar axons. Using anterograde labeling with biotinylated dextran in the rat, we examined the projections of these neuronal groups to the cerebellar nuclei. Uncrossed and crossed projections were distinguished by cerebellar lesions placed on the side contralateral or ipsilateral to the tracer injections confined to the second and third cervical spinal segments (C2 and C3, respectively). Labeled terminals of uncrossed projections were seen in the middle, dorsal, and ventrolateral parts of the middle subdivision and in the ventral part of the caudomedial subdivision of the medial nucleus. In the anterior interpositus nucleus, terminals were seen in the middle of the mediolateral extent, whereas, in the posterior interpositus nucleus, they were seen in lateral and caudal parts. The terminals of crossed projections from the CCN were distributed ventrally in medial to ventrolateral parts of the middle subdivision of the medial nucleus. Some terminals were seen in the caudomedial subdivision of the medial nucleus. In the anterior interpositus nucleus, labeled terminals were seen mainly in rostromedial parts, whereas, in the posterior interpositus nucleus, they were seen in caudal and dorsal parts of the medial half. The present study suggests that the medial lamina VI group and the CCN in the upper cervical segments project to the different areas of the cerebellar nuclei and are concerned with different functions. J. Comp. Neurol. 432:101–118, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Embryonic development of the nervous system of the temnocephalid flatworm Craspedella pedum
Authors: Younossi‐Hartenstein Amelia , Jones Malcolm , Hartenstein Volker
Published: August 2002

The nervous system of temnocephalid flatworms consists of the brain and three pairs of longitudinal connectives extending into the trunk and tail. The connectives are crosslinked by an invariant number of regularly spaced commissures. Branches of the connectives innervate the tentacles of the head and the sucker organ in the tail. A set of nerve rings encircling the pharynx and connected to the brain and connectives constitute the pharyngeal nervous system. The nervous system is formed during early embryogenesis when the embryo represents a multilayered mesenchymal mass of cells. Gastrulation and the formation of separate epithelial germ layers that characterize most other animal groups are absent. The brain arises as a bilaterally symmetric condensation of postmitotic cells in the deep layers of the anterior region of the embryonic mesenchyme. The pattern of axon outgrowth, visualized by labeling with anti‐acetylated tubulin (acTub) antibody, shows marked differences from the pattern observed in other flatworm taxa in regard to the number of neurons that express the acTub epitope. Acetylated tubulin is only expressed in neurons that form long axon tracts. In other flatworm species, such as the typhloplanoid Mesostoma and the polyclad Imogine, which were investigated by us with the acTub antibody (Hartenstein and Ehlers [2000] Dev. Genes Evol. 210:399–415; Younossi‐Hartenstein and Hartenstein [2000] Dev. Genes Evol. 210:383–398), only a small number of “pioneer neurons” become acTub positive during the embryonic period. By contrast, in temnocephalids, most, if not all, neurons express acTub and form long, large‐diameter axons. Initially, the brain commissure, pharyngeal nerve ring, and the connectives are laid down. Commissural tracts and tentacle nerves branching off the connectives appear later. We speculate that the precocious differentiation of the nervous system may be related to the fact that temnocephalids move by muscle action, and possess a massive and complex muscular system when they hatch. In addition, they have muscular specializations such as the anterior tentacles and the posterior sucker that are used as soon as they hatch. By contrast, juveniles of Mesostoma and larvae of polyclads move predominantly by ciliary action that may not require a complex neural circuitry for coordination. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:56–68, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Remodeling of motor terminals during metamorphosis of the moth Manduca sexta: Expression patterns of two distinct isoforms of Manduca fasciclin II
Authors: Knittel Laura M. , Copenhaver Philip F. , Kent Karla S.
Published: August 2002

During metamorphosis of the moth Manduca sexta, the neuromuscular system of the thoracic legs is reorganized dramatically. Larval leg muscles degenerate at the end of larval life, and new adult leg muscles develop during the ensuing pupal stage. Larval leg motoneurons persist, but undergo substantial remodeling of central and peripheral processes. As part of our on‐going investigation of mechanisms underlying the remodeling of motor terminals, we have used antisera generated against Manduca‐specific isoforms of the homophilic adhesion molecule fasciclin II (MFas II) to label motor terminals during metamorphosis. Antisera generated against the glycosyl‐phosphatidylinositol (GPI) ‐linked isoform of MFas II (GPI‐MFas II) labeled the motor nerves at all stages and seemed to be associated with glial cells ensheathing the peripheral nerves. In addition, the anti–GPI‐MFas II antisera labeled regions associated with synaptic boutons at both larval and adult stages. In contrast, antisera generated against a transmembrane isoform of MFas II (TM‐MFas II) only labeled specific neuronal processes at discrete intervals during remodeling. Identified leg motoneurons (such as the femoral depressor motoneuron) expressed detectable levels of TM‐MFas II in their peripheral processes only during phases of motor‐terminal retraction and initial stages of motor‐terminal re‐growth. Putative modulatory neurons (such as the unpaired median neurons), however, expressed TM‐MFas II in their processes during larval stages as well as during remodeling. Use of the isoform‐specific anti‐MFas II antisera provided a novel method for visualizing remodeling of motor terminals during metamorphosis and helped distinguish different components of the motor nerves and neuromuscular junction. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:69–85, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Down‐regulation of trkA mRNA within nucleus basalis neurons in individuals with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Chu Yaping , Cochran Elizabeth J. , Bennett David A. , Mufson Elliott J. , Kordower Jeffrey H.
Published: August 2002

Recent studies indicate that trkA expression is reduced in end‐stage Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, understanding the neuropathologic correlates of early cognitive decline, as well as the changes that underlie the transition from nondemented mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to AD, are more critical neurobiological challenges. In these regards, the present study examined the expression of trkA mRNA in individuals diagnosed with MCI and AD from a cohort of people enrolled in a Religious Orders Study. Individuals with MCI and AD displayed significant reductions in trkA mRNA relative to aged‐matched controls, indicating that alterations in trkA gene expression occur early in the disease process. The magnitude of change was similar in MCI and AD cases, suggesting that further loss of trkA mRNA is not necessarily associated with the transition of individuals from nondemented MCI to AD. The loss of trkA mRNA was not associated with education, apolipoprotein E allele status, gender, Braak score, global cognitive score or Mini‐Mental Status Examination. In contrast, the loss of trkA mRNA in MCI and AD was significantly correlated with function on a variety of episodic memory tests. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:296–307, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Introduction of mesh resistance to opening in a triangular element for calculation of nets by the finite element method
Authors: Priour Daniel
Published: August 2002

Nets made of thick and stiff twines are used in fishing industry. The meshes of these nets are resistant to opening. To be able to calculate the shape of such nets, a triangular element modelling of the net is modified to introduce the opening mesh stiffness. The basic hypothesis is that the twines remain straight, and that the opening stiffness is located in the knots connecting the twines. The forces exerted on the element due to the opening stiffness, are calculated using the principle of virtual work. The results of calculation are given. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical solutions of Stefan problem in annuli by enthalpy method and heat balance integral method
Authors: Caldwell J. , Chan C. C.
Published: August 2002

A novel enthalpy formulation is applied to the Stefan problem in annuli and is compared with the heat balance integral method (HBIM). The methods are applied to inward and outward solidification in cylindrical geometry, and the results are combined to give numerical solutions in annuli. It is found that the enthalpy method gives comparable accuracy with the HBIM except for small Stefan number, and is more efficient and flexible. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite element versus finite volume schemes for Poisson‐type problems: the point of view of conditioning
Authors: Bitar L. , Vincent C.
Published: August 2002

This paper compares finite element and finite volume schemes for some Poisson‐type problems. Special attention is devoted to the conditioning properties of the linear systems to be solved. For the benchmark which is considered, we show that the finite element scheme leads to the lowest condition numbers. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential quadrature finite difference method for structural mechanics problems
Authors: Chen Chang‐New
Published: August 2002

The differential quadrature finite difference method (DQFDM) has been proposed by the author. The finite difference operators are derived by the differential quadrature (DQ). They can be obtained by using the weighting coefficients for DQ discretizations. The derivation is straight and easy. By using different orders or the same order but different grid DQ discretizations for the same derivative or partial derivative, various finite difference operators for the same differential or partial differential operator can be obtained. Finite difference operators for unequally spaced and irregular grids can also be generated through the use of generic differential quadrature (GDQ). The derivation of higher‐order finite difference operators is also easy. By adopting the same order of approximation for all mathematical terms existing in the problem to be solved, excellent convergence can be obtained due to the consistent approximation.The DQFDM is effective for solving structural mechanics problems. The numerical simulations for solving anisotropic nonuniform plate problems and two‐dimensional plane elasticity problems are carried out. Numerical results are presented. They demonstrate the DQFDM. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.
An appropriate quadrature rule for the analysis of plane crack problems in the boundary‐element method
Authors: Theotokoglou E. E. , Tsamasphyros G.
Published: August 2002

An hypersingular integral equation of a three‐dimensional elastic solid with an embedded planar crack subjected to a uniform stress field at infinity is derived. The solution of the boundary‐integral equation is succeeded taking into consideration an appropriate Gauss quadrature rule for finite part integrals which is suitable for the numerical treatment of any plane crack with a smooth‐contour shape and permit the fast convergence for the results. The problem of a circular and of an elliptical crack in an infinite body subjected to a uniform stress field at infinity is confronted; and the stress intensity factors are calculated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accurate modal perturbation in non‐self‐adjoint eigenvalue problem
Authors: Liu X. L.
Published: August 2002

This paper presents an algorithm for the accurate modal perturbation analysis in the non‐self‐adjoint eigenvalue problem. Complete perturbation items are obtained from the given straightforward process, satisfying two conditions in a modal analysis: the eigenvalue equations and normality condition. The zeroth‐order perturbation, solved from equations in a form of Rayleigh quotient, is employed in the later perturbations, which helps to improve the accuracy of analysis. Two examples are given to show the modal perturbation with distinct eigenvalues and with close eigenvalues. It is confirmed that the algorithm is applicable to any mode with a distinct eigenvalue, repeated eigenvalues, or close eigenvalues, and can give an improved accuracy. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of boundary conditions on a class of mixed discontinuous finite element methods for reaction–diffusion problems
Authors: Chen Zhangxin
Published: August 2002

This paper numerically studies the effects of boundary conditions of different types on a class of mixed discontinuous finite element methods. The focus of this study is on a reaction–diffusion problem in one space dimension, which arises in the modelling and simulation of fluid flows in porous media. Numerical results show that for boundary conditions of certain types these mixed discontinuous methods produce an optimal rate of convergence; for others they generate a sub‐optimal rate of convergence. A lower‐order term is included in the reaction–diffusion problem, so the numerical study applies to a time‐dependent problem as well. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Camera characterization for color research
Authors: Barnard Kobus , Funt Brian
Published: August 2002

In this article we introduce a new method for estimating camera sensitivity functions from spectral power input and camera response data. We also show how the procedure can be extended to deal with camera nonlinearities. Linearization is an important part of camera characterization, and we argue that it is best to jointly fit the linearization and the sensor response functions. We compare our method with a number of others, both on synthetic data and for the characterization of a real camera. All data used in this study is available online at www.cs.sfu.ca/∼colour/data. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 152–163, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10050
On the relationship between tilt of a*b* tolerance ellipses in blue region and tritanopic confusion lines
Authors: Yebra A. , Huertas R. , Pérez M. M. , Melgosa M.
Published: August 2002

There is reasonable agreement between the orientation of the major axes of the a*b* tolerance ellipses in the blue region and the slope of the tritanopic confusion lines passing through their centers. This agreement includes some experimental facts such as the approximate constant orientation of the ellipses when the luminance of the center changes and the clockwise rotation of the major axis of the ellipses when the luminous source D65 is replaced by A. However, the tilts predicted by the tritanopic lines do not follow the pattern proposed by the CIEDE2000 color‐difference formula; in particular, for the blue‐green centers with hue angles lower than 255°, the high tilts predicted by the tritanopic lines are quite different. From 132 ellipses previously reported, we found that the orientations of the 17 ellipses in the blue region (255° < h < 320°) were similarly predicted by both CIEDE2000 and the tritanopic confusion lines (average error of 12.2° in absolute value). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 180–184, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10053
The usability of the CIE colour‐matching functions in the case of CRT monitors
Authors: Borbély Ákos , Schanda János
Published: August 2002

During the past years, several papers have been published that question the use of the CIE colour‐matching functions in the case of metameric samples. Visually matching samples produced on CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) monitors are metameric to most colour stimuli created by illuminating reflecting materials. As CRT monitors are often used in colour design applications, it seemed important to check how well CIE colorimetry will predict such colour matches. To investigate this problem, we set up an experiment in which painted samples were matched with samples produced on a CRT monitor.

The colour of incandescent lamp irradiated Munsell samples were visually matched to the mixture of the RGB primaries of a CRT monitor. Both the reflected colour stimuli of the Munsell samples and the emitted stimuli of the monitor were measured spectroradiometrically.

Our results imply that there is an observer‐dependent variability among the matches, but we could not find a major difference between the tristimulus data of the hard copy and soft copy presentations that would indicate errors in the CIE colour‐matching functions. The measurement accuracy, quantization errors of the monitor, and the achieved accuracy of the colour matches are treated in this study. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 436–441, 2001
On the Boltzmann equation for long‐range interactions
Authors: Alexandre R. , Villani C.
Published: August 2002

We study the Boltzmann equation without Grad's angular cutoff assumption. We introduce a suitable renormalized formulation that allows the cross section to be singular in both the angular and the relative velocity variables. Angular singularities occur as soon as one is interested in long‐range interactions, while singularities in the relative velocity variable occur in the study of soft potentials, in particular, Coulomb interaction. Together with several new estimates, this new formulation enables us to prove existence of weak solutions and to give a proof of a conjecture by Lions (appearance of strong compactness) under general, fully realistic assumptions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A free boundary problem for a quasi‐linear degenerate elliptic equation: Regular reflection of weak shocks
Authors: Čanić Sunčica , Keyfitz Barbara Lee , Kim Eun Heui
Published: August 2002

We prove the existence of a solution to the weak regular reflection problem for the unsteady transonic small disturbance (UTSD) model for shock reflection by a wedge. In weak regular reflection, the state immediately behind the reflected shock is supersonic and constant. The flow becomes subsonic further downstream; the equation in self‐similar coordinates is degenerate at the sonic line. The reflected shock becomes transonic and begins to curve there; its position is the solution to a free boundary problem for the degenerate equation. Using the Rankine‐Hugoniot conditions along the reflected shock, we derive an evolution equation for the transonic shock, and an oblique derivative boundary condition at the unknown shock position. By regularizing the degenerate problem, we construct uniform bounds; we apply local compactness arguments to extract a limit that solves the problem. The solution is smooth in the interior and continuous up to the degenerate boundary.

This work completes a stage in our program to construct self‐similar solutions of two‐dimensional Riemann problems. In a series of papers, we developed techniques for solving the degenerate elliptic equations that arise in self‐similar reductions of hyperbolic conservation laws. In other papers, especially in joint work with Gary Lieberman, we developed techniques for solving free boundary problems of the type that arise from Rankine‐Hugoniot relations. For the first time, in this paper, we combine these approaches and show that they are compatible. Although our construction is limited to a finite part of the unbounded subsonic region, it suggests that this approach has the potential to solve a variety of problems in weak shock reflection, including Mach and von Neumann reflection in the UTSD equation, and the analogous problems for the unsteady full potential equation. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Open consensus
Authors: Boichat Romain , Frølund Svend , Guerraoui Rachid
Published: August 2002

This paper presents the abstraction of open consensus and argues for its use as an effective component for building reliable agreement protocols in practical asynchronous systems where processes and links can crash and recover. The specification of open consensus has a decoupled, on‐demand and re‐entrant flavour that make its use very efficient, especially in terms of forced logs, which are known to be major sources of overhead in distributed systems. We illustrate the use of open consensus as a basic building block to develop a modular, yet efficient, total‐order broadcast protocol. Finally, we describe our Java implementation of our open‐consensus abstraction and we convey our efficiency claims through some practical performance measures. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.