bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hukum Zakat Dalam Perspektif Hukum Nasional
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad
Published: November 2019

Konsepsi zakat sebagai satu bagian dari rukun Islam merupakan salah satu pilar dalam membangun perekonomian ummat tidak hanya bersifat ibadah ritual saja, tetapi mencakup juga dimensi sosial, ekonomi, keadilan dan kesejahteraan manusia. Pemerintah telah mengatur zakat dalam peraturan perundang-undangan untuk memaksimalkan pengelolaan zakat. Oleh karena itu, dalam penelitian ini dikaji tentang pengaturan hukum zakat dalam peraturan perundangan yang berlaku, hukum zakat dalam Fikih Islam, dan implementasi hukum zakat di Kota Tangerang.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pengaturan hukum tentang zakat dalam peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku telah diatur bahwa pengelolaan zakat dilaksanakan oleh lembaga zakat, baik di pemerintahan pusat maupun di pemerintahan daerah, tetapi dalam peraturan tersebut belum terperinci diatur tata cara pengelolaan zakat, sehingga pengelolaan zakat belum dapat produktif dan kontributif bagi masyarakat. Hukum zakat sangat mendukung pengelolaan zakat dilakukan secara professional dan produktif untuk mewujudkan kemaslahatan masyarakat dibidang sosial ekonomi. Implementasi hukum zakat dilaksanakan Badan Amil Zakat sesuai dengan peraturan perundangan yang berlaku, baik penerimaan maupun pendistribusian dan pendayagunaan zakat kepada pihak yang berhak, baik dalam bentuk pembiayaan modal usaha maupun dalam bentuk program beasiswa bagi pelajar yang tidak mampu, serta bidang kemanusiaan lainnya yang bertujuan untuk kesejahteraan umat. Namun pengelolaan zakat tersebut belum maksimal karena masih terjadi hambatan seperti masih kurang kepercayaan masyarakat (muzaki) untuk menyalurkan zakatnya kepada BAZDA, juga terbatas kemampuan Sumber Daya Manusia BAZDA.
Al-Qawa’id Fi Al-Tafsir Pijakkan Teoritis Penyajian Tafsir
Authors: Haromaini Ahmad
Published: November 2019

Al-Qur’an sebagai teks suci dan memiliki keluasan makna yang dikandungannya mesti digali dan diungkap. Pengungkapan teks-teks al-Qur’an tidak dipahami sama dengan teks suci lain, mengingat ia merupakan wahyu sakral dan harus dijaga dengan tidak menjelaskan dan mengungkapkan makna-makna yang dikandungnya dengan sembarangan. Karena itu, studi tentang qawa’id al-tafsir menjadi penting untuk dibahas, mengingat ia sebagai ketentuan-ketentuan yang dapat membantu para penafsir dalam mengeksplorasi kandungan pesan-pesan al-Qur’an serta mampu menerangkan maknamakna yang dianggap sulit dengan bantuan dan perangkat ilmu qawa’id al-tafsir.
Kontekstualisasi Makna Hadits Tentang Larangan Isbal
Authors: Sukmana Jaya
Published: November 2019

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Efektifitas Metode Dicovery Learning Dalam Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Bahasa Inggris Siswa
Authors: Setyawan Aris
Published: November 2019

The aim of this research is to know student English learning outcomes using Discovery Learning learning methods and to find out student learning activities in English learning. The population of this research is all grade X students of SMA Asy-Syukriyyah. The research sample was taken by random sampling technique. This research was started with a pretest and then was treated using the Discovery Learning learning method. Based on the results of testing the research hypothesis and analysis of data processing found that Sig. (2-tailed) is 0,000 where 0,000 <0.05. So H0 is accepted and Ha is rejected. Thus there is a difference between the value of learning outcomes before the discovery learning method is treated with the learning outcomes have been carried out treatment using the discovery learning method. Thus, It can be concluded that the method of discovery learning is very effective in improving the English learning outcomes of students of class X in SMA Asy-Syukriyyah.
Model Dan Strategi Manajemen Lembaga Pendidikan Islam
Authors: Muljawan Asep
Published: November 2019

Islamic education institutions must be able to build a strong Muslim generation, to master science and technology and noble character. To achieve this goal, Islamic education must be managed optimally through Islamic education institutions. This paper attempts to examine the factors that are successful in Islamic education institutions. This study focused on the management of Islamic education institusions to face challenges of globalization. And this research is a quantitative research type of literature study. The results of the literature review show that in managing quality LPI requires a management model, namely the LPI management model with nuance of entrepreneurship, community-based and mosque-based LPI management models. In addition, quality LPI requires management strategies both in general and specifically. Specifically known as strategic management.
Pentingnya Kecerdasan Emosional Pendidik Dalam Meningkatkan Pendidikan Karakter
Authors: Rivana Anggi
Published: November 2019

Emotional intelligence is a skill on how to manage emotions to be better for themselves and others, emotional intelligence is divided into two namely intrapersonal intelligence (ability to understand intentions, motivations, moods, temperament and desires of others) and interpersonal (ability to form a a careful and self-referring model of oneself and the ability to use capital as a tool to lead an effective life)
Problematika Pendidikan Islam Perspektif Maqâṣid Sharîʻah
Authors: Rosidin Rosidin
Published: November 2019

The article seeks to reveal problems faced by Islamic education from the perspective of Maqâṣid al-Sharîʻah, namely ideological (ḥifẓ al-dîn), practical (ḥifẓ al-nafs), academic (ḥifẓ al-‘aql), relationships or networks (ḥifẓ al-nasl), vocational (ḥifẓ al-mâl) and quality (ḥifẓ al-‘irḍ) aspects. In order to know the details of crucial problems of the Islamic education along with their alternative solutions, this paper suggests that the Islamic education should consider the insider’s and outsider’s perspective which has four types of roles as follow: a) complete observer; b) observer as participant; c) participant as observer; d) complete participant. This article proposes three important implications, are: first, the problems of the Islamic education can be categorized and mapped based on Maqâṣid al-Sharîʻah, in order to ease the analysis of such problems. Second, the analysis of the problems should be based on the insiders’ and outsiders’ point of views, so that it would be able to comprehensively detect the problems of Islamic education and show the inclusiveness of the Islamic education. Third, problem solving alternatives should be oriented at the level of theological (faith and religious [îmân]), theoretical (philosophical and empirical [‘ilm]), practical (learning and teaching [‘amal]) and moral (ethics and aesthetics [akhlâq]) realms.
Dinamika Politik Islam Semenanjung Arab 1800-1930 M dan Pengaruh Berdirinya Kerajaan Arab Saudi Modern terhadap Praktik Keagamaan
Authors: Agustono Ihwan
Published: November 2019

The article examines the dynamics of political Islam of the Arabian Peninsula in 1800-1930 and their influence to the foundation of the Modern Saudi Arabia Kingdom and their impact to religious practices in the Holy Land. The study is considered important due to the changing phenomenon of religious under-standing in the Holy Land. A new orthodox ideology has been able to change the well-established traditional understanding and become a dominant school until nowadays. The study concludes that: 1) Socio-political constellation of Hijaz before 19th century had been marked by the decrease of political supremacy of Hijaz along with far migration of the Islamic governmental center from Madinah; 2) One of the culminations of political dynamics of the Arabian Peninsula between 1800 and 1930 was the establishment of the Modern Saudi Arabia Kingdom; 3) Such political dynamics have subsequently resulted in the purification of Islamic sharî‘ah in accordance with the Wahabi’s doctrines, obliteration of the tradition of four maqâmât in Masjid al-H{arâm, conformation of Islamic education with the Wahabi’s dogmas, and the increase of orthodoxy and the decrease of popular Sufi’s credo.
Caries experience of young adults attending a tertiary health institution in Nigeria
Authors: Enabulele Joan E , Omanudhowho Kennedy E , Chukwumah Nneka M
Published: November 2019

Introduction: Dental caries is a public oral health problem and one of the major unmet needs in oral health amongst children and young population. This study sought to assess
the caries experience as well as determine the significant risk indicators for caries among young adults attending a tertiary health institution in Nigeria.
Method: A one year retrospective study of patients within the age group 20-40 years who visited the dental out-patient clinic of University of Benin Teaching Hospital. The data
of interest retrieved from the files included demographics (Gender, Age, Marital Status and Occupation), presenting complaint, missing teeth, decayed teeth, filled teeth. All data
collected was subjected to statistical analysis in form of frequencies, percentages, Mean, T-test, cross tabulations, logistic regression and chi square with level of significance set
at 0.05 using Statistical Package of Social Sciences version 21.0.
Results: A total of 1,803 patients’ records were used for the study. The caries prevalence in this study population was high (65.2%) with a mean DMFT score of 1.93±2.3.The
mean DMFT for males was 1.75±2.02 while for females was 2.12±2.54 and this was statistically significant. Occupation and age were associated with caries experience. The
tooth with the highest caries affectation was the first permanent molars.
Conclusion:The caries prevalence in this study population was high; occupation and age were significant risk indicators for caries, while married young adults had a greater
caries experience.
Regenereation in periodontics
Authors: Kaderi Murtaza , Ali Mohsin , Ali Alfiya , Kaderi Tasneem
Published: November 2019

The goals of periodontal therapy are to arrest of periodontal disease progression and to attain the regeneration of the periodontal apparatus.
Osseous grafting and Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) are the two techniques with the most extensive documentation of periodontal regeneration.
However, these techniques offer limited potential towards regenerating the periodontal tissues. Recent surgical procedures and application of newer
materials aim at greater and more predictable regeneration with the concept of tissue engineering for enhanced periodontal regeneration and
functional attachment have been developed, analyzed, and employed in clinical practice
Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding gag-reflex in children among post-graduate students of paedodontics and preventive dentistry in India- An electronic cross-sectional survey
Authors: Patel Roshani , Dave Bhavna , Bargale Seema , KS Poonacha , Shah Vaishnavi
Published: November 2019

Introduction: The gag reflex is a usual response for patients, considered to shield the airway and eradicate irritants from the posterior
oropharynx and the upper gastro-intestinal tract. Gag reflex is a annoying problem in various dental techniques and may result in a compromised
management. If the dentist efforts to recognize the circumstances that trigger disruptive gagging, this may optimize patient care and operational
success.
Aim: To evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding gag-reflex in children among post-graduate students of paedodontics and
preventive dentistry in India.
Methodology: A list of registered Post graduate Students with Indian Society of Paedodontics & Preventive Dentistry was obtained from the office
of Indian Society of Paedodontics & Preventive Dentistry. A questionnaire was sent to all the participants through e-mail whose information was
obtained from the office of Indian Society of Paedodontics & Preventive Dentistry. The questionnaire was sent twice to each student. A response
was awaited for a period of 3 months.
Results: 127 Post graduate Students thought that Anxiety and fear was a main reason for gag reflex in children. 233 Post graduate Students
thought that during gag reflex there is no change in Pulse Rate of the children. 69 Post graduate Students Always changed or modified their
impression technique or impression material in children with gag reflex. 173 (58.2%) Post graduate Students agree with rubber-dam application
is useful to prevent gag reflex in children. 275 (92.6%) Post graduate Students did not take gagging severity index (GSI)/gag prevention index
(GPI) before treating a child with gag-reflex.
Conclusion: The study revealed that Post graduate students of paedodontics and preventive dentistry in India have the knowledge regarding
patient’s gag, but their attitude and practice toward the management of the children with gag-reflex is less.
A novel all-fiber-based LiFePO4/Li4Ti5O12 battery with self-standing nanofiber membrane electrodes
Authors: Chen Li-li , Yang Hua , Jing Mao-xiang , Han Chong , Chen Fei , Hu Xin-yu , Yuan Wei-yong , Yao Shan-shan , Shen Xiang-qian
Published: November 2019

Electrodes with high conductivity and flexibility are crucial to the development of flexible lithium-ion batteries. In this study, three-dimensional (3D) LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12 fiber membrane materials were prepared through electrospinning and directly used as self-standing electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. The structure and morphology of the fibers, and the electrochemical performance of the electrodes and the full battery were characterized. The results show that the LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12 fiber membrane electrodes exhibit good rate and cycle performance. In particular, the all-fiber-based gel-state battery composed of LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12 fiber membrane electrodes can be charged/discharged for 800 cycles at 1C with a retention capacity of more than 100 mAh·g−1 and a coulombic efficiency close to 100%. The good electrochemical performance is attributed to the high electronic and ionic conductivity provided by the 3D network structure of the self-standing electrodes. This design and preparation method for all-fiber-based lithium-ion batteries provides a novel strategy for the development of high-performance flexible batteries.
Can Neutron-star Mergers Explain the r-process Enrichment in Globular Clusters?
Authors: Zevin Michael , Kremer Kyle , Siegel Daniel M. , Coughlin Scott , Tsang Benny T.-H. , Berry Christopher P. L. , Kalogera Vicky
Published: November 2019

Star-to-star dispersion of r-process elements has been observed in a significant number of old, metal-poor globular clusters (GCs). We investigate early-time neutron-star mergers as the mechanism for this enrichment. Through both numerical modeling and analytical arguments, we show that neutron-star mergers cannot be induced through dynamical interactions early in the history of the cluster, even when the most liberal assumptions about neutron-star segregation are assumed. Therefore, if neutron-star mergers are the primary mechanism for r-process dispersion in GCs, they likely result from the evolution of isolated, primordial binaries in the clusters. Through population modeling of double neutron-star progenitors, we find that most enrichment candidates are fast-merging systems that undergo a phase of mass transfer involving a naked He-star donor. Only models where a significant number of double neutron-star progenitors proceed through this evolutionary phase give rise to moderate fractions of GCs with enrichment; under various assumptions for the initial properties of GCs, a neutron-star merger with the potential for enrichment will occur in ∼15%–60% (∼30%–90%) of GCs if this phase of mass transfer proceeds stably (unstably). The strong anti-correlation between the pre-supernova orbital separation and post-supernova systemic velocity due to mass loss in the supernova leads to efficient ejection of most enrichment candidates from their host clusters. Thus, most enrichment events occur shortly after the double neutron stars are born. This Requires star-forming gas that can absorb the r-process ejecta to be present in the globular cluster 30–50 Myr after the initial burst of star formation. If scenarios for redistributing gas in GCs cannot act on these timescales, the number of neutron-star merger enrichment candidates drops severely, and it is likely that another mechanism, such as r-process enrichment from collapsars, is at play.
Description and comparison of Philippine hornbill (Bucerotidae) vocalizations
Authors: Guerra Shari , Gonzalez Juan Carlos , Rafael Emmanuel Francisco
Published: November 2019

The role of vocalisation for the Philippine hornbills' ecology and speciation and their implication in understanding speciation is not well understood. We described and compared recorded calls of seven hornbill taxa in captivity namely Mindanao Wrinkled hornbill (Rhabdotorrhinus leucocephalus), Rufous-headed hornbill (Rhabdotorrhinus waldeni), Luzon Rufous hornbill (Buceros hydrocorax hydrocorax), Samar Rufous hornbill (Buceros hydrocorax semigaleatus), Mindanao Rufous hornbill (Buceros hydrocorax mindanensis), Mindanao Tarictic hornbill (Penelopides affinis), Samar Tarictic hornbill (Penelopides samarensis), Visayan Tarictic hornbill (Penelopides panini) and Luzon Tarictic hornbill (Penelopides manillae), as well as comparison with the non-native Papuan hornbill (Rhyticeros plicatus). Vocalisation analysis included call duration, minimum frequency, maximum frequency, bandwidth and peak frequency. For each species in the sample, the mean and standard deviation were used to calculate the Cohen’s d statistic by using an effect size calculator. Results showed that the effect size for minimum frequency was small for P. panini vs. P. samarensis and B. hydrocorax vs. B. h. mindanensis. However, bandwidth, duration, minimum frequency, maximum frequency and peak frequency have large effect sizes for the rest of the allopatric species pairs. Hornbills' conspicuous resonating calls are sufficiently quantifiable for bioacoustic analysis and may provide new insights for their taxonomic review.
Estructuras desplegables de aspas para cubiertas inclinadas
Authors: Freire-Tellado M. J. , Muñoz-Vidal M. , López-César I. , Pérez-Valcárcel J.
Published: November 2019

La atención a la evacuación del agua de lluvia y a la protección de la estructura ante los agentes meteorológicos ha dado lugar a un conjunto de propuestas de estructuras desplegables de aspas sobre planta rectangular en las que estas estructuras definen limas y faldones de pendiente suficiente. El trabajo parte de la resolución del trazado de estructuras desplegables de aspas planas simétricas y base cuadrangular con directriz quebrada, garantizándose el correcto funcionamiento cinemático mediante la construcción de modelos. Se estudian desplegables con directrices poligonales, curvas compuestas y también combinaciones de curvas y rectas. Se repasan los problemas de estabilización de la solución en el estado desplegado, incorporando la cobertura textil y cables de arriostramiento. Finalmente se desarrollan y analizan geométrica y cinemáticamente una serie de propuestas con superficies de intradós y extradós diferentes y otro grupo de ellas en las que los sentidos de despliegue no siguen los ejes del recinto a cubrir.
The Psychological Capital
Authors: Yilmaz Nazli Berberoglu
Published: November 2019

The psychological capital concept, which refers to developmental positive states of human beings, has proven to be important for organizations in order to gain competitive advantage. Thus, in this study, a brief discussion has been made in order to provide a better understanding of the desired organizational outcomes of this concept and its role in the authentic leadership and organizational commitment behavior of employees. It has been stated that under authentic leadership style, followers with low psychological capital are thought to be more inclined to show organizational commitment than their peers with high psychological capital.
E-Participating Decision-Making Mechanism in the Public Administration System
Authors: Demir Konur Alp
Published: November 2019

In this chapter, an analysis of the electronic decision-making system, which is thought to benefit from the heavy bureaucratic system and which does not take into account the expectations of the citizen in the public administration system, will be used to make a more flexible structure. The focus of this chapter is on the need to design the decision-making mechanisms of the state according to the expectations of the citizen. For this purpose, requests and complaints from the citizens through the electronic environment should be taken into consideration in the decision-making process. In fact, this situation is reflected in the application of electronic participation management model. The application of this management model in the public administration system is the citizen participation complaint and demand system, which is carried out under the name of electronic government. The examination of this system, which is an example of the application of participatory democracy, is important for the reflection of democratic values on the administration system.
Have the Recent Dynamics of Economic Globalization Biased Social Justice in the European Union?
Authors: Caetano José , Caleiro António Bento
Published: November 2019

The literature recognizes that the gradual countries' involvement in the economic globalization has generated competitive environments that stimulate innovation and economic growth. Yet, globalization has also apparently led to the increase of inequality, contributing for waves of populism and discontent, claiming for justice in sharing these benefits. Thus, it is not surprising that the interaction globalization/social justice is paying attention to politicians and academics, seeking to identify if there is reason to fear that the globalization leads to increase inequality. This chapter deals with the link between globalization and social justice, measured by updated indicators that improved the data quality and broadened their baseline. In what globalization concerns are applied the renewed KOF index, including de facto and de jure perspectives. Concerning social justice, are used the latest “EU Social Justice Index”. The study reflects on the effects of the recent global financial crises in the EU members, which especially hit the Euro zone.
The European Union as a Major Trading Player in the Global Economy
Authors: Kittová Zuzana
Published: November 2019

This chapter critically evaluates the position of the EU within the global trade and developments of its position from a long-term perspective, and identifies the main factors behind these developments. With this aim, both the intra-EU trade and the extra-EU trade are analyzed, including the development of export and import values, along with the trade balance development and the structure of the intra-EU and extra-EU trade flows (main trading partners and main product groups). Furthermore, the development of the EU's share on the global trade is studied in comparison to the share of other main world trade players. The chapter examines the main factors that influence the position of the EU within the global trade. Finally, the prediction of the EU trade and of its position in the global economy are developed.
Theory of Persistent Income Inequality
Authors: Zeren Fatma , Kılıç Mustafa Ercan
Published: November 2019

Psychology stipulates justice is one of the most powerful feelings of human beings. Societies strengthen as overall justice increases. People are seeking justice in many areas. A more fair income distribution has always been desired in almost every society since the beginning of civilizations. In recent times, European countries are known to be the most fair societies, at least within their boundaries. So, taking into account these facts, what can be said about income inequality levels for EU-15? This chapter tries to find an empirical answer for this question. There is also a solution for income inequality.
Institutions for Wage Determination in the EU and Turkey
Authors: Aslan Gürdal
Published: November 2019

This study provides information on wage floor determining institutions, the statutory minimum wages, and collective bargaining agreements, in the EU countries to examine differences and commonalities of these institutions between the EU countries and Turkey. The interaction between these institutions and the labor market performance of the EU Member States and Turkey is also investigated. Therefore, the minimum wage levels and the collective bargaining coverage with the labor market indicators, namely the wage inequality measured with D1/D9 ratio and the incidence of low-wage workers, are compared. Findings indicate that the wage inequality and the incidence of low-wage workers are relatively lower in the countries with comprehensive collective bargaining systems characterized by high rates of collective bargaining coverage and union density. Turkey is one of the countries with the highest wage inequality compared to the EU countries. Improving the coverage rate of collective bargaining might help to reduce wage inequality.
European Union Short Food Supply Chain Policy and Environmental Management Accounting
Authors: Çalik Metin
Published: November 2019

There is evidence local farming systems and short supply chains have more impact on local economies than on long supply chains and have significant impacts on sustaining local employment in rural areas. Short supply chains focus on meeting consumer demands for local products in a guaranteed manner, strengthen local economies, improve carbon footprint, and contribute to food safety, access to natural and healthy nutrition, and sustainability of small producers and their businesses. In this research, case study and interview methods have been applied to evaluate environmental, social, and economic risks for short food supply chain. This chapter reveals decision-making process through accounting in a more regular, consistent, and integrated way by including environmental and economic information which aims to balance human and environmental needs within the framework of the European Union Short Food Supply Chain Policy.
Importance of Azerbaijan snd Central Asia in EU Energy Security
Authors: Özdaşlı Esme , Doğan Diren
Published: November 2019

Providing the energy security of European Union has become one of the most significant issues for European politicians and academics, especially after the Ukrainian crisis with Russia. The most critical point is the fact that there is not a common policy of EU countries concerning energy security. Individual choices of member states have more influence on the energy supply. EU's failure of developing a common policy for the security of energy supply has led to disagreement about other foreign policy issues. Different reactions among EU member states about sanctions against Russia after the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014 has been the most recent example. Common policy of energy security is the diversification of resources and suppliers. Accordingly, with their hydrocarbon resources, Azerbaijan and Central Asian states have become alternatives for EU.
Responses of the Visegrad States to the Migration Crisis and the European Identity
Authors: Hocaoğlu Bahadır Neriman
Published: November 2019

European identity is an identity constructed everyday within the lives of Europeans. The emergence of this identity can be traced back to the 1970s when it was first introduced in the Copenhagen Declaration on European Identity (1973). The identity has changed a lot with each enlargement of the EU. It has enriched and evolved. But its construction has not been completed, as it is a process with no end. The EU has faced many crises and one of them that challenges identity is migration. It is a test for the EU, its identity, way of life, and values. This chapter analyses if migration is a threat to EU identity, how it became a challenge, and how the actors respond to this challenge. To find out how it became a challenge and how the actors, especially the Visegrad States' political leaders, respond to this challenge, the discourses of political actors are evaluated.
Migration Policy of the European Union From the Perspectives of Turks in the EU Countries and Syrian Immigrants in Turkey
Authors: Ökten Serkan , Ökten Azize
Published: November 2019

This chapter deals with the adventure of Turkish workers' upcoming 60th year in the Europe and EU's cooperation with Turkey at the wave of immigration based on civil war in Syria to Europe, in accordance with the immigration policy of the European Union. In this context, the question of how the European Union's human rights and freedoms-based rhetoric and its practices on the basis of protectionist border policy are conforming will be answered. In this study, literature review and resource collection are used by evaluating the available resources. As a result, the European Union's human rights and freedom-based rhetoric against the threat of disrupting its own order and welfare is only consistent with the integration of qualified migrants who will provide the workforce that is compatible and in need. However, a rising, prejudiced phenomenon reaching Islamophobia and xenophobia emerged at the social and political framework that is against the immigrants who cannot achieve cultural integration.
Comparison of Public Relations Education at Undergraduate and Graduate Levels in Turkey and EU Member States
Authors: Sezgin Murat , Bayoğlu Ferdi
Published: November 2019

Public relations education in Bulgaria, England, Germany, Spain, and Italy, is considered together with a university that provides public relations education in Turkey. The conditions of undergraduate or graduate admission, objectives, and curricula of Public Relations Education in universities are discussed. Anadolu University in Turkey, St. Sofia in Bulgaria, Kliment Ohridski University, Birmingham City University in the England, Ludwig Maximilian University in Germany, Sevilla University in Spain, and Iulm Milan University in Italy are the subjects of Public Relations training. Finally, the universities were compared and evaluated with an interpretive perspective of their similarities and differences.
The Fundamentals of Water and Natural Waters
Authors: Cuker Benjamin , Bugyi George
Published: November 2019

This chapter provides information on the fundamental concepts needed to understand water and water pollution, enabling better comprehension of the subsequent material. Examining the molecular structure of water provides context for understanding its most important properties. The reader explores the various types of natural waters and learns how they are tied together in the global water cycle. An examination of the contents of natural waters reveals the presence of dissolved solids, liquids and gases and the intimate relationship between these substances and the community of life that dwells in aquatic systems. The chapter introduces basic concepts of the chemistry of water and discusses the action and distribution of pollutants. Readers also learn about the basic interaction between various pollutants and the aquatic food chain.
Life Cycle Costing on Waste Management
Authors: Gören Sami
Published: November 2019

Sustainability is the essential key point in every aspect of our life. It cannot be successful when it is limited to some certain issues in daily life. It is a revolutionary step for continuous development without any impact to the nature that should be adapted to the economy, manufacturing, urbanization, industrialization, etc. Increasing population and increasing wealth causes increase in the necessities of the human being. If it is considered as inevitable to give many bad impacts to the environment, this type of perspective is more dangerous and harmful to the environment and society than giving unconscious damages. This point of view might make these impacts to be accepted as legal, and this is what should be strongly discarded. There should be a new concept which enlarged our sphere of concern to include the entire physical environment including animals, plants, and landforms.
Applications of Nanomaterials for Water Treatment
Authors: Kaur Anupreet
Published: November 2019

Development of new technologies, progressive urbanization, increasing consumerism and industrial boom in developing countries has led to elevated pollution of the environment. The spectrum of pollutants produced and released to the environment has increased in the last few decades including the agricultural, industrial, pharmaceutical and plastic industries. In the developed and underdeveloped countries where environmental pollution goes on increasing day by day, the concern of mankind to the threat of humanity increases which comes from anthropogenic degradation of the environment. An analytical chemist is always in search of cheaper, quicker, more sensitive, more reliable, precise methods of analysis. To achieve such a goal many properties of the materials are studied. Nanotechnology meets many of the conditions mentioned above and is very economic. So, analytical nanotechnology is an important tool for preconcentration and separation of pollutants at low levels.
Decision Insights for Shipbreaking using Environmental Impact Assessment
Authors: John Joshin , Srivastava Rajiv Kumar
Published: November 2019

This article describes how the shipbreaking industry has been under the microscope, more often in recent years, with scrutiny from governments, international agencies and environmental activists, on issues pertaining to sustainability in general and environmental impact in particular. Several cases of vessels-to-be-dismantled, by and large in yards located in South Asia, have been discussed in literature, with concerns on the modus operandi of dismantling end-of-life ships, and the mode of disposal of hazardous residual wastes. In this article, the authors review extant methodologies, and examine the decision alternatives available to shipbreakers, recyclers and waste material handlers to minimize damage to the environment. Impact assessment results using Open-LCA has been presented to demonstrate the relative impact loadings on various environmental parameters, from the path functions adopted. The results of the environmental impact assessment provide decision insights on various alternatives that may be appropriated in order to mitigate environmental damage. The article concludes with discussion, perspectives and future research directions to improve decision making for sustainable shipbreaking.
Systems Based on Physical-Chemical Processes
Authors: Bonmatí-Blasi August , Cerrillo-Moreno Míriam , Riau-Arenas Victor
Published: November 2019

High strength waste streams, namely rejected water from a wastewater treatment plant, livestock slurry, and agro-food wastewater, are characterized by its high organic matter and nutrient content which favours processes aiming to recover energy and nutrients, instead of removing them. In this regard physical-chemical processes are suitable technologies to attain these objectives. Among others, stripping coupled with absorption, struvite precipitation, membrane separation, and vacuum evaporation, are all physical-chemical processes aiming to concentrate nutrients in a stream that can later be reused as fertilizer. In this chapter the main physical-chemical processes will be defined and described in terms of the objective of each process technique, their theoretical fundamentals, environmental effects (air, water and soil emissions, resource depletion), technical indicators (efficiencies, energy consumption, etc.), and by-product characteristics.
Constructed Wetlands for Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Removal of Nutrients
Authors: de la Varga David , Soto Manuel , Arias Carlos Alberto , van Oirschot Dion , Kilian Rene , Pascual Ana , Álvarez Juan A.
Published: November 2019

Constructed Wetlands (CWs) are low-cost and sustainable systems for wastewater treatment. Traditionally they have been used for urban and domestic wastewater treatment, but in the last two decades, the applications for industrial wastewater treatment increased due to the evolution of the technology and the extended research on the field. Nowadays, CWs have been applied to the treatment of different kind of wastewaters as such as refinery and petrochemical industry effluents, food industry effluents including abattoir, dairy, meat, fruit and vegetables processing industries, distillery and winery effluents, pulp and paper, textile, tannery, aquaculture, steel and mixed industrial effluents. In this chapter, the authors present the main types of CWs, explain how they work and the expected performances, and describe the principal applications of CWs for industrial wastewater treatment with particular attention to suspended solids, organic matter and nutrient removal. A review of these applications as well as some case studies will be discussed.
Economic Instruments for Sustainable Environmental Management
Authors: Kocasoy Günay
Published: November 2019

Environmental pollution has been continuously threatening the world. In the combat with environmental pollution problems, waste management authorities, in compliance with the “User Pays Principle-USP”, apply the “Polluter Pays Principle-3Ps” to the waste generators. Thus the resource users and the waste generators will be paying a fee for the resources and services they are using. They can be summarized as water fee, wastewater discharge fee, effluent permit fee, air emission fees, solid waste disposal fee, landfill tax, and hazardous waste tax and product charge, Advance Disposal Fee (ADF), Ozone-Depleting Chemicals (ODC), government product charge and road user fees. The main purpose of charging a fee is to encourage the users and the polluters to reduce the amount of pollutants they are generating and disposing into the environment. These fees can also be named as “a pollution charge fee”, “user charge fee” or “product charge fee”. This chapter outlines the many existing waste fee models.
The Contribution of ICTs to Sustainable Urbanization and Health in Urban Areas in Cameroon
Authors: Eteme Adolphe Ayissi , Ngossaha Justin Moskolai
Published: November 2019

The uncontrolled urbanization in African cities with inadequate access to urban domestic waste, housing and sanitation management services (DWHSMS) generates landscapes that become places of the spread of many pathologies leading to many public health problems. The city of Yaoundé (Cameroon) is not an exception in this situation which exposes an urban population to the most recurrent diseases. The situation become more complex in the fact that, the performance of the policies and the actions undertaken implied in developing countries, is not known in a precisely. The information sources are dispersed, old and not coordinated. ICT can, at the service of the great causes like the sustainable urbanization and/or environmental health, constitute the irreplaceable ones and essential decision-making tools. For this purpose, integrated and interoperable YUSIIP platform has proposed and deployed. The objective of this article is to present this Domestic platform and to show its contribution in (DWHSMS).
Advanced Nanomaterials for Water Engineering and Treatment
Authors: Nazir Rabia
Published: November 2019

Loading of water with multifarious pollutants has dwindled the availability of quality fresh water and put questions on reliability and efficacy of conventional water treatment technologies. Also the quest for developing robust and cost-effective methods with minimum impact on environment had driven the focus of researchers and technologists on new technological developments. Nanotechnology – better referred as Aqua-nanotechnology in this regard provides scientists a new dimension to deal this big problem with small particles having application in 1) water treatment, 2) remediation, and 3) pollution prevention. This chapter will focus on fabrication and use of advance nanomaterials categorized as nanoadsorbents and nanoatalysts for these three main areas. A range of materials exploited in this regard are single and mixed metal oxides and their composites with polymer, clay, carbon based materials etc. while keeping focus on technological developments taken place over the period in regard with treating water and waste water.
Physical Treatment Technologies for Landfill Leachate
Authors: Bashir Mohammed J. K. , Ibrahim Nurazim , Ismail Muhd Nazmi , Jaya Muhammad Azan Tamar
Published: November 2019

Landfill leachate is a refractory wastewater and highly polluted with heterogeneous materials which is harmful to the environment and living organisms. Thus, leachate requires efficient treatment system to ensure the quality of final discharge is within the standard limit. Moreover the treatment process must be cost effective in order to be accepted. Many treatment processes were examined for leachate treatment including biological, chemical and physical process. This chapter discuss the treatability of leachate using physical processes such as evaporation, flotation, adsorption, membrane, ultrasonication, air stripping. It can be concluded that physical processes are not recommended to stand alone for leachate treatment. Nevertheless, adsorption and membrane technologies are very effective for post treatment of leachate. Aeration, sedimentation, evaporation, and sonication can be used effectively as pre-treatment processes.
Supercritical Fluids as a Tool for Green Energy and Chemicals
Authors: Hrnčič Maša Knez , Cör Darija , Knez Željko
Published: November 2019

Hydrothermal conversion of biomass is a promising technology for the conversion of biomass into biofuels and biobased chemicals. This chapter is focused on the waste biomass conversion for production of biofuels and chemicals by applying sub- and supercritical fluids. One of the biggest disadvantages in biomass conversion by SCF is the extremely high energy requirement for heating the media above the water critical point (374 °C, 221 bar). The idea behind the recent research is to reduce the operating temperature and energy requirements by processing biomass with water at much higher pressures. The importance of knowledge on behavior of multicomponent systems at elevated pressures and temperatures is underlined. Methods, developed by the authors of this chapter for determination of thermodynamic and transport properties for multicomponent systems of different solid compounds and supercritical fluid under extreme conditions are described. Future perspective of hydrothermal technology as a tool to obtain advanced materials and the possible scope for future research is also discussed.
Life Cycle Costing for Sustainability
Authors: Üç Mustafa , Elitaş Cemal
Published: November 2019

Life cycle costing supports sustainability by stressing the costs not only in the production and selling phases but also considering the costs which are incurred after the sale of the products. This chapter reveals main characteristics of life cycle costing as follows: Life cycle costing also includes production costs which are; (a) research and development costs, (b) marketing, selling, distribution and design costs, (c) and also user costs. User costs have three dimensions: transaction costs, maintenance costs, and disposal costs. Therefore one can simply assert that life cycle costing has a broader approach in the calculation of the costs compared to other conventional costing systems. After introducing the main characteristics and basic definitions of life cycle costing, this chapter will discuss the implementation of life cycle costing in comparison with other conventional costing systems. Following this, we will analyze the link between life cycle costing, waste management and sustainability. Overall review will be done in the conclusion.
Effective Management of Agro-Industrial Residues as Composting in Mushroom Industry and Utilization of Spent Mushroom Substrate for Bioremediation
Authors: Singh Rajender , Chauhan Mamta
Published: November 2019

Different types of edible mushrooms like Agaricus, bisporus, A. bitoriqus, Pleurotus spp., Volvariella volvacea, Lentinula edodes, Calocybe indica, Flamullina, Ganoderma lucidum etc. are cultivated in industrial scale. Majority of edible fungi secretes extracellular Ligninocellulolytic enzymes like Laccase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, cellulase etc. for effective conversion of ligninocellulolytic substrate to compositing form which led to fruiting of mushrooms. Consequently, an adequate disposal method is needed for the high quantities of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) generated in this agro-food industrial activity. On the other side, textile industry among the largest water consuming industries in the world and approximately, 10,000 different dyes and pigments are used at industrial scale. It is estimated that nearly 40% of the total dyes used in the dyeing process may find their way in wastewater. So, there is an attempt to utilize the ligninolytic enzymes rich SMS of different mushroom for efficiently biodegradation of textile wastewater & polyaromatic pollutants.
Bioremediation of Pharmaceutical Wastes
Authors: Bali Alka
Published: November 2019

The astounding increase in the use of pharmaceuticals in the last decade has raised concerns over their occurrence in the soils and wastewaters posing potential dangers to the general public health and environment. Considering the limitations of chemical remediation measures in treatment of recalcitrant xenobiotics, several bioremediation measures are being currently investigated and proposed for removal of pharmaceutical contaminants from the environment. Several bacterial, fungal and plant species have shown promising bioremediation potential with regard to the removal of pharmaceuticals. Varying configurations of anaerobic and aerobic reactors have been utilized for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment. This chapter is intended to give a compilation and overview of the various types of bioremediation measures currently being employed or investigated to remove the pharmaceutical pollutants.
Giving Waste a Second Chance
Authors: Quaik Shlrene , Embrandiri Asha , Hossain Kaizar , Ismail Norli
Published: November 2019

Overpopulation is no doubt worldwide concern as it brings different problems to urbanization process as well as environment. Waste is number one side product of overpopulation. Waste generation is ever increasing in both urban and suburban area and has led to many environmental issues. Many of the waste generated have potential to be transformed into value added products. By recycling, reusing and re-purposing these wastes, we are actually reducing the amount of waste produced and at the same time helping to solve waste disposal problem as many of the wastes exhibit strong energy producing potential. Overpopulation may be an issue of its own; nonetheless, it also provides us an army of human power in tackling environmental issues. Population is a valuable asset. The potential of that amount of man power, especially youth, combining with various awareness campaigns and 3R campaigns introduced by government and NGO are important in targeting these problems.