bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cooling reverses pathological bifurcations to spontaneous firing caused by mild traumatic injury
Authors: Barlow B. M. , Joos B. , Trinh A. K. , Longtin A.
Published: October 2018

Mild traumatic injury can modify the key sodium (Na+) current underlying the excitability of neurons. It causes the activation and inactivation properties of this current to become shifted to more negative trans-membrane voltages. This so-called coupled left shift (CLS) leads to a chronic influx of Na+ into the cell that eventually causes spontaneous or “ectopic” firing along the axon, even in the absence of stimuli. The bifurcations underlying this enhanced excitability have been worked out in full ionic models of this effect. Here, we present computational evidence that increased temperature T can exacerbate this pathological state. Conversely, and perhaps of clinical relevance, mild cooling is shown to move the naturally quiescent cell further away from the threshold of ectopic behavior. The origin of this stabilization-by-cooling effect is analyzed by knocking in and knocking out, one at a time, various processes thought to be T-dependent. The T-dependence of the Na+ current, quantified by its Q10-Na factor, has the biggest impact on the threshold, followed by Q10-pump of the sodium-potassium exchanger. Below the ectopic boundary, the steady state for the gating variables and the resting potential are not modified by temperature, since our model separately tallies the Na+ and K+ ions including their separate leaks through the pump. When only the gating kinetics are considered, cooling is detrimental, but in the full T-dependent model, it is beneficial because the other processes dominate. Cooling decreases the pump’s activity, and since the pump hyperpolarizes, less hyperpolarization should lead to more excitability and ectopic behavior. But actually the opposite happens in the full model because decreased pump activity leads to smaller gradients of Na+ and K+, which in turn decreases the driving force of the Na+ current.
The coherent THz Smith-Purcell radiation from a three-dimensional open holes array structure
Authors: Zhang P. , Wang L. , Zhang Y. , Tang M. , Xi Y. , Liang S.
Published: October 2018

Coherent Smith-Purcell radiation from multiple electron beam excitation in a three-dimensional open holes array structure has been proposed. The electron beam passes through the holes, which can be coupled with each other to enhance surface wave fields, so that the multiple electron beam injection can interact with the surface wave field efficiently. And the Smith-Purcell radiation will be enhanced due to an increasement in dipole oscillations occurring when the electrons pass through the holes. Therefore, a high beam-wave interaction efficiency is yielded and very strong coherent terahertz radiation can be generated. This multi-beam system is expected to provide a favorable way to excite the coherent Smith-Purcell radiation, which would be used to generate terahertz radiation.
Subadditivity and additivity of the noncommutative Yang-Mills action functional
Authors: Guin Satyajit
Published: October 2018

We formulate notions of subadditivity and additivity of the Yang-Mills action functional in noncommutative geometry. We identify a suitable hypothesis on spectral triples which proves that the Yang-Mills functional is always subadditive. The additivity property is stronger in the sense that it implies the subadditivity property. Under our hypothesis, we also obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for the additivity of the Yang-Mills functional. An instance of additivity is shown for the case of noncommutative n-tori. We also investigate the behavior of critical points of the Yang-Mills functional under additivity. In the end, we discuss examples involving compact spin manifolds, matrix algebras, noncommutative n-torus, and the quantum Heisenberg manifolds to validate our hypothesis.
Selective area isolation of β-Ga2O3 using multiple energy nitrogen ion implantation
Authors: Tetzner Kornelius , Thies Andreas , Bahat Treidel Eldad , Brunner Frank , Wagner Günter , Würfl Joachim
Published: October 2018

In this study, we report on the application of multiple energy nitrogen ion implantation for the electrical isolation of electronic devices on monoclinic β-Ga2O3. By the introduction of uniformly distributed midgap damage-related levels in the Ga2O3 crystal lattice, we are able to increase the sheet resistances by more than 9 orders of magnitude to ≥1013 Ω/sq which remains stable up to annealing temperatures of 600 °C carried out for 60 s under a nitrogen atmosphere. At higher annealing temperatures, the damage-related trap levels are being removed causing a significant drop of the sheet resistance down to 4 × 105 Ω/sq for annealing temperatures of 800 °C. This effect is preceded by a structural recovery of the implantation damages via the recrystallization of the crystal lattice at already 400 °C as verified by x-ray diffraction measurements. The extracted activation energies of the deep states controlling the high resistivity of Ga2O3 after implantation are in the range of 0.7 eV, showing a strong correlation with the annealing temperature dependence of the sheet resistance and thus supporting the theory of a damage-induced isolation mechanism.
Tunneling anomalous Hall effect in a ferroelectric tunnel junction
Authors: Zhuravlev M. Ye. , Alexandrov Artem , Tao L. L. , Tsymbal Evgeny Y.
Published: October 2018

We report on a theoretical study on the tunneling anomalous Hall effect (TAHE) in a ferroelectric tunnel junction (FTJ), resulting from spin-orbit coupling (SOC) in the ferroelectric barrier. For ferroelectric barriers with large SOC, such as orthorhombic HfO2 and BiInO3, we predict sizable values of the tunneling anomalous Hall conductivity (TAHC) measurable experimentally. We demonstrate strong anisotropy in TAHC depending on the type of SOC. For the SOC with equal Rashba and Dresselhaus parameters, we predict the perfect anisotropy with zero TAHC for certain magnetization orientations. The TAHC changes sign with ferroelectric polarization reversal providing useful functionality of FTJs. Conversely, measuring the TAHC as a function of magnetization orientation offers an efficient way to quantify the type of SOC in the insulating barrier. Our results provide a valuable insight into the TAHE and open avenues for potential device applications.
Light ion isotope identification in space using a pixel detector based single layer telescope
Authors: Kroupa M. , Bahadori A. A. , Campbell-Ricketts T. , George S. P. , Stoffle N. , Zeitlin C.
Published: October 2018

It is demonstrated that modern pixel detectors can be utilized as single-layer particle telescopes, offering details of a particle's stopping power evolution surpassing those provided by multi-layer, non-pixelated instruments. For particles that stop in the detector, this advantage arises from repeatably sampling the Bragg curve: we always know which part of the Bragg peak was measured. We can then create a dE/dx1 vs dE/dx2 plot where the stopping power at the beginning and the end of the track is compared. We are able to identify and analyze several fine-grained features on such plots, including several related to particles that stop inside the detector, termed “stopping.” Using data from an instrument aboard the International Space Station, we show that different isotopes of stopping hydrogen can be identified as their stopping powers differ. Other features of the dE/dx1 vs dE/dx2 plot not resolvable in multi-layer particle telescopes are also exhibited, such as nuclear interactions that occur within the sensor active volume.
Reference Correlation for the Thermal Conductivity of Ammonia from the Triple-Point Temperature to 680 K and Pressures up to 80 MPa
Authors: Monogenidou S. A. , Assael M. J. , Huber M. L.
Published: October 2018

This paper presents a new wide-ranging correlation for the thermal conductivity of ammonia based on critically evaluated experimental data. The correlation is designed to be used with a recently published equation of state that is valid from the triple-point temperature to 680 K and pressures up to 80 MPa. We estimate the uncertainty at a 95% confidence level to be 6.8% over the aforementioned range, with the exception of the dilute-gas range where the uncertainty is 4% over the temperature range 285 K–575 K. The uncertainties will be larger outside of the validated range and also in the critical region.
Steady flow of a Reiner-Rivlin fluid between rotating plates
Authors: Forbes Lawrence K.
Published: October 2018

This paper considers a von Kármán type axisymmetric flow between parallel plates, in which the top plate rotates and the bottom one is stationary. Between the plates is a weakly non-Newtonian fluid of Reiner-Rivlin type. A highly accurate spectral method is presented for solving the steady problem, and Newton’s method is used to find the Fourier coefficients and an eigenvalue. Multiple solutions are found, of which one is clearly of Batchelor type and another is clearly of Stewartson type, and these persist in the non-Newtonian regime. Such flows may be of practical use in viscometry, in which the coefficient of the non-Newtonian viscous term might be measured.
Genetics of post-drought recovery, persistence and summer dormancy in orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata)
Authors: Pirnajmedin Fatemeh , Majidi Mohammad Mahdi , Saeidnia Fatemeh , Hoseini Behnam , Mirlohi Aghafakhr , Abdolahi Mostafa
Published: October 2018

The genetic basis of post-drought recovery, summer dormancy and persistence under drought stress is little investigated in orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). In this study, polycross populations (half-sib genotypes) were evaluated under normal and regulated deficit irrigation for 3 years (2012–14) in the field. Irrigation was then withheld in 2015, and the genotypes were evaluated for post-drought recovery and persistence. The results showed that regulated deficit irrigation decreased forage yield, yield components, persistence and recovery. A broad range of general combining ability was observed for most of the measured traits. Moderate to high estimation of narrow-sense heritability for yield components, persistence, recovery and summer dormancy index indicated that phenotypic selection may be successful to attain genetic progress. Under deficit irrigation, flowering time was positively correlated with persistence and recovery, indicating that selection based on lateness would lead to improvement in these traits. Stable and superior families across environments were identified based on regression coefficients and principle component analysis that would be desirable in future breeding programs.
Low-carbohydrate high-protein diet diminishes the insulin response to glucose load via suppression of SGLT-1 in mice
Authors: Higashida Kazuhiko , Terada Shin , Li Xi , Inoue Sachika , Iida Noriko , Kitai Saki , Nakai Naoya
Published: October 2018

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a low-carbohydrate high-protein (LCHP) diet on the expression of glucose transporters and their relationships to glucose metabolism. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a normal control or LCHP diet for 2 weeks. An oral glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test (ITT) were performed, and the expression of glucose transporters was determined in the gastrocnemius muscle, jejunum and pancreas. The increase in plasma insulin concentrations after glucose administration was reduced in the LCHP group. However, LCHP diet had no effects on peripheral insulin sensitivity or glucose transporters expression in the gastrocnemius and pancreas. Soluble glucose transporter (SGLT)-1 protein content in jejunum was lower in the LCHP group. Taken together, these results suggest that the blunted insulin response after glucose administration in LCHP diet-fed mice might be due to decreased SGLT-1 expression, but not to an increase in peripheral insulin sensitivity.

Abbreviations: LCHP: low-carbohydrate high-protein; ITT: insulin tolerance test; GLUT: glucose transporter; SGLT: soluble glucose transporter; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; AUC: area under the curve.
Histone deacetylases in sake yeast affect fermentation characteristics
Authors: Tomimoto Kazuya , Akao Takeshi , Fukuda Hisashi
Published: October 2018

Yeast histone deacetylases (HDAC) affect the production of alcoholic beverages. In this study, we evaluated the sake fermentation characteristics when using HDAC gene-disrupted yeast strain Kyokai No. 701. Flavor components of the sake product were significantly changed. RPD3 or HDA1 disruption increased twofold the amount of isoamyl acetate, and isoamyl alcohol levels also increased in the rpd3Δ strain. To determine the contribution of Rpd3L and Rpd3S complexes to sake characteristics, a gene responsible for Rpd3L and/or Rpd3S formation was also disrupted. Disruption of DEP1 or SDS3 that is an essential component of Rpd3L led to increased isoamyl alcohol production similar to that of the rpd3Δ strain, but the efficiency of isoamyl alcohol esterification was not affected. In addition, Rpd3 and Hda1 may regulate the responsiveness to oxygen in isoamyl acetate production. We conclude that HDAC genes regulate the production of flavor components during sake fermentation.

Abbreviations: HDAC: Histone deacetylase; HAT: histone acetyltransferase; K701: sake yeast Kyokai No. 701; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography; E/A: Ester/Alcohol; BCAA: branched chain-amino acid; Atf: alcohol acetyltransferase.
Diaspora community in Brunei: culture, ethnicity and integration
Authors: Ullah AKM Ahsan , Ahmad Kumpoh Asiyah Az-Zahra
Published: October 2018

Over one-third of Brunei’s total workforce are foreign expatriates. A huge percentage of them has been staying in Brunei for more than two decades in various capacities. This paper sets out the conceptual imperatives of culture, ethnicity and integration in order to demonstrate how people from different origins, religions and ethnicities settled in Brunei and ended up melting in Brunei society. Setting its arguments in context, this paper engenders the discourse of integrational, religious and cultural ambivalence. A qualitative study was conducted on some diasporas selected based on snow-ball technique. The study reveals that while Diaspora maintain a reciprocal relationship between both ends (origin and destinations), most of them find their hearts in Brunei. In a society religiously and culturally distant from theirs, most diasporas are happy to compromise in order to integrate in Brunei society. Of course, as a natural rule, as time passes, the ties and bond get weaker among generations. The weaker is the tie, the lesser is the linkage. However, the sentimental attachment diaspora may harbour for their countries of birth may not automatically die down nor do their ties with destinations.
2. Glacier ice: definitions and dynamics
Authors: Evans David J. A.
Published: October 2018

The shape and size of glacier ice bodies (their morphology) is dictated by the interplay between climate and topography, and a classification scheme has been adopted to cover all the variants that lie on a spatial and temporal continuum of morphologies. ‘Glacier ice: definitions and dynamics’ explains that in any one location over time different glacier morphologies may evolve. It describes how water as a liquid is fundamental to glacial processes, and considers a range of glacier dynamics and flow mechanics, including the processes and causes of ice deformation, creeping ice, sliding beds, and glacial surge. It also explains subglacial bed deformation, a relatively newly discovered process that emerged only in the 1970s.
3. Glaciers through time
Authors: Evans David J. A.
Published: October 2018

The ‘glacial theory’ championed by Louis Agassiz in the 19th century saw the beginning of the geological community’s partial acceptance of the concept of multiple and more extensive glaciations. Formal recognition of multiple glaciations came in 1909 with Penck and Brückner’s Alpine model. Since then, research on the Earth’s climate record has established a firm understanding of the nature and pace of climate change over the last 2.6 million years and the impact these changes have had on glacier development and extent. ‘Glaciers through time’ considers the periods of ice ages, glacials, and interglacials, describing changes in ice sheets, mountain icefields, and the impact of melting glacier ice on sea level rise.
4. The glacial dirt machine
Authors: Evans David J. A.
Published: October 2018

Glaciers and ice sheets create landscape change in three main ways: erosion, deposition, and deformation. The combination of these processes has given glaciers the reputation of being phenomenally efficient changers of landscapes. But in reality they modify the Earth’s surface only gradually, eroding and moving material in stages of various duration via a complex spatial and temporal mosaic of processes. ‘The glacial dirt machine’ considers these processes in turn. Erosion includes direct glacial erosion as well as glacifluvial or meltwater-related processes. A wide range of other geomorphological processes—paraglacial processes—are activated and indeed are at their most dynamic immediately after deglaciation.
5. Eroded by ice
Authors: Evans David J. A.
Published: October 2018

There is a very wide range of spatial and temporal scales reflected in the types of glacial erosional landforms, from individual millimetre-wide striae that can form over a few days to fjords tens of kilometres long that require hundreds of thousands of years to develop. Erosional landforms can be discussed in categories defined by three spatial scales: microscale, macroscale, and megascale, the latter also including whole landscapes that have unmistakable glacial erosional origins. ‘Eroded by ice’ describes these different erosional forms and explains that they are rarely viewed in isolation because microscale erosional marks are superimposed on macroscale forms, which in turn are superimposed on megascale surfaces to constitute erosional landscapes.
9. Glaciers, humans, and enduring ice
Authors: Evans David J. A.
Published: October 2018

A knowledge of glaciation is important because it provides us with an understanding of glaciers as Earth surface systems face climate change and of the glacial materials beneath the surface. Crucial are glacier-related hazards impacting directly on human society and glacial landforms and sediments lying at the surface of some of the most densely populated parts of our planet. ‘Glaciers, humans, and enduring ice’ considers glacial hazards, such as glacial lake outburst floods, and important engineering considerations, including sediment failure and seepage. It discusses the valuable legacy of past glaciations and asks if Earth is entering a new phase of ice-free conditions, the like of which it has not endured for more than 35 million years.
3. The move into the community
Authors: Burns Tom
Published: October 2018

‘The move into the community’ considers deinstitutionalization. Nearly every large mental hospital in the UK and most in the US and Western Europe have closed. The emptying of the institutions was partly due to the discovery of antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs, but changes in social attitudes towards the mentally ill, radical rethinking within psychiatry, and financial considerations were also influential. The first twenty years of community care were relatively successful. However, closures often ran ahead of provision of adequate alternative services. Stigma, an exaggerated sense of risk from the mentally ill, family break-up, high social mobility, and increasing levels of drug and alcohol use have made community care of the mentally ill more difficult.
5. Psychiatry under attack—inside and out
Authors: Burns Tom
Published: October 2018

‘Psychiatry under attack’ focuses on the contradictions inherent in psychiatry. The mind–brain relationship is the big issue in psychiatry. It would be simple if psychiatry were just about ‘brain diseases’, but psychiatry concerns ‘mental’ illnesses. While many mental illnesses involve disorders of the brain, not all brain diseases are mental illnesses. Psychiatry originally viewed mental illnesses as inherited weaknesses. However, Freud and his followers shifted the balance to ‘nurture’. The ‘anti-psychiatry movement’ of the 1960s and 1970s, led by Szasz, Foucault, and Laing, condemned psychiatry as confusing at best and an instrument of social oppression at worst. There is now less opposition to psychiatry though disquiet remains about aspects of its practice.
6. Open to abuse
Authors: Burns Tom
Published: October 2018

The nature of psychiatric practice lays it open to potential misuse. ‘Open to abuse’ highlights the unequal power relationship with dependent and vulnerable patients whose opinions and complaints can so easily be dismissed. The diagnostic process is inevitably subjective, relying on psychiatrists’ assessments of the patient’s motives and mental state, with no concrete indicators for diseases such as blood tests. The history of psychiatry is littered with shameful episodes of political abuse, hare-brained theories, and dangerous and barbaric treatments. The visibility of modern-day psychiatry, plus a well-informed public and a willingness to admit mistakes, are the most reliable safeguards against such abuses. Psychiatry is now engaged in evidence-based medicine—facts and figures taking precedence over theories and opinion.
Napoleon
Authors: Bell David A.
Published: October 2018

Napoleon: A Very Short Introduction provides a concise and lively portrait of Napoleon Bonaparte’s character and career, situating him firmly in historical context. It emphasizes the astonishing sense of human possibility—for both good and ill—that Napoleon represented. By his late twenties, Napoleon was already one of the greatest generals in European history. At thirty, he had become absolute master of Europe’s most powerful country. In his early forties, he ruled a European empire more powerful than any since Rome, fighting wars that changed the shape of the continent and brought death to millions. Then everything collapsed, leading him to spend his last years in miserable exile in the South Atlantic.
1. The Corsican, 1769–1796
Authors: Bell David A.
Published: October 2018

Napoleon Bonaparte was born in 1769 in Corsica, just after it came under the control of the Kingdom of France. ‘The Corsican, 1769–1796’ outlines Napoleon’s early life, including his enrolment at Brienne military boarding school at age nine. He developed a love of literature and considered life as an author, but after finishing Brienne, he went to the École Militaire in Paris, graduating in 1785. In 1786, after his father’s death, Napoleon returned home to Corsica to help with family affairs. He remained in Corsica after the start of the French Revolution, but his rise through the ranks of the French Army is described along with his marriage to Rose de Beauharnais (Joséphine) in 1796.
2. The general, 1796–1799
Authors: Bell David A.
Published: October 2018

‘The general, 1796–1799’ describes how it was the French Revolution that made Napoleon’s stupefying ascent possible. The Revolution badly damaged the traditional hierarchies of French society, opening the door to radically new forms of social mobility and political power. It also unleashed newly intense forms of war, and provided French rulers with new ways to harness their country’s formidable natural resources against its enemies. Napoleon displayed both military and political genius. His successful battles in Italy and Austria are outlined, followed by his campaign in Egypt, which triggered a new period of large-scale European war. Finally, his return to France to sieze power from the French parliament is described.
3. The First Consul, 1799–1804
Authors: Bell David A.
Published: October 2018

Napoleon Bonaparte is mostly admired for his domestic achievements from 1799–1804. This Consulate period was one of authoritarian rule, but also of energetic state-building, during which Napoleon established institutions and principles by which the French still govern themselves today. ‘The First Consul, 1799–1804’ explains how during this time, Napoleon negotiated diplomatic agreements with many of his foreign enemies, including Austria and Great Britiain. His new regime also installed a new, streamlined law code, overhauled the education system, and created France’s first successful national bank and stabilized the currency. In 1804, Napoleon was crowned Emperor of the French. However, peace was not long-lasting and France was soon at war again.
Epilogue
Authors: Bell David A.
Published: October 2018

After his final defeat, Napoleon was transported to the South Atlantic island of Saint Helena by the British, where he lived under permanent guard. Unlike the rest of his adult life, these years were ones of inaction and largely of immobility. Napoleon spent these years seeking control not over Europe, but over how history would remember him. It was the last chapter of his life but, more important, the first chapter of the longer, hugely contentious story of his historical significance. In 1820, Napoleon fell seriously ill, and on May 5, 1821, he died at fifty-one. The Epilogue explains how his legacy continued to shape European history in a massive and direct manner for decades.
Flexible design of multiple metagenomics classification pipelines with UGENE
Authors: Rose Rebecca , Golosova Olga , Sukhomlinov Dmitrii , Tiunov Aleksey , Prosperi Mattia
Published: October 2018

UGENE is a free, open-source, cross-platform bioinformatics software. UGENE deploys pre-defined pipelines and a flexible instrument to design new workflows and visually build multi-step analytics pipelines. The new UGENE v.1.31 release offers graphical, user-friendly wrapping of a number of popular command-line metagenomics classification programs (Kraken, CLARK, DIAMOND), combinable serially and in parallel through the workflow designer, with multiple, customizable reference databases. Ensemble classification voting is available through the WEVOTE algorithm, with augmented output in the form of detailed table reports. Pre-built workflows (which include all steps from data cleaning to summaries) are included with the installation and a tutorial is available on the UGENE website. Further expansion with multiple visualization tools for reports is planned.

Availability and implementation

UGENE is available at http://ugene.net/, implemented in C++ and Qt, and released under GNU General Public License (GPL) version 2.
Incomplete lineage sorting and introgression in the diversification of Chinese spot-billed ducks and mallards
Authors: Wang Wenjuan , Wang Yafang , Lei Fumin , Liu Yang , Wang Haitao , Chen Jiakuan
Published: October 2018

Incomplete lineage sorting and introgression are 2 major and nonexclusive causes of species-level non-monophyly. Distinguishing between these 2 processes is notoriously difficult because they can generate similar genetic signatures. Previous studies have suggested that 2 closely related duck species, the Chinese spot-billed duck Anas zonorhyncha and the mallard A. platyrhynchos were polyphyletically intermixed. Here, we utilized a wide geographical sampling, multilocus data and a coalescent-based model to revisit this system. Our study confirms the finding that Chinese spot-billed ducks and Mallards are not monophyletic. There was no apparent interspecific differentiation across loci except those at the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and the Z chromosome (CHD1Z). Based on an isolation-with-migration model and the geographical distribution of lineages, we suggest that both introgression and incomplete lineage sorting might contribute to the observed non-monophyly of the 2 closely related duck species. The mtDNA introgression was asymmetric, with high gene flow from Chinese spot-billed ducks to Mallards and negligible gene flow in the opposite direction. Given that the 2 duck species are phenotypically distinctive but weakly genetically differentiated, future work based on genome-scale data is necessary to uncover genomic regions that are involved in divergence, and this work may provide further insights into the evolutionary histories of the 2 species and other waterfowls.
Sociability and pair-bonding in gerbils: a comparative experimental study
Authors: Tchabovsky Andrey V , Savinetskaya Ludmila E , Ovchinnikova Natalia L , Safonova Alexandra , Ilchenko Olga N , Sapozhnikova Svetlana R , Vasilieva Nina A
Published: October 2018

In a study of gerbils with contrasting social and mating systems (group-living monogamous Mongolian gerbil Meriones unguiculatus, solitary nonterritorial promiscuous midday jird M. meridianus, and solitary territorial promiscuous pale gerbil Gerbillus perpallidus), we employed partner preference tests (PPTs) to assess among-species variation in sociability and pair-bonding patterns and tested whether the nature of contact between individuals: direct contact (DC) versus nondirect contact (NDC) affected our results. We measured male preferences as the time: 1) spent alone, 2) with familiar (partner), and 3) unfamiliar (stranger) female in the 3-chambered apparatus. Gerbil species differed strongly in sociability and male partner preferences. The time spent alone was a reliable indicator of species sociability independent of the nature of contact, whereas the pattern and level of between-species differences in male partner preferences depended on contact type: DC PPTs, unlike NDC-tests, discriminated well between monogamous and promiscuous species. In the DC-tests, stranger-directed aggression and stranger avoidance were observed both in the highly social monogamous M. unguiculatus and the solitary territorial promiscuous G. perpallidus, but not in the nonterritorial promiscuous M. meridianus. In M. unguiculatus, stranger avoidance in the DC-tests increased the time spent with the partner, thus providing evidence of a partner preference that was not found in the NDC-tests, whereas in G. perpallidus, stranger avoidance increased the time spent alone. This first comparative experimental study of partner preferences in gerbils provides new insights into the interspecific variation in gerbil sociality and mating systems and sheds light on behavioral mechanisms underlying social fidelity and pair-bonding.
Agricultural Animals as Biomedical Models: Occupational Health and Safety Considerations
Authors: Edwards Gaylen L , Azain Michael J , Parks Andrew
Published: October 2018

The use of agricultural animals in biomedical research is increasing. Their overall size and metabolic rate, organ size, longer gestation period, and other physiological similarities make them good candidates for animal models of human disease. There are a number of special considerations for use of traditional farm animals for biomedical research. Differences in physical plant infrastructure, handling equipment, training of personnel, and potential zoonoses are some of the important considerations when traditional farm animals are used in biomedical research. This article provides an overview of some of the special considerations for using traditional agricultural animals in biomedical research. With the growing need for improved translational research, it is reasonable to predict significant growth in these animal models.
Shaping scientific instrument collections
Authors: Alberti Samuel J M M
Published: October 2018

Many histories of scientific instruments concentrate on their manufacture and original function, but such artefacts as survive often do so in collections – many will have spent far longer in a museum than anywhere else. Alongside the rich literature on the history of scientific instruments, accordingly, there is a body of work on the histories of scientific instrument collections. This survey outlines genres and themes in the historiography of scientific instruments, focusing in particular on display and other collection-based functions. Fluid and contingent, collections are instrumental in the history, heritage, and historiography of science.
In the Fullness of Time
Authors: Zanarini Mary
Published: October 2018

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is still seen in many settings as a chronic disorder. This book details the ways that it is symptomatically a “good prognosis” diagnosis. This is particularly seen in the high rate of remissions of BPD and its constituent symptoms. The rate of suicide is also good news, as it is half the expected rate from four follow-back studies conducted in the 1980s. Areas with a more guarded prognosis, particularly for those who have not recovered, are poor physical health and poor vocational adjustment. In addition, rates of other deaths are increasing and have surpassed the rate of deaths by suicide. This book covers the following topics: History of the borderline diagnosis, models of the core features of BPD, earlier studies of the longitudinal course of BPD, the McLean Study of Adult Development (MSAD), the symptoms of BPD assessed in MSAD, the long-term course of the symptoms of BPD, symptomatic remissions and recurrences of the borderline diagnosis, prevalence and predictors of physically self-destructive acts over time, additional symptom areas over time, psychosocial functioning over time, recovery from BPD, predictors of time-to-remission and recovery, co-occurring disorders over time, mental health treatment over time, physical health and medical treatment, adult victimization over time, sexual issues over time, defense mechanisms over time, and new directions.
History of the Borderline Diagnosis
Authors: Zanarini Mary C.
Published: October 2018

The borderline diagnosis was first described by Alfred Stern in 1938. However, “borderline personality disorder” (BPD) did not enter the official nomenclature of American psychiatry until 1980. Between these two time points, psychoanalysts and psychiatrists carefully described aspects of borderline psychopathology, particularly cognitive symptoms. Two of the most careful and influential descriptions of the borderline diagnosis in the 1960s and 1970s were those of Otto Kernberg, who described the broad concept of borderline personality organization (BPO), and John Gunderson, who described the affective, cognitive, impulsive, and interpersonal symptoms of BPD. After 1980, BPD was often described as being a subthreshold variant of various diagnostic spectrums (e.g., mood disorders, impulsive disorders, trauma disorders) that were in vogue at that time. However, BPD is now commonly accepted as a well-validated disorder with a characteristic symptom profile that distinguishes it from other disorders, including other personality disorders.
Models of the Core Features of Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Zanarini Mary C.
Published: October 2018

This chapter details three theories of the core features of BPD. Linehan has emphasized emotion dysregulation, while Gunderson has focused on problematic attachment. Zanarini has offered a complex model of borderline psychopathology that stresses the interaction between an innate hyperbolic temperament and a kindling event or series of events that results in a full-blown case of BPD. The empirical evidence for environmental factors relevant to the etiology of BPD is also reviewed. The results of studies of adverse childhood experiences are reviewed in detail. The role of separations and losses, disturbed parental involvement, and frank abuse and neglect are each reviewed in detail. The chapter then explores the etiology of the symptom areas of BPD, with both environmental factors and biological factors being considered.
The Symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder Assessed in MSAD
Authors: Zanarini Mary C.
Published: October 2018

This chapter describes the 24 symptoms of BPD assessed in this study. It also describes what each symptom may mean to a borderline patient and the best way for clinicians to handle these symptoms. Some of the symptoms studied are affective (depression and sorrow, anger and rage, anxiety and panic, feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, and worthlessness, and feelings of emptiness and loneliness), while others are cognitive (troubling but nonpsychotic problems, such as overvalued ideas of worthlessness and guilt, experiences of depersonalization and derealization, and nondelusional suspiciousness and ideas of reference; quasi-psychotic or psychotic-like symptoms [i.e., transitory, circumscribed, and somewhat reality-based delusions and hallucinations]). Others are impulsive (self-mutilation, suicide threats, suicide attempts), while yet others are interpersonal (manipulation, demandingness, entitlement, treatment regressions, special relationships, dependency and counter-dependency, distortions of the truth, sadomasochistic tendencies).
The Long-Term Course of the Symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Zanarini Mary C.
Published: October 2018

This chapter reports on the prevalence rates of the 24 symptoms of BPD assessed in this study; prevalence rates that are declining over time. It also reports on rates of remission of each of these symptoms and rates of recurrence following periods of remission. The 24 symptoms are divided into 12 acute symptoms (e.g., self-mutilation, suicide efforts) and 12 temperamental symptoms (e.g., chronic feelings of anger, intolerance of aloneness). It was found that acute symptoms remit more rapidly and are less likely to recur. The clinical implications of these different symptom trajectories are discussed in detail.
Additional Symptom Areas over Time
Authors: Zanarini Mary C.
Published: October 2018

This chapter details the course of symptom areas that were not covered in Chapter 6, or were covered in a non-comprehensive manner. These symptom areas are anxiety, shame, dissociation, and 17 specific cognitions (e.g., overvalued ideas, ideas of reference). These symptoms tended to decrease over time, but they also tended to remain significantly more severe or more common among borderline patients than among Axis II comparison subjects. Multivariate predictive models were also found for the severity of anxiety and the severity of shame. Taken together, these symptoms represent areas of suffering that would benefit from more clinical attention and support.
Psychosocial Functioning over Time
Authors: Zanarini Mary C.
Published: October 2018

Social and vocational functioning are extremely important outcomes. This chapter details the findings of four sub-studies concerning this area. In all of these studies, borderline patients showed areas of strength. However, remitted borderline patients functioned better than non-remitted borderline patients at six-year follow-up, while the borderline patients on disability functioned more poorly than borderline patients never on disability at 10-year follow-up. Believing that we had been too optimistic about the psychosocial functioning of borderline patients early in the study, we changed the definition to include full-time work or school at 10-year follow-up. This change resulted in 60% rather than 82% achieving this goal. Finally, we compared the rates of marriage and being a parent of recovered and non-recovered borderline patients at 16-year follow-up, finding that recovered borderline patients were more likely to achieve stability in these areas.
Co-occurring Disorders over Time
Authors: Zanarini Mary C.
Published: October 2018

This chapter concerns the co-occurring Axis I and II disorders reported by borderline patients. It was found at baseline that mood, PTSD, other anxiety, substance use, and eating disorders, as well as anxious cluster Axis II disorders, were all common. Prevalence rates of these disorders declined over time. It was also found that substance use disorders were the disorders that most interfered with remission from BPD. Using survival analyses, we also studied time-to-remission, time-to-recurrence, and time-to-new-onsets of specific disorders in each of these areas of psychopathology. None of the disorders studied was chronic in nature. All exhibited fluidity over time.
Mental Health Treatment over Time
Authors: Zanarini Mary C.
Published: October 2018

At baseline, borderline patients reported using high rates of outpatient treatment and more restrictive forms of treatment, such as inpatient psychiatric treatment. Over time, these rates have declined, particularly for more restrictive and costly forms of treatment. However, high rates of borderline patients remain in outpatient psychotherapy and continue taking standing medications in all major classes of psychotropic medications. Perhaps most concerning is that a substantial percentage of borderline patients have been treated with aggressive polypharmacy (three or more standing medications) despite the health consequences, such as obesity, and despite there being no empirical evidence for this common practice. Evidence-based psychosocial treatments are reviewed, and suggestions are made for treatment as usual.
Defense Mechanisms over Time
Authors: Zanarini Mary C.
Published: October 2018

At baseline, three defenses were found in multivariate analyses to be significantly associated with a borderline diagnosis. Two of these defenses were immature and one was neurotic: acting out, emotional hypochondriasis (i.e., transformation of feelings of sorrow, rage, and terror into unremitting complaints about the lack of understanding that others display), and undoing. At 16-year follow-up, borderline patients could still be differentiated from Axis II comparison subjects, and improvement was found in many defenses. In addition, four time-varying defense mechanisms were found to predict time-to-recovery. One was mature and three were immature: humor, acting out, emotional hypochondriasis, and projection. The clinical meaning and usefulness of assessing defenses over time, particularly immature defenses, in clinical settings is discussed.
Acute neurologic toxicity of palliative radiotherapy for brain metastases in patients receiving immune checkpoint blockade
Authors: Arscott W Tristram , Zhu Simeng , Plastaras John P , Maity Amit , Alonso-Basanta Michelle , Jones Joshua
Published: October 2018

Background

The interaction between immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and radiation (RT) for brain metastases has not been well understood. Given that acute neurotoxicity from this combination is not well characterized, we reviewed patients receiving ICB and RT for brain metastases.

Methods

Patients treated with ICB and cranial RT from 2010 through 2017 were reviewed. ICB and RT must have been administered within 30 days of each other. Treatment parameters, performance status, symptoms prior to treatment, and toxicity were extracted from the electronic medical record. Survival was calculated from the end of RT to last follow-up or death.

Results

Seventy-eight patients were included. Median follow-up was 177 days (range, 12-1603). Median age was 64 years old (range, 29-98) and 47 (63%) were male. The main tumor types were melanoma (n = 47) and nonsmall-cell lung cancer (n = 19). Fifty-seven patients were treated with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and 21 with whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT). Most patients received single-agent ICB, though 4 patients received nivolumab and ipilimumab. Forty-one (53%) patients reported no neurologic toxicity. Grade 2 or greater neurologic toxicities were reported in 12 (21%) and 8 (38%) patients in the SRS and WBRT groups, respectively. WBRT was associated with a greater risk of any neurotoxicity, though there was no correlation between ICB agent and toxicity. Sequencing of ICB and RT (ie, <30 days vs <7) did not influence rates of toxicity.

Conclusions

ICB during SRS or WBRT does not appear to worsen acute neurotoxicity compared to historical controls of RT alone.
Sex Differences in Subjective and Behavioral Responses to Stressful and Smoking Cues Presented in the Natural Environment of Smokers
Authors: Tomko Rachel L , Saladin Michael E , Baker Nathaniel L , McClure Erin A , Carpenter Matthew J , Ramakrishnan Viswanathan R , Heckman Bryan W , Wray Jennifer M , Foster Katherine T , Tiffany Stephen T , Metts Christopher L , Gray Kevin M
Published: October 2018

Introduction

Some evidence suggests that female smokers may show more context-dependent smoking and that males may show more stereotyped smoking (regardless of stress or cue exposure). The goal of this study was to characterize sex differences in response to stressful and smoking cues ecologically presented in daily life and variability in day-to-day smoking behavior.

Methods

Adult smokers (N = 177) provided ratings of mood and cigarette craving before and after stress and smoking cues were presented four times daily for 14 days via a mobile device. Linear mixed models tested whether (1) female smokers exhibited greater reactivity to stressful cues than male smokers; (2) pre-cue negative affect increased reactivity to smoking cues more in female smokers than male smokers; (3) across both sexes, greater reactivity to stressful and smoking cues correlated with greater quantity of smoking within a day; and (4) female smokers exhibited greater variability in cigarettes per day (CPD) relative to males.

Results

Relative to male smokers, female smokers reported greater negative affect, stress, and craving in response to stressful cues, but not smoking cues, after accounting for time since last cigarette and pre-cue responding. No sex differences in CPD or variability in CPD were detected. Days with higher subjective reactivity to cues were not associated with increased smoking, in either males or females.

Conclusions

Sex differences were observed in response to stress but not smoking cues in the natural environment of regular cigarette smokers. Further research is necessary to evaluate whether stress reactivity in female smokers is associated with reduced latency to smoke following stress exposure in daily life.

Implications

This study provides naturalistic evidence that female smokers may not be more reactive to smoking cues than males, but experience heightened stress and craving following stress exposure. There was no evidence to support the hypothesis that amount smoked per day varied more for females, relative to males, as a result of more context-driven smoking for females.