bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Runoff simulation and projection in the source area of the Yellow River using the SWAT model and SSPs scenarios
Authors: Li Xiehui , Jia Hejia , Chen Yaling , Wen Jun
Published: December 2022

The source area of the Yellow River (SAYR) is one of the world´s largest wetlands containing the greatest diversity of high altitude marshlands. For this reason, its response to climate change is extremely significant. As revealed by different studies, the response of hydrological processes to global warming results in high uncertainties and complexities in the water cycle of the SAYR. Thus, understanding and projecting future runoff changes in this region has become increasingly important. In the present investigation, we used runoff and meteorological data of the SAYR from 1976 to 2014 (historical period). In addition, Digital Elevation Model (DEM), land-use, and soil data for the period 1976 to 2100 were used considering three future SSPs (Shared Socioeconomic Paths) scenarios of 8 models selected from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to simulate, project, and analyze potential variations and future runoff of the main hydrological stations (Jimai, Maqu, and Tangnaihai) located in the SAYR. The results showed that: 1) The SWAT model displayed good applicability in historical runoff simulation in the SAYR. A small runoff simulation uncertainty was observed as the simulated value was close to the measured value. 2) Under three different 2021–2100 SSPs scenarios, the yearly discharge of the three hydrological stations located in the SAYR showed an increasing trend with respect to the historical period. Future runoff is mainly affected by precipitation. 3) We compared the 1976–2014 average annual runoff with projected values for the periods 2021–2060 and 2061–2100. With respect to 2021–2060, the lowest and highest increases occurred at Tangnaihai and Maqu Stations in the emission scenarios without (SSP585) and with mitigation (SSP126), respectively. However, the highest and lowest increments at Jimai Station were observed in the intermediate emission (SSP245) and SSP126 scenarios, respectively. Moreover, in 2061–2100, the Maqu and Tangnaihai Stations showed the lowest and highest increments in the SSP585 and SSP245 scenarios, correspondingly. In Jimai Station, the lowest increment occurred in SSP126. The yearly average discharge in the near future will be smaller than that in the far future. Overall, this study provides scientific understanding of future hydrological responses to climate changes in the alpine area. This information can also be of help in the selection of actions for macro-control, planning, and management of water resources, and the protection of wetlands in the SAYR.
Floods and flood management and its socio-economic impact on Pakistan: A review of the empirical literature
Authors: Manzoor Zaira , Ehsan Muhsan , Khan Muhammad Bashir , Manzoor Aqsa , Akhter Malik Muhammad , Sohail Muhammad Tayyab , Hussain Asrar , Shafi Ahsan , Abu-Alam Tamer , Abioui Mohamed
Published: December 2022

Flood is one of the most damaging natural disasters as the recent floods have shown their serious impact on Pakistan. Flood control and regulation policies are essential to reduce the risks of economic downturn, a threat to human existence, and to sustain the ecology. The severity of flood catastrophe activities represents a constant and severe issue in the world. Floods are rising year by year in severity and duration, causing negative impacts on the social and economic conditions of the nation concerned. While the frequency of floods cannot be avoided, their adverse impacts can be considerably reduced by adopting careful planning and efficient training. This paper reviews the socioeconomic impact of floods, and the existing condition of flood control policies outlines the flood protection problems and discusses opportunities for successful and efficient flood control in Pakistan. The paper also intends to propose several suggestions for efficient and sustainable flood control in Pakistan.
Diversity and evolution of optically complex eyes in a family of deep-sea fish: Ocular diverticula in barreleye spookfish (Opisthoproctidae)
Authors: Wagner Hans-Joachim , Genner Martin J. , Partridge Julian C. , Chung Wen-Sung , Marshall N. Justin , Robison Bruce H. , Douglas Ronald H.
Published: December 2022

Several families of mesopelagic fish have tubular eyes that are usually upwardly directed. These maximise sensitivity to dim downwelling sunlight and dorsal bioluminescence, as well as facilitating the detection of dark silhouettes above the animal. Such eyes, however, have a much-reduced field of view and will not be sensitive to, for example, lateral and ventral bioluminescent stimuli. All mesopelagic Opisthoproctidae so far examined have evolved mechanisms for extending the limited visual field of their eyes using approximately ventrolaterally directed, light-sensitive, diverticula. Some genera have small rudimentary lateral retinal areas capable of detecting only unfocussed illumination. Others have more extensive structures resulting in eyes that simultaneously focus light from above onto the main retina of the tubular eye using a lens, while diverticula produce focussed images of ventrolateral illumination using either reflection or possibly refraction. These bipartite structures represent perhaps the most optically complex of all vertebrate eyes. Here we extend the limited previous data on the ocular morphology of five Opisthoproctidae (Opisthoproctus soleatus, Winteria telescopa, Dolichopteryx longipes, Rhynchohyalus natalensis, and Bathylychnops exilis) using a combination of histology and magnetic resonance imaging and provide a preliminary description of the eyes of Macropinna microstoma. We note an increase in diverticular complexity over the life span of some species and quantify the contribution of the diverticulum to the eye’s total neural output in D. longipes and R. natalensis (25 and 20%, respectively). To help understand the evolution of Opisthoproctidae ocular diversity, a phylogeny, including all the species whose eye types are known, was reconstructed using DNA sequences from 15 mitochondrial and four nuclear genes. Mapping the different types of diverticula onto this phylogeny suggests a process of repeated evolution of complex ocular morphology from more rudimentary diverticula.
Screening and functional analysis of the differential peptides from the placenta of patients with healthy pregnancy and preeclampsia using placental peptidome
Authors: Chen Tingting , Zhang Zhongxiao , Lu Qin , Ma Jun
Published: December 2022

Molecular peptides play an extensive range of functions in the human body. However, no previous study has performed placental peptidome profiling. In the present study, 3,941 peptides from human placental tissues were identified using peptidomics. Compared to healthy pregnant women, there were 87 and 129 differentially expressed peptides (DEPs) in the mild and severe preeclampsia groups, respectively. In the mild PE group, 55 and 34 DEPs had high and low expressions, respectively. In comparison, in the severe PE group, 82 and 47 DEPs had high and low expressions, respectively. Functional analysis of the precursor proteins of DEPs by gene ontology suggested that they are primarily involved in focal adhesion, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, tight junction, and extracellular matrix. Network analysis using ingenuity pathway analysis software showed that the precursor proteins of DEPs were primarily related to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad signaling pathway. Further molecular docking experiments showed that the AASAKKKNKKGKTISL peptide (placenta-derived peptide, PDP) derived from the precursor protein IF4B could bind to TGF-β1. Therefore, our preliminary results suggest that the actions of PDP may be mediated through the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. Our results demonstrate that the placental bioactive peptides may regulate the placental function during PE progression.
Integrated investigation of the prognostic role of HLA LOH in advanced lung cancer patients with immunotherapy
Authors: Zhang Xiaotao , Tang Hongzhen , Luo Haitao , Lu Huiping , Pan Chaohu , Yu Haiming , Zhang Linlin , Guan Yaping , Yu Lan , Chu Huili , Chen Jun , Wang Jun
Published: December 2022

Although multiple studies have shown that loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus is one of the mechanisms of immune escape, the effect of HLA LOH on the immunotherapy response of patients is still unclear. Based on the data of 425 Chinese lung cancer patients, the genomic characteristics with different HLA LOH statuses were analyzed. The driver genes mutation frequency, oncogenic signaling pathways mutation frequency, tumor mutational burden (TMB) and chromosomal instability (CIN) score in the HLA LOH high group was significantly higher than in the HLA LOH negative group. Transcriptome analyses revealed that pre-existing immunologically active tumor microenvironment (TME) was associated with HLA LOH negative patients. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, especially for lung squamous cell carcinomas (LUSC), with HLA LOH negative have a longer survival period than those with HLA LOH. In addition, the combination of HLA LOH with TMB or programmed cell death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression can further distinguish responders from non-responders. Furthermore, a comprehensive predictive model including HLA LOH status, TMB, PD-L1 expression and CD8+ T cells was constructed and exhibited a higher predictive value, which may improve clinical decision-making.
Advances in the research of the role of macrophage/microglia polarization-mediated inflammatory response in spinal cord injury
Authors: Fu Sheng-Ping , Chen Si-Yu , Pang Qi-Ming , Zhang Meng , Wu Xiang-Chong , Wan Xue , Wan Wei-Hong , Ao Jun , Zhang Tao
Published: December 2022

It is often difficult to regain neurological function following spinal cord injury (SCI). Neuroinflammation is thought to be responsible for this failure. Regulating the inflammatory response post-SCI may contribute to the recovery of neurological function. Over the past few decades, studies have found that macrophages/microglia are one of the primary effector cells in the inflammatory response following SCI. Growing evidence has documented that macrophages/microglia are plastic cells that can polarize in response to microenvironmental signals into M1 and M2 macrophages/microglia. M1 produces pro-inflammatory cytokines to induce inflammation and worsen tissue damage, while M2 has anti-inflammatory activities in wound healing and tissue regeneration. Recent studies have indicated that the transition from the M1 to the M2 phenotype of macrophage/microglia supports the regression of inflammation and tissue repair. Here, we will review the role of the inflammatory response and macrophages/microglia in SCI and repair. In addition, we will discuss potential molecular mechanisms that induce macrophage/microglia polarization, with emphasis on neuroprotective therapies that modulate macrophage/microglia polarization, which will provide new insights into therapeutic strategies for SCI.
Visfatin is a multifaceted molecule that exerts regulation effects on inflammation and apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells and mice immune organs
Authors: Zhang Zhewei , Xiao Ke , Wang Sheng , Ansari Abdur Rahman , Niu Xiaoyu , Yang Wenjie , Lu Mengqi , Yang Zhi , Rehman Zia ur , Zou Weihua , Bei Weicheng , Song Hui
Published: December 2022

Visfatin, a multifunctional adipocytokine, is particularly important in the regulation of apoptosis and inflammation through an unidentified mechanism. Clarifying the control mechanisms of visfatin on inflammation and apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells and mice immunological organs was the goal of the current investigation. In order to create a pathophysiological model, the RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with 200 ng/mL visfatin and 20 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS), either separately or combined. The effects of exogenous visfatin on inflammation and apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells were investigated by flow cytometry assay, RNA-seq analysis and fluorescence quantitative PCR. According to the findings, exogenous visfatin exhibits dual effects on inflammation by modulating the expression of IL-1α, TNFRSF1B, and LIF as well as taking part in various signaling pathways, including the MAPK and Rap1 signaling pathways. By controlling the expression levels of Bcl2l1, Bcl2a1a, and Fas and primarily participating in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and Hippo signaling pathway, exogenous visfatin can inhibit apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells. The visfatin inhibitor FK866 was used to further confirm the effects of visfatin on inflammation and apoptosis in mice immune organs. Subsequently, mice spleen and thymus were collected. It is interesting to note that in LPS-treated mice, suppression of endogenous visfatin might worsen the immune system’s inflammatory response and even result in rapid mortality. Additionally, endogenous visfatin promotes the apoptosis in mice immune organs by regulating the expression levels of Bcl2l1, Fas, Caspase 3, Bcl2a1a, and Bax. Together, these results imply that visfatin is a multifaceted molecule that regulates inflammation and apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells and mice immunological organs by taking part in a variety of biological processes and regulating the amounts of associated cytokines expression. Our findings offer additional understandings of how visfatin affects apoptosis and inflammation.
Integrated analysis from multi-center studies identities m7G-derived modification pattern and risk stratification system in skin cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Zhang Xin , Miao Ying , Sun Hao-Wen , Wang Yi-Xiao , Zhao Wen-Min , Pang A-Ying , Wu Xiao-Yan , Shen Cong-Cong , Chen Xiao-Dong
Published: December 2022

The m7G modification has been proven to play an important role in RNA post-transcriptional modification and protein translation. However, the potential role of m7G modification patterns in assessing the prognosis of Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) and tumor microenvironment (TME) has not been well studied. In this study, we investigated and finally identified 21 available m7G-related genes. We used hierarchical clustering (K-means) to classify 743 SKCM patients into three m7G-modified subtypes named m7G/gene cluster-A, B, C. We found that both m7G cluster B and gene cluster B exhibited higher prognosis and higher immune cell infiltration in TME compared to other subtypes. EIF4E3 and IFIT5, two m7G related genes, were both markedly elevated in Cluster B. Then, we constructed an m7G score system utilizing principal component analysis (PCA) in order to evaluate the patients' prognosis. High m7G score subtype was associated with better survival prognosis and active immune response. Overall, this article revealed that m7G modification patterns were involved in the development of the tumor microenvironment. Evaluating patients' m7G modification patterns will enhance our understanding of TME characteristics and help to guide personal treatment in clinics in the future.
Plasma proteomics reveals early, broad release of chemokine, cytokine, TNF, and interferon mediators following trauma with delayed increases in a subset of chemokines and cytokines in patients that remain critically ill
Authors: Bonaroti Jillian , Billiar Isabel , Moheimani Hamed , Wu Junru , Namas Rami , Li Shimena , Kar Upendra K. , Vodovotz Yoram , Neal Matthew D. , Sperry Jason L. , Billiar Timothy R.
Published: December 2022

Severe injury is known to cause a systemic cytokine storm that is associated with adverse outcomes. However, a comprehensive assessment of the time-dependent changes in circulating levels of a broad spectrum of protein immune mediators and soluble immune mediator receptors in severely injured trauma patients remains uncharacterized. To address this knowledge gap, we defined the temporal and outcome-based patterns of 184 known immune mediators and soluble cytokine receptors in the circulation of severely injured patients. Proteomics (aptamer-based assay, SomaLogic, Inc) was performed on plasma samples drawn at 0, 24, and 72 hours (h) from time of admission from 150 trauma patients, a representative subset from the Prehospital Plasma during Air Medical Transport in Trauma Patients at Risk for Hemorrhagic Shock (PAMPer) trial. Patients were categorized into outcome groups including Early Non-Survivors (died within 72 h; ENS; n=38), Non-Resolvers (died after 72 h or required ≥7 days of intensive care; NR; n=78), and Resolvers (survivors that required < 7 days of intensive care; R; n=34), with low Injury Severity Score (ISS) patients from the Tranexamic Acid During Prehospital Transport in Patients at Risk for Hemorrhage After Injury (STAAMP) trial as controls. The major findings include an extensive release of immune mediators and cytokine receptors at time 0h that is more pronounced in ENS and NR patients. There was a selective subset of mediators elevated at 24 and 72 h to a greater degree in NR patients, including multiple cytokines and chemokines not previously described in trauma patients. These findings were validated in a quantitative fashion using mesoscale discovery immunoassays (MSD) from an external validation cohort (VC) of samples from 58 trauma patients matched for R and NR status. This comprehensive longitudinal description of immune mediator patterns associated with trauma outcomes provides a new level of characterization of the immune response that follows severe injury.
ATG-Fresenius increases the risk of red blood cell transfusion after kidney transplantation
Authors: Sebti Maria , Petit-Hoang Camille , Chami Btissam , Audureau Étienne , Cordonnier-Jourdin Catherine , Paul Muriel , Pourcine Franck , Grimbert Philippe , Ourghanlian Clément , Matignon Marie
Published: December 2022

Introduction

In sensitized deceased donor kidney allograft recipients, the most frequent induction therapy is anti-thymocyte globulins (ATG), including Thymoglobulin® (Thymo) and ATG-Fresenius (ATG-F).

Methods

We conducted a 3-year monocentric observational study to compare the impact of ATGs on hematological parameters. We included adult kidney transplant recipients treated with ATG induction therapy, either Thymo or ATG-F, on a one-in-two basis. The primary endpoint was red blood cell (RBC) transfusions within 14 days after transplantation.

Results

Among 309 kidney allograft recipients, 177 (57.2%) received ATG induction, 90 (50.8 %) ATG-F, and 87 (49.2%) Thymo. The ATG-F group received significantly more RBC transfusions (63.3% vs. 46% p = 0.02) and in bigger volumes (p = 0.01). Platelet transfusion was similar in both groups. Within 14 and 30 days after transplantation, older age, ATG-F induction, and early surgical complication were independently associated with RBC transfusion. Patient survival rate was 95%, and the death-censored kidney allograft survival rate was 91.5% at 12 months post-transplantation. There was no difference in the incidence of acute rejection and infections or in the prevalence of anti-HLA donor-specific antibodies.

Discussion

In conclusion, after kidney transplantation, ATG-F is an independent risk factor for early RBC transfusion and early thrombocytopenia without clinical and biological consequences. These new data should be clinically considered, and alternatives to ATG should be further explored.
The CARDS toxin of Mycoplasma pneumoniae induces a positive feedback loop of type 1 immune response
Authors: Wang Ting , Sun Huiming , Lu Zhitao , Jiang Wujun , Dai Ge , Huang Li , Wang Meijuan , Zhu Canhong , Wang Yuqing , Hao Chuangli , Yan Yongdong , Chen Zhengrong
Published: December 2022

Background

Within the past 3-5 years, Mycoplasma pneumoniae has become a major pathogen of community-acquired pneumonia in children. The pathogenic mechanisms involved in M. pneumoniae infection have not been fully elucidated.

Methods

Previous protein microarray studies have shown a differential expression of CXCL9 after M. pneumoniae infection. Here, we conducted a hospital-based study to explore the clinical significance of the type 1 immune response inflammatory factors interferon (IFN)-γ and CXCL9 in patients with M. pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP). Then, through in vitro experiments, we explored whether CARDS toxin stimulated F-DCs (dendritic cells incubated with Flt3L) to promote Th-cell differentiation; we also investigated the IFN-γ-induced CXCL9 secretion pathway in macrophages and the role of CXCL9 in promoting Th1 cell migration.

Results

The CXCL9 expression level was upregulated among patients with a higher fever peak, fever duration of greater than 7 days, an imaging manifestation of lobar or segmental, or combined pleural effusion (P<0.05). The peripheral blood levels of IFN-γ and CXCL9, which were higher in patients than in the healthy control group, were positively correlated with each other (r=0.502, P<0.05). In patients, the CXCL9 expression level was significantly higher in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) than in the peripheral blood, and the BALF CXCL9 expression level was higher than that in the healthy control group (all P<0.05). Our flow cytometry analysis revealed that M1-phenotype macrophages (CD16+CD64+CD163−) were predominant in the BALF from children with MPP. In in vitro experiments, F-DCs stimulated with CARDS toxin promoted the differentiation of CD4+IFN-γ+ Th (Th1) cells (P<0.05). Moreover, IFN-γ induced high levels of CXCL9 expression in M1-type macrophages in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. Additionally, macrophages transfection with STAT1-siRNA-1 downregulated the expression of CXCL9 (P<0.05), and CXCL9 promoted Th1 cell migration (P<0.05).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that CARDS toxin induces a type 1 immune response positive feedback loop during M. pneumoniae infection; this putative mechanism may be useful in future investigations of immune intervention approaches for M. pneumoniae pneumonia.
Modulating the tumor immune microenvironment with nanoparticles: A sword for improving the efficiency of ovarian cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Xu Tianyue , Liu Zhihui , Huang Liwen , Jing Jing , Liu Xiaowei
Published: December 2022

With encouraging antitumor effects, immunotherapy represented by immune checkpoint blockade has developed into a mainstream cancer therapeutic modality. However, only a minority of ovarian cancer (OC) patients could benefit from immunotherapy. The main reason is that most OC harbor a suppressive tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Emerging studies suggest that M2 tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), T regulatory cells (Tregs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are enriched in OC. Thus, reversing the suppressive TIME is considered an ideal candidate for improving the efficiency of immunotherapy. Nanoparticles encapsulating immunoregulatory agents can regulate immunocytes and improve the TIME to boost the antitumor immune response. In addition, some nanoparticle-mediated photodynamic and photothermal therapy can directly kill tumor cells and induce tumor immunogenic cell death to activate antigen-presenting cells and promote T cell infiltration. These advantages make nanoparticles promising candidates for modulating the TIME and improving OC immunotherapy. In this review, we analyzed the composition and function of the TIME in OC and summarized the current clinical progress of OC immunotherapy. Then, we expounded on the promising advances in nanomaterial-mediated immunotherapy for modulating the TIME in OC. Finally, we discussed the obstacles and challenges in the clinical translation of this novel combination treatment regimen. We believe this resourceful strategy will open the door to effective immunotherapy of OC and benefit numerous patients.
Distinctive phenotype for HLA-E- versus HLA-A2-restricted memory CD8 αβT cells in the course of HCMV infection discloses features shared with NKG2C+CD57+NK and δ2-γδT cell subsets
Authors: Rousselière Amélie , Gérard Nathalie , Delbos Laurence , Guérif Pierrick , Giral Magali , Bressollette-Bodin Céline , Charreau Béatrice
Published: December 2022

The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) triggers both innate and adaptive immune responses, including protective CD8+ αβT cells (CD8T) that contributes to the control of the infection. In addition to CD8T restricted by classical HLA class Ia molecules, HCMV also triggers CD8T recognizing peptides from the HCMV UL40 leader peptide and restricted by HLA-E molecules (HLA-EUL40 CD8T). This study investigated the frequency, phenotype and functions of HLA-EUL40 CD8T in comparison to the immunodominant HLA-A2pp65 CD8T upon acute (primary or secondary infection) or chronic infection in kidney transplant recipients (KTR) and in seropositive (HCMV+) healthy volunteer (HV) hosts. The frequency of hosts with detected HLA-EUL40 CD8T was similar after a primary infection (24%) and during viral latency in HCMV+ HV (26%) and equal to the frequency of HLA-A2pp65 CD8T cells in both conditions (29%). Both CD8T subsets vary from 0.1% to >30% of total circulating CD8T according to the host. Both HLA-EUL40 and HLA-A2pp65 CD8T display a phenotype specific of CD8+ TEMRA (CD45RA+/CCR7-) but HLA-EUL40 CD8T express distinctive level for CD3, CD8 and CD45RA. Tim3, Lag-3, 4-1BB, and to a lesser extend 2B4 are hallmarks for T cell priming post-primary infection while KLRG1 and Tigit are markers for restimulated and long lived HCMV-specific CD8T responses. These cell markers are equally expressed on HLA-EUL40 and HLA-A2pp65 CD8T. In contrast, CD56 and PD-1 are cell markers discriminating memory HLA-E- from HLA-A2-restricted CD8T. Long lived HLA-EUL40 display higher proliferation rate compared to HLA-A2pp65 CD8T consistent with elevated CD57 expression. Finally, a comparative immunoprofiling indicated that HLA-EUL40 CD8T, divergent from HLA-A2pp65 CD8T, share the expression of CD56, CD57, NKG2C, CD158 and the lack of PD-1 with NKG2C+CD57+ NK and δ2-γδT cells induced in response to HCMV and thus defines a common immunopattern for these subsets.
Characteristics and patterns of marine debris in the Chinese beach-sea continuum
Authors: Ouyang Xiaoguang , Yang Zhifeng
Published: December 2022

The amounts of marine debris and plastic pollution have been growing dramatically in the environment. Floating marine debris can be transported between the sea and coastal zone by various processes. However, it remains unknown if marine debris in the sea and coastal zone are quantitatively related. This study collected time-series data on marine debris (including plastics) from China’s beaches and adjoining seas over a 10-year period (2012–2021). It aims to investigate (1) the characteristics of debris distribution in the beach-sea continuum, (2) the relationships among the density and accumulation density of marine debris on beaches, sea surfaces and seafloors. Our results show that the density of marine debris and plastics on beaches and seafloors in the pandemic period were 3–5 folds of those in the pre-pandemic period. The density (104682.4 ± 27793.0 items km–2) and accumulation density (1787.4 ± 220.0 kg km–2) of marine debris on beaches were significantly higher than those on both sea surfaces (3320.8 ± 446.0 items km–2 and 21.6 ± 5.7 kg km–2) and seafloors (2453.7 ± 868.4 items km–2 and 117.5 ± 70.4 kg km–2). The density of plastics on beaches (85373.0 ± 21633.8 items km–2) was significantly higher than that on sea surfaces (2915.4 ± 365.8 items km–2) and seafloors (2254.2 ± 717.1 items km–2). The density of small-to-medium (0–10cm) floating debris (3419.5 ± 418.2 items km–2) was more than 100 times higher than the density of large (> 10cm) floating debris (29.6 ± 3.1 items km–2). The proportion of plastics in marine debris on sea surfaces (83.3 ± 1.3%) was significantly higher than that on beaches (74.1 ± 2.5%) but not significantly different from that on seafloors (81.1 ± 3.0%). There are significant relationships between the density of debris on seafloors and that on beaches, between the density or accumulation density of debris on seafloors and that on sea surfaces. This study suggests that the density and accumulation density of marine debris on seafloors were closely associated with those on sea surfaces and beaches. The results can help to estimate the transportation, deposition and aggregation of marine debris from beaches and sea surfaces to seafloors.
Population structure and genetic diversity in wild dotted gizzard shad (Konosirus punctatus) revealed by microsatellite markers
Authors: Liu Bingjian , Li Jiasheng , Zhang Kun , Peng Ying , Liu Yifan , Jin Xun , Zheng Sixu , Wang Yunpeng , Liu Liqin , Lü Zhenming , Zhang Shufei , Gong Li
Published: December 2022

Uncovering the fine-scale genetic structure has been long recognized as a key component in policymaking for the management of marine fisheries. Many species of Clupeiformes have suffered declines owing to overexploitation and habitat destruction. In this study, twenty polymorphic microsatellite markers were used to evaluate the genetic diversity and population structure of Konosirus punctatus, a pelagic fish of economic and ecological importance in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean. Although most of the variance occurred within individuals, significant differentiation (FST = 0.00384~0.19346) was shown in wild K. punctatus populations. Population structure analyses revealed five genetically divergent clades in K. punctatus in the Northwestern Pacific. Significant isolation by distance and one potentially outlier locus were revealed in K. punctatus, suggesting that interactions between historical climate shifts and environmental factors may contribute to the present-day genetic architecture. In summary, these results provided new perspectives on the population genetic structure of K. punctatus, facilitating the development of effective management strategies for this species.
Acquisition of optical coherence tomography angiography metrics during hemodialysis procedures: A pilot study
Authors: Coppolino Giuseppe , Bolignano Davide , Presta Pierangela , Ferrari Fausto Francesco , Lionetti Giovanna , Borselli Massimiliano , Randazzo Giorgio , Andreucci Michele , Bonelli Angelica , Errante Antonietta , Campo Leonardo , Mauro Davide , Tripodi Sarah , Rejdak Robert , Toro Mario Damiano , Scorcia Vincenzo , Carnevali Adriano
Published: December 2022

Background and aims

The observation of optical microcirculation gives us an extraordinary way to directly assess in vivo the responses of human circulation to stress stimuli. We run a pilot study to analyze optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) metrics at determined time-points during a hemodialysis (HD) session to understand how these metrics gradually change and to evaluate possible correlations with patients’ characteristics.

Methods

After the eligibility screening, 15 patients (23 eyes) were included in the study. OCT-A parameters were collected at established time-points: Before treatment (t0), at first hour (t1), at second hour (t2), at third hour (t3), and finally at the end of HD treatment (t4). Patients were finally shared in hypotensive group if they occurred in a hypotensive episode during subsequent month methods or no hypotensive group. The instrument software automatically segmented OCT-A scans into four en-face slabs: The superficial capillary plexus (SCP), the deep capillary plexus (DCP), the outer retinal plexus and the choriocapillaris plexus. In this study we focus on SCP, DCP plexuses.

Results

Overall, the majority of ophthalmic parameters remained unaffected and comparable at dialysis end; a significant reduction being observed at the end vs. starting of HD only for deep capillary plexus (DCP: Whole, fovea, and parafovea) and for central choroid thickness (CCT) (p < 0.05). An overall trend during the session showed in general a decrease with a significance in particular for DCP (whole, fovea, and parafovea) and for CCT (P = 0.006). In the hypotension group, Superficial capillary plexus (SCP: Fovea and parafovea) significantly increased comparing post vs. pre-dialysis values while CCT significantly decreased. Analyzing the trend during treatment only CCT maintained a significant trend (p for trend = 0.002). In the no-hypotension group, neither pre- vs. post-analysis and trend analysis showed a statistical significance.

Conclusion

Main achievement of our study was to measure, for the first time in literature, single parameters at different time-points of a HD session. As a result of this process we did not notice a brusque decreasing or increasing of OCT-A metrics but we can characterize the different effect of HD on the two distinct areas distinguishing ocular vessels: Retinal and choroidal circulation. As interesting sub-analysis, Hypotensive group showed for CCT a decreasing trend with a difference statistically significant respect to the group with no-hypotension maintaining a constant trend. In our opinion, these results suggest the role of autonomic system on vessel control in patients affected by uremia.
Effects of enrichment strategies on outcome of adrecizumab treatment in septic shock: Post-hoc analyses of the phase II adrenomedullin and outcome in septic shock 2 trial
Authors: van Lier Dirk , Picod Adrien , Marx Gernot , Laterre Pierre-François , Hartmann Oliver , Knothe Claudia , Azibani Feriel , Struck Joachim , Santos Karine , Zimmerman Jens , Bergmann Andreas , Mebazaa Alexandre , Pickkers Peter
Published: December 2022

Purpose

Adrecizumab, a non-neutralizing antibody of adrenomedullin (ADM) was recently investigated regarding its potential to restore endothelial barrier function in septic shock patients with high plasma ADM levels. Circulating dipeptidyl peptidase 3 (cDPP3), a protease involved in the degradation of several cardiovascular mediators, represents another biological pathway strongly associated with outcome in septic shock, although unrelated to ADM. Therefore, the prognosis of patients with elevated cDPP3 may not be influenced by Adrecizumab. Also, time until initiation of treatment may influence efficacy.

Objective

To evaluate effects of cDPP3-based enrichment on treatment efficacy of Adrecizumab.

Materials and Methods

Post-hoc analysis of AdrenOSS-2, a phase-II, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled biomarker-guided trial of Adrecizumab.

Results

Compared to the total study cohort [HR for 28-day mortality of 0.84 (95% CI 0.53;1.31), p = 0.439], therapeutic benefit of Adrecizumab tended to be more pronounced in the subgroup of 249 patients with low cDPP3 (<50 ng/mL); [HR of 0.61 (95% CI 0.34;1.08), p = 0.085]. Median duration to study drug infusion was 8.5 h. In the subgroup of 129 patients with cDPP3 <50 ng/mL and an early start of treatment (<8.5 h after septic shock diagnosis) HR for 28-day mortality vs. placebo was 0.49 (95% CI 0.21–1.18), p = 0.105. In multivariate interaction analyses corrected for baseline disease severity, both cDPP3, as well as the cDPP3 * treatment interaction term were associated with a reduced HR for 28-day mortality in the Adrecizumab treated group; p = 0.015 for cDPP3 in univariate analysis, p = 0.025 for the interaction term between cDPP3 and treatment group. In contrast, treatment timing was not significantly associated with 28-day mortality in multivariate interaction analyses.

Discussion

In septic shock patients with high ADM levels, a further post-hoc enrichment strategy based on cDPP3 may indicate (with all the caveats to be considered for post-hoc subgroup analyses) that therapeutic efficacy is most pronounced in patients with lower cDPP3 levels.
Immune modulation after traumatic brain injury
Authors: Bouras Marwan , Asehnoune Karim , Roquilly Antoine
Published: December 2022

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces instant activation of innate immunity in brain tissue, followed by a systematization of the inflammatory response. The subsequent response, evolved to limit an overwhelming systemic inflammatory response and to induce healing, involves the autonomic nervous system, hormonal systems, and the regulation of immune cells. This physiological response induces an immunosuppression and tolerance state that promotes to the occurrence of secondary infections. This review describes the immunological consequences of TBI and highlights potential novel therapeutic approaches using immune modulation to restore homeostasis between the nervous system and innate immunity.
Genetic characteristics, antimicrobial resistance, and prevalence of Arcobacter spp. isolated from various sources in Shenzhen, China
Authors: Ma Yanping , Ju Changyan , Zhou Guilan , Yu Muhua , Chen Hui , He Jiaoming , Zhang Maojun , Duan Yongxiang
Published: December 2022

Arcobacter spp. is a globally emerging zoonotic and foodborne pathogen. However, little is known about its prevalence and antimicrobial resistance in China. To investigate the prevalence of Arcobacter spp. isolated from various sources, 396 samples were collected from human feces, chicken cecum, and food specimens including chicken meat, beef, pork, lettuce, and seafood. Arcobacter spp. was isolated by the membrane filtration method. For 92 strains, the agar dilution method and next-generation sequencing were used to investigate their antimicrobial resistance and to obtain whole genome data, respectively. The virulence factor database (VFDB) was queried to identify virulence genes. ResFinder and the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) were used to predict resistance genes. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the maximum likelihood (ML) method with core single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We found that 27.5% of the samples (n = 109) were positive for Arcobacter spp., comprising Arcobacter butzleri (53.0%), Arcobacter cryaerophilus (39.6%), and Arcobacter skirrowii (7.4%). Chicken meat had the highest prevalence (81.2%), followed by seafood (51.9%), pork (43.3%), beef (36.7%), lettuce (35.5%), chicken cecum (8%), and human fecal samples (0%, 0/159). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests revealed that 51 A. butzleri and 40 A. cryaerophilus strains were resistant to streptomycin (98.1, 70%), clindamycin (94.1, 90%), tetracycline (64.7, 52.5%), azithromycin (43.1%, 15%), nalidixic acid (33.4, 35%), and ciprofloxacin (31.3, 35%) but were susceptible to erythromycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, telithromycin, and clindamycin (≤10%). A. skirrowii was sensitive to all experimental antibiotics. The virulence factors tlyA, mviN, cj1349, ciaB, and pldA were carried by all Arcobacter spp. strains at 100%, and the following percentages were cadF (95.7%), iroE (23.9%), hecB (2.2%), hecA, and irgA (1.1%). Only one A. butzleri strain (F061-2G) carried a macrolide resistance gene (ereA). One A. butzleri and one A. cryaerophilus harbored resistance island gene clusters, which were isolated from pork and chicken. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus, and A. skirrowii were separated from each other. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation of Arcobacter spp. from vegetables and seafood in China. The resistance island gene cluster found in pork and chicken meat and the presence of virulence factors could be a potential risk to human health.
Aeromonas species isolated from aquatic organisms, insects, chicken, and humans in India show similar antimicrobial resistance profiles
Authors: Dubey Saurabh , Ager-Wick Eirill , Kumar Jitendra , Karunasagar Indrani , Karunasagar Iddya , Peng Bo , Evensen Øystein , Sørum Henning , Munang’andu Hetron M.
Published: December 2022

Aeromonas species are Gram-negative bacteria that infect various living organisms and are ubiquitously found in different aquatic environments. In this study, we used whole genome sequencing (WGS) to identify and compare the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, integrons, transposases and plasmids found in Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae and Aeromonas veronii isolated from Indian major carp (Catla catla), Indian carp (Labeo rohita), catfish (Clarias batrachus) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) sampled in India. To gain a wider comparison, we included 11 whole genome sequences of Aeromonas spp. from different host species in India deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Our findings show that all 15 Aeromonas sequences examined had multiple AMR genes of which the Ambler classes B, C and D β-lactamase genes were the most dominant. The high similarity of AMR genes in the Aeromonas sequences obtained from different host species point to interspecies transmission of AMR genes. Our findings also show that all Aeromonas sequences examined encoded several multidrug efflux-pump proteins. As for genes linked to mobile genetic elements (MBE), only the class I integrase was detected from two fish isolates, while all transposases detected belonged to the insertion sequence (IS) family. Only seven of the 15 Aeromonas sequences examined had plasmids and none of the plasmids encoded AMR genes. In summary, our findings show that Aeromonas spp. isolated from different host species in India carry multiple AMR genes. Thus, we advocate that the control of AMR caused by Aeromonas spp. in India should be based on a One Health approach.
Whole-genome analysis revealed the growth-promoting mechanism of endophytic bacterial strain Q2H1 in potato plants
Authors: Wang Yuhu , Zhao Qianqian , Sun Zhenqi , Li Yahui , He Hongtao , Zhang Yuanyu , Yang Xiangdong , Wang Dong , Dong Baozhu , Zhou Hongyou , Zhao Mingmin , Zheng Hongli
Published: December 2022

Introduction

Endophytes are non-pathogenic inhabitants of healthy plant tissues and have been found to promote plant growth and health. The endophytic bacterial strain Q2H1 was isolated from the roots of the potato and was identified to exhibit growth-promoting effects in potato plants.

Methods

Whole-genome sequencing was performed to reveal the mechanism underlying its growth-promoting effect. The obtained sequencing data of approximately 5.65 MB encompassed 5,533 coding sequences. Of note, nine secondary metabolite gene clusters, including siderophore gene clusters, closely associated with plant growth promotion (PGP) were predicted by antiSMASH software. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that Q2H1 belongs to the genus Peribacillus. By gene function annotation, those genes related to plant growth-promoting activities, including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) synthesis in tryptophan metabolism, siderophore biosynthetic activity, phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, and related genes, were summarized. IAA (14.4 μg/ml) was presumptively produced by Q2H1 using the Salkowski colorimetric method. A total of five genes, namely, phoU, pstB, pstA1, pstC, and pstS, were annotated for phosphate solubilization, which is associated with the ability of the Q2H1 strain to solubilize phosphate under in vitro conditions.

Results

It is revealed that genes in the Q2H1 genome associated with nitrogen fixation belonged to three groups, namely, nitrogen fixation (nifU, sufU, salA, and nifS), nitrogen metabolism (nirA, nrtB, and nasA), and glutamate synthesis (glnA, gltB, gltD, and gudB), supported by evidence that Q2H1 grew on medium without nitrogen. We have also identified a siderophore gene cluster located on the chromosome of Q2H1, including seven genes (viz., rbsR, rhbf, rhbE, rhbD, rhbC, rhbA, ddc, and an unknown gene). In the in vitro assay, a prominent brown circle around the colony was produced on the chrome azurol S medium at 48 and 72 h post-inoculation, indicating that the siderophore gene cluster in Q2H1 harbored the ability to produce siderophores.

Conclusion

In summary, these findings implied that identifying strain-specific genes for their metabolic pathways in bacterial endophytes may reveal a variety of significant functions of plant growth-promoting mechanisms.
A systematic review and meta-analysis on antimicrobial resistance in marine bivalves
Authors: Albini Elisa , Orso Massimiliano , Cozzolino Francesco , Sacchini Luca , Leoni Francesca , Magistrali Chiara Francesca
Published: December 2022

Bivalves are filter-feeding animals able to accumulate contaminants and microorganisms, either of marine or terrestrial origin. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacterial isolates from bivalves using a systematic review of the literature. Comprehensive searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science were carried out, based upon a registered protocol (PROSPERO), and following the preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using a modified Hoy checklist. Meta-analyses of prevalence were carried out using random-effects models. In total, 103 articles were selected from 1,280 records and were included in the final analysis. The studies were from Asia (n = 54), Europe (n = 27), South and North America (n = 10 and n = 6, respectively), Africa (n = 2), Oceania (n = 1), and multicentre and intercontinental (n = 3). The meta-analysis of multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index revealed Aeromonas spp. as the genus with the highest prevalence of AMR (37%), followed by Vibrio spp. (34%), Salmonella spp. (18%), and Escherichia coli (15%). Resistance to third/fourth/fifth generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, two highest priority, critically important antimicrobials (HPCIA), was recorded in approximately 10% of E. coli isolates. Resistance to carbapenems was very low (<2%) in Salmonella spp. and in E. coli, but was found in 5% of Vibrio spp. and in more than a third of Aeromonas spp. isolates. In aquatic bacteria, resistance to carbapenems was higher in Asian than in European isolates. Our study shows the presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), including bacteria resistant to HPCIA, in marine bivalves, posing a risk for consumers.
Potential of bioaugmentation of heavy metal contaminated soils in the Zambian Copperbelt using autochthonous filamentous fungi
Authors: Dusengemungu Leonce , Gwanama Cousins , Simuchimba Grant , Mubemba Benjamin
Published: December 2022

There is great potential to remediate heavy metal contaminated environments through bioaugmentation with filamentous fungi. However, these fungi have been poorly investigated in most developing countries, such as Zambia. Therefore, the present study aimed at isolating indigenous filamentous fungi from heavy metal contaminated soil and to explore their potential for use in bioaugmentation. The conventional streak plate method was used to isolate fungi from heavy metal-contaminated soil. Filamentous fungal isolates were identified using morphological and molecular techniques. The radial growth diameter technique was used to evaluate heavy metal tolerance of the fungi. The most abundant and highly tolerant fungi, identified as Aspergillus transmontanensis, Cladosporium cladosporioides, and Geotrichum candidum species, were used to bioremediate heavy metal contaminated soil samples with uncontaminated soil sample being employed as a control. A maximum tolerance index (TI) between 0.7 and 11.0 was observed for A. transmontanensis, and G. candidum while C. cladosporioides displayed the TI between 0.2 and 1.2 in the presence of 1,000 ppm of Cu, Co, Fe, Mn, and Zn. The interspecific interaction was analyzed to determine the compatibility among isolates. Our results showed mutual intermingling between the three evaluated fungal species, which confirms their common influence in biomineralization of heavy metals in contaminated soils. Maximum bio-removal capacities after 90 days were 72% for Cu, 99.8% for Co, 60.6% for Fe, 82.2% for Mn, and 100% for both Pb and Zn. This study has demonstrated the potential of highly resistant autochthonous fungal isolates to remediate the heavy metal contamination problem.