bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A REVIEW OF AIR DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS IN SURGERY ROOMS UNDER INFECTION CONTROL FOCUS
Authors: Pereira M. L. , Tribess A.
Published: September 2018

The problem of airborne contamination in surgical infections still raises discussion. The success of the aseptic methods and the use of medicines for the combat of infections are making most surgeons contempt the danger of the aerial particles course. A detailed knowledge of the characteristics of the contamination sources and of the ventilation system performance used at surgery rooms is necessary to guarantee that the ventilation system supplies the pollutant control in ventilation rates that assure the health and the comfort of the occupants. There are many configurations of air distribution systems and a wide range of potential conditions inside a surgery room that are influenced by their performance. In the same way, it is evident the lack of information in the literature regarding which characteristics of the systems of air treatment have stronger influence on the amount of particles in suspension. This paper provides a review of the distribution patterns and air movement at surgery rooms, describing the importance of airborne particles in the infection process, making a comparative analysis of the efficiency of microbiological control of the main airflow systems, identifying and demonstrating the control strategies that can reduce the risks of airborne contamination in surgical infections.
A SEMI-IMPLICIT SCHEME FOR SOLVING INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FREE SURFACE FLOWS
Authors: Oishi C. M. , Cuminato J. A. , Ferreira V. G. , Tomé M. F. , Castelo A. , Mangiavacchi N.
Published: September 2018

The present work is concerned with a numerical method for solving the two-dimensional time-dependent incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in the primitive variables formulation. The diffusive terms are treated by Implicit Backward and Crank-Nicolson methods, and the non-linear convection terms are, explicitly, approximated by the high order upwind VONOS (Variable-Order Non-Oscillatory Scheme) scheme. The boundary conditions for the pressure field at the free surface are treated implicitly, and for the velocity field explicitly. The numerical method is then applied to the simulation of free surface and confined flows. The numerical results show that the present technique eliminates the stability restriction in the original explicit method. For low Reynolds number flow dynamics, the method is robust and produces numerical results that compare very well with the analytical solutions.
RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER WITH ABLATION IN A FINITE PLATE
Authors: Gomes F. A. A. , Silva J. B. C. , Diniz A. J.
Published: September 2018

The phenomenon of ablation is a process of thermal protection with several applications, mainly, in mechanical and aerospace engineering. Ablative thermal protection is applied using special materials (named ablative materials) externally on the surface of a structure in order to isolate it against thermal effects. The ablative phenomenon is a complex process involving phase changes with partial or total loss of the material. So the position of the boundary is initially unknown. The governing equations of the process form a non-linear system of coupled partial differential equations. The one-dimensional analysis of an ablative process on the plate is performed by using the generalized integral transform technique  GITT for solution of the system of governing equations. By application of this solution technique, the system of partial differential equations is transformed into a system of infinite ordinary differential equations that can be solved after the truncation of that system by numerical techniques codes available. The plate of finite thickness at constant properties is subjected to a time-dependent prescribed radiation heat flux at one face, initially with a uniform temperature T0, and insulated on the other face. After an initial heating period, ablation starts at the heated surface through melting and continuous removal of the plate material. The results of interest are the thickness and the loss rate of the ablative material. The obtained results are compared with available results from other solution techniques in the literature.
INTEGRATION OF A MATHEMATICAL EXERGOECONOMIC OPTIMIZATION PROCEDURE WITH A PROCESS SIMULATOR: APPLICATION TO THE CGAM SYSTEM
Authors: Vieira L. S. R. , Donatelli J. L. M. , Cruz M. E. C.
Published: September 2018

In the present work a recent development and implementation of an integrated approach for mathematical exergoeconomic optimization of thermal systems is described. The proposed integrated approach is designed to exploit the computational power of a professional process simulator, so that the optimization procedure may disregard the variables associated with the thermodynamic balance equations, and thus deal with the decision variables only. To demonstrate its capabilities, the integrated approach is here applied to the CGAM system. Complete simulation of the CGAM system requires more than 200 variables. In a conventional mathematical optimization procedure, all variables must be handled simultaneously. In the proposed integrated exergoeconomic optimization approach, only 5 decision variables are manipulated by the optimization kernel, while the remaining variables are managed by the simulator. Because the thermodynamic balance equations are decoupled from the optimization problem, the proposed approach is computationally efficient, and can therefore be applied to optimize complex thermal systems.
A MESH ADAPTION METHOD BY NODE RE-ALLOCATION USING AN EDGE-BASED ERROR MEASURE
Authors: Bono G. , Awruch A. M.
Published: September 2018

A mesh adaptation technique implemented in an algorithm to simulate compressible flows characterized by the presence of strong shocks, using the finite element method (FEM), is presented in this work. The initial mesh is continuously adapted during the solution process using a node movement technique, keeping as much as possible mesh smoothness and local orthogonality with an unconstrained optimization method. The error is estimated as a function of the Hessian tensor, containing second derivatives of the specific mass, and a Riemann metric projected on the element edges is obtained in order to determine node movements. Time and spatial discretization of the governing equations are carried out using an explicit Taylor-Galerkin scheme and an isoparametric hexahedrical element with eight nodes. An Arbitrary Lagrangean Eulerian (ALE) description is used to take into account mesh movement. Finally, some two-dimensional examples involving transonic and supersonic flows are presented to validate the algorithm.
Auxiliary Verbs in Serbo-Croatian, French, Persian, Spanish and English: A Cognitive-Semantic Approach to the Auxiliary Verb Usage and Passive Voice
Authors: Singh Rajdeep
Published: September 2018

Auxiliary verbs have an important influence in the way languages connect with the cognitive processes. In this study, we investigate the role of auxiliary verbs in the formation of the semantic picture we get from their usage. Furthermore, the semantic notion and its interaction with the cognitive processing are taken into account. For our goal to be more tangible and testable, we took Serbo-Croatian, Persian, Spanish, French and English for an in-depth analysis, wherefrom we proposed a classification scheme for all languages based on the behavior of their auxiliary verbs. Based on the proposed model, we investigate furthermore the passive voice in English and propose a strong explanation for the cognitive-semantic sense of the passive in English based on the cognitive duality principle. Importance of Croatian in the way that it forms an extreme pole in the proposed classification scheme is further discussed. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that Persian has a syntactic incorporation in its simple past and present perfect.
Investigation of Permeable Pavement Implementation in Baghdad Using PCSWMM Model
Authors: Azawi Hayat Kareem Shukur , Sachit Dawood Eisa
Published: September 2018

One of the most important reasons for the frequent occurrence of rainwater flooding in Baghdad in general and Al-Huryai, part of Baghdad, in particular is the lack of runoff drainage systems in conventional pavement. Incidents of flooding have occurred on an average three times per year in many parts of the town due to heavy rain of high intensity and short duration. Using permeable pavement will help to control flooding and improve public health. The objective of this study is to investigate the important factors that describe the possible implementation of permeable pavement in Al-Huryai city using PCSWMM software and to quantify the effectiveness of this technique on the hydrologic response of the case study by comparing the simulation analyses of the site under its undeveloped condition, after development, and after implementing permeable pavement. The simulation results showed that permeable pavement approach has a significant impact on runoff reduction.
CoBAGNPS: A Toolbox to Estimate Sediment Removal Efficiency of WASCoBs–Pipe Risers and Blind Inlets
Authors: Gupta Anand K. , Rudra Ramesh P. , Gharabaghi Bahram , Daggupati Prasad , Parkin Gary , Goel Pradeep K , Shukla Rituraj
Published: September 2018

Water and Sediment Control Basin (WASCoB) is an important BMP constructed along concentrated flow-paths (gullies etc.) to control the movement of water and sediment within a watershed. A WASCoB constitutes of a berm, surface inlets, and a drainage pipe to route water into a ditch. Direct runoff ponded behind the berm is routed through surface inlets into an underground drainage pipe. Therefore, surface inlets are an exceedingly important constituent of a WASCoB. Further pipe risers and blind inlets are the two most common type of surface inlets used. Therefore, maximum sediment removal efficiency of WASCoBs at a watershed-scale can be attained by the appropriate selection of a surface inlet, since the efficiency of a WASCoB is greatly impacted by the quantity of runoff and sediment leaving the surface inlet. In this study a toolbox was developed viz., CoBAGNPS to compute the sediment removal efficiency of pipe risers and blind inlets. A watershed-scale model (AGNPS) was integrated within the toolbox. Output files of the AGNPS model are fed as input files into the toolbox where a sediment routing module is programmed separately for pipe risers and blind inlets to obtain the sediment removal efficiency for each type of surface inlet. Further, the sediment routing module programmed for blind inlets integrates the AGNPS model with the HYDRUS 1-D model. The toolbox developed was applied to the Gully Creek watershed in Ontario, and the sediment load routed through pipe risers and blind inlets were compared.
Individual, Household and Community-Level Effects of Infant and Child Mortality in Nigeria: A Logistic Regression Approach
Authors: Olawuwo Simeon , Forcheh N. , Setlhare S.
Published: September 2018

Research has shown that knowledge about the determinants of childhood mortality at the individual level is not enough to address the problem because the characteristics of the environment where a child is born tend to alter individual level characteristics and thereby affect child survival. The study used data from the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). The fact that a child was either dead or alive was assumed to be accurately recorded. Hence, logistic regression model was used to model whether a child is dead or alive with respect to the selected predictor variables. Results from the study reveal that infant and child mortality in Nigeria is determined more by individual household than by community, and that geographical variations also exist. This study has identified significant risk factors that will help policy makers to formulate policies that will improve childhood survival.
Bystanders in Bullying: Do ToM and Social Competence Skills Play a Role?
Authors: Metallidou Panayiota , Baxevani Magdalini , Kiosseoglou Grigoris
Published: September 2018

The present study aimed at investigating: (a) the direct effects of Theory of Mind (ToM) on elementary school children’s self-reports of participant roles in school bullying, (b) ToM’s indirect effects via self-reported social competence skills. Gender was examined as moderator. A total of 171 elementary school children (Ν = 95 girls) from 3rd to 6thgrade from Greek public schools participated in the study. Participants were examined individually through the administration of advanced ToM stories. Also, they were asked to complete in groups self-report questionnaires as regards their roles as bystanders in bullying situations and their social competence skills. Path analysis indicated significant positive direct effects of ToM on prosocial skills and defending behavior and a negative effect on assisting/reinforcing behavior. Significant indirect effects were found from ToM on bystanding behavior, via its direct effect on prosocial competence skills. Gender was not a significant moderator of the above relations.
Teoria umysłu u dzieci głuchych – przegląd badań
Authors: Wiśniewska Dominika
Published: September 2018

W ostatnich latach dużą popularnością w nauce cieszą się badania nad teorią umysłu. Autorzy prac próbują określić udział różnych czynników wpływających na rozwój tej kompetencji u dzieci. Wśród zmiennych uwzględnianych w badaniach jest również niepełnosprawność dzieci lub ich deficyty rozwojowe. Szczególnie dużo badań powstaje w grupach dzieci ze spektrum autyzmu. Już w latach 90. XX w. zauważono, że brak słuchu może być jednym z czynników utrudniających nabywanie poszczególnych kompetencji w ramach teorii umysłu. Dzieci głuche osiągają umiejętności w zakresie mentalizowania z opóźnieniem 3–4-letnim w stosunku do swoich słyszących rówieśników. Niniejsza publikacja jest przeglądem badań dotyczących specyfiki rozwoju teorii umysłu u dzieci głuchych. Opisana została odmienność doświadczeń językowych i społecznych dzieci głuchych wychowywanych w rodzinach słyszących i dzieci głuchych rodziców głuchych. Wydaje się, że to właśnie deficyty w zakresie interakcji społecznych są odpowiedzialne za utrudniony proces nabywania teorii umysłu u dzieci głuchych.
Style przywiązania młodych dorosłych- w poszukiwaniu korelatów zdrowia psychicznego
Authors: Wawiórko Agnieszka , Zabłocka-Żytka Lidia
Published: September 2018

Style przywiązania od dziesięcioleci analizowane są w kontekście rozwoju i funkcjonowania dzieci i młodzieży. Interesująca wydaje się analiza znaczenia stylów przywiązania także w życiu dorosłym, m.in. w kontekście zdrowia psychicznego. W artykule przedstawiono wybrane wyniki badań własnych dotyczących związku między stylami przywiązania a zdrowiem psychicznym u młodych dorosłych. Przeprowadzono badania z udziałem 96 osób, w tym 60 kobiet i 36 mężczyzn. Użyto Kwestionariusza Stylów Przywiązania (KSP), Kwestionariusza Ogólnego Stanu Zdrowia GHQ-28 oraz ankiety własnej. Analizy statystyczne wykazały dodatni związek stylu lękowo-ambiwalentnego z symptomami somatycznymi, niepokojem, symptomami depresji oraz stylu unikowego z niepokojem i symptomami depresji. Bezpieczny styl przywiązania okazał się ujemnie skorelowany z symptomami depresji.
Selektywna optymalizacja z kompensacją jako strategia pomyślnego starzenia się
Authors: Cimochowska Karolina , Zagrodzka Jolanta
Published: September 2018

Jednym z wiodących modeli pomyślnego starzenia się jest opracowany przez Paula Baltesa i Margaret Baltes model selektywnej optymalizacji z kompensacją (SOC). Strategia SOC opisuje optymalne mechanizmy adaptacji do zmian związanych z wiekiem, a zatem pomyślne doświadczanie okresu późnej dorosłości. Jej użyteczność została potwierdzona w wielu pracach empirycznych. Niniejsze badanie miało na celu sprawdzenie, czy strategia SOC jest związana z subiektywnymi wskaźnikami pomyślnego starzenia się (pozytywne emocje, satysfakcja z życia, brak poczucia samotności) także u polskich seniorów. Do pomiaru wskaźników użyto powszechnie stosowane skale w wersji polskiej. Adaptacji Kwestionariusza SOC dokonała Karolina Cimochowska. W badaniu uczestniczyło 80 seniorów w wieku 64–85 lat. Wyniki wskazują na istotną statystycznie pozytywną korelację pomiędzy stosowaniem strategii SOC a pomyślnym starzeniem się, co potwierdzają dane innych autorów i oznacza, że model SOC jest niezależny od socjokulturowego kontekstu.
W trosce o dobrą jakość życia w ośrodkach pobytu stałego dla osób starszych
Authors: Zawada Anna
Published: September 2018

Zapewnienie opieki oraz odpowiedniego poziomu życia osobom w podeszłym wieku to niezwykle istotne aspekty polityki społecznej zarówno państwa, jak i lokalnej. Jednak praktyka wyraźnie pokazuje, że kwestia starości nigdy nie była i nadal nie jest mocną stroną polityki społecznej w naszym kraju. Odnosi się również wrażenie, że nadal funkcjonuje stereotypowe przeświadczenie, iż na starość nie trzeba zwiększać komfortu życia, a nawet może on ulec zmniejszeniu. Takie podejście do kwestii starości musi budzić zdecydowany sprzeciw. Starość to ostatni etap życia, żeby żyć godnie i jednocześnie z zachowaniem poczucia bezpieczeństwa. Szczególna troska i uwaga powinna być zwrócona na osoby samotne, przewlekle chore, mające złą sytuację materialną. Miejscem, które mogłoby uchronić seniora przed wykluczeniem społecznym, a jednocześnie, gdzie miałby zapewnioną profesjonalną opiekę i dobrą jakość życia, jest odpowiednio zarządzany dom pomocy społecznej. Problem jest o tyle ważny, że w Polsce publiczne usługi opiekuńcze są jeszcze słabo rozwinięte, a ich jakość często budzi wiele zastrzeżeń, także natury moralnej. W opracowaniu podjęto dyskurs dotyczący potrzeby instytucjonalnego wsparcia seniorów oraz zwrócono uwagę na jakość życia mieszkańców domu pomocy społecznej.
Brigitte avant Haentjens : un engagement artistique en Ontario français
Authors: Leroux Louis Patrick
Published: September 2018

Brigitte Haentjens, bien avant la carrière montréalaise qu’on lui connaît, a investi les scènes et le territoire de l’Ontario de 1977 à 1990. Elle a laissé le souvenir d’une frondeuse anti-establishment, à première vue anti-intellectuelle et anti-universitaire, qui pourtant maniait les idées et les mots avec précision et délectation et qui, en très peu de temps, s’est retrouvée au coeur même de l’institution théâtrale franco-ontarienne en prenant la direction du Théâtre du Nouvel-Ontario de 1982 à 1990 et la présidence inaugurale de l’Association nationale des théâtres francophones hors-Québec de 1984 à 1990. Elle s’est affirmée comme une artiste animée par la communauté, mais s’en prenant résolument à ses éléments rébarbatifs. L’étrangère devenue l’intime des Franco-Ontariens a démontré à sa communauté d’adoption l’importance de revendiquer non seulement une prise de parole, mais aussi une parole éloquente, déterminée et qui ne se laisse pas intimider. Le présent article à connotation historiographique explore cette période charnière dans le développement de la metteure en scène à partir de ses réalisations et du discours qu’elle a porté sur la pratique théâtrale et le rôle de l’artiste dans la société par le truchement de ses textes, de ses billets et de ses entrevues.
LA REINE EST MORTE
Authors: JACOB CARMÉLIE
Published: September 2018

La rivalité oedipienne entre une fille et une figure maternelle — qu’elle soit
mère, marâtre ou belle-mère (mother-in-law) — a toujours eu une place de choix dans
la forme brève, au point de donner lieu à sa propre typologie : celle de l’héroïne
persécutée. Si son ascendance remonte minimalement au mythe de Psyché et Cupidon contenu
dans les Métamorphoses d’Apulée, c’est aujourd’hui surtout à travers Blanche
Neige, Cendrillon et La Belle au bois dormant qu’on la connaît, et
particulièrement à travers le filtre que leur ont apposé Perrault, les frères Grimm et
Disney. Nombreux sont les hypotextes qui ont tenté de redonner ses armes à la protagoniste
passive des versions consacrées, de lui conférer une personnalité ; plus rarement toutefois
on s’est attaché à comprendre sa persécutrice. C’est à cet exercice que se livre Guillaume
Corbeil dans Trois princesses, en proposant des réécritures dont cet article montre
que la focalisation est bigénérationnelle. En analysant les nombreux jeux de miroirs à
partir desquels Corbeil construit ses récits, l’auteure révèle que mère et fille ne peuvent
s’y définir que l’une par rapport à l’autre, dans une perspective symétrique autant que
linéaire.
TRÉSORS DU ROMAN ET DU CONTE
Authors: MÉNARD SOPHIE
Published: September 2018

Cet article observe la dynamique narrative du roman Frères, de David Clerson, publié en 2013 chez Héliotrope, comme une configuration créatrice d’épisodes reconnaissables et de motifs recyclés provenant tout à la fois des contes (naissance singulière, main coupée, enveloppement dans une peau de bête, odyssée, mort temporaire, etc.) et de scripts rituels à l’oeuvre dans les codes socioculturels qui régissent les manières de faire les jeunes garçons dans nos sociétés occidentales (rites de passage, « voie des oiseaux », ensauvagement). Contrairement au conte, qui organise des séquences d’actions rituelles accomplies et réussies, et à rebours du rite, dont la finalité est l’agrégation à la communauté, le roman met l’accent sur les échecs de la socialisation comprise dans son sens anthropologique comme une initiation aux différences des sexes et des âges. S’il s’alimente aux trésors des contes et aux logiques initiatiques, c’est pour dire et explorer, par des voies autres, la violence du réel, les difficiles traversées des gués dangereux de l’existence, la fin d’un monde et les désordres de la filiation.
A procedure to manage open access data for post-processing in GIS environment
Authors: Benvenuto Lorenzo , Marzocchi Roberto , Ferrando Ilaria , Federici Bianca , Sguerso Domenico
Published: September 2018

DataBases (DB) are a widespread source of data, useful for many applications in different scientific fields. The present contribution describes an automatic procedure to access, download and store open access data from different sources, to be processed in a GIS environment. In particular, it refers to the specific need of the authors to manage both meteorological data (pressure and temperature) and GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) Zenith Total Delay (ZTD) estimates. Such data allow to produce Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) maps, thanks to the so called GNSS for Meteorology(G4M) procedure, developed through GRASS GIS software ver. 7.4, for monitoring in time and interpreting severe meteorological events. Actually, the present version of the procedure includes the meteorological pressure and temperature data coming from NOAA’s Integrated Surface Database (ISD), whereas the ZTD data derive from the RENAG DB, that collects ZTD estimates for 181 GNSS Permanent Stations (PSs) from 1998 to 2015 in the French-Italian boundary region. Several Python scripts have been implemented to manage the download of data from NOAA and RENAG DBs, their import on a PostgreSQL/PostGIS geoDB, besides the data elaboration with GRASS GIS to produce PWV maps. The key features of the data management procedure are its scalability and versatility for different sources of data and different contexts. As a future development, a web-interface for the procedure will allow an easier interaction for the users both for post-processing and real-time data. The data management procedure repository is available at https://github.com/gtergeomatica/G4M-data
High definition video loggers provide new insights into behaviour, physiology, and the oceanic habitat of a marine predator, the yellow-eyed penguin
Authors: Mattern Thomas , McPherson Michael D. , Ellenberg Ursula , van Heezik Yolanda , Seddon Philipp J.
Published: September 2018

Camera loggers are increasingly used to examine behavioural aspects of free-ranging animals. However, often video loggers are deployed with a focus on specific behavioural traits utilizing small cameras with a limited field of view, poor light performance and video quality. Yet rapid developments in consumer electronics provide new devices with much improved visual data allowing a wider scope for studies employing this novel methodology. We developed a camera logger that records full HD video through a wide-angle lens, providing high resolution footage with a greater field of view than other camera loggers. The main goal was to assess the suitability of this type of camera for the analysis of various aspects of the foraging ecology of a marine predator, the yellow-eyed penguin in New Zealand. Frame-by-frame analysis allowed accurate timing of prey pursuits and time spent over certain seafloor types. The recorded video footage showed that prey species were associated with certain seafloor types, revealed different predator evasion strategies by benthic fishes, and highlighted varying energetic consequences for penguins pursuing certain types of prey. Other aspects that could be analysed were the timing of breathing intervals between dives and observe exhalation events during prey pursuits, a previously undescribed behaviour. Screen overlays facilitated analysis of flipper angles and beat frequencies throughout various stages of the dive cycle. Flipper movement analysis confirmed decreasing effort during descent phases as the bird gained depth, and that ascent was principally passive. Breathing episodes between dives were short (<1 s) while the majority of the time was devoted to subsurface scanning with a submerged head. Video data recorded on free-ranging animals not only provide a wealth of information recorded from a single deployment but also necessitate new approaches with regards to analysis of visual data. Here, we demonstrate the diversity of information that can be gleaned from video logger data, if devices with high video resolution and wide field of view are utilized.
Population trend inferred from aural surveys for calling anurans in Korea
Authors: Borzée Amaël , Andersen Desiree , Jang Yikweon
Published: September 2018

Amphibian populations fluctuate naturally in size and range and large datasets are required to establish trends in species dynamics. To determine population trends for the endangered Suweon Treefrog (Dryophytes suweonensis), we conducted aural surveys in 2015, 2016, and 2017 at each of 122 sites where the species was known to occur in the Republic of Korea. Despite being based on individual counts, the focus of this study was to establish population trends rather than population size estimates, and we found both environmental and landscape variables to be significant factors. Encroachment was also a key factor that influenced both the decreasing number of calling individuals and the negative population dynamics, represented here by the difference in the number of calling individuals between years. Generally, most sites displayed minimal differences in the number of calling males between years, although there was a large fluctuation in the number of individuals at some sites. Finally, when adjusted for the overall population size difference between years, we found the population size to be decreasing between 2015 and 2017, with a significant decrease in the number of calling individuals at specific sites. High rate of encroachment was the principal explanatory factor behind these marked negative peaks in population dynamics.
Identification of MOS9 as an interaction partner for chalcone synthase in the nucleus
Authors: Watkinson Jonathan I. , Bowerman Peter A. , Crosby Kevin C. , Hildreth Sherry B. , Helm Richard F. , Winkel Brenda S.J.
Published: September 2018

Plant flavonoid metabolism has served as a platform for understanding a range of fundamental biological phenomena, including providing some of the early insights into the subcellular organization of metabolism. Evidence assembled over the past three decades points to the organization of the component enzymes as a membrane-associated complex centered on the entry-point enzyme, chalcone synthase (CHS), with flux into branch pathways controlled by competitive protein interactions. Flavonoid enzymes have also been found in the nucleus in a variety of plant species, raising the possibility of alternative, or moonlighting functions for these proteins in this compartment. Here, we present evidence that CHS interacts with MOS9, a nuclear-localized protein that has been linked to epigenetic control ofRgenes that mediate effector-triggered immunity. Overexpression ofMOS9results in a reduction ofCHStranscript levels and a metabolite profile that substantially intersects with the effects of a null mutation inCHS. These results suggest that the MOS9–CHS interaction may point to a previously-unknown mechanism for controlling the expression of the highly dynamic flavonoid pathway.
Petroleum Refinery Processes
Authors: Speight James G.
Published: September 2018

Petroleum refining or petroleum processing is the recovery and/or generation of usable or salable fractions and products from crude oil, either by distillation or by chemical reaction of the crude oil constituents under the effects of heat and pressure. A refinery is a group of manufacturing plants that are designed to produce specific products; however, it must also be flexible to allow change of operations as needed.

In this article, the petroleum refining process is described, from the initial pretreating of the well fluids to the finished products, as well as the gas treating processes for reducing emissions to the environment.
Ultrafiltration
Authors: Zydney Andrew L.
Published: September 2018

Ultrafiltration is a pressure‐driven membrane process used extensively for protein concentration and desalting, for recovery and recycle of colloidal electropaints, and for removal of natural organic matter, color compounds, and viruses in wastewater treatment and the production of potable water. The performance of an ultrafiltration process is determined by the intrinsic properties of the ultrafiltration membrane, most significantly the permeability and selectivity, in combination with the effects of concentration polarization and fouling. This article reviews the key principles of ultrafiltration, including membrane casting, module design, and process configurations as well as a brief discussion of some of the more important industrial applications of ultrafiltration in bioprocessing, dairy systems, and water treatment.
Vanillin
Authors: Havkin‐Frenkel Daphna
Published: September 2018

Vanillin (3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde) is an important flavor ingredient and aroma molecule, as well as the most widely used one. Vanillin is not found in nature in its free state and, instead, accumulates as its glycoside glucovanillin in green vanilla pods (beans). The vanilla bean is not commonly used as a commercial source of pure vanillin because of the cost, and the low levels of vanilin. Vanilla beans are used mainly as an extract. They contain more than 600 phytochemicals.

Around 20,000 metric tons of synthetic vanillin is used worldwide as a flavor ingredient in food. Most of the synthetic vanillin is produced from guaiacol, a phenolic compound. A secondary source is produced from the degradation of lignin, a by‐product of the paper industry. Biotechnology production is yet another source of vanillin. The main use of vanillin is in food and beverages, such as ice cream, confectionaries, candies, baked goods, and other foods. Vanillin is also used in pharmaceuticals as a flavor, and in perfumes and animal feed.

In the United States, vanilla has a standard of identity regulated by theFDA. Because vanillin is a component of vanilla it is part of the regulation, implying that production and labeling of vanillin must followFDAregulation.
Ultra‐High Performance Concrete
Authors: Shi Caijun , Wu Zemei
Published: September 2018

Ultrahigh performance concrete (UHPC) has attracted extensive attention in recent years due to its high strength and toughness, self‐compacting ability, and superior durability. This paper is a summary of recent work on involved fundamental principles for producingUHPCas well as its properties. Four basic principles, including reduction in porosity, improvement in microstructure, enhancement in homogeneity, and increase in toughness, are involved in developingUHPC. Properties, including fresh, mechanical, and durability of UHPC are then presented and discussed. Some typical applications ofUHPCare finally presented.
PDB_Amyloid: an extended live amyloid structure list from the PDB
Authors: Takács Kristóf , Varga Bálint , Grolmusz Vince
Published: September 2018

The Protein Data Bank (PDB) contains more than 135 000 entries at present. From these, relatively few amyloid structures can be identified, since amyloids are insoluble in water. Therefore, most amyloid structures deposited in the PDB are in the form of solid state NMR data. Based on the geometric analysis of these deposited structures, we have prepared an automatically updated web server, which generates a list of the deposited amyloid structures, and also entries of globular proteins that have amyloid‐like substructures of given size and characteristics. We have found that by applying only appropriately selected geometric conditions, it is possible to identify deposited amyloid structures and a number of globular proteins with amyloid‐like substructures. We have analyzed these globular proteins and have found proof in the literature that many of them form amyloids more easily than many other globular proteins. Our results relate to the method of Stanković et al. [Stanković I et al. (2017) IPSI BgD Tran Int Res 13, 47–51], who applied a hybrid textual‐search and geometric approach for finding amyloids in the PDB. If one intends to identify a subset of the PDB for certain applications, the identification algorithm needs to be re‐run periodically, since in 2017 on average 30 new entries per day were deposited in the data bank. Our web server is updated regularly and automatically, and the identified amyloid and partial amyloid structures can be viewed or their list can be downloaded from the following website https://pitgroup.org/amyloid.
Superior Mechanical Properties of Aluminum–Titanium Laminates in Terms of Local Hardness and Strength
Authors: Schunk Christopher , Nitschky Michael , Höppel Heinz Werner , Göken Mathias
Published: September 2018

Accumulative roll bonding (ARB) is a very useful method to produce ultrafine‐grained (UFG) sheet material with extraordinary mechanical properties. Besides the production of UFG mono‐materials, it is possible to create tailored multicomponent materials by stacking different materials. In this work, the aluminum alloy AA2024 and titanium grade1 are roll‐bonded in order to achieve laminated metal composites (LMC) with an UFG microstructure. The mechanical properties and microstructural evolution during the ARB process of the LMC are analyzed and compared to that of LMCs. The mono‐materials show an ultrafine grain structure after at least three ARB cycles which results in an increased yield and ultimate tensile strength. Most interestingly, the produced LMCs exhibit mechanical properties which are way better than the properties of the UFG mono‐materials, when a linear rule of mixture is applied. The strength of the titanium–aluminum laminate is very close to the strength of the UFG titanium. Although, the density is significantly lower. The light‐weight potential of the LMC is best expressed by the specific strength. Compared to the specific strength of UFG mono‐material titanium of about 168 Nm g−1 and UFG mono‐material aluminum of about 195 Nm g−1 the ARB laminate exhibits the highest specific strength of about 217 Nm g−1 after three cycles.
3D Printed Enzymatically Biodegradable Soft Helical Microswimmers
Authors: Wang Xiaopu , Qin Xiao‐Hua , Hu Chengzhi , Terzopoulou Anastasia , Chen Xiang‐Zhong , Huang Tian‐Yun , Maniura‐Weber Katharina , Pané Salvador , Nelson Bradley J.
Published: September 2018

Mobile micro‐ and nanorobots are proposed for future biomedical applications, such as diagnostics and targeted delivery. For their translation to clinical practice, biocompatibility and biodegradability of micro‐ and nanorobots are required aspects. The fabrication of small‐scale robots with non‐cytotoxic biodegradable soft components will allow for enhanced device assimilation, optimal tissue interaction and minimized immune reactions. The 3D microfabrication of biodegradable soft helical microswimmers via two‐photon polymerization of the non‐toxic photocrosslinkable hydrogel gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) is reported. GelMA microswimmers are fabricated with user‐defined geometry and rendered magnetically responsive by decorating their surface with magnetic nanoparticles. In contrast to previous rigid helical microrobots, the soft helical microswimmers can corkscrew above the step‐out frequency with relatively high values of forward velocity, suggesting an unprecedented self‐adaptive behavior. Cytotoxicity assays show the toxicity of GelMA is at least three orders of magnitude lower than that of poly(ethyleneglycol) diacrylates, which are widely used for fabricating hydrogel‐based microswimmers. GelMA microswimmers are fully degradable by collagenases. Furthermore, they support cell attachment and growth, and are gradually digested by cell‐released enzymes during culture. These non‐cytotoxic biodegradable hydrogel microswimmers will greatly expand their applications in medicine by eliminating the concerns of retrieving microrobots after fulfilling tasks in body.
Building Supracolloidal Fibers from Zwitterion‐Stabilized Adhesive Emulsions
Authors: Santa Chalarca Cristiam F. , Letteri Rachel A. , Perazzo Antonio , Stone Howard A. , Emrick Todd
Published: September 2018

Oil‐in‐water droplets stabilized with polymer zwitterions (PZWs) exhibit salt‐responsive aggregation–disaggregation behavior. Here, a method to shape these droplets is described, starting from their aggregated state, into supracolloidal fibers by simply extruding them into aqueous media. The effect of salt concentration, in both the initial emulsion and the aqueous medium, on the ability of the emulsions to form fibers is examined. After fiber formation, a transition from well‐defined macroscopic structures to noninteracting droplet dispersions can be triggered, simply by increasing the salt concentration of the aqueous environment. The interdroplet energy of adhesion and emulsion rheology correlate qualitatively with salt concentration and thus impact the ability of the emulsions to be shaped by extrusion. The interdroplet adhesion is dependent on both salt concentration and polymer composition, which allows tailoring of conditions to trigger fiber disaggregation. Finally, fibers with variable compositions along their length are prepared by sequential loading and extrusion of emulsions containing oil phases of differing densities.
Dynamic Agitation‐Induced Centrifugal Purification of Nanowires Enabling Transparent Electrodes with 99.2% Transmittance
Authors: Wang Huike , Tang Honghao , Liang Jiajie , Chen Yongsheng
Published: September 2018

To promote silver nanowire (AgNW) as a viable commercial alternative for transparent electrodes, it is necessary to further develop industrially scalable, high‐performance yielding and cost‐efficient methods of purifying large quantities of as‐prepared AgNW suspensions. In this work, a facile, effective, and mass scalable purification method that employs a novel dynamic agitation‐induced centrifugal filtration concept to obtain highly purified and printable AgNW solutions. This unique dynamic filtration system, which amalgamates the advantages of membrane filtration, centrifugal filtration and “cross‐flow” filtration, is effective at (1) removing nanoparticles, short nanorods and organic additives from as‐prepared AgNW suspensions without producing aggregation; (2) concentrating purified AgNW suspensions to a desirable concentration; and (3) formulating printable AgNW suspensions with suitable solvents. The resulting purified, polyol‐method synthesized AgNW with a modest aspect ratio of ≈1000 and narrowed length distribution, can be coated into flexible transparent electrodes to yield a transmittance of 99.2% and 95.2% at 230 and 29.6 ohm sq‐1 respectively. These performance metrics are comparable or exceed that of most transparent electrodes made from AgNW with larger aspect ratio (>2000) but purified through conventional purification methods. To maximize the dynamic purification efficiency, a model is also developed to describe and predict this dynamic filtration process.
A Hierarchically Nanostructured Cellulose Fiber‐Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Self‐Powered Healthcare Products
Authors: He Xu , Zou Haiyang , Geng Zhishuai , Wang Xingfu , Ding Wenbo , Hu Fei , Zi Yunlong , Xu Cheng , Zhang Steven L. , Yu Hua , Xu Minyi , Zhang Wei , Lu Canhui , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: September 2018

Rapid progress in nanotechnology allows us to develop a large number of innovative wearables such as activity trackers, advanced textiles, and healthcare devices. However, manufacturing processes for desirable nanostructure are usually complex and expensive. Moreover, materials used for these devices are mainly derived from nonrenewable resources. Therefore, it poses growing problems for living environment, and causes incompatible discomfort for human beings with long‐time wearing. Here, a self‐powered cellulose fiber based triboelectric nanogenerator (cf‐TENG) system is presented through developing 1D eco‐friendly cellulose microfibers/nanofibers (CMFs/CNFs) into 2D CMFs/CNFs/Ag hierarchical nanostructure. Silver nanofibers membrane is successfully introduced into the cf‐TENG system by using CMFs/CNFs as template, which shows excellent antibacterial activity. Enabled by its desirable porous nanostructure and unique electricity generation feature, the cf‐TENG system is capable of removing PM2.5 with high efficiency of 98.83% and monitoring breathing status without using an external power supply. This work provides a novel and sustainable strategy for self‐powered wearable electronics in healthcare applications, and furthermore paves a way for next‐generation flexible, biocompatible electronics.
Novel In Situ Gelling Hydrogels Loaded with Recombinant Collagen Peptide Microspheres as a Slow‐Release System Induce Ectopic Bone Formation
Authors: Fahmy‐Garcia Shorouk , Mumcuoglu Didem , de Miguel Laura , Dieleman Veerle , Witte‐Bouma Janneke , van der Eerden Bram C. J. , van Driel Marjolein , Eglin David , Verhaar Jan A. N. , Kluijtmans Sebastiaan G. J. M. , van Osch Gerjo J. V. M. , Farrell Eric
Published: September 2018

New solutions for large bone defect repair are needed. Here, in situ gelling slow release systems for bone induction are assessed. Collagen‐I based Recombinant Peptide (RCP) microspheres (MSs) are produced and used as a carrier for bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP‐2). The RCP‐MSs are dispersed in three hydrogels: high mannuronate (SLM) alginate, high guluronate (SLG) alginate, and thermoresponsive hyaluronan derivative (HApN). HApN+RCP‐MS forms a gel structure at 32 ºC or above, while SLM+RCP‐MS and SLG+RCP‐MS respond to shear stress displaying thixotropic behavior. Alginate formulations show sustained release of BMP‐2, while there is minimal release from HApN. These formulations are injected subcutaneously in rats. SLM+RCP‐MS and SLG+RCP‐MS loaded with BMP‐2 induce ectopic bone formation as revealed by X‐ray tomography and histology, whereas HApN+RCP‐MS do not. Vascularization occurs within all the formulations studied and is significantly higher in SLG+MS and HApN+RCP‐MS than in SLM+RCP‐MS. Inflammation (based on macrophage subset staining) decreases over time in both alginate groups, but increases in the HApN+RCP‐MS condition. It is shown that a balance between inflammatory cell infiltration, BMP‐2 release, and vascularization, achieved in the SLG+RCP‐MS alginate condition, is optimal for the induction of de novo bone formation.
3D Plate‐Lattices: An Emerging Class of Low‐Density Metamaterial Exhibiting Optimal Isotropic Stiffness
Authors: Tancogne‐Dejean Thomas , Diamantopoulou Marianna , Gorji Maysam B. , Bonatti Colin , Mohr Dirk
Published: September 2018

In lightweight engineering, there is a constant quest for low‐density materials featuring high mass‐specific stiffness and strength. Additively‐manufactured metamaterials are particularly promising candidates as the controlled introduction of porosity allows for tailoring their density while activating strengthening size‐effects at the nano‐ and microstructural level. Here, plate‐lattices are conceived by placing plates along the closest‐packed planes of crystal structures. Based on theoretical analysis, a general design map is developed for elastically isotropic plate‐lattices of cubic symmetry. In addition to validating the design map, detailed computational analysis reveals that there even exist plate‐lattice compositions that provide nearly isotropic yield strength together with elastic isotropy. The most striking feature of plate‐lattices is that their stiffness and yield strength are within a few percent of the theoretical limits for isotropic porous solids. This implies that the stiffness of isotropic plate‐lattices is up to three times higher than that of the stiffest truss‐lattices of equal mass. This stiffness advantage is also confirmed by experiments on truss‐ and plate‐lattice specimens fabricated through direct laser writing. Due to their porous internal structure, the potential impact of the new metamaterials reported here goes beyond lightweight engineering, including applications for heat‐exchange, thermal insulation, acoustics, and biomedical engineering.
Arrays of Planar Vacancies in Superior Thermoelectric Ge1−x−yCdxBiyTe with Band Convergence
Authors: Hong Min , Wang Yuan , Liu Weidi , Matsumura Syo , Wang Hao , Zou Jin , Chen Zhi‐Gang
Published: September 2018

The multivalence bands in GeTe provide an additional handle to manipulate the thermoelectric performance. Herein, the density‐functional‐theory calculation indicates that Cd doping enables the convergence of these multivalence bands. Plus, the additional Bi dopant serving as the electron donors optimizes the carrier concentration, leading to an enhanced power‐factor in Ge1−x−yCdxBiyTe. Moreover, comprehensive electron microscopy characterizations demonstrate the array of high‐density planar vacancies in Ge1−x−yCdxBiyTe stemming from the absence of {111} Ge atomic planes, which is driven by the reduced formation energy in the scenario of Cd/Bi codoping. Simulations of phonon transport confirm the significant role of planar vacancies in scattering mid‐frequency phonons. Such high‐density planar vacancies, in tandem with grain boundaries and point defects, lead to a lattice thermal conductivity of 0.4 W m−1 K−1 in Ge1−x−yCdxBiyTe, reaching the amorphous limit. Ultimately, a peak zT of 2.2 is realized, which promotes GeTe into the first echelon of cutting‐edge thermoelectric materials. The strategy of combining band convergence and planar vacancies opens an avenue to develop Pb‐free derivatives with superhigh thermoelectric efficiency.