bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Diversity and Independence in the Educational Marketplace”: The Rhode Island CEF and the 1968 Tuition-Grant Debate
Authors: Chaput Erik J.
Published: January 2009

This article focuses on the argument over state aid to nonpublic education in Rhode Island in the late 1960s. The author examines the acrimonious debate surrounding the proposed 1968 tuition-grant bill sponsored by the Rhode Island chapter of the Citizens for Educational Freedom, a national group formed in 1959, dedicated to achieving state aid to nonpublic education.
Renoir and Murder
Authors: Oeler Karla
Published: January 2009

This essay shows the paradoxical way that the murder scene structures the poetics of realism across Renoir's films, opening a way to reconceptualize the entrenched opposition between realism and both modernism and formalism in film theory and criticism.
Herzog, Landscape, and Documentary
Authors: Ames Eric
Published: January 2009

This essay explores Werner Herzog's approach to landscape as a site for performing his notion of documentary as a repudiated mode of filmmaking. What emerges from this ironic performance is an alternative documentary epistemology, one that refers primarily to the inner world of affect and to forms of embodied knowledge.
Taking Hollywood Back: The Historical Costume Drama, the Biopic, and Popular Front U.S. Film Criticism
Authors: Robé Chris
Published: January 2009

Throughout the 1930s, U.S. Left film critics held a conflicted socioaesthetic position. On one level, they explored the political potential certain commercial cinematic conventions held. At the same time, they reinforced traditional gender hierarchies that consumer culture was challenging by consistently celebrating male-centered genres like the biopic over female-centered ones like the costume drama.
John Wayne as "Supercrip": Disabled Bodies and the Construction of "Hard" Masculinity in The Wings of Eagles
Authors: Meeuf Russell
Published: January 2009

Analyzing John Wayne's characteristically active body depicted as a disabled body in the 1957 film The Wings of Eagles , this essay situates discourses of disability, demobilization, the nuclear family, and medical technologies within Wayne's articulation of "hard" masculinity in the 1950s, complicating typical approaches to Hollywood's representation of disability.
Gallo Pinto : Tradition, Memory, and Identity in Costa Rican Foodways
Authors: Preston-Werner Theresa
Published: January 2009

This article traces the social history of gallo pinto (rice and beans) in Costa Rica in order to unpack the meaning of this innocuous marker of southern Costa Rican identity. Southern Costa Ricans describe pinto as a traditional food, yet they reject its possible origin in Afro-Costa Rican culture. While Costa Ricans’ use of tradition, as word and concept, marks and thereby validates contemporary praxis, the concept simultaneously erases the African cultural heritage of a country that imagines itself as white. This case study demonstrates how multiple lines of evidence (personal interviews, journalistic and academic articles, literature, and institutionally sanctioned histories) can highlight the cleavage between local memory and history, and illuminate larger cultural issues.
Vernacular Health Moralities and Culinary Tourism in Newfoundland and Labrador
Authors: Everett Holly
Published: January 2009

This article addresses class-based moral judgments as a crucial aspect of both informal and consciously constructed kinds of culinary tourism in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Interview and survey data, as well as Internet travelogues, further reveal the development and negotiation of vernacular health moralities that influence the ways in which certain foods are culturally constructed to convey status.
Whispers in an Ice Cream Parlor: Culinary Tourism, Contemporary Legends, and the Urban Interzone
Authors: Ellis Bill
Published: January 2009

A contemporary legend active in 1910 held that white women were at risk of being abducted into involuntary slavery if they visited an ice cream parlor. This article grounds this legend in the emergence of ice cream into everyday American foodways, a trend paralleled by the growing economic impact of Mediterranean immigrants and by the increasing practice of “warehousing” potentially marriageable women of Western and Northern European descent in big-city colleges and technical schools. The ethnic-owned ice cream “parlor” thus became a liminal interzone in which single women engaged in culinary tourism in a way that was seen as dangerous to their ethnic identity.
Playbills, Ephemera, and the Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Japan
Authors: Zwicker Jonathan
Published: January 2009

In 1815, Shikitei Sanba wrote prefaces to two scrapbooks: one in which he had collected ephemera and broadsheets related to the history of Edo's raconteurs and the other a 16-album collection of playbills. As physical objects, both are deeply suggestive: each is a manuscript comprised entirely of printed matter, a unique object fashioned from mass-produced material. This essay uses these collections to explore the historical imagination in the early decades of the nineteenth century, a time when the theater loomed large as a metaphor for the broader social world and a time when that world came increasingly to be defined by print and commerce.
Ethnography as Consumption: Travel and National Identity in Oda Makoto's Nan de mo mite yarō
Authors: Suttmeier Bruce
Published: January 2009

Discussions of Oda Makoto's wildly successful 1961 travelogue Nan de mo mite yarō invariably speak of its brash self-portrait of the Japanese citizen abroad. While this characterization is surely apt, it obscures the shifting affiliations and identities that mark so many of Oda's encounters with minority and otherwise marginalized communities. In this article, I examine the narrator's apparently easy assumption of different ethnographic poses and trace this cultural shifting to Oda's dramatization of travel as a mode of cultural consumption and to his anxiety over defining a national subjectivity amid increasing prosperity and international prominence in the early 1960s.
Ambient Literature and the Aesthetics of Calm: Mood Regulation in Contemporary Japanese Fiction
Authors: Roquet Paul
Published: January 2009

During the "healing boom" of the late 1990s, Japanese media promoted calming products as a way to deal with the stresses of contemporary life. Such emphasis reflected a longer-term cultural shift toward using media as tools of personal mood regulation. In this essay, I explore how contemporary Japanese literature has reconfigured its affective appeals to both compete with and reflect upon this mood-regulating culture, ultimately leading to the emergence of what I call "ambient literature." I then situate this literature within larger debates about infantilization and self-care in contemporary Japanese media.
The Squadron Commander's Share: Decatur v. Chew and the Prize Money for the Chesapeake's First War of 1812 Cruise
Authors: Leiner Frederick C.
Published: January 2009

In the age of sail, every maritime power offered prize money as an incentive for the officers and crews of their naval vessels and their privateers to capture, and to bring home, enemy ships with their cargoes. During the War of 1812, the U.S. frigate Chesapeake captured a valuable English merchant vessel in January 1813, and the resulting litigation, a prize case called Decatur v. Chew , laid bare the tensions between ranking officers over their contrasting views of their appropriate shares.
War Feeding War?: The Impact of Logistics on the Napoleonic Occupation of Catalonia
Authors: Morgan John
Published: January 2009

This essay stresses the crucial importance of logistics during the French occupation of Catalonia during the Peninsular War. The supplies found in the occupied territory were insufficient for French needs, leading to the failure of Napoleon's "war feeds war" policy in that region. It became necessary to find alternative sources and modes of supply in the midst of a permanent guerrilla war and the British blockade of Catalan ports. Logistical operations largely dominated the French campaigns, while the requirement to supply a besieged Barcelona made it nearly impossible to conquer the province and led to the collapse of French plans to incorporate Catalonia into the French Empire.
Flying Dutchmen and Drunken Irishmen: The Myths and Realities of Ethnic Civil War Soldiers
Authors: Keller Christian B.
Published: January 2009

During the American Civil War, German- and Irish-Americans fought for both the Union and the Confederacy, serving their respective causes for a variety of reasons and comprising a large percentage of the Union armies, in particular. Anglo-Americans developed myths and misconceptions about these foreign-born soldiers, however, some of which persist today and unfortunately obscure the historical truth about ethnic participation in the war. This essay examines some of the most enduring stereotypes and exposes the realities that lay shrouded behind them.
"Young Turks, or Not So Young?": The Frustrated Quest of Major General J. F. C. Fuller and Captain B. H. Liddell Hart
Authors: Reid Brian Holden
Published: January 2009

This article has as its prime focus not the theories of J. F. C. Fuller and B. H. Liddell Hart, but their zeal to reform the British Army, 1918–39. It explores the strengths and weaknesses they brought to the task, and seeks to relate their aims to broader intellectual currents, especially the notion of a "conflict of generations" that the experience on the Western Front of the First World War heightened. The latter reached a peak of popularity in 1928–33. The article thus seeks to assess Fuller and Liddell Hart's motives and aspirations in the light of a shared passionate desire not to sacrifice their intellectual freedom as critics.
An Evenly Balanced County: The Scope and Severity of Civil Warfare in Revolutionary Monmouth County, New Jersey
Authors: Adelberg Michael S.
Published: January 2009

The American Revolution was as much a civil war between Americans as a war between the Continental and British armies, yet our understanding of the civil warfare's extent is limited. This article compiles comprehensive information on the Revolution in Monmouth County, New Jersey, and measures the scope (how many participated on each side) and severity (how many lives were adversely affected) of civil warfare in this county. It demonstrates that those opposing the Revolution were nearly as numerous as its supporters (approximately 1,600 versus 1,900) and that over 20 percent of the adult males in the county suffered tangibly during the war.
Beyond East and West: Antiquarianism, Evidential Learning, and Global Trends in Historical Study
Authors: Wang Q. Edward
Published: January 2009

From a comparative perspective, this article examines the rise of “evidential learning” in Qing China of the eighteenth century and its far-reaching influence in shaping intellectual development in modern China. It argues that parallel to the interest of humanists and antiquarians in early modern Europe, the Chinese evidential scholars of the late imperial period pursued a similarly revivalist interest in their study of Confucianism. By improving and perfecting the skills and techniques of textual and historical criticism, and by using the methods of philology, phonology, paleography, and etymology, they hoped to restore the Confucian classics to their earlier, hence (to them) truer and more authentic form. And in pursuing this common interest, these scholars formed an active scholarly community, a Republic of Letters, wherein they exchanged ideas and criticized one another’s works, much as did their European counterparts in advancing humanist and antiquarian scholarship. In reconstructing the historical context whence the Confucian classics had emerged, they also prized the importance of historical and epigraphic study and approached the understanding of the classics from a historical perspective. All this has left an enduring imprint on the endeavor by modern Chinese historians to modernize historical study since the early twentieth century. The legacy of evidential learning demonstrates that the antecedents that were often considered unique in shaping the modern historical discipline in Europe also existed in East Asia and, very likely, elsewhere in the world as well. It is time for us to go beyond the East-West binary to analyze and appreciate the interest in history—and the varied methodologies it has engendered sustaining its pursuit—as a global phenomenon.
Horrid Journeying: Narratives of Enslavement and the Global African Diaspora
Authors: Larson Pier M.
Published: January 2009

Since its inception as a concept in the late 1960s, the African diaspora has channeled scholarly interest primarily toward African migrations beyond sub-Saharan Africa. This article outlines a method for the study of African diasporas within sub-Saharan Africa through a focus on consciousness of placement and displacement as emerging in African narratives of enslavement. The consciousness of original placement and of estrangement from home spun by African captives within sub-Saharan Africa challenges scholars of the African diaspora to position the African continent at the center of a global dispersion, as both a source of captives and a location of exile.
Truthfulness at Dawn, Truthfulness at Night: Reflections on a Common Striving in Chinese and Jewish Traditions
Authors: Schwarcz Vera
Published: January 2009

This article focuses on the commitment to truth seeking in two disparate cultural traditions. Striving for truth is not exclusive to Chinese and Jewish peoples. It is also amply evident in the writings of intellectuals who survived dogmatism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. It fuels the passions and the trauma of the “Truth Commissions” that have proliferated from South Africa to Guatemala, East Timor, and Morocco. By exploring specific historical moments and linguistic expression for conveying the quest for authenticity in Chinese and Hebrew, this work draws attention to a broader historical phenomenon: Confucian sages and Jewish prophets who argued for truthfulness in times filled with deceit and injustice bequeathed posterity a vocabulary and a vision that endures today. Historians reckoning with that language and vision need to cast the net of their reflections beyond one culture, one thinker, one moment in time. Laying disparate traditions alongside one another, the author argues, illuminates the central theme of truthfulness in a more compelling fashion.
The Naqshbandiyya-Khalidiyya, Islamic Sainthood, and Religion in Modern Times
Authors: Foley Sean
Published: January 2009

This article discusses Shaykh Khalid Naqshbandi (1776–1827); his Sufi brotherhood, the Naqshbandiyya-Khalidiyya; and Muslim sainthood. It argues that social movement theory allows us to see the ongoing influence of sainthood in Muslim societies and that Khalid’s success rested on his ideological flexibility, appeal to multiple audiences, and emphasis on the hereafter. The article also observes that the Naqshbandiyya-Khalidiyya has addressed a desire in modern societies for a greater balance between spirituality and materialism. Finally, the similarities between the Naqshbandiyya-Khalidiyya, a Muslim organization, and contemporary Christian organizations raise questions about how we classify postmodern religious movements and track their development over time.
The Intricacies of Accommodation: The Proselytizing Strategy of Matteo Ricci
Authors: Liu Yu
Published: January 2009

Matteo Ricci has long been celebrated as one of the greatest mediators between Europe and East Asia. To see his extraordinary experience in China from a different perspective, this article takes a close look at the many intricacies that either led to or resulted from his reliance on accommodation as an evangelizing policy. These intricacies made him both remarkably successful in what he did not necessarily plan to do and noticeably unsuccessful in what he single-mindedly set out to accomplish.
“Why Use an Ox-Cleaver to Carve a Chicken?” The Sociology of the Junzi Ideal in the Lunyu
Authors: Brindley Erica
Published: January 2009

Central to Confucian teachings in the Analects is the ideal of self-cultivation—in particular that of the junzi 君子 (“gentleman” “nobleman”) ideal. At the same time that Confucius recommends that individuals follow such an ideal, he also places limits on who actually might attain it. By examining statements involving such terms as the junzi, the “petty man” ( xiao ren 小人), and the “masses” ( min 民, or zhong 眾), or common people, this essay highlights the sociopolitical and gender restrictions informing one of the most basic, yet lofty, ethical goals of the text. A new means is also offered of discussing these socially delimited discrepancies in moral cultivation by referring to leading, or self-determining agency in association with junzi on the one hand, and to conformist agency for women and common people on the other.
Comparing Phases of Skepticism in al-Ghazālī and Descartes: Some First Meditations on Deliverance from Error
Authors: Moad Omar Edward
Published: January 2009

Abū Hāmid al-Ghazālī (1058–1111 c.e .) is well known, among other things, for his account, in al-Munqidh min al-ḍalāl (Deliverance from error), of a struggle with philosophical skepticism that bears a striking resemblance to that described by Descartes in the Meditations . This essay aims to give a close comparative analysis of these respective accounts, and will concentrate solely on the processes of invoking or entertaining doubt that al-Ghazālī and Descartes describe, respectively. In the process some subtle differences between them in this regard will be brought to light that are relevant to the comparative issue of the respective solutions at which they arrive. The latter issue will not be touched upon here, although the present discussion is intended as a prelude to a future treatment of that topic.
The Coming Time “Between” Being and Daoist Emptiness: An Analysis of Heidegger’s Article Inquiring into the Uniqueness of the Poet via the Lao Zi
Authors: Zhang Xianglong
Published: January 2009

In volume 75 of Heidegger’s Complete Works, there is an article written in 1943 in which Heidegger cited the whole of chapter 11 of the Lao Zi to illustrate his view of the uniqueness of the poet. This essay attempts to expose Heidegger’s rendering and interpretation of that chapter. They contain both a deepened exegesis of his doctrine of “Being” and “time” in his earlier writing, and a methodological revealing of the guiding word “appropriation” in his late works.
God and Nothingness
Authors: Carter Robert E.
Published: January 2009

The idea of nothingness has been viewed as neither a vital nor a positive element in Western philosophy or theology. With the exception of a handful of mystics, nothingness has been taken to refer to the negation of being, or to some theoretical void. By contrast, the Japanese philosopher Nishida Kitarō gave nothingness a central role in philosophy. The strategy of this essay is to use the German mystic Meister Eckhart as a more familiar thinker who did take nothingness seriously, and then to look closely at Nishida’s philosophy, and at the work of his contemporary Ueda Shizuteru, in exploring the central importance of nothingness in Zen Buddhist thought. Eckhart writes of the nothingness of the godhead, whereas Nishida and Ueda speak of nothingness “pure and simple.” Eckhart remains within the being of the godhead and theology. Nishida moves directly to nothingness. Some have claimed that Nishida is not a mystic, and Nishida himself concurred, yet it is Ueda who explains why Nishida can rightly be read as a mystic and as not a mystic. He argues that Zen includes mysticism, but then goes beyond it to a “non-mysticism.” Mystic or non-mystic, the guidance that Nishida and Ueda offer leads to a compelling outlook on life.
The effect of low-protein diet supplemented with ketoacids in patients with chronic renal failure
Authors: Molnár Márta , Szekeresné Izsák Margit , Nagy Judit , Figler Mária
Published: January 2009

Ismert, hogy az étrendi fehérjemegszorítás lassítja a krónikus vesebetegség progresszióját. Ha a fehérjebevitel kevesebb mint 0,5-0,6 g/ttkg/nap, a diétát esszenciális aminosavakkal/ketosavakkal szükséges kiegészíteni. A szerzők tanulmányukban a hosszú időn keresztül ketosavakkal kiegészített fehérjeszegény diéta hatását vizsgálták krónikus veseelégtelenségben szenvedő betegekben a veseelégtelenség progressziójára, a kalcium- és foszforanyagcserére, a betegek tápláltsági állapotára, továbbá felmérték a betegek complience-ét. Ötvenegy beteget kezeltek 12–57 hónapig (átlagos kezelési idő: 26 hónap). A szérumkreatinin-érték átlaga 349,72±78,04 µmol/l-ről 460,66±206,66 µmol/l-re emelkedett, amely 27 µmol/l/év, illetve 2,3 µmol/l/hó szérumkreatinin-növekedést jelentett. A Cockroft–Gault-formula alapján számolt glomerulusfiltrációs ráta (GFR) 21,52±7,84 ml/min-ról 18,22±7,76 ml/min-ra csökkent, ami 0,83 ml/min/év, illetve 0,07 ml/min/hó GFR-csökkenést jelentett. Lineáris regressziós analízissel az 1/szérumkreatinin versus időegyenes dőlésszöge 0,0018 volt. A szérumparathormon-szint szignifikánsan csökkent, a szérumkalcium, -foszfor szintje nem változott. A betegek tápláltsági állapota (a BMI, szérumalbumin, szubjektív tápláltsági felmérés alapján) a folyamatos és intenzív diétás edukációnak köszönhetően nem romlott, a betegek tartani tudták az alacsony fehérjetartalmú diétát a kezelés hosszú időtartama alatt. Eredményeik igazolják, hogy a ketosavakkal kiegészített fehérjeszegény diéta hatásos a veseelégtelenség progressziójának csökkentésében, előnyösen befolyásolja a kalcium- és foszforanyagcserét, nem rontja a betegek tápláltsági állapotát.
Experiences of working in Kenya with VSO
Authors: Barnfield Sonia
Published: January 2009

VSO is an international development charity whose volunteers pass on their skills to local people.

The maternal mortality ratio in Kenya is 414, one of the highest in the world.

HIV prevalence decreased from a high of around 14% in the mid‐1990s to 5% in 2006.

In 1997 the Government of Kenya launched its National Reproductive Health Strategy to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality.

The Government recently started to subsidise maternity and paediatric care.

Learning objectives:

To appreciate the work of VSO.

To understand obstetric health issues in under‐resourced countries.

Ethical issues:

What are the most appropriate ways of providing assistance to decrease the maternal mortality ratio and improve obstetric care in developing countries?

Please cite this article as: Barnfield S. Experiences of working in Kenya with VSO. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2009;11:61–64.
@ TOG
Authors: Barnfield Sonia , Edey Katharine , Keay Stephen
Published: January 2009

Voluntary service worldwide is often initially considered as part of a medical student elective but many healthcare professionals use annual or unpaid leave to work for charities abroad. For those doctors interested in voluntary work, these are the websites to browse. For those who are not interested in travelling, many of the websites provide information about maternal health worldwide and allow visitors to make charitable donations.
Estrogenic and androgenic effects of municipal wastewater effluent on reproductive endpoint biomarkers in three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
Authors: Björkblom Carina , Högfors Eva , Salste Lotta , Bergelin Eija , Olsson Per-Erik , Katsiadaki Ioanna , Wiklund Tom
Published: January 2009

Municipal wastewater treatment plants have been associated with the release of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, which consequently lead to alterations of reproductive function in aquatic organisms. The three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) has quantifiable biomarkers for assessment of both estrogen (vitellogenin) and androgen (spiggin) activity, which makes this species very valuable in the research of endocrine disruption. The estrogenic and androgenic biomarkers were used for evaluating exposure effects of municipal wastewater effluent. We evaluated the effects of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), 17α-methyltestosterone (MT), and wastewater effluents on induction of vitellogenin and spiggin production, gonadosomatic index, hepatosomatic index, nephrosomatic index, plasma steroid levels, and histopathology. Adult female and male sticklebacks were exposed to 20 ng/L of EE2, 10 μg/L of MT, and wastewater effluent (10, 50, and 80% of original concentration) in a flow-through system for an exposure of one week and an extended exposure of four weeks. Chemical analyses of the steroids were done for verification of exposure concentrations and presence in the used wastewater. Our results show that municipal wastewater effluent exerts estrogenic action on three-spined stickleback as observed by elevated vitellogenin levels in exposed fish, corresponding to the effect seen in fish exposed to EE2. Furthermore, wastewater and EE2 exerted similar histopathological effects on testis of exposed fish. Although domestic effluent is suspected to have a high content of natural androgens, no obvious androgenic effect of wastewater was observed in the present study.
Soil Water Retention Curves Characterization of a Natural Forested Hillslope using a Scaling Technique Based on a Lognormal Pore‐Size Distribution
Authors: Hayashi Yuki , Kosugi Ken'ichirou , Mizuyama Takahisa
Published: January 2009

Heterogeneous water flow is known to be an important factor of hydrological processes in a natural forested hillslope. To model heterogeneous water flow, the characterization of spatial variability in water retention curve (WRC) is required. The scaling technique introduced by Miller and Miller is effective to characterize it for conditions of constant standard deviation (STD) in pore‐size distribution and porosity, but this is not necessarily appropriate for forested hillslopes. We tested the conventional scaling method and the two proposed methods that presume that field soils do not exhibit constant STD and porosity. The observed WRCs were fitted using a model, which assumes a lognormal pore‐radius distribution and contains three parameters: the matric pressure head related to the median pore radius, ψm; the STD of the log‐transformed pore radius distribution, σ; and the effective porosity, θe In Method 1, which corresponds to the conventional scaling method, ψm was optimized for each soil, whereas the values of σ and θe were common for the whole data set. In Method 2, σ was optimized for each soil, and in Method 3, θe was optimized for each soil, whereas the values of the remaining parameters were common for the whole data set. Method 3 produced the best description of spatial variability in the WRCs. This result indicates that in the natural forested hillslope, variability in the pore‐size distribution is characterized by variability in effective porosity. In practical aspect, we suggested an alternative simpler method to Method 3. In this method, the θe for each location was estimated from soil penetration resistances measurable in situ. This method explained 59.3% of the spatial variability in WRCs on the studied natural forested hillslope.
Estimating Yield and Yield Response using Computer Simulation of Plant Available Nitrogen from Soil Organic Matter and Manure
Authors: Gilmour John T.
Published: January 2009

The amount of organic N mineralized as plant available nitrogen (PAN) from soil organic matter (SOM) during a crop growing season has proved difficult to assess using traditional soil testing. It was the objective of this study to evaluate the potential for computer simulation in the estimation PAN from SOM during the growing season. A secondary objective was to evaluate this approach as a way to identify soils where crops would be non‐responsive to fertilizer N. Plant available N from SOM was estimated using a simple, first‐order kinetic equation. Plant available N from manure was estimated using the computer model, DECOMPOSITION. Plant available N from the previous crop and from preplant fertilizer N were taken from published data. No additional fertilizer N was applied. Corn (Zea mays L.) yield was significantly related to total PAN (sum of SOM N, manure N, crop residue N, and preplant N) and the response of corn to total PAN was typical of previously published values. Total PAN was not a good predictor of soils where corn was nonresponsive to fertilizer N, while a history of manure applications was a good predictor of nonresponsiveness.
Reducing the Complexity of Inverse Analysis of Time Domain Reflectometry Waveforms
Authors: Shuai Xiufu , Wendroth Ole , Lu Caicheng , Ray Chittaranjan
Published: January 2009

Inverse analysis of time domain reflectometry (TDR) waveform in the frequency domain is important in measuring complex dielectric permittivity of soils. However, for widely used probes designed as impedance mismatching and nonseparable connection between probe head and coaxial cable, none of the available models can be used for the inverse analysis. The objective of this study was to derive a model which is applicable for this specific type of probes. A two‐section (probe head and probe rods) model was derived from the full model of Feng et al. (1999) by reducing its complexity on the basis of the matching design of cable tester and coaxial cable. The model was validated by comparison of the measured spectra of properly terminated coaxial cable with the theoretical values, and the accuracy of the model was studied by the comparison of the estimated complex dielectric permittivity of ethanol by the model with those measured by the network analyzer method. This model was applied to a silt loam soil under different levels of water content and electrical conductivity (EC). The results showed that the two‐section model was applicable for this specific type of probes to measure complex dielectric permittivity at low frequency range. The lowest frequency of 30 MHz was used to estimate soil complex dielectric permittivity. The real parts of the estimated soil dielectric permittivity were close to the apparent dielectric permittivity determined by travel time analysis (TTA). The soil bulk EC calculated from the imaginary parts of the estimated soil dielectric permittivity was close to the measured values.
Influence of Anthropogenic Structures on Northern Bobwhite Space Use in Western Oklahoma
Authors: DUNKIN STACY W. , GUTHERY FRED S. , DEMASO STEPHEN J. , PEOPLES ALAN D. , PARRY EDWARD S.
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT  Anthropogenic structures associated with energy development and other activities are a growing concern in wildlife conservation because of habitat loss and fragmentation. We conducted a retrospective analysis of effects of barbed‐wire fences, oil‐extraction structures, aboveground power lines, resurfaced roads, and artificial water sites on space use by northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus)in western Oklahoma, USA. Nest location data accrued during 1991–2002 and radiolocation data during 1997–2002. Data suggested fences had a weak repellent effect at distances <300 m, oil structures had neutral effects at distances <800 m, aboveground power lines had neutral effects at distances <250 m, resurfaced roads attracted at distances <350 m, and water sites had neutral effects at distances <250 m. Generally, anthropogenic structures seemed compatible with bobwhite populations on our study area, given density and dispersion of the structures that existed.
Community Health Clinical Education in Canada: Part 1 - "State of the Art"
Authors: Cohen Benita E , Gregory David
Published: January 2009

This paper presents the findings of a survey of community health clinical education in twenty-four Canadian pre-licensure baccalaureate nursing programs. A qualitative research design was used, involving a content analysis of Canadian course syllabi and supporting documents for community health courses. This study afforded a cross-sectional understanding of the "state of the art" of community health clinical education in Canadian schools of nursing. Clinical course conceptual approaches, course objectives, types of clinical sites, format and number of clinical hours, and methods of student evaluation are identified. The findings suggest the need for a national dialogue or consensus building exercise regarding curriculum content for community health nursing. Informing this dialogue are several strengths including the current focus on community health (as opposed to community-based) nursing education, and a solid socio-environmental perspective informing clinical learning and practice. The national data set generated by this study may have relevance to nursing programs globally.
Private Information of Nonpaternalistic Altruism: Exaggeration and Reciprocation of Generosity
Authors: Fong Yuk-Fai
Published: January 2009

Applying techniques developed by Geanakoplos et al. (1989), this paper analyzes the gift exchange between agents with privately observed nonpaternalistic altruism. I find that gift giving between agents under private information of altruism can be analyzed as a conventional signaling game. After applying standard refinements of signaling games, I show that, over nondegenerate ranges of parameter values, private information introduces systematic biases in agents' behavior. First, agents tend to give larger gifts than under full information. Second, despite that fact that agents have no intrinsic concern for reciprocity or fairness, the more altruistic the recipient is, the more the donor exaggerates the gift size. The second finding gives rise to a new theory of reciprocity according to which private information of unconditional altruism can lead to reciprocal behavior.
Relation between chaos probability and zero-point number of the Melnikov function for a Bose-Einstein condensate
Authors: Zhu Qianquan , Hai Wenhua , Rong Shiguang
Published: January 2009

We investigate an attractive Bose-Einstein condensate perturbed by a weak traveling optical superlattice. It is demonstrated that under a stochastic initial set and in a given parameter region solitonic chaos appears with a certain probability that is tightly related to the zero-point number of the Melnikov function; the latter depends on the potential parameters. Effects of the lattice depths and wave vectors on the chaos probability are studied analytically and numerically, and different chaotic regions of the parameter space are found. The results suggest a feasible method for strengthening or weakening chaos by modulating the potential parameters experimentally.
Entre les familles et les services formels, le désir des aînés ayant besoin d'aide
Authors: Bourgeois-Guérin Valérie , Guberman Nancy , Lavoie Jean-Pierre , Gagnon Éric
Published: January 2009

Face aux contradictions entre la promotion gouvernementale de l'aide familiale aux parents âgés et la montée des valeurs «autonomistes» rapportée dans la littérature, nous avons interrogé des aînés vivant des incapacités au sujet de l'aide qu'ils souhaitent obtenir. Cette analyse qualitative thématique se fonde sur le témoignage de 19 aînés qui reçoivent de l'aide. Les résultats révèlent qu'un ensemble de valeurs, souhaits et/ou craintes justifie la position des aînés en ce qui a trait à leur désir d'obtenir ou non une aide substantielle de la part de leur famille. L'adhésion à la valeur d'autonomie, le désir de respecter la liberté (tant la sienne que celle d'autrui), l'adhésion aux normes d'obligation familiale, l'attachement au chez-soi, la valorisation de la solitude et de l'intimité et le degré de proximité affective entre les aînés et leurs enfants sont tous des motifs qui semblent expliquer ces choix. Le fait d'avoir accès à des services formels de qualité est aussi un élément qui permet aux aînés d'actualiser leur désir de soins abordé dans l'analyse.
Family Members Providing Home-Based Palliative Care to Older Adults: The Enactment of Multiple Roles
Authors: Clemmer Sarah J. , Ward-Griffin Catherine , Forbes Dorothy
Published: January 2009

L'espérance de vie des Canadiens s'accroît et, de ce fait, les maladies chroniques (Santé Canada, 2002) exigeant des soins en fin de vie (Fisher, Ross, & MacLean, 2000). La recherche est limitée sur le processus visant à établir la multiplicité des rôles pour les membres de la famille dispensant des soins palliatifs à domicile. En se fondant sur une étude ethnographique plus vaste des relations client-famille-fournisseur de soins palliatifs à domicile (Ward-Griffin & McWilliam, 2004), la présente analyse secondaire visait à évaluer l'adoption de multiples rôles par les membres de la famille dispensant des soins palliatifs à domicile aux aînés souffrant de cancer avancé. Les membres de la famille étaient d'avis que les attentes envers eux étaient nombreuses lors de la dispensation des soins, mais qu'on ne répondait pas à leurs attentes en matière de services. Jouer des rôles multiples était décrit par trois thèmes interreliés: équilibre des charges, établissement de nouvelles priorités, et évolution. Les réponses positives et négatives en matière de santé découlaient des tentatives de minimiser la santé personnelle tout en maintenant simultanément la santé. Les «véritables» soins de santé dans une perspective familiale étaient absents, mais devraient devenir l'un des objectifs des professionnels de la santé dispensant des soins de santé en fin de vie.
Negotiating Differences: Instructors' Reflections on Challenges in International Telecollaboration
Authors: Basharina Olga , Guardado Martin , Morgan Tannis
Published: January 2009

This collaborative inquiry is based on university instructors' reflections on their experiences in negotiating and facilitating an international telecollaboration that connected their English as a second language and English as a foreign language students in Canada, Mexico, and Russia. The central themes that emerged from the instructors' reflections were the tensions related to their different views of the project, research versus pedagogical agendas, securing the participation of ‘have-nots,’ and instructor participation versus non-participation in online interaction. The underlying reasons for these tensions were found in the mismatch of instructors' educational philosophies and in the affordances and constraints of the local contexts that informed their individual decisions. The study concludes with pedagogical implications for improvement of facilitation and teaching practice in online environments.
Slow Writing; or, Getting Off the Book Standard: What Can Journal Editors Do?
Authors: Waters Lindsay , Argersinger Jana L.
Published: January 2009

Lindsay Waters has argued elsewhere that the dominant position of the book in humanities scholarship is ripe for challenge. If this is so – if there are signs that the essay form is poised to take the ascendant – what might be the journal editor's role in this venture? In this essay, adapted from the keynote address presented to the Council of Editors of Learned Journals at the 2007 MLA Convention, Waters argues persuasively for a move to “the well-wrought, slowly gestated essay” as the gold standard of scholarship and for a return to fundamentals – to careful thought, to the well-constructed sentence, to judgement – in the humanities, where, he contends, the productivity problem is not one of quantity but one of quality.
Congestion Charging
Authors: Richards Martin G.
Published: January 2009

The principle of congestion charging is well established in economic theory and a variety of application studies have been undertaken in the United Kingdom during the past 50 years. However, the government of Tony Blair elected in 1997 was the first British government to adopt it as a key element of transport policy, anticipating that at least eight local schemes would be in operation by 2010. Despite regular policy statements supporting the principle, Blair's 10 years ended with only one major scheme—London—in operation, with no more likely to be implemented by 2010, and uncertain prospects for national charging. Indeed, the present government of Gordon Brown has now made it clear that although it supports local congestion charging schemes, a decision on a national scheme is “for the future.” This paper seeks to document the main policy statements and swings during the 10 Blair years and to draw some key lessons. Because an early decision of the first Blair government was to devolve responsibility for transport to the newly created Scottish Parliament and the Welsh Assembly, the analysis considers only England—over which the Blair government had direct control—rather than the United Kingdom. It concludes that an unwillingness to create the vision, to provide the information necessary to winning hearts and minds, and to make difficult and potentially unpopular decisions was a key to the failure to live up to bold policy statements.
Policy Options for Varying Mileage-Based Road User Charges
Authors: Forkenbrock David J.
Published: January 2009

Particularly as more fuel-efficient vehicles, hybrids, and eventually vehicles with alternative power, such as hydrogen fuel cells, become increasingly commonplace, the motor fuel tax holds limited promise. As a possible replacement, a mileage-based road user charge has considerable potential as a means of ensuring adequate revenue with which to finance roads at the federal, state, and local levels of government. In addition to providing a stable, reliable revenue stream, a mileage-based road user charge can enable the pursuit of various policy initiatives. A key question is thus how the burden for generating the needed funds should be distributed between various classes of vehicles. The analysis concludes that if the mileage-based road user charge were structured to produce the same total amount of revenue as currently generated by the motor fuel tax, the magnitudes of incentives or disincentives that would be produced for various vehicle classes would be quite small. However, the analysis highlights that the mileage charge could be structured to substantially increase the amount of revenue generated and in the process somewhat increase the incentive to operate more-efficient vehicles. The analysis shows that considerable flexibility exists in how a mileage-based road user charge could be structured to help advance various policy choices while ensuring that the nation's road system would be adequately financed.
Transportation Benefit–Cost Analysis
Authors: Williges Chris , Mahdavi Mahmoud
Published: January 2009

The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) assesses more than 100 transportation projects annually for its State Transportation Improvement Program, one of the largest such programs in the country. Caltrans relies on benefit–cost analysis as one of several performance factors, and evaluations must be completed in a few weeks. Caltrans developed a spreadsheet model, Cal-B/C, to provide a common benefit–cost framework and facilitate rapid project evaluation. The model is based on extensive theoretical reviews but is intended to keep the analysis simple. Cal-B/C incorporates rules of thumb to accommodate projects with little upfront evaluation. It can also use summary data from microsimulation and travel demand models. Although this design supports analysis with minimal data, Caltrans has found that the need for accurate and consistent data complicates project evaluation. This paper presents an example of how California applies benefit–cost analysis for objective project appraisals. The paper describes the motivation for Cal-B/C, its structure, applications, and continued evolution. Particular attention is paid to a recent evaluation of projects proposed for a $4.5 billion infrastructure bond measure. The paper also offers lessons for applied transportation performance analysis and proposes areas for further research.
Generalized Approach for Assessing Direct User Impacts of Multimodal Transport Projects
Authors: Alstadt Brian B. , Weisbrod Glen E.
Published: January 2009

The effects of a transportation project can be estimated either by benefit–cost accounting or by economic development impact analysis; both are regularly used by government agencies to plan and justify investments. Although these approaches differ in methodology, both rely on the estimation of direct user impacts—those arising from changes in the quantity and quality of travel. However, a survey of published analyses and guides reveals, first, that there is considerable confusion between an economic benefit (as used in benefit–cost accounting) and an economic impact (as used in impact analysis) and, second, that user impacts are frequently estimated too narrowly by ignoring intermodal effects and impacts to freight shippers. To address these issues, a framework is presented for estimating direct user impacts that is generalized to accommodate multiple travel modes in a way that avoids double counting, gives a full treatment of freight shippers and carriers, and differentiates between benefits and impacts for use in either type of analysis.
Model development for semicontinuous production of ethylene and norbornene copolymers having uniform composition
Authors: Liu Shaojie , Cao Kun , Yao Zhen , Li Bogeng , Zhu Shiping
Published: January 2009

Terminal and penultimate models for controlling copolymer composition distribution (CCD) in ethylene and norbornene (NB) copolymerization were developed by taking into account the variation of active site concentration with the initial comonomer ratio. The models were validated by batch polymerization experimental data. The terminal model gave better correlation with the composition data whereas the penultimate model had a better fit to the rate data. The terminal model was then used to design NB feeding policies in semicontinuous processes for targeted CCD profiles. Based on the model results, a series of ethylene‐NB copolymers with various NB contents were prepared. With the same NB content, the semicontinuous process produced a uniform composition, whereas the batch process yielded broad CCD. The batch samples had lower Tg values and broader transition ranges, even yielded crystalline materials. In contrast, the semicontinuous samples overcame the disadvantages. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Multiresolution analysis on identification and dynamics of clusters in a circulating fluidized bed
Authors: Yang Tung‐Yu , Leu Lii‐ping
Published: January 2009

A new wavelet‐threshold criterion was developed to distinguish the cluster and the void phases from the transient solids holdup/concentration fluctuation signals when measured in a 108 mm‐i.d. × 5.75 m‐high circulating fluidized bed with FCC particles (dp = 78 μm, ρp = 1,880 kg/m3). An appropriate level of approximation subsignal was systematically specified as a threshold for cluster identification, based on multiresolution analysis (MRA) of wavelet transformation. By the established threshold, the dynamic properties of clusters including the appearance time fraction of clusters Fcl, average cluster duration time τcl, cluster frequency fcl, and local average solids holdup in clusters εsc, at different radial and axial positions were determined under the turbulent, transition and fast fluidization flow regimes. The results also describe the dynamic properties of clusters and flow patterns in the splash zone along with the dense bottom region of the circulating fluidized beds. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009