bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Public Sector Audit of Programmes and Management in Australia
Authors: Guthrie James
Published: January 2008

Pressures and demands for accountability and efficiency in the public sector in Australia have given rise to changes and reforms in government administration at both federal and state levels. Developments and experimentation with “techniques” such as programme budgeting, new forms of financial management, annual reporting, efficiency and comprehensive audits, have added their impact. A concept of “new audits” has emerged. The approaches and practices of Commonwealth — at the federal level — and New South Wales — at the state level — are compared. The way in which “new audit” differs from traditional audit is illustrated and then assessed within a framework of accountability.
An Examination of the Professional Code of Ethics for Certified Internal Auditors
Authors: Siegel Philip H. , O'Shaughnessy John , Leavins John R. , Rigsby John T.
Published: January 2008

By its nature, the capitalistic economic system has produced numerous ethical conflicts. The professions, as well as business in general, have been impacted by the increased emphasis on ethical behaviour. In the past few years, there has been an increased interest in business ethics. One profession which has especially grown due to the increased awareness of ethical issues is internal auditing. This has been in part due to the need for more reliable accounting records, tighter administrative controls, and improved operational efficiency. In order to provide some guidance to its members regarding ethical behaviour, the Institute of Internal Auditors has constructed a code of ethics. Describes how, through the use of a questionnaire, the views of practising internal auditors regarding the currently used code of ethics were obtained and analysed. The responses revealed that a substantial number of internal auditors do consult the code of ethics for guidance in making ethical decisions. A majority of the auditors believe that the code of ethics could be more effective if better enforcement methods were put into effect. Most respondents also believe that the code is complete as it is currently written and does not need to be expanded.
The effectiveness of community mental health nursing: a review
Authors: Brooker Charlie , Repper MPhil J.M. , Booth A.
Published: January 2008

In view of the importance currently attached to evidence‐based health care, we present a systematic review of publications about the effectiveness of community mental health nursing interventions. Only 11 studies were identified which used an experimental design, focused solely on the nursing intervention, and were conducted in the UK since 1965. Not only is the evidence limited, but it does not examine those areas of work in which most community mental health nurses are involved, and the methodological rigour of the identified studies can be questioned. Other types of research with the potential to inform community mental health nursing practice are suggested. Research into the outcome of community mental health nursing interventions has made disappointing progress over the past decade.
Involving patients and users of services in quality improvement: what are the benefits?
Authors: Duff Lesley A. , Kelson Marcia , Marriott Sarah , Mcintosh Aileen , Brown Shona , Cape John , Marcus Nella , Traynor Michael
Published: January 2008

The current interest in involving all members of the health care team in the evaluation and improvement of care has grown to include patients and recipients of care. Although much is written about how important it is to involve patients there is less information available about how this might be achieved. Even the term ‘involvement’ is itself open to various interpretations and this may result in involving patients in quality improvement remaining in the realms of rhetoric rather than reality. In this article we outline the benefits obtained from the active collaboration of patients with health care professionals in making decisions about their care. We examine ways in which patients’ views about the quality of the care that they receive can be heard and suggest that clinical guidelines might be one way of bridging the knowledge gap between health care professionals and patients so that joint decision‐making becomes more effective.
Audit of antenatal corticosteroid treatment in the South West
Authors: Gray Selena , Brassey Jon , Richardson John , Marlow Neil
Published: January 2008

A multidistrict audit was conducted in seven hospitals to examine the proportion of preterm births in which antenatal corticosteroids were given. Of the 550 births examined, corticosteroids had been given in 301(64%), ranging from 49–76% in different hospitals. Mothers of extremely premature babies were less likely to have been given steroids (OR 0.45 95%CI 0.28–1.03). Complications occurred in 36% of babies whose mothers did not receive steroids. Documentation of reasons for non‐administration were poor.
New guidelines for management of spontaneous pneumothorax
Authors: Gill Linda , Shee Charles
Published: January 2008

In 1993 the British Thoracic Society (BTS) recommended simple chest aspiration rather than insertion of an intercostal drain in the initial management of spontaneous pneumothorax. An audit of patients with pneumothorax admitted to our hospital before these recommendations were published showed that only two of 19 were initially treated by chest aspiration whereas 14 had a chest drain inserted. In the year after the new guidelines, 13 of 14 patients admitted had initial chest aspiration, and drains were inserted only when aspiration was unsuccessful. This audit shows that contrary to popular belief it is possible to change clinical practice radically in a short time.
Development and evaluation of a course for audit support staff in primary health care
Authors: Robertson Noelle , Hearnshaw Hilary , Baker Richard
Published: January 2008

Audit support staff comprise a new profession in the National Health Service. They have a key role in enhancing the work of audit groups in both primary and secondary care. However, arrangements for their formal training have not yet been established. This study describes how a training needs analysis was undertaken with audit support staff in one health region in England and reports the construction and evaluation of the first course designed explicitly for this group of staff. Well trained audit support staff have an important role in making clinical audit effective. Training should be based on information about their training needs, and opportunities should be provided for their continued professional development.
Clinical effectiveness: making it happen
Authors: Freedman Danielle B. , Buttery Yvette E.
Published: January 2008

This paper describes one trust's approach to the clinical effectiveness initiative. Staff at the Luton and Dunstable Hospital NHS Trust have risen to the challenge of enhancing their clinical practice by developing and implementing a tri‐partite strategy that focuses on providing practitioners and managers with information about effective clinical practice, facilitating changes in clinical behaviour, and monitoring those changes.
Audit as a method of reducing benzodiazepine prescribing in general practice
Authors: Hughes Ian M. , Holden John D. , Tree Andrea M.
Published: January 2008

Background: Many audits in primary care can be criticized because of the absence of verifiable data to measure outcomes, and the lack of a non‐participating group against which to compare results. Objective: Using Prescribing Analyses and Cost (PACT) data to quantify the effect of an audit in 15 practices. We sought to quantify the effect of the audit of benzodiazepine prescribing in a district by measuring the detailed changes in prescribing in participating practices before, during and after audit, and by comparing the volume of prescribing of these drugs in participating and neighbouring non‐participating practices. Methods: At the start of the audit, 291 993 patients in the Sefton district of North West England were registered with 55 general practices. Fifteen practices, caring for 87 902 patients, took part in an audit of benzodiazepine prescribing. We analysed routinely‐collected prescribing data to assess trends in benzodiazepine prescribing for those practices which took part in the audit and the remaining (non‐participatory) practices in the district. Main measures: The number of defined daily doses of benzodiazepine prescribed by those general practitioners auditing their prescribing of these drugs during the audit. The volume of benzodiazepines prescribed by all general practitioners in Sefton during the quarter immediately before and the quarter immediately after the audit. Results: There was a significant reduction in the number of defined daily doses dispensed for temazepam, nitrazepam, and lorazepam during the audit. There was a significantly greater reduction in the number of items prescribed by those doctors who took part in the audit than their colleagues who did not. Conclusions: An audit of benzodiazepine prescribing achieved a significant reduction in the volume of these drugs dispensed. An analysis of routinely‐collected data can usefully measure the result of an audit of prescribing.
Cost‐effectiveness of routine cytological cervical surveillance following treatment for carcinoma of cervix
Authors: Bliss Peter , Trott Peter A. , Blake Peter R.
Published: January 2008

Objectives: The cost‐effectiveness of routine cervical cytology during follow‐up after treatment for carcinoma of cervix is examined. Subjects: All patients having routine follow‐up smears during the financial year 1993–1994. A total of 212 patients generated 311 smears, 96 had an intact cervix and 116 had surgical removal as part of their treatment. Ninety‐one patients with intact cervices and 109 without were evaluable. Results: Nine recurrences were detected, in every case this was expected, based on clinical findings. In two of these the smear was reported as normal. Two hundred and thirty smears were from entirely asymptomatic patients. Conclusions: Limiting cervical smears to those who are symptomatic, or where an abnormality is found on examination, would save approximately £3500 per year. This cost needs to be set beside the possibility of detecting an asymptomatic recurrence at an early stage; as reported by others. This suggests that the impact of this strategy is limited. A randomized trial with prospective economic assessment would be the only way to evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of routine cervical smears in the follow‐up of patients treated for cancer of cervix.
An audit of anticoagulant guidelines: the relative influence of education, presentation and complexity of guidelines on compliance
Authors: Bradley Graham
Published: January 2008

Because of a high incidence of bleeding complications, guidelines for the use of anticoagulants were introduced in our two acute district hospitals and audited on three occasions. Changes were made to the educational input, presentation of the guidelines and the guidelines themselves, between the audits, thus allowing evaluation of these possible influencing factors. Even with an intensive and continuing education programme, the work sheets (proforma) developed for the guidelines were used in only 41% of patients. When used, compliance with the guidelines was good and better than when the proformas were not used. Changing the way the guidelines were presented and the format of the proforma did not materially influence compliance, nor did the educational input, but simplifying the guidelines, by using low molecular weight heparin for deep venous thrombosis, led to considerable improvement. The complexity of guidelines should be a primary consideration when they are drawn up.
The prevention and treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: a review of clinical effectiveness studies
Authors: Kaltenthaler Eva , Morrell C.Jane , Booth Andrew , Akehurst Ron L.
Published: January 2008

Diabetic foot ulcers are associated with considerable morbidity, mortality and costs to the NHS. This paper describes a review of publications reporting randomised controlled trials examining the clinical effectiveness of interventions for diabetic foot ulcers for 1986–1996. Only 23 studies were identified that described randomised controlled trials and, of these, only 4 fulfilled three criteria shown to influence reliability of results: adequate description of randomisation, double blinding and description of withdrawals and drop‐outs. No cost‐effectiveness studies conducted alongside trials were identified from the searches. This shortage of rigorous trials highlights the need for more well designed research in the prevention and treatment of diabetic foot ulcers to determine clinical effectiveness as well as relative cost‐effectiveness.
Clinical effectiveness: a multi‐disciplinary educational needs assessment in the West Midlands
Authors: Houghton Guy , Mendes da Costa Baron
Published: January 2008

The Evidence Supported Medicine Union (EMU) was formed in the West Midlands to introduce and develop the ideas of evidence‐based medicine into general and hospital practice. To understand the educational needs of multi‐disciplinary members of acute trusts, a series of half‐day workshops were planned. All acute trusts accepted the invitation to send multi‐disciplinary teams — delegates attended in total in groups varying from one to nine. The major needs of acute trusts were: 1. critical appraisal skills, 2. multi‐disciplinary training workshops, 3. prioritizing areas for evidence‐based medicine, and 4. linking evidence‐based medicine into clinical audit.
Appraisal of clinical effectiveness — an ACE approach to promoting evidence‐based therapy
Authors: Richardson Barbara , Jerosch‐Herold Christina
Published: January 2008

This article reports the evaluation of two workshops to develop evidence‐based practice (EBP) in occupational therapy and physiotherapy. An innovative approach was taken in the design of workshops on critical appraisal which specifically addressed needs of therapists to appraise clinical effectiveness (ACE). The background to the workshops is given and the evaluative process and a summary of the findings presented. The statistical analysis indicates that there is a significant difference (P= 0.0001) in self‐reported knowledge before and after the workshops. The evaluation highlights the differing needs of health care professional groups in establishing a culture of EBP in then‐workplaces.
Developing practice through clinical audit
Authors: Warren Bernard
Published: January 2008

This paper examines in detail how mental health nurses can successfully utilize clinical audit to improve quality of care for patients. An emphasis is given to active involvement of nurses at all stages of the audit process. To achieve real improvements in quality emphasis is placed on having clear recommendations and the implementation of minimum standards across the organization. In a mental health trust an example is given of how mental health nurses, through an audit project, are working towards ensuring the standard of Depot Neuroleptic Administration. The steps needed to complete the audit cycle and implement change in a large trust are discussed.
BANKER/ACCOUNTANT INTER‐RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT AND FINANCIAL ADVICE PROVISION IN THE UK SME SECTOR
Authors: Chaston Ian
Published: January 2008

Two common causes of failure in the UK SME sector are under‐capitalisation and poor financial management skills. In theory the objective of the banking and accountancy professions should be the provision of external advisory services that enhance the management of the financial aspects of the business. Delivery of this objective could contribute to increasing small firm survival rates. A survey of South West SME firms reveals that although owner/managers see benefits in utilising the expertise of their accountants, banks are openly distrusted and there is a preference for minimising contact with the banking community. A parallel survey of accountants and bankers confirmed these attitudes and also indicated that accountants may reinforce the owner/manager behaviour to limit the quantity of financial information which is made available to the bank. If the banking and accounting segments of the UK financial services industry adopted a strategy of actively co‐operating with each other, the quality of external advice made available to smaller enterprises would be greatly enhanced.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE LOAN GUARANTEE SCHEME
Authors: Cowling Marc , Clay Nick
Published: January 2008

The Loan Guarantee Scheme (LGS) has, for the last thirteen years, been the foremost government initiative concerned with the financing of small businesses. It was developed to alleviate some of the fundamental problems that smaller firms face when seeking finance due to a lack of loan security, and the fact that some 33,500 firms have obtained funding under the scheme is an indicator of its success. The study uses econometric techniques to identify the influential determinants of LGS take‐up and failure rates. The results show that the two scheme parameters, the interest rate premium and the proportion of the loan guaranteed, were the key determinants of take‐up. On the other hand, failure rates were influenced by liquidity (cash flow), interest rates and other macroeconomic factors. We conclude that the government can directly influence the level of take‐up on the LGS by adjusting the two key parameters, namely the premium and the guarantee.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND CHANGE IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR: THE GARIBALDI SCHOOL
Authors: Boyett Inger , Finlay Don
Published: January 2008

In 1989 a new head teacher was appointed to the Garibaldi School in Mansfield. Even before taking up his new position, he was aware of the need for changes — the school had a bad reputation locally, the staff were unmotivated and the finance available through local authority funding was not sufficient to provide the quality of education he would wish. He developed a three and a five year plan incorporating a change of internal culture, the organisational structure, the perceived value of Garibaldi to all its stakeholders, the quality of educational experience for the youngsters and means of generating revenue for the school. The case looks at cultural change, flattening of hierarchies, the ‘bobbing cork’ organisational archetype, the entrepreneurial strategic management system, the marketing of the school and the hugely successful raising of finance, £56,000 in 1992. By early 1993 the objectives of the initial forward plans had all been met and even surpassed whilst the new head teacher had become recognised by many — including the awarders of the title ‘East Midlands Company of the Year 1992’ — as a successful entrepreneur. But can such entrepreneurial activities coexist with the values and ethics society impresses on the educators of our children? Can such innovatory management and leadership be sustained over time without cost to the effective operation of the institution, educating children?
ADJUSTING TO CHANGE: HOW SMALL FIRMS MIGHT GET AROUND THE (POTENTIAL) MARKETING MYOPIA PROBLEM
Authors: Kitchen Philip J. , Proctor R. Anthony
Published: January 2008

The response or non‐response of small businesses to change is an important area of study. Environmental analysis is a crucial corollary to business development and growth. However, experience of small firms has indicated that the managers of such enterprises may become myopic in relation to changes in the business environment, or may not respond to or notice slow change. This myopia or lethargy exhibited by small firms needs to be avoided if such firms are to survive and grow. Four crucial questions (where is the firm now; where is it heading if it takes no action to change things; where do we want the firm to be; and how might we take it there?) must be answered if small firms wish to survive and grow. It is recommended that environmental analysis coupled with the use of a creativity consultant may help small firms to develop strategies for adjusting to change and avoiding marketing myopia.
NETWORKS AND PARTNERSHIPS: MANAGING CHANGE AND COMPETITION
Authors: Joyce Paul , Woods Adrian , Black Sharon
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTION Companies operating in international markets have been told that innovation lies at the heart of success and that they should establish early warning systems to help them see the signals of change (Porter, 1990). At the global level, technological developments and competitive conditions have been seen as ‘increasing pressure on firms to co‐operate along and between value‐added chains’ (Dunning, 1993). However, does this apply only to multinational enterprises competing in world markets? In the early 1990s many small firms in London were also under pressure; they were often in industries characterized by significant technical changes, to which managers had responded by introducing technical developments into their own firms. They had often been severely constrained in their attempts to achieve their business objectives by difficult competitive conditions, notably the poor growth of market demand and the increasing intensity of competition. Of course, businesses everywhere have always faced changes in their competitive environments and it is the responsibility of management to make appropriate responses to these changes. However, firms vary in their ability to identify and understand the competitive environment and in their ability to mobilize and manage the resources needed for a successful response (Pettigrew and Whipp, 1993).
HOW HRC QUIETLY PROFESSIONALIZED
Authors: O'Brien Paula , Walley Paul
Published: January 2008

Harboro Rubber Company is a small manufacturing business which has managed a successful strategic change in a short space of time. The plan involved moving the company from an uncompetitive, loss‐making position to one where the company is enjoying growth and profitability. The distinguishing feature of the changes is the extent to which strategic decisions have been influenced by lower level employees who previously had no say in how the business was managed. Critical success factors which made the transition so successful are identified, the most important being the avoidance of programmatic change.
SMALL BUSINESS NETWORKS: ASSISTING THE IDEA IDENTIFICATION PROCESS
Authors: Chaston Ian
Published: January 2008

In the late 1980s, the Danish Technological Institute received funding to determine whether structured networking might offer a concept for promoting survival and growth among small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). To overcome the frequent absence of a large firm‐type hub in the SME sector, the Institute evolved a five‐phase model in which an independent individual external to the potential network assumes the role of broker and is responsible for guiding an inter‐firm co‐operation process. Observation of a pilot initiative in the UK determined that the most critical event within the process model is the identification of a viable idea which can provide the basis for forming a new business network. A study to gain further understanding of the nature of any process gap within the methodology, which brokers have been advised to utilize, indicated that the technique of unstructured, open‐ended interviewing to gain an understanding of factors influencing the performance of firms is often not very effective. Details are provided here of a new, more structured audit tool. A preliminary qualitative evaluation of the new technique indicated this has significant potential for assisting the broker to rapidly identify a viable idea which can provide the basis for forming a new business network.
TECHNOLOGICAL ALLIANCES BETWEEN HEIS AND SMFS: EXAMINING THE CURRENT EVIDENCE
Authors: Tang Nelson K.H. , Agnew Andrew , Jones Oswald
Published: January 2008

Small and medium‐sized firms (SMFs) can make valuable economic and social contributions through their distinctive capabilities for innovation. However, SMFs rarely possess adequate R&D resources and are therefore dependent upon external technological information. We believe that collaboration between higher education institutions (HEIs) and SMFs has considerable potential for strengthening innovatory activity in the UK. However, very little detailed information is available about the process of technology transfer from the perspectives of HEIs and SMFs. This paper examines ways in which HEIs establish links with SMFs as a means of commercializing their scientific and technological research. A questionnaire was used to obtain data from 37 HEIs on technological alliances with SMFs. In addition, a number of interviews were carried out with individuals responsible for marketing HEI science and technology.
CORPORATE PERSONALITY IN YOUNG ENTREPRENEURIAL MANUFACTURING FIRMS
Authors: Kauranen Ilkka
Published: January 2008

The interrelationships between corporate personality traits and the success of firms was examined. Corporate personality traits contribute to the characteristic behaviour pattern of a firm.
J. & F. STONE LIGHTING & RADIO LTD. v. HAYGARTH
Authors: Reid  , of Borth‐y‐Gest Morris , Pearce  , Upjohn  , Pearson
Published: January 2008

October 20, 1966 Factories — Definition — Shop and workroom — Television and radio sets and electrical equipment on sale, hire and hire‐purchase in shop — Business of repair, adjustment and maintenance in workroom — Single engineer employed in workroom — Workroom business carried on in conjunction with shop business — Whether premises a “factory” — Whether engineer employed in “manual labour” — Factories Act, 1961 (9 & 10 Eliz. II, c. 34), s. 175(1).
WOOLLINS v. BRITISH CELANESE LTD.
Authors: Denning M.R. , Danckwerts L.J. , Salmon L.J.
Published: January 2008

May 11, 1966 Occupiers' liability — Common duty of care — Electrical engineer's fall from hardboard roofing — Warning notice in wrong place — Whether “special risk ordinarily incident” to calling — Occupiers' Liability Act, 1957 (5 & 6 Eliz. II., c.31), s. 2(2), (3) (b).
BRADFORD v. ROBINSON RENTALS LTD.
Authors: Rees J.
Published: January 2008

October 24, 1966 Negligence — Safe system of work — Foreseeability of injury — Injury of unusual kind — Employee required to perform unusual task — Radio and television mobile service engineer required to drive long distance to exchange vehicles — Cold weather resulting in cold injury (“frostbite”) — Whether frostbite foreseeable injury.
MORGAN v. FRY AND OTHERS
Authors: Widgery J.
Published: January 2008

March 17, 1967 Trade Dispute — Act in furtherance of — Trade union official threatening to induce strike action by employees unless workman rejoins union — Whether threat to induce breach of contract of employment — Employers dismissing work‐man by notice under his contract of service — Whether dismissal resulting from unlawful conspiracy — Whether act of inducement actionable at suit of dismissed work‐man when based on intimidation — Whether protected by section 3 of the Trade Disputes Act, 1906 — Whether justifiable — Trade Disputes Act, 1906 (6 Edw. VII, c. 47) ss. 3, 5.
INITIAL SERVICES LTD. v. PUTTERILL AND ANOTHER
Authors: Denning M.R. , Salmon L.J. , Winn L.J.
Published: January 2008

June 28, 1967 Master and Servant — Confidential information — Duty not to disclose — Implied term of contract — Extent of obligation — Alleged misconduct by employers — Alleged agreement by laundries to keep up prices — Agreement contrary to public interest — Whether disclosure to press justified — Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1956 (4 & 5Eliz.II , c.68), ss.6, 9.
HILES v. AMALGAMATED SOCIETY OF WOODWORKERS
Authors: Stamp J.
Published: January 2008

June 6, 1967 Trade union — Expulsion — Right of action — Member charged with breach of rules — Acquitted by management committee — Committee member purporting to appeal to executive council — Rules not precluding council from hearing member — Member not heard — Council excluding member from union — Whether contrary to natural justice — “Member aggrieved” — Whether rules providing for appeal by other than member charged — Rules providing for forfeiture of membership by member seeking redress of grievance in any manner other than provided for by rules before following their full procedure — Application to court — Whether membership forfeited by application to court on ground of exclusion against natural justice.
O'DONNELL v. MURDOCH McKENZIE & CO.LTD.
Authors: Reid  , Guest  , Upjohn  , Wilberforce  , Pearson
Published: January 2008

July 26, 1967 Building and construction — Safety Regulations — Breach — Causation — Failure to provide suitable scaffold — Whether workman would have used scaffold if provided — Whether failure to provide cause of fall — Construction (General Provisions) Regulations, 1961 (S.I. 1961, No. 1580), reg.7(2).
TAYLOR v. COALITE OILS & CHEMICALS LTD.
Authors: Willmer L.J. , Diplock L.J. , Winn L.J.
Published: January 2008

May 11, 1967 Factory — Safe means of access — Whether one place can be means of access and working place at same time in respect of one employee — “Means of access” to be given ordinary meaning — “Reasonably practicable” — Presence of temporary obstruction — Whether reasonably foreseeable danger — Factories Act, 1961 (9 & 10 Eliz.11, c.34), s. 29(1).
WRIGHT v. TYNE IMPROVEMENT COMMISSIONERS AND ANOTHER
Authors: Sellers L.J. , Danckwerts L.J. , Baker J.
Published: January 2008

December 4, 1967 Contract — Construction — Plant hire — Imdemnity — Hire of cranes for unloading of cargo from ship — Indemnity by hirers in respect of damage or loss “arising, directly or indirectly, out of or in connection with the … use of… crane” — Timber unloaded into wagons — Wagon negligently moved by capstan driver when docker in wagon preparing to unload timber suspended from crane — Accident to docker — Owners' liability to docker for injuries — Liability of hirers under indemnity.
ANDREWS v. NATIONAL UNION OF PRINTING, BOOKBINDING AND PAPER WORKERS (SOCIETY OF GRAPHICAL AND ALLIED TRADES, SUBSTITUTED DEFENDANT)
Authors: Megaw J.
Published: January 2008

March 1, 1968 Trade Union — Rules — Construction — Printing trade — Offer of vacancies to returning out‐of‐trade member — Much of work traditionally casual — Union's policy to offer regular vacancies to returning members — Whether obligation to offer casual vacancies — Whether returning member “out of employment” — Dispute over offer of vacancies — Whether breach of contractual agreement concerning “conditions on which… members… shall… be employed” — Trade Union Act, 1871, s.4(1).
KENDRICK v. COZENS AND SUTCLIFFE LTD.
Authors: Willmer L.J. , Winn L.J. , Davies Edmund
Published: January 2008

May 16, 1968 Building — Safety regulations — Roof of fragile materials — Safe means of access — Employee working from roof to knowledge of employers — Convenient but not necessary to do so — Not proper place from which to work — Employers' failure to inspect roof to see that safe — Whether negligent — Fall of employee through roof — Whether employers in breach of statutory duty — Whether roof place where employee “has…to work” — “Have to pass over” — “Ladders” — Building (Safety, Health and Welfare) Regulations, 1948 (S.I. 1948 No. 1145), reg. 31(3) — Construction (General Provisions) Regulations, 1961 (S.I. 1961 No. 1580), reg. 7(1).
WILLIAMS v. PAINTER BROTHERS LTD.
Authors: Willmer L.J. , Winn L.J. , Davies Edmund
Published: January 2008

May 28, 1968 Factory — Floor — Maintenance — Slippery substance — Obligation to keep floor free from “so far as is reasonably practicable” — Extent of statutory duty — Whether necessary for plaintiff to show that reasonable occupier would have foreseen presence of substance on floor — Whether occupier's duty discharged by provision of proper system of cleaning of floor — Whether discharged by entrusting work resulting in substance on floor to responsible workman — Onus of proof — Factories Act, 1961 (9 & 10 Eliz.II, c.34), s.28(1).
COLLIER v. HALL & HAM RIVER CO. LTD.
Authors: Waller J.
Published: January 2008

May 28, 1968 Negligence — Safe system of work — Safe means of access — Quarry — Employers transporting workman by barge across water to quarry — Place of work on bank — Access to place of work by stepping above turning propeller — Whether unsafe method of transport — Worker slipping injured by propeller — Whether employers negligent — Whether breach of statutory duty to provide “safe means of access” — Whether negligence eliminates defence of impracticability — Worker before accident doing heavy work — After accident worker permanently fit for light work only but earning substantially as much as before accident — Whether element in total award of damages — Mines and Quarries Act, 1954 (2 & 3 Eliz.II, c.70), ss.109,157.
HERTON v. BLAW KNOX LTD.
Authors: Willis J.
Published: January 2008

November 25, 1968 Negligence — Safe system of work — Dangerous work — Employer teaching workman dangerous method of working — Workman injured when following procedure taught him — No other instruction or warning given of danger — Whether employer negligent — Lathe operator gaining experience from working for employer — Danger limit of protrusion for judgment of individual workman — Limit of safe protrusion exceeded by small distance — Whether contributory negligence.
FORD MOTOR CO. LTD. v. AMALGAMATED UNION OF ENGINEERING AND FOUNDRY WORKERS AND OTHERS
Authors: Lane J. Geoffrey
Published: January 2008

March 6, 1969 Contract — Formation — Intention to create legal relationship — Collective agreement — Joint negotiating committee of employer and trade unions — Agreements regulating procedure and conditions of employment of employee members — No express provision for agreement to be actionable at law — Background of opinion that agreement not legally enforceable — Wording of clauses raising difficulties of enforcement — Whether intended to be enforceable — Whether legally binding.
PEPPER v. WEBB
Authors: Harman L.J. , Russell L.J. , Karminski L.J.
Published: January 2008

February 20, 1969 Master and servant — Wrongful dismissal — Gardener — Written contract — Express term for three months' notice of termination of contract — Deterioration in work — Complaints of “dumb insolence” — Final act of insolence — Whether indicating repudiation of responsibilities under contract — Whether summary dismissal justified.
CODDINGTON v. INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF GREAT BRITAIN LTD.
Authors: Ormrod J.
Published: January 2008

March 7, 1969 Master and servant — Vicarious liability — Course of employment — Onus of proof — Deliberate act of practical joker causing injury to fellow workman — Foreseeability — No evidence of previous danger from practical joker's acts — Events not prima facie arising out of or in course of employment — Whether principle of res ipsa loquitur applicable — Whether onus on plaintiff to establish acts within scope of employment — Possibility that crucial act outside scope of employment — Whether onus discharged — Liability of employer.
PARRY v. CLEAVER
Authors: Reid  , of Borth‐y‐Gest Morris , Pearce  , Wilberforce  , Pearson
Published: January 2008

February 5, 1969 Damages — Personal injuries — Assessment — Pension — Compulsory contribution — Police pension fund — Policeman disabled in accident — Assessment of lost earnings and pension rights — Whether pension deductible.
SECRETARY OF STATE FOR EMPLOYMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY v. C. MAURICE & CO. LTD.
Authors: Guest  , Pearce  , Donovan  , Wilberforce  , Pearson
Published: January 2008

March 26, 1969 Revenue — Selective employment tax — Qualifying activities — Electrical contractors — Work for electricity boards — Whether engaged in “activities falling under” minimum list heading “602 electricity” in Standard Industrial Classification — Whether “construction” — Whether “production and distribution” for public supply — “Distribution” — “Activities” — Selective Employment Payments Act, 1966 (c.32), s.2(2)(a), (3) — Standard Industrial Classification, Ords. XVII, 500, XVIII, 602.
HOTEL AND CATERING INDUSTRY TRAINING BOARD v. AUTOMOBILE PROPRIETARY LTD.
Authors: Reid  , Pearce  , Upjohn  , Donovan  , Pearson
Published: January 2008

May 13, 1969 Industrial Training — Industrial training levy — Hotel and catering industry — Statutory Order including in scope of “activities” provision of meals and lodging by members' club — Club not engaged in industry or commerce — Whether activities of industry or commerce — “Those activities” — Whether club “employers in the industry” — Validity of Order — Industrial Training Act, 1964 (1964 c.16), ss. 1(1)(2), 4(1) — Industrial Training (Hotel and Catering Board) Order 1966 (S.I. 1966 No. 1347).
JAMES v. WOODALL DUCKHAM CONSTRUCTION CO. LTD.
Authors: Salmon L.J. , Winn L.J. , Karminski L.J.
Published: January 2008

February 28, 1969 Damages — Special damage — Loss of earnings between accident and trial — “Compensationitis” — Plaintiff's minor physical injuries — Anxiety neurosis — Functional pain for which no physical cause — Pain expected to vanish on determination of plaintiff's claim — Whether duty to prosecute action with due diligence — Plaintiff's dilatoriness in proceedings — Effect on special damage.
TREMAIN v. PIKE AND ANOTHER
Authors: Payne J.
Published: January 2008

July 7, 1969 Negligence — Farmer — Rare disease — Contracted by farm employee in course of employment — Weil's disease — Existence not generally known to fanners — Whether risk foreseeable — Whether farmer liable in negligence.
TEARLE v. CHEVERTON & LAIDLER LTD.
Authors: Stephenson J. John
Published: January 2008

July 29, 1969 Factory — Statutory duty — Admitted breach by employer — Machinery not guarded — Injury to experienced employee — Whether negligent — Whether employee also in breach of statutory duty — Apportionment of blame — Factories Act, 1961 (9 & 10 Eliz. II, c. 34), s. 143 (1), (2).
HOME COUNTIES DAIRIES LTD. AND ANOTHER v. SKILTON AND ANOTHER
Authors: Harman L.J. , Salmon L.J. , Cross L.J.
Published: January 2008

January 21, 1970 Master and Servant — Contract of employment — Agreement in restraint of trade — Covenant by employee not to serve or sell “milk or dairy produce” to employer's customers for one year after leaving employment — No restriction as to area — Whether enforceable.
WOODS v. POWER GAS CORPORATION LTD.
Authors: Davies L.J. , Winn L.J. , Atkinson Fenton
Published: January 2008

November 26, 1969 Building — Safety regulations — Applicability — Regulation providing that support to be given “Where work cannot safely be done… from part of a building” — Further regulation providing for safety belts in special circumstances — Steel erector working astride girder — Girder part of permanent structure — Fall in course of bolting beam to stanchion — Whether safe place of work — Whether breach by employer of regulations — Construction (General Provisions) Regulations, 1961 (S. 1. 1961, No. 1580), regs. 7(2) and 54.
SKELTON v. A.V.P. DEVELOPMENTS LTD.
Authors: Winn L.J. , Karminski L.J. , Willmer Gordon
Published: January 2008

March 19, 1970 Building — Safety Regulations — Scaffold — Left “partly … dismantled” — Workman properly provided with trestles — User of scaffold for balancing — Whether scaffold “capable of being used” — Construction (Working Places) Regulations, 1966 (S.I. 1966, No. 94), regs. 4, 7, 12.
ENGINEERING INDUSTRY TRAINING BOARD v. FOSTER WHEELER JOHN BROWN BOILERS LTD.
Authors: Denning M.R. , Wilberforce  , Phillimore L.J.
Published: January 2008

March 20, 1970 Industrial training — Industrial training levy — Engineering industry — Company providing steam generating plant for thermal power stations — Assembly of pre‐manufactured parts on site — Whether activity of engineering industry or construction industry — Definition of civil engineering work expressly including construction of thermal power station — Whether general words of exception operative to take essential process of construction of thermal power station out of civil engineering — Whether company liable to pay engineering industry levy or construction industry levy — Industrial Training Act, 1964 (c.16), ss. 1,4 — Industrial Training (Engineering Board) Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968, No. 1333), Sch., paras. 1(h)(ii), 2(d), 3.
HUTCHISON AND OTHERS v. AITCHISON AND OTHERS
Authors: Brightman J.
Published: January 2008

July 8, 1970 Trade Dispute — Act in furtherance of — Sub‐contractor employing union members operating on site in breach of national working rules — Strike action by other union members — Employees of sub‐contractor withdrawn from site — Sub‐contract terminated — Continued refusal of union members to work with former employees of sub‐contractor — Whether an act in furtherance of trade dispute.
N.A.S. AIRPORT SERVICES LTD. v. HOTEL AND CATERING INDUSTRY TRAINING BOARD
Authors: Denning M.R. , Atkinson Fenton , Cairns L.J.
Published: January 2008

October 15, 1970 Industrial Training — Industrial training levy — Hotel and catering industry — Statutory Order including in scope of activities “supply… of food and drink to persons for immediate consumption” — Food and drink supplied to intermediary for consumption by other persons — Company supplying prepared meals to airlines — Consumed by passengers at mealtimes — Whether “immediate consumption” — Whether company engaged in “activity” within scope of Order — Whether levy properly imposed — Industrial Training Act, 1964 (c.16), s.4(l) — Industrial Training (Hotel and Catering Board) Order, 1966 (S.1. 1966, No. 1347), Sch. 1, para. 1(a) — Industrial Training Levy (Hotel and Catering) Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968, No. 921), para. 2(1) (h) (i).
CARLIN v. HELICAL BAR LTD.
Authors: Rees J.
Published: January 2008

June 26,1970 Damages — Personal injuries — Assessment — Nervous shock and personality change — Man crushed by crane being operated by plaintiff in course of employment — Liability for accident admitted by plaintiffs employers — Effect on plaintiff — Loss of amenities and depressive illness — Appropriate sum to be awarded as general damages.
HETHERINGTON v. DEPENDABLE PRODUCTS LTD.
Authors: Denning M.R. , Atkinson Fenton , Cairns L.J.
Published: January 2008

October 9, 1970 Master and Servant — Redundancy — Dismissal — Ill health — Union's letter re. redundancy — Whether “notice” of claim — Construction — Redundancy Payments Act, 1965 (c.62),s.21.
E. RENNISON & SON v. MINISTER OF SOCIAL SECURITY
Authors: Bridge J.
Published: January 2008

December 1,1970 Insurance — Employers' liability — Office staff employed on contracts of service — Contracts terminated and new contracts entered into describing employees as “self‐employed” — No change in hours of work or remuneration — Staff subsequently forming partnership among themselves — Work and rates of pay continuing as before — Partnership remuneration paid weekly by lump sum to cashier partner to be divided among others — Whether firm liable for national insurance and industrial injury contributions — National Insurance Act, 1965 (c.51), ss. 1(2), 64(1) — National Insurance (Industrial Injuries) Act, 1965 (c.52), s.35(1).
NOTTINGHAM v. ALDRIDGE AND ANOTHER. PRUDENTIAL ASSURANCE CO. LTD. (THIRD PARTY)
Authors: Eveleigh J.
Published: January 2008

February 22, 1971 Master and Servant — Vicarious liability — Apprentices required to travel to detached place of work — No obligation to use own transport or carry passengers — Mileage allowance paid by employer if own transport used — Passenger allowance payable for carriage of fellow apprentice — Apprentice injured while being driven to work as passenger of fellow apprentice — Whether employer liable for acts of apprentice while driving — Whether acting as employer's servant or agent — Insurance cover for passenger carried “by reason of… contract of employment” — Whether insurers liable.
READY MIXED CONCRETE (LONDON) LTD. AND ANOTHER v. COX AND OTHERS
Authors: Pennycuick V.—C.
Published: January 2008

February 3, 1971 Contract — Procuring breach — Trade union — Dispute between drivers under contract, as independent contractors, with the plaintiffs to deliver concrete to customers — Union's recognition of drivers' refusal to work as being official “strike” — Whether union protected by Trade Disputes Act, 1906 — Meaning of “contract of employment” — Trade Disputes Act, 1906 (6 Edw. VII, c. 47), s.3.
SAYERS v. INTERNATIONAL DRILLING COMPANY N.V.
Authors: Denning M.R. , Salmon L.J. , Stamp L.J.
Published: January 2008

May 10, 1971 Master and Servant — Contract of employment — “International contract” — Dutch company recruiting European personnel to work on oil rigs outside their countries of origin — Printed form in Americanised English adaptable for different nationals — Payment in sterling — Clause stating that employers Dutch and contract wholly performable outside employee's country of origin — Clause under which employee accepting company's benefit programme in case of accident in lieu of all rights under law of his own country — Provision in clause excluding employers' liability void in English law — Englishman entering into contract in England for work on rig off Nigerian coast — Injury at work after two weeks — Action for damages for negligence begun in England against Dutch employers — Whether proper law governing contract Dutch or English — Whether injured Englishman confined to benefits under benefit programme valid in Dutch international contract.
STANLEY v. CONCENTRIC (PRESSED PRODUCTS) LTD
Authors: Davies L.J. , Sachs L.J. , Stamp L.J.
Published: January 2008

March 26; 1971 Negligence — Master and servant — Press operator — Scrap material lying on floor near press — Whether satisfactory system for removing scraps from floor.
HEARNSHAW v. ENGLISH STEEL CORPORATION LTD.
Authors: Salmon L.J. , Buckley L.J. , Orr L.J.
Published: January 2008

October 25, 1971 Damages — Personal injuries — Assessment — Skilled worker — Hand injury permanently preventing skilled work — Liability admitted by employers — Loss of amenities and future earning power — Appropriate awards.
WRIGHT v. DUNLOP RUBBER CO. LTD. AND ANOTHER CASSIDY v. SAME
Authors: O'Connor J.
Published: January 2008

April 20, 1971 Negligence — Duty of care — Manufacturer — Exposure to chemical containing carcinogen — Whether danger foreseeable.
ROGERS v. GEORGE BLAIR & CO. LTD.
Authors: Salmon L.J. , Buckley L.J. , Orr L.J.
Published: January 2008

November 5, 1971 Factory — Eyes — Protection — Provision of goggles or effective screens — “Suitable” — Grinding cast iron components with carborundum wheel—Small particles flying off — Evidence of accident history — Duty of employers — Factories Act, 1961 (9 & 10 Eliz. II, c. 34), s. 65 — Protection of Eyes Regulations, 1938 (S.R.. & O.1938, No. 654).
BOYTON v. WILLMENT BROTHERS LTD.
Authors: Davies L.J. , Davies Edmund , Buckley L.J.
Published: January 2008

July 6,1971 Building — Construction Regulations — “Working place” — Guard‐rails to be erected where workmen liable to fall more than six feet six inches — Partly demolished building — Floorboards removed to make four—feet—wide passageways with gap in between — Whether passageways a “working place” — Whether “impracticable” to erect guard‐rails — Construction (Working Places) Regulations, 1966 (S.I. 1966, No. 94), regs. 28(1), 38(1).
BENNETT v. CHEMICAL CONSTRUCTION (G.B.) LTD.
Authors: Davies L.J. , Davies Edmund , Stamp L.J.
Published: January 2008

June 10, 1971 Negligence — Burden of proof — Res ipsa loquitur — Whether necessary to plead‐Accident during course of employment — Workman injured by fall of heavy panels — Action against employer — Allegation that workmen moving panels caused or permitted them to fall — No alternative explanation — Applicability of doctrine of res ipsa loquitur — Damages — Agreed continuing annual loss — Dispute as to total sum awarded — Basis of calculation to be disclosed to court.
HILL v. C. A. PARSONS & CO. LTD.
Authors: Denning M.R. , Salmon L.J. , Stamp L.J.
Published: January 2008

November 10, 1971 Master and Servant — Contract of employment — Repudiation — Employers' invalid notice of termination — Not accepted by employee — Effect on contract — Whether employers restrainable by injunction — Effect of Industrial Relations Act, 1971 (c.72).