bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new and less invasive procedure for arytenoid adduction surgery
Authors: Murata Takaaki , Yasuoka Yoshihito , Shimada Tetsuaki , Shino Masato , Iida Hideki , Takahashi Katsumasa , Furuya Nobuhiko
Published: May 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Arytenoid adduction (AA) is the most effective procedure for improving voice function in patients affected by unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP), but it is often associated with severe complications following airway obstruction. The aim of this study is to describe a new and less invasive AA surgical procedure termed endoscopic‐assisted AA surgery (EAAS) and to evaluate its voice outcomes.

Study Design:

We demonstrated this method using extirpated larynges from three laryngeal cancer patients. Ten patients with severe UVFP underwent EAAS alone or combined with type I thyroplasty or lipoinjection laryngoplasty.

Methods:

EAAS involves the placement of permanent adducting sutures around the muscular process (MP) of the arytenoid cartilage using two needles, a penetration needle and a loop needle, under endoscopic guidance. To define the anatomic position of the MP for safer needle insertion, the location of the MP was measured relative to three landmarks on computed tomography/X‐ray images of the larynges and in resected larynges. For all patients with UVFP, the maximum phonation time, mean airflow rate, and three acoustic analysis parameters were measured before and after EAAS.

Results:

The values of the three variables were similar in all cases. Most patients achieved a maximum phonation time of more than 10 seconds and a mean airflow rate of less than 200 mL/second. All three acoustic analysis parameters were significantly improved after surgery.

Conclusions:

EAAS is a simple and effective arytenoid rotation procedure.
Sleep magnetic resonance imaging: Dynamic characteristics of the airway during sleep in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
Authors: Barrera Jose E.
Published: May 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To determine the dynamic characteristics of airway obstruction in subjects with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome.

Study Design:

A prospective cohort study of 20 OSA patients and 19 control subjects who underwent real‐time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation between 2006 and 2008.

Methods:

The dynamics of the upper airway were visualized using real‐time MRI (RTHawk system, Stanford, CA) during natural sleep. Respiratory and desaturation events were correlated to polysomnogram results, and anatomic site of obstruction was determined from the real‐time MRI sequences. The relation between visually observed airway obstructions and autonomic system changes was quantified and reliability calculated (Cronbach α, Aabel 2009; Gigawiz, Ltd., Tulsa, OK). An automated analysis tool was developed to determine which respiratory event is associated with the longest duration and location of obstruction in the posterior airway space (Matlab 2009; Mathworks, Inc., Natick, MA).

Results:

Airway obstructions visualized on Sleep MRI during natural sleep included retropalatal, retroglossal, and combined obstruction. Respiratory events (mean rate of 31.9 per hour per subject) and desaturations (mean rate of 19.4 per hour per subject) temporally coincided with airway obstructive events. Intrarater reliability coefficients ranged from a low of 0.95 to a high of 1.0 for each rater. Inter‐rater reliability coefficients ranged from a low of 0.85 to a high of 1.0.

Conclusions:

Sleep MRI is a novel and reliable approach to simultaneously evaluate airway obstructions and respiratory events in real time during natural sleep. Sleep MRI can define the dynamic characteristics of airway obstruction in both surgically naive and postsurgical OSA patients.
Copper machining with lasers
Authors: Deininger Christoph
Published: May 2011

Welding as well as brazing or soldering processes are thermal processes. Therefore, the isolating material will be molten during the joining processes if it's not removed before. This highly affects the stability and reproducibility of the joining processes. This article describes several approaches how to overcome the obstacles in joining of copper materials by using lasers for part preparation and welding.
Fiber lasers change the cutting market
Authors: Grupp Michael
Published: May 2011

Since the introduction of high power fiber lasers a fast development of this technology has taken place. It leads to growing acceptance – especially in the laser cutting market. By the unique characteristics of fiber lasers new application fields and markets were captured and existing technologies could be replaced. Meanwhile new developments accelerate the general trend to fiber lasers not only in 2D/3D cutting applications.
Vigorous recovery in laser materials processing
Authors: Mayer Arnold
Published: May 2011

According to the annual survey performed by Optech Consulting the global market for laser systems for materials processing accounted for $ 7.9 billion (€ 5.9 billion) in 2010. As compared to the $ 5.3 billion (€ 3.8 billion) reached in 2009 this corresponds to an increase of 49 % (55 %). Note that the growth rate is larger for the market measured in Euro because the average value of the Euro vs. the US dollar decreased by 4 %. After the historic slump in the crisis year 2009 the growth in 2010 was not fully sufficient to take the market back to its former record high of $ 9.4 billion (€ 6.4 billion) reached in 2008(see Fig. 1).
Osculating spaces and diophantine equations (with an Appendix by Pietro Corvaja and Umberto Zannier)
Authors: Bolognesi Michele , Pirola Gianpietro
Published: May 2011

This paper deals with some classical problems about the projective geometry of complex algebraic curves. We call locally toric a projective curve that in a neighbourhood of every point has a local analytical parametrization of type \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$(t^{a_1},\dots ,t^{a_n})$\end{document}, with a1, …, an relatively prime positive integers. In this paper we prove that the general tangent line to a locally toric curve in P3 meets the curve only at the point of tangency. More generally, under mild hypotesis, up to a finite number of anomalous parametrizations \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$(t^{a_1},\dots ,t^{a_n})$\end{document}, the general osculating 2‐space to a locally toric curve of genus g < 2 in P4 does not meet the curve again. The arithmetic part of the proof of this result relies on the results contained in the Appendix. By means of the same methods we give some applications and we propose possible further developments. © 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Variable order subordination in the sense of Bochner and pseudo‐differential operators
Authors: Evans Kristian , Jacob Niels
Published: May 2011

For a large class of pseudo‐differential operators with a negative definite symbol q(x, ξ) in the sense of Hoh and for a large family of x‐dependent Bernstein functions f(x, ·) we prove that the pseudo‐differential operator with symbol −f(x, q(x, ξ)) has an extension generating a Feller semigroup. © 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Pharmacological inhibition of Mdm2 triggers growth arrest and promotes DNA breakage in mouse colon tumors and human colon cancer cells
Authors: Rigatti Marc J. , Verma Rajeev , Belinsky Glenn S. , Rosenberg Daniel W. , Giardina Charles
Published: May 2011

The p53 tumor suppressor protein performs a number of cellular functions, ranging from the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis to effects on DNA repair. Modulating p53 activity with Mdm2 inhibitors is a promising approach for treating cancer; however, it is presently unclear how the in vivo application of Mdm2 inhibitors impact the myriad processes orchestrated by p53. Since approximately half of all colon cancers (predominately cancers with microsatellite instability) are p53‐normal, we assessed the anticancer activity of the Mdm2 inhibitor Nutlin‐3 in the mouse azoxymethane (AOM) colon cancer model, in which p53 remains wild type. Using a cell line derived from an AOM‐induced tumor, we found that four daily exposures to Nutlin‐3 induced persistent p53 stabilization and cell cycle arrest without significant apoptosis. A 4‐day dosing schedule in vivo generated a similar response in colon tumors; growth arrest without significantly increased apoptosis. In adjacent normal colon tissue, Nutlin‐3 treatment reduced both cell proliferation and apoptosis. Surprisingly, Nutlin‐3 induced a transient DNA damage response in tumors but not in adjacent normal tissue. Nutlin‐3 likewise induced a transient DNA damage response in human colon cancer cells in a p53‐dependent manner, and enhanced DNA strand breakage and cell death induced by doxorubicin. Our findings indicate that Mdm2 inhibitors not only trigger growth arrest, but may also stimulate p53's reported ability to slow homologous recombination repair. The potential impact of Nutlin‐3 on DNA repair in tumors suggests that Mdm2 inhibitors may significantly accentuate the tumoricidal actions of certain therapeutic modalities. Mol. Carcinog. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Patient Evaluation of a Novel Patient Education Leaflet About Heart Disease Risk Among People with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: John Holly , Hale Elizabeth D. , Treharne Gareth J. , Korontzis Konstandinos , Obrenovic Karen , Carroll Douglas , Kitas George D.
Published: May 2011

Objectives

People with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) require access to clear and consistent information about their condition, and Arthritis Research UK produces a wide range of leaflets to meet this need. There is no patient information leaflet about cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the context of having RA, despite the fact that CVD accounts for 50% of the mortality in RA. A leaflet was developed; this paper describes the patient evaluation of this novel education resource.

Methods

A questionnaire was developed to evaluate the leaflet's content, literacy, graphics, layout and ability to stimulate learning. It was distributed, with the leaflet, to 500 National Rheumatoid Arthritis Society members.

Results

There was a 72.8% response rate. Of the respondents: 96% agreed that the purpose of the leaflet was clear; 78% agreed that the leaflet was relevant to them; 96% agreed that they understood the leaflet; 53% agreed that the leaflet cover was appealing; 81% agreed that the size of the typing was suitable; 71% agreed that the advice was appropriate for their lifestyle. Omissions included adequately describing any risks associated with its advice, what sources of information were used to compile the leaflet and when this information was produced. Eighty‐four per cent of respondents said that they would recommend this leaflet to other people with RA. Qualitatively, many people felt more empowered as a result of reading the leaflet.

Conclusions

Patient evaluation of new educational resources is important and ensures that materials meet patients' needs and are presented in a user‐friendly style. Ultimately, the test of the effectiveness of the leaflet will be if patients change their behaviour appropriately. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solid‐state lighting
Authors: Haitz Roland , Tsao Jeffrey Y.
Published: May 2011

Solid‐state lighting is on the verge of replacing every lamp on earth, from the smallest signal lamp to the largest stadium‐scale flood lamp. We review the path that solid‐state lighting has taken: from its early years; to the pivotal period around 1999 when it began to be taken seriously; to the challenges it faced as it made continued progress; to the present when its success over traditional lighting is practically certain; and finally to the future in which it may face competition from other technologies.
Reaction kinetics investigation of 1‐fluoro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene with substituted anilines in ethyl acetate–methanol mixtures using linear and nonlinear free energy relationships
Authors: Jamali‐Paghaleh Javad , Harifi‐Mood Ali Reza , Gholami Mohammad Reza
Published: May 2011

Aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction of 1‐fluoro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene with para‐substituted and meta‐substituted anilines was kinetically investigated in the mixtures of ethyl acetate and methanol at room temperature. The correlation of second‐order rate coefficients with Hammett's substituent constants yields a fairly linear straight line with negative slope in different mole fractions of ethyl acetate–methanol mixtures. The measured rate coefficients of the reaction demonstrated a dramatic variation in ethyl acetate–methanol mixtures with the increasing mole fraction of ethyl acetate. Linear free energy relationship (LFER) investigations confirm that polarity has a major effect on the reaction rate whereas the hydrogen‐bonding ability of the media has a slight effect on it. Nonlinear free energy relationship based on preferential solvation hypothesis showed differences between the microsphere solvation of the solute and the bulk composition of the solvents, and non‐ideal behavior is observed in the trend of the rate coefficients, which cover the LFER results. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical study on the adduct of chlorine trifluoride oxide and boron trifluoride—molecular and crystal structures, vibrational spectrum, and thermodynamic properties
Authors: Du Hongchen , Wang Guixiang , Gong Xuedong , Xiao Heming
Published: May 2011

To search for the most stable form and understand the relationship between the structure and property of the adduct of chlorine trifluoride oxide and boron trifluoride, various isomeric structures were constructed and optimized with the first principle methods. The most stable structure of the adduct has an ionic form. The vibrational spectra were calculated and assigned, and used to compute the standard thermodynamic properties. Molecular mechanics method was employed to predict the possible crystal packing of the adduct, and density functional theory method was used to refine the crystal structure and to calculate the energy band. The obtained band gap (3.40 eV) shows that the crystal is insensitive and stable under closed environment as was found experimentally. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
THE IMPACT OF FINE SEDIMENT ON MACRO‐INVERTEBRATES
Authors: Jones J. I. , Murphy J. F. , Collins A. L. , Sear D. A. , Naden P. S. , Armitage P. D.
Published: May 2011

The sustainable use of water resources requires clear guidelines for the management of diffuse pollution inputs to rivers. Without informed guidelines, management decisions are unlikely to deliver cost‐effective improvements in the quality of rivers as required by current water policy. Here, we review the evidence available for deriving improved guidelines on the loading of fine sediment to rivers based on the impact on macro‐invertebrates. The relationship between macro‐invertebrates and fine sediments is poorly defined. Studies of the impacts of fine sediment on macro‐invertebrates have been undertaken at various scales, which has an influence on the range of responses displayed and the reliability of the results obtained; results obtained from investigations at smaller scales may not manifest at the scale required to manage rivers and vice versa. Many of the identified effects of increased loading of fine sediment on macro‐invertebrates occur as a consequence of deposition on the river bed, yet many current management guidelines are based on suspended sediment targets. On this basis, existing water quality guidelines for sediment management are unlikely to be appropriate. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling and Characterisation of the Texture Development in the Fusion Zone of An Austenitic Weld
Authors: Decroos Koen , Seefeldt Marc , Ohms Carsten , Petrov Roumen , Verhaeghe Frederik , Kestens Leo
Published: May 2011

The relation between texture and microstructure and the macroscopic solidification direction has been investigated for an austenitic 316L stainless steel weld. The fusion zone has been characterised by EBSD. Texture development has been simulated by thermal Finite Element Analysis coupled with a simple model of preferential <100>‐oriented solidification following the solidification direction. The thermal part is validated by means of thermocouple measurements at several locations on the specimen. The predicted texture is in very good agreement with the measured one.
Transformation Conditions ‐ Microstructures ‐ Mechanical Properties Relationship in 0.60%C Hypoeutectoid Steel
Authors: Zhang Chaolei , Liu Yazheng , Zhou Leyu
Published: May 2011

The relationship between transformation conditions, microstructures and mechanical properties were investigated on a 0.60%C hypoeutectoid steel, which has predominantly pearlitic microstructure. The steel had been austenized at 850‐1050 °C and then isothermally transformed at 570‐660 °C. Afterwards, the microstructures were analyzed by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, and quantitative metallography. And the mechanical properties were determined. The results indicated that the interlamellar spacing, the pearlitic colony size and the proeutectoid ferrite content follow a linear relationship with the reciprocal of the undercooling, and the strength, the hardness and the toughness follow a Hall‐Petch type of relationship with the inverse of the square root of the interlamellar spacing. Besides, the stress condition should be taken into account during analyzing the effect of the interlamellar spacing on the mechanical properties. The results have been explained on the basis of transformation conditions ‐ microsturctures ‐ mechanical properties ralationship.
Finite Element Analysis of Flange Spread Behavior in H‐beam Universal Rolling
Authors: Takashima Y. , Yanagimoto J.
Published: May 2011

Flange spread is one of the most important factors in the production of H‐beams with the universal rolling mill. Although some prediction models for flange spread have been proposed, the constants in the model equations should be determined for each product size, which requires much experimental work. In this research, finite element analysis was carried out in various rolling conditions and a technique for deciding the model constants by the analysis was investigated. First, rolling experiments using pure lead were carried out to confirm the correctness of the flange spread model. Finite element analyses were then executed for rolling conditions corresponding to the experiments. The flange spread in the numerical analyses showed very good agreement with the experimental results, confirming the accuracy of the numerical simulation. At the same time, the possibility of determining the model constants by numerical analysis was demonstrated. Other related properties of universal rolling were also investigated with the data from the finite element analysis. Changes in the web and flange thicknesses after exiting the roll gap were quantitatively simulated. The cross‐flow behavior between the web and flange was investigated, and the effect of rolling conditions on the cross‐flow ratio was obtained. This research demonstrates that finite element simulation is a powerful tool for investigating and modeling deformation in H‐beam universal rolling.
Evaluation of an objective method of image assessment for first‐trimester nasal bone
Authors: Thia E. W. H. , Wei X. , Tan D. T. H. , Lai X. H. , Zhang X. J. , Oo S. Y. , Yeo G. S. H.
Published: May 2011

Objective

To evaluate the degree of agreement in first‐trimester nasal bone assessment in a group of sonographers before and after training, using a semi‐quantitative scoring system.

Methods

Four sonographers who routinely perform first‐trimester screening were first shown 46 images from both normal and trisomy 21 pregnancies. For each image, they were asked to score from 0 (disagree) to 3 (agree) on five different criteria that were deemed important in nasal‐bone assessment, including image size, plane and visibility of nasal bone. A training program was then conducted, and a repeat exercise was carried out using the same 46 images. Finally, in a third exercise, images from 42 patients were presented, some having more than one image. The sonographers were required to give one overall nasal‐bone score for each patient. In each exercise interobserver agreement was evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).

Results

Before training, the sonographers agreed reasonably well on the five proposed criteria (ICC, 0.752), with some disagreement on their perceived image quality. The training program further improved the agreement (ICC, 0.790), particularly on whether the nasal bone was the biggest and brightest echogenic component. Agreement was excellent when they were asked to give one overall score on the nasal bone based on multiple images from one patient (ICC, 0.929).

Conclusion

The proposed scoring system can be used to improve consistency and reliability in first‐trimester nasal‐bone assessment. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Captive Breeding Does Not Alter Brain Volume in a Marsupial Over a Few Generations
Authors: Guay P.‐J. , Parrott M. , Selwood L.
Published: May 2011

Captive breeding followed by reintroduction to the wild is a common component of conservation management plans for various taxa. Although it is commonly used, captive breeding can result in morphological changes, including brain size decrease. Brain size reduction has been associated with behavioral changes in domestic animals, and such changes may negatively influence reintroduction success of captive‐bred animals. Many marsupials are currently bred in captivity for reintroduction, yet the impacts of captive breeding on brain size have never been studied in this taxa. We investigated the impacts of a few generations (2–7) of captive breeding on brain volume in the stripe‐faced dunnart (Sminthopsis macroura), and found that captive breeding in a relatively enriched environment did not cause any changes in brain volume. Nonetheless, we advocate that great care be taken to provide suitable husbandry conditions and to minimize the number of captive generations if marsupial reintroduction programs are to be successful. Zoo Biol 31:82;–86, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Personalized Cancer Approach: Using RNA Interference Technology
Authors: Nemunaitis John , Rao Donald D. , Liu Shi‐He , Brunicardi F. Charles
Published: May 2011

Normal cellular survival is dependent on the cooperative expression of genes’ signaling through a broad array of DNA patterns. Cancer, however, has an Achilles’ heel. Its altered cellular survival is dependent on a limited subset of signals through mutated DNA, possibly as few as three. Identification and control of these signals through the use of RNA interference (RNAi) technology may provide a unique clinical opportunity for the management of cancer that employs genomic‐proteomic profiling to provide a molecular characterization of the cancer, leading to targeted therapy customized to an individual cancer signal. Such an approach has been described as “personalized therapy.” The present review identifies unique developing technology that employs RNAi as a method to target, and therefore block, signaling from mutated DNA and describes a clinical pathway toward its development in cancer therapy.
Long‐Term Health‐Related Quality of Life for Disease‐Free Esophageal Cancer Patients
Authors: Donohoe Claire L. , McGillycuddy Erin , Reynolds John V.
Published: May 2011

Background

Health‐related quality of life (HRQL) has been studied extensively during the first year following esophagectomy, but little is known about HRQL in long‐term survivors. The aim of this study was to investigate HRQL in patients alive at least 1 year after surgical resection for esophageal cancer using validated European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) quality of life (QOL) questionnaires (QLQ).

Methods

Eligible patients, without known disease recurrence and at least 1 year after esophagectomy, were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Patients completed general (QLQ‐C30) and esophageal cancer‐specific (QLQ‐OES18, OG25) questionnaires. A numeric score (0–100) was computed in each conceptual area and compared with validated cancer (n = 1031) and age‐matched (n = 7802) healthy populations using two‐tailed unpaired t‐tests. A cohort of 80 patients had pretreatment scores recorded.

Results

Altogether, 132 of 156 eligible patients (84%) completed the self‐rated questionnaire, 105 (67.3%) were men, and the mean age was 62 years (range 29–84 years). The mean time since esophagectomy was 70.3 months (12–299 months). Global health status was significantly reduced at least 1 year after esophagectomy (mean ± SD score 48.4 ± 18.6) when compared with patients with esophageal cancer prior to treatment (55.6 ± 24.1) and the general population (71.2 ± 22.4) (p < 0.0001). In a prospective cohort of eighty patients, symptoms related to swallowing difficulty, reflux, pain, and coughing significantly decreased in the long term (p < 0.0001). The degree of subjective swallowing dysfunction was highly correlated with a poor QOL (Spearman’s ρ = 0.508, p < 0.01).

Conclusions

Global health status remains significantly reduced in long‐term survivors after esophagectomy compared with population controls, and swallowing dysfunction is highly associated with this compromised QOL.
Flow regime alters body size but not the use of aquatic subsidies in a riparian predatory arthropod
Authors: Akamatsu Fumikazu , Toda Hideshige
Published: May 2011

Alterations to river flow conditions have wide impacts on riparian organisms in terms of behavior and biomass. However, little is known about natural flood impacts on prey use and individual growth of riparian predators. Using stable carbon isotope analysis, we investigated flood impacts on aquatic‐prey use and the size structure of an orb‐web spider, Nephila clavata, during 3 years under different flood conditions in a black locust forest in the middle reaches of the Chikuma River. Large floods depressed aquatic‐prey abundance, but did not affect terrestrial‐prey abundance in the riparian forest. Consequently, spider growth was stunted after large floods. Spider body size was positively correlated with the body sizes of both aquatic and terrestrial insects in spider webs, where terrestrial insects were significantly larger than aquatic insects. The δ13C of aquatic insects was about 8‰ higher than that of terrestrial insects, and the δ13C of both insect groups did not vary significantly between months or among years. A negative relationship was found between body size and δ13C in spiders under different subsidies levels. Our results showed that flow regime altered spider growth through changes in aquatic subsidies level, but not aquatic‐prey use by the spiders due to relative body sizes of predators and prey. Changes in relative body sizes of predator and prey may be an important factor in understanding nutrients, materials, and energy flows in aquatic and terrestrial linkages in the context of flow regime.
Epigenetic management of major psychosis
Authors: Peedicayil Jacob
Published: May 2011

Epigenetic mechanisms are thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of the major psychoses (schizophrenia and bipolar disorder), and they may be the link between the environment and the genome in the pathogenesis of these disorders. This paper discusses the role of epigenetics in the management of major psychosis: (1) the role of epigenetic drugs in treating these disorders. At present, there are three categories of epigenetic drugs that are being actively investigated for their ability to treat psychosis: drugs inhibiting histone deacetylation; drugs decreasing DNA methylation; and drugs targeting microRNAs; and (2) the role of epigenetic mechanisms in electroconvulsive therapy in these disorders.
A lattice Boltzmann study on the drag force in bubble swarms
Authors: GILLISSEN J. J. J. , SUNDARESAN S. , VAN DEN AKKER H. E. A.
Published: May 2011

Lattice Boltzmann and immersed boundary methods are used to conduct direct numerical simulations of suspensions of massless, spherical gas bubbles driven by buoyancy in a three-dimensional periodic domain. The drag coefficient CD is computed as a function of the gas volume fraction φ and the Reynolds number Re = 2RUslip/ν for 0.03 φ 0.5 and 5 Re 2000. Here R, Uslip and ν denote the bubble radius, the slip velocity between the liquid and the gas phases and the kinematic viscosity of the liquid phase, respectively. The results are rationalized by assuming a similarity between the CD(Reeff)-relation of the suspension and the CD(Re)-relation of an individual bubble, where the effective Reynolds number Reeff = 2RUslip/νeff is based on the effective viscosity νeff which depends on the properties of the suspension. For Re ≲ 100, we find νeff ≈ ν/(1−0.6φ1/3), which is in qualitative agreement with previous proposed correlations for CD in bubble suspensions. For Re ≳ 100, on the other hand, we find νeff ≈ RUslipφ, which is explained by considering the turbulent kinetic energy levels in the liquid phase. Based on these findings, a correlation is constructed for CD(Re, φ). A modification of the drag correlation is proposed to account for effects of bubble deformation, by the inclusion of a correction factor based on the theory of Moore (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 23, 1995, p. 749).
Experimental studies of surface waves inside a cylindrical container
Authors: LEE CUNBIAO , PENG HUAIWU , YUAN HUIJING , WU JIEZHI , ZHOU MINGDE , HUSSAIN FAZLE
Published: May 2011

We experimentally investigate the dynamics of surface waves excited by oscillations from a cylindrical sidewall. Particle-imaging-velocimetry measurements with fluorescent particles were used to determine the flow patterns near the sidewall of the cylindrical fluid container and to identify the locations of the evolving air–water interfaces. The high-frequency wall oscillations created four jets that originate at the cylindrical sidewall. Four vortex streets shed from the jets propagate from the sidewall to the centre of the container and subsequently excite a low-frequency gravity wave. The interaction between this gravitational surface wave and the high-frequency capillary waves was found to be responsible for creating droplet splash at the water surface. This phenomenon was first described as ‘Long-Xi’ or ‘dragon wash’ in ancient China. The physical processes for generating the droplet ejection, including the circular capillary waves, azimuthal waves, streaming jets and low-frequency gravity waves, are described in this paper.
Prediction and validation of total and regional fat mass by B-mode ultrasound in Japanese pre-pubertal children
Authors: Midorikawa Taishi , Ohta Megumi , Hikihara Yuki , Torii Suguru , Bemben Michael G. , Sakamoto Shizuo
Published: May 2011

The present study was performed to develop regression-based prediction equations for fat mass by ultrasound in Japanese children and to investigate the validity of these equations. A total of 127 healthy Japanese pre-pubertal children aged 6–12 years were randomly separated into two groups: the model development group (fifty-four boys and forty-four girls) and the validation group (eighteen boys and eleven girls). Total body, trunk, arm and leg fat masses were initially determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA, Delphi A-QDR whole-body scanner; Hologic, Inc., Bedford, MA, USA). Then, fat thickness was measured by B-mode ultrasound (5 MHz scanning head) at nine sites (arm: lateral forearm, anterior and posterior upper arm; trunk: abdomen and subscapular; leg: anterior and posterior thigh, anterior and posterior lower leg). Regression analyses were used to describe the relationships between the site-matched fat masses (total body, arm, trunk and leg) obtained by DXA and ultrasound in the development group. When these fat mass prediction equations were applied to the validation group, the measured total and regional fat mass was very similar to the predicted fat mass (mean difference calculated as predicted −  measured fat mass ± 2 sd; total body 0·1 (sd 0·5) kg, arm 0·1 (sd 0·3) kg, trunk − 0·1 (sd 0·3) kg, leg 0·1 (sd 0·5) kg for boys; total body 0·5 (sd 1·3) kg, arm 0·0 (sd 0·3) kg, trunk 0·1 (sd 0·8) kg, leg 0·3 (sd 0·6) kg for girls), and the Bland–Altman analysis did not indicate a bias. These results suggest that ultrasound-derived prediction equations for boys and girls are useful for estimating total and regional fat mass.
Mating system and the critical migration rate for swamping selection
Authors: HU XIN-SHENG
Published: May 2011

Crowet al.(1990) and Barton (1992) have examined the critical migration rate for swamping selection in the nuclear system. Here, I use the same methodology to examine the critical migration rate in the cytonuclear system for hermaphrodite plants with a mixed mating system. Two selection schemes for a nuclear gene (heterozygote disadvantage and directional selection) and the directional selection scheme for organelle genes are considered. Results show that under random mating, the previous results are applicable to plant species by appropriate re-parameterization of the migration rate for nuclear and paternal organelle genes. A simple complementary relationship exists between seed and pollen flow in contributing to the critical migration rate. Under the mixed mating system, the critical migration rate of seeds and pollen for nuclear and paternal organelle genes can be changed due to the effects of selection and the cytonuclear linkage disequilibrium generated by migration and inbreeding. A negative but not complementary relationship exists between seed and pollen flow in contributing to the critical migration rate, varying with the mating system. Partial selfing can also adjust the critical seed flow for the maternal organelle gene, with a small critical migration rate for species of a high selfing rate. Both concordance and discordance among cytonuclear genes can occur under certain conditions during the process of swamping selection. This theory predicts the presence of various contributions of seed versus pollen flow to genetic swamping for plants with diverse mating systems.
Plant secondary metabolites and gut health: the case for phenolic acids
Authors: Russell Wendy , Duthie Garry
Published: May 2011

Plant-based diets contain a plethora of secondary metabolites that may impact on health and disease prevention. Much attention has been focused on the potential bioactivity and nutritional relevance of several classes of phytochemicals such as flavonoids, carotenoids, phyto-oestrogens and glucosinolates. Less attention has been paid to simple phenolic acids that are widely found in fruit, vegetables, herbs, spices and beverages. Daily intakes may exceed 100 mg. In addition, bacteria in the gut can perform reactions that transform more complex plant phenolics such as anthocyanins, procyanidins, flavanones, flavonols, tannins and isoflavones into simple phenolic metabolites. The colon is thus a rich source of potentially active phenolic acids that may impact both locally and systemically on gut health. Both the small and large intestine (colon) contain absorption sites for phenolic acids but low post-prandial concentrations in plasma indicate minimal absorption early in the gastrointestinal tract and/or rapid hepatic metabolism and excretion. Therefore, any bioactivity that contributes to gut health may predominantly occur in the colon. Several phenolic acids affect the expression and activity of enzymes involved in the production of inflammatory mediators of pathways thought to be important in the development of gut disorders including colon cancer. However, at present, we remain largely ignorant as to which of these compounds are beneficial to gut health. Until we can elucidate which pro-inflammatory and potentially carcinogenetic changes in gene expression can be moderated by simple phenolic acids, it is not possible to recommend specific plant-based foods rich in particular phenolics to optimise gut health.
External Appearance versus Internal Truth: The Aggadah of Herod in Bavli Bava Batra
Authors: Feintuch Yonatan
Published: May 2011

King Herod ruled Judea from 37 to 4bce. His life and achievements are described in detail in the writings of Flavius Josephus and have been explored in numerous historical studies. In rabbinic literature, however, mention of Herod's image and achievements is scarce. The few sources that do exist are very brief, with the exception of one significant source in the Babylonian Talmud (henceforth: BT), which will be discussed in this article.
Environmental economics and ecological economics: the contribution of interdisciplinarity to understanding, influence and effectiveness
Authors: BEDER SHARON
Published: May 2011

This paper reviews developments in both environmental economics and ecological economics with respect to their progress towards environmental interdisciplinarity and towards providing solutions to environmental problems. The concepts, methods, theories and assumptions of each field of knowledge are reviewed and the extent to which they depart from the dominant neoclassical paradigm of economics is assessed. The contribution that interdisciplinarity has made to the success of each field is analysed in terms of understanding, influence and effectiveness and the constraints that it has imposed upon that success. Environmental economics has adopted the dominant economic neoclassical paradigm, including the power of the market to allocate environmental resources efficiently and in a socially optimal way. The solution to environmental problems is thus seen as a matter of ensuring that the environment is properly priced to reflect the relative scarcity of natural resources and assets and to ensure that environmental values are incorporated into the market. This specialized view of environmental problems is now reflected in government policy around the world including the use of extended cost benefit analyses, contingent valuations, environmental charges and emissions trading. Nevertheless, environmental problems continue to grow in severity and the solutions provided by environmental economists have proven ineffective. Thus lack of interdisciplinarity does not prevent a field of knowledge from gaining influence and dominance, however its effectiveness in terms of understanding environmental problems and solving them is impeded. Ecological economics seeks to incorporate the research of economists, ecologists, philosophers and social scientists, however its influence seems to be have been limited to areas in which it retains the standard economics framework, and this limits its effectiveness in terms of environmental solutions. Thus interdisciplinarity may increase understanding of the real world but it cannot overcome political and social barriers to translating that understanding into the widespread implementation of effective environmental measures.
Introduction: Common Civility – International Criminal Law as Cultural Hybrid
Authors: VAN SLIEDREGT ELIES
Published: May 2011

On 28 and 29 October 2011, a conference was held in The Hague on International Criminal Law (ICL) as a cultural and legal hybrid. The aim of the conference convenors was to facilitate an exchange of thoughts between legal scholars, practitioners, and social scientists on the nature of ICL and to discuss the role (legal) culture plays in international criminal justice. The recent discussion is dominated by the adversarial (common law)–inquisitorial (civil law) dichotomy and centres on the hybrid nature of the procedure in international criminal law. The debate focuses on how a fair and efficient trial can be safeguarded by observing the rights of the accused and other participants through an operational criminal procedure. Sometimes, this clash of legal systems has become an end in itself, resulting in a debate on which system is superior. At least in theory, however, modern international criminal procedural law seems to have overcome the adversarial–inquisitorial dichotomy, since it combines features of both common- and civil-law systems. This unique compromise structure poses a challenge to the practitioners who – although trained in and influenced by their respective national systems – have to apply the procedural norms at the international level and, in doing so, find an appropriate balance between adversarial and inquisitorial features. This is even more challenging since the single elements of the different legal traditions do not fit together seamlessly, leading to myriad, heated disagreements over how to combine them into a single, coherent, workable legal system.
Radbruch Redux: The Need for Revisiting the Conversation between Common and Civil Law at Root Level at the Example of International Criminal Justice
Authors: BOHLANDER MICHAEL
Published: May 2011

International criminal justice is based to a large extent on extrapolations from criminal-law research on domestic systems. The difficult exercise of arriving at a common denominator is exacerbated by the systemic dichotomy of the so-called common-law and civil-law models, which, in turn, have now been joined by a third contender: public international law. Each of these has its own methods of approaching the task of solving legal problems. This paper queries the inter-model conversation that is happening so far and asks the question as to whether it is necessary to hold this discussion at a much more fundamental level than it would seem has been the case so far. It does so at the example of the relationship between German and English and Welsh law, but its concerns and conclusions merit consideration for the entire debate between the systems.
In Memoriam, Bert Swart
Authors: SLUITER GÖRAN
Published: May 2011

Bert Swart passed away on 17 February 2011, at the age of 69.

We lose in Bert a great and loving friend and colleague. Those who knew him personally will remember his kindness, generosity, and modesty. Bert spoke with a soft voice and was genuinely interested in and friendly to others.
First reported foodborne outbreak associated with microsporidia, Sweden, October 2009
Authors: DECRAENE V. , LEBBAD M. , BOTERO-KLEIVEN S. , GUSTAVSSON A.-M. , LÖFDAHL M.
Published: May 2011

Microsporidia are spore-forming intracellular parasites that infrequently cause disease in immunocompetent persons. This study describes the first report of a foodborne microsporidiosis outbreak which affected persons visiting a hotel in Sweden.Enterocytozoon bieneusiwas identified in stool samples from 7/11 case-patients, all six sequenced samples were genotype C. To confirm that this was not a chance finding, 19 stool samples submitted by healthy persons from a comparable group who did not visit the hotel on that day were tested; all were negative for microsporidia. A retrospective cohort study identified 135 case-patients (attack rate 30%). The median incubation period was 9 days. Consumption of cheese sandwiches [relative risk (RR) 4·1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·4–12·2] and salad (RR 2·1, 95% CI 1·1–4) were associated with illness. Both items contained pre-washed, ready-to-eat cucumber slices. Microsporidia may be an under-reported cause of gastrointestinal outbreaks; we recommend that microsporidia be explored as potential causative agents in food- and waterborne outbreaks, especially when no other organisms are identified.
African horse sickness in The Gambia: circulation of a live-attenuated vaccine-derived strain
Authors: OURA C. A. L. , IVENS P. A. S. , BACHANEK-BANKOWSKA K. , BIN-TARIF A. , JALLOW D. B. , SAILLEAU C. , MAAN S. , MERTENS P. C. , BATTEN C. A.
Published: May 2011

African horse sickness virus serotype 9 (AHSV-9) has been known for some time to be circulating amongst equids in West Africa without causing any clinical disease in indigenous horse populations. Whether this is due to local breeds of horses being resistant to disease or whether the AHSV-9 strains circulating are avirulent is currently unknown. This study shows that the majority (96%) of horses and donkeys sampled across The Gambia were seropositive for AHS, despite most being unvaccinated and having no previous history of showing clinical signs of AHS. Most young horses (<3 years) were seropositive with neutralizing antibodies specific to AHSV-9. Eight young equids (<3 years) were positive for AHSV-9 by serotype-specific RT–PCR and live AHSV-9 was isolated from two of these horses. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of an AHSV-9 strain showing 100% identity to Seg-2 of the AHSV-9 reference strain, indicating that the virus circulating in The Gambia was highly likely to have been derived from a live-attenuated AHSV-9 vaccine strain.
The risk of airborne influenza transmission in passenger cars
Authors: KNIBBS L. D. , MORAWSKA L. , BELL S. C.
Published: May 2011

Travel in passenger cars is a ubiquitous aspect of the daily activities of many people. During the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic a case of probable transmission during car travel was reported in Australia, to which spread via the airborne route may have contributed. However, there are no data to indicate the likely risks of such events, and how they may vary and be mitigated. To address this knowledge gap, we estimated the risk of airborne influenza transmission in two cars (1989 model and 2005 model) by employing ventilation measurements and a variation of the Wells–Riley model. Results suggested that infection risk can be reduced by not recirculating air; however, estimated risk ranged from 59% to 99·9% for a 90-min trip when air was recirculated in the newer vehicle. These results have implications for interrupting in-car transmission of other illnesses spread by the airborne route.
Variable placental thickness affects placental functional efficiency independent of other placental shape abnormalities
Authors: Yampolsky M. , Salafia C. M. , Shlakhter O. , Misra D. P. , Haas D. , Eucker B. , Thorp J.
Published: May 2011

Our previous work suggests that stressors that impact placental vascular growth result in a deformed chorionic surface shape, which reflects an abnormal placental three-dimensional shape. We propose to use variability of placental disk thickness as a reflector of deviations in placental vascular growth at the finer level of the fetal stems. We hypothesize that increased variability of thickness is associated with abnormal chorionic surface shape, but will be a predictor of reduced placental functional efficiency (smaller baby for a given placental weight) independent of shape. These measures may shed light on the mechanisms linking placental growth to risk of adult disease. The sample was drawn from the Pregnancy, Infection and Nutrition Study. In all, 94.6% of the cohort consented to placental examination. Of the 1023 delivered at term, those previously sectioned by the Pathology Department were excluded, leaving 587 (57%) cases with intact placentas that were sliced and photographed. The chorionic surface shape and the shape of a central randomly oriented placental slice were analyzed and measures were compared using correlation. Lower mean placental disk thickness and more variable disk thickness were each strongly and significantly correlated with deformed chorionic plate shapes. More variable disk thickness was strongly correlated with reduced placental efficiency independent of abnormal chorionic surface shape. Variability of placental disk thickness, simple to measure in a single randomly oriented central slice, may be an easily acquired measure that is an independent indicator of lowered placental efficiency, which may in turn program the infant and result in increased risk for development of adult diseases.