bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Big Data to the Clinic: Methodological and Statistical Enhancements to Implement the UK Biobank Imaging Framework in a Memory Clinic
Authors: Gillis Grace , Bhalerao Gaurav , Blane Jasmine , Mitchell Robert , Pretorius Pieter M. , McCracken Celeste , Nichols Thomas E. , Smith Stephen M. , Miller Karla L. , Alfaro‐Almagro Fidel , Raymont Vanessa , Martos Lola , Mackay Clare E. , Griffanti Ludovica
Published: February 2025

The analysis tools and statistical methods used in large neuroimaging research studies differ from those applied in clinical contexts, making it unclear whether these techniques can be translated to a memory clinic setting. The Oxford Brain Health Clinic (OBHC) was established in 2020 to bridge this gap between research studies and memory clinics. We optimised the UK Biobank imaging framework for the memory clinic setting by integrating enhanced quality control (QC) processes (MRIQC, QUAD, and DSE decomposition) and supplementary dementia‐informed analyses (lobar volumes, NBM volumes, WMH classification, PSMD, cortical diffusion MRI metrics, and tract volumes) into the analysis pipeline. We explored associations between resultant imaging‐derived phenotypes (IDPs) and clinical phenotypes in the OBHC patient population (N = 213), applying hierarchical FDR correction to account for multiple testing. 14%–24% of scans were flagged by automated QC tools, but upon visual inspection, only 0%–2.4% of outputs were excluded. The pipeline successfully generated 5683 IDPs aligned with UK Biobank and 110 IDPs targeted towards dementia‐related changes. We replicated established associations and found novel associations between brain metrics and age, cognition, and dementia‐related diagnoses. The imaging protocol is feasible, acceptable, and yields high‐quality data that is usable for both clinical and research purposes. We validated the use of this methodology in a real‐world memory clinic population, which demonstrates the potential of this enhanced pipeline to bridge the gap between big data studies and clinical settings.
Enhancement of Heat Transfer in Double‐Pipe Heat Exchangers Using Wavy Edge Twisted Tape With Varying Twist Ratios and Perforated Diameters
Authors: Saleh Zainab Mahdi , Al‐Turaihi Riyadh S. , Kadhim Zena Khalefa
Published: February 2025

A computational simulation of an enhanced double‐pipe heat exchanger equipped with inserted twisted tape. The Navier–Stokes, energy, and turbulence equations were employed to represent fluid flow and heat transmission, utilizing a k–ε model for turbulence. ANSYS Fluent 22 is used to solve the governing equations and investigate how the perforated wavy edge tape, along with the diameter of its holes (5, 15, and 30 mm), twisting ratio of a wavy edge twisted tape ratio (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3), affects heat transfer and pressure drop at ranging Reynolds numbers (6957–187,837), compared to a plain tube. Hot air is utilized in the inner tube, which incorporates twisted tapes to enhance turbulence and heat transfer and cold oil in the outer tube to establish a counter‐flow system and experience the improved flow's effects. Results demonstrate significant improvements in oil outlet temperature. The Nusselt number (Nu) increases with increasing Reynolds numbers and twist ratios; the enhanced tubes increase Nu and friction factor by about 41% and 2.6 times greater than the smooth tube. Increasing the Reynolds number and twisted tape ratio generally leads to higher heat transfer rates and pressure drop. Optimal configurations of PWETT with Tr = 2 and WET with a hole diameter of 30 mm gave the best thermal performance index (1.11 and 1.24) when balancing heat transfer and pressure drop. The findings provide valuable insights for designing and optimizing heat exchangers in applications demanding efficient heat transfer.
Tailored chemical processes: opportunities and challenges in shaping a sustainable future
Authors: Sánchez‐Ramírez Eduardo
Published: February 2025

The chemical industry is at a critical juncture, where traditional mass production is increasingly being challenged by the need for more flexible, efficient and sustainable approaches. This perspective article explores the viability of tailored chemical production as a future model for the industry, focusing on the opportunities and challenges inherent in moving towards a more personalized, customer‐driven production paradigm. Tailored chemical processes have the potential to revolutionize how we meet rapidly evolving societal demands, adapt to shifting political landscapes such as the 2030 and 2050 sustainability agendas, and leverage technological advances in digitalization and automation. By critically analyzing the economic and environmental aspects, as well as the implications of advanced technologies such as process intensification, modular reactors and artificial intelligence, this article aims to provide a comprehensive view of whether a future of tailored chemical production is both viable and desirable. We also discuss the importance of aligning these processes with the principles of the circular economy and propose concrete steps the industry should take—including fostering collaboration between academia, industry, and government—to transition successfully towards this promising future. This perspective seeks to inspire a deeper consideration of the role that personalized chemical production can play in advancing sustainability, adaptability and resilience in the chemical sector. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Aridity on the Rise: Spatial and Temporal Shifts in Climate Aridity in Spain (1961–2020)
Authors: Beguería Santiago , Trullenque‐Blanco Víctor , Vicente‐Serrano Sergio M. , González‐Hidalgo J. Carlos
Published: February 2025

Climate aridity (the long‐term balance between water availability through precipitation and the atmospheric evaporative demand) has a fundamental role in determining water availability and the geographic distribution of ecosystems and agricultural regions, and plays a crucial role in shaping ecological transitions under current climate change. We computed the Aridity Index, computed as the ratio of precipitation to reference evapotranspiration, over Spain for the period 1961–2020. Here we present spatially detailed climatologies of the Aridity Index, at the annual and the monthly scales, and an assessment of changes between the normal periods 1961–1990 and 1991–2020. The results show a transition towards reduced values of the Aridity Index (i.e., towards drier conditions) at the annual scale, which was more intense in the Canary Islands (where 16.3% of the territory transitioned towards more arid climate categories) than in mainland Spain and the Balearic Islands (11.6%). At the monthly level, the most striking changes over mainland Spain occurred in June, with 39.7% of the territory transitioning towards more arid categories, while transitions towards more humid conditions have only been relevant in March (23.5%) and October (13.0%) and did not compensate for the aridification trend when the whole year is considered. In the Canary Islands, the strongest changes occurred in May (22.6%) and September (19.4%), although drying trends were found almost in all months except the summer.
Aerosol–Climate Interaction in the South Asian Region: A Focused Exploration of the Impacts of Ozone, Black Carbon, Optical Properties and Radiative Forcing in a Region of Significant Climate Change Dynamics
Authors: Uddin Kazi Rakib , Zaman Shahid Uz , Budhavant Krishnakant B. , Salam Abdus
Published: February 2025

In South Asia, our understanding of atmospheric aerosols and their optical properties is limited, posing a challenge to comprehending climate change dynamics. This study characterises aerosol optical properties, radiative properties, black carbon (BC) and ozone (O3) at seven South Asian locations, including Nam Co (Tibetan Plateau, TP), Dhaka, Bhola (Bangladesh), and Hanimaadhoo, Kashidhoo, Male' and Gan (Maldives). The study utilises columnar aerosol data from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) and reanalysis data from Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA‐2) from 2001 to 2020. Notably, during the winter, the highest Aerosol optical depth (AOD) levels were observed in Dhaka (1.0 ± 0.5) and Bhola (0.8 ± 0.4) among these seven locations. BC concentrations in Dhaka ranged from 2.1 to 2.8 μg m−3, while Bhola recorded concentrations between 1.4 and 2.1 μg m−3. O3 levels across Maldives sites remained consistent, with values ranging between 314 and 345 dobson units (DU), surpassing those in Bangladesh and TP. The analysis shows a significant difference in the rate at which the atmosphere heats (HR) up due to aerosols. Higher heating rates were observed over Kashidhoo during the post‐monsoon and winter seasons, while lower values were seen during the pre‐monsoon and monsoon seasons, compared with Hanimaadhoo and Male'. It is important to note that Bangladesh had higher HR values than the Maldives. This study helps us better understand the impact of atmospheric aerosols on South Asia's climate and the different seasonal patterns.
Olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cell‐derived exosomes protect against neuroinflammation after subarachnoid hemorrhage by activating mitophagy
Authors: Wang Jian , Peng Jun , Gao Ling , He Jun , Lin Long , Li Jia‐Meng , Xia Ying
Published: February 2025

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) can lead to significant acute neuroinflammation, with treatment outcomes often being inadequate. Olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells (OM‐MSCs) have promising therapeutic potential in nerve regeneration and functional recovery. This investigation sought to elucidate the functional mechanisms through which exosomes derived from OM‐MSCs provide protection against neuroinflammation following SAH. Mouse OM‐MSCs and their exosomes were isolated and characterized using various techniques, including transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence staining, Western blotting, flow cytometry, and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Hemin‐induced HT22 cells were subsequently utilized to assess the impact of OM‐MSC‐derived exosomes on the inflammatory response, apoptosis, and mitophagy through ELISAs, Western blotting, qPCR, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence staining. The impacts of exosomes on neuroinflammation and neuronal damage in SAH model mice were assessed using qPCR, ELISAs, Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, and TUNEL staining. Exosomes derived from OM‐MSCs had the capacity to reduce the levels of proinflammatory factors (IL‐6, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α) and promote apoptosis in hemin‐induced HT22 cells. Exosomes alleviated neuroinflammation and neuronal injury post‐SAH, as evidenced by the increase in modified Garcia scores, reduction in the brain water content, decrease in blood–brain barrier permeability, decreases in inflammatory marker levels, and reduction in apoptosis rates. Notably, the protective effects of exosomes derived from OM‐MSCs on neuroinflammation and apoptosis, both in vitro and in vivo, were mediated via the activation of mitophagy. These findings provide a fresh perspective for subsequent clinical research in the domain of prevention and treatment strategies.
Tight Focusing Holographic Network Enables 3D Real Time and Accurate Light Field Modulation
Authors: Wu Jiajia , Li Xinkuo , Sun Ke , Gao Kai , Chen Chenduan , Qiu Jianrong , Tan Dezhi
Published: February 2025

Phase‐only computer‐generated holography (CGH) is an effective technique to manipulate 3D light field distribution in the tight focusing volume for numerous applications in micro/nano‐manufacturing, optical tweezers, and optical communication. Unfortunately, hologram computation is slow and generally takes several seconds or longer for a single instance, which hinders broad applications in real time light modulation. Here, fast hologram computation is reported with the calculation time for a single instance down to 3.7 ms. A depth‐adaptive 3D tight‐focusing holographic network framework driven by a vectorial diffraction model is developed. The network adequately considers the tight‐focusing property and the spherical aberration effect in high NA objectives and employs a layer‐based learning strategy to reinforce the global constraints on reconstructed 3D focusing fields. This network enables the generation of high‐quality holographic phases in real time and facilitates large‐scale computations of focused fields with arbitrary spatial, intensity, and axial spacing distributions with high speed and high accuracy (up to 0.93). The proposed network is deployed in ultrafast laser direct writing and microscale fluorescence display applications, which indicates that the current 3D tight‐focusing field modulation technique will play a vital role in broad optical and photonic engineering.
A Coupling‐Fed Wideband Patch Filtering Antenna With Enhanced Out‐of‐Band Suppression
Authors: Li Lei , Xiao YuXuan , Wu ZiLiang , Xie ShaoRui
Published: February 2025

This paper proposes a wideband filtering patch antenna with enhanced out‐of‐band suppression. The antenna incorporates a driven patch, two rectangular parasitic patches, and a pair of U‐shaped parasitic patches. It employs a short‐circuited asymmetric fork‐shaped coupled feed line that creates a low‐frequency radiation null. A high‐frequency radiation null is generated by incorporating rectangular parasitic patches, and a new resonant mode is introduced within the passband. Similarly, the pair of U‐shaped parasitic patches introduces another resonant mode, thereby extending the bandwidth. A prototype was fabricated to verify the proposed design, and measurement results confirmed its efficacy. The antenna demonstrated a −10 dB impedance bandwidth of 29% (3.27 to 4.38 GHz), a peak gain of 8.85 dBi, and achieved suppression levels of 25.7 dB in the lower frequency band and 19.14 dB in the higher frequency band. These characteristics make the antenna suitable as a base station antenna for the 5G n77 band.
Millimeter‐Wave High‐Gain LTCC‐Integrated Endfire Antenna Array Based on Compact Multi‐Slot Excitation of High‐Order Mode
Authors: Yuan Bin , Hao Chengxiang , Yu Zhongjun
Published: February 2025

This letter presents a compact multi‐slot excitation scheme of high‐order mode in substrate‐integrated waveguide (SIW), which is employed to feed the low‐temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) endfire antenna array with a high‐gain performance in millimeter‐wave (MMW) band. A dielectric‐loaded tapered slot antenna (TSA) is designed as the antenna element for high‐gain endfire radiation. The linear array of TSA elements is fed by a high‐order mode SIW acting as a multiway feeding network. Due to the removal of electric wall between adjacent fundamental mode, the high‐order mode SIW leads to a relaxed LTCC fabrication of MMW integrated antenna array. In this design, the TE80 mode is directly generated based on a compact multi‐slot excitation without an additional power distribution network, and an 8‐element dielectric‐loaded TSA array is fed by the TE80‐mode SIW. The proposed LTCC prototype is analyzed and fabricated, obtaining a good agreement between simulation and measurement. The measured impedance bandwidth of 14% (31.3–36 GHz) is achieved under |S11| < −10 dB, and the peak gain is 13.1 dBi within the working band. Compact structure, directive endfire radiation, and relaxed fabrication make the proposed endfire antenna array great potential in MMW LTCC‐integrated systems.
Low Back Pain Incidence Trends Globally, Regionally, and Nationally, 1990–2019: An Age‐Period‐Cohort Analysis, Cross‐Sectional Studies
Authors: Wang Fei , Cao Yu , Lu Hao , Pan Yuehan , Huang Shibo , Tao Youping , Wu Jigong
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Low back pain (LBP) imposes a significant burden on global health, yet it remains deficient in comprehensive investigations pertaining to its incidence patterns. The aim of this study was to analyse global, regional and national trends and associated factors in the incidence of LBP from 1990–2019.

Methods

In order to examine global and country‐specific 30‐year incidence patterns of LBP, data were obtained from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study. An age‐period cohort (APC) model was utilised to determine annual percent changes, age‐specific changes, and period/cohort effects.

Results

The age‐standardized global LBP incidence rate significantly declined from 1990–2019. However, the absolute number of cases increased by 2.39 billion, predominantly in middle‐, low‐middle‐ and low‐socio‐demographic index (SDI) regions, affecting mostly 50–69 years old with a higher incidence in women. LBP incidence increased progressively from low to high SDI regions. Period and cohort effects trended downward in all regions except high‐SDI countries, which had the lowest incidence decline and a slight rebound after 2012.

Conclusions

Our study updates global and regional LBP incidence from 1990–2019 using APC modelling, showing declining age‐standardized rates globally but increased case numbers due to population growth and ageing. Prevention likely helped reduce incidence, but more health strengthening and minimally invasive treatments are still needed, especially where LBP has plateaued or rebounded recently.
Mechanical properties and predictive analysis of multi‐material polypropylene‐glass fiber sandwich structures produced by material extrusion
Authors: Utz Julia , Ferbert Amelie , Geis Nico , Ruckdäschel Holger
Published: February 2025

Combining multiple filaments in material extrusion (MEX) to tailor mechanical properties is increasingly significant in science and applications. However, understanding the interaction between different materials, the influence on the mechanical properties and the predictability of such properties is still poor. Therefore, this study investigates the tensile and flexural behavior of 3D‐printed sandwich‐type composites made of polypropylene (PP) and glass fiber‐filled polypropylene (PPGF). The materials exhibit different mechanical properties, with PP being more ductile and flexible and PPGF being more brittle and stiff. Various contents of PP and PPGF were used. Measured mechanical values were correlated with theoretical predictions. The tensile properties scaled linearly with the material composition, covering a range of moduli and strength values between 500–2910 MPa and 18–43 MPa, respectively. A rule of mixture could be applied, although PPGF layers tended to crack early. The ductile nature of PP allowed for bridging cracks, preventing premature failure. In flexural tests, the shell material dominated modulus, strength and failure mode. The samples with PPGF shells failed by cracking, while specimens with PP shells showed high deformation without clear failure. By varying contents and layer order, flexural moduli ranging from 680 to 3180 MPa and flexural strengths from 25 to 65 MPa were reached. Additionally, the study demonstrated that theoretical calculations and predictions of tensile and flexural moduli were highly accurate with an average deviation of 6.0% and 1.4%, respectively. This highlights the potential for tailoring mechanical properties based on the characteristics of PP and PPGF.

Highlights

High PP/PPGF interface adhesion ensures reproducible multi‐material printing.

Whole range of mechanical properties from ductile PP to stiff PPGF is reached.

Order and amount of both materials determine failure behavior.

Analytical prediction of modulus is very accurate.
Mechanisms of Plasma Polymerization – Reviewed From a Chemical Point of View‐II
Authors: Friedrich Jörg Florian
Published: February 2025

In this work, the chemical and physical measures tested so far to approximate the irregular structure of plasma polymers to that of classical polymers with their excellent properties are investigated. Even the injection of polymers instead of monomers could not significantly reduce the irregularity of the structure of the deposited plasma polymers. The only exception was the electrospray ionization (ESI) process of polymer solutions at atmospheric pressure, which, as expected, produces classically chemically structured polymer layers.
Exploring the proton transport mechanism of the mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier: FA‐cycling hypothesis and beyond
Authors: Pohl Elena E. , Vazdar Mario , Kreiter Jürgen
Published: February 2025

The mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier (AAC, ANT), a member of the SLC25 family of solute carriers, plays a critical role in transporting purine nucleotides (ATP and ADP) as well as protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. However, the precise mechanism and physiological significance of proton transport by ADP/ATP carrier remain unclear. Notably, the presence of uncouplers—such as long‐chain fatty acids (FA) or artificial compounds like dinitrophenol (DNP)—is essential for this process. We explore two potential mechanisms that describe ADP/ATP carrier as either (i) a proton carrier that functions in the presence of FA or DNP, or (ii) an anion transporter (FA− or DNP). In the latter case, the proton is translocated by the neutral form of FA, which carries it from the matrix to the intermembrane space (FA‐cycling hypothesis). Our recent results support this hypothesis. We describe a four‐step mechanism for the “sliding” of the FA anion from the matrix to the mitochondrial intermembrane space and discuss a possible generalization of this mechanism to other SLC25 carriers.
Influence of the ‘painless’ TRP channel on temperature‐dependent escape and humidity‐related pupation in Bactrocera dorsalis larvae
Authors: Zhang Yan , Zhang Panpan , Luo Zhicai , Wang Qi , Zhang Jie , Yang Minghuan , Yan Shanchun , Liu Wei , Wang Guirong
Published: February 2025

BACKGROUND

Temperature and humidity are critical environmental factors that shape insect growth, development and survival. The larval stage is particularly vulnerable, making the ability to detect and respond to adverse environmental conditions vital for avoiding harm. The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, is a major global pest inflicting damage on >150 fruit crops. However, the behavioral responses of nonmodel insect larvae to temperature and humidity remain poorly characterized.

RESULTS

We found that temperature and humidity significantly influence key larval behaviors. To uncover the molecular mechanisms driving these behaviors, we identified B. dorsalis painless (Bdorpainless) homologs and confirmed their expression during larval behavioral stages. Genetic disruption of Bdorpainless notably impaired the larvae's temperature‐escape response. Although humidity sensing remained unaffected in Bdorpainless‐mutant larvae, their pupation rate was significantly reduced.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings provide new insights into the role of environmental factors in B. dorsalis behavior and highlight Bdorpainless as a potential molecular target for pest control. For example, RNA‐based biopesticides targeting Bdorpainless could impair larvae's environmental adaptability, offering a novel pest management approach. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
Encysted Pneumomediastinum With Septations Following Talc Pleurodesis for a Secondary Spontaneous Pneumothorax
Authors: Wickramasinghe Sugeesha , Hettiarachchi Sanjeewa , Kearney Susan , Gudur Sharada
Published: February 2025

Encysted pneumomediastinum with septations is an extremely rare phenomenon. Talc treatment can leak through fistulous tracts to the mediastinum, walling off air collection, which is not commonly described in the literature. Clinicians should be aware of this complication, as these can be easily missed, causing complications.
Perimidine‐2‐chalcogenone Ligand‐Supported Palladium(II) Complex: A Potent Catalyst in Suzuki–Miyuara Cross‐Coupling Reaction and Nitroarene Reduction
Authors: Velmurugan Priyanka , Ghatak Tapas
Published: February 2025

A potent palladium(II) metal complex incorporating 1‐isopropyl‐1H‐perimidine‐2(3H)‐thione ligand with structural formula C32H28ClN2PPdS has been investigated. Several characterization tools have been employed to analyze the complex and ligand, including single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (SCXRD), FTIR, and NMR. According to single crystal X‐ray diffraction, the ligand and palladium complex crystallize in C1 2/c1 and P1 21/n1 space groups, respectively, and the Pd(II) complex has a square planar geometry. It was examined how well the palladium complex catalyzed the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction and the reduction of nitroarenes. The findings revealed that the Pd(II) complex exhibited exceptional catalytic activity in transforming nitroarenes into aromatic primary amines and generating biaryls with impressive yields. The use of stoichiometric investigations has led to the hypothesis of a plausible mechanism.
Exposure to Polystyrene Microplastic Differentially Affects the Colon and Liver in Adult Male Mice
Authors: Zangene Somaye , Morovvati Hassan , Anbara Hojat , Bernabò Nicola
Published: February 2025

Microplastics (MPs) have emerged as novel environmental pollutant. Their ubiquity in natural environments and the global dissemination of plastic particles through food and drink have led to the oral ingestion of these particles by all kinds of living organism. In this investigation, male mice were subjected to exposure to 2 μm virgin PS‐MPs for 6 weeks. To accomplish this, 36 adult male NMRI mice were gavaged with PS‐MPs at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/kg body weight. A control group was also accounted for, which received 0.1 mL of distilled water. The results show that the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) decreased, while the level of malondialdehyde increased in colon and liver. Additionally, findings showed that PS‐MPs can disrupt the integrity of the intestinal barrier and inhibit the secretion of intestinal mucus in mice, disrupt mucin secretion, and cause changes in the tissue structure of the colon and liver. Further information regarding the toxicity of MPs in a terrestrial organism was obtained through this study, which assist in the evaluation of the potential health hazards that PS‐MPs may pose to living organisms.
Two new positive psychosocial measures for persons living with dementia
Authors: Molony Sheila L. , Fazio Sam , Van Haitsma Kimberly , Feinn Richard , Montminy Joseph , Rulison Maureen , Sanchez Ricci , Zimmerman Sheryl
Published: February 2025

INTRODUCTION

Differences in adaptive strategies used by individuals and families living with dementia have the potential to impact day‐to‐day well‐being. The Living Well Inventory for Dementia (LWI‐D) is a new measure to capture these strategies and to illuminate new options to support families living with dementia. The Quality of Day Scale (QODS) is a new measure to capture global well‐being in persons based on a shorter temporal frame than traditional quality of life measures. This article summarizes the initial evaluation of the LWI‐D and the QODS for face validity, content validity, and user acceptability.

METHODS

Initial acceptability and feasibility testing were conducted with a sample of 17 community‐dwelling individuals with early‐stage dementia (Montreal Cognitive Assessment [MoCA] scores of 12–30).

After revision and optimization of the two measures, a second pilot test was conducted with a sample of 30 dyads (persons living with dementia and family caregivers) in nursing home, assisted living, and community settings.

RESULTS

Data from both pilot studies are reported including item analysis and quantitative and qualitative results. Outcomes related to convergent validity between the LWI‐D and the QODS with measures of positive affect‐balance, quality of life, and well‐being are presented. Within‐dyad differences in ratings on both measures are discussed.

DISCUSSION

The LWI‐D and the QODS are developing measures that warrant further testing and may enhance the ability to (1) identify strengths in living well with dementia, and (2) identify and test new interventions to bolster care and support.

Highlights

This article describes the process used to develop and test two new measures for research and clinical practice related to positive psychosocial approaches to dementia.

The measures were developed with a team that included persons living with Alzheimer's disease as co‐researchers in the process.

A novel method of human‐centered design was used to cultivate deep empathy, generate options, and conduct small, iterative tests of prototype measures.
Sick sinus syndrome and high‐degree atrioventricular block in dementia with Lewy bodies and other dementia subtypes: A study of ≈ 73,000 patients with dementia
Authors: Heyman Isak , Haglund Mattias , Eriksdotter Maria , Londos Elisabet
Published: February 2025

INTRODUCTION

Lewy body pathology is commonly found in cardiac nervous tissue, including the cardiac conduction system. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of sick sinus syndrome (SSS) and high‐degree atrioventricular block in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) compared to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementia subtypes.

METHODS

We included 73,619 individuals diagnosed with dementia from the Swedish Dementia Registry. Data pertaining to incident pacemaker implantation was obtained from the Swedish Pacemaker Registry.

RESULTS

SSS was more common in the DLB compared to the AD cohort (2.2% vs. 1.5%, P = 0.008). In adjusted models, SSS was associated with DLB compared to AD (odds ratio, 1.49; 95% confidence interval: 1.11–2.01).

DISCUSSION

We showed that incident pacemaker implantation secondary to SSS was more common in patients with DLB compared to those with AD.

HIGHLIGHTS

Incident pacemaker implantation secondary to sick sinus syndrome (SSS; but not high‐degree atrioventricular block [HAVB]) was more common in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) versus Alzheimer's disease (AD).

In adjusted models, SSS (but not HAVB) was positively associated with DLB compared to AD.

Pacemaker data of various dementia disorders are presented.
Exercise intensity matters: A review on evaluating the effects of aerobic exercise intensity on muscle‐derived neuroprotective myokines
Authors: Zare Navabeh , Bishop David J. , Levinger Itamar , Febbraio Mark A. , Broatch James R.
Published: February 2025

Exercise as a medical intervention is effective to help prevent and manage many chronic and complex diseases, including dementia. There is evidence to suggest that regular aerobic exercise protects against age‐related brain atrophy and reduces the risk of cognitive decline. The mechanisms by which exercise infers a neuroprotective effect remain to be established but may be related to a maintenance of brain volume and neuronal survival, improved cerebrovascular density and function, and/or increased synaptic plasticity. In addition, there is growing evidence to suggest the beneficial effects of exercise on brain health and cognitive function are, at least in part, mediated by factors released by skeletal muscle during contraction. The fact that the brain responds to exercise suggests that muscle‐derived peripheral factors, or “myokines,” may play a key role in muscle–brain crosstalk and exercise neuroprotection. However, the most effective “dose” of aerobic exercise to promote beneficial changes in these myokine pathways is currently unknown. Specifically, most of the evidence to date is from studies that have used moderate‐intensity exercise, and research investigating the merit of high‐intensity exercise is scarce. Considering the well‐established role of high‐intensity interval training in protecting against numerous medical conditions, more research is needed to identify the most effective “dose” of exercise to improve the beneficial effects of these myokines.

Highlights

Neuroprotection through exercise: Regular aerobic exercise mitigates age‐related brain atrophy and cognitive decline via multiple mechanisms, including brain volume maintenance, improved cerebrovascular function, and synaptic plasticity.

Myokines as mediators: Muscle‐derived factors (myokines) play a crucial role in muscle–brain crosstalk, significantly contributing to the neuroprotective effects of exercise.

Intensity matters: The review underscores the necessity to define and study exercise intensity, revealing high‐intensity exercise may be as effective, if not more, in promoting neuroprotective myokine levels compared to moderate‐intensity exercise.

Future research directions: This review emphasizes the need for well‐controlled studies to explore the optimal exercise dose for enhancing myokine pathways and their implications for neurodegenerative disease prevention.
Serum Collagen Biomarkers Are Reflective of Tissue Specific Fibroblasts Associated With Ulcerative Colitis Activity and Treatment Response to Ustekinumab
Authors: Venkat Swati , Rusbuldt Joshua , Richards Dylan , Freeman Thomas , Richmond Camilla , Mortensen Joachim Hog , Seidelin Jakob Benedict , Poulsen Anja , McRae Brad , Ruane Darren
Published: February 2025

Background

There is a need to identify peripheral biomarkers reflective of defined disease associated fibroblasts in Ulcerative Colitis (UC), with the aim of enabling clinical development approaches for novel‐stromal‐targeted therapeutics for individuals at risk for fibrostenotic complications. Additionally, longitudinal non‐invasive biomarkers of tissue remodelling, fibroblast biology and pharmacodynamic measurements are needed in the clinic to facilitate risk stratification.

Aim

To identify novel blood protein biomarkers associated with defined fibroblast subsets, tissue remodelling and treatment response/non‐response in UC.

Methods

We performed data analysis on matched serum and tissue transcriptomics from the UNIFI trial at weeks 0 and 8 in clinical responders and non‐responders. Detailed gene correlation analysis was performed on 97 colonic biopsies from 50 patients pre‐ and post‐treatment, to construct detailed cell‐type mapping associated with clinical parameters. Detailed serum‐based proteomics analysis was performed using matched serum and tissue sample sets to evaluate specific correlations between defined tissue cellular subsets and unique peripheral proteins, reflective of defined tissue transcriptional subsets and clinical parameters.

Results

Evaluation of the UNIFI clinical study, revealed a significant association between intestinal‐inflammatory activated fibroblasts (IIAF) and various clinical parameters, including Geboes scores. These findings were unique to IIAFs and were confirmed using spatial tissue transcriptomics. Evaluation of novel peripheral proteomics revealed a significant correlation between selective serum collagen biomarkers, including Pro‐Collagen 22, Collagen 1M, CTX‐III, ELP‐3, and the IIAF tissue module. These serum collagen biomarkers were unique to IIAFs, as other broad proteomics methodologies failed to demonstrate significant correlations with known UC serum markers. Ustekinumab endoscopic responders had a significant decrease in IIAFs, which was associated with decreases in these IIAF associated serum proteins. Furthermore, C1M and ELP‐3 demonstrated predictive value to enable characterisation of UC patients with IIAF driven disease.

Conclusions

These serum biomarkers were correlated with tissue levels of IIAFs, identifying unique peripheral markers of tissue associated cell types correlated with fibrosis. Given the association of IIAFs and treatment response, this highlights the utility of these triaged collagen biomarkers for anti‐stromal therapeutic development and patient stratification in UC and beyond.
Shouldice Versus TAPP for Inguinal Hernia Repair: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Delgado Lucas Monteiro , Pompeu Bernardo Fontel , Magalhães Caio Mendonça , Pasqualotto Eric , Barbosa William Silva , Poli de Figueiredo Sergio Mazzola
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Inguinal hernia (IH) repair is one of the most common surgical procedures worldwide. Among the various techniques available, the Shouldice (SHD) technique is mainly used for nonmesh open repair whereas, the transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) approach is a commonly performed minimally invasive method. Despite its widespread use, a direct comparison between the two techniques is lacking. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the short and long‐term outcomes of SHD and TAPP for elective IH repair.

Methods

We searched the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library on April 16. Mean differences (MDs) and risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled for continuous and binary endpoints, respectively. Heterogeneity was assessed with I2 statistics.

Results

Thirteen RCTs comprising 2214 patients were included. Of these, 1089 patients (49%) underwent SHD repair and 1125 (51%) patients underwent TAPP repair. The mean BMI was reported in four studies ranging from 23 to 25.7 kg/m2. Data regarding hernia sizes were not available. Compared with TAPP, SHD significantly reduced seroma (RR 0.20; 95% CI 0.04–0.90; p = 0.04; and I2 = 0%) and increased chronic pain (RR 2.13; 95% CI 1.31–3.46; p < 0.01; and I2 = 0%) and 1‐day postoperative pain (MD 2.01; 95% CI 0.72–3.29; p < 0.01; and I2 = 97%). However, there were no significant differences between the groups in recurrence (RR 0.94; 95% CI 0.66–1.35; p = 0.75; and I2 = 12%), hematoma (RR 1.08; 95% CI 0.80–1.46; p = 0.63; and I2 = 0%), urinary retention (RR 0.82; 95% CI 0.49–1.36; p = 0.43; and I2 = 0%), and testicular atrophy (RR 3.28; 95% CI 0.79–13.54; p = 0.10; and I2 = 0%).

Conclusion

SHD repair demonstrated a lower occurrence of seromas; however, it was associated with a higher occurrence of both acute and chronic postoperative pain compared to TAPP in patients with a normal BMI. No significant differences were observed between the two techniques in terms of hernia recurrence, hematoma formation, urinary retention, or testicular atrophy rates.
Impfquotenmonitoring in Deutschland – gegenwärtiger Stand und Perspektive
Authors: Rieck Thorsten , Rau Cornelius , Wulkotte Elisa , Feig Marcel , Fischer Constantin , Wichmann Ole , Steffen Annika
Published: February 2025

Aktuelle und belastbare Daten zum Impfstatus der Bevölkerung sind für die Evaluation von Impfprogrammen unerlässlich. Die systematische Auswertung von Daten der Schuleingangsuntersuchungen (SEU) und Abrechnungsdaten der Kassenärztlichen Vereinigungen (KVen) ist Grundlage des Impfquotenmonitorings in Deutschland. Diese beiden etablierten, effektiven Systeme werden durch Surveys ergänzt, die für besondere Zielgruppen neben Daten zur Impfinanspruchnahme auch Informationen zu Impfakzeptanz und -intention liefern können.

Anhand der SEU- und Abrechnungsdaten können Impfquoten nur mit einem Zeitverzug von 1–2 Jahren berichtet werden. Außerdem sind die Abrechnungsdaten aufgrund zunehmender Diversifizierung von Impfleistungserbringern unvollständig. Die Notwendigkeit eines vollständigen und zeitnahen Impfquotenmonitorings während der Covid-19-Pandemie zeigte die Grenzen dieser Systeme in einer Akutsituation auf. Daher wurde mit dem Digitalen Impfquotenmonitoring (DIM) ein temporäres System zur Erhebung tagesaktueller Covid-19-Impfdaten etabliert, das allen Impfleistungserbringern die Datenübermittlung an das Robert Koch-Institut (RKI) ermöglichte. Mit der Vision eines zeitnahen und vollständigen Impfquotenmonitorings wird die Integration der Impfdatenerhebung in das Deutsche Elektronische Melde- und Informationssystem für den Infektionsschutz (DEMIS) als einheitliche Meldeinfrastruktur vorangetrieben.

Über DEMIS sollen zukünftig pseudonymisierte, einzelfallbasierte Impfdaten zeitnah von allen Impfleistungserbringern an das RKI übermittelt werden. Damit wird es möglich sein, die Umsetzung neuer Impfempfehlungen anhand vervollständigter und hoch aufgelöster Daten mit geringem Zeitverzug zu bewerten und Impfempfehlungen sowie Kommunikationsstrategien im Bedarfsfall schnell anzupassen.
Automatic projection parameter increase for three-field density-based topology optimization
Authors: Dunning Peter , Wein Fabian
Published: February 2025

A method is proposed to automatically increase the threshold projection parameter in three-field density-based topology optimization to achieve near binary designs. The three-field method is composed of an element-wise design density field that is filtered and then passed through a smooth threshold projection function to compute the projected density field, which is then used to compute element properties, e.g., using a power law for stiffness. The sharpness of the threshold projection function is controlled by a parameter

$$\beta $$

β

. In this paper, a method is introduced to automatically increase this parameter during optimization by linking it to the change in objective function. Furthermore, the gray value indicator is added as a stopping criterion to guarantee the solution is near binary. This results in a method that does not need to be tuned for specific problems, or optimizers, and the same set of user-defined parameters can be used for a wide range of problems. However, a high value of the threshold projection parameter may cause convergence issues for some optimizers, such as the optimally criteria method, and an adaptive move limit strategy is introduced to overcome this problem. It is also shown that some problems require length-scale control to achieve a near binary design. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated on several benchmark problems, including linear compliance, linear buckling, compliant mechanism, heat conduction, and geometrically nonlinear problems.
The scientific evidence of commercial AI products for MRI acceleration: a systematic review
Authors: Fransen Stefan J. , Roest Christian , Simonis Frank F. J. , Yakar Derya , Kwee Thomas C.
Published: February 2025

Objectives

This study explores the methods employed by commercially available AI products to accelerate MRI protocols and investigates the strength of their diagnostic image quality assessment.

Materials and methods

All commercial AI products for MRI acceleration were identified from the exhibitors presented at the RSNA 2023 and ECR 2024 annual meetings. Peer-reviewed scientific articles describing validation of clinical performance were searched for each product. Information was extracted regarding the MRI acceleration technique, achieved acceleration, diagnostic performance metrics, test cohort, and hallucinatory artifacts. The strength of the diagnostic image quality was assessed using scientific evidence levels ranging from “product’s technical feasibility for clinical purposes” to “product’s economic impact on society”.

Results

Out of 1046 companies, 14 products of 14 companies were included. No scientific articles were found for four products (29%). For the remaining ten products (71%), 21 articles were retrieved. Four acceleration methods were identified: noise reduction, raw data reconstruction, personalized scanning protocols, and synthetic image generation. Only a limited number of articles prospectively demonstrated impact on patient outcomes (n = 4, 19%), and no articles discussed an evaluation in a prospective cohort of > 100 patients or performed an economic analysis. None of the articles performed an analysis of hallucinatory artifacts.

Conclusion

Currently, commercially available AI products for MRI acceleration can be categorized into four main methods. The acceleration methods lack prospective scientific evidence on clinical performance in large cohorts and economic analysis, which would help to get a better insight into their diagnostic performance and enable safe and effective clinical implementation.

Key Points

Question

There is a growing interest in AI products that reduce MRI scan time, but an overview of these methods and their scientific evidence is missing.

Findings

Only a limited number of articles (n = 4, 19%) prospectively demonstrated the impact of the software for accelerating MRI on diagnostic performance metrics.

Clinical relevance

Although various commercially available products shorten MRI acquisition time, more studies in large cohorts are needed to get a better insight into the diagnostic performance of AI-constructed MRI.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging practices: insights from the MRCT registry
Authors: Moser Lukas J. , Lisi Costanza , Gutberlet Matthias , Boccalini Sara , Budde Ricardo P. J. , Francone Marco , Hrabak Paar Maja , Loewe Christian , Muscogiuri Giuseppe , Natale Luigi , Nikolaou Konstantin , Pirnat Maja , Salgado Rodrigo , Vliegenthart Rozemarijn , Williams Michelle C. , Eberhard Matthias , Alkadhi Hatem
Published: February 2025

Purpose

To assess the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and the spectrum of indications for cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a focus on myocarditis.

Materials and methods

This was a retrospective analysis of data from the MRCT registry of the European Society of Cardiovascular Radiology (ESCR). Data regarding indications and diagnoses of myocarditis between January 1, 2018, and April 30, 2024, were extracted. Data was analyzed for the periods before and after the beginning (i.e., March 11, 2020) of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Results

Data from 112,361 cardiac MRI examinations was analyzed (63.5% male, median age 58 [IQR 44–69]). Over the entire period, assessment of myocarditis was the most common indication for cardiac MRI (31%, n = 34,906/112,361). Before the pandemic, this indication comprised 28% of examinations and increased to a maximum of 41% in 2022 after the onset of the pandemic. Simultaneously, the positivity rate of these examinations decreased from 21% before the pandemic to 14% in 2022. Male patients had a higher positivity rate than female patients both before and during the pandemic, with mirroring trends between sexes. The proportion of cardiac MRI examinations performed for suspected and known coronary artery disease showed an inverse relationship with those performed for myocarditis and decreased from 24% and 17% pre-pandemic to a minimum of 21% and 13% during the pandemic.

Conclusion

The COVID-19 pandemic considerably influenced the pattern of referrals for cardiac MRI examinations in Europe, leading to a higher proportion of examinations for suspected myocarditis but a reduced positivity rate, suggesting a lower referral threshold for this indication. At the same time, proportionally fewer examinations were performed for suspected and known coronary artery disease.

Key Points

Question

The COVID-19 pandemic may have influenced the spectrum and positivity rates of indications for cardiac MRI, especially examinations for myocarditis.

Findings

The COVID-19 pandemic led to a higher proportion of cardiac MRI examinations for suspected myocarditis but a reduced positivity rate.

Clinical relevance

The spectrum and proportions of indications for cardiac MRI give important information on the historical and current trends in cardiac imaging and provide insight into resource deployment.