bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epilogue
Authors: Summers Jesse S. , Sinnott-Armstrong Walter
Published: September 2019

Philosophical reflections on Scrupulosity have revealed several important complexities about morality, religion, sainthood, character, mental illness, responsibility, and rationality. In particular, they have shown how mental illness is much more complicated than just the absence of rationality, that moral actions, character traits, and moral judgments cannot be evaluated in isolation but must be considered in context. This larger context is conveyed in therapy. The goal here was not to resolve these complexities but to illustrate how these issues are illuminated by reflecting about real psychiatric cases. These cases and reflections are instructive about how hard and sometimes subtle it is to draw a clear line between this disorder and ordinary, rational moral life.
The Claims of Experience
Authors: Bennett Nolan
Published: September 2019

Why have so many figures throughout American history proclaimed their life stories when confronted by great political problems? The Claims of Experience provides a new theory for what makes autobiography political throughout the history of the United States and today. Across five chapters, the book examines the democratic crises that encouraged a diverse cast of figures to tell their stories: Benjamin Franklin amid the revolutionary era and its aftermath, Frederick Douglass in the antebellum South and in abolitionist movements, Henry Adams in the Gilded Age and its anxieties of industrial change, Emma Goldman among the first Red Scare and state opposition to radical speech, and Whittaker Chambers amid the second Red Scare that initiated the anticommunist turn of modern conservatism. These authors made a “claim of experience”: a life narrative that offers its audience new community by restoring to readers and author alike from prevailing political authorities the power to remake and make meaning of their lives. Whereas political theorists and activists have often seen autobiography as too individualist or a mere documentary source of evidence, this theory reveals the democratic power that life narratives, both written and spoken, have offered both those on the margins and in the mainstream. When successful, claims of experience redistribute popular authority from unsettled institutions and identities to new democratic visions. This book offers both a method for understanding the politics of life narrative and a call to anticipate claims of experience as they appear today.
Bias and Belief
Authors: Bardon Adrian
Published: September 2019

This chapter introduces key psychological concepts pertinent to denial, such as cognitive dissonance, motivated reasoning, and confirmation bias. It also addresses the relation between denial and ideology. It explains different social psychology approaches to understanding the phenomena of denial and ideological denialism. Ideological denialism is a unique psychological condition wherein the subject is motivated to embrace a certain conclusion about issues of public relevance for reasons relating to self-interest, group-interest, culture, personality, and/or identity. A discovery of great importance is that the tendency to ideological denial is neither a consequence of being uninformed nor a consequence of one’s lacking political sophistication.
Explosive Pluralisms
Authors: Pollock Emily Richmond
Published: September 2019

A specifically Germanic tradition of opera was renewed in Zimmermann’s Die Soldaten, an ambitious serial construction saddled with an antiwar moral. Zimmermann approached the problem of tradition by recasting opera as an inherently monstrous, pluralistic, and multivalent art form. Rather than steering around Wagner, Berg, and the modernists who had problematized opera, Zimmermann regarded them as a legacy worth confronting. He programmatically addressed modern music’s relationship to history, referring to old forms as Berg had done and incorporating new influences in an updated Gesamtkunstwerk. He positioned opera as a site for the serialist realization of his concept of the “spherical shape of time” (Kugelgestalt der Zeit). His allusions shaped the work’s formal structure and characterization, the rigidity of which in turn suggested an analogy to the inevitability of societal oppression. Archival documents show Zimmermann negotiating a balance between serialist control and Expressionist verve.
The Logic of Violent Ethnic Competition
Authors: Vogt Manuel
Published: September 2019

This chapter provides both quantitative and qualitative evidence from post–Cold War sub-Saharan Africa for how ethnic organizations affect outcomes of equality and peace in decolonized states. It first addresses the group-level relationship between ethnic organizations and ethnic inequality. These analyses show that groups that are politically mobilized through an ethnic party are more likely to become politically dominant than groups that lack the infrastructural power that such parties provide. The following part then moves to the systemic level to analyze the effect of group mobilization on the risk of ethnic civil conflict. The results reveal that it is the concurrence of group mobilization and ethnic inequality that makes the outbreak of violent conflict most likely in Africa’s decolonized states.
Elite Alliances and Conflict in Decolonized States
Authors: Vogt Manuel
Published: September 2019

What explains different degrees of ethnic group mobilization and exclusion across decolonized states? And how can ethnic civil conflict be avoided in these states? This chapter addresses these questions on the basis of a comparative case study of Côte d’Ivoire and Gabon. Relying on evidence from in-depth elite interviews, collected during three months of field research, and secondary sources, the chapter illuminates the causal path leading from inequality and mobilization to violent conflict—or from transethnic cooperation and ethnic inclusion to peace—in these two cases. It also examines the historical origins of ethnic and transethnic organizations in the two countries. Highlighting the crucial impact of elite behavior, the evidence from Côte d’Ivoire and Gabon suggests that the historical nature of elite alliances decisively shapes patterns of inequality, mobilization, and, ultimately, violence in decolonized states.
The Logic of Nonviolent Ethnic Movements
Authors: Vogt Manuel
Published: September 2019

Focusing on Latin America, this chapter examines the consequences of ethnic mobilization in the colonial settler states. It draws on a novel data set on ethnic organizations covering all Latin American states from 1946 to 2009. The statistical analyses reveal that indigenous and African-descendant groups that are represented by ethnic organizations have a higher chance of inclusion in executive state power at either the national or regional level than groups without such organizational representatives. Yet this effect depends on the level of democratic freedom. In addition, the results confirm that ethnic organizations in these states also foment peaceful ethnopolitical contention, in the form of collective protest. Thus, in stratified societies, ethnic organizations assume an emancipatory function, promoting the empowerment of the historically subordinated groups, while promoting nonviolent contentious action.
Illiberal versus Liberal State Branding and Public International Law
Authors: Matwijkiw Anja , Matwijkiw Bronik
Published: September 2019

This article examines the renaissance of Hannah Arendt’s thoughts on refugees and minorities and the post-2001 illiberal developments in Denmark—towards popular nationalism. Instrumentally, Denmark has adopted a strict course to avoid asylum-seekers from Syria and other countries whose populations cannot be squared with Danish value politics on account of their ethnic and religious ties. More precisely, the dual strategy that experts on Danish policymaking link with a “desire to avoid” refugees, asylum-seekers and foreigners in general has not only resulted in Denmark’s decision to copy the (increasingly popular) “Burqa IUBan” trend in Europe, but also to institutionalize a restrictive economic and social regime to prevent attractive protection conditions. The question is whether the political reference to the national interest warrants more than an admission to Arendt’s solution to the problem of rights for refugees and minorities. The article believes that this is the case.
Reparations for Victims of Mass Atrocities: Actual and Potential Contributions of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights to the International Criminal Court
Authors: Perez-Leon-Acevedo Juan-Pablo
Published: September 2019

The Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) has developed important reparations case-law, especially concerning serious human rights violations. Among international and hybrid criminal tribunals (ICTs), the International Criminal Court (ICC) introduced the first reparations system for victims of international crimes under its jurisdiction. However, whereas the IACtHR orders reparations against states, the ICC can only order reparations against convicted individuals. Thus, this article examines whether, to what extent and how the IACtHR’s practice has actually contributed and/or may potentially contribute to the substantive law and institutional aspects of the ICC’s reparations system. It is found that the ICC’s reparations practice has extensively used the IACtHR’s reparations case-law, especially concerning substantive law, as adapted to the nature and mandate of the ICC. Besides these contributions, the IACtHR’s potential contributions to enhance institutionally the ICC’s reparations system, particularly as for reparations implementation, are discussed.
Collective Reparations as a Partial Remedy for State-Perpetrated Blanket Violations of the Rights of Targeted Child Asylum Seeker Groups
Authors: Grover Sonja C.
Published: September 2019

This article argues for the entitlement of discrete refugee groups to collective reparations for targeted state-perpetrated blanket grievous human rights violations against their group whether by the home, transit or prospective asylum state. A review of selected international law and international principles of justice are discussed as a grounding for the applicability of collective reparations in such a refugee context. The example is discussed of children from Central America who accompanied their parent or parents to the US-Mexican border in search of refugee asylum most of whom, but not all, crossed the US border irregularly and then were separated from their parents as a result of President Trump’s so-called ‘zero-tolerance’ migration policy and held in US custody. Over 500 of these children are still, at the time of writing, separated from their parents and for a significant number of those, their parents have been deported without them.
Global versus National
Authors: Dueck Colin
Published: September 2019

This chapter describes the efforts of various Republican presidents and congressional leaders to balance nationalist with global foreign policy priorities between 1901 and 1960. Theodore Roosevelt was quite effective in doing so, within the context of his time. GOP conservatives struggled to respond to Woodrow Wilson, splintering into factional disputes, but agreeing that Wilson’s League of Nations could not be supported unrevised. Republican presidents from Warren Harding to Herbert Hoover then tried to cultivate a pacified international system while promoting US national interests, but were unwilling to sustain the necessary costs. Fierce debates over foreign policy characterized internal GOP politics during 1939–1941. Finally, in the mid-1950s, President Eisenhower hit upon a reasonable balance of national and global priorities, internationalizing the Republican Party.
Global versus National
Authors: Dueck Colin
Published: September 2019

This chapter describes the efforts of various Republican presidents and congressional leaders to strike balances between nationalist and internationalist priorities between the 1960s and 2015. Barry Goldwater championed a hawkish Sunbelt conservatism that in the long run helped remake the Republican Party. President Nixon pursued a foreign policy based upon assumptions of great-power politics and realpolitik. President Reagan led an ideologically charged effort at anti-Communist rollback, although he was careful not to overextend the United States in any large-scale wars on the ground. Republicans during the Clinton presidency struggled to reformulate conservative foreign policy assumptions in the wake of the Soviet Union’s collapse. George W. Bush remade conservative foreign policy into a war on terror, aiming at the democratization of the Greater Middle East. Finally, during the presidency of Barack Obama, Republican foreign policy factions once again splintered, paving the way for a conservative nationalist resurgence.
Rome, the Domus Ecclesiae, and the Church Basilica
Authors: Ousterhout Robert G.
Published: September 2019

The church basilica adopted in the period of Constantine (after 312 CE) followed the model of Roman civic basilicas and audience halls—that is, it represented a building type without specifically religious associations. Moreover, the basilica form could accommodate large crowds internally and could be easily distinguished externally from pagan temples; their construction literally put Christianity on the urban landscape. Many replaced “house churches” of the pre-Constantinian era or were situated near the graves of martyrs.
Ritual Settings I
Authors: Ousterhout Robert G.
Published: September 2019

How did the church building become sacred space? Early Christians understood two models of sacred presence. In the first, sanctity was invoked by the congregation coming together in common prayer, an experience that was formalized into the liturgy. In the second, sanctity was represented by the presence of relics or the tombs of martyrs and saints. In Rome, the early churches inside the walls of the city were primarily liturgical; those outside the walls were commemorative, set in relationship to the tombs of martyrs and the surrounding catacombs and cemeteries. Subsequent centuries witnessed a collapsing of the two categories. At the same time, the building vocabulary expanded, with baptisteries serving as symbolic settings for the initiation rite and mausolea offering special settings for privileged burials. By the fifth century, monasticism became a regular part of the Christian landscape.
Makers, Methods, and Materials
Authors: Ousterhout Robert G.
Published: September 2019

Early Christian architecture inherited a well-established building industry and followed in the tradition of Roman architecture, as defined by Vitruvius in the first century BCE. Architects were identified by title as mechanikos or architekton, indicating their level of training. With the official acceptance of Christianity, the emperor or the state took a leading role in patronage. Documents mention project supervisors, government overseers, and accountants, as well as skilled and unskilled laborers.
Master Builders and their Craft
Authors: Ousterhout Robert G.
Published: September 2019

The architectural profession and architectural practices changed dramatically during the Transitional Period. Before that time, architectural creation was theory driven, following the Roman model elaborated by Vitruvius in the first century BCE. By the Middle Byzantine period, architecture had become in effect an illiterate profession, conservatively guided by established workshop practices. When innovation appeared, it was usually on a small scale, affecting the details but not the overall design. Even the language changed: the terms mechanikos (engineer) and architekton (architect) are replaced by oikodomos (builder).
Development of Regional Styles II
Authors: Ousterhout Robert G.
Published: September 2019

The masonry architecture of Anatolia is less well preserved than that of Greece, but an analysis of the surviving buildings indicates an interaction between Constantinople and the local centers, evident in the construction techniques and decorative details. In central and eastern Anatolia, contact with Caucasian is evident. Better evidence of Byzantine daily life is provided by the rock-carved settlements in the rough volcanic highland of Cappadocia. Although they appear to replicate masonry forms, the inventiveness of the Cappadocian artisan is often evident in the willful deviations from a masonry prototype.
Regional Diversity
Authors: Ousterhout Robert G.
Published: September 2019

With the weakening of central authority, distinctive regional styles emerge in the Balkan states. Serbia relied heavily on Byzantine styles and Byzantine craftsmen in the early fourteenth century but by the end of the century had developed a distinctive national style, often called the Morava School. Bulgarian architecture maintained close ties to Constantinople, but with a greater emphasis on the decorative features of the exterior. Romania, a latecomer on the scene, found its initial architectural inspiration in Serbia; the region of Moldavia developed a distinctive church architecture with its exterior walls decorated with fresco. Church architecture continued in all these areas to serve the Christian communities after the Ottoman Conquest.
Divine and Human Laughter in Later Platonism
Authors: Heath Malcolm
Published: September 2019

Plato’s dialogues contain much laughter, sometimes expressing personal or shared pleasure, but often aggressive or malicious (a phenomenon examined in Philebus). Later Platonists, whose texts did not dramatize social interactions, have less to say about laughter and treat it with reserve. Porphyry’s Plotinus never laughs, though he smiles tolerantly at Porphyry’s misunderstanding of his metaphysics (a scene modeled on a passage in Plato’s Parmenides). So the famous remark that Longinus was philologos but not philosophos was probably not aggressive, but a witty riposte to Longinus’ wordplay in the titles of a pair of texts criticizing Plotinus’ philosophy. Later Platonists increasingly favor a serious demeanor, treating laughter with reserve. For Iamblichus, laughter is a merely human trait that obstructs assimilation to the divine. Yet Syrianus and his pupils find in the laughter of Homer’s gods a celebration of divine providence, inspired by Plotinus’ playfully serious reflections on the seriousness of play.
Self-Ridicule
Authors: Woodruff Paul B.
Published: September 2019

Socrates seeks wisdom through self-ridicule, which is a product of self-questioning. The questions he asks others are questions that he asks of himself, questions that we should be asking of ourselves. They are mischievous questions in that they bring to light comfortable presuppositions that will not stand up to investigation; taking them seriously helps us reach an understanding of our ignorance, an understanding that is the basis of human wisdom. What Socrates calls his daimonion, an uncanny ability to avoid wrongdoing, is a product of his self-questioning. Because he has become clear about his ethical commitments, he is able to honor them consistently. Uncanny this may be, but it is not beyond human reach.
The Psychology of Creativity
Authors: Sternberg Robert J.
Published: September 2019

With respect to the psychology of creativity, different approaches are presented that this author has developed over the years. In particular, they are a three-facet approach, an investment approach, and a propulsion approach to creative work. According to the three-facet model, the aspect of intelligence that is most important is creative intelligence. According to the investment theory, creative people defy the crowd as they question familiar beliefs and assumptions. According to the propulsion theory, creativity propels a field in a new direction. Divergent thinking is discussed, but only as a small part of the wider scope of creativity that occurs in real-world domains. Alternative theories are reviewed. Emerging from these theories are common “creative” dispositions that are described, such as an openness to new experience, a willingness to take risks, and intrinsic motivation. Conclusions are drawn regarding how education—often early education—can nurture the development of creative thinking in our society.
Creativity and the Brain’s Default Mode Network
Authors: Raichle Marcus E.
Published: September 2019

It may be surprising to learn that the brain’s intrinsic, ongoing activity is the dominant mode of brain function, present and largely nonconscious whether we are daydreaming, sleeping, or engaged in the full range of human behaviors. Intrinsic activity is easily seen in the ongoing electrical activity of the brain, where extensive averaging is needed to separate evoked activity from intrinsic activity. Reinforcing its dominant role in brain function is the fact that it accounts for well over 90% of the enormous cost of brain function. A productive discussion of creativity must, therefore, take into account the role of intrinsic activity. Fortunately, intrinsic activity is highly organized, a feature highlighted by the recent discovery of the brain’s default mode network (DMN) that serves a dominant role in the overall organization of intrinsic activity. The relationship between the DMN and memory-related structures such as the hippocampus has the hallmark of how an internal model of the environment is built and maintained, which is critical for prediction, imagination, and creativity. More generally the DMN is concerned with our internal mental state (i.e., an egocentric perspective) whereas the networks with which it interacts offer an allocentric perspective. It is at this interface between the egocentric and allocentric perspective that the comfort one has with risk-taking, a necessary component of the creative process, is adjudicated. Exploring the many facets of the DMN’s role in the intrinsic activities of the brain will likely yield new insights into the creative process.
Creativity in Modernist Literary Writers
Authors: Nalbantian Suzanne
Published: September 2019

This chapter presents a theory of creativity as a transformative process, derived from the study of a group of modernist writers used as case studies. Such transformation has analogues in the neuroscientific study of creativity, which deals with dynamic interactions between nonconscious and conscious processing. Certain literary authors illuminate the extent to which the creative process is conscious and top-down yet also nonconscious and bottom-up according to different states of the brain at different stages of the creative process. The prefix “trans” describes the brain’s interconnectivity that is exemplified in the transforming strategies that contribute to the artistry of these authors. Writers like Proust, Joyce, Woolf, Faulkner, and Anaïs Nin transform their life material into the art of their fiction through a variety of literary devices that can be scrutinized. The autobiographical material derives from various preliminary modes of creativity—the default mode network (DMN) in Nin, the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep mode among the Surrealists, encoded emotional memories in the case of Woolf and Nin, and fragments of quotidian life in the case of Henry James, Joyce, and Faulkner. These writers were cognizant of their creative processes, writing about them in notes, letters, diaries, memoirs, and prefaces and enacting them in their creative works.
The Distinctive Creativity of Leonardo and Michelangelo
Authors: Onians John
Published: September 2019

The artistic creativity of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo can be studied from a neuroscientific perspective. We can appreciate their innovativeness if we recognize that creativity is rare, for good evolutionary reasons. Our genetic material predisposes us to imitate our elders and betters because it is safer that way. This is why norms are so prevalent. This is also why innovation is rare, and why it is often found in the work of individuals who, for some reason, are outside the norm. Such people will possess neural resources that are exceptional, and none will be more important for artists than their default mode networks (DMN), which are vital because of their integration of past memories, present experience, and future planning. The more independent and non-normative the artist, the more crucial are such resources, especially for artists such as Leonardo and Michelangelo. Their family backgrounds, family relationships, and experiences were all unlike those of other people, equipping them with highly differentiated networks, which they were in a good position to exploit because of their brains’ neuroplasticity and their training in attention which gave them their mental discipline. These two artists were also skilled in several fields which contributed to their creativity. Their conscious interdisciplinarity included insights from visual arts and music (for Leonardo), from architecture (for Michelangelo), and from the study of human anatomy for both artists.
Dearest Lenny
Authors: Yoshihara Mari
Published: September 2019

Buried in the massive archives of Leonard Bernstein are many letters to the maestro from two unknown Japanese individuals: Kazuko Amano, who became a loyal fan of Bernstein in 1947, and Kunihiko Hashimoto, who fell deeply in love with Bernstein in 1979 and later came to be professionally involved in the maestro’s work. Using their passionate letters to trace their special relationship with Bernstein, Dearest Lenny explores how Bernstein, a quintessential American in so many ways, became the world maestro who reached and communicated so powerfully across borders. It follows Bernstein’s transformation from an American icon to the world maestro against the backdrop of the changing geopolitics and economy during the second half of the twentieth century. During this period, Japan’s place in the world and its relationship to the United States changed dramatically, which also shaped Bernstein’s relationship to the world and to the two individuals in important ways. In tracing Bernstein’s worldwide reach through the decades, Dearest Lenny looks at many forms of relationships—not only between Bernstein and the two individuals but also between art and life, the United States and the world, culture and commerce, artists and the state, the private and the public, conventions and transgressions, dreams and realities. Amano’s and Hashimoto’s stories provide a unique window into these relationships, as well as the deep, intimate bond each of them built with their beloved maestro.
Hezbollah
Authors: Daher Aurélie
Published: September 2019

Almost thirty years after its foundation, Lebanese Hezbollah is an organization that remains difficult to understand. What exactly is Hezbollah? An Islamist terrorist group dedicated to destroying Israel? The first Arab national resistance to have ever defeated Tel Aviv's troops? A patriotic and respectable party or a fascist network having managed to control all levels of Lebanese political life? How did this organization acquire such an important role in the Middle-Eastern game and in Lebanese politics?
This book has three purposes. Firstly, to clearly articulate a definition of Hezbollah, presenting a thorough history of the party, describing its internal structure and the large scope of its social and political action. Secondly, to explain the evolution of the party's mobilization. And finally, to illustrate another path, political but mainly identity-related: that of the Shiite community, the main constituent of Lebanese society today.
Through a rigorous and richly documented study, based on primary sources including hundreds of interviews with rank and file members, executives and officials of the party, and research material never examined before, the author unveils brand new aspects of this organization, thus completing our understanding of both the "Hezbollah phenomenon" and Lebanese politics of the last two decades.
Introduction
Authors: Daher Aurélie
Published: September 2019

This book aims to provide some answers to various questions about the future of Hezbollah—and, by extension, of Lebanon. The approach chosen here is a study that is empirical as well as analytical, opening with a discussion about the mobilization of the party in its country of origin. If Hezbollah loses certain regional assets, it must be able to retain sufficient local support in order to preserve its position and strength. More than weaponry, it is the leverage provided by popular mobilization in its home country that will ensure its continued existence. Hence, the central issue that frames this book is discovering the nature of the relationship between Hezbollah and its public, and identifying both the structural and contextual elements that drive it.
Hezbollah’s Internal Organization Structure, Membership, Internal Operations
Authors: Daher Aurélie
Published: September 2019

While the Lebanese use the term "party" ("hizb") as a practical category for referring to the country's various political groups, in public law the only collective action structure, political or otherwise, is that of the "association" ("jamiyya"). However, despite its concern for acting within the law, Hezbollah is not listed with the Ministry of Interior under this rubric. The reason is simple: Hezbollah does not present itself as an association, but as a group of networked institutions. The party's institutional oddity is heightened by the hybrid nature of the ideological and cultural roots of its institutions as well as of its organizational functioning. Hezbollah is usually understood as an Islamist group, but its structure is nothing like that of the Muslim Brotherhood or Sunni al-Qaida. Admittedly, an Islamic version of the decision-making process is to some extent reflected by the collegial command structure ("shura"). But the organization at heart is not Islamic. Indeed, Hezbollah's structure and its internal operations owe a good deal to communist and socialist models.
Distinction
Authors: Alborn Timothy
Published: September 2019

“Distinction” identifies the often-tortured efforts by Britons to have their gold and wear it too. Mayors, liverymen, admirals, peers, and royals conspicuously brandished gold well into the nineteenth century, while belittling foreigners and status-hungry nouveau riches for wearing wealth. The ideal and reality did start to converge after 1820, when doctors started to trade in their gold-headed canes for stethoscopes, watches lost their gold chains, and gold-laced hats gave way to felt derbies. Increasingly, wearing gold appeared in conduct manuals and novels as resoundingly atavistic; and once it had been consigned to the past it could be safely enjoyed in historical settings, as when Victoria and Albert presided over costume balls bedecked in Elizabethan embroidery. More generally, Britons carefully carved out exceptions—including servants, military officers, and members of the royal family—that proved a general rule against wearing gold.
The Partnership Begins
Authors: Chapman Con
Published: September 2019

This chapter describes the early years of Hodges’s association with Duke Ellington beginning in 1928, when the band strove to play “jungle music” that would titillate white patrons of the segregated Cotton Club, where the group served as house band. Hodges’s seductive approach added a new dimension to the growls, hot rhythms, and strange harmonies that characterized Ellington’s early efforts; the warmth of his tone, his flatted “blue” notes and his plaintive phrasing brought an element of New Orleans to Ellington’s New York band that it had lacked after the brief tenure of Sidney Bechet ended. Noteworthy performances of the 1930s are described, including Hodges’s participation in Benny Goodman’s 1938 mixed-race concert at Carnegie Hall. Goodman and Ellington were rivals, and Ellington was upset that Goodman got to Carnegie Hall before he did and that Hodges showed an independent streak by participating.
The Coming of Bird
Authors: Chapman Con
Published: September 2019

The chapter discusses a new type of jazz that arrived beginning in the mid-1940s that came to be known as “bebop.” It was marked by new harmonies, staccato rhythms and—on the alto sax—a shift away from the smooth technique of Johnny Hodges, Benny Carter, and Willie Smith to the revolutionary syntax and vocabulary of Charlie Parker. In 1944 DownBeat predicted that soon Parker would be ranked number two behind Johnny Hodges on the alto; this prediction proved to be too cautious, as Parker along with fellow innovators of bebop changed the jazz landscape. Today, Parker is generally ranked as the foremost alto player in jazz history. The boppers subordinated tone and feeling to speed, melodic invention, and harmonic complexity. By the end of the decade, Hodges’s music had begun to seem dated.
Outside the Ellington Constellation: The 1950s and 1960s
Authors: Chapman Con
Published: September 2019

The chapter discusses Johnny Hodges’s work apart from Ellington during the 1950s and 1960s. He made albums with pianist Billy Taylor, who went on to become a noted broadcaster and jazz educator; baritone saxophonist Gerry Mulligan; Coleman Hawkins; trumpeter Roy Eldridge; and in one instance television bandleader Lawrence Welk, a date for which Hodges received a fair amount of criticism, as if his participation in a recording session with a “sweet” band backed by a string section confirmed the complaints of some critics that Hodges’s style was overripe and sentimental. A defense is mounted against this charge on two grounds: first, that the album featured some of the best arrangers of the day, including Benny Carter; second, that an album with strings is a fairly common aspiration of many jazz musicians, who long for the respectability that is denied to their genre because of its disreputable origins.
Documentary Resistance
Authors: Aguayo Angela J.
Published: September 2019

The potential of documentary moving images to foster democratic exchange has been percolating within media production culture for the last century, and now, with mobile cameras at our fingertips and broadcasts circulating through unpredictable social networks, the documentary impulse is coming into its own as a political force of social change. The exploding reach and power of audio and video are multiplying documentary modes of communication. Once considered an outsider media practice, documentary is finding mass appeal in the allure of moving images, collecting participatory audiences that create meaningful challenges to the social order. Documentary is adept at collecting frames of human experience, challenging those insights, and turning these stories into public knowledge that is palpable for audiences. Generating pathways of exchange between unlikely interlocutors, collective identification forged with documentary discourse constitutes a mode of political agency that is directing energy toward acting in the world. Reflecting experiences of life unfolding before the camera, documentary representations help order social relationships that deepen our public connections and generate collective roots. As digital culture creates new pathways through which information can flow, the connections generated from social change documentary constitute an emerging public commons. Considering the deep ideological divisions that are fracturing U.S. democracy, it is of critical significance to understand how communities negotiate power and difference by way of an expanding documentary commons. Investment in the force of documentary resistance helps cultivate an understanding of political life from the margins, where documentary production practices are a form of survival.
Introduction
Authors: Boris Eileen
Published: September 2019

Asking why it took a century for domestic workers to come under global labor standards, this introduction frames the ILO as a producer of social knowledge whose definitions cast the woman worker as a distinct category in law and social policy. It traces changes in the global political economy, introduces the structure of the ILO, and outlines subsequent chapters. Though not an explicitly feminist organization, legal-equality and labor feminists alike sought to use the ILO to advance their own agendas. Despite growing acceptance of formal equality, the ILO came up against women’s assumed responsibility for homes and families, including reproductive labor. By the 1970s, structural transformations rendered the male-breadwinner model inadequate, turning the ILO’s attention to the “informal” sector exemplified by women home-based workers in the Global South. With the unraveling of the employer-employee relation and legal protections, the woman worker in the early 21st century came to stand as a harbinger for a world of precarious, feminized labor—part-time, short-term, and low-waged—that the ILO seeks to combat through a “decent work” agenda, which includes improving unpaid as well as paid domestic work, both of which are essential for women’s labor force participation.
Women’s Place (in the Future of Work)
Authors: Boris Eileen
Published: September 2019

In the early 21st century, women still found in home-based labor a private solution to their need to earn income while looking after children and other family members. Even as the ILO embraced gender mainstreaming and gender-neutral standards (except for maternity), it re-inscribed care work as part of the problem of the woman worker on the eve of its 2019 Centennial. Building a new care economy emerged as the solution to winning equality and transforming paid household labor into decent work. To encourage women’s labor force participation, the ILO would remake the workplace through flexi-time and flexi-space. It continued to promulgate best practices for improving working life, adding assistance with monitoring global supply chains and encouraging corporate social responsibility. It debated a new instrument on gender violence and sexual harassment at work, including harms to LGBTQ people. Nonetheless, the unraveling of labor standards and the onslaught against worker rights spread conditions once associated with women in the Global South to men as well as women in the industrialized North. As the gig economy and computerization increasingly positioned the home as a site of commoditized work, economic justice in all worksites became bound ever more intimately to justice in the home.
Introduction
Authors: Stainton Hamsa
Published: September 2019

This chapter frames the present study of Sanskrit hymns of praise from Kashmir in terms of the relationship between poetic and religious expression in South Asia. It introduces and discusses six key elements that weave throughout the book: the genre known as the stotra (hymn of praise); poetry (kāvya); poetics (alaṅkāraśāstra); prayer; bhakti (devotion); and the region of Kashmir, including the major contours of its religious and literary history. In doing so, the chapter summarizes the central themes of the book and establishes the context for analyzing poetry as prayer. It concludes by reviewing the contents and organization of the book.
Literary Hymns from Kashmir
Authors: Stainton Hamsa
Published: September 2019

This chapter presents an overview of the history and study of literary hymns from Kashmir. In roughly chronological order it introduces the central texts discussed in the remainder of this book. It highlights three distinctive themes that emerge from a long view of stotras in Kashmir. The first is the relationship between theology and literature, and specifically how many Kashmirian authors address theological issues, such as the nature of non-dualistic prayer and devotion, in their hymns. Second, these stotras frequently engage with multiple, complex audiences, both human and divine. In some cases this serves pedagogical purposes, or facilitates the transmission of highly technical teachings. Finally, it shows how the trajectory of this genre is markedly different from that of other genres in Kashmir. Kashmirian authors repeatedly turned to the flexible stotra form for creative literary experiments that challenged contemporary conventions or re-envisioned earlier traditions.
Dealing with Let and Escaping Pakistan’s Nuclear Coercion
Authors: Fair C. Christine
Published: September 2019

Given Pakistan's strategic commitments and the risk aversion of policy-makers in the United States and India, what options exist for these states to deal with LeT specifically, or more generally, the problem of Pakistan's reliance upon terrorism as a key foreign policy tool? Admittedly, the options are few and not without risk. In this chapter, I lay out three broad sets of options: maintain the status quo; manage the narrow problem of LeT through enhanced counter-terrorism efforts and leadership decapitation; and develop a new complement of compellent policies to undermine Pakistan's heretofore successful nuclear coercion strategy. India cannot compel Pakistan to cease and desist from using terrorism as a tool of policy on its own; rather, the United States will have to assume the heaviest burden in this effort. However, there is important--if limited--space for Indian action even if the United States, per its historical record, declines to pursue this course of action
Elphinstone, Geography, and the Spectre of Afghanistan in the Himalaya
Authors: Gardner Kyle
Published: September 2019

This chapter analyzes the "Elphinstonian episteme" in the context of the northwestern Himalayas, a region centered on the historical "entrepot" of Ladakh. The combination of cartographic, ethnographic and scientific practices exhibited in the Elphinstone mission of 1808-09 were repeated a decade later in the north-western Himalayas by William Moorcroft and George Trebeck, and were extended by two British boundary commissions in the 1840s. The results of these commissions were compiled in Alexander Cunningham's composite account, "Ladak: Physical, Statistical, and Historical" (1854), a text which has done for Ladakh Studies what Elphinstone's "Account of the Kingdom of Caubul" has done for Afghanistan Studies. This chapter surveys the place of geography within Elphinstone's, Moorcroft's and Cunningham's texts, before exploring how the assertion of borderlines within these geographical conceptions conflicted with indigenous understandings of territory. By comparing these texts, this chapter traces the development of colonial geographical knowledge. Not only are these texts fundamentally concerned with the construction of political space, they also reflect a specific hierarchy of information that reflects broader colonial understandings of territoriality.
From Event Reports to Protest Analysis
Authors: Weidmann Nils B. , Rød Espen Geelmuyden
Published: September 2019

This chapter introduces the main elements of the research design for the empirical chapters in the book. Starting with the event reports provided by the Mass Mobilization in Autocracies Database, the chapter develops a research design that studies variation in local Internet penetration and anti-regime protest. The chapter motivates the choice of the sub-national unit of observation (cities), and temporal units of analysis (years, weeks). It introduces a new measure of Internet penetration derived from network measurements, developed in collaboration with computer scientists. The high level of spatial and temporal resolution allows for one of the most detailed analyses so far in the study of mass protest. The chapter also introduces the statistical models used for the analysis. The book relies on Bayesian multilevel models, a framework that takes into account the hierarchical structure of the data and has advantages in the analysis of data with skewed dependent variables.
Internet Coverage and the Temporal Dynamics of Protest
Authors: Weidmann Nils B. , Rød Espen Geelmuyden
Published: September 2019

The results Chapter 6 have shown that Internet technology suppresses the occurrence of protest, but how does the technology affect the persistence of protest once it has started? This chapter revisits theoretical arguments for how Internet technology can affect the continuation of protest by facilitating the spread of information about ongoing protest, but also about violent repression by the government. It presents empirical tests of how Internet connectivity relates to the persistence of anti-regime protest. The results show that while the technology lowers the chance that protest occurs in the first place, it makes the continuation of protest more likely once it has started. The chapter also uncovers important heterogeneity in the catalyzing effect of Internet technology: it fuels future protest only if the autocratic regime did not respond with violent repression to the previous instance of unrest. In other words, information about ongoing protest disseminated online can catalyze protest, but the government’s repressive response crucially mediates this effect.
The Trials of Allegiance
Authors: Larson Carlton F.W.
Published: September 2019

The Trials of Allegiance examines the law of treason during the American Revolution—a convulsive, violent civil war in which nearly everyone could be considered a traitor, either to Great Britain or to America. Drawing from extensive archival research in Pennsylvania—one of the main centers of the revolution—Carlton Larson provides the most comprehensive analysis yet of the treason prosecutions brought by Americans against British adherents—through committees of safety, military tribunals, and ordinary criminal trials. Although popular rhetoric against traitors was pervasive in Pennsylvania, jurors consistently viewed treason defendants not as incorrigibly evil, but as fellow Americans who had made a political mistake. This book explains the repeated—and violently controversial—pattern of acquittals. Juries were carefully selected in ways that benefited the defendants, and jurors refused to accept the death penalty as an appropriate punishment for treason. The American Revolution, unlike many others, would not be enforced with the gallows. More broadly, Larson explores how the Revolution’s treason trials shaped American national identity and perceptions of national allegiance. He concludes with the adoption of the Treason Clause of the United States Constitution, which was immediately put to use in the early 1790s in response to the Whiskey Rebellion and Fries’s Rebellion. In taking a fresh look at these formative events, The Trials of Allegiance will reframe how we think about treason in American history—up to and including the present.
The ignorant, the manipulative, and the difficulties of measuring society
Authors: Érdi Péter
Published: September 2019

While making objective rankings sounds like an appealing goal, there are at least two reasons why we may not have objectivity: ignorance and manipulation. Persons with less knowledge suffer from illusory superiority due to their cognitive bias, a phenomenon called the Dunning–Kruger effect. Omnipresent in society is not only ignorance but also manipulation. Manipulators have the intention of gaining personal advantage by adopting different tricks, and the chapter summarizes these tricks. Then the importance and the difficulties of measuring society are discussed. According to Campbell’s law, use of quantitative indicators will distort and corrupt the social processes they are intended to monitor. “Rank and yank” refers to an annual performance review process by which a company ranks its employees against one another, and it looks as though CEOs have the difficult problem of avoiding unhealthy dog-eat-dog situations in the workplace. The chapter then discusses how a particular social metric, the credit score, is calculated and how objective the result is. It argues that social scientists and computer scientists should cooperate to generate “ethical algorithms” to avoid social prejudice. Further, it is argued that quantification is an indispensable part of an evaluation process. Metrics are not a silver bullet, because they might be manipulated, but careful measurement is better than purely subjective opinion.