bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biotechnology of Microbial Xylanase
Authors: Ho Hooi Ling
Published: April 2018

Xylanases are inducible enzymes responsible for the complete hydrolysis of xylan into xylose. Both solid state fermentation (SsF) and submerged fermentation (SmF) are used in the production of xylanase. SsF has become a popular approach due to its economic value. In fact, higher biomass and lower protein breakdown are among the factors involved in determining the production of xylanases in SsF. Agricultural extracts which are abundantly available in the environment such as rice bran and wheat bran are commonly used as the potential carbon source in xylanases production. Xylanase is indeed one of the valuable enzymes which show immense potential in vast industrial applications. The demand for xylanase is increasing because of its prodigious utilization in pulp and paper, bakery, food and beverage, detergents, textile, and animal feed. Xylanase has therefore become one of the important commercial enzymes in recent years.
A Viking in Education
Authors: Locker Carol A.
Published: April 2018

As educators endeavor to hone their facilitation prowess, valuable lessons can be learned from the most unlikely of sources. Vikings, while perceived by many as barbaric, actually possessed a number of characteristics that can truly aid educators in establishing a foundation for improved outcomes in online classrooms. Throughout this chapter, nine specific characteristics associated with Vikings will be identified along with a new perspective in how they can be applied in a classroom setting. You may be surprised to find your inner Viking calling you to become that warrior you've always wanted to be!
E-Participation in Developing Countries
Authors: Bawack Ransome E. , Kamdjoug Jean Robert Kala , Wamba Samuel Fosso , Noutsa Aime Fobang
Published: April 2018

This chapter on e-participation in developing countries uses Cameroon as a case study to demonstrate the realities of practicing Web 2.0 and social media tools to drive collaborative initiatives between government agencies and citizens in developing countries. The case study was guided by the incentives for e-participation using social media technologies, the tools used by a government to drive such initiatives, the level of participation from citizens, and the challenges and risks faced in implementing these technologies. A study of Cameroon's National Social Insurance Fund (NSIF) confirmed the main incentives of e-participation initiatives in developing countries and the major challenges they face in implementing them.
Task Technology Fit in Online Transaction Through Apps
Authors: Valaei Naser , Nikhashemi S. R. , Ha Jin Hwang , Dent Michael M.
Published: April 2018

The purpose of this chapter is to examine what aspects of task-technology characteristics are most relevant to fit, satisfaction, and continuance intention of using apps in mobile banking transactions. Applying the SEM approach to a sample of 250 Malaysians, the findings of this chapter imply that the task characteristic of transaction-based apps is more relevant than technology characteristics. The results suggest that degree of fit is highly associated with mobile apps user satisfaction. Furthermore, the higher the degree of fit, the higher is the continuance intention to use apps for online transactions. Surprisingly, the findings show that the task characteristics are not relevant to continuous intention to use apps for online transactions.
Creating a Global and Innovative Higher Education Environment
Authors: Peres Paula , Mesquita Anabela
Published: April 2018

Since the first generation of distance learning the format of distance education has changed a lot. Actually, with the increasing use of web technology to interact online the learning environments have been radically changed. The emergence of MOOC and its adoption by well-known universities has also influenced the change. Of course, the adoption of technology in education is not happening in the same way and at the same time and pace in all educational institutions. In fact, the success of adoption of technology depends on several factors related to the organization where it is implemented and with the individuals involved. In this chapter, the authors present the creation of a global and innovative higher education environment case study, the evolution of the solutions offered concerning distance learning, the actual offers, and the concerns for the future. They identify the factors that enabled or constrained this evolution as well as raise some questions that are still unanswered and point out some clues for future research in the field of creating a global learning environment.
Evaluation of Financial and Economic Effects on Green Supply Chain Management With Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach
Authors: Dinçer Hasan , Yuksel Serhat , Bozaykut-Buk Tuba
Published: April 2018

This chapter aims to analyze the financial and economic effects on green supply chain management of the food and beverages industry. For the research purpose, the fuzzy DEMATEL and fuzzy MOORA methods are used for the integrated model construction. The main stages of the green supply chain are considered as the dimensions and the selected performance measures are listed as a set of criteria for each dimension. Accordingly, 21 food and beverage companies listed in Istanbul Stock Exchange (BIST) are employed to measure the performance of green supply chain processes. It is concluded that low pollution is the most important criterion whereas alternatives has the least weight. Reverse logistic is also second most significant criterion which means that these companies give importance to reduce their costs. It is also found out that there is not a certain correlation between green supply chain management performances with the profitability of the firms. However, it can be seen that bigger firms have higher green supply chain management performance than the smaller firms.
Qualification Design and Sanitation for Pure Drinkable Water
Authors: Çiner Fehiman , Doğan-Sağlamtimur Neslihan , Dizdar Altan , Işıldar Gamze Yücel , Söylemez Seniha Alev , Ardor Hakan Naim , Coşkun Mustafa Necat , Dizdar Ertuğrul , Dizdar Çağan , Kujumdzieva Anna , Stracke Christian M.
Published: April 2018

Drinking water quality management has been a key element of primary prevention and control of waterborne diseases for a long time. This chapter is based on the EU Project “Implementation of ECVET for Qualification Design in Drinking Water Treatment Plants and Sanitation for Pure Drinkable Water-PUREH2O” that contributes to the recognition and transparency of qualifications at the EU level and provides an innovative model for competencies for the potable water sector. The main dilemma that PURE-H2O intends to tackle is the lack of mutual recognition of qualification that is often impaired by national restrictions by applying EUROPASS, European/National Qualification Framework (EQF/NQF), and the European Credit System for Vocational Education and Training (ECVET) instruments. The aim of the project is to enhance the quality and performance of VET system improving education in drinking water supply and development. This project could also be achieved through promoting creativity, innovation, and transfer of EQF/NQF principles in education of the main target group in the sector.
Blue, BlueJ, Greenfoot
Authors: Kölling Michael
Published: April 2018

Educational programming systems are booming. More systems of this kind have been published in the last few years than ever before, and interest in this area is growing. With the rise of programming as a school subject in ever-younger age groups, the importance of dedicated educational systems for programming education is increasing. In the past, professional environments were often used in programming teaching; with the shift to younger age groups, this is no longer tenable. New educational systems are currently being designed by a diverse group of developing teams, in industry, in academia, and by hobbyists. In this chapter, the authors describe their experiences with the design of three systems—Blue, BlueJ, and Greenfoot—and extract lessons that they hope may be useful for designers of future systems. The authors also discuss current developments, and suggest an area of interest where future work might be profitable for many users: the combination of aspects from block-based and text-based programming. They present their work in this area—frame-based editing—and suggest possible future development options.
Merging Social Networking With Learning Systems to Form New Personalized Learning Environments (PLE)
Authors: Goschnick Steve
Published: April 2018

The future of learning environments lies with the merging of the better aspects of learning management systems (LMS), with those popularized in social networking platforms, to personalize the individual learning experience in a PLE (personal learning environment). After examining the details of a particularly flexible LMS, followed by the investigation of several key data structures behind the Facebook social networking platform, this chapter demonstrates how such a merging can be done at the conceptual schema level, and presents a list of novel features that it then enables.
Risk Mitigation Planning, Implementation, and Progress Monitoring
Authors: Kaur Yadwinder , Singh Satvir
Published: April 2018

This chapter describes how any event or condition that might affect your work is termed as a risk. All risks are not harmful. Identifying easier options to complete a task are not harmful events at all. Events can be classified in two parts: threats and opportunities. A Threat event is one which can cause problems for the expectations of the developer. An opportunity is also a risk, but one which can be turned to an advantage. If these opportunities which arise can be handled carefully and implemented properly they can lead to extraordinary results in reducing cost, time and can provide a boost to effectiveness of the project. When work on a needed project started, it requires an error proof planning. Undoubtedly every project is carried out with great planning; even then carefully planned project can bring trouble. In all, the appropriate steps taken to examine possible project risks can lead to new avenues to improve company productivity.
An Analysis on Risk Management and Risk in the Software Projects
Authors: Srivastava Rajshree
Published: April 2018

Controlling risk in software project is considered to be a major contributor for a project success. This chapter reconsiders the status of risk and its management in the science and literature. The survey is supported by the recent study of risk practices in government agencies in India, thereby contributing to a gap in research in the public sector. After the study, it is found that the risk is barely been conceived in research. The findings which were found are considered to be a challenging situation for risk management and to project management. Further, it was noticed that software projects do not follow a uniform structure which introduces variations in the risk and projects. Risk management research is not efficient in terms of practice. Directions and implication for the research and practice are discussed in this chapter.
Gamification
Authors: Sharma Samiksha , Dua Rimsy
Published: April 2018

This chapter describes how gamification is a technique which is used to bring the gaming methods and elements into the working environment of the company to make the allocated tasks more interesting for the user. Gamification helps in improving the performance, interest, involvement and motivation towards a specific goal. In software engineering, while applying gamification, all the software projects are made into challenges that require certain skills to get fulfilled with the integrated effort of the working team. This chapter will introduce the structure of the gamification application used in software engineering. A real scenario is presented where the gamification is applied in a company for different working fields like project management, testing and management of requirements. As a result, after applying the gamification technique, the performance has been improved to a greater extent, improved design and increased development effort by the user team. The chapter will bring out the insight of gamification in software engineering and how it helps in creating the intellectual working atmosphere.
Granulocytes Are Unresponsive to IL-6 Due to an Absence of gp130
Authors: Wilkinson Andrew N. , Gartlan Kate H. , Kelly Greg , Samson Luke D. , Olver Stuart D. , Avery Judy , Zomerdijk Nienke , Tey Siok-Keen , Lee Jason S. , Vuckovic Slavica , Hill Geoffrey R.
Published: April 2018

IL-6 mediates broad physiological and pathological effects through its receptor signal transducing unit gp130. Due to the reportedly wide cellular expression of gp130, IL-6 is thought to signal ubiquitously via gp130 complex formation with membrane-bound IL-6Rα or soluble IL-6Rα. gp130 signaling primarily induces p-STAT3 and p-STAT1. In contrast to the previous dogma, we show in this article that circulating mouse and human granulocytes are unable to induce p-STAT3 or p-STAT1 after stimulation with IL-6 or an IL-6/soluble IL-6R complex. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this is due to a lack of gp130 expression on mouse and human granulocytes, despite their expression of membrane-bound IL-6R. Importantly, the absence of gp130 is not only a feature of mature granulocytes in healthy individuals, it is also observed after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Moreover, granulocyte gp130 expression is lost during maturation, because granulocyte-monocyte progenitor cells express gp130 and respond to IL-6. Given that granulocytes constitute 50–70% of circulating leukocytes, this indicates a significantly smaller scope of IL-6 signaling than previously anticipated and has important implications for therapeutic IL-6 inhibition and the mechanisms of action thereof.
Human IgG Increases Virulence of Streptococcus pyogenes through Complement Evasion
Authors: Ermert David , Weckel Antonin , Magda Michal , Mörgelin Matthias , Shaughnessy Jutamas , Rice Peter A. , Björck Lars , Ram Sanjay , Blom Anna M.
Published: April 2018

Streptococcus pyogenes is an exclusively human pathogen that can provoke mild skin and throat infections but can also cause fatal septicemia. This gram-positive bacterium has developed several strategies to evade the human immune system, enabling S. pyogenes to survive in the host. These strategies include recruiting several human plasma proteins, such as the complement inhibitor, C4b-binding protein (C4BP), and human (hu)-IgG through its Fc region to the bacterial surface to evade immune recognition. We identified a novel virulence mechanism whereby IgG-enhanced binding of C4BP to five of 12 tested S. pyogenes strains expressed diverse M proteins that are important surface-expressed virulence factors. Importantly, all strains that bound C4BP in the absence of IgG bound more C4BP when IgG was present. Further studies with an M1 strain that additionally expressed protein H, also a member of the M protein family, revealed that binding of hu-IgG Fc to protein H increased the affinity of protein H for C4BP. Increased C4BP binding accentuated complement downregulation, resulting in diminished bacterial killing. Accordingly, mortality from S. pyogenes infection in hu-C4BP transgenic mice was increased when hu-IgG or its Fc portion alone was administered concomitantly. Electron microscopy analysis of human tissue samples with necrotizing fasciitis confirmed increased C4BP binding to S. pyogenes when IgG was present. Our findings provide evidence of a paradoxical function of hu-IgG bound through Fc to diverse S. pyogenes isolates that increases their virulence and may counteract the beneficial effects of IgG opsonization.
A simple technique to prolong molding time during application of a fiberglass cast: An in vitro study
Authors: Ayzenberg Mark , Narvaez Michael , Raphael James
Published: April 2018

Casting is routinely used for acute andpost-operative immobilization and remains a cornerstone in the non-operative management of fractures and deformities. Theapplication of a properly fitted and well-molded cast, especially for a trainee, can bechallenging. We present a simple method ofprolonging cure time of fiberglass cast — placing ice in the dip water. Eight-ply, five-inch fiberglass cast was circumferentially applied to an aluminum-wrapped cardboard cylinder. An electronic, 2-channel temperature sensor (TR-71wf Temp Logger, T&D Corporation, Matsumoto, Japan), accurateto 0.1ºC and accurate to ±0.3ºC, was placed between the fourth and fifth layers of fiberglass. Thirty total casts were tested using 9±1ºC (cold), 22±1ºC (ambient), and 36±1ºC (warm) dip water. Room temperature was maintained at 24±1ºC. Cast temperatures were measured during theexothermic reaction generated by the castcuring. Peak temperatures and cure timeswere recorded. Cure time was defined as the point of downward deflection on the time-temperature curve immediately after peak. Cure and peak temperatures were compared among groups using analysis of variance. Mean cure time was 3.5±0.1 minutes forwarm water, 5.0±0.4 minutes for ambient water and 7.0±0.5 minutes for cold water. Peak temperature, measured between layers 4 and 5 of the cast material, was 36.6±0.8ºC for warm water, 31.1±1.4ºC for ambient water and 25.2±0.5ºC for cold water. Cold afforded, on average, an additional 2 minutes (40% increase) in cure time compared to ambient water and an additional 3.5 minutes (100% increase) compared to warm water. Cure time differences were significant (P<0.001) for all groups, as were peak temperature differences (P<0.001). Temperatures concerning for development of burns were never reached. Utilizing iceddip water when casting is a simple andeffective method to prolong the time available for cast application. Orthopedic residents and trainees may find this useful in learning to fabricate a high quality cast. For the experienced orthopedic surgeon, this method eliminates the need to bridge long-limb casts and facilitates the application of complex casts.
Biomechanical comparison between titanium and cobalt chromium rods used in a pedicle subtraction osteotomy model
Authors: Shah Kalpit N. , Walker Gregory , Koruprolu Sarath C. , Daniels Alan H.
Published: April 2018

Instrumentation failure is a common complication following complex spinal reconstruction and deformity correction. Rod fracture is the most frequent mode of hardware failure and often occurs at or near a 3-column osteotomy site. Titanium (Ti) rods are commonly utilized for spinal fixations, however, theoretically stiffer materials, such as cobalt-chrome (CoCr) rods are also available. Despite ongoing use in clinical practice, there is little biomechanical evidence that compares the construct ability to withstand fatigue stress for Ti and Co-Cr rods. Six models using 2 polyethylene blocks each were used to simulate a pedicle subtraction osteotomy. Within each block 6.0×45 mm polyaxial screws were placed and connected to another block using either two 6.0×100 mm Ti (3 models) or CoCr rods (3 models). The rods were bent to 40° using a French bender and were secured to the screws to give a vertical height of 1.5 cm between the blocks. The blocks were fatigue tested with 700N at 4 Hz until failure. The average number of cycles to failure for the Ti rod models was 12840 while the CoCr rod models failed at a significantly higher, 58351 cycles (P=0.003). All Ti models experienced rod fracture as the mode of failure. Two out of the three CoCr models had rod fractures while the last sample failed via screw fracture at the screw-tulip junction. The risk of rod failure is substantial in the setting of long segment spinal arthrodesis and corrective osteotomy. Efforts to increase the mechanical strength of posterior constructs may reduce the occurrence of this complication. Utilizing CoCr rods in patients with pedicle subtraction osteotomy may reduce the rate of device failure during maturation of the posterior fusion mass and limit the need for supplemental anterior column support.
The impact of gainsharing in the automotive parts manufacturing industry of South Africa
Authors: Zondo Robert W.D.
Published: April 2018

The majority of South Africans expect greater prosperity that can be accomplished through greater employment, high productivity and wage increases. Increased productivity can finance higher wages without burdening the customer with higher selling prices. Consequently, there should be strong co-operation between management and labour to improve productivity, thereby ensuring the survival of South African companies. To achieve this objective, organisations find themselves turning to their employees for creative suggestions and ideas on better ways of doing things. This sentiment underpins the concept of gainsharing. Gainsharing is a formula-based company-wide programme that offers employees a share in the financial gains of a company as a result of its improved performance. This motivation boosts a company’s productivity and radically reduces the cost of waste, spoilage, rejects and rework. This study examined the impact of a gainsharing programme on the improvement of labour productivity in the automotive parts manufacturing sector. The study investigated the production and related experience of two automotive parts manufacturing companies (referred to as A and B in this study) that have adopted a gainsharing strategy. The two companies operate in the eThekwini District Municipality in KwaZulu-Natal. It assessed if gainsharing is responsible for company labour productivity improvements. The investigation was achieved by collecting pre- and post-gainsharing quarterly data for spoilage, absenteeism, capital investment and labour productivity. Gainsharing improves labour productivity and reduces spoilage and absenteeism rates. In order to maximise performance, a comprehensive performance policy must be developed, which aligns pay (and other incentives) to performance. The study uncovered the strengths and weaknesses of gainsharing for labour productivity improvement in South Africa.
A Rasch analysis of the Current Opioid Misuse Measure for patients with chronic pain
Authors: Morris, PhD Courtney , Green, PhD Kathy E. , Chimuma, MAT Lilian L.
Published: April 2018

Objective: Pilot study to assess psychometric indices of the Current Opioid Misuse Measure (COMM).Design: Correlational.Setting: Patients with varied chronic pain from a family healthcare center.Patients: Inclusion criteria were over 21 years of age and prescribed opioids for any-origin noncancer pain; 46 patients were enrolled.Outcome measure(s): The COMM, the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSE-Q), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and a demographic questionnaire.Results: Preliminary analysis indicated issues with dimensionality and scale use. Analysis after remedial procedures yielded unidimensionality and appropriate scale use, with the measure showing invariance across sex and low significant correlation with the PHQ-9 but not the PSE-Q.Conclusions: The COMM had adequate reliability, measured a distinct construct, and no significant differential item function was found. However, scale use for this sample was questionable, and three items misfit the Rasch model. Replication with a larger sample is needed to ensure the measure's psychometric quality for diagnostic use.
Discharge prescribing of enteral opioids after initiation as a weaning strategy from continuous opioid infusions in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Kram, PharmD, BCPS, BCCCP Bridgette , Weigel, PharmD, BCPS Kylie M. , Kuhrt, PharmD Michelle , Gilstrap, MD Daniel L.
Published: April 2018

Objective: To evaluate the proportion of patients receiving a hospital discharge prescription for a scheduled enteral opioid following initiation as a weaning strategy from a continuous opioid infusion in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU).Design: Retrospective, observational study.Setting: Five adult ICUs at a large, quaternary care academic medical center.Patients: Endotracheally intubated, opioid-naive adults receiving a continuous opioid infusion with a concomitant scheduled enteral opioid initiated. Exclusion criteria were receipt of fewer than two enteral opioid doses, documentation of a long-acting opioid as a home medication, the indication for the enteral opioid was not a weaning strategy, death during hospital admission or discharge to hospice. Interventions: None.Main outcome measures: The proportion of ICU and hospital survivors who received a discharge prescription for a scheduled enteral opioid, total duration of continuous opioid infusion, duration of continuous opioid infusion after initiation of an enteral opioid therapy, total duration of enteral therapy, ICU and hospital length of stay.Results: Of 62 included patients, 19 patients (30.6 percent) received a new prescription for a scheduled enteral opioid at hospital discharge. The median duration of enteral opioid therapy was longer for patients who received a discharge prescription compared to those who did not (20.09 vs 8.89 days, p = 0.02), though the remaining endpoints were not different.Conclusions: Utilizing scheduled enteral opioids as a weaning strategy from continuous opioid infusions may place patients at risk of ICU-acquired physical dependence on opioids.
The Climate Impact of Aerosols on Lightning: Is it Detectable from Long-term Aerosol and Meteorological Data?
Authors: Wang Qianqian , Li Zhanqing , Guo Jianping , Zhao Chuanfeng , Cribb Maureen
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Aerosol effect on lightning is still under debate. In this study, the relative roles of meteorology and aerosols on lightning activities in Africa are investigated from a climatological perspective, based on the 11-year worth of lightning flashes from Lightning Imaging Sensor onboard Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, aerosol optical depth (AOD) from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer onboard Aqua, meteorological variables from the Medium-Range Weather Forecasting ERA-Interim reanalysis and aerosol composition data from the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Application. Six meteorological variables are selected: sea level pressure (SLP), potential temperature (θ) at 2 m above ground level, mid-level relative humidity (RH), convective availabe potential energy (CAPE), vertical wind shear (SHEAR), and 200 hPa divergence (Div). To differentiate two dominant aerosol types in Africa and to account for their distinct climate regimes that all affect lightning, we separate two regions of interest (ROIs): the northern Africa (ROI_1) and the southern Africa (ROI_2) dominated by dust and smoke aerosols, respectively. As compared with dust in ROI_1, smoke aerosols in ROI_2 exhibit huge contrast between dry and wet season. Irrespective of regions, the lightning exhibits large diurnal variation with an afternoon peak and strong seasonality with a summertime peak, while the pronounced differences in lightning under relatively clean and polluted conditions signify the potential influences of aerosols. Lightning is dictated mostly by RH and CAPE in the dust dominant region (ROI_1). In the smoke dominant region (ROI_2), the effect of SLP is also significant. Systematic changes of boomerang shape was found in lightning frequency with AOD, with a turning point at around AOD = 0.3, below which lightning flashes increase monotonously with increasing AOD in both ROIs. As AOD approaches the optimal value, lightning activity seems to be saturated under smoky condition, likely due to the tradeoff between the aerosol invigoration effect and the radiative effect that tends to enhance and suppress lightning, respectively. In contrast, lightning activity in ROI_1 is suppressed by dust aerosol presumably due to the more dominant radiative heating effect of dust aerosol under dry environment.
An ion-neutral model to investigate chemical ionization mass spectrometry analysis of atmospheric molecules – application to a mixed reagent ion system for hydroperoxides and organic acids
Authors: Heikes Brian G. , Treadaway Victoria , McNeill Ashley S. , Silwal Indira K. C. , O'Sullivan Daniel W.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. An ion-neutral chemical kinetic model is described and used to simulate the negative ion chemistry occurring within a mixed-reagent ion chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS). The model objective was the establishment of a theoretical basis to understand ambient pressure (variable sample flow and reagent ion carrier gas flow rates), water vapor, ozone and oxides of nitrogen effects on ion cluster sensitivities for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), methyl peroxide (CH3OOH), formic acid (HFo) and acetic acid (HAc). The model development started with established atmospheric ion chemistry mechanisms, thermodynamic data and reaction rate coefficients. The chemical mechanism was augmented with additional reactions and their reaction rate coefficients specific to the analytes. Some existing reaction rate coefficients were modified to enable the model to match laboratory and field campaign determinations of ion cluster sensitivities as functions of CIMS sample flow rate and ambient humidity. Relative trends in predicted and observed sensitivities are compared as instrument specific factors preclude a direct calculation of instrument sensitivity as a function of sample pressure and humidity. Predicted sensitivity trends and experimental sensitivity trends suggested the model captured the reagent ion and cluster chemistry and reproduced trends in ion cluster sensitivity with sample flow and humidity observed with a CIMS instrument developed for atmospheric peroxide measurements (PCIMSs). The model was further used to investigate the potential for isobaric compounds as interferences in the measurement of the above species. For ambient O3 mixing ratios more than 50 times those of H2O2, O3−(H2O) was predicted to be a significant isobaric interference to the measurement of H2O2 using O2−(H2O2) at m∕z 66. O3 and NO give rise to species and cluster ions, CO3−(H2O) and NO3−(H2O), respectively, which interfere in the measurement of CH3OOH using O2−(CH3OOH) at m∕z 80. The CO3−(H2O) interference assumed one of its O atoms was 18O and present in the cluster in proportion to its natural abundance. The model results indicated monitoring water vapor mixing ratio, m∕z 78 for CO3−(H2O) and m∕z 98 for isotopic CO3−(H2O)2 can be used to determine when CO3−(H2O) interference is significant. Similarly, monitoring water vapor mixing ratio, m∕z 62 for NO3− and m∕z 98 for NO3−(H2O)2 can be used to determine when NO3−(H2O) interference is significant.
Plant functional diversity affects climate–vegetation interaction
Authors: Groner Vivienne P. , Raddatz Thomas , Reick Christian H. , Claussen Martin
Published: April 2018

Abstract. We present how variations in plant functional diversity affect
climate–vegetation interaction towards the end of the African Humid Period
(AHP) in coupled land–atmosphere simulations using the Max Planck Institute
Earth system model (MPI-ESM). In experiments with AHP boundary conditions, the
extent of the “green” Sahara varies considerably with changes in plant
functional diversity. Differences in vegetation cover extent and plant
functional type (PFT) composition translate into significantly different land
surface parameters, water cycling, and surface energy budgets. These changes
have not only regional consequences but considerably alter large-scale
atmospheric circulation patterns and the position of the tropical rain belt.
Towards the end of the AHP, simulations with the standard PFT set in MPI-ESM
depict a gradual decrease of precipitation and vegetation cover over time,
while simulations with modified PFT composition show either a sharp decline
of both variables or an even slower retreat. Thus, not the quantitative but
the qualitative PFT composition determines climate–vegetation interaction
and the climate–vegetation system response to external forcing. The
sensitivity of simulated system states to changes in PFT composition raises
the question how realistically Earth system models can actually represent
climate–vegetation interaction, considering the poor representation of plant
diversity in the current generation of land surface models.
Joint assimilation of soil moisture retrieved from multiple passive
microwave frequencies increases robustness and quality of soil
moisture state estimation
Authors: Gevaert Anouk I. , Renzullo Luigi J. , van Dijk Albert I. J. M. , van der Woerd Hans J. , Weerts Albrecht H. , de Jeu Richard A. M.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Soil moisture affects the partitioning of water and energy and is recognized as an essential climate variable. Soil moisture estimates derived from passive microwave remote sensing can improve model estimates through data assimilation, but the relative effectiveness of microwave retrievals in different frequencies is unclear. Land Parameter Retrieval Model (LPRM) satellite soil moisture derived from L-, C- and X-band frequency remote sensing were assimilated in the Australian Water Resources Assessment landscape hydrology model (AWRA-L). Two sets of experiments were performed. First, each retrieval was assimilated individually for comparison. Second, each possible combination of two retrievals was assimilated jointly. Results were evaluated against field-measured top-layer and root-zone soil moisture at 24 sites across Australia. Assimilation generally improved the coefficient of correlation (r) between modelled and field-measured soil moisture. L- and X-band retrievals were more informative than C-band retrievals, improving r by an average of 0.11 and 0.08 compared to 0.04, respectively. Although L-band retrievals were more informative for top-layer soil moisture in most cases, there were exceptions, and L- and X-band were equally informative for root-zone soil moisture. The consistency between L- and X-band retrievals suggests that they can substitute for each other, for example when transitioning between sensors and missions. Furthermore, joint assimilation of retrievals resulted in a model performance that was similar to or better than assimilating either retrieval individually. Comparison of model estimates obtained with global precipitation data and with higher-quality, higher-resolution regional data, respectively, demonstrated that precipitation data quality does determine the overall benefit that can be expected from assimilation. Further work is needed to assess the potentially complementary spatial information that can be derived from retrievals from different frequencies.
Why increased extreme precipitation under climate change
negatively affects water security
Authors: Eekhout Joris P. C. , Hunink Johannes E. , Terink Wilco , de Vente Joris
Published: April 2018

Abstract. An increase of extreme precipitation is projected for many areas worldwide in the coming decades. To assess the impact of increased precipitation intensity on water security, we applied a regional scale hydrological and soil erosion model, forced with Regional Climate Model projections. We specifically considered the impact of climate change on the distribution of water between soil (green water) and surface water (blue water) compartments. We show that an increase in precipitation intensity leads to a redistribution of water within the catchment, where water storage in soil decreases and reservoir inflow increases. This affects plant water stress and the potential of rainfed versus irrigated agriculture, and increases dependency on reservoir storage, that is increasingly threatened by an increase of soil erosion. This study demonstrates the crucial importance of accounting for the fact that increased precipitation intensity leads to water redistribution between green and blue water, increased soil erosion, and reduced water security.
Long-term ensemble forecast of snowmelt inflow into the Cheboksary Reservoir under two different weather scenarios
Authors: Gelfan Alexander , Moreydo Vsevolod , Motovilov Yury , Solomatine Dimitri P.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. A long-term forecasting ensemble methodology, applied to water inflows into
the Cheboksary Reservoir (Russia), is presented. The methodology is based on
a version of the semi-distributed hydrological model ECOMAG (ECOlogical Model for Applied Geophysics) that allows for
the calculation of an ensemble of inflow hydrographs using two different sets of
weather ensembles for the lead time period: observed weather data,
constructed on the basis of the Ensemble Streamflow Prediction methodology
(ESP-based forecast), and synthetic weather data, simulated by a
multi-site weather generator (WG-based forecast). We have studied the following:
(1) whether there is any advantage of the developed ensemble forecasts in
comparison with the currently issued operational forecasts of water inflow
into the Cheboksary Reservoir, and (2) whether there is any noticeable
improvement in probabilistic forecasts when using the WG-simulated ensemble
compared to the ESP-based ensemble. We have found that for a 35-year period
beginning from the reservoir filling in 1982, both continuous and binary
model-based ensemble forecasts (issued in the deterministic form) outperform the operational forecasts of the April–June inflow volume
actually used and, additionally, provide acceptable forecasts of additional water regime
characteristics besides the inflow volume. We have also demonstrated that
the model performance measures (in the verification period) obtained from the
WG-based probabilistic forecasts, which are based on a large number of
possible weather scenarios, appeared to be more statistically reliable than
the corresponding measures calculated from the ESP-based forecasts based on
the observed weather scenarios.
Pre-seismic anomalies from optical satellite observations: a review
Authors: Jiao Zhong-Hu , Zhao Jing , Shan Xinjian
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Detecting various anomalies using optical satellite data prior to strong earthquakes is key to understanding and forecasting earthquake activities because of its recognition of thermal-radiation-related phenomena in seismic preparation phases. Data from satellite observations serve as a powerful tool in monitoring earthquake preparation areas at a global scale and in a nearly real-time manner. Over the past several decades, many new different data sources have been utilized in this field, and progressive anomaly detection approaches have been developed. This paper reviews the progress and development of pre-seismic anomaly detection technology in this decade. First, precursor parameters, including parameters from the top of the atmosphere, in the atmosphere, and on the Earth's surface, are stated and discussed. Second, different anomaly detection methods, which are used to extract anomalous signals that probably indicate future seismic events, are presented. Finally, certain critical problems with the current research are highlighted, and new developing trends and perspectives for future work are discussed. The development of Earth observation satellites and anomaly detection algorithms can enrich available information sources, provide advanced tools for multilevel earthquake monitoring, and improve short- and medium-term forecasting, which play a large and growing role in pre-seismic anomaly detection research.
Regional rainfall thresholds for landslide occurrence using a centenary database
Authors: Vaz Teresa , Zêzere José Luís , Pereira Susana , Oliveira Sérgio Cruz , Garcia Ricardo A. C. , Quaresma Ivânia
Published: April 2018

Abstract. This work proposes a comprehensive method to assess rainfall thresholds for
landslide initiation using a centenary landslide database associated with a
single centenary daily rainfall data set. The method is applied to the Lisbon
region and includes the rainfall return period analysis that was used to
identify the critical rainfall combination (cumulated rainfall duration) related to each landslide event. The spatial
representativeness of the reference rain gauge is evaluated and the rainfall
thresholds are assessed and calibrated using the receiver operating
characteristic (ROC) metrics. Results show that landslide events located up to 10 km from the rain gauge
can be used to calculate the rainfall thresholds in the study area; however,
these thresholds may be used with acceptable confidence up to 50 km
from the rain gauge. The rainfall thresholds obtained using linear and
potential regression perform well in ROC metrics. However, the
intermediate thresholds based on the probability of landslide events
established in the zone between the lower-limit threshold and the upper-limit threshold are much more informative as they indicate the probability
of landslide event occurrence given rainfall exceeding the threshold. This
information can be easily included in landslide early warning systems,
especially when combined with the probability of rainfall above each
threshold.
On the improvement of wave and storm surge hindcasts by downscaled atmospheric forcing: application to historical storms
Authors: Bresson Émilie , Arbogast Philippe , Aouf Lotfi , Paradis Denis , Kortcheva Anna , Bogatchev Andrey , Galabov Vasko , Dimitrova Marieta , Morvan Guillaume , Ohl Patrick , Tsenova Boryana , Rabier Florence
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Winds, waves and storm surges can inflict severe damage in coastal areas. In
order to improve preparedness for such events, a better understanding of
storm-induced coastal flooding episodes is necessary. To this end, this paper
highlights the use of atmospheric downscaling techniques in order to improve
wave and storm surge hindcasts. The downscaling techniques used here are
based on existing European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
reanalyses (ERA-20C, ERA-40 and ERA-Interim). The results show that the 10 km
resolution data forcing provided by a downscaled atmospheric model gives a
better wave and surge hindcast compared to using data directly from the
reanalysis. Furthermore, the analysis of the most extreme mid-latitude
cyclones indicates that a four-dimensional blending approach improves the
whole process, as it assimilates more small-scale processes in the initial
conditions. Our approach has been successfully applied to ERA-20C (the
20th century reanalysis).
Connection between encounter volume and diffusivity in geophysical flows
Authors: Rypina Irina I. , Llewellyn Smith Stefan G. , Pratt Larry J.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Trajectory encounter volume – the volume of fluid that passes close to a
reference fluid parcel over some time interval – has been recently
introduced as a measure of mixing potential of a flow. Diffusivity is the
most commonly used characteristic of turbulent diffusion. We derive the
analytical relationship between the encounter volume and diffusivity under
the assumption of an isotropic random walk, i.e., diffusive motion, in one
and two dimensions. We apply the derived formulas to produce maps of
encounter volume and the corresponding diffusivity in the Gulf Stream region
of the North Atlantic based on satellite altimetry, and discuss the mixing
properties of Gulf Stream rings. Advantages offered by the derived formula
for estimating diffusivity from oceanographic data are discussed, as well as
applications to other disciplines.
EMERGENCY MEDICINE RESIDENTS LACK THE NECESSARY AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM BALANCE AND SHORT RELAXATION TECHNIQUES ARE INSUFFICIENT TO SOLVE THIS
Authors: Gedminas Martynas , Neimanas Lukas , Vaitkaitis Dinas , Jasinskas Nedas , Šaferis Viktoras , Stašaitis Kęstutis , Dobožinskas Paulius , Mačiukas Aurimas
Published: April 2018

Study objective. Heart rate variability (HRV) is an objective, easy-to-obtain parameter that can be used to monitor person’s balance of autonomous nervous system, which in turn decides one’s ability to cope with stress. HRV has been used extensively in professional athletes and the military with the purpose of performance optimisation and burnout prevention. The aim of our study was to investigate the balance of EM residents’ autonomic nervous system, as indicated by fluctuations in day-to-day HRV readings, and the feasibility of short relaxation techniques to increase their stress-resilience. Methods. We conducted a two-month long prospective cross-over double blinded randomized study. Computer randomization was used to divide the EM residents into intervention (A) and control (B) groups. Controls were instructed to listen to a 12 min. relaxation audio file every morning, while the intervention group was equipped with a 12 min. guided meditation that combined rhythmic breathing and attention focusing techniques. After one month, crossover of the interventions took place. Results. After pooling pre-shift and post-shift HRV data, we identified differences of statistical significance with post-shift HRV readings being higher (p=0.028, p<0,05). Individual HRV trend analysis showed significant fluctuations in day-to-day HRV readings. We could not identify the impact of short relaxation techniques on the EM residents HRV trends. Conclusion. Our findings suggest the lack of autonomic nervous system balance among EM residents, as indicated by big fluctuations in their day-to-day HRV trends. During the course of the study, the HRV reading fluctuations did not stabilise, indicating the limited use of our selected short relaxation techniques to increase residents’ stress resilience. We also identified paradoxical findings of higher post-shift HRV readings which could true be due to unique population in the setting of EM.
KINEZITERAPIJOS NAMŲ PROGRAMOS POVEIKIS LEUKEMIJA SERGANČIŲ VAIKŲ FIZINEI IR FUNKCINEI BŪKLEI
Authors: Juškėnienė Giedrė , Miliškevičiūtė Karina , Šidlauskienė Aurelija
Published: April 2018

Tyrimo tikslas: įvertinti 8 savaičių kineziterapijos namų programos efektyvumą leukemija sergančių vaikų fizinei būklei. Tyrimo metodai: iš viso tyrime dalyvavo 16 leukemija sergančių vaikų, tiriamųjų amžiaus vidurkis - 10,81±3,83 metai. Tyrimas buvo atliekamas Vilniaus universiteto Vaikų ligoninės onkohematologijos skyriuje nuo 2014 m. lapkričio iki 2015 m. balandžio mėnesio. Tyrimui atlikti buvo panaudota centimetrinė juostelė, kuria išmatuotos kūno apimtys (šlaunų, liemens, dubens) bei krūtinės ląstos ekskursija. Tiriamųjų pėdos dorzalinės fleksijos ir šlaunies vidinės bei išorinės rotacijų amplitudės matuotos goniometru. Pėdos dorzalinę fleksiją ir blauzdos tiesimą atliekančių raumenų jėga vertinta pagal R. Lovett testą. Taip pat tiriamieji atliko 3 metrų „Stotis ir Eiti“ bei modifikuotą funkcinį judėjimo testus. Duomenų analizė atlikta naudojant statistinės analizės Excel 2007 bei „R-3.2.0 for Windows“ programas. Rezultatai: kineziterapijos namų programos taikymas 8 savaites leukemija sergantiems vaikams yra efektyvi priemonė, siekiant koreguoti kūno antropometrinius duomenis, didinti sumažėjusias judesių amplitudes ir raumenų jėgą bei gerinti „Stotis ir Eiti“ testo ir modifikuoto Keitel indekso rezultatus. Išvados. Po 8 savaičių kineziterapijos namų programos taikymo leukemija sergantiems vaikams statistiškai reikšmingai padidėjo krūtinės ląstos ekskursija, sumažėjo šlaunų, liemens ir dubens apimtys, padidėjo vertintų sąnarių judesių amplitudės, raumenų jėga, pagerėjo “Stotis ir Eiti” testo bei modifikuoto Keitel indekso rezultatai. Gauti rezultatai leidžia daryti prielaidą apie pagerėjusią tiriamųjų pusiausvyrą bei funkcinę būklę.