bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Machine learning based wireless interference estimation in a robotic force-seeking application
Authors: Candell Richard , Kashef Mohamed , Montgomery Karl , Liu Yongkang , Foufou Sebti
Published: February 2022

Wide deployment of wireless communications plays an essential role in the vision of future cyber-physical systems (CPSs), which includes massive transfer of automation information. Many practical considerations of industrial CPSs affect the success of the deployment of industrial wireless networks, and, thus, can inhibit their widespread adoption. These considerations include multi-path propagation, network congestion, and jamming interference. Jamming is of chief concern when wireless is used for mission critical or safety integrated systems. In this paper, an experimental platform consisting of a robot arm depressing a spring mechanism with a wireless force-feedback control algorithm is constructed. The robot applies downward pressure on a spring assembly until a predetermined force is detected and transmitted successfully to the controller under varying levels of sustained interference. Machine learning is used to learn and predict the signal-to-interference level of the communication link solely using position information from an independent vision tracking system. Various supervised learning algorithms are investigated and rated according to their performance.
Las marcas y su concienciación con el desarrollo sostenible para conquistar a un consumidor joven y responsable con su entorno
Authors: Cordón-Benito David , Maestro-Espínola Lidia
Published: February 2022

Objetivo: El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la transformación de las marcas ante el reto de ganar confianza, generar engagement y conseguir la fidelización de un consumidor joven (millennials). Ante estos usuarios hiperconectados y concienciados con aspectos como el green marketing, la sostenibilidad y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), las marcas deben modificar sus estrategias de comunicación y marketing y adecuarse a los nuevos valores imperantes apoyados por estos públicos. Diseño/ metodología/ enfoque: La metodología cualitativa de esta investigación ha consistido en la realización de entrevistas en profundidad a través de un cuestionario semiestructurado a expertos del sector de agencias de publicidad, marketing y consultoras de comunicación españolas. Los participantes poseen demostrada experiencia en el desarrollo de estrategias integradas para marcas alineadas con el desarrollo sostenible.Resultados: Los resultados muestran el deseo de estas por identificarse con valores ligados a la sostenibilidad, modificar sus tácticas de comunicación para atraer a un público joven y exigente, situarse en el top of mind de estos consumidores y combatir su volatilidad en lo referente a sus decisiones de compra si no se cumplen sus expectativas.Limitaciones/implicaciones: El trabajo aporta visibilidad al compromiso de las marcas con el desarrollo sostenible y su relación con el público millennial. Sin embargo, la investigación presenta limitaciones puesto que aborda el objeto de estudio a través de la metodología cualitativa para conocer el punto de vista de los practitioners y no cubre la relación de las marcas con la Generación Z.Originalidad/contribución: La investigación analiza la importancia que aspectos como los ODS y la sostenibilidad han adquirido para el público millennial y para las marcas. Estas han comprendido que sus objetivos deben alinearse con un nuevo tipo de consumidor preocupado por mejorar el mundo y la sociedad de la que forma parte.
Woven Endobridge (WEB) augmented by Y-stent in a shallow basilar tip aneurysm
Authors: Nordmann Nathan J. , Weber Matthew W. , Dayoub Hayan
Published: February 2022

The Woven Endobridge (WEB) device can be an effective and simple treatment modality for wide-neck bifurcation intracranial aneurysms. We present a case of a shallow basilar tip aneurysm treated with the WEB device that required stabilization with Y-stent through radial access.
Strain engineering of electronic structure and mechanical switch device for edge modified Net-Y nanoribbons
Authors: Xu Yong-Hu , Deng Xiao-Qing , Sun Lin , Fan Zhi-Qiang , Zhang Zhen-Hua ,   Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials Genome Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China
Published: February 2022

Net-Y is a new two-dimensional carbon structure, which has attracted research interest recently. Here, we study the relevant AB-type ribbons with edge modification, focusing on their strain controlling effects on their electronic structure and device characteristics. Intrinsic ribbons are metallic, but hydrogen or oxygen termination can transform them into semiconductors. Applying strain can effectively control the band gap size, resulting in a transition from an indirect band gap to a smaller direct band gap under appropriate strain, favorably to light absorbing. Strain can also change the work function of ribbons, especially for compressive strains, the work function is lowered significantly, which is beneficial to the improving of the field emission behaviors of ribbons. The analysis demonstrates that the change in band gap size is closely related to the variation of bonding and non-bonding composition between atoms with strain, while the change of work function is due to the variation of the attraction force and repulsion force between atoms upon strain. More interestingly, the strain can significantly regulates the I-V characteristic of device based on related ribbons. Therefore, a strain-gated mechanical switch with a very high current switching ratio Ion/Ioff can be obtained by making it reversibly work between the “on” and “off” states with stretching and compressing ribbons, which is of great significance in developing the logic circuits for flexible wearable electronic devices.
YAP1 activation by human papillomavirus E7 promotes basal cell identity in squamous epithelia
Authors: Hatterschide Joshua , Castagnino Paola , Kim Hee Won , Sperry Steven M , Montone Kathleen T , Basu Devraj , White Elizabeth A
Published: February 2022

Persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection of stratified squamous epithelial cells causes nearly 5% of cancer cases worldwide. HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers harbor few mutations in the Hippo signaling pathway compared to HPV-negative cancers at the same anatomical site, prompting the hypothesis that an HPV-encoded protein inactivates the Hippo pathway and activates the Hippo effector yes-associated protein (YAP1). The HPV E7 oncoprotein is required for HPV infection and for HPV-mediated oncogenic transformation. We investigated the effects of HPV oncoproteins on YAP1 and found that E7 activates YAP1, promoting YAP1 nuclear localization in basal epithelial cells. YAP1 activation by HPV E7 required that E7 binds and degrades the tumor suppressor protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 14 (PTPN14). E7 required YAP1 transcriptional activity to extend the lifespan of primary keratinocytes, indicating that YAP1 activation contributes to E7 carcinogenic activity. Maintaining infection in basal cells is critical for HPV persistence, and here we demonstrate that YAP1 activation causes HPV E7 expressing cells to be retained in the basal compartment of stratified epithelia. We propose that YAP1 activation resulting from PTPN14 inactivation is an essential, targetable activity of the HPV E7 oncoprotein relevant to HPV infection and carcinogenesis.
Interrogating COVID-19 vaccine intent in the Philippines with a nationwide open-access online survey
Authors: Caple Alexandria , Dimaano Arnie , Sagolili Marc Martin , Uy April Anne , Aguirre Panjee Mariel , Alano Dean Lotus , Camaya Giselle Sophia , Ciriaco Brent John , Clavo Princess Jerah Mae , Cuyugan Dominic , Fermo Cleinne Florence Geeseler , Lanete Paul Jeremy , La Torre Ardwayne Jurel , Loteyro Thomas , Lua Raisa Mikaela , Manansala Nicole Gayle , Mosquito Raphael Willard , Octaviano Alexa , Orfanel Alexandra Erika , Pascual Gheyanna Merly , Sale Aubrey Joy , Tendenilla Sophia Lorraine , Trinidad Maria Sofia Lauren , Trinidad Nicole Jan , Verano Daphne Louise , Austriaco Nicanor
Published: February 2022

To mitigate the unprecedented health, social, and economic damage of COVID-19, the Philippines is undertaking a nationwide vaccination program to mitigate the effects of the global pandemic. In this study, we interrogated COVID-19 vaccine intent in the country by deploying a nationwide open-access online survey, two months before the rollout of the national vaccination program. The Health Belief Model (HBM) posits that people are likely to adopt disease prevention behaviors and to accept medical interventions like vaccines if there is sufficient motivation and cues to action. A majority of our 7,193 respondents (62.5%) indicated that they were willing to be vaccinated against COVID-19. Moreover, multivariable analysis revealed that HBM constructs were associated with vaccination intention in the Philippines. Perceptions of high susceptibility, high severity, and significant benefits were all good predictors for vaccination intent. We also found that external cues to action were important. Large majorities of our respondents would only receive the COVID-19 vaccines after many others had received it (72.8%) or after politicians had received it (68.2%). Finally, our study revealed that most (21%) were willing to pay an amount of PHP 1,000 (USD20) for the COVID-19 vaccines with an average willing-to-pay amount of PHP1,892 (USD38).
Fluoroscopic Detection of Ventral Wall Violation during C2 Intralaminar Screw Insertion: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Sharma Raman Mohan , Mahantshetti Prakash , Pruthi Nupur
Published: February 2022

Introduction: The C2 (second cervical) laminar screws were considered for rigid fixation of the axis because the use of pars or pedicle screws posed a risk to the vertebral artery with C2. Though considered to be a relatively safe method, ventral spinal canal violations have been reported in laminar screws fixations. Fluoroscopy-based image guidance may increase the accuracy and safety of the technique. Aim: To report the use of fluoroscopy technique in the detection of ventral wall violation during C2 intralaminar screw insertion. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study reports seven dry axis vertebrae from the adult south Indian population for which fluoroscopic analysis was done from January 2013 to December 2013. True lateral views were taken before and after applying a vertical line of barium paint on the ventral surface of the lamina at two points: at the centre of the lamina and close to the facet joints at the face to-laminar junction. Results: In the total seven dry axis vertebrae analysed, the mean ratio of the distance from the spinolaminar junction to the barium line (drawn on the ventral surface of the lamina just next to face to laminar junction) to the distance between the spinolaminar junction and uppermost part of inferior articular facet of C2 vertebrae was 0.465±0.0389 mm. Conclusion: Even though considered a relatively safer technique, laminar cortical violations have been reported in C2 translaminar screw fixations. Fluoroscopy-based imaging guidance can improve the accuracy of C2 translaminar screw insertion, as this technology provides real-time imaging during the process of screw insertion and helps in accurate screw sizing.
Determination of Plasmid Profile Multiple Antibiotics Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Clinical Specimens in Healthcare Facilities across Anambra and Imo States Nigeria
Authors: Chinyere Ifegbuike Seraphim , Ojiegbe Godwin Chukwuemeka , Chidozie Amah Henry , Winners Ndubueze Chizaram , Dike-Ndudim Joy Nkeiruka , Anikwo Emeka Simon
Published: February 2022

The emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistant plasmids of P. aeruginosa is posing a major public threat and huge concern in hospital facilities. This study was done across Anambra and Imo States with a total number of 100 P. aeruginosa isolates, 50 from each State to determine the plasmid profile of multidrug resistant isolates. Methods of re-identifying P. aeruginosa were based upon cultural methods coupled with biochemical tests. To study the susceptibility of these isolates using disk diffusion method, seven (7) antibiotics were used namely: Piperacillin–tazobactam (100/10 µg), Ceftazidime (30 µg), Amikacin (30 µg), Ciprofloxacin (5 µg), Cefuroxime (30 µg), Ceftriazone (30 µg) and Gentamicin (10 µg). Plasmid extraction was done using alkaline lysis method after growing isolates resistant to more than four antibiotics on a nutrient broth. Agarose gel electrophoresis of plasmid DNA was carried out on 2% agarose gel slab in 1X TAE buffer. The results show that, the nutrient agar at 37˚C aerobically, P. aeruginosa isolates were recovered, which produced greenish-yellow pigment colonies, oxidase was positive and negative for gram stain. In Anambra, the result showed 100% resistance to Cefuroxime, Ceftazidime and Ciprofloxacin, 90% and 86% for Ceftriaxone and Piperacillin-tazobactem, 48% and 40% to Gentamicin and Amikacin respectively. Whereas in Imo state, the result showed 100% resistance to Ceftazidime and Ciprofloxacin, 80% to Ceftriaxone, Cefuroxime and Piperacillin-tazobactem while the least resistance was seen in Amikacin, and Gentamicin. Plasmid size ranging from 100bp to >1000bp was detected from most of the multidrug resistant isolates. Not all the isolates with multidrug resistance were found to possess plasmids. It can be seen from this study that multidrug resistance in P. aeruginosa is not strictly plasmid-dependent (mediated).
Harm Reduction Strategies for People Who Use Drugs
Authors: Voelker Rebecca
Published: February 2025

This JAMA Patient Page describes harm reduction strategies for people who use drugs, which include testing for drug contaminants, overdose prevention, and reducing risk of infectious disease transmission.
Histopathologic Grading of Acute Cutaneous Graft-vs-Host Disease and Nonrelapse Mortality
Authors: Chen Jennifer , Raymundo Caroline , Martinez Abigail , Lee Stephanie J. , Stevenson Phillip A. , Shinohara Michi M.
Published: February 2025

This cohort study examines clinical grade, skin stage, and histologic grade at posttransplant skin biopsy of patients with acute graft-vs-host disease.
Distinct dysregulated pathways in sporadic and Lynch syndrome‐associated colorectal cancer offer insights for targeted treatment
Authors: Krause May J. , Sinkala Musalula , Ramesar Raj
Published: February 2025

Lynch syndrome (LS) is a hereditary disorder that increases the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) due to constitutional pathogenic variants in mismatch repair (MMR) genes. When coupled with somatic mutations in the same gene, MMR deficiency occurs. However, the mechanisms driving cancer development remain unclear. This study aimed to identify distinct molecular drivers in LS‐associated and sporadic CRC. We found that PI3K–Akt signalling is dysregulated in LS‐associated CRC, while Wnt signalling predominates in sporadic CRC. Moreover, our findings highlight the therapeutic potential of PI3K–Akt pathway inhibitors, such as taselisib, for LS‐associated CRC patients with high pathway dependency. Similarly, Wnt signalling pathway inhibitors, such as XAV939, offer a promising therapeutic approach for sporadic CRC. These findings underscore the importance of understanding the biological basis of disease for developing targeted therapies tailored to CRC subtype‐specific oncogenic pathways.
Structural differences in the outer membrane‐associated flagellar rings between sheathed and unsheathed flagella
Authors: Dutka Przemysław , Li Ethan H. , Zhong Tengfei , Jensen Grant J. , Kaplan Mohammed
Published: February 2025

The bacterial flagellar motor generates a torque to move the bacterium in its environment. Despite sharing a conserved core, flagellar motors of different species exhibit structural diversity with species‐specific embellishments. These embellishments are classified into various types, including integrated (spanning the whole periplasmic space) or outer membrane (OM)‐associated ones. Here, we used cryo‐electron tomography to investigate the structural differences between the embellishments of sheathed and unsheathed flagella in various species. We discovered that the integrated embellishments of sheathed flagella have disks and rings with a constant diameter, while those of unsheathed flagella have components that vary significantly in diameter. Both unsheathed and sheathed flagella with OM‐associated embellishments have components with constant diameter with a subset of motors having an additional extracellular ring. In this Hypothesis article, we propose that these differences may play a role in the formation of the sheath, as having large protein disks of various diameters underneath the OM may interfere with membrane bending to form the sheath.
Subtype‐associated complexity and prognostic significance of the NLRP3 inflammasome landscape in pancreatic neoplasms
Authors: Németh Kristóf , Mezei Eszter , Vörös Justína , Borka Katalin , Pesti Adrián , Kenessey István , Kiss András , Budai András
Published: February 2025

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) can progress into malignant pancreatic cancer, posing challenges in accurately assessing the risk of malignancy. While the nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain (NOD)‐like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway's role in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has been extensively studied, its implications in IPMN remain unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic significance of NLRP3 inflammasome‐related proteins across IPMN subtypes and their associations with tumor characteristics, with a secondary focus on comparing expression patterns in IPMN and PDAC. A cohort of 187 patients (100 IPMN and 87 PDAC) underwent high‐dimensional histopathological imaging using the multiplexed immunohistochemical consecutive staining on single slide method and a semi‐automated image analysis workflow. Expression levels of NLRP3, apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein containing a caspase‐recruitment domain (ASC), caspase‐1, interleukin‐1 beta, interleukin‐18 (IL‐18), interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist, and interleukin‐18 binding protein (IL‐18BP) were evaluated and compared between IPMN and PDAC samples. The relationships between protein expression and tumor characteristics were examined. Principal component analysis distinguished between intestinal and nonintestinal clusters based on NLRP3‐associated proteins. Lower IL‐18 expression was linked to the intestinal subtype, while higher caspase‐1 was linked to the pancreatobiliary subtype. Elevated caspase‐1 and ASC expression were associated with invasiveness in IPMN. No significant correlation was found between the examined proteins and later‐stage tumor characteristics in invasive cases. The IL‐18/IL‐18BP ratio was an independent prognostic factor in invasive IPMN. Our findings highlight the prognostic significance of IL‐18 and the IL‐18/IL‐18BP ratio in invasive IPMNs. These results point to a complex regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome proteins, especially effector cytokines, in pancreatic neoplasms, which are strongly linked to subtype and prognosis.
Sarcomatoid areas of urothelial carcinoma are enriched for CD163‐positive antigen‐presenting cells
Authors: Johnson Burles A , Parimi Vamsi , Kamanda Sonia , Corney David C , Choi Woonyoung , Hoffman‐Censits Jean , Kates Max , McConkey David J , Hahn Noah M , Matoso Andres
Published: February 2025

Sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma (SUC) is a rare histologic subtype with poor prognosis. While there is known intra‐tumoral heterogeneity between individual SUC tumors, the relationship between sarcomatoid and conventional urothelial carcinoma (CUC) within the same patient is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to identify differences between the sarcomatoid and CUC tumor microenvironment components that may drive this aggressive phenotype. Using tissue microarrays from eight patient tumors with mixed CUC and SUC, we examined paired CUC, mixed urothelial carcinoma (UC) regions, and SUC using the Nanostring Digital Spatial Profiling platform. We found SUC and mixed UC had higher levels of stromal cells, predominately macrophages and fibroblasts, when compared with CUC within the same tumor. CD14, CD163, and transforming growth factor‐beta levels were significantly higher in SUC than in CUC. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed consistently moderate to strong expression of CD163‐positive antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) in SUC regions, whereas CD68‐positive APC expression was generally absent. Thus, in mixed histology SUC, the SUC component preferentially expressed CD163‐positive APCs and fibroblasts compared to the CUC component. As CD163‐positive APCs and fibroblasts are known to be tumor‐promoting and immune‐suppressive, this infiltration may contribute to epithelial to mesenchymal transition and other aggressive properties of SUC.
Zdravomyslov, Andrey (1928–2009)
Authors: Titarenko Larissa
Published: February 2025

Andrey Zdravomyslov was a Soviet and Russian sociologist and social philosopher. One of the founders of Soviet sociology in the early 1960s, he contributed to the theory and methodology of sociological research. He started his sociological career at the Sociological Laboratory at Leningrad State University under the leadership of Vladimir Yadov. Their joint book,
Man and His Work
(1967), was recognized as one of the best publications of Soviet sociology. His contributions to Soviet sociology included a study guide on research methodology and works on the theory and history of sociology. In the post‐Soviet period he published on the sociology of conflict and power, the sociology of crisis, and national sociological schools and paradigms. He was an active member of the International Sociological Association and headed a Community of Professional Sociologists in Russia in 1992–2002.
World Health Organization (WHO)
Authors: Cockerham Geoffrey B.
Published: February 2025

The World Health Organization (WHO) is the United Nations' specialized agency for global health, whose goal is to achieve the highest level of health for all people. In pursing this objective, the WHO has to balance a biomedical approach to health with an emphasis on vertical health programs and the social determinants of health with a focus on primary healthcare. The WHO's most successful health campaign has been the eradication of smallpox in the 1970s. More recently the organization has faced significant challenges in responding to the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014–2016 and the COVID‐19 pandemic in 2020.
Memetics
Authors: Sanford Adam G. , Smith Stacy L. , Blum Dinur
Published: February 2025

Memetics, or the study of memes, is an emerging discipline in cultural evolution. At its core, memetics is based on the idea that culture can be reduced to the study of cultural units, called
memes
: ideas, behaviors, beliefs, and expressions that spread from person to person in a culture through imitation. In this view, the meme is the cultural version of a gene, a unit of cultural transmission. As memetics is a new discipline, the definitions and boundaries of its scope are still up for debate and discussion, including what the meme is, how it should be studied, and whether memetics qualifies as a science. Most current memetics research focuses on using memetics as a methodology to examine culture and the movement of ideas through culture.
Social Theory and Health
Authors: Brown Brian
Published: February 2025

The development of sociology and social theory has been intimately intertwined with matters of health for two centuries. Indeed, some of the central concerns of the study of society derived from the availability of data about societies and what we now call public health, which began to be collected in the early nineteenth century.
Age, Period, and Cohort Effects
Authors: Fosse Ethan
Published: February 2025

Age–period–cohort (APC) analysis is a technique widely used in the social sciences to disentangle the different roles of age, period, and cohort effects on a given outcome. Although age, period, and cohort are recognized as inter‐related temporal dimensions, APC analysis treats them as observed indicators of underlying causal factors. This makes it difficult to identify unique APC effects because, while the causal factors are thought to vary independently, the temporal dimensions are deterministically related, leading to the well‐known identification problem. Alternative methods, such as period and cohort analysis, focus on characterizing observed trends and patterns in the data, and provide valuable insights that help circumvent the limitations inherent in the APC paradigm.
Crime, Organized
Authors: Griffin Sean Patrick
Published: February 2025

Although the study of organized crime is primarily a sociological pursuit, the phenomenon is a subject of study in numerous other disciplines, including anthropology, economics, history, and political science. Despite, if not because of, this broad and varied inquiry into the topic, there is little consensus on what constitutes organized crime.
Cybercrime
Authors: Martin Greg
Published: February 2025

Cybercrime refers to the commission or facilitation of criminal acts in cyberspace using information and communications technologies across various networks and servers. Cyberspace has created increased and new opportunities to commit traditional offenses and has enabled the emergence of new types of crime that are wholly dependent on cybertechnologies. The transnational nature of much cybercrime poses problems for law enforcement agencies, and, even when international agreements exist between countries, cross border co‐operation is hampered by jurisdictional and territorial issues. Although technological innovation is rapid, the law is often slow to catch up, which means that new conduct that causes harm through cyberspace and computers can go undetected and unpunished. However, while cybertechnologies may be used to commit or facilitate criminal acts or perpetrate harms not yet legally defined as crimes, these technologies can also be used to bring about positive social change using the Internet and cyberspace as a medium for protest and activism.
Ecofeminism
Authors: Bertana Amanda , Blanton Natalie
Published: February 2025

Ecofeminism is both an ideology and a movement with historical roots in intellectual inquiry and political activism that makes connections between environmentalism, gender equality, and social injustice. By linking environmentalism and gender equality, ecofeminism relates the oppression of marginalized groups (e.g., women, those who are poor, communities of color, LGBTQI+ people, people with disabilities) to the exploitation of nature (e.g., animals, land, water, forests). As an activist and academic area of inquiry, ecofeminism provides a lens through which society can critique systems of domination, specifically capitalism and patriarchy, and their role in perpetuating social injustices and ecological degradation.
Environmental Criminology
Authors: Schneider Jacqueline L.
Published: February 2025

“Environmental criminology,” also known as “crime science,” is a generic phrase that refers to different approaches aimed at reducing crime events by examining the physical context in which the crimes occur. These were the origin of the field of environmental criminology, which has been renamed “crime science” to describe it more accurately and to help eliminate the confusion with research focusing on crimes against the environment. Rooted in human and social ecology, environmental criminology/crime science studies crime, criminality, and victimization as they relate to place, space, and their interaction. Specifically, crime science explores how criminal opportunities are generated given the characteristics of the existing setting. The aim is to identify ways to manipulate attributes of space to reduce opportunities to commit crime at various points of time and space.
Global Politics
Authors: Biddolph Caitlin
Published: February 2025

Global, or world, politics refers to the multiple, entangled, and complex processes and practices through which our world(s) are experienced and understood. The term is difficult to define, in part because the parameters of what is considered “global,” “politics,” and the “political” are always already plural and subject to contestation. While mainstream perspectives within the discipline of international relations (IR) might conceive of global politics as consisting of relations across state borders, between states, and concerning political, economic, legal, and social dynamics, critical perspectives within the discipline have moved away from a clear definition and instead offer a multiplicity of perspectives on the concept. Through the intellectual developments and contributions within and beyond IR, questions of
who
does global politics,
where
global politics takes place, and
what
issues constitute global politics have been deepened, broadened, and reimagined to acknowledge the multiple worlds and lives of the global.
Health Risk Behavior
Authors: Lupton Deborah
Published: February 2025

Health risk behavior involves actions and related attitudes and perceptions that contribute to people's propensity to engage in, or avoid, activities that have been deemed by experts to be hazardous or dangerous to their health. Considerable research in public health and medicine has been devoted to identifying health risks and the behaviors associated with these risks in the attempt to assist people to avoid them.
Health and Social Class
Authors: Lahelma Eero
Published: February 2025

Research on social class inequalities in health has progressed from the work of late nineteenth‐century social theorists into a strong stream within medical sociology and social epidemiology. Evidence has accumulated from various countries, and can be encapsulated into the
health inequalities invariance
, which stipulates that the lower the social class the poorer the health. Health inequalities are found across various sociodemographic subgroups, domains of social class (education, occupation, income, and wealth), and domains of health (self‐reported health, functioning, somatic and mental diseases, and causes of death). Over time, health inequalities have either remained or widened. The causes of health inequalities include social‐structural backgrounds, selection and social mobility, early and adult living conditions, lifestyles and health behaviors, psychosocial factors, and healthcare. Social class inequalities in health are largely avoidable and unfair. Policy programs suggest measures to tackle health inequalities.
Immigration Policy
Authors: Brown Susan K. , Bean Frank D. , Aygenc Berfu
Published: February 2025

Immigration policy specifies the laws, regulations, and practices that allow persons to move permanently to other countries and petition for citizenship or to enter and stay for delimited lengths of time without the right to apply for citizenship. Such policies include not only occupation‐ and family‐based migration but also the admissions of refugees and the acceptance of asylum‐seekers. In its most comprehensive form, immigration policy involves the admission of immigrants as well as the co‐ordination and control of migrant flows, the integration of newcomers into the socioeconomic fabric of the destination society, and the rights of people under international protection.
Income Inequality, Global
Authors: van Marrewijk Charles
Published: February 2025

Global income inequality can rise and fall at the same time depending on focus and measure of inequality. Additional problems have to be solved before global inequality can be analyzed using suitable measures. Global inequality is high but was falling because of rapid growth in China and India. The COVID‐19 pandemic seems to have increased inequality again. Undue attention to the top and bottom shares is unwarranted as these are bad inequality measures.
Migration: International
Authors: Kritz Mary M. , Ortiz Pamela Zabala
Published: February 2025

International migration is the cross‐border movement of people from their country of origin to another country of residence. People may be pulled to new locations by labor and educational opportunities, and pushed out of their countries by conflict, natural disasters, or changing laws, or experience some combination of both. Migrants can be distinguished by the nature of their departure or arrival, the amount of time they spend outside their country of origin, how they migrate, and whether their arrival is recognized by their country of reception. Global inconsistencies in how migrants are defined make it difficult to compare migration statistics, though general trends can be observed. Sociological research on migration addresses topics such as immigrant adaptation and acculturation, the factors that influence people's decisions to migrate, the maintenance of transnational connections between migrants and their countries of origin, and the effect of migration on both receiving and sending societies.
Money
Authors: Beamish Rob
Published: February 2025

The modern world is unimaginable without money. Money has been described as the world's operating system. Ironically, people's knowledge about money and monetary institutions is rudimentary. Beyond its economic function, people rarely realize how deeply money is woven into the fabric of contemporary societies. The full sociological understanding of money should begin with Georg Simmel's
Philosophy of Money
(1907) which takes a bird's‐eye view of the world as a great marketplace and shows how money enables one to see how everything exists in relation to everything else. Simmel uses money to gain critical insight into what is important to all that is human. Recent scholarship in the sociology of money shows how money is profoundly shaped through networks of social interaction and systems of meaning. It addresses how different kinds of monies are shaped by specific cultural and social factors and how money is a qualitatively heterogeneous phenomenon within social life.
Politics and Media
Authors: Hobbs Mitchell John
Published: February 2025

This entry examines the complex relationship between media and politics. It begins by exploring the evolution of the media as the fourth estate of democracy, highlighting its dual role in protecting the public interest through monitoring political elites and facilitating a contest of ideas essential for public deliberation and electoral politics. The rise of political public relations is then discussed, and its potential to enhance public information against the risks posed by bad actors and unethical practices is evaluated. The transformative influence of social media on politics is explored and its ability to empower citizens is highlighted, as are the challenges posed by disinformation, the misuse of digital data, and populism. The analysis emphasizes the need to address unethical uses of media by political actors to protect the future of democracy.
Qualitative Computing
Authors: Cisneros‐Puebla César A.
Published: February 2025

Qualitative computing refers to the ensemble of technology and methodologies for qualitative data analysis. Its development is rooted in qualitative sociology and the tradition of symbolic interactionism, and is embedded in the evolution of computers. Qualitative computing goes beyond simple data management, incorporating features such as critiques of traditional approaches to data analysis, new logical strategies for theory building, and innovative ways to visually represent the findings of qualitative methodology. Using tools for working with still images, texts from different sources, audio and video files (whether or not synchronized) with transcripts, and geographic co‐ordinates, it brings together the different components of research projects. It is gradually integrating ways of working with big data. Criteria for assessing the software programs include ease of integration of different research stages, types of data, analysis process, memo‐writing managers, categorization and code book access, analysis inventory and assessment, ability to export and import quantitative data, and options for merging data from different projects. It is also expanding into mobile computing, providing free applications for preparing fieldwork data, and into the cloud computing, to retain, analyze, and represent data.
Retirement
Authors: Damman Marleen , Tunney Orlaith
Published: February 2025

Retirement broadly refers to older workers' withdrawal from paid working life. Given the demographic development of population aging and its associated societal challenges, the transition from work to retirement is garnering increased attention, both in policy debates and in scientific literature. The nature and timing of retirement are also changing, as evidenced by rising retirement ages across OECD countries and the proliferation of retirement pathways. This entry provides a brief description of the scientific literature about retirement and discusses topics that are central in sociological retirement research, such as the role of (1) life histories, (2) social stratification, (3) spousal context, and (4) organizational and country context for understanding retirement transitions. Directions for future research are also described.
Social Exclusion
Authors: Silver Hilary
Published: February 2025

Social exclusion is a rupturing of the social bond, that is, a multidimensional process of declining participation, access, and solidarity. At the societal level, it reflects circumscribed social cohesion or integration. At the institutional and group mesolevel, exclusion enforces membership boundaries, eligibility rules, and social norms. At the individual level, it refers to the incapacity to participate in normatively expected social activities and to build meaningful social relations.
Tribalism
Authors: Trencher Susan R.
Published: February 2025

Historically, “tribalism” was defined as loyalty to tribes in Africa, Asia, and North and South America with shared customs and beliefs, which were viewed in the west as insular and “primitive.” The study of these groups began in the discipline of anthropology but now encompasses a broad range of disciplinary interests, each with its own focus. By the 1970s, the term “tribalism” had been so inconsistently used and misapplied in anthropology that there was a call for the term to be abandoned. While these terms were largely absent in anthropology, interest in them in multiple disciplines remained. In the 1990s “tribes” and “tribalism” re‐emerged with new emphases and references to “retribalization” as a degeneration of society and culture appeared. Simultaneously, us‐versus‐them differentiations between groups grew, with the understanding that the “them” are uncivilized. The exception to this reciprocal us and them positioning is in shared consumer interests engendered and encouraged by marketers, advertisers, and businesses. Tribalism has become a growth industry, as the construction of real and virtual consumer meetings engenders and encourages the purchase of goods, services, and experiences in ways that increase profit for vendors.
Unemployment as a Social Problem
Authors: Ehlert Martin
Published: February 2025

Unemployment is a social problem in industrialized and postindustrial societies because it leads to material and social deprivation for individuals, which in turn has far‐reaching negative effects on communities and whole countries. Work is the main income source in modern societies and frequently the prerequisite to be eligible for social security coverage. Furthermore, work is related to social integration and social status. Thus, losing employment leads to serious deprivation not only for the unemployed themselves but also for their children and other dependents in the household. Unemployment becomes a social problem for communities and societies where unemployment spreads and large groups of people are without employment. Consequently, many governments have social policies to decrease the dependence on labor income, including unemployment insurance and public pension systems, or to help those who are unemployed find new jobs.
Evaluation of the effect of metal stents on dose perturbation in the carbon beam irradiation field
Authors: Miyasaka Yuya , Ishizawa Tetsuya , Nawa Yoshihito , Souda Hikaru , Kawashiro Shohei , Chai Hongbo , Ishizawa Miyu , Sato Hiraku , Iwai Takeo
Published: February 2025

Propose

Carbon ion therapy is indicated for cases in which stents have been inserted, such as bile ducts, but the effect of metal stents on carbon ion therapy is unclear. In this study, the dose perturbation of carbon ion therapy caused by metallic bile duct stents was evaluated by dosimetry.

Materials and methods

Five different types of metal stents (EGIS Double Bear Biliary Stent, EGIS Single Bear Covered Biliary Stent, BileRush Selective, Niti‐S Less Shortening D‐type Stent, and ZEO Stent V) were placed between solid phantoms and Gafchromic film were placed around the stents and at each depth. The phantom was irradiated with a Carbon ion Beam to form a 5 cm × 5 cm × 5 cm spread‐out Brag peak. The dose change due to the stent was evaluated by comparing the film values of similar irradiations without the stent in place.

Result

The results showed that the dose perturbation with and without the stent was <10%. A dose reduction area along the shape of the stent appeared at the end of the irradiation field.

Conclusion

The effect of metal stents on the carbon dose distribution was assumed to be comparable to that of x‐rays and protons.
Polydentate Ligand Stabilizes Electrolyte and Interface Layer for Anti‐Corrosion and Selective‐Deposited Zn Metal Aqueous Batteries
Authors: Tan Hong , Lu Kai , Yuan Guocai , Wang Xia , Huang Yupeng , Wang Pan , Ye Jiang , Zhou Wanhai , Huang Lihong , Chao Dongliang
Published: February 2025

Zinc anode suffers from tough issues such as dendrite, corrosion, and hydrogen evolution, which lead to premature battery failure and thus restrict the practical application of aqueous zinc‐metal batteries (ZMABs). Herein, a polydentate‐ligand tactic is introduced to reconstruct solvation structure, improve corrosion resistance, and trigger selective dendrite‐free deposition via β‐Alanyl‐L‐histidine (AH). With abundant amino, amide, carboxyl, and imidazolyl groups, AH shows a chelation effect, which partially substitutes solvated SO42− and enters the Zn2+ solvation sheath to facilitate desolvation. Those groups also increase the strong H‐bond proportion of electrolyte, stabilizing water and suppressing corrosion and hydrogen evolution reactions. Moreover, with multisite coordination, the AH preferentially adsorbs on Zn(002) to induce a stable functional C, N, O, and S‐rich solid‐electrolyte interphase with zincophilic and hydrophobic properties. It homogenizes both the electric field and concentration field and guides preferential Zn growth along (002), realizing stable and dendrite‐free Zn anode. As a result, the obtained Zn anode with AH electrolyte exhibits a high CE of 99.28%, extended stability of over 6000 h, and a long lifespan of over 1000 cycles for Zn//MnO2 batteries. This work offers a novel design strategy of additive toward stabilization of Zn anodes for practical ZMABs.
First‐Principles Approach for Predicting Chiral Helimagnetism
Authors: Chen Yun , Yang Kesong
Published: February 2025

Chiral helimagnets have attracted significant attention due to their unique spin textures, dynamics, and potential in next‐generation spintronic technologies. However, calculating helimagnetic properties accurately remains a challenge owing to the complexity of the helical spin configurations and the long‐range periodicity. Here, a universal approach is reported for modeling and predicting helimagnetic spin structures by extracting the total energy as a function of the spin rotation angle between successive layers of helimagnets using first‐principles calculations. Applying this approach to Cr‐intercalated transition metal dichalcogenides, Cr1/3MX2 (where M = Nb, Ta; X = S, Se), their monoaxial magnetic helix parameters are successfully predicted, including helix wavevector, helix period, and critical magnetic field. This approach opens new avenues for the discovery of helimagnetic materials.
Violet to Near‐Infrared Optical Addressing of Spin Pairs in Hexagonal Boron Nitride
Authors: Singh Priya , Robertson Islay O. , Scholten Sam C. , Healey Alexander J. , Abe Hiroshi , Ohshima Takeshi , Tan Hark Hoe , Kianinia Mehran , Aharonovich Igor , Broadway David A. , Reineck Philipp , Tetienne Jean‐Philippe
Published: February 2025

Optically addressable solid‐state spins are an important platform for practical quantum technologies. Van der Waals material hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is a promising host as it contains a wide variety of optical emitters, but thus far observations of addressable spins have been sparse, and most of them lacked a demonstration of coherent spin control. Here, robust optical readout of spin pairs in hBN is demonstrated with emission wavelengths spanning from violet to the near‐infrared. It is found that these broadband spin pairs exist naturally in a variety of hBN samples from bulk crystals to powders to epitaxial films, and can be coherently controlled across the entire wavelength range. Furthermore, the optimal wavelengths are identified for independent readout of spin pairs and boron vacancy spin defects co‐existing in the same sample. These results establish the ubiquity of the optically addressable spin pair system in hBN across a broad parameter space, making it a versatile playground for spin‐based quantum technologies.
Advanced Interface Design of Direct‐Current Tribovoltaic Nanogenerator
Authors: Yin Xin , Yang Qingjun , Xia Shuhui , Zhai Jifeng , Wang Yidi , Song Lixin , Wu Zhenyue , Xiong Jie , Wong Wai‐Yeung
Published: February 2025

Tribovoltaic nanogenerator (TVNG), which manifests distinct advantages of direct‐current output characteristics and remarkable energy utilization efficiency, is an emerging energy technology relying on the coupling of semiconductor and contact electrification. Dynamic semiconductor interface is the key to TVNGs, as its performance and functionality largely depend on the design and optimization of interface. Hence, with the booming development of TVNGs, it is of great significance to timely update the fundamental understanding of its interface design, which is currently lacking. In this review, the frontier advances on interface design for TVNGs are elaborately outlined for the first time. First, the underlying mechanisms of tribovoltaic effect at the interface are elaborated, as well as some governing equations and key interface design concepts. Subsequently, diverse strategies for advanced interface design are highlighted, including modulating interfacial charge dynamics, multi‐energy coupling, reducing interface wear loss, and extending flexible/wearable application. At last, some assumptions about the future direction and prospects of advanced interface design in efficient, multifunctional TVNGs are presented.