bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence, Predictors, and Outcomes of Primary Nonadherence After Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Jackevicius Cynthia A. , Li Ping , Tu Jack V.
Published: February 2008

Background—

Secondary prevention after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is achieved primarily through medications. However, patients must take their medications to benefit. Medication adherence research has focused primarily on continuation of medications rather than not filling the first prescription written (primary nonadherence). Our objectives were to characterize, to determine factors of, and to measure outcomes associated with primary nonadherence after AMI.

Methods and Results—

We conducted a population-based cohort study using an AMI registry linked with administrative data in Ontario, Canada. The primary outcome was 1-year mortality. There were 4591 post-AMI patients >65 years of age included with 12 832 prescriptions written, of which 73% and 79% were filled within 7 and 120 days, respectively. By 120 days after discharge, more cardiac than noncardiac prescriptions were filled (82% versus 35%, respectively;
P
<0.0001). Only 74% of patients filled all their discharge prescriptions by 120 days after discharge after the exclusion of acetylsalicylic acid, which is also available over the counter in Ontario. Factors associated with filling all compared with filling no discharge prescriptions included younger age, low income, discharge medication counseling, in-hospital attending cardiologist, and fewer medications before AMI. The adjusted 1-year mortality rate was higher in patients who filled some versus all (odds ratio, 1.44; 95% confidence interval, 1.15 to 1.79;
P
=0.001) and none versus all (odds ratio, 1.80; 95% confidence interval, 1.35 to 2.42;
P
<0.0001) of their discharge medications.

Conclusions—

Patients fill most of their discharge prescriptions within 1 week after AMI. The 1-year mortality rate was higher for those patients who did not fill all of their discharge medications after AMI. Factors such as discharge medication counseling and postdischarge follow-up may help to increase the filling rate of medications after AMI.
Increase in Near-Surface Temperature Simulation Skill due to Predictive Soil Moisture in a Numerical Seasonal Simulation under Observed SST Forcing
Authors: De Haan Laurel L. , Kanamitsu Masao
Published: February 2008

Two sets of 12-yr eight-member ensemble integrations were run with the Experimental Climate Prediction Center’s (ECPC) seasonal forecast model (SFM) to investigate the sensitivity of near-surface temperature skill to evolving soil moisture. The first ensemble had evolving soil moisture, which was fully interactive with the atmospheric component of the model. The second ensemble had soil moisture fixed to the monthly climatological value. Several regions showed an increase in skill in the evolving soil moisture ensemble, including northeastern Australia, southeastern Africa, Europe, northern Brazil, Western Australia, northwestern Russia, Argentina, western Canada, and Indo-China. A survey of these regions showed that most had sensitivity to soil moisture following a peak rainy season, and of those, most also had a high soil moisture time-lag correlation (soil moisture memory) at that time. In a few of the regions high year-to-year soil moisture variability was an additional potential source of soil moisture sensitivity.

The sensitivity to soil moisture is considered both in terms of actual predictability (anomaly correlation with observations) and theoretical potential predictability. It was found that the regions listed above, with evolving soil moisture, have anomaly correlations that are close to the potential predictability, suggesting that the model estimates near-surface temperature in these regions as well as could be expected. However, it was also found that when comparing the two sets of integrations, improvements in potential predictability of one ensemble over the other did not necessarily give a reasonable estimate to improvements in anomaly correlation.
The Sensitivity of the Northeast Colorado Thunderstorm Environment to Upstream Surface Conditions
Authors: Grimaldi Richard T.
Published: February 2008

Statistical evidence supports a relationship between the warm-season thermodynamic environment in northeastern Colorado and the antecedent snow conditions in the upstream higher elevations. Above-normal snow storage and longevity reduces the sensible heating of the elevated terrain by increasing the albedo and exerting a stabilizing influence upon the surface layer. It follows that the residual spring snowpack of the Colorado Rockies represents an energy sink to the prevailing west to southwesterly winds of the free atmosphere, which traverse the uplift of the Western Plateau. The abrupt drop in elevation along the Front Range provides for a setting in which a thermal perturbation induced by mountain snow may be communicated to the downstream plains by cooling and perhaps stratifying the mobile elevated residual layer. Statistical and observational evidence suggest that the May and June months that follow a robust and extended snowmelt season are characterized by cooler 700-mb temperatures over Denver, Colorado. The apparent moist convective response to a positive snowmelt anomaly in the lee plains region is for severe weather to develop on average 45 to 50 min earlier, during May and June, than observed during seasons having a negative snow anomaly. Conversely, late springs, which harbor below-average snow, subject the elevated terrain to greater sensible heating. During the May and June months of these “low snow years,” 700-mb environmental conditions over Denver tend to be warmer and drier. Occurring in tandem with these trends are a reduction in May and June rainfall and a lower number of severe hail days on the lee plains. Observations further suggest that during low snow years substantial precipitation deficits extend to synoptic-scale distances downstream.
Analysis of Soil Moisture Changes in Europe during a Single Growing Season in a New ECMWF Soil Moisture Assimilation System
Authors: van den Hurk Bart , Ettema Janneke , Viterbo Pedro
Published: February 2008

This study aims at stimulating the development of soil moisture data assimilation systems in a direction where they can provide both the necessary control of slow drift in operational NWP applications and support the physical insight in the performance of the land surface component. It addresses four topics concerning the systematic nature of soil moisture data assimilation experiments over Europe during the growing season of 2000 involving the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model infrastructure. In the first topic the effect of the (spinup related) bias in 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) precipitation on the data assimilation is analyzed. From results averaged over 36 European locations, it appears that about half of the soil moisture increments in the 2000 growing season are attributable to the precipitation bias. A second topic considers a new soil moisture data assimilation system, demonstrated in a coupled single-column model (SCM) setup, where precipitation and radiation are derived from observations instead of from atmospheric model fields. For many of the considered locations in this new system, the accumulated soil moisture increments still exceed the interannual variability estimated from a multiyear offline land surface model run. A third topic examines the soil water budget in response to these systematic increments. For a number of Mediterranean locations the increments successfully increase the surface evaporation, as is expected from the fact that atmospheric moisture deficit information is the key driver of soil moisture adjustment. In many other locations, however, evaporation is constrained by the experimental SCM setup and is hardly affected by the data assimilation. Instead, a major portion of the increments eventually leave the soil as runoff. In the fourth topic observed evaporation is used to evaluate the impact of the data assimilation on the forecast quality. In most cases, the difference between the control and data assimilation runs is considerably smaller than the (positive) difference between any of the simulations and the observations.
Sensible Heat Observations Reveal Soil-Water Evaporation Dynamics
Authors: Heitman J. L. , Horton R. , Sauer T. J. , DeSutter T. M.
Published: February 2008

Soil-water evaporation is important at scales ranging from microbial ecology to large-scale climate. Yet routine measurements are unable to capture rapidly shifting near-surface soil heat and water processes involved in soil-water evaporation. The objective of this study was to determine the depth and location of the evaporation zone within soil. Three-needle heat-pulse sensors were used to monitor soil heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and temperature below a bare soil surface in central Iowa during natural wetting/drying cycles. Soil heat flux and changes in heat storage were calculated from these data to obtain a balance of sensible heat components. The residual from this balance, attributed to latent heat from water vaporization, provides an estimate of in situ soil-water evaporation. As the soil dried following rainfall, results show divergence in the soil sensible heat flux with depth. Divergence in the heat flux indicates the location of a heat sink associated with soil-water evaporation. Evaporation estimates from the sensible heat balance provide depth and time patterns consistent with observed soil-water depletion patterns. Immediately after rainfall, evaporation occurred near the soil surface. Within 6 days after rainfall, the evaporation zone proceeded > 13 mm into the soil profile. Evaporation rates at the 3-mm depth reached peak values > 0.25 mm h−1. Evaporation occurred simultaneously at multiple measured depth increments, but with time lag between peak evaporation rates for depths deeper below the soil surface. Implementation of finescale measurement techniques for the soil sensible heat balance provides a new opportunity to improve understanding of soil-water evaporation.
Development of the Flux-Adjusting Surface Data Assimilation System for Mesoscale Models
Authors: Alapaty Kiran , Niyogi Dev , Chen Fei , Pyle Patrick , Chandrasekar Anantharman , Seaman Nelson
Published: February 2008

The flux-adjusting surface data assimilation system (FASDAS) is developed to provide continuous adjustments for initial soil moisture and temperature and for surface air temperature and water vapor mixing ratio for mesoscale models. In the FASDAS approach, surface air temperature and water vapor mixing ratio are directly assimilated by using the analyzed surface observations. Then, the difference between the analyzed surface observations and model predictions of surface layer temperature and water vapor mixing ratio are converted into respective heat fluxes, referred to as adjustment heat fluxes of sensible and latent heat. These adjustment heat fluxes are then used in the prognostic equations for soil temperature and moisture via indirect assimilation in the form of several new adjustment evaporative fluxes. Thus, simulated surface fluxes for the subsequent model time step are affected such that the predicted surface air temperature and water vapor mixing ratio conform more closely to observations. The simultaneous application of indirect and direct data assimilation maintains greater consistency between the soil temperature–moisture and the surface layer mass-field variables. The FASDAS is coupled to a land surface submodel in a three-dimensional mesoscale model and tests are performed for a 10-day period with three one-way nested domains. The FASDAS is applied in the analysis nudging mode for two coarse-resolution nested domains and in the observational nudging mode for a fine-resolution nested domain. Further, the effects of FASDAS on two different initial specifications of a three-dimensional soil moisture field are also studied. Results indicate that the FASDAS consistently improved the accuracy of the model simulations.
An Evaluation of Two NEXRAD Wind Retrieval Methodologies and Their Use in Atmospheric Dispersion Models
Authors: Fast Jerome D. , Newsom Rob K. , Allwine K. Jerry , Xu Qin , Zhang Pengfei , Copeland Jeffrey , Sun Juanzhen
Published: February 2008

Two entirely different methods for retrieving 3D fields of horizontal winds from Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) radial velocities have been evaluated using radar wind profiler measurements to determine whether routine wind retrievals would be useful for atmospheric dispersion model applications. The first method uses a physical algorithm based on four-dimensional variational data assimilation, and the second simpler method uses a statistical technique based on an analytic formulation of the background error covariance. Both methods can be run in near–real time, but the simpler method was executed about 2.5 times as fast as the four-dimensional variational method. The observed multiday and diurnal variations in wind speed and direction were reproduced by both methods below ∼1.5 km above the ground in the vicinity of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, during July 2003. However, wind retrievals overestimated the strength of the nighttime low-level jet by as much as 65%. The wind speeds and directions obtained from both methods were usually similar when compared with profiler measurements, and neither method outperformed the other statistically. Within a dispersion model framework, the 3D wind fields and transport patterns were often better represented when the wind retrievals were included along with operational data. Despite uncertainties in the wind speed and direction obtained from the wind retrievals that are higher than those from remote sensing radar wind profilers, the inclusion of the wind retrievals is likely to produce more realistic temporal variations in the winds aloft than would be obtained by interpolation using the available radiosondes, especially during rapidly changing synoptic- and mesoscale conditions.
Coexisting Turbulent Climate Attractors in a Two-Layer Quasigeostrophic Model
Authors: Swanson Kyle
Published: February 2008

An intriguing manifestation of the underlying nonlinear fluid dynamic character of the atmosphere is found in an idealized quasigeostrophic model of the troposphere. For identical forcing and dissipation, the model’s climate is found to depend sensitively upon the choice of initial conditions, tending either toward a state resembling the current Northern Hemisphere wintertime circulation, characterized by significant mobile synoptic-scale transient disturbance activity, or a circulation still possessing vigorous synoptic transient behavior but more characterized by lower-frequency transient activity. Both of these dynamical states are strongly turbulent, with well-developed inertial ranges in their energy cascades, and transient kinetic energy on the same order as the kinetic energy of the time mean flow. This suggests the existence of multiple underlying turbulent strange attractors for the system. The climates of these states differ substantially, with the turbulent attractor with reduced synoptic transients having a zonal mean meridional temperature gradient substantially larger than the other climate attractor. This result suggests that turbulent behavior is not equivalent to uniqueness in atmospheric-like dynamical systems.
Investigation of Regional and Seasonal Variations in Marine Boundary Layer Cloud Properties from MODIS Observations
Authors: Jensen Michael P. , Vogelmann Andrew M. , Collins William D. , Zhang Guang J. , Luke Edward P.
Published: February 2008

To aid in understanding the role that marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds play in climate and assist in improving their representations in general circulation models (GCMs), their long-term microphysical and macroscale characteristics are quantified using observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument aboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA’s) Terra satellite. Six years of MODIS pixel-level cloud products are used from oceanic study regions off the west coasts of California, Peru, the Canary Islands, Angola, and Australia where these cloud types are common. Characterizations are given for their organization (macroscale structure), the associated microphysical properties, and the seasonal dependencies of their variations for scales consistent with the size of a GCM grid box (300 km × 300 km). MBL mesoscale structure is quantified using effective cloud diameter CD, which is introduced here as a simplified measure of bulk cloud organization; it is straightforward to compute and provides descriptive information beyond that offered by cloud fraction. The interrelationships of these characteristics are explored while considering the influences of the MBL state, such as the occurrence of drizzle.

Several commonalities emerge for the five study regions. MBL clouds contain the best natural examples of plane-parallel clouds, but overcast clouds occur in only about 25% of the scenes, which emphasizes the importance of representing broken MBL cloud fields in climate models (that are subgrid scale). During the peak months of cloud occurrence, mesoscale organization (larger CD) increases such that the fractions of scenes characterized as “overcast” and “clumped” increase at the expense of the “scattered” scenes. Cloud liquid water path and visible optical depth usually trend strongly with CD, with the largest values occurring for scenes that are drizzling. However, considerable interregional differences exist in these trends, suggesting that different regression functionalities exist for each region. For peak versus off-peak months, the fraction of drizzling scenes (as a function of CD) are similar for California and Angola, which suggests that a single probability distribution function might be used for their drizzle occurrence in climate models. The patterns are strikingly opposite for Peru and Australia; thus, the contrasts among regions may offer a test bed for model simulations of MBL drizzle occurrence.
Decadal-Scale Temperature Trends in the Southern Hemisphere Ocean
Authors: Gille Sarah T.
Published: February 2008

Long-term trends in the heat content of the Southern Hemisphere ocean are evaluated by comparing temperature profiles collected during the 1990s with profiles collected starting in the 1930s. Data are drawn both from ship-based hydrographic surveys and from autonomous floats. Results show that the upper 1000 m of the Southern Hemisphere ocean has warmed substantially during this time period at all depths. Warming is concentrated within the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). On a global scale, this warming trend implies that the ocean has gained heat from the atmosphere over the last 50 to 70 years. Although the data do not preclude the possibility that the Southern Ocean has warmed as a result of increased heat fluxes, either into the ocean or within the ocean, in general the strong trend in the Southern Ocean appears regionally consistent with a poleward migration of the ACC, possibly driven by long-term poleward shifts in the winds of the region, as represented by the southern annular mode.
How to Measure the Strength of the East Asian Summer Monsoon
Authors: Wang Bin , Wu Zhiwei , Li Jianping , Liu Jian , Chang Chih-Pei , Ding Yihui , Wu Guoxiong
Published: February 2008

Defining the intensity of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) has been extremely controversial. This paper elaborates on the meanings of 25 existing EASM indices in terms of two observed major modes of interannual variation in the precipitation and circulation anomalies for the 1979–2006 period. The existing indices can be classified into five categories: the east–west thermal contrast, north–south thermal contrast, shear vorticity of zonal winds, southwesterly monsoon, and South China Sea monsoon. The last four types of indices reflect various aspects of the leading mode of interannual variability of the EASM rainfall and circulations, which correspond to the decaying El Niño, while the first category reflects the second mode that corresponds to the developing El Niño.

The authors recommend that the EASM strength can be represented by the principal component of the leading mode of the interannual variability, which provides a unified index for the majority of the existing indices. This new index is extremely robust, captures a large portion (50%) of the total variance of the precipitation and three-dimensional circulation, and has unique advantages over all the existing indices. The authors also recommend a simple index, the reversed Wang and Fan index, which is nearly identical to the leading principal component of the EASM and greatly facilitates real-time monitoring.

The proposed index highlights the significance of the mei-yu/baiu/changma rainfall in gauging the strength of the EASM. The mei-yu, which is produced in the primary rain-bearing system, the East Asian (EA) subtropical front, better represents the variability of the EASM circulation system. This new index reverses the traditional Chinese meaning of a strong EASM, which corresponds to a deficient mei-yu that is associated with an abnormal northward extension of southerly over northern China. The new definition is consistent with the meaning used in other monsoon regions worldwide, where abundant rainfall within the major local rain-bearing monsoon system is considered to be a strong monsoon.
Radiating Instability of a Meridional Boundary Current
Authors: Hristova Hristina G. , Pedlosky Joseph , Spall Michael A.
Published: February 2008

A linear stability analysis of a meridional boundary current on the beta plane is presented. The boundary current is idealized as a constant-speed meridional jet adjacent to a semi-infinite motionless far field. The far-field region can be situated either on the eastern or the western side of the jet, representing a western or an eastern boundary current, respectively. It is found that when unstable, the meridional boundary current generates temporally growing propagating waves that transport energy away from the locally unstable region toward the neutral far field. This is the so-called radiating instability and is found in both barotropic and two-layer baroclinic configurations. A second but important conclusion concerns the differences in the stability properties of eastern and western boundary currents. An eastern boundary current supports a greater number of radiating modes over a wider range of meridional wavenumbers. It generates waves with amplitude envelopes that decay slowly with distance from the current. The radiating waves tend to have an asymmetrical horizontal structure—they are much longer in the zonal direction than in the meridional, a consequence of which is that unstable eastern boundary currents, unlike western boundary currents, have the potential to act as a source of zonal jets for the interior of the ocean.
Tests of an Ensemble Kalman Filter for Mesoscale and Regional-Scale Data Assimilation. Part IV: Comparison with 3DVAR in a Month-Long Experiment
Authors: Meng Zhiyong , Zhang Fuqing
Published: February 2008

In previous works in this series study, an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) was demonstrated to be promising for mesoscale and regional-scale data assimilation in increasingly realistic environments. Parts I and II examined the performance of the EnKF by assimilating simulated observations under both perfect- and imperfect-model assumptions. Part III explored the application of the EnKF to a real-data case study in comparison to a three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) method in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The current study extends the single-case real-data experiments over a period of 1 month to examine the long-term performance and comparison of both methods at the regional scales. It is found that the EnKF systematically outperforms 3DVAR for the 1-month period of interest in which both methods assimilate the same standard rawinsonde observations every 12 h over the central United States. Consistent with results from the real-data case study of Part III, the EnKF can benefit from using a multischeme ensemble that partially accounts for model errors in physical parameterizations. The benefit of using a multischeme ensemble (over a single-scheme ensemble) is more pronounced in the thermodynamic variables (including temperature and moisture) than in the wind fields. On average, the EnKF analyses lead to more accurate forecasts than the 3DVAR analyses when they are used to initialize 60 consecutive, deterministic 60-h forecast experiments for the month. Results also show that deterministic forecasts of up to 60 h initiated from the EnKF analyses consistently outperform the WRF forecasts initiated from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction final analysis field of the Global Forecast System.
Structure and Evolution of Rainfall in Numerically Simulated Landfalling Hurricanes
Authors: Kimball Sytske K.
Published: February 2008

Using an idealized landfalling model hurricane, the impact of different land surface characteristics on hurricane rainfall distribution before, during, and after landfall is investigated. Before landfall, maximum rainfall occurs on the right side of the storm track as a result of dry air intrusion from both the environmental flow behind the vortex and the land surface ahead of the vortex. These sources of dry air combine to destabilize the right side and stabilize the left side of the storm. Upon landfall, the rainfall maximum shifts to the left of the storm track over land, near the coast. Increased friction over land drives a region of convergence in the entire front half of the storm. While mean rainfall rates decrease, localized areas of large rainfall accumulations may occur as a result of this frictional forcing. Over land, the rainfall area broadens and mean rainfall rates decrease. No differences are detected in inner-core rainfall rates between cases, but outer-core rainfall rates and rainfall coverage increase with moister land surfaces. Hence, significant differences in rainfall accumulations occur depending on moisture availability of the land surface. Since reconnaissance planes cannot fly over land, forecasters are often forced to make extrapolations from reconnaissance data over water. They should take extreme caution in doing so, since rainfall distributions may change suddenly upon landfall as different forcing mechanisms take over.
A Counseling Psychology for the New Millennium
Authors: Watkins C. Edward
Published: February 2008

In this article, the author offers some comparisons and contrasts about the 1985 and 2000/2003 counseling psychology survey data sets. The data, which show stability and flux, continuity and change, capture elements of counseling psychology's rich heritage, current tensions of growth, and possibilities of future.
The Ever Evolving Identity of Counseling Psychologists
Authors: Forrest Linda M.
Published: February 2008

Understanding our identity as counseling psychologists has been an issue since the inception of our specialty in the 1940s and one that the authors of these two articles (Goodyear et al., 2008 [this issue]; Munley, Pate, & Duncan, 2008 [this issue]) tackle in new and different ways. In this response, this author (a) identifies additional reasons why studying our identity as counseling psychologists is beneficial to the specialty, (b) commends the authors on the methodological improvements they made, (c) comments on the underutilization of the American Psychological Association membership database as a resource for answering questions about change and stability in our identity, and (d) recommends that future studies focus on the approximately 75% of counseling psychologists who are not members of the Society of Counseling Psychology, Division 17 of the American Psychological Association. In an effort to capture more counseling psychologists as members of the Society of Counseling Psychology, attention should focus on students, early career professionals, and practitioners.
Law, migration and new subjectivities
Authors: Misra Sanghamitra
Published: February 2008

This article reconstructs the relationship between the colonial state, law, agrarian groups, and non-sedentary communities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century in the border-land area of Goalpara in colonial eastern India, a historically liminal and fluid space defined by the co-existence of sedentary and mobile lifestyles, and by the persistence of fluid notions of sovereignty and territoriality. It looks at the ways in which an entrenched colonial state, through its tropes of colonial modernity (sedenterisation, ‘settlement of wastelands’, and the extension of colonial legality into aspects of everyday life), irrevocably transformed the social and material life of local groups within a brief period of less than half a century. Complex social relationships and networks between communities were frequently reduced to sharp dichotomous ones, despite the persistence of a multiplicity of overlapping identities (and histories). Further, changes in the region's economy, following the migration of thousands of cultivators from eastern Bengal, were accompanied by the introduction of new concepts of space and shifts in local perceptions of law and other colonial institutions. This provides the context for recording resistance to, and circumvention of, these projects of the colonial state (in particular, its cultural legacies) by the colonised. The article underscores Goalpara's regional identity as a distinct ‘borderland identity’, and locates all of these processes within the space of borderland histories and their interrogation of dominant categories and imaginations of both colonial and nationalist agendas.
The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad and the making of the postcolonial state in India, 1948–56
Authors: Sherman Taylor C.
Published: February 2008

This article explores the impact of the police action and the anti-communist struggle in Hyderabad on the formation of the Indian state in the first years after independence. Because of its central location and diverse cultural heritage, the absorption of the princely state of Hyderabad into the Indian Union was an important goal for Nehru's government. However, the task of bringing Hyderabad into the Union was not an easy one. As it entered Hyderabad, the government of independent India had to come to terms with the limitations of the police, military and bureaucracy, which it had inherited from the colonial state; and as it took over the governance of the state, it had to find ways to manage relations between Hindus and Muslims, even as the social order was being transformed. It also had to fight communism in the Telangana region of the state, whilst trying to ensure the loyalty of its new citizens. This article examines the ways in which India's first government confronted these complex problems. The following pages argue that these early years must be seen as a time of great dynamism, rather than as a period of stability inherited from the colonial state.
Spectrality in Indigenous Women's Cinema: Tracey Moffatt and Beck Cole
Authors: Turcotte Gerry
Published: February 2008

This paper addresses two recent Aboriginal ghost stories produced by Aboriginal film-makers Tracey Moffatt ( beDevil) and Beck Cole ( Plains Empty), in order to examine the relationship of these films to a type of spectral rewriting of the Australian nation state. This paper examines the role of spectrality as a revisionist process that exorcizes, but also celebrates, the ghosts that underpin and/or undermine narratives of belonging and place and investigates the dynamic potential of Indigenous film, not so much as a device that eradicates colonial encounters and their postcolonial legacy, but as texts that unsettle and contest, that empower and initiate debate by way of dismantling, or at least diminishing, dominant representations of Indigenous identities.
Constructing the Imaginary: Creativity and Otherness in the Films of Adoor Gopalakrishnan
Authors: Ganguly Suranjan
Published: February 2008

The essay primarily deals with three of Adoor Gopalakrishnan's major films from the 80s: Mukhamukham/ Face to Face (1984); Anantaram/ Monologue (1987); and Mathilukal/ The Walls (1989). It also includes a discussion of his most recent film, Nizalkutthu/Shadow Kill (2002). The author first provides an overview of Gopalakrishnan's life and career and then focuses on the subject of the outsider and the related issue of otherness, both of which he claims are common to all the films. He shows how Gopalakrishnan's protagonists are men and women who have been physically and psychically displaced from mainstream society. Victims of choice and circumstance, they grapple with forces that are self-generated but more often than not unleashed by larger historical and social processes. He particularly focuses on the work of the eighties because it is here that Gopalakrishnan attempts to locate otherness within the interior workings of self, within a psychological space that is often associated with the creative process. The male protagonists in these films function in very different contexts and yet their status as outsiders is defined by their engagement with the imaginary which they achieve through their creativity.
Between the Wildebeest, Noble Savages and Moi's Kenya: Deceit and Cultural Illiteracies in the Search for Julie Ward's Killer(s)
Authors: Musila Grace
Published: February 2008

This paper examines the 1988 murder of British tourist Julie Ward in Kenya's Maasai Mara Game Reserve. It explores the search for Julie Ward's killers and how it is narrated in the three books on the case: John Ward's The Animals Are Innocent: The Search for Julie's Killers (1991), Michael Hiltzik's A Death in Kenya: The Murder of Julie Ward (1991) and Jeremy Gavron's Darkness in Eden: The Murder of Julie Ward (1994). Both the search for Julie Ward's killers and the narration of the case in the three books are framed within a distinctly British colonial archive, which reads Kenya(ns) through the twin tropes of exoticism and the political jungle of the postcolonial state. The paper argues that their embedding in this colonial archive resulted in an epistemological disarticulation between the British and Kenyan players in the search for Julie Ward's killers, as certain Kenyan textualities remained illegible to the British.
The Leadership Dimensions of Education Deans
Authors: Wepner Shelley B. , D'Onofrio Antonia , Wilhite Stephen C.
Published: February 2008

Education deans in the United States describe their approach to solving leadership problems that were cast as organizational dilemmas. The deans who participated in the study had been education deans for at least 6 to 7 years, indicating that they had avoided the revolving door syndrome of 4.5 years in a single appointment. Deans described their problem solving in interviews that asked for a response to vignettes. The answers were analyzed using a conceptual model that was developed over a period of 7 years. The framework consisted of four dimensions of leadership: intellectual, emotional, social, and moral. All 14 deans used all four dimensions in responding to the vignettes yet relied on the intellectual dimension as the basis for employing the other three dimensions. Within each dimension, education deans used specific themes (e.g., defining problems) more frequently than other themes. Implications for the professional development of deans are explored.
Creating Social Relationships
Authors: Gomez Louis M. , Sherin Miriam Gamoran , Griesdorn Jacqueline , Finn Lou-Ellen
Published: February 2008

In this article, the authors explore how the pervasive availability of technology allows for new social arrangements in teacher education by connecting preservice teachers, school-based personnel, university faculty, and others in deep and engaging ways. The authors illustrate this perspective and then propose four implications for teacher education institutions that build on this view. Specifically, the authors recommend that technology be used in teacher education to (a) create technically literate education professionals, (b) strengthen the practice—theory connection, (c) provide more practice-centered training, and (d) reflect deeply into the scholarship and practice of teaching. The authors discuss each of the four implications in turn and provide examples of institutional practices aligned with these goals.
Calling time on crime: Motivation, generativity and agency in Irish probationers
Authors: Healy Deirdre , O'Donnell Ian
Published: February 2008

Why people remain involved in, or detach themselves from, criminal activity is not fully understood. This article presents the results of an investigation of psychosocial changes involved in the process of desistance among 73 male probationers in Dublin, Ireland. The stated desire of the great majority was to cease offending and their aspirations revolved around finding a job and a place to live, and stopping drug use. Generative concerns were raised infrequently. There was little evidence of agency, with few individuals talking of empowerment or self-mastery. These findings mark an interesting point of contrast with other research in this area.
The new shape of probation in England and Wales: Values and opportunities in a changing context
Authors: Faulkner David
Published: February 2008

This article considers the changes in criminal justice, and in public services more generally, which might follow the re-construction of the British government in the summer of 2007; and the opportunities which those changes might provide for developments in probation and in community justice. It argues that existing assumptions and attitudes could now be re-shaped to provide an approach which is more rational and principled, and no longer hampered by a sense of perpetual turmoil and crisis. Such an approach would emphasize issues such as accountability, relationships, professional values and leadership, and the responsibilities of communities and citizens. It might also be more successful in increasing public confidence, in criminal justice and more generally, and in resolving the wider problems associated with crime and criminality.
Hazardous waste incineration in context with carbon dioxide
Authors: Reinhardt Tim , Richers Ulf , Suchomel Horst
Published: February 2008

The Kyoto Protocol of 1997 demands an emission reduction of climate-affecting gases in various industrial sectors. In this context CO2 is one of the relevant gases and waste management is one of the relevant sectors. Referring to the situation in Europe, waste incineration is one of the major sources of CO2 in the waste management sector. The Kyoto Protocol, however, only covers CO2-emissions originating from fossil fuels, whereas the incineration of renewable materials, e.g. wood, is considered to be climate-neutral since it does not make any net contribution to the CO2 inventory of the atmosphere. Unlike the situation with municipal waste, there is little if any information on the CO2-emissions caused by the incineration of hazardous waste in specialized plants, and the renewable fraction in these materials. The present paper focuses on this gap of knowledge. Taking the full-scale hazardous waste incineration plant in Biebesheim, Germany, as an example, a carbon balance was set up for the whole plant taking into account all other material flows. Afterwards the determination of the proportion of renewable materials in the hazardous waste incinerated by means of the radiocarbon method (14C) is reported. On the basis of the results, optimization potentials are discussed.
Clean development mechanism: an incentive for waste management projects?
Authors: Plöchl Clemens , Wetzer Wolfgang , Ragoßnig Arne
Published: February 2008

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) was introduced by the Kyoto Protocol to provide a financial incentive to establish project activities in developing countries for reducing greenhouse gas emissions while also fostering sustainable development. This article shows that waste management project activities play an important role in achieving the aims of the CDM. It describes how these activities have to prove additionality, how the emission reductions must be calculated and monitored in order to be eligible and in order to lead to Certified Emission Reductions (CERs). The article further provides an analysis about the various challenges that are involved in applying the CDM scheme to waste management project activities, which require a new specific set of technical skills and regulatory standards.
Green house gas emissions from composting and mechanical biological treatment
Authors: Amlinger Florian , Peyr Stefan , Cuhls Carsten
Published: February 2008

In order to carry out life-cycle assessments as a basis for far-reaching decisions about environmentally sustainable waste treatment, it is important that the input data be reliable and sound. A comparison of the potential greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with each solid waste treatment option is essential. This paper addresses GHG emissions from controlled composting processes. Some important methodological prerequisites for proper measurement and data interpretation are described, and a common scale and dimension of emission data are proposed so that data from different studies can be compared. A range of emission factors associated with home composting, open windrow composting, encapsulated composting systems with waste air treatment and mechanical biological waste treatment (MBT) are presented from our own investigations as well as from the literature. The composition of source materials along with process management issues such as aeration, mechanical agitation, moisture control and temperature regime are the most important factors controlling methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N 2O) and ammoniac (NH3) emissions. If ammoniac is not stripped during the initial rotting phase or eliminated by acid scrubber systems, biofiltration of waste air provides only limited GHG mitigation, since additional N2O may be synthesized during the oxidation of NH3, and only a small amount of CH4 degradation occurs in the biofilter. It is estimated that composting contributes very little to national GHG inventories generating only 0.01—0.06% of global emissions. This analysis does not include emissions from preceding or post-treatment activities (such as collection, transport, energy consumption during processing and land spreading), so that for a full emissions account, emissions from these activities would need to be added to an analysis.
New Urbanism, Social Equity, and the Challenge of Post-Katrina Rebuilding in Mississippi
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: February 2008

In October 2005, the Congress for the New Urbanism (CNU) was enlisted to produce rebuilding plans for eleven towns along the Mississippi Gulf Coast that had been devastated by Hurricane Katrina. The plans they produced are microcosms of New Urbanist social doctrine: an accessible public realm, neighborhoods that are socially diverse, and walkable access to life's daily needs—design principles that are essentially aimed at promoting social equity. This article examines the rhetoric and reality of the social equity goals of the New Urbanist plans for the Mississippi Gulf Coast region. While social equity goals are both implicitly and explicitly stated and visualized throughout the plans, the realization of social equity goals will require more than physical designs. Without the policy, institutional, programmatic, and process requirements that go along with the New Urbanists' physical design proposals, the designs may lose their connection to social equity goals. Given the intensity of development pressure in the region, realization of social equity goals may require an unprecedented level of effort and commitment.
Community-based Planning and Poverty Alleviation in Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Mason David R. , Beard Victoria A.
Published: February 2008

In response to the growing critique of decentralized and participatory approaches to development, the article develops a theoretical framework for analyzing the relationship between community-based planning and poverty. Building on contributions from research on collective action, social capital, and social movements, the framework identifies a series of variables that are theorized to affect a community's capacity to alleviate poverty. Using this framework, three community-level case studies in Oaxaca, Mexico are analyzed. All three communities are characterized by a decline in subsistence agriculture, increasing out-migration, and the use of remittances to finance community-based planning projects. The article documents each community's capacity to alleviate the material manifestations of poverty. It concludes that only the community with the strongest capacity for community-level collective action was capable of planning independent of the state, and thus in a position to take incipient steps toward addressing poverty's structural causes. The findings call into question the often assumed desirability of collaborative planning and support the need for a more nuanced understanding of the strengths and limitations of distinct forms of community-based planning interpreted within broader socio-political contexts.
Empowering Communities through Deliberation The Model of Community Benefits Agreements
Authors: Baxamusa Murtaza H.
Published: February 2008

This article presents some insights into making participatory processes meaningful. It argues that these processes need to expressly empower communities through grassroots organizing, coalition building, and democratic deliberation. Community benefits agreements are new models of this power process. These are private agreements between community coalitions and developers. Case studies of two large projects in California, the Los Angeles International Airport expansion in Los Angeles and the Ballpark Village in San Diego, are presented. These studies demonstrate certain unique features that make participation an exercise in the redistribution of power.
The Probability of Single-family Dwelling Occupancy
Authors: Moos Markus , Skaburskis Andrejs
Published: February 2008

Changing socioeconomic conditions are increasing the flexible workforce, such as home workers that are believed to internalize the need for home-work space in their housing consumption. Analysis of census data in thirteen Canadian metropolitan areas shows that households where one or both maintainers work from home have a greater propensity to reside in larger single-family detached houses than comparable households with maintainers who commute to work. The home-work variable increases the probability of single-family dwelling occupancy more than age, immigration, and household size, demographic variables generally highly associated with single-family dwelling occupancy. Although issues of causality cannot be empirically resolved here, if home work requires more space, it is one of the factors that would influence the tendency to continue to reside in the larger single-family dwellings. These dwellings have greater environmental impacts than more compact housing types that planners promote as part of their sustainability goals.