bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional Networks in the Anesthetized Rat Brain Revealed by Independent Component Analysis of Resting-State fMRI
Authors: Hutchison R. Matthew , Mirsattari Seyed M. , Jones Craig K. , Gati Joseph S. , Leung L. Stan
Published: April 2010

The rodent brain is organized into functional networks that can be studied through examination of synchronized low-frequency spontaneous fluctuations (LFFs) of the functional magnetic resonance imaging -blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal. In this study, resting networks of LFFs were estimated from the whole-brain BOLD signals using independent component analysis (ICA). ICA provides a hypothesis-free technique for determining the functional connectivity map that does not require a priori selection of a seed region. Twenty Long-Evans rats were anesthetized with isoflurane (1%, n = 10) or ketamine/xylazine (50/6 mg · kg−1· h−1ip, n = 10) and imaged for 5–10 min in a 9.4 T MR scanner without experimental stimulation or task requirement. Independent, synchronous LFFs of BOLD signals were found to exist in clustered, bilaterally symmetric regions of both cortical and subcortical structures, including primary and secondary somatosensory cortices, motor cortices, visual cortices, posterior and anterior cingulate cortices, hippocampi, caudate-putamen, and thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei. The somatosensory and motor cortices typically demonstrated both symmetric and asymmetric components with unique frequency profiles. Similar independent network components were found under isoflurane and ketamine/xylazine anesthesia. The report demonstrates, for the first time, 12 independent resting networks that are bilaterally synchronous in different cortical and subcortical areas of the rat brain.
A Mock Theta Function of Second Order
Authors: Srivastava Bhaskar
Published: April 2010

We consider the second‐order mock theta function 𝒟5 (q), which Hikami came across in his work on mathematical physics and quantum invariant of three manifold. We give their bilateral form, and show that it is the same as bilateral third‐order mock theta function of Ramanujan. We also show that the mock theta function 𝒟5 (q) outside the unit circle is a theta function and also write h1(q) as a coefficient of z0 of a theta series. First writing h1(q) as a coefficient of a theta function, we prove an identity for h1(q).
What We Know and Do Not Know about Sex and Cardiac Disease
Authors: Konhilas John P.
Published: April 2010

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the single leading cause of death in both men and women. A large proportion of the population with CVD will die with a diagnosis of congestive heart failure (CHF). It is becoming increasingly recognized that sex differences exist in the etiology, development, and outcome of CHF. For example, compared to male counterparts, women that present with CHF are typically older and have systolic cardiac function that is not impaired. Despite a growing body of literature addressing the underlying mechanisms of sex dimorphisms in cardiac disease, there remain significant inconsistencies reported in these studies. Given that the development of CHF results from the complex integration of genetic and nongenetic cues, it is not surprising that the elucidation and subsequent identification of molecular mechanisms remains unclear. In this review, key aspects of sex differences in CVD and CHF will be highlighted with an emphasis on some of the unanswered questions regarding these differences. The contention is presented that it becomes critical to reference cellular mechanisms within the context of each sex to better understand these sex dimorphisms.
Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomer Nanocomposites: Morphology, Thermophysical, and Flammability Properties
Authors: Ho Wai K. , Koo Joseph H. , Ezekoye Ofodike A.
Published: April 2010

Novel materials based on nanotechnology creating nontraditional ablators are rapidly changing the technology base for thermal protection systems. Formulations with the addition of nanoclays and carbon nanofibers in a neat thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU) were melt‐compounded using twin‐screw extrusion. The TPU nanocomposites (TPUNs) are proposed to replace Kevlar‐filled ethylene‐propylene‐diene‐monomer rubber, the current state‐of‐the‐art solid rocket motor internal insulation. Scanning electron microscopy analysis was conducted to study the char characteristics of the TPUNs at elevated temperatures. Specimens were examined to analyze the morphological microstructure during the pyrolysis reaction and in fully charred states. Thermophysical properties of density, specific heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, and thermal conductivity of the different TPUN compositions were determined. To identify dual usage of these novel materials, cone calorimetry was employed to study the flammability properties of these TPUNs.
Time-Location Patterns of a Population Living in an Air Pollution Hotspot
Authors: Wu Xiangmei (May) , Fan Zhihua (Tina) , Ohman-Strickland Pamela
Published: April 2010

This study characterized the time-location pattern of 107 residents living in air pollution hotspots, the Waterfront South and Copewood/Davis Streets communities in Camden, NJ. Most residents in the two communities are minority and impoverished individuals. Results showed that employment status played the fundamental role in determining time-location patterns of this study population, and the variations of time-location pattern by season and by day-type were partially attributed to employment status. Compared to the National Human Activity Pattern Survey, the Camden cohort spent significantly more time outdoors (3.8 hours versus 1.8 hours) and less time indoors (19.4 hours versus 20.9 hours) than the general US population, indicating a higher risk of exposure to ambient air pollution for the Camden cohort. The findings of the study are important for understanding exposure routes and sources for the socioeconomically disadvantaged subgroup and ultimately help develop effective strategies to reduce community exposure to ambient air pollution in “hotspots”.
Personalized Sports Video Customization Using Content and Context Analysis
Authors: Liang Chao , Xu Changsheng , Lu Hanqing
Published: April 2010

We present an integrated framework on personalized sports video customization, which addresses three research issues: semantic video annotation, personalized video retrieval and summarization, and system adaptation. Sports video annotation serves as the foundation of the video customization system. To acquire detailed description of video content, external web text is adopted to align with the related sports video according to their semantic correspondence. Based on the derived semantic annotation, a user-participant multiconstraint 0/1 Knapsack model is designed to model the personalized video customization, which can unify both video retrieval and summarization with different fusion parameters. As a measure to make the system adaptive to the particular user, a social network based system adaptation algorithm is proposed to learn latent user preference implicitly. Both quantitative and qualitative experiments conducted on twelve broadcast basketball and football videos validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Do Young Children Know What Makes A Picture Useful To Other People?
Authors: Allen Melissa , Bloom Paul , Hodgson Eleanor
Published: April 2010

Even babies have an implicit appreciation of the relationship between realistic pictures and the objects that they depict, but a mature understanding of pictures involves an explicit appreciation of how pictures work. Adults appreciate that pictures are public representations that can communicate information to other people, and that some pictures are better at doing this than others. We explore the foundations of this understanding in young children. In three experiments, using yes/no and forced-choice questions, we find that 3- and 4-year olds understand that other people benefit from pictures that contain greater perceptual detail and that the more realistic the picture, the better it is as a symbolic vehicle.
Measuring The Mnemonic Advantage of Counter-intuitive and Counter-schematic Concepts
Authors: Johnson Claire , Kelly Steve , Bishop Paul
Published: April 2010

The debate on the value of Boyer's (1994) minimally counter-intuitive (MCI) theory continues to generate considerable theoretical and empirical attention. Although the theory offers an explanation as to why certain cultural texts and narratives are particularly well conveyed and transmitted, amidst society and over time, conflicting evidence remains for any mnemonic advantage of minimally counter-intuitive concepts. In an effort to reconcile these conflicting results, Barrett (2008) has made a comprehensive attempt in presenting a formal system for quantifying counter – intuitiveness including a distinction between counter-intuitive and counter-schematic concepts. The present article uses this system to generate sentences containing different levels of counter-intuitiveness, and tests whether minimally counter-intuitive items show a mnemonic advantage over concepts which are more counter-intuitive or counter-schematic. Results indicate that MCI concepts hold a mnemonic advantage over counter-schematic and maximally counter-intuitive concepts but only for one-week delayed recall. Interference effects may have masked immediate recall effects. Yes-no recognition after one week delay showed almost 100% accuracy suggesting that availability of retrieval cues is the factor which determines the mnemonic advantage of MCI concepts.
Cognitive Architecture, Humor and Counterintuitiveness: Retention and Recall of MCIs
Authors: Purzycki Benjamin Grant
Published: April 2010

The recent surge of interest in the cognitive science of religion has resulted in a number of studies regarding the memorability of minimally counterintuitive ideas (MCIs). The present model incorporates ontological templates and their respective inferences, as well as delineates between two major types of violations: schema- and template-level violations. As humor is also defined by its counter-intutiveness at the schema level, this study was designed to find effects this emotion has on retention. Results suggest that humorous statements with parallel violations are recalled significantly better than statements which have only template-level violations, affective statements with only schema-level violations, as well as intuitive statements in both immediate and 1-week follow-up sessions.
Wind Effects on Past and Future Regional Sea Level Trends in the Southern Indo-Pacific*
Authors: Timmermann Axel , McGregor Shayne , Jin Fei-Fei
Published: April 2010

Global sea level rise due to the thermal expansion of the warming oceans and freshwater input from melting glaciers and ice sheets is threatening to inundate low-lying islands and coastlines worldwide. At present the global mean sea level rises at 3.1 ± 0.7 mm yr−1 with an accelerating tendency. However, the magnitude of recent decadal sea level trends varies greatly spatially, attaining values of up to 10 mm yr−1 in some areas of the western tropical Pacific. Identifying the causes of recent regional sea level trends and understanding the patterns of future projected sea level change is of crucial importance. Using a wind-forced simplified dynamical ocean model, the study shows that the regional features of recent decadal and multidecadal sea level trends in the tropical Indo-Pacific can be attributed to changes in the prevailing wind regimes. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that within an ensemble of 10 state-of-the-art coupled general circulation models, forced by increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations over the next century, wind-induced redistributions of upper-ocean water play a key role in establishing the spatial characteristics of projected regional sea level rise. Wind-related changes in near-surface mass and heat convergence near the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Kiribati, the Cook Islands, and French Polynesia oppose—but cannot cancel—the regional signal of global mean sea level rise.
Adjusting Satellite Precipitation Data to Facilitate Hydrologic Modeling
Authors: Tobin Kenneth J. , Bennett Marvin E.
Published: April 2010

Significant concern has been expressed regarding the ability of satellite-based precipitation products such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) 3B42 products (version 6) and the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Prediction Center’s (CPC) morphing technique (CMORPH) to accurately capture rainfall values over land. Problems exist in terms of bias, false-alarm rate (FAR), and probability of detection (POD), which vary greatly worldwide and over the conterminous United States (CONUS). This paper directly addresses these concerns by developing a methodology that adjusts existing TMPA products utilizing ground-based precipitation data. The approach is not a simple bias adjustment but a three-step process that transforms a satellite precipitation product. Ground-based precipitation is used to develop a filter eliminating FAR in the authors’ adjusted product. The probability distribution function (PDF) of the satellite-based product is adjusted to the PDF of the ground-based product, minimizing bias. Failure of precipitation detection (POD) is addressed by utilizing a ground-based product during these periods in their adjusted product. This methodology has been successfully applied in the hydrological modeling of the San Pedro basin in Arizona for a 3-yr time series, yielding excellent streamflow simulations at a daily time scale. The approach can be applied to any satellite precipitation product (i.e., TRMM 3B42 version 7) and will provide a useful approach to quantifying precipitation in regions with limited ground-based precipitation monitoring.
Laïcité is What Laïcité Does
Authors: Altglas Véronique
Published: April 2010

France’s distinctive reaction towards ‘cults’ is generally described as a result of laïcité’s consubstantial problems with religious diversity. The aim of this article is to present an alternative way of thinking about the French cult controversy and, ultimately, about the concept of ‘ laïcité’ as an explanatory framework for France’s response to religious diversity. It draws on empirical data to look at how notions such as ‘ laïcité ’ and ‘cults’ are used in official discourses and translated into administrative practice. This approach emphasizes that laïcité is not a driving force that predetermines a unilateral response to ‘cults’, but that laïcité is as laïcité does, in other words a highly claimed and contested value, reflecting divergent political and administrative approaches to the cult phenomenon. The framework ‘ laïcité versus religious diversity’ is also undermined by another crucial observation. While it sees the cult controversy as primarily a religious issue, it seems that the recent revitalization of the combat against ‘cults’ was made possible by its partial dissociation from the religious sphere and its extension to a wider range of practices and new areas.
Moral Panic and Social Theory
Authors: Rohloff Amanda , Wright Sarah
Published: April 2010

Chas Critcher has recently conceptualized moral panic as a heuristic device, or ‘ideal type’. While he argues that one still has to look beyond the heuristic, despite a few exceptional studies there has been little utilization of recent developments in social theory in order to look ‘beyond moral panic’. Explicating two current critical contributions — the first, drawing from the sociologies of governance and risk; the second, from the process/figurational sociology of Norbert Elias — this article highlights the necessity for the continuous theoretical development of the moral panic concept and illustrates how such development is essential to overcome some of the substantial problems with moral panic research: normativity, temporality and (un)intentionality.
Deliberating and Doing Ethics in Body Gifting Practices
Authors: Shaw Rhonda
Published: April 2010

This article mobilizes accounts of the phenomenology of ethical expertise to discuss the actions and experiences of people who have participated in body gifting practices. The body gifting practices specifically addressed in the study are drawn from empirical research on shared breastfeeding, ovarian egg donation and surrogate pregnancy and organ donation processes. A central aim of the study is to investigate if and how people incorporate ethical principles into their everyday lives in the course of moral decision-making, and whether such principles guide moral behaviour in the way that philosophical ethicists say they should.
TP63 Gene Mutations in Chinese P63 Syndrome Patients
Authors: Yin W. , Ye X. , Shi L. , Wang Q.K. , Jin H. , Wang P. , Bian Z.
Published: April 2010

TP63 plays an essential role in the development of epidermis and skin appendages. Mutations in TP63 can give rise to a series of syndromes characterized by various combinations of ectodermal dysplasia, limb malformations, and orofacial clefting in many populations. To test whether TP63 is the disease-causative gene for these phenotypes in Chinese, we recruited two Chinese Ectrodactyly-Ectodermal-dysplasia-Cleft lip/palate syndrome (EEC) cases and a Limb-Mammary-Syndrome (LMS) patient to carry out TP63 gene sequencing. Three missense mutation, c.812G>C (Ser271Thr), c.611G>A (Arg204Gln), and c.680G>A (Arg227Gln), which lead to the substitution of highly conserved amino acids in the DNA-binding domain of TP63, were identified. These mutations were predicted to disrupt DNA-binding specificity and affinity. To our knowledge, this is the first report of EEC and LMS syndromes in individuals of Chinese descent. Analysis of our data demonstrated that TP63 is critical for the development of ectoderm in humans.
Evaluation of the Wetness of Pantiliners
Authors: Yokura Hiroko , Sukigara Sachiko
Published: April 2010

This study makes an objective evaluation of the wetness of pantiliners based on their physical properties and a subjective evaluation of the wetness of commercially produced pantiliners, based on subjective hand evaluation tests and wear trials performed by female subjects. The heat, air, and water transport properties of the pantiliners were measured using the Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabric (KES-FB) system, while the subjective wetness of the samples was analyzed using physical parameters. The wetness of pantiliners could be predicted from the water transport property. Those pantiliners that were evaluated as wet showed a large maximum value of heat flux under the wet condition ( qmax-wet). The qmax-wet value is one of the key parameters for evaluating the wetness of hygiene products.
Textile, Physiological, and Sensorial Parameters in Sock Comfort
Authors: Bertaux Emilie , Derler Siegfried , Rossi Rene Michel , Xianyi Zeng  , Koehl Ludovic , Ventenat Vincent
Published: April 2010

This paper explores the influence of textile, physiological, and sensorial parameters on sock comfort. Comfort parameters of sport socks were evaluated in two different sport exercises by a non-trained panel. The criteria of the sensory evaluation were perceived foot temperature, fabric dampness, and pain. No rating scale or common lexicon was needed for the sensory evaluation. Foot temperature and humidity were measured during the sport exercises by sensors integrated in the footwear, while coefficients of friction between sock fabric samples and a mechanical skin model were measured using a previously developed Textile Friction Analyzer. The influence of textile, physiological, and sensorial parameters on the sock comfort was statistically investigated. Significant correlations were found between physiological and sensorial parameters as well as between the fabric friction and perceived comfort. Perceived comfort depended on the fibre content of sock fabrics and on the perceived dampness and temperature of the feet. Surface roughness and water content of the textiles had no influence on sock comfort. The new approach of sensory evaluation using a non-trained panel is suitable for the assessment of sock comfort. Using test parameters simulating the contact conditions between foot and sock in sport activities, the Textile Friction Analyzer is an appropriate device to determine the fabric friction which is related to the sock comfort. The results of this research represent a first step towards a better understanding of the influence of different parameters on sock comfort.
What is conscious in perceived attachment? Evidence from global and specific relationship representations
Authors: Herzog Teresa Kamman , Hughes Farrah M. , Jordan Mike
Published: April 2010

Information processing involved in self-reported attachment may be a more reliable indicator of attachment style than are the self-reports themselves. To test this assumption, we compared incongruent global (i.e., vignette responses) and specific (i.e., multi-item) self-reported security in the parental and romantic realms. We found evidence of relations between global and specific incongruence and attachment style. Individuals exhibiting incongruence in the parental realm (i.e., secure global attachments regarding parents concurrent with insecure specific attachment) were relatively higher in preoccupied romantic attachment. Individuals incongruent in the romantic realm (i.e., secure specific attachments with partners concurrent with insecure global attachment) were higher in dismissive romantic attachment. The findings have implications for understanding the cognitive processing associated with consciously accessed attachment perceptions.
Perceived empathy, accurate empathy and relationship satisfaction in heterosexual couples
Authors: Cramer Duncan , Jowett Sophia
Published: April 2010

One aim of this study was to test a model derived from Cutrona that conflict and depression partially mediate the relation between perceived and accurate empathy and relationship satisfaction. This was investigated in 149 heterosexual couples using dyadic analysis. As accurate empathy was not significantly related to relationship satisfaction when actual and assumed similarities were controlled, this model was only examined with perceived empathy. Apart from conflict in men, the actor effects of the model were supported. Perceived empathy was positively associated with relationship satisfaction and negatively associated with depression and conflict. Depression and conflict were negatively associated with relationship satisfaction. There were two partner effects. Conflict in women was significantly associated with depression and relationship dissatisfaction in men.
Emotions in marital conflict interactions: Empathic accuracy, assumed similarity, and the moderating context of depressive symptoms
Authors: Papp Lauren M. , Kouros Chrystyna D. , Cummings E. Mark
Published: April 2010

To examine affectivity in marital interaction, 267 couples participated in laboratory-based marital conflicts and afterward rated their own and their spouses’ emotions of positivity, anger, sadness, and fear. Actor—Partner Interdependence Models estimated empathic accuracy and assumed similarity effects, with symptoms of depression tested as a moderator. Depressive symptoms moderated spouses’ ratings of their partners’ negative emotions such that assumed similarity was higher and empathic accuracy was lower in the context of elevated depressive symptoms. The results suggest that depression may influence spouses’ judgments of how closely linked partner emotions are (i.e., assumed similarity) and spouses’ abilities to accurately perceive their partners’ negative emotions (i.e., empathic accuracy), potentially contributing to the established marital dysfunction—psychological distress cycle.
Constructing family: A typology of voluntary kin
Authors: Braithwaite Dawn O. , Bach Betsy Wackernagel , Baxter Leslie A. , DiVerniero Rebecca , Hammonds Joshua R. , Hosek Angela M. , Willer Erin K. , Wolf Bianca M.
Published: April 2010

This study explored how participants discursively rendered voluntary kin relationships sensical and legitimate. Interpretive analyses of 110 interviews revealed four main types of voluntary kin: (i) substitute family, (ii) supplemental family, (iii) convenience family, and (iv) extended family. These types were rendered sensical and legitimated by drawing on the discourse of the traditional family. Except for the extended family, three of four voluntary kin family types were justified by an attributed deficit in the blood and legal family. Because voluntary kin relationships are not based on the traditional criteria of association by blood or law, members experience them as potentially challenging, requiring discursive work to render them sensical and legitimate to others.
The development and feasibility of a ward-based physiotherapy and nutritional rehabilitation package for people experiencing critical illness
Authors: Salisbury LG , Merriweather JL , Walsh TS
Published: April 2010

Objective: To investigate ward-based rehabilitation after critical illness and undertake a pilot study exploring the feasibility of delivering enhanced physiotherapy and nutritional rehabilitation.

Design: Service evaluation (part A) and pilot feasibility randomized controlled trial (part B).

Setting: Hospital inpatient wards following discharge from intensive care.

Participants: Part A involved 24 people with an intensive care stay of four days or more. Part B involved 16 participants randomized into a control (n = 8) or intervention (n = 8) group.

Interventions: Part A defined the current ‘standard’ physiotherapy and nutritional interventions. In part B the control group received this ‘standard’ service while the intervention group received this ‘standard’ service plus enhanced rehabilitation.

Main measures: Part A collected process outcomes of current interventions and outcomes that included calorie and protein intake and the Rivermead Mobility Index. In part B process outcomes determined differences between groups. Outcomes included those undertaken in part A plus an incremental shuttle test, handgrip dynamometry and visual analogue scales.

Results: Part A found low levels of ward-based physiotherapy (walking and transfer practice once per week) and dietetic input (0.8 visits per week). Part B found an increased frequency of both physiotherapy (P = 0.002) and dietetic (P = 0.001) visits in the intervention group. Physical and nutritional outcomes were suitable for use after critical illness, but no statistically significant differences were found between groups. Power calculations indicated 100 participants per group would be required for a definitive study.

Conclusions: This feasibility pilot work has informed the design of a larger study to evaluate enhanced rehabilitation following critical illness.
Balance outcomes after additional sit-to-stand training in subjects with stroke: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Tung Fu-Ling , Yang Yea-Ru , Lee Chao-Chung , Wang Ray-Yau
Published: April 2010

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of sit-to-stand training in individuals with stroke.

Design: Randomized controlled trial.

Setting: Rehabilitation medical centre.

Participants: Thirty-two subjects with stroke were randomly assigned to the control and experimental groups (n = 16 for each group).

Interventions: Subjects in both groups received 30 minutes of general physical therapy three times a week for four weeks. Subjects in the experimental group received additional sit-to-stand training for 15 minutes each time. The total amount of therapy received was 45 minutes in the experimental group and 30 minutes in the control group each time.

Main outcome measures: The weight-bearing distribution during quiet standing, the directional control and maximal excursion during limits of stability test, the scores of Berg Balance Scale and the extensor muscle strength of lower extremity were assessed before and after completing the 12 treatment sessions.

Results: Our data showed significant improvements in directional control anteriorly in the experimental group (from 47.4 (36.6)% to 62.6 (26.1)%) compared with the control group (from 68.7 (16.7)% to 62.8 (29.7)%) (P = 0.028). A significant improvement in affected hip extensor strength was noted in the experimental group (from 19.3 (9.8)% to 22.6 (8.4)%) compared with the control group (from 24.4 (9.0)% to 22.8 (7.2)%) (P = 0.006). Significant improvements were noted only in the experimental group after treatment, including bilateral extensors, except the affected plantar flexors, the weight distribution in standing, the maximal excursion (Panterior = 0.049; Paffected = 0.023) and the directional control (Paffected = 0.013; Pnon-affected = 0.025).

Conclusions: Additional sit-to-stand training is encouraged due to effects on dynamic balance and extensor muscles strength in subjects with stroke.
Land, terrain, territory
Authors: Elden Stuart
Published: April 2010

This paper outlines a way toward conceptual and historical clarity around the question of territory. The aim is not to define territory, in the sense of a single meaning; but rather to indicate the issues at stake in grasping how it has been understood in different historical and geographical contexts. It does so first by critically interrogating work on territoriality, suggesting that neither the biological nor the social uses of this term are particularly profitable ways to approach the historically more specific category of ‘territory’. Instead, ideas of ‘land’ and ‘terrain’ are examined, suggesting that these political-economic and political-strategic relations are essential to understanding ‘territory’, yet ultimately insufficient. Territory needs to be understood in terms of its relation to space, itself a calculative category that is dependent on the existence of a range of techniques. Ultimately this requires rethinking unproblematic definitions of territory as a ‘bounded space’ or the state as a ‘bordered power container’, because both presuppose the two things that should be most interrogated, space and boundaries. Rather than boundaries being the distinction between place and space, or land or terrain and territory, boundaries are a second-order problem founded upon a particular sense of calculation and concomitant grasp of space. Territory then can be understood as a political technology: it comprises techniques for measuring land and controlling terrain, and measure and control — the technical and the legal — must be thought alongside the economic and strategic.
Impingement Pressure in the Anatomical and Nonanatomical Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Iriuchishima Takanori , Tajima Goro , Ingham Sheila Jean McNeill , Shen Wei , Smolinski Patrick , Fu Freddie H.
Published: April 2010

Background: Although the literature has extensively discussed impingement after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, the definition of impingement is vague, and impingement pressure has not been well investigated as a function of tunnel position.

Purpose: To determine the amount of impingement pressure between the ACL and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) and between the ACL and notch roof in the native ACL, the single-bundle ACL reconstruction with different tunnel placements, and the anatomical double-bundle ACL reconstruction.

Study design: Controlled laboratory study.

Methods: Fifteen fresh-frozen nonpaired human cadaver knees were used. In each knee, different femoral and tibial tunnels were created, which allowed different graft placements. A single graft was placed in 3 positions: tibial anteromedial (AM) to femoral AM (anatomical), tibial posterolateral (PL) to femoral high AM (nonanatomical/mismatch), and tibial AM to femoral high AM. Double grafts were placed in an anatomical fashion (AM to AM and PL to PL). In each case, pressure-measuring films were inserted between the ACL and roof, the ACL and PCL, and the AM and PL bundles (for double-bundle group only). Knees were then moved with 40 N of force and from full flexion to full extension, and the pressure pattern on the film was analyzed.

Results: Compared with other groups, only the AM–high AM group showed significantly higher roof impingement pressure ( P < .05). There was no significant difference in PCL impingement pressure between the intact ACL group and any of the reconstructed groups. No impingement pressure was observed between the grafts in the anatomical double-bundle ACL reconstruction.

Conclusion: This study evaluated the effect of different tunnel placements on the impingement pressure after ACL reconstruction. Anatomical single- or double-bundle ACL reconstruction and nonanatomical tibial PL–femoral high AM ACL reconstruction do not cause roof, PCL, and interbundle impingement.

Clinical relevance: Surgeons can perform the anatomical double-bundle ACL, anatomical single-bundle, and nonanatomical tibial PL–femoral high AM reconstructions as impingement-free reconstructions.
Solvent Absorption Characteristics of Epoxy-Colloidal Silica Nanocomposites
Authors: Kaushik Anupama , Kaushik Jyoti
Published: April 2010

The epoxy-colloidal silica nanocomposites were prepared by directly blending a two pack system of Araldite (CY-230) and hardener (HY-951) with colloidal silica. As the colloidal silica powder was considerably fine, the weight percent was kept quite low. The silica content was varied from 1% to 3% by weight of the total matrix. These composites were then characterized for morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and absorption kinetics in various solvents including distilled water, ethanol, acetone, carbon tetrachloride, and methylethylketone. Absorption kinetics was studied at two temperatures, that is, 30°C and 50°C. The SEM micrographs indicated the uniform distribution at lower concentrations, that is, up to 2% of colloidal silica. TGA results show improved thermal stability and increase in ash content with increase in silica content. Swelling kinetics shows that for most of the solvents the nature of diffusion is non-Fickian and as the silica content increases, deviation from Fickian behavior increases. Moreover, diffusivity decreases with increase in silica content but increases with temperature. Sorption values increases with silica content and also increase with temperature. Various reasons for deviation from Fickian behavior were studied.
Brachial Plexopathy and Nonaccidental Injury: Role of the Neurologist
Authors: McMillan Hugh J. , Yang Michele , Jones H. Royden
Published: April 2010

Child neurologists must remain vigilant to the possibility of nonaccidental injury. Just as clinicians have become accustomed to considering potential abuse or neglect in children presenting with a head injury or skeletal trauma, physical abuse must also be considered when children present with lesions at other sites of the neuraxis, as illustrated by this child’s brachial plexopathy. Key elements from the history can assist clinicians in differentiating accidental events from nonaccidental injuries secondary to abuse or neglect. We report a toddler who presented with a recurrent brachial plexopathy due to nonaccidental injury. Her parents initially denied the occurrence of any significant trauma. Furthermore, her diagnosis was complicated by the identification of concomitant, but unrelated lead toxicity. In this case, the vague and inconsistent parental history, plexopathy recurrence, and identification of a fracture all heightened suspicion of child abuse.
Personality Disorders as Risk Factors for Eating Disorders
Authors: Sansone Randy A. , Sansone Lori A.
Published: April 2010

Personality disorders are oftentimes comorbid with eating disorders. According to a review of the literature, obsessive‐compulsive personality disorder is the most common Axis II disorder in eating‐disordered individuals with restrictive eating behavior, whereas borderline personality disorder is the most common Axis II disorder in those with impulsive eating pathology. Because personality disorders developmentally precede eating disorders and the characteristics of the personality disorder oftentimes mirror the style of eating pathology (eg, highly controlled personality styles and highly controlled eating patterns; impulsive personality styles and impulsive eating pathology), it is reasonable to assume that personality disorders influence subsequent eating pathology. Therefore, it is likely that personality disorders function, to some degree, as risk factors for the development of specific types of eating disorders. The authors discuss the clinical implications of these relationships.
An Introduction to Eating Disorders
Authors: Miller Catherine A. , Golden Neville H.
Published: April 2010

The spectrum of eating disorders varies widely, ranging from mildly abnormal eating habits to life‐threatening chronic disease. Given the many different cultural food norms and individual preferences, along with the fact that dieting behavior is extremely common, it can be challenging to differentiate unusual eating behaviors from clinically significant eating disorders. In this article, the authors provide an introduction to eating disorders including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and eating disorders not otherwise specified, focusing on the clinical presentation, epidemiology, and prognosis.
Micronutrient Deficiencies and Supplementation in Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa
Authors: Setnick Jessica
Published: April 2010

Anorexia and bulimia nervosa are characterized by unbalanced eating patterns that include inadequate dietary intake of various nutrients. Conservation mechanisms resulting from starvation and/or self‐prescribed nutrient supplements can result in laboratory values that appear within normal limits. These artificially inflated values drop to dangerous levels in some patients once rehydration and refeeding begin. Electrolyte status must be closely monitored during this time to prevent complications. Other micronutrient deficiencies can be corrected with adequate dietary intake, but patients with eating disorders are unlikely to consume such an adequate diet immediately upon entering treatment, so they may benefit from supplementation. Depleted nutrient stores require longer supplementation than acute inadequacies in nutrient intake. This review compiles the findings reported to date regarding micronutrient deficiencies and supplementation for patients with anorexia and bulimia. Because of the widely varying eating practices from patient to patient and the current lack of data controlling for nutrient self‐supplementation, nutrition assessment performed by a nutrition professional via food intake history may be more practical than laboratory tests and more accurate than current food intake for determining potential micronutrient deficiencies.
Early vs Delayed Enteral Nutrition in Critically Ill Medical Patients
Authors: Woo Susan Hamblin , Finch Christopher K. , Broyles Joyce E. , Wan Jim , Boswell Richard , Hurdle April
Published: April 2010

This study was conducted to identify current practice in provision of enteral nutrition (EN) and to determine effects of early enteral nutrition (EEN) on length of stay in the medical intensive care unit (ICU). In this prospective, observational study, medical ICU patients were evaluated to determine their candidacy for EEN. If patients were candidates for EN and expected to remain nothing‐by‐mouth for 48 hours, they were classified as receiving EEN (within 24 hours of admission) or delayed EN. Thirty‐six patients were candidates for EEN. Eighteen received EEN and 18 received delayed EN. In the delayed group, the median time to start of EN was 2.1 ± 4.8 days. Median ICU length of stay was 4.7 ± 3.5 days in the EEN group compared with 8.5 ± 8.3 days in the delayed group. Although hospital length of stay was shorter in the EEN group, this was not statistically significant (10.4 ± 6.9 vs 16.9 ± 11.5 days). Time on the ventilator was significantly shorter in the EEN group vs delayed (n = 30, 3.0 ± 4.2 vs 6.0 ± 9.2 days). The incidence of new pneumonia was lower in the EEN group (5.5% vs 44%), but no difference was found in the incidence of bacteremia. Hospital mortality was lower in the EEN group (1 vs 7 deaths). Given its association with numerous benefits, EEN within 24 hours of admission should be encouraged and implemented by clinicians in medical ICU patients, but additional research is needed.
Nutrition Therapy for Eating Disorders
Authors: Reiter Christina Scribner , Graves Leah
Published: April 2010

Nutrition professionals are essential members of the multidisciplinary clinical team treating individuals with eating disorders. They possess knowledge and expertise that includes nutrition, physiology, and skills for promoting behavior change relative to the psycho‐socio‐cultural aspects of eating. This review provides an overview of the current state of the art in the practice of nutrition therapy for eating disorders, providing guidance in nutrition assessment, interventions, monitoring and interpretation of information and data, awareness of emerging roles for nutrition, and important considerations regarding professional boundaries practiced in the field of eating disorders. Training and experience in nutrition therapy specific to eating disorders promote a positive outcome in patients. Nutrition professionals are involved in all levels of care, including individual and group treatment in inpatient hospitalization or residential programs, partial hospitalization, and outpatient programs. It is beyond the scope of this article to address specific nutrition considerations relevant to individuals. Additional research is needed to delineate the most effective strategies for nutrition therapy in the treatment of eating disorders.
Minarets after Marx
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen
Published: April 2010

This article examines the interplay between communist nostalgia and new forms of universalist Islam among Slavic Muslims (Pomaks) in Bulgaria. Many Bulgarians are looking back to the totalitarian era with increasing fondness given the ubiquitous crime and corruption that has characterized the postsocialist era. This nostalgia also informs the changing nature of Islam in Bulgaria after 1989 and the unique ways that Bulgarians understand religious identity in relation to ethnic affiliation. The author argues that the appeal of “orthodox” Islam in this postsocialist context is at least partially rooted in its discursive emphasis on social justice and the promotion of the common good. This discourse is particularly appealing to the Pomaks in the author’s field site because of their unique experiences of both communism and capitalism. Before 1989, they saw a dramatic rise in their living standards, but this was coupled with severe religious oppression. After 1989, they gained unbridled religious freedoms but saw their communities economically devastated by the corrupt privatization and bankruptcy of the lead-zinc mining enterprise that was the core of their livelihood. To these Pomaks, “orthodox” Islam promises to be an ideological third way, combining the benefits of both systems: spiritual freedom and honest economic prosperity.
Lactation and Breastfeeding Research Studies: Who Should Provide Consent for the Neonate?
Authors: Noel-Weiss Joy , Woodend A. Kirsten , Kujawa-Myles Sonya
Published: April 2010

Research ethics guidelines do not provide sufficient direction for breastfeeding and human lactation studies. This article presents the principles of consent for research studies and discusses rationales for who should consent for infants in lactation and breastfeeding research studies.
Exploring the Role of Funders’ Performance Reporting Mandates in Nonprofit Performance Measurement
Authors: Thomson Dale E.
Published: April 2010

I examine the extent of outcome measurement in nonprofit organizations and the relationship that outcome measurement has to funders’ reporting mandates. Conclusions are derived from analysis of FY2002 survey and site visit data for 237 Detroit nonprofits and a comparison of FY2002 and FY2007 performance measures for 110 of those nonprofits that were subjected to new outcome reporting requirements instituted by the City of Detroit. Resource dependence and institutional theory frameworks are used to interpret the findings. The data support the conclusion that funders’ outcome reporting mandates affect the extent of outcome measurement among nonprofits, even where resource constraints limited measurement prior to the mandates. Yet the impact is not universal. Further research to better understand the contextual factors that affect responses to measurement mandates is proposed.
Rethinking Situatedness
Authors: Chandrasekharan Sanjay , Osbeck Lisa
Published: April 2010

Common coding proposes a shared representation in the brain between perception, execution, and imagination of movement. This neural-level representation is considered to support a “direct activation” of action by perception/imagination of movement at the behavioral level. We examine how this two-tier model, where a representation at the neural level supports “direct activation” at the behavioral level, relates to the notion of situatedness—the real-time access and use of environment structure for cognition. Reviewing four leading environment-oriented approaches to cognition (ecological psychology, situated action, distributed cognition, and ecological rationality), we show that the access and use of the environment structures proposed by three of these approaches require a mechanism that supports both representations and direct access. We argue that the two-tier common coding model provides such an integrated mechanism, and, further, it extends and refines the notion of direct perception.
Literacy and the Formation of Cultural Identity
Authors: Gómez-Estern Beatriz Macías , Amián Josué G. , Sánchez Medina José A. , Marco Macarro María J.
Published: April 2010

In this article we offer both a conceptual and a methodological proposal for the study of cultural identity by cultural-historical psychology. First we will develop a conceptual framework in which we define acts of identification as a suitable unit of analysis for cultural identity. Acts of identification integrate dynamically social and individual components, both of them necessary in the explanation of cultural identity. To study identity empirically we adopt a rhetorical perspective: we can study cultural identity through the analysis of the discursive processes that people use to persuade an audience and themselves. Secondly, we will present empirical research based on the conceptual ideas explained previously. In this research we will analyse the acts of identification performed by various groups of Andalusian people who differ in their literacy experience. Results of this empirical research are presented, concluding that literacy affects the way people discursively construct their cultural identity.
Hope
Authors: Miceli Maria , Castelfranchi Cristiano
Published: April 2010

This work proposes an analysis of the cognitive and motivational components of hope, its basic properties, and the affective dispositions and behaviors it is likely to induce. In our view current treatments of hope do not fully account for its specificity, by making hope overlap with positive expectation or some specification of positive expectation. In contrast, we attempt to highlight the distinctive features of hope, pointing to its differences from positive expectation, as well as from a sense of successful agency, optimism, trust, and faith. Fear and anxiety are also addressed, and the latter is analyzed as a state of mind implying both fear and hope. Finally, the relationship between hope and motivation is explored, and “active” hope is compared with “passive” hope. Some concluding remarks summarize the results of our analysis, and stress the role of hope in fostering the individual’s well-being.