bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Argument structure licensing and Englishhave
Authors: KIM KYUMIN
Published: September 2011

This paper provides a unified syntactic account of the distribution of Englishhavein causative constructions (e.g.John had Mary read a book) and experiencer constructions (e.g.John had the student walk out of his classroom). It is argued thathaveis realized in the context of anapplicative head(Appl) and an event-introducer v, regardless of the type of v.Haveis spelled out in the causative when Appl merges under vCAUSE, and in the experiencer construction when Appl merges under vBE. This proposal is extended tohavein possessive constructions (e.g.John has a hat/a brother):haveis realized in the context of vBEand Appl. The proposed account provides empirical evidence for expanding the distribution of Appl: (i) a causative can take ApplP as a complement, which was absent in Pylkkänen's (2008) typological classification, and (ii) Appl can merge above Voice, contrary to Pylkkänen's analysis in which Appl is argued to always merge below VoiceP, never above. Moreover, the proposed account supports the theoretical claim that argument structure is licensed by functional syntactic structure; in particular, it shows that the relevant functional heads are not aspectual heads, but Appl and v.
Purifying the Sinhala Language: TheHelaMovement of Munidasa Cumaratunga (1930s–1940s)
Authors: COPERAHEWA SANDAGOMI
Published: September 2011

This paper provides a detailed account of the socio-political dynamics of the campaign for Sinhala language purism in the 1930s and early 1940s, and re-evaluates the impact of theHela(pure Sinhala) movement of Munidasa Cumaratunga (1887–1944), a language loyalist and the foremost grammarian of the twentieth century, for the renovation of Sinhala language. It explores Cumaratunga's discourse on linguistic purism, its ideological foundations, and the means by which he organized his puristic intervention. As the case of Cumaratunga indicates, his language purism was not undertaken for the mere love of a language. The paper argues that Cumaratunga'sHelalanguage movement was essentially a revolt against the dominant language practices and ideologies of the colonial government, national political leadership, thepirivenaand the contemporary literary elite of the time. Ideologically, theHelanotion was designed as an oppositional discourse to the dominant Indo-Aryan linguistic discourse in the 1930s, and aimed to locate theHelalanguage at the apex of colonial language hierarchy. Exploring Cumaratunga's perceptions of language this paper demonstrates linguistic purism as a type of language reform which aimed at the formation of the ethno-linguistic uniqueness of the Sinhalese and the politicization of the Sinhala language in the early 1940s.
Local complementation and the extension of bilinear mappings
Authors: CASTILLO J. M. F. , GARCÍA R. , DEFANT A. , PÉREZ-GARCÍA D. , SUÁREZ J.
Published: September 2011

We study different aspects of the connections between local theory of Banach spaces and the problem of the extension of bilinear forms from subspaces of Banach spaces. Among other results, we prove that if X is not a Hilbert space then one may find a subspace of X for which there is no Aron–Berner extension. We also obtain that the extension of bilinear forms from all the subspaces of a given X forces such X to contain no uniform copies of ℓpn for p ∈ [1, 2). In particular, X must have type 2 − ϵ for every ϵ > 0. Also, we show that the bilinear version of the Lindenstrauss–Pełczyński and Johnson–Zippin theorems fail. We will then consider the notion of locally α-complemented subspace for a reasonable tensor norm α, and study the connections between α-local complementation and the extendability of α*-integral operators.
Continuation homomorphism in Rabinowitz Floer homology for symplectic deformations
Authors: BAE YOUNGJIN , FRAUENFELDER URS
Published: September 2011

Will J. Merry computed Rabinowitz Floer homology above Mañé's critical value in terms of loop space homology in [14] by establishing an Abbondandolo–Schwarz short exact sequence. The purpose of this paper is to provide an alternative proof of Merry's result. We construct a continuation homomorphism for symplectic deformations which enables us to reduce the computation to the untwisted case. Our construction takes advantage of a special version of the isoperimetric inequality which above Mañé's critical value holds true.
Commuting elements, simplicial spaces and filtrations of classifying spaces
Authors: ADEM ALEJANDRO , COHEN FREDERICK R. , TORRES GIESE ENRIQUE
Published: September 2011

Let G denote a topological group. In this paper the descending central series of free groups are used to construct simplicial spaces of homomorphisms with geometric realizations B(q, G) that provide a filtration of the classifying space BG. In particular this setting gives rise to a single space constructed out of all the spaces of ordered commuting n–tuples of elements in G. Basic properties of these constructions are discussed, including the homotopy type and cohomology when the group G is either a finite group or a compact connected Lie group. For a finite group the construction gives rise to a covering space with monodromy related to a delicate result in group theory equivalent to the odd-order theorem of Feit–Thompson. The techniques here also yield a counting formula for the cardinality of Hom(π, G) where π is any descending central series quotient of a finitely generated free group. Another application is the determination of the structure of the spaces B(2, G) obtained from commuting n-tuples in G for finite groups such that the centralizer of every non–central element is abelian (known as transitively commutative groups), which played a key role in work by Suzuki on the structure of finite simple groups.
The Final Size of theC4-Free Process
Authors: PICOLLELLI MICHAEL E.
Published: September 2011

We consider the following random graph process: starting withnisolated vertices, add edges uniformly at random provided no such edge creates a copy ofC4. We show that, with probability tending to 1 asn→ ∞, the final graph produced by this process has maximum degreeO((nlogn)1/3) and consequently sizeO(n4/3(logn)1/3), which are sharp up to constants. This confirms conjectures of Bohman and Keevash and of Osthus and Taraz, and improves upon previous bounds due to Bollobás and Riordan and Osthus and Taraz.
Pervasive Refusal Syndrome
Authors: Jans Thomas , Ball Juliane , Preiss Maike , Haberhausen Michael , Warnke Andreas , Renner Tobias J.
Published: September 2011

Pervasive refusal syndrome (PRS) has been proposed as a new diagnostic entity among child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. It is characterized by a cluster of life-threatening symptoms including refusal of food intake, decreased or complete lack of mobilization, and lack of communication as well as a retreat from normal life activities. Active refusal to accept help as well as neglect of personal care have been core features of PRS in the limited number of cases reported in the last decade. There have, however, been cases with predominantly passive resistance, indicating the possibility that there may be a continuum from active refusal to passive resistance within PRS. Postulating this continuum allows for the integration of “depressive devitalization” – a refusal syndrome mainly characterized by passive resistance – into the concept of PRS. Here, three case vignettes of adolescent patients with PRS are presented. The patients’ symptomatology can be allocated on this continuum of active refusal to passive resistance supporting the usefulness of such a continuum in comparing various clinical presentations of PRS. PRS and dissociative disorders are compared in greater detail and contrasted within this discussion of differential diagnoses at the poles of such a continuum. PRS is a useful diagnosis for cases involving symptoms of predominating refusal and retreat which cannot satisfactorily be classified by existing diagnostic categories, and which can mostly clearly be separated from dissociative disorder.
Excited state dynamics in π-conjugated polymers
Authors: Pina João , Burrows Hugh D. , Sérgio Seixas de Melo J.
Published: September 2011

This contribution focuses on a survey of the most important advances in the photophysics of organic conjugated oligomers and polymers which occurred in the past year. We will focus particularly on the different contributions to the decay mechanisms, the relevance of the triplet state characterization and some relevant findings on water soluble derivatives of organic conjugated polymers. In section 1 we will cover an important issue related to the decay mechanisms in π-conjugated polymers. A topic in which we have been heavily engaged in recent years and that has also been addressed in our previous contributions to this series of special periodic reports in photochemistry. There has been a continuous effort to make use of the triplet states of conjugated polymers in various applications. In sections 2.1 and 2.2, we will highlight the most important contributions related to triplet states in conjugated polymers published in the last year, while in sections 3 and 4, we will present work on the applications of these in phosphorescent or white light emitting LEDs, and in photovoltaic systems, while in section 5 we discuss relevant aspects on the degradation of conjugated polymers. Finally, in section 6 we will present, in context, recent work and perspectives on a special class of organic conjugated polymers: water soluble systems, particularly conjugated polyelectrolytes.
Strong Photon–Molecule Coupling Fields for Chemical Reactions
Authors: Ueno Kosei , Misawa Hiroaki
Published: September 2011

The global problems relevant to the environment and energy are attracting attention, so that it is considered that the construction of efficient light-energy conversion devices serves as an important subject of the scientific research. Thus far, the interaction between photons and molecules has not received much attention in photochemistry. However, the creation of a progressive methodology that allows an increase in the excitation probability is necessary because the photochemical reaction begins with light absorption process. Namely, to create a low-carbon-emitting society by utilizing light energy, it is necessary to introduce the concept of “effective utilization of photons” to photochemistry. In this chapter, the significance of the development of photochemical reaction fields, in which make it possible to increase the interaction between photons and molecules, is described. Metallic nanostructures showing localized surface plasmon resonance are a promising approach for the development of photochemical reaction fields. As an outstanding feature of our photochemical reaction fields, we have verified two-photon photopolymerization of negative photoresists on the closely spaced gold nanoparticles irradiated by a weak incoherent light source. We also demonstrated the efficient plasmonic photoelectric conversion by near-infrared light using electrodes, in which gold nanoblocks were elaborately arrayed on the surface of a titanium dioxide single-crystal.
Exploitation of biogas power plant—Clean Development Mechanism project, Vizelj, Serbia
Authors: Golušin Mirjana , Dodić Siniša , Vučurović Damjan , Ostojić Aleksandar , Jovanović Larisa
Published: September 2011

This case study of biogas power plant is designed in accordance with the existing energy policy that recognizes producers of energy from renewable sources as producers with privileged status and guarantees the purchase of energy at subsidized prices. The investor company revised its own energy policy and aligned it with the priorities of sustainable energy policy of Serbia. The paper presents an analysis of biogas power plant output (electrical and thermal energy), balance, sale, and potential prices on the market that are consistent with the incentives of energy policy of Serbia. In addition, special emphasis is given to the revenues that a biogas power plant realizes by using another mechanism of energy policy, which promotes gaining revenues by reducing pollution of the atmosphere. The authors also show the procedure, costs, and expected effects from the qualification of this power plant project for the Clean Development Mechanism project categories. Investing in a biogas power plant in Serbia costs 950 000 euros and is financed from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) funds for the Western Balkans. Analysis of the parameters described in the paper can serve as a guide and example for potential investors in this field.
The Effect of Sprawl on Private-Vehicle Commuting Outcomes
Authors: Zolnik Edmund J
Published: September 2011

Amongst the hypothesized beneficial impacts of sprawl on urban quality of life is a decrease in commuting times. Unfortunately, empirical evidence to substantiate the commuting time benefits of sprawl is scant. To address this void in the urban planning literature, a multilevel approach is adopted to study how sprawl affects the duration and length of private-vehicle commutes. Using microdata from the 2001 National Household Transportation Survey for individuals and microdata on various measures of sprawl for metropolitan areas, multilevel models of commuting times and distances are estimated for a subsample of private-vehicle commuters. Results somewhat support the hypothesis that sprawl decreases commuting times for private-vehicle commuters—employment decentralization is associated with shorter commuting times. However, this finding is based on the statistical significance of one of the sprawl measures; not on its practical significance in explaining commuting times which is, in fact, negligible. Coupling this with the finding that the multilevel model only explained about 5% of the variance in private-vehicle commuting times suggests that there is considerable room available for improving the model specification.
Internal Migration and Employment: Macro Flows and Micro Motives
Authors: Morrison Philip S , Clark William A V
Published: September 2011

Empirical support for models of internal labour migration are usually based on observed patterns of net flows into local labour markets with relatively low unemployment and relatively high real wages. The inference drawn from such evidence is that internal migrants move to enhance returns to their labour. However, major surveys in the USA (Panel Study of Income Dynamics, and the Current Population Survey), the UK (British Household Panel Survey) and Australia (Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia) all show that less than a third of internal migrants are motivated primarily by employment reasons. This paper explores this apparent disconnect between net flows and motives using the Survey of Dynamics of Motivation and Migration, which has recorded in detail the reasons why over 6000 individuals moved within New Zealand over the two-year period 2005 and 2006. The survey confirms that only a minority of working-age migrants move between local labour markets primarily for employment reasons. Far from increasing returns to their employment, most migrants do not experience a rise in income or believe their employment prospects improved as a result of their move. Rather than being motivated by having their employment enhanced by internal migration, the majority of internal migrants of working age appear to be motivated by other goals. Employment remains important, but in most cases only insofar as the new destination enables its continuity.
Corrigendum to: Defining entities in the Acacia saligna (Fabaceae) species complex using a population genetics approach
Authors: Millar M. A. , Byrne M. , O'Sullivan W.
Published: September 2011

Traditional morphological taxonomic classification is problematic in the Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.L.Wendl. species complex. Reliable identification of entities within the species is essential due to its extensive use both in Australia and overseas, its propensity for weediness, and its ongoing development for use in agroforestry. We used a Bayesian analysis approach to assess genetic structure in populations across the species natural range and to define the natural distributions of various genetic entities. The results indicate that three highly divergent genetic entities are apparent in the A. saligna species complex with further fine-scale genetic subdivision present within two. The three primary genetic entities correspond to the informally described subsp. ?saligna' and subsp. ?pruinescens' combined, subsp. ?stolonifera', and subsp. ?lindleyi'. Within this primary structure two further entities are apparent; one separating subsp. ?saligna'/?pruinescens' into eastern and western populations and the other distinguishing north-western ?lindleyi' populations from the rest of that subspecies distribution. The north-western catchments may have been an important refugium for the species diversity. The results of the study will aid in breeding programs, conservation of natural populations and control of invasive populations of this taxon.
Risk factors for glaucoma: what do they really mean?
Authors: Worley Anthea , Grimmer-Somers Karen
Published: September 2011

Glaucoma is an insidious eye disease, potentially putting 4% of older Australians at risk of blindness, unless detected sufficiently early for initiation of effective treatment. This paper reports on the strengths of evidence and glaucoma risk factors that can be identified by primary health care providers from a patient’s history. A comprehensive search of peer-reviewed databases identified relevant secondary evidence published between 2002 and 2007. Risk factors that could be determined from a patient’s history were identified. A novel glaucoma risk factor reference guide was constructed according to evidence strength and level of concern regarding risk of developing glaucoma. The evidence is strong and consistent regarding the risk of developing glaucoma, and elevated intraocular pressure, advancing age, non-Caucasian ethnicity and family history of glaucoma. There is moderate evidence of association with glaucoma, and migraine, eye injury, myopia and long-term use of corticosteroids. There is conflicting evidence for living in a rural location, high blood pressure, diabetes and smoking. Early detection of people at risk of developing glaucoma can be initiated using our risk factor guide coupled with a comprehensive patient history. Timely future assessment and subsequent management strategies for at-risk individuals can then be effectively and efficiently actioned.
How cardiac patients describe the role of their doctors in smoking cessation: a qualitative study
Authors: Hansen Emily C. , Nelson Mark R.
Published: September 2011

This article reports a qualitative study investigating patients’ experiences of ongoing smoking or smoking cessation after hospitalisation for an acute coronary syndrome (myocardial infarction or unstable angina) and describes how study participants spoke about the role of their doctors in smoking cessation. We invited individuals who had been admitted to an Australian public hospital in 2005 with a discharge diagnosis of an acute cardiac syndrome and who were smokers at the time of their hospitalisation to participate. Participants underwent a semi-structured interview and ongoing smokers also completed a ‘stages of change’ questionnaire. In total, 35 participants were interviewed, including 14 who were no longer smoking at least 12 months after their admission and 21 who were. Findings gave insight into the ways that cardiac patients perceive smoking cessation advice from their doctors, the perceived stigma of smoking and how lay understandings about smoking and smoking cessation emphasise the role of choice and individual responsibility. Our findings also indicate considerable scope for GPs and other doctors to offer better smoking cessation support to patients with established cardiovascular disease, particularly after a period of hospitalisation when the majority are highly motivated to stop smoking.
DLK induces developmental neuronal degeneration via selective regulation of proapoptotic JNK activity
Authors: Sengupta Ghosh Arundhati , Wang Bei , Pozniak Christine D. , Chen Mark , Watts Ryan J. , Lewcock Joseph W.
Published: September 2011

The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway is essential for neuronal degeneration in multiple contexts but also regulates neuronal homeostasis. It remains unclear how neurons are able to dissociate proapoptotic JNK signaling from physiological JNK activity. In this paper, we show that the mixed lineage kinase dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) selectively regulates the JNK-based stress response pathway to mediate axon degeneration and neuronal apoptosis without influencing other aspects of JNK signaling. This specificity is dependent on interaction of DLK with the scaffolding protein JIP3 to form a specialized JNK signaling complex. Local activation of DLK-based signaling in the axon results in phosphorylation of c-Jun and apoptosis after redistribution of JNK to the cell body. In contrast, regulation of axon degeneration by DLK is c-Jun independent and mediated by distinct JNK substrates. DLK-null mice displayed reduced apoptosis in multiple neuronal populations during development, demonstrating that prodegenerative DLK signaling is required in vivo.
Pedestal characterization and stability of small-ELM regimes in NSTX
Authors: Sontag A.C. , Canik J.M. , Maingi R. , Manickam J. , Snyder P.B. , Bell R.E. , Gerhardt S.P. , Kubota S. , LeBlanc B.P. , Mueller D. , Osborne T.H. , Tritz K.L.
Published: September 2011

NSTX has observed transition to a desirable small-ELM regime (called type-V), in which the stored energy loss per ELM is less than 1%, by stabilizing type-I ELMs. This regime is accessed in a lower single null configuration with increased edge collisionality (ν* > 1). Coincident with the transition to this regime, a low-frequency (<10 kHz) n = 1 mode is observed at the plasma edge in magnetic and soft x-ray diagnostics, with harmonics up to n = 6 observed in some cases. Low-level density fluctuations associated with this mode are observed using microwave reflectometry, but there is no evidence that the mode is providing sufficient transport to stabilize the type-I ELMs. This mode rotates in the electron diamagnetic direction and has shown a phase inversion on USXR channels, indicating that it is resistive in nature. Discharges with type-V and type-I ELMs are both calculated to be on the peeling unstable side of the peeling–ballooning stability curve, with the type-V case at higher normalized pressure gradient and closer to the ballooning stability boundary.
Initial phase wall conditioning in KSTAR
Authors: Hong Suk-Ho , Kim Kwang-Pyo , Kim Sungwoo , Sun Jong-Ho , Lee Dong-Su , Woo Hyun-Jong , Lee Sang-Yong , Lee Sang-Hwa , Park Eun-Kyung , Park Sang-Joon , Kim Kyung-Min , Lee Kun-Su , Kim Sun-Ho , Kim Jong-Su , Wang Sun-Jung , Park Jae-Min , Kim Woong-Chae , Kim Hak-Kun , Park Kap-Rai , Yang Hyung-Lyeol , Oh Yeong-Kook , Kwak Jong-Gu , Na Hoon-Kyun , Kim Jae-Yong , Chung Kyu-Sun
Published: September 2011

The initial phase wall conditioning in KSTAR is depicted. The KSTAR wall conditioning procedure consists of vessel baking, glow discharge cleaning (GDC), ICRH wall conditioning (ICWC) and boronization (Bz). Vessel baking is performed for the initial vacuum conditioning in order to remove various kinds of impurities including H2O, carbon and oxygen and for the plasma operation. The total outgassing rates after vessel baking in three successive KSTAR campaigns are compared. GDC is regularly performed as a standard wall cleaning procedure. Another cleaning technique is ICWC, which is useful for inter-shot wall conditioning under a strong magnetic field. In order to optimize the operation time and removal efficiency of ICWC, a parameter scan is performed. Bz is a standard technique to remove oxygen impurity from a vacuum vessel. KSTAR has used carborane powder which is a non-toxic boron-containing material. The KSTAR Bz has been successfully performed through two campaigns: water and oxygen levels in the vacuum vessel are reduced significantly. As a result, KSTAR has achieved its first L–H mode transition, although the input power was marginal for the L–H transition threshold. The characteristics of boron-containing thin films deposited for boronization are investigated.
ITER test blanket module error field simulation experiments at DIII-D
Authors: Schaffer M.J. , Snipes J.A. , Gohil P. , de Vries P. , Evans T.E. , Fenstermacher M.E. , Gao X. , Garofalo A.M. , Gates D.A. , Greenfield C.M. , Heidbrink W.W. , Kramer G.J. , La Haye R.J. , Liu S. , Loarte A. , Nave M.F.F. , Osborne T.H. , Oyama N. , Park J.-K. , Ramasubramanian N. , Reimerdes H. , Saibene G. , Salmi A. , Shinohara K. , Spong D.A. , Solomon W.M. , Tala T. , Zhu Y.B. , Boedo J.A. , Chuyanov V. , Doyle E.J. , Jakubowski M. , Jhang H. , Nazikian R.M. , Pustovitov V.D. , Schmitz O. , Srinivasan R. , Taylor T.S. , Wade M.R. , You K.-I. , Zeng L.
Published: September 2011

Experiments at DIII-D investigated the effects of magnetic error fields similar to those expected from proposed ITER test blanket modules (TBMs) containing ferromagnetic material. Studied were effects on: plasma rotation and locking, confinement, L–H transition, the H-mode pedestal, edge localized modes (ELMs) and ELM suppression by resonant magnetic perturbations, energetic particle losses, and more. The experiments used a purpose-built three-coil mock-up of two magnetized ITER TBMs in one ITER equatorial port. The largest effect was a reduction in plasma toroidal rotation velocity v across the entire radial profile by as much as Δv/v ∼ 60% via non-resonant braking. Changes to global Δn/n, Δβ/β and ΔH98/H98 were ∼3 times smaller. These effects are stronger at higher β. Other effects were smaller. The TBM field increased sensitivity to locking by an applied known n = 1 test field in both L- and H-mode plasmas. Locked mode tolerance was completely restored in L-mode by re-adjusting the DIII-D n = 1 error field compensation system. Numerical modelling by IPEC reproduces the rotation braking and locking semi-quantitatively, and identifies plasma amplification of a few n = 1 Fourier harmonics as the main cause of braking. IPEC predicts that TBM braking in H-mode may be reduced by n = 1 control. Although extrapolation from DIII-D to ITER is still an open issue, these experiments suggest that a TBM-like error field will produce only a few potentially troublesome problems, and that they might be made acceptably small.
HIGH-RESOLUTION ELECTRON-IMPACT EMISSION SPECTRA AND VIBRATIONAL
EMISSION CROSS SECTIONS FROM 330–1100 nm FOR N2
Authors: Mangina Rao S. , Ajello Joseph M. , West Robert A. , Dziczek Dariusz
Published: September 2011

Electron-impact emission cross sections for N2 were measured in the
wavelength range of 330–1100 nm at 25 eV and 100 eV impact energies. Cross
sections of several molecular emission bands of the first positive band system
B
3Π
g

+(ν′) → A
3Σ
g

+(ν″) and the second
positive band system C
3Π
u
(ν′) → B
3Π
g
(ν″) of N2, the first
negative band (1NB) system B
2Σ
u

+(ν′) → X
2Σ
g

+(ν″) and Meinel band
system A
2Π
u
(ν′) → X
2Σ
g

+(ν″) of
N2
+ ions as well as line emissions of N (N i)
and N+ (N ii) in the visible–optical–near-IR wavelength
range reported in this work were measured for the first time in a single
experimental setup at high spectral resolving power (λ/Δλ ≈ 10000) under
single-collision-scattering geometry and optically thin conditions. Rotational
emission lines of N2 and N2
+ were observed for
strong emission bands at a gas temperature of about 300 K. The absolute cross
section of the strongest (0,0) vibrational band at 391.43 nm of 1NB was
determined using the standard Hα emission cross sections of
H2 by electron impact at both 25 eV and 100 eV electron-impact
energies, and the cross sections for the remainder of the emissions were
determined using (0,0) 1NB value. A comparison of the present emission cross
sections with the earlier published data from both electron energy loss and
electron-impact-induced fluorescence emission is discussed.
Spatially explicit estimation of fish length histograms, with application to anchovy habitats in the Bay of Biscay
Authors: Petitgas Pierre , Doray Mathieu , Massé Jacques , Grellier Patrick
Published: September 2011

Petitgas, P., Doray, M., Massé, J., and Grellier, P. 2011. Spatially explicit estimation of fish length histograms, with application to anchovy habitats in the Bay of Biscay. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 2086–2095. Fish length frequency histograms from research surveys are of prime importance for identifying habitats of different life stages, as well as for stock assessment. However, no method has thus far been available for mapping these histograms as spatially varying curves. Here, a procedure is applied to map spatially connected curves, and detail is given on how it can be applied to map the length frequency histograms. At each sample location, a fish length frequency histogram is given as a vector of non-independent values. The histogram is first modelled as a polynomial expansion on the basis of orthogonal polynomials. Then, the polynomial coefficients are mapped by co-kriging, after fitting a model of co-regionalization. The length frequency map is finally derived by linearly combining maps of polynomial coefficients. An estimation variance associated with the map is also derived. Maps of anchovy length distributions are produced by applying the method to midwater trawl length data from the PELGAS acoustic surveys in the Bay of Biscay. This novel approach extends the application of kriging techniques to curves or functions, opening new perspectives for mapping more complex information than just the values of fish density.
The specific gravity of mesopelagic fish from the northeastern Pacific Ocean and its implications for acoustic backscatter
Authors: Davison Peter
Published: September 2011

Davison, P. 2011. The specific gravity of mesopelagic fish from the northeastern Pacific Ocean and its implications for acoustic backscatter. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: . Knowledge of the species present, their morphology, and their size distribution is required to infer biomass from acoustic surveys of fish. The gas content and specific gravity of the body (with gas removed), ρf, was measured for 71 species of mesopelagic fish in the NE Pacific Ocean. Those species that have functional swimbladders when large maintain constant ρf with increasing body size. Species without functional swimbladders as adults show decreased ρf with increasing body size. The acoustic-backscattering cross-section, σbs, was modelled for all individuals collected from three fish species that differed in the presence of a gas-filled swimbladder. The change in σbs with increasing body size was markedly different between the three. The low body density of those mesopelagic fish without gas-filled swimbladders greatly reduces their σbs. In species of fish that possess a functional swimbladder as juveniles and in which the swimbladder regresses with growth, the σbs first decreases, then increases with increased body size. Knowledge of the ontogenetic changes in swimbladder inflation and body density in mesopelagic fish is critical for the construction of the backscattering models used to interpret acoustic surveys.
A methodology for acoustic and geospatial analysis of diverse artificial-reef datasets
Authors: Kang Myounghee , Nakamura Takeshi , Hamano Akira
Published: September 2011

Kang, M., Nakamura, T., and Hamano, A. 2011. A methodology for acoustic and geospatial analysis of diverse artificial-reef datasets. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 2210–2221. A methodology is introduced for understanding fish-school characteristics around artificial reefs and for obtaining the quantitative relationship between geospatial datasets related to artificial-reef environments using a new geographic information system application. To describe the characteristics of fish schools (energetic, positional, morphological characteristics and dB difference range), acoustic data from two artificial reefs located off the coast of Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi prefecture, Japan, were used. To demonstrate the methodology of the geospatial analysis, diverse datasets on artificial reefs, such as fish-school characteristics, marine-environmental information from a conductivity, temperature, and depth sensor, information on artificial reefs, seabed geographic information, and sediment information around the reefs, were utilized. The habitat preference of fish schools was demonstrated quantitatively. The acoustic density of fish schools is described with respect to the closest distance from reefs and the preferred reef depths, the relationship between fish schools and environmental information was visualized in three dimensions, and the current condition of the reefs and their connection to seabed type is represented. This geospatial method of analysis can provide a better way of comprehensively understanding the circumstances around artificial-reef environments.
Large-scale functional brain networks in human non-rapid eye movement sleep: insights from combined electroencephalographic/functional magnetic resonance imaging studies
Authors: Spoormaker Victor I. , Czisch Michael , Maquet Pierre , Jäncke Lutz
Published: September 2011

This paper reviews the existing body of knowledge on the neural correlates of spontaneous oscillations, functional connectivity and brain plasticity in human non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. The first section reviews the evidence that specific sleep events as slow waves and spindles are associated with transient increases in regional brain activity. The second section describes the changes in functional connectivity during NREM sleep, with a particular focus on changes within a low-frequency, large-scale functional brain network. The third section will discuss the possibility that spontaneous oscillations and differential functional connectivity are related to brain plasticity and systems consolidation, with a particular focus on motor skill acquisition. Implications for the mode of information processing per sleep stage and future experimental studies are discussed.
Causal density and integrated information as measures of conscious level
Authors: Seth Anil K. , Barrett Adam B. , Barnett Lionel
Published: September 2011

An outstanding challenge in neuroscience is to develop theoretically grounded and practically applicable quantitative measures that are sensitive to conscious level. Such measures should be high for vivid alert conscious wakefulness, and low for unconscious states such as dreamless sleep, coma and general anaesthesia. Here, we describe recent progress in the development of measures of dynamical complexity, in particular
causal density
and
integrated information
. These and similar measures capture in different ways the extent to which a system's dynamics are simultaneously differentiated and integrated. Because conscious scenes are distinguished by the same dynamical features, these measures are therefore good candidates for reflecting conscious level. After reviewing the theoretical background, we present new simulation results demonstrating similarities and differences between the measures, and we discuss remaining challenges in the practical application of the measures to empirically obtained data.
Contribution of the GAVI Alliance to improving health and reducing poverty
Authors: Lob-Levyt Julian
Published: September 2011

The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI), now 10 years old, was established as a successful and innovative public–private partnership to deal with a fundamental inequity. The poorest children in the poorest parts of the world were being denied access to life-saving vaccines simply on the basis of cost. GAVI has been successful in mobilizing significant funding from donors and through innovative financing instruments, immunizing large numbers of children. GAVI has been less successful, at least in the time frames first envisaged, at quickly reducing the prices of new and under-used vaccines to levels affordable by the poorest countries. Vaccines remain some of the most cost effective of public health interventions. As GAVI seeks to introduce a new set of vaccines to tackle major killers such as pneumonia and diarrhoea, and emerging threats such as cervical cancer, it needs to raise significant additional funds. There is no single solution. Multiple and new instruments will be required to raise finance both globally and at the country level, and also to incentivize industry and others to provide vaccines at affordable prices to the poorest countries.
Vaccines and future global health needs
Authors: Nossal G. J. V.
Published: September 2011

Increased international support for both research into new vaccines and their deployment in developing countries has been evident over the past decade. In particular, the GAVI Alliance has had a major impact in increasing uptake of the six common infant vaccines as well as those against hepatitis B and yellow fever. It further aims to introduce pneumococcal and rotavirus vaccines in the near future and several others, including those against human papillomavirus, meningococcal disease, rubella and typhoid not long after that. In addition, there is advanced research into vaccines against malaria, HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. By 2030, we may have about 20 vaccines that need to be used in the developing world. Finding the requisite funds to achieve this will pose a major problem. A second and urgent question is how to complete the job of global polio eradication. The new strategic plan calls for completion by 2013, but both pre-eradication and post-eradication challenges remain. Vaccines will eventually become available beyond the field of infectious diseases. Much interesting work is being done in both autoimmunity and cancer. Cutting across disease groupings, there are issues in methods of delivery and new adjuvant formulations.
Progress in the rational design of an AIDS vaccine
Authors: Nabel Gary J. , Kwong Peter D. , Mascola John R.
Published: September 2011

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) has a high degree of genetic and antigenic diversity that has impeded the development of an effective vaccine using traditional methods. We are attempting to develop an AIDS vaccine by employing strategies that include structural biology and computational modelling, in an effort to develop immunogens capable of eliciting neutralizing antibodies of the requisite breadth and potency against circulating strains of HIV-1.
Tuberculosis vaccines: beyond bacille Calmette–Guérin
Authors: McShane Helen
Published: September 2011

Tuberculosis (TB) disease caused byMycobacterium tuberculosis(M. tb) remains one of the leading infectious causes of death and disease throughout the world. The only licensed vaccine,Mycobacterium bovisbacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) confers highly variable protection against pulmonary disease. An effective vaccination regimen would be the most efficient way to control the epidemic. However, BCG does confer consistent and reliable protection against disseminated disease in childhood, and most TB vaccine strategies being developed incorporate BCG to retain this protection. Cellular immunity is necessary for protection against TB and all the new vaccines in development are focused on inducing a strong and durable cellular immune response. There are two main strategies being pursued in TB vaccine development. The first is to replace BCG with an improved whole organism mycobacterial priming vaccine, which is either a recombinant BCG or an attenuated strain ofM. tb. The second is to develop a subunit boosting vaccine, which is designed to be administered after BCG vaccination, and to enhance the protective efficacy of BCG. This article reviews the leading candidate vaccines in development and considers the current challenges in the field with regard to efficacy testing.
Shewanella dokdonensis sp. nov., isolated from seawater
Authors: Sung Hye-Ri , Yoon Jung-Hoon , Ghim Sa-Youl
Published: September 2011

A novel bacterial strain, designated UDC329T, was isolated from a sample of seawater collected at Dong-do, on the coast of Dokdo Island, in the East Sea of the Republic of Korea. The Gram-staining-negative, motile, facultatively anaerobic, non-spore-forming rods of the strain developed into dark orange–yellow colonies. The strain grew optimally between 25 and 30 °C, with 1 % (w/v) NaCl and at pH 7. It grew in the absence of NaCl, but not with NaCl at >7 % (w/v). The predominant menaquinone was MK-7, the predominant ubiquinones were Q-7 and Q-8, and the major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 (33.52 %) and C17 : 1ω8c (11.73 %). The genomic DNA G+C content of strain UDC329T was 50.2 mol%. In phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequences, strain UDC329T was grouped with members of the genus

Shewanella

and appeared most closely related to

Shewanella fodinae

JC15T (97.9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity),

Shewanella indica

KJW27T (95.0 %),

Shewanella algae

ATCC 51192T (94.8 %),

Shewanella haliotis

DW01T (94.5 %) and

Shewanella chilikensis

JC5T (93.9 %). The level of DNA–DNA relatedness between strain UDC329T and

S. fodinae

JC15T was, however, only 27.4 %. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and DNA–DNA relatedness data, strain UDC329T represents a novel species in the genus

Shewanella

, for which the name Shewanella dokdonensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is UDC329T ( = KCTC 22898T = DSM 23626T).
Planktotalea frisia gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the southern North Sea
Authors: Hahnke Sarah , Tindall Brian J. , Schumann Peter , Sperling Martin , Brinkhoff Thorsten , Simon Meinhard
Published: September 2011

A heterotrophic, aerobic bacterium, designated strain SH6-1T, was obtained from a seawater sample collected from the open North Sea during a phytoplankton bloom. Strain SH6-1T was isolated from a 10−6 dilution culture, which indicated a high abundance of this organism in the environmental sample. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison revealed that strain SH6-1T belonged to the marine

Roseobacter

clade (order

Rhodobacterales

) within the class

Alphaproteobacteria

.

Pelagicola litoralis

CL-ES2T was the closest phylogenetic neighbour (96.4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). Cells of strain SH6-1T were small or elongated irregular rods. Optimal growth occurred between 20 and 25 °C and between pH 7.5 and 9.0 with peptone and yeast extract. On marine agar, the isolate formed non-pigmented, small, circular, convex colonies. For growth, cells required sodium ions and the vitamins pantothenic acid and nicotinic acid amide. The DNA G+C content was 53.8 mol%. The fatty acids (>1 %) were C10 : 0 3-OH, C16 : 0, C12 : 1, C12 : 1 3-OH, C18 : 0, C18 : 1ω7c, C18 : 2 and 11-methyl C18 : 1ω7c. The polar lipid pattern indicated the presence of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified aminolipid and one unidentified phospholipid. The major respiratory lipoquinone was ubiquinone Q-10. Strain SH6-1T contained the genes pufLM, which code for the bacterial photosynthesis reaction centre; however, no bacteriochlorophyll a could be detected. Physiological, genotypic and phenotypic differences from

P. litoralis

support the description of a novel genus and species, for which we suggest the name Planktotalea frisia gen. nov., sp. nov; the type strain of the type species is SH6-1T ( = DSM 23709T = LMG 25294T).
Emended description of the genus Methylophaga Janvier et al. 1985
Authors: Boden Rich
Published: September 2011

The genusMethylophagaJanvieret al.1985 comprises eight species with validly published names at the time of writing. The original description of the genus was published over 26 years ago and was based on only two species, namelyMethylophaga marinaandMethylophaga thalassica– as such, the description of the genus requires updating to take into account the other six known species. Based on literature concerning the eight species ofMethylophagapublished over the last 26 years, an emended description of the genus is presented, taking into account properties of all members of the species with validly published names.
Mucilaginibacter soli sp. nov., isolated from Arctic tundra soil
Authors: Jiang Fan , Dai Jun , Wang Yang , Xue Xiuqing , Xu Mengbo , Guo Youhao , Li Wenxin , Fang Chengxiang , Peng Fang
Published: September 2011

A novel pale-pink-coloured strain, designated R9-65T, was isolated from a tundra soil near Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard Archipelago, Norway (78° N). The cells were facultatively anaerobic, Gram-staining-negative, non-motile and rod-shaped. Growth occurred at 4–32 °C (optimum, 25–28 °C), at pH 5.0–9.0 (optimum, pH 6.0–7.0) and with 0–1.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, no NaCl). Flexirubin-type pigments were absent. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain R9-65T belonged to the genus

Mucilaginibacter

in the family

Sphingobacteriaceae

. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain R9-65T and type strains of related species ranged from 93.4 to 96.6 %. Strain R9-65T contained summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c, 34.3 %) and iso-C15 : 0 (20.3 %) as major cellular fatty acids, MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone, and phosphatidylethanolamine as the main polar lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain R9-65T was 47.2 mol%. On the basis of phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic data, strain R9-65T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus

Mucilaginibacter

, for which the name Mucilaginibacter soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is R9-65T ( = CCTCC AB 2010331T = NRRL B-59458T).
Lysobacter arseniciresistens sp. nov., an arsenite-resistant bacterium isolated from iron-mined soil
Authors: Luo Guosheng , Shi Zunji , Wang Gejiao
Published: September 2011

A Gram-negative, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped, arsenite [As(III)]-resistant bacterium, designated strain ZS79T, was isolated from subsurface soil of an iron mine in China. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain ZS79T clustered closely with strains of five

Lysobacter

species, with 96.9, 96.1, 96.0, 95.8 and 95.3 % sequence similarities to

Lysobacter concretionis

Ko07T,

L. daejeonensis

GH1-9T,

L. defluvii

IMMIB APB-9T,

L. spongiicola

KMM 329T and

L. ruishenii

CTN-1T, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 (28.6 %), iso-C17 : 1ω9c (19.9 %), iso-C16 : 0 (13.6 %), iso-C11 : 0 (12.6 %) and iso-C11 : 0 3-OH (12.4 %). The genomic DNA G+C content was 70.7 mol% and the major respiratory quinone was Q-8. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and an unknown phospholipid. On the basis of morphological and physiological/biochemical characteristics, phylogenetic position and chemotaxonomic data, this strain is considered to represent a novel species of the genus

Lysobacter

, for which the name Lysobacter arseniciresistens sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is ZS79T ( = CGMCC 1.10752T = KCTC 23365T).