bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of altitude on football performance
Authors: Levine B. D. , Stray‐Gundersen J. , Mehta R. D.
Published: July 2010

Altitude will impact football performance through two separate and parallel pathways related to the hypobaric (physical) and hypoxic (physiological) components of terrestrial altitude: (a) the decrease in partial pressure of oxygen reduces maximal oxygen uptake and impairs “aerobic” performance by reducing maximal aerobic power, increasing the relative intensity of any given absolute level of work, and delaying recovery of high‐energy phosphates between high‐intensity “interval” type efforts; (b) the decrease in air density reduces air resistance which will facilitate high‐velocity running, but will also alter drag and lift thereby impairing sensorimotor skills. These effects appear to have their greatest impact very early in the altitude exposure, and their physiological/neurosensory consequences are ameliorated by acclimatization, though the extent of restoration of sea level type performance depends on the absolute magnitude of the competing and living altitudes.
Do anthropometric and fitness characteristics vary according to birth date distribution in elite youth academy soccer players?
Authors: Carling C. , Le Gall F. , Reilly T. , Williams A. M.
Published: July 2010

We examined whether maturity, anthropometric profiles and fitness measures vary according to birth date distribution in elite, under‐14 youth academy soccer players. The selection year was divided into four quarters, with 160 male players grouped according to individual birth date. Players had their skeletal age determined and were assessed using a battery of standard anthropometric and physical performance tests. Players born across all quarters of the year were investigated for differences in the various performance characteristics using multi‐ and univariate analyses. An uneven birth distribution was observed, with players born early in the selection year highly represented (P<0.01). A significant difference in height was observed across quarters (P<0.01) with higher values reported in the earlier‐born players. No significant differences were observed across any of the fitness measures, although the trend was for players born in the first quarter to out‐perform peers born in the later quarters. These findings suggest that the relative age of the performer may not always be linked to a significant advantage in physical components. The selection criteria for entry into the academy may explain the present results.
RESEARCH AND EXTENSION IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ‐ PURPOSES AND ASSUMPTIONS*
Authors: KRISTJANSON BALDUR H.
Published: July 2010

The basic assumptions in production research and extension (conflicting as they may be) have been set forth in this paper. An examination of these assumptions, in turn, suggests a need for more research and extension work.

This in itself is not a novel suggestion. However, it seems clear that more resources are required for both research and extension to deal with the possibility that Canadian agriculture is faced with the prospects of chronic depression. Deficiencies in basic research data have been identified and the suggestion made that farm people need to be encouraged to give more study to the national implications of farm production potentials.

Conflicting assumptions, deficiencies in basic data and an absence of a fully defined farm policy are not peculiar to Canada. These characteristics are found in most countries of the world. Nevertheless, these seem to be days of agonizing re‐appraisals the world over and it seems unlikely that we can escape such a chore in our own domain.
EFFECT OF ASSEMBLY COSTS ON OPTIMUM GRAIN ELEVATOR SIZE AND LOCATION
Authors: Araji Ahmed A. , Walsh Richard G.
Published: July 2010

This paper considers simultaneously the effect of assembly costs and economies of scale on optimum size and location of grain elevators. When assembly factors (transportation costs and grain sales density) are included, optimum elevator size may be as little as 25 to 50 per cent of the size when in‐plant costs only are considered. These results are important to all parts of Canada's grain industry, but especially relevant in view of the importance currently associated with efficient grain assembly and in view of the significance of farmer cooperatives in Canadian grain assembly and storage.

EFFETS DU COUT DE RASSEMBLEMENT RELATIF A LA GRANDEUR OPTIMUM ET LA SITUATION GEOGRAPHIQUE ďELEVATEUR. ‐ ľétude considère simultanément ľeffet du coût de rassemblement et des économies àľéchelle optimum et ľemplacement, des élévateurs. Quand le cout du transport et la concentration de ventes de graines est inclu, la grandeur optimum des élévateurs peut étre réduit de 25 à 50 p. 100 de la grandeur basé sur le coût ďusine seul Ces résultats ont une importance pour ľindustrie des graines dans tout le Canada mais plus spécialement à cause de ľimportance couramment attachéàľefficacité du rassemblement des graines et la position primordiale des coopératives rurales dans la tâche de rassemblement et de ľentreposage des graines.
TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE IN THE CANADIAN LIVESTOCK INDUSTRY: AN INPUT‐OUTPUT APPROACH1
Authors: Yeh M.H. , Lin Leon
Published: July 2010

This paper uses input‐output analysis to quantify the interdependence among the livestock industry and other related industries, and to develop within‐agriculture multipliers based on these inter‐relationships. The study uses the technique developed to analyze the rate of technological change within the beef industry, and to project domestic demands for beef and pork, and labor requirements in meat processing to 1975. Major conclusions are 1) that income linkages for agricultural production are large, although multipliers developed in this study tend to be less than those of other recent work, an expected condition reflecting their intra‐agriculture nature; 2) that little improvement occurred in the efficiency of the total livestock industry between 1951 and 1961; 3) that Canadian beef and pork requirements are forecast to increase by 5.2 and 4.5 per cent annually, respectively, to. 1975, and 4) that substantial increases are forecast in labor requirements in meat processing.

CHANGEMENT TECHNOLOG1QUE DANS ľINDUSTRIE DU BETAIL AU CANADA ‐ UNE METHODE ďANALYSEDESINTRANTSETEXTRANTS ‐Cette étude utilise ľanalyse des intrants et extrants pour déterminer ľinterdépendance de ľindustrie du bétail et ďautres industries connexes, et pour établir des multiplicateurs au sein de ľagriculture fondés sur ces interpénétrations. ľétude se serf de la technique élaborée pour ľanalyse du taux de changement technologique dans ľindustrie bovine, et pour ľextrapolation de la demande intérieure pour le boeuf et le pore de boucherie, et.les besoins de main‐d'oeuvre dans la préparation de la viande jusqu'à 1975. Void les principales conclusions: 1) que les enchaînements de revenu dans la production agricole sont considérables, bien que les multiplicateurs établis dans la présente étude soient moindres que ceux ďautres récents travaux, une condition vraisemblable qui reflète leur nature intra‐agricole; 2) que ľefficacité de ľensemble de ľindustrie du bétail s'est très peu améliorée de 1951 a 1961; 3) qu'on prévoit que les besoins canadiens de boeuf et de pore de boucherie augmenteront de 5.2 et 4.5p. 100par année, respectivement, jusqu'à 1975; et 4) qu'on prévoit des augmentations considérables dans les besoins de main‐d'oeuvre dans le secteur de la préparation de la viande.
Discussion: Guidelines for Agricultural Policy
Authors: MacEachera G. A.
Published: July 2010

Professors Campbell and MacGregor have interpreted the goals and 6 of the 7 realities developed by the Task Force, the latter regarded as synonymous with guidelines for the next decade.
DISPARITIÉS RÉGIONALES ET SCOLARITÉ EN AGRICUTURE
Authors: Wampach Jean‐Pierre
Published: July 2010

Une analyse graphique dégage, en 1961, pour ľagriculture québécoise et ontarienne, une relation entre la productivité moyenne en valeur de travail et le taux de scolarité de la population rurale agricole masculine, au niveau régional. La variable scolarité est introduite dans une fonction agrégée de production pour la province de Québec et son effet sur la production s'avère significatif. Les coefficients de régression de la variable scolarité et des autres, variables sont utilisés pour analyser les différences relatives de productivité du travail entre la région des environs de Montréal et la région de la Gaspésie‐Côte‐Nord. Comparativement à une analyse antérieure dont la scolaritéétait absente, celle‐ci explique 6% de la différence de productivité. Ľeffet du taux de scolarité ne modifie guère les effets des autres variables, excepté celui de la région, qui est diminué du montant expliqué par la scolarité. La faible contribution du taux de scolaritéàľexplication des différences régionales de productivité soulève la question ďun possible sous‐investissement dans le capital humain en agriculture.

REGIONAL DISPARITIES AND EDUCATION IN AGRICULTURE –A graphic analysis, at the regional level, in 1961, reveals in Quebec and Ontario agriculture, a relationship between the average value productivity of labour and the level of education of the agricultural rural male labor force. The education variable is introduced in the aggregate production function for Quebec agriculture and found to have a significant effect on production. The regression coefficient of the education variable is used, together with the other regression coefficients, to analyse the relative gap of labour productivity between the Montreal (environs) region and the Gaspe‐Côte‐Nord region. In comparison with a previous analysis excluding education, it is found that differences in education explain 6% of the gap, without altering much the effects of the other variables, except the regional effect, which is reduced by 6%. The small contribution of education to the explanation of the regional disparities in agricultural labor productivity might reflect the under investment in human capital.
SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING FAMILY EXPENDITURES FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION*
Authors: Wright J. D. , Bondurant W. H.
Published: July 2010

The work week is becoming shorter, family incomes are rising, and population is increasing. This provides more opportunity for outdoor recreation and probably increases the demand for such facilities and related services. This paper is directed to the user of outdoor recreation facilities and attempts to analyze some factors influencing user expenditures. A sample of families from Census tract areas with low to high median family incomes, a major part of a relatively large Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, was interviewed to obtain the empirical information treated in this paper. Factors expected to influence annual expenditures for outdoor recreation were annual family income, age of head of household, education, race, distance to outdoor recreation facilities and time spent participating in outdoor recreation outside an urban area. The principal findings indicate that most people travelled relatively short distances to outdoor recreation sites, and that family income, education, distance to recreation facility and time spent were significantly related to annual family expenditures. The authors believe that increased demand for outdoor recreation will significantly influence additional development of people‐oriented outdoor recreation facilities and services.

LOCALISATION ET LOISIRS DE PLEIN AIR –La semaine de travail est en train de diminuer. les revenus des families s'élèvent et la population s'accroît. Tout cela procure des occasions supplémentaires pour les loisirs de plein air et probablement augmente la demande de biens de ce type, et de services divers. Cet article concerne ceux qui ont des loisirs de plein air et essaie d'analyser les facteurs influencant leur depenses. Un échantillon des families à partir des zones de recensement avec des revenus bas jusqu'aux revenus médians, la plus grande partie de la zone statistique métropolitaine type, a été interviewée dans le but d'obtenir I'information empirique décrite et analysée dans eel article. Les facteurs qui sont supposés influencer les dépenses annuelles directes de loisirs de plein air étaient le revenu familial annuel, l'âge du chef de famille, l'éducation, la race, la distance jusqu'aux lieux de loisirs et le temps passé en participant aux loisirs a l'intérieur de la zone urbaine échantillonnée. Les principales conclusions indiquent que la plupart des gens voyagent sur de courtes distances jusqu'aux installations de loisirs et que le revenu familial, l'éducation, la distance jusqu'aux lieux de loisir et le temps passé en loisirs sont relies d'une façon significative aux dépenses annuelles des families pour ce genre de loisirs. Les auteurs pensent qu'une demande croissante de loisirs de plein air contribuera, d'une façon significative au développement supplémentaire des services et installations des loisirs de plein air.
DISGUISED UNEMPLOYMENT AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Mehmet Ozay
Published: July 2010

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of disguised unemployment in less developed countries, which tends to lend support for agricultural development policies as the most effective means of eliminating such unemployment. In addition, it is shown that urban unemployment may also be remedied through such policies. The overall conclusion of the theoretical analysis is that agricultural policies in the less developed countries manifesting disguised and urban unemployment should, as a first target, aim at maintaining farming activities throughout the calendar year at levels achieved during peak seasons.

CHOMAGE DEGUISE ET DEVELOPPEMENT AGRICOLE – Ce mémoire présente une analyse théorique du chômage déguisé dans les pays sous‐développes. ľanalyse tend à favoriser une politique de développement agricole comme moyen ďéliminer un tel chômage. En outre, il est démontré que ľon peut améliorer le chômage urbain par une telle politique. La conclusion principale c'est que la politique des jeunes nations (affligées de chômage et déguisé et urbain,) doit se concentrer premiérement à soutenir pendant toute ľannée le niveau ďemploi des périodes de la plus grande production.
AGRICULTURAL AND RECREATIONAL LAND USE IN CANADA: POTENTIAL FOR CONFLICT OR BENEFIT?
Authors: Ironside R.G.
Published: July 2010

The paper reviews the bases for potential conflict and benefit between agricultural and recreational land use. It discusses different types of conflict and benefit. Most of the research literature is American though some British studies exist. The vacation farm in particular is emphasised as a way to provide additional rural income while solving the demand for recreational space. The situation in Canada is reviewed. Little research is underway by Universities or Government. Ontario and Nova Scotia seem to be ahead of the other provinces in the variety and type of rural recreational enterprise existing and in the interest shown by Government and Farmers' Associations in their development. A number of constraints on recreational development by farmers are discussed. Studies of actual cases of vacation farms, shooting preserves, camping sites, etc. have to be made in Canada before Government or Farm Association programmes to promote rural recreational enterprises can be undertaken.

Cet article examine le pour et le contre de la question de ľusage de terrains agricoles comme lieux de récréation. Les bases des conflits et des bénéfices y sont discuiées. La majeure partie de la recherche sur ce sujet est américaine quoi qu'il y ait quelques etudes anglaises. La ferme où on peul aller passer ses vacances est particulièrement soulignée car elle augmente le revenue rurale en méme temps quelle resoud le problème du besoin ďespace pour la récréation. La situation au Canada est décrile, Au moment, il y a peu de recherche qui se fail a ľUniversité et au niveau du government ou fédéral ou provincial. ľOntario et la Nouvelle Écosse semblent avoir de ľavance sur les autres provinces car on y trouve une plus grande variétéďentreprises visées à la récréation dans la campagne et plus ďintérét au sujet du développement de celles‐ci de la part des gouvernements provinciaux et des Sociétés Agronomes. Le problème que pose ľopposition du fermier au développement de la récréation rurale est discuté. Il nous faul avoir des études basées sur des exemples actuels au Canada (1) de fermes où on peul passés ses vacances, (2) de terrains à camping, (3) de chasses gardées, etc. avant que le gouvernemenl el les Sociétés Agronomes puissent mettre en oeuvre des programmes pour développer les enlreprises rurales de récréation.
A SHORT‐RUN MODEL FOR FORECASTING MONTHLY EGG PRODUCTION IN CANADA1
Authors: Kulshreshtha Surendra N.
Published: July 2010

A model for predicting the monthly egg production in Canada at least six months in advance is developed in this paper. The model is based on simulating the egg production involving its various stages and making use of technical as well as economic relationships. The model can forecast egg production up to five months in advance using available prices: for a period beyond this lime projection of prices becomes essential. During the period 1965–1969, the forecasted level of production came within ±5 percent range of the actual.

Un modèle pour prédire la production mensuel ďoeufs au Canada au moins six mois ďavance est révélé dans cette étude. Le modèle est basé sur la simulation de la production ďoeufs comprennanl ses différents étapes, et ulilisant des relations techniques ou economiques. Le modèle prevoie la production ďoeufs jusquà cinq mois ďavance ulilisant les prix disponibles; pour un temps hors de ce temps, la projection de prix devient essentiel. Pendant ľéspace de temps 1965–1969, le plan de production prèvenue est venue entre plus ou moins la classe de cinq pourcent de ľactuel.
BEEF PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS FROM SAMPLE FARMS IN NOVA SCOTIA*
Authors: Y.Chao Ching
Published: July 2010

The beef production function of different enterprises has been estimated for the sample farms in Nova Scotia. The returns to scale and marginal productivity of resources are derived from the production functions. It indicates decreasing returns to scale and the low marginal productivities of grain, labor, and variable costs for all enterprises. Grain and hay are the most important feeds for beef production. Many beef farms in the province produce more roughage than grain. The marginal rate of substitution of hay for grain is diminishing. Beef farmers can produce equal amounts of product with different combinations of the two feeds. The results provide the possibility of finding the least‐cost combination of inputs. This study has specified the optimum input levels under different prices of inputs. It will help beef farmers to allocate their resources properly in order to maximize profits.

Les fonctions de production de boeuf de différentes entreprises ont été eslimées à partir de fermes selectionées en Nouvelle‐Ecosse. Les économies ďéchelle et la productivté marginale des ressources sont dérivées des fonctions de production. On retrouve dans toutes les entreprises des économies ďéchelle décroissantes et une faille productivity marginale du grain, du travail et des couts variables. Le grain el le foin constituent la plus importanle source ďalimentation dans la production de boeuf. Plusieurs fermes ďélevage de boef produisent plus de fourrage que de grain. Le laux marginal de substitution du foin pour le grain va en diminuant. Les éleveurs de boeuf peuvent produire des quantités egales par des combinaisons différentes de ces deux aliments. Les résultats ptrmettent de déterminer la combinaison la moins coûteuse pour la consommation des aliments, Cette étude a détérmine les niveaux optime de consommation selon les différents prix des aliments. Elle aidera les producteurs de boeuf à distribuer adéquatement les aliments afin de maximiser les profits.
LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODELS FOR DETERMINING IRRIGATION DEMAND FOR WATER*
Authors: Craddock W.J.
Published: July 2010

The purpose of the paper is to discuss linear programming models useful in estimating irrigation demand for water. The discussion is limited to technique and first reviews the general characteristics of linear programming models. The author then goes on to indicate the results of several models developed at the University of Manitoba to estimate irrigation demand.

Cet article a pour dessein de discuter des modèles de programmation linéaire qui seraient utiles pour eslimer la demande ďeau pour ľirrigation. La discussion est limitée a la méthode à suivre et revolt en lout premier lieu les caractéristiques généraux des modèles de programmation lineaire. Linéaire continue alors avec une analyse des résultats de plusieurs modèles pour eslimer la demande ďeau pour ľirrigation développés àľUniversité Manitoba.
STRUCTURAL AND SPATIAL CHANGES IN THE MINK FARMING INDUSTRY OF ALBERTA
Authors: Ironside R. G.
Published: July 2010

The purpose of the study is to discuss the structural and locational changes which have occurred in the mink farming industry of Alberta. Data were collected by postal questionnaire and direct interview. Thirty percent of 149 mink farmers in the 1967/68 season in Alberta were surveyed. The data was cross‐tabulated and per‐cenlaged. Mink farming in Alberta is discussed vis‐a‐vis the rest of Canada, and the location of mink farms within the province is traced. Mink farm size, farm income, markets for pelts, feed supply and costs, and the background characteristics of farmers are discussed. Problems cited by mink farmers and their future plans and suggestions for remedial action for the industry's problems are also analysed. It is suggested that more small farmers will “pelt out” unless there is further government intervention in the industry as well as cooperative action taken by the mink farmers themselves. Locations for farms in the city near meat packing houses provides a more stable feed and labour supply than the traditional lakeside location. Larger scale production, concentration on quality pelts, and more cooperative purchasing and marketing arrangements could alleviate some of the industry's hardships.

Cette étude discute les changes spatiaux et structuraux dans ľindustrie des visons de ľAlberta. Les statisliques etait oblenus par un questionnaire postale el les enlrevues directes. De 149 fermiers de visons dans la saison du 1967*68, trente pourcentage était examiné. Les statisliques étaienl analysés par les pourcentages el aussi les résultats était croisé‐classifier. La perspective de ľindustrie des visons dans ľAlberta est discuté centre les circonslances pour le Canada, et ľemplacement des fermes dans le province est décrit. Les dimensions des fermes de visons, les revenus, les marchés, ľalimentation et les coúts, et les caractéristiques des fermiers, sonl discutés. Les problémes qui ont allégués par les fermiers et leurs plans pour ľavenir et leurs propositions pour la solution, des problemes de ľindustrie, sonl analyses. II est suggéré que les plus pedis fermes va abandonner s'il n y a pas ľaide du gouvernement provincial de meme que factions coopératifs entre leurs‐mêmes. Dans les situations des fermes dans la ville près des abattoirs, il y a une approvisionne‐ment de ľalimentation et du travail plus assure des situations le long des lacs. C'est possible que les arrangements cooperatifs pour acheter et vendre, ľaccenl sur la qualite des fourrures et une augmentation dans ľéchelle de la production va alléger quelques des problems de ľindustrie dans ľAlberia
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS IN THE DECADE AHEAD*
Authors: Brown J. A.
Published: July 2010

This paper critically examines the status and further contributions of the Agricultural Economics discipline. It focuses on how the discipline can develop further and contribute more effectively to overcoming some of the complex problems faced by society. Although the discipline is well developed and widely recognized, respected and supported, there are concerns about its members' abilities to adequately meet the demands and needs placed on them. It seems clear that there is a need for more agricultural economists, but it is also clear that primary emphasis must be placed on disciplinary excellence and adequacy. This prerequisite is basic to effective and relevant contributions of agricultural economists in leaching, research, public service, administration, and extension. It seems clear that many of the problems and issues agricultural economists are asked to help resolve will require a multidisciplinary approach, with many disciplines contributing their respective knowledge and skills. Facilitation of the co‐ordination and integration of such collective effort may require the organization of appropriate new institutions. Society has a large investment in disciplines like ours and is demanding relevance and effectiveness and this is the challenge

Cet article examine ďun point‐de‐vue critique ľétat actuel et les contributions futures de la discipline de ľéconomie rurale. II se concentre sur le développe‐ment de la discipline et comment elle peut aider plus efficacemenl a surmonler quelques problemes complexes qui confromenl la societé. Bien que la discipline soil bien developée, et bien quelle soil reconnue, respectée at appuyée par lous, on a exprimé des inquiétudes sur la capacityé de ses membres de répondre avec compétence aux exigences et aux besoins qu'ils rencontrent. Il semble clair qu'il existe un besoin pour plus ďeconomistes ruraux, mats il est clair égalemenl qu'on doit insister sur la qualité et la compétence dans la discipline. Cette condition préalable est essentielle pour produire des contributions efficaces et utiles de la part des économistes ruraux dans ľenseignement, les recherches, le service publique et ľadministration. II semble clair que beaucoup des problemes et des questions que les économistes ruraux doivent aider a résoudre exigerant des méthodes inlerdiscip‐linaires on plusieurs disciplines contriberont leurs connaissances et leur competence. Pour rendre plus facile la co‐ordination et ľintégration de cet effort collectif il faudra peut‐être le création de nouvelles institutions dans ce but. La societé a des placements importants dans les disciplines comme le nôire et demande pertinence et efftcacité. Voilà le déft
AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE SUPPLY AND MARKETING OF APPLES IN NOVA SCOTIA*
Authors: Marzouk M. S.
Published: July 2010

The supply of apples in Nova Scotia is disaggregated in two dimensions: by variety–namely, fresh, processing, and dual purpose apples and by number of bearing trees and yield per tree. Using regression techniques, price distributed lags explained tree planting decisions. Market variables and climatic factors such as frost, sunshine, and wind explained yield. Simulation studies indicate (I) a relative stability in the population of apple trees, (2) a noticeable sensitivity of yield to climatic factors, especially wind in unfavorable cases and sunshine in favorable ones, and (3) that the buffering effect of dual purpose apples and the relative inelasticity of demand for processing apples both help maintain relative overall stability in the industry in the face of unpredictable climatic variations.

On diviséľapprivisionmemenl des pommes de la Nouvelle Ecosse en deux: ďabord par varietés, la pomme de consommalion, la pomme industrielie, les pommes peuvent servir 1'un ou I'autre de ces fins et ensuiie par le nombre de pommiers et le rendement par arbre. Employant une technique regressive, ľon peut comprendre que le nombre de pommiers planter dépendent directement du prix des pommes sur le marché. Par variations dans le marché et les conditions climatiques telle que le gel, ľénsoleillement el le vent expliquent le rendement. Des études controlées nous indique:

1. Une stabilityé relative dans le nombre des pommiers

2. Une variation marquée suivant les conditions climatiques, spéciallemenl le vent, (condition infavourablejet lesoleil(conditionfavorable)

3. Que I'effet amortissônt des pommes a double fins et ľinélasticicité de la demande pour les pommes preparées a la consommalion aident à maintenir une certaine stabilityé dans cette Industrie aux prises avec les changements climatiques imprévisibles
AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR PRICING PORK CARCASSES
Authors: Green Richard , Hassan Zuhair A. , Johnson S. R.
Published: July 2010

Carcass pricing methods provide premium‐discount systems which may aid producers to make better production and marketing decisions than will more traditional pricing methods. This paper presents an alternative carcass pricing method which is an extension of the Ikerd‐Cramer method. The method appears to yield a more moderate set of price differentials than the current Canadian system. Further research is needed in order to more fully evaluate the two methods. In addition, future research effects might provide results which could be used as a basis to make adjustments in the current Canadian hog pricing system.

Les méthodes pour établir le prix des carcasses comportent des systèmes de prime‐réfaction qui, espère‐t‐on, aideront les producteurs à prendre de meilleures decisions en matière de production et de commercialisation que ne le permettaient les anciennes méthodes. La présente étude porte sur une autre méthode d'établissemcnt du prix des carcasses qui est un prolongement de la méthode d'lkerd‐Cramer. Cette méthode semble produire une série d'écarts de prix plus modérés que le système canadien actuel. II faudra pousser davantage les recherches pour évaluer plus complètement les deux méthodes. De plus, les résultats de recherches futures pourraient servir de base pour apporter des ajustements an système d'établissement des prix du pore actuellement en usage au Canada.
EVALUATING DEMAND FOR DEER HUNTING: A COMPARISON OF METHODS
Authors: Capel R. E. , Pandey R. K.
Published: July 2010

This study compares two methods of estimating hunters' demand for deer hunting in an area in Southwest Manitoba. Benefits to hunters are calculated from estimated demand using the concept of consumers' surplus. Methods used to estimate demand are: (1) a travel‐cost approach and (2) an interview on hunters' willingness to pay for hunting. The results from the two methods are not identical. Likely reasons for this and suggestions for further research are discussed. Although the two methods probably measure different things and may be subject to different errors, it is felt that use of both methods provides a useful check on the validity of results

Cette étude compare deux méthodes d'estimation de la demande de la chasse au chevreuil dans un terrilore donne du sud ouest Manitoba. En utilisant le principe de l'excédent aux consommateurs, les bénifices aux chasseurs sont déduits à partir de la demande estimée. Les méthodes utilisées afin d'estimer cette demande sont: (1) le coût de transportation, et (2) une entrevue afin de sonder le degré d'acceptance de payer pour chasser. Les résultats obtenus par ces deux méthodes ne sont pas identiques. Les raisons probables de tels résultats et les suggestion apportées en vue de recherches futures y sont discutées. Malgre que ces deux méthodes calculent probablement des entilés différentes et q'elles sont sujettes a des erreurs differentes, l'on croit que utilisation de pair de ces méthodes apporte une vérification fort utile de la validité des résultats
Canadian farm operator mobility analysis, 1961‐71
Authors: MacMillan James A. , Gislason Gord S.
Published: July 2010

Results of a pooled time series and cross‐section analysis of Canadian farm operator mobility for the 1961‐71 period indicate the importance of analyzing farm operator mobility by individual gross receipts classes. Economic variables explain a substantial proportion of the 1961‐71 percentage decline in the number of Canadian farm operators. Use of the equations in projections for 1976 indicate the need for refinement in the procedures to adjust for the effects of the substantial product and input price changes which occurred in the 1971‐76 period.

Les resultats d'une analyse de series chronologiques et de coupes transversales combinks sur lamobilite des producteurs agricoles au Canada durant la periode de 1961 a 1971 indiquent I'importance d'analyser cette mobilitt par classe de revenu brut. Les variables konomiques expliquent la majeure partie du declin, en pourcentage, du nombre de producteurs agricoles au Canada de 1961. 1971. En utilisant les equations pour prtdire les donntees pour 1976, on se rend compte du bessoin d'ameliorer la procedure afin de corriger les effets resultant de variations importantes des prk des intrants et des produits agricoles qui se sont manifest& entre 1971 et 1976.
The Food economy of Poland and Planning Policy
Authors: Adamowicz Mieczyslaw
Published: July 2010

This article describes the complex of the food economy in Poland, its internal structure, importance and place in the national economy, production effects and links with other branches of the national economy. Special attention is given to the organizational pattern of the agricultural sector and to agricultural policy making and implementation. The main conclusion of the article is that, for harmonious development of production and use of food, there is need for uniform economic policy and integrated economic planning which cover all sectors of the food complex. Such a role cannot be played by agricultural policy alone. The author describes the integrated program of food economy development for the years 1975–1990 in Poland and gives some theoretical bases for policy in the food economy.

Cet article contient la description du complexe de l'économie agro‐alimentaire en Pologne, de sa structure interne, sa signification et sa place dans l'économie nationale, des effets productifs et des relations avec d'autres branches de l'économie nationale. Cet article met surtout l'accent sur le système d'organisation et sur la formation et la réalisation de la politique agricole. La conclusion principale de cet article est de constater que pour le developpement harmonieux de la production et ie l'utilisation des aliments il est nécéssaire d'avoir une politique économique uniforme et une planification économique integrée dans tous les secteurs du complex agro‐alimentaire. L'auteur caractérise le programme integré du developpement de l'économie agro‐alimentaire en Pologne dans les années 1975–1990 et donne certaines bases theoriques afin d'établir une politique pour l'économie agro‐alimentaire.
Provincial Rapeseed Acreage models And Some policy Implications
Authors: Kwon O. Yul , Uhm Ihn H.
Published: July 2010

Econometric models of the provincial rapeseed acreage are developed for Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, acknowledging that acreage responses differ among the three producing provinces. The OLS and the seemingly unrelated regression methods are used for estimation. The effects of explanatory variables are substantially different in their magnitudes among the provinces, and yet the three models as a whole are consistent with an aggregate model for the prairie region. Price elasticities of the rapeseed acreage obtained from the models show that the acreage is quite elastic with respect to both its own price and wheat price. Finally, the models are employed in estimating the effects on the rapeseed acreage of the railway branchline abandonment recommended by the Hall Commission. This shows that individual provinces would have somewhat different impacts from the Recommendation.

Le rapport expose des modèles économétriques de la production de colza en Alberta, en Saskatchewan et au Manitoba, tout en tenant compte que les variations dans la superficie cultivée diffèrent dans les trois provinces productrices. Pour leur estimation, les auteurs ont eu recours à la méthode des moindres carrés et à la méthode d'estimation simultanée. L'importance des effets des variables explicatives diffère sensiblement d'une province à l'autre; néanmoins, dans leur ensemble, les trois modèles cadrent avec un modèle global pour les Prairies. D'après les coefficients d'élasticité‐prix obtenus à partir des modèles, la superficie cultivée de colza est à la fois élastique au prix du colza et à celui du blé. Les modèles servent enfin à estimer l'incidence sur la superficie cultivée de colza, de l'abandon d'embranchements ferroviaires recommandé par la Commission Hall. II en ressort pour chacune des provinces des implications quelque peu diffèrentes de celles de la recommendation de la dite Commission.
On the Use of Price Ratio in Aggregate Supply Response: Some Evidence from the Poultry Industry
Authors: Chavas Jean‐Paul
Published: July 2010

The specification of supply/demand relationships has received considerable attention in agricultural economics (Heien 1977). Economic theory has helped provide a basis for the specification of such relationships, one of its contributions being the proposition that prices should be interpreted only in relative terms. This has had a profound influence on model building in agricultural economics, leading a number of researchers to avoid the use of absolute prices in economic analysis. For this reason, numerous market models of the agricultural economy use price ratios as explanatory variables (e.g., Chen; Chen et al.; Heien, 1976; Gerra; Kulshreshtha and Wilson; Rahn; Talpaz; Morzuck et al.; Houck and Gallagher; Wilson et al.); these examples suggest that the use of such ratios is fairly widespread in econometric modeling of the crop and livestock sectors. One of the best examples of price ratios is the “feed cost to price” ratio commonly used in the analysis of livestock supply response. Indeed, since feed cost constitutes a major part of the total production cost in livestock activities, the “feed cost to price” ratio is often considered a proxy for profitability. For this reason, data on such ratios are regularly published for various livestock activities (e.g., USD A). Also, “feed cost to price” ratios are often employed in the specification of models of livestock supply response, (e.g., Chen; Chen et al.; Heien 1976; Gerra; Kulshreshtha and Wilson; Rahn; Talpaz). However, not all models of aggregate supply response follow this approach. For example, Freebairn and Rausser, and Arzac and Wilkinson, use prices as separate variables rather than in ratio forms in their models. In particular, they do not employ price ratios in their livestock and crop supply equations. The existence of these different approaches raises questions about the appropriateness of the use of price ratios in the modeling of aggregate supply.
Decision‐making Criteria for Purchasing Milk Quota at the Individual Farm Level: A Comment
Authors: Bariehello Richard R.
Published: July 2010

In a recent article in this journal, Stonehouse and MacGregor outlined several elements of the farm level decision to purchase milk quota. They provide a useful reminder that, because quota is an asset, decisions regarding its purchase or sale should be undertaken and analyzed with capital budgeting techniques. More specifically, they describe procedures for calculating the net flow return from additional quota under different cost circumstances and the subsequent bid price which that farm could pay for the quota asset. It is the purpose of this comment to show that errors of both commission and omission have found their way into the paper. In addition, there is a problem of inconsistency because the text and the actual calculation formulae are sometimes contradictory.
The Use of Input‐Output Analysis in Evaluating Water Resource Development
Authors: Anderson A. W. , Manning T. W.
Published: July 2010

This paper describes an analytical model for studying the demand for water resource development. The final version of the model used the rectangular input‐output format, which is readily convertible to a linear programming form. The rectangular model differs from the traditional square model by distinguishing between commodities and the industries producing them and not requiring a one‐to‐one coreespondence between them. The traditional establishment basis for classifying industries and transactions does not permit an accurate determination of the impacts of changes in final demands. The use of commodity‐technology input data largely overcomes this problem. The use of dummy commodities and industries is an accounting convenience which can cause difficulties in impact and linear programming analyses. The analytical problems can be avoided by re‐allocating the inputs of dummy industries to the users of dummy commodities.

Cette étude d'ecril un modele analytique afin d'étudier la demande de développement des ressources d'eau. La version finale du modele utilisail le format reclangulaire de donnees‐sorties celui‐ci étant aisément convertible en uneforme deprogrammalion lineaire. Le modele reclangulaire differe du modele carr'e traditionnel. en faisant la difference entre les produits et les industries les produisant. et en ne reclamant pas de relation exacte el equitable entre ceux‐ci. La base traditionnele etablie, afin de classifier les industries et les transactions. ne permel pas de determination precise des impacts des contrbles finaux. L'usage des donnees de production, des produits et de la technologie. surmonle grandement le probfeme. L'usage de produits el d'industries fact ices est une commodite de compatabilite qui peul causer des difficultés dans Vimpact et les analyses à programme lineaire. Les probtemes analytiques peuvent étre évités en redistribuant les productions des industries factices aux utilisateurs des produits factices.
Quarterly Demands for Meat in Canada with Alternative Seasonality Hypotheses
Authors: Hassan Zuhair A. , Johnson S. R.
Published: July 2010

It is common practice to use ordinary least squares with seasonal dummies in linear regression analysis of seasonally unadjusted time series data. The approach is based on a hypothesis of fixed and constant shifts in the intercept for each of the quarters (Jorgenson). This method is expensive in terms of potential multicollinearity problems and degrees of freedom (Green and Doll; Ladd; Madalla 1977). Also, the hypothesis that the quarterly effects are fixed may be overly restrictive, especially if the dummy variables are included simply to support the estimation of a structural relationship from the pooled quarterly sample partitions.

This paper presents results on the structure of consumer demand for meats in Canada. These results, while of interest for their implications on the structure of consumer demand, are intended primarily to illustrate the consequences of alternative seasonality hypotheses. The sample is for the twelve year period, 1965 through 1976. Linear demand relationships are estimated using a number of alternative methods for accommodating seasonal effects. Results for the demand models with the alternative seasonality hypotheses are quite different, implying that researchers should exercise care in selecting a representation for seasonality that is consistent with the process generating the data, the theory, and the institutional setting governing the population from which the sample is drawn.
A Graphic Model of the Effects of Sectoral Technical Change: The Case of Japan, 1880–1970
Authors: Yamaguchi Mitoshi , Kennedy George
Published: July 2010

This paper estimates the effects of technical change on sectoral output growth and resource transfers in Japan over the period 1880–1970. It provides a graphic model to explain the process by which agricultural resources are pushed and pulled to the non‐agricultural sector by agricultural and non‐agricultural technical change.

Cet article évalue les effets des changements techniques dans l'accroissement de la production par secteurs et les transferts de ressources au Japon pendant la periode 1880–1970. Ilfournit une representation graphique afin d'expliquer le processus selon lequel les ressources agricoles sont poussées et tirees vers le secteur non‐agricole par des changemenls techniques à la fois dans le domaine agricole et non‐agricole.

This paper combined growth accounting with a two‐sector model to measure the effects of agricultural and non‐agricultural technical change on sectoral resource use and output growth in Japan over the period 1880–1970. The growth accounting results of the model can be summarized as follows. Regarding agricultural output growth in Japan, the contribution of agricultural technical change ranged from a high of 91 percent in the first decade studied (1880–90) to a low of 73 percent in the third decade studied (1900–10). These estimates are less than those of conventional growth accounting. The contribution of non‐agricultural technical change, although small, was negative, given that it draws resources from the agricultural to the non‐agricultural sector.

Regarding non‐agricultural output growth, the contribution of non‐agricultural technical change ranged from ‐13 percent (1910–20) to 56 percent (1890–1900). These estimates are higher than those of conventional growth accounting. The contribution of agricultural technology was small, but unlike the contribution of non‐agricultural technical change to agricultural output growth, it was positive, given that it pushes resources from the agricultural to the non‐agricultural sector.

A graphic version of the two‐sector growth accounting model was provided to explain the process by which sectoral technical change affects demand factors and causes intersectoral resource flows. Agricultural technical change increased demand and output in the non‐agricultural sector while non‐agricultural technical change decreased demand and output in the agricultural sector. This asymmetry in the cross‐effects of agricultural and non‐agricultural technical change arose from the relatively low price and income elasticities for agricultural products. The result was a shift in labor and capital from the agricultural to non‐agricultural sector. Finally, some policy implications suggested by the results were noted.
Economics of an Integrated Manurial Biogas and Protein Recovery System for Beef Cattle
Authors: Stonehouae D. Peter , Combs Stan W. , Clark J. H. , Mowat D. N.
Published: July 2010

Fermentation of livestock manure for the production of biogas is not economically viable given current and prospective energy prices, as long as the residue from the fermentation process is used on agricultural land as a source of crop nutrients. An alternative use of the residue is to separate out the solid fraction for use as a source of protein and minerals for livestock. This alternative was evaluated for a commercial beef feedlot in Ontario, and was found to provide attractive returns using feed replacement values for the residue solids, even when a zero value was attributed to the biogas, and when real interest rates reached 7 percent. Economies of size were also found.
Hedging Opportunities for Canadian
Authors: Carter Grains C. A.
Published: July 2010

I would like to acknowledge the valuable assistance provided by Dhurvanand Chadee and the helpful comments of an anonymous reviewer.

This paper empirically investigates the usefulness of the Winnipeg rapeseed, barley and flaxseed futures market for producer hedging. The period studied is 1977‐83 and both optimal hedge ratios and levels of hedging effectiveness are estimated. The results clearly show the futures contracts are useful for producers in reducing the risk of price changes.

The unprecedented commodity price volatility in the last decade has resulted in a growing interest in futures trading by farmers. One of the major reasons often provided for the usefulness of commodity futures markets is that they provide a mechanism whereby producers can shift the risk of price change onto others. Interestingly, little research has been conducted on the effectiveness of the WCE as a hedging tool for farmers.

The objective of this paper was to investigate the extent to which the futures contracts for rapeseed, barley and flaxseed can be used by farmers in order to reduce price risk (measured by volatility). Drawing on earlier literature, the theory of hedging was reviewed and formulae for estimating the optimal hedge and the effectiveness of hedging were presented. An empirical analysis determined that the Winnipeg rapeseed, barley and flaxseed futures contracts are very useful in terms of allowing a producer the opportunity to reduce exposure to price risk.