bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The eutardigradeThulinia stephaniaehas an indeterminate development and the potential to regulate early blastomere ablations
Authors: Hejnol Andreas , Schnabel Ralf
Published: February 2005

We present a detailed analysis of the cell lineage of the tardigrade Thulinia stephaniae with a 4D-microscopy system (3D time-lapse recording). The recording, of the entire development from embryogenesis until hatching, allowed us to analyze the fate of single descendants from early blastomeres up to germ layer formation and tissue development. The embryo undergoes an irregular indeterminate cleavage pattern without early fate restriction. During gastrulation, mesodermal and endodermal precursors, and a pair of primordial germ cells migrate through a blastopore at the prospective position of the mouth. Our results are not consistent with earlier descriptions of mesoderm formation by enterocoely in tardigrades. The mesoderm in Thulinia stephaniae originates from a variable number of blastomeres, which form mesodermal bands that later produce the serial somites. The nervous system is formed by neural progenitor cells, which delaminate from the neurogenic ectoderm. Early embryogenesis of Thulinia stephaniae is highly regulative, even after laser ablations of blastomeres at the two- and four-cell stages `normal' juveniles are formed. This has never been observed before for a protostome. Germ cell specification occurs late during development between the sixth and seventh cell generation. Comparing the development of other protostomes with that of the Tardigrada,which occupy a basal position within the Arthropoda, suggests that an indeterminate cleavage and regulatory development is not only part of the ground pattern of the Arthropoda, but probably of the entire Ecdysozoa.
Stem Cell Factor and Granulocyte-Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor as Candidates for Tumour Markers for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Mroczko Barbara , Szmitkowski Maciej , Niklinski Jacek
Published: February 2005

We have investigated the serum level of stem cell factor (SCF) and granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in relation to a control group and commonly accepted tumour markers, such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cytokeratin fragment 19 (CYFRA 21-1). Additionally, we have defined the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curve of SCF and GM-CSF in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The serum levels of cytokines were measured in 50 patients with NSCLC and in 20 healthy subjects. SCF and GM-CSF were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), CYFRA 21-1 was measured by radioimmunoassay and CEA by microparticle enzyme immunoassay. There were significant increases in circulating SCF and GM-CSF in the lung cancer patients compared to the control group. The diagnostic sensitivity of GM-CSF was higher (70 %) than the sensitivity of CEA (62 %) and CYFRA 21-1 (51 %). The diagnostic specificity of GM-CSF was lower (65 %) than SCF specificity (70 %), but the GM-CSF predictive values were higher in relation to the predictive values of SCF. These results suggest a potential role of SCF and GM-CSF as tumour markers for NSCLC.
Serum Proteins by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis: Approaches to the Definition of Reference Values
Authors: Petrini Concetta , Alessio Maria G. , Scapellato Luisa , Brambilla Simona , Franzini Carlo
Published: February 2005

The Paragon CZE 2000 (Beckman Analytical, Milan, Italy) is an automatic dedicated capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) system, producing a five-zone serum protein pattern with quantitative estimation of the zones. With the view of substituting this instrument for two previously used serum protein electrophoresis techniques, we planned to produce reference values for the "new" systems leading to compatible interpretation of the results. High resolution cellulose acetate electrophoresis with visual inspection and descriptive reporting (HR-CAE) and five-zone cellulose acetate electrophoresis with densitometry (CAE-D) were the previously used techniques. Serum samples (n = 167) giving "normal pattern" with HR-CAE were assayed with the CZE system, and the results were statistically assessed to yield 0.95 reference intervals. One thousand normal and pathological serum samples were then assayed with the CAE-D and the CZE techniques, and the regression equations of the CAE-D values over the CZE values for the five zones were used to transform the CAE-D reference limits into the CZE reference limits. The two sets of reference values thereby produced were in good agreement with each other and also with reference values previously reported for the CZE system. Thus, reference values for the CZE techniques permit interpretation of results coherent with the previously used techniques and reporting modes.
Pre-metrological (Pre-analytical) Variation of Some Biochemical Quantities
Authors: Fuentes-Arderiu Xavier , Acebes-Frieyro Galo , Gavaso-Navarro Laura , Castiñeiras-Lacambra María José
Published: February 2005

It is customary to assume that pre-metrological variation is negligible if all pre-metrological sources of variation have been standardised. The aim of this study was to quantify the pre-metrological variation of some biochemical quantities frequently measured in clinical laboratories. The experimental design considers the different sources of pre-metrological variation that usually act day-to-day on samples from patients.

The results demonstrate that, for many quantities, the pre-metrological variance is not negligible; consequently, it is suggested that these variances should be taken into account when estimating the uncertainty of measurement of patients' results.
Methods for Improving Clinical Trials
Authors: Cleophas Ton J.
Published: February 2005

Over the past decades, the randomized controlled trial has entered an era of continuous improvement and has gradually become accepted as the most effective way of determining the relative efficacy and toxicity of new therapies because it controls for placebo and time effects. However, even sensitive and properly designed and executed trials do not always confirm hypotheses to be tested, and conclusions are not always confirmed by subsequent trials. Although the former may be due to wrong hypotheses, the latter is likely to be due to the presence of certain imperfections within the design and execution of the trial itself.

In this opinion paper, while focusing on such imperfections, the author searched for methods for further improvement of controlled trials, particularly clinical trials. The examples used in this paper are obtained from literature search as well as recent studies performed by the Netherlands Working Group on Cardiovascular Research (WCN).

Methods for improvement could include: 1. making every effort to avoid asymmetries in the treatment groups; 2. emphasis on statistical power rather than just null-hypothesis testing; 3. adjusting for asymmetries not only of patient characteristics but also of outcome variables; 4. accounting routinely for type III errors; 5. routinely weighing benefits of a new drug against risks.
Accurate Platelet Counting in an Insidious Case of Pseudothrombocytopenia
Authors: Lombarts Arnold J. P. F. , Zijlstra Jelle J. , Peters Richard H. M. , Thomasson Cees G. , Franck Paul F. H.
Published: February 2005

Anticoagulant-induced aggregation of platelets leads to pseudothrombocytopenia. Blood cell counters generally trigger alarms to alert the user. We describe an insidious case of pseudothrombocytopenia, where the complete absence of Coulter counter alarms both in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid blood and in citrate or acid citrate dextrose blood samples was compounded by the fact that the massive aggregates were exclusively found at the edges of the blood smear. Non-recognition of pseudothrombocytopenia can have serious diagnostic and therapeutic consequences. While the anti-aggregant mixture citrate-theophylline-adenosine-dipyridamole completely failed in preventing pseudothrombocytopenia, addition of iloprost to anticoagulants only partially prevented the aggregation. Only the prior addition of gentamicin to any anticoagulant used resulted in a complete prevention of pseudothrombocytopenia and enabled to count accurately the platelets.
LOINC im medizinischen Laboratorium. LOINC in the medical laboratory
Authors: Jakob Robert
Published: February 2005

Abstract The increasing level of electronic data exchange in the health system and the correlated transmission of laboratory data between different institutions require a harmonization of the data languages. This aim is served by LOINC (Logical Observation Identifier Names and Codes), a system which has evolved for years. The defining axes and the code provide a valid method for the unambiguous identification of laboratory results and more. The existing and defined integration into data exchange standards such as HL7 and LDT highlights LOINC as a bridge between laboratories, medical practices, hospitals, or other facilities in the health system, especially regarding laboratory results. Pertaining to the recording of the performance of a laboratory, the methods are the most relevant data. In this regard, the existing options of the data transmission standards have to be used. In its present form, LOINC by itself is therefore not appropriate for economical analyses and controlling, i.e. cost and output accounting.

In the light of the broad international implementation of LOINC and its established adoption in German facilities, LOINC turns out to be the most mature standard among the competing systems for clinical use.
Virologische Labordiagnostik der Hepatitis C. Laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis C
Authors: Berger Annemarie
Published: February 2005

Abstract In recent years, commercial HCV antibody screening assays, which were first launched in 1990, have been significantly improved in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Standardized methods for the qualitative and quantitative detection of HCV–RNA are now available and show, due to the introduction of an international standard, a good comparability. Alternatively, the quantification of circulating amounts of viral antigen in the peripheral blood can be performed with a commercially available enzyme immunoassay (EIA). One of the main routes of transmission of HCV infection – blood transfusion and blood products – has almost been eliminated by significant improvements in laboratory diagnostics. Actually, i. v. drug abusers represent the main risk group for HCV infection. Research-based methods used so far for the measurement of cellular immunity and neutralizing antibodies may play an important role in the development of a HCV vaccine.
Molecular detection of human immunodeficiency virus: where do we stand? Molekularer Nachweis des humanen Immunschwächevirus: Aktueller Stand
Authors: Kessler Harald H.
Published: February 2005

Abstract Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges worldwide. Today, many diagnostic laboratories have implemented assays based on molecular techniques for the detection of HIV. Detection of primary HIV infection, however, still relies on serologic testing, except for the screening of blood and plasma donors, which is done by the use of molecular assays. Additionally, molecular methods are employed for the detection of vertical transmission and monitoring of patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy. Although a continuous improvement in assay performance has been observed during recent years, the lack of comparability of different molecular assays remains a problem. Moreover, a better standardization of molecular assays for the detection of HIV-1 group O and HIV-2 must be addressed in the future.
Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci Using Naturally Occurring Genetic Variance Among Commercial Inbred Lines of Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Zhang Yuan-Ming , Mao Yongcai , Xie Chongqing , Smith Howie , Luo Lang , Xu Shizhong
Published: February 2005

Many commercial inbred lines are available in crops. A large amount of genetic variation is preserved among these lines. The genealogical history of the inbred lines is usually well documented. However, quantitative trait loci (QTL) responsible for the genetic variances among the lines are largely unexplored due to lack of statistical methods. In this study, we show that the pedigree information of the lines along with the trait values and marker information can be used to map QTL without the need of further crossing experiments. We develop a Monte Carlo method to estimate locus-specific identity-by-descent (IBD) matrices. These IBD matrices are further incorporated into a mixed-model equation for variance component analysis. QTL variance is estimated and tested at every putative position of the genome. The actual QTL are detected by scanning the entire genome. Applying this new method to a well-documented pedigree of maize (Zea mays L.) that consists of 404 inbred lines, we mapped eight QTL for the maize male flowering trait, growing degree day heat units to pollen shedding (GDUSHD). These detected QTL contributed >80% of the variance observed among the inbred lines. The QTL were then used to evaluate all the inbred lines using the best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) technique. Superior lines were selected according to the estimated QTL allelic values, a technique called marker-assisted selection (MAS). The MAS procedure implemented via BLUP may be routinely used by breeders to select superior lines and line combinations for development of new cultivars.
Elevated Polymorphism and Divergence in the Class C Scavenger Receptors of Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulansSequence data from this article have been deposited with the EMBL/GenBank Data Libraries under accession nos. AY865019, AY865135.
Authors: Lazzaro Brian P
Published: February 2005

Scavenger receptor proteins are involved in the cellular internalization of a broad variety of foreign material, including pathogenic bacteria during phagocytosis. I find here that nonsynonymous divergence in three class C scavenger receptors (Sr-C's) between Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans and between each of these species and D. yakuba is approximately four times the typical genome average. These genes also exhibit unusually high levels of segregating nonsynonymous polymorphism in D. melanogaster and D. simulans populations. A fourth Sr-C is comparatively conserved. McDonald-Kreitman tests reveal a significant excess of replacement fixations between D. melanogaster and D. simulans in the Sr-C's, but tests of polymorphic site frequency spectra do not support models of directional selection. It is possible that the molecular functions of SR-C proteins are sufficiently robust to allow exceptionally high amino acid substitution rates without compromising organismal fitness. Alternatively, SR-Cs may evolve under diversifying selection, perhaps as a result of pressure from pathogens. Interestingly, Sr-CIII and Sr-CIV are polymorphic for premature stop codons. Sr-CIV is also polymorphic for an in-frame 101-codon deletion and for the absence of one intron.
Mutations in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae LSM1 Gene That Affect mRNA Decapping and 3′ End Protection
Authors: Tharun Sundaresan , Muhlrad Denise , Chowdhury Ashis , Parker Roy
Published: February 2005

The decapping of eukaryotic mRNAs is a key step in their degradation. The heteroheptameric Lsm1p–7p complex is a general activator of decapping and also functions in protecting the 3′ ends of deadenylated mRNAs from a 3′-trimming reaction. Lsm1p is the unique member of the Lsm1p–7p complex, distinguishing that complex from the functionally different Lsm2p–8p complex. To understand the function of Lsm1p, we constructed a series of deletion and point mutations of the LSM1 gene and examined their effects on phenotype. These studies revealed the following: (i) Mutations affecting the predicted RNA-binding and inter-subunit interaction residues of Lsm1p led to impairment of mRNA decay, suggesting that the integrity of the Lsm1p–7p complex and the ability of the Lsm1p–7p complex to interact with mRNA are important for mRNA decay function; (ii) mutations affecting the predicted RNA contact residues did not affect the localization of the Lsm1p–7p complex to the P-bodies; (iii) mRNA 3′-end protection could be indicative of the binding of the Lsm1p–7p complex to the mRNA prior to activation of decapping, since all the mutants defective in mRNA 3′ end protection were also blocked in mRNA decay; and (iv) in addition to the Sm domain, the C-terminal domain of Lsm1p is also important for mRNA decay function.
Soft Sweeps
Authors: Hermisson Joachim , Pennings Pleuni S
Published: February 2005

A population can adapt to a rapid environmental change or habitat expansion in two ways. It may adapt either through new beneficial mutations that subsequently sweep through the population or by using alleles from the standing genetic variation. We use diffusion theory to calculate the probabilities for selective adaptations and find a large increase in the fixation probability for weak substitutions, if alleles originate from the standing genetic variation. We then determine the parameter regions where each scenario—standing variation vs. new mutations—is more likely. Adaptations from the standing genetic variation are favored if either the selective advantage is weak or the selection coefficient and the mutation rate are both high. Finally, we analyze the probability of “soft sweeps,” where multiple copies of the selected allele contribute to a substitution, and discuss the consequences for the footprint of selection on linked neutral variation. We find that soft sweeps with weaker selective footprints are likely under both scenarios if the mutation rate and/or the selection coefficient is high.
Isolation and Characterization of Novel xrs2 Mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Shima Hiroki , Suzuki Masakatu , Shinohara Miki
Published: February 2005

The Mre11/Rad50/Xrs2 (MRX) complex is involved in DNA damage repair, DNA damage response, telomere control, and meiotic recombination. Here, we constructed and characterized novel mutant alleles of XRS2. The alleles with mutations in the C-terminal conserved domain of Xrs2 were grouped into the same class. Mutant Xrs2 in this class lacked Mre11 interaction ability. The second class, lacking a C-terminal end, showed defects only in telomere control. A previous study showed that this C-terminal end contains a Tel1-association domain. These results indicate that Xrs2 contains two functional domains, Mre11- and Tel1-binding domains. While the Mre11-binding domain is essential for Xrs2 function, the Tel1-binding domain may be essential only for Tel1 function in telomere maintenance. The third class, despite containing a large deletion in the N-terminal region, showed no defects in DNA damage repair. However, some mutants, which showed a reduced level of Xrs2 protein, were partially defective in formation of meiotic DSBs and telomere maintenance. These defects were suppressed by overexpression of the mutant Xrs2 protein. This result suggests that the total amount of Xrs2 protein is a critical determinant for the function of the MRX complex especially with regard to telomere maintenance and meiotic DSB formation.
Linkage Disequilibrium Grouping of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) Reflecting Haplotype Phylogeny for Efficient Selection of Tag SNPs
Authors: Takeuchi Fumihiko , Yanai Kazuyuki , Morii Toshiyuki , Ishinaga Yuji , Taniguchi-Yanai Keiko , Nagano Shinobu , Kato Norihiro
Published: February 2005

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been proposed to be grouped into haplotype blocks harboring a limited number of haplotypes. Within each block, the portion of haplotypes is expected to be tagged by a selected subset of SNPs; however, none of the proposed selection algorithms have been definitive. To address this issue, we developed a tag SNP selection algorithm based on grouping of SNPs by the linkage disequilibrium (LD) coefficient r2 and examined five genes in three ethnic populations—the Japanese, African Americans, and Caucasians. Additionally, we investigated ethnic diversity by characterizing 979 SNPs distributed throughout the genome. Our algorithm could spare 60% of SNPs required for genotyping and limit the imprecision in allele-frequency estimation of nontag SNPs to 2% on average. We discovered the presence of a mosaic pattern of LD plots within a conventionally inferred haplotype block. This emerged because multiple groups of SNPs with strong intragroup LD were mingled in their physical positions. The pattern of LD plots showed some similarity, but the details of tag SNPs were not entirely concordant among three populations. Consequently, our algorithm utilizing LD grouping allows selection of a more faithful set of tag SNPs than do previous algorithms utilizing haplotype blocks.
Effects of Intravenous Midazolam and Diazepam on Patient Response, Percentage of Oxygen Saturation, and Hemodynamic Factors During Periodontal Surgery
Authors: Staretz Lauri R. , Otomo‐Corgel Joan , Lin James I.
Published: February 2005

Background: The purpose of this double‐masked study was to evaluate effects of intravenous sedation (IVS) using midazolam or diazepam during periodontal procedures on patient recall, psychomotor response, oxygen saturation, and hemodynamic factors.

Methods: Seventeen patients received either two or three scheduled periodontal surgeries under IVS with midazolam, diazepam, or placebo control. Patients were monitored throughout the procedure for hemodynamic variables, percent oxygen saturation, level of recall of common objects presented at baseline, and psychomotor function via the perceptual speed test (PST).

Results: Fifteen patients completed the study with average titrated dosages of 3.3 and 12.1 mg for midazolam and diazepam, respectively. Within the limitations of the study, there were few differences observed between the drugs with regard to hemodynamic variables, oxygen saturation, and overall percentage of objects recalled by patients sedated with either drug. However, midazolam was found to cause a greater incidence of amnesia lasting up to 30 minutes when compared to placebo. Patients on diazepam required an average of 15 minutes longer to recover accuracy as measured by the PST.

Conclusions: The results suggest that diazepam and midazolam each may have advantages for IVS. In procedures lasting over 45 minutes, diazepam appears to be more clinically advantageous including a wider margin of safety during titration and gradual recovery. Midazolam may be used for shorter procedures for faster onset of action, predictable amnesic effects, and relatively rapid recovery. J Periodontol 2004;75:1319‐1326.
Effect of the Interleukin‐1 Genotype on Outcomes of Regenerative Periodontal Therapy With Bone Replacement Grafts
Authors: Weiss Oren I. , Caton Jack , Blieden Timothy , Fisher Susan G. , Trafton Sarah , Hart Thomas C.
Published: February 2005

Background: Previous studies have shown an association between a specific genotype for the inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)‐1 and the severity of periodontal disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the IL‐1 genotype on the outcomes of periodontal surgical regenerative treatment with bone replacement grafts.

Methods: Forty‐four patients with interproximal intrabony defects were treated with bone replacement grafts. Probing depths (PD) and clinical attachment levels (CAL) were measured before treatment and at least 9 months post‐treatment. Whole‐mouth plaque index (WMPI) and bleeding index (WMBI) were recorded as well. All patients were tested for the IL‐1 genotype.

Results: Thirteen (29.55%) of the patients were IL‐1 genotype positive. There was no statistically significant difference between the genotype‐positive and genotype‐negative groups regarding age, smoking status, gender, WMPI, and WMBI. There was no significant difference in PD or CAL between the genotype‐positive and genotype‐negative groups at baseline. Genotype‐positive patients had a smaller reduction in probing depth (1.86 mm versus 2.13 mm) and a greater gain of clinical attachment (1.20 mm versus 0.65 mm). These differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.70, P = 0.40). Multivariate regression analysis showed that presurgical PD significantly influenced post‐surgical PD and CAL, and only WMPI significantly influenced CAL.

Conclusion: In this study, there was no evidence that the IL‐1 genotype influences the clinical treatment outcomes of regenerative periodontal therapy with bone replacement grafts. J Periodontol 2004;75:1335‐1342.
Killing of Periodontopathogenic Bacteria by Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Pfitzner Anne , Sigusch Bernd W. , Albrecht Volker , Glockmann Eike
Published: February 2005

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate a new approach for killing periodontopathogenic bacteria using photodynamic therapy (PDT).

Methods: In this study, we investigated the photosensitizers chlorin e6, BLC 1010, and BLC 1014 by three different methods for their effect in PDT on the viability of periodontopathogenic bacterial species. The methods included examination of inhibition zones on agar plates, determination of colony‐forming units (CFU), and the use of a bacterial viability kit.

Results: Using the CFU method, we were able to demonstrate that the anaerobic bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Capnocytophaga gingivalis can be photoinactivated completely by illumination with an intensity of 5.3 J/cm2 in the presence of 10 µM chlorin e6 and 10 µM BLC 1010. With the photosensitizers chlorin e6 and BLC 1010, we were able to induce zones of inhibition on agar plates. BLC 1014 failed to produce a zone of inhibition. The results of the bacterial viability test also showed that the photosensitizer BLC 1014 provides the lowest photodynamic effect in comparison to the others.

Conclusion: The data collected to date suggest that photodynamic therapy with chlorin e6 and BLC 1010 is advantageous for suppressing periodontopathogenic bacteria. J Periodontol 2004; 75:1343‐1349.
Gingival Recession: Epidemiology and Risk Indicators in a Representative Urban Brazilian Population
Authors: Susin Cristiano , Haas Alex N. , Oppermann Rui V. , Haugejorden Ola , Albandar Jasim M.
Published: February 2005

Background: Gingival recession is a common manifestation of periodontal disease, but it is also associated with other risk factors. A few studies have investigated the epidemiology and risk factors of this condition. This study describes the epidemiology of gingival recession in a representative, urban Brazilian population and assesses various risk indicators.

Methods: A representative sample of 1,460 subjects was selected using a multi‐stage, probability, cluster sampling strategy. The subjects were interviewed using a structured questionnaire and had a full‐mouth clinical examination in a mobile examination center.

Results: More than half (51.6%) and 22.0% of the individuals and 17.0% and 5.8% of teeth per individual showed gingival recession ≥3 mm and ≥5 mm, respectively. The prevalence, extent, and severity of recession correlated with age. Recession showed a nonlinear relationship with age, with 25 to 50 year olds showing the highest level of recession. Males aged ≥30 years showed significantly higher prevalence and extent of gingival recession than females. The percentage of teeth with recession was significantly higher in the lower socioeconomic groups irrespective of age, and in subjects ≥30 years of age with irregular dental care than in subjects with regular care. Using a multivariable model, cigarette smoking and presence of supragingival calculus were the factors most significantly associated with localized and generalized recession, whereas gender, dental visits, and socioeconomic status were not significant risk indicators.

Conclusions: The high level of gingival recession in this Brazilian population may be primarily related to destructive periodontal disease and is significantly associated with a high level of supragingival dental calculus and cigarette smoking. Populationbased programs aimed at the prevention of periodontal diseases may reduce the prevalence of severe gingival recession in this and similar populations. J Periodontol 2004;75:1377‐1386.
Morbidity and Economic Complications Following Mucogingival Surgery in a Hemophiliac HIV‐Infected Patient: A Case Report
Authors: Blanco‐Carrion Juan , Liñares‐Gonzalez Antonio , Batalla‐Vazquez Pilar , Diz‐Dios Pedro
Published: February 2005

Background: This report describes the surgical treatment of a gingival recession in a hemophiliac HIV‐infected patient. To our knowledge, mucogingival surgery has not been described previously in these patients.

Methods: Under the supervision of the patient's hematologist, a subepithelial connective tissue graft procedure was carried out to treat the recession. The treatment was performed after substitution therapy with factor VIII concentrate, supported by local antifibrinolytic treatment with epsilonaminocaproic acid.

Results: One week after surgery, the grafted zone showed a normal healing, but an area of necrosis appeared at the donor palatal site with spontaneous bleeding. The administration of factor VIII concentrate had to be prolonged to arrest the hemorrhage. In total, 44,500 units of factor VIII concentrate were used, the cost of which reached around $20,000. After 1 month the donor site had re‐epithelialized by secondary intention. The root coverage was around 85% successful.

Conclusions: Because of the surgical risk and the high economic cost in the use of the factor VIII concentrate, we do not recommend performing mucogingival surgery in HIV‐infected hemophiliacs unless it is absolutely necessary. Prevention and early treatment must be the goal in the management of these patients. J Periodontol 2004;75: 1413‐1416.
Patient Evaluation of a Novel Non‐Injectable Anesthetic Gel: A Multicenter Crossover Study Comparing the Gel to Infiltration Anesthesia During Scaling and Root Planing
Authors: van Steenberghe Daniel , Bercy Pierre , De Boever Jan , Adriaens Patrick , Geers Lut , Hendrickx Elke , Adriaenssen Christian , Rompen Eric , Malmenäs Maria , Ramsberg Joakim
Published: February 2005

Background: Periodontal scaling procedures commonly require some kind of anesthesia. From the patient's perspective, the choice of anesthetic method is a trade‐off between the degree of anesthesia and accepting the side effects. The present study evaluates the preferences for a novel non‐injection anesthetic product (a gel, containing lidocaine 25 mg/g plus prilocaine 25 mg/g and thermosetting agents) versus injection anesthesia (lidocaine 2% adrenaline) in conjunction with scaling and/or root planing (SRP).

Methods: In a multicenter, crossover, randomized, open study patients were asked, after they had experienced both products, if they preferred anesthetic gel or injection anesthesia. In addition, the adequacy of anesthesia and occurrence of post‐procedure problems were assessed. The patients were also asked about their willingness to return if they were offered anesthetic gel at their next visit and their maximum willingness to pay (WTP) for this option.

Results: One‐hundred seventy (170) patients at eight centers in Belgium were included in the study. There were 157 per protocol (PP) patients. A vast majority of the PP patients (70%) preferred the anesthetic gel to injection anesthesia (22%). The most common reason was less post‐procedure numbness. Eighty percent (80%) of the patients expressed satisfactory anesthesia with the gel and 96% with injection anesthesia (P <0.001). Post‐procedure problems were significantly less with the gel than with injection (P <0.001): numbness 15% versus 66%, unpleasant sensations such as soreness and pain 44% versus 63%, and problems connected with daily activities 19% versus 69%. The majority of patients (60%) who preferred gel were also willing to pay for it. A conservative estimate of the median WTP was $10.00. Furthermore, anesthetic gel would make almost every second patient (45%) more or much more willing to return for the next treatment.

Conclusions: The data suggest that a somewhat less profound anesthesia with gel is clearly preferred by the patients because of the low incidence of post‐procedure problems as compared to conventional injection anesthesia. The median WTP is likely in excess of the acquisition cost of the product, which indicates a favorable cost‐benefit ratio for the individual patient. J Periodontol 2004;75:1471‐1478.
Posttherapy pathologic stage predicts survival in patients with esophageal carcinoma receiving preoperative chemoradiation
Authors: Chirieac Lucian R. , Swisher Stephen G. , Ajani Jaffer A. , Komaki Ritsuko R. , Correa Arlene M. , Morris Jeffrey S. , Roth Jack A. , Rashid Asif , Hamilton Stanley R. , Wu Tsung‐Teh
Published: February 2005

BACKGROUND

In patients with locoregional carcinoma of the esophagus or esophagogastric junction who underwent preoperative chemoradiation, it is unclear whether survival was better predicted by pretherapy clinical stage or by posttherapy pathologic stage.

METHODS

The authors studied 235 consecutive patients with pretherapy clinical Stage II, III, or IVA (according to American Joint Committee on Cancer criteria) carcinoma of the esophagus or esophagogastric junction who were treated with chemoradiation followed by esophagectomy. Posttherapy cancer status was classified using pathologic stage and semiquantitative assessment of residual carcinoma. Clinicopathologic features, residual carcinoma status, and pretherapy and posttherapy stage were compared with disease‐free and overall survival.

RESULTS

Posttherapy pathologic stage was Stage 0 in 29% of patients, Stage I in 11% of patients, Stage II in 34% of patients, Stage III in 20% of patients, and Stage IV in 6% of patients. Cancer downstaging occurred in 56% of patients. In univariate analysis, disease‐free and overall survival were predicted by posttherapy pathologic stage (both with P < 0.001), margin status (P = 0.002 and P = 0.01, respectively), extent of residual carcinoma (both with P < 0.001), and downstaging (both with P = 0.001), but not by age, gender, type of cancer, pretherapy clinical stage, or preoperative regimen. However, in multivariate analysis, disease‐free and overall survival were independently predicted by posttherapy pathologic stage (both with P = 0.02). Extent of residual carcinoma was a marginally significant predictor of overall survival (P = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS

Posttherapy pathologic stage was the best available predictor of outcome for patients with locoregional carcinoma of the esophagus or esophagogastric junction who underwent chemoradiation therapy followed by esophagectomy. The findings in the current study supported the concept of downstaging by preoperative therapy. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Respirometric estimation of the oxygen affinity constants for biological ammonium and nitrite oxidation
Authors: Guisasola Albert , Jubany Irene , Baeza Juan A , Carrera Julián , Lafuente Javier
Published: February 2005

The nitrification process (ie biological ammonium oxidation to nitrate) is a two‐step process with nitrite as an intermediate product. As it is an aerobic process, its kinetics is highly dependent on the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the medium. However, the influence of this limitation on the nitritation (first step) is shown to be less important than in the nitratation (second step). This dependence on DO concentration is generally described using a Monod‐type kinetics with KO as the oxygen affinity constant. In this work, a procedure for the calculation of both affinity constants is presented. This procedure is based on monitoring the DO drop in the reactor when external aeration is stopped and the biomass is consuming without substrate (ammonium or nitrite) limitations. This methodology includes the contemplation of the oxygen transfer from the atmosphere, the response time of the DO probe and the inhibition of the nitratation step with sodium azide when estimating KOA (nitritation oxygen affinity constant). The results obtained are KOA = 0.74 ± 0.02 mg O2 dm−3 and KON = 1.75 ± 0.01 mg O2 dm−3. Moreover the influence of the aforementioned considerations on the estimated KO values is also discussed. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Modelling of the pervaporative flux through hydrophilic membranes
Authors: Ortiz Inmaculada , Gorri Daniel , Casado Clara , Urtiaga Ane
Published: February 2005

This work presents a simplified model of wide applicability for the determination of the pervaporation flux through hydrophilic membranes, provided that the adsorption isotherm of the permeating species onto the pervaporation membrane has a linear shape. The model predicts the pervaporation flux as a function of the activity of the penetrant in the liquid phase and the operation temperature. Experimental results obtained working with two polymeric membranes (CMC‐CF‐23 and Pervap 2256) applied to the dehydration of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and to the separation of methanol from alcohol–ether mixtures, respectively, have been satisfactorily correlated and the characterising parameters have been obtained. Furthermore, the model has been also tested against results obtained with two ceramic membranes, Pervap SMS and zeolite NaA, applied to the dehydration of ketonic mixtures and of tetrahydrofuran respectively. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Use of a spouted bed to improve the storage stability of wheat germ followed in paper and polyethlyene packages
Authors: Yöndem‐Makascıoǧlu Füsun , Gürün Burak , Dik Tunay , Suzan Kıncal N
Published: February 2005

Stabilization of wheat germ by heating in a spouted bed for 180–540 s with air at 140–200 °C was studied. The lipase activity decreased by 6–65%. Wheat germ processed at 200 °C for 360 s was ranked highest in sensory evaluation, described as having ‘a golden color’ and ‘nutty flavor’, and its lipoxygenase activity had decreased by 91.2%. This product and raw wheat germ were stored in paper, polyethylene and vacuum‐packed polyethylene pouches at 5 °C, room temperature (18–26 °C) and 40 °C, and the moisture contents, water activities, free fatty acid contents and peroxide values were followed for 20 weeks. The increases were faster in paper pouches than in the polyethylene ones; vacuum packaging in polyethylene did not bring about significant improvement. The peroxide values of raw samples exceeded 10 meq O2 kg−1 oil after 3–23 days while those of the processed samples stored at room temperature or 5 °C were still less than 10 after 20 weeks. The free fatty acid content and peroxide value changes were expressed by zero order kinetics, resulting in similar activation energies for the raw and processed samples. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
PEG‐Grafted Chitosan as an Injectable Thermoreversible Hydrogel
Authors: Bhattarai Narayan , Matsen Frederick A. , Zhang Miqin
Published: February 2005

Summary: PEG‐grafted chitosan was formulated such that its solution undergoes a thermally reversed phase transition from an injectable free‐flowing solution at low temperature to a gel at body temperature. Aqueous solutions of PEG‐grafted chitosan can be prepared at physiological pH values, thereby allowing safe incorporation of bioactive molecules. This injectable thermoreversible hydrogel is potentially suitable for a wide range of biomedical applications, particularly in sustained in vivo drug release and tissue engineering.

An aqueous solution of PEG‐grafted chitosan polymer is injectable at low temperatures but forms a gel at body temperature.

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An aqueous solution of PEG‐grafted chitosan polymer is injectable at low temperatures but forms a gel at body temperature.
Intelligent Crew‐Cut Aggregates Formed by Thermosensitive Block Copolymers and Their Multiple Morphologies
Authors: Chen Xiangrong , Ding Xiaobin , Zheng Zhaohui , Peng Yuxing
Published: February 2005

Summary: The thermosensitive block copolymer poly(2‐cinnamoylethyl methacrylate)‐block‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PCEMA‐b‐PNIPAAm) can form crew‐cut aggregates with multiple morphologies under various micellization conditions. Spherical, rod‐like, vesicular, lamellar aggregates, and large compound micelles were obtained from the block copolymers. The effects of different conditions, such as the copolymer composition, the nature of the common solvent, the initial copolymer concentrations, and the water content on the morphologies of the aggregates were studied in detail. The thermosensitive property of the aggregates was investigated through measuring the change of the dimension of the aggregates with changing the external temperature.

Schematic illustration of the structural transition behavior of spherical crew‐cut aggregates

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Schematic illustration of the structural transition behavior of spherical crew‐cut aggregates
Properties and Characterization of Filled Poly(Propylene) Composites Crosslinked Through Siloxane Linkage
Authors: Sirisinha Kalyanee , Kawko Keskanok
Published: February 2005

Summary: The silane‐grafting and water‐crosslinking of poly(propylene) (PP) and its composites with calcium carbonate are described. Particular consideration is made on the properties and characterization of the grafted‐ and crosslinked‐products. Silane‐grafting of the polymers was performed in the melt by the use of vinyltrimethoxysilane and dicumyl peroxide. The results show that during the grafting process, PP chain‐scission was accompanied as a side reaction. Peroxide concentration was found to be a major factor in determining the extents of grafting and PP degradation. After conducting a crosslinking reaction, the degree of crosslink determined from the direct measurement of gel content and indirect method by evaluating FTIR data was compared. The effects of silane crosslink on the thermal and mechanical properties of the PP composites were discussed. A combined effect of filler and silane crosslink network in enhancing composite modulus, tensile stress, heat distortion, and decomposition temperatures is evident.

Formation of stable siloxane linkages.

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Formation of stable siloxane linkages.
Polymer Ionomers for Rapid Prototyping and Rapid Manufacturing by Means of 3D Printing
Authors: Pfister Andreas , Walz Uwe , Laib Andres , Mülhaupt Rolf
Published: February 2005

Summary: The powder blend of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) with zinc oxide or zinc oxide/magnesium oxide was applied successfully to produce zinc polycarboxylate during the 3D dispensing of an aqueous ink by means of 3D printers (Z402™ from ZCorporation and Deskmodeler™ from bmt Company). The layer‐by‐layer inkjet printing afforded zinc ionomer 3D objects with excellent water resistance, no inherent color formation and high mechanical and dimensional stabilities. In contrast to the 3D printing of conventional powders such as starch/cellulose/dextrose blends, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) or plaster, no postprinting treatments were required. Excellent dimensional accuracy of the models, as evidenced by very small deviation of the dimensions from those of the corresponding CAD data, was achieved. The mechanical properties improved with increasing PAA content, ink amount (saturation value), decreasing particle size of the sintered zinc oxide ceramic. At high PAA content >7 wt.‐%, post‐treatment with aqueous zinc acetate solution improved the mechanical properties. The setting time of the zinc cements shows no significant effect on the mechanical properties, but on the water resistance of the models. The porosity of the 3D objects, measured by means of X‐ray microtomography (μ‐CT), had profound impact on the variations of the mechanical properties of the 3D objects prepared by 3D printing processes.

Comparison of three‐point‐bending tests of commercially available powders with selected zinc cements (ZC1, ZC2, ZC4, ZC19). Commercially available powders printed with recommended values of manufacturer. Zinc cements printed with saturation value 1.14 (Z402™).

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Comparison of three‐point‐bending tests of commercially available powders with selected zinc cements (ZC1, ZC2, ZC4, ZC19). Commercially available powders printed with recommended values of manufacturer. Zinc cements printed with saturation value 1.14 (Z402™).
Interaction between eye and hand movements in multiple sclerosis patients with intention tremor
Authors: Feys Peter , Helsen Werner F. , Liu Xuguang , Nuttin Bart , Lavrysen Ann , Swinnen Stephan P. , Ketelaer Pierre
Published: February 2005

Deficient eye and hand movements are present in patients with multiple sclerosis. In the present study, eye and hand movements were simultaneously measured during visually guided wrist step‐tracking tasks in 16 patients with intention tremor and 15 healthy controls. The coupling between eye and hand movements was analyzed during simultaneous eye–hand tracking, and interactions were studied by comparing the coordinated eye–hand condition with isolated eye‐ or hand‐tracking conditions. Despite movement abnormalities, the onset of eye and hand movements was highly correlated and an invariant coupling between the saccadic completion time and hand peak velocity was found, suggesting that the temporal coupling was very much preserved. The differences between the experimental tracking conditions suggest that, in MS patients with intention tremor, the ocular system influenced the hand movements. Intention tremor amplitude was reduced when there was no preceding saccadic eye movement, whereas conversely, eye movements were not affected by different hand tremor severity. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Identification of motor and nonmotor wearing‐off in Parkinson's disease: Comparison of a patient questionnaire versus a clinician assessment
Authors: Stacy Mark , Bowron Annette , Guttman Mark , Hauser Robert , Hughes Kim , Larsen Jan Petter , LeWitt Peter , Oertel Wolfgang , Quinn Niall , Sethi Kapil , Stocchi Fabrizio
Published: February 2005

This study compares the sensitivity of a Patient Questionnaire versus information gathered by clinicians at a routine clinic visit in recognizing symptoms of wearing‐off in early Parkinson's disease (PD). This Patient Questionnaire, containing 32 items representing a wide spectrum of motor and nonmotor wearing‐off symptoms, was administered to subjects attending two PD clinics. The Patient Questionnaire results were compared to the information gathered by the clinician from the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Part IV, Question 36 and from a specific Clinical Assessment Question regarding loss of medication efficacy, wearing‐off, sleepiness, dyskinesias, psychiatric complications, morning akinesia, other dopaminergic side effects, or none of the above. Examiners were blinded to study hypothesis and survey contents. Three hundred consecutive subjects with PD of <5 years duration were evaluated; the mean subject age was 72 ± 9.6 years and 60.2% were men. Subjects reporting wearing‐off were significantly younger (69.9 vs. 74.7 years) and differed regarding duration of PD symptoms (3.7 vs. 3.1 years). Wearing‐off was found in 181 subjects (62.6%) by one or more of the three measures. The most sensitive tool was the Patient Questionnaire, with 165 subjects (57.1%) indicating symptoms of wearing‐off. Question 36 of the UPDRS was positive in 127 subjects (43.9%), and the Clinical Assessment Question identified 85 subjects (29.4%) as experiencing wearing‐off. All of these results were found to differ significantly. The mean number of wearing‐off symptoms reported by the 165 subjects indicating wearing‐off on the clinical survey was 6.25, with tremor being the most common motor feature and tiredness the most common nonmotor feature. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society