bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computer Methods Applied to the Assessment of Thermochemical Data. Part 1. The Establishment of a Computerized Thermochemical Data Base Illustrated by Data for TiCl4(g), TiCl4(l), TiCl3(cr), and TiCl2(cr)
Authors: Kirby S. P. , Marshall E. M. , Pedley J. B.
Published: June 2010

Computer methods are described for the storage, retrieval, and processing of large amounts of thermochemical data and related textual material. The procedures are illustrated by a critical evaluation of data for TiCl4(g), TiCl4(l), TiCl3(cr), and TiCl2(cr); values for standard enthalpies of formation and entropies at 298.15 K are selected for these species.
Standard Chemical Thermodynamic Properties of Alkyne Isomer Groups
Authors: Alberty Robert A. , Burmenko Ellen
Published: June 2010

The chemical thermodynamic properties of alkyne isomer groups from C2H2 to C5H8 in the ideal gas phase have been calculated from 298.15 to 1000 K from tables of Stull, Westrum, and Sinke. In the absence of literature data on all isomers of higher isomer groups, the properties of isomers of C6H10 to C8H14 have been estimated using Benson group values. Equilibrium mole fractions within isomer groups have been calculated for the ideal gas state from 298.15 to 1000 K. For isomer group properties, increments per carbon atom have been calculated to show the extent to which thermodynamic properties of higher isomer groups may be obtained by linear extrapolation. Values of C○P, S○, ΔfH○, and ΔfG○ are given for all species from C2H2 to C8H14 in SI units for a standard state pressure of 1 bar.
Phase Diagrams and Thermodynamic Properties of the 70 Binary Alkali Halide Systems Having Common Ions
Authors: Sangster James , Pelton Arthur D.
Published: June 2010

A very extensive literature survey of all available phase diagram and thermodynamic data has been carried out for all 40 possible common-anion binary systems (AX-BX) and all 30 possible common-cation binary systems (AX-AY) involving the alkali halides (A,B =Li,Na,K,Rb,Cs; X,Y=F,Cl,Br,I). A critical analysis and evaluation of these data have been performed with a view to obtaining a ‘‘best’’ evaluated phase diagram and a set of ‘‘best’’ evaluated thermodynamic parameters for each system. To this end, a computer-assisted coupled analysis of the phase diagram data and the thermodynamic data for each system has been employed. Mathematical expressions for the thermodynamic properties of all known phases have been obtained which are consistent with the measured thermodynamic properties and phase diagrams as well as with established thermodynamic principles and theories of solution behavior. The parameters of these expressions are reported here and have been used to generate the computer-calculated diagrams in the compilation.
Estimation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Hydrocarbons at 298.15 K
Authors: Domalski Eugene S. , Hearing Elizabeth D.
Published: June 2010

An estimation method developed by S. W. Benson and coworkers, for calculating the thermodynamic properties of organic compounds in the gas phase, has been extended to the liquid and solid phases for hydrocarbon compounds at 298.15 K. The second order approach which includes nearest neighbor interactions has been applied to the condensed phase. A total of 1311 comparisons are made between experimentally determined values and those calculated using additive group values. Of the 559 comparisons given for the enthalpy of formation (Δf H°) in the gas, liquid, and solid phases, the average difference (residual), without regard to sign, is 2.6 kJ/mol. The average differences for 390 comparisons for the heat capacity (C○p) and 352 comparisons for the entropy (S°) in the three phases are 1.9 and 2.3 J.mol⋅K, respectively. The good agreement between experimental and calculated values shows that the Benson group additivity approach to the estimation of thermodynamic properties of organic compounds is applicable to the liquid and solid phases as well as the gas phase. Appendices provide example calculations of the thermodynamic properties of selected hydrocarbon compounds, total symmetry numbers, and methyl repulsion corrections. Most of the 144 references listed offer an indication of the activity in the development of estimation methods for calculating thermodynamic properties since 1931.
The 1986 CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants
Authors: Cohen E. Richard , Taylor Barry N.
Published: June 2010

Presented here are the values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics and chemistry resulting from the 1986 least-squares adjustment of the fundamental physical constants as published by the CODATA (Committee on Data for Science and Technology) Task Group on Fundamental Constants and recommended for international use by CODATA. The 1986 CODATA set of values replaces its predecessor published by the Task Group and recommended for international use by CODATA in 1973.
Cross Sections and Swarm Coefficients for H+, H2+, H3+, H, H2, and H− in H2 for Energies from 0.1 eV to 10 keV
Authors: Phelps A. V.
Published: June 2010

Graphical and tabulated data and the associated bibliography are presented for cross sections for elastic, excitation and ionization collisions of H+, H2+, H3+, H, H2, and H− with H2 at laboratory energies from 0.1 to 10 keV. Where appropriate, drift velocities and reaction or excitation coefficients are calculated from the cross sections and recommended for use in analyses of swarm experiments and electrical discharges. In the case of H+ in H2, cross sections for momentum transfer, rotational excitation, vibrational excitation, charge transfer, electronic excitation, and ionization are recommended. Energy-loss or stopping-power coefficients calculated from these cross sections are much smaller than obtained from stopping-power theory. There are no relevant energy-loss experiments for H+ in H2. Drift velocity calculations predict runaway for H+ in H2 for electric field to gas density ratios E/n greater than 700 Td, where 1 Td (townsend)=10−21 V m2. For H2+ in H2, the cross sections include H3+ formation, charge transfer, vibrational and electronic excitation, and ionization. Drift velocities and average cross sections are calculated for E/n≥1 kTd. For H3+ in H2, cross sections for momentum transfer, various charge transfer processes, electronic excitation, and ionization and drift velocities are recommended. In the case of H in H2, cross sections for momentum transfer, rotational excitation, vibrational excitation, charge transfer, H− formation, electronic excitation, and ionization are recommended. For H2 in H2, cross sections for momentum transfer, rotational excitation, vibrational excitation, charge transfer, electronic excitation, and ionization are recommended. In the case of H− in H2, cross sections for momentum transfer, electron detachment, and ionization are recommended and calculated drift velocities are compared with experiment. Collisions of electronically excited states with H2 are not included.
Heat Capacities of Organic Compounds in the Liquid State I. C1 to C18 1-Alkanols
Authors: Zábranský Milan , Růžička Vlastimil , Majer Vladimír
Published: June 2010

Heat capacities of liquid C1 to C18 1-alkanols measured by calorimetric methods were compiled and evaluated. The selected experimental data were fitted as a function of temperature with cubic splines using weighted least squares minimization. The parameters of the cubic spline polynomials and the recommended values for heat capacities are presented. A new quasi-polynomial equation which permits extrapolation of heat capacities outside the temperature range of experimental values was derived and its parameters for C1 to C10 1-alkanols are presented.
Energy Levels of Sulfur, S I Through S X
V
I
Authors: Martin W. C. , Zalubas Romuald , Musgrove Arlene
Published: June 2010

Energy level data are given for the atom and all positive ions of sulfur (Z=16). These data have been critically compiled, mainly from published and unpublished material on measurements and analyses of the optical spectra. We have derived or recalculated the levels for a number of the ions. In addition to the level values in cm−1 and the parity, the J value and the configuration and term assignments are listed if known. Leading percentages from the calculated eigenvectors are tabulated or quoted wherever available. Ionization energies are given for all spectra.
A Unified Fundamental Equation for the Thermodynamic Properties of H2O
Authors: Hill Philip G.
Published: June 2010

A new unified equation of state for H2O is presented, which includes the revised and extended scaling equation of Levelt Sengers, Kamgar–Parsi, Balfour and Sengers, is continuous over all single phase states of H2O from triple point pressure and temperature to 1000 MPa (or the melting line) and 1000 °C and provides accurate representation of existing thermodynamic data in that range. In addition it provides a smooth transition from singular critical region functions to the nonsingular far-field functions. This is demonstrated by the variations of isochoric specific heat, isothermal compressibility, speed of sound, specific heat ratio and coexistence line properties in the critical region.
Benzene: A Further Liquid Thermal Conductivity Standard
Authors: Assael M. J. , Ramires M. L. V. , Nieto de Castro C. A. , Wakeham W. A.
Published: June 2010

The available experimental liquid-phase thermal conductivity data for benzene have been examined with the intention of establishing a further liquid thermal conductivity standard along the saturation line. The quality of the available data is such that new standard reference values can be proposed with confidence limits better than ±1% for most of the normal liquid range.
Energy Levels of Atomic Aluminum with Hyperfine Structure
Authors: Chang Edward S.
Published: June 2010

A new energy level table for Al i has been constructed to include hyperfine structure from observations within the last decade. Improvement in accuracy over older tables is about an order of magnitude. The analysis of high-l Rydberg levels utilizing the polarization formula results in a new value for the ionization potential which is 0.110 cm−1 or five standard deviations above the old value.
Spectral Data and Grotrian Diagrams for Highly Ionized Iron, Fe VIII-XXVI
Authors: Shirai Toshizo , Funatake Yoshio , Mori Kazuo , Sugar Jack , Wiese Wolfgang L. , Nakai Yohta
Published: June 2010

Wavelengths, energy levels, level classifications, oscillator strengths, and atomic transition probabilities of the iron ions Fe viii to Fe xxvi are critically reviewed and tabulated. Grotrain diagrams are also presented to provide graphical overviews. The literature has been surveyed to March 1988.
Thermophysical Properties of Ethane
Authors: Friend Daniel G. , Ingham Hepburn , Fly James F.
Published: June 2010

New correlations for the thermophysical properties of fluid ethane are presented. The correlations are based on a critical evaluation of the available experimental data and have been developed to represent these data over a broad range of the state variables. Estimates for the accuracy of the equations and comparisons with measured properties are given. The reasons for this new study of ethane include significant new and accurate data and improvements in the correlating functions which allow increased accuracy of the correlations—especially in the extended critical region. Short tables of the thermophysical properties of ethane are included. This study complements an earlier study of methane and uses the same correlating equations and format. For the thermodynamic properties, a classical equation for the molar Helmholtz energy, which contains terms multiplied by the exponential of the quadratic and quartic powers of the system density, is used. The resulting equation of state is accurate from about 90 K to 625 K for pressures less than 70 MPa and was developed by considering PVT, second virial coefficient, heat capacity, and sound speed data. Tables of coefficients and equations are presented to allow the calculation of these and other thermodynamic quantities. Ancillary equations for properties along the liquid-vapor phase boundary, which are consistent with the equation of state and lowest order scaling theory, are also given. For the viscosity of ethane, a contribution based on a theoretical fit of low-density data is combined with an empirical representation of the excess contribution. The approximate range of the resulting correlation is 90 K to 500 K for pressures less than 60 MPa. The correlation for the thermal conductivity includes a theoretically based expression for the critical enhancement; the range for the resulting correlation is about 90 K to 600 K for pressures below 70 MPa.
Energy Levels of Krypton, Kr I through Kr XXXVI
Authors: Sugar Jack , Musgrove Arlene
Published: June 2010

The energy levels of the krypton atom, in all stages of ionization for which experimental data are available, have been compiled. No data has yet been published for Kr XI through Kr XVIII. For H-like krypton very accurate calculated level values are compiled. In all, data for 29 spectra are given. Experimental g-factors are included for Kr I and Kr II. Calculated percentage compositions of levels are given for 12 ions. A value for the ionization energy of each ion, either experimental or theoretical, is included.
A New Equation of State and Tables of Thermodynamic Properties for Methane Covering the Range from the Melting Line to 625 K at Pressures up to 1000 MPa
Authors: Setzmann U. , Wagner W.
Published: June 2010

This work reviews the data on thermodynamic properties of methane which were available up to the middle of 1991 and presents a new equation of state in the form of a fundamental equation explicit in the Helmholtz free energy. A new strategy for optimizing the structure of empirical thermodynamic correlation equations was used to determine the functional form of the equation. The Helmholtz function containing 40 fitted coefficients was fitted to selected experimental data of the following properties: (a) thermal properties of the single phase (pρT) and (b) of the liquid-vapor saturation curve (psρ′ρ″) including the Maxwell criterion, (c) speed of sound w, (d) isochoric heat capacity cv, (e) isobaric heat capacity cp, (f) difference of enthalpy Δh, and (g) second virial coefficient B. Independent equations are also included for the vapor pressure, the saturated liquid and vapor densities, the isobaric ideal gas heat capacity and the melting pressure as functions of temperature. Tables for the thermodynamic properties of methane from 90 K to 620 K for pressures up to 1000 MPa are presented. For the density, uncertainties of ±0.03% for pressures below 12 MPa and temperatures below 350 K and ±0.03% to ±0.15% for higher pressures and temperatures are estimated. For the speed of sound, the uncertainty ranges from ±0.03% to ±0.3% depending on temperature and pressure. Heat capacities may be generally calculated within an uncertainty of ±1%. To verify the accuracy of the new formulation, the calculated property values are compared with selected experimental results and existing equations of state for methane. The new equation of state corresponds to the new International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) and is extrapolable up to pressures of 20000 MPa.
Evaluation of Solubility Data of the System CO2–H2O from 273 K to the Critical Point of Water
Authors: Crovetto Rosa
Published: June 2010

This critical review covers the existing literature on the solubility of CO2 in water from 273 K to the critical temperature of the solvent (647 K). Results of the evaluation are expressed in the form of fitting equations for the infinite dilution Henry’s constant, k0, as a function of the density of the solvent, and also as an explicit function of the temperature. The pressure effect on the solubility is considered in the formulation. Different equations of state were used for the description of the CO2–H2O vapor phase and the effects on the calculated Henry’s constant values are analyzed. The ‘‘best’’ solubility estimates are presented in smoothed tabular form.
Thermodynamic Properties of the NaCl+H2O System l. Thermodynamic Properties of NaCl(cr)
Authors: Archer Donald G.
Published: June 2010

The available experimental thermoydnamic data for NaCl(cr) have been fitted in order to generate thermodynamic values as a function of temperature and for a nominal pressure of 0.1 MPa. Thermal measurements (heat-capacity values and enthalpy-increment values) have been fitted with a new method. The fitted function and calculated thermodynamic values are given. Estimates of the inaccuracies of the calculated thermodynamic values are also given.
Estimation of the Thermodynamic Properties of C-H-N-O-S-Halogen Compounds at 298.15 K
Authors: Domalski Eugene S. , Hearing Elizabeth D.
Published: June 2010

An estimation method, which was developed by S. W. Benson and coworkers for calculating the thermodynamic properties of organic compounds in the gas phase, has been extended to the liquid and solid phases for organic compounds at 298.15 K and 101,325 Pa. As with a previous paper dealing with hydrocarbon compounds, comparisons of estimated enthalpies of formation, heat capacities, and entropies with literature values show that extension of the Benson’s group additivity approach to the condensed phase is easy to apply and gives satisfactory agreement. Corresponding values for the entropy of formation, Gibbs energy of formation and natural logarithm of the equilibrium constant for the formation reaction are also calculated provided necessary auxiliary data are available. This work covers 1512 compounds containing the elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens in the gas, liquid, and solid phases. About 1000 references are provided for the literature values which are cited. §
Energy Levels of Germanium, Ge I through Ge XXXII
Authors: Sugar Jack , Musgrove Arlene
Published: June 2010

Atomic energy levels of germanium have been compiled for all stages of ionization for which experimental data are available. No data have yet been published for Ge VIII through Ge XIII and Ge XXXII. Very accurate calculated values are compiled for Ge XXXI and XXXII. Experimental g-factors and leading percentages from calculated eigenvectors of levels are given. A value for the ionization energy, either experimental when available or theoretical, is included for the neutral atom and each ion. §
Viscosity of Selected Liquid n-Alkanes
Authors: Dymond J. H. , O/ye H. A.
Published: June 2010

A critical assessment has been made of the available experimental viscosity data for liquid n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, n-decane, n-dodecane, and n-tetradecane, with the aim of establishing standard reference values along the saturation line. Recommended viscosities are given at 298.15 K with an uncertainty conservatively estimated to be ±0.3%, except for n-hexane and n-heptane where it is 0.4%. Selected data which cover most of the normal liquid range are satisfactorily correlated using a modified form of Arrhenius equation. The estimated uncertainty in this correlation is ±0.5% for viscosities above 0.25 mPa s and ±1% for lower viscosities.
Molecular Weight Dependence of Hydrodynamic and Thermodynamic Properties for Well-Defined Linear Polymers in Solution
Authors: Fetters L. J. , Hadjichristidis N. , Lindner J. S. , Mays J. W.
Published: June 2010

Data on hydrodynamic and thermodynamic properties of several well-defined, linear flexible polymer chains in thermodynamically good solvents and theta solvents are tabulated and critically evaluated. The polymers considered are 1,4-polybutadiene, 1,4-polyisoprene, polyisobutylene, polystyrene, and poly(α-methylstyrene). Extensive data, obtained as a function of molecular weight, are evaluated for the intrinsic viscosity, radius of gyration, hydrodynamic radius, and second virial coefficient. The resulting power law relationships between the measured properties and polymer molecular weight are reported.
Enthalpies of Formation of Solid Silicon Dichalcogenides
Authors: Chandrasekharaiah M. S. , Margrave J. L.
Published: June 2010

A critical review of the published thermodynamic data for solid SiS2, SiSe2, and Si2Te3 has been made. The most probable values for the enthalpies of formation of these three phases at 298.15 K have been evaluated and an estimate of the uncertainties is made. §
Electron Interactions with CF4
Authors: Christophorou L. G. , Olthoff J. K. , Rao M. V. V. S.
Published: June 2010

Carbon tetrafluoride (CF4) is one of the most widely used components of feed gas mixtures employed for a variety of plasma-assisted material-processing applications. It has no stable excited states and, in a plasma environment, is an ideal source of reactive species, especially F atoms. To assess the behavior of CF4 in its use in manufacturing semiconductor devices and other applications, it is necessary to have accurate information about its fundamental properties and reactions, particularly its electronic and ionic interactions and its electron collision processes at low energies (<100 eV). In this article we assess and synthesize the available information on the cross sections and/or the rate coefficients for collisional interactions of CF4 with electrons. Assessed information is presented on: (i) cross sections for electron scattering (total, momentum, elastic differential, elastic integral, inelastic), electron-impact ionization (total, partial, multiple, dissociative), electron-impact dissociation (total, and for dissociative excitation), and electron attachment (total, and for specific anions); (ii) coefficients for electron transport (electron drift velocity, transverse and longitudinal electron diffusion coefficients), electron attachment, and electron-impact ionization; and (iii) cross section sets derived from analyses of electron transport data. The limited ionization data on CF4 radicals are also presented, and references are made to measurements of electron transport properties of CF4 gas mixtures. Based upon the assessment of published experimental data, recommended values for various cross sections and coefficients are generated which are presented in graphical and tabular form.
Erratum: Heat Capacities and Entropies of Organic Compounds in the Condensed Phase, Volume III [J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 25, 1–525 (1996)]
Authors: Domalski Eugene S. , Hearing Elizabeth D.
Published: June 2010

The errata are arranged in the format shown below and are listed as found according to successive pages in the 1996 publication, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 25, 1–525 (1996). After the page number for a specific erratum, which is shown on the extreme left side of the first line, information is provided regarding its location on a given page, such as: compound formula, compound name, reference squib, or other pertinent information. On the second line, the erratum appears as found in the publication. On the third line, one finds the correction. The last line offers a comment or explanation about the erratum.
Evaluated Gas Phase Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules: An Update
Authors: Hunter Edward P. L. , Lias Sharon G.
Published: June 2010

The available data on gas-phase basicities and proton affinities of approximately 1700 molecular, radical and atomic neutral species are evaluated and compiled. Tables of the data are sorted (1) according to empirical formula and (2) according to evaluated gas basicity. This publication constitutes an update of a similar evaluation published in 1984.
Electron Interactions With C3F8
Authors: Christophorou L. G. , Olthoff J. K.
Published: June 2010

To aid the many and diverse applications for which perfluoropropane (C3F8) is suited, we critically evaluate and synthesize existing knowledge on electron scattering and electron energy-loss processes for the C3F8 molecule, and provide recommendations for the most reliable data. We also draw attention to electron-interaction data that are not presently available, but are needed for modeling the behavior of C3F8 in practical uses, especially plasma processing.
Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Magnesium Chloride Solutions From 250 to 600 K and to 100 MPa
Authors: Wang Peiming , Pitzer Kenneth S. , Simonson John M.
Published: June 2010

A new general model that describes the thermodynamic properties of MgCl2(aq) has been developed from a global fit to experimental results, including isopiestic molalities, vapor pressure measurements, freezing-point depressions, enthalpies of dilution, heat capacities, and densities, for this system. The model is based on a recent ion-interaction treatment with extended higher-order virial terms, and on experimental results from 240 to 627 K at pressures to 100 MPa and molalities to 25 mol⋅kg−1.
Using selection bias to explain the observed structure of Internet diffusions
Authors: Golub Benjamin , Jackson Matthew O.
Published: June 2010

Recently, large datasets stored on the Internet have enabled the analysis of processes, such as large-scale diffusions of information, at new levels of detail. In a recent study, Liben-Nowell and Kleinberg [(2008)
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
105:4633–4638] observed that the flow of information on the Internet exhibits surprising patterns whereby a chain letter reaches its typical recipient through long paths of hundreds of intermediaries. We show that a basic Galton–Watson epidemic model combined with the selection bias of observing only large diffusions suffices to explain these patterns. Thus, selection biases of which data we observe can radically change the estimation of classical diffusion processes.
Surviving the Economic Crisis: Can Eco-Towns Aid Economic Development?
Authors: Morad M. , Plummer M.
Published: June 2010

Like most major economies aiming to attract knowledge-based industries, the UK has sought (prior to the onset of the global economic crisis) to address chronic real estate shortages by planning for more housing, built to modern environmental standards. In June 2008, the UK Government's National Housing and Planning Advice Unit called for 297,700 new homes delivered per annum. However, the credit crunch has thwarted this ambition, at least in the short term. With a mere 75,000 new homes built in 2008, and a possibly lower number in 2009, this target will almost certainly be missed for the 2016 finish date. The UK Government's eco-town programme has invited considerable controversy. Advocates argue that this programme is a necessary step to help kick-start an economy where one-fifth of the GDP is tied to real estate activities; and to lead the way towards low-carbon sustainable living. In contrast, opponents see eco-towns as another socio-economic experiment with uncertain outcomes. Drawing comparisons with the legacy of the post-war ‘new towns’ programme in the UK, this paper will examine the organisation and finance structure of the current eco-town programme. The paper concludes that, whilst the eco-towns programme may eventually succeed, the UK has missed an opportunity to maximise the projected benefits from the programme, by opting entirely for new settlements, and not including existing housing stock. A more serious concern raised in this paper focuses on the low level of public-sector involvement in financing eco-town developments. How realistic is it to facilitate private-sector engagement in the development of new settlements, without significant public co-funding, especially when trying to achieve sustainable communities? A private-sector led development will naturally seek to vary the scale and pace of development to suit market conditions; and the profit margins of the bidding developers will be the most decisive determinant in the development process, especially under limited credit availability. In the current economic climate, raising capital will be a massive challenge to developers because no matter how buoyant the eventual market might be, both banks and the Real Estate sector are still afraid that a repeat disaster may not be far away. There is little dispute that the financial cost of developing an eco-town will be enormous, so there must be sufficient public financial backing. Higher levels of public–private partnership, similar to those employed in the past (following the Town Development Act 1952, for example, in the UK) may be the best way forward. Experience from Singapore and other countries points to this model of investment as potentially the best way forward for the Real Estate industry, especially where social and environmental agendas are also involved.
The NSW (Australia) Planning Reforms and their Implications for Planning Education and Natural and Built Environment
Authors: Piracha Awais
Published: June 2010

Planning reforms in NSW have gathered pace. In the past few years, the state government has churned out a series of reforms. These reforms are becoming more urgent in their rhetoric and more dramatic in their impacts. The reforms have included planFrist, BASIX, standardization of LEP, changes to the major projects regime, and changes to the development contribution system. Near the end of 2007, another set of major reforms was proposed through a discussion paper, and some of these reforms have already been speedily legislated. These reforms are being enacted to achieve economic efficiency through uniformity in the planning system across jurisdictions, simplicity and speed for the developers, delivery through electronic systems (ePlanning), development assessment by independent panels and private certifiers, and flexibility via voluntary mechanisms (planning agreements). It has been argued that the reforms are necessary because they are taking place internationally and in other parts of Australia. Contrarily, some sections of the society feel that the reforms are a power grab by the state government or that they are an outcome of the strong influence of the development lobby. On the other hand, a number of planning scholars believe planning reforms are a natural and inevitable outcome of the ascendance of the neo-liberal economic order of the past two to three decades. This paper reviews the motivations behind planning reforms and discuses the profound implications that changes in the planning system in NSW have for natural and built environments in the state.
Tracking of Brain Tumors using Vision and Neurosonography
Authors: Cadena Rubén Machucho , de la Cruz Rodríguez Sergio , Bayro-Corrochano Eduardo
Published: June 2010

We have developed a method to render brain tumours from endoneurosonography. We propose to track an ultrasound probe in successive endoscopic images without relying on an external optic or magnetic tracking system. The probe is tracked using two different methods: one of them based on a generalised Hough transform and the other one based on particle filters. By estimating the pose of the ultrasound probe in several contiguous images, we use conformal geometric algebra to compute the geometric transformations that yield the 3D position of the tumour, which was segmented in the ultrasound image using morphological operators. We use images from brain phantoms to evaluate the performance of the proposed methods, and our results show that they are robust.
The Influence of Slippage on Trapping and Reflux Limits with Peristalsis through an Asymmetric Channel
Authors: Gharsseldien Z. M. , Mekheimer Kh. S. , Awad A. S.
Published: June 2010

The effects of slip boundary condition on peristaltic transport of incompressible Newtonian viscous fluid in an asymmetric channel is investigated, under the conditions of low Reynolds number and long wavelength. The pumping characteristics, trapping and reflux limits are studied for different values of the dimensionless slip parameter β.
Individual Differences in Spatial Mental Imagery
Authors: Borst Grégoire , Kosslyn Stephen M.
Published: June 2010

In this article, we report a new image-scanning paradigm that allowed us to measure objectively individual differences in spatial mental imagery—specifically, imagery for location. Participants were asked to determine whether an arrow was pointing at a dot using a visual mental image of an array of dots. The degree of precision required to discriminate “yes” from “no” trials was varied. In Experiment 1, the time to scan increasing distances, as well as the number of errors, increased when greater precision was required to make a judgement. The results in Experiment 2 replicated those results while controlling for possible biases. When greater precision is required, the accuracy of the spatial image becomes increasingly important—and hence the effect of precision in the task reflects the accuracy of the image. In Experiment 3, this measure was shown to be related to scores on the Paper Folding test, on the Paper Form Board test, and on the visuospatial items on Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices—but not to scores on questionnaires measuring object–based mental imagery. Thus, we provide evidence that classical standardized spatial tests rely on spatial mental imagery but not object mental imagery.
Looking at anything that is green when hearing “frog”: How object surface colour and stored object colour knowledge influence language-mediated overt attention
Authors: Huettig Falk , Altmann Gerry T. M.
Published: June 2010

Three eye-tracking experiments investigated the influence of stored colour knowledge, perceived surface colour, and conceptual category of visual objects on language-mediated overt attention. Participants heard spoken target words whose concepts are associated with a diagnostic colour (e.g., “ spinach”; spinach is typically green) while their eye movements were monitored to (a) objects associated with a diagnostic colour but presented in black and white (e.g., a black-and-white line drawing of a frog), (b) objects associated with a diagnostic colour but presented in an appropriate but atypical colour (e.g., a colour photograph of a yellow frog), and (c) objects not associated with a diagnostic colour but presented in the diagnostic colour of the target concept (e.g., a green blouse; blouses are not typically green). We observed that colour-mediated shifts in overt attention are primarily due to the perceived surface attributes of the visual objects rather than stored knowledge about the typical colour of the object. In addition our data reveal that conceptual category information is the primary determinant of overt attention if both conceptual category and surface colour competitors are copresent in the visual environment.
Microwave absorption properties of FeNi3 submicrometre spheres and SiO2@FeNi3 core–shell structures
Authors: Yan S J , Zhen L , Xu C Y , Jiang J T , Shao W Z
Published: June 2010

Nearly monodispersed FeNi3 submicrometre spheres with an average diameter of 220 nm were synthesized by a simple low temperature reduction method. SiO2@FeNi3 core–shell structured submicrometre spheres with 25 nm thick SiO2 shell were then fabricated by a sol–gel process. A significant enhancement of electromagnetic absorption (EMA) performance was achieved by the silica coating over the 2–18 GHz. The reflection loss (RL) exceeding −20 dB of the composite was obtained over 6.7–15.1 GHz by choosing an appropriate sample thickness between 2.1 and 3.3 mm, and an optimal RL of −61.3 dB was obtained at 8.7 GHz with a thin absorber thickness of 2.9 mm. The coating of the dielectric silica shell significantly enhanced the EMA performance due to the enhancement of interface polarization at the alloys and dielectric interfaces.
Improvement of efficiency in solar cells based on vertically grown copper phthalocyanine nanorods
Authors: Karak S , Ray S K , Dhar A
Published: June 2010

We have fabricated efficient organic photovoltaic cells using copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) nanorods as donor and [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as the acceptor material. Highly dense randomly oriented and vertically aligned nanorods with diameters of about 30–50 nm have been achieved from vacuum-deposited CuPc films by simple surface solvent treatment. X-ray diffraction confirms the polycrystalline nature of the CuPc nanorods. Significantly improved cell performance was observed with the change in shape and orientations of the nanorods. Maximum power conversion efficiency of 2.57% was obtained from the vertically aligned nanorods, which is a result of an increment in the donor–acceptor interface area and efficient photogenerated charge carrier transports.
Reflection anisotropy spectra of polydimethylsiloxane under a range of mechanically applied stress
Authors: Farrell T , Smith C I , Schofield A L , Williams R L , Weightman P
Published: June 2010

Reflection anisotropy spectra of transparent elastomeric polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) have been determined over the spectral range 1.5 to 5.0 eV for a range of tensile loads. Using a slight wedge shaped sample the spectra from the incident air/PDMS surface are shown to be weak and largely featureless at all loads. By contrast the spectra from the light transmitted through the sample and reflected at the other interface are large in magnitude and exhibit features which arise from the small stress birefringence of PDMS.

The birefringent dominated spectra can readily be simulated using expressions derived from a Stokes–Mueller treatment of the optical system and this enabled the stress-optical coefficient to be determined at any energy within the spectral range covered. It is shown that there is a small angle between the optical axes and the mechanical axes in the sample and that this is consistent with the model of an elastomer which comprises a network of soft linear chains cross linked with stiff bridges.
Intensification of syngas ignition through the excitation of CO molecule vibrations: a numerical study
Authors: Starik A M , Sharipov A S , Titova N S
Published: June 2010

A comparative analysis of the kinetic mechanisms that proceed in CO–O2 and syngas–air mixtures when CO molecule vibrations are excited by laser radiation with a wavelength of 4.7 µm and when the laser radiation energy supplied to the gas is spent on heating the mixture is conducted. The efficiencies of both methods of combustion initiation are compared. The simulation shows that the excitation of CO molecule vibrations by laser photons allows significant intensification of the chain processes both in CO–O2(air) and in syngas–air mixtures. This method is much more effective in shortening the induction time and in decreasing the ignition temperature than the method of laser-induced thermal ignition. It was found that in order to ensure the identical delay time it is necessary to add a noticeably higher energy in the case of heating the gas by laser radiation than when exciting the CO molecule vibrations. In addition, a low temperature ignition of the mixture with laser-excited CO molecules makes it possible to raise the efficiency of conversion of the reactant chemical energy to the thermal energy released during combustion compared with the method of heating the mixture by laser radiation.
Enterococcal surface protein contributes to persistence in the host but is not a target of opsonic and protective antibodies in Enterococcus faecium infection
Authors: Sava I. G. , Heikens E. , Kropec A. , Theilacker C. , Willems R. , Huebner J.
Published: June 2010

Enterococci are important nosocomial pathogens with multiple intrinsic and acquired resistances to antibiotics. In the past, the majority of infections were caused byEnterococcus faecalis; however, an increase inEnterococcus faeciumclinical isolates has been observed in recent years. The enterococcal surface protein (Esp) is expressed on the surface of mostE. faeciumclinical isolates and has been shown to be involved in biofilm formation. Here,E. faeciumE1162 and its previously created insertion-deletion mutant of theespgene,E. faeciumE1162Δesp, were compared in a mouse bacteraemia model. Anti-Esp serum was tested for its capacity to mediate opsonophagocytic killing of E1162in vitroand to protect againstE. faeciumbacteraemia. The inactivation ofespattenuatedE. faeciumvirulence with reduced numbers of bacteria recovered from the kidneys in animals infected with the mutant compared to the wild-type strain (P=0.035). Passive immunization with rabbit polyclonal serum raised against the recombinant N-terminal Esp protein did not protect mice againstE. faeciumbacteraemia (P>0.05). In contrast, mice passively immunized with polyclonal antiserum raised against lipoteichoic acid (LTA) fromE. faecalishad lower numbers ofE. faeciumE1162 in the blood compared to mice immunized with normal rabbit serum. These results suggest that Esp contributes toE. faeciumpersistence in the host. However, in contrast to LTA, Esp does not seem to be a target for protective antibodies inE. faeciumstrain E1162 in mouse bacteraemia.
Escherichia coli K-12 YfgF is an anaerobic cyclic di-GMP phosphodiesterase with roles in cell surface remodelling and the oxidative stress response
Authors: Lacey Melissa M. , Partridge Jonathan D. , Green Jeffrey
Published: June 2010

The Escherichia coli K-12 yfgF gene encodes a protein with domains associated with cyclic di-GMP signalling: GGDEF (associated with diguanylate cyclase activity) and EAL (associated with cyclic di-GMP phosphodiesterase activity). Here, it is shown that yfgF is expressed under anaerobic conditions from a class II FNR (regulator of fumarate and nitrate reduction)-dependent promoter. Anaerobic expression of yfgF is greatest in stationary phase, and in cultures grown at 28 °C, suggesting that low growth rates promote yfgF expression. Mutation of yfgF resulted in altered cell surface properties and enhanced sensitivity when anaerobic cultures were exposed to peroxides. The purified YfgF GGDEF-EAL (YfgFGE) and EAL (YfgFE) domains possessed cyclic di-GMP-specific phosphodiesterase activity, but lacked diguanylate cyclase activity. However, the catalytically inactive GGDEF domain was required for YfgFGE dimerization and enhanced cyclic di-GMP phosphodiesterase activity in the presence of physiological concentrations of Mg2+. The cyclic di-GMP phosphodiesterase activity of YfgFGE and YfgFE was inhibited by the product of the reaction, 5′-phosphoguanylyl-(3′–5′)-guanosine (pGpG). Thus, it is shown that the yfgF gene encodes an anaerobic cyclic di-GMP phosphodiesterase that is involved in remodelling the cell surface of E. coli K-12 and in the response to peroxide shock, with implications for integrating three global regulatory networks, i.e. oxygen regulation, cyclic di-GMP signalling and the oxidative stress response.
Selenite-induced cell death in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: protective role of glutaredoxins
Authors: Izquierdo Alicia , Casas Celia , Herrero Enrique
Published: June 2010

Unlike in higher organisms, selenium is not essential for growth inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. In this species, it causes toxic effects at high concentrations. In the present study, we show that when supplied as selenite to yeast cultures growing under fermentative metabolism, its effects can be dissected into two death phases. From the time of initial treatment, it causes loss of membrane integrity and genotoxicity. Both effects occur at higher levels in mutants lacking Grx1p and Grx2p than in wild-type cells, and are reversed by expression of a cytosolic version of the membrane-associated Grx7p glutaredoxin. Grx7p can also rescue the high levels of protein carbonylation damage that occur in selenite-treated cultures of thegrx1 grx2mutant. After longer incubation times, selenite causes abnormal nuclear morphology and the appearance of TUNEL-positive cells, which are considered apoptotic markers in yeast cells. This effect is independent of Grx1p and Grx2p. Therefore, the protective role of the two glutaredoxins is restricted to the initial stages of selenite treatment. Lack of Yca1p metacaspase or of a functional mitochondrial electron transport chain only moderately diminishes apoptotic-like death by selenite. In contrast, selenite-induced apoptosis is dependent on the apoptosis-inducing factor Aif1p. In the absence of the latter, intracellular protein carbonylation is reduced after prolonged selenite treatment, supporting the supposition that part of the oxidative damage is contributed by apoptotic cells.
The ham-5, rcm-1 and rco-1 genes regulate hyphal fusion in Neurospora crassa
Authors: Aldabbous Mash'el Salman , Roca M. Gabriela , Stout Angela , Huang I-Ching , Read Nick D. , Free Stephen J.
Published: June 2010

Mutants ofNeurospora crassaunable to participate in vegetative hyphal fusion (anastomosis) were isolated and characterized. From this analysis, three genes,rcm-1,rco-1andham-5, were identified and shown to be required for hyphal fusion. Thercm-1andrco-1genes are homologues of theSaccharomyces cerevisiae SSN6andTUP1genes, which encode a dimeric transcription factor in yeast. We demonstrate that inN. crassathercm-1andrco-1genes are required for hyphal fusion and normal hyphal morphology, and influence both asexual and sexual development. Theham-5gene encodes a 1686 amino acid protein with two putative WD40 domains, which might participate in protein–protein interactions.ham-5deletion mutants had a reduced rate of hyphal extension and altered hyphal morphology, and were unable to produce the conidial anastomosis tubes that are required for hyphal fusion during colony initiation.
Heart failure and COPD: Partners in crime?
Authors: HANNINK Jorien D.C. , Van HELVOORT Hanneke A.C. , DEKHUIJZEN P.N. Richard , HEIJDRA Yvonne F.
Published: June 2010

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and heart failure (HF) are both common diseases with major impact and seem to coexist more frequently than expected from their separate population prevalences. However, estimates of combined prevalence must be interpreted carefully because of imperfections and difficulties in assessment of both diseases. This review aims to highlight HF prevalence in patients with COPD and vice versa, with a critical analysis of studies performed. First, definition, diagnosis, and prevalence of COPD and of HF will be discussed. Subsequently, an overview of important studies concerning combined prevalence with their limitations will be presented. Finally, pathogenic mechanisms and diagnostic considerations in clinical practice will be discussed.