bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Power Supply of Mariculture Complexes
Authors: Loshchenkov V V , Knyazhev V V
Published: November 2021

The authors have developed a complex for the cultivation of marine aquatic organisms, including a coastal fry breeding plant and marine plantations in the water column on the deep-sea shelf, installed with a bottom anchor. The autonomy of the plant and marine plantations is ensured by the automation of technological processes with energy supply from renewable sources. The development is based on the task to expand the capabilities of mariculture by creating autonomous automatic installations for growing marine aquatic organisms with remote dispatch control and management. This solution provides the possibility of placement away from the coast and automatic program selection of the optimal immersion depth of cultivated aquatic organisms to intensify the growth of aquatic organisms and escape from the storm, and service by standard methods of the fishing fleet without diving operations. Solving this problem will increase the efficiency and scale of mariculture in food production and introduce into practice autonomous biotechnical systems for biological treatment of sea areas exposed to anthropogenic impact.
Determination of the Average Specific Capital Consumptions of CCPP with Gas Turbine of 30-125 MW and Put into Operation at TPPs of the Russian Federation from 2015 to the First Quarter of 2021
Authors: Stepanova E L , Sushko S N , Ovchinnikov A P
Published: November 2021

Research was carried out on the volume of gas turbine commissioning in the range of unit capacities of 30–125 MW at TPPs of the Russian Federation operating as part of a CCPP in the period from 2015 to the first quarter of 2021. The purpose of the research was to determine the average specific capital investment in construction and the average specific fuel consumption for the supply of electricity and heat for the CCPP introduced over the years in the united energy systems of the Russian Federation. Gas turbines are classified by electrical capacity into three groups: from 100 to 125 MW, from 60 to 99 MW and from 30 to 59 MW. An assessment of the quantitative distribution of gas turbines over the interconnected energy systems of the Russian Federation has been carried out. The results of the comparison of the quantitative commissioning of gas turbines are shown in the period from 2010 to the economic crisis of 2014 and in the period from 2015 to the present. A preliminary estimate of the increase in average specific capital investments in the construction of CCPP, which included gas turbines of the same electric power, was made for these periods.
Modeling the Structure and Processes of Heat Transfer in Beds of Aluminum Micro- and Nanopowders
Authors: Zarichnyak Yu P , Ivanov V A , Marova A A , Nikolaev I N , Khodunkov V P
Published: November 2021

A model of the structure and a method for calculating (forecasting) the thermal conductivity of beds from coarse to nano-dispersed aluminum powders are developed. A significant change in the thermal conductivity of the particles themselves was taken into account during the transition from the micro-meter to the nanometer-sized range of particle sizes. The thermal conductivity was calculated over a wide range of particle sizes, granular structure skeleton porosity, and total porosity of the beds.
Kinematic Model of a Desktop Robot Manipulator with 5 Degrees of Freedom
Authors: Rubleva E A , Mudrich A B
Published: November 2021

Robotics became available to everyone and is becoming a part of almost all aspects in our life. If earlier robotic complexes were produced mainly for industry and were expensive, large, and cumbersome to design and use, today a number of compact and inexpensive robots have been created. A desktop robot manipulator is a full-fledged assistant for the housekeeping or small business companies which can perform routine operations: carrying objects over a short distance, tightening screws and nuts, soldering PCBs, cutting products, 3D printing, drawing on any surface. To solve problems involving work in open space without additional artificially created obstacles, the manipulator needs only 5 degrees of freedom. The present article describes a kinematic model for a desktop robot manipulator, which solves the problems of process positioning a desktop robot manipulator with 5 degrees of freedom.
Method and Algorithm for Estimating the Maximum Total Error of an Automotive LiDAR
Authors: Romanova M A , Mamchenko M V
Published: November 2021

The article proposes a method and an appropriate algorithm for estimating the error of the measurements of the LiDAR as a technical measurement system to “include” this evaluation in the given accuracy. A generic model for the LiDAR’s measurements is described, a mathematical model of the measurements with the total values of random and systematic errors is given. Based on this method the algorithm for estimating the maximum total error (not exceeding the accuracy of the measurement) is formed. The algorithm complies both with the mathematical description presented in the article, and the methodology described in Russian standard GOST R 8.736-2011. On the basis of the calculated estimate of the weighted average error, it is possible to construct a technical device, that provides a three-fold reserve in terms of measurement accuracy.
Determination of Propagation Times of Finite Ultrasonic Signals in the UFM Measuring Path
Authors: Gerasimov S I , Glushnev V D , Zhelbakov I N
Published: November 2021

This article provides a brief analysis of the error in calculating the discrete crosscorrelation function of the transit-time ultrasonic flowmeter signals. Special attention is paid to the study of the influence of the obtained discrete correlation function inaccuracy on the ultrasonic flowmeter’s propagation times determining error. It is known that for real time-limited acoustic signals, the discrete correlation function values are calculated with a significant error. The consequence of this is the appearance of the measurement error of the time delay between signals. The reason for this phenomenon is incorrect truncation of finite length digital sequences of the received acoustic signals. The report presents and describes an improved cross-correlation method for determining the time difference. The new algorithm takes into account the existing discretizing parameters of the received UPS – sampling frequency, sequence size and the truncated signal’s shape. Theoretical analytical expressions for the signals discrete cross-correlation function estimating are obtained as an approximation of a continuous function (the method of trapezoids and Simpson is used as an integral replacement). The numerical simulation by MatLab explains the error formation essence in the signal times difference calculating.
Exact Nearest Neighbour Search within Constrained Neighbourhood Using the Forest of Vp-Tree-Like Structures
Authors: Myasnikov E
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we address the problem of fast nearest neighbour search. Unfortunately, well-known indexing data structures, such as vp-trees perform poorly on some datasets and do not provide significant acceleration compared to the brute force approach. In the paper, we consider an alternative solution, which can be applied if we are not interested in some fraction of distant nearest neighbours. This solution is based on building the forest of vp-tree-like structures and guarantees the exact nearest neighbour search in the epsilon-neighbourhood of the query point.
Analysis conception of secondary student’s using four tier test on heat and temperature
Authors: Devialita A , Suhandi A , Samsudi A , Hendriyani D , Purwanto M G , Riani V R , Nurzakiyah E , Gitnita S
Published: November 2021

The main purpose in this research is to analyse student conception about heat and temperature used four tier test question, the test consists of three question including material about temperature, temperature and heat, as well specific heat. The research has been implemented by using purposive sampling technique. The participants consisted of 67 secondary students including (23 male students and 44 female students) of senior high school in Bungo city. After the analysis obtained the largest percentage of student conception id in the category of misconception such as: (1) Objects that feel colder to the touch must be lower in temperature than objects that feel warmer to the touch; (2) Objects that have a higher temperature must have more calorific content than objects with lower temperatures; (3) Objects that are easier to increase in temperature when heated, it will be more difficult to decrease the temperature when cooled. One way to reduce student misconceptions of concept in temperature and heat material is to facilitate student learning using conceptual change model, conceptual change text or Refutation text.
Undergraduate student’s misconception about projectile motion after learning physics during the Covid-19 pandemic era
Authors: Defianti A , Rohmi P
Published: November 2021

This research aimed to describe undergraduate students’ misconception about projectile motion after learning physics during the Covid-19 pandemic era. This research was qualitative research with a descriptive method. The subjects were 52 first-year undergraduate students who took physics courses. Data collecting methods used in this research were a test, questionnaires, and interviews. The test was taken from Physics by Giancoli with an additional question about certainty of response index (CRI). Data from the test were analyzed by categorizing it into lack of knowledge, knowledge of correct concepts, and misconception while open-ended questionnaires and interviews were used to help to clarify the condition. The test results indicated that 5.13% of students in lack knowledge, 28.85% the knowledge of correct concepts, and 66.02% in misconception. The questionnaire responses showed that students learned physics via online meeting with direct instruction model and ask-answer method, exercised with only applied problem (C3), and virtual practicum. The interviews showed that only a few of the students learned physics and responded to the lecturer during the online meeting. The results are that the majority of first-year undergraduate students are in misconception after learning physics during the Covid-19 pandemic era and need remedial learning about projectile motion.
What do students need during Covid-19? A need analysis of augmented reality with STEAM worksheet (AR-STEAM) in electromagnetic induction
Authors: Amin A M , Sulsilah H , Laurently F , Samsudin A , Suhandi A
Published: November 2021

This study aims to collect initial information in designing Augmented Reality-based Physics worksheet with a Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Mathematical (AR-STEAM) approach. The research method used descriptive qualitative by collecting some field research information was carried out by sharing the viewpoints of 26 students (male N=3 and female N=23) who had studied the material of Electromagnetic Induction. Based on field studies using questionnaires, it is known that 69.2% of respondents enjoy learning by using visual media, 66.3% consider the concept of type induction to be very abstract and difficult to apply in real life, 80.8% of respondents say they are happy if physics learning is explained in the form of three-dimensional animation. Therefore, it can be said that the STEAM-AR worksheet is needed in learning physics on the topic of Electromagnetic Induction.
Comparison between the maximum likelihood and the bayesian estimation methods for logistic regression model (case study: risk of low birth weight in Indonesia)
Authors: Sihombing P R , Rohimah S R , Kurnia A
Published: November 2021

This study aims to compare the efficacy of logistic regression model for identifying the risk factors of low-birth-weight babies in Indonesia using the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE)and the Bayesian estimation methods. The data used in this study is secondary data derived from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic Health Survey with a total sample of 16,344 newborn babies. Selection of the best logistic regression model was based on the smaller Bayesian Schwartz Information Criterion (BIC) value. The logistic regression model with the Bayesian estimation method has a smaller BIC value than the MLE method. Twin births, baby girl, maternal age at risk, birth spacing that is too close, iron deficiency, low education, low economy, inadequate drinking water sources have provided a higher risk of low-birth-weight incidence.
Rainfall prediction climatological station of Banjarbaru using arima kalman filter
Authors: Mehta W A , Sukmawaty Y , Khairullah
Published: November 2021

Time series analysis is a method built in a particular time sequence for prediction. One of the models in time series analysis used for prediction is the ARIMA model introduced by Box and Jenkins. As time goes by, the ARIMA model was developed by applying algorithms, one of which was the Kalman Filter algorithm. This study aims to estimate the parameters of the ARIMA model used as the Kalman Filter’s initial value to forecast rainfall using ARIMA and ARIMA Kalman Filter. Determination of the ARIMA model is done by dividing the data into training and testing. The results obtained from the three training data have the same model, namely ARIMA (0,0,0) × (0,1,1)12models but with different parameter values than those used as initial values for the Kalman Filter. The results obtained using the ARIMA model with Kalman Filter significantly affect the initial data of 90% training data model parameters with an RMSE value of 155,13. Then predictions are made, the results obtained by ARIMA Kalman Filter can follow the actual data, but from June to October, the prediction results cannot approach the actual data. According to events in the field, June to October is the dry season, where rainfall is deficient
Structural equation modeling on the post-flood regional public welfare in South Kalimantan
Authors: Sur W A A , Machfiroh I S , Nurmalina R
Published: November 2021

This research was conducted to know the structural equation model on public welfare in the post-flood region of South Kalimantan in early 2021. The method and analysis in this study used Structural Equation Model (SEM) with compared the Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Generalized Least Square (GLS) approach to test and estimate the suitability of the post-flood public welfare model in South Kalimantan. The data collection technique in this study used a questionnaire to the people in areas victims of floods in South Kalimantan. The result is GLS approach gave more fit data than MLE based on AGFI and GFI values. The validated models gave the structural equation model with the final interpretation is Economy condition gives the significant relationship to the post-flood public welfare in South Kalimantan.
Prediction of students’ academic performance using ANN with mini-batch gradient descent and Levenberg-Marquardt optimization algorithms
Authors: Simanungkalit F R J , Hanifah H , Ardaneswari G , Hariadi N , Handari B D
Published: November 2021

Online learning indirectly increases stress, thereby reducing social interaction among students and leading to physical and mental fatigue, which in turn reduced students’ academic performance. Therefore, the prediction of academic performance is required sooner to identify at-risk students with declining performance. In this paper, we use artificial neural networks (ANN) to predict this performance. ANNs with two optimization algorithms, mini-batch gradient descent and Levenberg-Marquardt, are implemented on students’ learning activity data in course X, which is recorded on LMS UI. Data contains 232 students and consists of two periods: the first month and second month of study. Before ANNs are implemented, both normalization and usage of ADASYN are conducted. The results of ANN implementation using two optimization algorithms within 10 trials each are compared based on the average accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity values. We then determine the best period to predict unsuccessful students correctly. The results show that both algorithms give better predictions over two months instead of one. ANN with mini-batch gradient descent has an average sensitivity of 78%; the corresponding values for ANN with Levenberg-Marquardt are 75%. Therefore, ANN with mini-batch gradient descent as its optimization algorithm is more suitable for predicting students that have potential to fail.
Stability analysis of a smoking behavior model
Authors: Lestari S M , Yulida Y , Lestia A S , Karim M A
Published: November 2021

This research discussed the mathematical model of smoking behavior. The model will be analogous to an epidemic model which will be divided into several compartments/groups. This research aimed to explain the formation of a mathematical model of smoking behavior, to investigate the equilibrium point, the value of the basic reproduction number, to analyze the stability of the model, then to determine and interpret the numerical solutions using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. By the results of this research, a mathematical model of smoking behavior which consists of three compartments, namely the population of non-smokers, smokers and ex-smokers, was obtained. Based on the model formed the smoke-free equilibrium point and the smoker equilibrium point, then the basic reproduction number was also obtained using the next generation matrix. Furthermore, the result of the stability analysis of the smoker-free population was asymptotically stable provided that the basic reproduction number is less than one, while the population was asymptotically stable provided that the basic reproduction number is greater than one. The simulation of the model was presented to support the explanation of the stability analysis of the model using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method based on the parameters that met the requirements of the stability analysis.
Application of the K-Means algorithm to determine poverty status in Hulu Sungai Tengah
Authors: Istiqamah N , Soesanto O , Anggraini D
Published: November 2021

Poverty is a condition of living in an inability to meet the minimum needs of life or basic needs. In Indonesia, poverty is one of the main problems that still need an optimal solution. Several government programs to address the problem of poverty have been carried out, but not infrequently the implementation is not right on target. The importance of this assistance is expected to improve the welfare of the community so it is very unfortunate if the assistance has not been right on target. This study aims to determine the status of poverty in Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency. By observing a problem above, it can be necessary to use a grouping method in determining poverty status. so that in this study using the cluster method, namely K-Means in clustering population data. Based on the results of data analysis using 353 head of family in the population data of HST Regency, it can be concluded that there are three poverty status clusters, namely low-level poverty (cluster 3) with a total of 130 head of family, medium-level poverty (cluster 2) with a total of 130 head of family. 111 head of family, and high poverty level (cluster 1) with a total of 112 head of family.
Subtraction of soft matrices
Authors: Abdurrahman S , Thresye  , Lula R R , Rachman R A , Evina Y
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we introduce subtraction operation notation on the soft matrix of size m×n with its entry on the set {0, 1}. In addition, we studied the characteristics of subtraction operations over intersection and union operations on soft matrices. The result shows the distributive law of subtraction operations over intersection and union operations on the soft matrix. Finally, we discuss the characteristics of De Morgan’s law analogous to set theory.
Impact of North America snow cover on tropical cyclogenesis over the western North Pacific
Authors: Cao Xi , Wu Renguang , Sun Ying , Wang Zhibiao , Dai Yifeng , Song Lei , Lan Xiaoqing , Zhang Xiping
Published: November 2021

This study reveals a connection of summer–fall (JJASO) tropical cyclone (TC) genesis over the western North Pacific (WNP) to preceding boreal spring (MAM) North America snow cover (NASC). Sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical central Pacific and subtropical eastern Pacific play a crucial role in relaying influence of the MAM NASC on the following JJASO WNP TC genesis frequency. The increased NASC leads to a decrease in upward sensible heat flux and the atmospheric cooling over the North America. The atmospheric cooling enhances the meridional thermal contrast and geopotential height gradient, which is favorable for the occurrence of lower-level westerly wind anomalies and positive precipitation anomalies over the tropical eastern Pacific. The lower-level northeasterly wind anomalies over the subtropical northeastern Pacific as a Gill-type atmospheric response to positive precipitation anomalies induce ocean surface cooling via the enhanced wind speed. A positive feedback between the northeasterly wind anomalies and negative SST anomalies leads to a westward extension of the easterly flows to the western Pacific. The easterly wind anomalies along with the negative specific humidity anomalies and negative lower-level vorticity anomalies, and enhanced vertical wind shear suppress the TC genesis over the WNP during JJASO.
Adoption of integration systems of rice and cattle in Serdang Bedagai, North Sumatra
Authors: Mulyono J , Suryana A T , Hermawan H , Suryana E A
Published: November 2021

The integrated rice and cattle system (SITT) is an innovative technology package to increase agricultural production and encourage zero waste fulfillment. The technology components introduced include new HYV, fertilization, young seedlings, organic fertilizers, Jajar Legowo, IPM, bio urine, and compost. Although it has been implemented at the farmer level, there are insufficient details of its adoption performance; therefore, it is necessary to measure the adoption to evaluate the technology dissemination. This research objective was to analyze the farmers’ adoption level, adoption period, and technology application frequency. The research was conducted in Serdang Bedagai, North Sumatra, in 2018. The respondents were 40 farmers (cooperator and noncooperator), and the respondents’ selection was made purposively. The data obtained were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative descriptive approaches. The results showed that the adoption of technology by cooperator farmers was higher than noncooperator farmers, both from the perspective of each technology component and the level of adoption. The average duration of technology adoption by farmers was 44,0% require more than one planting season, 28,4% require one planting season, and 27,6% require less than one planting season. The frequency of technology application showed that farmers who apply SITT technology more than two planting seasons were 66,0%, exactly two planting seasons were 24,5%, and one planting season was 9,5%. Thus, to increase farmers’ adoption of technology, the technology should be suited to farmers’ preferences and needs, increase profits and ensure that the technology is available in the field. Moreover, providing continuous assistance during the introduction of technology.
Smallholder farmers’ perceptions and future aspirations toward dairy farming development in Bandung District, West Java
Authors: Anugrah I S , Ariningsih E , Erwidodo  , Saliem H P , Purwantini T B , Suryani E , Irawan A R , Hetherington J B
Published: November 2021

Dairy farming has an essential role in meeting the ever-increasing demand for milk. However, efforts to develop dairy farming in Indonesia are still facing various obstacles. This paper aims to analyze farmers’ perceptions and expectations toward developing dairy farming and its sustainability, along with its constraints. The data used in this paper are part of the IndoDairy Smallholder Household Survey database conducted between July and September 2017, consisting of 300 smallholder dairy farm households randomly selected from KPBS Pangalengan members. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and clustering analysis. The results show that the majority of dairy farmers (>50%) rated as ‘good’ the availability of extension services, availability of veterinary services, availability of veterinary medicines, availability of credit, and availability of concentrates; rated as ‘fair’ prices paid by buyers for milk, the number of milk buyers, and quality of the grass and forages; and rated as ‘bad’ the price of concentrates and the availability of land to purchase. In contrast, most farmers perceived the availability of land to purchase and the price of concentrates as ‘bad.’ As much as 90.3% of farmers expected to increase their dairy farm operations. The majority of dairy farmers (94%) showed their willingness to participate in training in the village, especially in animal husbandry (31.2%). This study strongly suggests that the government facilitates an increased supply of quality concentrate feed at affordable prices and land availability for dairy farming development.
The impact of agricultural extension on productivity of smallholder sugarcane farmers in East Java
Authors: Kosim M , Aji J M M , Hapsari T D
Published: November 2021

Agricultural extension is one of the most important factors to increase smallholder sugarcane farmer capacity and encourage the acceleration of technology adoption which positively correlates with farm productivity. This study aims to evaluate the impact of agricultural extension on the productivity of smallholder sugarcane farmers in East Java. While few previous studies showing the relationships, very limited involving a relatively large number of samples. This study used data from Indonesian Plantation Farm Household Survey 2014 by the Indonesian Statistical Agency (BPS). The number of samples was 2,893 farmers consisting of 2,463 farmers who did not participate (control group) and 430 farmers who participated in agricultural extension (treatment group). Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to evaluate the impact of agricultural extension on the productivity of sugarcane farming. Typically, the treatment group is better than the control group. The treatment group has an average education of 7.89 years, land area of 2.74 hectares and sugarcane productivity of 72 tons/ha. Meanwhile, the control group has an average education of 5.96 years, land area of 0.88 hectares and sugarcane productivity of 61 tons/ha. Our results show that farmers who participated in agricultural extension have a 9.05 tons higher productivity compared to those who did not participate. Therefore, farmers’ participation in agricultural extension should be encouraged by improving the frequency as well as the quality of agricultural extension. While the number of extension workers for plantation crops is limited, recruitment of more extension workers can be an optional policy for the government.
Adaptation of cayenne pepper farmers (Capsicum frutescens L.) on climate change in Jelbuk Subdistrict Jember
Authors: Rahman A , Subekti S , Rokhani
Published: November 2021

Climate change becomes more difficult to predict. Thus, makes farmers no longer able to accurately predict planting season. The impacts are decreasing productivity and production of cayenne pepper which can cause farmers to suffer losses. Efforts to minimize these losses are carried out with appropriate adaptation actions according to the conditions of the cultivated land. This study aims to determine the adaptation made by cayenne pepper farmers in Jelbuk Subdistrict, Jember District because of climate change. The used analysed method is qualitative through structured interviews, observation, and documentation. The used sampling method is purposive. The results showed that in the last 10 years, cayenne pepper farmers have experienced climate change. These changes such as seasonal shifts, extreme rains, droughts, and changes in air temperature which have an impact on increasing attacks of plant-disturbing organisms. The adaptations carried out by cayenne pepper farmers are adjusting the planting season, adjusting plant types (using tolerant varieties and crop rotation), using mulch and adding organic fertilizer, adjusting the shape of the beds/mounds, adjusting spacing settings, improving irrigation channels (adjusting the depth of the canal), applying water-saving technology, applying integrated pest and disease management techniques, implementing an intercropping system, accessing information technology, and actively participating in agricultural extention and field schools.
The role of engagement among farmers in developing farming knowledge: evidence from northern Thailand
Authors: Llones CA , Suwanmaneepong S
Published: November 2021

Several studies found science-based knowledge has only able to reach a small fraction of their desired recipient. To compensate for the lack of formal sources, farmers often relied on informal sources of knowledge within their farming community. This study investigates the role of farmer’s social engagement in developing farming knowledge and farmer’s decision-making. A structural equation modelling was used to test the hypothesised moderating role of social engagement among farmers on the effects of service access, training, and knowledge-sharing on farming knowledge. The study used the case of rice farmers in Northern Thailand, wherein a focus group discussion and a series of survey interviews were conducted. Study results found that social interactions among farming communities significantly moderated the effects of training and knowledge-sharing. The findings support the critical role of social engagement among farmers in increasing information flow and experiential knowledge exchange in developing farming knowledge. Furthermore, social interactions promote farming innovation and management practices through advice-seeking with other farmers. Hence, in supporting farming sustainability, extension support should also focus on network building among actors within the farming community and understand how farmers exchange experiential knowledge to compensate for the lack of formal sources of knowledge.
Land cover changed and economic achievement of farmers in the Rawas subwatershed area
Authors: Chuzaimah  , Sjarkowi F , Wildayana E , Yunita
Published: November 2021

Watershed management is intended to provide maximum economic benefits for local communities without neglecting environmental sustainability. The problem in this paper are how changes in land cover and how economic achievements in the form of income of conversion and non-conversion farmers in Rantau Kadam Village, Karang Dapo District. The data collected consists of primary data and secondary data. Land cover was analyzed using ArcMap Ver.10.2 with Landsat 8 for path/row 124/62 and 126/62 for image analysis. Meanwhile, the amount of income is determined using the formulas of income (NR), revenue (TR) and cost of production (TC). The land cover change was carried out by comparing the land cover map in 2009 with the land cover map in 2013 and 2018. The results showed that there had been changes in land use in Rantau Kadam Village, especially fields, open land and plantations. The use of open land has continued to increase from 1.83% (in 2009) to 8.77% (in 2013), and in 2018 it was 37.26%, while fields and plantations showed a decreasing trend. In conversion, it was found that the income of non-rubber converting farmers had a lower income value than oil palm conversion farmers. The average income of farmers per hectare per year for rubber commodity farmers is IDR 5,515,029.42/ha/year, while oil palm conversion farmers are IDR 17,109,341.38/ha/year. The policy implication that can be taken is that there must be institutional strengthening so that the selling price that applies between farmers can be the same.
Intrinsic motivation of sustainable agriculture for small island communities: a case study in Binongko, Wakatobi
Authors: Hidrawati  , Rianse U , Iswandi R M , Arafah N
Published: November 2021

Sustainable agriculture appreciates the development of cultural values that come from the community local wisdom. Cultural values can be an intrinsic motivation that underlies the community’s agricultural techniques. This motivation is relatively strong in small island communities who have limited land and water resources for agricultural activities. This study aims to reveal and review the intrinsic motivation in the sustainable agriculture of small island communities. The research was conducted from April 2018 to April 2019 on Binongko Island, Wakatobi Regency, South east Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Data were collected through observation, interviews and literature study using the data triangulation method. The results showed that the Binongko community were intrinsically motivated by the desire to be winners (hoppotallo) in conquering natural challenges on land (rocky rocks) and oceans (high waves). This desire is based on the spiritual belief about God’s power and the awareness to work hard as expressed in the ancient philosophy of society “wale menturu wale bhila, mayi wale mangare wale mo’aro”. This motivation drives them to cultivate plants with rituals such as bhelai, phitado, honowu/katambhari, bhija-bhija/bhatata, pajare’a, phidawu-phidongka and tompe’a. The motivation in agricultural culture has social, economic and ecological implications that support a sustainable agricultural development system.
Environmental policy, ecology, and threat towards the unsustainable agriculture development in Indonesia
Authors: Pranadji T , Wahida
Published: November 2021

Sustainable Development Goals that are targeted to be achieved in 2030 are the answer in balancing development activities and their impact on the environment and natural ecosystem. Since the New Order Era (Orde Baru), Indonesia has been implemented a development strategy that focused on growth. This strategy contributes a significant impact to biodiversity, natural resources, and environment. Agriculture activities itself in the traditional or modern term refers to the effort to exploit the ecosystem. However, the level of exploitation in many cases is not controllable, and overexploitation occurs along the development process. The study of social ecology aims to examine and predict whether agricultural development has complied with sustainable principles or, on the opposite, it leads toward an unsustainable manner. At a global level, agricultural policy or commodities policy is translated into a new measurement that has a potential impact on market access for several commodities. European Union introduces this measurement as European Green Deal, while the UK introduces a similar measurement and known as the environmental bill. Indonesian agricultural development history has marked the principles that have been in place affiliated with neo-liberal values and translates into over-exploitation to natural resources, environment, and local biodiversity. Review toward the existing agriculture policies that have been implemented nationwide and the existing requirements toward green economics principles are important for Indonesia, in particular, to measure the level of readiness to supply global with stringent standardization toward environment and biodiversity.
Dynamic of migration and labor productivity in the rural area of PATANAS villages
Authors: Irawan A R , Ashari  , Sudaryanto T , Irawan B , Sunarsih  , Nida F S
Published: November 2021

The agricultural sector still becomes a source of household income in rural areas, although its role tends to decrease. In the period 2011‒2015, the number of agricultural workers decreased about 1% per year and is inversely proportional to the increasing Indonesian labor, which reached an average of 1.2% per year. Several leading causes of labor decreases are migration and productivity issues in the agricultural sector. This paper aims to determine migration and labor productivity dynamics in three-time points in villages on Panel Petani Nasional Program (PATANAS) located at three agroecosystems: plantation, secondary crop, and vegetable. Amount of respondents in each agroecosystem were 312, 232, and 121 farmers. Data analysis was presented descriptively. The results of the study indicated that labor productivity varies between agroecosystems. The highest increase in productivity occurred in vegetable, then secondary crop, and plantation. Labor productivity in the agricultural sector is inversely proportional to the migration on an agroecosystem. There is not excessive migration in the vegetable agroecosystems since labor productivity is highest than the others. There is a phenomenon of increasing working family members followed by an increase in the number of migrations. This phenomenon negatively impacts the agricultural sector because there is no increase in the number of workers in the agricultural sector. There is a trend for young people in PATANAS villages to undertake permanent migration. Increasing labor productivity in rural areas predicted could reduce labor migration. Efforts that can be created are gradually encouraging off-farm and non-farm activities, including small-scale agro-industries.
Impact of area-wide management for fruit flies on the role of women in mango farming
Authors: Ashari  , Suhaeti R N , Saliem H P , Ariningsih E , Septanti K S , Maulana M , Faveri S D , Johnson P , Shanmugam V
Published: November 2021

Studies on women’s roles in Indonesian mango farming were rarely conducted. This paper examines the changes made to women’s roles in mango production and its benefit distribution for household (HH) needs due to Area Wide Management (AWM) implementation for fruit flies. Data were collected at two villages in Indramayu, West Java, during July and August 2019. The respondents were cooperator farmers who had taken part during the 2010‒2015 AWM project implementation. This study applied a survey method for data collecting using structured questionnaires. The data were descriptively analyzed with a focus on gender perspectives. The study showed that the primary activity of most cooperators was for mango farming. Women had minor roles in pre-harvest and harvest mango farming activities. However, almost all accesses and participations of pre-harvest activities had increased after the implementation of AWM. Women’s controls have increased for all activities except for processing and sorting, which had been already high. Adult females took control of financial decision-making on how the mango farming benefit was allocated. There was a higher allocation expense on savings, education and vehicle following the implementation of AWM. The increased women’s role in the production and financial decision-making had given promising results in children’s education improvements. This study suggested that the agricultural program should involve women as the actors as well as the beneficiaries. The women’s involvement in the project was expected to optimize the benefits of the project, and further will ensure its sustainability.
Rural development issue: a case study in Banyuwangi District, East Java Province
Authors: Suryani E , Pasaribu S M , de Brauw A , Sayaka B , Suhartini S H
Published: November 2021

Rural people, as well as the farmers, deal with capital access for their business activities. Formal credit offered by the banks is not easily accessed by rural people due to rigid administrative procedures and collateral requirements. This paper aims to analyze rural people’s access to formal credit offered by a Credit Union (CU) acting as the credit cooperative in Banyuwangi District, East Java. The study was conducted in 2020 in Banyuwangi District. Primary and secondary data collected were analyzed using a descriptive approach. Each debtor has to become a member of CU prior to borrowing credit with some requirements, e.g. paying principle and regular contributions, sufficient saving value as collateral, and willingness to pay an interest rate determined for a certain period depending on credit types. Types of business financed by CU are farm business, fresh fruit marketing, cow fattening, groceries, among others. Most of the rural businesses financed by CU were able to pay the credit on time. Each business feasibility was assessed carefully by the CU management prior to credit approval and responded quickly. CU members also get the advantage through receiving shared-profit distributed annually. The CU copes with limited capital as the members’ demand for credit increases. The CU also has to compete with the relatively lower interest rate of the official subsidized credit, i.e. KUR (People’s Business Credit), for its credit expansion. The government needs to encourage CU to grow in rural areas for rural people’s credit access through policy facilitation.
Factors affecting sustainability of increasing mango export: an application of MICMAC method
Authors: Puspitasari  , Kiloes A M , Syah J A
Published: November 2021

Mango is one of the world’s favourite tropical fruit. Currently, Indonesia is only able to export 0.1% of the total mango production. This condition is ironic because Indonesia is the fifth mango producing country in the world. This study aims to identify key variables that can affect the sustainability of increasing mango exports. The identification of variables that could influence the increase in mango exports was carried out through focus group discussions (FGD). Then the variables were analyzed with the Matrix of Cross Impact Multiplications Applied to a Classification (MICMAC). The result of MICMAC analysis shows that government support and capital are the influence variables, which are the main indicators that can trigger an increase in mango exports. Mango exporting farmer groups is a relay variable that indicates that this is sensitive and unstable in efforts to increase mango exports, this shows that interventions in these variables will impact the system as a whole. Thus, the strategic priority in increasing mango exports threefold is the empowerment of mango exporting farmer groups through government support in increasing access to exporters with partnership schemes, infrastructure development assistance such as irrigation networks and Good Handling Practices facilities. Besides, capital assistance for additional production inputs to produce export quality mangoes.
Land acquisition for dams: relocation problem and potential change in livelihood of communities affected villages
Authors: Pujiriyani D W , Wulansari H , Suyudi B
Published: November 2021

Dams are agricultural infrastructure that has very important role in supporting food security. Dams constructions indirectly show a change in resources from land resources (terrestrial) to water resources (aquatic). This study aims to analyze the impact of land acquisitions as a consequence of accelerating agricultural infrastructure development policy in East Java Province. This research was conducted using a multiple case study approach. Data were collected qualitatively through documents study, observation, and in-depth interview. There are three cases of land acquisition for dam construction comparing in this study: Semanthok Dam in Nganjuk District, Bagong Dam in Trenggalek District, and Bendo Dam in Ponorogo District. The result shows that land acquisition for dam construction was not immediately responded well. Conflicts usually begin from the value of compensation that is not in accordance to the community expectation. The land acquisition process for the dams has not included a livelihood plan for the people who are relocated from their village of origin. In fact, the dam construction necessitates a shift from the affected communities who originally used land resources eventually turned into water resources due to the dam constructions. A comprehensive impact analysis mapping has not been found covering: the community upstream dam, the community around dam and the community downstream of the dam.
Thermal stress analysis of disc brake using analytical and numerical methods
Authors: Jiregna I T , Lemu H G
Published: November 2021

This article presents study of the thermal stress development in brake disc and the associated life cycle of the disc. The thermal stress analysis of disc brake under the first brake application and the influences of thermal loads on stress development of the disc have been investigated. The temperature distribution was conducted as a function of disc thickness and braking time. The study was done on the disc brake of Sports Utility Vehicle with a model of DD6470C. Partial solution approach was used to solve analytical temperature distribution through the thickness. The model was done using representative areas of the disc exposed to high temperature whose distribution result was obtained as a function of disc thickness and braking time. The solutions of coupled thermal transient fields and stress fields were obtained based on thermal-structural coupled analysis. Based on the model developed for the study, the positions of high and low stress formations were investigated, and it has been observed that thermal stress and temperature gradient show similar behavior through the thickness of disc. Generally, high temperature and stress components were found on the rubbing surfaces of the disc.
Tension testing of additively manufactured specimens of 17-4 PH processed by Bound Metal Deposition
Authors: Bjørheim F , La Torraca Lopez I M
Published: November 2021

In contrast to the traditional ways of subtractive manufacturing, additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, adapts computer-aided design to iteratively build the component or part layer by layer. The technology has recently gained a high momentum, both within academia, but also within the industrial sector. However, it is common that parts produced by AM will have more defects than parts produced by traditional methods. The objective of this paper is to investigate a new method of additive manufacturing, namely the bound metal deposition method (BMD). This method seemed promising from the perspective that the metal is not iteratively being melted, similar to such as welding. In fact, the part is first printed, then washed, for then to be sintered. Consequently, avoiding the complex thermal histories/cycles. It was found that the material will exhibit anisotropic behaviour, and have a mesh of crack like defects, related to the printing orientation.
Lateral torsional buckling capacity of corroded steel beams: A parametric study
Authors: Kullashi G , Siriwardane S C , Atteya M A
Published: November 2021

Thickness reduction due to uniform corrosion increases the tendency of lateral torsional buckling (LTB) of open cross-sections and it reduces the moment capacity of the beam. The effect of the various corrosion cases on the LTB moment capacity (M
b,rd) of the I-beams are investigated in this paper. An analytical framework for patch corroded I-beams is introduced to provide a guideline for simulating the nonlinear lateral torsional buckling behaviour of patch corroded simple beams. Hence the effect of different corrosion scenarios to reduce the buckling reduction factor (η
LT) is investigated by conducting a parametric study. Twelve different beam lengths were considered to obtain different non-dimensional slenderness ratios (λ
LT) in this parametric study. The degraded buckling curves were obtained for each corrosion scenarios.