bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transient Geophysical Bases for Ostensible Ufo-Related Phenomena and Associated Verbal Behavior?
Authors: Persinger Michael A.
Published: September 2011

Repeated relationships between certain spatial regions and the report of ostensible UFO-like luminosities have suggested the role of as yet unspecified geophysical processes in the production of these events. Since intense, diffuse or spheroid light displays have been reported for centuries either before or during earthquakes and seem to involve piezoelectric-like effects, a model was developed to suggest that similar ionization/luminosities could occur in areas of tectonic stress, without gross seismicity, by the transient, extremely fine localization of otherwise normal geophysical forces. By using known principles of geophysics, electromagnetism, and behavior, predictions from the model can be generated to accommodate the apparent effects of some UFO-related episodes upon non-living and living electromagnetic systems. The testability of the model is emphasized.
Autonomy of Imagery and Production of Original Verbal Images
Authors: Khatena Joe
Published: September 2011

90 college students (31 men and 59 women) were categorized as moderately autonomous, less autonomous (less highly controlled) and non-autonomous (highly controlled) imagers according to the Gordon Test of Visual Imagery Control. Moderately autonomous imagers produced significantly more original verbal images than less autonomous and non-autonomous imagers with less autonomous imagers scoring higher than non-autonomous imagers as measured by Onomatopoeia and Images. There were no significant sex main effects or interaction of autonomy of imagery level × sex.
Vibrotactile and Temperature Sensory Interaction in the Human Tongue
Authors: Fucci Donald , Crary Michael , Wilson Howard , Curtis Ann P.
Published: September 2011

Lingual vibrotactile thresholds were used to demonstrate an interaction between the lingual senses of vibrotaction and temperature. Thresholds were obtained on 10 Ss from the anterior midline of the lingual dorsum at a frequency of 250 Hz. Five temperature conditions were tested ranging in 10°C steps from 17°C to 57°C Thresholds were obtained before and after the introduction of the temperature stimuli. Comparison of mean pre- and post-experimental thresholds demonstrated that temperature is a determining factor in lingual vibrotactile threshold values. The data indicated that systematic variation from normal body temperature resulted in corresponding decreases in lingual vibrotactile sensitivity. Diagnostic and clinical implications of this interaction were discussed.
Further Validity on Torrance's Creative Motivation Inventory Scale
Authors: Kaltsounis Bill
Published: September 2011

Validity evidence obtained for Torrance's Creative Motivation Inventory Scale with Torrance's Thinking Creatively With Pictures, Forms A and B as criterion using 118 Ss shows high-creative Ss to have a significantly higher mean than low scorers on fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration on both forms.
Visual Serial Search across Number and Letter Sets
Authors: Carthy S. Viterbo Mc
Published: September 2011

To discover whether visual serial search time for numbers differed significantly from time for letters, a repeated-measurements design was used with 24 undergraduate women. Performance on number targets 0 to 9 was significantly moe rapid than performance on the letter targets A to J, I to R, or Q to Z. By controlling confounding effects due to redundancy, the possibility that the outcomes might be related to the balance of linear and curvilinear target features was strengthened.
Effects of Postnatal Stress on Visual and Auditory Evoked Potentials
Authors: Torda Clara
Published: September 2011

Maturation of visual and auditory evoked potentials (mainly the P3 wave) of 10 controls and of 10 infants exposed to recurrent postnatal stressful events (crying spells lacking organic basis) have been compared. The course of maturation of P3 waves may serve as indicator of growth and nature of cognitive processes (including perception). Recurrent crying spells seemed to delay appearance of visual P3 wave, prolonged its latency, and delayed appearance of visible differences in the shape of visual P3 wave upon exposure of the subjects to different visual experiences. A compensatory increase of maturation of the auditory P3 wave appeared. The results suggest that recurrent exposure to stressful events during the early postnatal period may delay the ability of the infant to use visual perception to register exogenous events and may create memory banks of auditory engrams with unusual contents (including memory traces of stresses), a potential basis for future auditory hallucinations.
Music Preference as a Factor of Music Distraction
Authors: Parente Joseph A.
Published: September 2011

The present study is an experimental analysis of music preference as a factor of music distraction measured by the Stroop tests. Significant differences were found among groups given, most preferred music, least preferred music, and no music (quiet). Each group of 10 subjects were randomly chosen from 42 screened subjects. Performance was better without music and better with most preferred than with least preferred music. The results were not consistent with those previously found for the effects of noise upon Stroop test performance.
Influence of Pretest Waiting Time and Duration of Induction on Kinesthetic Aftereffect
Authors: Robertson Robert J. , Gillespie Robert L. , Hiatt Elvina L.
Published: September 2011

The influence of pretest hand-resting time and induction time on kinesthetic aftereffect was determined for 22 males and females. Aftereffect was assessed with the apparatus of Koehler and Dinnerstein (1947). Three separate tests of aftereffect were administered. Each was preceded by either a 10-, 20-, or 30-min. hand-resting period. Significant differences in aftereffect were not found between pretest conditions. Scores were also determined for varying induction times at each pretest condition. Induction periods totaling 90-, 180-, and 300-sec. were used. Aftereffect was significantly less pronounced following 90 than 180 sec. of induction for the 10- and 20-min. pretest conditions but was the same following 90, 180, and 300 sec. of induction for the 30-min. condition. Results indicated that less than 300 sec. of induction could be used regardless of the duration of the pretest period. However, because the internal validity of the 180-sec. score was significantly better than the 90-sec. score, it was concluded that at least 180 sec. of induction were needed.
Relation between Optically Induced and Tracking-Limb-Movement Curvature in a Visual Capture Phenomenon
Authors: Easton Randolph D.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted to help determine the nature of visual capture in the perception of curvature. If an individual finger-tracks a straight edge while viewing limb movements through a curve-inducing lens, the edge is reported to feel curved even though the finger is moving in a straight path. It has recently been demonstrated, however, that the finger actually tracks the straight edge through a curved path with the same orientation as the induced visual curve. In order to specify more completely the degree of relation between the visual and tracking (motor) curves the first experiment determined the fate of tracking limb-movement curvature when the eyes were closed. The second experiment determined whether curvature of tracking limb movement decreased as the magnitude of the visual curve was decreased. Results from both experiments supported the contention that curved tracking limb movement may mediate the visual and felt curves. The nature of the mechanism underlying felt curvature in visual capture was discussed.
Video-Taped Feedback and Children's Learning to Flutter Kick
Authors: Bunker Linda K. , Shearer J. D. , Hall Evelyn G.
Published: September 2011

The relative effect of video-taped feedback on the acquisition of a swimming skill was investigated for 2 groups of children ( N = 36), aged 4.5 to 6.4 and 6.5 to 8.5 yr. A significant difference was found between the means of the video-taped and auditory groups for the older group, while differences were not significant for the younger ages. Older children were more able to analyze their own performances relative to the criterion movement. The results are discussed in relation to Piaget's stages of development.
Usefulness of the Group-Comparison Method to Demonstrate Sex Differences in Spatial Orientation and Spatial Visualization in Older Men and Women
Authors: Cohen Donna
Published: September 2011

This paper reports an analysis of sex differences in cognitive test scores covering the dimensions of spatial orientation and spatial visualization in groups of 6 older men and 6 women matched for speed of performance on a maze test and level of performance on a spatial relations task. Older men were more proficient solving spatial problems using the body as a referent, whereas there was no significant difference between the sexes in imagining spatial displacement. Matched comparisons appear a useful adjunct to population research to understand the type(s) of cognitive processes where differentia] performance by the sexes is observed.
Subjective Feelings and Vascular Responses in Reaction to Reduced Control over Aversiveness
Authors: Hokanson Jack E. , Sacco William
Published: September 2011

Subjects were exposed to an aversive, modified Sidman avoidance procedure. One group had relative control over the aversiveness in that they could exercise an option for unlimited rest periods, and they could avoid electric shock by an appropriately fast response rate on a monitoring task. The second group was yoked to subjects in Group I both with respect to rests and shocks, thereby producing decreased capability of behavioral control. The effects of this manipulation were evaluated by three types of dependent measures: vascular arousal (systolic and diastolic blood pressure), verbal reports of subjective feelings, and performance on a subsequent problem-solving task. The findings suggested motivational deficits along with reduced vascular arousal among the yoked subjects, a pattern of results which may clarify some of the alternative hypotheses pertinent to “learned helplessness.”
Handedness in Relation to Measures of Motor and Tactile-Perceptual Functions in Normal Children
Authors: Finlayson M. Alan J. , Reitan Ralph M.
Published: September 2011

10 boys and 10 girls were tested at each of six age levels (6, 7, 8, 12, 13, and 14 yr.). All of the children were right-handed, and at each age level the groups did not differ in age, WISC Full Scale IQ, or educational attainment. The groups were compared on motor tasks (strength and speed) and tactile-perceptual tasks (finger localization and symbol recognition). The performances of the right and left hands were compared. The results indicated clear right-hand motor superiority, but no “sidedness” effect for the tactile-perceptual measures. The implication of these results for brain-behaviour relationships was discussed.
Distribution of Movement Time in a Target-Aiming Task
Authors: Kvålseth Tarald O.
Published: September 2011

Various characteristics of the distribution of movement time were analyzed for a task involving serial and rotary arm movements aimed at a target. For experimental data generated from five Ss, (a) the distribution tended to be unimodal and more peaked than a normal distribution, (b) the skewness of the distribution was predominantly positive and (c) the standard deviation, in addition to the mean, of movement time was significantly affected by the complexity of the task as measured by Fitts' index of difficulty, while the skewness and the kurtosis were not. For the average results for the Ss, a first-order linear model with the standard deviation of movement time as the dependent variable and Fitts' index as the independent one explained 67% of the variation in standard deviation as compared to 98% of the variation in mean movement time accounted for by the Fitts' index.
Attitude and Personality Differences in Physically Active and Inactive University Teachers
Authors: Reid R. Malcolm
Published: September 2011

This study assessed personality factors and attitudes toward physical activity in a sample of university teachers. One group ( N = 20) of subjects regularly participated in various forms of physical activity; the second ( N = 20) showed no such interest. The psychological measures used were the Cattell 16 PF Form A and the Kenyon questionnaire on attitudes toward physical activity. Attitudes about physical activity rather than personality traits were shown to be important within the subpopulation studied.
Anxiety Reduction Associated with Meditation: Home Study
Authors: Puryear Herbert B. , Cayce Charles Thomas , Thurston Mark A.
Published: September 2011

The effects of a new meditation technique were investigated; 159 A.R.E. members were randomly assigned either to a treatment or control group with the former learning the new technique using a home-study workbook manual and the latter continuing their customary meditational techniques. Analysis of variance (repeated measures) was used to compare group means of the scale scores yielded by two instruments, the IPAT Anxiety Scale (Self-analysis Form) and the Mooney Problem Check List, Adult Form (Mooney & Gordon, 1950). Unlike the control group, the treatment group reported highly significant reduction on the IPAT Anxiety Scale scores after 28 days of meditating with the new approach but no significant differences were found on the check list variables for either the treatment or control group. Implications of the findings for mental health professionals (psychiatrists, clinical and counseling psychologists) are briefly discussed.
Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration and the Goodenough Draw-a-Man Test as Predictors of Academic Success
Authors: Duffey James B. , Ritter David R. , Fedner Mark
Published: September 2011

At the inception of their kindergarten program 80 children were administered the Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integration and the Draw-A-Man. These same children, at the conclusion of second grade, received the Stanford Achievement Tests to obtain indices of their current level of academic functioning. Results indicated that, while the Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integration and the Draw-A-Man were both significant predictors of academic success in Grade 2 as measured by the Stanford Achievement Test total score, each measure accounted for only 93 % of the test variance. These tests then have little predictive utility; tests which are more educationally relevant may be better predictors of future academic success.
Information Processing vs Visual Attention during Incidental Learning
Authors: Wyrick Richard A. , Tempone Vincent J. , Capehart Jack
Published: September 2011

The relationship between attention and incidental learning during discrimination training was studied in 30 children, aged 10 to 11. A polymetric eye-movement recorder measured direct visual attention. Consistent with previous findings, recall of incidental stimuli was greatest during the initial and terminal stages of intentional learning. Contrary to previous explanations, however, visual attention to incidental stimuli was not related to training. While individual differences in attention to incidental stimuli were predictive of recall, attention to incidental stimuli was not related to level of training. Results suggested that changes in higher order information processing rather than direct visual attention were responsible for the curvilinear learning of incidental stimuli during intentional training.
Field-Dependence and Stability of Self-View
Authors: Claeys Willem , Deboeck Paul , Viaene Nicole
Published: September 2011

Contrary to Witkin's opinion, field-dependent individuals are expected to show higher stability of self-view than field-independent individuals. 73 Belgian second-year university students were submitted to the Group Embedded Figures Test. The Five Personality Factor Test measuring extraversion, friendliness, emotional instability, conscientiousness and general culture, was administered to each student for self-description (self-report) and to both parents for description of the student (mother's report and father's report). The decrease of correlation between self-report and parent's report as a function of the degree of student's field-independence supports the authors' hypothesis. Results are interpreted in terms of closer attention of field-independent individuals to relevant cues.
Effects of Prolonged Practice on Duration of Spiral Aftereffect: An Ideographic Study
Authors: Shaffer Joseph I.
Published: September 2011

The effects of prolonged practice on the duration of the spiral aftereffect were investigated; 3,000 trials over 30 days with 5 levels of ambient illumination were randomly presented to a single subject. Scores gradually decreased until a plateau was reached during the last 13 days. A large decrement during the last 5 days was attributed to a decision process component. An early difference in performance at different illumination levels was largely eliminated by the last 5 days.
Concurrent Validity of the Wrat
Authors: Covin Theron M. , Lubimiv Alexis J.
Published: September 2011

Using the WISC-R as the criterion of concurrent validity, correlations between the WRAT subtest standard scores and the WISC-R IQs of 51 Caucasian children were highest (.62, .68, and .59) between WISC-R Verbal Scale IQs and WRAT Spelling, Reading, and Arithmetic standard scores while being lowest (.26, .35, and .32) between WISC-R Performance IQs and WRAT Spelling, Reading, and Arithmetic standard scores. Correlations between the WRAT subtest scores and WISC-R subtest scaled scores were also reported.
Fixed-Ratio Discrimination: Comparison of Spatial and Nonspatial Choice Procedures
Authors: Perkins David , Lydersen Tore , Chairez Herman
Published: September 2011

3 pigeons were trained on a conditional discrimination in which fixed-ratio 10 and fixed-ratio 20 were randomly scheduled on the center of 3 response keys. Reinforcement was contingent upon the choice of a green side key on fixed-ratio 10 trials and upon a red side key on fixed-ratio 20 trials. Performance was compared on alternating spatial and nonspatial sessions. During spatial sessions, red was always presented on the left-side key and green was always presented on the right. During nonspatial sessions, the location of the two side-key colors was randomized across trials. Accuracy of spatial choice was higher than during nonspatial choice.
Subjective Definitions of Tension
Authors: Cram Jeffrey R. , Lackey Edwin
Published: September 2011

To examine the type of proprioceptive information which subjects include in the definition of tension, 52 subjects were asked to indicate the location of where they felt tension while engaging in a simple motor task. Responses indicated that tendon stretch, muscle tension, and other cues are utilized in the subject's definition of tension.
Personality Dysfunction and Lateralized Deficits in Cerebral Functions as Measured by the MMPI and Reitan-Halstead Battery
Authors: Louks John , Calsyn Donald , Lindsay Frank
Published: September 2011

Previous research using the MMPI has failed to show personality differences between right and left hemispheric brain-damaged patients. The purposes of the present study were, first, to determine whether lateralized deficits in cortical functioning as measured by neuropsychological testing are systematically associated with neurotic-psychotic distinctions on the MMPI Secondly, we wished to determine the strength of predictive association in the relationship between lateralized functional deficits and personality organization A localization key (Russell, et al., 1972) was applied to the “Reitan-Battery” test results for 94 patients who were referred for neuropsychological testing. Based on this approach, 15 pairs of patients were selected who were “left” or “right” hemispheric dysfunctional in terms of test performance. Pairs were matched for age and “average impairment rating” (Russell, et al., 1972). Their MMPIs were also designated “neurotic” or “psychotic” using the Goldberg Psychotic Index (Goldberg, 1972). The results suggest that patients with deficits in left hemisphere functions tend to score in the psychotic range and patients with deficits in right hemispheric functions tend to score in the neurotic range of the MMPI Goldberg Index. In this set of data there was a 38% reduction in error of predicting neurotic-psychotic category by knowing whether the patient was left or right hemispheric dysfunctional in terms of neuropsychological tests.
Response Bias in Children's Judgments of Sense of Sentences
Authors: Holliday Jennifer
Published: September 2011

Investigations of syntactic and semantic factors affecting children's sentence processing have relied on one of two experimental tasks: the children acting out the sentences or the children making judgments on whether the sentences are “silly” or not. In a study using the latter technique, a bias toward “silly” responses was evident, particularly amongst the 5-yr.-olds, the youngest group tested. It is suggested that the bias was due to the demands of the experimental task and that a similar bias may have been present in other studies using this technique, thereby vitiating their conclusions.
Instructional Control of Sleep Reduction
Authors: Noles Keith O. , Epstein Leonard H. , Jones H. Tate
Published: September 2011

Nightly sleep of 8 college students was gradually reduced from baseline levels by instructions implemented in a multiple baseline, changing criterion design. The reduction phases were 5%, 15%, and 30% decreases. Performance, academic, and sleepiness measures were collected. Consistent reductions occurred for all subjects from mean daily sleep times of 7.71 to 6.20 hr. per night, a 20% decrease. No negative side-effects were observed and subjects reported they enjoyed the additional free time afforded by reducing their sleep.
Rod and Frame in Immediate Perception
Authors: Ehrlichman Howard
Published: September 2011

A version of the rod-and-frame test was developed in which subjects' initial perceptions of rod orientation were assessed without asking them to make veridical judgments. 49 women were shown rod-and-frame stimuli at an exposure time of .15 sec. They then indicated their perception of the slant of the rod by setting another rod at the apparent slant of the first rod. A significant positive correlation of 37 between this task and the standard task was found. Only subjects in the field-dependent third of the standard task distribution showed a significant effect of the frame under these conditions. The results suggest that differential performance on the standard task may reflect differences in immediate perception as well as in disembedding skill.
Measures of Sampling Error Applied to Statistical Inference
Authors: Acock Alan C. , Stavig Gordon R.
Published: September 2011

The classical theory of errors is applied to sample statistics. Two measures of sampling error, |ē| and kσ̅ are presented that can be used in conjunction with conventional methods of statistical inference. The measures have two interpretations. The |ē| measures the amount of a sample result that is expected by chance. The kσ̅ estimates both the proportion of a sample result that is expected by chance and the proportional deviation that is expected between an observed sample statistic and its population parameter.
Arousal and Cognition: Word Arousal and Visual Search
Authors: Farley Frank H. , Yen Shu-Jen
Published: September 2011

The influence of target-word affective properties on information processing time in a high speed visual-search task was studied. The 24 words were embedded in random-letter matrices, with one word per matrix. Subjects (5 male, 5 female) were tested. Words extreme on emotionality (positive vs negative affect) yielded significantly longer latencies than neutral words. The results were discussed in the light of related list-learning and problem-solving research.
Judged Attractiveness in Recognition Memory of Women's Faces
Authors: Fleishman Joseph J. , Buckley Mary Lou , Klosinsky Mary Joe , Smith Nancy , Tuck Beverly
Published: September 2011

A series of 35 3 1/2- × 2 1/2-in., full-face photographs of female undergraduates were used as stimuli. Each subject rated the randomly presented photographs into high, medium, and low attractiveness and 2 hr. later subjects recognized photographs they judged most and least attractive significantly better than the more “neutral” faces when all were mixed with 10 previously unused control stimuli. Arousal and “distinctive cues” were discussed as possible explanations for the improved memory associated with attractive and unattractive faces.
Behavioral Analysis of Clinical Judgment
Authors: Perez Francisco I.
Published: September 2011

Research on clinical judgment has produced conflicting information about effects of training on predictive accuracy, effects of the information available to the clinician, the correlates of accurate judgment, as well as the stability of such judgments. Such conflicting findings are largely related to lack of an adequate methodology. The present study examined the accuracy of judges making longitudinal clinical judgments with systematic increments in available information. Six judges, two non-experienced first-year graduate students in psychology, two medium-experienced practicum students, and two advanced interns, were asked to make discriminations between test protocols belonging to men convicted of first and second degree murder and men convicted of crimes against property. A discriminant function analysis classified 83% of these protocols accurately. Levels of information were increased in four phases. Most of the judges discriminated at a 50% accuracy level. No substantial increment in accuracy across phases was found. Judges of low accuracy discriminated best with the addition of the statistical findings. Daily judgments remained stable within the guessing range.
Semantic Memory: A Bibliography, 1968–1975
Authors: Griggs Richard A.
Published: September 2011

Semantic memory research is briefly described. Then a bibliography of 105 published references in semantic memory, calendar years, 1968–1975, is presented.
Absence of Sex Differences on the Children's Embedded Figures Test
Authors: Bowd Alan D.
Published: September 2011

An examination of the research literature on the Children's Embedded Figures Test indicates a consistent absence of sex differences. This observation is confirmed with a sample of 90 kindergarten, Grade 1 and Grade 2 Canadian children.
Identification Capacities of 3- to 9-Year-Old Normal Children
Authors: Hupet Michel , Citta Marco , Costermans Jean
Published: September 2011

The effects of information load upon the identification capacity of 3-, 7-, and 9-yr.-oId normal children ( ns = 5, 4, 3) were examined. A substantial increase in transmitted information was found as a function of the mean chronological age of the three samples. Important individual differences, however, were observed within each group, which are shown to be mostly in Ss' ability to develop and to use an efficient cognitive organization of the stimulus continuum.
Personality and Meditation
Authors: Williams Paul , Francis Anthony , Durham Robert
Published: September 2011

The relationship of psychoticism, extraversion-introversion, and neuroticism to the practice of Transcendental Meditation was studied. Male meditators ( n = 39) were more introverted and more neurotic than the normal population, whereas the female meditators ( n = 27) had a higher mean psychoticism score. Over a 6-mo. period of meditation, the males ( n = 24) became less neurotic; the degree to which they did so was related to the frequency of meditation. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Temporal Patterns of Drug Use—A Pilot Study
Authors: Sinnett E. Robert
Published: September 2011

Examination of pilot data for classes of drugs showed significant coefficients of concordance for ranked times of most common to least common use. Marijuana, psychedelics, and amphetamines were used most commonly from 6 to 10 p.m., coincidental with temporal patterns for viewing television suggests recreational use. Use times for caffeine were completely different.
Multivariate Comparison of Howes' and Weisenburg and Mc Bride's Models of Aphasia on the Neurosensory Center Comprehensive Examination
Authors: Crockett D. J.
Published: September 2011

The verbal production of 57 aphasic patients was rated and used to assign these patients into two sets of groups reflecting Howes' and Weisenburg and McBride's models of aphasia. Test scores covering a broad range of communication skills and modalities were compared between these groups to examine the assumption that salient features of verbal production could be used to establish groups which would show significant differences on other important linguistic variables. Neither Howes' nor Weisenburg and McBride's model provided groups showing significant multivariate differences. It was suggested that these models be improved by expanding them to include other important psycholinguistic components of language skills. Since these models did not account for significant between group differences, caution was suggested in using these models for assessment or treatment purposes.
Movement Amplitude, Pointing Accuracy and Choice-Reaction Time
Authors: Semjen Andras , Requin Jean
Published: September 2011

Choice reaction time and movement time were measured in a discrete visuo-manual pointing task. Two movement amplitudes (7.5 cm and 30 cm) and two target widths (1.5 cm and 6 cm) were used in all possible combinations. Movement time varied according to movement amplitude and to target width. However, some departure from the linear relationship between movement difficulty and movement time, known as the Fins' law, was observed. Choice RT varied according to movement amplitude, whereas target width influenced choice RT for short-amplitude movements but not for long-amplitude movements. It is concluded that the previously reported relationship between movement difficulty and choice RT primarily results from variations in movement amplitude.
Relationship between Spatial Density and Sensory Overload, Personal Space, and Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure
Authors: Hackworth John R.
Published: September 2011

Selected effects of high spatial density were investigated with 26 boys, serving as their own controls and undergoing alternate confinements in high and relatively low spatial density. Measured effects were changes in minimal aversion threshold values of white sound, projective measures of desire to alter room size, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. High spatial density increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure and projective measures of desire to alter room size but did not affect minimal aversion threshold values. Semi-projective measures of personal space requirements were obtained prior to experimental trials. Analysis showed a significant interaction of minimal aversion threshold values with requirements for personal space; the minimal aversion threshold values of subjects requiring large personal space tended to decrease following confinement under high spatial density. The interaction of personal space with projected measures of desire to alter room size was not significant. High spatial density may, then, exert adverse effects on blood pressure and may induce sensory overload conditions in individuals requiring large personal space.
Power Function between Duration of Friendly Interaction and Conformity in Perception and Judgments
Authors: Otani Darlene , Dixon Paul W.
Published: September 2011

Undergraduate students (24 male, 24 female) participated in an experiment employing the autokinetic illusion to investigate the effects of durations of friendly interactions on conformity. Subjects of each sex were randomly assigned to four treatment conditions: no confederate, 0-sec., 42-sec., and 420-sec. friendly interaction periods. The dependent measure was the difference in inches or fractions of an inch between subjects' and confederate's estimates. It was predicted that the 420-sec. treatment condition would produce a smaller difference in inches than either the 0- or 42-sec. condition. Results showed a significant effect of durations of friendly interaction on conformity. It was concluded that friendly interaction was a factor in determining conformity involving perception and judgment and could serve as a model for obtaining power function relationships using other social variables.
Inhibitory Effect of Unilateral Contraction on the Contralateral Arm
Authors: Yabe Kyonosuke , Tamaki Yoshitaka
Published: September 2011

Electromyograms of the triceps and biceps brachii of both arms of 6 subjects were recorded in reaction trials to flashing stimulus. Rapid voluntary elbow extension was immediately preceded by a silent period of the unexercised contralateral agonist (contralateral agonist silent period). Since this silent period was not accompanied by a contralateral antagonist contraction, the contralateral agonist silent period was not attributable to reciprocal inhibition in the spinal levels.
Undergraduate Self-Perceptions of Creativity and Independence
Authors: Bergum Bruce O. , Cooper Thomas
Published: September 2011

596 undergraduate students from 7 schools of a major university responded to a group of 20 questions relating to self-perceptions of creativity and independence employed in earlier studies of graduate faculty members and industrial inventors and producers. The hypothesis was that these students would tend to perceive of themselves in terms of popular expectations relating to the schools of their choice. The results indicated that students of architecture, engineering, liberal arts, and science tend to see themselves as significantly more independent, individualistic, and creative than students of business, education, and to some extent, agriculture.
Altering Arousal in Humans by Varying Ambient Sensory Conditions
Authors: Kallman W. M. , Isaac W.
Published: September 2011

Reaction times of 6 male and 6 female college students were used as a measure of arousal under different levels of ambient sensory stimulation. Subjects were tested under conditions of light-quiet, light-noise, dark-quiet and dark-noise with a non-signalled reaction-time task using a tactile stimulus. All sensory conditions were presented to each subject in a counterbalanced order and replicated in a second session 3 to 8 wk. later. Significant main effects were noise and replication. Improvement in performance across replications was related to the sex of the subject. White noise and level of illumination interacted to produce the typical U-shaped function. Results are discussed in terms of their relevance for research using behavioral and physiological measures of arousal.
Word Awareness, Reading and Development
Authors: Holden Marjorie H.
Published: September 2011

Research on young children's word awareness, the ability to identify the lexical constituents of a meaningful utterance, has received different interpretations: Either word awareness is related to linguistic and cognitive changes associated with the early school years or is a concept that children can learn when appropriate techniques are employed. This study was devised to clarify the nature of variables influencing word awareness during early childhood by analyzing responses of 26 kindergarten and 24 first-grade children to the Homophones Test of Word Awareness. Responses were assigned to seven categories representing a continuum characterized as ranging from discrete to global. Older children made fewer errors, and they gave a higher proportion of discrete responses. Younger children gave more global responses. Memory was evidently not the source of the younger children's inability to perform as well as the older ones. Rather, the difficulty appeared to stem from the younger children's inability to divorce sound from meaning in spoken messages. The role of developmental factors in children's conscious awareness of language structure and lexical units is supported by these findings.
Effect of Stimulus Context and Repeated Aversive Visual Stimulation on the Cardiac Correlate of Attention
Authors: Lefave M. Keith , Neufeld Richard W. J.
Published: September 2011

The experiment investigated cardiac deceleration responses to repeated presentations of an aversive visual stimulus (a slide of a mutilated homicide victim) as a function of interspersing presentations of different types of other provocative visual stimuli amidst the aversive stimulus. 30 male volunteers were divided into three groups of 10 subjects each. One group viewed the aversive stimulus randomly interspersed with presentations of female nudes (positive context); a second group viewed the aversive stimulus amidst presentations of slides of skin-disease patients (negative context); and the third group viewed the aversive slide surrounded by presentations of other male undergraduates (neutral context). After repeatedly viewing the single homicide-victim slide, subjects viewed five different homicide scenes without contextual slides. These identical procedures were repeated during a second experimental session. A significant context-by-sessions interaction ( p < .05) reflected a decrement in cardiac deceleration over sessions for the positive context and an increase in deceleration from the first to the second session for the negative context. The neutral context did not affect cardiac deceleration over sessions. The series of different homicide scenes elicited greater cardiac deceleration than repeated exposures to the same slide. These results were discussed in terms of the possible role of stimulus context in affecting attention and vigilant-avoidant coping orientations.
Canonical Relationships between Prestige and Interpersonal Attraction
Authors: Powell Larry , Hickson Mark L. , Hill Sidney R.
Published: September 2011

Canonical correlation was employed to test the relationship between prestige and interpersonal attraction in a public speaking situation. The hypothesis was that, when responding to a public speech, subjects would make judgments about the prestige of the speaker that would serve as an inferential base regarding conclusions about the interpersonal attraction of that individual. Results indicated that males ( ns = 78, 48) made judgments of interpersonal attraction dominated by task attraction, while females ( ns 90, 69) made multiple judgments about interpersonal attraction encompassing social, task, and physical attraction. Different results were obtained for a male and a female speaker.
Establishing a Normal Peer as a Behavioral Model for Developmentally Delayed Toddlers
Authors: Apolloni Tony , Cooke Sharon A. , Cooke Thomas P.
Published: September 2011

The present investigation demonstrated a systematic teaching procedure for establishing a normal toddler as a peer-model for three children showing delayed development, each one under 27 mo. of age. For each delayed subject, training consisted of adult-directed prompting and social reinforcement contingent upon the delayed children's imitations of material use and motor responses emitted by a normal peer. Within-subjects multiple-baseline designs across responses were used to demonstrate intrasubject control over imitative responding. Indices of stimulus and response generalization were assessed through having the peer-model present the trained responses along with untrained responses in a situation free of adult prompting and social reinforcement for imitative responding. Results indicated that the training in peer-imitation was successful for establishing the peer-model's behavior in a stimulus control relationship with the imitative responding of the delayed children. Moreover, the findings generally demonstrated transfer of training across stimulus situations and responses. Implications for educational programming with developmentally delayed children are discussed.
Inhibition of Operant Responding in Japanese Quail during Visual Exposure to a Companion
Authors: Deni Richard
Published: September 2011

Key-pecking was assessed in 8 previously trained adult male Japanese quail ( Coturnix coturnix japonica) during exposure to a series of conditions: 1 companion present with compartment lights on (visible) or off (not visible), and no companion present with compartment lights on or off. Birds were tested in a double operant chamber during 4 phases of procedure: (1) performance, (2) extinction, (3) reconditioning, and (4) performance. Significant inhibition of key-pecking was obtained during Phases 1, 3, and 4 when 1 companion was present and visible to subjects. Extinction (Phase 2) was slightly faster during the condition with 1 companion visible. These results with previously learned behavior provide further data contradictory to Zajonc's (1965) assumption that well learned responses are enhanced in the presence of a companion. Social inhibition of operant behavior, previously obtained in the rat, was also demonstrated in this avian species.
The Old Man as Woman: Detecting Stereotypes of Aged Men with a Femininity Scale
Authors: Silverman Marlene
Published: September 2011

Male and female college students ( N = 244), divided into seven experimental groups, rated women in general and men age 65 significantly higher in femininity than men at four younger ages and men in general. Ratings were made on the Broverman, et al. (1970) masculine-feminine (MF) scale. It appears that both women in general and aged men are viewed through the same “femininity” stereotype, which is largely a perception of psychological timidity. Relatively high femininity ratings for men age 55 indicate that these characteristics are believed to increase in men as a function of the aging process. Results also suggest that the students' MF ratings of “men in general” are based primarily on their perceptions of young men.
Visual Masking and Carbon Monoxide Toxicity
Authors: Luria S. M.
Published: September 2011

Thresholds for letters were measured with and without a masking stimulus (presented either to the same eye as the letters or to the other eye) before and after exposure of smokers and nonsmokers to 500 ppm carbon monoxide (CO) in air for 1 hr. Identification of the unmasked letters was not degraded by CO but a number of thresholds of the masked letters were significantly affected among the smokers. The effects of the CO on binocular and interocular masking were similar. These results suggest that the first effects of CO toxicity are neither on the receptors nor central but on the transmission lines in between and that smokers are more susceptible than nonsmokers to short-term increases in the level of CO. The masking phenomenon, however, does not appear to be an unusually sensitive measure of CO toxicity.
Necker Cube and Autokinetic Illusions after Awakening from Rem and Nonrem Sleep: Lack of Effect
Authors: Lavie Peretz , Lawder Kathy , Kripke Daniel F.
Published: September 2011

Earlier studies demonstrated differential perceptions of the visual illusions, beta movement and spiral aftereffect, following awakening from REM and NONREM sleep. The present study tested the effects of awakening from the two phases of sleep on two additional visual illusions, the Necker cube and autokinetic illusions. 12 young adults were wakened from REM and NONREM sleep and tested on both illusions for three 1-min. trials, within 1 to 2 min. of the awakening. Comparison of the post-REM and post-NONREM illusions indicated a nonsignificant difference between the two waking conditions in the passive spontaneous reversal rates of the Necker cube. Data for the autokinetic illusion were not reported as they were unreliable.
Patterns of Environmental Adjustments Underlying Measured Cognitive Complexity and Field Independence in Men and Women
Authors: Ridgeway Cecilia L.
Published: September 2011

73 male and 72 female college students completed several measures delineating aspects of the relationships they perceived between themselves and their social and physical environment, as well as cognitive complexity and field-independence measures. Correlational and cluster analysis showed complexity and field independence occurred within differing patterns of self-environment relations for men and women. Differing implications for the simultaneous development of verbal and non-verbal analytic cognitive styles in men and women were suggested by the findings. Results emphasized an ecological approach to cognitive styles as necessary for understanding the information processes underlying the styles themselves as well as their adjustive implications for men and women.
The House-Tree-Person Test as a Measure of Intelligence and Creativity
Authors: Eyal Channa , Lindgren Henry Clay
Published: September 2011

The House-Tree-Person test and a verbal test of mental ability, the Basic Word Vocabulary Test, were administered to 23 male and 27 female university undergraduates and to 27 boys and 38 girls in Grades 3 to 8. The drawings were given three separate and independent scorings by judges who computed intelligence scores according to the House-Tree-Person manual; rated them impressionistically on intelligence, using a forced-distribution method; or rated them impressionistically on creativity, using the same forced-distribution method. The three House-Tree-Person measures were highly intercorrelated for all groups of subjects. All three House-Tree-Person scores also correlated positively and significantly with vocabulary test scores for female university students, as did both impressionistically derived House-Tree-Person scores for grade-school girls. Male students' and boys' vocabulary scores were unrelated to any of the House-Tree-Person scores. Results suggest that competence in graphic expression operates independently of verbal intelligence in males but not in females. It is suggested that the House-Tree-Person test has potential validity as a nonverbal test of mental ability and that it can be scored efficiently and reliably by using a global, impressionistic method.
Several Variables of Importance in the Use of the Cold Pressor as a Noxious Stimulus in Behavioral Research
Authors: Westcott Thomas B. , Huesz Lorie , Boswell Donald , Herold Patricia
Published: September 2011

To examine the effects of subject's sex, hand dominance, and spatial summation on cold pressor tolerance and discomfort, 80 subjects were randomly assigned to one of eight conditions using a 2 × 2 × 2 design. Analysis showed that females immersing the hand tolerated the stimulus significantly less time than males immersing the hand, females immersing the finger, or males immersing the finger. Female subjects reported significantly more pain than males, and subjects who immersed the hand reported significantly more pain than subjects who immersed the finger only. Implications are discussed.
Effects of Crowding and Depersonalization on Perception of Group Atmosphere
Authors: Keating John P. , Snowball Halina
Published: September 2011

Group discussions ( n = 210) were held in rooms of high or low spatial density. In high-density settings, subjects ( n = 110) perceived the discussions as less beneficial and cooperative, but density did not affect subjects' perception of their own contribution to the groups. Subjects ( n = 107) who were depersonalized found the groups more friendly and the task less frustrating than their personalized counterparts ( n = 103).
Voluntary Alpha Control, Visually Evoked Potentials, and Peripheral Physiological Indicants of Activation
Authors: Sadler Roberta R. , Eason Robert G.
Published: September 2011

To test the hypothesis that voluntary alpha control is mediated in part through self-induced changes in cortical activation level and bodily arousal, changes in several physiological indicants of such activity were systematically examined as a function of the voluntary enhancement and suppression of scalp-recorded alpha activity. Following pre-training, 6 subjects attempted to either produce or suppress alpha with eyes closed while receiving continuous auditory feedback of their alpha levels. The results were interpreted as offering tentative support for the hypothesis.