bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental Transformation, Photolysis of Fluorescing Petroleum Compounds in Marine Waters
Authors: Literathy P. , Morel G. , Al-Bloushi A.
Published: May 2018

A great variety of fluorescing compounds - mainly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which are of concern in environmental and public health risk assessment due to their carcinogenic properties - exists as a complex mixture in petroleum, which makes their separation and identification difficult, if not impossible. Ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence spectroscopy offers a relatively simple way to characterize and quantify these compounds in environmental samples. PAHs are known to be sensitive to photochemical reactions rather than to biological oxidation. Several studies carried out with pure PAH compounds demonstrated their fast photolysis, half-lives of a few minutes to a few hours have been observed, which depend on the irradiation light flux. The objective of the present study was to describe photolysis characteristics of mixtures of fluorescing petroleum compounds exposed to sunlight.

Crude oil and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) were used as model mixture of fluorescing compounds in seawater. Solar irradiation conditions were selected to characterize maximum photolysis rates at 29 °N latitude. In addition to the characteristics of the irradiation light, reactor geometry, level of dispersion of the petroleum compounds and the presence of particulate matter influenced significantly the reaction rate coefficients. Photolysis of BaP was described with a first-order rate coefficient, whereas photolysis of the other compounds, quantified by fluorescence intensity at different wavelengths, was characterized with a multicomponent equation. BaP can be considered as an internal actinometer in photolysis experiments with PAH mixtures. The level of dispersion affected the photolysis rates, which were highest in the dissolved and chemically dispersed samples. Ratios between fluorescence intensities at different wavelengths allowed comparison with the characteristics of actual environmental samples, providing additional information on their weathering history.
The Development of Environmental Control Legislation and Effluent Standards for Australasian Wood Processing Industries
Authors: Gifford John S. , McFarlane Paul N.
Published: May 2018

The Australasian wood processing industry is poised for a substantial expansion over the next twenty years. Australia, which is presently an importer, is developing plans to become a net exporter of forest products,while New Zealand's wood supply is expected to double over this period. In both countries, the expansion of processing capacity will be required to occur in a sustainable and environmentally sound manner. For example, the Australian Federal government has developed environmental guidelines for new bleached Eucalyptus kraft pulp mills,while the New Zealand government is presently enacting a comprehensive Resource Management Act. The implications of these developments for the Australasian wood processing industry is discussed.
The Identification of Dioxin Sources in an Integrated Wood Processing Facility
Authors: Campin D. N. , Buckland S. J. , Hannah D. J. , Taucher J. A.
Published: May 2018

A study was undertaken of the PCDD and PCDF export vectors from a major facility that comprises a bleached kraft pulp mill, paper mills, and previously, a timber processing sawmill. The PCDD and PCDF levels in pulps, untreated effluent, the final effluent, sludges, and discharge to the receiving waters, were studied. The total toxic equivalents were calculated, and the individual PCDD and PCDF profiles showed that there were several contributing sources of dioxins.

The various effluent streams that contribute to the final effluent were studied, including the bleached effluent, the other kraft mill effluents, and site effluents from other processing areas. Mass balances of PCDDs and PCDFs from the effluent treatment systems are presented.

The paper outlines the use of full PCDD and PCDF profile measurements as a means of identifying the point sources of dioxin contamination from within the facility, and outlines the procedures that are being implemented to control the emission of dioxins in the final effluent.
Treatment of Pulp-Bleaching Effluents by Activated Sludge, Precipitation, Ozonation and Irradiation
Authors: Haberl R. , Urban W. , Gehringer P. , Szinovatz W.
Published: May 2018

The effluents of conventional pulp bleaching represent the main problem of waste water disposal of the pulp industry because of their non-biodegradability. Nowadays the demanded quality of discharges requires new methods exceeding the conventional biological ones.

Experience has shown that for purifying pulp bleaching sewages, only an extra stage treatment-process seems to be successful. In a first stage (e.g. precipitation/flocculation, oxidation with ozone, high-energy radiation) the resistant organic substances must be changed to biodegradable substances. The main elimination should be done in a biological stage, and remaining concentrations could be eliminated by a final treatment,e.g.AC-adsorption.The authors' research works are dealing with all the mentioned stages, and some results of these works are presented in this paper.

With different types of activated sludge the following elimination rates could be achieved: ~ 90 % BOD5, 30 - 40 % COD and 20 - 30 % AOX. Precipitation with lime in addition to flocculation resulted in reduction rates of 40 % COD, 50 % AOX and 70 % of colour. Such a pretreatment and a following biological treatment increased the reduction rates to > 95 % BOD5, 70 - 80 % COD and 70-85 % colour.

The treatment with ozone with and without simultaneous γ-irradiation firstly was carried out with native bleaching effluents at different temperatures and at different pH. These preliminary tests turned out to be unsatisfactory probably because of the high amount of easily biodegradable substances in this sewage, which reduce the effectivity of ozone/radiation. Therefore the research programme was directed to biologically pretreated bleaching effluents.
Investigation of Anaerobic Removal and Degradation of Organic Chlorine from Kraft Bleaching Wastewaters
Authors: Ferguson John F. , Dalentoft Eva
Published: May 2018

A study of anaerobic removal of adsorbable organic halide (AOX) from kraft bleaching wastes has been conducted, using bottle bioassay techniques. The anaerobic cultures were fed either acetate or hydrogen and were able to remove from 40 to 65% of the AOX. The removal mechanism and the role of an adapted anaerobic consortium has been investigated with results indicating some biological removal, but significant amounts of sorption or degradation that does not seem to require microbial activity. Significant inhibition of methanogenic activity has also been found in some of the tests.
Biotechnological Sulphide Removal from Effluents
Authors: Buisman C. J. N. , Lettinga G. , Paasschens C. W. M. , Habets L. H. A.
Published: May 2018

A new system for sulphide removal is reported in which sulphide is converted to elemental sulphur using colourless sulphur bacteria. A 4 m3 biorotor reactor has been tested using sulphide-containing anaerobically treated papermill wastewater. Sulphide removal efficiencies well above 90% were achieved at a hydraulic retention time of 19 minutes, using Pall rings of 2.5 cm or Bio-Net 200 as carrier materials.

It was also found that reticulated polyurethane is not suitable as carrier material for the sulphide removal process in the presence of fatty acids.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Study on Oxidation Products of Lignin and Humic Substances
Authors: Knuutinen J. S. , Mannila J. P.
Published: May 2018

We describe a convenient method of preparing samples and characterizing the mixture of degradation products obtained from alkaline cupric oxide oxidation of water samples containing lignin and humic substances. The method was applied to one unpolluted humic water sample and a total mill effluent of a kraft pulp mill. The fractions (Mr > 1000) obtained by ultrafi1tration were oxidized and the products (mixtures of degradation products) were analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (Spherisorb 5 ODS column). Acetonitrile-0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 2) was used as the eluent in a gradient system and UV (set at 280 nm) as the detection system. Differences in the chromatograms of the high molecular mass fractions (Mr > 1000) of the samples studied can be used to characterize natural lignin and humic substances of various origins and to distinguish between natural humic matter and lignin compounds formed in the pulp industry.
Microbiological and Genetic Aspects of the Synthesis of Polyphosphate by Species of Acinetobacter
Authors: Bayly R. C. , Duncan A. , May J. W. , Schembri M. , Semertjis A. , Vasiliadis G. , Raper W. G. C.
Published: May 2018

Strains of Acinetobacter which showed marked variation in their ability to accumulate intracellular polyphosphate (Pn) were isolated from a pilot-plant which was removing phosphate biologically. Variants which could not accumulate Pn under the same growth conditions were derived from two of the isolates which accumulated high levels of Pn.

The activities of five enzymes reported to have a role in Pn synthesis showed no significant differences between the two variants, their parent strains and two other natural isolates. In the presence of 20 µm N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), growth of the variant strains was suppressed, whereas the parent strains were still able to grow and form polyphosphate. A mechanism which depends upon the trans-membrane proton gradient of the cell is proposed to account for the high levels of polyphosphate formed by some strains of Acinetobacter.

Each of the Acinetobacter strains isolated from the pilot-plant carried several plasmids. Comparison of one strain, which accumulated a high level of Pn, and its variant, showed that a deletion of approximately 20 kb of plasmid DNA from the parent strain had occurred.
Kinetic Model of Sequencing Batch Activated Sludge Process for Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Nakazawa H. , Tanaka K.
Published: May 2018

Mathematical models based on the kinetic aspect of the sequencing batch activated sludge process were developed to explain the characteristics of the process treating municipal wastewater. These models are a steady-state model dealing with the overall relationship between biomass concentrations in a reactor and operational conditions of the process, and a kinetic model dealing with the behaviors of biomass and substrate in a reactor within one cycle time of the process. Applying these mathematical models for the results of pilot-scale experiments for municipal wastewater treatment, reasonable parameters' values were obtained and the effects of operating strategies including the aeration time ratio and the solids retention time became clear for the process performance.
Utilization of Microorganisms Immobilized with Magnetic Particles for Sewage and Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Ozaki H. , Liu Z. , Terashima Y.
Published: May 2018

A novel method for sewage and wastewater treatment using microorganisms immobilized with magnetic particles was developed with a proposal of the treatment process. This process has the characteristic of having microorganisms in effluent recovered magnetically. Batch and continuous experiments for phenol removal were carried out using microorganisms immobilized with ferromagnetic particles after cultivation in the presence of phenol. In the continuous experiment, almost 100% of phenol in feed water was removed for at least 4.0 days, during which a developed apparatus, mainly consisting of a reactor and a separator with magnet, was operated without difficulty. In the mixed system of the immobilized microorganisms and activated sludge, phenol and easily biodegradable substance were removed simultaneously and efficiently. Thus the addition of the immobilized microorganisms to a reactor with activated sludge was considered to be able to endow the reactor system with further capability for treatment. Furthermore, it became apparent that a mixture of three kinds of microorganisms, immobilized with ferromagnetic particles and feeble magnetic particles respectively and without magnetic particles, could remove the objective substrate, and that the microorganisms immobilized with magnetic particles could be recovered using a magnet and a High Gradient Magnetic Filtration (HGMF) equipment.

These results show that a new process, in which the microorganisms in a reactor would become controllable and be maintained in high concentration, could be developed.
Anaerobic Bacteria Degrading Low Molecular Chlorinated Fatty Acids and Related Compounds
Authors: Nakamura K. , Kamagata Y. , Tanaka K. , Matsuda K. , Tasaki M. , Mikami E.
Published: May 2018

Two anaerobic rod-shaped bacteria, strains K-1 and ACR were isolated from mesophilic digester sludge acclimatized with 4-chlorobutyrate or acrylate as the main energy and carbon source. Both bacteria have tentatively been classified in the genus Clostridium because of their cell morphology and spore formation. Strain K-1 could utilize chlorinated compounds such as 4- and 3-chlorobutyrate and 3-chloropropionate, and the main products were butyrate and acetate, propionate and acetate, respectively. Crotonate and 3-hyflroxybutyrate could be also degraded by strain K-1 and the same products from the degradation of 4-chlorobutyrate were observed. Strain ACR could utilize acrylate to produce propionate and acetate. It could also utilize chlorinated fatty acids such as 4-chlorobutyrate and 3-chloropropionate. However, neither of the strains could utilize saturated fatty acids such as propionate and butyrate. Reductive dechlorination or saturation of unsaturated bond may thus possibly serve as a regeneration system for a reduced coenzyme, which may be formed in an oxidation pathway of such compounds to acetate.
Anaerobic Treatment of Thermal Sludge Conditioning Liquor and Characteristics of Granular Sludge Produced
Authors: Kimata Takashi , Tada Minoru , Tanaka Kazuhiro , Shinabe Kazuhiro , Shimizu Kou
Published: May 2018

Thermal sludge conditioning liquor from a municipal wastewater treatment plant was successfully treated with a pilot-scale upflow anaerobic hybrid reactor with an effective volume of 10.4 cu.m. More than 70% of soluble COD in the influent was removed even at an organic loading as high as 30 kgCOD/cu.m/day. Though the reactor was seeded with an anaerobically digested sludge, granular sludge was produced in the reactor. The ratio of granular sludge to the solids in the reactor increased up to about 70% at the end of experiment. Biological activity of the granular sludge was measured as a methane producing rate using an acetate solution. Physical characteristics of the sludge, such as diameter distribution, composition and settling velocity, were also measured. It was found through tracer tests using lithium chloride that the reactor worked as a CSTR.
Increased Stability of Anaerobic Digestion by Controlled Recirculation
Authors: Ouyang Chaio-Fuei , Chang Tain-Gen
Published: May 2018

The treatment characteristics of municipal sludge were investigated by the anaerobic activated sludge digestion (AASD) system. This study used the suspended growth system and mesophilic temperature in the digestors and separators; the system achieves a more stable and improved process; such a process configuration offers the possibility of a substantial reduction in the total volume necessary for efficient stabilization. This study presents data indicating that the AASS system is feasible. In general, with an applied solids concentration of TS= 2%, the nonbiodegradable portion of the substrate concentration contained in the primary and secondary sludge was found to be 40.6% and 35.1% on the basis or TVS and COD, respectively. This study also provides evidence that the reactions at a recycling ratio of R=1 and R=3 are considerably more stable than those achieved in conventional or other recycling ratio digestors with a HRT of 9 days or longer. The gas production and bioactivity is also higher than that normally produced by the conventional single-stage digestion system. The experimental results also indicate that the dilution rate exceeds the maximum specific growth rate as the HRT is decreased from 9 days to 6 days. The significant saving in reactor volume and enhanced methane generation should offset the energy required for digested sludge recycling.
Performance Evaluation of Compact RBC-Settling Tank System
Authors: Ahn Kyu-Hong , Chang Jae-Soo
Published: May 2018

A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the performance of RBC-Settling tank system on wastewater treatment in comparison with conventional RBC. The same synthetic wastewater was fed parallel into four stage laboratory scale cascade-connected RBC-Settling tank and conventional RBC reactors at a fixed rotational speed and hydraulic loading. At three different organic loading rates of 6.14, 13.44 and 23.31 g SCOD/m2/day, the results of the systems are presented in terms of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), organic and suspended solids (SS) loading and removal. Disk Biomass Index (DBI), Sludge Biomass Index (SBI) and Fractional Biomass Volatile Solids Destruction (FBVSD) were used to compare the disk active biomass and sludge stability of the RBC-Settling tank system with those of the conventional RBC. Removal efficiency of suspended solids, ammonia nitrogen and total Kjeldahl nitrogen was found to be much higher in the RBC-Settling tank system than the conventional RBC but organic removal in terms of SCOD removed g/m2/day of both reactors was not much different. Much better sludge stabilization was observed in the RBC-Settling tank system. The RBC-Settling tank system showed good performance on the suspended solids, NH3-N and TKN removal, and sludge stabilization as well as organic removal, which indicates that this is an effective and economical system for treating domestic wastewater in small and isolated communities.
Microbiological Performance of Multi-Stage Stabilization Ponds for Effluent Use in Agriculture
Authors: Saqqar M. M. , Pescod M. B.
Published: May 2018

The paper presents data on total and faecal coliform removal and on intestinal nematode egg removal achieved in the Al-Samra stabilization ponds in Jordan during the winter period December 1986 to March 1987. A total retention of 34 days in the series of 10 ponds was able to achieve complete removal of nematode eggs at the pond temperature 12-15°C but was not able to meet the WHO guideline value for faecal conforms of ≤ 1000/100 ml. In addition to retention time having a positive effect on faecal conform die-off, it was shown that surface organic loading, pond pH, BOD5 concentration, and depth, influenced the rate of faecal coliform die-off. It became apparent that interactions existed among the operational and environmental parameters but that the simple time-and-temperature-dependent model for faecal conform die-off was no longer appropriate.
Advanced Wastewater Treatment by Means of Dry Bed Filters; Semi-Technical Test Results; Experiences on a Large-Technical Scale and Results
Authors: Kraft A. , Seyfried C. F.
Published: May 2018

After describing and explaining the dry bed filtration process, in the experimental part of this paper the results of semi-technical tests are presented and a measurement nomogram for dual-media dry bed filters is presented. In the second part of the paper, the experiences and results of two large-scale plants (municipal wastewater treatment plant; paper industry) are discussed. The semi-technical results show that the dry bed filtration process is an extraordinarily efficient process and contains the possibility of simultaneous elimination of suspended solids, nitrification and elimination of residual COD and BOD. The large-technical tests show that meanwhile this process has also been proven in practice.
Chemical Analysis of Irrigation Waters in Bahrain
Authors: Salim Akhter Mohammad
Published: May 2018

Water quality and suitability of spring water, with special emphasis on Adari Spring, for agricultural purposes in Bahrain has been investigated. A total of 24 chemical and physical parameters including pH, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, acidity, hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, sulphate, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, fluoride, iron, manganese, total dissolved solids, were analyzed. The data show that this water is chemically unacceptable for drinking purpose. However the water could be used for agricultural purposes, particularly for dates plantations which can tolerate high salinity water. This study also indicates that the ground water quality in this spring has to be monitored.

Treated sewage water was also analyzed for above mentioned parameters. The data show promising results for agricultural purposes.
Industrial Wastewater Treatment and its Environmental Impact on the Zarqa River
Authors: Al Salem S. S.
Published: May 2018

The Zarqa River is Jordan's major surface and ground water basin, where most of the industries are located. A summary of an industrial waste water survey is presented, with quantity and quality of the discharges and methods of disposal. Compliance with the effluent standard and the effect on the environment is discussed. It is concluded that there is contamination of surface water and a potential of contamination of ground water, the river bed and soils adjacent to the river. The existing regulation, standard and practices in industrial wastewater management are reviewed and new principles are suggested to be adopted for setting a sustainable policy in wastewater management.
The Option to Discharge Industrial or Sewage Effluent to the Marine Environment
Authors: Botes W. A. M. , Russell K. S.
Published: May 2018

The utilisation of the ocean for the disposal of domestic or industrial waste is a controversial subject with different views and perceptions by the public, the scientific community and developers. With extensive developments, increased stresses are exerted on the coastal zone areas. Disposal of wastes will have effect on the environment (land, atmosphere or ocean) and it is the responsibility of the scientific community and the authorities to minimise detrimental effects to the environment.

The ocean as a disposal medium is an inappropriate medium to dispose of persistent toxic materials, however, the assimilative capacity of the sea is enormous for certain substances providing:Impact assessments to determine the influence of disposal to the marine environment should be compared to similar assessments of the environment to be influenced by alternative disposal options.Social and economic considerations should also form an integral part of such an assessment.Water quality criteria should be clearly defined and scientifically sound to provide the basis for the design of outfalls as well as for monitoring the short and long-term impacts.Authorised control and effective legislation should be available to enforce quality requirements and remedial actions to be taken.
Sensory Analysis of Trout Tainted by Diesel Fuel in Ambient Water
Authors: Davis H. K. , Geelhoed E. N. , MacRae A. W. , Howgate P.
Published: May 2018

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnen) were kept in fresh water tanks for 24 h and exposed to one of seven concentrations of diesel, using a flow-through system with used water discharged to waste. The concentrations ranged from 0.0087 to 0.87 mg.l−1 (0.01 to 1.0 µ1.1−1). An experienced taste panel assessed the degree of taint in the cooked fish by four different procedures. These were the triangular test, three-alternative forced-choice (3-AFC) and two forms of rating scale. The triangular and 3-AFC procedures yielded similar estimates of threshold, the estimate from the combined data being approximately 0.08 mg.l−1. Although the 3-AFC procedure has some advantages, they are not sufficient to recommend it in place of the triangular test. Both methods showed better ability to discriminate low levels of taint than the quantitative rating procedures.
Characterization and Identification of Odorous Compounds in Ozonated Waters
Authors: Thorell B. , Borén H. , Grimvall A. , Nyström A. , Sävenhed R.
Published: May 2018

Combined chemical and sensory techniques were used to analyse off-flavours formed during ozonation of surface waters and fulvic acids (FA) dissolved in Milli-Q water. Chromatographic sniffing and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of a dichloromethane extract of an ozonated surface water revealed n-heptanal, n-octanal, n-decanal, phenyl acetaldehyde, vanillin and several other unidentified, odorous compounds. Dissolving the dichloromethane extract in water did not, however, recreate the sweet and nauseous odour components of the original ozonated water. Continued experiments showed that FA can be important precursors of off-flavours in ozonated waters and that the major off-flavour compounds in such waters are less volatile than the above mentioned aldehydes. Furthermore, adsorption on DEAE-cellulose followed by desorption with sodium hydroxide was found to be an efficient method for concentrating the off-flavours of ozonated FA solutions. During repeated ozonation of FA solutions, both the threshold odour number (TON) and the concentrations of several organic acids first increased and then decreased.
Drinking Water Off-Flavour Caused by 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole
Authors: Nyström A. , Grimvall A. , Krantz-Rüilcker C. , Sävenhed R. , Åkerstrand K.
Published: May 2018

Combined chemical and sensory methods were used for the source identification of musty off-flavours in water; the methods were based on stripping enrichment, gas chromatography (GC) with both instrumental and sensory detection, and preparative GC. Two case studies of drinking water derived from groundwater (one chlorinated and one non-chlorinated) showed that 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA) was the major odorous compound. Furthermore, the concentration of TCA increased significantly in the distribution system. Studies of surface waters showed that TCA is widespread in Sweden, and in one small forest lake, it was found that TCA made a significant contribution to the total odour of the water.

The formation of TCA during distribution was probably caused by microbial methylation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP). TCP is formed during chlorine disinfection of drinking water and has recently also been identified as a natural halogenation product. In the present study, fungi (of the genera Phialophora, Acremonium and Penicillium) and actinomycetes isolated from drinking water were capable of producing TCA by methylating added TCP.
The Toxicity of Organic Chemicals to Treatment Processes
Authors: Blum D. J. W. , Speece R. E.
Published: May 2018

The IC50 concentration was determined for a common set of narcotic chemicals to three classes of environmental organisms - aerobic heterotrophs, methanogens and Nitrosomonas as well as to MicrotoxR. The toxicity was well modeled using the linear solvation energy relationship which incorporates molecular volume, polarity/polarizability, hydrogen bond donor acidity and hydrogen bond donor basicity. Chemical characteristics which contribute to a chemical's toxicity are discussed. The relative toxicity to these different classes of environmental microorganisms is discussed and the implications to biological treatment process stability are considered.
Toxicity Identification and Reduction Evaluation in Petrochemical Effluents – SITEL Case
Authors: Brandelli A. , Baldasso M. L. , Goettems E. P.
Published: May 2018

SITEL, Integrated Wastewater Treatment System of South Petrochemical Complex,has been processing liquid waste from this industrial area since November, 1982. The complex consists of an olefins plant and some second-generation plants that produce mainly thermoplastic resins. The raw industrial effluent is segregated in the plants in two main streams: organic and inorganic. The organic treatment consists of water-oil separator, equalization basin and dissolved air flotation (primary treatment), activated sludge and multi-media filters (secondary treatment) and stabilization ponds (tertiary treatment). The final effluent is applied on land by perforated PVC pipelines and sprinklers. In 1986, an aquatic toxicity test laboratory was implemented. It uses fish (Pimephales promelas) and crustaceans (Daphnia similis), according to methodology reported by EPA.

A three-step protocol has been developed to characterize the whole effluent toxicity reduction in a, treatment system as well as to identify the sources of toxicity in industrial plants. The first step consists of toxicity identification and characterization of effluents at several monitoring points of SITEL. After analysing the results of the first step, it is possible to evaluate the toxicity reduction obtained by the treatment system and environmental toxicity evaluation. The second step consists of identification of the sources of toxicity in industrial plants through comparative study of organic and inorganic effluents of the complex, prioritizing the most toxic effluents. The last step consists of a toxic fraction identification, based on sequential physico/chemical fractionations of the effluent with associated toxicity testing using aquatic organisms. This paper presents the results that have been obtained so far and a previous evaluation of the main contributors for the toxicity of the effluents.
The Development of a Waste Minimization Program at Amoco Oil Company
Authors: Spearman M. K. , Zagula S. J.
Published: May 2018

The development of the waste minimization program for Amoco Oil Company's refineries is discussed, from its conception through its evolution and present-day status. Beginning with a commitment from top management, a corporate waste minimization mission was defined; goals and objectives were set; and a program was outlined. In 1987, a task force was formed to evaluate the current refining system waste minimization activities and to establish a program baseline. A waste minimization coordinator was tasked with defining a program to update current activities and to keep the refining system focused on meeting the established objectives. This includes educating the refining system on waste minimization definitions and issues; effectively communicating goals, ideas, and methods; and team building to maintain enthusiasm. The role of Amoco's R&D department in the waste minimization program is presented, including the development of software to track waste generation, processing, disposal, and costs. Finally, briefcase-studies of successfully implemented source control and resource recovery projects are presented.
Leachate Minimization by Reverse Osmosis
Authors: Bilstad T. , Madland M. V.
Published: May 2018

Leachates from chemical and domestic landfills are defined as hazardous wastewater. Quantitative and qualitative control of leachate can be performed by membrane separation of the total produced leachate volume. Dissolved and suspended solids in the leachate are removed from the major portion of the water phase and either returned to the landfill or further treated. The particle - free permeate meets the effluent requirements for direct discharge to virtually any watercourse.

An untreated leachate flow is concentrated thirteen times by tubular type reverse osmosis. The separation efficiencies are 99% for iron, copper, chromium and zinc. For suspended solids the removal is 100%.
Treatment of Perfume Manufacturing Wastewaters by Co-Metabolism with an Alcohol Substrate
Authors: Goronszy M. C.
Published: May 2018

A fragrance manufacturing wastewater is to be treated using a flowsheet which includes combined equalization and organics stripping, biological treatment followed by catalyzed chemical oxidation and waste sludge handling. Two biological processes were investigated for comparison. The first was a conventional extended aeration process, using a bench-scale reactor; the second was a cyclically operated activated sludge system batch reactor using a demonstration unit on-site. Operating parameters for generating an effluent quality of around 600 mg/L COD, through biological treatment, were established. It was found necessary to adjust the feed substrate concentration with a concentrated wastewater component to support microbial growth. The combined fragrance manufacturing waste stream was characterized by an initial COD of around 23000 mg/L. The treatment facility is required to meet a 300 mg/L COD, 175 mg/L BOD and 250 mg/L TSS effluent quality by the regulatory authorities. Satisfactory removal of residual COD to meet the discharge specification was obtained in bench tests using catalyzed chemical oxidants following biological treatment. The design intent of the full-scale facility is 38000 litres/day.
Evaluation of Control Strategies for Actinomycete Scum in Full-Scale Treatment Plants
Authors: Mori Tadahiro , Itokazu Kiyomasa , Ishikura Yasuharu , Mishina Fumio , Sakai Yoshio , Koga Minako
Published: May 2018

It was found that heavy scum production occurred when cell numbers of actinomycetes were higher than 106 ml−1 in mixed liquor. The reduction of sludge retention time (SRT) was one methodology for controlling actinomycete scum production. This method was successfully applied in the Yokosuka treatment plant when sludge age was maintained at 1.5-2.0 days. The number of actinomycetes cells in mixed liquor decreased to the order of 104 or 105 ml−1. However, in order to reduce SRT, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) had to be low, resulting in a high BOD load. Therefore, it was very difficult to control the scum formation by SRT reduction, while still meeting the water quality standard. The number of actinomycetes in the influent in the Okinawa treatment plant was very high, about 106 ml−1. Since the reduction of SRT was not effective in the Okinawa treatment plant, the anaerobic-oxic process was introduced. Using this process with low SRT, the abnormal foaming and scum production were reduced to 1/2 to 1/3 from the conventional activated sludge process. The number of actinomycete cells in anaerobic-oxic process decreased compared to that of the conventional process.
Effects of Some Industrial Chemicals on Anaerobic Activity Measured by Sequential Automated Methanometry (SAM)
Authors: Cohen A.
Published: May 2018

An experimental study was conducted into the effects of exposure of anaerobic bacteria to some commercial industrial chemicals. Anaerobic activity was tested using Sequential Automated Methanometry (SAM). SAM measures small pressure increases caused by gas production in vials containing anaerobic bacteria.

Tested were bleaching agents including hydrogen peroxide and sodium metabisulphite, mothproofing and insect repelling agents containing synthetic pyrethroids, a bacteriostatic agent and non-ionic detergents commonly used in the wool scouring industry. Actively digesting bacterial material was obtained from an experimental anaerobic system treating concentrated effluents from wool scouring industry.

None of the tested chemicals, with the exception of the bleaching agents, displayed any serious adverse effects on anaerobic activity. One of the tested detergents and one of the tested bacteriostatic agents mildly stimulated gas productivity, while strong increases in gas productivity were observed with one of the pyrethroid-containing chemicals. Sodium metabisulphite inhibited gas production but inhibition was reversible. Hydrogen peroxide was highly toxic and completely inhibited methane production even at the lowest added concentrations.
Application of the Biobed® Upflow Fluidized Bed Process for Anaerobic Waste Water Treatment
Authors: Frankin R. J. , Koevoets W. A. A. , van Gils W. M. A. , van der Pas A.
Published: May 2018

Over the past ten years Gist-brocades has been engaged in anaerobic waste water treatment. An in-depth research program concluded in the construction and operation of three full-scale plants for the treatment of yeast processing and pharmaceutical waste waters. Using the operational experience of the fluidized bed biomass-on-carrier systems and incorporating the strong assets of the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) system features a new process was developed, the so-called Upflow Fluidized Bed (UFB) BIOBED® process, which operation appeared to be very successful over a > 3 year period at full scale. The UFB BIOBED® system combines both characteristics of the UASB and FB processes. Biomass is present in a granular form but conditions with respect to upflow velocities for water and gas approach those of the original Fluidized Bed - biomass on carrier - (FB) system.
Anaerobic-Aerobic Combined Process for the Treatment of Sewage with Nutrient Removal: The Ananox® Process
Authors: Garuti G. , Dohanyos M. , Tilche A.
Published: May 2018

Results of a three year experience on a combined anaerobic-anoxic-oxic municipal waste water treatment process - named ANANOX® - are presented.

This process demonstrated to be highly efficient, with 89.6% CODt, 89.2% TSS and 81.2% N removal, and a sludge production of only 0.2 kg TSS.kg COD removed−1, a value which is roughly 50% less if compared with traditional nitrification/denitrification processes.

Sulphates play a very significant role in the process because, after being reduced in the anaerobic step, where they give a contribution to the organic matter degradation, they are reoxidized in the anoxic step by nitrates, reducing the organic matter need for denitrification.

Due to the high dependence of efficiency on temperature, the system proposed has advantageous uses for sewage treatment, particularly in warm climates and in tourist and recreational areas where the population increases during the warm season.
Trunk Sewer Clogging Development – Description and Solutions
Authors: Laplace D. , Bachoc A. , Sanchez Y. , Dartus D.
Published: May 2018

Sediment development observations, made in a man-entry combined trunk sewer equipped with non-separating gullies, enable us to describe the principles of deposit formation phenomena related to the storm and dry weather flows, and to the characteristics of this particular material. Measurements of sediment depth taken three times a week, each ten metres along the 460 metres clogged up sections of the sewer, are completed by hydraulic measurements and sediment characterization. Sewer sediment in the upstream network is also regularly observed. The rains may cause a sudden and heavy increase of sediment volume in the trunk sewer as well as local erosion according to the hydraulic singularities. The dry weather flow grades the surface of the sediment and creates a new gradient profile for the bed, which overtime becomes steeper with sediment deposition. The general trend of the curve of the development in time of the volume of sediment deposited is asymptotic, so it seems possible to reach an “equilibrium situation” being a function of the size of the entrance material. Limit conditions of deposition are studied by using Shields' relation, and principles of preventive or curative solutions are proposed.
Contribution of Combined Sewer Overflow-Derived Sediments to Annual Participate Load and Oxygen Demand in the River Roch, England
Authors: Brownbill V. R. , Jackson D. H. , Douglas I.
Published: May 2018

The nature and behaviour of sediments released from a Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) and their impact on the steep, gravel-bedded River Roch in northwest England were monitored by sampling suspended and bedload sediments, and by analysis of bed material. CSO-derived suspended sediments characteristically had 103 478 mg kg−1 wet weight COD, and 17 536 mg kg−1 wet weight BOD, respectively 1.1 and 3.5 times those of river suspended sediments. However, over a two-year monitoring period, overflows accounted for only 0.3% of the river water discharge, and 2.0% of the river sediment load. The CSO sediment-related BOD was only 3.5 to 7% of the river's natural sediment-related BOD in the two study years, while CSO derived COD and ammonia accounted for only 3% and 0.5% of the river pollutant loads. Under certain hydraulic conditions during storm events, sediment-BOD from the CSO could account for 60% of the river's instantaneous BOD load. However, the only high sewer-derived sediment oxygen demands occurred during storm events. No lagged impacts on dissolved oxygen were observed. In this naturally turbulent, welloxygenated river, sediments suspended in overflow liquor have a short-lived impact on DO levels, but they are too fine to settle out in the first kilometre downstream. This welldesigned, new, CSO has a minimal impact on the stream.
Influence of Sewer Sediments on the Overflow Load for Various Combined Sewer Systems
Authors: Beichert J.
Published: May 2018

The influence of various characteristics of combined sewer systems on the overflow load has been analysed by means of long-term simulation. Special attention was paid to the sewer sediment. A simulation model that has been developed for this purpose comprises an approach for the sediment transport. This approach has been calibrated by means of various values of pilot plants. It has been demonstrated that the importance of the first flush is dependent on the bottom slope. The ‘dry weather balance' has been defined as a parameter which allows the determination of the overflow load from sewer sediments.
Monitoring of the Santos Submarine Outfall, São Paulo, Brazil, 10 Years in Operation
Authors: Berzin G.
Published: May 2018

This summary is based on several reports accompanying the performance of the Emissary in operation since 1979 that are analyzed together with the operational data of the Preconditioning Station of Santos Sewer, State of São Paulo, Brazil.

The choice of the pre-treatment system and the emissary was made due to the regional absence of areas ample enough to install a complete conventional sewage treatment plant and to the fact that the economical studies showed the advantage of the construction of an outfall sewer taking into account the difference in cost between primary and secondary treatment of waste.

The efficiency of the dimension of the minimal extension adopted is verified for the various trajectories of the maritime currents and their predominant cycles. The principal physical, chemical and biological parameters were collected from 14,309 analyses of the last four campaigns (1976, 1979, 1982 and 1986). They are analyzed together, permitting the verification of the efficiency of the oceanic sewage disposal.

The results of the campaigns generate recommendations and conclusions, contributing with details for future projects and also permitting other countries of the Americas to evaluate and compare the operational performance of their emissaries.
Modelling Transport and Dispersion of Effluent Outfalls
Authors: Monteiro A. J. , Neves R. J. , Sousa E. R.
Published: May 2018

The accuracy, applicability and limitations of several kinds of models to simulate the dispersion processes are discussed. An Eulerian-lagrangian model based on the advection of particles is presented. This model is particularly adequate to study plumes with high concentration gradients like those developed by outfall discharges. The model uses the velocity field computed by a 2D depth-integrated hydrodynamical model. The linkage of the near and far field solutions is taken into account using particles of variable thickness. The initial thickness is estimated using an empiric relation for the near field depending on the local discharge conditions. Some results are presented and discussed.
Marine Outfall Applications on the Turkish Coast of the Black Sea
Authors: Ozturk I. , Eroglu V. , Akkoyunlu A.
Published: May 2018

This paper covers research results and construction techniques applied for marine outfall systems of three medium sized cities located on the coast of the Black Sea. The treatability and design data related to the pre-treatraent and marine outfall system of a large pulp and paper mill on the same coast are presented. The preliminary studies and the development of the design criteria of the related marine outfall systems were carried out by the Department of Environmental Engineering of Istanbul Technical University. The scope of the project included oceanographie, hydrographie, and geotechnical surveys and water quality measurements. A construction method, which is widely applied in Turkey for laying of the glass reinforced pipes(GRP), has been evaluated. Pollution loads originated from the land based sources have been given and their probable environmental impacts in the receiving water body have been discussed.
The Reintegration of Used Waters in the Environment
Authors: Celestino da Costa P.
Published: May 2018

For urban and industrial uses, water is collected in the natural environment and after being used is returned to the natural environment.

The process of utilization is simultaneously a process of pollution that is transferred to the wastewater and from it to the water-course. More than 50 years were necessary after the introduction of the techniques of house plumbing to the appearance of artificial wastewater treatments.

Since the beginning of this process, it has been necessary to count on the natural assimilative capacity of the waters to deal with the pollution. But artificial treatment and artificially enhanced natural treatment have considerably augmented the possibility that the return of used waters to the environment became a true integration in it, its quality not being changed, or being changed in a way that does not significantly affect water uses.

Three main technical means are available to do this, only one being artificial treatment.
The Distribution of Organic Pollutants onto Suspended Sediments, Humic Materials and Fulvic Materials in the Transverse Mixing Zone
Authors: Liljestrand H. M. , Lee Y.-D.
Published: May 2018

An investigation was performed on the importance of the rates of adsorption and desorption of neutral organic pollutants onto sediments and onto the natural dissolved organic materials which reversibly partition onto sediments. Dichlorobenzene exchange rates and equilibrium partitioning onto the fulvic acid fraction of natural dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were experimentally determined to be significantly different than that onto the humic acid and humin fraction. From the experimental results, a numerical model of the sorption kinetics was incorporated into a finite difference pollutant transport model consisting of the system of partial differential equations for transport and transfer rates between forms for the free dissolved, bound to sediments, and bound to naturally occurring dissolved organic carbon pollutant concentrations with respect to time and space. The model was applied to the case of hydrophobic species in the transverse mixing zone of fast streams and compared with other formulations for partitioning. The comparison showed that the phase distribution of a pollutant cannot be correctly predicted from simple equilibrium models.
Environmental Assessment of Tributyltin in Canada
Authors: Maguire R. J.
Published: May 2018

The aquatic chemistry, fate and toxicity of tributyltin are reviewed. A summary is given of investigations of the occurrence and persistence of tributyltin and its less toxic degradation products in water and sediment in Canada. Tributyltin was mainly found in areas of heavy boating or shipping traffic, which was consistent with its use as an antifouling agent. In about 8% of the 269 locations across Canada at which samples were collected, tributyltin was found in water at concentrations which could cause chronic toxicity in a sensitive species, rainbow trout. Tributyltin was occasionally found in the surface microlayer of fresh water at much higher concentrations than in subsurface water. It was also found in about 30% of sediment samples collected across Canada. The few fish analyzed that contained tributyltin were from harbours, a finding consistent with findings in water and sediment. Biological degradation in water and sediment appears to be the most important factor limiting the persistence of tributyltin in aquatic ecosystems. Estimates of the half-life of biological degradation of tributyltin in fresh water and sediment in Canada are in the range of a few weeks to 4-5 months, respectively. Recent Canadian regulations of tributyltin are discussed as well as the current Canadian Environmental Protection Act review of non-pesticidal organotins.