bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Terahertz reflective metasurfaces realize wavefront modulation of circular polarization channels
Authors: Xin Jinhao , Yang Jinxin , Song Zhengyong
Published: June 2024

The emergence of many efficient optical field modulation methods and planar optical devices is attributed to the continuous research of geometric phase. Nevertheless, conjugate symmetry of the geometric phase limits the multiplexing of metasurfaces. To overcome this limitation, integrating the propagation phase and the geometric phase to achieve self-decouped metasurfaces can effectively double channel capacity. Herein, a more in-depth derivation of Jones matrices is conducted, leveraging two degrees of freedom offered by the propagation phase and the geometric phase. This approach enables complete modulation in circular polarization channels. By designing the phase difference between a fast axis and a slow axis, energy allocation between different channels can be controlled. It means independent complex amplitude modulation is achieved. On this basis, the geometric phase is introduced to realize tri-channel multiplexing metasurfaces. To verify the feasibility of this method, two metasurfaces are designed, including a bifocal metasurface with adjustable energy allocation and a tri-channel multiplexing metasurface. The proposed multifunctional metasurface offers new insights into wavefront multiplexing for communication systems.
A simple and accurate method to determine fluid–crystal phase boundaries from direct coexistence simulations
Authors: Smallenburg Frank , Del Monte Giovanni , de Jager Marjolein , Filion Laura
Published: June 2024

One method for computationally determining phase boundaries is to explicitly simulate a direct coexistence between the two phases of interest. Although this approach works very well for fluid–fluid coexistences, it is often considered to be less useful for fluid–crystal transitions, as additional care must be taken to prevent the simulation boundaries from imposing unwanted strains on the crystal phase. Here, we present a simple adaptation to the direct coexistence method that nonetheless allows us to obtain highly accurate predictions of fluid–crystal coexistence conditions, assuming that a fluid–crystal interface can be readily simulated. We test our approach on hard spheres, the screened Coulomb potential, and a 2D patchy-particle model. In all cases, we find excellent agreement between the direct coexistence approach and (much more cumbersome) free-energy calculation methods. Moreover, the method is sufficiently accurate to resolve the (tiny) free-energy difference between the face-centered cubic and hexagonally close-packed crystal of hard spheres in the thermodynamic limit. The simplicity of this method also ensures that it can be trivially implemented in essentially any simulation method or package. Hence, this approach provides an excellent alternative to free-energy based methods for the precise determination of phase boundaries.
InN/InAlN heterostructures for new generation of fast electronics
Authors: Kuzmik J. , Stoklas R. , Hasenöhrl S. , Dobročka E. , Kučera M. , Eliáš P. , Gucmann F. , Gregušová D. , Haščík Š. , Kaleta A. , Chauvat M. P. , Kret S. , Ruterana P.
Published: June 2024

N-polar InN/In0.61Al0.39N heterostructures are grown directly on sapphire by using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The thickness of Mg-doped In0.61Al0.39N is 340 nm, and the root-mean-square surface roughness of 20 nm thick InN is ∼3.2 nm. An optional AlN spike grown at 710 °C for 35 s is used either as an interlayer to separate the InAlN buffer from the InN channel or as a part of InAlN nucleation after sapphire nitridation. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals approximately two monolayers of AlN if used as the interlayer. In this case, the concentration of screw and edge threading dislocations in partially strained InN decreased down to 6.5 × 109 and 38 × 109 cm−2, respectively. More importantly, the interlayer inclusion suppressed remote donor and alloy disorder scatterings, providing, at room temperature, the InN free electron mobility and concentration of 620 cm2/V s and 3 × 1013 cm−2, respectively. On the other hand, omitting the AlN spike by InAlN nucleation led to structural deteriorations while buffer resistivity increased to 1.7 kΩ/□. A current density of ∼12–16 A/mm, breakdown field of ∼75 kV/cm, and electron drift velocity of ∼2 × 107 cm/s were determined in InN by applying 10 ns voltage pulses on fabricated test resistors.
Review of Scientific Instruments New Products
Authors: Mandelis Andreas
Published: June 2024

In order to supplement manufacturers’ information, this department will welcome the submission by our readers of brief communications reporting measurements on the physical properties of materials that supersede earlier data or suggest new research applications.
Effect of live/dead condition, moisture content and particle size on flammability of gorse (Ulex europaeus) measured with a cone calorimeter
Authors: Melnik Katharine O. , Valencia Andres , Katurji Marwan , Nilsson Daniel , Baker Greg , Melnik Oleg M. , Pearce H. Grant , Strand Tara M.
Published: June 2024

Background Live fuel comprises a significant portion of the fuel consumed in forest and scrub crown fires. However, its flammability remains poorly understood. Although live fuel differs from dead fuel in moisture content, chemical composition, cellular structure and physiological characteristics, its higher moisture content masks the effect of other characteristics on its flammability. Aims The aim of the study was to delineate and assess the effects of live/dead condition, moisture content and particle size on flammability of gorse (Ulex europaeus L.). Methods Live and dead gorse material of three size classes (0–3, 3–6, and 6–10 mm in diameter) at six moisture contents (0, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) was tested in a cone calorimeter to evaluate its flammability using new sample preparation and moisture conditioning techniques. Key results On average, live fuel ignited 21% slower, reached 11% higher peak heat release rate, and had a 12% shorter burn duration than dead fuel of the same moisture content. These differences were most pronounced in coarser material. Conclusions For gorse, fine dead fuels increase the likelihood of ignition, fine live fuels contribute to high burning intensities, and coarser live and dead fuels prolong combustion. Implications These findings highlight the need to account for flammability differences between live and dead fuels in fire behaviour models beyond those driven by variations in moisture content.
Multiple evolutionary pressures shape identical consonant avoidance in the world’s languages
Authors: Cathcart Chundra A.
Published: June 2024

Languages disfavor word forms containing sequences of similar or identical consonants, due to the biomechanical and cognitive difficulties posed by patterns of this sort. However, the specific evolutionary processes responsible for this phenomenon are not fully understood. Words containing sequences of identical consonants may be more likely to arise than those without; processes of word form mutation may be more likely to remove than create sequences of identical consonants in word forms; finally, words containing identical consonants may die out more frequently than those without. Phylogenetic analyses of the evolution of homologous word forms indicate that words with identical consonants arise less frequently than those without. However, words with identical consonants do not die out more frequently than those without. Further analyses reveal that forms with identical consonants are replaced in basic meaning functions more frequently than words without. Taken together, results suggest that the underrepresentation of sequences of identical consonants is overwhelmingly a by-product of constraints on word form coinage, though processes related to word usage also serve to ensure that such patterns are infrequent in more salient vocabulary items. These findings clarify aspects of processes of lexical evolution and competition that take place during language change, optimizing communicative systems.
U4 snRNP inhibits premature cleavage and polyadenylation of pre-mRNAs
Authors: Feng Qiumin , Zhao Danhui , Lin Zejin , Li Mengzhao , Xiang Andy Peng , Ye Congting , Yao Chengguo
Published: June 2024

The essential role of U4 snRNP in pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) splicing has been well established. In this study, we utilized an antisense morpholino oligonucleotide (AMO) specifically targeting U4 snRNA to achieve functional knockdown of U4 snRNP in HeLa cells. Our results showed that this knockdown resulted in global intronic premature cleavage and polyadenylation (PCPA) events, comparable to the effects observed with U1 AMO treatment, as demonstrated by mRNA 3′-seq analysis. Furthermore, our study suggested that this may be a common phenomenon in both human and mouse cell lines. Additionally, we showed that U4 AMO treatment disrupted transcription elongation, as evidenced by chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) analysis for RNAPII. Collectively, our results identified a unique role for U4 snRNP in the inhibition of PCPA and indicated a model wherein splicing intrinsically inhibits intronic cleavage and polyadenylation in the context of cotranscriptional mRNA processing.
Towards a realistic dipole cosmology: the dipole ΛCDM model
Authors: Ebrahimian Ehsan , Krishnan Chethan , Mondol Ranjini , Sheikh-Jabbari M M
Published: June 2024

Dipole cosmology is the maximally Copernican generalization of the FLRW paradigm that can incorporate bulk flows in the cosmic fluid. In this paper, we first discuss how multiple fluid components with independent flows can be realized in this set up. This is the necessary step to promote ‘tilted’ Bianchi cosmologies to a viable framework for cosmological model building involving fluid mixtures (as in FLRW). We present a dipole ΛCDM model which has radiation and matter with independent flows, with (or without) a positive cosmological constant. A remarkable feature of models containing radiation (including dipole ΛCDM) is that therelativeflow between radiation and matter can increase at late times, which can contribute to e.g. the CMB dipole. This can happen generically in the space of initial conditions. We discuss the significance of this observation for late time cosmic tensions.
Moving mirrors and event horizons in non-flat background geometry
Authors: Ievlev Evgenii
Published: June 2024

Moving mirrors have been used for a long time as simple models for studying various properties of black hole radiation, such as the thermal spectrum and entanglement entropy. These models are typically constructed to mimic the collapse of a spherically symmetric distribution of matter in the Minkowski background. We generalize this correspondence to the case of non-trivial background geometry and consider two examples, the Schwarzschild—de Sitter black hole and the Bañados–Teitelboim–Zanelli (BTZ) black hole. In the BTZ case we were also able to show that this approach works for the spinning black hole which has only axial symmetry.
Resolving full-wave through-wall transmission effects in multi-static synthetic aperture radar
Authors: Watson F M , Andre D , Lionheart W R B
Published: June 2024

Through-wall synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging is of significant interest for security purposes, in particular when using multi-static SAR systems consisting of multiple distributed radar transmitters and receivers to improve resolution and the ability to recognise objects. Yet there is a significant challenge in forming focused, useful images due to multiple scattering effects through walls, whereas standard SAR imaging has an inherent single scattering assumption. This may be exacerbated with multi-static collections, since different scattering events will be observed from each angle and the data may not coherently combine well in a naive manner. To overcome this, we propose an image formation method which resolves full-wave effects through an approximately known wall or other arbitrary obstacle, which itself has some unknown ‘nuisance’ parameters that are determined as part of the reconstruction to provide well focused images. The method is more flexible and realistic than existing methods which treat a single wall as a flat layered medium, whilst being significantly computationally cheaper than full-wave methods, strongly motivated by practical considerations for through-wall SAR.
Microfluidic carbon cloth-based enzymatic glucose biofuel cell for sustainably powering a microelectronic circuit
*
Authors: Vanmathi S , Goel Sanket
Published: June 2024

Enhancing enzymatic microfluidic biofuel cells (EBFCs) devices has garnered significant attention due to the development of microfluidic ultra-low power energy-gathering techniques. To facilitate the ability to create microfluidic EBFCs, a carbon cloth (CC) has been considered since they are effective renewable energy sources and utilized as the ideal paper-based substitute for traditional power supplies for a variety of tiny devices due to their inherent qualities and exceptional performance. The developed microfluidic EBFC utilized glucose as a fuel, carbon cloth as the bioelectrode, Glucose oxidase for the anode, and laccase for the cathode. The maximum stable open circuit voltage of CC-EBFC was measured to be 475 mV with a peak power density of 85 µW cm−2 at 300 mV and a current density of 484 µA cm−2. The power performance of the device was improved by bovine serum albumin and a booster circuit, which was also coated and connected to the load to stabilize the performance. The novelty of the work is that using a flexible substrate of carbon cloth, with a microfluidic channel, has an added advantage in the biofuel cell. LTC3108EDE DC–DC booster was used to increase energy and attain a high charging voltage of 5 V to operate a digital watch up to 3 V. With minimal weight and flexibility; this minuscule device opens up new possibilities to sustainably power wearable and portable microelectronic devices.
Effect of external electric field on copper/silica contact electrification and adhesion: insight from first-principles and molecular mechanics investigations
Authors: Wu Jun , Cao Jiapeng , Bi Hailin , Zhu Wenming , Rong Junyi , Xu Yang
Published: June 2024

The electrostatic force induced by charge transfer during contact electrification is one of the main components of adhesion force at the solid interface. Some studies found that the magnitude of charge transfer and the consequently electrostatic force can be tuned by the external electric field. However, the detailed mechanism is still lacking in understanding. In this study, the effect of external electric field on copper/silica contact electrification and adhesion is studied via first-principles and molecular mechanics calculations and the mechanism is revealed by electrostatic potential and adhesion energy analysis. It is proved that the external electric field can affect the contact potential difference, which is the driving force of contact electrification, thus influencing the magnitude of charge transfer and electrostatic force. When the electric field direction is the same as the electron transfer direction, the contact electrification can be suppressed, leading to the decrease in the ratio of electrostatic force to van der Waals force. In particularly, the contact electrification and electrostatic force can be completely eliminated when applying a specific electric field intensity. This can provide an inspiration for quantitatively studying the source of adhesion force at solid interface.
Majorana CP-violating phases and NSI effects in neutrino decay
Authors: Alok Ashutosh Kumar , Chundawat Neetu Raj Singh , Mandal Arindam , Soni Bhavya
Published: June 2024

In this work, we investigate the impact of neutrino decay in the presence of non-standard interactions (NSI) along with the effects of the Majorana phase on neutrino decay in matter in the context of two-flavor neutrino oscillations. These effects are studied on neutrino oscillation probabilities P

α
β
≡ P(ν

α
→ ν

β
), and the difference

Δ

P

α
β

≡
P
(

ν

α

→

ν

β

)
−
P
(

ν

¯

α

→

ν

¯

β

)

for several accelerator and reactor neutrino experiments. We find that for P

α
β
, the influence of the Majorana phase on decay in matter can be replicated by the simultaneous presence of both decay and NSI. However, precise measurements of the P

α
β
and ΔP

α
β
observables have the potential to unequivocally identify the presence of the Majorana phase by discerning its effects from the concurrent presence of both decay and NSI.
All-optical spin switching on an ultrafast time scale
Authors: Hübner Wolfgang , Lefkidis Georgios , Zhang G P
Published: June 2024

Information technology revolution demands bigger and faster magnetic storage. All-optical spin switching (AOS) may offer a solution, where an ultrafast laser pulse alone can switch magnetization from one direction to another faithfully within 1–10 ps, free of a magnetic field. There are two types of switching: One is the helicity-dependent all-optical spin switching (HD-AOS) and the other the helicity-independent all-optical spin switching (HID-AOS). In a few alloys, one single laser pulse, with sufficient fluence, can switch spin, but the majority of magnetic materials requires multiple pulses. Both material-specific and laser-specific properties strongly affect the switching process. However, the underlying mechanism is still under debate. As the entire research field moves toward applications, it is very appropriate to review what has been achieved in the last decade. This review covers some of the major experimental and theoretical developments within the last decade, and serves as an introduction to the uninitiated reader in this field and a summary for the seasoned researchers.
Comparative analysis of molecular dynamics and method of moments in two-dimensional concentric circular layers
Authors: Salazar Robert , Cobos Cristian , Jaramillo Diego , Bayona-Roa Camilo
Published: June 2024

In this manuscript, we undertake an examination of a classical plasma deployed on two finite co-planar surfaces: a circular region

Ω
in

into an annular region

Ω
out

with a gap in between. It is studied both from the point of view of statistical mechanics and the electrostatics of continua media. We employ a dual perspective: the first one is by using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to find the system’s positional correlation functions and velocity distributions. That by modeling the system as a classical two-dimensional Coulomb plasma of point-like charged particles q
1 and q
2 on the layers

Ω
in

and

Ω
out

respectively with no background density. The second one corresponds to a finite Surface Electrode (SE) composed of planar metallic layers displayed on the regions

Ω
in

,

Ω
out

at constant voltages

V
in

,

V
out

considering axial symmetry. The surface charge density is calculated by the Method of Moments (MoM) under the electrostatic approximation. Point-like and differential charges elements interact via a

1

/

r

—electric potential in both cases. The thermodynamic averages of the number density, and electric potential due to the plasma depend on the coupling and the charge ratio

ξ
=

q
1

/

q
2

once the geometry of the layers is fixed. On the other hand, the fields due to the SE depend on the layer’s geometry and their voltage. In the document, is defined a protocol to properly compare the systems. We show that there are values of the coupling parameter, where the thermodynamic averages computed via MD agree with the results of MoM for attractive

ξ
=
−
1

and repulsive layers ξ = 1.
Ultrafast dynamics of exciton-polariton fluids at non-zero momenta
Authors: Zhao Xianyan , Ye Ziyu , Chen Fei , Zhou Hang , Jia Haoyuan , Xu Huailiang , Li Hui , Wu Jian
Published: June 2024

In this study, we have explored the ultrafast formation and decay dynamics of exciton-polariton fluids at non-zero momenta, non-resonantly excited by a small-spot femtosecond pump pulse in a ZnO microcavity. Using the femtosecond angle-resolved spectroscopic imaging technique, multidimensional dynamics in both the energy and momentum degrees of freedom have been obtained. Two distinct regions with different decay rate in the energy dimension and various decay-channels in the momentum dimension can be well-resolved. Theoretical simulations based on the generalized Gross–Pitaevskii equation can reach a qualitative agreement with the experimental observations, demonstrating the significance of the initial potential barrier induced by the pump pulse during the decay process. The finding of our study can provide additional insights into the fundamental understanding of exciton-polariton condensates, enabling further advancements for controlling the fluids and practical applications.
Genetically optimised SMOTE-based adversarial discriminative domain adaptation for rotor fault diagnosis at variable operating conditions
Authors: Rajagopalan Sudhar , Purohit Ashish , Singh Jaskaran
Published: June 2024

For safety, reliability, and uninterrupted output of gas turbines, aviation engines, power-generating equipment, pumps, gears, compressors etc, rotor mass imbalance must be detected and diagnosed to avoid catastrophic failure. Industry 4.0 relies on predictive digital maintenance and deep learning-based convolutional neural network (CNN), which predicts defects but fails if the operating conditions change. Research studies in various fields indicate that the domain shift issue occurs due to source and target samples being from different domains, which reduces prediction capability. Moreover, research studies are scarce in examining prediction capability under varying operating speeds for rotor mass imbalance. Hence, this research proposes the adversarial discriminative domain adaptation (ADDA) technique which predicts machine failures under various operational conditions. The efficacy of ADDA has been explored by introducing 1D-CNN as a source and a target encoder inside ADDA’s architecture to take advantage of CNN’s feature extraction capability. Further, this research effectively tackles CNN’s inherent issues of overfitting and hyperparameters value selection. Furthermore, The real-world scenario has more healthy samples than fault condition samples, causing a multiclass imbalance in sample data, which affects the classification decision boundary and causes biased prediction. Hence, the proposed methodology first addresses the class imbalance through synthetic minority oversampling (SMOTE), then genetic algorithm optimizes 1D-CNN’s hyperparameters, and the effective dropout layer positioning solves the overfitting. Finally, the deep learning-based SMOTE_ADDA_GO-1D-CNN decreases domain discrepancy with ADDA. The proposed methodology’s efficacy has been explored through F1-Score, which is used as multiclass evaluation metrics, and it has been benchmarked against standard machine learning and deep learning algorithms. The test results of the proposed methodology surpassed all of them with maximum prediction accuracy. Thus, this study contributes to rotor massimbalance detection and diagnosis for multiclass imbalanced data under varying operational conditions by successfully overcoming potential challenges during fault prediction.
Depth extraction of 3D defects on curved surfaces with multi-line lasers
Authors: Jin Lei , Li Siyuan , Xu Ke
Published: June 2024

The adoption of computer vision technology has significantly impacted surface defect inspection by providing a non-contact, cost-effective solution that has been widely accepted. Among the various techniques available, three-dimensional (3D) defect inspection using multi-line lasers is notable for its simplicity, high detection speed, and extensive coverage. The accuracy of this method is significantly constrained by the precision of laser stripe extraction. In industrial environments, achieving accurate extraction is hindered by the intricate surface geometries of objects and the challenge of maintaining uniform brightness in multi-line laser stripes. To address these challenges, we propose a novel approach to extract the depth of 3D defects on surfaces using multi-line lasers. Our method combines guided filtering and the Frankle-McCann Retinex algorithms to improve the quality of captured images. We have refined the laser stripe extraction process and proposed an advanced adaptive threshold segmentation technique that utilizes the OTSU method to determine threshold coefficients, followed by secondary segmentation based on a neighborhood search. The extracted laser strips are then processed using the quadratic weighted gray gravity method. Additionally, we proposed an innovative region-growth segmentation method based on neighborhood search that effectively segments individual laser strips. We also design a strategy for determining 3D defect depths in situations where precise camera calibration is challenging. The efficacy of our proposed method was rigorously tested on a hot-rolled seamless steel tube with a diameter of 145 mm. The resulting 3D defect depth exhibited an error of less than 0.5 mm, meeting the stringent standards required for practical applications.
A fuzzy q-closest alignment model
Authors: Mucha Piotr B , Peszek Jan
Published: June 2024

The paper examines the issue of well-posedness of the Cucker-Smale model with communication restricted to the q-closest neighbors, known also as the Cucker-Dong model. With agents oscillating on the boundary of different clusters, the system becomes difficult to precisely define, which leads to further problems with kinetic limits as the number of agents tends to infinity. We introduce the fuzzy q-closest system, which circumvents the issues with well-posedness. For such a system we prove a stability estimate for measure-valued solutions and perform the kinetic mean-field limit.
Highly accelerated parameter mapping using model-based alternating reconstruction coupling fitting
Authors: Li Shaohang , Wang Lili , Priest Andrew N , Horvat-Menih Ines , Mendichovszky Iosif A , Gallagher Ferdia A , Wang He , Li Hao
Published: June 2024

Objective. A model-based alternating reconstruction coupling fitting, termed Model-based Alternating Reconstruction COupling fitting (MARCO), is proposed for accurate and fast magnetic resonance parameter mapping. Approach. MARCO utilizes the signal model as a regularization by minimizing the bias between the image series and the signal produced by the suitable signal model based on iteratively updated parameter maps when reconstructing. The technique can incorporate prior knowledge of both image series and parameters by adding sparsity constraints. The optimization problem is decomposed into three subproblems and solved through three alternating steps involving reconstruction and nonlinear least-square fitting, which can produce both contrast-weighted images and parameter maps simultaneously. Main results. The algorithm is applied to T
2 mapping with extended phase graph algorithm integrated and validated on undersampled multi-echo spin-echo data from both phantom and in vivo sources. Compared with traditional compressed sensing and model-based methods, the proposed approach yields more accurate T
2 maps with more details at high acceleration factors. Significance. The proposed method provides a basic framework for quantitative MR relaxometry, theoretically applicable to all quantitative MR relaxometry. It has the potential to improve the diagnostic utility of quantitative imaging techniques.
Addressing the sources of inter-subject variability in E-field parameters in anodal tDCS stimulation over motor cortical network
Authors: Franco-Rosado Pablo , Callejón M Amparo , Reina-Tosina Javier , Roa Laura M , Martin-Rodriguez Juan F , Mir Pablo
Published: June 2024

Objetive: . Although transcranial direct current stimulation constitutes a non-invasive neuromodulation technique with promising results in a great variety of applications, its clinical implementation is compromised by the high inter-subject variability reported. This study aims to analyze the inter-subject variability in electric fields (E-fields) over regions of the cortical motor network under two electrode montages: the classical C3Fp2 and an alternative P3F3, which confines more the E-field over this region. Approach. Computational models of the head of 98 healthy subjects were developed to simulate the E-field under both montages. E-field parameters such as magnitude, focality and orientation were calculated over three regions of interest (ROI): M1S1, supplementary motor area (SMA) and preSMA. The role of anatomical characteristics as a source of inter-subject variability on E-field parameters and individualized stimulation intensity were addressed using linear mixed-effect models.Main results. P3F3 showed a more confined E-field distribution over M1S1 than C3Fp2; the latter elicited higher E-fields over supplementary motor areas. Both montages showed high inter-subject variability, especially for the normal component over C3Fp2. Skin, bone and CSF ROI volumes showed a negative association with E-field magnitude irrespective of montage. Grey matter volume and montage were the main sources of variability for focality. The curvature of gyri was found to be significantly associated with the variability of normal E-fields.Significance. Computational modeling proves useful in the assessment of E-field variability. Our simulations predict significant differences in E-field magnitude and focality for C3Fp2 and P3F3. However, anatomical characteristics were also found to be significant sources of E-field variability irrespective of electrode montage. The normal E-field component better captured the individual variability and low rate of responder subjects observed in experimental studies.
Deep learning-based voxel sampling for particle therapy treatment planning
Authors: Quarz A , Volz L , Antink C Hoog , Durante M , Graeff C
Published: June 2024

Objective. Scanned particle therapy often requires complex treatment plans, robust optimization, as well as treatment adaptation. Plan optimization is especially complicated for heavy ions due to the variable relative biological effectiveness. We present a novel deep-learning model to select a subset of voxels in the planning process thus reducing the planning problem size for improved computational efficiency. Approach. Using only a subset of the voxels in target and organs at risk (OARs) we produced high-quality treatment plans, but heuristic selection strategies require manual input. We designed a deep-learning model based on P-Net to obtain an optimal voxel sampling without relying on patient-specific user input. A cohort of 70 head and neck patients that received carbon ion therapy was used for model training (50), validation (10) and testing (10). For training, a total of 12 500 carbon ion plans were optimized, using a highly efficient artificial intelligence (AI) infrastructure implemented into a research treatment planning platform. A custom loss function increased sampling density in underdosed regions, while aiming to reduce the total number of voxels. Main results. On the test dataset, the number of voxels in the optimization could be reduced by 84.8% (median) at <1% median loss in plan quality. When the model was trained to reduce sampling in the target only while keeping all voxels in OARs, a median reduction up to 71.6% was achieved, with 0.5% loss in the plan quality. The optimization time was reduced by a factor of 7.5 for the total AI selection model and a factor of 3.7 for the model with only target selection. Significance. The novel deep-learning voxel sampling technique achieves a significant reduction in computational time with a negligible loss in the plan quality. The reduction in optimization time can be especially useful for future real-time adaptation strategies.
Static and dynamic analysis of cerebral blood flow in fifty-six large arterial vessel networks
Authors: Chou Yuan-Chung , Payne Stephen
Published: June 2024

Objective. The cerebral vasculature is formed of an intricate network of blood vessels over many different length scales. Changes in their structure and connection are implicated in multiple cerebrovascular and neurological disorders. In this study, we present a novel approach to the quantitative analysis of the cerebral macrovasculature using computational and mathematical tools in a large dataset. Approach. We analysed a publicly available vessel dataset from a cohort of 56 (32/24F/M) healthy subjects. This dataset includes digital reconstructions of human brain macrovasculatures. We then propose a new mathematical model to compute blood flow dynamics and pressure distributions within these 56-representative cerebral macrovasculatures and quantify the results across this cohort. Main results. Statistical analysis showed that the steady state level of cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) gradually increases with age in both men and women. These age-related changes in CVR are in good agreement with previously reported values. All subjects were found to have only small phase angles (<6°) between blood pressure and blood flow at the cardiac frequency. Significance. These results showed that the dynamic component of blood flow adds very little phase shift at the cardiac frequency, which implies that the cerebral macrocirculation can be regarded as close to steady state in its behaviour, at least in healthy populations, irrespective of age or sex. This implies that the phase shift observed in measurements of blood flow in cerebral vessels is caused by behaviour further down the vascular bed. This behaviour is important for future statistical models of the dynamic maintenance of oxygen and nutrient supply to the brain.
Study on a p-GaN HEMT with composite passivation and composite barrier layers
Authors: Cheng Junji , Wang Queyang , Liu Yikai , Ding Guo , Zhang Minming , Yi Bo , Huang Haimeng , Yang Hongqiang
Published: June 2024

A novel structure of p-GaN high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) is proposed and studied. It features two composite layers. One is the composite passivation (CP) layer consisting of Si3N4 and high-permittivity (HK) film. The other is a composite barrier (CB) layer consisting of Al
x
Ga1−x
N/AlN/Al0.23Ga0.77N. Due to the coordinated effect of CP and CB, the specific on-resistance (R
ON, SP) can be reduced under the premise of ensuring breakdown voltage (BV). Meanwhile, since the HK film in CP introduces a mechanism to automatically compensate the hot electrons trapped by surface states, the current collapse effect could be suppressed. According to the simulation results, in comparison with the conventional p-GaN HEMT, the proposed one using TiO2 as the HK material and using Al-component of 0.35 for Al
x
Ga1−x
N gains a 29.5% reduction in R
ON, SP while getting a 9.8% increase in BV, which contributes to a 50.5% decrease in the energy loss during one cycle at 200 kHz. It is also demonstrated by the simulation results that the current collapse in the proposed device is reduced by 28.6%. Thereby, a promising p-GaN HEMT with improved performance and reliability is invented.
Mutually unbiased coherence of Bell Diagonal States*
Authors: Zhao An-Ting , Fang Ming , Tao Yuan-Hong
Published: June 2024

This study explores the coherence of Bell-diagonal states under two complete sets of mutually unbiased bases (MUBs), focusing on four measures: the l
1 norm, l

p
norm, Rényi relative α-entropy, and relative entropy. We initially construct a complete set of MUBs in

C

4

by incorporating two maximally entangled bases unbiased with respect to the autotensor of mutually unbiased bases (AMUBs), subsequently comparing it with the canonical set documented in existing literature. We establish the expressions for Bell-diagonal states under these two complete sets of MUBs and demonstrate that the aggregate of each coherence measure across both sets is equivalent. Additionally, we present the upper bounds for the sums of the l
1 norm, l

p
norm, and Rényi relative 2-entropy of coherence. Furthermore, we describe the geometric structure associated with the sum of relative entropy coherence, revealing that an increase in the sum of relative entropy of coherence corresponds to an increase in the parameter of the Bell-diagonal states.
Unveiling the potential of CuAlxGa1−xSe2 (x = 0.25) chalcopyrite as absorbent for photovoltaic application: first-principles insights into the structural, elastic, mechanical, electronic, thermodynamic and optical properties
Authors: Belhachi Soufyane , Kanoun Mohammed Benali , Goumri-Said Souraya
Published: June 2024

This study explores the structural, elastic, mechanical, electronic, and optical properties of CuAlxGa1−xSe2 (x = 0.25) chalcopyrite, a crucial material in photovoltaic cells. Utilizing type II-IV-V2 chalcopyrite, widely employed in high-efficiency solar cell production, we employ first-principles calculations with Tran–Blaha-modified Becke–Johnson exchange potential techniques. We aim to determine the band gap and optical properties to understand the compound’s morphology, crucial for solar cell development. Results show CuAlxGa1−xSe2 as a 1.36 eV direct band gap semiconductor. Optical characteristics, including dielectric tensor components and absorption coefficient, are calculated to assess its suitability for solar cell applications. Predictions of Young’s modulus E, Poisson’s ratio ν, bulk B, and shear G moduli provide insight into the crystal’s mechanical behavior. Additionally, phonon, dynamical stability, and thermodynamic properties are discussed, shedding light on the material’s potential in photovoltaic technology.
Investigation of an absorption plasmonic electro-optical modulator based on the free carrier dispersion effect in the aluminum doped zinc oxide layer
Authors: Es’haghi Purya , Safaei Bezgabadi Abolfazl
Published: June 2024

A plasmonic electro-optical modulator, which is based on the free carrier dispersion effect, has been introduced here. The structure of the proposed modulator is a substrate of fused silica/gold/aluminum doped zinc oxide/hafnium dioxide/gold/air. The free carrier dispersion effect occurs in the aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO) layer. As the electrical permittivity of the AZO layer is near zero (the epsilon near zero effect) at a wavelength of 1.55 μm, the amplitude of an electrical field is high in this layer, therefore, the modulator is highly sensitive to the varying refractive index of this layer. By applying a voltage to two gold layers, the electrical charge density changes in the AZO layer. Therefore, the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index have been changed, which led to a change in the absorption of the modulator. In order to obtain the charge density distribution in the AZO layer, the Poisson equation is solved by using the finite difference method. To investigate modulator absorption, the Nelder-Mead method is implemented in order to solve the dispersion equation numerically. Finally, the magnetic field, the electric field, and the time average of the Poynting vector have been given by using the least squares approximation method.
Massive scalar field perturbations of black holes immersed in Chaplygin-like dark fluid
Authors: Bécar Ramón , González P.A. , Papantonopoulos Eleftherios , Vásquez Yerko
Published: June 2024

We consider massive scalar field perturbations in the background of black holes immersed in Chaplygin-like dark fluid (CDF), and we analyze the photon sphere modes, the de Sitter modes as well as the near extremal modes and discuss their dominance, by using the pseudospectral Chebyshev method and the third order Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin approximation. We also discuss the impact of the parameter representing the intensity of the CDF on the families of quasinormal modes. Mainly, we find that the propagation of a massive scalar field is stable in this background, and it is characterized by quasinormal frequencies with a smaller oscillation frequency and a longer decay time compared to the propagation of the same massive scalar field within the Schwarzschild-de Sitter background.
Energy exchange between charged relativistic fluids in f(T) gravity
Authors: Yousaf Z , Khokhar U A , Turki Nasser Bin , Suzuki T
Published: June 2024

This study focuses on the effects of a polytropic fluid on a charged gravitational source within f(T) gravity, where T is the torsion scalar. We investigate how the electromagnetic field affects the flow of energy in spherically symmetric and static celestial objects that contain relativistic fluids. By using the gravitational decoupling technique, we analyze the effects of polytropic fluid on the dynamics of the gravitational source, accompanied by the matching of the interior geometry with an exterior at the hypersurface Σ. Finally, with the help of the Tolman

IV

solution, we observe the conduct of energy conditions with the existence of charge using f(T) field equations and got the intended outcomes.
Development of intelligent redox-responsive biopolymer-based antibacterial coating for controlled drug release
Authors: Pan Kai , Lin Yijun , Xi Zhiwei , Wang Lijie , Huang Chunfang
Published: June 2024

Most antibacterial coatings face challenges related to uncontrolled and rapid release of antimicrobial agents. Consequently, developing intelligent antibacterial coatings featuring controlled and on-demand drug release has become imperative. In this study, we prepared a redox-responsive biopolymer, γ-PGA-PDA-DA, by modifying γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) with dopamine (DA) and pyridine dithioethylamine hydrochloride (PDA). The γ-PGA-PDA-DA biopolymer was assembled with the antibacterial agent ofloxacin (OFL) to prepare drug-loaded colloidal particles. Colloidal particle size and morphology were characterized through TEM, zeta potential analysis, and nanoparticle size analysis. Subsequently, an oxidation-reduction responsive drug delivery antibacterial coating was formed on the surface of 316 L stainless steel through electrophoretic deposition (EPD). The responsive drug release and antimicrobial properties of the coating were assessed via drug release experiments and antibacterial zone tests. The results demonstrate the effective bactericidal effects and highlight its intelligent antibacterial coating functionality.
Design modification and high-power tests of the 500 MHz normal-conducting 5-cell cavities for HEPS
Authors: Huang Tongming , Zhang Pei , Ma Qiang , Wang Qunyao , Lin Haiying , Li Dongbing , Zhao Facheng
Published: June 2024

The booster ring of the High Energy Photon Source is
responsible for ramping the beam energy from 500 MeV to
6 GeV. Six 5-cell copper cavities of PETRA-type were chosen to
provide a total accelerating voltage of 8 MV. In order to meet the
specific requirements of the HEPS booster, several modifications
were made to the original cavity design. Six cavities were delivered
to IHEP and underwent successful high-power testing in 2022. The
cavities were tested up to a maximum rf power of 120 kW c.w., which
is within the reliable capability of the power coupler specified by
the vendor. Subsequently, power was maintained at the maximum rf
power, with an average duration of 100 hours. Finally, to verify
performance during actual operation, a ramped run was conducted
according to the pre-defined curve at a repetition rate of 1 Hz,
with all low-level rf control loops closed. This paper presents
details on the design modifications and the high-power tests of the
500 MHz normal-conducting 5-cell cavities for the HEPS booster
ring.
Design, construction, and operation of a 1-ton Water-based Liquid scintillator detector at Brookhaven National Laboratory
Authors: Xiang X. , Yang G. , Andrade S. , Askins M. , Asner D.M. , Baldoni A. , Cowen D.F. , Diwan M.V. , Gokhale S. , Hans S. , Jerome J. , Lawley G. , Linden S. , Orebi Gann G.D. , Reyes C. , Rosero R. , Seberg N. , Smiley M. , Speece-Moyer N. , Walsh B. , Wang J.J. , Wilking M. , Yeh M.
Published: June 2024

Water-based liquid scintillators (WbLS) are a new class of
detector materials that provide efficient and tunable detection of
both Cherenkov and scintillation light. A massive WbLS neutrino
detector with suitable photosensor coverage for low intensity light
detection could therefore reconstruct the momentum of an energetic
charged particle and also have enhanced low-energy sensitivity.
These materials are also better suited for metal doping broadening
the potential scientific utility. We recently constructed and
commissioned a 1-ton WbLS detector with good photosensor coverage
and a capable data acquisition and calibration system. We intend to
use this flexible detector system as a testbed for WbLS R&D. In
this paper we give an overview of the 1-ton system and provide some
early results.
Estimation of waveform deformation with the matched filter
Authors: Cappelli M. , Del Castello G. , Vignati M.
Published: June 2024

In many particle physics experiments the data processing is
based on the analysis of the digitized waveforms provided by the
detector. While the waveform amplitude is usually correlated to the
event energy, the shape may carry useful information for event
discrimination. Thanks to the high signal to noise ratio they
provide, matched filters are often applied. Their original design is
however intended for the estimation of the waveform amplitude only.

In this work we introduce an analytical extension of the original
matched filter for the estimation of a possible shape deformation
with respect to a reference template. The new filter is validated on
simulations and, with respect to shape parameters calculated on
unfiltered waveforms or derived from the original matched filter, it
improves the discrimination capability by at least a factor 2 both
at low and high signal to noise ratios, making it applicable to the
data of several experiments.
In vitro assessment of a gallium-doped glass polyalkenoate cement: chemotherapeutic potential, cytotoxicity and osteogenic effects
Authors: Phull Sunjeev , Marx Daniella , Akens Margarete K , Ghert Michelle , Towler Mark R
Published: June 2024

Metastatic bone lesions are often osteolytic, which causes advanced-stage cancer sufferers to experience severe pain and an increased risk of developing a pathological fracture. Gallium (Ga) ion possesses antineoplastic and anti-bone resorption properties, suggesting the potential for its local administration to impede the growth of metastatic bone lesions. This study investigated the chemotherapeutic potential, cytotoxicity, and osteogenic effects of a Ga-doped glass polyalkenoate cement (GPC) (C-TA2) compared to its non-gallium (C-TA0) counterpart. Ion release profiles revealed a biphasic pattern characterized by an initial burst followed by a gradually declining release of ions. C-TA2 continued to release Ga steadily throughout the experimentation period (7 d) and exhibited prolonged zinc (Zn) release compared to C-TA0. Interestingly, the Zn release from both GPCs appeared to cause a chemotherapeutic effect against H1092 lung cancer cells in vitro, with the prolonged Zn release from C-TA2 extending this effect. Unfortunately, both GPCs enhanced the viability of HCC2218 breast cancer cells, suggesting that the chemotherapeutic effects of Zn could be tied to cellular differences in preferred Zn concentrations. The utilization of SAOS-2 and MC3T3 cell lines as bone cell models yielded conflicting results, with the substantial decline in MC3T3 viability closely associated with silicon (Si) release, indicating cellular variations in Si toxicity. Despite this ambiguity, both GPCs exhibited harmful effects on the osteogenesis of primary rat osteoblasts, raising concerns about excessive burst Zn release. While Ga/Zn-doped GPCs hold promise for treating metastatic bone lesions caused by lung cancers, further optimization is required to mitigate cytotoxicity on healthy bone.