bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of 5‐Hydroxy‐4‐Methoxy‐2‐Methylpyrylium Trifluoromethanesulfonate from Kojic Acid
Authors: Agyemang Nana B. , Murelli* Ryan P.
Published: April 2020

Oxidopyrylium ylides are versatile and reactive species that have been used widely in total synthesis, particularly due to their ability to undergo complexity‐forming [5+2] cycloaddition reactions. Group transfer strategies have been generally limited to intramolecular cycloaddition reactions, however, likely due to the short lifetime of the active ylide. However, in 1992 Wender and Mascarenas found that this limitation can be overcome through the use of methyl triflate based pre‐ylide salt. This article describes the procedure for synthesis of 5‐Hydroxy‐4‐methoxy‐2‐methylpyrylium trifluoromethanesulfonate from Kojic acid. It presents some of the important points to be considered, the conditions that need to be maintained, characterization data, and the reagents required, as well as the techniques used and the equipment setup that are vital to carrying out the process. The article also describes the hazards associated with working with chemicals and the ways to deal with these hazards.
Outline and background of “merged temple”: Study on extension and construction surrounding existing Hindu temples in Varanasi Old City, India
Authors: Yanagisawa Kiwamu , Ohara Ryosuke , Yamamoto Shota
Published: April 2020

This paper discusses the outline and the conditions of the phenomenon known as the “merged temple,” a composite building consisting of the extension of a “sub‐building” covering or wrapping an existing Hindu temple, or “main temple.” These are frequently observed in the Old City of Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh, India). Their number and distribution, morphological variations, forming process, and other properties were investigated through a field survey and interviews with their residents. Merged temples of various shapes and degrees are generated through a combination of extrinsic development pressure and intrinsic characteristics of Hindu temples, their continuity, and their immobility, in the urban space which has historically accumulated numerous temples. In its formative process, the “moderate” plasticity of the Hindu temple building works effectively as a medium, and covering the top of the temple with new construction is carefully avoided.
Cocrystal Strategy toward Multifunctional 3D‐Printing Scaffolds Enables NIR‐Activated Photonic Osteosarcoma Hyperthermia and Enhanced Bone Defect Regeneration
Authors: Xiang Huijing , Yang Qianhao , Gao Youshui , Zhu Daoyu , Pan Shanshan , Xu Tianming , Chen Yu
Published: April 2020

Malignant bone tumors are one of the major serious diseases in clinic. Inferior reconstruction of new bone and rapid propagation of residual tumor cells are the main challenges to surgical intervention. Herein, a bifunctional DTC@BG scaffold for near‐infrared (NIR)‐activated photonic thermal ablation of osteosarcoma and accelerated bone defect regeneration is engineered by in situ growth of NIR‐absorbing cocrystal (DTC) on the surface of a 3D‐printing bioactive glass (BG) scaffold. The prominent photothermal conversion performance and outstanding bone regeneration capability of DTC@BG scaffolds originate from the precise tailoring of the bandgap between the electron donors and acceptors of DTC and promote new bone growth performance of BG scaffolds. DTC@BG scaffolds not only significantly promote tumor cell ablation in vitro, but also effectively facilitate bone tumor suppression in vivo. In particular, DTC@BG scaffolds exhibit excellent capability in stimulating osteogenic differentiation and angiogenesis, and finally promote newborn bone formation in the bone defects. This research represents the first paradigm for ablating osteosarcoma and facilitating new bone formation through precise modulation of electron donors and acceptors in the cocrystal, which offers a new avenue to construct high‐efficiency therapeutic platforms based on cocrystal strategy for ablation of malignant bone tumor.
Achieving Rich and Active Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Heterostructures via Interface Engineering on 2D 1T‐MoS2 Quantum Sheets
Authors: Chen Wenshu , Gu Jiajun , Du Yongping , Song Fang , Bu Fanxing , Li Jinghan , Yuan Yang , Luo Ruichun , Liu Qinglei , Zhang Di
Published: April 2020

Large‐scale production of hydrogen from water‐alkali electrolyzers is impeded by the sluggish kinetics of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts. The hybridization of an acid‐active HER catalyst with a cocatalyst at the nanoscale helps boost HER kinetics in alkaline media. Here, it is demonstrated that 1T–MoS2 nanosheet edges (instead of basal planes) decorated by metal hydroxides form highly active / heterostructures, which significantly enhance HER performance in alkaline media. Featured with rich / sites, the fabricated 1T–MoS2 QS/Ni(OH)2 hybrid (quantum sized 1T–MoS2 sheets decorated with Ni(OH)2 via interface engineering) only requires overpotentials of 57 and 112 mV to drive HER current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm−2, respectively, and has a low Tafel slope of 30 mV dec−1 in 1 m KOH. So far, this is the best performance for MoS2‐based electrocatalysts and the 1T–MoS2 QS/Ni(OH)2 hybrid is among the best‐performing non‐Pt alkaline HER electrocatalysts known. The HER process is durable for 100 h at current densities up to 500 mA cm−2. This work not only provides an active, cost‐effective, and robust alkaline HER electrocatalyst, but also demonstrates a design strategy for preparing high‐performance catalysts based on edge‐rich 2D quantum sheets for other catalytic reactions.
2D Covalent Organic Frameworks for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Bhunia Sukanya , Deo Kaivalya A. , Gaharwar Akhilesh K.
Published: April 2020

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an emerging class of organic crystalline polymers with well‐defined molecular geometry and tunable porosity. COFs are formed via reversible condensation of lightweight molecular building blocks, which dictate its geometry in two or three dimensions. Among COFs, 2D COFs have garnered special attention due to their unique structure composed of two‐dimensionally extended organic sheets stacked in layers generating periodic columnar π‐arrays, functional pore space, and their ease of synthesis. These unique features in combination with their low density, high crystallinity, large surface area, and biodegradability have made them an excellent candidate for a plethora of applications ranging from energy to biomedical sciences. In this article, the evolution of 2D COFs is briefly discussed in terms of different types of chemical linkages, synthetic strategies of bulk and nanoscale 2D COFs, and their tunability from a biomedical perspective. Next, the biomedical applications of 2D COFs specifically for drug delivery, phototherapy, biosensing, bioimaging, biocatalysis, and antibacterial activity are summarized. In addition, current challenges and emerging approaches in designing 2D COFs for advanced biomedical applications are discussed.
Photoelectrochemical Synthesis of Ammonia with Black Phosphorus
Authors: Liu Danni , Wang Jiahong , Bian Shi , Liu Qian , Gao Yuanhong , Wang Xin , Chu Paul K. , Yu Xue‐Feng
Published: April 2020

Efficient production of ammonia using environmentally friendly techniques under ambient conditions is crucial to renewable energy storage and industrial applications, and catalysts with new reaction pathways are highly desirable. In this work, black phosphorus (BP) is used as a metal‐free 2D catalyst for the photoelectrochemical (PEC) nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR). The electrode is fabricated by layer‐by‐layer assembly of BP nanosheets on an indium tin oxide substrate. The PEC NRR activity in the N2 saturated aqueous electrolyte without a sacrificial agent is excellent, as exemplified by an ammonia yield rate of 102.4 µg h−1 mgcat.−1 and Faradaic efficiency of 23.3% at −0.4 V, which are the best among nonmetal catalysts for synthesis of ammonia by photocatalysis and electrocatalysis. Furthermore, the BP electrode shows excellent stability after 6 consecutive cycles. The excellent PEC catalytic properties are attributed to the light excitation enhanced electrocatalytic process and that the external bias promoted photocatalytic process improves ammonia production synergistically. The results not only demonstrate the great potential of BP in PEC catalysis, but also identify a promising technique to produce ammonia under ambient conditions using solar energy and electric energy.
A Highly Efficient Metal‐Free Electrocatalyst of F‐Doped Porous Carbon toward N2 Electroreduction
Authors: Liu Yan , Li Qiuyao , Guo Xu , Kong Xiangdong , Ke Jingwen , Chi Mingfang , Li Qunxiang , Geng Zhigang , Zeng Jie
Published: April 2020

N2 electroreduction into NH3 represents an attractive prospect for N2 utilization. Nevertheless, this process suffers from low Faraday efficiency (FE) and yield rate for NH3. In this work, a highly efficient metal‐free catalyst is developed by introducing F atoms into a 3D porous carbon framework (F‐doped carbon) toward N2 electroreduction. At −0.2 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), the F‐doped carbon achieves the highest FE of 54.8% for NH3, which is 3.0 times as high as that (18.3%) of pristine carbon frameworks. Notably, at −0.3 V versus RHE, the yield rate of F‐doped carbon for NH3 reaches 197.7 µgNH3 mg−1cat. h−1. Such a value is more than one order of magnitude higher than those of other metal‐free electrocatalysts under the near‐ambient conditions for NH3 product to date. Mechanistic studies reveal that the improved performance in N2 electroreduction for F‐doped carbon originates from the enhanced binding strength of N2 and the facilitated dissociation of N2 into *N2H. F bonding to C atom creates a Lewis acid site due to the different electronegativity between the F and C atoms. As such, the repulsive interaction between the Lewis acid site and proton H suppresses the activity of H2 evolution reaction, thus enhancing the selectivity of N2 electroreduction into NH3.
Bark water storage capacity influences epiphytic orchid preference for host trees
Authors: Zarate‐García Angel M. , Noguera‐Savelli Eliana , Andrade‐Canto Silvia B. , Zavaleta‐Mancera Hilda A. , Gauthier Adrien , Alatorre‐Cobos Fulgencio
Published: April 2020

Premise

Of all orchid species described, 70% live on phorophytes. Trees offer a vital space with characteristics that influence the successful establishment and life cycle of orchids. Field inventory and distribution analysis suggest that phorophyte selection is biased to certain tree species that would serve as better hosts. Phorophyte bark is known as an important factor that influences this preference, but the chemical and physical properties of bark that contribute to creating a favorable space for orchids are still poorly understood. In this work, the effect of bark physical characteristics on phorophyte preference of tropical orchids was studied.

Methods

Orchids and their phorophytes were counted and identified along transects inside two natural reserves in Southeast Mexico. A rhytidome classification was used to describe the bark decoration patterns of the phorophytes. To quantify bark fissuring, we developed a new protocol based on image processing of light micrographs using free‐access software. Bark topology characterization was complemented with scanning electronic microscopy. Maximum and minimum water content was also determined.

Results

Analyses of bark decorations and bark fissuring were not enough to explain the preference found for some tropical trees. In contrast, a positive relationship was found among water‐storage capacity, bark porosity, and phorophyte preference. The host trees preferred by most orchids have bark with higher pore density and higher water retention after draining.

Conclusions

Unexpectedly, the phorophytes preferred by orchids are not those with more fissured bark but those with a higher ability to retain minimum water content after draining, which is a bark property positively correlated with higher pore density. Our data indicate that the bark microenvironment, determined by topology and water storage capacity, has a pivotal role in phorophyte specificity, a key factor that affects orchid diversity and distribution in the world.
Giant Enhancement and Sign Inversion of Optical Kerr Nonlinearity in Random High Index Nanocomposites near Mie Resonances
Authors: Panov Andrey V.
Published: April 2020

High‐index dielectric nanoantennas excited at Mie‐type resonances have exhibited enormous enhancement of optical nonlinearity. Such nanostructures have been actively studied by researchers in recent years. Here, a numerical analysis study of the optical Kerr effect of nanocomposites consisting of high refractive index (GaP) spheres at the wavelength of 532 nm is presented. This is done by means of 3D finite‐difference time‐domain simulations. The effective nonlinear refractive index of 0.8 µm thick nanocomposites and metasurfaces is evaluated. It is shown that the optical Kerr nonlinearity of the nanocomposites rises by orders in proximity to Mie resonances and may exceed the second‐order refractive index of the bulk material. It is revealed that the sign of the effective optical Kerr coefficient is inverted near the Mie resonances. This effect may be of interest in developing nonlinear optical metadevices.
Non‐Equilibrium Polymerization of Cross‐β Amyloid Peptides for Temporal Control of Electronic Properties
Authors: Bal Subhajit , Ghosh Chandranath , Ghosh Tapan , Vijayaraghavan Ratheesh K. , Das Dibyendu
Published: April 2020

Hydrophobic collapse plays crucial roles in protein functions, from accessing the complex three‐dimensional structures of native enzymes to the dynamic polymerization of non‐equilibrium microtubules. However, hydrophobic collapse can also lead to the thermodynamically downhill aggregation of aberrant proteins, which has interestingly led to the development of a unique class of soft nanomaterials. There remain critical gaps in the understanding of the mechanisms of how hydrophobic collapse can regulate such aggregation. Demonstrated herein is a methodology for non‐equilibrium amyloid polymerization through mutations of the core sequence of Aβ peptides by a thermodynamically activated moiety. An out of equilibrium state is realized because of the negative feedback from the transiently formed cross‐β amyloid networks. Such non‐equilibrium amyloid nanostructures were utilized to access temporal control over its electronic properties.
Dinuclear Gold(I) Complexes Bearing N,N′‐Allyl‐Bridged Bisimidazolylidene Ligands
Authors: Jakob Christian H. G. , Dominelli Bruno , Rieb Julia , Jandl Christian , Pöthig Alexander , Reich Robert M. , Correia João D. G. , Kühn Fritz E.
Published: April 2020

A novel N,N’‐allyl‐bridged bisimidazolium salt and a novel dinuclear Ag(I) and a Au(I) NHC complex are reported. Both metallacyclic complexes have a twisted structural shape due to the rigid allylic system and form two different isomers relating to the position of the double bonds. The allyl‐group shows photoisomerisation, but no reactivity towards bases for the additional coordination of Pd(II).
Mechanistic Insights into the Role of Covalent Triazine Frameworks as Cathodes in Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Troschke Erik , Kensy Christian , Haase Frederik , Dörfler Susanne , Joseph Yvonne , Lotsch Bettina V. , Kaskel Stefan
Published: April 2020

This study illuminates the applicability of covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) as a potential cathode material in lithium‐sulfur (Li−S) batteries. A systematic synthesis protocol is applied to generate a set of model CTFs containing covalently bound sulfur with varying porosities and conductivities. An in‐depth structural characterization reconsiders the bonding motif of sulfur within the pore system. The model materials are electrochemically evaluated in coin cells. The CTF cathodes exhibit practically no cycling performance as a result of active material loss in carbonate‐based electrolyte (≥200 mAh gsulfur−1 after 200 cycles). Moreover, in ether‐based electrolytes the differentiation between sulfur transformation on the surface of the conductive additive and the (semi‐)conducting CTF matrix is hardly feasible. Based on these results, the influence of the CTF material and the conductive additive with respect to sulfur utilization are discussed, demonstrating the critical role of this class of materials for application in Li−S batteries.
Membrane‐Associated Nucleobase‐Functionalized β‐Peptides (β‐PNAs) Affecting Membrane Support and Lipid Composition
Authors: Höger Geralin A. , Wiegand Markus , Worbs Brigitte , Diederichsen Ulf
Published: April 2020

Protein‐membrane interactions are essential to maintain membrane integrity and control membrane morphology and composition. Cytoskeletal proteins in particular are known to interact to a high degree with lipid bilayers and to line the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane with an extensive network structure. In order to gain a better mechanistical understanding of the protein–membrane interplay and possible membrane signaling, we started to develop a model system based on β‐peptide nucleic acids (β‐PNAs). These β‐peptides are known to form stable hydrogen‐bonded aggregates due to their helical secondary structure, which serve to pre‐organize the attached nucleobases. After optimization of the β‐PNA solid‐phase peptide synthesis and validation of helix formation, the ability of the novel β‐PNAs to dimerize and interact with lipid bilayers was investigated by both fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy. It was shown that duplex formation occurs rapidly and with high specificity and could also be detected on the surfaces of the lipid bilayers. Hereby, the potential of a β‐PNA‐based peptide system to mimic membrane‐associated protein networks could be demonstrated.
Stress cardiomyopathy should be considered with unexpected hypotension in pregnant women
Authors: Li Chen , Wang Hui , Wu Yina , Duan Jun
Published: April 2020

Stress‐induced cardiomyopathy is expected that with the wide application of critical ultrasound, ICU doctors will find more cases, particularly among pregnant patients. Patients can actually survive the acute period of excessive stress, and their cardiac function can recover as long as effective treatment measures are taken.
Co@CoAl‐Layered Double Hydroxide/Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene Composite Catalyst for Al−H2O‐Based Batteries: Simultaneous Hydrogen Production and Electricity Generation
Authors: Nadeema Ayasha , Pandurang Kharabe Geeta , Prakash Biswal Dibya , Kurungot Sreekumar
Published: April 2020

Currently, the low energy efficiency of water electrolysis has compelled research toward the development of novel and energy‐effective strategies for low‐cost H2 generation. In this context, we report a new concept of simultaneous H2 and electricity generation by separating out the exothermic self‐sustained Al−H2O reaction via electrochemistry. In addition, to catalyze the cathodic water reduction reaction, a single‐pot and environmentally benign synthesis method is adopted. It results in the design of an electrocatalyst composed of Co@CoAl‐layered double hydroxide core‐shell nanospheres anchored over in situ generated N‐doped graphene. Toward the water reduction reaction, the designed catalyst shows a negative voltage shift of mere around 113 mV with respect to the commercial Pt/C catalyst to reach the benchmark 10 mA cm−2, with excellent stability of approximately 86 % voltage retention after 12 h of continuous operation. The catalytic superiority of our material is evident when taken for battery‐level testing; the fabricated device was able to deliver an average output voltage of around 0.95 V at a discharge current density of 5 mA cm−2 along with H2 liberation, which was also detected and quantified through gas chromatography.
Implementation of an integrated framework for a breast cancer screening and navigation program for women from underresourced communities
Authors: Henderson Vida , Tossas‐Milligan Katherine , Martinez Erica , Williams Barbara , Torres Paola , Mannan Nasima , Green Lauren , Thompson Beti , Winn Robert , Watson Karriem S.
Published: April 2020

Background

Trends in breast cancer mortality in the United States are decreasing, but racial disparities persist. Using an implementation science framework to inform evidence‐based breast cancer screening and navigation within federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) with community stakeholders can mitigate barriers to screening.

Methods

Using an integrated theoretical framework of the Practical, Robust Implementation and Sustainability Model and the Social Ecological Model, the University of Illinois Cancer Center and Mile Square Health Centers (MSHC) FQHC developed a breast cancer screening and navigation program, known as the Mile Square Accessible Mammogram Outreach and Engagement (Mi‐MAMO) program, to tackle breast cancer disparities in Chicago among underresourced communities. To increase access to screening, patient navigators conducted community outreach activities. Partnerships were forged with community‐based organizations, health care systems, and insurers. Outcomes were monitored with standardized performance measures.

Results

Between January and December 2017, 103 women received a screening mammogram at MSHC. To increase screening rates, Mi‐MAMO was started in August 2017. Between January and December 2018, the number of women who received a screening mammogram increased to 567. From August 2017 to December 2018, 779 women received navigation to screening and/or diagnostic services through the Mi‐MAMO program. The majority of women were uninsured (63.9%), and 95.5% were racial/ethnic minorities. Twenty‐four percent (n = 185) completed diagnostic services, and 10 women received positive breast cancer diagnoses (mean age, 49.7 years); all successfully navigated to treatment. The Mi‐MAMO program is ongoing.

Conclusions

Deploying an integrated framework for patient navigation programs can increase breast cancer screening utilization and awareness among underresourced populations at higher risk for breast cancer.
The central role of provider training in implementing resource‐stratified guidelines for palliative care in low‐income and middle‐income countries: Lessons from the Jamaica Cancer Care and Research Institute in the Caribbean and Universidad Católica in Latin America
Authors: Stoltenberg Mark , Spence Dingle , Daubman Bethany‐Rose , Greaves Natalie , Edwards Rebecca , Bromfield Brittany , Perez‐Cruz Pedro E. , Krakauer Eric L. , Argentieri M. Austin , Shields Alexandra E.
Published: April 2020

Individuals in low‐income and middle‐income countries (LMICs) account for approximately two‐thirds of cancer deaths worldwide, and the vast majority of these deaths occur without access to essential palliative care (PC). Although resource‐stratified guidelines are being developed that take into account the actual resources available within a given country, and several components of PC are available within health care systems, PC will never improve without a trained workforce. The design and implementation of PC provider training programs is the lynchpin for ensuring that all seriously ill patients have access to quality PC services. Building on the Breast Health Global Initiative's resource‐stratified recommendations for provider education in PC, the authors report on efforts by the Jamaica Cancer Care and Research Institute in the Caribbean and the Universidad Católica in successfully developing and implementing PC training programs in the Caribbean and Latin America, respectively. Key aspects of this approach include: 1) fostering strategic academic partnerships to bring additional expertise and support to the effort; 2) careful adaptation of the curriculum to the local context and culture; 3) early identification of feasible metrics to facilitate program evaluation and future outcomes research; and 4) designing PC training programs to meet local health system needs.
Breast cancer early detection: A phased approach to implementation
Authors: Ginsburg Ophira , Yip Cheng‐Har , Brooks Ari , Cabanes Anna , Caleffi Maira , Dunstan Yataco Jorge Antonio , Gyawali Bishal , McCormack Valerie , McLaughlin de Anderson Myrna , Mehrotra Ravi , Mohar Alejandro , Murillo Raul , Pace Lydia E. , Paskett Electra D. , Romanoff Anya , Rositch Anne F. , Scheel John R. , Schneidman Miriam , Unger‐Saldaña Karla , Vanderpuye Verna , Wu Tsu‐Yin , Yuma Safina , Dvaladze Allison , Duggan Catherine , Anderson Benjamin O.
Published: April 2020

When breast cancer is detected and treated early, the chances of survival are very high. However, women in many settings face complex barriers to early detection, including social, economic, geographic, and other interrelated factors, which can limit their access to timely, affordable, and effective breast health care services. Previously, the Breast Health Global Initiative (BHGI) developed resource‐stratified guidelines for the early detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. In this consensus article from the sixth BHGI Global Summit held in October 2018, the authors describe phases of early detection program development, beginning with management strategies required for the diagnosis of clinically detectable disease based on awareness education and technical training, history and physical examination, and accurate tissue diagnosis. The core issues address include finance and governance, which pertain to successful planning, implementation, and the iterative process of program improvement and are needed for a breast cancer early detection program to succeed in any resource setting. Examples are presented of implementation, process, and clinical outcome metrics that assist in program implementation monitoring. Country case examples are presented to highlight the challenges and opportunities of implementing successful breast cancer early detection programs, and the complex interplay of barriers and facilitators to achieving early detection for breast cancer in real‐world settings are considered.
Breast cancer early detection and diagnostic capacity in Uganda
Authors: Scheel John R. , Giglou Mahbod J. , Segel Sophie , Orem Jackson , Tsu Vivien , Galukande Moses , Okello Jimmy , Nakigudde Gertrude , Mugisha Noleb , Muyinda Zeridah , Anderson Benjamin O. , Duggan Catherine
Published: April 2020

Background

Greater than 80% of women presenting for breast cancer treatment in Uganda have late‐stage disease, which is attributable to a dysfunctional referral system and a lack of recognition of the early signs and symptoms among primary health care providers, and compounded by the poor infrastructure and inadequate human capacity. Improving the breast health care system requires a systemic approach beginning with situational analysis to identify systematic gaps that prevent sustainable improvements in outcome.

Methods

The authors performed a situational analysis of the breast health care system using methods developed by the Breast Health Global Initiative. Based on their findings, they developed a series of recommendations for strengthening the health system for the early diagnosis of breast cancer based on clinical detection, referral, tissue sampling, and diagnosis.

Results

Deficits in the recognition of breast cancer signs and symptoms, the underuse of clinical breast examination as a diagnostic and/or screening tool, the centralization of diagnostic tests (radiology and pathology), reliance on excisional biopsies rather than needle biopsies, and a lack of trained professionals and knowledge of the referral system all contribute to significant health system delays.

Conclusions

To strengthen referral networks and improve the early diagnosis of breast cancer in Uganda, national referral hospitals should provide educational programs to primary health care providers in community health centers (CHCs), at which the majority of women first present with symptoms. At secondary district‐level facilities in which imaging and tissue sampling can be performed, the capacity for diagnostic testing could be increased through task shifting of basic interpretation (abnormal vs normal) from specialists to nonspecialists using networking technology to facilitate remote oversight from specialists at the national referral hospitals.
Infrared Thermography as a Powerful, Versatile, and Elegant Research Tool in Chemistry: Principles and Application to Catalysis and Adsorption
Authors: Vainer Boris G.
Published: April 2020

In this Review, diverse chemical problems that have been approached by means of infrared thermography (IRT) are covered in depth. Moreover, some novel steps forward in this field are made, described and discussed. Namely, the latest‐generation IRT performance capabilities are harnessed in full; the initial phase of catalytic CO oxidation (called “fast ignition”) is presented at the 0.01 s temporal resolution; at the same resolution, the thermal manifestation of the adsorption‐desorption wave propagation after the gaseous reactant pulsed (0.6 s) wetting is exhibited. Furthermore, a radical difference in the thermal behavior of differently calcined γ‐Al2O3supported Au catalysts, which underwent successive H2O and CO attacks, is demonstrated, and the generally accepted fact that the catalyst temperature reflects the catalytic activity is validated experimentally. It is shown that latest‐generation IRT may serve as unique and highly informative research tool in chemistry.
The effects of book exposure and reading interest on oral language skills of children with and without a familial risk of dyslexia
Authors: Caglar‐Ryeng Ømur , Eklund Kenneth , Nergård‐Nilssen Trude
Published: April 2020

The potential role of home literacy environment (HLE) in children's language development has been widely studied. However, data on the HLE of children with familial risk (FR) of dyslexia are limited. In this longitudinal study, we examined (a) whether amount of book exposure and reading interest at age 4 were different in samples of Norwegian FR and no FR‐children, respectively, (b) whether these home literacy‐related factors exerted different effects depending on family‐risk status on vocabulary and grammar skills at school entry age (6 years) and (c) whether they contributed independently to language outcomes at age 6, after controlling for the 4;6‐year language skills. Results showed no significant between‐group differences in book exposure and reading interest. Furthermore, while interest in reading did not affect vocabulary and grammar in either group, book exposure contributed to vocabulary skills only in the FR‐group by school entry. However, this longitudinal association was mediated by lexical skills at age 4;6, implying that the HLE has a positive indirect effect on later language development through its effect on early language. Thus, these findings can be taken to suggest that early intervention including exposure to various book‐reading activities for pre‐school FR‐children with poor expressive vocabulary is worth considering.
Toward community predictions: Multi‐scale modelling of mountain breeding birds' habitat suitability, landscape preferences, and environmental drivers
Authors: Amini Tehrani Nasrin , Naimi Babak , Jaboyedoff Michel
Published: April 2020

Across a large mountain area of the western Swiss Alps, we used occurrence data (presence‐only points) of bird species to find suitable modelling solutions and build reliable distribution maps to deal with biodiversity and conservation necessities of bird species at finer scales. We have performed a multi‐scale method of modelling, which uses distance, climatic, and focal variables at different scales (neighboring window sizes), to estimate the efficient scale of each environmental predictor and enhance our knowledge on how birds interact with their complex environment. To identify the best radius for each focal variable and the most efficient impact scale of each predictor, we have fitted univariate models per species. In the last step, the final set of variables were subsequently employed to build ensemble of small models (ESMs) at a fine spatial resolution of 100 m and generate species distribution maps as tools of conservation. We could build useful habitat suitability models for the three groups of species in the national red list. Our results indicate that, in general, the most important variables were in the group of bioclimatic variables including “Bio11” (Mean Temperature of Coldest Quarter), and “Bio 4” (Temperature Seasonality), then in the focal variables including “Forest”, “Orchard”, and “Agriculture area” as potential foraging, feeding and nesting sites. Our distribution maps are useful for identifying the most threatened species and their habitat and also for improving conservation effort to locate bird hotspots. It is a powerful strategy to improve the ecological understanding of the distribution of bird species in a dynamic heterogeneous environment.
Fabry cardiomyopathy: Gb3‐induced auto‐reactive panmyocarditis requiring heart transplantation
Authors: Frustaci Andrea , Scarpa Maurizio , Maria da Riol Rosalia , Agrati Chiara , Finato Nicoletta , Verardo Romina , Grande Claudia , Chimenti Cristina , Di Nora Concetta , Russo Matteo Antonio , Livi Ugolini
Published: April 2020

Resistance to enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is a major therapeutic challenge in Fabry disease (FD). Recent reports attribute to immune‐mediated inflammation a main role in promoting disease progression and resistance to ERT. Aim of the study is to report a Gb3‐induced auto‐reactive panmyocarditis causing inefficacy of ERT and severe electrical instability, which required cardiac transplantation. Examining the explanted heart from a 57‐year‐old man with FD cardiomyopathy (CM) on 3‐year ERT presenting incoming ventricular fibrillation, we documented a severe virus‐negative myocarditis extended to cardiomyocytes, intramural coronary vessels, conduction tissue, and subepicardial ganglia. Serology was positive for anti‐Gb3, anti‐heart, and anti‐myosin antibodies. In vitro Gb3 stimulation of patient's peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) induced high amount production of inflammatory cytokine IL1‐β, IL‐6, IL‐8, and TNF‐α. PBMC were stained using the monoclonal antibodies CD3‐V500, CD4‐V450, CD8‐APCcy7, CD45RO‐PerCPcy5.5 and CD27‐FITC from BD Biosciences and CD56‐PC7 from Bekman Coulter. The phenotypic analysis of PBMC showed a lower frequency of CD8 (9.2%) vs. 19.3% and NKT cells (1.6% vs. 2.4%) in Fabry patient respect to healthy donor, suggesting a possible homing to peripheral tissues. A Gb3‐induced auto‐reactive myocarditis is suggested as a possible cause of FDCM progression and ERT resistance. Immune‐mediated inflammation of systemic Fabry cells may coexist and be controlled by implemental immunosuppressive therapy.
Magnetic Properties of a New Hexahalorhenate(IV) Compound and Structural Comparison with Its Hexahaloplatinate(IV) Analog
Authors: Piccinelli Fabio , Bettinelli Marco , Cano Joan , Lloret Francesc , Julve Miguel , Dolmella Alessandro
Published: April 2020

Two mononuclear complexes of formula (Et3BzN)2[ReCl6] (1) and (Et3BzN)2[PtCl6] (2) (Et3BzN+ = triethylbenzylammonium cation) have been synthesized in good yield (70 and 75 %, respectively) and structurally characterized. From a structural point of view, they both crystallized in the monoclinic centrosymmetric P21/n space group and the two molecular structures are almost perfectly superimposable, with only minor differences in the M–Cl bond lengths. Solid‐state direct‐current (dc) magnetic susceptibility analysis in the temperature range 1.9–300 K for 1 reveal the occurrence of magnetically isolated rhenium(IV) ions with a significant zero‐field splitting (zfs), D = +6.7 cm–1 (2D being the energy gap between the MS = ±3/2 and MS = ±1/2 Kramers doublets). DFT, CASSCF and CASSCF/NEVPT2 theoretical calculations were carried out on the experimental geometry of the complex [ReCl6]2– in 1 to substantiate the parameters defining the zfs tensor. Alternating current (ac) magnetic susceptibility measurements of 1 in the temperature 2.0–10 K show incipient frequency–dependence of the out‐of‐phase signals below 3.0 K under non‐zero applied dc fields supporting a field–dependent Single Ion Single Molecule Magnet (SISMM) behaviour of this rhenium(IV) derivative.
Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Transition Metal(II) Fluoridometallate(IV) Hydrates of Neptunium and Plutonium: AIIMIVF6·3H2O (AII = Mn, Zn; MIV = Np, Pu)
Authors: Scheibe Benjamin , März Juliane , Schmidt Moritz , Stumpf Thorsten , Kraus Florian
Published: April 2020

Transition metal(II) fluoridometallates(IV) AIIMIVF6·3H2O (AII = Mn, Zn; MIV = Np, Pu) were synthesized from NpO2 or PuO2 and the respective transition metal chlorides from hydrofluoric acid under mild conditions. The olive‐green (Np) or orange (Pu) compounds were obtained as single‐crystals and the respective structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. In the isotypic compounds, chains of edgesharing tricapped trigonal prismatic polyhedra ∞2[MIVF8/2(H2O)1/1], are present and an overall three‐dimensional network structure is observed in which the AII and MIV atoms are arranged according to the simple NaCl structure type. Within the respective U–Pu series of the Zn and Mn salts the cell volumes and the MIV–F distances decrease due to the actinoid contraction.
Self‐Assembled Fe, N‐Doped Chrysanthemum‐Like Carbon Microspheres for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction and Zn–Air Battery
Authors: Yang Yvting , Wu Yi , Chen Xiaojuan , Gao Taotao , Zhang Jinmei , Xiao Dan
Published: April 2020

Developing low‐cost, high‐activity, and stable carbon catalysts for electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has become the focus for the commercialization of Zn–air batteries. Herein, the 3D stereo ferrocene is introduced for constructing a novel structure with Fe, N‐doped chrysanthemum‐like carbon microspheres. This structure consists of open nanotubes with abundant cavities, which can facilitate the exposure of active sites. Ferrocene, with a unique sandwich structure, not only plays a pivotal role in inducing the chrysanthemum‐like structure but is also involved as iron‐related active species after pyrolysis. Eventually, FCN@F‐1 exhibits outstanding ORR performance with an onset potential of 1.03 V and a half‐wave potential of 0.87 V in alkaline media, which is superior to commercial Pt/C. The durability and methanol tolerance of FCN@F‐1 also outperform those of Pt/C. In addition, the Zn–air battery assembled by FCN@F‐1 air cathode manifests an open‐circuit voltage of 1.48 V, a prominent peak power density of 132 mW cm−2, and excellent discharge platforms at different current densities, which can provide wide prospects for the development of Zn–air batteries.
Construction of Dual‐Carbon Co‐Modified LiFePO4 Nanocrystals via Microreactor Strategy for High‐Performance Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Bo , Zhang Zekun , Ning Yu , Li Xinkui , Ruan Tingting , Wang Fei , Wang Dianlong , Zhou Yu
Published: April 2020

A facile and controllable dual‐carbon microreactor approach has been developed to prepare graphene and amorphous carbon co‐decorated LiFePO4 (LFP) nanocomposites (G/LFP@C). Physical characterizations demonstrate that the particle size of the restricted LFP crystals is ≈30–50 nm, which are well proportioned and well anchored on the surface of graphene and completely coated by the amorphous carbon layers. The electrochemical data demonstrate the impressive electrochemical performances of the G/LFP@C composite and its application potential as a cathode material of lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Particularly, the large specific capacity (161.3 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C), superior rate property (93.8 mAh g−1 at 20 C), and outstanding cycling stability (97.3% capacity retention over 1000 cycles at 10 C) are simultaneously realized for G/LFP@C because of the optimized electrochemical reaction kinetics with effective dual‐carbon co‐constructed conductive network and abundant active sites. It is believe that this work not only supplies unique in sights into the reasonable design of LFP materials for favorable property LIBs, but also holds great potential for the energy storage market.
Assembly of GO Nanosheets–Coated Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework‐67 Nanocubes via Electrospinning and Their Derivatives for Enhanced Lithium‐Ion Storage Performance
Authors: Li Hao , Lu Bing-Rong , Zhang Wu-Di , Cao Fu-Hu , Li Hao , Zhang Chuan-Ling
Published: April 2020

Zeolitic imidazolate framework‐67 (ZIF‐67)‐derived Co3O4/N‐doped porous carbon hybrids have drawn great attention as anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) because of their unique advantages. Herein, based on the electrospinning‐assisted assembly method, two strategies are used to further enhance the stability and capacity of the anodes; one is increasing the crystallinity of ZIF‐67 nanocubes (NCs) to raise the specific surface area and porosity, and the other is coating GO nanosheets on the surfaces of ZIF‐67 (ZIF‐67@GO) to improve the conductivity and capacity and buffer the sintering during the cycling process. After electrospinning of ZIF‐67@GO NCs followed by a two‐step thermal treatment, hollow Co3O4 nanoparticles encapsulated N‐doped porous carbon nanofibers with high graphitization degree are constructed (ES‐CNCo3O4@rGO). When applied as the anode for LIBs, the ES‐CNCo3O4@rGO electrode exhibits excellent rate capability and high specific capacity as well as stable cycling performance (1315 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g−1 and 1234 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 1 A g−1).
Early Holocene charcoal accumulations in the Aktun Ha cenote: Evidence of fire used by the first settlers of the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico
Authors: López‐Martínez Rafael , Solleiro‐Rebolledo Elizabeth , Chávez‐Vergara Bruno , Díaz‐Ortega Jaime , Merino Agustín , Trabanino García Felipe A. , Velázquez‐Morlet Adriana , del Río‐Lara Octavio , Martos‐López Luis Alberto , Terrazas‐Mata Alejandro
Published: April 2020

An integrative methodology, including controlled heating experiments, petrography, taphonomy, systematics of charcoal fragments, solid‐state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and 14C dating, are used to discriminate in situ (anthropogenic) versus transported charcoal accumulations in the Ancestors Chamber at the Aktun Ha cenote and its potential relationship with the initial settlement of the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. Rock heating experiments demonstrated changes in color, weight loss, and recrystallization fabrics under temperatures from 200°C to 900°C. At temperatures of up to 600°C, calcite changed to portlandite. Taphonomic examination of the charcoal revealed that the fragments were not transported by water. Anatomical studies of the charcoal revealed the presence of species similar to modern examples used as fuel. The solid‐state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy confirmed different aromatization degrees, and DSC provided information related to the hearth shape and combustion conditions throughout the thermal event. The 14C ages determined on charcoal, 9,200 ± 30 yr. BP (10,490–10,460 and 10,435–10,250 cal BP) and 9,440 ± 30 yr. BP (10,740–10,585 cal BP), are similar to ages previously reported from Aktun Ha and are the oldest determined on charcoal that may have an association with human activity on the Yucatán Peninsula.
Scale‐free functional brain dynamics during recovery from sport‐related concussion
Authors: Churchill Nathan W. , Hutchison Michael G. , Graham Simon J. , Schweizer Tom A.
Published: April 2020

Studies using blood‐oxygenation‐level‐dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD fMRI) have characterized how the resting brain is affected by concussion. The literature to date, however, has largely focused on measuring changes in the spatial organization of functional brain networks. In the present study, changes in the temporal dynamics of BOLD signals are examined throughout concussion recovery using scaling (or fractal) analysis. Imaging data were collected for 228 university‐level athletes, 61 with concussion and 167 athletic controls. Concussed athletes were scanned at the acute phase of injury (1–7 days postinjury), the subacute phase (8–14 days postinjury), medical clearance to return to sport (RTS), 1 month post‐RTS and 1 year post‐RTS. The wavelet leader multifractal approach was used to assess scaling (
c1) and multifractal (
c2) behavior. Significant longitudinal changes were identified for
c1, which was lowest at acute injury, became significantly elevated at RTS, and returned near control levels by 1 year post‐RTS. No longitudinal changes were identified for
c2. Secondary analyses showed that clinical measures of acute symptom severity and time to RTP were related to longitudinal changes in
c1. Athletes with both higher symptoms and prolonged recovery had elevated
c1 values at RTS, while athletes with higher symptoms but rapid recovery had reduced
c1 at acute injury. This study provides the first evidence for long‐term recovery of BOLD scale‐free brain dynamics after a concussion.
Prevalence of current school‐level nutrition policies and practices of secondary schools in NSW, Australia
Authors: Ooi Jia Ying , Yoong Sze Lin , Sutherland Rachel , Wrigley Jessica , Lecathelinais Christophe , Reilly Kathryn , Janssen Lisa , Nathan Nicole , Wolfenden Luke
Published: April 2020

Issue addressed

Lowering the rates of adolescent overweight and obesity is a public health priority. The implementation of nutrition policies and practices in schools is recommended by various health organisations, but there is little information on the extent of their implementation. The aim of this study is to describe the prevalence of the implementation of recommended school‐level nutrition policies and practices in secondary schools in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, and reported barriers and facilitators to the adoption of such policies and practices in school plans.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was undertaken with school principals and canteen managers. All eligible secondary schools in NSW were approached to participate in a telephone survey (n = 440). Descriptive statistics were used to describe prevalence, and associations between school characteristics and implementation were examined using univariate statistics.

Results

A total of 137 school principals and 80 canteen managers completed the survey. The implementation of practices on drinking water during class, healthy food and beverage marketing and learning opportunities regarding healthy eating was high (>90% of participating schools). The implementation of practices regarding the restriction of unhealthy drinks in school canteens, healthy school fundraisers and staff training related to healthy eating was reported in under 25% of participating schools. There were no significant differences in implementation by school sector, socio‐economic status and geographic location. The main barrier to inclusion of nutrition policies and practices in the school plan was having other priorities and commitments (28.5%), and the main facilitator was support from stakeholders, the staff, students and their parents (37.2%).

Conclusions

There is opportunity to improve the implementation of nutrition policies and practices in NSW secondary schools.

So What?

Strategies are needed for targeting barriers. These include: gaining support from school staff, students and parents, provision of resources and funding and staff training.