bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and SAR Studies of Isoquinoline and Tetrahydroisoquinoline Derivatives as Melatonin Receptor Ligands
Authors: Ettaoussi Mohamed , Laversin Amélie , Vreulz Brandon , Rami Marouane , Lebegue Nicolas , Delagrange Philippe , Caignard Daniel Henri , Melnyk Patricia , Liberelle Maxime , Yous Saïd
Published: November 2021

In our constant search for new successors of agomelatine, we report herein a new series of compounds resulting from bioisosteric modulation of the naphthalene ring. The isoquinoline and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives were synthesized and pharmacologically evaluated. This isosteric replacement of the naphthalene group of agomelatine has led to potent agonist and partial agonist compounds with nanomolar melatonergic binding affinities. Overall, the presence of a nitrogen atom was accompanied with a decrease in the binding affinity toward both MT1 and MT2 and the loss of 5HT2C response, especially for tetrahydroisoquinoline in comparison with the parent compound. Interestingly, due to the presence of this nitrogen atom, a notable improvement in the pharmacokinetic properties was observed for all compounds.
Dissociative Excitation of Nitromethane Induced by Electron Impact in the Ultraviolet – Visible Spectrum
Authors: Országh Juraj , Ribar Anita , Danko Marián , Bodewits Dennis , Matejčík Štefan , Barszczewska Wiesława
Published: November 2021

The excitation of nitromethane (CH3NO2), which is an important propellant and prototypic molecule for large class of explosives, has been investigated by electron impact and subsequent emission of photons in the UV‐VIS spectral region between 300 nm and 670 nm. Emission spectrum of nitromethane was recorded at an electron energy of 50 eV. New dissociative excitation channels were observed through the appearance of different CH, CN, NH, OH and NO bands, and the Balmer series of atomic hydrogen. In addition, relative emission cross sections were recorded for the transitions of selected fragments. The emission spectrum was captured with significantly higher resolution in comparison to previous studies.
Breeding pattern of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) versus native congeneric species, Oreochromis macrochir (Boulinger, 1912), in the upper Kabompo River, northwest of Zambia
Authors: Jere Arthertone , Jere Wilson W. L. , Mtethiwa Austin , Kassam Daud
Published: November 2021

Investigating the determinants of the reproductive biology of fishes is an essential component of fisheries research. Tilapia breeding patterns were investigated to determine the impact of non‐native Oreochromis niloticus on the native congeneric Oreochromis macrochir in the upper Kabompo River in the Northwest of Zambia using the gonadosomatic index and the sex ratios. Oreochromis niloticus was the most abundant fish caught (221, 63.5%) than O. macrochir (127, 36.5%). Results showed that the overall gonadosomatic index means of O. macrochir in both sections were similar. Oreochromis macrochir bred in December and February–March, with no reproduction in June. However, O. niloticus in the invaded section indicated all year reproduction through reduced spawning in May–June, with increased spawning activity in February–March. The sex ratio (females: males) was 1:1.3 and 1:1.7 for O. niloticus and O. macrochir, respectively, and both significantly deviated from the sex ratio of 1:1 (ꭓ2 = 8.42 and 9.37, p < .05). Our study has revealed that O. niloticus was able to spawn across all sampled months with a 23% higher breeding population than O. macrochir, which might explain the suppression in the abundance of native O. macrochir. Due to the superior breeding patterns of O. niloticus, fisheries, wildlife, and aquaculture practitioners need to make contingency plans to alleviate its impacts further downstream of the Kabompo River.
Preparation of Group 3 Metal Sulfur Monoxide Complexes via Oxidation of Metal Atoms using SOF2 in Cryogenic Matrixes
Authors: Hu Jingwen , Xiong Zhixin , Chen Xiuting , Wang Chenyang , Gong Yu
Published: November 2021

Side‐on sulfur monoxide complexes of scandium, yttrium, and lanthanum difluorides [MF2(η2‐SO)] were prepared via oxidation of metal atoms by SOF2 in cryogenic matrixes. The structures of these SO complexes are determined by characteristic infrared absorptions as well as isotopic frequency ratios, and the assignments are further supported by density functional theory calculations. A doublet ground state with nonplanar Cs symmetry was established for all the complexes with side‐on SO ligands. The S−O bond lengths as well as the S−O stretching vibrational frequencies approach those of SO−, suggesting that the group 3 metal MF2(η2‐SO) complexes can be considered as (MF2)+(SO)−. Consistent with this notion, the interaction between MF2 and SO is mainly ionic with SO negatively charged by about −0.60 e, and the unpaired electron is located in the SO 3π orbital that is antibonding in character. It is highly exothermic to form MF2(η2‐SO) mediated by a single fluorine transfer MF(SOF) intermediate from the reactions of SOF2 and metal atoms. The absence of group 3 metal sulfur monoxide complexes using SO2F2 as a precursor is because the resulting complexes would require a metal center with the oxidation state higher than III.
2D HILIC‐ELSD/UPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS Method for Acquiring Phospholipid Profiles and the Application in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Sun Xiaotian , Zhang Tao , Zhao Pinzhen , Tao Guanjun , Liu Ruijie , Chang Ming , Wang Xingguo
Published: November 2021

Phospholipids are the main constituent of cellular membranes and have recently been identified to have diagnostic value as biomarkers for many diseases. Accordingly, much emphasis is now laid on developing optimal analytical techniques for the phospholipid profiles of various biological samples. In the present study, different classes of phospholipids are first separated by optimized hydrophilic interaction chromatography with evaporative light scattering detector (HILIC‐ELSD). The phospholipids in each class are then identified by ultraperformance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS). Validation results confirm that this approach meets the requirements of quantitative analysis. Finally, the approach is adopted to analyze the phospholipid profiles in Caenorhabditis elegans. A total of 111 phospholipid species is identified according to the mass fragments. Major fatty acyl chains in phospholipids are found to be formed by oleic acid (C18:1), arachidonic acid (C20:4), and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5). Overall, this study improves current knowledge on analytical techniques of the phospholipid composition in C. elegans and provides a basis for future lipidomics research.

Practical applications: Phospholipids reportedly play a crucial role in the development of many diseases. Until now, only a small portion of phospholipids in Caenorhabditis elegans has been reported by using one‐dimensional analysis strategy. The offline 2D liquid chromatography method developed in this study identifies 111 phospholipid species in Caenorhabditis elegans. The obtained phospholipid profiles complement the lipid database of Caenorhabditis elegans. The study also provides the basis for the future development of a 2D online approach.
Comparison of various classification techniques for supervision of milk processing
Authors: Sadeghi Vasafi Pegah , Hitzmann Bernd
Published: November 2021

Detecting the types of anomalies that can occur throughout the milk processing process is an important task since it can assist providers in maintaining control over the process. The Raman spectrometer was used in conjunction with several classification approaches—linear discriminant analysis, decision tree, support vector machine, and k nearest neighbor—to establish a viable method for detecting different types of anomalies that may occur during the process—temperature and fat variation and added water or cleaning solution. Milk with 5% fat measured at 10°C was used as the reference milk for this study. Added water, cleaning solution, milk with various fat contents and different temperatures were used to detect abnormal conditions. While decision trees and linear discriminant analysis were unable to accurately categorize the various type of anomalies, the k nearest neighbor and support vector machine provided promising results. The accuracy of the support vector machine test set and the k nearest neighbor test set were 81.4% and 84.8%, respectively. As a result, it is reasonable to conclude that both algorithms are capable of appropriately classifying the various groups of samples. It can assist milk industries in determining what is wrong during milk processing.
Manufacturing Organic Environmentally Friendly Electrical Circuits Using the Composites’ Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes and PEDOT:PSS
Authors: Alhashmi Alamer Fahad , Badawi Nujud M.
Published: November 2021

Herein, several different methods of preparation to explore the thermal and electrical properties of cotton fabric impregnated with single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and poly (3,4 ethylenedioxy thiophene) poly(styrenesul‐fonate) (PEDOT:PSS) are used. The SWCNTs and PEDOT:PSS are delivered by the drop‐casting technique either as a mixture of these constituents or as a series of steps in which each constituent is added sequentially. The primary finding is that lower sheet resistances can be achieved by applying the constituents in sequence rather than as a mixture. For example, given fixed amounts of SWCNTs and PEDOT:PSS delivered as a mixture have sheet resistance 2.158 Ω cm−1, but when the same amounts are delivered in the order SWCNTs followed by PEDOT: PSS, the sheet resistance is reduced to 0.985 Ω cm−1, and when this order is reversed, the sheet resistance is further reduced to 0.633 Ω cm−1. Finally, when the same total amounts of SWCNTs and PEDOT:PSS are delivered in the order SWCNTs followed by PEDOT:PSS, followed by SWCNTs, the sheet resistance is further reduced to 0.342 Ω cm−1. Sheet resistances of the conductive cotton fabric are found to be stable over a period of 4 months at room temperature.
The story of grain self‐sufficiency: China's food security and food for thought
Authors: Niu Yingnan , Xie Gaodi , Xiao Yu , Liu Jingya , Zou Huixia , Qin Keyu , Wang Yangyang , Huang Mengdong
Published: November 2021

Grain self‐sufficiency (GSS) is gaining increased attention throughout the world, and this holds particularly true for China. This study, therefore, investigated spatial and temporal patterns of GSS at the county level in China from 1980s to the 2010s; then explored future GSS changes in the 2035s according to China's 2016 dietary nutrition guidelines, under the circumstances of maximum, average and minimum grain yield increase rate; and finally discussed the ability of a county to purchase grain to meet its demands. The results indicate that the number of counties with self‐insufficiency for total grain and ration decreased, and the amount of counties with high‐level self‐sufficiency for total grain and ration increased. However, the change in the number of counties with feed grain self‐insufficiency and high‐level self‐sufficiency is opposite to that of ration and total grain. Eastern China was characterised by high GSS of total grain, ration and feed grain. As for different kinds of grain, high level of GSS distributed in main grain producing areas, such as rice in south China, wheat in western China and Huang Huai Hai Plain, maize in north and northwest China and soybean in northeast China. Qinghai‐Tibet plateau has undergone poor food security in the last 30 years. In the 2035s, China's total GSS level and ration self‐sufficiency level will be improved under the maximum and average grain yield increase rate, whilst for feed grain, the self‐sufficiency level will be improved only under the maximum grain yield increase rate. The Qinghai‐Tibet plateau has always been a fragile area of food security. This study plays the vital function in understanding China's food security and contributes to the optimisation of agricultural production as well as the utilisation of both internal and external markets.
Downregulation of FAPP2 gene induces cell autophagy and inhibits PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Yuan Tian , Wang Jinhuan , Shi Ce , Wang Yi , Xia Bing , Xu Wen , Yang Hongliang , Yang Yaling , Ye Matthew T. , Khalid Samah , Liang Yong , Tian Chen , You M. James , Wang Yafei
Published: November 2021

T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‐ALL) is an aggressive hematological malignancy. Most patients with T‐ALL are treated with high‐dose multi‐agent chemotherapy due to limited targeted therapeutic options. To further investigate its pathogenesis and establish new therapeutic targets, we studied the role of FAPP2, a Golgi protein, that is, highly expressed in T‐ALL, in the growth and function of T‐ALL. We found that T‐ALL cells underwent reduced cell proliferation and sub‐G1 accumulation after knocking down of FAPP2 gene using shRNA systems. Instead, FAPP2 downregulation promoted cell autophagy. The level of autophagy markers, LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ, Beclin1, and ATG5, was markedly increased, whereas that of P62 decreased after FAPP2 knocking down in T‐ALL cells. FAPP2 knocking down led to the accumulation of LC3 in the cytoplasm of T‐ALL cells as shown by fluorescence microscopy. In addition, the level of PI(4)P and PI(3,4,5)P decreased and phosphorylation of P‐AKT and P‐mTOR were downregulated in FAPP2 knock‐down cells. In summary, our results show that decreased expression of FAPP2 inhibited cell proliferation, resulted in the sub‐G1 phase accumulation of T‐ALL cells, and enhanced autophagy of T‐ALL cells, likely mediated by PI(4)P, PI(3,4,5)P, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Our results provide a new insight into the pathogenesis and development of potential targeted therapy of T‐ALL.
Uterine carcinosarcoma vs endometrial serous and clear cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of survival
Authors: Raffone Antonio , Travaglino Antonio , Raimondo Diego , Maletta Manuela , De Vivo Valentino , Visiello Umberto , Casadio Paolo , Seracchioli Renato , Zullo Fulvio , Insabato Luigi , Mollo Antonio
Published: November 2021

Background

It is unclear whether uterine carcinosarcoma (UCS) is more aggressive than endometrial serous carcinoma (SC) and clear cell carcinoma (CCC).

Objectives

To compare the prognosis of UCS to that of endometrial SC and CCC, through a systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Methods

Four electronic databases were searched from January 2000 to October 2020. All studies assessing hazard ratio (HR) for death in UCS vs SC and/or CCC. HRs for death with 95% confidence interval were extracted and pooled by using a random‐effect model. A significant P‐value <0.05 was adopted.

Results

Six studies with 11 029 patients (4995 with UCS, 4634 with SC, 1346 with CCC and 54 with either SC or CCC) were included. UCS showed a significantly worse prognosis than SC/CCC both overall (HR = 1.51; P = 0.008) and at early stage (HR = 1.58; P < 0.001). Similar results were found for UCS vs SC (HR = 1.53; P < 0.001) and UCS vs CCC (HR = 1.60; P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Compared to SC and CCC, UCS has a significantly worse prognosis, with a 1.5–1.6‐fold increased risk of death. This might justify a more aggressive treatment for UCS compared to SC and CCC. Further studies are necessary to define the prognostic impact of different molecular subgroups.
A vulvar pseudotumor: A rare clinical presentation of eosinophilic folliculitis
Authors: Bronte Anaut Mónica , Arredondo Montero Javier , Arpa Nadal Eva , Guarch Troyas Rosa
Published: November 2021

Vulvar eosinophilic folliculitis is a rare diagnosis that should be considered in cases of chronic vulvar lesions. Condyloma acuminatum and herpetic folliculitis should be included in the differential diagnosis.
Bone Impairment in a Large Cohort of Chinese Patients With Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia Assessed by HR-pQCT and TBS
Authors: Ni Xiaolin , Feng Yiming , Guan Wenmin , Chi Yue , Li Xiang , Gong Yiyi , Zhao Nan , Pang Qianqian , Yu Wei , Wu Huanwen , Huo Li , Liu Yong , Jin Jin , Zhou Xi , Lv Wei , Zhou Lian , Xia Yu , Liu Wei , Jiajue Ruizhi , Wang Ou , Li Mei , Xing Xiaoping , Fukumoto Seiji , Jiang Yan , Xia Weibo
Published: November 2021

Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome caused by excessive production of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) by a tumor. Previous studies have revealed generalized mineralization defects and low areal bone mineral density (aBMD) in TIO. However, data on the bone microarchitecture in TIO are limited. In this study, we evaluated the microarchitecture in the peripheral (distal radius and tibia) and axial (lumbar spine) skeleton using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) and trabecular bone score (TBS) and investigated related factors in a large cohort of Chinese patients with TIO. A total of 186 patients with TIO who had undergone dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) or HR-pQCT scans were enrolled. Compared with age-, sex-, and body mass index (BMI)-matched healthy controls, TIO patients (n = 113) had lower volumetric BMD, damaged microstructure, and reduced bone strength in the peripheral skeleton, especially at the tibia. The average TBS obtained from 173 patients was 1.15 ± 0.16. The proportion of patients with abnormal TBS (<1.35) was higher than that with low L1 to L4 aBMD Z-score (Z ≤ −2) (43.9% versus 89.6%, p < 0.001). Higher intact fibroblast growth factor 23 (iFGF23), intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), alkaline phosphatase, and β-isomerized C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (β-CTx) levels, more severe mobility impairment, and a history of fracture were associated with poorer HR-pQCT parameters but not with lower TBS. However, greater height loss and longer disease duration were correlated with worse HR-pQCT parameters and TBS. Moreover, TBS was correlated with both trabecular and cortical HR-pQCT parameters in TIO. In conclusion, we revealed impaired bone microarchitecture in the axial and peripheral skeleton in a large cohort of Chinese TIO patients. HR-pQCT parameters and TBS showed promising advantages over aBMD for assessing bone impairment in patients with TIO. A longer follow-up period is needed to observe changes in bone microarchitecture after tumor resection. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Radiolabeling and brain penetration of [11C]VU0071063, a ligand of type 1 sulfonylurea receptors for positron emission tomography imaging
Authors: Caillé Fabien , Saba Wadad , Goutal Sébastien , Breuil Louise , Kuhnast Bertrand , Tournier Nicolas
Published: November 2021

Sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1) overexpression in the central nervous system is a potential biomarker for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of brain damage and recovery. VU0071063, a selective ligand of SUR1 able to cross the blood–brain barrier, was isotopically radiolabeled with carbon‐11 from a desmethyl precursor obtained quantitatively in one step. Ready‐to‐inject [11C]VU0071063 was obtained in 18 ± 2% radiochemical yield and 103 ± 22 GBq/μmol molar activity. PET imaging in healthy rats demonstrated a significant brain penetration and rapid elimination of the tracer in vivo, encouraging further investigation in animal models of SUR1 overexpression.
Added Value of Quantitative Analysis of Diffusion‐Weighted Imaging in Ovarian‐Adnexal Reporting and Data System Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Hottat Nathalie A. , Badr Dominique A. , Van Pachterbeke Catherine , Vanden Houte Katherina , Denolin Vincent , Jani Jacques C. , Cannie Mieke M.
Published: November 2021

Background

The ovarian‐adnexal reporting and data system‐magnetic resonance imaging (O‐RADS‐MRI) score decreases the incidence of indeterminate adnexal masses from 18% to 31% with ultrasound till 10.8% to 12.5% with MRI. Further improvement of this score may be useful to improve patients' management.

Purpose

To evaluate the added value of quantitative diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) in the diagnosis of adnexal masses classified according to the O‐RADS‐MRI score.

Study type

Prospective cohort study with retrospective DWI analysis.

Population

Among 402 recruited patients, surgery was done only in 163 women (median‐age: 51 years) with 201 indeterminate adnexal masses, which were included in the final analysis.

Field strength/sequence

Standardized MRI (1.5 and 3‐T) including diffusion and dynamic contrast‐enhanced sequences (diffusion‐weighted single‐shot spin‐echo echo‐planar imaging) were used.

Assessment

Two radiologists classified the adnexal masses according to O‐RADS‐MRI and they were blinded to the pathology report. Two methods of quantitative analysis were applied using region‐of‐interest apparent‐diffusion‐coefficient (ROI‐ADC) and whole‐lesion ADC‐histogram (WL‐ADC).

Statistical tests

Fisher's exact and Mann–Whitney‐U tests were used to compare variables among malignant and benign lesions. Receiver‐operating‐characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to examine the sensitivity/specificity of each parameter. ROI‐ADC and WL‐ADC of lesions with O‐RADS‐MRI score‐4 were plotted to identify thresholds of malignant lesions. The improvement of the O‐RADS‐MRI score after adding these thresholds was assessed by two ROC‐curves. A P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Results

Fifty‐eight of the 201 lesions (28.9%) were malignant. The ROI‐ADC and the WL‐ADC means of malignant lesions were significantly lower than those of benign lesions. Forty‐two lesions (20.9%) had an O‐RADS‐MRI score‐4. In this subgroup, 76% of lesions with ROI‐ADC < 1.7 × 10−3 mm2/sec and WL‐ADC < 2.6 × 10−3 mm2/sec were malignant, whereas only 11.8% with ROI‐ADC ≥ 1.7 × 10−3 mm2/sec or a WL‐ADC ≥ 2.6 × 10−3 mm2/sec were malignant. The overall performance of the O‐RADS‐MRI score combined with these thresholds was improved.

Data conclusion

Integrating ADC‐thresholds in O‐RADS‐MRI score‐4 may discriminate low‐to‐intermediate and intermediate‐to‐high malignancy risk groups.

Level of Evidence

2

Technical Efficacy Stage

2
UV‐C treatment inhibits browning, inactivates Pseudomonas tolaasii and reduces associated chemical and enzymatic changes of button mushrooms
Authors: Wang Xueqing , He Xingxing , Wu Xinling , Fan Xuetong , Wang Fengling , Lin Qiong , Guan Wenqiang , Zhang Na
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND

Button mushrooms with completely white appearance are popular with consumers. However, button mushrooms are susceptible to infection with Pseudomonas tolaasii, which results in browning. This study evaluates the effects of ultraviolet‐C (UV‐C) treatment on the inactivation of P. tolaasii in vitro and in vivo and on the physiological and chemical changes of button mushrooms during storage for 21 days at 4 °C.

RESULTS

UV‐C doses of 0.5 to 9.0 kJ m−2 resulted in 3.91–6.26 log CFU mL−1 reduction of P. tolaasii populations in vitro, and UV‐C treatment reduced P. tolaasii populations inoculated on mushroom cap surfaces and browning severity. Moreover, P. tolaasii increased polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, and decreased phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) activity, the accumulation of phenolics and contents of brown melanin precursors, including γ‐l‐glutaminyl‐4‐hydroxybenzene (GHB), γ‐l‐glutaminyl‐3,4‐dihydroxybenzene (GDHB), and tyrosine in button mushrooms. UV‐C treatment was found to reduce the negative changes due to P. tolaasii infection.

CONCLUSION

These results indicated that the application of UV‐C treatment inhibited browning, inactivated P. tolaasii and reduced P. tolaasii – associated chemical and enzymatic changes of button mushrooms. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Wine astringency: more than just tannin–protein interactions
Authors: González‐Muñoz Beatriz , Garrido‐Vargas Fernanda , Pavez Carolina , Osorio Fernando , Chen Jianshe , Bordeu Edmundo , O'Brien José A , Brossard Natalia
Published: November 2021

Red wines are characterized by their astringency, a very important sensory attribute that affects the perceived quality of wines. Three mechanisms have been proposed to explain astringency, and two theories describe how these mechanisms work in an integrated manner to produce tactile sensations such as drying, roughening, shrinking and puckering. The factors involved include not only tannins and salivary proteins, but also anthocyanins, grape polysaccharides and mannoproteins, as well as other wine matrix components that modulate their interactions. These multifactorial interactions could be responsible for different sensory responses and therefore need to be further studied. This review presents the latest advances in astringency perception and its possible origins, with special attention on the interactions of components, their impact on oral perception and the development of astringency sub‐qualities. Future research efforts should concentrate on understanding the mechanisms involved as well as on the limiting factors related to the conformation and stability of the tannin–salivary protein complexes. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Natural recovery from posttraumatic stress in injured military service members: A commentary on Soumoff et al. (2021)
Authors: Peterson Alan L.
Published: November 2021

Soumoff et al. (2021) reported on a sample of 2,217 injured military service members and found that somatic symptom severity was more predictive of the development of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms than injury severity. PTSD has been described as one of the invisible wounds of war, suggesting that many military service members with PTSD may suffer in silence because some symptoms—such as psychological and somatic symptoms—are often not observable by others. In contrast, friends, family, fellow service members, and health care providers often ask military service members with visible, physical wounds what happened, prompting a discussion of their injury and the events that contributed to it. I posit that the findings reported by Soumoff et al. may be an example of the differences that can occur in the course of natural recovery in military service members suffering from visible versus invisible wounds of war and further hypothesize that the repeated conversations that often occur after physical injuries in military service members may foster natural recovery from the co‐occurring invisible, psychological wounds of war.
Citation rules through the eyes of biomedical journal editors
Authors: Kratochvíl Jiří , Abrahámová Helga , Fialová Marta , Stodůlková Martina
Published: November 2021

This research analysed the citations styles used in 1,100 high‐impact biomedical journals and the importance attributed by their editors and other members of the editorial office to individual reference components, the citation format and method. We found 70 (6.5%) use the current American Medical Association or NLM/Vancouver style; 425 (39.2%) use their older versions or a variation; 73 (6.7%) use a standard non‐biomedical style; and 432 (39.9%) have their own house style. According to 125 respondents who answered the survey, the most important reference components include the author(s), title and year of publication, while the date of update, date of access and language are among the least important. They prefer the citation‐sequence method (65.6%) and the author‐date method (24%). A comparison of the responses to the survey and the citation guidelines showed that while two‐thirds of the respondents view the DOI and ISBN as important information, only a limited number of their journals' citation guidelines require them. Our results show that publishers, authors of standard styles and editors all agree that references should be uncomplicated and concise. A reduction in the number of various styles used might be attainable but would require an agreement between the publishers and authors of the standard styles, which would incorporate the preferences of journal editors.
Nasal resonance changes after endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal skull base surgery: Analysis of voice quality
Authors: Kasemsiri Pornthep , Duangthongphon Pichayen , Prathanee Benjamas , Thongrong Cattleya
Published: November 2021

Objectives

To study the effect of endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery on voice quality in patients with pituitary lesions.

Methods

An observational study comparing voice quality before and after surgery was conducted between September 2015 and September 2017 at Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen University, Thailand. Pituitary tumor patients who underwent endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery were recruited. The nasal corridors were created with a type I (preserving both middle turbinates with a rescue flap) or type II (cutting one middle turbinate with a raised nasoseptal flap) for the binostril with four‐hand technique. All patients were evaluated for nasal resonance, acoustic parameters, acoustic perception, and self‐assessment of their satisfaction with postoperative voice changes with a visual analog scale (VAS). The patients were evaluated 1 day before surgery and at 1 and 3 months after surgery.

Results

Forty‐four patients, including 19 males and 25 females with a mean age of 50.0 ± 15.6 years, were enrolled. Mean scores for nasal resonance and all acoustic parameters were not significantly changed after surgery for either nasal corridor type (p > .05). Regarding acoustic perception, word and sentence and GIRBAS scores showed no significant difference before and after surgery (p > .09) in either type of nasal corridor. There was no incidence of hypernasality voice after surgery. Patients' self‐satisfaction ratings (i.e., VAS) with voice quality were high and showed no significant change 1 and 3 months postsurgery (p > .05).

Conclusions

These endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approaches are minimally invasive skull base surgery techniques that have minimal effects on postsurgery voice quality.

Trial Registration

This trial was registered at ClinicalTrial.gov (NCT02828514).

Level of Evidence

4.
Multi‐Network Poly(β‐cyclodextrin)/PVA/Gelatin/Carbon Nanotubes Composite Hydrogels Constructed by Multiple Dynamic Crosslinking as Flexible Electronic Devices
Authors: Liu Fangfei , Liu Xiong , Gu Haibin
Published: November 2021

Multifunctional hydrogels with good stretchability and self‐healing properties have attracted considerable attention in the field of flexible electronic devices. However, hydrogels constructed by traditional chemical crosslinking usually have poor mechanical properties and lack self‐healing, adhesion, and biocompatibility, which cannot meet the requirements of flexible wearable devices. This work introduced multiple dynamic crosslinking, including borate ester bond, Schiff‐base, and host–guest interaction, into polymer networks to fabricate triple‐network gelatin/polyvinyl alcohol/carbon nanotube composite hydrogels with good self‐healing ability (healing efficiency of 95.0%), mechanical strength (54.6 kPa), stretchability (778%), biocompatibility, conductivity, adhesion, and remodeling properties. Carbon nanotubes can serve as the filler to improve the electrical conductivity of the triple‐network hydrogels. The resulting hydrogel can be made into a strain sensor with high strain sensitivity (gauge factor up to 16.0). More importantly, the strain sensor can be used to monitor various human and organ movements. Owing to its good self‐healing ability, the self‐healed hydrogel sensor also can detect human movements with almost the same electrical signal strength as the original one. This study gives novel insights for the design of multifunctional self‐healing hydrogels that have great potential in various application fields such as electronic skins, soft robots, and wearable devices.
Extended latissimus dorsi flap with propeller ascending design for reconstruction of a complex lateral lumbar defect: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Brunetti Beniamino , Marchica Paolo , Morelli Coppola Marco , Salzillo Rosa , Tenna Stefania , Bassetto Franco , Persichetti Paolo
Published: November 2021

Lateral lumbar defects are rarely encountered and difficult to manage because of the limited reach of loco‐regional flaps and the unfavorable position of recipient vessels for microsurgical transfer. The purpose of this report is to describe the innovative application of an extended latissimus dorsi (LD) flap with propeller ascending design in the field of lumbar reconstruction, reviewing current reconstructive options accepted for lateral lumbar defect. A 68‐year‐old male patient underwent wide full thickness resection for a solitary hepatocellular carcinoma metastatic lesion arising in the left lumbar region, resulting in an extensive soft‐tissue defect (20 x 13 cm) with deep structures exposure. An extended LD flap with propeller ascending orientation was obliquely designed, with the distal third of the skin island laying over the trapezius muscle. The skin paddle measured 34 x 9 cm. The flap, including a cuff of proximal LD muscle spared by the oncological resection and a fasciocutaneous superior extension, underwent 90°clockwise rotation on the main thoracodorsal artery perforator and further caudal advancement allowed by section of the LD cranial tendinous insertion. The rotation‐advancement movement allowed tension‐free flap insetting, while donor site was closed by primary intention. The post‐operative course was uneventful without any complications registered. At 12‐months follow‐up, a satisfactory result and a stable coverage were achieved. Due to the surgical complexity traditionally associated with the repair of defects located in the lumbar region, the case reported may help to provide a new alternative solution to extend the indications of local flaps in similar cases and simplify such reconstructions.
A wide‐band balanced‐to‐unbalanced power divider using microstrip‐slotline‐SIW transitions
Authors: Xu Sha , Zhu Haoshen , Feng Wenjie
Published: November 2021

In this paper, a wide‐band balanced‐to‐unbalanced power divider is presented using a novel multi‐layer microstrip‐slotline to substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) structure. The equivalent circuit of proposed microstrip‐slotline‐SIW transition is analyzed and verified with EM simulations, showing good wide‐band response. By combining four microstrip‐slotline‐SIW transitions with symmetric and antisymmetric arrangement, a compact balanced‐to‐unbalanced power divider is realized. To verify the proposed design, a prototype was also fabricated and characterized. At differential‐mode, the measurements show a 4.3 dB insertion loss (|Ssd21|) and >12 dB return loss (|Sdd11|) over 5.7–10.7 GHz. These are in good agreement with simulation results.
Caregiver‐perceived neighborhood safety and pediatric asthma severity: 2017–2018 National Survey of Children's Health
Authors: Hoque Shushmita , Goulding Melissa , Hazeltine Max , Ferrucci Katarina A. , Trivedi Michelle , Liu Shao‐Hsien
Published: November 2021

Objective

To examine the association between caregiver‐perceived neighborhood safety and pediatric asthma severity using a cross‐sectional, nationally representative sample.

Study Design

Using data from the 2017–2018 National Survey of Children's Health, children aged 6–17 years with primary caregiver report of a current asthma diagnosis were included (unweighted N = 3209; weighted N = 3,909,178). Perceived neighborhood safety, asthma severity (mild vs. moderate/severe), demographic, household, and health/behavioral covariate data were collected from primary caregiver report. Poisson regression with robust error variance was used to estimate the association between perceived neighborhood safety and caregiver‐reported pediatric asthma severity.

Results

Approximately one‐third of children studied had moderate/severe asthma. A total of 42% of children with mild asthma and 52% of children with moderate/severe asthma identified as Hispanic or non‐Hispanic Black. Nearly 20% of children with mild asthma and 40% of children with moderate/severe asthma were from families living below the federal poverty level (FPL). Children living in neighborhoods perceived by their caregiver to be unsafe had higher prevalence of moderate/severe asthma compared to those in the safest neighborhoods (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.34; 95% confidence interval: 1.04–1.74). This association was found to be independent of race/ethnicity, household FPL, household smoking, and child's physical activity level after adjusting for covariates.

Conclusions

Children living in neighborhoods perceived by their caregiver to be unsafe have higher prevalence of moderate or severe asthma. Further investigation of geographic context and neighborhood characteristics that influence childhood asthma severity may inform public health strategies to reduce asthma burden and improve disease outcomes.
The diversity of aphid parasitoids inEast Africaand implications for biological control
Authors: Woolley Victoria C , Tembo Yolice LB , Ndakidemi Baltazar , Obanyi Janet N , Arnold Sarah EJ , Belmain Steven R , Ndakidemi Patrick A , Ogendo Joshua O , Stevenson Philip C
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND

Hymenopteran parasitoids provide key natural pest regulation services and are reared commercially as biological control agents. Therefore, understanding parasitoid community composition in natural populations is important to enable better management for optimized natural pest regulation. We carried out a field study to understand the parasitoid community associated withAphis fabaeon East African smallholder farms. Either common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) or lablab (Lablab purpureus) sentinel plants were infested withAphis fabaeand deployed in 96 fields across Kenya, Tanzania, and Malawi.

RESULTS

A total of 463 parasitoids emerged from sentinel plants of which 424 were identified by mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) barcoding.Aphidius colemaniwas abundant in Kenya, Tanzania and Malawi, whileLysiphlebus testaceipeswas only present in Malawi. The identity ofAphidius colemanispecimens were confirmed by sequencing LWRh and 16S genes and was selected for further genetic and population analyses. A total of 12Aphidius colemanihaplotypes were identified. Of these, nine were from our East African specimens and three from the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD).

CONCLUSION

Aphidius colemaniandLysiphlebus testaceipesare potential targets for conservation biological control in tropical smallholder agro‐ecosystems. We hypothesize that high genetic diversity in East African populations ofAphidius colemanisuggests that this species originated in East Africa and has spread globally due to its use as a biological control agent. These East African populations could have potential for use as strains in commercial biological control or to improve existingAphidius colemanistrains by selective breeding.
Systemic fungicidal activity of phenazine‐1‐carboxylic acid‐valine conjugate against tobacco sore shin and its translocation and accumulation in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)
Authors: Zhu Xiang , Zhang Min , Xiao Yongxin , Hsiang Tom , Hu Ciyin , Li Junkai
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND

Tobacco sore shin caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn is a major soil‐borne fungal disease of tobacco, gradually causing infected stems to become thin and dry, leading to great losses to Chinaʼs tobacco industry. Fungicides with phloem mobility are needed for application to foliage to effectively control root or vascular system pathogens. In this study, phenazine‐1‐carboxylic acid‐valine conjugate (PCA‐Val) with strong phloem mobility was tested for control of tobacco sore shin. In vitro fungicidal activity, systemicity, and in vivo efficacy of PCA‐Val against R. solani in tobacco seedling were evaluated.

RESULTS

In vitro fungicidal activity of PCA‐L‐Val against R. solani was lower than that of PCA or PCA‐D‐Val, but the in vivo protective activity and curative activity of PCA‐L‐Val was the highest among these chemicals tested. The systemicity tests in tobacco seedlings revealed that PCA did not possess phloem mobility, while PCA‐L‐Val and PCA‐D‐Val exhibited strong phloem mobility and could be transported and accumulated in the lower part of the seedling as well as throughout the phloem. In addition, we also found that, just like reported hormone amino acid conjugates, PCA‐L‐Val could be hydrolyzed by tobacco seedlings, to release free PCA.

CONCLUSIONS

The current research results indicated that PCA‐L‐Val possess good phloem transport in tobacco and promising in vivo antifungal activity against R. solani, which can be used as a phloem‐mobile fungicide against tobacco sore shin in production practice.
An exploratory double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study to assess the efficacy of CitruSlim on body composition and lipid parameters in obese individuals
Authors: Hancke Juan , Srivastava Shalini , Caceres Dante D. , Burgos Rafael A. , Alarcon Pablo
Published: November 2021

The prevalence of obesity in developing and developed countries has been well recognized, and the worldwide obesity rates have nearly tripled since 1975, according to the World Health Organization. CitruSlim, a standardized product containing a blend of Citrus bergamia and Eurycoma longifolia, can reduce cortisol, cholesterol, triglycerides, and hyperglycemia. These properties can contribute to reduction in body weight or body mass index (BMI) in obese patients. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of CitruSlim in body weight management in obese individuals, and the results were compared with that of placebo. A total of 97 participants were allocated, randomized, and treated with CitruSlim high‐dose (HD, 400 mg), CitruSlim low‐dose (LD, 200 mg), and placebo for 112 days. At the end of the study, CitruSlim HD and CitruSlim LD significantly reduced BMI compared to the placebo group and were well tolerated; however, it did not improve parameters associated with dyslipidemia and metabolic disturbances. The study findings suggested that CitruSlim was effective in reducing body weight in obese patients.
The Role of Time Constraints and Domain Knowledge in Reading Comprehension Tests: The Case of Text‐First versus Questions‐First Strategies
Authors: Yeari Menahem , Schlesinger Liran Markel , Moshka Ella
Published: November 2021

The present study examined the processing and performance of examinees in reading comprehension (RC) tests, when they read the whole text prior to its questions (text‐first strategy [TFs]) compared to reading the text while and for answering the questions (questions‐first strategy [QFs]). Previous studies have been inconclusive regarding the benefit of TFs, and no studies to date have indicated a benefit for QFs, although test‐taking guidebooks and test‐preparation courses and websites regularly recommend the latter strategy. This study examined whether and how test time constraints and examinees’ domain knowledge modulate the effect of TFs and QFs on examinees’ performance accuracy, performance time, and text search efficiency in RC tests, when they answer high‐ versus low‐level questions. University students with and without domain knowledge were asked to read two expository texts and answer open‐ended questions under TFs and QFs settings, with or without time limitation. Findings demonstrated higher performance accuracy, shorter performance time, and lower search efficiency for QFs as compared to TFs setting, particularly when the task was timed. Domain knowledge enhanced performance accuracy regardless of strategy and time constraints, although performance time and search efficiency were similar for high‐ and low‐knowledge groups. These findings suggest that university students should apply QFs in timed tests with open‐ended questions, and demonstrate the manner in which both strategies can be implemented effectively under different conditions. The theoretical implications of the present findings for goal‐oriented models and RC tests’ validity are further elaborated in the Discussion section.
Cross‐sectional study of students' molecular explanations of inheritance patterns
Authors: Castro‐Faix Moraima , Duncan Ravit G.
Published: November 2021

Genetics is a core topic in the biology curriculum of many countries. Learning genetics is difficult for multiple reasons, including the need to reason about complex mechanisms—and to link mechanisms—that occur at different time and space scales. Previous research in genetics education explores students' understandings of inheritance patterns or their understandings of molecular genetics; only a handful of studies examined how students understand the connection between molecular mechanisms and inheritance patterns. Moreover, we know little about how such understandings develop over the secondary and undergraduate levels. To address this gap, we conducted a cross‐sectional interview study with middle school, high school, undergraduate, and graduate students after they had experienced “status‐quo” instruction in genetics. We analyzed student responses using a cognitive model of molecular genetics that describes two key domain‐specific knowledge resources: heuristics and explanatory schemas. Our findings extended this model to account for reasoning about inheritance patterns as well as identifying the knowledge resources used by students with different levels of education. This allowed us to present a snapshot of a progression describing the gradual use of these heuristics and schemas across different grades. We discuss the implications of the tentative progression for instruction aimed at supporting reasoning across time and space scales in genetics.
Intramolecular Diels‐Alder Approach to the Construction of Fused Bicyclic 8/6 Ring System of Variecolin
Authors: Hossain Md. Firoj , Ghosh Subrata
Published: November 2021

Bicyclo annulations of fused 6/6 and 8/6 ring systems on to a carbohydrate derivative have been achieved. The key step involves an intramolecular Diels‐Alder reaction of a diene and a dienophile tethered through a carbohydrate ring resulting in tricyclic architectures having fused bicycle 6/6 and 8/6 ring systems. The tricyclic structure containing the fused bicyclo 8/6 ring is functionalized for elaboration to the tetracyclic sesterterpene variecolin.
Tracking Confined Reaction Based on Host–Guest Interaction Using Single‐Molecule Conductance Measurement
Authors: Yuan Saisai , Qian Qiaozan , Zhou Yu , Zhao Shiqiang , Lin Luchun , Duan Ping , Xu Xinghai , Shi Jie , Xu Wei , Feng Anni , Shi Jia , Yang Yang , Hong Wenjing
Published: November 2021

The host–guest interaction acts as an essential part of supramolecular chemistry, which can be applied in confined reaction. However, it is challenging to obtain the dynamic process during confined reactions below micromolar concentrations. In this work, a new method is provided to characterize the dimerization process of the guest 1,2‐bis(4‐pyridinyl) ethylene in host cucurbit[8]curil using scanning tunneling microscope‐break junction (STM‐BJ) technique. The guest reaction kinetics is quantitatively by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and in situ single‐molecule junctions. It is found that in the single‐molecule conductance measurements, the electrical signals of the reactants with a concentration as low as 5 × 10−6 m are clearly detected, and the reaction kinetics at micromolar concentrations are further obtained. However, in NMR measurements, the characteristic peak signal of the reactants is undetectable when the concentration of the reactants is lower than 0.5 × 10−3 m and it cannot be quantified. In addition, the strong electric field from the nanogap accelerates the reaction. This work reveals that single‐molecule STM‐BJ techniques are more sensitive for tracking confined reactions than that by NMR techniques and can be used to study effect of extremely strong electric field on kinetics.