bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of dietary tocotrienols from barley and palm oils in hen's egg yolk: transfer efficiency, influence of emulsification, and effect on egg cholesterol
Authors: Walde Constanze M , Drotleff Astrid M , Ternes Waldemar
Published: November 2013

BACKGROUND

The main component in tocotrienols (T3) from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is α‐T3, the vitamer with the highest bioavailability, while palm oil T3 is particularly rich in γ‐T3. Unlike tocopherols, T3 are known for their cholesterogenesis‐inhibiting, neuroprotective and anticarcinogenic properties. In this study the oral bioavailabilities of T3 from barley oil (3.98 mg day−1) and T3 from palm oil (3.36 mg day−1) in nanoemulsified formulations (NE) and self‐emulsifying systems (SES) were compared using hen's eggs as a bioindicator. In addition, the transfer efficiencies of barley oil T3 and palm oil T3 into egg yolk were compared, as well as their effects on egg cholesterol levels.

RESULTS

Nanoemulsification led to T3 levels (132.9 µg per egg) higher than with non‐emulsified barley oil (112.8 µg per egg) and barley oil SES (116.7 µg per egg) owing to the high proportions of α‐T3 (99–117 µg per egg), which has a particularly high transfer efficiency (4.32–6.75%). T3 contents of eggs from hens fed barley oil supplements (112–132 µg per egg) were significantly higher than those of eggs from hens fed palm oil supplements (70–78 µg per egg). Addition of barley and palm oils to laying hen feed decreased egg yolk cholesterol by 4 and 6% respectively.

CONCLUSION

Results from this animal study may help to establish T3 from barley as a dietary supplement and to develop nutritionally improved hen's eggs. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Does the mode of surgical resection affect the prognosis/recurrence in patients with thymoma?
Authors: Nakagawa Kazuo , Asamura Hisao , Sakurai Hiroyuki , Watanabe Shun‐Ichi , Tsuta Koji
Published: November 2013

Background

Among the various controversies in the treatment strategies for patients with thymoma, the optimal mode of resection needs to be defined. To explore whether or not the mode of resection affects the prognosis/recurrence in patients with thymoma, we evaluated the treatment outcome of patients with resected thymoma.

Methods

One hundred seventy‐three nonmyasthenic patients with stage I or II resected thymoma were studied. Patients were divided into two groups: a thymomectomy (resection of thymoma without total thymectomy) group (n = 100) and a thymothymomectomy (resection of thymoma with total thymectomy) group (n = 73). The differences in the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis between the two groups were examined.

Results

Myasthenia gravis developed postoperatively in three patients (3%) in the thymomectomy group and in 6 (8%) in the thymothymomectomy group. The 5‐ and 10‐year overall survival rates in the thymomectomy group were 96.7% and 92.2%, and those in the thymothymomectomy group were 94.0% and 86.2%, respectively (P = 0.755). Two patients (2%) in the thymomectomy group and 4 (5%) in the thymothymomectomy group experienced recurrence.

Conclusions

There was no difference in prognosis/recurrence between the two groups. Thymothymomectomy might not always be necessary for nonmyasthenic patients with stage I or II thymoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 109:179–183. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stimulation of denervated muscle promotes selective reinnervation, prevents synkinesis, and restores function
Authors: Zealear David L. , Mainthia Rajshri , Li Yike , Kunibe Isamu , Katada Akihiro , Billante Cheryl , Nomura Kenichiro
Published: November 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

Previously, electrical stimulation of denervated canine laryngeal muscle was shown to promote reinnervation by native over foreign motoneurons. The goal of this study was to assess the effect of different stimulus paradigms on reinnervation quality and functional recovery.

Study Design

A prospective study of six canines over 8 to 20 months.

Methods

A clinical model of laryngeal paralysis was used, where recurrent laryngeal nerves of the animals were sectioned and ventilation compromised. The abductor, posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscles were implanted bilaterally with electrodes from an implantable pulse generator. Animals were randomly assigned to three groups to assess the effect of different stimulus paradigms: 1) 40 pulses per second (pps) train, 2) 10 pps train, 3) no stimulation. Spontaneous vocal fold movement was measured endoscopically during hypercapnia. Exercise tolerance was measured on a treadmill using pulse oximetry. In the terminal session, electromyography (EMG) potentials were recorded during superior laryngeal nerve stimulation to index foreign reinnervation of the PCA by reflex glottic closure (RGC) motoneurons.

Results

After reinnervation started, nonstimulated and stimulated 40 pps animals displayed paradoxical closure of the glottis during hypercapnia and severely decreased exercise tolerance due to faulty reinnervation. In contrast, stimulated 10 pps animals displayed minimal paradoxical closure and normal exercise tolerance (12 minutes up to 8 mph). EMG findings in this group demonstrated significantly less PCA reinnervation by foreign RGC motoneurons.

Conclusion

PCA stimulation with low frequency reduced synkinetic reinnervation by foreign RGC motoneurons. Paradoxical closure of the glottis with inspiration was reduced and exercise tolerance restored to normal.

Level of Evidence

N/A. Laryngoscope, 124:E180–E187, 2014
Optical coherence tomography as a method to identify parathyroid glands
Authors: Ladurner Roland , Hallfeldt Klaus K.J. , Al Arabi Norah , Stepp Herbert , Mueller Susanna , Gallwas Julia K.S.
Published: November 2013

Background and Objective

The identification of parathyroid glands can be a major problem in parathyroid surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in distinguishing between parathyroid tissue, thyroid tissue, lymph nodes, and adipose tissue.

Methods

Ex vivo OCT images as well as histological sections were generated from parathyroid glands, thyroid tissue, lymph nodes and fat in order to define significant morphologic differences between these entities. As a second step all OCT images were separately evaluated by two blinded investigators and later compared to the corresponding histology. Sensitivity and specificity of OCT in distinguishing between the different tissues were determined. To assess the interobserver agreement, κ coefficients were calculated from the ratings of each investigator for each OCT image seen.

Results

A total of 320 OCT images from 32 patients undergoing thyroid surgery, parathyroidectomy or lymphadenectomy were compared with the corresponding histology. The sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing parathyroid tissue from the other entities was 84% (second investigator: 82%) and 94% (93%) respectively. Unweighted κ using four diagnostic categories was 0.97 (95% CI, 0.94–0.99) showing substantial agreement between both investigators.

Conclusion

OCT is highly sensitive in distinguishing between parathyroid tissue, thyroid tissue, lymph nodes and adipose tissue. These ex vivo results should be confirmed by using OCT imaging intraoperatively. Lasers Surg. Med. 45:654–659, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The role of the mitochondrial oxidative stress in the cytotoxic effects of the green tea catechin, (–)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate, in oral cells
Authors: Tao Ling , Forester Sarah C. , Lambert Joshua D.
Published: November 2013

Scope

The tea catechin, (–)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), has potential cancer preventive effects. The prooxidant activity of EGCG may play a role in these effects.

Methods and results

Here, we report that EGCG exerted cytotoxic effects against oral cancer cell lines (IC50 = 83–95 μM). EGCG treatment resulted in formation of extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), however, these ROS were rapidly cleared (half‐life = 1.7 h). EGCG treatment increased the production of mitochondrial H2O2 in SCC‐25 cells (0–6 h) before the induction of apoptosis. Subsequently, an opening of the mitochondrial transition pore and a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential were observed. The mitochondria‐specific antioxidant, MitoTEMPO, reduced these effects. HGF‐1 human gingival fibrobasts were resistant to EGCG (IC50 > 200 μM) and EGCG‐induced ROS. EGCG induced differential expression of genes related to antioxidant defense in oral cancer cells and gingival fibroblasts: metallothionein 3, superoxide dismutase 2/3, and thioredoxin reductase 2 were downregulated in SCC‐25 cells, but upregulated in HGF‐1 cells.

Conclusion

We conclude that induction of mitochondrial ROS and mitochondrial dysfunction by EGCG play a role in the inhibition of oral cancer, and that gingival fibroblasts are spared from these effects in part because of a selective induction of antioxidant responsive genes.
ATP‐binding cassette transporters protect sea urchin gametes and embryonic cells against the harmful effects of ultraviolet light
Authors: de Araujo Leite Jocelmo Cássio , de Vasconcelos Raianna Boni , da Silva Suélenn Guedes , de Siqueira‐Junior José Pinto , Marques‐Santos Luis Fernando
Published: November 2013

Embryos of marine organisms whose development occurs externally are particularly sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) light (bands A and B, respectively, UVA and UVB). ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters are the first line of cellular defense against chemical or physical stress. The present work investigated the involvement of ABC transporters on UVA or UVB effects on eggs, spermatozoa, and embryonic cells of the sea urchin Echinometra lucunter. Gametes or embryos were exposed to UVA (3.6–14.4 kJ m−2) or UVB (0.112–14.4 kJ m−2), and embryonic development was monitored by optical microscopy at different developmental stages in the presence or absence of the ABC‐transporter blockers reversin205 (ABCB1 blocker) or MK571 (ABCC1 blocker). E. lucunter eggs, spermatozoa and embryos were resistant to UVA exposure. Resistance to the harmful effects of UVB was strongly associated to ABC transporter activity (embryos > eggs > spermatozoa). ABCB1 or ABCC1 blockage promoted the injurious effects of UVA on spermatozoa. ABCC1 transporter blockage increased UVB‐dependent damage in eggs while ABCB1 transporter inhibition increased harmful effects of UVB in embryonic cells. ABC‐transporter activity was not, however, affected by UVB exposure. In conclusion, the present study is the first report on the protective role of ABC transporters against harmful effects of UVA and UVB on sea urchin eggs and embryonic cells. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 81: 66–83, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In Brief: The (molecular) pathogenesis of Barrett's oesophagus
Authors: Aichler Michaela , Walch Axel
Published: November 2013

Barrett's oesophagus is a metaplastic change, such that the normal squamous epithelial lining of the oesophagus is replaced by specialized columnar‐lined epithelium. Barrett's oesophagus is clinically significant and has a high health economic impact as it is associated with heightened risk of progression to oesophageal adenocarcinoma. This review discusses the pathogenesis of Barrett's oesophagus with an emphasis on the underlying molecular events. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
JOINT CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE WOODCOCK‐JOHNSON TESTS OF COGNITIVE ABILITIES, THIRD EDITION, AND THE STANFORD‐BINET INTELLIGENCE SCALES, FIFTH EDITION, WITH A PRESCHOOL POPULATION
Authors: Chang Mei , Paulson Sharon E. , Finch W. Holmes , Mcintosh David E. , Rothlisberg Barbara A.
Published: November 2013

This study examined the underlying constructs measured by the Woodcock‐Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities, Third Edition (WJ‐III COG) and the Stanford‐Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition (SB5), based on the Cattell‐Horn‐Carrol (CHC) theory of cognitive abilities. This study reports the results of the first joint confirmatory factor analysis of the WJ‐III COG and SB5 with an independently collected preschool‐aged sample. The WJ‐III COG and SB5 were administered to 200 preschool‐aged children of 4 to 5 with no known disorders or disabilities. Confirmatory factor analyses using maximum likelihood estimation were conducted to evaluate three models of increasing complexity and two alternative models to determine which model best describe the underlying constructs measured by the WJ‐III COG and the SB5. Though none of the models displayed a good fit to the data, results showed that the underlying construct of the two tests was best represented by a Three‐Stratum alternative CHC model in which the Gf factor and subtests were omitted. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to provide further insights into the actual latent structure underlying the data. Implications of findings to guide school‐based practitioners in using cross‐battery assessment with preschool children were addressed.
Tidbits for the synthesis of bis(2‐sulfanylethyl)amido (SEA) polystyrene resin, SEA peptides and peptide thioesters
Authors: Ollivier Nathalie , Raibaut Laurent , Blanpain Annick , Desmet Rémi , Dheur Julien , Mhidia Reda , Boll Emmanuelle , Drobecq Hervé , Pira Silvain L. , Melnyk Oleg
Published: November 2013

Protein total chemical synthesis enables the atom‐by‐atom control of the protein structure and therefore has a great potential for studying protein function. Native chemical ligation of C‐terminal peptide thioesters with N‐terminal cysteinyl peptides and related methodologies are central to the field of protein total synthesis. Consequently, methods enabling the facile synthesis of peptide thioesters using Fmoc‐SPPS are of great value. Herein, we provide a detailed protocol for the preparation of bis(2‐sulfanylethyl)amino polystyrene resin as a starting point for the synthesis of C‐terminal bis(2‐sulfanylethyl)amido peptides and of peptide thioesters derived from 3‐mercaptopropionic acid. Copyright © 2013 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Black wattle tannin as a zinc phosphating coating sealer
Authors: Peres Rafael Silveira , Cassel Eduardo , Ferreira Carlos Arthur , Azambuja Denise Schermann
Published: November 2013

This paper reports an investigation into the use of condensed black wattle tannin as an environmental friendly sealer after zinc phosphating of carbon steel. In order to verify the sealer efficiency against corrosion, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarisation and salt spray tests were performed. To verify the pore modifications and phase compositions, SEM, electron dispersive spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction analysis were carried out. The influence of the sealer on the adherence of finishing coatings was analysed. The results show that the tannin/sealer did not affect the final coating adhesion and improved the corrosion resistance of sealed samples. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Co‐firing of biomass with coal in thermal power plants: technology schemes, impacts, and future perspectives
Authors: Karampinis Emmanouil , Grammelis Panagiotis , Agraniotis Michalis , Violidakis Ioannis , Kakaras Emmanuel
Published: November 2013

Biomass co‐firing is widely considered as the most cost‐efficient and easily deployed way for mitigating the CO2 emissions from the coal power sector. Apart from policy and market benefits and bottlenecks, the implementation of co‐firing in a coal‐fired power plant is affected by several technical and environmental concerns. A number of technical solutions have been developed and demonstrated for co‐firing schemes, from the most common, direct co‐firing scheme to the more sophisticated parallel and indirect co‐firing systems. The impacts of co‐firing relate mostly to the biomass fuel and ash properties and affect the fuel handling system, fuel conversion, slagging/fouling and corrosion, emissions, and ash utilization. Current operating experience and available solutions indicate that most technical concerns do not materialize or can be easily solved when co‐firing woody biomass at relatively low thermal shares. As the biomass thermal share increases and more problematic fuels are utilized, further research and demonstration activities will be needed to evaluate potential impacts of co‐firing. WIREs Energy Environ 2014, 3:384–399. doi: 10.1002/wene.100

This article is categorized under:

Bioenergy > Science and Materials

Bioenergy > Systems and Infrastructure
Deciphering molecular mechanisms of mRNA metabolism in the deep‐branching eukaryote Entamoeba histolytica
Authors: López‐Camarillo César , López‐Rosas Itzel , Ospina‐Villa Juan David , Marchat Laurence A.
Published: November 2013

Although extraordinary rapid advance has been made in the knowledge of mechanisms regulating messenger RNA (mRNA) metabolism in mammals and yeast, little information is known in deep‐branching eukaryotes. The complete genome sequence of Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan parasite responsible for human amoebiasis, provided a lot of information for the identification and comparison of regulatory sequences and proteins potentially involved in mRNA synthesis, processing, and degradation. Here, we review the current knowledge of mRNA metabolism in this human pathogen. Several DNA motifs in promoter and nuclear factors involved in transcription, as well as conserved polyadenylation sequences in mRNA 3′‐untranslated region and possible cleavage and polyadenylation factors, are described. In addition, we present recent data about proteins involved in mRNA decay with a special focus on the recently reported P‐bodies in amoeba. Models for mechanisms of decapping and deadenylation‐dependent pathways are discussed. We also review RNA‐based gene silencing mechanisms and describe the DEAD/DExH box RNA helicases that are molecular players in all mRNA metabolism reactions. The functional characterization of selected proteins allows us to define a general framework to describe how mRNA synthesis, processing, and decay may occur in E. histolytica. Taken altogether, studies of mRNA metabolism in this single‐celled eukaryotic model suggest the conservation of specific gene expression regulatory events through evolution. WIREs RNA 2014, 5:247–262. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1205

This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA–Protein Complexes

RNA Processing > 3' End Processing

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms

RNA Evolution and Genomics > RNA and Ribonucleoprotein Evolution
When is Good News About Pro-Co-operation Lobbies Good News About Co-operation?
Authors: Chaudoin Stephen , Urpelainen Johannes
Published: November 2013

Lobbies are active participants in international co-operation. In a repeated game, this article allows domestic lobbies to offer contingent rewards to influence their government to make pro-co-operation policy adjustments. The effect of lobbies depends on the type and intensity of their preferences. If the lobbies are ‘internationally benefiting’ – that is, they are interested in whether the foreign government reciprocates with adjustments of its own, they unambiguously improve co-operation. However, if the lobbies are ‘domestically benefiting’ – that is, they are interested in their own government's policy, they are less beneficial for co-operation. A domestically benefiting lobby that is willing to compensate its government even without foreign reciprocity undermines the credibility of punishing free riders. This article demonstrates this argument in the context of trade and environmental co-operation.
EMPEROR OTTO III AND THE END OF TIME
Authors: Roach Levi
Published: November 2013

There has been much controversy over the role of apocalyptic thought at the court of Otto III of Germany (983–1002). This is in no small part a product of modern scholarship discussing the subject almost exclusively with reference to the so-called ‘terrors of the year 1000’, the result being highly polarised ‘all or nothing’ arguments, which run the risk of underestimating both the complexity and dynamism of eschatological expectation in this period. In contrast, the following paper argues that apocalyptic thought played an important part in politics under Otto III, but one which cannot be explained by the proximity of the first millennium alone.
OF LIVING LEGENDS AND AUTHENTIC TALES: HOW TO GET REMEMBERED IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE
Authors: Pollmann Judith
Published: November 2013

Folklore experts have shown that for a legend to be remembered it is important that it is historicised. Focusing on three case-studies from early modern Germany and the Netherlands, this article explores how the historicisation of mythical narratives operated in early modern Europe, and argues that memory practices played a crucial role in the interplay between myth and history. The application of new criteria for historical evidence did not result in the decline of myths. By declaring such stories mythical, and by using the existence of memory practices as evidence for this, scholars could continue to take them seriously.
WHAT IS PAIN? A HISTORYTHE PROTHERO LECTURE
Authors: Bourke Joanna
Published: November 2013

What is pain? This article argues that it is useful to think of pain as a ‘kind of event’ or a way of being-in-the-world. Pain-events are unstable; they are historically constituted and reconstituted in relation to language systems, social and environmental interactions and bodily comportment. The historical question becomes: how has pain beendoneand what ideological work do acts of being-in-pain seek to achieve? By what mechanisms do these types of events change? Who decides the content of any particular, historically specific and geographically situated ontology?
Understanding the patchy distribution of four-horned antelope Tetracerus quadricornis in a tropical dry deciduous forest in Central India
Authors: Sharma Koustubh , Chundawat Raghunandan Singh , Van Gruisen Joanna , Rahmani Asad Rafi
Published: November 2013

At the landscape level, the four-horned antelope is confined to tropical dry deciduous forests and within these, their distribution is patchy. Various factors have been proposed as determinants for their patchy distribution within landscapes, but none provided an adequate explanation. We hypothesized that availability of a constant supply of forage influenced the species distribution. We found that the four-horned antelope mainly fed on fruits and flowers, and that a total of 60% of the tree species in Panna Tiger Reserve bore fruits at different times of the year. High tree species richness in habitat patches was considered a surrogate for constant supply of forage for the four-horned antelope. Data from 547 sighting locations between 2002 and 2006 and six spatial layers were analysed using maximum entropy to produce a probability distribution model for the four-horned antelope in Panna Tiger Reserve. Our model predicted that habitat patches summing up to only 9.5% of the 543 km2 of Panna Tiger Reserve had high probability of distribution (>0.5) of four-horned antelope. Although all variables contributed to the distribution model of the four-horned antelope, explanatory power was highest for tree species richness within habitat patches. The distribution of four-horned antelope within tropical dry deciduous forests can be treated as an indicator of high tree diversity and hence habitat quality.
A Grassroots Association on the Sino-Tibetan Border: The Role, Agendas and Beyond
Authors: Tenzin Jinba
Published: November 2013

This article investigates the role of the Moluo Tourism Association in Suopo township, Danba county, Sichuan. It examines its organization, internal structure and objectives, and explores the concerns of Tibetan elites and villagers and their strategies for advancing their political and other goals in an officially sanctioned framework. The research shows that the association resembles a “state-led civil society” as its membership and agendas exhibit the strong will of the local state; nevertheless, it still manages to carve a space for expressing negative opinions towards the local authorities, pursuing the “Eastern Queendom” cause and following its own agendas. The dynamic and nuanced interactions between the association and township show that state–society relations in China are situated in a complex and convoluted landscape which has not yet been fully explored in the China field. Furthermore, the article brings to light the divergent interests and positions of the association members as well as the heterogeneity of Suopo society proper. It concludes with a brief discussion of the prospects for an enhanced engagement of ethnic research with broader China studies.
Religion and Culture in Late Antique Greece
Authors: Sweetman Rebecca
Published: November 2013

For much of the 20th century, the focus of Late Antique studies in Greece was on the excavation of churches. This resulted in a vast body of essential material contributing to an understanding of the period. The exceptional excavation work of archaeologists such as Anastasios Orlandos, Dimitrios Pallas, Georgios Soteriou and Ioannis Stampoltzis among others has provided scholars with a huge body of church data. However, data for analysing Late Antique settlements, industries and trade has not been as extensive. This has resulted in a near total reliance on the churches and historical sources such as Libanius, Zosimus, Procopius, Eusebius and Theophanes for an understanding of Late Antique Greece. There is some useful textual material, such as references to territory and diocese, as discussed in Hierokles' Sixth Synekdemos and the Acts of the Ecumenical Councils, as well as, of course, the Theodosian Code. The increasing amount of secular data resulting from rescue and research excavations and survey has made a significant contribution to redressing the outdated view of the Late Antique period as one of decline. In some respects this view was perpetuated by the fact that it is caught between the high points of the Roman Imperial and Byzantine periods. The underlying context was, therefore, seen rather in terms of decline (particularly urban) and less in terms of the birth of significant artistic and social endeavours.

The Late Antique period for the purposes of this chapter will be taken to run from the mid fourth century AD (the foundation of Constantinople) to the creation of the thema of the Helladikon between AD 687 and 695.
Legislation.gov.uk – Essential for the Law Business
Authors: Tullo Carol
Published: November 2013

Legislation on the Web gives rise to a unique set of challenges. The content has strict rules governing its structure and typographic layout. One piece of legislation can change others, often in complex ways. The text may or may not be in force and may or may not extend to a particular jurisdiction. This unique linked data service and its value proposition is discussed by Carol Tullo. This is a data source that underpins and drives the UK legislation publishing processes and the validation of secondary legislation, providing a streamlined end to end set of online legal tools for all to use.
Loss of GADD34 induces early age‐dependent deviation to the myeloid lineage
Authors: Nishio Naomi , Ito Sachiko , Isobe Ken‐ichi
Published: November 2013

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) generate all known hematopoietic lineages and are capable of self‐renewal. Upon aging, myeloid‐biased HSCs are maintained, whereas lymphoid‐biased HSCs are lost. GADD34 protein is expressed in myeloid‐lineage cells and has been cloned from them. However, the function of GADD34 in the myeloid lineage has not yet been elucidated. Here, we show that early age‐dependent deviation to the myeloid lineage occurs in GADD34‐deficient mice. Early increases of GR‐1intCD11b+ and GR‐1highCD11b+ neutrophils were observed in the spleen, bone marrow (BM) and blood of GADD34‐deficient mice. We found that BM Lin− c‐Kit+ Sca1+ and Lin− c‐Kit+ Sca1−cells expressed GADD34 protein without stimulation and increased GADD34 expression following intravenous injection of Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus). These cell populations were high in GADD34‐deficient BM and were increased by the injection of S. aureus. Because of the increase in granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) induced by S. aureus injection, we examined the signaling pathway from the G‐CSF receptor (G‐CSFR). We found that phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 was highly increased in GADD34‐deficient Lin− BM cells by the stimulation of G‐CSF. These results indicate that GADD34 binds to Lyn and inhibit G‐CSFR signaling. We show here that GADD34 works to inhibit the proliferation and differentiation of HSCs or myeloid precursor cells and maintains homeostatic differentiation of neutrophil‐lineage cells to avoid early immunological senescence.
Time-reversed wave mixing in nonlinear optics
Authors: Zheng Yuanlin , Ren Huaijin , Wan Wenjie , Chen Xianfeng
Published: November 2013

Time-reversal symmetry is important to optics. Optical processes can run in a forward or backward direction through time when such symmetry is preserved. In linear optics, a time-reversed process of laser emission can enable total absorption of coherent light fields inside an optical cavity of loss by time-reversing the original gain medium. Nonlinearity, however, can often destroy such symmetry in nonlinear optics, making it difficult to study time-reversal symmetry with nonlinear optical wave mixings. Here we demonstrate time-reversed wave mixings for optical second harmonic generation (SHG) and optical parametric amplification (OPA) by exploring this well-known but underappreciated symmetry in nonlinear optics. This allows us to observe the annihilation of coherent beams. Our study offers new avenues for flexible control in nonlinear optics and has potential applications in efficient wavelength conversion, all-optical computing.
In vivo pH monitoring using boron doped diamond microelectrode and silver needles: Application to stomach disorder diagnosis
Authors: Fierro Stéphane , Seishima Ryo , Nagano Osamu , Saya Hideyuki , Einaga Yasuaki
Published: November 2013

This study presents the in vivo electrochemical monitoring of pH using boron doped diamond (BDD) microelectrode and silver needles for potential application in medical diagnosis. Accurate calibration curve for pH determination were obtained through in vitro electrochemical measurements. The increase induced in stomach pH by treatment with pantoprazole was used to demonstrate that it is possible to monitor the pH in vivo using the simple and noninvasive system proposed herein. Using the results of the in vivo and in vitro experiments, a quantitative analysis of the increase in stomach pH is also presented. It is proposed that the catheter-free pH monitoring system presented in this study could be potentially employed in any biological environment.
A green HPLC method for the analysis and stability study of flavoxate HCl using micellar eluent
Authors: El-Shaheny Rania Nabih , El-Enany Nahed Mahmoud , Belal Fathalla Fathalla
Published: November 2013

We report the first micellar HPLC method for the assay and comprehensive study of the degradation behavior of flavoxate HCl as per ICH guidelines.
Reaction of L2Zn2 with Ph2E2 – synthesis of LZnEPh and reactions with oxygen and H-acidic substrates
Authors: Gondzik S. , Schulz S. , Bläser D. , Wölper C.
Published: November 2013

L2Zn2 (L = HC[C(Me)N(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)]2) and Ph2E2 (E = Se, Te) react to form LZnSePh (1) and LZnTePh (2).
Synthesis of thioamides via one-pot A3-coupling of alkynyl bromides, amines, and sodium sulfide
Authors: Sun Yadong , Jiang Huanfeng , Wu Wanqing , Zeng Wei , Li Jianxiao
Published: November 2013

We herein describe a novel method for the synthesis of thioamides by a three component condensation of alkynyl bromides, amines, and Na2S·9H2O.
On spatial mutation-selection models
Authors: Kondratiev Yuri , Kutoviy Oleksandr , Minlos Robert , Pirogov Sergey
Published: November 2013

We discuss the selection procedure in the framework of mutation models. We study the regulation for stochastically developing systems based on a transformation of the initial Markov process which includes a cost functional. The transformation of initial Markov process by cost functional has an analytic realization in terms of a Kimura-Maruyama type equation for the time evolution of states or in terms of the corresponding Feynman-Kac formula on the path space. The state evolution of the system including the limiting behavior is studied for two types of mutation-selection models.
Exact quantum scattering calculations of transport properties for the H2O–H system
Authors: Dagdigian Paul J. , Alexander Millard H.
Published: November 2013

Transport properties for collisions of water with hydrogen atoms are computed by means of exact quantum scattering calculations. For this purpose, a potential energy surface (PES) was computed for the interaction of rigid H2O, frozen at its equilibrium geometry, with a hydrogen atom, using a coupled-cluster method that includes all singles and doubles excitations, as well as perturbative contributions of connected triple excitations. To investigate the importance of the anisotropy of the PES on transport properties, calculations were performed with the full potential and with the spherical average of the PES. We also explored the determination of the spherical average of the PES from radial cuts in six directions parallel and perpendicular to the C2 axis of the molecule. Finally, the computed transport properties were compared with those computed with a Lennard-Jones 12-6 potential.
Scale-by-scale turbulent energy budget in the intermediate wake of two-dimensional generators
Authors: Thiesset F. , Antonia R. A. , Danaila L.
Published: November 2013

It is first established, on the basis of new X-wire measurements, that the equilibrium similarity of the terms in the scale-by-scale (s-b-s) budget of the turbulent energy $\overline{q^2}$q2¯ is reasonably well approximated on the axis of the intermediate wake of a circular cylinder. The similarity, which scales on the Taylor microscale λ and $\overline{q^2}$q2¯, is then used to determine s-b-s energy budgets from the data of Antonia, Zhou, and Romano [“Small-scale turbulence characteristics of two-dimensional bluff body wakes,” J. Fluid Mech. 459, 67–92 (2002)] for 5 different two-dimensional wake generators. In each case, the budget is reasonably well closed, using the locally isotropic value of the mean energy dissipation rate, except near separations comparable to the wavelength of the coherent motion (CM). The influence of the initial conditions is first felt at a separation Lc identified with the cross-over between the energy transfer and large scale terms of the s-b-s budget. When normalized by $\overline{q^2}$q2¯ and Lc, the mean energy dissipation rate is found to be independent of the Taylor microscale Reynolds number. The CM enhances the maximum value of the energy transfer, the latter exceeding that predicted from models of decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence.
The Jastrow antisymmetric geminal power in Hilbert space: Theory, benchmarking, and application to a novel transition state
Authors: Neuscamman Eric
Published: November 2013

The Jastrow-modified antisymmetric geminal power (JAGP) ansatz in Hilbert space successfully overcomes two key failings of other pairing theories, namely, a lack of inter-pair correlations and a lack of multiple resonance structures, while maintaining a polynomially scaling cost, variational energies, and size consistency. Here, we present efficient quantum Monte Carlo algorithms that evaluate and optimize the JAGP energy for a cost that scales as the fifth power of the system size. We demonstrate the JAGP’s ability to describe both static and dynamic correlation by applying it to bond stretching in H2O, C2, and N2 as well as to a novel, multi-reference transition state of ethene. JAGP’s accuracy in these systems outperforms even the most sophisticated single-reference methods and approaches that of exponentially scaling active space methods.
Effusive molecular beam-sampled Knudsen flow reactor coupled to vacuum ultraviolet single photon ionization mass spectrometry using an external free radical source
Authors: Leplat N. , Rossi M. J.
Published: November 2013

A new apparatus using vacuum ultraviolet single photon ionization mass spectrometry (VUV SPIMS) of an effusive molecular beam emanating from a Knudsen flow reactor is described. It was designed to study free radical-molecule kinetics over a significant temperature range (300–630 K). Its salient features are: (1) external free radical source, (2) counterpropagating molecular beam and diffuse VUV photon beam meeting in a crossed-beam ion source of a quadrupole mass spectrometer with perpendicular ion extraction, (3) analog detection of the photocurrent of the free radical molecular cation, and (4) possibility of detecting both free radicals and closed shell species in the same apparatus and under identical reaction conditions owing to the presence of photoelectrons generated by the photoelectric effect of the used VUV-photons. The measured thermal molecular beam-to-background ratio was 6.35 ± 0.39 for Ar and 10.86 ± 1.59 for i-C4H10 at 300 K, a factor of 2.52 and 1.50 smaller, respectively, than predicted from basic gas-dynamic considerations. Operating parameters as well as the performance of key elements of the instrument are presented and discussed. Coupled to an external free radical source a steady-state specific exit flow of 1.6 × 1011 and 5.0 × 1011 molecule s−1 cm−3 of C2H5• (ethyl) and t-C4H9• (t-butyl) free radicals have been detected using VUV SPIMS at their molecular ion m/z 29 and 57, respectively, at 300 K.
Ab initio potential energy surface for the highly nonlinear dynamics of the KCN molecule
Authors: Párraga H. , Arranz F. J. , Benito R. M. , Borondo F.
Published: November 2013

An accurate ab initio quantum chemistry study at level of quadratic configuration interaction method of the electronic ground state of the KCN molecule is presented. A fitting of the results to an analytical series expansion was performed to obtain a global potential energy surface suitable for the study of the associated vibrational dynamics. Additionally, classical Poincaré surfaces of section for different energies and quantum eigenstates were calculated, showing the highly nonlinear behavior of this system.
Resonant photoelectron spectroscopy of Au2− via a Feshbach state using high-resolution photoelectron imaging
Authors: León Iker , Yang Zheng , Wang Lai-Sheng
Published: November 2013

Photodetachment cross sections are measured across the detachment threshold of Au2− between 1.90 and 2.02 eV using a tunable laser. In addition to obtaining a more accurate electron affinity for Au2 (1.9393 ± 0.0003 eV), we observe eight resonances above the detachment threshold, corresponding to excitations from the vibrational levels of the Au2− ground state (X 2Σu+) to those of a metastable excited state of Au2− (or Feshbach resonances) at an excitation energy of 1.9717 ± 0.0003 eV and a vibrational frequency of 129.1 ± 1.5 cm−1. High-resolution photoelectron spectra of Au2− are obtained using photoelectron imaging to follow the autodetachment processes by tuning the detachment laser to all the eight Feshbach resonances. We observe significant non-Franck-Condon behaviors in the resonant photoelectron spectra due to autodetachment from a given vibrational level of the Feshbach state to selective vibrational levels of the neutral final state. Using the spectroscopic data for the ground states of Au2− (X 2Σu+) and Au2 (X 1Σg+), we estimate an equilibrium bond distance of 2.53 ± 0.02 Å for the Feshbach state of Au2− by simulating the Franck-Condon factors for the resonant excitation and autodetachment processes.
Ferroelectric Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 epitaxial layers on GaAs
Authors: Louahadj L. , Le Bourdais D. , Largeau L. , Agnus G. , Mazet L. , Bachelet R. , Regreny P. , Albertini D. , Pillard V. , Dubourdieu C. , Gautier B. , Lecoeur P. , Saint-Girons G.
Published: November 2013

Ferroelectric epitaxial Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) layers were grown by pulsed laser deposition on SrTiO3/GaAs templates fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy. The templates present an excellent structural quality and the SrTiO3/GaAs is abrupt at the atomic scale. The PZT layers contain a- and c-domains, as shown by X-Ray diffraction analyses. Piezoforce microscopy experiments and macroscopic electrical characterizations indicate that PZT is ferroelectric. A relative dielectric permittivity of 164 is extracted from these measurements.
Constant residual electrostatic electron plasma mode in Vlasov-Ampere system
Authors: Xie Hua-sheng
Published: November 2013

In a collisionless Vlasov-Poisson (V-P) electron plasma system, two types of modes for electric field perturbation exist: the exponentially Landau damped electron plasma waves and the initial-value sensitive ballistic modes. Here, the V-P system is modified slightly to a Vlasov-Ampere (V-A) system. A new constant residual mode is revealed. Mathematically, this mode comes from the Laplace transform of an initial electric field perturbation, and physically represents that an initial perturbation (e.g., external electric field perturbation) would not be damped away. Thus, this residual mode is more difficult to be damped than the ballistic mode.
Blue shift of GaAs micropillars strained with silicon nitride
Authors: Voss L. F. , Shao Q. , Conway A. M. , Reinhardt C. E. , Laurence T. A. , Nikolic R. J.
Published: November 2013

Strain engineering has been shown to induce shifts in the band structure of semiconductors. In this work, we demonstrate a blue shift in the band gap of GaAs micropillars of greater than 50 meV using SiNx. GaAs micropillars were fabricated and conformally coated with highly strained SiNx. The band gap and strain state of the micropillars were measured using room temperature photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy. The GaAs was shown to be in uniaxial compression, leading to a linear increase in the band gap. Removal of the strained layer resulted in relaxation back to the unstrained state.
Apparatus for simulating dynamic interactions between the spinal cord and soft-coupled intradural implants
Authors: Viljoen S. , Oya H. , Reddy C. G. , Dalm B. D. , Shurig R. , Odden K. , Gillies G. T. , Howard M. A.
Published: November 2013

We have designed, built, and tested an apparatus used for investigating the biomechanical response of a novel intradural spinal cord stimulator to the simulated physiological movement of the spinal cord within the thecal sac. In this apparatus, the rostral-caudal displacements of an anthropomorphic spinal cord surrogate can be controlled with a resolution of approximately 0.1% of a target value for up to 107 lateral movement cycles occurring at a repetition rate of 2 Hz. Using this system, we have been able to determine that the restoring force of the stimulator's suspension system works in concert with the frictional coupling between the electrode array and the surrogate to overcome the 0.42 μN inertial force associated with the lateral motion of the array. The result is a positional stability of the array on the surrogate (in air) of better than 0.2 mm over ∼500 000 movement cycles. Design modifications that might lead to improved physiological performance are discussed.
Note: A simple model for thermal management in solenoids
Authors: McIntosh E. M. , Ellis J.
Published: November 2013

We describe a model of the dynamical temperature evolution in a solenoid winding. A simple finite element analysis is calibrated by accurately measuring the thermally induced resistance change of the solenoid, thus obviating the need for accurate knowledge of the mean thermal conductivity of the windings. The model predicts quasi thermal runaway for relatively modest current increases from the normal operating conditions. We demonstrate the application of this model to determine the maximum current that can be safely applied to solenoids used for helium spin-echo measurements.
1 nm resolution imaging of localized plasmons via field rectification
Authors: Firby C. J. , Elezzabi A. Y.
Published: November 2013

We demonstrate the application of a scanning tunneling microscope to image localized plasmons excited on nanoscale gaps and crevices making up the gold nanoplasmonic antenna surface. The localized plasmon field is imaged directly with an unprecedented high resolution of 1 nm. Our experiments attest that the observed tunnel current signal is due to the localized plasmon field alone, which is detected as a rectified signal at in the nonlinear tunneling junction. This method has the potential for direct sub-nanometer imaging of localized plasmon fields.
Polarization- and angle-dependent characteristics in two dimensional photonic crystal membrane reflectors
Authors: Singh Chadha Arvinder , Zhao Deyin , Chuwongin Santhad , Ma Zhenqiang , Zhou Weidong
Published: November 2013

We report here measured angle- and polarization-dependent reflection properties in two-dimensional photonic crystal broadband membrane reflectors. Polarization independent reflection was obtained at surface normal direction. High reflection can also be obtained for one transverse electric (TE) polarization state over a wide range of incident angles. With the target of 1550 nm spectral band, the measured spectral bandwidths for TE polarization with reflectivity greater than 90% are 180 nm and 56 nm at surface normal and oblique incidence of 45°, respectively. The experimental spectrum approximates the theoretical spectral response of this membrane reflector.
Suppression of photovoltaic effect by magnetic field in Pr0.65(Ca0.75Sr0.25)0.35MnO3/Nb:SrTiO3 heterostructure
Authors: Luo C. , Jin K. X. , Chen C. L. , Wu T.
Published: November 2013

The heterostructure composed of Pr0.65(Ca0.75Sr0.25)0.35MnO3 and 0.7 wt. % Nb-doped SrTiO3 was fabricated. The heterostructure exhibits an asymmetric current-voltage relation similar to that of p-n junctions and an obvious photovoltaic effect with its maximum value of about 25.1 mV at T = 140 K. It is interesting that the magnetic field has a strong suppression effect on photovoltaic effect, and the maximum relative change of photovoltage under the magnetic field of 1 T is about 63% with the illumination of 15 mW/mm2 light (532 nm) at T ∼ 140 K. The physical mechanism is explained by the electronic phase separation mechanism.
Core stress distribution of phase shifting multimode polymer optical fiber
Authors: Furukawa Rei , Nagata Morio , Mishima Kenji , Matsuura Motoharu , Inoue Azusa , Tagaya Akihiro , Koike Yasuhiro
Published: November 2013

Poly-(methyl methacrylate-co-benzyl methacrylate) polarization-maintaining optical fibers are known for their high response to normal stress. In this report, responses to higher stress levels up to 0.45 MPa were investigated. The stress amplitude and direction in the fiber cross section were calculated and analyzed with a coincident mode-field obtained from the near-field pattern. The stress amplitude varies significantly in the horizontal direction and is considered to create multiple phases, explaining the measurement results. To investigate possible permanent deformation, the core yield point profile was analyzed. Although it largely exceeds the average applied stress, the calculated stress distribution indicates that the core could partially experience stress that exceeds the yield point.