bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Migration in Economic Relations between Europe and Turkey
Authors: Biffl Gudrun
Published: July 2013

Turkey and Europe are closely interlinked through migration, trade and investment flows. In the year 2000, the interrelationships entered a new phase. Return migration of Turkish migrants to Turkey set in, of often well-educated second-generation migrants, triggered by the fast economic growth and shortages of skilled labour in Turkey. At the same time continued family migration to Europe and Turkish business start-ups in Europe promote trade between Turkey and Europe due to preference and network channels. While economic growth in Turkey is dynamic, it is also volatile, depending on foreign capital. The major challenge for stable and sustainable economic growth is, however, the low labour force participation rate of women and the slow progress in the educational attainment level of its workforce.
The Challenges Posed to Welfare States by Globalization
Authors: Shinar Chaim
Published: July 2013

When the debate on globalization started in the early 1990s, the dominant assumption was that globalization was a shocking new phenomenon. Moreover, this new development was seen as an attempt to undermine the sovereignty and economic functions of the nation state, hence undermining the fundamental basis of the welfare state. According to this perspective, the welfare state was expected to collapse as a result of economic constraints. Some influential publications promoted the idea that countries would find themselves captured in a global trap. At least in the field of social sciences, this thesis was interpreted differently: the weakening of the nation state by globalization was considered a myth that served as an excuse for cutting government budgets. Since then, the social sciences have developed an approach to globalization as a long-term trend within the capitalistic framework, driven by economic and political developments and dependent on pre-existing social conditions.
Public beliefs about the causes of obesity and attitudes towards policy initiatives in Great Britain
Authors: Beeken Rebecca J , Wardle Jane
Published: July 2013

Objective

To assess attributions for overweight and the level of support for policy initiatives in Great Britain.

Design

Cross-sectional. Respondents indicated their agreement (5-point scales: strongly disagree to strongly agree) to three potential causes of overweight (environment, genes, willpower) and five policies (free weight-loss treatment, taxing unhealthy foods, healthy lifestyle campaigns, food labelling, advertising restrictions).

Setting

Data were collected as part of a computer-assisted, face-to-face Omnibus survey of adults (aged >15 years) from across Great Britain in April 2012 carried out by a market research company.

Subjects

A population-representative sample of British adults (n 1986).

Results

More people attributed overweight to the food environment (61 %) and lack of willpower (57 %) than to genes (45 %). Policy support was highest for healthy lifestyle campaigns (71 %) and food labelling (66 %), and lowest for taxing unhealthy foods (32 %). Food environment attributions were associated with higher support for all policies (P < 0·001). Genetic attributions were associated with higher support for free weight-loss treatments and healthy lifestyle campaigns (P < 0·001), but not other policies. Attributions to lack of willpower were not associated differentially with support for any policies (P > 0·01).

Conclusions

Belief that overweight is caused by the food environment or genes – both seen as outside individual control – was associated with greater support for government policies to prevent and treat obesity. Improving awareness of the multiple causes of obesity could facilitate acceptance of policy action to reduce obesity prevalence.
Diet quality in young adults and its association with food-related behaviours
Authors: Thorpe Maree G , Kestin Mark , Riddell Lynn J , Keast Russell SJ , McNaughton Sarah A
Published: July 2013

Objective

To determine the diet quality of a group of young adults and explore its associations with two food-related behaviours (involvement in meal preparation and consumption of commercially prepared meals).

Design

Cross-sectional study of young adults. Sample characteristics, food-related behaviours and dietary intake were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire including an FFQ. Diet quality was measured using the fifteen-item Dietary Guideline Index (DGI) designed to assess adherence to Australian dietary guidelines. One-way ANOVA, t tests and multiple linear regression analyses were used to explore the relationships between DGI scores, sample characteristics and food-related behaviours.

Setting

University students enrolled in an undergraduate nutrition class, Melbourne, Australia.

Subjects

Students (n 309) aged 18–36 years.

Results

The DGI score was normally distributed, with a mean score of 93·4 (sd 17·1) points (range 51·9–127·4 points), out of a possible score of 150 points. In multivariate analyses adjusted for age, sex, nationality, BMI and maternal education, cooking meals for oneself was positively associated with DGI score (β = 0·15; 95 % CI 1·15, 10·03; P = 0·01); frequency of takeaway and frequency of convenience meal consumption were inversely associated with DGI score (β = −0·21; 95 % CI −9·96, −2·32; P = 0·002 and β = −0·16; 95 % CI −7·40, −0·97; P < 0·01, respectively).

Conclusions

Cooking meals for oneself was linked to higher diet quality among young adults, while consumption of commercially prepared meals was associated with poorer diet quality. Maintaining education programmes that promote cooking skills within young adults has the potential to improve DGI scores.
EXPLICIT INTERPOLATION BOUNDS BETWEEN HARDY SPACE AND
Authors: BUI H.-Q. , LAUGESEN R. S.
Published: July 2013

Every bounded linear operator that maps${H}^{1} $to${L}^{1} $and${L}^{2} $to${L}^{2} $is bounded from${L}^{p} $to${L}^{p} $for each$p\in (1, 2)$, by a famous interpolation result of Fefferman and Stein. We prove${L}^{p} $-norm bounds that grow like$O(1/ (p- 1))$as$p\downarrow 1$. This growth rate is optimal, and improves significantly on the previously known exponential bound$O({2}^{1/ (p- 1)} )$. For$p\in (2, \infty )$, we prove explicit${L}^{p} $estimates on each bounded linear operator mapping${L}^{\infty } $to bounded mean oscillation ($\mathit{BMO}$) and${L}^{2} $to${L}^{2} $. This$\mathit{BMO}$interpolation result implies the${H}^{1} $result above, by duality. In addition, we obtain stronger results by working with dyadic${H}^{1} $and dyadic$\mathit{BMO}$. The proofs proceed by complex interpolation, after we develop an optimal dyadic ‘good lambda’ inequality for the dyadic$\sharp $-maximal operator.
APPROXIMATE AMENABILITY OF SEGAL ALGEBRAS
Authors: ALAGHMANDAN MAHMOOD
Published: July 2013

In this paper we first show that for a locally compact amenable group$G$, every proper abstract Segal algebra of the Fourier algebra on$G$is not approximately amenable; consequently, every proper Segal algebra on a locally compact abelian group is not approximately amenable. Then using the hypergroup generated by the dual of a compact group, it is shown that all proper Segal algebras of a class of compact groups including the$2\times 2$special unitary group,$\mathrm{SU} (2)$, are not approximately amenable.
ACCESSIBLE SUBRINGS AND KUROSH’S CHAINS OF ASSOCIATIVE RINGS
Authors: ANDRUSZKIEWICZ RYSZARD R. , SOBOLEWSKA MAGDALENA
Published: July 2013

This article is devoted to the historical study of the ADS-problem with a special emphasis on the use of methods and techniques, emerging with the development of the theory of rings: accessible subrings, iterated maximal essential extensions of rings, completely normal rings. We construct new examples of classes for which Kurosh’s chain stabilizes at any given step. We recall the old nontrivial questions, and we pose a new one.
THE CLASSIFICATION OF COMMUTATIVE TORSION FILIAL RINGS
Authors: ANDRUSZKIEWICZ R. R. , PRYSZCZEPKO K.
Published: July 2013

The aim of this paper is to give a classification theorem for commutative torsion filial rings.
Agro-morphological variability of rice species collected from Niger
Authors: Sow Mounirou , Sido Amir , Laing Mark , Ndjiondjop Marie-Noelle
Published: July 2013

Niger harbours a wealth of diversity of Africa's rice (Oryza glaberrima) and its related wild species. We therefore engaged in a collecting mission of rice species across growing regions and agrosystems in Niger. A total of 270 rice accessions were assembled, including 177 Asian rice (O. sativa) cultivars, 67 African rice landraces (O.glaberrima), 25 O. barthii and one O.longistaminata. We found most accessions (80.7%) along the Niger River and its tributary the Dallol Maouri. Many of the accessions, except those belonging to the wild O. barthii initially found around the Lake Chad region, were also collected along the Niger River. Drought, insects, birds, rice yellow mottle virus and bacterial blight were noted as major constraints on rice production. Accession naming by farmers was consistent within regions but seldom across regions. Based on the recorded agro-morphological traits, the germplasm was classified into three clusters: (1) O. longistaminata with floating African landraces and late-maturing floating Asian rice; (2) lowland O.barthii and African landraces; (3) a mixture of irrigated Asian rice with lowland accessions of both cultivated species. The phenotypic variability of the germplasm collection, as measured by the Shannon–Weaver diversity index, was relatively high (H′ = 0.69), with accessions in the irrigated agrosystem being less diverse than those in the traditional agrosystems. There was no significant difference in the magnitude of diversity between the main eco-geographical zones and between the clusters. However, some traits contributing the most to this diversity were different. This study suggested a substantial germplasm exchange between regions in Niger.
Peculiar behavior of solar polar fields during solar cycles 21-23: Correlation with meridional flow speed
Authors: Bisoi Susanta Kumar , Janardhan P.
Published: July 2013

We have examined solar polar fields during the solar cycles 21–23 using both ground and space based synoptic magnetograms. It has been shown that the unsigned polar fields in the latitude range (78°–90°) show a steady decline starting ~1995–1996 till the maximum of cycle 23. We also find that the long term changes in the unsigned polar fields at higher latitudes are well correlated with changes in the surface meridional flow speed that have been reported for the cycle 23.
Magnetic network elements in solar cycle 23
Authors: Jin Chunlan , Wang Jingxiu
Published: July 2013

In this report, we present our recent effort to understand the cyclic behavior of network magnetic elements based on the unique database from full-disk observations provided by Michelson Doppler Imager on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory in the interval including the entire cycle 23. The following results are unclosed. (1) The quiet regions dominate the solar magnetic flux for about 8 years in solar cycle 23, and from the solar minimum to maximum they contribute (0.94-1.44)×1023Mx flux to the solar photosphere. In the entire cycle 23, the magnetic flux of the quiet regions is 1.12 times that of active regions. The occupation ratio of quiet region flux equally characterizes the course of a solar cycle. (2) With the increasing magnetic flux per element, the variations of numbers and total flux of the network elements show three-fold scenario: no-correlation, anti-correlation, and correlation with sunspots, respectively. The anti-correlated elements covering the range of (3-32)×1018Mx occupy 77% of total element number and 37% of quiet Sun flux. (3) The time-latitude distribution of anti-correlated magnetic elements is out of phase with that of sunspots, while the correlated elements display the similar butterfly diagram of sunspots but with wider latitude distribution. These results imply that the correlated elements are the debris of decayed sunspots, and the source of anti-correlated elements is modulated by sunspot magnetic field.
The variations of solar magnetic networks over the solar cycle 23
Authors: Huang Chong , Yan Yihua , Deng Yuanyong , Zhang Yin , Tan Baolin , Li Gang
Published: July 2013

This work analyzed the morphologic properties of magnetic networks during Carrington Rotations (CRs) 1955 to 2091 by applying the watershed algorithm to magnetograms observed by the Michelson Doppler Interferometer on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory spacecraft. We found that the magnetic networks are of fractal and the average fractal dimension is Df=1.253±0.011. We also find that both the fractal dimension and the size of magnetic networks are anti-correlated with the solar magnetic activity.
The escape of trapped electrons in the decay phase of solar flare
Authors: Huang Jing
Published: July 2013

From the observations of radio and HXR bursts, the escape rate of energetic electrons trapped in the flare loops is studied based on the trap-plus-precipitation model for the kinematics of energetic electrons in solar flares. Coulomb collision is regarded as the main pitch angle scattering of trapped electrons in the decay phase of the event on 2004 December 1. The escape rate of trapped electrons decreases firstly and then increases, which indicates the evolution of the plasma density in the flare loops during the decay phase.
Evolution of magnetic field corresponding to X-ray brightening events in coronal holes and quiet Sun
Authors: Huang Zhenghua , Madjarska Maria , Doyle Gerry , Lamb Derek
Published: July 2013

We study the magnetic field structure and evolution for 26 X-ray brightening events in coronal holes and quiet Sun regions, including bright points and jets. We found that all brightening events are associated with bipolar regions and caused by magnetic flux emergence followed by cancellation. The emission fluctuations seen in the X-ray bright points are associated with reoccurring magnetic cancellation in the footpoints. An X-ray jet presents similar magnetic behaviour in the footpoints but its magnetic flux cancellation rate is much higher than in the bright point. Comparing coronal holes and the quiet Sun, we do not find differences in their corresponding magnetic field behavior.
Large scale magnetic helicity fluxes estimated from MDI magnetic synoptic charts
Authors: Yang Shangbin , Zhang Hongqi
Published: July 2013

To investigate the characteristics of large scale and long term evolution of magnetic helicity with solar cycles, we use the method of Local Correlation Tracking (LCT) to estimate the magnetic helicity evolution over the 23rd solar cycle from 1996 to 2009 by using 795 MDI magnetic synoptic charts. The main results are: the hemispheric helicity rule still holds in general, i.e. the large-scale negative (positive) magnetic helicity dominates the northern (southern) hemisphere. However, the large scale magnetic helicity fluxes show the same sign in both hemispheres around 2001 and 2005. The global, large scale magnetic helicity flux over the solar disk changes from negative value at the beginning of the 23rd solar cycle to positive value at the end of the cycle, which also shows the similar trend from the normalized magnetic flux by using the magnetic flux. The net accumulated magnetic helicity is negative in the period between 1996 and 2009.
Mechanisms of planetary and stellar dynamos
Authors: Dormy Emmanuel , Petitdemange Ludovic , Schrinner Martin
Published: July 2013

We review some of the recent progress on modeling planetary and stellar dynamos. Particular attention is given to the dynamo mechanisms and the resulting properties of the field. We present direct numerical simulations using a simple Boussinesq model. These simulations are interpreted using the classical mean-field formalism. We investigate the transition from steady dipolar to multipolar dynamo waves solutions varying different control parameters, and discuss the relevance to stellar magnetic fields. We show that owing to the role of the strong zonal flow, this transition is hysteretic. In the presence of stress-free boundary conditions, the bistability extends over a wide range of parameters.
Chemical composition of photospheres in RS CVn stars
Authors: Tautvaišienė G. , Barisevičius G. , Berdyugina S. , Ilyin I. , Chorniy Y.
Published: July 2013

In order to investigate how magnetic activity influences a stellar evolution, we undertake a detailed study of photospheric abundances in a sample of RS CVn stars. Using the Nordic Optical Telescope we investigate abundances of more than 20 chemical elements, including carbon isotopes, nitrogen and other mixing-sensitive species. In this presentation we report on current results of the analysis, among which there are first evidences that extra-mixing processes may start acting in low-mass chromospherically active stars below a bump of the luminosity function of red giants.
NIR polarimetry as a probe of the large-scale structure of the galactic magnetic field
Authors: Pavel Michael D.
Published: July 2013

H-band (1.6 μm) starlight polarimetry was used to test predictions of the large-scale symmetry of the Galactic magnetic field and to measure the Galactic magnetic pitch angle. Polarimetry was obtained with the Mimir instrument on the 1.8m Perkins Telescope outside of Flagstaff, AZ USA along a line of constant Galactic longitude for a range of Galactic latitudes. Comparison with all-sky predictions of starlight polarimetry allows significant rejection of disk anti-symmetric Galactic magnetic field geometries and favored disk symmetric geometries. The Galactic magnetic field pitch angle was also constrained to be p=–6±2° towards this direction.
Starspot detection and properties
Authors: Savanov I. S.
Published: July 2013

I review the currently available techniques for the starspots detection including the one-dimensional spot modelling of photometric light curves. Special attention will be paid to the modelling of photospheric activity based on the high-precision light curves obtained with space missions MOST, CoRoT, and Kepler. Physical spot parameters (temperature, sizes and variability time scales including short-term activity cycles) are discussed.
Current helicity constraints in solar dynamo models
Authors: Sokoloff D. , Zhang H. , Moss D. , Kleeorin N. , Kuzanyan K. , Rogachevski I. , Gao Yu , Xu H.
Published: July 2013

We investigate to what extent the current helicity distribution observed in solar active regions is compatible with solar dynamo models. We use an advanced 2D mean-field dynamo model with dynamo action largely concentrated near the bottom of the convective zone, and dynamo saturation based on the evolution of the magnetic helicity and algebraic quenching. For comparison, we also studied a more basic 2D mean-field dynamo model with simple algebraic alpha quenching only. Using these numerical models we obtain butterfly diagrams for both the small-scale current helicity and the large-scale magnetic helicity, and compare them with the butterfly diagram for the current helicity in active regions obtained from observations. This comparison shows that the current helicity of active regions, as estimated by −A·B evaluated at the depth from which the active region arises, resembles the observational data much better than the small-scale current helicity calculated directly from the helicity evolution equation. Here B and A are respectively the dynamo generated mean magnetic field and its vector potential.
Statistical characteristics of horizontal proper motions in the vicinity of pores
Authors: Verma Meetu , Denker Carsten
Published: July 2013

Movement and coalescence of magnetic elements could explain the evolution and growth of pores. There have been numerous studies focusing on flow fields in and around individual pores. We have undertaken a systematic study of the statistical properties of such flows. Data of the Hinode Solar Optical Telescope offer an opportunity for this type of research, because of the uniform data quality and absence of seeing so that pores can directly be compared in different environments and at various stages of their evolution. We analyzed about 220 time-series of G-band images using local correlation tracking. The thus computed flow maps make up a database, which covers various scenes on the solar surface. We use an isolated pore to illustrate the statistical parameters collected for further statistical analyses, which include information about morphology, horizontal flows, evolutionary stage (young, mature, or decaying), complexity of the surrounding magnetic field, and proximity to sunspots or cluster of G-band bright points.
The flow helicity in quasi-orderedcellular convection
Authors: Getling A. V.
Published: July 2013

The helicity of cellular convective flows in a horizontal layer of compressible fluid (gas) heated from below and rotating about a vertical axis is studied using finite-difference numerical simulations. The medium is assumed to be polytropically stratified. An initial thermal perturbation is introduced so as to produce a system of Bénard-type hexagonal convection cells. The flow gradually becomes less ordered, and the mean helicity grows initially and decreases sharply after the substantial chaotisation of the flow. Given the Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers, the maximum value reached by the mean helicity increases with the decrease of the polytrope index and has a maximum at a certain rotational velocity of the layer.
Knotty invariants: structure and evolution of magnetized fluids
Authors: Roth Ilan
Published: July 2013

It is conjectured that magnetic configurations may be characterized by the embedded invariants which are extracted from their topological textures. Hence, experimentally observed magnetic structures can be classified by the invariants of the elementary building blocks of the 3-D structures - prime knots. These unique invariants may describe the magnetic configurations in ion drop-outs in solar impulsive events, in photospheric flux ropes carried into the interplanetary medium by the solar wind, and can affect the decay rates for complex magnetic configurations.
On the magnetic flux conservation in the partially ionized plasma
Authors: Tsap Yuriy
Published: July 2013

Ohm, Hall, and ambipolar diffusions in the partially ionized plasma are considered. The statement of Pandey & Wardle (2011,2012) that only Ohmic diffusion is capable of destroying the magnetic flux is not sufficiently correct due to the formal dependence of the magnetic diffusion on a frame of reference.
Advances in mean-field dynamo theories
Authors: Pipin V. V.
Published: July 2013

We give a short introduction to the subject and review advances in understanding the basic ingredients of the mean-field dynamo theory. The discussion includes the recent analytic and numerical work in developments for the mean electromotive force of the turbulent flows and magnetic field, the nonlinear effects of the magnetic helicity, the non-local generation effects in the dynamo. We give an example of the mean-field solar dynamo model that incorporates the fairly complete expressions for the mean-electromotive force, the subsurface shear layer and the conservation of the total helicity. The model is used to shed light on the issues in the solar dynamo and on the future development of this field of research.
Geometrical information on the solar shape: high precision results with SDO/HMI
Authors: Wang Xiaofan , Sigismondi Costantino
Published: July 2013

The uncertainty of measurement of solar diameter is depending on the observational time scale. Full-disc images of SDO/HMI and the images from ground observations in Huairou Solar Observing Station have been analyzed to get the values of solar diameter. The satellite observations reach a very high precision, but the absolute image scale still need to be calibrated. The solar oblateness is a more challenging measurement than the diameter, since the signal amplitude is a few milli-arcseconds. It is a relative measurement, then not affected by the pixel scale calibration required by the diameter measurement. But the results are strongly dependent on the state of instrument such as focus plane deformation and on the calculation process.
A simulation of imaging capabilities for the Chinese Spectral Radioheliograph
Authors: Du Jing , Yan Yihua , Wang Wei
Published: July 2013

This work applied Chinese Spectral Radioheliograph(CSRH) to simulate the quiet Sun to produce the radio image. Then, we simulate a point source, and make all antennas have a typical phase error(5°) to calculate the dynamic range. It is found that the dynamic range agrees with the theoretical value. The image processing and simulated results are presented.
Generalization of the Neupert effect over the solar flare plasma cooling
Authors: Awasthi Arun Kumar , Jain Rajmal
Published: July 2013

We investigate 10 M-class flares observed by the SOXS mission to study the influence of the solar flare plasma cooling on the Neupert effect. We study the temporal evolution of 1s cadence X-ray emission in 7-10 keV and 10-30 keV representing the SXR and HXR emission respectively. We model the cooling as a function of time by the ratio of time-derivative of SXR with the HXR flux. We report that the ratio is exponentially decaying in rise phase of the flare, which, however, saturates after the impulsive phase. We estimate the cooling time scale in the rise phase for the flares and found to be varying between 39 and 525 s.
Changing photospheric vector magnetic fields associated with a B4.2-class solar flare
Authors: Su Jiangtao , Liu Yu , Shen Yuandeng
Published: July 2013

Recent observations have provided evidence that the solar photospheric magnetic fields could have rapid and permanent changes in both longitudinal and transverse components associated with large (X- or M-class) solar flares. However, few observations have been reported about small flares. In this paper we find the observational evidence of changing photospheric vector magnetic fields associated with a B4.2-class flare obtained with the Solar Magnetic Field Telescope (SMFT) installed at Huairou Solar Observing Station (HSOS) of Nation Astronomical Observatories of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Observational evidence of unwinding and chirality changing in penumbral filaments by Hinode
Authors: Su Jiangtao , Liu Yu
Published: July 2013

In this paper, we study twisting motions of the penumbral filaments of active region NOAA 10930. At first, they made unwinding motions. After unwinding, the filaments are found to twist again and developed the opposite chirality in them. These observational results indicate that penumbral filaments are more inclined to be the twisted magnetic flux tubes in nature.
Nonlinear force-free magnetic field extrapolation in AR 11158 by GPU-DBIE
Authors: Wang Rui , Yan Yihua
Published: July 2013

A GPU-based acceleration for the direct boundary integral equation method (GPU-DBIE) to extrapolate solar coronal magnetic fields is developed, which is about 1000 times faster than the original DBIE. The 3-d coronal magnetic field is reconstructed for NOAA 11158 on 14-Feb-2011 with the SDO/HMI vector magnetogram as bottom boundary condition. The extrapolated results agree well with the projected SDO/AIA, EUV loops and the STEREO EUV sideviews, which verifies the correctness of our GPU-DBIE method. It is also found that the group of bright EUV loops along magnetic neutral lines agree well with current lines, which may have played an important role in the flare process of the active region.
Reflection and refraction of an extreme ultraviolet wave at boundary of coronal hole
Authors: Xue Zhike , Qu Zhongquan , Yan Xiaoli , Zhao Li
Published: July 2013

We present reflection and refraction of a global EUV wave observed by SDO on August 4, 2011. The global EUV wave originated in the NOAA AR 11261 located at the solar northwest. Partial EUV wave stopped and partial EUV wave traversed through the active region 11263 during the propagation of the EUV wave. Partial EUV wave interacted with coronal hole and was reflected and refracted by coronal hole.
Effectiveness of brief suicide management training programme for medical residents in Japan: a cluster randomized controlled trial
Authors: Suzuki Y. , Kato T. A. , Sato R. , Fujisawa D. , Aoyama-Uehara K. , Hashimoto N. , Yonemoto N. , Fukasawa M. , Otsuka K.
Published: July 2013

Aims.

To evaluate the effectiveness of a brief suicide management training programme for Japanese medical residents compared with the usual lecture on suicidality.

Methods.

In this multi-center, clustered randomized controlled trial, the intervention group attended a structured suicide management programme and the control group, the usual lecture on depression and suicidality. The primary outcome was the difference in residents' cumulative competency score to manage suicidal persons from baseline (T0) to 1 month after the intervention (T2), determined using the Suicide Intervention Response Inventory (SIRI-1) score, at individual level.

Results.

Analysis of 114 residents (intervention group n = 65, control group n = 49) assigned to two clusters in each group revealed no change in SIRI-1 score from T0 to T2 or immediately after the intervention (T1) between the two groups. As a secondary analysis, discrepancy in judgement between the participants and Japanese suicidologists was examined immediately after the intervention in the adjusted model, with a mean difference in score of 9.98 (95% confidence interval: 4.39–15.56; p = 0.001).

Conclusions.

The structured programme was not proven to improve competency in suicide management when measured by the SIRI-1 score. Further elaboration of the programme and valid measurement of its outcome would be needed to show the program's effectiveness.
Vampires in the oceans: predatory cercozoan amoebae in marine habitats
Authors: Berney Cédric , Romac Sarah , Mahé Frédéric , Santini Sébastien , Siano Raffaele , Bass David
Published: July 2013

Vampire amoebae (vampyrellids) are predators of algae, fungi, protozoa and small metazoans known primarily from soils and in freshwater habitats. They are among the very few heterotrophic naked, filose and reticulose protists that have received some attention from a morphological and ecological point of view over the last few decades, because of the peculiar mode of feeding of known species. Yet, the true extent of their biodiversity remains largely unknown. Here we use a complementary approach of culturing and sequence database mining to address this issue, focusing our efforts on marine environments, where vampyrellids are very poorly known. We present 10 new vampyrellid isolates, 8 from marine or brackish sediments, and 2 from soil or freshwater sediment. Two of the former correspond to the genera Thalassomyxa Grell and Penardia Cash for which sequence data were previously unavailable. Small-subunit ribosomal DNA analysis confirms they are all related to previously sequenced vampyrellids. An exhaustive screening of the NCBI GenBank database and of 454 sequence data generated by the European BioMarKs consortium revealed hundreds of distinct environmental vampyrellid sequences. We show that vampyrellids are much more diverse than previously thought, especially in marine habitats. Our new isolates, which cover almost the full phylogenetic range of vampyrellid sequences revealed in this study, offer a rare opportunity to integrate data from environmental DNA surveys with phenotypic information. However, the very large genetic diversity we highlight within vampyrellids (especially in marine sediments and soils) contrasts with the paradoxically low morphological distinctiveness we observed across our isolates.
Memory suppression trades prolonged fear and sleep-dependent fear plasticity for the avoidance of current fear
Authors: Kuriyama Kenichi , Honma Motoyasu , Yoshiike Takuya , Kim Yoshiharu
Published: July 2013

Sleep deprivation immediately following an aversive event reduces fear by preventing memory consolidation during homeostatic sleep. This suggests that acute insomnia might act prophylactically against the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) even though it is also a possible risk factor for PTSD. We examined total sleep deprivation and memory suppression to evaluate the effects of these interventions on subsequent aversive memory formation and fear conditioning. Active suppression of aversive memory impaired retention of event memory. However, although the remembered fear was more reduced in sleep-deprived than sleep-control subjects, suppressed fear increased and seemed to abandon the sleep-dependent plasticity of fear. Active memory suppression, which provides a psychological model for Freud's ego defense mechanism, enhances fear and casts doubt on the potential of acute insomnia as a prophylactic measure against PTSD. Our findings bring into question the role of sleep in aversive-memory consolidation in clinical PTSD pathophysiology.
Introduction
Authors: Ward Roberta , Dexter David , Crichton Robert
Published: July 2013

As the human population lives longer and longer, hand in hand with our ever‐increasing life expectancy goes an alarming increase in the incidence of neurodegenerative disorders, affecting both cognitive and motor function.
Parkinson’s Disease: Involvement of Iron and Oxidative Stress
Authors: Dexter David T.
Published: July 2013

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder affecting man after Alzheimer’s disease. The prevalence of PD in industrialized countries is approximately 0.3% of the whole population. The prevalence rises with age, which is a major risk factor in PD, from 1% in those over 60 years of age to almost 4% of the population over 80 years of age. The mean age of onset is approximately 60 years; however, 10% of cases are classified as young onset, occurring between 20 and 50 years of age. PD is more prevalent in men than women, with some reports suggesting a ratio of almost 3:1; this difference has been attributed to the neuroprotective effects of estrogen in females. The economic cost of PD to society is high, but gaining accurate figures is difficult due to differences in patient care between countries.
Alcoholic Brain Damage
Authors: Ward Roberta J.
Published: July 2013

Chronic alcoholic brain damage is induced by excessive consumption of alcohol. Even moderate alcohol consumers, with no specific neurological or hepatic problems, may show some evidence of regional brain damage and cognitive dysfunction. Multiple epidemiological reports have demonstrated that there is a U‐shaped relationship between ethanol intake and general mortality, the lowest death rate correlating with low to moderate amounts of ethanol, 1–3 drinks per day (15–45 g), while abstaining from ethanol or excessive drinking was associated with higher mortality. Moderate ethanol consumption may be beneficial to health: lower cardiovascular diseases diminish the risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in the elderly and may be protective against some forms of cancer.
Anthropospheric Losses of Platinum Group Elements
Authors: Nassar N. T.
Published: July 2013

The platinum group elements are among the rarest elements in the Earth’s crust yet each plays an important role in modern society. Despite their technological importance, little has been published on how much is lost during their extraction, processing, use and recycling. This chapter provides estimates of global losses of Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru and Ir at each life cycle stage for the year 2010. The results indicate that losses are greatest at the first and last life cycle stages, namely at comminution and concentration and at the end‐of‐life. On a relative basis, losses as a percentage of primary demand across the metals range from approximately 25–40% on the supply‐side and from 30–45% on the manufacturing, use and disposal‐side. There are, however, notable differences across both life cycle stages and metals. End‐of‐life losses of Pd are notably higher than those of Pt, owing to its greater use in electronics for which little end‐of‐life recycling occurs. In contrast, the greater use of Pt is in closed‐loop industrial applications, jewellery and investment in which minimal losses occur. More effort is needed to reduce these losses, especially as greater quantities of these precious metals exit fromuse over the next decade.
WEEE Waste Recovery
Authors: Matharu Avtar S.
Published: July 2013

An overview of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) with respect to elemental sustainability associated with liquid crystal displays (LCDs) is given. Modern day electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) is resource intensive, based on approximately 60% of the elements of the Periodic Table including those deemed to be critical: cobalt; gallium; germanium; indium; platinum group metals (platinum, palladium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium and osmium); rare earths (including yttrium and scandium) and tantalum. The chapter contextualises the success of LCDs, a multi‐billion industry, with the future problems that it now faces with respect to limited resources. LCDs are reliant on indium and now increasingly rare earths which are found in magnets and light emitting diode backlights. Distribution and quantities of critical metals found in a variety of LCDs are presented. Recovery rates for both indium and rare earths are less than 1% and technologies for indium recovery from LCDs are discussed.
Biogenesis and function of non-coding RNAs in muscle differentiation and in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Twayana Shyam , Legnini Ivano , Cesana Marcella , Cacchiarelli Davide , Morlando Mariangela , Bozzoni Irene
Published: July 2013

It is now becoming largely accepted that the non-coding portion of the genome, rather than its coding counterpart, is likely to account for the greater complexity of higher eukaryotes. Moreover, non-coding RNAs have been demonstrated to participate in regulatory circuitries that are crucial for development and differentiation. Whereas the biogenesis and function of small non-coding RNAs, particularly miRNAs (microRNAs), has been extensively clarified in many eukaryotic systems, very little is known about the long non-coding counterpart of the transcriptome. In the present review, we revise the current knowledge of how small non-coding RNAs and lncRNAs (long non-coding RNAs) impinge on circuitries controlling proper muscle differentiation and homoeostasis and how their biogenesis is regulated. Moreover, we provide new insights into an additional mechanism of post-transcriptional regulation mediated by lncRNAs, which, acting as miRNA ‘sponges’, have an impact on the distribution of miRNA molecules on their targets with features similar to those described for ceRNAs (competing endogenous RNAs).
Cellular functions of the microprocessor
Authors: Macias Sara , Cordiner Ross A. , Cáceres Javier F.
Published: July 2013

The microprocessor is a complex comprising the RNase III enzyme Drosha and the double-stranded RNA-binding protein DGCR8 (DiGeorge syndrome critical region 8 gene) that catalyses the nuclear step of miRNA (microRNA) biogenesis. DGCR8 recognizes the RNA substrate, whereas Drosha functions as an endonuclease. Recent global analyses of microprocessor and Dicer proteins have suggested novel functions for these components independent of their role in miRNA biogenesis. A HITS-CLIP (high-throughput sequencing of RNA isolated by cross-linking immunoprecipitation) experiment designed to identify novel substrates of the microprocessor revealed that this complex binds and regulates a large variety of cellular RNAs. The microprocessor-mediated cleavage of several classes of RNAs not only regulates transcript levels, but also modulates alternative splicing events, independently of miRNA function. Importantly, DGCR8 can also associate with other nucleases, suggesting the existence of alternative DGCR8 complexes that may regulate the fate of a subset of cellular RNAs. The aim of the present review is to provide an overview of the diverse functional roles of the microprocessor.
Regulation of insulin receptor substrate-1 by mTORC2 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2)
Authors: DeStefano Michael A. , Jacinto Estela
Published: July 2013

mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) responds to the presence of nutrients, energy and growth factors to link cellular metabolism, growth and proliferation. The rapamycin-sensitive mTORC (mTOR complex) 1 activates the translational regulator S6K (S6 kinase), leading to increased protein synthesis in the presence of nutrients. On the other hand, the rapamycin-insensitive mTORC2 responds to the presence of growth factors such as insulin by phosphorylating Akt to promote its maturation and allosteric activation. We recently found that mTORC2 can also regulate insulin signalling at the level of IRS-1 (insulin receptor substrate-1). Whereas mTORC1 promotes IRS-1 serine phosphorylation that is linked to IRS-1 down-regulation, we uncovered that mTORC2 mediates its degradation. In mTORC2-disrupted cells, inactive IRS-1 accumulated despite undergoing phosphorylation at the mTORC1-mediated serine sites. Defective IRS-1 degradation was due to attenuated expression of the CUL7 (Cullin 7) ubiquitin ligase substrate-targeting sub-unit Fbw8. mTORC2 and Fbw8 co-localize at the membrane where mTORC2 phosphorylates Ser86 to stabilize Fbw8 and promotes its cytosolic localization upon insulin stimulation. Under conditions of chronic insulin exposure, inactive serine-phosphorylated IRS-1 and Fbw8 co-localize to the cytosol where the former becomes ubiquitylated via CUL7/Fbw8. Thus mTORC2 negatively feeds back to IRS-1 via control of Fbw8 stability and localization. Our findings reveal that, in addition to persistent mTORC1 signalling, increased mTORC2 signals can promote insulin resistance due to mTORC2-mediated degradation of IRS-1.
RNAi pathways in the recognition of foreign RNA: antiviral responses and host–parasite interactions in nematodes
Authors: Sarkies Peter , Miska Eric A.
Published: July 2013

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was the first animal for which RNAi (RNA interference) in response to exogenous triggers was shown experimentally and subsequently the molecular components of the RNAi pathway have been characterized in some detail. However, the function of RNAi in the life cycle of nematodes in the wild is still unclear. In the present article, we argue that RNAi could be used in nematodes as a mechanism to sense and respond to foreign RNA that the animal might be exposed to either through viral infection or through ingestion of food sources. This could be of potential importance to the life cycle of parasitic nematodes as they ingest RNA from different hosts at different points during their life cycle. We postulate that RNA ingested from the host could be used by the parasite to regulate its own genes, through the amplification mechanism intrinsic to the nematode RNAi pathway.
Immune responses of macrophages and dendritic cells regulated by mTOR signalling
Authors: Katholnig Karl , Linke Monika , Pham Ha , Hengstschläger Markus , Weichhart Thomas
Published: July 2013

The innate myeloid immune system is a complex network of cells that protect against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumour cells, but it is also implicated in homoeostatic mechanisms such as tissue remodelling and wound healing. Myeloid phagocytes such as monocytes, macrophages or dendritic cells are at the basis of controlling these immune responses in all tissues of the body. In the present review, we summarize recent studies demonstrating that mTOR [mammalian (or mechanistic) target of rapamycin] regulates innate immune reactions in macrophages and dendritic cells. The mTOR pathway serves as a decision maker to control the cellular response to pathogens and tumours by regulating the expression of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, chemokines or interferons. In addition to various in vivo mouse models, kidney transplant patients under mTOR inhibitor therapy allowed the elucidation of important innate immune functions regulated by mTOR in humans. The role of the mTOR pathway in macrophages and dendritic cells enhances our understanding of the immune system and suggests new therapeutic avenues for the regulation of pro- versus anti-inflammatory mediators with potential relevance to cancer therapy, the design of novel adjuvants and the control of distinct infectious and autoimmune diseases.
Multiple products from microRNA transcripts
Authors: Marco Antonio , Ninova Maria , Griffiths-Jones Sam
Published: July 2013

A single transcript sometimes codes for more than one product. In bacteria, and in a few exceptional animal lineages, many genes are organized into operons: clusters of open reading frames that are transcribed together in a single polycistronic transcript. However, polycistronic transcripts are rare in eukaryotes. One notable exception is that of miRNAs (microRNAs), small RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. The primary transcripts of miRNAs commonly produce more than one functional product, by at least three different mechanisms. miRNAs are often produced from polycistronic transcripts together with other miRNA precursors. Also, miRNAs frequently derive from protein-coding gene introns. Finally, each miRNA precursor can produce two mature miRNA products. We argue, in the present review, that miRNAs are frequently hosted in transcripts coding for multiple products because new miRNA precursor sequences that arise by chance in transcribed regions are more likely to become functional miRNAs during evolution.
A growing role for mTOR in promoting anabolic metabolism
Authors: Howell Jessica J. , Ricoult Stéphane J.H. , Ben-Sahra Issam , Manning Brendan D.
Published: July 2013

mTOR [mammalian (or mechanistic) target of rapamycin] is a protein kinase that, as part of mTORC1 (mTOR complex 1), acts as a critical molecular link between growth signals and the processes underlying cell growth. Although there has been intense interest in the upstream mechanisms regulating mTORC1, the full repertoire of downstream molecular events through which mTORC1 signalling promotes cell growth is only recently coming to light. It is now recognized that mTORC1 promotes cell growth and proliferation in large part through the activation of key anabolic processes. Through a variety of downstream targets, mTORC1 alters cellular metabolism to drive the biosynthesis of building blocks and macromolecules fundamentally essential for cell growth, including proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. In the present review, we focus on the metabolic functions of mTORC1 as they relate to the control of cell growth and proliferation. As mTORC1 is aberrantly activated in a number of tumour syndromes and up to 80% of human cancers, we also discuss the importance of this mTORC1-driven biosynthetic programme in tumour growth and progression.
The dual function of KSR1: a pseudokinase and beyond
Authors: Zhang Hua , Koo Chuay Yeng , Stebbing Justin , Giamas Georgios
Published: July 2013

Protein kinases play a pivotal role in regulating many aspects of biological processes, including development, differentiation and cell death. Within the kinome, 48 kinases (~10%) are classified as pseudokinases owing to the fact that they lack at least one conserved catalytic residue in their kinase domain. However, emerging evidence suggest that some pseudokinases, even without the ability to phosphorylate substrates, are regulators of multiple cellular signalling pathways. Among these is KSR1 (kinase suppressor of Ras 1), which was initially identified as a novel kinase in the Ras/Raf pathway. Subsequent studies showed that KSR1 mainly functions as a platform to assemble different cellular components thereby facilitating signal transduction. In the present article, we discuss recent findings regarding KSR1, indicating that it has dual activity as an active kinase as well as a pseudokinase/scaffolding protein. Moreover, the biological functions of KSR1 in human disorders, notably in malignancies, are also reviewed.