bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and characteristics of selected soybean traits under the climatic conditions of Poland
Authors: Warzecha Edward
Published: August 2013

Trials with 200 soybean mutants from GDR revealed, that only 34 (17%) of them ripened under the conditions of Central Poland. There results corrborate the frequent opinion about the poor adaptability of this species. The length of the vegetation period of the tested mutants was between 146 and 163 days, with wide differences in various years of testing. Mutants: M-4855, M-4961, M-4149 and M-4852 had short vegetation period therefore there are interesting for breeders. These mutants together with other forms with a longer vegetation period but characterized by other desirable traits could be used as components in breeding programmes. The variability of many characters was highly affected by the environment. Morphological traits being more stable and determined by the genotype. Protein and fat content in seeds from the tested materials were within the limits commonly found in soybean seeds in Poland.
Influence of some chosen morphactins on tissue formation in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) leaves
Authors: Tomaszewski Adam , Weryszko-Chmielewska Elżbieta , Skrodzki Grzegorz
Published: August 2013

The influence of two morphactins (IT 3233 and IT 3456) on the formation of tissues in sunflower leaves was investigated. The leaves were usually smaller, they had plicate laminae and rolled up edges. The different influence of morphactins in dependence on the position of the leaves on the stem and on the kind of tissues was confirmed. Leaves growing from the first node had the thickest laminae, main ribs and the longest cells of palisade parenchyma. The values contrasted with those in the leaves from the third node. An increase of the number of epidermis cells and stomata in leaves from the first and second node and a decrease in those from the third node were observed. Additional layers (1-2) of palisade parenchyma in leaves of the second and third node were formed. Mesophyll was very compact. Xylem consisted of a greater number of elements, arranged compactly and of much lower diameter.
Influence of IAA, kinetin and ABA on ribonuclease activity in the embryonal roots of two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars
Authors: Skoczek Halina
Published: August 2013

IAA, kinetin and ABA in a concentration of 10-7M did not cause major changes in the activity of ribonuclease in both cultivars. IAA and kinetin in a concentration of 10-5M lowered the activity of the tested enzyme, more in the 'Union' than in the 'Lubuski' cultivar. ABA in a concentration of 10-5M did not change the activity of ribonuclease in both cultivars. It caused, however, the appearance of an extra band with ribonuclease activity on the polyacrylamide gel in both cultivars.
Reaction of some weed species to herbicides in sugar beet cultivation
Authors: Domańska H. , Leska L. , Łęgowiak Z. , Maćkowiak G.
Published: August 2013

In the years 1975-1980, on the Experimental Farm Chylice fields of the Warsaw Agricultural University, herbicide activity was evaluated on commonly appearing weed species in sugar beet cultivation. The most frequent weeds were: Chenopodium album, Echinochloa crus-galli, Polygonum convolvulus and Polygonum lapatifolium. Preemergence use of chloridazon and furthermore postemergence use of phenmedipham were most effective in control. Metolachlor or bentiocarb mixed with metamitron and chloridazon were effective too. It was found that 70% control of Chenopodium album increased crops of sugar beets by about 25% on the basis of two years experiments (1979-1980), differing in quantity and periods of rainfall, a visible dependence of herbicide effectiveness on climatic conditions was demonstrated.
Weed contamination of cereal and root crops in the Beskidy Mountains
Authors: Stupnicka-Rodzynkiewicz Ewa , Łabza Teofil , Hochół Teresa
Published: August 2013

In the years 1977-1980 phytosociological investigations were performed on field cultures in the Wyspowy Beskid, Sądecki Beskid, Żywiecki Beskid and Gorce mountains. In the collected material (481 phytosociological records) not only presence and degree of contamination with weeds, but also coefficients of coverage were calculated. Moreover weed species were classified to ecological-sociological groups (H i l b i g et al., 1962). The results indicate that both cereals and their roots were contaminated in the whole examined area mostly by weeds belonging to the following ecological-sociological groups: Sinapis arvensis, Tripleurospermum inodorum and Stachys palustris. Abundant was also in all localities Stellaria media and Agropyron repens.
Variability of pollen viability in the flowers and inflorescences of the China aster (Callistephus chinensis Nees) caused by gamma rays in the M1 and M2 generations
Authors: Mądry Wiesław , Wosińska Alicja , Ubysz-Borucka Leokadia
Published: August 2013

The influence of gamma rays (within range 3-12 kR) on the variations of pollen viability was investigated in four varieties of Callistephus chinensis Nees in the M1 and M2 generations. The variability, both in generation M1and M2 of the studied character between the plants and flowers within the inflorescence proved to be dependent on the radiation dose and was as a rule higher in populations exposed to radiation than in the control ones. These regularities, however were not equal in the tested varieties. The total variance of pollen viability in the M2 generation was in general lower as compared with that of the M1 generation, whereas the particular variance components showed an extremal dependence (minimum after a 3 kR dose) on the radiation dose.
Methods of estimation of the pathogenicity of the fungus Phoma exigua var. exigua
Authors: Marcinkowska Joanna
Published: August 2013

During the period 1977-1981 33 isolates of Phoma exigua were recovered from diseased leaves, stems, root crowns and seeds of soybean cultivated in different localities of Poland. None of the obtained isolates caused disease symptoms on soybean and other plant species when they were inoculated by spraying with conidial suspension. Infection developed only on wounded plants after inoculation. Phoma exigua occurring on soybean in Poland is not a specialized pathogen of this plant, but a plurivorous weak or waund parasite which attacks all kinds of plants and so is P. exigua var. exigua. Among seven of the applied inoculation methods the best one seems to be the laboratory one, in Petri plates, with culture discs exposed on the seedling hypocotyl. Other methods varied in precision and were more time-consuming.
Influence of infection of soybean seeds with Peronospora manshurica and Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea on protein, oil and fatty acids content
Authors: Marcinkowska J. , Schollenberger M. , Boros L.
Published: August 2013

The effect of soybean seed infection by Peronospora manshurica and Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea on the chemical content of some soybean lines and varieties susceptible to both pathogens was estimated. The amount of protein and oil was determined for soybean seed samples collected from two different localities in 1980. In P. manshurica oospore-encrusted seeds protein content was higher and oil content lower than in healthy ones. It could be seen especially in samples of the 'Acme' variety cultivated in both localities. Seed infection by P. syringae pv. glycinea occasionally influenced the protein, oil and fatty acid content as compared with the control. This was noted only in single cases. Analysis of fatty acid composition demonstrated a higher free fatty acid content in soybean seed infected by P. manshurica. These results showed undoubtedly the influence of pathogens, specially seed-borne fungi on the chemical soybean seed composition. This analysis can be an introduction for more detailed investigations on the effect of these or other pathogens on soybean seed yield quality.
Influence of prometryne (Gesagard 50) on pectic substances and calcium contents in the above-ground parts of the field pea (Pisum arvense L.)
Authors: Ciszewska Renata , Sykut Anna , Szynal Jadwiga
Published: August 2013

The content of pectic substances (soluble pectins and fraction of protopectins) and calcium (free and bound) in field pea (Pisum arvense L.) leaves and stems during budding and flowering in field conditions was determined. In this experiment Gesagard 50 (S. A. - 50% prometryne) was applied to the soil in a weed control dose (2 kg/ha). An insignificant decrease of the content of protopectins and total pectins in leaves of the investigated plants (about 3-7% in relation to control) after application of this herbicide was noted, hut analogous changes in all years of the experiment were not observed in field pea stems. The influence of prometryne on the distribution of pectic substances in above-ground parts of the field pea and the degree of protopectins methylation were not corroborated. Neither did the total calcium content in the investigated plants change after application ofthe herbicide. These results show that application of Gesagard 50 in a weed control dose (2 kg/ha) in cultivation of field pea does not evoke changes in the investigated components content which might be of significance in the growth and development of plant cells and immunity reactions of plants.
Effect of water deficit on proline accumulation, protein and chlorophyll content during flowering and seed formation in winter rape (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera)
Authors: Flasiński Stanisław , Rogozińska Janina
Published: August 2013

Water deficit affecting winter rape plants during flowering and seed formation caused metabolic responses characteristic for drought. Proline accumulation took place in the leaves, the inflorescences and in the siliques. Protein content during flowering and seed formation was reduced in all rape organs except leaves in the latter stage. The decrease of chlorophyll content in the leaves was greater during the period of seed formation than during flowering.
Rate of dark respiration of oats at various levels of copper supply
Authors: Zinkiewicz Ewa , Ruszkowska Maria , Samiec Halina
Published: August 2013

The aim of the present study was to determine the intensity of dark respiration of oat plants cv. 'Udycz Żółty' during their vegetation period. Plants were grown with addition of increasing doses of copper, applied at different stages of development. Up to heading of the control plants, copper-deficient plants showed low intensity of dark respiration as compared with the copper-sufficient plants. After heading, a strong increase in the rate of respiration in the former was noted. The high intensity of dark respiration in copper-deficient plants after heading was probably the result of ineffective utilization of assimilates in the absence of the panicle - the main acceptor of the photosynthesis products.
Application of luminescence method for estimation of herbicide phytotoxicity
Authors: Gwizdek Stanisław , Murkowski Antoni , Skórska Elżbieta
Published: August 2013

Results of research on the applicability of the luminescence method for estimation of phytotoxicity of herbicides inhibiting photosynthesis (atrazine, terbutrine, linuron) are presented. This method was tested on wheat, barley and oat seedlings. Measurements of dry weight and photosynthesis intensity were done for comparison. The results show the possibility of replacing standard methods by the luminescence test since it is easier to perform and more precise than the standard ones.
Tannin and organic acid content in the leaves of cranberry (genus Vaccinium L., subgenus Oxycoccus (Hill.) A. Gray)
Authors: Sarosiek Jan , Gugnacka-Fiedor Wanda , Wiewiórka Zofia
Published: August 2013

Quantitative and qualitative analyses of tannins and organic acids in 23 populations were conducted. Studied populations represented following species: Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait., Vaccinium microcarpum (Turcz. ex Rupr.) Schmalh. and Vaccinium oxycoccus L. Significant inter-species differences in tannin and organic acid contents were found. As they were proved to be conditioned ecologically, they could not be used in the chemotaxonomy of cranberries.
Susceptibility of pea, horse bean and bean to viruses in dependence on the age of the inoculated plants
Authors: Błaszczak Władysław , Ellmann-Wąsik Grażyna , Lesiak-Jerzyk Renata
Published: August 2013

Three cultivars of pea did not differ in their susceptibility to Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) notwithstanding the age of the inoculated plants. But their susceptibility to infection with Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus (BYMV) differed. Horse bean cultivars 'Nadwiślański' and 'Major' proved to be less susceptible to Broad Bean True Mosaic Virus (BBTMV) when older plants were-inoculated. Two bean cultivars 'Złota Saxa' and 'Earle' appeared to be susceptible to BBTMV only in the phase of developing primary leaves and the age-dependent resistance to infection increased faster in plants of the cv. 'Złota Saxa'. Both cultivars of bean showed also age-dependent resistance to infection by BYMV. All these viruses restricted growth and yield of plants. The decreases were greater when younger plants were inoculated. These dependences appeared most distinctly in pea cv. 'Sześciotygodniowy' infected with CMV and in two cultivars of bean infected with BYMV.
Variability of common wild oat (Avena fatua L.) in north-eastern Poland
Authors: Korniak Tadeusz
Published: August 2013

Systematic studies on common wild oat (Avena fatua L.) in north-eastern Poland were based on 120 herbarian sheets and 2000 panicles collected for statistical studies. The majority of the material (70%) differed in respect to morphological features from the basic features accepted as species-specific in common keys of plants used in Poland (S z a f e r, 1919; S z a f e r et al., 1969). The differences referred mainly to the number of flowers in the spiklets, hairs of lower lemma and its callus, both as regards length of hairs and their distribution and colour. Basing on the results of foreign authors (M a l z e w, 1930; R o s h e w i t z, 1934; H e g i, 1965; S a v u l e s c u, 1972; T z v e l e v, 1974, 1976; K e m m e r et al., 1976) four basic varieties of Avena fatua L. were distinguished in the material: 1. var. fatua (= var. pilosissima S. F. Gray), 2. var. intermedia (Lestib.) Lej. et Court., 3. var. glabrata Peterm., 4. var. vilis (Wallr.) Hauskn. Statistical studies embraced 20 stations (fields with area of about 1ha). 100 panicles of A. fatua were randomly collected from each station. All four varieties were found at 14 stations, three varieties only were found at 4 stations, while at two stations only two varieties grew. None of the populations under study was one-variety only. Totally the material (stations 1 - 20) contained 29,6% of A. fatua var. fatua (= pilosissima), 28,4% of A. fatua var. intermedia, 22,4% of A. fatua var. glabrata and 19,6% of A. fatua var. vilis. The studies took into account only specimens classified as A. fatua L., disregarding hybrids and fatuoids. Knowledge on the distinguished varieties of common wild oat should contribute to the explanation of some doubts as to the distinction of its grains in seeding material. It may also prove useful in the chemical control of this dangerous weed.
Susceptibility of apple cultivars to collar rot (Phytophthora cactorum Leb. et Cohn. Schroet.)
Authors: Borecki Zbigniew
Published: August 2013

The susceptibility of 16 apple cultivars to collar rot caused by the fungus Phytophthora cactorum was tested. Three methods of evaluation were applied: a laboratory test, a greenhouse experiment and a field experiment. Two cultivars were very sensitive: 'Discovery' and 'Hibernal'. The next susceptibility group comprised the cultivars: 'Gloster', 'Florina', 'Liberty', 'Julyred', 'Paulared' and 'Jonnee'. Moderately susceptible were: 'Šampion', 'Nova Easygro', 'Jonagold' and 'Quinte'. Least susceptible were: 'Summerred', 'Nüred', 'Jonamac' and 'Spartan'. Not one of the tested cultivars was completely resistant to infection with Phytophthora cactorum. A high degree of correlation was noted between the results obtained in the greenhouse, in the field and in the laboratory test on annual shoots cut off at the dormant stage of the trees. Much less reliable results were obtained in the laboratory test on apple-tree shoots cut in September in the end stage of vegetation of the trees.
Effect of Ethrel treatment of wheat on the susceptibility to fungal diseases and on the root zone mycoflora of this plant
Authors: Michniewicz Marian , Rożej Antoni , Czerwińska Ewelina , Kruszka Grażyna
Published: August 2013

Wheat cv. 'Grana' grown under field conditions was sprayed with solutions of Ethrel (500, 1000 and 3000 ppm) in three phases of plant development: tillering, appearance of the first node of a culm and coming into ear. The plant analysis was done seven days after the last spray. It has been found that Ethrel treatment decreased the length of a straw, reduced plant susceptibility to Cercosporella herpotrichoidesnfection and that with species of the Fusarium genus. On the other hand it increased wheat susceptibility to Erysiphe graminis infection, and particularly to that with Puccinia triticina. Ethrel slightly affected the mycoflora of the root zone - it significantly increased only the percentage of species of the genus Penicillium and reduced that of Mucor hiemalis. The Ethrel effect on the specific composition of rhizoplane mycoflora proved to be insignificant.
The influence of light color on the rooting of 'Horim Golden' Chrysanthemum cuttings
Authors: Borowski Edward , Kozłowska Lidia
Published: August 2013

The influence of three different colors of light; blue, green and red, compared with white light as the control, on the rooting of Chrysanthemum cuttings, is presented in this paper. The mother plants and cuttings were irradiated during rooting with different colors of light. This was shown to have had visible influence on the morphological differentiation of cuttings. It also affected the carbohydrate content in them. The rooting of the cuttings reflected this influence. The cuttings obtained from plants grown under white (control) or red light were characterized by well-developed root systems in terms of the number, length and mass of the roots. The cuttings from the plants grown under green light were the worst. The influence of the color of the light on the speed with which the first roots were formed was the reverse. The cuttings from the plants irradiated with green light rooted the quickest, next in order were those from plants irradiated with blue, red and white light. Irradiating cuttings with differently colored light during rooting only had an effect on the number of roots formed. This number was high, close to that of control cuttings, in cuttings exposed to red light, decidedly lower in those exposed to blue and, in particular, green light.
Morphology and intraspecies variation of the wild rye species - Secale silvestre Host
Authors: Skolimowska Ewa
Published: August 2013

The intraspecies variation of Secale silvestre Host has been only fragmentily described up till now. To investigate the problem in detail, a set of 41 quantitative and qualitative characters were studied within a population of 150 individuals. After statistical analysis the characters showing considerable intraspecies variation were single dout separated. Some interspecies various marker characters are also proposed. The results are discussed and compared with the previously published ones.
The influence of compost on carbohydrates and minerals content in the mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)
Authors: Bąkowski Józef , Szudyga Krystyna , Horbowicz Marcin , Czapski Janusz
Published: August 2013

A study of the effect of different composts: horse manure and broiler chicken manure and the influence of flushes during the growing cycle on the carbohydrates and mineral composition of mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) was carried out. In this study the strain Somycel 11 was used. It was found that mannitol, glucose and fructose contents in mushrooms growing on broiler chicken manure were significantly higher than on horse manure. Noticeable differences of macro- and microelement contents were observed, depending on the size of the fruit-body, flushes and type of compost. Phosphorus content in mushroom tissue of the first three flushes growing on horse manure was 2.7 times higher than in those from broiler chicken manure. Boron level in mushrooms in all flushes growing on broiler chicken manure was four times higher as compared with that on horse manure.
Content of basic macroelements in common parasitical weeds
Authors: Malicki Leszek , Berbeciowa Czesława
Published: August 2013

The content of N, P2O5, K2O, CaO and MgO was measured in parasitical weeds, as well as in their host plants and in the soil. The soil was also analyzed for its humus content and pH. The statistical analysis of the results justified the ascertation that, on the average, weeds were richer in macroelements then their host plants. In the investigated two groups of plants, both differences as well as similarities in the usage of the mentioned components were found, and the component content in parasites was dependent not only on particular chemical compositions of host plants, but also on soil characteristics.
Weed infestation of cereal stubble-fields in the Lublin region
Authors: Pawłowski Franciszek , Jędruszczak Maria
Published: August 2013

Results presented concern the species composition, constancy (S) and indices of coverage (D) of weeds on the cereal stubble-fields on various soils in the Lublin region. The report was based upon 456 phytosociological records collected in 130 stands after harvest in the years 1975-1980. In total 245 weed species were found. They were the scarcest on loose sands - 65 species, and the most abundant on loess soil - 158 species. Each kind of soil was characterized by a specific species composition, various degrees of constancy and indices of coverage of weeds.
Scanning electron microscopic analysis of the seed surface in wild and cultivated petunias (Petunia axillaris Juss. and Petunia hybrida hort. Vilm.)
Authors: Muszyński Stanisław , Kocoń Józef , Guzewski Wiesław
Published: August 2013

The seed surfaces of wild and cultivated petunias were analyzed by SEM.
The sculpturing of the seed surface was similar in all forms analyzed.
The quality of sweet cherries stored under hypobaric conditions
Authors: Borecka H.
Published: August 2013

Sweet cherries cvs 'Emperor Francis' and 'Grosse Schwarze Knorpelkirsche' were stored under hypobaric conditions, 5 kPa and 25 kPa at 2°C. These sweet cherries could be stored for 30 days without a high losses. Sweet cherries of both cvs tasted the best after storage under LPS, worse under CA, and the worst in normal air. Titrate acidity decreased during the storage period, the percent of soluble solids decreased for 15 days after which it increased. Mostly Botrytis cinerea and Monilinia spp. destroyed the sweet cherries during storage. Penicillium spp. affected fruits by less than 1% under kPa, and those subsequently stored for 3 days at 20°C. Hypobaric storage 5 kPa at 2°C seems to be patricularly good for storage of sweet cherries cv. 'Emperor Francis'.
Electrophoretic patterns of reserve seed proteins with reference to the taxonomic comparison of bean cultivars
Authors: Czapski Janusz , Kkosson Ryszard
Published: August 2013

The seed albumins and seed globulins of five Polish cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris and one cultivar of Phaseolus multiflorus were electrophoretically separated in polyacrylamide gel using the disc-technique of Orstein and Davis. To compare any two cultivars, the percentage of similarity coefficient (S) was calculated based on the Rp values of protein bands. It was found that the electrophoretic mobility of the bean globulins is in general lower than albumins. Cultivar 'Piękny Jaś', belonging to Phaseolus multiflorus species showed large qualitative and quantitative differences in the albumin and globulin patterns as compared to other cultivars belonging to Phaseolus vulgaris species.
Effect of storage conditions on the quality of cultivated mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing.)
Authors: Czapski Janusz , Bąkowski Józef
Published: August 2013

A number of quality factors were studied during storage of cultivated mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) at 2°C in controlled atmospheres. A concentration of 15% CO2 and 1.5-2% O2 and an atmosphere with a continuous flow of nitrogen retarded cap expansion and stipe elongation, while 10% CO2 retarded only cap expansion. Controlled atmospheres suppressed the growth of some microorganisms. The toughness of mushrooms stored in a normal atmosphere at 2°C markedly decreased during storage, while 10% CO2 and nitrogen atmosphere did not influence toughness as compared to initial mushrooms. The acceptability value of mushrooms in controlled atmospheres was lower during 13 days of storage as compared to normal atmosphere. Normal atmosphere appeared to keep whiteness of mushrooms longer than did other treatments.
The effect of copper on the content and composition of saccharides in oat plants
Authors: Ślusarczyk Maria , Ruszkowska Maria
Published: August 2013

The relationship between the content and composition of saccharides and the dose and time of application of copper sulphate was studied in different organs and stages of development of oats (Avena sativa L. var. 'Udycz żółty'). The plant material was obtained from pot experiments run on low peat, deficient in copper. Under these conditions, oat plants contained less soluble sugars, hemicelluloses and cellulose than plants receiving a sufficient amount of this element. The differences in the composition of the individual saccharide fractions depended on the dose of copper and time of its application, as well as on the organ and stage of development of the oat plant. In grain of oats grown in copper deficient peat, increased amounts of pentoses (arabinose and xylose) were found concomitantly with a lowered glucose content. Attempts to explain the changes in the sugar metabolism under conditions of copper deficiency and the role of this micronutrient in seed formation are presented.
Variability and heritability of some onion (Allium cepa L.) characteristics of parental forms, F1 hybrids and F2 generation
Authors: Doruchowski Roch W.
Published: August 2013

The object of the studies in 1977 was a population of 15 F1 hybrids, 11 F2 progenies and 16 parental forms (8 male-sterile A lines and 8 inbred C lines - Table 2). Variability and heritability of some onion characteristic weight, height diameter of the bulbs and their shape, collar thickness, adherence and color of dry outer skin, bulb firmness, shape of the collar and position of root disc) were studied. Variability and heritability estimates of bulb weight, diameter and shape of the collar were relatively high (30-70%).Variability of the skin thickness was also high, but heritability of this trait was low. The lowest variability and heritability were shown for bulb firmness. The high heritability of some traits indicates the possibility of increasing the effects of selection and improvement, especially of the weight and shape of bulbs.
Correlation of some onion (Allium cepa L.) traits
Authors: Doruchowski Roch W.
Published: August 2013

The research was carried out in 1977 and 1978. Investigations on the correlation of 6 bulb traits showed that bulb weight was determine by bulb diameter in particular. The bulb diameter increased together with the increase in bulb hegiht, collar thickness and diameter of the root disc.
A mathematical description of maize leaf area growth using a logistic curve
Authors: Seidler M. , Gregorczyk A.
Published: August 2013

In this paper, an attempt is made to apply the Verhulst-Pearl and the Robertson logistic curves to the description of maize plant growth. The changes with time of the total leaf area were taken as the parameter expressing the growth kinetics. The constant coefficients in the Verhulst-Pearl and Robertson equations were calculated with the help of a logarithmic transformation and the least square method. On this basis, the growth kinetics of the studied maize lines and hybrid were compared. The applicability of logistic curves to the description of completed growth processes was demonstrated as was the fact that Robertson's equation is better suited for mathematical calculations.
The time of infection of apples by Botrytis cinerea Pers.
Authors: Bryk Hanna
Published: August 2013

The time of infection of apple fruits by Botrytis cinerea Pers. was studied. Artificial inoculations with conidial suspensions of B. cinerea were done at different stages of fruit developmment (flowers, sets, fruits). In autumn the apples were harvested and stored at a temperature of 2°C for 4 months after which rotting caused by B. cinerea was evaluated. B. cinerea presence in the calyx of apples was checked throughout the growing season. This was done by plating flowers, apple and set calyces on PDA medium. Latent infection of apples by B. cinerea was found. The infection took place in the orchard and the pathogen survived latently in the calyx; disease symptoms appeared in storage. Infection is possible during the whole vegetative season, but the most important time is flowering and just before or just after harvest of apples.
The response of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) transplants to mechanical stress
Authors: Piszczek Piotr M. , Jerzy Marek
Published: August 2013

Inhibition of the growth of young tomato plants took place under the influence of vibrational stress. The response of the plants was stronger in winter than in summer. The results of the mechanical stress treatment depended on the dosage: small doses of stress given repeatedly slowed down the growth of the transplant much more effectively than larger single doses given every day or every several days. The fresh weight of the shoots decreased under the influence of the stress, as did the dry weight, but to a smaller degree, thus the percentage of dry weight increased. The chlorophyll content in the leaves of plants treated with mechanical stress also increased.
The effect of the substratum on the in vitro culture of Cymbidium
Authors: Kukułczanka Krystyna , Cząstka Barbara , Marczonek Anna
Published: August 2013

The effect of different substrata (agar, pearl barley, oat flakes and perlite) on the growth and development of orchids. Cymbidium, in the early stages of development in in vitro cultures was studied. Liquid PB medium, complete and without peptone, was added to the substratum. The best growth of Cymbidium shoots and roots was observed on pearl barley. The oat flake substratum favored the growth of shoots, however, due to poor air proportions, the numerous developing roots were damaged. The few roots which arose on the traditional agar substratum grew on its surface. Perlite provided perfect air conditions for the development of roots, but was too poor in nutrients. The presence of peptone in the medium caused the increase of fresh weight of Cymbidium plants. The macroelement content in the plant was dependent on the supply from the substratum used.
An evaluation of the physiological activity of 9-amine-9-fluorenephosphonic acid derivatives
Authors: Skrabka Henryk , Jaskulska Elżbieta
Published: August 2013

The physiological activity of eleven 9-amine-9-fluorenephosphonic acid derivatives, synthesized at the Wrocław Polytechnic, was examined. The test plant was Spirodela oligorrhiza. The effect of these compounds on the increase of the dry matter of this plant was tested in eight-day experiments. The activity of the compounds was varied. The most toxic were nos. 2, 4, 9, 8, 5 and 6 which were lethal in low concentrations. Somewhat less toxic were nos. 7, 10 and 11; nos. 1 and 3 were the least toxic.
Effects of mineral nutrition on 35SO2 uptake by bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Authors: Warteresiewicz Maria , Wyżgolik Bronisław , Szdzuj Jerzy
Published: August 2013

Experiments with bean have shown, that the concentration of all of the mineral components in the nutrient solution exerts a significant influence on 35SO2 uptake by leaves. The greatest amount of 35SO2 was taken up by bean leaves grown either in a high supply of nutrients or in their deficiency. The bean leaves which were grown in favourable nutritional conditions took up less 35SO2 from the air.
Field susceptibility of 13 scab-resistant apple cultivars to apple powdery mildew [Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. et Ev.) Salmon]
Authors: Borecki Zbigniew
Published: August 2013

Field susceptibility of 13 scab-resistant apple cultivars to apple powdery mildew was evaluated in 1983-1986. Four groups of susceptibility were distinguished. None of the 13 tested scab-resistant apple trees exhibited complete field immunity to apple powdery mildew. Two cultivars, 'Prima' and 'Primula', were practically resistant. 'Liberty' and two numbered selections, NY-140-9 and NY-158-2, belonged to the group of lower susceptibility. Moderate susceptibility was shown by: 'Novamac', 'Freedom', 'Gavin', 'Prima' and 'Florina'. The group of apple trees most susceptible to Podosphaera leucotricha included: 'Macfree', 'Priscilla' and 'Nova Easygro'. It is not necessary to use chemical sprays to control powdery mildew on 'Prima' and 'Primula'. A reduced spraying program may be recommended only under high disease pressure on less susceptible apple cultivars. A regular spray schedule is needed on moderately susceptible apple trees, but improved chemical control is necessary on the most susceptible ones.
The determination of the degree of serological relationship among four carlaviruses using an immunoelectron microscope-decoration technique and cross-absorption tests
Authors: Szyndel Marek S.
Published: August 2013

A very close serological relationship was found between CVB and PVS, while only a distant relationship was shown between CVB and CLV. Each of these viruses had its own characteristic major "antigenic fraction", distinguishing it from the others, and small "antigenic fraction" common to all four. The antiserum to CLV was shown to be the richest in various antigenic fractions, antisera against PVM and PVS had the same number of fractions but of different specificity and CVB-antiserum had the relatively smallest number of fractions.
The use of an immunoelectron microscope-decoration technique to observe serological relationship of carlaviruses
Authors: Szyndel Marek S.
Published: August 2013

An immunoelectron microscope-decoration technique was used to define serological relationships among carlaviruses (5 viruses and 9 antisera). The degree of relationship among these viruses was assessed on the basis of the intensity of antibody coating when the viruses were decorated with heterologous antibodies. A relationship was observed among PVM, PVS, CLV, CVB, LilMV, HoLV, HoMV and between WPSV and LilMV. PopMV was not related serologically to any of these viruses. The PVS particles were occasionally surrounded by an external spiral of an unidentified protein material.
The effect of treating wheat with Ethrel in conjunction with some fungicides on the susceptibility to fungal diseases and on the root zone mycoflora of this plant
Authors: Michniewicz Marian , Rożej Antoni , Czerwińska Ewelina
Published: August 2013

Wheat cv. Grana grown under field conditions, in the early phase of the first node formation, was sprayed with Ethrel (0.35 ml/m2) and with the fungicides: Sportak 45 EC (0.1 ml/m2) and Bayleton Triple (0.2 g/m2) - separately and in conjunction with Ethrel. It was found that Ethrel reduced the plant's susceptibility to infection by Cercosporella herpotrichoides and by species of the genus Fusarium. The fungicides were more active and also reduced the susceptibility to infection by Erysiphe graminis and Puccinia triticina. The fungistatic effect of Ethrel and Sportak was synergistic only in the case of Cercosporella herpotrichoides. Other interactions between Ethrel and fungicides were not found. Ethrel and fungicides only slightly affected the mycoflora of the root but they completely eliminated the fungi of the genus Mucor from the rhizosphere and reduced the participation of isolates of the genus Alternaria and Cladosporium in the rhizosphere and rhizoplane of wheat. The fungicides were more active than Ethrel. An interaction between Ethrel and fungicides in the reduction of fungi of the genus Fusarium in the rhizosphere was shown.
Growth and abscission of avocado fruits (Persea americana Mill.) cv. Fuerte
Authors: Perez Rodolfo B.Muñoz , Jankiewicz Leszek S. , Acosta-Zamudio Carlos
Published: August 2013

In a commerical orchard of 18-year-old trees, 1250 fruits were chosen for observation. The majority of them abscised during the first weeks after anthesis. Afterwards, the abscission gradually descreased, however, in the meantime three additional waves of more intensive shedding occurred which were best visible when the Relative Abscission Rate (RAR) was calculated. The peaks in the RAR curve were preceded by a decrease in the Relative Growth Rate (RGR) of persistent fruits, which suggests that nutritional or other stresses occurred in the whole branch. In the period from May 15th to July 15th, predominantly the smaller fruits were abscised, later on, however, fruits of the same size as the persistent ones were shed. The formula for calculating RAR and RAR is shortly discussed.
Effects of inoculum potential on screening for resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae in greenhouse trials
Authors: Robak Józef , Gabrielson R. L.
Published: August 2013

Several factors, including growth medium, inoculum density, and inoculum storage affected the reaction of resistant and susceptible Brassicas to Plasmodiophora brassicae in the greenhouse. A high level of disease was achieved using Peat-litte mix R and a commercial greenhouse mix. There was litte difference in disease incidence when spore suspensions were pipeted into planting holes or when seedlings were dipped into spore suspensions. Seedlings transplanted from sand or Petri dishes gave higher levels of disease than direct seeding. Two-year frozen storage of clubs reduced the inoculum potential to a level unable to define resistance. Inoculum levels of 103-7 spores per ml from fresh clubs, or 105-7 spores per ml from clubs frozen for 2 or 4 years, produced 90% club incidence of susceptible cauliflower and Chinese cabbage, A concentration of only 106-8 spores per ml from fresh clubs was required for maximum disease expression in a cauliflower line partially resistant to clubroot.
Deposition of callose in wound tissue tuber of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
Authors: Molas Jolanta
Published: August 2013

Fluorescent methods were used for investigation of callose deposition in cells of wound tuber tissue of potato. Potato cultivars: Tarpan, Certa and Narew were examined. Deposition of callose in cells depended on the place of the wound, type of tissue and cultivar of potato. The apical part deposited more callose than the base part and the primary bark more than the pith crown. More callose was deposited in Tarpan, less in Certa, least in Narew. The quantity of the callose corresponded to the resistance to store diseases i.e. fungal dry mixed rots. As the temperature during storage and healing of the wounded tuber was declined, the quantity of callose after injury decreased.
The effect of Ethrel on detection of potato virus Y (PVYº) in primarily infected potato plants
Authors: Staszewicz Marian
Published: August 2013

The effect of ethylene (in the form of Ethrel) on the detection of PVYº in cv. Kaszubski potatoes primarily infected in field conditions, was studied. The plants were inoculated with PVYº and sprayed with Ethrel at a concentration of 100 mg/dm3, 10 cm3 of solution were used per plant. The concentration of the active ingredient, CEPA, in this amount of solution was 1 mg/plant. The extinction value and PVYº detection were assessed in the leaf and tuber juices from Ethrel-treated plants and control variant. The ELISA test was used. The results were subjected to statistical analysis and the average deviation at P = 0.05 was calculated. It was shown that Ethrel lowered the value of extinction and decreased PVYº detection in the leaves and tubers of potato plants of the Kaszubski variety primarily infected in field conditions.
The relationship between the anatomical structure of the tomato fruit pericarp (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and its mechanical properties
Authors: Borowiak Jadwiga , Habdas Hanna
Published: August 2013

The anatomical structure of the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) pericarp was studied in the fruits of five determinant field cultivars. The fruits of the examined cultivars differed in their mechanical properties. Fruits of cultivars which are firm and resistant to injury (Kecskemeti 886j-2, Campbell 28), moderately firm and resistant (Atma, Wenus) and soft, susceptible to injury (line No 155/84) were examined.
The pericarp of the cultivars which have fruits resistant to injury had an approx. 200 µm thick covering layer (epidermis plus cuticle plus hypodermis) whereas that of fruits susceptible to injury was only 100 µm thick. In the fruits resistant to injury the cuticle penetrated deeply into the hypodermis, the epidermal cells were flattened and the hypodermis was composed of 4 - 5 rows of cells. The tomato fruits resistant to injury had a thick cuticle layer on their tangential walls - whereas those more susceptible had a thick cuticle layer on these walls.
Vigour evaluation of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) seeds of different age
Authors: Górecki Ryszard J. , Mierzejewska Dorota , Kaszuba Jan , Grzesiuk Stanisław , Rejowski Andrzej
Published: August 2013

Cocksfoot seeds cv. Baza and Bepro, harvested in 1986, 1985, 1984, and 1983 and stored in a store-house were studied. Seed lots did not differ greatly in their viability. However, significant reduction in seed vigour due to natural ageing as measured by soil emergence, seedling growth rate, and ethanol and osmotic stress tests was noted. A conductivity test did not indicate vigour changes of ageing seeds, and its correlation with field emergence was poor. The methodical aspects of vigour evaluation of cocksfoot seeds are discussed.
Increasing early crops of unprotected tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) with naphthoxyacetic acid applied on whole plants
Authors: Górecka Krystyna , Jankiewicz Leszek S.
Published: August 2013

A parthenocarpy-inducing preparation, Betokson, containing beta-naphthoxyacetic acid (NOA) as an active ingredient, was applied by spraying whole plants. As one of the controls, dipping the trusses in NOA solution was used according to a currently recommended technique. NOA applied by each of these treatment increased the very early yield (first 4 pickings) by 4-11 times in cv. Venture and 3-4 times in cv. New Yorker in comparison with the untreated controls. Treating the whole plant increased the very early yield more than did dipping the trusses. The early yield (first 8 pickings) was also increased in cv. Venture by NOA applied by both methods. Treatments with NOA decreased, however, the late yield. This decline was more marked with the higher NOA concentration and when the whole-plant-spray was applied. Gibberellic acid (GA3) applied alone as a whole-plant-spray at a concentration of 25 mg·dm-3, did not increase the very early yield but in combination with NOA, increased the early yield in cv. New Yorker. GA3 alone, or in combination with NOA, applied as a spray on the whole plant caused marked chlorosis of the leaves and marked decline of the total yield.
The influence of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on tipburn of internal leaves of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
Authors: Ostrzycka Joanna , Borkowski Jan , Jankiewicz Leszek S.
Published: August 2013

NAA potassium salt (preparation Pomonit) applied at a concentration of 25 mg·dm;-3 markedly inhibited tipburn of internal leaves in lettuce plants grown in a greenhouse. Reduction of tipburn symptoms ranged from 9.6 to 96.9% depending on the cultivar. In the internal leaves, on which the disorder usually appears, the calcium level was generally lower and the level of phenolic substances higher. Treating the plants with a potassium salt of NAA, 2-3 weeks before harvest usually caused a rise of the Ca++ level and a decrease in the level of phenolic substances in the internal leaves. The NAA potassium salt was rapidly degraded in the plant and after only 24 hours was almost undetectable by a method sensitive to 0.3 µg NAA·g-1 fresh matter, therefore it is probable that NAA treatment may be permitted in practice.
The resistance of hazel (Corylus avellana L.) to hazelnut weevil (Curculio nucum L., Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Part I. Evaluation of the resistance of several cultivars
Authors: Piskornik Zdzisław
Published: August 2013

In the course of 5 year investigations (1981-1985) considerable differences were found in the resistance of 24 hazel cultivars to hazelnut weevil (Curculio nucum L.). The resistance was determined on the basis of the percentage of nuts damaged by larvae in the total yield. Six classes of resistance were established, from class I - very resistant cultivars, to class VI - very susceptible cultivars. In feeding experiments a positive correlation, significant at the 1% and 5% level was found between the frequency of beetle feeding on hazel fruitlets during the time of oviposition (July), and the class of resistance of cultivars; a negative correlation between these parameters was found in August, i.e. during hatching and development of larvae in the nuts. In July the beetles fed more readily and more frequently on nuts of susceptible cultivars, whereas they avoided them in August, i.e. in the period when larvae developed in many fruits of these cultivars.
Laboratory methods of evaluating tomato resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary)
Authors: Horodecka Elżbieta
Published: August 2013

The purpose of the presented investigations was to determine uniform laboratory methods of evaluating horizontal resistance of tomatoes to late blight. It was found that the best tests were infecting whole plants at the 5-leaf stage and infecting leaves removed from the middle part of the shoot. The best method of testing the resistance of fruit to infection was instilling a suspension of spores on the calyx with the sepals left in place.
The effect of treating plum tree with Rovral (iprodion) and Euparen (dichlofluanid) on the content of soluble solids in fruit
Authors: Borecka Halina , Bryk Hanna , Michalczuk Lech
Published: August 2013

The concentration of soluble solids in plum fruit varied and depended on the cultivar, year, and fungicide treatment. Plums from trees treated with Rovral (iprodion) contained in some case the lowest level of soluble solids, higher or equal levels were found in those sprayed with Euparen (dichlofluanid), and the highest concentration of soluble solids was in fruits from untreated trees. Explanation of this phenomenon is possible by looking for changes in photosynthesis of treated and untreated leaves. Fungicide treatment of some plum cultivars, particularly with Rovral, decreased the photosynthesis of the leaves.
Effect of sweet pepper cultivation on the content of phytotoxic phenolic compounds in substrates
Authors: Politycka Barbara , Wójcik-Wojtkowiak Danuta , Gliczyńska Romualda
Published: August 2013

The aim of the conducted study was to determine to what extent the cultivation of sweet pepper lowers the phytotoxicity of a substrate. The examined material was a highly phytotoxic substrate due to repeated cucumber growing on it. This substrate was a mixture of pine and beech bark, low peat and sawdust. Five sweet pepper cultivars: Amador, Bell Boy, Culinar, Poznańska Słodka and WSE 2/82 were planted. During vegetation of the sweet pepper phytotoxicity and phenolics levels were determined in the substrate. It was found that cultivation of sweet pepper had a significant effect on lowering phytotoxicity and phenolics content in the substrate. Among the five tested cultivars, the highest detoxicating ability was exhibited by Amador, Culinar and WSE 2/82 while the Poznańska Słodka did not show such abilities.