bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Energy Management Considerations and their Application
Authors: BROCKTON C. N.
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSIS

The Most significant use of energy by the water industry is in the consumption of electricity, which is attributable to the many pumping operations under taken. For most water undertakings, this represents more than 85 per cent of all energy used and involves several millions of pounds expenditure per annum. Therefore pumping operations warrant particular attention in energy management approach.

Energy management can be related as a requirement to check both the economics of operations as well as to improve energy efficiency generally. With this consideration. examples are given of changes that have been made to pumping operations which are compatible with satisfying increasing demands for pumping and operational flexibiity in an environment of rising energy costs.
Design and Construction of the Kirkcaldy Long Sea Outfall
Authors: MOORE J. G. , LEATHERLAND T. M. , HENRY K. I. M.
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSIS

The Paper outlines the pollution problems in the Forth Estuary and the need for replacing existing sea outfalls to provide an acceptable standard in the marine environment off Kirkcaldy.

Various biological, marine, and hydrographic surveys and investigations are described, and design considerations are explained including the dilution and dispersion of the discharge, choice of pipeline materials, and method of laying. Reference is also made to the dredging and backfilling operation and the installation of diffuser units. The type of treatment to be provided under the next phase of the scheme is also briefly outlined.
Coastal Wave Modelling
Authors: SMALLMAN JANE V.
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSIS

Coastal engineering works are designed to serve two main purposes. These are the prevention of flooding of land adjacent to the shoreline, and the protection of a stretch of coast against erosion. The design of a scheme to achieve either of these aims will require information on the wave conditions which are likely to occur at a coastal site. This paper describes some of the methods which are available to predict waves at a coastal site, and summarizes some of the techniques which may be used to aid the design of coastal works.
Bacteriological Monitoring of Water with ‘Jungle Kits’
Authors: FURNESS M. L. , HOLMES P.
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSIS

A Strict application of recommendations contained in Report 711 generates the need for the examination of large numbers of samples with daily analysis being required at certain treatment works. Manpower resources were not available to achieve this, and an alternative procedure for bacteriological monitoring was necessary.

The paper describes a technique for ‘on‐site’ monitoring of the bacteriological quality of a water supply on a daily basis. Based on the multiple tube method, the test provides a qualitative yedno indication of the quality of the water being produced. Experiences in the use of this technique are outlined.
Changes in Plant community at Foxcote Reservior Following Use of Ferric Sulphate to Control Nutrient Levels
Authors: YOUNG S. N. , CLOUGH W. T. , THOMAS A. J. , SIDDALL R.
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSIS

In an attempt to control planktonic algal growth in In an attempt to cosntrol planktonic algal growth in Foxcote water supply reservoir, which is supplied by eutrophic waters from the river Great Ouse, ferric sulphate has been used to reduce ortho‐phosphate concentrations in the pumped inlet water. Internal recycling of sediment‐bound nutrients retarded the expected algal control for almost three years. During the third year, a marked change in the ecology of the reservoir occurred, and planktonic algae were largely replaced by prolific growths of filamentous species and rooted macrophytes. While the changed flora have caused their own problems, the reservoir is now less prone to closure due to intractable water treatment problems.
The Trenchless Revolution
Authors: FLAXMAN E. W. , WATSON T. J.
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSIS

The primitive ‘age’ of trenching has been with us for a long time, but it is now being overtaken by the ‘New Age’ of trenchless technology. If the benefits of the ‘New Age’ are to be fully realized, there must be proper co‐ordination of utilities' pipes and cables under urban streets.
Nutrient Removal for Marine Disposal
Authors: HARREMOËS P.
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSIS

Eutrophication and severe oxygen depletion of the Danish seas have created a demand for nutrient removal from wastewater. Effluent concentrations from 2 to 0.3 mg/l P can be achieved by chemical precipitation. Nitrogen is best removed by combined nitrificationdenitrification. Effluent concentrations down to 3 to 4 mgll ‐ can be achieved. There is technical and economical potential in combined biological P‐ and N‐removal at marginal extra cost. Contact filtration has to be included to reach low concentrations of P.
EYE‐SORE: A Sewerage Agency Summary of Rehabilitation Experience
Authors: FINNEY V. A.
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSIS

Public awareness of the importance of the sewerage network is inevitably highlighted when the system suffers malfunction. Associated with surface collapse or increased pollution to a local watercourse the effects are more widely felt, whilst even programmed work is not without significant environmental impact. With its history of deteriorating and failed sewers, the rehabilitation work already implemented and the introduction of a strategic sewerage policy, the paper outlines aspects of the City of Manchester's experience and effort to eradicate the consequential scars of its heritage whilst also looking to the future.
The London Water Ring Main: An Optimal Water Supply System
Authors: KEANE M. A. , KERSLAKE J. C.
Published: July 2007

Faced with a continuing growth in demand and the need to replace a large part of London's ageing water supply system, Thames Water have devised an integrated strategy for future water supply to the capital. At the core of this strategy is the construction of over 60 km of deep tunnel (the London Water Ring Main) to convey water to the capital's major demand centres. The ring main will radically alter the way in which water is supplied to London, and a considerable amount of analytical work has been necessary to develop proposals and an operating system.
Trash Screens on Culverts in Urban Areas
Authors: MAGENIS S. E.
Published: July 2007

This PAPER DEALS with the performance of trash screens on culverts on urban watercourses. An assessment of the scope of problems associated with screens has been obtained from a survey of land drainage authorities in urban areas in England and Wales. The findings have been analysed and this has resulted in the development of four basic design criteria for screens. A detailed survey of the performance of some 17 sites in the river Ravensbourne catchment of the Thames Water Authority was undertaken over a number of years allowing relationships to be identified between debris amounts and types of upstream catchment area, screen/culvert area ratios, and priority of location.

The paper describes considerations to be taken when providing a screen and advocates an individual design for each location rather than installing a standard arrangement. The lack of practical information in the UK, and the high level of problems experienced overall underlines the need for proper consideration to be given to this subject. Current research work is being undertaken to obtain preferred efficient screen configurations, but it is concluded that this should complement rather than replace the need for good trash screen design.
Water Quality Improvement at Salford Quays
Authors: RADWAY A. , WALKER L. S. , CARRADICE I.
Published: July 2007

The REDUNDANT Salford DOCKS on the Manchester Ship Canal are being redeveloped into a blend of commercial, residential, and amenity facilities under the initiative of Salford City Council. An essential requirement for the success of the project is the provision of a water quality that is both aesthetically pleasing and compatible with a variety of water contact sports. The paper outlines the holistic programme that has been undertaken to improve the heavily polluted, and eutrophication susceptible, dock waters. The remedial programme has involved a combination of dock impoundment, plant nutrient exclusion, and the installation of‘Helixor’mixing/ aeration equipment. The most significant water quality improvements have been enhanced visual appearance, reduction of the levels of bacteria, organic matter and nutrients, and the suppression of algal growth.
Taming a River with New Technology
Authors: SMITH A. B.
Published: July 2007

In response to the requirement of the Thames Water Authority for improved efficiency on all aspects of river management in general, and the New River in particular, commitment was given to look into reducing the overall unit cost and at the same time showing an improvement in effectiveness (levels of service).

This paper shows how traditional methods of maintaining a river of this type and magnitude, with due consideration to its environments and physical constraints, can be revolutionized and brought into the 20th century by adopting the latest technology. In addition, and after executing a re‐appraisal of the New River activities, quite radical changes to the existing working practices together with a change in the general attitude of the individual employees were successfully implemented.
A Sludge Disposal Strategy for Dumfries and Galloway Regional Council
Authors: DOBSON J. N.
Published: July 2007

The Dumfries and Galloway Regional Council's largely rural statutory area extends to 6370 km2, with a population of 146 000. During 1988 the Council, mindful of impending legislation likely to affect existing sludge disposal outlets, particularly those to agricultural land, commissioned a detailed study into all aspects of sewage sludge production, treatment, storage and disposal. The prime aim of the study was the production of a regional sludge disposal strategy. Consideration was given to five different options of sludge disposal.
Post‐Implementation Appraisal of a Two‐Stage Channel in the River Roding, Essex
Authors: SELLIN R. H. J. , GILES A. , van BEESTEN D. P.
Published: July 2007

The performance of a two‐stage river channel is examined from a combination of collected field data on the River Roding and a hydraulic model study. Particular attention is paid to the vegetation on the upper channel berm, including its seasonal effect on hydraulic resistance and the problem of channel maintenance. Recommendations are made with respect to (a) increasing the present capacity of the River Roding, and (b) the future design of two‐stage flood channels intended to meet stringent environmental standards.
Water Quality for Renal Dialysis
Authors: BRAGG S. , SOLLARS C. J. , PERRY R.
Published: July 2007

Over 100000 renal failure patients are treated by dialysis in the European Community (EC), and the number is rapidly increasing due to better medical care. The full importance of the quality of water used for renal dialysis is only now being recognized. Aluminium intoxication, first described in the early 1970s, highlighted the need for adequate treatment of water used to prepare dialysate. Other materials harmful to dialysis patients, such as chloramines, may arise as a result of water treatment practice. The paper presents a European‐wide assessment of the problems of trace contaminants in dialysis feed water, and examines some contaminant sources in mains water in the light of dialysis water standards and the current treatment techniques available.
Upgrading of Sewerage Assets to Comply with New Legislation: A Lothian Regional Viewpoint
Authors: SMITH P. H.
Published: July 2007

The EC bathing water Directive and the recent EC urban waste water treatment Directive have provided, and will continue to provide, a strong stimulus for the provision of environmental improvement through the upgrading of sewerage assets. The positive response by Lothian Regional Council to necessary improvements in the last fifteen years, and the proposed improvements in the next fifteen years, are reviewed against the background of financial constraints. It is suggested that parts of the urban waste water treatment Directive relating to estuarial and coastal discharges are not appropriate or necessary in the context of conditions in Lothian Region.
Thermal Treatment and Ultimate Disposal of Sewage Sludge in Japan
Authors: SMITH P. G.
Published: July 2007

The shortage of land together with heavy industrialization in Japan makes incineration, and its associated process of sludge melting, favoured methods for the disposal of sewage sludge. The technology used in Japan for thermal drying of sludge and sludge incineration is similar to that used in other industrialized countries. The sludge melting processes which are used in a few installations are unusual. Most of the ash or slag which is produced from the burning of sewage sludge is disposed of by landfill, although an increasing amount of ash and slag is being disposed of by incorporation into construction materials.
Restoring Coastal Wetlands: The Californian Experience
Authors: GOODWIN P. , WILLIAMS P. B.
Published: July 2007

Coastal wetlands are an important natural resource, providing habitat for fish and wildlife, particularly many rare or endangered species. These wetlands also serve important functions for the treatment of urban runoff and effluent discharges, the dissipation of wave energy, and shore protection. The US Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that approximately 45 000 km2 of US wetlands have been destroyed in the past two centuries.

The importance of wetlands in the ecosystem has only begun to be understood during the past two decades, and there has been a major legislative effort to preserve, protect, and enhance existing coastal wetlands. The productivity of tidal wetlands is related directly to the hydrologic characteristics of the system, and some considerations for the hydrologic design for the enhancement or construction of tidal wetlands are outlined. Recent attention has focused on the use of dredged spoil materials from harbours or shippping channels to restore historic tidal wetlands. The hydrologic design criteria are illustrated through a series of case studies in California.
Assessment and Control of Farm Pollution
Authors: SEAGER J. , JONES F. , RUTT G.
Published: July 2007

This paper describes the elements and some early results of a major national research programme which was initiated to address the continuing serious problem of the pollution of rivers by farm wastes. This has involved a national assessment of the extent of the problem, aimed at identifying ‘high‐risk’areas in the UK. Biological assessment techniques have been developed on the basis of extensive surveys at sites in West Wales, which show potential for the rapid detection of water‐quality problems caused by farm effluents. Detailed studies at selected sites have illustrated the variability in the ways that farming activities can affect the biology and chemistry of rivers. The development of tools, which provide the basis for decisions on acceptable levels of farming activity in accordance with environmental quality objectives, is discussed.
The Control and Monitoring of Discharges by Biological Techniques
Authors: HUNT D. T. E. , JOHNSON I. , MILNE R.
Published: July 2007

Traditionally, the control of discharges to UK surface waters has been achieved using a chemical‐specific approach. There are, however, benefits in also applying toxicity‐based consents to effluents of complex composition.

This paper describes the approach to direct toxicity assessment of discharges being developed by the Water Research Centre for and with, the National Rivers Authority.
Water Treatment – An Updated Hong Kong Experience
Authors: CHEUNG J. C. K.
Published: July 2007

This paper discusses the recent development of water treatment in Hong Kong. A review is made of some major treatment works completed in the last decade, giving the design parameters, treatment methods and performance. The paper also addresses the environmental impact issues of liquid chlorine and sludge disposal pertaining to the design of water‐treatment works.
Overview of Clean‐Up Methods for Contaminated Sites
Authors: TAYLOR M. R. G. , McLEAN R. A. N.
Published: July 2007

The selection of clean‐up methods for contaminated land depends upon the nature and degree of contamination and on standards for clean up. There have been two approaches to clean‐up standards, namely ‘multifunctionality’, where the site is cleaned up to a standard suitable for any use, and the ‘end use’approach, as used in the UK, where clean up is to a standard suitable for the immediate use proposed for the site.

Clean‐up options fall into four categories: (i) excavation and off‐site removal; (ii) encapsulation and cover; (iii) retention of contaminated soil on site after treatment; and (iv) removal of contaminants from soil and reuse of cleaned soil on site.

In the UK, clean up has been dominated by off‐site disposal and encapsulation/cover, while soil treatment techniques have been used mainly in the US and some European countries such as the Netherlands. This is largely as a result of the availability and relatively low cost of landfill in the UK and the lesser importance attached to date to groundwater considerations.

Soil treatment processes include biological, physicochemical, and thermal processes, all generally of much higher cost.
Protecting Water Resources: Legal and Operational Aspects
Authors: D'ARRAS DIANE , SUZANNE P.
Published: July 2007

In France, from a legal standpoint, the protection of aquifers and wellheads supplying drinking water is achieved through wellhead protection zones. Within these zones, which are defined by a certified geologist, the appropriate restrictions which are needed to minimize the risk of pollution are specified.

Unfortunately, despite these precautions, accidents are still possible, and it is for this reason that Lyonnaise des Eaux‐Dumez has developed, for the Paris region, a true pollution risk management strategy, based on procedures, alert systems, computer models and crisis drills.
Investigation and Control of Landfill Gas at Breeze Hill School, Oldham
Authors: MORRIS LINDA M. , STAFF Eur.Ing M.G.
Published: July 2007

When routine gas‐monitoring operations were carried out at Breeze Hill School, Oldham, more than 20% methane (by volume) was recorded beneath the floor of the sports block. Following consultations with interested parties the school was evacuated.

The results of subsequent investigations suggested that biodegradable material beneath and adjacent to the school was the source of the gas. The geometry of the landfilled material and the site geology were such that there was a potential for migration of the resulting landfill gas.

Methane is a flammable gas. An explosive risk exists whenever a methane/air mixture is present comprising 5–15% methane (by volume). Higher concentrations are no less hazardous since dilution of the concentrated gas in air will result in flammable or explosive mixtures.

This paper details the nature of the investigations and the gas control measures carried out at Breeze Hill School.
Assessing Aquifer Exploitation Using Observation Boreholes
Authors: RUSHTON K. R.
Published: July 2007

Observation boreholes are used to assess the degree of exploitation of aquifers, but if the borehole is open over a considerable depth of the aquifer the results may be misleading. The need for individual shallow and deep boreholes is illustrated by case studies of an alluvial aquifer. An examination of groundwater heads in deep and shallow boreholes in the Bromsgrove Sandstone aquifer demonstrates that deep boreholes respond mainly to the abstraction but a shallow borehole reflects the overall response of the aquifer.
Beckton Demonstration Biological Nutrient‐Removal Plant
Authors: WILLIAMS S. , WILSON A. W.
Published: July 2007

Thames Water have recently built a demonstration‐scale biological nutrient‐removal plant at Beckton sewage‐treatment works to provide (a) operational experience of nutrient removal, and (b) accurate design and cost information. The paper (i) outlines the basic principles of biological nutrient removal, (ii) describes the plant layout at Beckton, and (iii) presents results from the first three months of operation. The plant has removed over 50% of both nitrogen and phosphorus present in the settled sewage but has not been able to meet consistently the most stringent standards proposed by the urban waste water treatment Directive. Periods of good performance are compared with periods of poor performance, and differences in operating conditions are highlighted. From these findings, steps to improve performance are indicated and will be included in the future operational programme.
Development of a Liming Prediction Model for Llyn Brianne
Authors: Comber S. D. W. , Evans D. , Gardner M. J. , Green C. , Whitehead P. G.
Published: July 2007

This paper describes a model which was developed to simulate the effect of automated liming on the quality of a Welsh lake (Llyn Brianne) and its outflow river. The objective was to model the amount of lime required to dose the input streams under a variety of conditions. It was concluded that it would be feasible to install automatic‐dosing equipment on the two input streams to deliver sufficient lime to ensure that the pH of the lake and water downstream was controlled at a pH value of 6.0 or greater, thus stabilizing water quality for fish and other aquatic biota.
Thermal‐Distillation and Reverse‐Osmosis Case Studies
Authors: Mulholland G. C. , Linstrum A. , Stewart W. M.
Published: July 2007

During the past eight years, interest in thermal‐distillation and membrane‐separation processes has increased in the UK. Whilst distillation is a mature technology, and reverse osmosis has had setbacks in the last decade, both processes continue to be developed. To illustrate this development, two case studies have been selected.
Strategic Coastal‐Defence Planning: The Role of the Planning System
Authors: Brooke J.
Published: July 2007

If a shoreline management plan is to lead to sustainable coastal defences, a long‐term strategic view is necessary. This paper examines the issues which are involved in shoreline management planning and the role of the planning system in achieving sustainable coastal defence. Using case studies from the Holderness coastline, it (a) reviews the options with respect to erosion control on a rapidly eroding coast, and (b) acknowledges the need to introduce change gradually if it is to be accepted. Specifically, it assesses the potential to use planning permission controls to prevent new development in areas where maintaining a hard defence line will interrupt longshore transport, with potentially significant down‐drift effects.
A Comparative Study of Thermophilic and Mesophilic Sludge Digestion
Authors: Kiyohara Y. , Miyahara T. , Mizuno O. , Noike T. , Ono K.
Published: July 2007

This study compares the characteristics of substrate degradation and bacterial activities in the thermophilic process with those under mesophilic conditions. The solids retention time ranged from 2.5 to 40 days, and raw sludge (containing about 6% dry solids) was continuously fed to each process.
Sustainable Estuarine Development? Cumulative Impact Study of the Humber
Authors: Conlan K. , Rudd T.
Published: July 2007

Consideration of sustainability principles and the assessment of impacts from multiple developments on sensitive estuarine and coastal environments are emerging factors in the planning of coastal infrastructure. Concurrent planning of four large schemes at Saltend on the Humber (including Hull sewage‐treatment works, a power station, a ferry terminal and reclamation, and flood‐defence works) dictated that a cumulative impact study should be carried out. Discussions with regulatory authorities established several issues of potential concern, including the integrity of the adjacent ‘special protection area’(birds and ecology), estuarine flows, sediment movement and water quality, and construction traffic. Detailed baseline monitoring and predictive modelling concluded that there were likely to be no significant impacts, provided that appropriate inter‐scheme construction phasing and coordinated application of a suite of mitigation measures were included. Adopting the precautionary principle, continued monitoring, and review over a 3–5 year period were agreed as part of the planning process, coordinated by the planning authorities and regulators.
Sustainable Biosolids Management
Authors: Matthews P. J.
Published: July 2007

In 1996, the Water Environment Federation of the USA, the European Water Pollution Control Association (now the European Water Association), and the International Association of Water Quality (now the International Water Association) produced a Global Atlas of Waste‐water Sludge and Biosolids Use and Disposal. Various ideas have been proposed to interpret the comparisons of international practices; from these, propositions have been derived for policies on sustainable management which, in the UK, would (a) comply with the recent agreement between the water industry and food retailers, and (b) not reach soil metal limits in less than fifty years. Comparisons are made between Europe and the USA, and the differences are found to be less than were previously assumed. However, changes are imminent, which might alter this situation.
The Prevention of Oil and Chemical Pollution: Proactive Approaches in the UK and Canada
Authors: Usman F. , Fernandas T. , Fernie J. , Read P. , Hundal J.
Published: July 2007

In the UK, various initiatives have been launched in an attempt to provide guidance on the occurrence and avoidance of oil and chemical pollution. Despite these efforts, oil and chemicals remain a major cause of pollution. In Canada, similar initiatives have been more successful due to a participative approach to campaign development and implementation. This paper compares UK and Canadian initiatives and identifies factors which led to the success of the Canadian campaigns.
Consenting Marine Discharges
Authors: Edwards A.
Published: July 2007

Regulation of man's interaction with the environment steers a course between the opposing, but complementary, concepts of the‘precautionary principle’and‘environmental capacity'. In simple and restricted interactions, deterministic science allows the estimation of‘environmental capacity', whereas in more complex interactions the‘precautionary principle’is likely to apply. The importance of far‐field effects is increasing, and the wider costs of regulation are becoming more recognised. This paper includes example of marine legislation and regulatory procedures from the Control of Pollution Act 1974 and various European directives but, whatever the details, there is a need for flexibility and adaptation to changing knowledge, laws and monitoring results.
Bioscrubbing: An Effective and Economic Solution to Odour Control at Sewage‐Treatment Plants
Authors: Hansen N. G. , Rindel K.
Published: July 2007

As a result of odour nuisances from Damhusaaen sewage‐treatment works in Copenhagen, it was decided that critical sections of the inlet plant should be covered and enclosed. Ventilated air (6000 m3/h) is cleaned in a bioscrubber, and this installation has reduced the odour around the plant to the extent that it is no longer detectable. A cleaning efficiency (for hydrogen sulphide) of more than 99% and low residual emissions (less than 0.1 mg/m3 of organic sulphur compounds) are achieved by the bioscrubber. Space requirements and operational costs are relatively low, and the bioscrubber has proved to be reliable, requiring minimal maintenance.
Comparison of RBC and SBR Systems for the Treatment of Sewage from Small Communities
Authors: Akunna J. C. , Shepherd W.
Published: July 2007

This paper describes a study which was carried out to evaluate the performance of two types of small sewage‐treatment plant which are commonly available in the UK, i.e. a rotating biological contactor and a sequencing batch reactor. Both systems produced an effluent quality of less than 20 mg/l BOD and 30 mg/l SS; however, the sequencing batch reactor was more consistent in producing a better effluent (i.e. BOD<10 mg/l and SS<20 mg/l) than the rotating biological contactor. The sequencing batch reactor also demonstrated a greater tendency to remove nutrients, although the special design features which were used in this study were believed to have enhanced the rate of nutrient removal
Can Benthic Macro‐Invertebrates Be Used to Assess the Impact of Pollution Incidents and Subsequent Recovery in Streams?
Authors: Pisolkar E. M. , Hedges P. D. , Shillabeer N.
Published: July 2007

This paper describes an investigation into the use of benthic invertebrates to assess impact and recovery following transient pollution events in watercourses. The study showed that benthic macro‐invertebrates can be used to assess pollution impact and recovery in streams, provided that (a) the BMWP score is 40 or more (prior to the incident) and (b) there are adequate reference conditions. Monitoring should cover the whole area impacted by the pollutant to allow for spatial variation in benthic macro‐invertebrate communities supported by the watercourse. A decision‐making strategy for the use of macro‐invertebrates in pollution‐incident monitoring is provided.
Potential Impact of Draft Proposals to Revise the EC Directive Controlling Sewage‐Sludge Applications to Land
Authors: Towers W. , Paterson E. , Coull M. C.
Published: July 2007

The EC Directive which controls the application of sewage sludge to agricultural land, in particular, the reduction in permitted concentrations of heavy metals in sludge and sludge‐amended soils, is being reviewed by the European Commission. The implications for sludge recycling in Scotland are examined, and it is estimated that the available land bank would be reduced to about 50% of its present area. In addition, the land area which is required would have to significantly increase because of the proposed lower application rates. These scenarios cast doubt on the long‐term viability of the sludge‐recycling option in Scotland.
Plumbosolvency Control in Soft Waters
Authors: Cardew P. T.
Published: July 2007

Experience of plumbosolvency control in the soft waters of north‐west England is presented, and expectations for complying with the new lead standards are indicated. The influence of natural organic matter on the solubility of lead is highlighted ‐ in particular its importance in the setting of target pH values in phosphated waters. An analysis of a large quantity of regulatory lead‐compliance data confirms the benefit of the introduction of phosphate. At a distribution zone level, the impact and benefit of a change in plumbosolvency conditions on regulatory data are demonstrated using a non‐parametric statistical technique. To assist in the operational management of plumbosolvency conditions, a number of performance metrics have been developed; these quantify (in a simple way), the quantity, variability and delivery of phosphate, and pH. The expected benefit from plumbosolvency control has been assessed in several ways, indicating that reasonable compliance against 25 μg/l might be achievable, but against 10 μg/l this is more questionable.
A Water‐Resources and Water‐Quality Management Plan for the City of Tallinn, Estonia
Authors: Faulkner B. , Cleverly G. , Seemendi S.
Published: July 2007

The increasingly common occurrence of eutrophic conditions in shallow lakes and reservoirs, including the presence of potentially toxic blue‐green algae, has given rise to water‐quality concerns throughout the world. The need to undertake active catchment management to improve raw‐water quality is a key component of the new EC Water Framework Directive.

This paper describes the investigations which were undertaken in Tallinn (the capital of Estonia, the northernmost of the Baltic States) to develop an integrated approach to catchment and lake management, in order to improve the quality of the surface‐water resource which provides 90% of the total drinking‐water needs of the city. Several tools, including ‘geographical information systems’and spreadsheet‐based financial and water‐resources models, were developed to investigate the source of the water‐quality problems. Practical solutions comprising an innovative and cost‐effective catchment‐management approach to overcome the seasonal raw‐water quality issues, whilst also reducing treatment plant operating costs, are described. Some of the recommendations have been tested by Tallinn Water following the investigations, and some improvements in raw and treated water quality have been attained.
SUSTAINABLE OPERATION OF A SMALL‐SCALE FLOOD‐ATTENUATION WETLAND AND DRY POND SYSTEM
Authors: Scholz M.
Published: July 2007

Pond structures as cost‐effective source‐control drainage techniques can be applied in order to reduce the downstream risk of flooding. In the UK, there are no widely accepted performance data on pond structures, yet there is a need for detailed design and operation guidelines, coupled with data on urban biodiversity enhancement, maintenance, reliability, economics and social acceptance. The purpose of this study was to investigate (a) cost‐effectiveness and self‐sustainability of stormwater pond systems, and (b) compatibility with the primary needs of water removal and storage to wildlife and amenity enhancement. A case study was used, based upon a combined attenuation wetland and dry pond construction for roof‐water runoff.
A COST‐EFFECTIVE SURVEY OF FISH OCCURRING IN A LINEAR WATERBODY
Authors: Smith P. A.
Published: July 2007

Estimating the abundance of fish which occur at a low density presents difficulties. This study compares intensive netting with extensive electric fishing for the assessment of zander (Stizostedion lucioperca) — a predatory fish which is found in some lakes, rivers and canals. Whilst netting caught more zander per unit area, larger areas could be surveyed using single‐pass electric fishing, and the catch per unit effort (man day) was much higher. Electric fishing was examined in detail, and zander which were less than 200 mm in ‘forklength’ were caught with a low‐capture efficiency (<20%), whilst longer fish were caught with a higher and relatively constant efficiency (>40%). The approach is offered as a model to develop methods to assess the abundance of low‐density fish.
THE IMPLICATIONS OF MODERN HYDRO‐ELECTRIC POWER SCHEMES FOR FISHERIES
Authors: Shaw T. L.
Published: July 2007

Modern hydro‐electric power schemes operate without storage, abstracting a proportion of the flow in the river whenever the level is above a specified minimum. The electricity is passed to the national grid and the water returns to the river without delay or contamination.

The ecological aspects of this form of abstraction mean that they are generally acceptable. Fisheries is one of several topics which requires close attention, and another is the consequences and effects brought about by changes to the flow regime. The purpose of this paper is to explore the interaction between those flows which are reduced (only some are affected) and the associated fishery issues.

The effects of typical abstraction regimes on down‐river hydrographs, and in particular on the magnitude and timing of flows, are explained in the context of the particularly variable conditions which occur in upland rivers, i.e. the preferred location for many so‐called run‐of‐river hydroelectric schemes. The limited evidence which is available for migratory fish movement through such reaches is used to assess how these movements could be affected by typical abstraction regimes.
INCINERATION ‐ IS THERE A CASE?
Authors: CChem Paul Lowe , Hudson John A
Published: July 2007

Incineration has suffered from a sustained campaign of misinformation. Consequently it has been regarded as the least sustainable option for the treatment of wastes, including sewage sludge. By looking carefully at the issues surrounding the incineration of sewage sludge, as an example, it can be seen that reality does not support the commonly held view. Modern plants are an effective means of recovering the energy value of sludge and at the same time offer a continuous operation, which is independent of weather or land constraints.

Of course incineration needs to be regulated and EU Directives and National Regulations set the emission standards. The technology is such that these standards can be met, and more than this, the systems are capable of upgrading as more stringent standards are imposed.

Concerns over NOx, dioxins, metals and pathogens are highlighted. In addition the permitting process is discussed. None of these should present a barrier to the implementation of incineration projects. Indeed the paper goes further and demonstrates that there is likely to be an increasing role for incineration as landfill, recycling to agricultural land and other options become more restrictive.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION PROCESS FOR THE TREATMENT OF LANDFILL LEACHATES
Authors: KAUR K. , CHURCHLEY J. , KANDHOLA N. J.
Published: July 2007

Some landfill site operators use wastewater treatment plants for the discharge of complex leachate waste. However, for the water company involved in managing the wastewater plant, leachates can pose a problem to the quality of the effluent, due to the high levels of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), ammonia and inorganic metal constituents. Electrochemical oxidation of landfill leachate has been successfully used by researchers(1,2,3,4) with current densities of 5 to 100 mA/cm2. A new laboratory system has been developed which utilises a low current density of 2.42 mA/cm2 and the performance has been evaluated with synthetic and ’real’ landfill leachates from 2 wastewater sites.

This system reduces COD of synthetic mixtures by 58%, with complete removal of ammonia. For real leachates, 5 out of 8 samples resulted in ammonia reduction, with 2 samples experiencing approximately. 60% COD reduction. Power costs for treatment have been determined and the potential for a full‐scale installation considered.
Lacking deoxygenation‐linked interaction between cytoplasmic domain of band 3 and HbF from fetal red blood cells
Authors: Weber R. E.
Published: July 2007

Aim:  Several of the red blood cell’s metabolic and membrane functions display dependence on haemoglobin oxygenation. In adult human red cells, the increased glycolytic rate at low O2 tension results from binding of deoxygenated HbA at negatively charged, N‐terminal, cytoplasmic domain of the membrane protein band 3, which liberates glycolytic enzymes from this site. This study aims to investigate the role of fetal HbF (that has lower anion‐binding capacity than HbA) in fetal red cells (that are subjected to low O2 tensions), and to elucidate possible linkage (e.g. via the major red cell membrane organising centre, band 3) between the individual oxygenation‐linked reactions encountered in red cells.

Methods:  The interaction between band 3 and Hb is analysed in terms of the effects, measured under different conditions, of a 10‐mer peptide that corresponds to the N‐terminus of human band 3 protein, on the oxygenation reaction of HbF and HbA, isolated from umbilical chord red cells.

Results:  Contrasting with the unequivocal interaction of the peptide with HbA that with fetal HbF is weak, and annihilated in the presence of autochthonous red cell O2 affinity modulators (chloride and organic phosphates).

Conclusion:  The data indicate that HbF does not function as a transducer mediating O2 dependence of glycolysis in fetal red cells, in accordance with the different O2 and metabolic profiles compared to those in HbA‐bearing adult red cells. In conjunction with the previously discovered O2 dependence of K+ transport in HbF‐rich fetal cells, they moreover argue against linkage between different, physiologically relevant, O2‐dependent red cell functions.
Simulation of Nitrogen Transport in Soil Under Municipal Wastewater Application Using LEACHN1
Authors: Kunjikutty Sobhalatha P. , Prasher Shiv O. , Patel Ramanbhai M. , Barrington Suzelle F. , Kim Seung‐Hyun
Published: July 2007

Abstract:  To reduce the risk of surface and ground water pollution from nitrate, and in so doing improve the quality of receiving waters, better management options for land application of wastewater must be explored. In order to determine proper and environmentally safe wastewater land application methods, different application scenarios were simulated in this study to determine the fate and transport of nitrogen in sand‐filled field lysimeters. The Leaching Estimation and CHemistry Model for Nutrients (LEACHN) model was used to assess alternative wastewater land application scenarios: applications of low‐, medium‐, or high‐N concentration wastewaters, at different rates (0.06, 0.19, 0.31, or 0.6 m3/m2/day), under continuous or intermittent application. In the simulations, the NO3−‐N levels decreased in the leachate with an increase in wastewater application rates, due to enhanced denitrification in the upper anoxic zone of the soil generated under high flow rates. With low‐N concentrated wastewater, under all tested flow rates, the NO3−‐N levels in the leachate were below the permissible limit. When medium‐N wastewater was applied, the NO3−‐N level in leachate from the highest flow rate was below the permissible limit. Therefore, wastewater with low‐N concentrations, about 10 and 0.5 mg/l NO3−‐N and NH4+‐N, may be continuously applied to soil at all tested flow rates, with minimal nitrate pollution problems. Medium and high‐N concentrated wastewaters increased nitrate levels in the leachate, as compared to their levels in the low‐N concentrated wastewater. It appears that while low‐N wastewater can be safely applied to land without much nitrate leaching problems, the application of medium and high‐N wastewater could pose nitrate pollution problems. The simulation with intermittent application of low‐, medium‐, and high‐N concentrated wastewater at different rates showed a 51‐89% greater reduction in NO3−‐N levels in the leachate, than for continuous application under all tested wastewater N‐levels and flow rates. Also, the levels of NO3−‐N in their leachates were below the permissible limit. Therefore, wastewater with high levels of nitrogenous compounds (up to 54 NO3‐N mg/l) could be treated through an intermittent application to land.
Hepatic venous outflow reconstruction in right lobe graft without middle hepatic vein
Authors: Wu Hong , Yan Lu‐Nan , Li Bo , Zeng Yong , Wen Tian‐Fu , Zhao Ji‐Chun , Wang Wen‐Tao , Yang Jia‐Yin , Xu Ming‐Qing , Chen Zhe‐Yu , Lu Qiang , Luo Hong‐zhi , Li Jin
Published: July 2007

Background:  We explored the pattern of hepatic venous outflow reconstruction in adult right lobe (segments V5–8) living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) without the middle hepatic vein (MHV). The difficulty and challenge of LDLT without MHV is the outflow reconstruction of hepatic vein. We have modified the surgical procedure and here report the results.

Methods:  Retrospective analysis was made of the clinical data of 50 recipients who underwent LDLT using right lobe without MHV.

Results:  Forty‐five recipients (90.0%, 45/50) are alive at median follow up of 10 months. The graft‐to‐recipient bodyweight ratio (GRWR) was 1.21% ± 0.49% (range, 0.72% to 1.98%). The recipients of GRWR <0.8% (extra‐small graft), 0.8% < GRWR < 1.2% (small graft) and GRWR > 1.2% (ideal graft) were 14, 27 and 9, respectively. Total ratio venous outflowreconstruction of V5, V8 and inferior right hepatic vein was 66.0% (33/50). The overall incidence of small‐for‐size syndrome was 10.0% (n = 5), the overall graft survival rate was 92.0% (46/50).

Conclusions:  Graft function and survival rates are not only influenced by graft size, but also by hepatic venous outflow reconstruction; the ‘multiple‐opening vertical anastomosis’ for reconstruction of hepatic vein outflow was used when the GRWR was smaller than 1.2%. This technique alleviates surgical risk in living donors, ensures excellent venous drainage, and reduces the incidence of small‐for‐size syndrome.
Regulator of G protein signalling 2 ameliorates angiotensin II‐induced hypertension in mice
Authors: Hercule Hantz C. , Tank Jens , Plehm Ralph , Wellner Maren , Da Costa Goncalves Andrey C. , Gollasch Maik , Diedrich André , Jordan Jens , Luft Friedrich C. , Gross Volkmar
Published: July 2007

Angiotensin II (Ang II) activates signalling pathways predominantly through the G‐protein‐coupled Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R). The regulator of G protein signalling 2 (RGS2) is a negative G protein regulator. We hypothesized thatRGS2deletion changes blood pressure regulation by increasing the response to Ang II. To address this issue, we infused Ang II (0.5 mg kg−1day−1) chronically into consciousRGS2‐deleted (RGS2−/−) and wild‐type (RGS2+/+) mice, measured mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate (HR) with telemetry and assessed vasoreactivity and gene expression of AT1A, AT1Band AT2receptors. Angiotensin II infusion increased blood pressure more inRGS2−/−than inRGS2+/+mice, while HR was not different between the groups, indicating a resetting of the baroreceptor reflex. Urinary catecholamine excretion was similar in Ang II‐infusedRGS2−/−andRGS2+/+mice, indicating a minor role of sympathetic tone for blood pressure differences. Myogenic tone and vasoreactivity in response to Ang II, endothelin‐1 and phenylephrine were increased in isolated renal interlobar arterioles ofRGS2−/−mice compared withRGS2+/+mice. The AT1A, AT1Band AT2receptor gene expression was not different betweenRGS2−/−andRGS2+/+mice. Our findings suggest thatRGS2deletion promotes Ang II‐dependent hypertension primarily through an increase of myogenic tone and vasoreactivity, probably by sensitization of AT1receptors.
Characterization of UVC Light Sensitivity of Vaccinia Virus
Authors: McDevitt James J. , Lai Ka Man , Rudnick Stephen N. , Houseman E. Andres , First Melvin W. , Milton Donald K.
Published: July 2007

Interest in airborne smallpox transmission has been renewed because of concerns regarding the potential use of smallpox virus as a biothreat agent. Air disinfection via upper-room 254-nm germicidal UV (UVC) light in public buildings may reduce the impact of primary agent releases, prevent secondary airborne transmission, and be effective prior to the time when public health authorities are aware of a smallpox outbreak. We characterized the susceptibility of vaccinia virus aerosols, as a surrogate for smallpox, to UVC light by using a benchtop, one-pass aerosol chamber. We evaluated virus susceptibility to UVC doses ranging from 0.1 to 3.2 J/m2, three relative humidity (RH) levels (20%, 60%, and 80%), and suspensions of virus in either water or synthetic respiratory fluid. Dose-response plots show that vaccinia virus susceptibility increased with decreasing RH. These plots also show a significant nonlinear component and a poor fit when using a first-order decay model but show a reasonable fit when we assume that virus susceptibility follows a log-normal distribution. The overall effects of RH (P< 0.0001) and the suspending medium (P= 0.014) were statistically significant. When controlling for the suspending medium, the RH remained a significant factor (P< 0.0001) and the effect of the suspending medium was significant overall (P< 0.0001) after controlling for RH. Virus susceptibility did not appear to be a function of virus particle size. This work provides an essential scientific basis for the design of effective upper-room UVC installations for the prevention of airborne infection transmission of smallpox virus by characterizing the susceptibility of an important orthopoxvirus to UVC exposure.