bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental impact of large language models in medicine
Authors: Kleinig Oliver , Sinhal Shreyans , Khurram Rushan , Gao Christina , Spajic Luke , Zannettino Andrew , Schnitzler Margaret , Guo Christina , Zaman Sarah , Smallbone Harry , Ittimani Mana , Chan Weng Onn , Stretton Brandon , Godber Harry , Chan Justin , Turner Richard C. , Warren Leigh R. , Clarke Jonathan , Sivagangabalan Gopal , Marshall‐Webb Matthew , Moseley Genevieve , Driscoll Simon , Kovoor Pramesh , Chow Clara K. , Luo Yuchen , Thiagalingam Aravinda , Zaka Ammar , Gould Paul , Ramponi Fabio , Gupta Aashray , Kovoor Joshua G. , Bacchi Stephen
Published: November 2024

The environmental impact of large language models (LLMs) in medicine spans carbon emission, water consumption and rare mineral usage. Prior‐generation LLMs, such as GPT‐3, already have concerning environmental impacts. Next‐generation LLMs, such as GPT‐4, are more energy intensive and used frequently, posing potentially significant environmental harms. We propose a five‐step pathway for clinical researchers to minimise the environmental impact of the natural language algorithms they create.
Multiple Treatment Strategies of Accessory Renal Artery Related Hypertension: Report of Two Cases and Literature Review
Authors: Wang Lin , Xie Yiyun , Kong Deqiang , Li Kang , Lai Zhichao , Shao Jiang , Zeng Rong , Di Xiao , Ni Leng , Zheng Yuehong , Liu Bao
Published: November 2024

Renovascular hypertension (RVH) is a primary cause of secondary hypertension, primarily driven by the activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system activation. Recently, growing studies suggested accessory renal artery (ARA) might also contribute to RVH. However, the treatment of ARA‐related hypertension and whether to take interventional treatment lack consensus. Herein, we report two cases of ARA‐related hypertension in our hospital. Imaging studies of both patients showed ARA stenosis. One patient had ARA occlusion well‐compensated through tortuous collateral branches, achieving normal blood pressure by medical treatment alone. The other patient had ARA stenosis coexisted with main renal artery stenosis, and revascularization of both arteries led to a significant postoperative reduction in blood pressure. A literature review was conducted to summarize overall treatment strategies for ARA‐related hypertension and clarify the relationship between ARA and hypertension. Recent research supported an association between ARA and hypertension. While medical therapy remains the first‐line treatment for ARA‐related hypertension, interventional procedures should be considered for patients whose blood pressure remains uncontrolled despite conservative management.
Repurposing flubendazole for glioblastoma ferroptosis by affecting xCT and TFRC proteins
Authors: Teng Wei , Ling Yuanguo , Long Niya , Cen Wu , Zhang Hongzhi , Jiang Lishi , Liu Jian , Zhou Xingwang , Chu Liangzhao
Published: November 2024

New uses of old drugs hold great promise for clinical translation. Flubendazole, an FDA‐approved antiparasitic drug, has been shown to target p53 and promote apoptosis in glioblastoma (GBM) cells. However, its damaging mechanism in GBM remains elusive. Herein, we explored the ferroptosis‐inducing ability of flubendazole on GBM cells. After treating glioma cell lines U251 and LN229 with the flubendazole (DMSO <1‰), cell viability was inhibited in a concentration‐dependent manner (IC50 for LN229 = 0.5331 μM, IC50 for U251 = 0.6809 μM), attributed to the induction of ferroptosis, as evidenced by increased MDA levels, accumulation of ROS and lipid peroxides, change in mitochondrial membrane potential and structure. Protein analysis related to ferroptosis showed upregulation of TFRC, DMT1 and p53, alongside downregulation of xCT, FHC and GPX4 (p < 0.05). All‐atom docking studies demonstrated that flubendazole bound closely with xCT, and TFRC, validating its role in inducing glioma ferroptosis via modulation of these proteins. Notably, flubendazole could damage the glioblastoma stem cells (GSC) that are typically resistant to other therapies, thereby possessing advantages in stopping glioma recurrence. This study delved into the mechanisms of flubendazole‐induced ferroptosis in glioma, broadening its application and providing new ideas for new uses of other old drugs.
Modelling and Optimizing the Integrity of an Automated Vegetable Leaf Packaging Machine
Authors: Ojo Oluwole Timothy , Ayodeji Sesan Peter , Azeez Nurudeen Akanji
Published: November 2024

This study emphasized the need for postharvest technology in Nigeria's vegetable production to reduce postharvest losses ranging from 5% to 50%, focusing on enhancing processes of automated packaging unit of vegetable processing plant through the use of artificial neural networks (ANN). The experiment was conducted on a vegetable leaf processing plant with the objective of improving the reliability and performance of the automated packaging unit. Operating parameters such as moisture contents, leave particle size, time taken, throughput capacity, and specific mechanical energy consumption were varied to determine the optimum condition for each parameter. Statistical analysis was performed using R software. The appropriate model was chosen based on selection of the highest coefficient of prediction where the additional terms are significant and the model was not aliased, insignificant lack of fit and the maximization of the “Adjusted R2 value” and the “Predicted R2 value.” An optimum packaging condition was obtained at 15% moisture content, and 104.4 particle sizes which gave an optimum packaging time of 0.02 h, optimum packaging capacity of 57.31 kg/h, optimum SMEC value of 0.008 kw/h/kg, optimum repeatability value of 0.128 kg, optimum linearity value of 4.713 cm, optimum accuracy value of 5.2 cm (±0.45). The performance of the ANN model was evaluated using various measures such as mean squared error (MSE), the coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), and the adjusted R‐squared (Adj. R2) for packaging machine. The results of this study suggest that ANN can be used to effectively optimize packaging units of the vegetable leaf processing plant.
Large‐scale genome‐wide association studies identified causal relationship between multiple blood biomarkers and risk of acute pancreatitis
Authors: Zhang Wenhui , Zhao Yu , Zhang Tao , Lyu Shaocheng , Lang Ren , Jiang Tao
Published: November 2024

Background and Aim

Observational studies have shown that there is a connection between blood biomarkers and the occurrence of acute pancreatitis (AP). Nevertheless, the causal relationships are still not clear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate causal association between biomarkers and AP.

Method(s)

A bidirectional two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was applied to investigate the causal association between blood biomarkers and AP. Summary statistics obtained from genome‐wide association studies were utilized for this analysis. The primary statistical approach employed was the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, complemented by sensitivity analyses aimed at assessing heterogeneity and pleiotropy. Furthermore, a multivariable MR (MVMR) analysis was performed to adjust for confounders.

Results

A total of 11 red blood cell (RBC) traits, 6 white blood cell traits, platelet count, and 30 blood biomarkers were analyzed in this study. Genetically predicted RBC count (IVW odds ratio [OR] = 1.144, P = 0.004), the high light scatter reticulocyte count (HLSR) (OR = 1.127, P = 0.022), blood glucose (BG) (OR = 1.480, P = 0.019), and leptin (OR = 1.234, P = 0.050) were suggestively associated with an increased risk of AP. Reverse MR analysis showed no causal effect of AP on RBC, HLSR, BG, and leptin (IVW P > 0.05). Sensitivity analyses and MVMR analysis still supported the earlier causality.

Conclusion(s)

Our findings provide evidence of a suggestive association between RBC count, HLSR, BG, and leptin with an increased susceptibility to AP. These findings aid in our comprehension of the cause of AP and may be used as potential prognostic markers or predictors of severity with AP.
The evidence for probiotics in the treatment of digestive disorders in the pediatric population
Authors: Gwee Kok‐Ann , Lee Wei Ren Warren , Chua QiQi , Chiou Fang Kuan , Aw Marion M. , Koh Yu Han
Published: November 2024

Health claims for many probiotic‐labeled products are poorly substantiated. This technical review addressed the clinical question: “Do probiotics have a role in the management of the following conditions in childhood?” Evidence supports efficacy for probiotic strains of Saccharomyces boulardii, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG for improving outcomes of acute gastroenteritis, of S. boulardii and L. rhamnosus GG for antibiotic‐associated diarrhea, and of S. boulardii for Clostridium difficile diarrhea. For functional constipation and GERD, a role for probiotics is questionable as evidence of efficacy is either absent or marginal and as existing treatments are effective. For infantile colic and chronic abdominal pain, where existing treatments have limited efficacy and some important side effects, the use of probiotics, given their safety, is recommended, notwithstanding the evidence is low to moderate. While there is some evidence that probiotics could improve outcomes in the management of celiac disease, obesity, and, to a lesser extent, promotion of growth, their role is adjunctive as dietary management is fundamental. The evidence also supports an adjunctive role for probiotics in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection and ulcerative colitis. Decisions on probiotic prescription need to take into account disease tempo, severity, and burden, as well as probiotic strain and dose. Any potential advantage will have to be weighed against the complexity and costs of an additional treatment.
Synchronous Pleural and Peritoneal Mesothelioma in a Free‐Ranging Capuchin Monkey (Sapajus libidinosus)
Authors: de Macêdo Isabel Luana , de Sousa Davi Emanuel Ribeiro , da Fonseca Yasmin Nunes Godoy , Cerqueira Liz de Albuquerque , de Sousa Ana Lívia Vasconcelos , de Melo Cristiano Barros , Mendes de Lima Eduardo Mauricio , de Castro Márcio Botelho
Published: November 2024

A free‐ranging capuchin monkey developed a synchronous biphasic pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma, a rare form of this tumor. Exophytic nodules were dispersed over the serosal surfaces, showing marked microscopical malignant features composed of both epithelioid and spindeloid neoplastic cells immunopositive for Pan‐Cytokeratin, Cytokeratin 5/6, Vimentin, WT‐1, and D2‐40.
Microfocused Ultrasound With Visualization Induces Remodeling of Collagen and Elastin Within the Skin
Authors: Marquardt Kay , Hartmann Christian , Wegener Flora , Park Je‐Young , Halbert Douglas , Hsu Stephen , Hengl Thomas
Published: November 2024

Purpose

Microfocused ultrasound with real‐time visualization (MFU‐V) is often used for noninvasive skin lifting, by precisely targeting dermal and subcutaneous tissues to create thermal coagulation points (TCPs). These TCPs denature collagen and initiate a transient inflammatory response, ultimately attracting dermal fibroblasts and inducing efficient neocollagenesis and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, yielding to MFU‐V's desired skin‐lifting effects. The current study investigates MFU‐V's underlying mode of action based on the histological progression of TCPs in the skin, providing new insight into the technology's regenerative effect.

Methods

Following standard triple‐depth MFU‐V treatment, in vivo skin samples were assessed using histology and immunohistochemistry to evaluate TCPs, heat shock protein (HSP47), and elastin expression in fibroblasts.

Results

MFU‐V treatment induced elongated, flame‐like TCPs with denatured collagen at focal depths of 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 mm within the skin—each corresponding to its respective transducer depth. Time‐dependent progression of TCPs showed significantly increased scores of fibroblasts and mature collagen along with recruitment of HSP47‐positive fibroblasts to TCP areas on Day 90. Collagen formation and later maturation were visualized. Newly synthesized elastin significantly increased in the TCP area on Day 90 compared to Day 14.

Conclusion

This work provides histological evidence of stimulation and regeneration of newly synthesized elastin fibers after TCP induction. MFU‐V‐generated TCPs triggered the body's own healing cascade of collagen denaturation, transient inflammation, proliferation, and tissue remodeling, resulting in attraction of HSP47‐positive fibroblasts to the TCP sites, and new collagen and elastin fiber regeneration by fibroblasts. Besides the well‐described neocollagenesis, this study demonstrates that MFU‐V treatment induces elastin neogenesis that may result not only in skin lifting but also in improved skin elasticity, providing an overall regenerative effect.
Efficacy of honey suppositories in treating paediatric functional constipation: A comparative study
Authors: Yu Guili , Gao Jing , Gu Jinglian , Li Huazhen , Wang Xiaoying , Bian Hui
Published: November 2024

Aim

This study sought to assess the clinical efficacy of honey suppositories in managing functional constipation in pre‐school children, with a focus on those exhibiting Yin deficiency and intestinal dryness according to traditional Chinese medicine principles. The investigation aimed to determine whether honey suppositories could serve as a safer and more efficacious alternative to standard treatments.

Methods

A randomised controlled trial was conducted involving pre‐school children diagnosed with functional constipation. They were allocated to either a control group or a treatment group. While both groups received standard care, the treatment group also received honey suppositories. The efficacy of the treatment was evaluated based on the ‘Guiding Principles for Clinical Research of New Chinese Medicines’, and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0.

Results

Following treatment, the treatment group demonstrated significantly lower constipation scoring system scores and higher bowel movement frequencies compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The clinical efficacy of the treatment group was notably superior, with a higher rate of complete recovery and effectiveness observed (P < 0.05). Additionally, no significant differences in baseline characteristics were found between the groups, confirming the comparability of the study cohorts.

Conclusions

Honey suppositories offer a promising therapeutic intervention for paediatric functional constipation, with significant clinical benefits over standard care.
Regulatory Effects of Copper on Ghrelin Secretion in Rat Fundic Glands
Authors: Sun Rui , Wang Zhongshen , Li Meng , Du Tianyang , Jia Shuang , Yang Wenyan , Yang Lianyu
Published: November 2024

Copper (Cu) is an effective additive in feed for promoting growth. Growth dan axis comprising growth hormone (GH), somatostatin (SS) and GH‐releasing hormone (GHRH), with ghrelin regulating their release. The growth‐promoting effects of Cu are closely related to ghrelin, but the specific mechanism behind the relationship remains unknown. We investigated the adjustment of ghrelin synthesis and secretion by Cu. Sprague–Dawley rats were fed basal diets with an addition of 0, 120 or 240 mg/kg Cu sulfate for 28 day to establish a growth‐promoting model. Signalling molecules relevant to ghrelin synthesis and secretion were detected and mechanistically explored using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. The 120 mg/kg supplement improved growth performance; significantly increased the serum levels of ghrelin, ghrelin O‐acyltransferase (GOAT), acylated ghrelin (AG), GH, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased those of SS; significantly increased the mRNA and protein expression of ghrelin, GOAT, ghrelin receptor (GHS‐R1α), and activator protein 1 (AP‐1); increased the phosphorylation ratio of JNK and p38 MAPK; and inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of SS and SS receptor subtype 2 (SSTR2) in gastric fundic gland tissues. Thus, Cu may affect gastric ghrelin synthesis at the transcriptional level by activating the JNK/p38 MAPK pathway through increased ROS levels and regulating the activation of the downstream redox‐sensitive transcription factor AP‐1. SS plays a crucial determinant role in ghrelin regulation via intragastric Cu. Cu promotes GOAT activity and ghrelin secretion by inhibiting SS secretion, affecting AG levels, and promoting ghrelin acylation through ghrelin/GOAT/GHS‐R1α system, modulating ghrelin secretion.
Asiatic Acid Alleviates LPS‐Induced Pyroptosis and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress‐Mediated Apoptosis via Inhibiting the HMGB1/TLR4/NF‐κB Pathway in Broiler Hepatocytes
Authors: Qiu Wenyue , Jiang Wenxin , Su Yiman , Huang Hui , Ye Jiali , Wang Rongmei , Tang Zhaoxin , Su Rongsheng
Published: November 2024

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) is the major compoent of Gram‐negative bacteria and an important factor in inducing inflammation, which usually leads to multiple organ failure in broilers, seriously affecting the growth performance of broilers and hindering the development of poultry farming. Under the policy of prohibiting antibiotics in feed, it has become more urgent to find natural drugs to prevent liver damage caused by LPS in broilers. Asiatic acid (AA) is a pentacyclic triterpene that has been proven to have anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, the protective effects of AA in LPS‐induced liver damage in broilers still need to be clarified. This study aims to explore the complete mechanism of AA against LPS‐induced acute liver injury (ALI) in broilers. A total of 60 broilers (1 day old) were randomly divided into the control group, LPS group, LPS+AA (15, 30 and 60 mg/kg) group and control+AA (60 mg/kg) group. At 16, 18 and 20 days of age, the broilers were attacked with LPS (0.5 mg/kg) to construct liver injury model. H&E staining assessed liver pathological changes. The mRNA and protein expression levels related to the HMGB1/TLR4/NF‐κB pathway, pyroptosis, and ERS‐mediated apoptosis in the liver tissue were detected. Our results founded that intraperitoneal injection of LPS in broilers increased the activities of AST and ALT, as well as raising the related gene and protein expression of the HMGB1/TLR4/NF‐κB pathway, pyroptosis, and ERS‐mediated apoptosis. Interestingly, AA improved LPS‐induced liver damage and decreased the activities of AST and ALT in broilers. Additionally, AA mitigated LPS‐induced ALI by reducing the mRNA levels and protein expressions of the HMGB1/TLR4/NF‐κB pathway, pyroptosis and ERS‐mediated apoptosis. In conclusion, the present study investigated that AA mitigated LPS‐induced ALI in broilers by reducing pyroptosis and ERS‐mediated apoptosis via inhibition of the HMGB1/TLR4/NF‐κB pathway. Therefore, AA may serve as a potential feed additive for the prevention of LPS‐induced ALI in broilers.
A machine learning approach to stratify patients with hypermobile Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome/hypermobility spectrum disorders according to disorders of gut brain interaction, comorbidities and quality of life
Authors: Choudhary Anisa , Fikree Asma , Ruffle James K. , Takahashi Kazuya , Palsson Olafur S. , Aziz Imran , Aziz Qasim
Published: November 2024

Background

A high prevalence of disorders of gut‐brain interaction (DGBI) exist in patients with hypermobile Ehlers‐Danlos Syndrome (hEDS) and hypermobility spectrum disorders (HSD). However, it is unknown if clusters of hEDS/HSD patients exist which overlap with different DGBIs and whether this overlap influences presence of comorbidities and quality of life. We aimed to study these knowledge gaps.

Methods

A prospectively collected hEDS/HSD cohort of 1044 individuals were studied. We undertook Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection‐enabled (UMAP) dimension reduction to create a representation of nonlinear interactions between hEDS/HSD and DGBIs, from which individuals were stratified into clusters. Somatization, Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (PoTS), autonomic symptoms, psychological factors and quality of life were statistically compared between clusters.

Key Results

The mean age of patients was 40 ± 13.2 years; 87.8% were female. Patients segregated into three clusters: Cluster 0 (n = 466): hEDS/HSD+ functional foregut disorders (FFD) + irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); Cluster 1 (n = 180): hEDS/HSD+ IBS and Cluster 2 (n = 337): hEDS/HSD alone. In cluster 0, we demonstrated increased somatization (p <0.0001), anxiety (p <0.0001), depression (p <0.0001), PoTS prevalence (p = 0.003), autonomic symptoms (p <0.0001) and reduced quality of life (p <0.0001) compared to cluster 2. Cluster 0 had greater comorbidity burden than cluster 1.

Conclusions

Within hEDS/HSD, subgroups exist with a high prevalence of FFD and IBS. These subgroups have a higher prevalence of psychological disorders, dysautonomia and poorer quality of life compared with hEDS/HSD alone. Further research should focus on healthcare utilization, management and prognosis in hEDS/HSD and DGBI overlap.
A systematic review of nurse objects as safe sites for seedling establishment and implications for restoration
Authors: Shemesh Hagai
Published: November 2024

Direct human activity and global climatic changes are threatening the existence of many vegetated habitats. Seedling establishment, one of the riskiest plant life stages, must be successful for such habitats to persist. The establishment of seedlings is known to be enhanced by nurse effects, but most studies to date have looked at the nursing effects of plants while sidelining inanimate objects. Nevertheless, nurse objects can support seedling establishment via diverse mechanisms such as moderating abiotic stresses like extreme temperatures and drought, reducing negative biological interactions such as herbivory while enhancing positive processes like seed dispersal, and providing protection from physical disturbances such as trampling and fire. The robust nature of nurse objects highlights their potential in habitat restoration. The addition of nurse objects allows a simple, single‐effort rehabilitation strategy that can later draw on natural seed dispersal and establishment. By achieving a better understanding of the processes in which nurse objects are involved we should be able to better predict vegetation dynamics and manipulate them to minimize adverse processes and support regeneration in natural habitats.
Multi‐Omics and Physiological Analysis Reveal Crosstalk Between Aphid Resistance and Nitrogen Fertilization in Wheat
Authors: Wang Yuanyuan , Di Bin , Sun Ze , Sonali  , Donovan‐Mak Michelle , Chen Zhong‐Hua , Wang Man‐Qun
Published: November 2024

The availability of nitrogen (N) can dramatically influence crops resistance to herbivorous insects. However, the interaction between N fertilization and crop resistance to insects is not well understood. In this study, the effects of N fertilization on the grain aphid (Sitobion miscanthi) were investigated using three wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars with different aphid resistances. We measured aphid life cycle parameters, fecundity, survival rate, weight and feeding behavior, in conjunction with wheat metabolomics, transcriptomics and alien introgression analysis. Our results demonstrated that higher N application benefits aphid feeding across all three wheat cultivars. We also reveal that the highly resistant cultivar (ZM9) can only exert its resistance‐advantage under low N fertilization, losing its advantage compared to moderately resistant cultivar YN19 and susceptible cultivar YN23 under higher N fertilization. The effects of N fertilization on wheat‐aphid interactions were due to changes in the regulation of carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Integration of multi‐omics highlighted specific aphid‐induced differentially expressed genes (DEGs, e.g., TUB6, Tubulin 6; ENODL20, Early nodulin‐like protein 20; ACT7 Actin 7; Prx47, Peroxidase 47) and significantly different metabolites (SDMs, e.g., crotonoside, guanine, 2′‐O‐methyladenosine, ferulic acid) in ZM9. Additionally, we report the unique SDMs‐DEGs interactions, associated with introgression during wheat domestication, may help infer aphid resistance. In summary, this study provides new insights into the relationships between N fertilization practices, defense responses and integrated pest management for sustainable wheat production.
Multiple Phytophthora species associated with declining wild olive trees in Sardinia, Italy
Authors: Deidda Antonio , Satta Gabriele G. A. , Brandano Andrea , Morittu Camilla , Mureddu Davide , Scanu Bruno
Published: November 2024

Wild olive represents one of the most iconic woody plants in the Mediterranean Basin. This slow‐growing evergreen tree is characteristic of sclerophyll vegetation, extremely tolerant to drought, salinity and diseases, thus is commonly used as rootstock for grafting cultivated olive varieties. Since 2022, extensive dieback and mortality of wild olive trees have been observed in Sardinia, Italy. Affected plants showed leaf chlorosis, wilting, defoliation, shoot blight and epicormic shoots, often associated with root rot and necroses on the feeder roots, initially associated with Phytophthora bilorbang and P. pseudocryptogea. A 2‐year study was thereafter conducted to clarify the aetiology of this unusual disease. Using a baiting technique, 10 Phytophthora taxa from three phylogenetic clades (2, 6, 8) were isolated from 53 of 87 rhizosphere soil samples collected, including P. asparagi, P. bilorbang, P. crassamura, P. inundata, P. kelmanii, P. oleae, P. pseudocryptogea, P. sansomeana and P. syringae. Additionally, some isolates that showed several polymorphisms in rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences compared with closely related known species are reported here as P. taxon paulensis. Pathogenicity tests on 1‐year‐old wild olive seedlings showed that nine out of 10 Phytophthora taxa significantly reduced root length of inoculated seedlings compared to controls. P. inundata and P. oleae caused the greatest reduction, while root length of seedlings inoculated with P. kelmanii did not differ from the controls. This study provides insights into the role of Phytophthora taxa in the wild olive decline in Sardinia, indicating the urgent need to expand monitoring and implement effective management strategies to mitigate the disease.
TOR Inhibition Enhances Autophagic Flux and Immune Response in Tomato Plants Against PSTVd Infection
Authors: Silva‐Valencia Samanta , Prol Francisco Vázquez , Rodrigo Ismael , Lisón Purificación , Belda‐Palazón Borja
Published: November 2024

Viroids are small, non‐coding RNA pathogens known for their ability to cause severe plant diseases. Despite their simple structure, viroids like Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid (PSTVd) can interfere with plant cellular processes, including transcriptional and post‐transcriptional mechanisms, impacting plant growth and yield. In this study, we have investigated the role of the Target Of Rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway in modulating viroid pathogenesis in tomato plants infected with PSTVd. Our findings reveal that PSTVd infection induces the accumulation of the selective autophagy receptor NBR1, potentially inhibiting autophagic flux. Pharmacological inhibition of TOR with AZD8055 mitigated PSTVd symptomatology by reducing viroid accumulation. Furthermore, TOR inhibition promoted the recovery of autophagic flux through NBR1. It primed the plant defense response, as evidenced by enhanced expression of the defense‐related gene PR1b and S5H, a gene involved in the salicylic acid catabolism. These results suggest a novel role for TOR in regulating viroid‐induced pathogenesis and highlight the potential of TOR inhibitors as tools for enhancing plant resistance against viroid infections.
Characterization of Arabidopsis eskimo1 reveals a metabolic link between xylan O‐acetylation and aliphatic glucosinolate metabolism
Authors: Singh Deepika , Zhao Haohao , Gupta Sonu Kumar , Kumar Yashwant , Kim Jeongim , Pawar Prashant Anupama‐Mohan
Published: November 2024

Glucuronoxylan is present mainly in the dicot of the secondary cell walls, often O‐acetylated, which stabilizes cell structure by maintaining interaction with cellulose and other cell wall components. Some members of the Golgi localized Trichome Birefringence‐Like (TBL) family function as xylan O‐acetyl transferase (XOAT). The primary XOAT in the stem of Arabidopsis is ESKIMO1/TBL29, and its disruption results in decreased xylan acetylation, stunted plant growth, and collapsed xylem vessels. To elucidate the effect on metabolic reprogramming and identify the underlying cause of the stunted growth in eskimo1, we performed transcriptomic, targeted, and untargeted metabolome analysis, mainly in the inflorescence stem tissue. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that the genes involved in the biosynthesis, regulation, and transport of aliphatic glucosinolates (GSLs) were upregulated, whereas those responsible for indolic GSL metabolism were unaffected in the eskimo1 inflorescence stem. Consistently, aliphatic GSLs, such as 4‐methylsulfinylbutyl (4MSOB), were increased in stem tissues and seeds. This shift in the profile of aliphatic GSLs in eskimo1 was further supported by the quantification of the soluble acetate, decrease in accumulation of GSL precursor, i.e., methionine, and increase in the level of jasmonic acid.
Assessment of fish community and food web structure in a restored stream within an ecological park; positive change in diversity with ecological management challenges
Authors: Choi Yerim , Chang Kwang‐Hyeon , Jang Min‐Ho , Kim Kyu‐Jin , Kim Jae‐Goo , Kim Keonhee , Yoon Ju‐Duk
Published: November 2024

When evaluating the success of a stream restoration, it is pivotal to assess its ecological functionality as a sustainable habitat. In this study, we investigated fish communities across three sites with distinct structural features and environmental conditions in an urban restored stream located near the lower part of a major river. We analyzed the α‐ and β‐diversity of fish communities and estimated the restored stream's contribution to the river's fish diversity. We also examined ecological niche space and niche overlap among fish species using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis. Results revealed that the restored stream increased overall diversity and β‐diversity in the region. Additionally, food web structure analysis showed variation in fish food source diversity among sites and species, resulting in diverse ecological niche areas and forms. The structural heterogeneity of the restored stream influenced fish feeding habits. However, many tolerant and invasive species were observed, with the invasive species Lepomis macrochirus markedly influencing competitive relationships with other fishes through its broad ecological niche area and overlap. These results emphasize the need to prioritize indigenous or non‐native species establishment during stream restoration. Overall, our study highlights the important role of restored streams in increasing catchment fish diversity. Nevertheless, food web‐centric monitoring and management strategies are necessary to effectively sustain local diversity.
Towards an Emplaced Vocabulary of Motive: Senses of Place and Land Sale Decision‐Making in the Northern Great Plains*
Authors: Schmidt Danielle
Published: November 2024

One of the most remote regions in the contiguous United States, the Upper Missouri River Breaks in the Northern Great Plains of Montana is both “cattle country” and “pristine prairie”: an identity that brings repeated tension over land use. Over the last twenty years, a conservation organization with a mission to rewild the region has purchased thousands of acres of ranchland from willing sellers despite widespread agricultural community resistance. In this study, I interview those who chose to sell and those who chose to stay, and I ask how landowners justify their decisions to sell, or not sell, their land. By using what C. Wright Mills calls “vocabularies of motive,” I investigate two central questions. The first asks why a landowner would sell land against what social norms would dictate to be “right.” The second asks why a landowner would not sell land, given the perceived inevitable eventual loss of a regional agricultural livelihood. I suggest one way to understand these questions is by considering how senses of place shape what decision‐makers believe to be the most justifiable course of action. Extending the vocabulary of motive framework to include senses of place better informs the understanding of land sale decision‐making. Though deeply contextual, the themes running through this case (i.e., ongoing existential threats to the agricultural industry, booms in the buying power of private philanthropists, and decision making in socially and politically contentious spaces) are relevant to a broader understanding of shifts within agricultural communities and the ongoing perceived “battle” between production and conservation.
Effects of Postural Conditions During Magnetic Resonance Imaging on Thigh Muscle Size
Authors: Shiotani Hiroto , Nishino Yusaku , Ichinose Hoshizora , Kawakami Yasuo
Published: November 2024

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard for measuring muscle size. However, postural conditions for thigh musculature have not been standardized across studies, with some employing supine or prone positions and the thigh either placed on the examination table or suspended to avoid contact. In either case, the thigh is compressed or sagged by gravity, potentially affecting muscle size. This study aimed to examine the effects of postural conditions on thigh muscle size. Twenty Olympic‐style weightlifters and 20 untrained controls (10 men and 10 women in each group) underwent 3‐Tesla MRI in the supine and prone positions, with the thigh in compressed and suspended conditions to determine the maximal anatomical cross‐sectional area (ACSAmax) and muscle volume of 15 thigh muscle groups/individual muscles. Postural conditions changed the ACSAmax of the quadriceps (range of postural‐related changes: 1.0%–7.9%), hamstrings (0.8%–19.1%), and adductors (2.4%–19.2%). Regardless of measurement position, the total volume of thigh muscles decreased under compressed conditions (0.6%–3.8%). Quadriceps and adductors decreased in muscle volume under compressed conditions (0.9%–4.0% and 0.8%–6.6%), while hamstrings increased (1.4%–9.3%). Male weightlifters, who possessed the largest thigh muscle volume, showed greater postural‐related changes in the muscle volume of quadriceps, hamstrings, and adductors than the other subgroups. Therefore, postural conditions during MRI substantially change thigh muscle size, and the magnitude of the change depends on muscle size. Our results provide in vivo evidence of the compressive behavior of thigh muscles and a new technical perspective for assessing thigh muscle size.
Analysis of wrong blood in tube events at a hospital‐based blood centre in a tertiary care referral hospital: A perspective from a lower middle‐income country
Authors: Krishna Aparna , Pandey Hem Chandra , Coshic Poonam , Kumar Rakesh , Jain Romesh
Published: November 2024

Background and Objectives

Wrong blood in tube (WBIT) continues to be a preventable cause of unintended harm to the patient. The literature describing extent of the problem, its consequences and factors leading to WBIT from the perspective of lower middle‐income countries (LMICs) is limited. The present study describes WBIT and its outcome in a hospital‐based blood centre from an LMIC.

Materials and Methods

WBIT events occurring during the study period were analysed to identify the root cause. In addition, they were analysed according to discipline, department and time of sample draw. Root causes were divided and compared with standard operating procedure (SOP) for sample collection for blood requests. All WBIT events were followed and their outcomes analysed.

Results

WBIT events occurred at a rate of 4.8/10,000 blood requests, with a higher rate in urgent requests (5.2/10,000 requests). The average rate of WBIT was higher in surgical disciplines compared to medical and acute care services (6.58 vs. 4.43 vs. 3/10,000 requests). The highest rate of WBIT was observed when requests were received during 8:00 PM–2:00 AM (p = 0.02). Deviations from SOP with contribution from human and organizational elements were identified as the root cause. The consequences ranged from delay in providing blood to acute haemolytic transfusion reactions.

Conclusion

We found that WBITs occurred at a rate comparable to that reported from developed countries. Use of software and automation may reduce the rate of WBIT but not eliminate it completely. Strict adherence to SOPs and continuous training of phlebotomy staff would help reduce it to a minimum. Blood centres need to develop specific strategies with respect to their root causes.
Cumulative effects of H+ and Pi on force and power of skeletal muscle fibres from young and older adults
Authors: Sundberg Christopher W. , Teigen Laura E. , Hunter Sandra K. , Fitts Robert H.
Published: November 2024

The cellular causes of the age‐related loss in power output and increased fatigability are unresolved. We previously observed that the depressive effects of hydrogen (H+) (pH 6.2) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) (30 mm) did not differ in muscle fibres from young and older men. However, the effects may have been saturated in the severe fatigue‐mimicking condition, potentially masking age differences in the sensitivity of the cross‐bridge to these metabolites. Thus, we compared the contractile mechanics of muscle fibres from the vastus lateralis of 13 young (20–32 years, seven women) and 12 older adults (70–90 years, six women) in conditions mimicking quiescent muscle and a range of elevated H+ (pH 6.8–6.6–6.2) and Pi (12–20–30 mm). The older adult knee extensor muscles showed hallmark signs of ageing, including 19% lower thigh lean mass, 60% lower power and a greater fatigability compared to young adult muscles. Progressively increasing concentrations of H+ and Pi in the chemically‐permeabilized fibre experiments caused a linear decrease in fibre force, velocity and power; however, the effects did not differ with age or sex. Fast fibre cross‐sectional area was 41% smaller in older compared to young adults, which corresponded with lower absolute power. Size‐specific power was greater in fibres from older compared to young adults, indicating the age‐related decline in absolute power was explained by differences in fibre size. These data suggest the age‐related loss in power is determined primarily by fast fibre atrophy in men and women, but the age‐related increase in fatigability cannot be explained by an increased sensitivity of the cross‐bridge to H+ and Pi.

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Key points

The causes of the age‐related loss in muscle power output and the increase in fatigability during dynamic exercise remain elusive.

We show that progressively increasing concentrations of hydrogen (H+) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) causes a linear decrease in muscle fibre force, velocity and power, but the depressive effects of these metabolites on cross‐bridge function did not differ in fibres from older compared to young adults across a range of fatigue‐mimicking conditions.

We also found peak absolute power did not differ in slow fibres from young and older adults but it was ∼33% lower in older adult fast fibres, which was explained entirely by age differences in fibre size.

These data suggest that fast fibre atrophy is a major factor contributing to the loss in power of older men and women, but that the age‐related increase in fatigability cannot be explained by an increased sensitivity of the cross‐bridge to H+ and Pi.
Products Distribution and Reaction Kinetics From Co-Pyrolysis of Pinewood and Polypropylene Under Non-Catalytic and Catalytic Reaction Conditions
Authors: Wu Jiawei , Wang Zhiwei , Guo Na , Zhang Mengju , Li Zaifeng , Yang Shuhua , Li Zhuo , Liu Ruijie , Lei Tingzhou , Burra Kiranraj G. , Gupta Ashwani K.
Published: November 2024

Co-pyrolysis technology offers vital pathways for the efficient utilization of plastics and biomass resources to help reduce environmental problems and energy resource issues. The pyrolysis characteristics of pinewood and polypropylene (PP) mixtures were analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed a decrease in the first peak of the mixture with an increase in PP in the mixture, while the second peak increased with an increase in PP in the mixture. The addition of a catalyst decreased the DTG peak heights. The reduction in the first peak with different catalysts was in the order: CaO/ZSM-5 > CaO > ZSM-5, while the second peak showed: CaO > CaO/ZSM-5 > ZSM-5. The activation energy, calculated by Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose, and Friedman models, revealed that ZSM-5 reduced the activation energy, whereas CaO/ZSM-5 increased the activation energy, as compared to no catalyst case. Increase of co-pyrolysis temperature reduced the yield of aldehydes, ketones, acids, and esters, but increased the yield of hydrocarbons. The addition of CaO reduced the yield of ketones, phenols, esters, and acids, while it increased the yield of alcohols. The addition of ZSM-5 also decreased the yield of ketones, phenols, acids, and hydrocarbons, but increased the yield of furans and alcohols. The addition of CaO/ZSM-5 specifically reduced the yield of aldehydes and alcohols. The results show the important role of the specific catalysts examined on the resulting products distribution for the same reaction condition.
Mechanisms of Enhanced Cooling by Sidewall Modification in a Microtube Cold Plate
Authors: Liu Y. , Schekman S. W. , Zhang K. , Lu T. J. , Kim T.
Published: November 2024

The thermofluidic effectiveness of a microtube cold plate with sidewall modification has been disputed. This study settles the dispute by detailing how such sidewall modification—hemi-circular cavities arranged along a straight circular microtube embedded with a cold plate—enhances cooling. To this end, a series of numerical simulations for a single microtube cold plate in a practical range of Reynolds numbers (20 ≤ ReD ≤ 200) are carried out. For experimental validation, flow development and pressure drop in both reference and modified microtubes are characterized respectively by microparticle image velocimetry and pneumatic pressure measurements, while surface temperatures on both cold plates' substrates subjected to uniform heat flux are measured by infrared thermography. The results agree that the boundary layer development in each throat, a short straight coolant passage that connects successive cavities, indeed enhances the cooling in the cold plate with the wall modification. However, in contrast to its sole contribution argued previously, a non-negligible source of thermal enhancement is identified. The coolant flow approaching each throat noticeably bifurcates across the throat and cavity sidewall. Thereafter, a boundary layer develops along concave sidewalls and subsequently circulates within each cavity, generating high wall shear stresses upstream of each throat and significantly elevating local cooling. In conclusion, the local cooling both “upstream” and “in” throats plays a dominant role in enhancing the overall cooling in the cold plate with wall modification, up to 40% over the reference microtube cold plate in the Reynolds number range considered.
On the Thermal Conductivity Calculation From Pore-Scale Simulations of Porous Materials
Authors: Li Zhipeng , Zhang Junfeng
Published: November 2024

Heat transfer in porous materials is of great importance for various natural, biological, and industrial processes. For the large difference between the microscopic and macroscopic dimensions, the volume averaging method (VAM) has been developed to obtain apparent thermal conductivity at the macroscopic level for the microscopic temperature and flow distributions, which can be calculated from the pore-scale simulations. In this article, we perform analysis on the influence of different representative element volume (REV) options on the validity of the thermal equilibrium assumption and the VAM calculated thermal conductivity coefficients. Numerical results from a demonstration simulation are also presented to verify and illustrate the theoretical analysis. Our results and discussion reveal a strong dependence of the thermal equilibrium condition and the calculated conductivity values on REV selection, while this should not be the case since the artificial REV selection should not affect the physical features of a system. This work raises long-time over-looked concerns and calls for caution in future relevant studies.
FC-72 Pool Boiling From Finned Surface Placed in a Narrow Channel: Influence of Displacement of Boiling Surface
Authors: Misale Mario , Marchitto Annalisa , Bocanegra Johan Augusto
Published: November 2024

This paper outlines an experimental investigation into fundamental nucleate boiling phenomena involving finned surfaces within a narrow channel. The study delves into the effects of both channel width (2.0 mm and 0.5 mm) and the orientation of the base surface (whether horizontal or vertical). Experimental trials were conducted using a saturated pool of FC-72. Comparative analysis is presented between the experimental data obtained in the confined narrow channel and the unconfined scenario of extended surfaces. Notably, the reduction in channel width exhibits negligible influence on heat transfer to the liquid when the base surface is vertically oriented. However, in the case of a horizontally oriented base surface, a substantial reduction in heat transfer behavior is observed. Beyond a critical point, vapor stagnation within the gap is identified, marking a noteworthy phenomenon after reaching the maximum heat flux. This paper contributes valuable insights into the nuanced effects of channel confinement on boiling heat transfer, particularly in relation to the orientation of the boiling surface.
A Multi-Optical and Mechanical Compensation Robotic Surgery System Based on Augmented Reality for Endoscopic Neurosurgery
Authors: Li Yuhua , Ma Shixing , Yang Zhiyong , Jiang Shan , Lin Zhaoxi , Zhou Zeyang
Published: November 2024

Endoscopic treatment is a widely employed clinical modality for the rapid reduction of cranial pressure in cases of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We are working to make endoscopic surgery simpler and more effective by providing surgeons with robot and augmented reality (AR). This paper proposes an AR-based multi-optical and mechanical compensation robotic surgical system that can precisely match the virtual hematoma region with the anatomical structures seen under a robot-wielded neuroendoscope. The custom mark unified multi-optical localization system enables optical tracking over a wide range of angles and breadths. The neuroendoscope registration employs a multimodal error compensation approach based on an optical tracking system and the kinematic model of the robotic arm. Utilizing innovative methods, we register patients, medical images, optical localizers, and both neuroendoscopic and robotic coordinate systems, thereby enabling dual-view AR tracking through video-stream fusion. In multimodal error compensation for neuroendoscopic registration, the calibration error is 0.37 mm. The system's performance was evaluated through ten phantom experiments, showing the registration accuracy of 0.39±0.10 mm, optical localizer AR fusion accuracy of 3.30±1.08%, neuroendoscope AR fusion accuracy of 5.22±1.02%, and optical localizer AR average distance and angle accuracies of 1.73±0.21 mm and 0.38±0.13 deg, respectively. The AR-based robotic surgical system (ARSS) overlays virtual lesions onto the current endoscopic view of the real lesions in real-time, which can help surgeons to localize lesions hidden deep in tissue by an endoscopy. It is anticipated that the ARSS will reduce surgeon fatigue and improve the intuitiveness of endoscopic surgery.