bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long‐term maternal imprinting of the specific B cell repertoire by maternal antibodies
Authors: Fink Katja , Zellweger Raphael , Weber Jacqueline , Manjarrez‐Orduno Nataly , Holdener Martin , Senn Beatrice M. , Hengartner Hans , Zinkernagel Rolf M. , Macpherson Andrew J.
Published: December 2007

Maternal antibodies protect newborns whilst they are immunologically immature. This study shows that maternal antibodies can also shape the B cell repertoire of the offspring long after the maternal antibodies themselves become undetectable. VHDJH gene‐targeted (VI10) mice expressing a heavy chain specific for vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) produce a 20‐fold increased spontaneous titer of VSV‐neutralizing antibodies. When transferred from mother to offspring, these antibodies prevented accumulation of Ag‐specific transitional type 2 and marginal zone B cells with an activated phenotype and favored selection to the B cell follicles. This effect was B cell‐intrinsic and lasted up to adulthood. The pups nursed by mothers producing specific antibodies developed higher endogenous antibody titers of this specificity which perpetuated the effects of specific B cell selection into the mature follicular compartment, presumably by blocking auto‐Ag‐dependent development of transitional type 2 B cells in the spleen. This repertoire change was functional, as following infection of adult mice with VSV, those pups that had received specific maternal antibodies as neonates had increased pre‐immune titers and mounted strong early IgG neutralizing antibodies.
Electrochemical Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles
Authors: Starowicz Maria , Stypuła Barbara
Published: December 2007

The anodic behaviour of zinc was investigated in ethanol solution containing LiCl and water. Zinc was polarised by using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry techniques. During the course of the dissolution of zinc, a colloidal suspension of ZnO nanoparticles was obtained in 0.1 M LiCl/ethanol solutions that contain H2O. The suspension is formed only if water is present, and the rate of the process depends on the water content. Moreover, the concentration of H2O directly influences the size of the particles. However, there is evidence of a Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O admixture, which is detectable in the precipitates obtained with a high concentration of water. Polarisation of zinc under the given conditions is a very simple method of producing ZnO nanoparticles. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Interesterification of sesame oil and a fully hydrogenated fat using an immobilized lipase catalyst in both batch and continuous‐flow processes
Authors: Lopez‐Hernandez Arnoldo , Otero Cristina , Hernández‐Martín Estela , Garcia Hugo S. , Hill Charles G.
Published: December 2007

Lipase‐mediated interesterification of sesame oil and a fully hydrogenated soybean oil was studied at 70 °C in both a batch reactor (BR) and a continuous‐flow packed‐bed reactor (PBR) using four different initial weight ratios of substrates (90 : 10, 80 : 20, 70 : 30 and 60 : 40) with Lipozyme TL IM (Thermomyces lanuginosa) as the biocatalyst. Reaction rates were determined by following the dependence of the profile of the product triacylglycerols (TAG) on the reaction time (BR) or the space time (PBR) via RP‐HPLC‐ELSD. Product TAG identities were confirmed by HPLC‐APCI‐MS. Primary differences between the performances of the two reactors were the maximum level of net hydrolysis (ca. 3 and 10 wt‐% lower acylglycerols at equilibrium for the PBR and BR, respectively), the time or space time required to approach quasi‐equilibrium conditions, and less migration of acyl groups in the PBR trials. For the BR trials, quasi‐equilibrium conditions were approached in 4–6 h, while for the PBR trials short space times (15 min to 2 h) were sufficient to produce effluent compositions similar to equilibrium BR compositions. The predominant TAG families formed by interesterification were LLS, PSO, PSL, SSL, and SSO (L = linoleic; S = stearic; P = palmitic; O = oleic). Oxidative stabilities, melting profiles and solid fat contents were determined for selected reaction products.
2‐[(Imidazolylthio)methyl]pyrrolidine as a Trifunctional Organocatalyst for the Highly Asymmetric Michael Addition of Ketones to Nitroolefins
Authors: Xu Dan‐Qian , Wang Li‐Ping , Luo Shu‐Ping , Wang Yi‐Feng , Zhang Shuai , Xu Zhen‐Yuan
Published: December 2007

The direct asymmetric Michael addition of ketones to nitroolefins catalyzed by 2‐[(imidazol‐2‐ylthio)methyl]pyrrolidine, constructed from natural L‐proline and imidazolylthio platforms, with salicylic acid as a co‐catalyst has been developed to give the products in high yields (up to 95 %) and with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee). The highly efficient catalytic performance may be attributed to the dual activation of the Michael substrates by the trifunctional organocatalysts and the co‐catalyst salicylic acid, leading to the formation of a stable transition state complex through the synergic effect of hydrogen‐bonding and electrostatic interactions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Determination of Trace Amount of Lead(II) in Sweet Fruit‐Flavored Powder Drinks by Differential Pulse Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry at Carbon Paste Electrode
Authors: Gholivand M. B. , Malekian M.
Published: December 2007

A new method is described for the determination of lead based on the cathodic adsorptive stripping of the lead–nuclear fast red (NFR) at a carbon paste electrode (CPE). The differential pulse voltammograms of the adsorbed complex of lead–NFR are recorded from −0.10 to −0.60 V (versus Ag/AgCl electrode). Optimal conditions were found to be an electrode containing 25% paraffin oil and 75% high purity graphite powder, 4.0×10−5 mol L−1 NFR; buffer solution (pH of 3.0), accumulation potential and time, −0.20 V, 60 and 120 s (for high and low concentration of lead), respectively. The results show that the complex can be adsorbed on the surface of the CPE, yielding one peak at −0.34 V, corresponding to reduction of NFR in the complex at the electrode. The detection limit was found to be 0.2 ng mL−1 with a 120s accumulation time. The linear ranges are from 0.5 to 50 (tacc=120 s) and 50 to 200 ng mL−1 (tacc=60 s). Application of the procedure to the determination of lead in lake water, bottled mineral water, synthetic samples and sweet fruit‐flavored powder drinks samples gave good results.
Slide roof system for dynamic response reduction
Authors: Tian Zhichang , Qian Jiaru , Zhang Liming
Published: December 2007

A slide roof system (SRS) is proposed to reduce the dynamic response of buildings to earthquake excitations. A SRS consists of a roof structure, springs and friction materials, providing mass, stiffness and damping, respectively. The method of optimization of stiffness and friction coefficient for the SRS is introduced. A numerical analysis of an eight‐story frame structure subjected to ground motions and shaking table tests of a five‐story frame was carried out to study the effectiveness of the SRS. The results show that the SRS can reduce the maximum dynamic response as much as 60–70% in the first resonate band and 35–50% in the second resonate band. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Value at risk and conditional extreme value theory via markov regime switching models
Authors: Samuel Yau Man Ze‐to
Published: December 2007

This study develops a new conditional extreme value theory‐based (EVT) model that incorporates the Markov regime switching process to forecast extreme risks in the stock markets. The study combines the Markov switching ARCH (SWARCH) model (which uses different sets of parameters for various states to cope with the structural changes for measuring the time‐varying volatility of the return distribution) with the EVT to model the tail distribution of the SWARCH processed residuals. The model is compared with unconditional EVT and conditional EVT‐GARCH models to estimate the extreme losses in three leading stock indices: S&P 500 Index, Hang Seng Index and Hang Seng China Enterprise Index. The study found that the EVT‐SWARCH model outperformed both the GARCH and SWARCH models in capturing the non‐normality and in providing accurate value‐at‐risk forecasts in the in‐sample and out‐sample tests. The EVTSWARCH model, which exhibits the features of measuring the volatility of a heteroscedastic financial return series and coping with the non‐normality owing to structural changes, can be an alternative measure of the tail risk. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 28:155–181, 2008
The compatibility of one‐factor market models in caps and swaptions markets: Evidence from their dynamic hedging performance
Authors: An Yunbi , Suo Wulin
Published: December 2007

This study examines the dynamic hedging performance of the one‐factor LIBOR and swap market models in both caps and swaptions markets, using a procedure similar to the way that these models are used in practice. The effects of different calibration methods on model performance are investigated as well. The LIBOR market models and the swap market models are calibrated to the cross‐sectional Black implied volatilities for caps and swaptions respectively; the test is based on their effectiveness in hedging floors and swaptions that are not used in the calibration. We find that the LIBOR market models outperform the swap market models in hedging floors and perform as well as the swap market models in hedging swaptions. Our results also show that incorporating a humped volatility structure into these models does not significantly improve their hedging performance. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 28:109–130, 2008
Developmental loss of NT‐3 in vivo results in reduced levels of myelin‐specific proteins, a reduced extent of myelination and increased apoptosis of Schwann cells
Authors: Woolley Adele G. , Tait Karen J. , Hurren Bradley J. , Fisher Lorryn , Sheard Philip W. , Duxson Marilyn J.
Published: December 2007

This work investigates the role of NT‐3 in peripheral myelination. Recent articles, based in vitro, propose that NT‐3 acting through its high‐affinity receptor TrkC may act to inhibit myelin formation by enhancing Schwann cell motility and/or migration. Here, we investigate this hypothesis in vivo by examining myelination formation in NT‐3 mutant mice. On the day of birth, soon after the onset of myelination, axons showed normal ensheathment by Schwann cells, no change in the proportion of axons which had begun to myelinate, and no change in either myelin thickness or number of myelin lamellae. However in postnatal day 21 mice, when myelination is substantially complete, we observed an unexpected reduction in mRNA and protein levels for MAG and P0, and in myelin thickness. This is the opposite result to that predicted from previous in vitro studies, where removal of an inhibitory NT‐3 signal would have been expected to enhance myelination. These results suggest that, in vivo, the importance of NT‐3 as a major support factor for Schwann cells (Meier et al., (1999) J Neurosci 19:3847‐3859) over‐rides its potential role as an myelin inhibitor, with the net effect that loss of NT‐3 results in degradation of Schwann cell functions, including myelination. In support of this idea, Schwann cells of NT‐3 null mutants showed increased expression of activated caspase‐3. Finally, we observed significant reduction in width of the Schwann cell periaxonal collar in NT‐3 mutant animals suggesting that loss of NT‐3 and resulting reduction in MAG levels may alter signaling at the axon‐glial interface. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Controlled Release of Volatile Aldehydes and Ketones from Dynamic Mixtures Generated by Reversible Hydrazone Formation
Authors: Levrand Barbara , Fieber Wolfgang , Lehn Jean‐Marie , Herrmann Andreas
Published: December 2007

Delivery systems generated by reversible hydrazone formation from hydrazine derivatives (see Fig. 1) and carbonyl compounds in H2O efficiently increase the long‐lastingness of volatile aldehydes and ketones (R1R2CO) in various perfumery applications. The hydrazones are usually obtained in an (E) configuration at the imine double bond (NHNC) and, in the case of aliphatic acylhydrazones R′CONHNCR1R2 (R′=alkyl), as syn and anti conformers with respect to the amide bond (CONHN). An average free‐energy barrier of ca. 78 kJ/mol was determined for the amide‐bond rotation by variable‐temperature 1H‐NMR measurements (Fig. 2). In the presence of H2O, the hydrazone formation is entirely reversible, reaching an equilibrium composed of the hydrazine derivative, the carbonyl compound, and the corresponding hydrazone. Kinetic measurements carried out by UV/VIS spectroscopy showed that the same equilibrium was reached for the formation and hydrolysis of the hydrazone. Rate constants are strongly pH‐dependent and increase with decreasing pH (Table 1). The influence of the hydrazine structure on the rate constants is less pronounced than the pH effect, and the presence of surfactants reduces the rate of equilibration (Tables 1 and 3). The full reversibility of the hydrazone formation allows to prepare dynamic mixtures by simple addition of a hydrazine derivative to several carbonyl compounds. Dynamic headspace analysis on dry cotton showed that the presence of a hydrazine derivative significantly increased the headspace concentrations of the different carbonyl compounds as compared to the reference sample without hydrazine (Table 4). The release of the volatiles was found to be efficient for fragrances with high vapor pressures and low H2O solubility. Furthermore, a special long‐lasting effect was obtained for the release of ketones. The simplicity of generating dynamic mixtures combined with the high efficiency for the release of volatiles makes these systems particularly interesting for practical applications and will certainly influence the development of delivery systems in other areas such as the pharmaceutical or agrochemical industry.
Bioactive Saponins and Glycosides. Part 29
Authors: Morikawa Toshio , Matsuda Hisashi , Li Ning , Li Xian , Yoshikawa Masayuki
Published: December 2007

Three new acylated oleanane‐type triterpene saponins, theasaponins A6 (1), A7 (2), and B5 (3), were isolated from the saponin fraction of the seeds of the Japanese tea plant Camellia sinensis together with the known constituent foliatheasaponin III (4). The structures of the glycosides 1–3 were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic, chemical, and physico‐chemical evidence.
An Investigation into Domino‐Heck Reactions of N‐Acylamino‐Substituted Tricyclic Imides: Synthesis of New Prospective Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Bagdatli Emine , Öcal Nüket , Kaufmann Dieter E.
Published: December 2007

Heck and domino‐Heck reactions of unsaturated N‐acylamino‐substituted tricyclic imides with aryl(heteroaryl) iodides and phenyl‐ or (trimethylsilyl)acetylene were either carried out in the presence of formate or phenyl‐ and (trimethylsilyl)acetylene, respectively. The CC coupling reactions appeared to be completely diastereoselective, giving the corresponding N‐acylamino‐5‐exo‐aryl (heteroaryl)‐ (5a–c, 6a,b), N‐(benzoylamino)‐5‐exo‐phenyl‐6‐exo‐[(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]‐ (5d), or 5‐exo‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐N‐(2,2‐dimethylpropanoylamino)‐6‐exo‐(phenylethynyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane‐2‐endo,3‐endo‐dicarboximide (6c) (Schemes 3 and 4).
Phenolic and Triterpenoid Glycosides from Pyrola calliantha
Authors: Chen Yi‐Lei , Tan Chang‐Heng , Tan Jun‐Jie , Qu Shi‐Jin , Wang Heng‐Bin , Zhang Qiang , Jiang Shan‐Hao , Zhu Da‐Yuan
Published: December 2007

Pyrocallianthasides A (1) and B (2), a new dimer and a new mono‐deglucosyl trimer of homoarbutin (=4‐hydroxy‐3‐methylphenyl β‐glucopyranoside), and callianthaside A (3), a new ursane‐type triterpene glycoside, together with three known phenolic glycosides and three known ursane‐type triterpenoids, were isolated from the whole plants of Pyrola calliantha. The structures of 1–3 were elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic methods.
Three New Alkaloids from the Traditional Chinese Medicine ChanSu
Authors: Liu Run‐Hui , Luo Heng , Li Yong‐Li , Yang Ming , Li Hui‐Liang , Shen Yun‐Heng , Zhang Chuan , Su Juan , Zhang Wei‐Dong
Published: December 2007

Three new alkaloids, named bufoserotonins A–C (1–3), were isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine ChanSu. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, especially of 2D‐NMR data.
Nanomechanical characterization of polyaniline coated tobacco mosaic virus nanotubes
Authors: Wang Xinnan , Niu Zhongwei , Li Siqi , Wang Qian , Li Xiaodong
Published: December 2007

Mechanical properties of polyaniline (PANI) coated self‐assembled tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) nanotubes were measured by nanoindentation with an atomic force microscope (AFM) probe. The elastic modulus of PANI/TMV core–shell biocomposite tubes (outer diameter: 19 nm, inner diameter: 4 nm, PANI coating thickness: 0.5 nm) was measured from the AFM force‐displacement curves. Structural characteristics of the PANI coating, TMV tube, and their interface were studied by comparing the mechanical properties of individual constituent materials. Results showed that coating with a thin layer of PANI can change the physical and chemical properties of TMV nanotubes. The deformation behavior of such core–shell biocomposite tubes is discussed in conjunction with the obtained AFM force‐displacement curves, van der Waals interaction between PANI and TMV, and mechanical properties of individual constituent materials. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 87A: 8–14, 2008
Histologic and histomorphometric evaluation of early and immediately loaded implants in the dog mandible
Authors: Moon Seong‐Yong , Kim Su‐Gwan , Lim Sung‐Chul , Ong Joo L.
Published: December 2007

New bone formation around US III OSSTEM implants after early and immediate loading was evaluated in this study. Three premolars and the first and second molars were first removed from the left mandible of five dogs. At 3 weeks after extraction of the teeth in the left mandible, the corresponding teeth in the right mandibles were removed. After 12 weeks of bone healing, five implants were placed in the left mandible. At 3 weeks after placement of implants in the left mandible, another five were placed in the right mandible. At the time of placing implants in the right mandible, four implants on each side were restored using a fixed provisional restoration. The anterior‐most implant was not loaded and was used as controls. Periotest measurements performed immediately after implantation and after 16 weeks loading indicated implant stability for all groups tested. At 16 weeks after loading, the rate of peri‐implant bone formation for the early loaded, immediately loaded (IL), and control implants were observed to be 75.00, 73.37, and 62.04%, respectively. It was thus concluded that early stability was achieved in early and IL implants using fixed provisional restoration, thereby resulting in the high rate of peri‐implant bone formation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Real‐time cellular uptake of serotonin using fluorescence lifetime imaging with two‐photon excitation
Authors: Botchway Stanley Walter , Parker Anthony William , Bisby Roger Hugh , Crisostomo Ana Goncalves
Published: December 2007

The real‐time uptake of serotonin, a neurotransmitter, by rat leukemia mast cell line RBL‐2H3 and 5‐hydroxytryptophan by Chinese hamster V79 cells has been studied by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), monitoring ultraviolet (340 nm) fluorescence induced by two‐photon subpicosecond 630 nm excitation. Comparison with two‐photon excitation with 590 nm photons or by three‐photon excitation at 740 nm shows that the use of 630 nm excitation provides optimal signal intensity and lowered background from auto‐fluorescence of other cellular components. In intact cells, we observe using FLIM three distinct fluorescence lifetimes of serotonin and 5‐hydroxytryptophan according to location. The normal fluorescence lifetimes of both serotonin (3.8 ns) and 5‐hydroxytryptophan (3.5 ns) in solution are reduced to ∼2.5 ns immediately on uptake into the cell cytosol. The lifetime of internalized serotonin in RBL‐2H3 cells is further reduced to ∼2.0 ns when stored within secretory vesicles. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns of correlation and covariation of anthropoid distal forelimb segments correspond to Hoxd expression territories
Authors: Reno Philip L. , McCollum Melanie A. , Cohn Martin J. , Meindl Richard S. , Hamrick Mark , Lovejoy C. Owen
Published: December 2007

Anthropoids in general and hominoids in particular exhibit differential adaptations in forearm and digital skeletal proportions to a diverse array of locomotor modes. Hox genes act as selector genes with spatially regulated expression patterns during development. Their expression in the forelimb appears to define modules that specify differential skeletal growth. Here we explore forelimb skeletal proportions in a large sample of anthropoids from a background provided by Hoxd expression patterns in late‐stage murine embryonic forelimbs. Interspecific correlation and principal components analyses of primate forelimb data indicate that morphological variation in anthropoids reflects well‐defined developmental modules downstream of Hoxd expression. The phalanges of digit one appear to represent a single growth module, whereas the metacarpals and manual phalanges of the posterior digits correspond to a second, independent, expression territory that extends proximally into the distal zeugopod. In particular, hominoids show very high correlations among the posterior digits and the independence of digit one. In addition, the distal radius is generally highly correlated with the posterior digits and not digit one. Relying on established functional differences among Hox paralogs, we present a model that parsimoniously explains hominoid forearm and digital proportions as a consequence of downstream effects of Hox. We, therefore, suggest that Hox‐defined developmental modules have served as evolutionary modules during manual evolution in anthropoids. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 310B:240–258, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Co‐expression of MGMTP140K and α‐L‐iduronidase in primary hepatocytes from mucopolysaccharidosis type I mice enables efficient selection with metabolic correction
Authors: Wang Daren , Worsham D. Nicole , Pan Dao
Published: December 2007

Background

Systemic in vivo gene therapy has resulted in widespread correction in animal models when treated at birth. However, limited improvement was observed in postnatally treated animals with mainly targeting to the liver and bone marrow. It has been shown that an O6‐methylguanine‐DNA‐methyltransferase variant (MGMTP140K) mediated in vivo selection of transduced hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in animals.

Methods

We investigated the feasibility of MGMTP140K‐mediated selection in primary hepatocytes from a mouse model of mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) in vitro using lentiviral vectors.

Results

We found that multiple cycles of O6‐benzylguanine (BG)/1,3‐bis(2‐chloroethyl)‐1‐nitrosourea (BCNU) treatment at a dosage effective for ex vivo HSC selection led to a two‐fold increase of MGMT‐expressing primary hepatocytes under culture conditions with minimum cell expansion. This enrichment level was comparable to that obtained after selection at a hepatic maximal tolerated dose of BCNU. Similar levels of increase were observed regardless of initial transduction frequency, or the position of MGMT (upstream or downstream of internal ribosome entry site) in the vector constructs. In addition, we found that elongation factor 1α promoter was superior to the long‐terminal repeat promoter from spleen focus‐forming virus with regard to transgene expression in primary hepatocytes. Moreover, the levels of therapeutic transgene expression in transduced, enzyme‐deficient hepatocytes directly correlated with the doses of BCNU, leading to metabolic correction in transduced hepatocytes and metabolic cross‐correction in neighbouring non‐transduced MPS I cells.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate that MGMTP140K expression confers successful protection/selection in primary hepatocytes, and provide ‘proof of concept’ to the prospect of MGMTP140K‐mediated co‐selection for hepatocytes and HSC using BG/BCNU treatment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconstituting retroviral (ReCon) vectors facilitating delivery of cytotoxic genes in cancer gene therapy approaches
Authors: Brandtner Eva Maria , Kodajova Petra , Hlavaty Juraj , Jandl Gerrit , Tabotta Walter , Salmons Brian , Günzburg Walter H. , Hohenadl Christine
Published: December 2007

Background

We have previously described the generation of reconstituting retroviral (ReCon) vectors designed for cancer gene therapy using cytotoxic gene products. The unique vector structure with a promoter physically separated from the transgene allows generation of stable virus producer cells irrespective of the toxic gene. The mechanism of synthesis of DNA from retroviral RNA dictates that infection leads to the reconstitution of functional expression cassettes in the target cell.

Methods

To improve vector titres, a cytomegalovirus enhancer was inserted upstream of the 5′‐long‐terminal repeat (LTR); the Woodchuck hepatitis virus post‐transcriptional regulatory element and an elongated attachment site upstream of the 3′‐LTR were included. In addition, a bacterial origin of replication was deleted and a functional internal polyadenylation signal mutated. Transcriptional targeting was attempted by introducing mammary tissue‐specific promoters such as the U3 region of mouse mammary tumour virus or the promoter of the whey acidic protein encoding gene. All modifications were analysed in detail with respect to virus production and infectivity. Finally, the vector was armed with the λ‐holin encoding gene and transduced cells were analysed for cytotoxic effects.

Results

Distinct modifications of the vector resulted in a titre improvement of more than 560‐fold. Compatibility of the optimized vector with targeted cellular promoters was demonstrated. When equipped with the cytotoxic gene, stable producer cells could be successfully established and high titre virus infection resulted in rigorous target cell killing.

Conclusions

The ReCon vector in its optimized form is an attractive tool for cancer gene therapy approaches. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perceived health status, alcohol‐related problems, and readiness to change among medically hospitalized, alcohol‐dependent patients
Authors: Stewart Scott H. , Connors Gerard J.
Published: December 2007

OBJECTIVE

Alcohol dependence is prevalent among medically hospitalized patients, and acute illness has the potential to increase motivation to change and provide a therapeutic window for treatment of alcohol dependence. This study evaluated the correlations of readiness to change drinking behavior with perceived physical and mental health status and specific alcohol‐related consequences of medical inpatients.

DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS

The study was a cross‐sectional survey of 50 clinically recognized and subsequently confirmed alcohol‐dependent patients admitted to general internal medicine teaching services with no evidence of chronic cognitive functional deficits. We estimated correlations of process‐of‐change variables (problem recognition, ambivalence about change, and taking steps to change drinking) with measures of patient perception of general physical and mental health status and self‐reported alcohol‐related consequences.

RESULTS

Problem recognition (r = −0.31, P = .028) and ambivalence about change (r = −0.41, P = .003), but not taking steps to change drinking (r = −0.26, P = .072) were significantly associated with perceived physical health. Perceived mental health was not associated with these variables, but greater alcohol‐specific consequences were typically associated with greater recognition, ambivalence, and intent to change.

CONCLUSIONS

Among alcohol‐dependent patients with acute medical illness requiring hospitalization, poorer perceived health status was associated with increased recognition of drinking problems and thoughts about changing drinking behavior. Future research should evaluate if problem recognition and ambivalence modify treatment involvement and outcomes following hospitalization and if hospital‐based interventions designed to link medical conditions and their treatment to alcohol dependence enhance recognition and ambivalence. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2007;2:372–377. © 2007 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Common myths about caring for patients with terminal illness: Opportunities to improve care in the hospital setting
Authors: Cherlin Emily , Morris Victor , Morris Jensa , Johnson‐Hurzeler Rosemary , Sullivan Gail M. , Bradley Elizabeth H.
Published: December 2007

BACKGROUND

Shortcomings in the quality of care of hospitalized patients at the end of life are well documented. Although hospitalists and residents are often involved in the care of hospitalized patients with terminal illness, little is known about their knowledge and beliefs concerning terminal illness, despite the importance of such physicians to the quality of care at the end of life.

DESIGN

In 2006 we conducted an exploratory study at a large academic medical center to examine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of hospitalists and residents (n = 52, response rate = 85.2%) about the care of terminally ill patients. Data were collected using a 22‐item survey instrument adapted from previously published instruments.

RESULTS

Several common myths about treating terminally ill patients were identified. These myths pertained to essential aspects of end‐of‐life care including pain and symptom control, indications for various medications, and eligibility for hospice. Physicians reported positive attitudes about hospice care as well as the belief that many patients who would benefit from hospice do not receive hospice at all or only late in the course of their illness.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings identified misunderstandings that hospitalists and residents commonly have, including about facts essential to know in order to provide appropriate pain and symptom management. Future interventions to improve knowledge need to focus on specific clinical knowledge about opioid therapy, as well as information about eligibility rules for hospice. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2007;2:357–365. © 2007 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Geriatric syndromes in elderly patients admitted to an inpatient cardiology ward
Authors: Flood Kellie L. , Rohlfing Amy , Le Cyndi V. , Carr David B. , Rich Michael W.
Published: December 2007

BACKGROUND

Older adults make up an increasing proportion of patients hospitalized with cardiovascular disease. Such patients often have multiple coexisting geriatric syndromes that may affect management and outcomes and are frequently underdiagnosed and untreated.

OBJECTIVES

To determine the prevalence of geriatric syndromes and incidence of selected adverse events in hospitalized elderly patients with cardiovascular disease.

DESIGN

A prospective cohort study.

SETTING

Urban academic medical center.

PATIENTS

One hundred patients at least 70 years old with cardiovascular disease hospitalized on a cardiology ward.

MEASUREMENTS

Standard geriatric screens were administered to assess mood, function, and cognitive status. Patients were followed prospectively for adverse events such as falls, urinary tract infection (UTI), and use of restraints.

RESULTS

The mean age of the patients was 79.2 ± 5.5 years, 61% were female, 68% were white, and mean length of stay was 7 days. Geriatric syndromes were prevalent and included functional impairment (35% dependent in ≥1 activity of daily living), cognitive impairment (19% with abnormal results on the Short Blessed Test), and polypharmacy. Thirty‐seven percent of patients were prescribed a potentially inappropriate medication on admission or discharge. Patients receiving a Foley catheter were at increased risk for UTI.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that geriatric syndromes are prevalent among older patients hospitalized for cardiovascular disease. Further study is needed to determine if interventions designed to increase recognition and treatment of these syndromes can improve outcomes in this patient population. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2007;2:394–400. © 2007 Society of Hospital Medicine.
On molecular recognition of an uranyl chelate by monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Teulon Jean‐Marie , Odorico Michael , Chen Shu‐wen W. , Parot Pierre , Pellequer Jean‐Luc
Published: December 2007

The energy landscape of the uranyl (UO2) chelate dissociated from a monoclonal antibody U08S was investigated using dynamic force spectroscopy (DFS). The uranyl ion (UO) is chelated with the ligand dicarboxy‐phenanthroline (DCP). The monoclonal antibody U08S was raised against UO2–DCP and does not cross‐react with DCP alone. The results of plotting the most probable force against the logarithm of the loading rate show two distinguished values of slopes of multiple fitting lines, as observed in our previous study on that system with monoclonal antibody U04S (Odorico et al., 2007a. Biophys. J. 93: 645–654.). It indicates an unbinding process undergoing at least two activation states. We have generated the histogram of unbinding events with respect to the composite stiffness of the complex between the protein and the uranyl compound. Combining the model of Bell and Evans with that of Williams, we have estimated the number of parallel bonds involved in the unbinding process and determined the value of stiffness for individual bonds. We propose that the uranyl compound binds to the two antibodies U04S and U0c at structurally equivalent locations and forms the interaction with similar coordination modes. In addition, the unbinding process goes through two steps; the first weakens the bonding of the central metal with AspL50 of the antibody and the second breaks other non‐bonded interactions of the compound with the antibody. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Homology versus analogy: possible evolutionary relationship of immunoglobulins, cupredoxins, and Cu,Zn‐superoxide dismutase
Authors: Stevens Fred J.
Published: December 2007

The ‘immunoglobulin‐like’ fold is one of most common structural motifs observed in proteins. This topology is found in more than 80 superfamilies of proteins, including Cu,Zn‐superoxide dismutase (SOD) and cupredoxin. Evolutionary relationships have not been identified, but may exist. The challenge remains, therefore, of resolving the issue of whether the diverse distribution of the fold is accounted for by divergent evolution of function or convergent evolution of structure following multiple independent origins of function. Since the early studies that revealed conformational similarity of immunoglobulins and other proteins, the number of primary structures available for comparison has dramatically increased and new computational approaches for analysis of sequences have been developed. It now appears that a hypothesis of a common evolutionary origin for cupredoxins, Cu,Zn‐SOD, and immunoglobulins may be credible. The distinction between protein homology and protein analogy is fundamental. The immunoglobulin‐like fold may represent a robust system within which to examine again the issue of protein homology versus analogy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First‐principles calculation of the Peierls distortion in an infinite linear carbon chain: the contribution of Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Milani Alberto , Tommasini Matteo , Fazzi Daniele , Castiglioni Chiara , Zoppo Mirella Del , Zerbi Giuseppe
Published: December 2007

The modulation of the longitudinal optical (LO) phonon branch of a linear, infinite carbon chain (carbyne) by the degree of bond length alternation (BLA) is discussed in relation to the wavenumber dispersion of the strongest Raman line of oligoynes. Furthermore, the potential energy surface describing the Peierls distortion of the infinite 1D crystal has been determined theoretically through DFT calculations with periodic boundary conditions. A two‐minima potential surface has been obtained as a function of BLA parameter, under the constraint that the diatomic unit cell keeps its translational period fixed to the optimized value. In this way, it has been possible to obtain the generalized harmonic force constant associated with the LO phonon at the Γ point. The results obtained can be related to the observed behavior of the LO Raman line upon the temperature‐driven phase transition towards a cumulenic structure. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopic study of the uranyl phosphate minerals phosphuranylite and yingjiangite
Authors: Frost Ray L. , Čejka Jiří , Ayoko Godwin
Published: December 2007

Raman spectra of phosphuranylite and yingjiangite were measured and interpreted, and compared with the published infrared spectra of both minerals. UO bond lengths were calculated using the Bartlett–Cooney empirical relations and the OHċO hydrogen bond lengths were inferred on the basis of Libowitzky's empirical relation. The presence of oxonium and (H3O)+ ions, expected from the single crystal structure analysis of phosphuranylite, was not inferred from the Raman spectra. It was assumed that phosphuranylite and yingjiangite are identical and the name yingjiangite should be discarded because the name phosphuranylite has priority. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Iberian × Duroc genotype on composition and sensory properties of dry‐cured ham
Authors: Ramírez Maria Rosario , Cava Ramón
Published: December 2007

BACKGROUND: Dry‐cured ham quality from three different Iberian × Duroc genotypes was studied: GEN1, Iberian × Duroc1; GEN2, Duroc1 × Iberian; GEN3, Duroc2 × Iberian. GEN1 and GEN2 are reciprocal crosses, while the difference between GEN2 and GEN3 is the Duroc sire line. The line Duroc1 (DU1) was selected for the manufacture of dry‐cured meat products, whereas the line Duroc2 (DU2) was selected for meat production with low carcass fat.

RESULTS: Dry‐cured hams from all genotypes had similar chemical composition. However, intramuscular fat of dry‐cured hams from GEN3 was more unsaturated than that from GEN2, while GEN1 was intermediate. Lipid oxidation, measured as 2‐thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) and hexanal content, was similar between genotypes. The colour of hams was affected by genotype; hams from GEN2 showed higher lightness (CIE L*), while those from GEN3 had a less intense colour (lower a* and C*). Texture measured instrumentally did not differ between genotypes; however, in the sensory analysis, panellists considered hams from GEN3 more fibrous, while those from GEN2 were considered juicier. Hams from GEN3 were also perceived as saltier and more acid.

CONCLUSION: Genotype affected the quality of Iberian hams, with those from GEN3 being of lower quality, and this genotype was considered less suitable for the manufacture of Iberian dry‐cured ham. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
The role of clinical trials in the development of novel surgical techniques
Authors: Nelson Heidi , Boller Anne‐Marie
Published: December 2007

The new paradigm and standard for medicine and surgery is the evidence‐based practice for which the randomized controlled trial is fundamental. Despite the early involvement of surgeons in clinical trials, randomized trials testing novel surgical therapies are not common. Indeed, only 24% of surgical patients are managed based on level 1 evidence. This chapter details how randomized controlled trial methodologies facilitate the development of level 1 evidence in support of minimally invasive colon cancer surgery. J. Surg. Oncol. 2007;96:704–709. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular profiling and risk stratification of adenocarcinoma of the colon
Authors: Mutch Matthew G.
Published: December 2007

Staging systems are used to predict the clinical and biologic behavior of tumors. This manuscript examines several molecular markers that hope to improve staging for colon cancer. It is unclear if a molecular marker, genetic signature, or a combination of histologic, genetic, and molecular parameters will provide the best prognostic information. What is clear is that more accurate staging tools are needed so patients receive the best therapy. J. Surg. Oncol. 2007;96:693–703. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of pre‐ and postoperative multimodality therapy on rectal cancer
Authors: Boller Anne‐Marie , Cima Robert R.
Published: December 2007

Surgery is the primary treatment of rectal cancer. However, variability in surgical outcomes led to development of combined therapies including pelvic radiation and systemic chemotherapy. The evolution of these therapies both individually and combined, their successes and limitations is discussed in the context of an evolving understanding of rectal cancer biology. The impact of standardized optimal surgery on the need for additional therapy and trends in treating complete responders to neoadjuvant therapy is also reviewed. J. Surg. Oncol. 2007;96:665–670. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thiosugars – Derivatization agents for chiral resolution of homoleucines
Authors: Zahradníčková Helena , Jegorov Alexandr , Trnka Tomáš , Zelenka Karel
Published: December 2007

o‐Phthaldialdehyde was used in combination with a series of six thiosugars for the pre‐column chiral derivatization of selected primary amino acids. The diastereomers were resolved on a conventional reversed‐phase column and with fluorescence detection. A surprisingly effective resolution of 1‐isoindolyl‐(1‐thioglycosides) derived from 1‐thio‐β‐L‐fucose was observed.
Infrared measurement of human skin temperature to predict the individual maximum safe radiant exposure (IMSRE)
Authors: Verkruysse Wim , Jia Wangcun , Franco Walfre , Milner Thomas E. , Nelson J. Stuart
Published: December 2007

Background and Objectives

Radiant exposure (RE) is a critical treatment parameter to be optimized for laser hair removal (LHR). An objective and quantitative method to assess the individual maximum safe radiant exposure (IMSRE) would help clinicians optimize LHR while at the same time providing the safest possible laser therapy.

Study Design

Pulsed photo‐thermal radiometry (PPTR) measurements were on a total of 403 spots on 13 volunteers. The radiometric signal at 20 milliseconds after the diagnostic laser pulse was used to predict the IMSRE using a simple analytic relationship. Laser pulses (wavelength 755 nm, 3 milliseconds pulse, 50 milliseconds cryogen spray cooling, 30 milliseconds delay) with RE's below and above the predicted IMSRE (range: 10–100 J/cm2) were applied and resulting injuries quantified through blind scoring.

Results

IMSRE can be predicted quite robustly with PPTR for the broad range of human skin photo‐types (I–IV) considered in this study.

Conclusions

The method presented herein should be useful in helping clinicians optimize LHR on an individual patient basis, with the highest possible safety. Lasers Surg. Med. 39:757–766, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GaAlAs (830 nm) low‐level laser enhances peripheral endogenous opioid analgesia in rats
Authors: Hagiwara Satoshi , Iwasaka Hideo , Okuda Kentaro , Noguchi Takayuki
Published: December 2007

Background

Low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) has been reported to relieve pain with minimal side effects. Recent studies have demonstrated that opioid‐containing immune cells migrate to inflamed sites and release beta‐endorphins to inhibit pain as a mode of peripheral endogenous opioid analgesia. The present study investigates whether LLLT may enhance peripheral endogenous opioid analgesia.

Methods

The effect of LLLT on opioid analgesia and production was evaluated in vivo in a rat model of inflammation as well as in vitro in Jurkat cells, a human T‐cell leukemia cell line. mRNA expression of the beta‐endorphin precursors proopiomelanocortin and corticotrophin releasing factor was assessed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

Results

LLLT produced an analgesic effect in inflamed peripheral tissue which was transiently antagonized by naloxone. Beta‐endorphin precursor mRNA expression increased with LLLT, both in vivo and in vitro.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that LLLT produces analgesic effects in a rat model of peripheral inflammation. We further revealed an additional mechanism of LLLT‐mediated analgesia via enhancement of peripheral endogenous opioids. These findings suggest that LLLT induces analgesia in rats by enhancing peripheral endogenous opioid production in addition to previously reported mechanisms. Lasers Surg. Med. 39:797–802, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A randomised, split‐face comparison of facial hair removal with the alexandrite laser and intense pulsed light system
Authors: McGill D.J. , Hutchison C. , McKenzie E. , McSherry E. , Mackay I.R.
Published: December 2007

Introduction

Despite the high incidence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in women attending for facial hair removal there are few studies looking specifically at this patient group. We carried out a split‐face study directly comparing the efficacy of a 3 milliseconds pulse duration alexandrite laser with the Lumina IPL system in 38 women with PCOS.

Materials and Methods

Each patient underwent six treatments using both systems, with 1, 3 and 6 months follow‐up. Hair counts, hair‐free intervals and patient satisfaction were recorded for all patients.

Results

After six treatments, alexandrite laser treatment resulted in longer median hair‐free intervals when compared to IPL (7 weeks vs. 2 weeks; P < 0.001). Decrease in hair counts was significantly larger on the Alexandrite side compared to the IPL side at 1, 3 and 6 months (52%, 43% and 46% vs. 21%, 21% and 27%; P < 0.001). Patient satisfaction scores, using linear analogue scales (LAS), at 1, 3 and 6 months were significantly higher for the alexandrite laser than the IPL (8.7, 7.8 and 7.7 vs. 5.7, 5.1 and 5.1; P ≤ 0.002).

Conclusions

The alexandrite laser resulted in significantly longer hair‐free intervals, a larger reduction in hair counts and greater patient satisfaction than the IPL and appeared to be more effective in this patient group. It is clear from the results in this study that the GentleLase alexandrite laser is more effective at reducing facial hirsutism in women with PCOS than the Lumina IPL. It is probable that this is due to the specific wavelength, short pulse duration and single pulse delivery of the GentleLase alexandrite laser, resulting in more follicular destruction than the IPL. Lasers Surg. Med. 39:767–772, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reaction Behavior and Network Development in RAFT Radical Polymerization of Dimethacrylates
Authors: Yu Qiang , Zhu Yongshu , Ding Yonghong , Zhu Shiping
Published: December 2007

The reaction behavior and development of network microstructure in the RAFT polymerization of OEGDMA were investigated. The polymerization rate of the RAFT system was much lower than in conventional FRP, largely due to the low propagating‐radical concentration determined by the addition‐fragmentation equilibrium. A mild autoacceleration occurred as the addition reaction became diffusion‐controlled. The slow chain growth in the RAFT allowed sufficient chain relaxation and a uniform distribution of reacting species. The RAFT polymerization of OEGDMA with longer spacers yielded more homogeneous networks with a lower crosslinking density and lower glass transition temperature than the FRP.

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Asymptotics for the voltage potential in a periodic network with localized defects
Authors: Bonnetier Eric , Sista Sivaji‐Ganesh
Published: December 2007

We compare the potential uh of a 2D regular lattice of conductors of size h, to the potential uh,d of a defective lattice, where some conductive links have different conductivities. We show that to first order in h, each defect contributes to the difference uh,d−uh as a product of three terms: A polarization matrix, the gradient of the potential u of the limiting continuous medium obtained as h → 0, and the gradient of Green's function of the limiting medium. Establishing the asymptotics of uh,d−uh involves uniform W1,∞ estimates on the potentials uh. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.