bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the early use of norepinephrine in major abdominal surgery on medical and surgical postoperative complications: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (EPON STUDY)
Authors: Trocheris-Fumery Ottilie , Scetbon Cecilia , Flet Thibault , Meynier Jonathan , Sellier Magali , Rumbach Matthieu , Badaoui Rachid , Villeret Léonie , Tarpin Paul , Abou-Arab Osama , Bar Stephane , Dupont Herve
Published: April 2024

Background

Post-induction anaesthesia often promotes intraoperative hypotension (IOH) that can worsen postoperative outcomes. This study aims to assess the benefit of norepinephrine versus ephedrine at the induction of anaesthesia to prevent postoperative complications following major abdominal surgery by preventing IOH.

Methods and analysis

The EPON STUDY is a prospective single-centre randomised controlled trial with the planned inclusion of 500 patients scheduled for major abdominal surgery at the Amiens University Hospital. The inclusion criteria are patients aged over 50 years weighing more than 50 kg with an American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status score of ≥2 undergoing major abdominal surgery under general anaesthesia. Patients are allocated either to the intervention group (n=250) or the standard group (n=250). In the intervention group, the prevention of post-induction IOH is performed with norepinephrine (dilution to 0.016 mg/mL) using an electric syringe pump at a rate of 0.48 mg/h (30 mL/h) from the start of anaesthesia and then titrated to achieve the haemodynamic target. In the control group, the prevention of post-induction IOH is performed with manual titration of ephedrine, with a maximal dose of 30 mg, followed by perfusion with norepinephrine. In both groups, the haemodynamic target to maintain is a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 65 mm Hg or 70 mm Hg for patients with a medical history of hypertension. An intention-to-treat analysis will be performed. The primary outcome is the Clavien–Dindo score assessed up to 30 days postoperatively. The secondary endpoints are the length of hospital stay and length of stay in an intensive care unit/postoperative care unit; postoperative renal function; postoperative cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, haematological and infectious complications at 1 month; and volume of intraoperative vascular filling and mortality at 1 month.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethical approval was obtained from the committee of protection of the persons of Ile de France in May 2021 (number 21 05 41). The authors will be involved in disseminating the research findings (through attending conferences and co-authoring papers). The results of the study will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications and presentations at national and international conferences.

Trial registration number

NCT05276596.
Study protocol to assess aflatoxin M1 health risks versus benefits of dairy consumption in Ethiopian children: an epidemiological trial and risk-benefit analysis
Authors: Wu Felicia , Headey Derek , Hirvonen Kalle , Pokharel Ashish , Tessema Masresha
Published: April 2024

Introduction

In Sidama, Ethiopia, animal-source foods can be difficult to access. Milk has important nutrients for child growth, but carries the risk of aflatoxin M1(AFM1) contamination. AFM1is a metabolite of the mycotoxin aflatoxin B1(AFB1) in dairy feed; cows secrete AFM1in milk when their feed contains AFB1produced byAspergillusfungi in maize, nuts and oilseeds. It is unknown whether AFM1compromises child growth and health.

Methods and analysis

This protocol paper describes our study in Sidama to determine the impact of milk consumption and AFM1on child growth in the first 18 months of life. We will collect baseline and end-line data on dairy production, socioeconomic and nutritional factors of 1000 dairy-owning households with children ages 6–18 months at baseline; and gather samples of milk and dairy feed and child anthropometrics. We will conduct phone interviews every 6 months to ascertain changes in practices or child health. Dairy feed will be tested for AFB1; milk for AFM1, pathogens and nutrients. Controlling for herd size, socioeconomic, nutritional and behavioural factors, we will determine the association between child anthropometrics and milk consumption, as well as AFM1exposure. We will examine whether AFM1exposure affects child growth in the first 18 months of life, and weigh the benefits and risks of milk consumption.

Ethics and dissemination

The protocol is approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI-IRB-481–2022), Michigan State University (STUDY00007996) and International Food Policy Research Institute (DSGD-23–0102). Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants, who may withdraw from the study at any time. Confidentiality of collected data will be given high priority during each stage of data handling. The study’s findings will be disseminated through stakeholder workshops, local and international conferences, journal articles and technical reports.
Frequency of self-directed dying in the Netherlands: research protocol of a cross-sectional mixed-methods study
Authors: Bosma Fenne , Stoppelenburg Arianne , van der Heide Agnes , van de Vathorst Suzanne
Published: April 2024

Introduction

In the Netherlands, assisting in suicide is allowed for physicians and regulated by the Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (review procedures) Act. However, some people decide to end their lives outside the medical domain, without a physician’s help. Two approaches for such self-directed dying are voluntary stopping eating and drinking (VSED) and independently taking lethal medication attended by a confidant (ILMC). The frequency of deaths by either of these methods in the Netherlands was examined in 2007. Since then, there have been societal, political and healthcare developments which may have had an influence on the frequency of self-directed dying. The primary objective of this study is to estimate how many people in the Netherlands currently die by VSED or ILMC. Secondary objectives include providing insight in the characteristics and quality of dying of people who choose for self-directed dying.

Methods and analysis

This cross-sectional study consists of an online questionnaire study (January to February 2024) among a randomly drawn sample (n=37 500) from a representative panel of the Dutch adult population in which participants are asked about potential experiences of close relatives choosing for VSED or ILMC. A two-stage screening procedure will be used to determine whether the respondents’ experiences represent a death by VSED or ILMC. Additional interviews (n=40) will be held with questionnaire respondents indicating their willingness to participate (May to September 2024). Quantitative data will be analysed using SPSS software, and qualitative data will be thematically analysed using NVivo software.

Ethics and dissemination

The study obtained approval from the Medical Research Ethics Committee of the Erasmus Medical Center, under number MEC-2023-0689. Informed consent will be sought from study participants in line with General Data Protection Regulation legislation. Results of the study will be disseminated through publications in scientific journals and conference presentations.

Trial registration number

NCT06186791.
Reducing inpatient opioid consumption after caesarean delivery: effects of an opioid stewardship programme and racial impact in a community hospital
Authors: Kim Daniel Dongiu , Chiang Eric , Volio Andrew , Skolaris Alexis , Nutcharoen Aratara , Vogan Eric , Krivanek Kevin , Ayad Sabry Salama
Published: April 2024

Caesarean section is the most common inpatient surgery in the USA, with more than 1.1 million procedures in 2020. Similar to other surgical procedures, healthcare providers rely on opioids for postoperative pain management. However, current evidence shows that postpartum patients usually experience less pain due to pregnancy-related physiological changes. Owing to the current opioid crisis, public health agencies urge providers to provide rational opioid prescriptions. In addition, a personalised postoperative opioid prescription may benefit racial minorities since research shows that this population receives fewer opioids despite greater pain levels. Our project aimed to reduce inpatient opioid consumption after caesarean delivery within 6 months of the implementation of an opioid stewardship programme.

A retrospective analysis of inpatient opioid consumption after caesarean delivery was conducted to determine the baseline, design the opioid stewardship programme and set goals. The plan-do-study-act method was used to implement the programme, and the results were analysed using a controlled interrupted time-series method.

After implementing the opioid stewardship programme, we observed an average of 80% reduction (ratio of geometric means 0.2; 95% CI 0.2 to 0.3; p<0.001) in inpatient opioid consumption. The institution designated as control did not experience relevant changes in inpatient opioid prescriptions during the study period. In addition, the hospital where the programme was implemented was unable to reduce the difference in inpatient opioid demand between African Americans and Caucasians.

Our project showed that an opioid stewardship programme for patients undergoing caesarean delivery can effectively reduce inpatient opioid use. PDSA, as a quality improvement method, is essential to address the problem, measure the results and adjust the programme to achieve goals.
Intervention for reducing the overuse of upper endoscopy in patients <45 years: a protocol for a stepwise intervention programme
Authors: Hernes Susanne Sorensen , Høiberg Mikkel , Gallefoss Frode , Thoresen Christian , Tjomsland Ole
Published: April 2024

Utilisation rates for healthcare services vary widely both within and between nations. Moreover, healthcare providers with insurance-based reimbursement systems observe an effect of social determinants of health on healthcare utilisation rates and outcomes. Even in countries with publicly funded universal healthcare such as Norway, utilisation rates for medical and surgical interventions vary between and within health regions and hospitals.

Most interventions targeting overuse and high utilisation rates are based on the assumption that knowledge of areas of unwarranted variation in healthcare automatically will lead to a reduction in unwarranted variation. Recommendations regarding how to reduce this variation are often not very detailed or prominent.

This paper describes a protocol for reducing the overuse of upper endoscopy in a Norwegian health region. The protocol uses a combination of digital tools and psychological methods targeting behavioural change in order to alter healthcare workers’ approach to patient care.

The aim of the planned intervention is to evaluate the effectiveness of a multifaceted set of interventions to reduce the overuse of upper endoscopy in patients under 45 years. A secondary aim is to evaluate the specific effect of the various parts of the intervention.
A probabilistic foundation for the study of larval fish feeding, growth, and mortality rates
Authors: Pepin Pierre
Published: April 2024

Survival through the larval phase is predicated on the probabilities of successful feeding, which dictates growth rates, and the probabilities of encountering predators. Here I perform a synthesis of feeding, growth, and mortality rates estimated during several studies from coastal Newfoundland, Canada, to provide a description of the probability distribution that can serve as a foundation of the expected distribution of vital rates. The standardized observations clearly follow that of skewed distributions, appropriately fit to a probability gamma distribution, with feeding demonstrating a stronger degree of skewness than either mortality or growth, possibly because each vital rate integrates prey–predator interactions over different time scales. Commonality in the underlying form of the distribution of vital rates in larval fish, along with clear functional relationships between gamma parameters, represents a probabilistic basis of expectations against which observations from prior or new studies can be contrasted. An example of the use of such expectations demonstrates that they can provide useful contextual information about the contrast among observations and our ability to identify their relationship with environmental drivers.
Drone-based mixed reality: enhancing visualization for large-scale outdoor simulations with dynamic viewpoint adaptation using vision-based pose estimation methods
Authors: Kinoshita Airi , Fukuda Tomohiro , Yabuki Nobuyoshi
Published: April 2024

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the integration of drones across diverse sectors, particularly within architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC). The amalgamation of drones with mixed reality (MR) stands out as a promising avenue. Proposed applications include the comparison of design and actual objects, as well as landscape simulation in urban design. A previous study successfully developed a drone-viewpoint MR system with low model dependence, leveraging general drones and methods. However, the alignment between the real and virtual worlds was contingent on predefined flight routes, limiting adaptability during MR execution. This study introduces a new model-independent drone viewpoint MR system that integrates two vision-based attitude estimation methods, enabling execution on arbitrary flight paths. Evaluation of the prototype for system latency and alignment accuracy revealed an overall latency of 3.5 s. The alignment accuracy, assessed using intersection over union, demonstrated performance equal to or surpassing the previous system. While this paper does not showcase MR content for practical use, the research lays the groundwork for advancing drone applications in the AEC field. The proposed system offers versatility for MR applications across various stages, from design to maintenance.
On-premises superconducting quantum computer for education and research
Authors: Rönkkö Jami , Ahonen Olli , Bergholm Ville , Calzona Alessio , Geresdi Attila , Heimonen Hermanni , Heinsoo Johannes , Milchakov Vladimir , Pogorzalek Stefan , Sarsby Matthew , Savytskyi Mykhailo , Seegerer Stefan , Šimkovic Fedor , Sriluckshmy P. V. , Vesanen Panu T. , Nakahara Mikio
Published: April 2024

With a growing interest in quantum technology globally, there is an increasing need for accessing relevant physical systems for education and research. In this paper we introduce a commercially available on-site quantum computer utilizing superconducting technology, offering insights into its fundamental hardware and software components. We show how this system can be used in education to teach quantum concepts and deepen understanding of quantum theory and quantum computing. It offers learning opportunities for future talent and contributes to technological progress. Additionally, we demonstrate its use in research by replicating some notable recent achievements.
Physical properties and power conversion efficiency of SrZrX3 (X=S and Se) chalcogenide perovskite solar cell
Authors: Pandit Naincy , Singh Rashmi , Kumar Anand , Joshi Tarun Kumar , Shukla Akash , Rani Upasana , Kamlesh Peeyush Kumar , Kumar Tanuj , Priyanka  , Verma Ajay Singh
Published: April 2024

The search for efficient substances in energy conversion devices, which are low-cost, highly stable, and not hazardous to humanity has intensified among material scientists. Here, we have investigated the chalcogenide-based metal (Sr — strontium) perovskites in the context of developing materials. We have identified the electrical and optical features of these materials using the modified Becke–Johnson potential, revealing information about their nature. With computed values of 2.009[Formula: see text]eV for SrZrS3 and 1.096[Formula: see text]eV for SrZrSe3, respectively, they have shown to be direct bandgap semiconductors. We have also found that both materials exhibit transparency to the striking photon at low energy and demonstrate absorption and optical conduction in the UV region. These materials will be useful in thermoelectric devices because the transport property calculation shows that their figure of merit is unity at both low and high temperatures. In regard to applications, we determined the spectroscopic limited maximum efficiency (SLME) of SrZrS3 (SrZrSe3) and discovered that the efficiency increases from 6.3% to 22.3% (7.9% to 32%) when the film thickness is increased from 100[Formula: see text]nm to 1[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m at 300[Formula: see text]K, after that it stabilizes. This research shows that these materials ought to be utilized as an alert substance in the design of energy conversion products, and the proposed results are supported by experimental and other theoretical data. We suggest that these substances are strong contenders for use in power conversion equipment depending upon their optical and transport characteristics.
Physical analysis and thermal case of magnetized fluid flow and heat transfer via stretchable cylinder: Hall impact and entropy generation
Authors: Elsaid Essam M. , Abd El-Aziz Mohamed , Aly Abdelraheem M. , Alruwaili Amani S. , Eid Mohamed R.
Published: April 2024

The study of fluid flow in cylindrical shapes under the effect of electric fields is of utmost importance because of its vast applications in industrial, agricultural, and biomedical domains, as well as in drilling machines, equipment, transport brakes, and vehicles. The purpose of this research is to analyze the influence of Hall impacts, slippage effects, and thermal relaxation time on the magnetohydrodynamic flow near an extended cylinder or flat plate. An assessment of entropy generation is carried out. Results are determined by the process of elongating a planar surface and a cylindrical object. The velocity field and entropy production are greater in the case of a stretched cylinder compared to a stretching flat plate. The choice of an appropriate stretching surface may have an impact on the thermal conductivity of the boundary layer. Velocity, temperature, and entropy are influenced by several factors including the Eckert number, thermal relaxation time, transverse curvature, magnetic field, Hall effect, molecular slip, and mixed convection parameters. These characteristics influence the movement of fluid, the transfer of heat, the measure of disorder (entropy), and the Bejan number. The variables mentioned cause changes in skin friction and Nusselt values. The Hall effect has advantages in reducing friction and enhancing heat transfer in industrial and technical processes.
Normalized homoclinic solutions of discrete nonlocal double phase problems
Authors: Xiang Mingqi , Ma Yunfeng , Yang Miaomiao
Published: April 2024

The aim of this paper is to discuss the existence of normalized solutions to the following nonlocal double phase problems driving by the discrete fractional Laplacian: [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] if [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] if [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]([Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text]) is the discrete fractional [Formula: see text]-Laplacian. By variational methods, we discuss the existence of non-negative normalized homoclinic solutions under the conditions that the nonlinear term satisfies sublinear growth or superlinear growth conditions. In particular, we establish the compactness of the associated energy functional of the problem without weights. Our paper is the first time to deal with the existence of normalized solutions for discrete double phase problems.
Abusive Partner Perspectives on Technology Abuse: Implications for Community-based Violence Prevention
Authors: Bellini Rosanna Frances
Published: April 2024

Inaccurate assumptions about people who abuse technology can inhibit effective socio-technical interventions for at-risk populations, including IPV survivors. Our study aims to rectify this concerning oversight through a synthesis of seven research projects on how 152 abusive partners (APs) discuss and understand their malicious use of technology in face-to-face interactions. AP accounts about technology abuse are rich sources of insight into technology abuse, but demonstrate a heterogeneity of awareness of, choice to use, and ability to desist from participating in technology abuse. To ensure immediate practical benefits for practitioner communities, we also engaged 20 facilitators of abusive partner intervention programs (APIPs) in focused group discussions to identify potential solutions for addressing technology abuse in their programming. Findings reveal that facilitators grapple with a complex set of challenges, stemming from the concern about teaching APs new abusive techniques in-session, and lacking professional tools to investigate, evaluate, and resolve technology abuse attacks. Our work provides valuable insights into addressing technology abuse in the APIP ecosystem, offering targeted lessons for the CSCW community and stakeholders in violence prevention.
Aftermath: Infrastructure, Resources, and Organizational Adaptation in the Wake of Disaster
Authors: Paudel Shreyasha , Norris Wendy , Soden Robert
Published: April 2024

Informal and emergent organizations play a vital role in disaster response, and are a central concern to crisis informatics. Prior research in the field has tended to focus on the activities of individual organizations during periods of disaster. Though unsurprising, this focus has led to limited understanding of the origins and long-term trajectories of these organizations or their participation in broader networks of informal response, whose individual membership, ideologies, and practices are often fluid and overlapping. In this paper, we examine the activities of informal organizations that mobilized in response to the 2015 earthquake in Nepal. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 17 participants, we identify five categories of resources - funding, people, information, skills, and shared values - that these organizations mobilized to sustain themselves and continue their activities long after the immediate disaster abated. We contribute insights into the adaptation decisions of emergent organizations, guidance in understanding these decisions in relation to their social and historical context, and considerations for how long-term, network-oriented studies can help address some of the contemporary challenges in crisis-informatics research.
Data Work Between the Local and the Global: An Ethnography of a Healthcare Business Intelligence Unit
Authors: Pedersen Asbjørn Malte , Bossen Claus
Published: April 2024

This paper describes work practices at a public, non-profit healthcare business intelligence unit involved in creating BI reports and sharing these with healthcare management and professionals. Based on ethnographic fieldwork, we detail the various work tasks and processes involved in building data products that are applicable across various wards and healthcare professions, and, at the same time, intelligible and relevant for specific users: a challenge we frame as working with the tension between making the local and the global relevant to each other. We identified four ways in which this tension unfolds in the business intelligence unit's data work: consolidating standards, creating order out of chaos, engaging with healthcare professionals, and negotiating data and conflicts. We provide three contributions: we show how data work can unfold in close collaboration between professional data workers and domain experts; we nuance the existing research on data work by focusing on a less researched group of data workers; and we add to the few detailed ethnographies of business intelligence units.
Exploring the Role of Chatbots in Tackling COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women in Rural Northern India
Authors: Kaur Jasmeet , Sharma Preetika , Kumar Vijay , Duggal Mona , Diamond-Smith Nadia Griffin , El Ayadi Alison , Vosburg Kathryn , Singh Pushpendra
Published: April 2024

Rapid and widespread vaccination played a major role in stemming the flow of Covid-19 spread. In India, the government enabled free and accessible vaccination for Covid-19. Although the general public responded positively, pregnant and breastfeeding women in rural areas hesitated about COVID-19 vaccination, leading to low vaccine uptake. In this work, we started with a formative study to understand pregnant and breastfeeding women's vaccine hesitancy. We found that the main barriers were poor knowledge about vaccines and limited agency around vaccination. We deployed a chatbot over WhatsApp to tackle their hesitancy through evidence-based vaccine education. We studied the chatbot engagement of 800+ participants over 23 days through chat logs, surveys, and interviews. We present participants' experiences and aspirations around chatbots. We found the chatbot to work well under a constrained network to build participants' vaccine-related knowledge and intentions. We further discuss the role of chatbots in healthcare beyond COVID-19 vaccination.
"I felt like I was doing grown-up things": Young Adult Reflections on their Childhood Experiences of Online Searching and Brokering in Immigrant Families
Authors: Le Anh , Ma Michelle , Bui Linh , Shi Anna , Pham Linh , Gonzalez Carmen , Yip Jason C.
Published: April 2024

Online search and brokering (OSB) is the phenomenon in which youth search for information for their immigrant families on the Internet. Few studies exist on reflecting on the past as youth conduct OSB from childhood to adolescence to young adulthood. We conducted a retrospective study using semi-structured interviews of 27 young adults (ages 19 - 24) to examine their experience and perceptions of OSB over time (primary schooling, secondary schooling, undergraduate). We found that although all the interviewees shared a common experience of being an online searcher and information broker for their immigrant families, their stories exist on various dimensions which are constantly shifting and changing over time, as ecological factors influence searching behaviors. We discuss how the results from our study can serve as future references for researchers doing work in search research and designers who are currently working on improving design tools for searching.
Interpretability Gone Bad: The Role of Bounded Rationality in How Practitioners Understand Machine Learning
Authors: Kaur Harmanpreet , Conrad Matthew R. , Rule Davis , Lampe Cliff , Gilbert Eric
Published: April 2024

While interpretability tools are intended to help people better understand machine learning (ML), we find that they can, in fact, impair understanding. This paper presents a pre-registered, controlled experiment showing that ML practitioners (N=119) spent 5x less time on task, and were 17% less accurate about the data and model, when given access to interpretability tools. We present bounded rationality as the theoretical reason behind these findings. Bounded rationality presumes human departures from perfect rationality, and it is often effectuated by satisficing, i.e., an inclination towards "good enough" understanding. Adding interactive elements---a strategy often employed to promote deliberative thinking and engagement, and tested in our experiment---also does not help. We discuss implications for interpretability designers and researchers related to how cognitive and contextual factors can affect the effectiveness of interpretability tool use.
Investigating Influential Users' Responses to Permanent Suspension on Social Media
Authors: Gao Zihan , Thebault-Spieker Jacob
Published: April 2024

Social media platforms use permanent suspension as a measure of last resort to intervene with users who spread harmful or misleading content. However, permanent suspension does not signify the end of a user's online presence, but rather on that specific platform. This issue is particularly salient for influential users with large audiences, as they have the potential to cause substantial shifts in the overall social media information landscape when suspended. Our work employs a mixed methods approach to study the context around, and behavioral patterns after, permanent suspension. We find that migration is a common step after suspension, and characterize a number of behavioral strategies and patterns that occur after influential users are suspended. By focusing on consequences of suspension across more holistically, we have identified numerous opportunities for design and future research to mitigate the potential negative effects of permanent suspensions on the broader social media information landscape.
Like My Aunt Dorothy: Effects of Conversational Styles on Perceptions, Acceptance and Metaphorical Descriptions of Voice Assistants during Later Adulthood
Authors: Chin Jessie , Desai Smit , Lin Sheny (Cheng-Hsuan) , Mejia Shannon
Published: April 2024

Little research has investigated the design of conversational styles of voice assistants (VA) for adults in their later adulthood with varying personalities. In this Wizard of Oz experiment, 34 middle-aged (50 to 64 years old) and 24 older adults (65 to 80 years old) participated in a user study at a simulated home, interacting with a VA using either formal or informal language. Older adults with higher agreeableness perceived VA as being more likable than middle-aged adults. Middle-aged adults showed similar technology acceptance toward the informal and formal VA, and older adults preferred using informal VA, especially those with low agreeableness. Further, while both middle-aged and older adults frequently anthropomorphized VAs by using human metaphors for them, older adults compared formal VA with professionals (e.g., librarians, teachers) and informal VA with their close ones (e.g., spouses, relatives). Overall, the conversational style showed differential effects on the perceptions of middle-aged and older adults, suggesting personalized design implications.
MetaWriter: Exploring the Potential and Perils of AI Writing Support in Scientific Peer Review
Authors: Sun Lu , Tao Stone , Hu Junjie , Dow Steven P.
Published: April 2024

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) show the potential to significantly augment or even replace complex human writing activities. However, for complex tasks where people need to make decisions as well as write a justification, the trade offs between making work efficient and hindering decisions remain unclear. In this paper, we explore this question in the context of designing intelligent scaffolding for writing meta-reviews for an academic peer review process. We prototyped a system called "MetaWriter'' trained on five years of open peer review data to support meta-reviewing. The system highlights common topics in the original peer reviews, extracts key points by each reviewer, and on request, provides a preliminary draft of a meta-review that can be further edited. To understand how novice and experienced meta-reviewers use MetaWriter, we conducted a within-subject study with 32 participants. Each participant wrote meta-reviews for two papers: one with and one without MetaWriter. We found that MetaWriter significantly expedited the authoring process and improved the coverage of meta-reviews, as rated by experts, compared to the baseline. While participants recognized the efficiency benefits, they raised concerns around trust, over-reliance, and agency. We also interviewed six paper authors to understand their opinions of using machine intelligence to support the peer review process and reported critical reflections. We discuss implications for future interactive AI writing tools to support complex synthesis work.
Not Quite Filling the Void: Comparing the Perceptions of Local Online Groups and Local Media Pages on Facebook
Authors: Aubin Le Quéré Marianne , Naaman Mor , Fields Jenna
Published: April 2024

With the steady closure of local newspapers, news consumers increasingly turn to community forums and neighborhood apps to fill the information void. This study investigates how local online groups are perceived relative to more traditional local news outlets, and compares the benefits provided by each information source. Based on prior theoretical contributions, we develop a framework for measuring the benefits of local information on individual-level pro-community attitudes (attachment, knowledge, and civic attitudes.) In a field experiment (N=170), we asked frequent Facebook users living in four U.S. cities to start following local news pages or local online groups on Facebook for one month, and compared their perceptions of source quality and changes in pro-community attitudes. We find that posts from local news pages are perceived to be of higher quality than posts from local online groups. However, following local news pages or local groups did not lead to significant changes in pro-community attitudes during our study period. We discuss implications for the future study of local news in a changing media ecology.
Opportunities in Mental Health Support for Informal Dementia Caregivers Suffering from Verbal Agitation
Authors: Kim Taewook , Kim Hyeok , Roberts Angela C. , Jacobs Maia , Kay Matthew
Published: April 2024

People with dementia (PwD) often present verbal agitation such as cursing, screaming, and persistently complaining. Verbal agitation can impose mental distress on informal caregivers (e.g., family, friends), which may cause severe mental illnesses, such as depression and anxiety disorders. To improve informal caregivers' mental health, we explore design opportunities by interviewing 11 informal caregivers suffering from verbal agitation of PwD. In particular, we first characterize how the predictability of verbal agitation impacts informal caregivers' mental health and how caregivers' coping strategies vary before, during, and after verbal agitation. Based on our findings, we propose design opportunities to improve the mental health of informal caregivers suffering from verbal agitation: distracting PwD (in-situ support; before), prompting just-in-time maneuvers (information support; during), and comfort and education (social & information support; after). We discuss our reflections on cultural disparities between participants. Our work envisions a broader design space for supporting informal caregivers' well-being and describes when and how that support could be provided.
Peerdea: Co-Designing a Peer Support Platform with Creative Entrepreneurs
Authors: Kotturi Yasmine , Yu Jenny , Khadpe Pranav , Gatz Erin , Zheng Harvey , Fox Sarah E. , Kulkarni Chinmay
Published: April 2024

Creative entrepreneurs rely on online platforms to build community and overcome isolated work conditions. However, because of frequent attempts by larger brands to use their work without permission, creative entrepreneurs constrain their use of social platforms to safeguard their intellectual property. In this paper, we describe a multi-year partnership with a feminist makerspace to build a social platform, called Peerdea, that centered creative entrepreneurs' needs such that online feedback, information exchange, goal setting, and accountability were more readily available to them. Through an iterative, community-collaborative approach with 46 creative entrepreneurs, we report on the kinds of peer support entrepreneurs sought on Peerdea such as feedback on in-progress and unpolished work. We argue that by aligning Peerdea's design with the makerspace's community of practice, Peerdea leveraged the relationship and trust building that occurs more readily in person for entrepreneurs. In addition, we highlight the role of a community leader who actively managed the relationships between researchers and entrepreneurs, surfaced research failures and championed successes, and provided critical mediation for co-design when participants' livelihoods were implicated.
Platformization of Inequality: Gender and Race in Digital Labor Platforms
Authors: Munoz Isabel , Kim Pyeonghwa , O'Neil Clea , Dunn Michael , Sawyer Steve
Published: April 2024

We contribute empirical and conceptual insights regarding the roles of digital labor platforms in online freelancing, focusing attention to social identities such as gender, race, ethnicity, and occupation. Findings highlight how digital labor platforms reinforce and exacerbate identity-based stereotypes, bias and expectations in online freelance work. We focus on online freelancing as this form of working arrangement is becoming more prevalent. Online freelancing also relies on the market-making power of digital platforms to create an online labor market. Many see this as one likely future of work with less bias. Others worry that labor platforms' market power allows them to embed known biases into new working arrangements: a platformization of inequality. Drawing on data from 108 online freelancers, we discuss six findings: 1) female freelance work is undervalued; 2) gendered occupational expectations; 3) gendered treatment; 4) shared expectations of differential values; 5) racial stereotypes and expectations; and 6) race and ethnicity as an asset. We discuss the role of design in the platformization and visibility of social identity dimensions, and the implications of the reinforced identity perceptions and marginalization in digital labor platforms.
Preferences for AI Explanations Based on Cognitive Style and Socio-Cultural Factors
Authors: Kopecka Hana , Such Jose , Luck Michael
Published: April 2024

Designing AI systems with the capacity to explain their behaviour is paramount to enable human oversight, facilitate trust, promote acceptance of technology and, ultimately, empower users and improve their experience. There are, however, several challenges to explainable AI, one of which is the generation and selection of explanations from the causal history of a given event. Causal attribution, among other cognitive processes, has been found to be influenced by socio-cultural factors, which suggests that there could be systematic differences in preferences for AI explanations between communities of users according to their cognitive style and socio-cultural characteristics. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between preferences in the explanations provided by belief-desire-intention AI agents, cognitive style (holistic vs analytical), and socio-cultural factors, such as gender, education, social class, and political and religious beliefs. We found a relationship between explanation preference, cognitive style and various socio-cultural characteristics. Holistic cognitive style is associated with preference for goal explanations while analytic cognitive style is associated with preference for belief explanations. Socio-cultural variables that affect explanation preference are gender, religious beliefs, educational attainment, some fields of education, and political party affiliation.
Productivity or Equity? Tradeoffs in Volunteer Microtasking in Humanitarian OpenStreetMap
Authors: Yin Yaxuan , Guo Longjie , Thebault-Spieker Jacob
Published: April 2024

Microtasking, the decomposition of tasks into small units of work, is prolific in human computation and crowdsourcing. Some peer production systems are beginning to leverage this same technique in volunteer contribution-based settings. While early research suggests that focusing volunteer work in this way using microtasking may be fruitful, the effects of microtasking on contributor behavior in volunteer peer production settings, like OpenStreetMap, remain unclear. This paper takes advantage of a natural experiment facilitated by the Humanitarian OpenStreetMap's Tasking Manager, a microtasking system, and employs causal inference analysis to evaluate the effects of a microtasking intervention on contributor dynamics. Our study systematically leverages a global dataset to analyze peer production dynamics, building on prior research to address a gap in peer production literature and informing the design of the microtasking interfaces. We causally show that, indeed, microtasking can be an effective intervention in peer production settings, but it may exacerbate power-law patterns that are common in such settings. By further analyzing project design decisions and characteristics, we develop implications for platform practitioners, with a focus on addressing engagement and contribution inequity issues prevalent in settings like OpenStreetMap.
Seamful XAI: Operationalizing Seamful Design in Explainable AI
Authors: Ehsan Upol , Liao Q. Vera , Passi Samir , Riedl Mark O. , Daumé Hal
Published: April 2024

Mistakes in AI systems are inevitable, arising from both technical limitations and sociotechnical gaps. While black-boxing AI systems can make the user experience seamless, hiding the seams risks disempowering users to mitigate fallouts from AI mistakes. Instead of hiding these AI imperfections, can we leverage them to help the user? While Explainable AI (XAI) has predominantly tackled algorithmic opaqueness, we propose that seamful design can foster AI explainability by revealing and leveraging sociotechnical and infrastructural mismatches. We introduce the concept of Seamful XAI by (1) conceptually transferring "seams" to the AI context and (2) developing a design process that helps stakeholders anticipate and design with seams. We explore this process with 43 AI practitioners and real end-users, using a scenario-based co-design activity informed by real-world use cases. We found that the Seamful XAI design process helped users foresee AI harms, identify underlying reasons (seams), locate them in the AI's lifecycle, learn how to leverage seamful information to improve XAI and user agency. We share empirical insights, implications, and reflections on how this process can help practitioners anticipate and craft seams in AI, how seamfulness can improve explainability, empower end-users, and facilitate Responsible AI.
Security Patchworking in Lebanon: Infrastructuring Across Failing Infrastructures
Authors: Mcclearn Jessica , Jensen Rikke Bjerg , Talhouk Reem
Published: April 2024

In this paper we bring to light the infrastructuring work carried out by people in Lebanon to establish and maintain everyday security in response to multiple simultaneously failing infrastructures. We do so through interviews with 13 participants from 12 digital and human rights organisations and two weeks of ethnographically informed fieldwork in Beirut, Lebanon, in July 2022. Through our analysis we develop the notion of security patchworking that makes visible the infrastructuring work necessitated to secure basic needs such as electricity provision, identity authentication and financial resources. Such practices are rooted in differing mechanisms of protection that often result in new forms of insecurity. We discuss the implications for CSCW and HCI researchers and point to security patchworking as a lens to be used when designing technologies to support infrastructuring, while advocating for collaborative work across CSCW and security research.
Sustaining the Usefulness and Appeal of an Older Adult-led Makerspace through Developing and Adapting Resources
Authors: Hu Ruipu , Pradhan Alisha , Bonsignore Elizabeth , Lazar Amanda
Published: April 2024

Researchers are studying makerspaces as one way to support older adults in learning about and using new technologies and tools. In this paper, through a long-term (34 months), ethnographic approach, we study the ways that older adults arranged sociotechnical resources to sustain the community use of a makerspace. Our analysis identifies three interconnected resources that were developed: an adaptive staffing approach that could withstand constant personnel shifts and shortages; structured activities to draw interest and overcome challenges associated with learning to use the machines; and reference materials to support individuals in independent usage of the space. We describe the issues that arose as time went on with each of these resource types, and how individuals affiliated with the makerspace adapted the resources to address these issues. In the discussion, we extend best practices by reflecting on strategies that worked well in the makerspace, such as drawing interest through introductory classes, as well as different purposes for reference materials to support technology use.
Towards a Social Ecological Approach to Supporting Caseworkers in Promoting the Online Safety of Youth in Foster Care
Authors: Badillo-Urquiola Karla , Agha Zainab , Abaquita Denielle , Harpin Scott B. , Wisniewski Pamela J.
Published: April 2024

This research examines how caseworkers collaborate with foster families to address adolescent online safety. We interviewed 32 caseworkers who worked with teens (ages 13-17) in foster care within the past 5 years. Using thematic analysis, we found that case managers are most concerned about sexual-related risks that result in physical abuse (e.g., sex trafficking) or online interactions that facilitated offline risks (e.g., runaway, illegal drug activity), rather than risks that only manifested in virtual spaces. Yet, inadequate training and insufficient support left caseworkers at a loss for how to address these challenges on top of their already heavy caseloads, often making online safety an afterthought. We call on the foster care system to place a higher priority in providing collaborative and socio-technical ecological support for caseworkers, foster parents, and children, so that early risk prevention in online spaces can support the safety and well-being of foster youth offline.
Meditating in Live Stream: An Autoethnographic and Interview Study to Investigate Motivations, Interactions and Challenges
Authors: Li Jingjin , Guo Jiajing , Leshed Gilly
Published: April 2024

Mindfulness practice has many mental and physical well-being benefits. With the increased popularity of live stream technologies and the impact of COVID-19, many people have turned to live stream tools to participate in online meditation sessions. To better understand the practices, challenges, and opportunities in live-stream meditation, we conducted a three-month autoethnographic study, during which two researchers participated in live-stream meditation sessions as the audience. Then we conducted a follow-up semi-structured interview study with 10 experienced live meditation teachers who use different live-stream tools. We found that live meditation, although having a weaker social presence than in-person meditation, facilitates attendees in establishing a practice routine and connecting with other meditators. Teachers use live streams to deliver the meditation practice to the world which also enhances their practice and brand building. We identified the challenges of using live-stream tools for meditation from the perspectives of both audiences and teachers, and provided design recommendations to better utilize live meditation as a resource for mental wellbeing.
Users' Perceptions of Online Child Abuse Detection Mechanisms
Authors: Deldari Elmira , Thakkar Parth , Yao Yaxing
Published: April 2024

Child sexual exploitation and abuse (CSEA) online has become a major safety issue for children to access the Internet. To combat CSEA, electronics services providers (ESP) have implemented various mechanisms to detect child sexual abuse materials (CSAM). However, these mechanisms, despite their capability to prevent the mass distribution of CSAM online, may raise significant privacy concerns among general users. In this paper, we conducted a semi-structured interview study with 23 participants to understand their privacy perceptions of two types of online CSAM detection mechanisms. Our results suggested that users were concerned about the transparency of the detection process, inappropriate access to users' data, and unclear boundaries of such mechanisms. Our results also highlight that, even though the majority of participants choose to sacrifice their privacy for societal benefits, they still have privacy concerns that need to be addressed. We discuss the design and policy implications for ESP to improve users' awareness of the data practices of these mechanisms, alleviate users' privacy concerns, and increase societal benefits.