bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A 2‐Stage Attribute‐Variable Control Chart to Monitor a Vector of Process Means
Authors: Melo Moizes S. , Ho Linda Lee , Medeiros Pledson G.
Published: February 2017

The aim of this paper is to propose a combined attribute‐variable control chart, namely Max D − T2, to monitor a vector of process means μ = [μ1,…,μq] in a multivariate process control. The procedure consists of splitting a sample of size n into two sub‐samples of sizes n1 and n2(n = n2 + n2), determined by an optimized process. Units of the first sub‐sample are evaluated by an attribute inspection. Using a device like a gauge ring, each unit of the first sub sample is considered approved related to the quality characteristic i if Xi∈[
;
]; otherwise, it is disapproved in the characteristic i, where
and
(obtained by an optimization) are respectively the lower and upper discriminating limits of the quality dimension Xi. If the number of disapproved items in any quality characteristic is higher than a control limit, then the measurement of the q quality characteristics is taken on each unit of the second sub‐sample and the statistic T2 is calculated. If T2 < L(L, the control limit) the process is judged as in control. The process will suffer intervention if both charts signal. The procedure has an advantage to not inspect the units of the second sub‐sample if the first sub‐sample indicates that the process is in control. This proposal shows a better performance than T2 control chart for a large number of scenarios. The two control limits and discriminant limits are optimized to reach a desired value of ARL0 and to minimize ARL1. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Streambed Disturbance over a Long Flood Series
Authors: Haschenburger J. K.
Published: February 2017

Flooding and channel characteristics control the occurrence, spatial extent, and depth of streambed disturbance. This research quantifies the frequency and depth of streambed disturbance in a small, coastal salmon‐spawning stream resulting from 249 floods. Bed disturbance was documented by monitoring the three‐dimensional positions of gravel tracers and producing cellular maps within a geographic information system (GIS). The most active areas make up about 1% of the streambed. Undisturbed areas constitute between 31 and 53% of the bed. Maximum disturbance depths exceed 20 cm in more than half of the active bed. Logistic regression equations based on two bed characteristics correctly describe disturbance frequency and depth over most of the bed. Results provide insight into the active zone of bedload transport, correspond with expectations of partial sediment transport, and document potential refugia that persist over many life cycles of the stream community. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local‐scale Benefits of River Connectivity Restoration Planning Beyond Jurisdictional Boundaries
Authors: Milt A. W. , Doran P. J. , Ferris M. C. , Moody A. T. , Neeson T. M. , McIntyre P. B.
Published: February 2017

Conservation planning aims to optimize outcomes for select species or ecosystems by directing resources toward high‐return sites. The possibility that local benefits might be increased by directing resources beyond the focal area is rarely considered. We present a case study of restoring river connectivity for migratory fish of the Great Lakes Basin by removing dams and road crossings within municipal jurisdictions versus their broader watersheds. We found that greater river connectivity could often be achieved by considering both intra‐jurisdictional and extra‐jurisdictional barriers. Focusing on jurisdictional barriers alone generally forfeited <20% (median = 0%) of habitat gains for those who value solely habitat gains within the jurisdiction, but >75% (median = 100%) for planners who value larger‐scale habitat gains. Similarly, cost savings tended to be between −50% and +50%, but in some cases were very negative. Our study underscores the local‐scale benefits of broadening restoration investments, especially for decision makers of the Great Lakes Basin and contributes to a discussion of appropriate and efficient scales of conservation planning. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FairAccess: a new Blockchain‐based access control framework for the Internet of Things
Authors: Ouaddah Aafaf , Abou Elkalam Anas , Ait Ouahman Abdellah
Published: February 2017

Security and privacy are huge challenges in Internet of Things (IoT) environments, but unfortunately, the harmonization of the IoT‐related standards and protocols is hardly and slowly widespread. In this paper, we propose a new framework for access control in IoT based on the blockchain technology. Our first contribution consists in providing a reference model for our proposed framework within the Objectives, Models, Architecture and Mechanism specification in IoT. In addition, we introduce FairAccess as a fully decentralized pseudonymous and privacy preserving authorization management framework that enables users to own and control their data. To implement our model, we use and adapt the blockchain into a decentralized access control manager. Unlike financial bitcoin transactions, FairAccess introduces new types of transactions that are used to grant, get, delegate, and revoke access. As a proof of concept, we establish an initial implementation with a Raspberry PI device and local blockchain. Finally, we discuss some limitations and propose further opportunities. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strong designated verifier signature scheme from lattices in the standard model
Authors: Noh Geontae , Jeong Ik Rae
Published: February 2017

In a strong designated verifier signature scheme, only the designated verifier can determine the identity of the signer; others cannot identify the signer or the verifier. To date, one strong designated verifier signature scheme from lattices has been proposed, only in the random oracle model. In this paper, we propose the first strong designated verifier signature scheme from lattices in the standard model. The proposed scheme satisfies the requirements of unforgeability, nontransferability, and privacy of the signer's identity. This scheme can be easily extended to an identity‐based strong designated verifier signature scheme and an (identity‐based) strong multi‐designated verifiers signature scheme. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Publicly verifiable secret sharing scheme and its application with almost optimal information rate
Authors: Peng Qiao , Tian Youliang
Published: February 2017

It is well known that the construction of publicly verifiable secret sharing scheme with high information rate is a challenge. The information rates of the existing schemes are generally less than one‐half; for this problem, we put forward a publicly verifiable secret sharing scheme with almost optimal information rate based on multilinear Diffie–Hellman assumption. First, we construct a knowledge commitment scheme by using multilinear map; on the basis of this scheme, we propose a publicly verifiable secret sharing scheme whose information rate is (m − 1)/m (The secret is (m − 1)‐dimensional vector), which is almost asymptotically optimal. Second, the public verifiability of the scheme is achieved by using the multiple linear property of a multilinear map. Again, under multilinear Diffie–Hellman assumption, we proved the security of our scheme. And we apply our publicly verifiable secret sharing scheme to public‐key encryption system skillfully. At last, the performance analysis results show the effectiveness and practicality of our scheme. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolution of Molecular Design of Porphyrin Chromophores for Photovoltaic Materials of Superior Light‐to‐Electricity Conversion Efficiency
Authors: Obraztsov Ievgen , Kutner Wlodzimierz , D'Souza Francis
Published: February 2017

Zinc porphyrins (ZnPs) attract high interest as efficient chromophores for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Progress in the molecular design and solar cell materials led to a record of 13% power conversion efficiency of porphyrin‐sensitized solar cells. Until recently, ZnPs were limitedly used in bulk‐heterojunction solar cells (BHJ SC). However, application of porphyrin chromophores designed for DSSCs to BHJ SCs has rapidly increased the efficiency of the latter with both small‐molecule and polymer ZnP donors. Herein, we briefly review the developmental history of molecular design of ZnPs for DSSCs, and illustrate the influence of this development on the design of small‐molecule and polymer ZnP donors for BHJ SCs.
Process Modeling and Simulation of Biochar Usage in an Electric Arc Furnace as a Substitute for Fossil Coal
Authors: Meier Thomas , Hay Thomas , Echterhof Thomas , Pfeifer Herbert , Rekersdrees Tim , Schlinge Ludger , Elsabagh Sami , Schliephake Henning
Published: February 2017

Increasing demands on the electric arc furnace (EAF) with regard to sustainability and energy efficiency are leading to various technological innovations. To reduce the carbon footprint of the steel production in EAFs, fossil coal can be substituted by biochar as investigated within the GreenEAF research projects. Palm kernel shells (PKS) are used for industrial long‐term trials and showed no negative impact on product quality or energy consumption and are technically feasible, but led to different reaction behavior. For further investigations on PKS usage in the EAF, the charging of biomass is implemented in a dynamic EAF process simulation model. As one of the biggest differences of PKS in comparison to fossil coal, the chemical energy of the higher volatile content is earlier available during the heat. The model considers the chemical composition of the type of coal and distinguishes between volatiles and fixed carbon. The simulation results and measurements of the averaged off‐gas composition are showing the increased reaction rate of PKS. The results are obtained with the same model parameterization as for anthracite charging. In the future, the model will be applicable to analyze various modes of operation with regard to optimized energy and resource efficiency.
Structural changes to starch after acid hydrolysis, debranching, autoclaving‐cooling cycles, and heat moisture treatment (HMT): A review
Authors: Pratiwi Mutiara , Faridah Didah Nur , Lioe Hanifah Nuryani
Published: February 2017

Starch is a carbohydrate polymer consisting of glucose monomers with alpha‐glycosidic bonds comprising amylose (linear chains) and amylopectin (linear and branched chains). Starch modification is generally carried out for two reasons. First, native starch has limited applications. Second, functional properties can be added to starch through the modification to produce resistant starch for use in functional foods. Resistant starch has been revealed to show several health benefits including increasing faecal bulk, lowering colonic pH, and reducing glycaemic response. Acid hydrolysis, debranching, autoclaving‐cooling cycles, and heat moisture treatment (HMT) are the common methods involved in resistant starch production. These modifications can lead to changes in the structure of starch related to its resistance to human digestion. Here, the structural changes observed by gel‐permeation/filtration chromatography (GPC/GFC), Fourier transform infra‐red (FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are discussed.
Inverse load calculation procedure for offshore wind turbines and application to a 5‐MW wind turbine support structure
Authors: Pahn T. , Rolfes R. , Jonkman J.
Published: February 2017

A significant number of wind turbines installed today have reached their designed service life of 20 years, and the number will rise continuously. Most of these turbines promise a more economical performance if they operate for more than 20 years. To assess a continued operation, we have to analyze the load‐bearing capacity of the support structure with respect to site‐specific conditions. Such an analysis requires the comparison of the loads used for the design of the support structure with the actual loads experienced. This publication presents the application of a so‐called inverse load calculation to a 5‐MW wind turbine support structure. The inverse load calculation determines external loads derived from a mechanical description of the support structure and from measured structural responses. Using numerical simulations with the software fast, we investigated the influence of wind‐turbine‐specific effects such as the wind turbine control or the dynamic interaction between the loads and the support structure to the presented inverse load calculation procedure. fast is used to study the inverse calculation of simultaneously acting wind and wave loads, which has not been carried out until now. Furthermore, the application of the inverse load calculation procedure to a real 5‐MW wind turbine support structure is demonstrated. In terms of this practical application, setting up the mechanical system for the support structure using measurement data is discussed. The paper presents results for defined load cases and assesses the accuracy of the inversely derived dynamic loads for both the simulations and the practical application. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What we need is person-centred care
Authors: Heather Stuart Heather
Published: February 2017

None
NONCROSSING SETS AND A GRASSMANN ASSOCIAHEDRON
Authors: SANTOS FRANCISCO , STUMP CHRISTIAN , WELKER VOLKMAR
Published: February 2017

We study a natural generalization of the noncrossing relation between pairs of elements in$[n]$to$k$-tuples in$[n]$that was first considered by Petersenet al.[J. Algebra324(5) (2010), 951–969]. We give an alternative approach to their result that the flag simplicial complex on$\binom{[n]}{k}$induced by this relation is a regular, unimodular and flag triangulation of the order polytope of the poset given by the product$[k]\times [n-k]$of two chains (also called Gelfand–Tsetlin polytope), and that it is the join of a simplex and a sphere (that is, it is a Gorenstein triangulation). We then observe that this already implies the existence of a flag simplicial polytope generalizing the dual associahedron, whose Stanley–Reisner ideal is an initial ideal of the Grassmann–Plücker ideal, while previous constructions of such a polytope did not guarantee flagness nor reduced to the dual associahedron for$k=2$. On our way we provide general results about order polytopes and their triangulations. We call the simplicial complex thenoncrossing complex, and the polytope derived from it the dualGrassmann associahedron. We extend results of Petersenet al.[J. Algebra324(5) (2010), 951–969] showing that the noncrossing complex and the Grassmann associahedron naturally reflect the relations between Grassmannians with different parameters, in particular the isomorphism$G_{k,n}\cong G_{n-k,n}$. Moreover, our approach allows us to show that the adjacency graph of the noncrossing complex admits a natural acyclic orientation that allows us to define aGrassmann–Tamari orderon maximal noncrossing families. Finally, we look at the precise relation of the noncrossing complex and the weak separability complex of Leclerc and Zelevinsky [Amer. Math. Soc. Transl.181(2) (1998), 85–108]; see also Scott [J. Algebra290(1) (2005), 204–220] among others. We show that the weak separability complex is not only a subcomplex of the noncrossing complex as noted by Petersenet al.[J. Algebra324(5) (2010), 951–969] but actually its cyclically invariant part.
Rotational kinematics of large cylindrical particles in turbulence
Authors: Bordoloi Ankur D. , Variano Evan
Published: February 2017

The rotational kinematics of inertial cylinders in homogeneous isotropic turbulence is investigated via laboratory experiments. The effects of particle size and shape on rotation statistics are measured for near-neutrally buoyant particles whose sizes are within the inertial subrange of turbulence. To examine the effects of particle size, three right-circular cylinders (aspect ratio $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}=1$) are considered, with size $d_{eq}=16\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$, $27\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$ and $67\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$. Here, $d_{eq}$ is the diameter of a sphere whose volume is equal to that of the particle and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$ is the Kolmogorov length scale. Results show that the variance of the particle rotation rate follows a $-4/3$ power-law scaling with respect to $d_{eq}$. To examine the effect of particle shape, two cylinders with identical volumes and different aspect ratios ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}=1$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}=4$) are measured. Their motion also scales with $d_{eq}$ regardless of shape. Simultaneous measurements of orientation and rotation for $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}=4$ particles allows a decomposition of rotation along the primary axes of each particle. This analysis shows that there is no preference for rotation about a particle’s symmetry axis, unlike the preference displayed by sub-Kolmogorov-scale particles in previous studies.
Large-scale-vortex dynamos in planar rotating convection
Authors: Guervilly Céline , Hughes David W. , Jones Chris A.
Published: February 2017

Several recent studies have demonstrated how large-scale vortices may arise spontaneously in rotating planar convection. Here, we examine the dynamo properties of such flows in rotating Boussinesq convection. For moderate values of the magnetic Reynolds number ($100\lesssim Rm\lesssim 550$, with $Rm$ based on the box depth and the convective velocity), a large-scale (i.e. system-size) magnetic field is generated. The amplitude of the magnetic energy oscillates in time, nearly out of phase with the oscillating amplitude of the large-scale vortex. The large-scale vortex is disrupted once the magnetic field reaches a critical strength, showing that these oscillations are of magnetic origin. The dynamo mechanism relies on those components of the flow that have length scales lying between that of the large-scale vortex and the typical convective cell size; smaller-scale flows are not required. The large-scale vortex plays a crucial role in the magnetic induction despite being essentially two-dimensional; we thus refer to this dynamo as a large-scale-vortex dynamo. For larger magnetic Reynolds numbers, the dynamo is small scale, with a magnetic energy spectrum that peaks at the scale of the convective cells. In this case, the small-scale magnetic field continuously suppresses the large-scale vortex by disrupting the correlations between the convective velocities that allow it to form. The suppression of the large-scale vortex at high $Rm$ therefore probably limits the relevance of the large-scale-vortex dynamo to astrophysical objects with moderate values of $Rm$, such as planets. In this context, the ability of the large-scale-vortex dynamo to operate at low magnetic Prandtl numbers is of great interest.
On steady non-breaking downstream waves and the wave resistance – Stokes’ method
Authors: Maklakov Dmitri V. , Petrov Alexander G.
Published: February 2017

In this work, we have obtained explicit analytical formulae expressing the wave resistance of a two-dimensional body in terms of geometric parameters of nonlinear downstream waves. The formulae have been constructed in the form of high-order asymptotic expansions in powers of the wave amplitude with coefficients depending on the mean depth. To obtain these expansions, the second Stokes method has been used. The analysis represents the next step of the research carried out in Maklakov & Petrov (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 776, 2015, pp. 290–315), where the properties of the waves have been computed by a numerical method of integral equations. In the present work, we have derived a quadratic system of equations with respect to the coefficients of the second Stokes method and developed an effective computer algorithm for solving the system. Comparison with previous numerical results obtained by the method of integral equations has been made.
An integrated trilobite and conodont biostratigraphy across the base of the Laurentian Whiterockian Series (lower Middle Ordovician) at its stratotype, Whiterock Canyon Narrows, Nevada
Authors: Loch James , Ethington Raymond
Published: February 2017

The outcrop at Whiterock Canyon Narrows, Nevada, is the stratotype for the Middle Ordovician Whiterockian Series in Laurentia. Contrasts in the distribution of trilobites and conodonts between two parallel sections at the stratotype demonstrate the presence of an unconformity separating Ibexian faunas (the historic trilobite Zone J, the more recent restricted “Pseudocybele nasuta” trilobite Zone, theReutterodus andinusconodont Zone) from overlying Whiterockian faunas (Zone L, thePsephosthenaspis pseudobathyurustrilobite Zone, theOrthidiellabrachiopod Zone, theTripodus combsiconodont Zone). The unconformity represents the erosional loss of a minimum of 10 m of shale and bedded limestone within the upper Ninemile Formation. In comparison to more continuous section in the Ibex region, Utah, the equivalent to the thinPsephosthenaspis microspinosatrilobite Zone and, possibly, the uppermost interval of the underlying “P.nasuta” Zone are missing.Illaenus welchinew species is described from the Whiterockian faunas of the upper Ninemile and Antelope Valley formations.
Testing for homologies in the axial skeleton of primitive echinoderms
Authors: Paul Christopher R. C.
Published: February 2017

The extraxial axial theory is used to investigate homology of ambulacral and oral plating because it predicts terminal branching and terminal addition of plates in the axial skeleton, although exceptions to the former may occur in some Paleozoic echinoderms. The variety of morphological designs and anomalous individuals also provide tests of plate homology. Homology of ambulacra is generally accepted, with the hydropore and/or single gonopore in Carpenter’s CD interray. In the 2-1-2 ambulacral pattern the unbranched ambulacrum is always in Carpenter’s A ray. All ambulacral morphology requires just three instructions: ‘grow,’ ‘branch,’ and ‘stop.’ The range of variation in echinoderms with fewer than five ambulacra implies that both the ‘branch’ and ‘stop’ instructions acted independently in all five rays. Numbers of ambulacra may or may not correlate with numbers of orals. Two basic patterns of ‘cystoid’ oral plating occur; with a single radial (circum-oral, CO) plate from each ambulacrum plus a sixth in the CD interray, and with all six interradial peri-oral (PO) plates, with two in the CD interambulacrum. Five ‘orals’ may involve loss of PO3 or PO6. Erect ambulacral structures are lost first in taphonomy and so poorly known. All ambulacral skeletal elements bear the same topological relationship to ambulacral soft tissues. Where branched ambulacra occur, the trunk or flooring plates are often modified first brachiolars or pinnulars. Both brachioles and pinnules may arise from facets developed on one or two flooring plates. Terminal addition of plates, spacing of brachioles/pinnules, and lack of musculature to open cover plates all suggest that ‘cystoids’ had extensions of the water vascular system in their ambulacra.
Estimation of population distributions of habitual nutrient intakebased on a short-run weighed food diary
Authors: Gay Clifton
Published: February 2017

There have been many attempts to characterize day-to-day variation in nutrient intake. This variation has a fixed component, associated with particular days of the week, and a random component. Both components were studied for a range of nutrients, using 4 d weighed diary data from a large, nationally representative survey of people aged 65 years or over. Since day-to-day variation may distort the characterization of the population distribution of habitual nutrient intakes, especially when diets are studied over only a small number of days, a statistical method was developed to correct for this distortion. Results suggested that population distributions of habitual nutrient intake could be accurately constructed from 4 d weighed diary data and that the method might be successfully applied to studies based on as little as 2 d of observation. The method is particularly valuable for correcting estimates of extreme nutrient intakes for biases induced by uneven representation of days of the week and by within-person variation.
Relationship between the fatty acid composition of rat lymphocytes and immune functions
Authors: Moussa Marguerite , Tkaczuk Jean , Ragab Jeannie , Garcia Jésus , Abbal Michel , Ohayon Elie , Ghisolfi Jacques , Thouvenot Jean-Paul
Published: February 2017

The effects of dietary lipids on the fatty acid composition, activation and proliferation of lymphocytes were investigated. Weanling male Wistar rats were fed for 8 weeks on one of two low-fat diets which contained 50 g lipid/kg, or one of two high-fat diets containing 200 g lipid/kg, from either coconut oil or soyabean oil. The fatty acid composition of phospholipids from splenocyte membranes was affected by dietary lipid manipulation, and these differences influenced lymphocyte functions. Increased levels of linoleic acid in spleen lymphocytes correlated negatively with interleukin-2 receptor α-chain expression determined either by measuring the mean fluorescence or by the proportion of cells staining positive for CD25, and with the cell proliferation index. However, we found a positive correlation between interleukin-2 receptor α-chain expression determined by measuring the mean fluorescence and the cell proliferation index with the oleic acid concentration of spleen lymphocytes. Since phospholipid hydrolysis occurs early in lymphocyte activation, immunosuppressive effects induced by polyunsaturated fatty acids, described in the literature, could be due to an increase of linoleic acid or a decrease of oleic acid affecting many components of plasma-membrane-associated events involved in lymphocyte activation.
RESERVATIONS AS UNILATERAL ACTS? EXAMINING THE INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION'S APPROACH TO RESERVATIONS
Authors: Chow Pok Yin S.
Published: February 2017

The law of unilateral acts and the law of treaties are generally considered to be two distinct areas of international law. While the former governs the effect of unilateral undertakings by States, the latter governs,inter alia, the formation, interpretation, termination, and suspension of treaties. In 2011, the International Law Commission (ILC) concluded a two-decade study on reservations. One of its most remarkable insights is the argument that reservations ought to be considered ‘unilateral acts’. Thus, certain rules pertaining the law of unilateral acts ought to apply to reservations. This article critically examines the ILC's novel proposal as well as its attempt to provide answers to contemporary questions on reservations through conceptualizing reservations as unilateral acts.
STATE-LEVEL DIETARY DIVERSITY AS A CONTEXTUAL DETERMINANT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN IN INDIA: A MULTILEVEL APPROACH
Authors: Borkotoky Kakoli , Unisa Sayeed , Gupta Ashish Kumar
Published: February 2017

This study aimed to identify the determinants of nutritional status of children in India with a special focus on dietary diversity at the state level. Household-level consumption data from three rounds of the Consumer Expenditure Survey of the National Sample Survey Organization (1993–2012) were used. Information on the nutritional status of children was taken from the National Family Health Survey (2005–06). Dietary diversity indices were constructed at the state level to examine diversity in quantity of food consumed and food expenditure. Multilevel regression analysis was applied to examine the association of state-level dietary diversity and other socioeconomic factors with the nutritional status of children. It was observed that significant variation in childhood stunting, wasting and underweight could be explained by community- and state-level factors. The results indicate that dietary diversity has increased in India over time, and that dietary diversity at the state level is significantly associated with the nutritional status of children. Moreover, percentage of households with a regular salaried income in a state, percentage of educated mothers and mothers receiving antenatal care in a community are important factors for improving the nutritional status of children. Diversity in complementary child feeding is another significant determinant of nutritional status of children. The study thus concludes that increasing dietary diversity at the state level is an effective measure to reduce childhood malnutrition in India.
The Dynamics of Performance Volatility and Firm Valuation
Authors: Chi Jianxin Daniel , Su Xunhua
Published: February 2017

We construct a model to illustrate the dynamics of cash-flow volatility (CFV) and firm valuation. As a firm progressively invests in its growth opportunities, its book value increases and catches up with its market value, reducing the valuation multiple (Q). CFV decreases because of the diversification effect of investing in more market segments. We document a positive CFV–Q association, which varies with firm size, investment opportunities, and the correlation across market segments. Empirical findings strongly support the model’s predictions and are robust to alternative explanations offered by extant studies on firm growth, volatility, and valuation.
Seasonal Asset Allocation: Evidence from Mutual Fund Flows
Authors: Kamstra Mark J. , Kramer Lisa A. , Levi Maurice D. , Wermers Russ
Published: February 2017

We analyze the flow of money between mutual fund categories, finding strong evidence of seasonality in investor risk aversion. Aggregate investor flow data reveal an investor preference for safe mutual funds in autumn and risky funds in spring. During September alone, outflows from equity funds average $13 billion, controlling for previously documented flow determinants (e.g., capital-gains overhang). This movement of large amounts of money between fund categories is correlated with seasonality in investor risk aversion, consistent with investors preferring safer (riskier) investments in autumn (spring). We find consistent evidence in Canada and also in Australia, where seasons are offset by 6 months.
Key Human Capital
Authors: Israelsen Ryan D. , Yonker Scott E.
Published: February 2017

Firms whose human capital is concentrated in a few irreplaceable employees lack diversification in their human capital stock, exposing them to key human capital risk. Using disclosures of “key man life insurance” to measure this risk, we show that exposed firms are riskier. These younger, smaller, growth firms have abnormally high volatility, and following announcement of key employee departures, the most exposed firms lose 8% of their value. Key employees tend to be highly educated. They are four times more likely to hold PhD degrees than top managers, and firms with key human capital are more innovative.
Short-Term Reversals: The Effects of Past Returns and Institutional Exits
Authors: Cheng Si , Hameed Allaudeen , Subrahmanyam Avanidhar , Titman Sheridan
Published: February 2017

Price declines over the previous quarter lead to stronger reversals across the subsequent 2 months. We explain this finding based on the dual notions that liquidity provision can influence reversals and that agents who act as de facto liquidity providers may be less active in past losers. Supporting these observations, we find that active institutions participate less in losing stocks and that the magnitude of monthly return reversals fluctuates with changes in the number of active institutional investors. Thus, we argue that fluctuations in liquidity provision with past return performance account for the link between return reversals and past returns.
Model Uncertainty and Exchange Rate Forecasting
Authors: Kouwenberg Roy , Markiewicz Agnieszka , Verhoeks Ralph , Zwinkels Remco C. J.
Published: February 2017

Exchange rate models with uncertain and incomplete information predict that investors focus on a small set of fundamentals that changes frequently over time. We design a model selection rule that captures the current set of fundamentals that best predicts the exchange rate. Out-of-sample tests show that the forecasts made by this rule significantly beat a random walk for 5 out of 10 currencies. Furthermore, the currency forecasts generate meaningful investment profits. We demonstrate that the strong performance of the model selection rule is driven by time-varying weights attached to a small set of fundamentals, in line with theory.
The intersection of basic research and conservation: a 30-year study of the Critically Endangered Schiedea adamantis (Caryophyllaceae) on Lē‘ahi (Diamond Head Crater), Hawai‘i
Authors: Sakai Ann K. , Weller Stephen G. , Yang Weigang , Ching Harbin Susan , Portner Talia , Mansker Greg , Bruegmann Marie
Published: February 2017

We report on how a long-term study of the reproductive biology of the Critically Endangered Schiedea adamantis (Caryophyllaceae), one of Hawai‘i's rarest plant species, was leveraged for conservation purposes. Our major goals were to provide seeds with the greatest genetic variation possible for reintroduction and to ensure that both female and hermaphroditic plants of this wind-pollinated species were reintroduced in a manner that maximized both outcrossing and seed production. Schiedea adamantis was one of the first Hawaiian plant species listed under the Endangered Species Act (USA). The species has been studied intensively to test hypotheses addressing the evolution of breeding systems. Information on outcrossing levels and the extent of inbreeding depression was integrated into ongoing reintroduction efforts. Population size peaked in 1994, when 267 flowering individuals were found on Lē‘ahi (Diamond Head Crater). By 2016 only 17 flowering individuals were present, with drought and invasive species being possible causes of this decline. Reintroduction attempts in 1998 using genetically diverse seeds were unsuccessful because of drought and a lack of sufficient supplemental irrigation. Additional reintroduction attempts in 2012 and 2014 were more successful because of increased supplemental irrigation. Plants used in reintroductions represent genotypes long since absent in the natural population, and may contain the genetic variability essential for evolutionary responses to climate change and the spread of invasive species. The destruction of many plants reintroduced in 2015 and 2016 by a fire in March 2016 highlights the need for additional restoration areas at Lē‘ahi and elsewhere, and storage of seeds for future use.
Partitioning the plant diversity of semi-natural grasslands across Japan
Authors: Koyama Asuka , Koyanagi Tomoyo F. , Akasaka Munemitsu , Kusumoto Yoshinobu , Hiradate Syuntaro , Takada Masayuki , Okabe Kimiko
Published: February 2017

Effective conservation of global species diversity requires a clear understanding of spatial scales that support overall diversity across broad scales. Abandonment of semi-natural grasslands has increased their fragmentation and decreased their areal extent. We quantified diversity patterns of plant communities in Japan across hierarchical scales to facilitate the development of an effective nationwide strategy for conserving species diversity in remnant semi-natural grasslands. We applied additive partitioning of plant species diversity, using a nested hierarchical design at three spatial scales (quadrat, grassland, and western and eastern regions of Japan) for three groups of plant species (all species, grassland species and national Red Listed species). We consistently found lower proportions of among-quadrats diversity, and higher proportions of among-grasslands diversity and between-regions diversity in the overall diversity of the entire species complement than would be expected by chance. The high contribution of among-grasslands diversity to overall diversity suggests that each grassland had a unique species content. The second-ranking contributor to overall diversity differed between grassland species and Red Listed species: the second-ranking contributor for grassland species was diversity at the among-quadrats scale but the second-ranking contributor for all species and for Red Listed species was diversity at the between-regions scale. Thus, effective conservation of diversity of the entire species complement in remnant semi-natural grasslands requires preservation of beta diversity in individual grasslands. Our findings highlight the importance of strengthening local preservation and restoration activities within each grassland, and of nationwide strategies for conserving Red Listed species in remnant semi-natural grassland communities.
Lieutenancy and Catholic Recusants in Elizabethan Kent
Authors: McGurk J. J. N.
Published: February 2017

Unlike the Northern and South-Western counties, Kent has not attracted much recusant study, largely because there was nothing like the same degree of loyalty to the old religion as there was in those parts. Kent's proximity to the seat of government, the general absence of wealthy Catholic landowners, and especially the well-used ways to the Kent coast—all proved deterrents to overt ‘papistry’. The immediate danger of official disapproval appears to have been a greater reason for the comparative lack of recusancy than the alleged fact that the Marian persecution had caused a hatred of Catholicism in the shire of Kent. Whether or not the old religion was to flourish in the village communities depended, in Kent as elsewhere, on the encouragement of the local landed gentry.
Elizabethan Priest-Holes: III—East Anglia, Baddesley Clinton, Hindlip
Authors: Hodgetts Michael
Published: February 2017

None of the priest-holes described in the last article show the ingenuity which indicates the craftsmanship of St Nicholas Owen. The earliest dateable examples of his work are in East Anglia, at Oxburgh (c. 1589), Braddocks (1592) and Sawston (1593?). All of these are in remarkably good trim, and all can be documented from Gerard's Autobiography. But since I have already discussed these three houses elsewhere, I shall deal with them fairly briefly here, and then consider in more detail two houses in the west Midlands, Baddesley Clinton and Hindlip, where the hides can be dated to the same five years. The advantage of this procedure is that the well-authenticated examples from East Anglia can furnish a context for the discussion of Baddesley Clinton (where the identification is disputed) and Hindlip (where the house was demolished in 1814 and must be reconstructed from surviving documents).
Lord William Howard (1563–1640) and His Catholic Associations1
Authors: Reinmuth Howard S.
Published: February 2017

Lord William Howard is surely the least known of the fourth Duke of Norfolk's three sons. Although a Catholic, he was not a martyr like his half-brother Philip. Unlike his elder brother Thomas, first Earl of Suffolk, he had no spectacular public career. But because he was not a martyr, he was a more typical Catholic layman than his half-brother; because he lacked high public office and never sought the position of a courtier, but spent his time managing his estates and participating, though as a Catholic unofficially, in local government, he was more typical of landowners of the period than his brother Thomas. Between the two extremes of martyrdom and hypocrisy were the great majority of English Catholics; between these two extremes we can place Lord William Howard of Naworth Castle, Cumberland. In this paper I should like to consider Lord William's Catholicism in three contexts: his own position; in relation to other Catholics through the marriages he arranged for his children; in the attempts he made to protect individual Catholics.
Art. XX.—An Account of the Country of Sindh; with Remarks on the State of Society, the Government, Manners, and Customs of the People
Authors: M‘Murdo James
Published: February 2017

The author of the Tohfat-al-Giráni states, that “the country of Sindh takes its name from Sind, the brother of Hind, the son of Noah. It is reckoned the forty-third of the sixty-one countries of the universe. The line of the second climate passes, from the north, directly through its centre; and although Sindh is situated in the five first climates, it nevertheless chiefly appertains to the second, and, consequently, lies in the region of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.” It would be difficult to discover where the author quoted has found these grandsons of the patriarch; indeed, as is usual in such genealogies, they are probably altogether imaginary. The Hindú writings may, perhaps, afford some more satisfactory explanation of the name; but I have not been so fortunate as to meet with it. As far as I can learn from such sources, this country was called Sindhúdès, or “the country of the ocean,” alluding doubtless to the river Indus, which receives that dignified appellation in their sacred writings. The same authorities also state Sindh to have been governed by a Xhuthi, named Jayadrat'ha, who was slain in the civil wars of the Pandús; and it has, in consequence, sometimes received the name of Jayadrat'hadès, after that chieftain.
Art. XXV.—Remarks on the Revenue System and Landed Tenures of the Provinces under the Presidency of Fort St. George
Authors: Naidu Rámaswami
Published: February 2017

[No questions of greater practical importance, perhaps, have ever occupied the attention of the British government in India, than those of the allodial rights of the inhabitants, and the amount and species of revenue which it might be justified in claiming from them. There are certainly none, among the vast number of peculiar and delicate cases connected with the government of our possessions in that country, which have elicited so much conflicting opinion, which have been more ably argued by men of the highest talent and information, or which have appeared more difficult of solution.
Art. XXVIII.—Biographical Sketches of the Mogul Emperor Jehángír; his Sons Sultán Khurram and Sultán Parvíz; his Grandson Sultán Shujá; and the principal Personages of his Court
Authors: Stewart Charles
Published: February 2017

This very curious and highly-finished painting represents the court of the Emperor Jehángír at Agra, apparently at night. The name of the artist does not appear on the picture; but as the emperor's grandson, Sultán Shujá, who is here portrayed as a boy of about nine years of age, was twenty-four years old when appointed to the government of Bengal in a.d. 1639, the date of the painting may be assumed to be about a.d. 1625.
Analytical study on deep penetration induced by focused moving high-energy beam
Authors: Chen B.C. , Ho C.Y. , Wen M.Y. , Lin V.H. , Lee Y.C.
Published: February 2017

This paper investigates the focal location effects on the penetration depth of molten region surrounding a paraboloid of revolution-shaped cavity (i.e. keyhole of this model) irradiated by a moving focused energy beam, which profile of intensity is assumed to be Gaussian distribution. Considering the momentum balance at the base of the keyhole, a quasi-steady-state thermal model relative to a constant-speed moving high-energy beam and paraboloid of revolution-shaped cavity is developed in a parabolic coordinate system. The analytical solution is obtained for this model with the adiabatic condition directly set on the workpiece surface for semi-infinite domain instead of the image method for infinite domain using the separation-of-variables method. The analytical solution of this model gives a reasonable prediction for the cavity temperatures. The predicted relation of the penetration depth to the focal location agrees with the available measured data. The effects of focal convergence angle and spot size on the penetration depth are also discussed.
Public Practical Reason: An Archeology
Authors: Postema Gerald J.
Published: February 2017

Kant argues that the “discipline” of reason holds us topublicargument and reflective thought. When we speak the language of reasoned judgment, Kant maintains, we “speak with a universal voice,” expecting and claiming the assent of all other rational beings. This language carries with it a discipline requiring us to submit our judgments to the forum of our rational peers. Remarkably, Kant does not restrict this thought to the realm of politics, but rather treats politics as the model for reason's authority in all the provinces that rational beings inhabit.
Oxygen and environmental stress in plants - an overview
Authors: Hendry George A. F. , Crawford R. M. M.
Published: February 2017

The Galileo satellite during its recent passes close to the Earth recorded a planet with an unusual red-absorbing pigment, a poisonous atmosphere, simultaneously rich in oxygen and in methane, with strong, modulated, narrow-band, radio emissions in the MHz frequencies (Sagan et al. 1993). To an observer visiting the solar system, these features; the photo-oxidisable pigment chlorophyll, abundant atmospheric oxygen, the existence of reducing conditions and intelligent life might well appear self-contradictory. While intelligent life is a recent event, the presence of other forms of life based on photosynthesis and survival under both oxygen-rich atmospheres and reducing conditions go back to the earliest times (Table 1). Life on Earth has evolved over nearly 4 G years under atmospheric environments ranging from anoxia, to hypoxia, to hyperoxia (relative to the present day), and not always in that sequence.
Induction of chromosomal damage by ozone in the root meristems of Norway spruce
Authors: Müller M. , Grill D.
Published: February 2017

Synopsis

Spruce plants (one clone of Picea abies (L.) Karst.) were exposed in environmental chambers to different levels of ozone for 42 days to study the influences of enhanced ozone on root tip chromosomes directly after fumigation had ceased. No visible symptoms resulted from these treatments. The classification of chromosomal aberrations was used as a method to characterise the influences on the root tips caused by ozone. In comparison to the control the fumigated variant showed an increased number of chromosomal abnormalities. Another clone of Picea was used to investigate the ‘post-fumigation long-term effect’ in the genetic material caused by enhanced ozone. These clonal trees appeared to be relatively ozone-sensitive, as pigment reduction and chlorotic spots were observed directly after fumigation had ceased. The spruce trees were also exposed in environmental chambers to different levels of ozone for 24 weeks and then they were transferred to a field near the Institute. Some 21 months after the fumigation had ceased those trees that had been fumigated showed an increased number of chromosomal aberrations compared with the control.

The observed chromosomal abnormalities in all the variants of the experiments consisted of chromosomal ‘stickiness’, chromosome breakage, and fragmentation.
Induction of pathogen defence genes in parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.) plants by ozone
Authors: Eckey-Kaltenbach Heidrun , Großkopf Erich , Sandermann Heinrich , Ernst Dietrich
Published: February 2017

Synopsis

Parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.) is known to respond to pathogen attack by the synthesis of furanocoumarins and to UV-irradiation by the synthesis of flavone glycosides, whereas ozone treatment results in the induction of both pathways. Ozone treatment (200 nl 1−1, 10 h) of parsley seedlings results in an increased mRNA level of early genes within 3 h [pathogenesis related proteins PR1, PR2 and an elicitor-induced protein with unknown function (Eli 16)], of intermediate induced genes within 6 h [phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), 4-coumaroyl-CoA ligase (4CL), chalcone synthase (CHS)], and of late genes within 12 h [hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP), peroxidase (POD)]. 2D-PAGE of in vitro translated poly(A)+ RNA isolated from ozone-treated parsley seedlings revealed about 20 induced and 10 repressed translation products. A cDNA library from parsley seedlings was differential screened, yielding several induced cDNA clones. One of the ozone-induced cDNA clones could be identified as coding for PR1-1 by hybrid-selected in vitro translation and by DNA sequence analysis.