bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Practitioners' perspectives on the enablers and barriers to successful Antarctic science‐policy knowledge exchange
Authors: Gardiner Natasha Blaize , Liggett Daniela , Gilbert Neil , Cvitanovic Christopher
Published: December 2024

Multilateral environmental governance regimes like the Antarctic Treaty System are pivotal in addressing today's wicked transboundary socio‐ecological problems and central to their success is the facilitation of constructive knowledge exchange (KE) between research and policymaking communities. Consequently, the literature is now ripe with studies that aim to uncover the elements that enable or hinder KE successes across diverse environmental governance settings. Yet, in the Antarctic context, the KE practices that comprise Antarctic science‐policy interfaces remain empirically under examined. Here we contribute by exploring the perspectives of 31 Antarctic practitioners to develop our understandings of successful KE practices in the policy contexts of the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings and the Committee for Environmental Protection. By adopting a reflexive thematic analysis, we identify 11 enablers and 9 barriers to KE success that are overlapping, interconnected and complex. According to practitioners, in the face of pervasive barriers, such as the often overshadowing effect of politics, a deficiency of KE incentives and large‐scale wicked policy problems, certain Antarctic institutions and practitioners portray strong boundary spanning expertise, which despite the many challenges identified, serves to facilitate KE in support of evidence‐informed decision‐making. However, the extent to which boundary spanners are influential in their leadership varies, and while acknowledging that influential leadership is an important enabler for success, we raise several questions regarding the potentially unexplored assumptions that underpin current KE practices. As Antarctic practitioners share a desire to foster inclusive, iterative and multidirectional science‐policy dialogues among other identified improvements, we suggest that harnessing reflexivity and humility within these processes will be critically important for ensuring that existing asymmetries or inequities are not reinforced under the guise of improved ways of working.
Leptin Levels in Acute and Recovered Eating Disorders: An Arm‐Based Network Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Cassioli Emanuele , Lucherini Angeletti Lorenzo , Rossi Eleonora , Selvi Giulia , Riccardi Elena , Siviglia Serena , Buonanno Roberta , Ricca Valdo , Castellini Giovanni
Published: December 2024

Objective

This study aimed to provide a BMI‐adjusted meta‐analytical calculation of blood leptin levels across different eating disorders (EDs) including anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), recovered EDs, and healthy controls (HCs). The goal was to understand BMI‐independent leptin alterations and their potential as biomarkers.

Method

PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for studies reporting serum leptin in AN, BN, BED, or recovered EDs. A multilevel network meta‐analysis using a linear mixed‐effects meta‐regression model, adjusting for BMI, sex, and assay type, was performed on 146 studies (5048 patients, 3525 controls).

Results

Significant differences in leptin levels were found across EDs. AN patients exhibited the lowest leptin levels, while BED patients had the highest. BN and recovered AN patients had leptin levels similar to AN, significantly lower than HCs. BMI, sex, and assay type were significant covariates. The model accounted for heterogeneity due to diagnostic criteria, assay types, and study‐level differences.

Conclusions

Leptin levels in EDs are significantly altered beyond BMI effects, suggesting disease‐specific factors. These findings support leptin's potential as a biomarker for ED staging and prognosis. Further research is needed to explore leptin's role in ED pathogenesis and trajectory, to identify subpopulations and improve clinical interventions.
Scoping Opportunities for Nitrogen Use Efficiency Among Productive Agricultural Forage Grasses With Diverse Rooting Systems
Authors: Muhandiram N. P. K. , Humphreys M. W. , Fychan R. , Davies J. W. , Scott M. B. , Harper J. , Thomas A. , Powell H. , Sanderson R. , Marley C. L.
Published: December 2024

For forage production to be efficient and environmentally sustainable, the extent and timing of nitrogen fertiliser applications should match the uptake and growth capabilities of a grass crop. A two‐year field experiment, comprising four diverse grass cultivars, was conducted to assess the impact of two contrasting N‐application rates on forage and root biomass (RB) production and nitrogen‐use‐efficiencies (NUEs). Replicated field plots of perennial ryegrass, tall fescue and two Festulolium (ryegrass × fescue hybrid) cultivars were compared at Low N (LN) 178 and High N (HN) 356 kg ha−1 over 2 years. HN applications increased dry matter yield (DMY) in Year 1 (p < 0.05) but not in Year 2. Ryegrass outyielded all in Year 1 but in Year 2, fescue had the highest DMY at HN (p < 0.05), but cultivars did not differ in yield at LN. Festulolium yields were consistently intermediate. Root biomass at LN in Yr1 was highest in the Festulolium (Lolium perenne × Festuca arundinacea var glaucescens) (p < 0.05). For all grasses, and in both years, mean RB and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and nitrogen utilisation efficiency (NutE) were higher under LN, than HN. Nitrogen uptake efficiency (NupE) was similar in all grasses in Year 1, irrespective of N treatment, but in Year 2, excepting tall fescue, was greater in grasses grown under LN. Increasing RB correlated (p < 0.05) with improved NUE and NutE, but no association was evident for NupE. Grass cultivars differed in their response to nitrogen applications. Whilst relative forage production of ryegrass and fescue contrasted over the 2 years, forage yields of Festulolium cultivars were more consistent. In conclusion, HN application depressed NUE by productive grass cultivars and correlations between RB and NUEs may indicate opportunities to help tailor grass cultivar/fertiliser combinations and achieve sustainable forage and root production.
Guide to microfluidic systems and the preparation of emulsions
Authors: Liu Zhe , Zhang Xinyu , Zheng Yichen , Ma Xiaojie , Shi Aimin , Wang Qiang
Published: December 2024

Microfluidic technology, as an effective method for precise manipulation of microfluid volumes, has demonstrated significant potential in the preparation of emulsions. This guideline introduces key components of a microfluidic operating system, including the design of microfluidic chips (such as T‐junction, flow‐focusing, and co‐flowing structures), fluid driving systems, control systems, and observation and detection systems, explaining how they collaborate to accurately control the droplet generation process. In terms of specific steps for emulsion preparation, the guideline details the workflow utilizing microfluidic technology to fabricate both single‐layer O/W and W/O emulsions, as well as complex multi‐layer emulsions, emphasizing critical considerations during experimentation. Through in‐depth understanding and judicious application of microfluidic technology, there is a promise to advance emulsion preparation techniques across various domains, including drug delivery, food technology, biotechnology, and materials science.
Some Memories of Stalking the Seahorse
Authors: Nadel Lynn
Published: December 2024

Early influences that led to the development of the cognitive map theory of hippocampal function, and the multiple trace theory, are discussed. Some details are provided, many are left out.
Explicit Memory, Implicit Memory, and the Hippocampus: Insights From Early Neuroimaging Studies
Authors: Schacter Daniel L.
Published: December 2024

During the 1980s and 1990s, much memory research focused on the differential role of the hippocampus in various forms of memory. My work on the distinction between explicit and implicit memory led me to become involved in several early neuroimaging studies that made use of cognitive paradigms to investigate the conditions in which hippocampal activity does and does not occur, and to address the theoretical implications of these findings. Here, I summarize two such projects and some of the personal backstory associated with them.
Baseline and Rest: A Need for Conceptual Clarity When Measuring Parasympathetic Reactivity and Recovery
Authors: Kolacz Jacek
Published: December 2024

Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity has widespread research applications but poses measurement challenges due to its high sensitivity to environmental conditions and immediate demands. While standardised methods exist for measuring PNS reactivity and recovery in response to stressors, the selection of appropriate baseline and resting states is often overlooked. This commentary argues that a clearer conceptual distinction between baseline, a research construct for comparing values, and rest, a psychophysiological state of low arousal and cognitive engagement, is crucial for data interpretation. This includes a need for explicitly justifying baseline conditions in relation to research goals and validating rest conditions. By improving the clarity and rigour of baseline and rest, researchers can enhance the interpretability of PNS reactivity and recovery measures, supporting integration of research findings across studies.
Factors associated with maternal mortality in eastern Ethiopia: A multicenter case–control study
Authors: Yuya Mohammed , Tura Abera Kenay , Girma Sagni , Ahmed Redwan , Knight Marian , van den Akker Thomas
Published: December 2024

Objective

The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with maternal mortality in 13 public hospitals with maternity units in eastern Ethiopia.

Methods

A nested case‐control study embedded within the Ethiopian Obstetric Surveillance System (EthOSS) cohort. EthOSS was established in April 2021 to monitor women admitted with severe obstetric complications (e.g., obstetric hemorrhage, eclampsia, uterine rupture, sepsis, and severe anemia) during pregnancy, childbirth or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy. The cases were all women who died during pregnancy, childbirth, or postpartum in these hospitals, while women who survived these complications were the controls. For each case, we randomly selected three controls. The factors associated with maternal mortality were described using adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). Associations were examined using binary logistic regression analysis followed by multivariable logistic regression analysis for factors with P < 0.25. Finally, P < 0.05 was considered as the cut‐off for a statistically significant association.

Results

A total of 280 women (70 cases and 210 controls) were included in the study. Compared to survivors, women who died were more likely to have given birth by caesarean section (aOR = 3.35; 95% CI 1.49–7.53), to have been admitted into an intensive care unit (aOR = 6.58; 95% CI 2.08–20.82), to have had postpartum hemorrhage (aOR = 6.39; 95% CI 2.56–15.94), and to have had a pre‐existing medical condition (aOR = 5.39; 95% CI 1.16–24.99).

Conclusion

Improving maternal survival requires appropriate indications for caesarean sections, safe surgical conditions, seamless communication between facilities (particularly in high‐risk pregnancies), adequate multidisciplinary care for women with pre‐existing conditions, and effective intensive care.
FIGO‐GCH joint consensus statement on the current status and recommendations for the use of blind intrauterine procedures in the evaluation and management of women with suspected intrauterine pathologies
Authors: Villegas‐Echeverri Juan Diego , Pope Rachel , Robert Magali , Meinhold‐Heerlein Ivo , Haimovich Sergio , Carugno José , Pacheco Luis A. , Sardo Attilio Di Spiezio
Published: December 2024

Historically, blind intrauterine procedures such as dilation and curettage (D&C) and blind endometrial biopsies have been the primary approach for diagnosing and managing intrauterine pathologies. However, these techniques lack direct visualization, leading to diagnostic limitations, incomplete treatment, and increased complication rates. Despite substantial advances in hysteroscopic technology, including high‐definition imaging and minimally invasive instruments, blind procedures remain widely used. This paper examines the limitations of blind intrauterine procedures, underscoring the advantages of hysteroscopy, which provides real‐time visualization and allows for more accurate, targeted interventions. With the adoption of the “See and Treat” philosophy, hysteroscopy enables nearly 90% of procedures to be performed in an office setting, enhancing both patient convenience and outcomes. FIGO and GCH advocate for the gradual replacement of blind procedures with hysteroscopic approaches whenever feasible, noting that hysteroscopy improves diagnostic accuracy, reduces risks, and minimizes the need for repeat interventions. Recommendations include expanding access to hysteroscopy through targeted training, especially in low‐ and middle‐income countries, where financial and logistical barriers limit access to advanced gynecological care. Furthermore, this paper emphasizes the importance of patient‐centered care, encouraging transparent counseling to support informed decision‐making.
No Mow May and Leave The Leaves: The impact of social campaigns on turf quality
Authors: Stricker Sara M. , Jordan Katerina , Watson John R. , Lyons Eric
Published: December 2024

The No Mow May and Leave The Leaves social media campaigns, both of which advocate for a minimalist approach to turf management in various settings including home lawns, parks, and urban greenspaces, have gained momentum in the public consciousness. No Mow May encourages homeowners and municipalities to refrain from mowing the grass in May, and Leave The Leaves recommends refraining from raking and removing fallen tree leaves in the autumn. The underlying goal is to support biodiversity, particularly pollinators, by either allowing wildflowers to flourish or providing an overwintering habitat for insects and other small creatures. This study examined each of these campaigns and the combination of both on turf quality and weed establishment. By avoiding lawn mowing until June, the unintended consequences were increased weed invasion and decreased turf quality. Regardless of Leaf treatment, flower number did not differ between mowed and unmowed treatments except when counting immediately followed mowing. Thick leaf litter over turf in the winter led to turf death followed by weed invasion. The challenges we observed associated with No Mow May and Leave The Leaves initiatives could be addressed by integrating science‐backed practices and considering regional variations in climate and grass species. This would ensure that both environmental conservation and turf health are considered.
Turfgrass species and sward age influence soil carbon pools near the soil surface
Authors: Trappe Jon M. , Law Quincy D. , Patton Aaron J.
Published: December 2024

Enhancing soil carbon (C) sequestration helps reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Turfgrasses are important crops in the urban environment and have shown potential for C sequestration. However, little is known about how turfgrass species selection affects soil C concentration or how this varies over time. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effect of three turfgrass species, sward age, and soil sampling depth on total soil C and N, soil organic matter (SOM), and labile soil C. A total of 25 locations throughout Indiana were sampled from established swards of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), tall fescue [Festuca arundinacea Schreb.; syn. Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort., nom. cons.], and zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) with varying sward age. Turfgrass species affected soil total C and labile C concentrations but had no effect on soil total nitrogen (N) or SOM. Differences between the C pools of soils under turf 0–10 years in age compared to those 11–25 years in age only occurred near the soil surface. As turf swards age, total soil C, total soil N, and SOM increased near the soil surface (0‐ to 7.5‐cm depth) and little beyond the 7.5 cm in depth. The strong relationship (p ≤ 0.0001, R2 > 0.57) between total N, SOM, and labile C highlighted their interplay in the mineralization of N from SOM and changes in the short‐term C pool of a turfgrass system.
Evaluating the sustainability of turfgrass lawn assemblages
Authors: Gould Thomas M. , Thoms Adam W. , Thompson Grant L. , Biggs Molly A.
Published: December 2024

Turfgrasses are estimated to cover significant land areas in the United States. It is important to ensure lawns are sustainable while still maintaining ecosystem services. Previous research has evaluated the sustainability of mixing species and cultivars. Cultivar performance was not accounted for in prior studies. Sixteen cultivars were selected from the National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP) trials based on turfgrass quality and commercial availability (four Kentucky bluegrass [Poa pratensis L.; KBG] cultivars, four tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus Scherb.; TF] cultivars, four fine fescue [Festuca spp.; FF] cultivars, and four perennial ryegrass [Lolium perenne L.; PR] cultivars). Cultivars were grouped into various assemblage types (monocultures, three‐species mixes, three‐cultivar blends, and three‐species by three‐cultivar mixes). Turfgrass assemblages were all similar in drought tolerance, soil organic carbon, and soil microbial biomass. Three cultivar assemblages exhibited higher percent green cover from 42 days after seeding until the end of establishment. Three species and three cultivar assemblages leached similar or lower nitrate levels than three‐species by three‐cultivar assemblages and monocultures.
Modulating the oxygen affinity of porphyrins with metals, ligands, and functional groups: A DFT study
Authors: Ovalle Sebastian , Malardier‐Jugroot Cecile
Published: December 2024

The interaction between different metals (M), axial ligands (L), and ring substituents (R) in porphyrins was investigated using density functional theory. Different combinations of iron and cobalt as metal centers; imidazole, chlorine, and an n‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) as axial ligands, and unsubstituted, octaethyl‐, and tetraphenyl‐porphyrins were explored in their low, intermediate, and high‐spin states, alongside oxygen affinity. Remarkably, the n‐heterocyclic carbene enhanced the affinity of cobalt porphyrins to oxygen, with binding energies on average 4.4 kcal mol−1 higher than FeP with the same ligand, and 0.78 kcal mol−1 higher than FeP with imidazole. The planarity of the iron tetraphenyl porphyrin with imidazole compared to its ruffled cobalt counterpart is noteworthy in both oxy‐ and deoxy‐forms, highlighting imidazole's stabilizing influence on the porphyrin structure, particularly iron porphyrins, alongside imidazole's stabilizing effect on the affinity to O2. Despite the significant non‐planarity induced by NHC as an axial ligand ‐regardless of the metal or ring substituent used‐, it did not hinder the affinity of CoP to O2 (14.26 kcal mol−1, on average) as it did with the FeP with NHC (9.88 kcal mol−1, on average). Cobalt porphyrins with n‐heterocyclic carbene ligands show promising potential for O2 activation or oxygen transport applications. The results show the complex interactions between the different parts of metalloporphyrins and highlight the capability of tailoring their affinity to O2. It also exemplifies the stabilizing effect of imidazole on the porphyrins, providing a very narrow range of binding energies and smaller differences in their geometries.
Comparison between produced Tingui biochar versus commercial Norit in the adsorption of acetaminophen and diclofenac: characterization, batch, and fixed bed system
Authors: dos Santos Débora Federici , Moreira Wardleison Martins , de Araújo Thiago Peixoto , Bernardo Maria Manuel Serrano , de Figueiredo Ligeiro da Fonseca Isabel Maria , Ostroski Indianara Conceição , de Barros Maria Angélica Simões Dornellas , Sousa‐Aguiar Eduardo Falabella
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND

In pressing environmental challenges, practical solutions to remove organic contaminants from water are paramount. This study undertook a crucial task of comparing two adsorbents: BT‐KOH, synthesized from Tingui bark activated with potassium hydroxide, and Norit commercial carbon. The comparison was based on experimental data from adsorption kinetics and isotherm tests in batch and fixed bed systems, targeting the removal of acetaminophen and diclofenac. Physico‐chemical characterization analyses of the materials were also conducted to enhance the comparison.

RESULTS

The study's key finding was the superior performance of BT‐KOH over Norit in removing acetaminophen and diclofenac. The maximum adsorption capacities for acetaminophen were 357.7 mg g−1 for BT‐KOH and 226.3 mg g−1 for Norit. For diclofenac, these values were 250.6 mg g−1 for BT‐KOH and 220.9 mg g−1 for Norit. This superiority was attributed to BT‐KOH's larger specific surface area and higher quantities of oxygen‐containing functional groups.

CONCLUSION

The result underscores the importance of considering the physical–chemical composition of materials in the quest for more effective and sustainable water treatment methods. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Deepening the participation of neurodivergent youth in qualitative mental health research: Co‐development of a general approach and the evaluation of its implementation in a study on emotion
Authors: Kakoulidou Myrofora , Pavlopoulou Georgia , Chandler Susie , Lukito Steve , Matejko Maciej , Jackson Isabel , Balwani Beta , Boyens Tiegan , Poulton Dorian , Harvey‐Nguyen Luke , Glen Zoe , Wilson Archie , Ly Elisa , Macauley Elizabeth , Baker Sylvan , Bullen Georgina , Sonuga‐Barke Edmund J. S. ,   RE‐STAR team
Published: December 2024

Background

There is a growing expectation that neurodivergent young people, such as those with diagnoses of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and/or autism, should play a central role in shaping research on neurodevelopmental conditions. However, currently, their involvement is typically limited to arms‐length advice. To address this, the Regulating Emotions‐Strengthening Adolescent Resilience (RE‐STAR) programme has co‐developed a framework for deepening the involvement of neurodivergent participants in translational research. Here we apply this to build, implement and evaluate a new approach to participatory qualitative research.

Methods

Development – Building on the track record of successful collaboration between RE‐STAR academic researchers (ARs) and its Youth Researcher Panel (Y‐RP), a cycle of meetings was convened to co‐develop a collaborative protocol for the participatory approach. Implementation – ARs and Y‐RPers applied the general protocol to study a specific topic. This involved co‐designing and co‐delivering an interview schedule to study the emotional experiences of 12 adolescents with diagnoses of ADHD and/or autism and then co‐analysing the interviews. Evaluation – ARs, Y‐RPers and interviewees shared their reflections on the participatory approach and its implementation, during interviews (N = 36) and short open‐ended surveys (N = 22).

Results

Development ‐ The protocol for the participatory approach gave detailed advice on how to engage Y‐RP members (or equivalent) in the co‐design, co‐delivery and co‐analysis of interviews. Implementation ‐ The approach was successfully implemented by ARs and Y‐RPers working together to co‐design an interview to study the emotional lives of adolescents with diagnoses of ADHD and/or autism, co‐deliver it and then co‐analyse the interview scripts. Evaluation ‐ The implementation experience of the Y‐RP, ARs and interviewees was characterised by common themes relating to (a) adapting research methods and making practical adjustments; (b) taking on new roles, adding value to research and (c) valuing neurodivergent characteristics.

Conclusions

This new RE‐STAR protocol proved feasible to implement in a way that was generally perceived, from multiple perspectives, to add depth and authenticity to research into the experiences of neurodivergent young people.
Effects of high‐pressure and CaCl2 pretreatments on the salt taste‐enhancing activity of hydrolysate derived from spent hen meat
Authors: Chen Ruixia , Liu Xiao‐Chen , Yao Xianqi , Wang Wei , Xiang Junyi , Tomasevic Igor , Sun Weizheng
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND

High‐sodium intake has been proven to bring serious risks to public health. A potential sodium substitute of salt taste‐enhancing hydrolysate (STEH) of protein has been focused on recently. The salt taste‐enhancing activity (STEA) of STEH still needs to be improved. High‐pressure and calcium chloride (CaCl2) pretreatments were reported to affect proteolysis and promote the release of bioactive peptides. Hence, we investigated effects of high‐pressure and CaCl2 pretreatments on hydrolysis and STEA of STEH derived from spent hen.

RESULTS

The pretreatments significantly influenced STEA of spent hen meat hydrolysate (SHH), especially 200 MPa pressure and 80 mmol L−1 CaCl2 pretreatments increased 27.1% salt taste intensity of SHH compared to that of blank (without pretreatments) according to sensory evaluation, the SHH umami also increased after pretreatments. In SHH, the proportion of peptides < 1000 Da increased up to 79.37% after the pretreatments compared to 73.68% of the blank. The degree of hydrolysis (DH) increased to 19.45% for moderate high‐pressure (200 MPa) from 18.02% for blank, and the DH decreased after higher high‐pressure and CaCl2 pretreatments, especially for CaCl2 in 80 mmol L−1. The change in particle size distribution of SHH has similar trends to DH.

CONCLUSION

High‐pressure and CaCl2 pretreatments increased STEA of SHH by affecting hydrolysis process. The STEA increase may be related to increased small‐peptide proportion in SHH. Meanwhile, moderate high‐pressure may promote protein unfolding and further increase DH according to particle size distribution of SHH. The combination of proteolysis and pretreatments of high‐pressure and CaCl2 is a promising method to produce STEH. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
The Evolution of Microplastics Research: Global Trends and Agricultural Implications
Authors: Lotz Tom , Chen Wenjun , Su Shoubao , Chifflard Peter
Published: December 2024

Microplastics (MPs) are a growing concern due to their impact on ecosystems and human health. To identify the layout of the global research landscape, emerging topics, and future directions of MP research, particularly in the agricultural context, this study analyzed 16,134 publications from the period 2014 to 2023. The findings revealed a significant increase in MP publications, with China and India emerging as main contributors. Domestic citations, especially in emerging topics, have increased, potentially indicating reducing international information exchange. Seventy‐six topics were identified, with marine environments appearing in 39.8% of publications, while terrestrial (12.5%) and agricultural ecosystems (3.1%) showed substantial growth. At the same time, research on the effects of MP pollution is changing focus from aquatic life, such as fish (24.9%), to topics in the agricultural context, such as MP effects on soil microbes (3.5%) and terrestrial plants (6%). In the agricultural context, six main topics were identified: agricultural plastics, biosolids, pollutant interactions, microbial interactions, environmental risks, and human risks. The findings provide a comprehensive overview of the current research environment. Future research should prioritize understanding critical questions about MP sources, climate change effects, contaminant interactions, and impacts on microorganisms and human health. While exploring the long‐term impacts of MPs on agricultural ecosystems, international collaboration and information exchange should be emphasized to address regional research gaps. While these results reflect the dominant trends in the field, further research incorporating a broader set of countries and language sources could provide a more nuanced global perspective.
Promoting Physical Activity in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes: A Feasibility Study to Develop Intervention Tools for Delivery of Diabetes‐Specific Education
Authors: Crabtree Daniel , Bradley Sara , Connelly Jenni , Bauermeister Lynn , Gorely Trish , MacRury Sandra
Published: December 2024

Background

Physical activity is an important aspect of lifestyle management and type 2 diabetes, although the percentage of people with type 2 diabetes achieving recommended guidelines is low. Supported self‐management underpinned by group educational programmes may be helpful but difficult to implement in remote and rural areas. We aimed to test the feasibility of an approach based on education delivered individually by community‐based exercise advisors to people with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Following the development of an online educational toolkit a mixture of exercise advisors and people with type 2 diabetes were recruited. People with diabetes had a face‐to‐face consultation with an exercise advisor with mutually agreed follow‐up over 6 months. To track physical activity, people with diabetes aimed to wear an accelerometer device for 7 days at baseline, 3 months and 6 months. Post‐intervention semi‐structured interviews were undertaken with both groups of participants to gauge perspectives of the initiative.

Results

There was a 56% total attrition rate from baseline to 3 months due to COVID‐19 and its impact on clinical research. Around 50% of participants achieved minimum physical activity recommendations at each time point and 22% of participants had accelerometer data at 3 time points. People with diabetes valued interaction with exercise advisors and felt that the programme would be of greatest benefit to less active individuals. Exercise advisors felt that the programme provided more opportunities and increased confidence and that training in working with older less active individuals would be useful for them.

Conclusion

It is feasible to develop a physical activity programme delivered by non‐healthcare practitioners underpinned by diabetes‐specific education tailored to people with type 2 diabetes. Several project adaptions should be considered for progress to a pilot study to assess an integrated physical activity programme delivered by community exercise advisors.
Electrically Tunable Spin‐Orbit Coupled Photonic Lattice in a Liquid Crystal Microcavity
Authors: Muszyński Marcin , Oliwa Przemysław , Kokhanchik Pavel , Kapuściński Piotr , Oton Eva , Mazur Rafał , Morawiak Przemysław , Piecek Wiktor , Kula Przemysław , Bardyszewski Witold , Piętka Barbara , Bobylev Daniil , Solnyshkov Dmitry , Malpuech Guillaume , Szczytko Jacek
Published: December 2024

A 1D photonic crystal is created with strong polarization dependence and tunable by an applied electric field. This is accomplished in a planar microcavity by embedding a cholesteric liquid crystal (LC), which spontaneously forms a uniform lying helix (ULH). The applied voltage controls the orientation of the LC molecules and, consequently, the strength of a polarization‐dependent periodic potential. It leads to opening or closing of photonic bandgaps in the dispersion of the massive photons in the microcavity. In addition, when the ULH structure possesses a molecular tilt, it induces a spin‐orbit coupling between the lattice bands of different parity. This interband spin‐orbit coupling (ISOC) is analogous to optical activity and can be treated as a synthetic non‐Abelian gauge potential. Finally, it is showed that doping the LC with dyes allows us to achieve lasing that inherits all the above‐mentioned tunable properties of LC microcavity, including dual and circularly‐polarized lasing.
No Evidence of Early Developmental Delay in Juvenile‐Onset Huntington's Disease Patients
Authors: Olson Lucy , Dickens Sarah , Schultz Jordan L. , Neema Mohit , Nopoulos Peggy C.
Published: December 2024

Background

Previous studies suggest that early developmental delay is a common feature of Juvenile‐Onset Huntington's disease (JOHD), with highest incidence in those with very high CAG repeats (> 80). However, all reports of developmental delay in JOHD are exclusively based on retrospective review of medical charts. Comprehensive assessment of birth history metrics may provide better insight into the question of early life development in JOHD.

Objective

To explore the prevalence of prematurity, birth complications, low birth weight and developmental delay in patients with JOHD in comparison to control participants.

Methods

Parents of patients with JOHD and gene‐non‐expanded (GNE) control participants from Kids‐HD (n = 104) and Kids‐JOHD (n = 34, 24% with CAG > 80) studies completed a comprehensive birth history questionnaire. Answers focused on prematurity, birth complications, and birth weight, and along with reports of early developmental milestones, were compared between groups.

Results

There were no statistically significant differences in prematurity, birth weights, birth complications, or motor and verbal developmental milestones between JOHD patients and GNE controls (all P values > 0.1). Furthermore, stratifying JOHD patients by CAG expansion (low vs. high) also showed no significant differences (GNE vs. low or GNE vs. high).

Conclusions

These findings support the notion that JOHD does not manifest as developmental delay before motor symptom onset and highlight a new framework to understand the course and nature of the disease.
Predictive Factors of Short Inpatient Stay Following Total Knee Replacement
Authors: Liau Zi Qiang Glen , Toh Jonathan Zhi Kai , Sathappan Lakshmanan , Ng Yau Hong
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) protocols adopt a multidisciplinary approach in perioperative care to reduce Length of Stay (LOS). This study aims to identify predictive factors resulting in short‐stay following TKR with an ERAS programme.

Methods

Retrospective analysis was performed on a consecutive series of patients who underwent unilateral TKR by a single surgeon in a tertiary institution between August 2019 and December 2021. Patient demographics, comorbidities and length of stay were collected using Electronic Medical Records. Short‐stay was defined as LOS within 1 day or less, while standard‐stay was defined as LOS exceeding 2 days or more. Statistical analysis was performed using R version 4.3.1. Logistic regression was performed for multivariate analysis.

Results

Ninety‐nine patients were included in the study, comprising 45 short‐stay patients and 54 standard‐stay patients. Short‐stay patients were significantly younger (mean 66.1, 95% CI [64.5, 67.7], p = 0.0212) than standard‐stay patients (mean 69.2, 95% CI [67.1, 71.2]). There was a significantly lower mean BMI among short‐stay patients (26.98, 95% CI [25.52, 28.45], p = 0.021) than among standard‐stay patients (29.31, 95% CI [27.96, 30.66]). A significantly higher proportion of short‐stay patients (84.4%, 95% CI [73.4, 95.5], p = 0.00132) were premorbid community ambulant without aids than standard‐stay patients (51.9%, 95% CI [38.1, 65.6]). There was no significant difference in sex, race, smoking, American Society of Anaesthesiologists score and Charlson Comorbidity Index (p > 0.05).

Multivariate logistic regression revealed the following significant factors: Age < 75 (p = 0.0293), BMI < 25 (p = 0.00688), and premorbid community ambulant without aids (p = 0.0402).

Conclusions

In conclusion, predictive factors for short‐stay after TKR include age < 75, BMI < 25 and being premorbid community ambulant without aids.
An Enhanced Lagrangian‐Eulerian Method for a Class of Balance Laws: Numerical Analysis via a Weak Asymptotic Method With Applications
Authors: Abreu Eduardo , Pandini Eduardo , Lambert Wanderson
Published: December 2024

In this work, we designed and implemented an enhanced Lagrangian‐Eulerian numerical method for solving a wide range of nonlinear balance laws, including systems of hyperbolic equations with source terms. We developed both fully discrete and semi‐discrete formulations, and extended the concept of No‐Flow curves to this general class of nonlinear balance laws. We conducted a numerical convergence study using weak asymptotic analysis, which involved investigating the existence, uniqueness, and regularity of entropy‐weak solutions computed with our scheme. The proposed method is Riemann‐solver‐free. To evaluate the shock‐capturing capabilities of the enhanced Lagrangian‐Eulerian numerical scheme, we carried out numerical experiments that demonstrate its ability to accurately resolve the key features of balance law models and hyperbolic problems. A representative set of numerical examples is provided to illustrate the accuracy and robustness of the proposed method.
The influence of water absorption on the mechanical performance of 3D‐printed sandwich composite structures made from PLA‐based materials under quasi‐static loading conditions
Authors: Ainin F. Nur , Azaman M. D. , Abdul Majid M. S. , Ridzuan M. J. M.
Published: December 2024

3D printing technology has transformed the production of complex sandwich composite structures and offers exceptional control over material selection. PLA‐based composites are favored for load‐bearing applications due to their renewability and durable mechanical properties. However, their interaction with water poses a major challenge as moisture can severely affect their performance. This study investigates the effects of water absorption on the mechanical properties, energy absorption, and failure modes of 3D‐printed sandwich composite structures made of PLA‐based materials (PLA, PLA–Carbon, and PLA–Wood) under quasi‐static loads such as flatwise, in‐plane, and flexural tests. The results show that PLA–Wood has the highest water absorption among the composites due to its hydrophilicity, resulting in a significant reduction in compressive strength and Young's modulus by 19 and 9%, respectively, in flatwise tests, due to severe degradation. In contrast, PLA–Carbon shows superior energy absorption with values of 277.91, 10.74, and 1.73 J in flatwise, in‐plane and flexural tests, respectively, compared to 163.83, 2.47, and 1.17 J for PLA–Wood. This difference results from the ability of PLA–Carbon to deform in a controlled deformation, whereas PLA–Wood is susceptible to severe structural deformation. These results emphasize the durability of PLA‐based composites for load‐bearing applications, especially in moisture‐prone environments.

Highlights

Quasi‐static response on 3D‐printed PLA composites under water exposure.

PLA–Wood has a higher water absorption because of its hydrophilic nature.

The hydrophobicity of PLA–Carbon leads to remarkable strength and stiffness.

PLA–Carbon has great energy absorption, which enhances its retained ductility.

The failure modes are dependent on the PLA composite materials against water.
Silane‐treated kapok fiber/epoxy composites for aerospace cabin interiors: Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Das Ramyaranjan , Sahu Dhaneshwar Prasad , Bisoyi Dillip Kumar
Published: December 2024

This study underscores the potential of silanized kapok fiber (KF) as a lightweight, eco‐friendly reinforcement for aerospace cabin interiors, emphasizing electrical insulation and mechanical resilience. KF/epoxy composites were fabricated via hand lay‐up, and silane treatment improved flexural, tensile, impact, and storage modulus by 131%, 101%, 145%, and 105%, respectively, due to enhanced fiber‐matrix interaction. Dielectric and impedance spectroscopy revealed reduced dielectric constant, loss, and AC conductivity due to the removal of polar groups and compact composite structure. Additionally, 9% silane concentration decreased water absorption by 3.9% over 400 h due to the tight packing and binding between the fiber and epoxy. These findings demonstrate that silane treatment enhances fiber‐matrix compatibility, improving the mechanical and overall performance of KF/epoxy composites.

Highlights

KFs are treated with silane coupling agents.

Silane treatment enhanced interfacial, chemical and mechanical bonding.

Mechanical and electrical properties of composites enhanced with silane grafting on KF.

Tg of the composites increased after silane treatment.

Explored density and demonstrated reduced water absorption properties of the composites.
Rice Cultivation Area, Demographic Trends, and Trade Dynamics for Food Security in Nepal (2011–2021)
Authors: Lamichhane Nabin , Dhami Urmila , Dhakal Durga , Thapa Lal Bahadur
Published: December 2024

Rice is the most important staple crop in Nepal, playing a critical role in both the economy and food security. This study analyzes the trends in rice cultivation, production, imports, and exports from fiscal years 2011/2012 to 2021/2022 and also presents population data from the initial and final years. Over the study period, the area of rice cultivation declined by 0.81% annually, while the production grew by 1.5% per year, and the yield improved at a rate of 1.97% per year. Trend analysis indicated no significant changes in cultivation area or production, but a significant positive trend was observed in the yield. Rice import showed a significant annual increase of 5.61% in price value and 12.80% in quantity, while exports also grew by 1.95% in quantity and 2.39% in value. However, exports remain negligible compared to imports. Nepal's rice self‐sufficiency ratio (SSR) has declined by 1.15% annually, falling from 92.72% in 2011/2012 to 82.01% in 2021/2022 while its import dependency ratio (IDR) has increased by 5.89% annually. These trends suggest that Nepal is becoming increasingly vulnerable in terms of rice food security. Population dynamics based on two census records revealed a notable 14% rise in the foreign population. This situation underscores the urgent need for policy interventions to address the decline in rice self‐sufficiency, labor shortages, and growing import dependency, ensuring sustainable rice production and food security in Nepal.
Counter‐Anion‐Dependent Optical Properties of Cationic N22‐Methylated Chlorophyll‐a Derivatives
Authors: Ataka Riko , Kitagawa Yuichi , Tamiaki Hitoshi
Published: December 2024

Methyl N22‐methylpyropheophorbides‐a with chloride or hexafluorophosphate were prepared by chemically modifying chlorophyll‐a. The resulting product composed of cationic N‐methylated chlorin and chloride anion exhibited visible absorption and fluorescence emission maxima in chloroform at longer wavelengths than those with hexafluorophosphate. Both the absorption and emission spectra of the former were hypsochromically shifted by change of the solvent from chloroform to methanol to give almost the same corresponding spectra of the latter independent of solvents. The apparent counter‐anion dependency in chloroform and the specific solvent dependency in the N‐methyl‐chlorin with chloride are ascribable to the weak solvation of a hard chloride anion over soft hexafluorophosphate in chloroform and strong electrostatic interaction of the cationic chlorin with a chloride anion over hexafluorophosphate in chloroform as well as well solvation of both the anions in methanol. In addition, less emission of N‐methyl‐chlorin with chloride in chloroform would be due to partial fluorescence quenching based on the heavy atom effect of the adjacent chloride anion.
Research on Tensile Stress–Strain Relationship of Azide Polyether Propellant for Wide‐Temperature Range Based on Time–Temperature Superposition Principle
Authors: Wang Gang , Hu Yiwen , Yang Weilu , Yuan Zhifeng , Song Xiuduo
Published: December 2024

Azide polyether propellants are emerging high‐energy solid propellants and have broad application prospects. To determine their mechanical properties under wide temperature ranges, tensile tests were conducted considering different combinations of temperature and loading rate, and the corresponding tensile stress–strain curves were plotted. The influence laws of temperature and loading rate on the materials' tensile response were revealed through qualitative and quantitative analyses. The applicability of the time–temperature superposition principle to the nonlinear deformation stage of the propellant was proved, and a stress response prediction method derived from this principle that solely relies on dynamic mechanical analysis and tensile test data was established.
Prognostic‐Based Active Battery Degradation Management in Wireless Sensor Networks for Group Replacement
Authors: Wu Lang , Zhou Qiang , Jo Hongki , Saleem Muhammad M. , Qu Qiang , Jeong Jong‐Hyun
Published: December 2024

Batteries are prevalent energy storage devices, and their failures can cause huge losses such as the shutdown of entire systems. Therefore, the prognostic health management of batteries to increase their availability is highly desirable. This work focuses on improving the serviceability of batteries for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) deployed in remote and hard‐to‐reach places. We propose an active management strategy such that the batteries in a network will attain similar end‐of‐life times, in addition to lifetime extension. The fundamental idea is to adaptively adjust the node quality‐of‐service (QoS) to actively manage their degradation processes, while ensuring a minimum level of network QoS. The framework first executes a prognostic algorithm that can predict the remaining useful life (RUL) of a battery, given its assigned node‐level QoS. A Bayesian optimization framework with an augmented Lagrangian method has been adopted to efficiently solve the developed black‐box constrained optimization problem. A Matlab Simulink model based on a truss bridge structure health monitoring network is built considering the battery aging and temperature effects. Compared with the benchmark models, the proposed strategy demonstrates a more extended network lifespan and uniform working time ratio.
Tactile Feedback in Robot‐Assisted Minimally Invasive Surgery: A Systematic Review
Authors: Colan Jacinto , Davila Ana , Hasegawa Yasuhisa
Published: December 2024

Background

Robot‐assisted systems have predominantly relied on teleoperation, where visual feedback is the primary source of information. However, advances in tactile sensing and displays offer new opportunities to enhance surgical transparency, efficiency, and safety.

Methods

A PRISMA‐guided search was conducted across PubMed, IEEE Xplore, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to identify relevant studies.

Results

Out of 645 screened articles, 98 met the inclusion criteria, and 33 were included in the final review. The review discusses various tactile feedback stimulus types, applications, and challenges in the context of robot‐assisted minimally invasive surgery.

Conclusion

While kinaesthetic feedback has been extensively explored to restore the natural interaction between the surgeon and the surgical environment, tactile feedback remains largely confined to research settings. This is due to significant challenges in integrating tactile feedback into robotic systems and current limitations of sensing technologies.