bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Droplet activation parameterization: the population-splitting concept revisited
Authors: Morales Betancourt R. , Nenes A.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. In this work, we postulate, implement and evaluate modifications to the "population-splitting" concept, introduced by Nenes and Seinfeld (2003), for calculation of water-condensation rates in droplet-activation parameterizations. The population-splitting approximation consists of dividing the population of growing droplets into two categories: those that experience significant growth after exposed to a supersaturation larger than their critical supersaturation, and those that do not grow much larger than their critical diameter. The modifications introduced here lead to an improved accuracy and precision of the parameterization-derived maximum supersaturation, smax, and droplet-number concentration, Nd, as determined by comparing against those of detailed numerical simulations of the activation process. A numerical computation of the first-order derivatives ∂ Nd/∂ χj of the parameterized Nd to input variables χi was performed and compared against the corresponding parcel-model-derived sensitivities, providing a thorough evaluation of the impacts of the introduced modifications in the parameterization ability to respond to aerosol characteristics. An evaluation of the parameterization computation of Nd and smax against detailed numerical simulations of the activation process showed a relative error of −6.0% ± 6.2% for smax, and −2.7% ± 4.8% for Nd, which represents a considerable reduction in prediction bias when compared to earlier versions of the parameterization. The proposed modifications require only minor changes for their numerical implementation in existing codes based on the population-splitting concept.
An advanced method for flood risk analysis in river deltas, applied to societal flood fatality risk in the Netherlands
Authors: de Bruijn K. M. , Diermanse F. L. M. , Beckers J. V. L.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. This paper discusses a new method for flood risk assessment in river deltas. Flood risk analysis of river deltas is complex, because both storm surges and river discharges may cause flooding and the effect of upstream breaches on downstream water levels and flood risk must be taken into account. This paper presents a Monte Carlo-based flood risk analysis framework for policy making, which considers both storm surges and river flood waves and includes effects from hydrodynamic interaction on flood risk. It was applied to analyse societal flood fatality risk in the Rhine–Meuse delta.
Sodium hypochlorite in antisepsis of children’s and new-born babies’ skin prior to insertion of peripheral venous catheter
Authors: Chiari Paolo , Gazineo Domenica , Pezzullo Olimpia , Ricciardi Veronica , Caso Lucia , Forni Cristiana
Published: October 2014

Antisepsis of the skin of children to whom a peripheral venous catheter (PVC) is to be attached is an important factor in reducing catheter related infections. No data are available on the effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite. Explorative study of children and new-born babies treated in hospital to ascertain bacterial contamination levels of PVC tips as surrogate infection indicator. In a sample of 51 children and 52 new-born babies, catheter tips were found contaminated for 7.8% of the children and 3.8% of the new-born babies. The positive results of this pilot study suggest that serious consideration should be given to assessing Amukine Med 0.05% for use with PVCs.
De relatieve zwaarte van wederzijdse verantwoordelijkheid voor teleurstellende effectenleaseresultaten
Authors: Keirse A.L.M. , van Onna A.
Published: October 2014

De relatieve zwaarte van wederzijdse verantwoordelijkheid voor teleurstellende effectenleaseresultaten

Avonturen in de effectenlease liepen slecht af als gevolg van een samenloop van omstandigheden, waaronder een te gretig winstoogmerk aan de zijde van de financiële aanbieder en een te grote lichtvaardigheid aan de zijde van de afnemende consument. In deze bijdrage wordt de (inmiddels gestandaardiseerde) schadedeling onder de loep genomen die in de rechtspraak is gevolgd op de erkenning van de wederzijdse verantwoordelijkheid in dezen.
Mededingingsrechtelijke aspecten van technologieoverdrachtsovereenkomsten
Authors: Lugard Paul
Published: October 2014

Mededingingsrechtelijke aspecten van technologieoverdrachtsovereenkomsten

Deze bijdrage gaat in op de gewijzigde groepsvrijstelling inzake technologieovereenkomsten, Verordening 316/2014. De verordening introduceert een aantal significante wijzigingen die van belang zijn bij het redigeren van nieuwe octrooilicentieovereenkomsten en andere overeenkomsten inzake technologieoverdracht en noodzaken tot aanpassingen van bestaande overeenkomsten. De wijzigingen zijn ingegeven door de toename van “patent thickets” en de zorg omtrent de zwakke onderhandelingspositie van kleinere marktpartijen en zien onder meer op “grant back” bepalingen, beëindiging in geval van betwisting van de in licentie gegeven technologie en technologie-pool licenties.
Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Synergize With Costimulation Blockade in the Inhibition of Immune Responses and the Induction of Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Takahashi Tohru , Tibell Annika , Ljung Karin , Saito Yu , Gronlund Anna , Osterholm Cecilia , Holgersson Jan , Lundgren Torbjörn , Ericzon Bo-Göran , Corbascio Matthias , Kumagai-Braesch Makiko
Published: October 2014

Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapy and costimulation blockade are two immunomodulatory strategies being developed concomitantly for the treatment of immunological diseases. Both of these strategies have the capacity to inhibit immune responses and induce regulatory T cells; however, their ability to synergize remains largely unexplored. In order to study this, MSCs from C57BL/6 (H2b) mice were infused together with fully major histocompatibility complex-mismatched Balb/c (H2d) allogeneic islets into the portal vein of diabetic C57BL/6 (H2b) mice, which were subsequently treated with costimulation blockade for the first 10 days after transplantation. Mice receiving both recipient-type MSCs, CTLA4Ig, and anti-CD40L demonstrated indefinite graft acceptance, just as did most of the recipients receiving MSCs and CTLA4Ig. Recipients of MSCs only rejected their grafts, and fewer than one half of the recipients treated with costimulation blockade alone achieved permanent engraftment. The livers of the recipients treated with MSCs plus costimulation blockade contained large numbers of islets surrounded by Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. These recipients showed reduced antidonor IgG levels and a glucose tolerance similar to that of naïve nondiabetic mice. Intrahepatic lymphocytes and splenocytes from these recipients displayed reduced proliferation and interferon-γ production when re-exposed to donor antigen. MSCs in the presence of costimulation blockade prevented dendritic cell maturation, inhibited T cell proliferation, increased Foxp3+ regulatory T cell numbers, and increased indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity. These results indicate that MSC infusion and costimulation blockade have complementary immune-modulating effects that can be used for a broad number of applications in transplantation, autoimmunity, and regenerative medicine.
Early intrinsic hyperexcitability does not contribute to motoneuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Leroy Félix , Lamotte d'Incamps Boris , Imhoff-Manuel Rebecca D , Zytnicki Daniel
Published: October 2014

In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) the large motoneurons that innervate the fast-contracting muscle fibers (F-type motoneurons) are vulnerable and degenerate in adulthood. In contrast, the small motoneurons that innervate the slow-contracting fibers (S-type motoneurons) are resistant and do not degenerate. Intrinsic hyperexcitability of F-type motoneurons during early postnatal development has long been hypothesized to contribute to neural degeneration in the adult. Here, we performed a critical test of this hypothesis by recording from identified F- and S-type motoneurons in the superoxide dismutase-1 mutant G93A (mSOD1), a mouse model of ALS at a neonatal age when early pathophysiological changes are observed. Contrary to the standard hypothesis, excitability of F-type motoneurons was unchanged in the mutant mice. Surprisingly, the S-type motoneurons of mSDO1 mice did display intrinsic hyperexcitability (lower rheobase, hyperpolarized spiking threshold). As S-type motoneurons are resistant in ALS, we conclude that early intrinsic hyperexcitability does not contribute to motoneuron degeneration.
Observation of inactivation of Bacillus sbtilis spores under exposures of oxygen added argon atmospheric pressure plasma jet
Authors: Shen Jie , Cheng Cheng , Zhao Ying , Xiao Dezhi , Lan Yan , Xie Hongbing , Cheng Junli , Meng Yuedong , Li Jiangang , Chu Paul K
Published: October 2014

The inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores by an Ar plasma jet mixed with different amounts of oxygen is reported. 5.8 × 106
B. subtilis spores are sterilized by an Ar/O2 (8.7%) plasma jet after exposure for 2 min. The densities of ozone and oxygen radicals in the Ar/O2 plasma jet increase with oxygen concentration and are estimated by optical spectroscopy diagnostic. The malondialdehyde (MDA) test shows that oxygen radicals participate in bacterial inactivation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals the deformation of the spore shape due to etching by oxygen radicals and the dependence of the degree of deformation on the density of oxygen radicals.
Controversial FDA Decision Authorizes Menthol-Flavored E-Cigarettes Despite Risks to Youth
Authors: Rubin Rita
Published: August 2024

This Medical News story examines the controversy surrounding the FDA’s first authorization of flavored e-cigarettes, in this case menthol.
What Are E-Cigarettes?
Authors: Malani Preeti N. , Walter Kristin L.
Published: August 2024

This JAMA Patient Page describes e-cigarettes and the potential health effects of vaping.
E-Cigarette Use in Adults
Authors: Piper Megan E. , Stein James H. , Lasser Karen E.
Published: August 2024

This JAMA Insights explores the adverse effects and health outcomes of e-cigarettes vs combusted cigarettes and the effectiveness of using e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid among US adults.
Rapid Improvement in Refractory Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis With Spesolimab
Authors: Xuan Yijie , Jin Shanglin , Zhang Chengfeng , Wang Shangshang
Published: August 2024

This case report describes a woman in her 50s with rapid improvement in acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis symptoms after treatment with spesolimab.
Daily Sedation Interruption vs Continuous Sedation in Pediatric Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilation
Authors: Shu Wen Toh Theresa , R. R. Pravin , Ho Karen Hwee Ying , Sultana Rehena , Couban Rachel , Choong Karen , Lee Jan Hau
Published: August 2024

Importance

The effectiveness of daily sedation interruption (DSI, defined as temporary interruption of sedation) has yet to be demonstrated in critically ill pediatric patients.

Objective

To compare the clinical outcomes of DSI vs continuous intravenous (IV) sedation in patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) support in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).

Data Sources

A systematic search for studies was conducted using predefined keywords and Medical Subject Headings in 5 major databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL [Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature], and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) from database inception to October 31, 2023.

Study Selection

Retrospective and prospective observational studies, randomized clinical trials (RCTs), and systematic reviews were assessed for inclusion. Studies were eligible if they compared DSI to continuous IV sedation in patients aged 18 years or younger requiring MV in the PICU.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

Study characteristics, including the types of sedation, sedation protocols, and clinical outcomes, were extracted. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guideline was followed. A random-effects model was used to pool results from articles for the meta-analysis.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcomes of interest were duration of MV and length of PICU stay. Secondary outcomes included total sedative dose requirement, adverse events (eg, complications associated with MV, withdrawal, and delirium), and mortality.

Results

A total of 6 RCTs with 2810 pediatric patients (1569 males [55.8%]; mean age, 26.5 [95% CI, 15.0-37.9] months) were included in the final analysis; patients had a mean PRISM (Pediatric Risk of Mortality) score of 13.68 (95% CI, 10.75-16.61). Compared with continuous IV sedation, DSI was associated with a reduction in length of PICU stay (5 studies, n = 2770; mean difference [MD], −1.45 [95% CI, −2.75 to −0.15] days; P = .03]. There was no difference in MV duration (5 studies, n = 2750; MD, −0.93 [95% CI, −1.89 to 0.04] days; P = .06), total doses of midazolam (3 studies, n = 191; MD, −1.66 [95% CI, −3.95 to 0.63] mg/kg) and morphine used (2 studies, n = 189; MD, −2.63 [95% CI, −7.01 to 1.75] mg/kg), or adverse events (risk ratio [RR], 1.03 [95% CI, 0.74-1.42]; P = .88). There was no difference in mortality between patients exposed vs not exposed to DSI (RR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.55-1.46]; P = .65).

Conclusions and Relevance

This systematic review and meta-analysis found that use of DSI in pediatric patients was associated with reduced length of PICU stay with no increase in adverse events. Further research is needed to ascertain whether this strategy is associated with improved neurodevelopmental outcomes in PICU survivors.
Lignan Intake and Type 2 Diabetes Incidence Among US Men and Women
Authors: Wang Siyue , Hu Yang , Liu Binkai , Li Yanping , Wang Molin , Sun Qi
Published: August 2024

Importance

Lignans are phytoestrogens abundant in Western diets and may be associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk.

Objective

To prospectively investigate associations between lignan intake and T2D incidence.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Population-based cohort study of US men and women enrolled in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS, 1984-2018), NHSII (1991-2019), and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS, 1986-2020), as well as 496 participants from the Men’s Lifestyle Validation Study (MLVS). Participants were free of T2D, cardiovascular disease, and cancer at baseline. Data were analyzed from November 2022 to July 2023.

Exposures

Total and individual lignans were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire, which was updated every 2 to 4 years. In the MLVS, lignan intake was measured using 2 sets of 7-day diet records (7DDRs).

Main Outcomes and Measures

Incident T2D cases were confirmed using American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess multivariable-adjusted associations.

Results

The current study included 201 111 participants (mean [SD] age, 44.7 [10.1] years; 161 169 female participants [80.2%]; 2614 African American participants [1.3%], 1609 Asian participants [0.8%], 2414 Hispanic and other race or ethnicity participants [1.2%], and 194 474 White participants [96.7%]) from the HPFS, NHS, and NHSII studies. The median (IQR) total lignan intake of the highest quintile ranged from 355.1 (330.2-396.9) μg/d in NHS to 459.9 (422.2-519.5) μg/d in HPFS at the median follow-up time. Over 5 068 689 person-years, 20 291 incident cases of T2D were identified. Higher lignan intake was inversely associated with T2D incidence, except for lariciresinol. The multivariable-adjusted pooled hazard ratios (HRs) for the highest vs lowest quintiles were 0.87 (95% CI, 0.83-0.91) for total lignans, 0.72 (95% CI, 0.69-0.76) for secoisolariciresinol, 0.92 (95% CI, 0.87-0.96) for pinoresinol, 0.93 (95% CI, 0.89-0.98) for matairesinol, and 0.99 (95% CI, 0.94-1.04) for lariciresinol. Secoisolariciresinol intake exhibited a significant inverse association with T2D risk among individuals with obesity (HR, 0.75 for body mass index [BMI] ≥30; 95% CI, 0.71-0.79 vs HR, 0.82 for BMI <25; 95% CI, 0.81-0.83; P < .001 for interaction) and premenopausal women (HR, 0.67 for premenopausal women; 95% CI, 0.65-0.69 vs HR, 0.82 for the past use of hormones; 95% CI, 0.76-0.88; P = .003 for interaction). Dietary lignan assessed with 7DDRs was associated with lower HbA1c levels (percentage change range from −0.92% to 1.50%), as well as lower C-reactive protein levels and better lipid profiles.

Conclusions and Relevance

This cohort study found that long-term lignan consumption was associated with a lower T2D risk, particularly among individuals with obesity and premenopausal women.
Deubiquitinases at the interplay between hematopoietic stem cell aging and myelodysplastic transformation
Authors: Citterio Elisabetta , Ronchi Antonella Ellena
Published: August 2024

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) maintain blood production throughout life. Nevertheless, HSC functionality deteriorates upon physiological aging leading to the increased prevalence of haematological diseases and hematopoietic malignancies in the elderly. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) by reverting protein ubiquitination ensure proper proteostasis, a key process in HSC maintenance and fitness.
Precision Cancer Medicine 2.0—Oncology in the postgenomic era
Authors: Masina Riccardo , Caldas Carlos
Published: August 2024

Genomic medicine has transformed the lives of patients with cancer by enabling individualised and evidence‐based clinical decision‐making. Despite this progress, the implementation of precision cancer medicine is limited by its dependence on isolated biomarkers. The development of bulk and single‐cell multiomic technologies has revealed the enormous complexity of the cancer ecosystem. Beyond the cancer cell, the tumour microenvironment, macroenvironment and host factors, including the microbiome, profoundly influence the cancer phenotype, and accounting for these enhances the resolution of precision medicine. The advent of robust multiomic profiling and interpretable machine learning algorithms mark the dawn of a new postgenomic era of personalised cancer medicine. In Precision Cancer Medicine 2.0, high‐resolution personalised clinical decision‐making is informed by the comprehensive multiomic profiling of tumour and host, integrated using artificial intelligence.
High‐Performance Piezoelectric Nanogenerator and Self‐Charging Photo Power Cell Using Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanoflakes and PVDF Composite
Authors: Sahoo Surjit , Natraj Vishal , Swaminathan Rajavarman , Pazhamalai Parthiban , Krishnamoorthy Karthikeyan , Kim Sang‐Jae
Published: August 2024

Two‐dimensional (2D) piezoelectric hexagonal boron nitride nanoflakes (h‐BN NFs) exhibit substantial potential for energy harvesting, electronics, and optoelectronics applications. Herein, a free‐standing PVDF/h‐BN NFs (Ph‐BN) composite film is synthesized for multi‐functional purposes. First and foremost, a piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) device is fabricated using free‐standing Ph‐BN composite films and the energy harvesting properties are performed. The nanogenerator, Ph‐BN‐7.5 PENG, exhibits the highest output voltage of 50 V and current of 250 nA with a maximum power of about 2 μW compared to other fabricated composite devices. Further, a photo power cell (PPC) is fabricated using PVA‐EY mixture dye as the photosensitive part or solar energy absorber, and Ph‐BN 7.5 film is utilized as the energy storage part. The PPC is self‐charged up to ≈1 V within 80 s under light illumination. The self‐charging mechanism for PPC is explained in detail. The Ph‐BN composite films demonstrate an innovative energy harvesting and storage approach, which can fulfill the energy prerequisite in the imminent future.
Sensitive Colorimetric Lateral Flow Assays Enabled by Platinum‐Group Metal Nanoparticles with Peroxidase‐Like Activities
Authors: Shao Shikuan , Wang Xiaochuan , Sorial Caroline , Sun Xiaohan , Xia Xiaohu
Published: August 2024

The last several decades have witnessed the success and popularity of colorimetric lateral flow assay (CLFA) in point‐of‐care testing. Driven by increasing demand, great efforts have been directed toward enhancing the detection sensitivity of CLFA. Recently, platinum‐group metal nanoparticles (PGM NPs) with peroxidase‐like activities have emerged as a type of promising colorimetric labels for enhancing the sensitivity of CLFA. By incorporating a simple and rapid post‐treatment process, the PGM NP‐based CLFAs are orders of magnitude more sensitive than conventional gold nanoparticle‐based CLFAs. In this perspective, the study begins with introducing the design, synthesis, and characterization of PGM NPs with peroxidase‐like activities. The current techniques for surface modification of PGM NPs are then discussed, followed by operation and optimization of PGM NP‐based CLFAs. Afterward, opinions are provided on the social impact of PGM NP‐based CLFAs. Lastly, this perspective is concluded with an outlook of future research directions in this emerging field, where the challenges and opportunities are discussed.
Regulating the Double‐Way Traffic of Cations and Anions in Ambipolar Polymer Cathodes for High‐Performing Aluminum Dual‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Luo Lian‐Wei , Zhang Chong , Ma Wenyan , Han Changzhi , Ai Xuan , Chen Yu , Xu Yunhua , Ji Xiulei , Jiang Jia‐Xing
Published: August 2024

The strong Coulombic interactions between Al3+ and traditional inorganic crystalline cathodes present a significant obstacle in developing high‐performance rechargeable aluminum batteries (RABs) that hold promise for safe and sustainable stationary energy storage. While accommodating chloroaluminate ions (AlCl4−, AlCl2+, etc.) in redox‐active organic compounds offers a promising solution for RABs, the issues of dissolution and low ionic/electronic conductivities plague the development of organic cathodes. Herein, electron donors are synthetically connected with acceptors to create crosslinked, bipolar‐conjugated polymer cathodes. These cathodes exhibit overlapped redox potential ranges for both donors and acceptors in highly concentrated AlCl3‐based ionic liquid electrolytes. This approach strategically enables on‐site doping of the polymer backbones during redox reactions involving both donor and acceptor units, thereby enhancing the electron/ion transfer kinetics within the resultant polymer cathodes. Based on the optimal donor/acceptor combination, the bipolar polymer cathodes can deliver a high specific capacity of 205 mAh g−1 by leveraging the co‐storage of AlCl4− and AlCl2+. The electrodes exhibit excellent rate performance, a stable cycle life of 60 000 cycles, and function efficiently at high mass loadings, i.e., 100 mg cm−2, and at low temperatures, i.e., −30 °C. The findings exemplify the exploration of high‐performing conjugated polymer cathodes for RABs through rational structural design.
Salt‐Assisted Recovery of Sodium Metal Anodes for High‐Rate Capability Sodium Batteries
Authors: Lin Jialin , Huang Pei , Naren Tuoya , Liang Chaoping , Zhou Liangjun , Chen Libao , Zhang Chunxiao , Ivey Douglas G. , Wei Weifeng
Published: August 2024

Rechargeable sodium metal batteries are considered to be one of the most promising high energy density and cost‐effective electrochemical energy storage systems. However, their practicality is constrained by the high reactivity of sodium metal anodes that readily brings about excessive accumulation of inactive Na species on the surface, either by chemical reactions with oxygen and moisture during electrode handling or through electrochemical processes with electrolytes during battery operation. Herein, this paper reports on an alkali, salt‐assisted, assembly‐polymerization strategy to recover Na activity and to reinforce the solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) of sodium metal anodes. To achieve this, an alkali‐reactive coupling agent 3‐glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) is applied to convert inactive Na species into Si–O–Na coordination with a self‐assembly GPTMS layer that consists of inner O–Si–O networks and outer hydrophobic epoxides. As a result, the electrochemical activity of Na metal anodes can be fully recovered and the robust GPTMS‐derived SEI layer ensures high capacity and long‐term cycling under an ultrahigh rate of 30 C (93.1 mAh g−1, 94.8% after 3000 cycles). This novel process provides surface engineering clues on designing high power density and cost‐effective alkaline metal batteries.
Advanced Electrochromic Energy Storage Devices Based on Conductive Polymers
Authors: Chen Xiaoyang , Liu Qifan , Cheng Lukuan , Zhou Shiqiang , Chen Lina , Liang Guojin , Wei Jun , Mo Funian
Published: August 2024

As the demand for multifunctional optoelectronic devices rises, the integration of electrochromic and energy storage functionalities represents a cutting‐edge pursuit in the electrochromic devices domain. The realm of conductive polymer‐based electrochromic energy storage devices (EESDs) stands as a vibrant area marked by ongoing research and development. Despite a plethora of individual research articles exploring various facets within this domain, there exists a conspicuous dearth of comprehensive reviews systematically scrutinizing the advancements, challenges, and potentials intrinsic to these systems. To fill this void, this review systematically outlines the latest progressions in EESDs centered on conductive conjugated polymers (CPs). The review commences with a thorough exploration of the foundational principles underpinning EESDs, encompassing their operational mechanisms, device configurations, and representative key performance indicators. Furthermore, the review categorizes diverse conductive polymers, shedding light on the latest advancements in EESD research utilizing these specific CP variants. This in‐depth analysis centers on their collaborative role in shaping electrochromic energy storage devices. Overall, this review is poised to captivate the interest of researchers toward state‐of‐the‐art CP‐based EESDs, establishing these pioneering technologies as pivotal contenders in defining the forthcoming landscape of wearable electronics, portable devices, and advanced energy storage systems.
Directing Group Guided Site‐Selective Alkylation of Indoles by Epoxides: Synthesis of β‐Indolylethyl Alcohol Derivatives
Authors: Ahmad Ashfaq , Kumar Mohit , Rastogi Anushka , Khan Raziullah , Gangwar Manoj Kumar , Koley Dipankar
Published: August 2024

A Palladium catalyzed C4‐ alkylation of indoles using epoxide as an alkylating agent and pivaloyl as a weak chelating group has been demonstrated. A variety of substituted epoxides and indoles furnished the desired β‐indolylethyl alcohols in 38%–87% yields. Control experiments indicate that the C−H cleavage step is irreversible. The resultant hydroxyl group has been converted to various functional groups to demonstrate the synthetic utility of this protocol.
Nanostructured Hybrid Polymer‐Lipid Drug Delivery Platforms for Rapamycin Repositioning in Anticancer Therapy
Authors: Scialabba Cinzia , Codenotti Silvia , Mandracchia Delia , Cabibbo Marta , Fanzani Alessandro , Craparo Emanuela Fabiola , Cavallaro Gennara
Published: August 2024

Here, hybrid polymer‐lipid nanoparticles are designed as colloidal carriers for Rapamycin, to improve the aqueous drug stability and to support the drug repositioning for cancer treatment, that is, against rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). With this aim, Rapamycin – loaded hybrid nanoparticles are produced by using as nanoparticle core a graft copolymer obtained from the functionalization of the α,β‐poly(N‐2‐hydroxyethyl)‐DL‐aspartamide (PHEA) with Rhodamine B (RhB), Polylactic acid (PLA), the PHEA‐g‐RhB‐g‐PLA, and different phospholipids, that is, 1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (DPPC) coated, pegylated and Mannose/PEG, for the surface coating. The drug loading of these samples allows for controlled release, and improves drug stability at pH 5.5 and 7.4 compared to the free drug. Chemical‐physical characterization confirms the nanostructure size below 200 nm, ideal for systemic administration, and easy re‐dispersibility in aqueous media. Moreover, biological characterization to test the potential use as antitumor agent shows induction of cytotoxicity in human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) and macrophage (RAW) cell lines in a time‐ and concentration – dependent manner, and stimulated autophagy, comparable to the free drug. The uptake study following the fluorescence of the copolymer reveals that the hybrid nanoparticles are internalized by both tested cell lines, with a significantly higher amounts of internalized particles in the case of surface mannosylated and/or pegylated systems.
Unveiling Ion Dynamics in the Electric‐Double Layer Under Piezoionic Actuation of Chemo‐Mechanical Energy Harvesters
Authors: Kim Youngoh , Kim Keon Jung , Kim Shi Hyeong , Choi Joonmyung
Published: August 2024

Understanding the ion dynamics within the electric double layer (EDL) is crucial for maximizing the potential of chemo‐mechanical energy harvesters. This study elucidates the electrochemical response of EDL to the compressive mechanical stimulation of carbon nanotube (CNT) yarns from the perspective of ion adsorption. The results revealed that H3O+ contributed to the ionic capacitance of the EDL by forming a polarized layer with Cl− on the outer Helmholtz plane. The unique molecular shape, compatible with spx hybridized orbitals of CNTs also enhance surface adsorption properties. In contrast, Cl− provides a strong electrostatic potential to the electrode, which has electronic structures incompatible with the spx hybridized orbitals of CNTs. The differing dynamic behaviors of these two ions jointly induce delamination of the cationic and anionic layers, as well as unipolarization of the EDL under mechanical compression of the microstructure. The ion dynamics revealed by multiscale simulations satisfactorily explain the experimentally observed high ion capacitance and energy conversion process of the HCl‐based EDL.
The ADNI PET Core at 20
Authors: Jagust William J. , Koeppe Robert A. , Rabinovici Gil D. , Villemagne Victor L. , Harrison Theresa M. , Landau Susan M. ,   the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: August 2024

The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) PET Core has evolved over time, beginning with positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of a subsample of participants with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)‐PET, adding tracers for measurement of β‐amyloid, followed by tau tracers. This review examines the evolution of the ADNI PET Core, the novel aspects of PET imaging in each stage of ADNI, and gives an accounting of PET images available in the ADNI database. The ADNI PET Core has been and continues to be a rich resource that provides quantitative PET data and preprocessed PET images to the scientific community, allowing interrogation of both basic and clinically relevant questions. By standardizing methods across different PET scanners and multiple PET tracers, the Core has demonstrated the feasibility of large‐scale, multi‐center PET studies. Data managed and disseminated by the PET Core has been critical to defining pathophysiological models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and helped to drive methods used in modern therapeutic trials.

Highlights

The ADNI PET Core began with FDG‐PET and now includes three amyloid and three tau PET ligands.

The PET Core has standardized acquisition and analysis of multitracer PET images.

The ADNI PET Core helped to develop methods that have facilitated clinical trials in AD.
Moisture barriers used in firefighters' protective clothing: Effect of accelerated ultraviolet radiation aging on their mechanical and barrier performance
Authors: Munevar‐Ortiz Laura , Nychka John A. , Dolez Patricia I.
Published: August 2024

Firefighters rely on their protective clothing as a second skin to perform their job. In the middle of this multilayered protective garment, the moisture barrier plays a vital role in preventing liquids to enter while allowing perspiration to escape. This research delves into the impact of accelerated ultraviolet (UV) aging on the performance of firefighter protective clothing moisture barriers, focusing on tear force retention, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), and wetting via apparent contact angle. Changes in the tearing behavior and reductions in the tear force and tearing distance were observed after aging. Additionally, a reduction in WVTR was found for all the moisture barriers, due to pore closure in the ePTFE/FR PU membrane. In terms of water repellency, the base fabric side of one moisture barrier experienced a transition from hydrophobic to superhydrophilic potentially due to the degradation of the water‐repellent finish. The investigation also revealed that, due to the screening effect by the outer shell fabric, only a low percentage of UV radiation received by the turnout gear, less than 2% in the UVA range, may reach the moisture barrier. These results indicate the need to consider realistic exposure scenarios when assessing moisture barrier service life.
Highly active iron oxide@N catalyst derived from the iron acetate/polyacrylonitrile threads: Driving nitroarene conversion to value‐added amines
Authors: Rubab Anosha , Sharif Muhammad , Razzaq Rauf , Jackstell Ralf , Nafady Ayman , Weiß Jana , Sohail Manzar
Published: August 2024

Chemoselective reduction of nitroarenes to corresponding arylamines is a significant reaction in the chemical industry. However, in the presence of other reducible groups, including halogenated nitrobenzene, nitrobiphenyl, and nitroquinoline in the same molecule of nitroaromatics, the control of chemoselectivity remains challenging. Here, a facile fabrication of a heterogeneous iron‐based catalyst is reported as a potential alternative to precious metal catalysts for the chemoselective reduction of nitroarenes. The pyrolysis of iron acetate/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) template under an inert atmosphere furnishes active Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulated in nitrogen‐doped (N‐doped) carbon layers, which can provide more catalytic active sites (Fe3O4/PAN@800). Notably, non‐precious iron oxide NPs supported on N‐doped carbon support prevent aggregation, thereby enhancing the catalytic activity. The sustainable and reusable Fe3O4/PAN@800 catalyst, having only 0.8% metal content as demonstrated by x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, delivers excellent yields of corresponding amines from differently functionalized nitroarenes. Hydrogenation of a series of structurally functionalized nitroarenes produced excellent yields of anilines, which serve as building blocks and intermediates for fine and bulk chemicals. Hydrogenation of 2‐chloro‐3‐nitropyridine, 2‐nitro‐1,1′‐biphenyl, ortho‐nitroaniline, and 4‐aminophenyl acrylonitrile yielded respective anilines up to 99%. The active sites of Fe3O4 have magnetic performance, hence, the catalyst can be easily recovered using a magnet and reused for at least five cycles without significant loss of catalytic activity. Therefore, the easily prepared, cost‐effective, and reusable Fe3O4/PAN@800 catalyst presented in this study shows potential for applications in the selective reduction of aromatic nitro compounds. Consequently, this study potentially establishes a guideline for the facile preparation of abundant transition‐non‐noble metal‐based reusable supported catalysts for various applications in the chemical industry.
Consolidation performance and mechanism of composite dust suppressant based on graft modification
Authors: Yu Yanbin , Wang Chujun , Zhou Bo , Cheng Weimin , Liu Yalin , Li Sai
Published: August 2024

To solve the severe coal dust pollution and dust hazards in underground coal mines, this study utilized graft copolymerization modification technology and compound technology to develop a mining composite consolidation dust suppressant. On this basis, analysis of its consolidation wettability and dust suppression mechanism was conducted through characterization tests and molecular dynamics simulation methods. The results show that polyacrylamide (PAM) had been successfully grafted onto the soybean protein isolate (SPI) molecule, and form a SPI‐PAM complex. After the dust suppressant acted on the coal dust surface, it utilized its wealthy hydrophilic groups, for the adsorption of water molecules and the positive amide group for binding to produce a large area of agglomeration of coal dust particles at the interface, exhibiting good wetting and consolidation into a shell. At the same time, molecular dynamic simulation verified that the diffusivity of water molecules in the dust suppressant‐coal system was 0.30Å2/ps, decreased by 43.3%, and the interaction energy with coal molecules was −200.27 kcal/mol, absolute value increased by 41.35%, which made the dust suppressant molecules more easily adsorb and agglomerate on the surface, demonstrated an excellent solidification and dust suppression effect.
Improving durability and efficiency in passive direct ethanol fuel cells using a biodegradable polyvinyl alcohol/epoxidized natural rubber membrane
Authors: Wani Ajaz Ahmad , Zakaria Zulfirdaus , Othman Nadras , Shuib Raa Khimi , Shaari Norazuwana , Yusof Nurul Hayati
Published: August 2024

In this study, a novel biodegradable polymer electrolyte membrane with reduced fuel crossover, high selectivity, and high conductivity compared with Nafion 117 membrane in direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs) has been reported. Herein, polyvinyl alcohol/epoxidized natural rubber (PVA/ENR) blend membranes were synthesized via a simple solution casting method and applied in DEFCs. The structural and physicochemical features of the PVA/ENR blend membranes were examined using FESEM, FTIR, XRD, water absorption, ethanol uptake, swelling ratio and oxidative stability. ENR enhances the chemical, structural, and mechanical characteristics of PVA, making it a valuable material in fuel cell applications. The incorporation of ENR into the PVA matrix results in a compact morphology, excessive multifunctional groups, low fuel crossover, and high selectivity. The optimum membrane thickness achieves the highest selectivity, reaching up to 12.32 × 104 S s cm−3 at 30°C. Additionally, the maximum power density achieved is 19.52 mW cm−2, surpassing that of the Nafion membrane, which is only 14.55 mW cm−2 at 90°C. Furthermore, this biodegradable membrane can sustain operation for 1000 h at 90°C, owing to its ability to maintain hydration for an extended period. This study represents the first attempt to combine PVA and ENR in fuel cells.
Design of silver nanoparticle‐embedded nano zirconium‐based metal–organic frameworks for highly sensitive detection of chlorpyrifos in real samples
Authors: Mahajan Mahendra R. , Patil Pravin O.
Published: August 2024

Chlorpyrifos (CPS) is widely found in food and water sources due to agricultural use, posing health and environmental risks. Therefore, this work introduces a fluorescent sensor design of silver nanoparticle‐embedded nano zirconium‐based metal–organic frameworks (UiO‐66‐NH2@AgNPs) for accurate examination of CPS. Briefly, UiO‐66‐NH2 was synthesized hydrothermally, exhibiting weak luminescence owed to ligand‐to‐metal charge transfer (LMCT). Here, it limits its direct utility in fluorescence‐based detection. To address this limitation, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were introduced into UiO‐66‐NH2, enhancing fluorescence via the metal‐enhanced fluorescence (MEF) effect. Briefly, a comprehensive spectral analysis such as XPS, SEM, TEM, PXRD, etc., was performed to validate the synthesis of UiO‐66‐NH2@AgNPs. Subsequent evaluation revealed that CPS effectively quenched the luminescence intensity of UiO‐66‐NH2@AgNPs through a static quenching mechanism. The fluorescence intensity exhibited good linearity with CPS concentration in the span of 10 to 1,000 ng/mL, with a recognition limit of 191.5 ng/mL(S/N = 3). The interaction involved Ag‐S bond formation and electrostatic interactions, reducing fluorescence intensity. The method was confirmed through successful CPS detection in fruit samples. The UiO‐66‐NH2@AgNPs nanoprobe offers a simple, sensitive, and accurate platform for CPS sensing, with potential for future use in detecting CPS in fruits and vegetables.
Keep your eye on…
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: August 2024

The link between externalizing problems and concurrent use of cannabis and tobacco

How to prescribe medications for OUD to youth
Noncirculating current series resonant converter with pulse frequency modulation
Authors: Ning Guangfu , Du Litao , Dai Ben , Su Mei , Xiong Wenjing , Xu Jingtao , Xu Guo
Published: August 2024

In this paper, an asymmetric pulse frequency modulation (APFM) is applied to the full‐bridge series resonant converter with a secondary LC resonant tank. Different from the traditional PFM, the upper and lower switches have complementary gate drivers and the lower switches have constant on time of half‐resonant period in this paper. Thanks to the resonant tank moved to the secondary side with the adopted APFM, the maximum magnetic flux density Bm of a high‐frequency transformer (HFT) is only concerned with the fixed resonant frequency rather than the variable switching frequency. Hence, the switching frequency can be widely regulated, as well as the voltage gain. Furthermore, the circulating current flowing back to the input voltage source in the traditional LC series resonant converter can be eliminated by the APFM, leading to a low resonant current peak value. The operation principles and characteristics of the adopted method are analyzed in detail. Finally, a 500 W/70–120 V to 300 V/21–180 kHz prototype is built, and the experimental results verified the theoretical analysis well.
Double‐order negative group delay filtering function: A brilliant capability of the bilinear double‐order transfer function
Authors: Banchuin Rawid
Published: August 2024

In this work, the capability to generate the negative group delay (NGD) phenomenon at those frequencies higher than a certain value, that is, the NGD high‐pass (HP) filtering function, of the bilinear double‐order transfer function has been demonstrated. Based on the Type‐I bilinear double‐order filter circuit, our theory has been verified by strong agreements between the formulae and their proof‐of‐concept (POC) circuit‐based simulation results. Both formula‐based and POC circuit‐based simulations give the minimum group delay of −5 ms yet the cut‐off frequency of 10 and 9 rad/s, respectively. Such slight deviation is caused by the approximation error of the bilinear double‐order impedance. By employing two orders, the bilinear double‐order transfer function has been found to be the basis transfer function for the NGD filtering function with the highest degree of freedom. Based on our design equation for the NGD filtering function, it can be seen that the distances between zero and pole and the characteristic frequency of the bilinear double‐order transfer function are governed by such characteristic frequency itself, the cut‐off frequency of the NGD filtering function, and the fractional order of the Laplacian operator. In addition, the effects of the fractional order of the Laplacian operator, the fractional order of the transfer function, and the ratio of the abovementioned distances to the characteristics of the newly found double‐order NGD filtering function have been studied in detail.
Observational evidence of egg guarding in wild European squid
Authors: Hernández‐Urcera Jorge , González Ángel F. , Escolano Felipe , Cabanellas‐Reboredo Miguel
Published: August 2024

It is accepted that loliginids, like other squid, deposit their eggs in crevices on the seabed and then abandon them. In this work, we present observational evidence of egg guarding behavior in wild European squid, Loligo vulgaris. While monitoring a squid spawning crevice at night in Spain, a large mass of squid eggs was located and filmed 17 times during 42 days, until hatching. A male and a female of L. vulgaris were filmed in front of the crevice. The same male was filmed guarding the eggs on consecutive days. In the presence of the divers, male and female alternated their approaches to the crevice repeatedly touching and flushing the egg clusters. This guarding behavior differs from the reproductive habits assumed for the European squid and could represent the first evidence of egg guarding by a male in cephalopods.
Study on interspecific relationships, community stability, and environmental factors of lithophytic moss at different elevations in karst cities
Authors: Duan Lixin , Wang Xiurong , Jin Yalin
Published: August 2024

Ecosystem stability arises from the interplay of species diversity, environmental conditions, and external disturbances. Understanding the structure of plant communities, interspecific relationships, and community stability in urban ecosystems is fundamental to ecological restoration and community development. This study utilized the karst city of Guiyang as a case study and employed the α diversity index, variance ratio method (VR), χ2‐test, Pearson correlation test, Spearman rank correlation test, M. Godron stability, and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The research focused on analyzing the species diversity, interspecific associations, community stability, and environmental factors of lithophytic moss at various elevations (989–1398 m). The findings revealed the presence of 58 species belonging to 27 genera and 13 families of lithophytic moss in the study area. Notably, the Brachytheciaceae and Pottiaceae emerged as dominant, exhibiting a broad ecological range and adaptation mechanisms, thereby playing a crucial role in the ecological environment of rocky desertification. The study observed that the highest species richness and dominance values of lithophytic moss were recorded at the N4 (1296–1398 m) elevation gradient, while the highest species diversity and uniformity values were observed at the N3 (1194–1295 m) elevation gradient, indicating a significant impact of altitude on lithobryophyte species diversity, particularly at middle and high altitudes. The analysis of interspecific associations and stability indicated a predominantly negative overall association within the lithophytic moss community, suggesting an early stage of succession, with weak interspecific associations and correlations among dominant pairs, tending towards relative independence. Only the communities at N2 (1092–1193 m) elevation exhibited stability, while the other communities were in an unstable stage, showing no significant correlation with species diversity. Furthermore, light intensity (182–129300 lux) exerted the greatest influence on community stability. Additionally, air humidity (36.5–52.3%) and altitude (998–1327 m) emerged as the primary environmental factors influencing community distribution, with a close and positive correlation between the two. These results hold significant reference value for promoting the succession and steady development of vegetation in rocky desertification areas and enhancing the conservation and restoration of vegetation community diversity in karst urban ecosystems.
Characteristics and mechanisms of T‐cell senescence: A potential target for cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Wu Han , Li Junru , Zhang Zhen , Zhang Yi
Published: August 2024

Immunosenescence, the aging of the immune system, leads to functional deficiencies, particularly in T cells, which undergo significant changes. While numerous studies have investigated age‐related T‐cell phenotypes in healthy aging, senescent T cells have also been observed in younger populations during pathological conditions like cancer. This review summarizes the recent advancements in age‐associated alterations and markers of T cells, mechanisms, and the relationship between senescent T cells and the tumor microenvironment. We also discuss potential strategies for targeting senescent T cells to prevent age‐related diseases and enhance tumor immunotherapy efficacy.