bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frost Damage in Poplar on the Prairies
Authors: Zalasky Harry
Published: February 2014

Frost cankers in poplar are freeze-killed areas of bark and wood around which woody calluses develop and form burls and frost ribs. Frost dieback is a freeze-killed segment of the stem at the base, tip, or mid-portion of a branch or leader. It may or may not enhance natural pruning of poplar branches depending on whether the basal parts are damaged or alive and able to form abscission layers. In addition to abscission, low temperature affects increment, growth patterns, and vigor of poplar. Tree become stunted from persistent leader dieback. Suckers, crooks, and sweeps also characterize many stands of poplar. These characteristics of frost damage in mature forest stands are valuable in assessing the hazard of frost if the stands are to be clear-cut and reforested. The effects of frost damage are controlled somewhat in amenity, parks, and recreational areas because pruning is necessary to prevent wind breakage of staghead and frost-cankered trees.
Formulation of Stand Volume Increments in Single-Examination Sample Plots
Authors: Alemdag I. Seref
Published: February 2014

In an earlier paper (Alemdag 1975), various types of stand volume increments derived from permanent sample plot data were analyzed and defined. In this paper the procedure for formulating stand volume increments from single-examination sample plots is described. Calculated past and projected future stand volume increments are defined.
Control of Small Mammals on a Hardwood Plantation by Poison-Bait Feeders
Authors: Martell Arthur M. , Radvanyi Andrew
Published: February 2014

Poison-bait feeder stations were placed on a hardwood plantation in southern Ontario in 1973 to attempt long-term control of a meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) population by continuous dispensing of poisoned grain. Baiting by means of feeders successfully reduced the numbers of meadow voles and maintained them at a low density, about 3-6/ha (1.2-2.4/acre), through April 1976. During the same period, the density of meadow voles on surrounding unpoisoned areas declined from a 1973 peak to about the same as that found on the poisoned plot by fall and winter 1975-76. Despite that low density, less than 4/ha (1.6/acre), severe gnawing and girdling of young hardwoods occurred during winter. Poison-bait feeders are efficient at reducing meadow vole populations from high to low density, but it cannot be assumed that even those low-density populations will not damage hardwood plantations.
Effects of Four Years Storage on Germination of R-55 Repellent-Treated White Spruce Seeds
Authors: Radvanyi A.
Published: February 2014

The need for a more effective coating formulation to protect white spruce seeds from rodent depredation led to experimentation using a potent rodent repellent, R-55. Germination tests were conducted at two- to three-month intervals over a period of four years to determine possible phytotoxic effects of the R-55 coating when seeds were returned to cold storage. Germination of treated seeds declined only moderately over this period.
Hardwood Planting in Ontario
Authors: Althen F. W. von
Published: February 2014

Most hardwood species can be planted successfully but plantation establishment is generally more difficult and more expensive for hardwoods than for conifers. For satisfactory growth most upland hardwood species demand a deep, fertile, moist but well drained soil. Intensive weed control during the early years after planting is an absolute necessity. Fertilization at time of planting has generally failed to promote seedling growth. Protection from girdling by mice and browsing by rabbits may be necessary during the early years after planting.
Energy from Forest Biomass
Authors: Schneider Marc H.
Published: February 2014

Forest biomass can be converted to energy by direct combustion, or by conversion to gaseous or liquid fuel before burning. Such fuel can be used domestically, for transportation, and by industries and public utilities. This paper reviews some basic wood fuel characteristics, the state of forest biomass fuel technology, and the results of some recent wood-for-fuel feasibility studies.
Results of Research in Northern Hardwood Silviculture at Dudswell
Authors: Roberge M. R.
Published: February 2014

The stand improvement and regeneration treatments carried out by the Department of Fisheries and the Environment of Canada at Dudswell Experimental Forest in cooperation with Domtar Ltd. are producing results after 15 years of observations. These are directly applicable to management for timber, recreation, wildlife, and water in Quebec hardwood stands dominated by sugar maple, beech, yellow birch, or red maple. Research results indicate marked advantages, in stands of good quality hardwoods, of thinnings taking 30 to 40% of the total volume and of group or strip selection cutting, and, in stands of poor quality hardwoods, of strip clear cutting. Site preparation and artificial regeneration are not required to obtain a stand of a quality at least equal to that of the original stand.
Morgan Arboretum — A Model Urban Forest
Authors: Jones A. R. C. , MacArthur J. D.
Published: February 2014

A project in urban forestry, the Morgan Arboretum and Woodlands, near Montreal is described indicating how this property has evolved over three decades from a demonstration woodlot to a multiple-use, people-oriented urban forest. The evolution of this versatile urban forest in response to changing social attitudes and needs is traced. Long-term financial and moral support from an active Association of concerned citizens and corporations has been a vital element in the survival and growth of the project from the outset. More recently the project has attracted support from government agencies as its ability to respond to a wide range of public needs has been recognized and developed. The importance of urban forests in an amenity and educational role is indicated and some specific and general problems of urban forestry are discussed briefly.
Mapping Stand Structure for Woodlot Management
Authors: Good W. S. , Fisher R. F.
Published: February 2014

A method of mapping and visually representing hardwood stands is presented and its possible applications to forest management are outlined. The variation of stand structure within woodlots in Waterloo County, Ontario is analyzed and the relevance of this variation to management objectives and systems is discussed.
Synecological Map of the University of British Columbia Research Forest
Authors: Klinka Karel , Skoda Lou
Published: February 2014

A synecological map on a 5,150 ha area of the U.B.C. Research Forest, Haney, B.C., was prepared at the scale 1:10,000. Forest ecosystems (biogeocoenoses) were classified through synthesis of similar plots, following the analysis of vegetation by the phytosociological techniques of the Zürich-Montpellier School and of corresponding habitats as adapted by Krajina and his students. The mapping was done by a combination of ground survey and aerial photographic interpretation. The thrust of the cartographic design for the map focused on criteria appropriate to map series. Aspects of format, information content and of color design, are illustrated and discussed.
Aspen — The Ugly Duckling
Authors: Mead Douglas A.
Published: February 2014

The aspen resource of Canada is large and increasing. However, aspen has been long neglected by industry because of the abundance of more desirable species — especially spruce. The management of aspen is relatively easy and inexpensive when compared with the dominant softwood species and aspen growth rates are generally superior. Aspen is useable for a wide variety of products. It should be actively promoted and managed.
Root Exposure, Root Dipping, and Extended Spring Planting of White Pine Seedlings
Authors: Mullin R. E.
Published: February 2014

A study was established to assess the effects of root exposure at time of planting on the performance of 3 + 0 white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings. Stock was lifted weekly from April 22nd (1971) for 10 weeks, with and without root dipping in water, and exposed from 0-3 hours before planting. Survival, terminal growth (current leaders) and total heights were examined after five years.Exposure resulted in damage; affecting survival, current growth and total height at five years. However, survival was unaffected by exposures of up to two hours on days with relative humidity above 80%. Dipping in water was found to be ineffective.Extending the planting season with 'hot' planting (same day) resulted in reduction of terminal growth and total height. Survival was also reduced for dates following flushing.
The Use of Historical Fire Weather Data for Prescribed Burn Planning
Authors: Martell D. L.
Published: February 2014

An interactive computer program that can be used to analyse historical fire weather data and determine how frequently specific prescribed burn fire weather prescriptions have occurred in the past is described.
Canadian Pulp and Paper in World Trade
Authors: Cooke D. B.
Published: February 2014

Canada still commands a major position in two key world pulp and paper products which come from our softwood forest resource — newsprint and woodpulp. In 1977 Canada produced 40% of the newsprint and 30% of the softwood bleached kraft used in the free world. Fine papers, linerboard and tissue grades of paper are made chiefly for the domestic market and are all tariff protected.After 30 years of excellent growth, the future prospects for the Canadian pulp and paper industry are clouded by: slower world demand for paper and board, increased self-sufficiency for newsprint and pulp in many of Canada's key markets, continuing trends to substitution of cheaper pulp fibres for the more expensive softwood bleached kraft pulp, the cornerstone of Canada's pulp industry.
Multiple Discount Rates for Evaluating Public Forestry Investments
Authors: Foster Bennett B.
Published: February 2014

The critical nature of the discount rate in public forestry investment evaluation is generally recognized, as is the philosophical conflict between the need for a high rate which reflects current economic and social realities, and a low rate which assures permanence and the attainment of long-term social welfare goals. Others have suggested a dual rate approach for solving this issue. The rationale leading to their dual-rate concept can be expanded into a multiple-rate concept. In addition, empirical evidence supports a multiple rate concept: one in which rates would be influenced by the duration of investment and approximated by a formula-based continuum or a multiple-step schedule. No attempt is made to set specific rates; however, there is evidence that rates above 8% are reasonable for only a decade or two, rates above 5% reasonable for durations up to approximately 50 years, and lower rates being reasonable for longer durations.
One-Person Circular Plot Establishment
Authors: Korhonen J.
Published: February 2014

A procedure is described whereby one person can establish circular plots and determine tree heights without the use of a measuring tape. In addition to targets of specified dimensions, which can be readily made, the only piece of equipment needed is an "exact" factor wedge prism.
Étude du Matériel sur Pied Relatif et Ses Implications sur L'Aménagement des Plantations
Authors: Popovich S.
Published: February 2014

Problems of plantation management and silvicultural practices in over- and under-stocked white spruce and red pine plantations are presented in the light of observations made while preparing normal yield tables. This study points out the crucial problem of initial density of man-made forests. For successful growth of light-demanding species such as pine, a minimum of 4 000-5 000 seedlings per hectare at planting are required. The use for stand density optimization is discussed.
Discontinuity in Growth Potential of Jack Pine in Ontario: A 20-Year Provenance Assessment
Authors: Skeates D. A.
Published: February 2014

The province of Ontario is divided into three major jack pine populations as a result of grouping 12 seed sources on the basis of growth characteristics, 20 years from sowing. Migration following glaciation is postulated as a cause of population differentiation.Growth of trees from the 12 stands was positively but weakly correlated with growing degree days. However some northern sources flourished in southern plantations. Consistent growth differences were found between some geographically close sources, justifying further, more intensive sampling to identify the most productive sources of seed for each of the major areas of jack pine silvicultural activity in the province.
Maturity of Scots Pine Cones
Authors: Cram W. H. , Lindquist C. H.
Published: February 2014

Cone and seed maturity of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) were evaluated for three seed years and several plantations in prairie Canada. Both specific gravity and moisture content provided reliable measures of cone maturity and were directly related to viability of the seed produced. Individual trees were found to differ as to cone and seed maturity for successive harvests in three years. Cones were mature when specific gravity decreased to 1.02 or a moisture content to 38% and produced seed with a high germination capacity even after four years of storage (81 to 95%). Distilled water is recommended for field testing of cone maturity for individual trees. Number of seeds per cone and seed weight were more directly related to cone size than to cone maturity. Neither color of cones nor color of seeds proved reliable measures of maturity.
Fonction de la Croissance de Korf
Authors: Zarnovican Richard
Published: February 2014

Korf's mathematical formula, three—parameter—growth function, was briefly analyzed. How this formula can be applied to forest mensuration was also examined. Korf's formula was used to study the relation between height/age for three black spruce stands.
Response of White Spruce Plantation to Three Levels of Thinning from Below 1958-1978
Authors: Stiell W. M.
Published: February 2014

In 1958 a thinning experiment to examine the relation of stand growth of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) to density of residual growing stock was established at the Petawawa national Forestry Institute in a 33-year-old plantation growing on a sandy old-field site. A treatment series consisted of sample plots thinned from below to basal area levels of 18.4, 25.3 and 32.1 m2/ha, together with unthinned plots serving as controls. Two such replicates were established. The plots were remeasured and thinned again to the prescribed basal areas in 1968 and 1978. Diameter growth and form quotient were clearly related to degree of thinning. Volume growth was reduced at the lowest residual basal area. The untreated plots contained the highest volume in 1978 but mortality had reduced their total production of merchantable wood by about 10% compared with the thinnings plus standing crop of the two lighter treatments. Thinning to leave a basal area in the range of about 22 to 35 m2/ha should yield 11 to 60 m3/ha of merchantable wood, depending on plantation age and intensity of cut, without reducing stand growth.
Sweden Initiates a Large Scale Tree Improvement and Seed Production Program for Lodgepole Pine
Authors: Bartram V. C.
Published: February 2014

Lodgepole pine is an exotic with impressive growth potential in northern and central Sweden. In recent years this species has gained a wide acceptance for use in reforestation and Swedish authorities have therefore embarked on a significant tree improvement and seed production program to meet future demands for high quality seed. The initial phase of this program, a recently completed parent tree selection project in western Canada, is described in this paper. Subsequent plans for genetic testing and seed production in Sweden are also addressed.
A Graphic Technique for Determining Spacing and Priority
Authors: Dunsworth B. G. , Bower R. C.
Published: February 2014

Overstocked stands have characteristically been spaced (non-commercially thinned) early in their development to maintain efficient levels of growing stock. A graphic technique has been developed using estimates of mean crop and competitor stocking levels and the ratio of crop to competitor stems to aid the forester in ranking stands requiring spacing.
The Growing of Eucalypts on Short Rotation in Brazil
Authors: Ayling Ron D. , Martins Paul J.
Published: February 2014

This paper outlines the procedures used for the establishment and maintenance of Eucalyptus crops in Brazil. Wood fibre is grown primarily for charcoal production for iron and steel industries in many areas of southern Brazil. The first harvest is ready as early as five years after planting and is frequently followed by two or more harvests of coppice crops. Mean annual increments are often as high as 20-40 m3/ha and large yields are possible within a few years. The demand for eucalypt wood fibre in lieu of native species, and the high yields attained, justify the investments in land, nursery operations, and plantation cultural treatments.
Foliar Analysis and DRIS as a Guide to Fertilizer Amendments in Poplar Plantations
Authors: Leech R. H. , Kim Y. T.
Published: February 2014

The use of foliar analysis in conjunction with the Diagnostic and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) of Beaufils is demonstrated for the poplar clone D38 (Populus deltoides Marsh.) to guide fertilizer amendments and monitor subsequent tree growth by use of field and greenhouse standards.
Jack Pine Seedling Performance Improved by Pisolithus tinctorius
Authors: Navratil S. , Phillips N. J. , Wynia A.
Published: February 2014

Containerized jack pine seedlings were treated with experimental commercial (Abbott) and laboratory (IMRD-USDA) products of Pisolithus tinctorius inoculum and raised at two fertility levels. After a four-month growing period, seedlings were outplanted on a Site Class 2 jack pine site in N.W. Ontario. An evaluation prior to outplanting confirmed that seedlings from all inoculated treatments had formed Pt mycorrhizae. The highest levels of Pt mycorrhizae were induced by the IMRD inoculum. Seedlings raised at the lower fertility level were smaller in size but developed more mycorrhizae than their fully fertilized counterparts. Assessment of growth one year after outplanting confirmed the superior performance of inoculated seedlings. Height growth, more than any other aspect, was very closely related to the amount of Pt mycorrhizae on seedling roots at the time of planting. Seedlings treated with the IMRD inoculum showed the greatest overall increases in growth. These increases in the second season were sufficient to compensate for the reduced initial size of seedlings due to the lower fertility. Pisolithus tinctorius was re-isolated from the roots of the outplanted seedlings and, therefore, appears capable of overwintering in the Boreal forest.
Use of Borax and Sodium Nitrite In an Operational Thinning of Red Pine in Ontario to Prevent Stump Infection by Fomes annosus
Authors: Myren D. T.
Published: February 2014

Both borax and sodium nitrite provided excellent protection of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) stumps against Fomes annosus (Fr.) Karst. in an Ontario thinning operation. The contention that sodium nitrite, which in the past failed to provide complete protection under some experimental conditions, would prove to be effective in operational use was validated. Since both chemicals provide protection, selection of a protectant for operational use is based on considerations other than effectiveness alone.
Basic Density of Jack Pine Wood Influenced by Fertilization and Thinning
Authors: Scott S. L. , Barker J. E. , Morrison I. K. , Foster N. W.
Published: February 2014

Basic wood density was measured at eight bole positions within and below the green crown in a jack pine (Pinus banksiana, Lamb.) fertilization and thinning trial near Chapleau, Ontario. Analysis showed a 6% reduction of average density in wood laid down during the first 5 years following treatment. A significant height × fertilizer interaction was noted during the same period indicating that bole density gradients specific to fertilized trees should be used to calculate biomass gains from fertilization if substantial underestimates of response are to be avoided. The portion of the bole where the wood changed most rapidly from low density, juvenile-type to higher density mature-type wood appeared to be just beneath the base of the green crown.
Prediction Equations for Black Spruce Seed Production and Dispersal in Northern Ontario
Authors: Payandeh B. , Haavisto V. F.
Published: February 2014

Nonlinear regression equations were developed to describe seed production and dispersal in black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.]B.S.P.)in northern Ontario. Solution of the equations can provide useful information beyond the range of the original data, because of the flexibility of the models used. For example, solution of equations 1-3 indicates that cones from intermediate crown class trees initially have about twice as many seeds as those of either the dominant or codominant trees, but disperse their seeds at a much faster rate. Average number of seeds per cone for all three crown classes is about 7 after 10 years. Older cones of the intermediate crown class trees have fewest seeds per cone. Solution of equation 4 indicates that average seed viability is about 53% and decreases only slightly during the first three years. It then decreases very rapidly up to 12 years to about 5%. Similarly, equations 6 and 7 may be solved to determine an optimum strip-cut width for sufficient seedfall across the strip to produce satisfactory regeneration.
Growth of Lodgepole Pine After Mechanical Strip Thinning in Alberta: 15-year Results
Authors: Bella I. E. , Franceschi J. P. De
Published: February 2014

An operational thinning in a 25-year-old lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) stand in Alberta resulted in nearly a 50% increase in diameter at breast height (dbh) and height increment in the last 5 years. Initial stand density had no effect on dbh increment beyond that of initial tree size. The release effect extended throughout the narrow (around 1.5 m) leave strips. Mortality continued to occur at about the same rate in both treated and untreated plots, thus reducing the need for follow-up selective thinning. Although the treated area had much lower stand volumes, it has a faster growth rate and may catch up or even surpass the untreated area in merchantable yield at harvest.
Mortalité du sapin baumier défolié par la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette dans la région de la Gatineau au Québec
Authors: Beaulieu Jean , Hardy Yvan J.
Published: February 2014

This paper presents a method of analysis which differentiates between spruce budworm caused mortality and regular mortality on balsam fir in the Gatineau region in Quebec. A first attempt was made using multiple linear regression and a uniform random number generator. In order to overcome the bias inherent to the least squares method when dealing with a binary (0,1) dependent variable, a profit analysis was also conducted. In this case, the parameters and their variance were estimated using likehood method. These two approaches proved to be equivalent when percent budworm caused mortality was compared within the 1958 to 1979 period covered by the data at hand, while the outbreak lasted from 1968 to 1975.In 1979, approximately 55% of the stems had been killed by the budworm, accounting for 53% of the volume. Maple-yellow birch associations were more affected than fir associations although no significant difference was found. Fir mortality was delayed by aerial spraying of insecticides but this advantage disappeared as soon as the spray operations came to an end.
Economic Timber Supply – Concepts, Ends and Means
Authors: Haley D. , Cooney T. M.
Published: February 2014

Two economic concepts of timber supply are discussed – the neo-classical, or flow, concept and the recoverable-stock supply concept. The ways in which economic stock supply models can be used to improve managerial planning in forestry are described and alternative approaches to the estimation of timber stock supply schedules are examined in terms of their merits and disadvantages.
Influence of Fertilization on Feeding Attacks to Lodgepole Pine by Snowshoe Hares and Red Squirrels
Authors: Sullivan Thomas P. , Sullivan Druscilla S.
Published: February 2014

Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) shows favourable growth and yield responses to spacing (thinning) and potentially to fertilization, but is susceptible to feeding injuries by snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus Erxleben) and red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Erxleben). This study was designed to determine the incidence of animal damage to crop trees in a fertilized-spaced stand, compared with those in spaced only and control (unspaced) stands. There was little variation in the percentage of crop trees (range 53.6% to 63.3%) damaged by hares in the three stands. Hares removed an average of 92.2 cm2 of bark and associated vascular tissues per attack from fertilized stems compared with 46.2 cm2 in the spaced only stand. This latter value was nearly double that recorded in the control stand (27.4 cm2). Squirrels damaged more fertilized trees (38.9%) than trees in the spaced (30.9%) or control (14.3%) stands. Squirrels removed the largest average amount of bark (66.9 cm2) per attack from fertilized stems with little difference between spaced (41.6 cm2) and control (42.3 cm2) stands. We conclude that hares and squirrels clearly prefer to feed on fertilized lodgepole pine stems over those in non-fertilized or un-managed stands.
Les forêts de la Côte Nord au Québec sont-elles sujettes aux déprédations par la tordeuse?
Authors: Blais J. Robert
Published: February 2014

Quebec's North Shore is a vast region comprising about one third of productive forests in the province. The impact of the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) in this remote region was not welt known. In the summer of 1981, ground and aerial surveys were conducted to determine the extent to which fir stands had been affected during the current bud-worm outbreak. It was possible to confirm that defoliation had been severe for several successive years prior to 1978, and that since then, insect populations had diminished considerably. Available information on balsam fir mortality indicated only two areas: one in Saguenay River region in the extreme southwest of the study area, and the other in the vicinity of Baie Comeau. The 1981 surveys revealed that varying quantities of fir had succumbed to budworm attack in many stands occurring for hundreds of kilometers east of Baie Comeau. The spruce budworm maintained high populations sufficiently long to cause pockets of tree mortality over a widespread area on the North Shore. Growth-ring measurements on several old balsam fir and white spruce trees from many localities indicated that no other widespread budworm outbreak had occurred on the North Shore since the end of the nineteenth century.
White Pine Blister Rust in British Columbia II. Can Stands be Hazard Rated?
Authors: Hunt R. S.
Published: February 2014

Twelve to 30-year-old western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl.) in 23 stands in British Columbia were surveyed for blister rust (Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch. ex Rab.) cankers. Canker length, mid-point diameter, and height above ground were measured. The number of cankers per tree tended to increase with tree diameter, was variable within stands, and on 15 to 20 cm diameter trees ranged from a mean of one to 14 per stand and the overall mean was four cankers per tree. Large branches bore longer cankers and tended to be higher in the tree than small branches which bore short cankers. Incidence of cankers above 2.5 m tended to increase with increasing slope and they were on the side of the tree subject to evening breezes. Based on Idaho standards all sites in British Columbia were rated as low hazard, but trees growing on slopes had a higher risk than those on flat sites.Key words:Cronartium, Pinus monticola, hazard rating
Long-term Growth and Yield Response of Young Fir to Manual and Chemical Release from Shrub Competition
Authors: MacLean D. A. , Morgan M. G.
Published: February 2014

Long-term growth responses from manually and chemically releasing balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) seedlings from shrub competition were examined on five 0.4-ha plots in northwestern New Brunswick. Manually releasing seedlings from mountain maple (Acer spicatum Lam.) competition by clearing a 1-m radius circle around each seedling in one plot resulted in increases of 64% for total fir volume, 36% for mean dbh, and 22% for mean height, in comparison with a control plot, 32 years later. Application of a 2,4-D — 2,4,5-T mixture to two plots resulted in 265 and 157% greater fir volume than the control plot 28 years later. Herbicide treatment dramatically changed the species composition of the treated plots, favoring fir and spruce (Picea sp.) over pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica L.f.) and white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), but had lesser effects on individual-tree growth rates.
Black and White Spruce Plantings in Minnesota: Container vs Bareroot Stock and Fall vs Spring Planting
Authors: Alm A. A.
Published: February 2014

Black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) styrob-lock and paperpot and 3-0 and 2-2 seedlings were planted spring and fall. After four seasons of growth the container seedlings had survival and height growth as good or better than the nursery seedlings. There were no differences in performance between the two container systems. The 2-2 stock generally had better survival than the 3-0 stock. Survival of fall-planted stock was equal to or better than that of the spring-planted stock. Key words: white spruce, black spruce, styroplugs, paper pots, seedlings, transplants, artificial regeneration, fall vs spring planting
Impact and Control of Forest Diseases in Canada
Authors: Whitney R. D. , Hunt R. S. , Munro J. A.
Published: February 2014

For the period 1977-1981, estimates of annual timber losses in Canada as a result of disease are 65 million m3. Intensive forest management presents an opportunity for utilizing pathological recommendations for reducing these losses in order to maintain forest productivity. Control of nursery diseases, root rot, dwarf mistltoes, and Dutch elm disease has been most successful. The accuracy of net inventory volume has been greatly improved. There is a need to develop more reliable surveys for loss estimates and to predict future fosses, particularly on an individual stand basis. The utilization of biological information to develop new control strategies for use in intensive forest management is a challenge facing forest pathologists and forest managers in Canada today.
SAPP: A Computer Program for Plotting Stem Analysis
Authors: Timmer V. R. , Verch B. R.
Published: February 2014

We report on a stem analysis plotting program (SAPP) specifically designed for automated tree ring measurement and computer graphic facilities. Growth patterns of individual trees are reconstructed using annual ring widths measured at length intervals along the bole. The program generates detailed charts showing radial ring sequences; growth layer profiles; annual height increment/age, height/age, height/dbh, volume/age and specific volume/age relationships; and MAI and CAI volume development to facilitate graphical comparisons of tree growth performance. Keywords: computer graphics, automated ring measurement, tree growth measurement, site evaluation.
Impact of Eutypella Canker on the Maple Resource of the Owen Sound and Wingham Forest Districts
Authors: Gross H. L.
Published: February 2014

Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) stands of the Owen Sound and Wingham districts in southwestern Ontario were sampled to assess the importance of cankers caused by Eutypella parasitica Davidson and Lorenz. Stands in the Owen Sound District had Eutypella cankers on 7.4% of the sugar maples. Cankered trees had an average cull loss of 12.4% total cubic volume and 49.2% merchantable cubic volume. The incidence of cankering was significantly less for the Wingham District where maple stands have better overall timber quality than do stands in the Owen Sound District. The incidence of Eutypella canker was a positive function of the percentage content of maple in a stand, maple tree density, and maple tree size. Cull loss due to cankers was related to canker size and tree size and to the position of the canker with respect to log production. Regression models illustrating these relationships are presented.
Asymptotic Site-Index Curves, Fact or Artifact?
Authors: Smith Victor G.
Published: February 2014

In the absence of permanent sample plot data, site-index curves and equations showing the height/age relationship for a tree species growing on a given site have been derived using stem analysis and temporary sample plot data. Initially the guide-curve method using temporary sample plot data (Bruce and Schumacher 1950) was employed to produce anamorphic site-index curves. More recently mensurationists (e.g. Heger 1968, and Payandeh 1978) have used stem analysis data and various regression techniques to produce polymorphic curves. This study suggests that the asymptotic site-index curves (i.e. curves that tend to level off within the life of the stand) that have been produced for black spruce may be the result of using mensurational and sampling techniques in forests where site-index is correlated with age. Also the regression techniques commonly used to estimate the parameters in site-index equations do not allow for error in both the dependent variable (height) and an independent variable (site). As a consequence the site-index curves produced by these techniques are asymptotic whereas height estimates obtained from 40 black spruce permanent sample plots do not exhibit any strong asymptotic height properties for stands up to 180 years of age.
Fitting Taper Equations from Standing Trees
Authors: James C. A. , Kozak A.
Published: February 2014

Taper equations from standing trees were developed for 32 major groups of the commercial species of British Columbia by applying outside bark data to an accepted taper model (the Whole-Bole system). Tests of this model on all groups show that estimates of volume, diameters inside bark at different heights, and heights for different diameters are sufficiently accurate and precise for practical use. In some cases, standing tree estimates are more reliable than those produced from the inside bark taper equations currently used in British Columbia. Including a bark thickness prediction function in the model would improve the reliability of estimation.Taper data can be obtained from standing trees accurately and inexpensively with a Barr & Stroud dendrometer. Because of this method of data collection is more efficient than felled tree measurement, these standing tree taper equations have great potential for use in local situations and where nondestructive samples are required.
Variation in the Ovendry Wood Density of Ten Prairie Tree Species
Authors: Singh T.
Published: February 2014

Ovendry wood density (g/cm3) determinations were made on disk subsamples collected from 600 trees belonging to 10 major softwood and hardwood species of the three Prairie provinces. Ten disks were obtained from each tree stem: four from equally spaced sections of the merchantable stem, three from similar sections along the nonmerchantable stem, and three additional disks obtained at stump height, breast height, and near the top. The relationships between specific gravity and associated tree variables such as age, height, diameter, and volume were examined. Because of variations in the wood density at relative heights within a species, weighted wood density was determined for the entire tree stem, and prediction equations were derived for its estimation from the wood density at breast height. The variability of wood density increased significantly for the older stem sections near the base but was insignificant for the more recent eight growth toward the tip.
Scaling and Smalian's Formula: Time to Change?
Authors: Ormerod D. W.
Published: February 2014

Smalian's formula, as applied in scaling, is compared with Newton's and Behre's formulae for synthetic logs generated from an unbiased taper system. The log examples may be considered typical for coastal British Columbia. For top logs Newton's formula gives adequate results, but for butt logs Behre's formula is better. The additional costs of obtaining the third diameter measurement required by Newton's and Behre's formulae should be weighed against the value of a more accurate scale.
What the Wildlife Manager Expects from Foresters—New Initiatives in Forestry and Wildlife Management in Canada
Authors: Demarchi Ray A.
Published: February 2014

The demands for land are increasing. Destructive forms of land use threaten the renewable resource base for both wood products and wildlife. The first order of cooperation between foresters and wildlife managers must be to protect the productive land base from destructive uses. The second order deals with how this land base and the timber resource are to be managed. The third order of cooperation between foresters and wildlife managers requires an appreciation of this fundamental problem. The dialogue between foresters and wildlife managers is increasing. Foresters should assist wildlife managers in encouraging economists to begin applying the economic benefits of wildlife as incentives to the private sector for improving wildlife habitat protection and management. Key words: Wildlife Management, Forestry Multiple Use, Integration, Wildlife Habitat.
Integrating Forestry and Wildlife Management: The View of the Private Land Timber Resource User
Authors: Hynard P. P.
Published: February 2014

The users of the private land timber resource include the landowner (who uses it for property income), the logger, and the mills dependent on local timber supply.The objectives of landowners vary considerably, as do their dependence on timber sales for income and their use of the property for personal recreation. Loggers tend to view forestry-wildlife integration unfavourably wherever this results in increased logging costs. The forestry interests of the local mills are similarly those of timber availability, wood procurement costs and freedom from disruption of supply. Key words: Forest management, private forest lands, integrated land management, wildlife management.
Moose and Man in Northern Ontario
Authors: Euler David
Published: February 2014

Moose in northern Ontario represent a classic case of competition for a natural resource. Some people hunt them; others enjoy moose-watching; timber companies alter their habitat. In addition, over much of northern Ontario wolves require moose as food.Moose populations have declined in Ontario by about 35% over the last 20 years. Scientific evidence does not conclusively identify the reason for the decline and the interest groups usually blame each other. Solutions to the problem are fraught with the difficulties inherent in all natural resources management. Lack of hard data, political considerations, and an incomplete understanding of how northern ecosystems operate make management decisions difficult. The purpose of this paper is to assemble the available facts, outline how decisions on management activities were made, and comment on timber harvest and its effect on the management problem. Key words: moose, forestry, wildlife management.
Cone Production and Seed Yield of Lodgepole Pine Grafts
Authors: Ying C. C. , Murphy J. C. , Andersen S.
Published: February 2014

Cone production records over a 12-year period from two clonebanks (SCA and SK) indicate that Red Rock is a suitable location for lodgepole pine seed orchards for central interior British Columbia. Both seed and pollen cone production increased rapidly every year and reached their peak in 1982, 10 years after their establishment; a sharp decline occurred in 1983, but cone production recovered to the 1982 level in 1984, On an average, in 1982, the two clonebanks produced 237 seed cones and 186 pollen cones per living graft. Clonal differences were large, and a good cone producer continued to produce more cones year after year. Regular pollen cone production lagged behind seed cone production by about 5 years. Clones from the Yukon and northern British Columbia started to produce seed cones earlier than those of more southern origins; but the latter, despite being less precocious, eventually outproduced the northern ones. Southward transfer of lodgepole pine grafts is not necessarily beneficial to cone production. Average mature cone length was 41 mm, width 24 mm, and weight 7.1 g; average number of seeds per cone was 23 and 100-seed weight was 0.4 mg. Clonal differences were also large for these traits. Key Words: lodgepole pine, clonebank, seed cone, pollen cone, central British Columbia.
Current Use and Potential for Implementing Forest Management Practices in Intensive Forest Management in the U.S.A.
Authors: Stewart James L.
Published: February 2014

Pests annually cause immense damage. To reduce these losses, foresters need to manage forests and use available pest control technology. Today, we have the means but are restricted by economic, political, and public pressures. These pressures will continue to influence how we manage. As wood products come from a shrinking land base and resource values climb, pest losses will be less tolerable, yet restrictions, such as legislation and litigation, will limit needed forest and pest management.
Spruce Budmoth — A Case History Issues and Constraints
Authors: Neilson M. M.
Published: February 2014

An approach, involving all of the agencies that might be involved in a spray permit approval, to the design of a chemical control program for a zeiraphera sp. infestation in extensive white spruce plantations in New Brunswick is described. The issues and constraints encountered in the exercise and that would probably be common to any attempt at implementing chemical control of a pest in plantations are highlighted. Steps that must be taken to resolve some of these difficulties are discussed. Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management is suggested as an approach that might resolve issues and contraints.
Effects of Climatic Conditions on Sap Flow in Sugar Maple
Authors: Kim Y. T. , Leech R. H.
Published: February 2014

Temperature, sunlight and precipitation were studied to examine their influence on sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) sap flow over a five-year period. Temperature was the most important climatic factor influencing the amount of sap flow. Sunlight also increased the sap flow, but rain one day before the sap collection reduced it.
Protection of the Forest: A Social and Economic Imperative
Authors: Mercier Jean-Claude
Published: February 2014

The forest products sector is a vital segment of Quebec's economy. Until recently this sector was supported by abundant resources Today, the situation has changed. Resource shortages could soon develop in certain regions. Even if forest management is increased to moderate these shortages, the necessity to protect the forest will not diminish. On the contrary, investments cannot be made without adequate protection programs.Protection programs are not new. Fire protection was initiated in the early 1950s and has since made considerable progress.Losses from the current spruce budworm epidemic support the necessity to protect forests from insects. Insect control strategies and techniques have improved and will continue to improve in response to public pressure concerning the use of chemicals in the forest. As foresters, our challenge is not only to protect the forest but to inform the public of the necessity of protection to maintain our economic and social well being.
Epidemiology of the Spruce Budworm in Western Ontario: A Discussion
Authors: Blais J. R.
Published: February 2014

Spruce budworm outbreaks for the past two centuries in western Ontario occurred in two main sectors, the Lake Nipigon and the Lac Seul sectors. Some were common to both sectors, while others were specific to one or the other. Intervals between infestations within sectors averaged about 60 years. For western Ontario, budworm populations oscillated at irregular intervals ranging from 15 to 60 years. Infestations generally originated in the boreal forest in centers with high concentrations of fir, and then appeared in areas with lower volumes of fir. Fir content and the susceptibility to budworm attack of forests in western Ontario are compared with conditions prevailing in Quebec and the Maritimes. There are new outbreaks in western Ontario, and their future behavior could clarify some aspects of budworm epidemiology. Key words: Spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana; Balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.; Epidemiology.
A Strategy for Efficient Sample Selection in Simple Linear Regression Problems with Unequal per unit Sampling Costs
Authors: Marshall P. L. , Demaerschalk J. P.
Published: February 2014

Simple linear regression is widely used in forestry, but often only a vaguely defined strategy for selecting sampling units is followed. Trial and error methods exist for aiding efficient sample allocation for simple linear regression purposes. These methods are computationally tedious and often impractical without the aid of a computer. This paper briefly describes a computerized iterative search procedure that can provide an efficient design for sample allocation in simple linear regression problems with equal or unequal sampling costs and balanced or unbalanced prediction intervals. Potential savings gained by employing an efficient design over other more easily derived but less efficient designs are illustrated by an example. Key words: Simple linear regression, optimal sampling design, iterative search procedure.
Pre-logging Baiting with Semiochemicals for the Mountain Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus Ponderosae, in High Hazard Stands of Lodgepole Pine
Authors: Borden J. H. , Chong L. J. , Lacey T. E.
Published: February 2014

Baiting of trees with attractive semiochemicals prior to logging in three high hazard blocks of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) was effective in inducing attack by the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) on baited trees and on surrounding unbaited trees. There was evidence for partial shifting of attack loci, concentration of dispersing beetles and containment of emergent beetles as a result of the baiting program. However, baiting was ineffective when the baits were within the understory canopy, and the baiting program did not cause a massive influx of beetles from infestations 75-200 m away from the baited blocks. Such baiting programs would be cost effective if they avoided the necessity of disposing of two attacked trees/ha outside of the baited blocks. They have the additional advantage of reducing the risk of future beetle attacks by removing beetles and their broods during logging of induced infestations.
Logging Practices and Subsequent Development of Aspen Stands in East-Central Saskatchewan
Authors: Bella I. E.
Published: February 2014

A study was started in 1965 to quantify the effect of logging variables on initial sucker stand density and subsequent development of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). The study found excellent stocking and density of sucker regeneration after both summer and winter logging of 70- to 80-year-old stands in east-central Saskatchewan. Logging slash on the ground reduced suckering but the density of regeneration even with heavy slash cover was similar to that found in fire-origin stands. Winter logging resulted in more uniform and less dense sucker regeneration. Large initial differences in stand density diminished to a 30% range or less by 5 years of age. This suggests that flexibility may be exercised in harvest scheduling and method of logging.