bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Monty
Authors: Rosenhouse Jason
Published: November 2023

Though I have been a devotee of the Monty Hall problem for many years, I confess to being taken aback by the sheer volume of professional literature produced on the subject. Prior to beginning my research for this book, my file contained a handful of entries from various mathematics and statistics journals, but it had not yet occurred to me to search for material in other academic disciplines. So you can imagine my surprise upon discovering that philosophers, psychologists, economists, physicists, cognitive scientists, and many others besides had left their own mark on the problem. Tracking down all of this material was an enjoyable but highly time consuming task.
Philosophical Monty
Authors: Rosenhouse Jason
Published: November 2023

The philosophers have not been idle with regard to the Monty Hall problem. This is unsurprising. A scenario that arouses so much passion and confusion is surely something more than a mere exercise in elementary probability. The task of ferreting out what that something is has been taken up by a number of researchers.
Research on ADHD in Adults
Authors: Mapou Robert L
Published: November 2023

It is clear that symptoms of ADHD persist into adulthood for a substantial number of individuals diagnosed as children. For a number of years, research on ADHD in adults was more advanced than research on learning disabilities in adults, with more studies published on etiology, neuropsychological features, and outcome, perhaps reflecting an established diagnostic standard for defining the disorder (e.g., DSM-IV Criteria, Utah Criteria, but see Barkley et al., 2008; Katz et al., 2001; and Wolf & Wasserstein, 2001 for critiques of diagnostic issues). However, in the past ten years, research on learning disabilities in adults has caught up with that on ADHD. This chapter highlights key research findings on ADHD in adults, with an eye toward assessment. As with research on learning disabilities in adults, this is not a comprehensive review but rather an overview of findings in this area. In addition to the research articles in the references, Barkley (2006b) provides an excellent summary of research on ADHD, and a newly released book focuses specifically on ADHD in adults based on two extensive studies (Barkley et al., 2008). Research topics covered in this chapter parallel some of those in Chapter 2 and include prevalence, neuropsychological findings, psychosocial factors, outcome and co-occurring disorders, methods for diagnosing ADHD, assessment of poor effort and feigned deficit, psychopharmacological treatment, and non-medical interventions.
Challenges And Opportunities Of Growing Up In A Media-Saturated World
Authors: Dill Karen E
Published: November 2023

Not long ago at a conference, a presenter told a story about his teenaged daughter who had been calling him franticly all morning. The daughter had planned on going to a concert that night, but while she was dressing that morning, she had dropped her cell phone in the toilet. When her attempts to dry the cell phone with her hair dryer had failed, she freaked out. Her problem, according to her dad, was that she could not fathom how she could go out without a cell phone. Her bemused father finally talked her down by suggesting she borrow her sister’s cell phone, but remained intrigued by the idea that for his daughter, leaving home without a cell phone simply did not compute.
Seeing Through And Seeing Beyond Media Visions Of Race And Gender
Authors: Dill Karen E
Published: November 2023

Most of what we know, or think we know, we have never personally experienced. We live in a world erected by stories. Stories socialize us into roles of gender, age, class, vocation, and lifestyle, and offer models of conformity or targets for rebellion. They weave the seamless web of our cultural environment. Our stories used to be hand crafted, home made, community inspired. Now they are mostly mass produced and policy driven, the result of a complex manufacturing and marketing process we know as the mass media. This situation calls for a new diagnosis and a new prescription.1 (Gerbner, 1999) — George Gerbner We may not realize it, but very often we learn about other people through what we see in the mass media.
Get With The Programming: Media Messages About Who You Are
Authors: Dill Karen E
Published: November 2023

How do you feel about yourself? Women, are you thin enough, sexy enough, pretty enough? Men, are you concerned about your abs, your baldness, your, um, size? These are common concerns in great part because making us self-consciousness is profitable for media executives.
Anxiety Disorders Panic and Phobias
Authors: Taylor Steven , Cox Brian J , Asmundson Gordon J G
Published: November 2023

This chapter covers several of the most common and often debilitating anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia (which is also known as social anxiety disorder), and specific phobias. Several of these disorders are thought by many to lie on a continuum from normal to abnormal; thus, we sometimes refer to “nonclinical” data as well.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Brown Timothy A , Lawrence Amy E
Published: November 2023

In DSM—IV—TR, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is defi ned by the key feature of excessive, uncontrollable worry about a number of life events/activities, accompanied by at least three of six associated symptoms of negative affect/tension (i.e., restlessness/feeling keyed up or on edge, fatigability, concentration difficulties, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance).
Schizophrenia Etiology and Neurocognition
Authors: Cornblatt Barbara A , Green Michael F , Walker Elaine F , Mittal Vijay A
Published: November 2023

Schizophrenia is the most crippling of the psychiatric disorders. It typically strikes as adulthood is approaching and is likely to be disabling for a lifetime. Schizophrenia occurs in all countries, cultures, and socioeconomic classes. It affects both sexes equally, although typical age of onset appears to be younger in males (about 21 years) than in females (closer to 27 years) (Hochman & Lewine, 2004). Contrary to many historical explanations, it is now widely believed that a disease of the brain most often causes schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia Interpersonal Functioning
Authors: Hooley Jill M
Published: November 2023

Impairment in social functioning is a fundamental feature of schizophrenia. Recognized in the early clinical descriptions of the disorder, deterioration of social relations remains one of the defi ning characteristics of the syndrome.
Sexual Disorders
Authors: Cantor James M , Blanchard Ray , Barbaree Howard
Published: November 2023

Sexual disorders are divided into two broad categories, the paraphilias and gender identity disorders. Few psychopathologies arouse greater public emotion or fascination than do these conditions. Consensual paraphilias, such as the erotic interest in pain, have given rise to hidden subcultures, analogous to the gay communities of previous decades. Nonconsensual paraphilias, such as the erotic interests in children or in rape, motivate persons to engage in sexual offenses, leading legislators to enact mandatory sentences and establish sex offender registries.
Depressive Personality Disorder
Authors: Klein Daniel N , Bessaha Melissa L
Published: November 2023

Although the concept of depressive personality has long been used in the clinical literature, the empirical literature is still fairly limited. The depressive personality disorder construct has generated considerable controversy. Some investigators believe that it should be added to the classifi cation system and placed within the personality disorders section (Huprich, 1998; Phillips, Hirschfeld, Shea, & Gunderson, 1993); others argue that it should not be added to the nomenclature as a categorical diagnosis but instead should be included as part of a dimensional classification of personality disorders (Ryder, Bagby, & Schuller, 2002); some view it as part of a spectrum of depressive conditions (Akiskal, 1989; Klein, 1999); and still others believe that it is redundant with, or subsumed by, existing Axis I depressive disorders (especially dysthymic disorder) and Axis II disorders (McLean & Woody, 1995; Ryder & Bagby, 1999).
Philosophy Takes an Interest in Life
Authors: Irvine William B
Published: November 2023

There have probably always been philosophers, in some sense of the word. They were those individuals who not only asked questions—such as Where did the world come from? Where did people come from? and Why are there rainbows?—but more important, went on to ask follow-up questions. When told, for example, that the world was created by the gods, these proto-philosophers would have realized that this answer didn’t get to the bottom of things. They would have gone on to ask why the gods made the world, how they made it, and—most vexatiously to those trying to answer their questions—who made the gods.
Roman Stoicism
Authors: Irvine William B
Published: November 2023

The most important of the Roman Stoics—and the Stoics from whom, I think, modern individuals have the most to gain—were Seneca, Musonius Rufus, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius. The contributions these four made to Roman Stoicism were nicely complementary. Seneca was the best writer of the bunch, and his essays and letters to Lucilius form a quite accessible introduction to Roman Stoicism. Musonius is notable for his pragmatism: He offered detailed advice on how practicing Stoics should eat, what they should wear, how they should behave toward their parents, and even how they should conduct their sex life. Epictetus’s specialty was analysis: He explained, among other things, why practicing Stoicism can bring us tranquility. Finally, in Marcus’s Meditations, written as a kind of diary, we are privy to the thoughts of a practicing Stoic: We watch as he searches for Stoic solutions to the problems of daily life as well as the problems he encountered as emperor of Rome.
Negative Visualization
Authors: Irvine William B
Published: November 2023

Any thoughtful person will periodically contemplate the bad things that can happen to him. The obvious reason for doing this is to prevent those things from happening. Someone might, for example, spend time thinking about ways people could break into his home so he can prevent them from doing so. Or he might spend time thinking about the diseases that might afflict him so he can take preventive measures.
The Dichotomy of Control
Authors: Irvine William B
Published: November 2023

Our most important choice in life, according to Epictetus, is whether to concern ourselves with things external to us or things internal. Most people choose the former because they think harms and benefits come from outside themselves. According to Epictetus, though, a philosopher—by which he means someone who has an understanding of Stoic philosophy—will do just the opposite. He will look “for all benefit and harm to come from himself.” In particular, he will give up the rewards the external world has to offer in order to gain “tranquility, freedom, and calm.”
Anger
Authors: Irvine William B
Published: November 2023

Anger is another negative emotion that, if we let it, can destroy our tranquility. Indeed, anger can be thought of as anti-joy. The Stoics therefore devised strategies to minimize the amount of anger we experience.
Louis XIII, Richelieu, And The Royal Finances
Authors: Bonney Richard
Published: November 2023

We need to start, perhaps, with an assertion that the subject to be studied is not simply Richelieu and the king’s finances, but Louis XIII, his various ministers (including finance ministers), and the royal finances. The distinction may seem either self-evident or tautological, but it has taken the appearance of Lloyd Moote’s biography of Louis XIII, the Just to reaffirm what should always have been evident: that from 1617, if not before, we are dealing with a king of age to rule personally, who at times sought to do so. A recognition that the king could, and did, dispose of ministers and ratify appointments, albeit under the guidance of his chief minister, is fundamental for an understanding of the development of his financial policy. In 1624, 1636, and 1643, the king rid himself of the services respectively of La Vieuville, Servien, and Sublet des Noyers for reasons which had something to do with financial policy, although other issues were involved; in 1636 and 1637 Bullion appealed directly to the king, when it seemed that Richelieu might.
Barriers and Related Accumulation Features
Authors: Trenhaile A S
Published: November 2023

Accumulation forms develop where local conditions encourage deposition, and they are therefore common where obstacles interrupt longshore flow, there is a sudden change in the direction of the coast, and in sheltered, wave shadow zones between islands and the mainland. Primary accumulation features also create conditions that may cause secondary, or induced, forms to develop. A number of factors complicate their development, including erosion and retreat of the coast to which they are attached, and changes in relative sea level, wave energy and direction, and sediment supply (Zenkovitch 1967).
Culture, History, and the City in East Asia
Authors: Kim Won Bae
Published: November 2023

Western man has been investing his efforts and his treasure in the mastery of his material environment. Now that his achievement of this mastery is forcing him back upon himself in self-defence against the dehumanised world that his technology has conjured up, he finds him self at a loss; and the non-Western majority of the human race is going to fall into the same straits as it becomes more and more deeply implicated in the ‘extrovert’ modern Western way of life. Megalopolis is going to swallow up human beings of all cultures, religions and races; for all of us, the problem of having to live in Megalopolis will have to be solved in spiritual terms.
Assignation of Stigma to Persons and Places
Authors: Takahashi Lois M
Published: November 2023

Homelessness and HIV/AIDS have encountered increasing stigmatization over the past decade in the United States. As the previous chapter indicated, the social relations of stigmatization make the NIMBY syndrome much more complex than solely reactionary, selfish responses by intolerant individuals. Rather, the NIMBY syndrome is evidence of the social and moral boundaries emanating from the stigmatization of homelessness and HIV/AIDS. As such, community opposition towards human service facilities is part of a broader set of practices delineated by labelling, avoidance, discrimination, and even violence. But community response is not monolithic; it is framed by the fluid nature of stigma (which I described in Chapter 3 using three dimensions: non-productivity, dangerousness, and personal culpability).
Rejecting Persons and Places Locational Conflicts over Homelessness
Authors: Takahashi Lois M
Published: November 2023

During the 1980s and 1990s, homeless persons and human service facilities experienced an increasingly vitriolic reaction from communities and municipalities. Wolch and Dear’s (1993) study of community response to homelessness in Southern California indicates that even those cities which had in the past provided a more accepting and supportive environment were now encountering criticism of local policies providing services, public outcry over the growing and uneven distribution of homelessness (both individuals and social services), and an increasing tendency to turn to anti-homeless legislation to (re)move homeless persons from increasingly sensitive public spaces.
Technology and Text: Glass Consciousness and Nineteenth-century Culture
Authors: Armstrong Isobel
Published: November 2023

A Piece of common nineteenth-century window glass, held up to the light, is likely to display small blemishes-the blisters of air bubbles, and spectral undulations, almost invisible striae which slightly distort the vision. Such material, cylinder glass, or sheet glass as it was often termed, is different from the float glass produced in the computer-controlled factories of today. It was the commonest form of mid nineteenth-century glass, superseding the crown glass manufactured earlier, and preceding plate glass. Plate was in general use in the later part of the century even though, like crown, it was being made in the 1840s. The production of both overlapped with that of sheet. But sheet was dominant. It was blown by the human breath as massive four to six feet cylinders before being cut and flattened to produce pieces of glass up to twenty feet square.1 In seven- to ten-hour sessions or ‘journeys’ before the furnace, a team could produce up to eight hundred feet of sixteen-ounce glass (the weight for common use).
Photogrammetry and remote sensing in support of GDI
Authors: Konecny Gottfried
Published: November 2023

As the largest cost in a GDI is arguably that of building and maintaining the databases, an overview of two major geospatial data acquisition technologies is presented here. The technologies and their platforms are introduced in Sections 12.2 to 12.4, and the data acquisition techniques for vector and raster data are described in Sections 12.5 and 12.6. The acquisition of digital terrain models is discussed in Section 12.7, and thematic data acquisition from different platforms in Section 12.8. Parcel-based data systems are of particular significance to a large variety of civic applications, both in urban and in rural areas. The parcel database and the database of administrative areas derived from it form an integral part of the foundation data in the GDI. The role of photogrammetry and remote sensing in building and maintaining these parcel-based systems is presented in Section 12.9. Data acquisition decisions are usually a balance between cost, required accuracy, and timeliness. Hence, the cost-performance of various photogrammetric and remote sensing products are compared in Section 12.10.
Four cases
Authors: Finley David , Siderelis Karen , Grant Don , Bregt Arnold
Published: November 2023

Information is now recognized as one of an organization’s most valuable resources (Branscomb, 1986; McLaughlin and Coleman, 1990; Melody, 1981). In the case of an organization concerned with land, good and timely land information allows for greater efficiency in managing its natural resources. This is particularly important to a small rural province such as New Brunswick, Canada, whose economy has traditionally relied heavily on its natural resources. New Brunswick, in fact, was a pioneer in both recognizing its land information shortcomings and subsequently working towards the development of its land information infrastructure, with a view to providing easy public access to its databases.
Class, Ethnicity, and Community in Southern Mexico
Authors: Clarke Colin
Published: November 2023

The state of Oaxaca has been studied intensively by archaeologists, historians, and anthropologists, but this is the first comprehensive overview of rural communities in the twentieth century. The study is rooted in the colonial and post-independence periods; but the text concentrates primarily on the post-revolutionary period, and on the land reform which allowed peasantries to be reconstituted in the lowland areas of the state, as a complement to the traditional peasantries which still existed on communal lands at high altitudes. Peasant lifestyles and production systems are examined, in particular to distinguish between those activities which are subsistence orientated, and those which are geared to the market. In the last thirty years rural life has been transformed by improved communications, and by services provided by the federal state, but above all by migration to Oaxaca City, other Mexican cities, and the USA. The outcome has been the emergence of class differences at the level of the community; the development of ethnic identities, based on language and regional differences; and the emergence of opposition to the hegemony of the party of government, the PRI. The wide range of issues under discussion will make this volume of interest to geographers, historians, anthropologists, and those involved in development studies.
Smallholder Adaptation: The Humid Domain
Authors: Baker Kathleen M
Published: November 2023

The non-equilibrial character of the environment in both the semi-arid and the humid tropics was discussed in Chapter 1. Environmental non-equilibrium is most frequently associated with semi-arid areas where swings in environmental variables, particularly rainfall, make human existence precarious. However, the analysis of rainfall patterns over the past 19 years in West Africa (Chapter 1), has shown that unpredictability of rainfall is a characteristic common to both the semi-arid and the humid zone. Although environmental non-equilibrium in the latter is of a different nature from that of the semi-arid realm, it can pose equally serious problems for farmers. This chapter investigates how indigenous smallholder farmers, in different locations in the humid zone, cope with an uncertain environment and also with a range of other constraints. The location-specific, autecological methods of land management which are considered support the argument that development strategies need to be appropriate to the farmers and to the physical environment. This is emphasized by Moss (1992) who argues that environmental information, which is essential for the effective planning and implementation of practical agricultural development, is neglected.
Unpredictable Savanna Environments
Authors: Baker Kathleen M
Published: November 2023

In spite of being the largest ecological zone in West Africa, savannas have provoked less interest and been researched less than the humid forests. This under emphasis on savannas throughout the world is now being corrected as the abundance of modern literature on the subject reflects. Savannas are now known to be far more productive than was previously thought (Kinyamario and Imbamba, 1992; Jones et al., 1992), and are second only to moist forests in terms of their contribution to terrestrial primary production (Scholes and Walker, 1993). The West African savannas are rich and varied in terms of their flora and fauna though far less so than the savannas of central and southern Africa or elsewhere in the world (Cole, 1986).
The Beginnings of European Legal Science
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard
Published: November 2023

The rise of legal science in Bologna in the eleventh century was part of a general intellectual trend. The urge to dig ever deeper into the culture of the ancient world1 originated in schoolteaching based on ancient texts and was stimulated by the critical rereading or discovery of basic works such as the Aristotelian canon and the writings of Plato. Likewise, the scientific study of law (studium civile) began when scholars became aware of the classical legal literature preserved in the Digest of Justinian.
The Law of Reason and the Enlightenment
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard
Published: November 2023

The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries experienced both the Law of Rea son and the Enlightenment, but they are not quite one and the same. The Law of Reason consisted of a reformulation of a social philosophy which had been in continuous existence in the West since ancient times, while for all its philosophical underpinning the Enlightenment was a moral, ultimately religious break through to a new attitude to life, which was to produce a vast change in public thought and enormous reforms in public life. The two movements are closely connected, however, both in their origins, for the systematic Law of Reason was rendered possible only by the thinkers of the early Enlightenment such as Galileo and Descartes, and in their effects, since it was on the Law of Reason that enlightened thinkers based their humanitarian demands for the abolition of torture, corporal punishment, and the crime of witchcraft.
The Natural Law Codes
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard
Published: November 2023

The first wave of modern civil codes broke the conjunction of the Law of Reason and the Enlightenment. They appeared first in the absolute states of central and southern Europe1 and then, after the French Revolution, in western Europe. Though produced in very diverse circumstances, these codes have certain intellectual features in common. Whereas all previous legislation, such as the sixteenth century French Ordonnances and the German Reformations of laws, had sought to consolidate, organize, improve (‘reform’), or develop existing law, the purpose of these codes was to put the entire law into systematic and exhaustive order in pursuance of a comprehensive plan for society. The motive force behind all these efforts was the characteristic Enlightenment conviction that if only government or people acted in a rational and moral manner the result would be a better society. The Law of Reason seemed to show the way by offering blueprints for the good and reasonable polity, and excited the hope that one could discover once and for all the criteria of substantively correct law.
Precursors and Leaders of the Historical School of Law
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard
Published: November 2023

In the early nineteenth century the history of private law in Germany is the his tory of scholars, more clearly than at any time since the Commentators. This is because the prestige of legal science was on the increase. To this stage of history is due the important split, still with us, between ‘Romanists’ and ‘Germanists’, not just among legal historians but also among private lawyers. The Romanists were the real founders and promoters of the renewal of legal scholarship; the Germanists followed them readily enough to begin with but then broke away. The Romanists then took over the system-building of Pandectism while the Germanists either adhered to the Romantic movement and dealt with German law as part of German history (Jacob Grimm belongs here) or turned their scholarly attentions to areas of law neglected by Pandectism, such as land law, commercial law, the law of negotiable instruments, and the theory of associations, corporations, and joint enterprises. This was ‘German private law’. This divi sion of labour certainly enriched German law, but it also engendered prejudices and provoked unnecessary tensions.
From Scholarly Positivism to Textual Positivism
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard
Published: November 2023

German legal scholarship in the nineteenth century was dominated by pri vate law. This was because the doctrine of the ius commune had to take the place of the pan-German civil code whose birth had been thwarted by the Restoration and the historical school.’ Even Prussia and, to a lesser extent, Austria, the homelands of the older natural law codes, had been colonized by Pandectism. Eventually, however, the German state and nation would have to have a code. Criminal codes were brought into force by several states in Germany during the century, and as late as 1863 Saxony enacted a civil code, while other states produced drafts. The liberal unification movement continued to work on pan German codification even after its political defeat in 1848. The positivism of enactments began to take the place of the positivism of scholarship. The nation was hardly aware of this signal triumph of government over science, of politics over culture, although it was the first time since the Reception that state legislation throughout Germany proceeded without regard to scholarly development of law. In its place came the idea that statutes were the voice of the ‘people’s will’, though in the constitutional state it was not speaking directly nor, given the restrictive forces of tradition and authority, very freely.
The Swiss Civil Code, and European Legal Famities in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard
Published: November 2023

The Civil Code of the Swiss Confederacy was the second Pandectist code in central Europe. The history of codification in Switzerland is a rerun of the German struggle for legal unification, miniaturized and compressed, the conflict here being between the federation and the cantons. Unlike Germany, however, the Swiss Confederation had achieved national unity in 1848 under the banner of national sovereignty, so in addition to having scholars and civil servants of high intellectual and technical ability, as Germany did, Switzerland had the further advantage of a stronger sense of citizenship.
The Degeneration of Positivism, and Legal Naturalism
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard
Published: November 2023

There are two main factors in the way law has developed in the twentieth century: the change in people’s conception of the relationship between law and life, and the recognition of the social and moral quality of positive law. The former occurred when people started to see law more naturalistically and ac quired a better understanding of society, the demands it makes, and the responsibilities it imposes. The latter was an attempt to go beyond both positivism and naturalism and find a transcendent justification for law. To trace and appraise these two trends makes a fitting end to a history of private law, for its future depends in both the short and the long terms on the way the debate between them is resolved.
Social Order and Social Relations
Authors: Green Leslie
Published: November 2023

All modern states claim authority over their citizens, and that is one thing which distinguishes them from bands of robbers. But the state’s authority, unlike that of parents over their children, also claims to be supreme: even when it lacks a monopoly of authority in the society, when it shares it with other persons and groups, the state does so on its own terms. It claims to bind many persons, to regulate their most vital interests, and to do so with supremacy over all other mechanisms of social control. Sometimes these grandiose claims are hollow. In a society undergoing upheaval they cannot be made effective and quickly become legal fictions. Even when they are effective they may be unjustified, for legitimacy is not among the existence conditions for a state. However—and here is the real importance of Weber’s celebrated argument—a belief in its legitimacy tends to increase its stability and effectiveness. It is therefore a crucial question in what circumstances, if any, such beliefs are justified.
The Possibility of Political Obligation
Authors: Green Leslie
Published: November 2023

The authority of the state is justified, according to the view defended here, when citizens consent to it. Typically, however, their consent is not to a list of duties, nor even to an explicit procedure for generating such duties, but only to a certain social role which includes obedience as a constitutive element. Consent theory is therefore tempered with a social dimension; consent remains an individual action, although one whose justification may be based on values which are neither instrumental nor wholly individualistic. Contrary to the anarchists’ view, political authority is therefore justifiable. But it will not have escaped notice that conditions under which it is justified are fairly stringent. The state must, of course, be reasonably just; but beyond that a further element is needed, the creation of a kind of social relation absent in conventionalist and contractarian theories.
Order and Violence
Authors: Miller J D B , Vincent R J
Published: November 2023

Hedley Bull, Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at Oxford from 1977 until his death in 1985, was one of the great scholars of his generation. He wrote within a tradition of political thought which he himself traced back to Hobbes and Hume and to Grotius and the natural lawyers. He not only added to the literature in this tradition, but he also showed how it could become a foundation for the study of International Relations. In this book, leading scholars attempt to come to terms with his contribution to the subject by offering essays on each of the major aspects of his thought. The central political question in International Relations is how order might exist amidst anarchy. This was the question which Hedley Bull took as his starting-point for thought, and he returned to it throughout his career, notably in his major work, The Anarchical Society. The exploration of this question is the central theme in the present volume, and each of the authors take it as a point of departure and examine it from a different point of view - such as society, order, the Third World, strategy, and the contemporary system, and of professing the subject of International Relations. The return to fundamentals involved in this enterprise will make this volume an important and valuable work. The contributors are: J. D. B. Miller, Stanley Hoffman, R. J. Vincent, T. B. Millar, Robert Gilpin Jr., James Richardson, and Carsten Holbraad.
Order in International Politics
Authors: Vincent R J
Published: November 2023

The international anarchy, the coexistence of independent political communities, if not in a state of nature then certainly in the absence of a common government, Hedley Bull took to be the central fact of international life and the starting-point for theorizing about it.1 Then the central theoretical task was to decide how it was that order could obtain in this anarchy: what was order, how was it maintained in international politics; and was order in world politics as a whole best sustained by the socie of sovereign states or by some other political arrangement? It is possible to see in the recurrence of these questions in Hedley Bull’s work the remarkable unity and coherence which Stanley Hoffmann draws our attention to in his chapter, so that matters as diverse as the objectives of arms control, the sophistication of Australian foreign policy, the superpower balance, reform in South Africa, the relaunch of Europe, and the rise of the Third World, can all be interpreted from the standpoint of the maintenance of international order.
Conclusion: Hedley Bull and International Relations
Authors: Holbraad Carsten
Published: November 2023

Most of the authors of this volume have tried to decide where Hedley Bull stood within the study of international relations. Robert Gilpin finds that he was closely identified with political realism, not of the ‘vulgar’ kind, in which power is seen as an end to be pursued by any means, but of the ‘normative’ version, according to which the international conduct of states is somewhat restrained by moral, institutional, and legal bonds. All of his writings, Gilpin notes, present a blend of realism and morality. Stanley Hoffmann admits that Bull at first glance seems close to realism, but lists three important differences between Bull’s approach and that of the realists. Ultimately his work, Hoffmann finds, is a blend of intelligent social science and humanism. The apparent difference between this assessment and Gilpin’s is one of terminology rather than substance. J. D. B. Miller, by analysing and criticizing his ideas from a realist point of view, also brings out the difference between Bull’s position and the realist tradition, at the same time, however, acknowledging his inherent realism. R. J. Vincent, using Martin Wight’s distinctions and terminology, finds that Bull, despite frequent alignment with the realists and much rarer excursions with the revolutionists, stood four-square in the rationalist tradition. Realism and rationalism, Vincent concludes, were yoked together in his nature. None of the authors is able to classify Bull as a rationalist without acknowledging the presence of at least a streak of realism.
On the Character of a Modern European State
Authors: Oakeshott Michael
Published: November 2023

I. The somewhat novel associations of human beings which came to be called the states of modern Europe emerged slowly, pre figured in earlier European history, but not without some dramatic passages in their emergence. Each was the outcome of human choices, but none was the product of a design. The manners in which they emerged were as diverse as the local conditions from which they sprang were various. Some established themselves more rapidly than others, their fortunes were uneven, their durability unequal. They were like instruments whose resources awaited the explorations of yet unborn composers.
The German Tradition of Self-Regulation
Authors: Parnell Martin F
Published: November 2023

In the late 1970s, a number of German academics, foremost among them Volker Ronge, began to lay increasing stress on the significance of the concept of a ‘solidaristic self-organization of the economy’. This phenomenon apparently contradicted, or at least substantially modified, accepted notions of increasing government/ state intervention in capitalist economies.
Government Legislation: An Overview
Authors: Drewry Gavin , Brock Jenny
Published: November 2023

Legislative business looms very large in the working life of the House of Lords. As the introductory chapter indicates, the House spends more than half its time considering public bills, the overwhelming preponderance of its attention being directed at Government bills. Approximately one-third of this time is spent on measures that originate in the Lords, the remainder on Commons bills. Interviews with peers, carried out for the purposes of this study,1 confirmed that peers themselves regard legislative scrutiny as the most important function of the House of Lords (with scrutiny of European Community business coming a fairly close second).
Conclusion
Authors: Shell Donald
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this book has been to examine and evaluate the work of the House of Lords. To that end contributors have looked closely at every aspect of the work of the House in the 1988-9 session (except its judicial activities). In order to provide adequate explanation and context for the analysis of that particular session, contributors have found it desirable to say a little about how the House in general goes about that aspect of its activities which they have analysed, why it follows the procedures it does, and so on. Contributors have also offered their own conclusions about what they have found, and compared these with the findings of others, and to some extent the views and opinions offered elsewhere.
Crossing the Boundary between Public and Private: International Regimes and Non-State Actors
Authors: Haufler Virginia
Published: November 2023

The premiss of this chapter is simple: the activities of private organizations can be similar to the activities of states in establishing the contours of an international regime. This premiss goes against the prevailing focus in International Relations, in which private sector actors only provide the background against which the actions of states are show-cased. Even in regime analysis, which can trace its origins to the transnationalists of the 1970s, much of the current research slights the role of corporations and non-governmental organizations, and concentrates on the decisions of state policy-makers. By doing so, it misses the important contributions of non-state actors to the creation and maintenance of regimes.
Testing Theories of Regime Formation Findings from a Large Collaborative Research Project
Authors: Young Oran R , Osherenko Gail
Published: November 2023

Can international actors agree on a plan to reduce the threat of global climate change? Will they be able to secure and extend the international trade regime? Why do actors in international society reach agreement on some issues, yet fail to achieve consensus on other, seemingly similar, problems? While negotiators working on a convention on biological diversity and another on climate change became enmeshed in a complex effort to find formulas to satisfy both northern industrialized states and developing southern states, we initiated a project to search for the underlying determinants of success or failure in regime formation. We sought to learn from regimes created early in the century that remained stable over decades, as well as from more recent international arrangements to address transboundary air pollution and ozone depletion.
The Internalization of Principles, Norms, and Rules by Governments The Case of Security Regimes
Authors: Müller Harald
Published: November 2023

The ‘security regime’ debate has suffered from the mistaken assumption that such regimes must cover the entire area of security. This assumption originated in the tendency of researchers to regard the Concert of Europe as a paradigm for security regimes (Jervis 1983, 1978). Yet, just as there is no ‘regime for the global economy’, but instead regimes in trade, finance, etc., it is the narrower sub-areas of security policy where we find co-operative institutions or regimes (Rittberger 1990d). Security regimes are systems of principles, norms, rules, and procedures regulating certain aspects of security relationships between states.
Philip Noel-Baker and Peace Through Law
Authors: Lloyd Lorna
Published: November 2023

Philip Noel-Baker is renowned for championing the cause of disarmament. Five of his eight single-authored books dealt with disarmament, as did most of his other writing. However, during the inter-war years there was a second string to his bow: peace through law. Disarmament, which sought a ‘reduction of national forces so drastic that no nation will be able to wage aggressive war’, had to be accompanied by ‘the substitution of the rule of law for the arbitrament of force’, and it is this aspect of Noel-Baker’s thinking which will be addressed in this chapter.
The Rational Basis for Belief in the Democratic Myth
Authors: Dunleavy Patrick , Margetts Helen
Published: November 2023

In a rational-choice perspective the problem of explaining why people vote has proved resistant to plausible explanation. While public-choice theorists insist that individual voters cannot objectively influence outcomes, large majorities of the eligible population continue to vote in most liberal democracies, except in the United States. In their responses to surveys, the voters of these countries regularly demonstrate their belief in the ‘democratic myth’, denying that their votes can make no difference, and affirming that the vote gives ordinary people influence over politicians and power over public policy.
The Effects of Employment Precarity and Une1nployment on Social Isolation
Authors: Paugam Serge , Russell Helen
Published: November 2023

The effect of unemployment on the level of participation in social life has already been the subject of numerous studies. As early as the 1930s Paul Lazarsfeld and his research team analysed the impact of unemployment on social isolation in the Austrian town of Marienthal after the closure of the main factory (Lazarsfeld, Jahoda, and Zeisel 1933). Before the crisis, participation in the life of clubs and associations was very active in this little town, but the study showed a collapse of social links in the unemployed com munity when a great part of the working population was suddenly without employment. Work was the basis of social integration, the main reference for men and women in the every day organization of life.
United in Employment, United in Unemployment? E1nployment and Unemployment of Couples in the European Union in 1994
Authors: Graaf Paul M de , Ultee Wout C
Published: November 2023

The impact of the high levels of unemployment in the European Union is more severe when unemployment does not only hit younger people, who are still living with their parents, but threatens the employment opportunities of breadwinners as well. The social consequences of high levels of unemployment in a country will be particularly severe if it is associated with the occurrence of double unemployment in couples.
Gender and the Experience of Unemployment
Authors: Russell Helen , Barbieri Paolo
Published: November 2023

It is widely thought that the experience of unemployment will differ for men and women. First, it is argued that women do not have the same financial responsibilities as men and therefore will be protected from the direct financial impact of unemployment, and from the strain that arises from the inability to provide for dependants. Second, it is argued that women do not have the same commitment or attachment to the labour market as men and there fore will be less psychologically and socially affected by job loss.
The Growth and Differentiation of Multi-Level Networks: A Corporatist Mega-Bureaucracy or an Open City?
Authors: Wessels Wolfgang
Published: November 2023

For all those who want to study a political system in full evolution the European Union (EU) is a fascinating object: a political ‘space’ in the making. The formal and informal networks in the Brussels arena offer much scope for stimulating research and reveal a pattern of the growth and differentiation. As with the study of any political system a crucial aim of research on the EU is to identify and to analyse the several and different groups of political, administrative, economic, and social actors. They form complex networks which make institutions work or fail. The emphasis in studies of new democracies on ‘civil society’ illustrates that knowledge of constitutions-or, for our purpose, treaties-and their official bodies and institutions is not sufficient to explain how a political system works.
Lebanon
Authors: Gerges Fawaz A
Published: November 2023

In divided societies, it is difficult to distinguish or to separate foreign policy from domestic politics. This is nowhere truer than in the case of Lebanon during the Cold War era. Of all the Middle Eastern countries, Lebanon has one of the most complex and fragmented sociopolitical structures. This diversity does not translate into political pluralism, however. Lebanon’s various constituencies are deeply divided along sectarian, religious, and ideological lines, behaving more like tribes than a civil society. Each community has its own conception of Lebanon’s role in the regional and international environment.
Introduction
Authors: Lukin Alexander
Published: November 2023

This book is a study of the origins and development of the world-view of those who called themselves ‘democrats’ in Russia in the last years of the USSR. Political changes which began in the USSR after Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985 led to a significant rise in unofficial political activities in the country. As the authorities greatly softened and then ceased repression of the organization of unofficial political groups, many such groups emerged, first in Moscow and Leningrad, and subsequently all over the country. For the first time since 1922, without being subject to severe repressions, the Bolshevik government banned the last independent parties, and since the first part of Brezhnev’s rule, when ‘dissident’ groups were active (most of them crushed by 1985), the country saw organizations which openly questioned the views of the authorities. It is hardly possible to calculate the exact number of such groups (at least before the KGB archives are opened), but according to some estimates there were about 30,000 of them by 1988 and twice as many in 1989.
The Ideal Society: Interpretations of Democracy
Authors: Lukin Alexander
Published: November 2023

The term ‘democracy’, unlike many other terms which were widely used by the Russian ‘democrats’, like ‘totalitarianism’, ‘nomenklatura’, ‘partocracy’, and others, was not officially banned in the USSR as a way of defining the Soviet political system. On the contrary, the Soviet political system was officially considered to be democratic, and the kind of democracy practised in the USSR was supposed to be its highest form: socialist democracy. Because of this, the use of the term by ‘democrats’ did not mean open confrontation with the authorities. By contrast, the use of the term ‘totalitarianism’ with respect to the USSR immediately signified open opposition. Practically everybody in the USSR during the perestroyka period, from Stalinists to members of the radically nationalist Pamyat, declared themselves supporters of different forms of democracy. However, not everyone called himself a ‘democrat’.