bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
App-Based Lifestyle Intervention (PINK! Coach) in Breast Cancer Patients—A Real-World-Data Analysis
Authors: Wolff Josefine , Smollich Martin , Wuelfing Pia , Mitchell Jack , Wuerstlein Rachel , Harbeck Nadia , Baumann Freerk
Published: March 2024

Introduction: Overweight and a lack of physical activity not only increase the risk of recurrence in breast cancer patients but also negatively impact overall and long-term survival, as well as quality of life. The results presented here are the first real-world data from the DiGA PINK! Coach examining the physical activity and BMI of app users. Based on the literature, an approximate weight gain of 10% over 6 months and a decrease in physical activity can be expected. The purpose of this study is to retrospectively investigate the effects of the PINK! Coach in a real-world setting on patients’ BMI and physical activity level during acute therapies. such as chemotherapy (CHT) and antihormone therapy (AHT). Material and Methods: The PINK! Coach app accompanies breast cancer patients during and after acute therapy to bring about a sustainable lifestyle change. The patients are encouraged to establish a healthy diet, become physically active, and make informed decisions. In this study, real-world data from the app were analyzed over 6 months from baseline to T1 (after 12 weeks) and T2 (after 24 weeks). The patients were under acute therapy or in follow-up care receiving either CHT or AHT. Results: The analyzed data indicate that all patients were able to maintain a consistent BMI over 6 months independent of pre-defined subgroups such as AHT, CHT, or BMI subgroups. In the subgroup of patients undergoing AHT, overweight patients were even able to significantly reduce their BMI by 1-score-point over 6 months (p < 0.01). The subgroup of patients undergoing CHT also showed an significant overall reduction in BMI (p = 0.01). All patients were also able to significantly increase their daily step count as well as their physical activity minutes per day. After the first 12 weeks, 41.4% of patients experienced weight gain, 33.4% were able to maintain their weight, and 24.2% reduced their weight. Conclusion: The presented data provides intriguing insights into the users of the PINK! Coach app and the impact of this usage in regards to BMI and physical activity. At the current time, there are only a few effective concepts for encouraging all breast cancer patients to engage in moderate physical activity and reduce body weight. Often, these concepts apply to selected patient groups. The data presented here include all age groups, tumor stages, and therapies, providing an initial insight into a comprehensive approach. Data over an even longer period would be one way to better contextualize the results in current research.
Cellular and Noncellular Approaches for Repairing the Damaged Blood–CNS–Barrier in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Manora Larai , Borlongan Cesario V. , Garbuzova-Davis Svitlana
Published: March 2024

Numerous reports have demonstrated the breakdown of the blood–CNS barrier (B-CNS-B) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal neurodegenerative disease. Re-establishing barrier integrity in the CNS is critical to prevent further motor neuron degeneration from harmful components in systemic circulation. Potential therapeutic strategies for repairing the B-CNS-B may be achieved by the replacement of damaged endothelial cells (ECs) via stem cell administration or enhancement of endogenous EC survival through the delivery of bioactive particles secreted by stem cells. These cellular and noncellular approaches are thoroughly discussed in the present review. Specific attention is given to certain stem cell types for EC replacement. Also, various nanoparticles secreted by stem cells as well as other biomolecules are elucidated as promising agents for endogenous EC repair. Although the noted in vitro and in vivo studies show the feasibility of the proposed therapeutic approaches to the repair of the B-CNS-B in ALS, further investigation is needed prior to clinical transition.
Advances and Challenges in Sepsis Management: Modern Tools and Future Directions
Authors: Santacroce Elena , D’Angerio Miriam , Ciobanu Alin Liviu , Masini Linda , Lo Tartaro Domenico , Coloretti Irene , Busani Stefano , Rubio Ignacio , Meschiari Marianna , Franceschini Erica , Mussini Cristina , Girardis Massimo , Gibellini Lara , Cossarizza Andrea , De Biasi Sara
Published: March 2024

Sepsis, a critical condition marked by systemic inflammation, profoundly impacts both innate and adaptive immunity, often resulting in lymphopenia. This immune alteration can spare regulatory T cells (Tregs) but significantly affects other lymphocyte subsets, leading to diminished effector functions, altered cytokine profiles, and metabolic changes. The complexity of sepsis stems not only from its pathophysiology but also from the heterogeneity of patient responses, posing significant challenges in developing universally effective therapies. This review emphasizes the importance of phenotyping in sepsis to enhance patient-specific diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Phenotyping immune cells, which categorizes patients based on clinical and immunological characteristics, is pivotal for tailoring treatment approaches. Flow cytometry emerges as a crucial tool in this endeavor, offering rapid, low cost and detailed analysis of immune cell populations and their functional states. Indeed, this technology facilitates the understanding of immune dysfunctions in sepsis and contributes to the identification of novel biomarkers. Our review underscores the potential of integrating flow cytometry with omics data, machine learning and clinical observations to refine sepsis management, highlighting the shift towards personalized medicine in critical care. This approach could lead to more precise interventions, improving outcomes in this heterogeneously affected patient population.
Excited State Calculations of Cu-Doped Anatase TiO2 (101) and (001) Nanofilms
Authors: Lin Yin-Pai , Neilande Elina , Bandarenka Hanna , Zavatski Siarhei , Isakoviča Inta , Piskunov Sergei , Bocharov Dmitry , Kotomin Eugene A.
Published: March 2024

Excited state calculations are performed to predict the electronic structure and optical absorption characteristics of Cu-doped anatase TiO2 nanofilms, focusing on their (101) and (001) surface terminations. Using model structures that successfully represent the equilibrium positions of deposited Cu atoms on the TiO2 surface, a comprehensive analysis of the absorption spectra for each considered model is made. The proposed modeling reveals phenomena when photogenerated electrons from TiO2 tend to accumulate in the vicinity of the deposited Cu atoms exposed to photon energies surpassing the band gap of TiO2 (approximately 3.2 eV). The crucial transition states that are essential for the creation of potential photocatalytic materials are identified through detailed calculations of the excited states. These insights hold substantial promise for the strategic design of advanced photocatalytic materials. The obtained results provide a base for subsequent analyses, facilitating the determination of heightened surface reactivity, photostimulated water splitting, and antibacterial properties.
Real-World Analysis of the Clinical and Economic Impact of the 21-Gene Recurrence Score (RS) in Invasive Lobular Early-Stage Breast Carcinoma in Ireland
Authors: McSorley Lynda M. , Tharmabala Mehala , Al Rahbi Fathiya , Keane Fergus , Evoy Denis , Geraghty James G. , Rothwell Jane , McCartan Damian P. , Greally Megan , O’Connor Miriam , O’Mahony Deirdre , Keane Maccon , Kennedy Michael John , O’Reilly Seamus , Millen Steve J. , Crown John P. , Kelly Catherine M. , Prichard Ruth S. , Quinn Cecily M. , Walshe Janice M.
Published: March 2024

Background: This study, using real-world data, assesses the impact of RS testing on treatment pathways and the associated economic consequences of such testing. This paper pertains to lobular breast cancer. Methods: A retrospective, observational study was undertaken between 2011 and 2019 on a cross-section of hormone receptor-positive (HR+), HER2-negative, lymph node-negative, early-stage breast cancer patients. All patients had ILC and had RS testing in Ireland. The patient population is representative of the national population. Patients were classified as low (RS ≤ 25) or high (RS > 25) risk. Patients aged ≤50 were stratified as low (RS 0–15), intermediate (RS 16–25), or high risk (RS > 25). Results: A total of 168 patients were included, most of whom had grade 2 (G2) tumors (n = 154, 92%). Overall, 155 patients (92.3%) had low RS (≤25), 12 (7.1%) had high RS (>25), and 1 (0.6%) had unknown RS status. In 29 (17.5%) patients aged ≤50 at diagnosis, RS was ≤15 in 16 (55%), 16–20 in 6 (21%), 21–25 in 5 (17%), >25 in 1 (3.5%), and unknown in 1 (3.5%). Post RS testing, 126 patients (78%) had a change in chemotherapy recommendation; all to hormone therapy. In total, only 35 patients (22%) received chemotherapy. RS testing achieved a 75% reduction in chemotherapy use, resulting in savings of €921,543.84 in treatment costs, and net savings of €387,283.84. Conclusions: The use of this test resulted in a 75% reduction in chemotherapy and a significant cost savings in our publicly funded health system.
Molecular Diversity of the Genus Plagiorchis Lühe, 1899 in Snail Hosts of Central Europe with Evidence of New Lineages
Authors: Kundid Petra , Pantoja Camila , Janovcová Kristýna , Soldánová Miroslava
Published: March 2024

Cercariae of Plagiorchis spp. are frequently reported in European freshwater snails, but their true diversity is difficult to estimate due to subtle differences in morphology. We molecularly characterized 67 isolates of Plagiorchis cercariae collected from four lymnaeid snail hosts, Ampullaceana balthica, Ampullaceana lagotis, Radix auricularia and Lymnaea stagnalis in freshwater ecosystems in the Czech Republic and Poland. Based on mitochondrial cox1 and nuclear 28S sequences, ten species or species-level lineages were identified, including the first molecular evidence of P. vespertilionis from snail hosts and two species-level lineages reported for the first time. Previously undescribed species and species-level lineages are characterized morphometrically. We confirm the overlapping spatial distribution of Plagiorchis spp. in their snail hosts from Central Europe with those from Western and sub-Arctic Europe. Our results increase the known diversity of Plagiorchis spp. in Europe to 25 species/lineages in snails, but further research is needed to establish links between life cycle stages and to assess the host specificity of these parasites.
Choroidal Changes in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Peng Shu-Yu , Chen Ta-Ching , Hsieh Yi-Ting , Ho Tzyy-Chang , Yang Chung-May , Yang Chang-Hao
Published: March 2024

This study aimed to investigate the characteristic choroidal changes in patients with diabetic retinopathy and identify factors affecting choroidal thickness (CTh), choroidal vascular index (CVI), and choriocapillaris flow. We retrospectively analyzed 79 eyes of 48 patients with diabetes between August 2021 and February 2022. We collected laboratory data, including HbA1c, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. Optical coherence tomography images of the foveal avascular zone, retinal vascular density, choroidal flow, retinal thickness, CTh, and CVI were analyzed. Possible determining factors affecting CTh, CVI, and choriocapillaris flow were analyzed using nonparametric multivariate analysis. LDL (p < 0.001) positively correlated with CTh, whereas CVI (p = 0.007) was negatively correlated with CTh in diabetic patients with diabetes. We also identified a negative correlation between choriocapillaris flow and deep parafoveal retinal vessel density in patients with low-grade diabetic retinopathy (DR), which diminished in those with more advanced DR. Our study provides further information on the changes in choroidal structure and blood flow in patients with diabetes.
Does Miniscrew-Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion Influence Upper Airway in Adult Patients? A Scoping Review
Authors: Benetti Mariachiara , Montresor Luca , Cantarella Daniele , Zerman Nicoletta , Spinas Enrico
Published: March 2024

(1) Objective: This scoping review evaluates the effects of miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE) on different regions of the upper airway in adult patients and investigates various methods of measurement. (2) Methods: The search encompassed Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Scopus and Web of Science. This review was conducted following the PRISMA_ScR guidelines, and the inclusion criteria for examined studies were chosen in accordance with the PICOS framework. (3) Results: Seven studies were included in this review, comprising four retrospective studies, one prospective and two case reports. All studies involved the use of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) for measurements of the areas of interest. The percentage of increase in the volume of the nasal cavity varied between 31% and 9.9%, depending on the study. Volumetric variations in the nasopharynx were reported as increases between T0 (before expansion) and T1 (immediately after expansion) of 6.4%, 20.7% and 14.1%. All studies considered T0 before expansion and T1 immediately after expansion. Only one study evaluated remote follow-up to assess if the results were maintained after one year. (4) Conclusions: MARPE appears to lead to a statistically significant increase in the upper airway, especially in the nasal cavity and nasopharynx immediately after expansion. However, further prospective and retrospective trails with long-term controls are required to verify the effects of MARPE on the upper airway.
An Effective Flux Framework for Linear Irreversible Heat Engines: Case Study of a Thermoelectric Generator
Authors: Kaur Jasleen , Johal Ramandeep S.
Published: March 2024

We consider an autonomous heat engine in simultaneous contact with a hot and a cold reservoir and describe it within a linear irreversible framework. In a tight-coupling approximation, the rate of entropy generation is effectively written in terms of a single thermal flux that is a homogeneous function of the hot and cold fluxes. The specific algebraic forms of the effective flux are deduced for scenarios containing internal and external irreversibilities for the typical example of a thermoelectric generator.
Maximum Geometric Quantum Entropy
Authors: Anza Fabio , Crutchfield James P.
Published: March 2024

Any given density matrix can be represented as an infinite number of ensembles of pure states. This leads to the natural question of how to uniquely select one out of the many, apparently equally-suitable, possibilities. Following Jaynes’ information-theoretic perspective, this can be framed as an inference problem. We propose the Maximum Geometric Quantum Entropy Principle to exploit the notions of Quantum Information Dimension and Geometric Quantum Entropy. These allow us to quantify the entropy of fully arbitrary ensembles and select the one that maximizes it. After formulating the principle mathematically, we give the analytical solution to the maximization problem in a number of cases and discuss the physical mechanism behind the emergence of such maximum entropy ensembles.
Cryptocurrencies, Tax Ignorance and Tax Noncompliance in Direct Taxation: Spanish Empirical Evidence
Authors: Hernández Sánchez Álvaro , Sastre-Hernández Beatriz María , Jorge-Vazquez Javier , Náñez Alonso Sergio Luis
Published: March 2024

This article highlights the complexity of taxation surrounding cryptocurrency transactions due to the lack of uniform regulation, creating uncertainty for both taxpayers and tax authorities. After determining the tax obligations of individuals in taxation, a survey has been conducted to assess the level of knowledge and compliance with tax obligations related to cryptocurrencies. The survey, in which 103 people participated, reveals the confusion and errors that prevail in perceptions of the tax obligations for cryptocurrencies, particularly in transactions such as swapping and staking in personal income tax. This results in almost half of the respondents (49.5%) not declaring any of their operations with cryptocurrencies. The reasons for this include the fact that the majority of respondents (66%) find the regulation of cryptocurrencies in Spain confusing and difficult to understand. Additionally, 87.4% believe that tax agencies should provide more information and resources on the taxation of cryptocurrencies and digital assets, and that there should be clearer and more comprehensive regulation. However, it should be noted that 41.7% also consider that tax regulation discourages investment in cryptocurrencies.
Educational Robots, Emotion Recognition and ASD: New Horizon in Special Education
Authors: Schiavo Fabrizio , Campitiello Lucia , Todino Michele Domenico , Di Tore Pio Alfredo
Published: March 2024

Technology has always represented the key to human progress. It is believed that the use of supportive technological mediators can facilitate teaching/learning processes and enable everyone to learn how to critically manage technology without being its slave or passive user while contributing to the collective well-being. Educational robotics is a new frontier for learning that can offer numerous benefits to students. The use of robots can offer the possibility of creating inclusive educational settings in which all students, regardless of their abilities or disabilities, can participate meaningfully. The article proposes an analysis of the evidence obtained from a systematic literature review with reference to general educational robotics and social robotics for emotion recognition. Finally, as a practical implementation of an educational robotic intervention on emotion recognition, the “Emorobot Project” as part of the EU-funded “Ecosystem of Innovation—Technopole of Rome” Project in NextGenerationEU will be presented. The project’s aim is to foster the development of social skills in children with autism spectrum disorders through the creation of an open-source social robot that can recognize emotions. The project is intended to provide teachers with a supportive tool that allows them to design individual activities and later extend the activity to classmates. An educational robot can be used as a social mediator, a playmate during the learning phase that can help students develop social skills, build peer connection, reduce social isolation—one of the main difficulties of this disorder—and foster motivation and the acquisition of interpersonal skills through interaction and imitation. This can help ensure that all students have access to quality education and that no one is left behind.
How to Evaluate Augmented Reality Embedded in Lesson Planning in Teacher Education
Authors: Henne Anna , Syskowski Sabrina , Krug Manuel , Möhrke Philipp , Thoms Lars-Jochen , Huwer Johannes
Published: March 2024

Augmented reality (AR) is vital in education for enhancing learning and motivation through interactive environments and experiments. This requires teacher training in AR creation and integration. Research indicates that learning effectiveness relies on thorough preparation, calling for the development of scoring rubrics for evaluating both educational AR and AR’s educational integration. However, no current studies provide such a rubric for assessing AR’s pedagogical implementation. Hence, a scoring rubric, EVAR (Evaluating Augmented Reality in Education), was developed based on the framework for the analysis and development of augmented reality in science and engineering teaching by Czok and colleagues, and extended with core concepts of instructional design and lesson organization, featuring 18 items in five subscales rated on a four-point Likert scale. To evaluate the validity and reliability of the scoring rubric, AR learning scenarios, designed by eleven master’s seminar pre-service teacher students at the University of Konstanz, majoring in biology, chemistry, or physics, were assessed by five AR experts using the newly developed scoring rubric. The results reveal that a simple classification of AR characteristics is insufficient for evaluating its pedagogical quality in learning scenarios. Instead, the newly developed scoring rubric for evaluating AR in educational settings showed high inter-rater reliability and can discriminate between different groups according to the educational quality of the AR and the implementation of AR into lesson planning.
Non-Linear Simulation by Harmonic Balance Techniques of Load Modulated Power Amplifier Driven by Random Modulated Signals
Authors: Neveux Guillaume , Hallepee Clément , Passerieux Damien , Barataud Denis
Published: March 2024

The simulation of the steady state and the non-linear stability of a load modulated power amplifier (LMPA) driven by a random modulated generator, fully performed in the frequency domain by harmonic balance (HB) techniques, is presented. The non-linear microwave circuit and the driving pseudo-random modulated (PRM) generator are integrally defined in the frequency domain. The simulation is implemented and performed using commercially available circuit simulation software. The demodulation of the output signal of the LMPA is implemented with optimally matched filters as software-defined demodulation. The simulated dynamic results of a Quasi-MMIC GaN Doherty power amplifier (DPA) are shown and compared to the measured results with a 16-QAM driving signal at 10 MS/s. The time-domain measurement allows the validation of the new simulation technique through the comparison of both the measured and the simulated error vector magnitude (EVM), the left and right adjacent channel power ratios (ACPRs) versus the average output power. This new simulation is then called pseudo-random modulated harmonic balance (PRM-HB) simulation. The full PRM-HB simulation of an LMPA driven by a random modulated signal, performed in the frequency domain at the design circuit level, results in an advanced simulation tool in the frame of the design of RF circuits and subsystems for telecommunication applications.
MgMViT: Multi-Granularity and Multi-Scale Vision Transformer for Efficient Action Recognition
Authors: Huo Hua , Li Bingjie
Published: March 2024

Nowadays, the field of video-based action recognition is rapidly developing. Although Vision Transformers (ViT) have made great progress in static image processing, they are not yet fully optimized for dynamic video applications. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and related models perform exceptionally well in video action recognition. However, there are still some issues that cannot be ignored, such as high computational costs and large memory consumption. In the face of these issues, current research focuses on finding effective methods to improve model performance and overcome current limits. Therefore, we present a unique Vision Transformer model based on multi-granularity and multi-scale fusion to accomplish efficient action recognition, which is designed for action recognition in videos to effectively reduce computational costs and memory usage. Firstly, we devise a multi-scale, multi-granularity module that integrates with Transformer blocks. Secondly, a hierarchical structure is utilized to manage information at various scales, and we introduce multi-granularity on top of multi-scale, which allows for a selective choice of the number of tokens to enter the next computational step, thereby reducing redundant tokens. Thirdly, a coarse-fine granularity fusion layer is introduced to reduce the sequence length of tokens with lower information content. The above two mechanisms are combined to optimize the allocation of resources in the model, further emphasizing critical information and reducing redundancy, thereby minimizing computational costs. To assess our proposed approach, comprehensive experiments are conducted by using benchmark datasets in the action recognition domain. The experimental results demonstrate that our method has achieved state-of-the-art performance in terms of accuracy and efficiency.
Hyperspectral Image Classification Using Multi-Scale Lightweight Transformer
Authors: Gu Quan , Luan Hongkang , Huang Kaixuan , Sun Yubao
Published: March 2024

The distinctive feature of hyperspectral images (HSIs) is their large number of spectral bands, which allows us to identify categories of ground objects by capturing discrepancies in spectral information. Convolutional neural networks (CNN) with attention modules effectively improve the classification accuracy of HSI. However, CNNs are not successful in capturing long-range spectral–spatial dependence. In recent years, Vision Transformer (VIT) has received widespread attention due to its excellent performance in acquiring long-range features. However, it requires calculating the pairwise correlation between token embeddings and has the complexity of the square of the number of tokens, which leads to an increase in the computational complexity of the network. In order to cope with this issue, this paper proposes a multi-scale spectral–spatial attention network with frequency-domain lightweight Transformer (MSA-LWFormer) for HSI classification. This method synergistically integrates CNN, attention mechanisms, and Transformer into the spectral–spatial feature extraction module and frequency-domain fused classification module. Specifically, the spectral–spatial feature extraction module employs a multi-scale 2D-CNN with multi-scale spectral attention (MS-SA) to extract the shallow spectral–spatial features and capture the long-range spectral dependence. In addition, The frequency-domain fused classification module designs a frequency-domain lightweight Transformer that employs the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to convert features from the spatial domain to the frequency domain, effectively extracting global information and significantly reducing the time complexity of the network. Experiments on three classic hyperspectral datasets show that MSA-LWFormer has excellent performance.
A Magnetic Integration Mismatch Suppression Strategy for Parallel SiC Power Devices Applications
Authors: Sun Shikai , Liu Jialin , Chen Lei , Lu Zhenlin , Wang Yuan , Yang Wenhao , Sun Yuyin , Guo Hui
Published: March 2024

A new magnetic integrated parallel current sharing control method for parallel silicon carbide (SiC) power devices is presented in this article. The problem of the application of parallel connected SiC power devices is analyzed. The coupled inductance method is adopted to solve the problem. Based on the active-back converter, we establish the theoretical model of the coupled inductance, and figure out its working mechanism. The integrated magnetic device is designed based on the working mechanism, and the effectiveness is determined through simulation. A 12 V/10 A output magnetic integrated active-flyback converter prototype is fabricated and tested to verify the strategy. Measurement results show that, with the proposed magnetic integrated method, the mismatch voltage is suppressed to 0.1 V under all load conditions, and the efficiency increases by at most 6.52% under full load conditions.
Spatial-Temporal Attention TCN-Based Link Prediction for Opportunistic Network
Authors: Shu Jian , Liao Yunchun , Li Jiahao
Published: March 2024

Link prediction for opportunistic networks faces the challenges of frequent changes in topology and complex and variable spatial-temporal information. Most existing studies focus on temporal or spatial features, ignoring ample potential information. In order to better capture the spatial-temporal correlations in the evolution of networks and explore their potential information, a link prediction method based on spatial-temporal attention and temporal convolution network (STA-TCN) is proposed. It slices opportunistic networks into discrete network snapshots. A state matrix based on topology information and attribute information is constructed to represent snapshots. Time convolutional networks and spatial-temporal attention mechanisms are employed to learn spatial-temporal information. Furthermore, to better improve link prediction performance, the proposed method converts the auto-correlation error into non-correlation error. On three real opportunistic network datasets, ITC, MIT, and Infocom06, experimental results demonstrate the superior predictive performance of the proposed method compared to baseline models, as shown by improved AUC and F1-score metrics.
Feedback Linearization Sliding Mode Control Strategy for Three-Phase Voltage PWM Rectifier Based on New Variable Speed Reaching Law
Authors: Liu Feng , Xia Yihui , Yang Lv , Zhang Bin
Published: March 2024

Three-phase voltage PWM rectifier is a multivariable, strong coupling, nonlinear multi-input and multi-output system. In the design of rectifier control systems, with PI control it is difficult to achieve the ideal control effect, the dynamic performance is poor, and the parameter computation is complex. Moreover, the traditional sliding mode control voltage outer loop suffers from the problem of chattering, which is difficult to solve. Responding to the above issues, a new type of variable speed reaching law is proposed, which is applied to the voltage outer loop sliding mode control, while the feedback linearization principle is introduced to the current inner loop, and a new type of double closed-loop sliding mode control system is obtained by applying the two theories to the design of the sliding mode controller. A simulation model is established in MATLAB/Simulink to compare the PI control, the SMC control and the V-SMC control strategy proposed in this paper (voltage outer loop V-SMC current inner loop FLC-SMC control), and the simulation results show that the rectifier under the new dual-closed-loop sliding mode control strategy has the advantages of good dynamic performance, strong robustness and strong anti-interference ability. At the same time, compared with the traditional sliding mode control strategy, the vibration suppression effect under the proposed control strategy is obvious. Finally, a 10 kW rectifier control system is built on a semi-physical hardware-in-the-loop experimental platform to further verify the correctness and superiority of the proposed control strategy.
A Review of Power Transformer Vibration and Noise Caused by Silicon Steel Magnetostriction
Authors: Fang Qikai , Ye Zhihao , Chen Cheng
Published: March 2024

As an important hub equipment in the power system, the power transformer has increasingly higher requirements for its reliability and safety with the rapid development of the power industry. However, the vibrations and noise generated during its operation not only cause a series of issues such as loose windings, core wear, and fatigue of fasteners, but also lead to anxiety and unease among nearby residents, severely affecting their physical and mental health. Therefore, the generation mechanism and control measures of vibration and noise in power transformers have attracted extensive attention from scholars. The magnetostrictive effect of silicon steel sheets is one of the important factors in the causes of transformer vibration and noise. This paper focuses on the magnetostrictive effect of silicon steel sheets. Firstly, the micro mechanism of magnetostriction is introduced. Secondly, based on current research status, the vibration and noise mechanism caused by magnetostriction are summarized, and the influencing factors, measurement, modeling, and noise reduction methods based on magnetostriction are summarized. Finally, based on the current research status and future development trends, prospects are proposed, aiming to provide references for subsequent research on transformer vibration and noise.
Optimization of a Circular Planar Spiral Wireless Power Transfer Coil Using a Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Prosen Nataša , Domajnko Jure
Published: March 2024

Circular planar spiral coils are the most important parts of wireless power transfer systems. This paper presents the optimization of wireless power transfer coils used for wireless power transfer, which is a problem when designing wireless power transfer systems. A single transmitter coil transfers power to a single receiving side. The performance of the wireless power transfer system depends greatly on the size and shape of the wireless power transfer system. Therefore, the optimization of the coils is of the utmost importance. The main optimization parameter was the coupling coefficient between the transmitter and the receiver coil in the horizontally aligned and misaligned position. A genetic evolutionary algorithm was used to optimize the coil, according to the developed cost function. The algorithm was implemented using the MATLAB programming language. The constraints regarding the design of the coils are also presented for the problem to be analyzed correctly. The results obtained using the genetic algorithm were first verified using FEM simulations. The optimized coils were later fabricated and measured to confirm the theory.
Perspectives of Electricity Production from Biogas in the European Union
Authors: Bórawski Piotr , Bełdycka-Bórawska Aneta , Kapsdorferová Zuzana , Rokicki Tomasz , Parzonko Andrzej , Holden Lisa
Published: March 2024

Biogas is a renewable energy source (RES). The aim of this research was to analyze the perspectives of electricity production from biogas in the European Union. The main source of information was data from Eurostat. We analyzed electricity production from biogas in the European Union (EU). The scope of this research was data from 2012 to 2021. First, we presented biogas production by feedstock type across the world. Then, we presented changes in electricity production from biogas in the EU. We used different methods to evaluate the changes in biogas production. First, we used the ARiMA (Autoregressive Moving Average) model to evaluate the stationarity of the time series. Our electricity production from biogas data proved to be stationary. Second, we elaborated on the prognosis of future changes in electricity production from biogas. The largest producer of biogas is the EU, and it is produced from crops, animal manure, and municipal solid waste. Our research found that the largest production from biogas in 2021 took place in Germany, Italy, and France. These countries have the greatest potential for electricity production from biogas, and they have spent significant funds on facilities and technology. Such countries as Ireland, Greece, Spain, France, Croatia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Finland, and Sweden increased their electricity production from biogas in 2021 compared to 2020. According to our prognosis, the global production of biogas will increase from 62.300 TWh to 64.000 TWh in 2019–2026 (2.7% increase). In 2022–2026, such countries as Estonia (60.4%), Latvia (29.6%), Croatia (27.6%), Slovenia (10.9%), and Poland (8.2%) will increase their electricity production from biogas the most. In 2022–2026, such countries as Italy (0.68%), Portugal (1.1%), Greece (1.5%), Slovakia (2.3%), and Germany (2.6%) will increase their electricity production from biogas the least. Only Romania (−17.6%), Finland (−11.5%), Lithuania (−9.1%), and Malta (−1.06%) will decrease their production of electricity from biogas in 2022–2026. Such countries as Bulgaria (2344%), Denmark (590.9%), Croatia (449%), and France (183%) increased biogas consumption in 2013–2022. A decrease in the inland consumption of biogas in 2013–2022 was observed in Spain, Cyprus, Latvia, Luxembourg, Austria, and Slovenia.
An Experimental Study on the Effectiveness of the Backward-Facing Step Technique on Small-Scale Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine Rotor Blades
Authors: Morina Riad , Akansu Yahya Erkan
Published: March 2024

The aim of this research work was to explore how modifying the design of small-scale HAWT rotor blades through the backward-facing step technique affects their efficiency under varying wind speeds. The study involved altering step parameters such as location, length, and depth to create four distinct stepped blade shapes and enhance the aerodynamic performance of a rotor with a diameter of 280 mm. A specific blade profile, NREL S822, was selected to meet both aerodynamic and structural criteria. The rotor models were examined at a Reynolds number of 4.7 × 104 for wind speeds between 8.5 and 15.5 m/s and tip-speed ratios between 2 and 5. The experimental results indicated that for certain geometric step parameter values, the efficiency of the rotor model (B3) increased by approximately 47% compared to the base model (B1), particularly for tip-speed ratios lower than around 3.2. However, beyond this point, the rotor efficiency dropped significantly, reaching approximately 60% in one case. Additionally, a hybrid rotor model (B6) was generated by combining the shape of the rotor model (B4) with the most efficient rotor model from the literature, generated using the leading-edge wavy shape technique. This hybrid rotor model enhanced rotor efficiency for specific values of tip-speed ratio and also ensured its smoother operation. Overall, the rotor model (B2), distinguished by smaller step parameter values and a shift as well as broadening of the power coefficient curve towards lower tip-speed ratio values, exhibited a higher peak power coefficient, approximately 1.4% greater than the base rotor (B1). This increase occurred at a lower tip-speed ratio, allowing the rotor to operate with higher efficiency across a broader range of tip-speed ratios.
Internal Combustion Engines and Carbon-Neutral Fuels: A Perspective on Emission Neutrality in the European Union
Authors: Estevez Rafael , Aguado-Deblas Laura , López-Tenllado Francisco , Bautista Felipa , Romero Antonio , Luna Diego
Published: March 2024

Nowadays, there is an intense debate in the European Union (EU) regarding the limits to achieve the European Green Deal, to make Europe the first climate-neutral continent in the world. In this context, there are also different opinions about the role that thermal engines should play. Furhermore, there is no clear proposal regarding the possibilities of the use of green hydrogen in the transport decarbonization process, even though it should be a key element. Thus, there are still no precise guidelines regarding the role of green hydrogen, with it being exclusively used as a raw material to produce E-fuels. This review aims to evaluate the possibilities of applying the different alternative technologies available to successfully complete the process already underway to achieve Climate Neutrality by about 2050, depending on the maturity of the technologies currently available, and those anticipated to be available in the coming decades.
Energy-Aware Multicriteria Control Performance Assessment
Authors: Domański Paweł
Published: March 2024

Generally, control system design and the associated assessment of control system quality focuses on cutting-edge performance. Most of the approaches and applied indicators aim for this goal. However, the current times increasingly indicate the need to consider, at least on an equal level, the issue of the resistance of the control system and the energy that it consumes. Indicators for the assessment of the quality of control system operation should take these aspects into account. This study focuses on energy issues. It should be noted that, very often, an actuator device, such as a pump, motor, or actuator, consumes energy. In small single-loop systems, the share of this energy is usually negligible, but in large installations, it begins to reach significant values. This work proposes a multi-criteria assessment of the operation of control systems using information about the control signal. The energy factor can be considered in the form of a quadratic relationship or using the valve travel and valve stroke indicators known in other contexts. The index ratio diagram (IRD) approach is utilized as an energy assessment tool. At the same time, an analysis is carried out showing the impact of energy on other known indicators based on the control error. Finally, a methodology incorporating energy consumed by the control system is proposed.
Coal Mine Drainage as a Source of Drinking and Industrial Water—The Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland
Authors: Cień Damian , d’Obyrn Kajetan , Starczewska Magdalena , Sowiżdżał Anna , Motyka Jacek , Sracek Ondra
Published: March 2024

Water is one of the most important resources found on Earth, essential for all forms of life. Both the quantity and quality of water resources are crucial for the health of the population and for economic sectors, making water a factor in determining a society’s standard of living. Mine water serves as an appealing source of both drinking and technological water. Regardless of the exploitation method, it must be pumped to the surface and, usually, treated to meet environmental standards. In most cases, it is discharged to rivers. In this article, we present a model of the use of mine water from three pumping stations of decommissioned coal mines in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin—Jan Kanty, Saturn, and Boże Dary. Water from these pumping stations is characterized by good qualitative and quantitative parameters. The results of the physico-chemical composition analyses carried out in the years 2012–2022 did not reveal any excessive amounts of toxic components or treatment difficulties. Given the long operational lifespan of these pumping stations and their existing water extraction infrastructure, they emerge as promising sources of both potable and industrial water supply, demanding minimal treatment efforts.
The Effect of Nozzle Configuration on Adsorption-Chiller Performance
Authors: Kalawa Wojciech , Sztekler Karol , Kozaczuk Jakub , Mika Łukasz , Radomska Ewelina , Nowak Wojciech , Gołdasz Andrzej
Published: March 2024

Broadly defined climate protection is a powerful incentive in the search for environmentally friendly refrigeration technologies. Adsorption chillers are considered to be one such technology; however, their main disadvantages include a low cooling capacity, a low energy efficiency ratio (EER), and cyclic operation. Thus, a great deal of effort is being put into improving adsorption-chiller performance. In this paper, the influence of the spray angle, the number of nozzles, and the water flow rate through the nozzles on adsorption-chiller performance was investigated. Adsorption-chiller performance was investigated mainly in terms of the cooling capacity (CC), the energy efficiency ratio (EER), and the specific cooling power (SCP). The results indicated that the chiller’s cooling capacity increased from about 210 W to 316 W and that the EER increased from 0.110 to 0.167 when the spray angle of the nozzles was increased from 90° to 120°. It was also reported that increasing the flow rate of water through the nozzles did not improve the average cooling capacity or the other performance parameters but resulted in more stable operation of the chiller. Additionally, using six nozzles instead of three improved the average cooling capacity and EER tenfold.
Microclimate Investigation in a Conference Room with Thermal Stratification: An Investigation of Different Air Conditioning Systems
Authors: Longhitano Andrea , Costanzo Vincenzo , Evola Gianpiero , Nocera Francesco
Published: March 2024

This paper investigates the microclimate in a conference room with thermal stratification, taking as a case study the chapel of Villa San Saverio, now the seat of the “Scuola Superiore” of the University of Catania (Italy). Surveys of the former chapel were conducted to monitor air temperature and relative humidity. Subsequently, the investigation relied on numerical simulations of a simplified computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model built with the DesignBuilder v7.0 software and validated by comparison with measured values. Simulations were then carried out considering three different scenarios: the current state without any HVAC system and two possible HVAC system configurations providing both air conditioning and ventilation. The results show that, from a comfort perspective, a lightweight radiant floor heating system, assisted by an appropriate ventilation system for air renewal placed at the floor level near the occupants, is preferable to floor-level fan coils and high ventilation channels. Furthermore, this was also confirmed by a preliminary energy analysis of the two HVAC options, where the ventilation effectiveness of the winter period, the temperature of the water the emitters are fed, the consequent COP value of the heat pump, and the electricity consumption were taken into consideration.
Impact of Intercropping on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrient Loss in Camellia oleifera Forests on Entisol Soil
Authors: Zhang Yi , Lei Junjie , Peng Yuanying , Chen Xiaoyong , Li Bowen , Chen Yazhen , Xu Yichen , Farooq Taimoor Hassan , Wu Xiaohong , Wang Jun , Yan Wende
Published: March 2024

Soil and water loss represent a significant environmental challenge in purple soil cropland in China. However, the quantity and mechanism of nutrient loss from purple soil remain unclear. To understand water and soil conservation and address nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) mitigation in Camellia oleifera forest stands on purple soil slope farmland, this study aimed to explore the resistance control effect of forest stands on N and P loss in such agricultural landscapes. In the study, a runoff plot experiment was conducted in purple soil slope farmland. The experiment included three distinct treatments: intercropping of oil tea (Camellia oleifera) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), Camellia oleifera monoculture, and barren land served as the control treatment (CK). Water samples were collected and analyzed from the soil surface runoff and the middle soil layer at a depth of 20 cm (interflow) in three treatment plots under natural rainfall conditions in 2023. Various nutrient components, including total nitrogen (TN), dissolved nitrogen (DN), nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), particulate nitrogen (PN), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved phosphorus (DP), phosphate (PO4+-P), and particulate phosphorus (PP), were measured in the water samples. The results indicated that intercropping effectively mitigated the loss of various forms of N and P in both surface runoff and interflow within purple soil slope farmland. Compared to the CK, the ryegrass intercropping reduced TN and TP loss by 29.3%–37.3% and 25.7%–38.9%, respectively. The ryegrass intercropping led to a decrease in the average total loss of TN, DN, NO3—N, and NH4+-N by 63.0, 24.3, 4.5, and 6.8 g/ha, corresponding to reductions of 33.3%, 47.6%, 58.3%, and 49.1%, respectively, compared to the CK. The average total loss of TP, DP, and PP decreased by 4.4, 1.8, and 1.4 g/hm2 in the intercropping, reflecting reductions of 32.3%, 31.3%, and 31.1%, respectively. The most significant proportion was observed in PN and PP within the runoff water solution, accounting for 53.3%–74.8% and 56.9%–61.0% of the TN and TP, respectively. These findings establish a foundation for purple soil and water conservation. The research provides valuable insights for land management and policymakers in developing erosion prevention and control programs for sloping cultivated land with Camellia oleifera forests in purple soils. Additionally, it offers guidance for soil and water conservation and prevention of surface source pollution in purple soil regions.