bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of eugenol on hematological parameters in rats
Authors: Jezdimirovic Milanka , Aleksic Nevenka , Milovanovic Mirjana , Stojanovic Dragica , Jezdimirovic Nemanja , Djurdjevic Dragan , Kureljusic Jasna
Published: May 2013

Investigations covered the possible hematotoxic effect of eugenol in rats
following two-week and four-week continuous p.o. application. An experiment
was conducted on 72 maleWistar rats divided into six groups. Four groups were
treated with different doses of eugenol (10 mg/kg bm/day, 50 mg/kg/day, 200
mg/kg/day and 400 mg/kg bm/day), the control group was administered a
vehiculum (0,5 % methylcellulose, 20 % propylene glycol and water), and the
sixth group was the absolute untreated control. Eugenol and the vehiculum
were administered using a gastric probe in a volume of 1 ml/100 g body mass
of rat. Blood was sampled using cardiac puncture on days 14 and 28 of the
experiment in order to determine hematological parameters (hematocrit, number
of erythrocytes, MCV, haemoglobin concentration, MCH, number of leukocytes,
leukocyte formula, and number of thrombocytes). The results have shown that
eugenol administered over 14 and 28 days in doses of 10, 50, 200 i 400 mg/kg
bm/day has no hemolytic activity. Furthermore, administered over four weeks,
it does not significantly affect the number of erythrocytes, haemoglobin
concentration, hematocrit, erythrocyte volume, number of leukocytes, and the
leukocyte formula. Applied over two weeks, eugenol causes a significant
increase in the mass of haemoglobin per erythrocyte, in comparison with
controls. This effect is non-specific and does not depend on the dose or on
the duration of treatment. The eugenol doses of 10 and 200 mg/kg/day
administered over a period of four weeks result in a statistically
significant reduction in the number of thrombocytes in comparison with the
absolute control, while the highest investigated dose (400 mg/kg) causes a
significant increase in comparison with the numbers for rats treated with a
dose of 10 and 200 mg/kg/day. The changes in thrombocyte number caused by
eugenol are qualitatively different and depend neither on the dose nor on the
duration of treatment. Eugenol applied over two or four weeks does not
exhibit a significant influence on the number of lymphocytes, monocytes or
granulocytes.
Prevalence of G class antibodies to antigens of lyme disease causes in dogs in Vojvodina, Serbia
Authors: Potkonjak Aleksandar , Savic Sara , Vracar Vuk , Rnjak Dusan , Tikvicki Mario , Obrenovic Sonja , Lako Branislav
Published: May 2013

Lyme disease is a multisystemic disease, zoonotic in nature, caused by the
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. In the continent of Europe, these
spirochetes are predominantly transmitted by ticks of the genus Ixodes. Small
mammals and birds have particular significance as reservoirs of the cause of
lyme disease. The objective of these epidemiological investigations was to
determine the value of IgG seroprevalence to Borrelia burgdorferi and to
secure the geographic distribution of seropositive dogs in Vojvodina. The
investigations covered 135 dogs that were not vaccinated against lyme
disease. The indirect ELISA test was used to determine IgG prevalence to
Borrelia burgdorferi antigens. Reactive blood serums of dogs were tested
again using the rapid immunochromatographic and immunoblot test. A
seroprevalence of G class antibodies to antigens of lyme disease causes of
8.1% (11/135) was established in the examined dog population of Vojvodina.
The biggest number of positive results was recorded for the South Backa
District. The presented value for the seroprevalence of anti-Borrelia
burgdorferi antibodies in the dog population indicates the exhistence of a
significant risk of humans becoming infected with the cause of lyme disease
in Vojvodina.
Influence of oxidative stress on disease development
Authors: Bozic Tatjana , Stevanovic Jelka , Borozan Suncica , Jovic Slavoljub , Dimitrijevic Blagoje , Ignjatovic Igor
Published: May 2013

There is ever increasing data indicating the vmast contribution of oxidative
stress to the pathogenesis of numerous diseases (atherosclerosis,
hypertension, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, stroke, rheumatoid arthritis,
and others). Thus, in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis the primary role is
held by reactive oxygen species that are synthetized by endothelial cells of
arterial blood vessels, leukocytes and macrophages. Furthermore, native
particles of lipoproteins of small density become atherogenic through
oxidation caused by reactive oxygen species. The oxidation of small-density
lipoproteins stimulates the inflammatory process, and it in turn steps up
adhesion and the inflow of monocytes and affects the synthesis and release of
numerous proinflammatory cytokines involved in the further course of the
process. One of the reasons for the development of arterial hypertension is
the simultaneous activation of NAD(P)H oxidase and 12/15-lipoxygenase, since
it results in the stepped up production of reactive oxygen species. These
stimulate the production of matrix metalloproteinase 2, which lead to
vascular remodelling and to increased apoptosis of heart muscle cells.
Stepped up apoptosis is linked with myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathies
and the development of heart failure. The sensitivity of ?-cells of the
endocrine part of the pancreas to reactive oxygen species favor the naturally
low concentrations of the collectors of free radicals in them, as well as an
increase in the concentration of proinflammatory cytokines, glucosis and
lipids that induce a reduction in the mass and function of ?-cells.
Hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus causes tissue damage through non-enzyme
glycosylation of intracellular and extracellular proteins, which results in:
reduced enzyme activity, damaged nucleic acid, disrupted natural
decomposition of proteins, and activation of cytotoxic pathways. These
processes are the basis of the pathogenesis of numerous complications of
diabetes mellitus. Since inducible nitrogen-oxide synthesis launches
processes that stimulate apoptosis of cerebral endothelial cells, and
superoxide-anion radicals, hypochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide damage the
parenchyma of an ischemic brain and biomacromolecules (causing lipid
peroxidation, oxidation of proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid), brain damage
occurs during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion.
Retrospective analysis of clinical pathological findings in obstruction of lower urinary pathways in cats
Authors: Francuski Jelena , Andric Nenad , Ilic Vojislav , Jovanovic Milan , Lazarevic-Macanovic Mirjana , Krstic Vanja , Kovacevic-Filipovic Milica
Published: May 2013

Diseases of the lower urinary pathways with urethral obstruction are frequent
urological conditions demanding urgent treatment that lead to the occurrence
of post renal azotemia due to difficult or disabled urine elimination. The
aim of these investigations was to establish the most frequent causes for the
occurrence of obstructions of the lower urinary pathways in cats, the most
frequent clinical signs, as well as the changes in the hematological and
biochemical blood and urine parameters. The obtained results indicate that
the most frequent cause of urethral obstruction in cats is the presence of
urethra stones, sand, and urethra plugs caused by the aggregation of struvite
crystals on organic matrix. The laboratory findings showed that all animals
were dehydrated, azotemia was established in half the animals, and signs of
uremia were evident in 10% cats. Over 90% cats had disrupted tubular
function, and only 50% had clear laboratory signs of inflammation. It can be
concluded from the presented results that all cats with urethra obstruction
exhibit a certain degree of disrupted kidney function, which is, in most
cases, a reversible pathological change when treated with timely and adequate
therapy.
Protection of Islet Grafts Through Transforming Growth Factor-β–Induced Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells
Authors: Thomas David C. , Wong F. Susan , Zaccone Paola , Green E. Allison , Wållberg Maja
Published: May 2013

In type 1 diabetes, the insulin-producing β-cells are destroyed by the immune system. One way of restoring glucose control is to transplant β-cells from a donor. Although this procedure may restore endogenous insulin production, immunosuppressive treatment is needed to prevent the recipient from rejecting the donor-derived islets. We investigated the possibilities of transient expression of the immunosuppressive cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF)-β within islets to achieve long-term graft tolerance. We found that brief expression of TGF-β prevented rejection of syngeneic islets, that there was reduction of dendritic cell (DC) activation in the graft, and that there was reduced reactivation of T cells in the graft-draining lymph nodes. In vitro exposure of bone marrow–derived DCs to TGF-β reduced expression of costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, as well as production of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-12 p70 in DCs, but did not alter levels of major histocompatibility complex classes I and II. Furthermore, the capacity of TGF-β–treated bone marrow–derived DCs to activate both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was reduced. Adding TGF-β–conditioned tolerogenic DCs to the grafted islets led to long-term survival of the graft, demonstrating that TGF-β–induced tolerogenic DCs can provide an effective means to restore immune tolerance in an already established autoimmune disease.
Influence of Radiopacity of Dental Composites on the Diagnosis of Secondary Caries: The Correlation Between Objective and Subjective Analyses
Authors: Cruz AD , Esteves RG , Poiate IAVP , Portero PP , Almeida SM
Published: May 2013

This study aimed to objectively evaluate the radiopacity of different dental composites and their subjective influence on diagnosing secondary caries–like lesions and how these results correlate. For objective analysis, three resin specimens (1 mm thick, with a 4-mm internal diameter) were made with four composites: 1) Charisma; 2) Filtek Z250; 3) Prisma AP.H; and 4) Glacier. Three human teeth were selected and then mesio-distally sectioned (1 mm thick) to make the dental specimens. An aluminum (Al) wedge (12 steps, 1 mm thick, 99.8% purity) was used as an internal standard to calculate the radiopacity. For subjective analysis, 20 human teeth were selected and then prepared with a mesio-occluso-distal (MOD) inlay cavity, with half the teeth receiving a round cavity to simulate the carious lesion. The MOD was restored using the composites at four different times. Standardized radiographs were acquired and then digitized (300 dpi and eight-bit TIFF) for both analyses. A histogram objectively measured the pixel intensity values of the images, which were converted into millimeters of Al using linear regressions. Eight observers subjectively evaluated the images using a five-point rating scale to diagnose the caries. The data were statistically analyzed using the Student t-test, the Kappa test, diagnostic testing, and the Pearson correlation coefficient (α=0.05). All materials showed radiopacity values compatible with dental tissues (p>0.05); Glacier was similar to dentin and Prisma AP.H was similar to enamel, while the remaining materials showed a middle radiopacity. Prisma AP.H and Glacier differed (p<0.05) in relation to their accuracy to caries diagnosis, with Glacier having greater accuracy. There was a correlation between objective and subjective analyses with negative linear dependence. An increase in the material's radiopacity could have a subjectively negative influence on the diagnosis of secondary caries; thus, an ideal radiopacity for a dental composite is closer to the dentin image and produces similar attenuation to X-rays than does dentin.
In Vitro Effect of Air-abrasion Operating Parameters on Dynamic Cutting Characteristics of Alumina and Bio-active Glass Powders
Authors: Milly H , Austin RS , Thompson I , Banerjee A
Published: May 2013

Minimally invasive dentistry advocates the maintenance of all repairable tooth structures during operative caries management in combination with remineralization strategies. This study evaluated the effect of air-abrasion operating parameters on its cutting efficiency/pattern using bio-active glass (BAG) powder and alumina powder as a control in order to develop its use as a minimally invasive operative technique. The cutting efficiency/pattern assessment on an enamel analogue, Macor, was preceded by studying the powder flow rate (PFR) of two different commercial intraoral air-abrasion units with differing powder-air admix systems. The parameters tested included air pressure, powder flow rate, nozzle-substrate distance, nozzle angle, shrouding the air stream with a curtain of water, and the chemistry of abrasive powder. The abraded troughs were scanned and analyzed using confocal white light profilometry and MountainsMap surface analysis software. Data were analyzed statistically using one-way and repeated-measures analysis of variance tests (p=0.05). The air-abrasion unit using a vibration mechanism to admix the abrasive powder with the air stream exhibited a constant PFR regardless of the set air pressure. Significant differences in cutting efficiency were observed according to the tested parameters (p<0.05). Alumina powder removed significantly more material than did BAG powder. Using low air pressure and suitable consideration of the effect of air-abrasion parameters on cutting efficiency/patterns can improve the ultraconservative cutting characteristics of BAG air-abrasion, thereby allowing an introduction of this technology for the controlled cleaning/removal of enamel, where it is indicated clinically.
Inorganic and Prepolymerized Filler Analysis of Four Resin Composites
Authors: Salazar DC , Dennison J , Yaman P
Published: May 2013

This study determined the filler content by weight percentage of four resin composites and examined the morphology, size, and elemental distribution of the filler particles. Four commercially available light-cured resin composites were evaluated for filler content by weight using ashing in air and acetone dissolution techniques. Ten specimens were analyzed for each material and technique. Specimens for ashing were heated to 650°C for 30 minutes. For the acetone dilution, the uncured specimens were dissolved, centrifuged, and decanted. In addition, scanning electron microscopy evaluation and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analysis were performed to determine morphologic characteristics and elemental distribution, respectively. Filler percentages by weight for Aelite LS, Filtek LS, IPS Empress Direct, and Kalore from ashed in air were 86.44%, 77.86%, 72.17%, and 70.62%, and from acetone dissolution percentages were 85.05%, 75.56%, 78.88%, and 77.73%, respectively. Aelite LS had significantly higher filler content for both techniques. Kalore had significantly lower filler content for the ashing technique (70.62%), and Filtek LS had significantly lower filler content for the acetone dissolution technique (75.55%). Manufacturer reported filler content for Aelite LS (88%) and Filtek LS (76%) approximated the study results for both techniques, while Kalore (82%) and IPS Empress Direct (79%) were only similar for acetone dissolution, indicating higher content of prepolymerized particles. Morphologic examination showed spherical shaped particles for Aelite LS and splintered and irregular shaped particles for all other materials. Aelite LS had the highest filler content for both techniques. Values for filler content by weight using the acetone dissolution were closer to manufacturer reported values.
Effect of Sodium Ascorbate on Resin Bonding to Sodium Perborate–bleached Dentin
Authors: Yoon M , Burrow MF , Wong R , Parashos P
Published: May 2013

This was an in vitro study to evaluate the effect of sodium ascorbate on the microshear bond strength (MSBS) of resin composite to sodium perborate–bleached dentin. Molar dentin sections were divided into six groups: 1) control, 2) sodium perborate (SP) bleach and immediate bonding, 3) SP and 30 second sodium ascorbate (SA); 4) SP and 1 minute SA; 5) SP and 2 minute SA; and 6) SP and 7 day delay before bonding. They were further divided into two-step self-etching (Clearfil SE Bond) or all-in-one self-etching (Xeno IV) adhesive systems. Resin composite microtubes were bonded according to dentin location—center, pulp horn, and peripheral positions—and an MSBS test was carried out. Failure mode was determined using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. There were no significant differences between the treatment types/groups. MSBSs were significantly higher for two-step self-etching adhesive compared with all-in-one self-etching adhesive (p=0.028). For the all-in-one adhesive, MSBSs at the center and pulp horn positions were significantly lower than the peripheral positions (p<0.001). All-in-one groups had significantly more adhesive failures than two-step adhesive groups (p=0.015). The odds of adhesive failure were higher at the pulp horn position than the peripheral position (p=0.004). Sodium perborate bleaching of dentin had no effect on MSBS or mode of failure for either two-step or all-in-one self-etching adhesives; therefore, the effect of sodium ascorbate was negligible. The two-step adhesive groups demonstrated the highest MSBS, and the all-in-one groups, when bonded to center and pulp horn dentin, exhibited the lowest MSBS.
Immunoreactivity of p53 and Ki-67 for Dysplastic Changes in Children with Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Authors: Denning Krista L. , Al-Subu Awni , Elitsur Yoram
Published: May 2013

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) has been recognized as a chronic disease of the esophagus with significant involvement of the mucosal immune system. Similar conditions in other gastrointestinal diseases have led to a malignant transformation (ie, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, etc). MIB-1 (Ki-67) and p53 are monoclonal antibodies that are used to detect early markers for dysplastic changes, possibly leading to cancer development in adult patients with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's esophagus, and/or the adenocarcinoma sequence of the esophagus. Only limited studies of these cell markers have been published in children with EoE. The aim of this study is to examine p53 and Ki-67 cell markers in children with EoE before and after medical therapy. The immunohistochemical staining of cell markers p53 and Ki-67 was examined in esophageal biopsies of children diagnosed with EoE, GERD, and normal esophagus. In addition, biopsies from adults with EoE and adenocarcinoma were used as positive controls. In 10 children who were successfully treated for EoE, immunohistochemical staining was compared before and after medical therapy. The immunohistochemical staining of p53 and Ki-67 was increased in children with EoE compared with children with a normal esophagus but not in children with GERD. Children with EoE posttherapy had significantly lower immunohistochemical staining for both markers compared to pretreatment staining. p53 and Ki-67 markers are associated with cell proliferation in children with EoE but do not represent a premalignant (dysplastic) condition of the esophagus.
Infantile Fibrosarcoma—A Clinical and Histologic Mimicker of Vascular Malformations: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Hu Zhihong , Chou Pauline M. , Jennings Lawrence J. , Arva Nicoleta C.
Published: May 2013

Infantile fibrosarcoma is a rare soft tissue tumor that usually presents either at birth or in the 1st year of life. Here we describe a case of a 4-month-old female who presented with a congenital right axillary mass. The initial clinical impression was benign vascular/lymphatic malformation. The core biopsy showed a spindle cell lesion with abundant vasculature represented by small vascular channels. However, immunohistochemical analysis did not support a diagnosis of vascular lesion/tumor. Polymerase chain reaction study for ETS Translocation Variant 6/neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor, type 3 fusion transcript was positive, and the diagnosis of infantile fibrosarcoma was established. The patient underwent resection of the axillary mass. Microscopic examination of the resection specimen showed numerous vascular channels. Intermixed there were also cellular areas composed of spindle cells similar to those seen in the biopsy material. Molecular studies were repeated and confirmed the diagnosis of infantile fibrosarcoma. Infantile fibrosarcoma has been previously reported in the literature to clinically masquerade as hemangioma. In addition, this case proves that infantile fibrosarcoma could also mimic vascular malformations on clinical, radiologic, and pathologic exams. In fact, the vascular component of the tumor is very unusual in our patient and represents a histologic feature that has not been described before. The case highlights the diagnostic challenges at clinical, radiologic, and pathologic levels in some cases of infantile fibrosarcoma and raises awareness among clinicians and pathologists related to another peculiar pattern that can be encountered in this disease.
Assessment of a commercially available point-of-care assay for the measurement of bovine cardiac troponin I concentration
Authors: Fraser Brandon C. , Anderson David E. , White Brad J. , Miesner Matt D. , Wheeler Carrie , Amrine David , Lakritz Jeff , Overbay Tom
Published: May 2013

Objective—To assess a commercially available point-of-care assay for measurement of bovine cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentration in blood and plasma samples.

Sample—Prepared bovine plasma standard samples with known concentrations (0 to 1.0 ng/mL) of cTnI and blood and plasma samples obtained from 28 healthy 2.5-month-old Holstein calves.

Procedures—Coefficients of variation were calculated for concentrations of cTnI in prepared standards determined with the point-of-care assay, and values were compared with the known concentrations. The cTnI concentrations in blood samples obtained from calves determined with the point-of-care assay were compared with cTnI concentrations in plasma samples obtained from those animals determined with a validated immunoassay.

Results—The coefficients of variation of cTnI concentrations determined for prepared standards by use of the point-of-care assay were low (< 20%) for standards with cTnI concentrations ≥ 0.025 ng/mL. The blood cTnI concentrations determined with the point-of-care assay were not significantly different from the plasma cTnI concentrations determined with the validated immunoassay.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of this study indicated the point-of-care assay had high precision for determination of cTnI concentrations in most evaluated prepared bovine plasma standard samples. The point-of-care assay may be useful for determination of circulating concentrations of cTnI in cattle.
Efficacy of decontamination and sterilization of a single-use single-incision laparoscopic surgery port
Authors: Coisman James G. , Case J. Brad , Clark Nadia D. , Wellehan James F. X. , Ellison Gary W.
Published: May 2013

Objective—To determine the efficacy of decontamination and sterilization of a disposable port intended for use during single-incision laparoscopy.

Sample—5 material samples obtained from each of 3 laparoscopic surgery ports.

Procedures—Ports were assigned to undergo decontamination and ethylene oxide sterilization without bacterial inoculation (negative control port), with bacterial inoculation (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Mycobacterium fortuitum) and without decontamination and sterilization (positive control port), or with bacterial inoculation followed by decontamination and ethylene oxide sterilization (treated port). Each port underwent testing 5 times; during each time, a sample of the foam portion of each port was obtained and bacteriologic culture testing was performed. Bacteriologic culture scores were determined for each port sample.

Results—None of the treated port samples had positive bacteriologic culture results. All 5 positive control port samples had positive bacteriologic culture results. One negative control port sample had positive bacteriologic culture results; a spore-forming Bacillus sp organism was cultured from that port sample, which was thought to be an environmental contaminant. Bacteriologic culture scores for the treated port samples were significantly lower than those for the positive control port samples. Bacteriologic culture scores for the treated port samples were not significantly different from those for negative control port samples.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of this study indicated standard procedures for decontamination and sterilization of a single-use port intended for use during singleincision laparoscopic surgery were effective for elimination of inoculated bacteria. Reuse of this port may be safe for laparoscopic surgery of animals.
Increased incidence of invasive group A streptococcal infections in Sweden, January 2012–February 2013
Authors: Darenberg J , Henriques-Normark B , Lepp T , Tegmark-Wisell K , Tegnell A , Widgren K
Published: May 2013

The incidence of invasive group A streptococcal infections in Sweden was 6.1 per 100,000 population in 2012, the highest since the disease became notifiable in 2004. Furthermore, January and February 2013 marked a dramatic increase of cases notified, partly explainable by an increase of emm1/T1 isolates, a type previously shown to cause severe invasive disease more often than other types. Healthcare providers in Sweden and health authorities in neighbouring countries have been informed about this increase.
Perceptions of French Fluency in Second Language Speech Production
Authors: Préfontaine Yvonne
Published: May 2013

Abstract:

Recent literature in second language (L2) perceived fluency has focused on English as a second language, with a primary reliance on impressions from native-speaker judges, leaving learners’ self-perceptions of speech production unexplored. This study investigates the relationship between learners’ and judges’ perceptions of French fluency under three different task conditions. It also addresses how self-perception of fluency is linked to actual measures of utterance fluency. Participants were 40 adult learners of French at varying levels of proficiency, studying in a university immersion context. The results indicate moderate correlation between L2 learners’ and judges’ perceptions of fluency and offer evidence to validate self-assessment use in language-learning contexts. Across tasks, two measures of utterance fluency were most strongly related to self-perceptions of fluency: mean length of runs and average pause time. The results also revealed the influence of task complexity on L2 fluent performance and are discussed according to the Cognition Hypothesis (Robinson, 2001, 2003, 2005).
Evaluation of a Training Model to Teach Veterinary Students a Technique for Injecting the Jugular Vein in Horses
Authors: Eichel Jane-Carolin , Korb Werner , Schlenker Antje , Bausch Gerold , Brehm Walter , Delling Uta
Published: May 2013

In this study, a newly-developed model for training veterinary students to inject the jugular vein in horses was evaluated as an additional tool to supplement the current method of teaching. The model was first validated by 19 experienced equine veterinarians, who judged the model to be a realistic and valuable tool for learning the technique. Subsequently, it was assessed using 24 students who were divided randomly into two groups. The injection technique was taught conventionally in a classroom lecture and a live demonstration to both groups, but only group 1 received additional training on the new model. All participants filled out self-assessment questionnaires before and after group 1 received training on the model. Finally, the proficiency of both groups was assessed using an objective structured clinical evaluation (OSCE) on live horses. Students from group 1 showed significantly improved confidence after their additional training on the model and also showed greater confidence when compared to group 2 students. In the OSCE, group 1 had a significantly better score compared to group 2: the median (with inter-quartile range) was 15 (0.7) vs. 11.5 (2.8) points out of 15, respectively. The training model proved to be a useful tool to teach veterinary students how to perform jugular vein injections in horses in a controlled environment, without time limitations or animal welfare concerns. The newly developed training model offers an inexpensive, efficient, animal-sparing way to teach this clinical skill to veterinary students.
Veterinary Medical Student Well-being: Depression, Stress, and Personal Relationships
Authors: Hafen McArthur , Ratcliffe G. Cole , Rush Bonnie R.
Published: May 2013

Existing research consistently connects higher relationship satisfaction with improved psychological and physical functioning. Investigations focusing on relational satisfaction within veterinary medicine have been sparse. This study evaluated 240 veterinary medical students at Kansas State University. Results indicate that students within higher-functioning relationships are more likely to report fewer depressive symptoms, lower stress associated with balancing their school and home lives, less relationship conflict, better physical health, and improved ability to cope with academic expectations, while at the same time experiencing more stress from being behind in studies. Based on these findings, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine (CVMs) are encouraged to institute policies and programs which foster relationship-building for students.
Quantum Thermodynamics: A Dynamical Viewpoint
Authors: Kosloff Ronnie
Published: May 2013

Quantum thermodynamics addresses the emergence of thermodynamic laws from quantum mechanics. The viewpoint advocated is based on the intimate connection of quantum thermodynamics with the theory of open quantum systems. Quantum mechanics inserts dynamics into thermodynamics, giving a sound foundation to finite-time-thermodynamics. The emergence of the 0-law, I-law, II-law and III-law of thermodynamics from quantum considerations is presented. The emphasis is on consistency between the two theories, which address the same subject from different foundations. We claim that inconsistency is the result of faulty analysis, pointing to flaws in approximations.
Isolation and Characterization of a Marine Microalga for Biofuel Production with Astaxanthin as a Co-Product
Authors: Liu Zhiyong , Liu Chenfeng , Hou Yuyong , Chen Shulin , Xiao Dongguang , Zhang Juankun , Chen Fangjian
Published: May 2013

Microalgae have been considered as a promising biomass for biofuel production, but freshwater resource consumption during the scaled-up cultivation are still a challenge. Obtaining robust marine strains capable of producing triacylglycerols and high value-added metabolites are critical for overcoming the limitations of water resources and economical feasibility. In this study, a marine microalga with lipid and astaxanthin accumulation capability was isolated from Bohai Bay, China. The alga was named as Coelastrum sp. HA-1 based on its morphological and molecular identification. The major characteristics of HA-1 and the effects of nitrogen on its lipid and astaxanthin accumulations were investigated. Results indicated that the highest biomass, lipid and astaxanthin yields achieved were 50.9 g m−2 day−1, 18.0 g m−2 day−1 and 168.9 mg m−2 day−1, respectively, after cultivation for 24 days. The fatty acids of HA-1, identified in their majority as oleic acid (56.6%) and palmitic acid (25.9%), are desirable biofuel feedstocks. In addition, this alga can be harvested with simple sedimentation, achieving 98.2% removal efficiency after settling for 24 h. These results suggest that Coelastrum sp. HA-1 has several desirable key features that make it a potential candidate for biofuel production.
Halo Models of Large Scale Structure and Reliability of Cosmological N-Body Simulations
Authors: Gaite José
Published: May 2013

Halo models of the large scale structure of the Universe are critically examined, focusing on the definition of halos as smooth distributions of cold dark matter. This definition is essentially based on the results of cosmological N-body simulations. By a careful analysis of the standard assumptions of halo models and N-body simulations and by taking into account previous studies of self-similarity of the cosmic web structure, we conclude that N-body cosmological simulations are not fully reliable in the range of scales where halos appear. Therefore, to have a consistent definition of halos is necessary either to define them as entities of arbitrary size with a grainy rather than smooth structure or to define their size in terms of small-scale baryonic physics.
Application of Monoclonal Antibody G250 Recognizing Carbonic Anhydrase IX in Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Oosterwijk-Wakka Jeannette , Boerman Otto , Mulders Peter , Oosterwijk Egbert
Published: May 2013

Monoclonal antibody G250 (mAbG250) recognizes a determinant on carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX). CAIX is expressed by virtually all renal cell carcinomas of the clear cell type (ccRCC), but expression in normal tissues is restricted. The homogeneous CAIX expression in ccRCC and excellent targeting capability of mAbG250 in animal models led to the initiation of the clinical evaluation of mAbG250 in (metastatic) RCC (mRCC) patients. Clinical studies confirmed the outstanding targeting ability of mAbG250 and cG250 PET imaging, as diagnostic modality holds great promise for the future, both in detecting localized and advanced disease. Confirmation of the results obtained in the non-randomized clinical trials with unmodified cG250 is needed to substantiate the value of cG250 treatment in mRCC. cG250-Based radio immuno-therapy (RIT) holds promise for treatment of patients with small-volume disease, and adjuvant treatment with unmodified cG250 may be of value in selected cases. In the upcoming years, ongoing clinical trials should provide evidence for these assumptions. Lastly, whether cG250-based RIT can be combined with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which constitutes the current standard treatment for mRCC, needs to be established.
Horizontal Transmission of Metarhizium anisopliae in Fruit Flies and Effect of Fungal Infection on Egg Laying and Fertility
Authors: Dimbi Susan , Maniania Nguya , Ekesi Sunday
Published: May 2013

Fly-to-fly transmission of conidia of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae and the effect of fungal infection on the reproductive potential of females surviving infection were investigated in three fruit fly species, Ceratitis cosyra, C. fasciventris, and C. capitata. The number of conidia picked up by a single fruit fly was determined in C. cosyra. The initial uptake (Day 0) of conidia by a single fly was approx. 1.1 × 106 conidia after exposure to the treated substrate. However, the number of conidia dropped from 7.2 × 105 to 4.1 × 105 conidia after 2 and 8 h post-exposure, respectively. The number of conidia picked up by a single fungus-treated fly (“donor”) varied between 3.8 × 105 and 1.0 × 106 in the three fruit fly species, resulting in 100% mortality 5–6 days post-exposure. When fungus-free flies of both sexes (“recipient” flies) were allowed to mate with “donor” flies, the number of conidia picked up by a single fly varied between 1.0 × 105 and 2.5 × 105, resulting in a mortality of 83–100% in C. capitata, 72–85% in C. cosyra and 71–93% in C. fasciventris 10–15 days post-inoculation. There was an effect of fungal infection on female egg laying in the three species of fruit flies as control flies laid more eggs than fungus-treated females. The percentage reduction in fecundity in flies infected with M. anisopliae was 82, 73 and 37% in C. capitata, C. fasciventris and C. cosyra, respectively. The results are discussed with regard to application in autodissemination techniques.
Radiolabeled COX-2 Inhibitors for Non-Invasive Visualization of COX-2 Expression and Activity — A Critical Update
Authors: Laube Markus , Kniess Torsten , Pietzsch Jens
Published: May 2013

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a key player in inflammation. Its overexpression is directly associated with various inflammatory diseases and, additionally, with several processes of carcinogenesis. The development of new selective COX-2 inhibitors (COXIBs) for use in cancer treatment is in the focus of the medicinal chemistry research field. For this purpose, a set of methods is available to determine COX-2 expression and activity in vitro and ex vivo but it is still a problem to functionally characterize COX-2 in vivo. This review focusses on imaging agents targeting COX-2 which have been developed for positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) since 2005. The literature reveals that different radiochemical methods are available to synthesize COXIBs radiolabeled with fluorine-18, carbon-11, and isotopes of radioiodine. Unfortunately, most of the compounds tested did not show sufficient stability in vivo due to de[18F]fluorination or de[11C]methylation or they failed to bind specifically in the target region. So, suitable stability in vivo, matching lipophilicity for the target compartment and both high affinity and selectivity for COX-2 were identified as prominent criteria for radiotracer development. Up to now, it is not clear what approach and which model is the most suited to evaluate COX-2 targeting imaging agents in vivo. However, for proof of principle it has been shown that some radiolabeled compounds can bind specifically in COX-2 overexpressing tissue which gives hope for future work in this field.
Probiotics, Prebiotics and Immunomodulation of Gut Mucosal Defences: Homeostasis and Immunopathology
Authors: Hardy Holly , Harris Jennifer , Lyon Eleanor , Beal Jane , Foey Andrew
Published: May 2013

Probiotics are beneficial microbes that confer a realistic health benefit on the host, which in combination with prebiotics, (indigestible dietary fibre/carbohydrate), also confer a health benefit on the host via products resulting from anaerobic fermentation. There is a growing body of evidence documenting the immune-modulatory ability of probiotic bacteria, it is therefore reasonable to suggest that this is potentiated via a combination of prebiotics and probiotics as a symbiotic mix. The need for probiotic formulations has been appreciated for the health benefits in “topping up your good bacteria” or indeed in an attempt to normalise the dysbiotic microbiota associated with immunopathology. This review will focus on the immunomodulatory role of probiotics and prebiotics on the cells, molecules and immune responses in the gut mucosae, from epithelial barrier to priming of adaptive responses by antigen presenting cells: immune fate decision—tolerance or activation? Modulation of normal homeostatic mechanisms, coupled with findings from probiotic and prebiotic delivery in pathological studies, will highlight the role for these xenobiotics in dysbiosis associated with immunopathology in the context of inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer and hypersensitivity.
Calcium Regulation and Bone Mineral Metabolism in Elderly Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Tejwani Vickram , Qian Qi
Published: May 2013

The elderly chronic kidney disease (CKD) population is growing. Both aging and CKD can disrupt calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis and cause alterations of multiple Ca2+-regulatory mechanisms, including parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, fibroblast growth factor-23/Klotho, calcium-sensing receptor and Ca2+-phosphate product. These alterations can be deleterious to bone mineral metabolism and soft tissue health, leading to metabolic bone disease and vascular calcification and aging, termed CKD-mineral and bone disorder (MBD). CKD-MBD is associated with morbid clinical outcomes, including fracture, cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. In this paper, we comprehensively review Ca2+ regulation and bone mineral metabolism, with a special emphasis on elderly CKD patients. We also present the current treatment-guidelines and management options for CKD-MBD.
Landslide Displacement Monitoring Using 3D Range Flow on Airborne and Terrestrial LiDAR Data
Authors: Ghuffar Sajid , Székely Balázs , Roncat Andreas , Pfeifer Norbert
Published: May 2013

An active landslide in Doren, Austria, has been studied by multitemporal airborne and terrestrial laser scanning from 2003 to 2012. To evaluate the changes, we have determined the 3D motion using the range flow algorithm, an established method in computer vision, but not yet used for studying landslides. The generated digital terrain models are the input for motion estimation; the range flow algorithm has been combined with the coarse-to-fine resolution concept and robust adjustment to be able to determine the various motions over the landslide. The algorithm yields fully automatic dense 3D motion vectors for the whole time series of the available data. We present reliability measures for determining the accuracy of the estimated motion vectors, based on the standard deviation of components. The differential motion pattern is mapped by the algorithm: parts of the landslide show displacements up to 10 m, whereas some parts do not change for several years. The results have also been compared to pointwise reference data acquired by independent geodetic measurements; reference data are in good agreement in most of the cases with the results of range flow algorithm; only some special points (e.g., reflectors fixed on trees) show considerably differing motions.
L'introduction différenciée des génériques entre pays francophones et anglophones d'Afrique de l'Ouest : une illustration de la globalisation du médicament à partir du cas du Bénin
Authors: Baxerres Carine
Published: May 2013

Cet article se propose de décrire à l’échelle de l’Afrique de l’Ouest et à partir de la situation du Bénin les changements récents survenus dans le domaine pharmaceutique international : reconnaissance légale des génériques, développement de l’industrie pharmaceutique des pays « émergents », concurrence entre celle-ci et les multinationales d’origine occidentale. L’introduction des génériques en Afrique de l’Ouest ne se fait pas dans tous les pays de la même manière. Les législations pharmaceutiques nationales s’avèrent très différentes entre les pays francophones et anglophones. Il en ressort, dans ces derniers, une ouverture dès le départ plus importante aux génériques, de la part des importateurs, des distributeurs, des prescripteurs comme des consommateurs, ainsi qu’aux approvisionnements venant des pays « émergents ». Ceci a un impact très positif en termes d’accès aux médicaments par les populations mais pose de nombreuses questions de santé publique. La souplesse de la distribution libérale qui accompagne ces phénomènes génère en effet une perte du contrôle par les professionnels de la santé. Au-delà des différences législatives entre les pays, les produits circulent et les pratiques de distribution s’homogénéisent, illustrant ainsi la globalisation actuelle du médicament.
Nouveaux produits de la pharmacopée chinoise contemporaine : R&D, définition et socialité en réseaux
Authors: Micollier Évelyne
Published: May 2013

De nouveaux produits pharmaceutiques, issus de processus d’innovation complexes bousculent les catégorisations – emic et – etic du médicament : à la croisée des chemins de la biomédecine et de la médecine chinoise, ils relèvent d’une médecine « intégrée » promue dans le cadre du système chinois de santé publique tout en s’insérant dans des réseaux de circulation à plusieurs échelles, locale, nationale ou internationale. L’article est organisé en deux sections : la première porte sur la recherche et le développement de nouveaux produits pharmaceutiques à partir des exemples des combinaisons thérapeutiques à base d’artémisinine (CTA) recommandées pour le traitement du paludisme à une échelle mondiale par l’OMS, et de la tablette herbale ( Tang caopian ) utilisée en Chine en traitement complémentaire pour l’infection par le VIH ; la deuxième s’attache à discuter de la définition d’un nouveau produit selon plusieurs perspectives – etic et à comprendre dans quelle mesure ces produits peuvent être qualifiés « d’objets hybrides » par l’identification de « réseaux longs » dans le sillage de Latour (1991).
La route du cordyceps
Authors: Mercan Aline
Published: May 2013

L’Ophiocordyceps sinensis, ou cordyceps, appartient aux pharmacopées traditionnelles chinoise et tibétaine. Ce champignon médicinal originaire des hauts plateaux himalayens est considéré comme un tonique et un aphrodisiaque. En se répandant sur l’ensemble du globe, ses modes de production et ses indications se sont multipliées (cancer, sida, hypertension artérielle, diabète, etc.). Il est devenu une véritable panacée de la pharmacopée des médecines alternatives et complémentaires à la source d’une économie qui remodèle la société tibétaine. À travers une approche anthropologique multisituée, une ébauche de sa biographie est proposée. Elle intègre dimensions matérielles et symboliques et se penche tout particulièrement sur le processus de validation qui combine allégations « traditionnelles » et « modernes », références à la nature et validation par la science.
Nationaliser l'efavirenz : licence obligatoire, invention collective et néo-développementisme au Brésil (2001-2012)
Authors: Cassier Maurice , Corrêa Marilena
Published: May 2013

Cet article étudie la trajectoire juridique, technologique et industrielle d’un médicament antirétroviral, l’efavirenz, qui est distribué gratuitement aux patients VIH/Sida par le ministère de la Santé du Brésil depuis le début des années 2000. En mai 2007, un décret du Président de la République suspend l’exclusivité du propriétaire, la société pharmaceutique Merck, sur l’exploitation de la molécule au Brésil, et autorise la production d’une version générique par les laboratoires locaux. Cette licence obligatoire de l’État brésilien vise, simultanément, à pérenniser la politique d’accès universel aux traitements pour lutter contre l’épidémie de sida et à renforcer l’industrie pharmaceutique nationale. La nationalisation de l’efavirenz donne lieu à l’expérimentation d’une production collective sous la forme d’un consortium industriel et inaugure une politique de partenariats entre laboratoires pharmaceutiques publics et privés.
Industrialiser les médicaments ayurvédiques : les voies indiennes de l'innovation pharmaceutique
Authors: Pordié Laurent , Gaudillière Jean-Paul
Published: May 2013

Longtemps contenue à l’Europe et aux États-Unis, l’innovation pharmaceutique tient aujourd’hui une place importante en Inde. Cet article s’intéresse aux processus d’innovation de l’industrie ayurvédique comme forme de modernité alternative au paradigme moléculaire de la recherche pharmaceutique qui domine dans les pays du Nord depuis la seconde moitié du xx e siècle. L’Inde propose d’autres voies pour l’innovation pharmaceutique en s’appuyant sur des types de savoirs pour l’essentiel étrangers au criblage pharmacologique et aux biotechnologies. L’industrie ayurvédique réinvente ses remèdes et emprunte pour cela à divers ordres de pensée médicale, à diverses techniques qui relèvent de la galénique moderne, de la biomédecine ou des traditions indiennes. Ce modèle rend compte de l’introduction d’une pharmacie indépendante dans un univers jusqu’alors médical. Il constitue par ailleurs un type de production de connaissances tout à fait novateur. Essentiellement basé sur la retro-ingénierie, il consiste à reformuler et à simplifier les compositions médicamenteuses ayurvédiques afin de créer de nouveaux médicaments « traditionnels » pour les désordres biomédicaux d’une clientèle internationale. Ce texte offre quelques perspectives pour l’étude de ces nouveaux médicaments, de la construction d’un marché d’usage mondialisé et d’une économie propriétaire émancipée du brevet pharmaceutique.