bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of directional interactions in the designability of generalized heteropolymers
Authors: Cardelli Chiara , Bianco Valentino , Rovigatti Lorenzo , Nerattini Francesca , Tubiana Luca , Dellago Christoph , Coluzza Ivan
Published: July 2017

Heteropolymers are important examples of self-assembling systems. However, in the design of artificial heteropolymers the control over the single chain self-assembling properties does not reach that of the natural bio-polymers, and in particular proteins. Here, we introduce a sufficiency criterion to identify polymers that can be designed to adopt a predetermined structure and show that it is fulfilled by polymers made of monomers interacting through directional (anisotropic) interactions. The criterion is based on the appearance of a particular peak in the radial distribution function, that we show being a universal feature of all designable heteropolymers, as it is present also in natural proteins. Our criterion can be used to engineer new self-assembling modular polymers that will open new avenues for applications in materials science.
Phosphatidylserine-mediated platelet clearance by endothelium decreases platelet aggregates and procoagulant activity in sepsis
Authors: Ma Ruishuang , Xie Rui , Yu Chengyuan , Si Yu , Wu Xiaoming , Zhao Lu , Yao Zhipeng , Fang Shaohong , Chen He , Novakovic Valerie , Gao Chunyan , Kou Junjie , Bi Yayan , Thatte Hemant S. , Yu Bo , Yang Shufen , Zhou Jin , Shi Jialan
Published: July 2017

The mechanisms that eliminate activated platelets in inflammation-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in micro-capillary circulation are poorly understood. This study explored an alternate pathway for platelet disposal mediated by endothelial cells (ECs) through phosphatidylserine (PS) and examined the effect of platelet clearance on procoagulant activity (PCA) in sepsis. Platelets in septic patients demonstrated increased levels of surface activation markers and apoptotic vesicle formation, and also formed aggregates with leukocytes. Activated platelets adhered were and ultimately digested by ECs in vivo and in vitro. Blocking PS on platelets or αvβ3 integrin on ECs attenuated platelet clearance resulting in increased platelet count in a mouse model of sepsis. Furthermore, platelet removal by ECs resulted in a corresponding decrease in platelet-leukocyte complex formation and markedly reduced generation of factor Xa and thrombin on platelets. Pretreatment with lactadherin significantly increased phagocytosis of platelets by approximately 2-fold, diminished PCA by 70%, prolonged coagulation time, and attenuated fibrin formation by 50%. Our results suggest that PS-mediated clearance of activated platelets by the endothelium results in an anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, and antithrombotic effect that contribute to maintaining platelet homeostasis during acute inflammation. These results suggest a new therapeutic target for impeding the development of DIC.
Preliminary estimates of the abundance and fidelity of dolphins associating with a demersal trawl fishery
Authors: Allen Simon J. , Pollock Kenneth H. , Bouchet Phil J. , Kobryn Halina T. , McElligott Deirdre B. , Nicholson Krista E. , Smith Joshua N. , Loneragan Neil R.
Published: July 2017

The incidental capture of wildlife in fishing gear presents a global conservation challenge. As a baseline to inform assessments of the impact of bycatch on bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) interacting with an Australian trawl fishery, we conducted an aerial survey to estimate dolphin abundance across the fishery. Concurrently, we carried out boat-based dolphin photo-identification to assess short-term fidelity to foraging around trawlers, and used photographic and genetic data to infer longer-term fidelity to the fishery. We estimated abundance at ≈ 2,300 dolphins (95% CI = 1,247–4,214) over the ≈ 25,880-km2fishery. Mark-recapture estimates yielded 226 (SE = 38.5) dolphins associating with one trawler and some individuals photographed up to seven times over 12 capture periods. Moreover, photographic and genetic re-sampling over three years confirmed that some individuals show long-term fidelity to trawler-associated foraging. Our study presents the first abundance estimate for any Australian pelagic dolphin community and documents individuals associating with trawlers over days, months and years. Without trend data or correction factors for dolphin availability, the impact of bycatch on this dolphin population’s conservation status remains unknown. These results should be taken into account by management agencies assessing the impact of fisheries-related mortality on this protected species.
Monocular deprivation induces dendritic spine elimination in the developing mouse visual cortex
Authors: Zhou Yanmei , Lai Baoling , Gan Wen-Biao
Published: July 2017

It is well established that visual deprivation has a profound impact on the responsiveness of neurons in the developing visual cortex. The effect of visual deprivation on synaptic connectivity remains unclear. Using transcranial two-photon microscopy, we examined the effect of visual deprivation and subsequent recovery on dendritic spine remodeling of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the mouse primary visual cortex. We found that monocular deprivation (MD), but not binocular deprivation (BD), increased dendritic spine elimination over 3 days in the binocular region of 4-week-old adolescent mice. This MD-induced dendritic spine elimination persisted during subsequent 2–4 days of binocular recovery. Furthermore, we found that average dendritic spine sizes were decreased and increased following 3-day MD and BD, respectively. These spine size changes induced by MD or BD tended to be reversed during subsequent binocular recovery. Taken together, these findings reveal differential effects of MD and BD on synaptic connectivity of layer 5 pyramidal neurons and underscore the persistent impact of MD on synapse loss in the developing visual cortex.
Resistance exercise initiates mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) translocation and protein complex co-localisation in human skeletal muscle
Authors: Song Zhe , Moore Daniel R. , Hodson Nathan , Ward Carl , Dent Jessica R. , O’Leary Mary F. , Shaw Andrew M. , Hamilton D. Lee , Sarkar Sovan , Gangloff Yann-Gaël , Hornberger Troy A. , Spriet Lawrence L. , Heigenhauser George J. , Philp Andrew
Published: July 2017

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central mediator of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. We utilized immunofluorescence approaches to study mTOR cellular distribution and protein-protein co-localisation in human skeletal muscle in the basal state as well as immediately, 1 and 3 h after an acute bout of resistance exercise in a fed (FED; 20 g Protein/40 g carbohydrate/1 g fat) or energy-free control (CON) state. mTOR and the lysosomal protein LAMP2 were highly co-localised in basal samples. Resistance exercise resulted in rapid translocation of mTOR/LAMP2 towards the cell membrane. Concurrently, resistance exercise led to the dissociation of TSC2 from Rheb and increased in the co-localisation of mTOR and Rheb post exercise in both FED and CON. In addition, mTOR co-localised with Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit F (eIF3F) at the cell membrane post-exercise in both groups, with the response significantly greater at 1 h of recovery in the FED compared to CON. Collectively our data demonstrate that cellular trafficking of mTOR occurs in human muscle in response to an anabolic stimulus, events that appear to be primarily influenced by muscle contraction. The translocation and association of mTOR with positive regulators (i.e. Rheb and eIF3F) is consistent with an enhanced mRNA translational capacity after resistance exercise.
Correction: Corrigendum: Metagenome sequencing and 98 microbial genomes from Juan de Fuca Ridge flank subsurface fluids
Authors: Jungbluth Sean P. , Amend Jan P. , Rappé Michael S.
Published: July 2017

Scientific Data 4:170037 doi: 10.1038/sdata.2017.37 (2017) ; Published 28 March 2017; Updated 4 July 2017 Table 5 and Supplementary Table 1 contain an error in the Genbank accession provided for bin JdFR-98. The correct accession number is “MTPH00000000”, not “MTPG00000000”.
Fluorescence recognition of chiral amino alcohols by using a novel ionic liquid sensor
Authors: Cai Pengfei , Wu Datong , Zhao Xiaoyong , Pan Yuanjiang
Published: July 2017

A novel task-specific ionic liquid derived from l-phenylalaninol was prepared as an enantioselective fluorescent sensor for the first time.
A comparative study of magnetization dynamics in dinuclear dysprosium complexes featuring bridging chloride or trifluoromethanesulfonate ligands
Authors: Burns Corey P. , Wilkins Branford O. , Dickie Courtney M. , Latendresse Trevor P. , Vernier Larry , Vignesh Kuduva R. , Bhuvanesh Nattamai S. , Nippe Michael
Published: July 2017

The rigidity of the ligand PyCp22− allows for facile access to Dy3+ complexes that exhibit improved dynamic magnetic properties.
Extremely permeable porous graphene with high H2/CO2 separation ability achieved by graphene surface rejection
Authors: Shimizu K. , Ohba T.
Published: July 2017

Single-layer graphene exhibited higher permeance than double- and four-layer graphene with high selectivity.
The exemplary role of nanoconfinement in the proton transfer from acids to ammonia
Authors: Tripathy Manoj K. , Chandrakumar K. R. S.
Published: July 2017

Proton transfer processes from mineral acids to bases are normally feasible in solution and they cannot spontaneously occur in the gas phase. Our results demonstrate that the remarkable aspect of reaction barrier crossing can be achieved by confining these systems in a suitable size of a nanocavity.
Complexes of Ni(i): a “rare” oxidation state of growing importance
Authors: Lin Chun-Yi , Power Philip P.
Published: July 2017

The synthesis and diverse structures, reactivity (small molecule activation and catalysis) and magnetic properties of Ni(i) complexes are summarized.
A Perspective – can copper complexes be developed as a novel class of therapeutics?
Authors: Wehbe Mohamed , Leung Ada W. Y. , Abrams Michael J. , Orvig Chris , Bally Marcel B.
Published: July 2017

Copper complexes could define a promising new class of therapeutics, provided that there is a suitable way in which to formulate them for pharmaceutical use.
Facile synthesis of nanoparticle packed In2O3 nanospheres for highly sensitive NO2 sensing
Authors: Xiao Bingxin , Zhao Qi , Wang Dongxue , Ma Guangsi , Zhang Mingzhe
Published: July 2017

Nanoparticle packed In2O3 nanospheres are successfully synthesized via a facile one-step solvothermal method followed by annealing.
Graphene oxide-stabilized perfluorocarbon emulsions for controlled oxygen delivery
Authors: Jalani Ghulam , Jeyachandran Dhanalakshmi , Bertram Church Richard , Cerruti Marta
Published: July 2017

Graphene oxide is used as a new emulsifier to prepare perfluorocarbon emulsions for sustained oxygen delivery.
Mitochondria-targeting near-infrared light-triggered thermosensitive liposomes for localized photothermal and photodynamic ablation of tumors combined with chemotherapy
Authors: Yue Caixia , Yang Yuming , Song Jie , Alfranca Gabriel , Zhang Chunlei , Zhang Qian , Yin Ting , Pan Fei , de la Fuente Jesús M. , Cui Daxiang
Published: July 2017

Lonidamine, an anticancer drug that acts on mitochondria, has poor water solubility.
Effect of the oxygen affected layer in multilayered photopolymers
Authors: Pierrel J. , Ibrahim A. , Croutxé-Barghorn C. , Allonas X.
Published: July 2017

Photopolymerization is known to be limited in depth by light absorption.
Long noncoding RNA DANCR regulates miR-1305-Smad 4 axis to promote chondrogenic differentiation of human synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Zhang Lei , Sun Xiangyi , Chen Shuo , Yang Chao , Shi Ben , Zhou Liwu , Zhao Jianning
Published: July 2017

miRNAs have been reported to regulate cellular differentiation by modulating multiple signaling pathways. Long noncoding RNA (lnc RNA) DANCR was previously identified to be critical for the chondrogenesis of human synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells (SMSC), however, the underlying molecular mechanism requires better understanding. Here, miRNA expression profiling in DANCR overexpressed in SMSCs identified significant down-regulation of miR-1305, which serves as a downstream target of DANCR. Notably, miR-1305 overexpression reversed DANCR-induced cell proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of SMSCs, which suggested that miR-1305 antagonized the function of DANCR. Mechanistically, highly expressed miR-1305 resulted in the decreased expression of the TGF-β pathway member Smad4, and inhibition of miR-1305 enhanced the expression level of Smad4. Depletion of Smad4 suppressed the promotion of DANCR in cell proliferation and chondrogenesis of SMSCs. Collectively, our results characterized miR-1305-Smad4 axis as a major downstream functional mechanism of lncRNA DANCR in promoting the chondrogenesis in SMSCs.
The Flying Saucer: Tomography of the thermal and density gas structure of an edge-on protoplanetary disk
Authors: Dutrey A. , Guilloteau S. , Piétu V. , Chapillon E. , Wakelam V. , Di Folco E. , Stoecklin T. , Denis-Alpizar O. , Gorti U. , Teague R. , Henning T. , Semenov D. , Grosso N.
Published: July 2017

Context. Determining the gas density and temperature structures of protoplanetary disks is a fundamental task in order to constrain planet formation theories. This is a challenging procedure and most determinations are based on model-dependent assumptions.

Aims. We attempt a direct determination of the radial and vertical temperature structure of the Flying Saucer disk, thanks to its favorable inclination of 90 degrees.

Methods. We present a method based on the tomographic study of an edge-on disk. Using ALMA, we observe at 0.5″ resolution the Flying Saucer in CO J = 2–1 and CS J = 5–4. This edge-on disk appears in silhouette against the CO J = 2–1 emission from background molecular clouds in ρ Oph. The combination of velocity gradients due to the Keplerian rotation of the disk and intensity variations in the CO background as a function of velocity provide a direct measure of the gas temperature as a function of radius and height above the disk mid-plane.

Results. The overall thermal structure is consistent with model predictions, with a cold (<12−15 K) CO-depleted mid-plane and a warmer disk atmosphere. However, we find evidence for CO gas along the mid-plane beyond a radius of about 200 au, coincident with a change of grain properties. Such behavior is expected in the case of efficient rise of UV penetration re-heating the disk and thus allowing CO thermal desorption or favoring direct CO photo-desorption. CO is also detected at up to 3–4 scale heights, while CS is confined to around 1 scale height above the mid-plane. The limits of the method due to finite spatial and spectral resolutions are also discussed.

Conclusions. This method appears to be a very promising way to determine the gas structure of planet-forming disks, provided that the molecular data have an angular resolution which is high enough, on the order of 0.3−0.1″ at the distance of the nearest star-forming regions.
Institutional Outcomes of Leech Therapy for Venous Congestion in 87 Patients
Authors: Cornejo Agustin , Shammas Ronnie , Poveromo Luke , Lee Hui-Jie , Hollenbeck Scott
Published: July 2017

Background We aimed to report the outcomes associated with leech therapy and to identify risk factors associated with reconstructive failure.

Methods We retrospectively reviewed cases of flap reconstruction or replanted appendages that required leech therapy over an 8-year period at the Duke University Medical Center. Using logistic regression, we assessed the association of risk factors with reconstructive failure.

Results The study cohort included 87 patients which correspond to 2.1% of 4,115 cases done during the study period. The most common flap recipient site was the lower extremity (n = 33, 37.9%) followed by the upper extremity (n = 30, 34.5%), head and neck (n = 13, 14.9%), and trunk (n = 11, 12.6%). Flap types were pedicled in 44 (50.5%) cases and free in 24 (27.5%) cases. Fifteen (17.2%) were digital replantation, and four (4.5%) were replanted appendages. The average duration of therapy was 4.6 days (range: 1–11). The overall leech therapy success rate was 60.9% (53/87) and accounted for cases without flap loss (n = 45, 51.7%) and with partial flap loss in which the original reconstructive goal was achieved without further reconstructive procedures (n = 8, 9.2%). Postoperative blood transfusion was administered in 32 (36.7%) cases, and infectious complications occurred in 7 cases in spite of the administration of prophylactic antibiotics (8%).

Conclusions This study represents the largest single-institution series evaluating the outcomes after leech therapy. Our data support the use of leeches as an adjunct for the management of venous congestion after reconstructive surgery. However, the morbidity associated with it should be considered, particularly the need for a blood transfusion.
Congenital Muscular Dystrophies and Myopathies: An Overview and Update
Authors: Kirschner Janbernd , Bönnemann Carsten , Schorling David
Published: July 2017

With continuous deciphering of the genetic background of congenital muscular dystrophies and congenital myopathies, some of the historic classifications based on clinical phenotypes or histopathological similarities have become blurred. With a growing number of associated genes, the general understanding of these disorders is shifting to a more genotype-based classification. Furthermore, establishing of the right genetic diagnosis involves new aspects of clinical care and therapeutic considerations for gene-specific phenotypes and pathology. In this review, we give an overview of the wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes of congenital muscular dystrophies and congenital myopathies, outline diagnostic considerations, and summarize recent advances in research for selected diseases.
Plasmatic and Intracellular Markers of Oxidative Stress in Normal Weight and Obese Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Di Segni Chantal , Silvestrini Andrea , Fato Romana , Bergamini Christian , Guidi Francesco , Raimondo Sebastiano , Meucci Elisabetta , Romualdi Daniela , Apa Rosanna , Lanzone Antonio , Mancini Antonio
Published: July 2017

Introduction Insulin resistance (IR) is associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Oxidative stress (OS) is, in turn, related to IR. Studies in PCOS evidenced an increase in OS markers, but they are mainly performed in obese patients, while the complex picture of normal weight PCOS is still poorly investigated.

Matherials and Methods To investigate OS in PCOS and relationship with hormonal and metabolic picture, we performed a case-control study in 2 PCOS groups: normal weight (N-PCOS, n=21, age 18–25 ys, mean±SEM BMI 20.7±0.2 kg/m2) and obese (OB-PCOS, n=15, 20–30 ys, BMI 32.8±1.1), compared with control groups matched for BMI: normal (N-C, n=10, 20–30 ys, BMI 21.6±0.9) and obese (OB-C, n=20, 21–31ys, BMI 36.8±1.0). Malondialdehyde (MDA) in blood plasma and peripheral mononuclear cells, obtained by density-gradient centrifugation, was assayed spectrophotometrically by TBARS assay. CoenzymeQ10 (CoQ10) in plasma and cells was assayed by HPLC. Plasma Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) was also measured by spectrophotometric method.

Results PCOS patients exhibited higher Testosterone levels than controls, but OB-PCOS had highest HOMA (Homeostasis Model Assessment) index, suggesting marked insulin resistance. Despite plasma MDA levels were not significantly different (N-PCOS 3380±346.94 vs. N-C 7 120±541.66; OB-PCOS 5 517.5±853.9 vs. OB. 3 939.66±311.2 pmol/ml), intracellular MDA levels were significantly higher in N-PCOS than controls (mean 3 259±821.5 vs. 458±43.2 pmol/106/cells) and higher than OB-PCOS, although not significantly (1363.1±412.8 pmol/106/cells). Intracellular CoenzymeQ10 was higher in N-PCOS than in N-C, but the highest levels were found in OB-C.

Conclusions Our data, while confirming the presence of OS in obese PCOS patients in agreement with literature, suggest that OS could be present also in normal weight PCOS, but it can be revealed in tissue rather than in plasma. The relationship with metabolic status remains to be established, but could be a physiopathological basis for antioxidant treatment in such patients.
Better management of intensive rotational grazing systems maintains pastures and improves animal performance
Authors: Badgery W. , Millar G. , Broadfoot K. , Martin J. , Pottie D. , Simmons A. , Cranney P.
Published: July 2017

Grazing management has been identified as a means of increasing livestock production and improving the composition of perennial pastures. The benefits of intensive rotational grazing have been the subject of much debate, but few studies have evaluated contrasting management of intensive rotational systems. A grazing management experiment was established on a pasture with cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L., varieties Porto and Kara) as the dominant species, to investigate different stocking rates, paddock numbers and rotation speeds, and a flexible treatment that adjusted grazing time, rest periods and stock numbers for optimal pasture utilisation. Data were collected on pasture composition and diet quality assessed by using faecal analysis, animal weight changes and pasture characteristics. Animal production per hectare was greatest for fast rotations (56 days’ rest) at high stocking rates (HStR, 13.6 dry sheep equivalents (DSE) ha–1), but continuous grazing (CG) was equally productive. Although flexible grazing based on the 3–4-leaf stage was proposed as the best balance between pasture production and quality, this treatment had lower stocking rates (9.2 DSE ha–1) and was not as productive. No treatment negatively affected pasture composition over the 4-year period. Area of bare ground was highest for the HStR CG treatment; however, the 30-paddock rotations were able to limit bare ground at the same stocking rate. The results indicated that intensive rotational grazing could be effectively managed by using green herbage allowance. In spring, green herbage allowance needed to be 1–1.5 kg green dry matter (DM) DSE–1 day–1, which increased to 5 kg green DM DSE–1 day–1 as the quality of green DM decreased, to allow selective grazing to enhance diet quality.
High serum serotonin in sudden infant death syndrome
Authors: Haynes Robin L. , Frelinger Andrew L. , Giles Emma K. , Goldstein Richard D. , Tran Hoa , Kozakewich Harry P. , Haas Elisabeth A. , Gerrits Anja J. , Mena Othon J. , Trachtenberg Felicia L. , Paterson David S. , Berry Gerard T. , Adeli Khosrow , Kinney Hannah C. , Michelson Alan D.
Published: July 2017

Significance

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), the leading cause of postneonatal infant mortality, is defined as the sudden death of an infant less than 1 y of age that remains unexplained after a complete autopsy and death scene investigation. Although SIDS has been associated with deficiencies in central (brainstem) serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), there are no known peripheral biomarkers for SIDS. Here we demonstrate increased serum serotonin levels in a subset (31%) of SIDS infants compared with control infants. These findings suggest the potential of a high serum serotonin level as a forensic biomarker at autopsy to differentiate SIDS deaths with serotonergic defects from other causes of sudden death and, importantly, as evidence of a peripheral 5-HT abnormality in SIDS.
Elucidating reaction mechanisms on quantum computers
Authors: Reiher Markus , Wiebe Nathan , Svore Krysta M. , Wecker Dave , Troyer Matthias
Published: July 2017

Significance

Our work addresses the question of compelling killer applications for quantum computers. Although quantum chemistry is a strong candidate, the lack of details of how quantum computers can be used for specific applications makes it difficult to assess whether they will be able to deliver on the promises. Here, we show how quantum computers can be used to elucidate the reaction mechanism for biological nitrogen fixation in nitrogenase, by augmenting classical calculation of reaction mechanisms with reliable estimates for relative and activation energies that are beyond the reach of traditional methods. We also show that, taking into account overheads of quantum error correction and gate synthesis, a modular architecture for parallel quantum computers can perform such calculations with components of reasonable complexity.
E-cadherin and LGN align epithelial cell divisions with tissue tension independently of cell shape
Authors: Hart Kevin C. , Tan Jiongyi , Siemers Kathleen A. , Sim Joo Yong , Pruitt Beth L. , Nelson W. James , Gloerich Martijn
Published: July 2017

Significance

Tissue morphogenesis requires coordinated regulation of cellular behavior through instructive signals from the local tissue environment, including mechanical forces exerted by neighboring cells. The cell–cell adhesion protein E-cadherin plays an important role in converting tensile forces across the tissue into an intracellular response to regulate actin cytoskeleton organization, reinforce cell–cell adhesion, and activate transcriptional programs. We show E-cadherin also transduces these forces to orient the mitotic spindle, which occurs irrespectively of tension-induced changes in cell shape and instead involves regulation of junctional recruitment of the protein LGN, a core component of the spindle orientation machinery. Because the orientation of cell division controls tissue architecture, these findings support a key role of E-cadherin in mechanical regulation of tissue morphogenesis.
Changes in ventromedial prefrontal and insular cortex support the development of metamemory from childhood into adolescence
Authors: Fandakova Yana , Selmeczy Diana , Leckey Sarah , Grimm Kevin J. , Wendelken Carter , Bunge Silvia A. , Ghetti Simona
Published: July 2017

Significance

Metamemory monitoring, or the ability to introspect about the accuracy of our memories, improves during childhood and is intimately connected with learning because it limits memory errors and can promote additional information gathering or review. However, the neural changes underlying this development and its relevance for general intellectual development are largely unknown. We assessed 7- to 15-year-old children on multiple occasions and showed continued longitudinal improvements in introspection on memory accuracy into adolescence. We demonstrated that introspection ability contributes to longitudinal changes in children’s general intelligence and identified specific patterns of developmental changes in brain anatomy that predicted improvements in metamemory monitoring. This research highlights the mechanisms supporting metamemory development and their critical role for learning.
Morphological self-repair
Authors: Fox Barbara A. , Wouk Fay , Fincke Steven , Hernandez Flores Wilfredo , Hayashi Makoto , Laakso Minna , Maschler Yael , Mehrabi Abolghasem , Sorjonen Marja-Leena , Uhmann Susanne , Yang Hyun Jung
Published: July 2017

In this study we explore patterns of same-turn self-repair within the word, across ten typologically and areally diverse languages.
We find universal processes emerging through language-specific resources, namely: recycling is used to delay a next item due,
while replacement is used to replace an inappropriate item. For example, most of our languages with prefixes or proclitics recycle
those elements to delay production of the root/host, while languages with suffixes tend not to recycle just suffixes without their
roots/hosts, since that would not serve to delay the production of the root/host; rather, the whole word is recycled. Replacement
of affixes and clitics is rare, regardless of position. We provide several possible explanations for these facts, all based on the
nature of replacement.
First Detection of Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia felis in Fleas Collected From Client-Owned Companion Animals in the Southern Great Plains
Authors: Noden Bruce H , Davidson Suzanna , Herdlitchka Haven T , Williams Faithful
Published: July 2017

Flea-borne rickettsiosis occurs worldwide and includes a number of pathogens, namely, Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia felis. Most studies in the United States have occurred in southern Texas and California where flea-borne rickettsiosis is endemic, resulting in a lack of information from other regions of the country. Between March and August 2016, 222 fleas were collected from 52 client-owned dogs and cats in two urban areas in Oklahoma. Fleas were identified using morphological characteristics then pooled and tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using published primers for gltA, ompB, and 17-kDa. The majority (98.6%) of fleas collected were Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché) followed by Pulex irritans (L) (1.4%). Overall, fleas collected from 30.0% (6/20) cats and 43.8% (14/32) dogs were infected with R. felis. Three C. felis-pools collected from three dogs, two in the Enid area (central Oklahoma) and one in the Elk City area (western Oklahoma), were infected with R. typhi as well as R. felis. ‘Candidatus R. senegalensis’ was detected in one pool of fleas taken from a cat in Oklahoma City. This is the first evidence that flea-borne Rickettsia species occur in fleas obtained from client-owned dogs and cats in the Great Plains region. The impact of these Rickettsia species on public health in the region needs further investigation.
Are You Sure You Want to Do That? Fostering the Responsible Conduct of Medical Education Research
Authors: Maggio Lauren A. , Artino Anthony R. , Picho Katherine , Driessen Erik W.
Published: July 2017

Engaging in questionable research practices (QRPs) is a noted problem across many disciplines, including medical education. While QRPs are rarely discussed in the context of medical education, that does not mean that medical education researchers are immune. Therefore, the authors seek to raise medical educators’ awareness of the responsible conduct of research (RCR) and call the community to action before QRPs negatively affect the field.

The authors define QRPs and introduce examples that could easily happen in medical education research because of vulnerabilities particular to the field. The authors suggest that efforts in research, including medical education research, should focus on facilitating a change in the culture of research to foster RCR, and that these efforts should make explicit both the individual and system factors that ultimately influence researcher behavior. They propose a set of approaches within medical education training initiatives to foster such a culture: empowering research mentors as role models, open airing of research conduct dilemmas and infractions, protecting whistle blowers, establishing mechanisms for facilitating responsibly conducted research, and rewarding responsible researchers.

The authors recommend that efforts at culture change be focused on the growing graduate programs, fellowships, and faculty academies in medical education to ensure that RCR training is an integral component for both students and faculty. They encourage medical education researchers to think creatively about solutions to the challenges they face and to act together as an international community to avoid wasting research efforts, damaging careers, and stunting medical education research through QRPs.
Emotional Life: Exploring Contradictions in Health Behavior Through Creative Writing in Public Health Education
Authors: Saffran Lise
Published: July 2017

Weaving personal experience with literature on social determinants and health humanities, the author argues that including art and literature in public health education will benefit efforts to integrate health care and public health by reminding practitioners that communities are composed of individuals with complicated and often contradictory impulses. She argues that those whose work involves planning interventions and reviewing population data also need to perform the tasks of mental flexibility, of imagination, to think about the people behind the numbers. Together with colleagues at the University of Missouri, the author researches the role of creative writing and imagination in reducing HIV stigma and finds hopeful signs in student responses that they are prepared to consider the contradictions present in human behavior if they are given the opportunity to reflect deeply upon them. Creative writing, literature, and art belong in public health education, she argues, because that is how we make space for emotion in our lives and how we connect with the emotional lives of others.
Pregnancy and reproductive aspects of systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Andreoli Laura , Crisafulli Francesca , Tincani Angela
Published: July 2017

Purpose of review

To discuss pregnancy and reproductive aspects in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with particular focus on preconception counselling, maternal and foetal outcomes, safety and beneficial effects of drugs during pregnancy as well as contraception methods, assisted reproduction techniques and strategies for thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients with positive antiphospholipid antibodies.

Recent findings

Evidence-based recommendations for the management of family planning and women's health issues in SLE and/or APS have been developed by a multidisciplinary panel of experts. The primary aim of these recommendations is to provide a practical tool for facilitating physician–patient communication on reproductive issues. Points-to-consider and guidelines were also released on the use of antirheumatic drugs during pregnancy and lactation.

Women with SLE should be timely and periodically counselled on family planning. Preconception counselling and risk stratification (based on disease activity and serological profile) are key points for having successful pregnancies thanks to individualized treatments and close monitoring for maternal and foetal complications. Contraception and assisted reproduction techniques are feasible in women with SLE, provided that potential risks are minimized by individualized management and appropriate prophylaxis.
Periacetabular quadruple osteotomy of the pelvis in older children: computed tomography scan analysis of acetabular retroversion and anterior overcoverage of the hip, preventing femoral acetabular impingement
Authors: Jawish Roger , Najdi Hassan , Krayan Ali
Published: July 2017

The periacetabular quadruple osteotomy of the pelvis (QOP), with the osteotomy of ischial spine to release the sacrospinal ligament, is reserved for older children with low potential of remodeling. Different parameters were studied with computed tomography (CT) scan before (pre-OH) and after surgery (post-OH) and for nonoperated hip (NOH). The study determined an optimal method to avoid retroversion and excessive anterior coverage. Fifteen QOP were performed in 13 patients, ranging in age from 10 to 15 years. The morphology of pelvis was analyzed with a CT scan before the surgery and 2 years after. Pathologies were Legg–Calve–Perthes (seven hips) and dysplasia (eight hips). The two-dimensional exam measured the acetabular index, the coverage, and the version of the acetabulum. The three-dimensional images measured the frontal lateral inclinations of the lips and the sagittal anterior acetabular inclination. The mean anterior acetabular index was 50.4° (NOH), 56° (pre-OH), and 58.7° (post-OH). The posterior acetabular index was 48.5° (NOH), 52.2° (pre-OH), and 40° (post-OH). The anterior coverage angle was 37.1° in (pre-OH), 27.6° (post-OH), and 30.1° (NOH). The posterior coverage was 20.4° (pre-OH), 17.2° (post-OH), and 12.4° (NOH). The acetabular version was 2.1° (pre-OH), 8.3° (post-OH), and 2.5° (NOH). The anterolateral lip inclination was 50.3° (pre-OH), 35.3° (post-OH), and 43.8° (NOH). The posterolateral lip inclination was 56.7° (pre-OH), 43.7° (post-OH), and 55.8° (NOH). The anterior acetabular inclination was 21.3° (pre-OH), 15.6° (post-OH), and 18° (NOH). The QOP enabled significant range of coverage of the hip in adolescents in whom the potential of remodeling is very low. External rotation related to figure-of-four should be omitted, whereas the maneuver to be applied, preventing the anterior impingement and decrease of the posterior coverage, should be performed by placing the acetabular fragment below the iliac bone, with a lateral inclination in the frontal plane similar to a steering wheel movement. This maneuver preserves comparable morphology of the OH with NOH and avoids retroversion with the excessive anterior coverage responsible for pain and early osteoarthritis.
The incidence rates and survival of gallbladder cancer in the USA
Authors: Jaruvongvanich Veeravich , Yang Ju Dong , Peeraphatdit Thoetchai , Roberts Lewis R.
Published: July 2017

Gallbladder cancer is a rare malignancy in most countries. The racial and sociodemographic factors associated with its incidence and survival are poorly defined. We aimed to investigate population-based gallbladder cancer incidence and survival trends on the basis of clinical characteristics and sociodemographic factors in the USA. Gallbladder cancer incidence and survival data from 2001 to 2012 were obtained from 18 registries of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Incidence rates and Joinpoint trends were calculated by demographic subgroup. Survival trends were assessed using Cox proportional hazard models. A total of 7769 patients were identified. The overall gallbladder cancer incidence rates did not significantly change during the 2001–2012 period. Incidence rates were three times higher in Hispanics and 1.6 times higher in Blacks compared with Whites. Over the time period, incidence rates significantly increased among Blacks and decreased among Hispanics. Male sex [hazard ratio (HR): 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03–1.17], older age (HR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.53–1.96), and single and divorced statuses (HR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.09–1.30 and 1.12, 95% CI: 1.01–1.24) were independently associated with shorter overall survival, whereas higher education (HR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.82–0.97) and higher income (HR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.82–0.96) were associated with longer survival. Furthermore, overall survival has improved in all races/ethnicities except for Hispanics and Blacks. The overall incidence rates for gallbladder cancer were stable during 2001–2012. Hispanics have the highest incidence rates, but the incidence rates in Blacks are on the rise.
Treatment of Transient Peripheral Neuropathy During Chimeric 14.18 Antibody Therapy in Children With Neuroblastoma: A Case Series
Authors: Ari Pranathi , Kars Michelle , Meany Holly , Pestieau Sophie
Published: July 2017

Children with high-risk neuroblastoma are currently treated with a chimeric monoclonal antibody against GD2 ganglioside (chimeric 14.18). The treatment improves survival but causes transient neuropathic pain-like syndrome. We retrospectively studied 16 children with neuroblastoma receiving GD2 therapy. To manage pain, all patients received morphine via nurse-controlled analgesia or patient-controlled analgesia. Mean daily pain scores ranged from 0 to 5 and all children had a 0 pain score upon discharge. No major side effects were noted, suggesting morphine via nurse-controlled analgesia/patient-controlled analgesia is effective in controlling transient neuropathic pain in children receiving GD2 antibody therapy.
Enlarged Vestibular Aqueduct Syndrome
Authors: Wendt Wendi-Jo , Hashikawa Andrew
Published: July 2017

Enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome (EVAS) is the most common congenital ear anomaly that causes sensorineural hearing loss in children and may predispose a child to sudden hearing loss from sudden pressure changes or minor head trauma. We report a case of a 4-year-old boy with a history of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt and migraines who presented to the emergency department with parental and child care provider reports of acute hearing loss, without a history of trauma, infection, or hardware malfunction, who was diagnosed with bilateral EVAS. Diagnosis of EVAS occurs with specific temporal bone imaging with either high-resolution, thin-cut computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scans. Enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome is typically refractory to medical treatment and often results in hearing loss that is too severe to benefit from amplification, requiring cochlear implantation.
Risk factor analysis of equine strongyle resistance to anthelmintics
Authors: Sallé G. , Cortet J. , Bois I. , Dubès C. , Guyot-Sionest Q. , Larrieu C. , Landrin V. , Majorel G. , Wittreck S. , Woringer E. , Couroucé A. , Guillot J. , Jacquiet P. , Guégnard F. , Blanchard A. , Leblond A.
Published: July 2017

Intestinal strongyles are the most problematic endoparasites of equids as a result of their wide distribution and the spread of resistant isolates throughout the world. While abundant literature can be found on the extent of anthelmintic resistance across continents, empirical knowledge about associated risk factors is missing. This study brought together results from anthelmintic efficacy testing and risk factor analysis to provide evidence-based guidelines in the field. It involved 688 horses from 39 French horse farms and riding schools to both estimate Faecal Egg Count Reduction (FECR) after anthelmintic treatment and to interview farm and riding school managers about their practices. Risk factors associated with reduced anthelmintic efficacy in equine strongyles were estimated across drugs using a marginal modelling approach. Results demonstrated ivermectin efficacy (96.3% FECR), the inefficacy of fenbendazole (42.8% FECR) and an intermediate profile for pyrantel (90.3% FECR). Risk factor analysis provided support to advocate for FEC-based treatment regimens combined with individual anthelmintic dosage and the enforcement of tighter biosecurity around horse introduction that contributed to lower drug resistance risk by 1.75. Premises falling under this typology also relied more on their veterinarians suggesting they play an important role in the sustainability of anthelmintic usage. Similarly, drug resistance risk was halved in premises with frequent pasture rotation and with stocking rate below five horses/ha. This is the first empirical risk factor analysis for anthelmintic resistance in equids, whose findings should guide the implementation of more sustained strongyle management in the field.
Whippet: an efficient method for the detection and quantification of alternative splicing reveals extensive transcriptomic complexity
Authors: Sterne-Weiler Timothy , Weatheritt Robert J. , Best Andrew , Ha Kevin C. H. , Blencowe Benjamin J.
Published: July 2017

Alternative splicing (AS) is a widespread process underlying the generation of transcriptomic and proteomic diversity in metazoans. Major challenges in comprehensively detecting and quantifying patterns of AS are that RNA-seq datasets are expanding near exponentially, while existing analysis tools are computationally inefficient and ineffective at handling complex splicing patterns. Here, we describeWhippet, a method that rapidly, and with minimal hardware requirements, models and quantifies splicing events of any complexity without significant loss of accuracy. Using an entropic measure of splicing complexity,Whippetreveals that approximately 33% of human protein coding genes contain complex AS events that result in substantial expression of multiple splice isoforms. These events frequently affect tandem arrays of folded protein domains. Remarkably, high-entropy AS events are more prevalent in tumour relative to matched normal tissues, and these differences correlate with increased expression of proto-oncogenic splicing factors.Whippetthus affords the rapid and accurate analysis of AS events of any complexity, and as such will facilitate biomedical research.
Type 2 Diabetes Risk Alleles Reveal a Role for Peptidylglycine Alpha-amidating Monooxygenase in Beta Cell Function
Authors: Raimondo Anne , Thomsen Soren K. , Hastoy Benoit , Umapathysivam Mahesh M. , Dai Xiao-Qing , Manning Fox Jocelyn E , Barrett Amy , Groves Christopher J. , Bautista Austin , Beer Nicola L. , Clark Anne , MacDonald Patrick E. , Rorsman Patrik , Gloyn Anna L.
Published: July 2017

Molecular mechanisms underpinning the genetic risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) remain poorly understood, hindering translation into new therapies. Recently, genome-wide studies identified two coding variants inPeptidylglycine Alpha-amidating Monooxygenase(PAM) associated with T2D risk and measures of beta cell dysfunction. Here, we demonstrate that both risk alleles impact negatively on overall PAM activity, but via distinct effects on expression and catalytic function. In a human beta cell model,PAMsilencing caused decreased insulin content and altered dynamics of granule exocytosis. Analysis of primary human beta cells from cadaveric donors confirmed an effect on exocytosis in carriers of the p.D563G T2D-risk allele. Finally, we show that the granular packaging protein Chromogranin A is a PAM substrate and a strong candidate for mediating downstream effects on insulin secretion. Taken together, our results establish a role for PAM in beta cell function, and uncover a novel mechanism for T2D-associatedPAMalleles.
Saccades phase-locked to alpha oscillations in the occipital and medial temporal lobe enhance memory encoding
Authors: Staudigl Tobias , Hartl Elisabeth , Noachtar Soheyl , Doeller Christian F. , Jensen Ole
Published: July 2017

Efficient sampling of visual information requires a coordination of eye movements and ongoing brain oscillations. Using intracranial and MEG recordings, we show that saccades are locked to the phase of visual alpha oscillations, and that this coordination supports mnemonic encoding of visual scenes. Furthermore, parahippocampal and retrosplenial cortex involvement in this coordination reflects effective vision-to-memory mapping, highlighting the importance of neural oscillations for the interaction between visual and memory domains.
Complex genetic patterns in human arise from a simple range-expansion model over continental landmasses
Authors: Kanitz Ricardo , Guillot Elsa G , Antoniazza Sylvain , Neuenschwander Samuel , Goudet Jérôme
Published: July 2017

Although it is generally accepted that geography is a major factor shaping human genetic differentiation, it is still disputed how much of this differentiation is a result of a simple process of isolation-by-distance, and if there are factors generating distinct clusters of genetic similarity. We address this question using a geographically explicit simulation framework coupled with an Approximate Bayesian Computation approach. Based on six simple summary statistics only, we estimated the most probable demographic parameters that shaped modern human evolution under an isolation by distance scenario, and found these were the following: an initial population in East Africa spread and grew from 4000 individuals to 5.7 million in about 132 000 years. Subsequent simulations with these estimates followed by cluster analyses produced results nearly identical to those obtained in real data. Thus, a simple diffusion model from East Africa explains a large portion of the genetic diversity patterns observed in modern humans. We argue that a model of isolation by distance along the continental landmasses might be the relevant null model to use when investigating selective effects in humans and probably many other species.