bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Respiratory tract infections and subsequent risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Landgren Ola , Rapkin Joshua S. , Caporaso Neil E. , Mellemkjaer Lene , Gridley Gloria , Goldin Lynn R. , Engels Eric A.
Published: November 2006

Recent evidence suggests that chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) might occur following a response to an infectious agent. We conducted a population-based study including 4249 CLL patients diagnosed in Denmark from 1977 to 1997 and 15 690 frequency-matched controls to quantify risk of CLL following various airway infections. Through data linkage we gathered information on hospital inpatient/outpatient discharges that listed infections present at least 1 year prior to CLL. Using logistic regression, we calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Personal history of pneumonia was associated with significantly increased CLL risk (OR = 1.4; 1.2-1.8); risk was restricted to 1 to 4.99 years prior to CLL diagnosis (OR = 1.6; 1.2-2.0). Individuals with 3 or more prior pneumonia events had a significant 2.5-fold (1.1-5.6) elevated CLL risk, and risk increased with the number of pneumonia episodes (Ptrend < .001). None of 9 other respiratory-tract infections was significantly associated with CLL risk. Pneumonia might be a potential CLL trigger or it could represent premalignant immune disruption preceding CLL.
Peritoneal carcinomatosis from a small bowel carcinoid tumour
Authors: Gutierrez Gonzalo , Daniels Ian R , Garcia Ana , Ramia Jose M
Published: November 2006

Background

Peritoneal carcinomatosis from a gastrointestinal carcinoid tumour is rare and the long-term management and prognosis have not been clearly defined. The natural history is different from gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma, although its capacity to invade regional lymph nodes and generate distal metastasis can make the management more complex. Whilst the development of carcinomatosis is uncommonly reported, it may be higher than expected.

Case presentation

A 63 years-old woman underwent emergency surgery in 1993 for right iliac fossa pain and a mass that was found to be an ileal carcinoid tumour. Over the next ten years, further surgery was required for disseminated disease with peritoneal carcinomatosis and liver metastasis. Systemic chemotherapy had little effect, although Somatostatin was used effectively to relieve symptoms caused by the disseminated disease (flushing and diarrhoea).

Conclusion

Peritoneal carcinomatosis from carcinoid tumours is not well documented in the literature. Aggressive surgery must be performed in order to control the disease since chemotherapy has not been reported to be effective. With repeated surgery long-term survival can be achieved in these patients.
In situ methods to localize transgenes and transcripts in interphase nuclei: a tool for transgenic plant research
Authors: Santos Ana Paula , Wegel Eva , Allen George C , Thompson William F , Stoger Eva , Shaw Peter , Abranches Rita
Published: November 2006

Genetic engineering of commercially important crops has become routine in many laboratories. However, the inability to predict where a transgene will integrate and to efficiently select plants with stable levels of transgenic expression remains a limitation of this technology. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a powerful technique that can be used to visualize transgene integration sites and provide a better understanding of transgene behavior. Studies using FISH to characterize transgene integration have focused primarily on metaphase chromosomes, because the number and position of integration sites on the chromosomes are more easily determined at this stage. However gene (and transgene) expression occurs mainly during interphase. In order to accurately predict the activity of a transgene, it is critical to understand its location and dynamics in the three-dimensional interphase nucleus. We and others have developed in situ methods to visualize transgenes (including single copy genes) and their transcripts during interphase from different tissues and plant species. These techniques reduce the time necessary for characterization of transgene integration by eliminating the need for time-consuming segregation analysis, and extend characterization to the interphase nucleus, thus increasing the likelihood of accurate prediction of transgene activity. Furthermore, this approach is useful for studying nuclear organization and the dynamics of genes and chromatin.
An Inclusive Process for Departmental Textbook Selection
Authors: Altman William S. , Ericksen Kristen , Pena-Shaff Judith B.
Published: November 2006

This article reports on the development and use of an inclusive process to select a departmental textbook for general psychology. It describes a method for developing department-specific instruments to narrow the available textbook choices and an in-class textbook trial used in the final selection. Reported advantages of this method include “buy-in” by faculty, student evaluation of the books and ancillary materials, and classroom testing. We also provide several recommendations to assist other departments in employing our rubric.
Macrophage-Secreted Factors Impair Human Adipogenesis: Involvement of Proinflammatory State in Preadipocytes
Authors: Lacasa Danièle , Taleb Soraya , Keophiphath Mayoura , Miranville Alexandra , Clement Karine
Published: November 2006

Obesity is considered a chronic low-grade inflammatory state. The white adipose tissue produces a variety of inflammation-related proteins whose expression is increased in obese subjects. The nonadipose cell fraction, which includes infiltrated macrophages, is a determinant source of inflammation-related molecules within the adipose tissue. Our working hypothesis is that macrophage infiltration affects fat expansion through a paracrine action on adipocyte differentiation. Human primary preadipocytes were then differentiated in the presence of conditioned media obtained from macrophages differentiated from blood monocytes. Preadipocytes treated by macrophage-conditioned medium displayed marked reduction of adipogenesis as assessed by decreased cellular lipid accumulation and reduced gene expression of adipogenic and lipogenic markers. In addition to this effect, the activation of macrophages by lipopolysaccharides stimulated nuclear factor κB signaling, increased gene expression and release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and induced preadipocyte proliferation. This phenomenon was associated with increased cyclin D1 gene expression and maintenance of the fibronectin-rich matrix. Anti-TNFα neutralizing antibody inhibits the inflammatory state of preadipocytes positioning TNFα as an important mediator of inflammation in preadipocytes. Strikingly, conditioned media produced by macrophages isolated from human adipose tissue exerted comparable effects with activated macrophages, i.e. decreased adipogenesis and increased inflammatory state in the preadipocytes. These data show that macrophage-secreted factors inhibit the formation of mature adipocytes, suggesting possible role in limiting adipose tissue expansion in humans.
The Period Vehicle Routing Problem with Service Choice
Authors: Francis Peter , Smilowitz Karen , Tzur Michal
Published: November 2006

The period vehicle routing problem (PVRP) is a variation of the classic vehicle routing problem in which delivery routes are constructed for a period of time (for example, multiple days). In this paper, we consider a variation of the PVRP in which service frequency is a decision of the model. We refer to this problem as the PVRP with service choice (PVRP-SC). We explore modeling issues that arise when service choice is introduced, and suggest efficient solution methods. Contributions are made both in modeling this new variation of the PVRP and in introducing an exact solution method for the PVRP-SC. In addition, we propose a heuristic variation of the exact method to be used for larger problem instances. Computational tests show that adding service choice can improve system efficiency and customer service. We also present general insights on the impact of node distribution on the value of service choice.
Equilibria and Information Provision in Risky Networks with Risk-Averse Drivers
Authors: de Palma André , Picard Nathalie
Published: November 2006

We study the impact of information on risk-averse drivers who maximize their expected utility (rather than minimizing expected travel time). For two routes in parallel with risky travel time, we show that equilibrium travel times depend on the distribution of risk aversion as well as on provision of information. Besides the mean variance model used so far in transportation, we consider three other standard utility functions. Interestingly, we find that optimal route choice may depend on global factors such as the length of the journey. Finally, we study the benefit of information according to the level of risk aversion.
Optimal Slack Time for Schedule-Based Transit Operations
Authors: Zhao Jiamin , Dessouky Maged , Bukkapatnam Satish
Published: November 2006

To improve service reliability, many transit agencies include significant amounts of slack in the schedule. However, too much slack in the schedule reduces service frequency, given a fixed vehicle fleet size. We study the problem of determining the optimal slack that minimizes the passengers’ expected waiting times under schedule-based control. By applying a D/G/c queue model, we show that the system is stable if slack is added in the schedule. For a single-bus loop transit network, we derive convexity of mean and variance of bus delays and provide an exact solution if the travel time is exponentially distributed. For the case of multiple buses and other travel time distributions, we provide several approximation approaches and compare them to simulation results. The simulation results show that our approximations are good for interval of appropriate slack, which often contains the optimal value.
Cigarette Advertising in Popular Youth and Adult Magazines: A Ten-Year Perspective
Authors: Krugman Dean M. , Morrison Margaret A. , Sung Yongjun
Published: November 2006

Cigarette advertising for youth brands delivered sufficient impressions to reach youths at high reach and frequency levels during the 1993–2002 period. However, a precipitous drop in such advertising is also found at the end of the period. The authors reconcile the findings with those of previous studies and examine the efficacy of guidelines that have been used to evaluate cigarette advertising in publications with high youth readership.
A Multifirm Analysis of Slotting Fees
Authors: Bone Paula Fitzgerald , France Karen Russo , Riley Richard
Published: November 2006

The authors examine Securities and Exchange Commission filings from retailers and consumer and durable goods manufacturers to shed light on slotting practices. They find that slotting fees are used in both the consumer and the durable goods manufacturing industries, though different norms regarding slotting fees exist between product categories. Logit results find no support for an economic efficiency hypothesis but are more consistent with a power school perspective on slotting fees. The data imply that slotting fees are not likely to be a traditional antitrust issue, because the data reveal no evidence of unreasonable increases in profits resulting from slotting fee use.
A Longitudinal Assessment of Online Privacy Notice Readability
Authors: Milne George R. , Culnan Mary J. , Greene Henry
Published: November 2006

This study evaluates the readability of a set of 312 online privacy notices across two periods and finds that the readability has declined and notices have grown in length over the period. The authors assess these findings against the public policy backdrop and make recommendations for improving current online privacy notices based on the study results.
Protein oxidation and proteolysis
Authors: Bader Nicolle , Grune Tilman
Published: November 2006

One of the hallmarks of chronic or severe oxidative stress is the accumulation of oxidized proteins, which tend to form high-molecular-weight aggregates. The major proteolytic system responsible for the removal of oxidized cytosolic and nuclear proteins is the proteasome. This complicated proteolytic system contains a core proteasomal form (20S proteasome) and several regulators. All of these components are affected by oxidative stress to various degrees. The ATP-stimulated 26S proteasome is sensitive to oxidative stress, whereas the 20S form seems to be more resistant. The nuclear proteasome selectively degrades oxidatively damaged histones in the nuclei of mammalian cells, where it is activated and regulated by automodified PARP-1 after oxidative challenge. In this brief review we highlight the proteolysis and its regulatory effects during oxidative stress.
Incinerator fly ash provokes alteration of redox equilibrium and liberation of arachidonic acid in vitro
Authors: Fritsch Susanne , Diabaté Silvia , Krug Harald F.
Published: November 2006

Numerous epidemiological studies have associated exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) with pulmonary and cardiovascular health effects. Macrophages as a part of the primary pulmonary defence system play a crucial role by generating pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of incinerator fly ash (MAF02) as a model of environmental particulate matter on the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their ability to induce oxidative stress in RAW264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, the liberation of arachidonic acid (AA) was observed. The interaction of MAF02 with macrophages caused increased mobilisation of AA, accompanied by enhanced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The MAF02-induced AA liberation was found to depend on an increased intracellular calcium concentration. In addition, MAF02-induced liberation of AA was selectively blocked by an ERK1/2 pathway-specific inhibitor, while inhibition of the p38 MAPK activity had no effect. Fly ash was also observed to induce an increase in cellular glutathione (GSH) content and antioxidative enzyme haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1). In correlation, experiments with dichlorofluorescein demonstrated increased formation of ROS upon treatment with fly ash. In summary, incinerator fly ash induces oxidative stress to a certain extent, resulting in the onset of important mechanisms related to inflammation.
Switch from actin α1 to α2 expression and upregulation of biomarkers for pressure overload and cardiac hypertrophy in taurine-deficient mouse heart
Authors: Warskulat Ulrich , Andrée Birgit , Lüsebrink Jessica , Köhrer Karl , Häussinger Dieter
Published: November 2006

Taurine is the most abundant free amino acid in heart muscle and protects against heart failure. In the present study, the consequences of hereditary taurine deficiency on cardiac gene expression were examined in 2- and 15–16-month-old taurine transporter knockout (taut-/-) mice using a mouse-specific DNA microarray. This oligonucleotide-based microarray contains probes for 251 genes with relevance for heart function. Of these, 163 probes exhibited a reproducible hybridization signal and were analyzed. α-Actin type 1 mRNA levels were 70% lower in the heart of young and oldertaut-/-mice compared to wild-type controls. Interestingly, the hearts oftaut-/-mice showed a switch from α-actin 1 to α-actin 2 expression, as confirmed by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. In addition, mRNA levels of biomarkers for pressure overload and hypertension were upregulated intaut-/-hearts, i.e., atrial natriuretic factor (+848%), brain natriuretic peptide (+90%), cardiac ankyrin repeat protein (+118%), and procollagen 1a1, 1a2 and 3a1 (+40% at least). These results point to a stress situation in the heart oftaut-/-mice under laboratory conditions, and it can be speculated thattaut-/-hearts may be even more susceptible to failure in the wild when under exogenous stress.
Synthesis, spectroscopic and X-ray structure analyses of two N-[(3′-aryl) prop-2′-ynyl]-N,N′-1,2-phenylene di-p-tosylamides
Authors: Ghosh Soumen , Mukhopadhyay Rupa , Helliwell Madeleine , Mukherjee Alok Kamur
Published: November 2006

Two N-substituted phenylene diamines C27H24N2S3O4 (I) and C29H25N2S2O4Cl (II), acyclic precursors leading to quinoxaline derivatives, have been synthesized, and characterized by spectroscopic and X-ray structural studies. The molecules of compounds (I) and (II) are linked through intermolecular N—H···O and C—H···O hydrogen bonds into centrosymmetric dimers, with characteristic R
2
2(14) and R
2
2(26) rings, which combine to form infinite polymeric chains propagating along the [001] direction. Additional intermolecular C—H···O hydrogen bonds connect the molecules of (I) into two-dimensional sheet of R
4
4(32) rings in the ab-plane and one-dimensional C(7) chain propagating along the [100] direction in (II). The combination of two-dimensional sheets in the ab-plane (in I) and one-dimensional C(7) chains along the [100] direction (in II) with the polymeric chains along the [001] direction generates a three-dimensional supramolecular assembly in (I) and a two-dimensional framework in (II).
Film, Religion and Education in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Kozlovic Anton Karl
Published: November 2006

We live in a post-modern, post-Christian and post-literate world where popular films have become the lingua franca of the video generation. Regrettably, their pedagogic utilisation as an extra-ecclesiastical resource within Religion Studies, Theology and Religious Education has frequently been under-utilised, unappreciated or deliberately ignored. For the profession to remain culturally relevant in the twenty-first century, it needs to integrate popular films into the pulpit, home and classroom as soon as practicable. Consciousness-raising via thematic surveys of the field is a valid first step in demonstrating how extensively religion permeates the medium. Consequently, the popular Hollywood cinema was scanned, the critical literature was reviewed, and textually-based, humanist film criticism was employed as the analytical lens. Three taxonomic categories were identified and explicated herein. Namely: (1) Christ-figures: The re-enfleshment of Jesus Christ, (2) Subtextual sacredness: Biblical props, characters and themes, and (3) Holy words: Explicit scriptural references and Bible-quoting. It was concluded that the Hollywood hermeneutic has immense value for both the children-of-the-media and religion scholarship. Further research into the emerging interdisciplinary field of religion-and-film and its pedagogic application was recommended.
Enough is Enough! Civil Unions, Religious Prejudice, and the Limits of Secular Tolerance
Authors: Mawson Mike
Published: November 2006

This article delineates the broad philosophical/theological legacy that structures the contemporary impasse between conservative religious morality and secular liberal tolerance. In the first part of the article, I will trace how, through a series of innovations stretching from Augustine to Locke, secular space emerged as autonomous and demarcated from religion, and how, concomitantly, religion became understood as ‘personal conviction’ or ‘private belief’.

In the second part, I will take the case study of the 2004 civil unions protests in New Zealand. Using this case study I will argue that this broader ontological legacy (or the inherited way of understanding religion, secular space, and their relation) structures the conflict between religious conservatives and secular liberals so as to prevent these two positions from engaging or recognis¬ing each other. Finally, I shall propose a solution of sorts by looking at what a more Augustinian understanding of religion and politics might allow.
Enterprise Theology and Welfare Discourse in the United Kingdom
Authors: Voyce Malcolm
Published: November 2006

This article describes the development in the United Kingdom of the discourse of enterprise theology, which, it is argued, represents a mechanism of governance addressed to certain members in the community that are perceived to be in need of special help and correction. The conclusion reached in this article is that that the dominant ideas of enterprise, together with the centrality of markets, converge with the notion that the market for those in need brings about the appropriate moral and theological salvation. With the decline of formal religious institutions, it is argued that states have utilized a new type of religious discourse to extend new methods of ‘pastoral governance’. This study proposes that enterprise theology represents a new form of political rationality for populations deemed to be at risk and that this discourse acts as a mechanism of social exclusion.
Network: Still “Mad as Hell” After 30 Years
Authors: Trier James
Published: November 2006

The film Network is a great addition to any critical media literacy pedagogy. In this article, the author examines the film and its possible uses in media literacy instruction, and introduces a number of activities teachers can use with students after viewing it.
Nanoscale Effects on the Ionic Conductivity of Highly Doped Bulk Nanometric Cerium Oxide
Authors: Anselmi‐Tamburini U. , Maglia F. , Chiodelli G. , Tacca A. , Spinolo G. , Riello P. , Bucella S. , Munir Z. A.
Published: November 2006

Nanometric ceria powders doped with 30 mol % samaria are consolidated by a high‐pressure spark plasma sintering (HP‐SPS) method to form > 99 % dense samples with a crystallite size as small as 16.5 nm. A conductivity dependence on grain size was noted: when the grain size was less than 20 nm, only one semicircle in the AC impedance spectra was observed and was attributed to bulk conductivity. In contrast to previous observations on pure ceria, the disappearance of the grain‐boundary blocking effect is not associated with mixed conductivity. With annealing and concomitant grain growth, the samples show the presence of a grain‐boundary effect.
Modifying the Output Characteristics of an Organic Light‐Emitting Device by Refractive‐Index Modulation
Authors: Höfler T. , Weinberger M. , Kern W. , Rentenberger S. , Pogantsch A.
Published: November 2006

In order to modify the output characteristics of organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs), the optical properties of an active layer within the device are patterned without introducing any thickness modulation. For this purpose a new conjugated copolymer, which serves as a hole‐transporting material and at the same time can be index patterned using UV techniques, is synthesized. Poly(VC‐co‐VBT) (VC: N‐vinylcarbazole; VBT: 4‐vinylbenzyl thiocyanate) is prepared by free‐radical copolymerization of VC and VBT. The material contains photoreactive thiocyanate groups that enable altering of the material's refractive index under UV illumination. This copolymer is employed as a patternable hole‐transporting layer in multilayer OLEDs. Refractive‐index gratings in poly(VC‐co‐VBT) are inscribed using a holographic setup based upon a Lloyd mirror configuration. The fourth harmonic of a Nd:YAG (YAG: yttrium aluminum garnet) laser (266 nm) serves as the UV source. In this way 1D photonic structures are integrated in an OLED containing AlQ3 (tris(8‐hydroxyquinoline) aluminum) as the emitting species. It is assured that only a periodical change of the refractive index (Δn = 0.006 at λ = 540 nm) is generated in the active material but no surface‐relief gratings are generated. The patterned devices show more forward‐directed out‐coupling behavior than unstructured devices (increase in luminosity by a factor of five for a perpendicular viewing direction). This effect is most likely due to Bragg scattering. For these multilayer structures, optimum outcoupling was observed for grating periods Λ ∼ 390 nm.
α,ω‐Dithiol Oligo(phenylene vinylene)s for the Preparation of High‐Quality π‐Conjugated Self‐Assembled Monolayers and Nanoparticle‐ Functionalized Electrodes
Authors: Seferos D. S. , Lai R. Y. , Plaxco K. W. , Bazan G. C.
Published: November 2006

While thioacetate‐terminated oligo(phenylene vinylene)s (OPVs) have been synthesized and employed in applications involving the formation of metal–molecule–metal junctions, the synthesis and application of potentially more versatile α,ω‐dithiol OPVs have not previously been described. Here, a thiomethyl‐precursor route to the synthesis of α,ω‐dithiol OPVs is reported and their ability to form well‐ordered self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) without the addition of exogenous deprotection reagents is described. α,ω‐Dithiol OPV monolayers exhibit thicknesses consistent with molecular length and are nearly defect‐free, as assayed by electrochemical measurements. To demonstrate the ease with which SAMs containing these bifunctional OPVs can, in contrast to thioacetate functionalized OPVs, be further functionalized with materials other than gold, we have modified them in a single step with a sub‐monolayer of cadmium selenide nanocrystals (NCs). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirm that these NC‐modified films are both smooth and uniform over the largest areas investigated (> 10 μm2) and no evidence of NC aggregation is observed. To evaluate the electrochemical response of these metal–molecule–semiconductor assemblies we have fabricated NC‐modified OPV SAMs with ferrocene‐coated NCs. Variable‐frequency alternating current voltammetry indicates that electron transfer in these assemblies is much more rapid than in analogous structures formed using simple alkane dithiols. It thus appears that α,ω‐dithiol OPVs are well suited for the formation of high‐quality conducting SAMs for the functionalization of gold and other surfaces.
Amphiphilic Poly(p‐phenylene)s for Self‐Organized Porous Blue‐Light‐Emitting Thin Films
Authors: Nurmawati M. H. , Renu R. , Ajikumar P. K. , Sindhu S. , Cheong F. C. , Sow C. H. , Valiyaveettil S.
Published: November 2006

Micro‐ and nanostructuring of conjugated polymers are of critical importance in the fabrication of molecular electronic devices as well as photonic and bandgap materials. The present report delineates the single‐step self‐organization of highly ordered structures of functionalized poly(p‐phenylene)s without the aid of either a controlled environment or expensive fabrication methodologies. Microporous films of these polymers, with a honeycomb pattern, were prepared by direct spreading of the dilute polymer solution on various substrates, such as glass, quartz, silicon wafer, indium tin oxide, gold‐coated mica, and water, under ambient conditions. The polymeric film obtained from C12PPPOH comprises highly periodic, defect‐free structures with blue‐light‐emitting properties. It is expected that such microstructured, conjugated polymeric films will have interesting applications in photonic and optoelectronic devices. The ability of the polymer to template the facile micropatterning of nanomaterials gives rise to hybrid films with very good spatial dispersion of the carbon nanotubes.
Abhängigkeit der Wasserdurchlässigkeit vom Porenvolumen des Bodens
Authors: Rückert Horst
Published: November 2006

Es wird die Abhängigkeit des Durchlässigkeitsbeiwertes k von der Porenzahl e behandelt. Bei Darstellung von e und k im doppeltlogarithmischen Maßstab werden Kurven erhalten, im Sonderfall eine Gerade. Dafür sind Gleichungen angegeben.
Sirolimus‐eluting stents and calcified coronary lesions: Clinical outcomes of patients treated with and without rotational atherectomy
Authors: Clavijo Leonardo C. , Steinberg Daniel H. , Torguson Rebecca , Kuchulakanti Pramod K. , Chu William W. , Fournadjiev Jana , Satler Lowell F. , Kent Kenneth M. , Suddath William O. , Waksman Ron , Pichard Augusto D.
Published: November 2006

This study examined the outcomes of patients who underwent sirolimus‐eluting stent (SES) implantation for the treatment of heavily calcified coronary lesions (HCCL) with and without the use of rotational atherectomy (rotablator). We investigated 150 consecutive patients with angiographic evidence of HCCL who underwent SES implantation. Sixty‐nine patients underwent SES implantation without the need of rotablator (SES), and 81 patients required rotational atherectomy to modify the plaque and facilitate the delivery of the stent (SES + rotational atherectomy). Clinical success was equivalent in both groups (>98%) and there were no in‐hospital outcome differences. At 6 months, the target lesion revascularization rate was 4.9% in SES vs. 4.2% in SES + rotational atherectomy groups, respectively (P = NS). Mortality at 6 months was 7.9% in the SES group vs. 6.8% in the SES + rotational atherectomy group (P = NS). SES performs well in patients with complex HCCL, with a relative low event rate. Lesions requiring rotational atherectomy to facilitate dilation and stenting had similar outcomes after SES implantation to those that could be stented without the need for rotablator. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Drug‐eluting stents in bifurcation lesions: To stent one branch or both?
Authors: Assali Abid R. , Assa Hana V. , Ben‐Dor Itsik , Teplitsky Igal , Solodky Alejandro , Brosh David , Fuchs Shmuel , Kornowski Ran
Published: November 2006

Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare two techniques to treat bifurcation lesions: a single drug‐eluting stent (DES) implanted in the main branch combined with balloon dilatation for the side branch vs. stenting of both branches (double stent). Background: Percutaneous coronary intervention in coronary bifurcation lesions remains challenging. Although DES reduce restenosis in lesions, the double stent procedure has not shown clear advantages over a single stent with balloon dilation. Methods: Fifty‐three symptomatic patients with true bifurcation lesions were treated using either the double stent technique (n = 25) or one stent in the parent vessel plus balloon angioplasty of the side branch (n = 28). Procedural results and major adverse cardiac event rates (MACE: cardiac death, myocardial infarction, target vessel revascularization (TVR)) were compared. Results: Angiographic procedural success (residual stenosis <30% in both branches) was 75% in the single stent group and 100% in the double stent group (P = 0.01). All differences were due to residual stenosis of the side branch. Clinical follow‐up (6–18 months) was available for all patients; 90.5% of patients had a coronary angiography or nuclear stress test. Three patients (11%) in the single stent group and two (8%) in the double stent group had ischemia‐driven TVR (P = NS). Asymptomatic angiographic restenosis (>50% diameter stenosis) in the ostium of the side branch was seen in two patients in the double‐stent group. At 6 months, MACE‐free was comparable between groups (89.3% vs. 88%, P = 0.7). Conclusions: When treating bifurcation lesions with sirolimus‐eluting stents, restenosis following a single stent procedure is comparable to stenting both parent and side branch vessels. Thus, stenting the main‐branch lesion, coupled with balloon angioplasty in the side branch, produces a high success rate and good clinical outcomes at 6 months. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The “pull–push” technique to deal with a redundant eustachian valve interfering with placement of a PFO occluder
Authors: Butera Gianfranco , Montinaro Antonio , Carminati Mario
Published: November 2006

Objectives: To evaluate the role of a new technique to deal with a redundant Eustachian valve (EV) interfering with placement of a patent foramen ovale (PFO) occluder. Background: The EV is a remnant of the embryonic valve of the sinus venosus. In rare occasions, it is large and redundant and it may interfere with catheters and devices used in cardiac catheterization. Methods: We have developed a new technique to control the EV in order to avoid interferences with the device for closure of atrial septal defects and PFO's. This technique is called “pull–push” technique and consists in pulling down on the inferior vena cava the redundant EV by using a 6 Fr pigtail catheter while a second operator pushes the right atrial disc out of the long sheath. Results: Here, we report on two patients with a patent foramen ovale, in whom the EV prevented the right atrial disc of an Amplatzer PFO occluder to be completely flat against the interatrial septum. Finally, we used this technique in one more patient to avoid any interference of a very redundant EV during placement of a Starflex device. Conclusions: In conclusion. the so called “pull–push” technique is an alternative and easy technique to control the EV in order to avoid interferences with the device for closure of atrial septal defects and PFO's © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Theoretical Study on the High Energy Density Compound Hexanitrohexaazatricyclotetradecanedifuroxan
Authors: Qiu Ling , Xiao He‐Ming , Zhu Wei‐Hua , Xiao Xue‐Hai , Gong Xue‐Dong
Published: November 2006

Density functional theory (DFT) has been employed to study the molecular geometries, electronic structures, infrared (IR) spectra, and thermodynamic properties of the high energy density compound hexanitrohexaazatricyclotetradecanedifuroxan (HHTTD) at the B3LYP/6‐31G** level of theory. The calculated results show that there are four conformational isomers (α, β, γ and δ) for HHTTD, and the relative stabilities of four conformers were assessed based on the calculated total energies and the energy‐gaps between the frontier molecular orbitals. The computed harmonic vibrational frequencies are in reasonable agreement with the available experimental data. Thermodynamic properties derived from the IR spectra on the basis of statistical thermodynamic principles are linearly correlated with the temperature. Detonation performances were evaluated by using the Kamlet‐Jacobs equations based on the calculated densities and heats of formation. It was found that four HHTTD isomers with the predicted densities of ca. 2 g·cm−3, detonation velocities near 10 km·s−1, and detonation pressures over 45 GPa, may be novel potential candidates of high energy density materials (HEDM). These results may provide basic information for the molecular design of HEDM.
Mixed Conduction in Tb2O3 Doped BaCeO3
Authors: Qiu Li‐Gan , Ma Gui‐Lin
Published: November 2006

BaxCe0.8Tb0.2O3−α (x=0.98–1.03) solid electrolytes were synthesized and characterized by using X‐ray diffraction (XRD). By using AC impedance spectroscopy and gas concentration cell electromotive force (EMF) measurements, the electrical conduction behavior of the specimens was investigated in different gases during 500–1000 °C. The influence of nonstoichiometry in the specimens with x≠1 on conduction properties was studied and compared with that in the specimen with x=1. The results show that the specimens are all of perovskite‐type orthorhombic structure. In 500–1000 °C, electronic hole conduction is dominant in dry and wet oxygen, air or nitrogen. Protonic conduction is dominant in wet hydrogen and it is about two orders of magnitude higher than that in hydrogen‐free atmospheres (oxygen, air and nitrogen). The electrical conductivity of the same specimen in water vapor‐saturated oxygen, air or nitrogen is slightly higher than that in corresponding gas without water vapor. The electrical conductivities of the nonstoichiometric specimens are higher than those of the stoichiometric one.
Silica‐supported Copper(II) Catalyzed Coupling of Arylboronic Acids with Imidazoles
Authors: Zhang Li‐Yuan , Wang Lei
Published: November 2006

Immobilized copper(II) in organic‐inorganic hybrid materials catalyzed Ar‐N coupling of arylboronic acids with imidazoles has been developed. Arylboronic acids reacted with imidazoles smoothly in the presence of a 3‐(2‐aminoethylamino)propyl functionalized silica gel immobilized copper(II) catalyst (10 mol%) in methanol without any additives and bases. The reactions generated the corresponding cross‐coupling products in good yields. Furthermore, silica‐supported copper can be recovered and recycled by a simple filtration procedure and used for five consecutive trials without decreases in activity.
Validation of simplified PN models for radiative transfer in combustion systems
Authors: Schneider E. , Seaïd M. , Janicka J. , Klar A.
Published: November 2006

This paper illustrates the use of simplified PN approximations as a tools of achieving verification of codes and simulations of radiative transfer in combustion systems. The main advantage of considering these models is the fact that the integro‐differential equation for radiative transfer can be replaced by a set of differential equations which are independent of angle variable, compatible to the partial differential equations of flow and combustion, and easy to solve using standard numerical discretizations. Validation of these models is then performed by comparing predictions to measurements for a three‐dimensional diffusion flame. The good agreement between measurements and predictions indicates that the simplified PN models can be used to incorporate radiation transfer in combustion systems at very low computational cost without relying on discrete ordinates or Monte Carlo methods. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eulerian finite cover method for quasi‐static equilibrium problems of hyperelastic bodies
Authors: Terada K. , Maruyama A. , Kurumatani M.
Published: November 2006

We introduce a Eulerian finite cover method that realizes implicit structural analyses for hyperelastic bodies in quasi‐static equilibrium by using both the Lagrangian and the Eulerian mathematical meshes simultaneously. The recursive covering of the equilibrated current configuration determined with the Lagrangian mesh by the Eulerian mesh provides the reference configuration in the corresponding time interval, after the physical quantities on the former are mapped onto the latter. Several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the capability of the method, to assess its validity, and to address a remark on the mapping process of physical quantities. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Der Einfluß eines an essentiellen Fettsäuren reichen Triglyceridgemisches auf die Cholesteringehalte von Blut, Leber und Gehirn der Ratte
Authors: Brüggemann J. , Niesar K.‐H. , Zentz Chr.
Published: November 2006

In einem Literaturüberblick wird auf den Zusammenhang von Cholesterin‐ bzw. Lipoidstoffwechsel und atheromatösen Gefäßerkrankungen eingegangen.

Versuche mit weiblichen Albinoratten zeigen, daß unter dem Einfluß eines an essentiellen Fettsäuren reichen Triglyceridgemisches (“Anticholestan”) der Cholesterin‐Blutspiegel bei einer Hypercholesterinämie erzeugenden Diät auf die Normalwerte gesenkt wird. Gleichzeitig wird durch “Anticholestan” der Cholesteringehalt der Leber sowohl bei der genannten Diät als auch bei Kontrolltieren erhöht, während die Werte für Gehirn konstant bleiben.

Anhand der Versuchsergebnisse wird der Wirkungsmechanismus der ungesättigten Fettsäuren auf den Cholesterinstoffwechsel diskutiert.
Zum Vitamin‐B1‐Haushalt der Ratte bei Sorbitfütterung
Authors: Gassmann B. , Ketz H.‐A. , Haenel H.
Published: November 2006

In zwei Fütterungsversuchen von 8 und 5 Wochen Dauer erhalten ♀ Wistarratten in Gruppen von 30 und 35 Tieren sowohl bei thiaminfreier Versuchsanordnung als auch bei suboptimaler Thiaminversorgung in einem 55% Saccharose enthaltenden Grundfutter zunächst 10, dann 15 und schließlich 20% Saccharose durch Sorbit ersetzt. Jeweils eine Gruppe jeder Fütterungsart wird durch Anlegen eines Plastikbeutels an der Koprophagie gehindert. Dabei zeigt sich, daß Sorbitfütterung die bei thiamin‐ und koprophagiefreier Aufzucht auftretende Wachstumshemmung verstärkt. Das Wachstum bessert sich erst, wenn die Tiere Zugang zu ihrem Kot haben. Sobald die Ratten suboptimal mit Vitamin B1 versorgt werden, tritt die durch Sorbit verursachte Wachstumsdepression auch bei Zulassung von Koprophagie ein.

Nach Sorbitfütterung sind die Faeces stets thiaminreicher als nach Saccharosefütterung. Mit dem Harn scheiden jedoch lediglich koprophagierende Sorbittiere etwas mehr Thiamin aus als entsprechende Kontrollen. Durch den teilweisen Ersatz von Saccharose durch Sorbit nimmt der Vitamin‐B1‐Gehalt der Leber zu, im Falle thiaminfreier Ernährung allerdings nur dann, wenn die Ratten ihren Kot fressen können. In Resorptionstests mit oral bzw. intracaecal appliziertem 35S‐Thiamin läßt sich weder im Dünndarm noch im Blind‐ und Dickdarm eine durch Sorbitfütterung bewirkte Veränderung der Resorptionsfähigkeit oder ‐selektivität nachweisen.

Unabhängig von der Koprophagie der Ratten ist bei Sorbitfütterung die Zahl der anaerob wachsenden Laktobazillen im Caecalinhalt erhöht. Für die außerdem noch geprüften Keimgruppen (aerobe Laktobazillen, Enterokokken, Coli, Proteus, Clostridien, Staphylokokken, Pilze) ergeben sich auch in bezug auf den Kohlenhydratanteil des Futters keine Unterschiede. Die Gesamtkeimzahl nimmt vom Magen zum mittleren Dünndarm hin ab und vom 3. Dünndarmdrittel an wieder zu. Im Magen und im oberen Dünndarm weisen koprophagiegehinderte Tiere niedrigere Keimzahlen auf als konventionell gehaltene.

Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß eine thiaminsparende Wirkung des Sorbits in einer Steigerung der mikrobiellen Intestinalsynthese des Vitamins begründet liegt; diese wird dadurch ausgelöst, daß Sorbit infolge unvollständiger Dünndarmresorption ins Caecum gelangt. Der Spareffekt kommt jedoch nicht durch Resorption des endogenen gebildeten Thiamins am Ort der Synthese sondern nur durch Dünndarmpassage des vitaminreichen Kots infolge Koprophagie zustande.
Kolorimetrische Bestimmung von Dipterex‐Rückständen in Lebensmitteln
Authors: Černá V. , Štêpánková J. , Ulbertová L.
Published: November 2006

Zur Bestimmung von Dipterex‐Rückständen ist eine kolorimetrische Methode ausgearbeitet worden. Dipterex liefert nach Oxydation mit Schwefelsäure/Kaliumdichromat eine positive FUJIWARAsche Reaktion mit Pyridin und Lauge; die Nachweisempfindlichkeit beträgt 10 μg.

Aus durch Homogenisieren von pflanzlichem Material gewonnenen Säften wird das Dipterex durch Äthylacetat extrahiert und nach Abdampfen des Lösungsmittels im Rückstand bestimmt. Hoher Chlorophyllgehalt in Extrakten stört; deshalb wurde für diese Fälle ein Reinigungsverfahren ausgearbeitet. Der Abdampfrückstand wird nach Verteilen in Wasser mit n‐Hexan extrahiert. Die Methode ist in Modellversuchen geprüft worden; im Durchschnitt werden 97,4% der zugegebenen Menge wiedergefunden.
Zur Mikroanalyse von Carvon. II. Mitt. Mikroanalytik ätherischer Öle
Authors: Pohloudek‐Fabini R. , Göckeritz D.
Published: November 2006

Ein Verfahren zur quantitativen Bestimmung des Carvons in Mengen von 1–10 mg bei einer mittleren Fehlerbreite von 10% wird beschrieben. Es beruht auf der Überführung des Carvons in Carvon‐2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazon, papierchromatographische Abtrennung desselben vom überschüssigen Reagenz, Elution des Carvonfleckes und spektrophotometrische bzw. photometrische Auswertung des Eluates.
Beziehungen zwischen L‐Ascorbinsäure und Milch
Authors: Herrmann J. , Grossmann H.‐G.
Published: November 2006

L‐Ascorbinsäure ist in Milch außerordentlich gut haltbar. Weder Sauerstoffsättigung noch. Temperaturerhöhung auf 35 °C vermochten das Vitamin innerhalb von 5 Std. vollständig abzubauen. Selbst bei Siedetemperatur nimmt der L‐Ascorbinsäure‐Gehalt der Milch nur langsam ab.

Die fermentkatalysierte L‐Ascorbinsäure‐Oxydation wird durch Milch nicht gehemmt. Dagegen schützt Milch die L‐Ascorbinsäure vor der Zerstörung durch Kupferionen‐Einfluß. In den untersuchten pH‐Bereichen (5,0 bis 8,0) wurden gute Hemmeffekte festgestellt.

Als gegen die L‐Ascorbinsäure‐Oxydation wirksamer Hemmstoff in der Kuhmilch muß das Casein angenommen werden.
Zur quantitativen Bestimmung der Sorbinsäure mit dem Thiobarbitursäurereagenz
Authors: Handschack W.
Published: November 2006

Die Sorbinsäure läßt sich sehr leicht aus der Lebensmittelprobe in einer Mikro‐Kjeldahl‐Apparatur austreiben.

Um Verluste an Sorbinsäure und die Bildung anderer mit Thiobarbitursäure reagierender Stoffe zu vermeiden, empfiehlt es sich, den Destillationskolben in ein Becherglas mit einer siedenden Calciumchloridlösung zu setzen. Die Bestimmungsmethode wird nur durch sehr große Mengen schwefliger Säure gestört. Der Sorbinsäuregehalt von Weinen kann nach unseren Versuchen ebenfalls festgestellt werden. Die Farbstoffmenge, die bei der Bestimmung der TBS‐Zahl oxydierter Fette auftritt, ist unbedeutend gegenüber der intensiven Färbung, die Sorbinsäure mit dem Reagenz ergibt.
Zur Nitritbestimmung in Wurstwaren
Authors: Braunsdorf K.
Published: November 2006

Für die Nitritbestimmung in Wurstwaren wird eine Arbeitsvorschrift mitgeteilt, bei der wäßrige Wurstauszüge an Stelle von dialysierter Eisenhydroxychloridlösung mit den CARREZ‐Lösungen geklärt werden.

Die Nitritbestimmung erfolgt mit dem Naphtholreagens nach RIEGLER, wobei die Ablesung der Durchlässigkeiten im Stufen‐ oder Spektrophotometer sofort nach dem Zusatz der Reagenzien erfolgen kann. Es eignen sich nur rotviolette Färbungen der Reaktionsflüssigkeit zur Photometrierung. Bei bisweilen auftretenden bräunlichen Verfärbungen liegen ungeeignete Konzentrationen vor.

Der Ablesung im HELLIGE‐Komparator kommt im allgemeinen nur eine orientierende Bedeutung zu.
Stickstoffumsatz während Bildung und Abbau von Citronensäure durch Aspergillus niger
Authors: Täufel K. , Behnke U. , Mieth G.
Published: November 2006

Unter Auswertung des Schrifttums wird als Problem der Arbeit herausgestellt, die Beziehungen zwischen Stickstoffumsatz und Citronensäurebildung bzw. ‐abbau bei der Gärung mittels des Schimmelpilzes Aspergillus niger zu untersuchen.

Bei 2 Stämmen mit verschiedener Produktionskapazität an Citronensäure auf synthetischer Nährlösung werden die Gehalte an Stickstoff im Nährmedium, an Stickstoff und an Aminosäuren im Mycel sowie an Stickstoff und an Protein vor und nach Dialyse und an freien Aminosäuren im zellfreien Mycelextrakt quantitativ verfolgt.

Der mit der Nährlösung zugeführte anorganische Stickstoff wird bis zum 4. Tag assimiliert. Der absolute Stickstoffgehalt des Mycels bleibt nahezu konstant, während das Mycelgewicht etwa bis zum Maximum der Citronensäurebildung (7. Tag) zunimmt.

Gehalt an Stickstoff und an freien Aminosäuren im zellfreien Extrakt nach Proteinfällung weisen am 4. und 8. Tag Maximalwerte auf; dies läßt auf intermediäre qualitative Umwandlungen in der Proteinsubstanz schließen, die z. B. im Übergang von der Citratsynthese zum ‐abbau sichtbaren Ausdruck finden. Im zellfreien Extrakt liegen neben freien Aminosäuren beträchtliche Mengen an niedermolekularen Peptiden vor.

Die beiden Pilzstämme lassen im Stickstoffumsatz zwar graduelle, nicht aber prinzipielle Unterschiede erkennen.

Die Versuchsergebnisse werden unter den Gesichtspunkten der Problemstellung diskutiert.
Forschungsergebnisse auf dem Gebiet von Nahrung und Ernährung, ausgewählt aus dem neueren Schrifttum. Zur Chemie und Biochemie der Lipide der Milch
Authors: Täufel K.
Published: November 2006

Als ein physiologisch/biologisches, der organisiert/organischen, d.h. der lebenden Materie entstammendes kompliziertes System steht die Milch heute über ihre bloß substantielle Zusammensetzung hinaus betont im Blickpunkt der funktionellen Betrachtungsweise. Dadurch ist das Verständnis für die Fülle ihrer Konstituenten, die nach Art und Menge, physiologisch‐chemisch nach Herkunft, Funktion und Verhalten, chemisch zwar sehr heterogen, biologisch aber untereinander verknüpft sind, wesentlich erweitert worden; ob es sich dabei um die spezielle Gruppe der Proteine, speziell der Caseine, der Lipide, der Saccharide, der Mineral‐ und der Wirkstoffe oder sonstiger effektiver Spurenstoffe handelt, immer tritt die Wechselwirkung dieser Komponenten hervor, die zum Teil in Komplexen bis zu echten Verbindungen mit charakteristischer Eigenart und Eigenschaft vorliegen und die funktionelle Herkunft und Zweckbestimmung erkennen lassen. Es kann nicht wundernehmen, daß in einem Sekret aus einem fast unfaßbar aktiven Gewebe, wie es die laktierende Milchdrüse darstellt, praktisch alle Bestandteile der Zelle und ihres Inhalts vorhanden sind bzw. sein können; erinnert sei nur an die Neuramin‐ bzw. die Sialinsäure [1]. Daß diese Eigenschaft der frischen, nativen Milch, wie sie z. B. der brustgestillte menschliche Säugling erhält, für seine Entwicklung von Bedeutung ist, liegt sehr nahe, stellt aber ein bisher nur lückenhaft bekanntes Wissensgebiet dar.