bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global Teams
Authors: Gluesing Julia C.
Published: May 2020

Global teams have become a basic building block for organizing work that crosses geographic boundaries. They are an alternative to more traditional forms of hierarchy-based organizing and form the foundation of what is becoming known as the global networked organization. Global teams connect people who are geographically dispersed and work together on specific projects or tasks, crossing national, cultural, organizational, and linguistic boundaries. While global teams hold promise for organizing global work, they face conditions of complexity: (1) a multiplicity of different cultural contexts, governmental requirements, and multiple diverse stakeholders; (2) interdependence brought about by global flows of capital, information, and value chains; and, (3) ambiguity of meanings despite the fact that there is plenty of information. Management scholars have conducted most of the research about global teams from 1990 to 2018. These studies have shed light on global teaming processes, including communication and collaboration, facilitation and brokerage, leadership, language and identity, shared meaning, trust, power, national and organizational culture, distance, time, and technology. Some of the factors shown to improve global team effectiveness are as follows: a clear mission and objectives, explicit expectations for members’ roles and responsibilities, facilitating relationships among team members that leads to shared knowledge and a team identity, managing cultural, language and other contextual challenges, and monitoring and managing changing environmental conditions. While knowledge has grown about how global teams function, there is still much to learn about the complexity of multilevel cultural interactions in global teams and how different influence factors interact to affect performance. In-depth, longitudinal studies by anthropologists can provide such insights. The role of anthropologists is to assist the development of global teams by bringing nuance to the ways culture manifests in team member interactions and how social relationships are enacted and understood. Anthropologists can help build a richer understanding of contextual influences and the perceptions embedded in culture that shape sense-making across multiple contexts.
Digital Resources: The Digital Library of Ibero-American Heritage
Authors: Gutiérrez De la Torre Silvia E. , Cuadros-Sánchez Miguel D.
Published: May 2020

The Digital Library of Ibero-American Heritage: Biblioteca Digital del Patrimonio Iberoamericano (BDPI) is a metasearch engine that provides access to the digital resources of fifteen countries in Iberian-America. This tool is provided with a simple search, an advanced search, and an Application Programming Interface (API), all of which provide different points of entry into the digital objects’ metadata as well as direct links to these sources in their original repositories. These objects can be queried through multiple fields such as resource type, author, edition, date, full text search, and providing institution, among others. The BDPI’s collections contain a selection of documents curated by specific word searches on the digital objects’ metadata. These collections range from botany and fauna to gastronomy, folk tales, the Paraguayan War, and sound records, just to name a few examples. The BDPI is part of a new stage in the long-term efforts of national libraries across Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula, with the purpose of enabling public access to historical materials via the Internet. Thus, the analysis of this initiative implies also a reflection about the overall public importance of libraries and the open access to their collections. Due to technological and institutional difficulties, the BDPI still has a lot of room for improvement, especially in terms of mapping variants into more standardized metadata. Nonetheless, this digitization and web outreach initiative has great potential for scholars around the globe interested in the study of Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula.
Digital Resources: Housing and Urban Development in Latin American History
Authors: Yee David
Published: May 2020

Beginning in the 1880s, the modern foundations for architecture as a profession and academic discipline were established in Latin America’s major cities. Soon thereafter, urban planning (urbanismo) began to emerge as a distinct discipline in a period of scientific and technological innovation. This rich history has been compiled, digitized, and made available to the public by two key institutions: the Facultad de Arquitectura of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (FA-UNAM) in Mexico and the Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Urbanismo of the Universidad de Buenos Aires in Argentina (FADU). Collectively, these two digital projects contain a wealth of information for scholars to research the cultural and intellectual histories of cities in both Argentina and Mexico. The primary resources available on both platforms provide valuable insights into how Latin America’s leading architects and planners analyzed, debated, and envisioned urban life in the 20th century.
Motion Verbs in Japanese
Authors: Matsumoto Yo
Published: May 2020

Japanese is a language rich in verbs representing Path of motion, but it also has verbs representing Manner and Deixis. Examining how they are used can deepen our understanding of some of the interesting properties of the Japanese language.

In typological literature on motion events descriptions, Japanese has been claimed to be the type of language in which Path is expressed in the main verb position rather than elsewhere in the sentence, with the use of a path verb. However, this view must be qualified in two ways. First, the language exhibits intralinguistic variation, using postpositions and other nonverbal elements to represent Path notions such as FROM, TO, and ALONG. Second, Path is expressed in the main verb position only when Deixis is absent from the sentence.

One feature of manner verbs in Japanese is that they are not used very often, especially concerning walking events. This phenomenon is accounted for by the “cost” of expressing Manner in Japanese. Another property of manner verbs in Japanese is they are incompatible with a goal phrase, which has been previously accounted for in different ways. A close semantic examination of manner verbs suggests that this restriction can be attributed to the nature of goal marking, rather than the semantics of manner verbs.

An examination of corpus and experimental data also reveals how Japanese speakers use deictic verbs. Deictic motion verbs are used very frequently, though this tendency is not observed in descriptions of the motion of inanimate entities. Finally, deictic verbs in Japanese are sensitive to the notion of the speaker’s interactional space or territory, not just restricted by the spatial location of the speaker.
Analogy in Morphology
Authors: Fertig David
Published: May 2020

Analogy is traditionally regarded as one of the three main factors responsible for language change, along with sound change and borrowing. Whereas sound change is understood to be phonetically motivated and blind to structural patterns and semantic and functional relationships, analogy is licensed precisely by those patterns and relationships. In the Neogrammarian tradition, analogical change is regarded, at least largely, as a by-product of the normal operation (acquisition, representation, and use) of the mental grammar. Historical linguists commonly use proportional equations of the form A : B = C : X to represent analogical innovations, where A, B, and C are (sets of) word forms known to the innovator, who solves for X by discerning a formal relationship between A and B and then deductively arriving at a form that is related to C in the same way that B is related to A.

Along with the core type of analogical change captured by proportional equations, most historical linguists include a number of other phenomena under the analogy umbrella. Some of these, such as paradigm leveling—the reduction or elimination of stem alternations in paradigms—are arguably largely proportional, but others such as contamination and folk etymology seem to have less to do with the normal operation of the mental grammar and instead involve some kind of interference among the mental representations of phonetically or semantically similar forms.

The Neogrammarian approach to analogical change has been criticized and challenged on a variety of grounds, and a number of important scholars use the term “analogy” in a rather different sense, to refer to the role that phonological and/or semantic similarity play in the influence that forms exert on each other.
Macroeconomics and the Environment
Authors: Sen Partha
Published: May 2020

Macroeconomics deals with economics at the aggregate level. This could be at a national level or that of the interaction between nations. Production of output necessarily involves pollution and degrading the environment. Therefore, environmental issues inevitably are a factor. Some problems that have been highlighted in the literature are surveyed here. It has been argued that a poor country deliberately lowers its environmental standards to steal jobs from other countries. What is the theoretical underpinning and the evidence for this assertion? The evidence is very weak in support of this. Moreover, in the fight against climate change, poorer countries claim exemption from tightening their emissions norms because of their poverty. Similarly, although equity demands this, it could pose serious challenges to fighting climate change—oil producers would pump oil faster if they foresaw it becoming useless. A piecemeal approach will not work. A more basic question is how to introduce natural resource use in national income accounts to give meaning to the notion of sustainability. National income accounts do not take into account non-market activities. Some progress has been made in the theory and empirical implementation of sustainability by including non-market activities. A lot of work has been done but a lot more still needs to be done in this area.
The Brontës in Haute Couture: A Sartorial Adaptation of Literary Texts
Authors: Choe Jian
Published: May 2020

This essay elucidates the ways in which Veronique Branquinho, a contemporary Belgian avant-garde fashion designer, appropriates the literary heritage of the Brontë sisters. A well-read, intellectual visual artist, she has presented collections marked with literary references. Her recent works tap into some key aspects of the Brontë oeuvre, re-envisioning them into highly original sartorial forms. The influence of the Brontës manifests itself in the ethos of Branquinho’s craftsmanship as well as in the individual artefacts that she has created. The designer’s Brontë-inspired dresses with their formal beauty and distinctive aesthetics could be viewed as an intermedial ode to the British writers, her enduring muses, attesting to the universal appeal of the sisters across disciplines.
Temporal dynamics of sexual dimorphism in a dioecious species
Authors: Moquet L , Lateur L , Jacquemart A-L , De Cauwer I , Dufay M
Published: May 2020

Background and Aims

Sexual dimorphism for floral traits is common in dioecious plant species. Beyond its significance for understanding how selection acts on plant traits through male vs. female reproductive function, sexual dimorphism has also been proposed as a possible risky characteristic for insect-pollinated plants, as it could drive pollinators to forage mostly on male plants. However, even though most flowering plant species spread their flowering across several weeks or months, the temporal variation of floral phenotypes and sexual dimorphism have rarely been investigated.

Methods

We performed a survey of male and female plants from the dioecious generalist-pollinated Silene dioica (Caryophyllaceae) in a common garden experiment, over two consecutive flowering seasons. Flower number and floral size were measured each week, as well as pollen quantity and viability in male plants.

Key Results

Sexual dimorphism was found for all investigated floral traits, with males showing an overall higher investment in flower production and flower size. Males and females showed a similar temporal decline in flower size. The temporal dynamics of daily flower number differed between sexes, with males showing a peak in the middle of their flowering season, whereas flower production by females was quite stable over time. At the scale of the experimental population, both individual and floral sex ratios appeared to vary across the flowering season. Moreover, because the onset of flowering varied among plants, the magnitude of sexual dimorphism in floral size also fluctuated strongly through time.

Conclusions

Capturing male/female differences with only one temporal measurement per population may not be informative. This opens stimulating questions about how pollinator behaviour and resulting pollination efficiency may vary across the flowering season.
Synchronization of senescence and desynchronization of flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Miryeganeh Matin
Published: May 2020

In a recent publication, we proposed that adjusting lifespan in order to synchronize senescence is important for timing of reproduction, and we quantified the synchrony of reproductive timing relative to germination timing. Here, in a second sequential seeding experiment (SSE), the germination timing of Arabidopsis thaliana accessions was manipulated and plants were then grown under two different temperature regimes. Life stage traits of plants in each temperature regime were analysed and it was evaluated whether the cohorts were grouped according to age and/or environmental conditions. While flowering-related traits showed desynchrony among cohorts, striking synchrony in the timing of senescence among cohorts for each group was found. A quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis using a genotyped population of ‘Cvi/Ler’ recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was then conducted. Novel and known loci were assigned to flowering and senescence timing. However, senescence synchrony resulted in low variation in senescence time and weak QTL detection for flowering termination. Overlapping flowering and senescence genes with loci affecting either of those traits were found and suggest a potential interdependency of reproductive traits.
E2F5 promotes prostate cancer cell migration and invasion through regulation of TFPI2, MMP-2 and MMP-9
Authors: Karmakar Deepmala , Maity Jyotirindra , Mondal Payel , Shyam Chowdhury Puskar , Sikdar Nilabja , Karmakar Parimal , Das Chandrima , Sengupta Sanghamitra
Published: May 2020

Previously, our laboratory demonstrated that a deregulated E2F5/p38/SMAD3 axis was associated with uncontrolled cellular proliferation in prostate cancer (PCa). Here, we investigate the role of E2F5 in PCa in further details. RNAi-mediated E2F5 knockdown and pathway-focused gene expression profiling in PC3 cells identified TFPI2 as a downstream target of E2F5. Manipulation of E2F5 expression was also found to alter MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels as detected by Proteome Profiler array, western blot and reverse transcription coupled quantitative polymerase chain reaction Site-directed mutagenesis, dual-luciferase assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation with anti-E2F5-IgG coupled with qPCR confirmed recruitment of E2F5 on TFPI2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 promoters. RNAi-mediated knockdown of E2F5 expression in PC3 caused a significant alteration of cell migration while that of TFFI2 resulted in a modest change. Abrogation of E2F5 and TFPI2 expression was associated with significant changes in the gelatinolytic activity of active forms of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Moreover, E2F5, MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels were elevated in biopsies of PCa patients relative to that of benign hyperplasia, while TFPI2 expression was reduced. MMP-9 was coimmunoprecipitated with anti-TFPI2-IgG in PCa tissue samples suggesting a direct interaction between the proteins. Finally, artemisinin treatment in PC3 cells repressed E2F5 along with MMP-2/MMP-9 while triggering TFPI2 expression which alleviated PC3 aggressiveness possibly through inhibition of MMP activities. Together, our study reinstates an oncogenic role of E2F5 which operates as a dual-function transcription factor for its targets TFPI2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 and promotes cellular invasiveness. This study also indicates a therapeutic potential of artemisinin, a natural compound which acts by correcting dysfunctional E2F5/TFPI2/MMP axis in PCa.
Metagenomic Analysis Reveals Clinical SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Bacterial or Viral Superinfection and Colonization
Authors: Peddu Vikas , Shean Ryan C , Xie Hong , Shrestha Lasata , Perchetti Garrett A , Minot Samuel S , Roychoudhury Pavitra , Huang Meei-Li , Nalla Arun , Reddy Shriya B , Phung Quynh , Reinhardt Adam , Jerome Keith R , Greninger Alexander L
Published: May 2020

Background

More than 2 months separated the initial description of SARS-CoV-2 and discovery of its widespread dissemination in the United States. Despite this lengthy interval, implementation of specific quantitative reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 tests in the US has been slow, and testing is still not widely available. Metagenomic sequencing offers the promise of unbiased detection of emerging pathogens, without requiring prior knowledge of the identity of the responsible agent or its genomic sequence.

Methods

To evaluate metagenomic approaches in the context of the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, laboratory-confirmed positive and negative samples from Seattle, WA were evaluated by metagenomic sequencing, with comparison to a 2019 reference genomic database created before the emergence of SARS-CoV-2.

Results

Within 36 h our results showed clear identification of a novel human Betacoronavirus, closely related to known Betacoronaviruses of bats, in laboratory-proven cases of SARS-CoV-2. A subset of samples also showed superinfection or colonization with human parainfluenza virus 3 or Moraxella species, highlighting the need to test directly for SARS-CoV-2 as opposed to ruling out an infection using a viral respiratory panel. Samples negative for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR were also negative by metagenomic analysis, and positive for Rhinovirus A and C. Unlike targeted SARS-CoV-2 qRT-PCR testing, metagenomic analysis of these SARS-CoV-2 negative samples identified candidate etiological agents for the patients’ respiratory symptoms.

Conclusion

Taken together, these results demonstrate the value of metagenomic analysis in the monitoring and response to this and future viral pandemics.
An evaluation of the long-term patency of the aortocoronary bypass graft anastomosed to a vascular prosthesis
Authors: Kawamura Ai , Yoshioka Daisuke , Toda Koichi , Sakaniwa Ryoto , Miyagawa Shigeru , Yoshikawa Yasushi , Hata Hiroki , Shimamura Kazuo , Kin Keiwa , Kainuma Satoshi , Kawamura Takuji , Masada Kenta , Sakaki Masayuki , Monta Osamu , Kuratani Toru , Sawa Yoshiki ,   Osaka Cardiovascular Surgery Research Group (OSCAR)
Published: May 2020

OBJECTIVES

Although concomitant surgery for coronary artery disease (CAD) and thoracic aortic aneurysm is performed often, the long-term patency of the coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) anastomosed to a vascular prosthesis has not been fully investigated. Here, we explored the long-term patency of the graft in comparison with the proximal anastomosis site on the native ascending aorta or vascular prosthesis.

METHODS

A total of 84 patients with concomitant CABG who underwent surgery for thoracic aortic aneurysm at 3 Osaka Cardiovascular Research Group institutes were retrospectively investigated for this study. The patency of 109 aortocoronary bypasses using saphenous vein grafts was evaluated with computed tomography angiography or coronary angiography, comparing the grafts anastomosed on the vascular prosthesis (group P, n = 75) to those anastomosed on the native ascending aorta (group N, n = 34).

RESULTS

During 45.9 ± 39.7 months follow-up, significantly worse patency of the grafts in group P was revealed when compared with those in group N (100% vs 77.6% in 12 months, 100% vs 52.7% in 36 months and 100% vs 31.6% in 57 months, log rank P < 0.001). The poor patency of the grafts was confirmed in each target lesions (left anterior descending artery: P = 0.050, right coronary artery: P = 0.045, left circumflex artery: P = 0.051) and regardless of the severities of the target coronary vessels (severe stenosis: P = 0.013, mild-to-moderate stenosis: P = 0.029). Furthermore, an analysis of graft occlusion risk factors using the univariate Cox proportional hazards model revealed that the proximal anastomosis site on the vascular prosthesis was the sole risk factor for graft occlusion (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

In the simultaneous surgery for CAD and thoracic aortic aneurysm, CABG design from vascular prosthesis to coronary artery should be avoided if possible, although further studies are warranted.
A method to fuse multiphysics waveforms and improve predictive explosion detection: theory, experiment and performance
Authors: Carmichael Joshua , Nemzek Robert , Symons Neill , Begnaud Mike
Published: May 2020

Natural and human-made sources of transient energy often emit multiple geophysical signatures that include mechanical and electromagnetic waveforms. We present a constructive method to fuse and evaluate statistics that we derive from such multiphysics waveforms that improves our capability to detect small, near-ground explosions over similar methods that consume single signature waveforms. Our method advances Fisher's Combined Probability Test (Fisher's Method) to operate under both hypotheses of a binary test on noisy data and provide researchers with the density functions required to forecast the ability of Fisher's Method to screen fused explosion signatures from noise. We apply this method against 12 d, multisignature explosion and noise records to show (1) that a fused multiphysics waveform statistic that combines radio, acoustic and seismic waveform data can identify explosions roughly 0.8 magnitude units lower than an acoustic emission, STA/LTA detector for the same detection probability and (2) that we can quantitatively predict how this fused, multiphysics statistic performs with Fisher's Method. Our work thereby offers a baseline method for predictive waveform fusion that supports multiphenomenological explosion monitoring (multiPEM) and is applicable to any binary testing problem in observational geophysics.
Are specific elements of electronic health record use associated with clinician burnout more than others?
Authors: Hilliard Ross W , Haskell Jacqueline , Gardner Rebekah L
Published: May 2020

Objective

The study sought to examine the association between clinician burnout and measures of electronic health record (EHR) workload and efficiency, using vendor-derived EHR action log data.

Materials and Methods

We combined data from a statewide clinician survey on burnout with Epic EHR data from the ambulatory sites of 2 large health systems; the combined dataset included 422 clinicians. We examined whether specific EHR workload and efficiency measures were independently associated with burnout symptoms, using multivariable logistic regression and controlling for clinician characteristics.

Results

Clinicians with the highest volume of patient call messages had almost 4 times the odds of burnout compared with clinicians with the fewest (adjusted odds ratio, 3.81; 95% confidence interval, 1.44-10.14; P = .007). No other workload measures were significantly associated with burnout. No efficiency variables were significantly associated with burnout in the main analysis; however, in a subset of clinicians for whom note entry data were available, clinicians in the top quartile of copy and paste use were significantly less likely to report burnout, with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.22 (95% confidence interval, 0.05-0.93; P = .039).

Discussion

High volumes of patient call messages were significantly associated with clinician burnout, even when accounting for other measures of workload and efficiency. In the EHR, “patient calls” encompass many of the inbox tasks occurring outside of face-to-face visits and likely represent an important target for improving clinician well-being.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that increased workload is associated with burnout and that EHR efficiency tools are not likely to reduce burnout symptoms, with the exception of copy and paste.
ECCC Appeals
Authors: Vasiliev Sergey
Published: May 2020

The appellate stage of the proceedings before the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) has received more limited attention than its pre-trial and trial process. In order to partially remedy this gap, this article highlights the unique features of the ECCC appellate system and how the Supreme Court Chamber (SCC) has given them effect in practice. Firstly, I consider the SCC’s restricted jurisdiction over immediate appeals and failed attempts by its judges to extend such appeals to jurisdictional questions. Secondly, I discuss the scope and powers of appellate review by the SCC in respect of alleged errors of law and fact, focusing on its innovative formulation of the standard of review of factual errors. This qualified deference standard has proven to be of broader import as it has informed the International Criminal Court Appeals Chamber's majority approach in the Bemba case. Thirdly, I focus on the SCC’s intervention in one area, namely the ECCC’s personal jurisdiction, and its reading of the ‘most responsible’ parameter as a non-jurisdictional and judicially unreviewable criterion. Taking cues from these landmark decisions, I appraise the SCC’s role in delivering fair and expeditious justice and securing the viability of the ECCC’s mission while acknowledging the more contentious aspects of its track record without which no account of its emerging legacy would be complete or balanced.
Accuracy and Efficiency of Deep-Learning–Based Automation of Dual Stain Cytology in Cervical Cancer Screening
Authors: Wentzensen Nicolas , Lahrmann Bernd , Clarke Megan A , Kinney Walter , Tokugawa Diane , Poitras Nancy , Locke Alex , Bartels Liam , Krauthoff Alexandra , Walker Joan , Zuna Rosemary , Grewal Kiranjit K , Goldhoff Patricia E , Kingery Julie D , Castle Philip E , Schiffman Mark , Lorey Thomas S , Grabe Niels
Published: May 2020

Background

With the advent of primary human papillomavirus testing followed by cytology for cervical cancer screening, visual interpretation of cytology slides remains the last subjective analysis step and suffers from low sensitivity and reproducibility.

Methods

We developed a cloud-based whole-slide imaging platform with a deep-learning classifier for p16/Ki-67 dual-stained (DS) slides trained on biopsy-based gold standards. We compared it with conventional Pap and manual DS in 3 epidemiological studies of cervical and anal precancers from Kaiser Permanente Northern California and the University of Oklahoma comprising 4253 patients. All statistical tests were 2-sided.

Results

In independent validation at Kaiser Permanente Northern California, artificial intelligence (AI)-based DS had lower positivity than cytology (P < .001) and manual DS (P < .001) with equal sensitivity and substantially higher specificity compared with both Pap (P < .001) and manual DS (P < .001), respectively. Compared with Pap, AI-based DS reduced referral to colposcopy by one-third (41.9% vs 60.1%, P < .001). At a higher cutoff, AI-based DS had similar performance to high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions cytology, indicating a risk high enough to allow for immediate treatment. The classifier was robust, showing comparable performance in 2 cytology systems and in anal cytology.

Conclusions

Automated DS evaluation removes the remaining subjective component from cervical cancer screening and delivers consistent quality for providers and patients. Moving from Pap to automated DS substantially reduces the number of colposcopies and also achieves excellent performance in a simulated fully vaccinated population. Through cloud-based implementation, this approach is globally accessible. Our results demonstrate that AI not only provides automation and objectivity but also delivers a substantial benefit for women by reduction of unnecessary colposcopies.
Less Fragmented Than We Thought? Toward Clarification of a Subdisciplinary Linkage in Communication Science, 2010–2019
Authors: Song Hyunjin , Eberl Jakob-Moritz , Eisele Olga
Published: May 2020

With the explosive growth in research topics, communication science is said to be more fragmented and hyper-specialized than ever before, producing an increasing number of small, niche research topics that lack intellectual coherence as a whole. While such issues have been a central concern for the field, there has been a relative lack of systematic effort to map the topical interconnections among different communication science subfields, answering the question of how they remain empirically fragmented. Using full-texts of scholarly articles published in the top 20 communication science journals from 2010 to 2019, we provide systematic evidence to such claims in terms of their actual contents and their connectivity patterns. Drawing on extant works concerning the sociology of science and structures of scientific knowledge, as well as on topic modeling and simulation-based inferences on network topological features, we find that subdisciplinary linkage in communication is more frequent than we often think.
Immigration, Cultural Identity, and Mental Health
Authors: Rothe Eugenio M. , Pumariega Andres J.
Published: May 2020

Immigration, Cultural Identity, and Mental Health is a unique book because it explains culture and identity from a developmental perspective, exploring the psychological, social, and biological aspects of the immigrant and refugee experience in the United States and how they help to shape the person’s cultural identity. It also covers the sociological, anthropological, political, and economic aspects of the immigrant experience and how these variables impact mental health, thus presenting the experience of migration and acculturation from a very broad and humanistic perspective, illustrated with multiple real-life case examples. The book explains how a broader access to travel and new communication technologies are responsible for the rapid global dissemination of cultural norms, values, and beliefs across national borders, facilitating a process of inter-culturation, in which both the new arrivals and members of the host culture are influenced and transformed by their interactions with one another and how American children, adolescents and young adults are at the forefront of such new multicultural identity formation. It describes the emergence of transnational identities, the meaning of pilgrimages, the experiences of return migrations and the importance of the American narrative, which is at its core, an immigrant narrative. This is a book about the American identity and how immigrants have been absorbed into American society and how they continue to enlarge and transform America and the cultural identities of its inhabitants.
The Nursing Profession
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F.M.
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores the different roles of nurses in the history of cinema- from the kind Florence Nightingale to the wicked Nurse Ratched. It is appropriate to ask whether a portrayal is inspiring or off-putting or merely cheap amusement. Nurses in cinema were sweetened and idealized in the late 1930s and 1940s. Films about nurses focused on romantic flings with doctors. Other depictions were misogynistic caricatures and shallow fantasies. Filmmakers seldom portrayed the nursing profession as disciplined and committed because this is not cinematic. It was more interesting to have the nurse look attractive and be courted. However, there are notable exceptions. This chapter recognizes the major role of nursing in the history of medicine and provides context to well-known feature films.
Diseased and Disabled
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F.M.
Published: May 2020

Which diseases appear most often in a script? Choosing unusual diseases is a common practice and may be due to the director’s fascination with their elusive presentation. Diseases in cinema may allow an interpretation, and important themes have emerged that continue to be used in the landscape of imagination. Loss of senses is of interest to film makers. Treatment of the elderly, frail, and infirm have long been and will continue to be problem in the history of medicine. What happens when you are close to retirement age, faced with tragic loneliness because your spouse or partner has died or left, childless and medically incapacitated? Cinema has identified this problem for many decades and has shown the vicissitudes of this situation.
Neurology
Authors: Bozarth Xiuhua L. , Natarajan Niranjana , Morgan Lindsey , Mingbunjerdsuk Dararat
Published: May 2020

This chapter covers the main neurological conditions in children: common signs and symptoms in pediatric clinical encounters, such as headache, weakness, hypotonia, altered level of consciousness; seizure and epilepsy syndromes; central nervous system infection; cerebral vascular diseases such as stroke; spinal cord diseases; nerve and muscle diseases; movement disorders; neurodegenerative disorders; hydrocephalus; and narcolepsy. This chapter is intended to help readers prepare for the pediatric board exam in neurology, gain updated knowledge in the subject, and develop a practical approach in the evaluation of children with neurological complaints. The vignettes and their answer explanations are designed to provide in-depth coverage of the various neurological diseases and conditions.
Elimination Diets for Food Reactions
Authors: Varney Jane , Yao Chu K , Muir Jane G. , Gibson Peter R.
Published: May 2020

An abundance of diet therapies are proposed to treat chronic intestinal disorders such as the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). These commonly either eliminate or restrict specific foods and/or food components, based on the principle that even trace amounts induce an immune reaction (e.g., elimination diets for EoE), or, in the case of restrictive diets, that individuals have a threshold level of tolerance below which symptom control will be induced. The low-FODMAP (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols) diet for IBS is one example of a restrictive diet based on sound rationale, robust efficacy data, comprehensive food composition information that is publicly available in a user-friendly form, and, increasingly, longitudinal data to demonstrate the long-term benefits. To optimize patient outcomes, health care professionals must be aware of the risks, benefits, and clinical indications for the use of diet therapies proposed to treat chronic intestinal disorders.
Ayurveda for Digestive Health and Disease
Authors: Porter Valencia
Published: May 2020

According to Ayurveda, proper digestive function is a fundamental pillar for good health, and its dysfunction can be a root cause for digestive as well as systemic disease. Stress and other lifestyle-related factors can impact digestive health and can be addressed by Ayurvedic techniques such as meditation, pranayama, yoga, and dosha balancing. Lifestyle modifications, with a balanced daily routine that is aligned with nature’s rhythms, and mindful eating of foods appropriate for a person’s constitution and state of balance are core components of an Ayurvedic approach. Herbal remedies may also be used as a complement to address both symptoms as well as the overall functioning of the individual.
Constipation
Authors: Sethi Tanmeet
Published: May 2020

Constipation is a worldwide problem, affecting patients of all cultures and ages, with considerable morbidity and economic burden. As chronic constipation is a symptom-based disorder without a universally employed definition, its true prevalence is unknown. This chapter will outline integrative approaches to chronic constipation. The reader will understand the burden of this condition with respect to cost to the patient and medical system, as well as the challenge in resolving the condition and why it is important to have knowledge of the use of approaches outside of conventional medical treatment. The reader will understand how and when to apply lifestyle interventions, biofeedback, acupuncture, yoga, hypnotherapy, and botanical supplements, along with conventional over-the-counter and prescription medications.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Canakis Andrew , Bhalla Jaideep , Parian Alyssa M.
Published: May 2020

Many patients use CAM therapy in the treatment of their inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and frequently they do not disclose this to their physicians unless specifically asked. This chapter reviews specific dietary therapies for IBD, including the specific carbohydrate diet, low-FODMAP diet, gluten-free diet, low-fiber versus high-fiber diet, and exclusive enteral nutrition. Important dietary deficiencies in IBD patients are discussed. The role of prebiotics and probiotics for the treatment of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease are summarized, as are the data on well-studied dietary supplements such as curcumin, essential fatty acids, and Boswellia serrata. Emerging CAM therapies, including low-dose naltrexone, cannabis, and fecal microbiota transplant, are briefly covered. Lastly, a synopsis of mind–body therapies in the treatment of IBD is presented.
Putting the Ethical Principles into Practice
Authors: Dresser Rebecca
Published: May 2020

Beauchamp and DeGrazia introduce a framework of core values and principles for animal research studies that is more comprehensive than the leading alternative—Russell and Burch’s Three-Rs scheme of replacing, refining, and reducing laboratory animal use. Beauchamp and DeGrazia’s principles flesh out both social benefit requirements and animal welfare values. I recommend changes that would make their framework a real force in the conduct of animal research. One positive change would be a requirement to increase the diversity of institutional committee membership. A better scientific review system would substantially improve assessments of the justification of research studies. Existing government provisions on animal research direct committees to consider scientific quality but fail to provide the tools for doing so. Setting limits on the number of animals allowed in research is another needed policy change.
Compassion for Other Animals Beyond the Human Hierarchy of Concern
Authors: Hare Brian
Published: May 2020

Beauchamp and DeGrazia provide a moral framework meant to enhance the well-being of research animals—and thereby animal research. They offer six principles that they argue any reasonable person would accept as conditions for permitting invasive animal research. While some are implicit in the current regulatory regime, the authors’ framework gives individual researchers the ability to challenge committee and institutional decisions on explicit moral grounds. Although the authors have provided a useful moral framework that improves upon the time-tested Three Rs, their framework has important limitations pertaining to assumptions about human psychology—specifically, our ability to perceive pain in animals.
Intellectual Disability—Concepts, Aetiology, and Genetics
Authors: Girimaji Satish C. , Basheer Salah , Biswas Asit , Gangadharan Satheesh Kumar
Published: May 2020

There are three major conceptualizations of Intellectual Disability (ID): as a lower end of the Gaussian distribution of intelligence in the population, a bio-medical condition secondary to adverse influences on the developing brain (neurodevelopmental disorder), and as a socio-cultural construct focusing on impairments in adaptive functioning and the need for extra supports. Modern definitions incorporate all these aspects. There are hundreds of causes of ID, both genetic and environmental, that act either singly or in combination. These are classified based on the timing (pre-, peri-, and postnatal) and the type of cause. Genetic factors include chromosomal disorders, microdeletions, single gene disorders and newly discovered mechanisms such as copy number variations. Environmental factors may operate in prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal periods of development. Pathophysiological pathways leading to ID involve disruption of neurodevelopment and neuronal functioning, such as neural proliferation, migration, connectivity, synaptic development, intra- and inter-cellular signalling pathways, and metabolism. Identifying the aetiology has major clinical implications.
Children and Adolescents with Intellectual Disability
Authors: Berney Tom , Lovell Mark
Published: May 2020

Psychiatric disturbance in young people with an intellectual disability (ID) differs in its presentation and management from that of both mainstream Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Adult Intellectual Disability Psychiatry. Neurodevelopmental disorder (notably autistism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) is frequently present, the more so the more pronounced the overall ID. While age, ability, and gender are important, so are the contexts of family relationships, and the school (or college) which form the central focus for assessment and management. A child-centred approach encourages recognition of the capacity to take part in decisions; something that can be overlooked in their dependency on these two settings.
Measuring Outcomes Including Use of Rating Scales and Instruments in People with Intellectual Disability
Authors: Tyrer Peter , Tyrer Freya , Hanney Marisa , Tyrer Stephen
Published: May 2020

This chapter describes commonly used rating scales and instruments to measure outcomes in children and adults with intellectual disability. This is not an easy task, as the assessment of outcomes in intellectual disability poses greater problems than measuring outcomes in those without intellectual disability. The psychometric properties of both self- and observer-rated instruments are compared and contrasted in the areas of challenging behaviour, mental ill-health (depression, personality disorders, autism spectrum disorders and overall mental ill-health), dementia and quality of life. The authors include ‘best buy’ recommendations in each area because there is a need for accepted standards for outcome measurements in this population.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Barrett Mary , Brugha Traolach S.
Published: May 2020

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) refers to a triad of impairments encompassing differences in social interaction, social communication, social imagination, and difficulties in adjusting behavioural repertoire. Other common features include sensory differences, which are now becoming acknowledged as a core component, as well as dietary and sleep difficulties. ASD affects people across the whole range of intellectual ability—from individuals with associated severe ID through to highly skilled engineers and academics; however, each person affected experiences difficulties understanding the world and impaired social functioning due to underlying common core cognitive difficulties, namely lack of Theory of Mind, resulting in empathy difficulties, lack of Central Coherence, making it ‘difficult to see the wood for the trees’ and difficulties with Executive Functioning. Genetic factors play an important role in causation, likely coupled with an early environmental insult. ASD is more common in people with ID, with around one third of those with moderate to severe ID able to be diagnosed; epilepsy is another common association. Comorbidity is common, including neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g. ADHD), psychiatric disorders (e.g. mood and anxiety disorders), and challenging behaviour, all requiring recognition in their own right. Management of the core condition primarily focuses on appropriate social and education/employment support along with awareness training for those supporting the person, with medication reserved for associated conditions such as management of mood. Capacity and risk issues arising from difficulties understanding the world, predicting consequences of actions and accepting the need for support also need addressing. Effective management of associated difficulties such as sleep disturbance can be equally vital for quality of life.
Dementia and Other Disorders Associated with Ageing in People with Intellectual Disability
Authors: Strydom Andre , Dodd Karen , Uchendu Nwamaka , Wilson Suzanne
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the prevalence, diagnosis, and management of dementia in older people with intellectual disabilities, including Down syndrome. The chapter begins with a discussion of the current demographics of older individuals with intellectual disabilities, including increasing life expectancy and physical health issues, before considering diagnosis and management. It reviews the principles of assessment and diagnosis, and outlines pharmacological and non-pharmacological management approaches. This chapter highlights the issues related to ageing with Down syndrome, as this condition confers a very high genetic risk for Alzheimer’s disease. Management of challenging behaviour and end-of-life care in older adults with dementia is also considered.
Anxiety and Related Disorders in People with Intellectual Disability
Authors: Cooray Sherva , Hiremath Avinash
Published: May 2020

This chapter provides an overview of anxiety and related disorders including, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, hypochondriasis, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It covers the diagnosis, clinical features, epidemiology, aetiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, treatment, and prognosis. Due to the cognitive limitations and needs profile of people with intellectual disabilities (ID), the diagnosis of these conditions is particularly challenging, due to which they are under-recognized and poorly treated. The approaches to management are largely modelled on treatment models used in the mainstream populations without ID, although these models have to be adapted appropriately to the needs of the individual’s psychological, biological, and social circumstances.
Pharmacotherapy for Mental Illness and Behaviours that Challenge in People with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Branford David , Tharian Reena , Alexander Regi , Bhaumik Sabyasachi
Published: May 2020

Psychotropic medications are widely prescribed for people with an intellectual disability (ID) both for the management of mental illnesses and behaviours that challenge. It is generally agreed that people with ID are as likely or more likely as the general population to develop mental illnesses and therefore this has to be treated actively. However the appropriateness and extent of prescribing medication to manage behavior that challenges is a matter of debate and legitimate concern. This chapter summarizes the evidence in this field and sets out a practice framework to minimize the risk of inappropriate prescribing practice.
Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Schizophrenia: Recent Developments
Authors: Kendall Kimberley , Hall Jeremy , Owen Michael
Published: May 2020

In this chapter the occurrence of schizophrenia, other psychotic disorders, psychotic symptoms in intellectual disability, and autism spectrum disorder is considered, as are the similarities in clinical features between these disorders. Also reviewed are the evidence for genetic overlaps between these disorders and their convergence on specific biological pathways. Finally, the evidence for overlap in environmental risk factors between these disorders is considered. Taken together these findings suggest that schizophrenia and the other functional psychoses may be related aetiologically and pathogenically with the group of neurodevelopmental disorders to which intellectual disability and autism belong. Indeed these disorders might be better conceptualized as lying on a spectrum of clinical outcomes that result from disruption to the developing brain induced by genetic and environmental factors. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the clinical implications of these findings.