bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pre-Service Teachers Performance in Designing Mathematics Learning Devices Using Problem Based Learning Model
Authors: Masriyah Masriyah , Hanifah Umi
Published: December 2021

A descriptive research which is purpose to describe pre‐service teachers’ ability in designing a mathematics learning devices using problem-based learning models were done. The subjects of this research were pre‐service teachers who programmed Innovative Learning course consisting of 32 people. Data collection was carried out using the assignment method, while data analysis was carried out by paying attention to whether or not students were able to (1) formulate indicators based on basic competencies, (2) formulate learning objectives based on learning indicators, (3) design subject matter in accordance with learning objectives, (4 ) choose learning materials that are in accordance with the learning model or method, (5) design learning activities according to learning objectives, (6) design "constructivist" worksheet (7) design assessment instruments according to learning indicators, (9) alternative answers according to the questions asked. prepared, (10) The scoring guidelines are in accordance with the prepared test questions. Based on the results of data analysis, it can be stated that pre‐service teachers are competent in designing learning devices using problem-based learning models. In addition, their mathematics learning devices using problem-based learning model have met good criteria.
Meat Cutting Machine Shaft Design and Analysis
Authors: Cipto Cipto , Rahangmetan Klemens A. , Wullur Christian Wely , Sariman Farid , Hariyanto Hariyanto
Published: December 2021

This study analyzes the maximum load on the shaft construction with a diameter of 12 mm and a length of 581 mm. The shaft is designed as a shaft for cutting meat with a capacity of 5 kg. The analysis was performed using the finite element analysis method included in the Autodesk software. According to mathematical calculations, the shaft is considered safe because the value of the admissible tension τa = 7.380 kg / mm2 is greater than the maximum tension τp 5.62 kg / mm2. Based on the simulation results of the test, the shaft experiences a maximum off-stress of 61.89 MPa, a maximum displacement of 0.07715 mm, , and a safety factor of 3.34 µl so that the shaft is classified as safe for use with a Load capacity of 5 Kg
Implementation of Value Engineering in Heat Treatment Process to Cooling Media Steel ST 41 at PT. XY
Authors: Sumiati  , Purwati  , Nugraha Isna
Published: December 2021

Value engineering analyzes the value and function for optimal results and the condition of the steel material remains consistent according to its quality function. ST 41 steel is a steel classified as low carbon steel with an alloy composition of 0.37-0.43%C, 0.5-0.35%Si, 0.60-0.90%Mn. Heat treatment in this study uses temperatures up to 7230C with temperature holding for one hour, while the proposed alternative cooling media used are salt water, coconut oil, and oil using the holding time of each cooling medium, namely 5 minutes, 10 minutes to 15 minutes. Cooling using 3 media simultaneously is very ineffective and very expensive. The right solution to eliminate unnecessary costs, this research proposes salt water media as a good medium for performance and relatively low cost compared to other media tested. The analysis that occurs from the calculation of the value engineering cost is IDR 45,500,000.00 the heating process in 1 month produces 5000 specimens per day, which can save costs of IDR 15,750,000.00. Thus, the brine medium is able to provide criteria for the speed of the cooling process properly and provide good quality results for a continuous process.
Effect of Lap Joint Width to the Shear and Peel Stress Distribution of Bi-Adhesive
Authors: Hardi Witono , Hartono Rudi
Published: December 2021

A single lap joint is one of the most popular types of adhesive joints. This joint is very easy to apply and gives satisfactory results. However, there is an extensive shear stress distribution at both ends in a single lap joint and shallow in the middle. In this research, the performance test of the bi-adhesive with different joint widths was carried out. We modelled with 2D FEM consisting of adherent aluminum, two adhesives DP490 and ESP110 and then performed a static test to obtain shear and peel stress distribution. The results presented that using a bi-adhesive improved the shear stress distribution compared to a single adhesive individually. By adjusting the length ratio of each adhesive, the optimum conditions will be obtained. The peak stress will decrease, and the stress distribution will be better. In addition, the wider the lap joint, the stress distribution will be more evenly distributed. The peak stresses at the ends and in the middle of the joint are getting smaller in both the single adhesive individually and the bi-adhesive. This result is a recommendation for the user to increase the strength of the adhesive joint.
Initial Modeling for Smart Farming using Soil Temperature and Humidity
Authors: Haryanto  , Joni Koko , Purnamasari Dian Neipa , Rahmawati Diana , Nahari Rosida Vivin , Ibadillah Achmad Fiqhi
Published: December 2021

The absence of an increase in the interest of the young population to enter the agricultural sector has an impact on the amount of food production each year. This happens because young people think that the farming profession is not promising for survival. One of the developments that can attract the interest of young people is by utilizing technology such as smart farming. This paper proposes initial modeling before implementing smart farming by analyzing the characteristics of the object to be planted. The purpose of this paper is to optimize plant growth and development to increase the potential of agricultural production according to the surrounding environment. The plants analyzed included eggplant, cherry tomatoes, guava, citrus, and cucumbers. The parameters studied were temperature and soil moisture in plants. The test results found that cherry tomatoes and cucumbers are not suitable if planted in the Surabaya city environment because they require low temperatures as a condition for growing. Meanwhile, eggplant, guava, and citrus plants, if placed in a place exposed to direct sunlight, will cause the soil moisture to decrease, so that the plants do not grow optimally.
Effectiveness Test of Piper methysticum Extract Against Crocidolomia pavonana larvae
Authors: Anike Mendes Johana , Sembiring Jefri , Sri Susanti Diana
Published: December 2021

Application synthetic insecticide with high frequency and continuously can give to negative impact. Alternative control which secures is botanical insecticide. This research aimed to effectiveness tests of P. methysticum plant against C. pavonana larvae using root and leaves this plant. The tested insecticide activity including mortality and feeding inhibition tests. The extract was tested at five concentration levels and repeated five times. The results showed that P. methysticum root extract was able to cause C. pavonana larvae mortality of 94% with a concentration of 419.7 gram/100 ml in water meanwhile, the testing using leaves extract causes mortality 98% from concentration 342 gr/100 ml in water. The feeding inhibition test showed the P. methysticum roots extract give effect with very weak criteria at some concentrations used a no choice method while Leaves extract P. methysticum does not show feeding inhibition.
Identification and Characterization of Natural Sweeteners from “Trembesi” Fruit Pulp (Albizia saman)
Authors: Winarti Sri , Mardiana Siska
Published: December 2021

Research has been carried out on the process of natural sweeteners from the pulp of the “trembesi” fruit. The purpose of this study was to identify the types of sugar (fructose, glucose, sucrose) and to determine the effect of extraction temperature on the characteristics of natural sweeteners from “trembesi” pulp. This study used a simple completely randomized design (CRD) with extraction temperature treatments (60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C and 100°C). The data obtained were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) method, if there was a significant difference between treatments, it was continued with Duncan's Test (DMRT). The results of the research, it is known that the pulp of the tamarind fruit contains a total of 53.65% sugar; fructose 20.55%; glucose 12.77%; sucrose 18.21%; water content 25.739%; ash 2.771%; 1.226% protein; fat 7.028%; and carbohydrates 63.196%. The best treatment is the extraction temperature of 100°C; which produces natural sweeteners with the following characteristics: viscosity 11.71 cp; and sensories of viscosity 4.1. Total sugar in natural sweetener from pulp of the “trembesi” fruit 73.36%; fructose 26.40%; glucose 12.11%; and 25.4% sucrose.
Analysis of Morphometric Changes in Tondano Lake Based on Bathymetric Maps
Authors: Sri Sulastriningsih Helena , Kumaat JC , Murnisulistyaningsih
Published: December 2021

This study aims to analyze changes in the morphometry of the lake bottom in a period of ten years, namely from 2006 to 2016. The analysis of morphometric changes is carried out by comparing two bathymetric maps from the mapping in 2006 and 2016. The morphometric aspects studied include the water surface area stated in km2, the volume of water (in m3) and the depth of the lake (in m). The results showed that within 10 years the surface of the lake water has decreased by 1.03 km2, while the total volume of lake water has increased by 10.41 m3. The average depth of the lake in a period of 10 years has barely changed significantly, only silting of about 0.01 meters. Judging from the contour pattern, it shows that there is a tendency for siltation to move not only towards the south but also towards the east. That means more sediment contributions come from the western region. The rain catchment area on the west side of the lake has a larger area when compared to the east side (Eris District). The sediment potential is greater from this area.
Effect of Cow Dung Concentration and Microbial Count on The Formation of Biogas in A Horizontal Digester
Authors: Karaman Novel , Susilowati  , Billah Mu'tasim , Susilowati Titi
Published: December 2021

Biogas is a renewable fuel that produced through a process of anaerobic fermentation of a mixture of cow dung and water. The process of formation of methane gas occurs in a digester reactor with a capacity of 3500 kg/batch during a certain fermentation time with the help of anaerobic bacteria. This research studied effect of the comparison of cow dung and water as well as the number of microbes added. The process of formation of biogas run at varying of cow dung with water and microbes added. Fermentation process was running 16 days by varying the variables. Furthermore, every four days observed, and recorded pressure in the digester, biogas product was analyzed its content of methane gas were formed. Relatively good results were taken on cow dung and water ratio of 1: 1 with the addition of microbes as much as 50 ppm with a time of fermentation for 12 (twelve) days produce biogas of 5.1 m 3/batch with contents of methane about 74 %, carbon dioxide 19 %, and residual gas of 7 %.
Investigation of relationship between cone penetration test and unit weight in cohesive soil (Study case: Gunung Anyar District)
Authors: Purnamawati Solin Dian , Estikhamah Fithri
Published: December 2021

Cone Penetration Test or CPT is one of soil investigation which is used to determine the mechanical properties of soil i.e., cone resistance and sleeve friction. Since several decades ago, CPT is often used as a common thread to determine the physical properties of soil such as soil unit weight of soil, soil behaviour type, etc. Thus, empirical approaches have been developed from various countries. However, these empirical approaches are not the same as the condition in Indonesia. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain and develop the suitable correlation for the type of cohesive soil. In this study, primary and secondary data were carried out from Gunung Anyar area. From statical analysis result, the regression shows less than 60% similarity of the model. In addition, the result of this study found that silt and clay soil types were found to dominate in Gunung Anyar area.
Slope Reinforcement Study Using Geotextile
Authors: Hairulla Hairulla , Pamuttu Dina Limbong , Budianto Eko , Sunandar Asep , Passalli Daud Andang
Published: December 2021

The development of transportation in Indonesia causes the need for land for road use to increase. This encourages people to make the best use of every available land, one of which is in hilly and lowland areas and the topography tends to vary. The development of embankment slopes above the soil with less bearing capacity results in large subsidence and lateral movement. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using Geotextile type TS 600 as reinforcement in soils that have low bearing capacity. From the results of laboratory tests, it is known that Geotextile Type TS 600 can reduce deformation that occurs in soft soil. The deformation that occurs in unreinforced soil with a load of 4 kN is -45.5 mm; while the deformation that occurs in the reinforced soil using geotextile type TS 600 layer 1 is -40.31 mm, layer 2 is -35.15 mm, and layer 3 is -30.25 mm. It is known that Geotextile Type TS 600 can reduce the deformation that occurs in soft soil.
Road Service Levels Analysis at The Economic Centers of Archipelago Regions During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Abdul Gaus , Zulfikar Andartomo , Sarbin Firsandi , Aditya Nurrahim , Sitti Aminah Aksa
Published: December 2021

This study aims to analyze a changes of service level in the roads as the center of the economy during the covid-19 pandemic. The flow of traffic crosses and connected at the economic centers the archipelago for 7 days, on weekdays and holidays by 14 hours a day from 07 am to 21 pm. Restrictions on activity during the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a significant reduction in traffic movement in economic areas, this caused by restrictions on activities in the non-essential sector in business centers and the diversion of activities from the office to home. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the level of road service at business centers increased significantly due to, first, the shifting of activities from office to home which had an impact on reducing the movement of vehicles from home to offices and shopping centers at business centers, secondly the decline in other obstacles on road sections which usually arise due to trucks loading and unloading goods and street vendors selling their wares on the roadside, and thirdly due to restrictions on the activities of certain sectors that reduce the movement of people to and from across the business center.
Galba truncatula (O.F. Müller, 1774) (Gastropoda, Lymnaeidae): the colonization of new stations on acid soil by low numbers of snails
Authors: Dreyfuss Gilles , Vignoles Philippe , Rondelaud Daniel
Published: December 2021

Samples of 5, 10 or 20 adult Galba truncatula each were introduced into 25 slope rush beds and 24 road ditches on acid soil to study the colonization of these new sites by the snail. Surveys were conducted over the following eight years to determine the area where these G. truncatula colonized in these new stations and to count the number of overwintering snails in April or May. Snail populations were present in about 50% of the sites where samples of 5 snails each were introduced and in all sites when each sample included 10 or 20 snails. The average area of these habitats showed a peak before decreasing in the following years and this peak was all the more late as the sample introduced into the station increased in size. In contrast, snail abundance in all cases peaked in the second or third year after introduction and gradually decreased thereafter. In all cases, a concentration of snails was noted in the most upstream zone, whereas the number of individuals decreased gradually towards the downstream zone. These results demonstrate that a small number of snails (10 or 20 adults per sample) allow the development of a new population of G. truncatula in new acid soil stations.
Automatic diagnostic device with measurement of distances to damages by the combined pulse-phase method
Authors: Musiał Janusz , Horiashchenko Kostyantin , Horiashchenko Serhiy , Szyca Mikołaj
Published: December 2021

The article is devoted to the study of the state of diagnosing the integrity of cables. The current state of diagnostics of problems of damage of cables is shown. Formulas for calculating several signals reflected from damage have been removed. To ensure the automation of the measurement process, based on the functional diagram of the automatic diagnostic device with measurement of distances to damage by the combined pulse-phase method, a block diagram of an automated distance meter to damage was developed, which allows measuring the investigated cable in automatic mode. This reduces the loss of time to perform measurement operations and ensure the required sequence of actions without the participation of the operator.
The assessment of the truck operation efficiency in safety engineering aspect
Authors: Augustyn Sławomir , Vušanović Igor , Owczarek Paulina , Oziębło Małgorzata
Published: December 2021

The article covers the aspect related to the assessment of the efficiency of truck operation in safety engineering aspect for the management of supply chain security. The publication contains an analysis of the functioning of a selected transport company. The concept of operational efficiency of truck was defined with taking into account the standards of the European Union. The essence of securing the delivery process in a selected example of road transport was also presented too. Then, an assessment and forecast of the efficiency of the truck operation was made with the possibility of safe delivery of goods. In order to solve the problem, a research hypothesis was determined and selected theoretical and empirical methods were used to determine the correlation between the efficiency of truck operation and securing the supply chain, supported by the science of safety engineering.
Ecological conditions for the implementation of the european modular systems in road transport
Authors: Dzioba Anna , Markiewicz Marietta , Gutsche Jan , Talaśka Adam
Published: December 2021

This article focuses on the challenges and problems facing road transport nowadays. The main aspect discussed in the paper is the ecological aspect. As the demand for transport services has been constantly growing for the last 20 years, solving the problem has become a great challenge. In the further part of the study, an attempt was made to indicate solutions applied in the European Union. Another solution is presented in this paper, which is the introduction of European Modular Systems to road transport. Their characteristics were presented and countries in which such solutions are used were indicated. Based the analysis of studies in the field of the discussed issues, a comparison of fuel consumption and CO2 and NOx emissions of standard sets with EMS sets was carried out.
Selected faults of low-speed machines, analysis of diagnostic signals
Authors: Golonka Emil , Pająk Michał
Published: December 2021

In an industrial environment, a large part of the solutions used in machine parks is based on rotating systems. Therefore, the branches of diagnostics in this area are subjected to extensive research so that they effect with more and more new solutions. This article presents the problem of selected most common faults in a low-speed machinery environment. Presented chapters define the concept of symptoms and diagnostics and define its goals. Selected issues of the analysis of diagnostic signals were also discussed.
Lubricants used in internal combustion engines in times of downsizing
Authors: Kilimnik Sebastian , Polasik Robert
Published: December 2021

The operation of the internal combustion engine leads to the production of exhaust gases harmful to the natural environment. The introduced standards of the European exhaust emission standard aim, among other things, to reduce CO2 emissions. Such assumptions are related to the reduction of fuel consumption of internal combustion engines in vehicles. This means the need to make structural changes in the produced engines, and thus reduce the displacement while maintaining high power and torque. Engines constructed in this way require the use of individually selected oils and maintaining appropriate service intervals for their replacement.
Physico-chemical and sensory evaluation of virgin olive oils from several Algerian olive-growing regions
Authors: Douzane Malika , Daas Mohamed-Seghir , Meribai Amel , Guezil Ahmed-Hani , Abdi Abdelkrim , Tamendjari Abderezak
Published: December 2021

Olive cultivar diversity is rich in Algeria but most remain unexplored in terms of quality traits. This work aimed to evaluate the physicochemical and organoleptic quality of twenty olive oil samples belonging to four Algerian cultivars (Chemlal, Sigoise, Ronde de Miliana and Rougette de Mitidja) collected throughout the national territory. Physical-chemical and sensory results showed that 60% of the oils belong to the extra virgin category, while 40% were classified as “virgin olive oil”. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a great variability in fatty acids composition between the samples depending on the cultivar and origin. Oleic acid was the most abundant and varied between 64.84 and 80.14%. Extra virgin olive oils with quality attributes are eligible for a label. Rougette de Mitidja, Ronde de Miliana and Sigoise from Oran showed great potential.
Terahertz photoconductive antenna with all-dielectric nanopillars
Authors: Wang Kemeng , Gu Jianqiang , Shi Wenqiao , An Youwen , Zhang Weili
Published: December 2021

Photoconductive antennas (PCAs), as a popular terahertz (THz) radiation source, have been widely used in spectroscopy, material characterization, biological imaging and detection of hazardous materials. However, PCAs have a relatively low energy conversion efficiency from femtosecond laser pulses to THz radiation which often limits the signal-to-noise ratio and bandwidth of THz imaging and spectroscopy systems. To address these limitations, here we report a THz photoconductive antenna emitter with all-dielectric nanopillars integrated on top of the SI-GaAs substrate to increase the generated photocarriers, which achieves a broadband and frequency insensitive THz power enhancement factor around 1.25 at frequencies 0.05 - 1.6 THz. Our results reported here provide a new method for increasing the THz power of PCAs, which paves the way for the subsequent researches of next-generation PCAs.
All-silicon terahertz metamaterials absorber and pesticides sensing
Authors: Cui Zijian , Wang Yue , Zhang Xiang , Zhu Yongqiang , Zhang Dachi
Published: December 2021

Perfect absorption based on metamaterials at terahertz frequencies range has attracted a great deal of interest in the field of sensing, imaging, bolometers and stealth technology. This review is focused on presenting several recently developed absorbers based on all-silicon metamaterials, such as single-band, dual-band, multi-band and broadband absorbers. The partial physical mechanisms and optical tunability corresponding to the absorption are also reported. Furthermore, the presented absorbers can be used to detect the concentration of trace pesticides, and a good linear regression coefficient was obtained between the absorption amplitude and the concentration. Notably, the presented all-silicon metamaterials perfect absorbers are compatible with COMS processing which is beneficial to promote the development of terahertz functional devices.
Strategie zur Gesundheitsförderung in Arbeitswelten
Authors: Poersch Marius
Published: December 2021

Die zeitgemäße Herausforderung der Rehaforschung liegt in der Frage,
wie Rehabilitanden an der Entwicklung und Durchführung ihrer eigenen
Rehakonzepte partizipativ beteiligt werden können.
Neurologische Komplikationen bei COVID-19-Infektion
Authors: Gülke Eileen , Gerloff Christian
Published: December 2021

Seit ersten Berichten einer neuen Atemwegsinfektion aus der Hauptstadt Wuhan der
zentralchinesischen Provinz Hubei Ende 2019 breitet sich das Coronavirus
SARS-CoV-2 weltweit aus. Mittlerweile ist bekannt, dass eine COVID-19-Infektion
häufig begleitet wird von neurologischen Symptomen und Komplikationen.
Dieser Artikel beleuchtet die klinische Relevanz der COVID-19-Pandemie
für die Neurologie im Allgemeinen und insbesondere im Hinblick auf an
Parkinson vorerkrankte Patienten.
Sexualität und Intimität bei depressiven Erkrankungen
Authors: Ebert Andreas
Published: December 2021

Gegenstand und Ziel Sexuelle Bedürfnisse und Intimität beeinflussen die Lebensqualität von depressiven Patienten genauso wie die der Allgemeinbevölkerung. Trotz der hohen Prävalenz depressiver Störungen wird dieser Aspekt aus unterschiedlichen Gründen oft zu wenig beachtet. Besonders häufig sind Störungen der Libido bei depressiven Frauen wie Männern, es kann jedoch die ganze Bandbreite sexuellen Erlebens betroffen sein. Neben biologischen, psychologischen und partnerschaftlichen Ursachen für sexuelle Probleme ist insbesondere die pharmakologische Behandlung affektiver Störungen oft selbst Teil des Problems. Verschiedene medikamentöse und adjuvante Strategien können hier erfolgreich eingesetzt werden.

Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz Nicht immer lassen sich sexuelle Nebenwirkungen, sexuelle Störungen oder Partnerschaftskonflikte vollständig verhindern. Dennoch sind ein offener und ehrlicher Kommunikationsstil und eine gründliche Prüfung von möglichen Vorgehensweisen, um dieses zusätzliche Leiden depressiver Patienten zu lindern, möglich. Nicht zuletzt ist eine weitere Erforschung des sexuellen Erlebens und der Intimität im Rahmen von Depressionen dringend erforderlich.
Lebensqualität und Transition von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit anorektalen Malformationen
Authors: Koch Tabea , Bachmann Sandra , Riede Jens
Published: December 2021

Angeborene Fehlbildungen des Anorektums sind auf den ersten Blick unsichtbare Malformationen, die in ihrer Komplexität und Ausprägung variieren können. Betroffene Kinder und Jugendliche erleben dabei unterschiedliche Begleiterscheinungen, die von Obstipationen bis zu vollständiger Stuhlinkontinenz und Einschränkungen in sozialen Aktivitäten reichen. Bei dem Übergang von der kinderzentrierten in die erwachsenenzentrierte Gesundheitsversorgung gibt es einige Barrieren und damit verbundene Anforderungen, um für die Patienten einen bestmöglichen Transitionsprozess zu gewährleisten.
Hydrodynamic slip of alkali chloride solutions in uncharged graphene nanochannels
Authors: Kunhunni Amith , Kannam Sridhar Kumar , Sathian Sarith P. , Todd B. D. , Daivis P. J.
Published: December 2021

Using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate the effect of concentration and alkali cation types (K+, Na+, and Li+) on the hydrodynamic slip of aqueous alkali chloride solutions in an uncharged graphene nanochannel. We modeled the graphene–electrolyte interactions using the potential of Williams et al. [J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 8, 703 (2017)], which uses optimized graphene–ion Lennard-Jones interaction parameters to effectively account for surface and solvent polarizability effects on the adsorption of ions in an aqueous solution to a graphene surface. In our study, the hydrodynamic slip exhibits a decreasing trend for alkali chloride solutions with increasing salt concentration. The NaCl solution shows the highest reduction in the slip length followed by KCl and LiCl solutions, and the reduction in the slip length is very much dependent on the salt type. We also compared the slip length with that calculated using a standard unoptimized interatomic potential obtained from the Lorentz–Berthelot mixing rule for the ion–carbon interactions, which is not adjusted to account for the surface and solvent polarizability at the graphene surface. In contrast to the optimized model, the slip length of alkali chloride solutions in the unoptimized model shows only a nominal change with salt concentration and is also independent of the nature of salts. Our study shows that adoption of the computationally inexpensive optimized potential of Williams et al. for the graphene–ion interactions has a significant influence on the calculation of slip lengths for electrolyte solutions in graphene-based nanofluidic devices.
Identifying the leading dynamics of ubiquitin: A comparison between the tICA and the LE4PD slow fluctuations in amino acids’ position
Authors: Beyerle E. R. , Guenza M. G.
Published: December 2021

Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations of proteins implicitly contain the information connecting the atomistic molecular structure and proteins’ biologically relevant motion, where large-scale fluctuations are deemed to guide folding and function. In the complex multiscale processes described by MD trajectories, it is difficult to identify, separate, and study those large-scale fluctuations. This problem can be formulated as the need to identify a small number of collective variables that guide the slow kinetic processes. The most promising method among the ones used to study the slow leading processes in proteins’ dynamics is the time-structure based on time-lagged independent component analysis (tICA), which identifies the dominant components in a noisy signal. Recently, we developed an anisotropic Langevin approach for the dynamics of proteins, called the anisotropic Langevin Equation for Protein Dynamics or LE4PD-XYZ. This approach partitions the protein’s MD dynamics into mostly uncorrelated, wavelength-dependent, diffusive modes. It associates with each mode a free-energy map, where one measures the spatial extension and the time evolution of the mode-dependent, slow dynamical fluctuations. Here, we compare the tICA modes’ predictions with the collective LE4PD-XYZ modes. We observe that the two methods consistently identify the nature and extension of the slowest fluctuation processes. The tICA separates the leading processes in a smaller number of slow modes than the LE4PD does. The LE4PD provides time-dependent information at short times and a formal connection to the physics of the kinetic processes that are missing in the pure statistical analysis of tICA.
On the electromagnetic-electron rings originating from the interaction of high-power short-pulse laser and underdense plasma
Authors: Valenta P. , Grittani G. M. , Lazzarini C. M. , Klimo O. , Bulanov S. V.
Published: December 2021

We investigate the evolution of radial profile of a high-power short-pulse laser interacting with underdense plasma, and in particular, we concentrate on the transverse electromagnetic rings, which are formed due to the laser radiation defocusing induced by the excitation of Langmuir waves. We illustrate the physical processes involved in the formation of such structures analytically and use the three-dimensional numerical simulations to reveal the relationships among the electromagnetic ring properties and the parameters of laser and plasma. Within the studied parameter range, we find that up to ≈70 % of the total initial driver pulse energy can be carried off by the electromagnetic rings having the opening angles ≈45–115 mrad. Furthermore, we show that the electromagnetic rings can become a source of high-energy ring-shaped electron beams.
Colossal crystalline anisotropic magnetoresistance in A-type antiferromagnetic film
Authors: Chen You-Sheng , Lin Jauyn Grace
Published: December 2021

A colossal crystalline anisotropic magnetoresistance (CAMR) is observed in an epitaxial A-type antiferromagnetic Pr0.5Sr0.5MnO3 (PSMO) thin film, which is 1600% at 20 K under the magnetic field of 50 kOe. This colossal CAMR is associated with an anisotropic switching process between low and high resistivity states. Based on the symmetry of angular dependence of the CAMR, we attribute the origin to the strong anisotropic magnetostriction in PSMO. Our results explored a potential utilization of an A-type antiferromagnetic thin film for CAMR based spintronic devices.
Fast reconstruction of an original continuous series from a recurrence plot
Authors: Hirata Yoshito , Kitanishi Yuki , Sugishita Hiroki , Gotoh Yukiko
Published: December 2021

We propose an algorithm to refine the reconstruction of an original time series given a recurrence plot, which is also referred to as a contact map. The refinement process calculates the local distances based on the Jaccard coefficients with the neighbors in the previous resolution for each point and takes their weighted average using local distances. We demonstrate the utility of our method using two examples.
Stark absorption and Stark fluorescence spectroscopies: Theory and simulations
Authors: Braver Yakov , Valkunas Leonas , Gelzinis Andrius
Published: December 2021

Stark spectroscopy experiments are widely used to study the properties of molecular systems, particularly those containing charge-transfer (CT) states. However, due to the small transition dipole moments and large static dipole moments of the CT states, the standard interpretation of the Stark absorption and Stark fluorescence spectra in terms of the Liptay model may be inadequate. In this work, we provide a theoretical framework for calculations of Stark absorption and Stark fluorescence spectra and propose new methods of simulations that are based on the quantum-classical theory. In particular, we use the forward–backward trajectory solution and a variant of the Poisson bracket mapping equation, which have been recently adapted for the calculation of conventional (field-free) absorption and fluorescence spectra. For comparison, we also apply the recently proposed complex time-dependent Redfield theory, while exact results are obtained using the hierarchical equations of motion approach. We show that the quantum-classical methods produce accurate results for a wide range of systems, including those containing CT states. The CT states contribute significantly to the Stark spectra, and the standard Liptay formalism is shown to be inapplicable for the analysis of spectroscopic data in those cases. We demonstrate that states with large static dipole moments may cause a pronounced change in the total fluorescence yield of the system in the presence of an external electric field. This effect is correctly captured by the quantum-classical methods, which should therefore prove useful for further studies of Stark spectra of real molecular systems. As an example, we calculate the Stark spectra for the Fenna–Matthews–Olson complex of green sulfur bacteria.
Photostable fluorescent molecules on layered hexagonal boron nitride: Ideal single-photon sources at room temperature
Authors: Han Shuangping , Qin Chengbing , Song Yunrui , Dong Shuai , Lei Yu , Wang Shen , Su Xingliang , Wei Aoni , Li Xiangdong , Zhang Guofeng , Chen Ruiyun , Hu Jianyong , Xiao Liantuan , Jia Suotang
Published: December 2021

Photoblinking and photobleaching are commonly encountered problems for single-photon sources. Numerous methods have been devised to suppress these two impediments; however, either the preparation procedures or the operating conditions are relatively harsh, making them difficult to apply to practical applications. Here, we reported giant suppression of both photoblinking and photobleaching of a single fluorescent molecule, terrylene, via the utilization of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) flakes as substrates. Experimentally, a much-prolonged survival time of terrylene has been determined, which can have a photostable emission over 2 h at room temperature under ambient atmospheres. Compared with single molecules on a SiO2/Si substrate or glass coverslip, a more than 100-fold increase in the total number of photons collected from each terrylene on h-BN flakes has been demonstrated. We also proved that the photostability of terrylene molecules can be well maintained for more than 6 months even under ambient conditions without any further protection. Our results demonstrate that the utilization of h-BN flakes to suppress photoblinking and photobleaching of fluorescent molecules has promising applications in the production of high-quality single-photon sources at room temperature.
Shiftless inhibits flavivirus replication in vitro and is neuroprotective in a mouse model of Zika virus pathogenesis
Authors: Hanners Natasha W. , Mar Katrina B. , Boys Ian N. , Eitson Jennifer L. , De La Cruz-Rivera Pamela C. , Richardson R. Blake , Fan Wenchun , Wight-Carter Mary , Schoggins John W.
Published: December 2021

Significance

Flaviviruses are significant human pathogens and emerging infectious disease threats. A screen of interferon-inducible genes revealed Shiftless (SHFL) as a potent antiviral effector, inhibiting all
Flaviviridae
tested, including West Nile, Zika, dengue, yellow fever, and hepatitis C viruses. Mechanistic studies showed that SHFL inhibits viral replication at a point after translation of the incoming genome. In whole-body
Shfl
knockout (KO) mice, compared to wild-type mice, the
Shfl
KO mice were more susceptible to Zika virus. Notably,
Shfl
was uniquely required for controlling replication in the brain and spinal cord, demonstrating an unappreciated neuroprotective role for this effector in vivo. SHFL is a key antiviral effector that specifically inhibits flavivirus genome replication, and
Shfl
protects mice from Zika virus–induced neuropathogenesis.
Sleep promotes the formation of dendritic filopodia and spines near learning-inactive existing spines
Authors: Adler Avital , Lai Cora Sau Wan , Yang Guang , Geron Erez , Bai Yang , Gan Wen-Biao
Published: December 2021

Significance

Sleep contributes to long-term memory formation after learning, but underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We found that post-learning sleep promoted the formation of dendritic filopodia and spines clustered with learning-inactive existing spines. A fraction of these filopodia was converted into new spines over extended periods of time. These findings provide insights into the role of post-learning sleep in regulating the number and location of new synapses via promoting dendritic filopodial formation.
Evolution of the Joint-Venture Partnership of Phinda Private Game Reserve, South Africa
Authors: Anna Spenceley
Published: December 2021

This case study describes how Phinda Private Game Reserve has evolved over three decades from privately owned land and infrastructure at the outset, to a mixture of community owned land and a joint-venture partnership. The operations have generated substantial benefits for conservation and social benefits for local people over many years.

Information

Snyman, S. and Spenceley, A. (2019) Private Sector Tourism in Conservation Areas in Africa. CABI, Chapter 4.4.1, Case study 26: Phinda Private Game Reserve, South Africa. pp 119-122

© CAB International 2021
Prenatal famine exposure and adult health outcomes: an epigenetic link
Authors: Vaiserman Alexander , Lushchak Oleh
Published: December 2021

Numerous human chronic pathological conditions depend on epigenetic modifications induced by environmental triggers throughout sensitive stages early in development. Developmental malnutrition is regarded as one of the most important risk factors in these processes. We present an overview of studies that the initiation and progression of many diseases are largely dependent on persisting epigenetic dysregulation caused by environmental insults early in life. For particular disorders, candidate genes were identified that underlie these associations. The current study assessed the most convincing evidence for the epigenetic link between developmental malnutrition and adult-life disease in the human population. These findings were obtained from quasi-experimental studies (so-called ‘natural experiments’), i.e. naturally occurring environmental conditions in which certain subsets of the population have differing levels of exposure to a supposed causal factor. Most of this evidence was derived on the DNA methylation level. We discussed DNA methylation as a key player in epigenetic modifications that can be inherited through multiple cell divisions. In this Perspective article, an overview of the quasi-experimental epidemiological evidence for the role of epigenetic mechanisms in the developmental programming by early-life undernutrition is provided.
The Limits and the Appeal of the Restatement
Authors: Ruiz Fabri Hélène
Published: December 2021

The limits and the appeal of the restatement method, in general, and of the Restatement of the Law (Fourth): The Foreign Relations Law of the United States, in particular – understood as the reasons why, or not, other countries (or legal communities) would be incited to follow the same path and have the same kind of instrument regarding their own system – are in fact intertwined. Any alleged appealing aspect can give way to questions about the limits of the exercise and the other way around. The analysis will therefore proceed with questions more than with answers, in seven steps intended to increasingly show the ambivalence of the Restatement (Fourth), beginning with its scope, before considering its authors, its addressees and, therefore, the Restatement’s reach, its nature, its topic or subject matter, its context and, finally, its underlying ideology.
Advances in ultrahigh-energy resolution EELS: phonons, infrared plasmons and strongly coupled modes
Authors: Lagos Maureen J , Bicket Isobel C , Mousavi M. S Shayan , Botton Gianluigi A
Published: December 2021

Nowadays, sub-50 meV atom-wide electron probes are routinely produced for electron energy loss spectroscopy in transmission electron microscopes due to monochromator technology advances. We review how gradual improvements in energy resolution enabled the study of very low-energy excitations such as lattice phonons, molecular vibrations, infrared plasmons and strongly coupled hybrid modes in nanomaterials. Starting with the theoretical framework needed to treat inelastic electron scattering from phonons in solids, we illustrate contributions in detecting optical surface phonons in photonic structures. We discuss phonon mapping capabilities in real and reciprocal space, and the localized phonon response near nano-/atomic-scale structural features. We also survey the progress of aloof spectroscopy in studying vibrations in organic materials and applications in measuring local temperature and photonic density of states in single nanostructures using phonon scattering. We then turn towards studies on infrared plasmons in metals and semiconductors. Spectroscopy analyses now extend towards probing extremely complex broadband platforms, the effects of defects and nanogaps, and some far-reaching investigations towards uncovering plasmon lifetime and 3D photonic density of states. In doped semiconductors, we review research on the use of the electron probe to correlate local doping concentration and atomic-scale defects with the plasmonic response. Finally, we discuss advances in studying strong coupling phenomena in plasmon–exciton and plasmon–phonon systems. Overall, the wealth of information gained extends our knowledge about nanomaterial properties and elementary excitations, illustrating the powerful capabilities of high-energy resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy–electron energy loss spectrometry.
Timing and spectral analysis of 2S 1417−624 during its 2018 outburst
Authors: Serim M M , Özüdoğru Ö C , Dönmez Ç K , Şahiner Ş , Serim D , Baykal A , İnam S Ç
Published: December 2021

We investigate timing and spectral characteristics of the transient X-ray pulsar 2S 1417−624 during its 2018 outburst with NICER follow up observations. We describe the spectra with high-energy cut-off and partial covering fraction absorption (PCFA) model and present flux-dependent spectral changes of the source during the 2018 outburst. Utilizing the correlation-mode switching of the spectral model parameters, we confirm the previously reported sub-critical to critical regime transitions and we argue that secondary transition from the gas-dominated to the radiation pressure-dominated disc do not lead us to significant spectral changes below 12 keV. Using the existing accretion theories, we model the spin frequency evolution of 2S 1417−624 and investigate the noise processes of a transient X-ray pulsar for the first time using both polynomial and luminosity-dependent models for the spin frequency evolution. For the first model, the power density spectrum of the torque fluctuations indicate that the source exhibits red noise component (Γ ∼ −2) within the time-scales of outburst duration which is typical for disc-fed systems. On the other hand, the noise spectrum tends to be white on longer time-scales with high timing noise level that indicates an ongoing accretion process in between outburst episodes. For the second model, most of the red noise component is eliminated and the noise spectrum is found to be consistent with a white noise structure observed in wind-fed systems.
Models of binary neutron star remnants with tabulated equations of state
Authors: Iosif Panagiotis , Stergioulas Nikolaos
Published: December 2021

The emergence of novel differential rotation laws that can reproduce the rotational profile of binary neutron star merger remnants has opened the way for the construction of equilibrium models with properties that resemble those of remnants in numerical simulations. We construct models of merger remnants, using a recently introduced 4-parameter differential rotation law and three tabulated, zero-temperature equations of state. The models have angular momenta that are determined by empirical relations, constructed through numerical simulations. After a systematic exploration of the parameter space of merger remnant equilibrium sequences, which includes the determination of turning points along constant angular momentum sequences, we find that a particular rotation law can reproduce the threshold mass to prompt collapse to a black hole with a relative difference of only $\sim 1{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ with respect to numerical simulations, in all cases considered. Furthermore, our results indicate a possible correlation between the compactness of equilibrium models of remnants at the threshold mass and the compactness of maximum-mass non-rotating models. Another key prediction of binary neutron star merger simulations is a relatively slowly rotating inner region, where the angular velocity Ω (as measured by an observer at infinity) is mostly due to the frame dragging angular velocity ω. In our investigation of the parameter space of the adopted differential rotation law, we naturally find quasi-spherical (Type A) remnant models with this property. Our investigation clarifies the impact of the differential rotation law and of the equation of state on key properties of binary neutron star remnants and lays the groundwork for including thermal effects in future studies.