bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship among the HLA–DRB1 shared epitope, smoking, and rheumatoid factor production in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Mattey Derek L. , Dawes Peter T. , Clarke Sheila , Fisher June , Brownfield Ann , Thomson Wendy , Haajeer Ali H. , Ollier William E. R.
Published: October 2002

Objective

Rheumatoid factor (RF) production in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is generally associated with more severe disease. In some studies, RF production has been associated with carriage of HLA–DRB1 alleles encoding the RA‐associated shared epitope (SE). Patients who smoke are also more likely to be RF positive. In this study, we investigated whether the association between RF production and smoking was influenced by carriage of the SE.

Methods

The smoking histories of 371 RA patients attending a hospital clinic were recorded. RF levels and SE status were determined for every patient, and the associations between the SE, smoking, and RF production were examined. HLA–DRB1 typing was performed using polymerase chain reaction. Results were analyzed using chi‐square tests and logistic regression analysis.

Results

Patients who had ever smoked were significantly more likely to be RF positive than nonsmokers (odds ratio 2.2, P < 0.0001). This remained significant (P = 0.003) after correction for age, sex, and disease duration in a logistic regression model. An association was also found between RF positivity and carriage of the SE (P = 0.03, after correction for age, sex, and disease duration), but significance was reduced or lost after correction for previous or current smoking (P = 0.05 and 0.09, respectively). Examination of the major SE phenotypes in this RA population by multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that only DRB1*0401 was associated with RF positivity, and that this was independent of the influence of smoking.

Conclusion

Our data confirm that RF production in RA patients is associated with smoking. This does not appear to depend on an HLA–DR‐restricted immune response. The association of the SE with RF positivity is primarily due to HLA–DRB1*0401. This appears to be independent of the association with smoking, although smoking further increases the likelihood of RF production in DRB1*0401 patients.
A double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study of cevimeline in Sjögren's syndrome patients with xerostomia and keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Authors: Petrone Dianne , Condemi John J. , Fife Rose , Gluck Oscar , Cohen Stanley , Dalgin Paul
Published: October 2002

Objective

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of 2 dosages of cevimeline for the treatment of xerostomia and keratoconjunctivitis sicca in patients with Sjögren's syndrome.

Methods

A 12‐week double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study was performed. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either placebo, 15 mg of cevimeline 3 times daily, or 30 mg of cevimeline 3 times daily. Patients were evaluated at baseline and throughout the study for their global assessment of dryness (mouth, eyes, overall) as well as their subjective assessment of the specific symptoms of dry mouth and dry eyes. Total saliva and tear flow also were measured.

Results

Patients taking 30 mg of cevimeline 3 times daily had statistically significant improvements in their subjective global assessment of dry eyes (P = 0.0453), dry mouth (P = 0.0004), and increased salivary flow (P = 0.007). Patients receiving the 30‐mg dosage also showed greater objective improvement (increased salivary and lacrimal flow rates, as measured by Schirmer's test) than did patients receiving placebo. Frequently reported adverse events included headache, increased sweating, abdominal pain, and nausea.

Conclusion

Treatment with cevimeline at a dosage of 30 mg 3 times daily resulted in substantive improvement by increasing the rate of saliva and tear flow in patients with Sjögren's syndrome, as well as improving subjective symptoms of dry mouth, dry eyes, and overall dryness. The 15‐mg dosage relieved some symptoms, and both dosages were well tolerated.
On recommending
Authors: Furner Jonathan
Published: October 2002

The core of any document retrieval system is a mechanism that ranks the documents in a large collection in order of the likelihood with which they match the preferences of any person who interacts with the system. Given a broader interpretation of “recommending” than is commonly accepted, such a preference ordering may be viewed as a recommendation, made by the system to the information seeker, that is itself typically derived through synthesis of multiple preference orderings expressed as recommendations by indexers, information seekers, and document authors. The ERIn (Evaluation–Recommendation–Information) model, a decision‐theoretic framework for understanding information‐related activity, highlights the centrality of recommending in the document retrieval process, and may be used to clarify the respects in which indexing, rating, and citation may be considered analogous, as well as to make explicit the points at which content‐based, collaboration‐based, and context‐based flavors of document retrieval systems vary.
When a better interface and easy navigation aren't enough: Examining the information architecture in a law enforcement agency
Authors: Hauck Roslin V. , Weisband Suzanne
Published: October 2002

An information architecture that allows users to easily navigate through a system and quickly recover from mistakes is often defined as a highly usable system. But usability in systems design goes beyond a good interface and efficient navigation. In this article we describe two database systems in a law enforcement agency. One system is a legacy, text‐based system with cumbersome navigation (RMS); the newer system is a graphical user interface with simplified navigation (CopNet). It is hypothesized that law enforcement users will evaluate CopNet higher than RMS, but experts of the older system will evaluate it higher than others will. We conducted two user studies. One study examined what users thought of RMS and CopNet, and compared RMS experts' evaluations with nonexperts. We found that all users evaluated CopNet as more effective, easier to use, and easier to navigate than RMS, and this was especially noticeable for users who were not experts with the older system. The second, follow‐up study examined use behavior after CopNet was deployed some time later. The findings revealed that evaluations of CopNet were not associated with its use. If the newer system had a better interface and was easier to navigate than the older, legacy system, why were law enforcement personnel reluctant to switch? We discuss reasons why switching to a new system is difficult, especially for those who are most adept at using the older system. Implications for system design and usability are also discussed.
The impact of the Internet on public library use: An analysis of the current consumer market for library and Internet services
Authors: D'Elia George , Jörgensen Corinne , Woelfel Joseph , Rodger Eleanor Jo
Published: October 2002

The potential impact of the Internet on the public's demand for the services and resources of public libraries is an issue of critical importance. The research reported in this article provides baseline data concerning the evolving relationship between the public's use of the library and its use of the Internet. The authors developed a consumer model of the American adult market for information services and resources, segmented by use (or nonuse) of the public library and by access (or lack of access) to, and use (or nonuse) of, the Internet. A national Random Digit Dialing telephone survey collected data to estimate the size of each of six market segments, and to describe their usage choices between the public library and the Internet. The analyses presented in this article provide estimates of the size and demographics of each of the market segments; describe why people are currently using the public library and the Internet; identify the decision criteria people use in their choices of which provider to use; identify areas in which libraries and the Internet appear to be competing and areas in which they appear to be complementary; and identify reasons why people choose not to use the public library and/or the Internet. The data suggest that some differentiation between the library and the Internet is taking place, which may very well have an impact on consumer choices between the two. Longitudinal research is necessary to fully reveal trends in these usage choices, which have implications for all types of libraries in planning and policy development.
MEN, destruction and separation: mechanistic links between mitotic exit and cytokinesis in budding yeast
Authors: Surana Uttam , Yeong Foong May , Lim Hong Hwa
Published: October 2002

Cellular events must be executed in a certain sequence during the cell division in order to maintain genome integrity and hence ensure a cell's survival. In M phase, for instance, chromosome segregation always precedes mitotic exit (characterized by mitotic kinase inactivation via cyclin destruction); this is then followed by cytokinesis. How do cells impose this strict order? Recent findings in budding yeast have suggested a mechanism whereby partitioning of chromosomes into the daughter cell is a prerequisite for the activation of mitotic exit network (MEN). So far, however, a regulatory scheme that would temporally link the initiation of cytokinesis to the execution of mitotic exit has not been determined. We propose that the requirement of MEN components for cytokinesis, their translocation to the mother–daughter neck and triggering of this translocation by inactivation of the mitotic kinase may be the three crucial elements that render initiation of cytokinesis dependent on mitotic exit. BioEssays 24: 659–666, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Understanding Rho/Rac biology in T‐cells using animal models
Authors: Bustelo Xosé R.
Published: October 2002

Experiments with cell lines have unveiled the implication of the Rho/Rac family of GTPases in cytoskeletal organization, mitogenesis, and cell migration. However, there have not been adequate animal models to investigate the role of these proteins in more physiological settings. This scenario has changed recently in the case of the T‐cell lineage after the generation of animal models for Rho/Rac family members, their regulators, and effectors. These studies have revealed the implication of these GTPases on multiple regulatory layers of T‐cells, including the coordination of cytoskeletal change, activation of kinase cascades, stimulation of calcium fluxes, and the induction of gene expression. These pathways affect the transition of different T‐cell maturation stages, the positive/negative selection of thymocytes, T‐cell responses to antigens, and the homeostasis of peripheral T‐lymphocytes. Moreover, these animals have revealed interesting cross‐talks between Rho/Rac pathways and other signal transduction routes that participate in lymphocyte responses. BioEssays 24:602–612, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of the mouse Loop‐tail gene: a model for human craniorachischisis?
Authors: Kapron Carolyn
Published: October 2002

Neural tube defects are one of the commonest human birth defects, with more than 0.5% of some populations affected. Mouse models are being used in an attempt to identify genes that could be involved in these malformations. Only two mouse mutations are known to lead to craniorachischisis, failure of closure of almost the entire neural tube. Two recent papers report that the gene for one of these, Loop‐tail, has now been identified and sequenced.1, 2 It has been given the designation Ltap/Lpp1 and appears to function in floor plate formation. It will be of great interest to investigate the role of this gene in human neural tube defects. BioEssays 24:580–583, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inheriting a structural scaffold for Golgi biosynthesis
Authors: Jesch Stephen A.
Published: October 2002

In animal cells, the Golgi complex undergoes reversible disassembly during mitosis. The disassembly/reassembly process has been intensively studied in order to understand the mechanisms that govern organelle assembly and inheritance during cell division. A long‐standing controversy in the field has been whether formation of Golgi structure is template‐mediated or self‐organizes from components of the endoplasmic reticulum. A recent study1 however, has demonstrated that a subset of proteins that form a putative Golgi matrix can be inherited during cell division in the absence of membrane input from the endoplasmic reticulum. The outcome of this study suggests that a templating mechanism for the formation of Golgi structure may exist. This study has important implications for understanding mechanisms that govern Golgi biogenesis. BioEssays 24:584–587, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regulation by transcription attenuation in bacteria: how RNA provides instructions for transcription termination/antitermination decisions
Authors: Henkin Tina M. , Yanofsky Charles
Published: October 2002

Regulation of gene expression by premature termination of transcription, or transcription attenuation, is a common regulatory strategy in bacteria. Various mechanisms of regulating transcription termination have been uncovered, each can be placed in either of two broad categories of termination events. Many mechanisms involve choosing between two alternative hairpin structures in an RNA transcript, with the decision dependent on interactions between ribosome and transcript, tRNA and transcript, or protein and transcript. In other examples, modification of the transcription elongation complex is the crucial event. This article will describe and compare several of these regulatory strategies, and will cite specific examples to illustrate the different mechanisms employed. BioEssays 24:700–707, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
FTIR spectroscopic method for detection of cells infected with herpes viruses
Authors: Salman Ahmad , Erukhimovitch Vitaly , Talyshinsky Marina , Huleihil Mahmoud , Huleihel Mahmoud
Published: October 2002

Microscopic FTIR spectroscopy was used to investigate the spectral differences between normal cells in culture and cells infected with various members of the herpes family of viruses [Herpes simplex (HSV) and Varicella zoster (VZV)]. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the possibility of developing microscopic FTIR spectroscopy as a sensitive assay for the detection of herpetic infections at their early stages. The advantage of this method over conventional FTIR spectroscopy is that it facilitates inspection of restricted regions of tissue. Our results showed significant and consistent differences between all normal and HSV or VZV infected cells that were tested. Detectable and significant spectral differences between normal and infected cells are seen as early as 24 h postinfection, but the damage of the cells (cytopathic effect), caused by the infecting virus, can be seen by optical microscope observations at only 3 days postinfection. An impressive increase in the levels of vital cellular metabolites was seen in the herpes virus infected cells compared to normal cells. It seems that this spectral behavior is unique for infection with herpes viruses, because when these cells were infected with other viruses from different families like retroviruses, a considerable decrease in the levels of vital cellular metabolites was seen in infected cells compared to normal cells. Cluster analysis performed on FTIR mass chromatography yielded 100% accuracy in classifying control uninfected and VZV or HSV infected cells. Our data strongly support the possibility of developing FTIR microscopy as a diagnostic method for early detection of herpetic infections. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 67: 406–412, 2002
The response of GS‐NS0 myeloma cells to single and multiple pH perturbations
Authors: Osman Jason J. , Birch John , Varley Julie
Published: October 2002

Animal cells are cultured in several types of vessels at laboratory and industrial scale the most common being the stirred tank and the air‐lift. Economically, it is preferable to culture animal cells at the largest possible scale but the perceived sensitivity of animal cells to hydrodynamic shear has, until now, limited the aeration and agitation rates used. This has been reported to cause inhomogeneities in operational parameters such as dissolved oxygen concentration, temperature and pH. pH is of special interest during the latter stages of many animal cell fermentation because alkali additions, used for pH control, can cause large local pH perturbations of varying size and duration. The effect of single and multiple pH perturbations on the cell growth of a widely used GS‐NS0 mouse myeloma cell line grown in batch culture was investigated. The effect of perturbation amplitude and duration was investigated using a single stirred tank reactor (STR). In the single STR system cells were subjected to one pH 8.0 or 9.0 perturbation ranging in duration from 0–90 minutes. No measurable decrease in viable cell number was seen for pH 8.0 perturbations of any duration whereas pH 9.0 perturbations lasting for 10 minutes caused a 15% decrease in viable cell number. The proportion of viable cells decreased with increasing perturbation time and a 90‐minute exposure killed all of the cells. The effect of multiple pH perturbations on GS‐NS0 cells was investigated using two connected STR's. More specifically the number of perturbations and the perturbation frequency were investigated. Cells were subjected to between 0 and 100 perturbations at pH 8.0; the time between each perturbation (frequency) was 6 minutes and each perturbation lasted for 200 seconds. Viable cell number decreased with increasing perturbation number, with 100 perturbations causing death of 27.5% of cells. Cells were also exposed to 10 perturbations at pH 9.0, each of 200 second duration at frequencies of either 6, 18 or 60 minutes. Approximately 8 times more cells were killed with perturbations at a 6‐minute frequency (28.3% cell death) than at a 60‐minute frequency (3.4% cell death). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 398–407, 2002.
Application of a pore‐blockage—Cake‐filtration model to protein fouling during microfiltration
Authors: Palacio Laura , Ho Chia‐Chi , Zydney Andrew L.
Published: October 2002

Although protein fouling is a critical factor governing the performance of microfiltration systems, there have been relatively few studies comparing the fouling behavior of different proteins. Flux‐decline data were obtained for the filtration of bovine serum albumin, lysozyme, pepsin, immunoglobulin G, and myoglobin through polycarbonate track‐etch membranes. The data were analyzed using a recently developed model that accounts for simultaneous pore blockage and cake formation. The model was in very good agreement with the data for all five proteins, demonstrating the general applicability of this new theoretical framework. The initial fouling due to pore blockage is directly related to the concentration of protein aggregates in solution, which was measured independently by quasi‐elastic light scattering. The results provide important insights into the mechanisms of protein fouling during microfiltration. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 260–270, 2002.
High‐gradient magnetic affinity separation of trypsin from porcine pancreatin
Authors: Hubbuch Jürgen J. , Thomas Owen R. T.
Published: October 2002

We introduce a robust and scale‐flexible approach to macromolecule purification employing tailor‐made magnetic adsorbents and high‐gradient magnetic separation technology adapted from the mineral processing industries. Detailed procedures for the synthesis of large quantities of low‐cost defined submicron‐sized magnetic supports are presented. These support materials exhibit unique features, which facilitate their large‐scale processing using high magnetic field gradients, namely sufficiently high magnetization, a relatively narrow particle size distribution and ideal superparamagnetism. Following systematic optimization with respect to activation chemistry, spacer length and ligand density, conditions for preparation of effective high capacity (Qmax = 120 mg g−1) strongly interacting (Kd < 0.3 μm) trypsin‐binding adsorbents based on immobilized benzamidine were established. In small‐scale studies ≈95% of the endogenous trypsin present in a crude porcine pancreatin feedstock was recovered with a purification factor of ≈4.1 at the expense of only a 4% loss in α‐amylase activity. Efficient recovery of trypsin from the same feedstock was demonstrated at a vastly increased scale using a high‐gradient magnetic separation system to capture loaded benzamidine‐linked adsorbents following batch adsorption. With the aid of a simple recycle loop over 80% of the initially adsorbed trypsin was recovered in‐line with an overall purification factor of ≈3.5. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 301–313, 2002.
Polymer surfaces derivatized with poly(vinyl‐N‐hexylpyridinium) kill airborne and waterborne bacteria
Authors: Tiller Joerg C. , Lee Sang Beom , Lewis Kim , Klibanov Alexander M.
Published: October 2002

A facile methodology has been developed for covalently derivatizing the surfaces of common materials with a designed antibacterial polycation, poly(vinyl‐N‐pyridinium bromide), wherein the first, key step involves surface coating with a nanolayer of silica. Various commercial synthetic polymers derivatized in this manner become bactericidal—they kill up to 99% of deposited, from either an aerosol or an aqueous suspension, Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria on contact. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 465–471, 2002.
Affinity separation using an Fv antibody fragment–“smart” polymer conjugate
Authors: Fong Robin B. , Ding Zhongli , Hoffman Allan S. , Stayton Patrick S.
Published: October 2002

Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide), or PNIPAAm, is considered a “smart” polymer because it sharply precipitates when heated above a critical temperature, about 32°C in water, and redissolves when cooled. Conjugates made of PNIPAAm and IgG antibodies also exhibit the same critical temperature behavior. Interestingly, antigens that are complexed with these conjugates can also be phase‐separated along with the conjugates. In this work, we conjugated PNIPAAm for the first time to the immunoglobulin Fv fragment, the smallest fragment of an antibody that still retains the antigenic affinity of the whole antibody. For our studies, we used an Fv fragment that strongly binds hen egg white lysozyme (HEL). The purified Fv fragment–polymer conjugate precipitated at the same temperature as did the pure polymer. After addition of the conjugate to a mixture containing HEL and after thermal separation of the conjugate at 37°C, the amount of HEL in solution was reduced by as much as 80%. We were able to demonstrate the reversibility of the separation through three cycles of precipitation and dissolution. It was also possible to recover free HEL by thermal separation of the conjugate in the presence of an eluant, 50 mM diethylamine. The conjugate can then be recycled for second use. In conclusion, immunoseparations can be performed using smart polymer conjugates made with just the variable domains of an antibody. Unlike whole antibodies, fragments of antibodies can be produced in Escherichia coli, allowing easier genetic engineering of the antibody and tailoring of the conjugate. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 271–276, 2002
Modeling aerobic carbon source degradation processes using titrimetric data and combined respirometric–titrimetric data: Structural and practical identifiability
Authors: Gernaey Krist , Petersen Britta , Dochain Denis , Vanrolleghem Peter A.
Published: October 2002

The structural and practical identifiability of a model for description of respirometric–titrimetric data derived from aerobic batch substrate degradation experiments of a CxHyOzcarbon source with activated sludge was evaluated. The model processes needed to describe titrimetric data included substrate uptake, CO2production, and NH3uptake for biomass growth. The structural identifiability was studied using the Taylor series method and a recently proposed generalization method. It showed that combining respirometric and titrimetric data allows structural identifiability of one extra parameter combination, the biomass yield,YH, compared to estimation on separate data sets, on condition that the nitrogen fraction in biomass (iXB) is known. However, data from short‐term batch substrate degradation experiments were not sufficiently informative to allow practical identification of all structurally identifiable parameters. Combining respirometry and titrimetry resulted in improvements of parameter confidence intervals compared to estimation on separate respirometric or titrimetric data sets. However, the level of the improvement seems to be substrate dependent: parameter confidence intervals improved considerably more for dextrose than for acetate degradation models. Noteworthy is the finding that the half‐saturation substrate concentrations can be different depending on whether they are estimated from respirometric or titrimetric data. Moreover, this difference appears to be dependent on the carbon source considered: for dextrose, titrimetry‐basedKSvalues are higher than respirometry‐based values while for acetate the opposite was found. It was hypothesized that this can be explained by the different point in cell metabolism where the proton production or consumption takes place, leading to a corresponding difference in timing between pH effect and oxygen consumption. Finally, the biomass yieldYHand the nitrogen content of the biomassiXBcould be estimated from combined respirometric–titrimetric data obtained with addition of a known amount of carbon source.YHcan also be estimated fromrOdata when the initial substrate concentrationSS(0) is known. The values found correspond to values reported in literature, but, interestingly, also seem able to reflect the occurrence of storage processes when pulses of acetate and dextrose are added. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 754–767, 2002.
Intracellular expression of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin modifies microaerobic Escherichia coli metabolism through elevated concentration and specific activity of cytochrome o
Authors: Tsai Philip S. , Nägeli Michael , Bailey James E.
Published: October 2002

The function of the reversible oxygen‐binding hemoprotein from Vitreoscilla (VHb), which enhances oxygen‐limited cell growth and recombinant protein production when functionally expressed in Escherichia coli, was investigated in wild‐type E. coli and in E. coli mutants lacking one of the two terminal oxidases, cytochrome o complex (aerobic terminal oxidase, Cyo) or cytochrome d complex (microaerobic terminal oxidase, Cyd). Deconvolution of VHb, cytochrome o, and cytochrome d bands from in vivo absorption spectra revealed a 5‐fold enhancement in cytochrome o content and a 1.5‐fold increment in cytochrome d by VHb under microaerobic environments (dissolved oxygen less than 2% air saturation). Based upon oxygen uptake kinetics measurements of these mutants, the apparent oxygen affinity of the Cyo+, Cyd− E. coli was increased in the presence of VHb, but no difference in the apparent Km was observed for the Cyo−, Cyd+ strain. Results suggest that the expression of VHb in E. coli increases the level and activity of terminal oxidases and thereby improves the efficiency of microaerobic respiration and growth. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 558–567, 2002.
The role of proxies in treatment decisions: evaluating functional capacity to consent to end‐of‐life treatments within a family context
Authors: Allen Rebecca S. , Shuster John L.
Published: October 2002

Psychology as a profession has entered the arena of palliative and hospice care later in the process than other health care professions. Through the use of Familial Advance Planning Evaluations (FAPEs), however, psychologists can assist individuals and families in facing end‐of‐life transitions in important ways. Hospice and palliative care philosophy treats the patient and family as the unit of care. End‐of‐life decision‐making is therefore a family matter as well as a normative developmental transition. Yet, little is known about the decision‐making process. This paper reviews the literature regarding informed consent, advance care planning, and proxy decision‐making and outlines a theoretical model for familial decision‐making. Previous models of end‐of‐life capacity evaluations and family assessments are presented and serve as the basis for a comprehensive assessment of familial decision‐making at the end of life. Functional capacity evaluations of individuals at the end of life regarding decisions about life‐sustaining medical treatments enable both the individual patient and one identified proxy from his or her family to discuss important issues families may face during medical crises at the end of life. The information gleaned from such evaluations has the potential to assist psychologists and other professionals in designing family‐specific interventions to reduce caregiving distress, improve quality of life for dying patients, and ease the transition to bereavement for caregivers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Legal implications for failure to comply with advance directives: an examination of the incompetent individual's right to refuse life‐sustaining medical treatment
Authors: Perry Sherynn J.
Published: October 2002

Life‐sustaining medical technology in the past century has created a growing body of case law and legislation recognizing the incompetent individual's right to make his or her own end‐of‐life decisions. This article focuses on California's leadership in the area of these specific end‐of‐life issues: specifically, exploring the right of an incompetent individual to refuse life‐sustaining medical treatment. The article examines advance directives along with various judicial decision‐making standards for incompetent individuals and explores the sociobehavioral and legal rationale for compliance with incompetent individual's rights to make end‐of‐life decisions. Finally this article concludes (i) that advance directives allow competent individuals to state the medical treatment they would prefer in the event they should later become incompetent and (ii) that when advance directives are properly executed in a detailed manner, under laws currently in effect in some jurisdictions, the preferences stated in the directive bind health care providers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reinterpreting the controlled substances act: predictions for the effect on pain relief
Authors: Werth James L.
Published: October 2002

On November 6, 2001 U.S. Attorney General Ashcroft reinterpreted the Controlled Substances Act in a manner consistent with the Pain Relief Promotion Act, a bill introduced in the last Congress. This reinterpretation criminalizes actions related to the provision of controlled substances (e.g. opioids, barbiturates) in the event that a patient dies and external observers believe the intent of providing the medication was to hasten the patient's death. This paper analyzes the arguments regarding the need for reinterpretation and the potential consequences of such an action on pain relief. The conclusion is that the weight of the data clearly leads to the prediction that this reinterpretation of the Controlled Substances Act will lead physicians to be less likely to provide adequate types and doses of pain medication to patients who may die. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rethinking justice
Authors: Small Mark A. , Kimbrough‐Melton Robin
Published: October 2002

Changes in the way people marry, bear children and live together, combined with the changing nature of support for families, has put pressure on the justice system to adjust to new family and community realities in order to accomplish justice goals. Although the entire legal system is implicated by the changing nature of families and communities, most scholars and practitioners have focused on the judicial system and those courts most relevant to family issues: namely, the juvenile, family, and criminal courts. As scholars and practitioners began to ‘rethink justice,’ whole new reform movements of therapeutic jurisprudence, restorative justice, and community justice (among others) have emerged to offer new paradigms for the administration of justice. In this essay we discuss ways in which families and the justice system interact to strengthen and weaken each other to accomplish justice goals. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Youth prostitution: a literature review
Authors: Cusick Linda
Published: October 2002

This article reviews the academic literature on young people involved in prostitution. The prevalence and aetiology of youth prostitution and its links with drug use and criminal careers are explored. It argues that whatever the power of personal experiences which incline a person towards prostitution, prostitution can still only be possible in specific cultural conditions. The phenomenon of prostitution has the sexual double standard, poverty and an unequal labour market as prerequisites. We should not expect prostitution to either disappear or occur with equal frequency in men and women while these aspects of inequality continue. This article reviews debates on the particular challenges for service delivery and working together with this vulnerable group. In a civilized society, we should organize that the burden of inequalities which underlie prostitution should not be carried by children. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Faculty attitudes about students
Authors: Kozeracki Carol A.
Published: October 2002

This chapter discusses differing attitudes of faculty toward students, using results from three national studies that compare community college faculty with faculty at four‐year institutions and from a recent study conducted by the Center for the Study of Community Colleges to examine differences within subgroups of two‐year faculty.
Direct visualization of left ventricular free wall rupture by levocardiography
Authors: Krakau Ingo , Lapp Harald , Wolfertz Judith , Gülker Hartmut
Published: October 2002

Two cases of left ventricular free wall rupture and one case of combined left ventricular free wall and ventricular septal rupture are described where ventriculography played a key role in diagnosis. In all three cases of patients with acute myocardial infarction, identification and localization of the defect was made by angiography. This report illustrates the safety and feasibility of ventriculography in patients with suspected cardiac rupture. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:238–242. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immediate protamine administration and sheath removal following percutaneous coronary intervention: A prospective study of 429 patients
Authors: Ducas John , Chan Michael C.Y. , Miller Anthony , Kashour Tarek
Published: October 2002

We tested the approach of reversing anticoagulation following PCI and immediate sheath removal in 429 consecutive patients. On completion of the PCI, protamine was administered, and the vascular sheath was immediately removed. Stents were used in 364 patients (85%) and GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors were used in 52 patients (12%). Time to achieve hemostasis was 30 ± 17 min. Minor groin bleeding occurred in six patients. One patient required repair of femoral pseudoaneurysm. Mean creatine kinase at 8 and 16 hr post‐PCI were 129 ± 35 and 145 ± 32 units, respectively. Creatine kinase rose to > 3 times normal in 12 out of 350 patients (3.4%). Prior to 48 hr, eight patients (1.9%) required emergency PCI or coronary bypass surgery. Follow‐up at 30 days observed no deaths and only three target vessel revascularizations (0.7%). In conclusion, immediate reversal of anticoagulation and sheath removal after PCI is safe and feasible. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:196–199. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pulmonary venous pressure: Relationship to pulmonary artery, pulmonary wedge, and left atrial pressure in normal, lightly sedated dogs
Authors: Chaliki Hari P. , Hurrell David G. , Nishimura Rick A. , Reinke Rebekah A. , Appleton Christopher P.
Published: October 2002

Because pulmonary venous pressure has never been measured, it is unclear whether pulmonary wedge pressure measures left atrial pressure, as commonly assumed, or pressure more upstream in the pulmonary venous or capillary beds. Fluid‐filled mean pulmonary artery and pulmonary wedge pressure were compared with pulmonary venous and left atrial pressure obtained with high‐fidelity micromanometer catheters in eight lightly sedated dogs over a physiologic range of filling pressures. In all conditions, mean pulmonary wedge pressure was virtually identical (r = 0.99) to mean left atrial pressure (slope = 0.99; intercept = −0.46 mm Hg). At the same time, mean pulmonary venous pressure (17.1 ± 6.5 mm Hg) was intermediate between mean pulmonary artery pressure (20.2 ± 6.2 mm Hg) and mean pulmonary wedge pressure (13.3 ± 6.2 mm Hg; P < 0.0001) or mean left atrial pressure (13.4 ± 6.3 mm Hg; P < 0.0001). These relationships were maintained over normal and increased pressure ranges. As measured by conventional flow‐directed pulmonary catheters, mean pulmonary wedge pressure accurately reflects left atrial pressure in lightly sedated, spontaneously breathing normal dogs. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:432–438. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radiofrequency‐assisted atrial septoplasty for an intact atrial septum in complex congenital heart disease
Authors: Du Marchie Sarvaas Gideon J. , Trivedi Kalyani R. , Hornberger Lisa K. , Lee K. Jin , Kirsh Joel A. , Benson Lee N.
Published: October 2002

Septoplasty of the atrial septum was performed with sequential balloon dilation following radiofrequency‐assisted perforation of an intact atrial septum in two newborn infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and one with double‐outlet right ventricle. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:412–415. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns of late diameter change after balloon angioplasty of branch pulmonary artery stenosis: Evidence for vascular remodeling
Authors: Bartolomaeus Georg , Radtke Wolfgang A.K.
Published: October 2002

Angiographic diameters of 36 pulmonary artery stenoses (26 patients; median age, 3.3 years) before and after balloon angioplasty and at repeat angiography after 2–64 months were compared to diameters of 31 untreated pulmonary artery stenoses (20 patients) at a median age of 3.6 years and after 4–76 months. In the treatment group, an acute diameter gain of > 50% was achieved in 58%. On follow‐up, 16 lesions remained unchanged, 6 lesions had > 20% late loss, and 12 lesions had > 20% late gain. The three patterns of vascular response were confirmed when compared to the control group. In the late gain group, overall diameter increase was 125% compared to 41% initial increase. The net result was a long‐term success rate of 57%. Patterns of late diameter change appear to suggest vascular remodeling after balloon angioplasty of pulmonary arteries. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:533–540. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Carotid stent‐supported angioplasty in a patient with symptomatic and critical aortic stenosis
Authors: Li Steven Siu‐Lung , Yiu Siu‐Fung , Chiang Chung‐Seung
Published: October 2002

We report a successful carotid angioplasty in a patient with symptomatic and critical aortic stenosis. The safety and feasibility of this technique in this scenario have not been well established and reported. With careful planning and technique, we believe the procedure should be safe and feasible. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:498–502. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Successful treatment of iatrogenic renal artery perforation with an autologous vein‐covered stent
Authors: Bates Mark C. , Shamsham Fadi M. , Faulknier Brett , Crotty Bradley
Published: October 2002

A 72‐year‐old woman developed severe flank pain associated with hemodynamic compromise immediately after a J‐curve guidewire was inadvertently advanced into the right renal artery during cardiac catheterization. Contrast extravasation consistent with perforation of the main renal artery was seen on abdominal angiography. The perforation was successfully sealed using a premounted coronary stent that was covered with an autologous antecubital vein. Wide stent patency without aneurismal dilatation was confirmed on a 2‐year follow‐up renal angiogram. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;57:39–43. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Catheter closure of accessory pulmonary blood flow after bidirectional Glenn anastomosis using Amplatzer duct occluder
Authors: Ebeid Makram R. , Gaymes Charles H. , Joransen James A.
Published: October 2002

Additional source of pulmonary blood flow in patients with bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis (Glenn shunt) may cause elevation of the pulmonary artery pressure precluding safe completion of the Fontan operation. A case is presented with single‐ventricle bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis and additional flow from the ventricle to the pulmonary artery resulting in elevated Glenn pressure. The communication was successfully occluded using Amplatzer duct occluder with satisfactory reduction in the Glenn pressure. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;57:95–97. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
O2‐PLS for qualitative and quantitative analysis in multivariate calibration
Authors: Trygg Johan
Published: October 2002

In this paper the O‐PLS method [1] has been modified to further improve its interpretational functionality to give (a) estimates of the pure constituent profiles in X as well as model (b) the Y‐orthogonal variation in X, (c) the X‐orthogonal variation in Y and (d) the joint X–Y covariation. It is also predictive in both ways, X ↔ Y. We call this the O2‐PLS approach. In earlier papers we discussed the improved interpretation using O‐PLS compared to the partial least squares projections to latent structures (PLS) when systematic Y‐orthogonal variation in X exists, i.e. when a PLS model has more components than the number of Y variables. In this paper we show how the parameters in the PLS model are affected and to what degree the interpretational ability of the PLS components changes with the amount of Y‐orthogonal variation. In both real and synthetic examples, the O2‐PLS method provided improved interpretation of the model and gave a good estimate of the pure constituent profiles, and the prediction ability was similar to the standard PLS model. The method is discussed from geometric and algebraic points of view, and a detailed description of this modified O2‐PLS method is given and reviewed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combining bilinear modelling and ridge regression
Authors: Høy Martin , Westad Frank , Martens Harald
Published: October 2002

A method is presented for making principal component regression (PCR), partial least squares regression (PLSR) and other regressions based on bilinear modelling (BLM) less sensitive to overfit. The idea is to use generalized ridge regression to calculate the Y‐loadings in order to prevent small, uncertain values of the score vectors from causing inflation of variance in the regression coefficients. Thus we combine the stabilizing power of ridge regression with the modelling power and interpretability of bilinear models. The method is intended to provide better predictive ability and improved stability for regression models. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studying the functional genomics of stress responses in loblolly pine with the Expresso microarray experiment management system
Authors: Heath Lenwood S. , Ramakrishnan Naren , Sederoff Ronald R. , Whetten Ross W. , Chevone Boris I. , Struble Craig A. , Jouenne Vincent Y. , Chen Dawei , van Zyl Leonel , Grene Ruth
Published: October 2002

Conception, design, and implementation of cDNA microarray experiments present
a variety of bioinformatics challenges for biologists and computational scientists.
The multiple stages of data acquisition and analysis have motivated the design
of Expresso, a system for microarray experiment management. Salient aspects
of Expresso include support for clone replication and randomized placement;
automatic gridding, extraction of expression data from each spot, and quality
monitoring; flexible methods of combining data from individual spots into information
about clones and functional categories; and the use of inductive logic programming
for higher‐level data analysis and mining. The development of Expresso is
occurring in parallel with several generations of microarray experiments aimed
at elucidating genomic responses to drought stress in loblolly pine seedlings.
The current experimental design incorporates 384 pine cDNAs replicated and
randomly placed in two specific microarray layouts. We describe the design
of Expresso as well as results of analysis with Expresso that suggest the
importance of molecular chaperones and membrane transport proteins in mechanisms
conferring successful adaptation to long‐term drought stress. Copyright ©
2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Website Review: How to get the best from fission yeast genome data
Authors: Wood Valerie , Bähler Jürg
Published: October 2002

Researchers are increasingly depending on various centralized resources
to access the vast amount of information reported in the literature and generated
by systematic sequencing and functional genomics projects. Biological databases
have become everyday working tools for many researchers. This dependency goes
both ways in that the databases require continuous feedback from the research
community to maintain accurate, reliable, and up‐to‐date information. The
fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has recently been sequenced,
setting the stage for the post‐genome era of this popular model organism.
Here, we provide an overview of relevant databases available, or being developed,
together with a compilation of Internet resources containing useful information
and tools for fission yeast. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons,
Ltd.
Creating ‘stability’ for children in step‐families: time and substance in parenting
Authors: Edwards Rosalind
Published: October 2002

Children are said to be in need of stability for a ‘successful’ upbringing. This article focuses on the implications of this for parenting and childrearing practices in step‐families. It addresses the ways that conceptions of stability for children in family policy are tied to a particular family form and to maintaining continuity in biological parenting obligations, while parenting research has largely been concerned with measuring the consequences of changing family forms for children. In contrast, parents and step‐parents in step‐families themselves have far more complex understandings about the creation of stability for children in their care, around issues of dis/continuity in linear time and the social and material substantive constitution of stability. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.