bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Occlusion Problems in Central Venous Catheters: The child and Family Perspective
Authors: Gordon K. , Dearmun A. K.
Published: April 2003

The use of central venous catheters (CVCs) has revolutionized practice within paediatric oncology settings. However, many children experience problems with occlusion of these devices. When working effectively, CVCs can assist the administration of medication and withdrawal of blood samples and minimize the need for venepuncture, thus considerably easing the trauma of children undergoing treatment for malignant disease. However, when lines are occluded children will be subjected to vene-puncture or anaesthetic for line replacement. There are a myriad of factors that may lead to occlusion. A study was undertaken to identify these and explore the effects that occlusion of a CVC can have on the child and family.

The research was conducted in two phases. Phase one consisted of a review of case notes of 63 children from which five families were selected for interview. These were undertaken to examine the possible factors that may have precipitated line occlusion and the subsequent effect of this on their lives. The issues arising from the interviews and review of the case notes were used inform phase two, which comprised the development and distribution of a questionnaire in order to investigate key aspects within a larger population of 63 families.

This article explores the information gained from children and families about the effect occlusion can have on them and their lives. Overall the findings revealed that parents felt anxious, angry and helpless when faced with occlusion and they described the coping strategies they used when the problem arose. Furthermore, providing information and education to parents regarding the care of the CVC was crucial.

Following an analysis of the implications for practice the main recommendations were twofold. First, that structured teaching programmes and shared learning protocols should be developed to ensure that parents are fully conversant with the possible complications associated with the CVC. Second, parents should be provided with the knowledge and skills to feel competent in flushing their child’s line when they go home. Both these recommendations have subsequently been introduced within the unit.
Intergroup Contact and Prejudice Toward Immigrants in Italy: The Mediational Role of Anxiety and the Moderational Role of Group Salience
Authors: Voci Alberto , Hewstone Miles
Published: April 2003

Two studies investigated intergroup contact with immigrants in Italy. In Study 1 ( N = 310 students) contact had direct positive effects on perceived out-group variability and out-group attitude, and a direct negative effect on subtle prejudice; the last two effects were mediated by intergroup anxiety. Contact also had a greater effect on reduced anxiety and improved out-group perception and evaluation when group salience was high. In Study 2 ( N = 94 hospital workers) contact at work had direct effects on out-group attitudes and rights for immigrants, and an effect on attitudes toward ethnic coworkers that was mediated by intergroup anxiety at work. The effects of contact were again moderated by group salience. These findings show that the combination of positive contact with individuals from the out-group and group salience is effective in improving intergroup relations, and often does so via reduced anxiety.
‘Gringos’ in Mexico: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Effects of Language School-Promoted Contact on Intergroup Bias
Authors: Eller Anja , Abrams Dominic
Published: April 2003

A longitudinal field study examined Pettigrew’s (1998) intergroup contact theory and Gaertner et al.’s (2000) Common Ingroup Identity Model (CIIM). In Pettigrew’s model, the contact-prejudice relation is mediated by changing behavior, ingroup reappraisal, generating affective ties, and learning about the outgroup. Pettigrew’s integration of the three chief models of contact generalization into a time-sequence holds that contact first elicits decategorization, then salient categorization, and finally recategorization. In CIIM, these three levels of categorization—plus a fourth, dual identity—are thought to be mediators in the contact-prejudice relation. Results underline the crucial mediating role of behavior modification in Pettigrew’s model and interpersonal and superordinate levels in CIIM. An attempt to partially integrate the two models is presented.
Reconceptualizing ‘flaming’ and other problematic messages
Authors: O’Sullivan Patrick B. , Flanagin Andrew J.
Published: April 2003

Researchers examining ‘flaming’ - defined as hostile and aggressive interactions via text-based computer mediated-communication - have proposed theoretical frameworks to explain possible causes. However, precise conceptual and operational definitions of ‘flaming’ have yet to be established, which has implications for understanding this phenomenon. Consequently, we propose an interactional- normative framework that focuses on interpretations of messages from multiple perspectives in the situated and evolving context of appropriateness norms. This framework incorporates intentionality and individuals’ strategic choices in language use and channel selection. We discuss the implications of this framework for research on flaming and other problematic interactions.
Prisoner access to recreation, entertainment and diversion
Authors: Lippke Richard L.
Published: April 2003

The question addressed is whether prison inmates have a moral right of access to recreation, entertainment and diversion. The interests grounding such a right are first discussed. I then consider whether and to what extent a theory of legal punishment that incorporates both retributive and crime reduction aims, while giving primacy to the former, supports such a right. It is argued that such a theory supports a moral right to at least moderate levels of prisoner access to recreation, entertainment and diversion. Two further issues are then discussed - first, whether the state has an obligation to actually facilitate such access as opposed to simply not interfering with it, and second, what restrictions the state can reasonably impose on such access.
Popular support for the prison build-up
Authors: Useem Bert , Liedka Raymond V. , Piehl Anne Morrison
Published: April 2003

A substantial build-up in prison capacity and the use of incarceration in the USA began in the mid-1970s and continued through to the end of the century. Researchers generally agree that a broad-based social movement supported the build-up, but disagree over the core features of the movement. Some researchers argue that it was the by-product of social discontents associated with rapid social change. Other researchers contend that the movement was an instance of purposeful people seeking solutions to a problem. Across several data sets, little evidence is found to support the position that advocates of the prison build-up had suffered from recent social changes. Instead, the evidence suggests that people supported the build-up for instrumental reasons.
Contemporary issues and challenges for comparativists
Authors: de Munck Victor C.
Published: April 2003

Sir Edward B. Tyler saw ethnology and ethnography as the twin pillars of cultural anthropology. Yet, ethnology has had a marginal role in anthropology compared to ethnography. The inductive comparative approach developed by George Peter Murdock has never been part of mainstream anthropology. The postmodern concern with rooting out the ethnographer's own enculturated and often subconscious biases has placed ethnology at the periphery of the anthropological field of vision. The political economists' concern with post colonialism and, by extension, the de facto dominant position of the ethnographer relative to his or her informants has also narrowed our collective focus. With Europe and People Without a History, by Eric Wolf (1982), the tide began to turn and ethnology has emerged from the ashes. The main issue now is not whether comparative research has a future, but how are we going to do it? How do we incorporate `the best of postmoderism' with `the best of science'? I examine these questions in this introduction and discuss how the authors of this special issue grapple with and test new approaches to comparative analysis.
From roots to routes
Authors: Friedman Jonathan
Published: April 2003

This article suggests that the current discourses of globalization in anthropology, cultural studies and post-colonial studies are expressions and elaborations on a specific socially positioned perspective that has become a contender for a new ideological representation of the world. It is important to recognize that this representation is not so much the result of research but an immediate expression of a particular experience, one that began, in fact, outside of academia. This discourse, which is strongly evolutionist, is contrasted to a global systemic perspective in which globalization is a specific historical phase of such systems, a phenomenon that has occurred previously, most recently at the end of the 19th century and the first decades of the 20th century when it produced analogous discourses on the global.
The epistemological nature of archaeological units
Authors: O'Brien Michael J. , Lee Lyman R.
Published: April 2003

Understanding the epistemological nature of archaeological units, or types, is critical to archaeological research. Two aspects of units underpin the issue. First, ideational units must not be conflated with empirical units. Ideational units are units of measurement; empirical units are the things being measured. Ideational units can be either theoretical or descriptional. Theoretical units, as their name implies, are derived from a theoretical basis, and their utility for a specific analytical purpose must be tested. Descriptional units are not derived from theory and are not attached to an analytical purpose, although they may serve the purpose of communication. Second, theoretical units must be defined intensionally, through explicit listing of their diagnostic attributes. Most extant archaeological units have been extensionally derived from the specimens included in a unit, and often comprise descriptive as well as definitive attributes, without distinction between the two. The conflation of theoretical and empirical units remains a serious problem in archaeology.
In the present tense
Authors: Jenkins Richard
Published: April 2003

To have personal and collective pasts and to posit individual and collective futures are aspects of what it means to be human. Our past is who we have been, and the future is fundamental to imagining who we will become. However, in order to have either past or future we need a stable present, the space of our everyday lives. In contrast to one understanding of time, I want to suggest that `the present' is a substantial and relatively unproblematic aspect of the human world, produced and reproduced in language, in the institutionalized here-and-now, in the physical environment, and in the co-presence of embodied human individuals. Since these are also deeply implicated in identification, time and identification are probably best conceptualized together, the one a key to understanding the other. This further suggests that, since identification is arguably a diagnostic characteristic of `human being' and `human nature', the well-worn distinction between `social/cultural time' and `natural time' is problematic.
Customs and cultures in animals and humans
Authors: Gibson Kathleen R.
Published: April 2003

Anthropologists have long considered culture to be a defining attribute of humanity. Over the last decade, however, primatologists have repeatedly asserted that great apes also possess culture. Whether or not great apes or other animals pass the `culture test' depends on how one defines culture. This article uses the terms `custom' and `symbolic culture' to distinguish socially transmitted behavioral patterns and symbolic systems of belief, each of which is sometimes called culture. Information presented here indicates that social customs are widespread among mammals. It remains questionable, however, whether any non-human animals possess symbolic cultures. Symbolism, teaching, imitation, speech, and gesture demand brain-size mediated neurological capacities possessed by few non-human species. These include fine motor skills and the ability to construct variable, complex motor acts, concepts, and objects from multiple components. Humans exceed all other animals in these mental constructional skills and, hence, in many abilities that rely upon them including language, making complex tools, art, dance, mime, teaching and imitation. These interacting capacities enhance our social learning abilities and also allow us to create and transmit symbolic systems of belief. Symbolic cultures, thus, may be creations of social beings equipped with prerequisite motor and mental capacities, and they may reflect activities of multiple neurological areas as opposed to being a discrete human trait mediated by a specific, genetically-determined neural module. To the extent that symbolic cultures are creations, all mental capacities essential for culture may have been present in ancestral humans prior to the appearance of actual evidence of culture in the archaeological record.
’Lost Boys’ and the promised land
Authors: Robins Melinda B.
Published: April 2003

This textual analysis of top US newspapers examines coverage of the Sudanese ‘Lost Boys’ as they were being resettled in the USA after enduring years of civil war and exile. I uncover some of the narrative elements employed in the text that perpetuate US myths such as ‘the rugged individualist’ and ‘the Promised Land’, even as a complex foreign news story is made palatable to local news consumers. I find that the refugees were presented as coming from a situation beyond understanding, vessels waiting to be filled by US material culture. As human-interest features, the stories provide a human face to far-away tragedy but also are unsuccessful at moving beyond surface explanations of complex international situations. This indicates that an authentic paradigm shift concerning international news coverage has not yet occurred.
The European Court of Justice, Democracy, and Enlargement
Authors: Carrubba Clifford J.
Published: April 2003

In Europe, there is increasing concern with how the operation of the Commission, Council of Ministers, and European Parliament is creating a democratic deficit. One institution that is generally considered central to the effective functioning of a democratic system, but tends to be neglected in these discussions, is the European Court of Justice (ECJ). After all, it is at least ostensibly the job of the legal system to ensure that no one is above the law, not even governments. This study applies a theory of judicial politics to identify under what conditions the ECJ can act as an effective democratic check in the European Union and how enlargement may affect that role.
Marking the Carceral Boundary
Authors: Combessie Philippe
Published: April 2003

Based on comparative fieldwork conducted in and around four French prisons in 1990-94, this article analyzes processes at work in the `sensitive perimeter' that surrounds and isolates establishments of penal confinement. The first part retraces the nested dynamics of relegation at the planning and building stage that lead to the geographic isolation of carceral establishments - their expurgation from city centers and removal to distant locations devoid of economic and symbolic value. The second part focuses on the distortions induced by carceral divisions in ordinary interactions taking place in the bars and hotels located in the immediate vicinity of prisons. It is found that the dichotomous cleavage effected and materialized by the prison, with inmates embodying `evil' on one side and guards as carriers of `good' on the other, seeps through the walls and infects a wide range of social relationships. The prison both radiates and exports the penal stigma it is assumed to contain, thereby profoundly affecting its proximate social ecology.
The policy and practice of protective sentencing
Authors: Henham Ralph
Published: April 2003

This article discusses some recent empirical research into the sentencing of dangerous offenders in England and Wales in its wider socio-legal context. It is particularly concerned to draw attention to the ways in which the operation of those procedural constraints that circumscribe judicial discretionary decisions in this area bear little relevance to notions of moral legitimacy, nor the legal rights of offenders, victims or the wider community.
From Enterprise Protection to Social Protection
Authors: Whiteford Peter
Published: April 2003

The Chinese system of social protection has been subject to significant reforms over the past 25 years, but it can still be regarded as a system in transition. These reforms have been impressive in scope and much has been achieved in extending coverage, pooling resources, improving administration of payments, and in starting to address the issue of future financing requirements. Nevertheless, the system is not yet fully appropriate for the challenges facing China over the next decade and beyond. This article assesses the main features of the development of the Chinese pension system, and identifies a number of issues to be addressed as part of future reforms. The article compares the Chinese system with those operating in other world regions, and also in other parts of Asia. Chinese developments are also discussed in the context of global social policy developments and the role of international organizations. The article also discusses possible approaches to dealing with future challenges.
Close encounters: exemplars of process-oriented qualitative research in health care
Authors: Katz Arlene M. , Mishler Elliot G.
Published: April 2003

Qualitative and quantitative research approaches reflect different ‘world views’ and raise different questions for inquiry. In this article, we map several prominent features of the landscape of qualitative research by presenting a range of research exemplars in the fields of medicine and health care that focus on process, that is, on ‘What’s going on?’. We include studies of: clinical encounters between patients and health care providers; patients’ lived experiences in their social and cultural settings; institutional changes in training and practice; and public health care policy. Our approach is intended to show that there are many ways to do qualitative research, with exemplars chosen so as to be relevant to the specific questions asked and to the stance of the researcher. The diversity of topics, approaches and methods represented may help practitioners, educators, and researchers specify, clarify, elaborate and refine their domains of concern, and guide them in choosing appropriate and context-sensitive methods for their own inquiries.
Creating compassionate care within the hospital intensive care unit: beyond positivism and toward wisdom and responsibility
Authors: Wax Murray L.
Published: April 2003

Of deaths in the US, an increasing proportion occur within hospital intensive care units amidst miraculous medical technology. A positivist ethos dominates, despite the severe philosophic criticisms levelled at its axiomatic foundations. As patients are transformed into ‘cases’, they lose social identity, and their dying becomes a medical defeat, rather than a natural and social process. Families encounter sedated intubated specimens rather than social persons from whom they wish ceremonially to depart. In response to these problems, there are ongoing efforts at transformation and remediation. Viewing biomedicine in relationship to phronesis, this article explores the dilemmas.
Civic nationhood and the challenges of minority inclusion
Authors: Nedelsky Nadya
Published: April 2003

This article explores the theoretical debate over how best to conceptualize the `civic nation' and its implications for minority inclusion. By examining the Czech government's treatment of the Roma minority according to a four-part measure of civic inclusiveness, it assesses the extent to which the regime's foundation on the `civic principle' has produced a political community that actually treats all citizens equally. The article thereby both critically assesses the claim that the use of the civic principle is inherently conducive to minority inclusion and civic equality and attempts to demonstrate that the term `civic' remains useful for analyzing and classifying types of community.
With the Benefit of Hindsight
Authors: Maxwell Virginia , Barr Owen
Published: April 2003

Learning disability services worldwide increasingly recognize people with learning disabilities as family members and aim to provide effective support which facilitates family cohesion. However, some professionals still hold stereotypical views about families within a pathological model and as being `in need'. This article outlines one mother's reflections on her experience of raising a child with Down Syndrome, how his presence impacted on the family, and how she as a person changed as a result. The focus is on how the mother feels as a person, and how she has grown throughout all the sadness she has had to face. The article may help professionals to understand family life from a mother's perspective when a child has learning disabilities, and to recognize the importance of effective listening, ongoing coordinated support, and learning to work in partnership.
Dream kitsch and the debris of history
Authors: Goodman Douglas J.
Published: April 2003

In this interview, Martin Jay discusses the relation between consumption and his work in intellectual history. Beginning with some personal reflections on his own relation to consumer society, Jay proceeds to discuss the influence of the emergence of the department store on French intellectual thought, the scopic regimes of shopping malls, the ambivalent relation of the Frankfurt School to consumption, alternatives to the Marxists’ valorization of production and the commodification of experience. In addition, he draws on the work of Walter Benjamin to suggest new approaches to the study of consumption. He concludes by discussing the advantages and drawbacks to a theoretical approach to consumption.
‘Deep time’metaphor
Authors: Borić Dušan
Published: April 2003

How does ‘material memory’ work? Should monumental sites be considered as places of social memory par excellence or perhaps citational practices? With these questions in mind the concepts of citation, trace and repetition are singled out as elements of ‘material memory’. This article addresses evidence from the prehistoric site of Lepenski Vir in south-east Europe, and suggests that the concept of ‘deep time’ constituted the main structuring trope of the sequence. Over the long term, people adhered to physical traces of ‘deep time’, through re-figuring, dis placement and circulation of material fragments, which maintained a collective (material) memory. The significance of apotropaism is suggested as a constitutive part of cultural practices and understood as a ‘technology of protection’ with ontological and epistemological relevance, such that it empowers individual agents to cope with various vicissitudes of life by an effective mobilization of ‘deep time’ residues. Examples of narrative sequences at Lepenski Vir are explored, which relate to specific individuals and life cycles of houses.
The staging of history: theatrical, temporal and economic borders of Historyland
Authors: Magelssen Scott
Published: April 2003

This article presents Tony Wise’s 20th-century Wisconsin tourist attraction, Historyland, as a case study which unpacks the idea of civic landscape manipulation as historiographic operation. Beginning in 1954, Wise’s enterprise collected and displayed artifacts from the 19th-century logging industry of northern Wisconsin and the town of Hayward. Historyland featured an ‘authentic’ logging camp and an Indian Village with costumed performers. The enterprise culminated in the 1960s with the physical removal and relocation of Hayward’s historic buildings to the tourist site, where they were rearranged and staged as ‘Old Hayward’. Approaching the subject from a theatre history and theory background, this article looks at the ways Historyland produced heritage and nostalgia as touristic commodities through performance, and examines the economic repercussions of staging the history of a town by actively segregating the old from the contemporary elements.
Reflections on the Minimal State
Authors: Hasnas John
Published: April 2003

This article challenges the traditional argument for the state that holds that because the market is unable to supply the rule-making, adjudicative, and enforcement services that are essential to life in society, the state must, and hence is morally justified. The author argues that the market's inability to supply these basic services proves only that the state must ensure that they are supplied, not that it must supply them itself. This implies that the traditional concept of the minimal state as one that supplies only these basic services is flawed. The `remedial state' (one that regulates the private provision of these services) is actually the minimal state.
Boundary Permeability as a Cultural Dimension
Authors: Shamir Boas , Melnik Yael
Published: April 2003

Interviews conducted with American and Israeli managers and engineers who work together in the Silicon Valley, California, revealed that many of the cultural differences and difficulties encountered in cross cultural working relationships between members of the two cultures represent a single theme. The Americans were perceived and described as more compartmentalized and bounded in many respects, while the Israelis were perceived and described as more unbounded and as tending to disregard or cross boundaries. This theme repeated itself with regard to several types of boundaries: expressive boundaries, bureaucratic boundaries, temporal boundaries, and boundaries between work and non-work activities and relationships. These differences affected the quality of communication and the level of trust and cooperation between members of the two groups. Following these findings, and the observation that many of the cultural dimensions commonly used by social scientists can be conceived of in terms of differences in boundary permeability, we propose that cultures may differ on a meta-dimension of boundary rigidity versus permeability, and that such differences are consequential for cross cultural relations in organizations.
A Test of Etzioni's Control-Compliance Model in Israeli Kibbutzim
Authors: Banai Moshe
Published: April 2003

This empirical study uses Etzioni's control-compliance model to compare the level of personal and social alienation of members of two kibbutzim: 31 members of a kibbutz that employs a normative mode of social control and 42 members of a kibbutz that employs a remunerative mode of social control. After controlling for job characteristics, gender, age, and education, no difference was found between the levels of alienation of the two kibbutzim's members. Women proved to be more resistant to social alienation than men. It is concluded that Etzioni's model is a static model that has limited ability to explain the change in the relationship between an organization's control mode and its members' organizational involvement, when the organization's members voluntarily initiate this change.
Similarities and Differences in Human Values between Nurses in Four Countries
Authors: Glazer Sharon , Beehr Terry A.
Published: April 2003

Data on human values were collected from 1410 nurses from Hungary, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Multivariate analysis of covariance, using the mean rating of all 57 individual values, sex, marital status, and age as the covariates, showed significant differences between countries on the 10 value types. However, the variance accounted for by country on each of these values was small. A plot of the adjusted mean scores of each country on each value type, as well as Spearman rho correlations between countries on the 10 value types show that nurses tend to have similar value type profiles across countries. Because years of experience in nursing do not seem to affect these correlations, we presume that nursing attracts people with personal values that are more similar to each other than different across countries, much like the homogenization process that takes place in organizations.
Managerial Sex-Role Stereotyping
Authors: Fullagar Clive J. , Sumer H. Canan , Sverke Magnus , Slick Renee
Published: April 2003

Sex-role stereotyping of middle management and the nature of sex stereotypes were investigated in two culturally distinct student samples from Turkey and Sweden. Based on existing empirical and theoretical evidence it was hypothesized that there would be considerably less sex-role stereotyping of management in Sweden than in Turkey. Findings of this study were also compared with those reported by Schein and Mueller on US, British, and German samples. Consistent with previous research, the results indicated that there is a predominant male stereotype associated with successful middle management. Yet, unexpectedly, sex-role stereotyping was observed to be weaker among Turkish participants than Swedish participants. Finally, although the nature of sex stereotypes differed for the two countries, the profile of successful managers was similar.
Organizational Citizenship and Withdrawal Behaviors in the USA and India
Authors: Kwantes Catherine T.
Published: April 2003

The effect of three components of organizational commitment - affective, continuance, and normative commitment - on four different dimensions of organizational citizenship behaviors and withdrawal were examined in two samples of engineers employed in mid-sized manufacturing companies. One sample (n = 151) was from the midwestern United States, while the other sample was from India (n = 159). The four dimensions of organizational citizenship behaviors - personal industry, individual initiative, interpersonal helping, and loyal boosterism - were found to have somewhat different relationships with the hypothesized predictors. Additionally, different patterns emerged in the two national samples. Affective commitment was the only component found to relate to either positive or negative organizational behaviors in the American sample, while all three components were differentially related to work behaviors in the Indian sample.
Two Decades of Developments in Qualitative Inquiry
Authors: Patton Michael Quinn
Published: April 2003

The publication of the third edition of Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods offers the author an opportunity to reflect back over two decades of developments in qualitative inquiry. Major developments include: the end of the qualitative-quantitative debate; the flowering of diverse and competing approaches within qualitative inquiry; the increased importance of mixed methods; the elaboration of purposeful sampling approaches; increasing recognition of the creativity at the center of qualitative analysis; the emergence of ever more sophisticated software to facilitate qualitative analysis; and new ethical challenges in the face of the potential impacts of qualitative inquiry on both those studied and those engaged in the inquiry.
Understanding Gendered Practice in Child Protection
Authors: Scourfield Jonathan , Coffey Amanda
Published: April 2003

This article debates several theoretical perspectives that may have potential for explaining the gendered nature of child protection work, and aims to contribute to understandings of the gendered discourses and practices within which child protection work is situated. The article explores the potential contributions of concepts such as patriarchy, gender identities and occupational culture, and considers the gender inequalities generally present in social services departments. We argue that each of these perspectives is partially illuminating, but also limited in its conceptual relevance. More helpful is a post-structuralist emphasis on occupational discourses. The latter sections of the article draw on other theoretical frameworks for understanding the gendered contexts and realities of child protection work. In particular attention is paid to the regulation of the body, and to the interrelated discourses of class, gender and crime.
Feminist Dilemmas in Data Analysis
Authors: Lister Pam Green
Published: April 2003

In this article, I seek to explore some of the theoretical and political dilemmas I faced as a feminist qualitative researcher in the field of child sexual abuse. The article draws on my research into the use of creative writing by women survivors of sexual abuse. I begin my article with a discussion of how I entered the research process as a feminist researcher. I consider how my choice of research topic raised a number of ethical issues. I then engage in a discussion of the challenges of data analysis for feminist researchers. In order to illustrate the challenges I faced in my research, I focus on how women survivors use writing to explore memory. Theoretical perspectives on memory and women survivors of sexual abuse are explored, before I summarize my findings in this area. In analysing women’s use of writing to explore memory, I outline the interpretive tensions I faced at a range of levels of analysis. I demonstrate how I tried to ensure that women survivors’ voices were privileged, while I also engaged in the theoretical and political debates in the field. I conclude that feminist researchers need to develop epistemologies that can meet the complexity of the world as experienced and understood by our research subjects.
The Influence of Student Learning Characteristics on Progress Through the Extended Essay
Authors: Munro John
Published: April 2003

The Extended Essay in the International Baccalaureate Diploma provides the opportunity for students to engage in self-directed knowledge enhancement. The present study investigates the influence of three learning factors on achievement outcomes: students' approach to learning, motivational style and cognitive style. All factors affected achievement scores. The implications of their influence for instruction, for student knowledge of how to work through the Extended Essay and for assisting students to manage and direct their learning most efficiently are discussed.
The Development of a Model for International Education with Special Reference to the Role of Host Country Nationals
Authors: Schwindt Erika
Published: April 2003

Based upon an extensive literature review, and personal experience of teaching in an international school in Germany, this article develops a model previously put forward for the conceptualization of an environment for learning in an institutional context, and specifically explores the role of host country nationals, as students and teachers, in supporting the promotion of international-mindedness. Suggestions for improvements in achieving the goals of international education in similar schools to that described are included.
Correcting for Endogeneity in Strategic Management Research
Authors: Hamilton Barton H. , Nickerson Jackson A.
Published: April 2003

The field of strategic management is predicated fundamentally on the idea that managements' decisions are endogenous to their expected performance implications. Yet, based on a review of more than a decade of empirical research in the Strategic Management Journal, we find that few papers econometrically correct for such endogeneity. In response, we now describe the endogeneity problem for cross-sectional and panel data, referring specifically to management's choice among discrete strategies with continuous performance outcomes. We then present readily implementable econometric methods to correct for endogeneity and, when feasible, provide STATA code to ease implementation. We also discuss extensions and nuances of these models that are sometimes difficult to decipher in more standard treatments. These extensions are not typically discussed in the strategy literature, but they are, in fact, highly pertinent to empirical strategic management research.
The Impact of Culture on Team Learning in a South African Context
Authors: Ndletyana Dorothy
Published: April 2003

The problem and the solution. The legacy of apartheid has left South Africa a bicultural society in which the normal divisions that often work to inhibit collective learning are intensified and magnified. This problem can be addressed by building on the tradition of Ubuntu to establish a balance between dialogue and discussion, encourage the use of narratives, and focus on participation as a form of power redistribution and giving voice.
Risk Scales And Factors Predictive Of Sexual Offence Recidivism
Authors: Craig Leam A. , Browne Kevin D. , Stringer Ian
Published: April 2003

Accurate assessments of levels of risk posed by sexual offenders are in high demand as decisions concerning whether an offender should be released into the community can have severe consequences both for the offender and the public. This article reviews factors predictive of sexual offence recidivism and the 12 most widely used actuarial risk assessment instruments for sexual offenders. It was found that 10 out of the 12 actuarial and clinical measures available are better at distinguishing general recidivism than sexual offence reoffending. Ten assessments predominately use static risk factors, and 7 do not consider treatment effects. Hence, the validity of these instruments for use with sex offenders is in question. It is argued that the use of both static factors and variations of dynamic risk factors, using the actuarial approach, will predict those offenders who will reoffend and distinguish them from those who are not likely to reoffend. Evidence-based dynamic risk factors that are sensitive to sexual reoffending are identified.
Research And Interventions To Reduce Domestic Violence Revictimization
Authors: Mears Daniel P.
Published: April 2003

Despite decades of research on domestic violence, considerable challenges must be addressed to develop sound, theoretically and empirically based interventions for reducing domestic violence revictimization. Many basic and applied research issues remain unaddressed by existing studies, and evaluations frequently do not sufficiently highlight their limitations or program or policy implications. Nonetheless, progress has been made, and practitioners and policy makers increasingly have a wide range of promising interventions from which to select. This article reviews research on domestic violence and focuses particular attention on interventions aimed at reducing revictimization among individuals known to have been abused. It also provides a conceptual framework for practitioners and policy makers to situate existing evaluation research and highlights the need for better data to understand and assess efforts to reduce domestic violence revictimization. The author concludes by discussing directions for future research and recommendations for practice and policy.
Hospital Health Promotion: Swimming or Sinking in an Upstream Business?
Authors: Hilgerson Lori L. , Prohaska Thomas R.
Published: April 2003

Healthy People 2000 (HP 2000) calls on hospitals to offer health promotion programs addressing priority health needs of the community. Historically, this upstream initiative has not been present in health care. With the increasing provision of these programs, this case study examined their content to further understand potential public health impact. The health promotion programs offered to the community–both the general public and corporate employees–by an urban Midwest hospital were assessed over 1 year. This article presents a content analysis of 216 programs that was conducted by measuring seven variables: target group, presentation format, fee, health focus, program providers, contact frequency, and activity. Based on this single case study, hospitals appear to be addressing objectives set forth by HP 2000 for community hospitals. Although moving upstream with health promotion, an analysis of program content suggests modifications may be necessary in order to serve as effective interventions for health priorities.
Practicing Health Promotion Through Pharmacy Counseling Activities
Authors: Chandra Ashish , Malcolm Nathaniel , Fetters Margery
Published: April 2003

Dramatic changes in the U.S. health care system have emphasized the need to promote good health. To achieve this, different types of health care professionals have now started working together. These teams often include participants, such as doctors, pharmacists, and nurses. However, there are many health professionals, such as pharmacists, working in noninstitutionalized settings, such as pharmacies, who are not being fully utilized. One of the ways pharmacists can promote good health is by counseling patients. This article provides some insights regarding the various health promotion activities that are or can be performed by pharmacists. Health promotion educators can play a significant role in educating pharmacists to become effective health promoters. Some hypothetical scenarios and examples, as well as models, are also provided to demonstrate active health promotion through pharmacist counseling activities.
The Development and Efficacy of a Theory-Based Educational Curriculum to Promote Self-Regulation Among High-Risk Older Drivers
Authors: Stalvey Beth T. , Owsley Cynthia
Published: April 2003

Knowledge Enhances Your Safety (KEYS) is a curriculum developed for older drivers who maintain driving privileges while coping with visual limitations that increase crash risk. KEYS’ goal is to promote safe driving through self-awareness of vision impairment and adopting self-regulatory strategies. We discuss KEYS’ theoretical framework based on the tenants of the Social Cognitive Theory, Health Belief and Transtheoretical Models, and Principles of Self-Regulation and Regulatory Self-Efficacy. Baseline and 6-month posttest evaluations tested its efficacy in terms of theoretical construct outcomes. KEYS’ participants improved self-perceptions of vision impairment, perceived a greater number of benefits in the performance of self-regulatory behaviors, and moved closer to the preparation and action/maintenance stages of change. Results indicate that high-risk older drivers benefit from educational interventions that promote self-awareness and self-regulation of driving. Future work will evaluate KEYS’ efficacy for high-risk older drivers in promoting driver behavior changes and its impact on crash involvement.
Map Drawing in Tonga, Polynesia: Accessing Mental Representations of Space
Authors: Bennardo Giovanni
Published: April 2003

On the island of Vava'u in the northern archipelago of the Kingdom of Tonga, Polynesia, the author asked informants to draw a map of their village and later of the island they live on. Combining the drawing strategies used and the representational distortions inferred from the maps, the author arrived at hypotheses about how mental representations of spatial relationships are habitually organized in Tongan minds. The drawing tasks are described in detail.
A Note on Consistent Players’ Valuation
Authors: Esteller-Moré Alejandro , Eres-García Montserrat
Published: April 2003

Depending on their degree of risk aversion, team managers might prefer those players who score a regular amount of points in each game of the season to those other players who, although on average do equally well or even better, are more inconsistent. However, sports statistics do not reflect consistency. To take into account this characteristic seriously, the authors propose to use the well-known welfare function of Atkinson to evaluate the performance of a player in any category of the game. To illustrate their proposal, the authors apply it to the ranking of scoring leaders in the regular 2000 to 2001season and in the 2001play-offs of the National Basketball Association and offer an indication of how to deal with the valuation of consistency in the empirical estimation of players’ compensation.
Credibility and Independence of the World Anti-Doping Agency
Authors: Eber Nicolas
Published: April 2003

This article argues that the antidoping policy faces a credibility problem very similar to that identified for the conduct of the monetary policy. Using a theoretical framework à la Barro-Gordon in which athletes form rational expectations about authorities’ effort against doping, the author shows that strong antidoping policies are not credible unless conducted by a completely independent World Anti-Doping Agency, provided that its president has either a very strong aversion to doping or a wage contract that incites him or her to implement the announced level of effort.
Cultural Change
Authors: Barbero Jesús Martín
Published: April 2003

In this article, the author analyzes cultural changes introduced by modernization in Colombia and their link to the development of media as a constitutive element in the country’s transformation. He does so by studying the results of a research project that involved interviews with “mediators” of society—social science researchers, artists, writers, people working in communications, designers, high school teachers—regarding the presence of “the cultural” in newspapers, radio, and television. He investigates the transformations that the very notions of culture and the cultural are currently undergoing in the agenda and discursive formats of mass media and their relation to innovations in both policy making and technology.
The Effect of Legislative Diversity on Agenda Setting
Authors: Bratton Kathleen A.
Published: April 2003

I examine the relationship between increasing gender and racial diversity within legislatures and agenda setting and find important differences within and across minority groups (i.e., Blacks and women). Increasing gender diversity among Democrats is associated with an overall increase in the number of women’s interests measures introduced; the opposite effect is observed for Republicans. Increasing racial diversity among Democrats is associated with a transference phenomenon in which White legislators introduce fewer Black interest measures, and Black legislators share the role of bringing Black interests to the agenda. Moreover, evidence exists that increasing racial diversity among Democrats is associated with a higher number of bills sponsored by Republicans that are contrary to Black interests and with fewer such bills sponsored by Democrats. I conclude that although increasing diversity can be accompanied by an increased attention to group interests, it is important to take into account partisan differences and differences between minority groups.
State Campaign Finance Regulations and Electoral Competition
Authors: Gross Donald A. , Goidel Robert K. , Shields Todd G.
Published: April 2003

In the following analysis, we provide an assessment of the effect of campaign finance reform on campaign spending and electoral competition in gubernatorial campaigns. The work improves on prior research by considering a longer, more comprehensive time frame (1978-1997) and by examining the effects of several different components of reform (contribution limits, public financing, and spending limits) within a single analytic framework. We find that spending limits reduce candidate spending and have an indirect and negative effect on electoral competition. The negative effects of spending limits, however, are heavily contingent on the level at which the limit is set. Contribution limits are associated with increased disparities in candidate spending and increased incumbent spending but have no direct effects on electoral competition. Overall, whether campaign finance reform enhances or inhibits electoral competition depends very much on the combination of spending limits, contribution limits, and public financing enacted in a given state.