bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Professor Dame Janet Thornton to receive ‘The FEBS Journal Open Science Award’
Authors: Skourti Eleni , Martin Seamus J.
Published: May 2022

Professor Dame Janet Thornton has been named as the inaugural recipient of ‘The FEBS Journal Open Science Award’ for her major role in the development of ELIXIR, the pan‐European infrastructure for biological data, as well as the creation of freely available computational tools and knowledge resources.
Fracture characterization of a bi‐material bonded aluminum/CFRP joints under mixed‐mode I + II loading
Authors: Moreira Raul D. F. , de Moura Marcelo F. S. F. , Silva Filipe G. A. , Rodrigues Jhonny S. , Silva Fernando D. R.
Published: May 2022

Fracture characterization under mixed‐mode I + II loading of bi‐material bonded joints with aluminum–carbon fiber reinforced polymer (AL‐CFRP) adherends was analyzed in this work. Five different and quite simple fracture tests were employed aiming to cover properly the complete mixed‐mode I + II range and identifying a representative energy‐based fracture criterion. A mode partitioning method lying on cohesive zone analysis was implemented, enabling the identification of strain energy mode I and mode II components for each type of test, which is relevant regarding the estimation of the energy‐based criterion defining the fracture envelope of these bi‐material joints.
A global synthesis of human impacts on the multifunctionality of streams and rivers
Authors: Brauns Mario , Allen Daniel C. , Boëchat Iola G. , Cross Wyatt F. , Ferreira Verónica , Graeber Daniel , Patrick Christopher J. , Peipoch Marc , von Schiller Daniel , Gücker Björn
Published: May 2022

Human impacts, particularly nutrient pollution and land‐use change, have caused significant declines in the quality and quantity of freshwater resources. Most global assessments have concentrated on species diversity and composition, but effects on the multifunctionality of streams and rivers remain unclear. Here, we analyse the most comprehensive compilation of stream ecosystem functions to date to provide an overview of the responses of nutrient uptake, leaf litter decomposition, ecosystem productivity, and food web complexity to six globally pervasive human stressors. We show that human stressors inhibited ecosystem functioning for most stressor‐function pairs. Nitrate uptake efficiency was most affected and was inhibited by 347% due to agriculture. However, concomitant negative and positive effects were common even within a given stressor‐function pair. Some part of this variability in effect direction could be explained by the structural heterogeneity of the landscape and latitudinal position of the streams. Ranking human stressors by their absolute effects on ecosystem multifunctionality revealed significant effects for all studied stressors, with wastewater effluents (194%), agriculture (148%), and urban land use (137%) having the strongest effects. Our results demonstrate that we are at risk of losing the functional backbone of streams and rivers if human stressors persist in contemporary intensity, and that freshwaters are losing critical ecosystem services that humans rely on. We advocate for more studies on the effects of multiple stressors on ecosystem multifunctionality to improve the functional understanding of human impacts. Finally, freshwater management must shift its focus toward an ecological function‐based approach and needs to develop strategies for maintaining or restoring ecosystem functioning of streams and rivers.
Cocreation with Dutch patients of decision‐relevant information to support shared decision‐making about adjuvant treatment in breast cancer care
Authors: van Strien‐Knippenberg Inge S. , Boshuizen Marieke C. S. , Determann Domino , de Boer Jasmijn H. , Damman Olga C.
Published: May 2022

Background

To support patients in shared decision‐making about treatment options, patient decision aids (PtDAs) usually provide benefit/harm information and value clarification methods (VCMs). Recently, personalized risk information from prediction models is also being integrated into PtDAs. This study aimed to design decision‐relevant information (i.e., personalized survival rates, harm information and VCMs) about adjuvant breast cancer treatment in cocreation with patients, in a way that suits their needs and is easily understandable.

Methods

Three cocreation sessions with breast cancer patients (N = 7–10; of whom N = 5 low health literate) were performed. Participants completed creative assignments and evaluated prototypes of benefit/harm information and VCMs. Prototypes were further explored through user testing with patients (N = 10) and healthcare providers (N = 10). The researchers interpreted the collected data, for example, creative and homework assignments, and participants' presentations, to identify key themes. User tests were transcribed and analysed using ATLAS.ti to assess the understanding of the prototypes.

Results

Important information needs were: (a) need for overview/structure of information directly after diagnosis and; (b) need for transparent benefit/harm information for all treatment options, including detailed harm information. Regarding VCMs, patients stressed the importance of a summary/conclusion. A bar graph seemed the most appropriate way of displaying personalized survival rates; the impact of most other formats was perceived as too distressful. The concept of ‘personalization’ was not understood by multiple patients.

Conclusions

A PtDA about adjuvant breast cancer treatment should provide patients with an overview of the steps and treatment options, with layers for detailed information. Transparent information about the likelihood of benefits and harm should be provided. Given the current lack of information on the likelihood of side effects/late effects, efforts should be made to collect and share these data with patients. Further quantitative studies are needed to validate the results and to investigate how the concept of ‘personalization’ can be communicated.

Patient or Public Contribution

Ten breast cancer patients participated in three cocreation sessions to develop decision‐relevant information. Subsequent user testing included 10 patients. The Dutch Breast Cancer Association (BVN) was involved as an advisor in the general study design.
Association of low‐level viremia with mortality among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Dehong, Southwest China: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Yu Hailiang , Yang Yuecheng , Cao Dongdong , Zhao Yan , Jin Cong , Sun Haolan , Cao Yanfen , Ye Runhua , Yao Shitang , Duan Song , Wu Zunyou
Published: May 2022

Objectives

To investigate the association of low‐level viremia (LLV) with mortality among people living with HIV (PLHIV) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Dehong, Southwest China.

Methods

We analysed data collected from a cohort of PLHIV on ART in Dehong. PLHIV were enrolled in this cohort after they started ART, with viral load (VL) tested once a year afterwards. Each VL level was then categorized into one of the four groups: <50, 50–199, 200–999 and ≥1000 copies/ml. VL levels of 50–199 and 200–999 copies/ml were defined as LLV. The VL level for each participant was re‐categorized and fitted into an extended Cox regression model as a time‐varying covariate to examine the associations of VL level with all‐cause and AIDS‐related deaths.

Results

Among the included 7273 of 8762 PLHIV in this study, median age (interquartile range, IQR) was 36 (30–43) years and 59.9% were male. The patients were followed up for a median duration (IQR) of 6.2 (4.3–8.2) years. Compared with VL <50 copies/ml, LLV 200–999 copies/ml (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] and 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.56 [1.04, 2.32]) were associated with elevated risk of all‐cause mortality and LLV50‐199 (aHR [95% CI]: 1.00 [0.68, 1.45]) were not. Similarly, only LLV200‐999 copies/ml (aHR [95% CI]: 2.37 [1.36, 4.14]) corresponded to higher risk of AIDS‐related mortality.

Conclusions

This study suggests that PLHIV on ART may have elevated death risks even though the viremia is suppressed at a low level. Interventions targeting PLHIV with LLV should be developed to reduce their mortality.
Nonparametric Testing of the Dependence Structure Among Points–Marks–Covariates in Spatial Point Patterns
Authors: Dvořák Jiří , Mrkvička Tomáš , Mateu Jorge , González Jonatan A.
Published: May 2022

We investigate testing of the hypothesis of independence between a covariate and the marks in a marked point process. It would be rather straightforward if the (unmarked) point process were independent of the covariate and the marks. In practice, however, such an assumption is questionable and possible dependence between the point process and the covariate or the marks may lead to incorrect conclusions. Therefore, we propose to investigate the complete dependence structure in the triangle points–marks–covariates together. We take advantage of the recent development of the nonparametric random shift methods, namely, the new variance correction approach, and propose tests of the null hypothesis of independence between the marks and the covariate and between the points and the covariate. We present a detailed simulation study showing the performance of the methods and provide two theorems establishing the appropriate form of the correction factors for the variance correction. Finally, we illustrate the use of the proposed methods in two real applications.
Redesigned pMAL expression vector for easy and fast purification of active native antimicrobial peptides
Authors: Gardijan Lazar , Miljkovic Marija , Obradovic Mina , Borovic Branka , Vukotic Goran , Jovanovic Goran , Kojic Milan
Published: May 2022

Aims

The aim of this study was to construct the improved pMAL expression vector to increase the efficacy of purification of small native peptides and their clear-cut separation from MBP tag. The modifications we introduced can be applied to many expression vectors.

Methods and Results

To improve the pMAL expression vector, we introduced the His6 tag and the enterokinase cleavage site (Ek) downstream from the MBP tag and Xa cleavage site on the original vector. For cloning of a desired peptide DNA, the enterokinase site contains a unique BsaBI restriction site adjacent to the original multi-cloning site. This redesigned pMAL vector was optimized for the purification of cytoplasmic (pMALc5HisEk) and periplasmic (pMALp5HisEk) peptides. The purification of native and active peptide (P) was obtained following two-step affinity chromatography. In the first step, the entire MBP-His6-Ek-P fusion protein is purified using the Ni-NTA agarose column. This fusion protein was cleaved with active His6 tagged enterokinase. In the second step, the further purification was performed by column containing the mixture of amylose and Ni-NTA agarose resins. This removes both the MBP-His6 and His6-enterokinase leaving pure native protein in solution. These new vectors and the two-step purification protocol were successfully applied in purification of active native small antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), lactococcin A and human β-defensin.

Conclusions

We constructed the improved pMAL expression vectors and established the pipeline and optimal conditions for their use in efficient purification of large amounts of active native small peptides.

Significance and Impact of the Study

Choice of expression vector impacts on the efficiency of expression and purification of desired proteins. The idea of redesigning pMAL vector was driven by the need for rapid purification of larger amounts of active native AMPs. This newly improved pMAL vector, the cloning strategy, expression conditions and two-step purification protocol represent a unique simple approach which can be applied in every laboratory.
Biosorption optimization of lead(II) and cadmium(II) ions by two novel nanosilica-immobilized fungal mutants
Authors: Zaki Amira G. , Hasanien Yasmeen A. , Abdel-Razek Alaa S.
Published: May 2022

Aims

This study aims at immobilization of fungal mutants on nanosilica (NSi)-carriers for designing efficient biosorbents as a significant new technology for decontamination practices and maximizing their heavy metal (HM) sorption proficiency through the experimental design methodology.

Materials and Results

Endophytic fungal mutant strains, Chaetomium globosum El26 mutant and Alternaria alternata S5 mutant were heat inactivated and then immobilized, each separately, on NSi carriers to formulate two separated nano-biosorbents. The formulated NSi-Chaetomium globosum El26 mutant (NSi-Chae El26 m) was investigated for Pb+2 uptake while, the formulated NSi-Alternaria alternata S5 mutant (NSi-Alt S5 m) was investigated for Cd+2 uptake, each through a batch equilibrium protocol. Before and after the metal sorption process, the designed nano-biosorbents were characterized via scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared analysis. Sorption pH, contact time, sorbent concentration, and initial HM concentration were statistically optimized using a Box–Behnken design. Results showed that NSi-Chae El26 m was efficient in Pb+2 uptake with maximum biosorption capacities of 199.0, while NSi-Alt S5 m was efficient in Cd+2 uptake with maximum biosorption capacities of 162.0 mg g−1. Moreover, the equilibrium data indicated that the adsorption of Pb+2 and Cd+2 by the tested nano-biosorbents fitted to the Freundlich isotherm.

Conclusions

The formulated nano-biosorbents resulted in higher HM biosorption of metal ions from aqueous solution than that obtained by the free fungal biomass. The biosorption statistical modelling described the interactions between the tested sorption parameters and predicted the optimum values for maximum HM biosorption capacity by the two designed nano-biosorbents.

Significance and Impact of The Study

These findings verify that members of the endophytic fungal genera Alternaria and Chaetomium are suitable to produce nano-biosorbents for decontamination practices after treatment by gamma mutagenesis, heat inactivation, and NSi immobilization. Moreover, statistical optimization can assist to evaluate the optimal conditions to produce such bioremediation material.
Assessing the genomic diversity and relatedness in 10 Canadian heritage chicken lines using whole‐genome sequence data
Authors: Heidaritabar Marzieh , Carney Valerie , Groenen Martien A. M. , Plastow Graham
Published: May 2022

In the past 50 years, there has been a steep increase in the demand for poultry products, met by increasing production along with genetic selection for improved growth, efficiency, health and reproduction. The selection tends to reduce the number and type of genetic resources contributing to the majority of production. The University of Alberta maintains 10 heritage chicken lines (Brown Leghorn (BL), Light Sussex (LS), New Hampshire (NH), Saskatchewan Barred Rock (SaskBR), Shaver Barred Rock (ShaverBR), Shaver Rhode Island Red (RIR), White Leghorn (WL) and three commercial crosses called Alberta Meat Control strains 1957 (AMC‐1957), 1978 sire line (AMC‐1978‐20S) and 1978 dam line (AMC‐1978‐30D), that played a large role in the evolution of the poultry industry in Canada. Since these lines have not been subjected to the same intensive selection pressures as commercial counterparts, they may contain unique genetic variants lost in commercial lines. Thus, for conservation management of these lines, the first step is to assess their genetic diversity. 71 male samples from across 10 lines were analysed using whole‐genome sequencing and patterns of genetic diversity and relatedness among these lines were explored. AMC‐1978‐30D showed the highest genetic diversity as reflected in observed and expected heterozygosity (0.327 and 0.250), percentage of polymorphic markers (~ 65%) and average recent inbreeding coefficient (−0.039), followed by AMC‐1978‐20S and AMC‐1957. BL showed the lowest genetic diversity as reflected in observed and expected heterozygosity (0.130 and 0.116), percentage of polymorphic markers (~31%) and average recent inbreeding coefficient (0.577), followed by LS, WL and NH. Our findings highlight the need for special attention for the populations of BL, WL, LS and NH, with the largest levels of inbreeding. Our results can be used to develop a breeding strategy to optimize and conserve the genetic variation present in heritage lines.
Cofilin‐1 participates in the hyperfunction of myeloid dendritic cells in patients with severe aplastic anaemia
Authors: Sun Yingying , Zhang Yu , Yu Hong , Wang Huaquan , Shao Zonghong , Liu Chunyan
Published: May 2022

Cofilin‐1 interacts with actin to regulate cell movement. The importance of cofilin‐1 in immunity has been established, and its involvement in a number of autoimmune diseases has been confirmed. However, its role in severe aplastic anaemia (SAA) remains elusive. Thus, the aim of the current study was to investigate the role of cofilin‐1 in patients with SAA. Flow cytometry, Western blotting and real‐time quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction were performed to detect the mRNA and protein expression of cofilin‐1 in myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) from patients with SAA. The expression of cofilin‐1 was then suppressed via siRNA, and its effects on mDCs and downstream effector T‐cell function were evaluated. Cofilin‐1 expression was higher in mDCs from patients with SAA and correlated with routine blood and immune indexes. Moreover, cofilin‐1 knockdown in mDCs from patients with SAA reduced their phagocytic capacity, migration capacity, and CD86 expression through F‐actin remodelling, downregulating the stimulatory capacity of mDCs on CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Collectively, these findings indicate that cofilin‐1 participates in the hyperfunction of mDCs in patients with SAA and that the downregulation of cofilin‐1 in mDCs from patients with SAA could be a novel treatment approach for SAA.
Editorial: Prevention is the best cure
Authors: Overbeek Geertjan
Published: May 2022

In this issue of Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, many interesting research findings converge to suggest that prevention and early intervention strategies can be the key to building healthier societies with happier people. Across different societies, we observe that scientific attention and practice is becoming more evenly divided between the traditionally dominant focus on clinical disorders and residential treatments on the one hand and a burgeoning focus on prevention and resilience in ambulant settings and younger populations on the other hand.
2940‐nm erbium:YAG laser versus 980‐nm diode laser in the treatment of multiple seborrheic keratoses: A prospective comparative randomized study
Authors: Osman Mai Abdelraouf
Published: May 2022

Background

Seborrheic keratoses (SKs) are the most common benign epithelial tumors encountered in clinical practice. Complications associated with traditional treatments of SKs urge the scientists to seek alternative treatment modalities. Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of 2940‐nm erbium‐doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser versus 980‐nm diode laser both clinically and dermoscopically for the treatment of seborrheic keratosis.

Methods

Thirty subjects with multiple SKs were randomized to receive two sessions of either Er:YAG laser (n = 15) or diode laser (n = 15) and were followed up for 2 weeks after each session, and at 3 and 6 months after the second session.

Results

Both lasers exhibited significant clearance of SKs with no significant difference in clinical and dermoscopic improvement between the two systems. However, Er:YAG laser showed shorter total downtime but more serious erythema, while scarring and hyperpigmentation were observed in diode laser group. No recurrence was detected in both groups at 6 months follow‐up.

Conclusion

Er:YAG and diode lasers both are effective, non‐invasive and well‐tolerated techniques in treatment of SKs.
Developing diatom‐based inference models to assess lake ecosystem change along a gradient of metal smelting impacts: Sudbury lakes revisited
Authors: Cheng Yuanyu , Michelutti Neal , Paterson Andrew M. , Meyer‐Jacob Carsten , Smol John P.
Published: May 2022

Mining and smelting activities have strongly influenced the Sudbury region (Ontario, Canada) since the late 19th century, leading to acidification and metal contamination in many local ecosystems. Regulations on restricting acidic emissions were enacted in the 1970s, after which a considerable volume of paleolimnological work was completed to study the impacts of acidification on Sudbury‐region lakes and their subsequent biological recovery. Twenty years after the last regional diatom‐based assessment, many lakes have undergone large changes in limnological variables, including increases in pH and dissolved organic carbon concentrations, as well as decreases in metal concentrations. Additionally, these lakes are under the potential impacts of newly emerging environmental stressors such as climate warming and road salt contamination. Here, we revisited a suite of Sudbury‐region lakes (n = 80) to examine the relationships between their current water chemistry and diatom assemblages preserved in surface sediments using a canonical correspondence analysis. Although the pH gradient in our study lakes is shorter (pH ~1.4) than in earlier calibration studies conducted in this region, lake water pH was still identified as the strongest environmental variable shaping diatom distributions and was used to construct a robust inference model (R2boot = 0.73; RMSEP = 0.32). By assessing ecological changes experienced by a subset of these Sudbury‐region lakes (n = 33) over the past few decades, we identified two major trends: an overall increase in diatom‐inferred pH and a rise in the relative abundance of planktonic taxa. Our study provides useful insights into the autecology of major diatom taxa in acidified waters and highlights the importance of considering other anthropogenic stressors when assessing the recovery response of acid‐impacted systems.
The efficacy of adjunctive periodontal therapies during supportive periodontal care in patients with residual pockets. A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Calciolari Elena , Ercal Pinar , Dourou Marina , Akcali Aliye , Tagliaferri Sara , Donos Nikolaos
Published: May 2022

While it is well‐established that patients that develop signs of relapsing periodontitis in supportive periodontal care (SPC) will need to repeat subgingival instrumentation of the residual pockets, less certainty is available in terms of which protocol should be followed and whether the use of adjunctive therapies or physical agents might provide additional benefits to repeated instrumentation alone. The aim of this systematic review was therefore to assess whether repeating subgingival instrumentation in combination with adjunctive therapies (other than antimicrobials) might provide a significant benefit in terms of pocket closure, probing pocket depth (PPD) reduction or clinical attachment level (CAL) gain in patients during SPC with residual/relapsing pockets. Four databases were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) with a minimum follow‐up of 3 months that investigated the use of adjunctive therapies (other than antimicrobials) in case of residual/relapsing pockets in patients in SPC since at least 3 months. Data extraction and risk of bias assessment were performed in the studies meeting the inclusion criteria and meta‐analysis was performed when ≥3 studies assessing the same adjunctive therapy were identified. 12 studies (2 CCTs and 10 RCTs) were included for qualitative analysis. Meta‐analysis was performed only for 3 studies on the adjunctive use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and it indicated a nonsignificant benefit compared to the placebo in terms of PPD reduction and CAL gain at 3 months (weighted mean difference 0.07 and −0.03, respectively) and at 6 months of follow‐up (weighted mean difference −0.09 and −0.18, respectively). While antiseptics did not provide significant benefits, one study on probiotics and one on the use of vitamin D and calcium supplementation showed significant improvements in periodontal parameters. There is currently insufficient/poor evidence to determine the efficacy of adjunctive strategies (other than antimicrobials) to improve the outcomes of SPC in case of residual/relapsing pockets.
The effect of sleep continuity disruption on multimodal emotion processing and regulation: a laboratory‐based, randomised, controlled experiment in good sleepers
Authors: Reid Matthew J. , Omlin Ximena , Espie Colin A. , Sharman Rachel , Tamm Sandra , Kyle Simon D.
Published: May 2022

Previous research shows that experimental sleep deprivation alters emotion processing, suggesting a potential mechanism linking sleep disruption to mental ill‐health. Extending previous work, we experimentally disrupted sleep continuity in good sleepers and assessed next‐day emotion processing and regulation using tasks with established sensitivity to depression. In a laboratory‐based study, 51 good sleepers (37 female; mean [SD] age 24 [3.63] years), were randomised to 1 night of uninterrupted sleep (n = 24) or sleep continuity disruption (n = 27). We assessed emotion perception, attention, and memory the following day. Participants also completed an emotion regulation task and measures of self‐reported affect, anxiety, sleepiness, overnight declarative memory consolidation, and psychomotor vigilance. Confirming the effects of the manipulation, sleep continuity disruption led to a marked decrease in polysomnography‐defined total sleep time (229.98 versus 434.57 min), increased wake‐time after sleep onset (260.66 versus 23.84 min), and increased sleepiness (d = 0.81). Sleep continuity disruption led to increased anxiety (d = 0.68), decreased positive affect (d = −0.62), reduced overnight declarative memory consolidation (d = −1.08), and reduced psychomotor vigilance (longer reaction times [d = 0.64] and more lapses [d = 0.74]), relative to control. However, contrary to our hypotheses, experimental sleep disruption had no effect on perception of, or bias for, emotional facial expressions, emotional memory for words, or emotion regulation following worry induction. In conclusion, 1 night of sleep continuity disruption had no appreciable effect on objective measures of emotion processing or emotion regulation in response to worry induction, despite clear effects on memory consolidation, vigilance, and self‐reported affect and anxiety.
Dose–responses for solar radiation exposure reveal high sensitivity of microbial decomposition to changes in plant litter quality that occur during photodegradation
Authors: Méndez M. Soledad , Ballaré Carlos L. , Austin Amy T.
Published: May 2022

Plant litter decomposition is a key process for carbon (C) turnover in terrestrial ecosystems. Sunlight has been shown to cause and accelerate C release in semiarid ecosystems, yet the dose–response relationships for these effects have not been evaluated.

We conducted a two‐phase experiment where plant litter of three species was subjected to a broad range of cumulative solar radiation (CSR) exposures under field conditions. We then evaluated the relationships between CSR exposure and abiotic mass loss, litter quality and the subsequent biotic decomposition and microbial activity in litter.

Dose–response relationships demonstrated that CSR exposure was modestly correlated with abiotic mass loss but highly significantly correlated with lignin degradation, saccharification, microbial activity and biotic decay of plant litter across all species. Moreover, a comparison of these dose–response relationships suggested that small reductions in litter lignin due to exposure to sunlight may have large consequences for biotic decay.

These results provide strong support for a model that postulates a critical role for lignin photodegradation in the mechanism of photofacilitation and demonstrate that, under natural field conditions, biotic degradation of plant litter is linearly related with the dose of solar radiation received by the material before coming into contact with decomposer microorganisms.
Negative pressure promotes macrophage M1 polarization after Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection via the lncRNA XIST/microRNA–125b–5p/A20/NF–κB axis
Authors: Luo Xiao‐Bo , Li Li‐Tao , Xi Jian‐Cheng , Liu Hong‐Tao , Liu Zhen , Yu Long , Tang Pei‐Fu
Published: May 2022

Experiments have demonstrated the regulation of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in tuberculosis (TB), and negative pressure treatment has been associated with the alleviation of TB. Here, we investigated the interaction of negative pressure and the lncRNA X‐inactive specific transcript (XIST) in modulating Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. Initially, we established an in vitro cell model of MTB infection and an in vivo mouse model of MTB infection, followed by treatment with negative pressure. Then, we examined the expression of XIST, followed by analysis of the downstream miRNA of XIST. XIST was overexpressed or underexpressed through cell transfection to examine its effects on macrophage polarization via the miR–125b–5p/A2 axis. The MTB models were characterized by upregulated XIST and downregulated miR‐125b‐5p. XIST bound to miR‐125b‐5p, leading to its downregulation, and thus causing higher MTB survival in an ESAT‐6–dependent manner. Additionally, negative pressure treatment decreased MTB‐driven XIST expression through downregulation of A20 (an NF‐κB repressor) via miR‐125b‐5 expression, promoting the M1 polarization program in macrophages through activation of the NF‐κB pathway. In summary, negative pressure treatment after MTB infection can promote the polarization of macrophages to the proinflammatory M1 phenotype by regulating the XIST/miR–125b–5p/A20/NF–κB axis.
Post‐traumatic stress disorder and hiring: The role of social media disclosures on stigma and hiring assessments of veterans
Authors: Pu Wenxi , Roth Philip L. , Thatcher Jason B. , Nittrouer Christine L. , Hebl Mikki
Published: May 2022

A significant percentage of veterans suffer from post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Veterans are often directed to social media platforms to seek support during their transition to civilian life. However, social media platforms are increasingly used to aid in hiring decisions, and these platforms may make veterans’ PTSD more discoverable during the hiring process. Based on social identity theory and identity management theory, the integrated suspicion model, and the stigma literature, we conducted four studies that examine veterans’ PTSD disclosures on social media and the consequences in the hiring process. Study 1 suggests that 16%–34% of veterans included cues related to PTSD status on social media. Study 2, based on 290 upper‐level business students, shows that veterans with PTSD were more stigmatized than veterans without PTSD, and stigmatization is associated with more suspicion and lower hiring‐related ratings (of expected task performance, expected organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB), expected counterproductive work behaviors (CWB), and intention to interview). Study 3, based on 431 working professionals with hiring experience, further supports relationships from Study 2. Study 4, based on 298 working professionals, identifies peril (i.e., perceptions regarding danger) as an additional mediator for the effects of PTSD on hiring‐related ratings. In sum, we identify and explore the identity management conundrum that social media disclosure poses for veterans with PTSD in the hiring process and discuss potential remedies and avenues for future research.
Effects of biochar and polypropylene fibre on mechanical behaviour of cement‐solidified sludge
Authors: Lv Chao , Shen Zhengtao , Cheng Qing , Tang Chao‐Sheng , Wang Yue , Gu Kai
Published: May 2022

Cement solidification is a conventional method in sludge treatment. In order to improve the efficiency and sustainability of this process, biochar and polypropylene fibre were utilized with cement in this study. Biochar (0%, 2%, 5%, 7%, 10%, 15% and 20%, w/w) and fibre (0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.4%, w/w) at different mass dosages were added to cement‐sludge system at two initial water contents (120% and 150%, w/w). A series of unconfined compression tests were carried out to investigate the effects of biochar and polypropylene fibre on the mechanical behaviour of cement‐solidified sludge. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyse the mechanism of biochar and polypropylene fibre in changing the mechanical properties of cement‐solidified sludge. Experimental results show that the addition of biochar can significantly promote cement hydration and reduce the water content of sludge after curing, thereby compacting the soil and increasing the unconfined compression strength (UCS) of the mixture. Moreover, when fibre contents increase from 0% to 0.4%, the UCS increases dramatically first and then decreases, peaking at 0.1%. The addition of fibre changes the brittle behaviour and improves the ductility of the samples, with residual strength significantly increased. The moisture regulation effect by biochar and the ‘bridge’ effect by fibre may be the key mechanisms to improve the mechanical properties of cement‐solidified sludge.
Isoniazid prophylaxis in liver transplant recipient with latent tuberculosis: Is it harmful for transplanted liver?
Authors: Ghayumi Seiyed Mohammad Ali , Shamsaeefar Alireza , Motazedian Nasrin , Mashhadiagha Amirali , Sayadi Mehrab , Nikeghbalian Saman , Malekhosseini Seyed Ali
Published: May 2022

Background

Liver transplantation (LT) is considered the only treatment for patients with end‐stage liver disease and, despite its incredible impacts on the patients’ health status, places them in an immunocompromised state in which opportunistic infection would find a way to present. Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is the most common form of TB and can be diagnosed through tuberculin skin test (TST) or Interferon‐Gamma Release Assays (IGRA). LT recipients are at significant risk of TB activation. There is no strict guideline to approaching these cases though, in most centers, Isoniazid (INH) would be prescribed prophylactically. INH is a hepatotoxic medication and can have adverse effects on the transplanted liver. There is no consensus on this issue; therefore, we aimed to survey the potential hepatotoxic effects of INH among LT recipients in Shiraz, Iran.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted among LT candidates and recipients at Abu Ali Sina Organ Transplantation Center between 1993 and 2019. All the cases underwent TST and chest X‐ray to detect LTBI. All the LTBI were treated with INH from 6–9 months and followed by the level of liver enzymes for quick detection of hepatotoxicity. A control group was selected among LT recipients and matched for age, gender, MELD score, and donor age.

Results

Among 4895 medical records reviewed, 55 (1.12%) cases had LTBI. Neither INH‐related hepatotoxicity, nor signs and symptoms that were suspicious to TB reactivation were reported. Overall, three deaths were reported, two because of myocardial infarction and one due to pneumonia. Ten patients (18.2%) experienced acute rejection as confirmed with pathology and responded to methylprednisolone. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was diminished from pre‐LT time to the first time after transplantation; after that, it showed a steady pattern. Meanwhile, Alanine transaminase (ALT) was constant before and one stage later and decreased after that. Statistical analyses only showed significant changes in the total bilirubin titer between the case and control groups.

Conclusion

This survey showed prophylactic management of LTBI with INH in LT candidates and recipients was associated with no hepatotoxicity or related death. It seems that INH prophylaxis is safe in LT settings and can efficiently prevent TB activation; however, careful monitoring for adverse effects and liver enzymes elevation is highly recommended.

image
Molecular mechanisms of PI4K regulation and their involvement in viral replication
Authors: McPhail Jacob A. , Burke John E.
Published: May 2022

Lipid phosphoinositides are master signaling molecules in eukaryotic cells and key markers of organelle identity. Because of these important roles, the kinases and phosphatases that generate phosphoinositides must be tightly regulated. Viruses can manipulate this regulation, with the Type III phosphatidylinositol 4‐kinases (PI4KA and PI4KB) being hijacked by many RNA viruses to mediate their intracellular replication through the formation of phosphatidylinositol 4‐phosphate (PI4P)‐enriched replication organelles (ROs). Different viruses have evolved unique approaches toward activating PI4K enzymes to form ROs, through both direct binding of PI4Ks and modulation of PI4K accessory proteins. This review will focus on PI4KA and PI4KB and discuss their roles in signaling, functions in membrane trafficking and manipulation by viruses. Our focus will be the molecular basis for how PI4KA and PI4KB are activated by both protein‐binding partners and post‐translational modifications, with an emphasis on understanding the different molecular mechanisms viruses have evolved to usurp PI4Ks. We will also discuss the chemical tools available to study the role of PI4Ks in viral infection.
What Do Museum Objects Want? Re‐Thinking Photographic Conventions In Ethnographic Museums
Authors: Young Diana J. B.
Published: May 2022

This paper critiques the visual conventions applied to the photography of ethnographic museum collection objects. To “think photographically” in a museum collection, I draw a productive parallel between my fieldwork with Indigenous women artists in central Australia, and photography of poorly documented museum collection objects. I explore the presence of an intersubjective affective gaze in the central Australian Indigenous art works which is amplified through photography. This resistance inspired an experimental exhibition entailing photography of sculptural museum objects with faces. The exhibit's aim was to resocialize these objects into the present through photographs of them.
The dynamics and control of a singular biological economic model with stage structure. Some moduli in programming environment Mathematica
Authors: Kyurkchiev Nikolay V. , Markov Svetoslav , Velikova Gergana
Published: May 2022

Proposed are some modifications of bio-economic models with stage structure [3]-[8]. The proposed modifications aim at a better description and understanding of the underlying bio-economic mechanisms. This is achieved by formulating the model in terms of chemical-type reaction steps. Several new modules in the Computer Algebra System MATHEMATICA are proposed, offering a possibility for visualization of the resulting solutions and sensitive analysis of the model.
Enhancing the Vortex Whistle for Measures of Respiratory Capacity Via Computational Fluid Dynamics and Computational Aero-Acoustic Analysis
Authors: Li Ang , Awan Jordan A. , Chen Jun , Eddins David , Awan Shaheen N.
Published: May 2022

A vortex whistle produces a fundamental frequency proportional to the inlet flowrate. Recent investigations using vortex whistles have focused on the use of this relationship to quantify aspects of respiratory function. Despite promising results, there is a lack of understanding of the physical mechanisms underlying vortex whistle function. This paper begins with a principled study of the aero-acoustic properties of the vortex whistle. First, a high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was developed to predict the unsteady flow field induced by the vortex whistle when the expiratory flow is applied. A computational aero-acoustic analysis (CAA) was applied to predict the acoustic response of the vortex whistle and to capture the frequency and level of the signature spectral peaks. The CFD is validated against prior experimental data on the vortex whistle. The CFD was used to: (a) determine the source of the vortex whistle harmonics and (b) investigate the effect of an outlet tube terminator, proposed by Awan and Awan (2020, “Use of a Vortex Whistle for Measures of Respiratory Capacity,” J. Voice). The CFD and CAA indicated that the harmonics are generated by the cylindrical cavity of the vortex whistle, and the outlet terminator increases harmonic signal-to-noise ratio by increasing the pressure fluctuation within the cylindrical cavity. These results support the addition of the outlet tube terminator and provide insight into future design modifications that will enhance the reliability of the vortex whistle analyses and enable additional measures of respiratory capacity.
Transfer Learning of Motor Difficulty Classification in Physical Human–Robot Interaction Using Electromyography
Authors: Manjunatha Hemanth , Jujjavarapu Sri Sadhan , Esfahani Ehsan T.
Published: May 2022

Efficient human–robot collaboration during physical interaction requires estimating the human state for optimal role allocation and load sharing. Machine learning (ML) methods are gaining popularity for estimating the interaction parameters from physiological signals. However, due to individual differences, the ML models might not generalize well to new subjects. In this study, we present a convolution neural network (CNN) model to predict motor control difficulty using surface electromyography (sEMG) from human upper limb during physical human–robot interaction (pHRI) task and present a transfer learning approach to transfer a learned model to new subjects. Twenty-six individuals participated in a pHRI experiment where a subject guides the robot's end-effector with different levels of motor control difficulty. The motor control difficulty is varied by changing the damping parameter of the robot from low to high and constraining the motion to gross and fine movements. A CNN network with raw sEMG as input is used to classify the motor control difficulty. The CNN's transfer learning approach is compared against Riemann geometry-based Procrustes analysis (RPA). With very few labeled samples from new subjects, we demonstrate that the CNN-based transfer learning approach (avg. 69.77%) outperforms the RPA transfer learning (avg. 59.20%). Moreover, we observe that the subject's skill level in the pre-trained model has no significant effect on the transfer learning performance of the new users.
Range of Motion Remains Constant as Movement Rate Decreases During a Repetitive High-Speed Knee Flexion–Extension Task
Authors: Correia José Pedro , Vaz João R. , Witvrouw Erik , Freitas Sandro R.
Published: May 2022

Maintaining the range of motion in repetitive movement tasks is a crucial point since it directly influences the movement rate. Ensuring the movement amplitude can be reliably maintained when motor function is assessed by measuring the maximum movement rate is therefore a key consideration. However, the performed range of motion during such tasks is often not reported. This study aimed to determine whether individuals are able to maintain an intended range of motion during a knee flexion/extension maximum movement rate task in the absence of tactile and visual feedback. Twelve healthy male individuals performed knee flexion/extension at maximum speed for eight 10-s blocks in a 45° arc between 45° and 90°. The range of motion was monitored using a marker system and the movement rate was measured. The performed range of motion was not significantly different from the 45° arc during the task despite a 13.47% decrease in movement rate from the start to the end of the task. Nevertheless, there was only anecdotal evidence of no difference from 45° in most blocks, while on the second and seventh blocks, there was anecdotal evidence of differences in the Bayesian one-sample test. There was also no significant shift in the maximum flexion/extension angles throughout the task. Healthy male individuals were thus able to perform a consistent average predefined knee range of motion in a maximum movement rate task despite decreases in movement rate. This was achieved without constraint-inducing devices during the task, using only basic equipment and verbal feedback.
Chemokine PF4 Inhibits EV71 and CA16 Infections at the Entry Stage
Authors: Pei Zhichao , Wang Hong , Zhao Zhilei , Chen Xiang , Huan Chen , Zhang Wenyan
Published: May 2022

The virus's life cycle starts with binding to cell surface receptors, resulting in receptor-mediated endocytosis. Targeting the entry of the virus into target cells is an effective strategy to develop a novel drug.
Performance of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Core Antigen Assay in the Diagnosis of Recently Acquired HCV Infection among High-Risk Populations
Authors: Sun Hsin-Yun , Liu Wang-Da , Wang Chih-Wen , Wei Yu-Ju , Lin Kuan-Yin , Huang Yu-Shan , Su Li-Hsin , Chen Yi-Ting , Liu Wen-Chun , Su Yi-Chin , Chen Yea-Wen , Chuang Yu-Chung , Lu Po-Liang , Hung Chien-Ching , Yu Ming-Lung
Published: May 2022

The HCV core antigen assay has a high specificity of 99.4% and negative predictive value of 99.5% but a lower sensitivity of 87.1% and positive predictive value of 85.7% in the diagnosis of recently acquired HCV infection in high-risk populations. Our findings are informative for many countries confronted with limited resources to timely identify acute HCV infections and provide effective direct-acting antivirals to halt onward transmission.
Insights into Prokaryotic Community and Its Potential Functions in Nitrogen Metabolism in the Bay of Bengal, a Pronounced Oxygen Minimum Zone
Authors: Gu Bowei , Liu Jiaxing , Cheung Shunyan , Ho Ngai Hei Ernest , Tan Yehui , Xia Xiaomin
Published: May 2022

Recognizing the prokaryotic community and its functions in hypoxic (>5 to ≤60 μM O
2
) environments before further expansion of OMZs is critical. We demonstrate the prokaryotic community and its potential functions in nitrogen metabolism in the Bay of Bengal (BoB), where oxygen concentration is barely above suboxic level.
Characterization of Immunological Responses toBorreliaImmunogenic Protein A (BipA), a Species-Specific Antigen for North American Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever
Authors: Curtis Michael W. , Krishnavajhala Aparna , Kneubehl Alexander R. , Embers Monica E. , Gettings Jenna R. , Yabsley Michael J. , Lopez Job E.
Published: May 2022

Borreliaspecies transmitted by soft or hard ticks cause tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF). This is a debilitating disease distributed worldwide but is likely underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed as Lyme disease due to poorly developed diagnostic tests.Borrelia turicatae,Borrelia parkeri, andBorrelia hermsiiare three TBRF species previously implicated in human disease in North America.
Supplemental Material: Ringwoodite and zirconia inclusions indicate downward travel of super-deep diamonds
Authors: Lorenzon Sofia , al. et
Published: May 2022

Detailed methods (large geometry secondary ion mass spectrometry, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier Transform Infrared) and the mineral and fluid inclusions within the investigated diamond and inclusion, including five figures and one table. 
Supplemental Material: Explosive-effusive-explosive: The role of magma ascent rates and paths in modulating caldera eruptions
Authors: Bernard Olivier , al. et
Published: May 2022

Details on the methods and all fitted diffusion profiles, and a dataset containing the apatite single points and traverses data, water content values, and diffusion modelling parameters. 
Supplemental Material: Neodymium isotopes of central Mediterranean phosphatic hardgrounds reveal Miocene paleoceanography
Authors: Cornacchia Irene , al. et
Published: May 2022

Detailed geological setting with logs of the stratigraphic sections to which the hardgrounds belong and outcrop photos (Figures S1–S4), methods, and a table of Nd isotope data. 