bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three Inadequate Models
Authors: Plotkin Gordon
Published: December 2003

The connection between operational and denotational semantics is of longstanding interest in the study of programming languages. The emphasis has been on positive results, whether for adequacy or full abstraction. One normally considers the standard solution of an evident natural domain equation for the language; this is generally adequate but not fully abstract if one uses any of the usual categories of domains. One then tries other categories to get improved results.

Here we restrict ourselves to a standard category of domains and show, for an untyped λ-calculus with arithmetic, that inadequate models exist if one considers non-standard solutions to the domain equation. One model is inadequate, simpliciter; a second is adequate but inadequate when the language is extended by a “parallel or” construct; the third is adequate in the latter sense, but in it the
Y
-combinator does not denote the least fixed point operator.

We also consider whether it is possible to do better than the standard solution as regards full abstraction. Surprisingly this question only makes sense for solutions which are adequate for the extended language. For these the standard solution is indeed closest to full abstraction, justifying the use of non-standard categories.
False Loop Detection in the IEEE 1394 Tree Identify Phase
Authors: Romijn Judi
Published: December 2003

The physical layer of the IEEE 1394 (FireWire, i-Link) architecture contains a protocol for spanning a tree in the network topology, which fails if the topology contains a loop. We show that the timing requirements for both the 1394-1995 and 1394a-2000 standards are too lenient: these allow for scenarios in which there is no loop in the topology, but the tree-spanning protocol does detect one. The scenarios are found by the model checker U

PPAAL

.
Upper bounds on the length of a shortest closed geodesic and quantitative Hurewicz theorem
Authors: Nabutovsky Alexander , Rotman Regina
Published: December 2003

In this paper we present two upper bounds on the length of a shortest closed geodesic on compact Riemannian manifolds. The first upper bound depends on an upper bound on sectional curvature and an upper bound on the volume of the manifold. The second upper bound will be given in terms of a lower bound on sectional curvature, an upper bound on the diameter and a lower bound on the volume. The related questions that will also be studied are the following: given a contractible k-dimensional sphere in Mn, how fast can this sphere be contracted to a point, if pgri(Mn)={0} for 1lei
The n-centre problem of celestial mechanics for large energies
Authors: Knauf Andreas
Published: December 2003

We consider the classical three-dimensional motion in a potential which is the sum of n attracting or repelling Coulombic potentials. Assuming a non-collinear configuration of the n centres, we find a universal behaviour for all energies E above a positive threshold. Whereas for n=1 there are no bounded orbits, and for n=2 there is just one closed orbit, for nS3 the bounded orbits form a Cantor set. We analyze the symbolic dynamics and estimate Hausdorff dimension and topological entropy of this hyperbolic set. Then we set up scattering theory, including symbolic dynamics of the scattering orbits and differential cross section estimates. The theory includes the n-centre problem of celestial mechanics, and prepares for a geometric understanding of a class of restricted n-body problems. To allow for applications in semiclassical molecular scattering, we include an additional smooth (electronic) potential which is arbitrary except its Coulombic decay at infinity. Up to a (optimal) relative error of order 1/E, all estimates are independent of that potential but only depend on the relative positions and strengths of the centres. Finally we show that different, non-universal, phenomena occur for collinear configurations.
Exposure to violent video games increases automatic aggressiveness
Authors: Uhlmann Eric , Swanson Jane
Published: December 2003

The effects of exposure to violent video games on automatic associations with the self were investigated in a sample of 121 students. Playing the violent video game Doom led participants to associate themselves with aggressive traits and actions on the Implicit Association Test. In addition, self‐reported prior exposure to violent video games predicted automatic aggressive self‐concept, above and beyond self‐reported aggression. Results suggest that playing violent video games can lead to the automatic learning of aggressive self‐views.
Calcium drives fusion of SNARE‐apposed bilayers
Authors: Jeremic Aleksandar , Kelly Marie , Cho Jin Ah , Cho Sang‐Joon , Horber J.K.Heinrich , Jena Bhanu P.
Published: December 2003

N‐ethylmalemide‐sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) has been proposed to play a critical role in the membrane fusion process. The SNARE complex was suggested to be the minimal fusion machinery. However, there is mounting evidence for a major role of calcium in membrane fusion. Hence, the role of calcium in SNARE‐induced membrane fusion was the focus of this study. It revealed that recombinant v‐SNARE and t‐SNARE, reconstituted into separate liposomes, interact to bring lipid vesicles into close proximity, enabling calcium to drive fusion of opposing bilayers. Exposure to calcium triggered vesicle fusion at both, high potency and efficacy. The half‐time for calcium‐induced fusion of SNARE‐reconstituted vesicles was determined to be ∼10 s, which is two orders of magnitude faster than in its absence. Calcium acts downstream of SNAREs, since the presence of SNAREs in bilayers increases the potency of calcium‐induced vesicle fusion, without significantly influencing its efficacy. Hence, this study suggests that in the physiological state in cells, both SNAREs and calcium operate as the minimal fusion machinery.
N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide for discriminating between cardiac and non‐cardiac dyspnoea
Authors: Nielsen Lene Svendstrup , Svanegaard Jens , Klitgaard Niels Anders , Egeblad Henrik
Published: December 2003

Aim:

Evaluation of N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) to confirm or disprove heart failure in community patients complaining of dyspnoea.

Methods and results:

General practitioners referred 345 consecutive patients complaining of dyspnoea to our hospital‐based clinic, where a diagnosis was established based on a combined programme for heart and lung diseases including echocardiography. The level of NT‐proBNP in plasma was also measured. The mean (S.D.) concentration of NT‐proBNP in patients with heart failure was significantly higher, 189 (270) pmol/l in patients with heart failure (n=81), than in patients with non‐cardiac dyspnoea (n=264), 17 (38) pmol/l (P<0.001). In patients ≥50 years NT‐proBNP <11 pmol/l for men and <17 pmol/l for women excluded heart failure with a negative predictive value of 97% while the positive predictive value was 53%, the sensitivity 95% and the specificity 68%. Areas under receiver operator characteristic curves for men and women were 0.93 and 0.90, respectively.

Conclusion:

In a relevant setting of primary care patients complaining of dyspnoea, NT‐proBNP seems promising for disproval of heart failure, and this test may reduce the need for echocardiographic screening with 50%. However, the discrimination levels of NT‐proBNP found in this study may need prospective confirmation, before the test can be generally recommended.
Transcardiac increase in tumor necrosis factor‐α and left ventricular end‐diastolic volume in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Tsutamoto Takayoshi , Wada Atsuyuki , Ohnishi Masato , Tsutsui Takashi , Ishii Chitose , Ohno Keijin , Fujii Masanori , Matsumoto Takehiro , Yamamoto Takashi , Takayama Tomoyuki , Dohke Tomohiro , Horie Minoru
Published: December 2003

Background:

It remains unclear whether tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) are secreted from the failing heart and whether there is a relationship between the transcardiac gradients of these cytokines and left ventricular (LV) remodeling.

Aims:

This study evaluated the relationship between transcardiac gradients of cytokines and LV volume and function in congestive heart failure patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).

Methods and results:

We measured the plasma levels of TNF‐α and IL‐6 in the aortic root (Ao) and the coronary sinus (CS) in 60 patients with DCM. There was no difference in plasma IL‐6 between the Ao and the CS. However, the plasma TNF‐α level was significantly higher in the CS than that in the Ao. There was a significant correlation between the transcardiac gradient of plasma TNF‐α and the LV end‐diastolic volume index (LVEDVI) and LV ejection fraction. According to stepwise multivariate analyses, the transcardiac increase of TNF‐α showed an independent and significantly positive relationship with a large LVEDVI.

Conclusions:

These results indicate that the elevated plasma TNF‐α is partly derived from the failing heart in patients with DCM and that TNF‐α plays a potential role in structural LV remodeling in patients with DCM.
Diagnostic value of a rapid test for B‐type natriuretic peptide in patients presenting with acute dyspnoe: effect of age and gender
Authors: Knudsen Cathrine Wold , Riis Jon Sigurd , Finsen Alexandra V. , Eikvar Lars , Müller Carl , Westheim Arne , Omland Torbjørn
Published: December 2003

Background:

B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) measurements are useful for diagnosing congestive heart failure (CHF) in patients presenting to the Emergency Department with acute dyspnoe. Whether the diagnostic accuracy of BNP is affected by the age and gender of the patients remains unknown.

Aims:

To evaluate the accuracy of BNP testing for diagnosing CHF in an unselected group of patients admitted to the emergency department of a Norwegian teaching hospital with a principal complaint of shortness of breath and to assess whether the diagnostic accuracy of the test differs according to age and gender.

Methods:

BNP levels in plasma were determined by a point‐of‐care device upon arrival in 155 patients presenting with acute dyspnoe. The diagnostic ‘gold’ standard for CHF was adjudicated by two independent cardiologists who were blinded to the BNP data.

Results:

By univariate logistic regression analysis, BNP was strongly related to a diagnosis of CHF. In a multivariate model BNP provided additional prognostic information to patient age and gender, radiographic evidence of pulmonary congestion and cardiomegaly, and the presence of pulmonary rales and jugular vein distention by physical examination. There was no significant interaction between age and BNP or between gender and BNP with regard to the accuracy of diagnosing CHF. The area under the receiver–operating characteristics‐curve was 0.86 (95% confidence interval 0.78–0.93) in women and 0.90 (0.82–0.97) in men. The area under the curves were 0.82 (0.73–0.92) and 0.88 (0.80–0.97) for patients (both genders) aged ≥76 and <76 years, respectively.

Conclusion:

Point‐of‐care BNP measurement in the emergency department discriminates well between patients with dyspnoe of cardiac and non‐cardiac origin regardless of age and gender.
Phospholipid phase transitions in homogeneous nanometer scale bilayer discs
Authors: Shaw Andrew W , McLean Mark A , Sligar Stephen G
Published: December 2003

Nanoscale protein supported phospholipid bilayer discs, or Nanodiscs, were produced for the purpose of studying the phase transition behavior of the incorporated lipids. Nanodiscs and vesicles were prepared with two phospholipids, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine, and the phase transition of each was analyzed using laurdan fluorescence and differential scanning calorimetry. Laurdan is a fluorescent probe sensitive to the increase of hydration in the lipid bilayer that accompanies the gel to liquid crystalline phase transition. The emission intensity profile can be used to derive the generalized polarization, a measure of the relative amount of each phase present. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to further quantitate the phase transition of the phospholipids. Both methods revealed broader transitions for the lipids in Nanodiscs compared to those in vesicles. Also, the transition midpoint was shifted 3–4°C higher for both lipids when incorporated into Nanodiscs. These findings are explained by a loss of cooperativity in the lipids of Nanodiscs which is attributable to the small size of the Nanodiscs as well as the interaction of boundary lipids with the protein encircling the discs. The broad transition of the Nanodisc lipid bilayer better mimics the phase behavior of cellular membranes than vesicles, making Nanodiscs a ‘native‐like’ lipid environment in which to study membrane associated proteins.
Agonist induction, conformational selection, and mutant receptors
Authors: Giraldo Jesús
Published: December 2003

Current models of receptor activation are based on either of two basic mechanisms: agonist induction or conformational selection. The importance of one pathway relative to the other is controversial. In this article, the impossibility of distinguishing between the two mechanisms under a thermodynamic approach is shown. The effect of receptor mutation on the constants governing ligand–receptor equilibria is discussed. The two‐state model of agonism both in its original formulation (one cycle) and including multiple active states (multiple cycles) is used. Pharmacological equations for the double (two cycles) two‐state model are derived. The simulations performed suggest that the double two‐state model of agonism can be a useful model for assessing quantitatively the changes in pharmacological activity following receptor mutation.
Gβγ subunits stimulate p21‐activated kinase 1 (PAK1) through activation of PI3‐kinase and Akt but act independently of Rac1/Cdc42
Authors: Menard Raymond E , Mattingly Raymond R
Published: December 2003

The p21‐activated kinase (PAK) family is homologous to the yeast sterile 20 (Ste20) and regulates a wide variety of cellular responses, including cell morphology, proliferation, and survival. In this study we examined the activation of PAK1 by Gβγ subunits. Co‐transfection of COS7 cells with Gβ1γ2 or Gβ1γ5 was sufficient to induce agonist‐independent activation of PAK1. Expression of dominant/negative Rac, Cdc42, or Ras did not inhibit this Gβγ‐dependent activation. Wortmannin, which inhibits phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3‐kinase) activity, and expression of a dominant/negative form of Akt were sufficient to abrogate the activation of PAK1 that was induced by Gβγ. These results reveal that stimulation of PAK1 by Gβγ can occur via a PI3‐kinase and Akt pathway that does not require Rac1 or Cdc42.
Vasodilator‐stimulated phosphoprotein is a substrate for protein kinase C
Authors: Chitaley K , Chen L , Galler A , Walter U , Daum G , Clowes A.W
Published: December 2003

Vasodilator‐stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), an actin binding protein localized to areas of focal contacts, is a substrate for the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cAMP/cGMP)‐dependent protein kinases (PKA, PKG). In this study, we show that serum stimulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) induces VASP phosphorylation on Ser157, in a mechanism not dependent on PKA or PKG. We tested the possibility that protein kinase C (PKC), a regulator of cytoskeletal function, is involved. PKC inhibition or down‐regulation prevented serum‐induced phosphorylation of VASP at Ser157 in rat vascular SMCs. Additionally, recombinant PKCα directly phosphorylated Ser157 on VASP. In summary, our data support the hypothesis that PKC phosphorylates VASP and mediates serum‐induced VASP regulation.
Screening for left ventricular dysfunction using a hand‐carried cardiac ultrasound device
Authors: Vourvouri Eleni C. , Schinkel Arend F.L. , Roelandt Jos R.T.C. , Boomsma Frans , Sianos Georgios , Bountioukos Manolis , Sozzi Fabiola B. , Rizzello Vittoria , Bax Jeroen J. , Karvounis Haralambos I. , Poldermans Don
Published: December 2003

Background:

The hand‐carried cardiac ultrasound (HCU) device is a recently introduced imaging device, which may be potentially useful in the primary care setting.

Aim:

To test the screening potential of a HCU for the detection of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction by evaluating LV ejection fraction (LVEF) and inferior vena cava (IVC) collapse. Standard echocardiographic system (SE) and plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) measurements were used as a reference.

Methods:

Eighty‐eight consecutive patients (56 male, aged 59±12 years) with suspected LV dysfunction were enrolled in the study. The HCU‐LVEF was visually estimated and the SE‐LVEF was derived by the Simpson's biplane method. A LVEF <40% represented LV dysfunction. An IVC collapse of <50% and BNP levels ≥15 pmol/l were considered abnormal. The correlation of HCU‐LVEF, HCU‐IVC and BNP to the SE‐LVEF and SE‐IVC was analysed independently using 2×2 tables.

Results:

Six patients were excluded because of poor echo images. 19/82 patients had LV dysfunction. The HCU and BNP could identify 17 and 18 out of these 19 patients, respectively. The agreement for LVEF and IVC collapse between SE and HCU was 96% for both parameters. The sensitivity of IVC collapse, HCU‐LVEF and BNP in identifying patients with LV dysfunction was 26, 89 and 94%, respectively.

Conclusion:

A HCU device can reliably be used as a screening tool for LV dysfunction.
What Are Elections For? Conferring the Median Mandate
Authors: McDONALD MICHAEL D. , MENDES SILVIA M. , BUDGE IAN
Published: December 2003

Democracy is often described as a system in which a majority of electors choose one out of a number of competing parties to form a government and carry out its programme. Unfortunately, spontaneous majorities rarely form in support of one party. We generalize from a ‘government’ to a ‘median’ mandate, in which the median elector chooses the pivotal party in parliament, which then translates his or her preferences into public policy. To check this we investigate how accurately parliaments and governments represent the left–right position of the median voter in each of twenty parliamentary democracies. Distortions depend on the type of electoral arrangement, being relatively smaller under proportional representation than under single-member districts. Distortions do not equate to biased representation, however. Once we consider how distortions at one step or one time are compensated by distortions in the opposite direction at another, overall representation of the median voter position is reasonably accurate.
The Population Ecology of Interest Group Formation: Mobilizing for Gay and Lesbian Rights in the United States, 1950–98
Authors: NOWNES ANTHONY J.
Published: December 2003

This article analyses the founding rate of nationally active homosexual rights interest groups in the United States for the period 1950–98. Drawing upon the extensive organizational ecology literature, we test the hypothesis that the founding rate of homosexual rights interest groups is related non-monotonically to the number of groups in the population. Our statistical analyses support the hypothesis that as population density rises from very low to high, the founding rate first rises but eventually decreases. This pattern holds when we control for a number of contextual variables. In all, the data provide a great deal of support for the theory of density dependence – a novel approach to the study of interest group formation.
Determinants of Legislative Turnover: A Cross-National Analysis
Authors: MATLAND RICHARD E. , STUDLAR DONLEY T.
Published: December 2003

Two decades of turnover data were collected for the national legislature of twenty-five industrialized countries. After a discussion of turnover's significance, we compare turnover rates across countries. A set of variables expected to influence turnover rates is described and multiple regression is used to test the hypotheses developed. Results show that frequency of elections, opportunity for double listings, electoral volatility and legislative institutionalization have statistically significant effects on turnover. In addition the type of electoral system (majoritarian versus proportional representation) is shown to have a statistically and substantively significant effect, with turnover much greater in the latter. Possible explanations for this effect are explored.
ON THE OSCILLATION OF SELF-ADJOINT MATRIX HAMILTONIAN SYSTEMS
Authors: Yang Qigui , Cheng Sui Sun
Published: December 2003

By means of monotone functionals and positive linear functionals defined on suitable matrix spaces as well as new generalized Riccati transformations, oscillation criteria for self-adjoint linear Hamiltonian matrix systems are obtained. Our results are generalizations and improvements of many existing results.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 34A30; 34C10
THE MAXIMAL ORDER PROPERTY FOR QUANTUM DETERMINANTAL RINGS
Authors: Lenagan T. H. , Rigal L.
Published: December 2003

We develop a method of reducing the size of quantum minors in the algebra of quantum matrices $\mathcal{O}_q(M_n)$. We use the method to show that the quantum determinantal factor rings of $\mathcal{O}_q(M_n)c$ are maximal orders, for $q$ an element of $\mathbb{C}$ transcendental over $\mathbb{Q}$.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 16P40; 16W35; 20G42
$B$-CONVEX OPERATOR SPACES
Authors: Parcet Javier
Published: December 2003

The notion of $B$-convexity for operator spaces, which a priori depends on a set of parameters indexed by $\sSi$, is defined. Some of the classical characterizations of this geometric notion for Banach spaces are studied in this new context. For instance, an operator space is $B_{\sSi}$-convex if and only if it has $\sSi$-subtype. The class of uniformly non-$\mathcal{L}^1(\sSi)$ operator spaces, which is also the class of $B_{\sSi}$-convex operator spaces, is introduced. Moreover, an operator space having non-trivial $\sSi$-type is $B_{\sSi}$-convex. However, the converse is false. The row and column operator spaces are nice counterexamples of this fact, since both are Hilbertian. In particular, this result shows that a version of the Maurey–Pisier Theorem does not hold in our context. Some other examples of Hilbertian operator spaces will be considered. In the last part of this paper, the independence of $B_{\sSi}$-convexity with respect to $\sSi$ is studied. This provides some interesting problems, which will be posed.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 46L07. Secondary 42C15
Using assembly representations to enable evolutionary design of Lego structures
Authors: PEYSAKHOV MAXIM , REGLI WILLIAM C.
Published: December 2003

This paper presents an approach to the automatic generation of electromechanical engineering designs. We apply messy genetic algorithm (GA) optimization techniques to the evolution of assemblies composed of LegoTMstructures. Each design is represented as a labeled assembly graph and is evaluated based on a set of behavior and structural equations. The initial populations are generated at random, and design candidates for subsequent generations are produced by user-specified selection techniques. Crossovers are applied by using cut and splice operators at the random points of the chromosomes; random mutations are applied to modify the graph with a certain low probability. This cycle continues until a suitable design is found. The research contributions in this work include the development of a new GA encoding scheme for mechanical assemblies (Legos), as well as the creation of selection criteria for this domain. Our eventual goal is to introduce a simulation of electromechanical devices into our evaluation functions. We believe that this research creates a foundation for future work and it will apply GA techniques to the evolution of more complex and realistic electromechanical structures.
The individual and the collective
Authors: CHERKAOUI MOHAMED
Published: December 2003

Most empirical studies of social stratification and inequality remain confined to the micrological level, while their very aim is to construct and to test macrological statements. The first part of this paper discusses the main hypotheses that are implicit in this research tradition and that do not allow the transition from micro to macro. Based on recent findings in this field, the second part outlines a macrosociological theory of stratification, which allows the possibility of deducing micro as well as macro propositions that remain unexplainable by micrological theories.
Focus: History and memory Introduction
Authors: DE KEIZER MADELON
Published: December 2003

The story goes that in the 1980s and 1990s no publisher in Paris was prepared
to issue a historical study that did not have the word ‘memory’ in the title.
Identity, a congener of memory, was equally popular in the same period. One of the experts
in the field, John Gillis, claimed that identity has become no more than a cliché and
that memory has lost a lot of its precision, but both terms have remained key concepts. ‘The
core meaning of any individual or group identity, namely, a sense of sameness over time and
space, is sustained by remembering; and what is remembered is defined by the assumed
identity’. Memories and identities are anything but certain facts; they are
`representations or constructions of reality, subjective rather than objective
phenomena. […] “Memory work” is, like any kind of physical or mental labor,
embedded in complex class, gender and power relations that determine what is remembered
(or forgotten), by whom, and for what end”.

It has been suggested that the demise of the vainglorious future-orientated ideologies in
the late 1980s brought about a shift in focus towards the past. However that may be, the wave of
interest in memory did receive an enormous impulse from one of the most controversial studies in
this field, the seven-volume series Les Lieux de Mémoire (1984–1992), published
under the direction of the French historian Pierre Nora. In the last volume he argued that France
had gradually disappeared as a ‘memory nation’; the national memory had been
supplanted by a series of lieux de mémoire and the conflicting social identities
that this entailed. La France, according to Nora, had entered the ‘era of
commemoration’ as Les Frances as a result of what he called a
‘democratization of the commemorative spirit’.

The relation between national identity and collective memory is highlighted by the many commemorative events organised in the 1980s and 1990s. In 1980, the French, British and Brazilian governments had a Year of National Heritage, while in Israel a ‘memory industry’ specially devoted to the Holocaust got under way.
An inability to mourn? The German Federal Republic and the Nazi past
Authors: WIELENGA FRISO
Published: December 2003

Commonly, the second half of the 1960s is considered to be the period in which Western Germany actually started dealing with its National-Socialist past. The youth of that time is said to have opened the discussion and to have broken taboos by asking the elder generation probing questions and by exposing the careers of former National-Socialists in the politics and society of post-war Germany (the FRG). I make clear that this picture is very one-sided and I also give an overview on the different ways Western Germany coped with this past between 1945 and the end of the 1980s. Of course, these ways differed strongly over the years, but the ‘Third Reich’ has always remained present in German historical awareness and is branded into German identity – for better or for worse.
A lost war in living memory: Japan’s Second World War
Authors: COOK HARUKO TAYA , COOK THEODORE F.
Published: December 2003

We examine the strata of memory in Japan’s recollections of the wartime
experience and explore the shaping and releasing of memory in Japan, seeking to penetrate and
recover individual Japanese experience. Individual memories that seemed tightly contained,
when released were told with great emotional intensity and authenticity. That there has been
little public discourse does not mean that individual Japanese have forgotten that war, but
that the conflict – a war with no generally accepted name or firmly fixed start or end
– seems disconnected from the private memories of the wartime generation. Japan was
defeated thoroughly and completely, and in the history of memory we see no well-established
narrative form for telling the tale of the defeated. In Japan's public memory of the war, War
itself is often the enemy, and the Japanese its victims. Such a view is ahistorical and unsatisfactory to nations and peoples throughout Asia and the Pacific. The prevailing myths during Japan's war, developed and fostered over 15 years of conflict, and the overwhelming weight of more than three million war dead on the memories of the living forged a link between a desire to honour and cherish those lost and the ways the war is recalled in the public sphere. Enforced and encouraged by government policies and private associations, protecting the dead has become a means of avoiding a full discussion of the war. The memorials and monuments to the Dead that have been created throughout Japan, Asia, and the Pacific stand silent sentry to a Legend of the war. This must be challenged by the release into the public sphere of living memories of the War in all their ambiguity, complexity, and contradiction without which Japan’s Memory can have no historical veracity. Moreover, the memories of the Second World War of other peoples can never be complete without Japan’s story.
The Great Patriotic War as myth and memory
Authors: TUMARKIN NINA
Published: December 2003

In the Soviet Union, the ‘Great Patriotic War’ was both a uniquely traumatic ordeal that took the lives of approximately 30 million people, and the focus of a decades-long myth and cult that celebrated the most glorious achievement of the Soviet era. At the war’s end, Stalin, whose mistakes and brutality had greatly increased Soviet war losses, sought to obscure popular memories of the war experience, but the Brezhnev regime turned an idealized memory of the Great Patriotic War into the focus of an elaborate cult. As the Soviet Union declined and finally expired, the memory of the war became highly contested, as ugly truths about the war were made public. Today the war myth lives on as evidence of Stalin’s inhuman rule, and as a source of Russian national pride and patriotism.
Rehabilitation of Attention
Authors: Robertson Ian H.
Published: December 2003

Abstract: In this paper, evidence is reviewed for separable attention systems in the brain, and it is argued a) that attention may have a privileged role in mediating experience dependent plasticity in the brain and b) that at least some types of attention may be capable of rehabilitation following brain damage.
Is the Anterior Attentional System as Complex as the Posterior Attentional System?
Authors: Stuss Donald T. , Binns Malcolm A. , Alexander Michael P.
Published: December 2003

Abstract: The objectives of this review paper were to demonstrate whether there are separable attentional processes related to the frontal lobes, and to illustrate procedures on how to examine this question. Distinctions among frontal lobe attentional processes can be achieved if cognitive processes are adequately differentiated and if a sufficient number of patients are assessed to allow investigation of the relation of these distinct processes to different frontal lobe regions. The first section summarizes early evidence for the fractionation of the anterior attentional system using clinical tests. The second section extends these findings using experimental tests such as feature integration reaction time tasks. Different attentional processes include activation, task setting, shifting, and differentiating among relevant and irrelevant information. Although there are multiple anterior attentional processes related to different frontal brain regions, such anterior attentional processes likely interact with posterior attentional processes, with task demands altering the relationship among brain regions involved.
Rechtschreibtraining in schulischen Fördergruppen - Ergebnisse einer Evaluationsstudie in der Primarstufe
Authors: Schulte-Körne G. , Deimel W. , Remschmidt H.
Published: December 2003

Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist die schulische Evaluation eines Förderprogramms (Marburger Rechtschreibtraining), welches sich bereits in der außerschulischen Förderung als wirksam erwiesen hat. Als Kontrollbedingung fungierte das bereits in der Schule vorhandene Förderprogramm. Methode: Insgesamt 37 Kinder der 2. und 3. Klassen wurden von den Lehrerinnen als rechtschreibschwach benannt und wurden in die Studie eingeschlossen. Die Kinder wurden in Kleingruppen zusätzlich zum regulären Unterricht zweimal wöchentlich eine Schulstunde lang gefördert. Ergebnisse: Nach zwei Jahren verbesserten sich die Förderkinder unabhängig von der Methode signifikant in ihrer Lese- und Rechtschreibfähigkeit. Dieser Effekt zeigte sich auch im Lehrerurteil und nach Einschätzung durch die Eltern. Hingegen zeigte sich keine Veränderung der schulbezogenen emotionalen Befindlichkeit. Auch die nicht geförderte Vergleichsgruppe konnte sich verbessern. Schlussfolgerung: Die Förderung rechtschreibschwacher Kinder in schulischen Fördergruppen ist effektiv, wenngleich die Tatsache, dass sich auch die Kinder der Vergleichsgruppe verbessern konnten, Fragen aufwirft. Die Auswahl der Methode hatte in unserer Studie keinen Einfluss auf das Ergebnis. Eine Reihe von potenziell wirksamen Einflüssen (z.B. Stichprobenselektion) konnte in unserer Studie nicht systematisch erfasst werden und sollte in weiteren Arbeiten untersucht werden.
Dust devils as observed by Mars Pathfinder
Authors: Ferri Francesca , Smith Peter H. , Lemmon Mark , Rennó Nilton O.
Published: December 2003

Dust devils are localized meteorological phenomena frequently observed in terrestrial dry lands and desert landscapes as well as on Mars. They are low‐pressure, warm core vortices that form at the bottom of convective plumes and loft dust from the surface. They move with the speed of the ambient wind and are tilted by wind shears. The Mars Pathfinder detected dust devils as dust plumes in the Imager for Mars Pathfinder images and as low‐pressure convective vortices in the meteorological Mars Pathfinder Atmospheric Structure Investigation/Meteorology (ASI/MET) experiment data. The Pathfinder data have been analyzed in terms of dust devil size, spatial distribution, and frequency of occurrence. The results show that the Pathfinder imaging and MET observations are consistent with each other and with the observations made by the Viking 1 Orbiter and Mars Global Surveyor. The dust devil's ability to loft dust into the atmosphere has been investigated and a thermodynamic theory for dust devils has been used to calculate their physical parameters relevant to dust transport. The dust devils observed in an active day provide a pumping rate larger than the dust‐settling rate derived from the optical obscuration of the Pathfinder rover solar panels. Therefore dust devils are a major factor in transporting dust from the surface to the atmosphere at the Pathfinder site.
Inorganic and organic carbon biogeochemistry in the Gautami Godavari estuary (Andhra Pradesh, India) during pre‐monsoon: The local impact of extensive mangrove forests
Authors: Bouillon Steven , Frankignoulle Michel , Dehairs Frank , Velimirov Branko , Eiler Alexander , Abril Gwenaël , Etcheber Henri , Borges Alberto Vieira
Published: December 2003

The distribution and sources of organic and inorganic carbon were studied in the Gautami Godavari estuary (Andhra Pradesh, India) and in a mangrove ecosystem in its delta during pre‐monsoon. In the oligohaline and mesohaline section (salinity 0–15) of the estuary, internal production of total alkalinity (TAlk) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) was recorded, and the δ13CDIC profile suggests that carbonate dissolution may be an important process determining the DIC dynamics in this section of the Godavari. The partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) was fairly low along the entire salinity gradient, (293–500 ppm), but much higher and more variable (1375–6437 ppm) in the network of tidal mangrove creeks in the delta. Here, variations in the concentration and δ13C of the DIC pool were shown to result largely from the mineralization of organic matter. The present study clearly identifies the mangrove creeks as an active site of mineralization and CO2 efflux to the atmosphere, but shows that these changes in the aquatic biogeochemistry are a localized feature, rapidly fading in the adjacent Kakinada Bay. Our data indicate that mineralization of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of mangrove origin, and its subsequent efflux as CO2 to the atmosphere may represent an important fate for mangrove carbon. Although further quantification of this process in a variety of systems is required, we suggest that some of the current ideas on the role of mangroves in the carbon budget of the coastal zone may need to be reconsidered.
Large depolarization ratio of free tropospheric aerosols over the Taklamakan Desert revealed by lidar measurements: Possible diffusion and transport of dust particles
Authors: Iwasaka Y. , Shibata T. , Nagatani T. , Shi G.‐Y. , Kim Y. S. , Matsuki A. , Trochkine D. , Zhang D. , Yamada M. , Nagatani M. , Nakata H. , Shen Z. , Li G. , Chen B. , Kawahira K.
Published: December 2003

Lidar measurements were made at Dunhuang (40°00′N, 94°30′E), China, to understand the vertical distribution of aerosols in the free troposphere over the Taklamakan desert in summer of 2002. The vertical distributions of the scattering ratio suggested that particulate matter distributed from near the ground to about 6 km in the range of values of about 2 to 5 and rapidly decreased to about 1 at about 6 km. The depolarization ratio indicated that dust particles distributed in a aerosol layer, and the dust particle layer distributed to about 6 km. A very clear boundary was also identified at 6 km in the distribution of the depolarization ratio. Particulate materials were directly collected with a balloonborne particle impactor in the free troposphere over the Taklamakan desert, and an electron microscopic experiment on the particles suggested that the large depolarization ratio was certainly due to irregularly shaped dust particles. Vertical profiles of the scattering ratio and depolarization ratio suggested that nonspherically shaped dust particles floated from near the surface to about 6 km and this corresponded well with the wind system suggested by Sun et al. [2001] and Sun [2002], who reported that the typical surface wind was easterly and/or northerly in the Tarimu Basin, and westerly wind dominated above about 5 km. The trajectory of the balloon also showed that westerly wind appeared at about 4 km, and the wind speed largely increased above about 5 km. This suggests the possible long‐range transport of dust particles entrained at an elevation of >5 km.
Magnetic Properties Experiments on the Mars Exploration Rover mission
Authors: Madsen M. B. , Bertelsen P. , Goetz W. , Binau C. S. , Olsen M. , Folkmann F. , Gunnlaugsson H. P. , Kinch K. M. , Knudsen J. M. , Merrison J. , Nørnberg P. , Squyres S. W. , Yen A. S. , Rademacher J. D. , Gorevan S. , Myrick T. , Bartlett P.
Published: December 2003

The Mars Exploration Rovers each carry a set of Magnetic Properties Experiments designed with the following objectives in mind: (1) to identify the magnetic mineral(s) in the dust, soil and rocks on Mars, (2) to establish if the magnetic material is present in the form of nanosized (d < 10 nm) superparamagnetic crystallites embedded in the micrometer sized airborne dust particles, and (3) to establish if the magnets are culling a subset of strongly magnetic particles or if essentially all particles of the airborne dust are sufficiently magnetic to be attracted by the magnets. To accomplish these goals, the Mars Exploration Rovers each carry a set of permanent magnets of several different strengths and sizes. Each magnet has its own specific objective. The dust collected from the atmosphere by the Capture magnet and the Filter magnet (placed on the front of each rover) will be studied by the Mössbauer spectrometer and the Alpha Particle X‐ray Spectrometer, both of which are instruments located on the rover's Instrument Deployment Device. The captured dust particles will also be imaged by the Pancam and Microscopic Imager. The Sweep magnet will be imaged by Pancam and is placed near the Pancam calibration target. The four magnets in the Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) are designed to capture magnetic particles originating from the grinding of Martian surface rocks. The magnetic particles captured by the RAT magnets will be imaged by Pancam.
S‐chlorophyll squirts at 30°S off the Chilean coast (eastern South Pacific): Feature‐tracking analysis
Authors: Marín Víctor H. , Delgado Luisa E. , Luna‐Jorquera Guillermo
Published: December 2003

We describe the spatial structure and velocity fields of two SeaWiFS‐derived chlorophyll squirts in the Chilean coast. Consecutive, daily, L1A images were rectified and analyzed by means of a geographic information system. The velocity fields were obtained through feature‐tracking analysis (subjective method). Both the hammerhead shape and the spatial structure of the velocity field agree with previous conceptual models. We succinctly discuss the biological consequences of squirts for the Humboldt Current coastal ecosystem.
Test of the transmission line model and the traveling current source model with triggered lightning return strokes at very close range
Authors: Schoene J. , Uman M. A. , Rakov V. A. , Rambo K. J. , Jerauld J. , Schnetzer G. H.
Published: December 2003

We test the two simplest and most conceptually different return stroke models, the transmission line model (TLM) and the traveling current source model (TCSM), by comparing the first microsecond of model‐predicted electric and magnetic field wave forms and field derivative wave forms at 15 m and 30 m with the corresponding measured wave forms from triggered lightning return strokes. In the TLM the return stroke process is modeled as a current wave injected at the base of the lightning channel and propagating upward along the channel with neither attenuation nor dispersion and at an assumed constant speed. In the TCSM the return stroke process is modeled as a current source traveling upward at an assumed constant speed and injecting a current wave into the channel, which then propagates downward at the speed of light and is absorbed at ground without reflection. The electric and magnetic fields were calculated from Maxwell's equations given the measured current or current derivative at the channel base, an assumed return stroke speed, and the temporal and spatial distribution of the channel current specified by the return stroke model. Electric and magnetic fields and their derivatives were measured 15 m and 30 m from rocket‐triggered lightning during the summer of 2001 at the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing at Camp Blanding, Florida. We present data from a five‐stroke flash, S0105, and compare the measured fields and field derivatives with the model‐predicted ones for three assumed lightning return stroke speeds,v= 1 × 108m/s,v= 2 × 108m/s, andv= 2.99 × 108m/s (essentially the speed of light). The results presented show that the TLM works reasonably well in predicting the measured electric and magnetic fields (field derivatives) at 15 m and 30 m if return stroke speeds during the first microsecond are chosen to be between 1 × 108m/s and 2 × 108m/s (near 2 × 108m/s). In general, the TLM works better in predicting the measured field derivatives than in predicting the measured fields. The TCSM does not adequately predict either the measured electric fields or the measured electric and magnetic field derivatives at 15 and 30 m during the first microsecond or so.
Seasonal cycle of carbon dioxide and its isotopic composition in an urban atmosphere: Anthropogenic and biogenic effects
Authors: Pataki D. E. , Bowling D. R. , Ehleringer J. R.
Published: December 2003

Atmospheric CO2 mixing ratios and carbon and oxygen isotope composition were measured at 18 m above the ground in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, for a one‐year period. Mixing ratios were highest in the wintertime with maximum values approaching 600 μmol.mol−1 during atmospheric inversions. Nighttime carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of source CO2 showed a seasonal pattern with isotopically depleted values in the wintertime and isotopically enriched values in the spring and summer. The effects of gasoline combustion, natural gas combustion, and biogenic respiration of plants and soils on CO2 mixing ratio were quantified with a mass balance calculation using dual carbon and oxygen isotopic tracers. The calculations showed large contributions of natural gas combustion in the winter and significant nighttime biogenic respiration in the spring and late summer/early fall. The isotope‐tracer technique used shows promise for quantifying the impacts of urban processes on the isotopic composition of the atmosphere and partitioning urban CO2 sources into their component parts.
Turbulent flow over three‐dimensional dunes: 1. Free surface and flow response
Authors: Maddux T. B. , Nelson J. M. , McLean S. R.
Published: December 2003

A series of detailed measurements were made of unidirectional turbulent open‐channel flow over fixed, artificial, sinuous‐crested three‐dimensional (3‐D) dune shapes. The response of the mean free surface was two‐dimensional (2‐D). Mean streamwise velocities were largest over the node of the sinuous dune crest line rather than over the maxima or minima of the crest line. Friction coefficients of the 3‐D dunes were 50% higher on average in comparison to those of their 2‐D counterparts when subjected to flows of similar depths and discharges. Despite the larger friction of the 3‐D dunes, the turbulence generated by them was much weaker than that generated by their 2‐D counterparts. The spatial structure of turbulence caused by the sinuous crest line of the 3‐D dunes was correlated with the presence of secondary currents. These secondary current cells directed flow upward in the regions where the streamwise velocities were low and downward in the regions where streamwise velocities were high, suggesting that they could be responsible for a significant amount of momentum flux not being carried by the low turbulent stresses over the 3‐D dunes.