bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of amphiphilic (meth)acrylates with oligo(ethylene glycol) and (or) oligo(propylene glycol) blocks by the esterification of (meth)acrylic acid
Authors: Orekhov Dmitry V. , Kazantsev Oleg A. , Orekhov Sergey V. , Sivokhin Alexey P. , Kamorin Denis M. , Simagin Alexander S. , Savinova Maria V. , Bolshakova Evgeniya A. , Korotaev Michail S.
Published: May 2021

Thermoresponsive PEG‐based (PEG stands polyethylene glycol) polymers are unique for use in medicine because of their low toxicity, good biocompatibility and biodegradability, but usually more hydrophobic and more toxic comonomers are used to adjust lower critical solution temperature (LCST). A convenient way to overcome this problem and to finely tune LCST is to use alkoxy oligo(ethylene glycol)‐ or alkoxy oligo(propylene glycol) (meth)acrylates as starting comonomers. Here we report on the conditions for the simple and affordable synthesis of methoxy oligo(propylene glycol) (meth)acrylate‐ and methoxy oligo(propylene glycol)‐block‐oligo(ethylene glycol) (meth)acrylate‐based macromonomers with high yields (80%–98.7%) by the acid‐catalyzed esterification of (meth)acrylic acid with alkoxy oligo(alkylene glycols) containing oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) and/or oligo(propylene glycol) (OPG) blocks. p‐Toluene sulphonic acid (pTSA), alkyl(C12–C14)benzene sulfonic acid (ABSA) and H2SO4 were used as catalysts. It has been shown that pTSA and ABSA are practically the same in catalytic activity and are superior to sulfuric acid. The reaction orders with respect to catalyst was found to be close to 1 in all cases. It has been shown that the reaction is actually insensitive to the lengths of OEG and OPG blocks, as well as to the structure of the terminal alkyl group, while the esterification of acrylic acid (AA) proceeds much faster compared to methacrylic acid (MAA) one under the same conditions. The influence of temperature on the equilibrium conversions of alcohols was determined, which were found to be 89%–93% for the esterification of AA and 61%–86% for MAA in the temperature range of 60–120°C. A further increase in conversion was achieved by introducing an azeotropic agent (toluene), its optimal concentration was found to be 10%–15%.
Mangrove horseshoe crab (Carcinoscorpius rotundicaudaLatreille, 1802) populations reveal genetic break in Strait of Malacca, with connectivity along southern coasts of Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Fairuz‐Fozi Nur , Triest Ludwig , Mat Zauki Nurul Ashikin , Kaben Anne Marie , Nelson Bryan Raveen , Chatterji Anil , Akhir Mohd Fadzil , Satyanarayana Behara , Dahdouh‐Guebas Farid
Published: May 2021

The mangrove horseshoe crab,Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda, has divergent populations between the east and west coasts of Peninsular Malaysia, with the southern coast acting as a land barrier. The actual position of such a genetic break along Peninsular Malaysia as well as the connectivity status of the southernmostC. rotundicaudapopulations with east and west coast populations remain unexplored, however.

The aim was to investigate the genetic diversity and structure ofC. rotundicaudapopulations from the west (Kuala Sepetang in State Perak), east (Balok in State Pahang), and southern (Pendas in State Johor) coasts of Peninsular Malaysia. Haemolymph samples from adultC. rotundicaudaspecimens (n = 152) and eggs from their freshly deposited nests (n = 190) were collected monthly (from January 2016 to January 2017) for the sequencing of mitochondrial cytochrome coxidase subunit I (COI).

Gene isolates ofC. rotundicaudafrom the present study were compared with National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) GenBank sequences to cover most of the range of the species in Asia. A neighbour‐joining tree strongly supported two clades, separating the west‐coast populations from the south‐ and east‐coast populations, with further substructure patterns.

Both haplotype network and barrier analyses revealed a genetic break within the Strait of Malacca instead of the southern tip of Peninsular Malaysia. The southernmost samples from the Strait of Johor formed a haplotypic diverse gene pool that appeared only as a subclade of the eastern populations. In a detailed haplotype network of 347 individuals, individuals with similarCOIsequences indicate connectivity betweenC. rotundicaudaon the east andC. rotundicaudaon south and south west of Peninsular Malaysia.

Overall, the genetic break betweenC. rotundicaudapopulations is better explained by the convergent ocean currents and available mangrove habitats on the west coast (i.e. Strait of Malacca), rather than the point of the Malay Peninsula acting as a land barrier alone.
Functional Group‐induced p‐Doping of MoS2 by Titanium(IV) Bis(ammonium lactato) Dihydroxide Physisorption
Authors: Liu Yeru , Wang Guangzhao , Luo Fang , Li Huimin , Zhu Mengjian , Liu Xiaochi , Yang Shengyuan A. , Liu Song
Published: May 2021

P‐type doping is of critical importance for the realization of certain high‐performance electrical and optoelectronic devices based on molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). Charge transfer doping is a feasible strategy for tuning the conductance properties via facile treatment. In this work, the electrical properties of few‐layer MoS2 were modulated with titanium(IV) bis(ammonium lactato) dihydroxide molecules (denoted as TALH) via physisorption. The functional groups such as electronegative hydroxyl (−OH) and carboxylate groups (−COO) included in TALH molecules are expected to induce p‐doping effect through surface charge transfer when being attached to MoS2. The p‐doping is proved by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with the downshift of Mo 3d and S 2p peaks. Control experiments and density functional theory calculations validate that the p‐type doping mainly originated from the −OH group in TALH, which drew electrons from MoS2. These results suggest that functional group‐mediated p‐doping effect show a path to modulate the carrier transition in MoS2, and enrich the molecule series for device modification.
Social attention as a cross‐cultural transdiagnostic neurodevelopmental risk marker
Authors: Frazier Thomas W. , Uljarevic Mirko , Ghazal Iman , Klingemier Eric W. , Langfus Joshua , Youngstrom Eric A. , Aldosari Mohammed , Al‐Shammari Hawraa , El‐Hag Saba , Tolefat Mohamed , Ali Mogahed , Al‐Shaban Fouad A.
Published: May 2021

The primary objectives of this study were to evaluate the structure and age‐related stability of social attention in English and Arabic‐speaking youth and to compare social attention between children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), other developmental disabilities (DD), and typically‐developing controls. Eye‐tracking data were collected from US (N = 270) and Qatari (N = 242) youth ages 1–17, including children evaluated for possible ASD. Participants viewed 44 stimuli from seven social paradigms. Fixation was computed for areas of interest within each stimulus. Latent variable models examined the structure of social attention. Generalized estimating equation models examined the effect of age, sex, culture, and diagnostic group on social attention. The best‐fitting model included a general social attention factor and six specific factors. Cultural differences in social attention were minimal and social attention was stable across age (r = 0.03), but females showed significantly greater social attention than males (d = 0.28). Social attention was weaker in DD (d = −0.17) and lowest in ASD (d = −0.38) relative to controls. Differences were of sufficient magnitude across areas‐of‐interest to reliably differentiate DD from controls (AUC = 0.80) and ASD‐only from all other cases (AUC = 0.76). A social attention dimension that represents an early‐life preference for socially salient information was identified. This preference was cross‐culturally consistent and stable across development but stronger in females and weaker in DD, especially ASD. Given rapid and easy‐to‐collect remote eye tracking administration, social attention measurement may be useful for developmental monitoring. Acquisition of population norms, analogous to height/weight/head circumference, might enhance early screening and tracking of neurodevelopment.

Lay Summary

This research found that social attention is a single dimension of behavior that represents a strong preference for social stimuli, is consistent across cultures, stable across age, and stronger in females. Children with developmental disabilities had lower levels of social attention than neurotypical children and children with autism spectrum disorder had the lowest levels of social attention.
Characterization of the gas dispersion behavior of multiple impeller stages by flow regime analysis and CFD simulations
Authors: Bernauer Sören , Schöpf Mathias , Eibl Philipp , Witz Christian , Khinast Johannes , Hardiman Timo
Published: May 2021

Multiple impeller reactors are widely used due to their advanced gas utilization and an increased volumetric mass transfer coefficient. However, with the application of Rushton impellers, gas dispersion efficiency varies between the bottom and the upper impeller levels. The present study analyzes the individual flow regime, power input, and gas hold‐up in each compartment of a reactor equipped with four Rushton impellers. The results indicate that the pre‐dispersion of the air introduced by the bottom impeller (up to 80%) plays a key role in a better gas retention efficiency of the upper impellers (>300%) and leads to a shift of the cavity and flooding lines in the flow map (Fr‐ vs Fl‐Number) of the upper impellers. A novel analysis of the bubble flow in the dispersed state via a two‐phase LES‐based CFD model reveals that a more homogenous distribution of air bubbles in the upper compartments leads to high compartment gas hold‐up values, but fewer bubbles in the vicinity of the impellers. The measured and simulated data of this study indicate that the upper impellers’ efficiency mostly depends on the flow regime of and the pre‐dispersion by the bottom impeller rather than on the upper impellers’ flow regimes. These results contribute to the understanding of essential mixing processes and scaling of aerated bioreactors.
Promoter engineering‐mediated Tuning of esterase and transaminase expression for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of sitagliptin phosphate at the kilogram‐scale
Authors: Khobragade Taresh P. , Yu Seongseon , Jung Hyunsang , Patil Mahesh D. , Sarak Sharad , Pagar Amol D. , Jeon Hyunwoo , Lee Somin , Giri Pritam , Kim Geon‐Hee , Cho Sung‐Su , Park Seong‐Hwa , Park Hye‐Jung , Kang Heung M. , Lee Sung R. , Lee Myeong S. , Kim Jeong H. , Choi In S. , Yun Hyungdon
Published: May 2021

Here, we report a bienzymatic cascade to produce β‐amino acids as an intermediate for the synthesis of the leading oral antidiabetic drug, sitagliptin. A whole‐cell biotransformation using recombinant Escherichia coli coexpressing a esterase and transaminase were developed, wherein the desired expression level of each enzyme was achieved by promotor engineering. The small‐scale reactions (30 ml) performed under optimized conditions at varying amounts of substrate (100–300 mM) resulted in excellent conversions of 82%–95% for the desired product. Finally, a kilogram‐scale enzymatic reaction (250 mM substrate, 220 L) was carried out to produce β‐amino acid (229 mM). Sitagliptin phosphate was chemically synthesized from β‐amino acids with 82% yield and > 99% purity.
Biocatalytic synthesis of dihydroxy fatty acids as lipid mediators from polyunsaturated fatty acids by double dioxygenation of the microbial 12S‐lipoxygenase
Authors: Kim Tae‐Hun , Lee Jin , Kim Su‐Eun , Oh Deok‐Kun
Published: May 2021

Leukotrienes (LTs) and maresins (MaRs) are human lipid mediators (LMs) involved in immune response and anti‐inflammation, respectively. These compounds and their isomers are generated in trace amounts by lipoxygenases (LOXs) in human macrophages and neutrophils. These LMs have been synthesized using nonenvironmentally benign synthetic protocols, which are expensive. 8S‐ and 15S‐LOXs with double dioxygenating activities have previously been reported, whereas 12S‐LOX with double dioxygenating activity have not been reported to date. Here, we discovered a wild‐type 12S‐LOX with double dioxygenating activity from the bacterium Endozoicomonas numazuensis, which produced dihydroxy fatty acids (DiHFAs) as LMs from polyunsaturated fatty acids via double dioxygenation. The enzyme activity for producing DiHFA was approximately 550‐fold higher than that of mammalian LOX with double dioxygenating activity. The microbial 12S‐LOX converted 3.00 mM of arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid to 2.37 mM (797 mg/L) 6‐trans‐8‐cis‐12S‐epimer of LTB4, 1.59 mM (532 mg/L) 6‐trans‐8‐cis‐12S‐epimer of LTB5, 1.35 mM (498 mg/L) 10‐cis‐12‐trans‐7S‐epimer of MaR1n‐3 DPA, and 1.54 mM (555 mg/L) 10‐cis‐12‐trans‐7S‐epimer of MaR1 within 2 h, which were 5.3‐, 7.6‐, 3.1‐, and 5.5‐fold higher than those biosynthesized by the previously reported microbial engineered 12S‐LOX with double dioxygenating activity, respectively. These findings contribute to the efficient and environmentally friendly biosynthesis of LMs and stimulate physiological study on LMs.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of CaMn2O4·xH2O Nanorods as Co‐Catalysts on GaN Nanowire Photoanode
Authors: Bae Hyojung , Kim Hyunggu , Burungale Vishal , Min Jung‐Wook , Cha An‐na , Rho Hokyun , Ryu Sang‐Wan , Kang Soon Hyung , Ha Jun‐Seok
Published: May 2021

Co‐catalysts play a crucial role in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting reactions by improving slow kinetics and reducing surface recombination, thereby enhancing PEC performance. However, achieving a well‐defined interface between low‐dimensional semiconductors and co‐catalysts is challenging due to difficulties in depositing a uniform co‐catalyst layer and attaining mixed and disordered states. CaMn2O4·xH2O has been extensively studied for the purpose of decreasing the overpotential in the oxygen evolution reaction. In this study, CaMn2O4·xH2O was synthesized via a hydrothermal method, and loaded onto a GaN nanowire (NW) photoanode. Optimized CaMn2O4·xH2O layers were decorated on GaN NWs to create CaMn2O4@GaN, which delivered a maximum photocurrent of 0.4 mA/cm2 at 0 V vs. the Ag/AgCl reference electrode under an AM 1.5 G solar simulator, 1.6‐fold higher than that (0.25 mA/cm2) of bare GaN NWs. Thus, highly efficient and stable PEC water splitting was achieved on the GaN NW photoanode.
Writing python programs to map alleles related to genetic disease
Authors: Allbee Quinn , Barber Robert
Published: May 2021

Biology is a data‐driven discipline facilitated greatly by computer programming skills. This article describes an introductory experiential programming activity that can be integrated into distance learning environments. Students are asked to develop their own Python programs to identify the nature of alleles linked to disease. This activity effectively engages students in a problem solving exercise that provides an opportunity for application of basic programming skills as well as understanding eukaryotic gene structure. We provide sets of mapped alleles for two well‐known genes, CFTR and HFE, as well as a suite of relevant Python programs to achieve these outcomes or allow subsequent exercise modifications.
Development and evaluation of a novelty single‐step cleanup followed by HPLC‐QTRAP‐MS/MS for rapid analysis of tricaine, tetracaine, and bupivacaine in fish samples
Authors: Mu Shuhe , Wang Chunyu , Liu Huan , Han Gang , Wu Lidong , Li Jincheng
Published: May 2021

A novelty single‐step cleanup method combined with HPLC coupled with triple quadrupole‐linear ion trap MS/MS (HPLC‐QTRAP‐MS/MS) was developed for the analysis of tricaine, tetracaine, and bupivacaine in fish tissue. The target analytes were extracted using acetonitrile based on the modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method under ultrasound irradiation. A cheap analytical filtration syringe (CAFS) cleanup column for single‐step purification was proposed first; 300 mg of primary/secondary amino was proposed as the optimum purification sorbent; 1 mL of acetonitrile extract was transferred into a CAFS cleanup column and purified for analysis using HPLC‐QTRAP‐MS/MS. The limits of detection and the limits of quantification were 2.0 and 5.0 μg kg−1, respectively. The recoveries were in the range of 88.73–108.72%. Inter‐day and intra‐day relative standard deviations were lower than 15% for all analytes. The developed method has been applied to measure real samples obtained from the local market.
Centrally acting anticholinergic drug trihexyphenidyl is highly effective in reducing nightmares associated with post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Sogo Katsumasa , Sogo Masanobu , Okawa Yoshie
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Following a case study on scopolamine butyl bromide, an anticholinergic drug, we studied the effect of a central anticholinergic drug on post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)‐related flashbacks and nightmares.

Methods

We administered trihexyphenidyl (TP) to 34 patients with refractory PTSD‐related nightmares and flashbacks (open‐label trial [n = 22]; single‐blind trial [n = 12]), who had previously received psychiatric treatment for approximately 2–15 years, without therapeutic benefits. The effect of TP was determined using the Clinician‐Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and the Impact of Event Scale‐Revised (IES‐R).

Results

Overall, most patients reported an improvement to none or mild on the CAPS for nightmares (88%) and flashbacks (79%).

Conclusion

This study is the first to demonstrate the potential efficacy of TP in the treatment of refractory PTSD‐related nightmares and flashbacks. Further double‐blind, randomized control trials are needed to explore the potential clinical benefits of TP in PTSD.
Schizophrenia outcomes in the 21st century: A systematic review
Authors: Huxley Peter , Krayer Anne , Poole Rob , Prendergast Louise , Aryal Sanjaya , Warner Richard
Published: May 2021

Objective

We report a review of outcomes in schizophrenia in the twenty‐first century, replicating and extending work undertaken by the late Richard Warner in his seminal book, “Recovery from Schizophrenia: Psychiatry and Political Economy” (1985;2004).

Method

Warner's methods were followed as closely as possible. Only observational/naturalistic studies were included. Six scientific databases were searched from 2000 to 2020. 6,640 records were retrieved. 47 met inclusion criteria.

Results

Overall, complete recovery is higher in this study than in Warner's (37.75% cf 20.4%), especially for first episode psychosis (FEP) (57.1% cf 20.7%). Clinical recovery, annualized remission rate (ARR), and employment outcomes were significantly superior for first episode psychosis compared with multiple episode psychosis (MEP). ARR shows a trend toward reduction over time, from 2.2 before the financial crash of 2008 to 1.6 after (t = 1.85 df 40 p = .07). The decline is statistically significant for the MEP group (t = 2.32 df18 p = .03). There were no differences in outcome by region, sample characteristics, outcome measures used, or quality of studies. Heterogeneity of clinical outcome measures across the literature makes evidence synthesis difficult. Weak and inconsistent reporting of functional and employment outcomes mean that findings lack meaning with respect to lived experience.

Conclusion

Future research strategies should aim to reduce heterogeneity in clinical outcome measures and to increase the emphasis on capture and reporting of more sophisticated measures of social and functional outcome. Outcome domains should be disaggregated rather than conflated into unitary recovery constructs.
The role of the HIF‐1α/ALYREF/PKM2 axis in glycolysis and tumorigenesis of bladder cancer
Authors: Wang Jing‐Zi , Zhu Wei , Han Jie , Yang Xiao , Zhou Rui , Lu Hong‐Cheng , Yu Hao , Yuan Wen‐Bo , Li Peng‐Chao , Tao Jun , Lu Qiang , Wei Ji‐Fu , Yang Haiwei
Published: May 2021

Background

As a rate‐limiting enzyme of glycolysis, pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme M2 (PKM2) participates in tumor metabolism and growth. The regulatory network of PKM2 in cancer is complex and has not been fully studied in bladder cancer. The 5‐methylcytidine (m5C) modification in PKM2 mRNA might participate in the pathogenesis of bladder cancer and need to be further clarified. This study aimed to investigate the biological function and regulatory mechanism of PKM2 in bladder cancer.

Methods

The expression of PKM2 and Aly/REF export factor (ALYREF) was measured by Western blotting, qRT‐PCR, and immunohistochemistry. The bioprocesses of bladder cancer cells were demonstrated by a series of experiments in vitro and in vivo. RNA immunoprecipitation, RNA‐sequencing, and dual‐luciferase reporter assays were conducted to explore the potential regulatory mechanisms of PKM2 in bladder cancer.

Results

In bladder cancer, we first demonstrated that ALYREF stabilized PKM2 mRNA and bound to its m5C sites in 3′‐untranslated regions. Overexpression of ALYREF promoted bladder cancer cell proliferation by PKM2‐mediated glycolysis. Furthermore, high expression of PKM2 and ALYREF predicted poor survival in bladder cancer patients. Finally, we found that hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1alpha (HIF‐1α) indirectly up‐regulated the expression of PKM2 by activating ALYREF in addition to activating its transcription directly.

Conclusions

The m5C modification in PKM2 mRNA in the HIF‐1α/ALYREF/PKM2 axis may promote the glucose metabolism of bladder cancer, providing a new promising therapeutic target for bladder cancer.
Transoral surgery for superficial head and neck cancer: National Multi‐Center Survey in Japan
Authors: Katada Chikatoshi , Muto Manabu , Fujii Satoshi , Yokoyama Tetsuji , Yano Tomonori , Watanabe Akihito , Iizuka Toshiro , Yoshinaga Shigetaka , Tateya Ichiro , Mitani Hiroki , Shimizu Yuichi , Takahashi Akiko , Kamijo Tomoyuki , Hanaoka Noboru , Abe Makoto , Shiotani Akihiro , Kano Koichi , Asada Yukinori , Matsuhashi Tamotsu , Umeno Hirohito , Okami Kenji , Goda Kenichi , Hori Shinichiro , Ono Yoichiro , Terai Shuji , Nagami Yasuaki , Takemura Kenichi , Kawada Kenro , Ando Mizuo , Shimeno Naoto , Arai Akihito , Sakamoto Yasutoshi , Ichinoe Masaaki , Nemoto Tetsuo , Fujita Masahiro , Watanabe Hidenobu , Shimoda Tadakazu , Ochiai Atsushi , Kato Takakuni , Hayashi Ryuichi
Published: May 2021

Head and neck cancers, especially in hypopharynx and oropharynx, are often detected at advanced stage with poor prognosis. Narrow band imaging enables detection of superficial cancers and transoral surgery is performed with curative intent. However, pathological evaluation and real‐world safety and clinical outcomes have not been clearly understood. The aim of this nationwide multicenter study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of transoral surgery for superficial head and neck cancer. We collected the patients with superficial head and neck squamous cell carcinoma who were treated by transoral surgery from 27 hospitals in Japan. Central pathology review was undertaken on all of the resected specimens. The primary objective was effectiveness of transoral surgery, and the secondary objective was safety including incidence and severity of adverse events. Among the 568 patients, a total of 662 lesions were primarily treated by 575 sessions of transoral surgery. The median tumor diameter was 12 mm (range 1–75) endoscopically. Among the lesions, 57.4% were diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma in situ. The median procedure time was 48 minutes (range 2–357). Adverse events occurred in 12.7%. Life‐threatening complications occurred in 0.5%, but there were no treatment‐related deaths. During a median follow‐up period of 46.1 months (range 1–113), the 3‐year overall survival rate, relapse‐free survival rate, cause‐specific survival rate, and larynx‐preservation survival rate were 88.1%, 84.4%, 99.6%, and 87.5%, respectively. Transoral surgery for superficial head and neck cancer offers effective minimally invasive treatment.

Clinical trials registry number: UMIN000008276.
Identification of a glycolysis‐related gene signature associated with clinical outcome for patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Xu Ziming , Zhang Shiwei , Nian Fulai , Xu Shangyu
Published: May 2021

Background

Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), one of the main types of lung cancer, has caused a huge social burden. There has been no significant progress in its therapy in recent years, Resulting in a poor prognosis. This study aims to develop a glycolysis‐related gene signature to predict patients’ survival with LUSC and explore new therapeutic targets.

Methods

We obtained the mRNA expression and clinical information of 550 patients with LUSC from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Glycolysis genes were identified by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). The glycolysis‐related gene signature was established using the Cox regression analysis.

Results

We developed five glycolysis‐related genes signature (HKDC1, AGL, ALDH7A1, SLC16A3, and MIOX) to calculate each patient's risk score. According to the risk score, patients were divided into high‐ and low‐risk groups and exhibited significant differences in overall survival (OS) between the two groups. The ROC curves showed that the AUC was 0.707 for the training cohort and 0.651 for the validation cohort. Additionally, the risk score was confirmed as an independent risk factor for LUSC patients by Cox regression analysis.

Conclusion

We built a gene signature to clarify the connection between glycolysis and LUSC. This model performs well in evaluating patients’ survival with LUSC and provides new biomarkers for targeted therapy.
Risk factors for return to work in colorectal cancer survivors
Authors: Yuan Chung‐Mao , Wang Chung‐Ching , Wu Wei‐Te , Ho Ching‐Liang , Chen Wei‐Liang
Published: May 2021

Background: The increasing incidence of colorectal cancer among individuals in the productive age‐group has adversely affected the labor force and increased healthcare expenses in recent years. Return to work (RTW) is an important issue for these patients. In this study, we explored the factors that influence RTW and investigated the influence of RTW on survival outcomes of patients with colorectal cancer.

Methods: Data of individuals (N = 4408) in active employment who were diagnosed with colorectal cancer between 2004 and 2010 were derived from 2 nationwide databases. Subjects were categorized into 2 groups according to their employment status at 5‐year follow‐up. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the factors associated with RTW. Survivors were further followed up for another 8 years. Propensity score matching was applied to ensure comparability between the two groups, and survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan–Meier method.

Results: In multivariable regression analysis for 5‐year RTW with different characteristics, older age (OR: 0.57 [95% CI, 0.48–0.69]; p < 0.001), treatment with radiotherapy (OR: 0.69 [95% CI, 0.57–0.83]; p < 0.001), higher income (OR: 0.39 [95% CI, 0.32–0.47]; p < 0.001), medium company size (OR: 0.78 [95% CI, 0.63–0.97]; p = 0.022), and advanced pathological staging (stage I, OR: 16.20 [95% CI, 12.48–21.03]; stage II, OR: 13.12 [95% CI, 10.43–16.50]; stage III, OR: 7.68 [95% CI, 6.17–9.56]; p < 0.001 for all) revealed negative correlations with RTW. In Cox proportional hazard regression for RTW and all‐cause mortality, HR was 1.11 (95% CI, 0.80–1.54; p = 0.543) in fully adjusted model.

Conclusion: Older age, treatment with radiotherapy, higher income, medium company size, and advanced pathological stage showed negative correlations with RTW. However, we observed no significant association between employment and all‐cause mortality. Further studies should include participants from different countries, ethnic groups, and patients with other cancers.
Engineering of a Thermostable Biocatalyst for the Synthesis of 2‐O‐Glucosylglycerol
Authors: Franceus Jorick , Ubiparip Zorica , Beerens Koen , Desmet Tom
Published: May 2021

2‐O‐Glucosylglycerol is accumulated by various bacteria and plants in response to environmental stress. It is widely applied as a bioactive moisturising ingredient in skin care products, for which it is manufactured via enzymatic glucosylation of glycerol by the sucrose phosphorylase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides. This industrial process is operated at room temperature due to the mediocre stability of the biocatalyst, often leading to microbial contamination. The highly thermostable sucrose phosphorylase from Bifidobacterium adolescentis could be a better alternative in that regard, but this enzyme is not fit for production of 2‐O‐glucosylglycerol due to its low regioselectivity and poor affinity for glycerol. In this work, the thermostable phosphorylase was engineered to alleviate these problems. Several engineering approaches were explored, ranging from site‐directed mutagenesis to conventional, binary, iterative or combinatorial randomisation of the active site, resulting in the screening of ∼3,900 variants. Variant P134Q displayed a 21‐fold increase in catalytic efficiency for glycerol, as well as a threefold improvement in regioselectivity towards the 2‐position of the substrate, while retaining its activity for several days at elevated temperatures.
Serum exosomes accelerate diabetic wound healing by promoting angiogenesis and ECM formation
Authors: Chen Liushan , Qin Linghao , Chen Chujun , Hu Qiong , Wang Junjian , Shen Juan
Published: May 2021

Nonhealing wounds in diabetes remain a global clinical and research challenge. Exosomes are primary mediators of cell paracrine action, which are shown to promote tissue repair and regeneration. In this study, we investigated the effects of serum derived exosomes (Serum‐Exos) on diabetic wound healing and its possible mechanisms. Serum‐Exos were isolated from blood serum of normal healthy mice and identified by transmission electron microscopy and western blot. The effects of Serum‐Exos on diabetic wound healing, fibroblast growth and migration, angiogenesis and extracellular matrix (ECM) formation were investigated. Our results showed that the isolated Serum‐Exos exhibited a sphere‐shaped morphology with a mean diameter at 150 nm, and expressed classical markers of exosomes including HSP70, TSG101, and CD63. Treatment with Serum‐Exos elevated the percentage of wound closure and shortened the time of healing in diabetic mice. Mechanistically, Serum‐Exos promoted granulation tissue formation and increased the expression of CD31, fibronectin and collagen‐ɑ in diabetic mice. Serum‐Exos also promoted the migration of NIH/3T3 cells, which was associated with increased expression levels of PCNA, Ki67, collagen‐α and fibronectin. In addition, Serum‐Exos enhanced tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and induced the expression of CD31 at both protein and messenger RNA levels. Collectively, our results suggest that Serum‐Exos may facilitate the wound healing in diabetic mice by promoting angiogenesis and ECM formation, and show the potential application in treating diabetic wounds.
Gender‐based outcomes of coronary bifurcation stenting: A report from the National Readmission Database
Authors: Osman Mohammed , Ghaffar Yasir Abdul , Osman Khansa , Kheiri Babikir , Mohamed Mohamed M. G. , Kawsara Akram , Balla Sudarshan , Roda‐Renzelli Anthony , Daggubati Ramesh
Published: May 2021

Background

There is a paucity of data focusing on women's outcomes after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) for coronary bifurcation lesions (CBLs).

Methods

Patients who received PCI for CBLs in the context of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) during the period of 01 October 2015– 31 December 2017, were identified from the United States National Readmission Database. The primary endpoint of this study was in‐hospital major adverse events (MAEs). The secondary endpoints were in‐hospital mortality, vascular complications, major bleeding, post‐procedural bleeding, need for blood transfusion, severe disability surrogates (non‐home discharge and need for mechanical ventilation), resources utilization surrogates (length of stay and cost of hospitalization), and 30‐day readmission rate. A 1:1 propensity score matching was used to compare the outcomes between women and men.

Results

A total of 25,050 (women = 7,480; men = 17,570) patients were included in the current analysis. After propensity score matching, women had higher in‐hospital MAEs (7 vs 5.2%, p < .01), major bleeding (1.8 vs 0.8%, p < .01), post‐procedural bleeding (6.1 vs 3.4%, p < .01), need for blood transfusion (6.4 vs 4.2%, p < .01), non‐home discharges (10.2 vs 7.1%; p < .01), longer length of hospital stay (3 days [IQR 2–6] vs. 3 days [IQR 2–5], p < .01) and higher 30‐day readmission rate compared to men (14.2 vs. 11.5%, p < .01).

Conclusions

Among all‐comers who received PCI for CBLs in the context of ACS, women suffered higher MAEs and 30‐day readmission rates compared to their men' counterparts. The higher MAEs in the women were mainly driven by higher postprocedural bleeding rates and the need for blood transfusion.
Patent foramen ovale closure with vena cava thrombus: You need an arm and a neck!
Authors: Qintar Mohammed , Villablanca Pedro , Lee James , Wang Dee Dee , Frisoli Tiberio , O’Neill Brian , O’Neill William W , Eng Marvin H
Published: May 2021

In patients with challenging femoral vein anatomy, transcatheter patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure can be safely and effectively be done through the jugular veins guided by ICE from the arm. This novel technique can potentially save resources (anesthesia and TEE) and provide an option for patients without a femoral option.
Unusual imaging findings of SARS‐CoV‐2 in HIV‐positive patient : A case report
Authors: Charifi Yahya , Rabhi Samira , Sekkat Ghita , Haloua Meryem , Alaoui Lamrani Moulay Youssef , Ouadnouni Yassine , Boubbou Meryeme , Maaroufi Mustapha , Alami Badreeddine
Published: May 2021

Considering SARS‐CoV‐2 as a major differential diagnosis of pneumocystis in HIV‐positive patients even if the lesions are typical.
Arsenic toxicity manifesting as profuse watery diarrhea during induction therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia
Authors: Ott Ashley , Venkataraman Vinayak , Badran Yousef R. , Goldman Rose , Spasic Smiljana , Vyas Darshali A. , Amrein Philip , McAfee Steven , Brunner Andrew , Fathi Amir T. , Narayan Rupa
Published: May 2021

Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is generally well tolerated for treatment of APL. We present a patient with severe watery diarrhea and pancreatitis thought to be due to ATO toxicity in the setting of obesity and acute kidney injury. Future studies evaluating ATO levels in patients experiencing toxicities may help guide dose modifications.
Presence of SARS‐CoV‐2 in plural effusion with COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Ataee Zahra , Hasanzadeh Sepideh , Mehri Ali , Sayadi Mahdiyeh , Ataei Leila , Amel Jamehdar Saeid
Published: May 2021

RT‐PCR of OP, NP swabs, is the gold standard test for the diagnosis of COVID‐19. CT scan plays an important role in the diagnostic evaluation of COVID‐19. Both methods increase the tracing disease. Even though pleural involvement has been reported less, it has been observed in significant cases.
Twin anemia polycythemia sequence in dichorionic diamniotic twins: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Kanagaretnam Dhusyanthy , Nayyar Roshini , Zen Monica
Published: May 2021

Although rare, literature demonstrates evidence that vascular anastomoses do occur in dichorionic twins. Therefore, twin anemia polycythemia sequence should be considered as a differential diagnoses in dichorionic twins if there is suspicion on antenatal ultrasound.
Coronary artery bypass grafting in a 12‐year‐old girl with familial hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Al‐Dairy Alwaleed , Srour Samir , Hasan Hasan , Alkasser Ola , Alkasser Mhd Khaled
Published: May 2021

As CABG operation is indicated in children with familial hypercholesterolemia, it seems that bilateral internal thoracic arteries are the preferred grafts, taking into consideration its superiority over venous graft regarding patency and growth.
Steroid therapy is effective for IgA nephropathy after liver transplantation in a pediatric patient
Authors: Tamura Hiroshi , Kuraoka Shohei , Nakazato Hitoshi
Published: May 2021

Hepatic IgA nephropathy is a complication of chronic liver disease. IgA nephropathy after liver transplantation is rare, especially in children, and carries a significant risk factor for chronic renal failure and mortality. In cases without viral hepatitis, steroid therapy may be useful for IgA nephropathy associated with liver dysfunction.
Mirror writing in a patient with frontal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Vityala Yethindra , Galako Tatiana , Kadyrova Aliya , Mamytova Elmira , Toktomametova Anara , Molchanova Olesya , Mamatov Sagynali , Tagaev Tugolbai , Karbozova Kunduz , Zholdoshev Emir
Published: May 2021

During the postictal period, the left cerebral hemisphere was affected by the seizures, and consecutive epileptiform discharges and disinhibition of the right cerebral hemisphere could have occurred, which may explain the observed behavior.
Which immunosuppressive drug is preferred in the treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis during COVID‐19 outbreak?
Authors: Farajzadeh Saeedeh , Ahramiyanpour Najmeh
Published: May 2021

Cyclosporine is an effective and safe immunosuppressant in the management of Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) during COVID‐19 outbreak for patients that intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is contraindicated or is not affordable.
Central retinal artery occlusion after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation
Authors: Matsuda Yasuhiro , Masuda Masaharu , Asai Mitsutoshi , Iida Osamu , Kanda Takashi , Mano Toshiaki
Published: May 2021

Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is a rare but severe and urgent complication of atrial fibrillation ablation. Awareness of this ophthalmologic complication and prompt treatment are needed because ischemic damage to the retina is irreversible from 4 hours after the onset of CRAO.
Prominent hemophagocytosis in cerebrospinal fluid in a patient with pneumococcal meningitis
Authors: Alqasim Alauldeen Mudhafar Zubair , Kariyattil Rajeev
Published: May 2021

Hemophagocytosis is usually observed in bone marrow. But it can be an incidental finding in other body fluids in severe infections like cerebrospinal fluid in case of meningitis. Clinicians need to rule out primary type of hemophagocytic syndrome.
Penta‐coordinated Al3+ Stabilized Defect‐Rich Ceria on Al2O3 Supported Palladium Catalysts for Lean Methane Oxidation
Authors: Wu Mingwei , Li Wenzhi , Zhang Xia , Xue Fengyang , Yang Tao , Yuan Liang
Published: May 2021

In heterogeneous catalysis, the strong interaction between metal and support can significantly modulate the electronic properties of the metals and play a crucial role in metal particle dispersion and morphology. Herein, a facile strategy was utilized to fabricate highly dispersive palladium catalysts supported on defective Al2O3−CeO2 for lean methane oxidation. Ceria was immobilized on the coordinatively unsaturated Al3+penta sites of γ‐alumina activated by pre‐reduction to fabricate hybrid‐oxide support (abbreviated as RAl2O3−CeO2), and then Pd precursor was uniformly deposited on the defective surface. Such a RAl2O3−CeO2 interface can effectively upgrade the dispersion of deposited palladium species and improve the concentration of reactive oxygen species owing to strong electronic interactions, invoking a superior catalytic activity for lean methane oxidation. After loading 1.0 wt% palladium, Pd/RAl2O3−CeO2 exhibited a 90 % methane conversion at 328 °C under the space velocity of 60,000 mL g−1 h−1, far lower than that of bare 1.0 wt% Pd/RAl2O3 (400 °C). In addition, Pd/RAl2O3−CeO2 catalyst showed an excellent hydrothermal stability under the harsh conditions (600 °C, water vapor)for 120 h without obvious deactivation. The reaction pathway of total methane combustion was elucidated by in situ DRIFTS. The crucial intermediate compositions (carbon oxygenates and carbonate)on Pd/RAl2O3−CeO2 surface are more readily oxidized into CO2 and H2O. This work provides an effective interface‐promoted strategy to develop efficient and durable palladium catalysts for many challenging reactions.
The unsophisticated “sophisticated”: Old age and the accredited investors definition
Authors: Finke Michael , Guo Tao , Huston Sandra
Published: May 2021

Accredited investors are able to participate in unregistered securities offerings such as private equity, venture capital, and hedge funds if they meet income and wealth thresholds. This definition provides a simple screening mechanism intended to restrict the purchase of complex securities to investors who are sophisticated enough to “fend for themselves.” We investigate whether older households, who are vulnerable to age‐related cognitive decline and are more likely to meet the accredited investor threshold, possess greater financial sophistication than younger nonaccredited investors. We find strong evidence that older households are at risk of meeting the accredited investor definition without having the sophistication needed to avoid high agency costs in a largely unregulated securities market. Accredited households age 80 and older are more than 80% less likely than unaccredited investors age 60–64 to have high financial sophistication scores. This reduced financial capability in later life appears to mirror the rate of decline in measures of cognition.
Single‐Round DNA Aptamer Selection by Combined Use of Capillary Electrophoresis and Next Generation Sequencing: An Aptaomics Approach for Identifying Unique Functional Protein‐Binding DNA Aptamers
Authors: Saito Shingo , Sakamoto Toshiki , Tanaka Naoki , Watanabe Ryo , Kamimura Takuya , Ota Kazuki , Riley Kathryn R. , Yoshimoto Keitaro , Tasaki‐Handa Yuiko , Shibukawa Masami
Published: May 2021

In DNA aptamer selection, existing methods do not discriminate aptamer sequences based on their binding affinity and function and the reproducibility of the selection is often poor, even for the selection of well‐known aptamers like those that bind the commonly used model protein thrombin. In the present study, a novel single‐round selection method (SR‐CE selection) was developed by combining capillary electrophoresis (CE) with next generation sequencing. Using SR‐CE selection, a successful semi‐quantitative and semi‐comprehensive aptamer selection for thrombin was demonstrated with high reproducibility for the first time. Selection rules based on dissociation equilibria and kinetics were devised to obtain families of analogous sequences. Selected sequences of the same family were shown to bind thrombin with high affinity. Furthermore, data acquired from SR‐CE selection was mined by creating sub‐libraries that were categorized by the functionality of the aptamers (e. g., pre‐organized aptamers versus structure‐induced aptamers). Using this approach, a novel fluorescent molecular recognition sensor for thrombin with nanomolar detection limits was discovered. Thus, in this proof‐of‐concept report, we have demonstrated the potential of a “DNA Aptaomics” approach to systematically design functional aptamers as well as to obtain high affinity aptamers.
(Automated) Synthesis of Well‐defined Staphylococcus Aureus Wall Teichoic Acid Fragments
Authors: Ali Sara , Hendriks Astrid , van Dalen Rob , Bruyning Thomas , Meeuwenoord Nico , Overkleeft Herman S. , Filippov Dmitri V. , van der Marel Gijs A. , van Sorge Nina M. , Codée Jeroen D. C.
Published: May 2021

Wall teichoic acids (WTAs) are important components of the cell wall of the opportunistic Gram‐positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. WTAs are composed of repeating ribitol phosphate (RboP) residues that are decorated with d‐alanine and N‐acetyl‐d‐glucosamine (GlcNAc) modifications, in a seemingly random manner. These WTA‐modifications play an important role in shaping the interactions of WTA with the host immune system. Due to the structural heterogeneity of WTAs, it is impossible to isolate pure and well‐defined WTA molecules from bacterial sources. Therefore, here synthetic chemistry to assemble a broad library of WTA‐fragments, incorporating all possible glycosylation modifications (α‐GlcNAc at the RboP C4; β‐GlcNAc at the RboP C4; β‐GlcNAc at the RboP C3) described for S. aureus WTAs, is reported. DNA‐type chemistry, employing ribitol phosphoramidite building blocks, protected with a dimethoxy trityl group, was used to efficiently generate a library of WTA‐hexamers. Automated solid phase syntheses were used to assemble a WTA‐dodecamer and glycosylated WTA‐hexamer. The synthetic fragments have been fully characterized and diagnostic signals were identified to discriminate the different glycosylation patterns. The different glycosylated WTA‐fragments were used to probe binding of monoclonal antibodies using WTA‐functionalized magnetic beads, revealing the binding specificity of these WTA‐specific antibodies and the importance of the specific location of the GlcNAc modifications on the WTA‐chains.
From classical to supramolecular dynamic stereochemistry: Double crystallization‐induced diastereomerization of thiazine sulfonamide
Authors: Lodochnikova Olga A. , Gerasimova Daria P. , Plemenkov Vitaly V.
Published: May 2021

The interrelation between the configurational lability of nitrogen and sulfur atoms within the –NH–SO2group of some thiazine sulfonamides is discussed. We have found that the compounds of the above series can crystallize as various diastereomers by the nitrogen atom, the relative configuration of the nitrogen atom determining the relative supramolecular configuration of the newly formed chiral sulfur atom. The paper presents a stereochemical transformation, which we have called “double crystallization‐induced diastereomerization.”
Research contributions of Leo A. Behie to chemical and biomedical engineering
Authors: Mehrotra Anil K. , Karan Kunal , Kallos Michael S. , Sen Arindom , Ehsani Sina , Abraham Brett , Roberts Erin L.
Published: May 2021

Leo Augustus Behie was known as a dedicated teacher and mentor, a team builder, and an outstanding researcher and innovator. He had a most productive and illustrious career, spanning five decades, that covered both industrial and academic sectors. His academic research career started with tackling classical chemical engineering challenges and, with time, shifted to biotechnology and biomedical engineering. He was the founding director of a unique research laboratory for undertaking innovative biotechnology and biomedical engineering research at the University of Calgary, called the Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility (PPRF). This paper presents an overview of his academic and research accomplishments, which also included the training of 17 doctoral students, 21 master's degree students, and many postdoctoral scholars. His main research areas under the classical chemical engineering theme included the investigation of the grid region in gas–solid fluidized bed reactors; gas–liquid and liquid–solid multiphase systems; fluidized bed reactors for metals recovery from coal ash; spouted fluid‐bed reactors; kinetics of pyrolysis chemical reactions; transport phenomena in rotary drums; and reactions, thermodynamics, and reactor modelling of sulphur systems. His main research areas under the biotechnology and biomedical engineering theme included advances in biotechnology and bioreactor design; production of antibiotic and monoclonal antibody; protein production in insect cells; process development for the production of neural stem cells, cancer stem cells, and islet cells; mesenchymal stem cells; and cellular secretome studies aimed at developing a cure for Parkinson's disease.