bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In vitro Plant Regeneration from Nodal Explants of Coleus forskohlii Briq. - An Important Medicinal Plant
Authors: Janarthanam B , Sumathi E
Published: July 2020

An efficient in vitro mass propagation and promising protocol has been successfully standardized and developed for Coleus forskohlii through direct organogenesis from nodal explants. Nodal explants cultured onto MS basal medium supplemented with 4.44 μM BAP recorded the highest response and produced 24.3 ± 0.2 shoots per explant with an average shoot length 5.6 ± 0.4 cm after 30 days of culture. The in vitro shoots recorded higher response for development of rooting on half strength MS fortified with 2.46 μM IBA which produced the best response 7.8 ± 0.6 roots per in vitro shoot with an average root length of 4.3 ± 0.1 cm after 25 days. The in vitro rooted plantlets were transferred for hardening and 90% of the plantlets survived were successfully acclimatized and established in small plastic pots. This protocol recorded to be a highly repeatable, successful and rapid technique that could be utilized for the commercial mass propagation and ex situ conservation of Coleus forskohlii. It is important to note that the morphology of the in vitro plantlets of Coleus forskohlii showed a true-to-type growth habit, both in vitro and when transferred to ex vitro growth conditions.

Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 30(1): 143-148, 2020 (June)
A SYNTACTICAL PATTERN OF 2.5 YEARS OLD BOY UTTERANCE (A CASE STUDY)
Authors: Umam Akhmad Hairul
Published: July 2020

This study aims to identify the utterances and to explore the language acquisition for 2.5 years old boy in its syntactical pattern.  The duration of this research is four months by observing and recording the words expression pronounced by the boy. Based on the finding, this boy firmly acquires the language mostly by nature (innate ability). However, the positive environment enables him to develop the child’s language fluency. Both nature and environment have important roles in the child language acquisition. It is in line with the theoretical frame work of language acquisition that in general language acquisition is shaped and influenced mainly by two factors: biological (innate ability) and environmental factors. Awhile the type of the utterances spoken by the boy aged 2.5 years old consisting of declarative 48 %, interrogative 29%, imperative 21%, and exclamation utterances 2%. In the syntactical pattern, the boy mostly speaks using the predicate utterances pattern (P), subject-predicate (S-P), then predicate-subject (P-S). The predicate (P) and subject-predicate (S-P) pattern of utterances are the most frequently spoken by boy. The boy is accustomed to and easily expresses his intentions with those two patterns that have represented a complete utterance according to what the boy intended.
La actuación de las Cortes Generales durante el estado de alarma para la gestión de la crisis del COVID-19
Authors: García de Enterría Ramos Andrea , Navarro Mejía Ignacio
Published: July 2020

Mediante el Real Decreto 463/2020, de 14 de marzo, el Gobierno declaraba el estado de alarma en todo el territorio nacional para la gestión de la situación de crisis sanitaria ocasionada por el COVID-19. Esta figura, con antecedentes en nuestra historia constitucional y prevista ahora en el artículo 116.2 de la Constitución, cuenta con el único precedente de 2010 cuando, el 4 de diciembre, se declaró el estado de alarma para la normalización del servicio público esencial del transporte aéreo, como consecuencia de la crisis de los controladores aéreos. Sin embargo, la peculiaridad que subyace a la actual declaración, pues son razones de salud pública las que han llevado a su adopción, obliga a una nueva reflexión en torno a esta institución. En particular, se hace preciso un estudio de cómo el Parlamento, institución democrática por excelencia, ha tratado de adecuar su funcionamiento, exigido por el artículo 116.5 de la Constitución, a las medidas sanitarias impuestas. Asimismo, se concluye con el análisis de una serie de cuestiones constitucionales que, como consecuencia de la declaración del estado de alarma, se han ido planteando. En concreto, se abordan tres cuestiones principales: la adecuación de la declaración del estado de alarma, el efectivo funcionamiento de las Cortes durante su vigencia y la articulación de sesiones telemáticas.
VARGAS, A. Y FONSECA, T. (2019). Como funciona o parlamento. Lisboa: Assembleia da República (Recensión)
Authors: Lisi Marco
Published: July 2020

Recensión de la obra: VARGAS, A. Y FONSECA, T. (2019). Como funciona o parlamento. Lisboa: Assembleia da República
DANGERFIELD, G. (2019). La extraña muerte de la Inglaterra liberal. Madrid: Tecnos (Recensión)
Authors: Pérez Dobón Juan José
Published: July 2020

Recensión de la obra: DANGERFIELD, G. (2019). La extraña muerte de la Inglaterra liberal. Madrid: Tecnos
GIMÉNEZ GLÜCK, D. (2019). El gobierno hiperminoritario (y su relación con el parlamento). Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch (Recensión)
Authors: Miranda López Luis Manuel
Published: July 2020

Recensión de la obra: GIMÉNEZ GLÜCK, D. (2019). El gobierno hiperminoritario (y su relación con el parlamento). Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch
Nuevos (y necesarios) límites a las comisiones de investigación competencias autonómicas y la inviolabilidad del rey
Authors: Pascua Mateo Fabio Antonio
Published: July 2020

El Tribunal Constitucional estima el recurso presentado por el Gobierno en aplicación del Título V LOTC contra la resolución 298/XII del Parlamento de Cataluña por la que se acuerda constituir una comisión parlamentaria de investigación sobre la monarquía. Dicho fallo estimatorio se produce por considerar que, en primer término, al pretender controlar políticamente a una institución que tiene naturaleza de órgano constitucional del Estado, la resolución excede de las competencias de la Comunidad Autónoma de Cataluña, marco que define la capacidad de actuación de las comisiones de investigación autonómicas y, en general, la de las propias asambleas. Por otra parte, la formulación de un juicio político, trufado además de imputaciones de carácter jurídico penal con respecto, al menos, del monarca actual y de su antecesor, vulnera la inviolabilidad de la persona del rey y su no sujeción a responsabilidad establecidas en el art. 56.3 CE.
Workshop Penguatan Media Pembelajaran Online Onenote Classroom Di Sma Muhammadiyah Kota Sorong
Authors: Fathurrahman Muhammad , Kahar Muhammad Syahrul
Published: July 2020

Pemanfaatan Teknologi dan informasi saat ini sangat dibutuhkan dalam peningkatan mutu Pendidikan khususnya di SMA Muhammadiyah Al-Amin Kota Sorong, oleh karena itu perlunya memberikan penguatan kepada para guru dengan cara memberikan pemahaman dan pelatihan kepada para gruu. Pengabdian ini dilakukan dengan mensurvei kemampuan guru dalam hal teknologi, mewawancarai, dan memberikan pelatihan. Hasil yang diperoleh dalam pengabdian ini adalah sebuah platform Microsoft education, dan onenote classroom unutuk masing-masing guru. Dengan memanfaatkan platorm onenote classroom ini dapat meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran di SMA Muhammadiyah Al-Amin Kota Sorong.
KEPEMIMPINAN PEREMPUAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM
Authors: Yanggo Huzaemah Tahido
Published: July 2020

Di dalam Islam ada beberapa isu yang sering diangkat ke permukaan terutama yang berkaitan dengan isu relasi jender. Isu tersebut, antara lain konsep kepemimpinan perempuan, aurat, busana muslimah, persaksian, poligami, hak-hak reproduksi perempuan, peran publik perempuan, dan konsep superioritas laki-laki dan sebagainya. Dalam artikel ini menyuguhkan salah satunya yakni kepemimpinan perempuan dalam perspektif hukum Islam. Jika membaca sepintas beberapa ayat dan hadis tentang hal tersebut, terkesan ada kecenderungan seolah Islam memojokkan perempuan dan mengistimewakan laki-laki. Akan tetapi, jika menyimak secara mendalam dengan menggunakan metode semantik, semiotika dan hermeneutik secara kritis, maka justru sebaliknya, Islamlah yang pertama kali menggagas konsep keadilan jender dalam sejarah, sepanjang kehidupan umat manusia. Melalui artikel ini, akan menjelaskan bagaimana nashnash yang telah diteliti tentang perempuan dan juga dapat meluruskan penafsiran klasik yang terbukti tidak objektif, karena ternyata terkontaminasi oleh kondisi sosial budaya yang didominasi oleh peran laki-laki, terutama sekali terkait dalam konteks kepemimpinan perempuan.Kata Kunci : Kepemimpinan, Perempuan dan Hukum Islam
PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA
Authors: Nurrita Teni
Published: July 2020

Media pembelajaran adalah adalah alat yang dapat membantu proses belajar mengajar sehingga makna pesan yang disampaikan menjadi lebih jelas dan tujuan pendidikan atau pembelajaran dapat tercapai dengan efektif dan efisien. Hasil belajar adalah hasil yang diberikan kepada siswa berupa penilaian setelah mengikuti proses pembelajaran dengan menilai pengetahuan, sikap, ketrampilan pada diri siswa dengan adanya perubahan tingkah laku. Media pembelajaran berfungsi sebagai salah satu sumber belajar bagi siswa untuk memperoleh pesan dan informasi yang berikan oleh guru sehingga materi pembelajaran dapat lebih meningkat dan membentuk pengetahuan  bagi siswa.Manfaat dari media pembelajaran, pertama, memberikan pedoman bagi guru untuk mencapai tujuan pembelajaran sehingga dapat menjelaskan materi pembelajaran dengan urutan yang sistematis dan membantu dalam penyajian materi yang menarik untuk meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran, kedua, dapat meningkatkan motivasi dan minat belajara siswa sehingga siswa dapat berpikir dan menganalisis materi pelajaran yang diberikan oleh guru dengan baik dengan situasi belajar yang menyenangkan dan siswa dapat memahami materi pelajaran dengan mudah.Yang dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa dengan adanya media pembelajaran: proses belajar mengajar menjadi mudah dan menarik  sehingga siswa dapat mengerti dan  memahami pelajaran dengan mudah, efisiensi belajar siswa dapat meningkat  karena sesuai dengan tujuan pembelajaran, membantu konsentrasi belajar siswa karena media pembelajaran yang menarik dan sesuai dengan kebutuhan siswa, meningkatkan motivasi belajar siswa karena  perhatian siswa terhadap pelajaran dapat meningkat, memberikan pengalaman menyeluruh dalam belajar sehingga  siswa dapat  memahami secara nyata dari materi yang diberikan lebih mengerti materi secara keseluruhan, siswa terlibat dalam proses pembelajaran sehingga siswa aktif mengikuti dan terlibat dalam proses pembelajaran dan siswa memiliki kesempatan melakukan kreativitas dan mengembangkan potensi yang dimiliki. Kata Kunci : Media Pembelajaran dan Hasil Belajar Siswa
Penelusuran Kualitas dan Kuantitas Sanad Qiraah Sab’ah: Kajian Takhrij Sanad Qiraah Sab’ah
Authors: Hude M. Darwis , Muhammad Ahsin Sakho , Sunarsa Sasa
Published: July 2020

Qiraah sab‟ah telah disepakati ke-mutawatir-annya oleh jumhur ulama. Namun ada ulama yang berpendapat bahwa sanad qiraah sab‟ah dari para imam qiraah sab‟ah kepada Rasulullah Saw, tidak mencapai derajat mutawatir, melainkan hanya masyhur, yang berkualifikasi sahih dan maqbul. Artikel ini ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kualitas dan kuantitas sanad qiraah sab‟ah berdasarkan kajian takhrij hadis. Pendekatannya menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode library research. Analisis datanya menggunakan teori takhrij hadis. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa dalam perspektif Ilmu Hadis, sanad qiraah sab‟ah dari para Imam qiraah sab‟ah kepada Rasulullah Saw tidaklah mutawatir secara kuantitas, dan dinilai hanya sampai pada derajat masyhur jika ditinjau dari sisi sanad masing-masing individu Imam qiraah sab‟ah. Sementara itu, jika ditinjau dari keseluruhan jalur qiraah sab‟ah kepada Rasulullah, maka sanad-nya bisa dianggap mutawatir, karena memenuhi kriteria umum ke-mutawatir-an. Namun jika ditinjau dari perspektif ilmu qiraah, bahwa qiraah sab‟ah dari para imam keapda Rasulullah Saw, sebagaimana dinyatakan jumhur ulama adalah mutawatir. Dengan alasan, sekalipun dalam sanad qiraahnya ada yang menyendiri (sedikit) dan tidak memiliki keseimbangan pada setiap thabaqah-nya, namun hakikatnya tidak sendiri. Pada saat yang sama terdapat keluarga perawi qiraah, juga penduduk di negeri tersebut yang ikut meriwayatkannya sekalipun tidak dicantumkan dalam rangkaian sanad qiraah. Selain itu, ditemukan pula bahwa masing-masing sanad qiraah sab‟ah diyakini berkualifikasi mutawatir pula jika tinjauan sanad qiraah-nya, dari perawi zaman modern sampai kepada pengarang kitab sumber qiraah. Dan dari para pengarang kitab qiraah standar kepada para Imam qiraah. Sebab diriwayatkan oleh para ahli qiraah yang jumlahnya sangat banyak.
Kajian Riset Monodisipliner dan Interdisipliner dalam pendidikan islam Menghadapi Isu Nasional dan Global: Studi Kasus Terhadap Isu Covid-19
Authors: Nimawati Nimawati , Ruswandi Uus , Erihadiana Mohamad
Published: July 2020

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh terjadinya diskursus di tengah-tengah masyarakat dewasa ini mengenai pandemi Covid-19. Sebagian orang menganggap ringan wabah ini dengan mengatakan bahwa kematian sudah ditentukan oleh Allah Swt. Sebagian yang lain menganggap serius wabah ini dan berupaya menghindari serta mencari strategi pencegahan dan solusinya. Bertitik tolak dari uraian tersebut penting untuk meneliti kajian monodisipliner dan interdisipliner dalam pendidikan islam menghadapi isu nasioal dan global dengan melakukan studi kasus terhadap isu covid-19. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pandemi Covid-19 dengan pendekatan monodisipliner Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI), intradisipliner rumpun ilmu PAI, interdisipliner antara PAI dan rumpun ilmu PAI dengan disiplin ilmu-ilmu lainnya yang berkaitan dengan objek bahasan ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif pendekatan kualitatif dengan sumber data kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian ini adalah: pertama, dengan  pendekatan monodisipliner PAI pandemi Covid-19 adalah ciptaan Allah Swt yang harus disikapi dengan tepat, kedua, dengan pendekatan transdisipliner melalui disiplin ilmu kalam, fikih, hadis dan sejarah peradaban islam bahwa ditemukan sikap dan penanganan Covid-19 dalam praktis Rasulullah dan sahabat juga pemahamn para ulama, dan ketiga, dengan pendekatan multidisipliner bahwa Covid-19 adalah sebagai berikut, menurut ahli virologi penyebab dari wabah ini adalah coronavirus jenis baru yang disebut dengan novel coronavirus 2019 (2019-n CoV). Menurut farmakologi penyembuhannya dengan obat virus. Menurut kesehatan harus menjaga jarak dengan penderita dan harus menjaga kebersihan. Adapun menurut ahli ekonomi dan pemerintahan pandemi ini berdampak pada sektor ekonomi maka tidak dapat dilaksanakan lockdown.
Studi Lembaga Filantropi Media Massa
Authors: Aiz Muhammad
Published: July 2020

Kuatnya pengaruh kelompok masyarakat sipil (civil society) di Indonesia menyebabkan praktik filantropi masih didominasi oleh pihak non negara.  Artikel ini sesuai dengan pendapat Azyumardi Azra yang menyatakan sejak masa kesultanan di Nusantara, persoalan filantropi memang minim campur tangan penguasa. Kenyataan tersebut dapat dibuktikan pula banyaknya lembaga-lembaga filantropi, baik yang bersifat tradisional, organisasi masyarakat sipil, hingga perusahaan media massa yang ikut mengurusi urusan filantropi. Hal ini tidak hanya berimplikasi positif yakni dengan munculnya berbagai kelompok masyarakat yang berinisiatif untuk mengelola filantropi.  Namun di sisi lain menyebabkan implikasi yang negatif juga seperti belum terkelolanya potensi filantropi secara transaparan dan akuntabilitasnya pun masih rendah. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam artikel ini adalah pendekatan historis sosiologis.
OVERALL EQUIPMENT EFFECTIVENESS (OEE) THROUGH TOTAL PRODUCTIVE MAINTENANCE (TPM) PRACTICES: A CASE STUDY IN CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
Authors: Agung Ferry Yulius , Siahaan Antonius
Published: July 2020

In present world scenario, when manufacturing companies encounter capacity problems, they immediately look for increasing overtime, number of shifts and purchase new machine and equipment’s. Instead, focus must be on the better utilization of resources and increasing performance of the existing machines, so that there is better equipment performance, reduction in bottlenecks, decrease overall downtime, improve operator performance and minimization of setup time and other major forms of losses thus enabling in decision on the investment of buying new machines. Thus, the aim of this journal is to study the state of Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) through Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) in Chemical Industry. theoretical framework is developed to determine the predominant TPM pillars that influence the OEE. Based on this theoretical framework, a survey methodology is used where questionnaires are sent to 180 respondents in PT.XYZ with the resulting response rate of 100% which is comparable with other studies. Theoutcome of this survey is analyzed using SPSS and the analysis show that the predominant TPM pillars indeed has a considerable impact on the OEE.
Ryegrass endophyte: a New Zealand Grassland success story
Authors: Easton H.S. , Christensen M.J. , Eerens J.P.J. , Fletcher L.R. , Hume D.E. , Keogh R.G. , Lane G.A. , Latch G.C.M. , Pennell C.G.L. , Popay A.J. , Rolston M.P. , Sutherland B.L. , Tapper B.A.
Published: July 2020

The discovery in 1981 that ryegrass endophyte is responsible for ryegrass staggers has required a total revision of our understanding of ryegrassbased pastures. The effects on grazing livestock range from obvious clinical disorders to chronic impairment of productivity. On the other hand, endophyte infection is essential to ryegrass persistence in most of New Zealand, protecting the plant from some invertebrate pests and from over-grazing, and perhaps promoting its tolerance of moisture stress. Vigorous, endophyte-infected pastures sometimes include less clover than pastures relatively free of endophyte. Active compounds produced by the endophyte have been identified, and conditions causing high levels of them have been documented in part. Endophyte strains which do not produce the compounds responsible for livestock toxicoses offer exciting new possibilities in grassland agriculture. Keywords: invertebrate pests, mycotoxicoses, Neotyphodium lolii, perennial ryegrass, ryegrass staggers
Land application of farm dairy effluent for sustainable dairy farming
Authors: Roach C.G. , Longhurst R.D. , Ledgard S.F.
Published: July 2020

Land application of farm dairy effluent (FDE) is preferred over pond treatment because of the potential reduction in environmental impacts, and recycling of valuable nutrients. Recent findings from the past 5 years of research by AgResearch and Dexcel are presented to provide an overview of the effects of applying FDE to pastures. Results indicate that significant pasture responses to applying FDE at increasing rates of N were found in both the mowing and grazing trials. There was no difference in pasture responses between FDE and urea when applied at the same rate of N. The ryegrass content of pastures increased with increasing N rates whether from effluent or urea. N and nitrate-N concentrations in the herbage showed some increases but were not excessive at rates up to 400 kgN/ha/yr. Pasture concentrations of other nutrients (except K) were unaffected by the rate or form of nitrogen applied. Both pasture K and soil K levels were significantly higher under the effluent treatments. Nitrate and calcium leaching increased significantly under the highest rate of N application (400 kgN/ha/yr). Spreading FDE over a sufficiently large area (15-20% of the farm) can reduce inputs of K to near maintenance requirements and restrict N inputs to about 80- 120 kg N/ha/yr, thereby avoiding potential animal health and environmental problems. A behavioural study showed that cows disliked grazing pastures recently treated with FDE. This study also showed that there was a significant and rapid decline in faecal coliform counts on pasture following effluent application. Keywords: faecal coliforms, farm dairy effluent, FDE, groundwater, nitrate leaching, pasture, soil
What impact does dairy cow pugging have on clover N2 fixation and long- term farm production?
Authors: Menneer J. , Ledgard S. , Mclay C. , Silvester W.
Published: July 2020

The effects of a single, moderate or severe pugging event in early spring on pasture production, clover growth, and N2 fixation were measured during a 1-year study on dairy pasture in the Waikato. Moderate and severe pugging of the poor-draining Te Kowhai soil resulted in annual pasture production decreases of 21% and 45%, respectively. Clover showed a much greater decrease in production than grass (65% vs. 38%) following severe pugging, and indicates that clover is more susceptible to the negative effects of pugging than grass. Nitrogenase activity showed a rapid decrease (up to 90%) within 3 days of pugging, and reflected the measured decrease in air-filled porosity (from 16% in the non-pugged to an average of 11% for the moderately and severely pugged treatments) and measured loss of root biomass. On an annual basis, the total amount of N fixed decreased from 151 kg N/ha in the control to 109 kg N/ha (-28%) and 45 kg N/ha (-70%) in the moderate and severe treatments, respectively. Longer-term effects of the decrease in clover DM yield from a single moderate or severe pugging event each year were modelled using a dynamic dairying model of N cycling. After 10 years, pugging was predicted to decrease N2 fixation, soil organic N and grass growth, and result in a loss in milk production of 21% and 54%, respectively. On a whole farm basis, if moderate and severe pugging occurred on 50% and 10% of the farm, respectively, this would represent a decrease in milk production of 16% (e.g., from 1000 to 840 kg milksolids ha/year). Keywords: dairying, N2 fixation, pasture production, pugging, ryegrass, white clover
Milksolids production from different combinations of perennial ryegrass and white clover cultivars: II Milksolids production and farm profitability
Authors: Woodward S.L. , Macdonald K.A. , Carter W.A. , Eerens J.P.J. , Crush J.R.
Published: July 2020

1999/2000 and 2000/2001 were the first two complete seasons of a replicated farm systems trial designed to measure the effects on whole farm profitability (Economic Farm Surplus (EFS) of mixtures of ryegrasses and white clovers released on to the market recently, or at least 15 years ago, and rotationally grazed by dairy cows. All the pastures were sown in late autumn 1998. There were four treatments with all combinations of 1980s (80R), and late 1990s (98R) ryegrasses, and 1960s (60C)and late 1990s (98C) white clovers, each replicated 3.0 times in a randomised block design giving twelve 4-ha, self-contained farmlets stocked with three Friesian cows/ha. Milksolids production was unaffected by either ryegrass or clover cultivar age, but there was a significant ryegrass x clover cultivar interaction reflected as higher milksolids production on the 80R/98C treatment than the 98R/98C treatment in 1999/2000. This was a result of a higher clover content in the 80R/98C pastures compared with other treatments. Although the difference in clover content was still present in 2000/2001, the wetter summerÂ-autumn meant the ryegrass maintained a higher nutritive value than in the previous season under dry conditions, so clover content did not affect milksolids production in 2000/2001. There were no main treatment effects on EFS in either season, but there was a significant ryegrass x clover interaction in 1999/2000 shown as a higher EFS on the 80R/98C treatment than on the 98R/98C treatment. Keywords: cultivars, dairying, Economic Farm Surplus, milksolids, perennial ryegrass, white clover
Economic analysis of poplar planting on steep hill country
Authors: Parminter I. , Dodd M.B. , Mackay A.D.
Published: July 2020

This paper analyses the costs and benefits of planting poplars for erosion control, to determine the economic incentives facing farmers. Using costbenefit analysis over a range of scenarios (e.g., a base scenario, a "most favourable" scenario, and a targeted planting scenario) and underpinning assumptions (e.g., erosion rates, planting densities, stock gross margins), it is found that the private (i.e., on-site) monetary incentives for planting poplars are marginal at best. Even at high expected erosion rates and repair costs, and with harvest values incorporated, the internal rate of return is low (between 5 and 6%). The paper indicates circumstances under which the decision to plant poplars is worthwhile for the farmer. These include circumstances where poplars significantly reduce lamb losses, subsidies are available, or nonmonetary factor are important. Keywords: cost-benefit analysis, erosion, poplars, profit, shelter, sustainability.
A simplified method for lignin measurement in a range of forage species
Authors: Chaves A.V. , Waghorn G.C. , Tavendale M.H.
Published: July 2020

Lignin is the prime factor influencing the digestibility of plant cell wall material. As concentrations of lignin increase, digestibility, intake and animal performance usually decreases. Presented is a simplified acid detergent lignin procedure which has been used to determine lignin concentration from a wide range of forages and also ryegrass at different stages of maturation. Forages used in this study included grasses, legumes, herbs and conserved material, with lignin concentration ranging from 2.02 to 21.1% of the DM. Legumes tended to have higher values than grasses, and ryegrass maturation was not accompanied by increased lignin concentration at 53 days of age. These results will be incorporated into a NIRS method for determining forage quality, and used in a dairy nutrition model to assist in ration formulation for dairy cows. Keywords: analytical method, fibre, forages, lignin
Herbicides compromise biological control of ragwort
Authors: Betteridge K. , Costall D.
Published: July 2020

In spite of ragwort flea beetle (RFB) being present on a Dannevirke dairy farm, pastures were sprayed each winter to reduce ragwort density and limit the risk of ragwort poisoning of stock. The trial on this farm from June 1999 - October 2001, aimed to determine whether herbicide (H) impacted on RFB and how H and RFB each impacted on ragwort growth and persistence. RFBfree areas were created by spraying with insecticide (I). Effects of ragwort on animal health are also reported. High ester 2,4-D (H) boom-sprayed once only, in June 1999, killed most ragwort plants and reduced RFB larvae densities to low levels before the plants died. Once new ragwort established in treatment H, the plants became infested with RFB larvae. RFB larvae were suppressed by I resulting in ragwort density declining more slowly than in treatments where RFB were not suppressed. Insecticide treatments were stopped after 15 months and, at 24 months, ragwort could not be found within the trial area. Ragwort control was attributed to the cessation of herbicide spraying allowing the RFB population to reach a sufficient density to kill both small and large ragwort plants. Sub-clinical ragwort poisoning was found in livers of culled cows that had grazed on ragwort-dense pastures. Keywords: animal health, biological control, Longitarsus jacobaeae, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, ragwort, ragwort flea beetle, Senecio jacobaea
Whole-crop cereals for grazing and silage: balancing quality and quantity
Authors: De Ruiter J.M. , Hanson R. , Hay A.S. , Armstrong K.W. , Harrison-Kirk R.D.
Published: July 2020

There has been a marked increase in the use of cereals for supplementary grazing and silage for the developing dairy industry in the South Island. Cereals provide high energy supplement in autumn/winter or can be used as a high fibre source in spring. Variation in yield potential in cultivar trials in Canterbury was assessed for autumn and spring-sown crops. The aim was to produce high quality cereal feeds with good yield potential by examining the variation among species and cultivar selections in well managed trials. Single-bite crops sown in early autumn in Canterbury provide up to 5.5 t/ha herbage DM yield with at least 17.5 % protein, 12% total soluble carbohydrate including starch (TSC) and metabolisable energy (ME) of 11.3 MJ/kg in mid-June. Multiple graze types (eg. Doubletake triticale) with similar winter productivity and quality to single-bite crops produced an additional 13.5 t/ha biomass for a silage crop. At ensiling, this cultivar had 9.3 MJ/kg ME with mean 19.5% total soluble carbohydrates. Spring-sown cereals for silage produced up to 20 t/ha. Harvest timing was a significant factor in the wide range in quality of herbage for ensiling. Cultivar means ranged from 7.0 - 12.8% DM for protein, 8.7- 31.6% DM for TSC and 8.3-10.5 MJ/kg DM for ME. More mature herbage had reduced organic matter digestibility and higher TSC but reduced ensilability at DM content in excess of 40%. Keywords: dairying, fibre, forage, herbage quality, metabolisable energy, near infrared reflectance spectroscopy, supplements
Ecotourism - the Maungatautari example
Authors: Wallace D.G.
Published: July 2020

Much of the value of restoring ecological processes on islands and areas on the mainland lies in answering the question, "how worthwhile is it, in any circumstances, to control invasive weeds and pests?" When the Maungatautari Ecological Island Trust (MEIT) builds a 50 km pest proof fence around Maungatautari, a 3400ha forest-clad mountain in the heart of the Waikato, and then eradicates all the pests, we will travel down a restorative path largely ignorant of how the environment functioned just a thousand years ago, before human settlement. We will learn a lot as we clumsily put the ecological jigsaw puzzle back together again. And of course there will be some missing pieces, for example, the recent extinctions like moa and huia. There will be value in this new knowledge and in the recovered "dawn chorus", but how do we price it? If we can't price it, if it has no value, then how do we give the Maungatautari Ecological Island Trust a long life free of begging? The answers begin in what makes the Waikato community seek to restore the mountain to something as close as possible for its "unspoilt" state, i.e. the state it was in before exotic pests and weeds invaded it. We have a sense of natural value lost; a longing for what we know was once there. This is based on knowing just how different our forest ecology was to that of any other country, evolving as it did in the absence of mammals (with the exception of the 2 species of bat). The ecological niche occupied by mammals in other countries, was filled here by the extraordinary array of invertebrates, lizards, frogs and birds. And many of our endemic plants came to be extraordinary as well, partly as a response to the set of animals that evolved.
Sources and uses of information on a West Coast dairy farm
Authors: Van der Geest C.
Published: July 2020

I am a 30-year-old sharemilker on my parent's 600 cow developing farm near Blackball on the western side of the Grey Valley. Earlier this year I competed in the National Young Farmer of the Year competition and finished a close third. So what is information? There are two types of information that I use. There is data gathered from my farm to help fine tune the running of the day to day operations on the farm And directional information This is the information that arrives in papers and directs the long-term direction and plans of the farm and farming businesses. Due to the variability in weather on the Coast there is a greater need to monitor and adjust the farming system compared to an area like Canterbury. This was shown last year (2001/02) when the farm was undergoing a rapid period of development and I was under time restraints from increasing the herd size, building a new shed as well as developing the farm. The results of the time pressure was that day to day information gathering was lower resulting in per cow production falling by 11% or around $182 per cow. So what information was lacking that caused this large drop in profit. • Pasture growth rates • Cow condition • Nitrogen requirements • Paddock performance • Milk production • Pre-mating heat detection As scientists and advisers I hear you say that it is the farmer's responsibility to gather and analyse this information. You have the bigger topics to research and discover, gene marking, improving pasture species, sexing of sperm and ideas that I have not even contemplated yet. This is indeed very valuable research. Where would farming be without the invention of electric fences, artificial breeding and nitrogen research? But my problem is to take a farm with below average production to the top 10% in production with the existing technology and farming principles. I have all the technical information I need at the end of a phone. I can and do ring my consultant, fertiliser rep, vet, neighbour and due to the size and openness of New Zealand science, at present if they do not know I can ring an expert in agronomy, nutrition, soils and receive the answer that I require. I hope that this openness remains as in a time of privatisation and cost cutting it is a true advantage. I feel that for myself the next leap in information is not in the growing of grass or production of milk but in the tools to collect, store and utilise that information. This being tied to a financial benefit to the farming business is the real reason that I farm. Think of the benefits of being able to read pasture cover on a motorbike instantly downloaded, overlaying cow intake with milk production, changes in cow weight, daily soil temperature and predicted nitrogen response. Telling me low producing cows and poor producing paddocks, any potential feed deficits or surpluses. This would be a powerful information tool to use. The majority of this information is already available but until the restraints of time and cost are removed from data gathering and storage, this will not happen.
Farmers adopting technology to improve sheep production - a nine year study
Authors: Cocks A. , Williams M. , Casey M. , Brown C. , Ware J. , Morrison N. , Morrison G. , Pearce G. , Taylor W. , Cochrane G. , Cochrane J. , Harris T.
Published: July 2020

The Kuriwao Farm Action group has followed a process of continued monitoring and evaluation to improve sheep production. Involvement in this project has given the farmers meaningful information for all members to use as part of their decision making. As a group they have evaluated options such as pasture cultivars and renovation strategies, sheep genetics, chemical topping and hogget mating. The benefit to all members has been faster progress and less costly mistakes. Many new technologies such as scanning, improved pasture species, chemical topping and improved animal genetics and nutrition are now standard practice on these properties. The farmers made bigger gains in the last five years as the impact of new sheep genetics and crossbreeding combined with a greater understanding of the importance of ewe nutrition in both lamb numbers and growth. The original objectives of the project were to improve lambing percentage, pasture performance and lamb growth. On average, lambing percentage improved by 2% per year for the last nine years (and 3% per year since 1996). Average lamb growth rate lifted by 8.6g/d/year (5% per year). Keywords: genetics, learning, nutrition, pasture improvement, pasture production, sheep production
The relative profitability of calf rearing and bull beef finishing
Authors: Muir A.W.A.Ormond P.D. , Fugle C.J.
Published: July 2020

Calf rearing is capital intensive, has high risks associated with animal health and is a short term intense activity. It occurs at a time of the year when out-of-season procurement premiums reflect slow processing throughput, rather than the market outlook for beef. In addition, schedules for bobby calves are announced only one week prior to processing which gives the market little time to settle on costs and the margin for calf rearing. This paper looks at viability for rearing and finishing and seeks to define margins for both sectors. This has been calculated using a margin per calf reared to 100 kg and a margin per week for the finisher. Calf rearing is a prescriptive feeding regime in a housed facility, where the performance range is small - i.e calves reach 100 kg liveweight in 12 weeks. By contrast, bull finishing extends over 1 to 2 years, depends on pastures produced in a wide range of climates, topographies and management systems and has a wide range in performance. The major factor impacting on margins in both sectors is the bull schedule. Hence an analysis has been undertaken to look at the impact on both sectors and provide a more equitable basis for establishing the value of the 100 kg calf. The market might not accept the model, but the discussion generated is likely to go some way towards resolving the unsatisfactory status quo position where the decision to rear calves has to be made before 100 kg contract prices are established in the market. Keywords: beef finishing, bobby calves, bull schedule, calf milk replacer, calf rearing, margins, procurement premium, whole milk
The effect of herbage allowance of Lotus pedunculatus cv. Grasslands Maku on winter and spring beef heifer performance
Authors: Soca P. , Ayala W. , Bermudez R.
Published: July 2020

Beef cattle production in Uruguay is limited by heifer mating age when grazing natural pastures. Lotus pedunculatus cv. Grasslands Maku is a forage species that was recently introduced to Uruguayan farming systems, with high potential to improve herbage production in acid and low fertility soils. This paper provides information about winter and spring performance of Hereford x Angus heifers grazing an improved Lotus pedunculatus cv. Grasslands Maku pasture when fed at different pasture allowances. Four pasture allowances (3, 5, 10 and 16 kg DM/100 kg animal liveweight/day) from June 30 to October 9 (P1) followed by one pasture allowance of 9 kg DM/100 kg animal liveweight/day from October 9 to November 28 (P2), were assigned to 9 months old Hereford x Angus heifers weighing 129 kg. Measurements included herbage mass, botanical composition, pasture growth rate, sward height and animal liveweight. Liveweight gains were evaluated using a repeated measurement model in time. Pasture mass decreased from 4000 kg DM/ha to 1100, 1050, 1350 and 2000 kg DM/ha for the herbage allowances of 3, 5, 10 and 16% respectively during P1. Legume content at the end of P1 was 550, 400, 700 and 700 kg DM/ha for 3, 5, 10 and 16% of total pasture mass respectively. Herbage mass increased by 328 kg DM/ha per cm sward height (P
DNA fingerprinting and genetic relationships among white clover cultivars
Authors: Jahufer M.Z.Z. , Barrett B.A. , Griffiths A.G. , Woodfield D.R.
Published: July 2020

Genetic diversity provides the raw material for plant improvement programmes. The assessment of genetic diversity is commonly based on plant morphology; however, this indirect measure of genetic diversity is often confounded by environmental effects. Microsatellite (SSR) markers are a powerful tool that directly measures variation among plants at the DNA level. We assayed the pattern of relatedness among 32 white clover (Trifolium repens L.) cultivars using 39 SSR markers that are evenly distributed within the white clover genome. The 390 alleles detected were used to quantify the 496 pairwise genetic similarity estimates among the cultivars, detecting a mean value of 0.56 (range 0.44 - 0.68). Cluster analysis assigned the 32 cultivars to 14 clusters based on their genetic similar ity. The resulting clusters revealed strong correlation with known genetic relationships based on pedigree and the geographic origin of the parental germplasm. The development of a DNA fingerprinting technique based on high-throughput SSR markers has potential applications in plant variety rights, seed certification and variety identification in grazed pastures. Keywords: cluster analysis, DNA fingerpr inting, genetic diversity, microsatellite , molecular markers, Trifolium repens L
Feed planning - alternative approaches used by farmers
Authors: Gray D.I. , Parker W.J. , Kemp E.A. , Kemp P.D. , Brookes I.M. , Horne D. , Kenyon P.R. , Matthew C. , Reid S.T.Morris J.I. , Valentine I.
Published: July 2020

The effort to promote formal feed planning and monitoring systems in New Zealand has been considerable. Despite this, several studies indicate that relatively few farmers have adopted these systems. Reasons for non-adoption of formal feed planning systems have been identified, but little is known about how farmers manage their pastoral farms in the absence of these systems. To this end, the feed management processes used by three successful farmers (2 dairy, 1 sheep and cattle) were investigated. Farmers separated the year into distinct planning horizons and alternated between formal and informal feed planning. Formal feed planning was used when critical decisions had to be made, accurate pasture measurement could be undertaken and the level of environmental uncertainty was perceived to be low. Informal feed planning, used at other times of the year, involved farmers accessing, from memory, plans that had worked in the past. These "typical" plans were modified in response to learning. In the face of uncertainty, micro-budgets were prepared at paddock level. Our findings raise the question with respect to planning and monitoring - should we continue to promote formal systems or learn how farmers do this and develop decision support systems in this context? Keywords: decision making, farmer knowledge, feed budgeting, planning, tactical management
Farm business success: wealth aggregation by cash flow or asset management?
Authors: Neal D.A.
Published: July 2020

Farm business success for challenge and satisfaction may include wealth aggregation. Analysis of the importance of asset management compared to production/cash flow to aggregate wealth suggests they are linked but that asset management is more lucrative. Influences on farmland prices are discussed, as well as observations of top wealth aggregators in farming. Keywords: asset management, production/cash flow, wealth aggregation
The role of differential fertiliser application in sustainable management of hill pastures
Authors: Gillingham A.G. , Morton J.D. , Gray M.H.
Published: July 2020

New targets for increased productivity from the sheep and beef industry are about 4% annually, at a time of ever heightening environmental awareness. A major part of this will occur by applying current technology to increase the productivity from the presently lowerthan- average farms. However leading farmers will also have to increase efficiency or productivity if they are to remain economically viable. One prospect is to examine the natural variability in hill pastures and determine if this can be more appropriately managed to improve economic returns. Hill farms have soil and topographic var iability, which can result in a wide range in pasture production. Yet a uniform rate of fertiliser is usually applied to such land. This results in under prescription of fertiliser for high yield potential zones, and similarly over prescription for low yielding zones. The conversion of easier hill land to dairying has shown how pasture productivity can be improved by applying higher rates of fertiliser and utilising the extra pasture efficiently. This approach could be applied within parts of hill farms. The main fertiliser used on hill farms is superphosphate which supplies phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S) for legume growth. This assumes that there is enough clover present to make it worthwhile. However most hill pastures, especially on steep slopes, are low in clover and as a result most are predominantly nitrogen (N) deficient for a large part of the year. The pasture responses to P and S are therefore limited by low soil N levels and N fertilisers give a better economic return. The application of a high rate of N fertiliser to hill country could more than double pasture production. The technology is almost ready to allow accurate, differential application of fertiliser to hill farms from fixed wing aircraft. This should further improve economic benefits. A differential fertiliser management plan has environmental benefits through improved soil stability and associated water quality from hill catchments. Keywords: differential fertiliser application, hill country, hill country variability
Agronomic evaluation of white clover selected for increased floral condensed tannin
Authors: Burggraaf V.T. , Kemp P.D. , Thom E.R. , Waghorn G.C. , Woodfield D.R. , Woodward S.L.
Published: July 2020

The agronomic performance of an experimental white clover (HT) selection bred for increased floral condensed tannin (CT) production and extended flowering season was compared with Grasslands Huia white clover, under dairy cow grazing in the Waikato. Pure clover swards were sown at 5 kg/ha in autumn 2001. Seedling establishment was better in HT than Huia, but stolon growing point densities from January 2002 to May 2003 were 13 to 62% greater in Huia than HT. Huia swards had higher clover contents than HT, and produced 0.8 t/ha more DM (dry matter) in the first year. CT concentr ations in the flower heads varied over the season, but were similar in the two clovers (1 to 8% of DM). Higher flower densities in HT resulted in higher clover CT concentrations (peak of 0.6 vs 1.2 % of DM for Huia and HT, r espectively). Further testing is required to determine any effects of HT on animal performance. Keywords: condensed tannins, flowering, growing point density, Trifolium repens, white clover
Milksolids production and farm profitability from different combinations of perennial ryegrass and white clover cultivars: Progress report 2001-2003
Authors: Woodward S.L. , Crush J.R. , Macdonald K.A. , Eerens J. P.J.
Published: July 2020

2001/2002 and 2002/2003 were the final two seasons of a replicated dairy farm systems trial designed to evaluate the effects of progress in perennial ryegrass and white clover breeding programmes on whole farm productivity and profitability (Economic Farm Surplus, EFS). All the pastures were sown in late autumn 1998. There were four treatments with all combinations of 1980's (80R), and late 1990's (98R) ryegrasses, and 1960's (60C) and late 1990's (98C) white c lover s, each replicated two times in a randomised block design giving eight 4 ha, self-contained farmlets stocked with three Friesian cows/ha and rotationally grazed. In agreement with the first two years of the trial, the last two seasons have demonstrated no major benefit in terms of either milksolids (MS) production or EFS to sowing different combinations of perennial ryegrass and only a small advantage in one season (2001/2002) to sowing new (98C) white clover cultivars. There were no effects of ryegrass or clover cultivar type on total dry matter (DM) production during the last two seasons but, as observed during the first two seasons of the trial, there were differences in the distribution of pasture growth through the year with old ryegrass (80R) treatments having more pasture growth during spring. During 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 the clover content of the swards was determined more strongly by clover type than by the type of companion ryegrass, in contrast to events during the first two seasons of the trial. Thus clover type, rather than a ryegrass x clover interaction, had a small effect on MS production and EFS during 2001/2002, but not 2002/2003, due to significantly higher clover content in both the new clover (98C) treatments than the old clover (60C) treatments. Any differences between ryegrass or white clover cultivars in terms of lower DM production at certain times of the year, and consequent small differences in total DM production and pasture quality caused only minor differences in EFS between treatments because effective farm management decisions compensated for these effects. Keywords: cultivars, dairying, economic farm surplus, milksolids, perennial ryegrass, white clover