bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using the Hendrich II Inpatient Fall Risk Screen to Predict Outpatient Falls After Emergency Department Visits
Authors: Patterson Brian W. , Repplinger Michael D. , Pulia Michael S. , Batt Robert J. , Svenson James E. , Trinh Alex , Mendonça Eneida A. , Smith Maureen A. , Hamedani Azita G. , Shah Manish N.
Published: March 2018

Objectives

To evaluate the utility of routinely collected Hendrich II fall scores in predicting returns to the emergency department (ED) for falls within 6 months.

Design

Retrospective electronic record review.

Setting

Academic medical center ED.

Participants

Individuals aged 65 and older seen in the ED from January 1, 2013, through September 30, 2015.

Measurements

We evaluated the utility of routinely collected Hendrich II fall risk scores in predicting ED visits for a fall within 6 months of an all‐cause index ED visit.

Results

For in‐network patient visits resulting in discharge with a completed Hendrich II score (N = 4,366), the return rate for a fall within 6 months was 8.3%. When applying the score alone to predict revisit for falls among the study population the resultant receiver operating characteristic (ROC) plot had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.64. In a univariate model, the odds of returning to the ED for a fall in 6 months were 1.23 times as high for every 1‐point increase in Hendrich II score (odds ratio (OR)=1.23 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.19–1.28). When included in a model with other potential confounders or predictors of falls, the Hendrich II score is a significant predictor of a return ED visit for fall (adjusted OR=1.15, 95% CI=1.10–1.20, AUC=0.75).

Conclusion

Routinely collected Hendrich II scores were correlated with outpatient falls, but it is likely that they would have little utility as a stand‐alone fall risk screen. When combined with easily extractable covariates, the screen performs much better. These results highlight the potential for secondary use of electronic health record data for risk stratification of individuals in the ED. Using data already routinely collected, individuals at high risk of falls after discharge could be identified for referral without requiring additional screening resources.
Walking Speed, Cognitive Function, and Dementia Risk in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Authors: Hackett Ruth A. , Davies‐Kershaw Hilary , Cadar Dorina , Orrell Martin , Steptoe Andrew
Published: March 2018

Objectives

To determine the relationships between walking speed, cognitive function, and the interaction between changes in these measures and dementia risk.

Design

Longitudinal observational study.

Setting

English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.

Participants

Individuals aged 60 and older (N=3,932).

Measurements

Walking speed and cognition were assessed at Waves 1 (2002–03) and 2 (2004–05) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. New dementia cases were assessed from Wave 3 (2006–07) to Wave 7 (2014–15). The associations were modelled using Cox proportional hazards regression.

Results

Participants with faster baseline walking speeds were at lower risk of developing dementia (hazard ratio (HR)=0.36, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.22–0.60). Those with a greater decline in walking speed from Wave 1 to 2 were at greater risk of developing dementia (HR=1.23, 95% CI=1.03–1.47). Participants with better baseline cognition (HR=0.42, 95% CI=0.34–0.54) were at lower risk of developing dementia. Those with a greater decline in cognition from Wave 1 to 2 were at greater risk of developing dementia (HR=1.78, 95% CI=1.53–2.06). Change in walking speed and change in cognition did not have an interactive effect on dementia risk (HR=1.01, 95% CI=0.88–1.17).

Conclusion

In this community‐dwelling sample of English adults, those with slower walking speeds and a greater decline in speed over time were at greater risk of developing dementia independent of changes in cognition. Further research is required to understand the mechanisms that may drive these associations.
Medicare Part D Use of Older Medicare Beneficiaries Admitted to Hospice
Authors: Zueger Patrick M. , Holmes Holly M. , Calip Gregory S. , Qato Dima M. , Pickard A. Simon , Lee Todd A.
Published: March 2018

Objectives

To describe medications that older hospice beneficiaries receive through Medicare Part D and assess patterns in Part D use for individuals admitted to hospice for cancer and noncancer causes.

Design

Descriptive cohort analysis using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)‐Medicare linked database.

Setting

U.S. hospice programs

Participants

Part D‐enrolled Medicare beneficiaries aged 66 and older who were admitted to hospice and died while under hospice care between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2013 (N = 88,957).

Measurements

We determined the 25 most commonly dispensed medications and the prevalence of at least 1 dispensing through Part D after hospice admission. The prevalence and temporal trends in receipt of opioid analgesics and several preventative medication classes are described.

Results

More than half of individuals admitted to hospice for cancer (53.5%) and noncancer causes (52.9%) received at least 1 medication through Part D after hospice admission. The prevalence of receiving at least 1 Part D medication after admission was greatest in individuals admitted for debility or failure to thrive (63.5%) and dementia (61.5%) and lowest in those admitted for ischemic stroke (35.4%) and renal disease (36.0%). Beta‐blockers, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, proton pump inhibitors, and statins were among the most common preventative drug classes received overall, although prevalence differed according to admission diagnosis. Nearly 1 in 6 individuals received opioids through Part D after admission, with prevalence steadily decreasing over the study period.

Conclusion

Receipt of medications through Medicare Part D after hospice admission is common, particularly for preventative medications, and varies according to admission diagnosis. Further research aimed at better understanding individual‐, provider‐, and healthcare system–level contributors to nonpalliative medication use in the hospice population is warranted.
Physical Properties, Film Thickness, and Bond Strengths of Resin‐Modified Glass Ionomer Cements According to Their Delivery Method
Authors: Sulaiman Taiseer A. , Abdulmajeed Awab A. , Altitinchi Ali , Ahmed Sumitha N. , Donovan Terence E.
Published: March 2018

Purpose

To determine the effect of changing the dispensing or mixing method of resin‐modified glass ionomer (RMGI) cements on their water sorption, solubility, film thickness, and shear bond strength.

Materials and Methods

Disc‐shaped specimens of RMGI cements (RelyX: Luting [handmix], Luting Plus [clicker‐handmix], Luting Plus [automix], GC: Fuji PLUS [capsule‐automix], FujiCEM 2 [automix], [n = 10]) were prepared according to ISO standard 4049 for water sorption and solubility tests. Furthermore, the percentage of mass change, percentage of solubility, and percentage of water absorbed was also determined. Film thickness was measured according to ISO standard 9917‐2; the mean of 5 measurements for each cement was calculated. Shear bond strength for each cement was determined according to ISO standard 29022 before and after thermocycling at 20,000 cycles, temperatures 5 to 55°C with a 15‐second dwell time (n = 10/subgroup). Two‐ and one‐way ANOVA were used to analyze data for statistical significance (p < 0.05).

Results

Water sorptions of the RMGI cements were in close range (214‐250 μg/mm3) with no statistical differences between counterparts (p > 0.05). RelyX Luting Plus (clicker‐handmix) displayed lower solubility than its handmix and automix counterparts (p < 0.05). Film thickness of RelyX cements was significantly different (p < 0.05). RelyX Luting Plus (automix) had the lowest film thickness (19 μm) compared to its handmix (48 μm) and clicker‐handmix (117 μm) counterparts (p < 0.05). GC Fuji PLUS (capsule‐automix, 22 μm) was significantly lower than the automix version (GC FujiCEM 2, 127 μm) (p < 0.05). Shear bond strength of RelyX Luting Plus (automix) was significantly lower than its handmix and clicker‐handmix versions (p < 0.05). GC Fuji PLUS (capsule‐automix) was significantly higher than GC FujiCEM 2 (automix) (p < 0.05). The binary interaction of the two independent variables (dispensing/mixing method and thermocycling) was significant for the shear bond strengths of the GC cements only (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Change in the dispensing/mixing method of RMGI cement from the same brand may have an effect on its physical properties, in addition to its film thickness and shear bond strength. Newer, easier, and faster cement delivery systems are not necessarily better. Clinical outcomes of these differences are yet to be confirmed.
Effect of Implant Position on Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes of Locator‐Retained Mandibular Overdentures: A 1‐Year Prospective Study
Authors: ELsyad Moustafa Abdou , Maryod Waleed Hamed , Mostafa Aisha Zakaria
Published: March 2018

Purpose

To evaluate the influence of implant position on clinical and radiographic outcomes of Locator‐retained mandibular overdentures

Materials and Methods

Fifteen edentulous participants with compromised bone at canine regions of the mandible were given 2 implants in the premolar areas (study group, PM). The control group (CA) consisted of 15 participants who received 2 implants in the canine regions, matched to PM and assigned as historical control. For study and control groups, mandibular dentures were constructed and attached to the fixtures with Locator attachments using the delayed loading protocol. Clinical (plaque scores, gingival scores, pocket depth, and implant stability) and radiographic (marginal bone loss) outcomes were assessed after denture delivery (T0), 6 months (T6), and 12 months (T12) later.

Results

The survival rate was 100% in both groups. All clinical and radiographic parameters increased significantly with time. No significant difference in plaque scores, gingival scores, or implant stability between groups was observed. PM group recorded significantly higher pocket depth and marginal bone loss than CA group at T6 and T12.

Conclusions

Within the limits of this short‐term clinical study, canine position for implants retaining mandibular overdentures with Locator attachments is preferred over the first premolar position, as it was associated with reduced peri‐implant pocket depth and marginal bone loss after 1 year.
Cotton, cowpea and sesame are alternative crops to cucurbits in soils naturally infested withMonosporascus cannonballus
Authors: Sales Júnior Rui , Balbino Deyse Anne Dias , Negreiros Andréia Mitsa Paiva , Barboza Hailton da Silva , de Medeiros Erika Valente , Armengol Josep
Published: March 2018

Monosporascus cannonballusis an important cucurbit root pathogen, which has been reported in the main production areas of melon and watermelon in Brazil and worldwide and potentially capable to colonize roots of different species. Crop rotation is considered an effective management strategy to prevent this disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of different crops, pumpkin, cotton, cowpea, sesame, watermelon, melon, corn, cucumber, sorghum and tomato, to the infection of this pathogen. Seedlings were transplanted into plastic containers with an inoculum concentration of 20 colony‐forming units (CFU) g−1ofM. cannonballus. Fifty days after transplanting, the variables analysed were the degree of disease severity on the root system and the frequency of reisolation. On cucurbits, the results demonstrated different degrees of susceptibility among crops and cultivars, being melon and watermelon the most sensitive species. In contrast,Cucurbitacultivars were the most tolerant. Regarding non‐cucurbit crops, maize, sorghum and tomato presented root discoloration andM. cannonballuswas reisolated from roots. Cotton, cowpea and sesame cultivars were not affected by the pathogen, so they can be considered as alternative crops to be cultivated, or in rotation with cucurbits, inM. cannonballusinfested soils.
Hepatitis C: The beginning of the end—key elements for successful European and national strategies to eliminate HCV in Europe
Authors: Papatheodoridis G. V. , Hatzakis A. , Cholongitas E. , Baptista‐Leite R. , Baskozos I. , Chhatwal J. , Colombo M. , Cortez‐Pinto H. , Craxi A. , Goldberg D. , Gore C. , Kautz A. , Lazarus J. V. , Mendão L. , Peck‐Radosavljevic M. , Razavi H. , Schatz E. , Tözün N. , van Damme P. , Wedemeyer H. , Yazdanpanah Y. , Zuure F. , Manns M. P.
Published: March 2018

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major public health problem in the European Union (EU). An estimated 5.6 million Europeans are chronically infected with a wide range of variation in prevalence across European Union countries. Although HCV continues to spread as a largely “silent pandemic,” its elimination is made possible through the availability of the new antiviral drugs and the implementation of prevention practices. On 17 February 2016, the Hepatitis B & C Public Policy Association held the first EU HCV Policy Summit in Brussels. This summit was an historic event as it was the first high‐level conference focusing on the elimination of HCV at the European Union level. The meeting brought together the main stakeholders in the field of HCV: clinicians, patient advocacy groups, representatives of key institutions and regional bodies from across European Union; it served as a platform for one of the most significant disease elimination campaigns in Europe and culminated in the presentation of the HCV Elimination Manifesto, calling for the elimination of HCV in Europe by 2030. The launch of the Elimination Manifesto provides a starting point for action in order to make HCV and its elimination in Europe an explicit public health priority, to ensure that patients, civil society groups and other relevant stakeholders will be directly involved in developing and implementing HCV elimination strategies, to pay particular attention to the links between hepatitis C and social marginalization and to introduce a European Hepatitis Awareness Week.
Short‐term results of changes in existing and de novo lower urinary tract symptoms after robot‐assisted laparoscopic uterosacral ligament suspension and sacrocolpopexy
Authors: Kurdoglu Mertihan , Unlu Serdar , Antonetti‐Elford Megan , Kurdoglu Zehra , Kilic Gokhan S.
Published: March 2018

Objective

This study presents short‐term outcomes related to changes in existing and de novo lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), pelvic pain, and bowel function following robot‐assisted laparoscopic uterosacral ligament suspension (RALUSLS) and sacrocolpopexy (RALSC).

Methods

Observational data for RALUSLS (n = 23) and RALSC (n = 25) collected between August 2014 and March 2016 from a single institute (The University of Texas Medical Branch) were evaluated retrospectively. Patient characteristics, concomitant procedures, and the occurrence of lower urinary tract, pelvic pain, and bowel symptoms were compared between patients undergoing RALUSLS and RALSC.

Results

There was no significant difference in background characteristics between the 2 groups, except for parity, which was high in the RALUSLS group. In the RALUSLS group, patients experienced significant resolution of urinary urgency (P < .001) and frequency, urge and mixed incontinence, and pelvic pain (P < .05). In the RALSC group, there was significant resolution of nocturia, mixed incontinence, pelvic pain, and dyspareunia (P < .05). There was no significant difference in the occurrence of de novo symptoms in the RALUSLS and RALSC groups (P > .05), although newly appearing urinary urgency or frequency and stress or urge incontinence were more common after RALSC.

Conclusion

Mixed incontinence and pelvic pain improved significantly in patients after RALUSLS or RALSC. In RALUSLS patients, urgency, frequency, and urge incontinence also improved, whereas additional improvement in nocturia and dyspareunia was evident only in RALSC patients. De novo LUTS developing after these procedures, especially after RALSC, necessitate careful patient consultation prior to surgery.
Identifying unusual mortality events in bats: a baseline for bat hibernation monitoring and white‐nose syndrome research
Authors: Fritze Marcus , Puechmaille Sebastien J.
Published: March 2018

Bat population trends are particularly affected by adult mortality, especially when large numbers of individuals die, as evidenced by white‐nose syndrome in North America. We obtained baseline mortality data from 318 European hibernacula. Mortality was low and negatively associated with elevation but not with fungal infestation. Mortality events involving more than seven bats at a hibernaculum should be considered unusual, and above this threshold, pathological or microbiological analysis should be carried out. To increase understanding of mortality in bats, there is an urgent need to develop and co‐ordinate national and international programs for monitoring and investigating mortality and diseases.
Spatial population genetic structure of a bacterial parasite in close coevolution with its host
Authors: Andras Jason P. , Fields Peter D. , Ebert Dieter
Published: March 2018

Knowledge of a species’ population genetic structure can provide insight into fundamental ecological and evolutionary processes including gene flow, genetic drift and adaptive evolution. Such inference is of particular importance for parasites, as an understanding of their population structure can illuminate epidemiological and coevolutionary dynamics. Here, we describe the population genetic structure of the bacterium Pasteuria ramosa, a parasite that infects planktonic crustaceans of the genus Daphnia. This system has become a model for investigations of host–parasite interactions and represents an example of coevolution via negative frequency‐dependent selection (aka “Red Queen” dynamics). To sample P. ramosa, we experimentally infected a panel of Daphnia hosts with natural spore banks from the sediments of 25 ponds throughout much of the species range in Europe and western Asia. Using 12 polymorphic variable number tandem repeat loci (VNTR loci), we identified substantial genetic diversity, both within and among localities, that was structured geographically among ponds. Genetic diversity was also structured among host genotypes within ponds, although this pattern varied by locality, with P. ramosa at some localities partitioned into distinct host‐specific lineages, and other localities where recombination had shuffled genetic variation among different infection phenotypes. Across the sample range, there was a pattern of isolation by distance, and principal components analysis coupled with Procrustes rotation identified congruence between patterns of genetic variation and geography. Our findings support the hypothesis that Pasteuria is an endemic parasite coevolving closely with its host. These results provide important context for previous studies of this model system and inform hypotheses for future research.
Phenotypic and transcriptomic responses to salinity stress across genetically and geographically divergent Tigriopus californicus populations
Authors: DeBiasse Melissa B. , Kawji Yasmeen , Kelly Morgan W.
Published: March 2018

Species inhabiting the North American west coast intertidal must tolerate an extremely variable environment, with large fluctuations in both temperature and salinity. Uncovering the mechanisms for this tolerance is key to understanding species’ persistence. We tested for differences in salinity tolerance between populations of Tigriopus californicus copepods from locations in northern (Bodega Reserve) and southern (San Diego) California known to differ in temperature, precipitation and humidity. We also tested for differences between populations in their transcriptomic responses to salinity. Although these two populations have ~20% mtDNA sequence divergence and differ strongly in other phenotypic traits, we observed similarities in their phenotypic and transcriptomic responses to low and high salinity stress. Salinity significantly affected respiration rate (increased under low salinity and reduced under high salinity), but we found no significant effect of population on respiration or a population by salinity interaction. Under high salinity, there was no population difference in knock‐down response, but northern copepods had a smaller knock‐down under low salinity stress, corroborating previous results for T. californicus. Northern and southern populations had a similar transcriptomic response to salinity based on a principle components analysis, although differential gene expression under high salinity stress was three times lower in the northern population compared to the southern population. Transcripts differentially regulated under salinity stress were enriched for “amino acid transport” and “ion transport” annotation categories, supporting previous work demonstrating that the accumulation of free amino acids is important for osmotic regulation in T. californicus.
The generality problem for intellectualism
Authors: Habgood‐Coote Joshua
Published: March 2018

According to intellectualism, knowing how to V is a matter of knowing a suitable proposition about a way of V‐ing. In this paper, I consider the question of which ways of acting might figure in the propositions that intellectualists claim constitute the object of knowledge‐how. I argue that intellectualists face a version of the generality problem—familiar from discussions of reliabilism—as not all ways of V‐ing are such that knowledge about them suffices for knowledge‐how. I consider various responses to this problem and argue that none are satisfactory.
Evolving building blocks of rhythm: how human cognition creates music via cultural transmission
Authors: Ravignani Andrea , Thompson Bill , Grossi Thomas , Delgado Tania , Kirby Simon
Published: March 2018

Why does musical rhythm have the structure it does? Musical rhythm, in all its cross‐cultural diversity, exhibits commonalities across world cultures. Traditionally, music research has been split into two fields. Some scientists focused on musicality, namely the human biocognitive predispositions for music, with an emphasis on cross‐cultural similarities. Other scholars investigated music, seen as a cultural product, focusing on the variation in world musical cultures. Recent experiments found deep connections between music and musicality, reconciling these opposing views. Here, we address the question of how individual cognitive biases affect the process of cultural evolution of music. Data from two experiments are analyzed using two complementary techniques. In the experiments, participants hear drumming patterns and imitate them. These patterns are then given to the same or another participant to imitate. The structure of these initially random patterns is tracked along experimental “generations.” Frequentist statistics show how participants’ biases are amplified by cultural transmission, making drumming patterns more structured. Structure is achieved faster in transmission within rather than between participants. A Bayesian model approximates the motif structures participants learned and created. Our data and models suggest that individual biases for musicality may shape the cultural transmission of musical rhythm.
Short bowel syndrome: influence of nutritional therapy and incretin GLP1 on bone marrow adipose tissue
Authors: Parreiras‐e‐Silva Luciana T. , de Araújo Iana M. , Elias Jorge , Nogueira‐Barbosa Marcello H. , Suen Vivian M.M. , Marchini Julio S. , Bonella Jéssica , Nahas Andressa K. , Salmon Carlos E.G. , de Paula Francisco J.A.
Published: March 2018

Energy deprivation leads to a decrease in white adipose tissue and bone mineral density (BMD), while simultaneously inducing the expansion of marrow adipose tissue (MAT). In short bowel syndrome (SBS), parenteral nutrition mitigates the deterioration of nutritional status, including decreases in MAT. Osteoporosis is, however, a frequent complication of SBS. The objective of our study here was to evaluate the association of fat deposit sites (subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues: intrahepatic lipid (IHL) and MAT) and the incretin glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP1) with BMD in individuals with SBS. MAT was negatively correlated with lumbar spine BMD in normal individuals, but not in those in the SBS group, who otherwise showed a positive correlation between MAT and GLP1. In addition, in individuals with SBS, IHL was negatively associated with lumbar spine BMD and positively associated with C‐terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (a serum biomarker of bone turnover). Caloric maintenance in individuals with SBS, therefore, seems to positively affect the relationship between MAT and BMD, which may be modulated, at least in part, by GLP1.
Understanding cardiac shunts
Authors: Joffe Denise C. , Shi Mark R. , Welker Carson C.
Published: March 2018

Most patients with congenital heart disease have a cardiac shunt whose direction and magnitude can have a major impact on cardiorespiratory physiology and function. The dynamics of the shunt can be significantly altered by anesthetic management and must be understood in order to provide optimal anesthetic care. Given that there are now more adults than children with congenital heart disease and that the majority of nonpediatric patients are cared for in centers without special expertise in congenital heart disease, it is imperative that all anesthesia providers have a general understanding of the subject. This educational review describes a technique to explain this complex subject using simple pictorial diagrams.
A psychometric evaluation of the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale
Authors: Ringblom Jenny , Wåhlin Ingrid , Proczkowska Marie
Published: March 2018

Background

Emergence delirium and emergence agitation have been a subject of interest since the early 1960s. This behavior has been associated with increased risk of injury in children and dissatisfaction with anesthesia care in their parents. The Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale is a commonly used instrument for codifying and recording this behavior.

Aims

The aim of this study was to psychometrically evaluate the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale, focusing on the factor structure, in a sample of children recovering from anesthesia after surgery or diagnostic procedures. The reliability of the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale was also tested.

Methods

One hundred and twenty‐two children younger than seven years were observed at postoperative care units during recovery from anesthesia. Two or 3 observers independently assessed the children using the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale.

Results

The factor analysis clearly revealed a one‐factor solution, which accounted for 82% of the variation in the data. Internal consistency, calculated with Cronbach′s alpha, was good (0.96). The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, which was used to assess interrater reliability for the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale sum score, was 0.97 (P < .001). The weighted kappa statistics were almost perfect in 4 of 5 items, with substantial agreement in the fifth (P < .001).

Conclusion

The one‐factor solution and the satisfactory reliability in terms of internal consistency and stability support the use of the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale for assessing emergence delirium in children recovering from anesthesia after surgery or diagnostic procedures. The kappa statistics for the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale items essentially indicated good agreement between independent raters, supporting interrater reliability.
Transcriptome reprogramming due to the introduction of a barley telosome into bread wheat affects more barley genes than wheat
Authors: Rey Elodie , Abrouk Michael , Keeble‐Gagnère Gabriel , Karafiátová Miroslava , Vrána Jan , Balzergue Sandrine , Soubigou‐Taconnat Ludivine , Brunaud Véronique , Martin‐Magniette Marie‐Laure , Endo Takashi R. , Bartoš Jan ,   International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (IWGSC), Appels Rudi , Doležel Jaroslav
Published: March 2018

Despite a long history, the production of useful alien introgression lines in wheat remains difficult mainly due to linkage drag and incomplete genetic compensation. In addition, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the impact of foreign chromatin on plant phenotype. Here, a comparison of the transcriptomes of barley, wheat and a wheat–barley 7HL addition line allowed the transcriptional impact both on 7HL genes of a non‐native genetic background and on the wheat gene complement as a result of the presence of 7HL to be assessed. Some 42% (389/923) of the 7HL genes assayed were differentially transcribed, which was the case for only 3% (960/35 301) of the wheat gene complement. The absence of any transcript in the addition line of a suite of chromosome 7A genes implied the presence of a 36 Mbp deletion at the distal end of the 7AL arm; this deletion was found to be in common across the full set of Chinese Spring/Betzes barley addition lines. The remaining differentially transcribed wheat genes were distributed across the whole genome. The up‐regulated barley genes were mostly located in the proximal part of the 7HL arm, while the down‐regulated ones were concentrated in the distal part; as a result, genes encoding basal cellular functions tended to be transcribed, while those encoding specific functions were suppressed. An insight has been gained into gene transcription in an alien introgression line, thereby providing a basis for understanding the interactions between wheat and exotic genes in introgression materials.
Three unrelated protease inhibitors enhance accumulation of pharmaceutical recombinant proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Grosse‐Holz Friederike , Madeira Luisa , Zahid Muhammad Awais , Songer Molly , Kourelis Jiorgos , Fesenko Mary , Ninck Sabrina , Kaschani Farnusch , Kaiser Markus , van der Hoorn Renier A.L.
Published: March 2018

Agroinfiltrated Nicotiana benthamiana is a flexible and scalable platform for recombinant protein (RP) production, but its great potential is hampered by plant proteases that degrade RPs. Here, we tested 29 candidate protease inhibitors (PIs) in agroinfiltrated N. benthamiana leaves for enhancing accumulation of three unrelated RPs: glycoenzyme α‐Galactosidase; glycohormone erythropoietin (EPO); and IgG antibody VRC01. Of the previously described PIs enhancing RP accumulation, we found only cystatin SlCYS8 to be effective. We identified three additional new, unrelated PIs that enhance RP accumulation: N. benthamiana NbPR4, NbPot1 and human HsTIMP, which have been reported to inhibit cysteine, serine and metalloproteases, respectively. Remarkably, accumulation of all three RPs is enhanced by each PI similarly, suggesting that the mechanism of degradation of unrelated RPs follows a common pathway. Inhibitory functions HsTIMP and SlCYS8 are required to enhance RP accumulation, suggesting that their target proteases may degrade RPs. Different PIs additively enhance RP accumulation, but the effect of each PI is dose‐dependent. Activity‐based protein profiling (ABPP) revealed that the activities of papain‐like Cys proteases (PLCPs), Ser hydrolases (SHs) or vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs) in leaves are unaffected upon expression of the new PIs, whereas SlCYS8 expression specifically suppresses PLCP activity only. Quantitative proteomics indicates that the three new PIs affect agroinfiltrated tissues similarly and that they all increase immune responses. NbPR4, NbPot1 and HsTIMP can be used to study plant proteases and improve RP accumulation in molecular farming.
Transcriptomic reprogramming in soybean seedlings under salt stress
Authors: Liu Ailin , Xiao Zhixia , Li Man‐Wah , Wong Fuk‐Ling , Yung Wai‐Shing , Ku Yee‐Shan , Wang Qianwen , Wang Xin , Xie Min , Yim Aldrin Kay‐Yuen , Chan Ting‐Fung , Lam Hon‐Ming
Published: March 2018

To obtain a comprehensive understanding of transcriptomic reprogramming under salt stress, we performed whole‐transcriptome sequencing on the leaf and root of soybean seedlings subjected to salt treatment in a time‐course experiment (0, 1, 2, 4, 24, and 48 hr). This time series dataset enabled us to identify important hubs and connections of gene expressions. We highlighted the analysis on phytohormone signaling pathways and their possible crosstalks. Differential expressions were also found among those genes involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism. In general, the salt‐treated seedlings slowed down their photosynthetic functions and ramped up sugar catabolism to provide extra energy for survival. Primary nitrogen assimilation was shut down whereas nitrogen resources were redistributed. Overall, the results from the transcriptomic analyses indicate that the plant uses a multipronged approach to overcome salt stress, with both fast‐acting, immediate physiological responses, and longer term reactions that may involve metabolic adjustment.
The structure of the perceived professional identity of Japanese public health nurses
Authors: Iwasaki Riho , Kageyama Masako , Nagata Satoko
Published: March 2018

Objective

As health problems become more diverse and complicated, the way public health nurses (PHNs) work is changing. Research at the conceptual level of professional identity of PHNs is lacking. This study aimed to explore the structure of the perceived professional identity of Japanese PHNs.

Design and Sample

Grounded theory method was used. Twenty‐five PHNs in Japanese municipalities were participated in the study.

Measurements

Data were collected through semistructured interviews and analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding.

Results

Three categories emerged: (1) providing support to the consulter directly, (2) working as a member of the administrative organization, and (3) working for all residents to improve community development. The modality of perceived professional identity showed interindividual and intraindividual differences and was either stable or unstable. The perceived professional identities coexisted, but there was a conflict between (1) and (2).

Conclusion

PHNs should be made aware of the three identities revealed in our study and the possibility of a conflict between identities. Moreover, to ensure working for all residents to improve community development, a population‐based approach to education is needed with cooperation of universities and clinical practice.
Children's schooling in Nicaragua: What is the link between educational achievement, borrowing, and gender?
Authors: Kondratjeva Olga , Chen Joyce J.
Published: March 2018

The impact of credit has been widely studied, and yet little is known about the effect of formal versus informal loans. In this paper, we contrast the two and their impact on children's schooling using longitudinal data from Nicaragua. To address endogeneity, we utilize both household fixed effects and locality–year fixed effects. Our results indicate that, on average, children from borrowing households fare worse than children from nonborrowing households, with male borrowers having a disproportionately negative effect on boys, and vice versa for girls and female borrowers. Informal credit is found to have a protective effect on school attendance, but the effects of formal and informal credit on cumulative schooling are found to be statistically equivalent. However, this appears to mask considerable heterogeneity within informal borrowing.
The impact of rural electrification on income and education: Evidence from Bhutan
Authors: Kumar Santosh , Rauniyar Ganesh
Published: March 2018

We investigate the impact of a rural electrification program on household income and children's schooling in rural Bhutan. Using propensity score matching, we find that electrification had a statistically significant impact on nonfarm income and education. Nonfarm income increased by 61 percent and children gained 0.72 additional years of schooling and 9 minutes of study time per day. We do not observe significant effects on farm income. Results are consistent and robust to different matching algorithms. Our findings indicate that investments in reducing energy deficit may help improve human welfare in Bhutan.
Association between symptoms of depression and oral health conditions
Authors: Barbosa André Cavalcante da Silva , Pinho Roberto Carlos Mourão , Vasconcelos Márcia Maria Vendiciano Barbosa , Magalhães Bruno Gama , dos Santos Maria Teresa Botti Rodrigues , de França Caldas Júnior Arnaldo
Published: March 2018

Aims

To investigate the symptoms of depression and oral health status in Brazilian public healthcare system users.

Materials and Methods

Analysis of a cross‐sectional study conducted with a sample of 776 individuals aged 15 years or older, in the urban areas of Recife (Brazil), obtained by multistage sampling. Committee on Ethics in Research with Human Beings (CAAE) 0538.0.172.172‐11. Depression symptoms were verified by means of Axis II of the Research Diagnostic Criteria in Temporomandibular Disorder. For the socioeconomic level, the economic classification criteria of the Brazilian Association of Research Companies and clinical exam record charts were used to establish variables related to oral health conditions.

Results

The variables discomfort on occlusion (OR = 1.882 CI = 1.384‐2.560), gingival bleeding (OR = 1.384 CI = 1.002‐1.912), and self‐perception of oral health (OR = 1.549 CI = 1.054‐2.277), remained in the regression model.

Conclusion

Discomfort on occlusion, self‐perception of oral health, gingival bleeding, sex, and skin color were shown to be associated with the presence of depressive symptoms.
Unexpected donor‐derived infectious transmissions by kidney transplantation: A systematic review
Authors: Shingde Rashmi , Habachou L. Ines , Calisa Vaishnavi , Craig Jonathan C. , Tong Allison , Chen Sharon C.‐A. , Wong Germaine
Published: March 2018

Background

Unexpected donor‐derived transmission of infections is rare, but is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We aimed to provide an overview of published cases on unexpected infectious transmissions.

Methods

We systematically reviewed all published evidence describing any unexpected donor‐derived viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections in kidney transplant recipients.

Results

In all, 119 studies (case reports [n = 36], case series [n = 78], cohort studies [n = 2], and case‐control studies [n = 3]) involving 139 donors and 207 kidney recipients were included. Donor‐derived viral (n = 116, 56.0%) infections were most prevalent, followed by bacterial (32, 15.5%), fungal (32, 15.5%), and parasitic (27, 13.0%) infections. The most commonly reported viral infections were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (n = 20, 9.7%), human T‐cell lymphotrophic virus (HTLV) (n = 20, 9.7%), and West Nile virus (WNV) (n = 13, 6.3%). The most frequent bacterial infections were caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (10, 4.8%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9, 4.3%). Candida species were the most frequent causes of fungal donor‐derived infections (8, 3.9%). Toxoplasma gondii accounted for seven (3.4%) cases of transmitted parasitic infections. Patients with rabies experienced the highest probability of recipient death from virus‐related complications at 90.0%, within a median time of 2.8 months after transplantation.

Conclusion

The frequency of donor‐derived infectious transmission appears low in kidney transplantation, with viral transmissions being most commonly reported overall.
Epidemiology, clinical management, and outcomes of dogs involved in road traffic accidents in the United Kingdom (2009–2014)
Authors: Harris Georgina L. , Brodbelt David , Church David , Humm Karen , McGreevy Paul D. , Thomson Peter C. , O'Neill Dan
Published: March 2018

Objective

To estimate the prevalence and risk factors for road traffic accidents (RTA) in dogs and describe the management and outcome of these dogs attending primary‐care veterinary practices in the United Kingdom.

Design

Retrospective cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Primary‐care veterinary practices in the United Kingdom.

Animals

The study population included 199,464 dogs attending 115 primary‐care clinics across the United Kingdom.

Measurements and main results

Electronic patient records of dogs attending practices participating in the VetCompass Programme were assessed against selection criteria used to define RTA cases. Cases identified as RTAs were identified and manually verified to calculate prevalence. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression methods were used to evaluate associations between risk factors and RTA. The prevalence of RTA was 0.41%. Of the RTA cases, 615 (74.9%) were purebred, 322 (39.2%) were female, and 285 (54.8%) were insured. The median age at RTA was 2.5 years. After accounting for the effects of other factors, younger dogs had increased odds of an RTA event: dogs aged under 3 years showed 2.9 times the odds and dogs aged between 6–9 years showed 1.8 times the odds of an RTA event compared with dogs aged over 14 years. Males had 1.4 times the odds of an RTA event compared with females. Overall, 22.9% of cases died from a cause associated with RTA. Of dogs with information available, 34.0% underwent diagnostic imaging, 29.4% received intravenous fluid‐therapy, 71.1% received pain relief, 46.0% were hospitalized, and 15.6% had surgery performed under general anesthetic.

Conclusions

This study identified important demographic factors associated with RTA in dogs, notably being young and male.
Epidemiology and clinical presentation of feline cataracts in france: A retrospective study of 268 cases
Authors: Guyonnet Alexandre , Donzel Elise , Bourguet Aurélie , Chahory Sabine
Published: March 2018

Objective

To describe the epidemiology and the clinical presentation of cataracts in a population of cats in France.

Procedures

A review of medical records of cats presented to the Ophthalmology Unit of the National Veterinary School of Alfort between January 2010 and June 2017 was carried out to identify cats affected by cataracts. The signalment of affected cats, medical history, etiology of cataract, age of onset, stage of development, location of opacities, and concurrent ocular lesions were evaluated.

Results

Of 2054 cats which were presented to the Ophthalmology Unit of the National Veterinary School of Alfort during the study period, 268 (383 eyes) were diagnosed with a cataract (13%;CI[11.3‐14.7]). The median age of all cats affected by cataract was 9.5 years (range: 0.1‐18.6 years). Eighteen breeds were represented. The recorded causes of cataract were uveitis (35.8%), congenital (15.7%), aging (10.8%), presumed hereditary (8.2%), trauma (7.8%), lens luxation (3.3%), glaucoma (1.5%) and diabetes mellitus (0.4%). In 16.4% of the cases, the etiology could not be determined. The domestic short‐hair was significantly overrepresented in cats with uveitis‐related cataract (P < .001). The most common ocular lesions associated with cataracts were lens subluxation or luxation (17.8%), glaucoma (14.9%), and retinal detachment (4.4%). Lens subluxation/luxation and glaucoma were also significantly associated with uveitis‐related cataract (P < .001).

Conclusions

In a French population of referred cats, 13% were affected by cataract. The main causes identified were anterior uveitis, congenital, and aging. Lens subluxation/luxation and glaucoma were associated with uveitis‐related cataract.
A Postcolonial Reading of Representations of Non-Western Leadership in Sport Management Studies
Authors: Chen Chen , Mason Daniel S.
Published: March 2018

This study examines how leadership in non-Western sporting contexts has been represented in the mainstream (Western) sport management literature. A postcolonialism-informed critical discourse analysis, focusing on the locus of enunciation of each selected representation, reveals the limitations of current mainstream leadership studies in explaining phenomena in non-Western sport contexts and in fostering a comprehensive, multilayered understanding of globalization of sport. Thus, it is imperative to consider what leadership in sport means in local contexts outside the West and having multiple narratives of sport and sport leadership is therefore necessary. To illustrate this, we introduce a discussion of Indigenous leadership perspectives based on studies conducted in Indigenous communities, present ways in which Indigenous Peoples understand leadership differently from the conventional definitions, and suggest some opportunities for research. We conclude with examples in the literature where authors have been theoretically and methodologically reflexive when explaining local issues in peripheral contexts.
cAMPr: A single-wavelength fluorescent sensor for cyclic AMP
Authors: Hackley Christopher R. , Mazzoni Esteban O. , Blau Justin
Published: March 2018

A genetically encoded sensor of cAMP enables detection of this second messenger in live cells and tissues.
A role for corticotropin-releasing factor signaling in the lateral habenula and its modulation by early-life stress
Authors: Authement Michael E. , Langlois Ludovic D. , Shepard Ryan D. , Browne Caroline A. , Lucki Irwin , Kassis Haifa , Nugent Fereshteh S.
Published: March 2018

Stress dampens postsynaptic potassium signaling and enhances activity in a brain region that impairs decision-making neuronal circuitry.
Infection alters circadian rhythm
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: March 2018

The response to bacterial infection alters the circadian rhythm of
Arabidopsis thaliana
.
Virulence Traits of Environmental and Clinical Legionella pneumophila Multilocus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis (MLVA) Genotypes
Authors: Sharaby Yehonatan , Rodríguez-Martínez Sarah , Pecellin Marina , Sela Rotem , Peretz Avi , Höfle Manfred G. , Halpern Malka , Brettar Ingrid
Published: March 2018

Legionella pneumophila
causes water-based infections resulting in severe pneumonia. Recently, we showed that different MLVA-8 (multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis using 8 loci) genotypes dominated different sites of a drinking-water distribution system. Each genotype displayed a unique temperature-dependent growth behavior. Here we compared the pathogenicity potentials of different MLVA-8 genotypes of environmental and clinical strains. The virulence traits studied were hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity toward amoebae and macrophages. Clinical strains were significantly more hemolytic than environmental strains, while their cytotoxicity toward amoebae was significantly lower at 30°C. No significant differences were detected between clinical and environmental strains in cytotoxicity toward macrophages. Significant differences in virulence were observed between the environmental genotypes (Gt). Gt15 strains showed a significantly higher hemolytic activity. In contrast, Gt4 and Gt6 strains were more infective toward
Acanthamoeba castellanii
. Moreover, Gt4 strains exhibited increased cytotoxicity toward macrophages and demonstrated a broader temperature range of amoebal lysis than Gt6 and Gt15 strains. Understanding the virulence traits of
Legionella
genotypes may improve the assessment of public health risks of
Legionella
in drinking water.

IMPORTANCE
Legionella pneumophila
is the causative agent of a severe form of pneumonia. Here we demonstrated that clinical strains were significantly more cytotoxic toward red blood cells than environmental strains, while their cytotoxicity toward macrophages was similar. Genotype 4 (Gt4) strains were highly cytotoxic toward amoebae and macrophages and lysed amoebae in a broader temperature range than to the other studied genotypes. The results can explain the relatively high success of Gt4 in the environment and in clinical samples; thus, Gt4 strains should be considered a main factor for the assessment of public health risks of
Legionella
in drinking water. Our findings shed light on the ecology, virulence, and pathogenicity potential of different
L. pneumophila
genotypes, which can be a valuable parameter for future modeling and quantitative microbial risk assessment of
Legionella
in drinking-water systems.