bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SUBURBAN MUNICIPAL EXPENDITURES: THE EFFECTS OF BUSINESS ACTIVITY, FUNCTIONAL RESPONSIBILITY AND REGIONAL CONTEXT*
Authors: Logan John R. , Schneider Mark
Published: September 2005

A wide variety of models exist seeking to explain variation in the level of suburban government activity. Alternative models stress concepts of local stratification and discrimination, the structure of local decision‐making, ecological position, and public choice, each of which suggests varying hypotheses about which suburbs spend more and which less. In this paper we summarize and evaluate the relative strength of each of these alternative models, and propose major directions for future research.
ADMINISTRATIVE NETWORKS AND MUNICIPAL SERVICE DISTRIBUTIONS*
Authors: Lazin Frederick A.
Published: September 2005

This paper analyzes the service distribution patterns of Israeli cities during the late 1970's in an effort to gain a better understanding of the potential effects of institutional arrangements on service distribution. The results of the analysis suggest that a variety of administrative issues which would be confronted in both centralized and decentralized systems significantly constrain the potential for achieving service equilization through institutional reform. Reformers should be aware of the administrative dynamics which accompany service delivery in their design of reform proposals.
EVALUATING A COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT BLOCK GRANT PROGRAM: A CITIZENS GROUP PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Morgan David R. , England Robert E.
Published: September 2005

A citizens advisory group evaluation of a Community Development Block Grant program is compared with similar responses from city staff and city council members. All three groups provided quite positive assessments with the citizens group evaluations closer to staff responses than to council members. Objective indicators of program targeting also reveal that projects and funds have been committed to those areas of greatest need. An argument is made that citizen groups which are closely involved with certain urban programs may be able to provide useful evaluations of program performance.
THE NECESSITY OF UTILIZING SOCIAL MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES IN PROGRAM EVALUATION
Authors: Gardner Brian M. , Florestano Patricia S.
Published: September 2005

The primary purpose of this research paper is to examine the necessity of utilizing both technical and social measurement techniques in program evaluation. Within this paper both types of measurement techniques are defined and discussed, and two local government program evaluation case studies are detailed to illustrate the use of both social and technical measurement techniques. Finally, an assessment of the results of multiple measurement utilization concludes the paper.
PROGRAM CHANGE, REVENUE EFFECTS, AND THE PATHOLOGY OF IMPROVED PERFORMANCE
Authors: Jones Bryan D.
Published: September 2005

In certain circumstances, improved performance in government programs can actually lead to declines in program impacts. Ironically, increases in efficiency do not invariably lead to increases in effectiveness. Regulatory programs are especially prone to this pathology of improved performance, as the targets of regulatory actions may increase avoidance tactics of program efficiency increases. Declines in effectiveness may not be discovered until revenues from the regulatory activities decline, because of weaknesses of internal monitoring systems in local government. Data on the licensing of businesses in Chicago are presented that illustrate the phenomena.
TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC DECISION MAKING UNITS
Authors: Parks Roger B.
Published: September 2005

A methodology for determining the relative technical efficiency of public decision making units is described. The methodology allows the identification of those units which are most efficient at converting physical inputs to physical outputs, and the calculation of the relative efficiency of less efficient units based on the results obtained by the most efficient. An illustration of the methodology is supplied using data from 469 municipal police agencies. Some policy suggestions based on the illustration are offered.
TRUST IN THE TECHNICAL INFORMATION PROVIDED BY INTEREST GROUPS: THE VIEWS OF LEGISLATORS, ACTIVISTS, EXPERTS, AND THE GENERAL PUBLIC
Authors: Pierce John C. , Lovrich Nicholas P.
Published: September 2005

The timely provision of information is crucial to the success of interest groups seeking to influence policymakers, the public and their own members. This paper examines the extent to which legislators, citizens, and policy area experts and activists trust the information provided by specific interests in the water resources managment area. It is shown that citizens and policy area activists are less trusting than are legislators and experts, and that they also discriminate more among information sources than either of those types of actors. On the individual level, multiple regression analysis is employed to investigate the extent to which partisanship, ideology, environmentalism and degree of informedness influence the level of trust accorded particular interest groups among citizens, legislators, activists, and experts.
ENERGY: GOVERNMENT POLICY OR MARKET RESULT?
Authors: Reagan Michael D.
Published: September 2005

From the Truman presidency through that of Carter, the United States worked fitfully toward the development of an energy policy. Now, consistent with the “free market — get government off the backs of the people” philosophy of the Reagan Administration, the 1981 National Energy Policy Plan proposes that “individual choices” and “reliance on market decisions” replace regulations and subsidies in the nation's strategy for energy.

This paper starts from the assumption that the Spring, 1982 oil “glut” may turn out to be a rather temporary thing. If one therefore wants to pursue a policy strategy that will protect us in the case of sudden short‐term supply disruptions and also work toward long‐term energy supply diversification, how far will market reliance carry us? What is a range of policies and programs that might usefully supplement the market? What are the externalities for which compensatory actions may still be needed if one would like to employ the market strategy as a basic thrust?

The scope of the paper includes contingency planning, synthetic fuel development, renewables (especially solar energy), conservation, equity issues, environmental externalities, and the conceptualization of policies differentiated as “energy,”“environmental,” or “economic.”
The Usefulness of Applied Social Science: Three Views
Authors: Maynard‐Moody Steven
Published: September 2005

Books reviewed in this article:

Peter W. House, The Art of Public Policy Analysis.

Robert F. Rich, Social Science Information and Public Policy Making.

Robert A. Scott and Arnold R. Shore, Why Sociology Does Not Apply; A Study of the Use of Sociology in Public Policy.
EXIT AND VOICE: STRATEGIES FOR CHANGE IN BUREAUCRATIC‐LEGISLATIVE POLICYMAKING
Authors: Wilsford David
Published: September 2005

This paper uses the case of telecommunications deregulation to construct a model of interest group behavior in bureaucratic‐legislative policymaking. The model posits three common policymaking arenas: closed, open, and the transformational period between the two. Three features of these policymaking arenas are explored: (1) changes in the numbers of interested actors, leading to (2) changes in the policy‐making environment and to (3) the shifting strategic interests of actors. Borrowing the concepts of “voice” and “exit” from Hirschman (1970), alternative interest group strategies are found to occur in different policymaking environments, or arenas, which in turn depend in significant part on the numbers of interested actors involved. Voice works when interests are or appear to be relatively complementary. Exit is used when voice fails, that is, in permeable arenas of many actors with conflicting interests.
THE POLICY PROCESS AND ORGANIZATIONAL FORM
Authors: Bryson John M.
Published: September 2005

In this paper the transactions cost approach (TCA) is used to define organizations and to predict their forms under certain conditions. Next, Aaron Wildavsky's approach is used to define the policy process and to predict its form in particular organizations. Two assertions follow: namely, that the most efficient organizational form may be predicted from knowledge of underlying transactions costs, and that the form of the policy process in an organization can be predicted from knowledge of the organization's form (regardless of whether it is the most efficient form). Recent natural gas policy in the U.S.A. is used to illustrate these propositions, and several conclusions are offered about 1) the potential applicability of the TCA to the public sector and to the policy process and 2) about the potential applicability of Wildavsky's version of the policy process to differing organizational forms.
PUBLIC OWNERSHIP OF LAND AND THE “SAGEBRUSH REBELLION”
Authors: McCurdy Howard E.
Published: September 2005

Advocates of “privatization” argue that the sale of public lands to private owners would significantly improve the management of natural resources. Experience from the first round of land sales suggests that the government, responding to the politics of the Sagebrush Rebellion, will continue to subsidize preferred uses of “privatized” lands through give–aways, below–par purchases, preference sales, and imperfect sales. Even though the federal government may go ahead with the land sales program, political compromises will not allow the free market goals of privatization to be realized.
EXACTIONS IN THE NEW DISINFLATIONARY ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Shulman David
Published: September 2005

This study demonstrates that the growing use of exactions in the 1970s were a product of the inflationary environment which created the illusion that they were shifted forward to the ultimate consumer of housing. Instead, local governments, through the exaction process, were capturing a portion of the increase in land values induced by inflation. In many areas the increase in land values was so great that even after the imposition of exactions, the real value of land increased. However, as the economy disinflates, inflation‐induced profits disappear and the landowner realizes that he is bearing the burden of the exaction. As a result, the political concensus that favored the imposition of the exactions in the 1970s is forecast to break down in a low inflation environment.
LAND USE POLICY AS AN INTERNATIONAL ISSUE
Authors: Caldwell Lynton K.
Published: September 2005

Land use is not an end in itself; it is a means to the realization of a broad range of human objectives – social, economic and political. Few public issues appear to be more strictly national. In environment‐related United Nations conferences, Third World representatives in particular have asserted the absolute control of nations over their land and natural resources. Nevertheless, international concern over land use has been growing. This concern is both scientific and political and derives from the perception that use and misuse of land may have international repercussions. Developing countries facing disastrous consequences of unwise land use practices (e.g., soil erosion, desertification, water logging and salinization, laterization, and loss of agricultural land to urbanization) have appealed to international organizations for aid. FAO, UNEP, IUCN, ICSU, and the UN Economic Commissions have undertaken land‐use related research and assistance programs. Political sensitivities preclude external involvement in national land use policy except in dire circumstances as, for example, in the drought‐stricken African Sahel. Thus legitimate international concerns must find indirect strategies to influence governments from among their own national constituents. The IUCN World Conservation Strategy suggests a route that might lead toward concerted action among nations in the formulation of genuine international land use policy.
The Politics of Crime Control Policy
Authors: Gilham Steven A.
Published: September 2005

Books reviewed in this articles:

Ann Heinz, Herbert Jacob, and Robert L. Lineberry (eds.), Crime in City Politics

Stuart Nagel, Erika Fairchild, and Anthony Champagne (eds.), The Political Science of Criminal Justice

James Q. Wilson (ed.), Crime and Public Policy
PUBLIC LAND SALES AS INNOVATIVE ENVIRONMENTALISM?
Authors: Ganzel Richard
Published: September 2005

During the 1970s, conflict over land development restrictions in the Lake Tahoe Basin intensified. Funding of costly land purchases to preclude development emerged as a key problem in implementing timely and effective environmental protection. This timing coincided with pressures for land sales in and adjacent to urban “islands” in the public land “sea” of the West. One result was enactment of Public Law 95–586, co‐authored by Congressmen Santini and Burton. Proceeds from public land sales near Las Vegas, Nevada, would be dedicated to purchase of environmentally sensitive lands in the Lake Tahoe Basin some 450 miles to the north. This study traces formation of the temporary coalition among local interests and Congressional leaders that yielded a possible model for future public lands conflict resolution. It then reviews and critiques the first four years of experience with implementation of the land sales element of the act. It concludes by suggesting some “fine tuning” which, if accepted by environmentalist groups at the national and local level, would point toward the use of the Santini‐Burton approach as a source of funds to be used for environmental protection in other areas.
SPECIAL INTERESTS AND THE POLICY PROCESS
Authors: Cigler Allan J.
Published: September 2005

Books reviewed in this article:

Jeffrey M. Berry, Feeding Hungry People: Rulemaking in the Food Stamp Program

Peter Navarro, The Policy Game: How Special Interests and Ideologues are Stealing America

Richard K. Scotch, From Good Will to Civil Rights: Transforming Federal Disability Policy

Paul Y. Watanabe, Ethnic Groups, Congress, and American Foreign Policy: The Politics of the Turkish Arms Embargo
Introduction
Authors: Morgan David R. , Benton J. Edwin
Published: September 2005

The symposium has been funded in part by the Bureau of Government Research and the H.V. Thornton Foundation at the University of Oklahoma along with the Florida Institute of Government and the Department of Political Science, University of South Florida, and the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of South Florida.
ANALYZING POLITICAL FEASIBILITY: POLITICAL SCIENTISTS1 UNIQUE CONTRIBUTION TO POLICY ANALYSIS
Authors: Webber David J.
Published: September 2005

Political feasibility analysis examines the actors and events involved in each stage of a political policy‐making process and anticipates the likely resolution of a policy problem as it works its way through the policy process. Despite the prominence of policy analysis in the social sciences over the past decade or so, there has been virtually no scholarly work concerning the analysis of the political feasibility of policy proposals. Political scientists, because of their central concern with the design and effect of the policy‐making process, have a unique responsibility to contribute a way to evaluate systematically political feasibility. While all policy analysts, regardless of their disciplinary backgrounds, need to be concerned with assessing political feasibility, political scientists should be particularly mindful of its importance in improving public policy.

While anticipating the likely outcome of a dynamic policy process is necessarily a difficult task, an analysis of the political feasibility of a proposed alternative can provide insight into the nature of the policy process as well as identify the criteria that must be met for an alternative to be successful.

This article discusses a variety of factors that need to be considered in assessing political feasibility. After arguing the need to design political feasibility analysis frameworks, this essay reviews political scientists' current treatment of political feasibility analysis and outlines a general way to undertake such efforts.
LIBERALISM REDUX: A NEW ANTIPOVERTY POLICY?
Authors: Noble Chris
Published: September 2005

David Ellwood. 1988. Poor Support: Povert in the American Family

Robert Haveman. 1988. Starting Even: An Equal Opportunity Program to Combat the Nation's New Poverty

Sar Levitan and Issac Shapiro. 1987. Working But Poor: America's Contradiction
BEYOND THE RATIONALITY PROJECT: POLICY ANALYSIS AND THE POSTPOSITIVE CHALLENGE
Authors: Fischer Frank
Published: September 2005

Peter deLeon. 1988. Advice and Consent: The Development of the Policy Sciences

Deborah A. Stone. 1988. Policy Paradox and Political Reason

John S. Dryzek and Davis B. Bobrow. 1987. Policy Analysis by Design
The Influence Of States On Federal Policy Adoptions
Authors: Boeckelman Keith
Published: September 2005

This article examines whether stales, in the role of “laboratories of democracy,” influence federal policy adoptions. Taking the recent past as the time frame, the article begins by examining major federal legislation to gauge the extern to which stale models were an influence. Following this, the focus shifts to important slate initiatives of the early 1980s, and their impact on subsequent federal legislation. The article concludes that the nature of the policy issue and the accompanying political dynamics are critical in determining whether states act as laboratories of democracy.
Policy Design and Implementation Effectiveness
Authors: Lippincott Ronald C. , Stoker Robert P.
Published: September 2005

This study examines the successful implementation of a major structural change in a county criminal court, an institution particularly resistant to change. Implementation effectiveness is mainly attributed to policy design factors, especially the establishment by “lop” slate Supreme Court officials of an institutional mechanism to implement their selected policy goals. Composed of hey county court participants at the “bottom,” the mechanism facilitated lateral coordination among divergent interests by providing a forum for bargaining and the resolution of disputes. The bargaining entailed the distribution of benefits, as well as the externalization and redistribution of costs, arising from the structural changes.
Trends in African Agricultural Trade
Authors: Stryker J. Dirck , Baird Katherine E.
Published: September 2005

Sub‐Saharan agriculture, with few exceptions, has stagnated despite official goals of achieving self‐sufficiency and increasing export earnings. African agriculture has suffered deteriorating terms of trade, inadequate technology and infrastructure, and policies which severely discourage agricultural enterprise. In some countries structural adjustment and policy reform are occurring, and there remains great potential for agricultural development due in part to prospective advantages in natural resources and abundant labor. Discussed here are a specific set of institutional reforms needed to mobilize agricultural entrepreneurship.
Mexican Public Sector Food Policy Under Agricultural Trade Liberalization
Authors: Sanderson Steven
Published: September 2005

Mexico has enjoyed one of the Third World's most successful food production systems, based on a complex pattern of public sector intervention. Since 1982, the public sector has withdrawn, in a remarkably Steadfast commitment to privatization, external stabilization, and trade liberalization. This article traces the key elements of that process, and their likely impacts on traditional political goals of food security progressive social policy in the countryside, and external sector dependence. The principal argument is that privatization and trade liberalization leave poor agriculturalists vulnerable, but undoubtebly offer fiscal gains to the state and benefits to urban consumers, especially in light of reduced subsidies.
Transition and Trade Perspectives on Eastern European Agriculture
Authors: Csaki Csaba
Published: September 2005

In the economic and political restructuring of Eastern Europe, a new agricultural structure is taking shape, based upon private ownership, genuine cooperatives, and a market economy. Agricultural trade policy in six Eastern European nations will be characterized by the aim of self‐sufficiency, but privatized and centered around market methods, improvement in agricultural systems will occur slowly, and over the long term may achieve self‐sufficiency and greater exports. Meanwhile, Eastern European agriculture will provide investment and market opportunities for countries of the developed world.
The Disposal of European Community Food Surpluses
Authors: Moyer H. Wayne
Published: September 2005

Since, at its inception, the European Community (EC) was highly dependent on food imports, EC institutions were not designed to facilitate overseas market development for food exports. As time passed, the EC has become much more self‐sufficient in food, generating large surpluses in cereals and dairy products. Market development has never been an official EC policy goal, but there is evidence that the EC has used food aid to encourage Third World countries to increase food imports from Europe. Evidence also exists that the Community has used export subsidies as a means of competing for an increased share of promising international markets, though this effort has not been unambiguously successful.
Central and East European Trade Developments
Authors: Lamb Jason M. , Landed Mark R.
Published: September 2005

Josef C. Brada, The European Community and Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Report on Eastern Europe.

de Weydenthal, Jan B., Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland Gain Associate Membership in the EC. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Report.

Agra Europe. Weekly issues.

East Europe Agriculture and Food Monthly.

EC Documents & Regulation (Number 34).
Reconciliation and the Budget Process
Authors: Doyle Richard
Published: September 2005

John Gilmour.Reconcilable diferences? Congress, the Budget Process, and the Deficit.

Allen Schick,The Capacity to Budget.

Richard Fenno,The Emergence of a Senate Leader: Pete Domenici and the Reagan Budget.

Dennis Ippolito,Uncertain Legacies: Federal Budget Policy from Roosevelt through Rragan.

Stanly Collender,The Guide to the Federal Budget, Fiscal 1992.
The Political Economy of Electrical Power Generation
Authors: Faucher Philippe , Fitzgibbons Kevin
Published: September 2005

This article examines the procurement practices of Canada s three largest electric power utilities, Ontario Hydro, Hydro Quebec, and B.C. Hydro in terms of their impact on the technological development of the electrical power equipment industry in Canada. The theoretical underpinnings of this analysis are that under certain economic, technical and institutional conditions, procurement as managed by large publicly owned corporations with a high level of technical capacity can be a powerful instrument of industrial innovation. The paper describes how in the face of weakening market power following the twenty‐year expansion phase in the industry (1960–80) and global restructuring among electrical power equipment suppliers, the three utilities have been forced to reassess conflicting commercial and technological objectives. The authors point to Hydro Quebec's signing of a recent series of strategic production agreements with key suppliers as an example of a new approach lo procurement through concentrated use of limited market power in critical product areas. The paper concludes that the distribution of risks involved in technology development between buyers and sellers is dependent on market structures. Secondly, the nature of these client‐supplier interactions in management of risk will reflect the internal coherence of an organization's commercial and technological strategies.
The Politics of Environmental Policy in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Ross Lester
Published: September 2005

The People's Republic of China (PRC) has made substantial progress in developing environmental legislation and a complementary regulatory structure. These gains are directly related to the economic reforms and opening to the outside world that began in the 1970s, which introduced a greater emphasis on efficiency and more awareness of the costs associated with pollution and environmental degradation. However, the economic growth and devolution of power unleashed by the reforms have also created new environmental stresses and to some extent reduced the regulatory capability of governmental authorities. As a result, some environmental stresses are increasing even as progress is made on other fronts. Political participation is restricted and environmental issues only occasionally acquire political salience. However, international pressure on the PRC to conform its conduct to international environmental norms is likely to increase, which is likely to affect domestic policymaking.
The Politics of Greek Environmental Policy
Authors: Stevis Dimitris
Published: September 2005

This article serves a dual purpose. Its substantive goal is to provide an account of Greek environmental policy formation and implementation over the last twenty years. Its theoretical goal is to examine the relative impacts of specific political factors, as contrasted with aggregate levels of socioeconomic and institutional development, in shaping environmental policy in an industrializing country. such as Greece. More specifically, it is argued that certain aspects of state‐society relations and of the internal organization of the Greek state are frequently the major reasons behind the country's difficulties in formulating implementable preventive policy and in implementing adequately constructed policy.
Problem Definition, Agenda Access, and Policy Choice
Authors: Rochefort David A. , Cobb Roger W.
Published: September 2005

Problem definition is fundamental to public policy making, intertwined as it is with the political process throughout the activities of issue initiation, program design, and legislative enactment. Yet problem definition remains in immature analytic construct, productive of only a modest amount of scholarship that is lacking a coherent shared framework. Seeking to address this deficiency, this article systematically examines the origins, elements, and consequences of problem definition, relating this discussion to previous literature in the area, current policymaking developments, and future research needs.
Policymaking and Management in Israeli Local Government
Authors: Ben‐Elia Nahum
Published: September 2005

Israeli local government has reemerged despite a highly centralized political system, as local politics have become more autonomous, as a political party based on grass roots movements assumed national power, and as economic stagnation revealed shortcomings of national policies. Central‐local relations are still cooperative as well as cooperative, continuing to provide safety nets in the event of local mistakes. Austerity and recurring financial crises have necessitated new management orientations and organizational adaptation among local governments. The mode of learning (and unlearning) is highly contingent: in some circumstances a quick process based on opportunism, in others having been fuelled by entrepreneurial forces. The development of strategic organizational capabilities still encounters great difficulties.
Local Government Policymaking and Management in Russia
Authors: Campbell Adrian
Published: September 2005

Local government in Russia is characterized by the collapse of traditional relationships between legislative and executive powers and between different levels of executive and legislative hierarchies. The re‐definition of these relationships involves a struggle for power pursued against a backdrop of radical systemic change in the economic and social spheres. These changes are accompanied by a breakdown (and gradual realignment) of the system of distribution, which has accelerated the process of economic and social destabilization in the larger cities. The response of local administrations to the problems generated has been hampered by the fiscal crisis that affects both national and local levels of government. This article reviews the changing relationship between governmental levels and between legislative and executive powers in the context of these broader developments, and in the context of Russian and Soviet traditions of local government. Overall the article notes the perceived failure of the democratization of the legislature at local level to deal with the crisis, and the consequent shift of power towards a strengthened executive.
Ideas or Interests: Privacy in Electronic Communications
Authors: Regan Priscilla M.
Published: September 2005

This article examines why the idea of privacy failed to structure policymaking in the case of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA). Although the relatively quick passage of ECPA might appear to be a case of the politics of ideas, the model of interest group politics more simply explains policy making. The analysis of this case suggests several factors as important in establishing the conditions under which a politics of ideas will be realized.
Backyard Protest: Emergence, Expansion, and Persistence of a Local Hazardous Waste Controversy
Authors: Simmons James , Stark Nancy
Published: September 2005

The toxic waste dispute that is the subject of this article points out one of the troubling ironies of the modem environmental movement. Many groups and individual activists who promoted a national response to the discovery of thousands of toxic waste sites over a decade ago are now leading the struggle to prevent government‐sponsored cleanups. This case study examines the evolution and dynamics of one community's pollution controversy, and then attempts to explain the way in which marginalized environmentalists were able to redefine the toxics debate. Finally, it shows how heal resistence to waste cleanups may shape the next round of environmental policymaking.
Categories of Local Economic Development: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Reese Laura A.
Published: September 2005

In examining local economic development incentives, scholars have found it useful to employ typologies of development practices. Such typologies have been based on assumptions that techniques reflect functional categories, such as marketing and financial incentives, or can be organized by the nature of costs and benefits, or by the nature of incentive goals. While useful heuristic devices, little effort has been made to test these typologies empirically. This research note provides an empirically based typology of local economic development incentives, using data from 967 cities collected by the International City Management Association.
Congestion Pricing and Demand Management: A Discussion of the Issues
Authors: McMullen B. Starr
Published: September 2005

This article reviews the political, technological, and economic issues involved in the formulation of congestion pricing policy. Increased urban congestion combined with increasingly scarce resources is making policymakers consider congestion pricing as an alternative to expanding highway capacity. Past experiences with congestion pricing and other types of demand management are discussed in an attempt to identify problems policymakers may expect to encounter in the US.
Pricing Road Congestion: Recent Evidence from Singapore
Authors: McCarthy Patrick S. , Tay Richard
Published: September 2005

The role of road pricing in travel demand management and congestion mitigation has been gaining support in many countries. Although the theory of congestion pricing is persuasive and straightforward, successful application of road pricing mandates that congestion externalities be estimated. Using data from a recent traffic survey in Singapore, this paper estimates congestion prices for alternative time values and vehicle types. These estimates are compared with the existing cost of area licenses, from which implications for economic efficiency and resource allocation are drawn.
New Dimensions in Infrastructure Evaluation: The Case of Non‐Technical Issues in Intelligent Vehicle‐Highway Systems
Authors: Horan Thomas A. , Gifford Jonathan L.
Published: September 2005

Traditional infrastructure evaluation focuses primarily on technical criteria, such as the completion of a designated, interconnected system of facilities or a particular project's capacity to reduce costs borne by suppliers or end users. In the contemporary policymaking environment, however, nontechnical criteria are often of great importance in determining the success or failure of a particular infrastructure enterprise. Institutional considerations, for example, can often delay the implementation of a project or undermine its effectiveness. This paper examines the importance of non‐technical criteria in infrastructure evaluation through a case study of the implementation of a major highway investment program in advanced communication and control technologies, known as intelligent vehicle ‐highway systems (IVHS). The case study focuses on the role of institutional issues as well as environmental issues, in the implementation of IVHS in the US. surface transportation system. The case emphasizes, first, the significance of institutional and environmental issues, and second, mechanisms for evaluating these issues in the context of a major infrastructure investment program.
Public Policy and Intergovernmental Relations: Measuring Perceived Change(s) in National Influence‐The Effects of the Federalism Decade
Authors: Yoo Jae‐Won , Wright Deil S.
Published: September 2005

Federal grants‐in‐aid have been a major instrument for the exercise of national influence on the states. This research investigates empirically the degree of perceived national influence (PNI) exerted through the grant process during the 1970s and 1980s. Respondents were state administrators heading agencies that received federal grants. Surveys at four points in time across the two decades produced a unidimensional measure of PNI. PNI levels were notably higher in the 1970s than in the 1980s. Two competing explanations were offered to account for the decline: (a) intergovernmental institutional policy changes promoted by the Ronald Reagan administration from 1981 through 1988, and (b) symbolic and rhetorical advocacy of an altered (reduced) national role in relation to the states. Both factors appear to have contributed to sharp decline in PNI between the mid‐1970s and the mid‐1980s.
Introduction: Disability Policy as an Emerging Field of Mainstream Public Policy Research and Pedagogy
Authors: Watson Sara D.
Published: September 2005

The purpose of this two‐part symposium of the Policy Studies Journal is to broaden theconcept of disability policy from one that has relevance onlyforpeople interested in that substantive area to that of a major field of social policy having ramifications for the study and teaching of public policy broadly construed. The goal is for experiences in disability policy to be regarded in the same way that experiences in Other substantive areas, such as environmental policy, other social services, and civil rights, illustrate broader themes in areas such as public management, policy analysis, or ethics.
Relating Disability Policy to Broader Public Policy: Understanding the Concept of “Handicap”
Authors: Batavia Andrew I.
Published: September 2005

While it is recognized that disability policy is a subset of broader public policy, the relationship between disability issues and other public policy issues is not well understood. Insight into this relationship can be gained through a greater understanding of the concept of “handicap,” as distinguished from the concepts of “impairment” and “disability.” In everyday conversation, these terms typically are used interchangeably and erroneously. However, when applied correctly, their important differences help us to focus on the appropriate level for analyzing disability and other policy issues. When ignored for reasons concerning the “political unacceptability” of handicap as a term or concept, we risk focusing on the wrong level and possibly holding individuals with disabilities responsible for circumstances beyond their control.
Managing the Solid Waste Crisis
Authors: Bacot Hunter , Bowen Terry , Fitzgerald Michael R.
Published: September 2005

Policymakers at all levels of government now face the difficult task of siting new waste facilities in the face of public apprehension and opposition. This study offers a causal model to evaluate the potential of operation and economic incentives for mitigating siting opposition while controlling for background characteristics and environmental attitudes. Among those incentives evaluated, local committee oversight, property tax credit, and money for schools proved to be the most useful options for tempering opposition among citizens.
A Model of Lottery Participation
Authors: Herring Mary , Bledsoe Timothy
Published: September 2005

With the spread of state–sponsored lotteries to all but 17 states, it is important to understand the circumstances and perspectives of those who contribute to lottery revenues. A multivariate model of percent of income spent on lottery tickets indicates that participation is a declining function of income and education, and that it is higher among black, male, and older respondents. In addition, participation is affected by the social context of the respondent and the respondent's attitudes regarding the lottery as enjoyable and an escape. Attitudes favorable to lottery play are concentrated disproportionately among less advantaged groups, particularly the least educated.
Academic Perceptions of University‐Firm Technology Transfer
Authors: Rahm Dianne
Published: September 2005

Why do some academics engage in technology transfer activities while others do not? What facilitates technology transfer? What inhibits it? This paper attempts to answer these questions from the vantage point of academic researchers. After briefly reviewing some pertinent literature, findings from a survey of academic researchers in the nation's top 100 research universities are presented. An assessment is made of academic researchers' technology transfer activities and of attributes that differentiate researchers who engage in technology transfer from their non‐participating colleagues. Conclusions are drawn regarding the barriers and facilitators of university technology transfer to industry.
Moving Towards An American Industrial Technology Policy
Authors: Teske Paul , Johnson Renée
Published: September 2005

While the term “industrial policy” has come to be associated by many Americans with too much government involvement in private markets, the United States is nevertheless moving rapidly towards a more active and explicit industrial technology policy. The American policy is certainly different from those of Japan and Western Europe; but the recent emphasis on civilian technology and targeted manufacturing sectors, along with the continuing efforts of state‐level technology programs, add up to a much more coherent industrial technology policy than in the past. Although this trend comes at the end of the Cold War and is related to defense conversion efforts, it is part of a larger trend tied to increasing pressure in the area of international competitiveness of American industry. A more pragmatic, less ideological approach emerged, first in numerous state capitals, and is emerging gradually in Washington, DC.
The Politics of International Technology Transfer
Authors: Hahm Sung Deuk , Plein L. Christopher , Florida Richard
Published: September 2005

Technology transfer is well recognized as a major determinant in the economic development of newly industrializing countries. Increasingly, technology transfer is also recognized as an important component in the economic fortunes of developed countries. The globalization of markets and the premium placed on technological sophistication in industry and services emphasizes the need for governments to consider and engage in technology transfer policy strategies. Our understanding of the dynamics of technology transfer can be enhanced through the study of the experiences of specific states. It is against this backdrop that this paper presents an analysis of technology transfer patterns from the United States and Japan to South Korea from 1962 through 1992. The Korean experience reveals that patterns of technology transfer cannot be explained simply by concentrating on what has been transferred from donor countries, such as the United Slates and Japan. Rather, we need to turn our focus to the host country and to the policy strategies that have been adopted to shape patterns of technology transfer. In short, the question turns from the economics of what, to the policies of how, technology transfer is accomplished.
Evaluating Government Technology Transfer
Authors: Bozeman Barry
Published: September 2005

The national laboratories are a reservoir of scientific and technological talent that can help America to compete in international markets.… Spurred in the past decade by new legislation and enlightened policies, the national laboratories have greatly expanded efforts to transfer federally‐funded inventions and technology to private industry.

Alan Schriesheim (Director, Argonne National Laboratory), “Toward a Golden Age for Technology Transfer,” Issues in Science and Technology, Winter, 1990–91, p. 52.

Although Congress adopted several laws in the 1980s to encourage the commercialization of federal laboratory technology and to promote technology transfer from the federal laboratories to the private sector, collaboration between laboratories and industrial firms has been modest at best.

Erich Bloch, Toward A U.S. Technology Strategy, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, February, 1991, p. 22.
Technology Transfer and the Federal Laboratories
Authors: Herman Evan Michael
Published: September 2005

Cooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRADAs) are at the heart of recent federal efforts to increase United States technological competitiveness through the commercialization of public technologies. CRADAs are comprehensive legal agreements for the sharing of research personnel, equipment, and intellectual property rights in joint government‐industry research. Since 1986, over 2200 CRADAs have been entered into. This study provides a midterm evaluation of the CRADA process. It finds that important legal obstacles remain in the use of CRADAs. Progress is also impeded by a lack of industry familiarity with research in the federal laboratories, as well as inadequate federal funding for research collaboration.
Conflict, Uncertainty, and the Role of Planning and Analysis in Public Policy Innovation
Authors: Deyle Robert E.
Published: September 2005

Innovation by “groping along,” in which appointed public officials experiment during program implementation after little, if any, initial planning and analysis, has been promoted as a more accurate model of policy innovation than the rational comprehensive model of policy change. Analysis of two cases of environmental regulatory policy innovation suggests that administrative agencies may be more likely to follow the conventional model of the policy cycle when high levels of conflict are likely to accompany policy initiatives. The cases also suggest, however, that public officials will experiment during the innovation process when they are uncertain about the nature of the problem and the probable impacts of alternative solutions.
Workfare in Ohio
Authors: Brasher C. Nielsen
Published: September 2005

The purpose of this paper is to shed new light on the welfare debate in two ways: (a) to provide new evidence on the effectiveness of long‐term workfare programs; and (b) to examine in what contexts the programs were most effective. The study examines welfare trends between 1981 and 1990 for counties in Ohio. A quasiexperimenlal design is used to compare 26 counties that experimented with workfare with Ohio's remaining counties. The findings indicate that workfare lowered caseloads significantly, particularly for the two‐parent (AFDC‐U) population. The findings also indicate that the effectiveness of the program increased in counties with lower unemployment rates and smaller urban populations. The programs appeared to be more effective in more conservative counties, but these findings are mixed.
Regulating Local Tax Abatement Policies
Authors: Nunn Samuel
Published: September 2005

This article addresses several questions about property tax. abatements in the United States, all directed at why tax abatements should be regulated more closely, and one question about how this might be accomplished. First, are tax abatements “job increment financing” since they are exchanged for future jobs? Public decisionmakers assume that jobs mean tax revenues, but problems emerge when abatements are granted without knowledge of expected jobs, or if local government administrators and planners have no means of holding businesses accountable if their promises are not kept. Second, are local decisionmakers behaving imprudently when they abate multiyear taxes? Using abatements may not always be a particularly prudent way of using public resources. Third, can tax abatements undermine local democracy? Abatements weaken public involvement in city government when citizens have few opportunities to debate decisionmakers about tax exemptions, but they should have such a chance because abatements have costly, longlasting effects on current and future citizens. Fourth, do abatements create social costs? Tax abatements generate external effects for those who are not party to the politics of tax exemptions, but there are no easy answers about how to correct the externalities. Finally, what are the options for stopping tax abatements? These include federal prohibition, cooperative agreements, federal fiscal incentives, the courts, tougher negotiating tactics, and more stringent contractual provisions by urban planners and administrators.
Mental Health Policy Inquiry, Its Importance, and Its Rewards
Authors: Rochefort David A.
Published: September 2005

This article suggests some characteristics of the field of mental health that might explain why political scientists and public policy analysts have evidenced little interest in the study of mental health policy. Following a brief overview of United States mental health policy, the author makes the case for the importance of menial health policy inquiry on grounds of both pragmatic and theoretical significance.
Principles of Mental Health Systems Change
Authors: Celeste Richard F. , Hyde Pamela S.
Published: September 2005

Policy development is of little moment if those policies are never implemented. In this article a governor who had considerable success in implementing major changes in the mental health delivery system of his state suggests seven principles of successful policy implementation. The relevance, general utility, and applicability of these principles should be of interest to those political scientists who study issues related to policy implementation.
An Analysis of Capitation for Mental Health Services
Authors: Bloom Joan R. , Toerber Garry , Hausman Jaclyn W. , Cuffel Brian , Barrett Thomas J.
Published: September 2005

The major impetus for health care reform clearly seems to be the desire to contain the cost of health care. One of the major cost‐containment methods proposed is capitation. Capitation poses specific problems when applied to mental health services delivery. This article discusses several of the major issues pertaining to the utility of capitation in mental health, discusses on‐going capitation efforts, and provides an evaluation of capitation programs. Future directions for research on capitation in mental health are then suggested.