bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studi Preferensi Konsumen Terhadap Produk Sepatu Gunung
Authors: Jatiningrum Wandhansari Sekar , Mastrisiswadi Hasan
Published: January 2018

Research on consumer preferences on mountain shoe products is crucial. Mountain shoes are an important tool in mountain climbing activities that are at risk. Errors in the design of a mountain shoe cause inconvenience to consumers. This article discusses the factors that affect consumer satisfaction of mountain shoe products, so get the appropriate product design. Data processing is done by Kano method that shows response from respondent tend to spread. Another finding is that the number of values between categories in some attributes has an insignificant difference. Determination of Kano category is done by using Kano's satisfaction coefficient graph. The results show that the dominating category is must-be, ie 9 attributes need to be a priority because it is a basic need that must be met.
Dynamics and Learning
Authors: Goeree Jacob K. , Holt Charles A. , Palfrey Thomas R.
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores questions related to learning and dynamics. The first part explores dynamic quantal response equilibrium models where strategies are conditioned on observed histories of past decisions and outcomes of stage games. The second part considers models in which players are learning about others' behavior via a process in which they may update and respond to current beliefs in a noisy (quantal) manner. The final section explores learning models that involve quantal responses to beliefs formed by processing information from finite (but possibly long) histories of prior or observed action profiles. The formulation permits consideration of a wide variety of exogenous or even endogenous (e.g., least squares) learning rules.
Applications to Economics
Authors: Goeree Jacob K. , Holt Charles A. , Palfrey Thomas R.
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores whether the equilibrium effects of noisy behavior can cause large deviations from standard predictions in economically relevant situations. It considers a simple price-competition game, which is also partly motivated by the possibility of changing a payoff parameter that has no effect on the unique Nash equilibrium, but which may be expected to affect quantal response equilibrium. In the minimum-effort coordination game studied, any common effort in the range of feasible effort levels is a Nash equilibrium, but one would expect that an increase in the cost of individual effort or an increase in the number of players who are trying to coordinate would reduce the effort levels observed in an experiment. The chapter presents an analysis of the logit equilibrium and rent dissipation for a rent-seeking contest that is modeled as an “all-pay auction.” The final two applications in this chapter deal with auctions with private information.
Revelatory Events
Authors: Taves Ann
Published: January 2018

Unseen presences. Apparitions. Hearing voices. Although some people would find such experiences to be distressing and seek clinical help, others perceive them as transformative. Occasionally, these unusual phenomena give rise to new spiritual paths or religious movements. This book provides fresh insights into what is perhaps the bedrock of all religious belief—the claim that otherworldly powers are active in human affairs. The book looks at Mormonism, Alcoholics Anonymous, and A Course in Miracles—three cases in which insiders claimed that a spiritual presence guided the emergence of a new spiritual path. In the 1820s, Joseph Smith, Jr. reportedly translated the Book of Mormon from ancient gold plates unearthed with the help of an angel. Bill Wilson cofounded AA after having an ecstatic experience while hospitalized for alcoholism in 1934. Helen Schucman scribed the words of an inner voice that she attributed to Jesus, which formed the basis of her 1976 best-selling self-study course. In each case, the book argues, the sense of a guiding presence emerged through a complex, creative interaction between a founding figure with unusual mental abilities and an initial set of collaborators who were drawn into the process by diverse motives of their own. This book traces the very human processes behind such events.
Transgression, Equality, and Voice
Authors: Wolin Sheldon S.
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the question of what kind of democracy it is where equal rights are formally guaranteed but where wealth and power are no less concentrated than poverty and powerlessness. It does so by way of a contrast between Athenian democracy, in which the demos was the major actor, and a democracy called “electoral democracy,” or a democracy without the demos. It argues that contemporary democracy contradicts Aristotle's fundamental principle for identifying the distinctive character of a democratic politeia, that each citizen should be on an equality with the rest. Moreover, contemporary democracies are also in contradiction with modern conceptions of democracy, as seen in the adoption of popular sovereignty as its first or defining principle.
On Reading Marx Politically
Authors: Wolin Sheldon S.
Published: January 2018

Critics of Karl Marx have long pointed to unfulfilled predictions as evidence of the falsity of his theory. Typically, their criticism rests on a view that a theory which claims to be scientific is seriously defective if its predictions fail to materialize. This chapter argues that although the ideal of science was undeniably important in shaping Marx's theoretical intentions, there were other and conflicting determinants as well. One was a highly developed notion of theoretical activity or, more precisely, of theorizing as action. Another element in the structure of Marx's intentions is action itself. His earliest thoughts on that subject were not primarily concerned with the proletariat but with the theorist-as-actor. The meaning of theoretic failure was not in Marx's unfulfilled predictions but in the complex fact that faces every interpreter of Marx, that Marx failed to complete his theory. This fact is the expression of a conflict that develops between Marx's theoretical findings and his political commitments.
Postmodern Politics and the Absence of Myth
Authors: Wolin Sheldon S.
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses how the absence of myth is what helps to define the politics of the modern and the postmodern world. Myth was once preeminently discourse about power, about powers immanent and transcendent, and man's relationship to them. In the myths of the Old Testament, the Epic of Gilgamesh, and Hesiod's Theogony we have tales of power centering around the theme of chaos held at bay or overcome, of powers in conflict or rebellion. It was the equivalent of an introductory text to the subject of power. Its special feature was not its poetry but its realism. It is exactly that quality that tends to be obscured by modern social science when it replaces myth not by “realism” but by fiction.
From Progress to Modernization
Authors: Wolin Sheldon S.
Published: January 2018

Since the beginning of its modern history, the idea of progress functioned as a political critique directed against the power-wielding institutions of monarchy, aristocracy, and church. Progress quickly became the personal property of liberalism, even though there was no necessary connection between the two. Just as “left” and “progressive” became virtually interchangeable terms, so “conservative” and “antiprogressive” were widely regarded as synonymous. This chapter suggests that these historical identities are now in a process of realignment. The left's historic monopoly on change is being successfully challenged and conservatism is emerging as the party of progress. These shifts signal that a profound change is taking place in the meaning of progress.
Reordering the World
Authors: Bell Duncan
Published: January 2018

This book is a penetrating account of the complexity and contradictions found in liberal visions of empire. Focusing mainly on nineteenth-century Britain—at the time the largest empire in history and a key incubator of liberal political thought—the book sheds new light on some of the most important themes in modern imperial ideology. The book ranges widely across Victorian intellectual life and beyond. The opening chapters explore the nature of liberalism, varieties of imperial ideology, the uses and abuses of ancient history, the imaginative functions of the monarchy, and fantasies of Anglo-Saxon global domination. They are followed by illuminating studies of prominent thinkers, including J. A. Hobson, L. T. Hobhouse, John Stuart Mill, Henry Sidgwick, Herbert Spencer, and J. R. Seeley. While insisting that liberal attitudes to empire were multiple and varied, the book emphasizes the liberal fascination with settler colonialism. It was in the settler empire that many liberal imperialists found the place of their political dreams. This book is a significant contribution to the history of modern political thought and political theory.
Ecological Speciation
Authors: Hendry Andrew P.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how populations in different environments can fall at different stages along a continuum of progress toward ecological speciation. It traces how variation can be used to infer ecological speciation through either of two general approaches: (1) integrated signatures of reproductive isolation based on measures of gene flow, and (2) confirmation of the ecological basis of reproductive barriers. The chapter also addresses the rapidity of ecological speciation (rapid speciation), at what point progress toward ecological speciation becomes irreversible (speciation reversal), to what extent ecological speciation is driven by competitive (adaptive speciation) or reproductive (reinforcement) interactions, and how many traits (magic traits) and selective pressures (dimensionality) are involved.
Genetics and Genomics
Authors: Hendry Andrew P.
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on common empirical methods for studying the genetics of adaptation: quantitative genetics, quantitative trait locus (QTL) linkage mapping, association mapping, genome scans, gene expression, and candidate genes. It addresses various aspects of adaptation, speciation, and eco-evolutionary dynamics. The key questions include examining how much additive genetic variation exists in fitness-related traits, to what extent nonadditive genetic variation (dominance and epistasis) influences phenotypic variation, how many loci are involved in adaptation and how large their effects are, to what extent the adaptation of independent populations to similar environments involves parallel/convergent genetic changes, whether adaptation to changing environments is driven mainly by new mutations or by standing genetic variation, and to what extent the ecological effects of individuals transmitted among generations are.
Introduction and Preliminaries
Authors: Caselli Francesco
Published: January 2018

This book examines how the mode of production, or production technology, varies systematically across countries, depending on their endowments of different factors of production. Using aggregate production functions as analytical tools, the book shows that technology differences and technical change are factor biased: they change not only the overall efficiency with which a country exploits its bundle of productive inputs, but also the relative efficiency with which different factors contribute to production. It argues that the efficiency with which skilled labor is used relative to unskilled labor is greater in richer countries than in poorer countries. It also explains why the efficiency with which reproducible capital (equipment and structure) is used relative to natural capital (mineral deposits, land, timber, etc.) is higher in rich countries, and the absolute efficiency with which physical capital is used appears to be not lower, and may even be higher, in poor countries.
Black Migration, Northern Cities, and Labor Markets after 1970
Authors: Boustan Leah Platt
Published: January 2018

This concluding chapter examines how the three trends at the heart of this book's story—black migration from the South, the earnings convergence between blacks and whites, and white departures from central cities—have evolved in recent decades. By 1970, black migration from the South slowed, though black and white earnings have not converged further in northern cities. Just as black migration to northern cities tapered off, a new migration of low-skilled workers from Latin America was getting underway. This new migration wave coincided with decreased demand for manufacturing workers in American cities as a result of technological change and globalization. Thus, in recent years, black workers in northern cities have faced new sources of labor market competition, compounded by falling demand for some low-skilled operative and clerical positions, leading wages to stagnate further.
Racial Realignment
Authors: Schickler Eric
Published: January 2018

Few transformations in American politics have been as important as the integration of African Americans into the Democratic Party and the Republican embrace of racial policy conservatism. The story of this partisan realignment on race is often told as one in which political elites—such as Lyndon Johnson and Barry Goldwater—set in motion a dramatic and sudden reshuffling of party positioning on racial issues during the 1960s. This book instead argues that top party leaders were actually among the last to move, and that their choices were dictated by changes that had already occurred beneath them. The book shows that the two parties' transformation on civil rights took place gradually over decades. The book reveals that Democratic partisanship, economic liberalism, and support for civil rights had crystallized in public opinion, state parties, and Congress by the mid-1940s. This trend was propelled forward by the incorporation of African Americans and the pro-civil-rights Congress of Industrial Organizations into the Democratic coalition. Meanwhile, Republican partisanship became aligned with economic and racial conservatism. Scrambling to maintain existing power bases, national party elites refused to acknowledge these changes for as long as they could, but the civil rights movement finally forced them to choose where their respective parties would stand. Presenting original ideas about political change, the book sheds new light on twentieth and twenty-first century racial politics.
What Can We Learn from Liver?
Authors: DeSoucey Michaela
Published: January 2018

This chapter summarizes the complex dynamics surrounding the consumption of foie gras. It discusses the history of the foie gras industry as well as its arrival and reception in the United States, particularly the animal rights activism surrounding the food. Building on this more controversial side of foie gras, the chapter places this foodstuff within the larger context of morality and gastropolitics, illuminating the social meanings and values behind cuisine. In addition to this, the chapter also accounts for the economics of foie gras, by paying attention to the institutional structures in which it is embedded. The chapter argues that to fully grasp the concerns and consequences of gastropolitics, we can, and must, look at how foods and foodways sit at the intersection of markets, the state, and social movements.
The Latin Mathematics of Medieval Europe
Authors: Folkerts Menso , Hughes Barnabas , Warntjes Immo , Folkerts Menso , Hughes Barnabas , Wagner Roi , Berggren J. Lennart
Published: January 2018

This chapter is about the mathematics that developed in Latin Catholic Europe, circa 800–1480. During this time, the quadrivium, a term which referred to the four subjects—arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy—provided the template for the curricula of the first period of Latin mathematics. The second period, covered in the years 1140–1480, witnessed the birth of universities and the wealth of studies gathered and translated in Spain and Italy that would become much of the curricula for these institutions. Finally, the third period, which overlaps about half of the second, lasted 1300–1480. During this time, students learned abacus and algorism, as well as foreign exchange, geometry, and algebra. This type of education would flourish and spread throughout Italy and into the rest of Europe, thus setting the stage for the explosion of mathematics in the Renaissance.
Mathematics in Hebrew in Medieval Europe
Authors: Wagner Roi , Aradi Naomi , Baraness Avinoam , Garber David , Segev Stela , Simonson Shai , Wartenberg Ilana , Folkerts Menso , Hughes Barnabas , Wagner Roi , Berggren J. Lennart
Published: January 2018

This chapter covers mathematics written in Hebrew between the eleventh and sixteenth centuries in Europe. It starts with the practical and scholarly—as well as earlier and later—Hebrew expositions of arithmetic, from Ibn Ezra's foundational twelfth-century The Book of Number, to Levi ben Gershon's early-fourteenth-century arithmetic. The chapter then follows with two discussions of combinatorics: Ibn Ezra's calculations of the number of possible conjunctions of a given number of planets from among the seven planets, and Ben Gershon's abstract and general discussion of permutations and combinations. Finally, this chapter discusses two important treatises that summarize geometric knowledge in a semi-practical style as well as measurements in a religious context.
Building and Using Phylogenies
Authors: Cadotte Marc W. , Davies T. Jonathan
Published: January 2018

This chapter explains how to build a phylogeny for a certain set of species. A phylogenetic tree is a representation of species interrelatedness and conveys information about which taxa share recent common ancestors, which evolutionary groups (clades) species belong to, and the distances (time, genetic, or character differences) separating species. The chapter first considers two R packages called ape and picante for use in analysis of the R phylogenetic object (referred to as a phylo object type), along with a few other packages, before discussing the steps in reconstructing phylogenetic relationships. It also evaluates some tree-building approaches that are easily implemented in R, including distance-based methods and maximum likelihood methods. Finally, it describes ways of finding and adapting available phylogenetic trees, together with tree scaling and rate smoothing.
The Geography of Speciation and Character Displacement
Authors: Cadotte Marc W. , Davies T. Jonathan
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how phylogenetic approaches can address both ecological character displacement and community-wide character displacement. In ecological character displacement, selection might drive the divergence of ecological phenotypes by negative antagonistic interactions that reduce competition between sympatric populations utilizing the same resource base. In community-wide character displacement, ecological divergence occurs in allopatry, and competition filters species into communities based upon their trait values. The geographic distribution of a species reflects multiple factors, including its strength of phylogenetic niche conservatism and the geography of present day climate, its dispersal ability, and the history of speciation. This chapter considers the effect of competition in the native range, focusing on a scenario in which the evolution of species traits may itself be a product of species interactions. It shows that phylogenetic methods can additionally provide insights into how species interactions might shape trait evolution and even illuminate the process of speciation itself.
Phylogenetic Diversity across Space and Time
Authors: Cadotte Marc W. , Davies T. Jonathan
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how phylogenetic diversity changes across spatial and temporal gradients. Spatial ecophylogenetic patterns can reveal how different processes shape ecological communities. Metacommunity ecology reinvigorated the search for general mechanisms that create diversity and structural differences among communities, and by using phylogenetic patterns we can understand how shared traits and evolution inform community differences. The chapter first considers phylobetadiversity as a measure of phylogenetic turnover before discussing two types of phylobetadiversity metrics, diversity partitioning and pairwise distances. It also analyzes the influence of spatial scale on phylogenetic patterns, focusing on the scale dependency of phylogenetic patterns, and concludes with an overview of phylogenetic diversity–area relationships.
The Challenge of Sustainability
Authors: Schmitz Oswald J.
Published: January 2018

This book shows how modern ecology, or the New Ecology, has developed into a science in support of sustainability in the twenty-first century—an epoch known as the Anthropocene, in which humankind's actions will be the predominant forces shaping the world. It considers the role of biodiversity in ecological functions that humans may draw upon to provide critical services in support of their livelihoods and well being. The New Ecology helps society overcome the human–nature divide by formulating scientific ways to integrate the study of humanity with the study of nature. The book explains how these seemingly divided realms are in fact intertwined as socio-ecological systems and demonstrates how ecological principles can be newly applied to enhance the sustainability of human-built environments, such as cities and industries, in ways that can lessen societal demands and impacts on nature.
Hubris to Humility
Authors: Schmitz Oswald J.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines what environmental stewardship hopes to accomplish by putting it into the context of broader anthropocentric and nonanthropocentric ethical considerations. The ethical awareness and non-economic values that humans have for nature plays an important part in shaping human attitudes and behavior: how humanity views and treats life on Earth. The field of nonanthropocentric environmental ethics emerged in response to a desire for greater humility in human engagement with nature. The chapter considers how nonanthropocentric ethics are expressed in society, citing as an example the animal rights and animal welfare movement. It also discusses environmental stewardship as an emerging ethic that is intermediate between anthropocentrism on the one hand, and ecocentrism on the other. Finally, it reflects on what will happen when humans heavily exploit or damage ecosystems.
On the Move
Authors: Garip Filiz
Published: January 2018

Why do Mexicans migrate to the United States? Is there a typical Mexican migrant? Beginning in the 1970s, survey data indicated that the average migrant was a young, unmarried man who was poor, undereducated, and in search of better employment opportunities. This is the general view that most Americans still hold of immigrants from Mexico. This book argues that not only does this view of Mexican migrants reinforce the stereotype of their undesirability, but it also fails to capture the true diversity of migrants from Mexico and their evolving migration patterns over time. Using survey data from over 145,000 Mexicans and in-depth interviews with nearly 140 Mexicans, the book reveals a more accurate picture of Mexico–U.S migration. In the last fifty years there have been four primary waves: a male-dominated migration from rural areas in the 1960s and 1970s, a second migration of young men from socioeconomically more well-off families during the 1980s, a migration of women joining spouses already in the United States in the late 1980s and 1990s, and a generation of more educated, urban migrants in the late 1990s and early 2000s. For each of these four stages, the book examines the changing variety of reasons for why people migrate and migrants’ perceptions of their opportunities in Mexico and the United States. Looking at Mexico–U.S. migration during the last half century, the book uncovers the vast mechanisms underlying the flow of people moving between nations.
“We Leave to Help Our Parents Economically”
Authors: Garip Filiz
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses a new migrant group that replaced the circular migrants as the predominant group among the first-time Mexican migrants to the United States between 1980 and 1990. The group consisted mostly of young men—often the younger sons—from relatively wealthy rural households, and peaked in numbers following the economic crises in Mexico. This group is called crisis migrants. Crisis migrants accounted for just one in ten new migrants in the 1960s. The share of the group climbed to one-half in the mid-1980s, and dropped to one-fifth by the late 1990s. The trend in this group tracked almost perfectly to the inflation rates in Mexico, capturing the volatile economic environment in the country in the aftermath of the peso devaluations between 1976 and 1985. The group also responded to regional events like the coffee crisis in the early 1990s and the earthquake in 1985, increasing disproportionately fast in the affected regions compared to the rest of the country.
Where Do We Go from Here?
Authors: Garip Filiz
Published: January 2018

This chapter begins with the stories of three migrants to demonstrate the need to recognize that there might be different logics for migration, seek to identify the conditions under which each logic becomes salient, and devise diverse policies to achieve specific outcomes. It then discusses efforts to prevent undocumented migration that focus on border enforcement; the failure of alternative theories of migration to suggest straightforward policy prescriptions like the neoclassical model; ways of identifying “groups” of migrants; four contexts and four logics for migration; network effects in migration; and cultural expectations and family roles. The chapter also suggests general principles that can guide future research and policy.
Free Time
Authors: Rose Julie L.
Published: January 2018

Recent debates about inequality have focused almost exclusively on the distribution of wealth and disparities in income, but little notice has been paid to the distribution of free time. Free time is commonly assumed to be a matter of personal preference, a good that one chooses to have more or less of. Even if there is unequal access to free time, the cause and solution are presumed to lie with the resources of income and wealth. This book argues that these views are fundamentally mistaken. First, it contends that free time is a resource, like money, that one needs in order to pursue chosen ends. Further, realizing a just distribution of income and wealth is not sufficient to ensure a fair distribution of free time. Because of this, anyone concerned with distributive justice must attend to the distribution of free time. On the basis of widely held liberal principles, the book explains why citizens are entitled to free time—time not committed to meeting life's necessities and instead available for chosen pursuits. The novel argument that the just society must guarantee all citizens their fair share of free time provides principled grounds to address critical policy choices, including work hours regulations, Sunday closing laws, public support for caregiving, and the pursuit of economic growth. The book demonstrates why all citizens have, in the words of early labor reformers, a right to “hours for what we will.”
Art Test Fever
Authors: Chumley Lily
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the art test preparation classes that are widely blamed for overproducing the wrong kinds of subjects, with neither creativity nor style, making students who are “blind” and “aimless” (mangmu, mangran). It describes the expansion and standardization of the art test system over the thirty years of reform as a result of tensions between families, profit-motivated test prep industries, and public institutions, showing the limits of education policies and ideologies of creativity in the complex social world of postsocialist China. The chapter also describes the fundamental tension between the values reproduced in the examination system—skills of memorization and reproduction, habitus of diligence and obedience—and the values of the family and its exchange networks, which emphasize personal ties and social graces.
The Risks of Political Authority
Authors: Nacol Emily C.
Published: January 2018

This chapter explains how John Locke's work on epistemology, politics, and economy can be read as a sustained meditation on the relationship of risk and trust. The extensive literature on trust and authority in Locke's work establishes that he thinks citizens' trust in the state helps them organize and survive in the face of uncertainty, as well as manage the risks they might find in the future. This chapter argues that Lockean political trust is actually more closely related to risk than it appears at first glance. Political trust, Locke theorizes, is actually underwritten by the perpetual work of risk calculation and probabilistic reasoning by citizens. His work shows that if a strong central state is the institution that manages political and economic risk for subjects, then those subjects still must scrutinize the state as a new risk, using whatever cognitive tools they have at their disposal.
Hume’s Fine Balance
Authors: Nacol Emily C.
Published: January 2018

This chapter offers an interpretation of David Hume's body of work as simultaneously sensitive to how uncertainty and risk can enervate commercial actors and committed to emboldening these actors to take more risks. Hume's writings on passion, cognition, politics, and commerce reveal an apt representation of how risk and uncertainty are entangled in the minds of subjects, as well as a robust explanation for why so many people are made anxious by risks, even ones that promise a good outcome. Hume's expressions of philosophical skepticism and his treatment of probability establish his view that deep uncertainty is the background condition for commerce and for the politics of commercial societies, and show that he is unusually mindful of the disconcerting experience of living with uncertainty.
Adventurous Spirits and Clamoring Sophists
Authors: Nacol Emily C.
Published: January 2018

This chapter argues that Adam Smith's moral theory and political economy confront human ambivalence about risk, by now a permanent feature of the human condition. Smith's analysis of individuals, groups, institutions, and policies leads him to find that human beings have a risk-loving side, which drives them to take chances to pursue gain, but that they also clamor to secure themselves against possible loss. How well they balance these two impulses can, Smith argues, issue in productive or dangerous approaches to risk taking. Moreover, Smith's critique of monopolies and mercantile policies depends very much on his view that traders exploit risk badly, by redistributing or jettisoning loss. Smith argues that those who pursue highly uncertain profits by taking risks in the political economy must also be willing to brook loss.
An Age of Risk, a Liberalism of Anxiety
Authors: Nacol Emily C.
Published: January 2018

This chapter returns to the lessons of the eighteenth century in discussing risk, in particular exploring the role of liberalism in early modern Britain's preoccupation with risk. Preoccupation with uncertainty, a view of risk as hazard, and profound feelings of insecurity marked eighteenth-century efforts to understand the present and imagine the future. While this perspective, which frequently elides the difference between risk and loss, would go on to find firmer footing in the nineteenth century, it gained a toehold in the eighteenth century, as shown by work on probability, risk, and political economy. The chapter also argues that the in this study who accept uncertainty are also the ones who are able to embrace and develop a notion of risk as central to politics and political economy.
Recapturing Lost Glory and Legitimacy
Authors: Hassan Mona
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers problematic questions of political and legal legitimacy for premodern Muslim states in the wake of the Abbasid Caliphate's demise. Similar to the self-image of Byzantium as a Second Rome or the way that medieval rulers in western Europe appropriated Roman symbols, the Mamluk State reinvented the Abbasid Caliphate of Cairo through elaborate rituals and ceremonies reminiscent of a glorious past, and legal scholars articulated creative jurisprudential solutions. Within Mamluk domains, the dilemma of caliphal absence was thus resolved by resurrecting the Abbasid Caliphate in Cairo as a doubly political and spiritual institution, where the caliph delegated his authority to govern to the sultan and radiated metaphysical blessings through his continued physical presence. This fraught relationship between caliphal authority and the wielding of power notably continued to surface as a magnet for political activity and debate, including the ever-potent threat of rebellion, over the centuries of Mamluk rule.
Is Philosophy Partly to Blame for the German Catastrophe? Heidegger between Fundamental Ontology and History of Being
Authors: Hösle Vittorio
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers the question of why German culture is responsible for what are probably the most atrocious crimes of the modern age. It suggests that anyone who wants to answer the question as to why so many Germans followed Hitler would do well to distinguish three levels of followers. First, there was a relatively small minority that supported the National Socialist policy of annihilation out of deep conviction. Second, there was a large group that did not approve of mass murder as a political means, but in 1933 was willing to bring to power a government from which every kind of brutality could be expected, so long as it could be hoped that it would make Germany strong again. Third, there was a large number of people who did not vote for Hitler, but nonetheless obeyed him, not only because they did not want to take any risks, but also because they were convinced that they owed obedience to the legal government.
Making a Good Life
Authors: Dow Katharine
Published: January 2018

This book takes a timely look at the ideas and values that inform how people think about reproduction and assisted reproductive technologies. In an era of heightened scrutiny about parenting and reproduction, fears about environmental degradation, and the rise of the biotechnology industry, the book delves into the reproductive ethics of those who do not have a personal stake in assisted reproductive technologies, but who are building lives inspired and influenced by environmentalism and concerns about the natural world's future. Moving away from experiences of infertility treatments tied to the clinic and laboratory, the book instead explores reproduction and assisted reproductive technologies as topics of public concern and debate, and examines how people living in a coastal village in rural Scotland make ethical decisions and judgments about these matters. In particular, it engages with people's ideas about nature and naturalness, and how these relate to views about parenting and building stable environments for future generations. Taking into account the ways by which daily responsibilities and commitments are balanced with moral values, it suggests that there is still much to uncover about reproductive ethics. The book offers a new approach to researching, thinking, and writing about nature, ethics, and reproduction.
Ipi Tombi
Authors: Sanders Mark
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the historical significance of Ipi Tombi, a 1974 musical by South African writers Bertha Egnos and her daughter Gail Lakier, and describes it as an episode in the secret history of learning Zulu. Ipi Tombi was produced with the collaboration of black people, contains African music and dance, and was enthusiastically consumed by black audiences. After opening in Johannesburg in March 1974, where it ran for several years at the Brooke Theater, Ipi Tombi toured in various cities worldwide, including New York where it sparked protests from groups who accused the show of being a propaganda ploy by the South African government. The chapter also considers the legend of Johnny Clegg, a pop singer who blended rock with elements of Zulu music and performance, and concludes with a discussion of the meaning of the phrase “Ipi Tombi” as “Where are the girls?”.
How Relational Accounting Matters
Authors: Wherry Frederick F.
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on two types of relational accounting systems: the first is focused on meaningful events and life-stage transitions; the second, on the anticipated moral consequences of action and its effects on how individuals weigh and keep track of their options. Relational accounting represents the sociological counterpoint to mental accounting in that it uses cultural, moral, and relational processes to develop an interpretive social science of choice and decision making. Like mental accounting, relational accounting violates the economic notion of fungibility. Money in one mental account is not a perfect substitute for money in another account. Unlike mental accounting, however, relational accounting locates individual decision making in the moments of the life cycle that are culturally meaningful and collectively enforced and in overarching moral structures.
Perceptions of Science and Global Order
Authors: Rosenboim Or
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how globalism intersected with competing perceptions of “science” in the 1940s as part of a political project to construct a new and better world order, often under American or Western guidance. In particular, it analyzes the views of Lewis Mumford, H. G. Wells, Charles E. Merriam, and Michael Polanyi—all of whom identified a new condition of political globalism that required a reconceptualization of political order—on morality and science as well as their argument that the post-war global order would intertwine scientific universalism with moral universalism grounded in a notion of common humanity. The chapter also considers Mumford’s response to the universal menace of the atomic bomb, paying attention to his emphasis on humanity’s universal commitment to shared values.
Conclusion
Authors: Rosenboim Or
Published: January 2018

This chapter concludes that the book has shown that the mid-century globalist discourse was distinctly political: visions of world order sought to adapt political ideas like democracy, liberty, pluralism, and empire to the changing perceptions of the spatial conditions of the world. It has examined how proponents of globalism such as Lionel Robbins, Michael Polanyi, and Friedrich A. Hayek increasingly perceived liberty as a universal entitlement. The chapter ties together the various theoretical and historical narratives of global thought in the 1940s and offers some reflections on the decline of the globalist ideology at the end of the decade, along with its omnipresent return at the end of the twentieth century. It considers how some of the seeds sown in the mid-century debates about globalism developed eventually into institutions, organizations, and political movements, a classic example of which is the United Nations.
Catharine Market and Its Neighborhood
Authors: Baics Gergely
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the neighborhood setting, which provided the immediate economic, social, and cultural contexts of the public markets. Through a case study of Catharine Market, it documents the piecemeal process by which the neighborhood marketplace was assembled, along with the consolidation of its economic agglomeration, internal social and spatial order, everyday functioning, formal and informal management, and daily relations to customers. By the early nineteenth century, Catharine Market served as one of Gotham's largest and most thriving food emporia. It functioned as the regular meeting point for diverse participants in the provisions trade: neighborhood food vendors, including butchers, hucksters, and peddlers; Long Island and other New York region farmers; fishermen harvesting the city's plentiful coastal and inland waterways; and, of course, the area's booming and diverse population of merchants, artisans, and laborers shopping daily at this marketplace.
Introduction
Authors: Baics Gergely
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book tells story of New York's transition from a tightly regulated public market system of provisioning in the Early Republic to a free-market model in the antebellum period. It examines what a municipal market system was and how it worked to supply urban dwellers; how and why access to food moved from the public to the private domain by the 1840s; how these two distinctive political economies shaped the physical and social environments of a booming city; and what the social consequences of deregulation were for residents of America's first metropolis. On the whole, the book offers a comprehensive account based in political economy and the social and geographic history of the complex interplay of urban governance, market forces, and the built environment in provisioning New Yorkers.
Modern Overflow
Authors: Parrish Susan Scott
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses how the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 exposed the chronic and longstanding social and economic precariousness of the Delta. The flood made visible the combination of history and natural history that had produced it. Economic and social commentator Stuart Chase was a northerner who looked critically at the flood as a sign of systemic trouble. In the book Rich Land, Poor Land (1936), he contemplated not only the 1927 flood but also the still unfolding Dust Bowl, averring that his was a time of environmental “boomerangs.” Chase perceived the river not as a willful agent but rather one neutral part of various natural and humanly altered cycles, systems, and histories. Thus, to understand 1927 in the Delta, we have to understand that industrial “gallop” which occurred throughout the Mississippi watershed after the Civil War.
A Northern Army of Relief
Authors: Parrish Susan Scott
Published: January 2018

The Red Cross needed to draw national and international attention to the flood to prevent it from causing greater devastation of life. Commanded by the executive branch and aided by the military, the Red Cross enjoined privately owned media channels—newspapers, magazines, radio broadcasting companies, moving picture theaters—not only to disseminate the messages crafted by its Public Information bureau but also to be official channels for collecting donations from the public. This chapter considers how the media and entertainment industries produced public engagement out of the flood. The publicity push skirted the issue of the flood as evidence of a federal engineering blunder by representing relief efforts as a massive and flawless technocratic mechanism assembled by the country's best experts. At the broadest level, military scenes dominated the narrative. The flood was imagined as a fight between modern organization and primordial forces, as a battle between modern and ancient.
Cross Talk in the Press
Authors: Parrish Susan Scott
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers the mainstream white public's growing dissatisfaction with the particular forms of representation that the flood seemed to produce. On May 29, 1927, the New York Times complained of the flood that “the very sweep of such a tragedy makes it hard to grasp it in its full significance.” A June 15 editorial in The Nation agreed: “people can stand only so much calamity. After a while it begins to pall and finally it has no meaning whatever.” The flood had become unsatisfying news because of both its scale and its duration. What was also unsatisfying was the messy cadaverous muck of human failure. Meanwhile, as the social issues and human practices that had turned cyclical overflow into disaster in the first place began to manifest themselves still more visibly in the disaster's developments, a print practice of exposure and blame emerged.
Richard Wright: Environment, Media, and Race
Authors: Parrish Susan Scott
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers the extent and nature of the flood's influence on Richard Wright, and on his development as a thinker and writer. Wright saw the social and physical environments as not only shaping but also being politically—that is, humanly—shaped. This insight—which he drew from the protest literature surrounding the flood—allowed him to anticipate much work that has come out of the Environmental Justice Movement in recent years. Moreover, the canonical status of Native Son led to an association between Wright and the northern urban “street.” Once we better appreciate that Wright's critical edge came not only from the city street but also from the South's “second nature,” we see that for an author to place black characters in the southern countryside in this period is not necessarily a nostalgic gesture.
Permanently Temporary
Authors: Nucho Joanne Randa
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the permanently temporary housing regimes of two Armenian refugee camps in Bourj Hammoud—Sanjak and Arakadz—in order to examine the various technologies that municipality and political actors use to mobilize notions of belonging to the “community” through informal property. While Sanjak is slated for destruction, and more than half of it has already been demolished, there has been little public outcry or discussion in Bourj Hammoud. Arakadz, on the other hand, while not necessarily protected from the possibility of eventual destruction, circulates as an image of nostalgia, an important locus of collective memory for Lebanese Armenians. Both Sanjak and Arakadz are informal neighborhoods where the municipality has granted Armenians only temporary property rights, but what accounts for this difference? How do some people and neighborhoods get excluded and others included through the mobilization of notions of authenticity, community, and belonging and the temporary regimes of informal property?
Building the Networks
Authors: Nucho Joanne Randa
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the role of notions of gender propriety in differentiating access to Armenians women's organizations in Bourj Hammoud. It focuses on the work of two distinct types of institutions—a transnational Armenian NGO and the various women's organizations affiliated with the Armenian Dashnag Party. A closer look at these organizations show how gender, particularly the performance of normative notions of gender roles and gendered propriety, enables or disables access to the networks that produce the Armenian community in various forms. Access to these channels of services and their attendant resources differs based on women's abilities to mobilize gender, kinship, and family relations, particular kinds of class positions and professional training, linguistic skills, and even spatial, neighborhood connections. Gender propriety and class positioning allow women to connect social infrastructures, to network into other networks glossed as Armenian middle class or Dashnag Party base.
The Eyes of Odars
Authors: Nucho Joanne Randa
Published: January 2018

This chapter jumps beyond the neighborhood scale to a city-to-city collaboration between Bourj Hammoud and a foreign municipality as a means of challenging Lebanese state infrastructure projects. It analyzes the ways in which the overlapping jurisdictions of power go far beyond the fragmented infrastructures of the neighborhood block to transnational circulations of expertise and resources. In doing so, it demonstrates how the popular notion that Lebanon's infrastructural and conflict-oriented problems could be solved through a strong centralized state or through the ideology of decentralization completely ignores the way that municipal governance works through overlapping jurisdictions. While Lebanese centralized state-sponsored infrastructure projects have had a destructive impact on environmental and social conditions in Bourj Hammoud, municipality-endorsed initiatives have often been equally destructive.