bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does our Current Understanding of Immune Tolerance, Autoimmunity, and Immunosuppressive Mechanisms Facilitate the Design of Efficient Cancer Vaccines?
Authors: Sioud M.
Published: September 2009

The therapeutic use of the immune system to attack cancer cells has been a longstanding vision among tumour immunologists. However, most human tumours are poorly immunogenic and are able to invade the host immune system. Although these obstacles are clearly critical to cancer vaccine development, the induction of a strong anti‐tumour immune response may rely on the activation of high affinity T cells through a molecular mimicry mechanism which involves cross‐reactive recognition of foreign antigens mimicking the structure of tumour proteins. Taking into account the disparity in HLA molecules needed to present shared antigens; in late 1990s Stauss et al. described the possibility of generating allorestricted high affinity cytotoxic T cells against synthetic self‐peptides bound to non‐self‐MHC molecules. In addition to the strategies indicated above, the inhibition of the immunosuppressive mechanisms associated with tumour invasion of the immune system using RNA interference also offers a new approach to vaccine design. This review highlights the problem of immune tolerance, the induction of autoreactive T cells, and describes strategies to enhance tumour immunity.
Jasmonate controls late development stages of petal growth in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Brioudes Florian , Joly Caroline , Szécsi Judit , Varaud Emilie , Leroux Julie , Bellvert Floriant , Bertrand Cédric , Bendahmane Mohammed
Published: September 2009

In Arabidopsis, four homeotic gene classes, A, B, C and E, are required for the patterning of floral organs. However, very little is known about how the activity of these master genes is translated into regulatory processes leading to specific growth patterns and the formation of organs with specific shapes and sizes. Previously we showed that the transcript variant BPEp encodes a bHLH transcription factor that is involved in limiting petal size by controlling post‐mitotic cell expansion. Here we show that the phytohormone jasmonate is required for control of BPEp expression. Expression of BPEp was negatively regulated in opr3 mutant flowers that are deficient in jasmonate synthesis. Moreover, the expression of BPEp was restored in opr3 flowers following exogenous jasmonate treatments. Expression of the second transcript variant BPEub, which originates from the same gene as BPEp via an alternative splicing event, was not affected, indicating that BPEp accumulation triggered by jasmonate occurs at the post‐transcriptional level. Consistent with these data, opr3 exhibited an increase in petal size as a result of increased cell size, as well as a modified vein pattern, phenotypes that are similar to those of the bpe‐1 mutant. Furthermore, exogenous treatments with jasmonate rescued petal phenotypes associated with loss of function of OPR3. Our data demonstrate that jasmonate signaling downstream of OPR3 is involved in the control of cell expansion and in limiting petal size, and that BPEp is a downstream target that functions as a component mediating jasmonate signaling during petal growth.
Ipsilateral café‐au‐lait macules, deafness, and pituitary microadenoma in a 35‐year‐old woman
Authors: Valdivieso Rommel
Published: September 2009

Background  The association between ipsilateral café‐au‐lait macules, deafness, and pituitary adenoma has not been described previously.

Case report and results  A 35‐year‐old woman affected since birth with two café‐au‐lait macules, one measuring 15 × 20 cm, with an irregular shape, covering almost all of the left buttock, and the other measuring 6 × 13 cm on the front side of the left thigh, is described. For as long as the patient can remember, she has been totally deaf in the left ear, diagnosed as 100% congenital sensorineural deafness. In addition, a left‐side pituitary microadenoma was detected at the age of 31 years. She was also found to have a transitional lumbosacral vertebra, and multiple dermatofibromas and nevomelanocytic nevi.

Conclusion  It is suggested that this association is not a coincidence, but is part of a neurocutaneous syndrome which has not been described previously.
Isotretinoin: is there any arrhythmic effect?
Authors: Selcoki Yusuf , Gorpelioglu Canan , Turgut Faruk , Sarifakioglu Evren , Ozkara Adem , Tekin Oguz , Kanbay Mehmet , Akcay Ali
Published: September 2009

Background  Oral isotretinoin is currently the most effective therapy for acne, but is associated with numerous adverse effects. To investigate the cardiac effects of isotretinoin, acne patients receiving isotretinoin for 6 months were studied.

Methods  Twenty‐six patients with acne vulgaris were enrolled in the study. The patients were treated with a dose of 0.8 mg/kg/day of isotretinoin (Roaccutane, Hoffman‐La Roche, Basle, Switzerland) for 6 months. All participants were assessed pretreatment and at the third month of therapy with 24‐h Holter monitoring of electrocardiography.

Results  Twenty‐two patients completed the study (19 females and three males). Initial 24‐h Holter monitoring showed normal sinus rhythm in all patients, with a mean heart rate of 79 beats/min (lowest, 63 beats/min; highest, 97 beats/min). At the third month of therapy, 24‐h Holter monitoring showed normal sinus rhythm in all patients, with a mean heart rate of 81 beats/min (lowest, 67 beats/min; highest, 91 beats/min). All patients were in sinus rhythm throughout the recording period. None of the patients had supraventricular tachycardia or atrial arrhythmia.

Conclusion  In this study, 6 months of isotretinoin therapy significantly improved acne and did not cause any cardiac adverse effects at a dose of 0.8 mg/kg/day.
Differences in perceived importance and personal use of sun protection among primary care physicians are reflected in their clinical practice
Authors: Cac Natalie N. , Walling Hobart W. , Vest Cortney , Ting William
Published: September 2009

Background  There is inadequate data regarding sun protection awareness, personal practice, and patterns of patient education among primary care clinicians.

Methods  Anonymous surveys were mailed to physicians in the Departments of Medicine, Family Practice, and Pediatrics at our institution.

Results  Of the 578 surveys distributed to primary care physicians, 170 (29%) responded. Of the responding physicians, 116 (68%) reported wearing sunscreen whenever outside, 14 (8%) did so daily, and 12 (7%) never wore sunscreen. Additionally, 54 (32%) reported wearing protective clothing consistently and 100 (59%) did so occasionally. Given a list of preventive medicine issues, sun protection was ranked lowest on a 10‐point scale (6.7), behind smoking cessation (9.0), active lifestyle (8.2), and cholesterol control (7.4). Pediatricians placed the highest relative ranking (7.7) for sun protection and were most consistent in providing sun protection education, with 60% reporting this practice in over half of visits, compared to 32% of family physicians and 17% of internists. Among attending physicians, 70% reported wearing sunscreen whenever they are outside, compared to 58% of house‐staff physicians. Attending physicians reported providing sun protection counseling more frequently than house‐staff physicians (33% vs. 8%). The greatest impediments in providing sun protection counseling were inadequate time during office visits, not thinking about sun protection during office visits, and lack of proper training.

Limitations  The response rate to our survey was relatively low. The perceived importance and personal practice of sun protection at our Midwestern academic institution may not reflect those of physicians practicing in other regions or settings.

Conclusions  Differences in the perceptive importance and personal practice of sun protection are reflected in the self‐reported clinical practice of these primary care physicians. This reinforces the opportunity to educate primary care clinicians to join the public health effort to increase sun protection awareness.
Acromegaly presenting as cutis verticis gyrata
Authors: Al‐Bedaia Mohammad , Al‐Khenaizan And Sultan
Published: September 2009

A 17‐year‐old Saudi male patient presented with progressive asymptomatic skin changes on the scalp for 4 years. Upon examination, he was a well‐built muscular male with coarse facial features with broadening of the nasal bridge and thick lips. Scalp examination revealed multiple gyriform oblong skin folds in the fronto‐parietal region (Fig. 1). Extensive velvety dark brown plaques were seen on sides of the neck, axillae, and groin. Similar eruption was seen on the knuckles of both hands and around the eyes. Clinical diagnosis of cutis verticis gyrata of the scalp and acanthosis nigricans was made. Because of the extent and the rapid progression of the above changes, acromegaly was suspected. Endocrinology referral confirmed this by the findings of high random growth hormone level at the value of 37.3 mIU/L (normal 0.2–13.0). Arrangement of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain was made, but unfortunately the patient was lost to follow‐up.

Photograph of the patient's scalp demonstrating cutis verticis gyrata.

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Is topical antimycotic treatment useful as adjuvant therapy for flexural atopic dermatitis: randomized, double‐blind, controlled trial using one side of the elbow or knee as a control
Authors: Wong Alson W. K. , Hon Ellis Kam‐lun , Zee Benny
Published: September 2009

Background  Certain factors are known to cause exacerbation of atopic dermatitis (AD), e.g. soap, detergent, dry skin, staphylococcal colonization, and herpes infection. Other factors are suspected, but not yet proven, e.g. yeasts belonging to the Malassezia genus. It is known that antimycotics may be beneficial in a small subset of adult patients with dermatitis affecting the head and neck region; however, it is not known whether AD patients, many of whom also have head and neck involvement, may also find antimycotics useful. A previous study has demonstrated no treatment difference in adult AD patients; however, the measurement method was criticized and 1% hydrocortisone cream may have too weak an effect in adult patients. Therefore, we designed this randomized, double‐blind, controlled trial to examine this question. Younger AD patients were recruited and different methods of measuring outcomes were used.

Objective  To evaluate the usefulness of topical antimycotic treatment as adjuvant therapy for flexural AD.

Methods  This was a randomized, double‐blind, controlled trial in AD patients using one side of the elbow or knee as a control. There were three independent outcomes: (i) to compare the ability to relieve symptoms; (ii) to compare the ability to improve clinical signs; and (iii) to compare the ability to provide lasting clinical effects.

Results  All three outcomes showed unequivocally that the addition of antimycotic did not provide extra benefit to the standard treatment.

Conclusion  The addition of antimycotic does not seem to provide extra benefit to AD patients, and the beneficial effect of this medication seems to be restricted to a small subset of adult patients with dermatitis affecting the head and neck region.
Etanercept therapy allows the tapering of methotrexate and sustained clinical responses in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis
Authors: Yamauchi Paul S. , Lowe Nicholas J.
Published: September 2009

Methotrexate, the most common systemic small molecule used in the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis, is associated with significant toxicities and adverse events. Long‐term continuous usage is not recommended due to potential liver toxicity, myelosuppression, and other side effects. Abrupt cessation of methotrexate without tapering can lead to flare‐up and rebound of psoriasis. Here we describe sustained clinical responses in 6 patients with psoriasis following gradual cessation of methotrexate through the addition of etanercept therapy.
A retrospective study of 2585 patients patch tested with the European standard series in Hong Kong (1995–99)
Authors: Lam Wai Sun , Chan Loi Yuen , Ho Stanley Ching Kong , Chong Lai Yin , So Win Han , Wong Tze Wai
Published: September 2009

Background  Data on patch test findings in Hong Kong are scarce, with the last survey performed more than 10 years ago. A retrospective analysis of results from all patch tests performed on patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis from January 1995 to December 1999 in the Social Hygiene Service, which provides a public dermatology service in Hong Kong, was undertaken. We aimed to explore the demographic data associated with positive reactions and the profile of contact sensitizing allergens in Hong Kong.

Methods  A total of 2585 patients were patch tested with the European standard series during the period. Most were Chinese, with a female‐to‐male ratio of 3 : 2.

Results  One or more positive responses were noted in 1415 patients (54.7%). The most common allergen was nickel sulfate (24.4%), followed by fragrance mix (13.7%), cobalt chloride (8.7%), p‐phenylenediamine (6.0%), and balsam of Peru (5.7%). Nickel sensitivity was more common in female patients, and dichromate sensitivity was more common in male patients (P < 0.001). Female gender, an age of 40 years or below, truncal and upper limb involvement, absence of lower limb involvement, and a positive atopy history were significant risk factors for nickel sensitivity.

Conclusions  This study provides a profile of allergens responsible for allergic contact dermatitis in the public dermatology service in Hong Kong. A prospective study, using a larger panel of allergens, involving patients from both the private and public sectors, would provide a more comprehensive profile of contact allergens in Hong Kong and contribute to the establishment of a local standard series.
Factors leading to the biopsy of 1547 pigmented lesions at Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, in 2005
Authors: Soares Temitope F. , Laman Susan D. , Yiannias James A. , Connolly Suzanne M. , Lim Katherine K. , Wu Qing , Swanson David L.
Published: September 2009

Background  Both physician‐driven and patient‐driven factors influence biopsy decisions. We sought to determine the ratio of benign to malignant melanocytic biopsy findings in our general dermatology practice and to characterize the reasons for biopsy.

Methods  A retrospective review of institutional records (1 January to 31 December 2005) was undertaken.

Results  We identified 1398 nevi, 147 invasive and in situ melanomas, and two lesions interpreted as atypical melanocytic proliferations. Prior histories of melanoma, atypical nevi, or nonmelanoma skin cancer were common. Patient concerns about changes or symptoms drove about one‐third of the biopsies. Physician concerns more commonly drove biopsies in men and older patients (> 60 years). Physician‐directed biopsies more commonly yielded atypical nevi, but there was no difference in the likelihood of melanoma. The ratio of removed nevi to melanomas was 9.2 : 1.

Conclusions  Both patient‐driven and physician‐driven indications lead to skin biopsies. We found no standard method of documentation of dermoscopic evaluation, which prevented us from making definitive conclusions about the role of dermoscopy in this cohort.
Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in keloids: a clinicopathologic study
Authors: Salem Ahmed , Assaf Magda , Helmy Afaf , Nofal Ahmad , Ibrahim Samia , Eldeeb Fatma , Youssef Christeen
Published: September 2009

Background  Despite their benign nature, keloids are usually associated with considerable cosmetic effects and may lead to functional problems. Recently, it has been reported that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent angiogenic factor, is overexpressed in keloid tissue and may have a potential role in its evolution.

Methods  Twenty patients with keloids were included in this study and classified into two groups according to the treatment received: intralesional triamcinolone acetonide 20 mg/mL (group 1) and cryotherapy spray technique (group 2). Treatment was continued until clearance or for a maximum of six sessions, and the follow‐up period was 1 year. Skin biopsies were taken from patients before and after treatment to evaluate keloid pathology and from patients and 10 healthy controls to detect the immunohistochemical expression of VEGF.

Results  Histopathologic examination revealed a remarkable resolution of the nodular arrangement of collagen after therapy, particularly in group 1. A statistically significant difference in VEGF expression was found between patients before therapy and controls, and between patients before and after therapy in each group. There was no significant difference in the treatment outcome between intralesional steroids and cryotherapy. No significant correlation was observed between the clinical variables of keloids and both VEGF expression and clinical response to therapy.

Conclusion  VEGF seems to play an important role in the pathogenesis of keloids and may be a useful guide in the evaluation of keloid therapeutics. Modulation of its production may provide a valuable treatment for keloids.
Purpura annularis telangiectodes of Majocchi: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Hoesly Fridolin J. , Huerter Christopher J. , Shehan James M.
Published: September 2009

Background  Purpura annularis telangiectodes of Majocchi is an uncommon form of pigmented purpuric dermatosis which may present a therapeutic challenge. Given the rare nature of this condition, there is limited anecdotal information available regarding optimal therapy. Although pigmented purpuric dermatoses are generally innocuous, in some cases they may cause patients significant distress, and there is a need to exclude cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma.

Methods  We reviewed the literature on the treatment of pigmented purpuric dermatoses and managed a 69‐year‐old woman who presented with purpuric annular patches on the legs.

Results  Three separate biopsies demonstrated an interstitial to perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate with erythrocyte extravasation, consistent with pigmented purpuric dermatosis. The patient's condition proved refractory to many of the previously reported modes of management, but markedly improved with methotrexate. Treatment alternatives for pigmented purpuric dermatosis are reviewed, and a treatment algorithm is proposed.

Conclusion  This is the first reported case regarding the successful use of methotrexate for pigmented purpuric dermatosis. Methotrexate may offer a therapeutic alternative to patients with highly symptomatic pigmented purpuric dermatosis refractory to other, more conservative, treatment modalities.
Response to adefovir or entecavir in renal allograft recipients with hepatitic flare due to lamivudine‐resistant hepatitis B
Authors: Tse Kai Chung , Yap Desmond Y. H. , Tang Colin S. O. , Yung Susan , Chan Tak Mao
Published: September 2009

Tse KC, Yap DYH, Tang CSO, Yung S, Chan TM. Response to adefovir or entecavir in renal allograft recipients with hepatitic flare due to lamivudine‐resistant hepatitis B. Clin Transplant 2009 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399‐0012.2009.01090.x © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  We studied the effects of adefovir or entecavir in six kidney transplant recipients (mean age 45.7 ± 7.8 yr) who developed hepatitic flare due to lamivudine‐resistant hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, with 18 months of follow‐up. All patients had elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and HBV DNA >105 copies/mL (median 2.15 × 108 copies/mL) at baseline. Serum creatinine and creatinine clearance levels were 137.8 ± 59.7 μmol/L and 62.6 ± 18.7 mL/min, respectively. Four patients were treated with adefovir and two with entecavir. Median HBV DNA decreased to 1.99 × 105 copies/mL (p = 0.028) after six months, 1.5 × 104 copies/mL (p = 0.043) after 12 months, and 7.35 × 104 copies/mL (p = 0.068) after 18 months of treatment. There was a corresponding improvement in ALT (34.5 ± 19.1 U/L after 18 months, p = 0.029 compared with baseline). The rate of HBV DNA suppression was variable, and three patients took over six months for the viral load to decrease to <105 copies/mL. After 18 months, HBV DNA was <105 copies/mL in four patients and <102 copies/mL in one patient. Treatment was well‐tolerated and renal function remained stable. We conclude that both adefovir and entecavir are effective in the treatment of lamivudine‐resistant HBV in renal allograft recpients, and the reduction of HBV DNA to <105 copies/mL could be slow.
Non‐organ‐specific and anti‐endothelial antibodies in relation to CMV infection and acute rejection in renal transplant recipients
Authors: Costa Cristina , Touscoz Giovanni Antonio , Bergallo Massimiliano , Terlizzi Maria Elena , Astegiano Sara , Sidoti Francesca , Sinesi Franca , Segoloni Giuseppe P. , Cavallo Rossana
Published: September 2009

Costa C, Touscoz GA, Bergallo M, Terlizzi ME, Astegiano S, Sidoti F, Sinesi F, Segoloni GP, Cavallo R. Non‐organ‐specific and anti‐endothelial antibodies in relation to CMV infection and acute rejection in renal transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 2010: 24: 488–492. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  The presence of non‐organ‐specific (NOSA) and anti‐endothelial antibodies (AECAs) and the onset of rejection in relation to cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection was investigated in 96 renal transplant recipients: 48 CMV pp65‐antigenemia‐negative (group 1) and 48 positive (group 2). The presence of autoantibodies (autoAbs) was evaluated before and following renal transplantation (first three months) by indirect immunofluoresce. Before transplantation, none of the patients was positive to AECAs, while eight (8.3%) were positive to NOSAs. Post‐transplantation, AECA were found in none of patients from group 1 vs. 15/48 (31.2%) from group 2 (p < 0.05); NOSAs were detected in 9/48 (18.8%) and 9/48 patients from group 1 and 2, respectively. An acute rejection was diagnosed in ten cases: six of interstitial type (antigenemia‐, and AECA‐negative; two NOSA‐positive); four of vascular type (all of them NOSA‐negative, 3/4 antigenemia‐, and AECA‐positive). CMV infection did not seem to be significantly associated with the appearance of NOSAs, while there was a significant correlation with the occurrence of AECAs. No significant correlation was found between acute rejection and the occurrence of NOSAs, while 75% of the cases of vascular rejection was associated to CMV infection and AECA‐positivity, suggesting the pathogenic role of CMV‐mediated endothelial damage.
Identification of a novel HLA‐C allele, Cw*021602, by sequence‐based typing in a family of German descent
Authors: Serov Y. , Hommel‐Berrey G. , Lobashevsky A.
Published: September 2009

The novel allele HLA‐Cw*021602 differs from HLA‐Cw*021601 by a nuecleotide substitution at condon 162 (ACG to ACA).
Genetic and structural analysis of MBL2 and MASP2 polymorphisms in south‐eastern African children
Authors: Vallès X. , Sarrias M.‐R. , Casals F. , Farnós M. , Piñer R. , Suárez B. , Morais L. , Mandomando I. , Sigaúque B. , Roca A. , Alonso P. L. , Torres A. , Thielens N. M. , Lozano F.
Published: September 2009

The mannose‐binding lectin (MBL) pathway of complement system is activated when carbohydrate‐bound MBL forms complexes with different serine proteases (MASP‐1, MASP‐2 and MASP‐3), among which MASP‐2 has a predominant functional role. Polymorphisms impairing the quantity and/or the functional activity of proteins encoded by the MBL2 and MASP2 genes have been reported in all human populations showing different allelic frequency and distribution. This likely reflects the existence of environmental influences on MBL2 and MASP2 genetic evolution. Herewith, we conducted a study in a children population from Mozambique to analyse the genetic diversity of sequences corresponding to the promoter and collagen‐like region (exon 1) of MBL2 and to the CUB‐1 and epidermal growth factor domain (exon 3) of MASP2, which are critical regions for the formation of functional MBL/MASP‐2 complexes. Our results show a high prevalence of MBL‐intermediate/low genotypes (43.5%); the description of new alleles and a high level of sequence polymorphism at both MBL2 and MASP2, with no statistical evidence for positive or balancing selection. Furthermore, Biacore analyses performed to explore the functional relevance of the MASP2 variants found [T73M (2.9%), R84Q (12.7%) and P111L (25.4%)] were compared with those of two previously reported variants (R103C and D105G). None of the analysed MASP2 variants, with the exception of D105G, interfered with interactions with either MBL or ficolins (H and L).
A single‐nucleotide polymorphism marker within the FCRL5 gene and HLA‐B27 positive Han Chinese ankylosing spondylitis patients
Authors: Tang X. , Pan F. , Xia G. , Liao F. , Ge R. , Mei Y. , Ye D. , Xu S. , Xu J.
Published: September 2009

The aim of this study was to determine whether FCRL5 genes in concert with human leukocyte antigen‐B27 (HLA‐B27) genotypes are associated with susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in Chinese population. One hundred and sixty‐nine HLA‐B27‐positive AS patients (107 males and 62 females) and 184 HLA‐B27‐positive matched controls (112 males and 72 females) were analyzed from Han Chinese populations by case–control design, and their samples were genotyped using a panel of two single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers (rs6427384, rs12036228) within the FCRL5 gene by ligase detection reactions (LDRs) and the HLA‐B27 subtypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using sequence‐specific primer (SSP) methods. Our results show that in addition to B27, the SNPs rs6427384 and rs12036228 were associated with AS, and the C‐T haplotype was higher in cases with AS than in the control population [74.8% vs 63.6%, Fisher's P = 0.003, odds ratio (OR) = 1.660,95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.184−− 2.326]. Our results suggest that, in addition to HLA‐B27, a novel polymorphism within the FCRL5 gene confers susceptibility to AS in Han Chinese population.
Should dynamic parameters for prediction of fluid responsiveness be indexed to the tidal volume?
Authors: VISTISEN S. T. , KOEFOED‐NIELSEN J. , LARSSON A.
Published: September 2009

Background: The respiratory variation in the pre‐ejection period (ΔPEP) has been used to predict fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients. Recently, we modified this parameter (PEPV) and showed that it was a reliable predictor for post‐cardiac surgery, mainly paced, patients when moderately low tidal volumes were used. One of the modifications involved tidal volume indexation, which had not been proposed before for dynamic parameters. The aim of the present animal study was to investigate whether indexation to tidal volume should be part of a new definition of dynamic parameters such as the case for our newly proposed PEPV.

Methods: Eight prone, anesthetized piglets (23–27 kg) were subjected to a sequence of 25% hypovolemia, normovolemia, and 25% and 50% hypervolemia. At each volemic level, tidal volumes were varied in three steps: 6, 9, and 12 ml/kg. PEP variations (ms) and pulse‐pressure variation (PPV) were measured during the three tidal volume steps at each volemic level.

Results: PEP variations increased significantly with increasing tidal volume at all volemic levels but 50% hypervolemia and were proportionally related to the tidal volume at normovolemia. PPV increased significantly with increasing tidal volume at all volemic levels and was roughly proportional to the tidal volume at all volemic levels but hypovolemia.

Conclusion: Our study indicates that dynamic parameters are improved by indexing to tidal volume.
Dopamine increases renal oxygenation: a clinical study in post‐cardiac surgery patients
Authors: REDFORS BENGT , BRAGADOTTIR GUDRUN , SELLGREN JOHAN , SWÄRD KRISTINA , RICKSTEN SVEN‐ERIK
Published: September 2009

Background: Imbalance of the renal medullary oxygen supply/demand relationship can cause ischaemic acute renal failure (ARF). The use of dopamine for prevention/treatment of ischaemic ARF has been questioned. It has been suggested that dopamine may increase renal oxygen consumption (RVO2) due to increased solute delivery to tubular cells, which may jeopardise renal oxygenation. Information on the effects of dopamine on renal perfusion, filtration and oxygenation in man is, however, lacking. We evaluated the effects of dopamine on renal blood flow (RBF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), RVO2 and renal O2 demand/supply relationship, i.e. renal oxygen extraction (RO2Ex).

Methods: Twelve uncomplicated, mechanically ventilated and sedated post‐cardiac surgery patients with pre‐operatively normal renal function were studied. Dopamine was sequentially infused at 2 and 4 ug/kg/min. Systemic haemodynamics were evaluated by a pulmonary artery catheter. Absolute RBF was measured using two independent techniques: by the renal vein thermodilution technique and by infusion clearance of paraaminohippuric acid (PAH), with a correction for renal extraction of PAH. The filtration fraction (FF) was measured by the renal extraction of 51Cr‐EDTA.

Results: Neither GFR, tubular sodium reabsorption nor RVO2 was affected by dopamine, which increased RBF (45–55%) with both methods, decreased renal vascular resistance (30–35%), FF (21–26%) and RO2Ex (28–34%). The RBF/CI ratio increased with dopamine. Dopamine decreased renal PAH extraction, suggestive of a flow distribution to the medulla.

Conclusions: In post‐cardiac surgery patients, dopamine increases the renal oxygenation by a pronounced renal pre‐and post‐glomerular vasodilation with no increases in GFR, tubular sodium reabsorption or renal oxygen consumption.
Pre‐operative fasting: a nationwide survey of German anaesthesia departments
Authors: BREUER J.‐P. , BOSSE G. , SEIFERT S. , PROCHNOW L. , MARTIN J. , SCHLEPPERS A. , GELDNER G. , SOREIDE E. , SPIES C.
Published: September 2009

Background: Shorter pre‐operative fasting improves clinical outcome without an increased risk. Since October 2004, German Anaesthesiology Societies have officially recommended a fast of 2 h for clear fluids and 6 h for solid food before elective surgery. We conducted a nationwide survey to evaluate the current clinical practice in Germany.

Methods: Between July 2006 and January 2007, standardized questionnaires were mailed to 3751 Anaesthesiology Society members in leading positions requesting anonymous response.

Results: The overall response rate was 66% (n=2418). Of those, 2148 (92%) claimed familiarity with the new guidelines. About a third (n=806, 34%) reported full adherence to the new recommendations, whereas 1043 (45%) reported an eased fasting practice. Traditional Nil per os after midnight was still recommended by 157 (7%). Commonest reasons reported for adopting the new guidelines were: ‘improved pre‐operative comfort’ (84%), and ‘increased patient satisfaction’ (83%); reasons against were: ‘low flexibility in operation room management’ (19%), and ‘increased risk of aspiration’ (13%).

Conclusion: Despite the apparent understanding of the benefits from reduced pre‐operative fasting, full implementation of the guidelines remains poor in German anaesthesiology departments.
Effects of surfactant replacement on alveolar overdistension and plasma cytokines in ventilator‐induced lung injury
Authors: WU H. , KOBAYASHI T. , WAN Q. , SHI W. , QIAN H. , CUI X. , LI W.
Published: September 2009

Background: Overdistension of the lung causes ventilator‐induced lung injury (VILI) accompanied by surfactant abnormalities and inflammatory changes. We investigated the effects of surfactant replacement on overdistension of the terminal airspaces and plasma cytokine levels in VILI.

Methods: VILI was induced by high‐pressure ventilation (HPV) in rats anesthetized with pentobarbital, followed by ventilation for 2 h in the maintenance mode (tidal volume=10 ml/kg, positive end‐expiratory pressure=7.5 cmH2O) with or without surfactant replacement. The sizes of the terminal airspaces were determined after fixing the lungs at an airway pressure of 10 cmH2O on deflation. Cytokine levels were assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: The mean ratio of the largest terminal airspace size class (≥64,000 μm2) was increased from 13.4% to 32.0% by HPV (P<0.05). After maintenance‐mode ventilation, the ratio decreased to 16.1% with surfactant replacement (P<0.05), but increased to 44.6% without surfactant replacement (P<0.05). Mean macrophage inflammatory protein‐2 (MIP‐2) levels in the plasma increased from <0.02 to 6.9 ng/ml with HPV (P<0.05), and further increased to ≥11.8 ng/ml, regardless of surfactant replacement after maintenance‐mode ventilation. Similar tendencies were observed in the interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐10 levels. Tumor necrosis factor‐α levels were almost negligible during the experiment.

Conclusion: In rats with VILI, surfactant replacement reversed overdistension of the terminal airspaces that may induce barotrauma, but not upregulation of MIP‐2, IL‐6, and IL‐10 within 2 h.
Human Foetal Sacral Length Measurement for the Assessment of Foetal Growth and Development by Ultrasonography and Dissection
Authors: Karabulut A. Kağan , Köylüoğlu B. , Uysal İlknur
Published: September 2009

This study investigated the value of prenatal ultrasonographic measurements of sacrum as a predictor of in utero development and gestational age (GA), and to make a comparison between the data obtained by ultrasonography and dissection. A prospective cross‐sectional study of ultrasonography was conducted in 186 pregnant women with uneventful single pregnancies. GA ranged from 14 to 40 weeks, and the relationships of sacrum length (SL) with GA, femur length (FL), biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC) and abdominal circumference (AC) were evaluated. In addition, the sacral bones of 101 spontaneously aborted foetuses aged from 13 to 39 weeks were dissected and measured. The relationship of the results with GA was investigated. There was a linear relationship between the ultrasonographic measurements of the SL and the GA (R2=0.93, P < 0.001), the FL (R2=0.93, P < 0.001), the BPD (R2=0.93, P < 0.001), the HC (R2=0.92, P < 0.001) and the AC (R2=0.90, P < 0.001). The rate of increase of SL was significantly higher before 28 weeks of gestation than in later pregnancy, with a correlation coefficient between SL and GA of 0.96 and 0.88, respectively. The SL measurements obtained by dissection were similar to those of ultrasonography. There was a linear relationship between the SL and the GA (R2=0.96, P < 0.001) and the correlation coefficients between SL and GA were 0.97 before 28 weeks of gestation, and 0.94 in later weeks. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a high correlation between the SL, GA and other standard measurements of foetal growth, and suggests that SL measurement is a valuable predictor of GA in the foetuses with normal growth.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Progesterone Receptor Isoforms in the Chick Pre‐follicular Ovary
Authors: González‐Morán  , Camacho‐Arroyo
Published: September 2009

The distribution of progesterone receptor A and B isoforms in different cell types of the chick pre‐follicular ovary was studied by immunohistochemistry. Newly hatched chicks were killed and the left ovary was removed, fixed and embedded in paraplast. Sections (5 μm thick) were made for the detection of progesterone receptor isoforms, using a technique of indirect immunoperoxidase. The results indicate that progesterone receptors were localized in the nuclei of germinal epithelium and germ cells of the ovarian cortex and in the interstitial and epithelial cells of the lacunar channels of the ovarian medulla. Undifferentiated cells did not present progesterone receptors. In all cell subpopulations progesterone receptor B was the predominantly expressed isoform. These data suggest that progesterone receptor isoforms are differentially expressed in the chick pre‐follicular ovary and that progesterone effects in this tissue are mediated by the progesterone receptor B isoform.
Comparative Anatomy of the Male Guinea‐Pig and Human Lower Urinary Tract: Histomorphology and Three‐Dimensional Reconstruction
Authors: Neuhaus  , Dorschner  , Mondry  , Stolzenburg
Published: September 2009

The guinea‐pig is often used for experimental studies in urology. However, the anatomy of the lower urinary tract of the guinea‐pig is poorly described in the literature. The structure and function of the lower urinary tract, i.e. continence, micturition and sexual function, are closely related to the gross anatomy of the pelvis and the fine structure of the musculature. We investigated the anatomy and histomorphology of the lower urinary tract by serial sections in male guinea‐pigs and compared it to that in humans. Immunohistochemical stainings for alpha‐smooth muscle cell actin were used to differentiate between smooth and striated muscles. By using whole pelvic preparations, including all internal organs preserved in their in situ location for three‐dimensional reconstruction, we developed three‐dimensional models, which elucidate the spatial relationship of all muscular structures and can help to deduce functional aspects of lower urinary tract function. In the guinea‐pig, most of the muscles found in humans can be demonstrated in comparable location and extension. However, the structure of the prostate and the existence of the so‐called coagulation glands define a significant difference in the morphology of the prostatic urethra.
Inbreeding trends and pedigree analysis of Bavarian mountain hounds, Hanoverian hounds and Tyrolean hounds
Authors: Voges S. , Distl O.
Published: September 2009

The objective of this study was to analyse genetic diversity for the three scent‐hound breeds Bavarian mountain hound (BMH), Hanoverian hound (HH) and Tyrolean hound (TH) using all available pedigree information from scent‐hound kennel clubs for these three breeds throughout Europe. The pedigree data of the BMH and the HH date back to 1912 and 1894, respectively. Pedigree data of the TH were available from the 1960s onwards. The reference populations included all BMH (n = 3231), HH (n = 1371) and TH (n = 1167) dogs registered between 1992 and 2004. Average generation intervals were 5.3 years for the BMH and 5.0 years for the HH and TH. Average inbreeding coefficients for the reference populations were 4.5%, 6.8% and 9.5% for the BMH, HH and TH. The effective numbers of founders, ancestors and founder genomes were lowest for the TH and highest for the BMH. The effective numbers of founder genomes were 10.9, 5.6 and 4.3 for the BMH, HH and TH. Effective population size was largest for the BMH with 72.7 effective breeding animals, followed by the HH with 50.9 and TH with 26.5. The most important ten ancestors had genetic contributions to the reference populations of 54.4%, 65.2% and 77.9% in the BMH, HH and TH. The results of our study indicate the need for careful breed management in these highly specialized hound breeds to maintain genetic diversity. European stud books should be established for these dog breeds in order to avoid inbreeding due to missing pedigree records.
Analysis of the mouse high‐growth region in pigs
Authors: Ramos A.M. , Pita R.H. , Malek M. , Lopes P.S. , Guimarães S.E.F. , Rothschild M.F.
Published: September 2009

In the mouse, homozygous animals for the high growth mutation show a 30–50% increase in growth without becoming obese. This region is homologous to the distal part of pig chromosome 5 (SSC5). A previous genome scan detected several quantitative trait loci (QTL) in this region for body composition and meat quality using a three generation Berkshire × Yorkshire resource family. In this study, the effects on swine growth, fat and meat quality traits of three genes previously identified within the mouse high growth region were analysed. The genes studied were CASP2 and RIPKI domain containing adaptor with death domain (CRADD), suppressor of cytokine signalling 2 (SOCS2) and plexinC1 (PLXNC1). In addition, the influence of two other genes located very close to this region, namely the plasma membrane calcium‐transporting ATPase 1 (ATP2B1) and dual specificity phosphatase 6 (DUSP6) genes, was also investigated. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified and used to map these genes to the QTL region on SSC5. Results indicate significant associations between these genes and several phenotypic traits, including fat deposition and growth in pigs. The present study suggests associations of these genes with swine fat and growth related traits, but further studies are needed in order to clearly identify the genes involved in the regulation of the QTL located on SSC5.
Inhibition of Pepper mild mottle virus with Commercial Cellulases
Authors: Oka N. , Ohki T. , Honda Y. , Nagaoka K. , Takenaka M.
Published: September 2009

Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) is one of the most important pathogens of pepper crops (Capsicum annuum L.) worldwide. We have found that commercial cellulases from Trichoderma reesei and Trichoderma viride strongly inhibit PMMoV infection of plants. When purified PMMoV was mixed with the cellulases, it greatly lost the capacity to induce local lesions on leaves of Nicotiana glutinosa. Pretreatment of sweet pepper leaves (C. annuum L.) with cellulase solutions before PMMoV inoculation greatly reduced the number of infected plants. These effects were superior to the effects of known viral inhibitors such as skim milk or Lentinula edodes culture filtrates. Although the mechanism of inhibition remains unknown, this is the first report of antiviral activity ascribed to commercially available cellulases.
Study on Rosellinia necatrix Isolates Causing White Root Rot Disease in Taiwan
Authors: Sun E.‐J. , Lin H.‐S. , Hsieh H.‐J.
Published: September 2009

White root rot is a serious soil‐borne disease of several woods and crops. Recently, white root rot of tea shrubs and ornamental trees has increasingly been observed in Taiwan. Thirty‐six isolates of white root rot pathogen, showing pear‐shape swellings adjacent to the hyphal septa, had been isolated from samples of white root rot collected from Taiwan for about 4 years. The pathogen isolates produced Dematophora anamorph. Conidia of the pathogen were one‐celled, hyaline, subglobal, with truncate base, 2.9–5.8 × 1.9–3.5 μm. Ascospore dimensions were in the range of 37.0–55.0 × 5.4–7.9 μm with a short, longitudinal and straight germ slit, which complied with Rosellinia necatrix. Based on molecular studies, the pathogen isolates collected from Taiwan except R701 were identified as R. nectarix. Isolate R701, which was relatively polymorphic in internal transcribed spacer DNA sequence than other isolates, was temporarily considered as R. necatrix‐related pathogenic Rosellinia spp. All the tea cuttings (Camellia sinensis) inoculated with isolates developed typical white root rot symptoms. Pathogenicity tests demonstrated the presence of variation in virulence among the Rosellina isolates. Most of the R. necatrix isolates originating from Acer morrisonense were less virulent than those that originated from other hosts. The pathogenic Rosellinia spp., isolate R701, was also highly virulent to both cultivars of tea cuttings.
Vapor Fixation of Intractable Fungal Cells for Simple and Versatile Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Kim K. W.
Published: September 2009

Imaging of exudation of conidia from fruiting bodies by scanning electron microscopy is challenging because of the difficulty in achieving specimen fixation that enables conidia to be immobilized from fruiting bodies. Conidia in chains borne on conidiophores are readily dissipated on coming in contact with liquid fixatives before fixation becomes effective. Two phialide‐forming fungi including Aspergillus and Penicillium species, and a pycnidium‐forming fungus Fusicoccum species were subjected to a vapor fixation procedure for scanning electron microscopy rather than conventional immersion fixation procedures. The intractable fungi were exposed to the vapor of 2% glutaraldehyde and 2% osmium tetroxide each for at least 2 h, subsequently followed by gold coating. Through the vapor fixation, excellent retention of conidial chains in phialides was achieved in this study. It appeared that conidial masses from pycnidia were usually held together in globose to oval drops. The simple vapor fixation procedure for preserving delicate fungal cells could be widely used for routine applications to facilitate morphological characterization of diverse plant pathogenic fungi as they are in ex planta ecological niches during the saprophytic phase as well as in host parts during the parasitic phase.
Cloning and Expression Analysis of a Putative ABC Transporter Gene BgABC1 from the Biotrophic Pathogenic Fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici
Authors: Hu W. , Yan L. , Ma Z.
Published: September 2009

A putative ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporter gene (BgABC1) was isolated from the biotrophic pathogenic fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt). Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of BgABC1 showed that the BgABC1 protein had a conserved nucleotide‐binding fold in the N‐terminus, and six transmembrane domains (TMDs) in the C‐terminus. Analysis of the BgABC1 expression using real‐time polymerase chain reaction showed that expression of the gene was increased significantly when the fungus was growing in wheat seedlings treated with 14α‐demethylase‐inhibiting fungicide, triadimefon. The results indicated that the BgABC1 was involved in the protection of the fungus against fungicide toxicity.
First Detection of Stolbur Phytoplasma in Grapevines (Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot) Affected with Grapevine Yellows in Bulgaria
Authors: Avramov Z. , Gillet J. , Laginova M.
Published: September 2009

Between 2003 and 2005, a survey was conducted throughout the grape‐growing regions of Bulgaria to identify possible infection with grapevine yellows diseases, especially Flavescence dorée (FD). The samples were checked for phytoplasmas and viruses inducing similar symptoms in the Central Laboratory for Plant Quarantine. To confirm stolbur phytoplasma infection of grapevine, a multiplex nested‐PCR assay for direct detection of FD and stolbur phytoplasmas was used. Infection of grapevine with phytoplasma was detected. The disease is very common disease in Bulgaria on tomatoes, potatoes and other crops. Monitoring is being continued. This is the first report of phytoplasma‐infected grapevine in Bulgaria.
Detection and Isolation of Preformed Antifungal Compounds from the Peel of Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. cv. Pingguoli at Different Stages of Maturity
Authors: Li Y. C. , An L. Z. , Ge Y. H. , Li Y. , Bi Y.
Published: September 2009

Ethanol‐dichloromethane crude extract from peel of pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. cv. Pingguoli) was separated by thin layer chromatographic plates and bioassayed with conidia of Alternaria alternata. The inhibition zones differed significantly in retention factor (Rf) at expanding stage, harvest time and after 100 days of cold storage. The compounds in the inhibition zones were isolated and identified with gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Palmitate methyl, oleic acid methyl, linolenic acid methyl and squalene were present at all stages. The concentration of these chemicals was the highest in expanding stage fruit peel and decreased rapidly with fruit development. It is suggested that these compounds may be the main antifungal compounds in the growing fruit. The phthalate alkyl esters occurred at relatively higher concentrations in pear peel at harvest and after 100 days of cold storage. Six phthalate alkyl esters were identified from peel of pear fruit after 100 days of cold storage. It is also supposed that these esters may be the antifungal compounds in postharvest pear.