bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Associations of Social Support and Other Psychosocial Factors with Mortality and Quality of Life in the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study
Authors: Untas Aurélie , Thumma Jyothi , Rascle Nicole , Rayner Hugh , Mapes Donna , Lopes Antonio A. , Fukuhara Shunichi , Akizawa Tadao , Morgenstern Hal , Robinson Bruce M. , Pisoni Ronald L. , Combe Christian
Published: October 2010

Background and objectives

This study aimed to investigate the influence of social support and other psychosocial factors on mortality, adherence to medical care recommendations, and physical quality of life among hemodialysis patients.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Data on 32,332 hemodialysis patients enrolled in the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (1996 to 2008) in 12 countries were analyzed. Social support and other psychosocial factors related to ESRD and its treatment were measured by patient self-reports of health interference with social activities, isolation, feeling like a burden, and support from family and dialysis staff. Cox regression and logistic regression were used to examine associations of baseline social support and other psychosocial factors with all-cause mortality and with other measured outcomes at baseline, adjusting for potential confounders.

Results

Mortality was higher among patients reporting that their health interfered with social activities, were isolated, felt like a burden, and were dissatisfied with family support. Poorer family support and several psychosocial measures also were associated with lower adherence to the prescribed hemodialysis length and the recommended weight gain between sessions. Some international differences were observed. Poorer self-reported social support and other psychosocial factors were associated with poor physical quality of life.

Conclusions

Poorer social support and other psychosocial factors are associated with higher mortality risk, lower adherence to medical care, and poorer physical quality of life in hemodialysis patients. More research is needed to assess whether interventions to improve social support and other psychosocial factors will lengthen survival and enhance quality of life.
Divine rape as funeral motif: Example of stela from Viminacium
Authors: Pilipovic Sanja
Published: October 2010

The theme of rape in the decorative program of the stela of M. Valerius Speratus from Viminacium and his wife Lucia Aphrodisia is expressed in the composition of the Rape of Kore and the Rape of Europa. This paper attempts to understand the said myths and their pictorial representations as funeral symbols of the after-death journey of the soul. Possible geopolitical meaning of the myth of the Rape of Europa has also been taken into consideration. The stela from Viminacium have also been viewed in relation to the monuments with the similar representations in the neighboring Danubian provinces.
Maren
Authors: Ivic Pavle
Published: October 2010

nema
Some Serbian parallels to the East-Slavic Vij
Authors: Loma Aleksandar
Published: October 2010

nema
Historical picture of development of early iron age in the Serbian Danube basin
Authors: Tasic Nikola
Published: October 2010

The paper offers a historical survey of the development of Early Iron Age cultures in Danubian Serbia, its characteristics, relations with contemporary cultures of the Pannonian Plain, the Balkans, Carpathian Romania (Transylvania) and the Romanian Banat. It describes the genesis of individual cultures, their styles, typological features and interrelationships. Danubian Serbia is seen as a contact zone reflecting influences of the Central European Urnenfelder culture on the one hand, and those of the Gornea-Kalakaca and the Bosut-Basarabi complex on the other. The latter?s penetration into the central Balkans south of the Sava and Danube rivers has been registered in the Morava valley, eastern Serbia north-western Bulgaria and as far south as northern Macedonia. The terminal Early Iron Age is marked by the occurrence of Scythian finds in the southern Banat, Backa or around the confluence of the Sava and the Danube (e.g. Ritopek), and by representative finds of the Srem group in Srem and around the confluence of the Tisa and Danube rivers. The powerful penetration of Celtic tribes from Central Europe into the southern Pannonian Plain marked the end of the Early Iron Age.
The Vlach funeral laments: Tradition revisited
Authors: Sorescu-Marinkovic Annemarie
Published: October 2010

In the present study I have analyzed three Vlach funeral laments audio-recorded in 2004, during the fieldtrip to Valakonje, near Boljevac Serbia. I have taken into discussion the dynamics of the Vlach community and its present state, with the coexistence of conservatism and transformation. The paper focuses on the performer and shows how, in spite of the fact that she is a guest worker, she is a perfect bearer of tradition.
Le sud-est européen et l'Europe: Origines et perspectives d'une altérité mal assumée en marge de l'élargissement européen
Authors: Bojovic Bosko
Published: October 2010

(francuski) Depuis l'Antiquit? l'histoire de la P?ninsule balkanique est jalonn?e d'alternances entre clivages culturels ou politiques et synth?ses de civilisation: Gr?ce, Rome, Byzance, Empire ottoman. Ce qui a cr?? une superposition de nuances et de diff?renciations ethniques et nationales selon les lignes de partage confessionnelles et culturelles, id?ologiques et politiques. La r?manence de ces lignes de partage, issues en partie du Moyen Age, et qui ne cessent de se d?multiplier depuis le XIXe si?cle, fait que les Balkans oscillent de nos jours entre adh?sion aux processus d'int?gration euro-atlantiques et processus de d?sint?grations successives sur la base des singularisassions communautaires et de pulsions identitaires. Menace majeure de la stabilit? europ?enne au XIXe si?cle connue ? l'?poque sous la d?nomination de "Question d'Orient", la crise balkanique est depuis la fin du XXe si?cle une zone d'ombre sur la toile d'int?gration europ?enne. Les redoutables difficult?s ? g?rer cette crise d?sormais redevenue chronique, font que les Balkans, ind?pendamment ou non de toutes autres contradictions euro-atlantiques, apparaissent comme un espace crucial au sein duquel la future Grande Europe joue tout ou partie de son avenir.
Local government under the defenders of the constitution
Authors: Svircevic Miroslav
Published: October 2010

The paper explains the development of local government under the rule of the constitution defenders 1842-1858. The author describes the historical facts that led to the abdication of Prince Milos and the establishment of an oligarchic government of chieftains assembled in a council (Toma Vucic Perisic, Avram Petronijevic, Hadji Milutin Garasanin and his son Ilija Stojan and Aleksa Simic), as well as the process of building a modern state administration and cultural identity, an integral part of which was a narrower process of constituting local government. A distinct role in the latter process was played by the Austrian-born Serbs, the only intelligentsia in the Principality of Serbia which was still under Turkish suzerainty. Special attention is given to the analysis of two local government acts instituting centralized local authorities with an enhanced law enforcement role in the districts, counties and communes. Those are District Prefectural System and of County Prefect Office Act of 12 May 1839 and Communal System Act of 13 July the same year. Of great importance was the former law, one of the longest-lived in the history of nineteenth-century Serbian constitutionalism. It was in force in 1839-88 and 1894-1903. Every autocratic regime in Serbia was to rely on it. Its distinctive feature is that it subordinated district and county prefects to the central authority and to the minister of internal affairs. They were reduced to mere police agents deprived of any freedom of action. Thus the local officials assumed the character of rigid administrators looking down on the common people. A natural continuation of this law was the other law of communal organization which turned the lowest local units into mere executive agencies of counties. Thus local government took on the form of a mere transmission of the central government, functioning according to a principle similar to the medieval lord-vassal system: my vassal's vassal is not my vassal.
Did the ancient Greeks know of collective tyranny?
Authors: Jordovic Ivan
Published: October 2010

The significance of the question as to whether the ancient Greeks had the notion of collective tyranny results not only from the fact that the answer may help us understand the evolution of Greek political thought, but also from the fact that the study of the oppressive regimes whose exact nature was open to controversy should not consider them only in terms of oligarchy or tyranny, since contemporary attitudes to such regimes were often powerfully influenced by stereotypes. For that reason this study focuses on the notion of dynasties and shows that it, not identical but very similar to the modern notion of collective tyranny, was known to the Greeks.
The challenge of plural identity
Authors: Jovanovic Bojan
Published: October 2010

The complexity of collective existence is expressed through an awareness of its real identity, which then entails an appropriate attitude towards its own negativity. Within the hierarchically structured identity, different levels of its generality make it possible to consider them as factors of a plural reality. If negativity is raised to consciousness, then its dark side is dismantled. Thus, instead of being a factor of conflict, negativity becomes an element of complementariness and a factor in the construction of a shared identity at a higher level of generality.
A Balkan-style French revolution?: The 1804 Serbian Uprising in European perspective
Authors: Batakovic Dusan
Published: October 2010

The Serbian uprising of 1804-13, initially a peasant rebellion against abuses of power by local janissaries, turned into a national and social revolution from 1806. During its second phase (late 1806 - early 1807), Serbian insurgents openly proclaimed their demand for independence. Encouraged by their military achievements, the insurgent leaders began to seek wider Balkan support for their struggle against Ottoman domination. Although its political claims were a mixture of modern national and romantic historic rights, the uprising gave hope to all Balkan Christians that the Ottoman defeat was an achievable goal. For the Balkan nations it was a French Revolution adapted to local conditions: the principle of popular sovereignty was opposed to the principle of legitimism; a new peasant-dominated society was created in which, due to the lack of the aristocracy and well-established middle classes, agrarian egalitarianism was combined with the rising aspirations of a modern nation. Its long-term effects on the political and social landscape of the whole region justified the assessment of the eminent German historian Leopold von Ranke who described the uprising, by analogy with the French example, as the Serbian Revolution.
Sir Austen Chamberlain and the Italo-Yugoslav crisis over Albania February - May 1927
Authors: Zametica Jovan
Published: October 2010

In the Spring of 1927 a major European crisis was developing in the Balkans It concerned the rivalry between Mussolini?s Italy and the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes over Albania in which, though a small and backward country, both Rome and Belgrade claimed to have legitimate political and security interests. At the time, the Italo-Yugoslav crisis was seen by many observers as containing the potential of turning into a war the Italian government in particular insisting that Belgrade was engaged in military preparations in order to launch an invasion of Albania. An important factor that made the Italo-Yugoslav rivalry over Albania possible in the first place was the country?s perennial political instability. Thus the crisis attracted considerable attention in Europe. Given the fact that France and Italy experienced strained relations, and that the Weimar Germany had only recently returned to the mainstream of the affairs of Europe following the treaties of Locarno, it was Great Britain that emerged as the chief player in attempts to defuse the emergency. Historians have paid relatively little attention to this, by now largely forgotten, episode in the diplomatic history of interwar Europe. The existing literature, however mistakenly tends to interpret the efforts of Great Britain as favoring the Italian claims in Albania. This article, which makes extensive use of primary sources from the Foreign Office, demonstrates that Foreign Secretary Sir Austen Chamberlain and all his relevant officials handled the crisis in an even-handed manner throughout and that, at times, if London exhibited any sympathy and understanding at all for either side, it was towards Belgrade rather than Rome.
People in my life: Picture of socialization
Authors: Likomanova Iskra
Published: October 2010

In every life history the narrator introduces different personalities she has known, met, worked or lived with in a different/specific way. It is done in the context of frequent topics such as work, home, school etc. The paper introduces notions such as narrative presence (subjectivity) and life presence (objectivity); mentioned once and mentioned repeatedly; positive and negative emotional contexts for the personality presented etc. The analysis suggests a matrix of the narrator's internal and external socialization.
The establishment of Serbian local government in the counties of Nis, Vranje, Toplica and Pirot subsequent to the Serbo-Turkish wars of 1876-1878
Authors: Svircevic Miroslav
Published: October 2010

In the wake of the Serbo-Turkish wars of 1876-77 and the 1878 Congress of Berlin the process of establishing local government in the newly-liberated areas began. The process of incorporating the so-called New Areas into the legal system of pre-war Serbia took five years (1877-82) and went through four phases. The first phase began with the Second Serbo-Turkish war and lasted to the border demarcation between the principalities of Serbia and Bulgaria in 1878. It was marked by the establishment of provisional local authorities, carried out by the representative of the Serbian government in the Supreme Army Command. In the second phase permanent local institutions were established in the New Areas in order to harmonize their administrative and judicial structure with that of pre-war Serbia. In the third phase the agrarian reform was carried out in order to abolish feudal relations, while protecting the property rights of the former Muslim land?owners in compliance with Article 39 of the Berlin Treaty. In the fourth phase the question of resettling the "New Serbian Areas" was being resolved after the significant population change brought about by the Second Serbo-Turkish War. The focus of the paper is on the first two phases.
Sources of the ideology of the Serbian radical movement 1881-1903
Authors: Protic Milan
Published: October 2010

The sources of the ideology of Serbian Radicalism were twofold: imported and domestic. The imported (or foreign) influences came in three major waves: 1) European (especially Russian) socialist, anarchist, and populist traditions mainly influencing the group round Svetozar Markovic and covering the period described as rudimentary Radicalism; 2) strong influence of the French Radical movement both in terms of political programme and organization; 3) British parliamentary and constitutional theory, fully accepted by the Radicals in Serbia by the late 1880s. The ideas drawn from European political experience needed to be transformed, changed, and adapted to suit the specific Serbian political environment. The internal (or domestic) sources of Radicalism were the specific political circumstances of Serbian society political expressions emerging from the ruler, on the one hand, and from political parties, on the other, fundamentally influenced and modified the Radical ideology.
Nikola Pasic: The Radicals and the "Black hand" challenges to parliamentary democracy in Serbia 1903-1917
Authors: Batakovic Dusan
Published: October 2010

Given that the issue of the functioning of parliamentary democracy in Serbia 1903-1914 has not been thoroughly explored, an attempt is made to define the capacities of Serbia?s parliamentary system confronted with military interferences in political processes. The paper looks at the conflict between the democratic forces, led by the Prime Minister Nikola Pasic and his Radicals, and a group of conspirators within the army, which in 1911 formed a clandestine society "Unification or Death" (Black Hand), led by D. Dimitrijevic Apis. Political influence of the army significantly increased with the dynastic change effected in 1903. In a predominantly rural society (almost 90 percent of the population) the army took up the function of the middle class and its mission to expedite the process of national liberation. Due to unconstitutional and non-parliamentary actions of military circles the period may be described as one of fragile but functional democracy. Seeking to suppress the army's praetorian aspirations, Pasic and the Radicals took various measures to force it into its constitutional role. Sharpened during the First World War, the conflict led in 1917 to a show trial known as the Salonica Trial. The leaders of the Black Hand were sentenced to death and executed. Similar trials stood by military conspiracies in other European countries during the Great War show that democracy is always threatened in times of extreme crisis such as war. In that sense, Pasic may have deemed the extreme measures against the Black Hand necessary for the preservation of the democratic system established in 1903.
The ephemeral Croatian orthodox church and its Bosnian extension
Authors: Besse Jean-Paul
Published: October 2010

The so-called Croatian Orthodox Church was an ephemeral creation of the Ustachi regime founded in 1942 in Croatia. The analysis of its founder Malsinov, an archbishop of the Russian Orthodox Church in exile, doubtlessly reveals his anti-communist motives, which were also behind his cooperation with the Romanian Orthodox Church through Metropolitan Bessarion. The two prelates ordained Spyridon Mifka as bishop of Sarajevo, an extension of the same Croatian Orthodox Church. The anti-communist aspect of this cooperation continued in exile following the establishment of Soviet rule in Eastern Europe. The climate and reasons that led Maslinov to become the head of this phantom institution, however, cannot be fully elucidated at present.
The December revolt in Athens British intervention and Yugoslav reaction: December 1944 - January 1945
Authors: Ristovic Milan
Published: October 2010

The revolt that members and supporters of the leftist movement EAM-ELAS staged in Athens in early December 1944 against the Greek royal and British forces ushered into the second "round" of the civil war in Greece. The developments in the neighborhood draw much attention in Yugoslavia, where the war of liberation was in its final phases in parallel with the elimination of political rivals to the new government in which communists played a central role. This attention was not only a result of ideological solidarity, it also had to do with the "Macedonian Question", i.e. the position of Slavic Macedonian minority in northern Greece, an issue that had aroused a debate between Greek and Yugoslav communists in 1944. Difficulties in relations between the Yugoslav partisan leadership and the British, pressure from London, the passivity of the Soviet Union as regards the developments in Athens, a stalemate on the Srem Front, fights with the remaining collaborationist forces, compelled Yugoslavia to take a reserved position and avoid direct involvement in Greece. Appeals of Greek communists for aid in military supplies, promised on the eve of the revolt, failed to provoke a tangible response of the Yugoslav leadership. Once the revolt was crushed by the British and a truce between the EAM-ELAS and the royal government signed a wave of migration to Yugoslavia ensued of the borderland civilian Slavic Macedonian population but also of several thousand radical Greek leftists unwilling to accept the Varkiza agreement.
A generation gap in late fifth-century-BC Athens
Authors: Jordovic Ivan
Published: October 2010

The belief that there was a generation gap in Athens in the late fifth century BC is widely accepted by the scholarly community. This paper looks at how the generation gap thesis has come into being and challenges that view, seeking to show that the intergenerational differences became neither a subject of politics nor a political factor, although the young and the old did respond differently to the challenges and innovations that stirred both private and public life in Athens at the time.
Two Serbian place names ending in -is of Romanian origin - Mris and Desiska
Authors: Loma Aleksandar
Published: October 2010

The suffix -i? is among the most productive in Romanian toponymy, and is mostly used for deriving drymonyms (names of forests) with the name of a tree as their usual derivational stem. (Micro)toponyms of the kind are frequent in the parts of Serbia with a Romanian-speaking (Vlach) population, but they also occur where there have been no Vlachs for centuries. To the already recorded examples (Peris in Svrljig, documented since 1455, from Rom. peri? 'pear grove'; Val(u)nis near Babusnica from Rom. aluni?, 'hazel grove') further two are added here: Mris, a hill in Zaglavak, probably from Rom. meri?, 'apple grove', with a reduction and syncope of the pretonic vowel in Serbian or already in Romanian pronunciation;and Desiska, or Desis in the fifteenth century, a village in Toplica, from Rom. desi?, 'thicket', 'bush'). In an additional overview of the origin of the Rom. suffix -i? the assumption is made that it goes back to the South Slavic -is (< CSl *-ys') in such a way that the Serbian word gustis was used as a model for forming the appellative desi? (Rom. des < Lat. densus, 'thick', 'dense'), whence it was abstracted in Romanian and used further on in this function, competing with the inherited -et < Lat. -?tum.
Cedomilj Mijatovic, a leading Serbian Anglophile
Authors: Markovic Slobodan
Published: October 2010

Cedomilj Mijatovic (also spelled Chedomille Miyatovich/Mijatovich 1842-1932), the most prominent Serbian Anglophile in the nineteenth century influenced the mutual perception of the British and the Serbs through his six books published in English, numerous articles in leading British papers contributions to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, and a dozen translations from English into Serbian. In the 1870s and 1880s, he had an influential political career, serving as minister in several Serbian governments and playing a role in establishing some important state institutions. The image of Serbia in Britain is analyzed with a special emphasis on four pro-Serbian campaigns conducted between 1862 and 1918, the third of which (1892/3) was undertaken by Mijatovic and his wife Elodie Lawton Mijatovich (1825-1908). The campaign was intensified in 1906-16, when it was conducted by C. Mijatovic alone. A significant part of the paper is devoted to Mijatovic' role in the crisis in Anglo-Serbian relations following the May Coup (1903), to his contributions to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, and his efforts to present British culture to the Serbs.
Serbian radicalism 1881-1903: Political thought and practice
Authors: Protic Milan
Published: October 2010

Subject to transformation and change as any other political ideology Serbian Radicalism nevertheless revolved round some more or less permanent concepts, the most important being constitutionalism, parliamentary democracy, civil liberties and local self-government. Yet another basic aspect of the Radical Party's ideology, its national programme, may be seen as an external ingredient inasmuch as the national emancipation, liberation and unification of the Serbs were viewed as originating from internal freedom. It was only in the 1890s that their national programme became fully developed. Major features of the Party's political practice, on the other hand, were flexibility, pragmatism and cohesion.
Russia and the problem of Kosovo and Metohija
Authors: Simic Predrag
Published: October 2010

Nearly ten years since the 1999 NATO military intervention against Serbia and the establishment of UN administration, Kosovo and Metohija has resurfaced as a topical issue in international politics, separating the positions of the USA and Russia, and becoming a precedent in international relations, possibly with far-reaching consequences not only for the future of the western Balkans but also for many territorial disputes worldwide. Russia has only recently pulled herself out of the years-long Chechnya crisis, and facing similar problems in her 'new neighborhood' (Abkhazia, South Ossetia Transdniestria), is among the countries that might be affected by this precedent. Secondly, with her bad experience in the former Yugoslavia in the 1990s, Russia has become sensitive not only to any disturbance in the balance of power in the Balkans but also to any change to the existing international order. Moscow has not forgotten that during the 1990s many Westerners saw Serbia as a 'metaphor for Russia' and that the NATO interventions against the Serbs in Bosnia-Herzegovina (1995) and against Serbia (1999) revealed Russia's weakness, sending her the message to give up her interests in the Balkans and Europe. Thirdly, diverging American and Russian policies on Kosovo and Metohija coincide with their strained relations over the deployment of an antimissile 'shield' in Poland and the Czech Republic, the war in Iraq, policy towards Iran and other issues currently at the top of the list of international problems. Fourthly, meanwhile Russia has managed to recover from the disintegration of the USSR and to consolidate her economic and political power in Europe and the world, owing above all to oil and gas exports, but also to the export of industrial products (military in particular). The precedent that an independent Kosovo and Metohija would constitute in international relations is therefore a test of Russia's role as a permanent member of the UN Security Council. She has found herself in the role of the defender of the fundamental principles of international law such as the inviolability of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the UN members.
Chemical erosion intensity in the Nisava catchments
Authors: Manojlovic Predrag
Published: October 2010

The Nisava catchment comprehends the area of 4068 km2. There are differences in erosion intensity due to different physical-geographical characteristics of that area. Mechanical water erosion in the Nisava catchment is 302,4 m3/km2/yr and chemical erosion is 67,2 t/km2/yr. Space differences are large (47,1-115.5 t/km2/yr) and are mostly determined by hydrological and lithological characteristics of that area.
Indicators of socio-economic development
Authors: Adamovic Jelka
Published: October 2010

Work elaborates indicators witch refers to socio - economic development. In the first part of work it is stated indicators which different authors are used. These indicators are used in empirical researches and in some sources there are theoretically treated. In the second part it is with the aid of induction method performed separation of indicators. It is elaborated economics, social, technological and indicators of urbanization. In the part of economical indicators are elaborated: national income per capita, structure of activities, level of expending.
Politico-geographic aspects of regionalization of Serbia
Authors: Stepic Milomir
Published: October 2010

The concept of the regional politico-territorial organization of Serbia is one of the most adequate ways to eliminate internal destructive processes in country. The idea and suggested division in the essay 'The regional country' by M. Jovic need some changes from the aspect of political geography. Suggested corrected regional model should fulfill basic task - to eliminate factors of disintegration. According to this, it contains: more regions, partially changed their names, new borders that annul fragmental and barrier effects of provincial borders, regional functional-gravitational integration, but not introvercy, integration openness of provincial regions towards neighbors (especially other Serbian countries), but not possibility for secession. The principle of physico-geographic complementarity is fulfilled, except its disintegrational politico-territorial influence.
The number of tourists on Zlatibor
Authors: Stankovic Stevan , Cirkovic Sanja
Published: October 2010

Change of number of tourists Zlatibor is caused by many factors. This correlation make mountain Zlatibor one of the most attractive in Serbia. I this work the attention is consecrated to fundamental tourist values and material base for development of tourism on Zlatibor. It is underlined variability of number of tourists during the long period and one year and this should not be neglected in tourism planning on this mountain's center.
Deep karstic springs in the karst of eastern Serbia
Authors: Petrovic Jovan
Published: October 2010

As the consequence of geological composition and relief, most of karstic wells and springs in Eastern Serbia discharges gravitationally. The thickness of limestone rocks in this area is from several tens to five hundred meters and over. Their base is composed of Paleozoic schists and sandstone often on the mountain crests being denuded. That is the cause of great number of occurrences of karstic river disappearing into earth. Most of troughs surrounding mountains is filed by lacustrine deposits, most frequently consisting of clays overlaying limestone.
The basic characteristics of the Belgrade’s heat island
Authors: Andjelkovic Goran
Published: October 2010

The urban heat island, as a phenomenon due to the higher air temperature in the cities as compared to their immediate surroundings, represents the most important consequence of the urbanization influence on the topoclimate. As compared to the smaller cities in its surroundings, Belgrade's average annual temperature is from 0,4 to 1,0 ?C higher (period 1961-1990). A very liable index of the Belgrade's heat island is the air temperature measured at the airport in Surcin. In the period from 1971-1990. average annual air temperature at the airport was 11,2 ?C, and in the city center it was 0,7 ?C higher. Belgrade has a higher absolute minimal temperature than its surroundings during every month. In the last climatic period the absolute temperature minimum in Belgrade was even 5,4 ?C higher than the highest value measured within this parameter in its wider surroundings (Veliko Gradiste -26,4 ?C). In the above mentioned twenty years period the absolute air temperature minimum in Surcin was -26,0 ?C, and in the city center only -18,2 ?C. The number of the frosty days at the airport was 77,8, and in Belgrade 58,2. Although the heat island of Belgrade was formed together with formation of the city, it was more evident at the beginning of the 20th century (0,4 ?C). During the next five to six decades a faster intensity growth was recorded (up to 0,9 ?C). This coincides with the period of the population growth as well as with development of the city activities, industry above all. During one year the intensity of the Belgrade's heat island reached its maximum in winter. In January the city, as compared to Surcin, was warmer for about 1,0 ?C, and in September for only 0,1 ?C. The daily variations of the heat island are such that it reaches its highest intensity during the evening hours (at 9 p.m. 0,9 ?C). If the average values of the extreme daily temperatures are being examined, one can see a distinct difference: average city minimums are 1,5 ?C higher than the airport minimums, while the maximums are only 0,2 ?C higher. During winter, in concrete anticyclonic conditions, it can be 10 ?C warmer in the city than in the immediate surroundings. Together with the perennial growth of heat island intensity, its "space range" also expands. The space structure of the heat island is very distinct. Exceptions in the temperature values between certain points of measurements in the winter morning hours can go up to 6-8 ?C.
The silt carrying in Jerma river basin
Authors: Manojlovic Predrag , Mustafic Sanja , Dragicevic Slavoljub
Published: October 2010

The silt carrying in the upper part of Jerma river basin in amount of 82.3 t/km/year is relatively high, considering the situation in all Serbia. The specific silt carrying in the upper part of Crnica river basin is 23.9 t/km/year (Manojlovic P.), while it is even lower in the basin of Crni Timok river (3.5 t/km/year; Manojlovic P, Gavrilovic Lj. 1991.). In the Kolubara river basin, the specific mechanical water erosion is between 4.6 t/km/year (Gradac) and 73.2 t/km/year in Tamnava basin (Dragicevic S. 2002). Greater erosion in the upper part of Jerma river basin is result of great part of metamorphic stones that intensively disintegrates and significant anthropogenic influence in Znepolje. The great slopes at the left side of the basin, under the Ruj mountain, should be considered, too. That doesn't mean that the erosion is strong, because, for example in the basin of Beli Timok, between Knjazevac and Zajecar, it is 186 t/km/year. Following regression, base on flow and silt concentration values can calculate the silt carrying very precisely: t/day=6251+26875 - C+1058 - Q Based on beta coefficients (0.73 for silt and 0.31 for flow) it could be concluded that concentration of silt has greater influence on erosion, than flow. More interesting is the influence of seasonal factor on the carrying of suspended silt. Months with the highest amount of carried suspended material are March, April and May. During these months 50.5 % of average yearly value is evacuated from a basin. Similar excessivity has been noticed in the other basins (Dragicevic S. 2002), only in other months.
The mountain Cer: Potentials for tourism development
Authors: Grcic Mirko , Grcic Ljiljana
Published: October 2010

In northwest of Serbia in the meridians directions an elongated mountain range of Cer with Iverak and Vlasic stretches itself. On the north it goes down to Macva and Posavina, on the west to Podrinje, on the east to the valley of Kolubara, on the south to the basins and valleys of Jadar and upper Kolubara, which separate it from the mountains of Valjevo and Podrinje area. Cer mountain offers extremely good condition for development of eco-tourism. The variety of relief with gorgeous see-sites, natural rarities, convenient bio-climatic conditions, significant water resources, forest complexes, medieval fortresses, cultural-historic monuments, richness of flora and fauna, preserved rural environment, traditions and customs of local population, were all neglected as strategic factors in the development of tourism. This mountain?s potentials are quite satisfactory for the needs of eco-tourism, similar to the National Park of Fruska Gora, but it has lacked an adequate ecotourist strategy so far. This study aims to pointing to the potential and possibilities of ecotourist valorization of this mountain.
Environment, tourism and planning
Authors: Stankovic Stevan
Published: October 2010

One of the characteristics of modern society are more massive tourist trends. Tourists overcame all parts of our planet and provoked line of positive and negative phenomena and processes. Positive dominate negative and that?s the reason why many countries develop domicile and foreign tourism. Environment and tourism perform indivisible totality. Contemporary tourism demands important areas of original or well protected environment, because only on this areas can be develops planned and brings economic and social advantages to domicile population (receptive) and to tourists (initiative). Science and practice for needs of tourism considers line of positive relations toward environment, because some of her elements are special tourist values. For need of tourism is underlines need of acceptation principles of active protection environment, because it is always better to plan, than to reclaim negative effects. In work which treats environment, modern tourism and planning, is appeared to scope of international tourism in world and dynamics of tourism development in a last six decades. It was special emphasized relations between tourism and nature, because in many countries offer of natural tourist values is more massive than offer of monuments. It is a word about need of nature protection for tourism, because nature is a real tourist value only when she is authentic or well protected. In second part it was analyzed importance of tourism planning on different levels, considering local and national traits in areas favorable for tourism development.
Forests as the factor of the economy development of the Raska region
Authors: Vujadinovic Snezana
Published: October 2010

Forests represent the significant natural resource of the Raska region. The preservation of forests ecosystems, and space potential offer, a favourable basis for their many-functional usage. For the time being, the productive, i.e., economic function, is dominant. The forests on the territory of the Prijepolje Forest Organization present the main raw material basis. In the whole cut wood volume of Serbia (state forests), the above mentioned organization participates with 37,1%. Opposite to that fact, the economic effects that the region economy has from the forest utilization, are far less than the potentials. Forest resources are neither enough nor adequately used. That greatly complicates the development of wood industry, as well as the other activities whose prosperity is connected with forests. Making and realization of plans for protection, fending forests and utilization, constructing infrastructure, tending and preservation of wild life, rational exploitation of forest resources, are the trends of the future usage of the Raska region forest natural wealth.
Cultural monuments from exceptional importance in Serbia as anthropogenic tourist values
Authors: Cirkovic Sanja
Published: October 2010

Cultural monuments mark historical past. They are included in anthropogenic tourist values. They present rare copies of creativity and they have exceptional artistic and esthetic values. The most numerous group are sacral objects. The largest attention deserve objects assigned in World cultural inheritance - monastery Studenica and monastery Sopocani with old town Ras. It is necessary to build caterer capacities, parking lots and sanitary devices in encirclement. Manifestations and presentations on domestic and foreign market contribute to cultural affirmation. Tourist valorization is impeded with that there are no evidence about number of visitors. In separating priorities we must consider uniqueness, rarity and fame. That?s the reason why Cele kula has tourist importance. Cultural monuments increase stay and serve as complementary tourist values. That?s why is necessary synthesis access in their learn and tourist presentation.
Temperature variability in Serbia in the second half of the 20th century
Authors: Radovanovic Milan , Ducic Vladan
Published: October 2010

According to data of IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel for Climatic Change), the global surface air temperature increased to 0,6 ? 0,2 ?C in the 20th century. Weber G. R., (1995) quotes that there is a trend of cold in the last 60 years in the middle latitudes including Europe, too. Starting from already mentioned perplexities we have tried to perceive the problem of climate variability in Serbia in the second half of the 20th century, when it came to very important increasing of concentration of CO2. With that aim we observed the decade values of average annual temperatures in the network of 20 climatic stations. In the period 1951 - 1990 a decrease of temperature was registered in 13 stations while in other stations an increase was less than 0,1 ?C. Explorers from Bulgaria (Alexandrov V., 2000) and Hungary (Domonkos P., Zoboki J., 2000) came to similar results, too. However, if we take in account the last decade 20th century the number of stations with positive changes is enlarged on 15. Stations that have small changes and those with decrease of temperature were localized in the south and south eastern part of the country, and they are mainly coincided with before separated climatic regions with maritime pluviometric regime (Radovanovic M., 2001). Using Dzerdzevskis B. L., (1975) division on three main types of circulation in the north hemisphere, we found that the increase of temperatures in the last decade 20th century is above all caused by change of dominant type of circulation from the south meridian to zonal. An analysis of seasonal changes showed that in the last five decades 20th century it came to decrease of winter temperatures in almost half of the stations in contrast with results of paleoclimatics models of possible greenhouse effect.
Low polyphase fluvial levels of the river Crni Timok in the basin of Zajecar
Authors: Nesic Dragan
Published: October 2010

The problem of origin and extension of the river terrace in Serbian valleys has been dealt with by many explorers. Beside those extensive investigations, this problem has not been explained enough. Therefore, more detailed investigations of river terraces were taken on a smaller region in the valley of the river Crni Timok in the basin of Zajecar (the Eastern Serbia). A series of low river terraces (the first terrace of r.h. 3-5 m the second terrace of r.h. 5-10 m, the third terrace of r.h. 10-16 m and the forth terrace of r.h. 20-30 m) and two special levels (inundation level of r.h. 0-2 m and the level of low shelves of r.h. 2-4 m) were set aside on this tract. This series of low river terraces of the river Crni Timok brought about the idea of the cyclic origin of some terrace series, which is to be tested by future explorations.
Migrations and origin of the population in the Jadar region - western Serbia
Authors: Grcic Mirko
Published: October 2010

Complete population of Jadar region was disturbed by migrations and re-migrations during the 18th and 19th century. Great majority of the population do not originate from Jadar, but represent a kind of "complex", population settled in certain historical circumstances from different Serbian regions. That was influenced by transit and border location of the Jadar region between Turkish and Austrian Empires in the 18th century, and between Serbia and Turkish Empire in the 19th century. Considerable number of refugees was settled in this area from the war-affected Bosnia and Croatia in the late 20th century. The paper statistically analyzes the origin and migrations of the population.
Development centers of the Danube-Morava corridor
Authors: Tosic Branka , Djordjevic Jasmina
Published: October 2010

Danube-Morava axis and its centers, as the most important integrative element of the Serbia geo-space, has the significant role in the contemporary development processes. Characteristics of the centers, defined the stages of the towns development, as well as the expressed issues were the basis for defining goals of the development centers and their territorial organization. However, this development axis could produce uncoordination of the territorial organization with functional areas of the centers, especially on the local level.
Tourist valorization of geomorphological objects of geo-heritage in Serbia
Authors: Stankovic Stevan
Published: October 2010

Right at the beginning of its work, geomorphology working group of the National council for geo- heritage has separated 200 relief objects and suggested them for enrolling into the geo heritage list. It has separated particularly the objects of mundane, European and Balkan significance. Most of them are interesting for tourist visits and are demanding a certain approach to valorization, so that right economical and social objects can be achieved. The objects of geo heritage in Serbia are placed in the primary and complementary tourist values which means they have different attractive zone and provide more kind of tourism. In the process of tourist valorization of the objects of geo heritage, we respect internal factors external factors and inlay work. Tourist-geographical position and level of attractiveness is of special significance so in dependence of that are local, regional, republic, national and international values being treated suitable for developing an adequate kind of domestic and foreign tourism.
Role and development of physical geography Belgrade division at university level education
Authors: Gavrilovic Ljiljana
Published: October 2010

Although physical geography has a long tradition, its faster development started since the establishing of Geography Institute in 1893. At first geomorphology was developed, then climatology, mathematical geography and hydrology and much later biogeography and paleogeography. In the past period, the schedule of physically geographical subjects didn't change much but as for scientific development, physical geography is in constant ascent. Through basic and graduate studies, it trains young geography staff for scientific research, but also for practical work in various fields of social life.
Criteria, constraints and potentials of Balkan's integrative development
Authors: Stojkov Borislav , Subotic Snezana
Published: October 2010

In the consideration of integrative potentials in the Balkans, some crucial macroeconomic indicators are given, demonstrating the position of the macro-region of Southeast Europe in the international comparison, but also the comparison of seven countries within the region itself. Of particular interest is the perspective of the future association with the EU, and therefore, the criteria for the evaluation of the reforms were pointed out supporting the stabilization and association process. Given the poor macro-economic situation, we searched for other development aspects potentials and constraints which may influence the integration of the Balkans. Therefore, the multiple potentials of culture, cross-border cooperation and broader regional association were shortly analyzed. As a pivotal constraint, the border regime and the function of border regions were emphasized. We tried to seek for best approaches to macro-regional promotion, by looking at some good practices throughout Europe, and the Baltic Sea region in particular. The conclusions we draw point to the necessity of the trans-regional cooperation and integration institutionalization, the improvement and faster development of essential spatial structures and "softening" of borders with the aim to deconstruct not only physical but also mental barriers.
Meaning of crossborder planning in western Balkan countries
Authors: Stojkov Borislav , Djordjevic Aleksandar
Published: October 2010

The crossborder cooperation takes very important place in integration processes in Europe. Establishing the crossborder regions is one of prerequisites for more efficient cooperation. Many examples prove the whole spectrum of positive effects generated by such cooperations. Based on sound methodological foundations, crossborder spatial planning is the first step towards successful spatial integration and a prerequisites for other forms of cooperation, economic and political in particular. The territory of Serbia is characterized by a large number of border regions with different features and potentials. The Drina area, with its very specific physical social, economic and historic features and above all, with natural resources and potentials, asks for a creative methodology to enable adequate spatial integration of this crossborder region. The paper is elaborating the idea of forming a crossborder region as indispensable for the future, compared with sectorial planning up to date. The example of crossborder region "Drina-Sava-Majevica" offers positive initiatives in functional integrating communes alongside the river Drina.