bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of transgene expression and Cre recombinase activity in a panel of Thy‐1 promoter‐Cre transgenic mice
Authors: Campsall Katrina D. , Mazerolle Chantal J. , De Repentingy Yves , Kothary Rashmi , Wallace Valerie A.
Published: August 2002

The regulatory elements of the murine Thy1.2 gene were used to drive Cre recombinase expression in the nervous system (NS) of transgenic mice. Eleven Thy1‐Cre lines exhibited transgene expression in several regions of the central and peripheral nervous systems, including the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, spinal cord, retina, and dorsal root ganglion. Thy1‐Cre expression also resulted in region‐specific activation of Cre reporter transgenes. Although Thy‐1 expression is normally initiated in postmitotic neurons in the perinatal period, we show that the Thy‐1.2 expression cassette drives Cre expression in immature proliferative zones in the NS as early as embryonic day 11 and in non‐neural tissue. The Thy1.2 transgene cassette, therefore, does not impart transgene expression that is restricted to the NS or to postmitotic neurons within the NS. This panel of Thy1‐Cre transgenic mice, however, will be useful reagents for the ablation of genes whose transcripts are spatially or temporally restricted in the developing NS. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Perinatal expression of leptin in rat stomach
Authors: Oliver Paula , Picó Catalina , De Matteis Rita , Cinti Saverio , Palou Andreu
Published: August 2002

It has been reported recently that the stomach can produce and store leptin and release it, both into the blood and into the gastrointestinal lumen, in response to food intake. Here, we have followed the ontogenic pattern of leptin mRNA expression and leptin levels in stomach during the perinatal period, which were compared with adults. Leptin mRNA expression was assessed by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction, and tissue leptin content by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and localised by immunohistochemistry. Leptin mRNA is expressed at low levels in rat stomach in prenatal stages. It increased from 4 to 8 hr of life in suckling rats, an increase not observed in the fasted pups, which were separated from their mothers immediately after birth. Leptin expression rose steadily after birth during the first month of life, with a marked increase from 15‐day‐old rats, followed by a parallel increase in leptin levels from day 21 of life, which was coincident with the change from suckling to a solid diet. The immunohistochemical analysis showed leptin immunoreactivity at different levels of the stomach mucosa, suggesting that during early development leptin could derive from different sources. During the pre‐ and neonatal periods, leptin is mainly located at the superficial epithelium (suggesting maternal origin from amniotic cells and mammary glandular cells, respectively). At the beginning of the chow diet, the stomach produces leptin in the glands (main source from 15 days of life), suggesting an endogenous production of the protein after that period. The present work demonstrates the expression of leptin mRNA and leptin protein in the stomach of neonate rats, and shows that the ontogenic profile of leptin appearance in the stomach during the perinatal period is probably related to the onset of suckling and to the change of diet from milk to solid chow. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Longitudinal comparison of anorexia nervosa subtypes
Authors: Eddy Kamryn T. , Keel Pamela K. , Dorer David J. , Delinsky Sherrie S. , Franko Debra L. , Herzog David B.
Published: August 2002

Objective

To compare patients with restricting anorexia nervosa (ANR) and binge/purge anorexia nervosa (ANBP) on measures of impulsivity, course, and outcome.

Methods

One hundred thirty‐six treatment‐seeking women with AN followed prospectively for 8–12 years were reclassified at intake as 51 ANRs and 85 ANBPs according to the DSM‐IV subtyping classification. Lifetime Axis I and Axis II disorders were assessed using structured interviews; follow‐up interviews were conducted at 6–12‐month intervals to collect weekly data on eating disorder symptomatology.

Results

Women with ANR and ANBP did not differ on history of substance abuse, kleptomania, suicidality, or borderline personality diagnosis at intake, or on rates of recovery, relapse, or mortality. By 8 years of follow‐up, 62% of women with ANR crossed over to ANBP prospectively and only 12% of women with AN never reported regular binge/purge behaviors.

Conclusions

The findings on impulsivity, course, and outcome do not support the current subtyping system. The high crossover rate in our sample from ANR to ANBP suggests that ANR represents a phase in the course of AN rather than a distinct subtype. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 191–201, 2002; DOI. 10.1002/eat.10016
In search of predictors of dropout from inpatient treatment for anorexia nervosa
Authors: Kahn Caroline , Pike Kathleen M.
Published: August 2002

Objective

The purpose of the present study was to investigate risk factors associated with premature dropout in the treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN).

Method

Eighty‐one women who received free inpatient treatment for AN on a clinical research unit at a university‐based psychiatric facility participated in this study. Demographic, lifetime, and baseline clinical characteristics as well as self‐report measures of eating disorder symptomatology and associated psychopathology were assessed upon admission.

Results:

Results indicated that AN subtype and length of illness were modestly predictive of treatment dropout.

Discussion

With the exception of AN subtype and length of illness, successful completion of inpatient treatment may be unrelated to the severity of eating disorder symptomatology and associated psychopathology. Continued empirical research into factors that influence treatment dropout is clearly needed. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 237–244, 2001.
Self‐help versus therapist‐led group cognitive‐behavioral treatment of binge eating disorder at follow‐up
Authors: Peterson Carol B. , Mitchell James E. , Engbloom Sara , Nugent Sean , Mussell Melissa Pederson , Crow Scott J. , Thuras Paul
Published: August 2002

Objective

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the longer‐term outcome of three group cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) delivery models for the treatment of binge eating disorder (BED).

Method

Fifty‐one participants were assigned to one of three conditions. In the therapist‐led condition (TL; n = 16), a psychologist provided psychoeducational information for the first half hour and led a group discussion for the second half hour of each session. In the partial self‐help condition (PSH; n = 19), participants viewed a 30‐min psychoeducational videotape, followed by a therapist‐led discussion. In the structured self‐help condition (SSH; n = 16), participants watched a psychoeducational videotape and led their own discussion.

Results

Reductions in binge eating episodes and associated symptoms were observed for all three treatments at post, 1‐month, 6‐month, and 1‐year follow‐up, with no significant differences among the three conditions.

Discussion

These findings suggest that CBT for BED can be delivered successfully using videotape and a structured self‐help group format and that improvements in binge eating are maintained up to 1 year follow‐up. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 363–374, 2001.
Sustainable development and environmental partnership at the regional scale: the case of Sustainability North West
Authors: Shaw Dave , Kidd Sue
Published: August 2002

The 1990s can be characterized by the emergence of at least three trends. First sustainable development has become the mantra that should underpin all decision making. Second the delivery of public goods and services is increasingly based on a partnership between the public, private and voluntary sectors. Third, and perhaps most recently, there has been the re‐emergence of the regional level of governance. Much has been written about the way partnerships are necessary to deliver sustainable development at the local and national levels of government, but there is less known or understood about the intermediate tier of governance. In this paper we wish to explore these general trends before focusing on a regional partnership that has as its core aim the delivery of sustainable development in the North West of England. The region was the first to develop a multi‐sectoral partnership agency promoting sustainable development. Launched in 1996, Sustainability North West is a unique cross‐ and multi‐sectoral regional agency designed to deliver sustainable development. This paper will consider the origins and structure of the organization and its achievements in the first few years of activity, and evaluate its applicability to other regional contexts. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Stigma and multiple social comparisons in people with schizophrenia
Authors: Finlay W. M. L. , Dinos S. , Lyons E.
Published: August 2002

This paper investigates social comparisons in people with schizophrenia. Stigma theories often suggest that people with stigmatized conditions face a chronic threat to self‐esteem and that they respond to this in a variety of ways, one of which is by using ingroup downward comparisons. We analysed the spontaneous social comparisons used by participants in semi‐structured interviews. A wide range of comparison dimensions, target others, and groupings were used, most of which did not represent a category of people with schizophrenia in more negative terms than those without the illness. Participants presented themselves positively, referring to downward and lateral comparisons more often than upward comparisons. In addition, although downward comparisons did refer to people with schizophrenia, they were more likely to refer to others who did not have schizophrenia, and to dimensions which were not related to mental illness. It is suggested that investigations of the relations between stigma and self need to take account of the multiple identities and dimensions of comparisons available to people for construing themselves and the social context. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of inverse PCR to amplify and sequence breakpoints of HPRT deletion and translocation mutations
Authors: Williams M. , Rainville I.R. , Nicklas J.A.
Published: August 2002

Deletion and translocation mutations have been shown to play a significant role in the genesis of many cancers. The hprt gene located at Xq26 is a frequently used marker gene in human mutational studies. In an attempt to better understand potential mutational mechanisms involved in deletions and translocations, inverse PCR (IPCR) methods to amplify and sequence the breakpoints of hprt mutants classified as translocations and large deletions were developed. IPCR involves the digestion of DNA with a restriction enzyme, circularization of the fragments produced, and PCR amplification around the circle with primers oriented in a direction opposite to that of conventional PCR. The use of this technique allows amplification into an unknown region, in this case through the hprt breakpoint into the unknown joined sequence. Through the use of this procedure, two translocation, one inversion, and two external deletion hprt breakpoint sequences were isolated and sequenced. The isolated IPCR products range in size from 0.4 to 1.8 kb, and were amplified from circles ranging in size from 0.6 to 7.7 kb. We have shown that inverse PCR is useful to sequence translocation and large deletion mutant breakpoints in the hprt gene. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:22–32, 2002 © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human DNA repair genes
Authors: Ronen Amiram , Glickman Barry W.
Published: August 2002

DNA repair systems are essential for the maintenance of genome integrity. Consequently, the disregulation of repair genes can be expected to be associated with significant, detrimental health effects, which can include an increased prevalence of birth defects, an enhancement of cancer risk, and an accelerated rate of aging. Although original insights into DNA repair and the genes responsible were largely derived from studies in bacteria and yeast, well over 125 genes directly involved in DNA repair have now been identified in humans, and their cDNA sequence established. These genes function in a diverse set of pathways that involve the recognition and removal of DNA lesions, tolerance to DNA damage, and protection from errors of incorporation made during DNA replication or DNA repair. Additional genes indirectly affect DNA repair, by regulating the cell cycle, ostensibly to provide an opportunity for repair or to direct the cell to apoptosis. For about 70 of the DNA repair genes listed in Table I, both the genomic DNA sequence and the cDNA sequence and chromosomal location have been elucidated. In 45 cases single‐nucleotide polymorphisms have been identified and, in some cases, genetic variants have been associated with specific disorders. With the accelerating rate of gene discovery, the number of identified DNA repair genes and sequence variants is quickly rising. This report tabulates the current status of what is known about these genes. The report is limited to genes whose function is directly related to DNA repair. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 37:241–283, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Active multiple tuned mass dampers for structures under the ground acceleration
Authors: Li Chunxiang , Liu Yanxia
Published: August 2002

Active multiple tuned mass dampers (AMTMD) consisting of many active tuned mass dampers (ATMDs) with a uniform distribution of natural frequencies have been, for the first time, proposed for attenuating undesirable vibrations of a structure under the ground acceleration.The multiple tuned mass dampers (MTMD) in the AMTMD is manufactured by keeping the stiffness and damping constant and varying the mass. The control forces in the AMTMD are generated through keeping the identical displacement and velocity feedback gain and varying the acceleration feedback gain. The structure is represented by its mode‐generalized system in the specific vibration mode being controlled using the mode reduced‐order method. The optimum parameters of the AMTMD are investigated to delineate the influence of the important parameters on the effectiveness and robustness of the AMTMD by conducting a numerical searching technique. The parameters include the frequency spacing, average damping ratio, tuning frequency ratio, total number and normalized acceleration feedback gain coefficient. The criterion, which can be stated as the minimization of the minimum values of the maximum dynamic magnification factors (i.e. Min.Min.Max.DMF), is chosen for the optimum searching. Additionally, for the sake of comparison, the results of the optimum MTMD (the passive counterpart of AMTMD) and ATMD are also taken into account in the present paper. It is demonstrated that the proposed AMTMD can be expected to significantly reduce the oscillations of structures under the ground acceleration. It is also shown that the AMTMD can remarkably improve the performance of the MTMD and has higher effectiveness than ATMD. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance‐based seismic engineering: the need for a reliable conceptual comprehensive approach
Authors: Bertero Raul D. , Bertero Vitelmo V.
Published: August 2002

The main objectives of this paper are: (i) to review briefly as to what is understood by performance‐based engineering, performance‐based seismic engineering, and performance‐based seismic design (PBSD); (ii) to discuss the main requirements that a reliable PBSD should satisfy and why some approaches that have been proposed fail in satisfying those requirements; (iii) to focus on what is considered a promising probabilistic PBSD approach; and (iv) to present a conceptual comprehensive numerical procedure for the PBSD of buildings.

It is shown that to satisfy the objectives of a reliable PBSD philosophy and procedure it is necessary to start with a multi‐level seismic design criteria, to consider a probabilistic design approach, to consider local structural and non‐structural damage and therefore design spectra for buildings (n degrees of freedom), to take into account the cumulative damage, and to control not only displacements but also ductility (minimum strength) to limit damage. Finally, it is concluded that a transparent and conceptual comprehensive preliminary design approach is necessary. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The body image structured interview: a new method for the exploration of body image in women with eating disorders
Authors: Damani S. , Button E. J. , Reveley C. H.
Published: August 2002

Existing measures of body image concern may be helpful for quantifying such concerns, but are arguably of only limited value in exploring how an individual perceives and experiences his or her body. The Body Image Structured Interview (BISI) is designed to provide a structured but individualized approach to exploring the issue of body image and consists of two main parts: a semi‐structured interview focused on issues concerning the ideal woman and her body and a personal construct and repertory grid procedure for exploring body image construction in different areas of the body. In this preliminary exploratory study, we aim to assess the appropriateness and validity of the BISI in a clinical sample of 16 women with eating disorders and explore similarities and differences between them and a comparison group of 11 non‐eating‐disordered women. Results from this preliminary study suggest that the BISI is suitable for use with subjects with eating disorders and may be valuable in highlighting personal issues associated with body image, including those specific to particular body parts. Preliminary results also suggest that whilst both clinical and non‐clinical subjects place a similar emphasis on the importance of slimness and physical appearance, for non‐eating‐disordered young women such construction is less all‐pervasive in how they view themselves. Such findings will need confirmation and elaboration in a larger scale study. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Internalization of Western standards of appearance, body dissatisfaction and dieting in urban educated Ukrainian females
Authors: Bilukha Oleg O. , Utermohlen Virginia
Published: August 2002

To examine body image, internalization of the ‘thin ideal’, and dieting practices in a female population in Ukraine, a country of the former Soviet Union, we conducted a cross‐sectional survey of 616 females aged 18–60 years in Lviv, Ukraine. A quarter of underweight (BMI < 20) and three‐fifths of normal‐weight (BMI 20–25) subjects desired a thinner figure; 31 per cent (38 per cent of those aged 25 years and under) reported dieting in the previous 6 months. Internalization of the Western ‘thin ideal’ was correlated with exposure to Western media. Younger women, overweight women, and those who desired a thinner figure as depicted in Western media were at higher risk of dieting. ‘Dieters’ differed from ‘non‐dieters’ mainly with respect to consumption and perceptions of fats and certain starches (white bread, pasta, potatoes). This study provides an insight into predictors of food choice, and has implications for developing nutrition policy in Ukraine, and other neighbouring post‐communist countries. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Cognitive‐behavioural, fluoxetine and combined treatment for bulimia nervosa: short‐ and long‐term results
Authors: Jacobi Corinna , Dahme Bernhard , Dittmann Ralf
Published: August 2002

This study examined the short‐ and long‐term effectiveness of cognitive‐behavioural group treatment (CBT), pharmacological treatment with fluoxetine and combined treatment in patients with DSM‐III‐R bulimia nervosa. Fifty‐three patients were randomly assigned to the three conditions. Outcome measures were frequency of bingeing and purging, attitudes toward weight and shape, depression and self‐concept. Patients were followed for 1 year post‐treatment. Thirty‐five patients completed treatment. Drop‐out rates were 42 per cent for CBT, 25 per cent for the fluoxetine and 33 per cent for the combined condition. All treatments led to significant improvements in eating disorder symptoms and in other psychological disturbances between pre‐ and post‐treatment, which could be maintained at 1‐year follow‐up. Abstinence rates for completers were highest for CBT at both post‐treatment and follow‐up. The short‐ and long‐term results of this study do not favour the combined treatment in comparison to CBT alone. Cultural differences in health systems as well as in the acceptance of treatments offered in a treatment trial are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
A compact optical system for multi‐determination of biochemical oxygen demand using disposable strips
Authors: Yoshida Nobuyuki , McNiven Scott J. , Yoshida Akira , Morita Takashi , Nakamura Hideaki , Karube Isao
Published: August 2002

A compact optical device and disposable strips for the simultaneous determination of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of multiple samples have been developed. The compact optical device was constructed using three pairs of light emitting diodes (LEDs) and silicon photodiodes (Si‐PDs), and the disposable strips were fabricated using inexpensive, transparent polycarbonate plates. Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria were immobilizedin a layer at the bottom of each reaction cell on the sensor strip using a photocrosslinkable resin (ENT‐2000). Using the redox electron acceptor 2,6‐dichlorophenolindophenol sodium salt as the chromophore, a linear relationship was observed between the response of the Si‐PDs and the BOD value of Organization of Economic Cooperation synthetic wastewater. Real samples from a wastewater treatment plant and a kitchen in our factory were examined, and good correlations were observed between the BOD values derived using this system and those determined by the conventional BOD5 method. In addition, in spite of the sensor response decreasing to approximately half its initial value after 2 weeks, the correlation coefficients (r2) of calibration curves remained above 0.9 upon storage of the strips in 0.1 M NaCl solution at 4°C for up to 6 weeks. In conclusion, this system is transportable and compact as well as being simple to operate and suitable for rapid, on‐site measurements. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 222–227, 2001
Continuous bioaerosol monitoring using UV excitation fluorescence: Outdoor test results*
Authors: Eversole J. D. , Cary W. K. , Scotto C. S. , Pierson R. , Spence M. , Campillo A. J.
Published: August 2002

This report describes procedures and results of recent outdoor tests in evaluating a prototype single particle fluorescence analyzer (SPFA), an instrument that is being developed to simultaneously monitor ambient concentrations of both biological and nonbiological aerosols using optical techniques. Recent modifications to the SPFA are also noted and discussed. During recent outdoor tests, aerosols were generated containing four different types of biological material: ova albumin, MS‐2 phage, Erwinia herbicola vegetative cells and Bacillus subtilis spores. Analysis of the SPFA results indicates that a probability of detection of at least 87% was achieved for target aerosol concentrations as low as a few (1–5) particles/liter. Moreover, comparison with different reference instruments indicate that the SPFA can achieve absolute quantitative detection efficiencies for individual biological aerosols of at least 70% (assuming appropriate alignment and threshold settings are made). During some of the outdoor tests different nonbiological aerosols were also released that generally did not generate any significant fluorescent signals. Although official test scores have not yet been distributed, we provide here the SPFA results for each of the aerosol releases made during the test. Analysis of the relative fluorescent intensities in the visible and UV spectral bands suggests that these data can be used in the future to provide an indication of the type of biological aerosol being released as well. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 205–212, 2001
Analysis of the essential oil of Artemisia campestris L.
Authors: Akrout Ahmed , Chemli Rachid , Chreïf Imed , Hammami Mohamed
Published: August 2002

The composition of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of several populations of Artemisia campestris L. (Asteraceae), collected from four areas of south‐eastern of Tunisia (Bengardane, Benikhdache, Jerba and Tataouine), was analysed by GC–MS. Thirteen to fifteen components were identified in each sample, representing more than 95% of the total oil. All samples were dominated by the presence of β‐pinene (24.2–27.9%), p‐cymene (17.4–22.3%) and α‐pinene (4.1–11.0%), representing more than 45% of the total oil. The distribution of other components in the different extracts was qualitatively and quantitatively irregular. The variability of the composition can be attributed to the climatic and geographical conditions among areas. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oil composition of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume leaves from Little Andaman, India
Authors: Raina V. K. , Srivastava S. K. , Aggarwal K. K. , Ramesh S. , Kumar Sushil
Published: August 2002

The leaf oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume grown in Little Andaman was analysed by GC and GC–MS. Forty‐seven constituents, representing 99.96% of the oil, were identified. The main constituents of the oil were eugenol (76.60%), linalool (8.5%) and piperitone (3.31%). The composition of the oil is comparable to cinnamon leaf oil produced in Bangalore and Hyderabad (south India) in terms of eugenol and linalool contents. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antimicrobial activity profiles of the two enantiomers of limonene and carvone isolated from the oils of Mentha spicata and Anethum sowa
Authors: Aggarwal K. K. , Khanuja S. P. S. , Ahmad Ateeque , Santha Kumar T. R. , Gupta Vivek K. , Kumar Sushil
Published: August 2002

The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Mentha spicata L. and Anethum sowa Roxb. (Indian dill) were studied. The major chemical constituents of the hydrodistilled essential oils and their major isolates from cultivated M. spicata and A. sowa were identified by IR, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR and GC: (S)‐(−)‐limonene (27.3%) and (S)‐(−)‐carvone (56.6%) (representing 83.9% of the spearmint oil) and (R)‐(+)‐limonene (21.4%), dihydrocarvone (5.0%), (R)‐(+)‐carvone (50.4%) and dillapiole (17.7%) (together 76.9% in Indian dill oil), respectively. In vitro bioactivity evaluation of the isolated oil components revealed that both the optical isomers of carvone were active against a wide spectrum of human pathogenic fungi and bacteria tested. (R)‐(+)‐limonene showed comparable bioactivity profile over the (S)‐(−)‐isomer. The activity of these monoterpene enantiomers was found to be comparable to the bioactivity of the oils in which they occurred. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human gustation and flavour
Authors: Breslin P. A. S.
Published: August 2002

Taste is an essential component of flavour. Although taste carries fewer distinctive qualities than odour, it provides an essential base on which aroma builds to generate the widely varying flavour of our foods and beverages. The present review covers a wide range of perceptual/psychophysical topics on taste. The first section reviews the taste research questions of early last century; the second section addresses the psychophysical taste research topics of the last few decades; and in the third section, the question is raised whether the old research topics of 80–100 years ago, which have largely not been answered, are worth reconsidering and pursuing. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the essential oil of Lippia graveolens HBK from El Salvador
Authors: Vernin Gaston , Lageot Claude , Gaydou Emile M. , Parkanyi Cyril
Published: August 2002

Essential oils from two samples of Lippia graveolens HBK (South American or Mexican oregano, common in El Salvador), were obtained by hydrodistillation and studied by GC and GC–MS. Forty‐five compounds, constituting 92–93% of the oil, were identified. The two major components in both samples were carvacrol (71% and 34.6%, respectively) and thymol (5–7%, respectively). In addition, two unusual isomers, 2‐isopropyl‐4‐methylphenol and 4‐isopropyl‐2‐methylphenol, were found and identified by comparison with mass spectral data and retention indices and tentatively synthesized. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical solutions of the shallow water equations with discontinuous bed topography
Authors: Zhou J. G. , Causon D. M. , Ingram D. M. , Mingham C. G.
Published: August 2002

A simple scheme is developed for treatment of vertical bed topography in shallow water flows. The effect of the vertical step on flows is modelled with the shallow water equations including local energy loss terms. The bed elevation is denoted with zb‐ for the left and zb+ for the right values at each grid point, hence exactly representing a discontinuity in the bed topography. The surface gradient method (SGM) is generalized to reconstruct water depths at cell interfaces involving a vertical step so that the fluxes at the cell interfaces can accurately be calculated with a Riemann solver. The scheme is verified by predicting a surge crossing a step, a tidal flow over a step and dam‐break flows on wet/dry beds. The results have shown good agreements compared with analytical solutions and available experimental data. The scheme is efficient, robust, and may be used for practical flow calculations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combined comparative genomic hybridization and genomic microarray for detection of gene amplifications in pulmonary artery intimal sarcomas and adrenocortical tumors
Authors: Zhao Jianming , Roth Jürgen , Bode‐Lesniewska Beata , Pfaltz Madeleine , Heitz Philipp U. , Komminoth Paul
Published: August 2002

Identification of gene amplifications in human tumors is important for the understanding of tumorigenesis and may lead to discovery of diagnostic and prognostic markers. In this study, we used a microarray‐based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) technique, combined with conventional CGH, to identify gene amplifications in 43 tumors including eight pulmonary artery intimal sarcomas and 35 adrenocortical tumors. Conventional CGH revealed gains or amplifications of 12q13–q15 in six sarcomas and in two adrenocortical carcinomas. Using microarrays, we demonstrated that, among genes located on 12q13–q15, SAS/CDK4 were amplified in six sarcomas, and MDM2 and GLI in five and four sarcomas, respectively. The two adrenocortical tumors showed coamplifications of SAS/CDK4 and MDM2. Furthermore, PDGFRA (located on 4q12) amplification was identified in five sarcomas. Our data demonstrate: (1) amplifications of SAS/CDK4, MDM2, GLI, and PDGFRA are strongly associated with the tumorigenesis of pulmonary artery intimal sarcomas, whereas SAS/CDK4 and MDM2 coamplification may contribute to the progression of adrenocortical tumors; (2) microarray‐based CGH is a useful tool for simultaneous detection of multiple gene amplifications, with a high sensitivity and resolution compared to that of conventional CGH. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular cytogenetic definition of three distinct chromosome arm 14q deletion intervals in gastrointestinal stromal tumors
Authors: Debiec‐Rychter Maria , Sciot Raf , Pauwels Patrick , Schoenmakers Eric , Dal Cin Paola , Hagemeijer Anne
Published: August 2002

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are mesenchymal neoplasms characterized by frequent chromosome arm 14q losses. In this study, the 14q changes in a series of 39 histologically and immunohistochemically confirmed GISTs were analyzed in detail by metaphase and/or interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies using 21 genetically well‐characterized, region‐specific 14q11‐24 YAC clones. By conventional cytogenetic analysis, acquired clonal chromosome aberrations were found in 17 out of 35 tumors. Chromosome 14 was involved in 13 cases; six specimens showed complete chromosome 14 loss, while the remaining seven had structural abnormalities with the breakpoints residing within the intervals 14q11‐13 or 14q22‐24. Other recurrent chromosome aberrations included frequent deletions of chromosome 1p (11/17), losses of chromosome 22 (7/17), losses or deletions of chromosome arm 13 (6/17) or 15 (4/17), and gains or translocations involving chromosome 17 (4/17). Combining cytogenetic data with double‐color FISH analysis, total or partial losses of 14q material were detected in 29 out of 36 tumors (81%). The 14q losses were found in all stages and histological subtypes. Two most frequent common deletion regions flanked by YACs 931B1 and 761D4, and 802E7 and 892C11 at 14q23‐24 (25/30 of each; 83%) could be identified. Furthermore, 21 tumors (70%) shared a region of deletion defined by YACs 957H10 and 931E5 at 14q11‐12. Our results suggest the presence of at least three distinct critical deletion regions on chromosome 14 in GISTs. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stone artifact scatters in western NSW, Australia: Geomorphic controls on artifact size and distribution
Authors: Fanning Patricia , Holdaway Simon
Published: August 2002

Surface scatters of Aboriginal stone artifacts have been exposed in many parts of inland Australia by accelerated erosion that followed the introduction of pastoralism by European settlers in the 19th century. This paper reports on a set of techniques developed to investigate and quantify the effects of these post‐discard disturbance processes in Sturt National Park in northwest NSW, Australia. Backwards, stepwise, linear regression showed the influence of geomorphic parameters such as slope gradient, elevation, landform, and contemporary surface processes on artifact distribution, with artifact maximum dimension as the dependent variable. The results indicate that, even at low gradients, artifact size and slope angle are significantly related, but that the variance in maximum dimension explained by gradient is very low. Similar results were found for the other geomorphic variables. We conclude that artifact movement by surface wash across these surfaces is unlikely to significantly affect artifact distribution. While vertically conflated surface scatters do not preserve “living floors” in a short‐term, functional sense, their apparent horizontal integrity allows investigation of the long‐term use of place by hunter‐gatherer people in the past. Insofar as assemblage integrity is important for assessing site significance in the heritage management industry, our methods provide a means for assessing the degree to which a site has been damaged by water flow. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Removal of the floxed neo gene from a conditional knockout allele by the adenoviral Cre recombinase in vivo
Authors: Kaartinen Vesa , Nagy Andre
Published: August 2002

Summary: Conditional and tissue specific gene targeting using the Cre‐loxP recombination system in combination with established ES cell techniques has become a standard for in vivo loss of function studies. In a typical flox and delete gene targeting strategy, the loxP‐neo‐loxP cassette is inserted into an intron and an additional loxP site is located in one of the homology arms so that loxP sites surround a functionally essential part of the gene. The neo cassette in usually removed by transient expression of the Cre recombinase in ES cells to avoid selection gene interference and genetic ambiquity. However, this causes a significant increase in manipulation of ES cells and often compromises ES cell pluripotency. Here we describe a method in which the floxed neo gene is removed from a knockout allele by infecting 16‐cell‐stage morulae by the recombinant Cre adenovirus. This virus provides only transient Cre expression and does not integrate into the mouse genome. Produced mosaic mice transmitted the desired allele without the neo cassette with high frequency to their offspring. This method is rapid and easy and does not require any special equipment. Moreover, because superovulated mice can be used as donors, this method does not necessitate a large number of mice. genesis 31:126–129, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term, noninvasive imaging of regulated gene expression in living mice
Authors: Hasan Mazahir T. , Schönig Kai , Berger Stefan , Graewe Walter , Bujard Hermann
Published: August 2002

Summary: We describe here an approach for monitoring regulated gene expression by noninvasive imaging in living mice. We have utilized the tetracycline inducible system to simultaneously coregulate the expression of two genes encoding the firefly luciferase and the Cre recombinase, respectively. Results from our model system demonstrate that luciferase can be used as a noninvasive imaging marker for the regulated expression of a second gene in living mice. The integration of noninvasive imaging and inducible gene expression into current approaches of functional genomics should greatly advance our capabilities of carrying out highly controlled long‐term studies of gene function in individual mice. genesis 29:116–122, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of genes and family environment on adult smoking behavior assessed in an adoption study
Authors: Osler Merete , Holst Claus , Prescott Eva , Sørensen Thorkild I.A.
Published: August 2002

Twin studies suggest that genetic factors influence smoking behavior. However, in these studies, genetic and environmental influences may be confounded. We examined whether smoking behavior of adoptees is associated with smoking behavior in adoptive and biological relatives in a design in which this confounding is minimized. Data on smoking status were collected using a mailed questionnaire in a sample of 840 adoptive families from the Danish Adoption Register including all non‐familial adoptions from 1924 through 1947. Smoking data were available for 706 adoptees, 451 biological fathers, 580 biological mothers, 641 adoptive fathers, 693 adoptive mothers, 199 biological full‐siblings, 684 maternal half‐siblings, and 576 paternal half‐siblings. Adoptees’ status as ever, current, heavy, or former (ex‐)smokers was related to their relatives’ smoking status. Adoptees ever smoking was associated with their full‐siblings’ status as ever smokers (OR = 3.6 [1.5–8.7]). Adoptees’ current smoking was also associated with their full‐siblings’ ever (OR = 3.2 [1.5–7.7]) and current (OR = 2.6 [1.3–5.0]) smoking, whereas adoptees’ heavy smoking was associated with their full‐siblings ever (OR = 5.5 [2.1–14.3]), current (OR = 4.0[1.9–8.6]) and heavy (OR = 2.0[1.0–4.2]) smoking. Compared with current smokers, adoptee ex‐smokers had full‐siblings who were ex‐smokers more often (OR = 3.5 [1.0–11.6]), current (OR = 0.4 [0.2–0.8]), and heavy (OR = 0.3 [0.1–0.9]) smokers less often. Adoptees’ smoking behavior was not associated with adoptive or biological parents’ status as current smokers. This study of smoking behavior in adult adoptees and their biological and adoptee family supports the finding in twin studies of a genetic influence on smoking within the same generation. Genet. Epidemiol. 21:193–200, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relevance of the genes for bone mass variation to susceptibility to osteoporotic fractures and its implications to gene search for complex human diseases
Authors: Deng Hong‐Wen , Mahaney Michael C. , Williams Jeff T. , Li Jing , Conway Theresa , Davies K. Michael , Li Jin‐Long , Deng Hongyi , Recker Robert R.
Published: August 2002

We investigate the relevance of the genetic determination of bone mineral density (BMD) variation to that of differential risk to osteoporotic fractures (OF). The high heritability (h2) of BMD and the significant phenotypic correlations between high BMD and low risk to OF are well known. Little is reported on h2 for OF. Extensive molecular genetic studies aimed at uncovering genes for differential risks to OF have focussed on BMD as a surrogate phenotype. However, the relevance of the genetic determination of BMD to that of OF is unknown. This relevance can be characterized by genetic correlation between BMD and OF. For 50 Caucasian pedigrees, we estimated that h2 at the hip is 0.65 (P < 0.0001) for BMD and 0.53 (P < 0.05) for OF; however, the genetic correlation between BMD and OF is nonsignificant (P > 0.45) and less than 1% of additive genetic variance is shared between them. Hence, most genes found important for BMD may not be relevant to OF at the hip. The phenotypic correlation between high BMD and low risk to OF at the hip (approximately –0.30) is largely due to an environmental correlation (ρE = –0.73, P < 0.0001). The search for genes for OF should start with a significant h2 for OF and should include risk factors (besides BMD) that are genetically correlated with OF. All genes found important for various risk factors must be tested for their relevance to OF. Ideally, employing OF per se as a direct phenotype for gene hunting and testing can ensure the importance and direct relevance of the genes found for the risk of OF. This study may have significant implications for the common practice of gene search for complex diseases through underlying risk factors (usually quantitative traits). Genet. Epidemiol. 22:12–25, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Buried oblique‐slip faults in the Irish Caledonides
Authors: Michael Williams D.
Published: August 2002

Despite over a century of geological investigation, the Ordovician evolution of South Mayo, western Ireland, is still imperfectly understood. An example of this is the supposed lateral equivalence of two formations within the succession, the Rosroe and Derrylea Formations of Arenig age, exposed on opposite limbs of a major east–west syncline. These formations exhibit characteristics which suggest that they were not deposited in the same basin. Both formations contain tuff horizons. Geochemical analysis of these tuffs shows that each formation contains chemically distinct volcanic signatures suggesting deposition in separate sub‐basins. Previously the Rosroe Formation on the south limb of the syncline was considered the coarse‐grained proximal equivalent of the finer‐grained Derrylea Formation, both being deposited in a deep‐water fan environment. Previously published palaeocurrent data together with new data show the Rosroe Formation to have been derived from the northeast and therefore it cannot be the proximal equivalent of the Derrylea Formation. Additionally, the two formations show different and distinct associations of heavy mineral assemblages.

It is suggested that one explanation for these data is that both formations were deposited in separate sub‐basins controlled by oblique slip sinistral faults, similar in some respects to the Cenozoic basins of the Gulf of California. In the Irish case these faults would have been largely buried by later Ordovician sedimentation. Some models for the Ordovician evolution of this area postulate the presence of an initial oceanic arc situated above a southward directed subduction zone. The presence of thick proximal submarine tuffs derived from an arc environment in the Rosroe Formation suggest that at least by this time the subduction zone was in fact northward directed and outboard of the arc. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation of a glial‐restricted tripotential cell line from embryonic spinal cord cultures
Authors: Wu Yuan Yuan , Mujtaba Tahmina , Han Steve S.W. , Fischer Itzhak , Rao Mahendra S.
Published: August 2002

Neuroepithelial stem cells (NEPs), glial‐restricted precursors (GRPs), and neuron‐restricted precursors (NRPs) are present during early differentiation of the spinal cord and can be identified by cell surface markers. In this article, we describe the properties of GRP cells that have been immortalized using a regulatable v‐myc retrovirus construct. Immortalized GRP cells can be maintained in an undifferentiated dividing state for long periods and can be induced to differentiate into two types of astrocytes and into oligodendrocytes in culture. A clonal cell line prepared from immortalized GRP cells, termed GRIP‐1, was also shown to retain the properties of a glial‐restricted tripotential precursor. Transplantation of green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐labeled subclones of the immortalized cells into the adult CNS demonstrates that this cell line can also participate in the in vivo development of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Late passages of the immortalized cells undergo limited transdifferentiation into neurons as assessed by expression of multiple neuronal markers. The availability of a conditionally immortalized cell line obviates the difficulties of obtaining a large and homogeneous population of GRPs that can be used for studying the mechanism and signals for glial cell differentiation as well as their application in transplantation protocols. GLIA 38:65–79, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
IGF‐I and microglia/macrophage proliferation in the ischemic mouse brain
Authors: O'Donnell Steven L. , Frederick Terra J. , Krady J. Kyle , Vannucci Susan J. , Wood Teresa L.
Published: August 2002

We have used a model of hypoxic‐ischemic brain injury in adult male C57BL/6 mice to study insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) and IGF‐binding protein (IGFBP) expression in response to cerebral hypoxia‐ischemia (H/I) in the adult mouse. A period of 20 min of H/I that resulted in histopathology in cortex, striatum, and thalamus was correlated with induction of mRNA for IGF‐I, IGFBP‐2, IGFBP‐3, IGFBP‐5, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) by 4 days of recovery. Increased IGF‐I mRNA was located within damaged regions and was surrounded by IGFBP‐2 mRNA expression. The results of combined immunostaining/in situ hybridzation showed that the cells expressing IGFBP‐2 mRNA were also GFAP‐positive and comprised a subset of activated astrocytes immediately surrounding areas of damage. In contrast, staining within damaged regions showed high numbers of cells immunopositive for F4/80 and lectin B4 indicative of microglia and macrophages but no cells immunopositive for the astrocytic proteins GFAP or S‐100β. Microglia/macrophages within the damaged areas expressed IGF‐I mRNA and were also immunopositive for the proliferating cell nuclear antigen. To determine whether expression of IGF‐I could contribute to proliferation of microglia, we treated purified cultures of adult brain microglia with IGF‐I in the presence of 3H‐thymidine. IGF‐I stimulated a twofold increase in DNA synthesis in cultures of adult brain microglia. Taken together with previous data demonstrating that IGF‐I promotes proliferation of peripheral macrophages, these data support the hypothesis that IGF‐I is an autocrine/paracrine mitogen for microglia/macrophages after H/I. GLIA 38:85–97, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.