bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Food on Fecundity and Longevity of Adults of Itoplectis conquisitor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Leius K.
Published: January 2010

The females of many species of chalcids, braconids, pteromalids, and ichneumonids feed on the body fluids or hemolymph of their host. The fact that the adult males do not partake of this food indicates that such feeding may be associated with egg production. Carbohydrate foods, in addition to the body fluids of the host, are essential to egg production in certain species. Feeding on the host by females of certain hymenopterous parasites increases their value as control agents. This feeding sometimes may be more important than parasitism as a cause of host mortality. Itoplectis conquisitor (Say), a host feeding parasite, is considered in this paper.
A New Parting Agent for Preparation of Inflated Larvae
Authors: Harvey J. K.
Published: January 2010

In an article on inflating insect larvae, the writer (1957) prescribed the use of glycerine to prevent the larval skin from sticking to the glass inflating tube. Vaseline and glycerine were formerly used for this purpose but they have not been satisfactory. The Technical Information Service of the National Research Council of Canada was consulted about better parting agents and through their aid an entirely satisfactory substance was obtained. The compound is of the silicone type; it has the consistency of petroleum jelly, is heat stable, and has greatly improved the efficiency of larval inflation at the Vernon laboratory. The commercial name of this compound is “Slipicone” made by Dow Corning Silicones Ltd., Tippet Rd., Downsview, Toronto, Ontario.
Mesoleius tenthredinis Morl. in Pennsylvania and Michigan
Authors: Drooz A. T.
Published: January 2010

The remarkable discovery that the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.), had developed an immunity, in parts of North America, to one of its principal parasites, the ichneumon, Mesoleius tenthredinis Morl., followed Lejeune's report (6) that parasitism rarely had exceeded 5 per cent in Manitoba and Saskatchewan since 1940. Muldrew (8, 9) showed that the immunity phenomenon resulted from the formation of a phagocytic capsule around the parasite's egg. The occurrence of parasite resistance by the larch sawfly in Minnesota and Wisconsin was observed in 1952 (2, 4).
Bioassay of Organic Insecticides, in Terms of Contact Toxicity, to the Black Cutworm, Agrotis ypsilon (Rott.)
Authors: Harris C. R. , Mazurek J. H.
Published: January 2010

In recent years the black cutworm, Agrotis ypsilon (Rott.), has been the predominant species of economic importance in southwestern Ontario. Relatively small populations of this insect can cause extensive damage to widely-spaced cash crops such as tobacco, tomatoes, and sugar beets.

Present control recommendations are based primarily on results obtained from field trials. These results are often inconclusive because cutworm outbreaks are difficult to predict and usually unevenly distributed. Therefore, it is necessary to develop laboratory techniques to assist in assessing the comparative toxicity of insecticides and their formulations.
Design of a Sampling Plan for Studies on the Population Dynamics of the Diamondback Moth, Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
Authors: Harcourt D. G.
Published: January 2010

In 1958, intensive studies on the population dynamics of the diamondback moth, Plutella maculipennis (Curt.), on cabbage were initiated in long-term study plots at Merivale, Ontario. The object was to construct ecological life tables (Morris and Miller, 1954) for successive generations of the insect, and, ultimately, to develop a mathematical model describing survival of field populations. This paper reports on the variation between samples of immature stages of the moth, and between some of the mortality factors affecting its abundance, and on the use of these data in designing a sampling plan with acceptable limits of precision.
The Effect of Temperature on Development and Diapause of the Horn Fly, Siphona irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Depner K. R.
Published: January 2010

Siphona irritans (L.), commonly known as the horn fly, is a serious pest of cattle. In southern Alberta, ten thousand flies have been counted on a single host animal. Properly conducted control studies require the establishment of a permanent laboratory colony. Previous attempts to establish such a colony had not been successful (McLintock and Depner, 1957) as more information about the biology of the fly was needed. The results presented in this paper will help provide this information.
Variation, Distribution and Evolution of theTabanus(Hybomitra)frontalisComplex of Horse Flies (Diptera: Tabanidae)
Authors: McAlpine J. F.
Published: January 2010

Nearctic horse flies usually identified asTabanus(Hybomitra)frontalisWalker orseptentrionalisLoew, or simply asT. frontalis septentrionaliscomplex, have puzzled taxonomists for more than a century. These tabanids (Figs. 1-3), which are among the most widely distributed, most abundant and most troublesome biters of animals and man in North America, are extremely variable, especiallly in color and size. Those who have studied the group have widely different views concerning the taxonomic significance of the variations observed. To date, five nominal species (excludingT. opacusCoq.) have been described from small samples of populations of the group from various parts of Canada, i.e.,frontalisandincisusWlk. (Nova Scotia),septentrionalisLoew andlabradorensisEnderlein (Labrador), andcanadensisCurran (central Manitoba).
Food-Plant Spectrum and Elimination of Disease of Cinnabar Moth Larvae, Hypocrita jacobaeae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)
Authors: Bucher G. E. , Harris P.
Published: January 2010

The cinnabar moth, Hypocrita jacobaeae (L.), is the principal enemy of tansy ragwort, Senecio jacobaea L., in Europe. To determine if this moth could be safely liberated in Canada to control tansy ragwort, breeding stocks were imported as pupae from Sweden and Ireland for laboratory feeding tests. Larval feeding tests with various important economic plants before the moth was introduced to New Zealand from Britain (Cameron, 1935), to Australia from Britain (Currie and Fyfe, 1938), and to the United States from France (Parker, 1960) showed that the larvae would not survive on any of those tested. Such investigations specifically excluded certain crops from damage by the moth but did not indicate the range of plants that can be eaten. It is essential that an insect used in weed control should be highly restricted in its diet. If this restriction is related to nutrient discrimination, as described by Kennedy and Booth (1951) for Aphis fabae Scop., it would be necessary to screen many more economic plants than if it is related to “secondary” plant substances associated with a taxonomic group, as described by Fraenkel (1953). Thus, besides ad hoc tests on important plants, tests to determine the potential host spectrum of an insect are warranted before it is liberated against a weed. The plant spectrum of the cinnabar moth was determined by feeding the larvae on several genera in the tribe Senecioneae and representatives of most other tribes of Compositae that occur in Canada.
A New Subgenus and Species of Toxopterella Hille Ris Lambers (Homoptera: Aphididae), from Sorbus
Authors: MacGillivray M. E. , Bradley G. A.
Published: January 2010

Hille Ris Lambers (1960) erected the genus Toxopterella for his new species, canadensis, collected in Ontario and New Brunswick from Crataegus. At that time he had seen only the alate form of the species from Sorbus described herein, not the fundatrix, which is almost indistinguishable from the fundatrix of Toxopterella canadensis H.R.L. Because of the similarities in the fundatrices and because of the unique characters that they have in common in this morph, we place the aphid from Sorbus in the genus Toxopterella H.R.L., 1960. But the alatae of the two species are distinctly different and we therefore place this species from Sorbus in a new subgenus Sorbobium.
A Revision of the Genus Campichoeta Macquart (Diptera: Diastatidae)
Authors: McAlpine J. F.
Published: January 2010

Examination of material of the genus Campichoeta Macq. (= Thryptocheta Rond.) from both the Old and the New Worlds, follawing clarification of the identities of most of the Palaearctic species by Basden and Collin (1958), revealed significant new information on the taxonomy of the genus. It showed that the common species in North America, heretofore called Thryptocheta micans Hendel (1911), is the same as Campichoeta griseola (Zett.) (1855) known from a single collection apparently made by Boheman in central Sweden about 1852. Also, it showed that an undescribed species occurs in southwestern United States.
Studies in Mosquito Repellency. IV. The Effect of Repellent Chemicals
Authors: Kellogg F. E. , Wright R. H.
Published: January 2010

In a previous communication (Kellogg and Wright, 1962a), we have drawn attention to the role of warm wet convection currents in bringing about the alightment of Aedes aegypti after they have been stimulated to fly by human breath. In some of those experiments, copper bars were warmed at one end and cooled at the other and covered with dampened cloth, and the number of mosquitoes touching or alighting at various points along their length was counted. The results showed that the warm wet end was highly attractive.
Observations on Laspeyresia fletcherana (Kearfott) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae) in Montana
Authors: Denton Robert E. , Dodge Harold R.
Published: January 2010

In November 1958 a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco) Christmas tree was received at the Missoula Forest Insect Laboratory with a note that it was infested with an insect that might be causing “Christmas-tree blight.” This term is commonly used by the trade to refer to any condition of foliage that might affect salability or price of Christmas trees. Several types of foliage-feeding insects, as well as fungi or poor site conditions, may cause “blighted” or discolored needles; however, on this tree the infestation proved to be caterpillars tunneling in the bark.
A Note on Colour Preferences of Some Homoptera and Thysanoptera in British Columbia
Authors: Wilde W. H. A.
Published: January 2010

In pear and sweet cherry orchards near Creston, in the Kootenay Valley of British Columbia, populations of psyllids, aphids, thrips and leafhoppers were sampled by yellow, and white, sticky board traps hung in the trees. The psyllids were adult Psylla pyricola Först., caught in pear trees; the other insects were caught in cherry trees. The latter insects were: alate Myzus cerasi (F.), adults and nymphs of Taeniothrips sp., and adult leafhoppers of the following species: Edwardsiana rosae (L.), Macrosteles fascifrons (Stål), Psammotettix lividellus (Zett.), Dikraneura absenta DeL. and C., Scaphytopius acutus (Say), Osbornellus borealis DeL. and Mohr., Neokolla hieroglyphics (Say), and Erythroneura spp. Identifications were made by the Systematics and Biological Control Unit of the Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.
The Caragana Aphid,Acyrthosiphon caraganae(Cholod.) in Western Canada, and its Separation from the Pea Aphid
Authors: Robinson A. G. , Bradley G. A.
Published: January 2010

Except for occasional references in the Annual Reports of the Forest Insect and Disease Survey of infestations of an aphid on caragana (Caragana arborescensLam.) in Western Canada and a note on chemical control (Bradley, 1952), there is no published record known to the authors of the occurrence of the caragana aphid,Acyrthosiphon caraganae(Cholod.), in North America. MacNay (1953) summarized reports that severe infesrations of aphids, “probably mainly the caragana aphid”, occurred on caragana in 1952 in the East Kootenays of British Columbia, and at several places in Alberta and Saskatchewan. At some localities 100 per cent defoliation was reported.
Effects of the Body Fluids of Various Host Larvae on Fecundity of Females ofScambus buolianae(Htg.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Leius K.
Published: January 2010

Several investigators have shown that the composition of insect hemolymph varies considerably between various insect species (Crescitelli and Taylor, 1935; Pratt, 1950; Auclair, 1953 and 1959; Wyattet al., 1956; Todd, 1958). It is possible that differences in the biochemistry of insect hemolymph could affect the nutritive value of host fluids. Therefore the feeding of the females of certain hymenopterous parasites on various hosts may affect also their fecundity and thus influence the establishment of imported parasites or the maintenance of indigenous parasites in certain habitats.Scambus buolianae(Htg.), an imported external parasite of the larvae of pine shoot moth,Rhyacionia buoliana(Schiff.), and possibly of other Lepidoptera species, was used to investigate the nutritional effect of various hosts on the fecundity of the females.
Monoctonus crepidis (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) an Aphid Parasite New to North America
Authors: Mackauer M. J. P.
Published: January 2010

Examination of the aphid parasites in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, provided evidence that several well-known European species are much more widely distributed than has been assumed. Material of the genus Monoctonus Haliday 1833 contained 11 females and 7 males of a species which was identified as Molonoctonus crepidis (Haliday 1834). A comparison with specimens from various European localities did not reveal any differences in the external morphology or in colour. This is the first record of this species from North America.
Managing Colonies of Bumble Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) for Pollination Purposes
Authors: Hobbs G. A. , Nummi W. O. , Virostek J. F.
Published: January 2010

Seed growers in Alberta must rely to a great extent on leaf-cutter bees, Megachile Latr., and bumble bees, Bombus Latr., to pollinate alfalfa and red clover. Depending largely on the lengths of their proboscises, certain species of leaf-cutter bees and bumble bees are valuable pollinators of these crops (Hobbs et al., 1961, Hobbs, 1962). The leaf-cutter bees are solitary, non-gregarious species and are, therefore, difficult to manage. Because bumble bees are colonial and are more prolific than leaf-cutter bees, and because suitable species for the pollination of alfalfa and of red clover are found in most regions of Alberta, efforts are presently being made to manage bumble bees.
The Parasitic Hymenoptera: Specialists in Population Regulation
Authors: Flanders Stanley E.
Published: January 2010

In June 1922, Hearst Hall, the women's gymnasium on the Berkeley Campus of the University of California, burned to the ground. The heat therefrom caused the deaths of three fine specimens of Monterey Cypress growing nearby, thus setting the stage for a local episode in the interaction between a wood-wasp of the genus Sirex and a parasitic wasp of the genus Ibalia. This particular host-parasite interaction is a widespread one of very ancient origin. The 1922 episode of this interaction was manifested as soon as the three dead cypress trees lhad attained a condition which was particularly attractive to the females of Sirex and the females of Ibalia. The larvae of Sirex burrow in and feed upon the timber of coniferous trees; the larvae of Ibalia live parasitically within the Sirex larvae and ultimately destroy them.
Some Effects of Gamma Radiation on the Reproductive Potential of the Codling Moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)
Authors: Proverbs M. D. , Newton J. R.
Published: January 2010

This is the third paper in a series dealing with investigations, initiated in 1956, to determine if the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.), might be eradicated in the Okanagan and Similkameen Vallevs of British Columbia by the release of sexually sterile moths. In the first twoe papers exposure to heat (Proverbs and Newton, 1962) and to gamma radiation (Proverbs and Newton, 1962a) were examined as methods of inducing sexual sterility. Heat was not satisfactory. However, exposure of fully developed pupae to 40,000 rads of gamma radiation induced almost complete sexual sterility (used in the broad sense) in the male moth without causing undesirable side effects. The female was more easily sterilized than the male.
Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae): XI. Cremifania nigrocellulata Cz. (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), An Introduced Predator in Eastern Canada
Authors: Clark R. C. , Brown N. R.
Published: January 2010

Cremifania nigrocellulata Cz. is one of the complex of predators that attacks A. piceae (Ratz.) in Europe. After studies on its morphology, biology, and distribution were made by Delucchi and Pschorn-Walcher (1954), C. nigrocellulata was reared in Europe by the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control and introduced into New Brunswick via the Entomology Research Institute for Biological Control, Belleville, Ontario.
Predation onCicindelaby a Dragonfly
Authors: Graves Robert C.
Published: January 2010

Tiger beetles of the GenusCicindela(Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) apparently have few natural enemies. About seven per cent of the larvae ofCicindela scutellaris leconteiHald, are parasitized by larvae ofSpongostylum analeSay (Diptera: Bombyliidae) according to Shelford (1909, 1913). Frick (1957) notes egg deposirion by a “small black bombyliid fly” in the larval burrows ofCicindelain Washington State. Wallis (196l) has seen large asilid flies capture tiger beetles on the wing. He believes that the asilids attack only while theCicindelaare in flight and vulnerable areas are exposed; the beak is inserted in the softer parts just behind the scutellum.
New Anthocoridae from North America, with Notes on the Status of some Genera and Species (Heteroptera)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A. , Anderson N. H.
Published: January 2010

The present paper brings together the latest knowledge on the species of Lyctocoris Hahn, Tetraphleps Fieber, and Elatophilus Reuter, in the Nearctic region. New synonymy and new combinations are listed, and distinguishing characters of the genera are presented. Five new species are described to make available the names for a forthcoming paper on Anthocoridae in the Pacific Northwest (Anderson, in press).
A Description of Territorial Behavior and a Quantitative Study of its Function in Males ofHetaerina americana(Fabricius) (Odonata: Agriidae)
Authors: Johnson Clifford
Published: January 2010

The present work was predominantly stimulated by Moore (1953, 1957) in his studies on the functions of dragonfly territoriality. The objective of this study has been to describe the territorial behavior ofHetaerina americanamales and to obtain quantitative information on its function by the capture mark recapture method. Population analyses by marking and recapturing have made possible the calculation of many factors of ecological importance. Flying insects have received especial attention from Dowdeswell, Fisher, and Ford (1940) and Fisher and Ford (1947) for the Lepidoptera and from Jackson (1948) for the tsetse-fly. Borror (1934) was among the first to utilize marking methods for studies on the Odonata. Several investigators have since used such methods for these insects. Corbet (1952) has shown the Odonata to be quite suitable for quantitative study by these methods. Observations on territoriality were made from March to August, 1960, on the San Marcos River, San Marcos, Texas, the San Marcos River, Palmetto State Park, Texas, the San Gabriel River, Georgetown, Texas, and on the Colorado River, 15 miles west of Austin, Texas. The population study was also carried on at the latter habitat in the summer of 1960 from July 4 to August 2 in which 340 individuals were marked and a total of 396 recaptures were recovered.
A New Canadian Species of Stenopterina Macq. with Notes on the Species Allied to brevipes (Fab.) (Diptera: Otitidae)
Authors: Shewell G. E.
Published: January 2010

Species of the New World genus Stenopterina Macquart (1835, Hist. Nat. Dipt. 2: 453. Senopterina - lapsus) occur mostly in the tropics and subtropics. They are moderately slender metallic blue-green or cupreous flies, up to 12 mm. long with large head and rather long narrow wings, the latter parterncd in various ways with dark brown or black markings. In the type species, Dacus brevipes Fab., 1805 and its closest allies, the wing-pattern consists essentially of three separate areas of infuscation. First, a narrow uninterrupted black costal border extending from the apex of the auxiliary vein to the apex of the fourth. Second, a black streak filling the first basal cell and sometimes invading the cells adjoining it in front and behind. Third, a narrow black cloud on the posterior crossvein. Hendel (1914) in reviewing the genus, considered brevipes a variable species ranging from Texas to Brazil. The recent discovery in British Columbia of a species of Stenopterina with similar wing-pattern has led me to reexamine the status of species placed by Hendel as synonyms of brevipes, particularly Stenopterina caerulescens Lw., 1873, from Texas.
History of Larch Sawfly Outbreaks and their Effect on Tamarack Stands in Manitoba and Saskatchewan
Authors: Nairn L. D. , Reeks W. A. , Webb F. E. , Hildahl V.
Published: January 2010

The larch sawfly,Pristiphora erichsonii(Htg.), has been under observation in Manitoba and Saskatchewan since early in the present century. Recorded observations were somewhat fragmentary until 1937; since then systematic and detailed annual reports have been provided by the Forest Insect Survey and since 1948 intensive ecological and life table studies have been conducted by staff of the Winnipeg Laboratory at the Whiteshell Forest Reserve, Manitoba.
The Life History and Ecology of the Woolly Pine Needle Aphid, Schizolachnus pini-radiatae (Davidson) (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Grobler Johan H.
Published: January 2010

The woolly pine needle aphid, Schizolachnus pini-radiatae, was described in 1909 by Davidson as Lachnus pini-radiatae from specimens collected near Stanford University, California. In revising the subtribe Cinarina, Gillette and Palmer (1931) placed this species in the genus Schizolachnus. Detailed descriptions of the species were given by Davidson (1909), Gillette and Palmer (1931), and Palmer (1952), but none of the earlier workers studied the life history of this aphid. The present study was carried out during 1960 in a seven-year-oId red pine stand in kirkwood Township, about 50 miles east of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.
Establishing and Maintaining a Culture of Hylemya brassicae (Bouché) Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in the Greenhouse or Laboratory
Authors: Read D. C. , Welch H. E.
Published: January 2010

Since a technique for mass rearing of the cabbage maggot Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), was described (Read, 1960), inquiries from different countries indicate that many workers encounter difficulties in rearing this insect in captivity. This paper discusses these difficulties and describes methods successfully used by the authors for establishing and maintaining cultures in the greenhouse. Using these methods, 22 successive generations of H. brassicae have been reared at Belleville in less than four years.
A New Species ofNepticulav. Heyd. on Birch (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae)
Authors: Freeman T. N.
Published: January 2010

In 1957, some officers of the Forest Insect Survey of Canada discovered a species ofNepticulamining the leaves of white birch (Betula papyriferaMarsh.) and yellow birch (Betula luteaMichx. f.) in Ontario. At that time the species was considered to be undescribed, but to confirm this it was necessary to study the life-history. This has been done by Mr. O. H. Lindquist, Forest Insect Laboratory, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, and the results of his studies are being presented in a companion paper. His investigations confirmed that the species had not been named and the following description is presented.
Further Studies on the Food-Gathering Behaviour of Bumble Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: Hobbs G. A.
Published: January 2010

Brian (1954) discussed the evidence in the literature concerning whether the correlation between the length of the proboscis of a bumble bee and the length of the corolla tube of the flower it visits for nectar results from learned or innate behaviour. She hesitated to accept the views of Kugler (1943), who supported the ‘learned’ hypothesis and considered that the individual bumble bee is instinctively attracted to a flower by its colour, scent, etc., but must learn which flowers are suited to its bodily build, because he had done no work on bees raised in isolation and therefore known to be without foraging experience. The work of Cumber (1949), which reported that there were differences in proboscis lengths between individuals of a species that visited different flowers and which therefore also supported the learned hypothesis, was suspect because he gave no data on corolla lengths. Hobbs et al. (1961), who recorded the food-preferences of certain of the workers, queens, and males of honey, bumble, and leaf-cutter bees on an isolated experimental field containing plots of alfalfa, red clover, alsike clover, and sweetclover, concluded that the preference exhibited by a bee was linked with the ease with which it could gather nectar from a flower. They found, as did Cumber, that differences in prolboscis-lengths between individuals of a species resulted in preferences for flowers of different corolla-tube lengths, e.g., the queens of Bombus hunti Greene (mean length of proboscis 8.7 mm.) greatly preferred red clover, whereas the workers (m.l.p. 6.3 mm.) preferred sweetclover.
A Sampling Technique for Population and Mortality Factors of the Fruit-Tree Leaf Roller, Archips argyrospilus (Wlk.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), on Apple in Quebec
Authors: Paradis R. O. , LeRoux E. J.
Published: January 2010

Sampling techniques for population and mortality factors of the fruit-tree leaf roller, Archips argyrospilus (Wlk.), on apple in Quebec, were developed at Rougemont from 1958 to 1960 with the object of obtaining reliable statistics for life tables on this species. Biometric techniques have not previously been applied for ecological studies of A. argyrospilus, most workers having been primarily concerned with life history, chemical control, and general observations on natural control factors (Gill, 1913; Caesar, 1916 and 1917; Petch, 1916 and 1942; Herrick, 1917; Muesebeck, 1921; Regan, 1923; Viereck, 1924, Venables, 1924 and 1937; Harman, 1928; Hall, 1930 and 1934; Knull, 1932; Chapman et al., 1941; Greenwood, 1943).
Descriptions and Life History ofMelanolophia imitata(Walker) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)
Authors: Evans David
Published: January 2010

Melanolophia imitata(Walker) has been colloquially referred to as the green-striped forest looper, in reference to its appearance and habitat. The spring-flying adults and the consistently large numbers of larvae attract considerable attention annually. Although the moths evince little migratory movement, their comparatively large size and pale colour, in association with their quantity, combine to create the basis for occasional alarming reports of forest insects. It is not infrequent to hear of clouds of moths scattering about a forest traveller and viewed throughout the woods. Ordinarily the adults fly during late evening, and are less attracted to light than many moths.
Mortality of Codling Moth Eggs and Young Larvae in an Integrated Control Orchard
Authors: MacLellan C. R.
Published: January 2010

Proof of insect predation by small arthropods is difficult to obtain under orchard conditions. The act of predation is seldom observed and unless some characteristic sign is left by the predator there is little chance of recognizing the species responsible. Many special techniques to study predation have been designed, but because they all have limitations it is still necessary to present circumstantial evidence in most predator-prey field studies. Perhaps the most common technique used is the limb or tree cage whereby both prey and suspected predators are released within the cage and observations made at regular intervals. This cage method, as well as the insecticidal check method of DeBach (1946) as modified by Lord (1956), the precipitin test (MacLellan (1954), West (1950)), the use of radioisotopes (Ahmed et al., (1954), Baldwin et al., (1955), MacLellan (1958b)), and others were considered for use in the present studies but were rejected because of particular limitations.
An Effect of Parasite Attack on Host Mortality, as Exemplified by Encarsia formosa and Trialeurodes vaporariorum
Authors: Burnett T.
Published: January 2010

It is not unusual for parasite attack on insect hosts to have different consequences for individuals of the same species. An indication of the variation in types of alternative effects is given by a consideration of three host-parasite relationships. First, although most hosts in a population are susceptible to parasitization, some are immune to attack: about one in 3,000 larvae of the Mediterranean flour moth, Anagasta kühniella (Zeller), was found by Payne (1934) to be immune to attack by Bracon hebetor Say. Second, tile morphology of hosts may be modified differentially by parasitism: unhatched eggs of Aphdius platensis Brethes exert a juvenilizing effect on nymphs of Aphis craccivora Koch whereas parasite larvae sometimes cause the appearance of adult characters (Johnson, 1959). Third, some hosts are successfully parasitized whereas others are killed long before parasite progeny can mature: adult females of Metaphycus helvolus (Com.) kill the black scale, Saissetin oleae (Bern.), by parasitization, by mutilation with the ovipositor, and by host-feeding at wounds made by the ovipositor. Field tests showed that up to 97 per cent of a black-scale infestation may be killed by the parasite over a period of several months.
A Device for Measuring the Oviposition Potential of a Bark Beetle Parasite
Authors: Ryan Roger B.
Published: January 2010

Some bark beetle parasites insert their ovipositors through the bark of trees to lay their eggs on their hosts. To be parasitized, therefore, host insects must be beneath a thickness of bark less than the parasite ovipositor length. Bark thickness varies at different heights in a tree, but even at a given height the thickness is not uniform because of the fissures. The percentage of bark beetles parasitized by this type of parasite at a given height in a tree is influenced by the percentage of the bark which has a thickness less than the parasite ovipositor length.
Insect Enemies of Lecanium coryli L. (Homoptera: Coccoidea) in Saskatchewan
Authors: Peterson L. O. T.
Published: January 2010

Local outbreaks of Lecanium coryli L. on white elm, Ulmus americana L., at Indian Head and Regina, Saskatchewan, were investigated from 1957 to 1960. Information on the seasonal occurrence, habits of the females, natural mortality, and chemical control of the scale has been reported (Peterson, 1960). During this investigation, data on insects attacking the scale were collected and are presented in this paper. Eleven species of hymenopterous parasites and one dipterous predator were collected. All were associated with the late nymphal stage and/or the adult stage of the female host. Table I lists the hymenopterous species and shows the numbers of adults and their emergence periods, recorded from 1958 to 1960.
Biology and Habits of the Douglas-fir Beetle Parasite, Coeloides brunneri Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), in Western Oregon
Authors: Ryan Roger B. , Rudinsky Julius A.
Published: January 2010

Natural control factors are normally relied on to hold destructive insects below the level of economic damage. When insect control is attempted every effort should be made to prevent injury to beneficial parasites and predators.

The Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, is an important enemy of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. Present control practices for the Douglas-fir beetle consist of rapid cutting, transportation, and milling of infested trees so that beetles will be destroyed in the slabs before they emerge to infest other trees. During these operations, natural control agents are often inadvertently destroyed along with the beetles. Because of this fact serious beetle infestations may be unnecessarily prolonged. Detailed knowledge of the life history of the narural control agents and of the effect of logging and milling practices on the populations of beneficial parasites and predators is needed before control practice recommendations, which may be less destructive to the beneficial insects, can be set forth.
The World Rhyparochrominae (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). I. New Synonymy and Generic Changes
Authors: Scudder G. G. E.
Published: January 2010

During the course of work towards a revision of rhe genera of the Rhyparo-chrominae of the world, a number of systematic changes have been found necessary. These are published now so that they may be used in forthcoming publications and so that they may be incorporated in a world catalogue of the Lygaeidae now in preparation by J. A. Slater. This is the first of a series of papers on the subfamily Rhyparochrominae, which will be published prior to the appearance of the final keys to all the genera.
A New Species of Nasonovia Mordwilko (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: January 2010

The species described herein is referable to the subgenus Hyperomyzus Börner, which includes the species of Nasonovia in which the cornicles are swollen. This species can be distinguished from the two orher species known to occur in North America by means of the following key:

1. Apical segment of hind tarsus longer than apical rostral segment; antennae with apical portions of segments usually darker in macerated material; broadest portion of cornicles usually not much wider than broadest portion of cauda ___2
The Relationship of Spathimeigenia spinigera Townsend (Diptera: Tachinidae) to its Host, Neodiprion swainei Midd. (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)
Authors: Tripp H. A.
Published: January 2010

Studies on the parasites of the Swaine jack pine sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Midd., form part of an extensive program designed to assess the factors influencing population dynamics of this important defoliator of jack pine, Pinus banksiana Lamb. Investigations were carried out in the Province of Quebec between 1955 and 1959 near the headwaters of the Gatineau River, Abitibi County, and continued during 1960 and 1961 near the source of the Vermillion River, County Laviolette. In both areas, one of the principal parasites associated with N. swainei was the tachinid, Spathimeigenia spinigera Townsend. Descriptions of the immature stages of this parasite, and details of its behaviour were published previously (Tripp, 1960).
Bionomics of the Pear Psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster in Pear Orchards of the Kootenay Valley of British Columbia, 1960
Authors: Wilde W. H. A.
Published: January 2010

Of the fruits grown in the Kootenay Valley of British Columbia, pears are third in importance; in the more arid Okanagan Valley 300 miles to the wrest they are second. During 1959 the pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster, caused severe losses for fruit growers in the Okanagan Valley. The damage was much greater than had occurred during the previous 17 years. It became clear that the insect was a major economic pest, and that it was not being adequately controlled by the recommended insecticides. Obviously, more information was needed on the biological aspects of the situation. The roie of climatic conditions was particularly in question. In 1960 a start was made on a biological study of the pear psylla at Creston in the Kootenay Valley. This paper deals with observations thnf were made there.
DDT and Heptachlor as Black-fly Larvicides in Clear and Turbid Water
Authors: Fredeen F. J. H.
Published: January 2010

Field tests of several formulations of DDT and heptachlor as black-fly larvicides were made in 1953 and 1954 in irrigation canals in Alberta. The objectives of these tests were 1: to investigate further the relationship between larvicide effectiveness and the suspended solids content of the water, and 2: to investigate the use of formulations containing either emulsifiers or finely-divided inorganic particles which might improve larvicide effectiveness in clear-water streams.
The Effect of Exposure of Hibernation Sites on the Time of Trypodendron Spring Flight
Authors: Dyer E. D. A.
Published: January 2010

Prebble and Graham (1957) reported that initial flights of the ambrosia beetle, Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.), occur from late March to early May depending on the time of rapid rise in maximum daily temperature. Flight and attack activity was investigated near Cowichan Lake, B.C., by Chapman and Kinghorn (1958). They concluded that the first heavy attack flights could be expected when the air temperature rose above 60°F. (15.6°C.) after most of the snow had melted. The amount of snow cover and altitude were found to affect time of flight.
Life History and Habits of the Brown Mite, Bryobia arborea M. & A. (Acarina: Tetranychidae) on Apple in Nova Scotia
Authors: Herbert H. J.
Published: January 2010

Morgan and Anderson (1957) discussed in detail the synonymy of the Bryobia praetiosa Koch complex. They raised the apple inhabiting form to species status, and gave it the name, brown mite, Bryobia arborea.

The brown mite from apple trees in Nova Scotia was examined by C. V. G. Morgan, Summerland, British Columbia, and found to be morphologically similar to the B. arborea on apple in British Columbia. It is possible, however, that the Nova Scotian form may be a geographical race.
Cytogenetic Pathways in Beetle Speciation
Authors: Smith Stanley G.
Published: January 2010

Investigations carried out over the past 50 years have made it abundantly clear that the chromosome, besides being a medium of evolutionary change, has an evolution of its own. In the animal kingdom, this has been elegantly proved by the extensive research onDrosophila(for a general review see Patterson and Stone, 1952), made possible largely by its possession of giant salivary gland chromosomes; by cytological analysis of hybrid rodents in the genusGerbillus(Wahrman and Zahavi, 1958) and newts of the genusTriturus(White, 1946; Spurway and Callan, 1950; Callan and Spurway, 1951); by investigations carried out on various Orthoptera, facilitated by the clarity of meiosis in interracial (White, 1957a), interspecific (Klingstedt, 1939), and “intergeneric” (Helwig, 1955) hybrids; and by studies on the mantid genusAmeles(Wahrman and O'Brien, 1956), through the credibility derived from cytophotometric measurement of desoxyribose nucleic acid content. Much of the evidence adduced elsewhere, for example, Manna and Smith's (1959) survey of the bark weevil genusPissodes, was based on comparative chromosome morphology, but, as will become evident later, our reasoning in this particular instance has so far proved correct.
A New Species of Rhopalosiphum Koch
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: January 2010

The species described herein brings the number of described North American species of Rhopalosiphum Koch to thirteen. Only the apterous alienicolae of this species are known and these can be distinguished from the apterous alienicolae of other North American species by means of the key offered below.
The World Rhyparochrominae (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). II. New Genera for Previously Described Species
Authors: Scudder G. G. E.
Published: January 2010

Within the Lygaeid subfamily Rhyparochrominae, a number of species are placed in genera to which they do not belong. Changes in systematic position of a number of these have been published in the first number of this series. However, others cannot be placed in known genera and so new genera are necessary to contain these. Twelve new genera are here described to contain already described species.
Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) Nanorods with Aligned Chain Orientation for Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Kim Jong Soo , Park Yunmin , Lee Dong Yun , Lee Ji Hwang , Park Jong Hwan , Kim Jin Kon , Cho Kilwon
Published: January 2010

A structured polymer solar cell architecture featuring a large interface between donor and acceptor with connecting paths to the respective electrodes is explored. To this end, poly‐(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) nanorods oriented perpendicularly to indium tin oxide (ITO) glass are fabricated using an anodic aluminum oxide template. It is found that the P3HT chains in bulk films or nanorods are oriented differently; perpendicular or parallel to the ITO substrate, respectively. Such chain alignment of the P3HT nanorods enhanced the electrical conductivity up to tenfold compared with planar P3HT films. Furthermore, the donor/acceptor contact area could be maximised using P3HT nanorods as donor and C60 as acceptor. In a photovoltaic device employing this structure, remarkable photoluminescence quenching (88%) and a seven‐fold efficiency increase (relative to a device with a planar bilayer) are achieved.
Printed Sub‐2 V Gel‐Electrolyte‐Gated Polymer Transistors and Circuits
Authors: Xia Yu , Zhang Wei , Ha Mingjing , Cho Jeong Ho , Renn Michael J. , Kim Chris H. , Frisbie C. Daniel
Published: January 2010

The fabrication and characterization of printed ion‐gel‐gated poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) transistors and integrated circuits is reported, with emphasis on demonstrating both function and performance at supply voltages below 2 V. The key to achieving fast sub‐2 V operation is an unusual gel electrolyte based on an ionic liquid and a gelating block copolymer. This gel electrolyte serves as the gate dielectric and has both a short polarization response time (<1 ms) and a large specific capacitance (>10 µF cm−2), which leads simultaneously to high output conductance (>2 mS mm−1), low threshold voltage (<1 V) and high inverter switching frequencies (1–10 kHz). Aerosol‐jet‐printed inverters, ring oscillators, NAND gates, and flip‐flop circuits are demonstrated. The five‐stage ring oscillator operates at frequencies up to 150 Hz, corresponding to a propagation delay of 0.7 ms per stage. These printed gel electrolyte gated circuits compare favorably with other reported printed circuits that often require much larger operating voltages. Materials factors influencing the performance of the devices are discussed.
Blue Luminescence of ZnO Nanoparticles Based on Non‐Equilibrium Processes: Defect Origins and Emission Controls
Authors: Zeng Haibo , Duan Guotao , Li Yue , Yang Shikuan , Xu Xiaoxia , Cai Weiping
Published: January 2010

High concentrations of defects are introduced into nanoscale ZnO through non‐equilibrium processes and resultant blue emissions are comprehensively analyzed, focusing on defect origins and broad controls. Some ZnO nanoparticles exhibit very strong blue emissions, the intensity of which first increase and then decrease with annealing. These visible emissions exhibit strong and interesting excitation dependences: 1) the optimal excitation energy for blue emissions is near the bandgap energy, but the effective excitation can obviously be lower, even 420 nm (2.95 eV < Eg = 3.26 eV); in contrast, green emissions can be excited only by energies larger than the bandgap energy; and, 2) there are several fixed emitting wavelengths at 415, 440, 455 and 488 nm in the blue wave band, which exhibit considerable stability in different excitation and annealing conditions. Mechanisms for blue emissions from ZnO are proposed with interstitial‐zinc‐related defect levels as initial states. EPR spectra reveal the predominance of interstitial zinc in as‐prepared samples, and the evolutions of coexisting interstitial zinc and oxygen vacancies with annealing. Furthermore, good controllability of visible emissions is achieved, including the co‐emission of blue and green emissions and peak adjustment from blue to yellow.
Experimental Study of the Mixing Time in a Jet‐Mixed Gas‐Liquid System
Authors: Yousefi Amiri T. , Moghaddas J. S.
Published: January 2010

In the present work, the impeller in the conventional gas‐liquid mixed vessels was replaced by a fluid jet as the mixer. Using an experimental setup, the effect of several parameters on the mixing time as a measure of the liquid‐phase mixing intensity, which is one of the required transport characteristics for designing gas‐liquid mixed systems, was studied. The results show that gas injection decreases the mixing time in comparison with the ungassed condition, but the mixing time is not necessarily decreased by increasing the gassing rate. On the basis of the amount of the jet Reynolds number and gassing rate, and thus the created circulation pattern, the mixing time may be decreased or increased. Also, the location of the probe for cases in which there are more dead zones in the vessel have a considerable effect on the measured mixing time. With increasing uniformity of the velocity domain, the influence of the probe location was reduced. Also, by increasing the jet flow rate and decreasing the nozzle diameter, the length of the jet, the amount of entrained bulk fluid, and the intensity of recirculation flow increased, and thus the mixing time decreased.
Continuous‐Flow Surface Aeration Systems
Authors: Kumar B. , Rao A. R.
Published: January 2010

An aeration process in an activated sludge plant is a continuous‐flow system. In this system, there is a steady input flow (flow from the primary clarifier or settling tank with some part from the secondary clarifier or secondary settling tank) and output flow connection to the secondary clarifier or settling tank. The experimental and numerical results obtained through batch systems can not be relied on and applied for the designing of a continuous aeration tank. In order to scale up laboratory results for field application, it is imperative to know the geometric parameters of a continuous system. Geometric parameters have a greater influence on the mass transfer process of surface aeration systems. The present work establishes the optimal geometric configuration of a continuous‐flow surface aeration system. It is found that the maintenance of these optimal geometric parameters systems result in maximum aeration efficiency. By maintaining the obtained optimal geometric parameters, further experiments are conducted in continuous‐flow surface aerators with three different sizes in order to develop design curves correlating the oxygen transfer coefficient and power number with the rotor speed. The design methodology to implement the presently developed optimal geometric parameters and correlation equations for field application is discussed.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Study of a Styrene Polymerization Reactor
Authors: Patel H. , Dhib R. , Ein‐Mozaffari F.
Published: January 2010

The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach was adopted to simulate benzoyl peroxide (BPO)‐initiated styrene polymerization in a laboratory‐scale continuous stirred‐tank reactor (CSTR). The CFD results revealed the effects of non‐homogeneity and the short‐circuiting of the unreacted styrene and initiator on the reactor performance. The study also investigated the effects of the impeller speed and the residence time on the conversion and the flow behavior of the system. The CFD simulation showed that intense mixing remained confined to a small region near the impeller. With increasing impeller speed, it was found that the perfectly mixed region near the impeller expanded, thus reducing non‐homogeneity. Different contours were generated and exhibited the effect of the mixing parameters on the propagation rate and styrene conversion. The monomer and initiator conversions predicted with the CFD model were compared to those obtained with a CSTR model. The CFD model accounts for the non‐ideality behavior of the polymerization reactor, and hence conversion predictions are more realistic.