bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solar-energy liberation from water by electric arcs
Authors: HATHAWAY GEORGE , GRANEAU PETER , GRANEAU NEAL
Published: July 2002

This paper reports progress in an experimental investigation, started
in the
Hathaway laboratory in 1994, dealing with the liberation of intermolecular

bond energy from ordinary water by means of an arc discharge. Photographic

evidence of fog generation and explosion during the arcing period is included.

A new fog accelerator is described and a table of results of the kinetic
energies
of fog jets is provided. A renewable water energy cycle is outlined. The
fog
kinetic energy has been found to be greater than the difference between
the
capacitor input energy and the heat losses. Given energy conservation,
the only
external energy input that can account for the fog kinetic energy is solar
heat
from the atmosphere.
Global drift waves in weakly ionized
magnetized plasmas: theory and observations
Authors: SOSENKO PETRO P. , BONHOMME GÉRARD , PIERRE THIÉRY
Published: July 2002

Properties of global drift waves in a cylindrical weakly ionized
magnetized plasma are studied analytically, and are compared with experimental
observations.
Interaction of sound waves with an inhomogeneous magnetized plasma in a strongly
nonlinear resonant slow-wave layer
Authors: RUDERMAN M. S.
Published: July 2002

The nonlinear theory of driven magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves
in resonant slow-wave layers developed by Ruderman et al. [Phys. Plasmas4, 75 (1997)] is used to study the interaction of sound waves with a one-dimensional planar magnetic plasma configuration. The physical problem
studied here is the same as that considered by Ruderman et al. [Phys. Plasmas4, 91 (1997)]. The difference is in the description of the wave motion in the
resonant layer. Ruderman et al. assumed that dissipation dominates non-linearity in the resonant layer and considered the nonlinear term in the
governing equation for the wave motion in the resonant layer as a perturbation.
In contrast, it is assumed in the present paper that nonlinearity dominates
dissipation in the resonant layer. The solution to the governing equation for the
wave motion in the resonant layer is obtained in the approximation of strong
nonlinearity, and it is shown that the amplitude of the wave motion saturates
when the Reynolds number tends to infinity. This solution is then used to
derive the nonlinear connection formula that determines the jump across the
resonant layer in the velocity component in the direction of inhomogeneity. The
nonlinear connection formula is, in turn, used to obtain a nonlinear one-
dimensional integral equation describing the outgoing sound wave, which
appears owing to partial reflection of the incoming sound wave from the
inhomogeneous plasma. The solution to this integral equation is obtained in the
form of a sinusoidal wave under the assumption that an incoming sound wave
contains the fundamental harmonic only. The coefficient of wave-energy
absorption is calculated analytically in the long-wavelength approximation and
numerically for arbitrary wavelengths.
Spatial distribution of chaetodontid fish in coral reefs of the Ryukyu Islands, southern Japan
Authors: Cadoret L. , Adjeroud M. , Tsuchiya M.
Published: July 2002

The spatial patterns of butterflyfish assemblages (Chaetodontidae) were examined within and between five islands of the Ryukyu Archipelago, southern Japan. Despite being the northernmost reef communities in the world and despite the severe natural and human-induced disturbances that have affected them since the 1970s, the coral reefs of the Ryukyu Islands have one of the most diversified assemblages of chaetodontids in the world. A total of 30 species were identified, and species richness per island ranged from 20 to 25 species. On each of the 45 stations prospected, between four and 17 species were recorded, and between 0.75 and 21.75 ind 250 m−2 were counted. Variation in species composition, species richness and abundance between islands was less pronounced than the variation within islands, where assemblages of the major reef environments (i.e. the reef flat, the reef edge, and the reef slope) were distinguished. The highest species richness and abundance were found on the reef slope and the reef edge. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that depth, substrate complexity, and live coral cover influenced the distribution of chaetodontid fishes. These factors accounted for 20% of the variation in the species data matrix.
Note on size variation of body and statoliths in the oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana hatchlings
Authors: Ikeda Yuzuru , Wada Yozo , Arai Nobuaki , Sakamoto Wataru
Published: July 2002

Oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana hatchlings originated from maternally identical egg strings were incubated under constant temperature and examined with special reference to statolith formation. Statoliths of a hatchling already had an adult-like shape, and some increments were observed. In spite of the maternally identical origin and constant incubation temperature (25°C), dorsal mantle length and statolith length of the hatchlings varied from 4.70 to 6.26 mm and 320 to 410 μm, respectively (N=14). These variations had a positive correlation with the embryonic duration ranging from 22 to 27 d, which means that the size of body and statolith becomes larger in hatchlings hatching later.
Sagittal otolith size and shape variability to identify geographical intraspecific differences in three species of the genus Merluccius
Authors: Torres Gabriel J. , Lombarte Antoni , Morales-Nin Beatriz
Published: July 2002

A study was carried out on the morphology (size and shape) of the saccular otolith (sagitta) by means of image analysis on three species of the genus Merluccius (M. gayi, M. hubbsi and M. merluccius). By digitization of the sagittae, morphometry and outline (Fourier harmonic) as form descriptor measurements were obtained, that were subsequently analysed by means of multivariant methods, allowing the intraspecific variability to be quantified. The differences in the intraspecific sagittal otolith variability confirmed spatial differences of predicted groups. The results were associated with environmental and population aspects. The use of combined morphometric measurements for the whole otolith and its corresponding sulcus acusticus were very appropriate for determining the origin of the analysed otoliths. Using both principal components analysis and discriminant analyses, a clear geographical differentiation was obtained for Merluccius gayi (from Chile and Peru) and M. merluccius (from the Atlantic and Mediterranean). In both species, the discriminant analysis predicted that all the sagittae could be correctly assigned within each of the groups studied. However, it was a little less effective at differentiating between the two groups of M. hubbsi (from the San Matias Gulf on the Patagonian Shelf and Argentinian–Uruguayan Common Fishing Zone). As a result, the morphometric analysis of the sagittae otoliths acted as a clear diagnostic tool to differentiate individuals from different geographical distribution areas.
Mass stranding of pygmy killer whales (Feresa attenuata) in the British Virgin Islands
Authors: Mignucci-Giannoni Antonio A. , Toyos-González Gian M. , Pérez-Padilla Janice , Rodríguez-López Marta A. , Overing Julie
Published: July 2002

The pygmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata) is an offshore, tropical and subtropical delphinid found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. The species has only recently been studied, mostly from specimens collected from strandings. While over 52 reports exist for the Atlantic Ocean, only one record exists for the Caribbean Sea. A new record of a mass stranding of pygmy killer whales from the British Virgin Islands is documented and the pathology and life history of the specimens is described, associating the stranding process with the meteorological and oceanographic disturbance of Hurricane Marilyn, which devastated the Virgin Islands a day prior to the stranding. This stranding event constitutes the sixth known mass stranding for the species worldwide, the first record for pygmy killer whales for the northeastern Caribbean and the second for the entire Caribbean Sea.
The Economics of French Rule in Indochina: A Biography of Paul Bernard (1892–1960)
Authors: Hardy Andrew
Published: July 2002

This article uses a biography of banker and economist Paul Bernard to describe the debates that influenced economic policy makers and business circles during the last quarter century of French rule in Indochina. Bernard, from the Great Depression through to his death in 1960, exercised considerable influence on the way French leaders thought about the economy of their Southeast Asian colony and of their overseas territories as a whole. As a financier, he also played a part in its shaping. This article outlines his business activities, especially as managing director of the French and Colonial Finance Company (SFFC), an important colonial finance house, and is to this extent a business history. Bernard, finally, participated in the state planning of the colonial economy during the heyday of French interventionism. From the point of view of his involvement, the article describes the role of the state in colonial economic development. His involvement was both constructive, in the drawing up of Indochina's industrialization plans, and critical, in repeated attacks on what he saw as misguided or irrelevant policy. He did not confine his comments to economic matters, and his criticism of the administration of Indochina may be taken as a running commentary of the final decades of France's colonial engagement in Southeast Asia.
Capitalism and Counter-insurgency? Business and Government in the Malayan Emergency, 1948-57
Authors: WHITE NICHOLAS J.
Published: July 2002

Contemporary critics argued that counter-insurgency in Malaya represented more than the defeat of militant communism. Britain's campaign against the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) was seen as resulting from British government collaboration with British capitalists to maintain profits at the expense of the legitimate aspirations of Malayan workers. More recently, it has been argued that the declaration of the emergency in June 1948 was a pre-emptive strike intended to ‘resolve the problem of political control’ and prevent the ‘radical nationalist forces organized around the MCP’ from gaining a nation-wide following. According to this view, government strategy was to ‘manage nationalism’ and ‘control’ decolonization so as to preserve the position of British capital in Malaya. For marxists, the emergency is seen as part of the process of establishing ‘neo-colonialism’. Even for less determinist models, the general complicity between British government and British business in colonial counter-insurgency campaigns is apparently clear. In primary-producing territories like Malaya, the harmony of interests between ‘gentlemanly capitalist’ officials and unofficials (centred on the City of London) ensured that after 1945 ‘coercion tended to be the first resort of policy’. The majority of scholarly output on the emergency has focused on official and guerrilla strategies leaving aside the role of business interests. As a result, the relationship between British business and British government has not been explored in depth. The present article seeks to fill this historiographical gap by reassessing official and commercial interaction in politically disturbed Malaya.
Reappropriating Colonial Documents in Kolhapur (Maharashtra): Variations on a Nationalist Theme
Authors: Bénéï Véronique
Published: July 2002

The district histories should not become [. . .] a series of unrelated facts without any narrative which can be linked with national history, [. . .] the facts that raised problems should invariably come in the gazetteers if they are to be taken as faithful registers of the country. (Chaudhuri, History of the Gazetteers of India, 1964: 163)

After India became free, it was felt that a new edition of the Gazetteers should be brought out. The life of a people never stands still. Any account of a country—and a gazetteer is no exception—must therefore be revised from time to time (Gazetteer of India: Indian Union, 1965: ii).

How does a nation ‘imagine itself into existence’ (Anderson 1983),
particularly after it has been subjected to colonial rule? How does it
(re-)appropriate its history, and what are the means at its disposal for
creating and asserting an identity or specificity of its own? India has
since independence achieved some political and ideological unity: from
north to south and from east to west of the peninsula, although they
have contested it in a number of cases, people have developed some
consciousness of being Indians, ‘sons of Mother India’.
PAUL'S PRE-CHRISTIAN ZEALOT ASSOCIATIONS: A RE-EXAMINATION OF GAL 1.14 AND ACTS 22.3
Authors: FAIRCHILD MARK R.
Published: July 2002

The article explores Gal 1.14 and Acts 22.3, two statements where Paul is said to be a ζηλωτη´ς. The term is a noun, meaning ‘Zealot’. However, interpreters and commentators have always interpreted the term as an adjective, meaning ‘zealous’. By understanding Paul's statement as an adjective, interpreters and commentators have dissociated Paul from the Zealot movement which was emerging during this period of time within Judaism. However, Paul appears in these passages to claim that the Zealot movement was a powerful influence upon his formative Jewish life and theology and was a motivating factor in his persecution of the Christians. This article proposes that we seriously consider Zealot influences in the formative years of Paul.
The use of disturbed and undisturbed forest by masked titi monkeys Callicebus personatus melanochir is proportional to food availability
Authors: Heiduck Stefanie
Published: July 2002

The masked titi Callicebus personatus melanochir is a threatened primate, endemic to the Atlantic rainforest of eastern Brazil. The Atlantic rainforest has been reduced to only 5% of its former extent, and only 2% consists of undisturbed forest. The survival of the masked titi monkey is therefore dependent on its ability to utilise disturbed forest habitat. A group of four masked titi monkeys was observed for one year in a plot that contained both disturbed and undisturbed forest. The group used a home range of 22 ha, which comprised 58% undisturbed forest, 31% selectively logged forest and 11% forest that was regrowing after a clear-cut. The titi monkeys did not use the different forest types in proportion to the availability of each within their home range: undisturbed forest was used more than expected from its proportional availability, and disturbed forest was used less than expected. Use of forest types appeared to be determined by the availability of food resources. Undisturbed forest had the most food per unit area and regrowing forest had the least. This study shows that masked titi monkeys may be able to survive in disturbed forest habitats if these areas are of high enough quality to contain sufficient food and other resources.
Briefly
Authors: Mickleburgh Simon , Morley Josephine , Fisher Martin
Published: July 2002

International. New signatories to CITES. The Republic of Moldova, Qatar, Sao Tome and Principe, Lithuania, and Ireland have acceded to CITES, bringing to 157 the number of Parties to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. These accessions entered into force on 27 June, 6 August, 7 November, and 9 March 2001, and 8 April 2002, respectively.

Source: TRAFFIC Bulletin (2001), 19(1), 3 (also at http://www.traffic.org, and http://www.cites.org).
Controlling intestinal helminths while eliminating lymphatic filariasis
Authors: STEPHENSON L.S. , HOLLAND C.V. , OTTESEN E.A.
Published: July 2002

The Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis
(LF), launched in 1997, is a public-sector/private-
sector partnership organized as a Global Alliance,
with the World Health Organization serving as
secretariat. Its principal purpose is to carry out the
mandate of the 50th World Health Assembly (1997)
to eliminate lymphatic filariasis as a public health
problem worldwide, but its tools and strategies for
achieving this end also have important additional
public health benefits. Foremost among these are the
effects the Programme can have on the control of
intestinal helminth infections in treated populations,
largely because of certain similarities, or overlaps, of
the drugs and strategies used in the public health
approaches to these parasitic infections. The principal health benefits from treating these intestinal
helminth infections are reviewed in detail below, but
in addition there might even be an entirely new
justification for aggressive treatment and control of
these infections if the recently described effects they
have on potentiating HIV infections in affected
populations can also be further substantiated and
extended.
Modelling the chloroquine chemotherapy of falciparum
malaria: the value of spacing a split dose
Authors: HOSHEN M. B. , STEIN W. D. , GINSBURG H.
Published: July 2002

We have attempted to provide a rational basis for improving the
protocols
for chemotherapy of malaria. We model the
regression of parasitaemia by Plasmodium falciparum,
its subsequent elimination from the body, or recrudescence, for
populations of cells treated with chloroquine. Our model assumes that the

drug forms a complex with some receptor in
the parasite and that parasites possessing this complex die at a defined

rate. We take into account that chloroquine is
eliminated exponentially from the body. We show how the parameters of the

model can be derived from observations in
the field. The model correctly predicts the effects of drug dose, degree

of initial parasitaemia, rate of parasite multiplication
and degree of drug resistance to chloroquine chemotherapy. The level of

parasitaemia will reduce to a minimum at
sufficiently high concentrations of chloroquine, but only if the
parasitaemia is reduced to below that of 1 parasite per
infected person will a cure of malaria be obtained. Otherwise,
recrudescence will, sooner or later, occur. We show that,
even for drug-resistant malaria, if 2 doses of chloroquine are given to

a patient with an interval of some 10 days between
them, parasites can be eliminated from the body without toxic levels of

chloroquine being reached.
The End of the Theism–Atheism Debate?
A Response to Vincent Brümmer
Authors: STENMARK MIKAEL
Published: July 2002

Vincent Brümmer has recently, by taking his starting-point
in the
writings of Wittgenstein, defended the idea that the debate about the truth
or
falsehood of the claim that God exists has no future. I suggest that the
arguments
Brümmer develops to support this claim fail. This is so because he
does not show why
any attempt to prove or disprove the truth or falsehood of the belief in
the existence
of God is circular or how the purported non-provability of the belief that
God exists
entails that the theism–atheism debate of the truth or falsehood
of this belief has no
future. In addition, Brümmer does not acknowledge that there are many
different
religious language-games, that within the theistic language-games the claim
that
God exists is used in many different ways and that, as a result, it is
not true that,
within the religious language-game, the belief in the existence of God
cannot be
doubted, denied, or treated as a hypothesis.
Jennifer Dickinson, James Herron, Laura Kunreuther,
Mandana Limbert, Ellen Moodie, & Penelope Papailias
(eds.), Linguistic form and social action. (Michigan
discussions in anthropology, 13.) Ann Arbor: Anthropology
Dept., University of Michigan, 1998. Pp. 283.
Authors: Urciuoli Bonnie
Published: July 2002

As noted in this volume's Introduction by two
of the editors, Jennifer Dickinson and Mandana Limbert,
their collection displays work by students, alumni, and
faculty of the University of Michigan Linguistic Anthropology
Program, founded in 1991. The program's nature and
development is evident in the coherence of the contents
of the book, which consistently address the nature of the
connections of immediate, ethnographically detailed (micro-level)
deployment of linguistic form with the (macro-level) processes,
institutions, and structures that frame such deployment
as linguistic action. The essays generally fall into three
categories: those focusing on a single speech event, those
dealing with linguistic ideology, and those examining the
ways in which language structure influences the form taken
by social action. All these are framed by contemporary
work on participation frameworks, on contextual structure
and process, on dialogic emergence of meaning, on indexicality,
and on linguistic ideology as cultural process played out
in linguistic action. Stressing the emergent nature of
structures and the continual, complex processes of indexical
creativity, the authors develop in various and connected
ways the linguistic ecology frame, as initiated by Einar
Haugen and developed in much contemporary work in linguistic
anthropology.
Regna Darnell, And along came Boas: Continuity
and revolution in Americanist anthropology. (Amsterdam
studies in the theory and history of linguistic science,
86.) Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins, 1998. Pp.
xviii, 331. Hb $89.00.
Authors: Leeds-Hurwitz Wendy
Published: July 2002

All researchers observe a balance between continuity
with prior tradition (so others will know enough to understand
and value the work) and innovation (such that only new
contributions are generally deemed publishable). This balance
can be difficult to recognize at times of disciplinary
revolution, when a previously accepted paradigm is rejected
in favor of a newer one – the sort of change in assumptions
described by Kuhn 1962. At such times, it requires considerable
subtlety for the disciplinary historian to unearth the
substantial influence of previous research generations,
since the rhetoric emphasizes revolution and change to
the exclusion of all else. In the present book, Darnell
studies one such critical point: the shift to professionalization
within anthropology that occurred at the beginning of the
20th century. It is to her credit that she documents substantial
continuities between the research conducted in the immediately
pre-professional stage by John Wesley Powell and others
in the Bureau of American Ethnology (BAE), and that of
Franz Boas and his students, despite decades of rhetoric
– from the participants, as well as their students
– that have emphasized only the differences. Despite
the fact that “oral histories of American anthropology
have generally assumed that … professional anthropology
in America sprang forth full-blown about 1900 when Boas
began teaching at Columbia” (p. 6), Darnell demonstrates
that professionalization was a more gradual process.
James M. Wilce,Eloquence in trouble: The poetics
and politics of complaint in rural Bangladesh. (Oxford
studies in anthropological linguistics, 21). Oxford &
New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Pp. xix, 300.
Hb $65.00.
Authors: Seely Clinton B.
Published: July 2002

This is a very personal book, a poignant book, a compelling
book, from beginning to end. The Preface sets the tone:
self-reflexive and confessional. Wilce once wanted to be
a medical doctor; he became instead a missionary in Bangladesh,
but felt “guilt and pervasive disquiet” in
that role; and while in Bengal – actually, in
neighboring Calcutta – he suffered a “nightmarish”
family tragedy involving medical practitioners. He later
resigned from the mission and went to graduate school;
then he returned to Bangladesh to study complaint and lament
as expressed in one locality within the Bangla-speaking
area. (“Bangla” and “Bengali” are
two names for the same language. Wilce refers to the language
as Bangla; so shall I.)
Daniel Nettle, Linguistic diversity. Oxford
& New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Pp. xi,
168. Hb $65.00, pb $19.95.
Authors: McConvell Patrick
Published: July 2002

Why does linguistic diversity exist? This is the
question to which this book is addressed. Nettle argues
that, although aspects of the diversity of languages have
been studied, the reason for this diversity has not been
a subject of attention. To answer the question, he suggests
that a multidisciplinary approach is necessary –
a broad linguistic anthropology in which the linguistic
map is explained by people's social behavior, which
in turn arises largely from their ecological situation.
Localist representations and theoretical clarity
Authors: Cook Norman D.
Published: July 2002

In the Localist Manifesto, Page enumerated several computational advantages that localist representations have over distributed representations, but the most important difference between such networks concerns their theoretical clarity. Distributed representations are normally closed to theoretical interpretation and, for that reason, contribute little to psychology, whereas the meaning of the information processing in networks using localist representations can be transparent.
Adaptive accounts of physiology and emotion
Authors: Houston Alasdair I. , McNamara John M.
Published: July 2002

Rolls discusses various adaptive explanations of physiological processes and the emotions. We give a critical analysis of some of these from the perspective of behavioural ecology. While agreeing with the approach adopted by Rolls, we identify topics that could have been better presented by making use of the existing literature.
Neocortical dynamic theory should be as simple as possible, but not simpler
Authors: Nunez Paul L.
Published: July 2002

EEG and synaptic action fields provide experimental and theoretical entry points into brain complexity. Such entry is distinguished from the core system of cell assemblies assumed to underlie cognitive processing. The global theory of synaptic action predicts several new properties of EEG, providing limited penetration into brain complexity.
Model evaluation and data interpretation
Authors: Pitt Mark
Published: July 2002

Norris et al. present a sufficiency case for Merge, but not for autonomy. The simulations make clear that there is little reason to favor Merge over TRACE. The slanted presentation of the empirical evidence gives the illusion that the autonomous position is stronger than it really is.
Speed, frugality, and the empirical basis of Take-The-Best
Authors: Oaksford Mike
Published: July 2002

This commentary questions the claim that Take-The-Best provides a cognitively more plausible account of cue utilisation in decision making because it is faster and more frugal than alternative algorithms. It is also argued that the experimental evidence for Take-The-Best, or non-integrative algorithms, is weak and appears consistent with people normally adopting an integrative approach to cue utilisation.
Functional significance of human female orgasm still hypothetical
Authors: Pound Nicholas , Daly Martin
Published: July 2002

Human males are more polygamously inclined than females. However, there is substantial within-sex variation in polygamous inclinations and practices. This is acknowledged by Gangestad & Simpson but we pose the question: Is the target article's “strategic pluralism” pluralistic enough? In addition, we argue that the hypothesis that the female orgasm is an adaptation for post-copulatory female choice between rival ejaculates demands more research.
Some myths are slow to die
Authors: Salin-Pascual Rafael , Gerashchenko Dmitry , Shiromani Priyattam J.
Published: July 2002

Solms and the other authors in this series of BBS target articles accept the findings that the executive control of the REM/NREM cycle is still localized within a narrow region of the pontine brainstem. However, recent findings challenge this notion. We will review the recent data and suggest instead that the hypothalamus is the primary regulator of states of consciousness. If the hypothalamus indeed controls all the fun stuff, such as sex, eating, drinking, sleeping, and so on, then one can more easily accept Solms's argument that dreams are also generated from the forebrain.

[Solms]
Forebrain mechanisms of dreaming are activated from a variety of sources
Authors: Solms Mark
Published: July 2002

The central question facing sleep and dream science today seems to be: What is the physiological basis of the subset of NREM dreams that are qualitatively indistinguishable from REM dreams (“apex dreams”)? Two competing answers have emerged: (1) all apex dreams are generated by REM sleep control mechanisms, albeit sometimes covertly; and (2) all such dreams are generated by forebrain mechanisms, independently of classical pontine sleep-cycle control mechanisms. The principal objection to the first answer is that it lacks evidential support. The principal objection to the second answer (which is articulated in my target article) is that it takes inadequate account of interactions that surely exist between the putative forebrain mechanisms and the well established brainstem mechanisms of conscious state control. My main response to this objection (elaborated below) is that it conflates nonspecific brainstem modulation – which supports consciousness in general – with a specific pontine mechanism that is supposed to generate apex dreaming in particular. The latter mechanism is in fact neither necessary nor sufficient for apex dreaming. The putative forebrain mechanisms, by contrast, are necessary for apex dreaming (although they are nor sufficient, in the limited sense that all conscious states of the forebrain are modulated by the brainstem).
ERPs and the modularity of cognitive processes
Authors: Hardcastle Valerie Gray
Published: July 2002

Farah argues that nonlocal models explain clinical data
better. However, the locality assumption does not seem so implausible
if different sorts of data are taken into account. In particular,
priming experiments using evoked response potentials support
modularity. I describe some ERP studies relevant to this issue.
Base rates and randomness
Authors: Macdonald Ranald R.
Published: July 2002

In base rate problems the estimated probability must equal the
base rate only where random sampling is assumed. Otherwise there
is uncertainty over and above that which can be included in any
probability model and inductive inference is involved. Subjects should
use base rates to the extent that the problem suggests a simple random
sampling model.
Model-based learning problem taxonomies
Authors: Golden Richard M.
Published: July 2002

A fundamental problem with the Clark & Thornton
definition of a type-1 problem (requirement 2) is identified. An
alternative classical statistical formulation is proposed where
a type-1 (learnable) problem corresponds to the case where the
learning machine is capable of representing its statistical
environment.
What is modeling for?
Authors: Regier Terry
Published: July 2002

What would Glenberg's attractive ideas look like when
computationally fleshed out? I suggest that the most helpful next
step in formalizing them is neither a connectionist nor a symbolic
implementation (either is possible), but rather an implementation-
general analysis of the task in terms of the informational content
required.
Evolution's gift is the right account of the origin of recoding functions
Authors: Wells Andrew
Published: July 2002

Clark & Thornton argue that the recoding functions
which are used to solve type-2 problems are, at least in part, the
ontogenetic products of general-purpose mechanisms. This commentary
disputes this and suggests that recoding functions are adaptive
specializations.
Eigenfeatures as intermediate-level representations: The case for PCA models
Authors: Abdi Hervé , Valentin Dominique , Edelman Betty G.
Published: July 2002

Eigenfeatures are created by the principal component approach (PCA) used on objects described by a low-level code (i.e., pixels, Gabor jets). We suggest that eigenfeatures act like the flexible features described by Schyns et al. They are particularly suited for face processing and give rise to class-specific effects such as the other-race effect. The PCA approach can be modified to accommodate top-down constraints.
The “core meme” meme
Authors: Aunger Robert
Published: July 2002

Differences in mutation rates, transmission chain-length,
phenotypic manifestations, or the relative complexity of the mental
representations in which they are embedded do not distinguish
between “core” (intramodular) and “developing”
(intermodular) memes, as Atran suggests. Dividing memes into types
seems premature when our knowledge of mental representation is as
imprecise as the unit of biological inheritance was in Darwin's
time.
Assessing theory of mind with nonverbal procedures: Problems with training methods and an alternative “key” procedure
Authors: Gómez Juan Carlos
Published: July 2002

This commentary criticizes nonverbal methods of assessing
theory-of-mind on the basis of prior training of the critical response
because they would encourage simple, nonmentalistic, associative
solutions even in subjects with mentalistic capacities. I propose
instead a new experimental paradigm based upon the use of spontaneous
responses in less artificial situations. This method has already
provided positive evidence of some level of ToM understanding in
nonhuman primates.
Testosterone and the concept of dominance
Authors: Dabbs James M.
Published: July 2002

Testosterone is related to dominance, but in a broader sense
than Mazur & Booth suggest. Dominance need not be competitive.
It can arise from strong personal characteristics that produce
admiration and deference in others. To understand the
testosterone–dominance relationship fully, we must
examine behaviors that affect ordinary social encounters.
Baseline testosterone levels may be more important than
testosterone changes in predicting everyday dominance.
The frame/content view of speech: What survives, what emerges
Authors: MacNeilage Peter F.
Published: July 2002

There was little disagreement among commentators about
whether speech production involves a frame/content mode of
organization, but there was some disagreement with the contention
that frames evolved from ingestive cyclicities and were mediated via
a medial “intrinsic” system.
Experimental and theoretical evidence for a similar localization of words encoded through different modalities
Authors: Dubé Sébastien , Cohen Henri
Published: July 2002

In his target article, Pulvermüller addresses the
issue of word localization in the brain. It is not clear, however, how
cell assemblies are localized in the case of sensory deprivation.
Pulvermüller's claim is that words learned via other
modalities (i.e., sign languages) should be localized differently. It
is argued, however, based on experimental and theoretical ground,
that they should be found in a similar place.
Implicit representation, mental states, and mental processes
Authors: Carlson Richard A.
Published: July 2002

Dienes & Perner's target article constitutes
a significant advance in thinking about implicit knowledge.
However, it largely neglects processing details and thus the
time scale of mental states realizing propositional attitudes.
Considering real-time processing raises questions about the
possible brevity of implicit representation, the nature of
processes that generate explicit knowledge, and the points
of view from which knowledge may be represented. Understanding
the propositional attitude analysis in terms of momentary mental
states points the way toward answering these questions.
Selection and “freedom” in biology and psychology
Authors: Leslie Julian C.
Published: July 2002

Rose provides a coherent account of how a number of
simplifying assumptions apparently come together to support
neurogenetic determinism, or “ultra-Darwinism.”
This view, he demonstrates, is deeply flawed. He proposes
instead that we must take account of the interaction of
processes that determine our developmental trajectory at
every stage. Unfortunately, he associates this defensible
position with the claim that this gives freedom of action
to humans. The implications of this for the interpretation
of his general thesis are discussed.
Concurrent processing of saccades
Authors: McPeek Robert M. , Keller Edward L. , Nakayama Ken
Published: July 2002

We summarize several experiments indicating that the saccadic system is capable of simultaneously programming two movements toward different goals. This concurrent processing of saccades can lead to the execution of two saccades separated by an extremely short intersaccadic interval. This supports the idea of target competition proposed in Findlay & Walker's article, but suggests a greater degree of parallel processing. We provide evidence that concurrent processing of two saccades is not limited to higher-level planning subsystems; rather, it also involves both regions close enough to the motor output that it can systematically affect saccade trajectory.
Neural circuits and block diagrams
Authors: Smart J. J. C.
Published: July 2002

This commentary is intended to illuminate Gold's &
Stoljar's main contentions by exploiting a favorite comparison,
namely, that between biology and electronics. Roughly, and leaving out
Darwinian theory and the like, biology is physics and chemistry plus
natural history just as electronics is physics plus wiring diagrams.
Natural history (even that discovered by sophisticated apparatus such
as electron microscopes) contains generalizations, not laws. Psychology
and cognitive science typically give more abstract explanations, as do
“block diagrams” in electronics, and are less dispensable.
Cognitive processes in translation and interpreting. Joseph H. Danks, Gregory
M. Shreve, Stephen B. Fountain, and Michael K. McBeath (Eds.). London: Sage, 1997. Pp.
294.
Authors: Cortese Giuseppina
Published: July 2002

In the flourishing field of translation studies, two main trends can be discerned. One trend,
which is oriented to translation as cultural practice, has upgraded its role in humanae
litterae from ancillary to main propeller in the construction and innovation of cultural
paradigms and identity-forming processes.
Electric fields on a surface of constant negative curvature
Authors: BONETTO F. , GENTILE G. , MASTROPIETRO V.
Published: July 2002

A one-parameter family of time reversible Anosov flows is studied; physically, it describes a particle moving on a surface of constant negative curvature under the action of an electric field (corresponding to an automorphic form) and of a ‘thermostatting’ force (given by Gauss's least-constraint principle). We show that the flows are dissipative, in the sense that the average volume contraction rate is positive and the Sinai–Ruelle–Bowen measure is singular with respect to the volume: therefore they verify the assumptions for the validity of the continuous time version of Gallavotti–Cohen's fluctuation theorem for the large fluctuations of the average volume contraction rate. If several independent electric fields are considered, it makes sense to ask for the validity of Onsager's reciprocity: we show, by explicitly computing the relevant transport coefficents, that it is indeed obeyed.
Corrections to ‘Discrete Lyapunov exponents and Hausdorff dimension’ 20 (2000), 145–172
Authors: FRIEDLAND SHMUEL
Published: July 2002

The function $d$ defined in (0.3) may not be a metric unless
\begin{equation}
\phi_p(a_1,\dots, a_p)\le \phi_{p+1} (a_1,\dots, a_{p+1}),\quad
\text{for all } (a_i)^{p+1}_1 \in \Gamma^{p+1},\ p=1,\dots.\tag{A}
\end{equation}
Let
$$
\tilde\phi_p(a_1,\dots, a_p)=\max_{1\le i\le p}\phi_1 (a_1,\dots, a_i),\quad (a_i)^p_1\in\Gamma^p,\ p=1,\dots.
$$
Then $\tilde\phi$ satisfies (A) and (0.1). Note that
\begin{equation}
\phi_p(a_1,\dots, a_p) \le\tilde\phi_p (a_1,\dots, a_p)\le p \max_{1\le i\le n} \phi_1(a_i).\tag{B}
\end{equation}
In (0.3) replace the equality $d(a,b)=e^{-\phi_p(a_1,\dots,a_p)}$ by $d(a,b)=e^{-\tilde\phi_p(a_1,\dots,a_p)}$. Then $d(a,b)\le \max(d(a,c), d(c,b))$. Let
\begin{gather*}
\tilde\psi_p(x):=\max_{1\le i\le p} \psi_i(x),\ x\in\Gamma^\infty,\quad \tilde\alpha_p(\mu) :=\int \tilde\psi_p\,d\mu,\ p=1, \dots\\
\tilde\alpha(\mu) :=\lim_{p\rightarrow\infty} \frac{\tilde\alpha_p(\mu)}{p}.
\end{gather*}
Then (B) yields
$$
\lim_{p\rightarrow\infty} \frac{\psi_p(x)}{p} = s\Rightarrow \lim_{p\rightarrow\infty} \frac{\tilde\psi_p(x)}{p}=s.
$$
Second-order analysis in polynomially perturbed reversible quadratic Hamiltonian systems
Authors: GAVRILOV LUBOMIR , ILIEV ILIYA D.
Published: July 2002

We study degree $n$ polynomial perturbations of quadratic reversible Hamiltonian vector fields with one center and one saddle point. It was recently proved that if the first Poincaré–Pontryagin integral is not identically zero, then the exact upper bound for the number of limit cycles on the finite plane is $n-1$. In the present paper we prove that if the first Poincaré–Pontryagin function is identically zero, but the second is not, then the exact upper bound for the number of limit cycles on the finite plane is $2(n-1)$. In the case when the perturbation is quadratic ($n=2$) we obtain a complete result—there is a neighborhood of the initial Hamiltonian vector field in the space of all quadratic vector fields, in which any vector field has at most two limit cycles.
Kernel convergence of hyperbolic components
Authors: KRAUSKOPF BERND , KRIETE HARTJE
Published: July 2002

We study families
$G(\lambda,\cdot)$ of entire functions that are approximated by a sequence of
families $G_n(\lambda,\cdot)$ of entire functions,
where $\lambda\in\C$ is a parameter. In order to control the dynamics,
the families are assumed to be of the same constant finite type.
In this setting we prove
the convergence of the hyperbolic components in parameter space as kernels
in the sense of Carathéodory.
AIDS: The ‘Grandmothers' Disease’ in Southern Africa
Authors: Møller Valerie
Published: July 2002

In Africa, AIDS is called the grandmothers' disease
because the burden of
caring for the sick and the survivors falls on older women. The two abstracts

which follow report an overview of research on the social and economic
effects
of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Southern Africa and a case study of an

intervention among older women in a Botswanan village.
Labor and the Cold War: A Fifty-Year Perspective
Authors: Smith Jason Scott
Published: July 2002

Roughly fifty years after the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)
purged communist-led unions from its membership, the Southwest Labor Studies
Association met in San Francisco from April 29 to May 1, 1999, to reconsider the
history and implications of this event and, more broadly, to attempt to untangle
the connections between and among McCarthyism, anticommunist liberalism, and the
political trajectory of organized labor during the postwar era. Bringing
together labor activists, union members, and academics, panels considered these
themes from a number of perspectives and methodological approaches. Papers
focused on such topics as the dynamics of political repression, the
effectiveness of liberal anticommunist politics for organized labor, and the
role of the state in shaping the labor movement.
Introduction to ‘Gender and Sexuality’ special issue
Authors: Bradby Barbara , Laing Dave
Published: July 2002

Academic work on popular music has had a difficult and intermittent relationship with work on gender and sexuality. Bursts of intense debate have been followed by years of scholarly silence, and questions that were raised in the early days of rock writing remain unresolved today. Is rock a male form? And if so, is this achieved through the gender of the performers? of audiences? through the sexuality of the performance, or the discourse of the songs? Is rock's ‘serious’ status guaranteed by its binary definition as the opposite of ‘pop’, seen as ‘for the girls’? And if a rock/pop divide now seems absurdly outdated, do we not see its gender divisions reconstituted within the new forms? On the other hand, what happens to these divisions when boys, too, decide they ‘just want to have fun’? And why have musicians been so much happier ‘flirting’ with gay identities than coming out as gay?
Robotic machine learning of anaphora
Authors: Suppes Patrick , Böttner Michael
Published: July 2002

Our contribution tackles the problem of learning to understand anaphoric references
in the context of robotic machine learning; e.g. Get the large screw. Put it in the left hole. Our solution assumes the probabilistic theory of learning spelt out in earlier
publications. Associations are formed probabilistically between constituents of the verbal
command and constituents of a presupposed internal representation. The theory is extended, as a first step, to anaphora by learning how to distinguish between incorrect surface depth and the correct tree-structure depth of the anaphoric references.
Introduction to the special issue on Design and Applications in Robotics
Authors: Lim K.B.
Published: July 2002

It is, indeed, a pleasure to edit this special issue of Robotica entitled Design and Applications. This consists of revised and updated papers presented during the 26th International Symposium on Industrial Robots (ISIR), which was held on 4–6 October, 1995, in Singapore. The theme of the symposium was “Competitive Automation: New Frontiers, New Opportunities”. Ninety-six papers were presented by authors from twenty-five countries around the world. Three keynote presentations were
made by Dr. Joseph Engelberger, best known as the ‘Father of Industrial Robots', Prof. Yukio Hasegawa, a world renowned professor from Japan and Mr. Walter Reis, from Germany (then the Chairman of the International Federation of Robotics).
TECHNOLOGY EVOLUTION
Authors: Mikhail Osama , Swint J. Michael , Brinker Mark R. , Moyé Lemuel A. , Sabino Melissa
Published: July 2002

The evolution of clinical technologies presents potential adopters with
considerations in planning for clinical program development that include the
stage and the rate of a technology's evolution. This paper presents a
conceptual framework for these considerations and applies the framework to
orthopedic technologies. Eight orthopedic surgeons were asked to assess 14
orthopedic technologies and position each of them along a spectrum of
research, clinical, and adopted technologies. The distribution of responses
for each technology–year combination is presented, and estimates of
central tendency, dispersion, and variances provide measures of the change in
the distribution of responses over time for each technology and the change in
the degree of rater consensus over time for each technology. While orthopedic
trauma was chosen to illustrate the technology spectrum model, the model and
assessment methodology is applicable to other medical specialties as well.
Adoption of this framework in a hospital setting should enable more systematic
and effective clinical program development.
Effects of hurricane disturbance on stream water concentrations and fluxes in eight tropical forest watersheds of the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico
Authors: Schaefer Douglas. A. , McDowell William H. , Scatena Fredrick N. , Asbury Clyde E.
Published: July 2002

Stream water chemistry responds substantially to watershed disturbances, but hurricane effects have not been extensively investigated in tropical regions. This study presents a long-term (2.5–11 y) weekly record of stream water chemistry on eight forested watersheds (catchment basins) in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. This includes a period before and at least 2 y after the disturbance caused by the 1989 Hurricane Hugo. Nitrate, potassium and ammonium concentrations increased after the hurricane and remained elevated for up to 2 y. Sulphate, chloride, sodium, magnesium and calcium showed smaller relative significant changes. Average stream water exports of potassium, nitrate and ammonium increased by 13.1, 3.6 and 0.54 kg ha−1 y−1 in the first post-hurricane year across all watersheds. These represent increases of 119, 182 and 102% respectively, compared to the other years of record. The increased stream outputs of potassium and nitrogen in the first 2 y post-hurricane are equivalent to 3% (potassium) and 1% (nitrogen) of the hurricane-derived plant litter. Effects of hurricanes on tropical stream water potassium and nitrogen can be greater than those caused by canopy gaps or limited forest cutting, but less than those following large-scale deforestation or fire.