bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temporal Differences of Urban-Rural Human Biometeorological Factors for Planning and Tourism in Szeged, Hungary
Authors: Vitt Ronja , Gulyás Ágnes , Matzarakis Andreas
Published: May 2015

Heat load and cold stress can provoke annoyance and even health issues. These climatic situations should be avoided by tourists and locals to prevent negative experiences. Thermal comfort indices are required, as they combine meteorological and thermophysiological parameters. The Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) is easy to understand and interpret also for nonexperts like tourists or decision-makers. The Hungarian Meteorological Service and the University of Szeged run an urban and a rural weather station close to Szeged, which build the basis for the human biometeorological analysis for a twelve-year period between 2000 and 2011. The maximum, mean, and minimum air temperature of both stations were compared to detect the differences of thermal dynamics. Heat and cold stress are quantified by analyzing the PET frequencies at 14 CET. The air temperature of urban areas is on average 1.0°C warmer than rural areas (11.4°C). Heat stress is more frequent in urbanized areas (6.3%) during summer months at 14 CET, while thermal acceptance is more frequent for surrounding rural areas (5.9%) in the same period. The Climate-Tourism/Transfer-Information-Scheme is a possibility to present the meteorological and human biometeorological data which is interesting for decision-making and tourism in a well-arranged way.
Examining Visual Measures of Coat and Body Condition in Wild Ring-Tailed Lemurs at the Bezà Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar
Authors: Millette James B. , Sauther Michelle L. , Cuozzo Frank P.
Published: May 2015

Coat and body mass status provide a potential noninvasive way to assess primate health status as well as the effects of seasonality, resource use and reproductive state. Coat and body condition were scored visually for 36 wild Lemur catta at the Bezà Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar, from July 2012 to March 2013. Coat quality generally increased during the wet season when resource availability increased, in contrast to that observed during the resource-depleted dry season. Alopecia frequency increased from June to December and declined between January and March. Sex differences for coat condition were only observed in January, when males had superior coat scores. Body condition did not vary by month or sex except in February, when males were larger than females. Females that birthed infants were of lower body size than individuals who did not for November and from January to March. Our results indicate visual methods effectively detect variability in coat and body condition related to seasonality and reproductive status. Such methods present a noninvasive means for assessing the impact of seasonal resource availability, stresses of infant care and reproductive state on ring-tailed lemurs, and may be useful for assessing the impacts of these factors on general health status.
Lifespan and Reproductive Senescence in a Free-Ranging Ring-Tailed Lemur (Lemur catta) Population at Berenty, Madagascar
Authors: Ichino Shinichiro , Soma Takayo , Miyamoto Naomi , Chatani Kaoru , Sato Hiroki , Koyama Naoki , Takahata Yukio
Published: May 2015

The lifespan and age-specific fecundity of female ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) were estimated from a 24-year longitudinal dataset based on individual identification at Berenty Reserve, Madagascar. The mean lifespan of females in 10-year (1989-1998) birth cohorts was 4.9 ± 4.9 years (n = 77), and the longest recorded lifespan in the population was 20 years. The mortality rate of adult females increased to ≥20% at 10-11 years old and reached 33-50% at 12-15 years old. Although the birth rate of old females (12-17 years old) was 72.0%, slightly lower than that of prime adult females (4-11 years old), i.e. 80.2%, no significant difference was found between them. Half of the females who reached the age of 12 years gave birth in the last year of their life. The oldest mother to give birth was 17 years old. These results suggest that most females can maintain reproductive performance in their later life and that there is no evidence for a postreproductive lifespan in this species.
Treatment of Postherpetic Neuralgia Using DREZotomy Guided by Spinal Cord Stimulation
Authors: Liu Ming-Xing , Zhong Jun , Zhu Jin , Xia Lei , Dou Ning-Ning
Published: May 2015

Background: Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is the most common complication following an episode of acute herpes zoster. The curative effect of current treatments is limited. Objectives: The purpose of this paper is to report a new treatment for PHN with a combination of dorsal root entry zone lesion (DREZotomy) and spinal cord stimulation (SCS). Methods: Microsurgical DREZotomy assisted with SCS for target localization was performed in 6 patients with PHN. A visual analog scale (VAS) was used to evaluate the pain pre- and postoperatively. Results: Except for 1 patient, in whom the test SCS was unsatisfactory, all patients finally underwent DREZotomy. These 5 patients experienced apparent symptom relief postoperatively, and the VAS score decreased from a baseline of 8.4 ± 1.14 to 2.4 ± 1.14 (p = 0.0020) and did not change significantly during the follow-up of up to 24 months. Conclusions: Microsurgical DREZotomy assisted with SCS for target localization is an effective remedy for PHN.
Effect of Combining Ivabradine and β-Blockers: Focus on the Use of Carvedilol in the SHIFT Population
Authors: Bocchi Edimar Alcides , Böhm Michael , Borer Jeffrey S. , Ford Ian , Komajda Michel , Swedberg Karl , Tavazzi Luigi ,   on behalf of SHIFT investigators
Published: May 2015

Objectives: We explored the prescription of β-blockers with ivabradine in patients with systolic heart failure, focusing on the most frequently coprescribed β-blocker, carvedilol. Methods: We analyzed outcomes in SHIFT patients with systolic heart failure who were prescribed β-blockers (carvedilol, bisoprolol, metoprolol, or nebivolol) with ivabradine or placebo. Analysis was by intention to treat in patients prescribed a β-blocker at the time of the event. Results: Data were available for 2,596 patients receiving carvedilol, 1,483 bisoprolol, 1,424 metoprolol, and 197 nebivolol. Mean treatment duration was 19 months. There was no difference in the effect of ivabradine on the primary composite endpoint of cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization between the various β-blockers [hazard ratios (HR) for risk reduction, 0.75-0.89; p for interaction = 0.86]. Patients prescribed carvedilol with ivabradine had lower rates of primary composite endpoint (HR 0.80, 95% CI: 0.68-0.94), heart failure hospitalization (HR 0.73, 95% CI: 0.61-0.88), and cardiovascular hospitalization (HR 0.80, 95% CI: 0.69-0.92) versus carvedilol with placebo. The dosage of carvedilol had no detectable effect and there were no unexpected safety issues. Conclusions: Whatever β-blocker was coprescribed with ivabradine, there were improvements in cardiovascular outcomes in patients with systolic heart failure, especially with the most prescribed β-blocker - carvedilol.
Serum Triglyceride Levels and Cardiovascular Disease Events in Koreans
Authors: Kim Eun Hee , Lee Jung Bok , Kim Seon Ha , Jo Min-Woo , Hwang Jenie Yoonoo , Bae Sung Jin , Jung Chang Hee , Lee Woo Je , Park Joong-Yeol , Park Gyung-Min , Kim Young-Hak , Kim Hong-Kyu , Choe Jaewon
Published: May 2015

Objectives: Hypercholesterolemia, especially elevated levels of LDL-cholesterol, is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the role of triglycerides in CVD risk remains controversial. Methods: We enrolled 86,476 individuals who had undergone a general health checkup at Asan Medical Center between January 2007 and June 2011. After exclusion criteria were applied to the total cohort, 76,434 participants were included. CVD events and death were gathered from the nationwide health insurance claims database and death certificates using ICD-10 codes. Results: Age- and sex-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of the higher triglyceride group were significantly increased: 1.52 (95% CI: 1.27-1.82) for major CVD events, 1.53 (95% CI: 1.24-1.88) for major ischemic heart disease events, and 1.49 (95% CI: 1.37-1.63) for overall CVD events. After adjustment for multiple risk factors including HDL-cholesterol, ORs for overall CVD events were significantly increased in the higher triglyceride group. When the analysis was stratified according to BMI, hypertension, and glycemic status at baseline, age- and sex-adjusted ORs for the outcomes were significantly increased in the higher triglyceride group with nonobese, normotensive, or nondiabetic subjects. Conclusions: Hypertriglyceridemia is independently associated with an increased risk for CVD, especially in nonobese, normotensive, or nondiabetic individuals.
Further Evidence for a Pain Pathway Involving the Cingulate Gyrus: A Case of Chronic Cluster Headache Cured by Glioblastoma
Authors: Robin Adam M. , Pabaney Aqueel H. , Mitsias Panayiotis D. , Schwalb Jason M.
Published: May 2015

The authors report a case of a 49-year-old man with long-standing, chronic cluster headache (CH) refractory to medical therapy and occipital nerve stimulation that resolved a few weeks prior to the diagnosis of glioblastoma involving primarily the right cingulate gyrus. An attempt to explore the underlying role of the cingulate cortex in pain modulation by appraising the current literature is presented. This report suggests that the cingulate gyri could be a potential target for neuromodulation in patients with medically refractory chronic CH.
Social Status and Arginine Vasotocin Neuronal Phenotypes in a Cichlid Fish
Authors: Almeida Olinda , Oliveira Rui F.
Published: May 2015

The nonapeptide arginine vasotocin (AVT) and its mammalian homologue arginine vasopressin play a key role in the regulation of social behaviour across vertebrates. In teleost fishes, three AVT neuronal populations have been described in the preoptic area (POA): the parvocellular (pPOA), the magnocellular (mPOA) and the gigantocellular (gPOA). Neurons from each of these areas project both to the pituitary and to other brain regions, where AVT is supposed to regulate neural circuits underlying social behaviour. However, in the fish species studied so far, there is considerable variation in which AVT neuronal populations are involved in behavioural modulation and in the direction of the effect. In this study, the association between AVT neuronal phenotypes and social status was investigated in the Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). This species is an African female mouth-brooding cichlid fish in which males form breeding aggregations in which dominant males establish territories and subordinate males to act as floaters. With respect to sex differences in AVT neuronal phenotypes, females have a larger number of AVT neurons in the pPOA and mPOA. Within males, AVT appeared associated with social subordination, as indicated by the larger cell body areas of AVT neurons in mPOA and gPOA nuclei of non-territorial males. There were also positive correlations between submissive behaviour and the soma size of AVT cells in all three nuclei and AVT cell number in the mPOA. In summary, the results provide evidence for an involvement of AVT in the modulation of social behaviour in tilapia, but it was not possible to identify specific roles for specific AVT neuronal populations. The results presented here also contrast with those previously published for another cichlid species with a similar mating system, which highlights the species-specific nature of the pattern of association between AVT and social behaviour even within the same taxonomic family.
Pityriasis Rosea in Children: Clinical Features and Laboratory Investigations
Authors: Drago Francesco , Ciccarese Giulia , Broccolo Francesco , Cozzani Emanuele , Parodi Aurora
Published: May 2015

Pityriasis rosea (PR) is a common, self-limiting exanthematous disease associated with a systemic reactivation of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and/or HHV-7. It usually occurs in the second or third decade of life whereas it is uncommon in patients younger than 10 years. We studied the clinical features and virological parameters of 31 children with PR, comparing them with those in adults. Our findings indicate that PR presents different characteristics between children and adults, mainly consisting of time lapse between herald patch and generalized eruption, duration of the exanthem, oropharyngeal involvement and persistence of HHV-6 and HHV-7 plasma viremia. Overall, these results suggest that, following HHV-6 and/or HHV-7 systemic active infection, the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in PR may at least partly be different in children and adults.
Low- and High-Resistance Exercise: Long-Term Adherence and Motivation among Older Adults
Authors: Van Roie Evelien , Bautmans Ivan , Coudyzer Walter , Boen Filip , Delecluse Christophe
Published: May 2015

Background: In terms of motivation and long-term adherence, low-resistance exercise might be more suitable for older adults than high-resistance exercise. However, more data are needed to support this claim. Objective: The objective was to investigate the effect of low- and high-resistance exercise protocols on long-term adherence and motivation. Methods: This study was designed as an exploratory 24-week follow-up of a randomized 12-week resistance training intervention in older adults. Participants were free to decide whether or not they continued resistance training at their own expense following the intervention. Fifty-six older adults were randomly assigned to HIGH [2 × 10-15 repetitions at 80% of one repetition maximum (1RM)], LOW (1 × 80-100 repetitions at 20% of 1RM), or LOW+ (1 × 60 repetitions at 20% of 1RM + 1 × 10-20 repetitions at 40% 1RM). Motivation, self-efficacy and the perceived barriers for continuing resistance exercise were measured after cessation of each supervised intervention and at follow-up, while long-term adherence was probed retrospectively at follow-up. Results: Participants reported high levels of self-determined motivation before, during, and after the supervised intervention, with no differences between groups (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, only few participants continued strength training after the intervention: 17% in HIGH, 21% in LOW+, and 11% in LOW (p > 0.05). The most commonly reported barriers for continuing resistance exercise were perceived lack of time (46%), being more interested in other physical activities (40%), seasonal reasons (40%), and financial cost (28%). Conclusion: The results suggest no difference in long-term adherence after the end of a supervised exercise intervention at high or low external resistances. Long-term adherence was limited despite high levels of self-determined motivation during the interventions. These findings highlight the importance of further research on developing strategies to overcome barriers of older adults to adhere to resistance exercise without supervision.
Long-Term Results of Motor Cortex Stimulation in the Treatment of Chronic, Intractable Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Im Sang-hyuk , Ha Sang-woo , Kim Deok-ryeong , Son Byung-chul
Published: May 2015

Background/Objectives: Although motor cortex stimulation (MCS) has been used for more than 20 years in the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain, there is still a debate about the efficacy of MCS. Methods: To investigate the long-term results and the factors associated with the long-term success of chronic MCS, 21 patients who underwent MCS trial were classified as having central poststroke pain, central pain after spinal cord injury (SCI) and peripheral neuropathic pain, and we investigated the clinical factors associated with long-term success and degree of pain relief. Results: Of the 21 patients, 16 (76.2%) had a successful trial and underwent chronic MCS. In the long-term follow-up (53 ± 39 months), only the diagnosis (central poststroke pain and peripheral neuropathic pain) was associated with long-term success defined as >30% pain relief compared with baseline (p < 0.05, χ2 test). The difference in pain relief was not significant in patients having SCI pain (p > 0.05, 1-way ANOVA). The other variables did not show any significant influence in the long-term success and degree of pain relief (p > 0.05, 1-way ANOVA). Conclusions: MCS was more effective in the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain of central poststroke pain and peripheral neuropathic pain types than in the treatment of SCI pain in the long-term follow-up.
Tumor Markers AFP, AFP-L3, and DCP in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Refractory to Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization
Authors: Hiraoka Atsushi , Ishimaru Yoshihiro , Kawasaki Hideki , Aibiki Toshihiko , Okudaira Tomonari , Toshimori Akiko , Kawamura Tomoe , Yamago Hiroka , Nakahara Hiromasa , Suga Yoshifumi , Azemoto Nobuaki , Miyata Hideki , Miyamoto Yasunao , Ninomiya Tomoyuki , Hirooka Masashi , Abe Masanori , Matsuura Bunzo , Hiasa Yoichi , Michitaka Kojiro
Published: May 2015

Background/Aim: We examined tumor marker levels to assess in more detail transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE)-refractory hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and Methods: We enrolled patients treated from 2000 to 2011 for HCC beyond the Milan criteria who had good hepatic reserve function (Child-Pugh A) and no portal vein thrombosis or metastases (n = 154). The modified criteria for being TACE-refractory according to the Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan (m-LCSGJ), from which the tumor marker item was excluded, and the Assessment for Retreatment with TACE (ART) score were used for determining whether the HCC was TACE refractory. α-Fetoprotein ≥100 ng/ml, fucosylated α-fetoprotein ≥10%, and des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin ≥100 mAU/ml were used to define whether tumor markers were positive. We added up the number of positive tumor markers as a prognostic score to assess in more detail the evaluation of TACE-refractory HCC. Results: In order to divide the patients into a refractory and nonrefractory group, the m-LCSGJ criteria [mean survival time (MST) 27.1 vs. 49.9 months; p < 0.001] were superior to the ART score (MST 22.0 vs. 35.1 months; p = 0.051). In the refractory group according to the m-LCSGJ criteria, the patients with a low score of positive tumor markers (<2) after 2 sessions of TACE (n = 36) showed a better prognosis than the others (n = 72) (MST 37.7 vs. 23.2 months; p = 0.014). Conclusion: Patients being nonrefractory according to the m-LCSGJ criteria had a better response, and using the number of tumor markers (≥2) is an easy method for predicting the response to TACE and for a more detailed evaluation of TACE-refractory HCC.
A High-Resolution Comparative Chromosome Map of Cricetus cricetus and Peromyscus eremicus Reveals the Involvement of Constitutive Heterochromatin in Breakpoint Regions
Authors: Vieira-da-Silva Ana , Louzada Sandra , Adega Filomena , Chaves Raquel
Published: May 2015

Compared to humans and other mammals, rodent genomes, specifically Muroidea species, underwent intense chromosome reshuffling in which many complex structural rearrangements occurred. This fact makes them preferential animal models for studying the process of karyotype evolution. Here, we present the first combined chromosome comparative maps between 2 Cricetidae species, Cricetus cricetus and Peromyscus eremicus, and the index species Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus. Comparative chromosome painting was done using mouse and rat paint probes together with in silico analysis from the Ensembl genome browser database. Hereby, evolutionary events (inter- and intrachromosomal rearrangements) that occurred in C. cricetus and P. eremicus since the putative ancestral Muroidea genome could be inferred, and evolutionary breakpoint regions could be detected. A colocalization of constitutive heterochromatin and evolutionary breakpoint regions in each genome was observed. Our results suggest the involvement of constitutive heterochromatin in karyotype restructuring of these species, despite the different levels of conservation of the C. cricetus (derivative) and P. eremicus (conserved) genomes.
Outpatient Treatment of Pneumothorax with a Thoracic Vent: Economic Benefit
Authors: Tsuchiya Takehiro , Sano Atsushi
Published: May 2015

Background: Since rising medical costs currently represent a growing problem worldwide, finding cost-effective treatment options is important. In our hospital, outpatient treatment of pneumothorax using a thoracic vent began in December 2012. Objectives: We aimed to test our hypothesis that outpatient treatment of pneumothorax with a thoracic vent can reduce medical expenses. Methods: Patients were classified into four groups based on treatment: thoracic vent with or without surgery or conventional intercostal chest tube drainage with or without surgery. We compared mean medical expenses, duration of hospitalization and number of physician visits among these four groups. Results: During a 2-year period, 65 patients were treated with a thoracic vent (36 patients) or conventional intercostal chest tube drainage (29 patients). Patients treated with a thoracic vent who underwent surgery had a shorter mean duration of hospitalization (5.0 ± 1.3 vs. 10.3 ± 3.4 days; p < 0.0001) and lower overall cost, at JPY 971,830.00 ± 81,291.80 (USD 10,400.40 ± 1,464.90) versus JPY 1,179,791.10 ± 198,383.10 (USD 13,888.90 ± 1,965.30; p < 0.0001) compared with conventional intercostal chest tube drainage. Nonsurgical patients treated with a thoracic vent had lower overall costs, at JPY 79,960.00 ± 25,643.60 (USD 890.10 ± 352.30) versus JPY 268,588.80 ± 94,636.50 (USD 2,932.80 ± 903.50; p < 0.0001) compared with conventional intercostal chest tube drainage. No serious complications were observed. Conclusions: Outpatient thoracic vent treatment can significantly reduce medical expenses and thereby have a major economic impact.
Spontaneous Rupture of the Pregnant Uterus following Salpingectomy: A Literature Review
Authors: Stanirowski Paweł Jan , Trojanowski Seweryn , Słomka Anna , Cendrowski Krzysztof , Sawicki Włodzimierz
Published: May 2015

Background: Spontaneous rupture of the uterus is a life-threatening obstetric complication in rare cases associated with previously performed salpingectomy. Aim: This paper presents an analysis of uterine rupture cases during pregnancy in patients after surgical removal of the fallopian tubes. Methods: The English and Polish language literature was reviewed for studies published between January 1, 1980 and September 30, 2014 to identify articles that described rupture of the uterus in women with a previous history of salpingectomy. Results: Thirteen case reports and case series studies in 18 women were identified. 33% of cases of uterine rupture following salpingectomy occurred during intrauterine pregnancy, whereas the rest was associated with interstitial ectopic pregnancy. Laparoscopic salpingectomy more often resulted in rupture of the uterus during non-ectopic pregnancy as compared to laparotomy (4 vs. 2 cases, respectively). When interstitial pregnancies were excluded, uterine rupture was a cause of fetal death in 67% of reported gestations. There were no cases of maternal mortality. Conservative treatment was the preferred management option, and total hysterectomy was performed in only 2 patients. Conclusion: Particular attention should be paid to patients with a previous history of salpingectomy due to the risk of uterine rupture throughout the entire pregnancy.
Dire ce qui ne s’est pas produit : kāna sa-yafʿalu (il aurait fait ; il allait faire / he would have done ; he was going to do) en arabe contemporain
Authors: Pinon Catherine
Published: May 2015

Dans cet article, nous proposons d’étudier en arabe contemporain la structure kāna sa-yafʿalu (en français « il allait faire » ; en anglais « he was going to do »). Elle peut être analysée de deux manières différentes : soit il s’agit du verbe kāna à valeur syntaxique associé à une particule et dans le champ duquel entre le futur formel sa-yafʿalu, soit il s’agit d’une seule et même structure intelligible comme telle. Après avoir fait la synthèse des apparitions de kāna sa-yafʿalu dans les grammaires d’arabe moderne, nous proposons une description systématique des deux types d’emploi en inventoriant les différentes valeurs qu’elle véhicule.
Ibn Sīdah y el sexo : en torno al vocabulario de índole sexual en el Kitāb al-Muḫaṣṣaṣ (s. xi)
Authors: Buendía Pedro
Published: May 2015

Un des ouvrages de lexicographie arabe les plus riches et les plus intéressants, le Kitāb al-Muḫaṣṣaṣ d’Ibn Sīdah (m. 458/1066), contient un vaste catalogue d’opinions sur le vocabulaire sexuel. L’auteur fournit une compilation approfondie et complète de termes avec leurs définitions et particularités, y compris différentes explications et des digressions philologiques autant que d’autorités issues de la poésie classique et toutes sortes d’anecdotes et de curiosités concernant le sexe. Dans sa tentative pour définir ce vocabulaire comme un tout, Ibn Sīdah ne présente pas seulement de nombreuses données sur l’imaginaire sexuel de son époque, mais il est implicitement impliqué dans la construction d’un discours particulier à propos de la sexualité. Quelques caractéristiques de son discours sont l’approche androcentrique, le traitement franc et direct du vocabulaire sexuel arabe (sans euphémismes ni restrictions morales) et l’usage de l’humour comme moyen de traiter ces aspects qui semblent particulièrement délicats ou sensibles.
The Pastor's Natural Ally against Alcoholism
Authors: McDowell Frank K.
Published: May 2015

The pastor's chief ally against alcoholism is the family of the person whose use of alcohol has brought trouble into his life. A program of family counseling in use by the National Council on Alcoholism in Kansas City is readily adaptable to the pastor's ministry. It consists of seven group meetings composed mainly of spouses and teenage children of problem drinkers. Follow-up studies show that as a strategy of prevention, this family program is an answer to much of the frustration and confusion in the treatment of alcoholism.
Dignity and Integrity in Dying (Insights from Early 19th Century Protestantism)
Authors: Wells Ronald V.
Published: May 2015

An examination of letters written between 1826–1842 provide remarkably clear insight as to what it meant to live and die within the Christian faith during the first half of the 19th century. In a generation prior to our drug era there were people who coped with death without benefit of drugs. Their successful dealing with life's termination on earth was rooted and grounded in a clear and effective understanding of the Christian faith. These direct and candid letters may furnish perspective and give direction in our search for a new sense of dignity and integrity in dying.
Programmed Instruction as an Aid to Marriage Counseling
Authors: Stewart Charles W. , Hand Quentin L.
Published: May 2015

The use of programmed instruction as an aid to marriage counseling is looked at by two seminary professors who also do considerable marriage counseling themselves. The Marriage Enrichment Program developed by Dr. Tom Malone is examined both as to its positive and negative aspects. Both Hand and Stewart report their use of the program and some of their positive and negative feedback from the program. They evaluate the general use of tapes, records and at-home techniques which couples may buy and use, and suggest that these programs be used in association with counseling or marriage growth groups, and in particular with the help of trained counselors as guides.
Short-Term Counseling Techniques
Authors: Cox Richard H.
Published: May 2015

The increasing demand for counseling makes the development of short-term approaches imperative. While the material presented here was prepared primarily for career counseling, it is applicable to a variety of settings. Four “definitions” are fundamental for each counseling situation: counselor, counselee, setting, purpose of counseling. Short-term counseling calls for a highly qualified and trained general practitioner of counseling. The following techniques may be helpful: secure an adequate psychological history; establish specific goals; maintain a problem-centered orientation; proper utilization of psychological tests; be specific as to the number of sessions possible; utilize every possible resource; interpretation as a technique for insight; confrontation as a technique for growth; experiment with Christian thought and perspectives; creativity and originality as individual styles for helping others.
The Invisible Woman
Authors: Walaskay Maxine C.
Published: May 2015

An examination of masculine theological reflection on the creation account of Genesis 3 discloses an understanding of the human situation that is one-sided. It reveals a masculine bias in biblical interpretation that establishes the chauvinistic nature of much Church life. An adequate hermeneutic must begin to incorporate a contemporary feminine viewpoint. It may be expected, then, to open new theological possibilities.
Mole and Female, Created He Them: An Encounter of Sex-Role Stereotypes in CPE
Authors: Edson Cynthia J.
Published: May 2015

In a verbal encounter with attitudes from past and present writers CPE students were exposed to a variety of attitudes on liberation and its implications for their work with patients and parishes. A specific case study of one female mental patient was used to expose biases set by a health/sickness model usually assumed in such settings. Exposure of their own attitudes, biased or not, led students to more open discussion of male/female role differentiation as the quarter progressed.
The Professionalization of the Parish Pastoral Counselor
Authors: Taggart Morris
Published: May 2015

By virtue of their similarities in professional training, competence and activities, as well as their differentness from both clergy in general and other pastoral specialists, pastoral counselors have emerged as an identifiable professional group. Some of the implications which this kind of professionalization may have for the relation between pastoral counseling and the Church at large are examined, especially the low status of the parish as a work setting for professional pastoral counselors. A call is made for pastoral counseling to redefine its relationship to the parish in ways which reflect professional rather than political concerns.
Oskar Pfister and the Taggart Report: The “First Pastoral Counselor” and Today's Role Problems
Authors: Irwin J. E. G.
Published: May 2015

The purpose of this article, in the Centennial year of the birth of the “first pastoral counselor,” is to examine the counseling role as detailed in the Taggart report in the perspective of Pftster's role correlation and its methodological underpinnings. It is concluded from Pftster's dialogues with Freud that his theoretical foundation was inadequate for the role synthesis he groped after, but that he points us toward the necessity of a greater theological understanding of our pastoral counseling role and of its relation to pastoral care in general, particularly care by, and of, social structures.
Coping with Student Drug Use
Authors: Young John L.
Published: May 2015

Many campus ministers must deal with drug abuse by students. While the usual training for the ministry does develop attitudes useful for dealing with this problem, specific tools are also needed. Some basic information on particular drugs of abuse is provided, along with more general facts on drugs as biological chemicals. A narrative account of experiences with one approach is offered, along with applied reflections that extend toward some of the likely underlying causes. Campus ministers are in a position to deal with these as well.
The Psychodynamics of Spirituality
Authors: May Gerald G.
Published: May 2015

Clergymen and other psychotherapists have difficulty incorporating spirituality into their work with clients and in dealing openly with it with themselves and each other. As a possible explanation, spirituality is defined and considered as something for which there is a basic human drive. As such, it is subject to various healthy and destructive psychodynamic influences. Evidences of society's need for increased spiritual experience, and “taboo” aspects of spirituality are investigated. Generally inadequate spiritual training for clergyman is seen as a result of personal and societal defenses against spirituality. The need for more honest, critical appraisal is established, laying a groundwork for spiritual development.
Communicating with Hospitalized Children: The Mutual Storytelling Technique
Authors: Schooley Christopher C.
Published: May 2015

Children view hospitalization as a crisis in their lives. Ministry to children in crisis can be valuable to both child and pastor through use of a communication tool called The Mutual Storytelling Technique. Adaptation of this technique, coupled with a comprehension of the medical experience from the point of view of the child, leads to valuable relationships between pastor and young patient. Support, hope, and healing can be encouraged by the pastor. Expression of despair, anger, anxiety, and fantasy are developed and encouraged for the hospitalized child. Both patient and pastor learn to use the valuable stories of the Bible as well as their own creative stories to provide a mutual sharing in the hospital.
Counseling Rape Victims
Authors: Crum Roger S.
Published: May 2015

In one year over six hundred victims of rape were seen by Chaplains in the context of a crisis intervention program at the University of Chicago's emergency rooms. The program of care for rape victims and the associated responsibilities of chaplains is described. A case verbatim is presented and analyzed. The focus for counseling is first, the patient's need for management of the psychological/social/legal issues raised by the family and the police, and secondly, on the patient's need for recall and reflection of the trauma of rape.
Beyond the Wall of Silence: Pastoral Care of the Stroke Patient
Authors: Daylong William B.
Published: May 2015

The research method used to compile the data used in this article is the documentary method. This article represents an attempt to explore and understand the difficulties the stroke patient faces, and to celebrate the use of the pastoral conversation as a rehabilitative tool. The article explores the physical and mental deficits that result from a stroke and the patient's emotional reactions to them. The basic emotional reactions are fear, anger, depression, and feelings of isolation or loneliness. An attempt is then made to explore the possible meanings of the experience for the stroke patient. It is suggested that a commonly perceived meaning of the experience is conviction of sin. Through the pastor's understanding encounter with the stroke patient, the patient's experience can take on a variety of possible new meanings, most of them more positive. Forgiveness can be mediated as the pastor uses his own unique resources to enable the person to negotiate new “covenants” as a basis for his relationships to family, friends, and God. Pastoral resources discussed are not traditional resources, but creative human resources that the pastor possesses because of who he is.
Adapting CPE to an Asian Life Style
Authors: Keidel Keith W.
Published: May 2015

Any CPE program must give room for cultural and personal interpretation in the light of religious and racial differences. Asian students reflect the non-critical response in the quietude and sincerity of their life styles. To teach is not to dissect the fabric of human experience. Assisting a student to react may result in resistive negations. The heat of chaos and the uncertainty of change can provide a stimulus for adapting to a new level of learning.
Pastoral Ministry between the Times
Authors: Gerkin Charles V.
Published: May 2015

Pastors in the seventies must adapt to ministering in a pluralistic and rapidly changing society. This situation presents both special problems and opportunities for ministry to persons caught in the transition between what are here called “cultural value time frames.” Three case examples from pastoral counseling practice are presented and reflected upon utilizing the concept of cultural value time frame conflicts. An argument is made for the minister as one especially equipped to be of help to such persons because of his necessary continuing dialogue with a theological tradition. The suggestion is made that what is most needed in such situations is genuine search for culture-transcendent values as these values relate to the concreteness and particularity of human relationships in changing times.
Referral as an Act of Pastoral Care
Authors: Lee Ronald R.
Published: May 2015

It is a fact of modern life that all professionals, but especially pastors, need to make referrals. Successful referral is generally difficult for the untrained pastor because it involves skills found in those trained for brief psychotherapy. Like therapy, referral has an initial, middle and terminating phase. Success in making referrals is enhanced when the professionals involved know each other, when there is a positive transference, and when the referral evolves out of a skillful evaluation. In difficult cases the relay technique can help. For ministers, skill at referring is becoming a necessity for professional existence.
Binocular Rivalry as an Indicator of Spiritual Growth in CPE
Authors: Duncombe David C.
Published: May 2015

A new technique for assessing spiritual security is described, based on the principle of “binocular rivalry”. Subjects view paired pictures simultaneously through a troposcope and simply report what they see.
The Spiritual Experience: Speculations on its Nature and Dynamics
Authors: Selvey Henry A.
Published: May 2015

The “spiritual experience” may be seen as an example of a much broader type of experience otherwise understood as regressive or unstructured. Understanding the dynamics of spiritual experience in terms suggested by these latter concepts allows us not only to more fully understand the experience itself but to further appreciate how one gets to it and how one deals with it. Suggestions concerning this lead to some speculation concerning guilt and how this is related to the dynamics of the experience.
The Pastoral Care of Victims of Major Disaster
Authors: Reed John P.
Published: May 2015

A major natural catastrophe such as a tornado, earthquake, hurricane, or flood can leave permanent emotional and spiritual scars on persons involved. Therefore, a disaster poses a long-term challenge to the minister as he helps people deal with a multiplicity of feelings and problems. Unfortunately, most pastors have had little or no experience of ministry in catastrophic events such as these mentioned. Therefore, they are ill-prepared when a disaster occurs and are unaware of the long-range implications of disaster for ministry. The pastor must rely upon the experience and research of others who have weathered such events. This article is an attempt to ellucidate for the minister the long-range effects of natural disaster upon the lives of individuals, to attune him to the subtle psychological, social, and religious dynamics at play such as preoccupation, uprootedness, grief, identity diffusion, victimization, psychic exposure, apathy and disillusionment, and to offer suggestions for effective pastoral care in the light of such factors.
In-Kind Payment as Therapy in Pastoral Counseling
Authors: Ross R. J. , Ross Ruth , Risler Walter , Risler Doris
Published: May 2015

Pastoral counselors can improve their counseling through a contract of inkind payment. The counseled person gives volunteer work to a service organization in return for the pastor's counseling. Not only does in-kind payment aid the counseling process, but it is therapeutic in itself.
Perception of Stress among Clergy and Their Spouses
Authors: Gleason John J.
Published: May 2015

Twenty-one parish clergy and eleven clergy spouses attending a stress workshop were asked to rate a list of 43 stressors. The hypothesis that certain stressors would emerge as common for both clergy and spouses tended to be affirmed in that eight out of the fourteen greatest stressors in both groups were held in common. The hypotheses that clergy would be more aware of stress in relation to church duties and that spouses would be more aware of stress in relation to their family and personal lives tended to be disaffirmed.
Radioprotective Effect of Achillea millefolium L Against Genotoxicity Induced by Ionizing Radiation in Human Normal Lymphocytes
Authors: Shahani Somayeh , Rostamnezhad Mostafa , Ghaffari-rad Vahid , Ghasemi Arash , Allahverdi Pourfallah Tayyeb , Hosseinimehr Seyed Jalal
Published: May 2015

The radioprotective effect of Achillea millefolium L (ACM) extract was investigated against genotoxicity induced by ionizing radiation (IR) in human lymphocytes. Peripheral blood samples were collected from human volunteers and incubated with the methanolic extract of ACM at different concentrations (10, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL) for 2 hours. At each dose point, the whole blood was exposed in vitro to 2.5 Gy of X-ray and then the lymphocytes were cultured with mitogenic stimulation to determine the micronuclei in cytokinesis-blocked binucleated cell. Antioxidant capacity of the extract was determined using free radical-scavenging method. The treatment of lymphocytes with the extract showed a significant decrease in the incidence of micronuclei binucleated cells, as compared with similarly irradiated lymphocytes without any extract treatment. The maximum protection and decrease in frequency of micronuclei were observed at 200 μg/mL of ACM extract which completely protected genotoxicity induced by IR in human lymphocytes. Achillea millefolium extract exhibited concentration-dependent radical-scavenging activity on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl free radicals. These data suggest that the methanolic extract of ACM may play an important role in the protection of normal tissues against genetic damage induced by IR.
Replicating Studies in Which Samples of Participants Respond to Samples of Stimuli
Authors: Westfall Jacob , Judd Charles M. , Kenny David A.
Published: May 2015

In a direct replication, the typical goal is to reproduce a prior experimental result with a new but comparable sample of participants in a high-powered replication study. Often in psychology, the research to be replicated involves a sample of participants responding to a sample of stimuli. In replicating such studies, we argue that the same criteria should be used in sampling stimuli as are used in sampling participants. Namely, a new but comparable sample of stimuli should be used to ensure that the original results are not due to idiosyncrasies of the original stimulus sample, and the stimulus sample must often be enlarged to ensure high statistical power. In support of the latter point, we discuss the fact that in experiments involving samples of stimuli, statistical power typically does not approach 1 as the number of participants goes to infinity. As an example of the importance of sampling new stimuli, we discuss the bygone literature on the risky shift phenomenon, which was almost entirely based on a single stimulus sample that was later discovered to be highly unrepresentative. We discuss the use of both resampled and expanded stimulus sets, that is, stimulus samples that include the original stimuli plus new stimuli.
Many Replications Do Not Causal Inferences Make
Authors: Larzelere Robert E. , Cox Ronald B. , Swindle Taren M.
Published: May 2015

Although direct replications are ideal for randomized studies, areas of psychological science that lack randomized studies should incorporate Rosenbaum’s (2001) distinction between trivial and nontrivial replications, relabeled herein as exact and critical replications. If exact replications merely repeat systematic biases, they cannot enhance cumulative progress in psychological science. In contrast, critical replications distinguish between competing explanations by using crucial tests to clarify the underlying causal influences. We illustrate this potential with examples from research on corrective actions by professionals (e.g., psychotherapy, Ritalin) and parents (e.g., spanking, homework assistance), where critical replications are needed to overcome the inherent selection bias due to corrective actions being triggered by children’s symptoms. Purported causal effects must first prove to be replicable after plausible confounds such as selection bias are eliminated. Subsequent critical replications can then compare plausible alternative explanations of the average unbiased causal effect and of individual differences in those effects. We conclude that this type of systematic sequencing of critical replications has more potential for making the kinds of discriminations typical of cumulative progress in science than do exact replications alone, especially in areas where randomized studies are unavailable.
Affective Science Perspectives on Cancer Control
Authors: Ferrer Rebecca A. , Green Paige A. , Barrett Lisa Feldman
Published: May 2015

Cancer control research involves the conduct of basic and applied behavioral and social sciences to reduce cancer incidence, morbidity, and mortality and improve quality of life. Given the importance of behavior in cancer control, fundamental research is necessary to identify psychological mechanisms underlying cancer risk, prevention, and management behaviors. Cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment are often emotionally laden. As such, affective science research to elucidate questions related to the basic phenomenological nature of emotion, stress, and mood is necessary to understand how cancer control can be hindered or facilitated by emotional experiences. To date, the intersection of basic affective science research and cancer control remains largely unexplored. The goal of this article is to outline key questions in the cancer control research domain that provide an ecologically valid context for new affective science discoveries. We also provide examples of ways in which basic affective discoveries could inform future cancer prevention and control research. These examples are not meant to be exhaustive or prescriptive but instead are offered to generate creative thought about the promise of a cancer research context for answering basic affective science questions. Together, these examples provide a compelling argument for fostering collaborations between affective and cancer control scientists.
Experimental verification of thermodynamic fatigue life prediction model using entropy as damage metric
Authors: Temfack T. , Basaran C.
Published: May 2015

A fatigue model based on entropy generation is presented and validated through experiments. This model is purely physical and combines statistical mechanics with thermodynamic laws applied at a local scale. The model does not require an empirical damage surface or phenomenological constitutive modeling constants. Damage evolution parameter varies from 0 to 1. As it is for the irreversible internal entropy production, this parameter is a non-decreasing quantity that increases with the degradation of a material.
Digital image correlation for grain scale strain measurement in interstitial free high strength steel
Authors: Banerjee S. , Dasgupta T. , Mukherjee S. , Shome M. , Chakraborti P. C. , Saha S. K.
Published: May 2015

Deformation measurement of materials and structures subjected to various loading conditions is an important task of experimental solid mechanics. Apart from the widely used point wise strain gauge technique, various full field non-contact optical methods are used for this purpose. In this work, an automated scheme to measure the grain level deformation in tensile deformed interstitial free high strength steel has been introduced. The method is based on digital image correlation technique. The proposed scheme utilised high resolution scanning electron images of the specimen surface that are sequentially captured during tensile loading. It is found that grain to grain there is large variation in deformation response at a given load. The present work also reveals point to point variation of strain within a grain interior.