bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Policy Analysis of Access to Health Care Inclusive of Cost, Quality, and Scope of Services
Authors: Taub Leslie-Faith Morritt
Published: March 2007

A policy analysis of access to health care was undertaken using a review of current studies and proposals for health care reform in order to uncover the issues of cost, quality, and scope of services that would be required to realize health care coverage for the 38.7 million Americans who remain uncovered. This national issue was explored at the state level, and it was also explored at the individual level by a description of those affected by age, race, ethnicity, health status, and gender. Finally, the author looks at health care reform as one of many other issues affecting the American citizen as choices are made about how to utilize limited resources.
Single Side Crosslinking Via Foam Finishing to Produce Garment Dyeable Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Lambert Allan H. , Harper Robert J.
Published: March 2007

Single side, low add-on application of foam containing crosslinker to cotton fabrics provides an approach for a smooth-drying dyeable fabric. Such a fabric has potential for garment dyeing application. Two procedures were tested. Foam containing crosslinker and a reactive additive was applied to the face of the fabric while the back side was untreated. This technique allowed dyeing the face side only by use of a modified dye procedure. This procedure was compared with applying foam containing a conventional crosslinker system to the backside of the fabric. Dye ing of the face side of this fabric with conventional cotton dye procedures was then possible.
Exceltech®: A Polyamino Acid-Derivative, Highly Moisture-Permeable, Waterproof Material
Authors: Furuta Tsunekatsu , Yagihara Shigeyuki
Published: March 2007

The development concept behind the highly moisture-permeable waterproof material, Exceltech®, is that the customer's physiological comfort should be the primary objective in promoting highly functional sportswear materials.
Insect Control Tent Fabrics
Authors: Samson R.D. , Mckinney J.M. , Gettliffe G.
Published: March 2007

Insecticides and/or repellents incorporated into a tent coating matrix are used to provide long term efficacy against mosquitoes. Tents prepared with Permethrin contained in the interior coating and tested for one year at Gainesville, Florida USDA Laboratories under the direction of Dr. Carl Schreck showed long term efficacy beyond original expectations. The use of plasticizer to mobilize con trolled release of permethrin to interior tent coating surface contributed to long term efficacy as well as the protection of permethrin from ultraviolet degradation by the fabric substrate and exterior coating. On a global basis the resurgence of malaria, yellow fever, dengue, and other vector borne diseases indicate a need to further explore environmentally correct methods of insecticide usage. Development of other pest control fabrics is an area of high activity.
PEN Polyester: Potential for Fibers Derived from Naphthalene Dicarboxylate (NDC)
Authors: Money Joanna K.
Published: March 2007

Since the 1950s, Amoco has been a key supplier of aromatic acids to the polyester industry. Today, we supply 44% of the world's purified terephthalic acid (PTA) and over 75% of the world's purified isophthalic acid (PIA). Amoco is now expanding its polyester intermediate product portfolio with the commercializa tion of 2,6-dimethyl naphthalene dicarboxylate (NDC). Reaction of NDC with ethylene glycol results in the polyester PEN. PEN offers enhanced properties over traditional polyesters including:
Flame Retardants for Textile Coatings
Authors: Dombrowski Ronald
Published: March 2007

Every coated fabric is unique when it comes to flame retardation because there are so many variables that can affect its use and performance. The proper formula must be worked out for each one. In this paper I have attempted to outline the basic principals of flame retardant technology. Every coated fabric will re quire customized formulation in order to maximize flammability reduction and cost performance. Performance of many flame retardants will vary dramatically depend mg on the design of the flammability test they are required to meet. A knowledge of the concepts discussed here will make it easier for any technical person to develop efficient solutions to his or her flame retardant requirements.
Interest-Group Liberalism and Juridical Democracy
Authors: Grady Robert C.
Published: March 2007

Theodore Lowi's proposal for juridical democracy is inspired by a "crisis in authority" that has been generated under "interest-group liberalism," his designation for con temporary pluralist theory. Lowi suggests that the roots of the crisis lie in the pluralists' misreading of the Madisonian model. Juridical democracy is an alternative analytical and programmatic format which is designed to reintroduce the now lost benefits of the Madisonian model. Lowi's approach demonstrates, in contrast to interest-group liberal ism, that government coercion is essential and advantages some groups over others, and it provides a vehicle for testing whether consensus about public values exists. Both approaches accept "interests" as the basic unit of analysis, but neither affords criteria for assessing them. Interests make claims which are undemocratic, inegalitarian, and the like. Lacking evaluative criteria, both positions resort to social and institutional regularities and procedures as the essence of democracy.
Mass Political Imagery and the Salience of International Affairs
Authors: McCormick James M. , Coveyou Michael R.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the salience of international affairs among the American mass public through an analysis of party imagery during four national election campaigns (1952, 1960, 1968, and 1976). First, we find considerable stability in the proportion of the electorate citing international affairs references, with the exception of 1976. Then looking separately at foreign policy and war and peace concerns, significant differences in salience occur between the two domains overtime. Finally, we also detect substantial differences between characteristics of individuals expressing foreign policy concerns and those mentioning war and peace; partisanship is related to mentions of war and peace, while education and media consumption are tied to foreign policy references.
Efficacy, Trust, and Political Behavior
Authors: Craig Stephen C.
Published: March 2007

Political efficacy and political trust are concepts which have become central to the study of political behavior, yet different studies continue to conceptualize and operationalize these variables in different ways. This study builds upon previous research in an attempt to clarify our understanding of the dimensions of political efficacy and their relationship to political trust. Evidence from three independent samples suggests that "input efficacy" and "output efficacy" are distinct attitudinal dimensions, that each is related in different ways to political trust, and that each may help us to better understand the psychological bases of political action.
Education and Contextual Tolerance
Authors: Corbett Michael
Published: March 2007

Two recent studies (Lawrence and Jackman) have challenged the results and implications of the "classic" studies (Stouffer, Prothro and Grigg, McClosky) of education and tolerance. The results of these newer studies indicate that education is not so important in producing political tolerance as previously thought. The present study critically assesses the newer studies and retests/extends their conclusions. The present study supports the results and implications of the "classic" studies. Education is directly related to tolerance and to consistency between general democratic principles and specific applications. Further, education reduces the group-relatedness of tolerance. The "revisionist" view of the effects of education on tolerance is rejected.
The Prospects for Issue-Voting in Contemporary Congressional Elections
Authors: Hurley Patricia A. , Hill Kim Quaile
Published: March 2007

A number of research reports on presidential elections have found evidence for increased issue voting in recent years. This article extends the concern with such possible attitudinal and behavioral changes to midterm Congressional elections. To do so, we focus on one particular requirement for issue voting—the existence of accurate knowledge of candidates' policy positions. With data for 1978, we examine the existence and accuracy of constituents' perceptions of their own representative's positions in five issue domains and on a generalized liberal-conservative dimension. We also consider the quality of representation in these policy areas by comparing representatives' voting with constituents' personal policy preferences. The evidence indicates generally poor knowledge of candidates, but also that both candidates and citizens contribute to this situation. Similarly, there is only modest convergence between the preferences of individual citizens and their representative's voting behavior in Congress on the issues tested.
Constituency Preference and Potential Economic Gain
Authors: Dean Gillian , Siegfried John , Ward Leslie
Published: March 2007

This article evaluates two aspects of constituency interest on legislative voting, the expressed preferences of a constituency on a policy, and the economic costs and benefits constituents would derive from a policy, using data from U.S. Senate voting on the 1972 Family Assistance Plan (FAP). When considered simultaneously, neither constituency opinion nor FAP's projected economic impact reveals a significant effect. The modest importance of constituency opinion in voting on this issue contrasts with earlier research findings. The most important factors in senators' voting on FAP were their ideological orientation and party affiliation. These results are consistent with case studies of the FAP policy process and with expectations regarding the decision process in redistributive policy areas.
State Policies Regarding Local Resource Acquisition
Authors: Stonecash Jeff
Published: March 2007

The ability of local governments to acquire financial resources is heavily influenced by state governments. States determine whether particular taxes can be used, at what levels they might be used, and the levels of state aid given to local governments. The question of concern in this analysis is the relationship among state policies in this area. There are two questions to be explored. The first is the question of whether tax limits, often established years ago, bear any systematic relationship to other state policies on local resource acquisition. The second question is what kind of relationship exists among state policies on local resource acquisition. States might pursue a pattern of compensatory policy, or "making up" for restrictions in one area by providing more aid or leniency in tax limits in another area. As an alternative, resource acquisition policies might fit into an overall pattern of supporting or limiting local resource acquisition. The analysis explores these relationships and finds support for the hypothesis that state policies in the broad area of local resource acquisition are related; and they do not fit a compensatory pattern, but a pattern of reflecting variations in support for allowing local governments to have funds.
Voting in Four Elective Offices
Authors: Shaffer Stephen D.
Published: March 2007

CPS survey data from 1952 to 1978 are employed in a comparative analysis of the effects of three predictors on voting for House, Senate, gubernatorial, and presidential candidates. Among the findings are: party identification is equally important in voting for all four offices, and despite a declining effect it is still the most important predictor of voting; presidential coattails especially serve as a vote guide for the less informed, and are more important in federal than state elections; incumbency is most important to the moderately aware voter, and only since 1966 has it been most important in House elections.
Interparty Competition in the American States
Authors: Tucker Harvey J.
Published: March 2007

This article seeks to introduce an alternative notion of time into the cross-sectional study of the causes and effects of interparty competition in the American states. Past studies which average interparty competition over long periods ignore important conceptual and methodological issues. As a result, some empirical findings which have acquired the status of conventional wisdom may be subject to question. It is suggested that many problems may be overcome by measuring interparty competition over very short periods of time. Sequential cross-sectional analysis identifies some relationships with interparty competition which are static over time and others which are dynamic over time.
Public Funding of Gubernatorial Elections
Authors: Penning James M. , Smidt Corwin E.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the attitudes of legislators from eight states toward public funding of gubernatorial candidates. Legislators divide themselves into two distinct, opposing groups on the public funding issue. Both personal characteristics and perceptions of the political environment are related to legislators' attitudes toward public funding.
Judicial Selection Systems and Nomination Outcomes
Authors: Slotnick Elliot E.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the importance of formal judicial selection systems for understanding the outcomes of judicial recruitment. Data collected concerning appointments of the Carter administration demonstrate that selection processes per se made little difference in the nature of the appointments made. The data also suggest that the identity of the political actor primarily responsible for generating the names of judgeship candidates may be a more important concern for understanding selection outcomes than formal selection processes.
President Carter's Selection Reforms and Judicial Policymaking
Authors: Davis Sue
Published: March 2007

In order to shed light on the impact of reforms in selection procedures on the policy made by the federal courts, this article compares the voting patterns of United States courts of appeals judges appointed by President Jimmy Carter with those appointed by President Lyndon Johnson. The study shows that there are significant differences between the two groups of judges that are not attributable to affirmative action in the Carter selection system nor to changes in Johnson appointees' voting patterns over time. Although I acknowledge that there are other factors that may underlie the differences between the two groups of judges, I conclude that it is reasonable to assert that the differences are attributable to the Carter reforms in the selection process.
What You Use Depends on What You Have
Authors: Moon David
Published: March 2007

This article examines the effects on the use of determinants of electoral choice of varying levels of politically-relevant information in the electorate. A theoretical framework is introduced that accounts for different usages of cues to vote choice, even among voters with similar goals, based on differing amounts of information. The 1972-74-76 Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research Panel Study is used to test the hypothesis that low information voters will emphasize different cues to vote choice than medium information voters, who will also differ from high information voters. This hypothesis is confirmed by the findings, and a number of conclusions about the nature of electoral choice are drawn.
Elections and State Party Polarization
Authors: Brown Robert D. , Wright Gerald C.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the effect of ideological polarization in state party systems on the broad contours of state electoral outcomes. Measuring ideological polarization using CBS / New York Times surveys combined over the period from 1976 to 1988, we find that increased ideological polarization among state party coalitions has a significant dampening effect on split-ticket voting, party defection, vote swing, and electoral volatility. Our comparison of state party systems suggests that the general decline of party in structuring electoral outcomes has not been uniform across the states, and that the ideological distinctiveness of state partisans has a systematic impact on state elections.
A Spatial Model of Regulation
Authors: Hedge David M.
Published: March 2007

This article outlines and tests a spatial model of regulation that contends that federal regulatory officials fashion enforcement strategies that fit each state's political climate. A pooled cross-sectional, time series design is used to examine the influence of both national and state forces on the rate of federal surface mining regulation in 21 states over the period 1978 to 1982. Although the rate of federal regulation reflects national political changes, much of the variation in enforcement is accounted for by the states' political climates. State-level factors prove to be particularly important during the more politically vulnerable Carter administration. Those findings suggest that scholars need to attend to spatial influences in accounting for regulatory outcomes.
The California Supreme Court and the Death Penalty
Authors: Emmert Craig F. , Traut Carol Ann
Published: March 2007

The California Supreme Court's death penalty decisions provide an ideal vehicle for examining the relationships among judicial selection, individual judicial decision making, and court policy-making. The authors' findings highlight the decisive impact that chief executives can have on judicial decisions through use of the appointment power and the overriding importance of judicial values for explaining judicial decisions. They also develop an integrated model that includes legal variables along with judicial values. Their findings show that liberal and conservative judges sometimes react differently to legal stimuli. Their research also demonstrates that more complete explanations for judicial decisions can be achieved by including legal issues with judicial values in a more complex explanatory model.
What's in It for Me?
Authors: Serra George
Published: March 2007

Research has shown that members of the United States Congress, especially in the House, exploit the abundance of electorally productive perquisites of office available to them. Yet research has not made clear the actual impact of this exploitation on constituents. In this study, I use actual member-constituent contacts in a congressional district to determine the effect of casework on incumbent evaluation. The results indicate that, although casework does benefit the incumbent, its impact is specified by partisanship. In addition, findings show that casework has a ripple effect on the formation of constituent opinion in the district.
An Integrated Model of Privacy Decision Making in State Supreme Courts
Authors: Flemming Gregory N. , Holian David B. , Mezey Susan Gluck
Published: March 2007

This study predicts state supreme court judges' votes on claims based on a right to privacy by estimating an integrated model that incorporates contextual, attitudinal, and legal variables, including U.S. Supreme Court precedent. Consistent with previous research on judicial decision making, the results suggest that judges' rulings are influenced by various extralegal factors, both individual and contextual. But politics do not entirely overwhelm the role of law. U.S. Supreme Court precedent—when it exists—substantially constrains judges' responses to privacy claims in the states.
A Feminist Approach to HRD Research
Authors: Bierema Laura L.
Published: March 2007

This article challenges HRD professionals to critically evaluate HRD research and practice using the lens of feminism. This article defines feminist research; makes the case for conducting feminist research; describes the purpose, processes, and products of feminist research; and identifies the inherent challenges in being more critical of our research and practice.
Time-Related Changes in Motor Performance of the Upper Extremity Ipsilateral to the Side of the Lesion in Stroke Survivors
Authors: Laufer Y. , Gattenio L. , Parnas E. , Sinai D. , Sorek Y. , Dickstein R.
Published: March 2007

Objective: The objective of the present study was to examine time-related changes in motor performance of daily tasks of the upper extremity ipsilateral to the side of le sion in poststroke hemiparetic patients Methods: Nine patients after an acute uni lateral cerebrovascular accident and 10 age-matched healthy controls were studied. Functional motor abilities of the upper extremity ipsilateral to side of lesion were ex amined over a 4-month time course, using validated measurement tools (Jebsen test of hand function, nine-hole peg test, and three functional activities of daily living). Results: The results indicated a significant impairment in the motor function of the hand ipsilateral to the side of brain lesion in comparison with the matched extremity in control subjects. They also pointed to time-related improvement in performance speed, implying that the deterioration in the functional performance of the upper ex tremity on the uninvolved body side of poststroke hemiparetic patients is not static and may improve with time. The findings further suggested that the left hand of pa tients with an intact right cerebral hemisphere improves more than does the right hand of their peers whose left cerebral hemisphere is intact. Conclusions: Due to the small sample size and methodologic considerations, further and more extensive work is re quired to determine difference in improvement in motor abilities of the ipsilateral left versus the ipsilateral right upper extremities in stroke survivors. Key Words: Stroke—Hand—Recovery.
Stroke Subtype—Ataxic Hemiparesis
Authors: Nagaratnam Nages , Xavier Colin , Fabian Roger
Published: March 2007

Ataxic hemiparesis is a lacunar syndrome of ipsilateral corticospmal and cerebellar- like dysfunction due to supratentorial and brainstem lesions We studied 22 patients with ataxic hemiparesis resulting from brain lesions at three locations: capsular-corona radiata, thalamic, and pontine with regard to (1) their manifestations, (2) the degree and rate of recovery at 12 weeks as measured on the modified Rankm Scale, and (3) factors that may influence recovery The mean age was 67 years. Symptoms and signs were similar in all three groups except qualitative differences observed in the pontine subgroup and to a lesser extent in the thalamic group Age, gender, lateralization, and location were not associated with initial severity. and had no influence on recovery. Twenty (91%) of the 22 patients were in Rankm grades 3-5 at onset, and at 12 weeks only two remained. In this study initial severity and outcome were positively corre lated, and ataxic hemiparesis augurs well with recovery. Key Words: Ataxic hemi paresis— Capsular ataxic hemiparesis—Thalamic ataxic hemiparesis—Pontine ataxic hemiparesis—Rankm Scale—Lacunar syndromes
Individual Film Wrapping of Fresh Florida Cucumbers, Eggplant, Peppers, and Tomatoes for Extending Shelf Life
Authors: Risse Lawrence A. , Miller William R.
Published: March 2007

Individual wrapping of fresh fruits and vegetables in heat-shrinkable film has gained widespread interest in the past several years. Several Florida fresh vegetables, namely cucumbers, eggplant, peppers, and tomatoes, have been studied to evaluate their response to a film wrapped environment Generally, film wrapping will reduce weight loss, maintain firmness, reduce color development of peppers and tomatoes; film wrapping has a varied effect on decay development depending on the type of decay organism and produce item. The use of a fungicide coated onto the film may provide partial control for some types of decays. The main decay problem with many Florida vegetables is bacterial soft rot, a decay known to be difficult to control.
Investigating the Thermoformability of Uhmw-Polyethylene
Authors: Gauvin Raymond
Published: March 2007

The formability of UHMW-polyethylene is examined by combining the concept of uniaxial testing at various temperatures at constant rate or constant load with a standardizable thermoforming method that employs molds with variable geometry. Preliminary results analyze and define processing parameters such as: heating time, vacuum pressure, and draw ratio, among others. Finished material properties of the resultant thermoformed parts are presented.
Numerical Analysis of Multilayer Forward Roll Coating
Authors: Hannachi A. , Mitsoulis E.
Published: March 2007

Roll coating is at the heart of production of films which can be com posed of many layers To achieve a desirable coating thickness the operating parame ters, such as roll speeds, size and minumum gap width, have to be specified Due to the intractability of the problem by analytical methods, numerical techniques have to be used In the present work the Lubrication Approximation Theory (LAT) is employed and the solution is achieved by using a Newton-Raphson iterative scheme which determines both the unknown a priori flow domain and the interface locations for a combination of layers The analysis also provides the layer thicknesses after split ting, pressure distribution, separating force, torque, power consumption and temper ature rise. A parametric study based on the viscosity ratio for a double-layer sheet is presented.
Temperature Variation in Calendering and Its Relationship To Spc Analysis of Layflatness
Authors: Tseng A.A. , Wang S.R. , Traynor J.S. , Kothari J.B.
Published: March 2007

In calendering, the major challenge is to produce polymer sheets and films with uniform gauge and good layflatness. In this paper, the basic operating parameters which influence the product shape quality or layflatness are reviewed. Temperature sensors have been implemented in an industrial scale calendering line to measure the temperature of calender rolls and materials insitu, with the goal to provide a basis for identifying the causes of the layflat problem. The sensors and procedures adopted are described. The sensing results and their relationship to layflatness are also discussed. Some temperature irregularities have been found, and identified as major contribu tors to the layflat problem. This finding has been further confirmed by a Statis tical Process Control (SPC) study. In the SPC study, the sensing data have been analyzed, and a correlation between temperature distributions and layflat be havior of the final product has been found. An active control strategy inte grating the on-line sensing and SPC concept has then been developed to alleviate layflatness problems. Finally, this paper concludes by identifying those areas where further work is needed.
`The Will to Act': An Analysis of Max Weber's Conceptualisation of Social Action and Political Ethics in the Light of Goethe's Fiction
Authors: Sahni Isher-Paul
Published: March 2007

Max Weber's Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism and Politics as a Vocation are interpreted in light of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Wilhelm Meister and Faust. The significance of Goethe's faith in human striving, the renunciation of wholly contemplative aspirations, and the subsequent undertaking of a specialised vocation are discussed. Following this, the way in which these themes influenced substantive dimensions of Weber's sociology is developed. This explication contends that Goethe's vision of active asceticism, the motivational power of conviction, and a transcendent deed which contributes to the vitality of future generations, influenced Weber's understanding of meaningful and responsible social and political action.
Work and the New Public Service Class?
Authors: Webb Janette
Published: March 2007

This paper offers a critique of the argument that the category of `work' is no longer useful in theories of society and suggests that sociology needs to be able to explain why work is not in fact being decommodified, and why the new middle classes appear unable to offer substantive challenge to alienated work and the instrumentalism of modern societies. The central focus of the paper is an examination of the extent to which public service work is subject to processes of rationalisation and degradation. Qualitative data, on the restructuring of local government, illustrates the argument. Senior officers' responses to the double-edged requirement of justifying and implementing reforms, according to a cost-quality rhetoric, are explored. The paper asks to what extent the trust relationship, embodied in the service class contract, is eroded by market principles. It suggests that divisions are emerging within the public service class between the entrepreneurial `strategists' and the welfare professionals. It assesses the extent to which public servants continue to engage critically with processes of rationalisation and suggests that conservatism and defensiveness may be the predominant responses, particularly if expectations raised by devolution and democratic renewal are confounded by intensification and insecurity. In conclusion it contends that ongoing rationalisation and state policies to `remoralise work' suggest that Offe (1985) and others such as Beck (1999) are over-optimistic in forecasting the demise of `wage slavery'.
Estimating the risk of Down's syndrome in antenatal screening and the gestation at which this risk applies
Authors: Morris J K , Wald N J
Published: March 2007

Two equations are given to estimate the risk of a woman having a Down's syndrome pregnancy according to maternal age: one for use in estimating antenatal screening performance and the other for use in estimating an individual woman's risk of having an affected pregnancy. Because Down's syndrome pregnancies have an increased tendency to result in a spontaneous fetal loss, the estimation of a woman's risk of having an affected pregnancy will be dependent on gestational age. The best estimates of the prevalence of Down's syndrome are obtained from information relating to births and can reliably be adjusted to prevalence in early second trimester. The most reliable estimates of risk of a Down's syndrome pregnancy using all the currently used markers apply to early in the second trimester. These risks cannot accurately be adjusted to apply to term, because the first trimester markers have not in general been studied in pregnancies that continue to term. Therefore the early second trimester of pregnancy is the gestational age at which all screening performances should be given for the different antenatal screening programmes for Down's syndrome.
China's "Quiet Diplomacy": The International Department of the Chinese Communist Party
Authors: Shambaugh David L
Published: March 2007

The International Department of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP/ID) operates worldwide — but does so "quietly", as its activities and exchanges remain out of the media and scholarly spotlight. No ruling party or government in the world mounts anywhere near as extensive an effort to maintain links with domestic political parties, groups and personages, as does the CCP/ID. In recent years it has also played important roles in managing relations with North Korea, in assessing the causes and consequences of the collapse of the former Soviet Union and other communist party-states, and has also been a key conduit in relations with Asian, European and Latin America parties and NGOs.
The relation between brain iron and NMR relaxation times: An in vitro study
Authors: Vymazal Josef , Brooks Rodney A. , Baumgarner Charles , Tran Vu , Katz David , Bulte Jeff W. M. , Bauminger E. Rivka , Chiro Giovanni Di
Published: March 2007

T1 and T2 relaxation times and iron concentrations were measured in 24 specimens of gray matter from fresh human and monkey brains at magnetic fields from 0.05 to 1.5 Tesla. Three different effects were found that correlate with iron content: a T1‐shortening that falls off somewhat at high fields, a T2‐shortening that is field‐independent and thus important at low fields, and a contribution to 1/T2 that increases linearly with field strength. This linear field dependence has been seen only in ferritin and other ferric oxyhydroxide particles. Our results are in agreement with in vivo MRI studies and are generally consistent with values for ferritin solution, except for differences such as clustering of ferritin in tissue. A cerebral cavernous hemangioma specimen showed similar T2‐shortening, but with a 2.7 times larger magnitude, attributed to larger clusters of hemosiderin in macrophages. The dependence on interecho time 2T was measured in three brains; 1/T2 increased significantly for T up to 32 ms, as expected from the size of the ferritin clusters. These findings support the theory that ferritin iron is the primary determinant of MRI contrast in normal gray matter.
Diffusion weighted fMRI at 1.5 T
Authors: Song Allen W. , Wong Eric C. , Tan Steve G. , Hyde James S.
Published: March 2007

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is capable of detecting task‐induced blood oxygenation changes using susceptibility sensitive pulse sequences such as gradient‐recalled echo‐planar imaging (EPI). The local signal increases seen in the time course are believed to be due to an increase in oxygen delivery that is incommensurate with oxygen demands. To help isolate the sources of functional signal changes, the authors have incorporated various forms of diffusion weighting Into EPI pulse sequences to characterize the apparent mobility of the functionally modulated protons. Results suggest that the majority of the functional signal at 1.5 T arises from protons that have apparent diffusion coefficients that are approximately four or five times higher than that of brain tissue. This implies that significant functional signal sources are either protons within the vascular space or protons from the perivascular space that is occupied by cerebro‐spinal fluid.
Effect of repetitive ischemia on myocardial oxygen tension in isolated perfused and hypoperfiised rat hearts
Authors: Friedman Bruce J. , Grinberg Oleg Y. , Isaacs Kimberly A. , Ruuge Enno K. , Swartz Harold M.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of repetitive ischemia on myocardial oxygen tension (pO2), consumption, and delivery in crystalloid normoperfused (perfu‐sion pressure > 70 mmHg) and hypoperfused (perfusion pressure ˜50 mmHg) constant flow isolated rat hearts. EPR oximetry with lithium phthalocyanine was used to measure myocardial pO2. Baseline myocardial pO2 (means ± SE) was 185 ± 13 mmHg (normoperfused) and 162 ± 14 mmHg (hypoperfused). Myocardial pO2 fell to <1 mmHg during no‐flow ischemia. After recovery from repetitive ischemia, myocardial pO2 and coronary resistance increased significantly in all hearts; oxygen consumption and left ventricle work decreased in normoperfused hearts, although not significantly compared with controls, and did not change significantly in hypoperfused hearts. Increased myocardial pO2 in the normoperfused group may be due to decreased oxygen consumption and/or increased local delivery, while increased myocardial pO2 in the hypoperfused hearts is due to increased local oxygen delivery.
Methodological and Substantive Issues in the Measurement of Self-Directed Learning Readiness
Authors: Brockett Ralph G.
Published: March 2007

Since its development, the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale has been used in a number of studies that have supported the reliability and validity of the instrument. In the present study, growing out of a larger examination of the relationship between self-directedness and life satisfaction among a sample of older adults, a number of concerns relative to the structure and substance of the instrument were raised. It is felt that while the instrument may be appropriate for certain segments of the adult population, it may be inappropriate for other groups such as those of low formal educational attainment.
Development and Validation of an Instrument to Identify Self-Directed Continuing Learners
Authors: Oddi Lorys F.
Published: March 2007

This study sought to describe the personality characteristics of self-directed continuing learners, develop an instrument to identify such learners, and conduct empirical investigations to validate the instrument. Dimensions of the self-directed continuing learner's personality were developed and then used in the construction of an item pool. Prepilot and pilot study results provided the basis for refining the items into a 24-item instrument.

When administered to a sample of 271 graduate students, the instrument demonstrated an internal consistency of .87 and a test-retest reliability of .89.

Estimates of construct validity were obtained through correlation of scores with measures of educational participation, adult intelligence, self-confidence, endurance, and affiliation; results suggest the instrument is a valid tool for identifying self-directed continuing learners when used in its entirety.
Dropout As A Function Of Discrepancies Between Expectations and Actual Experiences Of The Classroom Social Environment
Authors: Darkenwald Gordon G. , Gavin William J.
Published: March 2007

Prediction and explanation of the dropout phenomenon in adult education have suffered from a lack of theory-based research. In the present inquiry, social environment theory was employed to determine the relation of dropout behavior to the social ecology of the classroom. Research in school settings indicates that discrepancies between students' expectations of a specific classroom environment and their actual experiences in that environment promote dissatisfaction. These findings, coupled with theoretical deduction, suggested the hypothesis that adult dropouts, compared to persisters, would exhibit a greater degree of discrepancy between initial expectations and actual experiences of the classroom environment. Expectations and actual classroom experiences were measured by administering the Classroom Environment Scale to 77 adults enrolled in GED preparation classes. Discrepancy scores were analyzed by t-tests and multiple regression. Dropouts differed significantly from persisters on the subscale of Affiliation. Put briefly, they expected a classroom environment characterized by less social involvement with other students. Twenty-six percent of the variance in drop out behavior was attributed to the CES discrepancy scores
Implications for Potential Linkages Between Business-Industry and Higher Education
Authors: Moser Katherine , Seaman Don
Published: March 2007

The movement for institutions of higher education and industry to form linkages in order to provide education for employees in the American workplace has increased recently. However, virtually no information exists about preferences of corporate training managers, effective training sources, nor how training budgets are being spent. To obtain this information, 522 training managers were surveyed with a response rate of 72%. Findings indicate that training managers consider postsecondary educational institutions a low priority as service providers when compared to other training sources. Results also include managers' preferences for training types and activities. Analysis of the data has produced findings which should help inform adult educators about what types of training are considered effective by corporate America.
Persisters and Nonpersisters In A Graduate Level, Nontraditional, Liberal Education Program
Authors: Langenbach Michael , Korhonen Lloyd
Published: March 2007

This exploratory study focused upon persisters and nonpersisters in a graduate level, nontraditional, liberal education program. Five demographic factors proved to be significant: age, type of Bachelor's degree held, years between completion of the Bachelor's Degree and enrollment in the Master's degree program, distance from Masters degree program site, and the social science score on the Undergraduate Assessment Program Test. Three areas of personal variables also were examined: purposes, personality traits and abilities, and instructional preferences. Significantly different responses were obtained from the two groups on one purpose statement, but none from the personality traits and abilities or instructional preference. Significant findings and trends are discussed. Canonical discriminant analysis is used to determine the most parsimonious combination of variables in explaining the variance between persisters and nonpersisters.
An Exploratory Study of the Assessment Center Process Used to Select Faculty for an Adult Degree-Granting Program
Authors: Paprock Kenneth E.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this exploratory research study was to describe the relationship between faculty performance in an adult, degree-granting program and the results of a pre-employment assessment center process. It was found that there were no direct correlations between individual assessment activities and performance. However, there was a strong positive correlation between average assessment scores and average evaluation scores of faculty performance in the classroom. The data suggest procedures that may provide a reliable way to select potential faculty for adult education programs.
Thomas Jefferson, Won't You Please Come Home?
Authors: Cutler Lloyd N.
Published: March 2007

Recent Presidential Commission Reports on crime and violence have all agreed that violence must be made un necessary as well as unrewarding; they have therefore pro posed remedies designed to correct social injustice as well as to improve the forces of social control. Some scholars—and large segments of the public—strongly prefer one or the other of these twin prongs but, in the author's view, both are indis pensable.
Public Safety: Crime Is Up, But What About Punishment?
Authors: Seidman David
Published: March 2007

Reported crime rates have risen, and arrest rates have too, particularly among the young. Men have higher victimization rates than women, and blacks have higher victimization rates for crimes of violence than whites. Social Indicators, 1976 tells us this and a bit more about crime and responses to it, but overall the picture presented is at once insufficiently informative and inappropriately precise. The shortcomings of major data sources are acknowledged, but questionable findings are presented as near certain. Uniform Crime Reports trends for 1960-75 are presented without the important context of earlier trends. Important data from the National Crime Survey are presented without mention of probable artifacts. Data on system response to crime could have been presented so as to provide insight into the probable cause of the increases shown in trends in reported offenses. Important data, particularly those showing a declining rate of imprisonment, have been omitted, and the interrelations of crime and response have not been highlighted. The major shortcomings of the chapter seem to result not from inadequacies in execution of the design, but rather from limitations in available data and from the apparent assumption that data presented in chart form speak for themselves.
The Role of Residential Segregation in the Assimilation Process
Authors: Marston Wilfred G. , Van Valey Thomas L.
Published: March 2007

The assimilation process and the fact of residential segregation are both major emphases in the literature on race and ethnic relations. For a variety of reasons, however, the tendency has been to neglect their relation to one another. This paper offers an explicit connection between the two. We offer an elaboration of the notion of assimilation and suggest that it can be viewed as a sequential process, beginning with the cultural dimension, proceeding with the socioeconomic, and ending with the structural. Furthermore, we contend that the residential segregation of racial/ethnic groups has important consequences for the assimilation process at every juncture.
The Spread of an Idea: Environmentalism on the International Scene
Authors: Costle Douglas M.
Published: March 2007

Within a decade, concern for the environment has become a significant social and political force around the globe. Chlorofluorocarbons and acid rains are not restricted by frontiers. The environmental problems we share with the rest of the world—finite supplies of land, clean water and air, and the cost of their destruction— mandate a recognition of our mutual vulnerability and a redefinition of concepts to focus more specifically on quality of life. The cost can only increase if we delay.
International Studies: An Overview and Agenda
Authors: Lambert Richard D.
Published: March 2007

International studies is a diverse field. Its central planning, unfortunately, is usually tied to the search for financial support. Hence, many questions of internal organization and purpose are often not addressed. Some of them relating to specialist centers, undergraduate general education, secondary and primary schools, and serving business clienteles are discussed.
The Bartley-Fox Gun Law's Short-Term Impact on Crime in Boston
Authors: Pierce Glenn L. , Bowers William J.
Published: March 2007

By making the illicit carrying of a firearm punishable with a one-year "mandatory" prison term, the Massachusetts (Bartley-Fox) gun law intervenes at what ap pears to be a critical juncture—from the standpoint of deterrent effectiveness and political feasibility—in the chain of decision that leads from the acquisition of a gun to its use in a crime. Drawing on FBI crime data, we employed interrupted time series techniques and multiple control group comparisons to examine the impact of the law on gun and nongun assault, robbery, and homicide. First, the law substantially reduced the incidence of gun assaults, but pro duced a more than offsetting increase in nongun armed assaults. Evidently, the law prevented some individuals from carrying and using their firearm, but it did not prevent them from becoming involved in assaultive situations and resorting to other weapons. Second, the law resulted in a reduction in gun robberies, accompanied by a less than cor responding increase in nongun armed robberies. In effect, weapons substitution effect for armed robbery was relatively less than for armed assault. Third, the law reduced gun homicides with no increase in nongun homicides. Thus the gun law produced a net decline in the incidence of criminal homicide. Finally, the timing of the law's impact suggests that it was the publicity about the law's intent rather than the severity or certainty of the punishments actually imposed under the law that was responsible for the observed reduc tions in gun-related crimes.
A National Arms Control Policy for the 1980s
Authors: Dougherty James E.
Published: March 2007

The SALT decade saw two balances—strategic and European—tilt against the West. Arms control policy requires better integration with U.S./Allied defense planning needs. It must address differences in superpower deterrence doctrines and negotiating requirements and NATO dependence on non-NATO areas. Policy in each arms control forum should be judged according to criteria of Western security interests and international strategic stability.