bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Palliative care in primary health care: scientific production of dissertations and theses in the brazilian scenario / Cuidados paliativos na atenção primária à saúde: produção científica de dissertações e teses no cenário brasileiro
Authors: Costa Isabelle Cristinne Pinto , Lima Leonia Maria de , Oliveira Thaís Costa de , Garcia Ana Claúdia Mesquita , Costa Cintia Bezerra Almeida , Costa Brunna Hellen Saraiva
Published: December 2020

Objetivo: Analisar a produção científica de Programas de Pós-graduação stricto sensu brasileiros sobre Cuidados Paliativos na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Método: Revisão bibliométrica, realizada por meio da busca de Dissertações e Teses, defendidas entre 2006 e 2017, disponíveis nas bases de dados Portal Domínio Público, BDTD, Banco de Teses e Dissertações da USP, UFRJ, UFSC e Portal de Teses e Dissertações da CAPES. Resultados: A amostra foi constituída por 33 trabalhos, sendo 23 Dissertações e 10 Teses. Os estudos encontrados são, em sua maioria, dissertações defendidas em 2015, provenientes da USP, realizadas em Estratégias de Saúde da Família (ESF), tendo como sujeitos de pesquisa os profissionais de saúde. Conclusão: Ainda que incipiente, a produção científica de dissertações e teses produzidas pelos Programas de Pós-graduação stricto sensu pode colaborar para a discussão, entre gestores e profissionais de saúde, sobre o desenvolvimento dos Cuidados Paliativos na Atenção Primária de Saúde brasileira.
Sarcopenia in oncologic patients in palliative care: an integrative review / Sarcopenia em pacientes oncológicos em cuidados paliativos: uma revisão integrativa
Authors: Araújo Renan Gondim , Moura Raquel Bezerra Barbosa de , Carvalho Adriana Gomes Cézar de , Vaz Luciana Maria Martinez , Melo Ângelo Brito Pereira , Sampaio Fábio Correia
Published: December 2020

Objetivo: Analisar a produção científica acerca das consequências da sarcopenia em pacientes oncológicos em cuidados paliativos. Metodologia: Revisão integrativa, sendo realizado o levantamento bibliográfico por meio de busca eletrônica na Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde, Pubmed, LILACS e SciELO, utilizando os descritores controlados “sarcopenia”, “cuidados paliativos” e “câncer”, associados pelos operadores booleanos “AND” e “OR”. Resultados: Foram incluídos 18 artigos, dos quais foram extraídas três abordagens temáticas que tratam sobre a prevalência e fatores associados à sarcopenia, e sua influência na sobrevida, qualidade de vida e sintomas em pacientes oncológicos em cuidados paliativos. Conclusão: A sarcopenia nestes pacientes possui alta prevalência, leva ao maior risco de toxicidade à quimioterapia paliativa com influência na sobrevida, e, ainda, está relacionada a uma maior carga de sintomas, contribuindo para malograr a qualidade de vida desses pacientes, sendo necessária a discussão sobre o combate da sarcopenia durante o curso da doença oncológica.
Impact of mind‐wandering on visual information processing while driving: An electrophysiological study
Authors: Pepin Guillaume , Fort Alexandra , Jallais Christophe , Moreau Fabien , Ndiaye Daniel , Navarro Jordan , Gabaude Catherine
Published: December 2020

Mind‐wandering (MW) has a negative impact on tasks requiring sustained and divided attention like driving. During MW, drivers experience perceptual decoupling. As driving is mainly a visual activity, it would seem to be appropriate to evaluate stages of visual information processing impaired during MW, using event‐related potential techniques. The aim of the present study was to investigate how the level of attention devoted to driving impacted visual information processing and reaction time. The findings showed reductions in visual N1 and P3 amplitudes while driving and longer reaction times during periods of self‐reported MW. This suggests that drivers can become detached from their environment by redirecting their attention to their personal thoughts and some of their cognitive resources may be consumed to feed internal trains of thought. In the future, investigating off‐task characteristics might be useful in better understanding the impact of MW in car crashes.
Graphene Oxide for Integrated Photonics and Flat Optics
Authors: Wu Jiayang , Jia Linnan , Zhang Yuning , Qu Yang , Jia Baohua , Moss David J.
Published: December 2020

With superior optical properties, high flexibility in engineering its material properties, and strong capability for large‐scale on‐chip integration, graphene oxide (GO) is an attractive solution for on‐chip integration of 2D materials to implement functional integrated photonic devices capable of new features. Over the past decade, integrated GO photonics, representing an innovative merging of integrated photonic devices and thin GO films, has experienced significant development, leading to a surge in many applications covering almost every field of optical sciences such as photovoltaics, optical imaging, sensing, nonlinear optics, and light emitting. This paper reviews the recent advances in this emerging field, providing an overview of the optical properties of GO as well as methods for the on‐chip integration of GO. The main achievements made in GO hybrid integrated photonic devices for diverse applications are summarized. The open challenges as well as the potential for future improvement are also discussed.
Designable Al32‐Oxo Clusters with Hydrotalcite‐like Structures: Snapshots of Boundary Hydrolysis and Optical Limiting
Authors: Liu Ya‐Jie , Li Qiao‐Hong , Li De‐Jing , Zhang Xue‐Zhen , Fang Wei‐Hui , Zhang Jian
Published: December 2020

The hydrolysis of earth‐abundant AlIIIhas implications in mineral mimicry, geochemistry and environmental chemistry. Third‐order nonlinear optical (NLO) materials are important in modern chemistry due to their extensive optical applications. The assembly of AlIIIions with π‐conjugated carboxylate ligands is carried out and the hydrolysis and NLO properties of the resultant material are studied. A series of Al32‐oxo clusters with hydrotalcite‐like cores and π‐conjugated shells are isolated. X‐ray diffraction revealed boundary hydrolysis occurs at the equatorially unsaturated coordination sites of AlIIIions. Charge distribution analysis and DFT calculations support the proposed boundary substitution. The Al32‐oxo clusters possess a significant reverse saturable absorption (RSA) response with a minimal normalized transmittance up to 29 %, indicating they are suitable candidates for optical limiting (OL) materials. This work elucidates the hydrolysis of AlIIIand provides insight into layered materials that also have strong boundary activity at the edges or corners.
Deeply Cycled Sodium Metal Anodes at Low Temperature and in Lean Electrolyte Conditions
Authors: Hu Xiaofei , Matios Edward , Zhang Yiwen , Wang Chuanlong , Luo Jianmin , Li Weiyang
Published: December 2020

Enabling high‐performing alkali metal anodes at low temperature and in lean electrolyte conditions is critical for the advancement of next‐generation batteries with high energy density and improved safety. We present an ether–ionic liquid composite electrolyte to tackle the problem of dendrite growth of metallic sodium anode at low temperatures ranging from 0 to −40 °C. This composite electrolyte enables a stable sodium metal anode to be deeply cycled at 2 mA cm−2 with an ultrahigh reversible capacity of 50 mAh cm−2 for 500 hours at −20 °C in lean electrolyte (1.0 μL mAh−1) conditions. Using the composite electrolyte, full cells with Na3V2(PO4)3 as cathode and sodium metal as anode present a high capacity retention of 90.7 % after 1,000 cycles at 2C at −20 °C. The sodium–carbon dioxide batteries also exhibit a reversible capacity of 1,000 mAh g−1 over 50 cycles across a range of temperatures from −20 to 25 °C.
Unkonventionelle Photokatalyse in leitfähigen Polymeren: Reversible Modulation der Leitfähigkeit von PEDOT:PSS durch langlebige Polyheptazinimid‐Radikale
Authors: Savateev Aleksandr , Markushyna Yevheniia , Schüßlbauer Christoph M. , Ullrich Tobias , Guldi Dirk M. , Antonietti Markus
Published: December 2020

Bei der Photokatalyse werden kleine organische Moleküle mithilfe von lichtempfindlichen Materialien, elektromagnetischer Strahlung und Elektronenvermittlern in gewünschte Produkte umgewandelt. Die Substitution von niedermolekularen Reagenzien durch redoxaktive Funktionsmaterialien kann den Nutzen der Photokatalyse über die organische Synthese und Umweltanwendungen hinaus erhöhen. Geleitet von den allgemeinen Prinzipien der Photokatalyse, entwarfen wir in der aktuellen Studie hybride Nanokomposite, die aus n‐Typ halbleitendem Kalium‐Poly(heptazinimid) (K‐PHI) und p‐Typ leitendem Poly(3,4‐ethylendioxythiophen) Polystyrolsulfonat (PEDOT:PSS) als redoxaktivem Substrat bestehen. Die elektrische Leitfähigkeit des hybriden Nanokomposits, das einen optimalen K‐PHI‐Gehalt aufweist, wird reversibel moduliert, indem eine Reihe von externen Stimuli kombiniert werden, die von sichtbarem Licht unter inerten Bedingungen bis hin zu dunklen Bedingungen unter einer O2‐Atmosphäre reichen. Die Verwendung eines leitfähigen Polymers als redoxaktives Substrat ermöglicht die Untersuchung der photokatalytischen Prozesse, die durch halbleitende Photokatalysatoren vermittelt werden, durch Messungen der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit.
S‐Adenosyl‐l‐ethionine is a Catalytically Competent Analog of S‐Adenosyl‐l‐methionine (SAM) in the Radical SAM Enzyme HydG
Authors: Impano Stella , Yang Hao , Shepard Eric M. , Swimley Ryan , Pagnier Adrien , Broderick William E. , Hoffman Brian M. , Broderick Joan B.
Published: December 2020

Radical S‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine (SAM) enzymes initiate biological radical reactions with the 5′‐deoxyadenosyl radical (5′‐dAdo.). A [4Fe‐4S]+ cluster reductively cleaves SAM to form the Ω organometallic intermediate in which the 5′‐deoxyadenosyl moiety is directly bound to the unique iron of the [4Fe‐4S] cluster, with subsequent liberation of 5′‐dAdo.. We present synthesis of the SAM analog S‐adenosyl‐l‐ethionine (SAE) and show SAE is a mechanistically equivalent SAM‐alternative for HydG, both supporting enzymatic turnover of substrate tyrosine and forming the organometallic intermediate Ω. Photolysis of SAE‐bound HydG forms an ethyl radical trapped in the active site. The ethyl radical withstands prolonged storage at 77 K and its EPR signal is only partially lost upon annealing at 100 K, making it significantly less reactive than the methyl radical formed by SAM photolysis. Upon annealing above 77 K, the ethyl radical adds to the [4Fe‐4S]2+ cluster, generating an ethyl‐[4Fe‐4S]3+ organometallic species termed ΩE.
Near‐Infrared Light‐Driven Shape‐Morphing of Programmable Anisotropic Hydrogels Enabled by MXene Nanosheets
Authors: Xue Pan , Bisoyi Hari Krishna , Chen Yuanhao , Zeng Hao , Yang Jiajia , Yang Xiao , Lv Pengfei , Zhang Xinmu , Priimagi Arri , Wang Ling , Xu Xinhua , Li Quan
Published: December 2020

Herein, we report near‐infrared (NIR) light‐driven shape‐morphing of programmable MXene‐containing anisotropic hydrogel actuators that are fabricated through in situ free‐radical copolymerization of a judiciously designed MXene nanomonomer with thermosensitive hydrogel network. A low electric field (few V mm−1) was found to enable a spatial distribution of MXene nanosheets and hence introduce anisotropy into the hydrogel network. Programmable anisotropic hydrogel actuators were developed by controlling ITO electrode pattern, direct‐current (DC) electric field direction and mask‐assisted photopolymerization. As a proof‐of‐concept, we demonstrate NIR light‐driven shape morphing of the MXene‐containing anisotropic hydrogel into various shapes and devise a four‐arm soft gripper that can perform distinct photomechanical functions such as grasping, lifting/lowering down and releasing an object upon sequential NIR light exposure.
Electrochemical Polymerization Provides a Function‐Integrated System for Water Oxidation
Authors: Iwami Hikaru , Okamura Masaya , Kondo Mio , Masaoka Shigeyuki
Published: December 2020

Water oxidation is a key reaction in natural and artificial photosynthesis. In nature, the reaction is efficiently catalyzed by a metal‐complex‐based catalyst surrounded by hole‐transporting amino acid residues. However, in artificial systems, there is no example of a water oxidation system that has a catalytic center surrounded by hole transporters. Herein, we present a facile strategy to integrate catalytic centers and hole transporters in one system. Electrochemical polymerization of a metal‐complex‐based precursor afforded a polymer‐based material (Poly‐1). Poly‐1 exhibited excellent hole‐transporting ability and catalyzed water oxidation with high performance. It was also revealed that the catalytic activity was almost completely suppressed in the absence of the hole‐transporting moieties. The present study provides a novel strategy for constructing efficient molecule‐based systems for water oxidation.
Ultrasound Controlled Anti‐Inflammatory Polarization of Platelet Decorated Microglia for Targeted Ischemic Stroke Therapy
Authors: Li Yujie , Teng Xucong , Yang Chunrong , Wang Yongji , Wang Lingxiao , Dai Yicong , Sun Hua , Li Jinghong
Published: December 2020

Stroke is a lethal cerebral disease with severe sequelae and high mortality. Microglia, the main immune cell in the cerebrum, possess therapeutic potential for strokes as its specific anti‐inflammatory phenotype can reduce inflammation and promote neuron regeneration. However, the on‐demand anti‐inflammatory polarization of microglia at the stroke site is uncontrollable for therapeutic application. Here, we develop a platelet hybrid microglia platform which can specifically polarize to the anti‐inflammatory phenotype by ultrasound irradiation for targeted cerebrum repair after stroke. The engineered microglia have strong adherence to the injured cerebral vessels with platelet membrane fusion and realize on‐demand anti‐inflammatory polarization with ultrasound‐responsive IL‐4 liposome decoration. The intravenously injected microglia platform showed anti‐inflammatory polarization at the stroke site with insonation, and accelerated the M2‐type polarization of endogenous microglia for long‐term stroke recovery. Satisfied prognoses were achieved with reduced apoptosis, promoted neurogenesis, and functional recovery, indicating the implications of the microglia platform for stroke therapy.
Hierarchically Porous Biocatalytic MOF Microreactor as a Versatile Platform towards Enhanced Multienzyme and Cofactor‐Dependent Biocatalysis
Authors: Liang Jieying , Gao Song , Liu Jian , Zulkifli Muhammad Y. B. , Xu Jiangtao , Scott Jason , Chen Vicki , Shi Jiafu , Rawal Aditya , Liang Kang
Published: December 2020

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently emerged as excellent hosting matrices for enzyme immobilization, offering superior physical and chemical protection for biocatalytic reactions. However, for multienzyme and cofactor‐dependent biocatalysis, the subtle orchestration of enzymes and cofactors is largely disrupted upon immobilizing in the rigid crystalline MOF network, which leads to a much reduced biocatalytic efficiency. Herein, we constructed hierarchically porous MOFs by controlled structural etching to enhance multienzyme and cofactor‐dependent enzyme biocatalysis. The expanded size of the pores can provide sufficient space for accommodated enzymes to reorientate and spread within MOFs in their lower surface energy state as well as to decrease the inherent barriers to accelerate the diffusion rate of reactants and intermediates. Moreover, the developed hierarchically porous MOFs demonstrated outstanding tolerance to inhospitable surroundings and recyclability.
Bile Acid Tethered Docetaxel‐Based Nanomicelles Mitigate Tumor Progression through Epigenetic Changes
Authors: Sreekanth Vedagopuram , Kar Animesh , Kumar Sandeep , Pal Sanjay , Yadav Poonam , Sharma Yamini , Komalla Varsha , Sharma Harsh , Shyam Radhey , Sharma Ravi Datta , Mukhopadhyay Arnab , Sengupta Sagar , Dasgupta Ujjaini , Bajaj Avinash
Published: December 2020

In this study, we describe the engineering of sub‐100 nm nanomicelles (DTX‐PC NMs) derived from phosphocholine derivative of docetaxel (DTX)‐conjugated lithocholic acid (DTX‐PC) and poly(ethylene glycol)‐tethered lithocholic acid. Administration of DTX‐PC NMs decelerate tumor progression and increase the mice survivability compared to Taxotere (DTX‐TS), the FDA‐approved formulation of DTX. Unlike DTX‐TS, DTX‐PC NMs do not cause any systemic toxicity and slow the decay rate of plasma DTX concentration in rodents and non‐rodent species including non‐human primates. We further demonstrate that DTX‐PC NMs target demethylation of CpG islands of Sparcl1 (a tumor suppressor gene) by suppressing DNA methyltransferase activity and increase the expression of Sparcl1 that leads to tumor regression. Therefore, this unique system has the potential to improve the quality of life in cancer patients and can be translated as a next‐generation chemotherapeutic.
Effects of COVID‐19 pandemic on adherence to obstructive sleep apnea therapy: A case report
Authors: Naime Samira , Weiss Miriam , Nino Gustavo
Published: December 2020

Telemedicine and remote monitoring are valuable tools to address inadequate obstructive sleep apnea compliance during the current pandemic.
Isolation and Structural Determination of a Hexacoordinated Antimony(V) Dication
Authors: Sakabe Masato , Sato Soichi
Published: December 2020

The hexacoordinated antimony(V) dication [(ppy)3Sb]2+([1]2+; ppy=2‐(2‐pyridyl)phenyl), stabilized by three intramolecular donor–acceptor interactions, has been isolated as its hexachloroantimonate salt [1][SbCl6]2, prepared by the oxidative addition of chlorine to the neutral stibine [(ppy)3Sb] (1), followed by the abstraction of chloride. Air‐stable [1][SbCl6]2exhibits remarkable thermal stability and the three ppy ligands on the antimony atom are shown to be magnetically inequivalent in the1H and13C NMR spectra. A hexacoordinated,meridionaloctahedral bonding geometry has been determined for [1][SbCl6]2by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. Theoretical calculations were performed to investigate why themeridionalform was generated preferentially over thefacialform. In addition, the dynamics of the ppy ligands were investigated by variable‐temperature1H NMR spectroscopy. The potential to generate dications by using a single‐electron‐transfer reagent has also been investigated. The dication [1]2+is the first [12–Sb–6]2+chemical species to have been structurally determined.
π‐Bridge Substitution in DASAs: The Subtle Equilibrium between Photochemical Improvements and Thermal Control**
Authors: Martínez‐López David , Santamaría‐Aranda Eduardo , Marazzi Marco , García‐Iriepa Cristina , Sampedro Diego
Published: December 2020

Donor–acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs) are playing an outstanding role as innovative and versatile photoswitches. Until now, all the efforts have been spent on modifying the donor and acceptor moieties to modulate the absorption energy and improve the cyclization and reversion kinetics. However, there is a strong dependence on specific structural modifications and a lack of predictive behavior, mostly owing to the complex photoswitching mechanism. Here, by means of a combined experimental and theoretical study, the effect of chemical modification of the π‐bridge linking the donor and acceptor moieties is systematically explored, revealing the significant impact on the absorption, photocyclization, and relative stability of the open form. In particular, a position along the π‐bridge is found to be the most suited to redshift the absorption while preserving the cyclization. However, thermal back‐reaction to the initial isomer is blocked. These effects are explained in terms of an increased acceptor capability offered by the π‐bridge substituent that can be modulated. This strategy opens the path toward derivatives with infra‐red absorption and a potential anchoring point for further functionalization.
Wartungsfrei und flexibel einsetzbar
Authors: Dudkowski Lukas Maria
Published: December 2020

Eine wichtige Aufgabe der Abwasserbehandlung ist das Entziehen von Nährstoffen um die Gewässerbelastung zu minimieren. Phosphorverbindungen wirken in Gewässern als Düngemittel und sind die Hauptursache für die Eutrophierung, dem übermäßigen Algenwachstum.
Low education is associated with poor periodontal status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Yamamoto Tatsuo , Tanaka Michio , Kuribayashi Nobuichi , Okuguchi Fuminobu , Isotani Haruhiko , Iwamoto Masahiro , Sugimoto Hidekatsu , Nakagawa Osamu , Minabe Masato , Fuchida Shinya , Mochida Yuki , Yokoyama Hiroki
Published: December 2020

Objectives

Cardiovascular disease remains the most common cause of death in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Because periodontitis is a risk factor of cardiovascular disease, identification of risk factors of periodontitis is valuable to control periodontitis effectively. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of education and household income with periodontal status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods

Participants were 2,436 patients (59.8% male, aged 29–93 years) with type 2 diabetes mellitus from 27 medical clinics. Participants' medical records and information about education, household income, general health status, and health behaviors were collected. Periodontal status was assessed in a nearby dental office. Multiple linear regression analyses and ordered logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the association of periodontal parameters with education and household income after adjusting for age, sex, general health status, and health behaviors.

Results

Multiple linear regression analysis showed that mean probing pocket depth was not significantly associated with education and household income. Ordered logistic regression analyses showed statistically significant odds ratios (ORs) of junior high school (reference: university) for the tertiles of the percentage of sites with bleeding on probing (OR: 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11–1.81), percentage of mobile teeth (OR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.24–2.03), and number of teeth present (OR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.39–0.65), and statistically significant odds ratios of high school (reference: university) for the tertiles of the percentage of mobile teeth (OR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.06–1.51) and number of teeth present (OR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.62–0.88), but not household income.

Conclusions

These results suggest that low education is one of the important predictors of poor periodontal status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is important to provide targeted interventions including periodontal education in junior high school.
Evaluation of the fused deposition modeling and the digital light processing techniques in terms of dimensional accuracy of printing dental models used for the fabrication of clear aligners
Authors: Jaber Samer T. , Hajeer Mohammad Y. , Khattab Tarek Z. , Mahaini Luai
Published: December 2020

Objective

The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of physical reproductions of plaster orthodontic study casts fabricated by two different rapid prototyping techniques: Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and Digital Light Processing (DLP).

Materials and methods

Twenty pairs of pretreatment plaster models were prepared from randomly selected patients at the Orthodontic Department, University of Damascus Dental School. Twenty‐one reference points were placed on plaster models, followed by scanning and printing of these models using FDM and DLP techniques. Forty measurements were made on these models using a digital caliper. Pairedttests were used to detect significant differences in the measurements between the 3D printed replicas and the original plaster models (Gold Standard). Alpha level was adjusted due to the multiplicity of the tests.

Results

The intraclass correlation coefficients for all the comparisons made between the 3D replicas and the gold standard models were greater than 0.80 with ICCs ranging from 0.802 to 0.990 and from 0.853 to 0.990 for the FDM and DLP techniques, respectively. This indicated an excellent agreement. No statistically significant differences could be detected between the 3D‐printed models and their corresponding plaster models. The overall mean difference was −0.11 mm and 0.00 ranging from −0.49 to 0.17 mm and from −0.42 to 0.50 mm, for the FDM and DLP techniques, respectively.

Conclusion

The accuracy of the 3D models produced by the DLP and FDM techniques was acceptable. However, for the fabrication of clear aligners, the optimum fit of the produced plates in the patients' mouths is not completely guaranteed.
Reproduction of ectoparasitic mites in a coevolved system: Varroa spp.—Eastern honey bees, Apis cerana
Authors: Wang Shuai , Lin Zheguang , Chen Gongwen , Page Paul , Hu Fuliang , Niu Qingsheng , Su Xiaoling , Chantawannakul Panuwan , Neumann Peter , Zheng Huoqing , Dietemann Vincent
Published: December 2020

Parasite host shifts can impose a high selective pressure on novel hosts. Even though the coevolved systems can reveal fundamental aspects of host–parasite interactions, research often focuses on the new host–parasite relationships. This holds true for two ectoparasitic mite species, Varroa destructor and Varroa jacobsonii, which have shifted hosts from Eastern honey bees, Apis cerana, to Western honey bees, Apis mellifera, generating colony losses of these pollinators globally. Here, we study infestation rates and reproduction of V. destructor and V. jacobsonii haplotypes in 185 A. cerana colonies of six populations in China and Thailand to investigate how coevolution shaped these features. Reproductive success was mostly similar and low, indicating constraints imposed by hosts and/or mite physiology. Infestation rates varied between mite haplotypes, suggesting distinct local co‐evolutionary scenarios. The differences in infestation rates and reproductive output between haplotypes did not correlate with the virulence of the respective host‐shifted lineages suggesting distinct selection scenarios in novel and original host. The occasional worker brood infestation was significantly lower than that of drone brood, except for the V. destructor haplotype (Korea) from which the invasive lineage derived. Whether mites infesting and reproducing in atypical intraspecific hosts (i.e., workers and queens) actually predisposes for and may govern the impact of host shifts on novel hosts should be determined by identifying the underlying mechanisms. In general, the apparent gaps in our knowledge of this coevolved system need to be further addressed to foster the adequate protection of wild and managed honey bees from these mites globally.
Development of silicon wafer packaging technology for deep UV LED
Authors: Chiba Hirofumi , Suzuki Yukio , Yasuda Yoshiaki , Kumagai Mitsuyasu , Koyama Takaaki , Tanaka Shuji
Published: December 2020

This paper reports a deep‐ultraviolet LED (deep‐UV‐LED) package based on silicon MEMS process technology (Si‐PKG). The package consists of a cavity formed by silicon crystalline anisotropic etching, through‐silicon vias (TSVs) filled with electroplated Cu, bonding metals made of electroplated Ni/AuSn and a quartz lid for hermetic sealing. A deep‐UV LED die is directly mounted in the Si‐PKG by AuSn eutectic bonding without a submount. It has advantages in terms of size, heat dissipation, light utilization efficiency, productivity and cost over conventional AlN ceramic packages. We confirmed a light output of 30 mW and effective reflection on Si (111) cavity slopes in the Si‐PKG. Based on simulation, further improvement of the optical output is expected by optimizing DUV‐LED die mount condition.
Association of metabolic‐associated fatty liver disease and risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 illness
Authors: Sy‐Janairo Marianne Linley , Y Cua Ian Homer
Published: December 2020

Given the global health burden caused by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19), there have been numerous studies aimed to understand its clinical course and to determine risk factors that may impact prognosis. Pre‐existing medical conditions are linked with COVID‐19 severity, particularly cardiometabolic diseases. Increasing evidence has also linked metabolic‐associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) with severe COVID‐19 illness. Thus, we review different published clinical data relating to the association of MAFLD and COVID‐19 severity. Our review showed that published studies consistently support the association between MAFLD and more severe COVID‐19, even after adjustment for confounding factors. It was also observed that an increasing hepatic fibrosis score is correlated with increasing severity of COVID‐19. Finally, younger age and obesity among MAFLD patients also led to a greater risk of severe illness.
Prophylactic central neck dissection has no advantage in patients with metastatic papillary thyroid cancer to the lateral neck
Authors: Carmel‐Neiderman Narin N. , Mizrachi Aviram , Yaniv Dan , Vainer Igor , Muhanna Nidal , Abergel Avraham , Izhakov Elena , Robenshtok Eyal , Warshavsky Anton , Ringel Barak , Ungar Omer J. , Bachar Gideon , Shpitzer Thomas , Hirsch Dania , Fliss Dan M. , Horowitz Gilad
Published: December 2020

Background

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) usually metastasizes via lymphatic channels in a sequential fashion, first to the central compartment, followed by the lateral neck. PTC patients diagnosed with lateral neck disease (N1b) without proof for central involvement traditionally undergo prophylactic central neck dissection (pCND). However, substantial evidence on outcomes to support this approach is lacking.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a dual center retrospective study to compare the rate of central neck recurrence between N1b PTC patients undergoing pCND and those spared pCND. All patients diagnosed with N1b PTC who underwent total thyroidectomy and lateral neck dissections with or without pCND between January 1998 and December 2015 were included in this study. The rates of central neck recurrences were compared between the groups.

Results

The 111 patients who met the inclusion criteria were 44 females (39.6%) and 67 males (60.4%), with a mean age of 50.2 ± 17.7 years, and a mean follow‐up of 10.2 ± 5.3 years. Sixty patients (54.1%) underwent a pCND and 51 patients (45.9%) did not (non‐pCND). During follow‐up, 18 patients (16.2%) had level VI recurrences, 13 in the pCND group and 5 in the non‐pCND group. Cox‐regression models with propensity scoring did not reveal any inclination or an advantage for performing pCND.

Conclusion

The present study demonstrated no advantage in performing pCND to prevent central neck recurrence among PTC patients with lateral neck involvement only. These findings question the need for pCND in patients without clinical evidence of central neck disease.
Mechanically Induced Vasospasm‐Evaluation of Spasmolytic Efficacy of 10 Pharmaceutical Agents Using Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging
Authors: Ma Qiming , Liu Donghong , Gong Renyan , Chen Shaofeng , Fang Fang , Zhuang Yuehong
Published: December 2020

Background and Objectives

Vasospasm is a thorny problem often encountered in microvascular surgery that seriously threatens the survival of vascularized tissue transfers. This investigation is dedicated to establishing a model of vasospasm and to evaluating the antispasmodic efficacy of 10 pharmacologic agents.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Eighty Sprague–Dawley rats were used. After anesthesia and depilation, the femoral neurovascular bundle was exposed, and a pair of microsurgical forceps were used to trigger vasospasm of the femoral vessels by blunt dissection. Then, 10 pharmacological agents, namely, prostaglandin E1, sodium nitroprusside, magnesium sulfate, papaverine, normal saline, phentolamine, verapamil, 2% lidocaine hydrochloride, amrinone, and 12% lidocaine hydrochloride, were dripped to the femoral vessels, after which laser speckle contrast imaging was used to collect perfusion images, acquiring the perfusion and the inner caliber of the femoral vessels at multiple timepoints. Furthermore, blood perfusion and the time consumed to escape vasospasm and reach hyperperfusion in each group were calculated. The difference of spasmolytic efficacy among the agents was statistically analyzed by one‐way analysis of variance.

Results

There was a significant difference in antispasmodic ability among the 10 agents (P < 0.001). 10% magnesium sulfate and 12% lidocaine were distinguished among the 10 agents in resolving the vasospasm. 10% magnesium sulfate demonstrated the best antispasmodic potency, which enabled the shortest time consumed for vessels to escape spasm and reach hyperperfusion. 12% lidocaine ranked second in efficacy, demonstrating a similar effect except that it could not propel the femoral vein to a state of hyperperfusion. For the remaining agents, the time consumed for the artery to escape spasm was all significantly shortened when compared with normal saline (P < 0.001). For the venous spasm, all agents except prostaglandin E1 could significantly shorten the time consumed for the vein to escape spasm (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

In terms of resolving mechanically induced vasospasm, 10% magnesium sulfate is the best antispasmodic, followed by 12% lidocaine. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
Summenparameter bestimmen – im Labor und im Prozess
Authors: Hupach Sascha
Published: December 2020

Bei der Bestimmung von Parametern wie dem Gehalt an organischem Kohlenstoff, TOC, liefert die Laboranalytik die sichereren Ergebnisse, dauert aber länger. Online‐Analytik ist schneller und ermöglicht schnelles Eingreifen und Korrigieren der Verfahrensparameter. Beide Ansätze sind keine Konkurrenten, sondern ergänzen einander.
Gutes tun für die Chemie: die Stiftungen bei der GDCh
Authors: Herr Jasmin Martha
Published: December 2020

Die GDCh verwaltet eine Reihe rechtlich unselbstständiger Stiftungen treuhänderisch. Aber warum eigentlich? Wer sind die Stifter? Und was ist die Aufgabe dieser Stiftungen?
Nachhaltigkeitsinitiative: Verantwortung übernehmen
Authors: Männig Detlef
Published: December 2020

Die Vereinten Nationen haben 17 Ziele für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung vereinbart, darunter Bildung, Geschlechtergerechtigkeit und Klimaschutz. Es ist nicht nur Aufgabe staatlicher Institutionen, daran zu arbeiten, dass die UN‐Staaten diese Ziele erreichen, sondern auch Unternehmen und Wissenschaftsorganisationen können dazu beitragen. Dafür gibt es Beispiele.
So viele Fächer
Authors: Zbikowski Frauke
Published: December 2020

Zum Wintersemester 2020/2021 gab es an Deutschlands Hochschulen 20 359 Studiengänge. Diese Zahl steigt seit Jahren.
Parent and patient perceptions of medical marijuana in the childhood cancer context
Authors: Ananth Prasanna , Revette Anna , Reed‐Weston Anne , Das Porag , Wolfe Joanne
Published: December 2020

Background

Medical marijuana (MM) is legal in 34 US jurisdictions. Yet, little is known about patient and parent perceptions of MM in pediatric cancer care. We examined attitudes, beliefs, and experiences regarding MM among parents of children with cancer and adolescent and young adult (AYA) patients, to help frame future research initiatives.

Procedure

In this qualitative study, we conducted semi‐structured, one‐on‐one interviews with parents and AYAs at a comprehensive cancer center. Interviews were audio‐recorded, transcribed, and coded using both descriptive and inductive coding approaches. We used content and framework analysis to identify key themes.

Results

Fifteen parents and 15 AYAs enrolled. Participants were generally receptive to MM use, concurrently weighing benefits and risks. Participants most often endorsed MM use for relief of nausea, anorexia, and pain. Simultaneously, participants identified concerns about MM, including potential physiologic and psychological effects on children and lack of research. However, concerns were frequently minimized, relative to chemotherapy or supportive care medications with perceived greater side effect profiles. Many participants expressed uncertainty regarding legal access, citing complex processes to obtain MM. Few participants had discussed MM with their oncologist, instead seeking guidance from the internet, family, or peers. Importantly, we elicited several misconceptions regarding MM, including its utility as cancer‐directed therapy.

Conclusion

Patients and families are receptive to using MM, motivated by potential for symptom relief and cancer‐directed effects. Yet, lack of empiric evidence is a barrier, underscoring the need for robust clinical trial data to support MM recommendations and use.
Differential item functioning of the Scales for Assessing Emotional Disturbance‐3 for White and African American students
Authors: Lambert Matthew C. , Martin Jodie , Epstein Michael H. , Cullinan Douglas , Katsiyannis Antonis
Published: December 2020

The present study investigated the psychometric properties of theScales for Assessing Emotional Disturbance – Third Edition: Rating Scale(SAED‐3 RS), which is designed for use in identifying students with emotional disturbance for special education services. The purposes of this study were to evaluate (a) the measurement invariance of SAED‐3 RS scores between White and African American students and (b) the impact of differential item functioning (DIF) on test scores from the SAED‐3 RS. The sample consisted of 855 K‐12 students from throughout the United States. The findings suggested that SAED‐3 RS items exhibited small to negligible levels of DIF and that DIF did not significantly impact scores. The results supported the SAED‐3 RS, a teacher‐completed rating scale, as relatively consistent in measuring the emotional and behavioral status of school‐age students from different racial backgrounds. Researchers and practitioners can have confidence that scores from the SAED‐3 RS are not substantially affected by DIF when assessing the emotional and behavioral functioning of African American and White school‐age students. Research limitations, future research, and implications for school professionals are discussed.
Thin Films of Thiophene Copolymer / Phenylated Fullerene: Fluorescence Dynamics, Surface Topography and Chemical Composition
Authors: Slusna Lenka Pribusova , Szocs Vojtech , Bondarev Dmitrij , Haizer Ludovit , Jerigova Monika , Drzik Milan , Repovsky Daniel , Lorenc Dusan , Velic Dusan
Published: December 2020

System of thiophene‐based polymer (P33) donor and fullerene acceptor is studied for prospective applications in organic photovoltaics. The films of P33 and P33/PCBM are characterized by absorption, steady‐state and time‐resolved fluorescence, AFM, CV and SIMS. PCBM quenches fluorescence of the blend and results in blue shift from 524 nm to 505 nm, indicating the charge transfer. The global ultrafast fluorescence decay times τ1 for P33 and P33/PCBM are 8.9 ps and 3.8 ps, respectively, describing self‐trapped exciton relaxation. The topography of P33 and P33/PCBM was studied by AFM and fluorescence dynamics is correlated with surface topography. Scans of P33/PCBM with average roughness of 5.3 nm reveal flatter surface than P33. These results suggest that the flatter surface and also proposed flatter internal structure in more organized nano‐domains promote the faster fluorescence dynamics. The study of P33/PCBM blend film provides correlation between the dynamics and the structure.
Immobilizing Polysulfide by In Situ Topochemical Oxidation Derivative TiC@Carbon‐Included TiO2 Core–Shell Sulfur Hosts for Advanced Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Zhang Xiaoqing , Yuan Wei , Yang Yang , Chen Yu , Tang Zhenghua , Wang Chun , Yuan Yuhang , Ye Yintong , Wu Yaopeng , Tang Yong
Published: December 2020

The performance of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries is greatly hindered by the notorious shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). To address this issue, in situ topochemical oxidation derivative TiC@carbon‐included TiO2 (TiC@C‐TiO2) core–shell composite is designed and proposed as a multifunctional sulfur host, which integrates the merits of conductive TiC core to facilitate the redox reaction kinetics of sulfur species, and porous C‐TiO2 shell to suppress the dissolution and shuttling of LiPSs through chemisorption. A unique dual chemical mediation mechanism is demonstrated for the proposed TiC@C‐TiO2 composite that synergistically entraps LiPSs through thiosulfate/polythionate conversion coupled with strong polar–polar interaction. The morphological characterization reveals that the TiC@C‐TiO2‐based cathode can well regulate the distribution of electrode materials to retard their accumulation inside the electrode, ensuring effective contact between the active materials and electrolyte. Based on its unique function and structure, the cathode delivers an improved capacity of 1256 mAh g−1 at 0.2C, a remarkable rate capability of 643 mAh g−1, and an ultralow capacity decay rate of 0.065% per cycle at 2C over 900 cycles. This work not only demonstrates a dual chemical mediation mechanism to immobilize LiPSs, but also provides a universal strategy to construct multifunctional sulfur hosts for advanced Li–S batteries.
What Do We Know About Formal Leadership Courses and Their Effects?
Authors: Rosch David M. , Jenkins Daniel M.
Published: December 2020

In this chapter, the authors review and critique the existing evidence supporting current leadership education pedagogical practices and their effects on student leadership development. They conclude with a series of suggestions for increasing deliberate practices in formal courses designed to improve leadership education.
Nonlocal and nonlinear effects in hyperbolic heat transfer in a two-temperature model
Authors: Sellitto A. , Carlomagno I. , Di Domenico M.
Published: December 2020

The correct analysis of heat transport at nanoscale is one of the main reasons of new developments in physics and nonequilibrium thermodynamic theories beyond the classical Fourier law. In this paper, we provide a two-temperature model which allows to describe the different regimes which electrons and phonons can undergo in the heat transfer phenomenon. The physical admissibility of that model is showed in view of second law of thermodynamics. The above model is applied to study the propagation of heat waves in order to point out the special role played by nonlocal and nonlinear effects.
News on Baer–Nunziato-type model at pressure equilibrium
Authors: Hantke M. , Müller S. , Grabowsky L.
Published: December 2020

A six-equation Baer–Nunziato model at pressure equilibrium for two ideal gases is derived from a full non-equilibrium model by applying an asymptotic pressure expansion. Conditions on the interfacial pressure are provided that ensure hyperbolicity of the reduced model. Closure conditions for the relaxation terms are given that ensure consistency of the model with the second law of thermodynamics.
Recommendations for return to sports after total hip arthroplasty are becoming less restrictive as implants improve
Authors: Vu-Han T. , Hardt S. , Ascherl R. , Gwinner C. , Perka C.
Published: December 2020

Introduction

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) surgeries are expected to exponentially increase in the upcoming years, likely because of the overall broader indication of THAs. With these developments, an increasing number of younger (< 50 years) and active patients will receive surgical interventions, and expectations for an active lifestyle will accordingly increase. In addition, surgeons now have a growing array of techniques and implant materials to choose from. Despite these developments, evidence to provide the best standard-of-care to patients with high expectations for return to sports (RTS) is scarce and urgently needed. What recommendations do arthroplasty surgeons currently make to patients with high return to sports expectations, what factors may influence their recommendations and what surgical techniques and implant specifications are considered favorable in the treatment of patients with a more active lifestyle? This study was conducted to analyze the current recommendations, patient assessment, and patient counseling after THA to identify trends and relevant factors for surgical decision-making in patients with high-RTS expectations.

Material and methods

We designed a questionnaire comprising five general items and 19 specific items that included 46 sub-items for hip arthroplasty and conducted a survey among 300 German surgeons specialized in arthroplasty at the German Arthroplasty Society (AE) to assess expert opinions, recommendations, surgical decision-making, and patient counseling for patients with high expectations for RTS after THA.

Results

The majority of surgeons (81.9%) were in favor of RTS after THA. Risks associated with sports after THA were considered minimal (1%), with periprosthetic fractures ranking highest, followed by hip dislocation and polyethylene wear. Some surgical decision-making was influenced by high-RTS expectations in regard to implant fixation, stem type, femoral head diameter, and bearing-surface tribology. We observed an increasingly liberal counseling of patients for high-impact sports.

Conclusion

With the improvement of implants and surgical techniques, surgeons are more willing to encourage patients to adopt a more active lifestyle. However, the true long-term limitations need further investigation in future studies.

Level of evidence

5 Expert opinions.
Secondary epiretinal membrane after Ex-Press glaucoma filtration device implant
Authors: Loiudice Pasquale , Sartini Francesco , Figus Michele , Nardi Marco , Posarelli Chiara , Casini Giamberto
Published: December 2020

Purpose

To estimate the frequency of epiretinal membrane (ERM) in eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) treated with Ex-Press shunt implant. Secondarily, we aimed to assess the role of concomitant cataract surgery and the impact of the ERM on central foveal thickness and macular volume.

Methods

In this prospective, consecutive, case-control study, we enrolled 54 patients affected by PAOG and scheduled for Ex-Press device implant with or without contemporary phacoemulsification. Contralateral eyes affected by POAG and receiving anti-glaucomatous eyedrops constituted the control group. Complete ophthalmologic evaluation and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed before and 1, 3 and 6 months after surgery.

Results

Twenty-six eyes received the Ex-Press implant alone, and 28 eyes underwent the combined procedure. Six months postoperatively, we observed 18 (33%) cases of ERM: 15 (28%) of cellophane macular reflex (CMR) and 3 (6%) of pre-macular fibrosis (PMF). In the control group, 9 (17%) eyes developed an ERM: 8 (15%) were CMR, and 1 (2%) was PMF. The frequency of ERM statistically differs between treated and contralateral eyes (P = 0.032, χ2 test). The ERM frequency did not statically differ between eyes subjected to simple or combined surgery (P = 0.846, χ2 test). Mean central foveal thickness and mean macular volume did not significantly differ between groups.

Conclusion

The Ex-Press glaucoma shunt may increase the risk of ERM onset regardless of the concomitant cataract surgery; however, most cases were cellophane macular reflex with limited functional and anatomical impact.