bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acute pyelonephritis with renal vein and inferior vena cava thrombosis and pulmonary emboli in poorly controlled type 2 diabetes and HHS
Authors: Sinson Natasha , van Veen Joost J , Brown Peter , Creagh Fionuala
Published: June 2016

Renal vein thrombosis is a rare complication of acute pyelonephritis. We report a case of a 56‐year‐old woman with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus who presented with acute pyelonephritis and hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state (HHS), complicated by thrombosis of the renal vein extending into the inferior vena cava. She was managed with intravenous antibiotics, intravenous fluids and insulin and with therapeutic low molecular weight heparin, despite which she developed pulmonary emboli two days after the diagnosis of renal vein and inferior vena caval thrombosis. Following optimisation of the dalteparin dose with factor Xa monitoring and a prolonged course of antibiotics, she made a full recovery. Two months post‐treatment there was resolution of the renal vein thrombosis and pulmonary emboli with improvement of inflammation of the right kidney on repeat computer tomography scanning.

This case highlights the need to recognise renal vein thrombosis and pulmonary emboli as complications of acute pyelonephritis, especially in combination with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, which further increases the hypercoaguable state. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons.
Adsorption and heat‐energy‐aid desorption of cationic dye on a new thermo‐sensitive adsorbent: Methyl cellulose/calcium alginate beads
Authors: Li Zhongmin , Yao Yi , Wei Guangtao , Jiang Wenyan , Wang Yizhi , Zhang Linye
Published: June 2016

The adsorption and heat‐energy‐aid desorption of methylene blue (MB) on a thermo‐sensitive adsorbent of methyl cellulose/calcium alginate beads (MC/CABs) has been studied. The addition of methyl cellulose intensified the desorption ability of adsorbent, and boosted the difference of adsorption capacity of adsorbent between low temperature and high temperature. At the mass ratio of methyl cellulose to sodium alginate of 2:1, the difference of adsorption capacity of MC/CABs between 20 and 60°C reached 20.48 mg g−1. The effects of temperature, time and initial MB concentration on adsorption performance were investigated in detail. The MB adsorption on MC/CABs followed the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. The equilibrium data was fitted well with Langmuir isotherm. The maximum adsorption capacity of 336.70 mg g−1 exhibited MC/CABs had a good adsorption capability. Thermodynamic analyses showed high temperature was not favorable to MB adsorption, and MC/CABs had a distinct superiority in desorption of adsorbate with heat‐energy‐aid. Lastly, the possible mechanisms involving in adsorption and heat‐energy‐aid desorption were presented. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 56:1382–1389, 2016. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Characterization of the catalytic disulfide bond in E. coli 4‐thiouridine synthetase to elucidate its functional quaternary structure
Authors: Veerareddygari Govardhan Reddy , Klusman Thomas C. , Mueller Eugene G.
Published: June 2016

4‐Thiouridine at position 8 in prokaryotic tRNA serves as a photosensor for near‐UV light, and the posttranscriptional conversion of uridine to 4‐thiouridine is catalyzed by the 4‐thiouridine synthetases (s4US, also named ThiI), which fall into two classes that differ in the presence of a C‐terminal rhodanese homology domain. A cysteine residue in this domain first bears a persulfide group and then forms a disulfide bond with a cysteine residue that is conserved in both classes of s4US. Recent crystal structures suggest that s4US dimerizes in the presence of RNA substrate with domains from each subunit contributing to the binding and reaction of one RNA molecule, which raises the question of whether the catalytic disulfide bond in the longer class of s4US is formed within or between subunits. The E. coli enzyme is the best‐characterized member of the longer class of s4US, and it was examined after quantitative installation of the disulfide bond during a single catalytic turnover. Gel electrophoresis and proteolysis/MALDI‐MS results strongly imply that the disulfide bond forms within a single subunit, which provides a vital constraint for the structural modeling of the class of s4US with an appended rhodanese homology domain and the design and interpretation of experiments to probe the dynamics of the domains during catalysis.
Safety data from randomized controlled trials: applying models for recurrent events
Authors: Hengelbrock Johannes , Gillhaus Johanna , Kloss Sebastian , Leverkus Friedhelm
Published: June 2016

Simple descriptive listings and inference statistics based on 2×2 tables are still the most common way of summarizing and reporting adverse events data from randomized controlled trials, although these methods do not account for differences in observation times between treatment groups. Using standard methods from survival analysis such as the Cox model or Kaplan–Meier estimates would overcome this problem but limit the analysis to the first safety‐related event of each subject. As an alternative, we discuss two models for recurrent events data—the Andersen–Gill and Prentice–Williams–Peterson model—regarding their applicability to safety data from randomized controlled trials. We argue that these models can be used to estimate two different quantities: a direct treatment effect on the risk of an event (Prentice–Williams–Peterson) and a total treatment effect as sum of the direct effect and the treatment's indirect effect via the event history (Anderson–Gill). Using simulated data, we illustrate the difference between these treatment effects and analyze the performance of both models in different scenarios. Because both models are limited to the analysis of cause‐specific hazards if competing risks are present, we suggest to incorporate estimates of the mean frequency of events in the analysis to additionally allow the comparison of treatment effects on absolute event probabilities. We demonstrate the application of both models and the mean frequency function to safety endpoints with an illustrative analysis of data from a randomized phase‐III study. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantum astrochemical spectroscopy
Authors: Fortenberry Ryan C.
Published: June 2016

In this review, the origins of astrochemistry and the initial applications of quantum chemistry to the discovery of new molecules in space are discussed. Furthermore, more recent successes and failures of quantum astrochemistry are explored. Finally, the application of quantum chemistry to the chemical study of space is driving developments in large‐scale computational science. Consequently, cloud computing and large molecule computations are discussed. Astrochemistry is a natural application of quantum chemistry. The ability to analyze routinely and completely the structural, spectroscopic, and electronic properties of any given molecule, regardless of its laboratory stability, make this tool a necessary component for astrochemical analysis. The sizes of the computations scaling with the number of electrons and degrees‐of‐freedom can become limiting, but proper choices of methods can provide unique insights. The chemistry of the Earth is a small snapshot of the chemistries available in the universe at large, and the flexibility inherent within computation make quantum chemistry an excellent driver of new knowledge in fundamental molecular science as well as in astrophysics. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Geometric and electronic structures of silicon fluorides (N = 4 – 6) and potential energy surfaces for dissociation reactions → SiF4 + F– and →  + F–
Authors: Koval Vitaliy V. , Minyaev Ruslan M. , Minkin Vladimir I.
Published: June 2016

The geometric and electronic structures of a series of silicon fluorides
(n = 4 − 6) were computationally studied with the aid of density functional theory (DFT) method with B3LYP and M06‐2X functionals and coupled cluster (CCSD and CCSD(T)) methods with 6‐311++G(d,p) basis set. The nature of the Si‐F bonds in these compounds was analyzed in the framework of the natural bond orbital theory and natural resonance theory. Energy characteristics (heats of reactions and energy barriers) of the dissociation reactions
→ SiF4 + F– and
→
 + F– were calculated using the DFT and CCSD methods. The potential energy surface of elimination of a fluoride anion from
has a specific topology with valley‐ridge inflection points corresponding to bifurcations of the minimal energy reaction path. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Surface analysis of ripple pattern on PS and PEN induced with ring‐shaped mask due to KrF laser treatment
Authors: Neděla O. , Slepička P. , Sajdl P. , Veselý M. , Švorčík V.
Published: June 2016

The approach for ripple nanopattern construction on surface of two polymer substrates [polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) and polystyrene (PS)] exposed by a KrF pulse excimer UV laser through a contact lithographic mask with circular slit was proposed in this paper. Thin layer of gold was deposited on samples after the laser treatment. Changes in the morphology of the surface of both the shielded and exposed areas of the substrates, as well as the dimensions of the laser‐induced periodic surface structures, were determined (by atomic force microscopy, laser confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy), compared with observations and measurements made on samples treated directly (without a contact mask) under the same conditions. The morphology of the interface between the treated and untreated regions was also closely studied. Surface chemistry of treated samples was studied in detail by X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. The detailed study of surface chemistry of modified PEN and PS revealed a significant increase of oxygen concentration for laser treated PS and increase of carboxyl groups in case of PEN. The potential application of this research can be found in biotechnology, micro technology and several other fields. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Pb Intercalation on the Structural and Electronic Properties of Epitaxial Graphene on SiC
Authors: Yurtsever Ayhan , Onoda Jo , Iimori Takushi , Niki Kohei , Miyamachi Toshio , Abe Masayuki , Mizuno Seigi , Tanaka Satoru , Komori Fumio , Sugimoto Yoshiaki
Published: June 2016

The effects of Pb intercalation on the structural and electronic properties of epitaxial single‐layer graphene grown on SiC(0001) substrate are investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), noncontact atomic force microscopy, Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) methods. The STM results show the formation of an ordered moiré superstructure pattern induced by Pb atom intercalation underneath the graphene layer. ARPES measurements reveal the presence of two additional linearly dispersing π‐bands, providing evidence for the decoupling of the buffer layer from the underlying SiC substrate. Upon Pb intercalation, the Si 2p core level spectra show a signature for the existence of PbSi chemical bonds at the interface region, as manifested in a shift of 1.2 eV of the bulk SiC component toward lower binding energies. The Pb intercalation gives rise to hole‐doping of graphene and results in a shift of the Dirac point energy by about 0.1 eV above the Fermi level, as revealed by the ARPES measurements. The KPFM experiments have shown that decoupling of the graphene layer by Pb intercalation is accompanied by a work function increase. The observed increase in the work function is attributed to the suppression of the electron transfer from the SiC substrate to the graphene layer. The Pb intercalated structure is found to be stable in ambient conditions and at high temperatures up to 1250 °C. These results demonstrate that the construction of a graphene‐capped Pb/SiC system offers a possibility of tuning the graphene electronic properties and exploring intriguing physical properties such as superconductivity and spintronics.
Preparation, Functionality, and Application of Metal Oxide‐coated Noble Metal Nanoparticles
Authors: Liu Shuhua , Regulacio Michelle D. , Tee Si Yin , Khin Yin Win , Teng Choon Peng , Koh Leng Duei , Guan Guijian , Han Ming‐Yong
Published: June 2016

With their remarkable properties and wide‐ranging applications, nanostructures of noble metals and metal oxides have been receiving significantly increased attention in recent years. The desire to combine the properties of these two functional materials for specific applications has naturally prompted research in the design and synthesis of novel nanocomposites, consisting of both noble metal and metal‐oxide components. In this review, particular attention is given to core–shell type metal oxide‐coated noble metal nanostructures (i.e., metal@oxide), which display potential utility in applications, including photothermal therapy, catalytic conversions, photocatalysis, molecular sensing, and photovoltaics. Emerging research directions and areas are envisioned at the end to solicit more attention and work in this regard.

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Task admission control policy in cloud server pools based on task arrival dynamics
Authors: Khojasteh Haleh , Mišić Jelena
Published: June 2016

In this paper, we propose two task admission control algorithms that utilize random task filtering: a lightweight algorithm based on long‐term estimates of average utilization and offered load, and a more complex algorithm based on instantaneous utilization. Detailed performance evaluation confirms that both algorithms are able to ensure that the system remains in the stable operating region. We have also found that more aggressive filtering tends to decrease task blocking rate and delay. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dispersal process driving subtropical forest reassembly: evidence from functional and phylogenetic analysis
Authors: Kusumoto Buntarou , Baba Akihiro , Fujii Shin‐jiro , Fukasawa Hisakazu , Honda Megumi , Miyagi Yuta , Nanki Daisuke , Osako Takeharu , Shinohara Hikaru , Shiono Takayuki , Kubota Yasuhiro
Published: June 2016

Understanding the mechanisms of secondary succession related to forest management practices is receiving increasing attention in community ecology and biodiversity conservation. Abiotic and biotic filtering are deterministic processes driving community reassembly. A functional trait or phylogeny‐based approach predicts that environmental filtering induced by clearcut‐logging results in functional/phylogenetic clustering in younger forests, while biotic filtering (competitive exclusion) promotes functional/phylogenetic overdispersion in old‐growth forests. From this perspective, we examined the patterns of functional/phylogenetic structures using tree community data (147 species × 170 plots). These data were chronosequenced from clearcut secondary forests to old‐growth subtropical forests in the Ryukyu Archipelago, with species’ trait data (leaf and stem) and species level phylogeny. To detect clustering or overdispersion in the functional and phylogenetic structures, we calculated the standardized effect size of mean nearest trait distance and mean nearest phylogenetic distance within the plots. Functional or phylogenetic clustering was relatively weak in secondary forests, and their directional change with increasing forest age was not generally detected. Mean nearest trait/phylogenetic distance for most plots fell within the range of random expectation. The results suggest that abiotic/biotic filtering related to functional traits or phylogenetic relatedness plays a diminished role in shaping species assembly during secondary succession in the subtropical forest. Our findings of functional and phylogenetic properties might shed light on the importance of dispersal (stochastic) processes in the regional species pool during community reassembly after anthropogenic disturbance. It will also contribute to the development of coordinated schemes that maintain potential species assembly processes in the subtropical forest.
Warmth and legitimacy beliefs contextualize adolescents' negative reactions to parental monitoring
Authors: LaFleur Laura K. , Zhao Yinan , Zeringue Megan M. , Laird Robert D.
Published: June 2016

This study sought to identify conditions under which parents' monitoring behaviors are most strongly linked to adolescents' negative reactions (i.e., feelings of being controlled and invaded). 242 adolescents (49.2% male; M age = 15.4 years) residing in the United States of America reported parental monitoring and warmth, and their own feelings of being controlled and invaded and beliefs in the legitimacy of parental authority. Analyses tested whether warmth and legitimacy beliefs moderate and/or suppress the link between parents' monitoring behaviors and adolescents' negative reactions. Monitoring was associated with more negative reactions, controlling for legitimacy beliefs and warmth. More monitoring was associated with more negative reactions only at weaker levels of legitimacy beliefs, and at lower levels of warmth. The link between monitoring and negative reactions is sensitive to the context within which monitoring occurs with the strongest negative reactions found in contexts characterized by low warmth and weak legitimacy beliefs.
Increased serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels following electroconvulsive therapy or antipsychotic treatment in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Li J. , Ye F. , Xiao W. , Tang X. , Sha W. , Zhang X. , Wang J.
Published: June 2016

Background

Many schizophrenia patients experience residual symptoms even after treatment. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is often used in medication-resistant schizophrenia patients when pharmacologic interventions have failed; however, the mechanism of action is unclear. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels are reduced in drug-naive, first-episode schizophrenia and are increased by antipsychotic treatment. We tested the hypothesis that ECT increases serum BDNF levels by measuring BDNF concentrations in schizophrenia patients before and after they received ECT.

Methods

A total of 160 patients with schizophrenia were examined. The ECT group (n = 80) was treated with antipsychotics and ECT (eight to 10 sessions administered every other day). The drug therapy group (n = 80) received only antipsychotic treatment. A control group (n = 77) was recruited that served as the baseline for comparison.

Results

Baseline serum BDNF level in ECT group was lower than in controls (9.7 ± 2.1 vs. 12.4 ± 3.2 ng/ml; P < 0.001), but increased after ECT, such that there was no difference between the two groups (11.9 ± 3.3 vs. 12.4 ± 3.2 ng/ml; P = 0.362). There was no correlation between patients’ Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) score and serum BDNF level before ECT; however, a negative correlation was observed after ECT (total: r = −0.692; P < 0.01). From baseline to remission after ECT, serum BDNF level increased (P < 0.001) and their PANSS score decreased (P < 0.001). Changes in BDNF level (2.21 ± 4.10 ng/ml) and PANSS score (28.69 ± 14.96) were positively correlated in the ECT group (r = 0.630; P < 0.01).

Conclusions

BDNF level was lower in schizophrenia patients relative to healthy controls before ECT and medication. BDNF level increased after ECT and medication, and its longitudinal change was associated with changes in patients’ psychotic symptoms. These results indicate that BDNF mediates the antipsychotic effects of ECT.
THE FIRST COMMANDMENT WITH A PROMISE: RECENT AMERICAN PREACHING ON “HONOR YOUR FATHER AND YOUR MOTHER”
Authors: Long Thomas G.
Published: June 2016

Christian sermons characteristically result from the interaction of a biblical text and the social and cultural contexts in which the sermon is created and into which it is spoken. In this regard, biblical texts are understood not as containers of unchanging truth but as fields of meaning capable of yielding different insights in each new context, and sermons constitute oral performances of these insights. As a test case, American Christian sermons based upon the so-called fifth commandment (“Honor your father and your mother …”) were examined from two time periods: 1960–1980 and 2000–present. In the earlier period, a time of anxiety about changing norms of social authority, the sermons typically presented the fifth commandment as addressed to young children, calling them to obey their parents. In the later period, a time when the large baby boomer generation is increasingly assuming care for aging parents, the sermons typically presented the fifth commandment as addressed not to youth but rather to adults charged with the responsibility to care for the elderly. While understanding the fifth commandment as addressed to adult children is probably closer to the original meaning of the text, both audiences for the commandment (adult children and youthful children) are within the field of meaning of the text and, indeed, both understandings find expression elsewhere in scripture.
Animating Brains
Authors: Borck Cornelius
Published: June 2016

A recent paper famously accused the rising field of social neuroscience of using faulty statistics under the catchy title ‘Voodoo Correlations in Social Neuroscience’. This Special Issue invites us to take this claim as the starting point for a cross-cultural analysis: in which meaningful ways can recent research in the burgeoning field of functional imaging be described as, contrasted with, or simply compared to animistic practices? And what light does such a reading shed on the dynamics and effectiveness of a century of brain research into higher mental functions?

Reviewing the heated debate from 2009 around recent trends in neuroimaging as a possible candidate for current instances of ‘soul catching’, the paper will then compare these forms of primarily image-based brain research with older regimes, revolving around the deciphering of the brain’s electrical activity. How has the move from a decoding paradigm to a representational regime affected the conceptualisation of self, psyche, mind and soul (if there still is such an entity)? And in what ways does modern technoscience provide new tools for animating brains?
Drawing as Instrument, Drawings as Evidence: Capturing Mental Processes with Pencil and Paper
Authors: Puglionesi Alicia
Published: June 2016

Researchers in the mind sciences often look to the production and analysis of drawings to reveal the mental processes of their subjects. This essay presents three episodes that trace the emergence of drawing as an instrumental practice in the study of the mind. Between 1880 and 1930, drawings gained currency as a form of scientific evidence – as stable, reproducible signals from a hidden interior. I begin with the use of drawings as data in the child study movement, move to the telepathic transmission of drawings in psychical research and conclude with the development of drawing as an experimental and diagnostic tool for studying neurological impairment. Despite significant shifts in the theoretical and disciplinary organisation of the mind sciences in the early twentieth century, researchers attempted to stabilise the use of subject-generated drawings as evidence by controlling the contexts in which drawings were produced and reproduced, and crafting subjects whose interiority could be effectively circumscribed. While movements such as psychoanalysis and art therapy would embrace the narrative interpretation of patient art, neuropsychology continued to utilise drawings as material traces of cognitive functions.
HINDU–MUSLIM FERTILITY DIFFERENTIAL IN INDIA: A COHORT APPROACH
Authors: Pasupuleti Samba Siva Rao , Pathak Prasanta , Jatrana Santosh
Published: June 2016

Hindus and Muslims together account for 94% of the population of India. The fertility differential between these two religious groups is a sensitive and hotly debated issue in political and academic circles. However, the debate is mostly based on a period approach to fertility change, and there have been some problems with the reliability of period fertility data. This study investigated cohort fertility patterns among Hindus and Muslims and the causes of the relatively higher level of fertility among Muslims. Data from the three National Family Health Surveys conducted in India since the early 1990s were analysed using a six-parameter special form of the Gompertz model and multiple linear regression models. The results show a gap of more than 1.3 children per woman between those Muslim and Hindu women who ended/will end their reproductive period in the calendar years 1993 to 2025. The socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of Muslims explain 31.2% of the gap in fertility between Muslims and Hindus, while the desire for more children among Muslims explains an additional 18.2% of the gap in fertility.
Integer sequences that behave as Fibonacci-Lucas pairs
Authors: Di Domenico A. S.
Published: June 2016

There have been a number of articles on the relation between the terms of the Fibonacci and Lucas sequences and how they are closely related to trigonometric and hyperbolic functions and their properties [1]. This article is based on other integer sequences. It sets out to determine other pairs of such sequences that have the same relation as the Fibonacci and Lucas have to each other. So we shall be concerned with second order recurrence relations with constant coefficients:

and pairs of sequences (un) and (vn) that each satisfy it. We seek a condition that ensures the pair of sequences behave as the Fibonacci-Lucas pair behave.
Composition of polynomials
Authors: Sury B.
Published: June 2016

The motivation to write this paper arose out of the following problem which was posed in a recent mathematical olympiad:

Given a polynomial P(X) with integer coefficients, show that there exist non-zero polynomials Q(X), R(X) with integer coefficients such that P(X)Q(X) is a polynomial in X2 and P(X)R(X) is a polynomial in X3.

For instance, if P(X) = 2 − 5X + 3X2 + 12X3, then we notice that Q (X) = 2 + 5X + 3X2 − 12X3 serves the purpose for the first part, viz.

A moment's thought makes it fairly evident that this trick easily solves the first part of the problem for a general polynomial P(X).
Is breakfast the most important meal of the day?
Authors: Betts James A. , Chowdhury Enhad A. , Gonzalez Javier T. , Richardson Judith D. , Tsintzas Kostas , Thompson Dylan
Published: June 2016

The Bath Breakfast Project is a series of randomised controlled trials exploring the effects of extended morning fasting on energy balance and health. These trials were categorically not designed to answer whether or not breakfast is the most important meal of the day. However, this review will philosophise about the meaning of that question and about what questions we should be asking to better understand the effects of breakfast, before summarising how individual components of energy balance and health respond to breakfast v. fasting in lean and obese adults. Current evidence does not support a clear effect of regularly consuming or skipping breakfast on body mass/composition, metabolic rate or diet-induced thermogenesis. Findings regarding energy intake are variable, although the balance of evidence indicates some degree of compensatory feeding later in the day such that overall energy intake is either unaffected or slightly lower when breakfast is omitted from the diet. However, even if net energy intake is reduced, extended morning fasting may not result in expected weight loss due to compensatory adjustments in physical activity thermogenesis. Specifically, we report that both lean and obese adults expended less energy during the morning when remaining in the fasted state than when consuming a prescribed breakfast. Further research is required to examine whether particular health markers may be responsive to breakfast-induced responses of individual components of energy balance irrespective of their net effect on energy balance and therefore body mass.
Interhemispheric white matter integrity in young people with bipolar disorder and at high genetic risk
Authors: Roberts G. , Wen W. , Frankland A. , Perich T. , Holmes-Preston E. , Levy F. , Lenroot R. K. , Hadzi-Pavlovic D. , Nurnberger J. I. , Breakspear M. , Mitchell P. B.
Published: June 2016

Background

White matter (WM) impairments have been reported in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and those at high familial risk of developing BD. However, the distribution of these impairments has not been well characterized. Few studies have examined WM integrity in young people early in the course of illness and in individuals at familial risk who have not yet passed the peak age of onset.

Method

WM integrity was examined in 63 BD subjects, 150 high-risk (HR) individuals and 111 participants with no family history of mental illness (CON). All subjects were aged 12 to 30 years.

Results

This young BD group had significantly lower fractional anisotropy within the genu of the corpus callosum (CC) compared with the CON and HR groups. Moreover, the abnormality in the genu of the CC was also present in HR participants with recurrent major depressive disorder (MDD) (n = 16) compared with CON participants.

Conclusions

Our findings provide important validation of interhemispheric abnormalities in BD patients. The novel finding in HR subjects with recurrent MDD – a group at particular risk of future hypo/manic episodes – suggests that this may potentially represent a trait marker for BD, though this will need to be confirmed in longitudinal follow-up studies.
REPRESENTATION WITHOUT TAXATION, TAXATION WITHOUT CONSENT: THE LEGACY OF SPANISH COLONIALISM IN AMERICA
Authors: Irigoin Alejandra
Published: June 2016

The essay examines Spain’s colonial legacy in the long-run development of Spanish America. It surveys the fiscal and constitutional outcomes of independence and assesses the relative burden imposed by colonialism. Constitutional asymmetries between revenue collecting and spending agents constrainedde factogovernments’ power to tax. Inherent disparities embedded in the colonial fiscal system worsened with vaguely defined representation for subjects and territories andvexedtheir aggregation into a modern representative polity. Governments with limited fiscal capacity failed to deliver public goods and to distribute the costs and benefits of independence equitably. Growing indirect taxes, debt and money creation allowed them to transfer the fiscal burden to other constituents or future generations. Taxpayers became aware of the asymmetry between private contributions and public goods and hence favoured a low but regressive taxation. Comparisons with trajectories in the metropolis and the United States are offered to qualify this legacy.
STAFFING A SERVICE SYSTEM WITH NON-POISSON NON-STATIONARY ARRIVALS
Authors: He Beixiang , Liu Yunan , Whitt Ward
Published: June 2016

Motivated by non-Poisson stochastic variability found in service system arrival data, we extend established service system staffing algorithms using the square-root staffing formula to allow for non-Poisson arrival processes. We develop a general model of the non-Poisson non-stationary arrival process that includes as a special case the non-stationary Cox process (a modification of a Poisson process in which the rate itself is a non-stationary stochastic process), which has been advocated in the literature. We characterize the impact of the non-Poisson stochastic variability upon the staffing through the heavy-traffic limit of the peakedness (ratio of the variance to the mean in an associated stationary infinite-server queueing model), which depends on the arrival process through its central limit theorem behavior. We provide simple formulas to quantify the performance impact of the non-Poisson arrivals upon the staffing decisions, in order to achieve the desired service level. We conduct simulation experiments with non-stationary Markov-modulated Poisson arrival processes with sinusoidal arrival rate functions to demonstrate that the staffing algorithm is effective in stabilizing the time-varying probability of delay at designated targets.
Revisiting the Mercator World Map of 1569: an Assessment of Navigational Accuracy
Authors: Gaspar Joaquim Alves
Published: June 2016

An assessment of the navigational accuracy of the Mercator world map of 1569 is made, aimed at better understanding how the information was adapted from the contemporary cartography. At the time the map was engraved, navigational charts were constructed on the basis of astronomically-observed latitudes, magnetic courses and estimated distances between places. Before this information could be incorporated into the new world map it should be first transformed in such a way that the longitudinal spacings between places were restored to their correct values, as defined on the surface of the Earth. The question of whether Mercator performed such transformations or just considered that the positions were approximately correct has hitherto never been addressed in the literature. It is demonstrated in this article that Mercator was not fully aware of the complexity of the contemporary charts – which he considered to implicitly comprise a square grid of meridians and parallels – and that all planimetric information was directly imported to the novel world map without correction. It is further shown that the Mercator projection was not compatible with the navigational methods of the time.
Antibiothérapie du sujet âgé : On peut toujours mieux faire
Authors: Tolsma Violaine , Gaillat Jacques , Pagani Leonardo
Published: June 2016

Antimicrobials are among the most prescribed drugs and their prescription increases with age, due to frailty and accrued risk factors for acquiring infections. Antimicrobial prescription in elderly patients must not only account for the risk of toxicity due to drug overexposure, but also of treatment failure or promotion of antimicrobial resistance due to under-dosage. This paper reviews the main antimicrobial, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variations induced by aging, comorbidities and polypharmacy, and how to take them into account to optimize antimicrobial prescription in elders.
Substance use to regulate intense posttraumatic shame in individuals with childhood abuse and neglect
Authors: Holl Julia , Wolff Sebastian , Schumacher Maren , Höcker Anja , Arens Elisabeth A. , Spindler Gabriela , Stopsack Malte , Südhof Jonna , Hiller Philipp , Klein Michael , Schäfer Ingo , Barnow Sven ,   Cansas Study Group
Published: June 2016

Childhood abuse and neglect (CAN) is considered as a risk factor for substance use disorder (SUD). Based on the drinking to cope model, this study investigated the association of two trauma-relevant emotions (shame and sadness) and substance use. Using ecological momentary assessment we compared real-time emotion regulation in situations with high and low intensity of shame and sadness in currently abstinent patients with CAN and lifetime SUD (traumaSUD group), healthy controls with CAN (traumaHC group), and without CAN (nontraumaHC group). Multilevel analysis showed a positive linear relationship between high intensity of both emotions and substance use for all groups. The traumaSUD group showed heightened substance use in low, as well as in high, intensity of shame and sadness. In addition, we found an interaction between type of emotion, intensity, and group: the traumaHC group exhibited a fourfold increased risk for substance use in high intense shame situations relative to the traumaSUD group. Our findings provide evidence for the drinking to cope model. The traumaSUD group showed a reduced distress tolerance for variable intensity of negative emotions. The differential effect of intense shame for the traumaHC group emphazises its potential role in the development of SUD following CAN. In addition, shame can be considered a relevant focus for therapeutic preinterventions and interventions for SUD after CAN.
Some results related to the continuity problem
Authors: SPREEN DIETER
Published: June 2016

The continuity problem, i.e., the question whether effective maps between effectively given topological spaces are effectively continuous, is reconsidered. In earlier work, it was shown that this is always the case, if the effective map also has a witness for non-inclusion. The extra condition does not have an obvious topological interpretation. As is shown in the present paper, it appears naturally where in the classical proof that sequentially continuous maps are continuous, the Axiom of Choice is used. The question is therefore whether the witness condition appears in the general continuity theorem only for this reason, i.e., whether effective operators are effectively sequentially continuous. For two large classes of spaces covering all important applications, it is shown that this is indeed the case. The general question, however, remains open.

Spaces in this investigation are in generalnotrequired to be Hausdorff. They only need to satisfy the weakerT0separation condition
The normative power of food promotions: Australian children’s attachments to unhealthy food brands
Authors: Kelly Bridget , Freeman Becky , King Lesley , Chapman Kathy , Baur Louise A , Gill Tim
Published: June 2016

Objective

The formation of food brand associations and attachment is fundamental to brand preferences, which influence purchases and consumption. Food promotions operate through a cascade of links, from brand recognition, to affect, and on to consumption. Frequent exposures to product promotions may establish social norms for products, reinforcing brand affect. These pathways signify potential mechanisms for how children’s exposure to unhealthy food promotions can contribute to poor diets. The present study explored children’s brand associations and attachments for major food brands.

Design

A cross-sectional online survey was conducted. Fourteen study brands were used, with each child viewing a set of seven logos. The questionnaire assessed perceptions of food brands and perceptions of users of brands, using semantic differential scales, and perceived brand ‘personalities’, using Likert scales.

Setting

New South Wales, Australia, October–November 2014.

Subjects

Children aged 10–16 years (n417).

Results

Children demonstrated strong positive affect to certain brands, perceiving some unhealthy food brands to have positive attributes, desirable user traits and alignment to their own personality. Brand personality traits of ‘smart’ and ‘sporty’ were viewed as indicators of healthiness. Brands with these traits were ranked lower for popularity.

Conclusions

Children’s brand associations and attachments indicate the potential normative social influences of promotions. While children are aware of brand healthiness as an attribute, this competes with other brand associations, highlighting the challenge of health/nutrition messaging to counter unhealthy food marketing. Restricting children’s exposure to unhealthy food marketing and the persuasive nature of marketing is an important part of efforts to improve children’s diet-related health.
Indirect estimates reveal the potential of transgene flow in the crop–wild–weedSorghum bicolorcomplex in its centre of origin, Ethiopia
Authors: Adugna Asfaw , Bekele Endashaw
Published: June 2016

A study was carried out between 2008 and 2011 to investigate the potential risks of gene flow and its consequences in the crop–wild–weedS. bicolorcomplex in Ethiopia to aid efforts to conserve genetic diversity. Morphological measurements and genomic DNA samples were takenin situfrom 30 wild and eight cultivated populations representing a total of 760 samples from five regions. Genetic diversity, gene flow, population structure and outcrossing rates of wild populations were computed using phenotypic measurements and/or polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Moreover, morphological analyses of fitness of crop–wild hybrids were studied. High diversity was observed among the wild/weedy sorghum populations for phenotypic traits and SSRs. SSR diversity was high in both wild and cultivated populations, but the magnitude was greater in the former. Gene flow between the wild and the cultivated sorghum was observed to be higher than that within either pool. Wild sorghums exhibited variation in the multilocus outcrossing rate (range = 0.31–0.65) and fitness was not compromised in most wild × crop hybrids. The study indicated that crop-to-wild gene flow is possible in Ethiopia. Thus, genes from transgenic sorghum are expected to enter into the wild and non-transgenic cultivated populations and may spread and persist, if transgenic sorghum is deployed in Ethiopia and in other countries of Africa, which may pose risk of introduction of unwanted effects, which in turn may lead to loss of genetic diversity.
Quitting Work but Not the Job: Liberty and the Right to Strike
Authors: Gourevitch Alex
Published: June 2016

The right to strike is everywhere recognized but appears unjustifiable. Strikers refuse to work but they claim a right to the job. This sounds like illiberal privilege, or at least it cannot be a coercively enforceable claim. I argue, however, that the right to strike is justified as a way of resisting intertwined forms of structural and personal domination associated with the modern labor market. Workers are structurally dominated insofar as being forced to make a contract with some employer or another leaves them vulnerable to exploitation. They are personally dominated insofar as they are required to submit to the arbitrary authority of managers in the workplace, which deepens their potential exploitation. Strikes contest this domination by reversing the relationship of power. Workers can formally quit the job but they can’t quit work, so strikers quit working but don’t quit the job.
Judicial Review as a Limit on Government Domination: Reframing, Resolving, and Replacing the (Counter)Majoritarian Difficulty
Authors: Hall Matthew E.K.
Published: June 2016

For centuries, politicians, activists, and academics have criticized the American system of judicial review as democratically illegitimate. In response, dozens of scholars have striven to justify the institution’s place in a democratic political system. A compelling justification for judicial review must provide a realistic description of its function and a normatively attractive understanding of that function. Unfortunately, the most prominent justifications suffer from empirical or theoretical problems. However, recent empirical evidence suggests an “acquittal theory” that meets both criteria. On this view, courts armed with judicial review can thwart majority will by relieving individuals from government sanctions, but they lack the power to independently impose sanctions. This asymmetry suggests a resolution to the countermajoritarian difficulty that does not rely on judicial wisdom or behavior: the nature of judicial power ensures that judicial review reliably promotes a core democratic value—freedom from government domination—without seriously threatening other democratic values.
On the Use of Crowdsourcing Labor Markets in Research
Authors: Marinova Dani M.
Published: June 2016

Crowdsourcing platforms offer a source of inexpensive data for research. At their fingertips, researchers have a round-the-clock workforce to fill out surveys, participate in experiments, and content-analyze text, among other tasks that generate social science data and help support research. Thanks to its low cost and convenience, crowdlabor has quickly and uncritically become a mainstream tool in our discipline. While such platforms have been evaluated on their aptness to generate high-quality data, surprisingly little has been said about the economic or political implications of their usage. Among other aspects, this article problematizes the “state of legal exception” in which crowdlabor markets operate, their tendency to rely on a pool of economically vulnerable workers and the asymmetrical employment relations they create. Rather than offer an easy solution, I aim to open up a conversation about this unique set of challenges in order to acknowledge and address them.
Labor Scholarship and/as Labor Activism
Authors: McCann Michael
Published: June 2016

Do public engagement and political activism enhance or compromise the research enterprise of social scientists? I offer a personal reflection on the benefits and challenges of grounding scholarship about labor and workers’ political struggles in praxical engagement with labor activists, including with actual subjects of research. While scholars engage non-academic publics in many different ways, I underline how ongoing direct collaboration with labor activists can be facilitated by participation in campus organizations whose mission is labor-oriented research and education. My own involvement with the Harry Bridges Center for Labor Studies at the University of Washington provides one example of how this linkage between labor scholarship and labor activism can be sustained in routine, mostly complementary, and productive ways.
A Discussion of Sanford Schram’s The Return of Ordinary Capitalism: Neoliberalism, Precarity, Occupy
Authors: Emmenegger Patrick
Published: June 2016

Sanford Schram’s The Return of Ordinary Capitalism: Neoliberalism, Precarity, Occupy (Oxford University Press, 2015) is an ambitious effort to link together three important political realities of our time: the rise of new forms of neoliberal governance, the associated rise of new forms of social and economic insecurity, and the recent development of organized forms of political resistance symbolized by the figure of “Occupy.” The argument is relevant to all subfields of political science. And so we have invited a range of experts across the discipline to comment on the book and on the broader question the book poses: Are we confronting a new form of capitalism that engenders new forms of politics, and if so, what does this mean for political science?
A Discussion of Suzanne Mettler’s Degrees of Inequality: How the Politics of Higher Education Sabotaged the American Dream
Authors: Schwartz Joseph M.
Published: June 2016

The discipline of political science in the United States evolved in tandem with the development of democratic education and the modern university system. Since the early years of the twentieth century, political science has been an academic discipline housed in universities and colleges, and most political scientists earn their living as university or college teachers. And yet as individual academics or as a discipline, we rarely stand back from our institutional environment and ask hard questions about what is happening with higher education and what this means for the practice of political science. Suzanne Mettler does precisely this in Degrees of Inequality: How Higher Education Politics Sabotaged the American Dream. And so we have invited a range of political science scholars, many with extensive experience as university leaders, to comment on her book and its implications for the future of political science.
A Discussion of Suzanne Mettler’s Degrees of Inequality: How the Politics of Higher Education Sabotaged the American Dream
Authors: Coles Romand
Published: June 2016

The discipline of political science in the United States evolved in tandem with the development of democratic education and the modern university system. Since the early years of the twentieth century, political science has been an academic discipline housed in universities and colleges, and most political scientists earn their living as university or college teachers. And yet as individual academics or as a discipline, we rarely stand back from our institutional environment and ask hard questions about what is happening with higher education and what this means for the practice of political science. Suzanne Mettler does precisely this in Degrees of Inequality: How Higher Education Politics Sabotaged the American Dream. And so we have invited a range of political science scholars, many with extensive experience as university leaders, to comment on her book and its implications for the future of political science.