bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Burrow morphology and associated animals of the mud shrimpUpogebia yokoyai(Crustacea: Thalassinidea: Upogebiidae)
Authors: Kinoshita Kyoko , Itani Gyo , Uchino Takashi
Published: June 2010

The burrow morphology of the mud shrimpUpogebia yokoyaiwas investigated on a tidal flat in the Nanakita River mouth in north-eastern Japan usingin situresin casting. A total of 26 burrow casts were recovered, including those of 16 large shrimps and 10 small shrimps. Burrows of large shrimp were relatively simple and Y-shaped with depth exceeding 1.2 m. Although burrow diameter was related to shrimp size, correlation with other burrow measurements was low. Three large casts were connected to others via a narrow horizontal portion potentially reflecting mating behaviour of the shrimp. Burrows of small shrimp were more complex than those of the other upogebiids and were connected to large burrows. In 6.7% of cases, bopyrid isopods were present in the branchial chamber. Three species of gobies were found in the burrows. These data show that burrows ofU. yokoyaiserve not only as a recruitment site for conspecific shrimp, but also as habitat for other animals in the tidal flat.
Manipulation of Cerastoderma edule burrowing ability by Meiogymnophallus minutus metacercariae?
Authors: Fermer Jan , Culloty Sarah C. , Kelly Thomas C. , O'Riordan Ruth M.
Published: June 2010

Metacercariae of various digenean trematodes are assumed to impair the burrowing capacity of cockles Cerastoderma edule. To reveal if metacercarial infections of the gymnophallid Meiogymnophallus minutus have effects on burrowing and shell closure, a laboratory experiment using cockles with slight and extremely heavy infections was performed at water temperatures of 15, 20, and 25°C. Gaping of the cockle shell valves or other behavioural abnormalities, which have previously been ascribed to M. minutus infections, were not observed. Neither response time nor burrowing time differed significantly between slightly and heavily infected cockles at any of the temperatures tested, suggesting that the effects of the digenean trematode on its second intermediate host are not necessarily as pronounced as proposed by earlier publications, not even when additional environmental stress in the form of high water temperatures is present. Our findings question the hypothesis that M. minutus manipulates the behaviour of C. edule, in order to increase the probability of successful transmission to the avian final host.
Effects of anti-trawling artificial reefs on ecological indicators of inner shelf fish and invertebrate communities in the Cantabrian Sea (southern Bay of Biscay)
Authors: Serrano Alberto , Rodríguez-Cabello Cristina , Sánchez Francisco , Velasco Francisco , Olaso Ignacio , Punzón Antonio
Published: June 2010

The analyses presented in this paper provide evidence that several community metrics and indicators of the inner shelf community in the Cantabrian Sea show response to placement of anti-trawling reefs. Total biomass, species richness, and to a lesser extent, maximum length and percentage of large fish, were sensitive to exclusion of trawling. Density, diversity and average trophic level did not show this sensitivity. The main species profiting from trawl exclusion were seabreams (Sparidae), catsharks and skates (Elasmobranchii), red mullets (Mullidae), gurnards (Triglidae) and John Dory (Zeus faber). Conversely, the main fishery target species (hake, anglerfish and megrim) showed a progressive decrease in abundance during the study period, a pattern which was also shown by their total stock biomass in the totality of the shelf area. Sea urchins, cephalopods and gastropods also increased in relative abundance with trawl exclusion. Reef age was identified as a key factor in reef development. After reef deployments, two periods were identified: (1) a recovery period, in which total biomass increased, mainly as a consequence of the increase in generalist species (e.g. catsharks); and (2) a consolidation period, during which biomass increased again, mainly as a consequence of an increase in specialized stenoic species (e.g. sparids), while biomass of generalist species remained constant or declined.
Morphological and molecular characterization of Euplotes encysticus (Protozoa: Ciliophora: Euplotida)
Authors: Fan Xinpeng , Huang Jie , Lin Xiaofeng , Li Jiqiu , Al-Rasheid Khaled A.S. , Hu Xiaozhong
Published: June 2010

The ciliate Euplotes encysticus Yonezawa, 1985 was insufficiently described so far regarding its living morphology, infraciliature and silverline system. Recently, a China population was isolated from brackish water (salinity 6‰) near a coastal sandy beach (114°32′E 22°43′N) of the Daya Bay, South China Sea and subsequent investigations were performed on it in detail. Based on data available, the morphology of this species was summarized and a new diagnosis is given which is characterized by: medium-sized body with consistently 9 frontoventral, 2 caudal and 2 left marginal cirri; 30–40 adoral membranelles; 7 dorsal kineties; dorsal silverline system consisting of complex type with irregular network; capable of encystment. Both the morphology and SSr RNA gene sequence show, with high support, a close relationship of E. encysticus and Euplotes muscorum.
Shell variability in Tawera gayi (Veneridae) from southern South America: a morphometric approach based on contour analysis
Authors: Gordillo Sandra , Márquez Federico , Cárdenas Javiera , Zubimendi Miguel Ángel
Published: June 2010

This study analyses the significance of shell morphological variations in the venerid clam Tawera gayi, a typical element of shallow marine soft bottoms in southern South America and the most common species recovered from Late Quaternary marine deposits along the Beagle Channel, Tierra del Fuego. Fossil and modern Tawera shells from different localities around the southern tip of South America were analysed using the Elliptic Fourier Analysis (EFA) method. Taking into account the palaeontological history of this genus in the southern hemisphere, EFA was also performed on shells of Tawera congeners from South Africa (T. philomela) and New Zealand (T. spissa). The use of EFA permitted the distinction between the three Tawera species and geographical differentiation in the T. gayi groups. These morphological variations of T. gayi appear best related to ecophenotypic plasticity as a response to different environmental conditions, although the palaeobiogeographical history of Tawera in South America cannot be ruled out.
Habitat representativeness score (HRS): a novel concept for objectively assessing the suitability of survey coverage for modelling the distribution of marine species
Authors: MacLeod Colin D.
Published: June 2010

The occurrence of most species is linked to the distribution of specific combinations of environmental variables that define their occupied niche. As a result, the relationship between environmental variables and species occurrence can be used to model species distribution. However, when collecting data to construct such models, it is preferable to ensure that the survey coverage is representative of all available habitat combinations within the area as a whole to ensure that the model does not under- or over-estimate the actual species distribution. By using multi-variate statistical techniques, a habitat representativeness score (HRS) can be calculated to provide an objective assessment of whether a specific survey coverage will collect (or has collected) data that are representative of all available habitat variable combinations in an area. To demonstrate this approach, HRSs calculated using principal component analysis were used to assess the minimum number of evenly-spaced parallel north–south surveys required to adequately survey two study areas with differing levels of environmental heterogeneity for all available combinations of four habitat variables. For the more environmentally homogeneous study area, the HRS suggests that for this survey design a minimum of five evenly-spaced parallel transects, covering around 5% of the study area, would be required to obtain representative survey coverage for these four variables. However, for the more heterogeneous study area, at least eight evenly-spaced parallel transects, covering around 9% of the study area, would be required. Therefore, for a given survey design, more survey effort is required to obtain a representative survey coverage when the survey area is more variable. In both cases, conducting fewer surveys than these minimum values would produce an unrepresentative data set and this could potentially lead to the production of species distribution models that do not accurately reflect the true species distribution.
Reproduction of the sea urchin Arbacia dufresnii (Echinoidea: Arbaciidae) from Golfo Nuevo, Argentina
Authors: Brogger M.I. , Martinez M.I. , Penchaszadeh P.E.
Published: June 2010

Arbacia dufresnii is a common and abundant sea urchin in Argentinean waters. The gonad index cycle was studied for this species in Golfo Nuevo, Patagonia, from May 2001 to March 2003. Comparative studies of gonad index and gonad histology were performed for the three years of 2001, 2002 and 2003. The gonad index reflects gonadal stages, and the results showed two spawning peaks for the studied period. The first spawning event occurred during spring and a second major spawning occurred in summer. Proliferation and differentiation of gametes, and the presence of mature gonads were synchronous among males and females. Male and female individuals spawned synchronically. Gonad resorption was observed for males and females. Histological examination data reflected gonad index analysis, providing together a good estimation of the reproductive cycle of A. dufresnii. Statistical analyses showed a positive correlation between gonad index and photoperiod. The mean fresh oocyte diameter observed was 87.1 µm (SD = 1.3 µm) with a jelly coat of 12.7 µm (SD = 0.9 µm), which corresponds to planktotrophic larval development.
Short-term exposure to hypercapnia does not compromise feeding, acid–base balance or respiration ofPatella vulgatabut surprisingly is accompanied by radula damage
Authors: Marchant Hannah K. , Calosi Piero , Spicer John I.
Published: June 2010

The effect of short-term (5 days) exposure to CO2-acidified seawater (year 2100 predicted values, ocean pH = 7.6) on key aspects of the function of the intertidal common limpetPatella vulgata(Gastropoda: Patellidae) was investigated. Changes in extracellular acid–base balance were almost completely compensated by an increase in bicarbonate ions. A concomitant increase in haemolymph Ca2+and visible shell dissolution implicated passive shell dissolution as the bicarbonate source. Analysis of the radula using SEM revealed that individuals from the hypercapnic treatment showed an increase in the number of damaged teeth and the extent to which such teeth were damaged compared with controls. As radula teeth are composed mainly of chitin, acid dissolution seems unlikely, and so the proximate cause of damage is unknown. There was no hypercapnia-related change in metabolism (O2uptake) or feeding rate, also discounting the possibility that teeth damage was a result of a CO2-related increase in grazing. We conclude that although the limpet appears to have the physiological capacity to maintain its extracellular acid–base balance, metabolism and feeding rate over a 5 days exposure to acidified seawater, radular damage somehow incurred during this time could still compromise feeding in the longer term, in turn decreasing the top-down ecosystem control thatP. vulgataexerts over rocky shore environments.
Sphaerodoridae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the deep south-west Pacific, with the description of a new species ofSphaerodoropsis
Authors: Reuscher Michael , Fiege Dieter
Published: June 2010

A new species of Sphaerodoridae (Annelida: Polychaeta),Sphaerodoropsis solissp. nov., is described from the Challenger Plateau in the Tasman Sea, south-west Pacific. It is the third species of the genus with ventral macrotubercles and is further characterized by the lack of dorsal papillae and the specific arrangement pattern of ventral papillae. A character indicating sexual dimorphism, that has been observed in three morphologically similar species,S. arctowskyensisHartmann-Schröder & Rosenfeldt, 1988,S. bisphaeroserialis(Hartmann-Schröder, 1974c), andS. garciaalvareziMoreira, Cacabelos & Troncoso, 2004, is confirmed forS. solissp. nov. BesidesS. solissp. nov.,S. arctowskyensisandS. parva(Ehlers, 1913) are newly recorded from the Challenger Plateau and the East Campbell Plateau in the south-west Pacific. An updated key for the genusSphaerodoropsisis provided.
Growth and branching patterns of Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia) from the North Sea
Authors: Gass S.E. , Roberts J.M.
Published: June 2010

Lophelia pertusa, a cosmopolitan cold-water coral, offers potential for new palaeoclimate proxies. This study investigated its skeletal growth patterns to aid in this development. Corallite characteristics (calyx diameter, height, thecal width and banding) of L. pertusa sampled from oil platforms in the northern North Sea were examined. The mean distance between daughter polyps along a growth axis (27.4 ± 5 mm, SD) was equivalent to the estimated annual growth rate; hence, the polyps bud once a year. The majority of growth occurred in the first year when the characteristic trumpet shape of a corallite was formed, while the thecal wall thickened more consistently. Further examination of two polyps showed a dark growth band and centres of calcification along the full length of the inner theca, which represents early skeletal growth. Skeletal sampling adjacent to this area along sequential polyps shows promise as an annual chronology in these North Sea corals.
Feeding habits of the toothed flounderCyclopsetta querna(Paralichthyidae) of the south-east Gulf of California
Authors: Amezcua Felipe , Portillo Alfonso , Amezcua-Linares Felipe
Published: June 2010

Feeding habits of the toothed flounderCyclopsetta quernacaught in the south-east Gulf of California were studied. Specimens were collected via demersal fish surveys. Results of this study show thatC. quernais a predator that focuses on fish inhabiting the bottom and in particular on tonguefish (Symphurussp.), midshipman fish (Porichthyssp.) and moray eels (Muraenidae). The diet of the toothed flounder did not vary significantly throughout the period of study, and neither size nor sex-related variations in diet composition were observed. Simpson's index indicates a limited trophic niche breadth with a diet dominated by a limited number of taxa. The estimatedTROPHvalue forC. quernais similar to that estimated for other demersal top predators from the studied area; therefore, the toothed flounder can be considered a top carnivore from the demersal community in the Gulf of California.
Description of two new species ofOphthalmolycus(Teleostei: Zoarcidae) from the southern Ocean and key to species of the genus
Authors: Matallanas Jesús
Published: June 2010

Two new species of zoarcid fish,Ophthalmolycus eastmanisp. nov., andOphthalmolycus polylepissp. nov. are described from specimens collected from the Bellingshausen Sea and Gerlache Strait, Southern Ocean, at depths of 1837 and 1056 m.Ophthalmolycus eastmanican be distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characters: two posterior nasal pores; epidermal prickles on lips and snout; gill slit extending ventrally to the lower margin of the pectoral fin base; vertebrae asymmetrical 26 − 27 + 91 − 92 = 117 − 118; dorsal fin rays 111–113; dorsal fin origin associated with vertebra 6, with no free pterygiophores; pectoral fin rays 17–18; two postorbital pores; lateral line with ventral and mediolateral branches; scales extending anteriorly to just anterior to the anal fin origin; six branchiostegal rays; oral valve nearly reaching the anterior edge of vomer; palatine teeth in two rows anteriorly; 3–5 pseudobranch filaments; two well developed pyloric caeca; pelvic fin and vomerine teeth present.Ophthalmolycus polylepiscan be distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characters: two posterior nasal pores; epidermal prickles on lips; gill slit extending ventrally just to below mid-pectoral fin base; interorbital pore present; two postorbital pores; lateral line triple with ventral, mediolateral and dorsolateral branches; scales extending anteriorly to predorsal area, abdomen, pelvic fins base, and pectoral fins base and axil; vertebrae asymmetrical 22 + 76; dorsal fin origin associated with vertebra 5; pectoral fin rays 18; six branchiostegal rays; oral valve overlapping the anterior edge of vomer; two rows of palatine teeth anteriorly; two vestigial pyloric caeca and 2 pseudobranch filaments; pelvic fin and vomerine teeth present. A key to the species ofOphthalmolycusis provided.
A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of intravenous fluid therapy in major elective open abdominal surgery: getting the balance right
Authors: Varadhan Krishna K. , Lobo Dileep N.
Published: June 2010

The terminology used for describing intervention groups in randomised controlled trials (RCT) on the effect of intravenous fluid on outcome in abdominal surgery has been imprecise, and the lack of standardised definitions of the terms ‘standard’, ‘restricted’ and ‘liberal’ has led to some confusion and difficulty in interpreting the literature. The aims of this paper were to clarify these definitions and to use them to perform a meta-analysis of nine RCT on primarily crystalloid-based peri-operative intravenous fluid therapy in 801 patients undergoing elective open abdominal surgery. Patients who received more or less fluids than those who received a ‘balanced’ amount were considered to be in a state of ‘fluid imbalance’. When ‘restricted’ fluid regimens were compared with ‘standard or liberal’ fluid regimens, there was no difference in post-operative complication rates (risk ratio 0·96 (95% CI 0·56, 1·65),P=0·89) or length of hospital stay (weighted mean difference (WMD) −1·77 (95% CI −4·36, 0·81) d,P=0·18). However, when the fluid regimens were reclassified and patients were grouped into those who were managed in a state of fluid ‘balance’ or ‘imbalance’, the former group had significantly fewer complications (risk ratio 0·59 (95% CI 0·44, 0·81),P=0·0008) and a shorter length of stay (WMD −3·44 (95% CI −6·33, −0·54) d,P=0·02) than the latter. Using imprecise terminology, there was no apparent difference between the effects of fluid-restricted and standard or liberal fluid regimens on outcome in patients undergoing elective open abdominal surgery. However, patients managed in a state of fluid balance fared better than those managed in a state of fluid imbalance.
‘Workplace landscapes’ and the construction of performance teachers' identity: the case of advanced music training institutions in Greece
Authors: Triantafyllaki Angeliki
Published: June 2010

This paper draws on the metaphor of ‘workplace landscape’ to highlight the role of institutional values, evidenced within a Greek University Music Department and a Music Conservatoire, in the construction of musical performance teachers' professional identity. Underpinned by a social constructionist framework and within an ethnographic case study approach, the findings revealed that, on the one hand, participating teachers were constrained by the ‘cultural scripts’ within their workplaces, and on the other, that they utilised and appropriated these cultural tools in constructing their professional identity and practice. The findings imply that advanced music training institutions should engage more radically in a critical rethinking of their ‘workplace landscapes’ as settings for professional identity construction in order to ensure that musical identities are most effectively nurtured.
A survey of formalisms for representing and reasoning with scientific knowledge
Authors: Hunter Anthony , Liu Weiru
Published: June 2010

With the rapid growth in the quantity and complexity of scientific knowledge available for scientists, and allied professionals, the problems associated with harnessing this knowledge are well recognized. Some of these problems are a result of the uncertainties and inconsistencies that arise in this knowledge. Other problems arise from heterogeneous and informal formats for this knowledge. To address these problems, developments in the application of knowledge representation and reasoning technologies can allow scientific knowledge to be captured in logic-based formalisms. Using such formalisms, we can undertake reasoning with the uncertainty and inconsistency to allow automated techniques to be used for querying and combining of scientific knowledge. Furthermore, by harnessing background knowledge, the querying and combining tasks can be carried out more intelligently. In this paper, we review some of the significant proposals for formalisms for representing and reasoning with scientific knowledge.
Web-based expert systems and services
Authors: Kumar Sandeep , Mishra Ravi Bhushan
Published: June 2010

Web-based expert systems (WBESs) provide the benefits of both expert system technology and web technology. The use of web services to deliver functionalities of WBESs allows the integration of these systems in web-portals. WBESs are used in a diversity of areas like engineering, management, medicine, agriculture, education, tourism, finance etc. A study on the various features of WBESs like knowledge-representation, reasoning, languages, implementation tools, use of various web services-related processes such as discovery, selection, composition etc. can result into some interesting conclusions. Presented work tries to fulfill the same purpose. The paper presents various WBESs classified according to their use of domain. The comparisons, observations, and assessments of these systems are presented by emphasizing the above-mentioned features of WBESs. A discussion on different web services-related processes and some representative techniques for performing each has also been provided to clarify their use in the WBESs. On the basis of assessments and surveys from different perspectives, some remarkable conclusions are drawn.
Caffeine content variation in single green Arabica coffee seeds
Authors: Mazzafera Paulo , Silvarolla Maria Bernadete
Published: June 2010

Coffea arabicaL. is highly homozygotic and caffeine content in most cultivars is reported to be similar (approximately 1%). The caffeine content was analysed using individual seeds of cultivars Catuaí Vermelho, Mundo Novo and Bourbon Vermelho, and varieties Mokka and Laurina ofC. arabica. Seeds were cut transversely in half, a thin slice from each was extracted in a mixture of chloroform and methanol, and caffeine was measured by high performance liquid chromatography. The extraction procedure was validated by comparison with two conventional methods less suited for analysing large numbers of seeds. The results revealed an unexpectedly large variation [Catuaí Vermelho: 3.72–25.9 mg g− 1(seeds); Mundo Novo: 5.06–18.59 mg g− 1; Bourbon Vermelho: 6.76–16.59 mg g− 1] even in types naturally low in caffeine such as Laurina (1.17–9.97 mg g− 1) and Mokka (2.01–9.64 mg g− 1). The mean values for all cultivars were always in the range of the caffeine content found in the literature. Several studies showed thatC. arabicahas approximately 10% cross-pollination, but the variation observed in caffeine content in individual seeds was too large to be explained by cross-pollination.
Evolution and Emergence: An Introductory Perspective
Authors: Rees Martin J.
Published: June 2010

This article offers an overview of cosmological evolution that aims to set in context some further articles in this issue’s Focus. It was originally delivered as the introduction to a session on ‘evolution and emergence’ held at the Liverpool Academia Europaea General Meeting of September 2008.
Misunderstanding and Misuse of Darwinism
Authors: Markl Hubert
Published: June 2010

The reason why I wavered a bit with this topic is that, after all, it has to do with Darwin, after a great Darwin year, as seen by a German scientist. Not that Darwin was very adept in German: Gregor Mendel’s ‘Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden’ (Experiments on Plant Hybrids) was said to have stayed uncut and probably unread on his shelf, which is why he never got it right with heredity in his life – only Gregory Bateson, Ronald A. Fisher, and JBS Haldane, together with Sewall Wright merged evolution with genetics. But Darwin taught us, nevertheless, in essence why the single human species shows such tremendous ethnic diversity, which impresses us above all through a diversity of languages – up to 7000 altogether – and among them, as a consequence, also German, my mother tongue, and English. It would thus have been a truly Darwinian message, if I had written this article in German. I would have called that the discommunication function of the many different languages in humans, which would have been a most significant message of cultural evolution, indeed. I finally decided to overcome the desire to demonstrate so bluntly what cultural evolution is all about, or rather to show that nowadays, with global cultural progress, ‘the world is flat’ indeed – even linguistically. The real sign of its ‘flatness’ is that English is used everywhere, even if Thomas L. Friedman may not have noticed this sign. But I will also come back to that later, when I hope to show how Darwinian principles connect both natural and cultural evolution, and how they first have been widely misunderstood as to their true meaning, and then have been terribly misused – although more so by culturalists, or some self-proclaimed ‘humanists’, rather than by biologists – or at least most of them. Let me, however, quickly add a remark on human languages. That languages even influence our brains and our thinking, that is: how we see the world, has first been remarked upon by Wilhelm von Humboldt and later, more extensively so, by Benjamin Whorf. It has recently been shown by neural imaging – for instance by Angela Friederici – that one’s native language, first as learned from one’s mother and from those around us when we are babies, later from one’s community of speakers, can deeply impinge on a baby’s brain development and stay imprinted in it throughout life, even if language is, of course, learned and not fully genetically preformed. This shows once more how deep the biological roots are that ground our cultures, according to truly Darwinian principles, even if these cultures are completely learned.
Fusion Pore: An Evolutionary Invention of Nucleated Cells
Authors: Vardjan N. , Stenovec M. , Jorgačevski J. , Kreft M. , Zorec R.
Published: June 2010

This article outlines the lecture presented by Robert Zorec at the Academia Europea meeting in Liverpool on 19 September 2008, four decades after the Sherrington Lecture of Bernard Katz who, together with his colleagues, developed a number of paradigms addressing vesicles in chemical synapses. Vesicles are subcellular organelles that evolved in eukaryotic cells 1000 to 2000 million years ago. They store signalling molecules such as chemical messengers, which are essential for the function of neurons and endocrine cells in supporting the communication between tissues and organs in the human body. Upon a stimulus, the vesicle-stored signalling molecules (neurotransmitters or hormones) are released from cells. This event involves exocytosis, a fundamental biological process, consisting of the merger of the vesicle membrane with the plasma membrane. The two fusing membranes lead to the formation of an aqueous channel – the fusion pore – through which signalling molecules exit into the extracellular space or blood stream. The work of Bernard Katz and colleagues considered that vesicle cargo discharge initially requires the delivery of vesicles to the plasma membrane, where vesicles dock and get primed for fusion with the plasma membrane, and that stimulation initiates the formation of the transient fusion pore through which cargo molecules leave the vesicle lumen in an all-or-none-fashion. However, recent studies indicate that this may not be so simple. Here we highlight the novel findings which indicate that fusion pores are subject to regulations, which affect the release competence of a single vesicle. At least in pituitary lactotrophs, which are the subject of research in our laboratories, single vesicle release of peptide signalling molecules involves modulation of fusion pore diameter and fusion pore kinetics.
Research Integrity; Protecting Science, Society and Individuals
Authors: Drenth Pieter J. D.
Published: June 2010

The following is a slightly revised version of a lecture presented at the RIA/IUA/HRB workshop ‘Research Integrity: Promoting and Building Trust’ at the Royal Irish Academy of Sciences, Dublin, on 24 September 2009. Various thoughts and arguments presented in this paper are also discussed in the advisory report of Working Group 2 (Code of Conduct) to the ESF Member Forum on Research Integrity.
Is Darwinism Past its ‘Sell-By’ Date? TheOrigin of Speciesat 150
Authors: Ruse Michael
Published: June 2010

Not only was the year 2009 the year when we celebrated the 200th anniversary of the birth of the English naturalist Charles Darwin, but it was also the year when we celebrated his greatest book, theOrigin of Species, published then 150 years ago. The question I ask here is whether we are really celebrating theOrigin of Species, for its own sake, or whether we are using it as a symbol, as a tool – perhaps Darwin himself also – for today’s arguments. Do we really care about theOrigin, about what is in it, or is it just a name, standing for ideas we hold dear but which are possibly quite unknown, and perhaps even alien, to Darwin’s thinking?
The development of future time expressions in Late Modern English: redistribution of forms or change in discourse?
Authors: NESSELHAUF NADJA
Published: June 2010

This article provides the first comprehensive analysis of the development of the future time expressionswill,’ll,shall,be going to, progressive with future time reference, andbe toin the course of the late modern period. The article focuses on possible reasons for the considerable changes that have taken place in the past few centuries. To what degree can the changes be described as certain forms having been (partially) replaced by others? To what degree have general or register-specific changes in discourse affected the use of future time expressions? These questions are investigated on the basis of the British part of ARCHER (A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers).

The analysis reveals that it is a complex interaction of both types of processes that is responsible for the recent evolution of future time expressions. Redistribution processes turn out to be highly complex in themselves, going far beyond the frequently described replacement ofshallbywilland probably proceeding in chains. With respect to discourse change, one result is an unexpected overall decrease in the tendency of writers (and speakers) to refer to their own plans, intentions, etc. Partly responsible for this development is a discourse change in science writing, where the author has increasingly disappeared from the text, so that text structure is much less frequently expressed in terms of the author's intention. A further register-specific discourse change that the investigation brings to light is a development in diaries from an earlier restriction to reporting past events to the expression of more personal views, including hopes and fears for the future.
Will: tense or modal or both?
Authors: SALKIE RAPHAEL
Published: June 2010

Most grammarians refuse to treatwillas a marker of future tense in English. We examine the arguments against treatingwillas a tense and find them weak; the arguments in favour of treating it as a modal also turn out to be poor. We argue thatwillshould be treated as a marker of future tense, and that its so-called modal uses are either not modal or have independent explanations. The one exception is the volitional use ofwill: to account for this, we propose that willingness is a semantic relic from an earlier meaning of the word.
Expressions of futurity in contemporary English: a Construction Grammar perspective
Authors: BERGS ALEXANDER
Published: June 2010

This article describes and analyses five different ways of expressing futurity in English (shall/will, be going to, be to, the simple present and the present progressive) in a Construction Grammar framework. It suggests that the different expressions can be captured as an onomasiologically motivated family of constructions in which the single constructions are differentiated by complex co- and contextual configurations. The latter can be elegantly captured in a Construction Grammar framework since constructions by definition can include pragmatic features. Also, this article claims that constructions may be equipped with an additional ‘context slot’, in which co- and contextual information can be stored. In a final section, this article turns to the issue of tense as a grammatical phenomenon and its genesis in grammaticalisation processes. It is suggested that a Construction Grammar account can make the age-old debate about a future tense in English redundant. Instead, it complements studies in grammaticalisation and opens up some interesting perspectives on parallel developments in the onto- and phylogenesis of constructions.
A TIME-FUEL OPTIMAL CONTROL PROBLEM OF A CRUISE MISSILE BASED ON AN IMPROVED SLIDING MODE VARIABLE STRUCTURE MODEL
Authors: LI R. , SHI Y. J.
Published: June 2010

The inadequacy of the traditional sliding mode variable structure (SMVS) control method for cruise missiles is addressed. An improved SMVS control method is developed, in which the reaching mode segment of the SMVS control is decomposed into an acceleration accessing segment, a speed keeping segment, and a deceleration buffer segment. A time-fuel optimal control problem is formulated as an optimal control problem involving a switched system with unknown switching times and subject to a continuous state inequality constraint. The new design method is developed based on a control parametrization, a time scaling transform and the constraint transcription method. A sequence of approximate optimal parameter selection problems is obtained with fixed switching time points and a canonical state inequality constraint. Each approximate optimal parameter selection problem can be solved effectively by using existing gradient-based optimization techniques. The convergence of these approximate optimal solutions to the true optimal solution is assured. Simulation results show that the proposed method is highly effective. The response speed of the missile under the control law obtained by the proposed method is improved significantly, while the elevator of the missile is constrained to operate within its permitted range.
Legal Research Training: Moving the Bar
Authors: Haines Mark
Published: June 2010

The Bar Vocational Course, which all potential barristers must complete, emphasises the importance of legal research skills. Mark Haines from BPP College outlines its current structure and heralds the arrival of the new Bar Professional Training Course
Law Firm Legal Research – What Trainees Need to Know
Authors: Tuckwell Caroline
Published: June 2010

At large City firm Herbert Smith, the legal research training programme for trainee solicitors is taken very seriously and includes a compulsory training course in their first two weeks, followed by research exercises and further courses which have been carefully designed in association with the partners to ensure that trainees qualify with excellent legal research skills.
Life-long Learning in a Large Australian Law Firm
Authors: Boelens Gail
Published: June 2010

Gail Boelens discusses how library and research training is delivered in a large Australian law firm. She also considers some of the challenges involved, including dealing with multiple jurisdictions, databases using different operating platforms and having adequate resources to develop and deliver training.
HeinOnline Takes a Diversified Approach to Legal Research Training
Authors: Baranich Marcie M.
Published: June 2010

Developing legal research skills is something that takes time and practice and can be enhanced with proper training. Marcie M. Baranich explores the various resources that HeinOnline offers to help law librarians and legal researchers develop their research skills in HeinOnline, from training guides and video tutorials to live webinars and support, together with the platforms and social media applications used to disseminate training resources, including the Wiki, Blog, YouTube channel, Facebook page, and Twitter feed.
The Cobweb Campaign
Authors: Redston Anne
Published: June 2010

Tax, national insurance, tax credits and the minimum wage are often difficult to understand. Those with questions frequently turn to HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC) for answers, but the HMRC website is often out-of-date and confusing. Last year, Anne Redston launched the Cobweb Campaign to sweep out the dusty corners of this huge information database.
Creating a Library Induction Programme for Trainees
Authors: Coles Anne , Rickeard Suzanna
Published: June 2010

Suzanna Rickeard and Anne Coles describe the five key stages involved in devising a successful induction programme, based on their experiences at Lawrence Graham, a large London firm of solicitors and offer helpful hints on what any potential problem areas.
Approximate groups. I The torsion-free nilpotent case
Authors: Breuillard Emmanuel , Green Ben
Published: June 2010

We describe the structure of ‘K-approximate subgroups’ of torsion-free nilpotent groups, paying particular attention to Lie groups.

Three other works, by Fisher et al., by Sanders and by Tao, have appeared that independently address related issues. We comment briefly on some of the connections between these papers.
A closer examination of terrestrial gamma‐ray flash‐related lightning processes
Authors: Shao Xuan‐Min , Hamlin Timothy , Smith David M.
Published: June 2010

This paper presents detailed comparisons between terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes (TGFs) detected by the RHESSI satellite and the lightning processes observed by the Los Alamos Sferic Array (LASA). It was found that all RHESSI‐detected TGFs were related to normal intracloud flashes that transported electrons upward in the cloud. Detailed temporal comparisons suggest that TGFs are more likely related to small, rather than large, lightning pulses, mostly at the level of 10−1−100 V/m when the pulses are normalized to an observation distance of 100 km. The corresponding peak current was estimated to be 3–19 kA with most of them below 10 kA, if the discharges were assumed to be individual steps in a stepped‐leader process. If the discharges were considered to be directly associated with runaway breakdown processes with a current propagation speed of c, the peak current would be 0.4–3.2 kA. Analysis of events that were close to the LASA stations showed that TGFs were most likely to occur during the initial milliseconds of IC flashes while the discharge developed vertically upward from the negative to the positive charge regions in the cloud. The heights of the TGF‐related lightning pulses were estimated to be in the range of 10.5–14.1 km along the upward development. An intense NBE with a peak current of 80 kA and a height of 16.1 km was found 2.9 ms after one TGF, and is believed to not be directly associated with the TGF but may be preconditioned by the TGF‐related discharge process.
Tsunami waveform inversion including dispersive waves: the 2004 earthquake off Kii Peninsula, Japan
Authors: Saito Tatsuhiko , Satake Kenji , Furumura Takashi
Published: June 2010

Long waves are often assumed to model tsunamis, but the wavelength of the initial water height distribution produced by a large submarine earthquake, particularly in the direction perpendicular to the fault strike, is sometimes not much greater than the water depth. The resulting tsunami may have a dispersive character that cannot be simulated based on a conventional long‐wave approximation. The 2004 earthquake off Kii Peninsula (M 7.4) on the southern coast of Japan indeed produced a dispersive tsunami that was recorded at two stations located off Shikoku. For the foreshock (M 7.1), on the contrary, a dominant dispersive tsunami was not recognized at these stations. Because dispersive waves show strong directional dependence with respect to the fault strike, the above difference indicates that the strikes of the main shock and the foreshock were different. We conducted a tsunami waveform inversion analysis based on the dispersive tsunami equations to estimate the initial water height distribution of the main shock. The estimated initial water height distribution overlapped with the aftershock region, suggesting that the fault strike was perpendicular to the trough axis, and the total displaced water volume was 1.7–2.0 × 109 m3. When we used the conventional long‐wave approximation, the estimated initial water height distribution extended considerably from the aftershock area, because artificial sources were needed outside the aftershock area to reproduce the observed dispersive waves.
Water‐soluble organic carbon, dicarboxylic acids, ketoacids, and α‐dicarbonyls in the tropical Indian aerosols
Authors: Pavuluri Chandra Mouli , Kawamura Kimitaka , Swaminathan T.
Published: June 2010

Tropical aerosol (PM10) samples (n = 49) collected from southeast coast of India were studied for water‐soluble dicarboxylic acids (C2–C12), ketocarboxylic acids (C2–C9), and α‐dicarbonyls (glyoxal and methylglyoxal), together with analyses of total carbon (TC) and water‐soluble organic carbon (WSOC). Their distributions were characterized by a predominance of oxalic acid followed by terephthalic (t‐Ph), malonic, and succinic acids. Total concentrations of diacids (227–1030 ng m−3), ketoacids (16–105 ng m−3), and dicarbonyls (4–23 ng m−3) are comparative to those from other Asian megacities such as Tokyo and Hong Kong. t‐Ph acid was found as the second most abundant diacid in the Chennai aerosols. This feature has not been reported previously in atmospheric aerosols. t‐Ph acid is most likely derived from the field burning of plastics. Water‐soluble diacids were found to contribute 0.4%–3% of TC and 4%–11% of WSOC. Based on molecular distributions and backward air mass trajectories, we found that diacids and related compounds in coastal South Indian aerosols are influenced by South Asian and Indian Ocean monsoons. Organic aerosols are also suggested to be significantly transported long distances from North India and the Middle East in early winter and from Southeast Asia in late winter, but some originate from photochemical reactions over the Bay of Bengal. In contrast, the Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, and South Indian continent are suggested as major source regions in summer. We also found daytime maxima of most diacids, except for C9 and t‐Ph acids, which showed nighttime maxima in summer. Emissions from marine and terrestrial plants, combined with land/sea breezes and in situ photochemical oxidation, are suggested especially in summer as an important factor that controls the composition of water‐soluble organic aerosols over the southeast coast of India. Regional emissions from anthropogenic sources are also important in megacity Chennai, but their influence is weakened due to the dispersion caused by dynamic land/sea breeze on the coast.
Asian dust over northern China and its impact on the downstream aerosol chemistry in 2004
Authors: Sun Yele , Zhuang Guoshun , Huang Kan , Li Juan , Wang Qiongzhen , Wang Ying , Lin Yanfen , Fu Joshua S. , Zhang Wenjie , Tang Aohan , Zhao Xiujuan
Published: June 2010

TSP and PM2.5 aerosol particles were synchronously sampled at six sites along the transport pathway of dust storms from desert regions to coastal areas in the spring of 2004 to investigate the regional characteristics of Asian dust and its impact on aerosol chemistry over northern China. Factor analysis of daily PM10 concentrations in 17 cities showed that northern China can be basically divided into five regions: (1) Northern Dust Region, (2) Northeastern Dust Region, (3) Western Dust Region, (4) Inland Passing Region, and (5) Coastal Region. Northern Dust Region was characterized by a high content of Ca. Northeastern Dust Region was a relatively clean area with a low concentration of pollutants and secondary ions in comparison to other regions. Inland Passing Region and Coastal Region showed high concentrations of anthropogenic pollutants. The impact of Asian dust on aerosol chemistry decreased in the order Yulin/Duolun > Beijing > Qingdao/Shanghai as transport distance increased. The ratio of Ca/Al, which showed significant differences in different regions over northern China, is suggested to be a tracer to identify the sources of dust storms. Asian dust either mixes pollutants on the pathway and carries them to the downwind regions or dilutes the pollutants over northern China, which affects the aerosol composition more in coarse particles in those areas near source regions and more in fine particles in downwind areas. The ratio of NO3−/SO42− during dust storms was significantly reduced and the lowest generally appeared after the peak of dust. Our results showed that Asian dust plays a critical role in buffering the acidity of aerosols over northern China by a potential increase of ∼1 unit pH for the aerosol particles in spring.
Thermodynamic phase profiles of optically thin midlatitude clouds and their relation to temperature
Authors: Naud C. M. , Del Genio A. D. , Haeffelin M. , Morille Y. , Noel V. , Dupont J.‐C. , Turner D. D. , Lo C. , Comstock J.
Published: June 2010

The relationship between cloud thermodynamic phase and temperature in some aircraft measurements conducted in midlatitude frontal clouds suggests that significant liquid does not exist at temperatures colder than 258 K. This data set is often used to verify parameterizations of cloud phase in general circulation models. However, other aircraft campaigns and different instruments suggest a different relationship. Here we examine the temperature‐phase relationship for midlatitude optically thin winter clouds. Cloud phase and temperature profiles derived from 5 years of ground‐based lidar depolarization and radiosonde measurements are analyzed for two midlatitude locations: the U. S. Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Southern Great Plains site and the Site Instrumental de Recherche par Télédétection Atmosphérique in France. Because lidars are attenuated in optically thick clouds, the data set only includes clouds with optical thickness of <3. Cloud phase is obtained by using the classical method based on a depolarization ratio threshold of 11% for differentiating liquid from ice. The frequency of occurrence of clouds either completely liquid or completely glaciated in the temperature range from 233 to 273 K is similar to previous observations in the midlatitudes but somewhat greater than in the Arctic. The relationship between ice phase occurrence and temperature only slightly changes between cloud base and top. At both sites, liquid is more prevalent at colder temperatures than has been found previously in some thicker frontal clouds, suggesting different processes for glaciation in nonfrontal optically thin clouds.