bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conceptual interpretations of law in foreign sociology and their importance for effective public administration
Authors: Kovalev Andrei Andreevich
Published: December 2021

The goal of this research lies in determination of the core philosophical-legal concepts in foreign social philosophy and sociology, which are relevant in modern era for the effective solution of political and administrative tasks. The article examines the views of the prominent foreign philosophers and theoreticians in the field of sociology of law (M. Weber, E. Durkheim, H. Kelsen, D. Nelken, D. Balkin, and others). In light of the uniqueness of their views, they can be encapsulated into the following perspectives: law is the order of relations between people who comprise the society, i.e. social order; politics is one of the regulators of social order, determines the relations between the government and individuals; such political order alongside the economy and culture is one of the three global social systems that are closely intertwined with each other and permanently affect each other. The essence of sociological interpretation of legal ideas can be formulated in three positions: 1) law should be understood as an aspect of social relations, since it is utterly associated with coexistence of individuals in social groups; 2) social phenomena of law should be viewed empirically, through detailed consideration of variability and continuity of social coexistence in the actual historical models, rather than in respect of idealized or abstractly imagined social conditions; 3) social phenomena should be examined systematically: from the empirical fact of social reality to socio-philosophical theory. Sociological comprehension of legal ideas methodologically expresses the own disparate and diverse characteristics of law. It must inform about the legal ideas and provide their interpretation for solving particular tasks of politics and public administration.
Aspectos biológicos y uso de hábitat del calamar dedal, Lolliguncula panamensis, capturado en el golfo de California
Authors: Padilla-Serrato Jesús Guadalupe , Nevárez-Martínez Manuel Otilio , Arizmendi-Rodríguez Dana Isela , Rábago-Quiroz Carlos Hiram , Valdez-Pelayo Alejandro
Published: December 2021

Se analizaron aspectos biológicos, talla, peso e indicadores reproductivos, del calamar dedal. Se analizaron 2,354 individuos capturados en 7 cruceros de pesca exploratoria y en muestreos de 5 bahías en el golfo de California de 2014 a 2017. Los individuos se agruparon en 2 sistemas: frentes costeros (programas de crucero Calamar gigante, Camarón, Merluza y Pelágicos menores) y lagunas costeras (bahías de Agiabampo, Yavaros, Tóbari, Lobos y Las Guásimas). En los frentes costeros se capturaron 1,687 individuos (44.2% hembras, 25.7% machos y 30.1% indeterminados) y en las lagunas costeras, 667 individuos (59.7% hembras, 36.7% machos y 3.6%indeterminados), y las hembras fueron las de mayor abundancia en ambos ecosistemas. Las hembras dominaron en tallas >60 mm de longitud de manto (LM) y los machos, en tallas >60 mm de longitud de manto (LM) y los machos, en tallas <60mm de LM. El tipo de crecimiento fue alométrico negativo para ambos sexos (b = 2.59). La talla promedio de primera madurez (LM50) indicó que las hembras maduran a longitudes mayores que los machos. La frecuencia de los estadios de desarrollo gonádico por sistema mostró que las fases inmaduras en ambos sexos fueron las más frecuentes. La proporción sexual fue 1.7H:1.0M. De acuerdo con nuestros resultados, podemos concluir que el calamar dedal habita ambos sistemas, los frentes costeros y las lagunas costeras, donde los machos maduros parchan a las hembras inmaduras en las lagunas costeras y estas migran a los frentes costeros para madurar y desovar.
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification for diagnosing marine pathogens in tissues of Crassostrea spp. and white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, farmed in Mexico
Authors: Mendoza-Avilés Ismael , Muñoz-Rojas Carla A , Rojas Mario , Estrada Norma
Published: December 2021

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is an accurate, sensitive, rapid, and easy-to-perform method for gene amplification under isothermal conditions, and it has served as a powerful diagnostic tool. In this study, we used LAMP to develop a diagnostic protocol for detecting Vibrio parahaemolyticus and white spot syndrome virus in whiteleg shrimp, and Perkinsus spp. in Crassostrea spp. in Mexico. These pathogens are associated with different diseases and are considered a threat in the aquaculture industry. Infected and uninfected oysters and shrimp were obtained from farms in the northwest coast of Mexico to standardize the LAMP assay. We determined the candidate target genes in the first-round analysis of many sets of primers, and then we chose a set of primers that successfully amplified with Mexican samples. We optimized the LAMP reactions for each pathogen with the chosen primer sets using temperature gradients from 61 to 65 ºC, DNA concentrations from 2.5 pg to 250.0 ng, and reaction times from 10 to 60 min. This study established a diagnostic procedure for detecting pathogens in oysters and shrimp from Mexico. Early diagnosis and treatment of pathogens can immensely reduce disease transmission in aquaculture farms.
Genome Wide Association Studies to Dissect Genetic Factors Conferring Sheath Blight Resistance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: . Mahantesh , Ganesamurthy K. , Das Sayan , Saraswathi R. , Gopalakrishnan C. , Gnanam R.
Published: December 2021

Rice Sheath blight (ShB) is one of the most serious fungal diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Breeding for sheath blight resistance has been ineffective exercise so far, mainly because of lack of good number of reliable sources of resistance in rice germplasm. In this context our studies indicated that the lines Tetep, Jasmine 85 and MTU 9992 confer resistant to moderately resistant reaction against the pathogen. The current investigation was carried out to dissect the genetic factors governing resistance to sheath blight through genome wide association study (GWAS) from the mapping populations developed by design where in, each of the resistant parents were crossed to three to four highly susceptible parents to generate eleven populations (Jasmine 85XTN1, Jasmine 85XSwarnaSub1, Jasmine 85XII32B, Jasmine 85XIR54, TetepXTN1, TetepXSwarnaSub1, TetepXII32B, TetepXIR54, MTU 9992XTN1, MTU 9992XII32B and MTU 9992XIRBB4). A total of 1545 Recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from eleven crosses were used for the study. During rainy 2020 the F7 RILs were screened for their reaction to Sheath blight in two hot spot locations. The genotyping was done with Illumina platform having 6564 SNP markers. Genome wide association study was done with two models Generalized Linear Model (GLM) and Mixed Linear Model (MLM). Results clearly indicate the superiority of MLM over GLM in correcting the population structure. With MLM model, in Jasmine 85 half-sib populations with 565 RILs analyzed, five QTLs (Quantitative Trait Loci) were detected on Chr1, Chr3, Chr9, Chr10 and Chr11 with –log10 (P-Value) more than 3. In TETEP half-sib populations with 714 RILs examined, seven QTLs were observed on Chr1, Chr2, Chr5, Chr6, Chr7, Chr8, and Chr11 with –log10 (P-Value) more than 4. Whereas in MTU 9992 half-sib populations with 266 RILs studied, three novel QTLs were identified on Chr2, Chr6 and Chr11 with –log10 (P-Value) more than 3. Some of these QTLs were reported by researches earlier. In the current research, some novel QTLs were detected in Jasmine 85 (Chr10) and Tetep (Chr2, Chr5 and Chr6) apart from three new QTLs discovered in MTU 9992. The results facilitated to have better understanding of the genetic basis for sheath blight resistance in rice. Pyramiding all the QTL identified so far into a susceptible varieties is complicated affair as resistance is governed by not only several large effect QTLs but also medium to small effect QTLs as well, hence genomic selection approach could be rewarding for breeding for sheath blight resistance.
Assess the Prevalence for Needs of Breast Cancer Survivors' in the Oncology Ward at a Selected Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Autade Yogita , Chauhan Grishma
Published: December 2021

The unmet needs of breast cancer survivors are not being addressed as the number of survivors continues to climb.

Aim and Objective: To determine the prevalence of post-treatment unmet needs and association between unmet needs of breast cancer survivors with selected demographic variables. A descriptive research study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital's oncology outpatient clinic and wards.

Materials and Methods: Data was gathered in two sections: I – baseline data, and section II – Modified needs assessment questionnaire. 35 needs were categorized as physical, emotional, family, spiritual, practical routine, and sexual relationship needs, with ‘Yes’ scored as ‘1’ and ‘No’ scored as ‘0’. Data was collected for one month. Data tabulation and analysis was done.

Results: The majority of BCS had a monthly income of Rs.3000- 10000/- (50.8%) and menopause had occurred in 54 (45%) of the women under the age of 45. Majority 65 (78%) did not have health insurance, whereas 42 (35%) had it. Majority 108 (90.33%) breast cancer survivors had high level of needs, whereas 12 (10%) had moderate level of needs. High physical needs reported by 87 (72.50 %) and 32 (26.67%) moderate physical needs. All 100% BCS reported high emotional need. Whereas 2(1.67%) less need, 14(11.67%) moderate, 56 (46.67%) high needs and 48 (40%) very high reported family and spiritual need and 39 (32.5 %) BCS reported moderate level of practical needs. Participants 14(11.67%) less needs, 39 (32.50%) moderate, 22(18.33%) high and very high 8(6.67%) reported practical needs. 100% of breast cancer survivors (BCS) reported physical includes Hot flashes, a change in appetite or eating pattern. High emotional needs followed by physical needs. Family and spiritual requirements of BCS were found to be strongly related to age, P 0.036. Age, education, occupation, income, stage of cancer, and health insurance are not associated with the overall and physical needs of breast cancer survivors (p > 0.05).

Conclusion: Breast cancer survivors' needs are more prevalent and have an impact on quality of life, prognosis, and recovery of clients. Real, appropriate assessment of breast cancer survivors needs is an important steps in development of need base intervention to improve quality of life. As a result, health care providers should address the needs of BCS patients as soon as possible in order to make better use of scarce health resources.
Current Trends in Removable Partial Prosthodontics Teaching in Undergraduate Dental Colleges of Sindh, Pakistan
Authors: Lone Muneeb Ahmed , Inayat Ahsan , Lone Maham Muneeb , Lone Mohid Abrar , Kumar Bharat , Khan Muhammad Farhan
Published: December 2021

Objective: To explore current trends in removable partial prosthodontics teaching in undergraduate dental colleges of Sindh, Pakistan.

Study Design: Descriptive Cross-sectional.

Place and Duration of the Study: Department of prosthodontics in dental colleges of Sindh in September 2019.

Methodology:  A descriptive cross-sectional study was done in which a questionnaire was sent by email to head of Prosthodontics department of 16 dental institutes of Sindh, Pakistan. The survey included different questions regarding current trends in removable partial prosthodontics education in undergraduate dental colleges.

Results: Out of sixteen questionnaires, fourteen were completely filled and returned. Majority (69.2%) of the institutes teach fabrication of removable partial dentures (RPDs) in third year of dental college. Students of only one dental college fabricate 10-12 RPDs in their clinical rotation. All dental colleges teach acrylic RPD construction in their preclinical years. Faculty in 12 (85.7%) dental colleges always give clinical demonstrations to students before their clinical rotations. Eleven out of the fourteen colleges teach cast partial dentures (CPDs) theoretically, but no CPDs are fabricated by the students during their clinical rotation. About 70% dental schools do not have in-house facility to fabricate cast partial dentures.

Conclusion: This study describes current trends of removable prosthodontics teaching in undergraduate colleges of Sindh. A large majority of undergraduate dental students are not fabricating the minimum number of partial dentures as per PMC requirement. Although theoretically cast partial dentures are taught in lectures but students do not construct them in their undergraduate years. Efforts should therefore be made to improve teaching practices and clinical skills of undergraduates, for them to be able to treat partially dentate patients after graduation.
Impact of Organisational Climate on Nurses’ Commitment at Public Hospitals in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Hassan Magdah Al , Almowallad Nada , Motary Muneerah Al , Alshmemri Mohammed , Alghabbashi Maram
Published: December 2021

Background: Nurses represent most healthcare professionals. They work in different healthcare organisations and play a vital role in improving the quality of healthcare. Consequently, it is essential to study the factors that influence nurses' organisational commitments. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of organisational climate and nurses' commitment in Saudi Arabian public hospitals and to explore the correlation between hospital climate and nurses' commitment.

Methods: a quantitative cross-sectional method conducted at the Al-Zulfi General Hospital, Riyadh; King Abdul-Aziz Hospital, Makkah; and King Fahd Central Hospital, Jazan. The Data was collected from 343 participants by using electronic questionnaire in English distributed for the period between 01/03/2021 to 01/04/2021. The questionnaire is composed of three parts: demographic data, a three-component model (TCM) of employee commitment, and an organisational climate questionnaire (OCQ). The sample size was calculated based on the Steven K. Thompson equation. The data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-tests to identify the differences in organisational commitment and organisational climate among participants’ characteristics. Correlation analysis was used to identify the relationship between organisational commitment and organisational climate.

Results: The results demonstrated a significant positive moderate correlation between nurses’ commitment and hospital climate, where r = 0.580 and P < 0.001. We found that organisational commitment was observed as significantly correlated with gender, nationalities and hospital; also, organisational climate was perceived as significantly correlated with gender, nationalities, marital status, years of experience and hospitals with a p-value < 0.05. It is evident that improving organisational climate leads to an increase in nurses’ commitment.

Conclusion: Improving the organisational climate could help to promote nurse retention and enhance nursing commitment. The current study recommends that nurse managers pay careful attention to the organisational environment to increase organisational commitment, which can contribute to positive attitudes and appreciation for the organisation.
The Frequency of Prescribing Nicotine and Varenicline in a Public Hospital
Authors: Ahmed Nehad J. , Gabr Gamal A. , El-Sherbiny Abeer A.
Published: December 2021

Aim: This study was conducted to demonstrate the prescribing pattern of nicotine and varenicline in a public hospital in Alkharj.

Methodology: This is a retrospective study includes evaluating outpatient prescribing of nicotine and varenicline from 1st of January 2018 to 30th of June 2018 in a public hospital in Alkharj.

Results: All of the nicotine patch prescriptions were written by internal medicine department and all of the prescriptions were prescribed by residents. The age of more than half of them was between 30 and 39 (53.33%). All of the varenicline tablet prescriptions were written by internal medicine department. The age of about 88.23% of the patients who received varenicline tablet was more than 29 years.

Conclusion: Nicotine and varenicline prescribing was infrequent in Al-kharj. More awareness programs are needed for health care workers and for the public. Moreover, the physicians should assess if the treatment is needed or no according to the person condition.
Impact of Various Cross Linking Agents on Dentin Adhesive Systems - an In-vitro Study
Authors: Prasanna Ganapathi Vasavi , Rajasekhar Vemareddy , Battu Someshwar , Balaraju Korrai , Naidu Seera Sudhakar , Gayathri Chava
Published: December 2021

Aims and Objectives: The main aim of this study is to compare and evaluate the shear bond strength of composite resin using a total etch adhesive and self-etch adhesive after treatment with different collagen cross-linking agents.

Materials and Methods: Forty freshly extracted human maxillary central incisors were taken. The proximal dentin was exposed, cavities were prepared on mesial and distal of each tooth. The specimens were randomly divided into two groups based on bonding agent applied-Group A and Group B i.e universal bonding agent and all in one bonding agent respectively and are subdivided into four groups based on the surface treatment of dentin. Group I A (n=10) Control-total etch(CTE); Group II A (n=10) Sodium Ascorbate-total etch (STE); Group III A (n=10)- Proanthocyanidin total etch(PTE); Group IV A (n=10)- Chitosan total etch (CHTE); Group I B (n=10) Control-self etch (CSE); Group II B (n=10) Sodium Ascorbate-self etch(SSE); Group III B (n=10)- Proanthocyanidin self-etch (PSE); and Group IV B (n=10) - Chitosan self-etch (CHSE). Shear bond strength of the specimens are tested with universal testing machine, and the data was statistically analysed with one way ANOVA.

Results: Significantly higher shear bond strength to dentin was observed in teeth treated with 6.5% Proanthocyanidin Total etch, 10% Sodium Ascorbate Total etch and 1% Chitosan acetate compared to the control group. No significant difference was seen with self-etch treated groups.

Conclusion: Dentin surface pretreatment with 6.5% Proanthocyanidin, 10% Sodium Ascorbate and 1% Chitosan acetate results in significant enhancement in bond strength of composite resin to deep dentin.
Recent Modalities in the Diagnosis of Obesity
Authors: Sagar V. V. S. S. , Wanjari A. K. , Acharya Sourya , Kumar Sunil
Published: December 2021

Obesity has been an emerging health problem worldwide which has a major impact on public health. It is associated with medical, psychosocial and economic implications with increasing prevalence among both adult and paediatric population. Obesity led to an increased risk of medical conditions like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease, insulin resistance and sleep apnoea. Obesity has a major impact on cardiovascular system causing structural and functional changes leading to cardiac dysfunction.

Hence it is important to diagnose obesity at the earliest for timely prevention of associated complications. Apart from routine diagnostic methods for obesity like body mass index, anthropometry (waist circumference, hip circumference, neck circumference), several recent modalities were described for the diagnosis of obesity like radioimaging, nuclear medicine imaging which will be described in detail in this review article.

MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging) aids in the detection of adipose tissue at various sites and organs, whereas MRS (Magnetic resonance spectroscopy) helps in mapping of small quantity of lipids. MRI helps in delineating ectopic adipose tissue accumulation establishing that obesity alone is not a major cause for derangement in metabolic profile. An additional advantage is MRI brain is an excellent imaging guide for studying the role of central appetite regulatory systems in the occurrence of obesity.

Sonography is not accurate in the estimation of hepatic steatosis. But advancements in sonographic modalities gives an extra edge in evaluation of hepatic steatosis by availing special physical characteristics such as stiffness of adipose tissue and its sound absorption.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) (Nuclear medicine imaging) helps in studying central pathophysiology, activity of brown adipose tissue and disruption of gut-brain homeostasis.
Evaluation of Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction in Culture-Negative Cerebrospinal Fluid Samples of Bacterial meningitis Patients
Authors: Khuntia C. P. , Kar S. K. , Dwibedi B.
Published: December 2021

Background: Meningitis is a rigorous childhood disease with high morbidity and mortality. It is the main cause of under five mortality in India. Mainly three bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae are responsible. In low economic set up country like India, documented bacterial meningitis  mainly depend on gram staining, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture results or latex agglutination test resulting in less number of positive due to the prior antimicrobial intake which affects culture and latex agglutination test results. This study was taken up rapid and accurate molecular method like RT PCR to diagnose bacterial meningitis in culture-negative CSF samples.

Materials and Methods: Fifty culture-negative CSF samples from suspected cases of bacterial meningitis were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) for the presence of lytA, bexA, and ctrA genes specific for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis respectively.

Results: Positive real-time PCR results for Streptococcus pneumoniae were detected in 36 (72%) of culture-negative CSF samples while 10% positive results for Haemophilus influenzae type b. Nine  (18%) samples were negative by real-time PCR for all tested organisms.

Conclusion: The use of molecular techniques as real-time PCR can provide a valuable addition to the proportion of diagnosed cases of bacterial meningitis especially in settings with high rates of culture-negative results.
The Importance of Optical Coherence Tomography and Autofluorescence in the Documentation of Papillary Colobomatous Fossette
Authors: Miguel Thiago Sande , Miguel Vinicius Sande , Rossett Tais Cristina , Costa Daniel Almeida da , Pereira Maurício Bastos
Published: December 2021

Aims: To describe the importance of optical coherence tomography and autofluorescence in the documentation of papillary colobomatous fossette.

Presentation of Case: F.D.O. A 14-year-old male student is referred for evaluation of the fundus of the eye due to an alteration in the optic disc noticed by another professional who did not feel safe in the follow-up. The patient was completely asymptomatic at the time of the consultation and did not claim previous visual complaints.

She denied systemic and ocular comorbidities and did not use any systemic and topical medication.

Discussion: The congenital optic disc pit is a rare and typically unilateral congenital anomaly, consisting of a retinal herniation that extends into the subarachnoid space through a lamina cribrosa defect. 8,13,15,16

Although this condition, in most cases, does not present complications and remains asymptomatic, it can sometimes worsen with a significant decrease in visual acuity. This more serious condition can be characterized by important macular alterations, such as serous retinal detachment, cystic degenerations and degenerative pigmentary alterations. 14,16,17,18 The patient in the present report did not have any visual complaints and did not present severe structural and functional retinal damage, which highlights the importance of early diagnosis.

Conclusions: The colobomatous papilla pit is characterized by the presence of isolated cavities in the optic disc head secondary to a developmental disorder of the primitive epithelial papilla.

Its incidence is 1:10,000 people without sexual or racial predilection. It presents, in most cases, asymptomatic, unilateral in 85-95% of cases and rarely with more than one pit per disc.
Matching chemical properties to molecular biological activities opens a new perspective on l‐ergothioneine
Authors: Yadan Jean‐Claude
Published: December 2021

l‐ergothioneine is a low‐molecular weight natural product, the chemical structure of which comprises oxygen‐, nitrogen‐ and sulfur‐containing functional groups. This gives l‐ergothioneine specific physicochemical properties and allows a better understanding of its chemical reactivity, which is primarily due to the 2‐thio‐imidazole group. Here, a review is provided of how different modes of chemical reactivity account for the reported molecular biological activities of l‐ergothioneine. By matching the physicochemical properties to the biological properties of l‐ergothioneine, a new perspective of the function and the mode of action of this enigmatic molecule emerges.
Corpus Analysis in Forensic Linguistics
Authors: Nini Andrea
Published: December 2021

This entry is an overview of the applications of corpus linguistics to forensic linguistics, in particular to the analysis of language as evidence. Three main areas are described, following the influence that corpus linguistics has had on them in recent times: the analysis of texts of disputed authorship, the provision of evidence in cases of trademark disputes, and the analysis of disputed meanings in criminal or civil cases. In all of these areas considerable advances have been made that revolve around the use of corpus data, for example, to study forensically realistic corpora for authorship analysis, or to provide naturally occurring evidence in cases of trademark disputes or determination of meaning. Using examples from real‐life cases, the entry explains how corpus analysis is therefore gradually establishing itself as the norm for solving certain forensic problems and how it is becoming the main methodological approach for forensic linguistics.
English for Occupational Purposes
Authors: Koester Almut
Published: December 2021

The entry provides an overview of research into English used in different occupational and workplace contexts and discusses the relevance of this research for teaching English for occupational purposes (EOP). Surveys and needs analyses provide useful starting points for deciding what should be included in a curriculum for EOP, but it is also important to discover how language is used in different workplace settings. The entry thus reviews approaches to analyzing language in the workplace, and research carried out to date on language and communication in a variety of occupations and professions. It concludes by considering current trends in teaching EOP.
Effects of stress on eyewitness identification in the laboratory
Authors: Price Heather L. , Tottenham Laurie Sykes , Hatin Bianca , Fitzgerald Ryan J. , Rubínová Eva
Published: December 2021

Witnesses to crime often experience stress during the witnessed event. However, most laboratory studies examining eyewitness memory do not include a stressful encoding event. Participants (N = 129) completed an experimental stress induction procedure—a modified version of the Trier Social Stress Test. We designed three conditions to manipulate the amount of stress experienced and included three types of measures to assess the effectiveness of the manipulation: cortisol levels (hormonal), blood pressure and heart rate (autonomic), and self‐report (subjective). Participants watched a video that had a surprise viewing of a staged theft and completed two lineup identification tasks. We observed no effects of stress on the accuracy or willingness to choose from a lineup. Importantly, there was variability in the correspondence between measured indicators of stress, which should be considered in future designs.
Texturing Hierarchical Tissues by Gradient Assembling of Microengineered Platelet‐Lysates Activated Fibers
Authors: Calejo Isabel , Reis Rui L. , Domingues Rui M. A. , Gomes Manuela E.
Published: December 2021

The heterogeneity of hierarchical tissues requires designing multipart engineered constructs as suitable tissue replacements. Herein, the incorporation of platelet lysate (PL) within an electrospun fiber core is proposed aiming for the fabrication of functionally graded 3D scaffolds for heterotypic tissues regeneration, such as tendon‐to‐bone interfaces. First, anisotropic yarns (A‐Yarns) and isotropic threads with nanohydroxyapatite (I‐Threads/PL@nHAp) are fabricated to recreate the tendon‐ and bone‐microstructures and both incorporated with PL using emulsion electrospinning for a sustained and local delivery of growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines. Biological performance using human adipose‐derived stem cells demonstrates that A‐Yarns/PL induce a higher expression of scleraxis, a tenogenic‐marker, while in I‐Threads/PL@nHAp, higher alkaline phosphatase activity and matrix mineralization suggest an osteogenic commitment without the need for biochemical supplementation compared to controls. As a proof‐of‐concept, functional 3D gradient scaffolds are fabricated using a weaving technique, resulting in 3D textured hierarchical constructs with gradients in composition and topography. Additionally, the precise delivery of bioactive cues together with in situ biophysical features guide the commitment into a phenotypic gradient exhibiting chondrogenic and osteochondrogenic profiles in the interface of scaffolds. Overall, a promising patch solution for the regeneration of tendon‐to‐bone tissue interface through the fabrication of PL‐functional 3D gradient constructs is demonstrated.
Molecular Engineering of 2D Nanomaterial Field‐Effect Transistor Sensors: Fundamentals and Translation across the Innovation Spectrum
Authors: Chen Junhong , Pu Haihui , Hersam Mark C. , Westerhoff Paul
Published: December 2021

Over the last decade, 2D layered nanomaterials have attracted significant attention across the scientific community due to their rich and exotic properties. Various nanoelectronic devices based on these 2D nanomaterials have been explored and demonstrated, including those for environmental applications. Here, the fundamental attributes of 2D layered nanomaterials for field‐effect transistor (FET) sensors and tunneling FET (TFET) sensors, which provide versatile detection of water contaminants such as heavy‐metal ions, bacteria, nutrients, and organic pollutants, are discussed. The major challenges and opportunities are also outlined for designing and fabricating 2D nanomaterial FET/TFET sensors with superior performance. Translation of these FET/TFET sensors from fundamental research to applied technology is illustrated through a case study on graphene‐based real‐time FET water sensors. A second case study centers on large‐scale sensor networks for water‐quality monitoring to enable intelligent drinking water and river‐water systems. Overall, 2D nanomaterial FET sensors have significant potential for enabling a human‐centered intelligent water system that can likely be applied to other precarious water supplies around the globe.
Dynamic and Reversible Tuning of Particle‐in‐Bowl Shaped Plasmonic Resonators for Switchable Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering
Authors: Deng Fangfang , Xiang Junxiang , Wang Shuangshuang , Wang Xujie , Hu Huatian , Liu Ze , Ding Tao
Published: December 2021

Plasmonic nanoresonators made of particle‐in‐void have been considered as superior plasmonic cavities for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). However, controlled fabrication of such plasmonic system and its dynamic tuning pose great challenges to traditional fabrication methods. Here, a capillary‐driven self‐assembly is proposed to form gold nanoparticles in bowls (Au NPiBs), which have a nm‐gap filled with temperature‐responsive polymers (poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)). As such, the plasmonic resonances of the Au NPiB nanostructures can be dynamically and reversibly tuned with the change of temperature due to the thermally induced expansion and contraction of the polymers. The SERS enhancement factor (EF) of such Au NPiB can reach up to 106, which is also switchable with temperature. The Au NPiB obtained with scalable and facile self‐assembly approach is more defined and uniform compared to any previously reported NPiB structures, making it an ideal SERS switching device with robust reversibility and reproducibility.
Wafer‐Scale Graphene Anodes Replace Indium Tin Oxide in Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Weng Zhichao , Dixon Sebastian C. , Lee Lok Yi , Humphreys Colin J. , Guiney Ivor , Fenwick Oliver , Gillin William P.
Published: December 2021

Indium tin oxide (ITO) is widely used for transparent electrode applications due to its high electrical conductivity and relatively straightforward deposition technology. However, there are long standing concerns for its use due to the limited availability of indium in the Earth's crust. Graphene is considered as a promising material for replacing ITO but for this to become possible, a low‐cost and scalable fabrication method that produces graphene with comparable performance to ITO is required. By taking advantage of high‐quality monolayer graphene directly deposited on a transparent substrate using a commercially available metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) system, graphene‐based organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) without the use of metal catalysts or a graphene transfer process are developed. The as‐grown graphene is patterned using photolithography and its conductivity is enhanced by doping with nitric acid prior to deposition of the OLED stack. The electrical and optical performances of the as‐fabricated graphene‐based OLEDs are identical to the control devices with conventional ITO anodes. All the processes used in the fabrication of graphene‐based OLEDs can be performed at wafer scale. This paper demonstrates the potential for graphene to replace ITO as anodes in OLED devices in a technologically and commercially effective manner.
Thermal Evaporation for Halide Perovskite Optoelectronics: Fundamentals, Progress, and Outlook
Authors: Du Peipei , Wang Liang , Li Jinghui , Luo Jiajun , Ma Ying , Tang Jiang , Zhai Tianyou
Published: December 2021

Metal halide perovskites have rapidly advanced the field of optoelectronic devices, especially for photovoltaic (PV) and light‐emitting diode (LED) fields with efficiencies comparable to those well‐established technologies. However, most of the reported perovskite devices are fabricated using lab‐scale solution‐processing methods. The thermal evaporation (TE) method, a mature technique widely used in the semiconductor industry, could be a promising alternative technology for large‐area and scale‐up fabrication. Moreover, the TE method is free of toxic solvent, enables easy control of film thickness, and is compatible with existing industry. This review first presents the fundamentals of the TE method, with an emphasis on the growth mechanism of perovskite films. This is followed by the progress of thermally evaporated perovskite‐based optoelectronic devices, especially solar cells and light‐emitting diodes. Last, the device‐oriented design principles via TE technology are summarized and future development opportunities are overviewed.
Self‐Thickening and Self‐Strengthening 3D Printing Magnetic Cellulose‐Based Aerogel for Adsorption and Recovery of Methylene Blue
Authors: Zhang Yang , Chen Yu , Jiang Yue , Sui Guoxin
Published: December 2021

3D printing of biomass has attracted increasing attention and can meet the requirements of various practical applications. Herein, 3D printing of a cellulose‐based aerogel is achieved by direct ink writing based on a self‐thickening and self‐strengthening strategy, followed by freezing drying. The magnetic cellulose‐based aerogels (MCAs) containing Fe3O4 nanoparticles are ideal adsorbents for adsorbing and removing organic pollutants from water. As catchers and carriers for magnetic removal, MCAs (Fe3O4 nanoparticles and cellulose) provide large active sites, which allows organic pollution to be quickly and stably bound on the surface. The adsorption effect of methylene blue (MB) is dependent on pH and the removal efficiency of MB (5.6 mg l‐1, pH = 9) is 88.5% for MCA, which occurs almost instantaneously at room temperature. In addition, the collected aerogel‐MB hybrid can be reactivated by acid‐washing (pH = 3) without obvious changes in the adsorption performance of MCA. The MCA exhibits a fast, efficient and sustainable removal of organic pollutants, which provides an inexpensive and recyclable method for water remediation.
High‐Performance P‐Channel Tin Halide Perovskite Thin Film Transistor Utilizing a 2D–3D Core–Shell Structure
Authors: Kim Junghwan , Shiah Yu‐Shien , Sim Kihyung , Iimura Soshi , Abe Katsumi , Tsuji Masatake , Sasase Masato , Hosono Hideo
Published: December 2021

Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) are plausible candidates for practical p‐type semiconductors. However, in thin film transistor (TFT) applications, both 2D PEA2SnI4 and 3D FASnI3 MHPs have different drawbacks. In 2D MHP, the TFT mobility is seriously reduced by grain‐boundary issues, whereas 3D MHP has an uncontrollably high hole density, which results in quite a large threshold voltage (Vth). To overcome these problems, a new concept based on a 2D–3D core–shell structure is herein proposed. In the proposed structure, a 3D MHP core is fully isolated by a 2D MHP, providing two desirable effects as follows. (i) Vth can be independently controlled by the 2D component, and (ii) the grain‐boundary resistance is significantly improved by the 2D/3D interface. Moreover, SnF2 additives are used, and they facilitate the formation of the 2D/3D core–shell structure. Consequently, a high‐performance p‐type Sn‐based MHP TFT with a field‐effect mobility of ≈25 cm2 V−1 s−1 is obtained. The voltage gain of a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) inverter comprising an n‐channel InGaZnOx TFT and a p‐channel Sn‐MHP TFT is ≈200 V/V at VDD = 20 V. Overall, the proposed 2D/3D core–shell structure is expected to provide a new route for obtaining high‐performance MHP TFTs.
Progress of Metal‐Free Visible‐Light‐Driven α‐C−H Functionalization of Tertiary Amines: A Decade Journey
Authors: Deb Mohit L. , Saikia B. Shriya , Borpatra Paran J. , Baruah Pranjal K.
Published: December 2021

This review article gives an update on the metal‐free photocatalyzed and photocatalyzed‐free α‐C−H functionalizations of tertiary amines promoted by visible light. C−H activation is one of the easiest and step‐economic strategies to functionalize the α‐C−H bond of tertiary amines. Various important nitrogen heterocycles having biological significance can be synthesized using α‐C−H functionalization of tertiary amines. In addition to thermal reactions, many such reactions have been reported using visible light as it is abundant, renewable and green alternative for organic transformations. However, the high price of transition metal photocatalyst prevents its use. In contrast, organic photocatalysts are inexpensive, environment friendly and easy to handle. Therefore, visible‐light‐promoted metal‐free photoredox catalysis (or photocatalyst‐free reactions) is being used recently. Although several research articles have been published in this area, no review articles have been reported recently. Here, we have discussed the reactions from the year 2011 to till date with concise discussion about their plausible mechanisms. We believe that the content of this review will guide the readers to develop more such visible‐light‐promoted reactions using metal‐free photocatalysts or avoiding catalysts if possible.
Synthesis of α‐Ketoamides via Electrochemical Decarboxylative Acylation of Isocyanides Using α‐Ketoacids as an Acyl Source
Authors: Zhao Yuhan , Meng Xia , Cai Changqun , Wang Lingyun , Gong Hang
Published: December 2021

A catalyst‐, transition metal‐, oxidant‐free strategy for the synthesis of α‐ketoamides via an electrochemical decarboxylative acylation of isocyanides at room temperature with carbon dioxide as a sole by‐product was developed in this work. This is a simple, rapid and practical strategy under mild conditions for synthesizing highly functionalized α‐ketoamides with high atom economy.
Spin‐State Manipulation of Two‐Dimensional Metal–Organic Framework with Enhanced Metal–Oxygen Covalency for Lithium‐Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Lv Qingliang , Zhu Zhuo , Ni Youxuan , Geng Jiarun , Li Fujun
Published: December 2021

Aprotic Li−O2 batteries have attracted extensive attention in the past decade owing to their high theoretical energy density; however, they are obstructed by the sluggish reaction kinetics at the cathode and large voltage hysteresis. We regulate the spin state of partial Ni2+ metal centers (t2g6eg2) of conductive nickel catecholate framework (NiII‐NCF) nanowire arrays to high‐valence Ni3+ (t2g6eg1) for NiIII‐NCF. The spin‐state modulation enables enhanced nickel–oxygen covalency in NiIII‐NCF, which facilitates electron exchange between the Ni sites and oxygen adsorbates and accelerates the oxygen redox kinetics. Upon discharging, the high affinity of Ni3+ sites with the intermediate LiO2 promotes formation of nanosheet‐like Li2O2 in the void space among NiIII‐NCF nanowires. The Li−O2 battery based on NiIII‐NCF offers remarkably reduced discharge/charge voltage gaps, superior rate capability, and a long cycling stability of over 200 cycles. This work highlights the importance of electron spin state on the redox kinetics and will provide insight into electronic structure regulation of electrocatalysts for Li−O2 batteries and beyond.
Maximizing with‐profit pensions without guarantees
Authors: Boado‐Penas M. Carmen , Eisenberg Julia , Krühner Paul
Published: December 2021

Pension providers are currently running into trouble mainly due to the ultra‐low interest rates and the guarantees associated to some pension benefits. In this paper, we aim to reduce the pension volatility and provide adequate pension levels—with no guarantees—through a new pension design. Under this design, the individual's premium is split into an individual and a collective account, both invested in funds. When the return from the individual fund exceeds a predefined corridor, a certain number of units is transferred to or from the collective account. In this way, the volatility of the individual fund is smoothed. By controlling the corridor width, we maximize the total accumulated capital at retirement.
Tangerine peel ashes applied as green catalyst: a biorefinery‐based approach for biodiesel production
Authors: de Oliveira Keverson G. , de Lima Ramoni Renan S. , Moura Heloise M. de A. , Bicudo Tatiana de C. , S. de Carvalho Luciene
Published: December 2021

In this research, a greener heterogeneous catalyst (named TPC) was obtained from ‘Ponkan’ tangerine (Citrus reticulata Blanco) peel ashes. TPC was efficient for biodiesel production through the methyl route using refined soybean oil and waste cooking oil as raw materials in a biorefinery‐based approach. Eight catalyst samples were prepared via calcination of the ashes at 700 °C (TPC7), 800 °C (TPC8) and 900 °C (TPC9), and blends of TPC7 with CaCO3 and K2CO3. All the catalysts were employed in preliminary tests for the transesterification reactions. A set of characterization techniques such as Fourier transform infrared and spectroscopy, X‐ray diffractometry, X‐ray fluorescence, field emission gun scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray, CO2‐desorption at programmed temperature, thermogravimetric analysis/derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, and the Hammett basicity test were performed for catalysts assessment. The X‐ray diffractometry patterns showed peaks associated with characteristic phases of K2CO3, CaCO3, K2Ca(CO3)2, MgO and CaO, confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectroscopy and X‐ray fluorescence. CO2‐desorption at programmed temperature data demonstrated the presence of basic sites in the TPC catalysts. The experimental evaluation by response surface methodology using the D‐Optimal design showed that the reaction time effect (F = 19.04, P‐value = 0.0005) and its interaction with the molar ratio effect are the most significant parameters to improve the yield of refined soybean oil biodiesel. The selected reaction conditions promoted a methyl ester conversion higher than 92%, as calculated from 1H NMR data. Furthermore, the production of waste cooking oil biodiesel was effective using TPC7 and TPC8 catalysts, allowing a sustainable and economic feasibility process. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Lignocellulosic waste biomass for biohydrogen production: future challenges and bio‐economic perspectives
Authors: Bhatia Latika , Sarangi Prakash Kumar , Singh Akhilesh Kumar , Prakash Anand , Shadangi Krushna Prasad
Published: December 2021

The reduction of greenhouse gases in the automobile and industrial sectors has been a focus of global concern due to their adverse effects on the environment. This has led to a search for clean, green, and sustainable biobased energy sources. Green energy sources have a positive effect on the environment. Lignocellulosic waste biomass from various agro‐processing and industrial sources has a strong potential for mitigating energy crises in the future, supplying green energy produced by biochemical and thermochemical conversion processes. Amongst all of the biofuels, biohydrogen is a promising option. It has a high energy content and can be produced from lignocellulosic biomass by microbial fermentation processes. In this review, recent advances in various aspects of biohydrogen production from lignocellulosic biomass‐like processes are described. Future challenges and opportunities for hydrogen production from waste are summarized critically. Bioeconomic perspectives on biohydrogen production from waste biomass are explained. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Learn how to help provide support to students at risk of self‐harm during the pandemic
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: December 2021

T he two‐year‐long COVID‐19 pandemic has been characterized by profound disruptions in almost every area of students’ lives, including their academics.
Labor Board changes could lead to more organized labor on campus
Authors: Caldwell Trevor R.
Published: December 2021

President Joe Biden made strong support for organized labor a central part of his 2020 presidential campaign and has made good on that commitment from day one of his presidency. In the hours and days following his inauguration, the President implemented a flurry of personnel and policy changes at the National Labor Relations Board, the federal agency charged with protecting the rights of private sector employees under the National Labor Relations Act.
Did court dismiss student's erroneous outcome claim?
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: December 2021

A Liberty University student filed a complaint with the Office of Equity Compliance against his ex‐girlfriend. He accused her of assaulting and strangling him. The male student admitted to grabbing his ex‐girlfriend's arm to “push her off” because he was “scared for his life.” The attack allegedly left the male student with bruises, cuts, and emotional distress. He was tested for a concussion after the attack, but the results were inconclusive.
Review recent rulings involving Title VII and retaliation
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: December 2021

An overview of the key topics faced by campus administrators with citations to noteworthy cases, statutes, regulations, and additional sources.