bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting Performance in Art College: How Useful are the Entry Portfolio and Other Variables in Explaining Variance in First Year Marks?
Authors: O'Donoghue Donal
Published: March 2009

This article examines if and to what extent a set of pre‐enrolment variables and background characteristics predict first year performance in art college. The article comes from a four‐year longitudinal study that followed a cohort of tertiary art entrants in Ireland from their time of entry in 2002 to their time of exit in 2006 (or before, for those who failed or dropped out). Using descriptive and inferential statistics, the article shows that portfolio score at entry and school leaving examination results predict performance in first year. The predictive validity of both measures, however, was not particularly strong. Combined, portfolio score at entry and school leaving examination only accounted for 15.5 per cent of variance in first year marks, leaving a large percentage of variance unexplained.
Open Disclosures: Learning, Creativity and the Passage of Mental (III) Health
Authors: Sagan Olivia
Published: March 2009

This article describes an ongoing research project at the University of the Arts, London, which investigates the learning and creativity of a group of students with mental health difficulties. It discusses emerging findings on one theme, that of motivation. Employing a longitudinal biographic narrative methodology, this research, now entering its second year, has triggered questions regarding the resilience and fortitude of a group of practising, aspiring artists. This article sketches the theoretical background used to explore this resilience and motivation, and draws on the Kleinian concept of reparation as a way to understanding the narrativised yearning for learning and the urge to create.
Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Form Ectopic Woven Bone In Vivo Through Endochondral Bone Formation
Authors: Chang Sophia Chia‐Ning , Tai Ching‐Lung , Chung Hui‐Ying , Lin Tsung‐Min , Jeng Long‐Bin
Published: March 2009

Abstract:  Autologous vascularized bone grafts, allografts, and biocompatible artificial bone substitutes each have their shortcomings. Bones regenerated using recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins, demineralized bone powder, or combinations of these are generally small and do not meet the need. The current trend is to use tissue engineering approaches with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to generate bones of a desired size and shape. A suspension of osteogenically induced MSCs (CD11a−, CD29+, CD44+) was added to 2% alginate, gelled by mixing this combination with calcium sulfate (CaSO4 0.2 g/mL), and injected into the subcutaneous pocket in the dorsal aspect of nude mice. Cells of various concentrations (0, 10, 50, and 70 million/mL) were used. These implanted constructs were harvested at predetermined times up to 30 weeks for histology. The doubling time of bovine MSCs is 3.75 ± 1.96 days and the proliferation is rapid. Histological evaluation revealed signs of endochondrosis with woven bone deposition. The equilibrium modulus increased with time in vivo, though less than that of normal tissue. Implants seeded with 70 million cells/mL for 6 months resulted in the best formation of equilibrium modulus. This approach has several advantages: (i) obtaining MSCs is associated with low donor morbidity; (ii) MSCs proliferate rapidly in vitro, and a large number of viable cells can be obtained; and (iii) the MSC/alginate constructs can develop into bone‐like nodules with high cell viability. Such a system may be useful in large‐scale production of bony implants or in the repair of bony defects. The fact that endochondral bone formation led to woven bone suggests its potential feasibility in regional cell therapy.
The Short‐term Pulsatile Ventricular Assist Device for Postcardiotomy Cardiogenic Shock: A Clinical Trial in China
Authors: Xiao Xue‐jun , Luo Zheng‐xiang , Ye Chun‐xiu , Fan Rui‐xin , Yi Ding‐hua , Ji Shang‐yi , Wu Ruo‐bin , Cheng An‐heng , Huang Huan‐lei , Wu Yue‐heng , Zhang Xiao‐hua , Zheng Shao‐yi
Published: March 2009

Abstract:  Despite the recent advances in myocardial protection, surgical techniques, intra‐aortic balloon therapy, and maximal pharmacological support, postoperative ventricular dysfunction continues to occur in 0.5–1.0% of all patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Ventricular assist device (VAD) is an important therapeutic adjunct in treating patients with profound ventricular dysfunction with postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock. The purpose of this report was to describe the clinical results with the China‐made Luo‐Ye VAD as a short‐term circulatory support. From May 1998 to December 2006, 17 patients with postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock were supported by the Luo‐Ye VAD. Of these patients, 10 were males and seven were females with a mean age of 49.6 years (range 36–68 years). All cases were supported by left VAD (LVAD). Mean duration of support was 46.3 h (range 13–113 h). A criteria of insertion was established to standardize implantation criteria. Among the 17 patients treated with LVAD, eight (47.1%) patients were weaned from support and seven (41.2%) patients were discharged from hospital. Ten (58.8%) patients died while on LVAD support (nine cases) or shortly after weaning (one case). The causes of death in the entire group were cardiac (40%), renal failure (20%), neurologic (10%), sepsis (10%), and multiple organ system failure (20%). The complications were represented by bleeding, renal failure, neurologic event, infection, ventricular arrhythmias, etc. The Luo‐Ye VAD functioned well and proved to be useful in patients with postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock. It carries a less‐postoperative anticoagulant and a low incidence of VAD‐related complications. The survival rate was encouraging in our small cohort of patients.
West Nile virus testing experience in 2007: evaluation of different criteria for triggering individual‐donation nucleic acid testing
Authors: Kleinman Steven H. , Williams Joan Dunn , Robertson Gene , Caglioti Sally , Williams Robert C. , Spizman Randall , Morgan Larry , Tomasulo Peter , Busch Michael P.
Published: March 2009

BACKGROUND: In 2007, clients served by Blood Systems Laboratories used variable approaches for triggering West Nile virus (WNV) RNA individual‐donation (ID) nucleic acid testing (NAT). These included two minipool (MP) NAT–reactive donations and a greater than 1:1000 rate in a 7‐day interval (primary trigger), criteria based on one MP‐NAT–reactive donation when there was WNV activity in overlapping and/or adjacent geographic areas (neighbor trigger), or zero MP‐NAT–reactive donation (self‐trigger).

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The Procleix WNV assay was used in either a 16‐sample MP or an ID format. NAT‐repeat reactivity or anti‐immunoglobulin M (IgM) positivity defined true positives (TPs). TPs that were negative on 1:16 dilution testing were considered ID‐NAT yield cases.

RESULTS: WNV NAT performed on 1,217,929 donations identified 162 TPs; 87 were detected by MP (rate of 0.008%) and 75 by ID (rate of 0.10%; p < 0.0001). There were 34 ID‐NAT yield cases, including 4 IgM/immunoglobulin G (IgG)‐negative and 9 IgM‐positive/IgG‐negative donations. Rates of yield cases by primary, neighbor, and self‐triggering were 0.077, 0.052, and 0.004% (p = 0.0003). None of 11 ID‐NAT yield cases detected by the neighbor trigger would have been detected if the primary trigger had been used.

CONCLUSIONS: Primary triggering criteria identified 21 viremic donations that would have been missed by MP testing; however, 11 other low‐level viremic donations required more stringent criteria (e.g., neighbor trigger) for detection. It is reasonable to adopt more stringent ID‐NAT triggers, including elimination of the rate criterion and triggering on one NAT‐reactive donation for regions adjacent to centers which have already triggered.
Prospective observational study of low thresholds for platelet transfusion in adult dengue patients
Authors: Thomas Laurent , Kaidomar Stéphane , Kerob‐Bauchet Brigitte , Moravie Victor , Brouste Yannick , King Jean Philippe , Schmitt Sarah , Besnier François , Abel Sylvie , Mehdaoui Hossein , Plumelle Yves , Najioullah Fatiha , Fonteau Christiane , Richard Pascale , Césaire Raymond , Cabié André
Published: March 2009

BACKGROUND: The practice of platelet (PLT) transfusions has been adopted into the standard clinical practice in many dengue‐endemic countries. Because many patients were found to have received unnecessary PLT transfusions, the development of guidelines for the management of dengue patients with thrombocytopenia has become a necessity.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: An emergency department–based prospective observational study was conducted in Martinique during a dengue outbreak in adult patients presenting with an acute febrile illness. Patients with severe bleeding and/or who underwent invasive intensive care procedures or emergency surgery were given PLT transfusion to achieve PLT counts of more than 50 × 109/L. PLT transfusion was also considered for patients with PLT counts of less than 5 × 109/L and for those with associated risk factors and PLT counts of less than 20 × 109/L.

RESULTS: A total of 350 patients were admitted with confirmed dengue infections. Most of them had secondary serotype‐2 infections. PLT counts of less than 50 × 109/L were recorded in 165 patients (47.1%). PLT transfusion was administered to 9 patients with thrombocytopenia. The indications included severe bleeding (5 cases), invasive procedures (3 cases), emergency surgery (1 case), and/or associated risk factors (2 cases). The median time duration from the onset of fever to PLT transfusion was 6 days (range, 4‐10 days). The median amount of PLTs transfused was 3.66 × 1011 (range, 2.8 × 1011‐13.2 × 1011). The median PLT yield was +12.4% (range, −3.9% to +67.1%). Three patients died. All other patients recovered during the second week after the onset of fever.

CONCLUSION: A restrictive strategy for PLT transfusion based on clinical features and low PLT count thresholds proved to be feasible and safe for adult dengue patients.
Beyond the Weberian Trails: An Essay on the Anthropology of Southeast Asian Buddhism
Authors: Kitiarsa Pattana
Published: March 2009

Theravada Buddhism is one of the most important fields of inquiry within a larger context of Southeast Asian studies. In this essay, I discuss an overview of anthropolo gical studies of Theravada Buddhism in Southeast Asia since the 1960s. I argue that key intellectual and social forces, which have characterized and sustained the anthropological studies of Buddhism in the region, are the combination of the following factors: (1) an insistent and subtle applications of Weberian thoughts to understand complexity and multivalency of Buddhist practices in the region's diverse contexts; (2) some critical problematic relationships between Buddhism and the post‐Indochinese War (post‐Cold War) nation states and other turbulent politics of the social life of the Buddhists; and (3) some surging global interests in Theravada Buddhism, especially its teachings and meditational practices. Such interests have transformed the Buddhist World of Southeast Asia into a transnational religious phenomenon and instantly placed Southeast Asian Buddhism at the center of the world's theological and intellectual Buddhist landscapes. Toward the end, I suggest some critical issues that could ignite new directions in the field of study and create some vibrant and exciting generations of ethnographies on Southeast Asian Buddhism.
Sensory Characteristics and Consumer Acceptability of Decaffeinated Green Teas
Authors: Lee S.M. , Lee H.‐S. , Kim K.‐H. , Kim K.‐O.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT:  Green tea has been widely consumed for its mild flavors and its health benefits, yet caffeine in green tea has been a limitation for those who want to avoid it. The limitation brought increase in need for decaffeinated products in the green tea market. Most of the conventional decaffeination techniques applied in food use organic solvents. However, supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction (SC‐CO2) method is gaining its intension as one of the future decaffeination methods that overcomes the problems of conventional methods. The purpose of this study was to identify sensory characteristics of decaffeinated green teas applied with SC‐CO2 method and to observe the relationship with consumer acceptability to elucidate the potentiality of applying SC‐CO2 technique in decaffeinated green tea market. Descriptive analysis was performed on 8 samples: green teas containing 4 caffeine levels (10%, 35%, 60%, and 100%) infused at 2 infusing periods (1 or 2 min). It was found that the SC‐CO2 process not only reduced caffeine but also decreased some important features of original tea flavors. Two groups were recruited for consumer acceptability test: one (GP I, N = 52), consuming all types of green teas including hot/cold canned teas; and the other (GP II, N = 40), only consuming the loose type. While GP II liked original green tea the most, GP I liked highly decaffeinated green teas. Although the SC‐CO2 method had limitations of losing complex flavors of green teas, it appeared to have future potential in the decaffeinated green tea market within or without the addition of desirable flavors.
Nondestructive Analysis of Salt, Water, and Protein in Dried Salted Cod using Computed Tomography
Authors: Håseth T.T. , Høy M. , Egelandsdal B. , Sørheim O.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT: Computed X‐ray tomography (CT) was used to determine NaCl, water, and protein levels in dried salted cod. Cod fillets were salted and dried, and CT was conducted several times during the process. Also, homogenized cod samples with a chemical composition covering the typical composition of cod during salting and drying were produced, and CT scanned. Chemical composition of fillet and model samples was predicted from CT images acquired at 80, 110, and 130 kV. The best average prediction errors (RMSECV) obtained for homogenized samples were 0.6% NaCl, 1.3% water, and 1.5% protein; all explained variances wereR2= 0.99 or above. The best RMSECVs and explained variances for cod fillet samples were 0.9% NaCl (R2= 0.96), 0.8% water (R2= 0.99), and 1.4% protein (R2= 0.79). Combining CT values from 2 or 3 voltages gave the best predictions except when predicting salt in cod fillet, where 1 voltage was sufficient.
Using Ozonation and Amino Acids to Change Pasting Properties of Rice Starch
Authors: An H.J. , King J.M.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT:  In this study, the effects of ozonation and the addition of amino acids on rice starches were determined in terms of pasting properties using a rapid visco‐analyzer. Results from viscosity analysis showed that 30‐min ozone treatment on commercial rice starch exhibited the greatest swelling extent among the treatments and least retrogradation tendency. The control pure oxygen treated sample had the best cooking stability. The addition of lysine (6%) to 30‐min ozonated commercial rice starch significantly reduced peak viscosity (PV), minimum viscosity (MV), and final viscosity (FV) by 918, 1024, and 1023 cP, respectively. Moreover, it decreased Ptime, resulting in the faster swelling upon heating and less rigid gel formation upon cooling. Furthermore, the presence of lysine in 30‐min ozonated starch isolate (WSI) also significantly reduced PV, MV, FV, pasting time, and total setback (TSB) and produced starch gel with the best cooking stability and the least retrogradation tendency. Ozonated starch exhibited similar pasting properties to those from oxidized starches treated with low concentrations of chemical oxidizing agents. The combination of lysine with ozonation resulted in pasting properties similar to starches treated with high levels of chemical oxidizing agents. The ozonated starch could be used as a thickening agent, whereas ozonated starch with lysine might be an alternative for a highly chemically oxidized starch. Therefore, ozonation alone or the combination of ozonation and addition of lysine might be used to develop new starch ingredients with various functionalities without using typical chemical modifications.
Rapid Prediction of Composition and Flavor Quality of Cheddar Cheese Using ATR–FTIR Spectroscopy
Authors: Subramanian A. , Harper W.J. , Rodriguez‐Saona L.E.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT:  Multiple methods are required for analysis of cheese flavor quality and composition. Chromatography and sensory analyses are accurate but laborious, expensive, and time consuming. A rapid and simple instrumental method based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was developed for simultaneous analysis of Cheddar cheese composition and flavor quality. Twelve different Cheddar cheese samples ripened for 67 d were obtained from a commercial cheese manufacturer along with their moisture, pH, salt, fat content, and sensory flavor quality data. Water‐soluble components were extracted from the cheese, dried on zinc selenide FTIR crystal and scanned (4000 to 700 cm−1). Infrared spectra of the samples were correlated with their composition and flavor quality data to develop multivariate statistical regression and classification models. The models were validated using an independent set of ten 67‐d‐old test samples. The infrared spectra of the samples were well defined, highly consistent within each sample and distinct from other samples. The regression models showed excellent fit (r > 0.92) and could accurately determine moisture, pH, salt, and fat contents as well as the flavor quality rating in less than 20 min. Furthermore, cheeses could also be classified based on their flavor quality (slight acid, whey taint, good cheddar, and so on). The discrimination of the samples was due to organic acids, amino acids, and short chain fatty acids (1800 to 900 cm−1), which are known to contribute significantly to cheese flavor. The results show that this technique can be a rapid, inexpensive, and simple tool for predicting composition and flavor quality of cheese.
Extraction, Identification, and Quantification of Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids in Electron Beam‐Irradiated Almond Skin Powder
Authors: Teets A.S. , Minardi C.S. , Sundararaman M. , Hughey C.A. , Were L.M.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT:  The effect of electron beam irradiation doses from 0 to 30 kGy on extraction yield and phenolic compounds was evaluated in almond skin phenolic extracts (ASPE). Total soluble phenols and distribution of phenolic compounds from acidified methanol ASPE and 52% methanol ASPE were quantified using Folin–Ciocalteau method, liquid chromatography with diode array and fluorescence detection, and negative ion electrospray‐mass spectrometry. Electron beam irradiation increased extraction yield by as much as 23%, with the greatest increase observed in the acidified methanol ASPE. Irradiated samples extracted with acidified methanol also exhibited an increase in extractable phenols (Folin–Ciocalteau) and total HPLC‐resolved phenolics at all irradiation doses. Samples extracted with 52% methanol exhibited an increase at 10 and 20 kGy, but a 31% decrease at 30 kGy. An increase in aglycones respective to their glycosides was not observed with irradiation. Therefore, the increase in phenolics was attributed to release of phenolics from their cellular matrix.
The Relationship of Phthalocyanine 4 (Pc 4) Concentrations Measured Noninvasively to Outcome of Pc 4 Photodynamic Therapy in Mice
Authors: Bai Lihua , Guo Jianxia , Bontempo III Franklin A. , Eiseman Julie L.
Published: March 2009

The ability to noninvasively measure photosensitizer concentration at target tissues will allow optimization of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and could improve outcome. In this study, we evaluated whether preirradiation tumor phthalocyanine 4 (Pc 4) concentrations, measured noninvasively by the optical pharmacokinetic system (OPS), correlated with tumor response to PDT. Mice bearing human breast cancer xenografts were treated with 2 mg kg−1 Pc 4 iv only, laser irradiation (150 J cm−2) only, Pc 4 followed by fractionated irradiation or Pc 4 followed by continuous irradiation. Laser irradiation treatment was initiated when the tumor to skin ratio of Pc 4 concentration reached a maximum of 2.1 at 48 h after administration. Pc 4 concentrations in tumor, as well as in Intralipid in vitro, decreased monoexponentially with laser fluence. Pc 4‐PDT resulted in significant tumor regression, and tumor response was similar in the groups receiving either fractionated or continuous irradiation treatment after Pc 4. Tumor growth delay following Pc 4‐PDT correlated with OPS‐measured tumor Pc 4 concentrations at 24 h prior to PDT (R2 = 0.86). In excised tumors, OPS‐measured Pc 4 concentrations were similar to the HPLC‐measured concentrations. Thus, OPS measurements of photosensitizer concentrations can be used to assist in the scheduling of Pc 4‐PDT.
Flavin‐sensitized Photo‐oxidation of Lysozyme and Serum Albumin
Authors: Zhang Yazhou , Görner Helmut
Published: March 2009

The excited state processes of riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide in argon‐saturated aqueous solution were studied in the presence of lysozyme or bovine serum albumin (BSA). UV–Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy indicates that the noncovalent flavin‐protein binding is relatively weak. Quenching of the flavin triplet state by BSA, observed by time‐resolved photolysis, is less efficient than by lysozyme. Light‐induced oxidation of the two proteins and reduction of the three flavins were studied. The quantum yields of the former and latter in the absence of oxygen are up to 0.1 and 0.04, respectively. The effects of pH and sensitizer and protein concentrations were examined in greater detail. The proposed reaction is electron transfer from the tryptophan moiety to the flavin triplet rather than excited singlet state.
Psychological Differences Between HIV‐Positive Mothers Who Disclose to All, Some, or None of Their Biological Children
Authors: Delaney Robin Ostrom , Serovich Julianne M. , Lim Ji‐Young
Published: March 2009

This study explored the psychological differences between HIV‐positive women who disclosed their serostatus to all, some, or none of their biological children. Data from this project come from a larger, longitudinal investigation of the disclosure process of HIV‐infected women. Data were obtained regarding the disclosure processes and the psychological adjustment of women with children (n = 90) based on measures of depression, anxiety, and stress. Results suggest that women who disclose to all, some, or none of their children are not significantly different with regard to emotional well‐being. Implications for marriage and family therapists are provided.
Inferring weak population structure with the assistance of sample group information
Authors: HUBISZ MELISSA J. , FALUSH DANIEL , STEPHENS MATTHEW , PRITCHARD JONATHAN K.
Published: March 2009

Genetic clustering algorithms require a certain amount of data to produce informative results. In the common situation that individuals are sampled at several locations, we show how sample group information can be used to achieve better results when the amount of data is limited. New models are developed for the structure program, both for the cases of admixture and no admixture. These models work by modifying the prior distribution for each individual's population assignment. The new prior distributions allow the proportion of individuals assigned to a particular cluster to vary by location. The models are tested on simulated data, and illustrated using microsatellite data from the CEPH Human Genome Diversity Panel. We demonstrate that the new models allow structure to be detected at lower levels of divergence, or with less data, than the original structure models or principal components methods, and that they are not biased towards detecting structure when it is not present. These models are implemented in a new version of structure which is freely available online at http://pritch.bsd.uchicago.edu/structure.html.
Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Fluid Properties and Geometry on Forced Convection in Finned Ducts With Flow Pulsation
Authors: Olayiwola B. O. , Walzel P.
Published: March 2009

An experimental study was conducted on the effects of flow pulsation on the convective heat transfer coefficients in a flat channel with series of regular spaced fins. Glycerol-water mixtures with dynamic viscosities in the range of 0.001–0.01 kg/ms were used as working fluids. The device contains fins fixed to the insulated wall opposite to the flat and smooth heat transfer surface to avoid any heat transfer enhancement by conduction of the fins. Pulsation amplitude xo=0.37 mm and pulsation frequencies f in the range of 10 Hz<f<47 Hz were applied, and a steady-flow Reynolds number in the laminar range of 10<Re<1100 was studied. The heat transfer coefficient was found to increase with increasing Prandtl number Pr at a constant oscillation Reynolds number Reosc. The effect of the dh/L ratio was found to be insignificant for the system with series of fins and flow pulsation due to proper fluid mixing in contrast to a steady finned flow. A decrease in heat transfer intensification was obtained at very low and high flow rates. The heat transfer was concluded to be dynamically controlled by the oscillation.
Air-Side Surface Wettability Effects on the Performance of Slit-Fin-and-Tube Heat Exchangers Operating Under Wet-Surface Conditions
Authors: Liu L. , Jacobi A. M.
Published: March 2009

A study of condensate retention and the attendant thermal-hydraulic effect associated with changes in air-side surface wettability is presented for a series of slit-fin-and-tube heat exchangers of identical geometry with controlled wettability covering a wide range of contact angles. An experiment in which the retained mass of air-side condensate was measured under dynamic conditions is described, and the results are analyzed using conventional thermal-hydraulic measurements of j and f. The data demonstrate that for the heat exchangers used in this study, the j factor is not strongly influenced by condensate retention, but the friction factor is significantly reduced for surfaces of increased wettability. Hydrophilic heat exchangers retain much less air-side condensate than do the hydrophobic heat exchangers, and the amount of retention is found to depend on the air-side Reynolds number (Redh) and the rate of latent heat transfer (Ql). Based on an assumption of filmwise condensation, a new model for predicting the mass of retained condensate is described and compared with the steady-sate retention data. The model is successful in predicting retained condensate over a wide range of tested conditions. The potential of this new approach and possible refinements that will add engineering value are discussed.
Analytical
Characterization and Production of an Isothermal Surface for Biological and Electronic
Applications
Authors: Mahjoob Shadi , Vafai Kambiz
Published: March 2009

Characterization and regulation of isothermal surfaces are key issues in a number of thermal management devices. The surface temperature uniformity can be controlled utilizing a variable area channel heat exchanger filled with a porous medium. A comprehensive analytical investigation of forced convection through a generic variable area channel is carried out to design a compact heat exchanger in producing an isothermal surface subject to a constant heat flux, which may be required in the biological, electronics, optical, laser, manufacturing, and solidification applications. Exact solutions for the fluid and solid phases and the wall surface temperature distributions as well as the Nusselt number correlations are established while incorporating local thermal nonequilibrium and transverse conduction contributions. The channel temperature field is adjusted utilizing either an adiabatic or a constant temperature on the inclined surface. The effects of the pertinent physical parameters, such as channel inlet/outlet thickness, inclination angle, Biot number, ratio of fluid and matrix thermal conductivities, working fluid properties, and imposed heat flux, on the fluid and solid temperature fields and the isothermal surface are thoroughly investigated. The results indicate that utilizing proper pertinent parameters, an isothermal surface is achieved. The validity of the utilization of the local thermal equilibrium model is also investigated and error maps are presented.
Predicting Heat Transfer in Long R-134a Filled Thermosyphons
Authors: Grooten M. H. M. , van der Geld C. W. M.
Published: March 2009

When traditional air-to-air cooling is too voluminous, heat exchangers with long thermosyphons offer a good alternative. Experiments with a single thermosyphon with a large length-to-diameter ratio (188) and filled with R-134a are presented and analyzed. Saturation temperatures, filling ratios, and angles of inclination have been varied in wide ranges. A higher sensitivity of evaporation heat transfer coefficients on reduced pressure than in previous work has been found. Measurements revealed the effect of pressure or the saturation temperature on condensation heat transfer. The condensate film Reynolds number that marks a transition from one condensation heat transfer regime to another is found to depend on pressure. This effect was not accounted for by correlations from the literature. New correlations are presented to predict condensation and evaporation heat transfer rates.
Numerical Simulation of the Effects of a Thermally Significant Blood Vessel on Freezing by a Circular Surface Cryosurgical Probe Compared With Experimental Data
Authors: Beckerman Genady , Shitzer Avraham , Degani David
Published: March 2009

The dynamic thermal interaction between a surface cryosurgical probe (heat sink) and an embedded cylindrical tube (heat source), simulating a thermally-significant blood vessel, has been studied. The cryoprobe was operated by liquid nitrogen while the embedded tube was perfused by water at a constant inlet temperature. Previous experimental data were obtained in a phase-changing medium (PCM) made of 30%/70% by volume mashed potato flakes/distilled-water solution. A parametric study was conducted without the embedded tube, and with flow rates of 30 ml/min and 100 ml/min in the tube, while cooling rates at the tip of the cryoprobe were maintained at −4°C/min, −8°C/min, or −12°C/min. Numerical thermal analysis was performed by ANSYS7.0 and showed good conformity to the experimental data. The results quantify the effects of these parameters on both the shape and extent of freezing obtained in the PCM. For 20 min of operation of the cryoprobe, water temperatures inside the tube remained well above the freezing point for all assumed operating conditions. Frozen volumes of the 0°C isotherm, approximating the “frozen front,” and the −40°C isotherm, representing the “lethal temperature,” were smallest for the combination of highest cooling rate at the cryoprobe and the highest flow rate in the tube, (−12°C/min and 100 ml/min). The results indicate that both the flow rates in the embedded tube, and the cooling rates applied at the cryoprobe, have similar qualitative effects on the size of the PCM frozen volumes; increasing either one will cause these volumes to decrease. Under the conditions of this study the effects of flow rate in the tube are more pronounced, however, effecting relative frozen volumes decreases by about 10–20% while those of the cooling rate at the cryoprobe are in the range of 7–14%.
Analytical Solutions of Nusselt Number for Thermally Developing Radial Flow Through Small Gap Between Two Parallel Disks
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Achintya
Published: March 2009

Closed form solutions are developed for heat transfer due to radial flow through small gap between two parallel isothermal disks. The thermal entrance length increases with an increase in Peclet number and decrease in the inner radius of the circular disks. The attainment of fully developed Nusselt number is slower for slug flow than for fully developed creeping flow. The effect of disk rotation can be incorporated through an effective pressure gradient. The presence of disk rotation increases the thermal entrance length.
Effect of Loss of Blowing Agents on Thermal Insulation Properties of Polystyrene Foams
Authors: Zhu Zhenjin , Zong Jin Ho , Park Chul B. , Choudhary Manoj
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a numerical study to characterize the effect of loss of blowing agents on the thermal insulation properties of polystyrene foams. In this study, a transient cell-to-cell diffusion model is developed to predict the loss of the blowing agents. The Mie theory is used to quantify the radiative conductivity. A cubic-series-parallel approach in analogy with electric circuits is employed to acquire the thermal conductivity of the gas-polymer matrix. The effects of foam morphology and blowing agent type on the loss of blowing agents and the resulting thermal insulation properties of polystyrene foams are examined.
A Hybrid Large Eddy Simulation/Filtered Mass Density Function for the Calculation of Strongly Radiating Turbulent Flames
Authors: Chandy Abhilash J. , Glaze David J. , Frankel Steven H.
Published: March 2009

Due to the complex nonlinear coupling of turbulent flow, finite-rate combustion chemistry and thermal radiation from combustion products and soot, modeling, and/or simulation of practical combustors, or even laboratory flames undergoing strong soot formation, remain elusive. Methods based on the determination of the probability density function of the joint thermochemical scalar variables offer a promising approach for handling turbulence-chemistry-radiation interactions in flames. Over the past decade, the development and application of the filtered mass density function (FMDF) approach in the context of large eddy simulations (LES) of turbulent flames have gained considerable ground. The work described here represents the first application of the LES/FMDF approach to flames involving soot formation and luminous radiation. The initial focus here is on the use of a flamelet soot model in an idealized strongly radiating turbulent jet flame, which serves to detail the formulation, highlight the importance of turbulence-radiation interactions, and pave the way for the inclusion of a soot transport and finite-rate kinetics model allowing for quantitative comparisons to laboratory scale sooting flames in the near future.
A Simple Model for Transient Heat Conduction in an Infinite Cylinder With Convective Boundary Conditions
Authors: Guellal Messaoud , Sadat Hamou , Prax Christian
Published: March 2009

A perturbation method is used to solve an unsteady one-dimensional heat conduction problem in a cylinder. A simple second order explicit solution is obtained. It is shown that this solution is accurate even for high values of the Biot number in a region surrounding the center of the cylinder.
A Micro-Insulation Concept for MEMS Applications
Authors: Yao Rui , Blanchard James
Published: March 2009

Small scale, thermally driven power sources will require appropriate insulation to achieve sufficiently high thermal conversion efficiencies. This paper presents a micro-insulation design, which was developed for a thermionic microbattery, which converts the decay heat from radioactive isotopes directly to electricity using a vacuum thermionic diode. The insulation concept, which is suitable for any small scale application, separates two planar surfaces with thin, semicircular posts, thus reducing conduction heat transfer and increasing the relative radiation heat transfer. In this case, the surfaces are silicon wafers and the columns are SU-8, a photoresist material. The experimental results indicate that this design is adequate for a practical power source concept, and they are supported by a numerical model for the effective thermal conductivity of the structure. The results show that a typical design of 20 columns/cm2 with a 200 μm diameter and a 10 μm wall thickness has an apparent thermal conductivity on the order of 10−4 W/m K at a pressure of 1 Pa. System models of a thermionic power source indicate that this is sufficiently low to provide practical efficiency.
Numerical Modeling of Multidirectional Flow and Heat Transfer in Graphitic Foams
Authors: Karimian S. A. Mohsen , Straatman Anthony G.
Published: March 2009

To investigate the feasibility of the use of foams with an interconnected spherical pore structure in heat transfer applications, models for heat transfer and pressure drop for this type of porous materials are developed. Numerical simulations are carried out for laminar multidirectional thermofluid flow in an idealized pore geometry of foams with a wide range of geometry parameters. Semiheuristic models for pressure drop and heat transfer are developed from the results of simulations. A simplified solid-body drag equation with an extended high inertia term is used to develop the hydraulic model. A heat transfer model with a nonzero asymptotic term for very low Reynolds numbers is also developed. To provide hydraulic and heat transfer models suitable for a wide range of porosity, only a general form of the length-scale as a function of pore structure is defined a priori, where the parameters of the function were determined as part of the modeling process. The proposed ideal models are compared to the available experimental results, and the source of differences between experimental results and the ideal models is recognized and then calibrated for real graphitic foam. The thermal model is used together with volume-averaged energy equations to calculate the thermal dispersion in graphitic foam. The results of the calculations show that the linear models for thermal dispersion available in literature are oversimplified for predicting thermal dispersion in this type of porous material.
γ-Secretase Heterogeneity in the Aph1 Subunit: Relevance for Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Serneels Lutgarde , Van Biervliet Jérôme , Craessaerts Katleen , Dejaegere Tim , Horré Katrien , Van Houtvin Tine , Esselmann Hermann , Paul Sabine , Schäfer Martin K. , Berezovska Oksana , Hyman Bradley T. , Sprangers Ben , Sciot Raf , Moons Lieve , Jucker Mathias , Yang Zhixiang , May Patrick C. , Karran Eric , Wiltfang Jens , D’Hooge Rudi , De Strooper Bart
Published: March 2009

Tactical Target

Intramembrane proteolysis by the γ-secretase complex is important during development and in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. γ-Secretase has usually been considered as a homogeneous activity.

Serneels
et al.

(p.
639
, published online 19 March; see the Perspective by

Golde and Kukar

) now show that the Aph1B component of the γ-secretase complex is responsible for the generation of long β-amyloid species involved in Alzheimer's disease. In a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, full knockout of Aph1B improved disease phenotypes, without the sort of toxicity previously observed when targeting γ-secretase more generally.
Benzothiazinones Kill
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
by Blocking Arabinan Synthesis
Authors: Makarov Vadim , Manina Giulia , Mikusova Katarina , Möllmann Ute , Ryabova Olga , Saint-Joanis Brigitte , Dhar Neeraj , Pasca Maria Rosalia , Buroni Silvia , Lucarelli Anna Paola , Milano Anna , De Rossi Edda , Belanova Martina , Bobovska Adela , Dianiskova Petronela , Kordulakova Jana , Sala Claudia , Fullam Elizabeth , Schneider Patricia , McKinney John D. , Brodin Priscille , Christophe Thierry , Waddell Simon , Butcher Philip , Albrethsen Jakob , Rosenkrands Ida , Brosch Roland , Nandi Vrinda , Bharath Sowmya , Gaonkar Sheshagiri , Shandil Radha K. , Balasubramanian Venkataraman , Balganesh Tanjore , Tyagi Sandeep , Grosset Jacques , Riccardi Giovanna , Cole Stewart T.
Published: March 2009

Ammunition for the TB Wars

Tuberculosis is a major human disease of global importance resulting from infection with the air-borne pathogen
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
, which is becoming increasingly resistant to all available drugs. An antituberculosis benzothiazinone compound kills mycobacterium in infected cells and in mice.

Makarov
et al.

(p.
801
) have identified a sulfur atom and nitro residues important for benzothiazinone's activity and used genetic methods and biochemical analysis to identify its target in blocking arabinogalactan biosynthesis during cell-wall synthesis. The compound affects the same pathway as ethambutol, and thus a benzothiazinone drug has the potential to become an important part of treatment of drug-resistant disease and, possibly, replace the less effective ethambutol in the primary treatment of tuberculosis.
STRONG INCOMPATIBILITY OF TRIBIMAXIMAL MIXING WITH QUARK–LEPTON COMPLEMENTARITY
Authors: FRAMPTON PAUL H. , MATSUZAKI SHINYA
Published: March 2009

Although tribimaximal mixing (TBM) and quark–lepton complementarity (QLC) are both compatible with experimental data within one standard deviation (1 σ), the TBM and QLC assumptions are mutually exclusive by 47 σ.
A NEW ALGORITHM FOR THE UNDERDETERMINED BLIND SOURCE SEPARATION BASED ON SPARSE COMPONENT ANALYSIS
Authors: LIU HAI-LIN , YAO CHU-JUN , HOU JIA-XUN
Published: March 2009

For the purpose of estimating the mixing matrix under the nonstrictly sparse condition, this paper presents the algorithms to approximate the mixing matrix in two different situations in which the source vectors are 1-sparse and (m - 1)-sparse. When the source signals are 1-sparse, we use the generalized spherical coordinate transformation to convert the matrix of observation signals into the new one, which makes the process of estimating column A become the process of finding the center point of these new data. For the situation that source signals are (m - 1)-sparse, we propose a new algorithm for the underdetermined mixtures blind source separation based on hyperplane clustering. The algorithm firstly finds out the linearly independent vectors from the observations, and secondly determines all the normal vectors of hyperplanes by analyzing the number of observations that are in the same hyperplane. Finally, we identify the column vectors of the mixing matrix A by calculating the vectors which are orthogonal to the clustered normal vectors. These two new algorithms for estimating the mixing matrix are more suitable for the general cases as they have lower requirement for the sparsity of the observations.
GA-BASED ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES FOR THE DEGREE-CONSTRAINED SPANNING TREE PROBLEM
Authors: ZHOU GENGUI , CAO ZHENYU , MENG ZHIQING , CAO JIAN
Published: March 2009

The degree-constrained minimum spanning tree (dc-MST) problem is of high practical importance. Up to now there are few effective algorithms to solve this problem because of its NP-hard complexity. More recently, a genetic algorithm (GA) approach for this problem was tried by using Prüfer number to encode a spanning tree. The Prüfer number is a skillful encoding for tree but not efficient enough to deal with the dc-MST problem. In this paper, a new tree-based encoding is developed directly based on the tree structure. We denote it as tree-based permutation encoding and apply it to the dc-MST problem by using the GA approach. Compared with the numerical results and CPU runtimes between two encodings, the new tree-based permutation is effective to deal with the dc-MST problem and even more efficient than the Prüfer number to evolve to the optimal or near-optimal solutions.
HYBRID-FITNESS FUNCTION EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHM BASED ON SIMPLEX CROSSOVER AND PSO MUTATION FOR CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS
Authors: HU YIBO
Published: March 2009

For constrained optimization problems, evolutionary algorithms often utilize a penalty function to deal with constraints, even if it is difficult to control the penalty parameters. To overcome this shortcoming, this paper presents a new penalty function which has no parameter and can effectively handle constraint first, after which a hybrid-fitness function integrating this penalty function into the objective function is designed. The new fitness function can properly evaluate not only feasible solution, but also infeasible one, and distinguish any feasible one from an infeasible one. Meanwhile, a new crossover operator based on simplex crossover operator and a new PSO mutation operator are also proposed, which can produce high quality offspring. Based on these, a new evolutionary algorithm for constrained optimization problems is proposed. The simulations are made on ten widely used benchmark problems, and the results indicate the proposed algorithm is effective.
INTRINSIC DIMENSIONALITY ESTIMATION WITHIN NEIGHBORHOOD CONVEX HULL
Authors: LI CHUN-GUANG , GUO JUN , XIAO BO
Published: March 2009

In this paper, a novel method to estimate the intrinsic dimensionality of high-dimensional data set is proposed. Based on neighborhood information, our method calculates the non-negative locally linear reconstruction coefficients from its neighbors for each data point, and the numbers of those dominant positive reconstruction coefficients are regarded as a faithful guide to the intrinsic dimensionality of data set. The proposed method requires no parametric assumption on data distribution and is easy to implement in the general framework of manifold learning. Experimental results on several synthesized data sets and real data sets have shown the benefits of the proposed method.
ROBUST DESIGNS FOR TEMPLATES OF DIRECTIONAL EXTRACTION CELLULAR NEURAL NETWORK WITH APPLICATIONS
Authors: LIU JINZHU , MIN LEQUAN
Published: March 2009

In this paper, the Selected Objects Extraction (SOE) CNN is generalized to Directional Extraction (DE) CNN which enhances the capabilities of the SOE CNN. Using analytical approaches, a theorem to design robust templates for DE CNN is established. The theorem provides parameter inequalities to determine parameter intervals in which the templates can implement the corresponding functions. Based on the theorem, an optimal model is set up to design optimally robust templates for DE CNN. Two examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the theorem.
WB-T: A WORDNET-BASED TRANSLATION ALGORITHM FOR RDB-TO-XML CONVERSION
Authors: KIM JANGWON , JEONG DONGWON , KIM JINHYUNG , BAIK DOO-KWON
Published: March 2009

XML has grown to represent and exchange information which is used widely in various computing areas such as web environment, mobile environment, data management systems. Especially, the most important issue for practical purposes is how to achieve the interoperability between XML model and relational database model. Until now, various algorithms have been proposed to achieve it. However, existing algorithms do not consider implicit referential integrity relation. VP-T and QP-T have been proposed to resolve the problem — QP-T enhanced VP-T based on query pattern. However, both have a critical restriction that column titles for an attribute are identically represented. Therefore, several referential integrity relations might not be extracted. In this paper, we introduce a novel translation algorithm whose name is WordNet-based Translation algorithm (WB-T) to resolve the above issues. WB-T can check similarity between column titles based on WordNet and extract more exact implicit referential integrity relation than the previous algorithms. WB-T provides improved extraction accuracy and reduces the extraction time.
WEB PAGES CLASSIFICATION USING DOMAIN ONTOLOGY AND CLUSTERING
Authors: SOLTANI SIMA , BARFOROUSH AHMAD ABDOLLAHZADEH
Published: March 2009

Transferring the current Websites to Semantic Websites, using ontology population, is a research area within which classification takes the main role. The existing classification algorithms and single level execution of them are insufficient on web data. Moreover, because of the variety in the context and structure of even common domain Websites, there is a lack of training data for these classification algorithms. In this paper, we present three experiments: (1) use information in domain ontology on the layers of classes to train classifiers (layered classification) with improvement up to 10% on accuracy of classification, (2) experiment on the problem of training dataset and use clustering as a preprocess, (3) use ensembles to benefit from both methods. Beside the improvement of accuracy in these experiments, we found that for the ensemble we can dispense with the algorithm of classification and use a simple classification like Bayes and achieve the accuracy of complex algorithms like SVM.