bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Natural History and Risk Factor of Recurrent Hemorrhage in Hemorrhagic Adult Moyamoya Disease
Authors: Kim Kang Min , Kim Jeong Eun , Cho Won-Sang , Kang Hyun-Seung , Son Young-Je , Han Moon Hee , Oh Chang Wan
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND: Recurrent hemorrhage is a serious neurosurgical problem in adult moyamoya disease (MMD) patients.

OBJECTIVE: To find the natural history and risk factors of recurrent hemorrhage in cases of adult hemorrhagic MMD.

METHODS: One hundred seventy-six adult MMD patients presenting with hemorrhage were enrolled. Patients’ medical records and radiological images were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical and radiological features of recurrent hemorrhage, and related risk factors were analyzed. Poor neurological outcome was defined as a score on the modified Rankin Scale of 4 to 6. The hemisphere in which the initial hemorrhage occurred was considered as the affected one. The mean follow-up duration was 83 months.

RESULTS: The overall estimated rate of recurrent hemorrhage was 16.9%/person (95% confidence interval, 11.3%-24.8%) at 5 years and 26.3%/person (95% confidence interval, 18.5%-36.4%) at 10 years after the initial episode of hemorrhage. The affected hemisphere showed a higher recurrent hemorrhagic rate (11.7% vs 8.3%/hemisphere at 5 years, P = .09) after conservative treatment. As a result of recurrent hemorrhages, the number of patients with poor neurological outcome increased (first episode: 13.8%, second: 37.5%, third: 40.0%, fourth: 100%). The presence of intraventricular hemorrhage (P = .05, hazard ratio = 3.32) and bilateral MMD (P = .05, hazard ratio = 4.15) had a marginal significance for recurrent hemorrhage. Eight ischemic strokes (4.5%) including 4 postoperative infarctions were identified, and all ischemic strokes were minor stroke.

CONCLUSION: During the follow-up period, recurrent hemorrhagic events continued to increase and deteriorated the patients’ neurological conditions. The presence of intraventricular hemorrhage was a significant risk factor of recurrent hemorrhage.
Laser Thermal Ablation for Metastases Failing Radiosurgery: A Multicentered Retrospective Study
Authors: Chaunzwa Tafadzwa L , Deng Di , Leuthardt Eric C , Tatter Stephen B , Mohammadi Alireda M , Barnett Gene H , Chiang Veronica L
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND

Radiosurgical failure following stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases can be attributed to tumor regrowth or radiation necrosis. MRI-guided laser thermal ablation (LTA) therapy has emerged as an option for treatment; however, previous literature demonstrates variable results across centers.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the outcomes of LTA in the treatment of metastases failing radiosurgery across multiple centers and to determine if any treatment factors are predictive of outcome.

METHODS

Clinical data for 30 patients across 4 centers were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were included if they received LTA therapy following radiosurgical failure due to radiation necrosis or tumor regrowth. Demographics, surgical data, and follow-up imaging and clinical information were collected. Linear regression analyses were performed to determine treatment factors that were associated with post-LTA outcome.

RESULTS

The large majority of patients responded favorably to LTA treatment with low complication rates (23%), short length of stay (53% ≤ 2 d) and reductions in perilesional edema (63%). A total of 73.3% of patients stopped steroids and 48% saw improvement of their preoperative symptoms. Patients with better pre-LTA Karnofsky Performance Status had better survival. Patients who had lesions with more perilesional T2 change post-LTA had a better chance of weaning off steroids and obtaining symptomatic relief.

CONCLUSION

MRI-guided laser thermal ablation therapy serves as a viable alternative to traditional treatment options for metastatic brain lesions failing radiosurgery. Although this study is limited by size and is retrospective, LTA therapy may result in symptomatic improvement and a more prominent reduction in fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery signal for larger lesions.
Emerging Syndromes
Authors: Allison Kelly C. , Lundgren Jennifer D.
Published: March 2017

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, fifth edition, of the American Psychiatric Association (2013) has designated several disorders under the diagnosis of otherwise specified feeding and eating disorder (OSFED). This chapter evaluates three of these, night eating syndrome (NES), purging disorder (PD), and atypical anorexia nervosa (atypical AN). It also reviews orthorexia nervosa, which has been discussed in the clinical realm as well as the popular press. The history and definition for each is reviewed, relevant theoretical models are presented and compared, and evidence for the usefulness of the models is described. Empirical studies examining the disorders’ independence from other disorders, comorbid psychopathology, and, when available, medical comorbidities, are discussed. Distress and impairment in functioning seem comparable between at least three of these emerging disorders and threshold eating disorders. Finally, remaining questions for future research are summarized.
Interdisciplining Humanities
Authors: Klein Julie Thompson , Frodeman Robert
Published: March 2017

This chapter surveys the predisciplinary past and more recent inter- and trans-disciplinary developments in humanities. After presenting a snapshot of two disciplines—art history and music studies—it outlines the trajectories of two traditionally text-based disciplines, philosophy and literary studies. While the English word “humanities” derives from a cultural development beginning in ancient Rome, the formation of the modern disciplines in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was a watershed in this history. Counter-traditions of general and holistic knowledge persisted, but specialization in segmented discipline-based domains increasingly shaped the contours of humanities education and research—to the detriment of older, transdisciplinary elements. Over the course of the twentieth century, a number of developments fostered interactions across the disciplines, extending from the importation of European philosophy and literary studies to postcolonial critique. Today new interdisciplinary fields appear as well as fresh efforts at transdisciplinary cultural and epistemological transformations.
The Policy Sciences as a Transdisciplinary Approach for Policy Studies
Authors: Vogel Jason , Cherney David N. , Lowham Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2017

The policy sciences tradition is a comprehensive transdisciplinary approach to develop insight into real-world decision-making, resolve problems, and improve policy outcomes. The policy sciences draw freely from the methods of many conventional disciplines, as well as offer a framework to integrate the insights from those disciplines into a more holistic understanding of any policy process. This unique approach to policy analysis uses a set of interdisciplinary frameworks and propositions as a heuristic device or “mental model” that provides a transdisciplinary instrument for integrating the insights of policy scholarship, social research, and practical experience across disciplines and substantive specialties. This facilitates the integration of knowledge and practice to improve problem solving and policy analysis by calling attention to the potentially relevant parts of any problem, decision process, or social context. This chapter reviews the history and development of the policy sciences and provides an overview of some key frameworks and propositions.
Information Research on Interdisciplinarity
Authors: Palmer Carole L. , Fenlon Katrina
Published: March 2017

In library and information science (LIS), research on interdisciplinarity is concerned with optimizing information resources, systems, and services for researchers working across disciplinary boundaries. Research libraries are responding to the rapid rise in interdisciplinary scholarship and the advances in digital content, technologies, and infrastructure that accompany an emerging data-intensive research paradigm. This chapter considers two key areas in LIS that inform current practice in research libraries—bibliometrics and information practices research. Bibliometric approaches investigate the patterns and flows of information among disciplines, and information practices research examines the activities and materials involved in the conduct of interdisciplinary work. As technical advances continue to solve problems in navigation and retrieval of information across disciplinary boundaries, the greatest challenge will be to assure the meaning and validity of newly created interdisciplinary knowledge through information systems that can sustain the increasingly long and mutable information paths back to our disciplinary intellectual foundations.
Toward a New Discipline of Integration and Implementation Sciences
Authors: Bammer Gabriele
Published: March 2017

Interdisciplinarity would benefit from an underpinning discipline—integration and implementation sciences (I2S). This would act as a repository of concepts, methods, and case studies in three domains: (1) synthesizing disciplinary and stakeholder knowledge, (2) understanding and managing diverse unknowns, and (3) providing integrated research support for policy and practice change. Useful lessons about other functions of I2S can be drawn from the discipline of statistics and include (1) delivering a conduit to transfer practices between different areas of application, (2) developing different levels of expertise, and (3) providing pathways for building capacity. Developing a new discipline needs to be a joint exercise by those who would be its members.
The Nexus of Energy and Water Quality
Authors: Weinthal Erika , Vengosh Avner , Neville Kate
Published: March 2017

While the literature on the water-energy nexus tends to focus on scarcity and security, scientific research is revealing increasing concerns with the impact of energy production on water quality. This chapter explores the politics of energy and water quality, with a focus on water contamination associated with coal and shale gas development. It presents evidence of the effects of fossil fuel exploration and production on water quality, noting the life cycle water quality impacts of the coal industry and emerging work on the effects of unconventional shale gas and tight oil associated with hydraulic fracturing. While the science is drawn primarily from the United States, the chapter then considers the global implications of these findings for policy design. It argues that current regulatory approaches are mismatched with the environmental risks and calls instead for a holistic approach to policy design and management that brings together the energy and water sectors.
“Something Has to Yield”
Authors: Öjendal Joakim , Rudd Gustav Aldén
Published: March 2017

As estimations and predictability of water supply in basins around the globe become difficult under a changing global climate, the need for new transboundary water management arises. To avoid international tensions related to water, traditional water agreements between states need to be transformed into more sophisticated and flexible arrangements of water governance. Designing and implementing such arrangements is a huge challenge since they must involve multiple stakeholders, must take into consideration the accelerating global water scarcity, and are dependent on the risks and unknowns of global climate change. Following an exploration of the core literature on the topic and the theoretical underpinnings of how to govern future risks, this chapter takes a closer look at the status of three important transboundary basins: the Meuse, the Mekong, and the Teesta basin. These basins all experience water stress with riparian states at different stages of agreeing on transboundary institutions and institutional cooperation.
Thucydides and the Politics of Necessity
Authors: Hoekstra Kinch , Fisher Mark
Published: March 2017

Thucydides’ text is a locus classicus for political-theoretical discussions of necessity. Such figures as the Athenian envoys in Sparta and Melos frequently draw upon the concept to explain and justify their actions, while Thucydides himself employs it to great explanatory effect in accounting for the actions and origins of the Peloponnesian War. But necessity does not work in only one mode for Thucydides, nor do his characters draw on one consistent argument from necessity throughout the text. Rather, Thucydides’ text offers a rich illustration of the many different ways that necessity affects, and is said to affect, political life. Furthermore, it suggests an approach to necessity that is heroic despite being entirely naturalistic, and focused on the collective action of the polis.
Religion, Politics, and Piety
Authors: Rahe Paul
Published: March 2017

Thucydides combined religious skepticism with a deep appreciation for the manner in which a devotion to the gods and heroes of the land can sustain the morale of a political community and safeguard it against domestic strife. As a writer, he is reticent—more inclined to show than to tell. Nowhere does he expressly discuss civic piety. But it is striking that the principal Lacedaemonians in his narrative invoke the gods and sacrifice to them while their Athenian counterparts do nothing of the sort, and it is no less telling that observers attribute to the Athenians daring [tolma] rather than the moderation [sôphrosunê] said to distinguish the Spartans. This tolma the Athenians evince as much in speech as in deeds. When Pericles attributes to his compatriots a propensity to engage in philosophy without succumbing to softness, he raises a question: whether a city in which an intellectually audacious political class distances itself from religion and ostentatiously seeks guidance from nature [phusis]—as opposed to custom, convention, tradition, and law [nomos]—really can stand up to the stresses and strains produced by a long, drawn-out war. In Thucydides’ opinion, that which is intellectually correct is not always politically salutary.
Sparta and the Crisis of the Peloponnesian League in Thucydides’ History
Authors: Millender Ellen
Published: March 2017

Thucydides’ History is one of the most important sources on the Peloponnesian League, the alliance that facilitated Sparta’s development into a leading power in the Greek world. As he traces the course of the Archidamian War to the aftermath of the Peace of Nicias through the first five books of his History, Thucydides illuminates the roots of Sparta’s dominance over its allies and the deleterious effect of the Peloponnesian War on Sparta’s hegemonic status. The first half of this chapter examines Thucydides’ treatment of Spartan military strategy during the Archidamian War and his suggestion that Spartan military inadaptability seriously destabilized the League. The second half of the chapter analyzes Thucydides’ account of increasing allied disaffection down to the battle of Mantinea in 418 bce and reveals his belief that Sparta’s control of the Peloponnesian League rested primarily on its ability to outperform other Greek poleis on the battlefield.
The Tree, the Funnel, and the Diptych
Authors: Rusten Jeffrey
Published: March 2017

This chapter introduces three common types of long sentence in Thucydides: the “tree,” in which the main action is presented as an initial fact to be explicated and complicated, the “funnel,” in which the main action is final culmination of a complex of motives or observations, and the “diptych,” in which the main action is a hinge that opens to the reader two tableaux, a “before” and “after,” and displays how they contrast with or mirror each other (the diptych). The chapter explicates the syntactical complexities of Thucydides’ long sentences schematically in order to demonstrate the relations between the numerous clauses; overall, it shows how these sentences serve to reveal Thucydides’ analysis.
Authorial Comments in Thucydides
Authors: de Bakker Matthieu
Published: March 2017

This chapter argues that authorial comments are an important tool of Thucydides’ historiographical strategy. As the comments interrelate with the longer authorial essays, the surrounding narrative parts of the Histories, and the speeches of its actors, they guide the reader in interpreting rich, complex text. Authorial comments are typically found at the opening of episodes or at the introduction of characters, and thus often create a frame for evaluating subsequent passages. When comments are asides, they may concern topics distant from Thucydides’ focus, like divination and early Greek legend. Although pushed to the fringes of his work, these topics display significant relations to contemporary events. Finally, the frequency of authorial comments increases in Book 8, the narrative of which points to a growing fragmentation of the Hellenic world, and needs more authorial guidance to remain understandable.
Stasis in the War Narrative
Authors: Palmer Michael
Published: March 2017

This chapter examines the role that stasis plays in Thucydides’ narrative of the war. There is no single word in English that translates the Attic Greek word stasis precisely. The translator must examine the context in order to determine which English word to choose: civil war, civil strife, faction, revolution. Thucydides mentions about forty instances of it that occurred in the Greek world during the war, but this chapter has three main foci: the description of the famous stasis at Corcyra; the prospect of stasis at Sparta, which best explains Thucydides’ fascination with the outstanding Spartan general, Brasidas, whose actions in the Thraceward region did, in fact, force the Spartans to make some changes in their regime; and the prospect of full-blown stasis at Athens, which Alcibiades alone was able to prevent.
Xenophon as a Socratic Reader of Thucydides
Authors: Ludwig Paul
Published: March 2017

Xenophon’s “continuation” of Thucydides’ history opens up a perspective on realism as it is found in the speeches and deeds of Thucydides’ Athenians. The Hellenica and, to a lesser extent, the Anabasis enter into a dialogue with Thucydides about realism and the problematic way in which its theory has an impact on practice. Xenophon’s morality contains surprisingly realistic elements, and his peculiar combination of ethics and politics highlights Thucydides’ own intense interest in the morality and piety of his characters as they struggle with the claims of natural necessity. Moral agency is shown to depend on morale. The perception of necessity sometimes destroys, sometimes raises morale.
Political Philosophy in an Unstable World
Authors: Mara Gerald
Published: March 2017

For many readers, the perspectives of Plato and Thucydides are fundamentally incompatible. Plato’s authentic philosophers allegedly occupy an unchanging world of intellectual forms or ideas. Thucydides’ world is passionate and disrupted. If we agree with these assessments, we find two authors speaking such different languages that prospects for dialogue between them seem impossible. I want to challenge that conclusion by suggesting that we can read Thucydides and Plato more dialogically. I try to show how each author opens possibilities for dialogic engagement with his own text and then indicate areas of plausible exchange between them. This interactive reading avoids the binary frames of reference of abstract and illusory peace or ongoing and inescapable war, drawing attention to experiences in need of continued intellectual negotiation and opening spaces for practical improvement. Beyond expanding our understanding of these authors, such mutual readings help us to appreciate their contributions to conversational political theory.
Thucydides and His Continuators
Authors: Gray Vivienne
Published: March 2017

This chapter discusses the ways in which later historians completed the unfinished history of Thucydides. Cratippus (the author of the Hellenica Oxyrhynchia), Xenophon and Theopompus all wrote completions of Thucydides. They also attached continuations to their completions, going well beyond the endpoint Thucydides envisaged at 5.26. This chapter mentions the continuations only where relevant, however, choosing instead to focus on the completions because they are our first receptions of Thucydides. It considers the ways in which they did or did not imitate their great predecessor and how in other ways they might have engaged with his narrative. Xenophon’s completion is the main focus because it is the only one that is fully extant.
Thucydides on Nature and Human Conduct
Authors: Orwin Clifford
Published: March 2017

Thucydides follows the “Pre-Socratics” and anticipates the Socratics in considering politics in the context of the question of nature. His view of nature, which he expresses above all through the antithesis (or dyad) of motion and rest, seems typically “Pre-Socratic”: of other extant views it most recalls that of Empedocles. Yet by expounding politics itself in terms of rest and motion, he does not so much distinguish it from the natural realm as assimilate the two. His narrative opposes two perspectives: that of the primacy of justice and piety, as championed by the Spartans and their allies, and that of the “Athenian thesis”—the claim that natural compulsions encroach irresistibly on the human freedom to practice these virtues. Both understandings prove problematic, and the dialogue that Thucydides stages between them may point toward the enigmatic perspective of Thucydides himself.
Professional Adult Choirs
Authors: Carrington Simon , Vodicka Jason
Published: March 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the history of professional choruses and offers insight into the structure, choral pedagogy, history of choral music, and current state of professional choral ensembles in the United States. The authors first provide an historical overview of the professional choir, demonstrating that professional choral choruses have been a staple of Western society since the medieval era. They then report on the limited body of research dealing with the rehearsal pedagogy of professional ensembles. Data were gleaned from scholarly publications and from information provided by Chorus America. Additional data comes from personal interviews with conductors of professional choirs, from singers who perform as professional choristers, and from one co-author’s experience as a founding member of The King’s Singers. The authors note the need for further research into this rapidly expanding field.
Black Gospel Choral Music
Authors: Dumpson J. Donald
Published: March 2017

This chapter examines Black gospel music with an emphasis on choral music, and explores this form of American sacred music through sociological theory, contact theory, and multicultural lenses. Such perspectives will provide insights into ways to listen to, prepare, and perform Black gospel music more fully in a variety of settings; from church to secular classrooms. This multifaceted discussion examines the impact of nonmusical experiences on our engagement with unfamiliar music. It also explores how thoughts, individual agency, identity, American history, racial dynamics, religion, governmental policies, and our interpretation of the separation of church and state impact our agency to teach and program Black gospel music. Choral conductors, individual singers, and vocal ensemble participants will be able to understand how their nonmusical experiences impact their decisions regarding the choral music they explore.
“Let the Whole World Rejoice!” Choral Music Education
Authors: Nemes László Norbert
Published: March 2017

Zoltán Kodály (1882–1967), one of the foremost figures of Hungarian culture and choral music in the twentieth century, laid the foundations of a new music pedagogical approach during the times immediately preceding and following the years of World War II. His concept of music education can be summarized into two important goals: (1) to draw more people near to classical musical art while developing the necessary skills in them for its in-depth understanding and reception, (2) to create opportunities from these precious musical experiences for the shaping of personality and the creation of valuable community bonds. Kodály Zoltán’s art was centered around choral music; singing and choral singing are of paramount importance in his educational philosophy. According to him singing was the most important tool for the development of musical literacy. And choral singing was a gateway to life-long inspiration received from the performance of masterpieces.
Similarity
Authors: Mihalcea Rada , Hassan Samer
Published: March 2017

This chapter presents an overview of methods for measuring the similarity of words and texts, using corpus-based and knowledge-based measures of semantic similarity. It describes several word-to-word measures of similarity, using knowledge resources such as WordNet, or large corpora of raw or encyclopedic texts, and shows how these word-based measures can be combined into a text-to-text similarity metric that can be effectively applied to similarity or paraphrase recognition. The metrics are evaluated and compared using a number of experiments performed on several word and text similarity datasets. The chapter concludes by discussing the main techniques proposed to date, and discussing the emerging trends.
Skill Builders and the Evolution of National Vocational Training Systems
Authors: Martin Cathie Jo
Published: March 2017

Some countries develop the (general) skills of industrial workers largely through regular secondary education systems whereas other nations rely on a network of industrial schools and apprenticeship programs to offer their workers credentialed industry or firm-specific occupational skills. Skills Builders delves into the origins of diverse forms. First, patterns of industrial development and economic cleavages shaped the development of skills-training institutions; thus countries with stark regional heterogeneity have been less likely to develop national training systems. Second, the legacies from pre-industrial patterns of cooperation in some nations – most prominently, from the guild system – have encouraged both employers and workers to negotiate collective vocational training institutions. Third, the political features of the state (most importantly, the structure of party competition and degree of federal power sharing) reinforce or work against collectivist solutions to skills needs, cooperative industrial relations systems, and entrenched regional cleavages. Finally, both employers and workers become more committed to skills training when these groups are institutionally well-organized and are given a significant role in the creation and oversight of training programs.
Emerging Economic Powers
Authors: Liu Mingwei , Finegold David
Published: March 2017

This chapter aims to provide a review and analysis of skill development in China and India that do not neatly fit any skill formation model found in the literature. Although both China and India have made some impressive achievements in skill formation in the past two decades, great challenges remain on their way toward high-skill equilibrium including providing a strong educational foundation for vulnerable groups, corruption and rising inequality, skills mismatch, and raising employer skill demands. Despite many similar goals and challenges, the trajectories of skill development of the two countries are shaped by different sets of political, socioeconomic, institutional, cultural, demographic, and organizational factors, leading to two different skill formation and demand models with some complementary strengths and weaknesses.
Professional Skills
Authors: Sako Mari
Published: March 2017

This chapter addresses the under-researched area of professional skills formation in a comparative perspective. The first part reviews the main disciplinary frameworks for analyzing the education and training of professionals. The second part develops a comparative political economy typology for categorizing varieties of professional skill formation systems. This section identifies national institutions of relevance for professional skills, which are distinct from the institutions for industrial skills formation. The rest of the chapter discusses specific forces that are transforming the nature of professionals and explores the implications for professional skills and training. In particular, The third part focuses on offshoring and digital technology, and the fourth part on the changing models for legitimizing professions. The chapter concludes by identifying key avenues for future research.
Rethinking Skills Development
Authors: Wheelahan Leesa
Published: March 2017

This article critiques models of competency-based training in vocational education and training in Anglophone countries and contrasts it to ‘kompetenz’ in Germanic countries. It identifies six key problems with Competency-Based Training (CBT): first, CBT is tied to specific ensembles of workplace roles and requirements; second, the outcomes of learning are tied to descriptions of work as it currently exists; third, CBT does not provide adequate access to underpinning knowledge; fourth, CBT is based on the simplistic and behaviourist notion that processes of learning are identical with the skills that are to be learnt; fifth, the credibility of a qualification is based on trust, not what it says a person can do; and sixth, CBT is based on a notion of the human actor as the supervised worker. The article argues generic skills are not the alternative, and it uses a ‘modified’ version of the capabilities approach as the conceptual basis for qualifications.
Pre-Employment Skill Formation in Australia and Germany
Authors: Polesel John
Published: March 2017

This chapter provides a critical analysis of the role that vocational education and training plays in preparing young people for the labour market in two contrasting systems – Australia and Germany. In Germany, this occurs mainly within the structure of the “dual system”. In Australia, it occurs within a system of comprehensive high schools, where vocational studies are located within the senior secondary certificates. In Australia, it also occurs to an extent in the adult sector VET institutions and in some specialist providers which focus on school-aged youth. The concepts of education logic and employment logic and the type of welfare state, whether neocorporatist or neoliberal, are used to analyse important differences between Australia and Germany. The chapter argues that the skills formation of young people requires both symbolic and financial support and an approach to upper secondary education which is not captive to the sorting and selection mechanisms of universities.
Micronarratives of Music and (Self-)censorship in Socialist Yugoslavia
Authors: Hofmann Ana
Published: March 2017

This chapter explores the music censorship in “totalitarian,” “closed” socialist Yugoslavia, with particular emphasis on “editorial censorship” that involved constant conscious (self-)censorship on the part of authors. Using official (state and scholarly) narratives and media discourses as a framework, the chapter proposes more nuanced and dynamic interpretations of censorial practices in socialist societies that highlight the complexity of socialist music censorship. It considers changes in state cultural policy during the 1970s and their implications for censorship in Yugoslavia in the field of popular music production. Focusing on the “Law Against Šund [art trash],” the chapter examines how Yugoslav officials attempted to end “unregulated cultural politics” and growing nationalism in all fields by promoting an individualized, subjective approach to censorship without strict rules and institutional supervision. It also describes censorship after the break up of Yugoslavia, and especially the emergence of other ways of controlling cultural production in the post-socialist era.
Newton and the Dutch “Newtonians”: 1713–1750
Authors: Ducheyne Steffen , van Besouw Jip
Published: March 2017

This chapter touches on various elements of the reception of Isaac Newton’s ideas in the Netherlands, in particular on three strands in the reception of the Principia. The first is the use, by a group of Amsterdam mathematicians including Bernard Nieuwentijt, of several of Newton’s theological ideas in order to combat Spinoza’s system. Second is Herman Boerhaave’s rather superficial use of Newton’s epistemological statements, which led Boerhaave to claim that Newton’s method would end controversies in science and ward off scepticism. Third are W.J. ’s Gravesande and Petrus van Musschenbroek, the most famous “Newtonians” of the Netherlands, who used certain themes of Newton in order to develop their own theories of knowledge. Taken together, these three strands show that Newton’s ideas were appropriated and developed in many different ways in the Netherlands. Differences and agreements between the strands can shed new light on the development of “Newtonianism” in the Netherlands.
Euler, Newton, and Foundations for Mechanics
Authors: Stan Marius
Published: March 2017

This chapter looks at Euler’s relation to Newton, and at his role in the rise of Newtonian mechanics. It aims to give a sense of Newton’s complicated legacy for Enlightenment science and to point out that key “Newtonian” results are really due to Euler. The chapter begins with a historiographical overview of Euler’s complicated relation to Newton. Then it presents an instance of Euler extending broadly Newtonian notions to a field he created: rigid-body dynamics. Finally, it outlines three open questions about Euler’s mechanical foundations and their proximity to Newtonianism: Is his mechanics a monolithic account? What theory of matter is compatible with his dynamical laws? What were his dynamical laws, really?
Useful versus Harmful Prison Policies
Authors: Wooldredge John
Published: March 2017

This chapter provides a synthesis of some of the useful prison policies discussed throughout this volume. The sources of useful versus harmful policies in addition to the implications of the latter are discussed. Perhaps the most common source of harmful policies has been heavier emphases placed on punishment by politicians and court actors who are further removed from the prison experience. Common denominators of policies that have generally improved the welfare of prisoners and/or prison staff, on the other hand, include grounding in an increasingly humanitarian view of offenders, a growing awareness of both short- and long-term adverse effects of incarceration on offenders and the general population, greater reliance on empirically based strategies, and interagency collaborations to ensure long-term solutions while minimizing unanticipated ill effects. The greatest obstacles to overcoming harmful policies are also reviewed, highlighting the importance of cumulative knowledge and ongoing empirical research on best practices.
The Contribution of Increased Equity to the Estimated Social Benefits from a Transfer Program: An Illustration from PROGRESA/Oportunidades
Authors: Alderman Harold , Behrman Jere R , Tasneem Afia
Published: March 2017

Most impact evaluations of Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) and Unconditional Cash Transfers (UCTs) focus on the returns to increased human capital investments that will be reaped largely or exclusively in the future (e.g., when current children have increased productivities as adults). But the objectives of these programs are not only to increase human capital investments with implications for future levels and distributions of income but also to alleviate current poverty and reduce current inequality. The current distributional gains from such programs depend on the degree of inequality aversion in the social welfare function. Simulations show that, for a range of inequality aversion parameters, the welfare gains from current redistribution for the Mexican PROGRESA CCT program can be as large, or possibly much larger, than the estimated present discounted value of future earnings from human capital investments in lower and upper secondary schooling. These, moreover, are underestimates of the gains from redistribution because, in addition to current gains, such gains will be augmented in the future through the distribution of the returns on the human capital investments induced by cash transfer programs. Therefore, to fully evaluate such programs, it is critical to incorporate the distributional gains, not only the impacts on human capital investments.
Readmission and Prolapse Recurrence After Abdominal and Vaginal Apical Suspensions in Older Women
Authors: Sanses Tatiana V. D. , Hanley Jan M. , Zhang Peter , Richter Holly E. , Gambert Steven R. , Saigal Chris S.
Published: March 2017

(Abstracted from Obstet Gynecol 2016;128:1369–1377)

Optimal surgical approaches for pelvic organ prolapse have been investigated in randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews, but the safest and most durable apical suspension has not been definitely identified. Estimates of prolapse recurrence vary widely (from 2.3% to 29.2%) because of differences in study design and length of follow-up.
Transfemoral Prosthetic Overview for Surgeons
Authors: Day Jonathan D.
Published: March 2017

A general overview of transfemoral prosthetics is presented to improve collaboration and optimize patient outcomes. Incorporating the rehabilitation team including physical therapist, prosthetist, and counselors into the perioperative phases helps prepare the patient for prosthetic treatment and reduces the potential for unnecessary delays in treatment. Surgically creating ideal transfemoral residual limbs improves patient outcomes. Compliant documentation of healing, current health conditions and preparedness for prosthetic treatment is critical to support the prosthetic treatment plan. Understanding transfemoral socket designs, suspensions, knee joint and foot technology is required to develop the proper treatment plan and itemized prescription. Anticipated physiological residuum changes and functional improvements require prosthetic follow-up to maximize the fit and function of the prosthesis throughout the rehabilitation process. Ongoing surgeon follow-up versus early referral back to primary care or physical medicine and rehabilitation changes who sees and understands the patient’s long-term surgical and prosthetic outcomes. Surgical and prosthetic improvements in the future are made more exciting when paired with increased collaboration between the specialties.
Prediction of Pathological Complete Response Using Endoscopic Findings and Outcomes of Patients Who Underwent Watchful Waiting After Chemoradiotherapy for Rectal Cancer
Authors: Kawai Kazushige , Ishihara Soichiro , Nozawa Hiroaki , Hata Keisuke , Kiyomatsu Tomomichi , Morikawa Teppei , Fukayama Masashi , Watanabe Toshiaki
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND:

Nonoperative management for patients with rectal cancer who have achieved a clinical complete response after chemoradiotherapy is becoming increasingly important in recent years. However, the definition of and modality used for patients with clinical complete response differ greatly between institutions, and the role of endoscopic assessment as a nonoperative approach has not been fully investigated.

OBJECTIVE:

This study aimed to investigate the ability of endoscopic assessments to predict pathological regression of rectal cancer after chemoradiotherapy and the applicability of these assessments for the watchful waiting approach.

DESIGN:

This was a retrospective comparative study.

SETTINGS:

This study was conducted at a single referral hospital.

PATIENTS:

A total of 198 patients with rectal cancer underwent preoperative endoscopic assessments after chemoradiotherapy. Of them, 186 patients underwent radical surgery with lymph node dissection.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:

The histopathological findings of resected tissues were compared with the preoperative endoscopic findings. Twelve patients refused radical surgery and chose watchful waiting; their outcomes were compared with the outcomes of patients who underwent radical surgery.

RESULTS:

The endoscopic criteria correlated well with tumor regression grading. The sensitivity and specificity for a pathological complete response were 65.0% to 87.1% and 39.1% to 78.3%. However, endoscopic assessment could not fully discriminate pathological complete responses, and the outcomes of patients who underwent watchful waiting were considerably poorer than the patients who underwent radical surgery. Eventually, 41.7% of the patients who underwent watchful waiting experienced uncontrollable local failure, and many of these occurrences were observed more than 3 years after chemoradiotherapy.

LIMITATIONS:

The number of the patients treated with the watchful waiting strategy was limited, and the selection was not randomized.

CONCLUSIONS:

Although endoscopic assessment after chemoradiotherapy correlated with pathological response, it is unsuitable for surveillance of patients treated via a nonoperative approach. Incorporation of a “watchful waiting” strategy without establishing proper surveillance protocols and salvage strategies might result in poor local control.
Comparative Evaluation of the Efficacy of Polyethylene Glycol With Ascorbic Acid and an Oral Sulfate Solution in a Split Method for Bowel Preparation: A Randomized, Multicenter Phase III Clinical Trial
Authors: Kim Bun , Lee Seong Dae , Han Kyung Su , Kim Byung Chang , Youk Eui-Gon , Nam Myung Jin , Lee Doo Han , Sohn Dae Kyung
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND:

An adequate level of bowel preparation before colonoscopy is important. The ideal agent for bowel preparation should be effective and tolerable.

OBJECTIVE:

The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy and tolerability of polyethylene glycol with ascorbic acid and oral sulfate solution in a split method for bowel preparation.

DESIGN:

This was a prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial.

SETTINGS:

Outpatients at the specialized clinics were included.

PATIENTS:

A total of 186 subjects were randomly assigned. After exclusions, 84 subjects in the polyethylene glycol with ascorbic acid group and 83 subjects in the oral sulfate solution group completed the study and were analyzed.

INTERVENTIONS:

Polyethylene glycol with ascorbic acid or oral sulfate solution in a split method was the included intervention.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:

The primary end point was the rate of successful bowel preparation, which was defined as being excellent or good on the Aronchick scale. Tolerability and adverse events were also measured.

RESULTS:

Success of bowel preparation was not different between 2 groups (91.7% vs 96.4%; p = 0.20), and the rate of adverse GI events (abdominal distension, pain, nausea, vomiting, or abdominal discomfort) was not significantly different between the 2 groups. In contrast, the mean intensity of vomiting was higher in the oral sulfate solution group than in the polyethylene glycol with ascorbic acid group (1.6 ± 0.9 vs 1.9 ± 1.1; p = 0.02).

LIMITATIONS:

All of the colonoscopies were performed in the morning, and the subjects were offered enhanced instructions for bowel preparation. In addition, the results of tolerability and adverse effect may have a type II error, because the number of cases was calculated for confirming the efficacy of bowel preparation.

CONCLUSIONS:

Oral sulfate solution is effective at colonoscopy cleansing and has acceptable tolerability when it is compared with polyethylene glycol with ascorbic acid. The taste and flavor of oral sulfate solution still need to be improved to enhance tolerability.
Endometrial microbiome
Authors: Franasiak Jason M. , Scott Richard T.
Published: March 2017

Purpose of review

There have been great improvements in assisted reproduction in the recent decade; however, there are still a significant number of chromosomally normal blastocysts that fail to produce live births. The human microbiome is the totality of the microbes and their genomes that exist in and on the host. The understanding of its impact on health and human disease, particularly in human reproduction, is evolving.

Recent findings

New technologies have empowered metagenomic sample analysis that allows for more fully characterizing the reproductive tract microbiome. With these technologies, we have determined not only that sites previously thought to be sterile in fact have robust microbiomes, but also have better characterized the normal and abnormal vaginal and endometrial microbiome.

The understanding of the microbiome in health and human disease, in particular in relation to human reproduction, is in its infancy. As the reproductive tract dysbiosis are better characterized and understood, we may be better equipped to manipulate it more expertly.
Pharmacological Treatment of ADHD in Addicted Patients: What Does the Literature Tell Us?
Authors: Carpentier Pieter-Jan , Levin Frances R.
Published: March 2017

Learning objectives

After participating in this activity, learners should be better able to:• Evaluate pharmacologic treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in patients with substance use disorder (SUD) • Assess the causes of the diminished efficacy of ADHD medication in patients with comorbid SUD

Objective

Substance use disorder (SUD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently co-occur, and the presence of ADHD complicates the treatment of the addiction. Pharmacotherapy is a potent intervention in childhood and adult ADHD, but findings have been mixed in adolescent and adult ADHD patients with SUDs. This review focuses on several contributing factors and possible explanations, with implications both for future research and for clinical practice.

Method

This systematic review examined all randomized, placebo-controlled trials of pharmacotherapy for ADHD in adult and adolescent SUD patients.

Results

The number of studies is limited, and several studies are hampered by qualitative flaws. The results, in general, are inconclusive for most medications studied, but more recent trials using psychostimulants in robust dosing have demonstrated significantly positive results.

Conclusion

In reviewing these trials, possible explanations relating to the particular characteristics and problems of this complex patient group are discussed. Several factors, including ADHD symptom severity, psychiatric comorbidity, persistent drug use, choice of medication, and concomitant psychosocial intervention, influence study results. Taking these factors into account may improve the likelihood of detecting significant effects in future research, as the recent positive trials have indicated, and may help in the appropriate selection of pharmacotherapy in clinical practice.
How Well Do We Understand the Long-Term Health Implications of Childhood Bullying?
Authors: Zarate-Garza Pablo Patricio , Biggs Bridget K. , Croarkin Paul , Morath Brooke , Leffler Jarrod , Cuellar-Barboza Alfredo , Tye Susannah J.
Published: March 2017

Once dismissed as an innocuous experience of childhood, bullying is now recognized as having significant psychological effects, particularly with chronic exposure. Victims of bullying are at risk for a number of psychiatric disturbances, and growing evidence suggests that the pathophysiological effects of bullying, as with other forms of trauma and chronic stress, create additional health risks. We review the literature on the known sequelae of bullying, including psychiatric and physiological health effects, with a focus on implications for the victim. In addition, since it is now well established that early and chronic exposure to stress has a significant negative impact on health outcomes, we explore the implications of this research in relation to bullying and victimization in childhood. In particular, we examine how aspects of the stress response, via epigenetic, inflammatory, and metabolic mediators, have the capacity to compromise mental and physical health, and to increase the risk of disease. Research on the relevant mechanisms associated with bullying and on potential interventions to decrease morbidity is urgently needed.