bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
No benefit of an adjunctive phototherapy protocol in treatment of periodontitis: A split‐mouth randomized controlled trial
Authors: Preshaw Philip M. , Ide Mark , Bissett Susan M. , Holliday Richard , Lansdowne Nichola , Pickering Kimberley , Taylor Judy A. , Levonian Ana M. , Pleasance Christine , Guarnelli Maria Elena , Simonelli Anna , Fabbri Chiara , Farina Roberto , Panagakos Fotinos S. , Trombelli Leonardo
Published: April 2021

Aim

To assess the efficacy of a commercially available adjunctive phototherapy protocol (“Perio‐1”) in treatment of periodontitis.

Materials and Methods

In an examiner‐blind, randomized, controlled, split‐mouth, multicentre study, 60 periodontitis patients received root surface debridement (RSD) in sextants either alone (control sextants) or with the adjunctive phototherapy protocol (test sextants). Re‐evaluation was performed at 6, 12 and 24 weeks.

Results

No statistically significant differences in mean (± standard deviation) clinical attachment level (CAL) change from baseline to week 24 were observed between test (−1.00 ± 1.16 mm) and control sextants (−0.87 ± 0.79 mm) at sites with probing pocket depths (PPDs) ≥5 mm (“deep sites”) at baseline (p = .212). Comparisons between test and control sextants for all other parameters (CAL change at all sites, PPD change at deep sites/all sites, bleeding on probing, plaque scores), and for all change intervals, failed to identify any statistically significant differences.

Conclusions

The phototherapy protocol did not provide any additional clinical benefits over those achieved by RSD alone. (German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00011229).
Autologous connective tissue graft or xenogenic collagen matrix with coronally advanced flaps for coverage of multiple adjacent gingival recession. 36‐month follow‐up of a randomized multicentre trial
Authors: Tonetti Maurizio S. , Cortellini Pierpaolo , Bonaccini Daniele , Deng Ke , Cairo Francesco , Allegri Mario , Conforti Gianpaolo , Graziani Filippo , Guerrero Adrian , Halben Jan , Malet Jacques , Rasperini Giulio , Topoll Heinz
Published: April 2021

Aim

To report the 36‐month follow‐up of a trial comparing the adjunct of a xenogenic collagen matrix (CMX) or connective tissue graft (CTG) to coronally advanced flaps (CAF) for coverage of multiple adjacent recessions.

Material and methods

125 subjects (61 CMX) with 307 recessions in 8 centres from the parent trial were followed‐up for 36 months. Primary outcome was change in position of the gingival margin. Multilevel analysis used centre, subject and tooth as levels and baseline parameters as covariates.

Results

No differences were observed between the randomized and the follow‐up population. Average baseline recession was 2.6 ± 1.0 mm. 3‐year root coverage was 1.5 ± 1.5 mm for CMX and 2.0 ± 1.0 mm for CTG (difference of 0.32 mm, 95% CI from −0.02 to 0.65 mm). The upper limit of the confidence interval was over the non‐inferiority margin of 0.25 mm. No treatment differences in position of the gingival margin were observed between 6‐ and 36‐month follow‐up (difference 0.06 mm, 95% CI −0.17 to 0.29 mm).

Conclusion

CMX was not non‐inferior with respect to CTG in multiple adjacent recessions. No differences in stability of root coverage were observed between groups and in changes from 6 to 36 months. Previously reported shorter time to recovery, lower morbidity and more natural appearance of tissue texture and contour observed for CMX in this trial are also relevant in clinical decision‐making.
Is life cycle assessment enough to address unintended side effects from Circular Economy initiatives?
Authors: Niero Monia , Jensen Charlotte L. , Fratini Chiara Farné , Dorland Jens , Jørgensen Michael S. , Georg Susse
Published: April 2021

Despite the spread of policy and business initiatives aiming at transitioning to a Circular Economy (CE), the concept is criticized in the scientific literature for its lack of emphasis on social contexts. Implementing CE initiatives to production systems can indeed lead to “unintended side effects,” that is, both rebound effects and other indirect shifts in consumption patterns. In this forum article we address the question: “How to make the unintended side effects of implementing CE initiatives knowable and actionable?” We argue that the ability of life cycle assessment (LCA) to address unintended side effects from CE initiatives is limited, as LCA can model how different product systems interact with each other, but does not attend to the socio‐technical dynamics taking place within and across different life cycle phases. To extend the potential of LCA in supporting decision‐making, our suggestion is to complement LCA with other types of analytical approaches, such as Practice Theory (PT) and Actor‐Network Theory (ANT), which can improve our understanding of the unintended side effects of CE initiatives. These theories consider societal dynamics as socio‐technical and focus on the processes and practices through which production and consumption dynamics change. Thus, they can provide analyses of whether and how CE initiatives are capable of realizing novel relations within/among socio‐technical systems. Ultimately, they can provide explanations on why things end up the way they do, thus supporting LCA in the investigation of more "real" rather than ideal scenarios.
Concurrent yellow fever and pulmonary aspergillosis due to Aspergillus fumigatus in a free‐ranging howler monkey (Alouatta sp)
Authors: Guerra Juliana Mariotti , Ferreira Camila Santos da Silva , Díaz‐Delgado Josué , Takahashi Juliana Possatto Fernandes , Kimura Lidia Midori , de Araújo Leonardo José Tadeu , Réssio Rodrigo Albergaria , dos Santos Cirqueira Cinthya , Ozahatar Carlos Hitoshi , Cunha Mariana Sequetin , Luchs Adriana , Fernandes Natália Coelho Couto de Azevedo
Published: April 2021

Herein, we describe a unique case of concomitant angioinvasive pulmonary aspergillosis due to Aspergillus fumigatus and yellow fever in a free‐ranging howler monkey (Alouatta sp). Lung samples were negative for influenza viruses A and B.
Description and evolution of the larynx of thePhysalaemus olfersiispecies group, with remarks on the laryngeal anatomy of theP. cuviericlade (Amphibia: Anura: Leiuperinae)
Authors: de La Vega Bernardo , Pombal José P. , Hepp Fábio
Published: April 2021

The anuran larynx is an organ of great evolutionary interest because it impacts male reproductive success in courtships. However, little is known about the diversity of the larynx's anatomy, evolutionary history and systematics importance. Here, we describe and compare the anatomy of the larynx of 10Physalaemusspecies of theP.cuviericlade, focusing on theP.olfersiispecies group. We also reconstructed the ancestral states and tested the phylogenetic signal for the anatomical features. In all the species, the larynx has a general globular shape with the arytenoid cartilages covering almost its entire dorsal surface, while the anterior process of the cricoid cartilages covers most of the ventral surface. The size of the secondary fibrous mass, the thickness of the vocal membrane, and the attachment position of the vocal membrane's free edge considerably differ among the species. Moreover, only four species of a single clade in theP.olfersiispecies group have the primary fibrous mass well‐developed with a suspended region in the dorsolateral passage. We found a significant phylogenetic signal for all these characters. Ancestral reconstructions pointed to reduction tendencies in the thickness of the vocal membrane and the size of the secondary fibrous mass, and a shift of the ventral attachment of the vocal membrane, increasing the angle of its free edge along the phylogeny. This latter trait can diagnose the entirePhysalaemus olfersiigroup, which has the ventral ends of the arytenoids positioned posteriorly, giving this group the steepest angles for the vocal membrane's free edge in relation to the frontal plane. Based on our results, the larynges can contribute to thePhysalaemus olfersiispecies group's systematics and could be elucidative to understand the evolution of the genus. High levels of anatomical and bioacoustical complexity and diversity observed in the group support the expected correlation between vocal anatomy and bioacoustical signal.
Quality of life in young men with androgenetic alopecia: A mixed methods study
Authors: Razum Josip , Vukasović Hlupić Tena
Published: April 2021

Background

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is related to adverse psychological consequences in young men, which is further accentuated by the astronomical growth of the hair transplant industry. However, a deeper insight into AGA and its impact on young men are lacking in the literature. Moreover, its impact is currently measured with general dermatological health‐related quality of life questionnaires.

Aims

Aim of this study was hence twofold: (i) to explore the individual experience of men with AGA via a qualitative study and (ii) to use these insights to create and preliminary validate a set of items for measuring quality of life specifically in AGA.

Patients/Methods

The qualitative study was carried out on a convenience sample of 11 young men in different stages of AGA. In the quantitative study, items for measuring quality of life in androgenetic alopecia were created and distributed to an online sample of men younger than 35 (N = 129).

Results

Multiple themes and sub‐themes were obtained in the qualitative study, highlighting the loss of control, lowered attractiveness, concerns about dating, and an influence on daily functioning the young men felt. In the quantitative study, nine items were retained, demonstrating high reliability, and moderate correlations with self‐esteem and subjective well‐being.

Conclusions

AGA is a valid issue, which has a marked impact on young men. We believe that further developing and validating a tool that would measure quality of life specifically in AGA, or generally in different alopecia types, is an approach worth taking.
Effect of interventions in pregnant women with mildly impaired glucose tolerance
Authors: Shindo Ryosuke , Aoki Shigeru , Kasai Junko , Nakanishi Sayuri , Saigusa Yusuke , Miyagi Etsuko
Published: April 2021

Aim

In 2010, the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (JSOG) changed the diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) to follow the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group (IADPSG) criteria. As a result, many pregnant women with mildly impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) were newly diagnosed with GDM. This study aimed to verify the effects of interventions in pregnant women with mild IGT who were newly diagnosed with GDM based on the present JSOG criteria.

Methods

We defined mild IGT as a degree of IGT that would be diagnosed as GDM according to the present but not the previous JSOG criteria. We compared pregnancy and delivery outcomes in women with mild IGT who delivered a singleton at 22 weeks of gestation or later, between 2000 and 2009 (untreated group, n = 503) versus between 2011 and 2017 (treated group, n = 781).

Results

The incidence of GDM‐related composite complications such as macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, neonatal hypoglycemia, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome was comparable in the untreated and treated groups (10.1% vs. 11.9%, p = 0.11). The pregnancy outcomes were also comparable, except for infant birth weights, which were lower in the treated group than in the untreated group (3014 g vs. 3094 g; p = 0.02).

Conclusions

Pregnancy outcomes were not affected by the interventions in pregnant women with mild IGT.
International Management as Management of Diversity: Reconceptualizing Distance as Diversity
Authors: Lumineau Fabrice , Hanisch Marvin , Wurtz Olivier
Published: April 2021

Despite the importance of distance in international business and management research, the theoretical foundation for the concept and the underlying causal mechanisms are subject to shortcomings. We propose reinvigorating the study of distance through a diversity lens. We draw on research on diversity and develop a theoretical framework that distinguishes types of diversity (separation, variety, and disparity) at three levels (institutional, organizational, and individual). We show how this framework allows scholars to extend their analysis of distance, revisit important questions, and explore new issues. We discuss the theoretical and empirical implications of our diversity lens for the international business and management community.
Aberrant brain voxel‐wise resting state fMRI in patients with thyroid‐associated ophthalmopathy
Authors: Chen Wen , Wu Qian , Chen Lu , Zhou Jiang , Chen Huan‐Huan , Xu Xiao‐Quan , Wu Fei‐Yun , Hu Hao
Published: April 2021

Background and Purpose

Although ophthalmic complaints were mostly mentioned in thyroid‐associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), emotional and psychological disturbances are increasingly concerned. We aimed to investigate the brain functional alteration in TAO patients by using resting‐state functional MRI (rs‐fMRI) with the fractional amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuation (fALFF), regional homogeneity (ReHo), and degree centrality (DC) methods.

Methods

Twenty‐one consecutive TAO patients and 21 healthy controls (HCs) underwent rs‐fMRI scans. The fALFF, ReHo, and DC values were compared between groups.

Results

Compared with HCs, TAO group showed decreased fALFF values in bilateral calcarine/left lingual gyrus and left middle occipital gyrus (MOG). Moreover, TAO group had decreased ReHo values in left MOG/inferior occipital gyrus/fusiform gyrus, while increased ReHo values in bilateral middle frontal gyrus (MFG)/superior frontal gyrus (SFG) than HCs. TAO group also showed decreased DC values in bilateral postcentral gyrus (PoCG)/precentral gyrus/superior parietal lobule and supplementary motor area, and increased DC values in left SFG/MFG and MFG. In TAO patients, ReHo value in left MOG was positively correlated with visual acuity (r = 0.524, p = 0.021), while ReHo values in bilateral MFGs were negatively correlated with cognitive scores (left/right: r = –0.476/–0.527, p = 0.039/0.020). DC value in left PoCG was negatively correlated with disease duration (r = –0.492, p = 0.033).

Conclusions

Our findings indicated that TAO patients had brain functional alterations in the visual network, executive control network, sensorimotor network, and attention network, which may reflect potential visual and cognitive dysfunctions.
Where do women earn more than men? Explaining regional differences in the gender pay gap
Authors: Fuchs Michaela , Rossen Anja , Weyh Antje , Wydra‐Somaggio Gabriele
Published: April 2021

This paper provides new evidence on the magnitude and determinants of regional differences in the gender pay gap. On the basis of a comprehensive data set of all full‐time employees in Germany, we explain the profound variation of the gender pay gap at a small‐scale level with theory‐based individual and job‐related characteristics. Using the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition, we find pronounced spatial differences in the impact of the considered determinants. Whereas gender differences in job‐related characteristics are important drivers in regions with a high gender pay gap, individual characteristics come into effect in regions with a low and negative gap. The results underscore the role played by the establishment composition in a region and the kind of jobs provided for gendered earnings.
A phylogenomic perspective on gene tree conflict and character evolution in Caprifoliaceae using target enrichment data, with Zabelioideae recognized as a new subfamily
Authors: Wang Hong‐Xin , Morales‐Briones Diego F. , Moore Michael J. , Wen Jun , Wang Hua‐Feng
Published: April 2021

The use of diverse data sets in phylogenetic studies aiming for understanding evolutionary histories of species can yield conflicting inference. Phylogenetic conflicts observed in animal and plant systems have often been explained by hybridization, incomplete lineage sorting (ILS), or horizontal gene transfer. Here, we used target enrichment data, species tree, and species network approaches to infer the backbone phylogeny of the family Caprifoliaceae, while distinguishing among sources of incongruence. We used 713 nuclear loci and 46 complete plastome sequence data from 43 samples representing 38 species from all major clades to reconstruct the phylogeny of the family using concatenation and coalescence approaches. We found significant nuclear gene tree conflict as well as cytonuclear discordance. Additionally, coalescent simulations and phylogenetic species network analyses suggested putative ancient hybridization among subfamilies of Caprifoliaceae, which seems to be the main source of phylogenetic discordance. Ancestral state reconstruction of six morphological characters revealed some homoplasy for each character examined. By dating the branching events, we inferred the origin of Caprifoliaceae at approximately 66.65 Ma in the late Cretaceous. By integrating evidence from molecular phylogeny, divergence times, and morphology, we here recognize Zabelioideae as a new subfamily in Caprifoliaceae. This work shows the necessity of using a combination of multiple approaches to identify the sources of gene tree discordance. Our study also highlights the importance of using data from both nuclear and plastid genomes to reconstruct deep and shallow phylogenies of plants.
Debating ethical nominalism in Early Enlightenment thought on China
Authors: Kow Simon
Published: April 2021

This article discusses debates about the normative implications of nominalism by considering significant Enlightenment assessments of China’s society and politics. Enlightenment universalism has been criticized as an insufficient bulwark against nominalist tendencies towards cultural or subjective relativism, and (in its Anglo‐French formulations) as responsible for the ills of modernity which need to be overcome by a ‘spiritual turn’ in Critical Realism. Yet in response to the nominalist aspects of the philosophy of Thomas Hobbes (1588‐1679), the early Enlightenment thinkers Pierre Bayle (1647‐1706), Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646‐1716), and the Baron de Montesquieu (1689‐1755) countered the nominalist denial of the reality of universal concepts while conceding the validity of multiple cultural perspectives on the social and political world. Each thinker attempted to reconcile certain universal ethical standards with the fact of cultural and epistemic diversity as demonstrated by China, with differing levels of success. Indeed, their considerations on Hobbesian nominalism and views on China are tied to conceptions of the social as a sphere in many ways independent of the political order—a general development in western social and political theory in the late seventeenth to eighteenth centuries. Thus, the links between their responses to ethical nominalism and conceptions of the Chinese social and political order shed crucial light on debates internal to Enlightenment thought relative to non‐European cultures, and in turn on the development of classical social theory. Furthermore, their anti‐nominalist universalist theories which nevertheless accounted for particular and often incommensurable cultural frameworks can be seen as early modern precursors to ongoing efforts to navigate between extreme versions of universalism and relativism, and as constituting ‘philosophical under‐labour’ for contemporary social theory.
Microtextures in the Chelyabinsk impact breccia reveal the history of Phosphorus‐Olivine‐Assemblages in chondrites
Authors: Walton Craig R. , Baziotis Ioannis , Černok Ana , Ferrière Ludovic , Asimow Paul D. , Shorttle Oliver , Anand Mahesh
Published: April 2021

The geochemistry and textures of phosphate minerals can provide insights into the geological histories of parental asteroids, but the processes governing their formation and deformation remain poorly constrained. We assessed phosphorus‐bearing minerals in the three lithologies (light, dark, and melt) of the Chelyabinsk (LL5) ordinary chondrite using scanning electron microscope, electron microprobe, cathodoluminescence, and electron backscatter diffraction techniques. The majority of studied phosphate grains appear intergrown with olivine. However, microtextures of phosphates (apatite [Ca5(PO4)3(OH,Cl,F)] and merrillite [Ca9NaMg(PO4)7]) are extremely variable within and between the differently shocked lithologies investigated. We observe continuously strained as well as recrystallized strain‐free merrillite populations. Grains with strain‐free subdomains are present only in the more intensely shocked dark lithology, indicating that phosphate growth predates the development of primary shock‐metamorphic features. Complete melting of portions of the meteorite is recorded by the shock‐melt lithology, which contains a population of phosphorus‐rich olivine grains. The response of phosphorus‐bearing minerals to shock is therefore hugely variable throughout this monomict impact breccia. We propose a paragenetic history for P‐bearing phases in Chelyabinsk involving initial phosphate growth via P‐rich olivine replacement, followed by phosphate deformation during an early impact event. This event was also responsible for the local development of shock melt that lacks phosphate grains and instead contains P‐enriched olivine. We generalize our findings to propose a new classification scheme for Phosphorus‐Olivine‐Assemblages (Type I–III POAs). We highlight how POAs can be used to trace radiogenic metamorphism and shock metamorphic events that together span the entire geological history of chondritic asteroids.
Ring distribution patterns—diversification or speciation? Comparative phylogeography of two small mammals in the mountains surrounding the Sichuan Basin
Authors: Wang Yanqun , Feijó Anderson , Cheng Jilong , Xia Lin , Wen Zhixin , Ge Deyan , Sun Jian , Lu Liang , Li Song , Yang Qisen
Published: April 2021

Studying the genetic differentiation in a unique geographical area contributes to understanding the process of speciation. Here, we explore the spatial genetic structure and underlying formation mechanism of two congeneric small mammal species (Apodemus draco and A. chevrieri), which are mainly distributed in the mountains surrounding the lowland Sichuan Basin, southwest China. We applied a set of comparative phylogeographical analyses to determine their genetic diversification patterns, combining mitochondrial (Cytb and COI) and nuclear (microsatellite loci) markers, with dense sampling throughout the range (411 A. draco from 21 sites and 191 A. chevrieri from 22 sites). Moreover, we performed three complementary statistical methods to investigate the correlation between genotype and geographical and environmental components, and predicted the potential suitable distributional range under the present and historical climate conditions. Our results suggest that both species have experienced allopatric differentiation and admixture in historical periods, resulting in a ring‐shape diversification, under the barrier effect of the Sichuan Basin. We infer that the tectonic events of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and climatic oscillations during the Quaternary played an important role on the genetic divergence of the two species by providing environmental heterogeneity and geographical variation. Our study reveals a case of two sympatric small mammals following a ring‐shaped diversification pattern and provides insight into the process of differentiation.
Suffering experiences of people with cancer undergoing chemotherapy: A meta‐ethnographic study
Authors: Mendonça Angelo Braga , Pereira Eliane Ramos , Magnago Carinne , Medeiros Angelica Yolanda Bueno Bejarano Vale , Silva Rose Mary Costa Rosa Andrade , Martins Adriana de Oliveira , Meira Karina Cardoso
Published: April 2021

This meta‐ethnography had the objectives of identifying, evaluating, and summarizing the findings of qualitative studies regarding the suffering experiences of people undergoing chemotherapy, as well as developing an explanatory conceptual structure regarding what affects these experiences. A systematic literature review was carried out, covering the past 10 years, in the following databases: CINAHL, Embase, Medline, LILACS and Scopus. By using meta‐ethnographic synthesis methods, the following themes were found: the pain of loss; evaluating, measuring, and neutralizing the threat; and social contours of suffering. The experience of living with cancer and undergoing chemotherapy was synthesized into a theoretical‐explanatory model with a structure that resembles barbed‐wire loops. The model expresses people's suffering experiences as marked by the feeling of loss, restraint of emotions, and resilience. While transcendent movements broke the cycle of suffering, resilience emerged as a learning experience that made patients more resistant to the pain of loss. The results indicated a complex and diverse set of factors that influence suffering, which confirmed that experiences are individual, comprehensive, and continuously reinterpreted.
Divergence in red light responses associated with thermal reversion of phytochrome B between high‐ and low‐latitude species
Authors: Ikeda Hajime , Suzuki Tomomi , Oka Yoshito , Gustafsson A. Lovisa S. , Brochmann Christian , Mochizuki Nobuyoshi , Nagatani Akira
Published: April 2021

Phytochromes play a central role in mediating adaptive responses to light and temperature throughout plant life cycles. Despite evidence for adaptive importance of natural variation in phytochromes, little information is known about molecular mechanisms that modulate physiological responses of phytochromes in nature.

We show evolutionary divergence in physiological responses relevant to thermal stability of a physiologically active form of phytochrome (Pfr) between two sister species of Brassicaceae growing at different latitudes.

The higher latitude species (Cardamine bellidifolia; Cb) responded more strongly to light‐limited conditions compared with its lower latitude sister (C. nipponica; Cn). Moreover, CbPHYB conferred stronger responses to both light‐limited and warm conditions in the phyB‐deficient mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana than CnPHYB: that is Pfr CbphyB was more stable in nuclei than CnphyB.

Our findings suggest that fine tuning Pfr stability is a fundamental mechanism for plants to optimise phytochrome‐related traits in their evolution and adapt to spatially varying environments, and open a new avenue to understand molecular mechanisms that fine tune phytochrome responses in nature.
Worldwide prevalence estimates of burning mouth syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wu Shuangshuang , Zhang Wenqing , Yan Jingxian , Noma Noboru , Young Andrew , Yan Zhimin
Published: April 2021

Objectives

To evaluate the worldwide prevalence and epidemiology profile of burning mouth syndrome.

Material and Methods

A systematic review and meta‐analysis was conducted. Search strategies were performed in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang database for studies published before January 31, 2021, for the prevalence of burning mouth syndrome.

Results

Eighteen articles were included. The overall pooled prevalence of burning mouth syndrome was 1.73% (95% CI = 0.176–0.351, n = 26,632) in general population, and 7.72% (95% CI = 0.434–0.691, n = 86,591) in clinical patients. The subgroup analysis by continent showed that among the population‐based studies the prevalence in Asia (1.05%) lower than in Europe (5.58%) and North America (1.10%). The subgroup analysis by gender showed the prevalence of female (1.15%) was higher than male (0.38%) in general population. The subgroup analysis by age showed the prevalence was higher for people over 50 (3.31%) than under 50 (1.92%).

Conclusions

The pooled prevalence of burning mouth syndrome was relatively high in both general population and clinical patients, varies in different regions with the highest prevalence in Europe, and females over 50 years were the most susceptible group. More epidemiological surveys on the prevalence of burning mouth syndrome are needed.
Leaf heat tolerance of 147 tropical forest species varies with elevation and leaf functional traits, but not with phylogeny
Authors: Slot Martijn , Cala Daniela , Aranda Jorge , Virgo Aurelio , Michaletz Sean T. , Winter Klaus
Published: April 2021

Exceeding thermal thresholds causes irreversible damage and ultimately loss of leaves. The lowland tropics are among the warmest forested biomes, but little is known about heat tolerance of tropical forest plants. We surveyed leaf heat tolerance of sun‐exposed leaves from 147 tropical lowland and pre‐montane forest species by determining the temperatures at which potential photosystem II efficiency based on chlorophyllafluorescence started to decrease (TCrit) and had decreased by 50% (T50).TCritaveraged 46.7°C (5th–95th percentile: 43.5°C–49.7°C) andT50averaged 49.9°C (47.8°C–52.5°C). Heat tolerance partially adjusted to site temperature;TCritandT50decreased with elevation by 0.40°C and 0.26°C per 100 m, respectively, while mean annual temperature decreased by 0.63°C per 100 m. The phylogenetic signal in heat tolerance was weak, suggesting that heat tolerance is more strongly controlled by environment than by evolutionary legacies.TCritincreased with the estimated thermal time constant of the leaves, indicating that species with thermally buffered leaves maintain higher heat tolerance. Among lowland species,T50increased with leaf mass per area, suggesting that in species with structurally more costly leaves the risk of leaf loss during hot spells is reduced. These results provide insight in variation in heat tolerance at local and regional scales.
Variations in the pathophysiology of respiratory syncytial virus infection depend on the age at onset
Authors: Nagamori Tsunehisa , Yoshida Youichiro , Ishibazawa Emi , Oka Hideharu , Takahashi Hironori , Manabe Hiromi , Taketazu Genya , Shirai Masaru , Sakata Hiroshi , Oki Junichi , Azuma Hiroshi
Published: April 2021

Background

Lower respiratory tract infections due to respiratory syncytial virus are associated with morbidity and mortality in infants and children. Thus precise elucidation of respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection pathophysiology is important.

Methods

Medical records of hospitalized patients were reviewed. Patients were divided into three groups. Group I: patients who improved without oxygen supply. Group II: patients who received oxygen supply, but not nasal high‐flow cannula therapy. Group III: patients who received nasal high‐flow cannula. Patients were also divided by age group into the <6 months and ≥6 months groups. Parameters for differentiating the severity among groups were then evaluated. Further, serum concentration of high‐mobility group box‐1 and several cytokines (Inerleukin‐6, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor‐1/2, Interleukin‐18, Interferon‐gamma responsive protein‐100) were evaluated.

Results

One hundred eighty‐nine were enrolled. An analysis of variance for those <6 months showed overall differences including younger age, lower pH, and increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), bicarbonate (HCO3‐), and base excess at the time of admission. On the other hand, analysis of variance for ≥6 months revealed that, in addition to a lower pH and increased pCO2, patients showed differences including decreased serum total protein and albumin, and increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanin aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Ferritin and C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels. Further, evaluation of serum cytokines showed that IL‐6, s tumor necrotizing factor receptor‐1/2, and high‐mobility group box‐1 were higher in Group II/III among the ≥6 months age group, but not for those in the <6 months group.

Conclusions

The pathophysiology of severe respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection varies according to the age at onset. In late infancy and childhood, a certain proportion of patients show a hyperinflammatory status.
Headaches for epistemologists
Authors: Talbot Brian
Published: April 2021

Imagine that one must either lose all of one’s certainty about some very important topic – about the meaning of life, for example – or a small amount of certainty about each of one’s more “mundane” beliefs – beliefs about the color of one’s socks, where one’s keys are, whether it will rain, etc. One ought to take the latter loss, no matter how many mundane beliefs are at stake. Conversely, if one had to give up a tiny bit of certainty about the important topic, or all of one’s certainty about most mundane topics, one ought to take the former loss. These two judgments generate what I call the “epistemic headaches‐for‐lives challenge,” so called because it resembles a challenge in ethics about the relative values of headaches and lives. In this paper, I argue for two things. First, our epistemic theories should accord with these types of judgments, and so must deal with the headaches‐for‐lives challenge. Second, this is a serious challenge for formal epistemology.
Differential reproductive responses to contrasting host species and localities in Psittacanthus calyculatus(Loranthaceae) mistletoes
Authors: Lara C. , Xicohténcatl‐Lara L. , Ornelas J. F.
Published: April 2021

Host trees are immediate environments for multi‐host mistletoes, so parasitizing different hosts implies exposure to varying environmental conditions between mistletoe generations. Therefore, to maximize reproductive fitness in heterogeneous environments (host species) mistletoes should adjust its reproductive responses in relation to circumstances.

Here, we ask how reproductive traits of Psittacanthus calyculatus mistletoes vary on two host tree species (Crataegus mexicana, Prunus serotina) at three different localities.

We followed individual mistletoes on each host species and at three localities through the flowering season to quantify traits related to reproductive effort and success, e.g. total number of buds, flowers and fruits produced. In buds about to open, we measured two anthers and quantified the number of pollen grains and their viability. Individual flowers were marked to obtain flower longevity data and were followed until fruit formation. At which time we measured and weighed the fruits and the seeds.

Mistletoes from one locality produced more buds, flowers and fruits, and the flowers lasted longer, had larger anthers and produced more pollen as compared to the other two localities. However, mistletoes on Prunus serotina produced fewer floral buds, but their fruits were heaviest, longest and widest and ripened fastest across localities. The probability of fruit formation, percentage of fruits formed, and pollen viability were similar among the mistletoes, regardless of host species or locality. We propose that the observed differences in reproductive effort and success associated with host species or locality are plastic or adaptive in this mistletoe in response to varying conditions.
Population structure of Dothistroma septosporum in Poland: revealing the genetic signature of a recently established pathogen
Authors: Boroń Piotr , Lenart‐Boroń Anna , Mullett Martin , Grad Bartłomiej , Nawrot‐Chorabik Katarzyna
Published: April 2021

The incidence and geographic range of Dothistroma septosporum, a serious foliar pathogen of pine, has increased dramatically in central Europe in the last three decades. In Poland, it was first detected in 1990, and by the mid‐2010s became established throughout the country, meaning the population of D. septosporum in Poland is relatively young. In this study we analysed site populations of the pathogen in Poland using highly variable microsatellite markers in order to identify the genetic signatures of a recent migration and to track the mode of its introduction. As a result, we found that in Poland the population of D. septosporum is highly structured, the strongest division occurring between a portion of isolates from south‐central Poland, including the original outbreak site, and the isolates from the rest of the country. Further genetic structure allowed identification of population clusters specific to particular regions of Poland. Random mating tests show that some population groups have a much lower tendency to reproduce sexually than others, a factor that helps maintain the strong population structure observed. Such a pattern of diversity indicates multiple independent introduction events/migration waves: a single introduction, probably human‐mediated, at the original outbreak site, and at least two waves representing a general shift in the distribution of D. septosporum as a consequence of natural spread, resulting in most of the local populations having similar diversity parameters.
Ecological restoration success from community and agency perspectives: exploring the differences
Authors: Galbraith Mel , Towns David R. , Bollard Barbara , MacDonald Edith A.
Published: April 2021

Ecological restoration is an integral part of conservation efforts worldwide. Projects are actioned at all stakeholder levels, with many projects claiming success. However, debate over what constitutes “success” in the context of ecological restoration is long‐running. Local communities commonly collaborate with government agencies in restoration projects, with many taking on responsibilities for project management. This study surveyed restoration practitioners in New Zealand at both community and agency levels to explore perceptions of what constitutes restoration “success,” and how this is measured. We found all stakeholders perceived their projects to be successful, although different perceptions of determinants and measures of success were evident. Agencies with ecological management responsibilities claim to follow systems‐level attributes of success although monitoring is often limited to standards that are the easiest to measure. Community‐based practitioners identify with gains in ecosystem structure, but their measurements of success tend to be of species‐focused standards, possibly because of the ease by which such outcomes can be measured and, especially for New Zealand, focused by widespread publicity about threatened species and the impact of invasive species. Also, for long‐running projects, perceptions of success may shift as ecological milestones are achieved. Although all restoration stakeholders aspire to universal outcomes of improved ecological status, for many community‐based participants, social motivation, and rewards may be as important as their environmental stewardship intentions. We highlight the need to recognize the scientific and social duality of modern ecological restoration, particularly as community engagement is an explicit aspiration of the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021–2030.
Valid and Approximately Valid Confidence Intervals for Current Status Data
Authors: Kim Sungwook , Fay Michael P. , Proschan Michael A.
Published: April 2021

We introduce a new approach for creating pointwise confidence intervals for the distribution of event times for current status data. Existing methods are based on asymptotics. Our approach is based on binomial properties and motivates confidence intervals that are very simple to apply and are valid that is guarantee nominal coverage. Although these confidence intervals are necessarily conservative for small sample sizes, asymptotically their coverage rate approaches the nominal one. This binomial approach also motivates approximately valid confidence intervals, and simulations show that these approximate intervals generally have coverage rates closer to the nominal level with shorter length than existing intervals, such as the confidence interval based on the likelihood ratio test. Unlike previous asymptotic methods that require different asymptotic distributions for continuous or grid-based assessment, the binomial approach can be applied to either type of assessment distribution.
Pituitary neuropeptides and B lymphocyte function
Authors: Benko Ann L. , Wright A. Dale , Sunyer Teresa , Kovacs William J. , Olsen Nancy J.
Published: April 2021

This review discusses the accumulated evidence that pro‐opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene products as well as other pituitary neuropeptides derived from related genes (Proenkephalin, PENK; Prodynorphin, PDYN, and Pronociceptin, PNOC) can exert direct effects on B lymphocytes to modulate their functions. We also review the available data on receptor systems that might be involved in the transmission of such hormonal signals to B cells.
Validity of water compartments estimated using bioimpedance spectroscopy in athletes differing in hydration status
Authors: Francisco Rúben , Jesus Filipe , Gomes Tricy , Nunes Catarina L. , Rocha Paulo , Minderico Cláudia S. , Heymsfield Steven B. , Lukaski Henry , Sardinha Luís B. , Silva Analiza M.
Published: April 2021

We aimed to validate bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS), compared with tracer dilution measurements, for assessing total body water (TBW), intracellular water (ICW), and extracellular water (ECW) in athletes differing in hydration status. A total of 201 athletes participated. Reference TBW and ECW were determined by deuterium and bromide dilution methods, respectively; ICW was calculated as TBW‐ECW. Water compartments were estimated by BIS. Urine specific gravity (USG) classified athletes into well‐hydrated (WH) (USG < 1.023), euhydrated (EH) (USG:1.024–1.026), and dehydrated (DH) (USG>1.027). No significant differences were found between BIS and the reference methods for WH, EH, and DH athletes for TBW, ICW nor ECW (p>0.05). Concordance of TBW and its compartments by method was significant (p < 0.001) with coefficients of determination ranging by hydration classification [EH:52–96%;DH:56–98%;WH:71–96%]. Bland‐Altman analyses showed no trend for TBW and its compartments with the exception of ICW in the WH athletes. The 95% confidence BIS intervals for the WH group ranged from −3.08 to 2.68 kg for TBW, −4.28 to 4.14 kg for ICW, and −3.29 to 3.02 kg for ECW. For the EH athletes, the 95% confidence intervals ranged from −2.78 to 2.24 kg for TBW, −4.10 to 3.94 kg for ICW, and −3.44 to 3.06 kg for ECW. In DH group, TBW ranged between −1.99 and 2.01 kg, ICW between −3.78 and 6.34 kg, and ECW between −6.22 and 3.74 kg. These findings show that BIS is useful at a group level in assessing water compartments in athletes differing in hydration status. However, the usefulness of BIS is limited at an individual level, especially in dehydrated athletes.
The respective weights of facial signs on the perception of age and a tired‐look among differently aged Korean men
Authors: Flament Frederic , Abric Aurelie , Prunel Anne , Cassier Matthieu , Delaunay Caroline
Published: April 2021

Objectives

To determine the respective weights of certain facial signs on the assessment of the perceived age and a tired‐look on Korean men of different ages.

Material and Methods

Photographs were taken of the faces of 101 Korean men (20‐80 years) under standardized conditions. These photographs allowed to define 16 signs, which were then graded by 15 experts/dermatologists, using standardized scales provided by a referential Skin Aging Atlas. These signs were dispatched into 5 clusters, namely Wrinkles/Texture, Ptosis/Sagging, Cheek pores, Pigmentation, and Vascular signs. A naïve panel of 200 Korean individuals (100 women, 100 men), of similar age range, were asked, when viewing full‐face photographs, to (a) attribute on a 0‐10 scale their perception of a tired‐look and (b) estimate the age of the subject.

Results

The severity of all clusters increased with age, although at different rates. The Wrinkles/Texture or Ptosis/Sagging showed a rather regular progression, whereas Vascular presented the weakest changes. Although perceived and real ages were found highly correlated, almost 85% of the subjects were judged older by 1‐15 years. The signs/clusters were found significantly correlated with perceived age, highly for Wrinkles/Texture and Ptosis/Sagging, moderate for Pigmentation, and low for Vascular and Cheek pores. The weights in perceived ages of Wrinkles/Texture and Ptosis/Sagging represent 81% and Pigmentation at 19%. Facial tired‐look of Korean men was found significantly correlated with perceived age. Although Vascular and Cheek pores were found not impacting, Wrinkles/Texture, Ptosis/Sagging, and Pigmentation presented a clear influence.

Conclusion

Within facial clusters, Wrinkles/Texture, Ptosis/Sagging, and Pigmentation are major factors in the assessment of perceived age in Korean men. The perception of an increased tired‐look is significantly associated with increased perceived age.
Avoiding Gaps in Romance: Evidence from Italian and French for a Structural Parsing Principle
Authors: Konrad Ingrid , Burattin Massimo , Cecchetto Carlo , Foppolo Francesca , Staub Adrian , Donati Caterina
Published: April 2021

Existing evidence suggests that the parser avoids positing a movement dependency if the grammar does not require doing so. By investigating the processing of two syntactic ambiguities that have not been the subject of processing studies before, we provide more conclusive evidence for this parsing bias in two Romance languages: French and Italian. In two acceptability‐judgment experiments and two self‐paced‐reading studies, we found that sentences that involved a filler–gap dependency (indirect questions in Italian and free relatives in French) were dispreferred compared to sentences involving the same lexical material but no filler–gap dependency (declarative complement clauses in both languages). Crucially, the filler–gap dependency was not dispreferred when there was no available competitor. We conclude by discussing the relevance of these results for syntactic theory, in particular for the questionable status of Merge over Move as a grammatical principle.
Methodological Considerations for Incorporating Clinical Data Into a Network Model of Retrieval Failures
Authors: Castro Nichol
Published: April 2021

Difficulty retrieving information (e.g., words) from memory is prevalent in neurogenic communication disorders (e.g., aphasia and dementia). Theoretical modeling of retrieval failures often relies on clinical data, despite methodological limitations (e.g., locus of retrieval failure, heterogeneity of individuals, and progression of disorder/disease). Techniques from network science are naturally capable of handling these limitations. This paper reviews recent work using a multiplex lexical network to account for word retrieval failures and highlights how network science can address the limitations of clinical data. Critically, any model we employ could impact clinical practice and patient lives, harkening the need for theoretically well‐informed network models.
“Teología como hermenéutica”: para un diálogo crítico-creativo con Claude Geffré
Authors: Aquino Júnior Fracisco de
Published: April 2021

Se ha vuelto cada vez más común hablar de la teología como hermenéutica. En amplios sectores de la comunidad teológica esta tesis aparece como algo evidente e indiscutible, como un supuesto o axioma teórico-epistemológico que prescinde de mayores problematizaciones y requiere, a lo sumo, de la exposición del pensamiento de sus principales representantes. Una de las referencias más importantes de la tesis de “la teología como hermenêutica” es sin duda el teólogo dominico francés Claude Geffré. Este estudio se centra en su pensamiento y quiere indicar la necesidad de un diálogo crítico-creativo con su concepción de la teología. Analiza los principales escritos en los que presenta, justifica y desarrolla su concepción de la “teología como hermenêutica” e indica los aspectos problemáticos y/o discutibles de esta concepción. Por tanto, tiene un carácter crítico-analítico. El texto comienza presentando su tesis del “giro hermenéutico de la teologia” e indica los supuestos teóricos y algunas implicaciones teológicas de esta tesis. Concluye discutiendo algunos puntos problemáticos y/o insuficientemente elaborados de la tesis y, con ello, señalando la necesidad de un debate teórico más amplio y profundo sobre el estatus teórico de la teología como intellectus y de su aspecto o momento hermenéutico.