bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Guessing the Unseen from the Seen Stanley Cavell and Film Interpretation
Authors: Klevan Andrew
Published: November 2023

In his essay “The Thought of Movies,” Stanley Cavell quotes a famous passage from Henry James’s essay “The Art of Fiction”:

The passage speaks of “a rather tantalising monition” and is itself “rather tantalis ing”: “feeling life,” James says, “in general so completely”; “you are well on the way to knowing”; “this cluster of gifts may almost be said”; “Try to be one of the people” [my emphases]-the aspiring novice is kept aspiring. Finding one’s experience (or not being lost to it)-corning toward it without any necessary completions-is something Cavell, like James, is tactfully alive to. When he writes of himself-”! had come to count on myself as one of the people willing not to be lost to his or to her experience”2-his “willing” expresses more than an inclination. It expresses a continuing aspiration.
Malnutrition
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

Malnutrition afflicts more than 200 million children throughout the world and is responsible for 50% of deaths that occur before age 5. Malnutrition robs young children of good health, growth, and development. Many internationally adopted children are malnourished prior to adoption (see Chapter 2). Prenatal malnutrition is common: more than 25% of international adoptees are low birth weight. Because of uncertainty about gestational age in most children, determination of intrauterine growth retardation is difficult. Postnatal malnutrition befalls children who reside with impoverished or neglectful birth families, in institutions, or in indifferent foster care. Some children suffer from prolonged, severe, and/or recurrent episodes of malnutrition. Others endure a single episode of malnutrition due to illness, food shortages, or loss of a beloved caregiver. Poor appetite, impaired oral-motor function, and improper feeding techniques (bottle-propping) all reduce food intake. Chronic undernutrition is much more common than malnutrition, and has longlasting effects as well.
Developmental Delay
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

Developmental delays may be broadly categorized as “disorders that interfere with the child’s ability to communicate, relate and think creatively and logically” in an age-appropriate manner, or as “disorders in the regulation of activity and attention.” Using this definition, nearly all internationally adopted children are developmentally delayed at arrival (Table 13–1). Less is known about the long-term developmental outcome of this group and the incidence of learning disabilities and cognitive delays (see Chapters 31–33). Many factors contribute to the prevalence of these problems in international adoptees (Table 13–2). This chapter reviews the components that influence developmental delay, learning disabilities, and cognition among international adoptees. The results of interventions to treat developmental delay, suggested screening techniques for this special population, and current knowledge of the developmental and cognitive outcome of internationally adopted children are also discussed.
Helicobacter Pylori
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection is perhaps the most common infection of humankind. At least 1 billion people are infected;4 most acquire the infection in infancy or early childhood. Infection with HP may contribute to the poor growth of institutionalized children and to the failure to thrive of some international adoptees after arrival to the United States. In a recent serosurvey, 31% of 226 children from 18 countries had antibodies to HP. Antibodies were common among children who had previously resided in an orphanage (vs. foster care) (Fig. 20–1), were older at adoption (43.4 months ± 4.3 vs. 17.2 months ± 1.8, p <0.0001), and were co-infected with intestinal parasites (44% vs. 19%, p = 0.002). International adoptees are at high risk for acquisition of HP infection in early life and thus also for the long-term problems associated with infection.
Lead And Other Environmental Toxins
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

Pediatricians throughout the world recognize the impact of environmental exposures on the health and well-being of children.1 Doctors working in orphanages are no different, and frequently cite “poor ecology” or “bad air and water” as primary problems of the children in their care. Adoptive parents often are dismayed to discover that their child-to-be resides in a heavily polluted, industrialized city. Prior to travel, some families research their child’s birth city or region and discover proximity to nuclear power stations, mining pits (e.g., nickel, copper, coal), or other potential sources of environmental toxins. They wonder if there will be any longterm effects on the child from possible exposures. For example, the potential risks to children adopted from the areas surrounding Chernobyl, the site of the 1986 nuclear power disaster, remain a frequent concern nearly 20 years later. Exposures to environmental toxins are not unique to institutionalized children.
Language Competence
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

Many newly arrived international adoptees have delayed speech in their primary languages (Table 31–1) (see Chapter 13). These delays may not be obvious after immersion in a new language milieu. Inexperienced parents may overlook the important delays in pre-speech development common among young children. Published studies also likely underestimate the prevalence of language delays.
Dysfunction Of Sensory Integration
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

Children in institutional care experience many forms of sensory deprivation. Crib confinement and swaddling limit tactile experience, motor activity, vestibular and proprioceptive stimulation, and visual input. Quiet orphanage rooms reduce auditory exposures. Liquid and puréed diets diminish oralmotor stimulation. When sensory experiences are disturbed, children may develop disorders of sensory integration (DSI). This disorder is not discussed in many general pediatric textbooks, yet has gained increasing recognition as a theoretical and practical explanation for many behavioral and developmental problems in young children. Disorders of sensory integration are discussed in books on autism and in some developmental pediatric books.
Name, Face, Body
Authors: Greenberg Kenneth S
Published: November 2023

What was Nat Turner’s name? What did he look like? Where is his body? We can ask these simple questions about any major historical figure and usually expect to discover simple answers. But Nat Turner was no ordinary “major historical figure.” He was a slave rebel, deeply and passionately hated by the white people of Virginia who captured and hanged him in 1831. Both his position as a slave and his position as a man who threatened the core values and institutional structures of the antebellum South have made him a difficult figure for historians to reconstruct. The men who tried and hanged him, and then dissected his body, may have done their job of obliteration so well that it will never be possible to put the pieces back together again—neither the pieces of his body nor the pieces of his character and identity. Nat Turner may be destined to live forever in our memory as the most famous, least-known person in American history.
Stvron’s Choice: A Meditation on History, Literature, and Moral Imperatives
Authors: Joyner Charles
Published: November 2023

The day dawned bleak and chill that Friday in the Virginia tidewater, and an enveloping gray light seemed to come out of the northeast. The dry leaves whispered a little in the windless November. Around noon the jailer unlocked the condemned hole of the Southampton County Jail. It was cold and musty in the hole, and the rank smell fouled the air.
Interview with Alvin F. Poussaint, M.D.
Authors: Poussaint Alvin F
Published: November 2023

Q: When did you first encounter Nat Turner as a figure in history?

Dr. Alvin F. Poussaint: I knew about Nat Turner when I was a teenager because I used to attend left-wing summer camps in New York and New Jersey. They were interracial camps and very concerned about segregation and the oppression of black Americans. One of the historical figures they discussed, rightly, was Nat Turner and how he had been a leader of a rebellion against slavery in the nineteenth century.
Race, Rules, and Reporting
Authors: Ritchie Donald A
Published: November 2023

The Washington press corps remained exclusively white until President Roosevelt’s press secretary, Stephen Early, kneed a black policeman in the groin during the 1940 campaign. His rash act set in motion a chain of events that finally toppled racial barriers for African American journalists at the White House and Capitol. Until then, black reporters had been shut out of Franklin Roosevelt’s press conferences and denied seats in the congressional press galleries, and the resistance they encountered came not from the politicians but from the reporters who ran the White House Correspondents Association and the Standing Committee of Correspondents in the Senate and House. Integration of the Washington press corps was a slow and painful process, complicated by white reporters’ intolerance or indifference, discord within the black press, and rancor between men and women journalists of both races. Change came only after the politicians overruled the press corps.
Company Town Papers
Authors: Ritchie Donald A
Published: November 2023

Rumors rolled through the Capitol in February 1981, from the reporters in the press galleries to the elevator operators and the pages. Shots had been fired at the vice president of the United States as he left a woman friend’s Capitol Hill townhouse at dawn. The Secret Service had rushed him to safety but it was uncertain whether he had been wounded. Countless people passed along some version of the shooting story-all of them untrue. A few weeks later, the Washington Post deftly dissected it all in a front-page account, “Anatomy of a Washington Rumor.” The article traced how the rumor originated, how it circulated, and how it lacked the slightest substance. Sharing a byline for the story was Janet Cooke, a promising young reporter whose name had been appearing with marked frequency in the Post. Not long afterward, Cooke received a Pulitzer Prize for her story about an eight-year-old heroin addict. The prize revived newsroom suspicions about her work-and those rumors proved true. She had invented the story entirely, and her editors had accepted it blindly. The incident exposed serious flaws in Washington’s preeminent local newspaper less than a decade after its triumph with Watergate.1
Anyone with a Modem
Authors: Ritchie Donald A
Published: November 2023

Watching a rerun of All the President’s Men a quarter century after Watergate, Washington Post music critic Joseph McLellan marveled at how little the newsroom it portrayed had changed since then, until he caught sight of the actor Dustin Hoffman, playing Carl Bernstein, inserting a sheet of six-ply paper into his typewriter. That brought back memories of the thick sheaves of carbons and the pneumatic tubes that carried them to the composing room. He also recalled that “to file a story from outside the office, you had to find a telephone and call the dictation department:’ practices that already seemed quaint. By the time he retired in 2001, everything about the news-writing, editing, and disseminating it-had gone digital.
Evaluating Fatigue of Ovarian Cancer Patients Using Ecological Momentary Assessment
Authors: Basen-Engquist Karen , Moor Carl de
Published: November 2023

Fatigue has been defined as “a general feeling of debilitating tiredness or loss of energy” (Vogelzang, Breitbart, Cella, et al., 1997). People with cancer experience fatigue much differently than do healthy individuals. For healthy people, fatigue is experienced as a normal, even pleasant consequence of hard work or exercise that is ameliorated by rest and sleep. Fatigue as experienced by people with cancer is a chronic, distressing lack of energy that severely limits activity and is not relieved by sleep or rest (Glaus, Crow, & Hammond, 1996).
Statistical Issues in Intensive Longitudinal Data Analysis
Authors: Walls Theodore A , Hoppner, Bettina B , Goodwin Matthew S
Published: November 2023

Innovation in scientific data collection involving new kinds of protocols has proceeded at a breakneck pace over the past 10 years. Starting from a tradition of diary studies (Almeida, 2005; Bolger, Rafaeli, & Davis, 2003), researchers have increasingly used emerging “smart” electronic devices to collect data reflecting experience over time in real-life contexts. Many scientific studies have emerged using these devices; for example, there are studies using beepers for diary data collection (Csikszentmihalyi & Larson, 1987), computerized ambulatory recording devices (e.g., Wilhelm, Roth, & Sackner, 2003), automated behavioral observational tools (e.g., Borrie,Jonsson, & Magnusson, 2002; Hirschhauser, Frigerio, Grammer, & Magnusson, 2002), and sensing devices in physical and architectural environments (Intille, Chapter 16, this volume). Consistently, in many areas of psychology and in behavioral medicine, studies using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) techniques have become commonplace (Stone & Shiffman, 1994). At the same time, other technological advances, including developments in GPS and GIS technology, fMRI and PET imaging, road network analysis, Web interfaces for transactions, and many other technology-based data collection mechanisms have equipped researchers with tools to collect much more detailed and complex time-graded data than ever before.
Americanos
Authors: Chasteen John Charles
Published: November 2023

In 1808, world history took a decisive turn when Napoleon occupied Spain and Portugal, a European event that had lasting repercussions more than half the world away, sparking a series of revolutions throughout the Spanish and Portuguese empires of the New World. These wars for independence resulted eventually in the creation of nineteen independent Latin American republics. Here is an engagingly written, compact history of the Latin American wars of independence. Proceeding almost cinematically, scene by vivid scene, John Charles Chasteen introduces the reader to lead players, basic concepts, key events, and dominant trends, braided together in a single, taut narrative. He vividly depicts the individuals and events of those tumultuous years. Here are the famous leaders--Simón Bolívar, José de San Martín, and Bernardo O'Higgins, Father Hidalgo and Father Morelos, and many others. Here too are lesser known Americanos: patriot women such as Manuela Sáenz, Leona Vicario, Mariquita Sánchez, Juana Azurduy, and Policarpa Salavarrieta, indigenous rebels such as Mateo Pumacahua, and African-descended generals such as Vicente Guerrero and Manuel Piar. Chasteen captures the gathering forces for independence, the clashes of troops and decisions of leaders, and the rich, elaborate tapestry of Latin American societies as they embraced nationhood. By the end of the period, the leaders of Latin American independence would embrace classical liberal principles - particularly popular sovereignty and self-determination - and permanently expand the global reach of Western political values. Today, most of the world's oldest functioning republics are Latin American. And yet, Chasteen observes, many suffer from a troubled political legacy that dates back to their birth. In this book, he illuminates this legacy, even as he illustrates how the region's dramatic struggle for independence points unmistakably forward in world history.
Prelude to the Twentieth Century
Authors: Volk Terese M
Published: November 2023

Multiculturalism in one form or another has been a part of American music education for nearly one hundred years. However, before delving into multicultural music education in the twentieth century, it is important to establish the nineteenth-century conditions from which it evolved. Throughout the latter half of the nineteenth century, both general education and music education subscribed to European philosophies and educational methodologies. In addition, music education looked to Europe, especially to the classical music tradition of Germany, for its classroom material.
The International Movement: 1929-1953
Authors: Volk Terese M
Published: November 2023

Both domestic and international events influenced education during the period from 1929 to 1953: immigration restrictions, the Great Depression, World War II, and the Cold War. Because of these, and encouraged by both federal policy and the desire for world peace, general education and music education continued to develop “international relations in education,” a program begun earlier in the 1920s. At the same time, intercultural education taught understanding of the cultures within the United States, and music education began to employ more of the musics from these cultures in the classroom.
Pivotal Changes:1954-1967
Authors: Volk Terese M
Published: November 2023

Change pervaded the period from 1954 to 1967. Like general education, music education was abruptly awakened from the complacency of the early 1950s by social reforms resulting from desegregation, the launching of Sputnik 1, and the civil rights movement. General education answered these challenges with new methods and content in the curriculum. Music education dealt with these societal pressures by an ever widening acceptance of the musics of all cultures in the school music repertoire.
Since 1990
Authors: Volk Terese M
Published: November 2023

The 1990s ushered in a period of economic recession. Stricter budgets forced retrenchment in all areas from business to government to education. Corporate downsizing became a fact of life, and school systems operated on austerity budgets.
Music Teacher Education
Authors: Volk Terese M
Published: November 2023

There is no doubt folk musics have been taught in the schools for many years; many people remember singing European and American folk songs, including spirituals, as elementary or high school students. However, there was little or no training given new teachers in how to teach these musics. Colleges assumed that training teachers in Western music was sufficient to enable them to teach any kind of music. The concept of music as a “universal language” upheld this idea, as did the fact that the first musics ad­ mitted to the curriculum were European, American, and Latin American folk musics, all based on the Western music tradition. The exception to this situation was the African-American colleges and universities where the music education program regularly included the teaching of African-American music traditions along with European musics.
Final Considerations: Problems and Possibilities
Authors: Volk Terese M
Published: November 2023

Difficulties still face music teachers, both nationally and internationally, who are trying to making the change to a multicultural perspective. Ensembles providing performance opportunities in the music of another culture are relatively scarce in academia, although they abound in the community. Method books are available for learning to play instruments from around the world, but they are culture-specific and do not yet have translations. A consistent pronunciation guide for all languages does not yet exist.2 Even more important to classroom instruction, very little material deals with how to teach diverse musics to a diverse student population.
“Bloody And Severe”: The Pivo Tal Southern War, Ear Ly 1781
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

No year since 1777 had dawned with the flurry of activity that ushered in 1781. On January 2, Benedict Arnold arrived suddenly at Jamestown, Virginia, with a large British invasion force. At about the same moment, Cornwallis’s army at Winnsboro, South Carolina, set out to find the rebels under Morgan and Greene.
Choices, 1782
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

Philadelphia was dark and quiet, its residents asleep. Almost no one heard the horse as it clattered spectrally over the empty cobblestone streets just before three o’clock. The rider sought out the home of the president of Congress, Thomas McKean, and awakened him with a start by pounding loudly on his door. Once the rider was shown in, the two men spoke quietly. Visibly moved, McKean immediately sent a servant to deliver word to the town watch- man, who patrolled the streets looking for signs of fire or other troubles and on the hour bawling out the correct time. On this night, October 22, 1781, the watchman changed his routine after receiving the urgent message. As he walked the glum streets he cried out his essential news in a happy mixture of his native and newfound tongue: “Basht dree o’clock, und Gorn-wal-lis isht da-ken.”
The Politics of Remembering Reconstruction
Authors: Elliott Mark
Published: November 2023

Published in 1879, A Fool’s Errand was one of the first shots fired in a struggle over the historical meaning of Reconstruction and the political lessons to be drawn from it. Had he not written A Fool’s Errand, Albion Tourgée would likely have disappeared into history like most other Republicans who survived a career on the front lines of Reconstruction. The unexpected success of this book, however, catapulted him to national fame and launched a second career for Tourgée as a political writer who was determined to keep the fires of Radical Republicanism alive.
Radical Individualism in the Gilded Age
Authors: Elliott Mark
Published: November 2023

The 1880s were challenging times for Tourgée. A profound intellectual transformation was taking place in the North, and he began to fear that Americans were losing faith in the very egalitarian premise of democratic government. Beginning with the assassination of Garfleld, personal and political setbacks ended his brief period of insider influence in national politics after the success of A Fool’s Errand. That euphoric experience was soon replaced by a growing feeling of disconnection to his times. This feeling was captured perfectly in Tourgée’s collection of satiric essays, A Veteran and His Pipe, published in the mid-1880s.
The Rejection of Color-Blind Citizenship: Plessy v. Ferguson
Authors: Elliott Mark
Published: November 2023

He asks nothing as a Negro,” Tourgée appealed on behalf of blacks in 1890. “It is as a citizen merely that we are called on to consider what rights and privileges he is entitled to exercise.” The “color-blind” argument, however, became increasingly difficult to maintain as the legal evisceration of the Reconstruction Amendments proceeded into the 1890s. In fact, the language of color-blind “equal citizenship” had been used by Justice Joseph Bradley in his Supreme Court majority opinion in the Civil Rights Cases (1883).
Who Gets Lupus?
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

Three to five percent of Americans develop an autoimmune disease in their lifetime if we include thyroiditis and Type I diabetes. How many lupus patients are there in the United States? It is not as easy to answer this question as it might seem. In 1997, the National Arthritis Data Workshop estimated that there were as few as 239,000 Americans with SLE. These numbers, however, do not include those patients who have discoid lupus or drug-induced lupus. On the other hand, the Lupus Foundation of America and the Arthritis Foundation have suggested that between 500,000 and 1 million Americans have one of the four forms of lupus (see Table 2.2).
Prescriptions for Choral Excellence
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Chase Constance
Published: November 2023

In shaping choral tone, directors often wish to improve the sound of their choir, but are challenged to pinpoint underlying problems or to guide singers toward solutions. Now, in Prescriptions for Choral Excellence, skilled vocal pedagogue Shirlee Emmons and leading choral director Constance Chase equip choral directors with the practical tools they need to help singers achieve peak choral performance. Drawing on years of experience, Emmons and Chase help choral directors and singers effectively diagnose and resolve problems. They cover topics ranging from breath management and diction to range and intonation, and much more. Beyond describing vocal difficulties, the book provides concrete instructions on how to apply the concepts in day-to-day rehearsal and performance. The numerous practical exercises and planning aides allow directors to maximize both time and talent to elicit the highest potential from their singers. While grounded in the most up-to-date research in voice science, the discussion of vocal anatomy and function is accessible to readers with no previous knowledge of voice science. Going beyond other vocal and choral guidebooks, the authors also apply the most current theories in leadership principles and group dynamics to choral settings, helping directors translate their natural musicality and charisma into inspiring and motivational leadership. A comprehensive and unique blend of practical expertise, voice science, and leadership psychology, Prescriptions for Choral Excellence is an invaluable guide for all choral directors seeking to create memorable and remarkable performances.
The Warm-Up and Training Period
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Chase Constance
Published: November 2023

There are some who posit that choral singers actually have little need to warm up, that the music itself will train requisite skills, and that only the greater vocal demands placed upon soloists require a warm-up. Still others feel a responsibility to address the warm-up issue, but are nonetheless uncertain of the effectiveness of their efforts. Many directors search for the “perfect” warm-up exercises to settle the question. No single such warm-up regimen exists, underscoring the need for directors to develop their ability to diagnose and prescribe, that is, to assess a situation and be equipped to address it. Singers should no more attempt to plunge into rehearsal without a warm-up than a quarterback would start to run with the ball or a hurdler to begin his race without a warm-up. Simply because the singer’s muscles are, for the most part, invisible to the eye does not mean that they require less attention than the muscles of any other athlete, for singing is an athletic event. Prominent vocal researcher Ingo Titze has said that a singer’s vocalizations are exactly like the stretching warm-ups never, ever skipped by other small-muscle athletes such as tennis players and golfers. The professional lives of these athletes depend on their muscles being at tip-top readiness for action. To them, readiness means winning or losing. To singers and their conductor it means the difference between a good or bad performance.
Leadership Theory for Reference
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Chase Constance
Published: November 2023

The matter of leading a group, a choral group in particular, is a multifaceted issue. It is incumbent upon directors to refine their awareness, and to develop and practice leadership skills that enable healthy group function. Those choirs that proceed through the rehearsal-to-performance cycle in a healthy, interdependent manner are the choirs that are most likely to perform consistently. The leadership skills required of directors to produce such effort are over and above their musical/vocal/technical skills. When strong leadership skills combine with high musical/vocal/technical skills, then these directors’ choirs are most likely to perform consistently at a high level.
Practice and Imagery
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Chase Constance
Published: November 2023

Choral directors, indeed all musicians, have invested long hours of their lives practicing something, whether it be piano, voice, conducting, violin, trumpet, or all of the above. All musicians were trained in technique and repertoire. Yet how many of us were trained to practice effectively? There is no academic course in how to practice. Many of us were probably left to our own devices about how to accomplish individual mastery. It is practice of the right kind that leads to the highest levels of skilled performance. Practicing the wrong things, the wrong techniques, or the wrong strategies actually impedes genuine progress. Choristers’ ability to learn from experience and from rehearsal is of utmost importance for the director. Correct practice produces positive changes in vocal and musical performance and ensures that such gains are relatively permanent. The same psychological principles that guide effective practice apply directly to rehearsing a choir. How does the choral director know what techniques, what strategies are the right ones, except by experience? Learning only by experience takes time. Adopting selected techniques from the new research on practice, which follows, will be immensely useful when one does not have years of experience.
Implications of Plio-Pleistocene Hominin Diets for Modern Humans
Authors: Cordain Loren
Published: November 2023

Within the anthropology community, there has been a long and sustained interest in the diets and eating patterns of Plio and Pleistocene hominins, primarily because these nutritional practices provide a glimpse into their varied and distinctive lifeways, activities, and cultural patterns. In contrast, until relatively recent times, the nutritional and medical communities have largely ignored anthropological dietary information for a variety of reasons, not the least of which is its perceived lack of immediate relevance to their respective disciplines. Beginning in the mid 1980s, a series of key publications in mainstream medical and nutrition journals (Eaton and Konner, 1985; Eaton, Konner, and Shostak, 1988; Eaton and Nelson, 1991; Eaton, 1992) triggered an increased awareness of the relevance of ancestral diets to the health and well being of modern peoples. Because of that insight as well as others gleaned from a variety of medical branches of learning, an entirely new academic discipline was born, dubbed “evolutionary medicine” (Williams and Neese, 1991), or sometimes “Darwinian medicine” (Williams and Nesse, 1991) The primary tenet of evolutionary medicine is that the profound changes in the environment (e.g., in diet and other lifestyle conditions), which began with the introduction of agriculture and animal husbandry approximately 10,000 years ago, occurred too recently on an evolutionary timescale for natural selection to adjust the human genome (Eaton and Konner, 1985; Williams and Neese, 1991).
The Consent of the People: Presidential Secrecy and the First World War
Authors: Olmsted Kathryn S
Published: November 2023

In June 1918, federal agents invaded the plant of a small Washington, D.C., publisher, searching for the printing plates for a book that promoted “seditious” ideas. Why Your Country Is at War and What Happens to You After the War charged that a cabal of bankers and public officials had manipulated the country into joining the Great War in Europe. The author, a former Congressman from Minnesota named Charles A. Lindbergh Sr., claimed that he had discovered the real truth about the war. “I believe that I have proved,” he argued, “that a certain ‘inner circle,’ without official authority and for selfish purposes, adroitly maneuvered things to make it practically certain that some of the belligerents would violate our international rights and bring us to war with them.”
White House of Horrors: Nixon, Watergate, and the Secret Government
Authors: Olmsted Kathryn S
Published: November 2023

Throughout His Career, Richard Nixon always worried that un-American forces were conspiring to subvert the republic. As the tapes of his Oval Office conversations reveal, he viewed himself as a soldier in the battle against “the liberal media,” disloyal Democrats, the “intellectuals,” and Jews. Then, in June 1971, all of these groups seemed to unite in one terrifying plot. “We’re up against an enemy, a conspiracy,” he told two of his top aides, Chief of Staff Bob Haldeman and National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger. “They’re using any means. We are going to use any means. Is that clear?”
A New Dispensation
Authors: Gaustad Edwin S
Published: November 2023

Christians Are Generally Aware Of Many Distinctions Between what they call the Old Testament and the New Testament: distinctions in language (Hebrew versus Greek), in time period (from creation and many centuries thereafter versus the first century of the Christian era), and in content (patriarchs, prophets, and kings versus apostles, disciples, and the itinerant ministry of Jesus). But to what degree is the Old Testament as binding on Christians as the New? Or is the New Testament the fulfillment of—or replacement for—the Old?
Other Reactions to Assault
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B
Published: November 2023

Depression is also a common reaction to rape. Research suggests that depression experienced by survivors is not as long lasting as anxiety, although research findings are mixed on this topic. Some studies showed that about half of rape survivors were depressed for a long time after the assault, even up to an average of 22 years postassault. It has also been found that women who were raped more than one time were more likely to suffer from depression.
Where Do I Go From Here?
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B
Published: November 2023

Hopefully, by this point, you have made it through the therapy program. We hope you have found it helpful. Where do you go from here? Do you feel you made good progress in this program? Does your therapist agree? If so, it sounds like you may be ready to terminate treatment. We discussed in Chapter 14 how to determine if you would benefit from more sessions. You can use that evaluation to help determine the best road for you now. Even if you feel you responded well to this program, you can identify areas that you need to continue to work on. Now, you can decide which of the techniques were most helpful to you and continue to use them when you work on these areas. It is highly likely you can do it on your own. You may use this client workbook for your continued self-work.
Beginnings
Authors: Lesch John E
Published: November 2023

In 1913, Paul Ehrlich stood before an audience of the Seventeenth International Medical Congress in London and predicted substantial progress in the chemotherapy of bacterial diseases within the next five years. His optimism was based in part on confidence that the combined efforts of many researchers would be bent to the task. The principle of viribus unitis (with united forces) was happily borne out, he said, by the international congress where thousands, gathered “from all countries of the world, have come to bear witness that in science all boundaries between nations have fallen.”
Into the Maelstrom
Authors: Lesch John E
Published: November 2023

Little more than a month elapsed between I.G. Farben’s application for a patent on the compound that became Prontosil and Adolf Hitler’s assumption of office as Reich Chancellor on January 30, 1933. By the time that Hitler took his own life in his Berlin bunker in April 1945, Prontosil and its descendants of the second generation of sulfa drugs, produced by an international effort of research and development, had transformed medical management of bacterial infections. Gerhard Domagk had been awarded a Nobel Prize. Both Allied and Axis armies had made extensive use of sulfa drugs, with considerable impact on morbidity and mortality on both sides.
Accommodation and Survival
Authors: Lesch John E
Published: November 2023

Beginning in 1935, research on sulfonamides at Elberfeld proceeded in a changed environment. With the wraps off Prontosil, I.G. Farben’s product was exposed to international competition both in the marketplace and in research laboratories. In France, where German patents were not recognized, a copy of Prontosil soon went on the market under the trade name Rubiazol. After the therapeutic action of sulfanilamide was made known by the Pasteur Institute team in November 1935, the new “fragment” compound could be used in place of its parent, and the way was opened for development of a second generation of sulfonamides no longer modeled on Prontosil. The search for new derivatives was taken up in France, Britain, Switzerland, the United States, and elsewhere, forcing the Elberfeld research establishment into repeated reassessments of the needs and priorities of research. A National Socialist regime that emphasized military preparedness and the push for autarky brought increasing pressure on industry to protect German commercial advantage and strategic interests by preventing access to vital technical and scientific information by potential enemies.
Did Ronald Reagan Makethe Berlin Wall Fall Down?
Authors: Schweizer Peter
Published: November 2023

The 1980s witnessed a series of fascinating and important events, but none was as world-changing as the collapse of the Soviet Empire. The demise of the communist edifice in Europe meant close to a billion people found themselves suddenly out from under totalitarian rule. The nuclear sword that had been hanging over the planet seemed to vanish, and the Cold War, which had so dominated American politics for more than a generation, was history. The approach that Ronald Reagan took in challenging the Soviet Union tells us much about why it collapsed, how Reagan viewed the world, and his faith in the revolutionary power of freedom.
The Privatization Of everdayy Life: Public Polic Y, Public Services, And Public Space In The 1980s
Authors: Schulman Bruce J
Published: November 2023

In October 1981, President Ronald Reagan appeared before the National Assembly of Business at the Sheraton Washington Hotel. In his typically folksy style, Reagan saluted those better days before Big Government corrupted American life. He recalled a bygone era of volunteerism, when neighbor helped neighbor and neither besuited bureaucrats nor soul-sapping social workers intruded into the wholesome worlds of church, town, and family.
The Social Art
Authors: Macaulay Ronald
Published: November 2023

The Social Art is an engagingly written, highly accessible tour through the world of languages. Macaulay uses jokes, anecdotes, quotations, and examples to introduce readers to the full range of current linguistic knowledge, covering in 35 chapters, topics like language acquisition, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, dialects, conversation, narrative, swearing, and many others. In this revised and expanded second edition, Macaulay brings the book up to date with the last decade of progress in linguistics, adding more American examples, and updating bibliographies. Two new chapters have been added, on theories of language development and on the evolution of language. The Social Art is perfect for general readers and students who want to learn about what it is that linguists do.
Give a Dog a Name
Authors: Macaulay Ronald
Published: November 2023

It is paradoxical that people know so little about the nature of language. Scholars from fields as various as philosophy, computer science, psychology, lexicography, and what is sometimes called “the science of language”—linguistics—have been studying language for a very long time. Their efforts have produced enough printed material to fill a fair-sized library. Yet little of what they have discovered has trickled down to the general public and debates over political, educational, and cultural issues such as literacy, bilingual education, or the alleged deterioration of the English language tend to be conducted in terms of the folk beliefs of the participants and with little reference to the “experts.” This is perhaps as much the fault of the experts as it is of the general population. Linguists, in particular, have generally been mainly interested in the abstract nature of linguistic structure, which they have studied without reference to the people using it or the situations in which it is used. This approach has led to some remarkable discoveries about the nature of language but, not surprisingly, it usually takes some technical knowledge to appreciate their significance. In recent years more and more linguists have begun to look at the ways in which people use language, and many of their findings are more accessible to the lay public. This book is an attempt to summarize some of the results of both kinds of linguistic scholarship in a form that ordinary readers can understand.
Sex Differences
Authors: Macaulay Ronald
Published: November 2023

More nonsense has been produced on the subject of sex differences than on any linguistic topic, with the possible exception of spelling. Perhaps this is appropriate. The relations between the sexes have generally been considered a fit topic for comedy. In his book Language: Its Nature Development and Origin, Otto Jespersen has a chapter entitled “The Woman” in which he manages to include every stereotype about women that was current at the time. It is almost unfair to quote directly but even in the 1920s Jespersen should have known better, particularly since he lived in Denmark where women have traditionally shown an independent spirit. Here are a few examples: There can be no doubt that women exercise a great and universal influence on linguistic development through their instinctive shrinking from coarse and gross expressions and their preference for refined and (in certain spheres) veiled and indirect expressions. Men will certainly with great justice object that there is a danger of the language becoming languid and insipid if we are always to content ourselves with women’s expressions.
The Evolution of Language
Authors: Macaulay Ronald
Published: November 2023

The discussion of the origin of language has come a long way since 1866 when the Socie´te´ de Linguistique in Paris banned the publication of any more articles on the topic on the grounds that there was insufficient evidence to support any theory. The topic more or less languished for the next century until it was paradoxically reinvigorated by Noam Chomsky’s famous rejection of the notion that language could have developed through the processes of natural selection. This stimulated scholars in a number of fields to search for evidence that would contradict Chomsky’s view. These efforts, in turn, spurred those linguists who agreed with Chomsky to find arguments to refute the claims of scholars who supported an evolutionary view of language. The problems with the evolution of language are compounded by uncertainty about when to date the emergence of homo sapiens, the ancestor of present-day human beings. Perhaps as long as four million years ago creatures who were presumably our ancestors began to walk upright, probably for reasons to do with the search for food. This development had far-reaching consequences, both physiological and social. In physiological terms it led to the flattening of the chest, lowering of the larynx, and better control over breathing. At the same time, for reasons that are still not clearly understood, the upright posture probably contributed to a change in body size, and perhaps also to an increase in brain size. It also allowed the hands to be free for a variety of purposes, including throwing missiles at prey targets, which increased the opportunities for hunting. Thus, the change to an upright posture had long-range effects on human evolution.
The History of English
Authors: Macaulay Ronald
Published: November 2023

Some time between 6000 and 4000 B.C. there was spoken in the eastern part of what is now Europe a language that is thought to have been the ancestor of most (but not all) present-day European languages (see chapter 27). At a later date some of the tribes belonging to this group began to move westward. The first group relevant to the history of English are the Celts. This is not because modern English is directly descended from Celtic but because the Celts occupied most of Britain. Prior to the Celts there were Picts about whom we know little and about their language even less. The Celts spoke a language that is the ancestor of contemporary Irish, Gaelic, and Welsh. The Celts lived relatively undisturbed in Britain until the year a.d. 43 when the Romans invaded and within a few years gained control of what is now England. The north (Scotland) and west (Wales) of Britain remained Celtic, as did Ireland, and those are the areas where Celtic languages remain today, although spoken only by a minority of the populations.
Pronouns
Authors: Macaulay Ronald
Published: November 2023

Whatever the influence language has on the way that we think, there is no doubt that a language may sometimes require the people who speak that language to pay particular attention to certain aspects of human interaction. There are features that are obligatory in one language but not in another. A clear example is the use of second-person address terms. In French, for example, the comment You are ill can be expressed either as Tu es malade or as Vous êtes malade. In purely grammatical terms tu es is the second-person singular pronoun with a singular form of the verb être (“to be”) and vous êtes is the second-person plural pronoun with the plural form of the verb être. However, both are addressed to one person as can be seen from the adjective malade, which is singular. If the reference had been to more than one person the utterance would have been Vous êtes malades. In French there is a choice between using tu and vous when addressing one person. The rules governing this choice are complex and depend upon the relationship between the speaker and addressee. Choice of pronoun depends upon such matters as the age, position, and intimacy of the speakers; both may use the same pronoun in addressing each other or one may use tu but expect to be addressed with vous in return, and conversely. However, the crucial point is that the choice must be made. It is impossible to avoid making a choice if a second-person singular pronoun form is being used.
Gender
Authors: Macaulay Ronald
Published: November 2023

Most languages (but not all) have systems of noun classes that are usually known as genders. The gender of a noun affects the ways in which its relationship with other items in the utterance are marked. One is these is through agreement. For example, in French there are two genders, masculine and feminine. As might be expected, words referring to males are masculine and those referring to females are feminine. However, all nouns must be either masculine or feminine, so, for example, livre (“book”), garage (“garage”), and cheval (“horse”) are all masculine, while table (“table”), maison (“house”), and vache (“cow”) are all feminine. The gender of the noun affects the form of other items in the utterance: The definite article is le in the masculine and la in the feminine, and the adjective is petit in the masculine and petite in the feminine. (The spelling difference indicates a difference in pronunciation; in the feminine the final [t] is pronounced but not in the masculine).
The Lute In Britain
Authors: Spring Matthew
Published: November 2023

The lute was one of the most important instruments in use in Europe from late medieval times up to the eighteenth century. Despite its acknowledged importance, this study is the first ever comprehensive work on the instrument and its music, apart from performance studies or bibliographical and reference publications. The book focuses on the lute's history, but also contains chapters on the lute in concert, lute song accompaniment, the thearbo, and the lute in Scotland. Written for the music student, the serious listener, the player, maker, and lute enthusiast, Spring makes available for the first time over 40 years of musical scholarship previously the preserve of academic journals.