bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The problems reported by cancer patients with major depression
Authors: Kleiboer Annet , Bennett Frances , Hodges Laura , Walker Jane , Thekkumpurath Parvez , Sharpe Michael
Published: March 2010

Objective: To describe the problems reported by people with cancer and major depressive disorder as elicited before starting problem‐solving therapy (PST).

Methods: Ninety‐eight outpatients, with a variety of cancers who met criteria for major depression, received PST as part of a system of treatment called ‘Depression Care for People with Cancer’ within a randomized trial. During the first session of PST, each patient was asked to provide an exhaustive list of problems defined as ‘anything that was bothering them’. A coding system, based on thematic content, was developed to categorize the problems listed. Each problem was then coded by two raters independently (κ=0.81). The resulting categories were organized into larger conceptual domains using a card‐sorting task.

Results: Thirty‐six problem categories were generated which were in turn organized into 11 larger conceptual domains. Patients reported problems in a mean of 9.2 different categories (range 3–21) and 5.7 domains (range 2–9). The most common problem categories were ‘concerns about other people's well‐being’ (65%), ‘problems in interpersonal relations’ (61%), ‘loss of interest’ (56%), ‘low mood’ (55%), and ‘cancer recurrence or relapse’ (54%).

Conclusions: People with cancer and major depression report a wide variety of problems that include, but go beyond concerns about, both cancer and depression. The large number of problems related to concerns about other people's well‐being and difficulties in interpersonal relationships, stresses the importance of these topics to patients and should be given more weight in the assessment and management of depressed cancer patients. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exercise as a supportive therapy in incurable cancer: exploring patient preferences
Authors: Maddocks Matthew , Armstrong Sarah , Wilcock Andrew
Published: March 2010

Objective: Therapeutic exercise may benefit patients with incurable cancer, but there is little data on its practicality. We have explored the acceptability of six exercise programmes based on different types of exercise, the preferred delivery method, location and time relative to anticancer treatments and whether various patient characteristics influence choice of exercise.

Methods: A questionnaire determined patients' perceived capability and preparedness to undertake six exercise programmes, each illustrated by looping video clips and accompanying text, most preferred programme and preferences for its delivery. Frequency counts and percentages were calculated and multiple logistic regression used to examine associations between patient characteristics and preparedness to undertake each of the programmes.

Results: Two hundred patients (103 female; mean (SD) age 64 (9); ECOG 02) with common incurable cancers mostly receiving palliative chemotherapy took part. All considered themselves physically capable of undertaking one or more of the exercise programmes and two‐thirds were prepared to undertake a programme at that moment in time. The three most preferred exercise programmes were those based on neuromuscular electrical stimulation, walking and resistance training. The majority of patients preferred to undertake exercise at home, alone and unsupervised. One‐third were not prepared to undertake any exercise, with a tendency for the least prepared to be older males and those with a lower performance status.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that it is realistic to develop exercise as a supportive therapy for patients with incurable cancer, including those receiving chemotherapy, and can be used to inform further research in this area. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Communicating with child patients in pediatric oncology consultations: a vignette study on child patients', parents', and survivors' communication preferences
Authors: Zwaanswijk Marieke , Tates Kiek , van Dulmen Sandra , Hoogerbrugge Peter M. , Kamps Willem A. , Beishuizen A , Bensing Jozien M.
Published: March 2010

Objective: To investigate the preferences of children with cancer, their parents, and survivors of childhood cancer regarding medical communication with child patients and variables associated with these preferences.

Methods: Preferences regarding health‐care provider empathy in consultations, and children's involvement in information exchange and medical decision making were investigated by means of vignettes. Vignettes are brief descriptions of hypothetical situations, in which important factors are systematically varied following an experimental design. In total, 1440 vignettes were evaluated by 34 children with cancer (aged 8–16), 59 parents, and 51 survivors (aged 8–16 at diagnosis, currently aged 10–30). Recruitment of participants took place in three Dutch university‐based pediatric oncology centers. Data were analyzed by multilevel analyses.

Results: Patients, parents, and survivors indicated the importance of health‐care providers' empathy in 81% of the described situations. In most situations (70%), the three respondent groups preferred information about illness and treatment to be given to patients and parents simultaneously. Preferences regarding the amount of information provided to patients varied. The preference whether or not to shield patients from information was mainly associated with patients' age and emotionality. In most situations (71%), the three respondent groups preferred children to participate in medical decision making. This preference was mainly associated with patients' age.

Conclusions: To be able to adapt communication to parents' and patients' preferences, health‐care providers should repeatedly assess the preferences of both groups. Future studies should investigate how health‐care providers balance their communication between the sometimes conflicting preferences of patients and parents. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effectiveness of behavioral techniques and physical exercise on psychosocial functioning and health‐related quality of life in breast cancer patients and survivors—a meta‐analysis
Authors: Duijts Saskia F. A. , Faber Mizja M. , Oldenburg Hester S. A. , van Beurden Marc , Aaronson Neil K.
Published: March 2010

Objective: To evaluate the effect of behavioral techniques and physical exercise on psychosocial functioning and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes in breast cancer patients and survivors.

Methods: A meta‐analysis was carried out to quantify the effects of behavioral and exercise interventions on fatigue, depression, anxiety, body‐image, stress and HRQoL. Summary effect sizes and standard errors were calculated. The presence of publication bias was explored and sensitivity analyses were performed to identify possible sources of heterogeneity.

Results: In total, 56 studies were included. Statistically significant results were found for the effect of behavioral techniques on fatigue (ES −0.158; 95% CI −0.233 to −0.082,p<0.001), depression (ES −0.336; 95% CI −0.482 to −0.190,p<0.001), anxiety (ES −0.346; 95% CI −0.538 to −0.154,p<0.001) and stress (ES −0.159; 95% CI −0.310 to −0.009,p=0.038). For the effect of physical exercise interventions, statistically significant results were found on fatigue (ES −0.315; 95% CI −0.532 to −0.098,p=0.004), depression (ES −0.262; 95% CI −0.476 to −0.049,p=0.016), body‐image (ES 0.280; 95% CI 0.077 to 0.482,p=0.007) and HRQoL (ES 0.298; 95% CI 0.117 to 0.479,p=0.001).

Conclusions: The results indicate that behavioral techniques and physical exercise improve psychosocial functioning and HRQoL in breast cancer patients and survivors. Future research is needed on the effect of physical exercise on stress and the effect of the combined intervention in breast cancer patients. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Challenges in constructing time series models from process data
Authors: Ledolter Johannes , Bisgaard Søren
Published: March 2010

Correlated input and output sequences of industrial processes are often autocorrelated. Analysts who wish to construct models for such processes from input and output sequences alone must be careful as the autocorrelations in individual time series can masquerade as cross‐correlations. Several different models may appear equally plausible, depending on how the process had been operated. In this paper we study the input and output sequences from two industrial case studies using various time series tools. The results of our study illustrate that in feedback situations, where the current input is adjusted—either automatically or manually—on the basis of past output, different models may fit the data equally well. Which of these models describe the actual transfer function is unclear, unless a known dither signal can be added to the input to allow for an unambiguous identification of the transfer function. This problem is related to spurious regression and is of interest to econometricians who often deal with time series where feedback, known or unknown, may be responsible for misleading interpretations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Force‐based control of a compact spinal milling robot
Authors: Wang Tianmiao , Luan Sheng , Hu Lei , Liu Zhongjun , Li Weishi , Jiang Liang
Published: March 2010

Background

Spine‐milling operation during laminectomy surgery requires steady manipulation and intraoperative monitoring. A spinal milling robot with force‐based control is introduced to improve the operation safety.

Method

The robot is designed with compact structure and simple configuration. Real‐time thrust force is measured and three stages corresponding to the anatomical structures of the vertebra are identified, based on the analysis of typical characteristic parameters of the force profiles. The cross‐correlation to the standard profiles are adopted to judge the milling status. A 1 mm margin is prescribed to stop the procedure before the lamina is thoroughly milled through.

Results

Automatic robot‐milling experiments on porcine vertebrae are conducted, based on the force‐based control method, and the procedure is stopped when the critical condition is met. The average thickness of the milled part is 1.1 mm, and no penetration occurs.

Conclusion

The spinal milling robot could provide steady manipulation, facilitate the surgeon's labour with an automatic feeding process and improve the safety of the operation with enhanced monitoring. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term changes in flow regime and fish assemblage composition in the guadalupe and san marcos rivers of texas
Authors: Perkin J. S. , Bonner T. H.
Published: March 2010

Riverine flow regimes are naturally dynamic, but become increasingly homogenized following anthropogenic flow alteration. Loss of dynamism disrupts naturally occurring structuring mechanisms within the associated biotic communities, at times causing shifts in composition. Here we considered how stream fish assemblages in two Central Texas rivers changed after alteration of flow regime by either construction of a mainstem, deep storage reservoir or flood‐retaining structures. Following impoundment, number of large and small floods increased from 0.81 to 1.07 floods per year (FPY) in the upper Guadalupe River, decreased from 0.84 to 0.42 FPY in the lower Guadalupe River and decreased from 0.87 to 0.7 FPY in the San Marcos River. Historical ichthyofauna data ranging from 1938 to 2006 were used to assess changes in assemblage composition and species abundance. Assemblages did not differ in the upper Guadalupe River (Bray–Curtis index = 37.4%; ANOSIM global R = 0.079, p = 0.08), but did differ in the lower Guadalupe River (25%; global R = 0.409, p < 0.01) and San Marcos River (27%; global R = 0.19, p < 0.01). In general, habitat generalist species dominated assemblages during periods of reduced flood frequencies (i.e. drought of record; following impoundment), whereas regionally endemic species (N = 3) and substrate and broadcast spawning species (N = 5) declined (b1 < 0; α = 0.05). Based on the results from this study, managing flows in the lower Guadalupe River to mimic historical timing of flood pulses might attenuate contemporary disruption of natural assemblage composition. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hyperactive mice show elevated D2Highreceptors, a model for schizophrenia: Calcium/calmodulin‐dependent kinase II alpha knockouts
Authors: Novak Gabriela , Seeman Philip
Published: March 2010

The cerebral frontal cortex of patients who had schizophrenia shows elevated levels of RNA for calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II beta (CaMKIIβ). In addition, recent research shows that animal models for schizophrenia, such as amphetamine‐sensitized rats, consistently show elevated levels of D2 receptors in their high‐affinity state (D2High), the major target for antipsychotic medication. The present study was done, therefore, to examine whether an alteration in the levels of CaMKIIβ could lead to altered levels of D2Highreceptors. We found that the CaMKII inhibitor, KN‐93, markedly reduced D2Highstates in rat striatum. In addition, we studied heterozygous CaMKIIα knock‐out mice that show features analogous to schizophrenia. The striata of these mice revealed a 2.8‐fold increase in D2Highreceptors. In frontal cortex of the heterozygous CaMKIIα knock‐out mice, CaMKIIα mRNA levels were reduced by 50%, while CaMKIIβ mRNA levels were unaltered. In striatum, CaMKIIβ mRNA levels were increased by 29%, suggesting the presence of a new CaMKIIβ regulatory pathway not previously described. The elevated levels of CaMKIIβ mRNA in the striatum suggest that this enzyme may increase D2Highin animals and possibly in schizophrenia itself. Synapse 64:794–800, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhanced dendritic spine number of neurons of the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens in old rats after chronic donepezil administration
Authors: Alcantara‐Gonzalez Faviola , Juarez Ismael , Solis Oscar , Martinez‐Tellez Isaura , Camacho‐Abrego Israel , Masliah Eliezer , Mena Raul , Flores Gonzalo
Published: March 2010

In Alzheimer's disease brains, morphological changes in the dendrites of pyramidal neurons of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus have been observed. These changes are particularly reflected in the decrement of both the dendritic tree and spine number. Donepezil is a potent and selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. We have studied the effect of oral administration of this drug on the morphology of neuronal cells from the brain of aged rats. We examined dendrites of pyramidal neurons of the PFC, dorsal or ventral hippocampus (VH), and medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Donepezil (1 mg/kg, vo) was administrated every day for 60 days to rats aged 10 and 18 months. Dendritic morphology was studied by the Golgi–Cox stain procedure followed by Sholl analysis at 12 and 20 months ages, respectively. In all Donepezil‐treated rats, a significant increment of the dendritic spines number in pyramidal neurons of the PFC and dorsal hippocampus was observed. However, pyramidal neurons of the VH and medium spiny cells of the NAcc only showed an increase in the number of their spines in 12‐month‐old rats. Our results suggest that Donepezil prevents the alterations of the neuronal dendrite morphology caused by aging. Synapse 64:786–793, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurotoxic methamphetamine regimens produce long‐lasting changes in striatal G‐proteins
Authors: Boikess Steven R. , O'dell Steven J. , Marshall John F.
Published: March 2010

Animals repeatedly dosed with methamphetamine during a single day suffer damage to brain dopamine and serotonin terminals and show behavioral deficits. These methamphetamine regimens also produce long‐term reductions in dopamine agonist‐stimulated immediate‐early gene responses both in striatum and several cortical areas, but the mechanism(s) underlying these long‐lasting effects of methamphetamine remain uncertain. Six weeks after a neurotoxic regimen of methamphetamine (4 × 4 mg/kg) or saline, α subunit levels of striatal G‐proteins that couple dopamine receptors to second messenger systems were measured. Because the damage to striatal monoamine terminals produced by methamphetamine is regionally heterogeneous, we used radioimmunocytochemistry, which combines quantification with regional resolution. We found significant increases in Giαand Golfαexpression in the ventral striatum (but not in the dorsolateral striatum or nucleus accumbens) of methamphetamine‐pretreated rats, a regional pattern similar to that reported for methamphetamine effects on dopamine terminal markers. By contrast, Gqαexpression was unaffected in all striatal subregions. The central roles of Giand Golfin modulating the activity of a series of interlinked intracellular signaling pathways suggest that methamphetamine‐induced changes in Giand Golfcan have lasting effects on striatal neuronal function. Synapse 64:839–844, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional power Doppler angiography in endometrial cancer: correlation with tumor characteristics
Authors: Galván R. , Mercé L. , Jurado M. , Mínguez J. Á. , López‐García G. , Alcázar J. L.
Published: March 2010

Objective

To assess the correlation between intratumoral vascularization using three‐dimensional power Doppler angiography (3D‐PDA) and several histological tumor characteristics in a series of patients with endometrial carcinoma.

Methods

Ninety‐nine women (mean age, 61.7 (range, 31–84) years) diagnosed as having endometrial cancer were assessed by transvaginal 3D‐PDA before surgical staging. Endometrial volume (EV) and 3D‐PDA vascular indices (vascularization index (VI), flow index (FI) and vascularization flow index (VFI)) were calculated using the Virtual Organ Computer‐aided AnaLysis (VOCAL™) method. All patients were surgically staged. Individual tumor features such as histological type, tumor grade, myometrial infiltration depth, lymph‐vascular space involvement, cervical involvement, lymph node metastases and tumor stage were considered for analysis. Multivariate logistic regression (MLR) analysis was used to determine which 3D‐PDA parameters were independently associated with each histological characteristic.

Results

MLR analysis showed that only EV and VI were independently associated with myometrial infiltration (EV: odds ratio (OR), 1.119 (95% CI, 1.025–1.221), P = 0.012; VI: OR, 1.127 (95% CI, 1.063–1.195), P = 0.001) and tumor stage (EV: OR, 1.103 (95% CI, 1.012–1.202), P = 0.025; VI: OR, 1.120 (95% CI, 1.057–1.187), P = 0.001), only VI was independently associated with tumor grade (OR, 1.056 (95% CI, 1.023–1.091), P = 0.001) and only EV was independently associated with lymph node metastases (OR, 1.086 (95% CI, 1.017–1.161), P = 0.001).

Conclusion

3D‐PDA analysis of tumor vascularization in endometrial cancer correlates with some prognostic histological characteristics. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single umbilical artery and congenital heart disease in selected and unselected populations
Authors: Prefumo F. , Güven M. A. , Carvalho J. S.
Published: March 2010

Objective

A variable association between single umbilical artery (SUA) and congenital heart disease (CHD) has been reported previously. Discrepancies in the results may be related to the populations studied. In this study we assessed the relationship between SUA and CHD in two well‐defined selected and unselected populations.

Methods

This was a retrospective review of all cases of SUA detected antenatally in a tertiary referral center between 1997 and 2003. Umbilical arteries were routinely identified around the fetal bladder by color‐flow Doppler ultrasonography. The unselected population included pregnancies from a well‐defined geographical area, delivering in the same hospital. The selected group was referred from other hospitals because of suspected abnormalities or other risk factors. Major CHD was defined as CHD needing postnatal treatment or long‐term follow‐up.

Results

There were 10 fetuses with major CHD in the selected group: four cases among 25 with extracardiac defects (16%; 95% CI, 4.5–36.1%) and six cases out of 22 with no other abnormalities (27%; 95% CI, 10.7–50.2%; P = 0.35). In the unselected group there were two cases of major CHD, both among the 13 fetuses with extracardiac abnormalities (15%; 95% CI, 2–45%), while there were no major cardiac defects in the 85 fetuses with SUA and no extracardiac abnormalities (0%; 95% CI, 0–4%; P = 0.03).

Conclusions

The association between SUA and CHD varies dramatically with population selection criteria. The risk for CHD after the detection of SUA in an otherwise apparently normal fetus from an unselected population seems small and may not warrant specialist fetal echocardiography. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Specific Features of After‐School Program Quality: Associations with Children’s Functioning in Middle Childhood
Authors: Pierce Kim M. , Bolt Daniel M. , Vandell Deborah Lowe
Published: March 2010

This longitudinal study examined associations between three after‐school program quality features (positive staff–child relations, available activities, programming flexibility) and child developmental outcomes (reading and math grades, work habits, and social skills with peers) in Grade 2 and then Grade 3. Participants (n = 120 in Grade 2, n = 91 in Grade 3) attended after‐school programs more than 4 days per week, on average. Controlling for child and family background factors and children’s prior functioning on the developmental outcomes, positive staff–child relations in the programs were positively associated with children’s reading grades in both Grades 2 and 3, and math grades in Grade 2. Positive staff–child relations also were positively associated with social skills in Grade 2, for boys only. The availability of a diverse array of age‐appropriate activities at the programs was positively associated with children’s math grades and classroom work habits in Grade 3. Programming flexibility (child choice of activities) was not associated with child outcomes.
Improved management of lysosomal glucosylceramide levels in a mouse model of type 1 Gaucher disease using enzyme and substrate reduction therapy
Authors: Marshall John , McEachern Kerry Anne , Chuang Wei‐Lien , Hutto Elizabeth , Siegel Craig S. , Shayman James A. , Grabowski Greg A. , Scheule Ronald K. , Copeland Diane P. , Cheng Seng H.
Published: March 2010

Gaucher disease is caused by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (acid β‐glucosidase), with consequent cellular accumulation of glucosylceramide (GL‐1). The disease is managed by intravenous administrations of recombinant glucocerebrosidase (imiglucerase), although symptomatic patients with mild to moderate type 1 Gaucher disease for whom enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is not an option may also be treated by substrate reduction therapy (SRT) with miglustat. To determine whether the sequential use of both ERT and SRT may provide additional benefits, we compared the relative pharmacodynamic efficacies of separate and sequential therapies in a murine model of Gaucher disease (D409V/null). As expected, ERT with recombinant glucocerebrosidase was effective in reducing the burden of GL‐1 storage in the liver, spleen, and lung of 3‐month‐old Gaucher mice. SRT using a novel inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase (Genz‐112638) was also effective, albeit to a lesser degree than ERT. Animals administered recombinant glucocerebrosidase and then Genz‐112638 showed the lowest levels of GL‐1 in all the visceral organs and a reduced number of Gaucher cells in the liver. This was likely because the additional deployment of SRT following enzyme therapy slowed the rate of reaccumulation of GL‐1 in the affected organs. Hence, in patients whose disease has been stabilized by intravenously administered recombinant glucocerebrosidase, orally administered SRT with Genz‐112638 could potentially be used as a convenient maintenance therapy. In patients naïve to treatment, ERT followed by SRT could potentially accelerate clearance of the offending substrate.
Life as a Pregnant Genetic Counselor
Authors: Clark Kit
Published: March 2010

Pregnancy is a life‐changing experience that many, if not most, women will experience during their lives. Though exciting, it can present challenges, both physical and psychological. Those challenges may be amplified when working in a prenatal setting. Here, one genetic counselor discusses her experiences, and the lessons she learned, as a new counselor trying to learn the ropes while simultaneously navigating the unfamiliar territory of her pregnancy.
Effect of Surfactants as Dispersing Agents on the Properties of Microemulsified Inkjet Inks for Polyester Fibers
Authors: Kosolia Chrysavgi Th. , Varka Evi Maria , Tsatsaroni Eforia G.
Published: March 2010

The preparation of microemulsified disperse inkjet inks was carried out and the effect of the surfactant used as dispersing agents on the properties of the inks was studied. The dispersing agents used were anionic conventional and non‐conventional surfactants and a gemini type surfactant. The properties studied were surface tension, pH, conductivity, viscosity and the particle size distribution. The use of the gemini type and the two non conventional surfactants even in submultiple amounts resulted in a significant increase in the ink stability.
Reflection in the Shadow of Blame: When Do Politicians Appoint Commissions of Inquiry?
Authors: Sulitzeanu-Kenan Raanan
Published: March 2010

Commissions of inquiry play an important role in the aftermath of crisis, by serving as instruments of accountability and policy learning. Yet crises also involve a high-stake game of political survival, in which accountability and learning pose a serious threat to incumbent politicians. The political decision of whether to appoint a commission of inquiry after a crisis thus provides a unique prism for studying the intense conflict between politics, accountability and policy learning. Using data from the United Kingdom, this study develops and tests a choice model for this political decision. The results show that the political decision to appoint inquiries into public crises is strongly influenced by short-term blame avoidance considerations, media salience and government popularity.
Popularity and Vote: Forecasting the 2007 French Presidential Election
Authors: Auberger Antoine
Published: March 2010

Abstract. The purpose of this article is to build a model that explains and forecasts the outcome of the second-round vote in the French presidential elections (with the hypothesis of a classic duel between left and right) in each department and at the national level. This model highlights the influence of the popularity of the Socialist party and a partisan variable in the explanation of the second-round vote for the candidate of the left in the French presidential elections. Its forecasts for the elections of the past (1981–1995 and 1981–2007, excluding 2002) are satisfactory and we make ex ante forecasts for the 2007 French presidential election.

Résumé. L'objet de cet article est de construire un modèle qui explique et prévoit le résultat du second tour de scrutin aux élections présidentielles françaises (en supposant le duel classique entre la gauche et la droite) dans chaque département et au niveau national. Ce modèle met en lumière l'influence de la popularité du Parti socialiste et d'une variable partisane dans l'explication du vote au second tour pour le candidat de la gauche aux élections présidentielles. Les prévisions ex post pour les élections passées (de 1981 à 1995 et de 1981 à 2007, en excluant 2002) sont satisfaisantes et on établit des prévisions ex ante pour l'élection présidentielle française de 2007.
Quelle est la spécificité des discours électoraux? Le cas de Stephen Harper
Authors: Labbé Dominique , Monière Denis
Published: March 2010

Résumé. Cette étude de cas démontre que le discours électoral possède des caractéristiques propres. On donne l'exemple de Stephen Harper dont les discours tenus lors des élections de 2008 se différencient de ceux qu'il a prononcés à titre de chef de gouvernement. Le discours électoral est plus ancré socialement. C'est aussi un discours qui valorise le collectif national; le locuteur privilégie l'emploi du «nous», plutôt que de se présenter comme principal responsable des choix collectifs. Comparativement aux discours gouvernementaux, le discours électoral est aussi moins abstrait et plus orienté vers l'action, comme l'indique la prédominance du groupe verbal sur le groupe nominal. La forte présence de la construction négative et la désignation des adversaires (noms propres) soulignent le caractère polémique du discours électoral.

Abstract. This case study demonstrates that electoral speeches possess specific characteristics. We give the example of Stephen Harper's speeches, given during the 2008 elections, which differ from those delivered when he was prime minister. The electoral speech is more socially anchored. It values the nation. When he is campaigning, S. Harper also uses the pronoun “we” more frequently, so that he does not appear as the main decider of collective choices. Compared with governmental speeches, electoral speeches are also less theoretical and more action orientated as indicated by the predominance of verbal over nominal groups. The very frequent presence of the negative construction and the use of opponents' names highlight the polemic character of electoral speeches.
PHOTOPERIOD EFFECTS ON FLOWERING AND SEED SETTING OFHYPERICUM PERFORATUM
Authors: CHEN CHUNG LI , TSAI YUEN JEN , SUNG JIH MIN
Published: March 2010

The effects of day length extension and night interruption on flowering responses of St John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) plants were investigated. Field-grown plants were subjected to five different day lengths (11, 13, 15, 17 and 19 h d−1) or night interruption for 70 days. The results indicated that St John's Wort is a long-day plant requiring a critical day length of 15 hd−1for flowering induction. Both day length extension (duration longer than 15 h) and night interruption, with artificial light (fluorescent lamps that delivered 30 μmol m−2s−1photosynthetic photon flux density at plant height) were effective for flowering induction and seed setting. Day length extension or night interruption experienced by the maternal plant also affected the germination responses of the seeds produced. Plants that had received 19 h of day length treatment produced seeds with better germination responses. Night interruption with daylight type fluorescent lamps was also effective for producing relatively high quality seeds, although these seeds had slightly lower germination rates and longer mean germination time than seeds produced under 19 h of day length. Such a night interruption system could be considered for seed production of St John's Wort on a commercial scale.
Direct-simulation-based study of turbulent flow over various waving boundaries
Authors: YANG DI , SHEN LIAN
Published: March 2010

We use direct numerical simulation of stress-driven turbulent Couette flows over waving surfaces to study turbulence in the vicinity of water waves. Mechanistic study is performed through systematic investigation of different wavy surface conditions including plane progressive Airy and Stokes waves with and without wind-induced surface drift, as well as stationary wavy walls and vertically waving walls for comparison. Two different wave steepness valuesak= 0.1 and 0.25 are considered, whereais the wave amplitude andkis the wavenumber. For effects of wave age, defined as the ratio between the wave phase speedcand the turbulence friction velocityu*, we consider three values, namelyc/u*= 2, 14 and 25, corresponding to slow, intermediate and fast waves, respectively. Detailed analysis of turbulence structure and statistics shows their dependence on the above-mentioned parameters. Our result agrees with previous measurement and simulation results and reveals many new features unreported in the literature. Over progressive waves, although no apparent flow separation is found in mean flow, considerable intermittent separations in instantaneous flow are detected in slow waves with large steepness. The near-surface coherent vortical structures are examined. We propose two conceptual vortex structure models: quasi-streamwise and reversed horseshoe vortices for slow waves and bent quasi-streamwise vortices for intermediate and fast waves. Detailed examination of Reynolds stress with quadrant analysis, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and TKE budget with a focus on production shows large variation with wave phase; analysis shows that the variation is highly dependent on wave age and wave nonlinearity. Comparison between Airy waves and Stokes waves indicates that although the nonlinearity of surface water waves is a high-order effect compared with the wave age and wave steepness, it still makes an appreciable difference to the turbulence structure. The effect of wave nonlinearity on surface pressure distribution causes substantial difference in the wave growth rate. Wind-induced surface drift can cause a phase shift in the downstream direction and a reduction in turbulence intensity; this effect is appreciable for slow waves but negligible for intermediate and fast waves. In addition to providing detailed information on the turbulence field in the vicinity of wave surfaces, the results obtained in this study suggest the importance of including wave dynamics in the study of wind–wave interaction.
On bubble clustering and energy spectra in pseudo-turbulence
Authors: MARTÍNEZ MERCADO JULIÁN , CHEHATA GÓMEZ DANIEL , VAN GILS DENNIS , SUN CHAO , LOHSE DETLEF
Published: March 2010

Three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) and phase-sensitive constant temperature anemometry in pseudo-turbulence – i.e. flow solely driven by rising bubbles – were performed to investigate bubble clustering and to obtain the mean bubble rise velocity, distributions of bubble velocities and energy spectra at dilute gas concentrations (α ≤ 2.2 %). To characterize the clustering the pair correlation functionG(r, θ) was calculated. The deformable bubbles with equivalent bubble diameterdb= 4–5 mm were found to cluster within a radial distance of a few bubble radii with a preferred vertical orientation. This vertical alignment was present at both small and large scales. For small distances also some horizontal clustering was found. The large number of data points and the non-intrusiveness of PTV allowed well-converged probability density functions (PDFs) of the bubble velocity to be obtained. The PDFs had a non-Gaussian form for all velocity components and intermittency effects could be observed. The energy spectrum of the liquid velocity fluctuations decayed with a power law of −3.2, different from the ≈ −5/3 found for homogeneous isotropic turbulence, but close to the prediction −3 by Lance & Bataille (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 222, 1991, p. 95) for pseudo-turbulence.
Arthur Bliss's Colour Symphony
Authors: Goddard Scott
Published: March 2010

As it stands at present Bliss's Colour Symphony is a revision made in 1932 of a work dating from 1922. The historical background of the work is the Three Choirs Festival, and especially Elgar, at whose suggestion Bliss produced a work for the Gloucester Meeting. This is Bliss's first symphony. In the chronological list of his works it comes after theMêlée Fantasquefor orchestra and theIncidental Music to The Tempest. It was followed by the string quartet of 1924, the manuscript of which was lost, and the next composition for full orchestra was theHymn to Apollo, dated 1926. Between the time when the Colour Symphony was written and that when it was revised, Bliss had written a number of works not only musically important but significant because they showed a rather different manner of expression and way of thinking. Among these works wasMorning Heroes, a large-scale choral and orchestral composition, in reality a choral symphony (1930). It was afterMorning Heroeswas finished that Bliss turned once more to the Colour Symphony. He took it in hand afresh and feeling that his grasp of orchestral manipulation had become stronger, he refashioned the whole work, leaving only the third movement in its original shape. In its actual state, therefore, the work is fundamentally different from the original.
American Experiences
Authors: Krenek Ernst
Published: March 2010

When I went to America for the first time, in the autumn of 1937, it was in connection with the tour of the so-called Salzburg Opera Guild. That was an Austrian operatic ensemble of fifteen singers which travelled through the United States during five months, with a repertory of five operas (Monteverdi, Mozart, Rossini, Ibert, Milhaud). As we soon found out, the choice of works was not the most adequate one, the whole apparatus of the group a little too clumsy, and the organization supplied by the American management even far from being satisfactory. Nevertheless, the undertaking turned out to be quite successful on the whole. We encountered everywhere a most lively and genuine interest, especially in smaller communities where opera playing is still little known, or in some cases, as yet not at all. I believe that opera has definitely a very promising outlook in America, yet its realization will require an entirely new artistic and organisatory concept. There is very little hope of establishing regular opera houses throughout the country similar to the type of the German “Stadttheater,” but it should be possible to build up a network of small touring ensembles, with a few singers and musicians who are able to move around quickly without tremendous expense. The repertory of such groups has mostly to be created. The smaller operas of the eighteenth century are by no means sufficient to awaken lasting interest.
Webern's New Quartet
Authors: Stein Erwin
Published: March 2010

Anton Webern's String Quartet, Op. 28 (1938), is in three movements, the structural elements of which are related to classical forms. The first movement is designed as an adagio (ternary form), the second is a kind of scherzo and trio en miniature, in which neither part contains a second section or development. The third movement is an elaborate scherzo form without trio.
Some New Ireland Works
Authors: Blom Eric
Published: March 2010

What a composer writes after his sixtieth year is not expected to break new ground. Indeed even at fifty, and earlier, so enterprising a lover of curiosities as Ravel had become spun into set mannerisms, and from a much earlier age Strauss never wrote anything essentially new. What one does properly look for in an artist who has reached mature mastery—as he must have done long before sixty if he was built that way at all—is not novelty, but consistency. One asks whether such a man has been true to himself or whether he has merely followed a series of fashions and dropped out of them again one by one.
Mahler Today
Authors: Stein Erwin
Published: March 2010

After long neglect, Mahler is in the lime-light again. I see that there are more performances of his symphonies than for many years past. The young generation is discovering Mahler; young people are trying to get hold of the scores and records and are attending lectures and discussions in clubs and private gatherings. Musicians and writers, some of whom held that history had passed its verdict on Mahler long ago, are taking up his case again, as little biased as their earlier records will permit. How is it that public opinion concerning this composer, who died more than thirty years ago, is still unsettled? Decades have elapsed without Mahler's music being heard, and the number of musicians in this country who can claim close acquaintance with it is, in fact, very small.
Musical Culture To-day: A Sociological Note
Authors: Mellers W. H.
Published: March 2010

We are often told that there is to-day a promising efflorescence of musical culture in this country; that the public for ‘good’ music is growing rapidly; and that more adequate provision must be made for music in the post-war reconstructed world. Substantially I believe all this is true; but it does also seem to me that much potential cultural vitality may be wasted if these conclusions are accepted too easily, without enquiry into the premisses on which they are based. What do we mean by musical culture? What do we expect music to give us? The mere quantity of music played tells us nothing; we want to know what kind of relation the noise has to the society that produces it, we want to know what bearing it has on the way people live. If we look back a moment to consider some of the things that music has meant to people living before us, we shall soon see that our problems are peculiarly difficult, and that we may well need a virtually new technique to deal with them. A refusal to see our educational problems against the background of history will lead to confusion and incompetence in musical culture as in everything else.
Bartók and his Violin Concerto
Authors: Cowell Henry
Published: March 2010

It is not surprising that Hungary's greatest composer should write a violin concerto whose qualities are unique. A good concerto has, among other obligations, that of displaying the art of the solo performer to the best advantage. This means that, besides lyrical and expressive passages, there must be liberal portions devoted to pyrotechnics. Yet in many otherwise great concerti such sections seem dragged in to show off technical skill alone, and to have no real significance in the musical structure as a whole. Hungary, however, can boast a long-standing and proud tradition of exciting violin playing in which expressive qualities boil over into a flashing prestidigitation which enhances them. The tradition is exemplified in both gipsy and Magyar folk music. Béla Bartók grew up with this music, and he has devoted many years of exploration and study to it throughout the course of his life. His violin concerto is not based on specific folk themes, but it is certainly steeped in the best traditions of Hungarian folk violin playing.
The Philadelphia Orchestra and Robin Hood Dell
Authors: Rosenbaum Samuel R.
Published: March 2010

The care and feeding of symphony orchestras is often overlooked in scientific treatises on the fauna of our larger cities. In view of the growing interest in outdoor music displayed by great masses of listeners all over the world, it may not be amiss to recount here how, in Philadelphia, the very popular proliferation known as the Robin Hood Dell Concerts grew to health and strength out of the older organism of the Philadelphia Orchestra.
Schoenberg in the United States
Authors: Sessions Roger
Published: March 2010

In any survey of Schoenberg's. work one fact must be emphasized above all: that no younger composer writes quite the same music as he would have written, had Schoenberg's music not existed. The influence of an artist is not, even during his life time, confined to his disciples or even to those who have felt the direct impact of his work. It is filtered through to the humblest participant, first in the work of other original artists who have absorbed and re-interpreted it for their own purposes; then through the work of hundreds of lesser individuals, who unconsciously reflect the new tendencies even when they are opposed to them. For genuinely new ideas determine the battle-grounds on which their opponents are forced to attack. In the very process of combat the latter undergo decisive experiences which help to carry the new ideas forward.
Aspects of Film Music
Authors: Mathieson Muir
Published: March 2010

“I believe that film music is capable of becoming, and to a certain extent already is, a fine art, but it is applied art, and a specialized art at that.” Dr. R. Vaughan Williams said this in an article he wrote for the R.C.M. Magazine not long ago. It would seem that Tempo agrees with Vaughan Williams, proof of which is its decision to publish regular critical articles on contemporary film music in future issues.
Walton's ‘Henry V’ Music
Authors: Clifford Hubert
Published: March 2010

“If Puccini were alive to-day, he'd be writing for the films.” A friend of mine recently expressed this provocative opinion, one consideration of which propounds the interesting questions of the economic possibility of opera surviving, and of the measure of fulfilment which the composition of film music affords to a composer whose leanings are towards the dramatic. The former question will probably be decided quite automatically. The financial strength of the film industry provides handsome rewards for the professional composer; the opera house does not. Opera was a living art in the countries most affected by the war, and it seems probable that its survival at all in these countries can only be on the basis of the well-tried repertoire. If this be so, the opera-house cannot avoid taking on the artistic value and functions of a museum.
Arthur Bliss's New Ballet
Authors: Foss Hubert
Published: March 2010

‘Miracle in the Gorbals’ unquestionably ‘knocks’ one. A single performance causes a deep dent in one's artistic consciousness and memory. In violent revolt against modern civilization, the ballet gives a vivid picture of the horrors of hooliganism lit up by a peculiarly livid lamp of idealism in the person of the Stranger. Glasgow at its worst will have none of him and his miracles, and after tasting blood intends to go on in the same way with its knife-fiends and prostitution. We are not left with any hope, only with horror: the criticism of human nature is not relieved by any faith in the benefits or comforts of religion or even philosophy. Or is one meant to find a faint spark of hope for the future in the women and the old man left on stage as the curtain falls? To me the futility of the death is the tragedy itself.
The News from Paris
Authors: Dunbar Rudolph , Aprahamian Felix
Published: March 2010

During the four years of servitude under German occupation, French musicians had to fight with unflinching determination to prevent their music from becoming submerged by Nazi influence. The Nazis pounced on Radio Paris at the very beginning of their occupation and used the Station for their own artistic propaganda. At that time, this Post had the best symphony orchestra in France and the artists engaged were in the first rank. The Nazis brought their own music and artists from Germany to Paris. Dr. Piersig, who was Goebbels' counterpart in the realm of music, propagated the superiority of German music. He pointed out that the beauty and influence of French music were on the decline as was the power of the State. The Nazis took complete control of the two opera houses in Paris and decided which operas should be performed. In actual fact, French artists had to perform a new German opera and ballet five times a year. In 1942 the Nazis presented Pfitzner's ‘Palestrina,’ an elaborate work in four acts. Werner Egk, one of the younger Germans, presented another opera, ‘Peer Gynt,’ based on Ibsen. It was translated into French and played by French artists. Both at the Paris Opéra and the Opéra-Comique a high proportion of the seats was reserved for German officers and their wives.
Brussels carries on
Authors: Tinel Paul
Published: March 2010

To attempt, a complete picture of all the musical events which have taken place in Brussels during, the four years of enemy occupation would be futile. Whether on the stage or in the concert hall there is no sphere of musical art with which we have not been in contact; there is no form of music which has not been cultivated, and no symphonic or other musical domain into which we have not penetrated. The people of Brussels are famous consumers of music, and they have appeased their hunger for music from the inexhaustible repertoire.
Sibelius's Piano Sonatinas
Authors: Davie Cedric Thorpe
Published: March 2010

The three little masterpieces collectively designated Op. 67, give the lie to those who incline carelessly to belittle the whole of Sibelius's small-scale compositions. They may, too, provide a surprise for people who instinctively think of Kuhlau whenever the word sonatina is mentioned.