bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The intrathecal CD163‐haptoglobin–hemoglobin scavenging system in subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Galea James , Cruickshank Garth , Teeling Jessica L. , Boche Delphine , Garland Patrick , Perry V. Hugh , Galea Ian
Published: March 2012

J. Neurochem. (2012) 121, 785–792.

Delayed cerebral ischemia resulting from extracellular hemoglobin is an important determinant of outcome in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Hemoglobin is scavenged by the CD163‐haptoglobin system in the circulation, but little is known about this scavenging pathway in the human CNS. The components of this system were analyzed in normal cerebrospinal fluid and after subarachnoid hemorrhage. The intrathecal presence of the CD163‐haptoglobin–hemoglobin scavenging system was unequivocally demonstrated. The resting capacity of the CD163‐haptoglobin–hemoglobin system in the normal CNS was 50 000‐fold lower than that of the circulation. After subarachnoid hemorrhage, the intrathecal CD163‐haptoglobin–hemoglobin system was saturated, as shown by the presence of extracellular hemoglobin despite detectable haptoglobin. Hemoglobin efflux from the CNS was evident, enabling rescue hemoglobin scavenging by the systemic circulation. Therefore, the CNS is not capable of dealing with significant intrathecal hemolysis. Potential therapeutic options to prevent delayed cerebral ischemia ought to concentrate on augmenting the capacity of the intrathecal CD163‐haptoglobin–hemoglobin scavenging system and strategies to encourage hemoglobin efflux from the brain.
An unexpected pattern of migration revealed in the Subalpine Warbler Sylvia cantillans complex by mitochondrial DNA analyses
Authors: BRAMBILLA MATTIA , VITULANO SEVERINO , FERRI ANDREA , SPINA FERNANDO , FABBRI ELENA , RANDI ETTORE
Published: March 2012

Genetic markers are often used to trace the geographical origin of migrating birds. Such an approach has been used to attribute individuals of a given species to a given population, but it could also be applied to cryptic species, which are not fully diagnosable on the basis of their morphological appearance alone, despite often being genetically distinct. We sampled migrants of the Sylvia cantillans complex, which include cryptic taxa not readily identified on the basis of their appearance, at spring stopover sites in the central Mediterranean. We identified these individuals taxonomically using mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Molecular analyses enabled us to establish that four different taxa/clades of the Sylvia cantillans complex (two S. c. cantillans clades, S. c. albistriata and S. subalpina) migrate through the central‐western Mediterranean from Africa.
Knock, knock, anybody home? Psychological availability as link between work and relationship
Authors: DANNER‐VLAARDINGERBROEK GERDIENTJE , KLUWER ESTHER S. , VAN STEENBERGEN ELIANNE F. , VAN DER LIPPE TANJA
Published: March 2012

This research investigated how negative and positive residuals of the workday spill over into the partner relationship. To unravel the mechanism of this spillover, this study introduces the concept of “psychological availability,” which refers to the individual's ability and motivation to direct psychological resources at the partner. A survey was conducted among 313 Dutch dual‐earner couples with children, using dyadic data analysis to analyze both partners simultaneously in 1 model. Psychological availability mediated the link between negative and positive work‐related residuals (i.e., work‐related negative mood, exhaustion, rumination and work‐related positive mood and vigor, respectively) and marital behavior. The findings suggest that partners' workday residuals spill over into the marital relationship through being more or less psychologically available for each other.
Acute onset of dyspnea associated with Oslerus osleri infection in a dog
Authors: Reagan Jennifer K. , Aronsohn Michael G.
Published: March 2012

Objective

To describe an unusual clinical presentation of Oslerus osleri infection in the dog and to review current diagnostic and treatment strategies for this infection.

Case Summary

A 2‐year‐old Briard presented as an emergency for evaluation of acute respiratory distress. Radiographs of the thorax revealed an intratracheal masses near the bifurcation of the trachea. Biopsies of the masses identified parasitic fragments consistent with O. osleri infection. The patient was successfully treated with fenbendazole and the patient's clinical signs have not reoccurred over the last 5 months.

Unique Information Provided

This report documents an uncommon presentation of acute respiratory distress associated with O. osleri infection in the dog, as previously reported cases usually report a history of chronic cough. In this case, the patient presented with an acute onset of dyspnea and no history of chronic cough suggesting that O. osleri infection may be a consideration in any young dog presented with acute respiratory distress.
Use of lispro insulin for treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis in dogs
Authors: Sears Kirk W. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Hess Rebecka S.
Published: March 2012

Objectives

To characterize the use of lispro insulin in dogs with diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) and to compare the length of time required for resolution of hyperglycemia, ketosis, and acidosis, respectively, in dogs with DKA treated with lispro or with regular insulin.

Design

Randomized prospective clinical trial performed between November 2006 and May 2009.

Setting

University teaching hospital.

Animals

Client‐owned dogs with naturally occurring DKA. Dogs with a blood glucose (BG) > 13.9 mmol/L (>250 mg/dL), blood pH between 7.0 and 7.35, and a blood beta‐hydroxybutyrate (BOHB) concentration >2.0 mmol/L were eligible to be enrolled into the study and were randomly assigned to receive an IV continuous rate infusion (CRI) of either lispro or regular insulin.

Interventions

Lispro or regular insulin was administered as an IV CRI at an initial dose of 0.09 U/kg/h. The dose was adjusted according to a previously published protocol.

Measurements and Main Results

Twelve dogs were enrolled into the study. The time to biochemical resolution of DKA was defined as the time interval from when the IV CRI of insulin began until marked hyperglycemia (BG > 13.9 mmol/L [>250 mg/dL]), acidosis (venous pH < 7.35), and ketosis (BOHB concentration >2.0 mmol/L) resolved. The median time to biochemical resolution of DKA in dogs treated with lispro insulin was significantly shorter (26 h; range 26–50 h) than in dogs treated with regular insulin (61 h; range, 38–80 h,P= 0.02). Median admission blood glucose concentration of all 12 dogs (24 mmol/L [432 mg/dL; range, 17.8–38.9 mmol/L [321–700 mg/dL]) decreased significantly with fluid resuscitation and prior to insulin therapy (20.5 mmol/L [369 mg/dL; range, 14.5–33.3 mmol/L [261–600 mg/dL],P= 0.0085). No adverse effects were observed in association with IV lispro insulin administration.

Conclusions

Treatment of DKA in dogs with IV CRI lispro insulin is safe, and as effective as treatment with regular insulin.
Bad statistical practice in pharmacology (and other basic biomedical disciplines): you probably don't knowP
Authors: Lew Michael J
Published: March 2012

Statistical analysis is universally used in the interpretation of the results of basic biomedical research, being expected by referees and readers alike. Its role in helping researchers to make reliable inference from their work and its contribution to the scientific process cannot be doubted, but can be improved. There is a widespread and pervasive misunderstanding ofP‐values that limits their utility as a guide to inference, and a change in the manner in whichP‐values are specified and interpreted will lead to improved outcomes. This paper explains the distinction between Fisher'sP‐values, which are local indices of evidence against the null hypothesis in the results of a particular experiment, and Neyman–Pearson α levels, which are global rates of false positive errors from unrelated experiments taken as an aggregate. The vast majority of papers published in pharmacological journals specifyP‐values, either as exact‐values or as being less than a value (usually 0.05), but they are interpreted in a hybrid manner that detracts from their Fisherian role as indices of evidence without gaining the control of false positive and false negative error rate offered by a strict Neyman–Pearson approach. An informed choice between those approaches offers substantial advantages to the users of statistical tests over the current accidental hybrid approach.

LINKED ARTICLES

A collection of articles on statistics as applied to pharmacology can be found athttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1476‐5381/homepage/statistical_reporting.htm
Artificial Organs 2011: A Year in Review
Authors: Malchesky Paul S.
Published: March 2012

In this Editor's Review, articles published in 2011 are organized by category and briefly summarized. As the official journal of The International Federation for Artificial Organs, The International Faculty for Artificial Organs, and the International Society for Rotary Blood Pumps,Artificial Organscontinues in the original mission of its founders “to foster communications in the field of artificial organs on an international level.”Artificial Organscontinues to publish developments and clinical applications of artificial organ technologies in this broad and expanding field of organ replacement, recovery, and regeneration from all over the world. We take this time also to express our gratitude to our authors for offering their work to this journal. We offer our very special thanks to our reviewers who give so generously of time and expertise to review, critique, and especially provide meaningful suggestions to the author's work whether eventually accepted or rejected. Without these excellent and dedicated reviewers, the quality expected from such a journal would not be possible. We also express our special thanks to our Publisher, Wiley‐Blackwell, for their expert attention and support in the production and marketing ofArtificial Organs. In this Editor's Review, that historically has been widely well‐received by our readership, we aim to provide a brief reflection of the currently available worldwide knowledge that is intended to advance and better human life while providing insight for continued application of technologies and methods of organ replacement, recovery, and regeneration. We look forward to recording further advances in the coming years.
MAJOR DEVELOPMENTAL REGULATORS AND THEIR EXPRESSION IN TWO CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES OF PORPHYRA (RHODOPHYTA)1
Authors: Stiller John W. , Perry Justin , Rymarquis Linda A. , Accerbi Monica , Green Pamela J. , Prochnik Simon , Lindquist Erika , Chan Cheong Xin , Yarish Charles , Lin Senjie , Zhuang Yunyun , Blouin Nicolas A. , Brawley Susan H.
Published: March 2012

Little is known about the genetic and biochemical mechanisms that underlie red algal development, for example, why the group failed to evolve complex parenchyma and tissue differentiation. Here we examined expressed sequence tag (EST) data from two closely related species, Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) J. Agardh and P. purpurea (Roth) C. Agardh, for conserved developmental regulators known from model eukaryotes, and their expression levels in several developmental stages. Genes for most major developmental families were present, including MADS‐box and homeodomain (HD) proteins, SNF2 chromatin‐remodelers, and proteins involved in sRNA biogenesis. Some of these genes displayed altered expression correlating with different life history stages or cell types. Notably, two ESTs encoding HD proteins showed eightfold higher expression in the P. purpurea sporophyte (conchocelis) than in the gametophyte (blade), whereas two MADS domain‐containing paralogs showed significantly different patterns of expression in the conchocelis and blade respectively. These developmental gene families do not appear to have undergone the kinds of dramatic expansions in copy number found in multicellular land plants and animals, which are important for regulating developmental processes in those groups. Analyses of small RNAs did not validate the presence of miRNAs, but homologs of Argonaute were present. In general, it appears that red algae began with a similar molecular toolkit for directing development as did other multicellular eukaryotes, but probably evolved altered roles for many key proteins, as well as novel mechanisms yet to be discovered.
Gait and Balance in Treatment‐Naïve Active Alcoholics with and without a Lifetime Drug Codependence
Authors: Fein George , Smith Stan , Greenstein David
Published: March 2012

Background

Disturbed gait and balance are among the most consistent sequelae of chronic alcoholism. However, although a majority of alcoholics have never sought treatment, most investigations showing ataxia in alcohol‐dependent individuals have relied on samples drawn from treated populations. In addition, few studies have addressed the associations of codependence on other drugs with alcoholic gait and balance disturbance.

Methods

This study employed the Walk‐a‐Line Ataxia Battery (Fregly et al. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1972;43:395–399) to assess gait and balance in treatment‐naïve, actively drinking alcohol‐dependent men and women (TNA; n = 69) who were dependent on alcohol only (ALC; n = 43), or who also had a lifetime drug dependence (ALC + DRG; n = 26; i.e., methamphetamine, cocaine, opiates, and/or marijuana), compared with nonsubstance abusing controls (NSAC; n = 74).We also examined associations between lifetime alcohol use and age with gait and balance measures.

Results

Our main findings were (i) no evidence of disturbed gait and balance in ALC versus NSAC and (ii) significantly disturbed gait and balance in ALC + DRG, relative to both NSAC and ALC, along with steeper age‐associated decline in gait and balance performance in ALC versus ALC + DRG.

Conclusions

Our results provide evidence consistent with previous studies that TNA (without a lifetime drug codependence) may represent a population that is different and less impaired (including in gait and balance) than treated alcoholics. Additionally, we provide evidence that ALC + DRG, with greater alcohol use and family drinking density than ALC, have an accelerated effect of age on gait and balance disturbance compared with both NSAC and ALC. The ALC + DRG group likely represents a subset of TNA with different characteristics than ALC.
The Politics of “Fracking”: Regulating Natural Gas Drilling Practices in Colorado and Texas
Authors: Davis Charles
Published: March 2012

This article focuses on the politics of regulating natural gas fracking operations in Colorado and Texas. Between‐state differences in the economic importance of natural gas production, political traditions, environmental impacts of drilling activities, and local governmental responses to risk reduction, and entrepreneurial activities are discussed in relation to policy‐making initiatives. In the concluding section, I suggest that Colorado's regulatory approach offers a greater degree of environmental protection than Texas. Key reforms adopted in 2007–8 can be largely attributed to electoral victories that ensured unified party control over state government and the determined efforts of the proenvironmental governor to make changes in both the regulatory commission and in the substance of natural gas drilling policies.
Focal Points in Public Policy: Evidence from Voluntary Regulation
Authors: Whitford Andrew B. , Tucker Justin A.
Published: March 2012

Numerous studies argue that law affects behavior “expressively”—such as when states create focal points that overcome the coordination difficulties firms face. We argue that governments help firms overcome coordination dilemmas by explicating a preferred strategy for firms weighing investment in voluntary regulation. Firms would prefer to coordinate on a common strategy as a way of reducing the costs of voluntary regulation and increasing its benefits. We test our hypothesis about the efficacy of focal point selection with the European Union's (EU) advocacy of the Eco‐Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) over a rival environmental management system, International Standards Organization (ISO) 14001. EU nations have statistically significantly lower rates of ISO 14001 certification than comparable countries at least in part due to their advocacy of EMAS. These results emphasize the role the state plays in coordinating business behavior even when such policy is simply expressive.
The anti‐ageing potential of a new jasmonic acid derivative (LR2412): in vitro evaluation using reconstructed epidermis episkin™
Authors: Michelet Jean F. , Olive Christian , Rieux Elodie , Fagot Dominique , Simonetti Lucie , Galey Jean B. , Dalko‐Csiba Maria , Bernard Bruno A. , Pereira Rui
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  Jasmonic acid is involved in plant wound repair and tissue regeneration, but no study has been reported in human skin. The effect of a jasmonic acid derivative, tetra‐hydro‐jasmonic acid (LR2412, 1 and 10 μm) was investigated on an in vitro reconstructed skin model, Episkin™. Using real time RTQPCR studies, results showed an increase in hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) and hyaluronase synthase 3 (HAS3) expression. Furthermore, an increase in hyaluronic acid (HA) deposits in basal and suprabasal layers of the epidermis was observed. The percentage of positive Ki67 keratinocytes in the basal layer as well as the epidermis thickness were seen to increase. Immunohistochemistry studies showed that the synthesis of late differentiation proteins filaggrin and transglutaminase 1 was not modified. The human epidermis is known to thin with age while HA content has been reported to decrease. These results illustrate the potential of LR2412 in counteracting signs of skin ageing.
The use of mineral trioxide aggregate to achieve root end closure: three case reports
Authors: Albadri Sondos , Chau Yang See , Jarad Fadi
Published: March 2012

Abstract – The use of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) to achieve root end closure has many advantages over the traditional calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) technique including the reduced number of visits and the reduced mechanical damage to dentine. Limited studies have reported the outcome of using MTA as an apexification material and a one‐stage obturation technique in non‐vital immature teeth. This article illustrates three successful clinical cases where MTA was used as an apexification material. In case study one: Type 1 Dens Invaginatus tooth with incomplete root formation, case study two: an immature tooth that suffered pulp necrosis following an enamel and dentine fracture trauma and case study three: a non‐vital tooth following an apical root fracture.
Clinical Decisions for Anterior Restorations: The Concept of Restorative Volume
Authors: CARDOSO JORGE ANDRÉ , ALMEIDA PAULO JÚLIO , FISCHER ALEX , PHAXAY SOMANO LUANG
Published: March 2012

The choice of the most appropriate restoration for anterior teeth is often a difficult decision. Numerous clinical and technical factors play an important role in selecting the treatment option that best suits the patient and the restorative team. Experienced clinicians have developed decision processes that are often more complex than may seem. Less experienced professionals may find difficulties making treatment decisions because of the widely varied restorative materials available and often numerous similar products offered by different manufacturers. The authors reviewed available evidence and integrated their clinical experience to select relevant factors that could provide a logical and practical guideline for restorative decisions in anterior teeth. The presented concept of restorative volume is based on structural, optical, and periodontal factors. Each of these factors will influence the short‐ and long‐term behavior of restorations in terms of esthetics, biology, and function. Despite the marked evolution of esthetic restorative techniques and materials, significant limitations still exist, which should be addressed by researchers.

The presented guidelines must be regarded as a mere orientation for risk analysis. A comprehensive individual approach should always be the core of restorative esthetic treatments.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The complex decision process for anterior esthetic restorations can be clarified by a systematized examination of structural, optical, and periodontal factors. The basis for the proposed thought process is the concept of restorative volume that is a contemporary interpretation of restoration categories and their application.

(J Esthet Restor Dent ••:••–••, 2012)
α‐Terpineol Reduces Mechanical Hypernociception and Inflammatory Response
Authors: de Oliveira Makson G. B. , Marques Rosemarie B. , de Santana Michele F. , Santos Amanda B. D. , Brito Fabíola A. , Barreto Emiliano O. , De Sousa Damião P. , Almeida Fernanda R. C. , Badauê‐Passos Daniel , Antoniolli Ângelo R. , Quintans‐Júnior Lucindo J.
Published: March 2012

α‐Terpineol (TPN), a volatile monoterpene alcohol, is relatively non‐toxic and one of the major components of the essential oils of various plant species. In this study, we tested for the antihypernociceptive activity of TPN (25, 50 or 100 mg/kg, i.p.) in mice using mechanical models of hypernociception induced by carrageenan (CG, 300 μg/paw) and the involvement of important mediators of its cascade signalling, such as tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α, 100 pg/paw), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2, 100 ng/paw) or dopamine (DA, 30 μg/paw). We also investigated the anti‐inflammatory effect of TPN on the model of carrageenan‐induced pleurisy and the LPS‐induced nitrite production in murine macrophages. Pre‐systemic treatment with TPN (25, 50 or 100 mg/kg, i.p.) inhibited the development of mechanical hypernociception induced by CG or TNF‐α. A similar effect was also observed upon PGE2 and DA administration. In addition, TPN significantly inhibited the neutrophil influx in the pleurisy model. TPN (1, 10 and 100 μg/mL) also significantly reduced (p < 0.01) nitrite production in vitro. Our results provide information about the antinociceptive and anti‐inflammatory properties of TPN on mechanical hypernociception and suggest that this compound might be potentially interesting in the development of new clinically relevant drugs for the management of painful and/or inflammatory disease.
Antihyperalgesic Activity of the Methanol Extract and Some Constituents Obtained From Polygala cyparissias (Polygalaceae)
Authors: Klein‐Júnior Luiz C. , Meira Nicole A. , Bresolin Tania M. B. , Cechinel‐Filho Valdir , Quintão Nara L. M.
Published: March 2012

Polygala cyparissias, used in folk medicine as an anaesthetic, has already demonstrated antinociceptive activity against acute pain. In this study, we investigated the antihyperalgesic activity of the P. cyparissias methanol extract (PCME) from which the following compounds were isolated: α‐spinasterol (PC1), 1,3‐dihydroxy‐7‐methoxyxanthone (PC2), 1,7‐dihydroxy‐2,3‐methylenedioxyxanthone (PC3) and 1,3,6,8‐tetrahydroxy‐2,7‐dimethoxyxanthone (PC4). The antihyperalgesic effect was evaluated using experimental models of persistent pain induced by carrageenan, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Freund's Complete Adjuvant (CFA), PGE2 or epinephrine. The partial ligation of the sciatic nerve (PLSN) model was also used. In inflammatory hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan, LPS, CFA or PGE2, the inhibition values obtained with the PCME treatment were 68 ± 3%, 89 ± 5%, 43 ± 3% and 40 ± 4%, respectively. In epinephrine‐induced hyperalgesia, the extract was effective, reducing 99 ± 11% of response frequency, while in PLSN, 54 ± 4% of inhibition was obtained. These results allow to suggest that the antihyperalgesic activity of PCME is, at least in part, related to its capability to inhibit the hypersensitization induced by pro‐inflammatory mediators, such as LPS, carrageenan and CFA, without interfering with locomotor activity or motor performance. Furthermore, compounds PC1, PC3 and PC4 inhibited the carrageenan‐induced hyperalgesia with inhibition of 42 ± 6%, 48 ± 5% and 64 ± 4%, respectively. In summary, our data demonstrate that PCME has relevant antihyperalgesic activity and that the isolated PC1, PC3 and PC4 seem to be responsible, at least in part, for this important effect.
A new Upper Carboniferous stem‐orthopteran (Insecta) from Ningxia (China)
Authors: Béthoux Olivier , Gu Jun‐Jie , Ren Dong
Published: March 2012

Abstract  During the Upper Carboniferous, orthopteran insects (grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets) were represented by numerous species distantly related to crown‐orthopterans, such as lobeattid and cnemidolestodean insects. The panorthopterans, including total‐orthopterans and their closest relatives, are represented by comparatively rarer species in localities of this period. Here we describe Heterologus duyiwuer sp. nov., an infrequent panorthopteran from the Late Carboniferous locality of Xiaheyan Village (Zhongwei City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China). The only available specimen is composed of an isolated forewing exhibiting a combination of character states previously unknown, in particular the lack of posterior radius (RP) / anterior Media (MA) connection, late branchings of the media (M) and anterior cubitus (CuA), and a branched posterior branch of the posterior cubitus (CuPb). Based on its unusual branching pattern, the composite stem resulting from the fusion of CuA and CuPaα (second anterior branch of CuP) is assumed to be composed of a branched CuA and a simple CuPaα.
Chlorinated Solvent Source‐Zone Remediation via ZVI‐Clay Soil Mixing: 1‐Year Results
Authors: Olson Mitchell R. , Sale Thomas C. , Shackelford Charles D. , Bozzini Christopher , Skeean Jessica
Published: March 2012

ZVI‐Clay is an emerging remediation approach that combines zero‐valent iron (ZVI)‐mediated degradation and in situ stabilization of chlorinated solvents. Through use of in situ soil mixing to deliver reagents, reagent‐contaminant contact issues associated with natural subsurface heterogeneity are overcome. This article describes implementation, treatment performance, and reaction kinetics during the first year after application of the ZVI‐Clay remediation approach at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. Primary contaminants included trichloroethylene, 1,1,2,2‐tetrachloroethane, and related natural degradation products. For the field application, 22,900 m3 of soils were treated to an average depth of 7.6 m with 2% ZVI and 3% sodium bentonite (dry weight basis). Performance monitoring included analysis of soil and water samples. After 1 year, total concentrations of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) in soil samples were decreased by site‐wide average and median values of 97% and >99%, respectively. Total CVOC concentrations in groundwater were reduced by average and median values of 81% and >99%, respectively. In several of the soil and groundwater monitoring locations, reductions in total CVOC concentrations of greater than 99.9% were apparent. Further reduction in concentrations of chlorinated solvents is expected with time. Pre‐ and post‐mixing average hydraulic conductivity values were 1.7 × 10−5 and 5.2 × 10−8 m/s, respectively, indicating a reduction of about 2.5 orders of magnitude. By achieving simultaneous contaminant mass depletion and hydraulic conductivity reduction, contaminant flux reductions of several orders of magnitude are predicted.
The Discovery of Novel β‐Secretase Inhibitors: Pharmacophore Modeling, Virtual Screening, and Docking Studies
Authors: Niu Yan , Ma Chao , Jin Hongwei , Xu Fengrong , Gao Haifei , Liu Peng , Li Yongjian , Wang Chao , Yang Guanyu , Xu Ping
Published: March 2012

This article describes the identification of two small molecular inhibitors for β‐secretase by integrating virtual screening with fluorescence resonance energy transfer bioassay. A ligand‐based pharmacophore model was developed, and the sequential virtual screening of ZINC database was performed using the acquired pharmacophore model and molecular docking. Biological evaluation of 10 virtual hits led to the identification of two novel inhibitors with IC50 values of 4.76 and 0.31 μm, respectively. These two moderate inhibitors could represent new potentials for the development of anti‐Alzheimer’s disease agents.
Utility of 4‐Chloro‐7‐Nitrobenzofurazan for the Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Butylated Hydroxyanisole and Propyl Gallate in Foodstuffs
Authors: Chen Miao , Tai Zhigang , Hu Xujia , Liu Mousheng , Yang Yaling
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  A spectrofluorimetric method is presented for the determination of 2 synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and propyl gallate (PG) in foodstuffs. The proposed method is based on the derivatization of SPAs with 4‐chloro‐7‐nitrobenzofurazan (NBD‐Cl) in phosphate buffer of pH 9.0 to yield a highly fluorescent brown product. The optimum experimental conditions have been studied carefully. Linear calibration curves were obtained over the concentration range of 0.20 to 40 μg mL−1 for BHA, and 0.80 to 50 μg mL−1 for PG, using NBD‐Cl reagent. The detection limits were 18 ng mL−1 for BHA, 55 ng mL−1 for PG. Intra‐day and inter‐day relative standard deviations at 3 different concentrations were determined. The high recovery values indicate the accuracy of the proposed methods, and low relative standard deviation values indicate good precision. The results presented in this report show that the applied spectrofluorimetric method is acceptable for the determination of the 2 SPAs in the foodstuffs. Other SPAs, tertiary butyl hydroquinone and butylated hydroxytoluene in foodstuffs do not interfere with the proposed method.

Practical Applications:  In this spectrofluorimetric method, NBD‐Cl as a derivation agent is used to detect synthetic phenolic antioxidants. The method specificity has been greatly improved; there was no interference from other commonly used phenolic substances.
Prebiotics Enhance Magnesium Absorption and Inulin‐based Fibers Exert Chronic Effects on Calcium Utilization in a Postmenopausal Rodent Model
Authors: Legette LeeCole L. , Lee WangHee , Martin Berdine R. , Story Jon A. , Campbell Jessica K. , Weaver Connie M.
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  Age‐related changes in calcium metabolism play a role in the development of osteoporosis. A 4‐wk feeding study was conducted in 5‐mo‐old ovariectomized (OVX) Sprague‐Dawley rats to assess the effect of various dietary fibers on mineral metabolism and bone health parameters. There were 6 treatment groups: sham‐Control, OVX‐Control, OVX rats receiving daily estradiol (E2) injections, and OVX rats receiving an AIN‐93M diet supplement with either an inulin‐based fiber (Synergy1® or Fruitafit HD®) or a novel fiber (polydextrose) at 5% wt. of diet. Calcium and magnesium metabolic balances were performed after early (3 d) and late exposure (4 wk) to dietary treatments. Rats receiving polydextrose had significantly higher net calcium absorption efficiency and retention than all control groups and a trend (P≤ 0.10) for higher calcium absorption when compared to inulin‐based fibers after early exposure but the advantage did not persist over long‐term exposure. The inulin‐based fibers had positive chronic effects on calcium metabolism that were related to changes in the gut, that is, production of short chain fatty acids and higher cecal wall weights. All fibers improved magnesium absorption and retention in early and late metabolic balances; effects on magnesium metabolism were more pronounced than for calcium.

Practical Application:  Steady growth in US middle‐aged and elderly populations has led to higher incidences of several chronic diseases including osteoporosis, a bone disease that primarily affects postmenopausal women. Recent research suggests that certain dietary fibers (prebiotics) enhance mineral absorption and may impart bone health benefits. This work examines the impact of prebiotic supplementation on mineral metabolism and bone health using a postmenopausal rat model. Study findings will aid future investigations in ascertaining the factors related to potential bone health benefits of prebiotic which will aid in developing an effective prebiotics food product/supplement that will address the bone health needs of consumers.
Digital Gaming and Pediatric Obesity: At the Intersection of Science and Social Policy
Authors: Staiano Amanda E. , Calvert Sandra L.
Published: March 2012

Children and adolescents in developed countries are heavily immersed in digital media, creating an inexpensive, far‐reaching marketing opportunity for the food industry and the gaming industry. However, exposure to nonnutritious food and beverage advertisements combined with the use of stationary media create a conflict between entertainment and public health. Using the popular digital gaming platforms advergames (online games that market branded products) and exergames (video games that involves gross motor activity for play) as exemplars, the following article provides an analysis of the negative and positive health impacts of digital gaming as they relate specifically to overweight and obesity outcomes for children and adolescents. Theoretical explanations including the food marketing defense model, persuasion knowledge model, and social cognitive theory are used to explain the influence of gaming on young players’ health. Throughout the article, we discuss the role of public policy to encourage the development and use of health‐promoting digital games as an innovative, effective tool to combat the pediatric obesity crisis.
Attributional style among youth at clinical risk for psychosis
Authors: DeVylder Jordan E. , Ben‐David Shelly , Kimhy David , Corcoran Cheryl M.
Published: March 2012

Aim: A biased attributional style, in which negative events are attributed to external and personal causes, is associated with paranoid delusions in schizophrenia. It is not known whether this biased attributional style also characterizes individuals at clinical risk for psychosis or if it is associated with their emergent paranoia.

Methods: Thirty‐three clinical high‐risk patients and 15 age‐ and gender‐similar controls were assessed with the Internal, Personal, and Situational Attributions Questionnaire for externalizing and personalizing attributional biases and for potential correlates with suspiciousness and other symptoms.

Results: Both patients and controls had a similar external‐personalizing attributional style that was unrelated to symptoms, including suspiciousness.

Conclusions: Consistent with other studies, a biased attributional style was not associated with subthreshold paranoia. Therefore, a biased attributional style is likely not a trait that contributes to emergent paranoid delusions but is instead a state‐dependent correlate of paranoid delusions.
Youth at ultra high risk for psychosis: using the Revised Network Episode Model to examine pathways to mental health care
Authors: Boydell Katherine M. , Volpe Tiziana , Gladstone Brenda M. , Stasiulis Elaine , Addington Jean
Published: March 2012

Aim: This paper aims to identify the ways in which youth at ultra high risk for psychosis access mental health services and the factors that advance or delay help seeking, using the Revised Network Episode Model (REV NEM) of mental health care.

Methods: A case study approach documents help‐seeking pathways, encompassing two qualitative interviews with 10 young people and 29 significant others. Theoretical propositions derived from the REV NEM are explored, consisting of the content, structure and function of the: (i) family; (ii) community and school; and (iii) treatment system.

Results: Although the aspects of the REV NEM are supported and shape pathways to care, we consider rethinking the model for help seeking with youth at ultra high risk for psychosis.

Conclusions: The pathway concept is important to our understanding of how services and supports are received and experienced over time. Understanding this process and the strategies that support positive early intervention on the part of youth and significant others is critical.
VizualAge: A Novel Approach to Laser Ablation ICP‐MS U‐Pb Geochronology Data Reduction
Authors: Petrus Joseph A. , Kamber Balz S.
Published: March 2012

VizualAge, a new computer software tool for analysing U‐Pb data obtained by laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry, was developed. It consists of a data reduction scheme (DRS) for Iolite (a general mass spectrometry data analysis tool) as well as visualisation routines. In addition to the U/Pb and Th/Pb ages calculated by Iolite’s U‐Pb geochronology DRS, VizualAge also calculates 207Pb/206Pb ages and common Pb corrections for each time‐slice of raw data. Importantly, VizualAge allows one to display a live concordia diagram for visualising data on such a diagram as an integration interval is being adjusted. This provides instantaneous feedback regarding discordance, uncertainty, error correlation and common Pb. Several zircon data sets were used to illustrate how the live concordia could be used as a powerful inspection tool, revealing a single analysis to consist of zones of concordance, metamict areas, as well as inherited cores or younger overgrowths. VizualAge also constructs histograms, conventional and Tera‐Wasserburg type concordia diagrams, as well as 3D U‐Th‐Pb and total U‐Pb concordia diagrams. The precision and accuracy of data reduced with VizualAge are demonstrated with examples of the Plešovice, Temora‐2 and Penglai zircon reference materials. Data for zircon from the Long Lake Batholith (Wyoming craton) were used to illustrate how VizualAge calculated common Pb corrections and helped to expose as yet unexplained difficulties with accurately determining 204Pb.
Exploring Social Class: Voices of Inter‐Class Couples
Authors: McDowell Teresa , Melendez‐Rhodes Tatiana , Althusius Erin , Hergic Sara , Sleeman Gillian , My Ton Nicky Kieu , Zimpfer‐Bak A.J.
Published: March 2012

Social class is not often discussed or examined in‐depth in couple and family therapy research and literature even though social class shapes familial relationships and is considered an important variable in marital satisfaction. In this qualitative study, we explored the perceptions of eight couples who made lasting commitments across class lines by asking them about the impact of their social class backgrounds on their relationships. Three categories of themes emerged including: (a) differences and similarities in values and attitudes toward education, work, money, and class awareness/classism, (b) relationship issues involving families of origin, friends, and class‐based couple conflict, and (c) differences in economic resources, social capital and privileges/opportunities. Implications for assessment and treatment of couples are included.
Appraisal Distortions And Intimate Partner Violence: Gender, Power, And Interaction
Authors: Whiting Jason B. , Oka Megan , Fife Stephen T.
Published: March 2012

In relationships characterized by control, abuse, or violence, many appraisal distortions occur including denial and minimization. However, the nature of the distortion varies depending on the individual’s role in the relationship (i.e., abuser or victim). Reducing these distortions is an important component in treatment success and involves accepting responsibility for actions and attributions. This study used constructivist grounded theory methods to explore the following questions: (1) What are thetypesof distortions that are used by individuals who have been in violent or abusive relationships? (2) What are the gender and powerdifferencesin the appraisal distortions used? (3) What are thefunctions and interactionsof the distortions in the relationship dynamics? Qualitative analysis of interviews with 29 individuals who had been in abusive relationships found that there were several types of distortions used by participants, but there were differences in the function of the distortion, depending on the individual’s role in the abuse. These generally corresponded to power and gender, where the male as perpetrator used different distortions (or used similar distortions for different reasons) than did the female as victim. Suggestions for research as well as treatment implications for both offenders and survivors of abuse are given.
Did Australian Firms Choose to Switch to Reporting Operating Cash Flows Using the Indirect Method?
Authors: Bond David , Bugeja Martin , Czernkowski Robert
Published: March 2012

In 2007 Australian accounting standards were amended to allow a choice of presenting operating cash flows using either the direct or indirect method. This study investigates the number of ASX‐listed entities that switched to the indirect format. Our results indicate that between 2007 and 2009 nine companies changed their reporting format. The firms adopting the indirect method have similar leverage, liquidity and performance to industry and size‐matched controls. Given that previous research indicates that the direct method provides superior information for predicting cash flows and performance, our results will be welcomed by financial statement users and the Australian Accounting Standards Board.
The Prevalence of Leptospiral Antibodies in Free Roaming Cats in Worcester County, Massachusetts
Authors: Markovich J.E. , Ross L. , McCobb E.
Published: March 2012

Background

Serosurveys of cats for exposure to or infection with leptospires have been published from other geographic areas, but none for cats in the United States in the past 4 decades.

Hypothesis/Objectives

The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the prevalence of leptospiral antibodies in a population of free roaming cats in Worcester County, (central) Massachusetts.

Animals

Sixty‐three free roaming cats presenting to a trap‐neuter‐return (TNR) program.

Methods

Prospective study. Serum was collected from 63 free roaming cats presented to a university associated TNR. Microagglutination titers to Leptospira interrogans serovars Autumnalis, Hardjo, Bratislava, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Pomona, and L  kirshneri Grippotyphosa were determined.

Results

A total of 3 of 63 cats (4.8%) had a titer of 1 : 100 or greater to one or more serovars, with Autumnalis being the most common. None of the cats were seropositive to Hardjo, Grippotyphosa, or Canicola.

Conclusions and clinical importance

These results are consistent with previously published seroprevalence rates in feral cats. Additional studies are required to determine the role of leptosporosis in clinical disease in the domestic cat.
Intrinsic oscillatory activity arising within the electrically coupled AII amacrine–ON cone bipolar cell network is driven by voltage‐gated Na+ channels
Authors: Trenholm Stuart , Borowska Joanna , Zhang Jiawei , Hoggarth Alex , Johnson Kyle , Barnes Steven , Lewis Timothy J. , Awatramani Gautam B.
Published: March 2012

Key points

In mouse models for retinal degeneration, photoreceptor death leads to membrane oscillation in the remnant AII amacrine–ON cone bipolar cell network through an unknown mechanism.

We found such oscillations require voltage‐gated Na+ channels and gap junctions but not hyperpolarization‐activated currents (Ih).

Na+ channels are expressed predominantly in AII amacrine cells and Ih in ON cone bipolar cells, and appear to interact via gap junctions to shape oscillations.

Similar intrinsic oscillations arose in the wild‐type (wt) AII amacrine–ON cone bipolar cell network when photoreceptor inputs to bipolar cells were pharmacologically occluded.

Computational modelling captures experimental findings when a low level of cellular heterogeneity is introduced in the coupled network.

These unique insights into the cellular mechanisms underlying spontaneous activity in the degenerating retina might aid in designing the most effective strategies to restore vision using retinal prosthesis.

Abstract  In the rd1 mouse model for retinal degeneration, the loss of photoreceptors results in oscillatory activity (∼10–20 Hz) within the remnant electrically coupled network of retinal ON cone bipolar and AII amacrine cells. We tested the role of hyperpolarization‐activated currents (Ih), voltage‐gated Na+ channels and gap junctions in mediating such oscillatory activity. Blocking Ih (1 mm Cs+) hyperpolarized the network and augmented activity, while antagonizing voltage‐dependent Na+ channels (1 μm TTX) abolished oscillatory activity in the AII amacrine–ON cone bipolar cell network. Voltage‐gated Na+ channels were only observed in AII amacrine cells, implicating these cells as major drivers of activity. Pharmacologically uncoupling the network (200 μm meclofenamic acid (MFA)) blocked oscillations in all cells indicating that Na+ channels exert their influence over multiple cell types within the network. In wt retina, occluding photoreceptor inputs to bipolar cells (10 μm NBQX and 50 μm l‐AP4) resulted in a mild (∼10 mV) hyperpolarization and the induction of oscillatory activity within the AII amacrine–ON cone bipolar cell network. These oscillations had similar properties to those observed in rd1 retina, suggesting that no major degeneration‐induced network rewiring is required to trigger spontaneous oscillations. Finally, we constructed a simplified computational model that exhibited Na+ channel‐dependent network oscillations. In this model, mild heterogeneities in channel densities between individual neurons reproduced our experimental findings. These results indicate that TTX‐sensitive Na+ channels in AII amacrine cells trigger degeneration‐induced network oscillations, which provide a persistent synaptic drive to downstream remnant neurons, thus appearing to replace photoreceptors as the principal drivers of retinal activity.
Dynamic-Stability Characteristics of Premixed Methane Oxy-Combustion
Authors: Shroll Andrew P. , Shanbhogue Santosh J. , Ghoniem Ahmed F.
Published: March 2012

This work explores the dynamic stability characteristics of premixed CH4/O2/CO2 mixtures in a 50 kW swirl stabilized combustor. In all cases, the methane-oxygen mixture is stoichiometric, with different dilution levels of carbon dioxide used to control the flame temperature (Tad). For the highest Tad’s, the combustor is unstable at the first harmonic of the combustor’s natural frequency. As the temperature is reduced, the combustor jumps to fundamental mode and then to a low-frequency mode whose value is well below the combustor’s natural frequency, before eventually reaching blowoff. Similar to the case of CH4/air mixtures, the transition from one mode to another is predominantly a function of the Tad of the reactive mixture, despite significant differences in laminar burning velocity and/or strained flame consumption speed between air and oxy-fuel mixtures for a given Tad. High speed images support this finding by revealing similar vortex breakdown modes and thus similar turbulent flame geometries that change as a function of flame temperature.
Numerical Method of Analyzing Contact Mechanics between a Sphere and a Flat Considering Lennard-Jones Surface Forces of Contacting Asperities and Noncontacting Rough Surfaces
Authors: Ono Kyosuke
Published: March 2012

A new numerical method of analyzing adhesive contact mechanics between a sphere and a flat with sub-nanometer roughness is presented. In contrast to conventional theories, the elastic deformations of mean height surfaces and contacting asperities, and Lennard-Jones (LJ) surface forces of both the contacting asperities and noncontacting rough surfaces including valley areas are taken into account. Calculated contact characteristics of a 2-mm-radius glass slider contacting a magnetic disk with a relatively rough surface and a 30-mm-radius head slider contacting a currently available magnetic disk with lower roughness are shown in comparison with conventional adhesive contact theories. The present theory was found to give a larger adhesive force than the conventional theories and to converge to a smooth sphere-flat contact theory as the roughness height approaches zero.