bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La prehistoria en Las tres edades de Buster Keaton.
Authors: Lombo Montañés Alberto , Rodríguez Ortiz Esther
Published: November 2016

Las Tres edades (The Three Ages, 1923) se inserta por tanto dentro de lo que se conoce como films-chiste o burlescos, es decir, que están basados en la sucesión de gags visuales o chistes más que en la elaboración narrativa. Las Tres edades es la segunda de las tres comedias mudas sobre la Prehistoria, después del sueño de Charlot en His Prehistoric Past, Charlie Chaplin, 1914, y las ulteriores aventuras de Laurel y Hardy en Flying Elephants, Frank Butler, 1927.

The Three Ages (The Three Ages, 1923) is therefore inserted within what is known as joke-films or burlesques, that is, they are based on the succession of visual gags or jokes rather than on narrative elaboration. The Three Ages is the second of the three silent comedies on Prehistory, after Charlot's dream in His Prehistoric Past, Charlie Chaplin, 1914, and the subsequent adventures of Laurel and Hardy in Flying Elephants, Frank Butler, 1927
Castidad o castigo. El estupro de las Vestales como símbolo de desorden social en Roma.
Authors: Montalbán Carmona Juan Antonio
Published: November 2016

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo tratar el sacerdocio de las vestales desde la perspectiva de la virginidad y castidad de las sacerdotisas y su relación con el bienestar de la comunidad. La base principal del estudio es la revisión de las fuentes primarias y secundarias. Se destacarán las consecuentes desgracias que acaecían en caso de incumplimiento de su voto de castidad, con la imperiosa necesidad de realizar ritos expiatorios para acabar con el prodigium y buscar nuevamente la pax deorum. El estudio de las sacerdotisas de Vesta cuenta con una largahistoriografía, remontándose los primeros trabajos con valor historiográfico a la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. A pesar de que muchos autores han tratado este sacerdocio, ciertamente no encontramos una gran cantidad de estudios dedicados exclusivamente a las vestales.

The aim of this article is to approach the priesthood of the vestal virgins from the perspective of the priestesses’ virginity and chastity and their connection with the community well-being. The main aim of our study is the revision of the primary and secondary sources. Unfortunate consequences they suffered in case of failure of their chastity vow, with the pressing need to make expiatory rites to finish prodigies and search again the pax deorum, are going to be emphasized in the present study. The study of Vesta’s priestesses has a considerable historiography. The earliest studies with a significant value date back to the second half of the 19th century. Although many authors have approached this priesthood, the truth is that we can’t find a large number of studies exclusively about the vestals.
La Historia antigua en la Biblioteca de Focio.
Authors: Posadas Sánchez Juan Luis
Published: November 2016

En este artículo analizamos las referencias a obras históricas en la Biblioteca de Focio, dos veces patriarca de Constantinopla, autor polígrafo del siglo IX de nuestra era. En nuestro análisis veremos cómo los gustos historiográficos de Focio –y por extensión de todos los estudiosos bizantinos de la época- se decantaban por las historias escritas de manera lineal, sin demasiados datos, con una narrativa fundamentalmente descriptiva. También conoceremos que en esa época se podían encontrar aún copias completas de autores como Diodoro de Sicilia. Focio se presenta así, como un autor de conocimiento inexcusable tanto para los historiadores de la Antigüedad, comopara los interesados en la historiografía antigua.

In this paper, we study the references to historical books present in the Bibliotheca of Photius, twice a Patriarch of Constantinople, and a prolific writer of the 9th Century. In our study, we shall see the historiographic interests of Photius, mainly the lineal writing with not too many facts in them and a descriptive narrative. We shall know that in his age, books already unknown for us were at disposal, at least in Constantinople. Photius is an author to be known and read for both, historians and people interested in writing of History.
I Congreso Internacional “Creando ciudadanos, construyendo identidades. El uso del patrimonio material e inmaterial en la enseñanza de la historia.”
Authors: Díaz Serrano José , Escribano Miralles Ainoa , Ponce Gea Ana Isabel , Verdú González David
Published: November 2016

Estas palabras, que forman parte del discurso que el profesor Dr. D. Joaquim Prats utilizó como Lectio en su investidura como Doctor Honoris Causa de la Universidad de Murcia, sirvieron de cierre al “I Congreso Internacional Creando Ciudadanos, Construyendo Identidades. El uso del patrimonio material e inmaterial en la enseñanza de la historia”, que se desarrolló entre los días 26 y 29 de abril de 2016 en la Facultad de Educación de la Universidad de Murcia. El congreso fue organizado por el grupo de investigación DICSO, perteneciente al Departamento de Didáctica de las Ciencias Matemáticas y Sociales de la Facultad de Educación de la Universidad de Murcia, y vino avalado por la labor investigadora realizada gracias al proyecto “La formación en identidad regional en ciencias sociales a partir del patrimonio inmaterial. Aplicaciones didácticas para Educación Secundaria Obligatoria”, financiado por la Fundación Séneca de Murcia.

These words, which are part of the speech that Professor Dr. D. Joaquim Prats used as Lectio in his investiture as Doctor Honoris Causa of the University of Murcia, served as a closing to the “I International Congress Creating Citizens, Building Identities. The use of tangible and intangible heritage in the teaching of history ”, which took place between April 26 and 29, 2016 at the Faculty of Education of the University of Murcia. The congress was organized by the DICSO research group, belonging to the Department of Didactics of Mathematical and Social Sciences of the Faculty of Education of the University of Murcia, and was endorsed by the research work carried out thanks to the project "Training in regional identity in social sciences from intangible heritage. Didactic applications for Compulsory Secondary Education ”, financed by the Seneca de Murcia Foundation.
Traducción entregada frente a traducción publicada: reflexiones sobre la normalización en traducción editorial a partir de un estudio de caso
Authors: Andújar Moreno Gemma
Published: November 2016

Seront présentés, dans ce travail, les résultats préliminaires d’une étude de cas dans la pratique réelle de la traduction éditoriale. À partir de l’analyse contrastive d’un corpus formé par un texte original français, le manuscrit de sa traduction remis à une maison d’édition espagnole et le livre finalement publié, le travail montre comment certaines divergences considérées comme des universels de traduction, telles que l’explicitation ou la suppression des répétitions, ne sont pas toujours directement imputables au traducteur mais qu’elles sont le résultat d’une stratégie de normalisation de la part des responsables de l’édition visant à faciliter la lisibilité du texte final. L’objectif de l’étude est de proposer une réflexion générale sur l’importance de prendre en compte le rôle des correcteurs et des éditeurs dans les analyses traductologiques de type contrastif pour mieux cerner la spécificité des différents agents impliqués dans les phases de production d’un livre publié.
Recreating the synthesis of starch granules in yeast
Authors: Pfister Barbara , Sánchez-Ferrer Antoni , Diaz Ana , Lu Kuanjen , Otto Caroline , Holler Mirko , Shaik Farooque Razvi , Meier Florence , Mezzenga Raffaele , Zeeman Samuel C
Published: November 2016

Starch, as the major nutritional component of our staple crops and a feedstock for industry, is a vital plant product. It is composed of glucose polymers that form massive semi-crystalline granules. Its precise structure and composition determine its functionality and thus applications; however, there is no versatile model system allowing the relationships between the biosynthetic apparatus, glucan structure and properties to be explored. Here, we expressed the core Arabidopsis starch-biosynthesis pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae purged of its endogenous glycogen-metabolic enzymes. Systematic variation of the set of biosynthetic enzymes illustrated how each affects glucan structure and solubility. Expression of the complete set resulted in dense, insoluble granules with a starch-like semi-crystalline organization, demonstrating that this system indeed simulates starch biosynthesis. Thus, the yeast system has the potential to accelerate starch research and help create a holistic understanding of starch granule biosynthesis, providing a basis for the targeted biotechnological improvement of crops.
Visual attention is available at a task-relevant location rapidly after a saccade
Authors: Yao Tao , Ketkar Madhura , Treue Stefan , Krishna B Suresh
Published: November 2016

Maintaining attention at a task-relevant spatial location while making eye-movements necessitates a rapid, saccade-synchronized shift of attentional modulation from the neuronal population representing the task-relevant location before the saccade to the one representing it after the saccade. Currently, the precise time at which spatial attention becomes fully allocated to the task-relevant location after the saccade remains unclear. Using a fine-grained temporal analysis of human peri-saccadic detection performance in an attention task, we show that spatial attention is fully available at the task-relevant location within 30 milliseconds after the saccade. Subjects tracked the attentional target veridically throughout our task: i.e. they almost never responded to non-target stimuli. Spatial attention and saccadic processing therefore co-ordinate well to ensure that relevant locations are attentionally enhanced soon after the beginning of each eye fixation.
Cell culture-based profiling across mammals reveals DNA repair and metabolism as determinants of species longevity
Authors: Ma Siming , Upneja Akhil , Galecki Andrzej , Tsai Yi-Miau , Burant Charles F , Raskind Sasha , Zhang Quanwei , Zhang Zhengdong D , Seluanov Andrei , Gorbunova Vera , Clish Clary B , Miller Richard A , Gladyshev Vadim N
Published: November 2016

Mammalian lifespan differs by >100 fold, but the mechanisms associated with such longevity differences are not understood. Here, we conducted a study on primary skin fibroblasts isolated from 16 species of mammals and maintained under identical cell culture conditions. We developed a pipeline for obtaining species-specific ortholog sequences, profiled gene expression by RNA-seq and small molecules by metabolite profiling, and identified genes and metabolites correlating with species longevity. Cells from longer lived species up-regulated genes involved in DNA repair and glucose metabolism, down-regulated proteolysis and protein transport, and showed high levels of amino acids but low levels of lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine. The amino acid patterns were recapitulated by further analyses of primate and bird fibroblasts. The study suggests that fibroblast profiling captures differences in longevity across mammals at the level of global gene expression and metabolite levels and reveals pathways that define these differences.
Postprandial sleep mechanics in Drosophila
Authors: Murphy Keith R , Deshpande Sonali A , Yurgel Maria E , Quinn James P , Weissbach Jennifer L , Keene Alex C , Dawson-Scully Ken , Huber Robert , Tomchik Seth M , Ja William W
Published: November 2016

Food consumption is thought to induce sleepiness. However, little is known about how postprandial sleep is regulated. Here, we simultaneously measured sleep and food intake of individual flies and found a transient rise in sleep following meals. Depending on the amount consumed, the effect ranged from slightly arousing to strongly sleep inducing. Postprandial sleep was positively correlated with ingested volume, protein, and salt—but not sucrose—revealing meal property-specific regulation. Silencing of leucokinin receptor (Lkr) neurons specifically reduced sleep induced by protein consumption. Thermogenetic stimulation of leucokinin (Lk) neurons decreased whereas Lk downregulation by RNAi increased postprandial sleep, suggestive of an inhibitory connection in the Lk-Lkr circuit. We further identified a subset of non-leucokininergic cells proximal to Lkr neurons that rhythmically increased postprandial sleep when silenced, suggesting that these cells are cyclically gated inhibitory inputs to Lkr neurons. Together, these findings reveal the dynamic nature of postprandial sleep.
Postictal behavioural impairments are due to a severe prolonged hypoperfusion/hypoxia event that is COX-2 dependent
Authors: Farrell Jordan S , Gaxiola-Valdez Ismael , Wolff Marshal D , David Laurence S , Dika Haruna I , Geeraert Bryce L , Rachel Wang X , Singh Shaily , Spanswick Simon C , Dunn Jeff F , Antle Michael C , Federico Paolo , Teskey G Campbell
Published: November 2016

Seizures are often followed by sensory, cognitive or motor impairments during the postictal phase that show striking similarity to transient hypoxic/ischemic attacks. Here we show that seizures result in a severe hypoxic attack confined to the postictal period. We measured brain oxygenation in localized areas from freely-moving rodents and discovered a severe hypoxic event (pO2 < 10 mmHg) after the termination of seizures. This event lasted over an hour, is mediated by hypoperfusion, generalizes to people with epilepsy, and is attenuated by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 or L-type calcium channels. Using inhibitors of these targets we separated the seizure from the resulting severe hypoxia and show that structure specific postictal memory and behavioral impairments are the consequence of this severe hypoperfusion/hypoxic event. Thus, epilepsy is much more than a disease hallmarked by seizures, since the occurrence of postictal hypoperfusion/hypoxia results in a separate set of neurological consequences that are currently not being treated and are preventable.
Design, experimental verification, and analysis of a 1.8-V-input-range voltage-to-current converter using source degeneration for low-noise multimodal CMOS biosensor array
Authors: Niitsu Kiichi , Ikeda Kei , Muto Keita , Nakazato Kazuo
Published: November 2016

A multimodal complementary metal–oxide semiconductor (CMOS) biosensor array manufactured using measurement methods such as potentiometry, amperometry, and impedimetry improves its cost competitiveness and measurement accuracy. In addition, it provides a wider range of application because it can obtain signals from multiple aspects. To develop high-signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) multimodal biosensor arrays, time-domain current integration was proposed in the literature and found to be effective. In addition to amperometry and impedimetry, it is possible to perform current integration using the potentiometry output by employing a voltage-to-current converter (VCC). However, a conventional VCC with a fixed transconductance mode does not provide a sufficient input range (<0.6 V) and its noise property has not been investigated. In this work, we investigate the design and noise property of a newly proposed VCC with source degeneration that enhances the input range. For evaluating the proposed method, a test chip was fabricated in a 0.6 µm CMOS. The measured results successfully demonstrate that the input range was enhanced from 0.6 to 1.8 V. Autonomous current limitation was also confirmed. The measured total input-referred noise was 0.445 mV (from 10 Hz to 10 kHz, assuming current integration at every 1 ms).
Hypothesis onSerenoa repens(Bartram) small extract inhibition of prostatic 5α-reductase through anin silicoapproach on 5β-reductase x-ray structure
Authors: Governa Paolo , Giachetti Daniela , Biagi Marco , Manetti Fabrizio , De Vico Luca
Published: November 2016

Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a common disease in men aged over 50 years old, with an incidence increasing to more than 80% over the age of 70, that is increasingly going to attract pharmaceutical interest. Within conventional therapies, such asα-adrenoreceptor antagonists and 5α-reductase inhibitor, there is a large requirement for treatments with less adverse events on, e.g., blood pressure and sexual function: phytotherapy may be the right way to fill this need.Serenoa repensstandardized extract has been widely studied and its ability to reduce lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic hyperplasia is comprehensively described in literature. An innovative investigation on the mechanism of inhibition of 5α-reductase bySerenoa repensextract active principles is proposed in this work through computational methods, performing molecular docking simulations on the crystal structure of human liver 5β-reductase. The results confirm that both sterols and fatty acids can play a role in the inhibition of the enzyme, thus, suggesting a competitive mechanism of inhibition. This work proposes a further confirmation for the rational use of herbal products in the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia, and suggests computational methods as an innovative, low cost, and non-invasive process for the study of phytocomplex activity toward proteic targets.
A preliminary identification ofRf*-A619, a novel restorer gene for CMS-C in maize (Zea maysL.)
Authors: Yongming Liu , Zhuofan Zhao , Yanli Lu , Chuan Li , Jing Wang , Boxiao Dong , Bing Liang , Tao Qiu , Wenbing Zeng , Moju Cao
Published: November 2016

C-type cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS-C) is widely utilized for hybrid maize seed production. However, genetic mechanisms underlying the fertility restoration are very complicated. At present, there is a divergence on the number of fertility restorer genes in maize inbred line A619 for CMS-C. To further elucidate the restoring mechanism of A619, we used genetic analysis and molecular markers to confirm the restorer genes of maize inbred line A619 for C-type male sterile line C48-2 in this study. Firstly, the fertility segregations of (C48-2 × A619)F2populations were investigated under three environments during 2013–2015. The segregation ratio of fertile and sterile plants in the F2population fit to 15:1 via chi-square test and this result suggested that there are two dominant restorer genes in A619 for CMS-C, i.e.,Rf4and a novel gene namedRf*-A619. Next, based on the sequence differences betweenRf4and its recessive allelicrf4, a novel dominant marker F2/R2 was developed and validated to genotypingRf4in the F2population. Through genotypic analysis, we found that there were a certain amount of fertile individuals withoutRf4which accounted for 3/16 in the F2population via chi-square test at the 0.05 level. These results provided another proof to sustain that the inbred line A619 contains one additional restorer gene for CMS-C fertility restoration exceptRf4. At last, we used one SSR marker which is tightly linked with the dominant restorer geneRf5to analyze those fertile plants withoutRf4in the F2population. The PCR amplification results showed thatRf*-A619is not allelic toRf5but a novel restorer gene for CMS-C. These results not only provide a basis for the mapping and characterization of a novel restorer gene but also give a new insight into the mechanism of CMS-C fertility restoration.
Seismic imaging of the metamorphism of young sediment into new crystalline crust in the actively rifting Imperial Valley, California
Authors: Han Liang , Hole John A. , Stock Joann M. , Fuis Gary S. , Williams Colin F. , Delph Jonathan R. , Davenport Kathy K. , Livers Amanda J.
Published: November 2016

Plate‐boundary rifting between transform faults is opening the Imperial Valley of southern California and the rift is rapidly filling with sediment from the Colorado River. Three 65–90 km long seismic refraction profiles across and along the valley, acquired as part of the 2011 Salton Seismic Imaging Project, were analyzed to constrain upper crustal structure and the transition from sediment to underlying crystalline rock. Both first arrival travel‐time tomography and frequency‐domain full‐waveform inversion were applied to provide P‐wave velocity models down to ∼7 km depth. The valley margins are fault‐bounded, beyond which thinner sediment has been deposited on preexisting crystalline rocks. Within the central basin, seismic velocity increases continuously from ∼1.8 km/s sediment at the surface to >6 km/s crystalline rock with no sharp discontinuity. Borehole data show young sediment is progressively metamorphosed into crystalline rock. The seismic velocity gradient with depth decreases approximately at the 4 km/s contour, which coincides with changes in the porosity and density gradient in borehole core samples. This change occurs at ∼3 km depth in most of the valley, but at only ∼1.5 km depth in the Salton Sea geothermal field. We interpret progressive metamorphism caused by high heat flow to be creating new crystalline crust throughout the valley at a rate comparable to the ≥2 km/Myr sedimentation rate. The newly formed crystalline crust extends to at least 7–8 km depth, and it is shallower and faster where heat flow is higher. Most of the active seismicity occurs within this new crust.
Rapid ice flow rearrangement induced by subglacial drainage in West Antarctica
Authors: Elsworth Cooper W. , Suckale Jenny
Published: November 2016

Ice streams are corridors of rapid ice flow draining the ice sheets. They can exhibit astonishing spatial variability on annual to centennial time scales. We propose that changes in the subglacial drainage of meltwater could induce these sudden rearrangements of ice streams. We develop a two‐dimensional, thermomechanical model representing an ice stream cross section and couple it to a plastically deforming bed with spatially variable meltwater influx. We find that where ice flows over deformable sediments and lacks significant topographic control, the efficiency of subglacial water drainage exerts direct control on the velocity, location, and width of ice streams. This implies that meltwater percolation at the meter scale could have a significant effect on the short‐term variability in ice loss from a continental‐scale ice sheet. We verify our model against previous analytical results and validate it against surface observations from the Siple Coast of West Antarctica.
Assessing the level of spatial homogeneity of the agronomic Indian monsoon onset
Authors: Fitzpatrick Rory G. J. , Parker Douglas J. , Willetts Peter D.
Published: November 2016

Over monsoon regions, such as the Indian subcontinent, the local onset of persistent rainfall is a crucial event in the annual climate for agricultural planning. Recent work suggested that local onset dates are spatially coherent to a practical level over West Africa; a similar assessment is undertaken here for the Indian subcontinent. Areas of coherent onset, defined as local onset regions or LORs, exist over the studied region. These LORs are significant up to the 95% confidence interval and are primarily clustered around the Arabian Sea (adjacent to and extending over the Western Ghats), the Monsoon Trough (north central India), and the Bay of Bengal. These LORs capture regions where synoptic scale controls of onset may be present and identifiable. In other regions, the absence of LORs is indicative of regions where local and stochastic factors may dominate onset. A potential link between sea surface temperature anomalies and LOR variability is presented. Finally, Kerala, which is often used as a representative onset location, is not contained within an LOR suggesting that variability here may not be representative of wider onset variability.
Winter crop CO2 uptake inferred from CONTRAIL measurements over Delhi, India
Authors: Umezawa Taku , Niwa Yosuke , Sawa Yousuke , Machida Toshinobu , Matsueda Hidekazu
Published: November 2016

Recent studies have shown the impact of expanding agricultural activities on atmospheric CO2 variations and the global carbon cycle. In this study, we show clear evidence of the measureable impact of Indian wintertime crops (mainly wheat) on the regional carbon budget using high‐frequency atmospheric CO2 measurements by Comprehensive Observation Network for Trace gases by Airliners (CONTRAIL) over Delhi; this phenomenon is not detected by the existing network of surface CO2 sites. While a general increase in the vertical profiles of CO2 toward the ground in the boundary layer was observed throughout December–April, we frequently observed sharp decreases below 2 km during January–March. Seasonal circulations during these 3 months indicated influences from neighboring croplands (with patchy urban areas) located upwind. We conclude that the observed CO2 decrease is attributable to active uptake by the crops grown in winter and that the uptake exceeds in magnitude the urban CO2 emissions from the Delhi metropolitan area.
Electromagnetic evidence for volatile‐rich upwelling beneath the society hotspot, French Polynesia
Authors: Tada Noriko , Tarits Pascal , Baba Kiyoshi , Utada Hisashi , Kasaya Takafumi , Suetsugu Daisuke
Published: November 2016

We have conducted a seafloor magnetotelluric survey that images, for the first time, three‐dimensional electrical conductivity structure in the upper mantle beneath the Society hotspot. A striking feature in our model is a high‐conductivity anomaly a few hundred kilometers in diameter, which is continuous from the lowest part of the upper mantle to a depth of approximately 50 km below sea level. Using theoretical and experimental results from mineral physics, we interpret the high‐conductivity anomaly as evidence of the melt fraction up to 2.2 vol.%, which is robust regardless of assumed temperature, and the existence of carbonated silicate melt beneath the hotspot. Our results suggest that the Society hotspot is a pathway for ascending volatiles from the deeper part of the upper mantle to the surface.
Accelerated ice shelf rifting and retreat at Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica
Authors: Jeong Seongsu , Howat Ian M. , Bassis Jeremy N.
Published: November 2016

Pine Island Glacier has undergone several major iceberg calving events over the past decades. These typically occurred when a rift at the heavily fractured shear margin propagated across the width of the ice shelf. This type of calving is common on polar ice shelves, with no clear connection to ocean‐ice dynamic forcing. In contrast, we report on the recent development of multiple rifts initiating from basal crevasses in the center of the ice shelf, resulted in calving further upglacier than previously observed. Coincident with rift formation was the sudden disintegration of the ice mélange that filled the northern shear margin, resulting in ice sheet detachment from this margin. Examination of ice velocity suggests that this internal rifting resulted from the combination of a change in ice shelf stress regime caused by disintegration of the mélange and intensified melting within basal crevasses, both of which may be linked to ocean forcing.
Flow‐to‐fracture transition in a volcanic mush plug may govern normal eruptions at Stromboli
Authors: Suckale J. , Keller T. , Cashman K. V. , Persson P.‐O.
Published: November 2016

Stromboli is a model volcano for studying eruptions driven by degassing. The current paradigm posits that Strombolian eruptions represent the bursting of gas slugs ascending through melt‐filled conduits, but petrological observations show that magma at shallow depth is crystalline enough to form a three‐phase plug consisting of crystals, bubbles, and melt. We combine a 1‐D model of gas flushing a crystalline mush with a 3‐D stress model. Our results suggest that localized gas segregation establishes hot conduits of mobile magma within a stagnant plug. The plug is prone to tensile failure controlled by gas overpressure and tectonic stress, with failure most likely beneath the observed vent locations. We hence argue that Strombolian eruptions are related to plug failure rather than flow. Our proposed three‐phase model of the shallow plumbing system may provide a promising framework for integrating geophysical, petrological, and morphological observations at Stromboli and in open‐system volcanism more generally.
MAVEN NGIMS observations of atmospheric gravity waves in the Martian thermosphere
Authors: England S. L. , Liu G. , Yiğit E. , Mahaffy P. R. , Elrod M. , Benna M. , Nakagawa H. , Terada N. , Jakosky B.
Published: November 2016

Gravity waves have a significant impact on both the dynamics and energy budget of the Martian thermosphere. Strong density variations of spatial scales indicative of gravity waves have previously been identified in this region by using in situ observations. Here we use observations from the Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer (NGIMS) mass spectrometer on Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN Mission to identify such waves in the observations of different atmospheric species. The wave signatures seen in CO2 and Ar are almost identical, whereas the wave signature seen in N2, which is lighter and has a larger scale height, is generally smaller in amplitude and slightly out of phase with those seen in CO2 and Ar. Examination of the observed wave properties in these three species suggests that relatively long vertical wavelength atmospheric gravity waves are the likely source of the waves seen by NGIMS in the upper thermosphere. A two‐fluid linear model of the wave perturbations in CO2 and N2 has been used to find the best fit intrinsic wave parameters that match the observed features in these two species. We report the first observationally based estimate of the heating and cooling rates of the Martian thermosphere created by the waves observed in this region. The observed wave density amplitudes are anticorrelated with the background atmospheric temperature. The estimated heating rates show a weak positive correlation with the wave amplitude, whereas the cooling rates show a clearer negative correlation with the wave amplitude. Our estimates support previous model‐based findings that atmospheric gravity waves are a significant source of both heating and cooling.
Dynamics of axial torsional libration under the mantle‐inner core gravitational interaction
Authors: Chao B. F.
Published: November 2016

The aims of this paper are (i) formulating the dynamics of the mantle‐inner core gravitational (MICG) interaction in terms of the spherical‐harmonic multipoles of mass density. The modeled MICG system is composed of two concentric rigid bodies (mantle and inner core) of near‐spherical but otherwise heterogeneous configuration, with a fluid outer core in between playing a passive role. We derive the general equation of motion for the vector rotation but only focus on the polar component that describes the MICG axial torsional libration. The torsion constant and hence the square of the natural frequency of the libration is proportional to the product of the equatorial ellipticities of the mantle and inner‐core geoid embodied in their multipoles (of two different types) of degree 2 and order 2 (such as the Large Low‐Shear‐Velocity Provinces above the core‐mantle boundary) and (ii) studying the geophysical implications upon equating the said MICG libration to the steady 6 year oscillation that are observed in the Earth's spin rate or the length‐of‐day variation (ΔLOD). In particular, the MICG torsion constant is found to be
 = CIC σz2 ≈ 6.5 × 1019 N m, while the inner core's (BIC − AIC) ≈ 1.08 × 1031 kg m2 gives the inner core triaxiality (BIC − AIC)/CIC ≈ 1.8 × 10−4, about 8 times the whole‐Earth value. It is also asserted that the required inner‐core ellipticity amounts to no more than ~140 m in geoid height, much smaller than the sensitivity required for the seismic wave travel time to resolve the variation of the inner core.
Hydroxy fatty acids in snow pit samples from Mount Tateyama in central Japan: Implications for atmospheric transport of microorganisms and plant waxes associated with Asian dust
Authors: Tyagi Poonam , Kawamura Kimitaka , Bikkina Srinivas , Mochizuki Tomoki , Aoki Kazuma
Published: November 2016

We report here the source apportionment of atmospheric soil microorganisms and higher plant metabolites based on chemical markers (hydroxy fatty acids: FAs) in the snowpack samples collected from Mount Tateyama in central Japan during spring 2009 (N = 6) and 2011 (N = 7). A homologous series of β‐hydroxy FAs (C9–C20), constituents of Gram‐negative bacteria (GNB), in snowpacks clearly suggest a long‐range atmospheric transport of dust‐associated bacteria followed by scavenging by snowflakes. Similarly, higher atmospheric abundances of α‐(C16–C32) and ω‐(C9–C30)‐hydroxy FAs in the snow layers containing Asian dust revealed contributions from soil microbes and higher plant epicuticular waxes. Moreover, covariation between the concentrations of hydroxy FAs and water‐soluble Ca2+ (dust tracer), together with calculated air mass backward trajectories, demonstrated their source regions such as the Taklamakan Desert, Gobi Desert, and Loess Plateau. A close match of molecular distributions of hydroxy FAs (with the predominance of ω‐ and β‐isomers) is noteworthy between snowpack (present study) and springtime aerosols from Chichijima Island in the western North Pacific (WNP). This observation suggests a “below‐cloud scavenging” of transported dust particles and associated soil microbes in the East Asian outflow by snowflakes. These distributions are, however, contrary to those observed in the fresh snow samples from Sapporo, northern Japan (predominance of α‐hydroxy FAs), which could be explained by “in‐cloud” microbial oxidation processes. This comparison, therefore, provides additional insights regarding the aeolian transport of soil microbes in the East Asian outflow to the WNP, which has not been available.
Impulse waves generated by snow avalanches: Momentum and energy transfer to a water body
Authors: Zitti Gianluca , Ancey Christophe , Postacchini Matteo , Brocchini Maurizio
Published: November 2016

When a snow avalanche enters a body of water, it creates an impulse wave whose effects may be catastrophic. Assessing the risk posed by such events requires estimates of the wave's features. Empirical equations have been developed for this purpose in the context of landslides and rock avalanches. Despite the density difference between snow and rock, these equations are also used in avalanche protection engineering. We developed a theoretical model which describes the momentum transfers between the particle and water phases of such events. Scaling analysis showed that these momentum transfers were controlled by a number of dimensionless parameters. Approximate solutions could be worked out by aggregating the dimensionless numbers into a single dimensionless group, which then made it possible to reduce the system's degree of freedom. We carried out experiments that mimicked a snow avalanche striking a reservoir. A lightweight granular material was used as a substitute for snow. The setup was devised so as to satisfy the Froude similarity criterion between the real‐world and laboratory scenarios. Our experiments in a water channel showed that the numerical solutions underestimated wave amplitude by a factor of 2 on average. We also compared our experimental data with those obtained by Heller and Hager (2010), who used the same relative particle density as in our runs, but at higher slide Froude numbers.
A detached eddy simulation model for the study of lateral separation zones along a large canyon‐bound river
Authors: Alvarez Laura V. , Schmeeckle Mark W. , Grams Paul E.
Published: November 2016

Lateral flow separation occurs in rivers where banks exhibit strong curvature. In canyon‐bound rivers, lateral recirculation zones are the principal storage of fine‐sediment deposits. A parallelized, three‐dimensional, turbulence‐resolving model was developed to study the flow structures along lateral separation zones located in two pools along the Colorado River in Marble Canyon. The model employs the detached eddy simulation (DES) technique, which resolves turbulence structures larger than the grid spacing in the interior of the flow. The DES‐3D model is validated using Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler flow measurements taken during the 2008 controlled flood release from Glen Canyon Dam. A point‐to‐point validation using a number of skill metrics, often employed in hydrological research, is proposed here for fluvial modeling. The validation results show predictive capabilities of the DES model. The model reproduces the pattern and magnitude of the velocity in the lateral recirculation zone, including the size and position of the primary and secondary eddy cells, and return current. The lateral recirculation zone is open, having continuous import of fluid upstream of the point of reattachment and export by the recirculation return current downstream of the point of separation. Differences in magnitude and direction of near‐bed and near‐surface velocity vectors are found, resulting in an inward vertical spiral. Interaction between the recirculation return current and the main flow is dynamic, with large temporal changes in flow direction and magnitude. Turbulence structures with a predominately vertical axis of vorticity are observed in the shear layer becoming three‐dimensional without preferred orientation downstream.
Rapid degradation of permafrost underneath waterbodies in tundra landscapes—Toward a representation of thermokarst in land surface models
Authors: Langer M. , Westermann S. , Boike J. , Kirillin G. , Grosse G. , Peng S. , Krinner G.
Published: November 2016

Waterbodies such as lakes and ponds are abundant in vast Arctic landscapes and strongly affect the thermal state of the surrounding permafrost. In order to gain a better understanding of the impact of small‐ and medium‐sized waterbodies on permafrost and the formation of thermokarst, a land surface model was developed that can represent the vertical and lateral thermal interactions between waterbodies and permafrost. The model was validated using temperature measurements from two typical waterbodies located within the Lena River delta in northern Siberia. Impact simulations were performed under current climate conditions as well as under a moderate and a strong climate‐warming scenario. The performed simulations demonstrate that small waterbodies can rise the sediment surface temperature by more than 10°C and accelerate permafrost thaw by a factor of between 4 and 5. Up to 70% of this additional heat flux into the ground was found to be dissipated into the surrounding permafrost by lateral ground heat flux in the case of small, shallow, and isolated waterbodies. Under moderate climate warming, the lateral heat flux was found to reduce permafrost degradation underneath waterbodies by a factor of 2. Under stronger climatic warming, however, the lateral heat flux was too small to prevent rapid permafrost degradation. The lateral heat flux was also found to strongly impede the formation of thermokarst. Despite this stabilizing effect, our simulations have demonstrated that underneath shallow waterbodies (<1 m), thermokarst initiation happens 30 to 40 years earlier than in simulations without preexisting waterbody.
Rock fracture grouting with microbially induced carbonate precipitation
Authors: Minto James M. , MacLachlan Erica , El Mountassir Gráinne , Lunn Rebecca J.
Published: November 2016

Microbially induced carbonate precipitation has been proposed for soil stabilization, soil strengthening, and permeability reduction as an alternative to traditional cement and chemical grouts. In this paper, we evaluate the grouting of fine aperture rock fractures with calcium carbonate, precipitated through urea hydrolysis, by the bacteria Sporosarcina pasteurii. Calcium carbonate was precipitated within a small‐scale and a near field‐scale (3.1 m2) artificial fracture consisting of a rough rock lower surfaces and clear polycarbonate upper surfaces. The spatial distribution of the calcium carbonate precipitation was imaged using time‐lapse photography and the influence on flow pathways revealed from tracer transport imaging. In the large‐scale experiment, hydraulic aperture was reduced from 276 to 22 μm, corresponding to a transmissivity reduction of 1.71 × 10−5 to 8.75 × 10−9 m2/s, over a period of 12 days under constantly flowing conditions. With a modified injection strategy a similar three orders of magnitude reduction in transmissivity was achieved over a period of 3 days. Calcium carbonate precipitated over the entire artificial fracture with strong adhesion to both upper and lower surfaces and precipitation was controlled to prevent clogging of the injection well by manipulating the injection fluid velocity. These experiments demonstrate that microbially induced carbonate precipitation can successfully be used to grout a fracture under constantly flowing conditions and may be a viable alternative to cement based grouts when a high level of hydraulic sealing is required and chemical grouts when a more durable grout is required.
Arbitrarily complex chemical reactions on particles
Authors: Benson David A. , Bolster Diogo
Published: November 2016

Previous particle‐tracking (PT) algorithms for chemical reaction conceptualize each particle being composed of one species. Reactions occur by either complete or partial birth/death processes between interacting particles. Here we extend the method by placing any number of chemical species on each particle. The particle/particle interaction is limited to mass exchange. After exchange, reactions of any sort are carried out independently on each particle. The novel components of the algorithms are verified against analytic solutions where possible.
Unilobar surgery for symptomatic epileptic spasms
Authors: Barba Carmen , Mai Roberto , Grisotto Laura , Gozzo Francesca , Pellacani Simona , Tassi Laura , Francione Stefano , Giordano Flavio , Cardinale Francesco , Guerrini Renzo
Published: November 2016

Objective

To assess factors associated with favorable seizure outcome after surgery for symptomatic epileptic spasms and improve knowledge on pathophysiology of this seizure type.

Methods

Inclusion criteria were: (1) age between 6 months and 15 years at surgery; (2) active epileptic spasms; (3) follow‐up after surgery >1 year.

Results

We retrospectively studied 80 children (aged 1.3 ± 2 years at seizure onset; 5.8 ± 4 years at surgery, 11.7 ± 5.7 years at last follow up). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed structural abnormalities in 77/80 patients (96.3%; unilateral in 69: 89.6%). We performed invasive recordings in 24 patients (30%). In 21 patients in whom MRI or histopathology detected a lesion, electrodes exploring it constantly captured initial ictal activity at spasm onset. Fifty‐eight patients (72.5%) underwent unilobar and 22 (27.5%) multilobar or hemispheric procedures. At last follow‐up, 49 patients (61.3%) were in Engel class I. Multivariate logistic models showed completeness of resection of the seizure onset zone (OR = 0.016, 95%CI: 0.002, 0.122) and of the MRI visible lesion (OR = 0.179, 95% CI: 0.032, 0.999) to be significantly associated with Engel class IA outcome. Unfavorable outcome was associated with an older age at surgery, when it reflected a longer duration of epilepsy (OR = 1.383, 95% CI: 0.994,1.926).

Interpretation

Data emerging from invasive recordings and the good seizure outcome following removal of discrete epileptogenic lesions support a focal cortical origin of spasms. In patients with discrete epileptogenic lesions, the pragmatic approach to surgery should follow the same principles applied to focal epilepsy favoring, whenever possible, unilobar, one‐stage resections.
Cerebral white matter abnormalities in patients with charcot‐marie‐tooth disease
Authors: Lee Mina , Park Chang-hyun , Chung Hwa‐Kyung , Kim Hyeon Jin , Choi Yunseo , Yoo Jeong Hyun , Yoon Young Chul , Hong Young Bin , Chung Ki Wha , Choi Byung‐Ok , Lee Hyang Woon
Published: November 2016

Here, we report the structural evidence of cerebral white matter abnormalities in Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth (CMT) patients and the relationship between these abnormalities and clinical disability. Brain diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was performed in CMT patients with demyelinating (CMT1A/CMT1E), axonal (CMT2A/CMT2E), or intermediate (CMTX1/DI‐CMT) peripheral neuropathy. Although all patients had normal brain magnetic resonance imaging, all genetic subgroups except CMT1A had abnormal DTI findings indicative of significant cerebral white matter abnormalities: decreased fractional anisotropy and axial diffusivity, and increased radial diffusivity. DTI abnormalities were correlated with clinical disability, suggesting that there is comorbidity of central nervous system damage with peripheral neuropathy in CMT patients. ANN NEUROL 2017;81:147–151
AV‐1451 tau and β‐amyloid positron emission tomography imaging in dementia with Lewy bodies
Authors: Kantarci Kejal , Lowe Val J. , Boeve Bradley F. , Senjem Matthew L. , Tosakulwong Nikki , Lesnick Timothy G. , Spychalla Anthony J. , Gunter Jeffrey L. , Fields Julie A. , Graff‐Radford Jonathan , Ferman Tanis J. , Jones David T. , Murray Melissa E. , Knopman David S. , Jack Clifford R. , Petersen Ronald C.
Published: November 2016

Objective

Patients with probable dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) often have Alzheimer's disease (AD)‐related pathology. Our objective was to determine the pattern of positron emission tomography (PET) tau tracer AV‐1451 uptake in patients with probable DLB, compared to AD, and its relationship to β‐amyloid deposition on PET.

Methods

Consecutive patients with clinically probable DLB (n = 19) from the Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center underwent magnetic resonance imaging, AV‐1451, and Pittsburgh compound‐B (PiB) PET examinations. Age‐ and sex‐matched groups of AD dementia (n = 19) patients and clinically normal controls (n = 95) from an epidemiological cohort served as a comparison groups. Atlas‐ and voxel‐based analyses were performed.

Results

The AD dementia group had significantly higher AV‐1451 uptake than the probable DLB group, and medial temporal uptake completely distinguished AD dementia from probable DLB. Patients with probable DLB had greater AV‐1451 uptake in the posterior temporoparietal and occipital cortex compared to clinically normal controls, and in probable DLB, the uptake in these regions correlated with global cortical PiB uptake (Spearman rho = 0.63; p = 0.006).

Interpretation

Medial temporal lobe AV‐1451 uptake distinguishes AD dementia from probable DLB, which may be useful for differential diagnosis. Elevated posterior temporoparietal and occipital AV‐1451 uptake in probable DLB and its association with global cortical PiB uptake suggest an atypical pattern of tau deposition in DLB. ANN NEUROL 2017;81:58–67