bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Summary
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael
Published: November 2023

As you can see from all we have written in this section, there is a shortage of real facts about CFS/ME and also about some of the associated conditions. No one is certain exactly what causes these illnesses. There is no diagnostic test for them and there is no medical treatment that has been proved to help everyone. However, we do know quite a lot about barriers to recovery from CFS/ME and how to overcome them. There is a great deal that people who suffer from these illnesses can do to help themselves. We will talk about this in the next section of the book. To sum up what is known about the best way of dealing with CFS/ME:
Balancing rest and activity
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael
Published: November 2023

Balancing rest and activity is one of the most important things that you can do to help yourself. Although we can describe general principles, you will need to work out a personalized ’programme’ of rest and activity to suit you and the way you are now. After all, you are the expert on you.
Introduction
Authors: Robertson Duncan A , Caldart Adrián A
Published: November 2023

Modern firms and organizations can be seen as socio-technical systems that process information, continuously converting their ideas into action and action into ideas. Firms’ actions in their competitive landscape are based on ideas or assumptions on which the whole firm has been built with the purpose of being successful in its competitive landscape. These ideas constitute the firm’s ‘view of their world ‘ or, using Peter Drucker’s expression, its ‘theory of business’ (Drucker 1994).

As firms act in their competitive landscapes according to their theory of business, on the one hand they influence such a landscape, and on the other they obtain new information in the form of, for instance, a certain degree of customer acceptance for the fisrm ‘s products or competitors’ responses to the firm’s competitive initiatives.
Managing Firm Complexity
Authors: Robertson Duncan A , Caldart Adrián A
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 5, we adopted a systemic view of organizations and discussed several classical and contemporary theoretical approaches to the study of organizations and organizing. In Chapter 6, we focus speciWcally on complexity as a central characteristic of organizational dynamics. In doing so, we review and discuss theoretical approaches that put complexity at the centre of their analysis of organizations and organizing. Our goal is to help the reader understand the roots and characteristics of organizational complexity in a way that will help them to manage such complexity effectively.
and Parachutists
Authors: Pedersen Mogens N , Kjær, Ulrik , Eliassen Kjell A
Published: November 2023

Geography is often considered the primeval dimension of political representation. When representative democracies were established, the “territorial interests constituted a basic element in the concept of representation” (Valen et al. 2000: 107). This is not to say that geographic representation has not been contested. Actually, a most serious attack on the idea that politicians are sent to parliament to represent the interests of their locality was made as early as 1774 by Edmund Burke in his speech to the electors of Bristol.
The Changing Nature and Role of European Conservative Parties in Parliamentary Institutions from 1848 to the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Cromwell Valerie , Verzichelli Luca
Published: November 2023

The present chapter focuses on a party family, that of conservative parties, whose distinctiveness is today particularly hard to define within the European context. Nevertheless, a long-term analysis of European parliamentary elites transformation cannot avoid, for two good reasons, a close look to this party family. First, the criterion of the “persistent relevancy” of such a party family is an important reason.
Introduction
Authors: Blake Barry J
Published: November 2023

It is easier to think about particular languages than about language in general, so let’s start with one language, English. English consists essentially of a lot of words, tens of thousands of words in fact, some rules for making up new words, and some rules for putting words together into phrases and sentences. Each language is like English in these essentials. When we talk about ‘language’, we mean what is common to all the languages of the world.

Language enables us to describe a situation, including one that happened somewhere else at a previous time.
Meaning of words
Authors: Blake Barry J
Published: November 2023

Semantics is the field of linguistics that deals with meaning, the relationship between words, phrases, and sentences on the one hand and entities such as objects, properties, relations, and situations on the other. In this chapter we shall deal with the meaning of words. But first we need to say something about the notion of ‘word’. Book is a word in English and so is books, but you wouldn’t consider them separate words if you were compiling a dictionary. We take them to be two forms of the same word, but here we are using word in a more abstract sense.
Language acquisition
Authors: Blake Barry J
Published: November 2023

Anyone who has battled to learn a second language through years of secondary school and university must be impressed by the ability of young children to learn language. Most children begin to talk in their second year and can talk a great deal by the time they are four or five and understand even more than they can express. They acquire language without much in the way of specific instruction. They get some help from people talking to them in motherese or caregiver speech, a special register featuring short utterances spoken slowly and clearly, with exaggerated intonation contours and frequent repetitions.
Language processing: brains and computers
Authors: Blake Barry J
Published: November 2023

As everyone knows, the brain is located in the head under the skull. It consists of two halves, the left and right hemisphere, joined by the corpus callosum. A curious fact about the working of the brain is that the left hemisphere controls the movements of the organs on the right side of the body and the right hemisphere controls movements of the left side of the body. Language, as we shall see below, is controlled largely from the left hemisphere.

Figure 14.1 shows a scan of the author’s brain obtained by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in which the two hemispheres can be seen.
The origin of language
Authors: Blake Barry J
Published: November 2023

The origin of language is obscure and the question has led to a lot of speculation. We will say something about it in this final chapter, but we do not promise anything like a satisfactory answer. Although we will obviously never be in a position to observe the origin of language in humans, we can put ourselves in a position to make informed hypotheses by looking at recurrent historical changes, the development of language in children, and the development of pidgin and creole languages. Child language acquisition was covered in chapter thirteen and the nature of pidgins and creoles is described below.
Introduction
Authors: Morgan Kenneth
Published: November 2023

Slavery as an institution and as an important phenomenon in the transatlantic world was well established before England began its involvement in slavery and the slave trade. Various forms of slavery flourished in the ancient and medieval worlds. The Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans all used enslaved labourers in construction work, the armed forces, agriculture, industry, and domestic service. Most captives were recruited through war or kidnapping from outside of the societies where they were placed in bondage.
The Degree Of Mutual Dependence Between Scientists And the Organization Of Scientific Fields
Authors: Whitley Richard
Published: November 2023

IN the previous two chapters I have suggested that scientific fields are a particular kind of work organization which structure and control the production of intellectual novelty through competition for reputations from national and international audience for contributions to collective goals. As such, they deal with relatively high levels of uncertainty, compared to other work organizations, and rely on an extensive formal communication system to co-ordinate and interconnect task outcomes from a geographically dispersed set of work-places. The development of paid employment on a continuous basis for knowledge production in the nineteenth century, and the combination of general education, inculcation of research skills, and employment linked to reputations in many universities, gave the leaders of scientific fields greatly increased power over knowledge production at the same time as separating them into distinct disciplines controlling labour markets in particular skills. By connecting employment status and access to research facilities to national and international standing in a particular intellectual field, these developments organized knowledge production and validation around spe¬ cialized interests and expertises.
The Degree Of Task Uncertainty And The Organization Of Scientific Fields
Authors: Whitley Richard
Published: November 2023

The modem sciences are institutionally committed to the production of novelty and only contributions which are recognized as new can lead to high reputations and other rewards in the public sciences. Research activities are therefore quite uncertain compared to other work activities, in the sense that task outcomes are not repetitious and highly predictable. Each result is unique and different from all others in at least one important respect so that work procedures cannot be fully pre-planned and routinized. However, novelty is recognized as such in terms of some background expectations and assumptions. Without some common knowledge and views about what should occur in a given research project it is unclear whether, and to what extent, results are novel and important. The production and recognition of new knowledge depends, then, on the existence and structure of current knowledge and expectations.
The Contexts Of Scientific Fields
Authors: Whitley Richard
Published: November 2023

JUST as particular combinations of degrees of mutual dependence and task uncertainty are associated with different internal structure of scientific fields, so too they occur in different contexts. Changes in these contexts can similarly be expected to be associated with changes in the way research is organized and controlled and so in the particular type of scientific field most representative of a given subject area. For example, the growth in the amount of funds provided for research, and in the variety of institutions providing them, in the biological sciences over the past forty years or so have increased the diversity of audiences for task outcomes and the goals pursued by researchers in many fields so that the degree of strategic dependence between scientists has declined considerably in some of the traditional disciplines, to the extent that they have ceased to function as the dominant reputational organizational in many bio-medical fields.1 In contrast, the development of ‘big science’ around very expensive and complex apparatus in other fields has encouraged the establishment of more formal collaboration and co-ordination structures and restricted the degree of theoretical diversity which might otherwise have developed.
Objectives, Instruments, and Institutions
Authors: Helm* Dieter
Published: November 2023

The current approach to environmental policy in the UK dates from the 1990 White Paper, This Common Inheritance, which set the prime objective as sustainable development. Though neither the concept nor many of the themes in the paper were new, it marked a significant break with the past, in that it recognized for the first time the pre-eminence of global pollution and, in particular, global warming and biodiversity loss. It also recognized that these ‘new’ problems were of a different scale and importance. From 1990 onwards, governments would take environmental matters much more seriously.
The Economics of Technology-based Environmental Standards
Authors: Pearce* David
Published: November 2023

All environmental standards, however implemented, impose costs on the regulated party. This is true of emission or ambient quality standards, environmental taxes, tradable emission permits, and standards based on the ‘best available technology’. Not surprisingly, there fore, all environmental regulation is, to a greater or lesser degree, the outcome of some political balancing of costs and benefits. Part, at least, of the initial cost is passed on to final consumers (the extent depends on the price elasticity of demand), which is consistent with the polluter pays principle (OECD, 1975). The costs of regulation are therefore borne by society as a whole.
Agri-environmental Policy: A UK Perspective
Authors: Hodge* Ian
Published: November 2023

The changes that have taken place in agriculture and their consequences for the rural environment over the past 50 years are well-known (Bowers and Cheshire, 1983; Skinner et al., 1997). The substitution of machinery for labour, the increasing specialization of farms on a smaller range of enterprises, often involving a shift from mixed farming systems to predominantly arable or livestock, the reliance on artificial fertilizers and pesticides, the increasing scale of operation, and the intensification of land use, especially at the extensive margin, have all had consequences for the environment.
The Stimulus to Economic Development
Authors: Angell Alan , Lowden Pamela , Thorp Rosemary
Published: November 2023

Evaluating the institutional dimensions of the contribution of decentralization to economic development requires answers to complex questions. Decentralization is only one among numerous factors influencing development for any locality, and may be far less important than the national context or international opportunities. Economic outcomes in our seven cases are shaped by a combination of four factors drawn from different disciplines.
Conclusions
Authors: Estella Antonio
Published: November 2023

This work has analysed the principle of subsidiarity and examined the judicial implementation of the principle. The aim of the first part (the analysis of subsidiarity) was to construct a more sustained legal critique of the principle. The purpose of the second part was to consider the extent to which the Court is implementing the principle and to explain the Court’s current position on subsidiarity. My thesis was the following. Subsidiarity is ill adapted for use as a counter-majoritarian instrument and, more generally, for solving the federal legitimacy problems of the Community, for both functional and normative reasons. Functionally speaking, the principle seems devoid of any clear legal content, which makes its implementation, especially its legal implementation, problematic. In this I agreed with the classical legal critique of the principle.
Synopsis
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John
Published: November 2023

This book is concerned with the Jaw and practice of statutory nuisances falling under Part III of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (‘EPA 1990’). Statutory nuisance lies at the heart of the controls available to local councils with which to deal with environmental complaints. Situated at the front line of public health are to be found local authority environmental health professionals. Seldom does their work catch the public eye in the same way as that of the national enforcement agencies, but the moment a local resident finds himself embroiled in a public health issue, then it is the local council which is the first port of call. Whether a complaint is about noise, sme11s, accumulations of rubbish, or other such nuisances, it wi11 be dealt with locally by publicly accountable authorities whose decisions and actions will have an immediate impact on the quality of life of ordinary residents and people working in the area.
The Regulatory Framework
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John
Published: November 2023

The enforcement of statutory nuisance legislation is done primarily by local authorities using powers defined in section 80 of the Environmental Protection Act CEPA 1990’). English 1ocaJ authorities enforcing the Act comprise district councils outside of Greater London and London borough councils in Greater London. Unitary authorities in non-metropolitan counties are responsible for enforcement.
The Concept Of Statutory Nuisance
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John
Published: November 2023

Statutory nuisances are, as their name implies, creatures of statute, which are an now consolidated and re-enacted in Part III of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (‘EPA 1990’), or incorporated by reference into this Act. They are listed in section 79 of the 1990 Act. The list contains a range of potentia1ly offending activities with separate statutory origins.1 Each statutory nuisance was passed to deal with different problems relating to public health and the quality of life. As a result, to discuss statutory nuisances in generic terms is not always possible since differences in application result from their distinct histories.
Atmospheric Emissions
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the following heads of statutory nuisances under section 79 of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (‘EPA 1990’) which cause emissions to the atmosphere as follows: section 79( 1 )(b): smoke emitted from premises; section 79(1)(c): fumes or gases emitted from premises; section 79( 1 )(d): dust, steam, smell or other effluvia arising on industrial, trade or business premises; and section 79( 1 )(gb): smoke, fumes or gases emitted from any vehicle, machinery or equipment on a street so as to be prejudicial to health or a nuisance (other than from any vehicle, machinery or equipment being used for fire brigade purposes).
Appeals Against Abatement Notices
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John
Published: November 2023

The recipient of an abatement notice may appeal to a magistrates’ court1 to have it quashed or to have the requirements varied to make them less onerous.2 The appeal is a ci vil matter which is commenced by way of making a complaint to the court.3 The grounds for appealing the notice need to be specified and are set down in the Statutory Nuisance (Appeals) Regulations 1995.4 All relevant grounds of appeal should be included. If in doubt whether a particular ground is relevant, it should be included. It can subsequently be withdrawn if the appellant decides not to pursue the point at the hearing, in which case it should be withdrawn as early as possible to avoid wasting legal costs or the court’s time.
Defences
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John
Published: November 2023

The defence of best practicable means has been included in environmental health legislation since the nineteenth century when the approach was designed to achieve a balance between the needs of industry and the interests of the local population. An important feature of the defence has been its flexibility to take account of local and individual circumstances. Its use has also been marked by a degree of discretion to accommodate technical requirements. This approach has been the hallmark of public health controls in the past to the extent that they encouraged a conciliatory, rather than a confrontational, approach by regulators.
Taxation and Capital Markets
Authors: Holland Kevin
Published: November 2023

Taxes are often a major component of ‘transaction costs’ and therefore have the potential to affect every aspect of the functioning of capital markets. Their inﬂuence could extend far beyond the prices at which assets are traded to include the nature of the securities traded, the timing of the transactions, and even the physical location of the markets.
Regulation of Financial Intermediaries: A Discussion
Authors: Freixas Xavier , Santomero Anthony M
Published: November 2023

Recently, the theory of banking regulation has undergone important changes. This has been the consequence of a number of compounding effects that have been occurring in the financial sector. First among these is on-going financial innovation, which has caused a virtual revolution in both financial instruments and markets. As a result, the markets and institutions that must be regulated have changed substantially over time. At the same time, regulation has evolved, as the regulators have learned the lessons from the recents pat of banking crises. As a consequence of these experiences, regulation has become more sophisticated, with the introduction of capital requirements and more complex restrictions on operating procedures.
Introduction
Authors: Macho-Stadler Inѐs , Perez-Castrillo J David
Published: November 2023

The economics of information is centredona fundamental aspect of contractual rela tionships: the effect on the contractual format when one party has, or will have, an informational advantage over the other. Aside from this characteristic, the only interesting cases are when the participants have opposing objectives. In allourmodels, one of the participants, the principal, has all the bargaining power.
The Moral Hazard Problem
Authors: Macho-Stadler Inѐs , Perez-Castrillo J David
Published: November 2023

This chapter analyses the moral hazard model. The model studies those situations in which the agent’s behaviour is not a verifiable variable in the relationship. Therefore, it cannot be included in the terms of the contract and so the systems of payment pro posed by the symmetric information model are no longer adequate.
Res Judicata, Estoppel, and Foreign Judgments
Authors: Barnett Peter R
Published: November 2023

This clear and original book provides a much-needed analysis of the doctrines of res judicata and abuse of process as applied to foreign judgments recognized in England for their preclusive effect. In particular, it examines the four preclusive pleas which are encountered in practice, namely: (i) cause of action estoppel; (ii) issue estoppel; (iii) former recovery per section 34 of the Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982; and (iv) the rule in Henderson v Henderson. So far as foreign judgments are concerned, the book examines separately the preclusive effects of foreign judgments recognized according to the English common law and related statutory rules, and foreign judgments which the English courts are obliged to recognize under the Brussels and Lugano Conventions. It also includes a discussion of the preclusive effects of judgments recognized under the proposed Hague Convention on Jurisdiction and Foreign Judgments in civil and commercial matters. Although the complex and technical doctrines of res judicata and abuse of process are well known in the context of domestic judicial decisions, little has hitherto been written analysing how these doctrines apply when the judgment emanates from a foreign court. It is not surprising, therefore, that this area of law has been frequently confused and mis-applied. And yet the recognition of foreign judgments for preclusive purposes is an increasingly important area for practitioners and academics - especially for those interested in international commercial litigation, and not least given the important treaty developments that are occurring. For these reasons, this book is a very timely work. Written with a practitioner focus, it includes extensive references to res judicata authorities in the United Kingdom, Australia and Canada.
Foreign Judgments and the Doctrine of Res Judicata
Authors: Barnett Peter R
Published: November 2023

The pace of technological change in the last quarter-century has been extraordinary. Today we live in a global village, but it was only a few years ago that talk of globalisation was impressive yet unreal, and the notion of a global economy almost impossible to imagine. In those days, governments, multi-national corporations and a few wealthy individuals and organisations were virtually the only players upon the world stage who tripped across legal boundaries, generating transnational litigation. For the majority of people, their lives and commercial activities were lived almost entirely at home, and regulated, for the most part, by their local system of law. If it were ever necessary for most people to sue or be sued, typically their local court or tribunal would assume jurisdiction, apply its own law, and render judgment.
Conclusions
Authors: Barnett Peter R
Published: November 2023

This study has sought to show that a foreign judgment can be relied upon 9.01 for preclusive purposes by parties or privies in subsequent proceedings in England. Indeed, it is clear that an English court will countenance preclusive pleas where founded upon a prior foreign judgment, provided that the foreign judgment can be recognised as a res judicata. Inevitably, therefore, the recognition process itself is important, given that recognition is the sine qua non for attributing any legal effect to a foreign judgment within England—enforcement, preclusive or otherwise.
Regional Growth Dynamics: A Capabilities Perspective
Authors: Best Michael H
Published: November 2023

Wealth, for Smith, is created by a process of increasing specialisation and division of labour. Specialisation involves the decomposition of the commodity into an ever greater number of constituent activities; each activity, in tum, is targeted for a refine ment in skills and technique. Every increase in the extent of the market increases the number of activities that are subject to ‘new improvements of art’.
The paradoxes and natural language †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M
Published: November 2023

Since the beginning of this century human language has been belittled by logicians. It has been said that language was not ‘logical’, that it was ‘vague’, ‘ambiguous’, and generally unreliable. As a result, language was, for a long time, considered unworthy of serious logical investigation. More recently, for the last twenty years or so, the logicians have mellowed a little with regard to language. Yet even now one finds that whenever it seems convenient, logicians are ready to deny to language the precision and internal coherence found in modern logical systems. Needless to say, our point of view is radically opposed. We take the view, which for us is basic, that language, i.e. each natural language, represents a precise and fully formalizable system. Moreover, and this is something which the logicians have never taken time to look at, language is exquisitely functional. It has managed to combine logical purity with the functional demands of a communicative system that has to be linear and rapid, in given contexts and under conditions of infinite variety. Language is not an independent system. It functions amidst a number of other systems on which it depends to work properly. Every sentence, every language, and language in general depend in a very basic sense on a variety of cognitive and contextual parameters. This dependence is constitutive for language and must be taken into account in any adequate linguistic theory.
Negative’s travels †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I shall argue not only that Negative Raising (NR) is a rule of English syntax, but also that it applies in a number of unexpected cases. The applicability of NR in these cases lends support to the view that operators are verbs in deep structure, and to the theory of semantic syntax in general. Chomsky’s claim (1972b: 134) that in the semantic representation of sentences ‘such matters as scope of ‘‘logical elements’’ and quantifiers ... are determined by rules that take surface structure ... into account’ is shown to be false: surface structure reflects not so much the scope of operators as the order in which they have been lowered into the S which forms their scope. It follows, furthermore, that G. Lakoff’s constraint on the lowering of quantifiers (1971a: 238-52) must be modified in such a way that it is sensitive to the order in which quantifiers (and other operators) are lowered, and not to their semantic scope. This conclusion places the rules of Quantifier Lowering firmly into syntax.
A discourse-semantic account of Topic and Comment †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M
Published: November 2023

The topic-comment problem dates back to about 1850, when mainly German philosophers and philologists discovered that the traditional Aristotelian definition of a proposition as consisting of a subject term and a predicate (a proposition consists of a predicate that assigns a property to a given entity, denoted by the subject term), if applied to sentences in discourse, often assigns subject and predicate status to sentence constituents that are not the grammatical subject and predicate. This led to a long-lasting and widespread debate about distinctions between logical, psychological, and grammatical subjects and predicates, a debate which ended inconclusively about 1930 as a result of empirical and definitional uncertainties and confusions (see Seuren 1998a: 120-33).
London in Transition
Authors: Pimlott Ben , Rao Nirmala
Published: November 2023

The GLA was conceived as an administrative solution to a long-standing political problem. Yet it had no sooner been put together than ancient political conflicts arose to upset its major assumptions. For New Labour, the biggest obstacle to the success of the enterprise was starkly simple: the ambitions of Ken Livingstone and other Blair opponents to restore the former GLC leader to London’s top position. The process of creating the new London authority differed from previous local government reorganizations in that the transition was rapid and carried out under the watchful eye of central government.
Commodity and Community: Institutional Design for the Networked University
Authors: Agre Philip E
Published: November 2023

Information technology and its uses unsettle the university as an institution. Institutions are shaped by the practicalities of information, and they exist largely to mitigate information problems (Melody 1987). Now, however, we are confronted with radically improved technologies of information. It stands to reason that the university as an institution will change. But how? Proposals are strikingly diverse. Some proposals treat the university as a purveyor of human capital; they envision a micromarket place in learning services. Other proposals treat the university as a site for the pooling of knowledge; they envision the Internet as a tool to amplify this pooling on a global basis. Each type of proposal isolates one feature of the university as we know it today.
Belgium
Authors: Goergen Marc , Renneboog Luc
Published: November 2023

Belgium is almost prototypical of the Continental European system of corporate governance. Not only are there few companies listed on the Brussels Stock Exchange (only 140 in 1999 on the first market, a reduction compared to 1990 when 182 were listed), but these companies also have a highly concentrated ownership structure. As in France, Italy, and Spain, financial and industrial holding companies hold a voting majority in the average company (Becht and Roell, 1999). As in Germany, industrial firms also hold large shareholdings in other listed and unlisted companies. Usually, complex ownership structures-with holding companies as intermediate investment vehicles-are used to lever control (Goergen and Renneboog forthcoming). The ultimate owner is often a family. This implies that Belgium can be portrayed as a Franco-German ‘insider system’ rather than an Anglo-American corporate governance system (Crama et al. 1999; Becht and Mayer 2001).
Privacy and Celebrity
Authors: qc* Michael Tugendhat
Published: November 2023

Celebrity is sought by many as an honour. In a democracy it is normally a reward for success. Sportsmen and artists earn it by skill. Businessmen and TV personalities earn it by wit. Politicians earn it by votes. Anyone can aspire to it. It is the public who confer celebrity. The public are stimulated by the media. But in the end celebrity is conveyed by the public’s choices as consumers and electors. There is also a type of celebrity which is more or less involuntary. Princes and princesses acquire it by birth or by marriage. Other people acquire it by their chance involvement in newsworthy events.
Privacy, Publicity Rights and Merchandising: Hello!
Authors: Jaffey* peter
Published: November 2023

In Douglas and Zeta-Jones v. Hello Ltd , the claimants Douglas and ZetaJones granted the magazine OK, the third claimant, the exclusive right to publish photographs from their wedding. At the wedding, security measures were taken to ensure that no unauthorised photographs were taken, but by unknown means unauthorised photographs were taken and supplied to the defendant, the magazine Hello! . The claimants sought an interlocutory injunction to prevent publication by the defendant pending full trial. Applying the principles governing interlocutory injunctions,1 the court held that the claimants had an arguable case, but denied an injunction on the balance of convenience, principally because if the claimants succeeded at trial damages would be an adequate remedy. Below ‘claimants’ refers to Douglas and Zeta-Jones.
Disloyal Competition and Common Law Liability: England and France, a Comparative Study
Authors: Burkitt* Daniel
Published: November 2023

The advent of digital technology has forced lawyers to develop novel legal arguments in many areas of practice and, moreover, has led to an increasing overlap and blurring of distinctions between various branches of law, particularly in relation to acts committed online. In the face of widespread, ubiquitous copying and re-use of material via digital media, commercial entities have often sought to enforce their intellectual property rights, only to find their progress impeded by evidential obstacles and legal lacunae. It has often been suggested that unfair competition laws offer a flexible alternative to intellectual property rights in this context, allowing the courts to impose liability for unfair or dishonest acts of commercial copying without being hindered by the formal legal requirements or ‘social’ discourse of copyright law. While harmonisation and reform of copyright laws may well resolve some of these difficulties, unfair competition will continue to provide residual protection and, in some instances, may even be preferred to an action for copyright or trade mark infringement.
Libel Law
Authors: Barendt Eric , Gorman* Penelope
Published: November 2023

The Civil Procedure Rules have now been in force for two years and their impact on the conduct of defamation actions is beginning to emerge. The Rules have been joined by the outstanding sections of the Defamation Act 1996 concerning the defence of offer of amends and summary judgment, which came into force on 28 February 2000. The Pre-Action Protocol for defamation claims1 also came into force in October 2000, designed to reduce the necessity for proceedings altogether, and to encourage parties to act reasonably in exchanging information relevant to the claim at an early stage.
Reporting Restrictions
Authors: qc Andrew Nicol , Rogers* heather
Published: November 2023

As the Survey on Reporting Restrictions in the Yearbook for 2000 noted, the Civil Procedure Rules have put a greater emphasis on admitting the public into court (or at least treating sympathetically their requests for admission) than had previously been the case. This has thrown into sharper relief the question of just what is meant by ‘open’ court. Two cases with contrasting results illustrate the kinds of problems that can arise.
The Problem and the Approach
Authors: Harris Alice c.
Published: November 2023

At its core, this is a book about what a word is. Many linguists have assumed the correctness of the Lexical Integrity Hypothesis, the hypothesis that words are composed according to morphological principles that differ in kind from the syntactic principles responsible for the composition of sentences. According to this hypothesis, the morphological composition of a word is not accessible to the rules of syntax, and items manipulated by syntactic rules (i.e. words) cannot be manipulated by the morphology (see, for example Di Sciullo and Williams 1987, Bresnan and Mchombo 1995). The facts of Udi challenge these basic assumptions. In this language, person markers (PMs) may occur between the bound morphemes of a verb, as for example the third person singular PM -ne-in aš-ne-b-sa [work-3SG-DO-PRES] ‘she works’, which may not be so surprising, but also inside a monomorphemic verb, as in e-ne-f-sa ‘she keeps (it)’, where -ne-splits the unanalyzable morpheme ef-‘keep’. The problem is that the rules that position -ne- and other PMs must be in part syntactic rules, given that PMs may occur on words outside the verb, as in (1). (In (1a) -ne is attached to the noun yaq’ ‘road’ used adverbially, while in (1b) it is attached to the noun ait, the direct object of the sentence.)
Development of the Udi Verb out of its Proto-Lezgian Sources
Authors: Harris Alice c.
Published: November 2023

This chapter investigates how the structure of the Udi verb developed out of its Proto-Lezgian and Proto-North East Caucasian sources. In particular, I consider several hypotheses concerning the origins of endoclisis of PMs (and other clitics) in contemporary Udi. At issue are the intermorphemic position of the PM between the Inc E and light verb of a complex verbstem (the rule 4 position described in Chapter 6, e.g. aš -ne-b-esa [work-3sG-DO-PRES] ‘she works’), and the intramorphemic position, internal to the root of a simplex verb (the rule 7 position, e.g. a-t’u-k’-e [see1-1NV3sc-see2-AORII] ‘she saw him’). In Chapter 4 I showed that from a synchronic point of view, both simplex and complex verbstems are single lexical items, and in Chapter 5 I established that PMs are clitics. In Chapter 6 I showed, among other things, that PMs occur between the parts of complex verbstems and internal to simplex verbstems, making the PMs endoclitics.
Explaining the Origins of the Person Marker Positions
Authors: Harris Alice c.
Published: November 2023

In §1.1, I observed that rules for placing the PMs in various positions had not previously been stated. In Chapters 6 and 7 those rules were stated. In Chapters 9 and 10 the origins of endoclisis and focus marking were explored, both of these pertaining to the position of the PM. The goal of this chapter is to explain the origins of remaining PM positions. Schulze (1982: 168 – 9) states the positions for PMs as in Table 12.1 (repeated from Chapter 1), where V – verb root, T – TAM marker. Here I have changed Schulze’s ‘PZ’ to ‘PM’, his ‘Vn’ to ‘ComE’, and his ‘(H)V’ to ‘(L)V’.
Introduction
Authors: Obermeyer Carla Makhlouf
Published: November 2023

The chapters in this volume explore, in various ways, the connections between reproductive health and culture. The notion of reproductive health, which gained a prominent place in discussions of population policies at the time of the 1994 Cairo International Conference on Population and Development, exemplified the shift that took place in global thinking about population, from the demographically driven provision of family planning to an expanded approach which places individual needs at the centre of an agenda concerned with the broader context of reproduction.
Money, Marriage, and Morality: Constraints on IVF Treatment-Seeking among Infertile Egyptian Couples
Authors: Inhorn Marcia C
Published: November 2023

Consider two births: one of Louise Brown, the world’s first ‘test-tube baby’, conceived and born in England in 1978, and the other of Heba Mohammed, Egypt’s first test-tube baby, born less than a decade later in 1987. The lives of these two girls, one Western and one Middle Eastern, are connected by a modern technology, in vitro fertilization (IVF), that allowed their parents to overcome otherwise intractable infertility. It is their global connection and the ways in which Western generated technologies such as IVF are received in places like Egypt that provides the major focus of this chapter.

Since Louise’s birth more than two decades ago, the new reproductive technologies (NRTs) including IVF have become widely available in the West for couples with once hopeless infertility problems. As this technology has proliferated, so have its critics, particularly bioethicists, technology assessment specialists, and feminist theorists and activists.
Reproductive Health Counselling in the Islamic Republic of Iran: The Role of Women Mullahs
Authors: Hoodfar Homa
Published: November 2023

Historically, formal religious authority in Iran is dominated by men, and women’s role in the mosques is primarily as an audience. However, women, at least in urban centres, have developed their own informal religious activities with much vitality. These activities are usually home-centred and frequently exclude men. Research in this field has documented that these activities are far from peripheral to Islamic belief; rather they play significant social as well as spiritual roles in the lives of women and the community (Betteridge 1980, 1983; Torab 1996).1 In addition to religious and ethical matters, major social issues-and particularly how they relate to women and family-are frequent topics of discussion at these gatherings which represent women-centred social institutions and which, far from marginalizing women, are major channels through which women integrate themselves into the wider social and political concerns of the society (Kamalkhani 1993; Torab 1996).
Eliminating Stigmatization: Application of the New Genetics in Japan
Authors: Lock Margaret
Published: November 2023

Mapping the human genome has been likened to the Holy Grail of biology; one scientist declared in the mid-1980s that the Human Genome Project was the ultimate response to the commandment ‘Know thyself (Bishop and Waldholz 1990). While certain members of the scientific community have been actively opposed to the genome project, in large part because it consumes a vast amount of resources that would otherwise be used for other kinds of research, many scientists have been very vocal about the benefits that society will receive by completing this project. Daniel Koshland, until recently the editor of Science, states, for example, that withholding support from the Human Genome Project is to incur ‘the immorality of omission-the failure to apply a great new technology to aid the poor, the infirm, and the underprivileged’ (1989). Robert Plomin, in supporting the project, notes that, ‘Just fifteen years ago, the idea of genetic influence on complex human behavior was anathema to many behavioral scientists. Now, however, the role of inheritance in behaviour has become widely accepted, even for sensitive domains as IQ.’ (1990).
The Impact and Legacy of the Chinese Military Business Complex and the Participation of Other Armies in Commerce
Authors: Cheung Tai Ming
Published: November 2023

The rise and of the Chinese army’s entrepreneurial endeavours has provided a fascinating and sometimes colourful perspective into the rapidly changing sources of influence and authority during China’s grand transformation from Communism to the stymie and freewheeling set of circumstances called Market Socialism. Even as the CCP and the PLA have retained a find grip on the reins of central state power, real influence and status in the reform era is increasingly measured in economic terms. Through its commercial empire building, the military was able to ensure that not only political power but also money and economic clout flowed from the barrel of the gun.
Comparative Corporate Governance and Barriers to Global Cross Reference
Authors: Bratton William W , Mccahery Joseph A
Published: November 2023

In these globalizing times corporate law’s leading question is whether oneor another national corporate governance system possesses relative competitive advantage. The question arises in the wake of stepped-up competition in international product markets. Such competition is intense enough to make it plausible to project that the different national governance systems pursuant to which firms are managed and capitalized will become factors at the margin of competitive survival. If only the fittest governance practices can survive in the global market, it also becomes plausible to project that systemic differences will disappear as national governance systems converge upon those fittest practices. Related questions about relative competitive advantage and convergence to best practice come up in domestic policy discussions in many countries.
The Value of a Vote in the Market for Corporate Control: Canadian Evidence
Authors: Robinson Chris , Rumsey John , White Alan
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we investigate the value of a vote in the market for corporate control. The value of a vote is difficult to measure because it is impounded in the share price, which also reflects the value of claims on future cash flows that are available to all share holderst controlling or otherwise. However, by examining companies with two classes of residual equity which differ in the share of control they offer, we can estimate the value of a vote.
Cotton to Computers: From Industrial to Information Revolutions
Authors: Agar Jon , Green Sarah , Harvey Penny
Published: November 2023

In the summer of 1998, Manchester City Council coordinated a series of cele bratory events in and around the city centre, to honour (and generate) the memory of a machine: to be specific, a computer dubbed ‘the Baby’. This was the first electronic computer to be built with a working stored program, and it was fifty years since it had been persuaded finally to calculate something by its designers, who were based at the Victoria University of Manchester. The cele brations included building a precise replica of the machine, at a cost of over 1 million pounds, as well as a full programme of artistic and museum displays, theatre performances, exhibitions, conferences, and parties, all focusing on the theme of information technologies. A range of Manchester’s more established institutions—universities, museums, media organizations, and the electronics manufacturer ICL—all committed resources and organized events.
Spanish
Authors: González Félix Rodríguez
Published: November 2023

The relatively abundant bibliography on anglicisms in European Spanish that has been mounting up over the years in the form of articles, glossaries, and dictionaries constitutes a good barometer of the growing influence of English on this language. The interest of these studies for the researcher varies according to the extent and nature of the subjects dealt with. On account of their general character, one should underline the issue of the influx of anglicisms in Spanish and their descriptive aspects, which have been brilliantly examined by Emilio Lorenzo and Chris Pratt in their classic studies. Sufficient attention has also been paid to the typology of borrowings as a whole (Gomez Capuz), the delimitation of the concept of anglicism in particular (Colin Smith), calques and translations (Garcia Yebra, Vazquez Ayora), phonological and lexical variation (Lorenzo, Rodriguez), the presence of anglicisms in the press (Marcos) and in the colloquial language (Gomez Capuz, Rodriguez), and dialectal differences in South American Spanish (Haensch, Lorenzo).
The Law of the Arbitration in National Laws
Authors: Petrochilos Georgios
Published: November 2023

The first two sections of this chapter contain a comparative analysis of state practice. They seek to show how various representative national laws, and the UNCITRAL Model Law, accommodate party autonomy in the choice of the law of the arbitration and how, in order to do that, the concept of the ‘seat’ of the arbitration was developed. The third section proposes a theory of jurisdiction to control and assist international arbitral proceedings in conformity with modern state practice.

This section contains a historical overview of Greek, German, French, and English arbitration law.