bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multistage Impinging Stream Drying for Okara
Authors: Nimmol Chatchai , Hirunwat Anucha
Published: August 2017

Abstract. In this study, a multistage drying concept (one-stage and two-stage drying) was applied in an attempt to enhance the performance and energy efficiency of an impinging stream dryer for okara, which is a soy residue obtained from soymilk production. The volumetric water evaporation rate, the volumetric heat transfer coefficient and the specific energy consumption of the drying system at various drying conditions were evaluated. For one-stage drying, the volumetric water evaporation rate increased with an increase in the okara feed rate and the drying temperature. The effect of the drying temperature was insignificant at the minimum okara feed rate, however. For two-stage drying, the drying temperature insignificantly affected the volumetric water evaporation rate. However, an increase in the okara feed rate led to an increase in the volumetric water evaporation rate. The effects of the drying temperature and the okara feed rate on the volumetric heat transfer coefficient were similar to those of the volumetric water evaporation rate, for both one-stage and two-stage drying. The maximum volumetric water evaporation rate and the maximum volumetric heat transfer coefficient of 1784 kgwater m-3 h-1 and 3385 W m-3 K-1, respectively, were noted during one-stage drying at the drying temperature of 150°C and the okara feed rate of 45 kgdrysolid h-1. Regarding the energy efficiency of the drying process expressed in terms of the specific energy consumption (SEC), an increase in the drying temperature and the okara feed rate led to lower values of the SEC for one-stage drying. The effect of the okara feed rate on the SEC for two-stage drying was similar to that for one-stage drying. However, the opposite trend was observed for the effect of the drying temperature. When a multistage drying concept was applied to the impinging stream dryer, the percentage of moisture content reduction of the okara were substantially decreased. The results obtained from this study implied that an impinging stream dryer with a multistage drying concept may be used to dry okara or other high-moisture particulate materials. Keywords: Impinging stream dryer, Multistage drying, Okara, Specific energy consumption, Volumetric heat transfer coefficient, Volumetric water evaporation rate.
Farm’s Sequence of Adoption of Information-intensive Precision Agricultural Technology
Authors: Griffin Terry W. , Miller Noah J. , Bergtold Jason , Shanoyan Aleksan , Sharda Ajay , Ciampitti Ignacio A.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Precision agriculture (PA) has been commercially available for decades, however only specific technologies have been readily adopted. The overall goal of this study was to provide information of the historical changes (from 2000 to 2016), current status of PA utilization, and sales expectations in the next time period. Within this overarching objective, specific goals included 1) determining the specific technologies that farmers adopt and 2) estimating the probability of transitioning from one bundle of PA technologies to another. The three information-intensive technologies included: 1) yield monitor (YM) with or without GNSS 2) variable rate (VR) application of inputs, and 3) precision soil sampling (PSS). Combinations of these three technologies in addition to a possible “no technology adopted” response resulted in eight categories of PA technology bundles. Each year, farms were classified as having one of these eight possible bundles of PA technology. Adoption of PA technologies has increased over time, with the use of only YMs and the bundle of all three PA technologies (YM, PSS, and VR) as the two primary bundles being adopted. When only VR was adopted, there was a 47% probability that the farm would add a YM by next year. When a farm used YM, VR, and PSS, there was a 99% probability that a farm would continue using the bundle in the following year. The results are useful for farmers, extension professionals, and policymakers to understand prior adoption paths for bundles of PA technology. Future steps can connect this database on adoption of PA technology with farm meta-descriptors such as acreage, type of crop, rotation, other relevant management practices, and financial variables so to better understand how farmers are integrating technologies into their farming operations. Keywords: Adoption, Information-intensive, Markov chain, Precision agriculture, Sequential, Site specific, Soil sampling, Transition probability, Variable rate, Yield monitor.
Apparent Coefficient of Friction of Wheat on Denim
Authors: Schwab Charles V.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Calculation of the extraction force for a grain entrapment victim requires a coefficient of friction between the grain and the surface of the victim. Because denim is a common fabric for the work clothes that cover entrapment victims, the coefficient of friction between grain and denim becomes necessary. The purpose of this research was to calculate the apparent coefficient of friction of wheat on denim fabric using a proven procedure. The expectation is to improve the current understanding of conditions that influence extraction forces for victims buried in wheat. The apparent coefficient of friction of wheat on denim fabric was calculated to be 0.167 with a standard deviation of ±0.013. The wheat had a moisture content of 10.7% (w.b.) and bulk density of 778.5 kg m-3. The apparent coefficient of friction of wheat on denim was not significantly affected by pull speeds of 0.004, 0.008, and 0.021 mm s-1 nor normal grain pressures of 3.2, 4.8, 6.3, 7.9, and 11.1 kPa. This is a beginning of understanding the conditions that influence the extraction forces for grain entrapment victims. Keywords: Farm safety, Grain entrapment, Grain rescue, Grain extraction.
Using Workers’ Compensation Claims Data to Characterize Occupational Injuries in the Commercial Grain Elevator Industry
Authors: Ramaswamy Sai K. , Mosher Gretchen A.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Workplace injuries in the grain handling industry are common, yet little research has characterized worker injuries in grain elevators across all hazard types. Learning from past injuries is essential for preventing future occurrences, but the lack of injury information for the grain handling industry hinders this effort. The present study addresses this knowledge gap by using data from over 7000 workers’ compensation claims reported from 2008 to 2016 by commercial grain handling facilities in the U.S. to characterize injury costs and severity. The total amount paid for each claim was used as a measure of injury severity. The effects of employee age and tenure, cause of injury, and body part injured on the cost of work-related injuries were investigated. Contingency tables were used to classify the variable pairs. The chi-square test and chi-square residuals were employed to evaluate the relationship between the variable pairs and identify the at-risk groups. Results showed that the employee age and tenure, cause of injury, and body part injured have a significant influence on the cost paid for the claim. Several at-risk groups were identified as a result of the analyses. Findings from the study will assist commercial grain elevators in the development of targeted safety interventions and assist grain elevator safety managers in mitigating financial and social losses from occupational injuries. Keywords: Chi-square test, Contingency tables, Grain elevators, Grain handling, Occupational injuries.
Agricultural Worker Injury Comparative Risk Assessment Methodology: Assessing Corn and Biofuel Switchgrass Production Systems
Authors: Schwab Charles V. , Mosher Gretchen A. , Ryan Saxon   J.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Keeping workers safe is a continuing challenge in agricultural production. Risk assessment methodologies have been used widely in other industries to better understand systems and enhance decision making, yet their use in production agriculture has been limited. This article describes the considerations and the approach taken to measure the difference in worker injury risks between two agricultural production systems. A model was developed specifically for the comparison of worker injury risk between corn and biofuel switchgrass production systems. The model is composed of injury and exposure values that were used in a Monte Carlo simulation. The output of this risk assessment shows that approximately 99% of the values from the Monte Carlo simulation rank corn production as a greater worker injury risk than biofuel switchgrass production. Furthermore, the greatest contributing factors for each production system were identified as harvest, and that finding aligns with current literature. Keywords: Agricultural production, Agricultural risk assessment, Agricultural safety, Biofuel production safety, Exposure distribution, Farm safety, Human safety risk assessment, Injury distribution, Monte Carlo, Regional risk assessment.
Early Detection of Aphid (Myzus persicae) Infestation on Chinese Cabbage by Hyperspectral Imaging and Feature Extraction
Authors: Zhao Yanru , Yu Keqiang , Feng Chong , Cen Haiyan , He Yong
Published: August 2017

Abstract.

Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) in the visible/near-infrared region coupled with textural feature extraction were used to detect aphid infestation on Chinese cabbage plants. Hyperspectral images of Chinese cabbage plants, including 31 healthy plants and 32 aphid-infested plants, were captured in the region of 380 to 1030 nm with a pushbroom HSI system. A total of 160 spectra were selected from the hyperspectral images of plants. Six important wavelengths (IWs) at 550, 671, 694, 742, 911, and 968 nm were identified by x-loadings of PC-1 and PC-2 in principle component analysis (PCA). Textural features (TFs) including contrast, homogeneity, energy, and correlation based on gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) were extracted from the six selected IWs. Finally, least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) models were developed to differentiate between healthy and aphid-infested plants based on the IWs and TFs. The results showed that the reflectance and textural features at 694 and 742 nm offered good performance in distinguishing aphid-infested samples from healthy samples. The overall results revealed the feasibility of HSI for early detection of aphid infestation on Chinese cabbage plants and its promising potential in practice. Keywords: Aphid infestation, Chinese cabbage, Hyperspectral imaging, Least squares support vector machine, Principal component analysis, Textural feature extraction.
Determining the Location of a Swine Farming Facility Based on Grey Correlation and the TOPSIS Method
Authors: Ma Congguo , Yang Yudong , Wang Jianguo , Chen Yajuan , Yang Daokuan
Published: August 2017

Abstract.

Making a multi-attribute decision regarding the location of a swine farming facility is difficult because of the vagueness and uncertainty of the evaluation indicators. In this study, after the main factors affecting swine farming were considered, pork quality and the economic benefits of farming were analyzed. Twenty evaluation indicators were selected to establish an index for determining the location of a swine farming facility based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The values of qualitative and quantitative indicators were normalized to construct a weighted standardized matrix. The application of grey correlation analysis and the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) were applied to calculate the overall degree of closeness of each candidate site. The pros and cons of the candidate sites were sorted to construct a location decision model according to the size of the overall degree of closeness. The locations of existing Suqian swine farms were used to validate the location decision method. The result showed that the location decision model could obtain satisfactory results for determining the location of a swine farming facility. Keywords: AHP, Grey correlation, Location decision model, Swine farming location, TOPSIS.
Modeling Streamflow in a Snow-Dominated Forest Watershed Using the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) Model
Authors: Srivastava Anurag , Wu Joan Q. , Elliot William J. , Brooks Erin S. , Flanagan Dennis C.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model was originally developed for hillslope and small watershed applications. Recent improvements to WEPP have led to enhanced computations for deep percolation, subsurface lateral flow, and frozen soil. In addition, the incorporation of channel routing has made the WEPP model well suited for large watersheds with perennial flows. However, WEPP is still limited in modeling forested watersheds where groundwater baseflow is substantial. The objectives of this study were to (1) incorporate nonlinear algorithms into WEPP (v2012.8) for estimating groundwater baseflow, (2) auto-calibrate the current and modified WEPP model using a model-independent parameter estimation tool, and (3) evaluate and compare the performance of the current version of WEPP without baseflow (WEPP-Cur) and the modified WEPP model with baseflow (WEPP-Mod) in simulating the hydrology of a snow-dominated watershed in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. A subwatershed of the Upper Cedar River Watershed in western Washington State was chosen for WEPP application and assessment. Simulations were conducted for two periods: 1997-2003 to calibrate the model and 2004-2011 to assess the model performance. The WEPP-Cur simulations resulted in Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and deviation of runoff volume (Dv) values of 0.55 and 24%, respectively, for the calibration period, and 0.60 and 21%, respectively, for the assessment period. The WEPP-Mod simulated streamflow showed improved agreement with observed streamflow, with NSE and Dv values of 0.76 and 6%, respectively, for the calibration period, and 0.74 and 2%, respectively, for the assessment period. The WEPP-Mod model reproduced hydrograph recessions during the low-flow periods and the general trend of the hydrographs, demonstrating its applicability to a watershed where groundwater baseflow was significant. The incorporation of a baseflow component into WEPP will help forest managers to assess the alterations in hydrological processes and water yield for their forest management practices. Keywords: Baseflow, Forest watershed, Hydrological modeling, Streamflow, U.S. Pacific Northwest, WEPP.
Toward Biochemical Conversion of Lignocellulose On-Farm: Pretreatment and Hydrolysis of Corn Stover in Situ
Authors: Modenbach Alicia A. , Nokes Sue E. , Montross Michael D. , Knutson Barbara L.
Published: August 2017

Abstract.

High-solids lignocellulosic pretreatment using NaOH followed by high-solids enzymatic hydrolysis was evaluated for an on-farm biochemical conversion process. Increasing the solids loadings for these processes has the potential for increasing glucose concentrations and downstream ethanol production; however, sequential processing at high-solids loading similar to an on-farm cellulose conversion system has not been studied. This research quantified the effects of high-solids pretreatment with NaOH and subsequent high-solids enzymatic hydrolysis on cellulose conversion. As expected, conversion efficiency was reduced; however, the highest glucose concentration (40.2 g L-1), and therefore the highest potential ethanol concentration, resulted from the high-solids combined pretreatment and hydrolysis. Increasing the enzyme dosage improved cellulose conversion from 9.6% to 36.8% when high-solids loadings were used in both unit operations; however, increasing NaOH loading and pretreatment time did not increase the conversion efficiency. The enzyme-to-substrate ratio had a larger impact on cellulose conversion than the NaOH pretreatment conditions studied, resulting in recommendations for an on-farm bioconversion system. Keywords: Corn stover, Enzymatic hydrolysis, Enzyme loading, High solids, Low solids, Sodium hydroxide.
Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Southern High Plains Beef Cattle Feedyards: Measurement and Modeling
Authors: Waldrip Heidi M. , Casey Kenneth D. , Todd Richard W. , Parker David   B.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. The Texas Panhandle produces approximately 42% of finished beef in the U.S., and cattle production is estimated to contribute 8 Tg carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) from nitrous oxide (N2O). Production of N2O in manure is largely a result of biochemical processes that are not static: N2O emission rates are dependent on numerous environmental and chemical factors. Process-based models that estimate N2O emissions from manure in open-lot cattle production systems typically rely on information derived from studies of soil biochemistry. Limited study has been conducted on manure-derived N2O in open-lot beef feedyards. The objectives of this study were to determine variables related to N2O losses from Texas Panhandle feedyards and develop empirical models to predict N2O emissions. Nitrous oxide flux data were collected from a series of 15 non-flow-through, non-steady-state (NFT-NSS) chamber studies (ten chambers per study) conducted from 2012 to 2014 on two commercial beef cattle feedyards. Manure samples (loose surface manure and the underlying manure pack) were analyzed for basic physicochemical properties, soluble carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectral characteristics related to degree of organic matter (OM) stability and humification. Measured N2O emissions ranged from below detection to 101 mg m-2 h-1 (average 4.8 ±12 mg m-2 h-1) and were positively related to manure H2O content, temperature, and nitrate (NO3-) concentration (p < 0.01). Emissions were negatively related to manure OM, ammonia/ammonium (NH3/NH4+), dissolved C and dissolved N concentrations, and UV-vis parameters related to OM stability (p < 0.05). Based on these data, empirical models were developed and evaluated to predict manure-derived N2O emissions. Model predictions were not significantly different from observed N2O emissions (p < 0.05). The unbounded index of agreement (IA) indicated that model predictions were within 52% to 61% agreement with observations. Inclusion of OM characteristics improved model predictions of high (>30 mg m-2 h-1) N2O emissions but tended to overestimate low emission rates (<20 mg N2O m-2 h-1). This provides evidence for the importance of C stability in limiting manure N2O production. These models may improve parameterization of existing process-based models and are novel methods for predicting feedyard N2O emissions. Keywords: Beef cattle, Feedlot, Feedyard, Greenhouse gas, Manure, Modeling, Nitrous oxide, Organic matter, Urine, UV-vis spectroscopy.
CO2 Emissions and Maize Biomass Production Using Digestate Liquid Fraction in Two Soil Texture Types
Authors: Maucieri Carmelo , Borin Maurizio
Published: August 2017

Abstract. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of soil texture and primary tillage type on soil CO2 emission and maize biomass production after digestate liquid fraction (DLF) spreading. The study was conducted in 2014 in two open fields at Terrasa Padovana (farm 1) and Bovolenta (farm 2) in the Veneto Region of Italy. Soil CO2 emission after digestate spreading was evaluated by comparing the effect of soil texture (sandy loam vs. clay loam) at farm 1 and the effect of long-term primary tillage management (>10 years) (ripping vs. plowing) in clay loam soil at farm 2. Unamended soil was considered the control at both farms. DLF was supplied before maize ( L.) sowing at a dose equal to 170 kg total nitrogen ha-1 using a splash-plate technique. DLF spreading determined a CO2 emission peak 1 h after spreading at both farms, with median emission values of 8.93 and 4.35 g m-2 h-1, respectively, from the sandy loam and clay loam soils at farm 1. At farm 2, primary tillage type did not exert a significant effect on CO2 emission peak, with a median value of 5.85 g m-2 h-1. About three days after DLF distribution, soil CO2 fluxes were less than 1 g m-2 h-1. The first soil harrowing and the first rainfall event after spreading determined significantly higher CO2 emissions from amended plots than from unamended plots for a few hours. At farm 1, soil CO2 emission during the maize growing season was significantly higher in the amended plots (+1.7 times) than in the unamended plots, which showed a median emission value of 0.29 g m-2 h-1; soil texture and tillage exerted no significant influence. Maize yield at dough stage was not significantly influenced by DLF at farm 1, with 22.7 ±1.6 Mg ha-1 and 18.7 ±2.8 Mg ha-1 in the clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively. At farm 2, the distribution of DLF increased maize biomass production by +17% with respect to the unamended treatment that produced 18.0 ±2.4 Mg ha-1. Although the results reported in this article concern data from only one year, and further long-term experiments are needed to confirm our findings, they indicate that CO2 emissions after digestate distribution are lower in a clay loam soil than in a sandy loam soil and are not affected by primary tillage type. Keywords: Clay loam soil, Digestate splash-plate spreading, Plowing, Ripping, Sandy loam soil.
An Embedded System for Automated Hydroponic Nutrient Solution Management
Authors: Cho Woo Jae , Kim Hak-Jin , Jung Dae Hyun , Kang Chang Ik , Choi Gyeong-Lee , Son Jung-Ek
Published: August 2017

Abstract. An ideal closed hydroponic system would include automated preparation of nutrient solutions, including reuse of the drain solution with replenishment of fertilizers and water in proper ratios based on real-time measurement of various nutrient concentrations in the drain solution. The electrical conductivity (EC) based systems commonly used for managing hydroponic nutrients in closed systems do not allow individual corrections to each nutrient deficient for crop growth. To improve the performance of a PC-based nutrient management system originally developed in our previous study, this article describes the development and evaluation of a WinCE-based embedded system with robustness and an easy-to-use user interface, consisting mainly of a micro-control unit (MCU) based embedded nutrient controller and an array of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) that can automatically control the nutrient replenishment events based on real-time measurements of NO3, K, and Ca concentrations. To overcome the problem of decoupled replenishment among the three nutrients found in the previous study, a robust fertilizer dosing algorithm was designed that can separately calculate the volumes of six nutrient stock solutions to be supplied in a sequential order according to specific ions. In a five-step spiking test, the use of a two-point normalization method prior to each measurement sequence coupled with the robust nutrient dosing algorithm enabled the system to formulate five different concentrations of NO3 and K ions comparable to the target concentrations. However, the five different Ca concentrations prepared were almost 33% higher than the target concentrations because of low Ca estimates due to a change in the sensitivity of the Ca ISE between the different background solutions used for calibration and measurement. This could be overcome with the use of the same background solution or a pre-sensitivity compensation when an initial measurement is made. In a lettuce cultivation test conducted with the ebb-and-flow method over 27 days, the nutrient control performance of the embedded system was improved as compared to the previously developed PC-based system while maintaining the target concentrations of 436, 117, and 80 mg L-1 within errors of -15.0 ±18.1, -5.0 ±10.0, and -9.2 ±4.1 mg L-1 for NO3, K, and Ca ions, respectively. The use of the developed system in closed crop cultivation proved to be feasible for managing individual nutrients in reused solution at desired concentration levels, resulting in the potential of maximizing the efficiency of nutrient use. Keywords: Automatic control, Closed system, Dosing algorithm, Embedded system, Greenhouse, Ion sensor, Nutrients.
Calibration and Validation of a Discrete Element Model of Corn Using Grain Flow Simulation in a Commercial Screw Grain Auger
Authors: Mousaviraad Mohammad , Tekeste Mehari Z. , Rosentrater Kurt A.
Published: August 2017

Abstract.

Screw augers are primary grain conveying equipment in the agriculture industry. Quantitative prediction of grain conveyance using screw augers requires better understanding and measurement of bulk particle-particle and particle-rigid-body interactions. Discrete element modeling (DEM) has potential to simulate particle dynamics and flow within a screw auger and thus provide simulation-based guidance for auger design and operating parameters. The objective of this study was to develop a DEM corn model calibration methodology and validation for combine-harvested corn flow in a commercial screw auger. The methodology used a virtual design of experiment (DOE) varying DEM corn parameters and calibration to match grain pile formation expressed in a normalized angle of repose (AOR). DEM corn particle shape was approximated using 1-sphere and clumped spheres (2-sphere, 5-sphere, and 13-sphere) matching the measured physical parameters of equivalent geometrical diameter, 2D axial dimensions, 3D axial dimensions, and detailed CAD-approximated corn dimensions, respectively. For each DEM corn shape approximation, a virtual DOE using Latin square hypercube design with four independent DEM Hertz-Mindlin contact model interaction coefficients was developed. The DEM assembly of particles matching the initial conditions of the AOR test was created in EDEM 2.7. From the quasi-static AOR of corn flow in the AOR tests and EDEM simulations, the mean square error (MSE), a sum of square difference in grain heights in the AOR tests and EDEM simulations, was used as a bulk material dependent response for the calibration process. The DEM 2-sphere corn shape model and the material interaction coefficients showed the minimum MSE (5.31 mm) compared to the 1-sphere, 5-sphere, and 13-sphere models. With the best DEM corn shape model (2-sphere) and DEM model parameters with the minimum MSE, validation of the DEM in predicting corn flow in a commercial screw auger in laboratory tests at two rotational speeds (250 and 450 rpm) was performed and showed good prediction (within 5% relative error) in matching the change in mass flow rate with the change in auger rotational speed. Keywords: Angle of repose, Corn, Discrete element modeling (DEM), Screw grain auger.
Classification and Prediction of Goldfish Population and Water Quality Using a Potentiometric E-Tongue
Authors: Wei Zhenbo , Zhao Yu , Wang Jun
Published: August 2017

Abstract.

In this study, a potentiometric E-tongue was employed for comprehensive evaluation of water quality and goldfish population with the help of pattern recognition methods. Four water quality parameters, i.e., pH and concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrite (NO2-N), and ammonium (NH3-N), were tested by conventional analysis methods. The differences in water quality parameters between samples were revealed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The cultivation days and goldfish population were classified well by principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical discriminant analysis (CDA), and the distribution of each sample was clearer in CDA score plots than in PCA score plots. The cultivation days, goldfish population, and water parameters were predicted by a T-S fuzzy neural network (TSFNN) and back-propagation artificial neural network (BPANN). BPANN performed better than TSFNN in the prediction, and all fitting correlation coefficients were >0.90. The results indicated that the potentiometric E-tongue coupled with pattern recognition methods could be applied as a rapid method for the determination and evaluation of water quality and goldfish population. Keywords: Classify, E-tongue, Goldfish water, Prediction.
NOTAS SOBRE O DIREITO CONSTITUCIONAL DA ORDEM ECONÔMICA: A imbricação do princípio da livre iniciativa com a jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal
Authors: Sampaio Neto Agenor de Souza Santos
Published: August 2017

Neste trabalho abordamos o princípio da livre iniciativa e a jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal, destacando o tema como um dos pilares da ordem econômica, e ainda o papel da Constituição Econômica que enuncia os fins da política econômica, e por sua vez postula na sua conformação uma nova ordem econômica. Assim, a CF/88 traz em seu bojo aspectos de uma Constituição econômica implícita, já que encontramos diversas disposições da ordem econômica (mundo do ser) que não estão aninhadas no texto constitucional, e que não se esgotam no plano constitucional, somente estando completos após a interposição legislativa infraconstitucional. A liberdade de iniciativa não pode ser declarada e interpretada de modo absoluto. É necessário impor-lhe restrições que limitem o seu pretenso caráter absoluto, em obséquio à proteção do próprio homem e da sociedade. A jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal tem realçado, sempre por maioria, e através da utilização das mais variadas espécies de argumentos jurídicos, a existência de limitações incidentes sobre o princípio da livre iniciativa, sendo que, no confronto com outros direitos/valores, deve prevalecer o interesse da coletividade, motivo pelo qual, não ficamos restrito ao âmbito do corpus constitucional, o que Canotilho chama de conjunto de regras inseridas no documento-constituição. Assim, incluímos a vertente do estudo da interpretação/aplicação do direito, motivo pelo qual, analisamos a ADIN 3.512-6 (Eros Grau) e o RE 199.101-1 (Sepúlveda Pertence), ambos decididos por maioria, onde detalhamos os argumentos ali colacionados, usando como referencial teórico Theodor Viehweg e Chaim Perelman.
SISTEMA NORMATIVO DE AGROTÓXICOS NA CONTEMPORANEIDADE
Authors: Folgado Cleber Adriano Rodrigues
Published: August 2017

Desde 2008 o Brasil é o maior consumidor de agrotóxicos do mundo, entretanto o uso massivo de tais produtos na agricultura brasileira vem desde a década de 1960. A normatização do uso de tais substâncias vigorou em âmbito federal sem norma específica até a edição da Lei 7.802, de 11 de julho de 1989, mais conhecida como “Lei dos Agrotóxicos”. Já nos seus primórdios, a Lei provocou fortes debates e enfrentamentos, no entanto, recentemente, foi protocolado na Câmara dos Deputados o Projeto de Lei 3200/15, que altera completamente a estrutura do sistema normativo de agrotóxicos e propõe a revogação da Lei 7.802/89. As alterações propostas representam o desmonte de várias conquistas resultantes de lutas históricas do povo brasileiro positivadas em nosso sistema jurídico. Este artigo pretende expor acerca deste processo.
Pemakaian Formula Hidrolisat Parsial untuk Pencegahan Penyakit Alergi pada Anak
Authors: Wardhana Wardhana , Munasir Zakiudin
Published: August 2017

Latar belakang. Formula hidrolisat parsial merupakan salah satu alternatif pemberian nutrisi yang dapat mencegah penyakit alergi di kemudian hari.Tujuan. Mengetahui efektivitas formula hidrolisat parsial untuk mencegah penyakit alergi pada anak dikemudian hari.Metode. Penelusuran pustaka database elektronik yaitu Pubmed, Cochrane, dan Highwire.Hasil. Telaah sistematis mendapatkan bahwa semua studi mendapatkan insidens Dermatitis Atopi (DA) yang menurun dengan atau tanpa manifestasi atopi. Insidens kumulatif setelah 3 tahun ditemukan lebih rendah secara bermakna pada bayi yang mendapat formula hidrolisat parsial.Kesimpulan. Pemberian formula hidrolisat parsial terbukti dapat mencegah timbulnya manifestasi alergi terutama dermatitis atopi pada usia 1 tahun dan efek pencegahan ini konsisten jangka panjang.
Artículos: La corrección de las mujeres: del reformatorio religioso a la prisión contemporánea. Un estudio de caso
Authors: Guala Natacha
Published: August 2017

En el presente trabajo me propongo analizar algunos aspectos del régimen penitenciario contemporáneo a partir de los cuales es posible reconstruir ciertas continuidades entre los discursos y las prácticas del reformatorio religioso y el tratamiento penitenciario actual.Esta “hibridación” institucional produce un tipo particular de control penal ambivalente, contradictorio y fuertemente ligado a la dimensión de sexo-género-sexualidad de las destinatarias de este castigo. A partir de un estudio de caso con base en el trabajo realizado en la cárcel de mujeres de la ciudad de Santa Fe (Argentina), esta indagación me permitirá contribuir a la reflexión sobre las complejas articulaciones de sentido que sustentan la corrección y el castigo femenino contemporáneo, echando luz sobre las imágenes que circulan –tanto dentro de la prisión como fuera de ella– respecto de la criminalidad femenina y los estereotipos de género existentes en la sociedad argentina contemporánea.
Comentarios de libros: Comentario a Iñaki Rivera Beiras: Decarcelación. Principios para una política pública de reducción de la cárcel (desde un garantismo radical)
Authors: Anitua Gabriel Ignacio
Published: August 2017

Comentarios de libros: Comentario a Iñaki Rivera Beiras: Decarcelación. Principios para una política pública de reducción de la cárcel (desde un garantismo radical)
Comentarios de libros: Comentario a Edward P. Thompson: Los orígenes de la ley negra.
Authors: Schiavoni Martin
Published: August 2017

Comentarios de libros: Comentario a Edward P. Thompson: Los orígenes de la ley negra.
La materia prima y la forma corporeitatis en la física de Alberto Magno
Authors: Paz Lima Jimena
Published: August 2017

La física de Alberto Magno se centra sobre la base de una materialidad que no puede ser definida como pura potencialidad pues no podría explicarse la continuidad y teleología propias de todo cambio sustancial. Por esto, en la materia primera existen ciertas dimensiones cuantitativas indeterminadas que la hacen divisible y le permiten sustentar a la forma sustancial en el cambio. Estas dimensiones suponen la presencia de una primera formalidad en la materia, llamada forma corporeitatis, que hacen de la materia primera una realidad actualizada e independiente de la forma sustancial.
La neuroética como ética fundamental
Authors: Corcó Josep
Published: August 2017

En su libro Braintrust, la neurofilósofa Patricia Churchland expone sus ideas sobre lo que la neurociencia ha aportado hasta el momento al estudio de las bases neurológicas del comportamiento ético de los seres humanos. La tesis principal de la aportación de Churchland es que la moralidad se origina en la neurobiología del apego y subraya la relevancia de la oxitocina en el comportamiento cooperativo de los seres humanos, con la pretensión de que la neuroética pueda llegar a constituirse en una ética fundamental. Pero, a mi parecer, ante la propuesta de Churchland se abren interrogantes relevantes, como por ejemplo, ¿por qué debemos comportarnos éticamente? o ¿cuáles son los valores morales? En esta contribución valoraremos las principales ideas de Churchland para intentar mostrar si la neurociencia puede ayudar a contestar estas cuestiones.
¿Conduce la neurociencia a una naturalización del deontologismo? «Juicios morales deontológicos» en perspectiva neuroética
Authors: Gracia Calandín Javier
Published: August 2017

A tenor de las investigaciones en el campo de la neuroética y más en concreto en la teoría del proceso dual del juicio moral en autores como Joshua Greene, nos planteamos la cuestión de si la neurociencia conduce necesariamente a una «naturalización del deontologismo». De este modo en nuestra comunicación ponemos en cuestión un modo de hacer neurociencia que pretenda reducir el deontologismo a un tipo de respuesta exclusivamente emocional. Frente a este modelo planteamos otra forma de hacer «neuroética» donde se consideren las estructuras psicofísicas de la moralidad sin incurrir en el reduccionismo miope naturalista. Se trata, por lo tanto, de descubrir la neurociencia de la ética, esto es, la naturaleza de la moralidad sin que eso implique reducir la moralidad a la naturaleza. Así entendida la neurociencia puede contribuir al trabajo interdisciplinar de comprender la vasta naturaleza humana en toda su amplitud.
El cristianismo de F. M. Dostoievski y su correspondencia con la experiencia del amor en Ignacio de Loyola
Authors: Díaz Márquez Manuel
Published: August 2017

Este artículo va a estar centrado en una cuestión fundamental: ¿pueden compararse las visiones éticas de Dostoievski e Ignacio de Loyola? Haciendo una revisión pormenorizada de las bases existenciales dostoievskianas, podremos comprobar cómo la vida de Ignacio de Loyola parece coincidir con la hoja de ruta que, más tarde, elaboraría Dostoievski en sus obras en busca de una plenitud humana. El hombre pleno propuesto por el autor ruso es un reflejo del San Ignacio que conocemos por su Autobiografía, un personaje que pasó de los confines existenciales más arraigados en el yo a una vida por y para los demás basada en una idea fundamental: «En todo, amar y servir».
Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya Alam pada Kawasan Rawan Bencana untuk Kegiatan Pariwisata
Authors: Elwizan Finesse Shafina , Damayanti Maya
Published: August 2017

After the eruption of Mount Merapi in 2010, tourism activities in Umbulharjo Village and Kepuharjo Village covered volcano tour, live in, camping and so forth. As the volcano tour grows, the number of visitors has increased but the daily routines of the local community have remained unchanged instead of drastically shifting to the tourism sector. Considering the importance of natural resources for tourism development, the joint utilization of them has created multiple overlapping functionalities. This research aims to assess the utilization of natural resources in disaster-prone areas for tourism activities. The study engaged a descriptive qualitative method with purposive and snowballing methods. The results showed some groupings of natural resources utilization based on the typology of goods and services, the disaster-prone locations, and abundant exploitation in their usage. The proposed management aimed to maintain their sustainable benefits either for supporting the tourism activities or the others.
Addressing technology integration concerns: Asynchronous video mentoring between pre-service teachers and exemplary technology-using in-service teachers
Authors: Ottenbreit-Leftwich Anne Todd , Glazewski Krista D. , Brush Thomas A. , Aslan Sinem , Zachmeier Aaron
Published: August 2017

Research has identified that pre-service teachers have concerns about technology integration (e.g., their future school would lack technology resources; technology is not applicable in their subject areas). Mentoring has been highlighted as a means of overcoming these concerns. In this study, we present and investigate one strategy – an asynchronous video mentoring session between a class of 199 pre-service teachers and four exemplary award-winning technology-using in-service teachers. A small group of the pre-service teachers (n = 31) voluntarily expressed their concerns. The four in-service teachers were videotaped as they responded to these concerns. All 199 pre-service teachers watched the videos and described how the in-service teachers’ responses either alleviated or increased their concerns. A majority of the pre-service teachers (58%) reported that their primary concerns regarding technology integration were less acute after they watched the teachers’ presentation. Teacher education programs might consider the use of digital technologies to support student voices and increase the opportunities for interaction between pre-professionals and practising professionals.
Youth friendly communication in a transition clinic aimed at adolescents with chronic illness
Authors: Hanghøj Signe , Boisen Kirsten A. , Schmiegelow Kjeld , Hølge-Hazelton Bibi
Published: August 2017

Background

Good communication skills are considered a cornerstone in a “youth friendly approach”. However, research in the field as well as transition guidelines only sparsely explain what doctor-patient communication involves. Furthermore, only few guidelines exist regarding concrete communication skills for health professionals who want to apply a youth friendly communication approach to their practice.

Objective

To examine how health professionals trained in adolescent medicine practise a youth friendly approach when communicating with adolescents with chronic illness.

Methods

Data from 10 non-participation observations of transition consultations with adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) were analysed using a qualitative positioning analysis approach focusing on the health professionals’ reflexive and interactive positionings as well as the décor of the consultation room.

Results

The health professionals in the transition clinic positioned the adolescent patients as independent interlocutors, children, and adolescents, and they positioned themselves as imperfect/untraditional, appreciative and non-judgmental. The positionings were based on a number of linguistic tools such as affirmation, recognition, examples, asking for the adolescents’ own expert knowledge and the décor. The health professionals actively negotiated power.

Conclusion

Positionings and linguistic tools were inspired by youth friendly tools including the HEADS (Home Education/Eating Activities Drugs Sex/Safety/Self harm) interview, motivational interviewing, and an adolescent medicine practice. A central component was negotiating of power. Limitations of the study include a risk of too positive interpretations of data, i.e. because of the presence of the observer, who could have affected the health professionals’ positionings.
Ameliorative role of ethyl-acetate fraction of methanolic leaf extract of Camellia sinensis (green tea) on streptozotocin-induced diabetes linked testicular hypofunction in albino rat: A dose-dependent biochemical and genomic transection study
Authors: Das Barnali , Biswas Baisakhi , Ghosh Abhinandan , Pakhira Bhabani Prasad , Ghosh Debidas
Published: August 2017

Background

The present investigation focuses the diabetes-induced testicular hypofunction and its possible correction by the effective dose of ethyl-acetate fraction of methanolic extract of Camellia sinensis leaves through dose-dependent study in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat.

Methods

The androgenic, spermiological, oxidative stress and apoptosis sensors along with testicular genomic sensors were evaluated in a dose-dependent fashion (50 mg or 100 mg or 200 mg/kg body weight). Activities of hepatic transaminases for toxicity assessment were also measured.

Results

Increased level of fasting blood glucose, testicular cholesterol, seminal vesicular fructose along with a low count, motility and viability of epididymal sperm, low activities of testicular Δ5, 3β-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (HSD), 17β-HSD, testicular antioxidant enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase) and low plasma level of testosterone were noted in diabetic rat in respect to the control. After oral administration of said fraction to diabetic rat, levels of above sensors were resettled toward the control. A significant decrease in the number of different generations of germ cells at the stage VII of spermatogenesis in diabetic rat was noted which were recovered significantly toward the control in the fraction-treated diabetic group. It was supported by the correction in gene expression of testicular Δ5, 3β- HSD, 17β- HSD, Bcl-2 and Bax in the fraction-treated diabetic group.

Conclusions

The threshold dose of ethyl-acetate fraction of methanolic extract of C. sinensis leaves is 100 mg/kg body weight for the recovery of testicular hypofunction in a diabetic rat model.
Multiple-Reservoir Scheduling Using β-Hill Climbing Algorithm
Authors: Alsukni Emad , Arabeyyat Omar Suleiman , Awadallah Mohammed A. , Alsamarraie Laaly , Abu-Doush Iyad , Al-Betar Mohammed Azmi
Published: August 2017

The multi-reservoir systems optimization problem requires defining a set of rules to recognize the water amount stored and released in accordance with the system constraints. Traditional methods are not suitable for complex multi-reservoir systems with high dimensionality. Recently, metaheuristic-based algorithms such as evolutionary algorithms and local search-based algorithms are successfully used to solve the multi-reservoir systems. β-hill climbing is a recent metaheuristic local search-based algorithm. In this paper, the multi-reservoir systems optimization problem is tackled using β-hill climbing. In order to validate the proposed method, four-reservoir systems used in the literature to evaluate the algorithm are utilized. A comparative evaluation is conducted to evaluate the proposed method against other methods found in the literature. The obtained results show the competitiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Any Weapon to Hand? An Essay on Gun Regulation and the Limits of Insurance
Authors: Scales Adam F.
Published: August 2017

There has lately been much interest in the role the liability system might play in reducing firearm deaths. In the past few years, stories of gun violence have entered the national conversation with depressing regularity. Just as regularly, there quickly follow calls for more gun control - now couched in terms of “gun safety”. A new twist on this theme appropriates the language of “responsibility” that insurance companies have traded in for over a century. At the state and federal level, legislatures have introduced bills that would require gun owners to carry liability insurance that would protect third parties from injuries associated with the use of the policyholder’s firearm. The stated aim is to induce a measure of financial responsibility congruent with the risks of firearm ownership. Those risks can be imagined in various ways, and proponents of gun insurance have offered varied rationales for a gun insurance mandate. On its most basic level, gun insurance could provide a source of compensation for victims of gun violence, or their families. At 30,000 or so fatalities a year, the economic toll of gun violence is easily quantified in the billions. Insurance companies, motivated to arm themselves with the data that governments often cannot obtain, will uncover and enforce risk reduction strategies that will mitigate gun violence. These strategies, it is commonly assumed, will turn out to look a lot like the “common-sense” gun safety regulations so regrettably stymied by timid legislators. The costs of this risk reduction program will of course be borne by gun owners themselves, in the form of insurance premia. One can discern a couple different sorts of mechanisms by which this might work. First, insurance might separate “good” gun owners from “bad” gun owners, rewarding the former with discounts or credits for socially cooperative behavior. Properly finetuned, this might place the entire burden of insurance-related gun violence on the shoulders of “bad” gun owners - those who leave loaded handguns in between the cushions of their sofas, easily accessed by small children. Or - of course - those who actually commit gun crimes. On another view, there might not really be any good or bad gun owners. Like pollution, gun violence is an inevitable by-product of gun ownership. While there might be room for insurance to make things safer, there is no moral reason to distinguish among gun owners, who all contribute to the availability of guns in marketplaces legal and otherwise. On this view, a gun anywhere is a threat public safety everywhere; liability insurance premia act as a kind of Pigouvian tax, internalizing at last the costs of gun violence into the long-term price of firearm ownership. The efficacy of this approach is open to question.
Graziano e le mura insanguinate di Lione
Authors: Santorelli Biagio
Published: August 2017

By examining an obscure passage of Jerome’sEp.60, dedicated to the description of the death of the emperor Gratian, it is possible to identify an allusion to the Pseudo-QuintilianicMajor Declamations, which has hitherto been overlooked, referring in particular to the trail of bloody prints that appears on the wall at the centre ofDecl. mai.1, “Paries palmatus”.