bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using the borehole permeameter to estimate saturated hydraulic conductivity for glacially over-consolidated soils
Authors: Kindred J. Scott , Reynolds W. Daniel
Published: April 2020

The borehole permeameter (BP) method was developed in the 1950s by the United States Bureau of Reclamation to estimate saturated soil hydraulic conductivity (KS) in shallow boreholes completed above the water table. The approach has been improved over the years, and now accounts for flow due to pressure, gravity and soil capillarity. However, the BP method is calibrated only for normally consolidated soils and ponding depth (H) versus borehole radius (r) ratios (H/r) ≤ 22. The primary objective of this study was to recalibrate the BP method for use in glacially over-consolidated soils with H/r ranging from 0.05 to 200. Recalibration consisted of using numerically simulated steady BP flow for five representative glacially over-consolidated soils to update the BP shape function fitting parameters (Z1, Z2, Z3) for nine specified KS values and 15 test pit and borehole configurations. Four sets of fitting parameters were determined, which apply for H/r ≤ 20, H/r ≥ 20, soil with <12% silt content, and soil with >12% silt content. Relative to specified KS, the updated shape function parameters yielded BP estimates of KS with a maximum error of 13% and an average error of 3%, whereas the original shape function parameters (developed for normally consolidated soils and H/r ≤ 22) produced a maximum KS error of 94% and an average error of 23%. The numerical simulations were also used to develop criteria for estimating time required to achieve steady BP flow, and for correcting BP estimates of KS where steady flow was not achieved.
Intragenic meiotic recombination in Schizosaccharomyces pombe is sensitive to environmental temperature changes
Authors: Brown Simon D. , Audoynaud Charlotte , Lorenz Alexander
Published: April 2020

Changes in environmental temperature influence cellular processes and their dynamics, and thus affect the life cycle of organisms that are unable to control their cell/body temperature. Meiotic recombination is the cellular process essential for producing healthy haploid gametes by providing physical links (chiasmata) between homologous chromosomes to guide their accurate segregation. Additionally, meiotic recombination—initiated by programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs)—can generate genetic diversity and, therefore, is a driving force of evolution. Environmental temperature influencing meiotic recombination outcome thus may be a crucial determinant of reproductive success and genetic diversity. Indeed, meiotic recombination frequency in fungi, plants and invertebrates changes with temperature. In most organisms, these temperature-induced changes in meiotic recombination seem to be mediated through the meiosis-specific chromosome axis organization, the synaptonemal complex in particular. The fission yeastSchizosaccharomyces pombedoes not possess a synaptonemal complex. Thus, we tested how environmental temperature modulates meiotic recombination frequency in the absence of a fully-fledged synaptonemal complex. We show that intragenic recombination (gene conversion) positively correlates with temperature within a certain range, especially at meiotic recombination hotspots. In contrast, crossover recombination, which manifests itself as chiasmata, is less affected. Based on our observations, we suggest that, in addition to changes in DSB frequency, DSB processing could be another temperature-sensitive step causing temperature-induced recombination rate alterations.
Genetic diversity and similarity of pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars in Central Europe revealed by SSR markers
Authors: Kocsisné Gitta M. , Bolla Dávid , Anhalt-Brüderl Ulrike C. M. , Forneck Astrid , Taller János , Kocsis László
Published: April 2020

The Hungarian pear gene bank, located and founded in Keszthely in 1981, contains 210 pear cultivars including regional cultivars, cultivars of foreign origin and standard commercial cultivars. There are some cultivars with synonym names in the pear gene bank and in other pear growing areas within the Hungary. The aim of our work was to systematically analyse the genotypes of Hungarian cultivars in the pear gene bank and to set up a robust protocol for molecular identification and the interpretation of data. Eighty-eight cultivars were analysed employing eight SSR primers resulting in a total of 216 alleles. Seventy-seven cultivars were thoroughly analysed. Among the samples 29 were considered to be diploids and 59 triploids. A genetic diversity analysis was computed based on a Neighbour-Joining algorithm and combined with a PCA indicating close genetic relationship and an overall high amount of genetic diversity among the samples tested. Similarities and very close relations were verified in our studies between different pear cultivar variants: 'Korai szagos' A and B, which were planted with the same name in the gene bank. Six different 'Császár körte' and three 'Köcsög körte' cultivars were compared. It was important to establish how close their relationship was. Some cultivars originating from the same regions were compared. The 'Mezőkövesdi 2′ and '3′ are in the same main branch, however their distance is larger, the number of common alleles is less than those of the two 'Erdélyi körte' cultivars.
Bronze Age Swordsmanship: New Insights from Experiments and Wear Analysis
Authors: Hermann Raphael , Dolfini Andrea , Crellin Rachel J. , Wang Quanyu , Uckelmann Marion
Published: April 2020

The article presents a new picture of sword fighting in Middle and Late Bronze Age Europe developed through theBronze Age Combat Project. The project investigated the uses of Bronze Age swords, shields, and spears by combining integrated experimental archaeology and metalwork wear analysis. The research is grounded in an explicit and replicable methodology providing a blueprint for future experimentation with, and wear analysis of, prehistoric copper-alloy weapons. We present a four-step experimental methodology including both controlled and actualistic experiments. The experimental results informed the wear analysis of 110 Middle and Late Bronze Age swords from Britain and Italy. The research has generated new understandings of prehistoric combat, including diagnostic and undiagnostic combat marks and how to interpret them; how to hold and use a Bronze Age sword; the degree of skill and training required for proficient combat; the realities of Bronze Age swordplay including the frequency of blade-on-blade contact; the body parts and areas targeted by prehistoric sword fencers; and the evolution of fighting styles in Britain and Italy from the late 2nd to the early 1st millennia BC.

All primary data discussed in the article are available as supplementary material (Appendix) so as to allow scrutiny and validation of the research results.
Infantile Myelofibrosis and Myeloproliferation with CDC42
Dysfunction
Authors: Verboon Jeffrey M. , Mahmut Dilnar , Kim Ah Ram , Nakamura Mitsutoshi , Abdulhay Nour J. , Nandakumar Satish K. , Gupta Namrata , Akie Thomas E. , Geddis Amy E. , Manes Becky , Kapp Meghan E. , Hofmann Inga , Gabriel Stacey B. , Klein Daryl E. , Williams David A. , Frangoul Haydar A. , Parkhurst Susan M. , Crane Genevieve M. , Cantor Alan B. , Sankaran Vijay G.
Published: April 2020

Studies of genetic blood disorders have advanced our understanding of
the intrinsic regulation of hematopoiesis. However, such genetic studies have only
yielded limited insights into how interactions between hematopoietic cells and their
microenvironment are regulated. Here, we describe two affected siblings with
infantile myelofibrosis and myeloproliferation that share a common de novo mutation
in the Rho GTPase CDC42 (Chr1:22417990:C>T, p.R186C) due to paternal germline
mosaicism. Functional studies using human cells and flies demonstrate that this
CDC42 mutant has altered activity and thereby disrupts interactions between
hematopoietic progenitors and key tissue microenvironmental factors. These findings
suggest that further investigation of this and other related disorders may provide
insights into how hematopoietic cell-microenvironment interactions play a role in
human health and can be disrupted in disease. In addition, we suggest that
deregulation of CDC42 may underlie more common blood disorders, such as primary
myelofibrosis.
The problem of nonhuman agency and bodily intentionality in the Anthropocene
Authors: Kim Jonggab
Published: April 2020

One of the vital issues in the discourse on the Anthropocene is the problem of material or bodily agency. Agency has long been the exclusive attribute of human consciousness and intentionality, but now the boundary between humans and nonhumans, mind and body, has become problematic. How might we reconceptualize agency? This article attempts to answer that question by working through Bruno Latour's posthuman configuration of agency. Latour's plea to reject not only consciousness but also intentionality conflicts with his animistic vision. What we need is not to dismiss intentionality in toto but to dehumanize it and acknowledge that there is a nonhuman form of intentionality. The intentionality that he wrongly paired with consciousness is a restricted and derived version of bodily intentionality. The body is not inert matter but is animate and intentional, for it is an endeavor to continue in its being. This article argues that there is no animism without such intentionality and that Latour's animism will become indistinguishable from mechanism as long as Latour fails to acknowledge animism’s intentionality.
Effects of urbanisation and landscape heterogeneity mediated by feeding guild and body size in a community of coprophilous beetles
Authors: Foster Christopher W. , Kelly Christopher , Rainey Jordan J. , Holloway Graham J.
Published: April 2020

Although the impacts of urbanisation on biodiversity are well studied, the precise response of some invertebrate groups remains poorly known. Dung-associated beetles are little studied in an urban context, especially in temperate regions. We considered how landscape heterogeneity, assessed at three spatial scales (250, 500 and 1000 m radius), mediates the community composition of coprophilous beetles on a broad urban gradient. Beetles were sampled using simple dung-baited traps, placed at 48 sites stratified across three distance bands around a large urban centre in England. The most urban sites hosted the lowest abundance of saprophagous beetles, with a lower mean body length relative to the least urban sites. Predicted overall species richness and the richness of saprophagous species were also lowest at the most urban sites. Ordination analyses followed by variation partitioning revealed that landscape heterogeneity across the urban gradient explained a small but significant proportion of community composition. Heterogeneity data for a 500-m radius around each site provided the best fit with beetle community data. Larger saprophagous species were associated with lower amounts of manmade surface and improved grassland. Some individual species, particularly predators, appeared to be positively associated with urban or urban fringe sites. This study is probably the first to examine the response of the whole coprophilous beetle community to urbanisation. Our results suggest that the response of this community to urbanisation matches expectations based on other taxonomic groups, whilst emphasising the complex nature of this response, with some smaller-bodied species potentially benefitting from urbanisation.
Religion, crime, and financial reporting
Authors: Hofmann Christian , Schwaiger Nina
Published: April 2020

The literature provides evidence on the separate roles of injunctive and descriptive norms in explaining corporate financial reporting, ignoring that descriptive norms are likely endogenous and partly explained by injunctive norms. We jointly analyze the direct and indirect effects of religious social norms (an injunctive norm) via local crime rates (a descriptive norm) on financial reporting quality. We find that religious social norms relate negatively to corporate earnings management and tax avoidance. We also show that this association is partially explained by crime rates in the firm’s geographical environment, underlining the indirect relation between religious social norms and financial reporting quality. Overall, the study highlights the importance of considering the interrelations between injunctive and descriptive norms when analyzing the effect of norms on corporate decision-making.
Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding—Should a Second Chance Be Given?
Authors: Leca Bianca M. , Khan Uzma , Abraham Jenny , Halder Louise , Shuttlewood Emma , Shah Neha , Ellis Hugh L. , Aylwin Simon J. B. , Barber Thomas M. , Menon Vinod , Randeva Harpal S. , Dimitriadis Georgios K.
Published: April 2020

Background

Obesity is a chronic relapsing-remitting disease and a global pandemic, being associated with multiple comorbidities. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) is one of the safest surgical procedures used for the treatment of obesity, and even though its popularity has been decreasing over time, it still remains an option for a certain group of patients, producing considerable weight loss and improvement in obesity-associated comorbidities.

Methods

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of weight loss following LAGB on obesity-associated comorbidities, and to identify factors that could predict better response to surgery, and patient sub-groups exhibiting greatest benefit. A total of 99 severely obese patients (81.2% women, mean age 44.19 ± 10.94 years, mean body mass index (BMI) 51.84 ± 8.77 kg/m2) underwent LAGB in a single institution. Results obtained 1, 2, and 5 years postoperatively were compared with the pre-operative values using SPPS software version 20.

Results

A significant drop in BMI was recorded throughout the follow-up period, as well as in A1c and triglycerides, with greatest improvement seen 2 years after surgery (51.8 ± 8.7 kg/m2 vs 42.3 ± 9.2 kg/m2, p < 0.05, 55.5 ± 19.1 mmol/mol vs 45.8 ± 13.7 mmol/mol, p < 0.05, and 2.2 ± 1.7 mmol/l vs 1.5 ± 0.6 mmol/l). Better outcomes were seen in younger patients, with lower duration of diabetes before surgery, and lower pre-operative systolic blood pressure.

Conclusions

Younger age, lower degree of obesity, and lower severity of comorbidities at the time of surgery can be important predictors of successful weight loss, making this group of patients the ideal candidates for LAGB.
Neue Entwicklungen in der Pflegekinderhilfe
Authors: Ehlke Carolin , Schröer Wolfgang
Published: April 2020

Im Vergleich zur sogenannten Heimerziehung gibt es im Bereich der Pflegekinderhilfe bislang weniger empirische Studien, die umfassende Erkenntnisse zu den Strukturen von Vollzeitpflege und den Erfahrungen der in ihr agierenden Akteure liefern. Gleichwohl ist in den letzten Jahren eine Fachdebatte entstanden, die nachhaltig die Strukturen der Pflegekinderhilfe beeinflussen und verändern könnte. Der Schwerpunkt gibt einen Einblick in aktuelle Diskurse der Wissenschaft und Fachpraxis der Vollzeitpflege.
Triboelectric nanogenerators: Fundamental physics and potential applications
Authors: Zhou Linglin , Liu Di , Wang Jie , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: April 2020

Based on the conjunction of contact electrification and electrostatic induction, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) can harvest mechanical energy dispersed in our environment. With the characteristics of simple structure, light weight, broad material availability, low cost, and high efficiency even at low operation frequency, TENG can serve as a promising alternative strategy for meeting the needs of distributed energy for the internet of things and network. The major potential applications of TENG can be summarized as four fields containing micro/nano power sources, self-powered sensors, large-scale blue energy, and direct high-voltage power sources. In this paper, the fundamental physics, output performance enhancement, and applications of TENGs are reviewed to timely summarize the development of TENGs and provide a guideline for future research.
Autonomie des déplacements et déficience intellectuelle
Authors: Mengue-Topio Hursula , Letalle Laurie , Courbois Yannick
Published: April 2020

Les déplacements autonomes sont fortement limités chez les personnes présentant une déficience intellectuelle (DI), ce qui entrave leur participation sociale. Cette étude exploratoire recueille le point de vue des professionnels exerçant au sein de structures dédiées à l’accompagnement de ces personnes, afin d’identifier les caractéristiques de leur mobilité quotidienne, mais aussi les types d’apprentissage mis en œuvre par les professionnels. Les résultats des entretiens mettent en avant des difficultés relatives aux interactions sociales et à la mobilisation des ressources cognitives chez les personnes elles-mêmes. Du point de vue de l’environnement, l’accessibilité et les réticences des proches sont des entraves majeures à la mobilité quotidienne. Toutefois, une initiation précoce, la motivation des personnes, leur connaissance de l’environnement, sont autant de facteurs qui facilitent l’apprentissage de la mobilité indépendante.
Programmatic creative: AI can think but it cannot feel
Authors: Bakpayev Marat , Baek Tae Hyun , van Esch Patrick , Yoon Sukki
Published: April 2020

The authors conduct two studies to examine artificial intelligence (AI) in creative programmatic contexts. Findings indicate that consumers have equally favorable attitudes toward human-created and Al-created cognitive-oriented advertising, but form lower evaluations of Al-created emotion-oriented creative content. Programmatic creative ads are effective for rational appeals and utilitarian products, but are ineffective for emotional appeals and hedonic products. The studies indicate that human rather than AI input is needed for creating emotion-oriented advertisements.
Different Neural Correlates of Sexually Preferred and Sexually Nonpreferred Stimuli
Authors: Long Xipeng , Tian Fangfang , Zhou Yushan , Cheng Bochao , Jia Zhiyun
Published: April 2020

Background

The differences and relationships between stimulus-related brain activation for sexually preferred stimuli and sexually nonpreferred stimuli are still unclear.

Aim

This study aimed to identify brain regions that were mostly associated with sexual stimuli.

Methods

We used the activation likelihood estimation, meta-analytic connectivity modelling, and behavioral domain metadata in the BrainMap database to perform this analysis.

Outcomes

We found convergent activation foci and created a model for the extended brain network involved in responses to sexual stimuli and also assessed the functional properties of these regions.

Results

A total of 34 experiments from 15 studies including 368 subjects and 343 foci were analyzed. The results showed that sexual stimuli are related to the extensive activation of the occipital-temporal-limbic system and less extensive activation of the basal ganglia. Sexually preferred stimuli activated mainly the anterior cingulate cortex and right fusiform gyrus, while sexually nonpreferred stimuli activated the limbic system, occipital gyrus, and thalamus.

Clinical Implications

To have a further understanding of the central mechanisms of human sexuality.

Strengths & Limitations

Patient characteristics and analysis techniques in the included studies were heterogeneous.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that the anterior cingulate cortex is an important cognitive control area for both sexually preferred and nonpreferred stimuli. Meta-analytic connectivity modelling analysis revealed a network of the core brain areas involved in response to sexual stimuli, and behavioral domain analysis indicated that these areas have both common and discrete functional properties.
Free tissue reconstruction of the anterior skull base: A review
Authors: Bell Elizabeth Bradford , Cohen Erin R. , Sargi Zoukaa , Leibowitz Jason
Published: April 2020

Objective

There has been a significant shift from open craniofacial resection of the anterior skull base to endoscopic approaches that accomplish the same outcomes in tumor ablation. However, when open resection is required, free flap reconstruction is often necessary to provide sufficient well‐vascularized tissue for optimal wound healing as well as providing adequate tissue bulk for cosmesis. This articleaims to providea focused review of free flaps most commonly used in anterior skull base reconstruction.

Methods

This is a state‐of‐the‐art review based on expert opinion and previously published reviews and journal articles, queried using PubMed and Google Scholar.

Results & conclusion

Anterior skull base reconstruction via free tissue transfer is imperative in limiting complications and promoting healing, particularly with large defects, post‐radiation, and in at‐risk patients. The type of free flap utilized for a particular anterior skull base reconstruction should be tailored to the patient and nature of the disease. This review offers insight into the numerous reconstructive options for the free flap surgeon.
Endovascular Thrombectomy for Low ASPECTS Large Vessel Occlusion Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Diestro Jose Danilo B. , Dmytriw Adam A. , Broocks Gabriel , Chen Karen , Hirsch Joshua A. , Kemmling Andre , Phan Kevin , Bharatha Aditya
Published: April 2020

Background:

The current American Heart Association guidelines for acute ischemic stroke reserve Grade 1A recommendation for the use of endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) for patients with an Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score (ASPECTS) of ≥6.

Objective:

We aim to determine the safety and efficacy of EVT for large vessel occlusion ischemic stroke patients with low ASPECTS (5 or less).

Methods:

Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for studies appraising the outcomes of EVT for low ASPECTS ischemic stroke. A meta-analysis of proportions compared the clinical outcomes of patients undergoing EVT and those receiving best medical therapy only.

Results:

Nine studies (1,196 patients) were included. There was a trend (p = 0.11) toward a higher rate of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) in the EVT group (9.2%; 95% CI 6.1–13.6; I2 53.37%) compared to the medical group (5.5%; 95% CI 3.7–8.1; I2 0%). There was no difference (p = 0.41) in the pooled 90-day mortality of EVT patients (30.7%; 95% CI 21.7–41.5; I2 84.23%) and medical patients (36.6%; 95% CI 26.4–48.1; I2 76.2%). EVT patients had better (p = 0.001) 90-day outcomes, with 27.7% (95% CI 21.8–34.5; I2 62.08%) of patients attaining a modified Rankin Scale of 0–2 compared to only 3.7% (95% CI 2.3–5.9; I2 87.21%) in the medical group.

Conclusions:

This meta-analysis demonstrates a trend in higher sICH among low ASPECTS patients undergoing EVT. Despite this, a significant proportion of this subset of patients still achieved good functional outcomes at 90 days. Randomized trials are necessary to substantiate this result as significant bias is inherent in the observational studies included in this review.
Evaluation Model for Hospital Response Capability for Public Health Emergency
Authors: Wang Yan-shang , Sun Hua-jun , Zou Jia-chen , Ning Jie , Du Yue
Published: April 2020

Objectives:

We aimed to explore and create an evaluation model to assess hospital response capability for a public health emergency (PHE).

Methods:

Grounded theory was used to construct a comprehensive evaluation index system. Combining with the index system and previous studies and policy documents, we investigated surge capability of hospitals in a PHE. The factor analysis method was used to establish the model.

Results:

The comprehensive evaluation system with 11 primary and 30 secondary indicators was constructed. A total of 89 secondary and tertiary hospitals were surveyed in China. The evaluation model (C = 0.587C1 + 0.151C2 + 0.140C3 + 0.122C4) was established. Four factors were identified, namely, preparation factor, treatment factor, emergency awareness factor, and prehospital first-aid factor.

Conclusions:

A public health emergency could bring huge losses and a capable hospital response was necessary. There was an urgent need to evaluate hospital capability for a PHE.
HODGE IDEALS FOR -DIVISORS, -FILTRATION, AND MINIMAL EXPONENT
Authors: MUSTAŢĂ MIRCEA , POPA MIHNEA
Published: April 2020

We compute the Hodge ideals of

$\mathbb{Q}$

-divisors in terms of the

$V$

-filtration induced by a local defining equation, inspired by a result of Saito in the reduced case. We deduce basic properties of Hodge ideals in this generality, and relate them to Bernstein–Sato polynomials. As a consequence of our study we establish general properties of the minimal exponent, a refined version of the log canonical threshold, and bound it in terms of discrepancies on log resolutions, addressing a question of Lichtin and Kollár.
Decision making to discharge patients from airborne infection isolation rooms: The role of a single GeneXpert MTB/RIF strategy in Brazil
Authors: Menon Lucas José Bazzo , Feliciano Cinara Silva , de Campos Mateus Rennó , Bollela Valdes Roberto
Published: April 2020

Objective:

Tuberculosis (TB) transmission in healthcare facilities is still a concern in low-income countries, where airborne isolation rooms are scarce due to high costs. We evaluated the use of single GeneXpert MTB/RIF, the molecular Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) DNA and resistance to rifampicin (RIF) test, as an accurate and faster alternative to the current criteria of 3 negative acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smears to remove patients from airborne isolation.

Methods:

In this real-world investigation, we evaluated the impact of a single GeneXpert MTB/RIF on the decision making for discharging patients from respiratory isolation. We enrolled patients with suspected pulmonary TB in a public hospital that provides care for high-complexity patients in Brazil. We studied the performance, costs, and time saved comparing the GeneXpert MTB/RIF with AFB smears.

Results:

We enrolled 644 patients in 3 groups based on the number of AFB smears performed (1, 2, and 3, respectively) on respiratory specimens. GeneXpert MTB/RIF demonstrated good performance compared to AFB smear to rule out TB in all groups. The negative predictive value for AFB smear was 94% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.90–0.97) and 98% (95% CIs, 0.94–0.99) for GeneXpert MTB/RIF in G3. The isolation discharge based on 3 AFB smears took 84 hours compared to 24 hours with GeneXpert MTB/RIF, which represents 560 patient-days saved in the isolation rooms.

Conclusion:

A single GeneXpert MTB/RIF is a fast and strong predictor for TB absence in a high-complexity hospital, which is quite similar to results obtained in recent studies in low-burden settings. This molecular test may also increase patient rotation through isolation rooms, with a positive impact in the emergency room and infectious diseases wards.
The last pteraspids (Vertebrata, Heterostraci): new material from the Middle Devonian of Alberta and Idaho
Authors: Elliott David K. , Lassiter Linda S. , Geyer Kathryn E.
Published: April 2020

This report documents the last pteraspids, (armored, jawless members of the Heterostraci), which are otherwise only known from the Early Devonian of the Old Red Sandstone Continent. Tuberculate pteraspid heterostracans are described from the Middle Devonian beds of two formations in western North America. The late Givetian Yahatinda Formation of Alberta and British Columbia consists of channels cut into lower Paleozoic rocks and represents deposition in marine to littoral environments.Clavulaspis finis(Elliott et al., 2000a) new combination is redescribed from additional material from the Yahatinda Formation and reassigned to the new genusClavulaspisbecause the original genus name is invalid. The Eifelian Spring Mountain beds of Idaho consist of a large channel that represents a clastic-dominated estuarine environment. It containsScutellaspis wilsoninew genus new species, and the previously described species from the Spring Mountain beds is redescribed and reassigned toEcphymaspisnew genus, which was prompted by new material and a review of the validity of the original genus name. Phylogenetic analysis shows that these three new taxa form part of the derived clade Protaspididae.

UUID:http://zoobank.org/9cf09b21-cec1-4ce4-bc2b-658d0b515e10
Effect of daily consumption of cranberry beverage on insulin sensitivity and modification of cardiovascular risk factors in adults with obesity: a pilot, randomised, placebo-controlled study
Authors: Hsia Daniel S. , Zhang Derek J. , Beyl Robbie S. , Greenway Frank L. , Khoo Christina
Published: April 2020

Cranberries are high in polyphenols, and epidemiological studies have shown that a high-polyphenol diet may reduce risk factors for diabetes and CVD. The present study aimed to determine if short-term cranberry beverage consumption would improve insulin sensitivity and other cardiovascular risk factors. Thirty-five individuals with obesity and with elevated fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance participated in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-designed pilot trial. Participants consumed 450 ml of low-energy cranberry beverage or placebo daily for 8 weeks. Changes in insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk factors including vascular reactivity, blood pressure, RMR, glucose tolerance, lipid profiles and oxidative stress biomarkers were evaluated. Change in insulin sensitivity via hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamp was not different between the two groups. Levels of 8-isoprostane (biomarker of lipid peroxidation) decreased in the cranberry group but increased in the placebo group (–2·18 v. +20·81 pg/ml; P = 0·02). When stratified by baseline C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, participants with high CRP levels (>4 mg/l) benefited more from cranberry consumption. In this group, significant differences in the mean change from baseline between the cranberry (n 10) and the placebo groups (n 7) in levels of TAG (–13·75 v. +10·32 %; P = 0·04), nitrate (+3·26 v. −6·28 µmol/l; P = 0·02) and 8-isoprostane (+0·32 v. +30·8 pg/ml; P = 0·05) were observed. These findings indicate that 8 weeks of daily cranberry beverage consumption may not impact insulin sensitivity but may be helpful in lowering TAG and changing certain oxidative stress biomarkers in individuals with obesity and a proinflammatory state.
Depression in Ménière's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Patel J J , Levy D A , Nguyen S A , Rizk H G , Meyer T A
Published: April 2020

Background

Ménière's disease is a debilitating chronic peripheral vestibular disorder associated with psychiatric co-morbidities, notably depression.

Methods

Database searches were performed to identify studies that assessed depression in Ménière's disease. Metrics used to diagnose depression were extracted, along with the prevalence of depression in each study.

Results

Fifteen studies from 8 different countries reported on 6587 patients. The weighted average age was 55.3 years (range, 21–88 years). Depression was measured by eight different scales, with Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale used most often. A weighted proportion of 45.9 per cent of patients (confidence interval = 28.9–63.3) were depressed. Weighted averages (± standard deviations) of Beck's Depression Inventory and the Illness Behavior Questionnaire – Dysphoria were 8.5 ± 7.9 and 2.4 ± 1.7, respectively.

Conclusion

The prevalence of depression in patients with Ménière's disease is nearly 50 per cent. Treating otolaryngologists should have a low threshold to screen and refer appropriately. Identifying and treating depression should allow for improvement of overall quality of life in patients with Ménière's disease.
PUFA and their derivatives in neurotransmission and synapses: a new hallmark of synaptopathies
Authors: Di Miceli Mathieu , Bosch-Bouju Clémentine , Layé Sophie
Published: April 2020

PUFA of then-3 andn-6 families are present in high concentration in the brain where they are major components of cell membranes. The main forms found in the brain are DHA (22 :6,n-3) and arachidonic acid (20:4,n-6). In the past century, several studies pinpointed that modifications ofn-3 andn-6 PUFA levels in the brain through dietary supply or genetic means are linked to the alterations of synaptic function. Yet, synaptopathies emerge as a common characteristic of neurodevelopmental disorders, neuropsychiatric diseases and some neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding the mechanisms of action underlying the activity of PUFA at the level of synapses is thus of high interest. In this frame, dietary supplementation in PUFA aiming at restoring or promoting the optimal function of synapses appears as a promising strategy to treat synaptopathies. This paper reviews the link between dietary PUFA, synapse formation and the role of PUFA and their metabolites in synaptic functions.
Hepatitis A outbreak in HIV-infected patients in Southeastern France: questions and responses?
Authors: Martin A. , Meddeb L. , Lagier J. C. , Colson P. , Menard A.
Published: April 2020

During the 2017 European hepatitis A (HA) outbreak we assessed HA incidence in our cohort of 2300 HIV-infected patients, implemented preventive measures and evaluated practices and knowledge on sexually transmitted diseases (STD). HA incidence was assessed between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2017 and included all symptomatic patients with virologically confirmed HA. Preventive measures consisted in identifying at risk and not immunised patients to propose them a free HAV vaccination, and an anonymous survey related to transmission routes of STD and to sexual behaviours. Twenty HA were diagnosed. All were homosexual men recently diagnosed with HIV and another STD. None were vaccinated against hepatitis A virus (HAV). Hospitalisation was required for 52%. We identified 250 patients at risk to acquire HAV and invited them to a free immunisation program. A total of 110 (44%) were vaccinated, of whom 74 responded to our survey. A majority of them (84%) reported recent active anal and oral sexuality with multiple (52%) male partners (81%), and ChemSex consumption (14%). Internet was the meeting link for 58%. Another STD history was found in 69%. One third of these individuals had no idea about STD transmission modes. This HA outbreak pointed the insufficient vaccine coverage against HAV and knowledge on STD, which may be improved by Internet.
Spaces and spatialities in Paris between the ninth and nineteenth centuries: urban morphology generated by the management of otherness
Authors: Noizet Hélène
Published: April 2020

Based on the different type of ecclesiastical institutions, an analysis of the plots owned and developed by the different orders reveals that some spatial characteristics endure in the modern city. The degree of fragmentation and the nature of subsequent urban development is shown to be a function of the type of church established in the medieval period. The examples are based on detailed plot analysis in Paris.
Exploring the impact of safety behaviour use on cognitive, psychophysiological, emotional and behavioural responses during a speech task
Authors: Tutino Jessica S. , Ouimet Allison J. , Ferguson Ryan J.
Published: April 2020

Background:

There is a debate among researchers and clinicians regarding whether the judicious use of safety behaviours (SBs) during exposure therapy is helpful or detrimental. Central to this debate is the premise that SBs may interfere with one’s ability to gather disconfirmatory evidence.

Aims:

No study to date has assessed how SB use may impact cognitive mechanisms implicated during an exposure-like task. We investigated multiple cognitive, emotional, psychophysiological and behavioural underpinnings of exposure with and without SBs.

Method:

Speech anxious participants (n = 111) were randomly assigned to deliver an evaluated speech with or without SBs. Self-reported anxiety ratings and psychophysiological arousal measures were recorded at baseline, in anticipation of the speech, and following the speech. Measures of working memory, ability to gather disconfirmatory evidence, speech duration, objective and subjective speech performance, and speech task acceptability were administered.

Results:

There were no differences between conditions on working memory, self-reported anxiety, psychophysiological arousal, ability to gather disconfirmatory evidence, speech duration, or objective and subjective speech performance. All participants were able to gather disconfirmatory evidence. However, condition did influence willingness to deliver future speeches. Our sample was largely female undergraduate students, and we offered only a small number of specific safety behaviours.

Conclusions:

Judicious SB use may not necessarily be detrimental, but clients may believe them to be more helpful than they actually are.
Maternal folic acid supplementation and more prominent birth weight gain in twin birth compared with singleton birth: a cross-sectional study in northwest China
Authors: Zhang Binyan , Shang Suhang , Li Shanshan , Mi Baibing , Li Minmin , Shi Guoshuai , Ma Mao , Wang Qian , Yan Hong , Dang Shaonong
Published: April 2020

Objective:

To investigate the association of folic acid (FA) supplementation with birth weight, the risk of small for gestational age (SGA) and low birth weight (LBW) in singleton and twin pregnancy.

Design:

A population-based cross-sectional survey.

Setting:

Twenty counties and ten districts in Shaanxi Province of northwestern China, 2013.

Participants:

28 174 pregnant women with their infants, covering 27 818 single live births and 356 twin live births.

Results:

The prevalence of FA supplementation in singletons and twins was 63·9 and 66·3 %. The mean birth weight was 3267 (sd 459·1) g, 2525 (sd 534·0) g and 2494 (sd 539·5) g; the prevalence of SGA was 14·3, 51·4 and 53·4 %; the prevalence of LBW was 3·4, 42·4 and 46·6 % among singleton, twin A and twin B, respectively. Compared with non-users, women with FA supplementation were (β 17·3, 95 % CI 6·1, 28·4; β 166·3, 95 % CI 69·1, 263·5) associated with increased birth weight, lower risk of SGA (OR 0·85, 95 % CI 0·80, 0·92; OR 0·45, 95 % CI 0·30, 0·68) and LBW (OR 0·82, 95 % CI 0·71, 0·95; OR 0·50, 95 % CI 0·33, 0·75) in singletons and twins, and more prominent effects in twins. Moreover, there were significant interactions between FA supplementation and plurality on birth weight, SGA and LBW.

Conclusions:

The present study suggests the association of periconceptional 0·4 mg/d FA supplementation with increased birth weight and reduced risk of SGA and LBW in both singletons and twins, and this association may be more prominent in twins.
Diet diversity score and healthy eating index in relation to diet quality and socio-demographic factors: results from a cross-sectional national dietary survey of Swedish adolescents
Authors: Moraeus Lotta , Lindroos Anna Karin , Warensjö Lemming Eva , Mattisson Irene
Published: April 2020

Objective:

Groups with low socio-economic status have less healthy diets and higher prevalence of non-communicable diseases. Using the latest Swedish national dietary survey data, we developed a healthy eating index and a diet diversity score with the aim to explore associations between the scores and socio-demographic factors.

Design:

Cross-sectional national dietary survey. A web-based retrospective registration of food and beverages during 2 d was used to assess dietary intake. This information was used to construct the Swedish Healthy Eating Index for Adolescents 2015 (SHEIA15) and the Riksmaten Adolescents Diet Diversity Score (RADDS). The scores were based on the latest Swedish dietary guidelines from 2015. Intakes of food and nutrients across the scores were examined. Mixed-effects multilevel models were used to assess associations between the scores and household education, sex, school grade, weight status and school municipality.

Setting:

School-based survey in Sweden.

Participants:

2905 adolescents in grades 5, 8 and 11, 56 % girls.

Results:

High scores on SHEIA15 and RADDS were associated with higher intake of vegetables, fish and several nutrients, and lower intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and red meat. Boys and participants in households with lower education level scored lower on both indices. Individuals with overweight/obesity scored lower on RADDS.

Conclusions:

The newly developed indices can be used to identify healthy eating patterns among Swedish adolescents. Both indices show that boys and adolescents from households with lower education level have poorer dietary habits. Lower diet diversity was related to overweight/obesity, but the overall healthy eating index was not.
A growing need for youth mental health services in Canada: examining trends in youth mental health from 2011 to 2018
Authors: Wiens K. , Bhattarai A. , Pedram P. , Dores A. , Williams J. , Bulloch A. , Patten S.
Published: April 2020

Aims

The mental health of youth is continually changing and requires reliable monitoring to ensure that adequate social and economic resources are allocated. This study assessed trends in mental health among Canadian youth, 12–24 years old. Specifically, we examined the prevalence of poor/fair perceived mental health, diagnosis of mood and anxiety disorders, suicidality, perceived stress and sleep problems, substance use, and mental health consultations.

Methods

Data were collected from eight cycles of the annual Canadian Community Health Survey (2011–2018). Prevalence of mental health outcomes was calculated from each survey, and meta-regression was used to assess trends over time. In the absence of a significant trend over time, the eight cycles were pooled together using meta-analysis techniques to gain precision. Trends in prevalence were assessed for the overall sample of youth (12–24 years) and separately for male and female adolescents (12–18 years) and young adults (19–24 years).

Results

The prevalence of poor/fair perceived mental health, diagnosed mood and anxiety disorders, and past-year mental health consultations increased from 2011 to 2018, most strongly among young adult females. Past-year suicidality increased among young adult females but did not change for other age and sex groups. Notably, the prevalence of binge drinking decreased by 2.4% per year for young adult males, 1.0% for young adult females and 0.7% per year for adolescent males, while staying relatively stable for adolescent females. Prevalence of cannabis use declined among adolescents before legalisation (2011–2017); however, this trend did not persist in 2018. Instead, the 2018 prevalence was 5.6% higher than the 2017 prevalence (16.3 v. 10.7%). The combined prevalence of other illicit drug use was stable at 4.6%; however, cocaine use and hallucinogens increased by approximately 0.2% per year.

Conclusions

Our findings highlight a growing need for youth mental health services, as indicated by a rise in the prevalence of diagnosed mood and anxiety disorders and past-year mental health consultations. The reason for these observed increases is less apparent – it may represent a true rise in the prevalence of mental illness, or be an artefact of change in diagnostic practices, mental health literacy or diminishing stigma. Nonetheless, the findings indicate a need for the health care system to respond to the rising demand for mental health services among youth.
Auswirkungen adoleszenter Mutterschaft auf die kindliche Entwicklung im Vorschulalter – Identifikation mütterlicher Risikofaktoren
Authors: Jahnen Lea , Konrad Kerstin , Dahmen Brigitte , Herpertz-Dahlmann Beate , Firk Christine
Published: April 2020

Zusammenfassung. Fragestellung: Ziel der Längsschnittstudie ist es, herauszufinden, welche mütterlichen Faktoren die Auswirkungen adoleszenter Mutterschaft auf die kognitive und sprachliche Entwicklung sowie Verhaltensprobleme bei Kindern im Vorschulalter beeinflussen. Basierend auf dem aktuellen Stand der Literatur wurden mütterliche Feinfühligkeit (EA), Sozioökonomischer Status (SES) und psychische Belastung als mögliche Einflussfaktoren identifiziert. Methodik: N = 31 adoleszente und N = 47 adulte Mütter mit ihren Kindern im Alter von 3.0 bis 5.9 Jahren (M = 3.55) nahmen an der Studie teil. Kindliche Variablen beinhalteten die kognitive Entwicklung (WPPSI-III), Sprachentwicklung (SSV) und Verhaltensprobleme (SDQ). Mütterliche Faktoren umfassen mütterliche Feinfühligkeit in der Mutter-Kind Interaktion (EA), sozioökonomischen Status (SES) sowie psychische Belastung (BSI-18). Ergebnisse: Kinder adoleszenter Mütter erzielten schlechtere Leistungen in ihrer kognitiven und sprachlichen Entwicklung und wurden von ihren Müttern als verhaltensauffälliger beschrieben als Kinder adulter Mütter. Mediationsanalysen zeigten, dass der Effekt des Alters der Mütter auf die kognitive Entwicklung der Kinder über eine geringere Feinfühligkeit mediiert wurde. Ferner wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen mütterlichem Alter und kindlichen Verhaltensauffälligkeiten über eine höhere psychische Belastung der Mütter mediiert. Schlussfolgerung: Kinder adoleszenter Mütter weisen, verglichen mit gleichaltrigen Kindern adulter Mütter, im Vorschulalter Entwicklungsdefizite auf. Diese können teilweise durch eine geringere Feinfühligkeit und eine höhere psychische Belastung adoleszenter Mütter erklärt werden.
Relaxation of Wind Stress Drives the Abrupt Onset of Biological Carbon Uptake in the Kerguelen Bloom: A Multisensor Approach
Authors: Pellichero Violaine , Boutin Jacqueline , Claustre Hervé , Merlivat Liliane , Sallée Jean‐Baptiste , Blain Stéphane
Published: April 2020

We deployed sensors for physical and biogeochemical measurements on one Eulerian mooring and two Lagrangian biogeochemical Argo floats on the Kerguelen Plateau. High temporal and vertical resolution measurements revealed an abrupt shoaling of both the mixed‐layer depth and mixing‐layer depth. The sudden stratification was concomitant with the start of significant biological activity detected by chlorophyll‐a accumulation, oxygen oversaturation, and dissolved inorganic carbon drawdown. The net community production computed in the mixing‐layer during the onset period of 9 days was 119 ± 7 mmol·m−2·day−1. While it is generally admitted that bloom initiation is mostly driven by the onset of positive heat fluxes, our results suggest that this is not a sufficient condition. Here we report that the decrease in the depth over which wind mixes the upper layer drives the initiation of the bloom. These results suggest that future atmospheric changes in Southern Ocean could impact the phenology of the blooms.
Revisiting Recent U.S. Heat Waves in a Warmer and More Humid Climate
Authors: Rastogi Deeksha , Lehner Flavio , Ashfaq Moetasim
Published: April 2020

The frequency and intensity of heat waves in the United States is projected to increase in the 21st century. We investigate dry and humid heat waves in a pair of high‐resolution model simulations that constrain large‐scale atmospheric circulation, to isolate the thermodynamic impacts on characteristics of present and future heat waves over the United States. The two kinds of heat waves show differences in mean intensity, amplitude, duration, and frequency over the Southeast, Northeast, and Midwest, while their characteristics are largely similar in the drier central and western United States. In a warmer climate, relative humidity is projected to decrease during dry heat waves, whereas it remains unchanged during humid heat waves. However, the overall increase in daily maximum temperature intensifies the heat stress during future humid and dry heat waves across all regions. With large‐scale circulation constrained, these simulations emphasize the importance of thermodynamic drivers in determining future heat wave characteristics.