bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
World Economic Growth, Systemic Leadership, and Southern Debt Crises
Authors: Reuveny Rafael , Thompson William R.
Published: May 2004

Conventionally, Southern debt crises are thought to be isolated policy problems that take place from time to time. This article extends the leadership-long cycle approach to international political economy to explain the recurrence of Southern debt crises. The focus is on global debt crises that affect many Southern countries at the same time, as opposed to localized crises that affect a single country or few countries. The unit of analysis is subsystemic, where countries are classified as belonging to the South (less developed) or the North (developed). Within this context, Southern debt problems are part of a structural process associated with long waves of global economic growth and technological innovation. Radical innovation in the North discontinuously stimulates growth in the North. Northern prosperity increases the demand for Southern exports. To meet the increased demand, the South borrows from the North but is then unable to meet interest payments when Northern economic growth and Northern demand for Southern commodities decay. Three other forces of significance are the levels of systemic leadership, Northern conflict, and the inherent inertia of Southern debt problems. Testing this argument with annual data from 1870 to 1989 on the proportion of Southern countries in the international system that experience debt crises, it is found that Southern debt crises, systematically and significantly, are less likely in the presence of strong systemic political-economic leadership and world economic growth, and are more likely in the presence of Northern conflict and past Southern debt crises.
Stalemate and the Termination of Civil War: Rhodesia Reassessed
Authors: Preston Matthew
Published: May 2004

Investigating the Rhodesian war of 1972–80, and the military circumstances surrounding the successful Lancaster House peace conference of 1979, this article investigates the utility of the concept of ‘stalemate’ in civil war termination. It finds that there was a rough military parity in Rhodesia in 1979. Zimbabwean guerrilla tactics were proving effective, undermining the settler state’s systems of rural rule, increasing recruitment and neutralizing the peasant population. Meanwhile, Rhodesian countermeasures failed to halt guerrilla infiltration. Focusing too heavily on killing guerrillas rather than protecting the rural population and with a weakening economy and disjointed command-and-control system, the Rhodesian authorities failed to derive significant benefits from attempting to win ‘hearts and minds’, allying with African paramilitaries and moderate nationalists, and attacking guerrilla bases in Zambia and Mozambique. However, despite escalation between 1976 and 1979, the Rhodesian regime was not defeated. But there was no stalemate: the fighting was too intense, it was too explicitly political in character and, though the British mediators felt that there was military parity, the belligerents themselves all expected to win. The acceptance of a negotiated settlement is not explained by ‘deadlock’, ‘escalation’ or ‘turning point’ instead, it derived from developments within the belligerent factions and from leverage exercised by regional patrons. Military factors helped determine the shape of the settlement, but not the achievement of it.
‘New Wars’ Discourse in Germany
Authors: Brzoska Michael
Published: May 2004

The past few years have seen the development in Germany of a discourse on the phenomenon of ‘new wars’. This debate on the nature and cause of new wars is linked to changes in German military policy in the 1990s as well as to growing criticism of globalization. In particular, this review discusses as examples two books that have found wide audiences. In contrast to much of current Anglo-Saxon mainstream research on internal conflicts, emphasis in Germany is placed on the effects of globalization as a major factor in the causation of new wars. Globalization speeds up the decay of states and provides rebels with opportunities they previously did not have. In addition, new wars are characterized by asymmetry in warfare. Therefore, with the growing availability of small arms and light weapons, these wars have grown in number. The authors of the books under review have preferred to adopt a holistic approach to examining collective violence, which allows for the integration into their analysis, in addition to warfare, of a good number of contemporary phenomena, including terrorism and globalization. However, there are methodological shortcomings. In particular, general propositions are often made on the basis of reports from selected cases, without recourse to quantitative evidence.
Reaching Across the Dividing Line: Building a Collective Vision for Peace in Cyprus
Authors: Broome Benjamin J.
Published: May 2004

Although the conflict on the eastern Mediterranean island of Cyprus has resisted for decades attempts by third parties to negotiate a political solution, and in spite of communication barriers that until recently made contact between ordinary citizens extremely difficult, a number of initiatives have brought together groups of citizens who have formed interpersonal alliances across the buffer zone that divides the island. This article focuses on one of these citizen groups that met over a nine-month period, examining in detail the phase of the group’s work in which participants created a ‘collective vision statement’ to guide their peacebuilding efforts. The group encountered many difficulties, ranging from internal dissent to outside pressures, but it was able to work through them by employing a structured methodology for dialogue that gave voice to individual contributions and promoted a consensus that reflected the variety of needs and opinions within the group. The vision statement created by the group was instrumental in its future work, in which the group developed and implemented a collaborative action agenda for peacebuilding activities. It is suggested that such vision statements, developed through a consensus process that assists groups in managing their discussions fruitfully, help focus the group toward a common set of goals, while preserving individual views and perspectives.
Congo: The Prize of Predation
Authors: Olsson Ola , Fors Heather Congdon
Published: May 2004

The article analyzes the war against Mobutu (1996-97) and the more recent war (1998-) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo with particular attention to greed and grievance as motivating factors in these two wars. Whereas the authors’ usage of the term ‘greed’ simply reflects the desire to gain control of natural resource rents, they model ‘grievance’ as deliberate institutional differences, implemented by the ruler, between the formal and informal sectors. On the basis of quantitative and qualitative evidence, the authors outline a model of a predatory conflict between a kleptocratic ruler and a group of potential predators within a given region. The potential predators choose between peaceful production and predation on the ruling elite, who control the country’s natural resource rents. It is shown that institutional grievance between the formal and informal sectors, along with the relative strength of the ruler’s defense, play a key role for the initiation of a war. This observation is used to explain the timing of the two wars analyzed in this article. The model also shows that once a war has commenced, the abundance of natural resources and the ruler’s kleptocratic tendencies determine conflict intensity. This result is also well in line with experience from the most recent Congolese war.
African Militaries and Rebellion: The Political Economy of Threat and Combat Effectiveness
Authors: Herbst Jeffrey
Published: May 2004

War in Africa has recently attracted significant attention because the continent seems more prone to conflict than others and because any disruption in security is especially threatening to populations, like those in most of Africa, where people are already living at the margins. A growing and productive literature has emerged focussing on the motivations of rebels during these wars. Important econometric work has attempted to explain the economic and political motivations of rebels; there have been case studies of different guerilla movements; and cross-national analysis of the organization of rebellion. However, there has been no corresponding literature on, quite literally, the other side: the political economy of how and why national militaries perform during civil war. This article will examine the geographic, political, and economic determinants of how African militaries face the threat of rebellion and of differential levels of effectiveness in combating insurgents. The size of the country appears to be an important determinant of the initial course of an insurrection: in small countries there is often a battle for the capital that can end fairly quickly, but in big countries different armies can occupy important pieces of territory far from each other and avoid having to fight an immediate battle to the death. Once conflicts have begun, it appears that the nature of the rebel threat - especially whether it is internal or external - and the degree of fungible resources provided by the international community are both important determinants of how well African armies are able to mobilize to fight. The article concludes that the international community must consider how to help African countries strengthen militaries as well as police and intelligence agencies, so that it is possible for governments to respond quickly to rebel threats.
Does Conflict Beget Conflict? Explaining Recurring Civil War
Authors: Walter Barbara F.
Published: May 2004

This article attempts to explain why some countries experience civil wars while others do not. It argues that renewed war is likely to have less to do with the attributes of a previous war, as many people have argued, than with current incentives individual citizens have to rejoin a rebel group. Civil wars will have little chance to get off the ground unless individual farmers, shopkeepers, and potential workers choose to enlist in the rebel armies that are necessary to pursue a war, and enlistment is only likely to be attractive when two conditions hold. The first is a situation of individual hardship or severe dissatisfaction with one’s current situation. The second is the absence of any nonviolent means for change. An analysis of all civil wars ending between 1945 and 1996 suggests that a higher quality of life and greater access to political participation have a significant negative effect on the likelihood of renewed war. Countries that provide higher levels of economic well-being to their citizenry and create an open political system are less likely to experience multiple civil wars regardless of what happened in a previous conflict.
Where Have all the Hot Goods Gone? The Role of Pawnshops
Authors: Fass Simon M. , Francis Janice
Published: May 2004

Recent research argues that because markets for stolen goods act as incentives to steal, police and criminologists should shift attention from thieves to methods of disrupting demand for the goods. The underlying research, however, is too thin to support this advice. Effective policy requires considerably more investigation. Analysis of pawn transaction data from Texas supports this assessment. It suggests that proposals to disrupt demand are unlikely to succeed, partly because similar actions already applied to pawnshops have shown limited effect, mainly because hot goods are invisible in the daily flow of secondhand merchandise through the general retail market. Police and criminologists should remain focused on thieves and their apprehension, and on pursuing ways to do this more efficiently, such as through improved tracking of pawn transactions. There may be other intervention possibilities as well, but much more empirical research is required to identify them.
Tensions in Learning to Teach
Authors: Smagorinsky Peter , Cook Leslie Susan , Moore Cynthia , Jackson Alecia Y. , Fry Pamela G.
Published: May 2004

This article analyzes how Sharon, a student teacher, negotiated the different conceptions of teaching that provided the expectations for good instruction in her university and the site of her student teaching and how her effort to reconcile the different belief systems affected her identity as a teacher. The key settings of Sharon’s experience were the university program, her third-grade class at Harding Elementary, and her first teaching job. During student teaching, Sharon experienced frustrating tensions because her cooperating teacher provided little room for experimentation, mentoring instead with a mimetic approach. When in her first job, Sharon had the opportunity to resolve instructional problems with greater authority. We see tensions that require a socially contextualized intellectual resolution rather than simply one of relational accommodation as potentially productive in creating environments conductive to the formation of a satisfying teaching identity.
Democratic Practices and Dialogic Frameworks
Authors: Fenimore-Smith J. Kay
Published: May 2004

This article examines how the democratic practices of a teamed model of student teaching affect the student teachers’ susceptibility to be “summoned” by cultural myths of teaching as described by Britzman. Development and implementation of the teamed model was the basis for a case study of the mediation of power within the context of a student teaching experience. The teamed model was designed to develop dialogic practices that breach the dualism of theory and practice. The study was grounded in critical theory. Action research provided the framework for the participants’ systematic inquiry and reflection of pedagogy and served as a catalyst for implementing democratic practices within the teamed model. Findings reveal the possibilities for democratic practices to reposition mythical images of teaching from individual enterprise to a socially negotiated experience.
Considering Criticality and Culture as Pivotal in Transformative Teacher Education
Authors: Greenman Nancy P. , Dieckmann Jack A.
Published: May 2004

In this article, we consider the efficacy of criticality in cultural context for transformative teacher education. We present data about how a small purposive sample of educators who participated in a culturally based university course found the experience to be pivotal in their personal and professional development. For this article we ask: (a) What about the nature of the course made it an opportunity for transformative experience? and (b) What is the importance of criticality and culture in transformative educational experiences? Data were gathered through student-professor personal and dialogic experiential reconstruction, review of documents and evaluations, and extensive semistructured ethnographic interviews, all of which were coded and analyzed thematically. We conclude that, though the processes cannot be reified, criticality and praxis in cultural context are efficacious for transformative teacher education.
Productivity Impacts and Spillovers from Foreign Ownership in the United Kingdom
Authors: Harris Richard , Robinson Catherine
Published: May 2004

In this paper, we measure the indirect impact of FDI on the total factor productivity of domestic plants in a number of UK manufacturing industries, 1974–95, using a standard production-function-based approach. We use data from the UK ARD and information derived from UK input-output tables. Our results indicate that the competition and ‘absorption capacity’ effect at times outweighs potential benefits, leading to negative spillovers. We also find that inter-industry spillovers are generally more prevalent than intra-industry spillovers. We conclude that the nature of spillovers is such that measurement techniques traditionally adopted fail to explain adequately their complex and diverse nature.
For a Sociological Marxism: The Complementary Convergence of Antonio Gramsci and Karl Polanyi
Authors: Burawoy Michael
Published: May 2004

The postcommunist age calls for a Sociological Marxism that gives pride of place to society alongside but distinct from state and economy. This Sociological Marxism can be traced to the writings of Gramsci and Polanyi. Hailing from different social worlds and following different Marxist traditions, both converged on a similar critique and transcendence of Classical Marxism. For Gramsci advanced capitalism is marked by the expansion of civil society, which, with the state, acts to stabilize class relations and provide a terrain for challenging capitalism. For Polanyi expansion of the market threatens society, which reacts by (re)constituting itself as active society, thereby harboring the embryo of a democratic socialism. This article appropriates “society” as a Marxist concept and deploys it to interpret the rise and fall of communist orders, the shift from politics of class to politics of recognition, the transition from colonialism to postcolonialism, and the development of an emergent transnationalism.
The Near-Death of Liberal Capitalism: Perceptions from the Weber to the Polanyi Brothers
Authors: Roth Guenther
Published: May 2004

Karl Polanyi and Max Weber held radically different views of liberal capitalism, but they also came to differ in significant respects with their brothers Michael Polanyi and Alfred Weber. The first section provides an overview of some critical moments in the history of liberal capitalism as perceived by some historical witnesses. The second treats the views of the Weber brothers on the world economy before 1914. The third deals with Max Weber's overlooked treatment of G. F. Knapp's once famous state theory of money. The fourth (re)turns to the circle of cosmopolitan Austro-Hungarian intellectuals who passionately debated the future of liberal capitalism and almost all of whom became political refugees.
Polanyi's “Double Movement”: The Belle Époques of British and U.S. Hegemony Compared
Authors: Silver Beverly J. , Arrighi Giovanni
Published: May 2004

The core of this article is a comparative analysis of the double movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century (the belle époque and collapse of British hegemony) with the double movement of the late twentieth and early twenty-first century (the belle époque and current crisis of U.S. hegemony). In both periods the movement toward allegedly self-regulating markets called forth a countermovement of protection. Nevertheless, important differences exist due, first, to differences in the nature of the hegemonic state and, second, to the greater role of subordinate forces in constraining the movement toward self-regulating markets in the late twentieth century.
Stakeholding and Inheritances
Authors: Wolff Edward N.
Published: May 2004

This chapter considers behavioral responses to Stakeholding. The actual effect of Stakeholder Grants on overall wealth inequality depends on (1) what proportion of the stakes is actually saved and (2) how gifts and bequests change in response to Stakeholding. It is likely that Stakeholder Grants partly crowd out private transfers and that a substantial portion of them is spent (rather than saved). If these effects are greater for the less than the more wealthy, the equalizing effects of Stakeholding will be reduced, and if these factors are strong enough, they could conceivably reverse the effects of Stakeholding and increase wealth inequality.
The Impact of Job Characteristics on Correctional Staff Members
Authors: Lambert Eric G.
Published: May 2004

The job characteristics of job stress, supervision, job variety, and job autonomy have been theorized to affect the job satisfaction and organizational commitment of correctional staff members. Most of the research to date has focused on the impact of these variables on job satisfaction, with little attention being paid to organizational commitment. To determine the effects of these job characteristics on correctional staff members’ job satisfaction and organizational commitment, data from a survey of 272 employees at a midwestern correctional facility were examined using ordinary least squares regression. All four job characteristics had significant effects on correctional staff members’ job satisfaction. Only job stress and supervision had statistically significant effects on organizational commitment. Moreover, job satisfaction had the greatest effect on correctional staff members’ organizational commitment. Additionally, the effects of the job characteristics differed among various groups of correctional staff members.
Who Doesn’t Know Someone in Jail? The Impact of Exposure to Prison on Attitudes Toward Formal and Informal Controls
Authors: Rose Dina R. , Clear Todd R.
Published: May 2004

This paper examines how experience with the criminal justice system contextualizes the relationship between people’s attitudes toward informal and formal social controls. In a survey of residents of Leon County, Florida, we asked respondents whether or not they knew someone who had been incarcerated. We also asked about their assessment of informal controls in their neighborhoods and about public control with questions about police, judges, and the criminal justice system as a whole. We find that knowing someone who has been incarcerated makes people with a low assessment of formal control also have a low opinion of informal control. Blacks are more likely than nonblacks to have a low opinion of informal social control only if they have not been exposed to incarceration. Knowing someone who has been incarcerated makes blacks and nonblacks just as likely to hold a negative assessment of informal social control.
Modern Chinese Confucianism: The Contemporary Neo-Confucian Movement and its Cultural Significance
Authors: Cha Seong Hwan
Published: May 2004

The author examines the way of thinking of neo-Confucian scholars in modern China. These contemporary intellectuals have inherited the ways of reasoning of the scholars of the Song-Ming dynasty who faced the challenges of Buddhism in the 12th century. Likewise, modern Chinese scholars who have been alienated from the outside Western world, face the challenges of the West. Chinese scholars' ways of encountering the West deserve special attention as a possible means of overcoming the negative effects of globalization—embodying the possibility of keeping one's cultural identity while engaging in dialogue with other cultures and learning from them.
“Some Parents Just Don’t Care”
Authors: Lightfoot Dory
Published: May 2004

This article looks at the way language subtly shapes and constrains the way we perceive reality. It examines one term—parental involvement . This apparently simple and democratic term serves as a portfolio of meanings that separate and divide. It illustrates two of these meanings, which take the form of a conjoined metaphor of “full/empty,” or “lacking/having.” The article shows the way these two metaphors place parents in a binary of those who give and those who receive. Finally, it argues that such understandings are unconscious and persistent, making it imperative for urban educators to carefully examine the language they use if they are not to remain enmeshed in a discourse of deficit.
Improving Race Relations in Higher Education
Authors: Williams Devon
Published: May 2004

This article suggests that colleges and universities can improve intergroup relations on campus by implementing a cooperative learning technique known as the jigsaw classroom. What is argued is that use of the jigsaw classroom will facilitate a recategorization process by which members of racial-ethnic groups other than one’s own (“them”) will begin to be seen as being members of a more inclusive “we.” Included in this article is an examination of on-campus racial discrimination, a discussion of some social psychological work that is useful in helping us understand why this discrimination exists, and a discussion of the ways in which the jigsaw classroom has the potential to reduce this discrimination.
Urban Teachers’ Professed Classroom Management Strategies
Authors: Brown Dave F.
Published: May 2004

Thirteen urban educators teaching from 1st through 12th grade selected from 7 cities across the United States were interviewed in this qualitative research study to determine if the classroom management strategies they use reflect the research on culturally responsive teaching. Participants revealed using several management strategies that reflect culturally responsive teaching: development of personal relationships with students, creation of caring communities, establishment of business-like learning environments, use of culturally and ethnically congruent communication processes, demonstrations of assertiveness, and utilization of clearly stated and enforced expectations. Questions arise concerning the ability of teacher education programs to effectively prepare preservice teachers for successful classroom management in urban schools.
Social Reasoning about Racial Exclusion in Intimate and Nonintimate Relationships
Authors: Killen Melanie , Stangor Charles , Price B. Sefton , Horn Stacey , Sechrist Gretchen B.
Published: May 2004

This research investigated the contextual nature of decisions about racial exclusion by analyzing why individuals might be willing to accept members of other racial groups into some types of social relationships but nevertheless exclude them from other types of relationships. Our analysis examined the underlying reasoning processes used to make such decisions. We conducted two studies to test the types of reasoning used by young adults regarding cross-race interpersonal relationships. Study 1 (N = 292) demonstrated that racial exclusion is more likely to be condoned and justified as an issue of personal choice and less likely to be seen as an issue of overt racism in intimate than in nonintimate contexts. Study 2 (N = 196) demonstrated that participants viewed it as more wrong to exclude others from cross-race than samerace relationships and that when relationships were high (vs. low) in physical contact they were viewed as more likely to be issues of personal choice, regardless of whether they were same- or cross-race. The results help explain why there are substantial contextual differences in the extent to which exclusion of individuals based on racial group membership is perceived as acceptable.
Can Tourism Providers Buy their Customers’ Loyalty? Examining the Influence of Customer-Provider Investments on Loyalty
Authors: Morais Duarte B. , Dorsch Michael J. , Backman Sheila J.
Published: May 2004

As many segments of the tourism industry reach the maturation stage, marketers have turned their attention to building long-term relationships with their best customers. Despite the importance of customer loyalty for understanding these relationships, there is no consensus as to how loyalty develops. Most loyalty programs currently being used promote repeated purchases but are ineffective in enhancing customers’ psychological attachment. The purpose was to test a conceptual framework of the development of loyalty that is grounded in resource theory, reciprocity, and customer equity. The results indicated that if customers perceived that a provider was making an investment in them, they in turn made a similar investment in the provider, and those investments led to loyalty. The findings revealed that investments of love, status, and information were more closely associated with loyalty than investments of money. These findings support the proposed theoretical model and help explain how well-designed loyalty programs may lead to increased psychological attachment. Recommendations for effective relationship marketing strategies are provided.
An Investigation of Perceived Value Dimensions: Implications for Hospitality Research
Authors: Al-Sabbahy Hesham Z. , Ekinci Yuksel , Riley Michael
Published: May 2004

The proposition that guides this article is that value for money not only influences customers’ choice behavior at the prepurchase phase but also affects their intention to recommend and return behavior at the postpurchase phase. Perceived value is conceptualized as consisting of two dimensions: acquisition value and transaction value. The study applied a two-dimensional value scale developed by Grewal, Monroe, and Krishnan to hospitality services; hotels, and restaurants. Although the scale was found to be reliable, there were some concerns about its validity across the two studies. In particular, although the dimension of acquisition value was found to be valid, transaction value showed poor validity. The conclusion suggests that a new conceptualization of transaction value and a better scale should be developed for the evaluation of hospitality services.
Explanatory Exclusion History and Social Science
Authors: Day Mark
Published: May 2004

Judgments of explanatory exclusion are a necessary part of the explanatory practice of any historian or social scientist. In this article, the author argues that all explanatory exclusion results from mutual explanatory incompatibility of some sort. Different types of exclusion arise primarily as a result of the different elements composing “an explanation.” Of most philosophical interest are judgments of explanatory exclusion resulting from the incompatibility of explanatory relevance claims. The author demonstrates that an ontic theory of explanation is necessary to make sense of this type of exclusion and in so doing develops an analysis similar to Jaegwon Kim’s well-known analysis of explanatory exclusion. To conclude, the author demonstrates the differences and connections between Kim’s analysis and his own.
Objectivity in Social Science
Authors: Waizbort Ricardo
Published: May 2004

Austin Harrington’s book, Hermeneutic Dialogue and Social Science: A critique of Gadamer and Habermas, intends to present an account of debates on objectivity in the social sciences, in stressing the political and epistemological responsibility, in public spheres, to those who want to create a fairer understanding of societies and history, without demonizing natural enterprises or leaving social studies out of acute critical questioning.
Theorizing the Mechanisms of Conceptual and Semiotic Space
Authors: Wight Colin
Published: May 2004

In this piece the author takes issue with Mario Bunge’s claims that conceptual and semiotic systems have “compositions, environments and structures, but no mechanisms.” Structures, according to Bunge, can never be mechanisms in conceptual and semiotic systems. Contra this the author argues that in social systems, social structures (which are concept-dependent and reproduced and/or transformed, at least in part, semiotically), can be mechanisms in the sense that such structures are one of the processes in a concrete system that makes itwhat it is. As such, not only may conceptual and semiotic systems have mechanisms, but they may also themselves be considered some of the mechanisms that make the social what it is. As such, they can be said to possess powers and liabilities that neither reside at lower levels nor are explainable in terms of the lower level. To hold out the prospect of social explanation by conceptual and/or semiotic mechanisms does not represent an attempt to decouple these systems from material factors. What it does mean is that conceptual and/or semiotic systems can, potentially at least, play a role in social explanation; and themselves be subject to explanation.
Bayesian Posterior Predictive Checks for Complex Models
Authors: Lynch Scott M. , Western Bruce
Published: May 2004

In sociological research, it is often difficult to compare nonnested models and to evaluate the fit of models in which outcome variables are not normally distributed. In this article, the authors demonstrate the utility of Bayesian posterior predictive distributions specifically, as well as a Bayesian approach to modeling more generally, in tackling these issues. First, they review the Bayesian approach to statistics and computation. Second, they discuss the evaluation of model fit in a bivariate probit model. Third, they discuss comparing fixed- and random-effects hierarchical linear models. Both examples highlight the use of Bayesian posterior predictive distributions beyond these particular cases.
The Analysis of Multivariate Misclassified Data With Special Attention to Randomized Response Data
Authors: van den Hout Ardo , van der Heijden Peter G. M.
Published: May 2004

This article discusses log-linear analysis of misclassified categorical data when conditional misclassification probabilities are known. This kind of misclassification occurs when data are collected using a randomized response design. The authors describe the misclassification by a latent class model. Since a latent class model is a log-linear model with one or more categorical latent variables, it is possible to investigate relations between misclassified variables. Methods to fit log-linear models for the latent table are discussed, including an EM algorithm. Attention is given to problems with boundary solutions. The results can also be used in statistical disclosure control when the post-randomization method is applied to protect the privacy of respondents, in epidemiology when specificity and sensitivity are known, and in data mining when privacy is protected by intentional statistical perturbation. Examples are given using randomized response data from a research into social benefit fraud.
Automating the Selection of Model-Implied Instrumental Variables
Authors: Bollen Kenneth A. , Bauer Daniel J.
Published: May 2004

Recently, interest has grown in the use of instrumental variables (IVs) in estimating factor analysis and latent variable models such as structural equations models. Bollen (1996) suggested a two-stage least squares (2SLS) technique that makes use of model-implied IVs in estimating the measurement and latent variable models. Model-implied instrumental variables are the observed variables in the model that can serve as instrumental variables in a given equation. One difficulty inhibiting the practical use of the 2SLS estimator is identifying the model-implied IVs. The authors provide a simple procedure that identifies the model-implied IVs and a computer algorithm that can easily be implemented to automate the selection of IVs for simultaneous equations, factor analysis, and latent variable models.
Residential Trajectories
Authors: Stovel Katherine , Bolan Marc
Published: May 2004

This article illustrates the challenges and potential advantages associated with using a sequence-based method to describe the structure of individual residential mobility histories. The authors examine the existence and prevalence of distinctive patterns of residential mobility across a rural-suburban-urban place-type continuum. They identify a finite set of empirically common residential trajectories that describe patterns of movement across the geographic landscape. This approach reveals (1) a great deal of stability in patterns of residential attachment; (2) that residential movement is frequently organized in terms of place-type, rather than in terms of specific locations; and (3) that certain place-types are rarely linked together in residential histories, which suggests that the universe of place-types contains social boundaries. Combining the empirically observed residential trajectories with basic demographic characteristics of individuals confirms general expectations from the life course perspective about the roles and positions individuals occupy over different stages of adulthood.
Measuring Induced Abortion in Mexico
Authors: Lara Diana , Strickler Jennifer , Olavarrieta Claudia Díaz , Ellertson Charlotte
Published: May 2004

The authors compare four methods of collecting information on abortion through survey research to measure the levels of induced abortion in Mexico: face-to-face interview (FTF), audio computer-assisted self-interview (ACASI), self-administered questionnaire (SAQ), and a random-response technique (RRT). They tested all methods in three samples: (1) hospital patients in Mexico City, (2) rural women in Chiapas, and (3) women randomly chosen as part of a house-to-house survey in Mexico City. In each sample, RRT found the highest rate of attempted induced abortion in the hospital, rural, and household samples (21.7, 36.1, and 17.9 percent, respectively), followed by the SAQ (19.3, 10.1, and 10.8 percent, respectively). The ACASI and FTF interviews yielded fewer reported abortion attempts. The RRT seems the most promising methodology to measure the levels of induced abortion. With SAQ, detailed information was obtained, and the reported frequency rates were slightly lower than the RRT rates in urban areas.
What Globalization Overshadows
Authors: Näsström Sofia
Published: May 2004

What is the connection between modern democratic thought and globalization? This article examines the rationale behind the present crisis of democracy. It demonstrates that the problem facing modern democratic thought has less to do with the asymmetries associated with the forces of globalization and more to do with an asymmetry within popular sovereignty itself: the fact that the boundaries of democracy cannot themselves be democratically legitimated. By making this argument the article seeks to move beyond the contemporary opposition between nationalism and cosmopolitanism. It shows that the appeal to globalization among contemporary political theorists to a large extent is analogous to the appeal to the nation during the French Revolution.
Liberal Citizenship and Civic Friendship
Authors: Scorza Jason A.
Published: May 2004

Aristotle famously argues that friendship can serve as a normative model for the practice of citizenship, and this view has been widely accepted by neo-Aristotelians. Liberals, however, are quick to reject both Aristotle’s view of friendship and his view of citizenship. Does this mean that the concept of friendship is politically irrelevant for liberalism? This essay suggests, on the contrary, that the concept of friendship is far from obsolete, even for liberals. Specifically, communicative constraints derived from the norms of friendship, as interpreted by Ralph Waldo Emerson, could serve to promote the modest instrumental purposes of liberal citizenship—personal freedom, social justice, and civil peace—while simultaneously allowing the practice of liberal citizenship to develop in noninstrumental directions, enriched rather than strained by the multicultural realities of most modern societies.
The Force of Things
Authors: Bennett Jane
Published: May 2004

This essay seeks to give philosophical expression to the vitality, willfullness, and recalcitrance possessed by nonhuman entities and forces. It also considers the ethico-political import of an enhanced awareness of “thing-power.” Drawing from Lucretius, Spinoza, Gilles Deleuze, Bruno Latour, and others, it describes a materialism of lively matter, to be placed in conversation with the historical materialism of Marx and the body materialism of feminist and cultural studies. Thing-power materialism is a speculative onto-story, an admittedly presumptuous attempt to depict the nonhumanity that flows around and through humans. The essay concludes with a preliminary discussion of the ecological implications of thing-power.
From the Act to the Decision
Authors: Kalyvas Andreas
Published: May 2004

There is much disagreement amongmany commentators of HannahArendt’s work aboutwhether her contributions to politics and philosophy contain a clandestine version of decisionism or, by contrast, represent an explicit attempt to break away from the elements of voluntarism, arbitrariness, and irrationality, which are considered to be inherent to any theory of the decision. Despite the many disagreements that set apart these two interpretations of Arendt, however, there is a common presupposition that both share. They are in agreement concerning the decision: it is a threat and a vice, intrinsically dangerous and potentially totalitarian in nature, which ought to be expelled from any theory of politics with a normative content. As a result, the terms of the debate pertain solely to whether Arendt was a (crypto-) decisionist and not to the nature and evaluation of the decision as such. This paper argues, contrary to Arendt’s critics, that although elements of a theory of the decision can be found scattered throughout many of her writings, she was nonetheless unswerving in her opposition to decisionism. But unlike her defenders, it also argues that had Arendt built on these elements to elaborate a systematic theory of the decision, she would have avoided many of the flaws and inconsistencies that plague her concept of politics.
Face Concerns in Interpersonal Conflict
Authors: Oetzel John G. , Ting-Toomey Stella
Published: May 2004

This study sought to test the underlying assumption of the face-negotiation theory that face is an explanatory mechanism for culture’s influence on conflict behavior. A questionnaire was administered to 768 participants in 4 national cultures (China, Germany, Japan, and the United States) asking them to describe interpersonal conflict. The major findings of this study are as follows: (a) cultural individualism-collectivism had direct and indirect effects on conflict styles, (b) independent self-construal related positively with self-face and interdependent self-construal related positively with other-face, (c) self-face related positively with dominating conflict styles and other-face related positively with avoiding and integrating styles, and (d) face accounted for all of the total variance explained (100% of 19% total explained) in dominating, most of the total variance explained in integrating (70% of 20% total explained), and some of the total variance explained in avoiding (38% of 21% total explained) when considering face concerns, cultural individualismcollectivism, and self-construals.
Country Characteristics as Contingent Conditions of Agenda Setting
Authors: Peter Jochen
Published: May 2004

Agenda-setting research has largely neglected country characteristics as contingent conditions of agenda setting. Focusing on the issue of European integration, this study investigated whether the amount of European Union (EU) coverage in television news affected the extent to which EU citizens perceived European integration to be important. More specifically, it was studied from a cross-national comparative perspective whether the nature of elite opinion about European integration moderated the occurrence of agenda-setting effects. Content analytic data and survey data from 14EUmember states were linked at the individual level. More EU coverage did not automatically increase the perceived importance of European integration. The occurrence of the agenda-setting pattern rather depended on the nature of elite opinion. The more EU stories people watched in countries in which political elites disagreed about European integration, the more important they considered European integration. If elite opinion about European integration was consensual, this pattern did not occur.
Violent Media Content and Aggressiveness in Adolescents
Authors: Slater Michael D. , Henry Kimberly L. , Swaim Randall C. , Anderson Lori L.
Published: May 2004

Theory and research on media violence provides evidence that aggressive youth seek out media violence and that media violence prospectively predicts aggression in youth. The authors argue that both relationships, when modeled over time, should be mutually reinforcing, in what they call a downward spiral model. This study uses multilevel modeling to examine individual growth curves in aggressiveness and violent media use. The measure of use of media violence included viewing action films, playing violent computer and video games, and visiting violence-oriented Internet sites by students from 20 middle schools in 10 different regions in the United States. The findings appear largely consistent with the proposed model. In particular, concurrent effects of aggressiveness on violent-media use and concurrent and lagged effects of violent media use on aggressiveness were found. The implications of this model for theorizing about media effects on youth, and for bridging active audience with media effects perspectives, are discussed.
Affective News
Authors: Knobloch Silvia , Patzig Grit , Mende Anna-Maria , Hastall Matthias
Published: May 2004

Three studies were conducted to investigate effects of narrative’s discourse structures and factuality on suspense, curiosity, and reading enjoyment. Data collected with a questionnaire to measure suspense and curiosity substantiated the discriminant validity of these dimensions. In a Web-based study and two paper-pencil studies, respondents read texts that were manipulated for type of discourse structure (linear, reversal, or inverted type). To manipulate factuality (high vs. low), texts were presented either as news reports or as novel excerpts, a treatment that proved to be effective. All assumptions gained empirical support. The linear type evoked more suspense than either reversal or inverted type. Curiosity was higher in reaction to reversal-type narratives than it was for either linear-type or inverted-type narratives. The linear and the reversal type both produced greater reading enjoyment than the inverted type. These effects were independent of factuality of media content.
Developmental Changes in Infants’ and Toddlers’ Attention to Television Entertainment
Authors: Valkenburg Patti M. , Vroone Marjolein
Published: May 2004

There is a paucity of studies of infants’ and toddlers’ preferences of television content. This home observation study investigated how young children’s attention to television is determined by auditory, visual, and content features of the program and by program difficulty. Fifty 6- to 58-month-olds were presented with a videotape consisting of segments of the news, Sesame Street, Teletubbies, and Lion King II. Results agreed with the moderate-discrepancy hypothesis, which states that young children pay most attention to television content that is only moderately discrepant from their existing knowledge and capabilities. Among infants, salient auditory and visual features (e.g., applause, visual surprises) particularly attracted their attention. These features also attracted older children’s attention, but older children predominantly allocated their attention to television content on the basis of nonsalient (e.g., moderate character action) and content features (e.g., letters/numbers, meaningful dialogue). The attentional shift from salient to nonsalient and content features started between 1.5 and 2.5 years of age.
The Predictive Validity of Risk Assessment with Violent Young Offenders
Authors: Catchpole Rosalind E. H. , Gretton Heather M.
Published: May 2004

This study is an examination of the following three instruments for their ability to predict recidivism in violent young offenders: the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth, the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory, and the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version. The instruments were retrospectively coded from file information on 74 young violent offenders. The authors followed them up for 1 year, examining criminal charges and convictions. They examined the predictive accuracy of each instrument using areas under the curve (AUCs). For general reoffending, AUCs ranged from .74 to .78. For violent reoffending, the AUCs were all .73. Results indicated a moderate to strong relationship between each of the instruments and both general and violent reoffending. The implications of risk assessment for intervention and follow-up are discussed.