bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Directly Verifiable Neutron Diffraction Technique to Determine Retained Austenite in Steel
Authors: Lychagina Tatiana , Zisman Alexander , Yashina Ekaterina , Nikolayev Dmitry
Published: October 2017

Conventional procedures for quantitative analysis of retained austenite in steels by neutron diffraction ignore the effect of crystallographic texture and rely on a‐priori parameters rather than a direct calibration with appropriate etalons. As the main drawback, this method is not directly verified by independent data. In order to get over the verification problem, that is, to calibrate the method, reference sandwich‐like samples with predefined amounts of austenite have been prepared. Neutron diffraction allows to measure large samples from one hand and to get rid of the texture influence from the other. Application of the proposed method was illustrated by volume fractions of retained austenite determination in medium‐carbon martensitic steel tempered at various temperatures. Main result of our work is the developed method based on complete orientation averaging by means of neutron diffraction and usage of the calibration samples. It allowed to refine the austenite detectability limit to about 0.1% (vol.). Based on the method calibration, low fractions of retained austenite (0.13–2.9%) have been determined in the medium‐carbon martensitic steel tempered at various temperatures.
Experimental Study on the Effect of Cooling Rate on the Secondary Phase in As‐Cast Mg–Gd–Y–Zr Alloy
Authors: Wu Keyan , Wang Xuyang , Xiao Lv , Li Zhongquan , Han Zhiqiang
Published: October 2017

The effect of cooling rate on the composition, morphology, size, and volume fraction of the secondary phase in as‐cast Mg–Gd–Y–Zr alloy is investigated. In the study, a casting containing five steps with thickness of 10–50 mm is produced, in which cooling rate ranging from 2.6 to 11.0 K s−1 is created. The secondary phase is characterized using optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and electron probe micro‐analyzer (EPMA). The volume fraction of the secondary phase is determined using OM and quantitative metallographic analysis, and Vickers hardness test is conducted to verify the analysis results. The effect of the cooling rate on the volume fraction of the secondary phase is discussed in detail. The result shows that with the increase of the cooling rate, the size of the secondary phase decreases. The effect of the cooling rate on the volume fraction of the secondary phase is complicated somewhat. A comprehensive analysis on the experimental data shows that a critical cooling rate may exist, over which the volume fraction of the secondary phase decreases with the increase of the cooling rate, however under which the volume fraction increases with the increase of the cooling rate.
Behavior in CHARGE syndrome
Authors: Hartshorne Timothy S. , Stratton Kasee K. , Brown David , Madhavan‐Brown Shanti , Schmittel Megan C.
Published: October 2017

Unusual behavior is often associated with genetic syndromes, and may constitute a behavioral phenotype. In contrast to providing a psychiatric diagnosis, a behavioral phenotype describes what is unique to the behavior associated with different syndromes. While behaviors in CHARGE are as complex and variable as other aspects of the syndrome, there are some commonalities that raise the question of common sources for these behaviors. This article addresses how pain, sensory issues, and anxiety may impact the behavior of individuals with CHARGE syndrome, and how the development of self‐regulation skills might help to mitigate some of the behaviors.
Manganese‐Dioxide‐Catalyzed Trifluoromethylation and Azidation of Styrenyl Olefins via Radical Intermediates
Authors: Panday Prabhakar , Garg Parul , Singh Anand
Published: October 2017

A manganese‐dioxide‐catalyzed trifluoromethylation of styrenes and enol acetates using the Langlois reagent is reported. Employing oxygen/air as the oxidant, styrenes afforded a mixture of the trifluoromethylacohol and ketone products in good overall yields. The protocol also works successfully for converting α‐methylstyrene derivatives to the corresponding trifluoromethyl alcohols. The keto‐trifluoromethylated products could be obtained exclusively when using enol acetates as substrates under the same reaction conditions. The method was extended to the radical azidation of enol acetates using trimethylsilyl azide to furnish the corresponding azido‐ketones in good yields.
The contributions of admixture and genetic drift to diversity among post‐contact populations in the Americas
Authors: Koehl Anthony J. , Long Jeffrey C.
Published: October 2017

Objective

We present a model that partitions Nei's minimum genetic distance between admixed populations into components of admixture and genetic drift. We applied this model to 17 admixed populations in the Americas to examine how admixture and drift have contributed to the patterns of genetic diversity.

Materials and Methods

We analyzed 618 short tandem repeat loci in 949 individuals from 49 population samples. Thirty‐two samples serve as proxies for continental ancestors. Seventeen samples represent admixed populations: (4) African‐American and (13) Latin American. We partition genetic distance, and then calculate fixation indices and principal coordinates to interpret our results. A computer simulation confirms that our method correctly estimates drift and admixture components of genetic distance when the assumptions of the model are met.

Results

The partition of genetic distance shows that both admixture and genetic drift contribute to patterns of genetic diversity. The admixture component of genetic distance provides evidence for two distinct axes of continental ancestry. However, the genetic distances show that ancestry contributes to only one axis of genetic differentiation. The genetic distances among the 13 Latin American populations in this analysis show contributions from both differences in ancestry and differences in genetic drift. By contrast, the genetic distances among the four African American populations in this analysis owe mostly to genetic drift because these groups have similar fractions of European and African ancestry.

Conclusion

The genetic structure of admixed populations in the Americas reflects more than admixture. We show that the history of serial founder effects constrains the impact of admixture on allele frequencies to a single dimension. Genetic drift in the admixed populations imposed a new level of genetic structure onto that created by admixture.
Evaluation of patient nasal saline irrigation practices following endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Yoo Frederick , Ference Elisabeth H. , Kuan Edward C. , Lee Jivianne T. , Wang Marilene B. , Suh Jeffrey D.
Published: October 2017

Background

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is an effective treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Postoperative management strategies after FESS often vary from surgeon to surgeon. Recent data suggests that nasal saline irrigation following FESS is almost universally recommended; however, patient adherence has not been formally evaluated. The purpose of this study is to evaluate postoperative nasal irrigation practices and its effects on short‐term outcomes in post‐FESS patients.

Methods

Eighty‐two patients were followed prospectively following FESS at a tertiary‐academic medical institution for 3 postoperative visits. Patients were surveyed on their irrigation practices (start date, frequency, and volume per irrigation per side), and adherence to prescribed antibiotic and steroid regimens. At each visit, 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) questionnaires and endoscopic examinations were evaluated by the Lund‐Kennedy Endoscopy Score (LKES). Factors evaluated include: patient demographics (age, sex, ethnicity), preoperative Lund‐Mackay and SNOT‐22 scores, comorbidities, extent of procedure, and use of nasal packing and/or spacers.

Results

Adherence to irrigation instructions was 82.9%. Factors significantly associated with compliance with irrigation instructions included younger age (p = 0.0022), prior irrigation (p < 0.0001), revision surgery (p = 0.0014), and non‐native English language speaking (p = 0.0095). Patients were more likely to irrigate with larger volumes if they were younger (p = 0.0284), had prior irrigation (p < 0.0001), or had revision surgery (p = 0.0056).

Conclusion

Multiple factors are associated with patient compliance with nasal saline irrigation after FESS. Ethnic and cultural considerations, such as language barriers, should also be considered to improve outcomes. Identification of patients who may be noncompliant could potentially benefit from increased preoperative counseling to improve adherence rates.
Dexamethasone attenuates methacholine‐mediated aquaporin 5 downregulation in human nasal epithelial cells via suppression of NF‐κB activation
Authors: Chang Yung‐Lung , Jian Kai Ren , Lin Chun‐Shu , Wang Hsing‐Won , Liu Shao‐Cheng
Published: October 2017

Background

Cholinergic stimulation plays a major role in inflammatory airway diseases. However, its role in airway surface liquid homeostasis and aquaporin 5 (AQP5) regulation remains unclear. In this study we sought to determine the effects of methacholine and dexamethasone on AQP5 expression in human nasal epithelial cells (HNEpC).

Methods

HNEpC were cultured with methacholine or dexamethasone at 4 concentrations in vitro. The subcellular distribution of AQP5 was explored using immunocytochemistry. The pharmacologic effects of methacholine and dexamethasone on the expression of the phosphorylation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate–responsive element binding protein (p‐CREB), AQP5, and nuclear factor‐kappaB (NF‐κB) were examined using Western blotting.

Results

AQP5 was found to be located in cell membrane and cytoplasm and present in every group without a statistically significant difference. Methacholine inhibited expression of AQP5 and p‐CREB in HNEpC, whereas dexamethasone increased these protein levels dose‐dependently in a statistically significant manner. In turn, HNEpC treated with methacholine and dexamethasone showed the same trends as those intervened separately with these 2 drugs. Moreover, dexamethasone had the ability to reverse the inhibitory effect of methacholine. Western blotting revealed that, after incubation with 10−4 mol/L methacholine, NF‐κB increased significantly, by 186.67%, compared with the untreated control group. Again, such an increase could be significantly reversed after dexamethasone treatment.

Conclusion

NF‐κB activation is important for inhibition of p‐CREB/AQP5 expression after methacholine intervention, and dexamethasone adjusts it to the opposite side. This observation could provide additional insight into the anti‐inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids that contribute to maintaining airway surface liquid and mucosal defense.
Einblicke in die duale Aktivität einer bifunktionalen Dehydratase‐Cyclase‐Domäne
Authors: Sung Kwang Hoon , Berkhan Gesche , Hollmann Tim , Wagner Lisa , Blankenfeldt Wulf , Hahn Frank
Published: October 2017

Sauerstoffheterocyclen sind verbreitete Strukturmotive in Polyketid‐Naturstoffen. Wir berichten über strukturelle und mechanistische Untersuchungen zu AmbDH3, einer Polyketidsynthase‐Domäne mit dualer Aktivität als Dehydratase (DH) und pyranbildende Cyclase in der Ambruticin‐Biosynthese. AmbDH3 ähnelt monofunktionalen DH‐Domänen und verwendet H51 und D215 zur Dehydratisierung. Durch Mutationsstudien und In‐vitro‐Experimente konnte V173 als entscheidende Aminosäure für die Cyclisierungsaktivität identifiziert werden. Vergleichbare Motive wurden zudem in der scheinbar monofunktionalen Domäne AmDH2 gefunden, welche zusätzlich eine unerwartete Cyclisierungsaktivität zeigte. Unsere Ergebnisse ebnen den Weg zur möglichen Entdeckung bisher verborgener Cyclasen in Biosynthesewegen. Sie ermöglichen zudem interessante Aussichten für die Entwicklung neuer Biokatalysatoren für die chemoenzymatische Synthese und die Herstellung pyranhaltiger Polyketide durch kombinatorische Biosynthese.
Isolation and Characterization of a Non‐Rigid Hexamethylbenzene–SO2+ Complex
Authors: Malischewski Moritz , Seppelt Konrad
Published: October 2017

During our studies towards the preparation of the pentagonal‐pyramidal hexamethylbenzene dication C6(CH3)62+, we isolated the unprecedented dicationic species C6(CH3)6SO2+ (AsF6−)2 from the reaction of hexamethylbenzene with a mixture of anhydrous HF, AsF5, and liquid SO2. This compound can be understood as a complex of unknown SO2+ with hexamethylbenzene. Herein, we report on its synthesis, molecular structure, and spectroscopic characterization.
Iron promotion of V‐HMS mesoporous catalysts for ultra‐deep oxidative desulfurization
Authors: Liu Shuzhi , Zhao Fulin , Sun Hongping , Liu Xianjun , Cui Baochen
Published: October 2017

Bimetallic Fe‐V‐HMS (HMS, hexagonal mesoporous silica) catalysts with various molar ratios of iron to vanadium were synthesized using a co‐synthesis method, and investigated for oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene (DBT) using tert‐butyl hydroperoxide as an oxidant. The catalysts were characterized using X‐ray diffraction, temperature‐programmed desorption of ammonia, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and N2 physical adsorption–desorption techniques. The Fe‐V‐HMS catalyst with a 2:1 molar ratio of iron to vanadium exhibited the highest total acidity and the highest catalytic activity. DBT was almost completely oxidized to dibenzothiophenesulfone, a species with a higher polarity that could be subsequently adsorbed on the Fe‐V‐HMS, and therefore the Fe‐V‐HMS acts as both a catalyst and an adsorbent simultaneously. The desulfurization rate was 98.1%. A pseudo‐first‐order model was fitted to the experimental data, and the activation energy was found to be 38.79 kJ mol−1. The encouraging performance of Fe‐V‐HMS offers the prospect of the design of a one‐pot oxidative desulfurization process without needing extraction of sulfones from fuel oil with a chemical solvent.
Dual‐template crown ether‐functionalized hierarchical porous silica: Preparation and application for adsorption of energy metal lithium
Authors: Xu Xuechao , Qiu Fengxian , Yang Dongya , Zheng Xudong , Wang Yuanyuan , Pan Jianming , Zhang Tao , Xu Jicheng , Li Chunxiang
Published: October 2017

Lithium is the lightest energy metal element on earth and it has applications in lithium batteries and nuclear fusion. With the development of high‐tech and widespread applications of lithium, the demand for lithium continues to increase. In this work, a hierarchical porous lithium adsorbent (2M12C4‐HPS) was synthesized from a precursor of hierarchical porous silica (HPS), the HPS being obtained via a dual‐template technique. The microstructure and morphology of 2M12C4‐HPS were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction and nitrogen adsorption–desorption measurements. The obtained hierarchical porous 2M12C4‐HPS containing two kinds of pores with different sizes (peaking at about 2.01 and 7.82 nm) has a high specific surface area (1143.56 m2 g−1). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis were used to confirm the surface organic functional groups of 2M12C4‐HPS, indicating that the functional group 2‐methylol‐12‐crown‐4 (2M12C4) was grafted on HPS successfully. The lithium adsorption properties, kinetics and isotherms of 2M12C4‐HPS were investigated. The adsorption kinetics can be described by the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model and the adsorption isotherms well fit the Langmuir isotherm equation. In addition, 2M12C4‐HPS exhibited excellent specificity towards Li+. And the maximum adsorption rate of 2M12C4‐HPS is up to about 94.34%. The obtained results indicate that 2M12C4‐HPS has a broad commercial application prospect for adsorption of lithium.
Maximum actuation strain for dissipative dielectric elastomers with simultaneous effect of prestretch and temperature
Authors: Deng Lei , He Zhicheng , Li Eric , Chen Shoue
Published: October 2017

A dielectric elastomer can generate giant deformation by the voltage actuation, but the deformation is often hindered by the electromechanical instability and “snap‐through deformation,” which may lead to electrical breakdown. In this study, for the first time, the mathematical model is established for dissipative dielectric elastomers in the dynamic model with simultaneous effect of prestretch and temperature in order to achieve maximum actuation strain. The deformation of the dissipative dielectric elastomer: VHB 4905/4910 is investigated for the two simple actuation methods: constant and ramping voltage actuation, respectively. The best combined conditions of voltage and prestretch to obtain a large deformation at different operating temperatures are studied in detail. Under the best combined conditions, the influences of three factors: voltage, prestretch, and temperature on the maximum actuation strain are analyzed. This study should offer a great help in the design of dielectric elastomer actuators, and give the guidance to the accomplishment of the large deformation of dissipative dielectric elastomer actuators. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45850.
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)‐toughened syntactic foams
Authors: Ullas A.V. , Kumar D. , Roy P. K.
Published: October 2017

The potential of preformed elastomers as a toughening agent for epoxy–glass syntactic foam has been explored. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) microspheres were prepared by suspension polymerization. The microsphere dimensions could be varied from 58 to 255 µm by tuning the reaction parameters, particularly the stirring speed and feed concentration. Rheological studies indicated that the introduction of microballoons led to an increase in the viscosity of the resin, with the extent being proportional to the microballoon content. The zero shear viscosity increased from ∼103 mPa s at 30 °C to 105 mPa s as the microballoon loading was increased to 40%. Syntactic foams containing varying amounts of microballoons (40–60% v/v) were prepared, and an analogous set of toughened foams were also prepared, where a fraction of the microballoons was replaced with poly(dimethylsiloxane) microspheres (3–7%). The effect of increasing dimensions of the elastomeric microspheres on the mechanical properties was also studied. The improvement in properties was more pronounced when the microsphere size was equivalent to that of the constituent microballoons. An improvement of 40% and 185% in flexural strength and flexural toughness was observed upon the introduction of poly(dimethylsiloxane) microspheres of optimal dimensions (diameter ∼63 µm, 5% loading), without any undesirable increase in foam density. However, the compressive properties remained practically unaltered. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45882.
Visualization of hydrolysis in polylactide using near‐infrared hyperspectral imaging and chemometrics
Authors: Muroga Shun , Hikima Yuta , Ohshima Masahiro
Published: October 2017

The hydrolysis of polylactide (PLA) occurs during melt processing, leading to product defects in, for example, appearance and mechanical properties. Hydrolyzed PLA products, whose mechanical properties were deteriorated, must be detected during processing to ensure the quality control of PLA products. In this study, near‐infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging was applied for evaluating the extent of hydrolysis. NIR spectra in the wavelength range from 1200 to 1600 nm were changed by (1) hydrolysis induced by molding and (2) crystallization induced by annealing. The changes in the NIR spectra mediated by these two factors were distinctly different but overlapping, leading to difficulty in evaluating PLA at only a single wavelength. Partial least squares regression was introduced for detecting the hydrolyzed PLA. NIR imaging combined with the constructed partial least square models clearly visualized the differences in the extent of hydrolysis in hydrolyzed PLA under varying degrees of crystallization. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45898.
Preparation of aerochitin‐TiO2 composite for efficient photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue
Authors: Dassanayake Rohan Suranga , Rajakaruna Erandathi , Abidi Noureddine
Published: October 2017

An aerochitin–titania (TiO2) composite was successfully synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and N2 adsorption isotherms. The photocatalytic activity of the composite was investigated on the degradation of the model organic pollutant, methylene blue (MB) dye, under UV irradiation. The aerochitin–TiO2 composite showed excellent adsorptive and photocatalytic activity with a degradation degree of 98% for MB. The first‐order rate constants for the photodegradation MB by TiO2 nanoparticles and aerochitin–TiO2 composite were found to be (3.49 ± 0.04) × 10−3 and (1.82 ± 0.02) × 10−2 min−1. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45908.
Controllable shape‐memory recovery regions in polymers through mechanical programming
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Gou Xiaofan , Xiao Rui
Published: October 2017

A temperature memory effect means a shape‐memory material can remember its deformation temperature. In general, a higher deformation temperature requires a higher activation temperature for shape recovery. In this work, we demonstrate that the unloading temperature can also significantly influence the shape‐memory performance. A series of shape‐memory tests are performed on Nafion while varying the loading and unloading temperatures. The results show that the loading temperature determines the final shape‐recovery region, while the unloading temperature influences the onset recovery region. We also develop a finite‐deformation viscoelastic model to investigate the above findings. The simulation results show good agreement with the experimental data, though the model predicts the recovery region occurring at a lower temperature. The model is further used to study the effects of the loading rate, unloading rate, and the holding time on the shape‐memory behaviors. The results suggest that a smaller loading rate and unloading rate and a longer holding time can shift the recovery region to a higher temperature. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2018,135, 45909.
Effect of trisilanolphenyl‐POSS on rheological, mechanical, and flame‐retardant properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/cyclotriphosphazene systems
Authors: Li Jiawei , Yan Xiaojie , Zeng Xiandong , Yi Lingmin , Xu Hong , Mao Zhiping
Published: October 2017

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) chips were coated by trisilanolphenyl–polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (T‐POSS) and hexakis (para‐allyloxyphenoxy) cyclotriphosphazene (PACP) using the predispersed solution method, and PET/PACP/T‐POSS hybrids were further prepared by the melt‐blending method. The influence of T‐POSS on the rheological, thermal, and mechanical properties and flame retardancy of PET/PACP composites were discussed. The results suggest that T‐POSS was homogeneously dispersed in the PET matrix, which reduced the negative effects on polymer rheology and mechanical properties. For the PET/4%PACP/1%T‐POSS sample, the tensile strength at break and Tg increased from 29.67 MPa and 81.7 °C (PET/5%PACP) to 34.8 MPa and 85.8 °C, respectively, but the sample also self‐extinguished within 2 s, and the heat release capacity was reduced by 27.9% in comparison with that of neat PET.© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45912.
Antimicrobial open‐cell polyurethane foams with quaternary ammonium salts
Authors: Demirci Fatma , Yildirim Kenan , Kocer Hasan B.
Published: October 2017

An hydroxyl‐terminated quaternary ammonium salt polymer (QAP) was added to a foam formulation in various amounts between 1 and 5 wt %. The structures of the produced foams and their QAP content were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and EDXRF analyses. A linear polymer of QAP with a diisocyanate was also synthesized to support our investigations. The morphological changes such as the cell size and the cell structure of the produced foams were observed with scanning electron microscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis and dynamic mechanical analysis analyses were applied to examine the thermal and thermomechanical properties of the produced foams. Relatively low amount of QAP‐added foams showed very similar structural and thermomechanical properties to the unmodified foams. In addition, while the unmodified foams did not show any antimicrobial activity, the QAP‐added foams provided significant inactivation against Staphylococcus aureus, yeast and mold at concentrations of about 102 and 103 CFU within 5 h of contact time. The results showed that the addition of minute amount of QAP can significantly improve the biocidal performance of the produced foams without deteriorating their structure. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45914.
Plasmonic organic bulk–heterojunction solar cells based on hydrophobic gold nanorod insertion into active layers
Authors: Liu Zhihai , Wang Tuntun , Nanda Sitansu Sekhar , Yi Dong Kee , Lee Eun‐Cheol
Published: October 2017

In this work, we fabricated plasmonic organic bulk–heterojunction solar cells by inserting hydrophobic gold nanorods (GNRs) into the active layers. Power conversion efficiency was improved from 7.43% to 8.22% because the plasmonic effect of GNRs improved the light harvesting efficiency. Maximum exciton generation rate was increased from 1.35 × 10−26 to 1.51× 10−26m−3 s−1, and the electron mobility was also increased from 8.6 × 10−5 to 1.5× 10−4cm−2 V−1 s−1. As a result, the short circuit current density was improved from 15.5 to 16.7 mA cm−2—the dominant reason for performance enhancement. The open circuit voltage and fill factor were improved simultaneously. The plasmonic device showed a highest PCE of 8.43%, indicating that doping GNRs into active layers is a simple and effective way to fabricate high‐performance organic solar cells. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45920.
Paired geochemical and technological analyses of basalt adze debitage at the Hālawa Dune Site, Molokaʻi Island, Hawaiʻi
Authors: MILLS PETER , LIMA PŪLAMA , BRANDT LOKELANI , KAHN JENNIFER , KIRCH PATRICK , LUNDBLAD STEVEN
Published: October 2017

We analysed 1593 basalt artefacts from the Hālawa Dune Site, on the easternmost part of Molokaʻi Island, for a combination of geochemical and technological attributes to expose different reduction strategies related to basalt adze production and rejuvenation. West Molokaʻi is well known as a location where many outcrops were quarried to make adzes, but the island's east side has not been widely perceived as a location where adzes were produced in significant quantities in the prehistoric economy. We infer, however, through large‐scale geochemical non‐destructive energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) analyses, combined with technological analyses, that the majority of adzes at the Hālawa Dune Site were manufactured from local resources, supporting a predominantly localised pattern of adze production and use. Approximately one third of the adze debitage clearly related to use and rejuvenation (DA) is made from non‐local sources, but does not represent a heavy reliance on the full range of quarries on West Molokaʻi, and may also include samples derived from other islands or archipelagos.
Click Chemistry Derived Pyridazines: Electron‐Deficient Building Blocks with Defined Conformation and Packing Structure
Authors: Birkenfelder Irén , Gurke Johannes , Grubert Lutz , Hecht Stefan , Schmidt Bernd M.
Published: October 2017

A series of 3,6‐bis(4‐triazolyl)pyridazines equipped with terminal phenyl substituents with varying degree of fluorination were synthesized by using the facile copper‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition and their structures were thoroughly investigated in the gas phase, in solution, and in the solid state by employing DFT calculations, NMR spectroscopy, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, respectively. On the molecular level, their structure is governed by the strong preference of the triazole‐pyridazine linkages for the anti‐conformation. The supramolecular organization of the molecules in the crystalline solid is controlled by π‐stacking, C−H⋅⋅⋅π as well as C−F⋅⋅⋅H interactions. The latter can conveniently be tuned by the number and position of fluorine substituents in the terminal phenyl units, giving rise to either herringbone‐like, 1D or 2D lamellar packing. Electrochemistry and optical spectroscopy of all compounds suggest that they might find use as electron‐transporting/hole‐blocking materials in organic electronics.
Economic, environmental, and social impacts of different sugarcane production systems
Authors: Cardoso Terezinha F. , Watanabe Marcos D.B. , Souza Alexandre , Chagas Mateus F. , Cavalett Otávio , Morais Edvaldo R. , Nogueira Luiz A.H. , Leal M. Regis L.V. , Braunbeck Oscar A. , Cortez Luis A.B. , Bonomi Antonio
Published: October 2017

Mechanization in the sugarcane agriculture has increased over the last few years, especially in harvesting and planting operations, in the Brazilian Center‐South region. The consequences of such a technological shift, however, are not fully comprehended when multiple perspectives are considered such as economic aspects, environmental regulations, and social context. The main goal of this study is to generate comprehensive information to subsidize decision‐making processes not only in Brazil but also in other countries where sugarcane production is still under development. Manual and mechanical technologies for planting and harvesting were evaluated (with and without pre‐harvest burning), as well as straw recovery, seeking to identify their advantages and disadvantages, considering economic, environmental, and social aspects. Considering vertically integrated production systems (agricultural and industrial phases), sugarcane production scenarios were compared under the metrics from engineering economics, life cycle assessment (LCA), and social LCA. Manual technologies were related to the highest job creation levels; however, lower internal rates of return and higher ethanol production costs were also observed. In general, mechanized scenarios were associated with lower ethanol production costs and higher internal rates of return due to lower biomass production cost, higher ethanol yield, and higher electricity surplus. Considering the restrictions for sugarcane burning and practical difficulties of manual harvesting of green cane, environmental analysis showed that mechanical harvesting of green cane with straw recovery presents, in general, the best comparative balance of environmental impacts. A multi‐criteria decision analysis was performed to generate an output rank, confirming that mechanized scenarios presented the best sustainability performances. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
WISE program analysis: Evaluating the first 15 months of progress in a novel treatment diversion program for women
Authors: Coffman Kelly L. , Shivale Swati , Egan Glenn , Roberts Victoria , Ash Peter
Published: October 2017

Like other counties across the nation, Fulton County, GA, has seen a significant increase in the number of arrests of people with serious mental illness. While Fulton County has accountability courts, some defendants with mental illness are not able to take advantage of these options due to their mental illness rendering them incompetent to understand the expectations required by these courts. The WISE (Women's Initiative for Success with Early Intervention) pilot project created a pathway for incompetent women to be diverted out of jail and into mental health treatment that was faster than the traditional evaluation for competency to stand trial pathway. A total of 16 female misdemeanants with non‐violent charges were referred to the program. All women in WISE received intensive case management services. Some women were sent to a psychiatric hospital for involuntary hospitalization, some were released back to the community, and some were sent to a state forensic hospital for competency restoration services. Compared with a similar group of female misdemeanants prior to inception of the pilot project, women in the WISE group spent significantly fewer days in jail (mean of 64.9 days versus 163.46 days). Thus, preliminary findings from the pilot project indicate that referral to the WISE program significantly reduced the burden of excess time in jail associated with having an untreated mental illness.
Galenic pial arteriovenous fistulas: Angioarchitecture, clinical presentation, and therapeutic considerations
Authors: George Zaki Ghali Michael
Published: October 2017

Vein of Galen (VG) aneurysmal malformations (VGAMs) are complex vascular lesions. Their etiopathogenesis is extensively debated and remains poorly understood. Strictly speaking, true VGAMs are Galenic pial arteriovenous fistulas. They are believed to arise in utero and are contended to drain either into the true VG or the median prosencephalic vein of Markowski. Several classification systems have been proposed and are widely used. With the advent of endovascular therapy, precise understanding of the angioarchitecture is critical for management and therapeutic decision making. We review clinical presentation and diagnostic imaging findings, discussing angioarchitectural properties as they relate to treatment planning. Clin. Anat. 31:259–268, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The role of anatomy demonstrators: A surgical trainees' perspective
Authors: Smith C.F. , Gami B. , Standfield N. , Davies D.C.
Published: October 2017

Core Surgical Trainees (CST) in the London (UK) Postgraduate School of Surgery receive clinical anatomy teaching in their first year of training, and, in their second year, give 30 sessions of anatomy teaching to medical and other students. This study set out to investigate the role of demonstrators from the perspective of the trainees. A focus group was convened to ascertain trainees' perspectives on demonstrating anatomy and to identify problems and improvement strategies to optimize their ability to enhance students' learning. A questionnaire was formulated and all second‐year CST (n = 186—from two cohorts) in the London Postgraduate School of Surgery were invited. A total of 109 out of 186 trainees completed the questionnaire. A high percentage (98%) of trainees that completed the questionnaire responded that demonstrating was an invaluable part of their training. Sixty‐two per cent responded that anatomy teaching they received in their first year of core surgical training helped them in their teaching role and 80% responded that it helped them prepare for surgical training. The study also revealed the need for improved communication between trainees and the London Postgraduate School of Surgery/Medical Schools/National Health Service Trusts to address issues such as trainees' perceived difficulty in fulfilling their teaching session requirement. The stakeholders have acknowledged and addressed the outcomes to improve the experience for both surgical trainees and students. The results indicate that anatomy demonstrating delivers important benefits to early surgical trainees, in addition to those received by the students that they teach. Clin. Anat. 31:409–416, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Women's experiences of the therapeutic value of writing about pregnancy sickness
Authors: Nicholson Michelle
Published: October 2017

Background

There is evidence of the beneficial effects of writing therapy in relation to a range of disorders. This is the first study to evaluate those effects in the field of pregnancy sickness.

Aim

To analyse the experiences of women using writing therapy to address issues associated with pregnancy sickness.

Method

Ten women with an age range of 32–48 years participated in this research study. All had been hospitalised at least once with severe pregnancy sickness symptoms in the form of hyperemesis gravidarum. Participants were invited to write reflectively about their former pregnancy sickness, at home, and then take part in a qualitative, semi‐structured telephone interview of approximately one hour to talk about how they experienced this writing process.

Findings

Thematic analysis identified several themes relating to the beneficial effects and uses of writing therapy and women's relational need to be heard and supported.

Discussion

This study supports previous findings about the beneficial effects of writing therapy and contributes new knowledge to the field of pregnancy sickness vis‐à‐vis the importance of emotional expression, emotional care and emotional recovery. The findings have important implications for healthcare professional practice.
Rapid postoperative recurrence of a cranial multilobular tumor of bone in a young dog
Authors: Cook Simon , Civello Alexander , Lam Richard , Fenn Joe , Neilson David , Priestnall Simon , Decker Steven De
Published: October 2017

Key Clinical Message

Although resection of multilobular tumors of bone can be associated with a good prognosis and long disease‐free intervals in dogs, osteosarcomatous transformation should be considered a cause for rapid recurrence of clinical signs.
pH‐Responsive Porous Nanocapsules for Controlled Release
Authors: Song Jun , Wei Yanlong , Hu Jiwen , Liu Guojun , Huang Zhengzhu , Lin Shudong , Liu Feng , Mo Yangmiao , Tu Yuanyuan , Ou Ming
Published: October 2017

In this work pH‐responsive porous nanocapsules have been successfully prepared from a ternary graft copolymer, poly(glycidyl methacrylate)‐g‐[poly(2‐cinnamoyloxyethyl methacrylate)‐r‐poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether‐r‐poly(2‐diethylaminoethyl methacrylate)] or PGMA‐g‐(PCEMA‐r‐MPEG‐r‐PDEAEMA). The graft copolymers were fabricated by grafting three types of polymer chains onto the backbone polymer by using click chemistry. These ternary copolymers underwent self‐assembly to form vesicles in a DMF/water solvent mixture. While the MPEG chains served as the corona and stabilized the vesicles, the vesicle wall was composed of a dominant PCEMA continuous phase that was interspersed by PDEAEMA domains. After photo‐cross‐linking, the PDEAEMA domains were embedded in the structurally locked PCEMA wall. By decreasing the pH of the external solution, we were able to trigger the release of encapsulated pyrene due to the capsule wall becoming porous as a result of the PDEAEMA chains bearing positively charged amine groups stretching into the water. While these pH‐responsive porous nanocapsules exhibited potential applications in drug delivery, detection and catalysis, the strategy reported in this contribution also represented a new paradigm for the design and preparation of other novel stimuli‐responsive porous nanocapsules.
Mononuclear Alkali Metal Organoperoxides Stabilized by an NNNN‐Macrocycle and Short Hydrogen Bonds from ROOH Molecules
Authors: Osseili Hassan , Truong Khai‐Nghi , Spaniol Thomas P. , Mukherjee Debabrata , Englert Ulli , Okuda Jun
Published: October 2017

A series of light alkali metal organoperoxides [MOOR] (M=Li, Na, K; R=tBu, CMe2Ph) were isolated in mononuclear form, aided by the tetradentate and neutral NNNN‐type macrocycle Me4TACD (L; Me4[12]aneN4=1,4,7,10‐tetramethyl‐1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane) and strong hydrogen bonds from additional ROOH molecules. The Na and K compounds are characterized by short O−H⋅⋅⋅O contacts, in the case of the Na derivative as short as 2.41 Å.
Stereoselective Traceless Borylation–Allenation of Propargylic Epoxides: Dual Role of the Copper Catalyst
Authors: Jarava‐Barrera Carlos , Parra Alejandro , Amenós Laura , Arroyo Ana , Tortosa Mariola
Published: October 2017

Chiral α‐allenols are prepared with high diastereocontrol through an unprecedented and spontaneous β‐oxygen elimination of an α‐epoxy vinyl boronate. Stochiometric experiments and DFT calculations support a dual role of the copper catalyst, which orchestrates the hydroboration and the syn‐elimination step.
Transition dipole coupling modeling of optical activity enhancements in macromolecular protein systems
Authors: Průša Jiří , Bouř Petr
Published: October 2017

Optical activity of regular molecular assemblies, such as protein fibrils or nucleic acid condensates, is often significantly stronger than for isolated molecules. Previous modeling suggested that this may be caused by the ordered quasi‐periodic structure and a long‐order synchronization of chromophore excitations. In the present study, we briefly review this phenomenon and investigate some aspects on simple models related to protein vibrational optical activity. The transition dipole coupling (TDC) model is used to generate vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) and Raman optical activity (ROA) spectra. While a linear arrangement of chromophores produced relatively simple couplet intensity patterns, a richer band structure was predicted for planar geometries. A stacking of β‐sheet planes has been identified as another powerful source of the enhancement. The results do not completely reproduce experimental observations but are consistent with them and confirm that chiroptical methods may be extremely useful to study aggregation of chiral molecules.
Influence of network ties on inter‐firm network management activities. A comparative study between international new ventures and international mature firms
Authors: Ripollés Maria , Blesa Andreu
Published: October 2017

This article investigates the types of network ties that contribute to the development of inter‐firm network management activities. It also examines whether these activities improve performance in the firms involved in those relationships. Data gathered from Spanish international new ventures and international mature firms show that marketing and technological ties significantly affect inter‐firm network management activities in international new ventures, while reputational ties only have effects in the case of international mature firms. Inter‐firm network management activities have a positive effect on performance in both samples. This paper provides evidence that firms' networks differ from one type of firm to another. Our findings suggest ways managers can influence networks to obtain benefits from inter‐firm network management activities. Copyright © 2017 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pricing framework for almost blank subframe scheme in two‐tier heterogeneous networks
Authors: Li Li , Zhou Zhaorong , Hu Yanjun , Jiang Tao , Wei Menghan
Published: October 2017

As a part of enhanced inter‐cell interference coordination (eICIC), almost blank subframe (ABS) is an efficient technique to mitigate the cross‐tier interference of two‐tier heterogeneous networks (HetNets) and enhance overall network performance. However, in small cells with closed subscriber group (CSG) mode, how to motivate small cell base stations (SBSs) to adopt ABS schemes is still one of technical challenges due to the selfish nature of SBSs. In this paper, we propose a pricing framework with ABS scheme that benefit both the macrocell and small cell tier. Within the proposed framework, each SBS with closed access policy performs ABS scheme by muting a portion of the whole frame in time domain, and then dedicating this interference‐free subframe to macrocell users (MUs) for exclusive use. In return, the macrocell base station (MBS) announces the price for these ABSs and offers a certain amount of revenue to each SBS according to the length of its ABS. Furthermore, we extend the small cell performance analysis to the scenario of hybrid access policy, which allow neighboring MUs to access small cells. To investigate the interaction between two tiers, we formulate the proposed framework as a one‐leader multiple‐follower Stackelberg game, which regards the MBS and SBSs as leader and followers, respectively. On the basis of the theoretical analysis, we prove that a unique Stackelberg equilibrium (SE) exists and obtain the optimal strategies for both tiers. Numerical results evaluate the utility performance of both tiers when SE is achieved and verify the validity of the proposed framework.
Linear precoding based on nonlinear high‐power amplifier in massive MIMO
Authors: Dai Jianxin , Wang Jun , Cheng Chonghu , Huang Zhiliang
Published: October 2017

Massive multi‐input multi‐output has the advantages of high energy efficiency and spectrum use, but it also brings some problems because of cheap hardware use, such as high‐power amplifier (HPA) nonlinearity. When the HPA operates in the nonlinear regime, nonlinear distortions, including amplitude and phase distortions, are introduced into the transmitted symbols, which in turn can cause adjacent channel interference and power losses. In this paper, we first study the deficiency of the conventional precoding algorithm when the HPA is nonlinear. Then, this paper proposes the improved precoding algorithms according to the effect of HPA nonlinearity on the signal, in which the adaptive factor is achieved to largely control the amplitude and phase distortions of the nonlinear HPA. Finally, the simulation results are provided and show that the proposed algorithms in this paper based on the relative block of diagonalization precoding and the forced zero precoding can efficiently decrease the bit error rate and increase the throughput, especially in the case of high signal‐to‐noise ratio.
Two visual systems in one eyestalk: The unusual optic lobe metamorphosis in the stomatopod Alima pacifica
Authors: Lin Chan , Cronin Thomas W.
Published: October 2017

The compound eyes of adult stomatopod crustaceans have two to six ommatidial rows at the equator, called the midband, that are often specialized for color and polarization vision. Beneath the retina, this midband specialization is represented as enlarged optic lobe lamina cartridges and a hernia‐like expansion in the medulla. We studied how the optic lobe transforms from the larvae, which possess typical crustacean larval compound eyes without a specialized midband, through metamorphosis into the adults with the midband in a two midband‐row species Alima pacifica. Using histological staining, immunolabeling, and 3D reconstruction, we show that the last‐stage stomatopod larvae possess double‐retina eyes, in which the developing adult visual system forms adjacent to, but separate from, the larval visual system. Beneath the two retinas, the optic lobe also contains two sets of optic neuropils, comprising of a larval lamina, medulla, and lobula, as well as an adult lamina, medulla, and lobula. The larval eye and all larval optic neuropils degenerate and disappear approximately a week after metamorphosis. In stomatopods, the unique adult visual system and all optic neuropils develop alongside the larval system in the eyestalk of last‐stage larvae, where two visual systems and two independent visual processing pathways coexist. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 3–14, 2018