bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simple and robust method for estimation of the split between the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and the Embden‐Meyerhof‐Parnas pathway in microorganisms
Authors: Christensen Bjarke , Christiansen Torben , Gombert Andreas Karoly , Thykaer Jette , Nielsen Jens
Published: September 2002

The flux through the oxidative pentose phosphate (PP) pathway was estimated in Bacillus clausii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Penicillium chrysogenum growing in chemostats with [1‐13C]glucose as the limiting substrate. The flux calculations were based on a simple algebraic expression that is valid irrespective of isotope rearrangements arising from reversibilities of the reactions in the PP pathway and the upper part of the Embden‐Meyerhof‐Parnas pathway. The algebraically calculated fluxes were validated by comparing the results with estimates obtained using a numerical method that includes the entire central carbon metabolism. Setting the glucose uptake rate to 100, the algebraic expression yielded estimates of the PP pathway flux in B. clausii, S. cerevisiae, and P. chrysogenum of 20, 42, and 75, respectively. These results are in accordance with the results from the numerical method. The information on the labeling patterns of glucose and the proteinogenic amino acids were obtained using gas chromatography / mass spectrometry, which is a very sensitive technique, and therefore only a small amount of biomass is needed for the analysis. Furthermore, the method developed in this study is fast and readily accessible, as the calculations are based on a simple algebraic expression. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 74: 517–523, 2001.
Metabolic‐flux analysis of continuously cultured hybridoma cells using 13CO2 mass spectrometry in combination with 13C‐lactate nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and metabolite balancing
Authors: Bonarius Hendrik P. J. , Özemre Ahmet , Timmerarends Bram , Skrabal Peter , Tramper Johannes , Schmid Georg , Heinzle Elmar
Published: September 2002

Protein production of mammalian‐cell culture is limited due to accumulation of waste products such as lactate, CO2, and ammonia. In this study, the intracellular fluxes of hybridoma cells are measured to determine the amount by which various metabolic pathways contribute to the secretion of waste products derived from glucose. Continuously cultured hybridoma cells are grown in medium containing either 1‐13C‐, 2‐13C‐, or 6‐13C‐glucose. The uptake and production rates of amino acids, glucose, ammonia, O2, and CO2 as well as the cellular composition are measured. In addition, the 13C distribution of the lactate produced and alanine produced by the hybridomas is determined by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, and the 13CO2/12CO2 ratio is measured by on‐line mass spectrometry. These data are used to calculate the intracellular fluxes of the glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, the TCA cycle, and fluxes involved in amino acid metabolism. It is shown that: (i) approximately 20% of the glucose consumed is channeled through the pentose shunt; (ii) the glycolysis pathway contributes the most to lactate production, and most of the CO2 is produced by the TCA cycle; (iii) the pyruvate–carboxylase flux is negligibly small; and (iv) the malic‐enzyme flux is estimated to be 10% of the glucose uptake rate. Based on these flux data suggestions are made to engineer a more efficient glucose metabolism in mammalian cells. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 74: 528–538, 2001.
Determination of molecular mass of acidic polysaccharides by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Kinoshita Mitsuhiro , Shiraishi Hiroyuki , Muranushi Chiho , Mitsumori Naomichi , Ando Takao , Oda Yasuo , Kakehi Kazuaki
Published: September 2002

We developed a method for the determination of molecular mass of acidic polysaccharides based on their high‐resolution separation by capillary electrophoresis. Polymers of N‐acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) and polysulfated hyaluronic acid were separated into their molecular species up to 100 mono‐ and 20 disaccharide units, respectively. The relationship between the molecular mass of NeuAc‐polymer and their electrophoretic mobilities showed good linearity, and was applied to the determination of molecular masses of larger NeuAc species unresolved by capillary electrophoresis under the same conditions. In the first step, the standard curve for the determination of molecular mass was constructed from the relationship between electrophoretic mobility and molecular mass. Subsequently, the mobility was extrapolated to the standard curve, and the molecular mass was calculated. Five different preparations of NeuAc polymers having different molecular masses showed smaller values than those determined by conventional chromatographic techniques. Further, molecular mass determined by the present method correlated with number‐average molecular mass. The methodology presented here was applied to the determination of molecular mass of polysulfated hyaluronic acid. The data indicated that native hyaluronic acid was extensively degraded during sulfonation reaction. Copyright ­© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure analysis of lipoglycans and lipoglycan‐derived carbohydrates by capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry
Authors: Lamari Fotini N. , Gioldassi Xanthee M. , Mitropoulou Theoni N. , Karamanos Nikos K.
Published: September 2002

Lipoglycans (lipopolysaccharides, lipoarabinomannans and glycolipids) are unique components of the cell membrane of all cells and the envelope of many bacteria. They play important roles in determining cell–environment interactions, which, however, are only partly understood due to incomplete description of their structural components, lipids and glycans. Capillary electrophoresis is an analytical technique of high separation efficiency and minimum sample requirements and has successfully been used for the analysis of several molecules of biological importance: proteins, nucleic acids and glycoconjugates. In the last years, a few applications of capillary electrophoresis to the analysis of lipoglycans have been reported. Analysis of lipoglycans involves the study of two parameters: intact molecules and carbohydrate parts. The conjunction of capillary electrophoresis and mass spectroscopy not only enhances the detection sensitivity, but also provides structural information on these structurally complex molecules. The interest in the field is rising and the results from the exact determination on the lipoglycan structure are expected to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanism of lipoglycan binding to proteins and cells of host organisms as well as their relationship to the virulence and pathogenesis of bacteria. In this report, an overview of the capillary electrophoresis methods used to analyze and characterize the intact lipoglycans as well as their carbohydrate parts is presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ascertainment of D‐amino acids in germ‐free, gnotobiotic and normal laboratory rats
Authors: Brückner Hans , Schieber Andreas
Published: September 2002

Free D‐amino acids were ascertained in the blood serum, urine and aqueous ethanolic extracts of feces of germ‐free laboratory rats and a rat made gnotobiotic (tetra‐associated) with species of Streptococcus, Lactobacillus and Clostridium. D‐Amino acids were also determined in the brains of two germ‐free rats. For comparison, D‐amino acids were also measured in the blood serum of normal rats and the blood plasma, urine and feces of normal white mice. D‐Enantiomers of most protein L‐amino acids were detected in all physiological samples of animals. Quantities of free D‐amino acids were determined as N(O)‐pentafluoropropionyl‐(2)‐propyl esters by enantioselective gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Stereoisomers of the bacterial marker 2,6‐diaminopimelic acid, analyzed as N‐trifluoroacetyl‐(2)‐propyl esters, were detected in feces of the gnotobiotic but not of the germ‐free rat. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abbreviations used:

common protein amino acids are abbreviated according to three‐letter nomenclature

Asx, Asp/Asn

Glx

Glu/Gln

Dap

2,6‐diaminopimelic acid

GC‐SIM‐MS

gas chromatographie/selected ion monitoring mass spectrometry

Orn

ornithin.
High performance liquid chromatography analysis of 9‐(2′,3′‐dideoxy‐2′β‐fluoro‐D‐threo‐penta furanosyl) adenine and its metabolite in human plasma using solid‐phase extraction on a polyfluorinated reversed stationary phase
Authors: Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y. , Abu‐Zaid Suhair
Published: September 2002

A quick and sensitive reversed‐phase HPLC method has been developed for the analysis of 2′‐β ‐fluoro‐2′,3′‐dideoxy adenosine (F‐ddA), the acid‐stable anti‐AIDS drug, and its metabolite 2′‐fluoro‐2′,3′‐dideoxy inosine (F‐ddI) in human plasma using polyfluorinated stationary phase column (Fluo fix, 15 cm, 4.0 mm i.d., 5 µm particle size). The mobile phase consisted of ammonium phosphate buffer solution (10 mM) adjusted with phosphoric acid 85% to pH 6.8:dimethyl formamide (97:3, v/v). F‐ddA and F‐ddI were monitored by UV–visible detector at 258 and 247 nm, respectively. The recoveries of F‐ddA and F‐ddI from plasma using a C18 solid‐phase extraction cartridge were 99.2% and 99.7%, respectively. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abbreviations used:

AIDS

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

AZT

zidovudine

CNS

central nervous system

ddA

2′,3′‐dideoxy adenosine

ddC

2′,3′‐dideoxy cytidine

ddG

2′,3′‐dideoxy Guanosine

ddI

2′,3′‐dideoxy inosine

ddT

2′,3′‐dideoxy thymidine

FDA

food and drug administration

F‐ddA

2′‐fluoro‐2′,3′‐dideoxy adenosine

F‐ddI

2′‐fluoro‐2′,3′‐dideoxy inosine

HIV

human immunodeficiency virus

HPLC

high performance liquid chromatography.
Effect of selenium on N‐nitrosodiethylamine‐induced multistage hepatocarcinogenesis with reference to lipid peroxidation and enzymic antioxidants
Authors: Thirunavukkarasu C. , Sakthisekaran D.
Published: September 2002

We have studied the relationship between antioxidant and anticancer properties of selenium (Se) in multistage hepatocarcinogenesis induced by N‐nitrosodiethylamine (DEN). In this study we have observed an increased level of lipid peroxide (LPO) products and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase and catalase) in hepatoma and surrounding liver tissues of cancer‐bearing animals. Selenium (Se) was supplemented either before initiation or during initiation and selection/promotion phases of hepatocarcinogenesis and was found to be effective in altering hepatic lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities to a statistically significant level measured either in the hepatoma or in the surrounding liver tissues. These alterations inclined towards normal in a time‐dependent manner on selenium supplementation. Furthermore, increased levels of lipid peroxidation and decreased levels of antioxidants (superoxide dismutase and catalase) were also observed in distant organs of cancer‐bearing rats other than the tumour‐bearing site. These alterations are brought back to normal levels upon Se treatment. Our results confirm the fact that Se is particularly protective in limiting the action of DEN by its antioxidant property. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Se, Cu and Se + vitamin E deficiency on the activities of CuZnSOD, GSH‐Px, CAT and LPO levels in chicken erythrocytes
Authors: Bozkaya Lütfiye Arzu , Öztürk‐Ürek Raziye , Aydemir Tülin , Tarhan Leman
Published: September 2002

Antioxidant enzymes and vitamins provide a defence against the damage of cells by reactive oxygen species in living systems. The effect of Cu, Se and vitamin E deficiencies on the antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxide levels of chicken erythrocytes were investigated during 6 weeks of a depletion diet. CuZnSOD activity and the plasma Cu level of the Cu‐deficient group which was fed a diet containing 0.2 mg Cu kg−1 were reduced to 62 and 71% respectively. GSH‐Px activity of the Se‐deficient group was decreased by 46% but by 21% in the Cu‐deficient group. CAT activity values of Se‐ and Cu‐deficient groups were increased by 28 and 10% respectively. The maximum increase of LPO levels in erythrocyte membranes was observed as 32% for the Se+E‐deficient group. The LPO level of the Cu‐deficient group which had decreased CuZnSOD and GSH‐Px activity, was also observed to be significantly increased when compared with the controls (p < 0.05). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suppression of EGF‐induced cell proliferation by the blockade of Ca2+ mobilization and capacitative Ca2+ entry in mouse mammary epithelial cells
Authors: Ichikawa Jun , Kiyohara Toshikazu
Published: September 2002

The role of intracellular Ca2+ stores and capacitative Ca2+ entry on EGF‐induced cell proliferation was investigated in mouse mammary epithelial cells. We have previously demonstrated that EGF enhances Ca2+ mobilization (release of Ca2+ from intracellular Ca2+ stores) and capacitative Ca2+ entry correlated with cell proliferation in mouse mammary epithelial cells. To confirm their role on EGF‐induced cell cycle progression, we studied the effects of 2,5‐di‐tert‐butylhydroquinone (DBHQ), a reversible inhibitor of the Ca2+ pump of intracellular Ca2+ stores, and SK&38;F 96365, a blocker of capacitative Ca2+ entry, on mitotic activity induced by EGF. Mitotic activity was examined using an antibody to PCNA for immunocytochemistry. SK&38;F 96365 inhibited capacitative Ca2+ entry in a dose‐dependent manner (I50: 1–5μm). SK&38;F 96365 also inhibited EGF‐induced cell proliferation in the same range of concentration (I50: 1–5 μm). DBHQ suppressed [Ca2+]i response to UTP and thus depleted completely Ca2+ stores at 5 μm. DBHQ also inhibited EGF‐induced cell proliferation at an I50 value of ∼10 μm. The removal of these inhibitors from the culture medium increased the reduced mitotic activity reversibly. Using a fluorescent assay of DNA binding of ethidium bromide, no dead cells were detected in any of the cultures. These results indicate that the inhibitory effects of SK&38;F 96365 and DBHQ on cell proliferation were due to the inhibition of capacitative Ca2+ entry and Ca2+ mobilization suggesting the importance of capacitative Ca2+ entry and Ca2+ mobilization in the control of EGF‐induced cell cycle progression in mouse mammary epithelial cells. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of citrinin on iron‐redox cycle
Authors: Da Lozzo Eneida Janiscki , Mangrich Antonio Salvio , Rocha Maria Eliane Merlin , de Oliveira Maria Benigna Martinelli , Carnieri Eva Gunilla Skare
Published: September 2002

The ability of the mycotoxin citrinin to act as an inhibitor of iron‐induced lipoperoxidation of biological membranes prompted us to determine whether it could act as an iron chelating agent, interfering with iron redox reactions or acting as a free radical scavenger. The addition of Fe3+ to citrinin rapidly produced a chromogen, indicating the formation of citrinin‐Fe3+ complexes. An EPR study confirms that citrinin acts as a ligand of Fe3+, the complexation depending on the [Fe3+]:[citrinin] ratios. Effects of citrinin on the iron redox cycle were evaluated by oxygen consumption or the o‐phenanthroline test. No effect on EDTA‐Fe2+→EDTA‐Fe3+ oxidation was observed in the presence of citrinin, but the mycotoxin inhibited, in a dose‐dependent manner, the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ by hydrogen peroxide. Reducing agents such as ascorbic acid and DTT reduced the Fe3+‐citrinin complex, but DTT did not cause reduction of Fe3+‐EDTA, indicating that the redox potentials of Fe3+‐citrinin and Fe3+‐EDTA are not the same. The Fe2+ formed from the reduction of Fe3+‐citrinin by reducing agents was not rapidly reoxidized to Fe3+ by atmospheric oxygen. Citrinin has no radical scavenger ability as demonstrated by the absence of DPPH reduction. However, a reaction between citrinin and hydrogen peroxide was observed by UV spectrum changes of citrinin after incubation with hydrogen peroxide. It was also observed that citrinin did not induce direct or reductive mobilization of iron from ferritin. These results indicate that the protective effect on iron‐induced lipid peroxidation by citrinin occurs due to the formation of a redox inactive Fe3+‐citrinin complex, as well as from the reaction of citrinin and hydrogen peroxide. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abbreviations used:

DPPH

diphenylpicrylhydrazyl

DMPO

5,5‐dimenthyl‐1‐pyrroline‐N‐oxide

EDTA

ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid

DTT

dithiothreitol

EPR

electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy
Interference of MI‐D, a new mesoionic compound, on artificial and native membranes
Authors: Cadena Silvia M.S.C. , Carnieri Eva G.S. , Echevarria Aurea , de Oliveira Maria Benigna Martinelli
Published: September 2002

MI‐D (4‐phenyl‐5‐(4‐nitrocinnamoyl)‐1,3,4‐thiadiazolium‐2‐phenylamine chloride), a new mesoionic compound, decreased the rate of swelling induced by valinomycin‐K+, as well as induced swelling in the presence of nigericin‐K+. Shrinkage was also affected, suggesting interference with the inner mitochondrial membrane, which would affect both fluidity and elasticity. Fluorescence polarization of DPH and DPH‐PA, probing the core and outer regions respectively, of the DMPC and native membranes, indicated that MI‐D shifts the midpoint of phase transition to higher values and orders of the fluid phase. These alterations in membrane fluidity are thus related to MI‐D effects on the energy‐linked functions of mitochondria. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of vitamin E on the levels of fatty acids and MDA in some tissues of diabetic rats
Authors: Çelik Sait , Baydaş Gıyaseddin , Yılmaz Ökkeş
Published: September 2002

This study was performed to determine whether vitamin E supplementation in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats treated with insulin could affect the levels of fatty acid composition and malondialdehyde (MDA) of brain, liver and muscle tissues. Thirty Wistar albino rats were used during the experiments. They were randomly divided into three groups, each consisting of six individuals. The first group was diabetic, the second was control, and the third was diabetic but fed vitamin E. The level of stearic acid in brain tissues decreased (p<0.05) in the second and the third groups as compared to the first group. The percentage of arachidonic and polyunsaturated fatty acids slightly decreased (p<0.05) in the diabetic group in comparison to the second and third groups. The proportion of docosahexaenoic acid significantly increased (p<0.01) in the second and third groups in contrast to the first group. The level of docosatrienoic was slightly higher (p<0.05) in the third group than in other groups. In the liver tissues, the proportion of stearic, oleic and total monounsaturated fatty acids was slightly higher (p<0.05) in the first group than in the other groups. The level of arachidonic, docosahexaenoic, unsaturated and total polyunsaturated fatty acid slightly increased (p<0.05) in the second and third groups as compared to the first group. The level of myristic and stearic acids in muscle tissue slightly increased (p<0.05) in the first group as compared to the second and third groups. The proportion of arachidonic, docosahexaenoic and unsaturated fatty acids slightly increased (p<0.05) in the second and third groups relative to the first group. The amount of MDA was slightly higher in the diabetic group than in the other groups in all tissues. The results indicate that vitamin E supplementation, in experimental diabetes could play a role in controlling the oxidative status and altered fatty acid metabolism in tissues, thereby maintaining favourable fatty acid distribution in the tissues affected by diabetic complications. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Autocrine production of basic fibroblast growth factor translated from novel synthesized mRNA mediates thrombin‐induced mitogenesis in smooth muscle cells
Authors: Cucina Alessandra , Borrelli Valeria , Lucarelli Marco , Sterpetti Antonio V. , Cavallaro Antonino , Strom Roberto , Santoro‐D' Angelo Luciana , Scarpa Sigfrido
Published: September 2002

Thrombin is known to stimulate smooth muscle cell (SMC) growth in culture but the mechanisms underlying growth stimulation remain unclear. Previous works have observed a significant increase in platelet‐derived growth factor AA and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) release by bovine aortic SMC after addition of thrombin. The aim of this study was to clarify the link between thrombin, bFGF and SMC proliferation by examining the kinetics of autocrine production of bFGF by thrombin‐stimulated SMC and its contribution to thrombin‐induced mitogenesis. Experiments were performed to assess the dynamics of thrombin‐induced bFGF mRNA transcription and to distinguish, following thrombin stimulus, between the activation of ‘old’ bFGF protein and/or bFGF mRNA, or novel mRNA synthesis and subsequent translation. Bovine aortic SMCs were stimulated with thrombin in serum‐free culture. bFGF mRNA expression was determined by RT‐PCR. Mitogenic activity of thrombin was determined by 3H‐thymidine uptake. Our results demonstrate that the peak of bFGF mRNA expression occurred 24 h after thrombin stimulation. Experiments performed with cycloheximide, a translation inhibitor, revealed a translation peak later than 24 h after thrombin stimulation. Thrombin‐induced mitogenic activity in SMCs was partially inhibited by the addition of anti‐bFGF antibody (p< 0.001) and of hirudin (p< 0.001). When hirudin was added 24 h after stimulation, thrombin‐induced mitogenic activity was not inhibited. In conclusion, thrombin‐induced mitogenesis was partially mediated by the autocrine production of bFGF, mainly due to protein synthesis by novel mRNA with a transcription peak at 24 h and a later translation peak. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 45‐kDa midgut glycoprotein from Anopheles albimanus mosquito mediates the killing of trypanosomes
Authors: Nok Andrew J. , Njoku G. C. , Balogun E.
Published: September 2002

Trypanosomes do not inhabit or grow in anopheles mosquitoes, the vector for the transmission of Plasmodium parasites the causative agent for malaria. The possession of lytic factors by the anopheline mosquito was thus considered. Head and midgut sections prepared in phosphate buffered saline were tested for trypanocidal action against T. congolense. While the head section was inactive towards the trypanosomes, the midgut extract at 0.2 mg ml−1 diminished the motility of the parasites within 2 min of incubation; killing 50% of the population after 5 min. At 0.5 mg ml−1 of the extract, about 90% of the parasites were killed within 2 min of incubation. The midgut fraction was subjected to a purification protocol involving successive chromatography on: octyl‐sepharose, reactive brown agarose and fetuin‐agarose columns. A final trypanocidal active fraction (gp45), which moved homogeneously during electrophoresis as a 45‐kDa protein, was recovered from the fetuin‐agarose column. The protein reacted positively with thiobarbituric acid, which suggests it is a sialoglycoprotein. Desialylation of the glycoprotein nullified its trypanocidal activity on T. congolense. Similarly, when the saccharides, lactose, methyl‐β‐galactoside, lactulose, methyl‐umbelliferyl‐β‐galactoside (MU‐Gal), were included in the culture medium, they inhibited the gp45 trypanocidal activity. Asialo‐fetuin and asialo‐RBC also inhibited the gp45‐induced killing of T. congolense cells. The potential use of anopheline 45 kDa protein in the production of transgenic tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) in the control of trypanosomiasis is discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aspirin alone antiplatelet regimen after intracoronary placement of the Carbostent™: The Antares study
Authors: Bartorelli Antonio L. , Trabattoni Daniela , Montorsi Piero , Fabbiocchi Franco , Galli Stefano , Ravagnani Paolo , Grancini Luca , Cozzi Sergio , Loaldi Alessandro
Published: September 2002

The effect of stent coatings in preventing early thrombotic occlusion remains to be proved. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the Carbostent™, a new coronary stent with a nonthrombogenic coating (Carbofilm™), in 110 consecutive patients (73.6% men, mean age 61 ± 9 years) who met prespecified clinical and angiographic inclusion criteria and were treated with aspirin monotherapy after stenting. Stable angina (75.5%), unstable angina (18.2%), and silent ischemia (6.3%) were clinical indications for coronary revascularization. Patients received 10,000 U of heparin and no IIb/IIIa inhibitors or postprocedural heparin. Complex lesion characteristics (B2, C) were present in 39 out of 129 (30.2%) lesions. Mean lesion length was 15.6 ± 7.4 mm, and 32% of the lesions were >15 mm (range 16–52 mm). Small coronary vessels (<3.0 mm) were treated in 28% of the cases. A total of 165 Carbostent™ were used in 129 coronary lesions of the 110 patients. Single‐vessel stenting was performed in 97 (88%) patients and multivessel stent placement in 13 (12%) patients. The mean length of the stented segment was 21 ± 13 mm (range 9–95 mm). Procedural and clinical success was achieved in all patients. At 1‐month follow‐up, there were no stent thrombosis or other major adverse cardiac events. We observed 2 (1.8%) non‐Q‐wave myocardial infarctions and 2 (1.8%) vascular complications. This study indicates that the Carbostent™ may prevent stent thrombosis in selected patients treated with aspirin only. A randomized study comparing aspirin alone versus combined ticlopidine and aspirin after Carbostent™ implantation will be needed to confirm these results. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:150–156. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extraction of large intracoronary thrombus in acute myocardial infarction by percutaneous fogarty maneuver: Intentional abuse of a novel interventional device
Authors: Eggebrecht Holger , Baumgart Dietrich , Naber Christoph , Dirsch Olaf , Haude Michael , Erbel Raimund
Published: September 2002

Intracoronary thrombus in the infarct‐related artery remains a challenge for interventional catheter‐based techniques in acute myocardial infarction and may result in severe complications due to distal embolization. We describe a patient with acute myocardial infarction in whom a large intracoronary thrombus of the left anterior descending coronary artery was successfully removed by percutaneous Fogarty maneuver using an expanded filter protection device. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:228–232. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intracoronary retrieval of the dehisced radiopaque ring of a guiding catheter: An unusual complication of coronary angioplasty
Authors: Chen Yi , Fang Ching‐Chang , Yu Ching‐Lung , Jao Yeun Tarl Fresner Ng , Wang Shih‐Pu
Published: September 2002

The guiding catheter used in coronary intervention may be damaged or some parts could be dehisced during the procedure, producing adverse effects in the vascular tree. So much so that immediate surgery is usually indicated. We report a case with a dehisced radiopaque ring of the catheter during the procedure. It was retrieved percutaneously without thoracotomy. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:262–264. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prognostic value of cardiac troponin I elevation after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with chronic renal insufficiency: A 12‐month outcome analysis
Authors: Gruberg Luis , Fuchs Shmuel , Waksman Ron , Pichard Augusto D. , Kent Kenneth M. , Laird John R. , Wu Hongsheng , Elsayyad Sayed , Allen Craig M. , Satler Lowell F.
Published: September 2002

Serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is a highly specific marker for myocardial damage in patients with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI), unlike creatine kinase myocardial band fraction (CK‐MB), which may be elevated in the absence of myocardial injury in patients with CRI. We studied 116 consecutive CRI patients (serum creatinine ≥ 1.8 mg/dL, not on dialysis) with normal baseline cTnI levels who underwent successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Patients were divided into two groups: group 1, elevated postprocedural cTnI (n = 50), and group 2, normal cTnI (n = 66). Patients with elevated cTnI were older and had a higher incidence of postinfarction angina and lower creatinine clearance compared to patients who did not have cTnI elevation. Atheroablative devices (rotational and directional atherectomy and excimer laser coronary angioplasty) were more frequently used in group 1 patients (27.1% vs. 18.5%; P = 0.04). In‐hospital mortality, cardiac mortality, and Q‐wave myocardial infarction rates did not differ between the two groups. At 12‐month follow‐up, total mortality rates were significantly higher in group 1 (28.0% vs. 9.9%; P = 0.002). Multivariate analysis showed that cTnI was an independent predictor of late mortality (OR = 2.26; CI = 1.07–4.77; P = 0.03). Thus, in patients with CRI, elevated cTnI levels after successful PCI is an important predictor of poor long‐term outcome. Our data suggest that patients with cTnI elevation > 3 times above normal values are particularly at higher risk. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:174–179. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐throughput SNP genotyping
Authors: Jenkins Suzanne , Gibson Neil
Published: September 2002

Whole genome approaches using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers
have the potential to transform complex disease genetics and expedite pharmacogenetics
research. This has led to a requirement for high‐throughput SNP genotyping
platforms. Development of a successful high‐throughput genotyping platform
depends on coupling reliable assay chemistry with an appropriate detection
system to maximise efficiency with respect to accuracy, speed and cost. Current
technology platforms are able to deliver throughputs in excess of 100 000 genotypes
per day, with an accuracy of >99%, at a cost of 20–30 cents per genotype.
In order to meet the demands of the coming years, however, genotyping platforms
need to deliver throughputs in the order of one million genotypes per day
at a cost of only a few cents per genotype. In addition, DNA template requirements
must be minimised such that hundreds of thousands of SNPs can be interrogated
using a relatively small amount of genomic DNA. As such, it is predicted that
the next generation of high‐throughput genotyping platforms will exploit large‐scale
multiplex reactions and solid phase assay detection systems. Copyright ©
2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating genotypic data with transcriptomic and proteomic data
Authors: Shields Denis C , O'Halloran Aisling M
Published: September 2002

Historically genotypic variation has been detected at the phenotypic level,
at the metabolic level, and at the protein chemistry level. Advances in technology
have allowed its direct visualisation at the level of DNA variation. Nevertheless,
there is still an enormous interest in phenotypic, metabolic and protein property
variability, since such variation gives insights into potential functionally
important differences conferred by genetic variation. High‐throughput transcriptomics
and proteomics applied to different individuals drawn from a population has
the potential to identify the functional consequences of genetic variability,
in terms of either differences in expression of mRNA or in terms of differences
in the quantities, pI(s) or molecular weight(s) of an expressed protein. Family
studies can define the genetic component of such variation (segregation analysis)
and with the genotyping of well‐spaced markers can map the causative factors
to broad chromosomal regions (linkage analysis). Association studies in the
variant proteins have the greatest power to confirm the presence of cis‐acting
genetic variants. The most powerful study designs may combine elements of
both family and association studies applied to proteomic and transcriptomic
analyses. Such studies may provide appreciable advances in our understanding
of the genetic aetiology of complex disorders. Copyright © 2002 John
Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
REALIS: Postgenomic analysis of Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Kärst Uwe ,   The REALIS Consortium
Published: September 2002

Listeria monocytogenes is a remarkably successful food‐borne pathogen.
It is capable a) of surviving and proliferating under conditions that exist
within the food chain, such as at low temperatures, high salt and low pH and
b) of colonizing animal host tissues after ingestion of contaminated food,
causing opportunistic infections mainly, but not exclusively, in immunocompromised
hosts.

The ultimate goals of REALIS are two fold: Firstly, it aims to completely
decipher all genes required for survival in and adaptation of Listeria
monocytogenes to two very different environments, ie., the infected host
and the external environment. Secondly, using genomics and postgenomic tools,
REALIS seeks to precisely address fundamental questions regarding evolutionary
relationships between pathogenic and non‐pathogenic Listeria and to define
qualities of particularly successful clonal pathovariants in causing disease.

This project will provide both industry and health care managers with rational
approaches to curbing food‐borne contamination, minimising risks of infection
and providing novel pharma­cological approaches for halting the fulminant
course of infection. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘The boys and girls not calling me names and the teachers to believe me’. Name calling and the experiences of Travellers in school
Authors: Lloyd Gwynedd , Stead Joan
Published: September 2002

This paper is about name calling and bullying of Gypsy and Show Travellers in school and the response of schools. The data discussed were gathered as part of a small‐scale study of the experiences of Gypsy and Show Travellers in school in Scotland and of the views of school and Traveller support staff. The overall focus of the study was on exclusion and perceptions of deviance. There was a difference in the teachers' views of the two groups of Travellers, with Gypsy Traveller pupils perceived as having, and presenting, more difficulties in school. However both Gypsy and Show Traveller children experienced frequent racist bullying and name calling, often not acknowledged by their school. The paper focuses particularly on this latter aspect of our research, raising issues about the ability of schools to support diversity and suggesting that approaches to bullying often fail to address both broader issues of social relationships in school and also the historical and cultural context of prejudice against Travellers. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GEF at work: Vav in protruding filopodia
Authors: Kranewitter Wolfgang J. , Danninger Claudia , Gimona Mario
Published: September 2002

The Dbl family proto‐oncogene vav is a nucleotide exchange factor for Rho family GTPases and is involved in triggering cytoskeletal changes contributing to the alterations of cell shape and motility, as well as in the induction of gene expression. In vitro and in vivo Vav is regulated by multiple tyrosine phosphorylation and binding to phosphatidylinositol phosphates. Although recruitment of Vav to the plasma membrane appears important for the activation of Vav function, there is little information on the precise subcellular localization of Vav in living cells. Employing live video fluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy, we show that GFP‐tagged full‐length Vav, and several mutants in which the N‐terminal regulatory calponin homology (CH) domain has been deleted, specifically localize to the tips of filopodia. This localization was congruent with a high content of tyrosine phosphorylation in these regions. Consistent with earlier observations, mutants lacking the C‐terminal SH domain region were unable to translocate to the filopodia tips. The enrichment in filopodial tips persisted despite their lateral movement but was dependent on forward growth. Upon retraction, the signal was rapidly lost, indicating that Vav undergoes a specific and transient translocation in response to actin‐based, protrusive events in filopodia. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 49:154–160, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphometric analysis of dendritic remodeling in an identified motoneuron during postembryonic development
Authors: Libersat Frederic , Duch Carsten
Published: September 2002

A detailed quantitative description of modifications in neuronal architecture is an important prerequisite to investigate the signals underlying behaviorally relevant changes in neuronal shape. Extensive morphological remodeling of neurons occurs during the metamorphosis of holometabolous insects, such as Manduca sexta, in which new adult behaviors develop postembryonically. In this study, a morphometric analysis of the structural changes of an identified Manduca motoneuron, MN5, was conducted by sampling its metric parameters at different developmental stages. The remodeling of MN5 is divided into three main phases. The regression of most larval dendrites (1) is followed by the formation of dendritic growth‐cones (2), and subsequently, adult dendrite formation (3). In contrast, the cell body and link segment surface increase during dendritic regression and regrowth, indicating that different cell compartments receive different signals, or respond differently to the same signal. During dendritic growth‐cone formation, the growth of the cell body and the link segment are arrested. Sholl and branch frequency analysis suggest two different modes of dendritic growth. During a first growth‐cone‐dependent phase, new branch formation occurs at all dendrites. The maximum path length of the major dendritic tree changes little, whereas branch order increases from 20 to 45. Changes in total dendritic length are correlated with strong changes in the number of nodes but with minor changes in the average dendritic segment length, indicating a mode of growth similar to that induced by steroid hormone application to cultured motoneurons. The second phase is growth‐cone‐independent, and branching is limited to high order dendrites. J. Comp. Neurol. 450:153–166, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Torsion of orthotropic bars with L‐shaped or cruciform cross‐section
Authors: Chen Y. Z. , Lee Kang Yong
Published: September 2002

For an orthotropic torsion bar with L‐shaped or cruciform cross‐section, the studied torsion problem can be reduced to a boundary value problem of elliptic partial differential equation. The studied region is separated into several rectangular sub‐regions, and the series solution is suggested to solve the problem for the individual sub‐region. By using the continuation condition for the functions on the neighbouring sub‐regions, the investigated solution is obtainable. Finally, numerical results for the torsion rigidities of bars are given to demonstrate the influence of the degree of orthotropy. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The buckling mode extracted from the LDLT‐decomposed large‐order stiffness matrix
Authors: Fujii Fumio , Noguchi Hirohisa
Published: September 2002

The present study proposes an innovated eigenanalysis‐free idea to extract the buckling mode only from the LDLT‐decomposed stiffness matrix in large‐scale bifurcation analysis. The computational cost for extracting the critical eigenvector is negligible, because the decomposition of the stiffness matrix will continually be repeated during path‐tracing to solve the stiffness equations. A numerical example is computed to illustrate that the proposed idea is tough enough even for multiple bifurcation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison between new adaptive remeshing strategies based on point wise stress error estimation and energy norm error estimation
Authors: Bugeda G.
Published: September 2002

Traditionally, the most commonly used mesh adaptive strategies for linear elastic problems are based on the use of an energy norm for the measurement of the error, and a mesh refinement strategy based on the equal distribution of the error between all the elements. However, little attention has been paid to the study of alternative error norms and alternative refinement strategies. This paper studies the feasibility of using alternative mesh refinement strategies based on

— the use of the classical error energy norm and an optimality criterion based on the equal distribution of the density of error,

— the use of alternative error norms based on measurements of the point wise error contained in the main magnitudes that control the equilibrium problem and/or the material constitutive equations such as the stresses (e.g. the Von Mises stress).

The feasibility of using all the described strategies is demonstrated through the solution of a benchmark example. This example is also used for comparison between the described refinement criteria. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computation of mould filling processes with a moving Lagrangian interface technique
Authors: Cruchaga Marcela , Celentano Diego , Tezduyar Tayfun
Published: September 2002

Computation of non‐isothermal flow problems involving moving interfaces is presented. A Lagrangian interface technique, defined in the context of a fixed‐mesh finite element formulation for incompressible flows, is employed to update the interface position. A global mass‐corrector algorithm is used to accurately enforce the global mass conservation. The Navier–Stokes equations are solved with an improved sub‐element integration technique to more accurately account for sudden changes in the fluid properties across the interface. The method described is applied to two mould filling problems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incompressible Navier–Stokes computations with stable and stabilized space–time formulations: a comparative study
Authors: N'dri Donatien , Garon André , Fortin André
Published: September 2002

The behaviour and accuracy of the stable mixed space–time finite element methods for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in a two‐dimensional bounded domain are investigated in this work. The mixed method is based on the recently developed space–time mini element, which consists of piecewise linear functions for the pressure and of piecewise linear functions enriched with a bubble function for the velocity. This element is stable in the sense that the underlying pair of discrete spaces for velocity and pressure satisfies the so‐called ‘inf–sup’ condition. We assess the behaviour and accuracy of the underlying mixed approximation when compared with the stabilized Galerkin/least‐squares space–time method for some two‐dimensional problems. Both methods are based on the time‐discontinuous Galerkin method with the use of simplex‐type meshes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An examination of LES filtering within the finite element method
Authors: Kollmann W. , McCallen R. C. , Leone J. M.
Published: September 2002

The finite element method (FEM), in combination with large‐eddy simulation (LES) techniques, is considered for the study of incompressible turbulent flows. The combination of these methodologies brings together the advantages of each: LES provides a high degree of accuracy with a minimum of empiricism for turbulence modelling, and FEM provides a robust way to simulate flow in very complex domains. It is shown that the LES filtering operator and filter width can be independently chosen with FEM just as with spectral methods because, even though FEM is grid based, it is also a method that provides an unambiguous solution everywhere by employing global basis functions. The assumption that the LES filtering operator commutes with differentiation is shown to be valid with the FEM approach. It is also shown that the error introduced by non‐uniform filtering is small so long as the filter width changes smoothly. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HPF/JA: extensions of High Performance Fortran for accelerating real‐world applications
Authors: Seo Yoshiki , Iwashita Hidetoshi , Ohta Hiroshi , Sakagami Hitoshi
Published: September 2002

This paper presents a set of extensions on High Performance Fortran (HPF) to make it more usable for parallelizing real‐world production codes. HPF has been effective for programs that a compiler can automatically optimize efficiently. However, once the compiler cannot, there have been no ways for the users to explicitly parallelize or optimize their programs. In order to resolve the situation, we have developed a set of HPF extensions (HPF/JA) to give the users more control over sophisticated parallelization and communication optimizations. They include parallelization of loops with complicated reductions, asynchronous communication, user‐controllable shadow, and communication pattern reuse for irregular remote data accesses. Preliminary experiments have proved that the extensions are effective at increasing HPF's usability. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimizing blood pressure reduction: predicting success in the home environment
Authors: Craig A. R. , Bartrop R. , Lal S. K. L. , Henderson R. J. , Hart M. , Hunyor S.
Published: September 2002

Transferring skills to non‐clinic contexts remains a challenge for clinical psychologists. Research is needed that investigates strategies of transferring clinic skills as well as factors that are associated with successful transfer. This paper presents research that involved training clients to reduce blood pressure (BP) in the home environment and isolating factors related to successful BP reduction. Subjects diagnosed with mild hypertension participated in a controlled trial investigating the efficacy of continuous BP feedback in helping to reduce systolic BP in the clinic and home environment. While the benefits of learning BP feedback in the clinic was not shown to be beneficial over a control, training in the home environment was shown to reduce BP significantly in comparison to controls. Factors shown to be associated consistently and reliably with reduction of BP in the home were those that involved beliefs or expectations of self‐control. Expectations (self‐efficacy) and an internal locus of control consistently predicted the ability to reduce both systolic and diastolic BP in the home environment. Implications for the behavioural treatment of hypertension are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is interpersonal psychotherapy in group format a therapeutic option in late‐life depression?
Authors: Scocco Paolo , De Leo Diego , Frank Ellen
Published: September 2002

Individual interpersonal psychotherapy, alone or in combination with pharmacological therapy, has proved effective in the treatment of late‐life depression. In this paper we present an application of interpersonal psychotherapy in a group format (IPT‐G) to treat depressed elderly patients and describe how this individual therapy was adapted to a group setting. The group format seems to lend itself to the interpersonal approach and provides some advantages over the individual setting. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intrusions and inferences in obsessive compulsive disorder
Authors: O'Connor Kieron
Published: September 2002

This article compares two models about the nature of obsessional intrusions: one, that they are just ‘normal thoughts’ whose obsessional significance derives from their appraisal; the other, that they are specific inferences about thoughts and things, which form conditional premises and are part of the obsessional reasoning. Support for the first model comes from questionnaire studies showing that the content of obsessional intrusions is similar or even identical to intrusions in non‐obsessional people. Also there is growing clinical evidence that addressing the appraisals made about the intrusions rather than the content of the intrusions alleviates OCD symptoms. However, regarding the second model, intrusions tend to be thematic; they do explicitly take the form of an ‘inference’ (X may occur) whose development can be traced to inductive logic; ‘intrusions’ can be modified by changing inference processes, and such modification alone can reduce OCD‐related anxiety. It is proposed that both primary inference and secondary appraisal may form two separate parts of the same evaluative sequence, and both should be targeted in treatment. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.