bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prioritizing Sectors for Economic Development in Sikkim, India
Authors: Mishra Manjushree , Jha Ajeya
Published: September 2014

Sikkim, a mountainous state in the Himalayas joined the democratic mainstream of the Indian Union in 1975. It has made enormous progress in planned economic development since then. Mountainous terrain and lack of reliable transportation and infrastructure does not allow establishments of large scale industries. Agriculture, dairy farming and cottage industries have limited scope of expansion. Hydro-electricity generation, pharmaceutical, tourism and tea appear to be promising and fastest growing economic sectors. Thus, these four growth sectors have been considered for evaluation. Six major criteria (such as Installation Cost, Return on Investment, Sustainability, Social Acceptance, Environment Friendliness, and Future Demand) were appropriately selected have been considered for evaluation of these alternatives for prioritising these economic sectors. The alternatives were subjected to pairwise comparison using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) so as to arrive at objective conclusions. The analysis of selected economic sectors and findings has been discussed in this article.
Research in Agricultural and Environmental Information Systems
Authors: Pinet François , Papajorgji Petraq
Published: September 2014

Information systems relate to diverse applications, but, until recently, the use of this technology in agriculture and environment has been relatively behind the applications in the industrial sector. The publication of IJAEIS started in 2010 in order to promote the new research advances in information systems applied to agriculture and environment. This paper presents an overview of the different scientific issues presented in the 50 papers published in IJAEIS between 2010 and 2013. The authors summarize the different contributions presented in IJAEIS and the authors identify the main trends in the field of agricultural and environmental information systems (ontologies, communication systems, spatial information processing, etc.).
Discriminating Biomass and Nitrogen Status in Wheat Crop by Spectral Reflectance Using Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Kapp Junior Claudio , Caires Eduardo Fávero , Guimarães Alaine Margarete
Published: September 2014

Precision Agriculture has the goal of reducing cost which is difficult when it is related to fertilizers application. Nitrogen (N) is the nutrient absorbed in greater amounts by crops and the N fertilizers application present significant costs. The use of spectral reflectance sensors has been studied to identify the nutritional status of crops and prescribe varying N rates. This study aimed to contribute to the determination of a model to discriminating biomass and nitrogen status in wheat through two sensors, GreenSeeker and Crop Circle, using the Resilient Propagation and Backpropagation Artificial Neural Networks algorithms. As a result was detected a strong correlation to the sensor readings with the aboveground biomass production and N extraction by plants. For both algorithms it was established a satisfactory model for estimating wheat dry biomass production. The best Backpropagation and Resilient Propagation models defined showed better performance for the GreenSeeker and Crop Circle sensors, respectively.
“Why Don't You Just Adopt?”
Authors: Jaffari Svenja
Published: September 2014

This article introduces two theoretical perspectives on users' creative appropriations of new products which underline that product adoption goes beyond the moment of buying a product. It points out that successful and sustainable product adoption arises from enabling users' concrete action to creatively adopt and integrate a product into existing or emergent practices. Within the discipline of design, users' everyday life has been acknowledged to be full of hacks and workarounds. Everyday life has been recognized as a highly variable and complex unit of analysis which, according to some sociologists, gets continuously shaped and re-shaped by materials, images and skills within the boundary of what is called ‘a practice'. This paper will elaborate on two perspectives – design in-use and practice theory – to articulate an extended view on product adoption that could take into account the dynamics and the relevance of users' creative efforts in their everyday lives. It will suggest some guidelines for innovation managers, product developers and others who deal with issues related to product adoption.
Adjusting Thread Parallelism Dynamically to Accelerate Dynamic Programming with Irregular Workload Distribution on GPGPUs
Authors: Wu Chao-Chin , Ke Jenn-Yang , Lin Heshan , Jhan Syun-Sheng
Published: September 2014

Dynamic Programming (DP) is an important and popular method for solving a wide variety of discrete optimization problems such as scheduling, string-editing, packaging, and inventory management. DP breaks problems into simpler subproblems and combines their solutions into solutions to original ones. This paper focuses on one type of dynamic programming called Nonserial Polyadic Dynamic Programming (NPDP). To run NPDP applications efficiently on an emerging General-Purpose Graphic Processing Unit (GPGPU), the authors have to exploit more parallelism to fully utilize the computing power of the hundreds of processing units in it. However, the parallelism degree varies significantly in different phases of the NPDP applications. To address the problem, the authors propose a method that can adjust the thread-level parallelism to provide a sufficient and steadier parallelism degree for different phases. If a phase has insufficient parallelism, the authors split threads into subthreads. On the other hand, the authors can limit the total number of threads in a phase by merging threads. The authors also examine the difference between the conventional problem of finding the minimum on a GPU and the NPDP-featured problem of finding the minimums of many independent sets on a GPU. Finally, the authors examine how to design an appropriate data structure to apply the memory coalescing optimization technique. The experimental results demonstrate our method can obtain the best speedup of 13.40 over the algorithm published previously.
Computing Traffic Information in the Cloud
Authors: Wei Po-Ting , Wang Tai-Chi , Chang Shih-Yu , Chung Yeh-Ching
Published: September 2014

Vehicular ad hoc networks have been envisioned to be useful in road safety and commercial applications. In addition, in-vehicle capabilities could be used as a service to provide a variety of applications, for example, to provide real-time junction view of road intersections or to address traffic status for advanced traffic light control. In this work, the authors construct a cloud service over vehicular ad hoc networks to provide event data including capturing videos or Global Positioning System (GPS) data. Moreover, the authors integrate the GPS receiver and the navigation software equipped over On Board Unit to create a Geographic Information System digital map and to offer a traffic safety application. The hardware is implemented by Eeepad for integrating camera and GPS. Furthermore, the cyclic recording scheme has been addressed for data transmission and query. With the design, people can get real-time traffic information including traffic videos or geographical data in the cloud.
On Construction of a Multi-Grid Resource Selection Strategy on Grids
Authors: Yang Chao-Tung , Hu Wen-Jen , Lai Kuan-Chou
Published: September 2014

Grid computing is now in widespread use, integrating geographical computing resources across multiple virtual organizations to achieve high performance computing. A single grid does not often provide a vast resource because virtual organizations have inadequate computing resource restrictions for management on an organizational scale. This paper presents a new grid architecture named Multi-Grid, which integrates multiple computational grids from different virtual organizations. This study builds a resource broker on multiple grid environments, integrating a number of single grids from different virtual organizations without the limit of organizations. The purpose of the multiple-grid resource is to avoid wasting resources. In addition, this study proposes a Multi-Grid Resource Selection Strategy (MRGSS) for the resource broker to better allocate resources before submitting jobs, to avoid network congestion that consequently causes a decrease in performance.
SC-WS
Authors: Mostefaoui Ghita Kouadri , Maamar Zakaria , Narendra Nanjangud C.
Published: September 2014

This paper discusses Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) as an efficient way to handle security concerns in Web services. Without AOP, the necessary security code would be mixed with the business logic that a Web service implements. This renders the maintenance of both code and business logic tedious and prone to errors. AOP allows confining codes of non-functional concerns like security and self-healing into specific modules so that they do not cross-cut with the Web service's business logic. The proposed aspect-oriented approach in this paper is built upon three levels referred to as user, component, and resource, and adopts three types of context, one context per level. The contexts contain various details on the environment of Web services, which permits activating the necessary aspects in response to these details. A set of experiments validating this approach are also reported in this paper.
Toward a Sustainable Fishery Management Policy
Authors: Coy Steven P. , Shipley Margaret F. , Shipley-Lozano J. Brooke
Published: September 2014

This article proposes an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model to predict neonatal and juvenile bull shark habitat usage in the Sabine Pass, located within the Gulf of Mexico between Louisiana and Texas. Given continuing discussion regarding overfishing of all shark species, including bull sharks, in the northwestern Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, the research objective was to analyze environmental data proven to be conducive to bull shark early life stages and to use these data in an ANN to predict bull shark presence during late spring and throughout summer months at designated sampling sites. The results of this analysis can both aid decision making in a fisheries context and inform the discussion on bull shark habitat usage in general, thereby contributing to the discussion of whether or not the need exists for conservation efforts to ensure sustainability of the species as part of an effective bull shark management plan.
Methodology for Detecting Advanced Persistent Threats in Oracle Databases
Authors: Ray Loye L. , Felch Henry
Published: September 2014

Advanced persistent threats (APTs) have become a big problem for computer systems. Databases are vulnerable to these threats and can give attackers access to an organizations sensitive data. Oracle databases are at greater risk due to their heavy use as back-ends to corporate applications such as enterprise resource planning software. This paper will describe a methodology for finding APTs that may be hiding or operating deep within an Oracle database system. Using a deep understanding of Oracle normal operations provides a baseline to assist in discovering APT behavior. Incorporating these into a database intrusion detection system can raise the ability for finding these threats.
Exploring Self-Efficacy Beliefs as Entry Behaviors for Participation in an Online Peer Tutoring Learning Environment
Authors: Tirado-Cordero Iván , Hargiss Kathleen M. , Howard Caroline
Published: September 2014

Social cognitive theory is founded on the belief that learning is shared socially. Triadic reciprocal determinism explains the interrelationship and interaction between environmental cues, behavior, and biological determinants to shape and alter the perception of the self and how individuals assume agentic perspectives in social interactions to approach challenges and pursue goals. Knowing how learners perceived their likelihood to achieve success also provides for a better understanding of the constraints and opportunities of a proposed learning solution. The purpose of this study was to explore the self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents as part of the analysis of the learners in the instructional design system (ISD) model in terms of entry behaviors for the design of a peer tutoring learning environment. The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) was used to interview participants, using the questions as open-ended questions. Observations of the social interactions between participants were collected during focus groups to discuss their responses to the GSE scale. The results of this study suggested that individuals with high self-efficacy not only assume a direct personal agentic perspective when acting alone but that they also assume and motivate others to engage in a collective agentic perspective. Individuals with low self-efficacy assume proxy or surrogate agentic perspectives in social interactions and require prompting to engage and participate. High self-efficacy indicates effective collaboration through the collective agency, which affects success positively in a peer tutoring learning environment. Low self-efficacy affects negatively success in peer tutoring, because individuals with low self-efficacy assume a proxy or surrogate agentic perspective detaching themselves from the interactions. However, individuals with low self-efficacy, through prompting and motivation from peers with high self-efficacy can improve their interactions and as goals are reached, improve self-efficacy.
SOAda
Authors: Boumahdi Fatima , Chalal Rachid
Published: September 2014

For the last few years, a rise has been observed in research activity in Service Oriented Architectures, with applications in different sectors. Several new technologies have been introduced and even more are being currently researched and aimed to the future. To meet the goals of a successful SOA implementation, enterprises need to reconsider how they provision decision aspect. This paper puts forward one novel idea and architecture about how enterprises move to a new SOA which leverages with decision aspect. In this paper, the authors describe an extended Service-Oriented Architecture - SOAda for supporting a decision aspect. The authors also present our DMS meta-model (Decisional Model of the Service) to define a new set of concepts necessary for modeling the three levels: business, information and decision. Some of them are already known, whereas others are new and are proposed as an element of this work.
Local Search Applications and Urban Public Space
Authors: Fischer Florian
Published: September 2014

Applications based on user-contributed geographic information are expected to re-organise the users' everyday dealings with urban space. This article presents findings from an exploratory study about users of the Austrian local search portal Where2be for students. The study applies an analytical framework to reconstruct the interdependencies of local search applications with the users' experience of urban space. Results indicate that Where2be empowers the marginalized student community for tangible appropriations of public space as a stage for identification. As the experience of the city is shaped by fragmentation, dissolution and restructuring of spatial boundaries, Where2be supports new forms of communal relationships by linking people and places. While Where2be is utilized to conceive attached symbolic meanings of businesses, the relevance of distance-driven locational factors, like visibility, might be softened in favour of findability on local search platforms. Results add to groundwork for future research hypotheses, and implications for urban socio-spatial development.
Improved Arterial Blood Oxygenation following Intravenous Infusion of Cold Supersaturated Dissolved Oxygen Solution
Authors: Grady Daniel J. , Gentile Michael A. , Riggs John H. , Cheifetz Ira M.
Published: September 2014

Background

One of the primary goals of critical care medicine is to support adequate gas exchange without iatrogenic sequelae. An emerging method of delivering supplemental oxygen is intravenously rather than via the traditional inhalation route. The objective of this study was to evaluate the gas-exchange effects of infusing cold intravenous (IV) fluids containing very high partial pressures of dissolved oxygen (>760 mm Hg) in a porcine model.

Methods

Juvenile swines were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated. Each animal received an infusion of cold (13 °C) Ringer's lactate solution (30 mL/kg/hour), which had been supersaturated with dissolved oxygen gas (39.7 mg/L dissolved oxygen, 992 mm Hg, 30.5 mL/L). Arterial blood gases and physiologic measurements were repeated at 15-minute intervals during a 60-minute IV infusion of the supersaturated dissolved oxygen solution. Each animal served as its own control.

Results

Five swines (12.9 ∓ 0.9 kg) were studied. Following the 60-minute infusion, there were significant increases in PaO2 and SaO2 (P < 0.05) and a significant decrease in PaCO2 (P < 0.05), with a corresponding normalization in arterial blood pH. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in core body temperature (P < 0.05) when compared to the baseline preinfusion state.

Conclusions

A cold, supersaturated dissolved oxygen solution may be intravenously administered to improve arterial blood oxygenation and ventilation parameters and induce a mild therapeutic hypothermia in a porcine model.
The use of smartphones on General Internal Medicine wards
Authors: Morra D. , Lo V. , Quan S. , Wu R. , Tran K.
Published: September 2014

Objective: To describe the uses of institutional and personal smartphones on General Internal Medicine wards and highlight potential consequences from their use.

Methods: A mixed methods study consisting of both quantitative and qualitative research methods was conducted in General Internal Medicine wards across four academic teaching hospitals in Toronto, Ontario. Participants included medical students, residents, attending physicians and allied health professionals. Data collection consisted of work shadowing observations, semi-structured interviews and surveys.

Results: Personal smartphones were used for both clinical communication and non-work-related activities. Clinicians used their personal devices to communicate with their medical teams and with other medical specialties and healthcare professionals. Participants understood the risks associated with communicating confidential health information via their personal smartphones, but appear to favor efficiency over privacy issues. From survey responses, 9 of 23 residents (39%) reported using their personal cell phones to email or text patient information that may have contained patient identifiers. Although some residents were observed using their personal smartphones for non-work-related activities, personal use was infrequent and most residents did not engage in this activity.

Conclusion: Clinicians are using personal smartphones for work-related purposes on the wards. With the increasing popularity of smartphone devices, it is anticipated that an increasing number of clinicians will use their personal smartphones for clinical work. This trend poses risks to the secure transfer of confidential personal health information and may lead to increased distractions for clinicians.

Citation: Tran K, Morra D, Lo V, Quan S, Wu R. The use of smartphones on General Internal Medicine wards: A mixed methods study. Appl Clin Inf 2014; 5: 814–823

http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2014-02-RA-0011
Aerosol physicochemical properties and implication for visibility during an intense haze episode during winter in Beijing
Authors: Wang Y. H. , Liu Z. R. , Zhang J. K. , Hu B. , Ji D. S. , Yu Y. C. , Wang Y. S.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. The evolution of physical, chemical and optical properties of urban aerosol particles was characterized during an extreme haze episode in Beijing, PRC from 24 January through 31 January 2013 based on in-situ measurements. The average mass concentrations of PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 were 99 ± 67 μg m−3 (average ± stdev), 188 ± 128 μg m−3 and 265 ± 157 μg m−3, respectively. A significant increase in PM1−2.5 fraction was observed during the most heavily polluted periods. The average scattering coefficient (λ = 550 nm) was 877 ± 624 M m−1. An increasing relative amount of coarse particles can be deduced from the variations of backscattering ratios, asymmetry parameter and scattering Ångström exponent. Particle number size distributions between 14 nm and 2500 nm diameter showed high number concentrations, particularly in the nucleation mode and accumulation modes. Size-resolved chemical composition of submicron aerosol from a High Resolution-ToF-Aerosol Mass Spectrometer showed that the mass concentration of organic, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium and chlorine mainly resided on 500 nm to 800 nm (vacuum diameter) particles, and sulfate and ammonium contributed most to particle growth during the most heavily polluted day (28 January). Increasing relative humidity and stable synoptic conditions on 28 January combined with heavy pollution, lead to enhanced water uptake by the hygroscopic submicron particles and formation of secondary aerosol, maybe the main reasons for the severity of the haze episode. Light scattering apportionment showed that organic, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride compounds contributed to light scattering fractions of 57%, 23%, 10% and 10%, respectively. This study indicated that the organic component in submicron aerosol plays an important role in visibility degradation in this haze episode in and around Beijing.
BINARY: an optical freezing array for assessing temperature and time dependence of heterogeneous ice nucleation
Authors: Budke C. , Koop T.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. A new optical freezing array for the study of heterogeneous ice nucleation in microliter-sized droplets is introduced, tested and applied to the study of immersion freezing in aqueous Snomax® suspensions. In the Bielefeld Ice Nucleation ARraY (BINARY) ice nucleation can be studied simultaneously in 36 droplets at temperatures down to −40 °C (233 K) and at cooling rates between 0.1 K min−1 and 10 K min−1. The droplets are separated from each other in individual compartments, thus preventing a Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen type water vapor transfer between droplets as well as avoiding the seeding of neighboring droplets by formation and surface growth of frost halos. Analysis of freezing and melting occurs via an automated real time image analysis of the optical brightness of each individual droplet. As an application ice nucleation in water droplets containing Snomax® at concentrations from 1 ng mL−1 to 1 mg mL−1 was investigated. Using different cooling rates a minute time dependence of ice nucleation induced by Class A and Class C ice nucleators contained in Snomax® was detected. For the Class A IN a very strong increase of the heterogeneous ice nucleation rate coefficient with decreasing temperature of λ ≡ −dln(jhet)/dT = 8.7 K−1 was observed emphasizing the capability of the BINARY device. This value is larger than those of other types of IN reported in the literature, suggesting that the BINARY setup is suitable for quantifying time dependence for most other IN of atmospheric interest, making it a useful tool for future investigations.
Reconstruction of secular variation in seawater sulfate concentrations
Authors: Algeo T. J. , Luo G. M. , Song H. Y. , Lyons T. W. , Canfield D. E.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Long-term secular variation in seawater sulfate concentrations ([SO42–]SW) is of interest owing to its relationship to the oxygenation history of Earth's surface environment, but quantitative approaches to analysis of this variation remain underdeveloped. In this study, we develop two complementary approaches for assessment of the [SO42–] of ancient seawater and test their application to reconstructions of [SO42–]SW variation since the late Neoproterozoic Eon (< 650 Ma). The first approach is based on two measurable parameters of paleomarine systems: (1) the S-isotope fractionation associated with microbial sulfate reduction (MSR), as proxied by Δ34SCAS-PY, and (2) the maximum rate of change in seawater sulfate, as proxied by ∂ δ34SCAS / ∂ t (max). This "rate method" yields an estimate of the maximum possible [SO42–]SW for the time interval of interest, although the calculated value differs depending on whether an oxic or an anoxic ocean model is inferred. The second approach is also based on Δ34SCAS-PY but evaluates this parameter against an empirical MSR trend rather than a formation-specific ∂ δ34SCAS / ∂ t (max) value. The MSR trend represents the relationship between fractionation of cogenetic sulfate and sulfide (i.e., Δ34Ssulfate-sulfide) and ambient dissolved sulfate concentrations in 81 modern aqueous systems. This "MSR-trend method" is thought to yield a robust estimate of mean seawater [SO42–] for the time interval of interest. An analysis of seawater sulfate concentrations since 650 Ma suggests that [SO42–]SW was low during the late Neoproterozoic (< 5 mM), rose sharply across the Ediacaran/Cambrian boundary (to ~ –10 mM), and rose again during the Permian to levels (~ 10–30 mM) that have varied only slightly since 250 Ma. However, Phanerozoic seawater sulfate concentrations may have been drawn down to much lower levels (~ 1–4 mM) during short (≲ 2 Myr) intervals of the Cambrian, Early Triassic, Early Jurassic, and possibly other intervals as a consequence of widespread ocean anoxia, intense MSR, and pyrite burial. The procedures developed in this study offer potential for future high-resolution quantitative analyses of paleoseawater sulfate concentrations.
Dust deposition in Antarctica in glacial and interglacial climate conditions: a modelling study
Authors: Sudarchikova N. , Mikolajewicz U. , Timmreck C. , O'Donnell D. , Schurgers G. , Sein D. , Zhang K.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. The mineral dust cycle responds to climate variations and plays an important role in the climate system by affecting the radiative balance of the atmosphere and modifying biogeochemistry. Polar ice cores provide a unique information about deposition of aeolian dust particles transported over long distance. These cores are a paleoclimate proxy archive of climate variability thousands of years ago. The current study is a first attempt to simulate past interglacial dust cycles with a global aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM. The results are used to explain the dust deposition changes in Antarctica in terms of quantitative contribution of different processes, such as emission, atmospheric transport and precipitation, which will help to interpret paleodata from Antarctic ice cores. The investigated periods include four interglacial time-slices such as the pre-industrial control (CTRL), mid-Holocene (6000 yr BP), last glacial inception (115 000 yr BP) and Eemian (126 000 yr BP). One glacial time interval, which is Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) (21 000 yr BP) was simulated as well as to be a reference test for the model. Results suggest an increase of mineral dust deposition globally, and in Antarctica, in the past interglacial periods relative to the pre-industrial CTRL simulation. Approximately two thirds of the increase in the mid-Holocene and Eemian is attributed to enhanced Southern Hemisphere dust emissions. Slightly strengthened transport efficiency causes the remaining one third of the increase in dust deposition. The moderate change of dust deposition in Antarctica in the last glacial inception period is caused by the slightly stronger poleward atmospheric transport efficiency compared to the pre-industrial. Maximum dust deposition in Antarctica was simulated for the glacial period. LGM dust deposition in Antarctica is substantially increased due to 2.6 times higher Southern Hemisphere dust emissions, two times stronger atmospheric transport towards Antarctica, and 30% weaker precipitation over the Southern Ocean. The model is able to reproduce the order of magnitude of dust deposition globally and in Antarctica for the pre-industrial and LGM climates.
Estimation of predictive hydrologic uncertainty using quantile regression and UNEEC methods and their comparison on contrasting catchments
Authors: Dogulu N. , López López P. , Solomatine D. P. , Weerts A. H. , Shrestha D. L.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. In operational hydrology, estimation of predictive uncertainty of hydrological models used for flood modelling is essential for risk based decision making for flood warning and emergency management. In the literature, there exists a variety of methods analyzing and predicting uncertainty. However, case studies comparing performance of these methods, most particularly predictive uncertainty methods, are limited. This paper focuses on two predictive uncertainty methods that differ in their methodological complexity: quantile regression (QR) and UNcertainty Estimation based on local Errors and Clustering (UNEEC), aiming at identifying possible advantages and disadvantages of these methods (both estimating residual uncertainty) based on their comparative performance. We test these two methods on several catchments (from UK) that vary in its hydrological characteristics and models. Special attention is given to the errors for high flow/water level conditions. Furthermore, normality of model residuals is discussed in view of clustering approach employed within the framework of UNEEC method. It is found that basin lag time and forecast lead time have great impact on quantification of uncertainty (in the form of two quantiles) and achievement of normality in model residuals' distribution. In general, uncertainty analysis results from different case studies indicate that both methods give similar results. However, it is also shown that UNEEC method provides better performance than QR for small catchments with changing hydrological dynamics, i.e. rapid response catchments. We recommend that more case studies of catchments from regions of distinct hydrologic behaviour, with diverse climatic conditions, and having various hydrological features be tested.
A visão das empresas sobre as relações entre universidade e empresa no Brasil: uma análise baseada nas categorias de intensidade tecnológica
Authors: Pinho Marcelo
Published: September 2014

Este artigo sintetiza alguns dos resultados de um amplo levantamento realizado junto a empresas brasileiras sobre as relações que elas mantêm com universidades e institutos públicos de pesquisa. Dos vários recortes possíveis, privilegia-se aqui a discriminação dos dados por categorias de empresas classificadas com base na intensidade tecnológica. Um instrumento de análise importante é a comparação com os resultados de um survey semelhante realizado nos EUA (Cohen et al., 2002), o qual precedeu e inspirou o levantamento feito no Brasil. Entre as achados da pesquisa, destaca-se o fato de as empresas brasileiras interrogadas atribuírem maior importância às universidades como fonte de informação para suas atividades de desenvolvimento tecnológico do que suas congêneres norte-americanas. A seção final do artigo, além de resumir outras conclusões relevantes, procura apresentar uma interpretação para o resultado mais importante, que foge bastante ao senso comum sobre o tema.
O PROBLEMA DA ADEQUAÇÃO DOS PARÂMETROS DO QUADRO EUROPEU COMUM DE REFERÊNCIA E "A NECESSIDADE DE EMERGIR COMO OS OUTROS DE NÓS MESMOS”
Authors: Nunes Elaine Roschel , Lorke Franziska
Published: September 2014

Há muito tempo, aprender uma língua não significa mais decorar vocábulos e usá-los de acordo com o enunciado do exercício. A comunicação, a mediação lingüística e a competência cultural são alguns aspectos em evidência na presente fase do ensino de línguas estrangeiras. Todos estes termos vêm sendo levantados dentro de um contexto histórico-cultural específico, onde as fronteiras e identidades são repensadas. Em meio aos novos desafios deste momento histórico, o professor de alemão como língua estrangeira no Brasil se depara com a fixidez, ainda presente, na determinação das diretrizes para o desenvolvimento de seu trabalho.  A proposta deste artigo é apresentar as recomendações do Quadro Comum Europeu de Referência (doravante: QCER) a serem aplicadas no ensino de alemão em contexto brasileiro e discutir as seguintes questões:- Quais os objetivos gerais do QCER e quais as vantagens e desvantagens para a aplicabilidade do Quadro no contexto sul - brasileiro? - Partindo da visão pós-colonial, que tipo de reflexões e questionamentos devem estar presentes durante a determinação dos objetivos educacionais com base em um quadro europeu implantado em solo brasileiro?Como base para nossa discussão, utilizaremos como referência os conceitos da obra de Homi K. Bhabha (2010), com foco no contexto do ensino de alemão como língua estrangeira.Palavras-chave: Quadro Comum Europeu de Referências, diversidade, ensino de alemão.
Xiphoid Process-Derived Chondrocytes: A Novel Cell Source for Elastic Cartilage Regeneration
Authors: Nam Seungwoo , Cho Wheemoon , Cho Hyunji , Lee Jungsun , Lee EunAh , Son Youngsook
Published: September 2014

Reconstruction of elastic cartilage requires a source of chondrocytes that display a reliable differentiation tendency. Predetermined tissue progenitor cells are ideal candidates for meeting this need; however, it is difficult to obtain donor elastic cartilage tissue because most elastic cartilage serves important functions or forms external structures, making these tissues indispensable. We found vestigial cartilage tissue in xiphoid processes and characterized it as hyaline cartilage in the proximal region and elastic cartilage in the distal region. Xiphoid process-derived chondrocytes (XCs) showed superb in vitro expansion ability based on colony-forming unit fibroblast assays, cell yield, and cumulative cell growth. On induction of differentiation into mesenchymal lineages, XCs showed a strong tendency toward chondrogenic differentiation. An examination of the tissue-specific regeneration capacity of XCs in a subcutaneous-transplantation model and autologous chondrocyte implantation model confirmed reliable regeneration of elastic cartilage regardless of the implantation environment. On the basis of these observations, we conclude that xiphoid process cartilage, the only elastic cartilage tissue source that can be obtained without destroying external shape or function, is a source of elastic chondrocytes that show superb in vitro expansion and reliable differentiation capacity. These findings indicate that XCs could be a valuable cell source for reconstruction of elastic cartilage.
Microfluidic Isolation of CD34-Positive Skin Cells Enables Regeneration of Hair and Sebaceous Glands In Vivo
Authors: Zhu Beili , Nahmias Yaakov , Yarmush Martin L. , Murthy Shashi K.
Published: September 2014

Skin stem cells resident in the bulge area of hair follicles and at the basal layer of the epidermis are multipotent and able to self-renew when transplanted into full-thickness defects in nude mice. Based on cell surface markers such as CD34 and the α6-integrin, skin stem cells can be extracted from tissue-derived cell suspensions for engraftment using the gold standard cell separation technique of fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). This paper describes an alternative separation method using microfluidic devices coated with degradable antibody-functionalized hydrogels. The microfluidic method allows direct injection of tissue digestate (no preprocessing tagging of cells is needed), is fast (45 minutes from injected sample to purified cells), and scalable. This method is used in this study to isolate CD34-positive (CD34+) cells from murine skin tissue digestate, and the functional capability of these cells is demonstrated by transplantation into nude mice using protocols developed by other groups for FACS-sorted cells. Specifically, the transplantation of microfluidic isolated CD34+ cells along with dermal and epidermal cells was observed to generate significant levels of hair follicles and sebaceous glands consistent with those observed previously with FACS-sorted cells.
Motivation for cribbing by horses
Authors: Houpt KA
Published: September 2014

The motivation to crib was compared to the motivation to eat. Eight horses(Equus caballus)were operantly conditioned to push a switch for the opportunity to crib. When a progressive ratio was imposed, they worked as hard for a cribbing opportunity as for the opportunity to eat sweetened grain indicating a high demand. Another measure of motivation is the effort expended by the animal. The force exerted when a horse cribs was measured by attaching weights to a door and observing how heavy the weights had to be to prevent the horse from pulling a door toward itself when it cribbed. Seven horses were tested. Each neck flex of a crib-biting action was forceful enough to lift 29.4 (±5) kg. The motivation to crib and the force involved indicates that thwarting cribbing is a welfare issue.
The post-release fate of hand-reared orphaned bats: survival and habitat selection
Authors: Serangeli MT , Cistrone L , Ancillotto L , Tomassini A , Russo D
Published: September 2014

Although bats are frequently admitted to rescue centres — mainly as orphans — very little information is available on their survival after release. Our study answered the following questions: i) do hand-reared bats survive over a short time; ii) which activities and habitat selection do they exhibit; iii) are bats loyal to the release area; and iv) are they able to join local colonies? We radio-tracked 21 hand-rearedPipistrellus kuhliiover a two-year period released on a site that differed from that where they were rescued. At the study site they were provided with the same bat boxes used in the rehabilitation room. Nineteen bats were confirmed to survive, stay in the area and actively forage over 4-14 days. Fourteen day roosts in buildings (nine of which hosted a local colony) were used by 12 subjects. Bats travelled less than 5 km in total each night; their most frequent activity was night roosting, followed by foraging and commuting. We recorded typical foraging behaviour, including hunting around street lamps at sites exploited by many conspecifics. A comparison of habitats available within individual home ranges with those within the study area showed that urban areas, riparian vegetation and farmland were equally important and preferred to woodland. When the foraging time spent in each habitat was compared with habitat composition within individual home ranges or within the study area, urban sites were preferred for foraging over all other habitats, followed by farmland and woodland and finally riparian vegetation. Overall, we showed that hand-raised orphanedP. kuhliimay readily adapt to environments they are not familiar with, exhibit a high short-term survival and select key resources in the release area, provided appropriate rehabilitation and training techniques are adopted.
Une introduction musicologique à la recherche « mathémusicale » : aspects théoriques et enjeux épistémologiques
Authors: Andreatta Moreno
Published: September 2014

Cette contribution se propose de présenter certains aspects théoriques et discuter quelques enjeux épistémologiques des recherches menées par l’auteur dans le domaine des rapports entre mathématiques et musique. Après une introduction générale sur le contexte de la recherche « mathémusicale » à l’Ircam et la place du projet misa (Modélisation informatique des structures algébriques en musique) au sein des activités de recherche de l’équipe Représentations musicales, nous discutons le problème de la formalisation algébrique de la théorie des ensembles de classes de hauteurs (Set Theory) et de la théorie transformationnelle (Transformational Theory), deux paradigmes analytiques dont nous avons étudié les aspects théoriques et computationnels à travers une démarche de modélisation informatique des structures et processus musicaux. L’analyse musicale basée sur les ensembles de classes de hauteurs et leurs transformations soulève des questions philosophiques intéressantes, notamment dans ses rapports avec la phénoménologie et les sciences cognitives. En particulier, en confrontant notre point de vue musicologique avec la phénoménologie, nous pouvons avancer l’hypothèse d’une pertinence de la catégorie de « structuralisme phénoménologique » dans une relecture/réactivation de la tradition structurale en analyse musicale.
Foreshock activity related to enhanced aftershock production
Authors: Marsan D. , Helmstetter A. , Bouchon M. , Dublanchet P.
Published: September 2014

Foreshock activity sometimes precedes the occurrence of large earthquakes, but the nature of this seismicity is still debated, and whether it marks transient deformation and/or slip nucleation is still unclear. We here study at the worldwide scale how foreshock occurrence affects the postseismic phase and find a significant positive correlation between foreshock and aftershock activities: earthquakes preceded by accelerating seismicity rates produce 40% more aftershocks on average, and the length of the aftershock zone after 20 days is 20% larger. These observations cannot be reproduced by standard earthquake clustering models that predict the accelerating pattern of foreshock occurrence but not its impact on aftershock activity. This strongly suggests that slow deformation transients, possibly related to episodic creep, could initiate prior to the main shock and extend past the coseismic phase, resulting in compound ruptures that include a very long period (up to tens of days) component.
Explosive dome eruptions modulated by periodic gas‐driven inflation
Authors: Johnson Jeffrey B. , Lyons J. J. , Andrews B. J. , Lees J. M.
Published: September 2014

Volcan Santiaguito (Guatemala) “breathes” with extraordinary regularity as the edifice's conduit system accumulates free gas, which periodically vents to the atmosphere. Periodic pressurization controls explosion timing, which nearly always occurs at peak inflation, as detected with tiltmeters. Tilt cycles in January 2012 reveal regular 26 ± 6 min inflation/deflation cycles corresponding to at least ~101 kg/s of gas fluxing the system. Very long period (VLP) earthquakes presage explosions and occur during cycles when inflation rates are most rapid. VLPs locate ~300 m below the vent and indicate mobilization of volatiles, which ascend at ~50 m/s. Rapid gas ascent feeds pyroclast‐laden eruptions lasting several minutes and rising to ~1 km. VLPs are not observed during less rapid inflation episodes; instead, gas vents passively through the conduit producing no infrasound and no explosion. These observations intimate that steady gas exsolution and accumulation in shallow reservoirs may drive inflation cycles at open‐vent silicic volcanoes.
A detailed source model for the Mw9.0 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake reconciling geodesy, seismology, and tsunami records
Authors: Bletery Quentin , Sladen Anthony , Delouis Bertrand , Vallée Martin , Nocquet Jean‐Mathieu , Rolland Lucie , Jiang Junle
Published: September 2014

The 11 March 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake was recorded by an exceptionally large amount of diverse data offering a unique opportunity to investigate the details of this major megathrust rupture. Many studies have taken advantage of the very dense Japanese onland strong motion, broadband, and continuous GPS networks in this sense. But resolution tests and the variability in the proposed solutions have highlighted the difficulty to uniquely resolve the slip distribution from these networks, relatively distant from the source region, and with limited azimuthal coverage. In this context, we present a finite fault slip joint inversion including an extended amount of complementary data (teleseismic, strong motion, high‐rate GPS, static GPS, seafloor geodesy, and tsunami records) in an attempt to reconcile them into a single better resolved model. The inversion reveals a patchy slip distribution with large slip (up to 64 m) mostly located updip of the hypocenter and near the trench. We observe that most slip is imaged in a region where almost no earthquake was recorded before the main shock and around which intense interplate seismicity is observed afterward. At a smaller scale, the largest slip pattern is imaged just updip of an important normal fault coseismically activated. This normal fault has been shown to be the mark of very low dynamic friction allowing extremely large slip to propagate up to the free surface. The spatial relationship between this normal fault and our slip distribution strengthens its key role in the rupture process of the Tohoku‐Oki earthquake.
Distinguishing meanders of the Kuroshio using machine learning
Authors: Plotkin David A. , Weare Jonathan , Abbot Dorian S.
Published: September 2014

The Kuroshio south of Japan is often described as being bimodal, with abrupt transitions between a straight path state that stays near the coast (small meander) and a meandering state that deviates from the coast (large meander). Despite evidence of the existence of two or more states of the Kuroshio, previous data‐driven studies have shown only high variability of the current; they have not, however, demonstrated bimodality in the sense of two states of relatively high probability separated by a region of relatively low probability. We use singular value decomposition (SVD), a standard time series analysis method for characterizing variability, and diffusion maps and spectral clustering (DMSC), a machine learning algorithm that seeks multimodality, to investigate Kuroshio reanalysis output. By applying these methods to a time series of velocity fields, we find that (1) the Kuroshio is bimodal, with high inflow and low path variability in the small meander and low inflow and high path variability in the large meander, (2) the state of the system correlates highly with the location of the recirculation gyre south of Japan, and (3) the meanders are better characterized by path variability than by mean path. Because these results are consistent with satellite sea surface height data, they are not an artifact of the model used for reanalysis. Further, our results provide evidence for a previously proposed transition mechanism based on the strengthening, migration, and weakening of the recirculation gyre south of Japan and can therefore help direct future modeling studies.
Active and Reactive Power Control Techniques Based on Feedback Linearization and Fuzzy Logic for Three‐Phase Grid‐Connected Photovoltaic Inverters
Authors: Nguyen Gia Minh Thao , Uchida Kenko
Published: September 2014

This paper discusses two techniques based on the feedback linearization (FBL) method to control the active and reactive output powers of three‐phase grid‐connected photovoltaic (PV) inverters. The first control scheme is an application of the direct FBL approach. The other is an appropriate combination of the FBL and fuzzy logic (FBL‐FL), and is the main proposed method of this study. Wherein, a unique fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is designed to enhance effectiveness of the linear control method used in the direct FBL. In detail, its major objectives are to improve the transient response and reduce steady‐state oscillations in the output powers. In this research, the illustrative PV inverter utilizes a three‐level DC‐AC converter, an R‐L filter and a 250 V/10 kV wye‐wye transformer to inject the energy, obtained from PV array with a nominal power of 100 kW, into the 10 kV/60Hz three‐phase grid. Numerical simulations in MATLAB and PSIM illustrate that the two FBL‐based structures perform very well in independently regulating the active and reactive output powers to the reference values, even within the parametric uncertainties and the unbalanced grid voltage condition. Moreover, comparisons of simulation results, obtained from the traditional proportional–integral (PI) control and the two FBL‐based structures, show advantages of the proposed FBL‐FL hybrid technique in terms of fast response, small overshoot, acceptable steady‐state fluctuation and high robustness.