bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Handling document expressions for capturing conceptual query–document relations
Authors: Nakashima Makoto , Ito Tetsuro
Published: May 2007

If keywords or key phrases that characterize a query or a document are replaced and expressed by identifiers within a conceptual hierarchy such as a thesaurus, excellent searches can be expected by taking conceptual query‐document relations of the identifiers into consideration. If, however, judgments to check for matches in the extracted documents take time, the efficiency of the entire system will decrease. In order to deal with this problem, a method is required to easily understand what type of relations exist between the queries and document as well as what the document is referring to. This paper will initially discuss how to handle document expressions that can clearly point out the manner in which the conceptual relations between the queries and documents generate while contributing to improvements in the retrieval efficiency. A method will then be shown that simplifies document expressions when there are many identifiers within a document expression. The effectiveness of this proposed method was ascertained through experiments using test collections for retrievals. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(9): 97–106, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10349
Implementing a strategyproof greedy‐allocation combinatorial auction and extending to ascending auction
Authors: Ito Takayuki , Yokoo Makoto , Matsubara Shigeo , Iwasaki Atsushi
Published: May 2007

This paper proposes a new combinatorial auction protocol called Average‐Max‐Minimal‐Bundle (AM‐MB) protocol. The characteristics of the AM‐MB protocol are as follows: (i) it is strategyproof, that is, truth‐telling is a dominant strategy, (ii) the computational overhead is very low, since it allocates bundles greedily thereby avoiding an explicit combinatorial optimization problem, and (iii) it can obtain higher social surplus and revenue than can the Max‐Minimal‐Bundle (M‐MB) protocol, which also satisfies (i) and (ii). Furthermore, this paper extends the AM‐MB protocol to an open ascending‐price protocol in which straightforward bidding is an ex‐post Nash equilibrium. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(9): 44–51, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20748
Semisupervised learning using feature selection based on maximum density subgraphs
Authors: Nakatani Yoshiyuki , Zhu Kuangyi , Uehara Kuniaki
Published: May 2007

In machine learning tasks on large‐scale datasets, the labeled data essential to the classification are not always sufficient, which degrades the learning accuracy. Meanwhile, unlabeled data are always abundant. Hence, semisupervised learning which uses both unlabeled and labeled data to improve the learning accuracy is currently of great interest. In this paper, we use a graph to represent the underlying distribution of both labeled and unlabeled data and split it by using multiway cut to classify unlabeled data. Additionally, we propose a graph‐based feature selection algorithm to improve the learning accuracy of our graph‐based semisupervised learning algorithm. In our algorithm, we first propose an evaluation criterion for the attribute relevance using the graph density. Then, we extract the relevant attribute subset by finding the clique on the graph where each vertex stands for the attribute and each edge stands for the relevance of a feature pair. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(9): 32–43, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20757
A fundamental discussion of 3‐dimensional pattern matching using canonical angles between subspaces for the purpose of differentiating a face and its photograph
Authors: Maeda Ken‐ichi , Yamaguchi Osamu , Fukui Kazuhiro
Published: May 2007

Three‐dimensional pattern recognition requires the definition of a similarity measure between 3‐dimensional patterns. We discuss how to match 3‐dimensional patterns, which are represented by a set of images taken from multiple directions and approximately represented by subspaces. The proposed method is to calculate the canonical angles between two subspaces. In order to differentiate an object and its photograph, at least a canonical angle other than the smallest one is required. We discuss the usage of the canonical angle both used by itself and combination, sum and product. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method by experiments. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(9): 11–20, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20786
Comparing smoothing techniques in Cox models for exposure–response relationships
Authors: Govindarajulu Usha S. , Spiegelman Donna , Thurston Sally W. , Ganguli Bhaswati , Eisen Ellen A.
Published: May 2007

To allow for non‐linear exposure–response relationships, we applied flexible non‐parametric smoothing techniques to models of time to lung cancer mortality in two occupational cohorts with skewed exposure distributions. We focused on three different smoothing techniques in Cox models: penalized splines, restricted cubic splines, and fractional polynomials. We compared standard software implementations of these three methods based on their visual representation and criterion for model selection. We propose a measure of the difference between a pair of curves based on the area between them, standardized by the average of the areas under the pair of curves. To capture the variation in the difference over the range of exposure, the area between curves was also calculated at percentiles of exposure and expressed as a percentage of the total difference. The dose–response curves from the three methods were similar in both studies over the denser portion of the exposure range, with the difference between curves up to the 50th percentile less than 1 per cent of the total difference. A comparison of inverse variance weighted areas applied to the data set with a more skewed exposure distribution allowed us to estimate area differences with more precision by reducing the proportion attributed to the upper 1 per cent tail region. Overall, the penalized spline and the restricted cubic spline were closer to each other than either was to the fractional polynomial. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Über die praktische Integration ebener Vektoren
Authors: Borbély S. V.
Published: May 2007

Es wird ein Verfahren zur zeichnerischen Integration eines von einer reellen Veränderlichen abhängigen Integrales einer komplexen Funktion gegeben, das die Durchführung der Konstruktion direkt in der komplexen Ebene gestattet, ohne dabei durch Komponentenzerlegung auf zwei reelle Integrationen zurückgreifen zu müssen.
Eine einfache Reihentransformation bei einer sehr allgemeinen Fourierschen Reihe .
Authors: Buchholz Herbert
Published: May 2007

Für eine Fouriersche Reihe mit dem allgemeine Glied xp · cos P Ψ φ (p ‐ a)−k wird in der Arbeit eine Reihentransformation durchgeführt, die die Berechnung der Reihensumme besonderes dann erleichtert, wenn x nur wenig kleiner als 1 oder gleich 1 ist und k eine reelle Zahl, die nicht wesentlich größer als 1 ist. Die Reihentransformation besteht im wesentlichen in der Verwandlung der vorgelegten Reihe in eine Potenzreihe nach x, die in gewissen Fällen noch ein logarithmenbehaftetes Glied enthalten kann. Die Koeffizienten der Reihe bilden in den einfacheren Fällen die Polynome von Bernoulli und Euler. Die allgemeine Trnsformationsformel schließt eine große Zahl bekannter Sonderfälle ein.
Verfahren zur Beurteilung einer sehr geringen Korrelation zwischen zwei statistischen Merkmalsreihen .
Authors: Gebelein Hans
Published: May 2007

Während die bekannten Korrelationsmaße in mehr oder weniger befriedigender Weise dazu dienen können, einen verhältnismäßig engen Zusammenhang zwischen zwei statistischen Merkmalsreihen zu beschreiben, versagen sie, wenn es sich darum handelt, den Grad der gegenseitigen Abhängigkeit zweier noch eben nicht ganz unabhängiger statistischer Merkmalsreihen zu beurteilen, wie dies namentlich bei der Behandlung biologischer und medizinischer Fragen erforderlich ist. Hier Klarheit zu schaffen und brauchbare Untersuchungsverfahren zu gewinnen ist ein Problem, das eng mit der Lexisschen Dispersionstheorie zusammenhängt. Im folgenden wird jene Theorie so erweitert, daß es gelingt, innerhalb zweidimensionaler statistischer Gesamtheiten mit vielfach gegliederten Merkmalen geringfügige Korrelationen nachzuweisen. Insbesondere zeigt sich, daß ein bestimmtes Vielfaches des Pearsonschen Kontingenzmaßes der dem Problem am besten angemessene Parameter ist, indem diese Größe einerseits in den beiden einfachsten Sonderfällen sich auf die Lexissche Zahl L bzw. auf das Pearsonsche X2 reduziert, während anderseits für sie ein universelles, durch Tafelwerke der Rechnung zugängliches Verteilungsgesetz von der Art einer vieldimensionalen Gaußschen Normalverteilung gilt.
Einige Anwendungen der Theorie der Zylinderschale
Authors: Wuest Walter
Published: May 2007

Die Theorie der Zylinderschale wird auf die Berechnung nichtgeschlossener Teilstücke erweitert für den Fall einer nur von einer Koordinate abhängigen Spannungsverteilung. Die Theorie wird dann auf die quergewölbte Biegefeder und die Bimetall‐Zylinderfeder angewandt. Die genannte Biegefeder hat eine nichtlineare Charakteristik und wird bei Erreichen einer kritischen Durchbiegung instabil. Im überkritischen Bereich bleibt das Biegemoment annähernd konstant und diese Eigenschaft wird zum Antrieb mechanischer Werke ausgenutzt.
Regions and Boundaries for Diffracting Shock Wave Systems
Authors: Henderson L. F.
Published: May 2007

This paper examines, as completely as possible, the wave systems that may occur when a plane shock wave i diffracts over a concave corner. For a perfect gas, a particular wave system is specified by three parameters (γ, ϵi, ωo), which are respectively the ratio of the specific heats γ, the inverse strength ϵi of i, and its angle of incidence ωo. The topology of the (ϵi, ωo) plane is studied for a given γ (gas), and regions or domains corresponding to each wave system are delineated. Exact expressions are given for the boundaries of many of these regions. Although it is plausible that the boundaries represent the transition conditions between the wave systems, a detailed analysis shows that the situation is sometimes more complicated than might be expected. A new transition criterion, which may be valid for diffraction over flexible surfaces, is presented. For very weak shocks (ϵi > 0.8328 in air), it is found that Mach reflexion cannot exist, and in its place a continuous wave system is indicated.
A Theory of Elastic‐Plastic Materials with Voids
Authors: Diaconita V.
Published: May 2007

A non‐linear theory of an elastic‐plastic material with voids is presented. The constitutive relations are introduced and the consequences of thermodynamical restrictions are derived.
An Exact Analysis of Unsteady Convective Diffusion in an Annular Pipe
Authors: Ramachandra Rao A. , Deshikachar K. S.
Published: May 2007

An exact solution to the unsteady convective diffusion equation for the dispersion of a solute in a fully developed laminar flow in an annular pipe is obtained. Generalized dispersion model which is valid for all time after the injection of solute in the flow is used to evaluate the dispersion coefficients as functions of time. It is observed that the axial dispersion decreases with an increase in the radius of the inner cylinder.
Verallgemeinerte Inversen ganzzahliger Matrizen
Authors: Springer J.
Published: May 2007

Es werden die speziellen Eigenschaften der Moore‐Penrose‐Inversen A+ beliebiger ganzzahliger Matrizen A untersucht. Verschiedene Formeln für einen gemeinsamen ganzzahligen Nenner der (rationalen) Elemente von A+ werden vorgestellt und untereinander verglichen. Unter der Voraussetzung, daß die Elemente von A betragsmäßig beschränkt sind, wird eine obere Schranke für die Konditionszahl ||A||·||A+|| angegeben.
Mixed Problems of Potential Theory in Spherical Coordinates
Authors: Fabrikant V. I.
Published: May 2007

Exact solution in closed form is obtained to the following mixed problem for a charged sphere: an arbitrary charge density distribution is prescribed at the surface of a spherical cap while an arbitrary potential is given at the rest of the sphere. A new method is introduced making the procedure straightforward and elementary, no special functions or integral transforms involved. Some further applications of the method are discussed. A new type of solution is obtained for the Dirichlet problem with discontinuous boundary conditions. Several examples are considered.
Vibration of a Visco‐Elastic Spherical Immiscible Liquid System
Authors: Bauer H. F. , Eidel W.
Published: May 2007

The vibrational behavior of spherical visco‐elastic systems in a zero‐gravity environment has been treated, including axi‐and asymmetric oscillation modes. The systems treated are the liquid drop, two immiscible liquids in a spherical container and an annular spherical liquid layer around a rigid center sphere. The frequency equations were obtained and found to be independent of the angular mode, exhibiting a multiplicity of eigenfrequencies. In addition the free surface‐or interface displacement as well as the velocity distributions in radial‐, angular‐ and meridional direction were analytically determined. For the liquid drop those have also been evaluated numerically, while for the remaining systems only the frequency equation for the damped natural frequencies have been determined numerically.
The Use of Projectors in Some Problems of Applied Mechanics and Optics
Authors: Schumann W. , Tatasciore Ph.
Published: May 2007

The use of projectors and their derivatives is illustrated in the cases of geometry on hypersurfaces, the deformation of thin shells and the modification in holography.
Electrically Driven Flows in MHD with Mixed Electromagnetic Boundary Conditions
Authors: Sezgin M. , Aggarwala B. D. , Ariel P. D.
Published: May 2007

Flow of viscous, incompressible, electrically conducting fluid, driven by imposed electric currents has been investigated in the presence of a transverse magnetic field. The boundary perpendicular to the magnetic field is perfectly conducting partly along its length. Three cases have been considered: a) flow in the upper half plane when the boundary to the right of origin is insulating and that to the left is perfectly conducting, b) flow in the upper half plane when a finite length of the boundary is perfectly conducting, and c) flow in a flat channel when a finite length of boundary in each plane, symmetrically situated, is perfectly conducting. In case a), an exact analytical solution is derived, from which the existence of a boundary layer, parabolic in shape and emanating from the point of discontinuity in electrical boundary conditions, is established. In cases b) and c), the problem is reduced analytically to a Fredholm's integral equation of second kind, which is solved numerically. A number of transformations and valid approximations are used to simplify the task of numerical computation. Velocity contours and current lines have been plotted for each problem. For large values of Hartmann number the parabolic boundary layer mentioned above is demarcated.
Biorthogonale Entwicklungen von Verteilungsdichten und ihre Anwendung zur Analyse stochastischer Systeme. Teil I: Mathematische Grundlagen
Authors: Ahlbehrendt N. , Sperling L.
Published: May 2007

Die in [4, 5, 6] auf der Grundlage der Gram‐Charlier‐Reihe entwickelte Methode der verallgemeinerten Quasimomenten‐funktionen (hier QME(pG) genannt) wurde in [7] unter Zulassung nichtgaußscher analytischer nullter Näherungen p0(z) der Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichte p(z) zu einem Verfahren QME(p0/Ψ) verallgemeinert. Im vorliegenden ersten Teil wird eine weitere Verallgemeinerung QME(p0/F) vorgenommen, die diese Reihen als Spezialfälle enthält und die auch nichtanalytische p0(z) sowie Prozesse mit eingeschränktem Definitionsbereich zuläßt. Darüber hinaus wird für eindimensionale Verteilungs‐dichten ein praktikables Auswahlkriterium für p0(z) vorgeschlagen. Die im ersten Teil enthaltenen Empfehlungen zur Anwendung der auf biorthogonalen Funktionssystemen basierenden Reihe QME(p0/F) für Analysezwecke werden im Teil II durch eine Reihe von Beispielen belegt.
Lack of mutagenicity of products formed by ammoniation of gossypol
Authors: Lee L. S. , Ehrlich K. C. , Daigle K. W. , Koltun S. P.
Published: May 2007

Gossypol distributed on an inert gel carrier was treated in a pressurized ammoniation chamber used to detoxify aflatoxin‐contaminated cottonseed meal. Ames tests for mutagenicity were performed on untreated gossypol and on fractions eluted sequentially from the gel. Nonammoniated gossypol was not mutagenic nor were any of the products formed from gossypol by ammoniation.
Crystallization and transformation mechanisms of α, β‐ and γ‐polymorphs of ultra‐pure oleic acid
Authors: Suzuki M. , Ogaki T. , Sato K.
Published: May 2007

Crystallization and transformation mechanisms of ultrapure (99.999%) oleic acid were examined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X‐ray diffraction. X‐ray diffraction spectra revealed three different polymorphs newly named α, β and γ, which differ from each other most significantly in the short spacing spectra. α and β were found to be equivalent to the previous data which Lutton named low and high melting polymorphs, whereas γ was newly identified in the present study. DSC studies have clarified the thermodynamic stability of the three polymorphs in a range of temperature from ‐20 to 16.2 C. β is always most stable, whereas α and γ are metastable, undergoing a reversible first‐order solid‐state transformation at ‐2.2 C (on heating). DSC also showed that the crystallization behaviors are strongly dependent on the polymorphs; α crystallizes at a much higher rate than β; despite the fact that they have close melting points (α, 13.3 C; β, 16.2 C). It was demonstrated for the first time that the above peculiar polymorphic behaviors of oleic acid are quite different from those of stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid with the same carbon chain length.
Triglyceride composition of tobacco seed oil
Authors: Sengupta A. , Mazumder U. K.
Published: May 2007

Fatty acid and triglyceride compositions of Indian tobacco seed oil (Nicotiana rustica) have been determined by combination of the techniques of systematic crystallization at low temperatures, pancreatic lipase hydrolysis, and gas liquid chromatography of methyl esters. The percentages of individual fatty acids were found to be linoleic 71.2, oleic 15.7, palmitic 8.4, and stearic 3.8. The special characteristic of the tobacco seed oil is its content of 37.4, 22.8, 4.9, 19.7, 9.3, and 3.3% of trilinolein, dilinoleoolein, dioleolinolein, dilinoleosaturated, linoleooleosaturated, and linoleodisaturated glycerides, respectively. In the present investigation, preference of linoleic acid over oleic acid for the 2‐position of glycerol moiety was not observed.
Modification of jojoba oil for lubricant formulations
Authors: Bhatia V. K. , Chaudhry Alka , Sivasankaran G. A. , Bisht R. P. S. , Kashyap Meenu
Published: May 2007

Jojoba oil has good lubricity and it can be utilized as a component in lubricating oil formulations. The physicochemical properties of the oil when compared with those of mineral oil base stocks showed that the pour point, acid value and oxidative stability were the limiting factors in its use as a base stock. Studies were carried out to improve these properties. The results indicated that these properties can be modified by physical and chemical methods and also by additive viscosity of jojoba oil by partial sulfurization, resulting in widening the scope of its utilization in developing lubricant formulations.
Solvent extraction of the oils of rubber, melon, pumpkin and oilbean seeds
Authors: Attah J. C. , Ibemesi J. A.
Published: May 2007

Solvents of differing dielectric constant were used to extract oils from the seeds of: rubber [Hevea brasiliensis (Kunth) Muell. Arg.], melon [Colocynthis vulgaris Schrad], fluted pumpkin [Telfairia occidentalis Hook f.] and oilbean [Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth]. The aim was to examine the effect of solvent polarity on oil yield and oil properties.

The oils were extracted under Soxhlet conditions with the following solvents: petroleum benzene (60–80°C), cyclohexane, isopropyl ether, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, propan‐2‐ol and acetone. The oils were characterized by acid number, iodine value and color intensity determinations.

The oil yields of each seed in different solvents ranged as follows: 58.0–64.4% (pumpkin), 56.1–59.1% (melon), 40.6–48.8% (rubber) and 35.4–43.3% (oilbean). The equilibrium extracting capacity of each solvent was found to depend on two factors, namely, the nature of the oil and the polarity of the solvent. Both factors were found to determine the acid number, iodine value and color intensity of each oil.
An investigation of rice bran oil tank settling
Authors: Belavadi V. K. , Bhowmick D. N.
Published: May 2007

A wax‐like settling is observed in tanks in which rice bran oil is stored. “Soft” and “hard” wax fractions have been isolated from this settling by solvent Crystallization. Previous investigation has shown that the settling consists mainly of wax esters of long chain alcohols and long chain fatty acids. The present work describes the column chromatographic analysis of unhydrolyzed tank settling. The presence of an aromatic moiety is indicated in the infra red spectrum. Comparison of data obtained by analysis of the tank settling before and after hydrolysis shows that it contains only 33% of monomeric esters; the remainder may be present as a polymeric ester, as found in carnauba wax. Investigation of different samples of rice bran oil has shown that the ratio of monomeric to polymeric fraction varies with the history of the bran.
The effect of surfactant structure on the rate of oil solubilization into aqueous surfactant solutions
Authors: Bolsman T. A. B. M. , Veltmaat F. T. G. , van Os N. M.
Published: May 2007

Reduced washing temperatures decrease the rate of the various processes in a laundry cleaning cycle. This implies that fast acting detergents are needed if acceptable washing performance is to be maintained within a realistic period of time. An important factor is the rate of oily soil removal which, among other things, is a function of the molecular structure of the surfactants used in the detergent. To support the selection of proper surfactants we have established relationships between chemical structure and rate of oil solubilization for a series of alkylarenesulfonates with various alkyl chain lengths, points of attachment of the phenyl group at the alkyl chain, and aromatic substitution patterns. It is shown that oil solubilization kinetics are very sensitive to the geometry of the surfactant structure: for a set of isomeric alkylarenesulfonates the rate of oil solubilization can be made to by more than an order of magnitude by changing the substitution pattern around the aromatic ring. The results offer a predictive tool for the design of molecules with the proper surface activity under a wide set of experimental conditions.
Gas liquid chromatography analysis of the fatty acid composition of fats and oils: A total system for high accuracy
Authors: Craske John D. , Bannon Cecil D.
Published: May 2007

The generally accepted approach to the analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) is to analyze a standard mixture of known composition and to determine empirical correction factors for individual FAME. These correction factors, which are a composite of the theoretical flame ionization detector (FID) relative response factors and an empirical factor to correct for any system errors that may be present, then are used to correct the raw peak areas of the individual FAME of the sample undergoing analysis. It is proposed that this approach is fundamentally unsound as a means of generating consistently accurate results. Rather, it has been proven that theoretically calculated FID relative response factors are valid, both for the saturated and unsaturated FAME commonly encountered in edible oils, and that these should be used as the only response factors for the correction of raw peak areas. Thus, the proper approach to the generation of highly accurate results is to optimize both equipment and operator technique so that a correct answer is obtained for a primary standard when these theoretical factors are used, rather than to introduce an empirical correction factor other than the theoretical response factor to take account of faulty practice. Eight facets of equipment operation or operator technique have been identified which must be addressed to optimize accuracy.
Dietary factors and aflatoxin toxicity: I. comparison of the effect of two diets supplemented with aflatoxin B1 upon two different strains of rats
Authors: Alfin‐Slater R. B. , Aftergood L. , Wells P. , Melnick D. , Straus R.
Published: May 2007

Previous studies in this laboratory with rats fed low levels of aflatoxin as a component of peanut discards, suggested either a strain tolerance for aflatoxin or a possible protective factor present in the diets used. In this study, two strains of rats, the Charles‐River strain and the former USC strain, were used to test the effect of 1.7 ppm purified aflatoxin B1 included for 3 months in two different diets; one previously used in this laboratory and one used by other investigators in aflatoxin studies. After an experimental period of either 12 or 18 months, growth, mortality, gross pathology, and organ wt were measured, and histopathological examination and biochemical analyses were performed. Plasma and liver cholesterol levels, total liver lipids, and fatty acids in the various lipid fractions of plasma, liver, and liver tumor lipids were measured. Both strains of rats proved to be susceptible to aflatoxin toxicity at this level as manifested by the appearance of hepatomas; however, liver involvement was more extensive in the Charles‐River rats. The diet used by other investigators produced symptoms similar to those observed as a result of essential fatty acid deficiency and also affected the response to aflatoxin through an aggravation of symptoms, i.e. an inhibition of growth and increased size and severity of the liver tumors.
Stationary catalysts for the continuous hydrogenation of fats
Authors: Mukherjee K. D. , Kiewitt Irmgard , Kiewitt M.
Published: May 2007

Hydrogenation characteristics of a wide variety of stationary catalysts were studied with an aim to explore their possible use in the continuous hydrogenation of fats. Refined soybean oil was hydrogenated continuously in a vertical flow‐through reactor over a fixed bed of catalyst. Catalysts investigated were pelleted products containing Raney nickel, reduced nickel, reduced palladium, and copper chromite, as well as granulated alloys of the Raney type, such as Ni‐Al, Cu‐Al, Pd‐Al, and Cu‐Cr‐Al, which were activated with alkali. These catalysts offered a wide choice of activity, selectivity, and ability to form geometrical isomers. Pelleted copper chromite and granular Raney copper‐chromium were found to be highly selective toward the linolenate moiety of soybean oil, whereas pelleted palladium on carrier, as well as granular Raney nickel, Raney copper, and Raney palladium, though moderately selective, exhibited very high activity even at relatively low temperatures. A unique feature of most of the stationary catalysts was the remarkably high rate of hydrogenation. With most catalysts, the iodine value of soybean oil was reduced by 40–60 units within a reaction period of 2–4 min. The hydrogenated fat was practically free of catalyst particles.
Alcoholic extraction of vegetable oils. Part IV. Solubilities of vegetable oils in aqueous 2‐propanol
Authors: Kanth Rao Rama , Arnold Lionel K.
Published: May 2007

Solubilities of 14 vegetable oils in four different concentrations of aqueous 2‐propanol at various temperatures were determined by a direct and simple method. Comprehensive solubility data of these oils and the critical solution temperatureversus 2‐propanol composition data are presented in tabular form. Solubility of each oil in aqueous 2‐propanol increases with temperature until the critical solution temperature is reached, at and above which oil and the solvent are miscible in all proportions. Further the critical solution temperatures of all the oils with aqueous 2‐propanol solutions increased with the increase in water content of 2‐propanol solutions. There appears to be a general relation between fatty acid contents of the oils and critical solution temperatures which needs further study.
Fatty acids of asparagus seed oil
Authors: Hopkins C. Y. , Chisholm Mary J.
Published: May 2007

Asparagus seed, Mary Washington variety, was found to contain 14.7% of glyceride oil having iodine value 135.1, saponification value 185.5, and unsaponifiable matter 1.46%. The oil was converted to methyl esters, and the mixed esters were separated by fractional distillation and low‐temperature crystallization. The acids were identified by chemical and physical methods. The % composition of the fatty acids is estimated from the data as follows: palmitic 3, linoleic 57, oleic 27, stearic 2, eicosenoic 1.5, arachidic 0.6, undetermined 9. The oil is somewhat similar to corn oil in composition. It has at least 2% of acids of the C20 series, which have not been reported previously in this plant family (Liliaceae).
Epoxidation of polyesters of tetrahydrophthalic acid and unsaturated alkyd resins
Authors: Pearce John W. , Kawa John
Published: May 2007

New polyepoxides are reported which are epoxidation products of unsaturated polyesters. These polyepoxides are unique in that they may be formulated to have a large number of epoxide groups per molecule; 10 or more may be practically obtained.

Anin situ process for the formation of peracetic acid, using dehydrated cation exchange resin of the styrene‐divinyl benzene sulfonic acid type, has been described for the efficient epoxisation of the unsaturated polyesters reported.

A dehydrated strong base anion exchange resin will remove free acid, the major impurity resulting from the peracid epoxidation reaction, without contaminating the polyepoxide polyester with appreciable water and without appreciable loss in epoxide content during the purification. Alternatively co‐distillation of the free acid with aromatic solventin vacuo may be used as a method of purification but with some loss in epoxide content. These techniques are desirable in preparations of compositions of the type described wherein the usual washing techniques cannot be employed.
Monitoring the oxidation of edible oils by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Authors: van de Voort F. R. , Ismail A. A. , Sedman J. , Emo G.
Published: May 2007

Edible fats and oils in their neat form are ideal candidates for Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, in either the attenuated total reflectance or the transmission mode. FTIR spectroscopy provides a simple and rapid means of following complex changes that take place as lipids oxidize. Safflower and cottonseed oils were oxidized under various conditions, and their spectral changes were recorded and interpreted. The critical absorption bands associated with common oxidation end products were identified by relating them to those of spectroscopically representative reference compounds. The power and utilty of FTIR spectroscopy to follow oxidative changes was demonstrated through the use of “real‐time oxidation plots.” A quantitative approach is proposed in which standards are used that are spectroscopically representative of oxidative end products and by which the oxidative state of an oil can be defined in terms of percent hydroperoxides, percent alcohols and total carbonyl content. By using either relative absorption as a basis or calibrating on representative standards, FTIR analysis provides a rapid means of evaluating the oxidative state of an oil or of monitoring changes in oils undergoing thermal stress.
Extraction and characterization ofDimorphotheca pluvialis seed oil
Authors: Muuse Bart G. , Petrus Cuperus F. , Derksen Johannes T. P.
Published: May 2007

Dimorphotheca pluvialis is increasingly recognized as an interesting industrial new oilseed crop because it contains up to 60% of the unusual fatty acid dimorphecolic acid (9‐hydroxy,10t,12t‐18∶2) (DA) for which new applications are being developed. In this paper, the yield, composition and quality are evaluated for dimorphotheca oils (DMO) which were recovered by pressing, conventional solvent extraction and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SCE). Mechanical pressing of the seeds required high temperatures and resulted in an oil recovery of only 40%, whereas the extraction protocols yielded more than 95%. Oil recovery by pressing of winged seed was even more difficult than that of unwinged seeds; hence, solvent extraction of winged seeds was preferred. The dark‐colored DMO, recovered by expelling or by extraction with organic solvents, needed further refining to remove pigments and gums, whereas the light yellow‐colored SCE DMO did not require further refining. SCE oil had a low phospholipid content (11 mg P/kg). Pressed oil (95 mg P/kg) and hexaneor pentane‐extracted DMO (200 mgP/kg) had much higher phospholipid contents. Peroxide andp‐anisidine values were low for freshly recovered oils, but increased after storage, especially in the SCE oil, due to the low concentration of natural antioxidants in SCE DMO, such as tocopherols. The DA content of the oils recovered by the various techniques showed only minor differences, except that supercritical carbon dioxide had slightly decreased solubilizing power for tri‐ and di‐dimorphecolin as compared to hexane and pentane.
Fat splitting by the twitchell process at low temperature
Authors: Fukuzumi Kazuo , Koyama Yoshito
Published: May 2007

A study was made of the degree of splitting of coconut and soybean oils by the Twitchell process at 35±0.1°C. with no shaking or stirring, using an agent consisting mainly of tetrabutyl naphthalene sulfonic acid with water or dilute sulfuric acid. The degree of splitting was greater with sulfuric acid than with water. In general, the degree of splitting of soybean oil was greater when the sulfonic acid was dissolved in the oil layer than when it was in water. The reverse was true with coconut oil. Although addition of glycerol had no effect on the degree of splitting, addition of glacial acetic acid to the coconut oil system decreased fat splitting to a considerable extent. Addition of coconut fatty acids to the coconut oil system had little effect, but soybean fatty acids added to the soybean oil system markedly increased the degree of splitting.

For the first time it has been demonstrated that, at 35±0.1°C., splitting of a fat by the Twitchell process occurs in a stepwise way. Coconut oil in contact with 1N sulfuric acid containing the sulfonic acid, corresponding to 1% by the weight of the oil, was about 90% split in 15 to 30 days, depending on the area of contact of the two layers. The diglyceride concentration reached a maximum during the early days of the reaction and then decreased somewhat. Monoglyceride concentration appeared to reach a maximum more slowly and then continued at that level as the concentrations of free fatty acids and glycerol steadily increased.
A rapid spectrophotometric method for determining the linoleic and linolenic acid components of soybean oil
Authors: Collins F. I. , Sedgwick V. E.
Published: May 2007

A reagent of 11% KOH‐glycerol was satisfactory for isomerizing soybean oil at 180°C. in open bottles in a forced‐draft air‐oven. A rapid means of analyzing soybean oil for linolenic and linoleic acid was developed. The optical densities of methanol solutions were measured at 268 mµ and 233 mµ in special cells with quartz windows and short light paths, and the percentages were calculated by means of a nomograph.
Lipid changes in maturing oil‐bearing plants. II. Changes in fatty acid composition of flax and safflower seed oils
Authors: Sims R. P. A. , McGregor W. G. , Plessers A. G. , Mes J. C.
Published: May 2007

Changes in the fatty acids composition of the oil in flax and safflower seed that occur during the seed‐ripening period have been measured. Concentrations of lipid or of specific fatty acid, expressed on a weight‐per‐seed basis, have been plotted as functions of days after fertilization and of percentage of oil development. Relations between these two independent variables have been established, and limitations to the unsefulness of the latter variable have been pointed out. Days after fertilization proved to be the more useful abscissa.

Nonpolar solvents were used to remove free lipid from the tissue, and the total extractable matter was separated into true lipid and nonlipid components. With both flax and safflower, weight of true free lipid per seed and total unsaturation increased during the same period of growth. Nonlipid extractable matter was an inverse function of the extent of development.

In developing flax seed, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids all increased continuously; oil in immature seed however was more saturated than oil in more mature seed. Nevertheless the ratio of linolenic acid to linoleic acid that characterizes linseed oil was established by the 20th day after fertilization during a normal growing season.

In developing safflower seed, oleic acid concentration increased slowly during the first 30 days after fertilization and then appeared to level off in some cases as maturity was approached. Initially linoleic acid was present in almost the same amount as oleic acid, but by the 20th day after fertilization its concentration was three times that of oleic acid. This ratio of linoleic to oleic acid tended to increase steadily during the latter part of seed development.
Fatty acid morpholides as plasticizers for vinyl chloride resins. III. Ternary compatibility‐composition diagrams for the oleic‐linoleic‐stearic and oleic‐linoleic‐palmitic systems
Authors: Magne Frank C. , Mod Robert R. , Skau Evald L.
Published: May 2007

A systematic investigation has been made of the effect of fatty acid composition on the compatibility of the corresponding mixed morpholides as plasticizers for vinyl chloride‐vinyl acetate copolymer resins. Plasticizer evaluation data were obtained for the morpholides of lauric, palmitic, elaidic, and epoxyoleic acids and compared with the literature values for other fatty acid morpholides and morpholide mixtures.

Ternary compatibility‐composition diagrams have been constructured for the oleic‐linoleic‐stearic and the oleic‐linoleic‐palmitic morpholide systems. These diagrams make it possible to predict what adjustment, if any, must be made in the composition of any mixture of these fatty acids so that the corresponding morpholide mixture will be compatible. The diagrams will be useful in selecting the most appropriate and economical fatty acid sources from which to make compatible morpholide mixtures.
Kinetics of the hydrogenation of fatty oils
Authors: Hashimoto Kenji , Muroyama Katsuhiko , Nagata Shinji
Published: May 2007

Hydrogenation results for fatty oils were analyzed by using a nonlinear least squares method. The rate of the hydrogenation for diunsaturated fatty groups to monounsaturated groups and the rate of the geometrical isomerizations between monounsaturated groups were found to be half order with respect to hydrogen concentration, whereas the hydrogenation rate of monounsaturated groups was the first order. A detailed reaction mechanism is presented to explain the kinetic behavior.
A sensitive method for the determination of carbonyl compounds
Authors: Johnson D. C. , Hammond E. G.
Published: May 2007

2,4,6‐Trichlorophenylhydrazine was tested as a reagent for carbonyl compounds. As little as 0.1 of the 2,4,6‐trichlorophenylhydrazones (2,4,6‐TCPH) could be measured with an electron capture detector, so this reagent should be useful in measuring the carbonyl compounds in oxidized fats at levels near their flavor thresholds. Mixtures of 2,4,6‐TCPHs were separated by thin layer chromatography. Alkan‐2‐one‐2,4,6‐TCPHs were separated from aldehyde‐2,4,6‐TCPHs on alumina plates. The alkanal, alk‐2‐enal and alk‐2,4‐dienal‐2,4,6‐TCPHs were separated from each other either on silica gel plates or silica gel‐silver ion plates. The derivatives within each carbonyl class were separated by chain length on chromatography media impregnated with phenoxyethanol. The 2,4,6‐TCPHs eluted from thin layer plates were determined with an electron capture detector after gas chromatography on a 30 cm column of freeze‐dried detergent base coated with a silicone oil.
Hydroxyaliphatic acids in branched copolymers with acyl chloride‐terminated long side chains: A new shrink‐resist treatment for wool
Authors: Diamond M. J. , Needles H. L. , Elliger C. A. , Kertesz D. J. , Frankel E. N. , Fuller G.
Published: May 2007

Two synthetic routes were followed to prepare graft copolymers with long side chains containing acyl chloride terminal groups. In the first of these methods acryloxy aliphatic acyl chlorides were synthesized from ricinoleic acid, 12‐hydroxystearic acid and 10‐hydroxydecanoic acid and then polymerized with other acrylate ester comonomers. In the second procedure, a prepolymer was formed by copolymerizing acryloyl chloride with acrylate esters. The prepolymer then was treated with 12‐hydroxystearic acid or 9(10)‐hydroxymethylstearic acid to produce polymers with side chains having terminal carboxylic acid groups. These polymers were made more reactive by conversion to acid chlorides. The active polymers were applied to wool fabrics; the imparted shrink‐resistance was durable under an accelerated wash test procedure. An added advantage of the treatment is a soft “hand” or feel resulting from internal plasticization of the polymer coating.
Phosphatides isolated from seeds of commercial and experimental safflower varieties
Authors: Burkhardt H. J.
Published: May 2007

Studies on phosphatides from several safflower varieties show the following five major results. The total phosphatide contents of the various safflower seeds are quite similar (0.48% for a commercial and 0.58% for a brown‐striped variety). The same three major and one minor phosphatides were present in all varieties: phosphatidyl choline (PC), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE), phosphatidyl inositol (PI) and phosphatidyl serine (PS). The amounts of these lipids present in the crude phosphatide mixture were quite similar in all varieties tested (}36% for PC, }15% for PE, }23% for PI, and less than 2% for PS). The fatty acid composition of the phosphatides of UC‐1 high oleic safflower is very different from that of the other varieties, but it reflects the composition of the corresponding oil triglycerides as far as the major acid is concerned. All other safflower seed phosphatides investigated have linoleic acid as the major fatty acid constituent. A simple and very sensitive color test has been found which can differentiate phosphatides of the high linoleic from the high oleic type.
Fatty acid composition ofThalictrum L. seed oils
Authors: Rankoff D. , Popov A. , Panov P. , Daleva M.
Published: May 2007

The fatty acid composition of five representatives of theThalictrum L. genus of the plant familyRanunculaceae has been investigated. The fatty acids include mainly acids with double bonds in thetrans‐5 position (about 60%). Although the main component of the fatty acids is a triene acid (trans‐5,cis‐9,cis‐12‐octadecatrienoic acid), the oils investigated are semidrying.
The nutritive value of refined rapeseed oils: A review
Authors: Rocquelin G. , Sergiel J. P. , Martin B. , Leclerc J. , Cluzan R.
Published: May 2007

Recent findings on the nutritive value of rapeseed oil (RSO) with high erucic acid content have been compared to those of canbra oil (CO), an oil extracted from newly bred Canadian rapeseed with no erucic acid. Erucic acid in diets retards animal growth even if food consumption is not altered. Growth performances of CO are as good as olive or peanut oil. The unbalanced ratio of palmitic acid to monoethylenic acids of CO does not affect rat growth rate. Because of its glyceride structure and high content of erucic acid, RSO has a lower digestibility (81%) than CO (96%) in the rat. Unabsorbed erucic acid is not preferentially excreted as calcium soaps. Interesterification of RSO which converts 31.7% of the erucic chains to the 2 position improves digestibility of erucic acid. 2‐Monoerucin is more efficiently absorbed than the free acid. In vivo metabolic conversion of erucic to oleic acid has been proved in the rat. β‐oxidation of injected 14‐14C labeled erucic acid proceeded at the same rate as oleic acid but the over‐all yield of the reaction was lower. Fatty acid composition of tissues in animals fed RSO or CO is influenced on one hand by erucic and gadoleic (C20∶1) acids of RSO, and on the other hand by the unbalanced ratio of palmitic‐monoethylenic acids and the linolenic acid content of both oils. Nonnegligible amounts of erucic acid are deposited in the body fats of rats, chickens, turkeys, lambs and found in the milk of female rats fed RSO. Almost no erucic acid is incorporated in liver and testicles in the rat and it is not recovered in chicken egg yolk. The effect of RSO on rat reproduction has been re‐examined. Dietary lipid and vitamin levels are of great importance in the results obtained. RSO induces myocarditis in several animal species. Similar lesions, although less frequent and severe, have been observed also with CO in the rat. Some authors have reported that erucic acid of RSO was responsible for the effect on heart muscle. Common fatty acid patterns to both RSO and CO have to be further investigated to explain the persisting effect of CO.
Production and utilization of rapeseed in Canada
Authors: Craig B. M.
Published: May 2007

Production of rapeseed began in Canada in 1942 mainly in response to a demand for an industrial lubricating oil. Favorable response in agricultural production stimulated interest in developing a rapeseed industry to supply a domestic requirement for vegetable oils, an alternate crop for agriculture and an export commodity. Seeded acreages recently increased rapidly to around four million acres and Canada has become a major exporter of rapeseed.
Autoxidation products of 2,4‐decadienal
Authors: Matthews R. F. , Scanlan R. A. , Libbey L. M.
Published: May 2007

2,4‐Decadienal was autoxidized by purging a purified sample with oxygen. An analysis of the autoxidative degradation products was made with tandem gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Additional information was obtained from the determination of the melting point of the dinitrophenylhydrazone derivatives and IR absorbency data. Pentane, furan, ethanal, hexanal, acrolein, butenal, 2‐heptenal, 2‐octenal, benzaldehyde, glyoxal,trans‐2‐buten‐1,4‐dial, acetic acid, hexanoic acid, 2‐octenoic acid, 2,4‐decadienoic acid and benzene were identified.
Chemical derivatives of castor oil
Authors: Achaya K. T.
Published: May 2007

The chemistry of castor oil and its derivatives is reviewed with particular reference to work done in India in general and at the Regional Research Laboratory in Hyderabad in particular. Topics covered are the structure of castor oil, preparation of ricinoleic acid and its glycerides, monoglycerides, surfactants from castor oil, diverse hydrogenations, dehydration, preparation and properties of estolides, alkali fusion or oxidation to dibasic acids, hydroxylation and acetoxy‐epoxies, urethanes and polymerisable monomers.