bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time Scale Calculus: a new approach to multi-dose pharmacokinetic modeling
Authors: Arteaga-Bejarano José Ricardo , Torres Santiago
Published: July 2024

In this paper, we use Time Scale Calculus (TSC) to formulate and solve pharmacokinetic models exploring multiple dose dynamics. TSC is a mathematical framework that allows the modeling of dynamical systems comprising continuous and discrete processes. This characteristic makes TSC particularly suited for multi-dose pharmacokinetic problems, which inherently feature a blend of continuous processes (such as absorption, metabolization, and elimination) and discrete events (drug intake). We use this toolkit to derive analytical expressions for blood concentration trajectories under various multi-dose regimens across several flagship pharmacokinetic models. We demonstrate that this mathematical framework furnishes an alternative and simplified way to model and retrieve analytical solutions for multi-dose dynamics. For instance, it enables the study of blood concentration responses to arbitrary dose regimens and facilitates the characterization of the long-term behavior of the solutions, such as their steady state.
A new model with uniform damping force for frictionless impacts with non-permanent deformation at the time of separation
Authors: Poursina Mohammad , Nikravesh Parviz E.
Published: July 2024

This paper presents a new approach to modeling the contact force in continuous method of modeling an impact. This method considers the traditionally used Hertz spring force to represent the elastic behavior of the impact. A new nonlinear damping force is introduced to model the energy dissipation during the impact. Unlike the traditional spring-damping force elements used in some continuous contact force models, the introduced nonlinear damper can address impacts with non-permanent local deformation at the time of separation. We conduct both analytical and numerical investigations to mathematically express the damping factor as an explicit function of system parameters. In order to ensure that the presented force model can recover the desired restitution, an optimization approach is introduced and implemented to determine the optimal damping factor. The proposed force model is numerically verified on random systems. Finally, this new model is used to study the behavior of two colliding pendulums along with well-established piecewise and continuous approaches for modeling impacts.
LINC00894 Regulates Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Stabilizing EIF5 and Facilitating ATF4-Mediated Induction of FGF21 and ACOD1 Expression
Authors: Chen Yifei , Cui Hengxiang , Han Zhuanzhuan , Xu Lei , Wang Lin , Zhang Yuefei , Liu Lijun
Published: July 2024

The non-coding RNA LINC00894 modulates tumor proliferation and drug resistance. However, its role in brain is still unclear. Using RNA-pull down combined with mass spectrometry and RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation, EIF5 was identified to interact with LINC00894. Furthermore, LINC00894 knockdown decreased EIF5 protein expression, whereas LINC00894 overexpression increased EIF5 protein expression in SH-SY5Y and BE(2)-M17 (M17) neuroblastoma cells. Additionally, LINC00894 affected the ubiquitination modification of EIF5. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) mediated LINC00894 overexpression in the brain inhibited the expression of activated Caspase-3, while increased EIF5 protein level in rats and mice subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion reperfusion (MCAO/R). Meanwhile, LINC00894 knockdown increased the number of apoptotic cells and expression of activated Caspase-3, and its overexpression decreased them in the oxygen–glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) in vitro models. Further, LINC00894 was revealed to regulated ATF4 protein expression in condition of OGD/R and normoxia. LINC00894 knockdown also decreased the expression of glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) and ATF4, downregulated glutathione (GSH), and the ratio of GSH to oxidized GSH (GSH: GSSG) in vitro. By using RNA-seq combined with qRT-PCR and immunoblot, we identified that fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and aconitate decarboxylase 1 (ACOD1), as the ATF4 target genes were regulated by LINC00894 in the MCAO/R model. Finally, we revealed that ATF4 transcriptionally regulated FGF21 and ACOD1 expression; ectopic overexpression of FGF21 or ACOD1 in LINC00894 knockdown cells decreased activated Caspase-3 expression in the OGD/R model. Our results demonstrated that LINC00894 regulated cerebral ischemia injury by stabilizing EIF5 and facilitating EIF5-ATF4-dependent induction of FGF21 and ACOD1.
Ecological Grief, Religious Coping, and Spiritual Crises: Exploring Eco-Spiritual Grief
Authors: Pihkala Panu
Published: July 2024

Ecological grief results from human-caused environmental changes. While it is a growing subject of study, research on the relationship between it and spirituality/religion remains scarce. This article explores the topic by focusing on the frameworks of religious coping and (complicated) spiritual grief. Religion and spirituality can be resources for coping with ecological grief, but there can also be difficulties which cause spiritual grief: crises about beliefs, estrangement from one’s spiritual community, and disruption in spiritual practice. The author proposes a new term for the combinations of ecological and spiritual grief: eco-spiritual grief. Frameworks of religious coping (the RCOPE) and spiritual grief (the Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief, ICSG) are analyzed in relation to ecological grief and eco-spiritual grief. The author argues that elements in these frameworks can be useful in relation to ecological grief and spirituality, but modifications should be made for this particular topic. Research about ecological grief should avoid individualizing tendencies, strong anthropocentrism, and a narrow focus on monotheism. Some items in the RCOPE and ICSG are especially relevant for monotheism, but they could be broadened to include other forms of spirituality. Themes for nuanced research about the matter are charted. The results are relevant for anyone who wants to explore the intersections of spirituality/religion and ecological grief, as well as theology and psychology, and they have special relevance for researchers and (pastoral) psychologists.
Aesthetic experiences with others: an enactive account
Authors: Drummond Harry
Published: July 2024

We can look at paintings, listen to music, dance, play instruments, and watch movies, on our own almost anytime, anywhere. That is, we have effortless, on-demand access to an abundance of private aesthetic experiences. Why, then, do we seek out aesthetic experiences together? Indeed, it is not controversial to claim that listening to music, dancing, and watching films are activities that we do together more so than we do on our own. While the significance of interpersonal aesthetic experiences, and what explains that significance, is not uncharted territory, I claim that more precision regarding the kinds of relations and interactions that modulate and enable different kinds of interpersonal aesthetic experiences is warranted than is offered in extant literature. As such, an enactive approach that not only foregrounds embodiment and intersubjectivity in cognition, but duly explains how variations in them cause variations in cognition, is paramount to my explanation. Here, then, I marshal three ‘varieties’ of interpersonal aesthetic experience that I term aggregative, synchronised, and shared aesthetic experiences. In doing so, I explain what makes them particularly worthwhile, while introducing terminological and explanatory clarity to the literature as a unifying base from which future research can unfold.
Insect herbivory on Acer rubrum varies across income and urbanization gradients in the D.C. metropolitan area
Authors: Blake Elizabeth , Bennett Shelley , Hruska Amy , Komatsu Kimberly J
Published: July 2024

Urbanization has increased wealth disparity within the United States, impacting the urban landscape and species interactions. In particular, the interactions between street trees and the arthropod communities that live among them may be modified by both human population densities across urban to suburban locations, as well as income levels within these areas. We examined the effect of land use type (urban vs. suburban) and median household income on variation in leaf damage and arthropod abundance of red maples (Acer rubrum) in the District of Columbia metropolitan region. We compared these levels of leaf damage to rates observed in a nearby temperate deciduous forest. We predicted leaf damage would be positively correlated with urbanization (forested < suburban < urban) and negatively correlated with neighborhood income level (low > medium > high). Instead, we observed higher levels of leaf damage on trees in the forest environment compared to the urban and suburban areas. Leaves from urban medium and high-income areas were less likely to exhibit herbivore damage than those from suburban areas. Of the leaves with damage, those in urban high-income and suburban low-income areas exhibited the most leaf area missing. These trends may be related to specific factors associated with urbanization and income level, such as impervious surface coverage and tree coverage. This study highlights differences in biotic interactions across individual neighborhoods and the importance of including socio-economic variables when examining species interactions in urban environments.
Biological aging of different blood cell types
Authors: Marttila Saara , Rajić Sonja , Ciantar Joanna , Mak Jonathan K. L. , Junttila Ilkka S. , Kummola Laura , Hägg Sara , Raitoharju Emma , Kananen Laura
Published: July 2024

Biological age (BA) captures detrimental age-related changes. The best-known and most-used BA indicators include DNA methylation–based epigenetic clocks and telomere length (TL). The most common biological sample material for epidemiological aging studies, whole blood, is composed of different cell types. We aimed to compare differences in BAs between blood cell types and assessed the BA indicators’ cell type-specific associations with chronological age (CA). An analysis of DNA methylation–based BA indicators, including TL, methylation level at cg16867657 in ELOVL2, as well as the Hannum, Horvath, DNAmPhenoAge, and DunedinPACE epigenetic clocks, was performed on 428 biological samples of 12 blood cell types. BA values were different in the majority of the pairwise comparisons between cell types, as well as in comparison to whole blood (p < 0.05). DNAmPhenoAge showed the largest cell type differences, up to 44.5 years and DNA methylation-based TL showed the lowest differences. T cells generally had the "youngest" BA values, with differences across subsets, whereas monocytes had the "oldest" values. All BA indicators, except DunedinPACE, strongly correlated with CA within a cell type. Some differences such as DNAmPhenoAge-difference between naïve CD4 + T cells and monocytes were constant regardless of the blood donor's CA (range 20–80 years), while for DunedinPACE they were not. In conclusion, DNA methylation–based indicators of BA exhibit cell type–specific characteristics. Our results have implications for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying epigenetic clocks and underscore the importance of considering cell composition when utilizing them as indicators for the success of aging interventions.
Knowledge based interventions for sustainable development cooperation: insights from knowledge systems mapping in Zambia
Authors: Suchá L. , Dušková L. , Leventon J. , Seidlová A. , Bubák Š. , Harmáčková Z. V.
Published: July 2024

Knowledge is an essential determinant and component of the international development cooperation agenda and projects. Therefore, it is vital to understand and reflect on how knowledge in international development cooperation is created, what knowledge counts, and how it influences the planning, implementation, and outcomes of international development cooperation projects. In this paper, we critically examine the knowledge system of the development cooperation of the Czech Republic, an emerging donor country, by applying system theory and utilizing system properties as an analytical tool. To this end, we carried out a multi-phase qualitative research with actors from the Czech Republic and Zambia. Subsequently, we analysed the knowledge system properties and identified those often overlooked by development actors, such as taboos, mistrust, and development burden, revealing how knowledge flows can be obstructed by these characteristics. In addition, we compiled a set of suitable interventions to tackle the overlooked system properties and foster knowledge cross-fertilisation. These interventions include, among others, active engagement of traditional leaders, active work with narratives of success, and introducing action-reflection-reaction cycle into the development practice. Furthermore, the proposed interventions clearly emphasize the need for more collaborative and transdisciplinary processes. Finally, we discuss that it is essential to uncover deep layers of the international development cooperation knowledge system to shift and leverage it towards more inclusive and just outcomes.
Effect of Citrate-Based Bath pH on Properties of Electrodeposited Cu–Zn Coating on an Aluminum Substrate
Authors: Özdemİr Rasİm , Ünal Ersİn , Karahan İsmaİl Hakkı
Published: July 2024

In this study, Cu–Zn alloys were deposited in citrate-based electrolytes on aluminum substrate by electrodeposition method. The effect of bath pH variation on the properties of the obtained Cu–Zn alloy coatings was investigated. The electrochemical behavior of the citrate-based baths and the crystalline structure, surface morphology and elemental content, electrical resistivity and thermal behavior of the alloy coatings were analyzed. According to the results of cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis, increasing bath pH caused a negative shift in the cathodic deposition potential. In addition, the anodic dissolution peaks first shifted to the positive side with increasing pH and then shifted back to the negative direction. According to the results of XRD analysis, the phase structure of Cu–Zn alloys generally consists of α and β′ phases, but according to differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analysis, it is possible that there is a γ phase in the structure in addition to these phases. In addition, pH increase (4.5 to 6.5) caused a relative increase in crystal grain size (~14 to ~ 25 nm). The Zn content of Cu–Zn coatings first increased (~pct 15 to ~ pct 55) with pH increase, then followed a horizontal trend (~pct 55 to ~ pct 59) with further pH increase and then exhibited a slight decreasing trend (~pct 59 to ~ pct 52). The pH increase significantly affected the surface morphology of the coatings and denser coatings were obtained with increasing pH. While the electrical resistivity of Cu–Zn coatings first increased (0.0408 to 0.0696 µΩcm for 297 K) with increasing pH, it tended to decrease (0.0696 to 0.0479 µΩcm for 297 K) again at higher pH values. In addition, the electrical resistivity of the coatings increased with increasing measurement temperature. According to DSC analysis of the coatings, endothermic peaks were obtained, possibly representing the transformation from γ to β′ phase.

Graphical Abstract
Toward a Cultural Psychology of Conspiracy Theories: A life-narrative analysis of Flat Earthers
Authors: Pahuus Kirstine , Jørgensen Maja Sødinge , Wagoner Brady
Published: July 2024

While the idea of a flat earth may seem absurd in the twenty-first century, there is today a large and growing number of people who believe it. Who are these people and what animates their belief? In answering these questions, this article aims to articulate a cultural psychological approach to conspiracy theories. This is advanced through an in-depth narrative analysis of three individuals' life stories concerning before, during, and after the transition to the new belief. Thus, rather than starting from the typical look at what socio-demographic factors predict conspiracy beliefs, we start from a nuanced look at flat earth believers' own life worlds. We show how different individual motives (epistemological, social and existential) and knowledge systems (scientific, religious, societal) come together in individuals’ adoption and reconstruction of conspiracy theories so that they resonate with believers’ personal lives. Most importantly, flat earth theory offers people a comprehensive vision that places human beings at the center of the universe and provides arguments for how life is meaningful. However, we show that this is reached through different pathways in accordance with people's unique life histories and challenges.
Tubarial salivary glands show a low relative contribution to functional salivary gland tissue mass
Authors: Ling Sui wai , van der Veldt Astrid , Segbers Marcel , Luiting Henk , Brabander Tessa , Verburg Frederik
Published: July 2024

Background

In 2021, the tubarial salivary glands (TSGs) were newly identified on prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) as macroscopic glands in the nasopharyngeal wall. However, the relative contribution of the TSGs to the total salivary gland function, and consequently on the development of xerostomia after external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) or PSMA-targeted radionuclide therapy (RNT) is not known. Therefore, we aimed to determine the presence of the TSGs and to quantify uptake in the TSGs on PSMA PET.

Methods

Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed on 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT scans of 100 patients with prostate cancer. The mean and maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmean and SUVmax) in the TSGs were measured and compared to the parotid, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands (PSGs, SMSGs and SLSGs, respectively). Furthermore, proportional function of the TSGs was compared to the PSGs, SMSGs and SLSGs based on the total organ PSMA (TO-PSMA).

Results

The TSGs were visible on 95% of the 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT scans. The normalized median SUVmean and SUVmax was significantly higher for the PSGs (p < 0.001) and SMSGs (p < 0.001) compared to the TSGs, but not for the SLSGs (p = 0.242 and p = 0.300, respectively). The normalized median TO-PSMA was significantly higher for the PSGs (p < 0.001) and SMSGs (p < 0.001), and significant lower for the SLSGs (p < 0.001) compared the TSGs.

Conclusions

The SUVmean, SUVmax and TO-PSMA of the TSGs were most comparable to the SLSGs. However, the measured PSMA uptake may be disproportional towards the saliva production. Therefore, future studies should focus on the relation between PSMA uptake and salivary function before and after PSMA therapy.
Die intersektionale Perspektive auf letale autonome Waffensysteme: Eine Analyse der Diskurse innerhalb der UN-Waffenkonvention
Authors: Gonsior Anja-Liisa
Published: July 2024

Die UNCCW diskutiert die Regulierung autonomer Waffensysteme mit Fokus auf technische und rechtliche Fragen. Zivilgesellschaftliche Akteure und NGOs bringen zudem intersektionale Perspektiven ein. Der Beitrag untersucht, inwiefern diese Perspektiven in der UN-Debatte sichtbar werden. Innerhalb der intersektionalen Kategorien werden die Ankerbegriffe Gender und Race am meisten berücksichtigt. Die Relevanz von NGOs in der Gesamtdebatte zeigt sich daran, dass sie neue Themen einbringen, die an etablierte Diskurse anknüpfen.
Flow unit classification and characterization with emphasis on the clustering methods: a case study in a highly heterogeneous carbonate reservoir, eastern margin of Dezful Embayment, SW Iran
Authors: Homaie Mojtaba , Mahboubi Asadollah , Hartmann Dan J. , Kadkhodaie Ali , Moussavi Harami Reza
Published: July 2024

Previous attempts to classify flow units in Iranian carbonate reservoirs, based on porosity and permeability, have faced challenges in correlating the rock's pore size distribution with the capillary pressure profile. The innovation of this study highlights the role of clustering techniques, such as Discrete Rock Type, Probability, Global Hydraulic Element, and Winland's Standard Chart in enhancing the reservoir's rock categorization. These techniques are integrated with established flow unit classification methods. They include Lucia, FZI, FZI*, Winland R35, and the improved stratigraphic modified Lorenz plot. The research accurately links diverse pore geometries to characteristic capillary pressure profiles, addressing heterogeneity in intricate reservoirs. The findings indicate that clustering methods can identify specific flow units, but do not significantly improve their classification. The effectiveness of these techniques varies depending on the flow unit classification method employed. For instance, probability-based methods yield surpassing results for low-porosity rocks when utilizing the FZI* approach. The discrete technique generates the highest number of flow unit classes but provides the worst result. Not all clustering techniques reveal discernible advantages when integrated with the FZI method. In the second part, the study creatively suggests that rock classification can be achieved by concurrently clustering irreducible water saturation (SWIR) and porosity in unsuccessful flow unit delineation cases. The SWIR log was estimated by establishing a smart correlation between porosity and SWIR in the pay zone, where water saturation and SWIR match. Then, the estimated saturation was dispersed throughout the reservoir. Subsequently, the neural network technique was employed to cluster and propagate the three finalized flow units. This methodology is an effective recommendation when conventional flow unit methods fail. The study also investigates influential factors causing the failure of flow unit classification methods, including pore geometry, oil wettability, and saturation in heterogeneous reservoirs.
An internally and externally validated nomogram for predicting cancer-specific survival in octogenarians after radical resection for colorectal cancer
Authors: Zhu Junchang , Cen Wei , Zheng Xuzhi , Ye Chenqiao , Guo Feifan , Yan Xialin , Shi Hongying , Ye Lechi , Hu Tingting
Published: July 2024

Aims

We aimed to develop an elaborative nomogram that predicts cancer-specific survival (CSS) in American and Chinese octogenarians treated with radical resection for CRC.

Methods

The patient data of newly diagnosed patients aged 80 years or older who underwent radical resection for CRC from 2010 to 2015 were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database and then randomly divided into a training cohort and a validation cohort. The patients collected from our hospital were defined as the external validation cohort. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression was used to select independent predictive factors for the construction of a nomogram to predict 1-, 2- and 3-year CSS.

Results

The multivariate Cox regression model identified age, T stage, N stage, perineural invasion, chemotherapy, tumour deposits, carcinoembryonic antigen level, number of lymph node metastases, and number of solid organ metastases as independent predictors of survival. The C-index of the nomogram for 1-, 2- and 3-year CSS was 0.758, 0.762, and 0.727, respectively, demonstrating significant clinical value and substantial reliability compared to the TNM stage. The calibration curve and area under the curve also indicated considerable predictive accuracy. In addition, decision curve analysis demonstrated desirable net benefits in clinical application.

Conclusion

We constructed a nomogram for predicting the CSS of individual octogenarian patients with CRC who underwent radical resection. The nomogram performed better than the TNM staging system in this particular population and could guide clinicians in clinical follow-up and individual therapeutic plan formulation.
Pulse approach: a physics-guided machine learning model for thermal analysis in laser-based powder bed fusion of metals
Authors: Scheel Pooriya , Hosseini Ehsan
Published: July 2024

Fast and accurate representation of heat transfer in laser powder-bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M) is essential for thermo-mechanical analyses. As an example, it benefits the detection of thermal hotspots at the design stage. While traditional physics-based numerical approaches such as the finite element (FE) method are applicable to a wide variety of problems, they are computationally too expensive for PBF-LB/M due to the space- and time-discretization requirements. Alternatives are sought to lower the computational burden of modelling this process and make part-scale simulations feasible, with machine learning (ML) techniques leading these efforts due to their exceptional flexibility and efficiency. Recently, there has been a growing trend towards integrating physical insights of the studied phenomena in ML workflows to improve their effectiveness. For the presented work, we hypothesized that the moving laser heat source could be treated as a sequence of pulses such that the solution to various scan patterns could be determined based on the thermal response to a laser pulse. First, a base function represented by a feed-forward neural network (FFNN) was proposed to establish the solution for laser scanning over a wide solid block. Next, inspired by the perturbation theory, a second FFNN was introduced to consider the impact of geometrical features on the temperature profiles as a correction to the base solution. The feasibility of training the pair of FFNNs within the proposed ‘pulse approach’ framework based on a few inexpensive FE simulations, and generalization to larger simulation domains are demonstrated. For a scan pattern not encountered during training, the paired networks are capable of accurately replicating the temperature profiles or history predictions of FE simulations in under one second, showcasing a considerable acceleration by orders of magnitude. The models and scripts used in this study are openly available in https://github.com/HighTempIntegrity/PIAM_Pulse2024.
Tailored bond characteristics in additively manufactured resin bond grinding wheels: achieving optimal performance, high abrasive concentration, and cost efficiency
Authors: Barmouz Mohsen , Steinhäuser Felix , Azarhoushang Bahman
Published: July 2024

This research study addresses the issues with additive manufacturing of high abrasive concentration as well as highly affordable resin-bond grinding wheels. High-concentration resin bond grinding wheels are high-demand cutting tools that provide high-efficiency grinding operation for a broad range of ferrous and nonferrous metals. Adding a high concentration of abrasive grains into the blend while using high-temperature acrylic resins as a bond material has encountered some difficulties during digital light processing (DLP), such as insufficient flow of material resulting from the high inherent viscosity of the pure resin and less printability due to their dark color, which become worse by adding a high volume of abrasive grains. An engineered bond material achieved through the mechanical alloying of acrylate photopolymers with tailored properties has been discovered during this research study, taking advantage of reduced price, excellent grinding performance, and high grain concentration. The experimental grinding operations comprising medium and high material removal rates were carried out to prove the supreme properties of the SiC- and diamond-printed grinding wheels toward having high accuracy besides a high-quality finished surface. Mechanical characterization including tensile test and grinding performance examination comprising tool wear, cutting force, surface quality, and surface integrity were conducted on the printed and ground parts. The results showed that integrating 14.6 Wt% of Resin A (with higher thermal resistance and viscosity) into the wheel’s composition could contribute to the fabrication of a high-performance grinding wheel, besides having a reliable, fast, and feasible printing process. Furthermore, On-machine and out-of-machine measurements on the ground surface signified that the composition with the highest Resin B concentration (GW-H) offered up to 2 times higher mechanical properties, 33–50% lower grinding forces, 25–50% improved surface qualities, 2–3 times extended tool life span, and less interval dressing operation compared to the grinding wheel containing the lowest Resin B concentration (GW-L).
“But Never Do be Long Without Writing Us, for Altho' Many Miles Divide Us We Have Your Welfare at Heart”: An Analysis of Requests in Intimate Discourse in Irish Emigrants’ Letters (1700–1940)
Authors: Sotoca-Fernández David
Published: July 2024

This article concentrates on the analysis of requestive speech acts from the point of view of (im)politeness studies within the context of historical letter-writing. It draws its data from a sub-corpus of the Corpus of Irish English Correspondence (CORIECOR) containing letters written by Irish emigrants that settled in the United States and their intimates. The scope of this research is limited to intimate discourse to perform a cohesive study of the encoding of this speech act within a particular framework of usage in a particular genre. This study classifies a total of 254 requests extracted from this sub-corpus and observes the major tendencies that appear in this specific context. Results show a clear preference for the usage of impositive head act strategies (95.68% of the results). Imperatives (50.9%), want statements (27.8%), and performatives (9.8%) are the most recurrent head act strategies in this set of data. Conversely, indirect requests show a much lower number of hits (4.32%). Moreover, the data showed a preference for external modification or no modification at all. These results point towards the idea that directness might have been conventionalized as a sign of positive politeness between family members in the context of historical letter writing. Some reservations about generalizations with regards to the data are expressed and further research lines are proposed in order to establish a more solid understanding of the encoding of requestive speech acts in the context of historical letter writing.
Interventions to prevent the onset of frailty in adults aged 60 and older (PRAE-Frail): a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Authors: Eidam Annette , Durga Jane , Bauer Jürgen M. , Zimmermann Samuel , Vey Johannes A. , Rapp Kilian , Schwenk Michael , Cesari Matteo , Benzinger Petra
Published: July 2024

Purpose

Frailty in older adults is associated with multiple adverse health outcomes, while evidence on its successful prevention has been scarce. Therefore, we analyzed the effectiveness of different interventions for the prevention of frailty onset.

Methods

In this systematic review, eight databases were searched for randomized controlled trials of interventions in non-frail (i.e., robust or pre-frail) adults aged ≥ 60 years that assessed frailty incidence at follow-up. Additive component network meta-analysis (CNMA) was conducted to isolate the effect of different intervention types on the main outcome of frailty incidence, reporting relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The effect on gait speed was analyzed as an additional outcome using a classic network meta-analysis and the standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% CI.

Results

We screened 24,263 records and identified 11 eligible trials. Nine trials (842 participants, all categorized according to the physical phenotype) in pre-frail (seven RCTs) and robust/pre-frail (two RCTs) older adults were included in the CNMA. Physical exercise significantly reduced frailty incidence at follow-up (RR 0.26, 95% CI 0.08; 0.83), while this was not found for nutritional interventions (RR 1.16, 95% CI 0.33; 4.10). Interventions based on physical exercise also improved gait speed (SMD 1.55, 95% CI 1.16; 1.95). In addition, 22 eligible trial protocols without published results were identified.

Conclusion

Interventions based on physical exercise appear to be effective in preventing the onset of frailty in older adults. Although the available data are still limited, results from ongoing trials may add to the body of evidence in the foreseeable future.
Conceptualisation of the SHIFT–SHARE: A New Strategic Healthcare Implementation Framework for Task Shifting, Sharing and Resource Enhancement
Authors: Das Shukanto , Grant Liz , Weller David
Published: July 2024

Healthcare systems challenged by chronic workforce shortages use task shifting and task sharing as tools to transfer certain services from providers with a high skill base to providers typically with fewer skills or qualifications. The World Health Organization’s global guidelines on task shifting advised countries to develop regulatory and implementation frameworks to expand task shifting for urgent public health issues. These frameworks direct, structure and support interventions by considering various factors that may affect their success. This paper outlines the process undertaken to develop a new implementation framework for task shifting and sharing, called the SHIFT-SHARE. We describe the framework and discuss our next steps to validate and refine it. SHIFT-SHARE draws on change management theories, particularly those of Lewin and Kotter, along with Lean Thinking and Diffusion of Innovation theory. It is further complemented by theoretical constructs of popular implementation frameworks, such as the Practical, Robust Implementation and Sustainability Model, Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, Calderdale Framework and others. SHIFT-SHARE has six cyclical stages, namely (1) Environmental Scanning, (2) Priming, (3) Risk Signal, (4) Capacity Building, (5) Monitoring and Evaluation, and (6) Maintenance and Diffusion. Clinical safety, patient-centredness, ethical considerations and stakeholder feedback underpin every stage of SHIFT-SHARE. Following further development and refinement, our hope is that this framework can be used as a strategic planning tool to systematically redistribute tasks between different cadres of care providers, optimise resource usage, improve care access and quality, and introduce stability in service provision.
Error bounds for one-dimensional constrained Langevin approximations for nearly density-dependent Markov chains
Authors: Campos Felipe A. , Williams Ruth J.
Published: July 2024

Continuous-time Markov chains are frequently used to model the stochastic dynamics of (bio)chemical reaction networks. However, except in very special cases, they cannot be analyzed exactly. Additionally, simulation can be computationally intensive. An approach to address these challenges is to consider a more tractable diffusion approximation. Leite and Williams (Ann. Appl. Prob.29, 2019) proposed a reflected diffusion as an approximation for (bio)chemical reaction networks, which they called the constrained Langevin approximation (CLA) as it extends the usual Langevin approximation beyond the first time some chemical species becomes zero in number. Further explanation and examples of the CLA can be found in Anderson et al. (SIAM Multiscale Modeling Simul.17, 2019).

In this paper, we extend the approximation of Leite and Williams to (nearly) density-dependent Markov chains, as a first step to obtaining error estimates for the CLA when the diffusion state space is one-dimensional, and we provide a bound for the error in a strong approximation. We discuss some applications for chemical reaction networks and epidemic models, and illustrate these with examples. Our method of proof is designed to generalize to higher dimensions, provided there is a Lipschitz Skorokhod map defining the reflected diffusion process. The existence of such a Lipschitz map is an open problem in dimensions more than one.
Tail asymptotics and precise large deviations for some Poisson cluster processes
Authors: Baeriswyl Fabien , Chavez-Demoulin Valérie , Wintenberger Olivier
Published: July 2024

We study the tail asymptotics of two functionals (the maximum and the sum of the marks) of a generic cluster in two sub-models of the marked Poisson cluster process, namely the renewal Poisson cluster process and the Hawkes process. Under the hypothesis that the governing components of the processes are regularly varying, we extend results due to [6, 19], notably relying on Karamata’s Tauberian Theorem to do so. We use these asymptotics to derive precise large-deviation results in the fashion of [32] for the just-mentioned processes.
Lattice Boltzmann modelling and study of droplet equatorial streaming in an electric field
Authors: Wang Geng , Lei Timan , Yang Junyu , Fei Linlin , Chen Jin , Luo Kai H.
Published: July 2024

In 2017, Brosseau & Vlahovska (Phys. Rev. Lett, vol. 119, no. 3, 2017, p. 034501) found that, in a strong electric field, a weakly conductive, low-viscosity droplet immersed in a highly conductive, high-viscosity medium formed a lens shape, and liquid rings continuously detached from its equatorial plane and subsequently broke up into satellite droplets. This fascinating multiphase electrohydrodynamic (EHD) phenomenon is known as droplet equatorial streaming. In this paper, based on the unified lattice Boltzmann method framework proposed by Luo et al. (Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Engng Sci, vol. 379, no. 2208, 2021, p. 20200397), a novel lattice Boltzmann (LB) model is constructed for multiphase EHD by coupling the Allen–Cahn type of multiphase LB model and two new LB equations to solve the Poisson equation of the electric field and the conservation equation of the surface charge. Using the proposed LB model, we successfully reproduced, for the first time, the complete process of droplet equatorial streaming, including the continuous ejection and breakup of liquid rings on the equatorial plane. In addition, it is found that, under conditions of high electric field strength or significant electrical conductivity contrast, droplets exhibit fingering equatorial streaming that was unknown before. A power-law relationship is discovered for droplet total charge evolution and a theoretical model is then proposed to describe the droplet radius and height over time. The breakup of liquid rings is found to be dominated by capillary instability, while the breakup of liquid fingers is governed by the end-pinching mechanism. Finally, a phase diagram is constructed for fingering equatorial streaming and ring equatorial streaming, and a criterion equation is established for the phase boundary.
Impacts of Vertical Migrants on Biogeochemistry in an Earth System Model
Authors: Getzlaff Julia , Kriest Iris
Published: July 2024

Vertical migrants are a diverse group of organisms, which includes crustaceans, cephalopods and mesopelagic fishes. They play an active role in the biogeochemical cycles but are in general not included in numerical models. In this study we introduce a fully coupled Earth system model that represents vertical migration and with this resolves the key components of the mesopelagic ecosystem, namely migrating zooplankton and mesopelagic fish, including their feedbacks on biogeochemical cycles. The redistribution of nutrients in the water column by vertical migration results in a reduction of the net primary production of 14%–21%, as well as in an asymmetric response in the low oxygenated waters in the tropical Pacific (an increase in the northern and a decrease in the southern oxygen minimum zone). On a global scale, we find the active transport of carbon out of the surface layer to be equivalent to ∼25% of the total export (∼30% relative to passive sinking). In the low latitudes, migration results regionally in a reduction of the shallow export by 2%–10% and an increase of the deep carbon export by 6%–15%. In our simulations, mesopelagic fish, with a biomass of 3–3.4 Gt wet weight, have a slightly larger impact on active carbon flux than migrating zooplankton.
Estimates of the Isotope Effect for Nitrate Assimilation in the Indian Sector of the Southern Ocean
Authors: Thomas R. K. , Fawcett S. E. , Forrer H. J. , Robinson C. M. , Knapp A. N.
Published: July 2024

The Southern Ocean is a high‐nutrient, low‐chlorophyll (HNLC) region characterized by incomplete nitrate (NO3−) consumption by phytoplankton in surface waters. During this incomplete consumption, phytoplankton preferentially assimilate the 14N‐ versus the 15N‐bearing form of NO3−, quantified as the NO3− assimilation isotope effect (15ε). Previous summertime estimates of the 15ε from HNLC regions range from 4 to 11‰. While culture work has shown that the 15ε varies among phytoplankton species, as well as with light and iron stress, we lack a systematic understanding of how and why the 15ε varies in the field. Here we estimate the 15ε from water‐column profile and surface‐water samples collected in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean—the first leg of the Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition (December 2016–January 2017) and the Crossroads transect (April 2016). Consistent with prior work in the mid‐to‐late summer Southern Ocean, we estimate a higher 15ε (8.9 ± 0.6‰) for the northern Subantarctic Zone and a lower 15ε (5.4 ± 0.9‰) at and south of the Subantarctic Front. We interpret our data in the context of coincident measurements of phytoplankton community composition and estimates of iron and light stress. Similar to prior work, we find a significant, negative relationship between the 15ε and the average mixed‐layer photosynthetically active radiation flux of 30–100 μmol m−2 s−1, while above 100 μmol m−2 s−1, 15ε increases again. In addition, while we observe no robust relationship of the 15ε to iron availability or phytoplankton community, mixed‐layer nitrification over the Kerguelen Plateau appears to strongly influence its magnitude.
Sarah Minson: A Collaborative Quake Career
Authors: Besl J.
Published: July 2024

A geophysicist thrives on teamwork at the U.S. Geological Survey.
Pole‐To‐Pole Ionospheric Disturbances Due To Solar Flares, During Low Solar Activity
Authors: Fagundes P. R. , Pillat V. G. , Tardelli A. , Muella M. T. A. H.
Published: July 2024

There are growing concerns about the effect of solar flares on the ionosphere, mainly due to possible deterioration or damage to our communication and navigation satellite systems. On 3 July 2021, and 28 October 2021, there were solar flares (SFs) classified as X1.59 and X1.0, respectively. These two SFs were the only ones of X‐class that occurred during the last low solar activity (LSA:2018–2021). Data from magnetometers and Global Positioning System (GPS)—Total Electron Content (TEC) are used to investigate the spatial‐temporal electrodynamics of the ionosphere from pole‐to‐pole in the American sector. Employing ∆H and vertical TEC, along with the ROT (rate of change of VTEC) parameter. Rapidly ∆H disturbances closely follow the X‐ray variation and the ∆H valleys and peaks are well‐synchronized during the SFs, indicating that they are linked. Major disturbances in the ∆H are noticed in the mid‐low‐equatorial latitudes. However, minor disturbances were seen at high latitudes. Also, |ROT| is a good indicator of the electron density changes during the SFs, especially when the X‐ray intensity rises to the peak.
Tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants upregulate VMAT2 activity and rescue disease-causing VMAT2 variants
Authors: Wang Xunan , Marmouzi Ilias , Finnie Peter S. B. , Bucher Meghan L. , Yan Yuanye , Williams Erin Q. , Støve Svein I. , Lipina Tatiana V. , Ramsey Amy J. , Miller Gary W. , Salahpour Ali
Published: July 2024

Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) is an essential transporter that regulates brain monoamine transmission and is important for mood, cognition, motor activity, and stress regulation. However, VMAT2 remains underexplored as a pharmacological target. In this study, we report that tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants acutely inhibit, but persistently upregulate VMAT2 activity by promoting VMAT2 protein maturation. Importantly, the VMAT2 upregulation effect was greater in BE(2)-M17 cells that endogenously express VMAT2 as compared to a heterologous expression system (HEK293). The net sustained effect of tricyclics and tetracyclics is an upregulation of VMAT2 activity, despite their acute inhibitory effect. Furthermore, imipramine and mianserin, two representative compounds, also demonstrated rescue of nine VMAT2 variants that cause Brain Monoamine Vesicular Transport Disease (BMVTD). VMAT2 upregulation could be beneficial for disorders associated with reduced monoamine transmission, including mood disorders and BMVTD, a rare but often fatal condition caused by a lack of functional VMAT2. Our findings provide the first evidence that small molecules can upregulate VMAT2 and have potential therapeutic benefit for various neuropsychiatric conditions.
Prevalence of opioid misuse in patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ako Tazha , Ørnskov Mark Puch , Lykke Camilla , Sjøgren Per , Kurita Geana Paula
Published: July 2024

Background/Objectives

Long-term consequences of opioid consumption, such as misuse, have been a major concern in patients with chronic non-cancer pain. Potentially opioid misuse may also be a consequence in patients with cancer in opioid treatment which encouraged us to undertake this systematic review assessing the frequency of opioid misuse in this population.

Materials/Methods

The search strategy comprised words related to cancer, opioid misuse, and frequency. PubMed, Embase, PsycInfo, and Cinahl were searched from inception to July 2023. Prospective studies were selected and analysed regarding frequency, study characteristics, and quality. A meta-analysis was possible to carry out for a sub-group (opioid misuse risk).

Results

From 585 abstracts screened, six articles were included. Only prevalence data were found. The prevalence of opioid misuse ranged from 5.7% to 84%, while the prevalence of opioid misuse risk varied from 2.4% to 35.4%. The pooled prevalence of opioid misuse risk was 12.3% (95% CI: 0.8–36.3; I2 = 98.4%, 95% CI: 97.2–99.1). The studies differed regarding, e.g., methods, misuse definitions, and assessment instruments.

Conclusions

Few studies were identified and large differences in prevalence for opioid misuse and opioid misuse risk were observed. Methodological disparities and the studies quality underscore the importance of improved studies in the future.
Thermoregulatory integration in hand prostheses and humanoid robots through blood vessel simulation
Authors: Jeong Sang-Mi , Yang Jonguk , Kang Youngsoo , Seo Hee Sung , Seo Keumyoung , Lim Taekyung , Ju Sanghyun
Published: July 2024

In this paper, we introduce an innovative approach for generating robotic faces with a thermal signature similar to that of humans and equipping prosthetic or robotic hands with a lifelike temperature distribution. This approach enhances their detection via infrared cameras and promotes more natural interactions between humans and robots. This method integrates a temperature regulation system into artificial skin, drawing inspiration from the human body’s natural temperature control via blood flow. Central to this technique is a fiber network simulating blood vessels within the artificial skin. Water flows through these fibers under specific temperature and flow conditions, forming a controlled heat release system. The heat emission can be adjusted by changing the dilation of these fibers, primarily by modulating the frequency of circulation. Our findings indicate that this approach can replicate the varied thermal characteristics of different human faces and hand areas. Consequently, the robotic faces appear more human-like in infrared images, aiding their identification by infrared cameras. At the same time, the prosthetic hands achieve a more natural temperature, reducing the discomfort typically felt in direct contact with synthetic limbs. The aim of this study was to address the challenges faced by the users of prosthetic hands. The results from this study show a promising direction in humanoid robotics, fostering improved tactile interactions and redefining human–robot relationships. This innovative technique facilitates further advancements, blurring the lines between artificial aids and natural biological systems.