bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Factors Involved in Preserving a Phonemic Contrast
Authors: Charles-Luce Jan
Published: July 2017

Previous research has demonstrated that semantics and pragmatics influence durational modifications in words and segments. The present research investigated specifically how semantics and pragmatics influence preservation of a phonemic contrast. Experiment 1 examined alveolar flapping in American English. Potentially flapped words, for example, writer and rider, were embedded in each of two types of semantic passages: semantically biasing and semantically neutral passages. In addition, these passages were produced in one of two pragmatic conditions: listener-present and listener-absent. The results showed that the phonemic voicing distinction between /t/ and /d/ was preserved in biasing passages and in the listener-present condition. The /t/-/d/ distinction was not preserved in neutral passages or in the listener-absent condition. Experiment 2 examined whether listeners could use the durational differences found to distinguish phonemic voicing in Experiment 1. Our investigation demonstrates that semantics and pragmatics interact with phonological processes in speech production. We speculate that phonological processes may be affected both by speakers' decision processes to adjust their articulation for the benefit of the listener and by speakers' internal structure and interactive activation among linguistic units.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Timing in Stutterers' Speech: Data and Implications
Authors: Ward David
Published: July 2017

This study examined interarticulator timing amongst stutterers and non-stutterers from the perspective of extrinsic and intrinsic timing models of speech motor control. Timing relationships were examined for an oral closure task across stress, rate, and vowel differences. Sequential aspects of extrinsic timing theories were analyzed by peak velocity sequence profiles of upper lip, lower lip, and jaw, and nonsequential aspects by sequence period (the time period covering all three of the articulator peak velocity onsets times irrespective of sequencing order). Intrinsic timing theory was modeled using phase portrait analyses of the same data. Consistently greater phase angle variability was seen amongst the stutterers, and variability was found to be significantly greater at a faster articulatory rate and when altered stress patterns were required. No group differences were found for peak velocity sequencing, but the (sequence independent) sequence period data somewhat mirrored the phase angle findings. This finding calls into question the notion that phase angle analyses reflect purely intrinsic timing phenomena.
Family-Centered Decision Making in Assistive Technology
Authors: Parette Phil , VanBiervliet Alan , Hourcade Jack J.
Published: July 2017

Throughout the country, school teams increasingly are adopting culturally sensitive family-centered practices in planning for assistive technology (AT) for children with disabilities. Over the past two decades evolving research has revealed the importance of considering family and cultural issues when planning AT interventions for children with disabilities and their families. This paper presents an overview of selected family and cultural issues, and suggests ongoing questions. The potential for interactive multimedia in helping teams and families make AT decisions is reviewed. The paper concludes with a description of a newly available interactive CD-ROM designed to provide to both families and professionals basic information on augmentative and alternative communication decision-making, including an overview of relevant family and cultural issues.
Balanced Instructional Support and Challenge in Universally Designed Learning Environments
Authors: Hitchcock Chuck
Published: July 2017

This article suggests a future where accessibility and the universal design of the physical education environment is no longer an issue and where the focus is on universal design for learning. The supports and scaffolds necessary to ensure progress for all learners will, from the very beginning, be built into the instructional methods and learning materials thus reducing the need for remediation and enabling full participation in the general curriculum by all learners. Access to digital information and flexible, portable communication and learning technologies will be pervasive and necessary to achieve the goals of full access, participation, and progress by diverse learners. The author's vision of the future shifts the focus from modification and accommodation of learning opportunities to universal design.
The Role of Technology in Preparing Youth with Disabilities for Postsecondary Education and Employment
Authors: Burgstahler Sheryl
Published: July 2017

Access to electronic and information technology has the potential to promote positive postsecondary academic and career outcomes for students with disabilities. However, this potential will not be realized unless stakeholders assure that all individuals with disabilities have access to technology that promotes positive academic and career outcomes; learn to use technology in ways that contribute to positive outcomes; and experience a seamless transition of availability of technology as they move through educational and career environments. This article explores the role technology can play in helping students with disabilities make successful transitions to postsecondary studies, employment, and adult life. It (a) defines terms, (b) provides examples of electronic and information technologies and their applications in pre-college and postsecondary education and employment, (c) summarizes legal issues that apply to technology access for students with disabilities in pre-college, postsecondary, and employment settings, (d) explores promising practices, and (e) lists topics for future research. Ensuring that all of the educational and employment opportunities that technology provides are accessible to everyone will contribute to the creation of a level playing field, thereby increasing access for people with disabilities to postsecondary education and careers in high-paying jobs and, ultimately, strengthening the economy.
Embedded Technology: Current and Future Practices for Increasing Accessibility for All Students
Authors: Ketterlin-Geller Leanne R. , Tindal Gerald
Published: July 2017

This article highlights the technological solutions available for increasing the accessibility of educational materials for students with disabilities. Special attention is paid to design features for supporting the needs of students with disabilities in computer-based tests; however, many of the same technologies can be applied to instructional environments. Current technologies such as assistive devices are discussed as well as emerging strategies for embedding flexibility into learning and testing interfaces. In addition, advances in the field of ambient intelligence are described as they might apply to educational environments.
Technology-Based Practices in Social Studies Instruction for Students with High-Incidence Disabilities: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Boon Richard T. , Fore Cecil , Blankenship Tracy , Chalk Jill
Published: July 2017

This article presents a comprehensive review of the published social studies and technology-based intervention research for students with high-incidence disabilities in elementary through secondary grade levels. Eighteen research-based studies published from 1980 to 2006 were obtained, reviewed, and synthesized. Four major areas emerged representing the use of technologies in social studies instruction: (a) computerized study guides, (b) project-based learning activities, (c) computerized map tutorials, and (d) the use of computerized concept mapping software. A synthesis of the results of these social studies intervention studies integrated with technological advances, indicate that technology as a component of the instructional process has been beneficial; improving and enhancing academic achievement, engagement, motivation, and study skills for both students with and without disabilities. Findings of these studies in relation to instructional practice, implications for both general and special education teachers, recommendations, and future research questions are discussed.
Selective Attention to Visual Stimuli: The Need to Combine Theory and Research
Authors: McLeskey James , Levie W. Howard , Fleming Malcolm L.
Published: July 2017

Mentally retarded children have been widely characterized by an inability to attend to relevant aspects of a stimulus display. This information has seldom been considered when producing instructional media for the retarded. In this paper, a taxonomy of visual attention influencing devices is presented which may be used as a structure for research, development and evaluation of instructional media for the handicapped. Five research studies based on this taxonomy are also summarized. These investigations reveal that while most attention influencing devices show some positive effects, four devices—motion, verbal pointers, arrows, and spatial location—seem to be most effective. Although further research is needed to determine the effects of attention-influencing procedures across materials and settings, the results clearly indicate that these devices may be utilized to improve the quality of instructional materials for the retarded.
Applying Instructional Design Principles to CAI for Mildly Handicapped Students: Four Recently Conducted Studies
Authors: Woodward John , Carnine Doug , Gersten Russell , Gleason Mary , Johnson Gary , Collins Maria
Published: July 2017

This report summarizes four recently conducted studies involving computer assisted instruction for mildly handicapped secondary students. A variety of CAI programs were used—drill and practice, tutorial, and simulation—and each study focused on the effects of specific instructional design variables. Three of the four studies produced statistically significant differences for the experimental treatments, indicating that sophisticated instructional design principles can make a considerable difference in the effectiveness of an instructional program. This research agenda also has implications for teaching practices which work in concert with the principles used in designing a practical CAI programs.
Making Microcomputers Accessible to Blind Persons
Authors: Ruconich Sandra K. , Ashcroft S. C. , Young Michael F.
Published: July 2017

Without specialized “access technology,” blind students are precluded from full access to microcomputers. Research on multimedia access to microcomputers has explored tactile, auditory, and visual means of access. This article considers the advantages and limitations of these means and related equipment, and concludes with a look into the future of computer access technology.
Making Knowledge Meaningful: Applications of Hypermedia
Authors: Hasselbring Ted S. , Goin Laura I. , Wissick Cheryl
Published: July 2017

This article presents information on a new development in technology called hypermedia. Hypermedia is discussed in relation to the “inert knowledge” problem that pervades much of the instruction in regular and special education. The historical roots of hypermedia are discussed as well as a theoretical rationale for why hypermedia can be a powerful tool for making knowledge meaningful. Finally, examples of prototype hypermedia environments for use with special-needs learners are presented.
Evaluation of a Videodisc-Based Social Skills Training Program
Authors: Thorkildsen Ron , Fodor-Davis Julie , Morgan David
Published: July 2017

The study helped determine the effectiveness of a videodisc-based social skills training program for mildly handicapped elementary school children. The program teaches children how to use appropriate phrasing, intonation, and body language in such social interactions as getting involved and being positive The videodisc is used to present examples of appropriate and inappropriate social behaviors, and models to imitate in subsequent role-playing activities. Six elementary school resource rooms, each containing five mildly handicapped students, were randomly assigned to participate in the program (experimental group) or to continue their regular resource room program (control group). Data on the student's social behavior, acceptance by nonhandicapped peers, self-esteem, and treatment implementation were collected over a 4-month period. Experimental group students scored significantly higher on a posttraining measure of peer acceptance and postchecklist of social skills than did control group students. No treatment effect was found for a postchecklist of social behaviors not covered in the program or on a postmeasure on self-esteem. The social behavior of the students in natural school settings was directly observed for 16 weeks. Treatment group students made a greater improvement than did control group students, but the difference was not statistically significant It was concluded that both the videodisc instruction and the peer tutoring were important to the success of the program. Videodisc program design considerations are also discussed.
Prevention and Cure from around the Home: Homestead Forests and Primary Health Care in Rural Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain Khondoker Mokaddem , Chatterjee Srikanta
Published: July 2017

This paper explores the inter-linkages between homestead forests, health care and the rural people of Bangladesh. In rural Bangladesh, where poverty is endemic, ill health is widespread. Yet, the provision of primary health care is perfunctory, to say the least. So, how do people get by? In this paper, we look at the role the so-called homestead forests, i.e. the trees, shrubs, plants and other ‘gifts of nature’ that grow around peoples’ homes, play in providing valuable, often the only, means of preventing and/or curing many common physical ailments. A brief socio-anthropological survey of herbal medicines is conducted first to background the importance humankind has historically placed on nature in the matter of health care. The place of such medication in the culture of the Indian subcontinent is explored next. Data from field surveys conducted in four Bangladeshi villages are then analysed to show how homestead forests meet the demands of health care in rural Bangladesh. Implications for public policy in regard to homestead forests and their contribution to health care are also addressed in the paper.
The Impact of SADC Trade on Energy Use
Authors: Kohler Marcel
Published: July 2017

SADC’s competitiveness in many industrial products is dependent on its abundant natural resources, resulting in significant trade in natural resource (and in some cases energy) based products. These mining and manufacturing goods have benefited from the region’s policy of subsidising industrial energy prices. There is thus sufficient reason to believe that SADC’s trade in industrial goods has a significant impact on the energy requirements of the countries within the region. This study adopts a structural input-output approach to test the extent to which this hypothesis is valid. The effects that SADC industry trade components have on the region’s energy use patterns are then decomposed using the refined Laspeyres technique in order to establish the underlying causes of change in the country’s energy requirements.

JEL Classification: Q56
Tax Evasion on the Micro: Significant Simulations or Expedient Experiments?
Authors: Webley Paul , Halstead Steve
Published: July 2017

In recent years various aspects of tax evasion (the effects of tax rates, audit probability and equity) have been investigated using simulation techniques. This paper reports a series of experiments which have looked at the usefulness of this approach. The simulations have all been implemented on a microcomputer. Study 1 attempted to replicate previous findings. The results revealed the higher the audit probability the less tax would be avoided but severity of fine had no effect. Study 2 involved interviewing subjects after they had taken part in a simulation study. Most subjects reported that the simulation was just a game and that their behaviour was unrelated to their ‘real-life’ tax behaviour. What seemed to be crucial was how the situation was defined. Study 3 investigated this directly. When the simulation was described as an “economic problem” subjects behaved more like rational optimisers than when it was described as an “economic game”. It is concluded that for simulations to make a significant contribution to our understanding of tax evasion they must be considerably more sophisticated.
Long Waves in Economic Life: an Image Without a Method
Authors: Kitwood Tom
Published: July 2017

The potential of long wave theory is examined, as a possible basis for theoretising the history of industrial capitalist development. A brief review of the various forms of the long-wave account is given; recent versions are dealt with in 3categories—Neo-Schumpeterian, Marxist and Financial. It is concluded that no long-wave scheme meets the minimal requirements of a genuine theory. The most successful attempts are those which develop the idea of a ‘social structure of accumulation’. A theory of capitalist development must be one of social action, in the context of the relative persistence of certain structural features. But such a theory would not require the image of the wave.
Economic Aspects of Environmental Accounting
Authors: Hueting Roefie
Published: July 2017

This article explains that the environment forms an integral part of the economy. It then presents three applications of data on environmental losses and restoration: their integration in the System of National Accounts and their incorporation in cost-benefit analyses and economic models. Some arguments are given for the importance of doing so, notably in developing countries.
Book Review: Singapore: Resources and Growth
Authors: Phillips David R.
Published: July 2017

Singapore: Resources and Growth, Edited by Lim Chong-Yah and Peter J. Lloyd, Oxford University Press, Singapore, 1986, xiv, 279 pp. £10.95. ISBN 0 19 582675 2.
Book Review: The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea, 1895–1910
Authors: Hoare J.E.
Published: July 2017

Peter Duus, The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea, 1895–1910. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1995. Pp. xvi, 480. Illustrations, map, bibliography, index. ISBN 0-520-08614-7. £37.50, hardback.
Effects of Infrasound on Human Body Sway
Authors: Takigawa Hiroshi , Hayashi Fumiyo , Sugiura Shizuko , Sakamoto Hiroshi
Published: July 2017

Some individuals who have been exposed to infrasound have complained of subjective symptoms which seemed to be an offshoot of the changes in vestibular function. This study was undertaken in order to clarify the latter assumption by observing the change of mode of postural control upon subjecting to infrasound vis-a-vis noise exposure.

Thirty-four healthy males were subjected to a wide octave-band noise, 16 Hz and 5 Hz at 95 dB for 5 minutes. Their body sway was measured before and during exposure. The trace-length and the power percentage by spectral analysis were determined from their body sway.

Our present findings show that the mode of body sway was temporarily confused at the time of switchover from opening to closing of the subject's eyes in the pre-exposed condition. This confusion was inhibited by exposure to infrasound. No effects were however observed upon exposure to noise. These results are taken to suggest that the excitability of the vestibulum was accelerated upon exposure to infrasound, whether or not the subjects perceived any sensations.
Process and Emergence on the Effects of Infrasonic and Low Frequency Noise on Inhabitants
Authors: Nagai Naoko , Matsumoto Masanobu , Yamasumi Yasukiyo , Shiraishi Tatsue , Nishimura Koh , Matsumoto Kenji , Miyashita Kazuhisa , Takeda Sintaro
Published: July 2017

To clarify the process and emergence of the effects of infrasonic noise on man, the sound pressure level of infrasonic noise was measured in the area along a superhighway, and its effect on the inhabitants was investigated by the questionnaire method. The results are as follows: (1) The main component frequency of the infrasonic noise was 6.3 Hz. The sound pressure level (L50) of infrasonic noise (1–50 Hz) showed more than 85 dB in the daytime and more than 72 dB in the night time. It's peak level was above 100 dB under the overhead bridge of the superhighway. Indoors, the sound pressure level (L5) of infrasonic noise often went above 75 dB. (2) Answers about the living environment were given by 368 (85.6%) out of 430 families. Those about the condition of health were given by 909 cases (81.7%) out of 1113 cases who were all the inhabitants over 15 years of age. (3) 69.6% of families complained of the shaking of windows and the like. 65.8% of families complained of window rattling. More families complained of the shaking and rattling of windows in the area less than 80m distant from the superhighway, and more families also complained of the disturbance of sleep in that area. (4) The rates of the complaints as to ‘irritating’, have headaches', ‘head feels heavy’, ‘pain in arms or legs’, ‘feel languid’, ‘sleepless’, ‘dizziness’, ‘ringing in the ear’, and ‘difficulty in breathing’, were correlated with the distance from the superhighway. While the rate of complaints as to ‘have stiffness or pain on shoulders’ was highest, it had no relationship with the distance from the superhighway.

From these results, it can be concluded that the inhabitants first complained of the shaking and rattling of windows by infrasonic noise, and then became chronically insomniac and excessively wearied by shaking and rattling of long continuance, and finally became highly sensitive to infrasonic noise. This increasing sensitivity might be closely connected with the emergence of the effect of infrasonic noise upon these inhabitants.
Experimental Studies on the Effect of Whole-Body High Frequency Vibrations on Reproduction and Development in Rats
Authors: Tzvetkov D. , Vergieva T. , Hinkova L. , Dinoeva S. , Penkov Al. , Tilev P.
Published: July 2017

The effect of vibration of 150 Hz frequency for three hours daily over three months on reproduction in female white rats was studied throughout the prenatal period and during the post-natal development of the offspring. The rats were exposed up to the time when fertilization occurred (first experimental group) and up to the end of the first quarter of pregnancy (the fifth day after fertilization) (second experimental group). In the second experimental group mortality before implantation was raised by a factor 1.5–1.8; in the first group the weight of the placenta was lower; and in both groups the weight of the foetuses was lower, and there was a higher proportion of foetuses with abnormal development of parenchymal organs and bones. On the 20th and 60th days after birth the offspring showed less motor activity.

The data indicate that exposure to high frequency vibration before the onset of pregnancy and during the early part of pregnancy can have an adverse effect on reproduction.
Low-Frequency Noise Impulses from Explosions
Authors: Pääkkönen Rauno
Published: July 2017

For military noise evaluation, noise impulses from explosions of 60 g – 2 20 kg equivalents of TNT (trinitrotoluene) were measured at distances of 10 – 300m. Noie and air-blast sensors (an LC-33 pencil gauge, a Kistler 6103 detonation sensor, B&K 8103 and B&K 8105 hydrophones and a B&KI 4136 microphone) were used for the measurements. The peak values, A-durations, impulse energies and frequency transforms were usually analysed from the tape-recorded signals (waveform analyser DATA 6000). At a distance of 100m, the means of the 60 g and 20 kg explosions were as follows: 144 dB and 163 dB for the peak values, 4.0 ms and 13.0 ms for the A-durations, 250 Pa 2s and 51 kPa 2s for the impulse energies, and 1200 Hz and 15 Hz for the most prominent frequencies, respectively. The peak levels decreased 5–8 dB when the distance was doubled. A graphic nomogram was formed from the peak values for training, safety, and noise control purposes.
Spectral Character, Exposure Levels and Adverse Effects of Ventilation Noise in Offices
Authors: Landström Ulf , Kjellberg Anders , Söderberg Lena
Published: July 2017

Ventilation noise in offices and related annoyance and other adverse effects were studied in four workplaces, representing high and low levels of ventilation noise. The infrasonic part of the ventilation noise did not exceed the perception threshold level and thus did not contribute to the noise effects observed. Annoyance was rated higher in the two workplaces with a higher ventilation noise exposure level. The rated annoyance was only weakly correlated with both dB(A), dB(B), dB(C), dB(D) and dBlin levels. However, annoyance was closely related to the time during which the ventilation noise was reported to be heard. The investigation also included a study of the rated effects on performance, hearing sensations and other adverse effects.
Vehicle-Foundation Stability Systems with a Single Point of Contact
Authors: Silva J.B. Da , Jezequel L.
Published: July 2017

A method allowing the calculation at low numerical cost is used to study the dynamic interactions between two simple vehicle models and a guideway consisting of an Euler-Bernoulli infinite beam resting on a Winkler foundation. The study includes an evaluation of the effects of variations of the critical speeds of a moving vehicle as a function of its mass and of its critical frequency.

The stability analysis for linear system is performed by investigating the roots of the resulting characteristic equation. The results obtained by comparatively simple models are believed to remain valid also for more complex systems.
European Grinder Vibration Test Code: A Critical Review
Authors: Stayner R M
Published: July 2017

Does the test code BS EN ISO 8662–4: 1995 result in vibration values which adequately represent the vibration magnitudes to which operators are exposed in normal work? And are the measurements sufficient to rate the vibrations of different machines in a way which reflects their relative magnitudes in normal work?

These questions have been addressed by reviewing the available literature, including a recent study of powerful hand-held grinders for the Health & Safety Executive (HSE), and a short series of tests to the standard at Health & Safety Laboratories (HSL), Buxton. And the answers are “No”.

Single axis acceleration measurements are not justified by the literature, and should be replaced by tri-axial measurements.

Single frequency excitation (free-running tests) are justified only if higher frequency components are insignificant (less than 1 ms−2). Relevant data is still being analysed.

If single frequency excitation is acceptable, then speed control should have a closer tolerance than ±5%, because of machine resonance effects. A tolerance of ±2% is proposed.

The arrangements for “feed” force application are unsuitable for use with heavy machines. A fixed feed force of 5 kg is proposed.
But how do we Know we are Making a Difference? Issues relating to the evaluation of Christian development work
Authors: Woolnough Brian E.
Published: July 2017

There has, over the last few decades, been a considerable growth in the development ‘business’ where, largely western, donors have sought to help the poorer nations develop. Much of this growth has been driven by Christian motivation. Increasingly such projects are being held accountable to try to ensure that the money and the effort being spent are being well spent. The question that is being asked of, and by, development workers is ‘how do we know that we are making a difference?’ and a range of practices have been developed to assess, to measure, to evaluate such effects. Terms like impact assessment, objectives, log-frames, objective verifiable indicators, baselines, clients, have become part of the language. In this paper the author raises various fundamental questions about this practice of evaluating development projects, and in so doing challenges the suitability of some of the current practices for development work.
‘Wipe the Dust off your Feet’
Authors: Gilmour Michael J.
Published: July 2017

This article looks at the missionary – widely defined – as a character in late eighteenth-century literature. Specifically, it asks why authors would choose to include stories about failures in missionary endeavours. The paper argues that the answer lies in the pervasive influence of biblical stories on colonial religious discourse. The authors treated here view the failed missionary as a harbinger of the gospel's ultimate success because Jesus himself said as much to his apostles, warning of opposition and rejection prior to the kingdom's ultimate victory. Whether consciously or not, biblical precedents shape the expansionist, Christian rhetoric of these eighteenth and early nineteenth-century writers in such a way that they can accommodate both missionary successes and disappointments in their narratives, without doubting their religious superiority over the non-Christians they describe.
Semantic intervention to support word recognition: a single-case study
Authors: Norbury Courtenay Frazier , Chiat Shula
Published: July 2017

Research on children’s reading has emphasized the importance of phono-logical processing. This study set out to investigate the contribution semantic intervention might make to word recognition in an 8-year old child with language impairment, WS, who exhibited weak phonological skills and relative strengths in semantic processing.

Words selected for the study were divided into a treatment group and a no treatment control group. Words in the treatment group were sub-divided into targets, which received active semantic processing intervention, and foils, which received exposure only. Following intervention, target words were read significantly better than controls. This improvement was maintained at follow-up.

The results of this study lend tentative support to the idea that intervention emphasizing semantic processing may integrate a range of strategies to support phonological processing.
Adult language input in the early childhood educational setting
Authors: Marinac Julie V. , Ozanne Anne E. , Woodyatt Gail C.
Published: July 2017

Age-related changes in the adult language addressed to children aged 2;0-4;0 years in polyadic conditions were investigated in Australian childcare centres. The language that 21 staff members addressed to these children was coded for multiple variables in the broad social categories of prosody, context, speech act and gesture. The linguistic components were coded within the categories of phonology, lexicon, morphology, syntax and referential deixis. Minimal age-related differences were found. Explanations for the similarity of the adult language input across the age groups within the early childhood educational environment, will be discussed.
The ways in which speech and language difficulties impact on children’s access to the curriculum
Authors: Dockrell Julie , Lindsay Geoff
Published: July 2017

The wider educational needs of children with specific speech and language difficulties are of major concern to practitioners. Yet few studies have documented the literacy skills of these children across a range of different types of educational provision. The present study was designed to address this gap by profiling the language and literacy skills of 59 year 3 children in two local education authorities and 10 children attending specialist residential provision. Children completed standardized measures of language, literacy, numeracy and non-verbal ability. Children’s language and literacy scores were significantly delayed, with an average delay of two years. The implications of these difficulties for practice are discussed.
A validational study of the test of pretend play using correlational and classificational analyses
Authors: Clift Susan , Stagnitti Karen , DeMello Lesley
Published: July 2017

This study examined the validity of the test of pretend play (ToPP) which assesses symbolic ability in pre-school children. ToPP and the language subtest of FirstSTEP were administered to 58 children recruited from regional nurseries in Australia. ToPP scores were significantly correlated with age and language scores. In addition, a classificational analysis found that ToPP successfully identified 75.8% of the children as either ‘normal’ or having ‘developmental problems’, and detected 80% of those with ‘developmental problems’. These results suggest that ToPP has the potential to become a useful screening test in the identification of children with developmental delay
Fostering peer interaction, imaginative play and spontaneous language in children with autism
Authors: Wolfberg Pamela J. , Schuler Adriana L.
Published: July 2017

Freddy is a 7-year-old boy diagnosed with autism and severe language delay. He attends a special day class for children with moderate to severe disabilities in a public elementary school. Freddy is beginning to show an interest in his peers. In free play situations he generally watches and plays in parallel with other children, particularly when they engage in the few activities that are of interest to him. His play interests mainly revolve around his fascination with commercial products including packaged foods and cosmetics. He often repeats television commercials and gazes at photographs of these products. Freddy also enjoys manipulating these products by tapping them on his chin and lining up and sorting various containers by colour and size. Guided by his teacher, Freddy participates in an Integrated Play Group with one other classmate with special needs and three typically developing peers from third and fourth grade general education classes. These groups meet twice weekly for 30 minutes in Freddy’s classroom.
Non-periodic Packings of Icosahedral Polyhedra
Authors: Lalvani Haresh
Published: July 2017

A method for deriving packings of icosahedral polyhedra from periodic and non-periodic space grids based on icosahedral symmetry is presented. Corresponding to the three axes of symmetry, three classes of packings exist. For each class, an inter-transforming family of 64 (theoretically) possible packings is suggested. Their details remain to be worked out and examples are illustrated with packings of icosahedra.
Space Truss Structures: Typological Characteristics and Principal Construction Systems in Italy
Authors: Prete Giuseppe
Published: July 2017

In the field of civil and industrial buildings and, particularly, dealing with coverings of wide areas, space truss structures are spreading more and more.

Modern tridimensional steel systems are made up to the modular aggregation of standardized structural single or multiple elements, coordinated in space in accordance with rational geometric criteria, mass produced on an industrial scale and designed for a fine and functional architecture.

Concerning these structures, the paper presents basic qualitative and performance characteristics, main typologies for the applications and, lastly, some among the most significant structural systems patented by Italian production.
Spectral Element Approach for the Homogeneous Continuum Representation of a Periodic Lattice Structure
Authors: Lee Usik
Published: July 2017

Motivated by the apparent accuracy of the spectral element in comparison with the conventional finite element, a new dynamic continuum modeling method is developed by using the spectral element to represent a large periodic lattice beam as an equivalent continuum beam model. As the first step, the transfer matrix for a representative lattice cell of the periodic lattice beam is numerically derived in terms of the continuum degrees of freedom introduced in this paper. The global dynamic stiffness matrix is then obtained by assembling the spectrally formulated dynamic stiffness matrices for the structural elements within the lattice cell. As the second step, the transfer matrix for an equivalent continuum beam element is analytically derived in terms of the unknown equivalent continuum structural properties. Lastly, the two transfer matrices are forced to be equal to each other to determine the equivalent continuum structural properties of the continuum beam model. In this paper, the equivalent continuum structural properties and vibration characteristics of an equivalent continuum beam model by the present method are compared with those by the other existing continuum methods to show that the present continuum model gives vary reliable bending vibration characteristics of the original lattice structures compared to others.
Lateral Stability of Cable Structures
Authors: Tomka Pál
Published: July 2017

The structural behaviour of pre-stressed cable-and-post structures has recently drawn the attention of the researchers. The aim of this paper is to focus on some practical aspects of the problem.

The investigation concentrates on the stage of the erection, especially on the stability of cable structures when subjected to no external load.

The analysis of bifurcation of equilibrium is based on the method presented here. The advantage of this method is that practical quantitative conclusions can be drawn concerning the measure of stability.

As an example, the stability of a cable structure (a modified version of the Geiger cable dome) is investigated. Critical loading conditions in the state of pre-stress are analyzed. Using a simplified procedure based on a detailed parametric study, practical conclusions are drawn for different geometric arrangements.
Guidelines for the Use of Business Simulation Games
Authors: Low James T.
Published: July 2017

Business simulation games allow students to experience applied decision-making in a fashion not provided by other forms of classroom instruction. Well-designed games can give students hands-on experience in decision-making under uncertainty in a competitive environment related to the course content. However, these advantages will be difficult to obtain without careful preparation on the part of the instructor in selecting and implementing games for specific classes. This article provides detailed recommendations regarding the factors which must be considered before introducing a simulation game into a class. Taking these factors into account should enable even the uninformed instructor to successfully use business simulation games and to avoid the pitfalls experienced by instructors who learned of these factors the hard way.
Zur Frage der sogenannten Riesenzellpneumonie und Riesenzellbronchitis bei Tieren
Authors: Schiefer B. , Etreby M. F. El
Published: July 2017

Giant cells occur in the lung in inflammatory and reactive processes of various etiology. Whether the giant cells derive from the alveolar epithelial lining cells or whether they are of mesenchymal genesis cannot yet be answered with certainty. On the basis of literature and our own observations, we consider whether it would not be more appropriate for the time being to distinguish two kinds of giant-cell pneumonias: those of the viral type, characterized by multinucleate giant cells, and those of the foreign-body type, in which endogenous or exogenous substances are demonstrable in the giant cells. Both kinds of pneumonias are illustrated by cases from domestic or fur-bearing animals.

Dr. M.F. El Etreby ist Stipendiat der Studienmission der Vereinigten Arabischen Republik in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland.
Photoreceptive Abiotrophy of the Retina in the Elkhound
Authors: Cogan David G. , Kuwabara Toichiro
Published: July 2017

An idiopathic degeneration involving predominantly the photoreceptors of the retina occurs in the elkhound similar to that which has been reported in other breeds of dogs and analogous to that which occurs in mice and men. It is suggested that the term applied to the comparable condition in man, retinitis pigmentosa, is inappropriate. A preferred name is photoreceptive abiotrophy of the retina.

Photoreceptive abiotrophy in the present eight cases appeared to be a mendelian recessive trait producing signs at 6–8 months of age consisting of night blindness, narrowing of the retinal vessels and extinction of the electroretinogram. Pathologically it consists of degeneration of the photoreceptive cells and paradoxic obliteration of the retinal capillaries. Electron microscopy reveals disorganization and fragmentation of the outer segments of the rods and cones and pleating of the inner surface of the pigment epithelium, long before any abnormality is detectable by light microscopy.

The pathogenesis of photoreceptive abiotrophy is obscure but in the early case here reported no abnormality was detected in diaphorase activity nor in glycogeneogenesis although there was a paucity of glycogen in the retinal glia and an absence of the normal capacity for glycogen synthesis at a later stage.
Studies of Hematology and Bone Marrow Morphology in Vitamin E-deficient Pigs
Authors: Nafstad Inger
Published: July 2017

Forty-four pigs were used in two experiments whose purpose was to produce a deficiency of vitamin E. The anemia and changes in bone marrow morphology occurring in the vitamin E-deficient state are described. The hematologic disorders include low hemoglobin and hematocrit values, leucocytosis and granulocytosis. Nuclear abnormalities were observed in the erythroid precursors in the bone marrow, many of the cells being multinucleated. Giant multinucleated cells of megakaryocyte type were frequently found.
The Migration of Hypoderma lineatum in the Brain of a Horse
Authors: Olander H. J.
Published: July 2017

A 2-year-old horse in California died following intermittent signs of ataxia and paralysis. A first stage larva of Hypoderma lineatum was found in a track of hemorrhagic malacia in the brain stem.
The Lesions of Porcine Adenoviral Infection in Germfree and Pathogen-Free Pigs
Authors: Shadduck John A. , Koestner A. , Kasza L.
Published: July 2017

A porcine adenovirus isolated from the brain of a pig with encephalitis was shown to be pathogenic for germfree and pathogen-free pigs. Lesions were produced by 5 different routes of inoculation, of which the intranasal was the most effective. The animals inoculated intranasally developed an interstitial pneumonia which involved entire lobules and was especially prominent near the hilus. Distinct intranuclear inclusion bodies were seen. Lesions and inclusion bodies were also found in the kidneys, thyroids, and lymph nodes. Viral antigen was demonstrated in the lesions by immunofluorescence. Intracerebral inoculation resulted in polioencephalitis involving only the cerebral cortex. Many features of this disease were similar to adenoviral diseases of man and other animal species.
Myelolipomas of the Liver in Captive Wild Felidae
Authors: Lombard Louise S. , Fortna H. M. , Garner F. M. , Brynjolfsson Gissur
Published: July 2017

Myelolipomas of the liver were reported in 7 captive wild Felidae, 4 of which also had microscopic myelolipomatous lesions in the spleen. Out of approximately 25,000 animals examined, these were the only myelolipomas of the liver to be found. Previously unreported in either man or animals, myelolipomas of the liver are comparable to those in the human adrenal.
Submikroskopische Untersuchungen am Basaliom des Hundes
Authors: Drommer W.
Published: July 2017

Six basal cell tumors of dogs were studied electron microscopically. The ultrastructure of different types of basal cell tumor differs as to the number of tonofibrils, the finger-like cytoplasmic extensions, the width of the intercellular spaces, and the hyaloplasma. Hemidesmosomes were found in all tumors. One basal cell tumor contained single cells resembling sebaceous cells which indicates differentiation of basal cells into sebaceous glands. Furthermore, there are ultrastructural differences between the cells of the stratum germinativum and the basal cell tumor.
Untersuchungen zur Ultrastruktur und Atiologie der Mastzellentumoren des Hundes
Authors: Weiss E. , Rudolph R. , Deutschländer N.
Published: July 2017

A precise electron microscopical distinction between so-called mature and immature mast cell tumours is possible. In immature mast cell tumours, the neoplastic cells contain granules in various phases of development, well-developed ergastoplasm, many free ribosomes, extended Golgi apparatus, complex cytoplasmic membranes, and nuclei with folded nuclear membranes, hypertrophic nucleoli, and finely dispersed chromatin. In mature mast cell tumours, the neoplastic cells have scarce ergastoplasm, fewer free ribosomes, a small Golgi apparatus, some cytoplasmic protrusions, and nuclei with predominantly heterochromatin and only a few folds of the nuclear membrane; the cytoplasmic granules are electron-dense and amorphous or reticular or granular or contain membranous structures. The mature neoplastic cells resemble normal tissue mast cells. In the genesis of granules five phases of maturation can be distinguished. The release of substrate may result from dissolution of granules. In experimental degranulation the release of whole granules may be the immediate result of a relatively strong stress and interference with the cell structure. The intranuclear virus-like structures observed (a small virus containing DNA?) are discussed as a possible oncogenic agent.
Adipose Tissue in Calves and Lambs
Authors: Wensvoort P.
Published: July 2017

The nature and localization of the brown adipose in young calves, lambs, and in practically full-term foetuses of cows and sheep has been examined. It was found that brown adipose tissue could be composed of types of fat cells greatly differing mutually and that, in lambs, a greater variety of cell-types is to be found than in calves. These types of fat cells, or the types of adipose tissue consisting of them, may transmute into one another. As a rule, these transformations begin to take place in the adipose tissue of the thorax, the more peripheral adipose tissue gradually being involved.
The Scripting of Private Jessica Lynch: Biopolitics, Gender, and the “Feminization” of the U.S. Military
Authors: Pin-Fat Véronique , Stern Maria
Published: July 2017

Supplementing the insights of Georgio Agamben with feminist research contributions, this article develops a biopolitical reading of the debate surrounding the “feminization” of the U.S. military. We argue that an examination of the role gender plays in myths of sacrifice reveals that the military is already fully “feminized.” Critical engagement with the scripting of Jessica Lynch re-introduces the political to the question of military sacrifice by rendering its impossibility conspicuous.