bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ischemic infarct detection, localization, and segmentation in noncontrast CT human brain scans: review of automated methods
Authors: Nowinski Wieslaw L. , Walecki Jerzy , Półtorak-Szymczak Gabriela , Sklinda Katarzyna , Mruk Bartosz
Published: December 2020

Noncontrast Computed Tomography (NCCT) of the brain has been the first-line diagnosis for emergency evaluation of acute stroke, so a rapid and automated detection, localization, and/or segmentation of ischemic lesions is of great importance. We provide the state-of-the-art review of methods for automated detection, localization, and/or segmentation of ischemic lesions on NCCT in human brain scans along with their comparison, evaluation, and classification. Twenty-two methods are (1) reviewed and evaluated; (2) grouped into image processing and analysis-based methods (11 methods), brain atlas-based methods (two methods), intensity template-based methods (1 method), Stroke Imaging Marker-based methods (two methods), and Artificial Intelligence-based methods (six methods); and (3) properties of these groups of methods are characterized. A new method classification scheme is proposed as a 2 × 2 matrix with local versus global processing and analysis, and density versus spatial sampling. Future studies are necessary to develop more efficient methods directed toward deep learning methods as well as combining the global methods with a high sampling both in space and density for the merged radiologic and neurologic data.
SATURAÇÃO POR BASES NO CRESCIMENTO INICIAL DE MUDAS DE Tabebuia impetiginosa
Authors: Vieira Cristiane Ramos , Araujo Maicon Marinho Vieira , Ferreira Maike Augusto Aguiar
Published: December 2020

O ipê roxo (Tabebuia impetiginosa Mart. ex DC.) Standl. é uma espécie florestal nativa do cerrado brasileiro com potencial para ser utilizada em recomposições vegetais em áreas degradadas. Para facilitar a produção dessa espécie, uma das etapas que deve ser bem conhecida é o requerimento nutricional. Diante disso, desenvolveu-se experimento com o objetivo de avaliar a saturação por bases na qual se obtém mudas de ipê roxo com a melhor qualidade. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições, sendo: T0 – V31%, que foi o nível observado para o solo em condições naturais; T1 – V50%; T2 – V60%; T3 – V70%; T4 – V80%. Para caracterizar o crescimento das mudas de ipê roxo nessas condições, foram avaliadas as características morfológicas das plantas ao final de 90 dias. Recomendando-se, dessa forma, a elevação da saturação por bases do solo para 60% para que se obtenham mudas de ipê roxo com o maior crescimento em altura.
Human Ferritin Platform and Its Optimized Structures to Enhance Anti‐Cancer Immunity
Authors: Lee Bo‐Ram , Lee Hyo‐Jung , Huh June , Yoon Chul Joo , Oh Se Jin , Song Kwon‐Ho , Jeong Sojin , Kim Jungwon , Lee Kyung‐Mi , Shin Beom Soo , Jeong Ji Hoon , Kim Tae Woo , Lee Jeewon
Published: December 2020

Although anti‐cancer vaccination and immune checkpoint (IC) therapy have emerged as potent cancer treatment modalities, their application remains limited to a subset of patients due to vaccine adjuvant toxicities and IC‐blocking antibody‐associated systemic immune adverse events. Here, an innovative platform is reported for adjuvant‐ and antibody‐free cancer immunotherapy using human heavy chain ferritin (huHF)‐derived optimally designed structures presenting multiple‐copies of tumor‐specific antigens (TSAs) or IC molecules (ICMs) on their surface. Through structure‐guided molecular design, TSA‐presenting huHFs for targeting TSAs at dendritic cells (DCs) are constructed with preservation of huHF‐intrinsic affinity for transferrin receptors on DCs, and multi‐copies of an ICM are also presented on huHF for blocking a cognate regulatory IC. The adjuvant‐free co‐administration of TSA‐ and ICM‐presenting huHFs effectively elicits TSA‐specific CD8+ T cell activation, strikingly suppresses both tumor growth and interleukin 17+ CD4+ T cell responses, and generates long‐lasting protective immunity, indicating that this novel approach offers a promising breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy.
Synthesis, characterization, and density functional theory studies of hydrazone–oxime ligand derived from 2,4,6‐trichlorophenyl hydrazine and its metal complexes searching for new antimicrobial drugs
Authors: Shakdofa Mohamad M.E. , Morsy Nagy A. , Rasras Anas J. , Al‐Hakimi Ahmed N. , Shakdofa Adel M.E.
Published: December 2020

Novel 13 mononuclear complexes derived from 3‐(2‐(2,4,6‐trichlorophenyl) hydrazono) butan‐2‐one oxime with various molar ratio, geometry and different mode of interaction were prepared using transition metal Cd2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, and VO2+. The structure of these compounds was investigated physically, analytically, and spectrophotometrically. The ligation sites of the free 3‐(2‐(2,4,6‐trichlorophenyl) hydrazono) butan‐2‐one oxime were designated via molecular modeling calculations. Furthermore, quantum chemical parameters for the ligand and its complexes were calculated. The analytical and spectral data revealed that the complexes (2–13) were formed with molar ratio of (1 M:1 L) or (1 M:2 L) in which hydrazone oxime adhered with the metal ion as a univalent or neutral bidentate chelator, via the imino nitrogen atom of hydrazone moiety and oximato nitrogen atom of deprotonated/protonated oxime moiety adopting different geometrical structures. The electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of Cu2+complexes (7–8) and (10–11) were referred to axial symmetry with g||> g┴> ge, which indicated that unpaired electron is localized in a d(x2 − y2)orbital with notable bonding covalency nature. The thermo analysis (thermogravimetry [TG]) confirmed that the complexes were decayed in one, two, three, or four steps starting with dehydration process, elimination of coordination water molecules, or removal of anions and completed with the whole decomposition of the complexes with the formation of metal oxide. The ligand did not exhibit antimicrobial activities, but its complexes showed variable activities.
Synthesis, Structure, and Proton Conductivities of a Mg(II)‐based Coordination Polymer Composed of an Exotic Oxidized Ligand
Authors: Lee Jong Hyeon , Kim Hyojin , Kang Minjung , Choi Doo San , Hong Chang Seop
Published: December 2020

A Mg(II)‐based coordination polymer was synthesized by a solvothermal reaction between Mg2+ and 2,5‐dimercaptoterephthalic acid (H4dmtp) in N,N‐diethylformamide (DEF). The thiol (─SH) groups in the H4dmtp ligand were oxidized to form the sulfinato (─SO2−) groups, which were structurally stabilized through coordination to the Mg2+ centers. The temperature‐dependent proton conductivities exhibited relatively low activation energy (0.19 eV) for proton transfer, suggesting that the hydrogen‐bonded networks formed by the water molecules and the sulfinato oxygen atoms produced efficient proton‐hopping pathways.
What’s in a therapy room?—A mixed‐methods study exploring clients’ and therapists’ views and experiences of the physical environment of the therapy room
Authors: Sinclair T.
Published: December 2020

Aim and objectives

To explore the importance of the physical space of therapy rooms (used for counselling/psychotherapy) to clients and therapists. To identify which aspects of therapy rooms are most important to clients and therapists and how these aspects contribute to an environment that is conducive or hindering to the therapy process.

Method

This was a mixed‐methods study, using a concurrent triangulation design. Data were gathered using an online survey and semi‐structured interviews. Quantitative and qualitative data were analysed using statistical analysis and thematic analysis, respectively. Participants were twenty‐four clients who had experienced counselling or psychotherapy and twenty‐one qualified therapists (psychologists, counsellors and psychotherapists).

Findings

From the survey data, comfortable seating and room temperature, soundproofing, no interruptions and accessibility of the room were identified as most important to clients and therapists. Participants reported that feeling physically comfortable and safe in a room enabled a greater engagement with the therapeutic process. Rooms with a ‘clinical’ appearance were described as unhelpful. From the interview data, themes identified were as follows: ‘comfort’, ‘the appearance and meaning of the room’ and ‘the room as a workspace’.

Conclusions

The physical environment of the therapy room can play an important role in clients feeling comfortable and able to engage. It is important to consider the appropriateness of rooms for particular client groups/issues and consult with clients and therapists about therapy rooms. Further research is needed into the interaction between clients’ presenting issues and the room and the effect of cultural differences upon the experience of therapy rooms.
Neonatal diagnosis of Marcus Gunn jaw‐winking syndrome
Authors: David Daniela , Chiavaroli Valentina , Lanci Modesto , Sabatini Laura , Greco Silvia , Carinci Silvia , Sebastiani Marianna , Coclite Eleonora , Chiarelli Francesco , Di Valerio Susanna
Published: December 2020

This report highlights the importance for neonatologists/pediatricians of considering Marcus Gunn jaw‐winking syndrome among differential diagnoses of ptosis. A detailed clinical assessment is crucial to promptly recognize and appropriately manage it.
Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Chiglitazar, a Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptor Pan‐Agonist, in Patients < 65 and ≥ 65 Years With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Li Xiaojiao , Yu Jia , Wu Min , Li Qianqian , Liu Jingrui , Zhang Hong , Zhu Xiaoxue , Li Cuiyun , Zhang Jinwen , Ning Zhiqiang , Ding Yanhua
Published: December 2020

The effect of age on the pharmacokinetics and safety of chiglitazar was evaluated in patients < 65 and ≥ 65 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A total of 20 T2DM patients (<65 vs ≥65 years 1:1) completed the study. Patients received multiple doses of 48 mg chiglitazar once daily for 7 days consecutively. After the first dosing, chiglitazar maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration‐time curve (AUC) in patients ≥ 65 years were similar to those observed in patients < 65 years, with the geometric mean ratio (GMR) for Cmax and AUC being 97.22% and 96.83%, respectively. No significant difference was observed in Cmax (GMR, 97.23%) in the steady state. Compared with the patients < 65 years, a slight increase (8%‐13%) of AUC was observed in the patients ≥ 65 years after multiple doses. Chiglitazar was generally well tolerated following multiple doses in both age groups. In conclusion, there were no significant clinical influences on the pharmacokinetic properties and safety profiles of chiglitazar between patients with T2DM < 65 and ≥ 65 years, indicating that in the future it is not required to adjust the dosing regimen by age for T2DM patients ≥ 65 years.
Implementation and validation of new optimization methods by genetic algorithm for two‐parameter ridge estimator
Authors: Tekeli Erkut , Özbay Nimet , Kaçiranlar Selahattin
Published: December 2020

Two‐parameter estimators have increasing usage in the linear regression model concerning mitigating the problem of multicollinearity. In this type of biased estimators, two different parameters contribute to the solution of two different problems. Previously defined two‐parameter ridge estimator (TPRE) assures considerable merits in this context. This estimator eliminates unfavorable effects of multicollinearity as well as improves the coefficient of multiple determination for the linear regression model. Concerning the TPRE, both the mean square error comparisons and some conventional selection methods for the biasing parameters are available in the literature.

In this article, we mainly focus on the simultaneous estimation of the biasing parameters of the TPRE through some new optimization techniques by genetic algorithm. To observe validation of the new approaches, we perform a numerical example in addition to a Monte Carlo study. The outcomes of these runnings prove the dominance of the new approaches in comparison to existing techniques in the literature.
Highly Efficient Orange‐Red Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Compounds Comprising Dual Dicyano‐Substituted Pyrazine/Quinoxaline Acceptors
Authors: Li Hejun , Yang Tong , Wang Jiaxuan , Xie Ning , Wang Qingyang , Xu Yincai , Zhao Yuguang , Liang Baoyan
Published: December 2020

The π‐conjugation of molecules has a large influence on their excited state properties, especially for red thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials. Two orange‐red TADF compounds comprising dual dicyano‐substituted pyrazine/quinoxaline acceptors have been designed and synthesized. TPA‐2DCNQ (3,3′‐((phenylazanediyl)bis(4,1‐phenylene))bis(2‐phenylquinoxaline‐6,7‐dicarbonitrile) with extended π‐conjugated quinoxaline as the acceptor exhibits higher photoluminescence quantum yields (ca. 0.67–0.71) in doped films. A smaller energy splitting (ΔEst) between the first singlet excited state and triplet excited state is also achieved, indicating that extending the π‐conjugation of the acceptor rationally is an effective approach to designing highly efficient long‐wavelength TADF materials. Devices with TPA‐2DCNQ as the emitter display maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of 12.6–14.0 %, which are more than twice those of devices containing TPA‐2DCNPZ (6,6′‐((phenylazanediyl)bis(4,1‐phenylene))bis(5‐phenylpyrazine‐2,3‐dicarbonitrile).
Thiophene‐Fused Naphthodiphospholes: Modulation of the Structural and Electronic Properties of Polycyclic Aromatics by Precise Fusion of Heteroles
Authors: Ishida Keiichi , Higashino Tomohiro , Wada Yoshimasa , Kaji Hironori , Saeki Akinori , Imahori Hiroshi
Published: December 2020

For polycyclic aromatics with heterole‐fused structures, the orientation of fused heterole rings as well as the geometry of their fused structures has a large impact on the physicochemical properties. In this study, a series of isomers of thiophene‐fused naphthodiphospholes was designed and synthesized. Systematic investigation unveiled the explicit impact of heterole‐fused structures on their structural and electronic properties. The isomers with 1,2/5,6‐fused structure display phosphorescence due to enhanced spin‐orbit coupling, whereas the isomers with 2,3/6,7‐fused structure exhibit intense fluorescence. The trans isomers exhibited 1D slip π‐stacked arrangement. In contrast, the cis isomers displayed 2D herringbone structure or columnar structure with a cavity. Therefore, the precisely controlled fusion of heterole rings is a universal approach to uncover their intrinsic properties for versatile applications as organic functional materials.
Forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) /SERPINB1 ameliorates ROS production in diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Liang Xiaoya , Su Yanjin , Huo Yongbo
Published: December 2020

With the increasing prevalence of diabetes in recent years, diabetic nephropathy (DN) has become a severe disease that greatly threatens human health. DN not only is a common complication of diabetes, but also takes an important place in kidney disease. To this end, the present study was designed to explore the effects of Forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in DN mice. DN mice were treated with recombinant protein of FoxO1. Afterward, inflammation ELISA kits were used to measure the levels of TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐18. The levels of MDA, SOD, GSH, and GSH‐PX were measured using kits according to the manufacturer's instructions. In addition, the production of ROS was assessed. Interestingly, the expression of FoxO1 was down‐regulated in DN mice. The treatment of FoxO1 recombinant protein ameliorated MDA levels, increased the levels of SOD, GSH, and GSH‐PX, and induced both mRNA and protein expression of hepatic serine protease inhibitor B1 (serpinB1) in ND mice. Similarly, FoxO1 reduced MDA levels and ROS production, increased the levels of SOD, GSH, and GSH‐PXs, and induced the mRNA and protein expression of serpinB1 in in vitro model of DN. The inhibition of serpinB1 attenuated the effects of FoxO1 on ROS production‐induced oxidative stress in in vitro model of DN. Overall, FoxO1/SERPINB1 ameliorated ROS production‐induced oxidative stress in DN.
Comparison of carcass characteristics and meat quality between Simmental crossbred cattle, cattle‐yaks and Xuanhan yellow cattle
Authors: Wang Yongjie , Wang Zhisheng , Hu Rui , Peng Quanhui , Xue Bai , Wang Lizhi
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND

The study compared the growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of steers of Xuanhan yellow cattle, Simmental crossbreed cattle (Simmental × Xuanhan yellow cattle) and cattle‐yak (Jersey × yak). All steers were feed with the same diet from 6 months until slaughter at 30 months. The longissimus dorsi muscle was used to compare the meat quality traits.

RESULTS

By comparison, Simmental crossbreed cattle had higher growth performance (P < 0.05) and carcass characteristics (P < 0.05); cattle‐yak had higher value of a*, b* of meat color (P < 0.05) and higher protein contents of meat (P < 0.05); Xuanhan yellow cattle had higher water holding capacity (P < 0.05) and lower shear force (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The results show that Simmental crossbred cattle had better meat performance and provided low‐fat meat with a beneficial fatty acid composition, but with lower meat quality; cattle‐yaks provided greater meat color and higher protein content; Xuanhan yellow cattle provided meat with preferable tenderness. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Corrosion fatigue crack propagation behavior of A7N01P‐T4 aluminum alloy welded joints from high‐speed train underframe after 1.8 million km operation
Authors: Lu Wei , Ma Chuanping , Gou Guoqing , Fu Zhenghong , Sun Weiguang , Che Xiaoli , Chen Hui , Gao Wei
Published: December 2020

Using the potentiodynamic polarization analysis, the fatigue crack propagation behavior of A7N01P‐T4 aluminum alloy metal inert gas welded joints cut from a high‐speed train underframe after 1.8 million km operation was studied in air and in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. The fracture surface and crack growth path were analyzed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron backscattered diffraction. The results reveal that the corrosion fatigue crack growth rate of an A7N01P‐T4 welded joint in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution is higher than that in air. Furthermore, the corrosion fatigue crack growth rate is noted to be the fastest in the heat‐affected zone, followed by the base metal, whereas it is the slowest in the weld metal, which is consistent with the corrosion resistance of the A7N01P‐T4 joints. The second phase is observed to exhibit a significant influence on the corrosion fatigue crack propagation path. The cracks are noted to grow toward the soft orientation and have obvious plastic deformation during the propagation process, which indicates that the anodic dissolution is the main cause of the corrosion fatigue crack growth.
Rare variant (p.Ser43Asn) of familial transthyretin amyloidosis associated with isolated cardiac phenotype: A case series with literature review
Authors: Papathanasiou Maria , Carpinteiro Alexander , Kersting David , Jakstaite Aiste‐Monika , Hagenacker Tim , Schlosser Thomas‐Wilfried , Rischpler Christoph , Rassaf Tienush , Luedike Peter
Published: December 2020

Background

p.Ser43Asn is a very rare transthyretin (TTR) mutation leading to familial amyloidosis of transthyretin type, ATTR amyloidosis. It was previously observed in four patients worldwide and is associated almost invariably with an isolated cardiac phenotype.

Methods and Results

We report here on an Italian family with early‐onset cardiomyopathy and aggressive disease course in the affected individuals leading untreated to cardiac death before 55 years of age. We describe the clinical phenotype and imaging findings of two affected siblings, who were treated with tafamidis at an early disease stage, and their affected mother, who died 9 years ago due to refractory heart failure. The review of the available literature highlights the fact that until recently ATTR amyloidosis may have been misdiagnosed as other types of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Conclusion

A better characterization of the genotype–phenotype associations is crucial to achieve optimal outcomes and facilitate informed decisions when treating individuals with rare mutations.
Identification of water compartments in spinal cords by 2H double quantum filtered NMR
Authors: Eliav Uzi , Shinar Hadassah , Navon Gil
Published: December 2020

In 2H double quantum filtered (DQF) NMR, the various water compartments are characterized by their different residual quadrupolar interactions. The spectral separation between the different signals enables the measurement of the relaxation of each compartment and the magnetization transfer (MT) between them. In the current study, five water compartments were identified in the 2H DQF spectra of porcine spinal cord. The most prominent signal was the pair of satellites with a quadrupolar splitting of about 550 Hz. 2H DQF MRI optimized for the 550 Hz quadrupolar splitting indicated that this signal originated mainly from the white matter and it was assigned to the myelin water. This splitting does not change upon changing the orientation of the spinal cord relative to the magnetic field, indicating a liquid crystalline nature. Another site exhibiting splitting of about 1500 Hz was assigned to collagenous connective tissue. The narrow central peak was assigned to a combination of intra‐ and inter‐axonal water. The assignment of the other two sites is not certain and requires further study. The rates of MT between the various sites were recorded.
Organometallic Synthesis of Bimetallic Cobalt‐Rhodium Nanoparticles in Supported Ionic Liquid Phases (CoxRh100−x@SILP) as Catalysts for the Selective Hydrogenation of Multifunctional Aromatic Substrates
Authors: Rengshausen Simon , Van Stappen Casey , Levin Natalia , Tricard Simon , Luska Kylie L. , DeBeer Serena , Chaudret Bruno , Bordet Alexis , Leitner Walter
Published: December 2020

The synthesis, characterization, and catalytic properties of bimetallic cobalt‐rhodium nanoparticles of defined Co:Rh ratios immobilized in an imidazolium‐based supported ionic liquid phase (CoxRh100−x@SILP) are described. Following an organometallic approach, precise control of the Co:Rh ratios is accomplished. Electron microscopy and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy confirm the formation of small, well‐dispersed, and homogeneously alloyed zero‐valent bimetallic nanoparticles in all investigated materials. Benzylideneacetone and various bicyclic heteroaromatics are used as chemical probes to investigate the hydrogenation performances of the CoxRh100−x@SILP materials. The Co:Rh ratio of the nanoparticles is found to have a critical influence on observed activity and selectivity, with clear synergistic effects arising from the combination of the noble metal and its 3d congener. In particular, the ability of CoxRh100−x@SILP catalysts to hydrogenate 6‐membered aromatic rings is found to experience a remarkable sharp switch in a narrow composition range between Co25Rh75 (full ring hydrogenation) and Co30Rh70 (no ring hydrogenation).
Das AKTIN-Notaufnahmeregister – kontinuierlich aktuelle Daten aus der Akutmedizin
Authors: Brammen D. , Greiner F. , Kulla M. , Otto R. , Schirrmeister W. , Thun S. , Drösler S. E. , Pollmanns J. , Semler S. C. , Lefering R. , Thiemann V. S. , Majeed R. W. , Heitmann K. U. , Röhrig R. , Walcher F. ,   AKTIN-Notaufnahmeregister, Bienzeisler Jonas , Feeken Corinna , Fischer Hauke , Lucas Benjamin , Nazyok Tolga , Xu Tingyan , Brokmann Jörg , Mach Carsten , Grupp Caroline , Kühner Stefan , Pietsch Christian , Horn Oliver , Wrede Christian , Höger-Schmidt Heike , Dormann Harald , Blaschke Sabine , Bax Sönke , Behringer Wilhelm , Rettig Markus , Grashey Rupert , Henke Thomas , Habbinga Kirsten , Schilling Tobias , Wetzel Eckart , Baacke Markus , Erdmann Bernadett
Published: December 2020

Hintergrund

Die Notfallversorgung befindet sich im Umbruch. In Notaufnahmen werden Patienten ausgehend von Symptomen und Dringlichkeit versorgt; dies bildet sich jedoch in den etablierten Routinedaten der gesetzlichen Sozialversicherung nicht ab. Ziel des AKTIN-Projekts war der Aufbau einer datenschutzkonformen Registerinfrastruktur zur Nutzung von klinischen Routinedaten aus Notaufnahmen.

Methoden

Über eine standardisierte Schnittstelle werden aus den verschiedenen Dokumentationssystemen kontinuierlich Daten der Notaufnahmebehandlung in ein lokales Data Warehouse exportiert. Dort stehen sie sowohl für lokale Nutzungen, wie interne Berichte und Qualitätsmanagement, als auch gleichzeitig datenschutzkonform für multizentrische Auswertungen zur Verfügung.

Anhand der Registerpopulation wird die Ersteinschätzung sowie die Erhebung von Vitalparametern in Abhängigkeit von Vorstellungsgründen für einen 12-Monats-Zeitraum analysiert.

Ergebnisse

Für den Zeitraum 04/2018 bis 03/2019 wurden 436.149 gültige Fälle aus 15 Notaufnahmen übermittelt. In 86,0 % der Fälle ist eine Ersteinschätzung dokumentiert.

Diese fand in 70,5 % innerhalb von 10 min nach Ankunft des Patienten statt. In 10 Kliniken wird regelhaft (82,3 %) ein Vorstellungsgrund erfasst. Die Erfassung von Vitalparametern variiert plausibel zwischen den Vorstellungsgründen.

Schlussfolgerung

Das AKTIN-Notaufnahmeregister bietet einen zeitnahen Einblick in das Versorgungsgeschehen der Notaufnahmen ohne zusätzlichen Dokumentationsaufwand und unabhängig vom primären IT-System, Kostenträger, Fallart und Abrechnungsmodus. Die Vorgaben des Gemeinsamen Bundesausschusses zur Ersteinschätzung werden weitgehend umgesetzt. Durch die Etablierung von standardisierten Vorstellungsgründen werden symptombasierte Analysen und Gesundheitssurveillance ermöglicht.
Selbstlimitierende fokale Epilepsien aus dem Parietal- und Okzipitallappen im Kindesalter
Authors: Henzi Bettina C. , Datta Alexandre N.
Published: December 2020

Den selbstlimitierenden fokalen Epilepsien im Kindesalter, eine heterogene Gruppe von Epilepsiesyndromen, sind fokale epileptische Anfälle ohne strukturelle Ursache, charakteristische EEG-Veränderungen und ein meist erfreulicher Verlauf gemeinsam. Zu den selbstlimitierenden fokalen Epilepsien gehören gemäß ILAE (International League Against Epilepsy) die selbstlimitierende Epilepsie mit zentrotemporalen Spikes („benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes“ [BCECTS]), die selbstlimitierende okzipitale Epilepsie des Kindesalters mit der Frühform (Typ Panayiotopoulos) und der Spätform (Typ Gastaut) sowie auch selbstlimitierende Epilepsien aus dem Frontal‑, Temporal und Parietallappen. Man geht davon aus, dass die selbstlimitierenden fokalen Epilepsien im Kindesalter in einem nosologischen Kontinuum beschrieben werden können und ätiologisch in aller Wahrscheinlichkeit einer gemeinsamen, genetisch definierten Störung des zerebralen Reifungsprozesses entspringen. In diesem Artikel werden wir im Detail auf die selbstlimitierenden fokalen Epilepsien aus dem Okzipital- und Parietallappen eingehen.
Efficient computation of bifurcation diagrams with a deflated approach to reduced basis spectral element method
Authors: Pintore Moreno , Pichi Federico , Hess Martin , Rozza Gianluigi , Canuto Claudio
Published: December 2020

The majority of the most common physical phenomena can be described using partial differential equations (PDEs). However, they are very often characterized by strong nonlinearities. Such features lead to the coexistence of multiple solutions studied by the bifurcation theory. Unfortunately, in practical scenarios, one has to exploit numerical methods to compute the solutions of systems of PDEs, even if the classical techniques are usually able to compute only a single solution for any value of a parameter when more branches exist. In this work, we implemented an elaborated deflated continuation method that relies on the spectral element method (SEM) and on the reduced basis (RB) one to efficiently compute bifurcation diagrams with more parameters and more bifurcation points. The deflated continuation method can be obtained combining the classical continuation method and the deflation one: the former is used to entirely track each known branch of the diagram, while the latter is exploited to discover the new ones. Finally, when more than one parameter is considered, the efficiency of the computation is ensured by the fact that the diagrams can be computed during the online phase while, during the offline one, one only has to compute one-dimensional diagrams. In this work, after a more detailed description of the method, we will show the results that can be obtained using it to compute a bifurcation diagram associated with a problem governed by the Navier-Stokes equations.
The Active Flux Scheme for Nonlinear Problems
Authors: Barsukow Wasilij
Published: December 2020

The Active Flux scheme is a finite volume scheme with additional point values distributed along the cell boundary. It is third order accurate and does not require a Riemann solver. Instead, given a reconstruction, the initial value problem at the location of the point value is solved. The intercell flux is then obtained from the evolved values along the cell boundary by quadrature. Whereas for linear problems an exact evolution operator is available, for nonlinear problems one needs to resort to approximate evolution operators. This paper presents such approximate operators for nonlinear hyperbolic systems in one dimension and nonlinear scalar equations in multiple spatial dimensions. They are obtained by estimating the wave speeds to sufficient order of accuracy. Additionally, an entropy fix is introduced and a new limiting strategy is proposed. The abilities of the scheme are assessed on a variety of smooth and discontinuous setups.
The role of the gut microbiome and its metabolites in metabolic diseases
Authors: Wu Jiayu , Wang Kai , Wang Xuemei , Pang Yanli , Jiang Changtao
Published: December 2020

It is well known that an unhealthy lifestyle is a major risk factor for metabolic diseases, while in recent years, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the gut microbiome and its metabolites also play a crucial role in the onset and development of many metabolic diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular disease and so on. Numerous microorganisms dwell in the gastrointestinal tract, which is a key interface for energy acquisition and can metabolize dietary nutrients into many bioactive substances, thus acting as a link between the gut microbiome and its host. The gut microbiome is shaped by host genetics, immune responses and dietary factors. The metabolic and immune potential of the gut microbiome determines its significance in host health and diseases. Therefore, targeting the gut microbiome and relevant metabolic pathways would be effective therapeutic treatments for many metabolic diseases in the near future. This review will summarize information about the role of the gut microbiome in organism metabolism and the relationship between gut microbiome-derived metabolites and the pathogenesis of many metabolic diseases. Furthermore, recent advances in improving metabolic diseases by regulating the gut microbiome will be discussed.
Effects of Low Energy Availability on Bone Health in Endurance Athletes and High-Impact Exercise as A Potential Countermeasure: A Narrative Review
Authors: Hutson Mark J. , O’Donnell Emma , Brooke-Wavell Katherine , Sale Craig , Blagrove Richard C.
Published: December 2020

Endurance athletes expend large amounts of energy in prolonged high-intensity exercise and, due to the weight-sensitive nature of most endurance sports, often practice periods of dietary restriction. The Female Athlete Triad and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport models consider endurance athletes at high-risk for suffering from low energy availability and associated health complications, including an increased chance of bone stress injury. Several studies have examined the effects of low energy availability on various parameters of bone structure and markers of bone (re)modelling; however, there are differences in findings and research methods and critical summaries are lacking. It is difficult for athletes to reduce energy expenditure or increase energy intake (to restore energy availability) in an environment where performance is a priority. Development of an alternative tool to help protect bone health would be beneficial. High-impact exercise can be highly osteogenic and energy efficient; however, at present, it is rarely utilized to promote bone health in endurance athletes. Therefore, with a view to reducing the prevalence of bone stress injury, the objectives of this review are to evaluate the effects of low energy availability on bone health in endurance athletes and explore whether a high-impact exercise intervention may help to prevent those effects from occurring.
Change in newly diagnosed Graves’ disease phenotype between the twentieth and the twenty-first centuries: meta-analysis and meta-regression
Authors: Ippolito S. , Cusini C. , Lasalvia P. , Gianfagna F. , Veronesi G. , Gallo D. , Masiello E. , Premoli P. , Sabatino J. , Mercuriali A. , Lai A. , Piantanida E. , Tanda M. L. , Bartalena L.
Published: December 2020

Purpose

According to a few recent studies, the clinical phenotype of Graves’ disease (GD) at onset is becoming milder in recent years, in terms of prevalence and severity of hyperthyroidism, goiter and overt eye disease. The aim of this study was to assess the change in GD phenotype across the late twentieth and the early twenty-first centuries.

Materials and methods

We carried out a systematic search of studies published between 1/1/1980 and 12/31/2017 describing naïve GD patients at diagnosis. We collected epidemiological, clinical, biochemical and serological data reported in the selected studies, and (1) conducted a single-arm meta-analysis to compare clinical and biochemical characteristics of naïve GD patients before and after year 2000 and (2) performed a meta-regression to identify the trend of the observed clinical presentations.

Results

Eighty selected articles were related to the period before the year 2000, 30 to the years 2000–2017. According to demographics, the two defined populations were homogeneous at meta-analysis: overall estimated female prevalence was 81% [95% CI 79–82], mean estimated age of the entire population was 39.8 years [95% CI 38.4–41.1], with no significant differences between pre- and post-2000 groups (p > 0.05). The overall estimated prevalence of smokers was 40% [95% CI 33–46], with no significant difference between the two groups (p > 0.05). Mean estimated free thyroxine (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels at diagnosis were higher in the pre-2000 group: 4.7 ng/dl [95% CI 4.5–4.9] for FT4 and 14.2 pg/ml [95% CI 13.3–15.1] for FT3, as compared to the post-2000 group: 3.9 ng/dl [95% CI 3.6–4.2] for FT4 and 12.1 pg/ml [95% CI 11.0–13.3] for FT3 (all p < 0.01). Goiter estimated prevalence was higher in the pre-2000 group, 87% [95% CI 84–90], than in the post-2000 group, 56% [95% CI 45–67]. Estimated prevalence for Graves’ Orbitopathy (GO) was 34% [95% CI 27–41] in the pre-2000 group and 25% [95% CI 19–30] in the post-2000 group (p = 0.03). Accordingly, meta-regression adjusted for covariates showed an average annual reduction of FT4 (− 0.040 ± 0.008 ng/dl, p < 0.0001), FT3 (− 0.316 ± 0.019 pg/ml, p < 0.0001), goiter prevalence (− 0.023 ± 0.008%, p = 0.006), and goiter size (− 0.560 ± 0.031 ml, p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Our meta-analysis and meta-regression confirmed that GD phenotype at diagnosis is nowadays milder than in the past; we hypothesize that conceivable factors involved in this change are iodoprophylaxis, worldwide decrease in smoking habits, larger use of contraceptive pill and micronutrient supplementation, as well as earlier diagnosis and management.
The pandemic, the acceleration of digital transformation and the impact on cyber security
Authors: Wilson Scott
Published: December 2020

As one report put it: “We are living in an era of unprecedented technological innovation.” 1 That is certainly not hyperbole when one considers that 90% of the world's data has been produced in the past two years, due in no small part to the 26 billion smart devices now in circulation.

Adopting new technologies, such as smart devices, may mean radically overhauling your existing operations to compete with more agile companies and serve demanding customers.

However, those opportunities also mean threats. Digitisation means a bigger attack surface. Scott Wilson of eFax explains that digitisation without security is a recipe for disaster. Organisations need to ensure that they overcome the cultural obstacles holding back progress, provide the right support, and make decisions that will both secure and futureproof their organisations.
Credential stuffing: new tools and stolen data drive continued attacks
Authors: Nathan Mike
Published: December 2020

Automated credential-stuffing attacks have been a boon to cyber criminals seeking to use stolen login credentials. The proliferation of data breaches where credentials are stolen has led to huge increases in automated script attacks, where fraudsters will use bots to attempt many account creations at the same time, maximising the chances of success.
Strong-field effects induced in the extreme ultraviolet domain
Authors: Makos I. , Orfanos I. , Skantzakis E. , Liontos I. , Tzallas P. , Forembski A. , Nikolopoulos L. A. A. , Charalambidis D.
Published: December 2020

Motivated by the achieved high intensities of novel extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation sources, such as free electron lasers and laser-driven high harmonic generation beamlines, we elaborate on their perspective in inducing observable strong field effects. The feasibility of extending such effects from the infrared and visible spectral regimes in the XUV domain is supported through numerically calculated models of near-future experiments. We highlight the advancement of performing studies in the time domain, using ultra-short XUV pulses, which allows for the temporal evolution of such effects to be followed. Experimental and theoretical obstacles and limitations are further discussed.
How Do Campaign Spending Limits Affect Elections? Evidence from the United Kingdom 1885–2019
Authors: FOUIRNAIES ALEXANDER
Published: December 2020

In more than half of the democratic countries in the world, candidates face legal constraints on how much money they can spend on their electoral campaigns, yet we know little about the consequences of these restrictions. I study how spending limits affect UK House of Commons elections. I contribute new data on the more than 70,000 candidates who ran for a parliamentary seat from 1885 to 2019, and I document how much money each candidate spent, how they allocated their resources across different spending categories, and the spending limit they faced. To identify the effect on elections, I exploit variation in spending caps induced by reforms of the spending-limit formula that affected some but not all constituencies. The results indicate that when the level of permitted spending is increased, the cost of electoral campaigns increases, which is primarily driven by expenses related to advertisement and mainly to the disadvantage of Labour candidates; the pool of candidates shrinks and elections become less competitive; and the financial and electoral advantages enjoyed by incumbents are amplified.
Family Matters: How Immigrant Histories Can Promote Inclusion
Authors: WILLIAMSON SCOTT , ADIDA CLAIRE L. , LO ADELINE , PLATAS MELINA R. , PRATHER LAUREN , WERFEL SETH H.
Published: December 2020

Immigration is a highly polarized issue in the United States, and negative attitudes toward immigrants are common. Yet, almost all Americans are descended from people who originated outside the country, a narrative often evoked by the media and taught in school curricula. Can this narrative increase inclusionary attitudes toward migrants? We draw from scholarship showing that perspective-taking decreases prejudice toward out-groups to investigate whether reminding Americans about their own immigration history increases support for immigrants and immigration. We propose that priming family experiences can indirectly stimulate perspective-taking and induce empathy toward the out-group, which we test with three separate survey experiments conducted over two years. Our findings show that priming family history generates small but consistent inclusionary effects. These effects occur even among partisan subgroups and Americans who approve of President Trump. We provide evidence that increased empathy for immigrants constitutes one mechanism driving these effects.
“BIG-OLD LONG LIPS, BIG-OLD JAR NOSE”: ANCIENT MESOAMERICAN MONSTERS AND CLOWNS AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF CHRISTIANITY IN EARLY COLONIAL MEXICO
Authors: Leeming Ben
Published: December 2020

During the early Colonial period, Native writers, working under the aegis of mendicant friars, composed Christian texts in the Nahuatl language as part of the Roman Catholic Church's efforts to indoctrinate the Indigenous population of New Spain. Yet these Native “ghost-writers” were far from passive participants in the translation of Christianity. Numerous studies since the 1980s have demonstrated how Native writers exerted influence on the presentation of Christianity, in effect “indigenizing” the message and allowing for the persistence of essential elements of the Mesoamerican worldview. This article focuses on descriptions of demons and sinners drawn from Nahuatl-Christian texts and argues that Native writers drew on an ancient Mesoamerican repertoire of imagery involving physical deformity and transgressive behavior (the “monster-clown complex”). In pre-contact times, such imagery was associated with specific figures, including Olmec dwarfs, Maya “fat men,” and comic performers attached to the Mexica royal court. In each of these figures, both physical deformity and humor rendered them powerful, liminal beings often referred to as ritual clowns. By drawing upon this “monster-clown complex,” Native writers transformed what were intended to be terrifying motivators of conversion into something very different: morally neutral, supernaturally powerful, and ultimately essential members of the Mesoamerican sacred realm.
Blood Glucose Levels Combined with Triage Revised Trauma Score Improve the Outcome Prediction in Adults and in Elderly Patients with Trauma
Authors: Covino Marcello , Zaccaria Raffaella , Bocci Maria Grazia , Carbone Luigi , Torelli Enrico , Fuorlo Mariella , Piccioni Andrea , Santoro Michele , Sandroni Claudio , Franceschi Francesco
Published: December 2020

Introduction:

This study was aimed to assess if combining the evaluation of blood glucose level (BGL) and the Triage Revised Trauma Score (T-RTS) may result in a more accurate prediction of the actual clinical outcome, both in general adult population and in elderly patients with trauma.

Methods:

This is a retrospective cohort study, conducted in the emergency department (ED) of an urban teaching hospital, with an average ED admission rate of 75,000 patients per year. Those excluded: known diagnosis of diabetes, age <18 years old, pregnancy, and mild trauma (classified as isolate trauma of upper or lower limb, in absence of exposed fractures). A combined Revised Trauma Score Glucose (RTS-G) score was obtained adding to T-RTS: two for BGL <160mg/dL (8.9mmol/L); one for BGL ≥160mg/dL and < 200mg/dL (11.1mmol/L); and zero for BGL ≥ 200mg/dL. The primary outcome was a composite of patient’s death in ED or admission to intensive care unit (ICU). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the overall performance of T-RTS and of the combined RTS-G score.

Results:

Among a total of 68,933 traumas, 9,436 patients (4,407 females) were enrolled, aged from 18 to 103 years; 4,288 were aged ≥65 years. A total of 577 (6.1%) met the primary endpoint: 38 patients died in ED (0.4%) and 539 patients were admitted to ICU. The T-RTS and BGL were independently associated to primary endpoint at multivariate analysis. The cumulative RTS-G score was significantly more accurate than T-RTS and reached the best accuracy in elderly patients. In general population, ROC area under curve (AUC) for T-RTS was 0.671 (95% CI, 0.661 - 0.680) compared to RTS-G ROC AUC 0.743 (95% CI, 0.734 - 0.752); P <.001. In patients ≥65 years, T-RTS ROC AUC was 0.671 (95% CI, 0.657 - 0.685) compared to RTS-G ROC AUC 0.780 (95% CI, 0.768 - 0.793); P <.001.

Conclusions:

Results showed RTS-G could be used effectively at ED triage for the risk stratification for death in ED and ICU admission of trauma patients, and it could reduce under-triage of approximately 20% compared to T-RTS. Comparing ROC AUCs, the combined RTS-G score performs significantly better than T-RTS and gives best results in patients ≥65 years.
The Legality of Closure on Land and Safe Passage Between the Gaza Strip and the West Bank
Authors: LONGOBARDO Marco
Published: December 2020

This paper explores the legality of the land closure imposed upon the Gaza Strip by Israel. After having considered the area under occupation, the paper argues that the legality of the closure must be determined under international humanitarian law, international human rights law, the principle of self-determination of peoples, and the Israeli-Palestinian agreements. In the light of these rules, the arbitrary closure of the Gaza Strip should be considered illegal because it breaches the unity between the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, and because it violates the freedom of movement of the local population. Moreover, the closure breaches the relevant rules pertaining to the transit of goods in occupied territory. The paper concludes that most of the violations caused by the closure affect peremptory rules which produce obligations erga omnes, so that any state in the international community is entitled to react under the law of state responsibility.
The Unique Role of Regulatory Mode Orientations in Implicit and Explicit Self-Forgiveness
Authors: Pierro Antonio , Pica Gennaro , Dentale Francesco , Gelfand Michele , Kruglanski Arie W.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. The present research addresses the unique role of locomotion and assessment regulatory-mode orientations on self-forgiveness, by controlling for personality traits and by excluding possible effects of variables linked to strategies that underestimate one’s culpability. In three studies (Total N = 471) we found that assessment obstructs, while locomotion promotes, self-forgiveness both at an explicit (Studies 1 and 2) and at an implicit level (Study 3), and by controlling for acceptance of responsibility (Studies 1 and 3), the Big-Five dimensions, moral disengagement strategies (Study 1), self-blame and justifications (Study 2), transgression severity, and time passed since the episode occurred (Study 3). The implications of the results are also discussed with reference to self-forgiveness.