bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continuum mechanical modeling of laser‐pulsed heating in polycrystals: A multi‐physics problem of coupling diffusion, mechanics, and thermal waves
Authors: Bargmann S. , Favata A.
Published: January 2014

This contribution introduces a geometrically nonlinear, continuum thermomechanical framework for pulsed laser heating in crystalline matter: a physical process which is characterized by a non‐Fourier like heat propagation and defect diffusion. The key objective of this work is to derive the highly nonlinear and strongly coupled system of governing equations describing the multi‐physical behavior from fundamental balance principles. A general form for the Helmholtz energy is proposed and the resulting constitutive laws are derived from logical, thermodynamically consistent argumentation. The approach adopted to derive the governing equations is not entirely specific to laser induced heating, rather it encompasses a wide range of applications wherein heat conduction, species diffusion, and finite elastic effects are coupled. The present theory is thus applicable to the generality of models for thermal and mechanical waves: an area of increasing research interest. A numerical example is presented for the fully coupled, nonlinear and transient theory.
Confidence in a neutrino mass hierarchy determination
Authors: Ciuffoli Emilio , Evslin Jarah , Zhang Xinmin
Published: January 2014

Abstract

In the next decade, a number of experiments will attempt to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy. Feasibility studies for such experiments generally determine the statistic
$ \overline{{\varDelta {\chi^2}}} $
. As the hierarchy is a discrete choice, Δχ2 does not obey a one degree of freedom χ2 distribution and so the number of σ’s of sensitivity to the hierarchy is not the square root of
$ \overline{{\varDelta {\chi^2}}} $
. We present a simple Bayesian formula for the sensitivity to the hierarchy determination that can be expected from the median experiment as a function of
$ \overline{{\varDelta {\chi^2}}} $
.
Probing renormalization group flows using entanglement entropy
Authors: Liu Hong , Mezei Márk
Published: January 2014

Abstract

In this paper we continue the study of renormalized entanglement entropy introduced in [1]. In particular, we investigate its behavior near an IR fixed point using holographic duality. We develop techniques which, for any static holographic geometry, enable us to extract the large radius expansion of the entanglement entropy for a spherical region. We show that for both a sphere and a strip, the approach of the renormalized entanglement entropy to the IR fixed point value contains a contribution that depends on the whole RG trajectory. Such a contribution is dominant, when the leading irrelevant operator is sufficiently irrelevant. For a spherical region such terms can be anticipated from a geometric expansion, while for a strip whether these terms have geometric origins remains to be seen.
Conditioning of the abdominal cavity reduces tumor implantation in a laparoscopic mouse model
Authors: Binda Maria Mercedes , Corona Roberta , Amant Frederic , Koninckx Philippe Robert
Published: January 2014

Purpose

The addition of 4 % O2 and 10 % N2O to the CO2 pneumoperitoneum (PP), together with slight cooling and humidification (conditioning), contributes to reducing adhesions by preventing mesothelial damage. We investigated the effect of peritoneal damage during laparoscopy on tumor implantation.

Methods

In Experiment 1, different tumor cell concentrations were injected into control mice without PP and into mice with 60-min dry CO2PP (mesothelial damage). In Experiment 2, tumor cells were injected into control mice (group I) and in mice with mesothelial damage (group II). In groups III to VI, mesothelial damage was decreased by adding humidification, humidification + 10 % N2O, humidification + 10 % N2O + 4 % O2, and conditioning, respectively.

Results

In Experiment 1, the tumors increased with the number of cells injected and with mesothelial damage in the abdominal cavity (p = 0.018) and abdominal wall (p < 0.0001). Experiment 2 confirmed that 60 min of dry CO2PP increased the number of tumors in the abdominal cavity and wall (p = 0.026 and p = 0.003, respectively). The number of tumors was decreased in the abdominal cavity by conditioning (p = 0.030) and in the abdominal wall using humidified CO2 (p = 0.032) or conditioning (p = 0.026).

Conclusions

Tumor implantation was enhanced by peritoneal damage (60 min of dry CO2PP and desiccation), but this was prevented by conditioning. If confirmed in humans, conditioning would become important for oncologic surgery.
Evaluation of indigenous microalgal isolate Chlorella sp. FC2 IITG as a cell factory for biodiesel production and scale up in outdoor conditions
Authors: Muthuraj Muthusivaramapandian , Kumar Vikram , Palabhanvi Basavaraj , Das Debasish
Published: January 2014

The present study reports evaluation of an indigenous microalgal isolate Chlorella sp. FC2 IITG as a potential candidate for biodiesel production. Characterization of the strain was performed under photoautotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic cultivation conditions. Further, an open-pond cultivation of the strain under outdoor conditions was demonstrated to evaluate growth performance and lipid productivity under fluctuating environmental parameters and in the presence of potential contaminants. The key findings were: (1) the difference in cultivation conditions resulted in significant variation in the biomass productivity (73–114 mg l−1 day−1) and total lipid productivity (35.02–50.42 mg l−1 day−1) of the strain; (2) nitrate and phosphate starvation were found to be the triggers for lipid accumulation in the cell mass; (3) open-pond cultivation of the strain under outdoor conditions resulted in biomass productivity of 44 mg l−1 day−1 and total lipid productivity of 10.7 mg l−1 day−1; (4) a maximum detectable bacterial contamination of 7 % of the total number of cells was recorded in an open-pond system; and (5) fatty acid profiling revealed abundance of palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2), which are considered to be the key elements for suitable quality biodiesel.
Effect of sex ratio, habitat factors and neighborhood competition on stem growth in the dioecious treeFraxinusmandshurica
Authors: Zhang Xinna , Zhang Chunyu , Zhao Xiuhai
Published: January 2014

Growth rates of male and female trees are often different in a dioecious species. In this study, we analyzed sex ratios and the effect of gender, neighborhood competition and habitat factors on the stem growth of dioeciousFraxinusmandshuricatrees in a secondary conifer and broad‐leaved mixed forest in the Changbai Mountains of northeastern China. The sex ratio in the 5.2‐ha study area does not deviate significantly from the expected 1:1 ratio, except for trees in the large diameter classes. For dbh >40 cm, the sex ratio is male‐biased. This result suggests that males have a faster rate of stem growth than females, which is usually explained by the higher cost of reproduction in the fruit‐bearing females. An analysis of the dbh distributions of two successive measurements showed that the rate of stem growth of the (27) females drops off with increasing dbh and remains below that of the (35) males. A causal model was used to analyze factors affecting the rate of stem growth, showing that these rates are affected significantly and positively by soil moisture and tree size in both genders and that within‐gender competition is mainly for nitrogen. Our study suggests that neighborhood competition does not affect stem growth significantly, which is a rather surprising result.
An Oral Mixed Fat Load Is Followed by a Modest Anti‐inflammatory Adipocytokine Response in Overweight Patients with Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Westerink Jan , Hajer Gideon R. , Kranendonk Mariëtte E. G. , Schipper Henk S. , Monajemi Houshang , Kalkhoven Eric , Visseren Frank L. J.
Published: January 2014

We investigated the postprandial changes in plasma levels of adipocytokines in overweight patients with metabolic syndrome after an oral fat load. After an oral fat load and during a prolonged fast, blood was drawn at 0, 2, 3, 4 and 8 h for measurement of adiponectin, adipsin, cathepsin S, chemerin, hepatic growth factor, interferon‐γ‐inducible protein‐10, leptin, macrophage chemoattractant protein‐1, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, nerve growth factor, retinol binding protein‐4, resistin, serum amyloid A1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1 and thrombopoietin using a microbead‐based Luminex assay. Area under the curves (AUC) were calculated and compared. Plasma adiponectin levels were higher after an oral fat load compared to fasting at t = 2 h (950 ± 513 vs. −1,881 ± 713 ng/ml) while the plasma levels for adipsin (−9 ± 5 vs. 16 ± 5 ng/ml), chemerin (−122 ± 35 vs. 13 ± 21 ng/ml), SAA‐1 (−391 ± 213 vs. 522 ± 173 ng/ml) and TPO (−335 ± 144 vs. 622 ± 216 ng/ml) were lower after an oral fat load compared to fasting. The baseline corrected AUC for IP‐10 was higher after fat load compared to fasting (median −116 pg h/ml; IQR −270 to 10 vs. −21 pg h/ml; IQR −136 to 418 (p = 0.047). In conclusion, in overweight male subjects with the metabolic syndrome, an oral fat load is accompanied with a modest anti‐inflammatory response of adipose tissue‐derived adipocytokines.
The Culture of Class and Its Economic Impact
Authors: Vijaya Ramya M. , Eshleman Amy , Halley Jean
Published: January 2014

The following is an extract from our book Seeing White: An Introduction to White Privilege and Race (Halley et al. 2011). The book presents an exploration of the culture of whiteness that dominates social and economic life in the United States. This extract contains a brief introduction to whiteness as a cultural norm and presents the argument that whiteness itself has become a form of economic capital supporting the reproduction of dominance and intergroup inequality. We specifically look at the influence of normative whiteness on hiring decisions and employment structures.
Ribosomal protein S3 interacts with the NF‐κB inhibitor IκBα
Authors: Stanborough Tamsyn , Niederhauser Johannes , Koch Barbara , Bergler Helmut , Pertschy Brigitte
Published: January 2014

Our results suggest that IκBα sequesters not only p65 but also RPS3 in the cytoplasm. This would ensure maintenance of an RPS3 pool for the NF‐κB pathway as well as equimolar release of RPS3 and p65 upon stimulation.
Subjective Inequality: a Review of International Comparative Studies on People’s Views about Inequality
Authors: Janmaat Jan Germen
Published: January 2014

This study reviews international comparative studies investigating people’s views on inequality. These studies are classified using a framework consisting of three types of conceptions of inequality and two dimensions of inequality. Four perspectives are discussed explaining cross-national differences in views on inequality: the modernist, the culturalist, the micro and the macro perspective. The findings of studies comparing views on inequalities in post-communist and Western states provide more support for the modernist than for the culturalist perspective. Few comparative studies appear to investigate views on inequalities as independent variables impacting on other social attitudes and behaviours. It is argued that the social relevance of the field will be enhanced if more studies can show that views on inequality have an effect on social outcomes complementary to that of objective inequalities.
More Than a Passive Interest
Authors: PALMER NIALL
Published: January 2014

The defeat of the Dyer anti-lynching bill in 1922 was a turning point in relations between black Americans and the Republican Party. Little is understood, however, about the role played in the debates by President Warren Harding. This article contends that Harding's conflicted views on presidential leadership caused him to badly mishandle the bill. The President's inability to choose between a restrained and consensual “Whig” approach and a more active “stewardship” role on a wide range of issues resulted in an erratic and ultimately unsustainable style of leadership. The Dyer bill's failure was affected by this dilemma as the hopes of black and white reformers were alternately raised and dashed by Harding's apparent indecisiveness. Black resentment at the bill's ultimate defeat was thus heightened still further, with severe consequences for the Republican Party's long-term electoral relationship with black voters.
A design procedure for improving the effectiveness of fractal layouts formation
Authors: Shih Yung Chin , Gonçalves Filho Eduardo Vila
Published: January 2014

Recently, new types of layouts have been proposed in the literature in order to handle a large number of products. Among these are the fractal layout, aiming at minimization of routing distances. There are already researchers focusing on the design; however, we have noticed that the current approach usually executes several times the allocations of fractal cells on the shop floor up to find the best allocations, which may present a significant disadvantage when applied to a large number of fractal cells owing to combinatorial features. This paper aims to propose a criterion, based on similarity among fractal cells, developed and implemented in a Tabu search heuristics, in order to allocate it on the shop floor in a feasible computational time. Once our proposed procedure is modeled, operations of each workpiece are separated in n subsets and submitted to simulation. The results (traveling distance and makespan) are compared to distributed layout and to functional layout. The results show, in general, a trade-off behavior, that is, when the total routing distance decreases, the makespan increases. Based on our proposed method, depending on the value of segregated fractal cell similarity, it is possible to reduce both performance parameters. Finally, we conclude the proposed procedure shows to be quite promising because allocations of fractal cells demand reduced central processing unit time.
Regulation of photoreceptor gap junction phosphorylation by adenosine in zebrafish retina
Authors: LI HONGYAN , CHUANG ALICE Z. , O’BRIEN JOHN
Published: January 2014

Electrical coupling of photoreceptors through gap junctions suppresses voltage noise, routes rod signals into cone pathways, expands the dynamic range of rod photoreceptors in high scotopic and mesopic illumination, and improves detection of contrast and small stimuli. In essentially all vertebrates, connexin 35/36 (gene homologs Cx36 in mammals, Cx35 in other vertebrates) is the major gap junction protein observed in photoreceptors, mediating rod–cone, cone–cone, and possibly rod–rod communication. Photoreceptor coupling is dynamically controlled by the day/night cycle and light/dark adaptation, and is directly correlated with phosphorylation of Cx35/36 at two sites, serine110 and serine 276/293 (homologous sites in teleost fish and mammals, respectively). Activity of protein kinase A (PKA) plays a key role during this process. Previous studies have shown that activation of dopamine D4 receptors on photoreceptors inhibits adenylyl cyclase, down-regulates cAMP and PKA activity, and leads to photoreceptor uncoupling, imposing the daytime/light condition. In this study, we explored the role of adenosine, a nighttime signal with a high extracellular concentration at night and a low concentration in the day, in regulating photoreceptor coupling by examining photoreceptor Cx35 phosphorylation in zebrafish retina. Adenosine enhanced photoreceptor Cx35 phosphorylation in daytime, but with a complex dose–response curve. Selective pharmacological manipulations revealed that adenosine A2a receptors provide a potent positive drive to phosphorylate photoreceptor Cx35 under the influence of endogenous adenosine at night. A2a receptors can be activated in the daytime as well by micromolar exogenous adenosine. However, the higher affinity adenosine A1 receptors are also present and have an antagonistic though less potent effect. Thus, the nighttime/darkness signal adenosine provides a net positive drive on Cx35 phosphorylation at night, working in opposition to dopamine to regulate photoreceptor coupling via a push–pull mechanism. However, the lower concentration of adenosine present in the daytime actually reinforces the dopamine signal through action on the A1 receptor.
Delimited control and computational effects
Authors: DOWNEN PAUL , ARIOLA ZENA M.
Published: January 2014

We give a framework for delimited control with multiple prompts, in the style of Parigot's λμ-calculus, through a series of incremental extensions by starting with the pure λ-calculus. Each language inherits the semantics and reduction theory of its parent, giving a systematic way to describe each level of control. For each language of interest, we fully characterize its semantics in terms of a reduction semantics, operational semantics, continuation-passing style transform, and abstract machine. Furthermore, the control operations are expressed in terms of fine-grained primitives that can be used to build well-known, higher-level control operators. In order to illustrate the expressive power provided by various languages, we show how other computational effects can be encoded in terms of these control operators.
On the Importance Sampling of Self-Avoiding Walks
Authors: BOUSQUET-MÉLOU MIREILLE
Published: January 2014

In a 1976 paper published in Science, Knuth presented an algorithm to sample (non-uniform) self-avoiding walks crossing a square of side k. From this sample, he constructed an estimator for the number of such walks. The quality of this estimator is directly related to the (relative) variance of a certain random variable Xk. From his experiments, Knuth suspected that this variance was extremely large (so that the estimator would not be very efficient). But how large? For the analogous Rosenbluth algorithm, which samples unconfined self-avoiding walks of length n, the variance of the corresponding estimator is believed to be exponential in n.

A few years ago, Bassetti and Diaconis showed that, for a sampler à la Knuth that generates walks crossing a k × k square and consisting of North and East steps, the relative variance is only $O(\sqrt k)$. In this note we take one step further and show that, for walks consisting of North, South and East steps, the relative variance jumps to $2^{k(k+1)}/(k+1)^{2k}$. This is exponential in the average length of the walks, which is of order k2. We also obtain partial results for general self-avoiding walks crossing a square, suggesting that the relative variance could be exponential in k2 (which is again the average length of these walks).

Knuth's algorithm is a basic example of a widely used technique called sequential importance sampling. The present paper, following the paper by Bassetti and Diaconis, is one of very few examples where the variance of the estimator can be found.
Characteristics of Hospitals Diverting Ambulances in a California EMS System
Authors: Kahn Christopher A. , Stratton Samuel J. , Anderson Craig L.
Published: January 2014

Introduction

While several reports discuss controversies regarding ambulance diversion from acute care hospitals and the mortality, financial, and resource effects, there is scant literature related to the effect of hospital characteristics.

Hypothesis/Problem

The objective of this study was to describe specific paramedic receiving center characteristics that are associated with ambulance diversion rates in an Emergency Medical Services system.

Methods

A retrospective observational study design was used. The study was performed in a suburban EMS system with 27 paramedic receiving centers studied; one additional hospital present at the beginning of the study period (2000-2008) was excluded due to lack of recent data. Hospital-level and population-level characteristics were gathered, including diversion rate (hours on diversion/total hours open), for-profit status, number of specialty services (including trauma, burn, cardiovascular surgery, renal transplant services, cardiac catheterization capability [both interventional and diagnostic], and burn surgery), average inpatient bed occupancy rate (total patient days/licensed bed days), annual emergency department (ED) volume (patients per year), ED admission rate (percent of ED patients admitted), and percent of patients leaving without being seen. Demographic characteristics included percent of persons in each hospital's immediate census tract below the 100% and 200% poverty lines (each considered separately), and population density within the census tract. Bivariate and regression analyses were performed.

Results

Diversion rates for the 27 centers ranged from 0.3%-14.5% (median 4.5%). Average inpatient bed occupancy rate and presence of specialty services were correlated with an increase in diversion rate; occupancy rate showed a 0.08% increase in diversion hours per 1% increase in occupancy rate (95% CI, 0.01%-0.16%), and hospitals with specialty services had, on average, a 4.1% higher diversion rate than other hospitals (95% CI, 1.6%-6.7%). Other characteristics did not show a statistically significant effect. When a regression was performed, only the presence of specialty services was related to the ambulance diversion rate.

Conclusions

Hospitals in this study providing specialty services were more likely to have higher diversion rates. This may result in increased difficulty getting patients requiring specialty care to centers able to provide the needed level of service. Major limitations include the retrospective nature of the study, as well as reliance on multiple data systems.

KahnC,StrattonS,AndersonC.Characteristics of hospitals diverting ambulances in a California EMS system.Prehosp Disaster Med.2014;29(1):1-5.
Reduction in STEMI Transfer Times Utilizing a Municipal “911” Ambulance Service
Authors: Tennyson Joseph C. , Quale Mark R.
Published: January 2014

Introduction

The time interval from diagnosis to reperfusion therapy for patients experiencing ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has a significant impact on morbidity and mortality.

Hypothesis

It is hypothesized that the time required for interfacility patient transfers from a community hospital to a regional percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) center using an Advanced Life Support (ALS) transfer ambulance service is no different than utilizing the “911” ALS ambulance.

Methods

Quality assurance data collected by a tertiary care center cardiac catheterization program were reviewed retrospectively. Data were collected on all patients with STEMI requiring interfacility transfer from a local community hospital to the tertiary care center's PCI suite, approximately 16 miles away by ground, 12 miles by air. In 2009, transfers of patients with STEMI were redirected to the municipal ALS ambulance service, instead of the hospital's contracted ALS transfer service. Data were collected from January 2007 through May 2013. Temporal data were compared between transports initiated through the contracted ALS ambulance service and the municipal ALS service. Data points included time of initial transport request and time of ambulance arrival to the sending facility and the receiving PCI suite.

Results

During the 4-year study period, 63 patients diagnosed with STEMI and transferred to the receiving hospital's PCI suite were included in this study. Mean times from the transport request to arrival of the ambulance at the sending hospital's emergency department were six minutes (95% CI, 4-7 minutes) via municipal ALS and 13 minutes (95% CI, 9-16 minutes) for the ALS transfer service. The mean times from the ground transport request to arrival at the receiving hospital's PCI suite when utilizing the municipal ALS ambulance and hospital contracted ALS ambulance services were 48 minutes (95% CI, 33-64 minutes) and 56 minutes (95% CI 52-59 minutes), respectively. This eight-minute period represented a 14% (P = .001) reduction in the mean transfer time to the PCI suite for patients transported via the municipal ALS ambulance.

Conclusion

In the appropriate setting, the use of the municipal “911” ALS ambulance service for the interfacility transport of patients with STEMI appears advantageous in reducing door-to-catheterization times.

TennysonJC, QualeMR. Reduction in STEMI transfer times utilizing a municipal “911” ambulance service. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(1):1-4.
Imagery in Mental Contamination
Authors: Coughtrey Anna E. , Shafran Roz , Rachman S.J.
Published: January 2014

Background: Intrusive imagery is experienced in a number of anxiety disorders, including Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Imagery is particularly relevant to mental contamination, where unwanted intrusive images are hypothesized to evoke feelings of dirtiness and urges to wash (Rachman, 2006). Aims: The aim of this study was to examine the nature of imagery associated with mental contamination. Method: Fifteen people with contaminated-based OCD completed a semi-structured imagery interview designed specifically for this study. Results: Ten participants reported images associated with contamination. These images were vivid and distressing and evoked feelings of dirtiness. Participants engaged in a number of behaviours to neutralize their images, including compulsive washing. A small number of participants also reported images that protected them from contamination. Conclusions: In support of the theory of mental contamination (Rachman, 2006), images can lead to feelings of pollution and compulsive washing. Further research is needed to explore the role of imagery in maintaining contamination fears.
Innovation in urban agricultural practices: Responding to diverse production environments
Authors: Pfeiffer Anne , Silva Erin , Colquhoun Jed
Published: January 2014

Although discussion of the role of urban agriculture in developing nations has occurred over the past decade, dialogue relating to urban agriculture in industrialized countries, including the United States (US) has only recently begun to attract significant attention. The unique factors that influence urban agriculture, including limited and non-traditional land access, use of reclaimed soils and alternative growing mediums, local legal and political environments, social and community-based missions, and involvement of non-traditional farmers, create a production system distinct from rural agricultural enterprises. In many cases, specific local environmental and external factors drive urban farms to develop unique innovations for space-intensive production systems, often creating a dominant paradigm for urban farming for a given location. Furthermore, non-production-related organizational goals are often the primary focus of urban agricultural operations, with the food production becoming a secondary objective. In order to address this information gap regarding the status of urban agriculture in the US, our project, centered at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, gathered data through site visits to and interviews of organizations in seven cities, examining how structural and strategic food system factors shape urban agricultural efforts. A broad range of operations are considered, including diverse business and production models based on both commercial and community-based management strategies and production in parking and vacant lots, warehouses, public land and peri-urban locations. Based on these observations, the unique innovations in space-intensive agricultural production that have arisen in response to urban food system factors are discussed. We conclude with an assessment of the most significant challenges continuing to face urban agriculture.
On Permissible Attribute Classes in Noncompensatory Cognitive Diagnosis Models
Authors: Groß Jürgen , Cathrice George Ann
Published: January 2014

When a psychometric test has been completed by a number of examinees, an afterward analysis of required skills or attributes may improve the extraction of diagnostic information. Relying upon the retrospectively specified item-by-attribute matrix, such an investigation may be carried out by classifying examinees into latent classes, consisting of subsets of required attributes. Specifically, various cognitive diagnosis models may be applied to serve this purpose. In this article it is shown that the permission of all possible attribute combinations as latent classes can have an undesired effect in the classification process, and it is demonstrated how an appropriate elimination of specific classes may improve the classification results. As an easy example, the popular deterministic input, noisy “and” gate (DINA) model is applied to Tatsuoka’s famous fraction subtraction data, and results are compared to current discussions in the literature.
Absolute Perfusion Measurements and Associated Iodinated Contrast Agent Time Course in Brain Metastasis: A Study for Contrast-Enhanced Radiotherapy
Authors: Obeid Layal , Deman Pierre , Tessier Alexandre , Balosso Jacques , Estève François , Adam Jean- François
Published: January 2014

Contrast-enhanced radiotherapy is an innovative treatment that combines the selective accumulation of heavy elements in tumors with stereotactic irradiations using medium energy X-rays. The radiation dose enhancement depends on the absolute amount of iodine reached in the tumor and its time course. Quantitative, postinfusion iodine biodistribution and associated brain perfusion parameters were studied in human brain metastasis as key parameters for treatment feasibility and quality. Twelve patients received an intravenous bolus of iodinated contrast agent (CA) (40 mL, 4 mL/s), followed by a steady-state infusion (160 mL, 0.5 mL/s) to ensure stable intratumoral amounts of iodine during the treatment. Absolute iodine concentrations and quantitative perfusion maps were derived from 40 multislice dynamic computed tomography (CT) images of the brain. The postinfusion mean intratumoral iodine concentration (over 30 minutes) reached 1.94±0.12 mg/mL. Reasonable correlations were obtained between these concentrations and the permeability surface area product and the cerebral blood volume. To our knowledge, this is the first quantitative study of CA biodistribution versus time in brain metastasis. The study shows that suitable and stable amounts of iodine can be reached for contrast-enhanced radiotherapy. Moreover, the associated perfusion measurements provide useful information for the patient recruitment and management processes.
The Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Relationships of Evacetrapib Administered as Monotherapy or in Combination With Statins
Authors: Friedrich S , Kastelein JJP , James D , Waterhouse T , Nissen SE , Nicholls SJ , Krueger KA
Published: January 2014

Evacetrapib is a novel cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor currently being evaluated in a late‐stage cardiovascular outcome trial. Using population‐based models, we analyzed evacetrapib concentration data along with high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) data from a 12‐week study in dyslipidemic patients treated with evacetrapib alone or in combination with atorvastatin, simvastatin, or rosuvastatin. Evacetrapib pharmacokinetics were characterized using a two‐compartment model with first‐order absorption. Evacetrapib exposure increased in a less than dose‐proportional manner, similar to other CETP inhibitors. No patient factors had a clinically relevant impact on evacetrapib pharmacokinetics. The relationships between evacetrapib exposure and HDL‐C and LDL‐C were characterized using Emax models. The theoretical maximal mean HDL‐C increase and LDL‐C decrease relative to baseline were 177 and 44.1%, respectively. HDL‐C change from baseline was found to be negatively correlated with baseline HDL‐C. A pharmacologically independent LDL‐C reduction was found when evacetrapib was coadministered with statins.

CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. (2014) 3, e94; doi:10.1038/psp.2013.70; published online 22 January 2014
Spinning up the polymorphs of calcium carbonate
Authors: Boulos Ramiz A. , Zhang Fei , Tjandra Edwin S. , Martin Adam D. , Spagnoli Dino , Raston Colin L.
Published: January 2014

Controlling the growth of the polymorphs of calcium carbonate is important in understanding the changing environmental conditions in the oceans. Aragonite is the main polymorph in the inner shells of marine organisms and can be readily converted to calcite, which is the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate. Both of these polymorphs are significantly more stable than vaterite, which is the other naturally occurring polymorph of calcium carbonate and this is reflected in its limited distribution in nature. We have investigated the effect of high shear forces on the phase behaviour of calcium carbonate using a vortex fluidic device (VFD), with experimental parameters varied to explore calcium carbonate mineralisation. Variation of tilt angle, rotation speed and temperature allow for control over the size, shape and phase of the resulting calcium carbonate.
Gold nanoparticle assemblies stabilized by bis(phthalocyaninato)lanthanide(III) complexes through van der Waals interactions
Authors: Noda Yuki , Noro Shin-ichiro , Akutagawa Tomoyuki , Nakamura Takayoshi
Published: January 2014

Gold nanoparticle assemblies possess diverse application potential, ranging from industrial nanotechnology to medical biotechnology. Because the structures and properties of assemblies are directly affected by the stabilization mechanism between the organic molecules serving as protecting ligands and the gold nanoparticle surface, it is crucial to find and investigate new stabilization mechanisms. Here, we report that π-conjugated phthalocyanine rings can serve as stabilizing ligands for gold nanoparticles. Bis(phthalocyaninato)lutetium(III) (LuPc2) or bis(phthalocyaninato)terbium(III) (TbPc2), even though complex, do not have specific binding units and stabilize gold nanoparticles through van der Waals interaction between parallel adsorbed phthalocyanine ligands and the gold nanoparticle surface. AC magnetic measurements and the electron-transport properties of the assemblies give direct evidence that the phthalocyanines are isolated from each other. Each nanoparticle shows weak electronic coupling despite the short internanoparticle distance (~1 nm), suggesting Efros–Shklovskii-type variable-range hopping and collective single-electron tunnelling behaviours.
Catalyst-mediated yet catalyst-free hydrogels formed by interfacial chemical activation
Authors: Byun Eunkyoung , Ryu Ji Hyun , Lee Haeshin
Published: January 2014

Catalyst-mediated yet catalyst-free catechol-containing adhesive hydrogels.
Advances in the environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM) for nanoscale in situ studies of gas–solid interactions
Authors: Jinschek J. R.
Published: January 2014

This review highlights how ETEM technology advances have enabled new essential (structural) information that improve our understanding of nanomaterials' structure–property–function relationships.
A new approach to glycan targeting: enzyme inhibition by oligosaccharide metalloshielding
Authors: Mangrum John B. , Engelmann Brigitte J. , Peterson Erica J. , Ryan John J. , Berners-Price Susan J. , Farrell Nicholas P.
Published: January 2014

Metalloglycomics – the effects of defined coordination compounds on oligosaccharides and their structure and function opens new areas for bioinorganic chemistry and expands its systematic study to the third major class of biomolecules after DNA/RNA and proteins.
Hydrogen bond synthon competition in the stabilization of theophylline cocrystals
Authors: Sarma Bipul , Saikia Basanta
Published: January 2014

In the preparation of theophylline cocrystals, phenol coformers facilitate water assimilation due to their weaker O–H⋯N(imidazole) synthon. The presence of –COOH prevents water incorporation and provides added physical stability at high humidity. This study shows the feasibility of cocrystal design of an API to tune physical properties based on hydrogen bond synthons.
Lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phase separation of glycol ethers for forward osmotic control
Authors: Nakayama Daichi , Mok Yeongbong , Noh Minwoo , Park Jeongseon , Kang Sunyoung , Lee Yan
Published: January 2014

Lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phase transition of glycol ethers by a mild temperature gradient induces a drastic change in osmotic pressure to enable energy-efficient forward osmosis (FO) desalination.
A common feature of H2-assisted HC-SCR over Ag/Al2O3
Authors: Yu Yunbo , He Hong , Zhang Xiuli , Deng Hua
Published: January 2014

The promotion effect of H2 on reactive enolic species formation is a common feature of H2-assisted HC-SCR over Ag/Al2O3.
Probing the highly efficient room temperature ammonia gas sensing properties of a luminescent ZnO nanowire array prepared via an AAO-assisted template route
Authors: Kumar Nagesh , Srivastava A. K. , Nath R. , Gupta Bipin Kumar , Varma G. D.
Published: January 2014

A highly ordered luminescent ZnO nanowire array was synthesized which has excellent sensitivity and fast response to NH3gas.
Fish toxicity testing with selenomethionine spiked feed – what's the real question being asked?
Authors: Rigby Mark C. , Lemly A. Dennis , Gerads Russ
Published: January 2014

The US Environmental Protection Agency and several U.S. states and Canadian provinces are currently developing national water quality criteria for selenium that are based in part on toxicity tests performed by feeding freshwater fish a selenomethionine-spiked diet which may lead to a biased assessment of selenium toxicity under field conditions.
Siderophore-dependent iron uptake systems as gates for antibiotic Trojan horse strategies against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Mislin Gaëtan L. A. , Schalk Isabelle J.
Published: January 2014

Pyoverdine and pyochelin siderophores could be used as vectors for the specific delivery of antibiotics toPseudomonas aeruginosausing the Trojan horse strategy.
Tailoring the conduction band of titanium oxide by doping tungsten for efficient electron injection in a sensitized photoanode
Authors: Cant Alex M. , Huang Fuzhi , Zhang Xiao Li , Chen Yang , Cheng Yi-Bing , Amal Rose
Published: January 2014

The combination of finely tuned chemical and optical properties of the photoanode material enabled a further enhancement of the dye-sensitized solar cell performance.
A general quantitative pH sensor developed with dicyandiamide N-doped high quantum yield graphene quantum dots
Authors: Wu Zhu Lian , Gao Ming Xuan , Wang Ting Ting , Wan Xiao Yan , Zheng Lin Ling , Huang Cheng Zhi
Published: January 2014

Using citric acid and dicyandiamide, through a hydrothermal synthesis, we fabricated N-doped graphene quantum dots (GQDs), which possess excellent photoluminescence properties and pH sensitivity and developed a pH sensor for environmental and intracellular application.
Chemical synthesis of staphyloferrin A and its application for Staphylococcus aureus detection
Authors: Pandey Rajesh K. , Jarvis Gregory G. , Low Philip S.
Published: January 2014

The chemical synthesis of staphyloferrin A, a siderophore used by Staphylococcus bacteria for ferric iron retrieval, has been achieved with 79% yield via solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS).
Rh-catalyzed oxidative C–C bond formation and C–N bond cleavage: direct access to C2-olefinated free (NH)-indoles and pyrroles
Authors: Sharma Satyasheel , Han Sangil , Kim Mirim , Mishra Neeraj Kumar , Park Jihye , Shin Youngmi , Ha Jimin , Kwak Jong Hwan , Jung Young Hoon , Kim In Su
Published: January 2014

The rhodium-catalyzed oxidative C2-olefination of indoles and pyrroles containing N-arylcarboxamide directing groups with a range of alkenes and subsequent cleavage of directing groups is described.
Polymerization-induced self-assembly: ethanolic RAFT dispersion polymerization of 2-phenylethyl methacrylate
Authors: Pei Yiwen , Lowe Andrew B.
Published: January 2014

Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical dispersion polymerization (RAFTDP) has been employed to polymerize 2-phenylethyl methacrylate (PEMA) using poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PDMAEMA) macromolecular chain transfer agents (macro-CTAs) of varying average degree of polymerization (X̄n).
Coordination behaviour of new dipyridylpyrazole ligands towards ZnCl2and PdCl2fragments. Crystalline structural characterization and multinuclear NMR studies as evidence of linkage and conformational isomers
Authors: Soria Lorena , Ovejero Paloma , Cano Mercedes , Heras José Vicente , Torres M. Rosario , Claramunt Rosa , Cornago Pilar
Published: January 2014

Novel metal complexes containing dipyridylpyrazole ligands as efficient examples of isomerism are investigated.
Solar light driven Rhodamine B degradation over highly active β-SiC–TiO2nanocomposite
Authors: Mishra Gopa , Parida K. M. , Singh S. K.
Published: January 2014

A Heterojunction of a β-SiC–TiO2nanocomposite photocatalyst is found to be robust enough to achieve high degree of Rhodamine-B degradation in presence of solar light.
Off–on BODIPY-based chemosensors for selective detection of Al3+ and Cr3+versus Fe3+ in aqueous media
Authors: Barba-Bon Andrea , Calabuig Laura , Costero Ana M. , Gil Salvador , Martínez-Máñez Ramón , Sancenón Félix
Published: January 2014

Off–on two channel BODIPY-based chemosensors, highly sensitive for trivalent cations. Selective sensing of Al3+ and Cr3+versus Fe3+ has been achieved.
N-Allylation of amines with allyl acetates using chitosan-immobilized palladium
Authors: Nasir Baig R. B. , Vaddula Buchi R. , Gonzalez Michael A. , Varma Rajender S.
Published: January 2014

A simple procedure for N-allylation of amines with allyl acetates has been developed using a biodegradable and easily recyclable heterogeneous chitosan-supported Pd (ChPd) catalyst. The general methodology, applicable to a wide range of substrates, has sustainable features that include a ligand-free reaction with simple workup, recycling and reusability of the catalyst.
Engineered spatial inversion symmetry breaking in an oxide heterostructure built from isosymmetric room-temperature magnetically ordered components
Authors: Alaria J. , Borisov P. , Dyer M. S. , Manning T. D. , Lepadatu S. , Cain M. G. , Mishina E. D. , Sherstyuk N. E. , Ilyin N. A. , Hadermann J. , Lederman D. , Claridge J. B. , Rosseinsky M. J.
Published: January 2014

Weak ferromagnetism and piezoelectricity are combined in an oxide heterostructure at room temperature.
Three-electron two-centred bonds and the stabilisation of cationic sulfur radicals
Authors: Hendon Christopher H. , Carbery David R. , Walsh Aron
Published: January 2014

Spin stabilisation of conjugated motifs and heteroatoms suggests that the primary mechanism for cationic thioether stabilisation is not three-electron two-centred bonds.
Effects of alloying elements on the corrosion behavior and biocompatibility of biodegradable magnesium alloys: a review
Authors: Ding Yunfei , Wen Cuie , Hodgson Peter , Li Yuncang
Published: January 2014

This review elaborates the effects of alloying elements on the microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion and biocompatibility of biodegradable magnesium alloys.
Ambipolar charge-transport property for the D–A complex with naphthalene diimide motif
Authors: Chen Xin , Zhang Guanxin , Luo Hewei , Li Yonghai , Liu Zitong , Zhang Deqing
Published: January 2014

An electron-donating naphthalene diimide (NDI) derivative was synthesized and its thin films were endowed with good ambipolar semiconducting properties after being doped with the NDI.
Controlled synthesis and optimum luminescence of Sm3+-activated nano/submicroscale ceria particles by a facile approach
Authors: Wu Jingjing , Shi Shikao , Wang Xiaolong , Li Jibiao , Zong Ruilong , Chen Wei
Published: January 2014

Rare-earth Sm3+-activated nano/submicroscale ceria particles with suitable excitation wavelength, regular shape and strong luminescence have been prepared by PVA-assisted combustion synthesis, which is expected to meet the demands of solid state lighting.
Using cell structures to develop functional nanomaterials and nanostructures – case studies of actin filaments and microtubules
Authors: Wu Kevin Chia-Wen , Yang Chung-Yao , Cheng Chao-Min
Published: January 2014

Actin filaments and microtubules are utilized as building blocks to create functional nanomaterials and nanostructures for nature-inspired small-scale devices and systems.
Porous TiO2 nanoribbons and TiO2 nanoribbon/carbon dot composites for enhanced Li-ion storage
Authors: Ming Hai , Yan Yuerong , Ming Jun , Li Xiaowei , Zhou Qun , Huang Hui , Zheng Junwei
Published: January 2014

Porous TiO2 nanoribbons and nano-composites of TiO2 nanoribbons/carbon dots with excellent performances in lithium-ion batteries were prepared via a simple and efficient method.
Theoretical Insights into Intermolecular Hydrogen-Bonding Strengthening in Fluorenone-Methanol Complexes Induced by Electronic Excitation and Bulk Solvent Effect
Authors: Sun Chao , Liu Jie , Liang Wan-zhen , Zhao Yi
Published: January 2014

This work presents a theoretical insight into the variation of the site-specific intermolecular hydrogen-bonding (HB), formed between C=O group of fluorenone (FN) and O—H groups of methanol (MeOL) molecules, induced by both the electronic excitation and the bulk solvent effect. Through the calculation of molecular ground- and excited-state properties, we not only demonstrate the characters of HB strengthening induced by electronic excitation and the bulk solvent effect but also reveal the underlying physical mechanism which leads to the HB variation. The strengthening of the intermolecular HB in electronically excited states and in liquid solution is characterized by the reduced HB bond-lengths and the red-shift IR spectra accompanied by the increasing intensities of IR absorption corresponding to the characteristic vibrational modes of the O—H and C=O stretching. The HB strengthening in the excited electronic states and in solution mainly arises from the charge redistribution of the FN molecule induced by the electronic excitation and bulk solvent instead of the intermolecular charge transfer. The charge redistribution of the solute molecule increases the partial dipole moment of FN molecule and the FN-MeOL intermolecular interaction, which subsequently leads to the HB strengthening. With the bulk solvent effect getting involved, the theoretical IR spectra of HBed FN-MeOL complexes agree much better with the experiments than those of gas-phase FN-MeOL dimer. All the calculations are carried out based on our developed analytical approaches for the first and second energy derivatives of excited electronic state within the time-dependent density functional theory.
Suppression of Photoinduced BBO Defects Generation on TiO2(110) by Water
Authors: Xu Chen-biao , Yang Wen-shao , Guo Qing , Dai Dong-xu , Chen Mao-du , Yang Xue-ming
Published: January 2014

We have investigated creation of variable concentrations of defects on TiO2(110)−(1×1) surface by 266 nm laser using temperature programmed desorption technique. Oxygen-vacancy defects can be easily induced by ultraviolet light, the defects concentration has a linear dependence on power density higher than 50 mW/cm2 for 90 s irradiation. No observation of O2 molecule and Ti atom desorption suggests that UV induced defects creation on TiO2(110)−(1×1) is an effective and gentle method. With pre-dosage of thin films of water, the rate of defects creation on TiO2(110)−(1×1) is slower at least by two orders of magnitude than bare TiO2(110)−(1×1) surface. Further investigations show that water can be more easily desorbed by UV light, and thus desorption of bridging oxygen is depressed.
Theoretical Study on the Rotational Spectra of Ar-D232S Complex
Authors: Lei Jin-ping , Zhou Yan-zi , Xie Dai-qian
Published: January 2014

We report a theoretical study on the rotational spectra of Ar-D232S. The intermolecular potential energy surface was transformed from our latest ab initio three-dimensional potential of Ar-H232S. The rotational energy levels and wavefunctions of the complex were calculated by using the radial discrete variable representation/angular finite basis representation method and the Lanczos algorithm. The calculated rotational transition frequencies and structural parameters were found to be in good agreement with the available experimental values.