bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of pre‐winter cortisol exposure on condition, diet, and morphology of wild juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta)
Authors: Colborne Scott , Peiman Kathryn S. , Birnie‐Gauvin Kim , Larsen Martin H. , Aarestrup Kim , Cooke Steven J.
Published: January 2024

Winter is an energetically challenging period for many animals in temperate regions because of the relatively harsh environmental conditions and reduction in food availability during this season. Moreover, stressors experienced by individuals in the fall can affect their subsequent foraging strategy and energy stores after exposure has ended, referred to as carryover effects. We used exogenous cortisol manipulation of wild juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) in the fall to simulate a physiological stress response and then investigated short‐term (2 weeks) and long‐term (4 months) effects on condition metrics (hepatosomatic index and water muscle content), diet (stomach contents and stable isotopes), and morphology during growth in freshwater. We revealed some short‐term impacts, likely due to handling stress, and long‐term (seasonal) changes in diet, likely reflecting prey availability. Unfortunately, we had very few recaptures of cortisol‐treated fish at long‐term sampling, limiting detailed analysis about cortisol effects at that time point. Nonetheless, the fish that were sampled showed elevated stable isotopes, suggestive of a cortisol effect long after exposure. This is one of few studies to investigate whether cortisol influences foraging and morphology during juvenile growth, thus extending the knowledge of proximate mechanisms influencing ecologically‐relevant phenotypes.
Reproducibility and Repeatability of Intravoxel Incoherent Motion MRI Acquisition Methods in Liver
Authors: Vasquez Juan A. , Brown Marissa , Woolsey Mary , Abdul‐Ghani Mohammad , Katabathina Venkata , Deng Shengwen , Blangero John , Clarke Geoffrey D.
Published: January 2024

Background

Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) diffusion weighted MRI (DWI) has potential for evaluating hepatic fibrosis but image acquisition technique influence on diffusion parameter estimation bears investigation.

Purpose

To minimize variability and maximize repeatably in abdominal DWI in terms of IVIM parameter estimates.

Study Type

Prospective test–retest and image quality comparison.

Subjects

Healthy volunteers (3F/7M, 29.9 ± 12.9 years) and Family Study subjects (18F/12M, 51.7 ± 16.7 years), without and with liver steatosis.

Field Strength/Sequence

Abdominal single‐shot echo‐planar imaging (EPI) and simultaneous multi‐slice (SMS) DWI sequences with respiratory triggering (RT), breath‐holding (BH), and navigator echo (NE) at 3 Tesla.

Assessment

SMS‐BH, EPI‐NE, and SMS‐RT data from twice‐scanned healthy volunteers were analyzed using 6 × b‐values (0–800 s⋅mm−2) and lower (LO) and higher (HI) b‐value ranges. Family Study subjects were scanned using SMS and standard EPI sequences. The biexponential IVIM model was used to estimate fast‐diffusion coefficient (Df), fraction of fast diffusion (f), and slow‐diffusion coefficient (Ds). Scan time, estimated signal‐to‐noise ratio (eSNR), eSNR per acquisition, and distortion ratio were compared.

Statistical Tests

Coefficients of variation (CoV) and Bland Altman analyses were performed for test–retest repeatability. Interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) assessed interobserver agreement with P < 0.05 deemed significant.

Results

Within‐subject CoVs among volunteers (N = 10) for f and Ds were lowest in EPI‐NE‐LO (11.6%) and SMS‐RT‐HI (11.1%). Inter‐observer ICCs for f and Ds were highest for EPI‐NE‐LO (0.63) and SMS‐RT‐LO (0.76). Df could not be estimated for most subjects. Estimated eSNR (EPI = 21.9, SMS = 4.7) and eSNR time (EPI = 6.7, SMS = 16.6) were greater for SMS, with less distortion in the liver region (DR‐PE: EPI = 23.6, SMS = 13.1).

Data Conclusion

Simultaneous multislice acquisitions had significantly less variability and higher ICCs of Ds, higher eSNR, less distortion, and reduced scan time compared to EPI.

Evidence Level

2

Technical Efficacy

Stage 1
Analytical modeling of recessed double gate junctionless field‐effect‐transistor in subthreshold region
Authors: Kumar Sandeep , Chatterjee Arun Kumar , Pandey Rishikesh
Published: January 2024

In this work, we have presented an analytical model for a recently proposed symmetrical recessed double gate junctionless field‐effect transistor (R_DGJLFET) operating in subthreshold region. The model has been developed by solving a two‐dimensional Poisson's equation in three continuous rectangular silicon regions, resulting in explicit expressions for surface potential, center potential, and eventually the subthreshold drain current. The model provides deeper physical insights by successfully incorporating the effect of various design parameters such as doping concentration, gate length, gate work function, and effective oxide thickness on the subthreshold drain current. Moreover, the effect of variations in gate length on the subthreshold slope has also been presented. The model results have been validated with the simulation results obtained from the Silvaco Atlas tool and found reasonably close.
Time and change: A meta‐analysis of temporal decisions in longitudinal studies
Authors: Zhao Helen Hailin , Shipp Abbie J. , Carter Kameron , Gonzalez‐Mulé Erik , Xu Erica
Published: January 2024

Longitudinal research has grown in popularity in the field of management and organizations. However, the literature has neglected to consider the important ways in which researchers' temporal decisions can influence observed change in longitudinal studies. Researchers must make a set of temporal decisions to capture change, such as the temporal precision of the hypothesized form of change, the selection of a sample that is expected to exhibit the change, the choice of variables to be measured repeatedly, the frequency of measurements, and the time interval between measurements. However, these decisions typically are based on “educated guesses,” which makes their effects on the observed change unclear. In this paper, we develop a conceptual framework to explain how temporal decisions influence observed change and validate it by meta‐analyzing longitudinal studies (k = 268). Specifically, we found that observed change is affected by hypotheses (i.e., temporal precision), the sample (i.e., presence of a change trigger), variables (i.e., variable type and rating source), and measurement occasions (i.e., frequency and time interval). These findings offer insights into the importance of making informed temporal decisions. The implications of our findings are broad and applicable across research streams and theoretical traditions.
Tourists' perception of health tourism before and after COVID‐19
Authors: Zhong Lina , Sun Sunny , Law Rob , Qi Xiangchi
Published: January 2024

Health tourism has received increasing attention from academic researchers from a global perspective. Although mainland China (hereafter referred to as “China”) has long been recognized as a health tourism destination, its health tourism development is still in its infancy stage. Hence, to minimize the aforementioned gap, the present study explored the perception of health tourism and effective health tourism promotion methods from the perspective of tourists before and after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. The major findings of this study showed that tourists perceived wellness tourism and medical tourism as critical activities/components after the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Main Group Elements Activated Near‐Infrared Photonic Materials
Authors: Dong Quan , Feng Xu , Qiu Jianrong , Zhou Shifeng
Published: January 2024

Near‐infrared (NIR) photonic materials find extensive applications across important fields such as telecommunications, laser radar, and atmospheric remote sensing. In particular, photonic materials activated by main group elements, which exhibit unique spectral features including ultra‐broadband tunable luminescence and long lifetime, have become rising stars in NIR emitting dopants. In this review, the energy level characteristics of the p‐electrons to gain insight into the fundamentals of the NIR optical response from the main group elements are first introduced. Next, the NIR luminescence properties of the main group elements are discussed. Then, the strategy for the design of main group elements activated materials with the desired properties based on local chemical environment engineering is proposed. In addition, recent advances in the applications of main group element (excluding bismuth) activated materials are highlighted. Furthermore, the key scientific issues that urgently need to be solved for such materials, such as the detailed luminescence mechanism are highlighted. Anticipation also extends to the future research trends in this exciting field, including the ways for enhancing luminescence efficiency and extending spectral region, and the efforts for implementing these advancements in novel cutting‐edge technologies like photovoltaics and biomedicine.
Distinguishing between COOH, COO−, and hydrogen disordered COOH sites in solids with 13C chemical shift anisotropy and T1 measurements
Authors: Toomey Ryan , Powell Jacob , Cheever Jacob , Harper James K.
Published: January 2024

Since 1993, it has been known that 13C chemical shift tensor (i.e., δ11, δ22, and δ33) provides information sufficient to distinguish between COOH and COO− sites. Herein, four previously unreported metrics are proposed for differentiating COOH/COO− moieties. A new relationship is also introduced that correlates the asymmetry (i.e., δ11–δ22) of COOH sites to the proximity of hydrogen bond donating partners within 2.6 Å with high accuracy (±0.05 Å). Conversely, a limitation to all proposed metrics is that they fail to distinguish between COO− and hydrogen disordered COOH sites. To reconcile this omission, a new approach is proposed based on T1 measurements of both 1H and 13C. The 13C T1 values are particularly sensitive with the T1 for hydrogen disordered COOH moieties found to be nearly six times smaller than T1's from COO− sites.
Assessment of the upper limb function, strength, and mobility in treatment‐naive children with spinal muscular atrophy Types 2 and 3
Authors: Milev Evelin , Selby Victoria , Wolfe Amy , Rohwer Annemarie , Tillmann Ricarda , Ramsey Danielle , Iodice Mario , Hogrel Jean‐Yves , Baranello Giovanni , Scoto Mariacristina , Muntoni Francesco
Published: January 2024

Introduction/Aims

Current upper limb assessments in pediatric spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) may not adequately capture change with disease progression. Our aim was to examine the relationship between motor function, strength, and hand/finger mobility of the upper limb in treatment‐naïve children with SMA Types 2 and 3 to assess new methods to supplement current outcomes.

Methods

The Revised Upper Limb Module (RULM), grip and pinch strength, and hand/finger mobility data were collected from 19 children with SMA Types 2 and 3 aged 5.2–16.9 years over a year.

Results

A median loss between 0.5 and 2.5 points in the RULM was seen across all SMA subgroups with the biggest median loss recorded between 10 and 14 years of age. The grip strength loss was −0.06 kg (−4.69 to 3.49; IQR, 1.21); pinch improvement of 0.05 (−0.65 to 1.27; IQR, 0.48); hand/finger mobility test improvement of 4 points (−24 to 14; IQR, 6.75) for the whole cohort. Significant correlations were found between the RULM and grip strength (p < .001), RULM and pinch strength (p < .001), RULM and revised Brooke (p < .001), grip strength and pinch strength (p < .001).

Discussion

The combined use of the RULM, dynamometry, and hand mobility provide insight about correlations between function and strength in children with SMA. The RULM and grip strength assessments captured a significant decline in upper limb function, whereas the pinch and finger/hand mobility showed an improvement over the course of 1 year and these results should be considered for future studies.
Urinary biomarkers in children with neurogenic and non‐neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Sekerci Cagri Akin , Yucel Selcuk , Tarcan Tufan
Published: January 2024

Aim

The aim of this systematic review is to assess urinary biomarkers studied in children with neurogenic and non‐neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD).

Materials and Methods

The systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. The screening was performed on PUBMED without any publication date limitation. Only original articles were included. Parameters related to the following topics were obtained: study design, characteristics of participants, number of participants, age, control group, types of biomarkers, measurement technique in urine, subgroup analysis, urodynamic findings, and outcome. Dutch Cochrane Checklist (DCC) and level of evidence by EBRO platform were used for quality assessment. Meta‐analysis was performed with the Comprehensive Meta‐Analysis Version 4 program.

Results

A total of 494 studies were screened and 16 studies were included. 11 (68.75%) were conducted in children with non‐neurogenic LUTD and 5 (31.25%) neurogenic LUTD. Nerve growth factor (NGF) was evaluated in 12 studies, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in 5, Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase‐2 (TIMP‐2) in 2, transforming growth factor beta‐1 (TGF Beta‐1) in 2, neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL) in 1, and Aquaporin‐2 in 1. According to DCC, 10 (62.5%) articles were evaluated on 4 (37.5%) items and 4 articles on 5 items. The average score was 3.91+/−0.56. The level of evidence was found as B for 13 (81.25%) articles and C for 3 (18.75%). In meta‐analysis, urinary NGF levels in children with non‐neurogenic LUTS were significantly higher than in the healthy control group (Hedges's g = 1.867, standard error = 0.344, variance = 0.119, p = 0.0001).

Conclusion

Urinary biomarkers are promising for the future with their noninvasive features. However, prospective studies with larger sample sizes are needed to better understand the potential of urinary biomarkers to reflect urodynamic and clinical findings in children with LUTD.
Time regularization in optimal time variable learning
Authors: Herberg Evelyn , Herzog Roland , Köhne Frederik
Published: January 2024

Recently, optimal time variable learning in deep neural networks was introduced in Antil et al. In this manuscript we extend the concept by introducing a regularization term that directly relates to the time horizon in discrete dynamical systems. Furthermore, we propose an adaptive pruning approach for Residual Neural Networks (ResNets), which reduces network complexity without compromising expressiveness, while simultaneously decreasing training time. The results are illustrated by applying the proposed concepts to classification tasks on the well known MNIST and Fashion MNIST data sets. Our PyTorch code is available on https://github.com/frederikkoehne/time_variable_learning.
A review of the effect of hydrothermal aging on the mechanical properties of 2D fiber‐reinforced resin matrix composites
Authors: Li Cuiyu , Feng Changhong , Zhang Lei , Shan Jingting , Shi Mengxiao
Published: January 2024

2D fiber reinforced resin matrix composites (2D FRRMC) are widely applied for aerospace, generator blades, and other high‐end equipment manufacturing fields due to their excellent mechanical properties. However, 2D FRRMC will face a variety of complex environments in the service process, and the long‐term complex environment will significantly impact the physical and mechanical properties of 2D FRRMC. It is necessary to understand and analyze the changes of materials during service. A comprehensive review of the research on the effect of hydrothermal aging on the mechanical properties and re‐ drying of 2D FRRMC in recent years was presented in this article, which contains interlaminar shear properties, compression properties, tensile properties, and aging mechanism, etc. Finally, the current challenges and prospects of 2D FRRMC were discussed. These discussions and proposed strategies will enlighten thoughts and offer ways to apply 2D FRRMC in complex environments better, study 2D FRRMC in complex environments, and study the effects of hydrothermal aging on materials in the future.
Effect of triggering on the axial crushing behavior of GFRP tubes: Experimental investigation and optimization
Authors: Baykasoğlu Cengiz , Baykasoğlu Adil , Erdin Muhammed Emin , Cetin Erhan
Published: January 2024

Composite thin‐walled tubes made of glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) are attracting great attention due to their lightweight and outstanding crashworthiness capacity. Implementing triggers to the design of GFRP composite tubes enables a further increase in specific energy absorption while simultaneously reducing peak crushing force. Motivated by these facts, a notch‐type triggering mechanism is suggested in this work to enhance the energy absorption capabilities of circular GFRP composite tubes. GFRP tube samples with (0°/90°)8 layups are manufactured using the roll wrapping process. Subsequently, these samples are triggered and subjected to quasi‐static axial compression tests. The diameter, quantity and placement of the triggering notches are selected as design parameters, and experiments are carried out using Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array. Each of these parameters has three levels to identify the optimal combination of design parameters. To optimize multiple responses, the weighted aggregated sum product assessment, a multiple criteria decision‐making technique, is employed in conjunction with mono‐criteria optimization. The findings indicated that substantial enhancements can be realized in all parameters related to energy absorption performance by triggering progressive crushing modes in a controlled manner using a notch‐type triggering mechanism. In particular, the findings indicated that the specific energy absorption and the crush force efficiency of the intact GFRP composite tubes could be improved up to 18% and 68.3%, respectively, by the selection of appropriate triggering parameters.

Highlights

Axial crushing and optimal design of triggered GFRP tubes are investigated

Number, diameter, and center distance of the notches are chosen as parameters

Taguchi experimental design is used for the best configuration of parameters

The optimum configurations are investigated using the entropy‐WASPAS

Significant improvements are achieved using the trigger mechanism
Investigation of structure–flexural response relations in thermoplastic carbon/glass fiber‐metal laminates
Authors: Sang Lin , Xing Jianing , Lv Junzhuo , Gao Shiyi , Hou Wenbin
Published: January 2024

In the current work, fiber‐metal laminates (FMLs) consisting of alternated continuous fiber‐reinforced thermoplastic composite layers and aluminum alloy sheets were proposed by the hot‐pressing method. Carbon fiber‐reinforced polyamide 6 (PA6/CF) and glass fiber‐reinforced polypropylene (PP/GF) prepregs were selected as composite layers. The effect of the assembly method between composite prepreg and aluminum sheets as well as the stacking configurations on the flexural response of FMLs were investigated. Meanwhile, the macro and micro‐structural observations were performed to characterize failure mechanisms in these structures. Experimental results revealed that the strength and stiffness of hybrid FLMs depended on the material property on the surface layer. With the stacking sequence of aluminum sandwiched by PA6/CF achieved the highest flexural strength of 535.3 MPa and modulus of 63.6 GPa in the series of FMLs, which could achieve satisfied lightweight and strength‐stiffness properties. The ductile deformation of aluminum sheets and fracturing and pulling out of the fibers were the main characterized failure mechanisms of thermoplastic FMLs. For glass fiber‐metal laminates, stacking configurations of three aluminum sheets alternation with four PP/GF intermediate layers achieved a favorable flexural property. Above all, the proposed thermoplastic FMLs have great potential in civil applications especially in the automobile industry as structural parts.

Highlights

Thermoplastic fiber‐metal laminates are designed and fabricated.

The assembly method and stacking sequences influence the flexural property.

FMLs with PA6/CF and aluminum achieve satisfied strength stiffness.

PP/GF prepreg and aluminum layer display ductile deformation mode.
Suicide attempt during ramelteon addition to flunitrazepam: A case report
Authors: Terao Takeshi
Published: January 2024

Background

Benzodiazepines, such as flunitrazepam, may be at risk of disinhibition, leading to aggressiveness, impulsivity, self‐harm, and possibly suicide attempts, whereas ramelteon may be far from disinhibition.

Case Presentation

In a 43‐year‐old female with primary insomnia, flunitrazepam alone did not induce any type of disinhibition, but the addition of ramelteon to flunitrazepam brought about disinhibition, leading to aggressiveness and finally to her suicide attempt. Her disinhibition rapidly subsided as soon as ramelteon alone was discontinued.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that a suicide attempt may occur during ramelteon and flunitrazepam combination in a susceptible patient.
“It felt a bit wartime”: Teacher perspectives of social and emotional well‐being support in primary schools during Covid‐19
Authors: Lacey Alison J. , Banerjee Robin , Lester Kathryn J.
Published: January 2024

Although primary schools in the UK were required to provide access to remote learning for pupils during Covid‐19 mandated school closures, there was less clarity for teachers and school leaders about expectations and priorities relating to the provision of social and emotional well‐being support for children at home during this period. Using an existing whole‐school approaches (WSA) framework we aimed to understand the extent to which well‐being support was a priority for primary schools during closures, what structures were in place to support well‐being, what factors facilitated or inhibited provision of remote pastoral care, and how schools supported pupil reintegration following school reopening. Twenty semi‐structured qualitative interviews were conducted with teachers and school leaders in primary schools in three counties of southern England during February and March 2020. A hybrid inductive‐deductive thematic analysis approach was used with a critical realist approach. Findings indicate that school closures were associated with radically disrupted home–school partnerships. Lack of national and local policy guidance limited the extent to which schools adapted remote well‐being provision and maintained contact with families. This disruption contributed to a decline in children's emotional well‐being, particularly for those children from disadvantaged backgrounds. Covid recovery recommendations center on a renewed emphasis on universal, ethos‐focused interventions and a strength‐based focus on curriculum change.
Teachers’ voice behavior—Principal leadership‐driven or teacher self‐driven? Evidence from Taiwan
Authors: Hsieh Chuan‐Chung , Gunawan Imam , Li Hui‐Chieh , Liang Jyun‐Kai
Published: January 2024

This study aims to explore whether teachers’ voice behavior is triggered by the leadership of the principal or the teachers themselves. Two conceptual frameworks are proposed to guide this research. In addition, the current study analyzes separately two dimensions of teachers’ voice behavior, namely, promotive voice and prohibitive voice. Data collected from 884 teachers in Taiwan were analyzed to test the moderated mediation model. Results of the first conceptual framework revealed that under identity leadership, teacher agency moderated significantly the relationship of psychological empowerment with prohibitive voice, but not significantly with promotive voice. Findings of the second conceptual framework confirmed that under teacher agency, identity leadership did not significantly moderate the relationships of psychological empowerment with promotive voice and prohibitive voice. Most important, this study discovered that teacher agency is the main trigger for teachers exhibiting promotive and prohibitive voice behaviors. Finally, implications and limitations of this study are presented.
Better performances of benzene‐based over thiophene‐based aromatic anionic donors: Computational studies on metameric conformational selectivity and hyperpolarizability of organic inner salts
Authors: Sitha Sanyasi
Published: January 2024

Earlier experimental works report the synthesis of zwitterions with anionic p‐dicyanomethanide (coupled to benzene and thiophene) donors. In this report, four such zwitterions (two metameric pairs) are investigated using HF, B3LYP, CAM‐B3LYP, HSE06, and ωB97xD methodologies. This work is focused on (1) metameric (Reichardt's and Brooker's) induced conformational selectivity (twisted vs. planar) and (2) efficiency assessments of benzene‐ versus thiophene‐based anionic donors. These effects were found to have significant influences on many tensorial and nontensorial properties. For Reichardt's type, large twisting was observed for the benzene case and lower twisting for the thiophene case. Enhanced first hyperpolarizability were observed for Reichardt's type (257.2 × 10−30 esu) than Brooker's type (67.2 × 10−30 esu), thus indicating the former type to be more efficient (approximately fourfold enhancement) chromophore (approximately seven‐time enhancement for thiophene‐based systems). Similarly, between the benzene versus thiophene cases, enhanced hyperpolarizabilities were observed for the former (257.2 × 10−30 esu) than the latter type (112.0 × 10−30 esu), indicating the benzene type as more efficient (more than twofold enhancement) donor (approximately four‐time enhancement for Brooker's types). The structure–property manipulations strategies investigated here can be used as valuable tools in the designing of efficient functional molecular materials for various fundamental applications.
Microfluidic Templating and Initiator‐Free Photocrosslinking of Protein‐Loaded PCL Microcapsules
Authors: Störmann Florian , Roch Toralf , Lendlein Andreas , Wischke Christian
Published: January 2024

Polymer network materials are interesting alternatives to thermoplastic polymers. Here, the preparation of polymer capsules is investigated, which are made from poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) networks and are compartmentalized in a crosslinked PCL shell and a core that is suitable to enclose payloads of interest. Aided by microfluidic templating, PCL network capsules with a narrow size distribution (176 ± 5 µm) and thin shells (≈7.5 µm) are formed from 4‐arm star‐shaped 12 kDa PCL precursors by photoinitiator‐free UV light‐induced radical polymerization of methacrylate end‐groups. FITC‐BSA is encapsulated as a model protein. The physicochemical characterization of the capsules indicated a partial crosslinking of methacrylate endgroups into netpoints. Microscopy revealed a fraction of collapsed capsules that are discussed in the context of network stability and mechanical stress created at the capsule interfaces during solvent removal. The incubation of particles with human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells showed good cell compatibility, suggesting their potential use in biosciences and beyond.
Asthma prevalence among US 9th−12th graders who report past 30‐day cannabis use in 2019
Authors: Silverman Kevin D. , Cheslack‐Postava Keely , Rastogi Deepa , Borrell Luisa N. , Goodwin Renee D.
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Little is known about the relationship between cannabis use and asthma among youth in the US. The aims of this study were to estimate prevalence of asthma among youth who reported any cannabis use in the past 30 days, relative to those who did not, and to investigate the relationship between frequency of cannabis use and prevalence of asthma, adjusting for demographic characteristics and cigarette use.

Methods

Data were drawn from the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), a CDC national high school survey, which collects data from students in grades 9–12 across the US bi‐annually. Logistic regression was used to examine the prevalence of asthma among youth who reported any past 30‐day cannabis use, relative to no use, and by frequency of cannabis use, adjusting for demographic characteristics and cigarette use.

Results

Asthma was more common among youth who reported any cannabis use, relative to youth who reported no use (29.07% vs. 23.62%; AOR = 1.25 (1.20, 1.30)). Asthma was greater among youth who reported more frequent cannabis use; asthma was highest among youth who reported having used cannabis “40 or more times” in the month (31.38%; AOR = 1.35 (1.25, 1.45))

Conclusion

Asthma is more common among youth who use cannabis, relative to those who do not, and the prevalence of asthma increases with frequency of use among 9th–12th graders in the US. More public health and clinical research is needed quickly to produce scientific data that can inform clinical guidelines and public health policy, as well as parents and youth, on the potential relationship between cannabis use and respiratory health among youth.
Long‐term effects of high‐dose systemic corticosteroids on growth and bone mineral density in patients treated for childhood interstitial lung disease (chILD)
Authors: Ring Astrid Madsen , Buchvald Frederik F. , Main Katharina M. , Oturai Peter , Nielsen Kim G.
Published: January 2024

Background

Children's interstitial lung disease (chILD) is a rare and potentially life‐threatening condition. For many chILD conditions, systemic corticosteroids (sCCS) are considered the primary treatment despite a broad spectrum of potential side effects.

Aim

We aimed to determine the long‐term effects of sCCS treatment on growth, bone mineral density (BMD), and body composition after chILD.

Materials and Methods

This descriptive cross‐sectional single‐center study included patients diagnosed with chILD before the age of 18 years treated with sCCS in the period 1998–2020. Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry, anthropometric measurements, bone age determination, and blood tests were performed in 53 (55% males) of 89 eligible patients.

Results

Median (range) age was 19.3 (6.4;30.7 years). Participants received a median (range) cumulative sCCS dose of 1144 (135; 6178) mg over a 2.0 (0.1; 13.8) years period and latest dose was administered 11.7 (1.2; 19.6) years before follow‐up. Mean delta height (height standard deviation scores [SDS] – target height SDS) was reduced at sCCS treatment initiation (mean: −0.55, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.91; −0.20, p < .005) and at sCCS treatment cessation (mean: −0.86, 95% CI:−1.22; −0.51, p < .001), but normalized in the majority at follow‐up (mean: −0.29, 95% CI:−0.61; 0.03, p = .07). Mean (SD) BMD z‐score for the spine and whole body was −0.34 (1.06) and 0.52 (1.13), with no significant correlation to sCCS dose. Excess body fat (>30% in females, >25% in males) was found in 58% of patients.

Conclusion

Long‐term treatment with sCCS did not cause significant long‐term reduction of height but showed subtle effects on fat mass percentage and BMD. Given the severity of chILD, the observed long‐term effects of sCCS on growth and BMD appear acceptable.
Data‐Driven Strategies for Accelerated Structural Exploration of High‐Performance 2D Carbon‐Based Seawater Desalination Membranes
Authors: Niu Yutao , Xu Ting , Meng Kun , Li Xiuhan , Wei Yan , Zhang Yannan , Yu Xiaohua , Rong Ju
Published: January 2024

The insufficiency of freshwater supplies has posed a serious threat to sustainable socioeconomic growth, and seawater desalination is considered to be the most promising solution to alleviate such pressure. Currently, 2D carbon membranes are identified as deserving candidates due to their high permeability and multiple tunable properties. However, they remain challenging to systematically uncover the potential relationships between structures and properties in various 2D carbon materials. For this, a machine learning (ML) model based on feature datasets of 2D carbon materials effecting desalination properties is trained. The results suggest that structures with a maximum pore size of 10–12 atoms and atomic densities between 0.28 and 0.41 are more likely to achieve high properties. Cml‐MOR based on MOR‐type mordenite zeolite for validation is selected. Further, Cml‐MOR is demonstrated to feature remarkable salt ion adsorption. The effective water flux of Cml‐MOR is 113.51 L cm−2 day−1 MPa−1, and the salt rejection at 110 MPa can reach 98.9%. This work is expected to apply this efficient method to investigate the structure and properties of 2D carbon membranes with great structural diversity; this will attract more people to focus on them and explore their important potential for practical applications.
Prediction of the water level at the Kien Giang River based on regression techniques
Authors: Chieu Ta Quang , Thao Nguyen Thi Phuong , Thi Hue Dao , Huong Nguyen Thi Thu
Published: January 2024

Model accuracy and runtime are two key issues for flood warnings in rivers. Traditional hydrodynamic models, which have a rigorous physical mechanism for flood routine, have been widely adopted for water level prediction in river, lake, and urban areas. However, these models require various types of data, in‐depth domain knowledge, experience with modeling, and intensive computational time, which hinders short‐term or real‐time prediction. In this paper, we propose a new framework based on machine learning methods to alleviate the aforementioned limitation. We develop a wide range of machine learning models such as linear regression (LR), support vector regression (SVR), random forest regression (RFR), multilayer perceptron regression (MLPR), and light gradient boosting machine regression (LGBMR) to predict the hourly water level at Le Thuy and Kien Giang stations of the Kien Giang river based on collected data of 2010, 2012, and 2020. Four evaluation metrics, that is, R2, Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency, mean absolute error, and root mean square error, are employed to examine the reliability of the proposed models. The results show that the LR model outperforms the SVR, RFR, MLPR, and LGBMR models.
Students' credibility criteria for evaluating scientific information: The case of climate change on social media
Authors: Kresin Soraya , Kremer Kerstin , Büssing Alexander Georg
Published: January 2024

The rise of social media platforms and the subsequent lack of traditional gatekeeping mechanisms contribute to the multiplied spread of scientific misinformation. Particularly in these new media spaces, there is a rising need for science education in fostering a science media literacy that enables students to evaluate the credibility of scientific information. A key determinant of a successful credibility evaluation is the effectiveness of the criteria students apply in this process. However, research suggests that existing credibility criteria are often not integrated into students' actual social media evaluation behavior. This hints to a lack of transferability of the existing criteria. As a consequence, knowledge about how learners evaluate credibility in social media is a first step in closing this gap. In the present study, we report results from six focus groups with 21 10th‐grade students (M = 15 years, 57% female, 38% male, 5% nonbinary) about their usage of different credibility criteria in the case of social media posts about climate change. The data were analyzed through qualitative content analysis and as a first step assigned to established credibility dimensions of content (what?) and source‐related criteria (who?). Additionally, given the complexity of social media, we also added a composition‐based category (how?). In a second analysis step, we adapted our subcategories to the recently proposed credibility heuristic by Osborne and Pimentel. The findings suggest that students generally take criteria from all three heuristic credibility dimensions into account and combine different criteria when evaluating the credibility of scientific information in social media. Based on the application of the credibility criteria to the heuristic, implications for the development of teaching materials for fostering science media literacy are discussed.
Descriptive design structure matrices for improved system dynamics qualitative modeling
Authors: Qureshi Rameez R. , Ford David N. , Wolf Charles M.
Published: January 2024

Qualitative modeling approaches can be useful in system information collection, model analysis, and formal model development. This is difficult when the number of elements and their interactions in the system is large. System dynamicists need additional tools and methods to conceptually model these large tightly coupled systems. We propose and test the Descriptive Design Structure Matrix (DDSM) as a qualitative system dynamics modeling tool and approach for systems with many elements and more interactions that can reasonably be modeled individually using traditional system dynamics methods. A DDSM consists of four parallel and internally consistent matrices that describe system interactions with binary relations, nontechnical text, technical text, and literature support. By including and documenting system information in multiple forms, DDSMs facilitate multiple stages of system dynamics modeling, improve modeler communication with system participants and domain experts, and improve model rigor. DDSM construction is described. A case study of the 2014 flooding in Kashmir is used to illustrate and test a DDSM and its application. Due to their compact format, DDSMs provide a useful visual communication aid, intuitive reasoning tool, and foundation for formal system dynamics modeling and analysis. © 2024 The Authors. System Dynamics Review published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of System Dynamics Society.
The strategic role of owners in firm growth: Contextualizing ownership competence in private firms
Authors: von Nitzsch Jannis , Bird Miriam , Saiedi Ed
Published: January 2024

Research Summary

We integrate the emerging literature on the strategic role of firm owners in firms' value creation with Penrosean growth theory to investigate how and under what conditions two experience‐based competences among owners—matching competence and governance competence—influence firm growth. Employing a longitudinal sample of 2509 owner‐managed German firms, we find a positive relationship between owners' experience‐based competences and firm growth. Further, we find that in family firms, the positive relationship between owners' experience‐based governance competence and firm growth is weaker and that both experience‐based competences matter more in younger firms compared with older firms. Our findings make important contributions to research on strategic ownership and Penrosean growth theory.

Managerial Summary

In our study, we show that two competences of owner–managers are important for the growth of their firms: their matching competence, which is the ability to theorize about valuable resource configurations and cognitively envision a path to implement them, and their governance competence, which is the ability to create effective governance arrangements to align incentives within a firm. Our results suggest that it is challenging for owner–managers from family firms to leverage their governance competence to achieve growth, which could potentially be resolved by instituting governance mechanisms that prevent nepotism. We also show that owner–managers' competences are particularly important in the early years of their firms when no standardized processes are in place.
(3,19)‐4‐Bromobenzylidene‐isoandrographolide Induces Apoptosis and Causes Loss of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in MCF‐7 Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Tamang Nitesh , Inabathina Yashwanth , Mavileti Sai Kiran , Sripada Lakshminath , Nanduri Srinivas , Golakoti Nageswara Rao , Karanam Balasubramanyam
Published: January 2024

Eighteen isoandrographolide analogues were synthesized, characterized and tested for their anticancer activity against 60 cancer cell lines at NCI. Three of the synthesized acetals ((3,19)‐3‐Nitro‐benzylidene‐isoandrographolide (3 p), (3,19)‐4‐Nitrobenzylidene‐isoandrographolide (3 q) and (3,19)‐4‐Isopropyl‐benzylidene‐isoandrographolide (3 r)) are novel. Most of the compounds were found to be active against leukaemia and breast cancer with (3,19)‐3,5‐difluorobenzylidene‐isoandrographolide(3 o) having the best growth inhibition of 76.90 % and 87.54 % against leukaemia (MOLT‐4) and breast cancer (BT‐549) respectively. A single crystal of compound 3 o was grown and it was characterized using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. Further studies showed that the compound (3,19)‐4‐Bromobenzylidene‐isoandrographolide (IC50 3 μM) was more active than tamoxifen (IC50 12 μM) against MCF‐7 and arrested the cell cycle at G1‐Phase of MCF‐7 and was observed to be inducing apoptosis and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential.
The synergistic impact of multi walled carbon nanotubes on microstructural, morphological, and optical properties of polyaniline films
Authors: Mathew Roshan Joseph , Radhakrishnan Parvathy , Pragash R. , John Joseph , Arun Kumar K. V. , Sajeev U. S.
Published: January 2024

Nanocomposite of polyaniline (PANI) and multi walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) was synthesised by ex‐situ solution mixing process in the N‐Methyl‐2‐Pyrrolidinone (NMP) solvent medium by varying the concentration of MWCNT in the PANI matrix. PANI‐MWCNT composite films were prepared by the drop casting method. The morphology, structure and chemical composition of PANI and PANI‐MWCNT nanocomposites were characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) spectra. The experimental findings suggested a favourable synergy between PANI and MWCNTs. PANI‐MWCNT nanocomposite formed as randomly oriented nanofibrous clusters was confirmed, and the bandgap of the composites was found to be gradually decreased with the increase in concentration of MWCNT in the PANI matrix. The calculation of crystallinity index, crystallite size, average d‐spacing, dislocation density, lattice strain, and inter chain separation of the samples were conducted by XRD analysis. When the MWCNT concentration increased from 0.05 % w/v to 0.5 % w/v, a rise in the degree of crystallinity from 3.39 % to 52.46 %, dislocation density from 0.03315×10−3(nm−2)to 0.07133×10−3 (nm−2) and lattice strain from 8.6821×10−3 to 12.9843×10−3, accompanied by a reduction in both crystallite size and inter‐chain separation were observed .The microcrystalline behaviour and crystalline orientation of the PANI‐MWCNT composites were correlated with the bandgap studies. The composite formation improved the thermal stability of PANI. The co‐relation between the crystallinity parameters and fine tuning of optical bandgap and the control over the defect levels were done in this study. This synergy suggests that these composites are suitable candidates for linear and nonlinear optical (NLO) applications.
Direct Dearomatization of Quinoline/Isoquinoline Ammonium Halides to Construct N‐Substituted Tetrahydroquinolines and Tetrahydroisoquinolines
Authors: Li Fu‐Yu , Xiao Yao , Huang Dong‐Wei , Xu Hong , Wang Bei , Wang Ji‐Yu
Published: January 2024

Dearomatization of quinoline/isoquinoline quaternary ammonium salts to synthesize valuable tetrahydroquinolines was firstly reported. Under this method, we used phenylsilane as a reducing agent to prepare a series of tetrahydroquinoline and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives conveniently and quickly in moderate to good yields. This method showed good functional group tolerance, wide substrate range, mild reaction conditions and simple operation.
Molecular Intercalation Enables Phase Transition of MoSe2 for Durable Na‐Ion Storage
Authors: Liu Lei , Li Boxin , Wang Jiaqi , Du Hongfang , Du Zhuzhu , Ai Wei
Published: January 2024

1T‐MoSe2 is recognized as a promising anode material for sodium‐ion batteries, thanks to its excellent electrical conductivity and large interlayer distance. However, its inherent thermodynamic instability often presents unparalleled challenges in phase control and stabilization. Here, a molecular intercalation strategy is developed to synthesize thermally stable 1T‐rich MoSe2, covalently bonded to an intercalated carbon layer (1TR/2H‐MoSe2@C). Density functional theory calculations uncover that the introduced ethylene glycol molecules not only serve as electron donors, inducing a reorganization of Mo 4d orbitals, but also as sacrificial guest materials that generate a conductive carbon layer. Furthermore, the C─Se/C─O─Mo bonds encourage strong interfacial electronic coupling, and the carbon layer prevents the restacking of MoSe2, regulating the maximum 1T phase to an impressive 80.3%. Consequently, the 1TR/2H‐MoSe2@C exhibits an extraordinary rate capacity of 326 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1 and maintains a long‐term cycle stability up to 1500 cycles, with a capacity of 365 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1. Additionally, the full cell delivers an appealing energy output of 194 Wh kg−1 at 208 W kg−1, with a capacity retention of 87.3% over 200 cycles. These findings contribute valuable insights toward the development of innovative transition metal dichalcogenides for next‐generation energy storage technologies.
An Emerging Stannous Fluoride Complex‐Enabled Highly Efficient Electron Collection and High Stability of Tin‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Tan Ziyu , Xiong Hui , Wu Min , Yuan Songyang , Zhan Mengdi , Yang Wenjian , Fan Jiandong , Li Wenzhe
Published: January 2024

In advancing high‐performance tin‐based perovskite solar cells, rapid crystallization and oxidation susceptibility are key challenges. SnF2, often added to control crystallization and oxidation, may impact cell performance, particularly postannealing. This study uses in situ variable‐temperature X‐Ray diffraction to examine SnF2's physicochemical behavior and phase transitions in these cells. The analysis highlights how residual SnF2 affects carrier recombination through energy‐level structures. Postfilm formation, SnF2 chemically interacts with 2,2′:6′,2″‐Terpyridine (TPY), forming a stannous fluoride complex that enhances electron transport and energy alignment. Crucially, TPY passivates surface defects and reduces tin vacancies, boosting device stability. The experimental results indicate that the unencapsulated devices in air atmosphere exhibit a stabilized power output retention rate above 90% of the initial efficiency after 29.5 h. After ≈800 h of continuous illumination in ambient air, the conversion efficiency can still be maintained above 100%. Remarkably, t90 (time to retain 90% efficiency) of the target device in pure oxygen is over 24 h.