bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perspectives on Developing Burn Resistant Titanium Based Coatings—An Opportunity for Cold Spraying
Authors: Liang Sihan , Tang Junlei , Wang Yingying , Duan Tigang , Normand Bernard , Chen Tongzhou
Published: October 2023

Titanium alloys are crucial lightweight materials; however, they are susceptible to spontaneous combustion under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions, limiting their widespread use in aerospace engines. Improving the burn resistance of Ti alloys is essential for the structural safety and lightweight of aerospace equipment. Burn-resistant Ti alloys, such as Ti-V-Cr and Ti-Cu, however, face limitations such as high cost and low specific strength. Surface coatings provide a cost-effective solution while maintaining the high specific strength and good processability of the base material. Conventional surface treatments, such as laser cladding, result in defects and deformation of thin-walled parts. Cold spray technology offers a promising solution, as it uses kinetic energy to deposit coatings at low temperatures, avoiding defects and deformation. In this paper, we review the current research on burn-resistant surface technologies of Ti alloys and propose a new method of bimetallic coating by cold spraying and low-temperature heat treatment, which has the potential to solve the problem of spontaneous combustion of aerospace engine parts. The strategy presented can also guide the development of high-performance intermetallic compound-strengthened metal matrix composite coatings.
The Influence of Formation Speed in Centrifugal Slip-Casting Method on the Microstructure of Al2O3-Cu-Cr Gradient Composites
Authors: Zygmuntowicz Justyna , Dwojak Aneta , Piotrkiewicz Paulina , Wachowski Marcin , Kaszuwara Waldemar
Published: October 2023

This work focuses on the production of gradient composite materials with an alumina matrix containing copper and chromium and examines the effect of the reinforcement and casting speed on the obtained microstructure. Al2O3-Cu-Cr composites with a microstructure gradient were produced via centrifugal slip casting. The research reveals that adding chromium to the Al2O3-Cu system improves the connection between the ceramic and metal particles, probably by reducing the contact angle at the interface between the ceramic and metallic phases during sintering. Additionally, it was found that higher casting speed was conducive to obtaining a better connection at the interface of ceramics and metal.
A Nickel Dissolution Process for Multilayer Electroforming to Achieve Ultrahigh Adhesion Strength
Authors: Wang Zhuangzhuang , Shen Chunjian , Ma Zhou , Zhu Zengwei , Zhu Di
Published: October 2023

Multilayer electroforming has a high potential to produce Ni/Ni layer structured metal walls with excellent material properties and a high thickness uniformity. However, Ni is easily oxidized in air, which fundamentally leads to a low adhesion strength between the Ni layers. Here, a novel in situ treatment is proposed for improving the adhesion performance between Ni layers. This treatment integrated the steps of electrochemical dissolution, surface protection, and electroforming. A study of the polarization behavior implied the electroformed Ni layer was dissolved efficiently in the NH2SO3H solution, beginning at a dissolution current density of 5 A·cm−2, which could remove the oxide film. A smooth substrate surface with a good surface hydrophilicity was obtained starting at 8 A·cm−2, helping to protect the activated substrate from being contaminated and oxidized. The experimental results showed that ultrahigh normal and shear adhesion strengths over 400 MPa between the Ni layers were achieved.
Strength Degradation of Foamed Lightweight Soil Due to Chemical Erosion and Wet-Dry Cycle and Its Empirical Model
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Zhang Yonggang , Ye Guanbao , Zhang Shenyi , Shen Honghui , Chen Yonggui
Published: October 2023

Foamed lightweight soils (FLS) have been extensively used as backfill material in the construction of transportation infrastructures. However, in the regions consisting of salt-rich soft soil, the earth structure made by FLS experiences both fluctuation of groundwater and chemical environment erosion, which would accelerate the deterioration of its long-term performance. This study conducted laboratory tests to explore the deterioration of FLS in strength after being eroded by sulfate attack and/or wet-dry cycling, where the influencing factors of FLS density, concentration of sulfate solution, and cation type (i.e., Na+ and Mg2+) were considered. An unconfined compressive test (UCT) was conducted, and the corrosion-resistant coefficient (CRC) was adopted to evaluate the erosion degree after the specimens experienced sulfate attack and/or dry-wet cycling for a certain period. The research results show that the erosion of the FLS specimen under the coupling effect of sulfate attack and dry-wet cycling was more remarkable than that only under chemical soaking, and Na2SO4 solution had a severe erosion effect as compared with MgSO4 solution when other conditions were kept constant. An empirical model is proposed based on the test results, and its reliability has been verified with other test results from the literature. The proposed model provides an alternative for engineers to estimate the strength deterioration of FLS on real structures in a preliminary design.
Mg-Doped PLA Composite as a Potential Material for Tissue Engineering—Synthesis, Characterization, and Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Ali Fawad , Al Rashid Ans , Kalva Sumama Nuthana , Koç Muammer
Published: October 2023

Magnesium (Mg)/Polylactic acid (PLA) composites are promising materials for bone regeneration and tissue engineering applications. PLA is a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer that can be easily processed into various shapes and structures, such as scaffolds, films, and fibers, but has low biodegradability. Mg is a biocompatible metal that has been proven to have good biodegradability and osteoconductivity, which makes it suitable for bone tissue engineering. In this study, we prepared and characterized a Mg/PLA composite as a potential material for direct ink writing (DIW) in 3D printing. The results showed that the addition of Mg has a significant impact on PLA’s thermal and structural properties and has also significantly increased the degradation of PLA. XRD was used to determine the degree of crystallinity in the PLA/Mg composite, which provides insight into its thermal stability and degradation behavior. The crystallization temperature of PLA increased from 168 to 172 °C for a 15 wt% Mg incorporation, and the melting temperature reduced from 333 °C to 285 °C. The surface morphology and composition of these films were analyzed with SEM. The films with 5 wt% of Mg particles displayed the best-ordered honeycomb structure in their film form. Such structures are considered to affect the mechanical, biological and heat/mass transfer properties of the Mg/PLA composites and products. Finally, the composite ink was used as a feed for direct ink writing in 3D printing, and the preliminary 3D printing experiments were successful in resulting in dimensionally and structurally integral scaffold samples. The shape fidelity was not very good, and some research is needed to improve the rheological properties of the ink for DIW 3D printing.
Synthesis and Investigation of Properties of Beryllium Ceramics Modified with Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Pavlov Alexandr , Sagdoldina Zhuldyz , Zhilkashinova Almira , Magazov Nurtoleu , Turar Zhangabay , Gert Sergey
Published: October 2023

Samples of beryllium ceramics, with the addition of micro- and nanoparticles TiO2, have been obtained by the method of thermoplastic slip casting. The microstructure of batch ceramics, consisting of micropowders and ceramics with TiO2 nanoparticles sintered at an elevated temperature, has been investigated. It was found that the introduction of TiO2 nanoparticles leads to changes in the mechanisms of mass transfer and microstructure formation, and the mobility of TiO2 at interfacial grain boundaries increases, which leads to the formation of elements of a zonal shell structure. The reduction of intergranular boundaries leads to an increase in density, hardness, and mechanical strength of ceramics. The whole complex of properties of the synthesized material, with the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles in the amount of 1.0–1.5 wt.%, leads to an increase in the ability to absorb electromagnetic radiation in the frequency range of electric current 8.2–12.4 GHz. The analysis and updating of knowledge on synthesis, and the investigation of properties of beryllium ceramics modified by nanoparticles, seems to be significant. The obtained results can be used in the creation of absorbers of scattered microwave radiation based on (BeO + TiO2) ceramics.
Influence of Various Nanomaterials on the Rheology and Hydration Kinetics of Oil Well Cement
Authors: Baragwiha Michael Boniface , Fikeni Kenedy Geofrey , Zhao Yukun , Cheng Guodong , Ge Han , Pang Xueyu
Published: October 2023

Nanomaterials have great potential to influence the properties of cement-based materials due to their small particle size and large specific surface area. The influences of Nano-SiO2 (NS), gamma-nano-Al2O3 (GNA), alpha-nano-Al2O3 (ANA), and nano-TiO2 (NT) on the rheology and hydration kinetics of class G cement at 30 °C were investigated in this study. The nanomaterials were added in dry powder form at dosages of 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7% by weight of cement (bwoc), and their dispersion was accomplished using polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PCE) at a dosage of 1.6% bwoc. PCE provides a uniform dispersion of nanoparticles in the cement matrix, enhancing the efficiency of nanomaterials. The w/c ratio varied between 0.718 and 0.78 to form a constant-density slurry of 1.65 g/cm3. Our test results showed that NS and GNA caused significant increases in the rheology of the cement slurry, with this effect increasing with dosage, while ANA and NT tended to reduce the rheology of the slurry. Compared to a well-suspended and well-dispersed cement slurry generated by the use of PCE and diutan gum, all nanomaterials can accelerate early hydration by reducing the induction time, with GNA having the strongest influence, while NS was the only nanomaterial that further increased the long-term hydration heat release at 7 days. The stronger effect of NS and GNA on the cement slurry properties can be attributed to their higher chemical reactivity. The dosage effect on total hydration extent was relatively strong for ANA, NT, and NS from 3% to 5% but weak for GNA in the range from 3% to 7%.
Enhancement of Polyacrylate Antiscalant Activity during Gypsum Deposit Formation with the Pretreatment of Aqueous Solutions with Spruce Wood Shavings
Authors: Trukhina Maria , Popov Konstantin , Oshchepkov Maxim , Tkachenko Sergey , Vorob’eva Alina , Guseva Olga
Published: October 2023

Considerable efforts are made worldwide to reduce inorganic scale in reverse osmosis plants, boilers and heat exchangers, evaporators, industrial water systems, geothermal power plants and oilfield applications. These include the development of new environmentally friendly antiscalants and the improvement of conventional ones. The present report is dedicated to the unconventional application of spruce wood shavings in combination with polyacrylate (PAA-F1) in a model case of gypsum scale formation. The electrical conductivity of freshly prepared gypsum solutions with a saturation SI = 2.3 and a concentration of 0.05 mol·dm−3 was analyzed over time at 25°C. It is demonstrated that the small amounts of wood shavings (0.1% by mass) alone, after being in contact with CaCl2 and Na2SO4 stock solutions for 15 min, increase the induction time tind by 25 min relative to the blank experiment (tindblank). In the presence of PAA-F1 (0.1 mg·dm−3), the difference Δtind = tind − tindblank constitutes 110 min, whereas the sequential treatment of the stock solutions with the shavings followed by PAA-F1 injection gives Δtind = 205 min. The observed synergism is associated with the selective removal of colloidal Fe(OH)3solid and Al(OH)3solid nanoimpurities from the stock solutions via their sorption to the well-developed surface of wood. Wood shavings therefore represent a very promising and environmentally friendly material that can significantly improve the effectiveness of conventional antiscalants.
316L Stainless Steel Thin-Walled Parts Hybrid-Layered Manufacturing Process Study
Authors: Wu Xuefeng , Su Chentao , Zhang Kaiyue
Published: October 2023

Additive manufacturing technology overcomes the limitations imposed by traditional manufacturing techniques, such as fixtures, tools, and molds, thereby enabling a high degree of design freedom for parts and attracting significant attention. Combined with subtractive manufacturing technology, additive and subtractive hybrid manufacturing (ASHM) has the potential to enhance surface quality and machining accuracy. This paper proposes a method for simulating the additive and subtractive manufacturing process, enabling accurate deformation prediction during processing. The relationship between stress distribution and thermal stress deformation of thin-walled 316L stainless steel parts prepared by Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) was investigated using linear scanning with a laser displacement sensor and finite element simulation. The changes in stress and deformation of these thin-walled parts after milling were also examined. Firstly, 316L stainless steel box-shaped thin-walled parts were fabricated using additive manufacturing, and the profile information was measured using a Micro Laser Displacement Sensor. Then, finite element software was employed to simulate the stress and deformation of the box-shaped thin-walled part during the additive manufacturing process. The experiments mentioned were conducted to validate the finite element model. Finally, based on the simulation of the box-shaped part, a simulation prediction was made for the box-shaped thin-walled parts produced by two-stage additive and subtractive manufacturing. The results show that the deformation tendency of outward twisting and expanding occurs in the additive process to the box-shaped thin-walled part, and the deformation increases gradually with the increase of the height. Meanwhile, the milling process is significant for improving the surface quality and dimensional accuracy of the additive parts. The research process and results of the thesis have laid the foundation for further research on the influence of subtractive process parameters on the surface quality of 316L stainless steel additive parts and subsequent additive and subtractive hybrid manufacturing of complex parts.
Evolution of Manufacturing Defects of 3D-Printed Thermoplastic Composites with Processing Parameters: A Micro-CT Analysis
Authors: Wu Hantai , Chen Xinyu , Xu Shuaiheng , Zhao Tian
Published: October 2023

Owing to the melting and healing properties of thermoplastic resin, additive manufacturing or 3D printing is considered one of the most promising technologies for fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites. However, manufacturing defects are still the main concern, which significantly limits the application of 3D-printed composite structures. To gain an insight into the effects of different processing parameters on the typical manufacturing defects, a micro-scale analysis was carried out via Micro-CT technology on the 3D-printed continuous carbon fiber-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composite specimens. The bias distribution of the fiber in the deposited filament was found. Moreover, when the feed rate of the filament was reduced from 100% to 50%, the a/b value was closer to 3.33, but the porosity increased from 7.077% to 25.352%. When the layer thickness was 0.2 mm, the increased nozzle pressure reduced the porosity but also increased the risk of fiber bundle breakage. The research provides an effective approach for analyzing the micro-structure of 3D printed composite structures and thus offers guidance for the processing control.
Microcapsules in Fiber Metal Laminates for Self-Healing at the Interface between Magnesium and Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy
Authors: Ostapiuk Monika
Published: October 2023

The paper presents issues regarding self-healing isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) microcapsules applied in fiber metal laminates (FMLs) based on magnesium AZ31 and a carbon-reinforced polymer composite. The aim of this work is to analyze the morphology of the produced PU/PUa microcapsules containing IPDI and their behavior in a self-healing layer in FMLs. By means of SEM, it was confirmed that the microcapsules (MCs) had a narrow size distribution. Therefore, the developed MCs, having sizes ranging from 10 to 35 µm, might contribute to an improved self-healing coating, which benefits from the advantages of both small and larger-sized MCs. The positive result of the work is that there is a possibility to improve the properties of FMLs with added MCs, i.e., in corrosion and mechanical phenomena.
Dynamic Characteristics of Asphalt Concrete as an Impervious Core in Embankment Dams under Varying Temperatures and Stress States
Authors: Han Xiaoning , Hu Zaiqiang , Yu Liangshu , Pang Yuan , She Haicheng , Zhang Longfei , Wang Xiaoliang , Qi Changjun
Published: October 2023

To reveal the dynamic characteristics of asphalt core embankment dams (ACEDs), we carried out a dynamic triaxial experiment on hydraulic asphalt concrete (HAC) under different temperatures (T = 4 °C, 10 °C, 16 °C, and 22 °C) and stress states (Kc = 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6; σ3 = 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8 MPa). The results indicate that HAC’s maximum dynamic elastic modulus increased with decreasing temperature, increasing principal stress ratio, and increasing confining pressure. However, the damping ratio showed the opposite trend. Moreover, in order to study the deformation capacity of HAC, 300 cyclic loads were applied to some specimens. At a temperature of 22 °C, the specimens had a tendency to deform axially, but not significantly. With a decrease in temperature, the axial deformation tendency of the specimen gradually weakened or even disappeared. However, a small number of cracks appeared in the aggregate and between the asphalt and the aggregate of the specimen. In order to quantify the dependence of dynamic parameters on temperature, the temperature influence factor of the maximum dynamic elastic modulus and the temperature sensing factor of the damping ratio were defined. The variation in the temperature influence factor of the maximum dynamic elastic modulus with temperature can be described by a logistic function. The temperature sensing factor of the damping ratio increased with an increasing principal stress ratio and peripheral pressure. Finally, maximum dynamic elastic modulus and damping ratio computational models for the interaction of temperatures and stress states were developed using the normalization method. Upon comparison, the dynamic parameters were observed to be very close to those listed in the literature, which verifies the applicability of the computational models of the maximum dynamic elastic modulus and damping ratio.
Achieving Excellent Strength-Ductility Balance in Single-Phase CoCrNiV Multi-Principal Element Alloy
Authors: Ni Zengyu , Li Ziyue , Shen Rui , Peng Siyuan , Yan Haile , Tian Yanzhong
Published: October 2023

CoCrNi alloys exhibit excellent strength and ductility. In this work, the CoCrNiV multi-principal alloy with single-phase fine grained (FG) structure was prepared by rolling and heat treatment. The characteristics of deformation microstructures and mechanical properties were systematically investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results indicate that the CoCrNiV alloy successfully attains a yield strength of 1060 MPa while maintaining a uniform elongation of 24.1%. The enhanced strength originates from FG structure and severe lattice distortion induced by V addition. Meanwhile, the exceptional ductility arises from the stable strain-hardening ability facilitated by dislocations and stacking faults. The deformation mechanisms and the optimization strategies for attaining both strength and ductility are thoroughly discussed.
Hybrid Perovskite-Based Materials Modified with Polyhedral Silsesquioxanes—Structure and Properties
Authors: Kowalewska Anna , Majewska-Smolarek Kamila
Published: October 2023

Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) and hybrid organo-halide perovskites are two important types of hybrid nanoscale frameworks with great potential in materials chemistry. Both are currently under intensive investigation for a wide range of possible applications. Recent results suggest that POSS can be attractive passivating and structure-controlling agents for perovskite materials. In this review, we present the importance of POSS in engineering the structures of inorganic cesium-halide perovskites CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) to create a new class of hybrid derivatives with improved properties. The combination of these two components can be an effective strategy for controlling the perovskite crystallization process. In addition, passivation of surface defects/bulk and the engineering of energy and optoelectronic properties of perovskite-based materials can be achieved following this method. In this minireview, we summarized the existing literature reports on the structural specificity and properties of hybrid POSS perovskites.
Modelling Selective CO2 Absorption and Validation via Photosynthetic Bacteria and Chemical Adsorbents for Methane Purification in Anaerobic Fermentation Bioreactors
Authors: Hsu Yu-Chen , Wu Shunnian , Chiu Juei-Yu , Thenuwara Hashan N. , Senevirathna Hasanthi L. , Wu Ping
Published: October 2023

This study delves into advanced methane purification techniques within anaerobic fermentation bioreactors, focusing on selective CO2 absorption and comparing photosynthetic bacteria (PNSB) with chemical adsorbents. Our investigation demonstrates that MgO-Mg(OH)2 composites exhibit remarkable CO2 selectivity over CH4, substantiated through rigorous bulk and surface modelling analyses. To address the challenges posed by MgCO3 shell formation on MgO particles, hindering CO2 transport, we advocate for the utilisation of MgO-Mg(OH)2 composites. In on-site experiments, these composites, particularly saturated MgO-Mg(OH)2 solutions (S2), achieved an astonishing 100% CO2 removal rate within a single day while preserving CH4 content. In contrast, solid MgO powder (S3) retained a mere 5% of CH4 over a 10 h period. Although PNSB (S1) exhibited slower CO2 removal, it excelled in nutrient recovery from anaerobic effluent. We introduce a groundbreaking hybrid strategy that leverages S2’s swift CO2 removal and S1 PNSB’s nutrient recovery capabilities, potentially resulting in a drastic reduction in bioreactor processing time, from 10 days when employing S1 to just 1 day with the use of S2. This represents a remarkable efficiency improvement of 1000%. This pioneering strategy has the potential to revolutionise methane purification, enhancing both efficiency and sustainability. Importantly, it can be seamlessly integrated into existing bioreactors through an additional CO2 capture step, offering a promising solution for advancing biogas production and promoting sustainable waste treatment practices.
Investigation of the Degradation Mechanism of the Tensile Mechanical Properties of Sandstone under the Corrosion of Various pH Solutions
Authors: Huang Luyi , Lin Hang , Cao Ping , Zhao Qingxiong , Pang Yongkang , Yong Weixun
Published: October 2023

The research aimed to examine the impact of different pH solutions on the tensile mechanical properties of saturated and natural sandstone specimens. The study utilized the WHY-300/10 microcomputer-controlled pressure testing machine to conduct Brazil splitting tests and employed acoustic emission and local dynamic strain testing techniques. The results indicated the tensile strength and split tensile modulus of the sandstone specimens gradually decreased with the polarisation of the solution pH, and the acoustic emission signal ring number monitoring values showed an increasing trend. The pH of the soaking solution followed an exponential decay pattern over time, eventually tending towards weak alkalinity. A new damage variable based on the cumulative ring count after chemical corrosion was defined to indirectly analyze the degree of corrosion degradation. It was discovered that in acidic or alkaline environments, the internal crystals of the rock are dissolved, weakening the mineral interconnections and causing a deterioration in tensile stress and strength. These findings can provide valuable insights for ensuring the safety and stability of the Denglou Mountain Tunnel in Yunnan Province.
Development of Essential Oil Delivery Systems by ‘Click Chemistry’ Methods: Possible Ways to Manage Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Kaspute Greta , Arunagiri Bharani Dharan , Alexander Rakshana , Ramanavicius Arunas , Samukaite-Bubniene Urte
Published: October 2023

Recently, rare diseases have received attention due to the need for improvement in diagnosed patients’ and their families’ lives. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a rare, severe, progressive, muscle-wasting disease. Today, the therapeutic standard for treating DMD is corticosteroids, which cause serious adverse side effects. Nutraceuticals, e.g., herbal extracts or essential oils (EOs), are possible active substances to develop new drug delivery systems to improve DMD patients’ lives. New drug delivery systems lead to new drug effects, improved safety and accuracy, and new therapies for rare diseases. Herbal extracts and EOs combined with click chemistry can lead to the development of safer treatments for DMD. In this review, we focus on the need for novel drug delivery systems using EOs as the therapy for DMD and the potential use of click chemistry for drug delivery systems. New EO complex drug delivery systems may offer a new approach for improving muscle conditions and mental health issues associated with DMD. However, further research should identify the potential of these systems in the context of DMD. In this review, we discuss possibilities for applying EOs to DMD before implementing expensive research in a theoretical way.
Predictive Modeling and Control Strategies for the Transmission of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
Authors: Fatima Bibi , Yavuz Mehmet , ur Rahman Mati , Althobaiti Ali , Althobaiti Saad
Published: October 2023

The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a highly infectious respiratory illness that poses a significant threat to public health. Understanding the transmission dynamics of MERS-CoV is crucial for effective control and prevention strategies. In this study, we develop a precise mathematical model to capture the transmission dynamics of MERS-CoV. We incorporate some novel parameters related to birth and mortality rates, which are essential factors influencing the spread of the virus. We obtain epidemiological data from reliable sources to estimate the model parameters. We compute its basic reproduction number (R0). Stability theory is employed to analyze the local and global properties of the model, providing insights into the system’s equilibrium states and their stability. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to identify the most critical parameter affecting the transmission dynamics. Our findings revealed important insights into the transmission dynamics of MERS-CoV. The stability analysis demonstrated the existence of stable equilibrium points, indicating the long-term behavior of the epidemic. Through the evaluation of optimal control strategies, we identify effective intervention measures to mitigate the spread of MERS-CoV. Our simulations demonstrate the impact of time-dependent control variables, such as supportive care and treatment, in reducing the number of infected individuals and controlling the epidemic. The model can serve as a valuable tool for public health authorities in designing effective control and prevention strategies, ultimately reducing the burden of MERS-CoV on global health.
Experimental and Simulation Study of Solar-Powered Air-Gap Membrane Distillation Technology for Water Desalination
Authors: Abu-Zeid Mostafa AbdEl-Rady , Bassyouni Mohamed , Fouad Yasser , Monica Toderaș , Sandid Abdelfatah Marni , Elhenawy Yasser
Published: October 2023

This work aimed to investigate temperature polarization (TP) and concentration polarization (CP), which affect solar-powered air-gap membrane distillation (SP-AGMD) system performance under various operating conditions. A mathematical model for the SP-AGMD system using the experimental results was performed to calculate the temperature polarization coefficient (τ), interface temperature (Tfm), and interface concentration (Cfm) at various salt concentrations (Cf), feed temperatures (Tf), and flow rates (Mf). The system of SP-AGMD was simulated using the TRNSYS program. An evacuated tube collector (ETC) with a 2.5 m2 surface area was utilized for solar water heating. Electrical powering of cooler and circulation water pumps in the SP-AGMD system was provided using a photovoltaic system. Data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Spearman’s correlation analysis to test the significant impact of operating conditions and polarization phenomena at p < 0.05. Statistical analysis showed that Mf induced a highly significant difference in the productivity (Pr) and heat-transfer (hf) coefficients (p < 0.001) and a significant difference in τ (p < 0.05). Great F-ratios showed that Mf is the most influential parameter. Pr was enhanced by 99% and 146%, with increasing Tf (60 °C) and Mf (12 L/h), respectively, at a stable salt concentration (Cf) of 0.5% and a cooling temperature (Tc) of 20 °C. Also, the temperature increased to 85 °C when solar radiation reached 1002 W/m2 during summer. The inlet heat temperature of AGMD increased to 73 °C, and the Pr reached 1.62 kg/(m2·h).
Transformation of Iron (III) Nitrate from an Aerosol by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis and Hydrogen Reduction
Authors: Stopic Srecko , Hounsinou Ayadjenou Humphrey , Stéphane Koffi Aka , Volkov Husovic Tatjana , Emil-Kaya Elif , Friedrich Bernd
Published: October 2023

Due to their unique properties, iron nanoparticles find diverse applications across various fields, including catalysis, electronics, wastewater treatment, and energy storage. Nano-iron particles are mostly sub-micrometer particles that are highly reactive to both air (oxygen) and water, and in nanoparticles (size below 100 nm), it is even more rapid than the bulk material. This characteristic limits its use in inert environments. Iron nanoparticles are not toxic and are mostly used for wastewater treatment. Understanding the hydrogen reduction mechanisms and conditions that lead to the formation of metallic iron particles from iron (III)-nitrate from an aerosol is crucial for enabling their effective utilization. In this work, we studied the hydrogen reduction behavior of Fe2O3 in the absence and presence of additives (SiO2 or Pt). The particles were prepared via ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and hydrogen reduction. The characterization was performed with a scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. In the absence of additives, the oxygen content of iron oxide particles decreased with increasing temperature from 700 to 950 °C but significantly increased with the doping of 10 mL (40 wt.%) of SiO2. The inhibitory effect of Si on the hydrogen reduction of Fe2O3 formed was more pronounced at 950 °C than at 700 °C. In contrast, the doping of only 5 mL (15 wt.%) of Pt significantly decreased the oxygen concentration in the synthesized particles by catalyzing the reduction reaction of iron oxides at 700 °C. The metallic iron (Fe) product, obtained in the undoped iron oxides run at only 950 °C, was also formed at 700 °C in the Pt-doped Fe2O3 run.
The Link between Trace Metal Elements and Glucose Metabolism: Evidence from Zinc, Copper, Iron, and Manganese-Mediated Metabolic Regulation
Authors: Sun Zhendong , Shao Yuzhuo , Yan Kunhao , Yao Tianzhao , Liu Lulu , Sun Feifei , Wu Jiarui , Huang Yunpeng
Published: October 2023

Trace metal elements are of vital importance for fundamental biological processes. They function in various metabolic pathways after the long evolution of living organisms. Glucose is considered to be one of the main sources of biological energy that supports biological activities, and its metabolism is tightly regulated by trace metal elements such as iron, zinc, copper, and manganese. However, there is still a lack of understanding of the regulation of glucose metabolism by trace metal elements. In particular, the underlying mechanism of action remains to be elucidated. In this review, we summarize the current concepts and progress linking trace metal elements and glucose metabolism, particularly for the trace metal elements zinc, copper, manganese, and iron.
Neurotransmitter Assay for In Vivo Nerve Signal Detection Using Bismuth Immobilized on a Carbon Nanotube Paste Electrode
Authors: Choi Jongwan , Min Jiwon , Kim Jason Sahngwook , Park Jung Hyun , Ly SuwYoung
Published: October 2023

Background: Voltammetric analysis of the neurotransmitter epinephrine (EP) was performed using bismuth immobilized on a carbon nanotube paste electrode (BCE), whose properties were compared with those of a carbon nanotube paste electrode (CE). BCE was found to be more efficient in detecting EP. Methods: The analytical parameters used were 0.3 V square-wave (SW) stripping voltammetric amplitude, 400 Hz frequency, −0.8 V initial potential, and 0.015 V increment potential. The optimized conditions were applied to an assay of a carp’s front fin. Results: A BCE was inserted into a carp’s front fin muscle, and a stimulus was given every 50 s. This circuit is easy to use and does not require much analytical preparation time. Conclusions: The working electrode is miniscule, and its detection limit is very low. The in vivo muscle’s chronoamperometric nerve currents were analyzed. These results have potential for applications in medical diagnostics, pharmaceuticals, interface controllers, and other fields.
Improved Properties of Post-Deposition Annealed Ga2O3/SiC and Ga2O3/Al2O3/SiC Back-Gate Transistors Fabricated by Radio Frequency Sputtering
Authors: Lee Hee-Jae , Lee Geon-Hee , Chung Seung-Hwan , Byun Dong-Wook , Schweitz Michael A. , Chun Dae Hwan , Joo Nack Yong , Lim Minwho , Erlbacher Tobias , Koo Sang-Mo
Published: October 2023

The high breakdown electric field, n-type doping capability, availability of high-quality substrates, and high Baliga’s figure of merit of Ga2O3 demonstrate its potential as a next-generation power semiconductor material. However, the thermal conductivity of Ga2O3 is lower than that of other wide-bandgap materials, resulting in the degradation of the electrical performance and reduced reliability of devices. The heterostructure formation on substrates with high thermal conductivity has been noted to facilitate heat dissipation in devices. In this work, Ga2O3 thin films with an Al2O3 interlayer were deposited on SiC substrates by radio frequency sputtering. Post-deposition annealing was performed at 900 °C for 1 h to crystallize the Ga2O3 thin films. The Auger electron spectroscopy depth profiles revealed the interdiffusion of the Ga and Al atoms at the Ga2O3/Al2O3 interface after annealing. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results displayed improved crystallinity after annealing and adding the Al2O3 interlayer. The crystallite size increased from 5.72 to 8.09 nm as calculated by the Scherrer equation using the full width at half maximum (FWHM). The carrier mobility was enhanced from 5.31 to 28.39 cm2 V−1 s−1 in the annealed Ga2O3 thin films on Al2O3/SiC. The transfer and output characteristics of the Ga2O3/SiC and Ga2O3/Al2O3/SiC back-gate transistors reflect the trend of the XRD and Hall measurement results. Therefore, this work demonstrated that the physical and electrical properties of the Ga2O3/SiC back-gate transistors can be improved by post-deposition annealing and the introduction of an Al2O3 interlayer.
Three-Dimensional-Printed Vortex Tube Reactor for Continuous Flow Synthesis of Polyglycolic Acid Nanoparticles with High Productivity
Authors: Suwanpitak Kittipat , Sriamornsak Pornsak , Singh Inderbir , Sangnim Tanikan , Huanbutta Kampanart
Published: October 2023

Polyglycolic acid (PGA) nanoparticles show promise in biomedical applications due to their exceptional biocompatibility and biodegradability. These nanoparticles can be readily modified, facilitating targeted drug delivery and promoting specific interactions with diseased tissues or cells, including imaging agents and theranostic approaches. Their potential to advance precision medicine and personalized treatments is evident. However, conventional methods such as emulsification solvent evaporation via batch synthesis or tubular reactors via flow chemistry have limitations in terms of nanoparticle properties, productivity, and scalability. To overcome these limitations, this study focuses on the design and development of a 3D-printed vortex tube reactor for the continuous synthesis of PGA nanoparticles using flow chemistry. Computer-aided design (CAD) and the design of experiments (DoE) optimize the reactor design, and computational fluid dynamics simulations (CFD) evaluate the mixing index (MI) and Reynolds (Re) expression. The optimized reactor design was fabricated using fused deposition modeling (FDM) with polypropylene (PP) as the polymer. Dispersion experiments validate the optimization process and investigate the impact of input flow parameters. PGA nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized for size and polydispersity index (PDI). The results demonstrate the feasibility of using a 3D-printed vortex tube reactor for the continuous synthesis of PGA nanoparticles through flow chemistry and highlight the importance of reactor design in nanoparticle production. The CFD results of the optimized reactor design showed homogeneous mixing across a wide range of flow rates with increasing Reynolds expression. The residence time distribution (RTD) results confirmed that increasing the flow rate in the 3D-printed vortex tube reactor system reduced the dispersion variance in the tracer. Both experiments demonstrated improved mixing efficiency and productivity compared to traditional tubular reactors. The study also revealed that the total flow rate had a significant impact on the size and polydispersity index of the formulated PGA nanoparticle, with the optimal total flow rate at 104.46 mL/min, leading to smaller nanoparticles and a lower polydispersity index. Additionally, increasing the aqueous-to-organic volumetric ratio had a significant effect on the reduced particle size of the PGA nanoparticles. Overall, this study provides insights into the use of 3D-printed vortex tube reactors for the continuous synthesis of PGA nanoparticles and underscores the importance of reactor design and flow parameters in PGA nanoparticle formulation.
Single-Particle ICP-MS/MS Application for Routine Screening of Nanoparticles Present in Powder-Based Facial Cosmetics
Authors: Hebert Deja , Nelson Jenny , Diehl Brooke N. , Zito Phoebe
Published: October 2023

The short- and long-term impacts of nanoparticles (NPs) in consumer products are not fully understood. Current European Union (EU) regulations enforce transparency on products containing NPs in cosmetic formulations; however, those set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration are lacking. This study demonstrates the potential of single-particle inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry (spICP-MS/MS) as a screening method for NPs present in powder-based facial cosmetics (herein referred to as FCs). A proposed spICP-MS/MS method is presented along with recommended criteria to confirm particle presence and particle detection thresholds in seven FCs. FC products of varying colors, market values, and applications were analyzed for the presence of Bi, Cr, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sn, Ag, Al, and Zn NPs based on their ingredient lists as well as those commonly used in cosmetic formulations. The presence of NPs smaller than 100 nm was observed in all FC samples, and no correlations with their presence and market value were observed. Here, we report qualitative and semi-quantitative results for seven FC samples ranging in color, brand, and shimmer.
Physiological Functions of Carbon Dots and Their Applications in Agriculture: A Review
Authors: Li Guohui , Xu Jiwei , Xu Ke
Published: October 2023

Carbon dots are carbon-based nanoparticles, which have the characteristics of a simple preparation process, photoluminescence, biocompatibility, an adjustable surface function, water solubility, and low-level toxicity. They are widely used in biological applications, such as imaging, biosensing, photocatalysis, and molecular transfer. They have also aroused great interest among researchers in agriculture, and there has been significant progress in improving crop growth and production. This review presents the physiological functions of carbon dots for crop growth and development, photosynthesis, water and nutrient absorption, and abiotic stress resistance and their applications in improving the ecological environment and agriculture as biosensors, and future application prospects and research directions of carbon dots in agriculture.
Hybrid Pressure Sensor Based on Carbon Nano-Onions and Hierarchical Microstructures with Synergistic Enhancement Mechanism for Multi-Parameter Sleep Monitoring
Authors: Zou Jie , Qiao Yina , Zhao Juanhong , Duan Zhigang , Yu Junbin , Jing Yu , He Jian , Zhang Le , Chou Xiujian , Mu Jiliang
Published: October 2023

With the existing pressure sensors, it is difficult to achieve the unification of wide pressure response range and high sensitivity. Furthermore, the preparation of pressure sensors with excellent performance for sleep health monitoring has become a research difficulty. In this paper, based on material and microstructure synergistic enhancement mechanism, a hybrid pressure sensor (HPS) integrating triboelectric pressure sensor (TPS) and piezoelectric pressure sensor (PPS) is proposed. For the TPS, a simple, low-cost, and structurally controllable microstructure preparation method is proposed in order to investigate the effect of carbon nano-onions (CNOs) and hierarchical composite microstructures on the electrical properties of CNOs@Ecoflex. The PPS is used to broaden the pressure response range and reduce the pressure detection limit of HPS. It has been experimentally demonstrated that the HPS has a high sensitivity of 2.46 V/104 Pa (50–600 kPa) and a wide response range of up to 1200 kPa. Moreover, the HPS has a low detection limit (10 kPa), a high stability (over 100,000 cycles), and a fast response time. The sleep monitoring system constructed based on HPS shows remarkable performance in breathing state recognition and sleeping posture supervisory control, which will exhibit enormous potential in areas such as sleep health monitoring and potential disease prediction.
Herbal Remedies for Constipation-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Chiarioni Giuseppe , Popa Stefan Lucian , Ismaiel Abdulrahman , Pop Cristina , Dumitrascu Dinu Iuliu , Brata Vlad Dumitru , Duse Traian Adrian , Incze Victor , Surdea-Blaga Teodora
Published: October 2023

Background: Constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-C) is a common gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits. Conventional treatments for IBS-C often provide limited efficiency, leading to an increasing interest in exploring herbal remedies. This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of herbal remedies in the management of IBS-C. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library was conducted to identify relevant studies published up to July 2023 and data extraction was performed independently by two reviewers. Results: Overall, the included studies demonstrated some evidence of the beneficial effects of herbal remedies on IBS-C symptoms, including improvements in bowel frequency, stool consistency, abdominal pain, and quality of life. However, the heterogeneity of the interventions and outcome measures limited the ability to perform a meta-analysis. Conclusion: This systematic review suggests that herbal remedies may have potential benefits in the management of IBS-C. However, the quality of evidence is limited, and further well-designed, large-scale RCTs are needed to establish the efficacy and safety of specific herbal remedies for IBS-C. Clinicians should exercise caution when recommending herbal remedies and consider individual patient characteristics and preferences.
Diet, Supplementation and Nutritional Habits of Climbers in High Mountain Conditions
Authors: Karpęcka-Gałka Ewa , Mazur-Kurach Paulina , Szyguła Zbigniew , Frączek Barbara
Published: October 2023

Appropriate nutritional preparation for a high-mountain expedition can contribute to the prevention of nutritional deficiencies affecting the deterioration of health and performance. The aim of the study was to analyze the dietary habits, supplementation and nutritional value of diets of high mountain climbers. The study group consisted of 28 men (average age 33.12 ± 5.96 years), taking part in summer mountaineering expeditions at an altitude above 3000 m above sea level, lasting at least 3 weeks. Food groups consumed with low frequency during the expedition include vegetables, fruits, eggs, milk and milk products, butter and cream, fish and meat. The energy demand of the study participants was 4559.5 ± 425 kcal, and the energy supply was 2776.8 ± 878 kcal. The participants provided 79.6 ± 18.5 g of protein (1.1 ± 0.3 g protein/kg bw), 374.0 ± 164.5 g of carbohydrates (5.3 ± 2.5 g/kg bw) and 110.7 ± 31.7 g of fat (1.6 ± 0.5 g/kg bw) in the diet. The climbers’ diet was low in calories, the protein supply was too low, and the fat supply was too high. There is a need to develop nutritional and supplementation recommendations that would serve as guidelines for climbers, improving their well-being and exercise capacity in severe high-mountain conditions, which would take their individual taste preferences into account.
Predictive Potential of Biomarkers of Intestinal Barrier Function for Therapeutic Management with Teduglutide in Patients with Short Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Büttner Janine , Blüthner Elisabeth , Greif Sophie , Kühl Anja , Elezkurtaj Sefer , Ulrich Jan , Maasberg Sebastian , Jochum Christoph , Tacke Frank , Pape Ulrich-Frank
Published: October 2023

Introduction: The human intestinal tract reacts to extensive resection with spontaneous intestinal adaptation. We analyzed whether gene expression analyses or intestinal permeability (IP) testing could provide biomarkers to describe regulation mechanisms in the intestinal barrier in short bowel syndrome (SBS) patients during adaptive response or treatment with the glucagon-like peptide-2 analog teduglutide. Methods: Relevant regions of the GLP-2 receptor gene were sequenced. Gene expression analyses and immunohistochemistry were performed from mucosal biopsies. IP was assessed using a carbohydrate oral ingestion test. Results: The study includes 59 SBS patients and 19 controls. Increases in gene expression with teduglutide were received for sucrase-isomaltase, sodium/glucose cotransporter 1, and calcium/calmodulin serine protein kinase. Mannitol recovery was decreased in SBS but elevated with teduglutide (Δ 40%), showed a positive correlation with remnant small bowel and an inverse correlation with parenteral support. Conclusions: Biomarkers predicting clinical and functional features in human SBS are very limited. Altered specific gene expression was shown for genes involved in nutrient transport but not for genes controlling tight junctions. However, mannitol recovery proved useful in describing the absorptive capacity of the gut during adaptation and treatment with teduglutide.