bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Color representations of normals and congenital red–green color deficiencies: Estimation of individual results based on color vision model
Authors: Ohkoba Minoru , Ishikawa Tomoharu , Hira Shoko , Ohtsuka Sakuichi , Ayama Miyoshi
Published: December 2021

Difference scaling experiment was conducted to investigate the mental color representation of congenital color‐deficient observers and observers with normal color vision. Two decks of cards, high and medium chroma, each containing 10 Munsell chips, were prepared. A total of 45 pairs of hues were prepared for each of the decks. Ten protans, 10 deutans, and 10 people with normal color vision participated as observers, with each asked to rate the perceptual distance between two colors on a given color card. The results were analyzed using the multidimensional scaling method. All observers with normal color vision showed a circular shape close to the Munsell hue circle, while the majority of color‐deficient observers showed a concave shape bending at Y and PB. To indicate the degree of distortion from a circle, the distortion index was proposed to quantitatively evaluate intergroup and individual differences. To investigate the underlying mechanism of intergroup differences as well as individual differences in color representations of observers with normal color vision and color‐deficient observers, we proposed a model that considers various levels of human color vision mechanism from the cone pigment absorption, the luminance and opponent‐color coding level, and nonlinear transformation to difference‐scaling judgment. The circular shape for observers with normal color vision and some color‐deficient observers, as well as concave shapes for most color‐deficient observers were estimated. The correlation coefficient between the estimation and experiment‐based difference ranged from r = 0.64 to r = 0.94 with the grand average of r = 0.82, with p‐values less than 0.001 for all observers, suggesting that the concept of proposed model is appropriate.
Off to new shores: Climate niche expansion in invasive mosquitofish (Gambusia spp.)
Authors: Jourdan Jonas , Riesch Rüdiger , Cunze Sarah
Published: December 2021

Aim

Formerly introduced for their presumed value in controlling mosquito‐borne diseases, the two mosquitofish Gambusia affinis and G. holbrooki (Poeciliidae) are now among the world's most widespread invasive alien species, negatively impacting aquatic ecosystems around the world. These inconspicuous freshwater fish are, once their presence is noticed, difficult to eradicate. It is, therefore, of utmost importance to assess their geographic potential and to identify their likely ability to persist under novel climatic conditions.

Location

Global.

Methods

We build species distribution models using occurrence data from the native and introduced distribution ranges to identify putative niche shifts and further ascertain the areas climatically suitable for the establishment and possible spread of mosquitofish.

Results

We found significant niche expansions into climatic regions outside their natural climatic conditions, emphasizing the importance of integrating climatic niches of both native and invasive ranges into projections. In particular, there was a marked shift toward tropical regions in Asia and a clear niche shift of European G. holbrooki. This ecological flexibility partly explains the massive success of the two species, and substantially increases the risk for further range expansion. We also showed that the potential for additional expansion resulting from climate change is enormous—especially in Europe.

Main conclusions

Despite the successful invasion history and ongoing range expansions, many countries still lack proper preventive measures. Thus, we urge policy makers to carefully evaluate the risk both mosquitofish pose to a particular area and to initiate appropriate management strategies.
Sex‐associated differences in the network roles of pollinators
Authors: Smith Gordon P. , Gardner Joel , Gibbs Jason , Griswold Terry , Hauser Martin , Yanega Doug , Ponisio Lauren C.
Published: December 2021

Sex‐associated differences in behavior can have large ecological consequences, especially in plant–pollinator communities where floral visitor behavior affects plant reproduction. Whether these differences are prevalent enough to impact community‐level processes, however, is unknown. Using 256 plant–pollinator communities, we built networks where the floral interactions of each sex were modeled separately, comparing observations to simulated networks where sex was randomized. We found that (1) in many species the sexes differed in their network roles and visited different partners, with females tending to visit more species and more peripheral species than males; (2) more generalist species differed more in network roles between the sexes; and (3) networks where nodes were separated by sex were more specialized than simulated networks, but were similarly resistant to perturbations. These findings suggest that despite variation among species, sex‐associated differences in behavior are large enough to impact the network roles of male and female pollinators and common enough to influence the interaction patterns of entire plant–pollinator communities.
Setting the foundation for renewal: restoring sponge communities aids the ecological recovery of Florida Bay
Authors: Butler Jack , Sharp William C. , Hunt John H. , Butler Mark J.
Published: December 2021

Coastal ecosystems are constantly buffeted by anthropogenic forces that degrade habitats and alter ecological processes and functions; in turn, this habitat degradation diminishes the ecosystem goods and services on which humans rely. Within the last few decades, the field of restoration ecology has burgeoned into a discipline that marries scientific rigor with functional restoration practice—an idea championed by Pete Peterson and his research. Here, we describe our efforts to restore the hard‐bottom sponge communities of Florida Bay, FL (USA)—a once‐diverse subtropical lagoon severely degraded by cyanobacteria blooms—and the scientific and practical lessons learned from those efforts. Sponge community restoration yielded insights into basic sponge biology and ecology (e.g., density‐dependent growth rates) and hastened the recovery of ecological processes (e.g., rates of sedimentation, structuring of water column characteristics, soundscape productions). Because the results of our initial restoration efforts were promising, our collaboration among academic researchers, natural resource managers, and non‐governmental organizations has begun scaling up restoration efforts to re‐establish the sponge communities over large areas of degraded hard‐bottom to “jump start” the ecological recovery of Florida Bay. Though our efforts show promise for ecological recovery, restoration will require a concerted effort by scientists, resource managers, and citizens to stem the anthropogenic drivers of ecological degradation of this unique South Florida ecosystem.
Documenting pollinators, floral hosts, and plant–pollinator interactions in U.S. Pacific Northwest agroecosystems
Authors: Bloom Elias H. , Oeller Elisabeth C. , Olsson Rachel L. , Brousil Matthew R. , Schaeffer Robert N. , Basu Saumik , Fu Zhen , Crowder David W.
Published: December 2021

The abundance and diversity of pollinator populations are in global decline. Managed pollinator species, like honey bees, and wild species are key ecosystem service providers in both natural and managed agroecosystems. However, relatively few studies have exhaustively characterized pollinator populations in diverse agroecosystems over multiple years, while also thoroughly documenting plant–pollinator interactions. Yet, such studies are needed to fulfill the national pollinator protection plans that have been released by the United States and other nations. Our research is among the first studies to respond to these directives by systematically documenting bee and plant biodiversity, bee–plant interactions, and bee‐mediated pollen movement in farming systems of the Pacific Northwest, USA. Our data provides insight into the processes mediating pollinator and plant community assembly, persistence, and resilience across landscapes with variable crop and landscape diversity and agroecosystem management practices. These data will also contribute to the development of a United States pollinator database, supporting the United States' plan to promote pollinators. With few publicly available data sets that systematically take account of agroecosystem practices, plant populations, and pollinators, our research will provide future users the means to conduct synesthetic studies of pollinators and ecosystem function in a period of rapid and global pollinator declines. There are no copyright or proprietary restrictions for research or teaching purposes. Usage of the data set must be cited.
Hobit and Blimp‐1 instruct the differentiation of iNKT cells into resident‐phenotype lymphocytes after lineage commitment
Authors: Kragten Natasja AM , Taggenbrock Renske LRE , Parga Vidal Loreto , van Lier Rene AW , Stark Regina , van Gisbergen Klaas PJM
Published: December 2021

iNKT cells are CD1d‐restricted T cells that play a pro‐inflammatory or regulatory role in infectious and autoimmune diseases. Thymic precursors of iNKT cells eventually develop into distinct iNKT1, iNKT2, and iNKT17 lineages in the periphery. It remains unclear whether iNKT cells retain developmental potential after lineage commitment. iNKT cells acquire a similar phenotype as tissue‐resident memory T cells, suggesting that they also differentiate along a trajectory that enables them to persist in peripheral tissues. Here, we addressed whether lineage commitment and memory differentiation are parallel or sequential developmental programs of iNKT cells. We defined three subsets of peripheral iNKT cells using CD62L and CD69 expression that separate central, effector, and resident memory phenotype cells. The majority of iNKT1 cells displayed a resident phenotype in contrast to iNKT2 and iNKT17 cells. The transcription factor Hobit, which is upregulated in iNKT cells, plays an essential role in their development together with its homolog Blimp‐1. Hobit and Blimp‐1 instructed the differentiation of central memory iNKT cells into resident memory iNKT cells, but did not impact commitment into iNKT1, iNKT2, or iNKT17 lineages. Thus, we conclude that memory differentiation and the establishment of residency occur after lineage commitment through a Hobit and Blimp‐1‐driven transcriptional program.
Ferrocene‐Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for the Simultaneous Determination of Dopamine, Uric Acid, and Xanthine
Authors: Wang Junyan , Khorasani Motlagh Mozhgan , Noroozifar Meissam , Kerman Kagan , Kraatz Heinz‐Bernhard
Published: December 2021

In this proof‐of‐concept study, ferrocene‐modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes (Fc‐MWCNT) were synthesized by amide coupling and the resulting product was characterized by transmission electron microscopy and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. The Fc‐MWCNT were used in a graphite paste electrode (GPE) for the highly sensitive simultaneous determination of dopamine (DA), uric acid (UA), xanthine (XA) by differential pulse voltammetry. The sensor displayed a linear range up to 4.5, 14, and 82.0 μM with a limit of detection of 2.0, 10.0 and 5 nM for DA, UA, and XA, respectively. In addition, the modified GPE/Fc‐MWCNT displayed a high stability, reproducibility, and repeatability. The GPE/Fc‐MWCNT was used for simultaneous determination of DA, UA, and XA in two different real samples with a recovery rate of 95–104 %.
One‐Pot Transformation of Lignin and Lignin Model Compounds into Benzimidazoles
Authors: Guo Tao , Liu Tianwei , He Jianghua , Zhang Yuetao
Published: December 2021

It is a challenging task to simultaneously achieve selective depolymerization and valorization of lignin due to their complex structure and relatively stable bonds. We herein report an efficient depolymerization strategy that employs 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DDQ) as oxidant/catalyst to selectively convert different oxidized lignin models to a wide variety of 2‐phenylbenzimidazole‐based compounds in up to 94 % yields, by reacting with o‐phenylenediamines with varied substituents. This method could take full advantage of both Cβ and/or Cγ atom in lignin structure to furnish the desirable products instead of forming byproducts, thus exhibiting high atom economy. Furthermore, this strategy can effectively transform both the oxidized hardwood (birch) and softwood (pine) lignin into the corresponding degradation products in up to 45 wt% and 30 wt%, respectively. Through a “one‐pot” process, we have successfully realized the oxidation/depolymerization/valorization of natural birch lignin at the same time and produced the benzimidazole derivatives in up to 67 wt% total yields.
Rationally designed high‐conductivity Hydrangea macrophylla‐like Si@NiO@Ni/C composites as a high‐performance anode material for lithium‐ion batteries
Authors: Yu Kunxiang , Liu Junhao , Gong Xuzhong , Zhang Xianren , Wang Zhi
Published: December 2021

Reasonable design of the core‐shell structure with a high conductive stable substrate is an effective way to solve the huge volume expansion and low intrinsic conductivity of Si‐based anode materials in Li‐ion batteries (LIBs). In this work, the Hydrangea macrophylla‐like composites (Si@NiO@Ni/C) have been successfully synthesized by staged calcination of the Si@Ni(OH)2@C precursor. This design achieved a stable loading of Si nanoparticles on the high conductive substrate by forming chemical bonds and provided enough space for the expansion of Si. Furthermore, the existence of a hybrid coating layer could stabilize the formation of the solid electrolyte layer and accelerate the migration of Li+ and electrons, which greatly improved the kinetics performance on the electrode surface. As a consequence, the design showed excellent cycle stability (1265.5 mAh g–1 after 300 cycles at 0.5 A/g) and rate performance (982.2, 876.1, 766.6, 645.8, 572 mAh/g at 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 A/g, respectively), providing a simple and controllable method to synthesize Si‐based anode materials for high‐performance LIBs.
Resource allocation for joint energy and spectral efficiency in cloud radio access network based on deep reinforcement learning
Authors: Iqbal Amjad , Tham Mau‐Luen , Chang Yoong Choon
Published: December 2021

The rapid increase of user data traffic demand has promoted the telecommunication sector toward adopting a new generation, that is, fifth‐generation (5G). Cloud radio access network (CRAN) has gained considerable attention to satisfy the high traffic demand in the 5G network via deployment and intelligent management of multiple remote radio units (RRHs). However, optimizing the instantaneous network performance may lead to myopic decision‐making, such as excessive on/off switching of RRHs. This paper proposes a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based framework, with the goal of maximizing the long‐term tradeoff between energy efficiency (EE) and spectral efficiency (SE). To this end, we specifically formulate the joint optimization problem as a Markov decision process (MDP) subject to the constraints on per‐RRH transmission power and user quality of service (QoS) demands. Meanwhile, considering the spatio‐temporal channel state information (CSI), we adopt machine learning (ML) techniques to extract generalized features before feeding them into the input of DRL. Combining with RRH status and QoS requirements, the proposed algorithm can learn the near‐optimal control strategy to turn on/off RRHs, followed by solving a power optimization problem. Simulation results reveal that the proposed method yields better performance as compared to myopic and DRL methods without considering CSI generalization.
Detecting attacks on IoT devices with probabilistic Bayesian neural networks and hunger games search optimization approaches
Authors: Toğaçar Mesut
Published: December 2021

Technologies that enable physical objects to communicate with each other are attracting a lot of interest day by day. Internet of Things (IoT) is a communication network that is used to connect with technological devices and systems. The growth of IoT networks has led to malicious targeting of these systems by third parties. To prevent such malicious purposes, network security should be at the forefront. Recently, artificial intelligence‐based approaches have been used in security domains. Two accessible datasets were used in this study. The datasets consist of simulated bot IoT network traffic data containing distributed denial‐of‐service (DDoS) attack types. In the proposed approach, probabilistic Bayesian neural networks and normal Bayesian neural networks are used as the deep learning models. All features of the dataset were trained using two models. Then, the datasets were optimized using hunger games search (HGS) method and the most efficient parameters of the datasets were selected and retrained using deep learning models. In the analysis performed using the proposed approach, an overall accuracy of 100% was obtained for the dataset used in the first experiment and 99.99% for the dataset used in the second experiment. It was also observed that metaheuristic optimization helps the proposed approach to save time in detecting DDoS attacks.
Forecasting oil futures realized range‐based volatility with jumps, leverage effect, and regime switching: New evidence from MIDAS models
Authors: Lu Xinjie , Ma Feng , Wang Jiqian , Liu Jing
Published: December 2021

This study adds ample evidences on forecasting oil futures realized range‐based volatility (RRV) in the mixed data sampling (MIDAS) framework. Considering the features and frequent extreme risk in oil futures trading in practice, we investigate the effect of jumps, leverage effect, and regime switching. The results highlight the great importance of combing jumps, leverage effect, and regime switching simultaneously in oil futures RRV forecasting, which still holds the best predictability during a highly volatile state. Moreover, considering regime switching can also improve forecast accuracy for longer forecasting horizons such as weekly, biweekly, and monthly. The conclusions are robust to various settings and criteria. Our findings are essential for oil enterprises and quantitative investors to have a good command of crude oil futures market characteristics and achieve risk aversion.
Effect of thermal radiation on an unsteady MHD flow over an impulse vertical infinite plate with variant temperature in existence of Hall current
Authors: Appidi Lakshmi , Malga Bala Siddulu , Pramod Kumar P.
Published: December 2021

In this paper, the effects of thermal radiation on unsteady MHD flow viscous incompressible electrically conducting fluid past an impulsively started oscillating vertical plate with variable temperature and constant mass diffusion in the presence of Hall current have been presented. The dimensionless governing partial differential equations of the flow have been solved numerically by using the Galerkin finite element method. The numerical solutions for fluid velocity, angular velocity, temperature, and concentration are represented graphically whereas the numerical results of primary skin friction, rate of heat and mass transfer are presented in tabular form for various parameters involved. The current results were compared to the existing analytical solution based on the Crank–Nicolson implicit finite difference technique. The current study's findings have been shown to be extremely consistent with earlier findings.
Optimization of hydrogen‐enriched diesel/n‐Amyl alcohol‐fueled engine to meet emission standards through varying nozzle opening pressure and static injection timing
Authors: Seelam Navyasree , Gugulothu S. K. , Bhasker Burra , Panda Jibitesh K. , Reddy Ragireddy V.
Published: December 2021

Important injection parameters such as fuel injection timing (FIT) and fuel injection pressure (FIP) on different piston bowl geometries substantially impact the performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics of a common rail direct injection engine. The aim of this study deals with the effects of piston bowl geometry (hemispherical bowl [HSB], troded bowl [TRB], and re‐entrant bowl [REB]), FIP (200, 220, and 240 bar), and variable FIT (20, 24, and 28°bTDC) with hydrogen‐diesel/1‐pentanol (B20) (80% diesel and 20% pentanol) with a constant flow rate of hydrogen at 12 Lpm. Furthermore, to decrease emission standards and energy consumption, biodiesel and hydrogen are the ideal substitutes for conventional fuels. REB outperforms HSB and TRB in terms of brake thermal efficiency (5.67%) and hydrocarbon (8% reduction), increasing the FIP at full load (240 bar). However, with the increase in the FIP in the REB, a slight reduction in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions (2%) is observed. With an increase in FIP in the case of REB, net heat release rate, peak pressure (in‐cylinder), and rate of pressure rise all rise significantly by 3.4%, 4.2%, and 2.3%. NOxemissions are marginally enhanced with higher FIP and advanced FIT. It is found that changing the piston shape and FIP simultaneously is a potential alternative for improving engine performance and lowering emissions.
Accountant CFOs and corporate tax avoidance
Authors: Gao Li
Published: December 2021

This paper examines the association between Chief Financial Officers (CFOs) with accounting expertise (i.e., Accountant CFOs) and corporate tax avoidance. Specifically, I attempt to explore the impact of specialized accounting knowledge of CFOs on general and aggressive tax avoidance strategies. Consistent with my conjectures, I find that having accounting competence among CFOs is positively associated with their general tax avoidance behavior, suggesting that CFOs take advantage of their professional knowledge to reduce corporate tax payment to related tax authorities. In addition, the empirical evidence that I found also shows that accountant CFOs are less likely to involve in aggressive tax avoidance strategies. This conclusion is consistent with prior studies arguing that accountant CFOs are risk averse and conservative. In summary, accountant CFOs have quite different attitudes towards various tax avoidance activities depending on the underlying tax position of the tax planning behavior.
Role of T‐box genes in cancer, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition, and cancer stem cells
Authors: Niu Gengle , Hao Jin , Sheng Surui , Wen Fangyuan
Published: December 2021

Sharing a common DNA binding motif called T‐box, transcription factor T‐box gene family controls embryonic development and is also involved in cancer progression and metastasis. Cancer metastasis shows therapy resistance and involves complex processes. Among them, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) triggers cancer cell invasiveness and the acquisition of stemness of cancer cells, called cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are a small fraction of tumor bulk and are capable of self‐renewal and tumorsphere formation. Recent progress has highlighted the critical roles of T‐box genes in cancer progression, EMT, and CSC function, and such regulatory functions of T‐box genes have emerged as potential therapeutic candidates for cancer. Herein we summarize the current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of T‐box genes in cancer, EMT, and CSCs, and discuss the implications of targeting T‐box genes as anticancer therapeutics.
Integrated cognitive‐behavioral intervention reduced alcohol use and perpetration of intimate partner violence in a man with alcohol dependence syndrome: A case study
Authors: Satyanarayana Veena A. , Krishnamachari Srinivasan
Published: December 2021

Heavy alcohol use poses an increased risk for intimate partner violence. We present here a novel therapeutic treatment, integrated cognitive‐behavioral intervention (ICBI), a treatment approach for men with alcohol dependence who also perpetrate intimate partner violence (IPV). ICBI includes a meaningful integration of cognitive‐behavioral and interpersonal therapy techniques. In this case study of an adult married male with alcohol dependence, who also self‐reported perpetration of IPV, we found that ICBI was an effective treatment approach not only in reducing alcohol consumption and perpetration of IPV but also in improving symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress in his wife. Important limitations, however, were the short duration of follow‐up and concurrent pharmacological treatment. Salient aspects of psychotherapy process and outcome, indications for, and utility of integrated approaches to treatment are discussed.
The PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis in colorectal cancer: Oncogenic alterations, non‐coding RNAs, therapeutic opportunities, and the emerging role of nanoparticles
Authors: Sanaei Mohammad‐Javad , Baghery Saghchy Khorasani Ayda , Pourbagheri‐Sigaroodi Atieh , Shahrokh Shabnam , Zali Mohammad Reza , Bashash Davood
Published: December 2021

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the deadliest human malignancies worldwide. Several molecular pathways have been demonstrated to be involved in the initiation and development of CRC which among them, the overactivation of the phosphatidyl‐inositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR axis is of importance. The current review aims to unravel the mechanisms by which the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway affects CRC progression; and also, to summarize the original data obtained from international research laboratories on the oncogenic alterations and polymorphisms affecting this pathway in CRC. Besides, we provide a special focus on the regulatory role of noncoding RNAs targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in this malignancy. Questions on how this axis is involved in the inhibition of apoptosis, in the induction of drug resistance, and the angiogenesis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and metastasis are also responded. We also discussed the PI3K/Akt pathway‐associated prognostic and predictive biomarkers in CRC. In addition, we provide a general overview of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibition whether by chemical‐based drugs or by natural‐based medications in the context of CRC, either as monotherapy or in combination with other therapeutic agents; however, those treatments might have life‐threatening side effects and toxicities. To the best of our knowledge, the current review is one of the first ones highlighting the emerging roles of nanotechnology to overcome challenges related to CRC therapy in the hope that providing a promising platform for the treatment of CRC.
Global brain delivery of neuroligin 2 gene ameliorates seizures in a mouse model of epilepsy
Authors: Oguro Keiji , Shimazaki Kuniko , Yokota Hidenori , Onuki Yoshiyuki , Murashima Yoshiya , Kawai Kensuke , Muramatsu Shin‐ichi
Published: December 2021

Background

Despite the increasing availability of effective drugs, around one‐third of patients with epilepsy are still resistant to pharmacotherapy. Gene therapy has been suggested as a plausible approach to achieve seizure control, in particular for patients with focal epilepsy. Because seizures develop across wide spans of the brain in many forms of epilepsy, global delivery of the vectors is necessary to tackle such generalized seizures. Neuroligin 2 (NL2) is a postsynaptic cell adhesion molecule that induces or strengthens inhibitory synaptic function by specifically combining with neurexin 1.

Methods

In the present study, we applied an adeno‐associated virus (AAV) type 9 vector expressing NL2 to modulate neuronal excitability in broad areas of the brain in epileptic (EL) mice, a model of polygene epilepsy. We administered the AAV vector expressing Flag‐tagged NL2 under the synapsin I promoter (AAV‐NL2) via cardiac injection 6 weeks after birth.

Results

Significant reductions in the duration, strength and frequency of seizure were observed during a 14‐week observation period in NL2‐treated EL mice compared to untreated or AAV‐green fluorescent protein‐treated EL mice. No behavioral abnormality was observed in NL2‐treated EL mice in an open‐field test. Immunohistochemical examination at 14 weeks after AAV‐NL2 injection revealed the expression of exogenous NL2 in broad areas of the brain, including the hippocampus and, in these areas, NL2 co‐localized with postsynaptic inhibitory molecule gephyrin.

Conclusions

Global brain delivery of NL2 by systemic administration of AAV vector may provide a non‐invasive therapeutic approach for generalized epilepsy.
Coupling solar radiation and cloud cover data for enhanced temperature predictions over topographically complex mountain terrain
Authors: Tscholl Simon , Tasser Erich , Tappeiner Ulrike , Egarter Vigl Lukas
Published: December 2021

Fine‐scale climate information is critical to understand species–climate relationships. It is usually obtained by interpolating meteorological station data or by downscaling coarse‐gridded climate data. In mountain areas, however, the low station density and macroclimate variables used in coarse‐gridded climate products cannot reproduce fine‐scale variations caused by the complex topography and thus result in biased predictions of species responses to climate change. Here, we present an innovative method to estimate daily local air temperature at 100 m spatial resolution in the mountain region of South Tyrol (Central Alps, Italy), called the cloud‐corrected model. We introduce a correction factor that couples solar radiation and cloud cover data to improve air temperature predictions. Results are compared to models that either consider elevation only (lapse‐rate model) or elevation and solar radiation but not cloud cover (clear‐sky model) using a set of independent meteorological stations for validation. Moreover, all models were tested to predict critical phenological stages of the climate‐sensitive species Vitis vinifera. Over the vegetative period, the cloud‐corrected model significantly reduced the mean absolute error of predicted temperature compared with the lapse rate and clear‐sky model by 10 and 23%, respectively, and the bias by 93 and 90%, respectively. Solar radiation and cloud cover both strongly influenced local air temperature and their inclusion in temperature estimates greatly reduced systematic biases and improved predictions of important plant phenological stages by multiple days. Our method therefore provides a new way to include easily accessible topography and climate data into fine‐scale temperature predictions and accounts for important climate forcing factors that otherwise are often neglected. It combines efficiency and accuracy, because it limits data requirements but still operates on an ecologically relevant spatial scale. Thus, our approach offers promising opportunities to improve the understanding of species–climate relationships, especially in regions sensitive to the effects of climate change.
Case presentation and panel discussion: Cardiometabolic risk mitigation
Authors: Mundi Manpreet S. , Mechanick Jeffrey I. , Patel Jayshil J. , Al‐Kazaz Mohamed , Garvey W. Timothy , Still Christopher D.
Published: December 2021

The worldwide increase in the prevalence of obesity and adiposity‐related comorbidities has required a novel approach to cardiometabolic risk mitigation focused on the key mechanistic drivers of disease. The current manuscript presents the case of a 74‐year‐old male with obesity complicated by coronary artery disease, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, obstructive sleep apnea, and type 2 diabetes. Expert panelists discuss optimal diagnostic and treatment strategies focused on lifestyle modifications including dietary interventions such as the Mediterranean dietary pattern, medications that target multiple drivers of disease, as well as procedural options.
Nutrition support for critically ill patients
Authors: Al‐Dorzi Hasan M. , Arabi Yaseen M.
Published: December 2021

Nutrition support is an important aspect of the management of critically ill patients. This review highlights the emerging evidence on critical care nutrition and focuses on the pathophysiologic interplay between critical illness, the gastrointestinal tract, and nutrition support and the evidence on the best route, dose, and timing of nutrition. Although indirect calorimetry is recommended to measure energy expenditure, predictive equations are commonly used but are limited by their inaccuracy in individual patients. The current evidence supports early enteral nutrition (EN) in most patients, with a gradual increase in the daily dose over the first week. Delayed EN is warranted in patients with severe shock. According to recent trials, parenteral nutrition seems to be as effective as EN and may be started if adequate EN is not achieved by the first week of critical illness. A high protein dose has been recommended, but the best timing is unclear. Immuno‐nutrition should not be routinely provided to critically ill patients. Patients receiving artificial nutrition should be monitored for metabolic derangements. Additional adequately powered studies are still needed to resolve many unanswered questions.
Regional therapy trials in peritoneal metastases: The path to standardization of care for gastric cancer
Authors: Badgwell Brian
Published: December 2021

As the peritoneum is the most common site of metastatic disease at diagnosis, disease identified at staging laparoscopy, and site of recurrence for patients with gastric cancer, intraperitoneal therapy has been an area of interest for many investigators. There are several ways to categorize the existing trials and studies. One is by indication, which includes palliative, neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and prophylactic. Another is by treatment modality which includes approaches such as hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy, pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy, intraperitoneal normothermic chemotherapy, and bidirectional combinations of systemic and intraperitoneal therapy. Recently completed and ongoing trials of peritoneal therapy in gastric cancer may be improving on the historically dismal survival rates for patients with carcinomatosis or disease at high risk of peritoneal recurrence. All completed randomized trials are from outside the United States, and additional studies of peritoneal therapy in Western populations are needed to clarify survival outcomes. Cooperative group trials and multi‐institutional registry study efforts are ongoing to help address this clear area of unmet need.
Breast cancer—The catalyst of contemporary trials design
Authors: Al‐Hilli Zahraa , Weiss Anna , Armani Ava , Boughey Judy C , Blair Sarah L.
Published: December 2021

Surgical trials in breast cancer have catalyzed contemporary trial design for solid organ cancers and are a prime example of surgeons taking the lead in clinical trial design. Surgeons have lead trials that have improved patient outcomes and quality of life without sacrificing oncologic safety. We have evolved from radical mastectomy to breast conservation and sentinel node biopsy. Contemporary trial design in breast cancer now focus on personalizing care based on tumor genomics
Melanoma trials that defined surgical management: Brief overview of current/upcoming adjuvant/neoadjuvant trials
Authors: Patel Ankit , Skitzki Joseph
Published: December 2021

Adjuvant systemic therapy for cutaneous melanoma has experienced practice‐changing shifts over the last decade. The successful results of immunotherapies and targeted therapies in the metastatic setting have allowed for investigative trials of the same therapies in the adjuvant and now neoadjuvant setting, with the potential for improved clinical outcomes in patients with high risk resected Stage III and IV melanoma.
Commentary on the Special Issue on Posttraumatic Stress and Suicide: Recognizing that simple things save lives
Authors: Rudd M. David
Published: December 2021

This article offers commentary on the special issue of the Journal of Traumatic Stress dedicated to posttraumatic stress and suicide, with a specific focus on practical recommendations that can be integrated into day‐to‐day clinical practice. Given the complexity of the myriad associations among posttraumatic stress symptoms, the nature of trauma, and suicidality demonstrated in the articles in this issue, it is important for practitioners to utilize evidence‐based approaches to clinical practice in order to be effective. The articles in this special issue offer findings that do just that, providing a foundation rich in practical applications to clinical work, including an understanding of potential mechanisms of action and related targeted interventions.
Effects of plan specificity and eveningness–morningness orientation on health goal pursuit
Authors: Sinha Jayati , Lu Fang‐Chi
Published: December 2021

Extant research has identified several boundary conditions for the beneficial effects of planning in goal pursuit. The present research examines how consumers with morningness‐ (early birds) or eveningness‐orientation (night owls) benefit differentially from health goal planning. Specifically, three studies in an eating context show that early birds respond better to specific diet plans, while night owls respond better to general diet plans. Therefore, a match between plan specificity and one's eveningness–morningness orientation promotes self‐efficacy in carrying out the plans and the consequent health goal‐directed motivation and behaviors. The fourth study in an exercise context further reveals that individual differences in body mass index moderate the combined effect of plan specificity and eveningness–morningness orientation on health goal pursuit. Together, our findings provide practical implications by demonstrating how planning‐based interventions can motivate different consumer segments in health goal pursuit.
What makes products look premium? The impact of product convenience on premiumness perception
Authors: Cho Hyun Young , Lee Sue Hyun , Saini Ritesh
Published: December 2021

This study examines the impact of product convenience on premiumness perception. A comparative survey and four experiments confirm that products viewed as convenient are perceived as more premium than their less convenient counterparts. This effect persists even when the overall quality and preference of the convenient product is equivalent to a less convenient counterpart. The convenience–premiumness relationship is driven by perceptions of convenient products' manufacturers being more customer‐oriented. Moreover, the mediating effect of perceived customer orientation is stronger for consumers with higher productivity orientation, which suggests that the benefits obtained from convenient products are valued more by those who value efficient time management. Furthermore, our results confirm that convenience, besides influencing premiumness perceptions of the product, also positively influences downstream consumer behavior.
Convolution neural network toward Monte Carlo photon dose calculation in radiation therapy
Authors: Zhang Bailin , Liu Xiaowei , Chen Lixin , Zhu Jinhan
Published: December 2021

Purpose

The Monte Carlo (MC) algorithm has been widely accepted as the most accurate algorithm for dosimetric calculations under various conditions in radiotherapy. However, the calculation time remains an important obstacle hindering the routine use of MC in clinical settings. In this study, full MC three‐dimensional dose distributions were obtained with the inputs of the total energy release per unit mass (TERMA) distributions and the electron density (ED) distributions using a convolutional neural network (CNN). A new Dose‐mixup data augmentation routine and training strategy are proposed and applied in the training process. Attempts were made to reduce the calculation time while ensuring that the calculation accuracy is comparable to that of the MC.

Methods

Datasets were generated via the MC with random rectangular field sizes, random iso‐centers, and random gantry angles for head and neck computed tomography (CT) images with Mohan 6‐MV spectrum photon beams. 1500 samples were generated for the training set, and 150 samples were generated for the validation set. The T‐MC Net model was obtained with the Dose‐mixup data augmentation routine. The new CTs were used to test the performance of the model in the rectangular fields and the intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) fields. The mean ± 95% confidence interval of gamma pass rates were calculated.

Results

For 150 rectangular field test samples, the 1%/2 mm, 2%/2 mm, and 3%/2 mm criteria gamma pass rates were 90.11% ± 0.65%, 97.65% ± 0.31%, and 99.16% ± 0.19%, respectively. For the 100 IMRT field test samples, the 1%/2 mm, 2%/2 mm, and 3%/2 mm criteria gamma pass rates were 96.48% ± 0.28%, 99.14% ± 0.10%, and 99.63% ± 0.06%, respectively. For the 7‐fields IMRT plan, the 1%/2 mm, 2%/2 mm, and 3%/2 mm criteria gamma pass rates were 97.06%, 99.10%, and 99.52%, respectively. For the 9‐fields IMRT plan, the 1%/2 mm, 2%/2 mm, and 3%/2 mm criteria gamma pass rates were 98.16%, 99.61%, and 99.89%, respectively.

Conclusions

The feasibility of calculating dose distribution using a CNN with the TERMA three‐dimensional distribution and ED distribution was established. The dosimetric results were comparable to those of the full MC. The accuracy and speed of the proposed approach make it a potential solution for full MC in radiotherapy. This method may be used as an acceleration engine for the dose algorithm and shows great potential for cases where fast dose calculations are needed.
Macronutrients and energy in home‐prepared enteral tube feeding: Comparison between food composition table estimates, nutrition labels, and laboratory analysis
Authors: dos Santos Emilaine Ferreira , Xavier de Melo Vanessa , Ávila Suelen , de Araújo Marques Dengo Vitória , Dall'igna Ana Laura Aristides , Dziedicz Daniella Domingues , Stangarlin‐Fiori Lize , Schieferdecker Maria Eliana Madalozzo , Mary Rodrigues Ferreira Sila
Published: December 2021

Background

The effectiveness of home enteral nutrition depends on the supply and delivery of the prescribed nutrients. This study compared the macronutrient and energy values of home‐prepared enteral tube feeding analyzed in the laboratory with the same information calculated from labels and food composition tables.

Methods

A total of 107 enteral formulations were analyzed: 66 commercial enteral formulas (CEFs), 19 homemade enteral preparations, and 22 blended enteral preparations (BEPs). The values of macronutrients and energy and the ratio between the values found in the laboratory and the calculated values were all evaluated. The tolerance limit of acceptable variation was 20%. The results were subjected to chemometric methods using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA).

Results

In the three categories of the enteral formulations, the calculated values for protein and fat were higher than those obtained in the laboratory. The calculated values for energy were higher than those obtained in the laboratory for the BEPs and CEFs. The CEFs had the highest percentage within the limit of acceptable variation for carbohydrate and protein, whereas the BEPs presented the lowest values for fat and energy. In the exploratory analysis of data using PCA and HCA, it was possible to verify similarities and discrepancies between the enteral formulations analyzed in the laboratory with those calculated from the labels and food composition tables.

Conclusion

The enteral formulations showed differences between the values of macronutrients and energy analyzed in the laboratory and those calculated from labels and/or food composition tables.
Bully for you: Learn the legal aspects of workplace bullying claims
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: December 2021

Workplace bullying is another prevalent form of harassment in the education system, including at institutions of higher education. Although such behavior is common, there are two significant challenges with addressing workplace bullying at colleges and universities; we'll call them definitional and constitutional.
Help students climb the ladder to economic mobility
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: December 2021

Jennifer Saint Louis’ 13 years of experience at Broward College came in handy when it was time for her to transition into the role of Associate Vice President of Partnership Impact and Director of Broward UP, a program powered by Broward College that offers free educational opportunities and workforce training. Saint Louis started at Broward College in enrollment services before moving to a senior student success specialist role and then on to working on the foundation side of higher education for the college.
Impact of illumination and encapsulant resistivity on polarization‐type potential‐induced degradation on n‐PERT cells
Authors: Habersberger Brian M. , Hacke Peter
Published: December 2021

Power loss caused by polarization‐type potential‐induced degradation (PID‐p) in a variety of high‐performance photovoltaic cell types has been observed to be recoverable via subsequent illumination and in some cases preventable via simultaneous illumination. In this report, we describe the results of a study in which the front faces of n‐PERT cells encapsulated in polymers with a broad range of electrical resistivity were exposed to varying and controlled irradiance during PID testing. For a low resistivity ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer encapsulant, no reduction in the rate or extent of power loss was observed for irradiance as high as 1,000 W/m2, whereas for high and intermediate resistivity polyolefin encapsulants, 100 and 300 W/m2, respectively, prevented power loss. We introduce a simple model based on charge accumulation that facilitates interpretation of these results whereby degradation via charge accumulation under voltage stress and recovery due to light exposure are opposing and interdependent phenomena that describe the susceptibility of a module to power loss.
Bullied, bystanders, and perpetrators in the workplace: The role of empathy in teachers and school leaders' experiences
Authors: Mazzone Angela , Pitsia Vasiliki , Karakolidis Anastasios , O'Higgins Norman James
Published: December 2021

This study investigated the experiences of workplace bullying among primary and postprimary school staff in Ireland. A sample of 630 teachers and members of the Senior Management Team (SMT) completed an online survey inquiring about their own experiences of bullying in the workplace, as targets, bystanders, and perpetrators. Information about respondents' perspective taking, empathic concern, personal distress, and demographic background was also collected. Results of the ordinal regression analysis showed a negative association of perspective taking with victimisation and bystander behaviour. In addition, respondents belonging to an SMT reported experiencing victimisation more frequently than teachers, while victimisation experiences and witnessing bullying were more common in postprimary than primary schools. Findings are discussed in terms of the importance of providing awareness and training programmes to school staff.
Self‐Assembly of Hollow, Pompon‐Like and Nanosheet‐Structured Carbon Nitride for Photodegradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride
Authors: Geng Aixia , Lin Hao , Zhao Yanxi , Xu Xuelian , Xiao Ping , Lv Kangle , Zhu Junjiang
Published: December 2021

A hollow pompon‐like carbon nitride (hp‐CN), composed of nanosheets, is prepared and used for photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC). The synthesis is done by a supramolecular self‐assembly method, using melamine and cyanuric acid as precursors. The hollow pompon‐like morphology and nanosheet structure promote both the textural (e.g., crystallinity, surface area) and electronic properties (e.g., electron–hole separation efficiency, number of excited electrons, and impedance) of hp‐CN, compared to these of graphitic carbon nitride (g‐CN) synthesized by direct polycondensation of melamine. The hp‐CN‐6 (heating for 6 h) is highly active for photodegradation of TC, with 96.3% conversion obtained within 15 min when conducted at pH 1.86, and no appreciable activity loss is detected within 4 cycles. Quenching experiments suggest that superoxide radicals (•O2−) are the primary active reaction species. A comparison in the activity of hp‐CN‐6 and g‐CN for photocatalytic TC degradation is made, and a possible mechanism is proposed.