bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality of Vertical Dyad Linkages: Congruence of Supervisor and Subordinate Competence and Role Stress as Explanatory Variables
Authors: Snyder Robert A. , Bruning Nealia S.
Published: March 2007

Supervisor and subordinate competence and role stress were ex amined as explanatory variables of the vertical exchange within supervisor/subordinate dyads. Three hypotheses were proposed to examine these linkages: (1) subordinate competence is directly related to the vertical exchange between supervisors and subordi nates; (2) this competence/exchange relationship is moderated by the role stress experienced by the parties; and (3) the subordinate competence/exchange relationship is moderated by the supervisor's competence. These hypotheses were tested using a heterogeneous sample of (626) supervisor-subordinate dyads within social service organizations. Multiple hierarchical regression that included inter action terms supported the first and third hypotheses. As subordi nate competence increased, the vertical exchange reported increased. The results also demonstrated that congruence between supervisor/ subordinate competence resulted in higher level exchanges than did incongruence in competence levels.
Attitudes About the Work Group: An Added Moderator of the Relationship Between Leader Behavior and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Skaret David J. , Bruning Nealia S.
Published: March 2007

The moderating effects of attitudes about the work group and task structure on the relationships between leader behavior dimensions and job satisfaction facets were explored. The results indicated that this variable was an important added moderator of leader behavior dimensions. The significant main effects and interaction effects found reaffirmed the complexity of the leadership role for practicing managers.
Transformational Leadership in a Management Game Simulation
Authors: Avolio Bruce J. , Waldman David A. , Einstein Walter O.
Published: March 2007

This investigation examined the practices of transformational and transactional leadership in a management simulation game that spanned a 3-month period. Transformational and transactional leadership were measured by using Bass's (1985) Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (Form 4). Participants were second-year, part- time and full-time MBA students who worked in teams, each composed of seven to nine members. Each team represented the senior management of a hypothetical manufacturing organization. Data were collected from 27 teams on the perceived leadership of team presidents and the financial performance of their respective teams. Financial performance was based on five traditional indicators of organi zational effectiveness,that is, market share, stock price, earnings per share, return on assets, and debt-to-equity ratio. Analyses of leadership data collected independently of financial performance demonstrated significant and positive relationships be tween active transactional leadership, transformational leadership, and organi zational effectiveness.
When a Woman Is the Boss
Authors: Watson Carol
Published: March 2007

This study explored the possibility that encouraging women to behave more dominantly in leadership situations will undermine their effectiveness rather than increase it. As predicted, women who enacted a dominant approach were found to be somewhat less influential overall than women who enacted a considerate, problem-solving approach and significantly less influential when they supervised male rather than mixed-sex subordinates. Women in subordinate roles gave domi nant female supervisors slightly higher ratings of effectiveness than considerate ones. Overall, however, women subordinates disliked their female bosses more than men did and judged them more negatively no matter which approach they enacted. It is concluded that women who wish to be effective leaders should be encouraged to behave considerately and to improve their participative management skills, not to act more like men.
The Influence of Causal Feedback on Subordinate Reactions and Behavior
Authors: Liden Robert C. , Ferris Gerald R. , Dienesch Richard M.
Published: March 2007

Two investigations were conducted to examine the effects of causal feedback on work outcomes. First, an interpersonal simulation was conducted, examining the effects of causal feedback and success or failure performance on subordinate reactions to the feedback session. A causal feedback x performance interaction was found suggesting that when causal feedback attributes subordinate success internally and failure externally, subordinate perceptions of appraisal fairness and accuracy and their satisfaction with the feedback session are higher (i.e., than when the causal feedback holds the subordinate personally accountable for failure but externalizes success). Second, a laboratory experiment conducted at two different sites was designed to investigate the effects of task feedback, causal feedback, and self- esteem on individuals' reactions to feedback and task performance. Reactions to feedback were influenced by task feedback and to a lesser degree by causal feedback. Self-esteem had little impact on affective reactions, but did interact with task and causal feedback to influence task performance. The results of both studies are discussed in light of what is known about causal feedback and what directions should be taken in future research.
Personal Reliance on Alternative Event-Management Processes in Four Countries
Authors: Peterson Mark F. , Smith Peter B. , Bond Michael H. , Misumi Jyuji
Published: March 2007

Organization members seek information from different sources, depending on how familiar they are with the work situations they encounter from one moment to the next. Event-management processes are the sources of information that organization members use to interpret and respond to the sequence of events they experience. Questionnaire items were constructed to ask employees how much they use five event-management processes to respond to two categories of events— day-to-day situations and unusual problems (i.e., exceptional situations). The questionnaires were administered to employees in five electronics-related manufacturing plants located in four countries— the U.S., U.K., Japan, and Hong Kong. The results indicate that the respondents find the distinction among different event-management processes in all four countries. Applications to process-oriented rather than traditional structure-oriented contingency management models for research and application are addressed.
Socializing American Expatriate Managers Overseas
Authors: Black J. Stewart
Published: March 2007

This study examined the impact of organizational socialization tactics and the moderating effect of organizational tenure on role innovation or the extent to which expatriate managers changed the procedures and objectives of their jobs. The results suggested that collective, serial, and rixed tactics had a significant relationship with role innovation. In addition, organizational tenure moderated the relationship between collective and serial tactics with role innovation.
Successful Female Corporate Managers and Entrepreneurs
Authors: Brodsky Marcia A.
Published: March 2007

Research was conducted comparing personality, sex role, and demographic profiles with data from in-depth interviews of successful professional women in entrepreneurial and corporate work settings. Results demonstrate significant differences on measures of trust and level of control, with managers scoring as more trusting and requiring lower levels of control than entrepreneurs, who seek to define their own work environments and parameters. Although managers view corporate environments as safe and supportive, entrepreneurs consider them confining. The thrust of this exploratory study is unique in that it compares and contrasts characteristics of high-achieving women in these two distinct, yet complementary, nontraditional arenas.
The Temporal Impact of Management Faculty Style and Course Characteristics
Authors: Futoran Gail Clark , (Jerry) Hunt James G. , Rivera Joan B.
Published: March 2007

Faculty evaluation and semester grade effects of management faculty communication style variables (expressiveness and supportiveness) operating through intervening course variables (fairness and student personal fit with course) were assessed in a longitudinal study of two separate student samples (n = 265 and 340, respectively) using structural equation modeling (LISREL-7). Based on the study results, managerial implications for faculty development that recognize and respond to the multidimensional aspects of student learning are discussed and the findings are related to broader aspects of the managerial, communication, and education literatures.
Group Decision Making in the Negative Domain
Authors: Hartman Sandra J. , Nelson Beverly H.
Published: March 2007

During the past 10 years, there has been continuing discussion of a central idea of prospect theory: individuals' risk-taking behavior will differ depending on whether they perceive themselves to be in the negative domain (the donmin of losses) or the positive domain (the domain of gains). Specifically, prospect theory proposes that individuals will be risk seeking in the negative and risk averse in the positive domain. During this same period, the study of group behavior has continued, and there has been consideration of group factors that may affectrisktaking. However, there has been no systematic effort to establish direct linkages between the group behavior and the prospect theory literature. In this article, we begin by reviewing the two literature streams and suggesting linkages. Based on the linkages we see, we propose a series of testable hypotheses that we believe can establish a research agenda for those working in this area. Finally, we propose implications for managers and practitioners.
Leader-Member Exchange Quality and Effectiveness Ratings
Authors: Deluga Ronald J.
Published: March 2007

Survey data were collected from 127 subordinate-supervisor dyads employed in diverse organizational settings. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that subordinate-supervisor conscientiousness similarity predicted subordinate in-role behavior. Also, subordinate in-role behavior closely approached significance as a predictor of higher quality leader-member exchanges (LMX), whereas LMX was correlated with subordinate organizational citizenship behavior and supervisor effectiveness. As a function of conscientiousness similarity, the observed relationships are explained in terns of improved subordinate-supervisor compatibility and reciprocity. Examples are provided.
Sex Differences in the Continuance Component of Organizational Commitment
Authors: Wahn Judy C.
Published: March 2007

A total of 192 male and 347 female human resource professionals completed Allen and Meyer's Continuance Commitment Scale, assessing one of three components of organizational commitment. Women reported higher levels of continuance commitment than men. The sex differences in continuance commitment can be regarded as small to moderate following Cohen's rules of thumb regarding effect sizes. Regression analysis confirmed the relationship between sex and continuance commitment and revealed a positive relationship between tenure and continuance commitment and a negative relationship between two other variables-education level and level in the hierarchy-and continuance commitment. Findings are discussed in terms of women perceiving fewer alternatives to their current employer than men.
A Social Dilemma Perspective on Cooperative Behavior in Organizations
Authors: Aquino Karl , Reed Americus
Published: March 2007

This study investigates groups' ability to manage resources under high and low scarcity. We offer a contingency model to reconcile competing predictions in the literature: Cooperative group behavior is moderated by group communication and the distribution of resources. A sample of 208 undergraduate students role-played I of 4 "division managers" in a fictional organization. They made independent organizational resource withdrawal decisions. Three independent variables were manipulated: (a) level of resource replenishment, (b) group communication prior to decision making, and (c) access to the resource. Our findings indicated strong support for the hypothesized effect of communication and moderate support for the effect of resource distribution. Results suggest that a decline in scarcity increases cooperation only when groups are allowed to communicate and when there is equal access to resources. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings for group behavior in organizations are discussed, and future directions for research are offered.
Behavioral Coordination, Structural Congruence and Entrainment in a Simulation of Acoustically Coupled Agents
Authors: Di Paolo Ezequiel A.
Published: March 2007

Social coordination is studied in a simulated model of autonomous embodied agents that interact acoustically. Theoretical concepts concerning social behavior are presented from a systemic per spective and their usefulness is evaluated in interpreting the results obtained. Two agents moving in an unstructured arena must locate each other, and remain within a short distance of one anoth er for as long as possible using noisy continuous acoustic interaction. Evolved dynamical recurrent neural networks are used as the control architecture. Acoustic coupling poses nontrivial problems like discriminating 'self' from 'non-self' and structuring production of signals in time so as to minimize interference. Detailed observation of the most frequently evolved behavioral strategy shows that interacting agents perform rhythmic signals leading to the coordination of movement. During coordination, signals become entrained in an anti-phase mode that resembles turn-taking. Perturbation techniques show that signalling behavior not only performs an external function, but it is also integrated into the movement of the producing agent, thus showing the difficulty of separating behavior into social and non-social classes. Structural congruence between agents is shown by exploring internal dynamics as well as the response of single agents in the presence of signalling beacons that reproduce the signal patterns of the interacting agents. Lack of entrainment with the signals produced by the beacons shows the importance of transient periods of mutual dynamic perturbation wherein agents achieve congruence.
Adding "Foveal Vision" to Wilson's Animat
Authors: Cliff Dave , Bullock Seth
Published: March 2007

Different animals employ different strategies for sampling sensory data. In animals that can see, differences in sampling strategy manifest themselves as differences in field of view and in spatially variant sampling (so-called foveal vision). In analyzing adaptive behavior in animals, or attempting to design autonomous robots, mechanisms for exploring variations in sensory sampling strategy will be required. This article describes our work exploring a minimal system for investigating the effects of variations in patterns of sensory sampling. We have reimplemented Wilson's animat (Wilson, 1985b) and then experimented with altering its sensory sampling pattern (i.e., its sensory field). Empirical results are presented which demonstrate that alterations in the sensory field pattern can have a significant effect on the animat's observable behavior. Analysis of our results involves characterizing the interaction between the animat's sensory field and the environment within which the animat resides. We found that the animat's observed behavior can, at least in part, be explained by the animat cautiously moving in a manner that attempts to maximize the generation of new information from the environment over time. We demonstrate that similar explanations can be offered for behavioral patterns in real animals. The article concludes with a discussion of the generality of the results and reflections on the prospects for further work.
Concurrent Product and Process Design in Hot Forging
Authors: Esche S.K. , Chassapis C. , Manoochehri S.
Published: March 2007

The long and costly lead times necessary in developing new forged products motivate the application of concurrent engineer ing principles and knowledge-based computer software systems in hot forging. Design engineers can benefit significantly from such sys- ' tems, particularly if they incorporate both product and manufacturability knowledge. An Automated Concurrent Engineering Software (ACES) for part design and manufacturing has been developed at the Design and Manufacturing Institute (DMI) at Stevens Institute of Technology. This system combines deterministic and empirical knowledge about a variety of aspects of product design and manufactur ing, and thus, it provides potent reasoning and decision-making power that enables the engineer to reduce drastically the time between product conception and final production. This paper reports on the development of the prototype of a knowledge-based module for hot forging processes.
Long-Distance Relationships in Dual-Career Commuter Couples: A Review of Counseling Issues
Authors: Rhodes Angel R.
Published: March 2007

The dual-career commuter couple is an alternative family configuration that continues to grow in number. This article is a review of the literature on dual-career commuter couples that has been published since the Gerstel and Gross review in 1982. It addresses the counseling issues of marital and family characteristics, commuting characteristics, and decision-making styles. Counseling implications and future research needs are also included. This updated information is important to counselors who are trying to meet the needs of this expanding population.
Gifted Children and their Families
Authors: May Kathleen M.
Published: March 2007

Gifted children and their families may be considered a population with unique needs. In this column, the characteristics of gifted children and the impact of giftedness on the family are presented. Family therapists are encouraged to examine their own attitudes toward giftedness and to enhance their sensitivity in working with gifted families.
Intercultural Marriage and Family: Beyond the Racial Divide
Authors: McFadden John
Published: March 2007

Intercultural marriages have emerged as a central theme in discussion, not only among helping professionals but also the general public. Issues surrounding these conversations involve areas such as race, ethnicity, culture, and religion. The racial divide certainly permeates the thinking of many individuals as it affects couples and families. This article focuses on trends in intercultural marriages and how these relationships influence dynamics among families and the development of children and adolescents. Stages of acceptance toward intermarriages beyond the racial divide and empowerment traits for interracial marriages and family are introduced.
Bibliotherapy for Divorced and Remarried Families
Authors: Bray James H.
Published: March 2007

This column presents issues that affectfamilies undergoing separation, divorce, and remarriage, including single parenting and stepfamilies. If you have specific areas or questions that you would like discussed in this column, please write to: James H. Bray, Department of Family Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 5510 Greenbiiar, Houston, TX 77005, or call (713) 798-7751.
A Contextual Paradigm of Counseling and Psychotherapy: Answering a Critique of Social Systems Theory
Authors: Cottone R. Rocco , Greenwell Robert
Published: March 2007

A contextual paradigm of counseling and psychotherapy is delineated. Emergent and potential criticisms of a contextual paradigm of counseling and psychotherapy are described and addressed; potential limitations and qualifications of a contextual position are also discussed.
Adolescent Family Counseling: Some Different Perspectives
Authors: Huber Charles H.
Published: March 2007

Recent wvritings in the family counseling literature question traditional notions of adolescence as being a time of "storm and stress" characterized by family conflict where peers replace family members as significant others. Several of these alternative perspectives are offered for family counselors to consider.
Clinical Supervision
Authors: Giblin Paul
Published: March 2007

This review explores various dimensions of the clinical supervisory process including an assessment tool to measure trainee development, a supervisor developmental model, qualities of "excellent" supervisors, the differential effects of expert modeling versus self-observation using videotape, and growth issues for the person of both therapist and supervisor. The studies represent divergent theoretical perspectives and research methodologies.
Andrew Billingsley: The Legacy of African American Families
Authors: Arnold Mary Smith , Allen Nan P.
Published: March 2007

Andrew Billingsley is a leading scholar on Black familiws. In the 1960s he advanced an ecological and systems model of Black family functioning that spawned generations of social science theorists, researchers, and practitioners who focused on Black families.
Constructing Gender in Marriage: Implications for Counseling
Authors: Knudson-Martin Carmen
Published: March 2007

This article examines two approaches to gender and to marital counseling and therapy: (a) one approach focuses on internalized gender differences, and (b) the otherfocuses on structural power differentials. Both views are integrated within a model that identifles gender as an interpbersonal process and applies family systems theory as aframework for examining how the meaning and experience of gender is socially constructed through marital interaction. Case examples emphasizing implications for counseling and therapy are addressed.
Structure and Characteristics of the Stepfamily: Implications for Counseling
Authors: Cobia Debra C.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the development, structure, and characteristics of the stepfamily are described and distinguished from those of traditional, intactfamilies. Stepfamily concerns are identified and discussed as typical transitional issues rather than as insurmountable problems. Implications for counseling are discussed.
London's Career Motivation Theory: An Update on Measurement and Research
Authors: London Manuel , Noe Raymond A.
Published: March 2007

The concept of career motivation initially presented by London (1983) integrates individual differences into three domains: career resilience, career insight, and career identity. This serves as an organizing framework in which to understand and enhance the effects of situational conditions on career decisions and behavior. This article summarizes London's career motivation theory, describes assessment center and paper-and-pencil measures of the career motivation domains, presents a study showing the convergent validity of three measures, and reviews research findings. Suggestions are made for future research and practice.
Trade Policy and Industrial Pollution in Latin America: Where Are the Pollution Havens?
Authors: Birdsall Nancy , Wheeler David
Published: March 2007

It is commonly assumed by economists and environmentalists alike that greater economtc "openness" will lead to increased industrial pollution in developing countries. This paper challenges the "pollution haven" hypothesis, arguing that liberalization of trade regimes and increased foreign investment in Latin America have not been associated with pollution-intensive industrial development. From case studies and econometric evidence, we conclude that protected economies are more likely to favor pollution intensive industries, while openness actually encourages cleaner industry through the importation of developed-country pollution standards.
A Comment on Whether Maquiladoras Are in Mexico for Low Wages or to Avoid Pollution Abatement Costs
Authors: Molina David J.
Published: March 2007

The negotiation and ratification of NAFTA have brought into focus the reasons for the growth of the maquiladora industry in Mexico. At question is whether the maquila industry has grown as a result of pollution abatement cost avoidance or inexpensive labor. This paper reviews the three basic methods used to address this question: surveys, pollution measurement, and historical trends. Using the latter method, computations shown here contradict an earlier study that indicated no relation between avoidance of pollution abatement costs and growth in maquiladora investment. The results presented here suggest there is a positive relation, or that as pollution abatement costs in a given industry have increased, the maquiladora investments in the same industry have grown. Thus, as NAFTA and the EPA-SEDESOL Integrated Border Environmental Plan are implemented, consideration must be given to the fact that U.S. plants have in the past moved to Mexico to avoid pollution abatement costs.
The Canadian Turbot War with Spain: Unilateral State Actionin Defense of Environmental Interests
Authors: Springer Allen L.
Published: March 2007

Canada's unilateral extension of its jurisdiction over high seas fisheries in the Northwest Atlantic led in 1995 to a serious confrontation with Spain and the European Union. Although the dispute was ultimately resolved through negotiation, it raised important questions about the appropriateness and limitations of unilateral state action to protect resource and related environmental interests. This article examines the "turbot war" between Canada and Spain by analyzing the language of the disputants and outside observers to place the Canadian action in a broader normative perspective. Without trying to judge the lawfulness of the Canadian extension, it nonetheless suggests that both the conditions under which the Canadians acted and the response of the international community to the Canadian initiative provide support for a limited state right to take unilateral steps to respond to serious threats to important resources.
Freshwater Use, Freshwater Scarcity, and Socioeconomic Development
Authors: Rock Michael T.
Published: March 2007

Several influential studies suggest that population and income growth lead to increasing demands for freshwater and freshwater scarcity. Unfortunately, there is little rigorous empirical testing of this hypothesis. This article relies on a cross-country multiple regression framework pioneered by Kuznets, Chenery, and Chenery and Syrquin to analyze the structural transformation in water use as socioeconomic development occurs. Cross-country regressions are cross-checked by time-series (and cross-state) regressions for the United States. Results suggest that water use exhibits an inverted-U relationship with income per capita. The findings also suggest that this relationship is affected by the efficiency of water use in agriculture, by whether a country was in the former Soviet Union, and by a country's trade policy. Taken together, these findings suggest a need for a rethinking regarding freshwater use and freshwater scarcity as socioeconomic development proceeds.
Can the MMPI-2 Validity Scales Detect Depression Feigned by Experts?
Authors: Bagby R. Michael , Nicholson Robert A. , Buis Tom , Bacchiochi Jason R.
Published: March 2007

Major depression is one of the most frequently presented disorders for claims of psychiatric disability. Evidence also suggests that many individuals making claims of disability exaggerate or even fabricate mental illness. These facts suggest that the detection of feigned depression is an important task in psychiatric disability claim assessments. In this study, the capacity of a number of MMPI-2 validity scales and indicators to detect feigned depression was examined. Twenty-three mental health professionals with specific expertise and significant experience in assessing and treating major depression were asked to complete the MMPI-2 as if they were suffering from major depression. The MMPI-2 protocols of this sample were compared to those of a sample of patients diagnosed with major depression. Results indicated that the validity scales F, back F (FB), and the Dissimulation scale (Ds) were highly successful at distinguishing MMPI-2 protocols of feigned depression from bona fide depression. Replicating results from previous studies, however, FB proved most effective, outperforming all other validity scales and indicators, including F and Ds. These findings suggest that even experts are unable to feign major depression successfully on the MMPI-2, and that the FB scale might be the most effective indicator for detecting feigned depression.
Validity Rates of the MMPI-2 and PAI in a Rural Inpatient Psychiatric Facility
Authors: LePagea James P. , Mogge Neil L. , Sharpe William R.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the validity rates of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) and Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) profiles in a rural inpatient population. The validity scales of 90 MMPI-2 and 90 PAI profiles were analyzed using published criteria for determining validity. Random responding, positive impression management, and negative impression management were also evaluated. The PAI had a higher number of valid profiles compared with the MMPI-2. Evidence suggests the primary source of the invalid profiles within the MMPI-2 is a higher level of endorsement of relatively rare statements. The substitution of the Infrequency-Psychopathology scale (Fp) for the Infrequency scale (F) on the MMPI-2 substantially reduced the number of invalid profiles. Contrary to expectations, the PAI did not demonstrate lower levels of invalid profiles due to random responding. Rates of invalid profiles for each scale are provided.
Revised Guidelines for Urist's Mutuality of Autonomy Scale (MOA)
Authors: Holaday Margot , Sparks Cheri Lynn
Published: March 2007

Research findings reported in the literature with less than 80% interrater agreement for the Rorschach Mutuality of Autonomy (MOA) scale may be problematic due to possible error. In preparation for a new Rorschach study using the MOA scale, we found it necessary to revise and clarify MOA scale scoring guidelines because they were confusing and ambiguous. A group of 19 naive graduate students improved their interrater agreement scores from 67% using guidelines from the literature, to 75% on the first revision, and these 19 raters plus 13 new raters produced an 80% agreement on a second revision. This revision, with only minor changes based on raters' feedback, is included in an appendix.
The Detection of Malingered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with MMPI-2 Fake Bad Indices
Authors: Elhai Jon D. , Gold Steven N. , Sellers Alfred H. , Dorfman William I.
Published: March 2007

This investigation explored the effect of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) simulation on Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) responses, to detect malingered from genuine PTSD. Sixty-four adult PTSD outpatients at a child sexual abuse (CSA) survivor treatment program were compared with 85 adult college students instructed and trained to malinger PTSD. MMPI-2 overreporting indices examined were F, I F-Fb l, F-K, F(p), Ds2, O-S, OT, and FBS. A stepwise discriminant analysis identified F(p), F-K, and O-S as the best malingering predictors. A predictive discriminant analysis yielded good hit rates for the model, with impressive cross-validation results. Cutoff scores were assessed for the model's predictors. Clinical implications for detecting malingered PTSD using the MMPI-2 are discussed.
Development and Validation of the Theoretical Orientation Scale for Clinicians: Reflecting Solution-Focused Principles
Authors: Osborn Cynthia J. , Johanson George A.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the development and validation of the 40-item Theoretical Orientation Scale for Clinicians (TOSCSF), an instrument designed to (a) operationalize attitudes towards the principles of solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT), and (b) assess clinicians' endorsement of this therapeutic approach. Participants (N = 284) were members of the National Association of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Counselors (NAADAC) who responded (63%) to a mail questionnaire containing the TOSCSF. Reliability (Cronbach's alpha = .82) and validity of scores on the TOSCSF are examined in light of the detection of an acquiescent response pattern in 40 respondents. A subsequent threefactor structure derived from a principal components analysis (accounting for 28% of the variance) suggests modest, but positive, support for the construct validity of the TOSCSF. Recommendations for further refinement of the instrument are discussed.
Relationships among MMPI Codetype, Gender, and Setting and the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale
Authors: Greene Roger L.
Published: March 2007

Scores on the MacAndrew Alcoholism scale (MAC) were examined within specific Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) codetypes in three large samples: psychiatric inpatients and outpatients, medical outpatients referred for a psychiatric evaluation, and alcoholic inpatients. Mean MAC scores varied drastically as a function of MMPI codetype, gender, and the specific setting in which the MMPI was administered. These large variations in MAC scores suggest that the use of a single cutting score, typically a raw score of 24 or higher, may be inappropriate. Clinicians are cautioned about using the MAC to identify persons who abuse substances without considering the potential effects of MMPI codetype, gender, and the setting in which the MMPI is administered.
Performance of Asian and White Children on the K-ABC: Understanding Information Processing Differences
Authors: Mardell-Czudnowski Carol
Published: March 2007

Eighty-two children living in Taipei, Taiwan were tested with the K-ABC and several other instruments. Children were classified according to ethnic group (Asian or White) and whether they had lived in the United States. Data analyses indicate no significant differences based on the child's sex, language of the test administration, or ethnicity of the examiner. Children who had lived in the United States performed significantly higher on the achievement scale, but there were no differences on the mental processing scales. However, Asian children scored significantly higher than White children on the sequential processing scale of the K-ABC, a difference caused primarily by superior information processing of recalling numbers. Findings are discussed in terms of ethnic, environmental, cultural, and linguistic factors.
Clinical Research Note on Psychometric Limitations of Two Harris-Lingoes Subscales for the MMPI-2
Authors: Krishnamurthy Radhika , Archer Robert P. , Huddleston Elizabeth N.
Published: March 2007

The Harris-Lingoes subscales were carried over to the MMPI-2 and MMPI-A despite limited empirical evaluation of these scales for either the original or the revised instruments. In the revised forms of the MMPI, these subscales are subject to the same interpretive guideline applied to the other standard scales, that is, T-score elevations Z65 are interpreted as representing clinically significant data. A special problem arises for two subscales because these measures cannot produce clinical range elevations. The maximum attainable T score for both genders on the MMPI-2 Denial of Social Anxiety (Hy1) subscale is 61, and the highest T score attainable for the Social Imperturbability (Pd3) subscale is 64 for men and 65 for women. Modifications to standard interpretive practices are suggested in light of these findings, particularly noting the inability of these two subscales to produce useful clinical data.
Discriminant Validity of the SCL-90 Dimensions of Anxiety and Depression
Authors: Morgan C. Don , Wiederman Michael W. , Magnus Ryan D.
Published: March 2007

Although the SCL-90 and other self-report measures of anxiety and depression have long been criticized for inadequate factor structure and unacceptably high correlations with each other, recent evidence indicates the use of homogeneous samples results in greatly improved discriminant validity. This study utilized homogeneous samples of anxious (N = 54) or depressed (N = 120) outpatients and a factor analysis was conducted on their responses to the depression and anxiety items on the SCL-90. Clearly separate factors for anxiety and depression emerged. Results are discussed with respect to implication for measures of depression and anxiety.
The Use of the MMPI-2 for the Assessment of Depressive and Psychotic Disorders
Authors: Wetzler Scott , Khadivi Ali , Moser R. Kevin
Published: March 2007

Considering the normative changes incorporated into the MMPI-2 and the introduction of content scales, this study examined its usefulness for the diagnosis and assessment of depression and psychosis in a heterogeneous sample of 264 psychiatric inpatients. We examined the mean group profiles and diagnostic efficiency of single scales at specified cutoff scores for these conditions. We also conducted cross-validated stepwise regression using all the basic and content scales as well as hierarchical regression examining the incremental validity of the basic and content scales. In general, the MMPI-2 profiles were found to be sensitive to group differences and the derived regression equations proved to be stable and fairly good at classification; but single scales were less useful for diagnosis. Changes in norms made the MMPI-2 more specific than the MMPI, and the introduction of new content scales offered considerable additional clinical information and incremental validity.
Methodological Issues in Evaluating Rorschach Validity: A Comment on Burns and Viglion (1996), Weiner (1996), and Ganellen (1996)
Authors: Wood James M. , Nezworski M. Teresa , Stejskal William J. , Garven Sena , West Stephen G.
Published: March 2007

The old controversy regarding the Rorschach Inkblot Test has recently revived. The present article suggests that the debate will be most productive if careful attention is paid to methodological issues. Three recent examples illustrate how incorrect conclusions regarding Rorschach validity may occur if methodological issues are not evaluated carefully. The present article examines (a) Burns and Viglione's (1996) conclusion that the Rorschach Human Experience Variable (HEV) is a predictor of interpersonal relatedness among adults; (b) Weiner's (1996) conclusion that the D score and Morbid Responses (MOR) are valid measures of "experienced distress" in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD); and (c) Ganellen's (1996a, 1996b) conclusion that the Rorschach Depression Index (DEPI) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) are comparable in their power to identify diagnoses of depression.
Review : Glial Boundaries and Scars: Programs for Normal Development and Wound Healing in the Brain
Authors: Thomas L. Brannon , Steindler Dennis A.
Published: March 2007

Early studies of glial boundaries, which are composed of immature astrocytes and extracellular matrix mol ecules (which they express), initially offered insight into the partitioning that occurs in the developing nervous system. More recently, however, it has been suggested that similar "boundaries" may have important roles in other processes occurring in the brain, including repair after traumatic brain injury. As more is understood about the expression and function of boundary molecules and glia, their potential importance is becoming apparent in numerous neuropathological conditions, including neurodegeneration and neuroregeneration in Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases as well as in brain neoplasms. Furthermore, before we can hope to fully understand and facilitate regeneration in the compromised brain, our knowledge of the glial boundary, both during development and in the adult, must be more complete. The Neuroscientist 1:142-154, 1995
Migraine Enters the Molecular Era
Authors: Moskowitz Michael A. , Waeber Christian
Published: March 2007

Migraine headache is the first neurological condition treatable by a drug targeted to a specific receptor binding site. Originally viewed as a disorder of brain blood vessels, migraine may have as its biological basis a disturbance in brain function. Regarding therapy, recent molecular data document that 5-HT1D receptors on primary afferent fibers are coupled to inhibition of neuropeptide release, blockade of neurogenic inflammation, and c-fos expression within the trigeminal nucleus caudalis after noxious meningeal stimulation in experimental animals. The 5-HT1Dα receptor subtype (as opposed to the 5-HT 1Dβ receptor) has emerged as an important therapeutic target aimed at blocking trigeminal nerve fibers without constricting vascular smooth muscle. NEUROSCIENTIST 2:191-200, 1996
The Functional Organization of Brain for Reading and Reading Disability (Dyslexia
Authors: Shaywitz Bennett A. , Shaywitz Sally E. , Pugh Kenneth R. , Skudlarski Pawel , Fulbright Robert K. , Constable R.Todd , Fletcher Jack M. , Liberman Alvin M. , Shankweiler Donald P. , Katz Leonard , Bronen Richard A. , Marchione Karen E. , Lacadie Cheryl , Gore John C.
Published: March 2007

Converging evidence from many lines of investigation now indicates that dyslexia (reading disability) represents a disorder affecting linguistic systems in brain. Furthermore, these studies point to deficits in one particular component of the language system—phonological processing—as the most severe, robust, and consistent findings in children and adults with dyslexia (the "phonological deficit" hypothesis). Until recently, the cerebral localization of those processes related to reading have been elusive, in no small measure because as uniquely human activities, language and reading can be studied only in humans. Within the last year, it has become possible to use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to localize the component processes used in reading: orthography, phonology, and lexical-semantic processing. We found that in men phonological processing was lateralized to the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG, Broca's area); in contrast, in women performance of a phonological task produced bilateral activation of this region. These findings provide the first clear evidence of sex differences in the functional organization of the brain for language and indicate that these differences exist at the level of phonological processing. Not only do these findings support and extend a long-held hypothesis suggesting that language functions are more likely to be highly lateralized in males, but, of particular relevance to the scientific study of reading and reading disability, these data suggest that the activation of the IFG region during the performance of a rhyming task may provide a neural "signature" for phonological processing, the core cognitive component in reading and reading disability. NEUROSCIENTIST 2:245-255, 1996
The Cellular Bases of Functional Brain Imaging: Evidence for Astrocyte-Neuron Metabolic Coupling
Authors: Magistretti Pierre J. , Pellerin Luc
Published: March 2007

Signals detected with functional brain imaging techniques are based on the coupling between neuronal activity and energy metabolism. Positron emission tomography signals detect blood flow, oxygen consumption and glucose utilization associated with neuronal activity; the degree of blood oxygenation is thought to contribute to the signal detected with functional magnetic resonance imaging, whereas magnetic resonance spectroscopy identifies the spatiotemporal pattern of activity-dependent appearance of metabolic in termediates, such as glucose or lactate. Despite the technological sophistication of these brain imaging techniques, the precise mechanisms and cell types involved in coupling and in generating metabolic signals are still debated. Indeed, given the level of resolution achieved with these brain imaging techniques, it has not been feasible to monitor met abolic fluxes between the highly intermingled neuronal, glial, and vascular elements in the intact brain. This obstacle has been overcome in recent years by using purified cellular preparations of neurons and glia. These approaches have suggested a critical role for astrocytes in coupling neuronal activity to energy metabolism. Indeed, astrocytes possess receptors and reuptake sites for a variety of neurotransmitters, including glu tamate. In addition, astrocytic end-feet, which surround capillaries, are enriched in the specific glucose transporter GLUT-1. These features would be expected to allow astro cytes to sense synaptic activity and to couple it with energy metabolism. During activa tion, glutamate is the predominant neurotransmitter released by modality-specific excitatory pathways to a given cortical area; in vitro and in vivo data support a model in which glutamate would stimulate, during activation, an initial glycolytic processing of blood-borne glucose by astrocytes; this glutamate-dependent process would result in a transient lactate overproduction, followed by a recoupling phase during which lactate would be oxidized by neurons. Such a model is consistent with data recently obtained with functional brain imaging techniques. NEUROSCIENTIST 3:361-365, 1997
Unrecognized Potential of Surviving Neurons: : Within-systems Plasticity, Recovery of Function, and the Hypothesis of Minimal Residual Structure
Authors: Sabel Bernhard A.
Published: March 2007

When brain structures are incompletely injured, even a very small number of surviving neurons is sufficient for recovery of the lost functions to occur. Several examples are presented: 1) After partial lesions of the adult rat optic nerve an initial, complete blindness is followed, within a few weeks, by significant recovery of visual functions to near-normal levels. This is possible despite the presence of only about 10% of surviving retinal gan glion cells. 2) In Parkinson's disease, clinical signs manifest only when more than 70%-80% of the dopamine (DA)-containing cells are lost. When the lesion is greater than about 95%, locomotor performance can no longer be compensated, but with the implantation of as little as 5%-10% of the original DA-cell number, significant motor improvements may be achieved. 3) Similarly, in spinal cord-injured rats, recovery of locomotor performance is still observed in animals with lesions greater than 95% where only a small rim of tissue survives the injury. It is therefore proposed that a certain "minimal residual structure" (MRS), often 10% or less, is required for functions to recover following CNS injury. In the context of this "within-systems" plasticity, the MRS-hypoth esis emphasizes the role of spared neuronal tissue in brain plasticity and points to an unrecognized potential of residual neurons to contribute to recovery of function. Future therapeutic studies should make use of behavioral assays "at threshold," in which the MRS is defined so as to avoid the inappropriate rejection of potentially useful therapeutic strategies. NEUROSCIENTIST 3:366-370, 1997
Does CNS Myelin Inhibit Axon Regeneration?
Authors: Fields R. Douglas , Schwab Martin E. , Silver Jerry
Published: March 2007

Membrane proteins on oligodendrocytes and CNS myelin (NI35/250) have been shown to block axon out growth in culture, and this is thought to be one of the major reasons for severely limited regeneration of severed axons in the CNS of higher vertebrates. In a recent study, adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, which are sensitive to these inhibitory proteins, regenerated successfully after transplantation into two white matter tracts of the rat brain without any intervention to suppress the inhibitory activity of CNS myelin. The results and implications of these two studies are considered. NEUROSCIENTIST 5:12-18, 1999
A Hole in the Head
Authors: Gross Charles G.
Published: March 2007

The oldest known surgical procedure is trephining or trepanning, the removal of a piece of bone from the skull. It was practiced starting in the late Paleolithic period and in virtually every part of the world. It is still used in both Western and non-Western medicine. The methods and motives of trephining in different times and cultures are reviewed. NEUROSCIENTIST 5:263-269, 1999