bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Before Whom Do We Stand?
Authors: Knight Henry F.
Published: June 2010

This essay places before the reader four historic texts that raise significant questions for Jews and Christians who choose to enter into post-Holocaust examination of their respective identities and their relationships to their grounding traditions. The Kristallnacht exhibit at the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum introduces museum visitors to the defaced Talmudic instruction of R. Eliezer— Know before whom you stand -which frames this essay. As with the story the museum recounts, more than texts are at stake in this essay, but the way forward is distinctly framed by their critical presence. In this case, the distinctive texts are faced in reconfiguring ways, asking those who face them to rethink the place of the other in their identities and life-orienting commitments. Early on, Samuel Bak's surrealistic rendering of a crucified, Jewish child provides a refracting image for exploring the questions these texts pose for post-Shoah people of faith who take their place before them, asking in recursive fashion: before whom do you stand?
The Art and Science of Reading Faces: Strategies of Racist Cinema in the Third Reich
Authors: Hansen Jennifer
Published: June 2010

The 1940 Nazi propaganda film Der ewige Jude (The Eternal Jew) is infamous for its brutal antisemitism and claims of being a documentary film. Scholarship on the film focuses on its unique construction, its content, and its use as a tool for Nazi ideology, but has not fully addressed the cinematic techniques that accomplish its goals. This article demonstrates through the lens of physiognomic and film theory the manner in which Der ewige Jude emerges as a more complex and sophisticated film than it first appears, employing a shrewd method of racial indoctrination. Finally, this analysis reveals the way that the Third Reich used racist cinema as a response to a distinctly modern paradox: namely, the fact that Nazi Germany's theories of race conflicted empirically with Jewish assimilation and geographical—as well as social—mobility.
Reviews
Authors: Downs Simon , Poster The
Published: June 2010

Seeing Ghosts: 9/11 and the Visual Imagination, Karen Engle (2009) McGill-Queen's University Press, 183 pp., ISBN: 0773535411, Paperback, 16.99, ISBN: 0773535403, Hardback, 64.00

Exhibition: Revolution on Paper: Mexican Prints 19101950
Transition of Chinese family planning slogans and posters
Authors: Xiang Debao
Published: June 2010

China's family planning slogans and posters, looked at over time, reflect an evolution in the communication approach used by the message senders. This article employs both qualitative and quantitative approaches to record family planning slogans and posters throughout China. It finds
that changes in the political, economic, technological and population environments in China have been accompanied by significant transitions in China's family planning slogans and posters. Message senders have re-conceptualized their orientation from control to service. While new commercial
slogans and posters have come on the scene, there are still many family planning slogans and posters in cities and villages. The forms of slogans and posters have become more colourful and advanced, and the contents have become more elaborated: more humanistic contemporary ones have replaced
the intimidating and forceful slogans and posters of the past. The old propaganda model of family planning slogans and posters is undergoing transformation in China to the persuasion model.
DNA sequencing errors in molecular diagnostics of filamin myopathy
Authors: Odgerel Zagaa , van der Ven Peter F.M. , Fürst Dieter O. , Goldfarb Lev G.
Published: June 2010

Background: Filamin myopathy is a neuromuscular disorder manifesting with predominantly limb-girdle muscle weakness and in many patients with diaphragm paralysis and cardiomyopathy, caused by mutations in the filamin C (FLNC) gene. Molecular diagnosis of filamin myopathy based on direct DNA sequencing of coding exons is compromised by the presence of a high homology pseudogene (pseFLNC) located approximately 53.6 kb downstream of the functional FLNC gene on chromosome 7q.

Methods: Molecular cloning, RT-PCR and real-time PCR methods were used to detect sequence differences between the FLNC and pseFLNC that are implicated in known or potential molecular diagnostic errors. Overall, 50 patients with a phenotype resembling filamin myopathy have been screened for mutations in FLNC.

Results:
FLNC sequence inconsistencies caused by the interference from pseFLNC were identified and diagnostic errors involving, in particular, the detection of the most frequent disease-causing FLNC p.W2710X mutation resolved. Mismatches between the FLNC and pseFLNC sequences were tabulated for future use.

Conclusions: We devise a strategy that allows one to discern mutations occurring in the functional FLNC from those harbored in pseFLNC, thus preventing possible complications in future research and patient genetic testing.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:1409–14.
The Great Recession and China's Policy Toward Asian Regionalism
Authors: Wan Ming
Published: June 2010

The global recession has had seemingly conflicting impacts on China's policy toward Asian regionalism. But China has never viewed regionalism and globalism as mutually exclusive and has seen strategic value in pursuing both. A stronger China emerging from the crisis is playing both regional and global games with a stronger hand.
Temperature dependence of the indentation size effect
Authors: Franke Oliver , Trenkle Jonathan C. , Schuh Christopher A.
Published: June 2010

The influence of temperature on the indentation size effect is explored experimentally. Copper is indented on a custom-built high-temperature nanoindenter at temperatures between ambient and 200 °C, in an inert atmosphere that precludes oxidation. Over this range of temperatures, the size effect is reduced considerably, suggesting that thermal activation plays a major role in determining the length scale for plasticity.
Microstructure evolution and microimpact performance of Sn–Ag–Cu solder joints under thermal cycle test
Authors: Huang Y.L. , Lin K.L. , Liu D.S.
Published: June 2010

The microstructure and microimpact performance of Sn1Ag0.1Cu0.02Ni0.05In (SAC101NiIn)/AuNi/Cu solder ball joints were investigated after a thermal cycle test (TCT). The joints show complete bulk fracture behavior before TCT. Moreover, TCT facilitated interfacial fracture behavior with lower fracture energy. The intermetallic compounds (IMCs) formed in the solder joints before and after TCT were investigated. TCT induces a variety of structural variations in the solder joints, including slipping bands, whisker formation, the squeezing of the IMC layer, the formation of cavities, the rotation and pop-up of grain, and the deformation and rotation of the entire joint. The variations in fracture behavior induced by TCT are correlated with the structural variations in the solder joints.
Superhydrophobic fabrics from hybrid silica sol-gel coatings: Structural effect of precursors on wettability and washing durability
Authors: Wang Hongxia , Ding Jie , Xue Yuhua , Wang Xungai , Lin Tong
Published: June 2010

Particle-containing silica sol was synthesized by co-hydrolysis and co-condensation of two silane precursors, tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and an organic silane composed of a non-hydrolyzable functional group (e.g., alkyl, fluorinated alkyl, and phenyl), and used to produce superhydrophobic coatings on fabrics. It has been revealed that the non-hydrolyzable functional groups in the organic silanes have a considerable influence on the fabric surface wettability. When the functional group was long chain alkyl (C16), phenyl, or fluorinated alkyl (C8), the treated surfaces were highly superhydrophobic with a water contact angle (CA) greater than 170°, and the CA value was little affected by the fabric type. The washing durability of the superhydrophobic coating was improved by introducing the third silane containing epoxide group, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS), for synthesis. Although the presence of epoxide groups in the coating slightly reduced the fabrics' superhydrophobicity, the washing durability was considerably improved when polyester and cotton fabrics were used as substrates.
Study of Te nanoprecipitates in CdZnTe crystals
Authors: Li Guoqiang , Shih Shao-Ju , Mu Shichun , Xu Yadong , Jie Wanqi
Published: June 2010

In-depth studies of the two types of Te nanoprecipitates, linear and elliptic, in Cd1–xZnxTe (CZT) crystals grown by a modified vertical Bridgman method have been carried out. Electron diffraction suggests that linear Te nanoprecipitates align their Te atoms in a similar way to CZT structure, while elliptic Te nanoprecipitates cluster Te atoms following the pure trigonal Te structure. The three-dimensional morphology for both linear and elliptic Te nanoprecipitates has been revealed by delicate energy-dispersive x-ray analysis under electron microscopy. The density of elliptic Te nanoprecipitates ranges from 1015 to 1017 cm−3, while linear ones usually several times lower for a certain CZT wafer. The origin of both types of Te nanoprecipitates has been discussed in terms of the local density of intrinsic point defects in CZT. CZT properties are influenced more negatively by elliptic Te nanoprecipitates, which shed light on the methodology for crystal growth: preventing the clustering of intrinsic point defects during the crystal growth will be essential to obtain high quality CZT crystal.
Glass formation, thermal properties, and elastic constants of La–Al–Co alloys
Authors: Li Ran , Stoica Mihai , Wang Gang , Park Jin Man , Li Yan , Zhang Tao , Eckert Jürgen
Published: June 2010

The compositional dependence of glass formation and thermal and elastic properties was clarified for the ternary La–Al–Co bulk glass-forming system. The existing linear correlation between La concentration and characteristic temperatures, i.e., the glass transition temperature Tg and the onset temperature of crystallization Tx, as well as the elastic moduli in this system can give a useful guideline for the chemical design of desirable bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) with tunable physical properties in advance. The relationship between Tg and elastic constants for the La–Al–Co BMGs can be quantitatively described using a microscopic model proposed by T. Egami.
Two novel A4B3O12-type microwave ceramics with high-Q and near-zero τf
Authors: Fang Liang , Li Chunchun , Peng Xiyang , Hu Changzheng , Wu Bolin
Published: June 2010

Two novel La3+ and Ti4+ cosubstituted Sr3LaNb3O12 ceramics, Sr2La2TiNb2O12 and SrLa3Ti2NbO12, were prepared and the effect of substitution on the microwave dielectric properties was investigated. Results showed that as the amounts of substitution increased, dielectric constant (εr) increased from 36 to 41, and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) improved from −9 to 3 ppm/°C, whereas the quality factor (Q×f) decreased from 45,000 to 33,600 GHz. A temperature-stable microwave dielectric ceramics SrLa3Ti2NbO12 with τf of 3 ppm/°C, εr of 41, Q×f of 33,600 GHz was obtained; it might be a promising candidate for practical application in base stations if the quality factor is enhanced beyond 40,000 GHz.
Oral Malodorous Compound Induces Osteoclast Differentiation Without Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κB Ligand
Authors: Ii Hisataka , Imai Toshio , Yaegaki Ken , Irie Koichiro , Ekuni Daisuke , Morita Manabu
Published: June 2010

Background: Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the main component of halitosis, is one of the etiologic factors for periodontitis. We recently reported that H2S may induce pathologic changes in rat alveolar bone. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of H2S on osteoclast differentiation.

Methods: Murine macrophage cells RAW264 were cultured in medium lacking nuclear factor κB ligand (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand) in 5% CO2 with air at 37°C for 24 hours; then 0.05, 0.5, or 5 ng/ml H2S was added to the CO2‐air mix for 4 days. The controls received the CO2‐air mix with no H2S. Cell differentiation was evaluated by counting the tartrate‐resistant acid‐phosphatase (TRAP)–positive cells. Extracellular signaling‐regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) and mitogen‐activated protein kinase p38 phosphorylation were examined by Western blotting. The bone‐resorption activity was determined with the resorption assay of calcium phosphate.

Results: There were significantly more TRAP‐positive cells at a concentration of 0.05 ng/ml H2S than at the other concentrations (P <0.001). Cathepsin K protein, a specific marker for osteoclasts, was expressed in the H2S‐induced multinuclear cells. Resorption of calcium phosphate significantly increased in the H2S‐induced TRAP‐positive cells cultured on plates coated with calcium phosphate apatite (P <0.01). The phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 were accelerated by H2S, and increased with time. PD98059 and SB203580, specific inhibitors of ERK1/2 and p38, suppressed the activation of these enzymes and osteoclast differentiation by H2S.

Conclusion: Results demonstrate that H2S at physiologic concentrations in mouth air induces osteoclasts from RAW264 cells.
Emergence and Persistence of Volunteer Flax in Western Canadian Cropping Systems
Authors: Dexter Jody E. , Jhala Amit J. , Yang Rong‐Cai , Hills Mellisa J. , Weselake Randall J. , Hall Linda M.
Published: July 2010

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is being evaluated as a platform crop for genetically engineered (GE) novel oils but it must be able to coexist with non‐GE flax without causing market harm. The GE flax volunteers are a potential source of gene flow via pollen and seed. Field experiments in 2005 and 2006 quantified emergence periodicity of volunteer flax in direct seeded and conventionally tilled fields. Germination and emergence rates of naked seeds and seed retained in flax bolls were compared in laboratory and greenhouse trials. Lastly, 20 commercial flax fields were surveyed to quantify population size and persistence of volunteer flax for 3 yr following the flax crop. Volunteer flax emergence ranged from 31 to 4597 plants m−2, the year following flax crops. Emergence was slower in direct seeded fields compared to conventionally tilled with 50% emergence (E50) occurring at 340 and 228 growing degree days (GDD), respectively in 2005 and 297 and 236, respectively in 2006. The E50 occurred after crop emergence and before in‐crop herbicides are normally applied. Greenhouse experiments confirmed that emergence of volunteer flax may be prolonged because seeds retained in flax bolls are protected from germination. In surveyed commercial fields, flax volunteer populations declined rapidly between the first and second year, but continued to emerge in some fields 3 yr following flax production. Field surveys confirmed the relatively slow emergence of volunteer flax, with the highest volunteer flax density observed in the survey period before in‐crop herbicide application. Few flax volunteers set seeds in commercial fields and are, therefore, unlikely to contribute to population persistence. Volunteer flax requires effective control in the year following the crop to reduce the potential for pollen‐ and seed‐mediated gene flow.
Municipal Biosolids as an Alternative Nutrient Source for Bioenergy Crops: I. Elephantgrass Biomass Production and Soil Responses
Authors: Castillo Miguel S. , Sollenberger Lynn E. , Vendramini João M.B. , Woodard Kenneth R. , O'Connor George A. , Newman Yoana C. , Silveira Maria L. , Sartain Jerry B.
Published: July 2010

High‐yielding bioenergy crops remove large quantities of soil nutrients. Nutrients must be replenished in a manner that minimizes production costs and negative environmental impact. Class A municipal biosolids (MBS) were evaluated as an alternative nutrient source to inorganic fertilizer for ‘Merkeron’ and Chinese Cross elephantgrasses (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) in a 2‐yr field experiment in Florida. Elephantgrass plots received 0, 33, 67, or 100% of total N applied (350 kg ha−1 yr−1) from MBS, with the remainder from NH4NO3. Dry matter (DM) yield, tissue N and P concentrations and removal, and soil C and P concentrations were assessed. Elephantgrass yield decreased linearly from 24.2 to 20.1 (Merkeron) and 24.3 to 16.9 Mg ha−1 (Chinese Cross) as the percentage of N supplied by MBS increased from 0 to 100. Nitrogen removal decreased from 208 to 127 kg ha−1 yr−1 over the same range of N from MBS. Phosphorus removal ranged from 28 to 43 kg ha−1 yr−1, but the effect of N source was not consistent. There was no effect of percentage of N from MBS treatment on soil responses including water‐extractable (WEP), Mehlich‐1, or total P, nor was there an effect on total C concentration in the Ap horizon. Replacing 33% of N from inorganic fertilizer with N from MBS reduced elephantgrass biomass production 0 to 11%, so there is potential benefit to including MBS in a fertilization program for bioenergy crops, even in situations where MBS are limited to P‐based application rates.
Twenty Years after German Unification: The Restructuring of the German Welfare and Employment Regime
Authors: Hassel Anke
Published: June 2010

German unification acted as a catalyst for the substantial transformation of the German welfare and employment regime which has taken place over the last two decades. The changes can be described as a process of a partial liberalization of the labor market within the boundaries of a coordinated industrial relations system and a conservative welfare state. This article depicts the transformation as a trend towards a more liberal welfare and employment regime by focusing on the shifting boundaries between status and income maintenance and poor relief systems.
Effect of Steroid Hormone (Ecdysone) on the Pupal and Larval Developments of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)
Authors: Das Dipali Rani , Faruki SI , Reza AM Saleh , Parween Selina
Published: June 2010

Ecdysone is a steroid hormone especially found in insects and mammals. One day old pupae of Tribolium castaneum were exposed to crude ecdysone at different concentrations of 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 μl/kg of whole wheat flour each for 1, 3 and 5 days. Adult recovery was significantly reduced in the treated pupae (F=3.47, P<0.01, df=7), and produced deformed individuals (F=39.29, P<0.001, df=7) at all exposure periods. The developmental time was similar in both the treated and untreated ones. The latent effect of the ecdysone treatment increased both the larval (F=4.26, P<0.001, df=7) and pupal (F=8.56, P<0.001, df=7) periods of the progeny reared on untreated foods. Similarly, the latent effect hampered recovery of the adult progeny (F=7.79, P<0.001, df=7) producing deformed individuals (F=2.65, P<0.05, df=7). Key words: Ecdysone; T. castaneum; Developmental period; Adult recovery. DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v45i1.2213 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 45(1), 63-68, 2010
Hepatoprotective and Antibacterial Activity of Ursolic Acid Extracted from Hedyotis corymbosa L.
Authors: Sultana Tamanna , Rashid M Abdur , Ali M Ahad , Mahmood Samsuddin Faisal
Published: June 2010

Hedyotis corymbosa (L) (Khetpapra in Bengali), a weedy herb of Rubiaceae family is used as a traditional medicine in Bangladesh for the treatment of Jaundice and other liver disorders. In the present study, hepatoprotective and anti-bacterial activity of ethanolic extract of the herb and ursolic acid isolated from it were investigated against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in Long Evan's rats and also against some selective gram positive and ten gram negative bacteria. The ethanolic extract of the plant showed significant hepatoprotective effect as evident by decreased serum enzyme levels, SGPT, SGOT, SAKP and SBIL, and also by normal histological architecture of the liver when compared to the paracetamol treated group. Moreover, ethanolic extract, n-hexane fraction and ursolic acid showed maximum activity of 18, 19, 21 mm against Sarcina lutea, Klebsiella pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus respectively when compared with standard kanamycin disc (30 μgm/disc). These results thus support Hedyotis corymbosa and ursolic acid as hepatoprotective and antibacterial agent. Key Words: Hedyotis corymbosa; Ursolic acid; Hepatoprotective activity; Antibacterial activity. DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v45i1.5174 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 45(1), 27-34, 2010
Water Quality of Major Ponds of Comilla Town
Authors: Shamsad SZKM , Didar-Ul-Alam Md , Shamsuddoha ASM , Alam Mohammad Naushad
Published: June 2010

Some important physico-chemical properties of water of major ponds of Comilla Town were studied to evaluate the water quality. Eight water samples were collected during the dry period (March 2005) from eight major ponds of Comilla Town (Ranir dighi, Mandir dighi, Nanuar dighi, Fauzdari dighi, Modina dighi, Dargabari dighi, Darma Sagar and Thakurpara). The result revealed that all the chemical constituents, except a few, are beyond the recommended limit for different uses. Higher value of pH (at Dargabari dighi, Darma Sagar dighi), OM (at Thakurpara dighi, Fauzdari dighi and Modina dighi), NH4+ concentration (at Ranir dighi, Mandir Dighi, Fauzdari dighi, Modina dighi and Dargabari dighi), and lower value of DO (at Fauzdari dighi and Modina dighi) may due to continuous disposal of kitchen wastes, organic wastes, sewage running and fall of twigs as well as extensive used for bathing, washing cloths and utensils etc. All indicate eutrophication and affect community health and hygiene and also create aesthetic problem in the locality. Key words: Ponds; Comilla District; Water quality Eutrophication DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v45i1.5184 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 45(1), 57-62, 2010
Mass Propagation of Feronia limonia L. through Tissue Culture
Authors: Islam Shahina , Zahan Mosfequa , Akter Shahina , Banu Tanjina Akhtar , Habib Ahashan , Khan Salim , Jahan Miskat Ara Akhter
Published: June 2010

An efficient mass propagation method for Feronia limonia was developed from excised shoot tips and nodal explants of in vitro grown seedlings. Explants were cultured on MS medium with different conc. of NAA, Kn, IAA and BAP singly or in combinations. Highest number of micro shoots and better plant growth were obtained from these two explants on MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/l BAP alone. The regenerated shoots were successfully rooted on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l NAA. The in vitro raised plantlets were successfully established in soil following the formation of roots with 100% survivability under ex vitro condition. Key words: Feronia limonia; Mass propagation; Node; Shoot tips; Multiple shoot DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v45i1.5186 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 45(1), 75-78, 2010
College News and CPD Programme Vol.28(1)
Authors: Editor The
Published: June 2010

DOI: 10.3329/jbcps.v28i2.5379J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2010; 28: 134-139
DETERMINATION OF STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTORS OF A STEAM TURBINE ROTOR USING FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
Authors: Babu R. Nagendra , Ramana K. V. , Rao K. Mallikarjuna
Published: June 2010

Stress Concentration Factors are significant in machine design as it gives rise to localized stress when any change in the design of surface or abrupt change in the cross section occurs. Almost all machine components and structural members contain some form of geometrical or microstructural discontinuities. These discontinuities are very dangerous and lead to failure. So, it is very much essential to analyze the stress concentration factors for critical applications like Turbine Rotors. In this paper Finite Element Analysis (FEA) with extremely fine mesh in the vicinity of the blades of Steam Turbine Rotor is applied to determine stress concentration factors.Keywords: Stress Concentration Factors; FiniteElement Analysis; ANSYS.DOI: 10.3329/jme.v40i2.5355Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. ME 40, No. 2, December 2009 137-141
AN ANALYTICAL APPROACH ON THE BUCKLING ANALYSIS OF CIRCULAR, SOLID AND ANNULAR FUNCTIONALLY GRADED THIN PLATESGRADED THIN
Authors: Koohkan H. , Kimiaeifar A. , Mansourabadi A. , Vaghefi R.
Published: June 2010

In this paper, the buckling analysis of circular, solid and annular functionally graded thin plates under uniform radial compression loads is studied. The material properties through the thickness are assumed to be power functions of the thickness. Moreover, the stability equations based on the classical plate theory (CPT), are derived by using the Hamilton’s principle. The obtained coupled-PDEs are difficult to be used for evaluation of the buckling loads of annular plates with various boundary conditions. To resolve this difficulty, a coordinate transformation from the middle plane to a new position is done and as consequence the equations are decoupled. By using the forgoing equations, the buckling loads are determined. The procedure is done for both circular and annular FGM plates of various boundary conditions under uniform radial loads on the edges and the results are validated with one of references.Key Words: Buckling analysis; solid plate; annular plate; functionally graded materials.DOI: 10.3329/jme.v41i1.5357Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. ME 41, No. 1, June 2010 7-14
EFFECT OF INTERPHASE CHARACTERISTIC AND PROPERTY ON AXIAL MODULUS OF CARBON NANOTUBE BASED COMPOSITES
Authors: Masud Md. Abdulla Al , Masud A. K. M.
Published: June 2010

In carbon nanotube (CNT) based composite, due to the small (micrometer) size of reinforcements a large amount of interphases is developed during the time of production. It is important to assess whether the interphase is responsible for the poor mechanical properties of CNT-reinforced composite. In this research, the effect of interphase property and characteristics on effective mechanical properties of CNT based composites is evaluated using a 3-D nanoscale representative volume element (RVE). The effect of both soft and stiff interphases on the Tensile Elastic Modulus (TEM) of nanocomposites is investigated using the Finite Element Method (FEM) for the case of both long and short CNTs. With the increase of thickness of stiff interphase, the stiffness of the composite increases significantly for both the short and long CNT cases. On the other hand the increase of thickness of soft interphase reduces the stiffness of the overall composite in a considerable amount.Key Words: Carbon nanotube; Interphase; Representative Volume Element; Finite Element method; TensileElastic Modulus.DOI: 10.3329/jme.v41i1.5358Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. ME 41, No. 1, June 2010 15-24
L'évolution du gouvernement municipal dans une ville industrielle : le cas de Saint-Étienne
Authors: Béal Vincent
Published: July 2010

Cet article propose d'examiner l'évolution du gouvernement municipal dans une ville de tradition industrielle. L'analyse, qui couvre une période allant de l'après-guerre jusqu'à nos jours, montre que le système de gouvernement à Saint-Étienne s'est écarté de celui observable dans les autres villes françaises à partir des années 1970. Cette singularité était liée à la place centrale de l'État et de ses segments locaux dans la gestion municipale jusqu'à une période très récente. L'évolution actuelle, marquée par l'affirmation lente et difficile d'un leadership mayoral, autour de l'instauration d'un lien entre le maire et son administration, semble attester du rapprochement du système de gouvernement stéphanois de celui des autres villes françaises.
La formation des salaires des cadres
Authors: Roustang Guy
Published: July 2010

Les principales conclusions auxquelles on peut aboutir, concernant la façon dont s'établit le prix du marché pour le travail des cadres diplômés, sont les suivantes. Pour les diplômés de l'enseignement supérieur, avec l'âge croît la responsabilité et par là même le salaire.

Cependant il faut que les variations de responsabilité dépassent un certain seuil pour être perçues et avoir un effet sur les salaires. Pour des raisons de commodité, l'âge est devenu un indicateur de responsabilité, aussi la relation âge-salaire devient la relation fondamentale à partir de laquelle se fixe le prix du marché du travail des cadres diplômés. Quant aux salaires des cadres non diplômés, ils sont probablement fixés à partir d'une comparaison sommaire de leurs responsabilités avec celles des diplômés.

Cette relation âge-salaire, qui fonde le prix du marché du travail des cadres, s'est renforcée au cours des années passées grâce aux multiples enquêtes donnant pour un diplôme et un âge donnés un salaire moyen, qui permet aux offreurs et aux demandeurs de travail de mieux connaître le prix du marché.

La forme de cette relation âge-salaire semble la même en France et en Angleterre, mais elle semble différente aux U.S.A. par rapport à ce qu'elle est dans ces deux pays.
Logement, patrimoine et retraite
Authors: Debrand Thierry
Published: July 2010

Thierry Debrand Logement, patrimoine et retraite. Sous l'effet du vieillissement de la population, le logement comme l'une des solutions au problème de financement des retraites redevient d'actualité. En effet, face aux incertitudes sur le niveau des pensions futures dans un régime par répartition et aux fluctuations importantes des marchés boursiers, la propriété apparaît comme une alternative peu risquée de capitalisation de ses revenus. Notre article s'or- ganise autour de trois interrogations : Quels sont les liens entre le logement et le vieillissement de la population ? Comment, individuellement, le logement peut-il impacter les retraites des ménages ? Et enfin, comment l'intervention de la collectivité dans l'économie du logement peut-elle influer sur les retraites ? Nous montrons que le logement, et pas seulement la propriété individuelle, peut devenir une des solutions pour faire face aux difficultés financières rencontrées par les retraités et les systèmes de retraites.
De l'efficacité des instruments de coordination internationale des politiques climatiques
Authors: Helioui Khalil
Published: July 2010

On the efficiency of climate policies international coordination. This article analyses the economic efficiency of the international coordination of climate policies acknowledging the long term perspective and political constraints. It questions the economic and political viability of emission trading with respect to market power and dynamic distortions. The latter proves more worrying. While one may reasonably expect national positions being decentralized, the Climate Convention cannot commit on long term emission objectives. As a consequence, there is room for strategic behaviour by governments. Structural public programs, crucial to curb long term emissions, are likely to be scaled down because governments expect post-2012 quotas to be revised according to observed trends. This might jeopardize the climate action and further weaken the political consensus it requires. Are carbon taxes a better policy option? It might be the case provided the tax is levied at the international level, but this option faces political obstacles. A hybrid scheme should realise a good compromise between economic efficiency and political acceptability.
Les normes fondamentales du travail contribuent-elles à réduire les inégalités ?
Authors: Bazillier Rémi , Sirven Nicolas
Published: July 2010

Do Core Labour Standards Reduce Inequality? This study empirically investigates the impact of core labour standards on income inequality for a range of 90 countries from 1990 to 2001. We focus on the four core labour standards (prohibition of child labour, freedom of association and collective bargaining, prohibition of discrimination, and prohibition of forced labour) defined by ILO and OECD. The number of ILO conventions ratified is added to the four previous variables with the aim to compute a synthetic index of labour standards by means of a Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA). This index is then inserted as an independent variable in an econometric model to test for its relationships with the Gini index. No significant correlation is found among the different econometric specifications. One of the reasons pointed out is that there is a difference between norms de jure and de facto. In other words, the exogenei- ty of the index does not distinguish countries that implement effective social norms from those that just ratify the treaties. We actually assume that the effective implementation of core labour standards depends on the quality of the country's political and legal systems. The endogeneity bias in the first step models is corrected using instrumental variables in a TSLS model. We found that the relationship between the new endogenous index of core labour standards and income inequality follows a inversed 'U' shaped curve. This result let us think of a social Kuznets curve.
Les difficultés de la stabilisation économique en Europe
Authors: Boyer Robert
Published: July 2010

The Institutional and Policy Weaknesses of the European Union. In the Light of the Evolution of the European "Policy Mix". The difficult implementation of the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) during the 2000s can be explained by the low rank of the policy mix in the general process of European integration. Actually the coordination between a common monetary policy and a series of national budgetary policies has emerged rather recently as a clear concern, whereas the extension and deepening of competition on the single market has been the key principle governing the European integration. Since 1999, all the actors have had to readjust their anticipations and strategies about the consequence of the euro: they are in the process of learning how to manage a new policy mix. Various reform proposals of the SGP are presented and discussed. Finally they are related to the nature of the European institutional reforms. The agreement of the European council about the reform of the SGP on March 2005 is interpreted in the light of some major scenarios analyzing the medium-long term evolution of competences between the European Union and Member-States.
Les aspects macro-économiques et redistributifs des politiques de changement climatique
Authors: Bernard Alain , Vielle Marc , Viguier Laurent
Published: July 2010

Macroeconomic and Equity Aspects of Climate Change Policies Climate change policies are often considered as sectoral measures implying a central activity that is production and consumption of energy and generating spill-over effects on the environment. The aim of the article is, through the accumulated experience with a Computable General Equilibrium Model and a survey of the literature, to show how the issues of macroeconomic regulation and equity can be coped with. It highlights the size of the corresponding effects, possibly bigger than sectoral effects as they can be appraised through a partial equilibrium approach.
Alphabétisation et idéologie en Russie soviétique
Authors: Werth Nicolas
Published: July 2010

Literacy programs and ideology in Soviet Russia, Nicolas Werth.

Teaching people to read and write was one of the priorities of the Soviet revolution. Linked as of 1917 with indoctrination and politicisation, the education of the masses was meant to be carefully controlled. After a crash literacy program during the civil war period, done with the army's help, publishing was less rigidly watched over and shows the divergences between readers'tastes and those of the Party's guides. The tightening of the screws in the Stalinist period led to the " classic " book becoming an envied item, highly prized today on the black market.
Le drame des Harkis en 1962
Authors: Ageron Charles-Robert
Published: July 2010

The ordeal of the Harkis, 1962, Charles-Robert Ageron.

On this particular drama of the Algerian war and its present aspects, not the detailed and critical study they deserve but a few still hidden historical truths, in figures and texts. Their acknowledgment would clarify the debate substantially. In particular, on the "cowardly abandonment" of the Harkis by France in 1962, and even the "genocide" they are said to have experienced.
Construction of an Interface Terminology on SNOMED CT
Authors: Ahmadian L. , Cornet R. , de Jonge E. , de Keizer N. F. , Bakhshi-Raiez F.
Published: June 2010

Objective: To provide a generic approach for developing a domain-specific interface terminology on SNOMED CT and to apply this approach to the domain of intensive care.

Methods: The process of developing an interface terminology on SNOMED CT can be regarded as six sequential phases: domain analysis, mapping from the domain concepts to SNOMED CT concepts, creating the SNOMED CT subset guided by the mapping, extending the subset with non-covered concepts, constraining the subset by removing irrelevant content, and deploying the subset in a terminology server.

Results: The APACHE IV classification, a standard in the intensive care with 445 diagnostic categories, served as the starting point for designing the interface terminology. The majority (89.2%) of the diagnostic categories from APACHE IV could be mapped to SNOMED CT concepts and for the remaining concepts a partial match was identified. The resulting initial set of mapped concepts consisted of 404 SNOMED CT concepts. This set could be extended to 83,125 concepts if all taxonomic children of these concepts were included. Also including all concepts that are referred to in the definition of other concepts lead to a subset of 233,782 concepts. An evaluation of the interface terminology should reveal what level of detail in the subset is suitable for the intensive care domain and whether parts need further constraining. In the final phase, the interface terminology is implemented in the intensive care in a locally developed terminology server to collect the reasons for intensive care admission.

Conclusions: We provide a structure for the process of identifying a domain-specific interface terminology on SNOMED CT. We use this approach to design an interface terminology on SNOMED CT for the intensive care domain. This work is of value for other researchers who intend to build a domain-specific interface terminology on SNOMED CT.
Assessment of Pain Expression in Infant Cry Signals Using Empirical Mode Decomposition
Authors: Silva M. , Bergh Van den , Allegaert K. , Aerts J. M. , Berckmans D. , Huffel Van , Mijović B.
Published: June 2010

Background:The presence of decoupling, i.e. the absence of coupling between fundamental frequency variation and intensity contour during phonetic crying, and its extent, reflects the degree of maturation of the central nervous system.

Objectives: The aim of this work was to evaluate whether Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) is a suitable technique for analyzing infant cries. We hereby wanted to assess the existence and extent of decoupling in term neonates and whether an association between decoupling (derived from EMD) and clinical pain expression could be unveiled.

Methods: To assess decoupling in healthy term neonates during procedural pain, 24 newborns were videotaped and crying was recorded during venous blood sampling. Besides acoustic analysis, pain expression was quantified based on the Modified Behavioral Pain Scale (MBPS). Fundamental frequency and the intensity contour of the cry signals were extracted by applying the EMD to the data, and the correlation between the two was studied.

Results: Based on data collected in healthy term neonates, correlation coefficients varied between 0.39 and 0.83. The degree of decoupling displayed extended variability between the neonates and also in different cry bouts in a crying sequence within an individual neonate.

Conclusion: When considering the individual ratio between the mean correlation of cry bouts during a crying sequence and their standard deviation, there seems to be a positive trend with increasing MBPS value. This might indicate that higher stressed subjects have less consistency in the investigated acoustic cry features, concluding that EMD has potential in the assessment of infant cry analysis.
Longitudinal tendon tear concurrent with bilateral medial luxation of the superficial digital flexor muscle tendon in a dog
Authors: Dupuis J. , Gatineau M.
Published: June 2010

Luxation of the superficial digital flexor muscle tendon (SDFMT) is a rarely reported condition in dogs, and tendon tear concurrent with SDFMT luxation had never been reported. Abnormal conformation of both calcanei and strenuous activity were suspected as contributing factors in this case. Bilateral medial SDFMT luxation was surgically treated with bursa medial incision release, redundant lateral bursa excision and apposition to the edge of the SDFMT with nonabsorbable sutures. The unilateral longitudinal tendon tear of the SDFMT associated with medial SDFMT luxation was successfully treated with horizontal mattress sutures, and a good outcome was reported for both hindlimbs.
A review of the human and veterinary literature on local anaesthetics and their intraarticular use
Authors: Polis I. , Verschooten F. , Ryssen Van , Vynckt D. Van
Published: June 2010

Lameness in dogs is often a diagnostic challenge. In many cases it is difficult to determine the exact localisation of lameness because of the absence of palpable changes, or because of unreliable pain response due to high pain tolerance, stress or aggression of the dog. In horses and humans, intra-articular administration of local anaesthetics is commonly used for diagnostic purposes. In this review, information from human and veterinary studies on different local anaesthetic agents and their application for diagnostic intra-articular anaesthesia is given. Based on this information, a protocol for diagnostic intra-articular anaesthesia in the dog can be developed and evaluated in future studies.
Fixin internal fixator: Concept and technique
Authors: Urizzi A. , Verdonck B. , Jaeger G. , Petazzoni M.
Published: June 2010

This report describes the Fixin internal fixator systema, a fracture fixation device characterised by a locking conical coupling between screw heads and titanium alloy inserts that are screwed into a stainless steel plate construct. The mechanical principles, implants, instruments and surgical technique are discussed.
Description of the type of chemical restraint used by French veterinarians to perform hip dysplasia screening radiographs
Authors: Maitre P. , Remy D. , Carozzo C. , Arnault F. , Buttin P. , Viguier E. , Fau D. , Genevois J.-P.
Published: June 2010

The objective of this study was to investigate the type of chemical restraint used by French practitioners to perform official hip screening radiographs, to determine the proportion of dogs under general anesthesia versus dogs under sedation, and to search for a difference in hip dysplasia (HD) prevalence between the two groups. From September 2005 to August 2008, 3302 conventional ventrodorsal hip extended radiographs sent for official scoring to the same panellist were selected because information related to the type of chemical restraint had been provided. There were 2825 dogs under general anesthesia and 477 were sedated. Chemical restraint used by French veterinarians to perform HD screening radio-graphs is mainly based on general intra-venous anesthesia with an α2 agonist associated with ketamine. A single injection of α2 agonist is also mostly used for dogs which are radiographed while under sedation. A very low (1.7%) difference in HD prevalence was noted between the anesthetized and the sedated group. Except for acepromazine, which has been demonstrated to provide insufficient muscle relaxation to show evidence of hip laxity, the protocols seem acceptable as regards the Federation Cynologique Internationale requirements for HD screening.
Confirmation Versus Contestation of Tourism Theories in Tourist Jokes
Authors: Cohen Erik
Published: June 2010

Tourism has a playful side, and its apparent lack of seriousness has frequently been the butt of irony, derision, and satire, even by social scientists. Since MacCannell's attack on Boorstin's critique of tourism, social scientists have taken tourism seriously. An ironic critique of
tourism became unfashionable. However, tourists are still frequently seen as funny by the general public, and tourism, in its various manifestations, remains a topic of popular humor and critical satire. Jokes about tourists constitute an important aspect of the public's perception of tourism
as a social phenomenon, but have yet to be taken seriously by students of tourism; they remain a virtually unexplored topic in tourism research. This article argues that jokes about tourists are not just innocent fun, but can be fruitfully explored as indirectly conforming or contesting some
of the more sweeping propositions by theoreticians of tourism about its nature and social functions. To demonstrate the argument, jokes on several specific topics, like the tourists' quest for authenticity and Otherness, the alleged reversal of quotidian life in vacations, and the restitutive
role of tourism are examined. This leads to the important conclusion that jokes help to discover and illuminate some aspects of touristic situations, which have been commonly overlooked in the literature.
The Impacts of Climate Variability and Potential Climate Change on Tourism Business in Torbay, England and Implications for Adaptation
Authors: Jenkins Katie , Nicholls Sarah
Published: June 2010

As one of the world's largest and fastest growing industries, tourism's dependence on the natural environment and climate mean that it is extremely vulnerable to, and could be dramatically affected by, climatic variability and change. However, the vulnerability of the tourism industry
to climate change is generally poorly understood by stakeholders, and the adoption of appropriate adaptation strategies remains in the early stages. This study investigates the impacts of climate variability and potential climate change, the level of destination vulnerability, and the adoption
of adaptation strategies in Torbay, England. Data were obtained from 106 tourism businesses in the area. Results showed that over 60% of tourism businesses in Torbay have already been affected by changing climatic conditions, for the most part increased storm intensity and frequency, and shifts
in seasonality. These changes were also perceived as the greatest future threat to businesses. However, businesses often failed to recognize the role that the good environmental performance of their business could play in minimizing the negative impacts of climatic variability and change.
The major barriers to implementing any adaptive changes identified by respondents were cost, a lack of government incentives, and lack of knowledge. The provision of additional information regarding the interrelationships between tourism and climate change—to businesses and tourists—was
one of the main needs identified by the study. These issues must be addressed if businesses are to change their attitudes and, ultimately, behavior, minimize the negative impacts of climate change, and take best advantage of the potential opportunities offered by this phenomenon.
Vanua and the People of the Fijian Highlands: Understanding Sense of Place in the Context of Nature-Based Tourism Development
Authors: Kerstetter Deborah L. , Bricker Kelly S. , Li Huan
Published: June 2010

Sense of place meanings were addressed with Fijian Highlanders experiencing nature-based tourism development. Using cultural consensus analysis we found that sense of place was represented through multiple themes, yet Fijian Highlanders did not show a high degree of consensus or homogeneity with respect to sense of place. This lack of homogeneity may be due to a number of factors including, but not limited to, the introduction of a new economic option into the villages, inherent differences between individuals who were born in the village versus those who have moved into the village due to marriage, spatial scale differences, and/or the transitory nature of younger residents. Looking toward the future, the authors explore the potential outcomes of additional research with similar populations and/or methods.