bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peanut Drying Energy Consumption
Authors: Blankenship Paul D. , Chew Victor
Published: April 2010

Total energy consumption and drying times were determined for drying peanuts with various equipment and procedures commonly used by the peanut industry. Total peanut drying times were significantly shorter with 3.73 kW, single-trailer (ST) dryers than with 7.46 kW, double-trailer (DT) dryers. Total energy consumption was significantly higher per tonne of peanuts dried for drying with ST dryers. Total energy consumption and drying times were not significantly different for drying in side-air-entry or rear-air-entry trailers. Precleaning reduced energy requirements for drying and slightly reduced total drying times. Drying peanuts at 40.56°C decreased drying times but required considerably more energy than drying at 35°C. Type of temperature control, constant (Co) or cycling (Cy), had no effect on drying times or energy consumption.
Effect of Temperature Treatment on Peanut Vegetative and Fruit Growth1
Authors: Cox F. R.
Published: April 2010

Two studies were conducted in growth chambers to evaluate the effects of temperature on the vegetative and reproductive growth phases of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L., cv. Florigiant). Temperature regimes in the first study ranged from 34/30 to 18/14°C day/night and in the second from 34/30 to 22/18°C. The experiments were conducted for 61 and 110 days, respectively. In the first study, the plants were kept vegetative by clipping the pegs. Dry weights of leaflets, petioles and stems, leaf area, and number of flowers were measured. The same measurements plus fruit weights were made in the second study. Early growth, as determined by accumulation of top dry weight, was optimum at a weighted mean temperature of 27.5°C and essentially no growth occurred at 15.5°C. When plants were grown at the optimum temperature for four weeks and then subjected to different temperatures, the treatments had much less effect on top weight during subsequent growth and the optimum temperature decreased somewhat relative to that for early growth. Total fruit weight and individual pod weight were greatest at 23.5°C. Also, the rate of increase in pod weight was greatest at 23.5°C. During early growth the optimum temperatures for development of leaf area and for rate of flowering were above 28°C while in later stages the optimum for rate of flowering decreased to about 26°C.
A Peanut Growth and Development Model1
Authors: Young J. H. , Cox F. R. , Martin C. K.
Published: April 2010

A first generation FORTRAN computer program has been developed to simulate the growth and development of peanuts from the date of planting until harvest. Top growth, flowering, pegging, and fruiting are simulated by the program. Required inputs are daily values for maximum and minimum temperatures, radiation, and soil moisture level. Preliminary evaluations of the model have been made using growth data collected during 1974 and 1975 for the Florigiant and Florunner cultivars. A number of areas have been identified for further research to improve our understanding of peanut growth and development and to evaluate hypotheses included in the current model.
Removal of Raw Peanut Flavor and Odor in Peanut Flour Processed by Direct Solvent Extraction1
Authors: Johnson L. A. , Farnsworth J. T. , Garland R. J. , Lusas E. W.
Published: April 2010

Peanut slices can be directly extracted with hexane yielding more soluble protein and better color than pre-press solvent extraction; however, flavor and odor are characterized as raw and “green beany”. The utilization of secondary extraction with hexane: ethanol azeotrope, hexane: methanol azeotrope and absolute ethanol subsequent to hexane extraction significantly improved flavor and odor characteristics of peanut flour. Hexane: propanol azeotrope did not significantly improve sensory evaluations. Hexane: ethanol azeotrope did not reduce soluble protein, yielding an NSI value of 95%. Hexane: methanol azeotrope and absolute ethanol slightly reduced NSI to 88% and 92% respectively. Color of peanut flour was not affected by secondary solvent extraction. Direct extraction of peanut slices with hexane, followed by hexane: ethanol azeotrope extraction, resulted in flour with good flavor and odor characteristics and with lighter color and more soluble protein than peanut flour produced by commercial pre-press solvent extraction.
Cytology of Interspecific Hybrids in Section Arachis of Peanuts1
Authors: Stalker H. T. , Wynne J. C.
Published: April 2010

Interspecific hybrids between Avachis correntina (Burk.) Krap. et Greg. nom. nud. (coll. GKP 9530–31) and seven other diploid peanut species of section Arachis nom. nud. [syn. Axonomorphae (7)] were cytologically analyzed. Although hybrid plants were partially sterile, cytological barriers to gene exchange were nonexistent except for A. batizocoi Krap. et Greg, hybrids. Arachis batizocoi hybrids had between 0 and 4.67% pollen fertility, probably due to an average of 2.88 univalents per cell. Laggards and anaphase I bridges were observed in 85% of the hybrid cells. Because the cultigen, A. hypogaea L. (2n = 40), and the diploid wild species (2n = 20) are at different ploidy levels, hybridization results in sterile triploid plants. This is a major barrier to introgression from wild to cultivated varieties. In order to derive wild species of section Arachis at the same ploidy level as A. hypogaea, 572 three to six-day-old seedlings were colchicine-treated representing 34 interspecific Arachis section hybrid combinations. Eighty-one cytologically confirmed amphidiploids plus 49 probable ones based on plant morphology were isolated. After colchicine treatments, 26 autotetraploids were likewise produced from six species. The observations indicated that selection can occur at the diploid level in wild species for desired agronomic traits or for disease and insect resistances. Colchicine-treated selected hybrid seedlings would then serve as a pathway for overcoming the major sterility obstacle to introgressing germplasm into A. hypogaea.
Response of Early Bunch Peanuts to Calcium and Potassium Fertilization1
Authors: Walker M. E. , Flowers Randel A. , Henning R. J. , Keisling T. C. , Mullinix Ben G.
Published: April 2010

There is an immediate need for fertilization data concerning any newly released cultivar of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Field studies were conducted on three soil types to determine the effect of various rates of Ca and K on yield, quality and certain peanut diseases of the new peanut cultivar, Early Bunch. Calcium was applied at rates of 0, 123, 246 and 369 kg/ha and K was applied at levels of 0, 112 and 224 kg/ha. Fertilizer treatments were arranged in randomized block design with four replications. Yields, sound mature kernels (SMK), extra large kernels (ELK), and Pythium population and Sclerotium rolfsii (disease loci) incidence were determined. The yield, SMK, and ELK of Early Bunch peanuts were increased by Ca fertilization on Fuquay and Tifton loamy sand, but not on the Greenville sandy loam. The application of high levels of K reduced the yield of Early Bunch peanuts on Fuquay soil but had no effect on Tifton or Greenville soils.

Increased Ca fertilization increased soil Ca on Greenville and Tifton soils but not on Fuquay soil. Potassium fertilization increased soil K on the Greenville soil but not on the Fuquay and Tifton soils. Some evidence was obtained that Ca fertilization reduced average Pythium (total) population in the Tifton and Fuquay soils and increased average incidence of Sclerotium rolfsii.
A Rotary Air Impact Peanut Blancher1
Authors: Hoover M. W.
Published: April 2010

A rotary air impact peanut blancher was developed for removing the skins of preconditioned whole raw peanuts. It consists of a revolving cylinder equipped with an abrasive rough interwall surface and a plurality of air jets located interior to the revolving cylinder. The jets are positioned in a manner that causes the air flow to be directed counter to the rotation of the drum. As the drum rotates the nuts in the cylinder move up the side of the cylinder meeting the jets of air. The impact between the nuts and air jets along with the aid of the abrasive surface removes the skin from the peanuts. The system can be used for either batch or continuous blanching.
Performance and Carcass Traits of Pigs on Diets Containing Varying Amounts of Peanut Meal1
Authors: Hale O. M. , McCormick W. C.
Published: April 2010

For two feeding trials, weanling pigs were divided into five comparable groups of eight pigs per group. A group of pigs was assigned at random to each of the five diets in which the source of supplemental protein was: Diet 1, 100% soybean meal; Diet 2, 75% soybean meal and 25% peanut meal; Diet 3, 50% soybean meal and 50% peanut meal; Diet 4, 25% soybean meal and 75% peanut meal; Diet 5, 100% peanut meal. Pigs on Diets 1 and 2 gained weight faster than pigs on Diets 3 and 4 which in turn gained faster than pigs on Diet 5 (P>.05). Pigs on Diets 1 and 2 ate less feed and required less feed per unit of gain than pigs on Diets 3 and 4 which in turn consumed less feed and required less feed per unit of gain than pigs on Diet 5 (P>.05). Carcass length and backfat depth were similar (P>.05) for pigs on all diets. Area of the Longissimus dorsi muscle at the 10th rib (loin-eye area) was similar (P>.05) for pigs on Diets 1, 2 and 3 but was smaller in pigs on Diet 4 and a further decrease occurred in pigs on Diet 5 (P<.05). The weight of lean cuts for pigs on Diets 1, 2, 3 and 4 was similar (P>.05) but was less (P<.05) for pigs on Diet 5. Although tremendous increases in per acre yields of peanuts have been obtained in recent years, there has been no improvement in protein quality of peanut meal as measured by performance of growing-finishing pigs.
Comparison of Pod and Seed Screening Methods on Aspergillus spp. Infection of Peanut Genotypes1
Authors: Mixon Aubrey C.
Published: April 2010

Six peanut genotypes grown at three locations (sources) were tested in laboratory studies for the influence of pod and seed inoculation methods on seed colonization by Aspergillus parasiticus Speare and/or incidental prior contamination (uninoculated method) in the field or storage by A. flavus Link ex Fr. or A. parasiticus. The genotypes has been identified as having varying levels of resistance to seed colonization by Aspergillus spp. in laboratory screening. There was no difference between the pod and seed inoculation on the mean percentage of seed colonization, but pod inoculation resulted in a noticeable reduction in seed colonization of the more susceptible genotypes when compared to inoculated seed (genotype x method interaction). Uninoculated seed incubated similarly to the inoculated samples exhibited considerably less colonization. For all three methods, seed colonization was consistently less for the resistant genotypes than for the ‘Florunner’ variety or the highly susceptible check P. I. 343419. A source × genotype interaction resulted from the difference in the magnitude of percent colonization but the resistant genotypes were colonized less frequently than susceptible genotypes. The seed screening method currently in use (seed inoculation) was equally or more effective than the pod inoculation or uninoculated seed method in identifying genotypes resistant to A. parasiticus.
Branching Pattern in Successive Generations of Peanuts Arachis hypogaea L.
Authors: Harkness C. , Wright D. J.
Published: April 2010

Variation in branching pattern was studied in six Virginia group peanut cultivais (ssp. hypogaea var. hypogaea). Lines with genetically distinct branching patterns differing from the normal pattern were readily found in two of the cultivars. These variable lines showed no yield advantage over the normal lines. It was concluded that there is considerable genetic variation for branching pattern in Virginia peanuts. The variation could be ascribed to a range of modifier genes which can change the normal pattern of branching. There were indications of a strong environmental effect on branching pattern and of a genotype by environment interaction.
Development of Cercosporidium personatum in Three Peanut Canopy Layers1
Authors: Plaut J. L. , Berger R. D.
Published: April 2010

Disease progress of late leafspot of peanut caused by Cercosporidium personatum was monitored on the variety ‘Florunner’ in unsprayed plots and in plots sprayed weekly with chlorothalonil (343 μg active ingredient/ml H2O). The canopy was divided into three vertical semicircular leaf layers, each 15 cm high. Proportions of visible disease (xv) and defoliation (d) per leaf layer were estimated with a modified Horsfall-Barratt rating system. Total disease (xt) in each leaf layer and per plant were calculated with the equation

xt = [(1-d)* xv + d].

Apparent infection rates (sensu Vanderplank) were calculated for xv, d, and xt in each leaf layer and for the total plant canopy. Rates of disease increase and defoliation on sprayed and unsprayed tissue were not significantly different (P = 0.05). Disease severity in plots sprayed with chlorothalonil usually lagged three to five days behind disease in unsprayed plots. The disease components, xv, d, and xt were greatest in the bottom canopy layer. The rate of defoliation in the top leaf layer of unsprayed plots was significantly slower (P = 0.05) than that in the other two leaf layers, possibly because of dilution by the new plant growth. Chlorothalonil sprays reduced initial disease but did not reduce the rate of increase of C. personatum.
Screening Methods and Further Sources of Resistance to Peanut Rust1
Authors: Subrahmanyam P. , Gibbons R. W. , Nigam S. N. , Rao V. R.
Published: April 2010

A germplasm collection of 6000 peanut entries was screened for resistance to rust at ICRISAT, India. Preliminary field screening was done during the 1977 rainy season when a natural epidemic of rust was in progress. The cultivars or lines which were rated between 2 and 5 on a 9-point scale during this screening were further tested during the 1977/78 dry season employing an infector row system of susceptible cultivars and spreader plants systematically interplanted with the test material. High relative humidity was maintained in the field by operating an overhead sprinkler irrigation system. Percentage leaf area damaged on the test material was estimated at 10 day intervals from approximately 90 days after their emergence until harvest. Each entry was also assessed on a scale proposed by Mazzani and Hinojosa. Two land races, NC.Ac. 17090 and EC. 76446 (292) were more resistant than either PI. 259747 or PI. 298115 which were reported resistant by other workers. In addition, NCAc. 17030, NCAc. 17132, NC.Ac. 17129, NC. Ac. 17135 and NC.Ac. 17124 were moderately resistant. Four cultivars or lines with different levels of resistance in the field were tested in the greenhouse at three different stages in development. The results indicated that resistance increased as the plants aged.
Effect of Three Ca Sources Applied On Peanuts I. Productivity and Seed Quality1
Authors: Hallock D. L. , Allison A. H.
Published: April 2010

The relative effectiveness of United States Gypsum granular 420 Landplaster Bulk (420-Bulk) and Texasgulf Gypsum (Tg Gypsum) were compared with finely ground anhydrite (Bagged-LP) as sources of supplemental Ca for Florigiant peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Treatments included the above sources at rates of 605 kg/ha banded (61 cm) or 907 kg/ha broadcast (91-cm wide rows) of CaSO4 equivalent per unit area covered (double these rates of 420-Bulk and Bagged-LP also were applied in 1977). Times of application were planting, planting + ca 30 days, and early flowering stage. The experiments were located on Kenansville lfs (Arenic Hapludult) in 1977 and on Rumford lfs (Typic Hapludult) in 1978.

The Ca treatments increased crop yields from 360 to 1,200 kg/ha and crop value (yield × price) from $343 to $889/ha over the check in 1977. Slightly lower yield increases were obtained in 1978 when dry conditions prevailed during fruit maturation. Kernel size grades were improved markedly by all Ca treatments in 1977. There was a definite trend both years (significant in 1978) toward higher productivity when the Ca sources were applied at the early flowering stage compared to earlier applications. No difference was noted between methods of application of Bagged-LP or Tg Gypsum in 1978. Double rates of Bagged-LP or 420-Bulk in 1977 did not increase productivity over the low rates. A single application of Bagged-LP was as effective as split applications in the 1978 test.

Germinability of seed in 1977 averaged 85% or higher for all Ca treatments. Seed germination in 1978 averaged 75%, 69% and 74% in plots where Tg Gypsum, 420-Bulk or Bagged-LP was applied, respectively. Germination was lowest in the check plots both years. Germinability and seed-Ca contents were significantly higher in 1978 when the Ca sources were applied at the early flowering stage (ca July 1) than 15 days earlier.

Seed-Ca contents both years and K contents in 1978 were significantly correlated with germinability. The correlation coefficients were only 0.4 in each case and the relationship was negative for K.

In general, 420-Bulk, Tg Gypsum, or Bagged-LP were equally effective sources of supplemental Ca for peanuts. However, when fruit mature under very dry conditions 420-Bulk may be somewhat inferior to the other Ca sources especially when applied before early flowering.
Pressing Peanuts with a Ring-Cage Screw Press1
Authors: Johnson L. A.
Published: April 2010

A ring-cage screw press was examined as a means of reducing protein insolublization and chemical browning of peanut protein during prepressing of peanuts. It was found possible to prepress uncooked peanuts with moderate heat exposure. Effects of conditioning temperature, screw press pressure and screw press temperature on quality of peanut flour were surveyed. Some protein damage occurred during conditioning but the greatest amount of protein insolublization occurred during screw pressing. The rate of post screw press cooling had little effect on protein solubility. The ring-cage screw press was able to press conditioned peanuts to 5–10% residual oil with less heat damage than occurs in cooking and screw pressing, as commercially practiced. Improved pressing conditions for producing food-grade peanut flour using the ring-cage screw press were identified as conditioning seed to 60°C within 6 min. and pressing at 60°C. Increased soluble protein and less chemical browning resulted in ring-cage screw pressed, solvent extracted flour than occurring in conventionally processed peanut flour.
Effect of Gypsum on Yield, Grade and Incidence of Pod Rot in Five Peanut Cultivars1
Authors: Walker M. E. , Csinos A. S.
Published: April 2010

Five cultivars of peanuts, (Arachis hypogaea L.), Florunner, Tifrun, Florigiant, Ga. 194 Va. and Early Bunch, were grown at Tifton, Ga. on a Stilson loamy sand, low in calcium (356 kg/ha), and at Plains, Ga. on a Greenville sandy loam, relatively higher in calcium (752 kg/ha), for three years (1977–79) to study the response of yield, grade and incidence of pod rot with applications of gypsum. Plots were topdressed with 0, 560, 1120, or 1680 kg/ha of gypsum. Pod rot did not occur at Plains and no significant difference occurred among gypsum rates for yield, percentages of sound mature kernels (SMK), extra large kernels (ELK), and value/ha for any cultivar. However, significant differences were detected for these variables among cultivars. At Tifton, severe pod rot occurred on plots receiving no gypsum, but the severity decreased for all cultivars as the rate of gypsum applied was increased. Differences in yield, percentages of SMK, ELK, pod rot, value/ha and kernel calcium occurred among cultivars, grown at different gypsum rates. Florunner was significantly higher in yield, percent SMK, and value/ha than the other cultivars at all gypsum rates, and significantly lower in pod rot at 0 and 560 kg/ha gypsum. The amount of calcium in kernels increased for most cultivars as rates of gypsum increased. These data support previous work which indicated a suppression of pod rot and an increase in yield and kernel calcium with applications of gypsum.
The Effects of Irrigation, Inoculants and Fertilizer Nitrogen on Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). I. Nitrogen Fixation
Authors: Reddy V. M. , Tanner J. W.
Published: April 2010

Effects of irrigation, inoculants and fertilizer nitrogen (N) on N2(C2H2) fixation in peanuts were studied in 1976 and 1977 at Delhi, Ontario. Inoculant application increased nodulation and N-fixation in both years. Powdered peat and granular formulations containing the same strains of rhizobia resulted in almost the same amounts of nodulation and N-fixation (80 kg/ha on average). Differences in nodulation from inoculants containing different strains of rhizobia were not consistent over the two years. However, 60% difference in N-fixation resulted from the inoculants containing different strains of rhizobia in both years. Nitrogen application decreased the nodule number, nodule dry weight, and N-fixation of all the inoculated peanuts. Irrigation increased the N-fixation of the peanuts treated with granular inoculant in 1976 by an average of 45% and all the inoculated peanuts in 1977 by an average of 54% but had no effect on nodulation in either year.
The Nature of Yield Responses of Florunner Peanuts To Lime
Authors: Adams Fred , Hartzog D. L.
Published: April 2010

The effectiveness of spring-applied agricultural limestone and topdressed gypsum as Ca sources for Florunner peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production was determined in 78 on-farm experiments in southeastern Alabama during 1972–1979. Dolomitic and calcine limestones were incorporated into the upper 10 cm of soil at a rate of 2.24 metric ton/ha, and gypsum (CaSO4 •2H2 O) was topdressed at early bloom at 560 kg/ha. Limestone and gypsum were essentially equal sources of Ca except on a Bonifay sand where gypsum was inferior. Lime applied in this manner apparently increased yield and grade because of its Ca content and not because it increased soil pH. Limestone disked-in just prior to planting did not need a Ca supplement in the form of top-dressed gypsum. Only one instance of Mg deficiency was identified, and that was on a low-Mg soil with very little clay in its profile.
Weed Control in Peanuts with Ethalfluralin1
Authors: Brecke B. J. , Currey W. L.
Published: April 2010

Ethalfluralin [N-ethyl-n-(2-methyl-2-propenyl)-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine], a recently introduced dinitroaniline herbicide, was tested at two locations in Florida for weed control in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). When applied alone as a preplant incorporated (PPI) treatment at 0.8 and 1.7 kg/ha, and as a preemergence or ground cracking (GC) treatment at 1.1 and 2.2 kg/ha, ethalfluralin provided 85 to 100% control of goosegrass (Eleucine indica (L.) Guerin.), crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel), and Florida pusley (Richardia scabra L.) without peanut injury. Excellent control of Florida beggarweed (Desmodium tortuosum (SW.) DC.) and smallflower momingglory (Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb.) (100 and 97% respectively) was observed at one location when ehalfluralin was applied at 1.7 kg/ha PPI. Consistent control of both grass and broad-leaf weeds required a combination of ethalfluralin with naptalam (N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid) plus dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) applied at GC. This herbicide program provided weed control comparable to that obtained with the standard GC treatment of alachlor (2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide) plus naptalam + dinoseb.
Thermal Requirements for Development of the Rednecked Peanutworm, Stegasta Bosqueella.1
Authors: Wall R. G. , Berberet R. C.
Published: April 2010

Thermal requirements for development of life stages in the rednecked peanutworm, Stegasta bosqueella (Chambers), were determined. Embryonic, larval, and pupal threshold temperatures were 11.7°C (53°F), 11.0°C (52°F), and 12.2°C (54°F), respectively. Mean C° day accumulations required for completion of life stages were: 66.5 — egg, 156.0 — larva (to prepupa), 25.1 — prepupa, and 94.2 — pupa.
Relation of the Seed/Hull Ratio to Yield And Dollar Value in Peanut Production1
Authors: Pattee Harold E. , Wynne Johnny C. , Sanders Timothy H. , Schubert A. Michael
Published: April 2010

The seed/hull ratio maturity index (SHMI) methodology has been modified to better meet less than optimal growing conditins. The modifications include sampling methodology for minimizing variation in small plot samples, rapid drying of samples to minimize variation due to moisture content differences, and a preferred method for estimating SHMI. Data are also given on variations in the seed/hull ratio found in selected commercially grown cultivars of peanuts. The optimum seed/hull ratio values for ‘NC5’, ‘NC2’, and ‘Florigiant’ are between 2.9 and 3.1. Correlations between yield, dollar value, and the seed/hull ratio were found to be significant for NC5, NC2, and Florigiant.
Spore Production and Latent Period as Mechanisms of Resistance to Cercospora Arachidicola in Four Peanut Genotypes 1,3
Authors: Foster D. J. , Beute M. K. , Wynne J. C.
Published: April 2010

Arachis batizocoi, A. monticola and two genotypes of A. hypogaea (‘Florigiant’ and PI 109839) chosen to represent differing levels of resistance to early leafspot (Cercospora arachidicola) were evaluated for their effects on production of conidia per lesion, conidia per unit area of lesion and latent period necessary for sporulation. The largest lesions and the most conidia per lesion and unit lesion area were produced on cultivar ‘Florigiant’. PI 109839 had smaller lesions than Florigiant. Fewer conidia per lesion and per unit lesion area were produced on PI 109839 than Florigiant C. arachidicola sporulated abundantly on lesions from both Florigiant and PI 109839 15 days after inoculation. Size of lesions and conidia per lesion did not differ between A. monticola and PI 109839 but conidia per unit lesion area were fewer on A. monticola. The smallest lesions and the fewest conidia per lesion and per unit lesion area were produced on A. batizocoi. C. arachidicola did not begin sporulating on A. monticola and A. batizocoi until 18 days after inoculation. Sporulation of C. arachidicola was observed on defoliated leaves of A. monticola and A. batazocoi 21 days after inoculation.
Reaction of Spanish-Type Peanut Genotypes to Cylindrocladium Black Rot1
Authors: Coffelt T. A.
Published: April 2010

Twelve peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes of the Spanish botanical type and two of the Valencia botanical type were compared for reaction to the soil-borne pathogen, Cylindrocladium crotalariae (Loos) Bell & Sobers, that causes Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) in peanuts. In Virginia, experiments were conducted in three fields (two in 1974 and one in 1975) with a history of severe CBR in previous peanut crops. The Spanish genotypes included all current cultivars grown commercially in the United States. Valencia genotypes (PI 355982 and 355987) were included as reference standards because of their known susceptibility to CBR.

Differences among genotypes were significant on the bases of percent diseased plants and visual scores of root and pod damage at each field and combined across fields. Differences also were significant among fields for percent diseased plants and pod damage score and for the genotype by field interaction for percent diseased plants. All Spanish genotypes were significantly lower in percent diseased plants than the Valencia checks. Pod and root damage scores indicated that different genetic mechanisms might control pod and root resistance to CBR. A high degree of resistance is available in Spanish genotypes, but critical progeny selection for both pod and root resistance might be necessary for transfer of resistance in successive generations of a breeding program.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging for presurgical evaluation of very young pediatric patients with epilepsy
Authors: Shurtleff Hillary , Warner Molly , Poliakov Andrew , Bournival Brian , Shaw Dennis W. , Ishak Gisele , Yang Tong , Karandikar Mahesh , Saneto Russell P. , Browd Samuel R. , Ojemann Jeffrey G.
Published: April 2010

Object

The authors describe their experience with functional MR (fMR) imaging in children as young as 5 years of age, or even younger in developmental age equivalent. Functional MR imaging can be useful for identifying eloquent cortex prior to surgical intervention. Most fMR imaging clinical work has been done in adults, and although children as young as 8 years of age have been included in larger clinical series, cases in younger children are rarely reported.

Methods

The authors reviewed presurgical fMR images in eight patients who were 8 years of age or younger, six of whom were 5 or 6 years of age. Each patient had undergone neuropsychological testing. Three patients functioned at a below-average level, with adaptive functioning age scores of 3 to 4 years. Self-paced finger tapping (with passive movement in one patient) and silent language tasks were used as activation tasks. The language task was modified for younger children, for whom the same (not novel) stimuli were used for extensive practice ahead of time and in the MR imaging unit. Patient preparation involved techniques such as having experienced staff present to work with patients and providing external management during imaging. Six of eight patients had extensive training and practice prior to the procedure. In the two youngest patients, this training included use of a mock MR unit.

Results

All cases yielded successful imaging. Finger tapping in all seven of the patients who could perform it demonstrated focal motor activation in the frontal-parietal region, with expected activation elsewhere, including in the cerebellum. Three of four patients had the expected verb generation task activations, with left-hemisphere dominance, including a 6-year-old child who functioned at the 3-year, 9-month level. The only child (an 8-year-old) who was not prepared prior to the imaging session for the verb generation task failed this task due to movement artifact.

Conclusions

Despite the challenges of successfully using fMR imaging in very young and clinically involved patients, these studies can be performed successfully in children with a chronological age of 5 or 6 years and a developmental age as young as 3 or 4 years.
Giant dural venous sinus ectasia in neonates
Authors: Jenny Benoit , Zerah Michel , Swift Dale , Le Tohic Arnaud , Merzoug Valérie , Alvarez Hortensia , Grangé Gilles , Rilliet Bénédict
Published: April 2010

In this report, the authors describe 4 recent cases of posterior giant dural venous sinus ectasia in neonates diagnosed during pregnancy and encountered at 3 different institutions. Posterior giant venous sinus ectasia was diagnosed in 4 patients using antenatal ultrasonography and confirmed in 2 patients using prenatal MR imaging and in 3 patients using postnatal MR angiography. In 2 children angiography was performed at the age of 6 months. The pregnancy was terminated in 1 case, and the fetus underwent an autopsy. The 3 children who were born presented with various degree of cardiac insufficiency and were admitted to the intensive care unit after birth. Signs of increased intracranial pressure were present immediately after birth, including a bulging fontanel. No endovascular treatment was used in these cases. Surgery was performed in 2 cases as an attempt to alleviate increased intracranial pressure symptoms, without any real benefit. A slow venous flow in the ectasia was shown by ultrasonography in the case in which the pregnancy was terminated. Angiography or MR angiography did not show an obvious arteriovenous malformation in any of the cases, but an arteriovenous fistula secondary or contributing to the formation of the venous ectasia is one of the physiopathological hypotheses of the cause of this condition. Interestingly, spontaneous progressive thrombosis and regression of the intravascular component of the venous sinus ectasia was observed in all cases. The clinical outcome was acceptable in 1 child (who had a moderate handicap after the surgery) and good for the other 2 children (who had normal neurological development). Stratified thrombi of different ages are found in these giant venous ectasias and develop within the leaves of the dura close to the confluence of the major posterior venous sinuses. Therefore, it appears that the formation of a progressive thrombosis represents the normal evolution of these giant dural venous sinus ectasias, which explains the favorable outcome in some cases without specific surgical treatment, except for resuscitation techniques.
Intramedullary papillary ependymoma with choroid plexus differentiation and cerebrospinal fluid dissemination to the brain
Authors: Dulai Mohanpal S. , Caccamo Dario V. , Briley Anita L. , Edwards Michael S. B. , Fisher Paul G. , Lehman Norman L.
Published: April 2010

This 8-year-old girl presented with a papillary ependymoma in the thoracic spinal cord. Resection was followed by recurrence at the primary site and later in the lumbosacral thecal sac, followed by cerebrospinal fluid dissemination to the brain approximately 5 years after her initial presentation. The tumor showed cytological and immunohistochemical features overlapping those of classic ependymomas and choroid plexus tumors similar to those seen in uncommon supratentorial papillary ependymomas, also known as papillary tumors of the pineal region. The histopathological and clinical courses of this rare spinal papillary ependymoma exhibiting mixed ependymal and choroid plexus–like differentiation are discussed.
Malignant transformation of an optic pathway glioma without prior radiation therapy
Authors: Zoeller Garrett K. , Brathwaite Carole D. , Sandberg David I.
Published: April 2010

Optic pathway gliomas (OPGs) arise from the optic nerves, optic chiasm, and/or hypothalamus and most commonly occur in childhood. Although these tumors can be quite challenging to manage, they are typically low-grade astrocytomas histologically, most commonly pilocytic astrocytomas. The few previously reported cases of malignant degeneration of an OPG occurred after external beam radiation therapy. The authors report the first case in the English literature of an OPG that transformed from a low-grade astrocytoma, with features most consistent with a pilocytic astrocytoma, to a malignant glioma without any exposure to radiation therapy.
Prevalence of previous extracranial malignancies in a series of 1228 patients presenting with meningioma
Authors: Sughrue Michael E. , Kane Ari J. , Shangari Gopal , Parsa Andrew T. , Berger Mitchel S. , McDermott Michael W.
Published: April 2010

Object

The study of patients with multiple neoplasms can yield valuable insight into the common pathogenesis of both diseases, as well as identify more subtle risk factors that might not be as readily apparent otherwise. The authors present an analysis of the prevalence of previously diagnosed extracranial malignancies at the time of meningioma diagnosis in 1228 patients evaluated at a single institution.

Methods

All patients who underwent evaluation and/or treatment for meningioma between 1991 and 2007 at the authors' institution were identified. The intake history and physical were assessed for any history of extracranial malignancy. Using the National Cancer Institute data, the authors calculated an expected cancer prevalence for their meningioma patient population, and compared this derived value to the observed rate of these cancers in this population.

Results

There were 1228 patients included in this study. A total of 50 patients (4.1%) with newly diagnosed meningioma had a history of an extracranial malignant tumor at the time of their initial meningioma diagnosis. In general, most malignancies did not differ in prevalence from their expected frequency in the population in the present study. Notable exceptions were acute leukemia (p < 0.0001), and papillary thyroid carcinoma, which had a prevalence 2.5 times that expected in this population (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The data support a growing body of evidence suggesting an epidemiological link between papillary carcinoma of the thyroid and meningioma. Although the link between these tumors is not immediately apparent, it is possible that further exploration will yield interesting insight into the pathogenesis of both diseases.
Disseminated enterogenous cells at the cervicomedullary junction causing communicating hydrocephalus
Authors: Desai Sohum , Friedman Jonathan A. , Hlavin Joseph , Briner Rudy P. , Toussaint L. Gerard , White J. Bradley , Van Amerogen Alexander
Published: April 2010

The authors present a unique case of a patient with communicating hydrocephalus and repeated ventriculoperitoneal shunt obstructions resulting from mucin-secreting enterogenous cell deposits at the cervicomedullary junction. Pathological examinations revealed that these cellular deposits lacked characteristic cystic architecture and the patient had no history of previous cyst with dissemination. Because of the repeated shunt obstructions and inability to surgically resect the lesion in its entirety, the authors elected radiation therapy to the cervicomedullary junction, encompassing the radiological abnormality. As of this writing, the patient has remained at neurological baseline and has not required further shunt revisions for obstruction.
Endoscopic-guided percutaneous radiofrequency cordotomy
Authors: Fonoff Erich Talamoni , de Oliveira Ywzhe Sifuentes Almeida , Lopez William Omar Contreras , Alho Eduardo Joaquim Lopes , Lara Nilton Alves , Teixeira Manoel Jacobsen
Published: April 2010

The authors present the first clinical implementation of an endoscopic-assisted percutaneous anterolateral radiofrequency cordotomy. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the intradural endoscopic visualization of the cervical spinal cord via a percutaneous approach to refine the spinal target for anterolateral cordotomy, avoiding undesired trauma to the spinal tissue or injury to blood vessels. Initially, a lateral puncture of the spinal canal in the C1–2 interspace is performed, guided by fluoroscopy. As soon as CSF is reached by the guide cannula (17-gauge needle), the endoscope can be inserted for visualization of the spinal cord and its surrounding structures. The endoscopic visualization provided clear identification of the pial surface of the spinal cord, arachnoid membrane, dentate ligament, dorsal and ventral root entry zone, and blood vessels. The target for electrode insertion into the spinal cord was determined to be the midpoint from the dentate ligament and the ventral root entry zone. The endoscopic guidance shortened the fluoroscopy usage time and no intrathecal contrast administration was needed. Cordotomy was performed by a standard radiofrequency method after refining of the neurophysiological target. Satisfactory analgesia was provided by the procedure with no additional complications or CSF leak. The initial use of this technique suggests that a percutaneous endoscopic procedure may be useful for particular manipulation of the spinal cord, possibly adding a degree of safety to the procedure and improving its effectiveness.
Viruses and Breast Cancer
Authors: Lawson James S. , Heng Benjamin
Published: April 2010

Viruses are the accepted cause of many important cancers including cancers of the cervix and anogenital area, the liver, some lymphomas, head and neck cancers and indirectly human immunodeficiency virus associated cancers. For over 50 years, there have been serious attempts to identify viruses which may have a role in breast cancer. Despite these efforts, the establishment of conclusive evidence for such a role has been elusive. However, the development of extremely sophisticated new experimental techniques has allowed the recent development of evidence that human papilloma virus, Epstein-Barr virus, mouse mammary tumor virus and bovine leukemia virus may each have a role in the causation of human breast cancers. This is potentially good news as effective vaccines are already available to prevent infections from carcinogenic strains of human papilloma virus, which causes cancer of the uterine cervix.
A Transient Model for Fuel Cell Cathode-Water Propagation Behavior inside a Cathode after a Step Potential
Authors: Chan Der-Sheng , Hsueh Kan-Lin
Published: April 2010

Most of the voltage losses of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) are due to the sluggish kinetics of oxygen reduction on the cathode and the low oxygen diffusion rate inside the flooded cathode. To simulate the transient flooding in the cathode of a PEMFC, a transient model was developed. This model includes the material conservation of oxygen, vapor, water inside the gas diffusion layer (GDL) and micro-porous layer (MPL), and the electrode kinetics in the cathode catalyst layer (CL). The variation of hydrophobicity of each layer generated a wicking effect that moves water from one layer to the other. Since the GDL, MPL, and CL are made of composite materials with different hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties, a linear function of saturation was used to calculate the wetting contact angle of these composite materials. The balance among capillary force, gas/liquid pressure, and velocity of water in each layer was considered. Therefore, the dynamic behavior of PEMFC, with saturation transportation taken into account, was obtained in this study. A step change of the cell voltage was used to illustrate the transient phenomena of output current, water movement, and diffusion of oxygen and water vapor across the entire cathode.
Synthesis and Liquid Crystalline Properties of New Diols Containing Azomethine Groups
Authors: Mohammed Issam Ahmed , Sankar Govindarajan , Khairuddean Melati , Mohamad Abu Bakar
Published: April 2010

A series of new mesogenic azomethine diols were successfully synthesized by condensation reactions between various chloroalkanols and N,N'-bis(4-hydroxy)-benzylidene-o-toluidine (1). The structures of these compounds were confirmed by CHN, FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectrophotometer. Their thermotropic liquid crystalline behavior was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarizing optical microscope (POM). 4,4'-di(4-Hydroxybutoxy)-N-benzylidine-o-tolidine (2a) does not exhibit liquid crystalline properties. A nematic texture was observed for mesogenic diols 2b, and 2d, whereas the diol 2c exhibits a smectic mesophase. The increase of terminal alkyl chain in these mesogenic diols leads to a decrease in the transition temperature.
Introduction to Late Presentation for HIV Treatment in Europe
Authors: Antinori Andrea , Johnson Margaret , Moreno Santiago , Rockstroh Jürgen K , Yazdanpanah Yazdan
Published: April 2010

This publication is based on the proceedings of a meeting of European HIV experts convened in Windsor, UK, in March 2009. The meeting reviewed data in four key topics affecting the late presentation of HIV patients in Europe: the definition and epidemiology of late presentation, its medical and societal consequences, the need for earlier HIV testing and strategies for management of late- presenting patients. Each topic is discussed in detail here. A concluding article presents recommendations in each topic that were developed at the meeting to address the continuing challenge represented by late presentation for HIV treatment.
Definition and epidemiology of late presentation in Europe
Authors: Johnson Margaret , Sabin Caroline , Girardi Enrico
Published: April 2010

Accurate estimates of HIV prevalence in Europe are hampered by incomplete reporting of new HIV diagnoses. Defining the epidemiology of late presentation is even more challenging. In Europe, the most common definitions of late presentation are based on CD4+ T-cell counts, but there is little consistency among definitions. Thus, estimates of the incidence of late presentation vary widely between studies and across Europe, making comparative analysis difficult. Late presentation has been observed to be common in all demographic groups, but certain factors indicate greater risk for late presentation, including intravenous drug use, older age, foreign birth and non-White ethnicity. Standardizing the definition of late presentation will facilitate understanding, clinical research and, ultimately, effective treatment of late-presenting patients.
Medical and Societal Consequences of Late Presentation
Authors: Moreno Santiago , Mocroft Amanda , Monforte Antonella d'Arminio
Published: April 2010

Patients presenting late with HIV infection are at a higher risk of clinical events, are difficult to treat and have a higher mortality compared with those who present earlier. Indeed, being diagnosed too late for effective treatment has been shown to be a common scenario leading to death. The increased risk for opportunistic diseases and increased mortality are associated with low CD4+ T-cell counts. In addition to the detrimental effect on the health of the individual, late presentation also creates a significant societal burden because it is associated with increased risk of HIV transmission and increased resource use. All of these factors highlight the benefit of earlier testing, diagnosis and treatment of HIV.
Peripheral Blood Perfusion Correlates with Microvascular Abnormalities in Systemic Sclerosis: A Laser-Doppler and Nailfold Videocapillaroscopy Study
Authors: CUTOLO MAURIZIO , FERRONE CARMELA , PIZZORNI CARMEN , SOLDANO STEFANO , SERIOLO BRUNO , SULLI ALBERTO
Published: May 2010

Objective.

To investigate possible correlations between fingertip blood perfusion (FBP) status, assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), and morphological microvascular abnormalities, detected by nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC), in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). The effects on FBP of intravenous (IV) treatment with the prostacyclin analog iloprost were also investigated.

Methods.

Thirty-four consecutive patients with SSc and 16 healthy subjects were evaluated. LDF was performed by analyzing blood perfusion at the fingertips in both hands. Patients with SSc were distributed into the appropriate NVC pattern of microangiopathy (early, active, and late). Iloprost was administered to inpatients with SSc by 24-hour IV infusion for 7 consecutive days (4 μg/h).

Results.

FBP was significantly lower in patients with SSc (p < 0.05) compared to controls. Heating of the LDF probe at 36°C induced a significant increase of FBP in all subjects (p < 0.001), but the slope of variation was significantly lower in patients with SSc compared to controls (p < 0.05). Patients with SSc showing the late NVC pattern of microangiopathy had significantly lower FBP than patients with the active and early NVC patterns (p < 0.05). A negative correlation was observed between FBP and NVC rating of the microvascular damage (p < 0.05). After iloprost treatment, a significant increase of FBP was observed in patients with SSc (p < 0.05).

Conclusion.

Patients with SSc show a decreased FBP partially reversible by local skin heating. The FBP correlated negatively with the extent of nailfold microvascular damage, and IV iloprost treatment increased the FBP.
Artificial Cell Model Used for Information Processing
Authors: Fernández-Blanco Enrique , Serantes Jose A. , Pedreira Nieves , Dorado Julián
Published: April 2010

The main features of a new theoretical model inside the knowledge area called Artificial Embryogeny are described in this paper. Artificial Embryogeny is a term that identifies any model that uses embryological cells or embryological processes as inspiration. This chapter details the theoretical model and it also presents some its apllication to information processing problems. Specifically, this model was applied to solve classical problems such as pattern classification and pattern recognition problems. The Iris classification problem is the selected information processing problems presented in this paper. It must be remarked that a similar application was never been done with an artificial embryogeny model.