bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY ON THE EFFICACY OF APAMARGA AND PALASHA PRATISARANEEYA KSHARA IN ARSHAS
Authors: P P Aiyanna , Jalawadi Poornima , K Harshavardhana , Bharadwaj Deenaprakash
Published: December 2020

Ever since the evolution of the species Homo sapiens, anal problems have been a source of constant anxiety. Contrarily there seems to be an increasing incidence of the commonest of all anal disease, i.e. Arshas, a kind of disease which is very unkind towards mankind. Ayurvedic literatures have described Arshas as Mahagada and can be compared to Haemorrhoids in modern medicine. The various therapies show that there is no universally acceptable technique in the management of Haemorrhoids and also these have many side effects and demerits. Pratisaraneeya Kshara the alkaline group of medicinal substances has been emphasized throughout the classical literature for Arshas, as a substitute for surgical procedure and can be used safely in patients who are afraid of surgery, old and weak also. This work includes preparation of Apamarga and Palasha Pratisaraneeya Ksharas; evaluation of the efficacy of Apamarga and Palasha Pratisaraneeya Kshara and comparing the results in the management of Arshas. The effects of Apamarga Pratisaraneeya Kshara and Palasha Pratisaraneeya Kshara were evaluated clinically in 30 patients, 15 in each group randomly divided. The study concluded that in patients suffering from Arshas both Apamarga Pratisaraneeya Kshara and Palasha Pratisaraneeya Kshara showed statistically highly significant results (p < 0.001) in terms of the improvement in Mass per rectum, Pain and Size of pilemass and 80% of the patients treated with Apamarga Pratisaraneeya Kshara got complete remission from the disease, while with Palasha Pratisaraneeya Kshara 46.7% patients showed complete remission. Though there won’t many differences statistically, the comparison of individual criteria ‘s percentage and the relief obtained, Apamarga Pratisaraneeya Kshara showed an upper hand in managing the Arshas.
ROLE OF SHILAJIT AND TRIPHALA KWATH IN HYPOTHYROIDISM: A REVIEW
Authors: Devi Gayatri , Kumar Vipin , Verma Sheetal
Published: December 2020

Hypothyroidism is one of the burning issues in the current scenario and is affecting the lives of many people on various levels. Autoimmunity is responsible for over 90% of non-iatrogenic hypothyroidism in iodine-sufficient area. In iodine-sufficient areas, the most common cause of hypothyroidism is chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (also known as Hashimoto’s disease). Subclinical hypothyroidism is a mild form of primary hypothyroidism. Signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism are weight gain, cold intolerance, fatigue, somnolence, dry skin, dry hair, menorrhagia are more common constipation, hoarseness of voice, aches and pains, muscle stiffness, deafness, depression, infertility is less common. As per Ayurveda (science of life), it is caused due to vitiation of Agni. Shilajit an exudate, contains mainly fulvic acid, humic acid, and trace element (iron, selenium) which includes anti-inflammatory, immune-stimulant, properties. Anaemia as a symptom is associated with Hypothyroidism. The constituent present in Shilajit that is Fulvic acid enhances the absorption of iron so that serum iron status increases and can be helpful in the management of hypothyroidism. Triphala is an Ayurvedic herbal formulation of dried fruits of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellerica and Phyllantus emblica. The major phytoconstituent of Terminalia bellerica, Terminalia chebula and Phyllantus emblica fruits is gallic acid, which is known to have a wide range of therapeutic activity, e.g. anti-atherosclerotic, cardioprotective. In this review paper, it is being established that all these characteristics of Shilajit with Triphala kwath may be the probable reason for its effect on the management of hypothyroidism.
APPROACH FOR PATIENT PRESENTING 'SHOTHA' IN CLINICAL PRACTICE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HASTA-PADA SHOTHA: A REVIEW
Authors: Raj Nitish , Kumar Surendra , Kumar Sujeet , Sharma Shyam Sundar
Published: December 2020

Ayurveda is the age-old science of healing which encompasses the scriptures of Acharyas like Charaka, Sushruta, and Vagbhata etc. What differentiates Ayurveda from other Pathy is its supreme objective that is to help maintain the health of healthy individual and cure of diseases of a patient. Shotha (edema) is dealt in Ayurveda by different names such as Shotha, Shopha, Shvayathu, Utsheda, samhata etc. In Charaka Samhita, Chikitsa sthana chapter- 12 Shvayathu chikitsa, Acharya Agnivesh questioned the great sage- Lord Atreya about the etiology, sign and symptoms and treatment of Shvayathu roga regarding which the Lord Atreya explained in detail about the disease. Although, Shotha has been documented in Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga sangraha but the profound essence of pathogenesis is found in Madhava nidana (700 AD) which is influenced by the Brihat trayees. In clinical practice, many patients come with the symptom of hasta-pada Shotha (swelling of the limbs) and without the proper knowledge of Ayurvedic literature, it is very much difficult for an Ayurvedic practitioner to differentiate them as whether it is a symptom of disease or prodromal symptom or complication of a disease etc. This paper is an honest effort on differentiating hasta-pada Shotha in different diseases or conditions.
A REVIEW ON UNDERSTANDING KASHTARTAVA THROUGH DYSMENORRHOEA: AN INTEGRATED CONCEPTUAL APPROACH
Authors: N Meghana , V R Santosh
Published: December 2020

Menstruation, a complex cyclic phenomenon, is an inevitable natural occurrence in women’s life and is considered as landmark of homeostatic condition of reproductive system. In Ayurvedic classics all gynecological problems are described under the broad term Yoni Vyapat. Painful menstruation is called Kashtartava. The present article explores the cause – mechanism effect of Symptom Kashtartava and it is critically reviewed under the light of modern disease Dysmenorrhea. Primary Dysmenorrhoea is considered as Kashtartava and is a common complaint seen in all gynecological OPD’s.
A REVIEW ON THE MODE OF ACTION OF AGNIKARMA IN KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS
Authors: Sachi Anoop , Thomas T
Published: December 2020

Osteoarthritis is a joint disorder which commonly affects the weight bearing joints, especially during old age. It is said to be caused due to wear and tear of joints. In the Asian population, Knee Osteoarthritis is the most common. The clinical presentation includes pain, particularly after prolonged activity and weight-bearing, whereas stiffness is experienced after inactivity. Agnikarma is widely practiced as a quick pain-relieving panacea in this condition. Agnikarma, the most powerful parasurgical procedure in Ayurveda, was first explained by Acharya Sushruta. Sushruta mentions the use of Agnikarma in the diseases affecting Sira (vessels), Snayu (ligaments), Sandhi (joints) and Asthi (bones). Sushruta also mentioned Agnikarma as a treatment modality of Sandhigata Vata. Osteoarthritis can be correlated with Sandhigata vata in Ayurveda. Several studies were conducted to analyze the efficacy of Agnikarma in Knee Osteoarthritis which yielded positive results. The actual mechanism of action of Agnikarma in the management of Knee Osteoarthritis is not yet fully understood, though several theories such as that based on gate control theory, vasodilatation theory etc were put forward by researchers to explain the mode of action. The present work analyses the prominent hypotheses that explain the mode of action of Agnikarma in Knee Osteoarthritis and also explores other possible explanations.
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF SOURCE PLANTS OF DUGDHIKA (EUPHORBIA HIRTA LINN. AND EUPHORBIA THYMIFOLIA LINN.) FOR ANABOLIC ACTIVITY: AN IN VIVO STUDY
Authors: B K Yashaswini , Pradeep Seema , Janadri Suresh , K L Rachana , B G Varuni
Published: December 2020

Rajakshavaka a drug, mentioned in Brimhaniya Maha Kashaya Gana of Charaka is mentioned as Dugdhika by Chakrapani in his commentary and in Bhava Prakasha KC Chunekar commentary, 4 sources are mentioned for the same. Among 4 sources only 2 sources are locally available i.e., Euphorbia hirta Linn and Euphorbia thymifolia Linn. These 2 sources were selected to evaluate Brimhana (Anabolic) action experimentally to understand the better source plant for Dugdhika among locally available sources. The objective of the Study is to experimentally evaluate the drug Dugdhika (Europhobia hirta Linn. Europhobia thymifolia Linn) with respect to its anabolic activity. Anabolic activity was estimated in Wistar rats by administering Hydro-alcoholic extract of Euphorbia hirta Linn (HAEEH) and Euphorbia thymifolia Linn (HAEET) with Normal and High Protein Diet (HPD: Protein – 39.4%, Fat – 10.0%, Fibre – 4.3%, Carbohydrates - 7.0 %). Anabolism was evidenced by physical parameters (Weight, Nose to Anus length, Chest Circumference, Abdominal circumference, BMI), Lean body mass (LBM), Fat body mass (FBM) and Biochemical and Haematological parameters. Both the sources of Dugdhika (Euphorbia hirta Linn and Euphorbia thymifolia Linn) showed significant anabolic action. But, among the two sources Euphorbia thymifolia Linn was more significant compared to Euphorbia hirta Linn with HPD. The obtained results revealed that, among the two locally available sources of Dugdhika (Euphorbia hirta Linn and Euphorbia thymifolia Linn) Euphorbia thymifolia Linn is a better source plant for Brimhana action.
Association between TP53 and MDM2 Gene Polymorphisms and Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Hepatitis C Virus among Egyptian Populations
Authors: Zaky Ahmed Mohamed , Hanafy Shaden Muawia , Bordiny Magdy Mamdouh El- , Wafa Reham Abdel Haleem Abu El-
Published: December 2020

Background: The Murine double minute 2 (MDM2) gene is overexpressed in several human tumors. The oncogenic potential of MDM2 is partially explained by inhibition of the activity of the tumor suppressor protein P53 (negative regulator of the P53 tumor suppressor protein). A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter region of MDM2 gene (T to G exchange at nucleotide 309) and TP53 gene (codon 72 exon 4, rs1042522 encoding either C or G) have been independently associated with increased risk of several cancer types. Few studies have analyzed the role of these polymorphisms in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma among Egyptian patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection.

Methods: The study consisted in the comparison of the genotype distribution of TP53 and MDM2 SNP309 in 100 viral hepatitis C-related hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) cases and 100 controls without HCC matched for age, gender and ethnicity. PCR-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) and real time PCR methods were used to determine the genotype at the MDM2 SNP309T>G locus and TP53 rs1042522.

Results: Overall, our results indicate that frequencies of TP53 alleles (C and G) were not significant different between HCC cases and healthy controls (p=0.093) (Odds Ratio, OR=1.361,95% Confidence Interval, 95% CI=0.949 – 1.951). A significant increase of MDM2 SNP309 G/G and T/G genotypes were observed among HCC cases (Odds Ratio, OR=4.868, 95% Confidence Interval, 95% CI= 2.873 – 8.251).

Conclusions: Our finding suggest that people who have G allele increase the risk by 4.868 folds for developing HCC among Egyptian patients, consequently the MDM2 309T>G polymorphism is an important modulator of hepatocellular carcinoma development in Egyptian patients.
Interaction Pattern of Buffalo Farmers with Information Providing Stakeholders in Haryana
Authors: Kumar Kamal , Chander Mahesh , Dixit V. B. , Tripathi Hema
Published: December 2020

The present study was carried out in two agro-climatic zones of Haryana. A total of six blocks were studied from which a total of twelve villages constituted the study area. Ten farmers from each village were selected randomly. A total of 120 buffalo farmers constituted the sample for the present study. An ex-post facto research design was used for the study. The research was planned to study the interaction pattern of the buffalo farmers in Haryana. The study mainly concerns with 'symbolic interaction' i.e., reactions on the basis of behavior and giving meaning to it. It was hypothesized that farmers’ antecedent variables affect their interaction pattern. The existing and desired level of interaction of farmers amongst themselves and with different stakeholders was determined by eliciting their response on a four-point continuum. Modes used by farmers for interaction with various stakeholders were milk cooperative meetings, panchayat meetings, training, buffalo melas, clinical camps, milk recordings, demonstrations, infertility camps, vaccination campaigns and a visit to university. The results thus suggested that there was a significant difference in existing and desired level of interaction of farmers amongst themselves and with different stakeholders. Farmers had the highest existing interaction amongst themselves while they desired maximum interaction with input agencies. Interaction between the farmers and stakeholders needs to be increased through their desired modes to benefit the buffalo farming community, by enhancing their technical knowledge as well as guiding them towards augmenting the animals’ productivity.
Evaluation of Comparable Crops to Maize in Rain Fed Alfisols of Telangana State
Authors: Lakshmi Y. Siva , Sravanthi D. , Susheela R. , Ramanjaneyulu A. V. , Reddy P. Raghu Rami
Published: December 2020

Tornala village of Siddipet District (Previously part of Medak district) in Telangana State comes under low rainfall area with an average annual rainfall of 787.6 mm and experiences extreme seasonal variation in rainfall. A new Agricultural Research Station was established in 2014 to meet the agricultural needs of adjoining areas of Siddipet District. Maize is one of the principal crops of the Siddipet District grown in light soils under rain fed situation. Erratic behaviour of rainfall results in moisture stress of both kinds (excess and deficit) during maize growing season which is leading to frequent crop failures. Millets and pulses are gaining importance which can be grown very well under rainfed situation. To create awareness among the farmers about the importance of other drought tolerant crops suitable for the situation and also to promote drought resistant and short duration, nutritional rich pulse crops in place of maize was the primary objective in conducting this trial. Keeping the above in view, a field experiment was conducted to identify a suitable crop comparable/ alternative to maize with a view to reduce the risk of crop failure under rain fed conditions and to realize the nutritive value of millets. Nine crops viz. Bajra, Ragi, Korra, Maize, Green gram, Pigeon pea, Cotton, Castor Hybrid (PCH 111) and Castor variety (Kranthi) were evaluated for three years. Yields of all the crops were converted into maize equivalent yields and economics was worked out. Pooled means were worked out for yield as well as for economic returns. Results showed that higher maize equivalent yield was recorded in Pigeon pea (4354 kg ha-1) followed by Bajra (2804 kg ha-1), ragi (2604 kg ha-1), cotton (2344 kg ha-1) and green gram (2075 kg ha-1).  In terms of net returns pigeon pea recorded highest mean net returns (39080 Rs ha-1) followed by bajra (25553 Rs ha-1) and ragi (20614 Rs ha-1) whereas highest mean benefit cost ratio was with bajra (2.44) followed by pigeon pea (2.41) and ragi (2.05) compared to maize (2297 Rs ha-1 and 1.08 respectively). Hence, from the study it can be recommended that Bajra, Pigeon pea and Ragi can be grown in place of maize in low rain fall areas of Siddipet (Dt) under rain fed situation.
Validation of Target Yield based Fertilizer Prescription for Rabi Castor in Alfisol
Authors: Rajamani Kasthuri , Madhavi A. , Srijaya T. , Babu P. Surendra , Dey Pradip
Published: December 2020

Field experiments were conducted from 2015-16 to 2017-18 on a Typic Rhodustalfs (Alfisol) soils of Telangana at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Palem, Nagarkurnool, Southern Telangana Zone, India to validate targeted yield based fertilizer prescription equations which developed for hybrid castor by adopting eight treatments viz., Blanket recommendation (100% RDF:80:40:30 kg N, P2O5 and K2O ha-1), Blanket+5 t ha-1 of vermin-compost (VC), STCR-Target yield with NPK alone at 25q ha-1, STCR-Target yield with IPNS at 25q ha-1, STCR-Target yield with NPK alone at 30q ha-1, STCR-Target yield with IPNS at 30q ha-1, Farmer’s practice (40:20:0kg N, P2O5 and K2O ha-1) and Absolute control (without inorganic and organic fertilizers). The findings of these test verification trials clearly revealed that the percent achievement of the aimed yield target was within + 10 percent variation confirming the validity of the equations. Using STCR-NPK@25 and 30q ha-1 recorded significantly higher seed (20.74 and 22.30q ha-1) and stalk (24.63 and 26.36q ha-1) yield over blanket recommendation (19.40 and 23.13 q ha-1), while STCR-IPNS at 25 and 30 q ha-1recorde relatively higher seed (20.98 and 22.69q ha-1) and stalk (25.88 and 27.13q ha-1) yield over STCR-NPK alone treatments. The magnitude of built-up was higher with STCR-IPNS treatments as compared to STCR-NPK alone, blanket recommendations, farmer’s practice and absolute control.
Production, Partial Purification and Characterization of Two α-Amylase Isoforms from Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain YOP 1/2-2 Isolated from Tchapalo (Côte d’Ivoire)
Authors: Lacinan Ouattara , Thierry Koné Fankroma Martial , Evrard Djoudy Alix , Florent N’guessan Kouadio , Soumaïla Dabonné
Published: December 2020

Amylases play an important role in biotechnology and find applications in several industrial fields such as pharmaceutical, food, paper, cosmetics and detergents. Thus, it appears necessary to identify new sources of amylase, especially from microbial origin, due to the low energy consumption, cost-effective, high metabolic diversity, rapid cell growth, non-toxic and eco-friendly characteristics. In the present report, we carried out the production and partial purification of α-amylase by Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains isolated from Tchapalo, a traditional alcoholic beverage of Côte d'Ivoire. Five fungal isolates were screened initially for α-amylase production by using method of wells on Yeast Extract Peptone Dextrose Agar medium, a complete medium for yeast growth. One step DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow was achieved for partial purification of α-amylase obtained. Among yeasts, isolate S. cerevisiae YOP 1/2-2 was able to provoke starch hydrolysis halo of 15.067±0.12 mm on starch agar plate after 48 h of incubation at 30°C. The partial purification of resulting enzyme showed two protein peaks, designated α-amylase 1 (AMY1) and α-amylase 2 (AMY2) with amylolytic activity and specific activities of 1.57-1.58 U/mg protein. Both isoforms (AMY1 and AMY2) were thermostable with optimal activity at 50 and 55°C, respectively, and at pH ranged from 4.5 to 5.3 in 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer. EDTA and Cd2+ strongly inhibited α-amylase activity by 72-75% and 64-65%, respectively, whereas cations Ca2+ and Mn2+ showed 85-99% and 71% increased amylolytic activity, respectively. All these properties show the potential uses of α-amylases from S. cerevisiae in the industrial transformation of starch.
Identification of People at Risk of Developing Chronic Kidney Disease among Rural Disadvantageous Population in Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman Tanjina , Chowdhury Akibul Islam , Habib Mohammad Asadul , Rashid Harun Ur- , Arefin Shakib , Shashi Zannatul Ferdous , Tasnim Aidah
Published: December 2020

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global disease and the prevalence of CKD is increasing in both developed and developing countries. The current study aimed to assess subjects in the rural areas of Sylhet district in Bangladesh to identify individuals who may be predisposed to at risk for developing CKD.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 996 subjects from Sylhet district of Bangladesh. Data were collected by using a standard questionnaire from 82 villages. Data about socio-demographic, medical history and anthropometric and biochemical parameters were collected. Urine dipstick test was done for both albumin and glucose. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA-test were performed for statistical analysis.

Results: The study revealed that people living in rural areas of Sylhet in Bangladesh are at risk of developing CKD and the hidden cause behind it includes not only diabetes and hypertension, but also other lifestyle related factors. Younger participants were found to be at less risk compared to older participants for developing CKD. From urinary dipstick test, 2% and 3.3% subjects had severe traces of albumin and glucose in their urine. Approximately 16% of subjects had hypertension. From the data of 99 out of 996 subjects for urine albumin dipstick test, 98 respondents were identified as stage I CKD patients and only one was identified as stage II CKD patients.

Conclusion: As dialysis and transplants are unsustainable in the long term, it is important to seek preventive strategies when patients are in pre-dialysis state and identify and manage those at high risk. Nutrition and life-style choices can play key roles to achieve this. So, urgent low-cost programs are needed to identify people who are at risk of CKD as well as address their current medical condition to initiate early management of CKD patients.
Thermotogales
Authors: Bonch‐Osmolovskaya Elizaveta
Published: December 2020

Members of the order Thermotogales have an outstanding phylogenetic position within the domain Bacteria, based on their 16S rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) genes sequences and complete genomes analysis. Some Thermotogales organisms are hyperthermophiles with the upper temperature limit of growth at 90 °C whereas others are extreme or moderate thermophiles. All Thermotogales are obligately anaerobic organotrophs with a fermentative metabolism. Thermotogales are widely distributed all over the world inhabiting terrestrial hot springs, shallow‐water and deep‐sea submarine hot vents, hot subsurface biosphere and thermophilic anaerobic reactors. Many thermostable enzymes of Thermotogales were characterised and could be used in different fields of biotechnology.

Key Concepts

Thermotogales represent one of the most ancient lineages of Bacteria.

Thermotogales have specific cell morphology features ‐ sheaths or bubbles formed by their outer cell membrane.

Thermotogales have the highest growth temperatures among Bacteria.

Thermotogales are widely spread in thermal environments including subsurface and anthropogenic ones.

Thermotogales are anaerobic organotrophs, and their highly thermostable enzymes are widely used in biotechnology.
Immunological Memory
Authors: Zanetti Maurizio
Published: December 2020

Immunological memory is a distinct characteristic of the immune system. This property provides an advantage in the course of protective responses against pathogens and tumour cells. The concept of immunologic memory classically refers to the property of the adaptive branch of the immune system and was described as the development of a response against the same antigen that is greater and faster than the original response. However, there exist two additional types of immunity: transmissible neonatal memory and innate memory or
trained immunity
. Considerable progress has been made in the elucidation of the multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating the induction and maintenance of immunological memory. Although our understanding remains imperfect, the current cumulative information allows one to recognise operational patterns and identify those principles that will aid better understand the role of the immune system in protection against disease and in the design of better vaccines.

Key Concepts

Immunological memory represents an important aspect of the immune system in mammals.

Transmissible neonatal memory refers to antibodies transmitted from mother to newborn which protect against cytopathic and life‐threatening pathogens.

Classical immunological memory is an acquired property of the adaptive branch of the immune system and involves both B lymphocytes (antibody‐producing cells) and T cells.

Innate immunologic memory or
trained immunity
is a form of immunologic memory that relates to the innate branch of the immune system and involves monocytes, macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells.

Memory responses by the immune system occur according to only partially understood operational principles.

Memory responses form the basis for the effectiveness of vaccines against pathogens and cancer cells.

Memory responses protect the individual and the species against the threat of pathogens and cancer cells.
Mentoring in Adult Education: A Tribute to Patricia Cranton
Authors: Hoggan Chad
Published: December 2020

This article presents an unofficial case study of effective mentoring. It tells the story of Patricia Cranton as a mentor for the author, describing specific characteristics and activities that were particularly beneficial for his development as a scholar.
Where Are We Headed? Future Directions for Mentoring, Learning, and Leadership
Authors: Alston Geleana D.
Published: December 2020

Considerations for future research and practice are presented as we progress forward in recognizing the benefits of mentoring and the significance in the learning that occurs as we develop leaders in adult and continuing education contexts.
Spatial and dosimetric evaluation of residual distortions of prostate and seminal vesicle bed after image‐guided definitive and postoperative radiotherapy of prostate cancer with endorectal balloon
Authors: Levegrün Sabine , Pöttgen Christoph , Xydis Konstantinos , Guberina Maja , Abu Jawad Jehad , Stuschke Martin
Published: December 2020

Purpose

To quantify daily residual deviations from the planned geometry after image‐guided prostate radiotherapy with endorectal balloon and to evaluate their effect on the delivered dose distribution.

Methods

Daily kV‐CBCT imaging was used for online setup‐correction in six degrees of freedom (6‐dof) for 24 patients receiving definitive (12 RTdef patients) or postoperative (12 RTpostop patients) radiotherapy with endorectal balloon (overall 739 CBCTs). Residual deviations were evaluated using several spatial and dosimetric variables, including: (a) posterior Hausdorff distance HDpost (=maximum distance between planned and daily CTV contour), (b) point Pworst with largest HDpost over all fractions, (c) equivalent uniform dose using a cell survival model (EUDSF) and the generalized EUD concept (gEUDa with parameter a = −7 and a = −20). EUD values were determined for planned (), daily (), and delivered dose distributions () for plans with 6 mm (=clinical plans) and 2 mm CTV‐to‐PTV margin. Time series analyses of interfractional spatial and dosimetric deviations were conducted.

Results

Large HDpost values ≥ 12.5 mm (≥15 mm) were observed in 20/739 (5/739) fractions distributed across 7 (3) patients. Points Pworst were predominantly located at the posterior CTV boundary in the seminal vesicle region (16/24 patients, 6/7 patients with HDpost ≥ 12.5 mm). Time series analyses revealed a stationary white noise characteristic of HDpost and relative dose at Pworst. The EUDSF difference between planned and accumulated dose distributions was < 5.4% for all 6‐mm plans. Evaluating 2‐mm plans, EUDSF deteriorated by < 10% (<5%) in 75% (58.5%) of the patients. was well described by the median value of the distribution. PTV margin calculation at Pworst yielded 8.8 mm.

Conclusions

Accumulated dose distributions in prostate radiotherapy with endorectal balloon are forgiving of considerable residual distortions after 6‐dof patient setup if they are observed in a minority of fractions and the median value of determined per fraction stays within 95% of prescribed dose. Common PTV margin calculations are overly conservative because after online correction of translational and rotational errors only residual deformations need to be included. These results provide guidelines regarding online navigation, margin optimization, and treatment adaptation strategies.
Photobiologically Directed Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Dietler Julia , Liang Chen , Frank Saskia , Müller Ann‐Kathrin , Greiner Andreas , Möglich Andreas
Published: December 2020

In nature, photoreceptor proteins undergo molecular responses to light, that exhibit supreme fidelity in time and space and generally occur under mild reaction conditions. To unlock these traits for material science, the light‐induced homodimerization of light‐oxygen‐voltage (LOV) photoreceptors is leveraged to control the assembly of gold nanoparticles. Conjugated to genetically encodable LOV proteins, the nanoparticles are monodispersed in darkness but rapidly assemble into large aggregates upon blue‐light exposure. The study establishes a new modality for reaction control in macromolecular chemistry and thus augurs enhanced precision in space and time in diverse applications of gold nanoparticles.
Trilayer Interlinked Graphene Oxide Membrane for Wearable Hemodialyzer
Authors: Rode Richard P. , Chung Henry H. , Miller Hayley N. , Gaborski Thomas R. , Moghaddam Saeed
Published: December 2020

2D nanomaterials have long been considered for development of high permeability membranes. However, current processes have yet to yield a viable membrane for practical use due to the lack of scalability and substantial performance improvements over existing membranes. Herein, an ultrathin graphene oxide (GO) membrane with a permeability of 1562 mL h−1 mmHg−1 m−2, two orders of magnitude higher than the existing nanofiltration membranes, and a tight molecular weight cut‐off is presented. To build such a membrane, a new process involving self‐assembly and optimization of GO nanoplatelet physicochemical properties is developed. The process produces a highly organized mosaic of nanoplatelets enabling ultra‐high permeability and selectivity. An adjustable molecular interlinker between the layers enables absolute nanometer‐scale size cut‐offs. These characteristics promise significant improvements to many nanoparticle and biological separation applications. In this work, the performance of the membrane in blood dialysis scenarios is evaluated. Urea and cytochrome‐c sieving coefficients of 0.5 and 0.4 are achieved while retaining 99% of albumin. Hemolysis, complement activation, and coagulation studies exhibit a performance on par or superior to the existing dialysis membrane materials.
Mutational Profile Evaluates Response and Survival to First‐Line Chemotherapy in Lung Cancer
Authors: He Yayi , Song Lele , Wang Hao , Chen Peixin , Liu Yu , Sun Hui , Li Xiaobin , Dang Shiying , Liu Guifeng , Liu Xinyi , Chen Shifu , Zhang Xiaoni , Hofman Paul , Uchino Junji , Park Henry S. , Pacheco Jose M. , Tabbò Fabrizio , Xu Mingyan , Dai Jiawei , He Kan , Yang Yang , Zhou Caicun ,   written on behalf of the AME Lung Cancer Collaborative Group
Published: December 2020

Evaluating the therapeutic response and survival of lung cancer patients receiving first‐line chemotherapy has always been difficult. Limited biomarkers for evaluation exist and as a result histology represents an empiric tool to guide therapeutic decision making. In this study, molecular signatures associated with response and long‐term survival of lung cancer patients receiving first‐line chemotherapy are discovered. Whole‐exome sequencing is performed on pretherapeutic tissue samples of 186 patients [145 non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and 41 small cell lung cancer (SCLC)]. On the basis of genomic alteration characteristics, NSCLC patients can be classified into four subtypes (C1–C4). The long‐term survival is similar among different subtypes. SCLC patients are also divided into four subtypes and significant difference in their progression free survival is revealed (P < 0.001). NSCLC patients can be divided into three subtypes (S1–S3) based on TMB. A trend of worse survival associated with higher TMB in subtype S3 than in S1+S2 is found. In contrast, no significant correlations between molecular subtype and therapeutic response are observed. In conclusion, this study identifies several molecular signatures associated with response and survival to first‐line chemotherapy in lung cancer.
Organic supramolecular aggregates based on water‐soluble cyclodextrins and calixarenes
Authors: Liu Zhixue , Dai Xianyin , Sun Yonghui , Liu Yu
Published: December 2020

Macrocycle‐induced formation of pure organic supramolecular aggregates is a challenge that has attracted considerable attention from researchers in the fields of chemistry, biology, and materials science. In particular, aggregation induced by water‐soluble cyclodextrins and calixarenes, which are two classic of macrocycles with a hydrophobic cavity and a hydrophilic external surface, has attracted interest because these host molecules can form aggregates with guest molecules via various noncovalent interactions, including hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, and electrostatic interactions. In this review, we focus mainly on some impressive recent progress, both by our group and other groups, on the construction of cyclodextrin‐ and calixarene‐based organic supramolecular aggregates, control of their topological morphology, and their use for biological applications such as molecular recognition and bioimaging, photodynamic therapy, light‐harvesting energy transfer, and targeted drug delivery. We also discuss shortcomings of the current reported results and future prospects for the development of multifunctional organic supramolecular aggregates for use in various fields.
AIEgen–lipid structures: Assembly and biological applications
Authors: Cao Hongqian , Yang Yang , Li Junbai
Published: December 2020

Aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) molecules possess notable advantages outperforming traditional aggregation caused quenching (ACQ) materials on various aspects. They are rapidly developed these years. More and more AIE luminogens (AIEgens) are designed to possess multifunctions such as the abilities of near‐infrared two‐photon absorption and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which could be used for deep tissue imaging and photodynamic therapy. The AIEgens exhibit great potential in biological application field. However, despite the photophysics stability and ROS generation ability in aggregated states are favorable conditions, their applications in biological field are retarded by uncontrolled size, single imaging mode, low targeting efficiency, and also poor biocompatibility and dispersibility in physiological environment. The combination of AIEgen and lipid is a straightforward, promising, and intensively used way to solve the above problems. Due to the special amphipathic property of lipid, which results from a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail structure, there are various possibilities of combination modes between lipid and AIEgen. Even a little procedure or condition change during the synthesis process will impact the structure of obtained product, which can further influence its application. Herein, we summarize the synthesis methods of different AIEgen–lipid compounds with diverse structures and properties, as well as their biological applications in this contribution, which has not been presented before, being aimed at serving as a synthesis and application reference for these promising AIEgen–lipid compounds applied in biological region.
Nitrogen‐doped carbon dots from Kraft lignin waste with inorganic acid catalyst and their brain cell imaging applications
Authors: Pei Yixian , Chang An‐Yi , Liu Xuan , Wang Hua , Zhang Hongbo , Radadia Adarsh , Wang Yuxin , Yu William W. , Wang Shengnian
Published: December 2020

Carbon quantum dots (C‐QDs) show potential to replace traditional semiconductive quantum dots as the next generation of fluorescent probes. We demonstrate here a new C‐QD production process using lignin, a high‐volume but low market‐value industrial waste and/or environmental hazards, as the starting carbon source. By adding a small amount of inorganic acid, the rich phenolic components in lignin were successfully converted to C‐QDs through a coking formation mechanism similar to what happens on solid acid catalysts in traditional fossil fuel cracking process. Their aqueous solution presence of the received lignin C‐QDs is beneficial for brain cell imaging applications, attributing to their fast internalization, low toxicity, tunable photoluminescence by appropriate acidity and reaction temperature during hydrothermal synthesis. This method not only provides a low‐cost C‐QDs production route, but also helps gain extra profit and/or improve environment for many small agricultural business and paper and pulp industry located in rural area.
Antisolvent effect on the crystallization of fosfomycin phenylethylamine by acetone: Solubility measurement and thermodynamic mechanism analysis
Authors: Long Bingwen , Zhu Shijie , Ding Yigang
Published: December 2020

Antisolvent crystallization of fosfomycin phenylethylamin (FPEA) by acetone is demonstrated by measuring its solubility in binary solvents of (ethanol + acetone) and (water + acetone) at 293.15 K. The solubility (g/g) of FPEA always decreased with the increase of acetone composition and correlations were proposed to sufficiently represent the data. Excess solubilities (mole fraction) of FPEA were always positive with maximum and well correlated by the simplified‐modified‐Wilson equation. Effects of various solvent properties on the solubility were analyzed by the solvatochromic KAT linear solvation energy relationship, which revealed the decrease of solvent's hydrogen bond donation ability should be the most essential characteristics of the antisolvent. Finally, by analyzing its surrounding solvent composition using the inverse Kirkwood–Buff integrals method, we found FPEA was preferentially solvated by water in acetone–water due to the strong acidic behavior of water, while, because of different competing interactions in acetone–ethanol, FPEA was preferentially solvated by acetone in ethanol‐rich region while by ethanol in acetone‐rich region.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Silacyclization of (Hetero)Arenes with a Tetrasilane Reagent through Twofold C−H Activation
Authors: Wang Dingyi , Li Mingjie , Chen Xiangyang , Wang Minyan , Liang Yong , Zhao Yue , Houk Kendall N. , Shi Zhuangzhi
Published: December 2020

The use of an operationally convenient and stable silicon reagent (octamethyl‐1,4‐dioxacyclohexasilane, ODCS) for the selective silacyclization of (hetero)arenes via twofold C−H activation is reported. This method is compatible with N‐containing heteroarenes such as indoles and carbazoles of varying complexity. The ODCS reagent can also be utilized for silacyclization of other types of substrates, including tertiary phosphines and aryl halides. A series of mechanistic experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to investigate the preferred pathway for this twofold C−H activation process.
Oxalohydrazide Ligands for Copper‐Catalyzed C−O Coupling Reactions with High Turnover Numbers
Authors: Ray Ritwika , Hartwig John F.
Published: December 2020

Here, we report a class of ligands based on oxalohydrazide cores andN‐amino pyrrole andN‐amino indole units that generates long‐lived copper catalysts for couplings that form the C−O bonds in biaryl ethers. These Cu‐catalyzed coupling of phenols with aryl bromides occurred with turnovers up to 8000, a value which is nearly two orders of magnitude higher than those of prior couplings to form biaryl ethers and nearly an order of magnitude higher than those of any prior copper‐catalyzed coupling of aryl bromides and chlorides. This ligand also led to copper systems that catalyze the coupling of aryl chlorides with phenols and the coupling of aryl bromides and iodides with primary benzylic and aliphatic alcohols. A wide variety of functional groups including nitriles, halides, ethers, ketones, amines, esters, amides, vinylarenes, alcohols and boronic acid esters were tolerated, and reactions occurred with aryl bromides in pharmaceutically related structures.
State of the Science: A Concept Analysis of Surgical Smoke
Authors: Vortman Rebecca , McPherson Sara , Cecilia Wendler M.
Published: December 2020

Surgical smoke has not been clearly defined in the literature and often is identified using surrogate terms (eg, plume). In January 2020, a literature search was performed and a principle‐based concept analysis involving four general principles (epistemological, pragmatic, linguistic, and logical) was used to define surgical smoke and identify implications for perioperative personnel, patients, researchers, and policymakers. Surgical smoke is a visible plume of aerosolized combustion byproducts produced by heat‐generating surgical instruments. It consists of water vapor and gaseous substances; can carry toxic chemicals, bacteria, viruses, and tumors; can obscure the surgical field; and can be inhaled. Surgical smoke has a distinctive noxious odor and can cause physical symptoms such as watery eyes and throat irritation. Perioperative leaders should promote protection from occupational harm by educating their staff members on the use of smoke evacuators to mitigate the effects of surgical smoke on perioperative patients and personnel.
Guidelines in Practice: Autologous Tissue Management
Authors: Link Terri
Published: December 2020

During a surgical procedure, the surgeon may remove tissue to be preserved and stored for replantation or autotransplantation on or in the same individual during a subsequent procedure. The AORN “Guideline for autologous tissue management” provides guidance to perioperative personnel for preserving and handling autologous tissue (eg, cranial bone flaps, parathyroid tissue, skin, vessels) that will be replanted or autotransplanted in the same facility in which the tissue was surgically removed. This article discusses guideline recommendations on packaging, labeling, storing, and disposing of autologous tissue. A scenario describes how an interdisciplinary team uses the AORN guideline and Guideline Essentials to identify recommendations and tools to incorporate into their policy and procedures after their facility receives a citation during a regulatory site visit. Perioperative RNs should review the entire guideline for additional information when creating and updating policies and procedures on autologous tissue management.
Improving benthic biodiversity assessments in turbid aquatic environments
Authors: Jones Robyn E. , Unsworth Richard K.F. , Hawes Jon , Griffin Ross A.
Published: December 2020

Biodiversity in turbid aquatic environments is commonly assessed using extractive sampling methods that damage the seabed. Underwater cameras equipped with clear liquid optical chambers (CLOCs) for the assessment of seabed habitats and species are a non‐extractive alternative and have been applied in turbid environments globally. A CLOC is a body of clear liquid positioned in front of a camera to reduce the scattering of light that would otherwise occur when passing through the turbid water it displaces. Here, we test and quantify the effectiveness of a CLOC for marine benthic biodiversity assessments over gradients of increasing turbidity.

The addition of a CLOC to a conventional benthic camera system significantly enhanced the quality of information gathered. Images acquired using the CLOC system consistently recorded statistically higher values of image quality (49% increase, based on the clarity of the image), seabed visible within the drop‐down frame (34% increase), and European Nature Information System habitat level identification (49% increase). Furthermore, it was found that the ‘annotation success’ of taxa (classification of a specimen to family level or higher) was found to increase between individual experts in the presence of a CLOC. A reduced sampling effort was also identified when using a CLOC. Taxonomic richness increased by 27% when comparing the same number of image stills collected with and without the CLOC.

By reducing the limitations of underwater visibility previously attributed to underwater cameras, this concept extends the potential for use of non‐destructive survey techniques and allows for future users to collect robust information of an area, making better informed management decisions.
On the binary orbit of Henry Draper one (HD 1)
Authors: Strassmeier Klaus G. , Weber Michael
Published: December 2020

We present our final orbit for the late‐type spectroscopic binary Henry Draper one (HD 1). area total of 553 spectra from 13 years of observations are used with our robotic STELLA facility and its high‐resolution echelle spectrograph SES. Its long‐term radial velocity stability is ≈50  m  s−1. A single radial velocity of HD 1 reached an rms residual of 63  m  s−1, close to the expected precision. Spectral lines of HD 1 are rotationally broadened with a v sin i of 9.1 ± 0.1  km  s−1. The overall spectrum appears single‐lined and yielded an orbit with an eccentricity of 0.5056 ± 0.0005 and a semiamplitude of 4.44  km  s−1. We constrain and refine the orbital period based on the SES data alone to 2, 318.70 ± 0.32  days, compared to 2, 317.8 ± 1.1  days when including the older dataset published by DAO and Cambridge/Coravel. Owing to the higher precision of the SES data, we base the orbit calculation only on the STELLA/SES velocities so as to not degrade its solution. We redetermine astrophysical parameters for HD 1 from spectrum synthesis and, together with the new Gaia DR‐2 parallax, suggest a higher luminosity than published previously. We conclude that HD 1 is a slightly metal‐deficient K0 III‐II giant 217 times more luminous than the Sun. The secondary remains invisible at optical wavelengths. We present evidence for the existence of a third component.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging based on Chinese tasks to protect language function in epileptics
Authors: Wang Peng , Du Feizhou , Li Jianhao , Yu Hongmei , Tang Chencheng , Jiang Rui
Published: December 2020

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) based on Chinese tasks to protect the language function in epileptics.

Materials and Methods

A total of 34 native Chinese patients with epilepsy were enrolled and examined with BOLD‐fMRI scan based on six Chinese tasks. The epileptics were randomly divided into the control group (n = 15) and the experimental group (n = 19). The control group underwent the hollowing and multiple subpial transection operation only based on intraoperative EEG, while the experimental group was under notification of task‐state fMRI results in addition. Whereafter, the language ability of patients was evaluated by ABC assessment.

Results

The brain regions related to Chinese function activated by different tasks were remarkably distinct and mainly concentrated in the temporal lobe and frontal lobe. In ontoanalysis, the activation signals of the fusiform gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, and precentral gyrus were generally low or even could not be detected. Unlike ontoanalysis, group analysis showed that the main effect regions of AN and PN task were in right superior temporal gyrus. The main effect regions of FF and VFC task were in right middle temporal gyrus. The main effect region of SF task was in left superior temporal gyrus. The main effect region of VFL task was in right middle frontal gyrus. The ABC assessment score of the control group 6 months after surgery was significantly lower than that 1 week before surgery (p < .05), while there was no significant difference in the experimental group, and the score of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group.

Conclusion

In the surgical treatment of epilepsy, a personalized surgical plan, based on task‐state fMRI and intraoperative EEG, can be developed according to the difference of activation areas to protect the language function and improve the quality of life in postoperative patients.