bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meet the Abrahams: Colonial Law and a Mixed Race Family from Bellary, South India, 1810–63
Authors: MALLAMPALLI CHANDRA
Published: May 2007

To what extent did legal notions of identity conceal more porous and dynamic social relationships experienced outside of court? This article reconstructs events surrounding a famous court case,Abraham v. Abraham(1863), involving a property dispute within a mixed race family from Bellary, South India. Using the case's original documents it presents a narrative about the Abraham family, highlighting their negotiations of identity within the domains of family, market and law. The narrative shows how Indians, even under colonialism, could experience far more dynamic and flexible boundaries than what is often portrayed in the literature on communalism. At the same time, it demonstrates the very real impact of personal law categories upon the choices and litigation strategies of Indians. Indians had real agency in crafting their identities, but only as they adopted the conceptual tools of the colonial judiciary to pursue their interests.
The World of Workers' Politics: Some Issues of Railway Workers in Colonial India, 1918–1922
Authors: SINHA NITIN
Published: May 2007

This paper uses a study of strikes of railway workers in Bihar and Bengal from 1918 to 1922 to set out and examine the complexities of workers' politics. Three broad themes related with workers' politics,viz.racial ideology, actual ‘event’ of striking and the related activities of workers, and techniques of mobilization have been covered in this paper. In each of these cases, it has been argued that rigid categories like racialism or nationalism are of little help in unravelling the complexities of workers' choices and their politics. Their politics were more flexible than what meets the eye, and their choices were created through dialogue, if not determined by the various factors surrounding them. However such choices were also being limited by the larger context provided by the ideologies and institutions of racialism, nationalism, and colonialism.
The Paradox of Peasant Worker: Re-conceptualizing workers’ politics in Bengal 1890–1939
Authors: BASU SUBHO
Published: May 2007

This essay explores labor politics in Bengal in the period between 1890 and 1939. It investigates numerous supposed paradoxes in labor politics such as the coexistence of intense industrial action marked by workers’ solidarity and communal rioting between Hindus and Muslims, labor militancy and weak formal trade union organization. In existing historiography, these paradoxes are explained through a catch all phrase ‘peasant worker’—a concept that perceives Indian workers as not fully divorced from rural society and thus were susceptible to fragmentary pulls of natal ties that acted as a break on the emergence of class consciousness. In contradistinction to such historiography this paper argues that religion, language and region did not always act as a break on workers’ ability to unite. It demonstrates that workers’ politics was informed and influenced by notions of customary rights based on mutuality of shared interests at workplaces. When workers perceived that management violated such customary rights, they formed alliances among themselves and engaged in militant industrial action. In such circumstances, workers’ natal ties assisted in producing solidarities. By drawing upon Chandavarkar's works, this essay accords importance to the contingency of politics in the making and unmaking of alliances among workers and thus argues that in different political circumstances religious or other forms of natal ties acquired different meanings to different groups of workers.
Game theory can build higher mental processes from lower ones1
Authors: Ainslie George
Published: May 2007

The question of reductionism is an obstacle to unification. Many behavioral scientists who study the more complex or higher mental functions avoid regarding them as selected by motivation. Game-theoretic models in which complex processes grow from the strategic interaction of elementary reward-seeking processes can overcome the mechanical feel of earlier reward-based models. Three examples are briefly described.
The behavioral sciences are historical sciences of emergent complexity
Authors: Arnhart Larry
Published: May 2007

Unlike physics and chemistry, the behavioral sciences are historical sciences that explain the fuzzy complexity of social life through historical narratives. Unifying the behavioral sciences through evolutionary game theory would require a nested hierarchy of three kinds of historical narratives: natural history, cultural history, and biographical history.
Social complexity in behavioral models
Authors: Bentley R. Alexander
Published: May 2007

Although the beliefs, preferences, and constraints (BPC) model may account for individuals independently making simple decisions, it becomes less useful the more complex the social setting and the decisions themselves become. Perhaps rather than seek to unify their field under one model, behavioral scientists could explore when and why the BPC model generally applies versus fails to apply as a null hypothesis.
Game theory for reformation of behavioral science based on a mistake
Authors: Foss Jeffrey
Published: May 2007

Gintis assumes the behavioral (=social) sciences are in disarray, and so proposes a theory for their unification. Examination of the unity of the physical sciences reveals he misunderstands the unity of science in general, and so fails to see that the social sciences are already unified with the physical sciences. Another explanation of the differences between them is outlined.
Diversity, reciprocity, and degrees of unity in wholes, parts, and their scientific representations: System levels
Authors: Glassman Robert B.
Published: May 2007

Though capturing powerful analytical principles, this excellent article misses ways in which psychology and neuroscience bear on reciprocity and decision-making. I suggest more explicit consideration of scale. We may go further beyond gene-culture dualism by articulating how varieties of living systems, while ultimately drawing from both genetic and cultural streams, evolve sufficiently as unitary targets of selection to mediate higher-level complex systems.
Do the cognitive and behavioral sciences need each other?
Authors: Gow David W. Jr.
Published: May 2007

Game theory provides a descriptive or a normative account of an important class of decisions. Given the cognitive sciences' emphasis on explanation, unification with the behavioral sciences under a descriptive model would constitute a step backwards in their development. I argue for the interdependence of the cognitive and behavioral sciences and suggest that meaningful integration is already occurring through problem-based interdisciplinary research programs.
Disciplinary stereotypes and reinventing the wheel on culture
Authors: Kennedy David P.
Published: May 2007

Gintis argues that disciplinary models of human behavior are incompatible. However, his depiction of the discipline of anthropology relies on a broad generalization that is not supported by current practice. Gintis also ignores the work of cognitive anthropologists, who have developed theories and methods that are highly compatible with the perspective advocated by Gintis.
The flight from reasoning in psychology
Authors: Krueger Joachim I.
Published: May 2007

Psychological science can benefit from a theoretical unification with other social sciences. Social psychology in particular has gone through cycles of repression, denying itself the opportunity to see the calculating element in human interaction. A closer alignment with theories of evolution and theories of interpersonal (and intergroup) games would bring strategic reasoning back into the focus of research.
Extending the behavioral sciences framework: Clarification of methods, predictions, and concepts
Authors: Mesoudi Alex , Laland Kevin N.
Published: May 2007

We applaud Gintis's attempt to provide an evolutionary-based framework for the behavioral sciences, and note a number of similarities with our own recent cultural evolutionary structure for the social sciences. Gintis's proposal would be further strengthened by a greater emphasis on additional methods to evolutionary game theory, clearer empirical predictions, and a broader consideration of cultural transmission.
Considering cooperation: Empiricism as a foundation for unifying the behavioral sciences
Authors: Pepper John W.
Published: May 2007

Economics and evolutionary biology share a long history of interaction and parallel development. This pattern persists with regard to how the two fields address the issues of selfishness and cooperation. The recent renewed emphasis on empiricism in both fields provides a solid foundation on which to build a truly scientific unification of the behavioral sciences.
Information processing as one key for a unification?
Authors: Schulte-Mecklenbeck Michael
Published: May 2007

The human information-acquisition process is one of the unifying mechanisms of the behavioral sciences. Three examples (from psychology, neuroscience, and political science) demonstrate that through inspection of this process, better understanding and hence more powerful models of human behavior can be built. The target method for this – process tracing – could serve as a central player in this building process of a unified framework.
The psychology of decision making in a unified behavioral science
Authors: Stanovich Keith E.
Published: May 2007

The cognitive psychology of judgment and decision making helps to elaborate Gintis's unified view of the behavioral sciences by highlighting the fact that decisions result from multiple systems in the mind. It also adds to the unified view the idea that the potential to self-critique preference structures is a unique feature of human cognition.
Evolutionary psychology, ecological rationality, and the unification of the behavioral sciences
Authors: Tooby John , Cosmides Leda
Published: May 2007

For two decades, the integrated causal model of evolutionary psychology (EP) has constituted an interdisciplinary nucleus around which a single unified theoretical and empirical behavioral science has been crystallizing – while progressively resolving problems (such as defective logical and statistical reasoning) that bedevil Gintis's beliefs, preferences, and constraints (BPC) framework. Although both frameworks are similar, EP is empirically better supported, theoretically richer, and offers deeper unification.
The indeterminacy of the beliefs, preferences, and constraints framework
Authors: Zizzo Daniel John
Published: May 2007

The beliefs, preferences, and constraints framework provides a language that economists, and possibly others, may largely share. However, it has got so many levels of indeterminacy that it is otherwise almost meaningless: when no evidence can ever be a problem for scientific construct Z, then there is a problem for Z, for nothing can also be considered supportive of Z.
The hypthalamo-tectoperiaqueductal system: Unconscious underpinnings of conscious behaviour
Authors: Behrendt Ralf-Peter
Published: May 2007

The insight that, in terms of behaviour control, the mesodiencephalic system is superordinate to the cortex should have profound implications for behavioural sciences. Nevertheless, the thalamocortical system could still be deemed an “organ of consciousness” if we came to accept that consciousness is not central to purposeful behaviour, in accordance with instinct theory. Philosophically, Merker's concepts of basic consciousness and ego-centre warrant critical discussion.
Pain, cortex, and consciousness
Authors: Devor Marshall
Published: May 2007

Painful stimuli evoke functional activations in the cortex, but electrical stimulation of these areas does not evoke pain sensation, nor does widespread epileptic discharge. Likewise, cortical lesions do not eliminate pain sensation. Although the cortex may contribute to pain modulation, the planning of escape responses, and learning, the network activity that constitutes the actual experience of pain probably occurs subcortically.
Cognitive achievements with a miniature brain: The lesson of jumping spiders
Authors: Gilissen Emmanuel
Published: May 2007

The observation that an animal's behavior is largely unaltered even after profound modifications of sizeable brain portions, suggests a large flexibility in the relationships between species-specific brain structures and species-specific behavior. In this perspective, a fascinating example is given by the comparison of jumping spiders and felids, where similar predatory behaviors are achieved with totally different brain substrates.
Target selection, attention, and the superior colliculus
Authors: Krauzlis Richard J.
Published: May 2007

Consistent with the target article, recent evidence indicates that the superior colliculus (SC) is somehow involved in target selection. However, it is not yet known whether this function is inherent to the SC or inherited from its inputs, how the selection process occurs for different movements, or how target selection by the SC is related to covert selection (i.e., attention).
Subcortical regions and the self
Authors: Northoff Georg
Published: May 2007

Merker argues that subcortical regions are sufficient for the constitution of consciousness as “immediate, unreflective experience” as distinguished from self-consciousness. My point here is that Merker neglects the differentiation between pre-reflective self-awareness and reflective self-consciousness. Pre-reflective self-awareness allows us to immediately and unreflectively experience our self, which functionally may be mediated by what I call self-related processing in subcortical regions.
Raw feeling: A model for affective consciousness
Authors: van Honk Jack , Morgan Barak E. , Schutter Dennis J. L. G.
Published: May 2007

Seeking to unlock the secrets of consciousness, neuroscientists have been studying neural correlates of sensory awareness, such as meaningless randomly moving dots. But in the natural world of species' survival, “raw feelings” mediate conscious adaptive responses. Merker connects the brainstem with vigilance, orientating, and emotional consciousness. However, depending on the brain's phylogenetic level, raw feeling takes particular forms.
Grounding consciousness: The mesodiencephalon as thalamocortical base
Authors: Merker Bjorn
Published: May 2007

My response addresses general commentary themes such as my neglect of the forebrain contribution to human consciousness, the bearing of blindsight on consciousness theory, the definition of wakefulness, the significance of emotion and pain perception for consciousness theory, and concerns regarding remnant cortex in children with hydranencephaly. Further specific topics, such as phenomenal and phylogenetic aspects of mesodiencephalic-thalamocortical relations, are also discussed.
Dynamics of Salmonella transmission on a British pig grower-finisher farm: a stochastic model
Authors: HILL A. A. , SNARY E. L. , ARNOLD M. E. , ALBAN L. , COOK A. J. C.
Published: May 2007

Previous modelling studies have estimated that between 1% and 10% of human salmonella infections are attributable to pig meat consumption. In response to this food safety threat the British pig industry have initiated a salmonella monitoring programme. It is anticipated that this programme will contribute to achieving a UK Food Standards Agency target for reducing salmonella levels in pigs at slaughter by 50% within 5 years. In order to better inform the monitoring programme, we have developed a stochastic transmission model for salmonella in a specialist grower-finisher pig herd, where data from a Danish longitudinal study have been used to estimate some of the key model parameters. The model estimates that about 17% of slaughter-age pigs will be infected with salmonella, and that of these infected pigs about 4% will be excreting the organism. In addition, the model shows that the most effective control strategies will be those that reduce between-pen transmission.
Proofs, denotational semantics and observational equivalences in Multiplicative Linear Logic
Authors: PAGANI MICHELE
Published: May 2007

We study full completeness and syntactical separability of MLL proof nets with the mix rule. The general method we use consists of first addressing these two questions in the less restrictive framework of proof structures, and then adapting the results to proof nets.

At the level of proof structures, we find a semantical characterisation of their interpretations in relational semantics, and define an observational equivalence that is proved to be the equivalence induced by cut elimination. Hence, we obtain a semantical characterisation (in coherent spaces) and an observational equivalence for the proof nets with the mix rule.
3-body, classical–quantum, discrete–continuous
Authors: PAUL THIERRY
Published: May 2007

This special issue of Mathematical Structures in Computer Science contains several contributions to the Workshop

3 corps, classique-quantique, discret-continu.

The Workshop was held at the Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris on 28–29 September 2004 in the framework of the Collectif Histoire Philosophie Sciences. The Workshop was organised by Giuseppe Longo and Thierry Paul with the aim of bringing together mathematicians, physicists, computer scientists and philosophers.
The driven three body Coulomb problem
Authors: MADROÑERO JAVIER , HILICO LAURENT , GRÉMAUD BENOÎT , DELANDE DOMINIQUE , BUCHLEITNER ANDREAS
Published: May 2007

The three body Coulomb problem is one of the oldest unsolved problems of theoretical physics, and holds a variety of puzzling problems, on both the classical and quantum levels. It is of paradigmatic importance since it bears dynamical and spectral features that establish a link between single and many-particle dynamics, with the absolute minimum of ingredients. When additionally exposed to a time-periodic external perturbation, the effective dimension of the classical phase space as well as of Hilbert space increases dramatically. This gives rise to new phenomena, which stimulate research in such remote areas as mathematical physics, semiclassics and intense-field laser–matter interactions. In the present review, we illustrate how these different areas are interconnected by three interacting particles.
Randomness and determinism in the interplay between the continuum and the discrete
Authors: BAILLY FRANCIS , LONGO GIUSEPPE
Published: May 2007

This paper provides a conceptual analysis of the role of the mathematical continuumversusthe discrete in the understanding of randomness as a notion with a physical meaning or origin. The presentation is ‘informal’ as we will not write formulas; however, we will refer to non-obvious technical results from various scientific domains, and we will also propose a conceptual framework for understanding randomness (and predictability), which we believe is, essentially, original. As a matter of fact, unpredictability and randomness may be conveniently identified in various physico-mathematical contexts. This will allow us to explore these concepts in continuousversusdiscrete frameworks, with particular emphasis on the relationships and differences between classical approaches and quantum theories in Physics.
A tribute to the life and work of George W. Wetherill: Some reflections of his career at DTM
Authors: ReVelle Douglas O.
Published: May 2007

George Wetherill and I worked together as scientific collaborators when I was a postdoctoral fellow in 1977-1978 at the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism (DTM) of the Carnegie Institution of Washington (CIW) in Washington, D.C. We worked on problems of meteoroids interacting in Earth's atmosphere along with Richard McCrosky at Harvard College Observatory and Zdeněk Ceplecha at the Ondřejov Observatory in Czechoslovakia and also with Sundar Rajan who had already arrived at DTM from the University of California at Berkeley before me.
Mutual geometry of confocal Keplerian orbits: uncertainty of the MOID and search for virtual PHAs
Authors: Gronchi Giovanni F. , Tommei Giacomo , Milani Andrea
Published: May 2007

The Minimum Orbit Intersection Distance (MOID) between two confocal Keplerian orbits is a useful tool to know if two celestial bodies can collide or undergo a very close approach. We describe some results and open problems on the number of local minimum points of the distance between two points on the two orbits and the position of such points with respect to the mutual nodes. The errors affecting the observations of an asteroid result in uncertainty in its orbit determination and, consequently, uncertainty in the MOID. The latter is always positive and is not regular where it vanishes; this prevents us from considering it as a Gaussian random variable, and from computing its covariance by standard tools. In a recent work we have introduced a regularization of the maps giving the local minimum values of the distance between two orbits. It uses a signed value of the distance, with the sign given to the MOID according to a simple orientation property. The uncertainty of the regularized MOID has been computed for a large database of orbits. In this way we have searched for Virtual PHAs, i.e. asteroids which can belong to the category of PHAs (Potentially Hazardous Asteroids) if the errors in the orbit determination are taken into account. Among the Virtual PHAs we have found objects that are not even NEA, according to their nominal orbit.
Dynamical evolution of Oort cloud comets to near-Earth space
Authors: Mazeeva Olga A.
Published: May 2007

The dynamical evolution of 2⋅105 hypothetical Oort cloud comets by the action of planetary, galactic and stellar perturbations during 2⋅109 years is studied numerically. The evolution of comet orbits from the outer (104 AU <a<5⋅104 AU, a is semimajor axes) and the inner Oort cloud (5⋅103 AU <a<104 AU) to near-Earth space is investigated separately. The distribution of the perihelion (q) passage frequency in the planetary region is obtained calculating the numbers of comets in every interval of Δ q per year. The flux of long-period (LP) comets (orbital periods P>200 yr) with perihelion distances q<1.5 AU brighter than visual absolute magnitude H10=7 is ∼ 1.5 comets per year, and ∼18 comets with H10<10.9. The ratio of all LP comets with q<1.5 AU to ‘new’ comets is ∼5. The frequency of passages of LP comets from the inner Oort cloud through region q<1.5 AU is ∼3.5⋅10−13 yr−1, that is roughly one order of magnitude less than frequency of passages of LP comets from the outer cloud (∼5.28⋅10−12 yr−1). We show that the flux of ‘new’ comets with 15<q<31 AU is higher than with q<15 AU, by a factor ∼1.7 for comets from the outer Oort cloud and, by a factor ∼7 for comets from the inner cloud. The perihelia of comets from the outer cloud previously passed through the planetary region are predominated in the Saturn-Uranus region. The majority of inner cloud comets come in the outer solar system (q>15 AU), and a small fraction (∼0.01) of them can reach orbits with q<1.5 AU. The frequency of transfer of comets from the inner cloud (a<104 AU) to the outer Oort cloud (a>104 AU), from where they are injected to the region q<1.5 AU, is ∼6⋅10−14 yr−1.
On secular resonances of small bodies in the planetary systems
Authors: Ji Jianghui , Liu L. , Li G. Y.
Published: May 2007

We investigate the secular resonances for massless small bodies and Earth-like planets in several planetary systems. We further compare the results with those of Solar System. For example, in the GJ 876 planetary system, we show that the secular resonances ν1and ν2(respectively, resulting from the inner and outer giant planets) can excite the eccentricities of the Earth-like planets with orbits 0.21≤a<0.50 AU and eject them out of the system in a short timescale. However, in a dynamical sense, the potential zones for the existence of Earth-like planets are in the area 0.50≤a≤1.00 AU, and there exist all stable orbits last up to 105yr with low eccentricities. For other systems, e.g., 47 UMa, we also show that the Habitable Zones for Earth-like planets are related to both secular resonances and mean motion resonances in the systems.
Radar reconnaissance of near-Earth asteroids
Authors: Ostro Steven J. , Giorgini Jon D. , Benner Lance A. M.
Published: May 2007

Radar is a uniquely powerful source of information about near-Earth asteroid (NEA) physical properties and orbits. This review consists largely of edited excerpts from Ostro and Giorgini (2004).
Space weathering of asteroids: similarities and discrepancies between Main Belt asteroids and NEOs
Authors: Marchi S. , Paolicchi P. , Lazzarin M. , Magrin S.
Published: May 2007

A sample of 35 C–complex objects is present among near–Earth objects. In spite of the poor statistics, some striking differences compared to Main Belt asteroids can be established: for instance the percentage of near–Earth objects (NEOs) showing hydration features is very small. Moreover the spectral slope of C–complex NEOs seems to be anti–correlated with the exposure to the ion flux coming from the Sun, in contrast with the general behavior of C–complex Main Belt asteroids (and of most asteroids, in general). We discuss some possible implications and suggest some preliminary partial explanations.
Initial linking methods and their classification
Authors: Kristensen Leif Kahl
Published: May 2007

The problem of initial linking of asteroids is of increasing interest for the next generation surveys. During the first week after discovery elliptical elements are very uncertain and other methods are used. A summary is given of 7 initial linking methods. There are two different types: In one, a search area is computed on a second night from the known and undoubtedly linked positions, typically on the first night. The other type assumes candidates which are then checked by the computation of O – C residuals of an orbit. Computations may be classified as belonging to the 3-dimensional space or the 2-dimensional sky-plane. A new basis, with a simpler computational algorithm, is given for the widely used Väisälä method. For a new N-Observation Orbit method a simple, efficient PC-programme is given.
Spins, shapes, and orbits for near-Earth objects by Nordic NEON
Authors: Muinonen Karri , Torppa Johanna , Virtanen Jenni , Näränen Jyri , Niemel Jarkko , Granvik Mikael , Laakso Teemu , Parviainen Hannu , Aksnes Kaare , Dai Zhang , Ingvar Lagerkvist Claes , Rickman Hans , Karlsson Ola , Hahn Gerhard , Michelsen René , Grav Tommy , Pravec Petr , Jørgensen Uffe Gråe
Published: May 2007

The observing program of the Nordic Near-Earth-Object Network (NEON) accrues knowledge about the physical and dynamical properties of near-Earth objects (NEOs) using state-of-the-art inverse methods. Photometric and astrometric observations are being carried out at the Nordic Optical Telescope. Here, the NEON observations from June 2004–September 2006 are reviewed. Statistical orbital inversion is illustrated by the so-called Volume-of-Variation method. Statistical inversion for spins and shapes is carried using a simple triaxial shape model yielding analytical disk-integrated brightnesses for both Lommel-Seeliger and Lambert scattering laws. The novel approach allows spin-shape error analyses with the help of large numbers of sample solutions. Currently, such spin-shape solutions have been derived for 2002 FF12, 2003 MS2, 2003 RX7, and 2004 HW. For (1862) Apollo, an unambiguous spin-shape solution has been obtained using the conventional, convex inversion method and, for (1685) Toro and (1981) Midas, the conventional method has been applied repeatedly to map the regime of possible solutions.
The next decade of Solar System discovery with Pan-STARRS
Authors: Jedicke Robert , Magnier E. A. , Kaiser N. , Chambers K. C.
Published: May 2007

The Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS) at the University of Hawaii's Institute for Astronomy is a funded project to repeatedly survey the entire visible sky to faint limiting magnitudes (mR ~ 24). It will be composed of four 1.8m diameter apertures each outfitted with fast readout orthogonal transfer Giga-pixel CCD cameras. A single aperture prototype telescopes has achieved first-light in the second half of 2006 with the full system becoming available a few years later. Roughly 60% of the surveying will be suitable for discovery of new solar system objects and it will cover the ecliptic, opposition and low solar-elongation regions. In a single lunation Pan-STARRS will detect about five times more solar system objects than the entire currently known sample. Within its first year Pan-STARRS will have detected 20,000 Kuiper Belt Objects and by the end of its ten year operational lifetime we expect to have found 107 Main Belt objects and achieve ~90% observational completeness for all NEOs larger than ~300m diameter. With these data in hand Pan-STARRS will revolutionize our knowledge of the contents and dynamical structure of the solar system.
Kharkiv study of near-Earth asteroids
Authors: Krugly Yu. N. , Gaftonyuk N. M. , Belskaya I. N. , Chiorny V. G. , Shevchenko V. G. , Velichko F. P. , Lupishko D. F. , Konovalenko A. A. , Falkovich I. S. , Molotov I. E.
Published: May 2007

The regular CCD observations of near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) in the Institute of Astronomy of Kharkiv National University were initiated in 1995 within the framework of asteroid hazard problem in collaboration with the DLR, Institute of Planetary Research (Berlin). The main aim of the study is a determination of rotation periods and shapes of NEAs as well as astrometry of newly discovered objects. We also carry out the absolute photometry of NEAs inBVRIbands in order to put constraints on surface properties and to estimate their diameters. The observations are carried out with 0.7-m telescope of the Institute of Astronomy (Kharkiv) and with 1-m telescope of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory (Simeiz) in the standard Johnson-Cousins photometric system. Some observations were made as an optical support of radar observation of NEAs. We present the results of photometric observations of 21 NEAs obtained in 2004-2006 which include asteroid rotation properties, diameters and shapes.
The observations of Near Earth Objects by the automatic mirror astrograph ZA–320M at Pulkovo observatory
Authors: Devyatkin A. V. , Kulish A. P. , Kouprianov V. V. , Gorshanov D. L. , Bekhteva A. S. , Krakosevich O. V. , Aleshkina E. Yu. , Ibragimov F. M. , L'vov V. N. , Smekhacheva R. I. , Tsekmeister S. D.
Published: May 2007

At Pulkovo Observatory, we conduct observations of various Solar System bodies: major planets, their satellites, comets, and asteroids, including Near Earth Objects. For these purposes, a robotic telescope was constructed on the base of the ZA–320 Mirror Astrograph (D=320 mm, F=3200 mm). It can perform CCD observations of Solar System bodies with the limiting magnitude of up to 19.0.

Independent ephemeris support is provided by the EPOS software package developed at Pulkovo Observatory; it includes tracing of catalogues of comets and asteroids, regular ephemeris calculations, and control of observations. CCD frame processing is done by the Apex automatic data reduction package developed at Pulkovo Observatory.

In 2001-2006, more than 12000 observations of minor Solar System bodies were collected, including more than 6000 positions of 656 NEAs, about 1200 observations of 27 comets, and about 2000 observations of major planets satellites. The mean accuracy of obtained positions is 0″.09−0″.40. Results of observations are regularly submitted to the Minor Planet Center.

Currently, ZA–320M is the 16-th of more than 680 telescopes in the worldwide rating of those that observe NEAs (by the number of observations).

In the near future, our group is planning to start observations with another two robotic telescopes: MTM–500 (D=500 mm, F=4000 mm Maksutov) and 1-meter telescope (D=1000 mm, F=1200 mm) of the Pulkovo mountain station at Northern Caucasus (Kislovodsk, 2100 m above sea level). These two instruments will allow to increase the number of observations, their accuracy, and limiting magnitude (up to 20.5 mag).
A family of low-cost transfer orbits for rendezvous-type missions to NEAs
Authors: Berinde Ştefan
Published: May 2007

We develop a family of transfer orbits suitable for the peculiarity of NEAs orbits. They involve one or more carefully planned deep-space maneuvers and one or more close encounters with the Earth. Basically, it is a gravity assist technique, but only Earth is used as the driving planet. In this manner, the orbit of the spacecraft stays near the Earth, as the orbits of NEAs. The idea is to obtain a large relative velocity in respect to the Earth, using these impulsive maneuvers. Next, successive rotations of this relative velocity vector due to resonant encounters with the Earth will, finally, shape the orbit of the spacecraft, in order to match the inclination and the orientation of apsidal line of the asteroid's orbit.

With a velocity budget less than 9 km/s most of NEAs orbits are reachable, even highly inclined ones, or orbits with relatively large nodal distances. An example is given: a rendezvous mission to asteroid (1036) Ganymed.
Admissible regions for too short arcs: nodal distances and elongations
Authors: Valk Stéphane , Lemaitre Anne
Published: May 2007

This study is based on the definition of the admissible region introduced by Milani et al.(2004); in the search for potential Earth impactors, this theory allows to take into account the partial data of the TSA (Too Short Arcs) from which it is impossible to deduce a full orbit. Only a set of 4 variables (two angles and their instantaneous time derivatives), called an attributable, is known; a few suitable boundary conditions allow to restrict the motions to a specific bounded 2-dimensional region. In this work, a new inner boundary of this region is introduced, based on the geocentric hyperbolic motion of the immediate impactors; the nodal distances (crossings of the virtual asteroidal orbits with the Earth's orbit) are drawn for two different test attributables, associated with a determination of circular and linear orbits. This could reduce the search for impactors (by propagation of the orbits) to a one-dimensional set. A few comments about elongations and complementary curves complete this paper.
Groundwater response to changing water‐use practices in sloping aquifers
Authors: Steward David R.
Published: May 2007

Groundwater flow is examined for recharge and extraction within a sloping aquifer. Fundamental equations are commonly formulated either in s‐n coordinates where s is tangent to the base or in x‐z coordinates where x is horizontal. Consistency between these two formulations is achieved here by incorporating the slope of the base directly into the hydraulic conductivity and aquifer diffusivity terms. A stepping model is developed for steady and transient flow, and comparisons between stepping and sloping models show that the stepping model approaches the exact solutions as the number of steps increases. This model is used to develop a set of nomographs and dimensionless parameters relating drawdown over time to distance upgradient or downgradient from a point of water use. While upgradient and downgradient responses differ with respect to the quantity of water removed or injected, it is shown that the response proportional to the change in saturated thickness is the same in both directions.
Geographical and seasonal distribution of tropical tropopause thin clouds and their relation to deep convection and water vapor viewed from satellite measurements
Authors: Liu Chuntao
Published: May 2007

The climatologies of deep convection, thin clouds, and water vapor measurements from four independent satellites are compared in this study. Deep convection reaching the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) is indicated by the area of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) 20 dBZ reflectivity reaching 14 km and the area of the TRMM visible and infrared scanner (VIRS) brightness temperature at 10.8 μm (TB11) < 210 K. TTL clouds are identified by 17 years of Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II measurements and by 1 year of Earth Observing System (EOS) Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) ice water content in 2005. TTL water vapor is estimated from 2005 EOS MLS retrievals. Results suggest that TTL clouds are geographically and seasonally correlated with deep convection as inferred from the area of TB11 < 210 K. Patterns of regional differences of seasonal variations of deep convection are also related to the regional differences of seasonal variations of TTL clouds. By grouping the Ice Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite/Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (ICESat/GLAS) layer cloud products, we find that there is a general spatial correlation between the largest, thickest TTL layer clouds with the highest optical depth and the regions with the most intense deep convection. MLS CO and water vapor at 146 hPa have similar geographical and seasonal variations as deep convection and TTL clouds. EOS MLS 100 hPa water vapor is low over the west Pacific Ocean at the same location and time as more TTL clouds are observed.
A joint seismic and acoustic study of the Washington State bolide: Observations and modeling
Authors: Arrowsmith Stephen J. , Drob Douglas P. , Hedlin Michael A. H. , Edwards Wayne
Published: May 2007

On 3 June 2004, a bolide was observed over British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. In addition to eyewitness accounts, the event was recorded on videotape and at ∼100 seismometers located in Washington State and southern British Columbia. Seismic records are consistent with a terminal burst rather than the hypersonic shock of the meteors passage through the atmosphere. Arrival times from seismic waveform data are used to obtain an accurate source location for this terminal burst. The source location can effectively be considered to be ground‐truth for assessing current atmospheric models and infrasound propagation algorithms. We observe clear infrasonic signals associated with the terminal burst of the fireball at infrasound stations I56US and I57US in Washington State and California, respectively. At I56US we observe at least four distinct acoustic arrivals, for which we are able to model three using a state‐of‐the‐art atmospheric model (the Ground‐to‐Space (G2S) model) and both ray‐tracing and parabolic equation propagation algorithms. To our knowledge, this is the first study in which a complex sequence of arrival packets at an individual station has been successfully modeled by range‐dependent ducting and specular reflection off terrain gradients. At I57US a single coherent acoustic signal was observed, which we are unable to satisfactorily model. This could be due to errors in the specification of the background atmosphere, incorrect assumptions and approximations inherent to the acoustic propagation algorithms, and the greater range of propagation, which amplifies the effect of errors in source location and the atmospheric specifications.
Isotopic disequilibrium between carbon assimilated and respired in a rice paddy as influenced by methanogenesis from CO2
Authors: Han G. H. , Yoshikoshi H. , Nagai H. , Yamada T. , Ono K. , Mano M. , Miyata A.
Published: May 2007

Temporal variability in the carbon isotope composition of ecosystem respiration (δR) has been closely related to environmental variables that influence photosynthetic isotope discrimination (Δ). We show that belowground methanogenesis has a strong impact on δR and leads to a partial decoupling between δR and Δ. The δR, observed in a Japanese rice paddy, varied from −26.3‰ to −22.8‰ over the growing season in 2003 and was consistently more positive (by 2‰−5‰) than leaf bulk δ13C (δP). Interestingly, δR increased by 1.1‰–3.1‰ upon drainage, consistent with increased methane and nighttime CO2 fluxes. As the season progressed, δ13C of soil CO2 (δS) was gradually enriched in 13C, from −23.2‰ to −16.6‰, reflecting a large isotopic fractionation associated with CO2‐dependent methanogenesis. Correlation analyses between δR and driving factors showed that ecosystem factors related to methanogenesis had shorter lags and better correlation with δR than environmental variables that influence photosynthesis. Given the distinct isotopic differences between δR and its above‐ and belowground components (δP and δS, respectively), we partitioned ecosystem respiration into plant and soil respiration assuming negligible fractionation in respiration and CO2 transport. The estimated proportion of soil respiration varied from 20% to 50% of the ecosystem respiration depending on vegetation stage, temperature, and flooding/drainage conditions. We found a good agreement between net primary production obtained by field sampling and that estimated from the inferred soil respiration and measured CO2 fluxes. We also performed a sensitivity analysis to constrain the probable range of isotopic fractionations in respiration and CO2 transport.
Resistance exercise, muscle loading/unloading and the control of muscle mass
Authors: Baar Keith , Nader Gustavo , Bodine Sue
Published: May 2007

Muscle mass is determined by the difference between the rate of protein synthesis and degradation. If synthesis is greater than degradation, muscle mass will increase (hypertrophy) and when the reverse is true muscle mass will decrease (atrophy). Following resistance exercise/increased loading there is a transient increase in protein synthesis within muscle. This change in protein synthesis correlates with an increase in the activity of protein kinase B/Akt and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin). mTOR increases protein synthesis by increasing translation initiation and by inducing ribosomal biogenesis. By contrast, unloading or inactivity results in a decrease in protein synthesis and a significant increase in muscle protein breakdown. The decrease in synthesis is due in part to the inactivation of mTOR and therefore a decrease in translation initiation, but also to a decrease in the rate of translation elongation. The increase in degradation is the result of a co-ordinated response of the calpains, lysosomal proteases and the ATP-dependent ubiquitin-proteosome. Caspase 3 and the calpains act upstream of the ubiquitin–proteosome system to assist in the complete breakdown of the myofibrillar proteins. Two muscle specific E3 ubiquitin ligases, MuRF1 and MAFbx/atrogen-1, have been identified as key regulators of muscle atrophy. In this chapter, these pathways and how the balance between anabolism and catabolism is affected by loading and unloading will be discussed.
Demographics of Preschoolers Who Require AAC
Authors: Binger Cathy , Light Janice
Published: May 2007

Purpose

The purpose of the investigation was to gather demographic information pertaining to preschoolers who require augmentative and alternative communication (AAC).

Method

To obtain this information, a survey was developed and then distributed to preschool speech-language pathologists (SLPs) in Pennsylvania.

Results

Results indicated that approximately 12% of preschoolers receiving special education services required AAC. These children came from diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds, had a wide variety of disabilities, used a range of AAC systems, and required services from a wide range of educational professionals.

Implications

The findings indicate the pressing need for all preschool SLPs to be prepared to provide services for children who require AAC.
Treatment Decisions for Children With Speech–Sound Disorders
Authors: Kamhi Alan G.
Published: May 2007

Purpose

In this article, I consider how research, clinical expertise, client values, a clinician’s theoretical perspective, and service delivery considerations affect the decisions that clinicians make to treat children with speech–sound disorders (SSD).

Method

After reviewing the research on phonological treatment, I discuss how a clinician’s theoretical perspective influences goal selection. Five perspectives are considered: (a) normative; (b) bottom-up, discrete skill; (c) language-based; (d) broad-based; and (e) complexity-based. The literature on treatment efficiency is then considered, followed by a discussion of service delivery factors, client values, and clinician factors.

Implications

I believe like M. Ylvisaker (2004) that treatment decisions are influenced the most by the changes that occur in client behaviors. These changes must, however, be experimentally validated, which is not always easy to do. M. Ylvisaker suggests that validation could take the form of trial therapy, diagnostic teaching, or dynamic assessment, but it may also be important to show that the treatment provided, not some other variable, was primarily responsible for the behavioral change (A. Tyler, personal communication, January 11, 2006).
Increasing Print Awareness in Preschoolers With Language Impairment Using Non-Evocative Print Referencing
Authors: Lovelace Sherri , Stewart Sharon R.
Published: May 2007

Purpose

This study examined the extent to which using non-evocative, explicit referencing of print concepts during shared storybook reading in the context of language therapy facilitated print concept knowledge in children with language impairment.

Method

Five children, ages 4 to 5 years, were provided scripted input on 20 print concepts during shared storybook reading that was incorporated into individualized 30-min language intervention sessions that were conducted in the children’s classroom twice weekly. The children were not required to make any response to the input on print concepts, and the input was secondary to instruction in the language targets during the 10-min shared storybook reading activity.

Results

Using a single-subject, multiple probe design across subjects, results indicated that children’s knowledge of print concepts improved markedly when the procedure was incorporated into shared storybook reading and that they continued to learn and maintain knowledge of print concepts with repeated input.

Clinical Implications

These findings suggest that children with language impairment may benefit from simple non-evocative, explicit referencing strategies that can be easily incorporated into the context of storybook reading during language therapy, thus providing speech-language pathologists with an additional tool for facilitating children’s literacy skills.
Longitudinal Predictors of Implicit Phonological Awareness Skills
Authors: Rvachew Susan
Published: May 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine the longitudinal predictive relationships among variables that may contribute to poor phonological awareness skills in preschool-age children with speech-sound disorders.

Method

Forty-seven children with speech-sound disorders were assessed during the spring of their prekindergarten year and again at the end of their kindergarten year. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to examine relationships among the children’s prekindergarten and kindergarten performance on measures of speech perception, vocabulary, articulation, and phonological awareness skills in order to verify a proposed developmental ordering of these variables during this 1-year period.

Results

Prekindergarten speech perception skills and receptive vocabulary size each explained unique variance in phonological awareness at the end of kindergarten. Prekindergarten articulation abilities did not predict unique variance in phonological awareness a year later. Prekindergarten speech perception skills also explained unique variance in articulation skills at the end of kindergarten.

Conclusions

Maximizing children’s vocabulary and speech perception skills before they begin school may be an important strategy for ensuring that children with speech-sound disorders begin school with age-appropriate speech and phonological awareness abilities.