bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O Conselho Federal de Medicina: entre a defesa profissional e as controvérsias sobre terapêuticas: estudo do caso da epidemia de COVID-19 no Brasil
Authors: Nicida Lucia Regina de Azevedo , Teixeira Luiz Antonio
Published: September 2023

Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa que tem por objetivo analisar a atuação do Conselho Federal de Medicina (CFM) e dos conselhos regionais no que se refere as controvérsias sobre terapêuticas, com destaque para as relacionadas ao uso da cloroquina e da hidroxicloroquina como forma de tratamento da Covid-19. Partimos da compreensão sociológica dos conselhos como órgãos de defesa de um determinado grupo profissional e de seus compromissos e limitações institucionais daí decorrentes. A pesquisa está baseada na análise de quarenta e um documentos publicados pelo CFM e pelos conselhos regionais a ele vinculados no período de março de 2020 e janeiro de 2021, que tratam de aspectos relacionados à pandemia de Covid-19. Utilizamos como referencial teórico os conceitos de autorregulação, medicalização e biopoder para desenvolver a análise do processo. Concluímos que as decisões que foram tomadas, no que tange ao uso dos medicamentos, se embasaram em critérios para além do cuidado em saúde com base em evidências científicas, sendo acionada como suporte a autonomia médica, como consta no Código de Ética Médica (CEM), aspecto de grande peso simbólico e concreto para a categoria, sem que fossem mencionadas questões relacionadas a possíveis responsabilizações que também integram o CEM. Posicionamento que contribuiu para os casos de uso indiscriminado e indevido do medicamento, além do seu uso político.
Sondagem da Habilidade de Consciência Fonológica: uma revisão integrativa
Authors: Filippo Claudia , Ferrandini Liliene Maria , Anselmo Tatiana , Loureiro Vitor da Silva , Cardoso Fabrício Bruno
Published: September 2023

Sabe-se que cerca de 78% dos pedidos de avaliações multidisciplinares correspondem às dificuldades de aprendizagem em leitura, escrita em escolares de séries iniciais da Educação Básica, sendo por isso, de extrema importância uma avaliação da consciência fonológica de forma que seja implementada uma intervenção adequada às suas necessidades. Portanto, o presente estudo buscou identificar e analisar as publicações de artigos científicos, que abordam a compreensão, da defasagem ou do domínio em relação as habilidades de consciência fonológica por meio de escalas de triagem que podem ser aplicadas no ambiente escolar. Trata-se então de uma revisão de literatura integrativa, construída a partir da hipótese de questionamento sobre a escassez de instrumentos validados para população brasileira, com intuito de aferir e identificar de maneira precoce alterações nas habilidades de consciência fonológica e seus possíveis impactos no desenvolvimento da leitura e da escrita.   A construção foi realizada nas bases de dados nacionais: SciELO Brasil e Periódicos Eletrônicos de Psicologia (PePSIC). Os critérios de elegibilidade foram: a) artigos publicados em periódicos nacionais com texto completo, gratuito e disponível na base de dados; b) em Língua Portuguesa; c) que abordassem a temática nos últimos dez anos. Para a seleção dos artigos foram considerados a leitura pelo título, seguida do resumo e finalmente dos artigos completos, potencialmente relevantes para a revisão. Nossos resultados mostram que apesar da existência de 170 artigos mencionando consciência fonológica, sendo 30 mencionando instrumentos de avaliação, somente 02 abordam o uso de instrumentos de triagem, dialogando com a hipótese inicial desse estudo, indicando a necessidade de fomentar a discussão e desenvolvimento de instrumentos para rastreio das habilidades relacionadas a consciência fonológica.
Phytochemical and bioactive compounds analysis of the lyophilized pulp, peel, and seeds of Salacia crassifolia fruit with potential as a functional food
Authors: Schneider Lucineia Cavalheiro , Leão Katyúscya Veloso , Machado Luciana Lucas , Guimarães Andréia Rocha Dias , Willrich Joana Elisa , Da Silva Bruno Eduardo , Ethur Eduardo Miranda , De Freitas Elisete Maria , Hoehne Lucélia
Published: September 2023

Salacia crassifolia, commonly known as “bacupari do Cerrado”, is a fruit highly valued by the local population. However, limited information is available in the literature regarding its constituents and/or functional properties. This study aimed to determine the phytochemical profile, the antioxidative activity using DPPH and ABTS assays, and quantify the and the phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and vitamin C in the freeze-dried pulp, peel, and seeds of bacupari fruits. The phytochemical profile revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds. The total phenolic content, determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, ranged from 2095 to 1371 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g of dry mass. The antioxidant analysis showed EC50 values ranging from 3.88±0.03 to 0.45±0.12. The total flavonoid content varied from 9.56 to 9.91 mg of quercetin equivalent. Vitamin C content in the lyophilized pulp was found to be 48.55 mg/100 g, while the carotenoid content was 25.72 mg/100 g. These results demonstrate that the species is rich in bioactive compounds, highlighting its significant potential for both food and pharmacological applications.
Contact Linguistics: Current Challenges and Perspectives
Authors: Proshina Z.G.
Published: September 2023

The article discusses the terms sociolinguistics — contact linguistics — World Englishes paradigm. The structure of Contact Linguistics, whose central part is made by the World Englishes paradigm, is dwelt upon. Major problems of language contacts are overviewed, including differentiation of the global language, its localization and development of varieties. Varieties of a pluricentric language are defined as typified speech that is specific of a certain linguacultural social community, that reflects the mentality, cultural features and to a certain degree transfer of the native language. The author emphasizes that each variety is underpinned by a linguacultural identity of its users. Attention is focused on the legitimacy of the Expanding Circle varieties (according to B. Kachru) such as Russian and Chinese Englishes, need in their studying in theory and applied aspects.
Electron microscopic studies of porcine sperm: changes during freezing and post-thawing
Authors: KHAN M H , NATH K C , NASKAR S , DEKA B C , KUMAR SURESH
Published: September 2023

The aim of the present study was to characterize the ultrastructural changes in boar spermatozoa at different stages during freezing (fresh undiluted semen, after holding at 24oC, after cooling to 5oC and after equilibration at 5oC) and after thawing using transmission electon microscopy (TEM). The study was also aimed to compare the sperm characteristics observed through conventional staining procedure with that of electron microscopy. A total of 72 ejaculates were collected from 6 Hampshire boars. Pooled semen was extended in BTSLEYG (Beltsvelli thawing solution lactose egg yok glycerol) extender and frozen in 0.5 ml French straws with conventional vapor freezing technique. Results of routine semen evaluation using conventional staining procedures seemed to be excellent. Microscopically assessed post-thaw percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa, live sperm count, spermatozoa with intact acrosome and hypo-osmotic reacted spermatozoa after thawing were 51.38±0.87, 56.83±0.74, 56.83±0.74 and 43.79±0.83, respectively. TEM examination of frozen–thawed semen revealed major changes in the morphology of spermatozoa localized predominantly within the acrosome and post acrosomal region of a head. Acrosomal and membrane integrity as observed through conventional statining and TEM was found to be 59.83±0.74 vs 37.88±8.85 and 43.79±0.83 vs 31.42±6.58%, respectively. It may be concluded that freezing and thawing of boar semen resulted into maximum sperm damage and electron microscopy revealed major changes in acrosome and plasma membrane which could not be seen with conventional staining procedure.
Plasma profile of hormones and energy metabolites during periparturient period in low and high producing Karan Fries (Holstein Friesian × Tharparkar) cows during different seasons
Authors: VAIDYA MANGESH M , SINGH SOHAN VIR , BEENAM BEENAM , UPADHYAY RAMESH C
Published: September 2023

In order to find out the hormonal and metabolic profile during summer and winter season, five each of periparturient high and low yielding Karan Fries cows were selected from Livestock Research Centre (LRC) of ICAR-NDRI, Karnal. Blood samples were collected from both the group of animals on days (-45, -30, -15) of prepartum, 0 (expected day of calving) and on 15th, 30th and 45th day of postpartum during both the seasons. Plasma was separated by centrifuging the blood samples in the refrigerated centrifuge for energy metabolites and hormones. The plasma glucose levels were significantly lower on 0 day and remains lower upto 45th day of postpartum in both the groups and seasons compared to prepartum period (45 days). The plasma NEFA levels in high yielder group and during summer were higher on 15th day of postpartum compared to low yielders and during winter respectively. The plasma cortisol levels were significantly higher on the day of calving in high yielding group of Karan Fries cows compared to low yielding group animals . Plasma cortisol levels were significantly higher on the day of calving and remain higher during postpartum period (upto 45 days) in both groups and seasons compared to prepartum period. On the day of calving, plasma insulin, T3, T4 and leptin levels were significantly lower in high yielding group compared to low yielding group during both the seasons. The results of the present study clearly indicate more fluctuations in different stress markers in high yielding group compared to low yielding group during summer season. Although, both the groups of crossbred cows required protection during extreme climatic conditions, but high yielders group will require extra protection during the climate change scenario in future. Therefore, special care needs to be given to manage the high yielding animals during periparturient period to improve/maintain the productivity.
Effect of bio-economic traits on market value of live goats: A case study of indigenous goat breeds
Authors: YOGI R K , VERMA N K , JAIN D K , SINGH RISHIKANTA
Published: September 2023

Small ruminants in developing countries are mainly kept by local pastoralists under low-input production systems. The livelihood of the flock holders can be enhanced by the technical and institutional interventions. In this study, effect of bio-economic traits including age (Ag), live body weight (Bw), milk production (Mp), order of lactation (Or), prolificacy (Pf), favorable mark (Fm) and breed (Br) on market value of live goat was investigated. Study revealed that magnitude of difference in various traits of breeds ranged from 200 to 800%. It was observed that extent of variation in bio-economic traits of descript breeds was comparatively lower in case of both categories of dairy and meat goat. Non-descript breeds of the goat animals including dairy and meat goat fetched higher price over the descript breeds. Multiple regression analysis was applied to identify the potential economic traits of the breed. Mp and Bw had a direct and significant influence on the market value of the dairy goat. Similarly, Bw influenced the market value of meat goat positively while Ag was found to have adverse influence. Economic traits namely Mp, Fm and Bw of the live goat animals were observed as significant characteristics affecting the market value directly. These characteristics may be important for obtaining price premium. Institutional and technical interventions to enhance the milk productivity and gain in body weight of the live goat animals may be a strategic approach to benefit this sector.
Integrated Farming System: An ideal approach for developing more economically and environmentally sustainable farming systems for the Eastern Himalayan Region
Authors: ANSARI M A , PRAKASH N , BAISHYA L K , P PUNITHA , SHARMA P K , YADAV J S , KABUEI G P , CH KL LEVIS
Published: September 2023

The present work was carried out at Chandel Khullen village of Chandel hill district of Manipur during 2010-11 to 2012-13. The average holding size of the farmer was 1.33 ha in 2010-11, 1.96 ha in 2011-12 and 2.21 ha in 2012-13. The tribal farmer adopted seven components, i e crop production, vegetables, fruits, piggery, backyard poultry, fishery and water management as suggested by ICAR Manipur Centre. In 2010-11, the paddy yield was 3.5 tonnes/ha as compared to 4.79 tonnes/ha in 2012-13. It was mainly due to adoption of improved package and practices. The cabbage and onion yield increased by 103 and 54 per cent, respectively after adoption of improved cultivation methods under integrated farming system. Similarly, the papaya and banana production was increased by 275 and 270 per cent. There was marked increase in pork, chicken, egg and fish production. In 2012-13, this system also provided significantly higher Rs per Re invested than that of the other 2010-11. In Manipur, women’s participation is more in farming system rather than men. In the same way, this farming system also gives more opportunity to women to engage in agriculture farming. Thus integrated farming system provides new venture for employment and sustainable development of livelihood for North Eastern people. The overall result revealed that the improved practices with different crop and animal components are an excellent approach for sustainable production, income generation and employment opportunity for the small and marginal rural households of Manipur.
Effect of varying levels of nitrogen and plant density on the production behaviour of undersize seed tubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum) in north-western hills of India
Authors: SHARMA ASHWANI KUMAR , KUMAR VINOD
Published: September 2023

Production potentiality of undersize (15g) seed tubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) variety Kufri Giriraj was evaluated at three plant densities, viz. 83 333; 111 111 and 166 666 plants /ha and four doses of nitrogen in high hills of north –western India. Both, plant density as well as nitrogen doses had a significant effect on the number as well as yields of total and seed size tubers. A plant density of 166 666 plants/ha with 160 kg nitrogen/ha resulted in maximum number of total and seed size tubers as well as yields. Thus, in the hills, under size (15 g) seed tubers of potato should be planted at a plant density of 166 666 plants/ ha by following 60 cm × 10 cm spacing along with a nitrogen dose of 160 kg/ha for getting the maximum number as well as yields of total and seed size (20-80g) tubers.
Efficacy of post-emergence herbicide imazethapyr for weed management in different mungbean (Vigna radiata) cultivars
Authors: SINGH GURIQBAL , AGGARWAL NAVNEET , RAM HARI
Published: September 2023

Three mungbean cultivars, viz. ML 267, ML 818 and PAU 911 showed good degree of tolerance to imazethapyr sprayed at different doses and at different times during 2008 and 2009. Application of imazethapyr at 75 and 100 g/ha at 15 days after sowing (DAS) and imazethapyr 100 g/ ha 25 DAS gave good control of weeds and the weed control efficiency was comparable to that of two hand weedings. Use of imazethapyr at 100 g/ha at 15 DAS gave the highest grain yield of mungbean. Application of imazethapyr at 75 and 100 g/ha at 15 DAS resulted in 144.6 and 146.4% higher grain yield respectively over unweeded control during first year of study, while the corresponding values in second year of study were 79.2 and 85.6%. Application of imazethapyr at 100 g/ha at 15 DAS gave the highest gross and net returns followed by imazethapyr at 75 g/ha sprayed at 15 DAS.
Social Policies and Poverty Reduction in Africa: A Nigeria-centered Perspective
Authors: Prince Adamaagashi Izuchukwu , Ehi Ogar Elizabeth , Brown-Ofoeme Miracle Ngozichukwu , Alobele Isabella Adaobi , Collins Olutosin
Published: September 2023

This study focuses on the impact of social policies on poverty reduction in Africa, specifically in Nigeria. Poverty is a major challenge to social development, and its effects are exacerbated by factors such as terrorism and insurgency. The study uses a comprehensive literature review to examine the social policies implemented in Nigeria to address poverty, including initiatives like the National Accelerated Food Production Project and the Conditional Cash Transfer program. The study also explores the theoretical framework of poverty reduction, considering theories such as the Capability Approach and the Dependency Theory. The findings emphasize the importance of a multi-faceted approach to poverty reduction, recommending actions such as strengthening social policies, diversifying economic growth, improving access to education, enhancing infrastructure development, addressing governance and corruption issues, and fostering regional and international cooperation. By implementing these recommendations, it is anticipated that Nigeria and other African countries can effectively reduce poverty and improve social development, ultimately enhancing the quality of life and preserving human dignity.
Masculinidades Indígenas: Una mirada desde lo público, lo privado y lo comunitario
Authors: Sarango Saca Angel Hatari
Published: September 2023

El presente estudio aborda la importancia de la construcción de las masculinidades indígenas en el Ecuador, a partir de una mirada desde lo público, lo privado y lo comunitario. Para ello, se toma como base la pregunta de investigación ¿cómo se construyen las masculinidades a partir de lo público, lo privado y lo comunitario? En este sentido, los principales hallazgos determinaron tres aspectos centrales: primero, en lo público las masculinidades indígenas se construyen con base al apoyo de las comunidades y organizaciones indígenas. Además, se homogeniza a la colectividad invisibilizando el aporte y liderazgo de las mujeres indígenas, pese a su aporte en luchas sociales importantes.  En lo privado, las masculinidades indígenas confluyen bajo una lógica patriarcal y machista ya existente antes del proceso colonizador. En lo comunitario, aunque la minga es el eje articulador de valores culturales y en la que existe la ley de lo dual o complementariedad de la mujer-varón, en la práctica la mujer continúa con la lógica de Occidente en la que su rol continúa estereotipado a categorías como debilidad y sumisión. Así, las conclusiones demuestran que la construcción de las masculinidades indígenas en los ámbitos mencionados confluye un estado fuerte de exclusión hacia el género femenino invisibilizando su condición como igual frente al varón. Además, existe una especie de pacto intercultural entre etnias cuando se trata de asumir su poder contra ellas, donde las mujeres indígenas continúan asumiendo un rol pasivo en la sociedad.
Dietary Pathologies and Isotope Diversity in Imperial Rome (First to Fourth Centuries AD)
Authors: Killgrove Kristina , Acosta Andrea N.
Published: September 2023

Variation in the everyday diet of people in Imperial Rome cannot be captured by historical records alone and requires synthesis of archaeological context and biochemical data from human skeletons. This chapter examines correlations between paleodietary isotope data and dental pathology frequencies from three Imperial-period cemetery sites in Rome, Italy, against a backdrop of historical information about foodways and oral hygiene practices. These lines of evidence provide a glimpse into a population that was consuming a mostly vegetarian diet, reliant on wheat bread and on protein from poultry, eggs, and pork, and that had moderate dental health. Individual data sets, however, are clearly insufficient to capture the range of variation in this most important of social symbols: food. The enduring challenge in Roman dietary studies is to tease out patterns in the evidence in order to arrive at a better understanding of dietary variation and its link to the dynamics of life course and social status.
Employing Local Food Resources for Dietary Reconstruction via Stable Isotope Analysis
Authors: Dent Sophia C. , Hutchinson Dale L.
Published: September 2023

Isotopic ranges used to distinguish plant groups and types of animal protein vary according to local ecology and isotope mixing systems, as well as anthropogenic influences. This chapter reviews sources of isotopic variation in foods and proposes a conceptual model for how isotopic analysis of local foods can isotopic baselines and improve our understanding of the diets and foodways of past people. Previously published data from central and southern Gulf Coast Florida (3100 BC–AD 1550) and Atlantic coastal North Carolina (AD 800–1650) are used as case studies to illustrate the interpretive benefits of incorporating stable isotope analysis of local foods into dietary reconstruction.
Earth Oven Size and Camas Intensification in the Upper Willamette Valley, Oregon
Authors: Wardle Joseph D.
Published: September 2023

Earth oven size is often used as an indicator of the amount of product that results from cooking. In the Upper Willamette Valley, Oregon, earth ovens were used to cook camas. This root crop was an important staple due to salmon runs being obstructed by the 12-m-high Willamette Falls and the intensification of camas production seems to have begun 5,000 years ago. Surprisingly, the size of earth ovens decreased over time, but this may have been due to increased sedentism, which may have favored smaller, more generalized ovens.
On the Edge of Inequality
Authors: Carvalho AntÓnio Faustino
Published: September 2023

The Neolithic arrived and spread along Western Iberia between 5500 and 5000 BC, giving rise to megalith building around 4000 BC. Nonetheless, the exploitation of marine/estuarine resources occurred in certain regions side by side with farming economies and the circulation of exogeneous goods (variscite, jade). This phenomenon may be explained by the social structure of the farming communities: These were likely organized in politically independent and economically self-sufficient groups (i.e., segmentary societies) which probably evolved with “ups and downs” at times of greater or lesser social hierarchisation due to short-scaled demographic cycles. Differential access to resources deployed unequal developments between groups settled in territories with diverse geo-ecological features. Sociopolitical and subsistence boundaries were then more firmly established. The building of dolmens—the material manifestation of an ideology then spreading in Atlantic Europe—interacted with this emerging scenario by allowing the creation of foci for group identity.
Megadroughts, Rodents, and Weevils
Authors: OSBORN ALAN J.
Published: September 2023

Horticultural societies are infused with ritual observances meant to ensure food security. Anthropologists and archaeologists have focused upon the sufficient crop yields for horticulturalists but less attention has been given to post-harvest crop losses. Excavation of Iron Age residential sites in the Shashe-Limpopo region of southeastern Africa has revealed granaries and houses that appear to have been deliberately burned. Ethnographic accounts about Bantu-speaking agropastoralists describe ritual burnings meant to bring rain to this drought prone region. This study proposes a functionalist explanation of ritual burning based upon the empirical effects of such ritual performances. Ritual burnings of domestic structures were carried out during megadroughts that characterized the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (A.D. 900–1400). Once the rains come, they can trigger infestations of rodents and insects that threaten stored grains and human food security. Deliberate ritual burnings of granaries and houses served to “cleanse” food storage facilities and may represent the material correlates of past human adaptive behavior.
Researching Dance
Authors: Welsh Tom
Published: September 2023

This first chapter in the Research Methods in the Dance Sciences book reviews the case for bringing science into dance training, treatment, and wellness by making comparisons with sports science and sports medicine. The brief but promising history of using science to inform dancing over the past 25 years reveals inspiring opportunities for those who choose to become involved. Dance Science, like Sports Science, is primarily an applied research field devoted to making an important difference in how dancers train, learn, receive treatment, and maintain health. An overview of the text highlights the steps researchers commonly follow in conducting empirical research and it reveals the diversity of research approaches explained in the text.
Surveys, Questionnaires, and Interviews
Authors: Redding Emma , Araújo Liliana S.
Published: September 2023

Survey research is a useful and widely used approach to investigating areas of interest in dance science. Survey research can gather a large amount of data across one or multiple time points and offers an alternative approach to interventional research. Questionnaires and interviews are the two main methods of measuring in survey research. It is important to be aware of the way in which the procedures used to conduct survey research will impact upon the extent to which the data can accurately describe the population. Consideration should be given when developing questions and implementing questionnaires as well as when analysing and interpreting responses to avoid measurement and representation error. Additionally, there are several kinds of sampling techniques available such as simple random, systematic random and stratified random techniques and it is important to recognise how they allow for different representation of the population of interest. Identifying the limitations and benefits to survey research is important to ensure that this kind of method is appropriate and relevant to the research aims.
Correlation and Regression Analyses
Authors: Abraham Amit , Dai Boyi
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses the statistical analysis concepts of correlation and regression and their relevance for dance science. We begin by introducing the two concepts and how they are related and can build together to answer research questions. The chapter also reviews the idea of causality (cause-and-effect). Then, we provide examples of different types of correlation and regression from the dance science literature. Lastly, the chapter details issues to consider when conducting correlation and regression analyses and describes advantages and limitations of these analyses.
Systematic Literature Reviews
Authors: Angioi Manuela , Hiller Claire E.
Published: September 2023

A systematic review is a robust research methodology that offers dance science researchers an opportunity to review objectively the evidence around a given research question or topic. This chapter introduces the use of systematic reviews to analyze the literature and provides clear descriptions of eight stages involved in conducting a review, including: defining and scope of a research question, search strategy and database selection, conducting the search and screening the results, extracting the data and evaluating the evidence, and how to report the review. An example of a dance-related systematic review is described, along with the overall advantages and limitations of systematic reviews. Researchers who succeed in conducting a systematic review are likely to make a significant contribution to the field by informing an overall objective evaluation of current knowledge and identifying gaps that provide opportunities for future research.
Proposing and Reporting Research
Authors: Russell Jeffrey A. , Ambegaonkar Jatin P.
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses the basics of scientific writing. The chapter explains how to communicate your research effectively. The chapter specifies important points when creating research reports and provides detail about what goes in the abstract, introduction, methods, results, and discussion sections. The chapter provides guidance on creating oral and slide presentations and posters. Overall, the chapter describes how to always keep your audience whether they are at the forefront, provide sufficient detail, be specific, and use the simplest possible words when communicating research.
Pursuing Graduate Studies
Authors: Wyon Matthew , Koutedakis Yiannis
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses the systematic skills needed to become a dance science researcher. It examines different academic degrees (taught and research) and approaches to research from serving a particular population to contributing to a theory. The chapter emphasizes the importance of choosing a functional team of supervisors as you plan your project and underlines the fundamentality of collaboration within the process. Time spent planning and discussing how the question is to be addressed, previous research, comparable methodologies and who is going to do what, are vital preliminary conversations for a research team. The chapter also discusses the importance of dissemination of your research to different audiences from peer-reviewed journals to podcasts. Becoming a researcher is a multi-faceted journey that can become a life-changing catalyst.
Setting the Stage
Authors: Scott Douglas D.
Published: September 2023

Conflict archaeology is a growing field in today’s study of both prehistoric and historic fields of study. This chapter introduces the concept of microhistory as an “exploratory stance” that encourages anthropologists, historians, and archaeologists to acknowledge the specific grounding of their research. Within that concept, complimentary use of primary documents and archaeological information offers broadened views and corrective potential for shortcomings and errors. Microhistory recognizes the specific data associated with topics does not marginalize or simplify those topics. Advocates of the microhistory perspective suggest that paying specific and sensitive attention to our records can expose the connections between concrete events and broad developments.
Skeletons in the Cabinet
Authors: Beaupré Andrew R. , Delwiche Erin N. , Delwiche Holly E.
Published: September 2023

The chapter examines the intersection of collective historical memory, commemoration, and archaeology in an urban setting. As the first historic district in New York State, the Stockade Neighborhood of Schenectady is distinguished as a dynamic site of memory. The key event that has shaped this collective historical memory is the Massacre of 1690. The story of the “massacre” has been venerated through first-hand accounts, ballads, memorials, and even re-enactments. While this metanarrative is ever present, the aftermath of the event remains buried under both the soil and political obfuscation. The authors discuss the numerous skeletal remains recovered in the neighborhood, many of which have been attributed to the massacre with little archaeological evidence of such. Examination of the historical record around these disinterments allow for a critical examination of the role of archaeology in collective historical memory, as well as the methodologies associated with the excavation and post-exhumation treatment of human remains in the Stockade District and their role in the commemoration of the Schenectady Massacre.
An Archaeology of Fear and Loathing
Authors: Mann Rob
Published: September 2023

Although relatively unknown outside of the state, the impacts of the Dakota–U.S. War of 1862 are far-reaching and ongoing in many Minnesota communities. Prior to the 1850s the kin-ordered social relations of the fur trade era governed the interaction between most Euro-Americans and Native peoples in Minnesota. Many early white immigrants arrived in Minnesota believing they would seamlessly integrate into this kin-ordered world. However, the relentless land grabbing of settler colonialism actually led to the hardening of racial categories and the disintegration of peaceful relations between Natives and newcomers. By August 1862 long-simmering tensions between the Dakota and Euro-Americans boiled over into open warfare. For nearly two months militant Dakota waged war against Euro-American settlements and military installations. In response, settlers across Minnesota either fled the war zone or attempted to fortify their settlements. The U.S. military responded by constructing a number of fortifications. Although remembered and commemorated in local and state historical narratives, both the so-called “settlers’ forts” and military installations of the Dakota–U.S. War of 1862 are today a largely unexplored and haunting part of Minnesota’s archaeological heritage.
Intervisibility, Invisibility, and Identity Conflict in the Dakota–U.S. War of 1862
Authors: Arnott Sigrid , Maki David , Jackson Franky
Published: September 2023

This study shows how Indigenous identities, particularly of Dakota and Métis people, affected strategic choices made on the Wood Lake battlefield, and the larger Dakota–U.S. War of 1862. Before the war, people with Dakota ancestry were able to transcend rigid racial categorizations, situationally adjusting their identities to navigate changing social and political settings. As conflict with whites intensified, Dakota and Métis people were forced to materialize and project clear wartime allegiances, concealing aspects of their multi–faceted identities to align with white interests or Dakota resistance. Artifact and intervisibility analysis of the battlefield has improved our understanding the conflict, showing how Dakota people and their relations deployed invisibility, visibility, and complex group identities within asymmetrical warfare. The resulting narratives using new data can challenge simplistic dominant narratives of the war that “haunt” Mni Sota Makoce with images of racialized, disorganized, and dichotomized oppositions within the Dakota community.
Remembering (and Forgetting) Black Men’s Service
Authors: Wilkie Laurie A.
Published: September 2023

Military service is often valorized in heritage narratives surrounding battlefield sites—those who fight for their nation being seen as more fit as citizens. Yet, for Black men, service is often presented as fraught or rendered invisible. This chapter examines the archaeological remains associated with two very different sites of Black service—a small Bahamian post likely staffed with Black West India Regiment soldiers and a West Texas U.S. military post—to illustrate the processes that shape the remembering and forgetting of Black service in heritage sites.
Potential Applications of Human Behavioral Ecology in the Prehistoric Mediterranean
Authors: Plekhov Daniel , Levine Evan , Leppard Thomas P.
Published: September 2023

Models and theoretical frameworks derived from Human Behavioral Ecology (HBE) have been extensively employed for studying subsistence strategies, settlement patterns, and social practices of ancient societies worldwide. While such models and frameworks have been employed in the Mediterranean, their applications have thus far been largely limited to pre-Holocene periods and primarily to the study of hunter-gatherer societies. This chapter summarizes a selection of concepts and models from HBE and considers the factors limiting the application of these approaches to Holocene Mediterranean contexts. The chapter concludes with a consideration of the potential applications of these approaches for studying Neolithic human settlement dynamics and attendant social processes.
Human Adaptability to Age-Related Biological Changes
Authors: Harrod Ryan P. , Willett Alyssa
Published: September 2023

As animals age there is a general decline in many biological functions (e.g., musculoskeletal and neurological), but humans are unique in the animal kingdom because we can mitigate these changes through cultural activities. Taking a biocultural perspective this chapter will evaluate the how the body changes over the lifecourse and how cultural beliefs shape how people along with their families and communities cope with aging. The goal is two-fold, first to understand some of the basic biology of aging, second to assess how cultural ideologies and practices affect how people perceive and mitigate age-related changes. The archaeological record and human skeletal remains provide insight into aging through time, while ethnographic information, ethnohistoric accounts, and clinical data can help highlight the cross-cultural variation that exists in how humans age.
Menopause
Authors: Rulu Peteneinuo , Sievert Lynnette Leidy
Published: September 2023

Menopause is an event identified in retrospect; that is, the last menstrual period followed by twelve months of amenorrhea. Menopause is also a transition from reproductive to post-reproductive life characterized by hormonal changes that contribute to symptoms such as hot flashes and night sweats. This chapter applies a lifespan perspective to review variation in age at menopause and symptom experience at midlife with a focus on the influence of stress. Considered are studies of hot flashes and other symptoms in relation to stress measured by standardized instruments (e.g., the Perceived Stress Scale), biomarkers (e.g., cortisol), and questions about family, life change, discrimination, and neighborhood stress. In summary, applying a lifespan perspective across a variety of populations illustrates how early life events can influence age at menopause, how social and economic contexts can influence symptom experience at midlife, and how characteristics of the menopausal transition may presage later health-related concerns.
Age-Related Changes in Human Skin
Authors: Norton Heather L.
Published: September 2023

Skin serves as a barrier protecting humans from the outside world and as a window to internal conditions, providing insights into age and health. Skin plays a critical role in age perception, especially in cultures where there is positive emphasis placed on youth, and aging skin may be pathologized. While research efforts attempt to better understand how aging influences skin and how best to “correct” these effects, the natural process of aging results in changes that may have significant health impacts. The combined effects of these changes, such as increased skin dryness, impaired immune function, and slower wound healing can compound to magnify the effects of simple conditions such as dermatitis. Future work that combines knowledge gained from investigations into the genetics of skin aging, the development of anti-aging focused products, and the epidemiology of age-related skin conditions might result in better and more comprehensive treatments for age-related cutaneous disorders.
Generativity, Gender, and a Good Old Age among Urban-Dwelling Older Yoruba People in Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Agunbiade Ojo Melvin
Published: September 2023

Cultural values, beliefs, and practices around old age affect how individuals make sense of their aging experiences. Qualitative data were captured through 12 vignette-based focus group discussion and 18 semi-structured interviews with older Yoruba people and analyzed with a framework guided by Erikson’s concept of generativity and the Yoruba notion of ojo ale tio dara. Findings revealed a high premium on spirituality and generativity as individuals age. Ways to mitigate negative aging outcomes included living an exemplary lifestyle, avoiding evil machinations or wickedness toward others, and spiritual sensitivity to events around them. Conformity to these virtues and the consequences of deviation are gendered, with tensions and contradictions reported. The emphasis on societal generativity, the tendency toward spirituality, and social acceptance emerged more among women than men. Nonetheless, being an exemplar in the community reinforces generativity, enhances capital, and reduces vulnerability to miserable aging experiences.
Conceptualizing Frailty in the Quick and the Dead
Authors: Crews Douglas E. , Marklein Kathryn E.
Published: September 2023

Within medicine and elder care, frailty is a specific phenotype occurring secondary to multiple factors at any age. Frailty indices are most frequently applied to seniors and those with injuries or physical disabilities. Among the living, muscle and bone loss, age, injury, and disease underlie frailty and biomarker assessments can be accompanied by interviews and tests of strength, endurance, and mobility. Unfortunately, most factors for assessing frailty in the living are not available for skeletonized remains. Among the dead, frailty estimates rely on risks of mortality and combinations of pathological skeletal lesions indicative of stressors. Although sufficiently severe to imprint the skeleton, these did not result in the individual’s immediate death. Variability in data availability in the quick and the dead require different methods to assess skeletal frailty. Here we explore differences and common ground in how biomedical and bioarchaeological researchers conceptualize and assess frailty.
Beating the Bounds
Authors: Benjamin Roy
Published: September 2023

Beating the Bounds examines the role of boundaries and limits in James Joyce’s later works, primarily Finnegans Wake but also Ulysses and other texts. Building on the ideas of philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche, Giordano Bruno, and scholar Fritz Senn, Roy Benjamin explains and reconciles Joyce’s contrary tendencies to establish and transgress limits. Benjamin begins by contrasting Joyce’s exploration of the artificial impositions of ritual and political power with the writer’s attention to natural boundaries of rivers and mountains. The next section considers sexual, spiritual, and interpersonal boundaries in the Wake. Benjamin then discusses how Joyce simultaneously affirms and undermines the limits of philosophy, geometry, and aesthetics. The final section covers Joyce’s representation of the boundaries imposed in cosmogonic myths, the collision between the bounded medieval world and the boundless world of modern science, and the drive to escape from the boundaries of place. In this detailed and original analysis, Benjamin demonstrates that in Joyce’s writing, the tendency to disintegrate into chaos is countered by an urge to impose order. Benjamin’s close readings put an abundance of subjects in conversation through the concept of limits, showing the Wake’s relevance to many different fields of thought.
Betoun Ye and Be
Authors: Benjamin Roy
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores the Wake’s criticism of the boundary established between self and other. On the one hand, the so-called Mizpah Benediction is a biblical version of the establishment of a boundary between self and other; on the other hand, the Wake dramatizes the conflict between Apollo who draws boundaries between individuals and Dionysus who urges a return to primal unity. Joyce’s medievalism also included the tendency to return to the shared space of a collective identity before the emergence of modern ideas of private self and private property. In addition, music, dance, and dreams all tended to erase the boundaries between selves. This chapter will also explore the Wake as a porous, mediumistic text which breaks down the barriers of the individual mind in order to allow various spirits to intrude. Finally, the chapter explores the interface between various electronic mediums such as the telephone, radio, and phonograph and the early twentieth century vogue of spiritualism.
Decomposition of Place
Authors: Benjamin Roy
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores the Joycean drive to escape from bounding confines in terms of alternate tendencies to dwell in or wander from a place. On the one hand, the curse of nomadic wandering is illustrated by such figures as Cain, Ham, and the Wandering Jew. On the other hand, placelessness as spiritual liberation is illustrated by Buddha’s wanderings, Mohammed’s hejira, and the gnostic aversion to dwelling in the world. Bloom’s identification with the Wandering Jew is also supplemented by a desire to build a residence and remain in a settled place and, in the Wake, HCE as the master builder displays a similar desire for a permanent dwelling. Unsuccessful attempts to build such a dwelling, however, appear throughout Ulysses and the Wake. Cain also appears as an ambiguous figure who is both cursed with wandering and condemned as a builder of the first city or fortified place. Finally, the festival of Sukkot appears in the Wake with the promise to oxymoronically dwell in a state of impermanence.
Unsettling Democratic Heritage
Authors: Daehnke Jon D.
Published: September 2023

Over the course of recent decades, the strong connection between cultural heritage and human rights has been increasingly recognized. Heritage is no longer considered principally as an archive of a collected and collective material past, but rather viewed and claimed as an integral component to human rights, especially within the context of democratic states and institutions. In settler-colonial nations, however, democratic approaches to heritage can at times present challenges to Indigenous nations, whose claims to heritage potentially conflict with democratic processes that work to equate and accommodate multiple heritage claims that may, in reality, be neither equal nor able to easily co-exist. In order to “unsettle” heritage in situations of settler-colonial states, the challenges and complexity of Indigenous heritage rights in democratic contexts are explored through the lens of three frameworks: heritage ownership and tensions surrounding “multiple use”; the false equivalence of Indigenous and settler experience in terms of time depth, heritage expertise, and political status; and the distinction between viewing heritage as a right versus heritage as a responsibility.
Heritage in the Service of Neoliberalism
Authors: Camp Stacey L.
Published: September 2023

The Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan, welcomes over 1.7 million visitors annually and is the self-professed “largest indoor-outdoor museum complex in the United States.” Born out of automobile industrialist Henry Ford’s personal collection of artifacts representing his vision of American life, the Henry Ford Museum is home to a nearly infinite number of objects. The museum’s exhibitions range from exploring the esoteric origins of lighting implements to having visitors tour a failed utopian experimental homestead known as the “Dymaxion House.” This chapter focuses on the “With Liberty and Justice for All” exhibition at the museum. It investigates how the museum and exhibit navigate the tensions inherent in telling stories about “liberty” and “American freedom” within the privatized, neoliberal space of The Henry Ford Museum.
Public Reason after Charlottesville
Authors: Samuels Kathryn Lafrenz , Bhusari Bobbie Foster
Published: September 2023

How do appeals to history and heritage shape discussions in the public sphere, or persuade one’s fellow citizens to enact social change in democratic societies? This chapter examines the circulation of heritage in the public sphere, as it contributes to forming public reasoning: a process of reasoning among citizens on “what to do” regarding a particular matter. The events in Charlottesville in August 2017, including the Unite the Right rally and counterprotests, as well as the aftermath of these events, prompted public deliberation across the nation about “what to do” with Confederate-era commemorations. An analysis of the use of memes on social media platforms presents specific public positions on “what to do” with the material relics of Confederate and Lost Cause nostalgia and follows the persuasive function of heritage as social demands for change saw the removal of statues and monuments, and renaming of public infrastructure such as buildings and streets. Memes are a particularly useful medium for analysis, since they are a preferred mode of communication for Far-Right messaging, and therefore are positioned at the frontlines of battles over public persuasion by the Far Right and those challenging them.