bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Roadmap to Medical Professionalism
Authors: Merlo Gia
Published: June 2021

Medical professionalism is more than a demonstration of individual competencies. Becoming a member of the medical profession is not only about passing a set of milestones but also about embodying the values, behaviors, and identity of a physician through a process of professional identity formation. The major frameworks for medical professionalism, the process of professionalization, and the importance of socialization in medicine are discussed. The reader is encouraged to reflect on who they are and who they want to become. Thus, this chapter provides a roadmap to medical professionalism. Physicians have a fiduciary duty to act in the best interest of their patients and embrace lifelong learning.
Happiness and Self-Care
Authors: Merlo Gia
Published: June 2021

Happiness is more than a feeling: it refers to human flourishing and fulfilment and includes finding meaning in what we do. This chapter encourages the reader to consider what personal happiness is to them. The definition of happiness is individual for each person but can be thought of as consisting of five main factors: positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishments. Happiness has genetic and environmental determinants. A survey of the history of concepts of happiness is offered, including the work of the Greek philosophers, Aristotle and Epicurus. Martin Seligman’s PERMATM model, common measures of happiness, recent studies of the biological bases of happiness, the concept of the hedonic treadmill, and the value of expectation management are introduced. Finally, self-care is emphasized to manage stress and enhance overall happiness.
Personal Financial Considerations for Physicians
Authors: Merlo Gia
Published: June 2021

It is often difficult for medical students to understand the extent of the educational debt that they may incur. They often struggle with managing their finances during training and after they begin to practice medicine. Students make their choice of specialty without fully considering how their decision may affect their lifestyle and their ability to pay off their loans. This has led to a serious shortage in primary-care physicians. In addition, because physicians undergo an extensive training period, they are often late in planning for and funding for their retirement. Understanding the time-value of money and being able to make informed decisions regarding repaying loans versus meeting other financial obligations are important factors to addressing this problem. Financial literacy is not being taught in medical schools and residency programs, although there is a perceived need. Developing a financial plan that involves both paying off debt and saving for retirement is usually the best course of action.
The Aging Physician
Authors: Merlo Gia
Published: June 2021

After decades of working in the medical field, physicians have gathered an extensive knowledge of human pathology as well as effective courses of treatment for illnesses. However, aging may also bring about cognitive deterioration, which may compromise the quality of care physicians provide to their patients. In 2015, 23 percent of physicians were above the age of 65. An estimated 25,000 to 50,000 active physicians are expected to suffer from mild cognitive impairment and up to 25,000 from dementia. Currently, physicians are not held to a mandatory retirement age and are not subject to oversight of their cognitive abilities and physical health as they age. However, the current system of self-regulation for cognitive impairment is insufficient for protecting patient safety; on the other hand, mandatory retirement or screening of aging physicians may be ethically or legally problematic. An optimal solution would balance the safety of patients and the dignity of aging physicians. It is likely to be multipronged and multifactorial, involving multiple screening steps and continued development to assess the quality of validation. Adoption of healthy lifestyle practices and financial literacy, as well as providing opportunities for retired physicians to stay involved with the medical profession, may encourage successful aging among physicians and ease the transition to retirement.
The ultraviolet luminosity function of star-forming galaxies between redshifts of 0.6 and 1.2
Authors: Page M J , Dwelly T , McHardy I , Seymour N , Mason K O , Sharma M , Kennea J A , Sasseen T P , Rawlings J I , Breeveld A A , Ferreras I , Loaring N S , Walton D J , Symeonidis M
Published: June 2021

We use ultraviolet (UV) imaging taken with the XMM–Newton Optical Monitor telescope (XMM-OM), covering 280 arcmin2 in the UVW1 band (λeff = 2910 Å) to measure rest-frame UV 1500-Å luminosity functions of galaxies with redshifts z between 0.6 and 1.2. The XMM-OM data are supplemented by a large body of optical and infrared imaging to provide photometric redshifts. The XMM-OM data have a significantly narrower point spread function (resulting in less source confusion) and simpler K-correction than the GALEX data previously employed in this redshift range. UV-bright active galactic nuclei are excluded to ensure that the luminosity functions relate directly to the star-forming galaxy population. Binned luminosity functions and parametric Schechter-function fits are derived in two redshift intervals: 0.6 < z < 0.8 and 0.8 < z < 1.2. We find that the luminosity function evolves such that the characteristic absolute magnitude M* is brighter for 0.8 < z < 1.2 than for 0.6 < z < 0.8.
Using CFSVM model to classify stars from three-colour images
Authors: Lu Ya-Kun , Qiu Bo , Luo A-Li , Kong Xiao , Jiang Xia , Guo Xiaoyu , Wang Linqian
Published: June 2021

The classification of stars is a long-standing topic in the field of astronomy. Traditionally, the most popular way to classify stars is to use spectra. However, spectra are scarce compared to photometric images. In this paper, we present a machine-learning method to classify stars based on photometric images. This method proposes a new data-driven model based on convolutional feature and support vector machine algorithm (CFSVM). At first, the model uses convolution neural network to extract features from photometric images which are synthesized from photometric data of SDSS and support vector machine (SVM) algorithm to classify the extracted features. The model uses about 38 120 photometric images as the training set and it has good performance in classifying stars. 6823 photometric images are used to test the model and its accuracy reaches 79.7 per cent. When extending the range of error to the adjacent subtypes, the model can reach an accuracy of 91.7 per cent. And the classification results are very close to those from the spectra. Meanwhile the test proves that CFSVM is not sensitive to the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of stars.The model can give accurate classification results even if the SNR < 10. The experiments show that the CFSVM is feasible to classify the spectral types of stars only with photometric images.
The X-rays wind connection in PG 2112+059
Authors: Saez C , Brandt W N , Bauer F E , Chartas G , Misawa T , Hamann F , Gallagher S C
Published: June 2021

We study the connection between the X-ray and ultraviolet (UV) properties of the broad absorption line (BAL) wind in the highly X-ray variable quasar PG 2112+059 by comparing Chandra-ACIS data with contemporaneous UV HST/STIS spectra in three different epochs. We observe a correlation whereby an increase in the equivalent widths (EWs) of the BALs is accompanied by a redder UV spectrum. The growth in the BAL EWs is also accompanied by a significant dimming in soft X-ray emission (${\lesssim}2 \, \text{keV}$), consistent with increased absorption. Variations in the hard X-ray emission (${\gtrsim}2\, \text{keV}$) are only accompanied by minor spectral variations of the UV-BALs and do not show significant changes in the EW of BALs. These trends suggest a wind-shield scenario where the outflow inclination with respect to the line of sight is decreasing and/or the wind mass is increasing. These changes elevate the covering fraction and/or column densities of the BALs and are likely accompanied by a nearly contemporaneous increase in the column density of the shield.
Application of smog chambers in atmospheric process studies
Authors: Chu Biwu , Chen Tianzeng , Liu Yongchun , Ma Qingxin , Mu Yujing , Wang Yonghong , Ma Jinzhu , Zhang Peng , Liu Jun , Liu Chunshan , Gui Huaqiao , Hu Renzhi , Hu Bo , Wang Xinming , Wang Yuesi , Liu Jianguo , Xie Pinhua , Chen Jianmin , Liu Qian , Jiang Jingkun , Li Junhua , He Kebin , Liu Wenqing , Jiang Guibin , Hao Jiming , He Hong
Published: June 2021

Smog chamber experimental systems, which have been widely used in laboratory simulation for studying atmospheric processes, are comprehensively reviewed in this paper. The components, development history, main research topics and main achievements of smog chambers are introduced. Typical smog chambers in the world, including their volumes, wall materials, light sources and features, are summarized and compared. Key factors of smog chambers and their influences on the simulation of the atmospheric environment are discussed, including wall loss, wall emission and background pollutants. The features of next-generation smog chambers and their application prospect in future studies of the atmospheric environment are also outlined in this paper.
A Prognostic Model to Assess Long-Term Survival of Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy: A 15-Year Retrospective Cohort Study in Southwestern China
Authors: Jiang He , Zhu Qiuying , Feng Yi , Huang Jinghua , Yuan Zongxiang , Zhou Xinjuan , Lan Guanghua , Liang Hao , Shao Yiming
Published: June 2021

Background

Because there is no assessment tool for survival of people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH) who received antiretroviral therapy (ART) in rural southwestern China, we aimed to formulate and validate a simple-to-use model to predict long-term overall survival at the initiation of ART.

Methods

In total, 36 268 eligible participants registered in the Guangxi autonomous region between December 2003 and December 2018 were enrolled and randomized into development and validation cohorts. Predictive variables were determined based on Cox hazard models and specialists’ advice. Discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility were measured, respectively.

Results

The prognostic combined 14 variables: sex, age, marital status, infectious route, opportunistic infection, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related symptoms, body mass index, CD4+ T lymphocyte count, white blood cell, platelet, hemoglobin, serum creatinine, aspartate transaminase, and total bilirubin. Age, aspartate transaminase, and serum creatinine were assigned higher risk scores than that of CD4+ T lymphocytopenia count and having opportunistic infections or AIDS-related symptoms. At 3 time points (1, 3, and 5 years), the area under the curve ranged from 0.75 to 0.81 and the Brier scores ranged from 0.03 to 0.07. The decision curve analysis showed an acceptable clinical net benefit.

Conclusions

The prognostic model incorporating routine baseline data can provide a useful tool for early risk appraisal and treatment management in ART in rural southwestern China. Moreover, our study underscores the role of non-AIDS-defining events in long-term survival in ART.
The Islamic Reformist Mosaic in Muslim Southeast Asia
Authors: Aljunied Khairudin
Published: June 2021

This chapter amplifies John Esposito’s emphasis on the rich diversity of approaches to Islamic thought, focusing attention on Southeast Asia, often considered marginal to Islam’s Arab heartlands but which is in reality the home of the most populous Muslim country, Indonesia. It argues that several Muslim intellectuals have been especially influential in giving rise to what the author terms the “Islamic reformist mosaic” in twentieth-century Muslim Southeast Asia. The term captures the various strands of reformist thinking in Muslim Southeast Asia, each viewing its message of reform as most urgent and important. Even though these strands are diverse, they have coexisted, sometimes in a state of tension, and at other times in dialogue and mutual agreement. Put differently, while differing in their visions and aims, when viewed as a whole, these strands of Islamic reformism form a unified and coherent frame of thought that distinguishes itself from the ultra-traditionalist and ultra-secularist leanings in Southeast Asian Islam. From this vantage point, Islamic reformism is thus a sum of seemingly discordant parts that in its entirety has shaped and pushed the boundaries of Islamic thought in Muslim Southeast Asia in novel directions.
Televangelizing Muslims
Authors: Duffner Jordan Denari
Published: June 2021

In the first two decades of the twenty-first century, Arabic-language Christian television channels have proliferated rapidly, broadcasting their message across the airwaves of the Middle East. One such channel is al-Hayat, which attempts to evangelize Muslim viewers and educate Christians through numerous programs about Islam. Interviews conducted with Jordanian Christians and Muslims indicate that al-Hayat has played a significant role in elevating distrust and suspicion between the two religious communities in Amman, which previously enjoyed more positive and friendly relationships, as well as contributing to a heightened sense of religious affiliation as a part of Jordanians’ personal and communal identities. Al-Hayat is not alone in this; other Christian channels, as well as Muslim ones, have also played a part in heightening security concerns and religious identification. Al-Hayat and some of its counterparts also maintain connections with what is often termed the “Islamophobia industry,” as well as American Christian Zionism—factors that shed light on the channels’ influence and often ambiguous intent. On television sets across the Arab world, Al-Hayat reproduces Western Islamophobic discourse and—whether intentionally or not—serves to enact part of the political mission and eschatological vision for the Middle East espoused by some Christian Zionists.
Introduction: A Snapshot and a Story
Authors: Watts Edward J.
Published: June 2021

Contemporary politicians in places as diverse as the United States, Spain, and the Philippines have built their political careers around claims that their society is in decline and they alone can restore it. These claims often depend not on evidence but on emotion and involve the interpretation of a snapshot using an emotionally resonant story. This rhetoric has a long history, most notably in the Roman Republic, the Roman Empire, and in later European states that claim a connection to Rome.
When Renewal Fails to Arrive
Authors: Watts Edward J.
Published: June 2021

The death of Julian in Persian territory in 363 forced the empire to make a costly and humiliating peace. By the later 360s, the historians Festus and Eutropius helped the emperor Valens use the rhetoric of decline and renewal to build support for a military campaign to avenge Julian’s defeat. Similar rhetoric was used again in the late 370s and early 380s by figures surrounding the emperor Theodosius I as he began a campaign to punish Gothic invaders. When Theodosius failed to do so, he instead embraced the idea of Christian Roman progress and instituted increasingly sweeping restrictions on paganism. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the Altar of Victory controversy, a moment when the pagan senator Symmachus argues that the empire must restore public support for paganism or risk catastrophe. The Christian bishop Ambrose responded that Christianity represented progress toward a better Roman future.
The Fall of Roman Constantinople and the End of Roman Renewal
Authors: Watts Edward J.
Published: June 2021

The Roman Empire that Michael Palaeologus again centered on Constantinople lost significant territory across the fourteenth century to rivals like the Serbian kingdom and the rising Ottoman sultanate. A long Ottoman blockage of the capital that began in 1394 prompted the emperor Manuel II Palaeologus to travel to the West to seek help for the faltering empire. The empire was saved by Tamerlane’s defeat of the Ottomans in 1402 and Manuel then spearheaded a restoration of Roman control over parts of Greece that contemporaries celebrated in terms that evoked past Roman greatness. But the restoration was short lived and Constantinople fell to the Ottomans and their sultan Mehmet II in 1453. As the city fell, the populace waited for divine deliverance that would again spark a Roman recovery—an idea that authors like Ducas persisted in believing even after the city fell.
Conclusion: Roman Decline and Fall in Contemporary America
Authors: Watts Edward J.
Published: June 2021

In the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, Gibbon’s story of Roman decline and fall has frequently inspired attacks on changing elements of modern society. These attacks claim one needs to defend tradition if one wants contemporary society to avoid falling like Rome. Since the late 1960s, Americans as diverse as Ronald Reagan, Phyllis Schlafly, and Ben Carson have used this comparison to attack the welfare system, feminism, and gay marriage. The idea has also been adapted by alt-right figures like Richard Spencer into a call for a restoration of Rome. The book concludes by surveying ancient, medieval, and modern figures like Seneca and Romanus the Melode who suggest how cultural, religious, and material elements of Roman life might have reinforced the power of ideas of Roman decline and renewal by encouraging people to feel a personal connection to the Roman past and the figures who shaped it.
Ding Dong! Avon Calling!
Authors: Manko Katina
Published: June 2021

The Avon Lady was a woman who sold cosmetics door-to-door and earned commissions on her sales. In the 1950s, she became famous in a long-running advertising campaign that featured a two-chime doorbell, “Ding Dong!,” followed by the greeting “Avon Calling!” At that time, more than 250,000 women worked as Avon Ladies, and together they represented the largest female direct sales force in the world. Avon began as the California Perfume Company in 1886. Its founder, David McConnell, had sought to provide women with an independent business opportunity largely hoping to soften the seedy reputation of itinerant peddlers. When the company created the Avon brand of cosmetics in the 1930s, changing its name to Avon Products in 1939, it stood as a leader in the direct selling industry and the only company to hire women exclusively as its representatives. This history explores the business of those representatives and the way they were managed. In the second half of the twentieth century, Avon became the largest direct sales company in the United States, spurred by a growing white suburban market. Avon hesitated until the late 1960s to develop recruiting and sales in the African American market, but by the 1970s it was regarded as a leader in affirmative action programs to diversify its workplace and promote women in management. Still, Avon’s executive suite remained a male preserve until Andrea Jung became its first female CEO in 1999. Although Avon closed its doors in 2016, it had earned a solid reputation as a company by women, and for women.
“Ding Dong! Avon Calling!”
Authors: Manko Katina
Published: June 2021

From the 1950s to the 1970s, Avon increased its representative force from 26,000 to more than 6 million women selling products around the world, and it became a leader in both the direct sales and cosmetics industries. Avon developed its iconic advertising campaign, “Ding Dong! Avon Calling!” which promoted both the distinctive door-to-door sales service to customers as well as a recruiting message to attract women to the business opportunity. Avon became established in new white suburban neighborhoods, then expanded into the African American market in the 1960s. In the 1960s, Avon worked to uphold affirmative action and equal opportunity laws, increasing the number of minority employees in its sales staff as well as its corporate offices and manufacturing facilities. Avon named two women to the board of directors in the 1970s, turning its attention to creating a supportive workplace for women. Public relations campaigns sought to rebrand the direct selling opportunity as a business on par with new career paths opening to women during second wave feminism.
Urban Transformation in Ancient Molise
Authors: Robinson Elizabeth C.
Published: June 2021

This book uses all the available evidence to create a site biography of Larinum from 400 bce to 100 ce, with a focus on the urban transformation that occurs there during the Roman conquest. Larinum, a pre-Roman town in the modern region of Molise, undergoes a unique transition from independence to municipal status when it receives Roman citizenship in the 80s bce shortly after the Social War. Its trajectory illuminates complex processes of cultural, social, and political change associated with the Roman conquest throughout the Italian peninsula in the first millennium bce. This work highlights the importance of local isolated variability in studies of the Roman conquest and provides a narrative that supplements larger works on this theme. Through a focus on local-level agency, it demonstrates strong local continuity in Larinum and its surrounding territory. This continuity is the key to Larinum’s transition into the Roman state, which is spearheaded by the local elites. They participate in the broader cultural choices of the Hellenistic koiné and strive to be part of a Mediterranean-wide dialog that, over time, will come to be dominated by Rome. The case is made for advancing the field of Roman conquest studies under a new paradigm of social transformation that focuses on a history of gradual change, continuity, connectivity, and local isolated variability that is contingent on highly specific issues rather than global movements.
The Inscriptions
Authors: Robinson Elizabeth C.
Published: June 2021

This chapter focuses on the epigraphic evidence from Larinum and its territory as well as examples found in the wider Mediterranean. It begins with a prosopographical discussion of the eight principal families of the town, noting the survival and prominence of local families in the late Republic and early Empire, as well as newly prominent local families under the Roman Empire. The families discussed are the Cluentii, the Didii, the Paquii, the Papii, the Vibii/Vibbii, the Raii, the Coelii, and the Gabbii. These families, along with other residents bearing family names of Oscan origin, appear to have been the chief protagonists of Larinum’s transition into the Roman state. The continuity of the elite as an institution at the site, even if power changes hands between different families, allows for Larinum’s successful incorporation after the conquest. The importance of the epigraphic record for understanding of the social and administrative history is also discussed. The inscriptions provide evidence of linguistic developments in Oscan and early Latin. The patronage inscriptions show Larinum’s desire to forge links with key individuals within the Roman state. The epigraphy also provides information about territorial administration and tribal affiliation, demographics, and intermarriage. This information reinforces the conclusions drawn from looking at Cicero’s Pro Cluentio. The strong evidence of continuity seen in the inscriptions matches the stability seen in the settlement patterns in the territory and supports the conclusion that Larinum’s transition into the Roman state at the hands of the local elites was generally a smooth one.
The Monuments and Artifacts
Authors: Robinson Elizabeth C.
Published: June 2021

This chapter discusses the transformations that occur within the urban center of Larinum during the period of study. After a discussion of the early occupation of the site, it investigates the town’s architecture. Emphasis is on public architecture (the fortification wall, town planning, the presumed forum area, and the amphitheater), sacred architecture (the via Jovine sanctuary, the remains of a portico, and an early Imperial temple), domestic architecture (the atrium house), and a series of funerary monuments. The evidence shows that the commissioners of these works were engaged with trends that were popular throughout the Mediterranean, demonstrating their connection to the broader Hellenistic koiné. This chapter also discusses coins minted at Larinum in the third century bce and ceramics found at the site (both locally produced and imported wares). While the inscriptions show some attention to Rome, the artifacts show that the citizens’ attention was not predominantly focused on interactions with the capital. They provide evidence of Larinum’s links to sites throughout the Mediterranean. Many of the monuments and artifacts are made for a local audience and local trade networks, and serve to maintain the status of the elite families within local power networks. Items that had been identified in the past as markers of a Roman presence in the town, when considered in light of the continuity seen in the settlement patterns and the epigraphy, can now be seen to be commissioned by local people engaged in a Mediterranean-wide cultural and artistic discourse.
Prelude
Authors: Reiter Walter S.
Published: June 2021

Lesson One takes the form of a practical introduction, advising the reader on the basic equipment needed for the course of study. Although various compromises are possible, the advantages of studying on authentic historical instruments as opposed to modern ones are made clear. The objection that studying the Baroque violin or viola will somehow “damage” the player’s modern technique is laid to rest: on the contrary, such study will enhance both one’s technique and one’s understanding of how to make music. The options for acquiring a suitable violin include buying one in its original Baroque condition, reconverting an old one that has been modernized, and buying a modern copy. The choice of a suitable bow is also discussed. There follows a short history of gut strings, a section on how to choose them, and a practical guide to fitting them. The lesson ends with a brief survey of Baroque pitch.
Copying the Human Voice
Authors: Reiter Walter S.
Published: June 2021

This lesson continues the quest for a more rhetorical approach to playing by investigating in fine detail not merely the rhythms but the actual sounds of words, their vowels, consonants, double consonants and dipthongs, as well as their meanings. Ways of replicating these sounds and effects with the bow are explored. The aim is to lay aside cherished principles regarding sound, rhythm, and phrasing and replace them by a pseudo-scientific method aimed at achieving a bow that speaks and obeys only the laws of spoken language. Instead of isolated words, the lesson’s focus is on a song in Italian, composed in 1612 by Sweelinck to be sung or played. There are five specially devised exercises for realizing the text in sound. Although the lesson works from a single line, the score on the website contains both parts: the song can thus be played by two violins or by one violin and a singer.
Five Exercises to Help Accustom You to ‘Chinless’ Playing
Authors: Reiter Walter S.
Published: June 2021

Learning to play without grasping the violin with the chin involves a certain reorganization of the body; this lesson contains five exercises designed to help the body achieve this transition in a comfortable, tension-free way. Special attention is paid to the back and ways of monitoring and releasing tension while actually playing. Exercise 10 encourages the visualization of the ideal state of the back while playing. Exercise 11 demonstrates ways of training the hands to be active while the back and shoulders remain passive; this theme is developed further in Exercise 12. The use of a table for learning to release tension is the focus of Exercise 13, while Exercise 14 shows how to carry out a spot check while playing. Three causes of tension are identified: technical factors, emotional factors, and nerves. These exercises are useful to any violinist or violist, but their principles are equally applicable to any instrumentalist.
The Inner Life of Sound
Authors: Reiter Walter S.
Published: June 2021

One essential element of musical expression is the living sound, capable of holding the constant attention of the audience. This lesson traces that ubiquitous concept from Caccini’s “swelling and abating of the voice” (1602) to the violin études of Mazas (1843). In the Baroque sound world, free from the all-pervasive vibrato of modern times, it was the responsibility of the bow to provide this ‘inner life of sound.’ Based mainly on the writings of Tartini, Geminiani, and Leopold Mozart, all of whom are quoted, this lesson contains five exercises for perfecting the expressive device that guaranteed this living sound, the “Messa di voce.” The many different aspects of its technique, gleaned from the sources, are isolated and explained in detail, from simple pressure with the forefinger to the addition of vibrato: two composers who indicated this device in their compositions, Veracini and Piani, are quoted and illustrated.
In the Footsteps of Corelli
Authors: Reiter Walter S.
Published: June 2021

The influence of Corelli on the op. 2 sonatas of Vivaldi is clear, so in some ways this lesson is a consolidation of the previous ones. It identifies three essential prerequisites to successful interpretation: an unceasing observation and scrutiny of detail, an appraisal of the implications of each detail, and the identification and internalization of the emotions inherent in the music at any given moment. The detailed Observations section incorporates discussions on exclamations, the art of gesture and the use of second position, so important in this repertoire and so often feared by violinists. Alternative methods of shifting are clearly explained and the best places to shift identified, with reference to Tartini and Leopold Mozart. The lesson discusses what the sources say about using open strings, explains why it is important to spot ornamentation within a written text and how that impacts the way we play.
In the Footsteps of Corelli
Authors: Reiter Walter S.
Published: June 2021

Technical information on the basic bow stroke of the giga and dynamic variation within it are the subject of two exercises. The sarabanda is contrasted with that of Corelli (Lesson Seventeen) and the student encouraged to realize the figured bass of this and other movements. Rhythm contains emotional information just as harmony does: altering the rhythms of a melody line by Pergolesi and comparing their impact demonstrates this point. Vivaldi uses syncopations, hemiolas, and ambiguities of time signature, and he tussles with the bass to give his corrente rhythmic interest, so maximizing the rhythmic impact is the purpose of Exercise 87. Last, the student is encouraged to read the by now familiar sonata from the original 1709 edition as a preparation to reading seventeenth-century notation in upcoming lessons. As usual, the lesson is packed with detailed observations of the text and technical and musical information.
Introduction
Authors: Douglas Kenneth
Published: June 2021

Abstract: Bioprinting: To Make Ourselves Anew describes how bioprinting emerged from 3D printing and details the accomplishments and challenges in bioprinting tissues of cartilage, skin, bone, muscle, neuromuscular junctions, liver, heart, lung, and kidney. It explains how scientists are attempting to provide these bioprinted tissues with a blood supply and the ability to carry nerve signals so that the tissues might be used for transplantation into persons with diseased or damaged organs. The book presents all the common terms in the bioprinting field and clarifies their meaning using plain language. The reader will learn about bioink—a bioprinting material containing living cells and supportive biomaterials. Additionally, readers will become at ease with concepts such as fugitive inks (sacrificial inks used to make channels for blood flow), extracellular matrices (the biological environment surrounding cells), decellularization (the process of isolating cells from their native environment), hydrogels (water-based substances that can substitute for the extracellular matrix), rheology (the flow properties of a bioink), bioreactors (containers to provide the environment cells need to thrive and multiply). Further vocabulary that will become familiar includes diffusion (passive movement of oxygen and nutrients from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration), stem cells (cells with the potential to develop into different bodily cell types), progenitor cells (early descendants of stem cells), gene expression (the process by which proteins develop from instructions in our DNA), and growth factors (substances—often proteins—that stimulate cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation). The book contains an extensive glossary for quick reference.
Poetic Form and Psychological Portraiture in Babbitt’s Early Texted Works
Authors: Bernstein Zachary
Published: June 2021

In five early texted works—“The Widow’s Lament in Springtime,” Du, Two Sonnets, Vision and Prayer, and Philomel—Babbitt uses a variety of means to project both poetic form and the psychological life of the characters represented. Trichordal derivation is used to model metaphors of reference, dependency, and layers of psychological action. Divergences between voice and accompaniment can also create layers of agency and implication. In several instances, Babbitt’s desire to reflect the meaning of texts leads him to musical structures that depart from the practice and principles he develops in his instrumental work. Moreover, in all five of these pieces, poetic form—the sonic, syntactic, and visual aspects of poetry—is projected in numerous ways; this is shown to derive from Babbitt’s youthful career in musical theater. Some ways involve the coordination of serial and poetic articulation, and some involve non-serial musical dimensions.
Completeness and Temporality
Authors: Bernstein Zachary
Published: June 2021

Babbitt’s music is constructed from a hierarchy of exhaustive lists, so one can understand completeness in his pieces to be a result of the completion of these lists. In many cases, however, the endings of his pieces are not coordinated with the completion of exhaustive lists. This challenges the significance of the concepts, drawn from cognitive psychology and Schenkerian organicism, that Babbitt uses to justify his hierarchical compositional techniques. A new model of interpreting completeness in Babbitt’s music—drawing inspiration from Jonathan D. Kramer and Jerrold Levinson—is suggested as an alternative approach. Rather than envisioning Babbitt’s music as a processual unfolding of exhaustive lists, this chapter encourages listeners to comprehend his music as made up of interconnected moments cut off by a conventional rhetorical signal indicating closure.
Babbitt’s Gestural Dialectics
Authors: Bernstein Zachary
Published: June 2021

The array structures of Babbitt’s music, which present twelve-tone series fixed in narrow registers, seem abstract and impersonal. Nevertheless, numerous commentators on Babbitt’s music have celebrated the sense of motion the music inspires in its listeners. This chapter explores the tension between the music’s static contrapuntal structures and the dynamic experience that results, drawing from research on musical embodiment by Matthew Baileyshea and Seth Monahan, Candace Brower, Arnie Cox, Robert Hatten, Mariusz Kozak, Justin London, Patrick McCreless, and Andrew Mead. An exploration of these gestural dialectics sheds light on a variety of topics: virtuosity, text setting, the liminal periodicity of Babbitt’s later rhythmic practice, anomalous deviations from serial expectations, closing rhetoric, and partitioning. The chapter ends by discussing how scholars may navigate the distinction between Babbitt’s formalistic prose and the gestural experience of his music.
The Epistemic Pathologies of Elections and the Epistemic Promise of Lottocracy
Authors: Guerrero Alexander
Published: June 2021

There are many ways of evaluating legal and political institutions. This chapter introduces a new way to evaluate legal and political institutions: in terms of their sensibility. I define sensibility as the ability to appreciate and to respond to the world as it is, with two distinct components: (1) appreciating (or understanding or knowing) the world as it is, and (2) responding to the world in light of this appreciation. The first of these concerns the epistemic capacities of institutions. The second of these concerns the agential capacities of institutions. Having introduced the idea of sensibility, the chapter then focuses on a comparison of two different institutional arrangements—(1) electoral representative systems and (2) lottocratic systems of government, as introduced in this chapter—in terms of their epistemic quality or expected epistemic quality. I begin by drawing attention to several concerns about the sensibility of electoral representative institutions, focusing particularly on epistemic pathologies of those institutions. The second part of the chapter discusses an alternative kind of political institution, which I call a lottocratic political institution, and argues that we might well expect these institutions to be more sensible alternatives, at least under some conditions, on epistemic grounds. The negative contribution of the chapter, then, is to raise a series of challenges to the sensibility of electoral representative institutions. The positive contribution of the chapter is to suggest a direction for future institutional thinking, empirical study, and experimentation.
Introduction
Authors: Volpicelli Robert
Published: June 2021

The Introduction to this book provides a framework for analyzing both the “lecture” and the “tour.” The first half presents the lecture as a pervasive yet unexamined authorial practice. It draws on current theories of literary celebrity to demonstrate how lecturing is primarily concerned with the construction of an author’s “personality.” However, it also shows how an analysis of lecturing demands a close attention to live, embodied performance generally lacking among the scholarship in this area. The second half of the Introduction then looks at the social and historical contexts surrounding the US lecture tour. Focusing on the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, it highlights two institutions—the lyceum and the Chautauqua—that were crucial in connecting the practice of lecturing to a larger traveling-show culture that hovered between public education and popular entertainment. Detailing this context underscores how the US lecture tour injected modernist authors into an environment of great social variety where they had to learn how to vary the presentation and performance of their own authorship.
Guru
Authors: Volpicelli Robert
Published: June 2021

Chapter 3 argues that Rabindranath Tagore followed W. B. Yeats in becoming a cultural representative while traveling on the circuit, but it also contends that Tagore’s reception as a popular guru ultimately hampered his ability to engage with political issues in the same way that Yeats had on his tour. More specifically, this chapter considers how this specific reception history evolved across Tagore’s first two US lecture tours, which took place in 1912–13 and 1916–17 respectively. While US audiences certainly played a large part in labeling Tagore as a guru, the poet was also a much cannier manipulator of his own reception than his critics have previously acknowledged. Through his public lecturing on his first tour, Tagore cultivated a spiritual image without playing to certain stereotypes that painted the East as a place of staid contemplation. Yet this effort became much more difficult during his next tour, when he began using his lectures on Hinduism as a platform for waging an explicit anti-colonial campaign. At this point, the poet was met with criticism, not only from Euro-Americans, but also from Bengali immigrants living in the US. This chapter therefore comes to the conclusion that Tagore’s success in altering his identity as a spiritual leader came at the expense of his popularity as an international literary figure.
Coda
Authors: Volpicelli Robert
Published: June 2021

The coda to this book uses modernist authors’ diverse engagements with academic institutions on the US lecture tour as an opportunity to reconsider long-standing scholarly narratives about modernist institutionalization. In particular, it argues that the academic institution is not the closed, autonomous space that critics frequently make it out to be and that modernism’s relocation into the university during the postwar period should not be seen as a retreat from the social world. After highlighting several scenes from this book that reflect an alternative perspective on modernism’s relationship with the university, the coda makes a final call for us to model our contemporary institutions on the US lecture tour’s diverse social engagements as a way of furthering recent efforts in the public humanities.
Introduction
Authors: McMahan Jeff
Published: June 2021

This introduction explains that the chapters that follow were, with a few exceptions, written in honour of Derek Parfit, describes the background to the book, and identifies the book’s main aim, which is to make progress in our thinking about moral issues, particularly in normative ethics, that Parfit rightly believed to be of great importance.
What Is the Opposite of Well-Being?
Authors: Kagan Shelly
Published: June 2021

Typically, discussions of the nature of well-being focus only on the positive elements—those things that directly constitute someone’s being well off or better off. But an adequate theory of well-being also needs to give an account of ill-being, the negative elements that directly constitute being badly off, or worse off. This chapter asks how to extend a particular nonstandard theory of well-being—according to which well-being consists in the enjoyment of objective goods—so as to cover ill-being as well. In effect, then, it tries to discover the opposite of well-being, according to this nonstandard theory. This chapter tries to answer the question: what is ill-being when well-being is enjoying the good? Graphs are used throughout to illustrate the alternative possibilities, and to help display the surprising complexity of the most plausible answers.
Doing Right by Wrong
Authors: Darwall Stephen
Published: June 2021

A striking contrast between Reasons and Persons and On What Matters is the vastly different attitude Parfit takes towards Act Consequentialism. Parfit’s defense of Act Consequentialism against a battery of criticisms in Reasons and Persons was legendary. In On What Matters, however, Parfit remarks that Sidgwick’s act-consequentialist principle of rational benevolence is best regarded, like egoism, as an ‘external rival to morality’. What lies behind this remarkable change in attitude, if not in view, is Parfit’s focus in On What Matters on deontic moral concepts, like wrongness, and their relation to accountability and reactive attitudes like moral blame. This essay explores the details of Parfit’s later views, arguing that he did not go far enough in pursuing this line of thought and that doing so is necessary to bring out the distinctive normativity of deontic moral concepts. Parfit’s claim that the ‘ordinary’ concept of wrongness is indefinable threatens to rob the concept of normativity in the ‘reason-involving sense’. If, however, we understand wrongness in terms of there being reason to blame, lacking excuse, we can account for its distinctive normative contours.
Defence Against Parfit’s Torturers
Authors: McMahan Jeff
Published: June 2021

In the literature on ‘moral mathematics’ prompted by the section with that title in Derek Parfit’s Reasons and Persons, one issue is whether, and if so to what extent, it is wrong to cause a negligible harm to each of a large number of people, and in particular whether doing so could ever be as seriously wrong as causing a substantial harm to one person. The topic in this chapter is the closely related issue of proportionality in defence against those who would inflict only such tiny harms, though on a large number of victims. For example, might a person who would otherwise inflict a tiny harm on each of a large number of people be liable to be killed in defence of those people? The chapter suggests that such a person seems liable to be killed in some cases but not in others, depending on what other people might be doing or on other facts about the context in which the harms would occur. It reviews a range of examples involving the infliction of tiny harms, including Parfit’s example of the Harmless Torturers, that reveal some surprising facts about the conditions and limits of liability to defensive harm.
What Is Harming?
Authors: Gardner Molly
Published: June 2021

A complete theory of harming must have both a substantive component and a formal component. The substantive component, which Victor Tadros calls the ‘currency’ of harm, tells us what I interfere with when I harm you. The formal component, which Tadros calls the ‘measure’ of harm, tells us how the harm to you is related to my action. This chapter surveys the literature on both the currency and the measure of harm. It argues that the currency of harm is well-being and that the measure of harming is best captured by a causal account on which harming is causing a harm. A harm for you is the presence of something intrinsically bad for you or the absence of something intrinsically good for you. Thus, although a counterfactual account of the measure of harm need not distinguish between a harm and a harmful event, the causal account reserves the term ‘harm’, not for a harmful event, but only for its effect. Finally, the chapter shows how a complete theory of harming can help us to answer questions about whether we can harm people with speech, whether we can harm the dead, and how it is possible to harm future generations.
What is Structure? Why Care about It?
Authors: North Jill
Published: June 2021

This chapter explains the notion of structure that will be the focus of the book and illustrates it by means of examples drawn from mathematics and physics. The discussion begins with a simple example of the structure of the Euclidean plane, and goes on to explain how similar ideas apply to physical theories such as Newtonian physics and special relativity. Taken together, the examples illustrate that this notion is implicit in many aspects of our theorizing in physics and mathematics. The chapter also discusses the idea of allowable coordinate systems and reference frames; contrasts the relevant notion of structure with other related notions, including invariance, symmetry, and objectivity; and explains how to compare different types and amounts of structure.
Classical Mechanics
Authors: North Jill
Published: June 2021

This chapter applies our reasoning about structure in physics to two formulations of classical mechanics, Lagrangian and Newtonian mechanics, that are generally taken to be completely equivalent. It argues that these two formulations differ in both the type and amount of structure presupposed by their dynamical laws, as revealed by the invariances of the equations representing the laws as well as the theories’ statespace structures. This suggests that these are not fully equivalent theories: they differ in dynamical structure. There are also various metaphysical differences between them. The chapter goes on to argue that the minimize-structure rule tells us to choose one over the other. Along the way, the idea that preferred or natural coordinate systems indicate underlying structure is discussed.