bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technologies, Teaching, and Learning in Higher Education
Authors: Lodge Jason M.
Published: July 2019

Among all of the activity and commentary about the impact of technology on higher education, there is, unfortunately, not a high proportion of this work that could be described as rigorous or logically sound. There is a tendency for scholars and commentators to take either an overwhelmingly positive position or a skeptical position on the use of teaching technologies, either seeing them as a silver bullet to solve all educational problems, or as a direct route to a hellish, dystopian future. The focus of this bibliography is the subset of journals, books, and articles that are based on sound evidence, are well argued, and are therefore of high quality and high possible utility. As such, the emphasis is on what is known, rather than on conjectures about the utopian or dystopian versions of the future of higher education. The primary focus is on the role and impact of technologies on teaching and student learning. The bibliography is aimed at providing a high-level overview of teaching technologies in higher education from the perspective of sound, evidence-informed pedagogy. The entries in this bibliography also only include those from peer-reviewed outlets (with one key exception). As grey literature tends toward baseless claims and is based more on opinion and conjecture than sound evidence, it has been left out of this bibliography. Also left out are high-level, sensationalist publications written by former university presidents, consulting firms, or star economists and management professors (again with one exception). As these well-known publications tend to make gross generalizations based on little evidence about how teaching and learning actually work, they are of no real use and have therefore not been included. Looking across all the entries provided here, it is evident that many of the key issues that currently occupy those involved in the conceptualization, research, and implementation of technology in teaching in higher education have been of interest for some time. Many of the seminal articles and topics were published a decade or more ago. While there is probably a case for fresh, systematic reviews and possible reconceptualizations of the role technologies are playing in university teaching, the long-established theories still provide a solid basis for understanding current issues. There has, in fact, possibly been a tendency to ignore these theories in favor of the latest trend or tool. So while it may appear that many of the sources cited in this bibliography are out of date, that is far from the case. It is not the new, shiny technologies that should drive innovation in university teaching, but rather the rigorous and scholarly contributions that have stood the test of time. It is those contributions that make up much of the literature included here.
Double Bass
Authors: Romey John
Published: July 2019

The double bass (contrabass, upright bass, string bass, violone) is a large string instrument of three, four, or five strings, made of wood, and played with a bow (arco) or plucked with the fingers (pizzicato). Unique among orchestral string instruments, it shares a history with both viol and violin instrument families. Today it is commonly tuned in fourths with four (E’-A’-D-G) or five (B’/C’-E’-A’-D-G) strings. Other historical tunings include a three-string instrument tuned in fifths (A’-D-G), a four- or five-string “Viennese tuning” (typically F’-A’-D-F#-A, with lowest string optional), and five- and six-string violone tunings: in G (G’-C-F-a-d-g), in A (A’-D-G-b-e-a), or in D (D’-G’-C-E-A-d). It is the only orchestral string instrument with two types of bows—the “overhand” French bow (violin family) and the “underhand” German bow (viol family)—and is the only transposing orchestral string instrument: music is usually notated an octave above sounding pitch (hence the name, double bass, for the instrument’s role in orchestral textures of doubling the violoncello part an octave lower than written). Violones began as the bass voice in viol consorts and realized continuo lines in church, orchestral, and operatic genres. A rich culture of solo and chamber music for a double bass instrument, known today as the Viennese violone, reached a peak of technical virtuosity throughout territories influenced by the Habsburgs between approximately 1750 and the first decade of the 19th century. Other virtuosi, like Domenico Dragonetti and Giovanni Bottesini, both of whom played three-string instruments tuned in fourths, followed in the 19th century. National schools of orchestral playing emerged across Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries alongside the development of the modern orchestra and conservatories. Double bass sections serve essential functions in the orchestra: they add weight, provide dynamic power, reinforce the rhythmic foundation, and shape musical phrases. The 20th century saw a renaissance of double bass virtuosi who inspired the composition of new chamber and solo works for the instrument. In the late 19th century, the double bass also became a common fixture in American ragtime and string bands. The string bass has always served in a supporting role in military and concert bands. It has also maintained a central role in jazz styles since the 1920s, and from the 1940s to the 1960s it was common in American popular musical genres such as country, bluegrass, western swing, rock ’n’ roll, and rockabilly.
Music in Greece
Authors: League Panayotis
Published: July 2019

Located at the geographical and cultural meeting point of Europe, Asia, the Balkans, and North Africa, the Greek peninsula and its islands have always been a crucible of intensive mixture. Egyptian, Phoenician, Persian, Roman, Jewish, Arab, Byzantine, Turkish, Slavic, Albanian, Vlach, Italian, and a myriad other influences are readily apparent in all facets of the millennia-old Hellenic culture, and the music of the Greek world is no exception. It is rooted simultaneously in the modal and rhythmic systems of the ancient Mediterranean and Near East—origins it shares with closely related musical systems in Turkey and the Arab world—and quick to absorb and modify the tonal and harmonic features of European music as well as repertoire from neighboring Balkan nations and beyond. This inherent syncretism is perhaps the most characteristic feature of music in the modern-day Hellenic Republic, the island nation of Cyprus, and their worldwide diaspora of nearly 5 million people. Greek music is also notable for its astonishing diversity; there are at least a dozen regional folk music genres that have more in common with analogous traditions on the other side of the nearest national border than they do with each other, and many of them share neither repertoire nor instruments with other styles played elsewhere in Greece. Like the analogous Sanskrit sangita in the Indian context, the ancient Greek formulation of mousikē—a unified complex of performing arts, presided over by the Muses, that combines instrumental and vocal music, poetry, dance, and theater—remains relevant, as in many genres music, poetry, and dance are deeply intertwined on a structural and semantic level. The most sustained long-term musicological engagement with music in the Greek world has come from scholars of Byzantine chant—the liturgical music of the Eastern Orthodox Church—because of the genre’s close connections with medieval Western chant and the wealth of available manuscripts. Several generations of philologists and folklorists have produced important studies on the oral poetry so central to traditional Greek song, both in comparison to ancient epics such as the Homeric poems and in relation to contemporary regional streams of oral literature. Compared to the substantial body of literature on related traditions in the Balkans, Turkey, and the wider Mediterranean, relatively little work has been done by ethnomusicologists on the folk and popular music of Greece; but a talented generation of young Greek scholars trained in Europe and North America, as well as the exponential growth of ethnomusicology programs at Greek universities, is beginning to reverse this trend. This article seeks to give researchers a broad sense of extant scholarship across the many genres of Greek music, from foundational works in philological folk song studies and chant to ethnographic studies of music and dance across the Greek world and recent contributions to the realms of ethnomusicological theory and minority studies.
Language in Mental Health Disorders
Authors: Tay Dennis
Published: July 2019

Mental health disorders are conditions that disturb thought, mood, behaviors, or combinations of all three. Familiar examples include depression, bipolar disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and schizophrenia. Although symptoms range from mild to severe, they generally affect an individual’s ability to function in daily life and are more common in the 2010s than popularly assumed, according to reporting by the World Health Organization. Language in mental health disorders has been researched in two broad strands. First, many of them are treated by the verbal activity of psychological counseling (or psychotherapy), sometimes called the “talking cure.” Therapists apply clinical methods and interact with clients over multiple sessions to understand and modify their behaviors, cognitions, and emotions. On the one hand, this type of interaction provides rich data for linguists working in sociolinguistics, conversation analysis, (critical) discourse analysis, and pragmatics to investigate the linguistic nature of a socially important activity. On the other hand, a growing number of mental health professionals acknowledge the relevance of linguistic research and offer similar analyses from more clinically oriented perspectives. Both groups of researchers employ diverse methodologies, including discourse analysis, corpus, survey, and (quasi)-experimental techniques on different levels of linguistic phenomena, from words to rhetorical devices such as metaphor. While research into the language of psychotherapy generally assumes that clients have intact language and communication skills that support the treatment process, the second research strand examines the relationships between specific mental health diagnoses and language-related symptoms. Trauma patients, for instance, suffer a loss of ability to produce coherent narratives of their traumatic experiences. Whether language is seen as a treatment resource or target of affliction, one can identify fairly distinct descriptive or prescriptive/interventionist foci in the literature. Descriptively oriented studies are more common in linguistics research and have the fundamental aim of documenting characteristics of language in the underexplored context of mental health. The general assumption of such studies is that all social contexts of language use are of inherent interest. Therefore, research is not primarily aimed at improving how the activities underlying these contexts are conducted; that is, better treatment outcomes. In contrast, prescriptive or interventionist studies are more common in psychological and mental health research. The emphasis is not on understanding linguistic properties, but on the relationship between language variables and treatment processes or outcomes. A survey of both literatures, however, reveals an encouraging movement toward some meeting point in between, and closer collaborative work among linguists and mental health professionals. The growing number of synergistic research resources and publication outlets also reflects this.
Forensic Psychology
Authors: Concannon Alison B. , Huss Matthew T.
Published: July 2019

Forensic psychology is an increasingly popular subset of psychology that broadly speaks to the intersection of psychology and the law. This broad view of forensic psychology encompasses legal and police psychology, some social psychology, and clinical and nonclinical psychological principles that are relevant to this intersection of psychology and law. This bibliography specifically focuses on clinical forensic psychology, the area of forensic psychology that deals directly with the assessment and treatment of those involved in the criminal, civil, and juvenile justice systems. As a result, the citations here do not reflect landmark legal cases, but rather emphasize historically relevant studies and works that have influenced the development of the practice of clinical forensic psychology and empirical articles that discuss important findings in each of the aspects of clinical forensic psychology that are outlined here. This field has grown rapidly in the past thirty years, and many of the sources discussed reflect upon this development and how this has influenced clinical practice. This bibliography contains a section with Textbooks and Handbooks with all other sections addressing Training Models and Graduate School, Assessment, Treatment, and Consultation, Expert Testimony and the Role of the Expert, Psychopathy, Violence Risk Assessment, Sexual Offenders, Civil Commitment, Adjudicative Competence, Insanity, Domestic Violence and Stalking, Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Justice, Child Custody Evaluations, Personal Injury and Discrimination in Civil Law, and a Miscellaneous category for some studies that don’t quite fit into these other categories.
Physiological Ecology of Water Balance in Terrestrial Plants
Authors: Barnes Paul
Published: July 2019

Water is one of the most important environmental factors limiting the growth and production of terrestrial (land) plants. Although water is essential for a number of metabolic, physiological, and growth processes in plants (e.g., turgor maintenance and cell elongation, transport of nutrients and carbohydrates, energy dissipation, and photosynthetic electron transport), most plants consume and store very little water. The vast majority of water that is absorbed by a plant’s root system moves through its vascular tissue (xylem) and is lost to the atmosphere as water vapor in the process of transpiration. It is the net difference between this uptake and loss that determines the overall water balance of a plant. Plant species vary considerably in their abilities to capture soil water, how efficiently they utilize water, and their tolerances to desiccation, and this variation has a number of ecological consequences at scales from individual plants to ecosystems, landscapes, and the globe. Historically, plant physiological ecologists studied the water relations of plant cells, tissues, and organs to better understand the molecular, physiological, anatomical, and morphological mechanisms by which plants have adapted to survive drought and cope with limited water availability. For obvious reasons, these studies were concentrated on plants in extreme moisture-limited ecosystems such as deserts, but water relations research was also conducted in other systems that experience intermittent and seasonal drought. Over time, physiological ecologists began to study the water relationships between plants and soil, examined how plants interacted with one another for this resource, and explored how temporal and spatial variation in soil moisture availability influences species distributions and community organization. The study of ecohydrology is a relatively recent interdisciplinary discipline that seeks to study how hydrological processes influence biological communities and also how these systems, in turn, influence the water cycle. Plant physiological ecologists play an important role in ecohydrology research by studying how water influences ecosystem function and quantifying the role of vegetation in influencing hydrological processes. Finally, plant physiological ecologists are increasingly interested in how changes in water availability driven by climate change affects plants and terrestrial ecosystems, how global change factors (e.g., atmospheric CO2) influence plant water relations, and what role vegetation itself plays in influencing the atmosphere and climate. Below are selected sources that highlight the full breadth of the study of the physiological ecology of water balance in plants. An emphasis is placed on terrestrial plants in non-hydric (i.e., non-flooded) environments and sources include a number of classical as well as contemporary publications.
Environmental Anthropology
Authors: Townsend Patricia K.
Published: July 2019

The term “environmental anthropology” only came into common use in the 1990s. In the upsurge of environmental awareness surrounding the 1992 Rio Summit, the American Anthropological Association (AAA) formed a Task Force on the Environment that worked from 1991 to 1995 and gave rise to a new section of the AAA, the Anthropology & Environment (A&E) Society. The chair of the task force and the founding president of the A&E Society was Emilio F. Moran, an ecological anthropologist, the second president was Carole Crumley, a historical ecologist. Beginning in 2003 the society granted its Julian Steward Award annually to an outstanding monograph in the field, several of which are so indicated in this article. The society quickly attained a membership of several hundred because environmental anthropology was not seen as a new subdiscipline so much as a recognition that anthropologists who identify with various subdisciplines do work that has an environmental dimension. Anthropologists already identified as “ecological anthropologists,” “human ecologists,” or “cultural ecologists” sometimes reserved the term “environmental anthropologist” for those who worked in applied fields or studied environmental organizations and movements. In this article, environmental anthropology is used in the broad sense that has become common, to study environmental issues from the methods of any of the subdisciplines of anthropology: cultural, biological, archaeological, linguistic, and applied. This term has unfortunately led to omitting closely related work from scholars who identify as environmental historians, geographers, political scientists, or economists. Except for a few classic works, this article is limited to works published since the mid-1990s when the field was first recognized by this term.
White-Latino Relations
Authors: Wilkinson Betina Cutaia , Torres-Ramirez Liz
Published: July 2019

The United States is often regarded as a country of immigrants given its long history of immigration. While American Indians are the original inhabitants of this country, whites (individuals with primarily Western European and Anglo Saxon roots) have held most of the social, political, and economic influence in this country since the birth of this nation. A minority group in the United States (in terms of population size and power in general) is Latinos. This racial, ethnic group makes up the largest minority group in the United States and are individuals with direct or indirect ties to Latin America (Latinos is used here as a gender-inclusive term). While Latinos immigrate from various parts of Mexico, Central America, and South America, the largest percentage of Latinos are of Mexican descent. Actually, the largest percentage of immigrants in the United States were born in Mexico. The Latino population in the United States is multifarious. Not only do Latinos differ by national origin but they also differ by nativity, citizenship status, and skin tone, among a variety of characteristics. The term “Latino” is a pan-ethnic term used to describe the Latino population yet not all Latinos identify pan-ethnically. Further, Latinos do not identify by the same race. Since the US Census considers Latino origin an ethnicity, it provides Latinos the opportunity to identify by race. According to the 2010 US Census, the majority of Latinos identify as white (53 percent); some classify themselves as some other race (37 percent); and very few (3 percent) identify as black. Latinos’ increasing presence and emerging social, political, and economic clout has been noticed by many individuals, particularly whites. Some whites have responded positively to Latinos’ presence and influence, yet others have not. This article addresses race relations between whites and Latinos with a focus on what extant research reveals to us regarding whites’ perceptions of immigration with a focus on Latino immigration, Latinos’ views toward whites, and the determinants of white-Latino racial attitudes and relations. The bibliography below begins with a discussion of studies that have established the foundation for our understanding of white-Latino relations. This discussion is followed by a presentation of extant research (primarily from the political science discipline) focused on three major themes. The first theme is perceptions of immigrants and immigration with a focus on the determinants on these attitudes. The second theme of the following studies center on Latinos’ social, economic, cultural, and political incorporation into the United States and whites’ perceptions of their behavior. Lastly, the third major theme focuses on white-Latino racial attitudes, the precursors of coalition formation, and the factors that structure inter-race relations. This article culminates with a discussion of critical data sources that individuals can consult for further research on white-Latino relations.
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in a cystic fibrosis patient
Authors: Bellanger A P , Morisse-Pradier H , Reboux G , Scherer E , Pramil S , Dominique S , Millon L
Published: July 2019

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease caused by repeated inhalation of antigenic substances. We present a case of metalworking fluids (MWFs)-HP sensitized to Pseudomonas oleovorans in a cystic fibrosis patient. This case illustrates that HP diagnosis remains challenging, especially in patients with another pulmonary disease, and that serodiagnosis contributes to identifying the precise microorganism involved. It also demonstrates that P. oleovorans is an important secondary aetiological agent in MWF-HP, less known than Mycobacterium immunogenum.
Radiological Signs of Latent Tuberculosis on Chest Radiography: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Uzorka Jonathan W , Wallinga Jacco , Kroft Lucia J M , Ottenhoff Tom H M , Arend Sandra M
Published: July 2019

Objective

Current guidelines recommend screening for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) with a tuberculin skin test (TST) or interferon gamma release assay (IGRA), or both. Many also recommend chest radiography (CXR), although its added value is uncertain. This systematic review assessed the prevalence of abnormalities suggestive of LTBI on CXR (LTBI-CXR lesions) and evaluated the strength of the association.

Method

We searched 4 databases up to September 2017 and systematically reviewed cross-sectional and cohort studies reporting LTBI-CXR lesions in individuals with a positive TST or IGRA, or both, result. Prevalence estimates were pooled using random effects models and odds ratios (ORs) were used to calculate risk estimates.

Results

In the 26 included studies, the pooled proportion of individuals with LTBI having LTBI-CXR lesions was 0.15 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.12–0.18]. In 16 studies that reported on individuals with LTBI and uninfected controls, LTBI-CXR lesions were associated with a positive TST result ≥ 5 mm or ≥ 10 mm (OR, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.00–5.99; and OR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.38–3.09, respectively) and with a positive QuantiFERON result (OR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.17–3.39) compared to CXR in uninfected controls. Although few studies reported specified lesions, calcified nodules were most frequently reported in individuals with LTBI (proportion, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.02–0.11).

Conclusions

Lesions on CXR suggestive of previous infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis were significantly associated with positive tests for LTBI, although the sensitivity was only 15%. This finding may have added value when detection of past LTBI is important but immunodiagnostic tests may be unreliable.
A Gain-of-Function Screen Reveals Redundant ERF Transcription Factors Providing Opportunities for Resistance Breeding Toward the Vascular Fungal Pathogen Verticillium longisporum
Authors: Fröschel Christian , Iven Tim , Walper Elisabeth , Bachmann Vanessa , Weiste Christoph , Dröge-Laser Wolfgang
Published: July 2019

Verticillium longisporum is a vascular fungal pathogen leading to severe crop loss, particular in oilseed rape. Transcription factors (TF) are highly suited for genetic engineering of pathogen-resistant crops, as they control sets of functionally associated genes. Applying the AtTORF-Ex (Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factor open reading frame expression) collection, a simple and robust screen of TF-overexpressing plants was established displaying reduced fungal colonization. Distinct members of the large ethylene response factor (ERF) family, namely ERF96 and the six highly related subgroup IXb members ERF102 to ERF107, were identified. Whereas overexpression of these ERF significantly reduces fungal propagation, single loss-of-function approaches did not reveal altered susceptibility. Hence, this gain-of-function approach is particularly suited to identify redundant family members. Expression analyses disclosed distinct ERF gene activation patterns in roots and leaves, suggesting functional differences. Transcriptome studies performed on chemically induced ERF106 expression revealed an enrichment of genes involved in the biosynthesis of antimicrobial indole glucosinolates (IG), such as CYP81F2 (CYTOCHROME P450-MONOOXYGENASE 81F2), which is directly regulated by IXb-ERF via two GCC-like cis-elements. The impact of IG in restricting fungal propagation was further supported as the cyp81f2 mutant displayed significantly enhanced susceptibility. Taken together, this proof-of-concept approach provides a novel strategy to identify candidate TF that are valuable genetic resources for engineering or breeding pathogen-resistant crop plants.
Temperature Influence on Pseudothecia Development Stages of Venturia inaequalis in the Western Cape of South Africa
Authors: von Diest S. G. , Meitz-Hopkins J. C. , Rabie A. A. , MacHardy W. E. , Lennox C. L.
Published: July 2019

Pseudothecia development stages of Venturia inaequalis (apple scab) were investigated in two climatically different regions in the Western Cape of South Africa. The aim was to determine the pseudothecial density (PD; pseudothecia per fertile lesion [p/f]) and ascal density (AD; asci per pseudothecium [a/p]) that contributes to defining the potential ascospore dose in a common prediction model of the apple scab infection risk. The PD and AD were compared between Elgin (EL), now considered a warm winter apple-growing region because of climate warming, and Koue Bokkeveld (KB), a cold winter region. In 2012 and 2013, scabbed apple leaves were collected during leaf-drop in KB and EL and overwintered either in their region of origin or in the other region. PD was significantly higher in scabbed leaves collected and overwintered in KB (mean, 24.11 p/f) than in leaves collected in KB and overwintered in EL (mean, 17.11 p/f; P < 0.001). PD of scabbed leaves collected and overwintered in EL (mean, 15.27 p/f) or collected in EL and overwintered in KB (mean, 16.07 p/f) did not differ significantly. Ascal density did not differ significantly in any treatment or season. We concluded that the significantly higher PD of scabbed leaves collected from the cooler region of KB and overwintered in KB compared with scabbed leaves collected in EL or KB and overwintered in EL could be caused by adaptations of V. inaequalis populations to the respective climates. This implied long-term effects of climate warming on apple scab epidemiology and management.
Infection of Blueberry Cultivar ‘Emerald’ with a California Pierce’s Disease Strain of Xylella fastidiosa and Acquisition by Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter
Authors: Burbank Lindsey P. , Sisterson Mark S. , O’Leary Michael L.
Published: July 2019

Bacterial leaf scorch disease caused by Xylella fastidiosa occurs in southern highbush blueberry varieties in the southeastern United States. Susceptibility to X. fastidiosa varies by blueberry cultivar, and these interactions are often strain-specific. Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa is the causal agent of Pierce’s disease in grapevines, and it has been problematic in the San Joaquin Valley of California since the introduction of the glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis). The glassy-winged sharpshooter is known to feed on blueberry, a crop that is expanding in the San Joaquin Valley. Currently, little is known about the potential for the spread of X. fastidiosa between grape and blueberry in this region. The ability of a Pierce’s disease strain of X. fastidiosa from the San Joaquin Valley to cause disease in southern highbush blueberry and the potential for the glassy-winged sharpshooter to transmit X. fastidiosa between blueberry and grapevine were investigated. Experimental inoculations showed that the X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa strain Bakersfield-1 can cause disease in blueberry cv. Emerald, and that the glassy-winged sharpshooter can acquire X. fastidiosa from artificially inoculated blueberry plants under laboratory conditions. Understanding the possibility for X. fastidiosa strains from the San Joaquin Valley to infect multiple crops grown in proximity is important for area-wide pest and disease management.
Most Plasmodiophora brassicae Populations in Single Canola Root Galls from Alberta Fields are Mixtures of Multiple Strains
Authors: Fu Heting , Yang Yalong , Mishra Vachaspati , Zhou Qixing , Zuzak Krista , Feindel David , Harding Michael W. , Feng Jie
Published: July 2019

Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is an important disease on canola in Alberta, Canada. The pathogen is grouped into pathotypes according to their virulence reaction on differential hosts. Multiple pathotypes or strains are known exist in one field, one plant, or even one gall. This study was conducted with the objective of testing the prevalence of the coexistence of multiple strains in a single gall. In all, 79 canola clubroot galls were collected from 22 fields across Northern Alberta in 2018. Genomic DNA extracted from these single galls was analyzed using RNase H-dependent PCR (rhPCR). The rhPCR primers were designed to amplify a partial sequence of a dimorphic gene, with one primer pair specific to one sequence and the other primer pair specific to the alternative sequence. The amplification of both sequences from DNA obtained from a single gall would indicate that it contains two different P. brassicae strains. The rhPCR analyses indicated that the P. brassicae populations in 50 of the 79 galls consisted of more than one strain. This result emphasizes the need for cautious interpretation of results when a single-gall population is subject to pathotyping or being used as inoculum in plant pathology research. It also confirms that the maintenance of pathotype diversity within single root galls is a common occurrence which has implications for the durability, and stewardship, of single-gene host resistance.
Fungicides for Control of Downy Mildew on Pickling Cucumber in Michigan
Authors: Goldenhar Katelyn E. , Hausbeck Mary K.
Published: July 2019

Michigan growers rely on fungicides to limit cucurbit downy mildew (CDM), incited by Pseudoperonospora cubensis; resistance of the pathogen to fungicides is a concern. We evaluated fungicides against CDM in Michigan field studies from 2015 to 2017. According to the relative area under the disease progress curve (rAUDPC), in 2015, mandipropamid, propamocarb, fluxapyroxad/pyraclostrobin, copper octanoate, and dimethomorph resulted in disease levels similar to the control. These treatments, along with cymoxanil, were similar to the control in 2016. Fungicides that were ineffective during 2015 and 2016 did not limit CDM in 2017. Famoxadone/cymoxanil and fluopicolide did not limit CDM in 2017. Each year, the following treatments were similar for disease based on rAUDPC data: oxathiapiprolin applied alone or premixed with chlorothalonil or mandipropamid, ametoctradin/dimethomorph, fluazinam, mancozeb/zoxamide, cyazofamid, and ethaboxam. An exception occurred in 2017, when ethaboxam was less effective than fluazinam, oxathiapiprolin/chlorothalonil, and oxathiapiprolin/mandipropamid. Mancozeb and chlorothalonil treatments were similar in 2015 and 2017, according to rAUDPC data. In 2017, yields were increased for oxathiapiprolin/chlorothalonil, oxathiapiprolin/mandipropamid, mancozeb, ametoctradin/dimethomorph, mancozeb/zoxamide, ethaboxam, cyazofamid, chlorothalonil, and fluazinam compared with the untreated control.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Larkin Gail , Bellomo Tamara , Caze Lenel
Published: July 2019

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), a common congenital heart disease, is the leading cause of sudden cardiac death in adolescents, young adults, and athletes. Older adults with HCM are less likely to experience sudden cardiac death, but their quality of life can be impaired. This article discusses diagnostic criteria, treatments, and nursing interventions, including patient teaching, for adults with HCM.
In Pursuit of Honors: A Multi-Institutional Study of Students’ Perceptions of Clerkship Evaluation and Grading
Authors: Bullock Justin L. , Lai Cindy J. , Lockspeiser Tai , O’Sullivan Patricia S. , Aronowitz Paul , Dellmore Deborah , Fung Cha-Chi , Knight Christopher , Hauer Karen E.
Published: July 2019

Purpose

To examine medical students’ perceptions of the fairness and accuracy of core clerkship assessment, the clerkship learning environment, and contributors to students’ achievement.

Method

Fourth-year medical students at 6 institutions completed a survey in 2018 assessing perceptions of the fairness and accuracy of clerkship evaluation and grading, the learning environment including clerkship goal structures (mastery- or performance-oriented), racial/ethnic stereotype threat, and student performance (honors earned). Factor analysis of 5-point Likert items (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree) provided scale scores of perceptions. Using multivariable regression, investigators examined predictors of honors earned. Qualitative content analysis of responses to an open-ended question yielded students’ recommendations to improve clerkship grading.

Results

Overall response rate was 71.1% (666/937). Students believed that being liked and particular supervisors most influenced final grades. Only 44.4% agreed that grading was fair. Students felt the clerkship learning environment promoted both mastery and performance avoidance behaviors (88.0% and 85.6%, respectively). Students from backgrounds underrepresented in medicine were more likely to experience stereotype threat vulnerability (55.7% vs 10.9%, P < .0005). Honors earned was positively associated with perceived accuracy of grading and interest in competitive specialties while negatively associated with stereotype threat. Students recommended strategies to improve clerkship grading: eliminating honors, training evaluators, and rewarding improvement on clerkships.

Conclusions

Participants had concerns around the fairness and accuracy of clerkship evaluation and grading and potential bias. Students expressed a need to redefine the culture of assessment on core clerkships to create more favorable learning environments for all students.
A Continuum of Innovation: Curricular Renewal Strategies in Undergraduate Medical Education, 2010–2018
Authors: Novak Daniel A. , Hallowell Ronan , Ben-Ari Ron , Elliott Donna
Published: July 2019

Purpose

Since 2010, medical schools across the United States have engaged in a new cycle of curricular revision and renewal for their undergraduate medical curricula. But what structures, features, and trends have emerged in U.S. medical schools as a result of deliberate curricular redesign efforts? An analysis of the ways that medical schools have approached the reorganization of their curricula to prepare their students for the growing complexity of medical practice is presented.

Method

This study drew a total pool of 40 U.S. MD-granting programs, of which 25 met the inclusion criteria for the study. The authors used a qualitative coding approach to materials from the undergraduate medical education (UME) program websites to identify 4 dimensions of strategies that these programs used to renew their curricula.

Results

The analysis of the curricular maps and website content of the UME programs provided evidence for a continuum approach to the description of innovation strategies: 96% of schools employed a cohort-based linear pathway, 80% of schools used thematic basic science blocks, 47% placed their Step 1 exams outside of the second year, and 68% moved their clerkships to the second year.

Conclusions

The Continuum of Innovation strategies will enable programs to renew their curricula in ways that promote deliberate curricular changes that are consistent with emerging needs in the field. This study and future research may be useful for UME programs with limited resources by providing consensus practices that enable them to plan curricular changes in ways that best serve their institutions.
Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge Among Medical Educators: What Is Our Readiness to Teach With Technology?
Authors: Youm Julie , Corral Janet
Published: July 2019

Purpose

This study aimed to empirically assess medical educator knowledge of pedagogy and technology to inform the direction of faculty development efforts.

Method

The technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) framework survey is a validated instrument for understanding educators’ knowledge of content (CK), pedagogy (PK), and technology (TK) in teaching. A modified version of the TPACK was administered to medical educators (N = 76) at 2 public institutions: University of California, Irvine School of Medicine (UC Irvine); and University of Colorado School of Medicine (CU).

Results

An independent-samples t test compared TK with PK and CK within each institution. The means of TK (UC Irvine: 3.4; CU: 3.4) and both PK for didactic sessions (UC Irvine: 3.9; CU: 4.4) and PK for clinical settings (UC Irvine: 4.0; CU: 4.4) were compared using a t test and statistically different, P < .01. Similarly, the means of TK and CK (UC Irvine: 4.5; CU: 4.7) were statistically different, P < .01. A Wilcoxon rank sum test indicated that the CU PK for a didactic session (mean: 4.4) was greater than the UC Irvine PK for a didactic session (mean: 3.9), P < .01. Similarly, the CU PK for a clinical setting (mean: 4.4) was greater than the UC Irvine PK for a clinical setting (mean: 4.0), P < .01.

Conclusions

There is a clear need for faculty development programs for medical educators to focus on how to teach with technology if medical schools continue to adopt technology within their curricula.
Learning Conversations: An Analysis of the Theoretical Roots and Their Manifestations of Feedback and Debriefing in Medical Education
Authors: Tavares Walter , Eppich Walter , Cheng Adam , Miller Stephen , Teunissen Pim W. , Watling Christopher J. , Sargeant Joan
Published: July 2019

Feedback and debriefing are experience-informed dialogues upon which experiential models of learning often depend. Efforts to understand each have largely been independent of each other, thus splitting them into potentially problematic and less productive factions. Given their shared purpose of improving future performance, the authors asked whether efforts to understand these dialogues are, for theoretical and pragmatic reasons, best advanced by keeping these concepts unique or whether some unifying conceptual framework could better support educational contributions and advancements in medical education.

The authors identified seminal works and foundational concepts to formulate a purposeful review and analysis exploring these dialogues’ theoretical roots and their manifestations. They considered conceptual and theoretical details within and across feedback and debriefing literatures and traced developmental paths to discover underlying and foundational conceptual approaches and theoretical similarities and differences.

Findings suggest that each of these strategies was derived from distinct theoretical roots, leading to variations in how they have been studied, advanced, and enacted; both now draw on multiple (often similar) educational theories, also positioning themselves as ways of operationalizing similar educational frameworks. Considerable commonality now exists; those studying and advancing feedback and debriefing are leveraging similar cognitive and social theories to refine and structure their approaches. As such, there may be room to merge these educational strategies as learning conversations because of their conceptual and theoretical consistency. Future scholarly work should further delineate the theoretical, educational, and practical relevance of integrating feedback and debriefing.
Safety of 6-week Neonatal Triple-combination Antiretroviral Postexposure Prophylaxis in High-risk HIV-exposed Infants
Authors: Anugulruengkitt Suvaporn , Suntarattiwong Piyarat , Ounchanum Pradthana , Srirompotong Ussanee , Jantarabenjakul Watsamon , Sophonphan Jiratchaya , Punnahitanon Sunti , Pancharoen Chitsanu , Cressey Tim R. , Chokephaibulkit Kulkanya , Puthanakit Thanyawee
Published: July 2019

Background:

Combination antiretroviral drug regimens are increasingly preferred for neonatal postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) among HIV-exposed infants with high-risk of transmission. We evaluated the adverse events associated with the use of zidovudine (ZDV)/lamivudine (3TC)/nevirapine (NVP) for neonatal PEP during the first 6 weeks of life.

Methods:

A prospective cohort of non-breast-fed HIV-exposed infants was conducted at 5 clinical sites in Thailand. Study population included 100 high-risk HIV-exposed infants (maternal HIV RNA > 50 copies/mL prior to delivery or received antiretroviral therapy less than 12 weeks) and 100 low-risk HIV-exposed neonates. High-risk infants received ZDV/3TC/NVP for 6 weeks whereas low-risk HIV-exposed neonates received a 4-week regimen of ZDV. Complete blood count, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase were assessed at birth, 1, 2 and 4 months of life.

Results:

From October 2015 to November 2017, 200 infants were enrolled, of which 18.5% had low birth weight < 2500 g. The proportion of infants with anemia grade 2 or higher at 1 and 2 months of life between ZDV/3TC/NVP and ZDV prophylaxis was 48.5% vs 32.3% (P=0.02); nevertheless, severe anemia (grade 3) was not significantly different; 9.2% vs 10.2% (P=0.81), respectively. At 1 month old, infants on ZDV/3TC/NVP prophylaxis had significantly higher grade 2 anemia versus infants on ZDV alone (33.0% vs 13.4%; P=0.001); however, no difference was observed at 2 months old. No differences in neutropenia or hepatotoxicity between infant prophylactic regimens were observed.

Conclusions:

Triple antiretroviral neonatal PEP with ZDV/3TC/NVP for 6 weeks in high-risk HIV-exposed infants did not significantly increase the risk of short-term toxicity compared with ZDV-monotherapy prophylaxis.
A potential role for T-type calcium channels in homocysteinemia-induced peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Gaifullina Aisylu S. , Lazniewska Joanna , Gerasimova Elena V. , Burkhanova Gulshat F. , Rzhepetskyy Yuriy , Tomin Andriy , Rivas-Ramirez Paula , Huang Junting , Cmarko Leos , Zamponi Gerald W. , Sitdikova Guzel F. , Weiss Norbert
Published: July 2019

Homocysteinemia is a metabolic condition characterized by abnormally high level of homocysteine in the blood and is considered to be a risk factor for peripheral neuropathy. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying toxic effects of homocysteine on the processing of peripheral nociception have not yet been investigated comprehensively. Here, using a rodent model of experimental homocysteinemia, we report the causal association between homocysteine and the development of mechanical allodynia. Homocysteinemia-induced mechanical allodynia was reversed on pharmacological inhibition of T-type calcium channels. In addition, our in vitro studies indicate that homocysteine enhances recombinant T-type calcium currents by promoting the recycling of Cav3.2 channels back to the plasma membrane through a protein kinase C–dependent signaling pathway that requires the direct phosphorylation of Cav3.2 at specific loci. Altogether, these results reveal an unrecognized signaling pathway that modulates the expression of T-type calcium channels, and may potentially contribute to the development of peripheral neuropathy associated with homocysteinemia.
Texture Analysis of Magnetic Resonance Enterography Contrast Enhancement Can Detect Fibrosis in Crohn Disease Strictures
Authors: Tabari Azadeh , Kilcoyne Aoife , Jeck William R. , Mino‐Kenudson Mari , Gee Michael S.
Published: July 2019

Objective:

The aim of the study was to investigate if texture analysis of contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) images can determine Crohn disease (CD) stricture histologic type.

Materials and Methods:

A radiology report database query identified 25 pediatric patients with established CD who underwent MRE followed by bowel resection within 30 days. MRE images were reviewed to identify strictures on enteric phase T1‐weighted fat‐suppressed images, that were matched with sites of histologic sectioning. Regions of interest were drawn over the bowel wall and texture analysis was performed using TexRAD software (Cambridge, UK), with skewness, mean, entropy and standard deviation parameters assessed. A pathologist reviewed all stricture histology specimens to assess for active mucosal inflammation and mural fibrosis. Multivariate logistic regression and analysis of variance were performed to identify texture features associated with stricture fibrosis.

Results:

Sixty‐four bowel segments from 25 patients (mean age 16 ± 2 years) with imaging‐histologic correlation were included. Of note, all strictures included had undergone surgical resection with MRE imaging available within 30 days. The histologic distribution of these bowel segments included 9 segments that showed active inflammation without fibrosis, 23 segments that showed only fibrosis, and 32 mixed segments with concomitant active inflammation and fibrosis. Bivariate regression analysis demonstrated that skewness, standard deviation, entropy, and mean texture analysis features are independently associated with stricture fibrosis. Stepwise logistic regression showed that the combination of mean, skewness, and entropy texture predicted stricture fibrosis with a goodness‐of‐fit value of 0.995. A combination of threshold values for these 3 texture analysis parameters was able to correctly classify 100% of the strictures in the study cohort for presence (55/55) and absence (9/9) of fibrosis.

Conclusions:

MRE texture analysis (MRE‐TA) texture features can differentiate CD stricture types and accurately detect fibrosis.