bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interpersonal Resistance to Change: A Study of a Fat Woman Who Became Thin
Authors: Oremland Jerome D.
Published: May 2005

The paper reports on the psychoanalytically-oriented psychotherapy of a very obese woman who, after a rather prolonged therapy, “decided” to reduce. During the weight loss process, significant reactions were noted from her son, daughter, brothers, sisters-in-law, customers, employees, husband, and therapist, which became crucial interferences with the continuing weight loss and specific resistances in the therapy. The identification of and the working through of these resistances significantly increased and consolidated her self-understanding. In that the response to major psychological changes was minimal as compared to the response to her physical change, it is hypothesized that physical change is more basically related to sense of self-continuity and hence more threatening to experience and observe.
The Self-Transacting Dying: Patterns of Social-Psychological Adaptation in Home Hospice Patients
Authors: Dobratz Marjorie C.
Published: May 2005

This study explored the perceptions and reactions of individuals as they dealt with the dying process. As part of a triangulated methodology, the grounded theory method recorded, coded, and analyzed the spontaneous responses of 97 adult home hospice patients. The central construct that emerged was self-transactions. The self-transacting dying was represented by higher and lower patterns of social-psychological integration that reflected the cognition, feelings, and meanings of one's death as well as the supportive others who sustained them. The seven patterns of the self-transacting dying were: transcending; becoming; reconciling; agonizing; avoiding; relinquishing; and repressing. Along with the seven patterns, the self-transactions included a core concept called the integrating forces. The integrating forces were the person/environment influences and a dialectical motion between positive and negative forces of these influences.
The Influence of Infant Food Advertising on Infant Feeding Practices in St. Vincent
Authors: Greiner Ted , Latham Michael C.
Published: May 2005

A survey designed to examine the extent to which infant food advertising could be shown measurably to influence infant feeding practices was carried out in St. Vincent in the eastern Caribbean. A questionnaire was administered to mothers of about 200 children one to two years old, nearly a complete sample in each of two towns. Infant food advertising was found to be uncommon. The typical infant feeding pattern, largely a combination of both breast and bottle feeding, had existed for decades. Despite the fact that this was not a very appropriate setting for such a study, and that there were a number of methodological constraints, the results of two multiple regression analyses suggested that the more a mother was influenced by infant food advertising, the sooner she began to bottle feed and the sooner she stopped breastfeeding. The cessation of all promotion of commercial infant foods, to the public as well as to health professionals, is called for.
Latinos and Anglos: Cultural Experiences of Grief Intensity
Authors: Grabowski Jo-Anne , Frantz Thomas T.
Published: May 2005

There is little research evidence in the United States literature on grief within the Latino culture. The main purpose of this study was to examine differences in grief intensity, following both sudden and expected death, between groups of Latino and Anglo individuals. Volunteer participants, fifty Latino and fifty Anglo, were surveyed using the Texas Revised Inventory of Grief (English version and translated into Spanish) to assess grief intensity. Using primarily a 2 × 2 multivariate analysis of variance, it was found that Latinos grieving sudden death have a significantly greater grief intensity than Latinos grieving expected death and than Anglos grieving either kind of death. Among participants, neither funeral attendance, time since death, nor closeness of relationship had any significant effect on grief intensity. Additionally, among Latino participants, neither participation in a novena nor acculturation had a significant effect on grief intensity.
Using Technology to Teach Preservice Students about Locating Information in the Academic Library
Authors: Toifel Ronald C. , Franklin Godfrey
Published: May 2005

Students from five educational foundations classes were tested using an identical pretest and posttest which contained questions designed to ascertain their knowledge and skill in utilizing library technology to obtain research information. The purpose of the study was to determine if the present bibliographic instruction methods used by instructor librarians in the library's computer classroom were effective by using the t-test to determine the results of the mean difference between the pretest and posttest scores of those students who attended the bibliographic instruction session and those who did not attend.
Two-Step Drug Education in Norway
Authors: Baklien Bergljot
Published: May 2005

A survey of drug education in Norwegian lower secondary schools showed that almost one-fourth of the programs were based on a two-step model, which is described in this article. The intensive courses were socially successful, and created motivation, enthusiasm, and changes of attitudes. More than 90 percent of the participants carried out the second step of the teaching. There were important differences from one school to another in regard to how the pilot pupils, and their teaching program, were received. They found it difficult to find sufficient time for their programs, and sometimes hard to keep their classmates in order. Most of the classmates found the teaching in the second step interesting, but they had little belief in the preventive effect.
Labor Law and Physicians' Privileged Position: An Example of Structural Interest Influence
Authors: Swiercz Paul M. , Skipper James K.
Published: May 2005

Health care delivery in the United States may be characterized as a dynamic system of conflicting interest groups. Since the reorganization of the medical profession in 1910, however, physicians have been able to maintain their position as a dominant structural interest group. A dominant structural interest in one which is served by the structure of social, economic, and political institutions. It does not have to reorganize continuously to protect its privileged position.

Although several medical sociologists have noted the privileged position of physicians, few have attempted to explicate the process of status maintenance. This paper examines the development of labor law in health care as one example of structural interest influence. Labor law provides an excellent illustration of this influence in that its development and application are far removed from the physicians' sphere of direct influence. It is demonstrated that the ideology that physicians should hold a privileged position is so ingrained that their interests are protected even in their absence.
Environmental Pollution, Social Costs, and Health Policy in the United States
Authors: Plessas Demetrius J.
Published: May 2005

National environmental policy as it is presently conceived has excluded a wide array of problems stemming from the degradation of the human and social environments and has placed sole emphasis on the marginal relationships between pollution levels and disease rates and property damages, with federal environmental expenditures clearly reflecting these views. This paper argues that the term “environmental pollution” ought to be broadened to include social environmental problems. For policy purposes, the conversion of the pollution/health-property interface into social costs is more relevant than the mere documentation of this interface. Social environmental concerns, presently neglected and underfunded, account for over 80 per cent of the total social costs of pollution and as such should attract greater attention and investment from the federal government, which currently allocates more than 90 per cent of its environmental expenditures to physical pollution areas such as land, water, and air.
Depersonalization in the Face of Life-Threatening Danger: An Interpretation
Authors: Noyes Russell , Kletti Roy
Published: May 2005

Depersonalization is a frequent reaction to life-threatening danger. As an adaptive pattern of the nervous system it alerts the organism to its threatening environment while holding potentially disorganizing emotion in check. As a psychological mechanism it defends the endangered personality against the threat of death and, at the same time, initiates an integration of that reality. And, as a meaningful experience, a mystical elaboration of the phenomenon may achieve spiritual significance. This type of encounter with death may be followed by a sense of rebirth.
Teaching Word Analysis with Math and Engineering Terms
Authors: Price A. Rae
Published: May 2005

When science and engineering students apply their analytic skills to the study of words, they make several discoveries: that words have components just as machines have components; that many of these word components are already known to them; and that world analysis frequently pays off in making sense out of familiar words and in making unknown words familiar. Result: greater comfort with their growing vocabularies and increased enthusiasm for language study.
“Meanings” toward Death: A TST Strategy
Authors: Bakshis Robert , Correll Michael , Duffy Myra , Grupp Stanley E. , Hilliker James , Howe Thomas , Kawales Gail , Schmitt Raymond L.
Published: May 2005

This paper describes a new method for operationalizing attitudes toward death utilizing the Twenty Statements Test format and emphasizes the social and symbolic nature of these attitudes. A theoretical rationale and empirical data are presented. Responses to the “What is Death?” question were obtained from seventy-nine nurses. Seventeen categories were generated from a content analysis of these responses. Coding reliability checks produced substantial agreement. Subjects expressed varied and contradictory meanings toward death which included religious, nonreligious as well as favorable and unfavorable attitudes. The TST strategy is uniquely appropriate for tapping the social, symbolic, and contradictory meanings that are often held of death.
Social Conflict and Social Change with Development of a Health Education Complex
Authors: Quinones Mark A. , Foster James , Doyle Kathleen M. , Wysession Alex
Published: May 2005

Social conflict theory is used as the framework in which the controversy surrounding the establishment of a medical/dental school complex in the heart of the black community of Newark, New Jersey, is examined. The roles of community leaders, medical/dental professionals and state and federal officials are scrutinized. The implications of the outcome of the struggle for understanding conflict theory as a health educational tool are discussed.
Natural Indicators of Lithic Artifact Authenticity
Authors: Howard Calvin D.
Published: May 2005

Lithic artifact replicas represent a threat to the scientific study of regional artifact collections. Elimination of their potentially negative effect on the validity of the data resulting from these studies requires effective artifact authentication analysis. Artifact surface alterations and authigenic deposits that have resulted from post-depositional pedological processes can serve as a basis for these analyses. These surface conditions include erosion, gloss, desert vanish, stain, bleach, corrosion, encrustation, and mineral deposits. A combination of these surface conditions is strong evidence of antiquity, and coupled with the absence of evidence of modern manufacturing, provides a sound basis for authentication.
When Seeing is Not Believing: The Effects of Contextual Variables on the Reports of Hypnotic Hallucinators
Authors: Spanos Nicholas P. , Bridgeman Michael , Stam Henderikus J. , Gwynn Max , Saad Carol Lynne
Published: May 2005

When administered a hallucination suggestion most high susceptible hypnotic and task-motivated subjects reported that they “saw” the suggested object. When asked what they meant by “saw,” however, almost all indicated that they had imagined the object but did not believe that it had actually been present. On the other hand, simulating subjects maintained that the suggested object had been “really there.” Simulators were also more likely than non-simulators to provide “life-like” descriptions of the suggested object (e.g., solid rather than transparent, colored, highly vivid). These findings are consistent with the view that hypnotic hallucinations are context-generated imaginings. They also indicate that unique or unusual psychological processes like “trance logic” need not be posited to account for the descriptions of “hallucinatory” experiences proffered by hypnotic subjects.
“Besides Moreover However and but” Conjunctions—Order Out of Confusion
Authors: Jordan Michael P.
Published: May 2005

Few technical writers and editors understand the roles and importance of conjunctions. In fact, many find it hard to distinguish between otherwise and alternatively, between while and whereas, and between however and hence—imprecisions that too often lead to unclear writing or even technical inaccuracies. This paper uses a practical linguistic approach to describe word types that couple sentence patterns: those that subordinate a clause to the main part of a sentence pattern; those that conjoin clauses, phrases, or words; and those that connect clauses together. A “Table of Couplers” groups the main conjunctions into sub-sets according to meaning, thus allowing comparison and easy selection of the most appropriate word.
Understanding through Language
Authors: Mullen James J.
Published: May 2005

Although language is our chief means of communication, there are a number of problems connected with its use. A writer must be aware of these problems and learn to overcome them if he is to be understood by his readers.

Some of the problems are: 1. Our language system is not adequate to meet all needs. 2. Words themselves do not have “meaning”—people give them meaning. 3. “Meaning” has several dimensions including denotative, connotative, structural and contextual. The writer must give attention to all of these types of meaning. 4. There is a basic conflict between maximum accuracy in writing and maximum understanding in reading.

One of the most valuable tools used in improving understanding is redundancy. A reader's understanding level must be low if the rate of information flow exceeds his capacity to deal with it.
The Development of the Concept of Suicide in Children
Authors: Normand Claude L. , Mishara Brian L.
Published: May 2005

This study evaluated the development of the concept of suicide in sixty children ages six to eleven. It was hypothesized that children's understanding of the concept of suicide would be related to their age, cognitive development, maturity of the concept of death, experiences with death and suicide, and attitudes toward suicide. Twenty children in each of the grades one, three, and five were interviewed using open-ended and structured questions to evaluate these concepts. We found that 10 percent of first graders, 50 percent of third graders, and 95 percent of fifth graders have a basic understanding of suicide. Attitudes toward suicide were neutral or negative. Results from regression analyses confirmed that, among those who knew what “suicide” meant, the concept of suicide was significantly related to the concept of death and experiences with death, and it was also related to age when all participants were considered. When only simple correlations were considered, age is significantly related, as are experiences with suicide and cognitive development for the entire sample. Contrary to popular beliefs, children develop detailed knowledge of suicide early in life, and the concept of suicide relates to the development of the concept of death.
Attitudes of Physicians on Disclosing Information to and Maintaining Life for Terminal Patients
Authors: Carey Raymond G. , Posavac Emil J.
Published: May 2005

Four parallel surveys were made comparing physicians with nurses, hospital chaplains, and a non-hospital sample of college students on their attitudes toward informing terminal patients of their conditions and toward active and passive euthanasia. The present study supports the hypothesis that the apparent contradiction among recent reports on the attitudes of physicians may be due to a shift toward more openness with terminal patients on the part of physicians over the last decade. With respect to sustaining life in terminal patients, there was almost unanimous support for passive euthanasia (i.e. not using extraordinary means) among all four groups of respondents. However, active euthanasia (mercy killing) received majority approval only from student nurses and college students.
The Psychological Theory of Michael Balint
Authors: Morse Stephen J.
Published: May 2005

Discussed here are some of Michael Balint's contributions in the field of two-person psychology: his observations upon the importance of object-relations in human development, his theoretical presentation of the concept of the “basic fault,” and his description of two character types, the ocnophil and the philobat. A concluding statement attempts to link Balint's theoretical concepts to issues of health and maturity as encountered by physicians in general medical practice.
Impact of Vitamin B6 Status on Psychological Distress in a Longitudinal Study of HIV-1 Infection
Authors: Shor-Posner Gail , Feaster Daniel , Blaney Nancy T. , Rocca Hugo , Mantero-Atienza Emilio , Szapocznik Jose , Eisdorfer Carl , Goodkin Karl , Baum Marianna K.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

Inadequate vitamin B6 status has been associated with altered neuropsychiatric function, possibly through its effect on the metabolism of neurotransmitters, including serotonin (5-HT). The present eighteen month longitudinal study evaluated the relationship between vitamin B6 status and psychological distress in HIV-1 infected individuals, controlling for the influence of negative life events, social support and coping style.

Method:

Biochemical measurements of nutritional status, and dietary intake evaluations were obtained in HIV-1 seropositive homosexual men, (at baseline: CDC Stages II and III, n = 70; Stage IVA, IVC2 n = 18) at six month intervals. Alterations in nutrient status (e.g., vitamin B6 adequate to inadequate; inadequate to adequate), were compared with changes in psychological distress, measured by the Profile of Mood States, using a multiple regression analysis.

Results:

A significant decline in psychological distress was demonstrated with normalization of vitamin B6 status from inadequate to adequate status ( p < 0.02). A decrease in psychological distress was also observed with increased tryptophan intake in subjects who were vitamin B6 adequate ( p < 0.02).

Conclusions:

Significant effects for the nutritional variables remained even when negative life event stressors, social support, and coping style were controlled, suggesting that vitamin B6 status may be an important co-factor in determining level of psychological distress over time in HIV-1 infected individuals.
A Program to Reduce Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease in the Czech Republic: Design and Methods of the Healthy Dubec Project
Authors: Albright Cheryl L. , Farquhar John W. , Havel Richard , Frost Philip , Palmer Sushma , Komárek Lumír , Lhotská Ludmila , Osancová Katerina , Janovská Jarmila , Okénková Jaroslava , Kebza Vladimir , Roth Zdenek , Vignerová Jana , Poledne Rudolf , Andel Michal , Málková Jana , Herman Dalibor , Kraml Pavel
Published: May 2005

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality rates in the Czech Republic are among the highest in the industrialized world. Due to the substantial burden CVD plays on the health and well being of the Czech society, a variety of health promotion/disease management strategies to reduce CVD risk need to be designed and implemented. A project that combined community-based health education programs designed to address pervasive perceptions and cultural traditions that influence lifestyle factors, with secondary and tertiary prevention clinical strategies to aggressively treat high-risk individuals was recently conducted in Dubec, a small Czech community. This article describes the methods used in this project (i.e., the Healthy Dubec Project) which took American-based technology and experiences in community risk reduction methods and clinical management strategies for high risk patients and adapted them to fit the Czech people and their attitudes about CVD risk behaviors.
How Important is Technical Writing? — A Survey of the Opinions of Successful Engineers
Authors: Davis Richard M.
Published: May 2005

This article concerns a survey made by the author to determine the importance of technical writing to prominent engineers. Specific items discussed are the place of technical writing in the engineering curriculum and what should be included in a technical writing course. The results of a lengthy questionnaire are given, with some individual comments.
Training Trainers of Primary Health Care Workers: Kiribati
Authors: Hoff Wilbur
Published: May 2005

The importance of training trainers is often overlooked in considering the task of training primary health care workers. The results of a WHO-assisted project to train nurse-trainers in Kiribati (Gilbert Islands) are described and guidelines for training of trainers in LDC's provided. The necessity of adequate preparation in all aspects of the training process is stressed: training design, teaching methods, PHC content, and training evaluation.
Institutional Commitment to Diversity and Multiculturalism through Institutional Transformation: A Case Study of Olivet College
Authors: Walters Evon
Published: May 2005

Olivet College is a private, residential liberal arts college in central Michigan that enrolls approximately 900 students. The College was founded in 1844 by abolitionists and was the first college in the nation, by charter, to open to women and people of color. Yet, over the last two decades Olivet College failed to acknowledge changing demographics and problems of intergroup relations. In 1992, a racial brawl involving White and African-American students put the college into crisis. The incident launched the college into a process of reassessment and redefinition that resulted in a major institutional transformation. Diversity was a major part of this initiative. As a result of its success in infusing multiculturalism into its structure, Olivet College was recently selected by the Association of American Colleges and Universities as a Model Institution for its diversity initiatives. Additionally, it was selected as one of 35 institutions out of 675 nationwide to participate in President Clinton's initiative on race and was spotlighted by the American Council on Education for its exemplary work in infusing diversity across the campus. This article presents all aspects of Olivet College's diversity initiative including mission, curriculum, co-curriculum, students, faculty, and staff. These strategies are applicable not only to small private liberal arts colleges, but to other institutions of learning as they attempt to create an action plan that addresses the challenge of diversity/multiculturalism in the higher education system.
Special Report: Advanced Educational Technology—A 5-Year Program of the NATO Science Committee
Authors: Liao Thomas T.
Published: May 2005

The aim of the program is to stimulate and facilitate international collaboration among scientists of the member countries in areas related to advanced educational technology. Sponsored activities are advanced research workshops, advanced study institutes, collaborative research, and research, study, and lecture visits. NATO grants are intended to cover only part of the expenses involved in the international aspects of the sponsored activities. Citizens or permanent residents of one of the member countries of NATO possessing qualifications appropriate to the proposed activity are eligible.
The Influence of Age on the Frequency of Spontaneous Task-Unrelated Thought Intrusions during Reading
Authors: Giambra Leonard M. , Grodsky Alicia
Published: May 2005

The frequency of spontaneous task-unrelated images and thoughts (TUITs) during reading was determined in an adult life span sample ( n = 121, 18–79 years old) to examine the generality of Giambra's finding of reduced TUTT frequency with increased age using a nonsemantic task (vigilance) [1]. Hasher and Zacks have predicted an increase in TUITs based upon a postulated reduced inhibition of off-goal path thoughts into working memory in older adults during text processing and comprehension [2]. In this study, each subject recorded spontaneous and deliberate TUITs while reading four non-fiction passages representing high and low levels of interest and difficulty. No effects were found for deliberate TUITs. However, the older men had significantly fewer spontaneous TUITs than the younger men, while no age difference in spontaneous TUIT frequency was evident for the women. The differential outcome for men and women could not be explained, but appeared to be the result of having a sample of older women who were unusually likely to have TUITs. It is clear that spontaneous TUITs do not increase with age, and this is inconsistent with Hasher and Zack's theory [2].
Cannel Coal Pendants: Types and Distribution
Authors: Cowin Verna L.
Published: May 2005

This article reviews the occurrence of cannel coal pendants on archaeological sites in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, West Virginia, and northern Maryland. A table lists the sites, drainages, and the types and numbers of pendants found in Pennsylvania; weights and measurements are provided for pendants found at four sites: Bunola, Crow, McJunkin, and Mapletown. As part of the research, two types of pendants, imitation bear canines and imitation elk canines, were replicated using Butler County, Pennsylvania cannel coal. Results about the study of manufacturing techniques and the patterns of wear from drilling and use are presented. The article concludes with discussions about the distribution of the pendants and comments on the cultural affiliation of their makers.
“Reading” the Web: Making Sense on the Information Superhighway
Authors: Swan Karen , Bowman Joseph , Holmes Aliya , Schweig Sylvie , Vargas Juan
Published: May 2005

This article reports on ongoing research being undertaken by the Technology and Literate Thinking group of the national Center on English Learning and Achievement (CELA) and concerned with how people make sense of WWW-based information. It discusses researchers' preliminary observations based on the think aloud protocols of fifteen adult students, the model of WWW “reading” they are developing, and directions for future research. Of particular interest is the absence of the linking by association predicted by many media scholars.
Impact of Videoconferencing in Teaching an Introductory MIS Course
Authors: Sankar Chetan S. , Ford F. Nelson , Terase Nahiro
Published: May 2005

This research investigates the impact created by the use of videoconferencing technology in a large MIS class where, traditionally, the lecture had been used. The teacher presented a lecture on DSS from his office and collaborated with a colleague on solving a spreadsheet problem. A questionnaire was administered to measure the perceptions of the students. Even though 85 percent of the students who participated in the classes were non-MIS majors, students in the section where videoconferencing was used perceived it to be more useful, challenging, attractive, and clear compared to the section where videoconferencing was not used. The students preferred the videoconferencing method irrespective of their GPA or computer ownership. These results show that desk-top videoconferencing technologies could be effectively used to train those who are not familiar with information technologies. Videoconferencing technologies might show the potential for collaborative work to those workers even though they may not be very familiar with computer hardware and software.
Analyzing Sequential Data in Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning
Authors: Janetzko Dietmar , Fischer Frank
Published: May 2005

Representations and changes between them play a major role in education (e.g., Hewson, Beeth, & Thorley, 1998), problem solving (e.g., Bauer & Reiser, 1990), cognitive development (e.g., Vosniadou & Brewer, 1992), and the history of science (e.g., Kuhn, 1970). By definition, change of representations is also indispensable for collaborative work since a common understanding or shared knowledge can only be achieved by a partial convergence of the knowledge structures of the collaborating subjects. This articles presents and discusses knowledge tracking (KT), viz., an approach to analyze cognition on the basis of symbolic sequential data. We describe the methodological aspects of KT and delineate the Web-based computer program (knowledge tracking engine, KTE) set up to run KT-analyses ( http://www.knowledge-tracking.com/ ). An empirical study in collaborative learning is taken to exemplify the usage of KT in analysis of computer supported collaboration.
Microworlds, Sprites, Logo, and Young Children: A Multipurpose Software Application
Authors: Watson J. Allen , Calvert Sandra L. , Popkin Laird A.
Published: May 2005

Parkworld is a multipurposed microcomputer program which was designed and developed to meet the educational demand for creative, user-controlled software. Parkworld is predicated on Piaget's developmental theory and utilizes a microworld/discovery learning format. The software is designed for prekindergarten to fifth grade students and may be used to teach and test story line development, reading, sorting/classification, fundamental concepts, spelling, keyboarding, divergent/convergent thinking, and LOGO programming. Programming procedures are described so that Parkworld may be duplicated or altered. Parkworld is written in LOGO for the Apple lle and is touted as a new type of software.
CAI: Its Cost and its Role
Authors: Pressman Israel , Rosenbloom Bruce
Published: May 2005

A practical and theoretical review is made of CAI system costs for small-scale instructional and training programs. CAI costs are broken down into its components, with each component described and evaluated in terms of its contribution to total system costs. A detailed example of an educational system is provided as an illustration of a CAI cost analysis. Future developments in CAI are briefly sketched, and presented in terms of their potential effect on CAI costs in the future. The effectiveness and role of CAI is examined in relation to costs, and a breakeven analysis is applied to cost-justify a computer-based training program. Finally, conclusions are drawn concerning CAI's current affordability and applications in both public and private environments.
The Bostrom Site: A Paleo-Indian Habitation in Southwestern Illinois
Authors: Tankersley Kenneth B. , Koldehoff Brad , Hajic Edwin R.
Published: May 2005

Recent investigations at the Bostrom site in southwestern Illinois demonstrate that the site was occupied by at least three successive groups of Paleo-Indians: Clovis, Gainey, and Holcombe. Of the artifacts for which lithic raw materials were identified, Clovis tools are manufactured from stone that was procured up to 1500 km from the site. Gainey and Holcombe artifacts, on the other hand, are manufactured from stone whose source areas occur within a radius of 300 km from the site. Early Archaic, Dalton artifacts are manufactured from stone procured within 150 km of the site. These lithic resource procurement patterns suggest that there is a dramatic fall-off in mobility, social interaction, or both, after the initial peopling of the area. The presence of Great Lakes and Northeastern tool types at this southerly latitude suggests that the Gainey and Holcombe economies were much broader than the stereotypical model of a caribou-based subsistence strategy.
Timing and Consequences of the Introduction of Maize Agriculture in the Lower Mississippi Valley
Authors: Kidder Tristram R.
Published: May 2005

Archaeologists in the Lower Mississippi Valley have generally assumed that corn, beans, and squash provided the subsistence stability and the surpluses necessary for the development of complex, stratified polities which existed during the Coles Creek period. Recent research indicates that maize was probably not an important part of the diet until after this time. Therefore, the introduction of maize-based agriculture had little impact on the formation of chiefdoms in Coles Creek culture. In this regard Coles Creek is different from early Mississippian; it is a distinct adaptation to the highly productive environment of the Lower Mississippi Valley.
Postindustrial Europe and its Health Care: Views of an Insider
Authors: Groot L. M. J.
Published: May 2005

In the industrialized countries, a rapidly growing and more expensive consumption of medical services, which runs parallel to economic development, is becoming manifest. This paper tries to establish a typical image of the six countries of the European Economic Community as to their economic and organizational aspects of personal health care. Apart from certain differences, common features can be identified. Though relatively few, comparable figures concerning health insurance reveal widely divergent policies within the member states. It is, however, difficult to prove to what extent these policy differences influence the consumption and the real costs of health care. In the field of health insurance, there is a tendency toward increased financing by the state. The entry of the United Kingdom, Denmark, and other countries with an important degree of state intervention, will undoubtedly influence the ultimate policy of the EEC. There are important differences in health manpower and personnel utilization, factors which have a strong influence on the development of costs. To achieve a more equal distribution of manpower, negotiations concerning the freedom of settlement of health professionals and the reciprocal recognition of licensing are under way. Finally, there are main differences in the provision of hospital care, its financing, and fee schedules.
Role of Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) in an Introductory Computer Concepts Course
Authors: Skudrna Vincent J.
Published: May 2005

The primary objective of this article is to discuss the role of Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) at the undergraduate level via a survey of related literature and specific applications. CAI shares many features with other instructional modes, such as traditional classrooms and programmed instruction (PI). Many characteristics of learners affect their ability to learn and acquire new knowledge. An individual's subject-specific knowledge and general knowledge both affect comprehension. With regard to instructional design, system approaches are sometimes referred to as instructional development systems (IDS). An IDS embraces several major categories. These include a statement of goals, analysis, development of instruction, and evaluation and revision. General statements on CAI can be divided into the following areas: requirements, potential benefits, state of the art, problems, CAI as a factor in society, the roles of industry, education, and government, including the role of teacher. At least two educational requirements make CAI inevitable, i.e., the trend to individualized instruction and the growth in information to be acquired. Data processing and computer science involve the teaching of computer skills in relative isolation from other disciplines. Hence, the computer is the principal subject. Student problem solving and research is where the computer is used as a tool in some field outside computer science. A specific sphere of application is the subject. This article will relate these categories as they apply to an introductory computer concepts course taught at the undergraduate level. Another phase of this course is that it is accounting-oriented.
Does Smoking Kill Workers or Working Kill Smokers? or the Mutual Relationship between Smoking, Occupation, and Respiratory Disease
Authors: Sterling Theodor D.
Published: May 2005

Evidence accumulated since 1964 appears to show that occupation, not cigarette smoking, may be the primary cause of lung disease, especially of cancer and chronic obstructive disease. Comparisons of groups of individuals who smoke more with those who smoke less actually serve to contrast groups with a high proportion of blue-collar workers exposed to toxic fumes and a low proportion of professionals, managers, and proprietors with groups having lower proportions of blue-collar workers and higher proportions of professionals, managers, and proprietors. Thus, many diseases associated with smoking actually may be of occupational origin. Indeed, more than a dozen recent investigations of lung cancer epidemics among industrial workers have failed to find smoking to be a major cause (in some, not even a contributing cause). This evidence is strengthened further by shifts in the incidence of lung cancer that follow in time shifts in industrial employment patterns. Yet a worker's past smoking habits seem to play a key role in decreasing compensation awards for injuries that actually may be due to occupational exposure rather than personal habits. Thus, the relationship between smoking, occupation, and disease needs serious clarification. Smoking appears to have been used to divert attention away from the effects of occupational and environmental exposures to toxic substances.
Adolescent Counterarguing of TV Beer Advertisements: Evidence for Effectiveness of Alcohol Education and Critical Viewing Discussions
Authors: Slater Michael D. , Rouner Donna , Murphy Kevin , Beauvais Frederick , Van Leuven James , Domenech-Rodriguez Melanie M.
Published: May 2005

The pervasiveness of American youth's exposure to alcohol advertising is well-documented, as is the correlational evidence linking such exposure to alcohol-related attitudes, use, and expectancies. While efforts to train young people to resist persuasive appeals are often made in alcohol education programs, little evidence exists concerning the effectiveness of such efforts. The present study ( N = 83) found that recency of exposure to alcohol education classes and discussion of alcohol advertising in such classes predicts cognitive resistance (counterarguing) of such advertisements months or even years after class exposure. Age, gender, and ethnicity were statistically controlled. While females tended to counterargue the alcohol advertisements more than did males, there was no statistically significant difference in the impact of education on males and females.
Anorexia Nervosa: A Retrospective View
Authors: Giannini A. James
Published: May 2005

Philosophical and theological notions regarding food and eating are briefly reviewed, as is the history of anorexia nervosa. Modern studies of social, psychological, and biological aspects of anorexia nervosa have failed, as yet, to provide an organized, coherent understanding of the etiology of this disorder.
Not Yet Comfortable in the Classroom: A Study of Academic Computing at Three Land-Grant Universities
Authors: Denk Joseph , Martin Jeanette , Sarangarm Suchint
Published: May 2005

Classroom usage, among known faculty users, of computers was studied in three land grant universities to determine the level at which computers have been integrated into the instructional process. Among the 302 faculty surveyed across six collegiate categories, at best only one of four actually integrates computing into the classroom experience. One in three uses computers for laboratory teaching. The majority assign students to use computing outside of the classroom. Availability of resources is seen as the greatest barrier, but training and incentives also deter computer use in the classroom. Somewhat surprising is the finding that these users of computing are not totally convinced that classroom use of computers is worthwhile.
Film Loop Labs
Authors: Leffler Donald E.
Published: May 2005

The film loop laboratory system described here is an attempt to increase the desirability, flexibility, and efficiency of physics experiments for non-science students.

The maintenance of quality is a critical consideration and the author's educational rationale is given. Flexibility and efficiency for the student, as well as economy for the institution, are considered important and discussed.
Personality and Conjugal Bereavement in Older Widow(er)s
Authors: Meuser Thomas M. , Davies Ruth M. , Marwit Samuel J.
Published: May 2005

This study examined the degree to which an individual's propensity to experience emotional distress and restraint are predictive of grief intensity in a sample of older widow(er)s ( N = 51). Characteristic distress was found to be a significant predictor of present grief intensity, whereas repressive defensive-ness was found to predict past grief, as recalled from the time of loss. Results are discussed in light of known risk factors for complicated bereavement and intervention concerns.
Teaching Formal Proposals: A Versatile Minicourse in Technical Writing
Authors: Kennedy George E.
Published: May 2005

Because in these days of economic troubles, all areas of science, social science, and industry must account for and justify more closely what they do and want to do, students of technical writing will receive immediate, practical benefit from learning the theory and practice of writing proposals. Proposals are also marvelously versatile for the teacher, because they can be taught in courses of varying length, and to both homogeneous and heterogeneous groups of students. The greatest advantage in teaching them is that through the various parts of a standard proposal, practically every theoretical and/or expository technique used in technical writing can be discussed and practiced. Indeed the proposal can become in itself a minicourse in technical writing, creating yet another possible avenue for work: private consulting.
Technical Written Reports from Germany
Authors: Hildebrandt H. W.
Published: May 2005

For multinational companies the written report is a major medium of communication. Moving on this assumption, this article suggests that problems do occur within reports between German subsidiaries and parent American companies in the United States. The discussion is divided into two parts: 1) problems associated with operating and action reports as viewed by Germans and Americans, and 2) the place of exterior forces such as culture and language upon the written report. In the end, cultural variances may be the major factor affecting written communication within the same company, yet of two different nationalities.
Exploring Personality the Natural Way: An Inquiry into Open-Ended Self-Descriptions
Authors: Ivcevic Zorana , Mayer John D. , Brackett Marc A.
Published: May 2005

A content coding system was developed for people's open-ended self-descriptions. Self-descriptive statements of N = 174 individuals were classified into content clusters based on similarity of meaning. Those clusters, in turn, were organized into content areas of personality functioning (cognitive, motivational and emotional, self-regulatory, social, and whole personality). An analysis of the clusters indicated that: a) the most commonly used clusters described simple and positive characteristics of an individual; b) many open-ended descriptions were similar to widely studied attributes (e.g., self-esteem); but also c) some self-descriptions reflected possibly neglected areas of study (e.g., self-authenticity). Significant correlations were found between self-report scales and self-descriptions with similar meaning.
One Man's Death: His Family's Ethnography
Authors: Fitzsimmons Ellen
Published: May 2005

In this anthropological study, five individual discussions about the death of a family member are woven into a single ethnographic account. The data are analyzed to discover whether euphemisms or metaphors are employed when describing the death. The premise upon which the conclusions are based is that euphemisms supply an inexact description of happenings and processes, whereas metaphors which describe one domain of experience in terms of another, make meanings more comprehensible, not only to those of the same culture, but also cross-culturally. The data reveal that every family member who has completed the grieving process uses a different metaphor when describing “death.” These metaphors imply “growth” or “change.” The data suggest that euphemisms for death are utilized when the grieving process has not been completed.
Death Education: A Comparison of two Programs for Mothers of Young Children
Authors: Richardson Frank J. , Weinfurt Kevin P.
Published: May 2005

The study compared two death education programs for mothers ( N = 90) of young children. Pre- and post-test scores on the State-Anxiety Scale and researcher-designed instruments that included the Children's Questions About Death Scale (CQADS) and Future Plans Inventory (FPI) were compared. Mothers in both the Didactic and Didactic-Experiential programs scored significantly higher than the Control group in their level of effectiveness in responding to children's questions, but the two treatment groups did not significantly differ from each other. Neither the Didactic Death Education nor the Didactic-Experiential Death Education programs significantly affected mothers' anxiety before responding to children's questions about death. Post hoc analyses suggested trends relating subject characteristics to mother's level of effectiveness in responding to a child's questions about death.
Comparisons of Paper-Administered, Computer-Administered and Computerized Adaptive Achievement Tests
Authors: Olsen James B. , Maynes Dennis D. , Slawson Dean , Ho Kevin
Published: May 2005

This research study was designed to compare student achievement scores from three different testing methods: paper-administered testing, computer-administered testing, and computerized adaptive testing. The three testing formats were developed from the California Assessment Program (CAP) item banks for grades three and six. The paper-administered and the computer-administered tests were identical in item content, format, and sequence. The computerized adaptive test was a tailored or adaptive sequence of the items in the computer-administered test.
Computer and Internet Usage in Education: Theories, Practices, and Research Basics
Authors: Gray Kenneth C. , Cao Xiaoli Holly
Published: May 2005

This article covered the theories, practices, and the research basics of the computer and Internet usage in education. The article reviewed the studies of computer and Internet usage in education and the practices of computer and Internet in open and distance learning, then discussed the two participants in effective online education, ended with reviewing on the researches about the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the users. The implication of this research is that computer and Internet usage in education is making a difference in distance learning today by providing a way to deliver knowledge for anyone, anywhere, and anytime. The computer and Internet usage in education will meet the need for Just-in-Time learning and worldwide learning concept for the twenty-first century.
Psychiatric Problems of Hemophilic Boys and Their Families
Authors: Meijer A.
Published: May 2005

Some often described clinical observations on psychological problems of hemophilic boys and their families, were examined in a controlled study of twenty mothers of hemophilic boys and the same number of mothers of non-hemophilic healthy boys of the same age and similar socio-demographic background. The findings confirmed statistically the existence of considerable defiance and hostility of the boys and depressed mood of the mothers. The fathers showed a trend to provide little control and support. The defiance of hemophilic boys contrasts with the frequently described tendency towards compliance of asthmatic children. The differences between these two conditions are discussed. Therapeutic implications of the findings are outlined.