bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inter‐generic differences in the metafemoral apodeme of flea beetles (Chrysomelidae: Alticinae)
Authors: FURTH DAVID G.
Published: January 2008

Abstract.The metafemoral apodeme, an essential element of the unique jumping mechanism in the chrysomelid subfamily Alticinae (flea beetles), was studied in fifty‐three Palearctic species of twenty‐six genera. Inter‐generic differences are noted and these genera separate into seven groups according to their apodeme structure. The significance of the metafemoral apodeme in phylo‐genetic relationships at the generic and subfamilial level is discussed.
A rationalized classification of the Burrower Bugs (Cydnidae)
Authors: DOLLING W. R.
Published: January 2008

Cydnidae are defined as those Pentatomoidea with setal combs at the apices of the coxae and a strigil on the ventral surface of the metathoracic wing. Eight subfamilies are recognized: Thaumastellinae, Amnestinae, Cydninae, Scaptocorinae, Sehirinae, Garsauriinae, Thyreocorinae (including only Thyreocoris, Carrabas and Strombosoma) and Corimelaeninae. Eumetopia is included in Corimelaeninae. Dismegistus is excluded from Cydnidae.
A new species of flea beetle (Alticinae) showing male‐biased feeding at withered Heliotropium plants
Authors: BOPPRÉ M. , SCHERER G.
Published: January 2008

A new species of chrysomelid beetle from Kenya is described and named Gabonia gabriela Scherer. Microscopic peculiarities of the male antennae are characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy. The males of G.gabriela are attracted to and feed at withered plants of the genus Heliotropium (Boraginaceae) at dusk. No females were found. It is assumed that feeding at Heliotropiumprovides pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), but the adaptive significance of the behaviour is not clear. The findings are discussed in the context of utilization of PAs by Lepidoptera.
Neotropical taxa referable toacrolophus(Lepidoptera: Tineidae)
Authors: BECKER VITOR O. , ROBINSON GADEN S.
Published: January 2008

Abstract.The new World genusAcrolophus, with about 225 species, has alreay twenty‐six generic synonyms. a further four genera,DauliaWalker, 1863 [norm. praeocc., nec Walker, 1859] (monobasic),BrachysymbolaMeyrick (monobasic),OrothyntisMeyrick (two species) andPsephocritaMeyrick (monobasic) are here synonmized withAcrolophus. Daulia indecoraWalker,Brachysymbola sepulcralisMeyrick,Orothyntis scruopulataMeyrick,O.toratameyrick andPsephocrita melanodoxaMeyrick are transferred toAcrolophus. Acrolophus reflexa(Fabricius) and its genitalia are figured from recently collected materila.
The maple leaf‐cutter moth and its allies: a revision of Paraclemensia (Incurvariidae s.str.)
Authors: NIELSEN EBBE SCHMIDT
Published: January 2008

. The Holarctic genus Paraclemensia Busck, 1904, is revised and eight species are recognized: cyanella (Zeller) [=europaea Davis] (Europe), caemlea (Issiki) comb.n. (Japan), viridis sp.n. (Japan), oligospina sp.n. (Japan), cyanea sp.n. (Japan), acerifoliella (Fitch) [=hiteiceps (Walker); =iridella (Chambers)] (U.S.A. and Canada), incerta (Christoph) comb.n. (Siberia and Japan) and monospina sp.n. (Japan). The monophyly of the genus is demonstrated and the phylogeny and biogeography of the species are discussed. P. acerifoliella from North America is regarded as most closely related to two of the eastern Palaearctic species, incerta and monospina. A key to species is provided, and adults and male and female genitalia are described and illustrated (or references are given to illustrations published elsewhere). Three lectotypes are designated. The genus‐group name ‡Tschabia Issiki is demonstrated to be nomenclaturally unavailable.
The larva ofPolposipus herculeanus, with observations on its biology and phylogeny (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Tenebrioninae)
Authors: MARSHALL JANE E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract.The larva ofPolposipus herculeanusSolier from the Seychelles is described for the first time. An historical resume of the taxonomy and distribution of the species is given, along with biological and rearing notes. The relationships of the genus as indicated by larval characters are discussed and a summary of the known larvae of the Coelometopini and Tenebrionini groups of the Tenebrioninae is provided. Supplementary descriptions of the adult defensive glands, female reproductive tube and ovipositor are included and discussed with regard to the recent findings of Tschinkel & Doyen (1980) on the phylogeny of the Tenebrionidae.

It is concluded thatPolposipusaccords in both larval and internal adult features to the Coelometopini group(sensuTschinkel & Doyen, 1980) and that the Misolampini (= Eutelini = Nodotelini), in whichPolposipusis at present placed, may be synonymous with the Coelometopinisensu stricto.Larval evidence also supports the view that the Coelometopini is closely allied to the Cnodalonini and Strongyliini which together comprise a group quite distinct from the Tenebrioninisensu stricto.
The Cistaceae‐feeding Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) of the western Palaearctic region
Authors: VAN NIEUKERKEN ERIK J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract The six species of Nepticulidae feeding on Cistaceae are placed in Parafomoriagen.n.: the type‐species helianthemella (Herrich‐Schäffer), cistivora (Peyerimhoff), pseudocistivora sp.n., liguricella (Klimesch), ladaniphila (Mendes) and tingitella (Walsingham). The genus occurs in central Europe and the mediterranean region. Full descriptions, including figures of genitalia, and details of biology are given and a key to the species is provided. A tentative phylogeny is discussed. Primary types have been checked, and five lecto‐types have been designated. Stigmella diniensis (Klimesch) is for the first time reported as feeding on Cistaceae, and redescribed.
A new species of Anopheles (Anopheles) from Namibia (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: COETZEE MAUREEN
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The adult, pupa, larva and egg of Anopheles {Anopheles) namibien‐sis sp.n. from the Kavango district, Namibia (South West Africa), are described and comparisons made with Anopheles (Anopheles) ziemanni Griinberg. A photomap of the polytene chromosomes from the salivary glands of the fourth stage larvae is presented.
The use of larval chaetotaxy in butterfly systematics, with special reference to the Danaini (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Authors: KITCHING I. J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The chaetotaxy of the first instar larva of Danaus gilippus is described in detail. Comparisons are made with several other danaine species and with the heliconiine Heliconius melpomene. A new nomenclature for the setae of abdominal segment 10 is proposed and a comparison made with that of Singh (1951). The potential use of chaetotaxy in butterfly systematics is discussed.
A new genus of apterous scelionid from Lord Howe Island (Hymenoptera; Scelionidae)
Authors: AUSTIN A. D.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Psyllobaeus pecki gen. and sp.n., is described from Lord Howe Island, Australia. This genus is unique in the Baeini in that both sexes (not just the female) are apterous, have a sessile metasoma and have a pair of long spines on the apex of the hind femur. The relationships of Psyllobaeus and its biology are discussed.
The African lace wing genus Ceratochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a predator on the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
Authors: BARNARD P. C. , BROOKS S. J.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT.

The Afrotropical lacewing subgenus Ceratochrysa Tjeder is raised to full generic status on the basis of several unique characters which make it one of the most distinctive genera in the tribe Chrysopini. Its distribution is extended to include Madagascar and Mauritius, and the genus seems most closely related to the Oriental and Pacific Chrysopa oceanica‐group. Only four of the thirteen nominal species are recognized as valid, and eight new synonyms are established. The larva of one species is a predator on the cassava mealybug in S.E. Nigeria; this is the first description of the larva of an endemic African chrysopid genus.
Stentorceps, a remarkable new genus of eucoilid (Hymenoptera) from Africa
Authors: QUINLAN JOHN
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Stentorceps tubicen, a new genus and species of Eucoilidae from East Africa, is described and illustrated. The genus is characterized by the possession of large protrusions on the face, features previously unknown in the family. The genus is compared with other eucoilids and its systematic position is discussed.
Identification of larvae of European species of Chironomus Meigen (Diptera: Chironomidae) by morphological characters
Authors: WEBB C. J. , SCHOLL A.
Published: January 2008

Abstract Variation in the morphology of larvae of twenty‐six cytologically identified species of Chironomus Meigen from Europe is described. Characters studied include tubules on posterior abdominal segments, head pigmentation, mental size and teeth, mandibular and epipharyngeal teeth and antennae. A key to the species, based on these characters and ventromental plate features, is presented.
Anopheles bwambae sp.n., a malaria vector in the Semliki Valley, Uganda, and its relationships with other sibling species of the An.gambiae complex (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: WHITE G. B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The name Anopheles bwambae is proposed for the taxon previously called species D of the An.gambiae complex. This sibling species is known only from the vicinity of Buranga hot springs in Bwamba County, Toro District, Uganda, where it breeds in brackish water from geothermal springs together with other halophilic mosquitoes (Ae.albocephalus, Ae.natwnius, Cx.tenagius). An.bwambae adults inhabit the Semliki Forest, where the natural hosts are unknown, but they also enter houses in nearby villages and bite human beings avidly. Plasmodium sporozoites and developing larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti were found in An.bwambae females, so it is assumed that this species of vector contributes locally to transmission of human malaria and filariasis (together with An.funestus, An.gambiae and An.arabiensis). The specific diagnosis of An.bwambae depends upon (i) the presence of fixed inversion 3La and polymorphic inversions 2R1 and 3Rb of the karyotype, as interpreted from ovarian polytene chromosomes, (ii) a fast fixed allozyme of super‐oxide dismutase (Sod‐105), (iii) female palpi with broader pale apical band and narrower dark sub‐apical band than for other sibling species. Cytotaxonomically An.bwambae has the same X‐chromosome banding pattern as An.quadriannulatus and An.melas; the latter also has autosomal inversion 3La and therefore appears to be the sister‐species of An.bwambae. An identification key is given to the six named sibling species of the An.gambiae complex.
Systematics of Crumomyia Macquart and Alloborborus Duda (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae)
Authors: NORRBOM ALLEN L. , KIM KE CHUNG
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The phylogenetic relationships of two sphaerocerid genera, Alloborborus Duda (1923) and Crumomyia Macquart (1835), are analysed, and their taxonomic status within the tribe Copromyzini (=Copromyza Fallén s.lat.) is clarified. Accepted here are a monotypic Alloborborus, which includes A.pallifrons (FalléAn) from northern and central Europe, and twenty‐six species of the Holarctic Crumomyia. Within Crumomyia, five species‐groups are recognized: pedestris group: pedestris (Meigen); annulus group: immensa (Spuler), maculipennis (Spuler), annulus (Walker), nipponica (Richards), pruinosa (Richards); notabilis group: glabifrons (Meigen), glacialis (Meigen), absoloni (Bezzi), notabilis (Collin), rohaceki sp.n., zuskai (Roháček); nitida group: nitida (Meigen); setitibialis group: setitibialis (Spuler), pilosa sp.n., nigra (Meigen), parentela (Séguy), deemingi (Hackman), pollinodorsata (Papp), subaptera (Malloch), gelida (Hackman), fimetaria (Meigen), roserii (Rondani); unplaced species: hentscheli (Duda), hungarica (Duda), promethei (Nartshuk). Apterina Macquart, Fungobia Lioy and Speomyia Bezzi are synonymized with Crumomyia, and the following nominal species are synonymized: tuxeni Collin with nigra, freyi Hackman with setitibialis, and annulipes Duda with annulus. C. pruinosa is considered distinct from annulus, and Copromyza subaptera is placed in Crumomyia. The identity of C.glacialis, the type species of Crumomyia, is clarified, and lectotypes are designated for five nominal species: rufoannulata Duda, annulipes, annulus, flavipennis Haliday and pallifrons. The cladistic relationships of the species of Crumomyia and Alloborborus are established and their phylogeny and biogeography are discussed. Keys to the species of Crumomyia and to the Holarctic genera of the Copromyzinae are provided.
A new apterous sawfly from Sulawesi, Indonesia (Hymenoptera: Pergidae: Perreyiinae), and the pleural origin of the ventral region of the sawfly mesothorax
Authors: SHINOHARA AKIHIKO
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A new pergid sawfly, Cladomacra taoi, is described from an apterous female collected in Sulawesi, Indonesia. This is the third species of apterous sawfly ever described. The sawfly was discovered under bark of a log, where it was standing over a batch of eggs. A comparison of the greatly modified mesothorax of the new species with that of alate congeners has shown that the ventral region of the winged sawfly mesothorax is pleural in origin.
Agra, arboreal beetles of Neotropical forests: mixta group, virgata group, and ohausi group systematics (Carabidae)
Authors: ERWIN TERRY L.
Published: January 2008

Abstract.This paper is the fifth in a series designed to cover taxono‐mically all species‐groups of the lebiine genusAgra, whose cumulative ranges extend from southernmost Texas to northernmost Argentina. Themixta, virgata, feisthameliandohausigroups constitute Section Feisthameli of the genus, and a key to these groups is provided. Themixtagroup consists of two species which have a composite range extending from southeastern Brazil to middle Mexico; thevirgatagroup consists of nine species which have a composite range extending from southeastern Brazil to Guatemala; and theohausigroup consists of four species which have a composite range restricted to southeastern Brazil. Thespeciose feisthameligroup is covered in a separate paper.

Among the three groups in the present paper, eleven new species are described from the following type localities:perkinsorum(MEXICO, Nayarit, 17.6 km southwest of Compostela),vate(MEXICO, Veracruz, Los Tuxtlas, La Playa Escondida),nola(REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, Panama, Cerro Campana),cadabra(EQUADOR, Pichincha, 47 km south of Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Rio Palenque Station),chocha(WEST INDIES, Trinidad, Arima Valley),phainops(FRENCH GUIANA, Pariacabo),imaginis(BRAZIL, Goias, Jatahy),inca(PERU, Madre de Dios, Rio Tambopata Reserve, 30 km (air) southwest of Puerto Maldonado),itatiaya(BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro, Parque Nacional Itatiaya),calamitas(BRAZIL, Bahia, Itamaraju),anthrax(BRAZIL, Espirito Santo, Parque Socretama). A dot map illustrates the range of each taxon.

Distribution and relationships are discussed in general, but detailed cladistic and biogeographic analysis is deferred until taxonomy of the four groups of Section Feisthameli is completed. Species distribution correspond to Pleistocene refuges suggested by other authors based on other groups and classes of organisms.
A comparison of techniques used to study the morphology of final instar larvae of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae)
Authors: O'DONNELL D. J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The morphology of the head sclerites of final instar larvae of aphid parasitoids prepared from cast larval skins and excised heads of whole larvae are compared, using both optical and scanning electron microscopy. Remarkable differences in the apparent shape of head sclerites, particularly mandibles, were found. Some of these differences are probably due to a consistent dorso‐ventral flattening of the head during moulting, observed in cast skin preparations, whereas excised heads tend to flatten antero‐posteriorly. The importance of these findings for understanding the three‐dimensional shape of final instar mandibles and for the study of larval morphology and taxonomy of Hymenoptera is discussed
Glaresidae, a new family of Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) to accommodate the genus Glaresis Erichson
Authors: SCHOLTZ C. H. , D'HOTMAN DANIELLE , NEL ANNETTE
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The genus Glaresis does not share any demonstrable apomorphs with any other group of Scarabaeoidea. Detailed examination of twelve adult characters and their comparison with those in all the primitive Scarabaeoidea resulted in a well‐defined genus that is primitive in virtually all its characters. It is concluded that Glaresis lies near the base of the ancestral stock from which most scarabaeoids evolved. Since the genus cannot be accommodated in an existing higher taxon we propose that the monotypic tribe Glaresini Semenov & Medvedev (the genus Afroglaresis Petrovitz is here synonymized with Glaresis), be accorded family status.
Phylogenetic relationships and classification of the Vespinae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
Authors: CARPENTER JAMES M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract.The phylogenetic relationships of the genera, subgenera and species‐groups of the Vespinae are analysed using cladistic techniques. The results are used as the basis for a natural classification of these wasps. The cladogram for the four genera recognized is:Vespa+(Provespa + (Dolichovespula + Vespula)).No subgenera are recognized; all those previously described are synonymized with the appropriate genus. The synonymies ofNyctovespawithVespaandRugovespulawithVespulaare new.
The taxonomy of the Pollenia rudis species‐group in the Holarctic Region (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: ROGNES KNUT
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A rudis species‐group is defined within Pollenia Robineau‐Desvoidy, and new characters found useful in the taxonomy of this genus are presented. P.rudis (Fabricius), P.angustigena Wainwright, stat.rev. and P.pseudorudis Rognes are redescribed. P.hungarica sp.n., P.longitheca sp.n. and P.luteovillosa sp.n. are described as new to science. A key is provided, and the terminalia of both sexes are illustrated for all the species. Some features of the puparia are figured for the species where these are known. A neotype is designated for Musca rudis, and a lectotype for P.angustigena. P.angustigena, P.pseudorudis and P.rudis are Holarctic species, and the latter two have also been found in New Zealand. The remaining species are confined to the western Palaearctic. P.hungarica is known from central Europe, including southern parts of Scandinavia, P.longitheca from the eastern Mediterranean, and P.luteovillosa from Algeria and Morocco in North Africa. In the larval stages P. rudis group members are parasites of or predators on earthworms. The species have several generations each year, and normally overwinter as adults. Eisenia rosea (Savigny) serves as a host for P.hungarica, P.pseudorudis and P.rudis according to the reared material available. A previous detailed account of the immature stages and life‐cycle of lsquo;rudis’ from North America is tentatively assigned topseudorudis. Keilin's (1909,1915) often cited accounts of the immature stages and life‐cycle of a species called ‘rudis’ are rejected as a source of information for any member of the rudis group.
The callajoppine parasitoids of sphingids in Central America (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: WARD SONDRA , GAUL IAN
Published: January 2008

Abstract. An illustrated key is presented to the three genera of the ichneumonine subtribe Callajoppina that are known to occur in Central America. A new species, Tricyphus respinozai, is described from north‐western Costa Rica and brief notes are given about its biology as a larval/pupal parasitoid of Manduca dilucida Hiibner (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). The cephalic capsules of the final instar larva and a preultimate instar larva of T.respinozai are described.
The phylogenetic system of the Mecoptera
Authors: WILLMANN RAINER
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Many families like the Mesochoristidae, Agetopanorpidae and Permopanorpidae, which were believed by earlier writers to be Mecoptera, are members of the stem group of the Antliophora (Diptera Mecoptera+Siphonaptera) or of stem groups of monophyletic groups of even higher rank (e.g. Mecopteroidea). Others ‐ like the so‐called ‘Pro‐tomecoptera’ from the Permian of the Kusnetsk Basin ‐ are not even closely related to the Mecopteroidea. Only the families mentioned in the following phylogenetic system of the Mecoptera are definitely members of the order:

1 Nannomecoptera (Nannochoristidae)

2 Pistillifera

2.1 Raptipedia (Neorthophlebiidae, Bittacidae, Cimbrophlebiidae)

2.2 Opisthogonopora

2.2.1 Boreomorpha (Boreidae)

2.2.2 Meropomorpha (Meropeidae)

2.2.3 Panorpomorpha

2.2.3.1 Eomeropina (Eomeropidae=Notiothaumidae)

2.2.3.2 Panorpina

2.2.3.2.1 Apteropanorpini (Apteropanorpidae)

2.2.3.2.2 Panorpini

2.2.3.2.2.1 Choristoidea (Choristidae)

2.2.3.2.2.2 Panorpoidea (Orthophlebiidae, Dinopanorpidae, Austropan‐orpidae, Muchoriidae, Panorpodidae, Panorpidae)

The Orthophlebiidae and Neorthophlebiidae are not monophyletic. There are, however, no characters preserved which would allow a clarification of the exact relations between members of these two groups and the families derived from them. The fossil Xenochoristidae, Triasso‐choristidae, Mesopanorpodidae and Robinjohniidae may be further members of the Mecoptera. Their exact phylogenetic relations, however, are unknown.
Revision of Neotropical Metopia Meigen (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)
Authors: PAPE THOMAS
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The Neotropical species of Metopia Meigen are revised, and a total of fifteen species recorded from the region. Five species are described as new; M.aurigans sp.n., M.pulverulenta sp.n., M.hispidimana sp.n., M.flava sp.n., and M.cubitosetigera sp.n. Three species are recorded for the first time from the Neotropical region; M.inermis Allen, 1926, M.krombeini Sabrosky, 1953, and M.sinipalpis Allen, 1926. Four new synonyms are proposed; M.tessellata Allen, 1926, syn.n. of M.perpendicularis Wulp, 1890, M.macrocera Dodge, 1968, syn.n. of M.brasiliana (Townsend, 1929), M.astuta Dodge, 1968, syn.n. of M.brasiliana (Town‐send, 1929), and M.lucipeda Reinhard, 1961, syn.n. of M.campestris (Fallen, 1810). Males of M.polita (Townsend, 1935) and M.juquiana (Townsend, 1934) are recorded for the first time. A key to all American species of Metopia is provided, and the phylogenetic affinities of the Neotropical species are briefly discussed.
Cerapeplus gen.n. and the classification of micropeplids (Coleoptera: Micropeplidae)
Authors: LÖBL I. , BURCKHARDT D.
Published: January 2008

Cerapeplus siamensisgen.n., sp.n. from Thailand is described and illustrated. The new genus is characterized by filament‐based lamellar secretions arising from the lateral body margin, a feature observed for the first time in Coleoptera. Possible autapomorphies for the micropeplid genera are discussed. It is concluded thatCerapeplusandKalissusare monophyletic;Micropeplusand/OrPeplomicrusare probably polyphyletic but both genera together form a monophyletic group. A number of characters support the family status of the micropeplids recently proposed by some authors. A revised family diagnosis is provided.
Carminator, a new genus of Megalyridae (Hymenoptera) from the Oriental and Australian regions, with a commentary on the definition of the family
Authors: SHAW SCOTT RICHARD
Published: January 2008

The taxonomic history of the family Megalyridae is reviewed.Carminatorgen.n. from the Oriental and Australian regions is described and illustrated. Four new species are included in the genus:C.affinis, Cater, C.cavusandC.nooni.A key to the species is provided.

Twelve characters are evaluated for their phylogenetic significance, including those which historically have been regarded as important for the definition of the family.Carminatoris provisionally assigned to the subfamily Dinapsinae, based on the reduction of Rs in the hindwing. The family Megalyridae is regarded as monophyletic based on their unique pattern of reduced hindwing venation and position of the ‘pronotalrsquo; spiracle. The mesozoic Cleistogastrinae are excluded from Megalyridae. The cretaceous genusMaimetshais reclassified as a dinapsine megalyrid.
Secostruma, a new subterranean tetramoriine ant genus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: BOLTON BARRY
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Secostruma, a very specialized new subterranean ant recovered from a soil‐core sample taken in Sabah, East Malaysia, is described for the first time. Its most striking adaptations and their possible functions are discussed, and its affinities investigated. Analysis of its main features and comparison with two possible parent‐groups leads to the conclusion that Secostruma is a member of the Tetramorium‐group of genera.
The plam‐feeding planthopper genus Ommatissus (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea: Tropiduchidae)
Authors: ASCHE MANFRED , WILSON MICHAEL R.
Published: January 2008

Abstract The tribe Trypetimorphini, the genus Ommatissus, and its two subgenera and eleven species are redescribed or described as new. Evidence for the monophyly of both the genus and of the tribe to which it belongs is examined; it is concluded that while the genus is monophyletic, the monophyly of the tribe is in doubt. Keys for the separation of the three genera of the tribe and for all of the known species of Ommatissus are presented. A new subgenus of Ommatissus is described: O.(Opatissus), with the type‐species O.vietnamicus. Four new species are described:Ommatissus magribus from Morocco, O.kamerunus from Cameroon, O.natalensis from South Africa and O.vietnamicus from Vietnam. The ‘Dubas bug’, Ommatissus lybicus Bergevin, formerly regarded as a variety of O.binotatus Fieber, is raised to full species status. Trichoduchus is synonymized with Trypetimorpha resulting in the new combinations Trypetimorpha biermani Dammerman, T.china Wu and T.japonicus Ishihara. Trichoduchus japonicus Fennah is synonymized with Trypetimorpha japonicus Ishihara.
Reductive evolutionary trends in two new cavernicolous species of a new Australian cixiid genus (Homoptera: Fulgroidea)
Authors: HOCH H. , HOWARTH F. G.
Published: January 2008

Abstract A new genus, Undarana gen.n., is established to accomodate six new closely related cixiid species from Queensland, Australia: U.tamborina sp. n.(type species), U.gloriosa sp.n.,U.towomba sp.n., U. dayborasp. n.,U. rosella sp.n. and U.collina sp.n. Two of the species live in lava tubes in northern Queensland and show different degrees of troglomorphy (reduction of eyes and bodily pigmentation) U.rosella is regarded as being troglophilic (facultative cavernicole), adn U.collina as being troglobitic (facultative cavernicole), and U.collina as being troglobitic (obligatory cavernicole), and it is considered likely that they represent a single invasion into the cave environment. Reductive evolutionary trends displayed by cave‐dwelling Undarana species are described, and notes on their ecology and distribution are given. Hypotheses on the factors that might have led to cave‐adaption in Undarana species are discussed.
A revision of Benjaminia (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, Campopleginae)
Authors: WAHL DAVID
Published: January 2008

Abstract The campoplegine genus Benjuminia is herein revised, with ten species being described as new, in addition to the five previously known species. Phylogenetic relationships of Benjuminia to other genera are discussed, and a cladogram presented for the species. Two monophyletic species groups are recognized, one being confined to the Palearctic and the other to the Nearctic. Examination of larval morphology not only fails to reveal larval characters for distinguishing Benjuminia but leads to the conclusion that use of larval morphology to identify campoplegine species is a dubious practice.
Two new species of Atherigona from Nigeria with a key for the identification of Afrotropical species of the subgenus Acritochaeta (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: DIKE M. C.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Taxonomic descriptions are given of two new Atherigona species from Nigeria of the subgenus Acritochaeta, A.fuscicephala sp.n. and A.obudua sp.n. A key for the identification of Afrotropical male species of the subgenus is constructed.
Problems in the Palaearctic moth‐flies and the identity and affinities of Pericoma undulata Tonnoir and P.plumata Tonn. (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Authors: DUCKHOUSE D. A.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The identity and affinities of two Belgian species of Pericoma Walker are examined to draw attention to unheeded basic taxonomic problems in the Palaearctic Psychodidae, including the fact that sixty‐two European species described by earlier workers (15% of the 424 named species, including many of the commonest forms) lack types and that re‐descriptions are often based on material from regions far from the original localities.

Pericoma undulata Tonnoir is redescribed from Tonnoir's Belgian specimens, here designated as lectotype and paralectotypes; previous redescriptions based on material collected in Germany and southern France are thus superceded. Pericoma hispanica Sará is a synonym of undulata (syn.n.). P.undulata is placed in Pericoma (Pneumia) Enderlein (comb.n.).

Pericoma plumata Tonnoir, previously ignored or treated as a synonym of undulata, is a separate species close to Pericoma fuliginosa (Meigen). It is redescribed using Tonnoir's Belgian specimens, here designated as lectotype and paralectotypes. Pericoma basaltica Vaillant is probably a geographical race of plumata.

Ulomyia Walker, Pneumia, Berdeniella Vaillant and Saraiella Vaillant are ranked as subgenera of Pericoma (stat.n.). Colpopteryx Enderlein is a svnonvm of Pneumia Enderlein, syn.n.
The ant subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): generic revision and relationship to other formicids
Authors: WARD PHILIP S.
Published: January 2008

Three genera are recognized in the ant subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae:Myrcidrisnew genus (monotypic; type speciesM. epicharis, new species, from Amazonas, Brazil);PseudomyrmexLund (c. 150 nominal taxa; southern Nearctic and Neotropical regions); andTetraponeraF. Smith (c. 110 nominal taxa; Palaeotropical region). New generic synonymies are:PseudomyrmexLund =OrnatinodaEnzmann =ClavanodaEnzmann =TriangulinodaEnzmann =ApendunculataEnzmann =LatinodaEnzmann; andTetraponeraF. Smith =PachysimaEmery =ViticicolaWheeler =SimaEmery (nee Roger) =ParasimaDonisthorpe. Autapomorphies are identified for the subfamily and for its constituent genera, indicating the monophyly of all four taxa. Based on available character‐state information,Myrcidrisis most parsimoniously interpreted as a sister‐group to all other Pseudomyrmecinae{Pseudomyrmex+Tetraponera), although there is almost equally strong support for an alternative grouping:Tetraponera + (Myrcidris + Pseudomyrmex).Phylogenetic relationships of the Pseudomyrmecinae and other ant subfamilies within the ‘poneroid complex’ (sensuTaylor, 1978) were assessed by a cladistic analysis of eleven representative ant genera. At the level of subfamily relationships the results suggest that: (1) The Myrmicinae and the Pseudomyrmecinae are sister groups. (2) Within the ‘poneroid complex’ is an unresolved trichotomy composed of: (i) Pseudomyrmecinae + Myrmicinae, (ii) Myrmeciinae, and (iii) Ponerinae + Leptanillinae + (Cerapachyinae + Dorylinae (s.l.)). (3) The Nothomyrmeciinae are a basal lineage within the ‘poneroid complex’, rather than being allied with the ‘formicoid complex’ (Formicinae, Dolichoderinae and Aneuretinae).
The delphacid genus Sogatella and related groups: a revision with special reference to rice‐associated species (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea)
Authors: ASCHE MANFRED , WILSON MICHAEL R.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The delphacid planthopper genus Sogatella Fennah is redefined and a key provided to males of the fourteen included species. The type‐species of Sogatodes Fennah, S.molinus Fennah is considered to be a Sogatella species and consequently Sogatodes becomes a junior subjective synonym of Sogatella. The remaining species of Sogatodes are transferred to Tagosodesgen.n. (type species T.cubanus (Crawford) comb.n.). Latistria Huang et al. or Sogatellana Kuoh. A key is provided to distinguish the four genera. A check list of species in each genus is given. Several species are important rice pests and information on biology and pest status is summarized.
The first instar larva ofEripus oaxacanusStraneo & Ball (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Peleciini): indicator of affinity or convergence?
Authors: LIEBHERR JAMES K. , BALL GEORGE E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract.The first instar larva ofEripus oaxacanusStraneo & Ball is diagnosed and described, representing the first laboratory‐described larval stage for a species of the tribe Peleciini. The larva possesses the derived character states of: (1) stemmata lacking, (2) mandible lacking penicillus, (3) maxilla with setose lacinia, (4) labium lacking a ligula, (5) claws single, (6) urogomphi short, rounded. These derived character states, if considered synapomorphic, would place Peleciini as a close relative to Brachi‐nini. Classifications based on adult characters are not concordant with this interpretaton, and the weight of evidence suggests that convergence due to a similar parasitic lifestyle is the basis for the derived similarity ofEripusandBrachinuslarvae.
Relationships among the tiphiid wasp subfamilies (Hymenoptera)
Authors: KIMSEY LYNN S.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The phylogenetic relationships among the subfamilies of Tiphiidae are discussed, with detailed analysis of characters, and presentation of a phylogenetic tree. The tribe Diammini Turner is elevated to subfamily status. A key to the subfamilies is included, and a brief synopsis of each subfamily is given.
A cladistic analysis of the subfamily Philanthinae (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)
Authors: ALEXANDER BYRON A.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The Philanthinae, as treated here, contains the eight valid genera Aphilanthops Patton, Cerceris Latreille, Clypeadon Patton, Eucerceris Cresson, Philanthinus Beaumont, Philanthus Fabricius, Pseudoscolia Radoszkowski and Trachypus Klug. Listropygia Bohart is synonymized with Clypeadon, syn.n. The genera Eremiasphecium Kohl and Odontosphex Arnold are removed from the Philanthinae and regarded as genera incertae sedis within Sphecidae. Analysis of the genera of this redefined subfamily Philanthinae finds two major clades whose monophyly is strongly supported: (Philanthinus+ (Philanthus+Trachypus)) [= Tribe Philanthini] and (Pseudoscolia+ (Cerceris+Eucerceris)) [= Tribe Cercerini]. There is some evidence for the monophyly of Clypeadon+Aphilanthops [= Tribe Aphilanthopini]. Cerceris and Philanthus are inferred to be paraphyletic with respect to Eucerceris and Trachypus, respectively. Philanthinus is removed from the tribe Aphilanthopini and placed in the tribe Philanthini, and the monotypic tribe Pseudoscoliini is synonymized with Cercerini.
Taxonomy and preliminary phylogeny of the parasitic genusApocephalus, subgenusMesophora(Diptera: Phoridae)
Authors: BROWN BRIAN V.
Published: January 2008

Abstract.The species ofApocephalus, subgenusMesophora, are revised and twenty‐eight species are recognized, including the following twenty‐two new to science: from the Nearctic RegionA. brunnipes, A. gemursus, A. pristinus, A. setialvusandA. unitarsus, and from the Neotropical RegionA. absentis, A. adustus, A. anfractus, A. angustistylus, A. bisetus, A. brevicercus, A. curtus, A. gracilis, A. hansoni, A. leptotarsus, A. longistylus, A. micrepelis, A. moraviensis, A. prolatus, A. trisetus, A. tritarsusandA. truncaticercus.Additionally, three species known only from female specimens are described but not formally named. A lectotype is designated forA. mortiferBorgmeier, and immature stages ofA. borealis, A. antennatusandA. mortiferare described. Unlike larvae of otherApocephalusspecies, all of which are parasites of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), those ofMesophoraspecies are parasites of various other hosts.
Zoraptera wing structures: evidence for new genera and relationship with the blattoid orders (Insecta: Blattoneoptera)
Authors: KUKALOVA‐PECK JARMILA , PECK STEWART B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The order Zoraptera has traditionally been thought to contain only one family (Zorotypidae) and one genus (Zorotypus Silvestri). An analysis of known zorapteran wings shows that the wing venation contains character sets indicative of the existence of seven genera: Zorotypus, Brazilozoros gen.n., Centrozoros gen.n., Floridazoros gen.n., Latinozoros gen.n., Meridozoros gen.n. and Usazoros gen.n. The wing venation of Meridozoros leleupi (Weidner) from the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador and Venezuela is described here for the first time.

The major wing structures show that Zoraptera belong to the blattoid lineage. Head and abdomen characters indicate that Zoraptera probably diverged from the Blattoneoptera stock early, almost certainly before the (Protelytroptera + Dermaptera) line, and much before the (Isoptera + (Blattodea + Mantodea)) line. A homologized wing vein system is proposed for the Isoptera.

The homologized wing vein system is based on the hypothesis that the Pterygota originated with the development of protowings, which then diverged through separate but characteristic adaptations for flapping flight. Therefore the basic wing venation pattern is monophyletic, but the changes in wing musculature, articulation and basic braces between main veins are different in the major (super‐ordinal) pterygote lineages (Pleconeoptera, Orthoneoptera, Blattoneoptera, Hemineoptera and Endoneoptera). Thus, these characters provide an extremely useful, almost untapped, source of data for higher‐level systematics. Both higher‐level and lower‐level wing characters have been applied here to the phylogeny of Zoraptera and are discussed.
A revision of the genus Homoeogenus Waterhouse with notes on the immature stages of H.laurae sp.n. (Coleoptera: Psephenidae: Eubriinae)
Authors: LEE CHI FENG , YANG PING SHIH
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The genus Homoeogenus Waterhouse is revised. H.punctatum Waterhouse is redescribed, and two new species, H.chinensis sp.n. (Szechuan) and H.laurae sp.n. (Taiwan), are described. The morphology of the immature stages and the ecology of H.laurae are described. A key to the Oriental genera of Eubriinae is included.
Systematics of the tribe Euderomphalini (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): parasitoids of whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: LASALLE JOHN , SCHAUFF MICHAEL E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Eulophid parasitoids of whiteflies are reviewed, with comments on their systematic placement, and a generic key. All eulophid whitefly parasitoids are placed in the tribe Euderomphalini in the subfamily Entedoninae, and reasons for this placement are discussed. Three new genera are described. The seven included genera can be divided into two distinct genus groups: the Euderomphale group contains Baeoentedon Girault, Euderomphale Girault, Neopomphale gen.n., and Pomphale Husain el al.; the Enicdononecremnus group contains Aleuroctonus gen.n., Dasyompluile gen.n., and Enicdononecremnus Girault. The new species Dusyomphale chilensis is described.
Generic‐level relationships within the ant subfamily Dolichoderinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: SHATTUCK STEVEN O.
Published: January 2008

A cladistic analysis was undertaken to determine relationships among extant genera of the ant subfamily Dolichoderinae. Twenty‐one of the twenty‐two currently recognized genera within the subfamily were examined using 104 morphological characters. A single fully resolved, most‐parsimonious tree was found when a combination of ordered and unordered characters was used. When all characters were coded as unordered, seventy most‐parsimonious trees were found. The following results were found with both character coding methods. Leptomyrmex was placed basal to the remainder of the subfamily and the monophyletic sets Dolichoderus+Liometopum+Axinidris+Tapinoma+Technomyrmex, Froggattella+Iridomyrmex+Ochetellus+Papyrius+Philidris+Turneria, and Bothriomyrmex+Dorymyrmex + Forelius + Loweriella were suggested. The genera Linepithema and Doleromyrma showed a small amount of instability in moving between neighbouring sister groups when the character coding method changed. The genera Anillidris and Anonychomyrma were difficult to place as they showed major differences in their positions between the two character coding methods.
PHOTOLYSIS AND PHOTO‐OXIDATION OF AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTIDES—III. EFFECT OF IONIZING RADIATION ON CYSTINE AND RELATED AMINO ACIDS
Authors: Forbes W. F. , Rivett D. E. , Savige W. E.
Published: January 2008

Irradiation of cystine (RSSR, R = NH2CH(COOH)CH2‐‐), cysteine (RSH), S‐methycysteine (RSCH,) or lanthionine (RSR) in aqueous solution with ionizing radiation (X‐or y‐rays) yields products similar to those previously shown to be produced by ultraviolet light irradiation. The range and yields of products are affected by factors such as radiaion dosage, pH and the presence of air. Cystine readily yields products derived both from S‐S bond fission (e.g. cysteic acid) and from C‐S fission (e.g. alaninethiosulphuric acid (RSSO3H)). The initial products from cysteine are mainly cystine and alanine. With radiation doses up to 105 rad, S‐methylcysteine and lanthionine usually give low yields of the corresponding sulphoxides, but with higher doses (106‐107 rad) C‐S fission occurs yielding other amino acids such as alanine.

On irradiation of the four amino acids in the solid state, ionizing radiation, unlike 2537Å light, effects only slight conversion to other amino acids. However electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra indicate that for cystine and cysteine similar trapped free radicals are obtained with both forms of electromagnetic radiation. The relative ease of S‐bond fission of these amino acids on irradiation in aqueous solution as compared with solid state irradiation is compatible with accepted views on indirect action of H, OH and OOH radicals.
ELECTRONIC CHARGE TRANSPORT IN CAROTENOID PIGMENTS AND A PRIMITIVE THEORY OF THE ELECTRORETTNOGRAM
Authors: Rosenberg B.
Published: January 2008

The photoconductive and photovoltaic behaviour of a ß‐carotene glass cell is analyzed with regard to the effects of electric field strengths, polarity, and wave length dependence of the photoliberated electronic charge. These results have lead to a primitive theory of the electroretinogram. The four postulates of the theory are:

1. The generator potentials of the retina arise from a current source in the rod and cone outer segments. These currents are electronic charge transport processes created by the absorption of light by the visual pigments.

2. The component P II of the electroretinogram arises as a photocurrent in the retina due to the presence in the dark of an electric field in the receptor organ.

3. The component P III of the electroretinogram arises as a photovoltaic current in the receptor organ.

4. The electric field in the receptor organ arises from a potential gradient between the synaptic and the free end of the receptor. The polarity of the field being the base of the receptor negative with respect to the free end.

These postulates of the theory, taken in conjunction with the experimentally determined characteristics of the photoconduction and photovoltaic effects are capable of commenting on or explaining the signs and shapes of the diphasic and monophasic electroretinograms; the localization measurements on generator potentials; the effects of depolarizing agents on the electroretinograms; the ontogenetic order of development of P III and P II; the similarity of sign of P III in vertebrate and invertebrate eyes; the presence of two components in the monophasic curves of invertebrate eyes; the signs, shapes, time constants, and wave length dependence of the graded photopic response; and lastly the characteristics of on/off receptors.

Some difficulties and limitations of the theory are discussed.
INDUCTION OF CHLOROSIS BY ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT IN NON‐IRRADIATED PLANT TISSUES*
Authors: Chessin M. , Cohen L. I.
Published: January 2008

(1) Prolonged irradiation of portions of bean Ieaves with U.V. radiation of 2537 Å results in (a) the development of chlorosis in adjacent non‐irradiated portions of such leaves and (b) pronounced histological changes in epidermal and sub‐epidermal layers of irradiated areas.

(2) Induction of chlorosis is not associated with gross cell damage of non‐irradiated tissues, but appears to be due to a specific effect on chlorophyll synthesis.

(3) Some evidence is presented for the production of a diffusible water‐soluble material by irradiated leaf portions which is responsible for the induction of chlorosis in adjacent portions of leaves not exposed to U.V.

(4) The variety of responses of chloroplasts to U.V. irradiation is discussed.
THE PHOTODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF ACRIDINE ORANGE ON AN RNA VIRUS (VESICULAR EXANTHEMA)*
Authors: Hackett A. J.
Published: January 2008

Free vesicular exanthema of swine virus (VESV) suspended in an acridine orange (AO) solution is not light sensitive. The simultaneous introduction to the host of AO and VESV results in progeny that are sensitive to light. The introduction of AO during the eclipse period of viral growth results in progeny sensitive to light. Introduction of AO during the exponential rise in the production of mature virus, however, results in some light sensitive particles among a majority of insensitive particles. The data presented show that the lethal effect of AO is produced only after light exposure, indicating that the mutagenic action of the dye may not be due to its presence per se.
MECHANISM OF FORMATION OF BASIC AMINO ACIDS (ORNITHINE) AND HYDROXYAMINO ACIDS (SERINE, HOMOSERINE) BY PHOTOCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS
Authors: Ferrari G. , Passera C.
Published: January 2008

Dicarboxylic diamino acids, monocarboxylic diamino acids and hydroxyamino acids were synthesized in further research on the action of ultraviolet rays on diluted solutions of inorganic nitrogen compounds and ternary organic substances. It is shown that hydroxyamino acids are formed by recombination of OH radicals from H2O2 with amino‐group‐containing radicals from primary amino acids. It is also shown that α, δ‐diaminoadipic acid, arising by recombination of amino‐group‐containing radicals from aspartic acid, furnishes ornithine by further photochemical decarboxylation. The mechanism of formation of hydroxyamino acids is thus elucidated.
PHOTOLYSIS AND PHOTO‐OXIDATION OF AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTIDES—IV. THE DEGRADATION OF METHIONINE AND HOMOCYSTINE BY VARIOUS FORMS OF RADIATION
Authors: Forbes W. F. , Rivett D. E. , Savige W. E.
Published: January 2008

The products obtained on irradiation of dilute aqueous solutions of homocystine with either sunlight, related light sources, with 2537Å light, or on irradiation with ionising radiation are mainly different from those obtained for methionine under similar conditions. The degradation products obtained from homocystine and methionine in most cases correspond to those previously obtained from the lower homologues, i.e. cystine and S‐methylcysteine respectively. The initial reaction in the degradation of homocystine, like that of systine, involves both S‐C bond and S‐S bond fission, at least in neutra lor alkaline solution.

Solid homocystine and methionine are scarcely affected by sunlight or ionising radiation, but more extensive degradation occurs on irradiation with 2537A light. Both compounds yield ESR signals, indicating the presence of trapped radicals on irradiation in the solid state.