bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heavy Industry, People, and Planners: New Insights on an Old Issue
Authors: Burby Raymond J.
Published: March 2007

Protecting people from harm caused by nearby heavy industry is an old, and almost forgotten, goal of city planning. In this case study of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, I show that industrial pollution is a serious source of con cern for nearby residents, who are dispropor tionately black. Analysis of factors associated with concern about neighborhood safety indi cates there is much that local planners can do, in cooperation with industry and state and federal regulators, to lessen fears about indus trial land uses. These findings provide the foundation for a discussion of policy options that planners can apply in dealing with heavy industry, once they realize that industrial uses are still a serious source of distress, particularly for poor and minority communities.
Planning in the Wake of Florida Land Scams
Authors: Stroud Hubert B. , Spikowski William M.
Published: March 2007

A huge surplus of poorly planned vacant lots presents a vexing land-use problem through out much of the U.S. The most significant problems occur within large pre-platted sub divisions where, decades ago, distant buyers purchased potential homesites in ill-conceived land developments. The magnitude of the problems and the potential for rapid popula tion growth combine to make platted lands the sleeping giant of growth management problems in Florida, Texas, and parts of the Southwest. The options explored in this re search may alleviate some of the problems that large preplatted subdivisions have created.
Photoperiodic Control of Diapause Induction and Termination in Ostrinia nubilalis: Two Different Clocks?
Authors: Skopik Steven D. , Takeda Makio
Published: March 2007

Both diapause induction and diapause termination are under photoperiodic control in the lepidopteran, Ostrinia nubilalis. In the present study, induction of diapause was maximal in light-dark (LD) cycles that contained 12 hr of light alternating with 12 hr of darkness (LD 12:12). Termination of diapause was maximal in LD 16:8. Diapause termination also oc curred rapidly in non-24-hr LD cycles that possessed an 8-hr dark phase. In each of these cases, the period of the LD cycle was not important. Diapause termination did not, however, occur rapidly in non-24-hr LD cycles that lacked an 8-hr dark phase. Thus, the clock mechanism underlying the termination response resembles an hourglass in its behavior. This is in contrast with what is known about induction of diapause. Here it has been demonstrated that the circadian system is somehow involved. It is thus possible that two different physiological clocks underlie these responses.
The Application of Luminol-Bound Microspheres for the Quantitative Analysis of Toxic Oxygen within Phagosomes
Authors: Uchida Takafumi , Masuko Sanae , Hosaka Shuntaro , Tanzawa Hiroshi
Published: March 2007

Hydrophilic microspheres, with a diameter of about 2 μm, composed of glyceryl methacrylate and methacrylic acid were prepared. The microspheres could be stably stored in dispersed state and demonstrated little non-specific adherance to cell membranes. Luminol-bound microspheres, prepared by covalently binding luminol to microspheres, were phagocytosed by phagocytic cells without opsonization. Luminol bound to the microspheres was oxidized by toxic oxygen within phagosomes resulting in the generation of chem iluminescence. The chemiluminescence elicited by luminol-bound micro spheres was an effective method of measuring the candidacidal activity of the cells. The difference in phagosomal toxic oxygen versus extracellular toxic oxy gen was examined.
Effect of a Novel Catechol Copolymer on Cuticle Sclerotization by the American Cockroach
Authors: Bey Patricia S. , Ottenbrite Raphael M. , Mills Richard R.
Published: March 2007

A new biologically active copolymer containing catechol and succinic acid has been synthesized. This polymer is highly soluble in water and stable at neutral (physiological) pH. An injection of the copolymer into the haemocoel of American cockroaches was lethal. Newly-ecdysed (molted) cockroaches could tolerate only 0.6 mg while interecdysial animals died after injection of 1 mg. The copolymer contains catechol with a free beta carbon which is similar in structure to the natural cuticle sclerotization (hardening) agents. Experiments show that the copolymer appears to bind cuticle protein precursors which could be related to the lethal effect of this agent.
Arginase Immobilization on Poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate) Matrix Beads
Authors: Veronese F.M. , Boccú E. , Caliceti P. , Lora S. , Carenza M. , Palma G.
Published: March 2007

A study was made on the preparation and behaviour of polymer matrix im mobilized arginase, an enzyme involved in the urea cycle. Immobilization of purified calf liver arginase was obtained by a physical entrapment method based on the low temperature polymerization induced by radiation of a glass forming monomer mixed with an aqueous solution of the enzyme. Enzymatic activity was found to be retained in an acceptable range (30-35%) in a bead shaped matrix only when the monomer was hydroxyethylacrylate (HEA) purified by alkaline extraction and a particular sample preparation procedure was followed. The poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate) (PHEA) immobilized arginase was characterized by evaluating its chemical and enzymological properties such as Km, activation energy, stability to proteolytic enzymes, and activity de pendence on pH. Performance runs of continuous biocatalytic conversion of ar ginine to ornithine were carried out utilizing a reactor consisting of a column with immobilized arginase beads. After weeks of operation the substrate con version remained almost constant, indicating a practically unaltered enzy matic activity. PHEA immobilized arginase beads also retained their activity for days either in the presence of whole blood or when implanted intraperi toneally or subcutaneously into rats. No significant inflammation or other adverse reactions were observed after one week of residence of such implants. This seems promising for lowering the arginine blood level in specific diseases.
Review : Biodegradable Microcapsular Drug Delivery Systems: Manufacturing Methodology, Release Control and Targeting Prospects
Authors: Arshady Reza
Published: March 2007

An overview of the subject of biodegradable microcapsular drug delivery systems is presented from a polymer chemist's viewpoint. Various polymerization and microencapsulation techniques (including emulsion polymerization, interfacial polycondensation, suspension crosslinking, coacer vation/phase separation and solvent evaporation/extraction) suitable for the preparation of biodegradable microcapsules based on proteins, polysaccharides, polyesters, polyamides, or cyanoacrylates are described. Drug release from biodegradable microcapsules is discussed, and examples are presented to illus trate how the rate of drug release can be controlled by adjusting parameters such as microcapsule size, porosity, and crosslinking. Prospects of site-specific chemotherapy by means of passive and active targeting of microcapsular drug carriers are also analyzed.
A Mechanistic Assessment of Enzyme-Induced Degradation of Albumin-Crosslinked Hydrogels
Authors: Shalaby Waleed S.W. , Chen Malisa , Park Kinam
Published: March 2007

Pepsin-induced degradation of albumin-crosslinked hydrogels was studied as a function of the degree of albumin incorporation in the network and the concentration of pepsin. The degree of albumin incorporation, which represents the sum of chemical crosslinks and physical entanglements in the network, was controlled by changing the concentration of initiator in the monomer solution and the degree of vinylic functionality on albumin. Swelling characterization studies showed that the degree of hydrogel swelling decreased as the concentration of chemical initiator for the polymerization increased or as the degree of vinylic functionality on albumin increased. This indicated that the degree of albumin incorporation in the network increased by raising either the concentration of chemical initiator or the degree of albumin functionality. The rate and mechanism of gel degradation was also dependent on the degree of albumin incorporation in the network. A low degree of albumin incorpora tion resulted in a predominance of surface degradation while a high degree of albumin incorporation resulted in a predominance of bulk degradation. The transition from surface degradation to bulk degradation occurred at lower con centrations of chemical initiator when the degree of vinylic functionality on albumin was high. However, when the degree of vinylic functionality on albumin was low, the transition from surface degradation to bulk degradation was observed at higher concentrations of chemical initiator. The rate of gel degradation became slower as the concentration of pepsin was reduced. The results suggest that the rate and mechanism of hydrogel degradation was de pendent on the steric constraints imposed by polymer chains of the network and on the conformational constraints of the albumin crosslinker.
Effect of the Chemical Modification of Dextran on the Degradation by Rat Liver Lysosomal Enzymes
Authors: Vercauteren R. , Schacht E. , Duncan R.
Published: March 2007

The biodegradation of dextran, reduced dextran dialdehyde and dextran monosuccinate ester was investigated using isolated rat liver lysosomes. It was demonstrated that chemical modification of the parent dex tran resulted in a reduced degradability. The action of the exo-enzyme α-glucos idase (α-D-glucoside glucohydrolase) was nearly the same for parent dextran as for the derivatives. In order to explain the degradation data, the presence of the endo-acting enzyme dextranase (1,6-α-D-glucan 6-glucanohydrolase) in the lysosomes was taken into account.
Synthesis of Copoly(amino acids) as Potential Biomaterials by Diphenyl Phosphoryl Azide
Authors: Yang Jian-Zhong , Min Wang  , Ottenbrite Raphael M.
Published: March 2007

A convenient chemical synthesis of copoly(amino acids) as poten tial biomaterials is described. Direct copolycondensations of α-amino acids us ing diphenyl phosphoryl azide (DPPA) as condensation agent were carried out in the presence of triethylamine (TEA) as a base. The amino acids used were β-benzyl-L-aspartate (Asp.Bz), γ-benzyl-L-glutamate (Glu.Bz), L-phenylalanine (Phe), and O-benzyl-L-tyrosine (Tyr.OBz). Copoly(amino acids) with weight- average molecular weights up to 28,000 were obtained in reasonable yields. Bimodal molecular weight distribution was observed in all the cases. Both the overall yield of the product and the yield of high molecular weight fraction are influenced by [DPPA]/[Monomer] and [TEA]/[Monomer] ratios. No significant solvent effect was observed.
An Investigation of Poly(lactic acid) Degradation
Authors: Xichen Zhang  , Wyss Urs P. , Pichora David , Goosen Mattheus F.A.
Published: March 2007

To elucidate the degradation mechanism of poly(lactic acid), the decrease in the intrinsic viscosity of poly(D,L-lactide) in a homogeneous water/ acetone solution was investigated. The hydrolysis of poly(D,L-lactic acid) in water/acetone solution can be catalyzed by protons. The molecular weight degradation of solid poly(D,L-lactic acid) in water was primarily affected by the degree of polymer purity. Polymerization conditions such as initiator concen tration, temperature and time did not have an obvious effect on the molecular weight degradation. In the case of polymer samples with low purity (i.e., directly polymerized or containing solvent or oligomer), degradation was ini tially very rapid. On the other hand, initial degradation of purified polymer was very slow before accelerating.
Victim Responses by Rapist Type
Authors: PRENTKY ROBERT ALAN , BURGESS ANN WOLBERT , CARTER DANIEL LEE
Published: March 2007

This study of 108 convicted, incarcerated rapists and their 389 victims had two goals. The first goal was to examine empirically the hypothesized interaction of differentiated subgroups of rapists with combative and noncombative victim responses. If such an interaction exists, it is imperative to understand its implications for a potential victim of sexual assault. Consequently, the second goal was to address that issue by setting forth clinically derived recommendations for alternative resistive responses based upon the presumptive psychological and motivational themes underlying four subgroups of rapists. Although relatively abstract suggestions are being made about behavior in a highly traumatic situation, knowledge may be the only weapon a victim has. As such, knowledge can provide a sense of power as well as the confidence necessary to act rather than resign out of helplessness.
Maximum Security Psychiatric Patients
Authors: QUINSEY VERNON L. , MAGUIRE ANNE
Published: March 2007

Ratings of the dangerousness of 360 men in a maximum security psychiatric institution were obtained from experienced forensic clinicians. These ratings were well predicted (R = .61) from historical, offense, and in-hospital data. Seriousness of outcome scores based upon an 11-year minimum follow-up time were obtained on 85 additional men released from the same institution; this outcome sample was constructed so that the entire range of outcomes, from good to the commission of very serious crimes against persons, was represented. The seriousness of outcome scores were well predicted from the same variable sets used to predict the clinicians' ratings (R = .55); however, the regression model based upon the clinicians' ratings of dangerousness did not predict the outcome scores. The lack of relation between the clinical judgment model and outcome was maintained when the data were analyzed separately according to whether the patients were personality disordered or psychotic. The most important variables associated with dangerous outcome were seriousness of the index offense, an economic index offense, criminal as opposed to civil commitment, young age, and number of previous correctional institutionalizations.
Sexually Abused Girls' Knowledge About Sexual Abuse and Sexuality
Authors: GILGUN JANE F.
Published: March 2007

This research reports on open-ended interviews with 20 sexually abused girls on their knowledge of sexuality and child sexual abuse. Most received little or no information from parents or the schools on these subjects. The few who received warnings about molestation were unable to connect the warnings to the perpetrator's behavior. Sex education and sex abuse education of children appear necessary. The results of this study suggest that children are likely to benefit if they are provided with concrete, specific information beginning at a very early age. Programs to prevent the development of sexually abusive behaviors in the first place are needed for a more complete preventive effort.
Attribution of Responsibility to Rapist and Victim
Authors: FERGUSON PATRICIA A. , DUTHIE DOLORES A. , GRAF RICHARD G.
Published: March 2007

This study tested the hypothesis that providing information about the prevalent motives of rape (power and anger) will influence observers' attribution of responsibility to a rape victim. Forty male introductory psychology students were randomly assigned to one of four groups: rape motivation information (informed, uninformed), and attractiveness of the target victim (attractive, unattractive). All subjects read a description of an alleged rape and responded to a questionnaire that measured the amount of responsibility attributed to the victim and to the rapist. The analysis of variance suggested that information about rape motivation decreases the amount of responsibility attributed to the victim.
Judgment of Anger Problems by Clients and Therapists
Authors: HOSHMAND LISA L. S. TSOI
Published: March 2007

Clients' self-judgments and therapists' judgments on severity of anger control problem, dangerousness, and motivation for treatment were obtained on 52 outpatient clients with a history of battering and 57 clients without such history. Differences in judgment ratings between groups and correlational data on the therapists' and clients' judgments are presented. Patterns of endorsement of ten specific anger problem criteria by the clients and therapists are analyzed in relation to their judgment ratings by zero-order correlations and stepwise multiple regression. The presumed trustworthiness of professional judgments relative to the self-judgments of clients is examined in terms of reliability and the apparent basis of these judgments. Clinical and research implications of descriptive study in this area are discussed.
Rape Prevention
Authors: FISCHHOFF BARUCH , FURBY LITA , MORGAN MARCIA
Published: March 2007

There are many things that can be done by individual women, or by society as a whole, to reduce the threat of sexual assault. In a review of the professional literature, we found 408 different strategies; a series of questionnaire studies with varied groups of respondents added another 732. A unifying typology was developed to organize this unwieldy collection. It distinguishes (a) whether the action is undertaken by an individual or by society; (b) whether it is aimed at preventing rape assaults from ever beginning, at preparing for an assault, or at coping with an assault once it has commenced; (c) what its intended effect is, as a way to stop rape assaults. In this typology, strategies are all expressed in terms of a common strategy grammar: “Doing X in order to achieve effect Y (which is expected to reduce the threat of rape).” The typology can help improve the study of strategy effectiveness by ensuring the precision and comparability of strategies. It can also facilitate communicating rape prevention strategies to women by providing an easily understood and unambiguous formulation.
Delinquency and Abuse Among Juvenile Sexual Offenders
Authors: SMITH WAYNE R.
Published: March 2007

Background information obtained from 450 male juvenile sexual offenders and their families was examined to explore two important questions: Are juvenile sexual offenders referred for more serious offenses more likely to have a history of aggressiveness or delinquency? Are more serious sexual offenses committed by juveniles who themselves have previously been victims of abuse? The results did not indicate a strong association between the more serious referral sexual offenses and histories of aggressive or property-destructive behavior, but did confirm that the more serious offenses were committed by juveniles who had themselves been abused. Violence and abuse within offenders' families, even though not directly involving the offender himself, were also found to be associated with more serious offenses.
Woman Abuse
Authors: SMITH MICHAEL D.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the strengths and weaknesses of telephone versus face-to-face surveys on the physical abuse of women by men in the context of marriage and other intimate romantic relationships. Although the nature of the evidence permits only a tentative conclusion, the evidence suggests that telephone surveys on this sensitive subject compare favorably with face-to-face surveys when a representative sample and a good quality of data are needed-the chief concerns of most surveys.
Explaining the Black Homicide Rate
Authors: HAWKINS DARNELL F.
Published: March 2007

Despite the disproportionately high rate of homicide among African-Americans, social scientists have offered few theories to explain this phenomenon. However, the absence of explicit theory has not meant that researchers have failed to consider questions of the etiology of homicide among Blacks. Implicit theory derived from traditional, liberal race relations research has been an integral part of quantitative studies of Black homicide. This article reviews and critiques these explanations for racial difference in the rate of homicide and notes the extent to which they have been challenged by recent scholars.
Influence of Abuse History on Male Adolescent Self-Reported Comfort With Interviewer Gender
Authors: KAPLAN MEG S. , BECKER JUDITH V. , TENKE CRAIG E.
Published: March 2007

Two hundred sixty-four inner-city adolescent males undergoing an evaluation in an outpatient clinic for sex offenders were questioned as to their preference and comfort in talking about sex with a male versus a female interviewer. Overall these adolescents were significantly more comfortable with a female interviewer, p < .05. Of the 135 nonabused subjects, 53% did not express a preference. However, those adolescents who themselves had been victims of sexual and/or physical abuse (49%) preferred a female interviewer, p < .02. Those individuals victimized by males showed the greatest preference for female interviewers, although those abused by females also preferred a female interviewer. Results indicate that self-disclosure about sexual material may be facilitated when interviewers of both genders are available.
Fighting Back
Authors: ULLMAN SARAH E. , KNIGHT RAYMOND A.
Published: March 2007

Women's resistance strategies to rape were examined using police reports and the court testimonies of 274 women who either avoided rape or were raped by subsequently incarcerated sex offenders. The sequence of behaviors in the offender-victim interaction was analyzed to determine whether women who resist rape with physical force are, as some have suggested, exacerbating the potential for physical injury or are simply responding to the severity of the offender's physical attack. The results indicated that 85% of the women in the study who resisted with physical force did so in response to the offender's initiated violence. The remaining 15% who resisted with physical force did so in response to the offender's verbal aggression. Moreover, those women who responded with physical aggression to the offender's violent physical attack were more likely to avoid rape than were women who did not resist such force. Also, the potential for physical injury was no greater for these women than for those who used other resistance strategies or who offered no resistance. These analyses suggest that the frequently found correlation between physical resistance and injury of the woman might be the result of the initial level of the offender's violence and should not be used to discourage women from physically resisting rape.
A Cross-Validation Study of the Trauma Symptom Checklist
Authors: GOLD STEVEN R. , MILAN LORI D. , MAYALL ALICE , JOHNSON ANNE E.
Published: March 2007

The study examines the responses to the Trauma Symptom Checklist (TSC) of college women (n = 654) sexually abused as children, sexually assaulted as adults, sexually assaulted as children and adults, and nonabused. Also investigated was the role of mediating variables: parental support, attributional style, and coping. Subjects completed a series of self-report measures in small groups. Sexual abuse was associated with more symptoms and more recent assaults, and revictimized women reported the most symptoms. The hypothesized mediating variables were predictive of scores on the Dissociation, Anxiety, Depression, Sexual Abuse Trauma Index, and Sexual Problems subscales. The interaction of low levels of parental support and a nonexpressive coping style was predictive of Anxiety and Depression scores. The results support the validity of the TSC as a measure of sexual abuse trauma and point to family patterns associated with prolonged symptomatology.
Increases in U.S. Violent Crime During the 1980s Following Four American Military Actions
Authors: BEBBER CHARLES C.
Published: March 2007

During the 1980s, the United States conducted four major foreign military strikes. Across the same decade, violent crime in America rose dramatically. An increase in the rate of criminal violence greater than that of the previous year is seen to appear immediately after each of the four military episodes of the 1980s, but not at any other time. A point-biserial test of covariance indicates the relationship between the presence or absence of military actions in the 1980s and the rate of criminal violence is significant at the .01 level. The findings are held to support Archer and Gartner's contention that a legitimation of violence model provides the most credible explanation of the link between war and civil violence.
New Practices and Ideas in Compensation Administration
Authors: Sibson Robert E.
Published: March 2007

An overview of significant changes in compensation during the past 15 years and of "the state of the art" today-plus some o f the underlying causes.
Designing a Corporate Dental Plan
Authors: Harvey Richard A.
Published: March 2007

When an employee benefits specialist is asked to develop dental coverage, he should start with a visit to a dentist.
Updating Salary Information for Scientific and Technical Positions: A Statistical Approach
Authors: Reynard E.L.
Published: March 2007

When salaries were inflating sedately at 2 or 3 percent a year, companies could reprice their career-maturity curves for scientific and technical personnel every year or so without creating special problems. But with the salaries of such personnel now advancing at 8 and more percent each year, that yesteryear approach will no longer work.
College Recruiting Pay Practices
Authors: Miller Ernest C.
Published: March 2007

A recent Compensation Review poll indicates that 76 percent of the responding companies determine salaries offered to new recruits—and to more experienced managers—in accordance with market survey data.
Pay and Performance
Authors: Belcher David W.
Published: March 2007

If an organization wants employees to know that pay reflects performance, compensation policy and practice must separate rewards for performance from other types of compensation rewards.
Compensation Elements: Market Phase Determines the Mix
Authors: Ellig Bruce R.
Published: March 2007

Total compensation incorporates the five elements of compensation in different proportions as the employee's salary level rises and as the employer's market position changes.
Updating the Traditional Corporate Retirement Program, Part 1
Authors: Brennan Lawrence T.
Published: March 2007

The rewards of restructuring the traditional retirement program include reducing and controlling costs, improving plan design, anticipating regulation, and tying employees' fortunes to those of the company.
Retiree Welfare Benefits: A Financial Time Bomb
Authors: Gewirtz Paul A. , Ostuw Richard
Published: March 2007

An unwelcome surprise may be in store for companies that fail to see that these benefits packages no longer carry small costs and few obligations.
How Do Merit Bonuses Fare?
Authors: Hathaway James W.
Published: March 2007

For employees at middle-income levels, merit bonuses, as opposed to raises, may be the best way to encourage and reward top performance.
The Tax Reform Act of 1986: Its Impact on Compensation And Benefits
Authors: Schechter Jack H.
Published: March 2007

Because it changes fundamental assumptions about compensation and benefits, the new tax act will force employers to take a long look at their current compensation and benefits packages.
A Benefit to Meet Changing Needs: Child-Care Assistance
Authors: Velleman Susan J.
Published: March 2007

With more and more mothers of young children becoming a vital part of the workforce, employers are finding that assistance is necessary to help employees cope with child-care problems that could interfere with their work performance.
Driving Under The Influence: The Impact Of Legislative Reform On The Role Of Legal And Extralegal Variables In Court Sentencing Practices
Authors: Kingsnorth R. , Barnes C. , Coonley P.
Published: March 2007

This paper analyzes the contribution of legal and extralegal factors in the sentencing of misdemeanor DUI defendants, with particular emphasis on the impact of legislative reform on the relative importance of these factors in the sentencing decision. Legal variables consistently dominate the decision to impose a jail term and the length of that term when imposed, both before and after reform. Among the extralegal variables only type of attorney representation is significantly related to sentencing outcomes, and then only for first offenders after implementation of the new law. Because the law and court policy permit these defendants a choice of sentence, this finding is interpreted as a reflection of class-based choices by criminal defendants rather than of court discrimination. Unlike other analyses of DUI sentencing, we found no judicial resistance to implementation of the legislative reform.
Drug Testing at Work: Balancing Reason with Presumption
Authors: Alpert Geoffrey P. , Haas Kenneth C.
Published: March 2007

In an effort to increase productivity and reduce absenteeism, accidents, theft, equipment damage, and other losses attributed to employees who use illicit drugs, a growing number of private and public employers have begun to implement comprehensive drug-testing programs. Since public employees are protected by the Fourth Amendment's proscription of unreasonable searches and seizures, government-employee drug testing has engendered much legal controversy. Although employees of criminal justice agencies and other public employees have brought numerous lawsuits challenging various drug-testing schemes, the United States Supreme Court so far has decided only two cases in which public employees have challenged drug-testing plans. This article analyzes these cases and demonstrates that the Court has not yet articulated precise or even particularly useful guidelines for distinguishing constitutional drug-testing policies and programs from unconstitutional ones. Consequently, many important legal questions remain unresolved as the lower courts struggle to balance the employee's right to privacy with the employer's need to thwart job-related drug abuse.
The effectiveness of topical agents in reducing nipple soreness of breastfeedinq mothers
Authors: Riordan Jan
Published: March 2007

To test the effectiveness of two topical treatments in preventing and treating sore nipples, eleven breastfeeding primigravida women applied lanolin cream or tea bags on one breast in the immediate postpartum period. The subjects' treated breasts served as the experimental group; the contralateral breasts served as the control group. Following delivery, a baseline of nipple soreness was recorded and treatment was begun. Nipple soreness ratings were recorded twice daily by the subjects from the third to the eighth day postpartum. Nipple soreness for both groups peaked on the fourth day postpartum. When nipple soreness ratings of the untreated and treated breasts were compared using a t-test, no significant differences were found. Use of these agents neither prevents nor reduces nipple soreness.
The Mother-Baby Assessment (MBA): An "Apgar Score" for Breastfeeding
Authors: Mulford Chris
Published: March 2007

Communication about breastfeeding among health workers is hampered by the lack of a standardized method of documentation for breastfeeding. Scoring methods previously described by Matthews, Jenks, and Bocar and Shrago focus on the baby's behavior. I am proposing a "Mother-Baby Assessment (MBA) Score," a ten-point assessment of maternal and infant breastfeeding behavior. The assessment system may be used to track the progress of a motherbaby pair as they learn how to breastfeed, and also may be useful in hospital charting, when making referrals, when practicing triage, or when conducting research.
Assisting the Breastfeeding Mother: A Problem-Solving Process
Authors: Ellis Donelda J. , Livingstone Verity H. , Hewat Roberta J.
Published: March 2007

At the Vancouver Breastfeeding Centre (VBC), breastfeeding is facilitated through a process of assessment, analysis, diagnosis, care and counsel, and evaluation. This process is described and related to phases of breastfeeding kinetics by considering two presenting problems: sore nipples, and inadequate production of milk.
Alois Alzheimer on Presenile Dementia
Authors: Tonkonogy Joseph , Moak Gary S.
Published: March 2007

The work of Alois Alzheimer on presenile dementia is a landmark in the history of psychiatry not fully appreciated by contemporary psychiatrists. In this paper, the history of his landmark work is reviewed in the context of the growing importance of psychiatric involvement in Alzheimer's disease. Annotated excerpts from Alzheimer's second paper (1911), never before translated into English, are presented. The historical significance of Alzheimer's findings vis-a-vis Krae pelinian psychiatry and the relationship of his investigations to modern psychiatric research in primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type are discussed. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1:199-206).
Empirical Scaling of the Stages of Cognitive Decline in Senile Dementia
Authors: Overall John E. , Scott Judith , Rhoades Howard M. , Lesser Jary
Published: March 2007

A 30-item questionnaire concerned with signs and symptoms of cognitive decline was completed by a relative or caregiver for each of 115 elderly patients seen in the gerontology outpatient clinic of our institution. Twelve different preliminary scale values were calculated to locate each of the 30 clinical manifestations along a continuum of increasing severity. Prin cipal components analysis was then used to combine the 12 preliminary indices into a single composite scale that more reliably represents distances between the 30 clinical manifestations. The scale scores for the clinical manifestations were observed to cluster into relatively discrete groups, suggesting naturally occurring stages or phases. Objective cluster anal ysis methods further suggested the presence of distinct thresholds for occurrence of new impairments along the cognitive decline continuum. Utility of the empirically derived scale values in staging the course of primary degenerative dementia is suggested. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1990;3:212-220).
Tardive Dyskinesia in Alzheimer's Disease: Clinical Features and Neuropathologic Correlates
Authors: McDaniel Keith D. , Kazee Ann Marie , Eskin Thomas A. , Hamill Robert W.
Published: March 2007

Medical record review was conducted on 14 patients with neuropathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease, all of whom had been treated with antipsychotic medications, to determine the relationship between neuropathology and the development of tardive dyskinesia. Four cases were found to have chart descriptions of hyperkinetic movement disorders consistent with tardive dyskinesia. When the group with tardive dyskinesia was compared to the group without tardive dyskinesia, there were no statistically significant differences regarding gender, age of onset of dementia, duration of de mentia, age at death, or duration of antipsychotic treatment. Neuropathologic comparisons revealed greater degenerative changes in the substantia nigra in those patients with tardive dyskinesia. These preliminary observations suggest that patients with Alzheimer's disease and significant coexisting substantia nigra pathologic changes may be at higher risk for developing tardive dyskinesia when treated with antipsychotic medication ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991;4:79-85).
Systolic Blood Pressure within an Intermediate Range May Reduce Memory Loss in an Elderly Hypertensive Cohort
Authors: Sacktor Ned , Gray Sarah , Kawas Claudia , Herbst Jeffrey , Costa Paul , Fleg Jerome
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to determine if maintenance of systolic blood pressure (BP) within a high range or low range among treated hypertensive patients increases the risk of memory decline. Biennial neuropsychological evaluations were performed on 158 hypertensive subjects. Decline/year was measured on the Cued Selective Reminding test (total free recall and delayed recall) in three systolic BP groups (low—i.e., mean systolic BP during the follow-up period < 135 mm Hg; intermediate—i.e., 135 mm Hg ≤ mean systolic BP ≤ 150 mm Hg; high—i.e., mean systolic BP > 150 mm Hg). In total free recall, the three systolic BP groups had significantly different declines per year ( P = .02), with patients in the high subgroup showing the greatest decline. In delayed recall, the three sys tolic BP groups also showed significantly different declines per year ( P = .04), with patients in the low subgroup having the greatest decline. Chronically elevated systolic BP > 150 mm Hg is associated with accelerated memory decline compared to older treated hypertensive patients with systolic BP in an intermediate range. Chronically maintained systolic BP within a low normal range < 135 mm Hg in older treated hypertensive subjects may be asso ciated with accelerated memory decline, specifically in a test of delayed memory recall, compared to patients with systolic BP in an intermediate range. Optimal regulation of systolic BP may be a potential modifiable risk factor to prevent or minimize memory loss in older hypertensive patients. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999; 12:1-6).
Cerebral Blood Flow Correlates of Higher Brain Dysfunctions in Corticobasal Degeneration
Authors: Okuda Bungo , Tachibana Hisao , Kawabata Keita , Takeda Masanaka , Sugita Minoru
Published: March 2007

To investigate clinicoanatomic correlations of higher brain dysfunctions in corticobasal degeneration, regional cere bral blood flow (rCBF) was semiquantitatively measured with single-photon emission computed tomography in 9 patients with corticobasal degeneration and 12 age-matched control subjects. The patients showed significant reduc tions of relative tracer uptake in widespread cortical areas, as well as the basal ganglia and thalamus. Interhemispheric difference of hypoperfusion was significant in the sensorimotor and posterior parietal cortices. Asymmetric limb apraxia and cortical sensory disturbance corresponded to either sensorimotor cortical or posterior parietal cortical hypoperfusion or both. Compared with the patients without dementia, those with dementia showed significant reductions of relative rCBF in the inferior prefrontal region in the more affected hemisphere. The unique correla tion of cortical signs with regional hypoperfusion may be useful in distinguishing between corticobasal degeneration and other neurodegenerative diseases. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999; 12:189-193).
Autohesive Strength Development in Polysulfone Resin and Graphite-Polysulfone Composites
Authors: Howes Jeremy C. , Loos Alfred C.
Published: March 2007

The effects of bonding temperature and contact time on autohesive strength development in thermoplastic polysulfone resin and graphite-polysulfone composites were investigated. Two test methods were examined to measure autohesion in the neat resin samples. These included an interfacial tension test and a compact tension fracture toughness test. Auto hesive strength development in fiber-reinforced composites was measured using a double cantilever beam interlaminar fracture toughness test. The results of the tests were com pared with current diffusion theories explaining crack healing and welding of glassy polymers. Discrepancies between the results of the present investigation and the diffusion theories are discussed.
An Image Scale for Nonprofit Voluntary Organizations
Authors: Bonner P. Greg , George William R.
Published: March 2007

An inventory of scale items for a tailormade semantic differential is developed to measure the image of nonprofit voluntary organizations. The sixty-three items yield twelve first-order factors. Second-order factor analysis provides unifying constructs within the domain of voluntary organizations’ image. Coefficient alpha reliability estimates indicate a highly reliable measurement scale.
Attitudes toward the Homeless in two New York City Metropolitan Samples
Authors: Benedict Annette , Shaw Jeffrey S. , Rivlin Leanne G.
Published: March 2007

Attitude questionnaires were administered to a sample of New York City residents and a suburban sample who worked in New York City (n = 112 for each). While overall attitudes toward the homeless were sympathetic, feelings about a shelter for the homeless in one's neighborhood were not favorable. Feelings toward a shelter were unfavorable regardless of whether the shelter was to serve “over 20” or “up to 10” homeless persons. Despite demographic differences on income, age, time living in the New York City area and education, the two samples differed significantly on only two responses related to attitudes or to experiences with the homeless. New York City residents rated their attitudes toward the elderly as more sympathetic than did suburban residents (p .05), though both samples reported very favorable attitudes. Also, a greater proportion of the New York City residents, 76.7%, as opposed to 52.8% for suburban residents, stated that the situation of the homeless had gotten worse in the past few years (p .001). To examine the relationships between attitude responses and other variables, factor analyses were carried out for each sample on those variables that correlated significantly with the attitude measures. Composite variables based on these factors revealed that, for both New York City and suburban residents, significantly more favorable attitudes were obtained for those respondents who had given money to the homeless and who had used the media and their own reading in forming an opinion about the homeless.
Panjabi adolesecents' attitudes to English and Panjabi: some South London data
Authors: Sharma Murari
Published: March 2007

Fifteen and 16-year-old British-Asians, of similar socio-economic backgrounds, from two neighbouring South London Boroughs were given a subjective vitality and socio linguistic questionnaire concerning self-reported usage and evaluation of Panjabi and English. It was found that English was afforded a higher, status, generally, than Panjabi. Male compared with female respondents were found to be more inclined to use Panjabi at home and on religious occasions. Higher ratings for Panjabi were also reported when subjects were asked to express their opinions about Panjabi usage about future vitality of Panjabi.
Drawing pictures in the dust: Rajasthani children's landscapes
Authors: Gold A.G. , Gujar B.R.
Published: March 2007

Our paper conveys some of the ways children in rural Rajasthan, North India, think about their relationships with the environment, and how these relationships are enacted in their workday lives and expressed in their stories and songs. Due to severe deforestation in the region over the past 50 years, these children inherit a landscape very different from the one that was familiar to their parents and grand- parents. Interviews with children and the oral traditions they perform are our two major sources, supplemented with knowledge gained through participant obser vation and experience. We contrast children who work all day herding their families' livestock with children who attend school, focusing on attitudes toward work and on what daily chores and school books teach children about their natural surroundings. Folktales and folksongs rich in images and morals drawn from nature offer vivid insights into children's imaginative worlds.
Systemic source of 'working children' in Africa: the case of Nigeria
Authors: Olutayo A.O.
Published: March 2007

The focus of this paper is that the emergence of working children can be traced to the pre-colonial epoch in African countries. We posit that this seems inevitable to the people as a method of exploiting the environment especially because of the pre-capitalist nature of these countries. In spite of the emergence of new methods of exploiting the environ ment, the persistence of 'working children' as a category is a major concern. Since the capitalist mode of production became established, in one form or the other, one expected that the development of means of production to replace child labour in the capitalist system would bring about individualism and affluence. The growing individualism and improved level of technology ought to improve the welfare of the people. Conversely, for most African countries, and Nigeria especially, the level of poverty has increased drastically. The system engendered in the capitalist economy, as in the pre-capitalist economy, has, more or less, justified the persistence of the phenomenon.
A follow-up study of longterm effects of unemployment on children: loss of self-esteem and self-destructive behavior among adolescents
Authors: Christoffersen M.N.
Published: March 2007

A sample of children of longterm unemployed parents were interviewed as 25-year olds. Their present living conditions and their experiences during childhood were com pared with a simple random sample of the same cohort born in 1967. Results revealed that violence, separation from parents (in care according to files), and parents' addiction problems during childhood were significantly more common in the risk group than in the control group. Their present situation also differed decisively in vocational training, unemployment and psychological problems (lack of self-confidence, sleeping problems, anxiety, and considerations of suicide). The logistic regression model revealed that the factors which statistically could explain the loss of self-esteem were partly due to experi ences during childhood and partly to their present situation. Parental unemployment, violence in the home, being bullied in school seems to drain self-esteem. Present unem ployment and no vocational training have a statistical effect on their self-esteem, as well as lack of support from a spouse.
On Adams' Monistic Concept of Social Evolution
Authors: Sixel Friedrich W.
Published: March 2007

Adams' monistic concept of social evolution is understood as the most coherent theoretical proposition on this matter available today. And yet, the theory of Monistic Materialism fails to retain its materialist stance at the methodological level; it falls back on the mind-matter-dichotomy. Consequently, "power" based on the mindful control of matter turns into the most fundamental term of reference in social studies. This limits the analytical potency of Materialism in the study of social evolution and in offering alternatives for society's future. This paper suggests that a dialectical appropriation of Monism promises to overcome these difficulties.
Mythology and Ecology
Authors: Van Londen Selma
Published: March 2007

The aim of this article is to highlight the ecological function of mythology, starting from Laughlin and Brady's adaptation model. After giving an outline of this model, key problems involved in the analysis of myths are described. Then the Sea Woman myth and accompanying ritual of the Inuit are analysed in terms of an ecological coping mechanism. This analysis reveals that the message of the myth is to prepare for the onset of the following season and the corresponding change in the strategy of survival. The conclusion is drawn that the adaptive strength of the myth of the Sea Woman lies in the awareness of the need to overcome the mythological oppositions. It is precisely through everyday cooperation that the Inuit manage to survive.
'I Cannot Tell How All the Lands Shall Worship...'
Authors: Pailin David A.
Published: March 2007

This paper responds to Balagangadhara's study in five ways: (1) it questions whether its justifiable comments on the problematic character of the concept of religion prove that the concept cannot be used with a global reference; (2) it suggests that the study needs a more extensive treatment of Indian traditions to elucidate its claims about them; (3) it raises the problem of cross-cultural understanding, especially where the relevant understanding is considered to be performatively practical rather than theoretically explanatory; (4) it discusses the cultural relativity of understanding with particular reference to English works of the 17th and 18th centuries; and (5) it considers the significance of suggestions about the inappropriateness of treating 'religion' as a way of classifying certain supposedly isolatable modes of thought and behaviour.