bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation and characterization of conducting poly(diphenylamine) entrapped polyurethane network electrolyte
Authors: Santhosh P. , Gopalan A. , Vasudevan T. , Lee Kwang‐Pill
Published: April 2006

Composites of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) with poly(diphenylamine) (PDPA) were prepared by entrapping diphenylamine (DPA) molecules into the matrix of TPU and polymerizing DPA within the TPU matrix. Swelling rate of the parent TPU and the composites in 1M LiClO4 in propylene carbonate solution were compared to understand the influence of the presence of PDPA in the composite in altering the morphology, conductivity, and electrolyte behavior. The nitrogen atoms in the PDPA interact and are likely to form hydrogen bonding with the carbonyl and ether groups in TPU. As a result, different morphology, thermal, and impedance behavior were witnessed for the composites in comparison to TPU. Results from differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis, and ac impedance measurements were obtained as supporting evidences. An increase in glass transition temperature for the composite in comparison to TPU infers the increase in phase mixing of soft and hard segment of TPU. The SEM micrograph shows the presence of fibrillar morphology of PDPA molecules in the composite. The ionic conductivity of the swelled composite was 1‐fold higher than that of pure TPU. A schematic representation showing the interaction of PDPA molecules with TPU is presented. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 611–617, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of new hyperbranched polymers with only inner functional groups modified
Authors: Li Ming , Yang Xiaohui , Liu Yunhang , Wang Xinling
Published: April 2006

The novel core‐shell polymers were synthesized based on the perfluoroalkyls grafting onto the inner hydroxyl groups of hyperbranched polyglycidol while the outer hydroxyl groups remained unaffected. The samples were characterized with FTIR, NMR, element analysis, and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The various results obtained by different measurements are in good agreements. The conversion ratio of inner hydroxyl groups is about 0.3 and most functionalizations took place in linear 1,4‐units (L1–4). Differential Scanning Calorimetry results suggest the samples are amorphous within the experiment range. Their inner lipophilicity and outer hydrophilism resulted from their unique structures are expected to gain promising applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 317–322, 2006
New epoxy/silica‐titania hybrid materials prepared by the sol–gel process
Authors: Lu Shaorong , Zhang Hailiang , Zhao Caixian , Wang Xiayu
Published: April 2006

A new type of inorganic‐polymer hybrid materials of epoxy/silica‐titania had been prepared by incorporating grafted epoxy, which had been synthesized by epoxy and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), with highly reactive TEOS and tetrabutyltitanate (TBT) by using the in situ sol–gel process. The grafted epoxy was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and 1H‐NMR spectroscopic technique. Results of FT‐IR spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) demonstrated that epoxy chains have been covalently bonded to the surface of the SiO2‐TiO2 particles. The particles size of SiO2‐TiO2 are about 20–50 nm, as characterized by AFM. The experimental results showed that the glass‐transition temperatures and the modulus of the modified systems were higher than that of the unmodified system, and the impact strength was enhanced by two to three times compared with that of the neat epoxy. The morphological structure of impact fracture surface and the surface of the hybrid materials were observed by scanning electron microscopy and AFM, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1075–1081, 2006
Studies on mechanical, thermal, and morphology of diglycidylether‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane‐modified epoxy–bismaleimide matrices
Authors: Kumar R. Suresh , Alagar M.
Published: April 2006

An epoxy matrix system modified by diglycidylether‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane (DGETPDMS) and bismaleimide (BMI) was developed. Epoxy systems modified with 4, 8, and 12% (by wt) of DGETPDMS were made using epoxy resin and DGETPDMS, with diaminodiphenylmethane as the curing agent. The DGETPDMS‐toughened epoxy systems were further modified with 4, 8, and 12% (by wt) of BMI, namely (N,N′‐bismaleimido‐4,4′‐diphenylmethane). DGETPDMS/BMI/epoxy matrices were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and heat deflection temperature analysis. The matrices, in the form of castings, were characterized for their mechanical properties, viz. tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact test, as per ASTM methods. Mechanical studies indicate that the introduction of DGETPDMS into epoxy resin improves the impact strength, with reduction in tensile strength, flexural strength, and glass transition temperature, whereas the incorporation of BMI into epoxy resin enhances the mechanical and thermal properties according to its percentage content. However, the introduction of both DGETPDMS and BMI enhances the values of thermomechanical properties according to their percentage content. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 668–674, 2006
Complex coacervation of the gelatin–poly(acrylic acid) system
Authors: Mathieu F. , Ugazio S. , Carnelle G. , Duciní Y. , Legrand J.
Published: April 2006

The system gelatin–poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) undergoes not only complex coacervation but also flocculation. The latter is incompatible with an encapsulation process. pH adjustment rate, ionic strength, temperature, and total macromolecular concentration have been studied to understand the origin of flocculation and to obtain a set of optimized parameters for coacervation using on‐line turbidimetric titration. State diagrams were built, by varying gelatin/PAA mass ratio (R) and pH, for different PAA molar mass, which gave occurrence conditions of flocculation and coacervation. Flocculation can be avoided without significant yield decrease by pH adjustment. On the other hand, a modification of ratio (R) affects both coacervation yield and coacervate phase concentration. Spectrophotometric titration reveals a relative independence of the effective ratio within the coacervate and the initial mixing ratio before reaction. Conclusions are made concerning the use of this couple in an encapsulation process. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 708–714, 2006
Polymerization products of acrylic acid with Gleditsia triacanthos gum as thickeners for reactive printing
Authors: Hebeish A. A. , Ragheb A. A. , Nassar S. H. , Allam E. E. , El Thalouth J. I. Abd
Published: April 2006

Glactomannan gum was isolated from Gleditsia triacanthos seeds. It was then subjected to polymerization with acrylic acid using potassium persulfate initiation system. Products of the polymerization reactions are referred to as composites. Technical evaluation of the latter as thickening agent in reactive printing using cotton fabric was studied. The use of composite in printing cotton fabric with natural dye was also studied. It was found that the composite pastes are characterized by a non‐Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior, and their apparent viscosity increases on increasing the concentration of acrylic acid. The composite can be diluted by water and its viscosity increases by neutralization. Printing pastes of the composite are very stable for storing, in contrast with those of natural gum which exhibit no stability for storing. It was also found that reactive prints thickened with the composite display relatively higher K/S than those thickened with native gum do. Meanwhile, K/S values of prints thickened with the composite are comparable with the values of those thickened with sodium alginate. Printed fabrics using the composite as a thickener exhibit soft handle, and their overall fastness properties are almost equal to, if not higher than, the properties of those printed using sodium alginate. On the other hand, printing of cotton fabric with a natural dye using the composite as a thickener results in prints with K/S values lower than those obtained using commercial synthetic thickener; but the overall fastness properties are nearly the same. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 931–943, 2006
Surface designing of polypropylene by critical monitoring of the grafting conditions: Structural investigations
Authors: Anjum Nishat , Gupta Bhuvanesh , Riquet Anne Marie
Published: April 2006

Polypropylene‐g‐polyacrylic acid copolymers were prepared by graft polymerization of acrylic acid onto polypropylene (PP) using electron beam preirradiation method. Samples with various graft levels were characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The physical structure of grafted PP was significantly affected by the graft content. While XPS revealed an increase in the oxygen content on the PP surface, the crystallinity of the graft copolymer decreased with an increase in the degree of grafting. The heat of fusion as obtained from DSC decreased with the increase in the degree of grafting and was ascribed to the dilution of inherent crystallinity by the incorporation of amorphous polyacrylic acid grafted chains. The thermal stability of graft copolymers was also enhanced as compared to the virgin PP. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 772–778, 2006
Observing changes in nonlinear viscoelastic properties occurring throughout the vulcanization process
Authors: Leblanc Jean L.
Published: April 2006

Using a purposely modified Rubber Process Analyzer, a technique has been developed to record the complete torque signal during a vulcanization test, and to split it into a sequence of single oscillations, which are treated through Fourier transform calculations. Various EPDM‐based compounds were tested to investigate the capabilities of the technique. It was found that the progressive variation of the harmonic torque signal when vulcanization occurs reflects in singularities in the manner that all harmonic components vary during cure. Contrary to the main torque component (i.e., the torque amplitude) that exhibits a smooth variation as vulcanization proceeds, harmonic components exhibit sharp up and down changes at precise times that seem to be related to critical steps in the curing process. For instance, pair harmonic components passes through extremes (maximum or minimum) when scorch time is reached. Odd harmonic components show a singularity that is likely associated with the precise moment when the vulcanizing material passes from a still “liquid” state to an essentially “solid” one. This event does not coincide with the time for the maximum cure rate to be reached but occurs either before or after it, depending on the compound or the curing parameters. Such results support the view that rubber vulcanization presents some analogy with a nucleation process and underline the promising capabilities of the test technique. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1140–1150, 2006
Cover Picture: Identification by 19F NMR of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Plants Possessing Prolyl Oligopeptidase Inhibitory Activity (ChemBioChem 5/2006)
Authors: Tarragó Teresa , Frutos Silvia , Rodriguez‐Mias Ricard A. , Giralt Ernest
Published: April 2006

The cover picture shows several traditional Chinese medicinal plants used to in the search for new prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitors. From top to the bottom and from left to right they are: Medulla junci, Folium mori, Radix polygalae, Herba lophatheri, Radix et Rhizoma rhei, Radix scrophulariae, Caulis polygoni, Lapis chloriti and Os draconis. The fluorine spectrum is from a new prolyl oligopeptidase activity assay based on the combined use of 19F NMR and a fluorinated prolyl oligopeptidase substrate. This assay is used to screen the plant extracts for prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitory properties, and several extracts have been identified as potent inhibitors of this peptidase. Further details can be found in the article by E. Giralt and co‐workers on p. 827 ff.
A Facile Method for Oxidation of Primary Alcohols to Carboxylic Acids and Its Application in Glycosaminoglycan Syntheses
Authors: Huang Lijun , Teumelsan Nardos , Huang Xuefei
Published: April 2006

A convenient two‐step, one‐pot procedure was developed for the conversion of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids. The alcohol was first treated with NaOCl and TEMPO under phase‐transfer conditions, followed by NaClO2 oxidation in one pot. This reaction is applicable to a wide range of alcohols and the mild reaction conditions are compatible with many sensitive functional groups, including electron‐rich aromatic rings, acid‐labile isopropylidene ketal and glycosidic linkages, and oxidation‐prone thioacetal, p‐methoxybenzyl, and allyl moieties. Several glycosaminoglycans such as heparin, chondroitin, and hyaluronic acid oligosaccharides have been synthesized in high yields by using this new oxidation protocol.
Solvothermal Treatment of Rare Earth Chloride Hydrates.
Authors: Hosokawa Saburo , Iwamoto Shinji , Inoue Masashi
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Benign Approaches for the Synthesis of Bis‐Imine Schiff Bases.
Authors: van den Ancker Tania R. , Cave Gareth W. V. , Raston Colin L.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Selective Diethylzinc Reduction of Imines in the Presence of Ketones Catalyzed by Ni(acac)2.
Authors: Xiao Xue , Wang Haowei , Huang Zhiyan , Yang Jun , Bian Xiaoxia , Qin Yong
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
L‐Proline Promoted Cross‐Coupling of Vinyl Bromide with Thiols Catalyzed by CuBr in Ionic Liquid.
Authors: Zheng Yunfa , Du Xingfen , Bao Weiliang
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Phosphorinanes as Ligands for Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Chemistry.
Authors: Brenstrum Tim , Clattenburg Julie , Britten James , Zavorine Serguei , Dyck Jeff , Robertson Alan J. , McNulty James , Capretta Alfredo
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rh(I)‐Catalyzed Mild Intramolecular [4 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Ester‐Tethered Diene‐yne Compounds.
Authors: Saito Akio , Ono Takamitsu , Takahashi Arata , Taguchi Takeo , Hanzawa Yuji
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Structure—Activity Relationships of Novel Poly(ADP‐Ribose) Polymerase‐1 Inhibitors.
Authors: Tao Ming , Park Chung Ho , Bihovsky Ron , Wells Gregory J. , Husten Jean , Ator Mark A. , Hudkins Robert L.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Novel 1‐Methyl‐1H‐pyridazino[3,4‐b]indoles.
Authors: Riedl Zsuzsanna , et al. et al.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Formation of Cyclic Sulfinates and Sulfinamides Through Homolytic Substitution at the Sulfur Atom.
Authors: Coulomb Julien , Certal Victor , Fensterbank Louis , Lacote Emmanuel , Malacria Max
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Generation of Cyclic Ketene‐N,X‐acetals (X: O, S) from 2‐Alkyl‐1,3‐oxazolines and 2‐Alkyl‐1,3‐thiazolines. Reactions with Acid Chlorides, 1,3‐Diacid Chlorides and N‐(Chlorocarbonyl) Isocyanate.
Authors: Zhou Aihua , Pittman Charles U. Jr.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Arylamination of 1,2,5‐Thiadiazol‐3‐yl Trifluoromethanesulfonate.
Authors: Pustovit Yu. M. , Alekseenko A. N.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Discovery of a Potent Phenolic N1‐Benzylidene—Pyridinecarboxamidrazone (I) Selective Against Gram‐Positive Bacteria.
Authors: Rathbone Daniel L. , Parker Katy J. , Coleman Michael D. , Lambert Peter A. , Billington David C.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Convenient Preparation of 2‐Aroyl‐3,3‐bis(alkylsulfanyl)acrylaldehydes and Their Application in the Synthesis of 5‐Aroyl‐2‐oxo‐1,2‐dihydro‐2‐pyridinecarbonitriles.
Authors: Anabha Engoor R. , Asokan Chittoorthekkathil V.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
SN2′ Reactions Between Lithiated Carbon Nucleophiles and Silylated Vinyloxiranes — Effects of Salts and Solvents on the Stereocontrol.
Authors: Marie Jean‐Charles , Courillon Christine , Malacria Max
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Biological Activities of Novel Dialkyl (4‐Trifluoromethylphenylamino)‐(4‐trifluoromethyl or 3‐fluorophenyl) Methylphosphonates.
Authors: Song Baoan , et al. et al.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Syntheses and Evaluation of Novel Fatty Acid Second‐Generation Taxoid Conjugates as Promising Anticancer Agents.
Authors: Kuznetsova Larissa , Chen Jin , Sun Liang , Wu Xinyuan , Pepe Antonella , Veith Jean M. , Pera Paula , Bernacki Ralph J. , Ojima Iwao
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Philinopsides A and B, Two New Sulfated Triterpene Glycosides from the Sea Cucumber Pentacta quadrangularis.
Authors: Yi Yang‐Hua , et al. et al.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Diastereoselective [3,2]‐Stevens and Sommelet—Hauser Rearrangements in the Dihydromethanodibenzoazocine Series.
Authors: Hanessian Stephen , Talbot Clement , Saravanan Parthasarathy
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Aerothionin, a Marine Dimeric Spiroisoxazoline Natural Product, Employing Optically Active Spiroisoxazoline Derivative.
Authors: Ogamino Takahisa , Obata Rika , Nishiyama Shigeru
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Total Synthesis of the Antitumor Macrolide Rhizoxin D.
Authors: Mitchell Ian S. , Pattenden Gerald , Stonehouse Jeffrey
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Semicarbazone‐Based Inhibitors of Cathepsin K, Are They Prodrugs for Aldehyde Inhibitors?
Authors: Deaton David N. , et al. et al.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Phase Diagram Calculations in Teaching, Research, and Industry
Authors: Chang Y. Austin
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efforts Toward the Total Synthesis of Tubulysins: New Hopes for a More Effective Targeted Drug Delivery to Tumors
Authors: Neri Dario , Fossati Giacomo , Zanda Matteo
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Approach to the Inhibition of Metallo‐β‐lactamases
Authors: Spencer James , Walsh Timothy R.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Amino Acid Derived Macrocycles — An Area Driven by Synthesis or Application?
Authors: Gibson Susan E. , Lecci Cristina
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
DNA Mismatch Repair: Functions and Mechanisms
Authors: Iyer Ravi R. , Pluciennik Anna , Burdett Vickers , Modrich Paul L.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Fluorine Chemistry at Central Glass
Authors: Katsuhara Yutaka , Aramaki Minoru , Ishii Akihiro , Kume Takashi , Kawashima Chikashi , Mitsumoto Seiichi
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Theoretical Approach to Explain Selectivity in Complex Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions
Authors: Nieminen V. , Toukoniitty E. , Taskinen A. , Hotokka M. , Murzin D. Yu.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Phase II study of temozolomide plus pegylated interferon‐α‐2b for metastatic melanoma
Authors: Hwu Wen‐Jen , Panageas Katherine S. , Menell Jennifer H. , Lamb Lynne A. , Aird Suzan , Krown Susan E. , Williams Linda J. , Chapman Paul B. , Livingston Philip O. , Wolchok Jedd D. , Houghton Alan N.
Published: April 2006

BACKGROUND

Temozolomide and interferon‐α‐2b (IFN‐α‐2b) are both active in melanoma. Therefore, the efficacy and safety of temozolomide in combination with pegylated IFN‐α‐2b in patients with metastatic melanoma without brain metastases was investigated.

METHODS

Patients with histologically confirmed, unresectable, American Joint Committee on Cancer Stage IV melanoma were enrolled in an open‐label, Phase II study. The primary endpoints were tumor response and safety. Patients received temozolomide (75 mg/m2/day × 6 weeks with a 2‐week break between cycles) plus concomitant subcutaneous pegylated IFN‐α‐2b (0.5 μg/kg/wk, continuously). Treatment was continued until unacceptable toxicity or disease progression occurred.

RESULTS

Thirty‐five patients (median age, 55 years) with Stage IV melanoma and a median of 3 metastatic sites were enrolled and received a median of 1 cycle (i.e., 8 weeks) of therapy (range, 0‐6 cycles). Eleven patients (31%) (95% confidence interval, 16% to 47%) had an objective tumor response, including 3 with clinical complete response durations of 6 months, 20 months, and 32+ months and 8 with partial responses. Three patients with a partial or mixed response were subsequently rendered free of clinically detectable disease with surgery. The median survival was 12 months with a median follow‐up among survivors of 16 months. No patient developed brain metastases while receiving study treatment. Treatment was generally well tolerated. Hematologic toxicity consisted mainly of lymphopenia and leukopenia (National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria Grades 1‐3); no Grade 4 hematologic toxicity was observed.

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of temozolomide plus pegylated IFN‐α‐2b had antitumor activity and was well tolerated in patients with metastatic melanoma. Therefore, further study is warranted. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Targeting constitutive and interleukin‐6‐inducible signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 pathway in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells by curcumin (diferuloylmethane)
Authors: Chakravarti Nitin , Myers Jeffrey N. , Aggarwal Bharat B.
Published: April 2006

Numerous reports suggest that interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) promotes survival and proliferation of tumor cells through the phosphorylation of a cell‐signaling protein, signal‐transducer‐and‐activator‐of‐transcription‐3 (STAT3). Constitutive activation of STAT3 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and its role in proliferation of this tumor has been demonstrated. Thus, agents that can suppress STAT3 activation have potential for the treatment of HNSCC. In the present report, we demonstrate that most HNSCC cell lines had constitutively active STAT3 and that curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a pharmacologically safe agent in humans, inhibited STAT3 phosphorylation in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. Nuclear translocation of STAT3 was also inhibited by curcumin. The inhibition of STAT3 activation by curcumin was reversible, although even 24 hr after curcumin removal, only partial reversal occurred. Besides inhibiting constitutive expression, curcumin also abrogated the IL‐6‐induced activation of STAT3 in HNSCC cells. When compared with AG490, a well‐characterized JAK2 inhibitor, curcumin was more rapid (30 min vs. 4 hr) and more potent (25 μM vs. 100 μM) inhibitor of STAT3 phosphorylation. Curcumin was also a more potent inhibitor of HNSCC cell proliferation than AG490. Overall, our results demonstrated that curcumin is a potent inhibitor of constitutive and IL‐6‐induced STAT3 phosphorylation. This mechanism may be at least partially responsible for curcumin's ability to suppress proliferation of HNSCC cells. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Self‐reported goiter is associated with a significantly increased risk of gastric noncardia adenocarcinoma in a large population‐based Chinese cohort
Authors: Abnet Christian C. , Fan Jin‐Hu , Kamangar Farin , Sun Xiu‐Di , Taylor Philip R. , Ren Jian‐Song , Mark Steven D. , Zhao Ping , Fraumeni Joseph F. , Qiao You‐Lin , Dawsey Sanford M.
Published: April 2006

Iodine is concentrated by the gastric mucosa, where it may act as an antioxidant. Therefore, iodine deficiency, and its sequelae goiter, may be associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer. We examined the association between self‐reported goiter and upper gastrointestinal cancer in a Chinese cohort of 29,584 adults. Using multivariate adjusted Cox models, we found goiter associated with a significantly increased risk of gastric noncardia adenocarcinoma, HR (95% CI) 2.04 (1.01, 4.11) and nonsignificantly with gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, HR (95% CI) 1.45 (0.91, 2.30). We also found a borderline, insignificant increased risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, HR (95% CI) 1.37 (0.97, 1.94). Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that iodine deficiency is associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High incidence of second basal cell skin cancers
Authors: Levi Fabio , Randimbison Lalao , Maspoli Manuela , Te Van‐Cong , La Vecchia Carlo
Published: April 2006

We considered the risk of second basal cell cancers (BCC) of the skin using a population‐based series of 1,868 BCC collected between 1976 and 1985 in the Swiss Cantons of Vaud and Neuchâtel, and followed‐up to the end of 2003. Overall, 507 second BCC were observed versus 59.98 expected, corresponding to a standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of 8.45 (95% CI: 7.73–9.22). The SIRs were similar in men and women in subsequent calendar periods, but tended to decline with advancing age at diagnosis of first BCC, from 13.98 below age 50 to 7.13 at age 70 or over. Consequently, the rate of first BCC increased to ˜30‐fold between 7/100,000 at age 30–39 and 200/100,000 at age 70–79, but the rate of second BCC increased only about 3‐fold between 31/1,000 at age 30–39 and 110/1,000 at age 70–79. The cumulative risk of second BCC was 11% at 5 years, 21% at 10 years and 40% at 20 years. This study indicates that the relative (but not the absolute) risk of second BCC is greater at younger age and declines with advancing age, and is therefore compatible with an excess baseline risk in a population of susceptible individuals. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
State accountability policies and Boyer's domains of scholarship: Conflict or collaboration?
Authors: Doyle William R.
Published: April 2006

The author applies strategic response theory to develop hypotheses about the type of response that public colleges and universities will exhibit as a consequence of state policies to encourage the scholarship of teaching, discovery, and application.
Monitoring the sensorial and microbiological quality of pasteurized white asparagus at different storage temperatures
Authors: Valero A , Carrasco E , Pérez‐Rodríguez F , García‐Gimeno RM , Blanco C , Zurera G
Published: April 2006

Changes in sensory quality and proliferation of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms in pasteurized white asparagus were measured as a function of storage temperature. The main sensorial attributes studied with regard to storage time were the general appearance of the product, turgidity and package swelling. There was a significant correlation between the deterioration in sensorial quality and microbial evolution, which was even more marked at higher temperatures. After 13 days at 4°C, 6 days at 10°C, 5 days at 20°C and 84 h at 30°C organoleptic deterioration and, consequently, the end of shelf life were detected. A significant growth of spoilage flora was observed, which might be responsible for the drop in pH levels during the final period of analysis (from 6.3 to 3.5–4 until 148 h). There was greater lactic acid bacteria (LAB) growth as the temperature and CO2 concentration increased, reaching a final concentration of approximately 108 CFU g−1 at all temperatures. We found no positive samples of Clostridium spp at 10 and 4°C. Among the species isolated at 20–30°C Clostridium septicum and in lower proportions Clostridium perfringens were encountered. The possible presence of Listeria monocytogenes was analyzed, but there were no positive samples in the final product. Pasteurized white asparagus maintains good organoleptic characteristics with a relatively long shelf‐life at low temperatures, which leads to an adequate acceptance among consumers. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Fiber laser based on 4-core Yb-doped fiber and multimode Bragg
grating
Authors: Kurkov A S , Paramonov V M , Dianov E M , Isaev V A , Ivanov G A
Published: April 2006

We have realized and studied the fiber laser based on
4-core Yb-doped fiber and multimode Bragg grating as the input
reflector. The lasing efficiency slope of 55% was measured. An
investigation of the output emission has shown that the far-field
pattern constitutes an interference picture. That allows us to
conclude that the multimode Bragg grating provides phase locking
of 4 lasers utilizing the different active cores. A coherent
length of laser is longer than possible difference between optical
ways of different active cores.
Static and Fatigue Properties of the Cold and Warm Compacted Sintered Aluminium Alloy Alumix 431 (Al‐5.5 Zn‐2.5 Mg‐1.5 Cu)
Authors: Eksi A. K. , Lipp K. , Sonsino C.M. , Veltl G. , Petzoldt F.
Published: April 2006

In this work, the densification behaviour, sintering characteristics, hardness, strength, tensile and fatigue properties of the Alumix 431 alloy (Al, Zn, Mg and Cu alloy) produced using the conventional press and sinter process in different pressures and temperatures are investigated. For this purpose, specimens were produced under pressures between 300 and 500 MPa at 50 MPa intervals at room temperature (RT), and 80 °C in the first step. In the second step, specimens were produced at the compaction pressure of 230 MPa under RT and 180 MPa with 80 °C for tensile and fatigue testing which provided same densities. Specimens were sintered under five different sintering conditions. The dimensional change in warm compacted samples is lower than that of cold compacted samples. Tensile and fatigue properties of warm (180 MPa pressure) and cold (230 MPa pressure) compacted specimens are almost equal due to the same densities.
Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung der Biegebruchfestigkeit gebundener Schleifmittel
Authors: Kammler M.
Published: April 2006

Neben den Prozesseigenschaften ist insbesondere die Sicherheit von Schleifscheiben gegen Fliehkraftbruch von besonderem Interesse. Die rechnerische Ermittlung der Bruchumfangsgeschwindigkeit von Schleifscheiben anhand der experimentell ermittelten Biegebruchspannung bereitet jedoch Schwierigkeiten, da die ermittelten Ergebnisse zum Teil beträchtlich höher ausfallen als gemessene Werte. Dieses ist auf eine fehlerhafte Bestimmung der Biegebruchspannung nach BGG 931 zurück zu führen. Durch die Berücksichtigung des im Biegeversuch vorliegenden zweiachsigen Spannungszustandes im Bereich der Lasteinleitung wurde ein Ansatz entwickelt, der es ermöglicht die Biegebruchspannung präziser zu bestimmen.
Bauteiloberfläche und Schwingfestigkeit – Untersuchungen zum Einfluss der Randschicht auf die Dauerschwingfestigkeit von Bauteilen aus Stahl
Authors: Kleemann U. , Zenner H.
Published: April 2006

Die Berechnung der Schwingfestigkeit hat in den letzten Jahren für die Bauteilentwicklung an Bedeutung gewonnen. Aus Zeit‐ und Kostengründen wird angestrebt, den experimentellen Festigkeitsnachweis auf die Freigabe von Sicherheitsteilen zu beschränken. Die Schwingfestigkeit von glatten, polierten Werkstoffproben (Spannungs‐ und Dehnungswöhlerlinie) kann heute mit guter Treffsicherheit abgeschätzt bzw. entsprechenden Katalogen entnommen werden. Die Übertragbarkeit der Schwingfestigkeit von Werkstoffproben auf reale Bauteile ist jedoch mit erheblichen Schwierigkeiten verbunden, da eine Reihe von Einflussgrößen zu berücksichtigen sind wie Geometrie und Größe, Mittelspannung, Beanspruchungsart, Mehrachsigkeit, Randschicht (Oberflächentopographie, Eigenspannungen, Gefüge, Härte), Temperatur, korrosive Medien u. a.. Der Einfluss dieser Größen ist komplex und lässt sich nur sehr grob durch eine Multiplikation von Einflussfaktoren beschreiben. Der heutige Stand im Technischen Regelwerk zum Oberflächeneinfluss, z. B. FKM‐Richtlinie „Rechnerischer Festigkeitsnachweis für Maschinenbauteile”︁, basiert auf einem Kenntnisstand, der 50 Jahre zurückliegt.

Der Ausgang für das Forschungsvorhaben war die Forderung der Industrie nach einer verbesserten rechnerischen Erfassung des Einflusses der Oberflächenbearbeitung bei Zerspanung. Hierzu wurde auf einen Vorschlag von Liu zurückgegriffen, der die Oberflächentopographie neben der Rauheit durch eine Oberflächenformzahl kennzeichnet. Zur Erfassung des Werkstoffes wird eine charakteristische Strukturlänge eingeführt, die sich aus der Werkstoffwechselfestigkeit und dem Schwellenwert für makroskopischen Rissfortschritt berechnet. Weiterhin wurde überprüft, welche Festigkeitshypothesen in der Lage sind, den biaxialen Eigenspannungszustand an der zerspanten Oberfläche realistisch zu erfassen.

Damit kann ein Konzept vorgeschlagen werden, mit dem die Dauerfestigkeit zutreffend berechnet werden kann, wenn die statische Festigkeit, die Oberflächentopographie und die Eigenspannungen bekannt sind. Zur Validierung werden Schwingversuche an drei Stählen und zwei Sphärogusslegierungen bei unterschiedlichen Randschichteigenschaften durchgeführt.
c‐Fos is required for TGFβ1 production and the associated paracrine migratory effects of human colon carcinoma cells
Authors: Liu Guangming , Ding Wei , Liu Xin , Mulder Kathleen M.
Published: April 2006

In tumor cells that have lost responsiveness to the growth inhibitory effects of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), increased TGFβ production by the tumor cells often contributes to cancer progression, primarily through paracrine mechanisms. Here we investigated the major components of the activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) complex in the TGFβ1 promoter of human colon carcinoma cells (HCCCs). In contrast to untransformed epithelial cells (UECs), HCCCs displayed constitutive activation of AP‐1 at the proximal AP‐1 site in the human TGFβ1 promoter. Further, in contrast to the JunD and Fra‐2 components present in the AP‐1 complex at this AP‐1 site in UECs, c‐Fos was the major detectable AP‐1 component in HCCCs. Thus, transcriptional factor switching had occurred in HCCCs relative to the UECs, with regard to the proximal AP‐1 site of the human TGFβ1 promoter. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against c‐Fos significantly suppressed AP‐1 activity at the relevant AP‐1 site, and led to a decrease in TGFβ1 secretion by the HCCCs. Our results indicate for the first time that c‐Fos binding at the TGFβ1 promoter proximal AP‐1 site in HCCCs is required for TGFβ1 production by the tumor cells. Further, we demonstrated that blockade of TGFβ1 secretion by c‐Fos siRNA led to a suppression of the cellular migration and mitogenesis of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts in a paracrine fashion. Thus, c‐Fos may have utility as a target for blocking tumor cell‐secreted TGFβ1, thereby suppressing the migratory behavior associated with the malignant phenotype of HCCCs. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dysregulation of the endothelial cellular response to oxidative stress in cancer
Authors: Houle François , Huot Jacques
Published: April 2006

The traffic of molecules and cells across the vessel wall is gated by vascular endothelial cells. In accordance, these cells play an active role in regulating cardiovascular and systemic homeostasis and in modulating physiopathological processes such as inflammation. Dysfunction of the regulatory systems of the endothelium and its incapacity to efficiently deal with its physicochemical surrounding leads to disruption of endothelial integrity. For example, alterations of the selective endothelial cell permeability barrier are early events in the sequence of oxidative stress‐mediated injury that may contribute to extravasation of circulating cancer cells. Several lines of evidence indicate that the regulation of the endothelial barrier is tightly regulated by activation of signaling pathways that converge on the regulation of actin cytoskeletal dynamics. In particular, the integrity of the endothelial layer in response to oxidative stress is tightly regulated by the balanced activation of the extracellular‐signal regulated kinase (ERK) and the stress‐activated protein kinase‐2/p38 (SAPK2/p38) pathways. Activation of the SAPK2/p38 pathway is required to trigger actin polymerization, whereas activation of the ERK pathway by contributing to phosphorylate tropomyosin‐1 triggers the formation of focal adhesions allowing the anchorage of actin filaments generated by SAPK2/p38 to bundle into stress fibers. Dysregulation of this equilibrium by inhibiting ERK leads to membrane blebbing, an early manifestation of oxidative toxicity that is associated with disruption of the endothelial layer integrity. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enzyminhibitoren in der Parkinson‐Therapie. Unterstützung der Therapie mit L‐DOPA
Authors: Gütschow Michael , Meusel Manuela
Published: April 2006

Die Standardtherapie der Parkinson‐Krankheit besteht in der Gabe von L‐DOPA in Kombination mit einem Hemmstoff der peripheren DOPA‐Decarboxylase. Als weitere Enzyme können die Catechol‐O‐Methyltransferase und die Monoaminoxidase durch Wirkstoffe gehemmt werden, um die DOPA‐Therapie zu unterstützen. DieseTarget‐Enzyme und ihre Inhibitoren werden vorgestellt.
Treatment late effects in long‐term survivors of pediatric sarcoma
Authors: Mansky Patrick , Arai Andrew , Stratton Pamela , Bernstein Donna , Long Lauren , Reynolds James , Chen Donna , Steinberg Seth M. , Lavende Neil , Hoffman Karen , Nathan Paul C. , Parks Rebecca , Augustine Elizabeth , Chaudhry Usha , Derdak Joanne , Wiener Lori , Gerber Lynn , Mackall Crystal
Published: April 2006

Purpose

To assess health and musculoskeletal function in survivors of pediatric sarcomas.

Patients and Methods

Thirty‐two individuals treated for Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT), rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), or non‐rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas (NR‐STS) with multi‐modality therapy were enrolled on this cross‐sectional study. Median age at the time of therapy was 15.4 years (range 7.1–34.2), median age at the time of analysis was 37.4 years (17.5–55.4), and median duration of time elapsed from completion of therapy was 17.3 years (2.9–32.6). Participants underwent assessments of musculoskeletal functioning, cardiac function, metabolic and lipid analyses, renal and gonadal function, and psychological evaluation.

Results

This cohort of sarcoma survivors shows expected locoregional limitations in function of the area affected by sarcoma, and impaired global musculoskeletal functioning as evidenced by limited endurance and limited overall activity levels. The cohort also demonstrated substantial rates of cardiac dysfunction, elevated body fat index, hyperlipidemia, chronic psychological distress, and infertility in men (76%) and premature menopause (49%) in women.

Conclusion

Sarcoma survivors demonstrate diminished locoregional and global musculoskeletal functioning which likely limit occupational opportunities and socioeconomic health. In addition, the combination of diminished cardiac reserve, limited activity levels, and lipid dysregulation in sarcoma survivors suggests that this population is at increased risk for cardiovascular disease, even many years following completion of sarcoma therapy. Sarcoma survivors may benefit from life long follow‐up for cardiovascular disease and from occupational counseling upon completion of therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;48:192–199. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and comparison of the structure–property relationships of symmetric and asymmetric water‐soluble poly(p‐phenylene)s
Authors: Vetrichelvan Muthalagu , Hairong Li , Ravindranath Renu , Valiyaveettil Suresh
Published: April 2006

Sodium salts of water‐soluble polymers poly{[2,5‐bis(3‐sulfonatopropoxy)‐1,4‐phenylene]‐alt‐[2,5‐bis(hexyloxy)‐1,4‐phenylene]} (P1), poly{[2,5‐bis(3‐sulfonatopropoxy)‐1,4‐phenylene]‐alt‐[2,5‐bis(dodecyloxy)‐1,4‐phenylene]} (P2), poly{[2,5‐bis(3‐sulfonatopropoxy)‐1,4‐phenylene]‐alt‐[2,5‐bis(dibenzyloxy)‐1,4‐phenylene]} (P3), poly[2‐hexyloxy‐5‐(3‐sulfonatopropoxy)‐1,4‐phenylene] (P4), and poly[2‐dodecyloxy‐5‐(3‐sulfonatopropoxy)‐1,4‐phenylene] (P5)] were synthesized with Suzuki coupling reactions and fully characterized. The first group of polymers (P1–P3) with symmetric structures gave lower absorption maxima [maximum absorption wavelength (λmax) = 296–305 nm] and emission maxima [maximum emission wavelength (λem) = 361–398 nm] than asymmetric polymers P4 (λmax = 329 nm, λem = 399 nm) and P5 (λmax = 335 nm, λem = 401 nm). The aggregation properties of polymers P1–P5 in different solvent mixtures were investigated, and their influence on the optical properties was examined in detail. Dynamic light scattering studies of the aggregation behavior of polymer P1 in solvents indicated the presence of aggregated species of various sizes ranging from 80 to 800 nm. The presence of alkoxy groups and 3‐sulfonatopropoxy groups on adjacent phenylene rings along the polymer backbone of the first set hindered the optimization of nonpolar interactions. The alkyl chain crystallization on one side of the polymer chain and the polar interactions on the other side allowed the polymers (P4 and P5) to form a lamellar structure in the polymer lattice. Significant quenching of the polymer fluorescence upon the addition of positively charged viologen derivatives or cytochrome‐C was also observed. The quenching effect on the polymer fluorescence confirmed that the newly synthesized polymers could be used in the fabrication of biological and chemical sensors. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3763–3777, 2006
Technical Note: Powder Production by Gas Atomization of Bioglass Melt
Authors: Huang Zanjun , Czisch Cevin , Schreckenberg Peter , Büllesfeld Frank , Fritsching Udo
Published: April 2006

Bioglass melts are granulated by hot gas atomization techniques, where spherical powder and fiber type products are respectively available depending on different process parameters. Higher atomization gas temperatures induce higher powder fractions, while at ambient gas temperature fiber materials can be produced. The diameter of the as‐atomized fiber material decreases with increasing melt temperature. Particle size analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and optical observation of the atomized materials are performed. The melt disintegration mechanism and the particle shape and size dependency on process parameters are discussed.