bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Picosecond Alexandrite Laser With Diffractive Lens Array Combined With Long‐Pulse Alexandrite Laser for the Treatment of Facial Photoaging in Chinese Women: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Chen Changhan , Ke Youhui
Published: October 2024

Background and objectives

Facial photoaging is a type of facial skin aging induced mainly by exogenous factors (ultraviolet radiation) and often manifests itself in the form of hyperpigmentation, telangiectasia, roughness, increase in fine lines/wrinkles, and enlarged pores. Recently, picosecond lasers have become an emerging option for the treatment of facial photoaging, and long‐pulse alexandrite lasers (LPAL) have demonstrated promising potential in the treatment of photoaging‐related symptoms. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of picosecond alexandrite laser (PSAL) with diffractive lens array (DLA) combined with LPAL for facial photoaging.

Methods

This is a retrospective study of 20 Chinese female patients with facial photoaging who received PSAL with DLA combined with LPAL during a 1‐year period. All patients were treated every 4 weeks for a total of three treatments. Objective indicators of facial photoaging and patient satisfaction were evaluated before each treatment, and pain scores and adverse effects were recorded after each treatment.

Results

Compared with baseline, patients showed significant differences in all facial photoaging indices (p < 0.01). After receiving three treatments, there was a 20.1% decrease in the pigmentation index, a 23.9% decrease in the erythema index, a 34.5% decrease in the texture index, a 28.4% decrease in the fine lines index, a 56% decrease in the pore index, a 9.3% elevation and a 17.1% decrease in elasticity R2 and F4, respectively, and a 55% decrease in sebum content. The mean satisfaction score for the three treatments was 4.67 (3.33, 5.00), and the mean visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score was 7.00. No serious adverse effects such as post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), hypopigmentation, or blistering were observed at the treatment site during the treatment period.

Conclusion

PSAL with DLA combined with LPAL for the treatment of facial photoaging with significant efficacy, high patient satisfaction, and minimal adverse effects.
A New Urban Center/Subcenters Identification Approach Based on Open Street Map in Polycentric Urban Landscapes in the U.S.
Authors: Wen Shaoting , Redican Kyle , Hurtado Carlos
Published: October 2024

This study concentrates on identifying urban centers and subcenters (UCSs) in the United States (U.S.). Conventional approaches to UCS estimation face challenges due to the discontinuation of crucial U.S. Census Geographies. This change has resulted in the inability to accurately define UCSs for research or policymaking. By leveraging open‐source points‐of‐interest and performing Kernel Density Estimations (KDE), this research identifies UCSs in Virginia metropolitan areas. Validation is achieved by combining the KDE estimates with local zoning codes, showing an alternative path to overcome the UCS research challenges. Through this innovative methodology, researchers, practitioners, and planners can identify spaces of urban economic activity and facilitate a deeper understanding of urban landscapes.
Evolutionary origin and functional investigation of the widely conserved plant PEBP gene STEPMOTHER OF FT AND TFL1 (SMFT)
Authors: Bellinazzo Francesca , Nadal Bigas Judit , Hogers Rensco A. H. , Kodde Jan , van der Wal Froukje , Kokkinopoulou Pinelopi , Duijts Kilian T. M. , Angenent Gerco C. , van Dijk Aalt D. J. , van Velzen Robin , Immink Richard G. H.
Published: October 2024

Genes of the family PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE‐BINDING PROTEINS (PEBP) have been intensely studied in plants for their role in cell (re)programming and meristem differentiation. Recently, sporadic reports of the presence of a new type of PEBP in plants became available, highly similar to the YY‐PEBPs of prokaryotes. A comprehensive investigation of their spread, origin, and function revealed conservation across the plant kingdom. The YY‐PEBP clade in plants seems to have resulted from a single Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) episode from a prokaryotic organism to an ancestral streptophyte. YY‐PEBPs are also present in other eukaryotes, such as certain fungi, diatoms, and rotifers, and these cases derive from independent HGT events. Reciprocally, the occurrence of the eukaryotic CETS/RKIP type PEBPs (CR‐PEBPs) was noticed in bacteria of the genus Nocardia, showing that HGT has occurred as well from eukaryotes to prokaryotes. Based on these observations, we propose that the current model of the PEBP family in plants needs to be updated with the clade STEPMOTHER OF FT AND TFL1 (SMFT). SMFT genes not only share high sequence conservation but also show specific expression in homologous plant structures that serve as propagules. Functional analysis of Arabidopsis smft mutant lines pointed to a function for this gene in regulating seed germination, both concerning primary dormancy release and in response to adverse high‐temperature conditions. Overall, our study reveals an increasing complexity in the evolutionary history of the PEBP gene family, unlocking new potential in understanding the evolution and functional spectrum of these important key regulatory genes.
Operation Optimization Framework for Advanced Reactors Using a Data-Driven Digital Twin
Authors: Rivas Andy , Delipei Gregory K. , Hou Jason
Published: October 2024

To meet future energy demand, while producing safe, reliable, and carbon-free energy, nuclear reactors will be needed. To make next-generation reactors more economically competitive, the Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning-based operation optimization module of the dynamic operation and maintenance optimization (DyOMO) framework is proposed. The operation optimization module of DyOMO consists of a data-driven digital twin coupled to a genetic algorithm (GA) optimizer to quickly and efficiently search the solution space for optimal control schemes. The digital twin consists of a Bayesian Network (BN) known as MVCBayes to incorporate uncertainty in the optimization and feedforward neural networks (FFNN) as MVCNet with GA to conduct the optimization. Over time as reactor systems are operating, component degradation will cause the system's electrical output to decrease or be shutdown entirely to perform maintenance. To prevent this, the DyOMO operation optimization module aims to prolong system operation until the next scheduled maintenance period using multiple variable control (MVC) that simultaneously perturbs all actuators to better control the reactor. Comparing this approach with traditional single variable control (SVC), MVC can extend reactor operation past 5% degradation while SVC begins to struggle once the pump and turbine degradation surpasses 0.85% for load-following (LF) operation. Given this extra operation time, the system can continue to run while maximizing its safety margin until the next scheduled shutdown and potentially decrease the total number of maintenance actions throughout the license period to decrease operational and maintenance (O&M) costs.
Laser Powder Bed Fusion Manufactured Hydrostatic Journal Bearings for Turbomachinery: Design and Measurements of Static Load Testing With Air, Water, and Liquid Nitrogen
Authors: Baek Chaeyeon , Jung Hyunsung , Heo Junwon , Kim Kyuman , Ryu Keun
Published: October 2024

Modern turbomachinery demands simplified components and compact shaft support systems. This study introduces novel hydrostatic journal bearings incorporating multiple tilting pads and fluid feeding features, which are manufactured with Direct Metal Laser Melting (DMLM) technology, an advanced laser powder bed fusion manufacturing process. Two test bearings, fabricated by fusing extremely thin layers of Inconel 718 powder, incorporate fluid external feed pressurization features without the need for recesses. One test bearing features unique internal feeding hole configurations, which combine multiple holes with an angled injection feature, while the other test bearing includes distinctive porous layers on the bearing pad surfaces. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the design, fabrication process, and static load characteristic measurements of these innovative bearings. A simple static load test rig is used to measure the flow rate, temperature, and stiffnesses of the test bearings while supplying compressed air, water, and liquid nitrogen with increasing static loads. The performance of these bearings is compared with counterparts produced using computer numerical control (CNC) machining, a conventional subtractive manufacturing process. In general, the bearings lubricated with liquid nitrogen exhibit a higher load capacity compared to those lubricated with air. This study confirms the static load performance of metal three-dimensional printed hydrostatic journal bearings, marking a significant advancement in the application of additive manufacturing for turbomachinery bearings. The findings offer valuable insights into the potential of additive manufacturing in producing bearings for extreme operating conditions and various lubricants.
Temperature Dependence of Aerated Turbine Lubricating Oil Degradation From a Lab-Scale Test Rig
Authors: Juárez Raquel , Creighton Barry , Petersen Eric L.
Published: October 2024

Operational, efficiency, safety, and economic issues may arise from the formation and accumulation of sludge, varnish, and coke deposits that result from the degradation of engine lubricants through oxidation or thermal breakdown processes. Having a good understanding of the limits of lubricant performance may be useful in determining the best way to protect the engines. To this end, experiments were conducted using Mobil DTE 732, a turbine lubricant, that is aerated using a coarse gas dispersion tube. The oil then flows through a heated test section with a known axial temperature distribution. The inlet and outlet bulk oil temperature measurements are collected and used to determine the amount of time required for deposit formation and buildup. The induction times were determined for various surface temperatures, up to 236 °C. It was found that increased temperatures shortened induction times, and exposure to oxygen increased the rate at which deposits accumulate, but the nature of the deposits, soft and easily removed, was different from those formed during higher-temperature experiments completed in an inert environment in previous studies. Oil samples collected during the test were analyzed with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, with no significant changes detected.
The generation of stable microvessels in ischemia is mediated by endothelial cell derived TRAIL
Authors: Cartland Siân P. , Patil Manisha S. , Kelland Elaina , Le Natalie , Boccanfuso Lauren , Stanley Christopher P. , Cholan Pradeep Manuneedhi , Dona Malathi I. , Patrick Ralph , McGrath Jordan , Su Qian Peter , Alwis Imala , Ganss Ruth , Powell Joseph E. , Harvey Richard P. , Pinto Alexander R. , Griffith Thomas S. , Loa Jacky , Aitken Sarah J. , Robinson David A. , Patel Sanjay , Kavurma Mary M.
Published: October 2024

Reversal of ischemia is mediated by neo-angiogenesis requiring endothelial cell (EC) and pericyte interactions to form stable microvascular networks. We describe an unrecognized role for tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in potentiating neo-angiogenesis and vessel stabilization. We show that the endothelium is a major source of TRAIL in the healthy circulation compromised in peripheral artery disease (PAD). EC deletion of TRAIL in vivo or in vitro inhibited neo-angiogenesis, pericyte recruitment, and vessel stabilization, resulting in reduced lower-limb blood perfusion with ischemia. Activation of the TRAIL receptor (TRAIL-R) restored blood perfusion and stable blood vessel networks in mice. Proof-of-concept studies showed that Conatumumab, an agonistic TRAIL-R2 antibody, promoted vascular sprouts from explanted patient arteries. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor in mediating EC-pericyte communications dependent on TRAIL. These studies highlight unique TRAIL-dependent mechanisms mediating neo-angiogenesis and vessel stabilization and the potential of repurposing TRAIL-R2 agonists to stimulate stable and functional microvessel networks to treat ischemia in PAD.
Cell type–specific epigenetic priming of gene expression in nucleus accumbens by cocaine
Authors: Mews Philipp , Van der Zee Yentl , Gurung Ashik , Estill Molly , Futamura Rita , Kronman Hope , Ramakrishnan Aarthi , Ryan Meagan , Reyes Abner A. , Garcia Benjamin A. , Browne Caleb J. , Sidoli Simone , Shen Li , Nestler Eric J.
Published: October 2024

A hallmark of addiction is the ability of drugs of abuse to trigger relapse after periods of prolonged abstinence. Here, we describe an epigenetic mechanism whereby chronic cocaine exposure causes lasting chromatin and downstream transcriptional modifications in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a critical brain region controlling motivation. We link prolonged withdrawal from cocaine to the depletion of the histone variant H2A.Z, coupled with increased genome accessibility and latent priming of gene transcription, in D1 dopamine receptor–expressing medium spiny neurons (D1 MSNs) that relate to aberrant gene expression upon drug relapse. The histone chaperone ANP32E removes H2A.Z from chromatin, and we demonstrate that D1 MSN–selective
Anp32e
knockdown prevents cocaine-induced H2A.Z depletion and blocks cocaine’s rewarding actions. By contrast, very different effects of cocaine exposure, withdrawal, and relapse were found for D2 MSNs. These findings establish histone variant exchange as an important mechanism and clinical target engaged by drugs of abuse to corrupt brain function and behavior.
BCL-X
L
–targeting antibody-drug conjugates are active in preclinical models and mitigate on-mechanism toxicity of small-molecule inhibitors
Authors: Judd Andrew S. , Bawa Bhupinder , Buck Wayne R. , Tao Zhi-Fu , Li Yingchun , Mitten Michael J. , Bruncko Milan , Catron Nathaniel , Doherty George , Durbin Kenneth R. , Enright Brian , Frey Robin , Haasch Deanna , Haman Sandra , Haight Anthony R. , Henriques Tracy A. , Holms James , Izeradjene Kamel , Judge Russell A. , Jenkins Gary J. , Kunzer Aaron , Leverson Joel D. , Martin Ruth L. , Mitra Diya , Mittelstadt Scott , Nelson Lorne , Nimmer Paul , Palma Joann , Peterson Richard , Phillips Darren C. , Ralston Sherry L. , Rosenberg Saul H. , Shen Xiaoqiang , Song Xiaohong , Vaidya Kedar S. , Wang Xilu , Wang Jin , Xiao Yu , Zhang Haichao , Zhang Xinxin , Blomme Eric A. , Boghaert Erwin R. , Kalvass John C. , Phillips Andrew , Souers Andrew J.
Published: October 2024

Overexpression of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma-extra large (BCL-X
L
) is associated with drug resistance and disease progression in numerous cancers. The compelling nature of this protein as a therapeutic target prompted efforts to develop selective small-molecule BCL-X
L
inhibitors. Although efficacious in preclinical models, we report herein that selective BCL-X
L
inhibitors cause severe mechanism-based cardiovascular toxicity in higher preclinical species. To overcome this liability, antibody-drug conjugates were constructed using altered BCL-X
L
–targeting warheads, unique linker technologies, and therapeutic antibodies. The epidermal growth factor receptor–targeting antibody-drug conjugate AM1-15 inhibited growth of tumor xenografts and did not cause cardiovascular toxicity nor dose-limiting thrombocytopenia in monkeys. While an unprecedented BCL-X
L
–mediated toxicity was uncovered in monkey kidneys upon repeat dosing of AM1-15, this toxicity was mitigated via further drug-linker modification to afford AM1-AAA (AM1-25). The AAA drug-linker has since been incorporated into mirzotamab clezutoclax, the first selective BCL-X
L
–targeting agent to enter human clinical trials.
Monolithically integrated neuromorphic electronic skin for biomimetic radiation shielding
Authors: Lee Jong Min , Cho Sung Woon , Jo Chanho , Yang Seong Hwan , Kim Jaehyun , Kim Do Yeon , Jo Jeong-Wan , Park Jong S. , Kim Yong-Hoon , Park Sung Kyu
Published: October 2024

Melanogenesis, a natural responsive mechanism of human skin to harmful radiation, is a self-triggered defensive neural activity safeguarding the body from radiation exposure in advance. With the increasing significance of radiation shielding in diverse medical health care and wearable applications, a biomimetic neuromorphic optoelectronic system with adaptive radiation shielding capability is often needed. Here, we demonstrate a transparent and flexible metal oxide–based photovoltaic neuromorphic defensive system. By using a monolithically integrated ultraflexible optoelectronic circuitry and electrochromic device, seamless neural processing for ultraviolet (UV) radiation shielding including history-based sensing, memorizing, risk recognition, and blocking can be realized with piling the entire signal chain into the flexible devices. The UV shielding capability of the system can be evaluated as autonomous blocking up to 97% of UV radiation from 5 to 90 watts per square meter in less than 16.9 seconds, demonstrating autonomously modulated sensitivity and response time corresponding to UV environmental conditions and supplied bias.
High pressure–derived nonsymmetrical [Cu
2
O]
2+
core for room-temperature methane hydroxylation
Authors: VanNatta Peter E. , Archambault Cynthia M. , Wang Sicheng , Lyu Tengteng , D’Amelio Jack , Martell Noah J. , Watson Scott K. , Wang Kunyu , Liu Zhenxian , Kieber-Emmons Matthew T. , Yan Hao
Published: October 2024

Nonsymmetrical oxygen-bridged binuclear copper centers have been proposed and modeled as intermediates and transition states in several C─H oxidation pathways, leading to the postulation that structural dissymmetry enhances the reactivity of the bridging oxygen. However, experimentally characterizing the structure and reactivity of these transient species is remarkably challenging. Here, we report the high-pressure synthesis of a metastable nonsymmetrical dicopper-μ-oxo compound with exceptional reactivity toward the mono-oxygenation of aliphatic C─H bonds. The nonequivalent coordination environment of copper stabilizes localized mixed valency and greatly enhances the hydrogen atom abstraction activity of the bridging oxygen, enabling room-temperature hydroxylation of methane under pressure. These findings highlight the role of dissymmetry in the reactivity of binuclear copper centers and demonstrate precise control of molecular structures by mechanical means.
SUMOylation of MFF coordinates fission complexes to promote stress-induced mitochondrial fragmentation
Authors: Seager Richard , Ramesh Nitheyaa Shree , Cross Stephen , Guo Chun , Wilkinson Kevin A. , Henley Jeremy M.
Published: October 2024

Mitochondria undergo fragmentation in response to bioenergetic stress, mediated by dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) recruitment to the mitochondria. The major pro-fission DRP1 receptor is mitochondrial fission factor (MFF), and mitochondrial dynamics proteins of 49 and 51 kilodaltons (MiD49/51), which can sequester inactive DRP1. Together, they form a trimeric DRP1-MiD-MFF complex. Adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase (AMPK)–mediated phosphorylation of MFF is necessary for mitochondrial fragmentation, but the molecular mechanisms are unclear. Here, we identify MFF as a target of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) at Lys
151
, MFF SUMOylation is enhanced following AMPK-mediated phosphorylation and that MFF SUMOylation regulates the level of MiD binding to MFF. The mitochondrial stressor carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) promotes MFF SUMOylation and mitochondrial fragmentation. However, CCCP-induced fragmentation is impaired in MFF-knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts expressing non-SUMOylatable MFF K151R. These data suggest that the AMPK-MFF SUMOylation axis dynamically controls stress-induced mitochondrial fragmentation by regulating the levels of MiD in trimeric fission complexes.
Maintenance of X chromosome inactivation after T cell activation requires NF-κB signaling
Authors: Forsyth Katherine S. , Toothacre Natalie E. , Jiwrajka Nikhil , Driscoll Amanda M. , Shallberg Lindsey A. , Cunningham-Rundles Charlotte , Barmettler Sara , Farmer Jocelyn , Verbsky James , Routes John , Beiting Daniel P. , Romberg Neil , May Michael J. , Anguera Montserrat C.
Published: October 2024

X chromosome inactivation (XCI) balances X-linked gene dosage between sexes. Unstimulated T cells lack cytological enrichment of X-inactive specific transcript (Xist) RNA and heterochromatic modifications on the inactive X chromosome (Xi), which are involved in maintenance of XCI, and these modifications return to the Xi after stimulation. Here, we examined allele-specific gene expression and epigenomic profiles of the Xi in T cells. We found that the Xi in unstimulated T cells is largely dosage compensated and enriched with the repressive H3K27me3 modification but not the H2AK119-ubiquitin (Ub) mark. Upon T cell stimulation mediated by both CD3 and CD28, the Xi accumulated H2AK119-Ub at gene regions of previous H3K27me3 enrichment. T cell receptor (TCR) engagement, specifically NF-κB signaling downstream of the TCR, was required for Xist RNA localization to the Xi. Disruption of NF-κB signaling in mouse and human T cells using genetic deletion, chemical inhibitors, and patients with immunodeficiencies prevented Xist/XIST RNA accumulation at the Xi and altered X-linked gene expression. Our findings reveal a previously undescribed connection between NF-κB signaling pathways, which affects XCI maintenance in T cells in females.
Impact of porin deficiency on the synergistic potential of colistin in combination with β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors against ESBL- and carbapenemase-producing
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Allander Lisa , Vickberg Karin , Fermér Elin , Söderhäll Thomas , Sandegren Linus , Lagerbäck Pernilla , Tängdén Thomas
Published: October 2024

Combinations of colistin and β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors (BLBLIs) have shown
in vitro
synergy against β-lactamase-producing strains. However, data are limited and conflicting, potentially attributed to variations among the examined strains. This study investigated whether loss of porins OmpK35 and OmpK36 impacts the synergistic potential of colistin in combination with ceftazidime–avibactam or meropenem–avibactam against β-lactamase-producing
Klebsiella pneumoniae
. Genetically modified strains were constructed by introducing
bla
CTX-M-15
,
bla
KPC-2
, and
bla
OXA-48
chromosomally into
K. pneumoniae
ATCC 35657, in which the major porin-encoding genes (
ompK35
,
ompK36
) were either intact or knocked out. The
in vitro
activity of colistin in combination with ceftazidime–avibactam or meropenem–avibactam was evaluated by time-lapse microscopy screening and in static time-kill experiments. The deletion of porins in the β-lactamase-producing strains resulted in 2- to 128-fold increases in MICs for the β-lactams and BLBLIs. The activity of avibactam was concentration-dependent, and 4- to 16-fold higher concentrations were required to achieve similar inhibition of the β-lactamases in strains with porin loss. In the screening, synergy was observed for colistin and ceftazidime–avibactam against the CTX-M-15-producing strains and colistin and meropenem–avibactam against the KPC-2- and OXA-48-producing strains. The combination effects were less pronounced in the time-kill experiments, where synergy was rarely detected. No apparent associations were found between the loss of OmpK35 and OmpK36 and combination effects with colistin and BLBLIs, indicating that additional factors determine the synergistic potential of such combinations.
Analogs of the anti-malaria drug mefloquine have broad-spectrum antifungal activity and are efficacious in a model of disseminated
Candida auris
infection
Authors: Guin Soumitra , Montoya Marhiah C. , Wang Xiaoyu , Zarnowski Robert , Andes David R. , Meyers Marvin J. , Williams Noelle S. , Krysan Damian J.
Published: October 2024

Only three classes of antifungal drugs are currently in clinical use. Here, we report that derivatives of the malarial drug mefloquine have broad-spectrum antifungal activity including difficult-to-treat molds and endemic fungi. Pharmacokinetic and efficacy studies of NSC-4377 indicate that it penetrates the central nervous system and is active against
Candida auris in vivo
. These data strongly support the further development of mefloquine analogs as a potentially new class of antifungal molecules.
Persistent bloodstream infection in children: examining the role for repeat blood cultures
Authors: Puthawala Christine M. , Feinn Richard S. , Rivera-Viñas José , Lee Hanna , Murray Thomas S. , Peaper David R.
Published: October 2024

Repeat blood cultures are common in children after an initial positive culture. However, in contrast to adults, there are little data to help guide clinicians when a repeat culture is necessary to assess for persistent bacteremia. This study identifies factors associated with persistent bloodstream infections (BSI) in children to inform diagnostic stewardship. This cross-sectional study of children less than 18 years with at least one positive blood culture over a 5-year period utilized a generalized linear equation model to predict patient and microbial factors associated with persistent BSI defined as a positive blood culture with the same organism >48 hours after the index culture. Four hundred and five patients had 502 positive blood cultures yielding 556 organisms. Sixty-seven (13.2%) cultures were persistently positive. Anaerobic organisms (0/37) and
Streptococcus
species (0/104) were never recovered from repeat cultures.
Staphylococcus aureus
(OR 9.45, CI 5.15–17.35) and yeast (OR 78.18, CI 9.45–646.6) were statistically associated with persistent BSI. Patients with prior positive cultures (OR 1.44, CI 1.12–1.84) or a central venous catheter (OR 2.20, 95% CI 1.04–3.92) were also at risk for persistence. Immune dysfunction and elevated inflammatory markers at the time of the index blood culture were not significantly associated with persistence. Yeast or
S. aureus
were associated with persistent BSI, while anaerobes and
Streptococcus
species were never persistent. Patient characteristics at the time of blood draw did not predict persistence other than having previous positive blood cultures or a central venous catheter. These data can inform when repeat blood cultures have clinical value and reduce the risk of unnecessary blood draws in children.

IMPORTANCE

We identify factors associated with bloodstream infection persistence in children. Our findings can help guide blood culture stewardship efforts in pediatric patients, especially in light of blood culture supply shortages.
The changing roles of scientific journals
Authors: Casadevall Arturo , Clark Lorraine F. , Fang Ferric C.
Published: October 2024

After centuries of relative stability, the scientific publishing world has undergone tremendous disruption and change during the first decades of the 21st century. The causes for disruption can be traced to the information revolution, which brought such benefits as rapid publication, greater connectivity, and ready access to large databases, along with less desirable practices including image manipulation, plagiarism, and other ethical transgressions. The information revolution has driven the proliferation of journals, expansion of for-profit academic publishing, and empowerment of the open-access movement, each of which has exerted new financial pressures on traditional publishing models. As journals became the focal point for ethical concerns in science, they have adapted by increasing the scope of their duties, which now include archiving of data, enforcement of good practices, establishment of standards for rigor, and training the next generation of reviewers and editors. Here, we consider the seismic changes occurring in scientific publishing and place them into the context of a rapidly changing landscape of scientific and publishing norms.
From soil to clinic: current advances in understanding
Coccidioides
and coccidioidomycosis
Authors: Jackson Katrina M. , Teixeira Marcus de Melo , Barker Bridget M.
Published: October 2024

Coccidioides immitis
and
Coccidioides posadasii
are fungal pathogens that cause systemic mycoses and are prevalent in arid regions in the Americas. While
C. immitis
mainly occurs in California and Washington,
C. posadasii
is widely distributed across North and South America. Both species induce coccidioidomycosis (San Joaquin Valley fever or, more commonly, Valley fever), with reported cases surging in the United States, notably in California and Arizona. Moreover, cases in Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico are on the rise. Climate change and environmental alterations conducive to
Coccidioides
spp. proliferation have been recently explored. Diagnostic challenges contribute to delayed treatment initiation, compounded by limited therapeutic options. Although antifungal drugs are often effective treatments, some patients do not respond to current therapies, underscoring the urgent need for a vaccine, particularly for vulnerable populations over 60 years old relocating to endemic areas. Despite recent progress, gaps persist in the understanding of
Coccidioides
ecology, host immune responses, and vaccine development. This review synthesizes recent research advancements in
Coccidioides
ecology, genomics, and immune responses, emphasizing ongoing efforts to develop a human vaccine.
Antibiotic resistance and draft genome profiles of 10
Streptococcus pneumoniae
and 3
Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae
strains isolated from the nasopharynx of people living with human immunodeficiency virus in Ghana
Authors: Ativi Lawrencia Ami Emefa , Adusei-Poku Mildred , Boateng William , Owusu-Nyantantakyi Christian , Kwesi Danso Justice , Oclu Agnes , Bortey Alfred , Rabbi Amuasi Grebstad , Kofi Adu Tabi Blessing , Paintsil Elijah , Torpey Kwasi , Dzifa Dayie Nicholas , Egyir Beverly
Published: October 2024

Genomic data on clinically important bacteria species such as
Streptococcus pneumoniae
and
Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae
from low- and middle-income countries, including Ghana, are scarce. In this study, we provide data on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and whole-genome profiles of a collection of streptococci species to support AMR surveillance efforts in the country.
Complete genome sequences of eight
Pasteurella multocida
isolates representing all lipopolysaccharide outer core loci
Authors: Hashish Amro , Johnson Timothy J. , Ghanem Mostafa , Sato Yuko , Macedo Nubia R. , LeCount Karen J. , El-Gazzar Mohamed
Published: October 2024

Pasteurella multocida
(PM) is a major bacterial pathogen that causes fowl cholera disease in both domestic poultry and wild birds. Here, we report the complete genome sequences of eight PM isolates representing all known lipopolysaccharide outer core loci, which are phenotypically expressed as 16 known PM serotypes.
Diel metatranscriptomes capture cyanobacteria-dominated Lake Erie community response to episodic events
Authors: Zepernick Brittany N. , Boegehold Anna G. , Kiledal E. Anders , Chase Emily E. , Hart Lauren N. , Houghton Katelyn A. , Martin Robbie M. , Williams Paige A. , Johnson Emma C. , Schofield Paris K. , Cory Rose M. , Chaganti Subba Rao , Godwin Casey M. , Spanbauer Trisha L. , Dick Gregory J. , Errera Reagan M. , Wilhelm Steven W.
Published: October 2024

Here, we report on the raw and coassembled metatranscriptomes of 39 Lake Erie surface (1.0 m) water samples collected over a 2-day diel period encompassing episodic weather and bloom events. Preliminary taxonomic annotations and read mappings revealed that
Microcystis
spp. accounted for up to ~47% of the transcriptionally active community.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
kills
Staphylococcus aureus
in a polyphosphate-dependent manner
Authors: Shah Ritika , Narh Julius Kwesi , Urlaub Magdalena , Jankiewicz Olivia , Johnson Colton , Livingston Barry , Dahl Jan-Ulrik
Published: October 2024

Due to their frequent coexistence in many polymicrobial infections, including in patients with cystic fibrosis or burn/chronic wounds, many studies have investigated the mechanistic details of the interaction between the opportunistic pathogens
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and
Staphylococcus aureus. P. aeruginosa
rapidly outcompetes
S. aureus
under
in vitro
cocultivation conditions
,
which is mediated by several of
P. aeruginosa
’s virulence factors. Here, we report that polyphosphate (polyP), an efficient stress defense system and virulence factor in
P. aeruginosa
, plays a role in the pathogen’s ability to inhibit and kill
S. aureus
in a contact-independent manner. We show that
P. aeruginosa
cells characterized by low polyP levels are less detrimental to
S. aureus
growth and survival while the Gram-positive pathogen is significantly more compromised by the presence of
P. aeruginosa
cells that produce high levels of polyP. The polyP-dependent phenotype of
P. aeruginosa
-mediated killing of
S. aureus
could at least in part be direct, as polyP was detected in the spent media and causes significant damage to the
S. aureus
cell envelope. However, more likely is that polyP’s effects are indirect through modulating the production of one of
P. aeruginosa’s
virulence factors, pyocyanin. We show that pyocyanin production in
P. aeruginosa
occurs polyP-dependently and harms
S. aureus
through membrane damage and potentially the generation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in the increased expression of antioxidant enzymes. In summary, our study adds a new component to the list of biomolecules that the Gram-negative pathogen
P. aeruginosa
generates to compete with
S. aureus
for resources.

IMPORTANCE

How do interactions between microorganisms shape the course of polymicrobial infections? Previous studies have provided evidence that the two opportunistic pathogens
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and
Staphylococcus aureus
generate molecules that modulate their interaction with potentially significant impact on disease outcomes. Our study identified the biopolymer polyphosphate (polyP) as a new effector molecule that impacts
P. aeruginosa
’s interaction with
S. aureus
. We show that
P. aeruginosa
kills
S. aureus
in a polyP-dependent manner, which occurs primarily through the polyP-dependent production of the
P. aeruginosa
virulence factor pyocyanin. Our findings add a new role for polyP to an already extensive list of functions. A more in-depth understanding of how polyP influences interspecies interactions is critical, as targeting polyP synthesis in bacteria such as
P. aeruginosa
may have a significant impact on other microorganisms and potentially result in dynamic changes in the microbial composition.
Clinical impact of the use of chronic suppressive antibiotics against recurrent ventricular assist device infections
Authors: Yamamoto Shinya , Okamoto Koh , Kumamaru Hiraku , Saito Makoto , Ito Hiroshi , Yamashita Marie , Kanno Yoshiaki , Ikeda Mahoko , Harada Sohei , Okugwa Shu , Kimura Mitsutoshi , Kinoshita Osamu , Ono Minoru , Tsutsumi Takeya , Moriya Kyoji
Published: October 2024

Ventricular assist device (VAD) infections are frequent causes of hospital readmission. The risk factors and optimal preventive strategies for such, including chronic suppressive antibiotics (CSA), remain uncertain. We performed a single-center, retrospective, observational cohort study assessing continuous flow VAD recipients who underwent implantation between 2008 and 2018 in Japan. From primary VAD infection (VADI), we followed the patients for recurrent infection, defined as relapsing VAD-specific (e.g., localized infections) or VAD-related (e.g., bacteremia) infections requiring hospital readmission. CSA was defined as the use of oral antimicrobial agents continued beyond initial antibiotic use until transplantation, VAD withdrawal, VADI recurrence, or death. Survival analysis was performed to identify risk factors for recurrent infection accounting for competing risks (e.g., deaths and transplants). Among 163 eligible patients, 76 patients had VADIs. The main causative organism in primary VADI was
Staphylococcus aureus
(63%, 48/76). Among them, 41 had recurrent infections, whereas 35 had none during the follow-up period (median, 335 days). Thirty-six patients received CSA for a median of 478 days. Although CSA was associated with a decreased risk of recurrent infection [adjusted sub-distribution hazard ratio (SHR), 0.40; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.18–0.89;
P =
0.03], this protective effect was observed only after primary VAD-specific infection (SHR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.12–0.64;
P
< 0.01) but not after VAD-related infection. Surgical procedures during primary VADI were associated with an increased risk (SHR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.10–3.66;
P
= 0.02). One patient had an adverse drug reaction. CSA may be an effective approach to limit relapsing VADIs following a primary VAD-specific infection with minimal adverse events.

IMPORTANCE

Ventricular assist device infections (VADIs) are a significant complication leading to hospital readmissions. However, the risk factors and optimal preventive strategies for VADI remain unclear. This study investigated the effectiveness of chronic suppressive antibiotic therapy in patients with VADI. We found that the use of chronic suppressive antibiotic therapy was associated with a reduction in the risk of VADI recurrence with few adverse reactions. Our findings suggest the potential benefit of chronic suppressive antibiotics in preventing infections in selected cases. Our findings are relevant for the management of patients with ventricular assist devices awaiting heart transplantation, providing valuable insights for clinical practice.
Supplemental Material: Crustal bobbing in response to lithospheric foundering recorded by detrital proxy records from the central Andean Plateau
Authors: Carrapa Barbara , al. et
Published: October 2024

 Description of analytical methods.  
Ethnic-specific oral glucose tolerance (OGTT) phenotypes in women with hyperglycemia in pregnancy
Authors: Tan Yu Bin , Quah Phaik Ling , Tan Kok Hian
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Ethnic differences associated with oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) phenotypes is less studied in Southeast Asian ethnicities, especially in women with hyperglycemia in pregnancy (HIP).

Research design and methods

We retrospectively examined 3027 women at KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital in 2019. Of these, 508 (16.8%) women were diagnosed with HIP using the IADPSG (International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups) criteria at 24–28 weeks. OGTT phenotypes were classified into four mutually exclusive groups based on abnormal plasma glucose at (1) 0 hour only; (2) 1 hour only; (3) 2 hour only; (4) ≥2 timepoints (reference). Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the association between ethnicity and OGTT phenotypes, adjusting for maternal age, parity, and first-trimester body mass index.

Results

Overall HIP prevalence was 16.8%, highest among Indians (20.5%), then Chinese (18.3%) and Malays (14.2%). Indians (relative risk ratio (RRR) 3.05) and Chinese (RRR 2.33) were at higher risk of displaying a fasting-only phenotype compared with Malays. Chinese were at increased risk of displaying a 2-hour postprandial phenotype with an RRR of 2.88 as compared with Malays.

Conclusions

Unique OGTT phenotypes exist across ethnic groups among women who developed HIP in a multi-ethnic Asian population.
Clinical and echocardiographic parameters associated with outcomes in patients with moderate secondary mitral regurgitation
Authors: Sarrazyn Camille , Fortuni Federico , Laenens Dorien , Chua Aileen Paula , Lopez Santi Maria Pilar , Myagmardorj Rinchyenkhand , Nabeta Takeru , Meucci Maria Chiara , Singh Gurpreet Kaur , Velders Bart Josephus Johannes , Galloo Xavier , Bax Jeroen Joost , Ajmone Marsan Nina
Published: October 2024

Background

Significant secondary mitral regurgitation (SMR) is known to be associated with worse prognosis. However, data focusing specifically on moderate SMR and associated risk factors are lacking. In the present study, clinical and echocardiographic parameters associated with outcomes were evaluated in a large cohort of patients with moderate SMR.

Methods

Patients with moderate SMR were retrospectively included and stratified by New York Heart Association (NYHA) class and specific aetiology (atrial SMR (aSMR) or ventricular SMR (vSMR)) with a further classification of vSMR based on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥40% or <40%. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality and the secondary endpoint was the composite of all-cause mortality and heart failure (HF) events.

Results

Of the total 1061 patients with moderate SMR (age 69±11 years, 59% male) included, 854 (80%) were in NYHA class I−II and 207 (20%) were in NYHA class III−IV. Regarding the aetiology, 352 (33%) had aSMR and 709 (67%) had vSMR, of which 329 (46%) had LVEF ≥40% and 380 (54%) had LVEF <40%. During a median follow-up of 82 (IQR 55–115) months, 397 (37%) died and 539 (51%) patients had HF events or died. On multivariable analysis, NYHA class III−IV (HR 1.578; 95% CI 1.244 to 2.002, p<0.001) and SMR aetiology were independently associated with both endpoints. Specifically, compared to aSMR, vSMR with LVEF ≥40% had a HR of 1.528 (95% CI 1.108 to 2.106, p=0.010) and vSMR with LVEF <40% had a HR of 1.960 (95% CI 1.434 to 2.679, p<0.001). To further support these findings, patients were matched for (1) NYHA class and (2) SMR aetiology by propensity scores including age, sex, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal function, left atrial volume index, NYHA class (only for SMR aetiology matching), LVEF, SMR aetiology (only for NYHA class matching), tricuspid regurgitation severity and right ventricular pulmonary artery coupling index. After matching, NYHA class and SMR aetiology remained associated with both outcomes (for both: log rank p<0.050).

Conclusion

In patients with moderate SMR, distinction in SMR aetiology and assessment of symptoms are important independent determinants of outcome.
Button battery exposure in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Tran Christopher , Nunez Carlos , Eslick Guy D , Barker Ruth , Elliott Elizabeth J
Published: October 2024

Background

There is a rising burden of severe and fatal outcomes resulting from button battery exposures (ingestions or insertions). We summarised current evidence following button battery exposures in children and provided pooled prevalence estimates for key clinical characteristics, complications and risk estimates for predictors.

Methods

MEDLINE, Embase and Scopus databases were searched up to 19 May 2023. Included studies described complications of button battery exposures in children aged <18 years and reported prevalence data, an OR estimate or allowed OR calculation. Random effects models were used to estimate pooled estimates and event rates.

Findings

Forty-four articles (3125 children) were included in the analysis. Battery exposures were more common in males (59%) and young children. For ingestions, batteries were most often located in the stomach (43%). Mucosal damage (46%) and oesophageal stricture (10%) were the most common complications. Most (60%) children were asymptomatic at presentation. When symptoms were present, vomiting (26%) and dysphagia (18%) were the most common. Duration of ingestion to removal increased the likelihood of any complication; OR 3.71 (95% CI 1.11 to 12.42) for ≥10 hours and 5.12 (95% CI 1.79 to 14.67) for ≥12 hours. Battery diameter ≥20 mm was associated with any complication OR 4.34 (95% CI 1.16 to 16.27) and oesophageal location OR 18.66 (95% CI 6.99 to 49.82). Death was associated with oesophageal impaction OR 15.52 (95% CI 2.40 to 100.27). For insertions, nasal septal perforation was the most common complication (13%).

Interpretation

Button batteries are a potentially fatal domestic hazard particularly for young children. Increased prevention efforts through safer battery design are needed to mitigate this risk.
Person-focused interventions for fall risk assessment, fall prevention and fall injury prevention in long-term care facilities: a scoping review
Authors: Jung Wonkyung , Lim Sungwon , Wi Dahee , Ustach Andrew , Thompson Hilaire J
Published: October 2024

Objective

Falls are a significant concern in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) as fall-related injuries can result in functional impairment, disability and death. Older adults living in LTCFs are at greater risk for falls than those in the community. Using scoping review methodology, we aimed to synthesise evidence examining intervention effects of person-focused interventions for risk assessment and prevention in LTCFs in order to identify evidence-based practices in LTCFs.

Methods

We included three databases (Ovid-Medline, CINAHL and EMBASE) to identify original research from 2007 to 2022 in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guideline. From the initial search, we identified 988 articles. Following the removal of duplicates, title and abstract screening, and full-text review against inclusion/exclusion criteria, 20 studies remained for analysis. Then, we conducted a narrative synthesis to summarise the included studies.

Results

Identified evidence-based interventions for fall prevention include (1) exercise programmes (eg, high-intensity functional exercise, aerobic exercise, short stick exercises, etc); (2) multifactorial programmes; and (3) other interventions (eg, lavender olfactory stimulation). Outcomes of included studies included the number of falls, fall rate, risk of falls and fear of falls before and after interventions.

Conclusion

Overall, most studies reported significant effects of person-focused interventions in LTCFs. Available evidence supports that well-designed person-focused interventions can reduce falls and fear of falls for individuals in LTCFs.