bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biopolymer Production in a Full-Scale Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plant: Seasonal Changes and Promising Bacterial Producers
Authors: Cydzik-Kwiatkowska Agnieszka , Ciesielski Sławomir , Florczyk Maciej , Pasieczna-Patkowska Sylwia , Komorowska-Kaufman Małgorzata , Pomian Weronika , Jóźwiak Kinga , Oleskowicz-Popiel Piotr
Published: December 2024

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) offer the possibility of recovering valuable substances produced by microorganisms, such as extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). This study aimed to investigate the generation and properties of biopolymers and microbial communities of activated sludge from a large, full-scale WWTP. EPS composition in the activated sludge changed mostly during the transition period from winter to spring. Higher temperatures favored higher protein (PN) concentrations and a higher PN/PSs (polysaccharides) ratio in tightly-bound EPS, stimulating bacterial aggregation. In the sludge, filamentous Microthrix sp. were abundant (~6%) but the settling properties of the sludge improved with increasing PN content in the bound EPS fraction. The content of alginate (ALE)-like polymers averaged 55–60 mg/g Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids, and ALE content in sludge and characteristics were stable during the year. The abundance of Nitrospira sp. and the marine group NS9 in activated sludge correlated with the ALE content in the biomass, pointing to the importance of biopolymer production for nitrogen-transforming microorganisms. The most common EPS-producer was, Candidatus Competibacter (3–4%). The abundance of the Roseiflexaceae family significantly increased in summer, as did the abundance of Trichoccus sp. and Flavobacterium sp. in winter. The study shows that seasonal temperature fluctuations do not significantly affect the production of polymers, especially alginate, which favors commercial ALE recovery. The non-uniform composition of ALE-like polymers shows the possibility of their use in areas that do not require a specific polymer composition, e.g., as environmentally friendly coating materials or sorbents. The study contributes to biopolymer recovery and valorization of activated sludge.
Numerical Analysis of Soot Dynamics in C3H8 Oxy-Combustion with CO2 and H2O
Authors: Xin Yue , Liang Bowen , Zhang Yindi , Si Mengting , Cunatt Jinisper Joseph
Published: December 2024

Oxygen-enriched combustion is increasingly recognized as a viable approach for clean energy production and carbon capture, offering substantial benefits for boosting combustion efficiency and mitigating pollutant emissions, which makes it widely adopted in various industrial applications. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), predominantly consisting of propane (C3H8), is commonly utilized in numerous combustion systems, yet its emissions of soot particulates have raised considerable environmental concerns. This study delves into the combustion dynamics and soot formation behavior of propane, the principal component of LPG, under oxy-fuel combustion conditions, with the inclusion of H2O and CO2, utilizing both experimental techniques and numerical simulations. The results reveal that CO2 and H2O suppress soot formation through distinct mechanisms. CO2 decreases soot nucleation and surface growth by lowering flame temperature and H atom concentration, but it minimally enhances soot oxidation. H2O significantly reduces soot formation by chemically increasing OH radical concentration, thereby enhancing soot oxidation. A detailed decoupling analysis further shows that CO2’s influence is predominantly thermal and chemical, resulting in lower OH levels and an elongated flame shape. In contrast, H2O’s substantial thermal and chemical effects decrease flame height and promote soot reduction. These insights advance the understanding of soot formation control in oxy-fuel combustion, offering strategies to optimize combustion efficiency and minimize environmental impact.
Assessment of Impact of Use of Renewable Energy Sources on Level of Energy Poverty in EU Countries
Authors: Bąk Iwona , Wawrzyniak Katarzyna , Oesterreich Maciej
Published: December 2024

The share of renewable energy sources (RES) in the global energy system is systematically increasing, making them the most important element of the energy transformation. Their use enables rational management of limited resources, reduction of environmental pollution, and has a significant inhibitory effect on energy poverty by improving energy efficiency. The aim of this article is to assess the impact of the use of renewable energy on the level of energy poverty in the European Union countries in 2010, 2015, and 2022. A taxonomic measure of development based on the Weber median was used to examine the relationship between the results achieved by individual EU member states in terms of the impact of the use of renewable energy on the level of energy poverty. The research results clearly indicate the existence of disproportions between the countries of the “old” EU and the countries that joined it in 2004 and later. These disproportions concern both the use of energy obtained from renewable sources and energy poverty. In the countries of the “old” Union, a positive moderate relationship was identified between the use of renewable energy and energy poverty, which means that a higher share of the use of energy from renewable sources in these countries reduces energy poverty. In the countries of the “new” Union, however, this relationship was very weak (2010) or non-existent. Since the renewable energy sector is subject to government policy and regulations, the results presented in this paper should be of interest to decision-makers. A stable, long-term policy should provide an appropriate investment climate that provides support for renewable energy projects and reduces the level of energy poverty.
A Comprehensive Overview with Planning Guidelines for the Adoption of Utility-Scale PV Systems
Authors: Jayachandran Divya Navamani , Kathirvel Boopathi , Anbazhagan Lavanya , Sathik Jagabar , Kalyan Ch. Naga Sai , Vishnuram Pradeep , Hourani Ahmad O.
Published: December 2024

Growing demands for energy and global environmental concerns, along with continued advancements in sustainable energy technologies, are leading to prospects for using renewable energy resources. Solar is ubiquitous, and Photovoltaic (PV) is a promising innovation to harness the electric power from the sunlight. This paper aims to provide insight into the lifetime journey of a solar PV system. The article started with the history of solar PV systems, their expansion, and current research and development worldwide. The work is concluded with the degradation analysis and recycling methodologies. Also, this review especially concentrates on diverse standards and codes of photovoltaic system installation/integration. Various software was available to design small to large-scale PV systems. A comprehensive comparative study was made on the available software for the design of PV systems. Further, for the case study, a few rooftop PV systems of university buildings in India are considered for performance ratio analysis and life cycle cost assessment. The performance ratio of the 100 kW photovoltaic system exhibits an efficiency of 57% with a basic payback period of 5.6 years. The yearly lifespan cost of the photovoltaic system is $2947. Finally, the study’s findings and the barriers to the implementation of vast photovoltaic systems are highlighted to provide appropriate guidance to researchers working on large-scale PV system installations.
Quantitative Characterization Method of Additional Resistance Based on Suspended Particle Migration and Deposition Model
Authors: Chen Huan , Cao Yanfeng , Yu Jifei , Zhai Xiaopeng , Peng Jianlin , Cheng Wei , Hao Tongchuan , Zhang Xiaotong , Zhu Weitao
Published: December 2024

The phenomenon of pore blockage caused by injected suspended particles significantly impacts the efficiency of water injection and production capacity release in offshore oilfields, leading to increased additional resistance during the injection process. To enhance water injection volumes in injection wells, it is essential to quantitatively study the additional resistance caused by suspended particle blockage during water injection. However, there is currently no model for calculating the additional resistance resulting from suspended particle blockage. Therefore, this study establishes a permeability decline model based on the microscopic dispersion kinetic equation of particle transport. The degree of blockage is characterized by the reduction in fluid volume, and the additional resistance caused by particle migration and blockage during water injection is quantified based on the fluid volume decline. This study reveals that over time, suspended particles do not continuously migrate deeper into the formation but tend to deposit near the wellbore, blocking pores and increasing additional resistance. Over time, the concentration of suspended particles near the wellbore approaches the initial concentration of the injected water. An increase in seepage velocity raises the peak concentration of suspended particles, but when the seepage velocity reaches a certain threshold, its effect on particle migration stabilizes. The blockage location of suspended particles near the wellbore is significantly influenced by seepage velocity and time. An increase in particle concentration and size accelerates blockage formation but does not change the blockage location. As injection time increases, the fitted injection volume and permeability exhibit a power-law decline. Based on the trend of injection volume reduction, the additional resistance caused by water injection is calculated to range between 0 and 3.85 MPa. Engineering cases indicate that blockages are challenging to remove after acidification, and the reduction in additional resistance is limited. This study provides a quantitative basis for understanding blockage patterns during water injection, helps predict changes in additional resistance, and offers a theoretical foundation for targeted treatment measures.
Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Reduction Effects Induced by Turbocharger Multiple Remanufacturing in South Korea
Authors: Kim Da-Yeon , Lee Jong-Hyo , Hwang Yong-Woo , Kim Young-Ho , Kang Hong-Yoon
Published: December 2024

In light of growing global supply chain instability and carbon neutrality initiatives, South Korea has highlighted the need for a circular economy to reduce its reliance on natural resources. As a critical strategy for promoting a circular economy, remanufacturing has become essential because of its ability to improve resource efficiency and reduce environmental impacts. The automotive sector, which accounts for 80% of the remanufacturing industry, plays a critical role in these efforts. Turbochargers, primarily made of cast iron, represent approximately 20% of sales in this sector and are significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, making them an important target for emission reduction. This study examined the greenhouse gas emissions associated with turbochargers across multiple remanufacturing cycles using the LCA method. The results indicated an approximate decrease of 50%, 48%, and 46%, based on a comparative analysis between brand-new products and those remanufactured one to three times. Comparing brand-new and remanufactured products does not fully capture the key advantage of remanufacturing. This advantage lies in its ability to extend a product’s life cycle by using core parts as primary raw materials and reducing the consumption of new resources. Therefore, it is important to consider the environmental impact of remanufacturing within an expanded process, where brand-new products are included in the entire life cycle. Using this approach, the accumulated annual greenhouse gas reduction effect for multiple remanufacturing indicated decreases of approximately 25%, 32%, and 35% for remanufacturing one, two, or three times, respectively, compared to using only brand-new products. This study shows that multiple remanufacturing reduces greenhouse gas emissions compared to the use of brand-new products. In particular, as remanufacturing is repeated, the product lifespan can be extended from 3 years to up to 12 years with a concomitant decrease in annual greenhouse gas emissions. These findings provide valuable data for modeling and encouraging the greenhouse gas reduction potential driven by remanufacturing across various industrial sectors.
Hybrid Control Switching Technology for LLC Resonant Converter
Authors: Zhang Jie , Cai Zhixiao
Published: December 2024

Aiming at the problem of the circuit operating frequency changing beyond the regulation range and zero switching not being guaranteed when the input voltage range of the LLC resonant converter is large, a hybrid control technology with a variable structure and variable mode is proposed in this paper to realize the wide input range of the LLC resonant converter. Depending on the input voltage range, this technology can ensure the frequency range of the circuit and meet the realization conditions of zero voltage switching (ZVS) in different modes. The test results show that the circuit can control the frequency at 0 kHz~200 kHz, the phase shift range is 0~2π/5, the maximum voltage gain multiple is 3.3 times, and the control mode is three PWM hybrid switching control.
Multi Stage Organic Rankine Cycle Using Boil-Off Gas on Liquefied Hydrogen Carrier
Authors: Sung Dahye , Jung Wongwan , Choi Jungho
Published: December 2024

In this study, a Reheat Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) utilizing the cold energy of liquefied hydrogen (LH2) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) was proposed, and its performance was evaluated by comparing it with the base model, which represented a conventional ORC. The process was simulated using ethane and propane, which were considered as potential refrigerants for the target system. A case study was conducted on the inlet pressure and temperature of the turbine included in the process to determine the optimal operating point. The calculation results indicated that ethane exhibited a higher energy efficiency, and a maximum net power of 34.65 kW was obtained when the inlet pressure and temperature of the turbine were 40 bar and 75 °C, respectively. Additionally, an exergy analysis was conducted to quantitatively analyze the high energy efficiency of the Reheat ORC model. We confirmed that exergy efficiency was up to 2.4% higher than that of the base model.
Microplastics Emission from Eroding Wind Turbine Blades: Preliminary Estimations of Volume
Authors: Mishnaevsky Leon , Tempelis Antonios , Belahurau Yauheni , Johansen Nicolai Frost-Jensen
Published: December 2024

The erosion of wind turbine blades is one of the most frequently observed mechanisms of wind turbine blade damage. In recent months and years, concerns about high volumes of eroded plastics and associated pollution risks have surfaced on social networks and in newspapers. In this scientific paper, we estimate the mass of plastic removed from blade surface erosion, using both a phenomenological model of blade erosion and the observed frequency of necessary repairs of blades. Our findings indicate that the mass of eroded plastic ranges from 30 to 540 g per year per blade. The mass loss is higher for wind turbines offshore (80–1000 g/year per blade) compared to onshore (8–50 g/year per blade). The estimations are compared with scientific literature data and other gray literature sources. Using the entire Danish wind farms portfolio, we quantify the yearly mass of plastic from blade erosion to be about 1.6 tons per year, which is an order of magnitude less than that from footwear and road marking and three orders of magnitude less than that from tires. While the contribution of wind blade erosion is small compared to other sources, the results of this work underline the importance of the (A) effective leading-edge protection of wind turbines, (B) regular and efficient maintenance, and (C) the optimal selection of materials used.
Effect of Temperature and Storage on Coffee’s Volatile Compound Profile and Sensory Characteristics
Authors: Gantner Magdalena , Kostyra Eliza , Górska-Horczyczak Elżbieta , Piotrowska Anna
Published: December 2024

The study investigated the effects of storage temperature, type of coffee, and brewing method on coffee’s volatile compound profile and sensory quality. Three types of coffee were included in the study: Arabica, Robusta, and their 80/20 blend. Samples were stored at 5 °C and 20 °C for one month, after which the changes in the composition of volatile compounds were analysed and the sensory quality of espresso and cold brew coffee was assessed. The results showed that storing coffee at a lower temperature slows the changes in the profile of volatile compounds such as aldehydes, alcohols, pyrazines, and furans, helping preserve the desired aroma and flavour characteristics. Storage at higher temperatures resulted in greater changes in the volatile profile and sensory quality, with higher perceptions of earthy, sharp, and smoky notes and lower chocolatey and sweet notes. The brewing method also had a significant effect on the sensory quality. The espresso coffee had a higher intensity of coffee aroma, chocolate flavour, smoky aroma, and roasted notes. In contrast, cold brew coffee was perceived as sweeter, fruitier, and had more pronounced rum notes. The coffee type also significantly influenced the aroma and flavour profile. Arabica had a more harmonious and mild aromatic profile, while Robusta had a sharper aroma. The blend of Arabica and Robusta combined the characteristics of both coffees and offered a balanced aromatic profile.
Correlation Analyses of Amylase and Protease Activities and Physicochemical Properties of Wheat Bran During Solid-State Fermentation
Authors: Ren Hongrui , Wang Tianli , Liu Rui
Published: December 2024

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) has emerged as an effective method for wheat bran valorization, providing advantages like cost reduction, decreased water usage, and enhanced product quality. In this study, wheat bran was fermented using Rhizopus oryzae to evaluate the extraction yield of soluble dietary fiber, the activities of protease and amylase, and the physicochemical characteristics of wheat bran during SSF. The findings demonstrated that the maximum yield of soluble dietary fiber was achieved after 120 h of fermentation at a moisture content of 55%. Simultaneously, protease activity peaked at 45% moisture content after 120 h, while amylase activity was maximized at 55% moisture content after 96 h. The microstructure result indicated that most of the starch granules degraded after 144 h of fermentation at a moisture content of 55%, exhibiting a smooth outer layer of wheat bran. Furthermore, fermented bran showed a significant rise in total phenols, peaking at 96 h at a moisture content of 55%. Flavonoid content also reached its maximum after 72 h of fermentation at 55% moisture content. The content of alkylresorcinols in fermented wheat bran changed slightly under different moisture content and fermentation time conditions, which was consistent with the change in pH value. The DPPH radical scavenging rate was optimal when the moisture content was 55% after 96 h. The ABTS radical scavenging rate, hydroxyl radical scavenging rate, and reducing ability were optimal at 55% moisture content after 120 h. These findings demonstrate that the optimal conditions for the SSF of wheat bran using Rhizopus oryzae involve maintaining the moisture at 55%, suggesting that this method is effective for enhancing the value of wheat bran.
A Decade of Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT) for Chromosomal Abnormalities in Croatia: First National Monocentric Study to Inform Country’s Future Prenatal Care Strategy
Authors: Podobnik Petra , Meštrović Tomislav , Đorđević Aida , Kurdija Kristian , Jelčić Dženis , Ogrin Nina , Bertović-Žunec Ivan , Gebauer-Vuković Beata , Hočevar Grega , Lončar Igor , Srebreniković Zlata , Trobina Petra , Bitenc Marko , Dumić-Čule Ivo
Published: December 2024

Background: Chromosomal numerical and structural alterations are significant causes of various developmental disorders in foetuses. Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) has emerged as an effective screening tool for detecting common aneuploidies, aiding in the identification of individuals who may require further diagnostic work-up. Methods: This retrospective, monocentric observational study evaluates the usage patterns, test choices, turnaround times (TAT), and outcomes of NIPT between 2013 and 2023 on a sample of 2431 pregnant women at a special hospital offering outpatient services and comprehensive gynaecological/obstetric inpatient care. We analysed the trends in NIPT usage, high-risk results, prior screening procedures, as well as factors such as age, gestational age and in vitro fertilisation (IVF) status. NIPT was performed using cell-free foetal DNA (cffDNA) extracted from maternal plasma, followed by library construction, sequencing and result analysis. The sequencing results were aligned with reference genomes, and z-scores were calculated to assess the likelihood of aneuploidy. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The average age of women undergoing NIPT decreased from 36.1 years in 2013 to 33.01 years in 2023 (p = 0.0287), and mean TAT dropped from 12.44 days in 2013 to 7.08 days in 2023 (p = 0.0121), with the most substantial reduction occurring between 2013 and 2019. The study identified a stable rate of women who underwent IVF seeking prenatal testing, with no statistically significant difference between the first half and the second half of the analysed period (p = 0.2659). Among high-risk results, there were 39 chromosomal abnormalities detected, most of them belonging to trisomy 21 (59%). Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate the increasing efficiency and accessibility of NIPT in prenatal care in Croatia, while the significant reduction in TAT and the decreasing age of women undergoing NIPT reflect enhanced operational practices and broader acceptance. Introducing NIPT into the public healthcare system in the Republic of Croatia could improve equitable access to advanced prenatal care and enhance pregnancy outcomes. Future advancements in technology and genetic counselling will further enhance its role, requiring careful attention to ethical and regulatory considerations.
Immune Repertoires in Various Dermatologic and Autoimmune Diseases
Authors: Terhaar Hanna , Jiminez Victoria , Grant Emily , Collins Camden , Khass Mohamed , Yusuf Nabiha
Published: December 2024

The immune repertoire (IR) is a term that defines the combined unique genetic rearrangements of antigen receptors expressed by B and T lymphocytes. The IR determines the ability of the immune system to identify and respond to foreign antigens while preserving tolerance to host antigens. When immune tolerance is disrupted, development of autoimmune diseases can occur due to the attack of self-antigens. Recent technical advances in immune profiling allowed identification of common patterns and shared antigen-binding sequences unique to diverse array of diseases. However, there is no current literature to date evaluates IR findings in autoimmune and skin inflammatory conditions. In this review, we provide an overview of the past and current research findings of IR in various autoimmune and dermatologic conditions. Enriching our understanding of IRs in these conditions is critical for understanding the pathophysiology behind autoimmune skin disease onset and progression. Furthermore, understanding B-cell and T-cell IR will help devise therapeutic treatments in the hopes of restoring immune tolerance and preventing disease onset and progression.
Perceptions and Experiences of Primary Care Providers on Their Role in Tobacco Treatment Delivery Based on Their Smoking Status: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Stafylidis Stavros , Papadakis Sophia , Papamichail Dimitris , Lionis Christos , Smyrnakis Emmanouil
Published: December 2024

Introduction: Despite the well-documented benefits of smoking cessation interventions, the implementation and success of these programs in primary care settings often encounter significant barriers. A primary care provider’s personal smoking status has been identified as a potential barrier to tobacco treatment delivery. The aim of this qualitative study is to explore the experiences and perspectives of primary care providers regarding their role in delivering smoking cessation interventions to patients based on their personal smoking status. Specifically, the study seeks to examine providers’ thoughts, emotions, and behaviors concerning their own smoking behavior and to understand their attitudes and actions when supporting patients who smoke and to explore their perspectives on the effectiveness of training programs designed to promote tobacco treatment. Materials and Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 primary care providers from six public primary care units in the Central Macedonia Region, Greece. Thematic analysis was used to analyze data. Results: Healthcare providers who are current smokers may face unique challenges in effectively counseling patients on smoking cessation. On the contrast, non-smoking and especially previous smoking healthcare providers were noted to exhibit greater confidence and efficacy in delivering cessation support, often serving as role models for patients aiming to quit smoking. Participating in structured cessation training programs often led healthcare professionals to reflect and reevaluate their own smoking behaviors. Conclusions: Personal smoking status of primary care providers impacts the delivery of tobacco treatment, affecting their credibility and effectiveness in providing cessation support. Educational programs positively impact attitudes and behaviors, underscoring their importance in improving both PCPs’ professional effectiveness and personal health outcomes. These findings suggest that addressing PCPs’ smoking habits and enhancing training opportunities are critical for optimizing smoking cessation services.
Using RE-AIM to Assess Infant Early Childhood Mental Health Practices in Classrooms Serving Children with and Without Disabilities
Authors: Natale Ruby , Kenworthy LaMarca Tara , Rahman Tanha , Howe Elizabeth , Bulotsky-Shearer Rebecca J. , Agosto Yaray , Jent Jason
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: High-quality inclusive education is important for promoting the positive development of children with disabilities in early childhood care and education (ECCE) settings. However, ECCE teachers may not have the knowledge and skills to manage challenging behaviors in young children, especially those with disabilities. Infant and Early childhood mental health consultation (IECMHC) is one mechanism to support the professional development of teachers. This study explored the impact of an evidence-based IECMHC program, Jump Start Plus COVID Support (JS+CS), on outcomes for teachers in classrooms including children with disabilities. Methods: Utilizing a RE-AIM framework, we examined the extent that JS+CS impacted teacher outcomes related to classroom practice and teacher attitudes after the initial intervention period. In addition, we examined the extent that the classroom children with disability ratio moderated the impact of the intervention on teacher outcomes. Using a cluster randomized controlled trial in a sample of 138 racially and ethnically diverse teachers in 31 ECCE centers, we examined the reach, effectiveness, adoption, and implementation of JS+CS. Results: The results indicate that the JS+CS program shows promise as an intervention to support ECCE teachers working in classrooms with children with disabilities, particularly in improving teacher safety practices, behavior management skills, and resiliency coping. In addition, the program was adopted equally in classrooms that served children with and without disabilities. Conclusions: This is a unique contribution to the literature given that no previous IECMHC programs have examined adoption in classrooms serving children with disabilities. Further investigation is needed to determine the specific factors that impact program implementation considering that this study was conducted during various phases of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Heart Rate Variability in Relation to Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy Among Patients at an Urban Hospital in Kazakhstan
Authors: Bekenova Nazira , Vochshenkova Tamara , Aitkaliyev Alisher , Imankulova Balkenzhe , Turgumbayeva Zhanatgul , Kassiyeva Balzhan , Benberin Valeriy
Published: December 2024

In clinical practice, heart rate variability (HRV) has not been considered an indicator for the preventive assessment of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN). The paper studies HRV in a large, randomly selected group. A cross-sectional study included a representative sample of 5707 Kazakhs aged 20 years and older from a total population of 25,454 attached to an urban clinic in the capital of Kazakhstan. The sample was drawn from individuals who visited the clinic for a preventive examination. CAN diagnosis was confirmed using data from questionnaires, electronic medical records, HRV, and heart rate measurements. Mean values of the standard deviation of normal sinus RR intervals (SDNN) and the root mean square of successive RR interval differences (RMSSDs) from a 24 h electrocardiogram recording were assessed. CAN was identified in 17.19% of the study participants, with a ratio of the subclinical to clinical phase of 1:0.24. Diabetes mellitus was present in 30.99% of patients with CAN. The prevalence of CAN varied by sex and age, aligning with the prevalence trajectory of diabetes. It was concluded that the SDNN and RMSSD parameters in electrocardiographic studies can be used for preventive measures in the context of limited healthcare resources.
Kallistatin as a Potential Marker of Therapeutic Response During Alpha-Lipoic Acid Treatment in Diabetic Patients with Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy
Authors: Hernyák Marcell , Tóth László Imre , Csiha Sára , Molnár Ágnes , Lőrincz Hajnalka , Paragh György , Harangi Mariann , Sztanek Ferenc
Published: December 2024

Diabetic sensorimotor neuropathy (DSPN) is strongly associated with the extent of cellular oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) attenuates the progression of DSPN through its antioxidant and vasculoprotective effects. Kallistatin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. We aimed to evaluate changes in kallistatin levels and markers of endothelial dysfunction in patients with T2DM and DSPN following six months of treatment with 600 mg/day of ALA. A total of 54 patients with T2DM and DSPN and 24 control patients with T2DM but without neuropathy participated in this study. The serum concentrations of kallistatin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, oxLDL, VEGF, ADMA, and TNF-alpha were measured by an ELISA. Peripheral sensory neuropathy was assessed with neuropathy symptom questionnaires and determination of the current perception threshold. After ALA treatment, the level of kallistatin significantly decreased, as well as the levels of TNF-alpha and ADMA. Changes in kallistatin levels were positively correlated with changes in oxLDL. The improvement in DSPN symptoms following ALA treatment showed a positive correlation with changes in kallistatin, VEGF, oxLDL, and ADMA levels. Based on our results, kallistatin could represent a potential new biomarker for assessing therapeutic response during ALA treatment in patients with DSPN.
An Overview on Renal and Central Regulation of Blood Pressure by Neuropeptide FF and Its Receptors
Authors: Lee Hewang , Feranil Jun B. , Jose Pedro A.
Published: December 2024

Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) is an endogenous octapeptide that was originally isolated from the bovine brain. It belongs to the RFamide family of peptides that has a wide range of physiological functions and pathophysiological effects. NPFF and its receptors, NPFFR1 and NPFFR2, abundantly expressed in rodent and human brains, participate in cardiovascular regulation. However, the expressions of NPFF and its receptors are not restricted within the central nervous system but are also found in peripheral organs, including the kidneys. Both NPFFR1 and NPFFR2 mainly couple to Gαi/o, which inhibits cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production. NPFF also weakly binds to other RFamide receptors and the Mas receptor. Relevant published articles were searched in PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus. Herein, we review evidence for the role of NPFF in the regulation of blood pressure, in the central nervous system, particularly within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and the brainstem, and the kidneys. NPFF is a potential target in the treatment of hypertension.
Exploring the Pharmacological and Clinical Features of Lumateperone: A Promising Novel Antipsychotic
Authors: Sowa-Kućma Magdalena , Pańczyszyn-Trzewik Patrycja , Jaeschke Rafał R.
Published: December 2024

Lumateperone is a novel antipsychotic recently approved for the treatment of schizophrenia. Its unique pharmacological profile includes modulation of serotonergic, dopaminergic, and glutamatergic neurotransmission, differentiating it from other second-generation antipsychotics. This paper explores the pharmacological features and clinical potential of lumateperone across neuropsychiatric conditions. A review of current literature, including pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies, was conducted. It focused on lumateperone’s mechanism of action and receptor-binding profile, and clinical trials assessing its efficacy and safety in schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. Lumateperone demonstrates high affinity for 5-HT2A receptors, moderate affinity for D2 receptors, and low affinity for H1 and 5-HT2C receptors. It acts as a presynaptic D2 agonist and a postsynaptic antagonist, contributing to a favorable side-effect profile with reduced extrapyramidal symptoms. Clinical trials suggest that lumateperone is effective in reducing both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, with minimal metabolic and cardiovascular risks. It is also being explored as an adjunctive therapy for major depressive disorder and bipolar depression. Lumateperone presents a promising therapeutic option for schizophrenia with a novel mechanism of action and a favorable safety profile. Its potential application in other psychiatric conditions warrants further investigation, particularly in treatment-resistant populations.
Audiological Features in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Chen Jiann-Jy , Hsu Chih-Wei , Chen Yen-Wen , Chen Tien-Yu , Zeng Bing-Syuan , Tseng Ping-Tao
Published: December 2024

Hearing impairment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis has been underestimated for decades. Rheumatoid arthritis can affect both the middle ear (specifically, the incudomalleolar and incudostapedial joints) and inner ear (including the cochlea and acoustic nerve) simultaneously. Despite ongoing research, consensus on effective treatments for hearing impairment in these patients remains elusive. This systematic review aims to consolidate clinically relevant information for healthcare providers by summarizing current evidence on hearing impairment in rheumatoid arthritis patients. We conducted the current systematic review by searching platforms of PubMed, Embase, ClinicalKey, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect to retrieve eligible articles regarding hearing impairment related to rheumatoid arthritis. We extract any data on characteristics, pathophysiology, examination, and treatment related to rheumatoid arthritis. Based on the currently available evidence, we advocate for the use of specific audiometric tests to facilitate early detection of hearing impairment in these patients. Regular audiological assessments are recommended to monitor hearing ability and potentially prevent further deterioration. Finally, we propose a modified treatment protocol that integrates steroids, hydroxychloroquine, and non-invasive brain stimulation as a novel therapeutic approach for managing these symptoms. This protocol aims to offer clinicians new strategies to address hearing impairment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis effectively.
Unravelling the Mechanisms of Oxidised Low-Density Lipoprotein in Cardiovascular Health: Current Evidence from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
Authors: Thangasparan Sahsikala , Kamisah Yusof , Ugusman Azizah , Mohamad Anuar Nur Najmi , Ibrahim Nurul ‘Izzah
Published: December 2024

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the number one cause of death worldwide, with atherosclerosis, which is the formation of fatty plaques in the arteries, being the most common underlying cause. The activation of inflammatory events and endothelium dysfunction are crucial for the development and pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Elevated circulating levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) have been associated with severity of atherosclerosis. LDL can undergo oxidative modifications, resulting in oxidised LDL (oxLDL). OxLDL has been found to have antigenic potential and contribute significantly to atherosclerosis-associated inflammation by activating innate and adaptive immunity. Various inflammatory stimuli such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) play major roles in atherosclerosis. To date, studies have provided valuable insights into the role of oxLDL in the development of atherosclerosis. However, there remains a gap in understanding the specific pathways involved in this process. This review aims to provide and discuss the mechanisms by which oxLDL modulates signalling pathways that cause cardiovascular diseases by providing in vitro and in vivo experimental evidence. Its critical role in triggering and sustaining endothelial dysfunction highlights its potential as a therapeutic target. Advancing the understanding of its atherogenic role and associated signalling pathways could pave the way for novel targeted therapeutic strategies to combat atherosclerosis more effectively.
Circumventing the Impossible: Cell-Free Synthesis of Protein Toxins for Medical and Diagnostic Applications
Authors: Woelbern Alina Mai , Ramm Franziska
Published: December 2024

Naturally occurring protein toxins can derive from bacteria, fungi, plants, and animal venom. Traditionally, toxins are known for their destructive effects on host cells. Despite, and sometimes even because of, these harmful effects, toxins have been used for medical benefits. The prerequisite for the development of toxin-based medications or treatments against toxins is thorough knowledge about the toxin and its underlying mechanism of action. Thus, the toxin of interest must be synthesized. Traditional cell-based production requires high laboratory safety standards and often results in a low total protein yield due to the toxin’s harmful, cytotoxic nature. These drawbacks can be circumvented by using cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS), a highly adaptable platform technology relying on cell lysates rather than living cells. This review discusses the current advances in cell-free synthesis of protein toxins as well as their uses and applications for pharmaceutical and diagnostic purposes.
Transcriptome Analysis Unveils Molecular Mechanisms of Acaricide Resistance in Two-Spotted Spider Mite Populations on Hops
Authors: Koirala B K Sonu , Bhattarai Gaurab , Adesanya Adekunle W. , Moural Timothy W. , Lavine Laura C. , Walsh Douglas B. , Zhu Fang
Published: December 2024

Broad-spectrum crop protection technologies, such as abamectin and bifenthrin, are globally relied upon to curb the existential threats from economic crop pests such as the generalist herbivore Tetranychus urticae Koch (TSSM). However, the rising cost of discovering and registering new acaricides, particularly for specialty crops, along with the increasing risk of pesticide resistance development, underscores the urgent need to preserve the efficacy of currently registered acaricides. This study examined the overall genetic mechanism underlying adaptation to abamectin and bifenthrin in T. urticae populations from commercial hop fields in the Pacific Northwestern region of the USA. A transcriptomic study was conducted using four populations (susceptible, abamectin-resistant, and two bifenthrin-resistant populations). Differential gene expression analysis revealed a notable disparity, with significantly more downregulated genes than upregulated genes in both resistant populations. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed a striking consistency among all three resistant populations, with downregulated genes predominately associated with chitin metabolism. In contrast, upregulated genes in the resistant populations were linked to biological processes, such as peptidase activity and oxidoreductase activity. Proteolytic activity by peptidase enzymes in abamectin- and bifenthrin-resistant TSSM populations may suggest their involvement in acaricide metabolism. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying acaricide resistance in the TSSM. This knowledge can be utilized to develop innovative pesticides and molecular diagnostic tools for effectively monitoring and managing resistant TSSM populations.
MicroRNA Profiling of PRELI-Modulated Exosomes and Effects on Hepatic Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Kim Boyong
Published: December 2024

The increasing incidence and mortality rates of liver cancer have heightened the demand for the development of effective anticancer drugs with minimal side effects. In this study, the roles of exosomes derived from liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) with PRELI (Protein of Relevant Evolutionary and Lymphoid Interest) modulation and their miRNAs were investigated to explore their therapeutic properties for liver cancer. Various techniques, such as miRNA profiling, microRNA transfection, overexpression, flow cytometry, Western blotting, and immunocytochemistry, were used to evaluate the effects of exosomes under PRELI up- and downregulation. Downregulated PRELI cellular exosomes (DPEs) reduced the levels of five markers—CD133, CD90, CD24, CD13, and EpCAM—in LCSCs, with the exception of OV-6. Conversely, upregulated PRELI cellular exosomes (UPEs) significantly increased the expression of CD90, CD24, and CD133 in NHs, with the maximum increase in CD24. PRELI upregulation altered expression levels of miRNAs, including hsa-miR-378a-3p (involved in stem-like properties), hsa-miR-25-3p (contributing to cell proliferation), and hsa-miR-423-3p (driving invasiveness). Exosomes with downregulated PRELI inhibited the AKT/mTORC1 signaling pathway, whereas LCSCs transfected with the candidate miRNAs activated it. Additionally, under PRELI upregulation, exosomes showed increased surface marker expression, promoting cancer progression. The modulation of PRELI in LCSCs affected miRNA expression significantly, revealing candidate miRNA targets for liver cancer treatment. Exosomes with PRELI downregulation show potential as a novel therapeutic strategy. Consequently, this study proposes the potential of PRELI-induced exosomes and the three miRNAs as a liver anticancer therapeutic candidate.
Nanoparticle Strategies for Treating CNS Disorders: A Comprehensive Review of Drug Delivery and Theranostic Applications
Authors: Toader Corneliu , Dumitru Adrian Vasile , Eva Lucian , Serban Matei , Covache-Busuioc Razvan-Adrian , Ciurea Alexandru Vlad
Published: December 2024

This review aims to address the significant challenges of treating central nervous system (CNS) disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases, strokes, spinal cord injuries, and brain tumors. These disorders are difficult to manage due to the complexity of disease mechanisms and the protective blood–brain barrier (BBB), which restricts drug delivery. Recent advancements in nanoparticle (NP) technologies offer promising solutions, with potential applications in drug delivery, neuroprotection, and neuroregeneration. By examining current research, we explore how NPs can cross the BBB, deliver medications directly to targeted CNS regions, and enhance both diagnostics and treatment. Key NP strategies, such as passive targeting, receptor-mediated transport, and stimuli-responsive systems, demonstrate encouraging results. Studies show that NPs may improve drug delivery, minimize side effects, and increase therapeutic effectiveness in models of Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, stroke, and glioblastoma. NP technologies thus represent a promising approach for CNS disorder management, combining drug delivery and diagnostic capabilities to enable more precise and effective treatments that could significantly benefit patient outcomes.
Diversity and Characteristics of the Oral Microbiome Associated with Self-Reported Ancestral/Ethnic Groups
Authors: Wang Qingguo , Wang Bing-Yan , Williams She’Neka , Xie Hua
Published: December 2024

Periodontitis disproportionately affects genetic ancestral/ethnic groups. To characterize the oral microbiome from different genetic ancestral/ethnic groups, we collected 161 dental plaque samples from self-identified African Americans (AAs), Caucasian Americans (CAs), and Hispanic Americans (HAs) with clinical gingival health or biofilm-induced gingivitis on an intact periodontium. DNA was extracted from these samples, and then DNA libraries were prepared and sequenced using an Illumina NovaSeq high-throughput sequencer. We found significant differences in the diversity and abundance of microbial taxa among dental plaque samples of the AA, CA, and HA groups. We also identified unique microbial species in a self-reported ancestral/ethnic group. Moreover, we revealed variations in functional potentials of the oral microbiome among the three ancestral/ethnic groups, with greater diversity and abundance of antibiotic-resistant genes in the oral microbiome and significantly more genes involved in the modification of glycoconjugates and oligo- and polysaccharides in AAs than in CAs and HAs. Our observations suggest that the variations in the oral microbiome associated with ancestral/ethnic backgrounds may directly relate to their virulence potential including their abilities to induce host immune responses and to resist antibiotic treatment. These finding can be a steppingstone for developing precision medicine and personalized periodontal prevention/treatment and for reducing oral health disparities.
The Role of the Serotonergic System in Time Perception: A Systematic Review
Authors: Akhmirov Rauf , Mitiureva Dina , Zaichenko Maria , Smirnov Kirill , Sysoeva Olga
Published: December 2024

Time perception is a fundamental cognitive function essential for adaptive behavior and shared across species. The neural mechanisms underlying time perception, particularly its neuromodulation, remain debated. In this review, we examined the role of the serotonergic system in time perception (at the scale of seconds and minutes), building a translational bridge between human and non-human animal studies. The literature search was conducted according to the PRISMA statement in PubMed, APA PsycINFO, and APA PsycARTICLES. Sixty papers were selected for full-text review, encompassing both human (n = 10) and animal studies (n = 50). Summarizing the reviewed literature, we revealed consistent evidence for the role of serotonin in timing behavior, highlighting its complex involvement across retrospective, immediate, and prospective timing paradigms. Increased serotonergic activation appears to accelerate internal time speed, which we interpret through the dual klepsydra model as accelerated discharge of the temporal accumulator. However, some findings challenge this framework. Additionally, we link impulsivity—associated with decreased serotonergic functioning in our review—to a slower internal time speed. Variability in prospective timing tasks underscores the need for further research into how serotonin modulates reward-based temporal decisions, using novel approaches to disentangle internal time speed, response inhibition, and other factors.