bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accelerated diversification is related to life history and locomotion in a hyperdiverse lineage of microbial eukaryotes (Diatoms, Bacillariophyta)
Authors: Nakov Teofil , Beaulieu Jeremy M. , Alverson Andrew J.
Published: April 2018

Patterns of species richness are commonly linked to life history strategies. In diatoms, an exceptionally diverse lineage of photosynthetic heterokonts important for global photosynthesis and burial of atmospheric carbon, lineages with different locomotory and reproductive traits differ dramatically in species richness, but any potential association between life history strategy and diversification has not been tested in a phylogenetic framework.

We constructed a time‐calibrated, 11‐gene, 1151‐taxon phylogeny of diatoms – the most inclusive diatom species tree to date. We used this phylogeny, together with a comprehensive inventory of first–last occurrences of Cenozoic fossil diatoms, to estimate ranges of expected species richness, diversification and its variation through time and across lineages.

Diversification rates varied with life history traits. Although anisogamous lineages diversified faster than oogamous ones, this increase was restricted to a nested clade with active motility in the vegetative cells.

We propose that the evolution of motility in vegetative cells, following an earlier transition from oogamy to anisogamy, facilitated outcrossing and improved utilization of habitat complexity, ultimately leading to enhanced opportunity for adaptive divergence across a variety of novel habitats. Together, these contributed to a species radiation that gave rise to the majority of present‐day diatom diversity.
Socio‐cultural and economic determinants and consequences of adolescent undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies in LLMICs: a systematic narrative review
Authors: Madjdian Dónya S. , Azupogo Fusta , Osendarp Saskia J.M. , Bras Hilde , Brouwer Inge D.
Published: April 2018

Adolescent undernutrition is a persisting public health problem in low and lower middle income countries (LLMICs). Nutritional trajectories are complexly interrelated with socio‐cultural and economic (SCE) trajectories. However, a synthesis of the SCE determinants or consequences of undernutrition in adolescents is lacking. We undertook a narrative review of published literature to provide a narrative overview of the SCE determinants and consequences associated with undernutrition among adolescents in LLMICs. We identified 98 articles from PubMed, SCOPUS, and CAB‐Abstracts on determinants and consequences of undernutrition as defined by stunting, underweight, thinness, and micronutrient deficiencies. At the individual level, significant determinants included age, sex, birth order, religion, ethnicity, educational and literacy level, working status, and marital status. At the household level, parental education and occupation, household size and composition, income, socioeconomic status, and resources were associated with undernutrition. Only a few determinants at the community/environmental level, including residence, sanitation, school type, and seasonality, were identified. The consequences of adolescent undernutrition were mostly related to education and cognition. This review underscores the importance of the broad range of context‐specific SCE factors at several levels that influence adolescent nutritional status and shows that further research on SCE consequences of undernutrition is needed.
High‐resolution mapping of Manawatu palaeochannels
Authors: Lo Re Giulia , Fuller Ian C. , Sofia Giulia , Tarolli Paolo
Published: April 2018

New remote sensing techniques, such as airborne laser scanning (LiDAR), have led to a dramatic increase in terrain information, providing new opportunities for landform analysis. A major advance in using LiDAR‐derived high‐resolution topography (HRT) is the capability to provide an accurate and detailed terrain morphology. This study aims to use LiDAR HRT to identify palaeochannels of the Manawatu River (New Zealand) using an automated procedure based on the statistical analysis of landform curvature. The approach can provide rapid assessment and classification of floodplain topography. The proposed analysis is crucial, especially for intensively used floodplains requiring effective flood management and mitigation.
A cross‐sectional analysis of Wits and Riedel in adults with skeletal III malocclusion: How informative are they?
Authors: Oliver G. R. , Grimes K. , Pandis N. , Fleming P. S.
Published: April 2018

Structured Abstract

Objectives

To compare the relationship between Riedel and Wits appraisal in skeletal III malocclusions and to assess the effect of variation in the vertical skeletal measurements.

Setting and Sample Population

One‐hundred and twenty consecutive subjects with Class III malocclusions attending orthognathic clinics were analysed.

Materials and Methods

Lateral cephalograms were hand‐traced under standardized conditions. Cephalometric measurements included Riedel analysis, Wits appraisal, A point/B point to Frankfurt plane (AF‐BF) and vertical measurements.

Results

The mean ANB and Wits values were −3.22° and −11.39 mm, respectively. A positive correlation was found between ANB and Wits overall (r = −.49; P < .001). However, there was poor agreement between both Wits (r = .087) and Riedel (r = .089) with AF‐BF (P > .05). A negative correlation existed between Wits and LAFH% (r = −.64, P‐value < .001); however, no relationship was observed between ANB and LAFH% (P > .05) based on linear regression analysis.

Conclusions

There is a positive relationship between ANB and Wits; however, neither correlated well with a purer antero‐posterior assessment (AF‐BF). Furthermore, variations in the vertical skeletal measurements affect the strength of agreement. Caution is advised in the interpretation of antero‐posterior analysis especially in the presence of vertical discrepancy.
Metacognitive Interpersonal Therapy in group (MIT‐G) for young adults with personality disorders: A pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: Popolo Raffaele , MacBeth Angus , Canfora Flaviano , Rebecchi Daniela , Toselli Cecilia , Salvatore Giampaolo , Dimaggio Giancarlo
Published: April 2018

Young adults with personality disorders (PD) other than borderline are in urgent need of validated treatments to help them in managing important life transitions. Therapeutic interventions focused upon social and interpersonal difficulties may facilitate these individuals in maximizing opportunities for employment, forming stable romantic relationships, and belong to social groups. It is also important that they are offered evidence‐based, first‐line time‐limited treatments in order to maximize effectiveness and reduce costs. We developed a 16‐session programme of group‐based Metacognitive Interpersonal Therapy (MIT‐G) including psychoeducation on the main interpersonal motives, an experiential component enabling practice of awareness of mental states; and use of mentalistic knowledge for purposeful problem‐solving. We report a feasibility, acceptability, and clinical significance randomized clinical trial. Participants meeting inclusion criteria were randomized to receiveMIT‐G (n = 10) or waiting list+TAU(n = 10). Dropout rate was low and session attendance high (92.19%). Participants in theMIT‐G arm had symptomatic and functional improvements consistent with large effect sizes. In theMIT‐G arm similarly large effects were noted for increased capacity to understand mental states and regulate social interactions using mentalistic knowledge. Results were sustained at follow‐up. Our findings suggest potential for applyingMIT‐G in larger samples to further test its effectiveness in reducingPD‐related symptoms and problematic social functioning.
Prevention and treatment of diaper dermatitis
Authors: Blume‐Peytavi Ulrike , Kanti Varvara
Published: April 2018

Diaper dermatitis (DD) is one of the most common skin conditions that infants suffer from and their caregivers manage in the first months post‐birth. As such, questions of effective prevention and treatment of the condition often arise. Nonmedical skincare practices that support healthy skin barrier function can prevent DD manifestation or alleviate the condition in many cases. The usage of barrier emollients and improved diaper technology contributes to keeping moisture and irritants away from an infant's delicate skin. This paper addresses facts behind commonly asked questions from caregivers regarding DD and discusses effective measures to prevent and treat the condition.
All‐Hazards Homeowners Insurance: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Kunreuther Howard
Published: April 2018

In the United States, standard homeowners insurance policies cover damages resulting from fire, wind, and hail, but exclude damages caused by floods and earthquakes. This is not the practice worldwide: several countries include all perils in homeowners insurance. Building on two fundamental insurance principles—that premiums reflect risk and that support for low‐income households come from public funding, not insurance premium subsidies—this article proposes a strategy for developing an all‐hazards homeowners insurance policy in the United States that should be attractive to both private insurers and property owners. It outlines critical supporting roles for the public sector and proposes modifications to the National Flood Insurance Program that could provide a foundation for all‐hazards insurance.
Evaluating the Public Financing for Florida's Wind Risk
Authors: Medders Lorilee A. , Nicholson Jack E.
Published: April 2018

To increase residential property insurance options for wind‐related disaster events, the State of Florida created the Citizens Property Insurance Corporation (Citizens) and the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund. These entities play a major role in financing disaster losses for Florida. In this policy article, the authors assert that the State of Florida has emphasized the political objective of insurance affordability rather than managing and controlling risk for the benefit of the citizens of the state. The burden for financing catastrophic hurricane losses has been transferred to the public as most property and casualty insurance policies in Florida are assessable. Florida plays an inherent leadership role in the disaster risk arena, given its high exposure as well as its deep insurance penetration. The authors assert that while Florida has taken a leadership role in disaster risk control, the state's disaster risk financing strategy has failed to employ a long‐term focus that recognizes the interconnectedness of all parts of the system. The opportunity for the state going forward is to change its public policy focus to one that emphasizes availability over affordability. Florida's private markets could operate more competitively, and thus not unnecessarily place Florida's citizens and their economy at risk.
Fit for Purpose and Fit for the Future? An Evaluation of the UK's New Flood Reinsurance Pool
Authors: Surminski Swenja
Published: April 2018

Flood Re is widely hailed as an innovative approach to disaster risk insurance. This article offers a mixed‐methods evaluation of the new pool, asking whether it is “fit for purpose” and “fit for the future.” The investigation considers the roles of the public and private sectors, risk modeling and risk communication, technical underwriting, distributional aspects, and the behavioral implications of Flood Re, particularly with regards to risk reduction and prevention. The article concludes that the new pool is a transitional reinsurance arrangement that supports the private insurance market and secures affordability of flood insurance in the United Kingdom through premium subsidies. However, this approach is likely to come under pressure in the face of rising flood risk as it fails to incentivize flood risk management and risk reduction efforts.
Risk Management Roles of the Public and Private Sector
Authors: Kousky Carolyn , Kunreuther Howard
Published: April 2018

Insurance is an essential component of household and community resilience. It protects insureds financially against disaster losses, can encourage investments in cost‐effective mitigation measures through premium reductions, and facilitates the rebuilding of property and long‐term recovery. Private insurers face challenges in providing full protection against disasters. This has led governments around the world to create a variety of public insurance entities, often designed as public‐private partnerships. At a November 2016 workshop, “Improving Disaster Financing: Evaluating Policy Interventions in Disaster Insurance Markets,” participants evaluated disaster insurance programs for flood, earthquake, and terrorism losses. This article synthesizes six papers and findings from the workshop and suggests ways to improve public‐private partnerships for disaster financing in three interrelated areas: (1) risk communication, (2) risk reduction, and (3) risk transfer. It concludes with a proposal for a comprehensive insurance program that could harness the benefits of both the public and private sectors.
The State of the Question in the Study of Plato: Twenty Year Update
Authors: Press Gerald A.
Published: April 2018

This article updates “The State of the Question in the Study of Plato” (Southern Journal of Philosophy,) based on research covering the years from 1995–2015. Its three major parts examine: (1) how the mid‐twentieth‐century consensus has fared, (2) whether the new trends identified in that article have continued, and (3) identify trends either new or missed in the original article. On the whole, it shows the continuing decline of dogmatic and nondramatic Plato interpretation and the expansion and ramification of the more literary, dramatic, and nondogmatic “new Platonism.” What was a growing insurgency twenty years ago can now be described as a, if notthe, dominant approach.
Cognitive Self‐Enhancement as a Duty to Oneself: A Kantian Perspective
Authors: Bauer Katharina
Published: April 2018

Recently some bioethicists and neuroscientists have argued for an imperative of chemical cognitive enhancement. This imperative is usually based on consequentialist grounds. In this paper, the topic of cognitive self‐enhancement is discussed from a Kantian point of view in order to shed new light on the controversial debate. With Kant, it is an imperfect duty to oneself to strive for perfecting one's own natural and moral capacities beyond one's natural condition, but there is no duty to enhance others. A Kantian approach does not directly lead to a duty of chemical cognitive self‐enhancement, but it also does not clearly rule out that this type of enhancement can be an appropriate means to the end of self‐improvement. This paper shows the benefits of a Kantian view, which offers a consistent ideal of self‐perfection and teaches us a lesson about the crucial relevance of the attitude that underlies one's striving for cognitive self‐improvement: the lesson of treating oneself as an end in itself and not as mere means to the end of better output.
An Investigation of the Role of Social Dynamics in Conversion to Sustainable Integrated Mangrove‐Shrimp Farming in Ben Tre Province, Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Phuong , Rodela Romina , Bosma Roel , Bregt Arnold , Ligtenberg Arend
Published: April 2018

In the coastal area of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta, much of the mangrove forest has been cut to make space for expansion of industry and aquaculture. Export‐oriented shrimp farming is a particularly fast‐growing business. Nonetheless, the importance of tropical mangrove forest ecosystems for coastal protection and marine biodiversity is widely recognized. The Vietnamese government, supported by non‐governmental organizations and donors, has sought to restore mangrove forest. To this end, the government has promoted mixed or integrated mangrove‐shrimp systems in which farmers maintain at least 40 per cent of their area under mangrove cover. Since 2012, mangrove reforestation, care and protection has benefited from local authority stimulus as well. Multiple studies have examined the condition of the mangrove forest in Ben Tre and other coastal provinces of the Mekong Delta. However, no research has investigated the role of social dynamics in farmers’ willingness to shift to, or maintain, integrated mangrove‐shrimp systems. Specifically, the influence of information, group dynamics and social learning on farmer decision‐making is poorly understood and, indeed, hardly investigated in Vietnam. This article reports on a study of social processes in three communes in Binh Dai District, Ben Tre Province, Vietnam. We conducted 42 semi‐structured interviews (with 34 farmers and eight local officials) and used secondary data. Our preliminary findings indicate that social dynamics in these communes were issue‐driven and played an important role in farmers’ decisions to adopt, or convert to, the integrated mangrove‐shrimp farming system. Television, radio, the internet, books, neighbours and training courses all had some influence in farmer decision‐making processes. However, our findings suggest that the accessibility, usefulness, relevance and approach of these communication methods must be improved if they are to adequately inform and support local farmers.
Identification of the novel HLA‐B*08:01:01:02 allele in a Saudi individual
Authors: Alshubaili A. , Alanazi A. , Alburaq M. , Alblaihed A. , AlSebaiheen F.
Published: April 2018

HLA‐B*08:01:01:02 differs from HLA‐B*08:01:01:01 by a T to C substitution at position 3086.
Logistical and safety implications of temperature‐based acceptance of returned red blood cell units
Authors: DeSimone Robert A. , Nowak Michael D. , Lo Dian T. , Crowley Kathleen M. , Parra Priscilla , Cushing Melissa M. , Hsu Yen‐Michael S.
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

AABB requires that red blood cells (RBCs) are maintained at 1 to 10°C during transport. Historically, blood banks used the 30‐minute rule for returned RBCs transported outside of validated containers. The implications of this policy have not been previously reported in a real‐life hospital setting.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

A 2‐year, retrospective review of RBC units returned outside of qualified containers was conducted. During the first year, the 30‐minute rule was used to accept RBCs back into inventory. Sequentially, the following year, a temperature‐based approach was implemented using a thermometer with an accuracy of ±1°C. Time out of the blood bank, temperature upon return, wastage, and transfusion reactions associated with the reissued RBCs were analyzed.

RESULTS

In our practice, the 30‐minute rule would have accepted 15.2% of RBC units outside of the allowed temperature. Compared to the 30‐minute rule, temperature‐based acceptance was associated with a 13% increase in wastage (p < 0.001). During the 30‐minute rule period, transfusion of returned and subsequently reissued RBCs was associated with a nonsignificant trend toward a higher transfusion reaction rate compared to the overall RBC transfusion reaction rate (1.4% vs. 0.6%, p = 0.084). During the temperature period, transfusion of returned and subsequently reissued RBCs had the same transfusion reaction rate compared to the overall RBC transfusion reaction rate (0.5% vs. 0.5%, p = 1.0).

CONCLUSION

Temperature‐based acceptance of returned RBCs is associated with significantly higher wastage compared to the 30‐minute rule. A temperature‐based acceptance practice mitigates the risk of accepting RBCs with unacceptable temperatures returned within 30 minutes of issue.
English as a lingua franca: Facts, benefits and costs
Authors: Melitz Jacques
Published: April 2018

How much further can we expect the spread of English to go? What are the gains? What are the costs? The paper first tries to identify the areas of life where English already serves as a lingua franca in the world and those where the language faces sharp competition. The discussion goes on to show that the future advance of English will depend heavily on the motives to learn the other major languages in the world as well. The cultural market is the single one where the extraordinary progress of English threatens to go too far.
Validation of a paraoxon‐based method for measurement of paraoxonase (PON‐1) activity and establishment ofRIs in horses
Authors: Ruggerone Beatrice , Bonelli Francesca , Nocera Irene , Paltrinieri Saverio , Giordano Alessia , Sgorbini Micaela
Published: April 2018

Background

Paraoxonase‐1 (PON‐1) is an antioxidant compound that is considered a negative acute phase protein. No information on the analytic performance of the paraoxon method for measuringPON‐1 in horse serum is available.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to validate a paraoxon‐based method to measurePON‐1 in horses and to establishRIs in healthy horses and foals.

Methods

Horses and foals classified as healthy after physical examination and routine biochemistry were used in the study. SerumPON‐1 activity was measured with an automated spectrophotometer and an enzymatic method validated in other species. After the analytic validation (precision, accuracy, interference studies),RIs were determined using the Reference Value Advisor software. The possible sex‐, age‐, and breed‐related differences were statistically investigated.

Results

The healthy study population included 120 horses and 55 foals. The paraoxon‐based method was precise (CVs < 4.0%) and accurate (P < .001 in linearity under dilution and spike‐recovery testing) but was affected by interference from mild bilirubinemia, severe lipemia, and hemoglobinemia. TheRIs recorded in the whole population were 38.1–80.8 U/mL. According to the Harris and Boyd test, it would be advisable to use separateRIs only for adult females and for Warmblood and Trotter adults.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that the analytic performances of the paraoxon‐based method for measurement ofPON‐1 in horses are acceptable. ThePON‐1 activity is lower in horses than in other domestic species. These results may provide a basis for further studies designed to establish whether healthy and sick horses can be correctly classified by using thePON‐1 assay.
An assessment of a Western blot method for the investigation of canine cutaneous adverse food reactions
Authors: Maina Elisa , Matricoti Irina , Noli Chiara
Published: April 2018

Background

Adverse food reaction (AFR) is diagnosed with a two month elimination diet (ED), followed by challenge with the original food.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To evaluate reactivity of selectedEDsand performance of a Western blot serological test for the diagnosis ofAFR.

Animals

Twenty five food reactive (FR) and 13 non food reactive (NFR) privately owned dogs.

Methods

Sera were tested for antibodies against hydrolyzed poultry feather (RCA), hydrolyzed soy (PHA), hydrolyzed fish (FUH), limited antigen horse and potato (THP), fresh horse meat and the offending food for eachFRdog as documented by provocative challenge.

Results

Fourteen sera were negative and two positive to all foods. Sera from five of 13NFRand three of 25FRdogs were reactive to hydrolyzed foods. TheRCAdiet was recognized by four of 38,FUHby six of 38 andPHAby one of 28 samples.THPwas recognized by 14 of 33 and fresh horse by one of ten dogs that had never eaten horse meat. The test correctly identified one of 15 dogs allergic toFUH. Twenty of 25FRsera were negative for the dogs’ respective offending foods (20% sensitivity), whereas four of 13NFRsera were positive to the dogs’ usual diets (69% specificity).

Conclusion and clinical importance

Western blot analysis cannot be considered as a valid tool for the diagnosis ofAFR; it may serve as an aid in selecting anED.
Feline herpesvirus ulcerative dermatitis: an atypical case?
Authors: Porcellato Ilaria , Luciani Luca , Marenzoni Maria Luisa , Santagostino Sara Francesca , Sforna Monica , Mechelli Luca , Brachelente Chiara
Published: April 2018

Background

Feline herpesvirus ulcerative dermatitis is an uncommon skin disease in cats, with a predominantly facial distribution characterized by massive infiltration of eosinophils and, occasionally, predominant neutrophils.

Objective

To describe the clinical and histopathological features of a putative atypical case of feline herpesvirus dermatitis.

Animal

A 10‐month‐old, intact male, European cat was presented with chronic monolateral ulcerative dermatitis with adherent crusts on the left pinna. The lesion had been present for six months and worsened after the administration of corticosteroids.

Methods

Clinical and histopathological examination, immunohistochemistry, nestedPCRand transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Results

Histological examination of skin biopsies showed multifocal ulcerative and necrotic lesions, involving the superficial and deep dermis covered by thick haemorrhagic and serocellular crusts. The superficial, medium and deep dermis was heavily infiltrated with mast cells and plasma cells, with a lower number of neutrophils and eosinophils. In the nuclei of some cells in the deep dermis, whose histotype was unrecognizable with routine haematoxylin and eosin stain, intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies were noticed. NestedPCRandTEMsupported the hypothesis of FeHV‐1‐induced dermatitis.

Conclusions and clinical importance

This case is noteworthy for the infrequent location on the pinna and the atypical histopathological features of the lesion, with a predominant infiltration of mast cells and plasma cells. Our findings suggest that herpesvirus dermatitis should be listed as a differential diagnosis in case of ulcerative dermatitis when the location and histological features are atypical.
Cell sources for large‐scale manufacture of red blood cells
Authors: Kim S. , Baek E. J.
Published: April 2018

Owing to the high demand for blood production to replace donated blood, there have been many developments in the production methods of red blood cells (RBCs) in the past decades. Although cord blood or adult haematopoietic stem cells were shown to mature into functional reticulocytes in vitro, their limited proliferative capacity led to the development of new strategies that use pluripotent stem cells or cell lines that have been immortalized using gene modification techniques. This research highlights embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells and immortalized cell lines as possible sources of RBCs. Despite the low enucleation efficiency of erythroblasts derived from these pluripotent stem cells, recent studies have shown the possibility of an increased yield of final enucleated red cell products. In addition, primary erythroid early progenitor cells could be used as a cell source by culture conditioning or the exogenous overexpression of adequate genes for self‐renewal and proliferation. The strategy of directly establishing immortalized erythroid progenitor cell lines is suitable for the manufacture of RBCs, since these cell lines are easy to maintain and mature rapidly. In this review, different approaches for the manufacture of erythrocytes, using more expandable precursor sources, are discussed.
Spread of glyphosate‐resistant sourgrass (Digitaria insularis): Independent selections or merely propagule dissemination?
Authors: Takano Hudson K. , de Oliveira Rubem S. , Constantin Jamil , Mangolim Claudete A. , Machado Maria de F.P.S. , Bevilaqua Maycon R.R.
Published: April 2018

The first reports of glyphosate‐resistant (GR) sourgrass (Digitaria insularis) came from Paraguay (2005) and from South and Southeast Brazil, in Paraná (2008), and São Paulo state (2009). The hypothesis of this research is that the evolution of these resistant populations might have occurred independently. To test this hypothesis, a dose–response experiment was conducted in order to confirm resistance and inter simple sequence repeat markers subsequently were evaluated in five sourgrass populations from Paraguay (PY‐R), Paraná (PR‐S and PR‐R), and São Paulo (SP‐S and SP‐R). Resistant populations were confirmed in PY‐R, PR‐R and SP‐R. The resistant populations presented lower polymorphism than susceptible populations, possibly related to the selection pressure exerted by the herbicide. Both similarity matrix and dendrogram provided evidences that the origin of resistance in the populations from Paraguay and Paraná could be the same, which also is explained by their geographical proximity. In contrast, the evolution of GR populations in São Paulo was suggested to occur independently from other locations because resistance evolved in genetically divergent populations. This study’s data provide evidences that GR sourgrass populations from Paraguay and Paraná share a similar genetic background; therefore, it is possible that resistance from Paraguay spread to Paraná through gene flow. The population from São Paulo probably was selected independently because the high values of its genetic structure and low level of gene flow. Independent selections and seed dispersion of GR sourgrass have contributed to the rapid spread of resistance across South America.
Dinámicas relacionales para la gestión activa de la actividad turística en el corregimiento de Palomino, Dibulla-Colombia
Authors: Aranda Camacho Yesid , Cortes Leal Jesus Alberto
Published: April 2018

El desarrollo planificado de la actividad turística requiere la coordinación en los territorios de actores públicos y privados; para ello las dinámicas relacionales resulta ser un elemento central a considerar. Usando el Análisis de Redes Sociales y profundizando por medio de los análisis de contenidos relacionales se identificaron los actores centrales y que podrían liderar los procesos para el logro de la gestión activa del turismo en el territorio. A partir de los hallazgos se proponen acciones para conformar un sistema de gobernanza ampliada para el turismo en el territorio.
Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) Baillon (Annonaceae) active metabolites as alternative biocontrol agents against the lace bug Corythucha gossypii (Fabricius): an insect pest.
Authors: Giraldo-Rivera Ana Isabel , Guerrero-Álvarez Gloria Edith
Published: April 2018

The lace bug, Corythucha gossypii (Fabricius) is a serious pest affecting over 24 wild and commercially important plant species of the families Annonaceae, Passiflorcae, Caricaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Solanaceae. Thus far, commercial insecticides, such as 0.1% Dimethoate and 0.1% Imidacloprid have shown effectiveness against this insect, but no botanical pesticides are available to control this bug. In the present study, a Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) Baillon ethanol extractwas evaluated as a biological control agent against the lace bug. Through a toxicity assay involving Artemia salina, the median lethal concentration (LC50) of a raw ethanol extract of R. mucosa seeds was determined, as well as that of its Acetogenin (F1) and Alkaloid (F2) fractions; these LC50 were 0.184, 0.082, and 0.0493 g/mL, respectively. In addition, with an insecticide assay on lace bug nymphs, a mortality percentage of 86.67% at 5 g/mL after 72h was observed. These data demonstrate that the R. mucosa seed extract is highly active. Further chemical characterization studies revealed that the main active metabolites contributing to extract activity were acetogenins and alkaloids.
Tomás de Aquino y la relación entre filosofía y teología: una interpretación literal de la Suma de Teología I, Q. 1, Art. 1
Authors: Mendoza José María Felipe
Published: April 2018

El presente estudio indaga la posición de Tomás de Aquino sobre la relación entre filosofía y teología sagrada o sacra doctrina, tal como ha sido expuesta en la Prima Pars, q. 1, a. 1, de la Suma de Teología. Esta distinción busca fijar los límites entre ambas disciplinas a partir de su relación con la antropología, en la medida en que el Aquinate comprende la filosofía como esencialmente natural y racional, y la sacra doctrina como aquella ciencia cuyo fundamento es la gratuidad de la fe.

 
El placer humano y la percepción social de la justicia: apuntes para una teoría psicológica de las afecciones estructurales
Authors: Guerrero Ramos Miguel Ángel
Published: April 2018

El placer humano es considerado desde varios puntos de vista como un impulso vital interno sumamente importante; sin embargo, nuestra relación con el mismo es ambivalente, ya que es también un espacio de control institucional y de represión social en múltiples niveles. El placer tiene además un papel crucial en lo que atañe al modo como percibimos si vivimos en un mundo justo o no y, en la medida en que influye en dicha percepción, puede que el placer tenga asimismo un papel clave para determinar o por lo menos indagar en el psiquismo inconsciente de la sociedad. Se expone en este artículo, por tanto, la necesidad de lograr una teoría crítica que ligue los aspectos psíquicos, filosóficos y sociológicos del placer con las distintas formas de dominación en la moderna sociedad capitalista y de consumo.

 
La realidad según la física cuántica y la investigación-acción
Authors: Nani David Francisco
Published: April 2018

El presente artículo se enfoca en la investigación-acción y la física cuántica. Efectúa una comparación respecto a una idea central: el concepto de realidad. Explica la presencia de similitudes, por ejemplo, la realidad como representación y como entidad influenciada por el observador. Más aún, el investigador debe seleccionar entre diferentes marcos explicativos, pues lo real no puede ser abordado por medio de un único aparato teórico y metodológico. Aunque ambas visiones socavan la ciencia moderna, existen diferencias, en tanto que las particularidades de la investigación- acción son de un rango mayor y la realidad en esta es de índole social y debe ser mejorada.

 
Light-sheet microscopy with attenuation-compensated propagation-invariant beams
Authors: Nylk Jonathan , McCluskey Kaley , Preciado Miguel A. , Mazilu Michael , Yang Zhengyi , Gunn-Moore Frank J. , Aggarwal Sanya , Tello Javier A. , Ferrier David E. K. , Dholakia Kishan
Published: April 2018

Tailoring beams to overcome attenuation allows light-sheet microscopy to image at greater depth with enhanced contrast.
“That’s not helping”–T follicular helper cells drive skin fibrosis
Authors: Clark Rachael A.
Published: April 2018

T follicular helper–like cells and IL-21 are drivers of skin fibrosis in systemic sclerosis.
MicroRNA-216a Inhibits NF-κB-Mediated Inflammatory Cytokine Production in Teleost Fish by Modulating p65
Authors: Xu Tianjun , Chu Qing , Cui Junxia , Huo Ruixuan
Published: April 2018

Inflammation is the host self-protection mechanism to eliminate pathogen invasion. The excessive inflammatory response can result in uncontrolled inflammation, autoimmune diseases, or pathogen dissemination. Recent studies have widely shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to the regulation of inflammation in mammals by repressing gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. However, the miRNA-mediated mechanism in the inflammatory response in fish remains hazy. In the present study, the regulatory mechanism of the miR-216a-mediated inflammatory response in teleost fish was addressed. We found that the expression of miR-216a could be significantly upregulated in the miiuy croaker after challenge with
Vibrio anguillarum
and lipopolysaccharide. Bioinformatics predictions demonstrated a potential binding site of miR-216a in the 3′ untranslated region of the p65 gene, and the result was further confirmed by luciferase assay. Moreover, both the mRNA and protein levels of p65 in macrophages were downregulated by miR-216a. Deletion mutant analysis of the miR-216a promoter showed that the Ap1 and Sp1 transcription factor binding sites are indispensable for the transcription of miR-216a. Further study revealed that overexpression of miR-216a suppresses inflammatory cytokine expression and negatively regulates NF-κB signaling, which inhibit an excessive inflammatory response. The collective results indicate that miR-216a plays a role as a negative regulator involved in modulating the bacterium-induced inflammatory response.
Evolution of a Vegetarian Vibrio: Metabolic Specialization of Vibrio breoganii to Macroalgal Substrates
Authors: Corzett Christopher H. , Elsherbini Joseph , Chien Diana M. , Hehemann Jan-Hendrik , Henschel Andreas , Preheim Sarah P. , Yu Xiaoqian , Alm Eric J. , Polz Martin F.
Published: April 2018

Vibrios are often considered animal specialists or generalists. Here, we show that
Vibrio breoganii
has undergone massive genomic changes to become specialized on algal carbohydrates. Accompanying genomic changes include massive gene import and loss. These vibrios may help us better understand how algal biomass is degraded in the environment and may serve as a blueprint on how to optimize the conversion of algae to biofuels.
The Functional Oligomeric State of Tegument Protein GP41 Is Essential for Baculovirus Budded Virion and Occlusion-Derived Virion Assembly
Authors: Li Yimeng , Shen Shu , Hu Liangbo , Deng Fei , Vlak Just M. , Hu Zhihong , Wang Hualin , Wang Manli
Published: April 2018

gp41
, one of the baculovirus core genes, encodes the only recognized tegument (O-glycosylated) protein of the occlusion-derived virion (ODV) phenotype so far. A previous study using a temperature-sensitive Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) mutant showed that GP41 plays a crucial role in budded virion (BV) formation. However, the precise function of GP41 in the baculovirus replication cycle remains unclear. In this study, AcMNPV GP41 was found to accumulate around the ring zone (RZ) region within the infected nucleus and finally assembled into both BVs and ODVs. Deletion of
gp41
from the AcMNPV genome showed that BVs were no longer formed and ODVs were no longer assembled, suggesting the essential role of this gene in baculovirus virion morphogenesis. In infected cells, besides the 42-kDa monomers, dimers and trimers were detected under nonreducing conditions, whereas only trimeric GP41 forms were selectively incorporated into BVs or ODVs. Mutations of all five cysteines in GP41 individually had minor effects on GP41 oligomer formation, albeit certain mutations impaired infectious BV production, suggesting flexibility in the intermolecular disulfide bonding. Single mutations of key leucines within two predicted leucine zipper-like motifs did not interfere with GP41 oligomerization or BV and ODV formation, but double leucine mutations completely blocked oligomerization of GP41 and progeny BV production. In the latter case, the usual subcellular localization, especially RZ accumulation, of GP41 was abolished. The above findings clearly point out a close correlation between GP41 oligomerization and function and therefore highlight the oligomeric state as the functional form of GP41 in the baculovirus replication cycle.

IMPORTANCE
The tegument, which is sandwiched between the nucleocapsid and the virion envelope, is an important substructure of many enveloped viruses. It is composed of one or more proteins that have important functions during virus entry, replication, assembly, and egress. Unlike another large DNA virus (herpesvirus) that encodes an extensive set of tegument components, baculoviruses very likely exploit the major tegument protein, GP41, to execute functions in baculovirus virion morphogenesis and assembly. However, the function of this O-glycosylated baculovirus tegument protein remains largely unknown. In this study, we identified trimers as the functional structure of GP41 in baculovirus virion morphogenesis and showed that both disulfide bridging and protein-protein interactions via the two leucine zipper-like domains are involved in the formation of different oligomeric states. This study advances our understanding of the unique viral tegument protein GP41 participating in the life cycle of baculoviruses.
Risk factors and biomarkers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an observational cross-sectional population survey
Authors: Hu Xiao-Yu , Li Yun , Li Long-Quan , Zheng Yuan , Lv Jia-Hong , Huang Shu-Chun , Zhang Weinong , Liu Liang , Zhao Ling , Liu Zhuiguo , Zhao Xiu-Ju
Published: April 2018

Objective

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major public health burden in China, and its prevalence is increasing. This study aimed to determine the risk factors and biomarkers of NAFLD.

Design

An observational cross-sectional primary survey.

Setting

Central China.

Participants

The study included 1479 participants aged over 18 and below 80 years, not currently being treated for cancer or infectious disease or no surgery in the previous year, and no history of cancer or an infectious disease. Participants underwent clinical examination, metabolomic assay and anthropometric assessment. Univariate and logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate associations between covariates and NAFLD.

Main outcome measures

Risk factors and metabolic biomarkers including sex, body mass index, hypertension, body fat ratio, blood triglycerides, blood fasting glucose, liver enzyme elevation, uric acid and oleic acid-hydroxy oleic acid (OAHOA).

Results

Data from the 447 participants (mean age 44.3±11.9 years) were analysed, and the prevalence of NAFLD was 24.7%. Male sex (OR 3.484, 95% CI 2.028 to 5.988), body mass index ≥24 kg/m2(OR 8.494, 95% CI 5.581 to 12.928), body fat ratio (≥25 for women, ≥20 for men) (OR 1.833, 95% CI 1.286 to 2.756), triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol/L (OR 1.340, 95% CI 1.006 to 1.785), fasting glucose ≥6.1 mmol/L (OR 3.324, 95% CI 1.888 to 5.850), blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg or antihypertensive drug treatment (OR 1.451, 95% CI 1.069 to 1.970), uric acid (≥357 μmol/L for women, ≥416 μmol/L for men) (OR 2.755, 95% CI 2.009 to 3.778) and OAHOA (<5 nmol/L) (OR 1.340, 95% CI 1.006 to 1.785) were independent predictors of NAFLD (all P<0.05). These results were verified by all 1479 participants.

Conclusions

NAFLD was common among the study participants. In particular, NAFLD was correlated with uric acid. We identified OAHOA as a novel marker of NAFLD prevalence. It provides a reference on the prevention of NAFLD and related metabolic diseases with the rapid urbanisation, technological advancement and population ageing in China over the recent decades.
Association between serum lipids concentration and patients with age-related cataract in China: a cross-sectional, case–control study
Authors: Li Shengjie , Li Danhui , Zhang Yudong , Teng Jisen , Shao Mingxi , Cao Wenjun
Published: April 2018

Objective

Obesity and a high-fat diet have been found to be associated with an increased risk of age-related cataract (ARC). Thus, this study aimed to investigate whether serum lipid levels are associated with the incidence of ARC.

Design

Cross-sectional, case–control study.

Setting

EyeandENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.

Participants

A total of 219 ARC (male=94, female=125) subjects and 218 (male=110, female=118) normal control subjects were recruited in this study.

Outcome measures

A detailed eye and systematic examination was performed. Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (CHO) levels were measured by enzymatic colorimetry, and serum apolipoprotein A (APOA) and apoB (APOB) levels were measured by immunoturbidimetry. The subgroups were classified according to gender and types of disease (cortical, nuclear and posterior subcapsular cataract). Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the association between serum lipid levels and ARC.

Results

The serum LDL-C, TG, CHO and APOA levels were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the ARC group than in the control group. A similar result was observed when the serum lipid concentrations were compared between the ARC and control groups both in male and female subgroups. A higher proportion of individuals in the ARC group had higher LDL-C, TG, CHO and APOA levels (fold=3.45, 17.37, 3.27 and11.91, respectively; p<0.0001 in all cases) than in the control group. Results of the logistic regression analyses revealed that high LDL-C (ORs=1.897, 95% CI 0.960 to 3.678) and TG (OR=1.854, 95% CI 1.232 to 2.791) were the independent risk factors for ARC.

Conclusion

The serum LDL-C and TG levels were demonstrated to be independent risk factors for ARC.
New York City’s window guard policy: four decades of success
Authors: Toprani Amita , Robinson Martha , Middleton III James K , Hamade Ali , Merrill Thomas
Published: April 2018

Background

Preventing child falls from windows is easily accomplished by installing inexpensive window-limiting devices but window falls remain a common cause of child injuries. This article describes the history and evolution of the New York City (NYC) window guard rule,which requires building owners to install window guards in apartments housing children aged ≤10 years. The NYC window guard rule was the first directive of its kind in the USA when it was adopted in 1976, and it has led to a dramatic and long-lasting reduction in child window fall-related injuries and deaths.

Methods

Data about the history of the window guard rule were obtained by reviewing programmatic records, correspondence, legal decisions and the published literature. In addition, key informant interviews were conducted with programme staff.

Results and Discussion

This article describes each stage of policy development, starting with epidemiological studies defining the scope of the problem in the 1960s and pilot-testing of the window guard intervention. We describe the adoption, implementation and enforcement of the rule. In addition, we show how the rule was modified over time and document the rule’s impact on window fall incidence in NYC. We describe litigation that challenged the rule’s constitutionality and discuss the legal arguments used by opponents of the rule. Finally, we discuss criminal and tort liability as drivers of compliance and summarise lessons learnt.
Snakebites in Africa and Europe: a military perspective and update for contemporary operations
Authors: Wilkins Daniel , Burns D S , Wilson D , Warrell D A , Lamb L E M
Published: April 2018

Snakebite envenoming is rare among military patients, with few cases reported in recent years. Increasingly, however, military operations are taking place in remote parts of Africa, which are inhabited by numerous species of venomous snake, and in Europe, where dangerous species exist but are less common. Bites from a venomous snake may prove fatal, and therefore military medics must be adequately prepared to manage them. This paper reviews the most medically significant species of venomous snake present in Africa and Europe, before suggesting an evidence-based approach to snakebite prevention and management, including possible changes to the UK’s Clinical Guidelines for Operations.
Military application of mechanical CPR devices: a pressing requirement?
Authors: Parsons Iain T , Cox A T , Rees P S C
Published: April 2018

Maintaining high-quality chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation following cardiac arrest presents a challenge. The currently available mechanical CPR (mCPR) devices are described in this review, coupled with an analysis of the evidence pertaining to their efficacy. Overall, mCPR appears to be at least equivalent to high-quality manual CPR in large trials. There is potential utility for mCPR devices in the military context to ensure uninterrupted quality CPR following a medical cardiac arrest. Particular utility may be in a prohibitive operational environment, where manpower is limited or where timelines to definitive care are stretched resulting in a requirement for prolonged resuscitation. mCPR can also act as a bridge to advanced endovascular resuscitation techniques should they become more mainstream therapy.