bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparing Digital Range Finders for Forestry Applications
Authors: Wing Michael G. , Solmie Derek , Kellogg Loren
Published: April 2024

Digital measurement tools for forestry applications are now becoming affordable for many organizations. One example is a digital range finder that, depending on the instrument, can almost instantly record distance, height, and angular measurements of objects within sight of an observer. Digital range finders have tremendous advantages over traditional manual measurement techniques, but prospective users should understand an instrument's capabilities in order to realize its full potential. We compare the accuracy and reliability of five commercially available digital range finders in taking measurements of a distance course, traverse boundaries, and tree heights. Because we found some significant differences in the capabilities of the instruments we tested, potential users should identify their measurement and accuracy requirements prior to choosing a digital range finder.
Fighting Fire with Education: What Is the Best Way to Reach Out to Homeowners?
Authors: McCaffrey Sarah M.
Published: April 2024

Better understanding is needed of what makes educational efforts most effective in increasing public support for wildfire management and mitigation efforts. Results of a mail survey of homeowners in Incline Village, Nevada, indicate that personalized contact is key in the educational process and that which type of contact–government or personal–is more influential depends on the type of practice involved. Notably, prescribed burning appears to have more in common with defensible space than with thinning in terms of how homeowners respond to educational efforts.
Restoration Ecology: New Perspectives and Opportunities for Forestry
Authors: Sarr Daniel , Puettmann Klaus , Pabst Rob , Cornett Meredith , Arguello Leonel
Published: April 2024

Ecological restoration and restoration ecology have emerged as an allied practice and scientific discipline in land management. Here, we discuss the relationship between restoration ecology and forestry and the potential for interdisciplinary exchange. We present two case studies illustrating the potential roles of foresters in restoration ecology: (1) a forest restoration project in Redwood National Park, California, and (2) a project to restore northern hardwood forest structure in Minnesota. We conclude that restoration ecology can add conceptual breadth, research and management tools, and employment opportunities to the field of forestry.
Lessons from the October 2003. Wildfires in Southern California
Authors: Keeley Jon E. , Fotheringham C. J. , Moritz Max A.
Published: April 2024

The Southern California fires of late Oct. 2003 burned 742,000 ac and destroyed 3,361 homes and 26 lives. Factors leading up to this event were very different between forests, which comprised about 5% of the area burned, and shrublands. Three lessons are (1) although these fires were massive, they were not unprecedented, and future fires of this magnitude are to be expected; (2) the current fire management policy is not effective at preventing these massive fires; and (3) future developments need to plan for these natural fire events much the same way we currently incorporate engineering solutions to earthquakes and other natural catastrophes.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Landscape Fuel Treatments on Fire Growth and Behavior
Authors: Stratton Rick D.
Published: April 2024

This article presents a methodology for assessing the effectiveness of landscape fuel treatments on fire growth and behavior in southern Utah. Treatment areas were selected by fire managers from the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) based on the threat of fire to communities and the need for range and wildlife improvement. A fire density grid was derived from the BLM's fire start layer to identify historically high ignition areas. FireFamily Plus was used to summarize and analyze historical weather and calculate seasonal severity and percentile reports. Information from FireFamily was used in FARSITE and FlamMap to model pre- and posttreatment effects on fire growth, spotting, fireline intensity, surface flame length, and the occurrence of crown fire. This procedure provides managers with a quantitative measure of treatment effectiveness as well as spatial output that can be used for analyzing fuel treatment effectiveness, burn plan development, National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) documentation, public education, etc.
America's Family Forest Owners
Authors: Butler Brett J. , Leatherberry Earl C.
Published: April 2024

The number of family forest owners in the conterminous United States increased from 9.3 million in 1993 to 10.3 million in 2003, and these owners now control 42% of the nation's forestland. The reasons why people own forestland are diverse. Some of the more common ones are aesthetic enjoyment, the tract is part of a farm or home site, and to pass the land on to heirs. Half of the family forest owners have harvested trees, but only 3% of them have a written forest-management plan. Trends in owners' ages and future land-use intentions suggest widescale transfers of family forestland in the near future.
New Insights into Calcium Depletion in Northeastern Forests
Authors: Yanai Ruth D. , Blum Joel D. , Hamburg Steven P. , Arthur Mary A. , Nezat Carmen A. , Siccama Thomas G.
Published: April 2024

Acid rain and repeated harvests reduce the amount of calcium available for forest growth. Ecosystem budgets suggest that the exchangeable Ca pool is insufficient for forest regeneration, yet young stands appear to mobilize more than enough Ca from the soil to meet their needs. Extractions of soil parent materials indicate that apatite provides a previously unappreciated source of plant-available Ca for forests in New Hampshire, upstate New York, and Maine with granitoid parent materials. The threat of Ca depletion may not be as grave as previously predicted on these soil types. In contrast, apatite is not important at sites in Pennsylvania with sedimentary parent materials.
Reference Stands for Silvicultural Research: A Maine Perspective
Authors: Kenefic Laura S. , White Alan S. , Cutko Andrew R. , Fraver Shawn
Published: April 2024

Silvicultural experiments should have untreated stand replicates in which development can be tracked over time. Unfortunately, field studies are seldom ideal. This article is one of six in this issue addressing experimental controls. Our focus is the Penobscot Experimental Forest (PEF) in Maine, where a 55-year-old experiment in northern conifer silviculture has an unreplicated, somewhat atypical control. The identification of stands that represent desired endpoints or natural states is another consideration and may be difficult if based on rare conditions. Big Reed Forest Reserve and Maine's Ecological Reserve System are discussed as possible benchmarks for management on the PEF and serve as examples of the opportunities and challenges associated with the identification of benchmark ecosystems.
Computer Technology Helps Family Forest Owners in Pennsylvania and Washington
Authors: Roth Paul A. , Finley James C. , Zobrist Kevin W. , Baumgartner David M.
Published: April 2024

The use of computer technology in managing family forestlands is increasing. Growth, treatment, and visualization models can facilitate better understanding and communication of sustainable forest management concepts. Learning to use these tools can be challenging, and the technology has not been widely adopted at the landowner level. The Landscape Management System and associated Inventory Wizard have made these technologies easier to use and more accessible to landowners. Programs in Pennsylvania and Washington are promoting the use of this system by family forest owners.
Spreading Agroforestry for Sustainability: A Comparative View of Shandong and Sichuan Provinces
Authors: Gwyther Lindsay E.
Published: April 2024

Facing severe ecological damages and a large population, it is imperative for farmers of the Sichuan Province to seek alternative land-use practices to optimize their production. Agroforestry, the union of agriculture, forestry, and/or livestock in one harmonious system, is one way verified to increase agricultural productivity and to boost the environmental state of wellbeing. This study examines the incentives and initiatives supporting the successful agroforestry systems in Shandong and evaluates whether such an experience would be successful in Sichuan as well.
China and Certification: A Questionable Future
Authors: Stone Michael W.
Published: April 2024

The future of forest certification in China is a tenuous one. With the country embarking on a historic program of afforestation and reforestation, the progress of sustainable forestry is at a critical turning point. This article investigates the challenges and assesses the likelihood of forestry certification in China. Using Russia and Indonesia as case studies, it also looks at the possibilities of creating an international Chain of Custody in China. Finally, the skepticism of the Chinese business community is discussed.
Reflections from USDA Forest Service Employees on Institutional Constraints to Engaging and Serving Their Local Communities
Authors: Davenport Mae A. , Anderson Dorothy H. , Leahy Jessica E. , Jakes Pamela J.
Published: April 2024

Although community relationship building has been recognized since the early 1980s as integral to forest management, it has not been widely supported or adopted. Today, relationship building depends largely on the innovation and commitment of forest supervisors and staff. The institutional environment and its culture play an important role in building capacity for relationship building with communities at each unit, as well as supporting employees' attempts to serve local communities. The research presented takes an in-depth look at the institutional constraints to engaging and serving local communities from the perspectives of 20 USDA Forest Service personnel from three units. Research findings reveal agency, unit, and employee level constraints including, diminished resources, increased departmentalism, staff turnover, and long-distance commuting. We recommend that the Forest Service provides opportunities for successful relationship building efforts and assesses innovative techniques in a Community Partnerships Demonstration Project.
Science Information for Informing Forest Fuel Management in the Dry Forests of the Western United States
Authors: McCaffrey Sarah , Graham Russell
Published: April 2024

Land managers need timely and straightforward access to the best scientific information available for informing decisions on how to treat forest fuels in the dry forests of the western United States. However, although there is a tremendous amount of information available for informing fuels management decisions, often, it is in a form that is difficult to use or of limited applicability. To improve access, interpretability, and use of the full body of research, a pilot project was initiated by the USDA Forest Service to synthesize relevant scientific information and develop publications and decisions support tools that managers can use to inform fuels treatment plans. This article provides an overview of the project and briefly discusses key lessons learned as an introduction to a series of articles, to be published in future Journal of Forestry issues, on different topic areas addressed by the project.
Forest Landowner Cooperatives in the United States: A Local Focus for Engaging Landowners
Authors: Blinn Charles R. , Jakes Pamela J. , Sakai Misato
Published: April 2024

Family forest owners are showing an increasing interest in forest landowner cooperatives as a mechanism for providing a variety of services related to sustainable forest management and product processing. Because these cooperatives are locally owned, user-controlled, small-scale participatoryentities, they can more easily adapt to member needs than some other landowner assistance programs. Fifteen experts identified the benefits, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to these cooperatives. The results suggest ways in which cooperatives can enhance their effectivenessby seizing opportunities, counteracting threats, and addressing weaknesses. Key issues related to improving cooperative effectiveness include (1) expanding membership to enhance leadership and volunteer assistance, (2) improving marketing efforts, and (3) developing better networks withinthe local community, with other forestry cooperatives, and with organizations that offer assistance to cooperatives.
Impacts of Nonnative Invasive Species on US Forests and Recommendations for Policy and Management
Authors: Moser W. Keith , Barnard Edward L. , Billings Ronald F. , Crocker Susan J. , Dix Mary Ellen , Gray Andrew N. , Ice George G. , Kim Mee-Sook , Reid Richard , Rodman Sue U. , McWilliams William H.
Published: April 2024

The introduction of nonnative invasive species (NNIS) into the United States has had tremendous impacts on the nation's commercial and urban forest resources. Of principal concern are the effects of NNIS on forest composition, structure, function, productivity, and patterns of carbon sequestration. In 2006, the Society of American Foresters commissioned an ad hoc team to prepare a white paper on the effect of NNIS on America's forests. The paper was the genesis of this article, which provides an overview of the impacts of NNIS within the United States and includes recommendations for NNIS policy and management.
Managing an Epidemic of Swiss Needle Cast in the Douglas-Fir Region of Oregon: The Role of the Swiss Needle Cast Cooperative
Authors: Shaw David C. , Filip Gregory M. , Kanaskie Alan , Maguire Douglas A. , Littke Will A.
Published: April 2024

Swiss needle cast (SNC) is a foliage disease specific to Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) caused by the Ascomycete fungus Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii. Currently, it is causing an epidemic west of the Oregon Coast Range from Coos Bay to Astoria: 2010 aerial survey estimate of almost 400,000 ac of plantations with visible symptoms. General symptoms include chlorotic needles, decreased needle retention resulting in sparse crowns, and growth reductions. Growth losses in the epidemic area have been in the range of 20-55%, although mortality from the disease is rare. The SNC Cooperative (SNCC) was established in January 1997 at Oregon State University with private, state, and federal partners. The mission of the SNCC is to conduct research on enhancing Douglas-fir productivity and health in the presence of SNC. We present an integrated pest management framework for SNC on the Oregon Coast based on research sponsored by the SNCC.
Motivation of Foreign Students Seeking a Multi-Institutional Forestry Master's Degree in Europe
Authors: Arevalo Javier , Tahvanainen Liisa , Pitkänen Sari , Enkenberg Jorma
Published: April 2024

In the context of globalization in higher education, the increasing importance of student mobility and the challenges of aligning forestry curricula to changing societal demands, this study explores the motivation of forestry students seeking graduate degrees in a foreign country. Within the framework of the expectancy-value theory of motivation, a qualitative approach is taken to provide an in-depth characterization of a group of 20 students from 14 countries starting a multi-institutional graduate program in Europe. Results indicate a high motivation, but also a great variability, of expressed motives and goals. Within a wide range of interests, climate change and carbon sequestration issues appear among the hottest topics alongside some traditional areas. High interests in continuing to doctoral studies and in returning to work in their home countries are reported. Findings of this research provide potential value for curriculum development of international programs in general and of forestry programs in particular.
Consulting Forestry / Certification and Ecosystem Services
Authors: Coufal James , Wiedemann Carl , Gorman Jacob , Teeter Larry , Zhang Yaoqi , Kilgore Michael , Miller Kristell , Snyder Stephanie , Chang Sun , Davis Miriam , Asah Stanley , Fly J. Mark , Wright Galen , Kaetzel Brandon , Majumdar Indrajit , Teeter Larry , Butler Brett , Creighton Janean , Schnepf Christopher , Grotta Amy , Kantor Sylvia , Miner Cindy , Siry Jacek , Harris Tom , Izlar Bob , Beauvais Theodore , Allred Shorna , Muth Allyson , Finley Jim , Smallidge Peter , Metcalf Alex , Woods Lillian , Cruz Gregorio , Tyrrell Mary , Butler Brett , Chawla Purnima , Bubser Dave , Fernholz Kathryn , Puttock David , Dodge Gary , Pingrey Paul , Gan Jianbang , Farley Chris , Gallo Giana , Deal Robert , Cass David , Levo Brian , Lott Elizabeth , Deal Robert , Smith Nikola , Kline Jeffrey , Blahna Dale , Patterson Trista , Spies Thomas , Kline Jeffrey , Mazzotta Marisa , Blahna Dale , Asah Stanley , Friday James , Idol Travis , Scowcroft Paul , Meason Dean , Martinez-Morales Rodolfo , Munsell John , Brinckman Matthew , Barrett Scott , Gagnon Jennifer , Bond Brian , Welde Allison , Ceder Kevin , Comnick Jeffrey , Ettl Gregory , Fischer Paul , Grala Robert , Munn Ian , Grebner Donald , Grado Stephen , Hussain Anwar , Hunt Kevin , Petrolia Daniel , Gartner Todd , Meason Dean , Almeida Auro , Dungey Heidi , Guo Zhimei , Gray Matthew , Hodges Donald
Published: April 2024

45The industrialization of the United States throughout the 19th century resulted in the exploitation of millions of acres of timberland across the country. Logging during that era was described by critics as “cut out and get out” because the land was usually abandoned after the merchantable timber was exhausted. Concern about future timber supplies and the effect of logging on watersheds spurred the development of professional forestry after the Civil War. The first forestry leaders, including Bernhard Fernow and Gifford Pinchot, encouraged private non-industrial forest owners to sustainably manage their woodlands and specifically warned against destructive logging practices—including “cutting the best and leaving the rest”—aka high-grading. During the 1920s and 30s both the Forest Service and SAF spurred initiatives to encourage sustainable timber harvesting practices on private forestland. Although great progress has been made in forest management, logging on most private non-industrial forest land in the east has not changed significantly since the 19th century. Landowners usually sell timber without using the services of a forester, allowing the buyer to selectively cut the most valuable trees in the woodlot. Although this can reduce future value by 70-90%, it remains common practice because both the landowner and the timber buyer maximize short term income. The timber value and productivity of millions of acres of woodland throughout the United States have been significantly degraded as a result. This paper will trace the history of high-grading as described by forestry leaders from the 19th century through the 21st and will show that much work remains unfinished.
Public Lands Management Issues
Authors: Davis Patrick , Malmsheimer Robert , Bevilacqua Eddie , Haines Terry , Wilcox Craig , Lefevre Robert , Rees Dan , St. Clair Tom , Miller Eric , Craigg Terry , Adams Paul , Osborne Douglas , Guo Zhimei , Gray Matthew , Edwards Katherine , Sutton William , Hagy Heath , Upchurch Gabriel , Kawahara Monte , Heath Zachary , Fischer Lisa , Schrader Charlie
Published: April 2024

389Humans are responsible for nearly seventy thousand wildfires in the US each year, and human-caused fires have burned more than 2 million acres in five of the past ten years. Wildfires are a major contributor to US greenhouse gas emissions, adding 126.4 million metric tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere each year. These emissions can be significantly reduced with improved wildfire management strategies. This research examines the connection between human-caused fire proximity to physical characteristics, criminal activities, and other factors within National Forests. It presents a spatial pattern model that predicts the likelihood of fire ignition location based on physical attributes, such as: the spatial location of fire ignition crimes and other crimes on national forests, and the spatial location of national forest physical characteristics (e.g., roads, trails, recreational/unique resources, etc.). This research will present natural resource managers with practical applications of spatial analysis techniques utilizing GIS, as well as help public land managers target and deploy personnel in areas most prone to human fire ignitions during times of high fire risk.
Age and Structure of a Northern Hardwood Selection Forest, 1929-1976
Authors: Tubbs Carl H.
Published: April 2024

Since 1938, several selection cuttings have changed a northern hardwood stand from one composed principally of sawtimber to one with a reasonably well-balanced distribution of size classes. Continual ingrowth into the small size classes promises a periodic yield. Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) tree diameters now reflect age quite accurately; in the original tract 300-year-old trees ranged from 12 to 32 inches in d.b.h. The average age of 20- to 24-inch trees has been reduced nearly 100 years and that of 4-inch trees from 100 years to 48. Average age-height relations are surprisingly close to the probable site index, an indication that trees are suppressed for a much shorter time than formerly. Cull percents have dropped since 1938 and the average tree quality has improved. Species composition has changed little.
Social and Economic Benefits of Trees in Cities
Authors: Gold Seymour M.
Published: April 2024

A study in Sacramento, California, indicates that there is a relationship between the satisfaction levels of neighborhood park users and the landscape character of such parks. Trees are perceived as an important natural feature in the urban landscape and have an influence on property values. These relationships present significant opportunities for the application of forestry expertise in urban environments.
Use of Professional Competence by the Judiciary
Authors: Spurr Stephen H.
Published: April 2024

The function of courts should be to rule on legal points and not to decide questions of scientific fact and professional forestry practice unless adequate testimony has been presented. Foresters should provide such testimony impartially; one possibility is for the Society of American Foresters to file amicus curiae briefs.
Scarcity, Renewability, and Forest Policy
Authors: Manthy Robert S.
Published: April 2024

Examination of the concepts of timber scarcity and renewability shows that sawlogs are the only scarce major raw material in the United States, and de-emphasis of efforts to increase supplies of this product is recommended. Resource renewability is a relatively unimportant consideration for national materials policy. Many of the nation's stock resources appear to be increasing in volume faster than the "renewable" timber resources.
Managing Southwestern Ponderosa Pine for the Abort Squirrel
Authors: Patton David R.
Published: April 2024

The preferred habitat of the Abert squirrel (Sciurus aberti) is an all-aged forest of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws). Stands that average between 11 and 13 inches d.b.h. and 150 to 200 square feet of basal area per acre are the best cover for nest trees. Nests are built in trees that are part of a group with interlocking crowns. Ponderosa pine buds, twigs, and cones are major food items, and squirrels select tree sizes from 11 to 30 inches for feeding. Trees over 20 inches d.b.h. are the best cone producers and in the right combinations with smaller trees provide quality habitat. Habitat can be assured if ponderosa pine is regenerated by the group selection method.
Employment of 1976 Forestry Graduates
Authors: Robie Edward F.
Published: April 2024

Of 1976 forestry graduates for which records are available, 49.6 percent found forestry-related jobs. While the success rate varied by region, the average was lower--and graduates were more numerous--than in previous years. Of those finding employment, 38 percent went to the federal government and 30 percent to industry.
Forestry in Mexico
Authors: Caballero Miguel , Sosa Victor , Marin Juana
Published: April 2024

Mexico has large forests of types associated with both temperate-cold and warm-humid climates. Species are highly diverse, with pines, firs, and some tropical hardwoods being the most important. A continuous forest inventory was begun in 1972. The wood-using industry cannot yet supply the nation's needs, and large amounts of pulp and paper are imported. Completion of additional plants should largely remedy this situation and enhance employment opportunities. Professional education is offered at two forestry schools and one school of wood technology; there are three schools for technicians. Research is concentrated mainly on ecology, silviculture, genetics, and wood technology.
Caribbean Pine Plantation Growth in Surinam
Authors: Sage R. D. , Kaufman C. M.
Published: April 2024

Mean annual increments of planted Caribbean pines (Pinus caribaea Morelet var. hondurensis Barr. and Golf.) at 7 and 10 years were found to be 3.2 and 3.7 cords in thinned stands on good sites and 2.4 and 2.7 cords on below-average sites.
Area in Skidroads, Truck Roads, and Landings in the Central Appalachians
Authors: Kochenderfer J. N.
Published: April 2024

In nine central Appalachian areas logged with wheeled skidders, there was 1 mile of road for every 19.8 acres: roads and landings occupied 10.3 percent of the area. In two areas logged with jammers, there was 1 mile of road for evenly 31.1 acres; roads and landings occupied 7.8 percent of the area.
Status and Outlook of Containerization In the South
Authors: Mann W. F.
Published: April 2024

Planting of containerized seedlings may be operational in the South within a few year. Seedlings will cost more than nursery stock does, but will use expensive seed more efficiently, grow faster initially, be cheaper and safer to plant, and extend the planting season.
Disk-Hammer Starter for Increment Borer
Authors: Liu C. J. , Tang R. C.
Published: April 2024

A circular hammer is plunged into the tree so that anchoring pins are embedded firmly into the bark and wood. The hollow handle of the hammer then guides the increment borer, preventing wobble, waste effort, and damage to the bit or the core.
Cleaning and Weeding Paper Birch -- A 24-Year Case History
Authors: LaBonte George A. , Nash Robley W.
Published: April 2024

Observations for 24 years following weeding in a 7-year-old paper birch-quaking aspen (Betula papyrifera Marsh., Populus tremuloides Michx.) stand of fire origin indicate the necessity of removing aspen to assure a high proportion of birch. The untreated control plot contains an essentially pure aspen stand, while released plots are dominated by paper birch as large as 10 inches in d.b.h.
Prebunching to Reduce Helicopter Logging Costs
Authors: Dykstra Dennis P. , Aulerich D. Edward , Henshaw John R.
Published: April 2024

This paper describes one effort to quantify rates and costs of helicopter production for thinning young-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in Oregon. The logs in a small sale (21 acres) were skidded to landings within the sale area by horses (prebunching), and then flown about 2,400 feet across a steep canyon by helicopter. The helicopter moved about 5,050 board feet per flight-hour and 3,320 board feet per total work-hour. Total logging costs were about $265 per MBF. Had the sale been yarded conventionally, total cost might have been as high as $440 per MBF.
Economic Costs of Withdrawing Timber and Timberland from Commercial Production
Authors: McKillop William
Published: April 2024

Selection of criteria is the initial step in determining the major costs of withdrawing timberland from commercial production. Impacts on prices and consumer expenditures for wood products are likely to be important at the national level. Employment effects or consequences for revenues to local government may be significant aspects for study at the state or regional level. Analyses will frequently start with the reduction in timber output and translation of this reduction into losses in timber industry employment or payrolls. Regional employment or income effects may then be estimated by the application of a multiplier derived by input-output, export-base, or econometric techniques.
Feet vs. ORVs: Are There Social Differences Between Backcountry Users?
Authors: Duncan David , Maughan Ralph
Published: April 2024

In an Idaho study, few socioeconomic differences were found between recreationists who traveled on foot and those who preferred mechanical access via off-road vehicles. Nonmechanicals had a considerably higher educational level than mechanicals, but other relationships were weak. One difference, income, was highest for mechanicals--opposite from what is commonly hypothesized.
Rhizina Root Rot of Little Consequence in Washington and Oregon
Authors: Thies Walter G. , Russell Kenelm W. , Weir Larry C.
Published: April 2024

In 1973 the root pathogen, Rhizina undulata, was found fruiting on 64 of 277 recently burned Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) clearcuts on national forest and state-owned lands in western Washington and Oregon. Frequency of infested clearcuts within the surveyed area increased with increasing latitude. On clearcuts where the fungus was detected, it was usually associated with only minor seedling mortality. Changing current burning practices to avoid losses caused by this fungus is not warranted.
Setting Precision for Resource Inventories: The Manager and the Mensurationist
Authors: Hamilton David A.
Published: April 2024

Traditionally, managers have relied heavily on judgment when setting precision of forest inventories. The author describes a method whereby precision and the resulting sample size are based on the consequences of errors in inventory estimates and the inventory costs. The responsibility of the manager is to define and quantify the consequences of errors in the estimates; the mensurationist calculates costs of the inventory and determines the estimate of optimal precision.
Six Views about a Wood Products Labor Force, Most of Which May Be Wrong
Authors: Stevens Joe B.
Published: April 2024

The prospect of a declining timber supply in the Douglas-fir region suggests that assumptions about labor force adaptability will be used strategically in the political process. In Oregon, the labor force situation turns out to be quite different from what is commonly held or assumed. In particular, high labor turnover is found to be a rational adaptation to the nature of the industry.
New Legislation Aids Hazard-Reduction Burning in Florida
Authors: Wade Dale D. , Long Michael C.
Published: April 2024

In 1977, the Florida legislature passed the Hawkins Bill authorizing the Division of Forestry to conduct prescribed burns in hazardous accumulations of wildland fuel on private holdings, provided that the owner does not object. During the 1977-1978 fire season the division operated under the law to burn 13,000 acres in absentee ownerships. Initial success of the statute suggests that it can serve as a model for other states with similar fuel-management problems.
World Forestry: Philippine Forests
Authors: Lachowski Henry M.
Published: April 2024

Major forest types in the Philippines are dipterocarps (Philippine mahogany), mangrove, mossy (high-elevation forest), and pine. Dipterocarps represent 90 percent of timber used internally and sold abroad. Forestland is administered by the Philippine Department of Natural Resources and leased to the private sector through various license, lease, and permit arrangements. Numerous industrial plantations are displacing old-growth dipterocarp stands. Shifting cultivation or "kaingin farming" is a major problem facing the forest industry.
Can Intensive Management Make up the Harvest Lost when Roadless Areas Are Left Undeveloped?
Authors: Fight Roger D. , Johnson K. Norman , Connaughton Kent P. , Sassaman Robert W.
Published: April 2024

A study of seven western national forests revealed that reallocation of funds from roadless area development to timber management intensification on accessible lands would not make up the harvest lost if the roadless areas were left undeveloped. With harvesting restricted to the accessible area, the amount of land available for timber harvesting and the constraints of multiple use generally limited the harvest level more than did capital available for management intensification. Along with some losses in possible harvest, concentrating timber production on accessible lands will have a number of financial and environmental effects.
The South's Pine Reforestation Problem
Authors: Williston Hamlin L.
Published: April 2024

Independent landowners in the South own roughly 93 million acres capable of growing pine. Cutting without planned regeneration is converting pine stands to oak-pine, and oak-pine to oak-hickory. Unless steps are taken to remedy the situation it appears that there will be a pine sawtimber shortage by the year 2000. A recent task force has proposed more than 100 courses of action, summarized here in the form of 14 recommendations.
National Urban Forestry Conference
Authors: Payne Brian R. , Gallaher Joanne E.
Published: April 2024

A National Urban, Forestry Conference was held in Washington, D.C., during November 1978. About 450 participants with a variety of professional affiliations met for 3 1/2 days to discuss benefits of urban forests, culture and protection, and planning and management, including financing of programs.
Hawaii Celebrates Diamond Jubilee of Forestry
Authors: Glascock H. R.
Published: April 2024

The 20th annual Hawaii Forestry Conference, commemorating 75 years of work begun by Ralph S. Hosmer in 1904, stressed wood energy production and preservation of the islands' natural ecosystems.
Evaluation of a Growth Projection System for Uneven-aged Northern Hardwoods
Authors: Moser John W. , Tubbs Carl H. , Jacobs Rodney D.
Published: April 2024

A model for the simulation of growth on mature, uneven-aged northern hardwood stands composed principally of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) was evaluated with independent data. The model provides estimates of basal area, volume, and number of trees by size classes for ingrowth, survivor growth, and mortality. The test data were obtained from cutting-cycle and residual-density studies. Comparisons indicate that basal area and volume are more accurately predicted than is number of trees. Generally, however, the results demonstrate the utility of the model in forest management.
Benefit - Cost Analysis in Recreation: A Reply to Critics
Authors: Bowes Michael D. , Dwyer John F.
Published: April 2024

The evaluation of recreation benefits should not be viewed as a formidable task. Clarification is provided for previous discussion of requirements for data and expertise, consistency in benefit evaluation, and the conceptual specification of recreation demand.
Recreation Benefit Estimation: A Discussion Summary
Authors: King David A. , Davis Lawrence S.
Published: April 2024

A discussion, of which this article is the summary, indicates there is agreement on the theory, concepts, and need for implementing methods of estimating nonmarket benefits of recreation on public lands. There is also agreement that further research is needed to improve estimation of recreation benefit. Disagreements relate to the ease of implementation and the degree to which results must be qualified.
Infrared Scanner Has Potential Uses in Forestry
Authors: Alger Larry A. , Egan Peter J. J. , Heikkenen H. J.
Published: April 2024

Potential forestry applications of one type of infrared scanner, AGA Thermovision® 750, include fire detection and suppression, wildlife inventories, and previsual detection of trees infested with bark beetles.
Increased Growth of White Fir After a Douglas-fir Tussock Moth Outbreak
Authors: Wickman Boyd E.
Published: April 2024

For 36 years after an outbreak of Douglas-fir tussock moth Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough), radial growth of defoliated white fir trees, Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl., was significantly greater than that of non-defoliated host trees nearby. The increased growth was probably due to the thinning effect of tree mortality and increased nutrient cycling.
Timber Situation in the United States--1952-2030
Authors: Hair Dwight
Published: April 2024

In response to projected increases in population, economic activity, and income, future demands for timber from domestic forests will grow rapidly. If timber owners continue to respond to price and inventory changes and manage their lands much as they have in the recent past, supplies show much slower increases. This means that large increases in relative prices of stumpage and most timber products will be necessary to balance demands and supplies. The rise in relative prices will have substantial and adverse effects on the timber processing industries, timber-based employment and income, consumers of wood products, and the environment. Such impacts are not inevitable--there are many opportunities to greatly increase and extend timber supplies, and the investments in these opportunities promise to be profitable from the standpoint of society and the economy.
Wilderness Decisions: Values and Challenges to Science
Authors: Cutler M. Rupert
Published: April 2024

The United States has made significant progress in wilderness preservation, and future progress will continue at a pace determined by public demand. Resource professionals are now engaged in the difficult task of designing sound working principles for wilderness management. Success here is critical to the continued value of these areas as a scientific resource, as well as a recreational and spiritual resource for all. By helping ease pressures for energy and other resources found on wilderness lands, and by studying emerging problems, science can aid vitally in maintaining these values of wilderness.
Concept for Southern Pine Plantation Operation in the Year 2020
Authors: Koch Peter
Published: April 2024

Fertilization, close spacing, very early thinning, and application of new harvesting and manufacturing technology could yield-over a 35-year rotation-146 tons per acre (ovendry basis) of pulp, 2-by-4 studs, random-length conventional lumber, millwork and structural laminated wood, long-wide structural lumber laminated from veneer, sheathing plywood, structural flakeboard, and animal food supplement (muka). At $200 per product ton (ovendry basis, 1979 dollars), each acre could yield a gross realization of about $29,200 of these products per 35-year rotation; additionally, about 47 tons (ovendry basis) of fuel would be harvested over the 35-year rotation.
Riparian Landowners' Attitudes Toward a State Wild River Program
Authors: Roggenbuck Joseph W. , Kushman Karen G.
Published: April 2024

Riparian landowners along three forested and state wild rivers in Wisconsin were found to have "adequate" knowledge of official policy on protecting the streams in their natural, undeveloped, and free-flowing condition, but had misconceptions about state policy regarding use, development, and activities on lands adjacent to the streams. Landowners supported protection policies for the streams themselves, but disagreed with policies for protecting the river corridor. River problems were not perceived as severe, but landowners were concerned about the social impacts of heavy recreation use. They favored innovative and light-handed management approaches. Finally, absentee landowners were more supportive of the wild river program than were resident owners.
Sealed Bidding and Activity of Outside Bidders for National Forest Timber
Authors: Haynes Richard W.
Published: April 2024

Activity of outside bidders increased in western Washington and western Oregon daring the first nine months of 1977, when the National Forest Management Act made sealed bidding the prevalent form of timber sale. Participation of outside bidders increased the prices over those received under localized patterns of oral bidding during the period from July 1974 through June 1976. These conclusions are from an analysis of all national forest timber sales taking place in Washington and Oregon during the periods mentioned.
Visual Quality and the Cost of Growing Timber
Authors: Fight Roger D. , Randall Robert M.
Published: April 2024

The cost of enhancing the visual quality of forestlands under multiple-use management can be determined by comparing the cost of managing under alternative regimes with different degrees of visual enhancement. The result of such an analysis on the Mt. Hood National Forest has been expressed as a cost per acre per year to achieve the visual enhancement and as an increased cost per thousand cubic feet of wood produced.
World Forestry: Small Private Forests in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Oedekoven Karl
Published: April 2024

A half-million private owners hold 44 percent of the forestland in the Federal Republic of Germany. Their tracts average 15 acres and though growing stock is about equal to that on public lands the volume tends to be in young age classes. A 1969 law favored establishment of cooperatives to counter the disadvantages of fragmented ownership and small tracts, and federal and state governments offer direct financial aid. Cooperatives now represent more than half of the total area in forests of less than 250 acres. They have brought about improvements in management and will be an important part of future forest policy.
Brief History of SAF's Program of Continuing Education
Authors: Flinchum D. Mitchell
Published: April 2024

In efforts extending over several years, the Society of American Foresters has developed, tested, and adopted a program for encouraging foresters and allied specialists to participate in activities that will further their professional competence.
Continuing Education and Certification of Silviculturists in the USDA Forest Service
Authors: Puuri Carl R. , Weinmann Raymond G.
Published: April 2024

Various regions of the USDA Forest Service offer advanced training and certification of silviculturists. Each region developed its own program, usually in conjunction with one or more forestry schools. Though all programs have the central aim of improving applied silviculture, variations are wide. National standards, flexible enough to be adjusted to regional conditions, have recently been set.
"Wilderness Costs in New England"--A Reply
Authors: Guldin Richard W.
Published: April 2024

The direct social-cost-accounting method is appropriate for analyzing wilderness costs. The partial opportunity-cost analysis used during designation deliberations on New England wildernesses (Guldin, Journal of Forestry 78:548-552, 1980) warranted concentration on improving methodology for estimating costs.
Technician Status in the Society of American Foresters: Decision '81
Authors: Rudolph Victor J.
Published: April 2024

By referendum in 1970, SAF allowed technicians to become members but did not give them voting rights. Another referendum in 1973 failed to produce a two-thirds majority in favor of extending the vote. A Task Force on Forest Technicians was formed in 1976 and, after seeking comments from SAF sections and chapters, recommended voting membership and development of a plan for accrediting two-year technician training programs. In SAF's 1978 Member Opinion Survey, respondents inclined to the view that the nonvoting status should be continued but also strongly favored a referendum to decide the matter. Accordingly, the Council directed that a poll be held in the fall of 1981.
Point and Plot Sampling--The Relationship
Authors: Oderwald Richard G.
Published: April 2024

Point and plot sampling are equivalent. They are two methods of implementing the same sampling procedure. Thinking of them as a single method can promote understanding of both and help ensure that each is used to the best advantage.
Arid Land Resource Inventories: Developing Cost-Efficient Methods
Authors: Lund H. Gyde , Deloya Miguel Caballero
Published: April 2024

An international workshop held at La Paz. Mexico, in late 1980 concentrated on developing cost-efficient inventories for the arid regions of the world. Over 205 participants from 14 countries attended to discuss characteristics of the arid lands, inventory challenges and research needs. Papers were presented on planning techniques, classification systems, remote sensing and mapping, sampling strategies, measurement procedures, and resource analysis. A proceedings volume will be published.
Acid Rain: Facts and Fallacies
Authors: Hornbeck James W.
Published: April 2024

Acid rain is a complex environmental problem that is hard to define in terms of sources and effects. Major sources are thought to be atmospheric emissions, mostly from urban sources, although exact locations and the means by which emissions are transformed to acid rain are not entirely clear. Lack of long-term records has made it difficult to determine how fast rainfall acidity is changing, and whether the problem is intensifying or spreading. Although the sources of acid rain are thought to be largely urban, long-range transport of emissions by weather systems has made acid rain a potential threat to forest and aquatic ecosystems in rural settings. Major concerns are an increased rate of acidification of soils and lakes and possible damage to the cuticular layer protecting foliar organs. When coupled with the complex interactions of ecosystems. the gradual effects of acid rain are extremely difficult to quantify. Foresters must stay abreast of this environmental problem and help ensure that any impacts are minimized.
"Interpreting the Realizable Rate of Return": A Reply
Authors: Schallau C. H. , Wirth M. E.
Published: April 2024

Klemperer states that the realizable-rate-of-return criterion is "unsuitable for comparing investments of different lives, unless investments are adjusted to a common time horizon." This response notes that such adjustments are necessary regardless of investment criterion. An example is provided to show the consistency of RRR and the net present value criteria when used to rank investment opportunities having unequal lives.
Is Urban Forestry Education Ready for the Future?
Authors: Andresen John W. , Johnson Curtis
Published: April 2024

Between 1975 and 1980 the number of North American university undergraduate courses identified by "urban forestry" in the course title or catalogue description increased from 11 to 20, with 9 more planned for the immediate future. Graduate courses advanced from six to eight in the same period. Instructors' multi-disciplinary backgrounds, comprehensive urban forestry course content, and well-balanced curricula incorporating courses from sister disciplines seem to ensure a high quality education for potential urban foresters throughout North America. More attention must be given to recruiting and retaining minority students who could promote social solidarity through inner-city "greening" programs.
Four Horsemen of the NIPF Apocalypse
Authors: Foster Bennett B.
Published: April 2024

Investments in timber production generally return at rates as high as or higher than those for most alternatives. The riskiness of these investments is often greatly overstated. Rotations that yield profitable timber crops are not unduly long; they are comparable to periods for Individual Retirement Accounts. Regeneration costs need not be prohibitive if available management and cost-share assistance is accepted. If foresters convince themselves of these facts they will increase their effectiveness in dealing with nonindustrial private forest landowners.
Construction Lumber From Hybrid Aspen Plantations In the Central States
Authors: Hall R. B. , Hilton G. D. , Maynard C. A.
Published: April 2024

As judged from an Iowa study, the growth of Leuce section hybrid poplars for sawlog production seems attractive. Volume growth estimates for two clones at age 22 averaged 259 ft.³ per acre annually. Lumber from the hybrids was as strong as or stronger than that of Populus grandidentata in all properties tested except compression parallel to the grain. Seasoning and machining properties were normal. Plantation culture of these hybrids on upland sites that are currently producing little might contribute significantly to meeting lumber needs in the Central States.