bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extension of a novel diagnostic index to include soft tissue injuries: Modified Eden Baysal Dental Trauma Index
Authors: Eden Ece , Onetto Juan Eduardo , O’Connell Anne C.
Published: September 2021

Aim

Accurate records of traumatic dental injuries are important for clinical management and data collection for research. Soft tissue injuries often accompany dental trauma and should be appropriately recorded. The Eden Baysal Dental Trauma Index (EBDTI) provides an easy recording system of useful information about traumatic dental injuries on a tooth basis. The aim of this study was to extend the EBDTI index to record soft tissue injuries in a concise format and to approve the face and content validity of this version as the modified EBDTI (MEBDTI).

Materials and Methods

An extension to EBDTI was developed by adding superscript numbers from 0 to 8 to represent soft tissue injuries related to dental trauma. The Rand e‐Delphi method was used to evaluate this version of the index. A definition and two statements about the index were sent to 15 international panel experts to be assessed independently on a 9‐point Likert scale where 1 represented “total disagreement,” and 9 indicated “total agreement.” The panel needed to reach a 75% consensus for validation. A numerical code was suggested using zero to depict no soft tissue injury; 1–4 to record extra‐oral injuries; and 5–8 to record intra‐oral injuries (for example, gingiva, frenulum, and palate). Traumatic dental injury of the tooth/teeth is recorded using EBDTI in square brackets, and soft tissue codes are used as superscript numbers outside the brackets on a patient basis.

Results

The panel reached a consensus on the definition (86.7%) and two statements (86.7% and 93.3%) in one round. Various cases are presented to demonstrate the application of the index.

Conclusion

The Modified Eden Baysal Dental Trauma Index was developed to record soft tissue. injuries on a patient basis and was approved for face and content validity.
Pre‐eclampsia, gestational diabetes and hypertensive disorders in patients with intracranial aneurysms: A case–control study
Authors: Kotikoski Satu , Kurtelius Arttu , Nurmonen Heidi J. , Paavola Juho , Kärkkäinen Virve , Huuskonen Terhi J. , Huttunen Jukka , Koivisto Timo , von und zu Fraunberg Mikael , Jääskeläinen Juha E. , Lindgren Antti E.
Published: September 2021

Background and purpose

The aim of this study was to define the prevalence of pre‐eclampsia, gestational hypertension (HT), chronic HT, and gestational diabetes during pregnancy in a defined population of patients with saccular intracranial aneurysms (sIAs).

Methods

We included all patients with sIA, first admitted to the Neurosurgery Department of Kuopio University Hospital from its defined catchment population between 1990 and 2015, who had given birth for the first time in 1990 or later. The patients’ medical records were reviewed, and clinical data were linked with prescription drug usage, hospital diagnoses and causes of death, obtained from nationwide registries. The prevalences of pre‐eclampsia, other hypertensive disorders and gestational diabetes in patients were compared with a matched control population (n = 324). In addition, the characteristics of sIA disease in patients with pre‐eclampsia were compared to those of sIA patients without pre‐eclampsia.

Results

A total of 169 patients with sIA fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Of these, 22 (13%) had pre‐eclampsia and 32 (19%) had other hypertensive disorders during pregnancy. In 324 matched controls who had given birth, the prevalence of pre‐eclampsia was 5% (n = 15) and other hypertensive disorders were diagnosed in 10% (n = 34). There was no significant difference in prevalence of gestational diabetes (12% vs. 11%). Patients with sIA with pre‐eclampsia more frequently had irregularly shaped aneurysms (p = 0·003).

Conclusions

Pre‐eclampsia was significantly more frequent in patients with sIA than in their population controls. Irregularly shaped aneurysms were more frequent in sIA patients with pre‐eclampsia. Further studies are required to determine whether history of pre‐eclampsia may indicate an elevated risk for sIA formation or rupture.
Machine learning‐based model for prediction of power consumption in smart grid‐ smart way towards smart city
Authors: Tiwari Shamik , Jain Anurag , Ahmed Nada Mohamed Osman Sid , Charu  , Alkwai Lulwah M. , Dafhalla Alaa Kamal Yousif , Hamad Sawsan Ali Saad
Published: September 2021

A smart city is an idea that is realized by the computing of a large amount of data collected through sensors, cameras, and other electronic methods to provide services, manage resources and solve daily life problems. The transformation of the conventional grid to a smart grid is one step in the direction towards smart city realization. An electric grid is composed of control stations, generation centres, transformers, communication lines, and distributors, which helps in transferring power from the power station to domestic and commercial consumers. Present electric grids are not smart enough that they can estimate the varying power requirement of the consumer. Also, these conventional grids are not enough robust and scalable. This has become the motivation for shifting from a conventional grid to a smart grid. The smart grid is a kind of power grid, which is robust and adapts itself to the varying needs of the consumer and self‐healing in nature. In this way, the transformation from a conventional grid to a smart grid will help the government to make a smart city. The emergence of machine learning has helped in the prediction of the stability of the grid under the dynamically changing requirement of the consumer. Also, the usage of a variety of sensors will help in the collection of real‐time consumption data. Through machine learning algorithms, we can gain an insight view of the collected data. This has helped the smart grid to convert into a robust smart grid, as this will help in avoiding the situation of failure. In this work, the authors have applied logistic regression, decision tree, support vector machine, linear discriminant analysis, quadratic discriminant analysis, naïve Bayes, random forest, and k‐nearest neighbour algorithms to predict the stability of the grid. The authors have used the smart grid stability dataset freely available on Kaggle to train and test the models. It has been found that a model designed using the support vector machine algorithm has given the most accurate result.
Cranial shape variation in mink: Separating two highly similar species
Authors: Gálvez‐López Eloy , Kilbourne Brandon , Cox Philip G.
Published: September 2021

European and American minks (Mustela lutreola and Neovison vison, respectively) are very similar in their ecology, behavior, and morphology. However, the American mink is a generalist predator and seems to adapt better to anthropized environments, allowing it to outcompete the European mink in areas where it has been introduced, threatening the survival of the native species. To assess whether morphological differences may be contributing to the success of the American mink relative to the European mink, we analyzed shape variation in the cranium of both species using 3D geometric morphometrics. A set of 38 landmarks and 107 semilandmarks was used to study shape variation between and within species, and to assess how differences in size factored into that variation. Sexual dimorphism in both size and shape was also studied. Significant differences between species were found in cranial shape, but not in size. Relative to American mink, European mink have a shorter facial region with a rounder forehead and wider orbits, a longer neurocranium with less developed crests and processes, and an antero‐medially placed tympanic bullae with an anteriorly expanded cranial border. Within species, size‐related sexual dimorphism is highly significant, but sexual dimorphism in shape is only significant in American mink, not in European mink. Additionally, two trends common to both species were discovered, one related to allometric changes and another to sexual size dimorphism. Shape changes related to increasing size can be subdivided into two, probably related, groups: increased muscle force and growth. The first group somewhat parallels the differences between both mink species, while the second group of traits includes an anterodorsal expansion of the face, and the neurocranium shifting from a globous shape in small individuals to a dorsoventrally flattened ellipse in the largest ones. Finally, the sexual dimorphism trend, while also accounting for differences in muscle force, seems to be related to the observed dietary differences between males and females. Overall, differences between species and sexes, and shape changes with increasing size, seem to mainly relate to differences in masticatory‐muscle volume and therefore muscle force and bite force, which, in turn, relate to a wider range of potential prey (bigger prey, tougher shells). Thus, muscle force (and dietary range) would be larger in American mink than in European mink, in males than in females, and in larger individuals than in smaller ones.
Uterine torsion and intrauterine growth restriction: Case report and systematic literature review
Authors: Ferrari Federico , Ferrari Filippo Alberto , Negri Beatrice , Forte Sara , Franceschetti Laura , Sartori Enrico , Odicino Franco
Published: September 2021

Purpose

Uterine torsion (UT) in pregnancy is a rare condition in obstetric practice. It is defined as a rotation of the uterus of more than 45° around its long axis. Presentations are varied and, most of the time, this condition is recognized at laparotomy or cesarean section (CS). The aim of this study is to summarize the latest evidence about UT in pregnancy.

Methods

A systematic research of the literature was conducted fetching all papers published from March 2006 to June 2020. We collected data regarding clinical features, treatment, and feto‐maternal outcomes. Finally, we reported data of a case of UT associated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) diagnosed and treated at our institution.

Results

According to our search strategy, 38 articles were included. In 66% of the cases, acute symptomatology was present at the onset, most frequently abdominal pain was reported. In one‐third of the cases, UT was diagnosed during CS without clinical suspicion. Only in two cases, including our case, IUGR was reported. Most (66%) of the cases presented a 180° torsion. In the majority of the cases, a CS was performed also with a deliberate or accidental posterior hysterotomy. One and six cases of maternal and fetal death were, respectively, reported.

Conclusion

UT is an infrequent obstetric condition but should be considered in case of abdominal pain, vomiting, or shock presentation during pregnancy. It could lead to a reduction in uterine blood flow contributing to poor placental perfusion, even though more evidence is needed to clarify this link.
Once a Founder, Always a Founder? The Role of External Former Founders in Corporate Boards
Authors: Terbeck Hendrik , Rieger Verena , Van Quaquebeke Niels , Engelen Andreas
Published: September 2021

Public corporations often appoint external former founders to their boards in hope that they will encourage a (re‐)focus on creating future new business. Seeking to investigate this common practice, we integrate upper echelons theory with imprinting theory, arguing that founding a company indeed represents a formative experience that will leave an imprint on founders and their subsequent board decision‐making. Subsequent to their founding experience, however, some founders may be subjected to likewise formative but public corporate experiences, for instance, by taking their own business public or by assuming CEO positions in other corporations, that will lead to a decay of the original founding imprint and its effect. We find support for our reasoning across corporate boards in S&P1500 firms ranging from 2000 to 2012.
Capitalizing an epidemic: Does voluntary license stabilizes access to patented vaccines and public health crisis?
Authors: Agarwal Harshita
Published: September 2021

The spread of SARS‐CoV‐2 has paused the entire commercial sector except for the pharmaceutical domain. This highly contagious virus has kept the pharmaceutical domain, and publicly funded research institutions dynamically occupied in the R&D process to achieve the vaccine for the treatment and eradication of the COVID‐19 virus. The key issues are not the incentives for R&D but the accessibility of such vaccines at the ground level amidst voluntary licensing, elliptically, the dilemma encompassing innovations, patent rights, accessibility, and public health emergencies amidst stakeholders with contrasting interests. The voluntary licensing approach promotes a balance between native generic manufactures and international groups yearning to protect their intellectual property (IP) rights while boosting goodwill via better accessibility of such medicine, and concurrently providing pharmaceutical giants a constructive business strategy to set foot in developing markets. Patent rights and more significantly voluntary licensing might have a consequential impact on the public healthcare niche as it would facilitate a grip of patent holders concerning private governance activities over IP‐protected technologies. This paper provides an overview of voluntary licensing and its implications on vaccines in the pandemic.
Acoustic‐based estimates of Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) density and abundance along the U.S. West Coast from drifting hydrophone recorders
Authors: Barlow Jay , Moore Jeffrey E. , McCullough Jennifer L. K. , Griffiths Emily T.
Published: September 2021

An acoustic survey of Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) was conducted off the U.S. West Coast in August and September 2016 using drifting recorder systems with a vertical array of two hydrophones at a depth of ~110 m. Recorders were deployed 22 times to representatively cover a 1,058,000 km2study area from the shelf break to ~556 km offshore. Vertical angles to echolocation pulses were measured using the signal time‐difference‐of‐arrival on the two hydrophones. Echolocation pulses of Cuvier's beaked whales were identified from their arrival angles (always from below the array) and unique acoustic characteristics. The density and abundance of Cuvier's beaked whales were estimated using a group‐based point‐transect analysis with 2 min time snapshots. The area effectively surveyed was estimated using a maximum simulated likelihood approach to fit the observed distribution of signal arrival angles. The acoustic availability of whales during their dive cycle was estimated from the duration of acoustic encounters using a mark‐recapture approach. Overall, Cuvier's beaked whales were present during 0.60% of snapshots, and their estimated average density is 5.12 animals per 1,000 km2(CV= 0.27). Their estimated abundance in the study area is 5,454 individuals (95% credibility intervals: 3,151 to 8,907).
Comparative analysis of mechanical properties of orthodontic aligners produced by different contemporary 3D printers
Authors: Zinelis Spiros , Panayi Nearchos , Polychronis Georgios , Papageorgiou Spyridon N. , Eliades Theodore
Published: September 2021

Objective

The aim of this study was to compare the mechanical properties of orthodontic aligners among different commercially available 3D printing devices.

Materials and Methods

Five 3D printers (Ka:rv LP 550, Swinwon; “KAR”), (L120, Dazz 3D; “L12”), (MiiCraft 125, Miicraft Jena; “MIC”), (Slash 2, Uniz; “SLS”) and (Pro 95, SprintRay; “PRO”) were used to prepare orthodontic aligners with dental resin (Tera Harz TC‐85DAW, Graphy). The central incisors of each aligner were cut, prepared and evaluated in terms of Martens‐Hardness (HM), indentation‐modulus (EIT) and elastic‐index (ηIT) as per ISO14577‐1:2002. Force‐indentation curves were recorded and differences among printers were checked with generalized linear regressions (alpha=5%).

Results

Statistically significant differences were seen for all mechanical properties (P < .05), which were in descending order: HM (N/mm2) as median (Interquartile Range [IQR]): SLS 108.5 (106.0‐112.0), L12 103.0 (102.0‐107.0), KAR 101.5 (97.5‐103.0), MIC 100.0 (97.5‐101.5) and PRO 94.0 (93.0‐96.0); EIT (MPa) as mean (Standard Deviation [SD]): SLS 2696.3 (124.7), L12 2627.8 (73.5), MIC 2566.2 (125.1), KAR 2565.0 (130.2) and PRO 2491.2 (53.3); and ηIT (%) as median (IQR): SLS 32.8 (32.3‐33.1), L12 31.6 (30.8‐32.3), KAR 31.3 (30.9‐31.9), MIC 30.5 (29.9‐31.2) and PRO 29.5 (29.1‐30.0). Additionally, significant differences existed between liquid crystal display (LCD) and digital light processing (DLP) printers for HM (P < .001), EIT (P = .002) and ηIT (P < .001), with aligners from the former having higher values than aligners from the latter printer.

Conclusion

Under the limitations of this study, it may be concluded that the mechanical properties of 3D‐printed orthodontic aligners are dependent on the 3D printer used, and thus, differences in their clinical efficacy are anticipated.
Phosphorylation of major Porphyromonas gingivalis virulence factors is crucial for their processing and secretion
Authors: Nowakowska Zuzanna , Madej Mariusz , Grad Sylwia , Wang Tiansong , Hackett Murray , Miller Daniel P. , Lamont Richard J. , Potempa Jan
Published: September 2021

The main etiological agent of periodontitis is the anaerobic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis. Virulence of this pathogen is controlled by various mechanisms and executed by major virulence factors including the gingipain proteases, peptidylarginine deiminase (PPAD), and RagB, an outer membrane macromolecular transport component. Although the structures and functions of these proteins are well characterized, little is known about their posttranslational maturation. Here, we determined the phosphoproteome of P. gingivalis in which phosphorylated tyrosine residues constitute over 80% of all phosphoresidues. Multiple phosphotyrosines were found in gingipains, PPAD, and RagB. Although mutation of phosphorylated residues in PPAD and RagB had no effect on secretion or activity, site‐directed mutagenesis showed that phosphorylation in hemagglutinin/adhesin domains of RgpA and Kgp, and in the catalytic domain of RgpB, had a strong influence on secretion, processing, and enzymatic activity. Moreover, preventing phosphorylation of one gingipain influenced the others, suggesting multiple phosphorylation‐dependent pathways of gingipain maturation in P. gingivalis. Various candidate kinases including Ptk1 BY kinase and ubiquitous bacterial kinase 1 (UbK1) may be involved, but their contribution to gingipain processing and activation remains to be confirmed.
Application timing of herbicides, glyphosate and atrazine, sway respective epidemics of foliar pathogens in herbicide‐tolerant rapeseed
Authors: Murtza Tamsal , You Ming Pei , Barbetti Martin J.
Published: September 2021

Rapeseed (Brassica napus) production in Australia relies heavily on triazine‐or glyphosate‐tolerant cultivars. For 14 triazine‐tolerant cultivars, disease development of Neopseudocercosporella capsellae (white leaf spot), Alternaria brassicae and A. japonica (Alternaria leaf spot), and Hyaloperonospora brassicae (downy mildew) were all dependent upon herbicide application timing (p < 0.001), with significant differences between cultivars (p < 0.001) and a significant interaction (p < 0.001) between herbicide application timing and cultivars. Atrazine applied preinfection by N. capsellae, A. brassicae, or A. japonica enhanced disease incidence, severity, and leaf collapse, while atrazine application postinfection for these same pathogens reduced all three disease parameters. However, for H. brassicae, application of atrazine after, and especially prior to, infection resulted in lower disease incidence, severity, and leaf collapse. Application of glyphosate on five glyphosate‐tolerant cultivars for N. capsellae resulted in significant differences (p < 0.05) between glyphosate application treatments, and between host cultivars in terms of incidence and consequent leaf collapse. For A. brassicae, A. japonica, and H. brassicae, glyphosate resulted in significant differences (p < 0.001) across application timings between cultivars, and a significant interaction (p < 0.001) between herbicide application timings and cultivars. Glyphosate applied on glyphosate‐resistant rapeseed after, and especially prior to, attack by H. brassicae, reduced downy mildew. These are the first studies to highlight how the timing of application of triazine or glyphosate in relation to pathogen infection is critical to the susceptibility of rapeseed to white leaf spot, Alternaria leaf spot, and downy mildew. This new understanding offers fresh possibilities for improved management of these diseases in herbicide‐tolerant rapeseed crops.
Clinicians as a critical link: Understanding health professionals’ beliefs and attitudes toward anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder
Authors: Reas Deborah Lynn , Isomaa Rasmus , Solhaug Gulliksen Kjersti , Levallius Johanna
Published: September 2021

Understanding the perspectives of health professionals remains an understudied issue, yet may help bridge research‐practice gaps and pinpoint important areas for education, training, and research. This study investigated attitudes toward anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED) among Nordic health professionals specialized within the eating disorder (ED) field. Participants (n = 144) completed a modified ED‐version of the Illness Perception Questionnaire which assessed attitudes and beliefs toward perceived symptom controllability, severity, treatment effectiveness, and views on the prognosis of AN, BN, and BED. Personal enjoyment and level of comfort working with AN, BN, and BED were also assessed. The majority agreed or strongly agreed that patients with AN, BN, and BED were not responsible for their illness, and viewed the illnesses as psychological rather than medical in etiology. AN was viewed as the most severe and enduring, followed by BN, then BED. Treatment for BN was viewed as being more highly effective than treatments for either AN or BED. Professionals rated significantly less enjoyment and less confidence working with BED. To conclude, both commonalities and differences in attitudes toward AN, BN and BED were found in terms of perceived symptom controllability, views on severity, treatment effectiveness, and anticipated prognosis. In particular, findings emphasized the need for additional training in the management of BED among Nordic healthcare professionals.
Need, effort, or integration? The development of intuitive distributive justice decisions in children, adolescents, and adults
Authors: Kienbaum Jutta , Mairhofer Sigrid
Published: September 2021

This study examined the criteria children, adolescents, and adults intuitively apply when they distribute a resource between two protagonists who differ systematically in need and effort. Two main questions were investigated: (a) Do the allocation criteria (equality, need, effort, integration of need and effort) differ by age? (b) Do the allocation criteria of adolescents differ in accordance with whether they attend a vocational or an academic‐track school? A total of N = 481 participants took part in two experiments. In each, they had to make 18 decisions about how to allocate a resource fairly. The experiments differed in their operationalization of need (amount of sweets in Experiment 1 vs. number of toys in Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, allocation decisions made on the basis of need information alone occurred primarily in 7‐ and 9‐year‐olds and became less frequent in 12‐ and 16‐year‐olds and adults. Allocation decisions made on the basis of effort information alone were rare in children and occurred with increasing frequency in adolescents and adults. An integration of need and effort was the most common principle chosen from ages 9 to 16, followed by an orientation toward integration or effort alone in adults. Adolescents’ allocation patterns did not vary by the type of school they attended. In Experiment 2, only adolescents and adults participated. Their results largely replicated those of Experiment 1. The discussion addresses the impact of cognitive development and socialization processes for the development of distributive justice.
The jojoba genome reveals wide divergence of the sex chromosomes in a dioecious plant
Authors: Al‐Dossary Othman , Alsubaie Bader , Kharabian‐Masouleh Ardashir , Al‐Mssallem Ibrahim , Furtado Agnelo , Henry Robert J.
Published: September 2021

Most flowering plants are hermaphrodites, but around 6% of species are dioecious, having separate male and female plants. Sex chromosomes and some sex‐specific genes have been reported in plants, but the genome sequences have not been compared. We now report the genome sequence of male and female jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) plants, revealing a very large difference in the sex chromosomes. The male genome assembly was 832 Mb and the female 822 Mb. This was explained by the large size differences in the Y chromosome (37.6 Mb) compared with the X chromosome (26.9 Mb). Relative to the X chromosome, the Y chromosome had two large insertions each of more than 5 Mb containing more than 400 genes. Many of the genes in the chromosome‐specific regions were novel. These male‐specific regions included many flowering‐related and stress response genes. Smaller insertions found only in the X chromosome totalled 877 kb. The wide divergence of the sex chromosomes suggests a long period of adaptation to diverging sex‐specific roles. Male and female plants may have evolved to accommodate factors such as differing reproductive resource allocation requirements under the stress of the desert environment in which the plants are found. The sex‐determining regions accumulate genes beneficial to each sex. This has required the evolution of many more novel sex‐specific genes than has been reported for other organisms. This suggest that dioecious plants provide a novel source of genes for manipulation of reproductive performance and environmental adaptation in crops.
Multi‐product firms, product quality heterogeneity and trade liberalisation
Authors: Yin Sisi , Gao Yunshu , Gao Bo
Published: September 2021

This paper develops a model of multi‐product firms with endogenous quality across products within a firm. The model can reconcile the empirical fact that product quality and market size exhibit an inverted U relationship. In our model, on the one hand, a larger market has a larger scope of quality differentiation and induces firms to increase quality; on the other hand, market competition is more intense in a larger market, exerting a negative influence on quality. We show that the model without taking quality differentiation into consideration could significantly underestimate the market competition and welfare. Moreover, our numerical analysis suggests that the model without taking quality differentiation into consideration could also significantly overestimate the gains of trade liberalisation.
Extractive Latifundio and the Low Income of the Extractive Reserve Rio Ouro Preto, Western Amazon
Authors: Freitas Josimar da Silva , Homma Alfredo Kingo Oyama , Farias Filho Milton Cordeiro , Mathis Armin , Florit Luciano Felix , Souza Jose Valderi Farias de , Loredo Rogerio de Souza , Lima Charles Carminati
Published: September 2021

In an attempt to mitigate the environmental impacts caused by large farmers, extractive reserves (RESEXs) were founded with the objectives of conserving biological diversity and meeting traditional communities’ vital needs. This study aimed to evaluate whether the objectives of human needs satisfaction and environmental conservation were achieved based on institutional investments in a RESEX in the Brazilian Amazon. The study was developed through the association method, and we confirmed interference due to the dependence relationship that occurred between the variables of the economic and social groups with the institutional one. Here, we conclude that low investments in social (education and health) and productive policies (roads, transport, and technical assistance) prevent social development and consequently motivate deforestation when families seek to ensure subsistence.
Post‐activation potentiation induced by concentric contractions at three speeds in humans
Authors: Zero Alexander M. , Rice Charles L.
Published: September 2021

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Is the degree of in human muscle affected by different shortening velocities, or contraction type?

What are the main findings and their importance?

The PAP response following maximal concentric contractions was independent of velocity. Slow and moderate velocity maximal contractions produced PAP responses like those from maximal isometric contractions when matched for contraction duration. Despite contraction type differences in cross‐bridge and Ca2+ kinetics, maximal contractions, regardless of contraction modality, likely generate sufficient Ca2+ to induce maximal PAP.

Post‐activation potentiation (PAP) is the acute enhancement of contractile properties following a brief (<10 s) high‐intensity contraction. Compared with isometric contractions, little is known about the PAP response induced by concentric conditioning contractions (CCs) and the effect of velocity. In the dorsiflexors of 11 participants, twitch responses were measured following 5 s of maximal effort concentric CCs at each of 10, 20 and 50°/s. Concentric PAP responses were compared to a maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MVC) matched for contraction time. Additionally, concentric CCs were compared to isometric CCs matched for mean torque, contraction area and time. The PAP response following maximal concentric CCs was independent of velocity and there was no difference in the PAP response between concentric CCs and an isometric MVC. During maximal contractions, regardless of contraction modality, there is likely sufficient Ca2+ to induce a similar full PAP response, and thus there was no difference between speeds or contraction type. Following concentric CCs there was a significantly larger peak twitch torque than following their isometric torque matches (49–58%), and faster maximal rates of torque development at the three speeds (62–77%). However, these responses are likely related to greater EMG in concentric contractions, 125–129% of isometric maximum compared to 38–54%, and not to contraction modality per se. Thus, PAP responses following maximal concentric CCs are not affected by velocity and responses are not different from an isometric MVC. This indicates maximal CCs of 5 s produce a maximal PAP response independent of contraction type (isometric vs. concentric) or shortening velocity.
Molecular techniques for the assessment of Cr (VI) reduction by Bacillus thuringiensis
Authors: Guerrero-Ceballos Deisy L. , Ibargüen-Mondragón Eduardo , Fernández-Izquierdo Pablo , Pinta-Melo Jhonatan , Burbano-Rosero Edith Mariela
Published: September 2021

Effluent pollution with Cr (VI) is a worldwide environmental problem. In the Pasto River (southeastern, Colombia), previous studies reported contamination with this metal at points near tanneries. To establish the role of Bacillus thuringiensis in Cr (VI) reduction in water from Pasto River, experiments were carried out with untreated Pasto River water (treatment 1), sterile Pasto River water inoculated with B. thuringiensis (treatment 2), and unsterilized Pasto River water inoculated with B. thuringiensis (treatment 3). All experiments were conducted in bioreactors with a controlled temperature of 20 °C and constant agitation for 156 h. Samples of 20 mL were taken every 12 h from each treatment to track Cr (VI) reduction levels and to confirm microorganism identity via molecular methods involving denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), restriction enzyme digestion profiles (RFLP), and bioinformatic analysis. Cr (VI) reduction was higher in treatment 3 (99:42 %) as opposed to treatment 2 (76:12 %) and treatment 1 (74:46 %). The molecular identity of B. thuringiensis was determined via sequencing of the 16SrRNA gene, and RFLP assessments in all three treatments revealed B. thuringiensis profiles. Since B. thuringiensis was present in all three treatments trough time, Cr (VI) reduction can be attributed to this bacterium.
Synthesis and characterization of four N-acylhydrazones as potential O,N,O donors for Cu2+: An experimental and theoretical study
Authors: Polo-Cerón Dorian , Hincapié-Otero María Mercedes , Joaqui-Joaqui Andrey
Published: September 2021

N-acylhydrazones 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-N0 -(2-hydroxybenzylidene)acetohydrazide, N0 -(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)acetohydrazide, 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-N0 -(2,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)-acetohydrazide, and N0 -(2,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)acetohydrazide were successfully synthesized by a multistep procedure. The obtained organic molecules were characterized by spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, 1D and 2D NMR, UV-Vis) and mass spectrometry. The structure of 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-N0 -(2-hydroxybenzylidene)acetohydrazide was also confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Ab initio computational simulations of the ligand spectra were in good agreement with experimental data and validated the hypothesis about the existence of a conformational mixture of each ligand in solution. Finally, the complexation potential of the synthesized ligands to Cu2+ was assessed by continuous variation experiments and FT-IR spectroscopy.
Assessment of lignocellulosic residues from Northern Patagonian Andes (Argentina) for cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus
Authors: Rugolo Maximiliano , Roggero-Luque Juan Manuel , Rajchenberg Mario , Barroetaveña Carolina
Published: September 2021

This work evaluated mycelial growth rate (Kr) and fruiting of two Pleurotus ostreatus commercial strains (A01, 129) on formulations composed of lignocellulosic residues from farming and agroindustry of Northern Patagonian Andes, and of woody materials from invasive plants. Rosehip fluffs (RF), rosehip woodchips (RWC), southern beech wood shavings (SBWS), wheat straw (WS), and willow woodchips (WWC) were used as base substrates, and brewing bagasse (BB) as an alternative supplement to wheat bran (WB). Kr was higher in WS-WB and WS-BB for both strains. Experiments in fruiting chambers showed biological efficiencies (BEs) above 40% in WS-BB (both strains) and WS-WB (strain 129). Formulations using RWC or WWC gave BEs under 40%, while those composed of SBWS or RF showed lower Kr and contamination by moulds. Medium-scale fruiting experiments using strain A01 showed the highest BEs in WS-BB and RWC-WB. These results suggest that WS is the best substrate for Pleurotus ostreatus culture, although scarce in Northern Patagonian Andes. Nevertheless, WWC and RWC are suggested as alternative substrates, while BB is cheap and abundant, suitable as an alternative supplement to WB.
Incorporating direct metal laser sintered complex shaped Ti-6Al-4V components in ultrasonic surgical devices
Authors: Cleary Rebecca , Li Xuan , Lucas Margaret
Published: September 2021

Additive manufacturing (AM) offers opportunities to design more complex shapes of the Ti-6Al-4V parts commonly used in high-power ultrasonic surgical devices. Moreover, AM metal printing will be essential to the realization of miniature ultrasonic devices incorporating internal structures for minimally invasive surgical procedures. However, it is necessary first to verify the ultrasonic vibrational behavior of devices with three-dimensional (3D) printed metal parts. Therefore, two different prototype devices are fabricated, with CNC machined mill annealed and 3D printed Ti-6Al-4V parts. Both devices, an ultrasonic bone needle and a miniature ultrasonic scalpel, incorporate complex geometries but can be manufactured using subtractive processes so that the comparative effects of 3D printing on the vibrational performance of the devices can be elucidated. The metal microstructure is investigated through measurements of longitudinal and shear acoustic velocities and scanning electron microscopy. Comparisons of electrical impedance, frequency and modal responses, and the vibrational response at increasing levels of excitation enable evaluation of the efficacy of incorporating 3D printed Ti-6Al-4V parts. Results show that whereas the bone needle exhibited comparable vibrational responses for the measurement techniques used, the 3D printed bone cutting device exhibited a more dense modal response and developed cracks at high excitation levels.
North Sea soundscapes from a fish perspective: Directional patterns in particle motion and masking potential from anthropogenic noise
Authors: Rogers Peter , Debusschere Elisabeth , Haan Dick de , Martin Bruce , Slabbekoorn Hans
Published: September 2021

The aquatic world of animals is an acoustic world as sound is the most prominent sensory capacity to extract information about the environment for many aquatic species. Fish can hear particle motion, and a swim bladder potentially adds the additional capacity to sense sound pressure. Combining these capacities allows them to sense direction, distance, spectral content, and detailed temporal patterns. Both sound pressure and particle motion were recorded in a shallow part of the North Sea before and during exposure to a full-scale airgun array from an experimental seismic survey. Distinct amplitude fluctuations and directional patterns in the ambient noise were found to be fluctuating in phase with the tidal cycles and coming from distinct directions. It was speculated that the patterns may be determined by distant sources associated with large rivers and nearby beaches. Sounds of the experimental seismic survey were above the ambient conditions for particle acceleration up to 10 km from the source, at least as detectable for the measurement device, and up to 31 km for the sound pressure. These results and discussion provide a fresh perspective on the auditory world of fishes and a shift in the understanding about potential ranges over which they may have access to biologically relevant cues and be masked by anthropogenic noise.
The Effect of Transformational Leadership and Well-Being on Performance of Soccer Players: An Inclusive Model
Authors: Yildirim Sinan , Koruç Ziya
Published: September 2021

The current study focuses on the effect of transformational leadership on athletes’ performance in the mediation of psychological need satisfaction, burnout, competition anxiety, life satisfaction, and positive–negative affect. The sample consisted of 391 soccer players aged between 16 and 20 years. Six scales were used in this study: Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, Needs Satisfaction Scale, Athlete Burnout Measure, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Scale, and Sport Competition Anxiety Test. The method of Vallerand was preferred to measure performance, and structural equation modeling was employed to analyze data. The model data fit was also verified. It was found that the transformational leadership behaviors of coaches signally influence athletes’ performance either directly or indirectly. From another perspective, increasing the psychological health or well-being of  athletes has important effects on sport performance.
Pyronaridine-Artesunate (Pyramax) for Treatment of Artemisinin- and Piperaquine-Resistant Plasmodium falciparum in the Central Highlands of Vietnam
Authors: Manh Nguyen Duc , Thanh Nguyen Van , Quang Huynh Hong , Van Nguyen Thi Thanh , San Nguyen Ngoc , Phong Nguyen Chinh , Birrell Geoffrey W. , Edstein Michael D. , Edgel Kimberly A. , Martin Nicholas J. , Chavchich Marina
Published: September 2021

The rise in
Plasmodium falciparum
resistance to dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in Vietnam justifies the need to evaluate alternative artemisinin-based combination therapies. Between July 2018 and October 2019, a single-arm trial of pyronaridine-artesunate (Pyramax, PA) was conducted in Dak Nong province, Vietnam.
Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Identifies the Abdominal Cavity as a Source of Candida glabrata-Resistant Isolates
Authors: Díaz-García Judith , Mesquida Aina , Gómez Ana , Machado Marina , Martín-Rabadán Pablo , Alcalá Luis , Sánchez-Carrillo Carlos , Reigadas Elena , Vicente Teresa , Muñoz Patricia , Escribano Pilar , Guinea Jesús
Published: September 2021

To identify unrecognized niches of resistant
Candida
isolates and compartmentalization, we retrospectively studied the antifungal susceptibility of 1,103
Candida
spp. isolates from blood cultures, nonblood sterile samples, and nonsterile samples. Antifungal susceptibility was assessed by EUCAST E.Def 7.3.2; sequencing and genotyping of the
FKS1-2
and
ERG11
genes were carried out for non-wild-type isolates.
Olorofim Effectively Eradicates Dermatophytes
In Vitro
and
In Vivo
Authors: Mirbzadeh Ardakani Esmat , Sharifirad Atefeh , Pashootan Nasrin , Nayebhashemi Mahsa , Zahmatkesh Mozhgan , Enayati Somayeh , Razzaghi-Abyaneh Mehdi , Khalaj Vahid
Published: September 2021

Superficial fungal infections are prevalent worldwide, with dermatophytes as the most common cause. Various antifungal agents including azoles and allylamines are commonly used to treat dermatophytosis.
Comparative Efficacy of the Novel Diarylquinoline TBAJ-876 and Bedaquiline against a Resistant
Rv0678
Mutant in a Mouse Model of Tuberculosis
Authors: Almeida Deepak , Converse Paul J. , Li Si-Yang , Upton Anna M. , Fotouhi Nader , Nuermberger Eric L.
Published: September 2021

Bedaquiline (BDQ, B) is the first-in-class diarylquinoline to be approved for treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Recent guidelines recommend its use in treatment of multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/XDR-TB).
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Shows Antibiotic Tolerance and Growth Heterogeneity in anIn VitroModel of Intracellular Infection
Authors: Kerkez Ivana , Tulkens Paul M. , Tenson Tanel , Van Bambeke Françoise , Putrinš Marta
Published: September 2021

UropathogenicEscherichia coli(UPEC), the major causative agent of urinary tract infections, can invade different types of host cells. To compare the pharmacodynamic properties of antibiotics against intra- and extracellular UPEC, anin vitromodel of intracellular infection was established in J774 mouse macrophages infected by the UPEC strain CFT073.
New Data about the Distribution of Three Phylogenetic Lineages of Arctic Charr Salvelinus alpinus (Salmonidae) in their Contact Zones in the North of East Siberia
Authors: Gordeeva N. V. , Alekseyev S. S. , Kirillov A. F. , Romanov V. I. , Pichugin M. Yu.
Published: September 2021

In order to study the distribution of phylogenetic mtDNA lineages of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus in their contact zones in the north of East Siberia we analyzed nucleotide sequences of mtDNA control region of charr from 10 Arctic populations in the area from the Yenisei to the Lena. At the Putorana plateau, haplotypes of Atlantic and Siberian subgroups of Eurasian group were recorded, in the Khatanga River basin, haplotypes of Atlantic subgroup, in the Lena River delta, haplotypes of Siberian subgroup and of Bering group were observed. Some Siberian haplotypes found at the Putorana and in the Lena delta, have been earlier registered in other regions of East Siberia. New findings, along with published materials allow to specify the ranges of these three phylogenetic lineages and the margins of their contact zones; they also evidence wide sympatry of Atlantic and Siberian haplotypes in Taimyr water bodies and support close relationship of charr of Siberian subgroup from all main areas of their distribution.
A Study of the Catalytic Properties of Synthetic Aluminosilicates of Different Morphologies in Cracking Reactions of the Byproducts of Isoprene Synthesis
Authors: Alikina Yu. A. , Spetsov E. A. , Ulyanova N. Yu. , Golubeva O. Yu.
Published: September 2021

The catalytic activity of synthetic samples of aluminosilicates of various morphologies and chemical compositions in a cascade of reactions that are byproducts (BPs) in the decomposition process of 4,4‑dimethyl-1,3-dioxane is studied. Aluminosilicates with montmorillonite structures (Na0.2Al1.8Mg0.2Si4O10(OH)2⋅nH2O, Mg3Si4O10(OH)2⋅nH2O), and kaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4) with the spherical and platy morphologies of particles, as well as their porous-textural characteristics and surface properties, are studied. It is shown that the specific surface area of the studied samples, depending on the composition, varies from 11 to 470 m2/g, and the content of aluminum oxide in the samples ranged from 0 to 24 wt %. It is found that layered silicates with a montmorillonite structure contribute to reducing the gasification of organic raw materials and increasing the yield of isoprene. Kaolinite with a spherical morphology of particles increases the yield of formaldehyde, and with a platy morphology of particles, it increases the degree of decomposition of heteroatomic and cyclic compounds.
Baclofen bridging, weaning protocol and pain management of a person with T6 paraplegia who required removal of intrathecal baclofen pump due to wound infection
Authors: Roth Jessica , Agha Hayder , Davis Charlotte
Published: September 2021

Intrathecal baclofen is recognised as an effective treatment option for severe symptoms of segmental spasticity after spinal cord injury. We present our experience of a case of a patient who was admitted to our centre for elective intrathecal baclofen pump revision surgery, but postsurgical complications of a blocked catheter and subsequent wound infections meant the pump had to be removed. In this case, treatment of severe spasticity and nociceptive pain was required while avoiding potentially lethal side effects of sudden baclofen withdrawal. We suggest an effective bridging and weaning protocol for oral drug titration to treat spasticity and pain as a blended syndrome in this challenging situation.
Spontaneous renal artery dissection: an elusive diagnosis
Authors: Henry Catherine Mary , MacEneaney Peter , Browne Gemma
Published: September 2021

Spontaneous renal artery dissection is a rare condition with an often non-specific presentation, resulting in a challenging diagnosis for clinicians. This is the case of a 39-year-old man who presented with an acute-onset right flank pain, mild neutrophilia and sterile urine. CT of abdomen and pelvis showed a patchy hypodense area in the right kidney originally thought to represent infection. He was treated as an atypical pyelonephritis with antibiotics and fluids. When his symptoms failed to improve, a diagnosis of renal infarction was considered and CT angiogram of the aorta revealed a spontaneous renal artery dissection. He was managed conservatively with systemic anticoagulation, antihypertensive treatment and analgesia and discharged home with resolution of his symptoms and normal renal function.