bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS CAUSED BY HEATED WASTE WATER DISCHARGE INTO THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT1
Authors: Cairns John
Published: June 2007

Discharge of heated waste water may affect the entire aquatic ecosystem–the interrelated biological, chemical, physical system–and, if the temperature change is large, may destroy the capacity of the ecosystem to serve a variety of beneficial purposes. However, it is possible to discharge heated waste water in carefully controlled amounts without seriously degrading the aquatic ecosystem. There are four basic alternatives which are open to us with regard to the heated waste water problem which we may choose singly or in various combinations: (1) Placing all heated, waste water in streams, lakes, and oceans without regard to the effects. Thus considering the environmental damage as a necessary consequence of our increased power demand. (2) Using, but not abusing, existing ecosystems. This means regulating the heated waste water discharge to fit the receiving capacity of the ecosystem. (3) Finding alternative ways to dissipate or beneficially use waste heat. (4) Modifying ecosystems to fit the new temperature conditions. We are all dependent upon a life‐support system which is partly industrial and partly ecological. Unfortunately, we have reached a stage of development where the non‐expandable, ecological portion of our life‐support system is endangered by the expanding industrial portion. Optimal function and full beneficial use of both portions of our life‐support system will only be possible if a variety of disciplines and diverse points of view can cooperate and work together effectively. Since wastes in amounts that are acceptable taken one at a time may be lethal collectively, environmental management should be on a regional basis.
SPURIOUS CYCLES IN WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS1
Authors: Bieve Avlo W.
Published: June 2007

This paper reviews analytical procedures for deducing from annual streamflow data information required for water resources systems planning. The procedure relies on two techniques to determine the extent that cycles exist in annual time series data. The first is to observe how the time series behaves around the mean annual flow. If it tends not to move across the mean frequently, it is concluded that a cyclical nature exists. The second technique is to observe the time path of accumulated departures from the mean annual flow.

The validity of both techniques is questioned. The first because it uses mean flow as “normal” or the flow that the time series should fluctuate around. The second because the accumulated departure from the mean time series will be autocor‐related even when the individual annual or seasonal flow observations are uncorrected. Alternative analytical techniques, which find no cycles, are presented.
SIMULATION OF RUNOFF FROM URBAN WATERSHEDS1
Authors: Narayana V. V. Dhruva , Riley J. Paul , Israehen Eugene K.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. .A mathematical model for urban watersheds is being developed in stages at the Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University at Logan. In verifying the watershed as a unit, watershed coefficients are determined on the computer, and related to the urbanization characteristics.

The second stage of verification consists of dividing the watershed into subzones, and determining the urban parameters within each subzone. Each subzone is then individually modeled, and outflow hydrographs are routed through succeeding downstream subzones to the gaging point. The model thus makes it possible to: (a) develop runoff models for subzone hydrographs within the urban watershed, and (b) account for spatial variations of storm and watershed characteristics.

An attempt was also made to analytically model the outflow hydrograph based on storm and watershed characteristics.
MODELING AND CONTROL OF THE POLLUTION OF WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS VIA MULTILEVEL APPROACH1
Authors: Haimes Yacov Y.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The problem of modeling and control of water pollution is considered. A general mathematical model, where the pollution effluent is discharged directly into the river, into the lake, or into a bypass pipe leading to an advanced Waste Water Treatment (AWT) plant, is developed. The Water Resource System (WRS) under consideration is decomposed into N subsystems. The pollution effluent input vector to each subsystem includes the water quantity and different water characteristics such as BOD, DO, pH, conductivity, temperature, algae, phosphates, nitrates, etc. Treatment cost functions and quality transition functions as well as system model constraints are introduced, where all functions can be nonlinear. A system Lagrangian is formed to incorporate the system constraints and coupling. The Lagrangian is decomposed into N independent subsystems, and a two level optimization methodology is introduced. Each subsystem is independently and separately minimized at the first level assuming known Lagrange multipliers. At the second level, the total Lagrangian is maximized with respect to the Lagrange multipliers using optimal values for effluent inputs from all subsystems obtained from the first level. Economic interpretation on the Lagrange multipliers reveals that they are merely prices imposed by the central authority (second level) for the pollution caused by the subsystems. Advantages of the multilevel approach are discussed.
CONCENTRATIONS OF POLLUTANTS IN AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF1
Authors: Wells Dan M. , Huddleston Ellis W. , Rekers Robert G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. .Eighteen rural lakes in Lubbock County were sampled on a routine basis following runoff‐producing rainfall for a period of approximately eighteen months to determine whether or not runoff from intensively farmed agricultural areas contained significant concentrations of nitrates, phosphates, herbicides, or insecticides. An additional fifteen lakes lying within a triangle bounded by the cities of Plainview, Canyon, and Hereford, Texas, were sampled one time during the summer of 1969 to provide additional data regarding the nature and extent of the potential problem in an area with a different soil type and a slightly different cropping pattern.

Based on results of detailed analyses of approximately two hundred samples of water collected from the lakes and an equal number of sediment samples collected from the same lakes at the same time, it appears that the concentrations of all chemical pollutants in runoff from agricultural lands in the High Plains are well below the allowable concentrations for drinking water.
A CRAZY IDEA ON URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT?1
Authors: Chiang Sie Ling
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. High percentage of imperviousness in the city is the source of storm runoff. Roof area contributes significantly to the imperviousness. An attempt to make use of roofs as urban flood control device and water conservation measure is advocated. Two different schemes, one for built‐up industrial‐commercial area, the other for residential area, are suggested. The former utilizes the roof as detention reservoir for flood control, the latter employs recharge pit to convert runoff into ground water resource. The proposed schemes are not only hydrologically, hydraulically and structurally sound but also economically feasible. It is worth considering in the future planning of urban renewal and urban development.
FACTORS IN THE COMMUNITY PERCEPTION OF WATER RESOURCE PROBLEMS1
Authors: Dynes Russell R. , Wenger Dennis
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

The study explores the perception of community problems, including flooding and pollution, among leaders in four different communities, ranging in size from 10,000 to 20,000. Water‐related problems were considered in the context of other community problems which were defined by these leaders. Among these leaders, water‐related problems were characterized by low salience and by low consensus. In seeking solutions, these leaders see water problems as being less likely to be solved at the local community level and to necessitate extra‐community assistance. They also see water‐related problems as requiring a relatively low level of community coordination and as being primarily the responsibility of the public sector. Local governmental leaders were seen as being more important in problem solving in water‐related problems than they were in other community problems.
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND WATER RESOURCES IN SOUTHERN NEVADA1
Authors: Cochran Gilbert F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

The Las Vegas Valley in southern Nevada has provided ample opportunity for mission oriented water resources research, and, to some extent, application of those research results. Past studies of the ground‐water systems have resulted in the construction of a direct electrical analog, two digital simulation models, a Hele‐Shaw fluid analog, a linear programming model, and two dynamic programming models. The work accomplished has dealt with the problems of groundwater management, waste water reclamation and artificial recharge, and conjunctive use water management. The current study is attempting to integrate previous results and new work into a detailed and realistic conjunctive use water resource management model to achieve system efficiency under more than one criteria. The research team is interdisciplinary in nature and encompasses the physical and social sciences.
POTENTIALS FOR REUSE OF WASTEWATER IN NORTH CENTRAL TEXAS1
Authors: McKee Jack E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

There are several possible ways in which wastewater from municipalities may be reclaimed and reused so as to minimize the need for imported water in North Central Texas. The rationale for reuse is enhanced by the fact that new water quality requirements in the Trinity River system will necessitate a very high degree of treatment at municipal sewage plants, just for discharge to surface streams. The largest potential market for municipal effluent is the steam‐electric power industry. Within the next decade the generating capacity for electric power in North Central Texas will have to be more than doubled to meet increasing demand. Adequate supplies of condenser cooling water for such expansion will be difficult to obtain and assure. New large power stations might advantageously be located adjacent to municipal wastewater treatment plants, to utilize effluent as make‐up water for cooling towers. Experience elsewhere has shown that well‐treated wastewater can be used for cooling tower make‐up with a minimum of trouble, with a considerable saving in overall cost, and with conservation of pristine water for other uses.
A MULTI‐BASIN PLANNING STRATEGY1
Authors: Weiss Arden O. , Beard Leo R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.

The purpose of this paper is to present and discuss a procedure for finding an optimal staging plan for implementing a multi‐basin water resource system‐a system that must meet, with tolerable shortages, pre‐specified but highly variable demands for water that increase over time‐a system such as the proposed Texas Water System.

The paper stresses that, in the past, planners have paid little attention to quantifying explicitly the impact that uncertainty has on the decision process, and in that context, presents a means for explicitly evaluating the impact that uncertainty has on finding and evaluating the performance of the optimal and several alternate staging plans. The procedure presented evaluates the impact that uncertainty, in both the hydrologic and the economic variables, has on the decisions that need to be made.

The decisions requiring resolution are (1) which of an over‐specified set of facilities should be constructed, (2) how large each of the facilities should be at various points in time, and (3) how should the system be operated so as to minimize the capital plus operational costs over the planning period.
CONJUNCTIVE USE OF SEA AND FRESH WATER RESOURCES: AN INTEGER PROGRAMMING APPROACH1
Authors: Mobasheri Fereidoun , Budhraja Vikram S. , Mack Frank E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

Mathematical models are formulated for selection of water resources projects to meet the future additional water requirements of a given region at the minimum present worth cost. The projects available are surface water reservoirs and desalination plants. The modles are used for selecting both the development sequence of projects and their optimum sizes. Decisions with regard to planning time horizon and discount rates are made outside of the mathematical model.

The algorithm used for solving these models is an integer programming routine using the implicit enumeration technique. Some computational results are presented for a hypothetical case.
DESIGN OF DESALTING PLANTS FOR CONJUNCTIVE OPERATION1
Authors: Spiewak Irving
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

The selection of an evaporator design must reflect the balancing of captial cost (primarily in heat exchanger surface and vessels) against operating cost (primarily steam cost) to achieve minimum cost. In a conjunctive plant the tendency is to select a low‐capital cost, high‐operating cost plant. In addition, it is advantageous to use a high‐capacity plant which needs to be operated much less of the time than a plant which is sized just at the needed rate.

For example, in the study of a possible system to satisfy a future increase of 450 MGD in water supply to New York Qty, a plant of 750 MGD capacity was selected as optimum. This plant, of the advanced VTE‐MSF process type, would have a performance ratio of 9 lb product/1000 Btu as compared to 10‐13 normally used for base‐loaded plants. Steam would be supplied by a multi‐unit dual‐purpose nuclear power plant. The most economical type of energy supply would be “interruptible”; the steam would be used by a low pressure turbine to generate electricity during periods of peak electrical demand but would be available to the desalting plant at other times. The low pressure turbine would be available as spinning reserve during desalting plant operation. It is estimated that the desalting plant would have a load factor of 27 per cent over its life.
OPINIONS RELATING TO FLUORIDATION: DEVELOPMENT OF MEASURES1
Authors: York C. Michael
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.

Elected officials, technical specialists and the public are talking more about “citizen input” into the decision process, and how the people view a given issue or kind of public service. However, problem definition and valid instruments are needed before we can meaningfully predict or understand public attitude relating to a particular issue or concept.

The fluoridation of community water supplies was chosen for the present methodological demonstration. This issue achieves a high level of controversy among many public segments [Crain, Katz and Rosenthal, 1969; Davis, 1959; McNeal, 1957]. By 1950, there was widespread endorsement for a national program relating to controlled water fluoridation. Yet, public acceptance of this particular technological advance has not been very high.
WATER RESOURCES AS SOCIAL PROBLEMS1
Authors: Ballweg John A. , Ibsen Charles A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.

Evidence from 1969 studies in Virginia and Ohio suggests that neither community leaders nor the general public are likely to define water related problems as major problem areas. An examination of the components of a social problem tends to indicate that water problems have not moved beyond a level of minimal public concern. When respondents were willing to describe existing or potential water problems, perceptions as well as possible solutions were described in abstract rather than action‐oriented terms. It is suggested that efforts to eliminate water resource problems are not likely to be effective until public concern moves to motivational and behavioral levels.
POSSIBILITIES OF INCREASED WATER SUPPLY FROM CLOUD SEEDING1
Authors: Squires Patrick
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.

A review of the development of weather modification to augment precipitation including the cloud‐physical foundation is presented. Recent work has tended to re‐emphasize the importance of physical understanding of storm systems and of the effects of cloud seeding. The Pyramid Lake Seeding Project is discussed.
A CONFIRMATION OF MOUNT'S AUTOPSY TECHNIQUE FOR ZINC‐CAUSED FISH MORTALITY1
Authors: Cairns John , Cromer Nancy H. , Bahns Timothy K. , Waller William T.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.

A total of 203 bluegill sunfish (Lepornis macrochirus, Rafinesque) which had been used in several acute zinc experiments carried out under varied environmental conditions were autopsied according to Mount's procedure for determining fish mortality due to zinc poisoning. Three classes of fish were used: those exposed to but not killed by zinc; those killed by zinc; and those not exposed to zinc.

Two statistical tests were used to analyze these data and both tests gave results indicating significant differences (a = .05) between all three classes of fish. This indicates that the Mount autopsy technique is very probably a valid generalization. The possibilities of using Mount's technique as a predictive tool are discussed.
NONLINEAR DUPUIT EQUATIONS FOR THE PHREATIC SURFACE OF A SEMI‐INFINITE AQUIFER1
Authors: Gyuk I. , Williams R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. We present a new approach to the nonlinear equations for the phreatic surface of groundwater flow from or into a reservoir. The differential equation is converted into an equivalent integral equation, which is then solved by a method of iteration. We obtain exact results for both drawdown and infiltration, including the special case of groundwater penetration into dry soil.
RECLAIMED WASTE WATER FOR GROUNDWATER RECHARGE1
Authors: Baier Dwight C. , Wesner G. M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The Orange County Water District has conducted studies in waste water reclamation and groundwater recharge since 1965. The work has been done in three phases: (1) Study in both laboratory and pilot‐scale units on the feasibility of reclaiming trickling filter effluent for injection through wells into confined aquifers; (2) long‐term injection study to determine the fate of injected reclaimed water and to observe the performance of a multi‐casing injection well; (3) testing alternative treatment methods in a 25,000 gpd pilot plant to solve the water quality problems which developed during the injection study.

The reclaimed trickling filter effluent was found to be injectable and did not cause excessive well clogging. The multi‐casing injection wells performed very satisfactorily. The reclaimed water would be acceptable for domestic use after travel through 500 feet of a confined aquifer in that bacteria, virus and toxic material were consistently absent. However, the odor and taste which persisted in the injected reclaimed water and the high concentration of dissolved inorganics are undesirable characteristics. Methods to eliminate the odor are being tested at the present time. A cooperative project with the Office of Saline Water is under way to develop a source of desalted seawater to blend with reclaimed waste water.
INTERBASIN TRANSFER‐THE INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION1
Authors: Laycock Arleigh H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. A number of interbasin transfers are technically possible on an international scale but extremely few have been developed or are in prospect of early development. The institutional constraints are strong and nationalistic reactions to proposals which strongly favor either one of the nations involved have contributed to delays in development.

Many of the more striking illustrations of the problems and opportunities relating to international transfers are present in the proposals for Canadian water export to the United States. Some have antagonized Canadians and made further negotiation difficult but phased and sequential transfers are possible and some could complement Canadian development. An important early phase might be the provision of guarantees for replacement supplies in option agreements that would free current surpluses within the United States for more intensive use. It should no longer be assumed that engineering development will provide adequate benefits for the source region. Allowances for opportunity costs, environmental improvements and some profit on sales appear to be needed for upstream areas if transfers are to be made. Many hazards are present but these can be more than offset by the opportunities if both countries strive for mutual benefit through rational study and continuing negotiation.
OPTIMIZATION IN MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM DESIGN1
Authors: DeVries Richard N. , Clyde Calvin G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The design of a municipal water supply system may involve utilizing singly or in combination a conventional water supply, a desalted water supply, and a supply from a recharged aquifer reservoir. Optimization of the design requires a model formulated in a way that modern methods of systems analysis can be used. This study concerns the formulation, solution, and evaluation of a mathematical model of a municipal water supply system that includes a supply from a variable quality output desalting plant. The combined system is operated in conjunction with an artificially recharged aquifer reservoir. Also considered are short periods of water shortages. The model is set up in an approximate linear programming format, and the optimum solution (minimum cost) is found. The model is tested by applying it to the design of a supply system to meet the 1985 estimated water demand of the city of Lincoln, Nebraska. Results of this test indicate that the artificial reservoir and the existing conventional supply system are capable of supplying that demand during all but the peak period. An electrodialysis desalting system is used in this analysis. It is competitive only when the length of transmission pipeline for a conventional supply system approaches 90 miles. The model is formulated in a general way so that it can be applied to almost all situations encountered in municipal water supply design, as well as to the specific system designated for this study.
NEW APPROACHES TO COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING IN CANADA1
Authors: Forbes F. J. , Hodges R. C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.

In 1970, the Canadian Federal Government passed the Canada Water Act which provides for a co‐operative federal‐provincial approach to water resource management. The purpose of this paper is to outline our definition of comprehensive planning and the approach being taken under the new legislation.

Two basic premises underly the definition. They are that resource management consists of an array of problems and that the prime function of planning is to provide information for decision making. The definition of comprehensive planning is embodied in a general statement and a set of principles. The principles define the approach that should be taken to provide adequate information for decision making in today's complex environment.

A brief resume of the jurisdictions for water management in Canada leads to a discussion of a joint federal‐provincial comprehensive study of the Qu'Appelle River Basin in Southern Saskatchewan. The basin and the study are described briefly. This is followed by an outline of the economic and social considerations which are being incorporated into the comprehensive planning study for the basin.
VALIDATION OF POLITICAL SIMULATION MODELS ‐WATER RESOURCE PROJECTS1
Authors: Bulkley Jonathan W. , Antill Julie
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.

The critical role of political processes in water resource projects has recently been placed in a new perspective [Hall, 1970]. The “political hassle” period of institutional interaction which serves to resolve political conflicts over such aspects as organizational growth and survival, responsibility for economic liabilities, and responsibility for economic benefits, requires systematic analysis in order to improve our capability to implement water projects. Failure to properly assess the political aspects of a proposed water project may result in extensive delays with significant economic losses. The complexities associated with water use and re‐use have created the need for new institutional arrangements which can more effectively function to implement policies and programs.

One tool which has recently become available for the research investigator concerned with institutional interactions and political processes associated with water resource projects is the technique of computer simulation of such institutional interaction. In theory, this new approach will enable the investigator to assess the political feasibility or political acceptability of a proposed water project given existing institutional structures. Furthermore, the investigator has the opportunity to experiment with new and innovative institutional arrangements which may in turn enhance the political acceptability of a proposed project.

The specific material presented within this paper reports upon the validation of an existing computer simulation model designed to replicate political interactions in resource allocation problems‐including water resource problems. This validation effort is done by taking an actual water problem and comparing what the political simulation models predicts in terms of political outcomes with what actually takes place. The case study in question is the formulation and legislative development of the Michigan Bond Issue for Water Pollution Control.
MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS AND FILMS
Authors: Pecora Dr. William T.
Published: June 2007

Ten years ago in the United States, per capita water use for all purposes was about 1500 gallons a day. By the year 2000, our population will have grown from 200 to 350 million, and each person, in effect, will be using 2500 gallons per day, This could result in our using as much as 75 percent of the total average runoff from US. Rivers

Perhaps as much as 40,000 cubic miles of saline water are stored in rocks at various depths underlying extensive areas of the United States, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. This water, once considered of no value and even a nuisance, now represents a vast potential source of water, either as replacement of fresh water for certain uses or as the raw material for desalting techniques which have been studied intensively in recent years. Desalination creates new water in the sense that saline water, never before used, becomes part of our water economy.
LIMITS ON THE INSTITUTIONAL FRAME OF REFERENCE IN WATER RESOURCE DECISION‐MAKING1
Authors: Kaynor Edward R. , Howards Irving
Published: June 2007

Study of water resource decision‐making in Massachusetts demonstrates the existence of many institutional constraints such as the established fee system for consulting engineers, the funding of certain agencies, the institutionalization of equity concerns, overrepresentation of interests, and incompatibility of agency goals. These institutional constraints are attributable in part to certain broadly‐based value‐orientations such as the American pragmatic tradition. However, various lines of evidence indicate that these constraints are less important than other factors in the etiology of decisional outcomes. The outcomes of the decision processes were found to be at variance with the decisions studied, a fact leading to the conclusion that choice of decisions for study should be given more attention. The authors conclude that institutional constraints are important if one is interested in studying how decisions are made, but that what actually happens in the long run cannot be easily ascertained by studying either institutions or the decision‐making process. They suggest the need for more research utilizing the incremental theories of Carl Lindblom and the side‐effect theories of Albert O. Hirschman.
DISPERSION MODEL FOR A STREAM WITH SEVERAL WASTE INPUTS AND WATER INTAKES1
Authors: Fan L. T. , Nadkami Rekha S. , Erickson Larry E.
Published: June 2007

An analytical solution is developed to predict the BOD and DO profiles in a stream having several outfalls of waste and intakes of water. The model also incorporates continuous addition and removal of BOD and DO along the stream. A steady state one dimensional dispersion model is used to describe the transport of BOD and DO in a stream. Changes in stream properties along the length are considered by dividing the stream into several segments and changing the parameters of the BOD and DO equations as needed in each segment. By applying continuity equations at the boundaries of these segments and equilibrium conditions at either ends of the infinitely long stream, the arbitrary constants in the solutions to the differential equations for BOD and DO can be determined. Some applications of the results in studying water pollution problems are illustrated.
A COLORIMETRIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TRACE COPPER CONCENTRATIONS IN WATER1
Authors: Baker J. Marshall , Teggins John E. , Hoffman John W.
Published: June 2007

Trace quantities of copper (II) ion can be found in natural water as waste products from industrial, mining, and agricultural operations. Because low concentrations of copper can be toxic to plant life, many workers have devised methods of analysis for this metal in water. These methods require expensive equipment and skilled technicians. The described study illustrates a simple method in which copper (II) ion is concentrated by a batch ion exchange technique and estimated colorimetrically after formation of the blue triethylenetetramine complex. Using the visible absorption peak of the complex at 600 nm it was possible to obtain accurate estimations of original copper concentrations in the range 0.5‐3 ppm. Using the complex absorption peak at 260 nm in the ultra‐violet region of the spectrum increased the sensitivity by a factor of twenty. Because of the dependence of the complex formation reaction on solution acidity it is possible to optimize conditions for the detection of copper (II) in the presence of other metal ions. This type of method, which could be extended to the analysis of other metal ions, could be performed by a relatively unskilled technician under field conditions.
COMPONENT TESTING WITHIN A COMPREHENSIVE WATERSHED MODEL1
Authors: England C. B. , Coates M. J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A comprehensive mathematical watershed model containing a complete soil moisture accounting system was used to simulate the hydrologic processes measured in one of the weighing lysimeters at Coshocton, Ohio. Data from a four‐year rotation were used to calibrate the parameters initially selected for the model. Data from the succeeding four years were used to evaluate the predictions. Reasonable agreement was obtained between observed and predicted percolation and evapo‐transpiration values.
STRATEGY FOR DYNAMIC REGIONAL WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION1
Authors: Flack J. Ernest
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Water resources planning has emphasized the consideration of alternatives in the formulation of goals and objectives. With greater availability of data and projection models, optimization of plans is now much nearer to accomplishment. In contrast to these favorable aspects of planning, increased complexity of plans and large number of alternatives serving differing sets of goals have extended the time horizons from initial plan formulation to eventual implementation. In this paper a man‐machine strategy is proposed to reduce the time required for decision making and conflict resolution. A panel of representatives of the decision makers, influentials and publics involved are selected and brought through a series of dynamic planning steps that simulate real time decision making. Computer interaction graphics is used to visualize the decision making process and to illustrate where and why conflict arises. A mechanism for resolution of conflict and retention of consistency in policy formulation using a cognograph is described.
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: A NECESSITY IN WATER PLANNING1
Authors: Meier W. L. , Weiss A. O. , Puentes C. D. , Moseley Joe C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT In water planning activities, major emphasis has been placed on the development of procedures for devising “optimum plans.” These plans are defined as those which meet prespecified demands for water at “minimum cost.” However, all plans are developed subject to postulated conditions regarding the state of the physical system and of nature. Because planning takes place in a dynamic and uncertain environment in which postulated conditions are known to change, it is imperative that the planner be apprised in the planning phase of the effect of changes which can occur. Using “this information, a planner can temper his judgment with a knowledge of the effect of the uncertainty resulting from changes in the system state variables. This paper presents results of the use of a computer simulation and optimization model to quantify possible variations in system response which could occur as a result of uncertainty in the postulated physical and economic conditions under which the proposed water development system was to perform. The possible effects of these variable responses on planning decision‐making is discussed.
WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT IN AN ENVIRONMENTALLY‐CONSCIOUS ERA1
Authors: Carlin Alan
Published: June 2007

The Sierra Club, which has long fought selected water resource projects that it believes would be environmentally damaging, has come to the conclusion in recent years that much more basic reforms are required in water resources development activities if the demands for environmental quality now evidenced by the American people are to be satisfied. These reforms should not be limited to those that would have a direct effect on the environmental aspects of proposed projects, but also many others long advocated by the economics profession that would have favorable indirect effects.

Among the urgent reforms with indirect effects are those involving revision of the procedures used in evaluating proposed projects. These procedures should be revised so that future evaluations will much more accurately reflect the economic and environmental merits of proposed projects. Basic reforms of tax policies are also needed that will eliminate most of the private profit available to those who can persuade the government to increase the value of their land through the construction of water projects. Finally, some additional actions can be taken that will have a direct impact on lessening the adverse environmental impact of water projects beyond the provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969.
FISH AND WILDLIFE ENHANCEMENT THROUGH WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT1
Authors: Jurgens Kenneth C.
Published: June 2007

.Fish and wildlife enhancement through water resources development implies fish and wildlife will be enhanced or benefit directly from such development. As a matter of practicality, the opposite may be the case in that wildlife lands of prime value and stream fisheries are often lost or severely altered as a result of reservoir construction or stream channelization. Additionally, estuarine fish and wildlife can also suffer from water resources development due to reductions in volume of fresh waters reaching the estuaries and adjacent marshes. In some instances waterfowl habitat can be created by reservoir construction and with good planning waterfowl habitat and use may be enhanced. To offset losses of thousands of acres of wildlife habitat when a river system is to be totally harnessed, planners could set aside sufficiently large natural areas dedicated for use by wildlife. This, however, would be replacement rather than enhancement. Reservoir fisheries can be enhanced with good planning to include timber clearing, shoreline clearing, boat road clearing, variable level drawoff devices and tailrace escapement channels. To sum up, it is possible for some species offish and wildlife to be enhanced through water resources development but only at the expense of others, and then only through careful and integrated planning.
OPTIMUM DESIGN OF INTERBASIN TUNNEL SYSTEMS1
Authors: Christensen B. A. , Bush Peter W.
Published: June 2007

Interbasin water transfer is often accomplished by tunnel systems discharging the water from subreservoirs into a main reservoir. Such a system involving an arbitrary number of reservoirs is considered and an iterative method is developed for the determination of all tunnel sizes giving minimum total cost of the system when the individual discharges from the subreservoirs and elevations of the water surfaces of all reservoirs are known. It is assumed that all tunnels are flowing full. Influence of average construction cost per unit volume as well as tunnel roughness and cross‐sectional shape is taken into consideration. The corresponding computer program for the general case is presented. The method may also be adapted to pipe systems, open channel systems, or combined systems by introduction of the proper cost functions for these conduits.
SPACE‐TIME VALIDATION OF A THUNDERSTORM RAINFALL MODEL1
Authors: Fogel M. M. , Duckstein L. , Kisiel C. C.
Published: June 2007

A probability model for predicting the occurrence and magnitude of thunderstorm rainfall developed in the southwestern United States was tested in the metropolitan Chicago area with reasonable success, especially for the moderate to the extreme runoff‐producing events. The model requires the estimation of two parameters, the mean number of events per year and the conditional probability of rain given that an event has occurred. To tie in the data from more than one gage in an area, an event can be defined in several ways, such as the areal mean rainfall exceeding 0.50 inch and at least one gage receiving more than 1.0 inch. This type of definition allows both of the model parameters to be obtained from daily warm‐season rainfall records. Regardless of the definition used a Poisson distribution adequately described the number of events per season. A negative binomial distribution was derived as representing the frequency density function for rainfall where several gages are employed in defining a storm. Chicago data fit both distributions very well at events with relatively high return periods. The results indicate the possibility of using the model on a regional basis where limited amount of data may be used to estimate parameters for extensive areas.
A STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY FOR PREDICTING THE POLLUTANTS IN A RIVER1
Authors: Nour A‐Razek A. Abouel
Published: June 2007

Urban and industrial areas continue to expand and consequently, to create serious water pollution problems to natural streams. The need for the development of accurate, reliable, and sensitive water quality prediction models is most desirable. The first objective of this research is to set guidelines for dividing a natural stream into more or less independent reaches based on some criteria. The second objective is to obtain the predicting equations of the water pollutants in a selected stream.

The preliminary phase of this research evaluated water quality data sampled from the Pearl River which flows southwest and then turns south through the states of Mississippi and Louisiana. This evaluation served as guidelines to divide the total river basin into reaches (subsystems) appropriate to the objective of this research. Subsequent to this subsystem assignment, a stepwise multiple regression FORTRAN program was used to regress the pollutants (dependent variables) for both time and space on their water characteristics (independent variables).

Based on the results obtained, the proposed statistical approach provides a practical tool for developing regression equations for the purpose of water pollutants' prediction.
A TECHNIQUE FOR ELIMINATING THERMAL STRATIFICATION IN LAKES1
Authors: Lackey Robert T.
Published: June 2007

The design, installation, and operation of a compressed air system to eliminate thermal stratification in lakes is described. During a year‐long field test on a 19 ha lake, this system effectively eliminated thermal stratification, increased dissolved oxygen, and kept part of the lake ice‐free during winter. This system has the capability for use in larger reservoirs and, used for control or elimination of stratification in lakes, is a promising tool for alleviating problems caused by thermal stratification.
LAND USE CHANGE PATTERNS BY LOCATION WITH RESPECT TO A RESERVOIR1
Authors: Prebble B. R.
Published: June 2007

Much research has been done to determine the benefit of a water resources development to society as a whole. Some research has explored the benefit of such a facility to a region. Very little research exists on the effects of a reservoir on the immediately surrounding area.

The general hypothesis of this study is that the spatial patterns of land use change are influenced by economic characteristics of the reservoir and reservoir area. Several hypotheses concerning the effects of relative location on a peninsula are tested using analysis of variance. The data used for the analysis is based on Lake Cumberland, a reservoir in southern Kentucky.

The analysis indicates that there exists significant patterns of land use change around the lake and on peninsulas.
GROUNDWATER RECHARGE1
Authors: Brown Richmond F. , Signor Donald C.
Published: June 2007

The increasing need for water has increased interest in artificial recharge by water‐management agencies. An evaluation of current knowledge of processes and problems of artificial recharge indicates that a great deal of additional research is necessary before recharge feasibility can be evaluated in most situations. Experience in using recharge wells on the Southern High Plains of New Mexico and Texas indicates success when using good quality water, and failure when recharge water contains high concentrations of particulate matter. Surface spreading is a more suitable method when water has a high sediment content, but may not be feasible in some hydrogeologic situations. Theoretically, well construction is important to the success of injection recharge operations, but little experimental work exists to support this view. Results of recharge experiments on the Southern High Plains support these conclusions.
APPLICATION OF BOREHOLE GEOPHYSICS TO THE INVESTIGATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES1
Authors: Guyod Hubert
Published: June 2007

Borehole geophysics comprises the execution of physical measurements in boreholes and the interpretation of the results in terms of rock properties and other data useful in subsurface investigations. This article briefly reviews the borehole geophysical methods that have found acceptance in hydrology and their main applications.
ROLE OF MODELS IN GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Weber Ernest M. , Hassan Ahmad A.
Published: June 2007

To answer the difficult question of how to integrate operation of ground and surface water supplies into their management plans, the decision‐makers must be able to predict the effects of various alternative modes of operation and meteorological conditions on the groundwater basin.

Many types of models have been used for simulating the behavior of groundwater basins under these changes. Analog simulators, analog computers, and digital computers have been employed for model development.

To achieve plausible models, detailed hydraulic and hydrologic characteristics are required, such as data on transmissivity, storage, and net deep percolation. These data are used in the equations that form the model.

Water quality, which cannot be separated from quantity, deserves equal consideration. Recently, considerable efforts have been made to develop water quality prediction tools through the use of modeling techniques.
LEGAL AND POLICY ASPECTS OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT1
Authors: Allen Donald R.
Published: June 2007

Deep within the earth there exist immense reservoirs of energy in the form of heat‐commonly referred to as geothermal resources. Unfortunately, most of these resources are at such depths that it is unlikely they will be recoverable in the foreseeable future. Nevertheless, the lure of seemingly inexhaustible amounts of relatively clean energy continues to hold a fascination for man. In certain limited situations man has already been able to tap these reservoirs and harness the energy to his own uses. More of this activity can be expected in the future. While geothermal energy will chiefly be used to produce electric power, persons responsible for water resources management must concern themselves with geothermal resources for water, and water law concepts will continue to play an important role in the development of this resource.
NONSTEADY FLOW TO A WELL WITH TIME DEPENDENT DRAWDOWN1
Authors: Williams Roy A. , Lai Robert Y. , Karadi Gabor M.
Published: June 2007

Confined flow toward a single well of finite radius in an extensive aquifer of uniform transmissibility is studied under the assumption of time‐dependent drawdown.

Three particular cases are considered: (a) linear drawdown (including constant drawdown); (b) exponential drawdown; (c) periodic (sinusoidal) drawdown.

The differential equation governing unsteady axial symmetric flow toward a single well in a confined aquifer is solved for the three different situations by the use of the Laplace transform method. The resulting expressions are integrated by adapting a modified Gemant scheme.

General computer programs have been developed and operated for several combinations of characteristics. The results are plotted to show the effect of time dependent drawdown on the variation of the well discharge and the piezometric head distribution.
A LINEAR ANALYSIS OF AN URBAN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM1
Authors: Hoppel S. K. , Viessman W.
Published: June 2007

The use of linear programming as a planning tool for determining the optimal long‐range development of an urban water supply system was explored. A stochastic trace of water demand was synthesized and used as an input to the model. This permitted evaluating the feasibility of imposing demand restrictions as an effective cost reduction mechanism. The City of Lincoln, Nebraska, was used as the urban model. The fundamental problem was to allocate limited water supplies from several sources to an urban load center to minimize costs and comply with system constraints. The study period covered twenty years, and findings indicate the planning direction for stage development during this period. Sensitivity analyses were performed on cost coefficients and demands. Thirteen sources were included in the initial computations. Conclusions were that linear programming and generated demand traces are useful tools for both short‐ and long‐term urban water supply planning. Lowering peak demands results in long‐range development of fewer sources of supply and more economic and efficient use of the supplies developed.
A SYSTEMS STUDY OF FUTURE GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT COSTS IN THE CHICAGO REGION1
Authors: Moench A. F. , Schicht R. J. , Visocky A. P.
Published: June 2007

The cost of developing groundwater resources in northeastern Illinois from 198cL2020 is estimated for the purpose of providing a basis for comparing alternative sources. Demands for each township in the study area are estimated at 10‐year increments and are satisfied, where the supply is sufficient, in such a way as to minimize the cost subject to constraints on supply. Sources of water are two shallow aquifers with known potential yields and a series of deep aquifers treated as a single unit and modeled on a digital computer. For each township the costs of wells, pumps, power and rehabilitation is estimated for each aquifer on a per million gallons of water per day basis. In addition the cost of groundwater treatment necessary to raise the quality to that of treated Lake Michigan water is considered. Raw water costs are found to vary from 2 to 14 cents per 1000 gallons depending upon the depth to the deep aquifer water. Treated water costs vary from 22 to 53 cents per 1000 gallons, the lower costs applying to the largest users because of the economy of scale. It is found that with proper distribution of pumpage there is sufficient water in storage in the deep aquifers to meet groundwater demands through 2020.