bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A look into user’s privacy perceptions and data practices of IoT devices
Authors: Al-Ameen Mahdi Nasrullah , Chauhan Apoorva , Ahsan M.A. Manazir , Kocabas Huzeyfe
Published: August 2021

Purpose

With the rapid deployment of internet of things (IoT) technologies, it has been essential to address the security and privacy issues through maintaining transparency in data practices. The prior research focused on identifying people's privacy preferences in different contexts of IoT usage and their mental models of security threats. However, there is a dearth in existing literature to understand the mismatch between user's perceptions and the actual data practices of IoT devices. Such mismatches could lead users unknowingly sharing their private information, exposing themselves to unanticipated privacy risks. The paper aims to identify these mismatched privacy perceptions in this work.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors conducted a lab study with 42 participants, where they compared participants’ perceptions with the data practices stated in the privacy policy of 28 IoT devices from different categories, including health and exercise, entertainment, smart homes, toys and games and pets.

Findings

The authors identified the mismatched privacy perceptions of users in terms of data collection, sharing, protection and storage period. The findings revealed the mismatches between user's perceptions and the data practices of IoT devices for various types of information, including personal, contact, financial, heath, location, media, connected device, online social media and IoT device usage.

Originality/value

The findings from this study lead to the recommendations on designing simplified privacy notice by highlighting the unexpected data practices, which in turn, would contribute to the secure and privacy-preserving use of IoT devices.
Impact of economic and market factors on the market liquidity timing ability of mutual fund managers in Turkey
Authors: Yalcin Hale , Dube Sema
Published: August 2021

Purpose

The authors examine whether Turkish fund managers employ liquidity timing along with market return timing, and if additional economic and market factors could affect their timing abilities, to help explain the contradictory results in literature vis-a-vis market timing ability.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors apply panel data analyses, with interaction terms and incorporating structural breaks, to monthly data for 96 out of 131 Turkish variable mutual funds which have available data for the sample period of 2011–2018. The authors employ the Amihud (2002) illiquidity measure to study market liquidity timing ability along with how additional economic and market factors affect this ability.

Findings

The authors find liquidity timing to be the performance enhancing method employed by Turkish variable fund managers in conjunction with market timing and that evidence for market timing may depend on whether structural breaks, that may be present in returns, are incorporated in the analysis. The authors also find that economic, technology and market-related factors affect timing abilities of fund managers.

Research limitations/implications

Conclusions are for Turkey, for the sample period studied, and for the control factors selected based on literature.

Practical implications

It is important to understand the role of market liquidity in making investment decisions and the paper contributes toward an understanding of how managers design their timing strategies in order to enhance portfolio performance, as well as the impact of additional factors on their ability to time market returns and liquidity. This is also important for evaluating fund managers' performance in terms of contribution to portfolio value.

Originality/value

To the authors knowledge this is the first study on Turkish markets to employ liquidity timing in the context of panel data analyses using interaction terms, as well as structural breaks, to distinguish the extent of liquidity timing from return timing, while incorporating the effect of additional factors on timing ability.
Impact of financial inclusion on economic development of marginalized communities through the mediation of social and economic empowerment
Authors: Lal Tarsem
Published: August 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to check the impact of financial inclusion on economic development of marginalized communities through the mediation of socio-economic empowerment.

Design/methodology/approach

In order to fulfil the objectives of the study, primary data were collected from 382 bank customers belonging to marginalized communities breathing in Jammu district of J and K by using purposive sampling technique. The data were collected during the month of April–August 2020. Multivariate statistical techniques such as EFA, CFA and SEM were used for data analysis and scale purification.

Findings

The study’s results reveal that financial inclusion has a direct and significant impact on economic development of marginalized communities through the mediation of social and economic empowerment. The study highlights that despite various initiatives taken by the government towards financial inclusion, there is a denial from the financial institutions to extend the credit to the marginalized communities due to lack of education, illiteracy, lack of awareness, attitude of bankers and policy directions to the banking sector, which confine these communities to feel proud, dignified, confident and self-reliant to face any financial crisis.

Research limitations/implications

First the in-depth analysis of the study is restricted to Jammu district only that restricts the generalization of the results to the whole population of J and K. Second, the data were collected from respondents belonging to marginalized communities only. Third, comparative study of marginalized households who are covered under the financial inclusion drive and those who are still financially excluded has not been done yet. Fourth, the questionnaire approach was the only way to gather primary data and thus, the results might have a common-method bias.

Originality/value

The study makes contribution in the direction of financial inclusion narrative relating to socio-economic empowerment and economic development of marginalized communities. It looks into how for the socio-economic aspects of marginalized communities influence their exclusion from the financial system of the country. The study also provides valuable insights for the policymakers, researchers and academicians both at the countrywide and intercontinental level to devise and put into practice programmes that will widen right to use financial products and services leading to cutback of poverty incidence, income parity, social and economic empowerment, economic development and reduction in caste and gender based discrimination.
Reconstruction and information entropy analysis of frictional vibration signals in running-in progress
Authors: Yu Haijie , Wei Haijun , Zhou Daping , Li Jingming , Liu Hong
Published: August 2021

Purpose

This study aims to reconstruct the frictional vibration signal from noise and characterize the running-in process by frictional vibration.

Design/methodology/approach

There is a strong correlation between tangential frictional vibration and normal frictional vibration. On this basis, a new frictional vibration reconstruction method combining cross-correlation analysis with ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) was proposed. Moreover, the concept of information entropy of friction vibration is introduced to characterize the running-in process.

Findings

Compared with the wavelet packet method, the tangential friction vibration and the normal friction vibration reconstructed by the method presented in this paper have a stronger correlation. More importantly, during the running-in process, the information entropy of friction vibration gradually decreases until the equilibrium point is reached, which is the same as the changing trend of friction coefficient, indicating that the information entropy of friction vibration can be used to characterize the running-in process.

Practical implications

The study reveals that the application EEMD method is an appropriate approach to reconstruct frictional vibration and the information entropy of friction vibration represents the running-in process. Based on these results, a condition monitoring system can be established to automatically evaluate the running-in state of mechanical parts.

Originality/value

The EEMD method was applied to reconstruct the frictional vibration. Furthermore, the information entropy of friction vibration was used to analysis the running-in process.
Comparative study of different solid lubricants towards friction stability in a non-asbestos disc brake pad
Authors: P. Baskara Sethupathi , J. Chandradass
Published: August 2021

Purpose

This study aims to compare the influence of different solid lubricants on the friction stability of a non-asbestos disc brake pad.

Design/methodology/approach

Three brake pads were developed using three lubricants, namely, non-asbestos brake pad with sulfide mix (NASM), non-asbestos brake pad with bismuth sulfide (NABS) and non-asbestos brake pad with molybdenum disulfide (NAMO). Sulfide mix was indigenously developed by physically mixing friction modifiers, alkaline earth chemicals and various metallic sulfides homogeneously dispersed in graphite medium. The physical, chemical, mechanical and thermal properties of brake pads were characterized as per industrial standards. The tribological performances were studied using the Chase testing machine as SAE-J661-2012. The worn surface of the pads was studied using scanning electron microscope to analyze the dominating wear mechanism.

Findings

NASM was excellent in fade as well as wear resistance. NABS was better from a wear point of view, but fade resistance was moderate despite its higher cost. NAMO fared average in fade and wear despite its excellent dry lubricating properties. NASM was excellent in terms of fade as well as wear resistance.

Originality/value

Among the selected metal sulfides, the indigenously developed sulfide mix was better than the other two sulfides, which indicates that the synergetic effect of metal sulfides was always preferable to the individual sulfides.
The fringe or national brand manufacturer? An analysis of private label sourcing strategy
Authors: Li Xue
Published: August 2021

Purpose

Private labels (PLs) have flowed into a wide range of categories and continue to expand especially in the mass channel. This paper aims to investigate the optimal PL sourcing strategy for a retailer and the impact of different sourcing strategies on the interaction between the upstream national brand (NB) manufacturer and the downstream retailer in a dyadic supply chain.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors develop a game-theoretic model that allows for vertical differentiation, where a retailer may choose between two types of PL sourcing strategies, i.e. fringe and NB manufacturer sourcing (NBMS). Under fringe manufacturer sourcing, the procurement cost is low but the PL recognition is also low. There exists a group of loyal consumers who only choose the NB. Under NBMS, the procurement cost is high but the loyal consumers may switch between two products. The channel members engage in a three-stage sequential game and the authors analyze the subgame perfect equilibrium by comparing the retailer’s best profits in the two subgames, i.e. fringe and NBMS.

Findings

The model shows that the retailer inclines to source from the NB manufacturer if the size of the loyal consumer group is relatively large, which provides a rationale for the existence of NBMS. It is also shown that the NB quality plays a positive role on NBMS. As the NB quality becomes higher, the retailer is more likely to procure the PL from the NB manufacturer instead of the fringe manufacturer. In addition, both channel members can be better off and more consumer surplus is provided by expanding the market under NBMS. Overall, sourcing from the NB manufacturer may improve channel profit, consumer welfare and social welfare.

Originality/value

The research contributes to explaining why the practice of sourcing PLs from NB manufacturers is widely adopted by retailers and can help retailers to make appropriate PL sourcing strategies under various circumstances.
The relationship between political connections, auditor characteristics and auditor narcissism
Authors: Khaksar Jalil , Salehi Mahdi , Lari DashtBayaz Mahmoud
Published: August 2021

Purpose

This study aims to assess the relationship between political connections, auditor characteristics (audit quality and industry specialization) and auditors’ intrinsic characteristics (narcissism) in listed firms on the Tehran Stock Exchange. In other words, this paper attempts to answer the question “whether political connections, audit quality and industry specialization contribute to the growth of narcissism and overconfidence of auditors of listed firms on the Tehran Stock Exchange or not.”

Design/methodology/approach

A multivariate regression model is used for hypothesis testing. The study’s hypotheses were also examined using a sample of 768-year firm listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during 2013–2018 and by using the multiple regression pattern.

Findings

The obtained results indicate a negative and significant association between political relations, narcissism and overconfidence. The auditor’s overconfidence will go down by increasing political relations. Moreover, the results show a positive and significant relationship between audit quality, industry specialization and narcissism. On the other hand, to the best of authors’ knowledge, this study measured, for the first time, the severity of political connections by using the exploratory factor analysis of eight variables (long-term liabilities, firm size, financial leverage, export, human resources, major governmental shareholders, board members affiliated to the government and institutional ownership).

Originality/value

The authors figured out that few studies carried out, so far, in the emergent markets on political connections and their impacts on narcissism and overconfidence of auditors, so this paper aims to assess the effect of such a phenomenon in the emergent markets and contributes to the development of knowledge and science in this field.
Letter: missed opportunities for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease—still significant room for improvement
Authors: Saitta Daniel , Garg Mayur
Published: August 2021

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Gordon et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16155
Letter: mind the gap – search and publication date of systematic reviews and meta‐analysis
Authors: Patel Agastya , Spychalski Piotr , Kobiela Jarek
Published: August 2021

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Salvo et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16407 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16542
Editorial: acute gastrointestinal bleeding—proposed new study outcomes. Authors' reply
Authors: Jensen Dennis M. , Barkun Alan
Published: August 2021

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Jensen et al and Lamb & Stanley papers. To view these articles, https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16483 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16517
Beyond species richness and community composition: Using plant functional diversity to measure restoration success in jarrah forest
Authors: Standish Rachel Jayne , Gove Aaron David , Grigg Andrew Haden , Daws Matthew Ian
Published: August 2021

Aim

The importance of restoring ecosystem functions to native systems that have been degraded, damaged or destroyed is increasingly recognised. Yet few studies have measured the effect of restoration efforts on ecosystem functioning or the functional diversity (FD) that underpins it. Here we assessed change in FD of restored assemblages one to 25 years after the onset of post‐mine restoration.

Location

Northern Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Sm.) Forest bioregion of southwestern Australia.

Methods

Functional richness, evenness, divergence and dispersion were derived from five plant functional traits relevant to community reassembly. Effects of three explanatory variables (i.e. age, year restoration was initiated, and time since fire) on six response variables (i.e. four FD indices, species richness, and compositional similarity to nearby reference forest) were analysed using linear mixed models for a data set with repeated measures of plots through time (n = 810 plots), and linear models for a subset of one‐time measures of different aged assemblages (i.e. space‐for‐time approach; n = 490 plots).

Results

Functional evenness and functional dispersion increased with age, while functional divergence and functional richness decreased with age. Functional dispersion increased with time since fire, while functional richness decreased with time since fire. Species richness decreased with age, but at 25 years, species richness was comparable to that observed in reference forest. In contrast, similarity showed no relationship with age of restored forest, and at 25 years, similarity of restored forest to reference was low compared with similarity of reference forest to itself. Three of four FD indices had not reached those of reference jarrah forest 25 years after restoration had been initiated.

Conclusions

Reassembly of FD suggests importance of environmental filtering and high functional redundancy. A longer time frame may be needed to assess FD of restored assemblages, and in the meantime, species richness is not an adequate surrogate of FD.
Population pharmacokinetic and exposure–efficacy analysis of ixekizumab in paediatric patients with moderate‐to‐severe plaque psoriasis (IXORA‐PEDS)
Authors: Jackson Kimberley , Chua Laiyi , Velez de Mendizabal Nieves , Pitou Celine , Rodriguez Capriles Claudia , Paller Amy S. , Lansang Perla , Seyger Marieke M. B. , Papp Kim ,   IXORA‐PEDS study group
Published: August 2021

Aims

Ixekizumab is a high‐affinity monoclonal antibody that selectively targets interleukin‐17A used in the treatment of adult and paediatric patients with moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis. This analysis evaluated the pharmacokinetics (PK) of ixekizumab and the exposure–efficacy relationship in paediatric patients aged 6 to <18 years with psoriasis.

Methods

Population PK and exposure–efficacy models were developed. The models used data from paediatric patients with psoriasis participating in the Phase 3 IXORA‐PEDS trial in which patients were dosed according to weight categories. The exposure–efficacy model is a Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) time course model using data up to Week 12, a co‐primary efficacy endpoint.

Results

A 2‐compartment population PK model describes the PK of ixekizumab in paediatric patients with the effect of body weight incorporated on clearance and volume terms using an allometric relationship. The weight category‐based dosing ensured that ixekizumab mean trough serum concentrations in paediatric patients with psoriasis (3.20–3.33 μg/mL) were within the range of concentrations observed in adult patients with psoriasis (mean [standard deviation]: 3.48 [2.16] μg/mL) administered an efficacious dosing regimen. The observed PASI response rates at Week 12 in paediatric patients (91.9/81.8/52.5% for PASI75/90/100) are well predicted by the final exposure–efficacy model and response rates are similar or higher than those achieved in adults (86.2/66.6/35.0% for PASI75/90/100).

Conclusion

This analysis is the first to describe the PK and exposure–efficacy relationship of ixekizumab in paediatric patients with psoriasis. The analyses support the selection of the weight category‐based ixekizumab dosing regimens approved for use in paediatric patients with psoriasis.
Genetic subtype classification using a simplified algorithm and mutational characteristics of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma in a Japanese cohort
Authors: Mishina Tatsuzo , Oshima‐Hasegawa Nagisa , Tsukamoto Shokichi , Fukuyo Masaki , Kageyama Hajime , Muto Tomoya , Mimura Naoya , Rahmutulla Bahityar , Nagai Yurie , Kayamori Kensuke , Hino Yutaro , Mitsukawa Shio , Takeda Yusuke , Ohwada Chikako , Takeuchi Masahiro , Tsujimura Hideki , Iseki Tohru , Nakaseko Chiaki , Ikeda Jun-ichiro , Itami Makiko , Yokote Koutaro , Ohara Osamu , Kaneda Atsushi , Sakaida Emiko
Published: August 2021

Recent large‐scale genetic studies have proposed a new genetic classification of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL), which is clinically and biologically heterogeneous. However, the classification methods were complicated to be introduced into clinical practice. Here we retrospectively evaluated the mutational status and copy number changes of 144 genes in 177 Japanese patients with DLBCL, using targeted DNA sequencing. We developed a simplified algorithm for classifying four genetic subtypes—MYD88, NOTCH2, BCL2, and SGK1—by assessing alterations in 18 representative genes and BCL2 and BCL6 rearrangement status, integrating the significant genes from previous studies. In our cohort and another validation cohort from published data, the classification results in our algorithm showed close agreement with the other established algorithm. A differential prognosis among the four groups was observed. The NOTCH2 group showed a particularly poorer outcome than similar groups in previous reports. Furthermore, our study revealed unreported genetic features in the DLBCL subtypes that are mainly reported in Japanese patients, such as CD5‐positive DLBCL and methotrexate‐associated lymphoproliferative disorders. These results indicate the utility of our simplified method for DLBCL genetic subtype classification, which can facilitate the optimisation of treatment strategies. In addition, our study highlights the genetic features of Japanese patients with DLBCL.
Molecular imaging of cardiovascular inflammation
Authors: MacRitchie Neil , Noonan Jonathan , Guzik Tomasz J. , Maffia Pasquale
Published: August 2021

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including atherosclerosis, are chronic inflammatory diseases characterised by a complex and evolving tissue micro‐environment. Molecular heterogeneity of inflammatory responses translates into clinical outcomes. However, current medical imaging modalities are unable to reveal the cellular and molecular events at a level of detail that would allow more accurate and timely diagnosis and treatment. This is an inherent limitation of the current imaging tools, which are restricted to anatomical or functional data. Molecular imaging—the visualisation and quantification of molecules in the body—is already established in the clinic in the form of PET, yet the use of PET in CVD is limited. In this visual review, we will guide you through the current state of molecular imaging research, assessing the respective strengths and weaknesses of molecular imaging modalities, including those already being used in the clinic such as PET and MRI and emerging technologies at preclinical stage, such as photoacoustic imaging. We discuss the basic principles of each technology and provide key examples of their application in imaging inflammation in CVD and the added value into the diagnostic decision‐making process. Finally, we discuss the barriers to the rapid successful clinical translation of these novel diagnostic modalities.

LINKED ARTICLES

This article is part of a themed issue on Molecular imaging ‐ visual themed issue. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.21/issuetoc
Pharmacological treatment of migraine: Drug classes, mechanisms of action, clinical trials and new treatments
Authors: Zobdeh Farzin , ben Kraiem Aziza , Attwood Misty M. , Chubarev Vladimir N. , Tarasov Vadim V. , Schiöth Helgi B. , Mwinyi Jessica
Published: August 2021

Migraine is the sixth most prevalent disease globally, a major cause of disability, and it imposes an enormous personal and socio‐economic burden. Migraine treatment is often limited by insufficient therapy response, leading to the need for individually adjusted treatment. In this review, we analyse historical and current pharmaceutical development approaches in acute and chronic migraine based on a comprehensive and systematic analysis of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved drugs and those under investigation. The development of migraine therapeutics has significantly intensified during the last 3 years, as shown by our analysis of the trends of drug development between 1970 and 2020. The spectrum of drug targets has expanded considerably, which has been accompanied by an increase in the number of specialised clinical trials. This review highlights the mechanistic implications of FDA‐approved and currently investigated drugs and discusses current and future therapeutic options based on identified drug classes of interest.
A single application of chlorhexidine gel reduces gingival inflammation and interleukin 1‐β following one‐stage implant placement: A randomized controlled study
Authors: Asbi Thabet , Hussein Hiba Abu , Horwitz Jacob , Gabay Eran , Machtei Eli E. , Giladi Hadar Zigdon
Published: August 2021

Background

Chlorhexidine (CHX) is a broad‐spectrum antimicrobial agent commonly used in medicine. Application of (CHX) during abutment connection reduced the bacterial load at the implant–abutment interface. We hypothesize this treatment may consequently reduce peri‐implant soft tissue inflammation and marginal bone loss.

Purpose

To evaluate the effect of a single application of CHX gel inside the dental implant internal hexagon on peri‐implant tissue.

Methods

Forty patients were recruited to this randomized, double‐blinded, clinical trial. At the time of implant installation, a 4‐mm healing abutment was connected to the implant. In the test group, chlorhexidine gel 1% was applied inside the implant hex, whereas control implants did not receive any gel. Clinical and radiographic measurements included soft tissue recession (REC), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), keratinized mucosa width (KM), probing depth (PD), and a peri‐apical parallel x‐ray. Peri‐implant crevicular fluid (PICF) was collected for cytokine analysis. t‐Test was used to compare changes from baseline to 3 months. Mann–Whitney U test and t test were used to compare test and control groups.

Results

Twenty patients in the test group and 17 in the control group completed the study. One implant in the control group failed to osteointegrate. There were no significant differences between the control and test groups for REC changes, bone loss, and PD. GI was significantly lower in the test group after 1 week (1.79 ± 0.24 vs 0.75 ± 0.18, respectively) and 3 months (1.18 ± 0.21 vs 0.25 ± 0.12, respectively) although PI was equal. At 3 months, interleukin 1‐β (IL1‐β) was higher in the control group (p < 0.01) and a positive correlation was found between GI and IL1‐β (rs = 0.60424, p = 0.00032).

Conclusions

Application of chlorhexidine gel reduced inflammation and IL1‐β levels in the peri‐implant soft tissue.
A multicentre confirmatory single‐arm trial of the safety and efficacy of a transanal drain for prevention of anastomotic leakage after surgery for rectal cancer
Authors: Nishizawa Yuji , Nishigori Hideaki , Tsukada Yuichiro , Sasaki Takeshi , Tsukamoto Shunsuke , Kanemitsu Yukihide , Nakano Daisuke , Yamaguchi Tatsuro , Otsuka Koki , Nakamura Takatoshi , Shiomi Akio , Iwasaki Natsuko , Tamura Hitomi , Wakabayashi Masashi , Nomura Shogo , Ito Masaaki
Published: August 2021

Aim

Recent reports have described the use and efficacy of several types of transanal tube (TAT) for preventing anastomotic leakage by reducing intraluminal pressure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a newly developed TAT for the prevention of anastomotic leakage after low anterior resection (LAR) for rectal cancer.

Method

A multicentre confirmatory single‐arm trial was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a new TAT after LAR for rectal cancer. A total of 115 patients were registered in the trial at several cancer centres and other hospitals. All patients initially received reconstruction with a stapled anastomosis, but 18 then underwent creation of a diverting stoma. Of the remaining 97 patients, the first 96 were included in the protocol‐defined primary analysis set. The primary outcome was the incidence of symptomatic leakage and the secondary endpoint was the incidence of complications associated with use of the TAT. The TAT was placed during LAR without creating a covering stoma and the drain was removed 4 or 5 days postoperatively.

Results

The rate of symptomatic leakage was 5.2% (95% confidence interval 1.7–11.7), which was significantly lower than the predetermined threshold value of 15.8% (one‐sided p‐value 0.0013). Only one patient had Grade 3 rectal bleeding that might have been related to use of the TAT.

Conclusion

This nonrandomized study shows that the TAT appears to be safe and results in lower rates of anastomotic leakage in LAR compared with previous studies.
Are There Cross‐Cultural Legal Principles? Modal Reasoning Uncovers Procedural Constraints on Law
Authors: Hannikainen Ivar R. , Tobia Kevin P. , de Almeida Guilherme da F. C. F. , Donelson Raff , Dranseika Vilius , Kneer Markus , Strohmaier Niek , Bystranowski Piotr , Dolinina Kristina , Janik Bartosz , Keo Sothie , Lauraitytė Eglė , Liefgreen Alice , Próchnicki Maciej , Rosas Alejandro , Struchiner Noel
Published: August 2021

Despite pervasive variation in the content of laws, legal theorists and anthropologists have argued that laws share certain abstract features and even speculated that law may be a human universal. In the present report, we evaluate this thesis through an experiment administered in 11 different countries. Are there cross‐cultural principles of law? In a between‐subjects design, participants (N= 3,054) were asked whether there could be laws that violate certain procedural principles (e.g., laws applied retrospectively or unintelligible laws), and also whether there are any such laws. Confirming our preregistered prediction, people reported that such laws cannot exist, but also (paradoxically) that there are such laws. These results document cross‐culturally and –linguistically robust beliefs about the concept of law which defy people's grasp of how legal systems function in practice.
Extrafoveal Processing in Categorical Search for Geometric Shapes: General Tendencies and Individual Variations
Authors: Dreneva Anna , Shvarts Anna , Chumachenko Dmitry , Krichevets Anatoly
Published: August 2021

The paper addresses the capabilities and limitations of extrafoveal processing during a categorical visual search. Previous research has established that a target could be identified from the very first or without any saccade, suggesting that extrafoveal perception is necessarily involved. However, the limits in complexity defining the processed information are still not clear. We performed four experiments with a gradual increase of stimuli complexity to determine the role of extrafoveal processing in searching for the categorically defined geometric shape. The series of experiments demonstrated a significant role of extrafoveal processing while searching for simple two‐dimensional shapes and its gradual decrease in a condition with more complicated three‐dimensional shapes. The factors of objects’ spatial orientation and distractor homogeneity significantly influenced both reaction time and the number of saccades required to identify a categorically defined target. An analysis of the individual p‐value distributions revealed pronounced individual differences in using extrafoveal analysis and allowed examination of the performance of each particular participant. The condition with the forced prohibition of eye movements enabled us to investigate the efficacy of covert attention in the condition with complicated shapes. Our results indicate that both foveal and extrafoveal processing are simultaneously involved during a categorical search, and the specificity of their interaction is determined by the spatial orientation of objects, type of distractors, the prohibition to use overt attention, and individual characteristics of the participants.
Monotone Quantifiers Emerge via Iterated Learning
Authors: Carcassi Fausto , Steinert‐Threlkeld Shane , Szymanik Jakub
Published: August 2021

Natural languages exhibit manysemantic universals, that is, properties of meaning shared across all languages. In this paper, we develop an explanation of one very prominent semantic universal, the monotonicity universal. While the existing work has shown that quantifiers satisfying the monotonicity universal are easier to learn, we provide a more complete explanation by considering the emergence of quantifiers from the perspective of cultural evolution. In particular, we show that quantifiers satisfy the monotonicity universal evolve reliably in an iterated learning paradigm with neural networks as agents.
What men want: Results from a national survey on decision making for prostate cancer treatment and research participation
Authors: Mendenhall Nancy P. , Rausch Osian Sarah M. , Bryant Curtis M. , Hoppe Bradford S. , Morris Christopher G.
Published: August 2021

Data comparing outcomes in prostate cancer and factors affecting treatment choice are sparse. To inform the design of a comparative effectiveness clinical trial, we engaged patients in developing a 28‐question survey about decision making on treatment and research participation and dispersed it among men greater than or equal to 50 years of age. The 1046 respondents ranked long‐term clinical outcomes as most important in making treatment decisions, specific functional outcomes as slightly less important, and duration, location, and cost of treatment as least important. Treatment choice was strongly impacted by side effect profile. Responses to whether the subject would agree to participation in a randomized trial between two types of radiation with minimal differences in outcomes were “yes” in 15%, “no” in 39%, and “undecided” in 46%. Responses to whether the subject would agree to participation in a randomized trial between two treatment durations with similar outcomes were yes in 36%, no in 24%, and undecided in 40%. Findings suggest many potential patients have strong treatment preferences and are averse to randomization, particularly when outcomes of importance may be affected. Patient engagement in study design and novel nonrandomized trial designs may offer a path to increase clinical trial success.
Microphysiological systems in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination sciences
Authors: Van Ness Kirk P. , Cesar Francine , Yeung Catherine K. , Himmelfarb Jonathan , Kelly Edward J.
Published: August 2021

The use of microphysiological systems (MPS) to support absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) sciences has grown substantially in the last decade, in part driven by regulatory demands to move away from traditional animal‐based safety assessment studies and industry desires to develop methodologies to efficiently screen and characterize drugs in the development pipeline. The past decade of MPS development has yielded great user‐driven technological advances with the collective fine‐tuning of cell culture techniques, fluid delivery systems, materials engineering, and performance enhancing modifications. The rapid advances in MPS technology have now made it feasible to evaluate critical ADME parameters within a stand‐alone organ system or through interconnected organ systems. This review surveys current MPS developed for liver, kidney, and intestinal systems as stand‐alone or interconnected organ systems, and evaluates each system for specific performance criteria recommended by regulatory authorities and MPS leaders that would render each system suitable for evaluating drug ADME. Whereas some systems are more suitable for ADME type research than others, not all system designs were intended to meet the recently published desired performance criteria and are reported as a summary of initial proof‐of‐concept studies.
Autonomic dysfunction in developmental and epileptic encephalopathies: a daily‐life issue
Authors: Rheims Sylvain
Published: August 2021

This commentary is on the original article by Berg et al. on pages 1433–1440 of this issue.
Assessing how changes in temporal resource quality influence the reproductive performance of the dung beetleOnthophagus binodis
Authors: Kaur Amrit P. , Holley Jean M. , Andrew Nigel R.
Published: August 2021

1. Both larval and adult dung beetles depend on dung resources for nutrition. The quality of the dung resources utilised by beetles can influence adult morphology, adult biomass, and life history parameters of dung beetles. Although several studies have compared dung nutrients of different vertebrate dung types, variation in dung nutrients over time has been less studied.

2. Here, moisture content and chemical parameters of dung were analysed at monthly intervals over 12 months. The reproductive output ofOnthophagus binodisfed dung collected at four different months of the year is also measured to assess the relationship between dung resources and dung beetle performance. The experiments were carried out under controlled conditions: 25 ± 1 °C: 15 ± 1 °C (L: D) and 60 ± 5% RH, respectively, with a photoperiod of 14L:10D.

3. Over the 12‐month sampling period, the maximum number of broods and highest brood weight were observed from beetles utilising dung collected in the Austral summer (February 2018). The analysis of dung over the 12‐month period showed that the electrical conductivity and phosphorous, manganese, and magnesium content of dung were highest in February 2018.

4. The results suggest that the variation in dung resources, such as moisture and minerals, across the year affected the reproductive performance ofOnthophagus binodis, which was highest when beetles were provisioned with summer dung.
Non‐violent resistance and family accommodation: A trans‐diagnostic solution to a highly prevalent problem
Authors: Shimshoni Yaara , Omer Haim , Lebowitz Eli R.
Published: August 2021

The goal of this study is to integrate two areas in recent clinical theory, research, and practice: family accommodation and non‐violent resistance (NVR). Family accommodation describes changes that family members make to their own behavior, to help their relative who is dealing with psychopathology to avoid or alleviate distress related to the disorder. Rapidly growing research on family accommodation has established its high prevalence and negative impact across disorders and the life span. NVR is a trans‐diagnostic treatment approach that helps parents to cope with child externalizing, internalizing, and other problems in non‐escalatory ways. This study reviews empirical research on family accommodation and NVR, and argues that the anchoring function of NVR, a central concept reflecting the stabilization of the parent–child relationship, may provide a uniquely suited framework for reducing family accommodation across disorders and development. The study discusses how the anchoring function may be applied to promote accommodation reduction through a detailed description of SPACE (Supportive Parenting for Anxious Childhood Emotions), an NVR‐informed treatment for childhood anxiety and obsessive‐compulsive disorder.
Protease inhibitory activity of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor ameliorates murine experimental colitis by protecting the intestinal epithelial barrier
Authors: Ozaka Sotaro , Sonoda Akira , Ariki Shimpei , Kamiyama Naganori , Hidano Shinya , Sachi Nozomi , Ito Kanako , Kudo Yoko , Minata Mizuki , Saechue Benjawan , Dewayani Astri , Chalalai Thanyakorn , Soga Yasuhiro , Takahashi Yuya , Fukuda Chiaki , Mizukami Kazuhiro , Okumura Ryu , Kayama Hisako , Murakami Kazunari , Takeda Kiyoshi , Kobayashi Takashi
Published: August 2021

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder in the intestine, and the dysfunction of intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) may trigger the onset of IBD. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) is a serine protease inhibitor that has been implicated in the tissue‐protective effect in the skin and lung. We found that SLPI was induced in lipopolysaccharides‐treated colon carcinoma cell line and in the colon of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐treated mice. SLPI‐deficient mice were administered DSS to induce colitis and sustained severe inflammation compared with wild‐type mice. The colonic mucosa of SLPI‐deficient mice showed more severe inflammation with neutrophil infiltration and higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines compared with control mice. Moreover, neutrophil elastase (NE) activity in SLPI‐deficient mice was increased and IEB function was severely impaired in the colon, accompanied with the increased number of apoptotic cells. Importantly, we demonstrated that DSS‐induced colitis was ameliorated by administration of protease inhibitor SSR69071 and recombinant SLPI. These results suggest that the protease inhibitory activity of SLPI protects from colitis by preventing IEB dysfunction caused by excessive NE activity, which provides insight into the novel function of SLPI in the regulation of gut homeostasis and therapeutic approaches for IBD.
Association between atopic dermatitis and race from infancy to early childhood: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Monir Reesa L. , Schoch Jennifer J. , Garvan Cynthia W. , Neu Josef , Lemas Dominick J.
Published: August 2021

Background

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common pediatric skin condition with significant morbidity. It is unclear what factors contribute to racial differences in disease prevalence.

Methods

A single‐site, retrospective cohort study of infants born from June 1, 2011, to April 30, 2017, was performed.

Results

Of the 4016 infants included, 39.2% (n = 1574) were Black, 38.5% (n = 1543) White (non‐Hispanic), 7.1% (n = 286) Hispanic, 5.3% (n = 213) Asian, 6.5% (n = 262) “other” race, 3.4% (n = 135) multiracial, and 0.1% (n = 3) not reported. Prevalence of AD differed by race, with 37.0% (n = 583) of Black, 25.8% (n = 55) of Asian, 24.1% (n = 69) of Hispanic, 23.0% (n = 31) of multiracial, 19.1% (n = 50) of “other” race, and 17.9% (n = 276) of White patients diagnosed (P < 0.0001). Delivery mode, NICU stay, and gestational age were all significantly associated with race. In modeling AD with logistic regression, race was significantly associated with the development of AD (P < 0.0001, OR Black = 2.6 [2.2‐3.2], OR Asian = 1.6 [1.1‐2.2], OR Hispanic = 1.4 [1.0‐1.9], OR multiracial 1.4 [0.91‐2.2], OR “other” 0.97 [0.67‐1.4], and OR White 1.0).

Conclusions

Racial differences in rates of AD arise early in life. Diagnosis is associated with race rather than delivery mode, insurance type, and gestational age. Further investigation into these disparities and interventions to mitigate them should focus on infancy and early childhood.
Impact of type 2 diabetes on the capacity of human macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis to modulate monocyte differentiation through a bystander effect
Authors: Valtierra‐Alvarado Monica Alejandra , Lugo‐Villarino Geanncarlo , Dueñas‐Arteaga Fátima , González‐Contreras Beatriz Elena , Lugo‐Sánchez Anahí , Castañeda‐Delgado Julio Enrique , González‐Amaro Roberto , Venegas Gurrola Omar Alberto , González Valadez Alejandra del Rocío , Enciso‐Moreno José Antonio , Serrano Carmen Judith
Published: August 2021

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a risk factor for the development of tuberculosis (TB) through mechanisms poorly understood. Monocytes and macrophages are key effector cells to control TB, but they are also subverted by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Specifically, Mtb can induce a bystander effect that skews monocyte differentiation towards macrophages with a permissive phenotype to infection. Here, we evaluated whether T2D impacts this TB aspect. Our approach was to differentiate monocytes from healthy control (HC) subjects and T2D patients into macrophages (MDM), and then assess their response to Mtb infection, including their secretome content and bystander effect capacity. Through flow cytometric analyses, we found a lower level of activation markers in MDM from T2D patients than from HC in response to mock (HLA‐DR, CD86 and CD163) or Mtb challenge (CD14 and CD80). In spite of high TGF‐β1 levels in mock‐infected MDM from T2D patients, cytometric bead arrays indicated that there were no major differences in the secretome cytokine content in these cells relative to HC‐MDM, even in response to Mtb. Mimicking a bystander effect, the secretome of Mtb‐infected HC‐MDM drove HC monocytes towards MDM with a permissive phenotype for Mtb intracellular growth. However, the secretome from Mtb‐infected T2D‐MDM did not exacerbate the Mtb load compared to secretome from Mtb‐infected HC‐MDM, possibly due to the high IL‐1β production relative to Mtb‐infected HC‐MDM. Collectively, despite T2D affecting the basal MDM activation, our approach revealed that it has no major consequence on their response to Mtb or capacity to generate a bystander effect influencing monocyte differentiation.
Clinical effectiveness of resin‐modified glass ionomer–based fluoride varnish for preventing occlusal caries lesions in partially erupted permanent molars: A randomised active‐controlled trial
Authors: Uchil Savil Ramachandra , Suprabha Baranya Shrikrishna , Shenoy Ramya , Rao Arathi
Published: August 2021

Background

Deep pits and fissures in partially erupted permanent molars are vulnerable to dental caries.

Aim

To assess the clinical effectiveness of resin‐modified glass ionomer–based fluoride varnish (RMGI‐F varnish: Clinpro XT™ varnish) in preventing occlusal caries lesions in partially erupted permanent first molars.

Design

In this randomised active‐controlled superiority trial with a single‐blind parallel design, 74 children with 182 partially erupted first permanent molars were allocated into two groups: Group 1: RMGI‐F varnish; and Group 2: GI sealant (active control), with an application of 0.1% sodium fluoride varnish for all other teeth. The primary outcome was ICDAS score ≥1 at 12 months of follow‐up. Data were analysed using adjusted Chi‐square test and GEE regression for binary outcomes.

Results

Group 1 (15.7%) and Group 2 (13.8%) did not differ significantly in ICDAS ≥1 scores at 12 months of follow‐up (adjusted χ2 = 0.373, p = .541). There was no significant difference in retention between Group 1 (48.3%) and Group 2 (20.7%) at 12 months of follow‐up (adjusted χ2 = 0.1, p = .752). Mean application time per tooth (16 ± 5.9 vs 20.2 ± 5.4 min) was significantly different (t = 5.26, p = .014).

Conclusions

RMGI‐F varnish was not superior to GI sealant in preventing occlusal caries lesions in partially erupted molars.
Economic policy responses to the COVID‐19 pandemic and growth of nonperforming loans
Authors: Gholipour Hassan F. , Arjomandi Amir
Published: August 2021

In this paper, we investigate the relationship between various economic policy responses to the COVID‐19 pandemic (liquidity support, prudential policies, borrower support, asset purchase, and policy rate decisions) and the growth of nonperforming loans (NPLs) in 2020 across 47 economies. Controlling for other relevant determinants of NPLs, our regression analyses show that economies in which policymakers have used prudential and borrower support measures reported significantly slower growth of aggregate NPLs. The prudential measures also confirmed a more robust relationship with NPL reductions compared with borrower support measures. Added to this, non‐mortgage consumer loans are found to be more sensitive than mortgage loans to economic policy responses.