bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observation of chorus waves by the Van Allen Probes: Dependence on solar wind parameters and scale size
Authors: Aryan Homayon , Sibeck David , Balikhin Michael , Agapitov Oleksiy , Kletzing Craig
Published: July 2016

Highly energetic electrons in the Earth's Van Allen radiation belts can cause serious damage to spacecraft electronic systems and affect the atmospheric composition if they precipitate into the upper atmosphere. Whistler mode chorus waves have attracted significant attention in recent decades for their crucial role in the acceleration and loss of energetic electrons that ultimately change the dynamics of the radiation belts. The distribution of these waves in the inner magnetosphere is commonly presented as a function of geomagnetic activity. However, geomagnetic indices are nonspecific parameters that are compiled from imperfectly covered ground based measurements. The present study uses wave data from the two Van Allen Probes to present the distribution of lower band chorus waves not only as functions of single geomagnetic index and solar wind parameters but also as functions of combined parameters. Also the current study takes advantage of the unique equatorial orbit of the Van Allen Probes to estimate the average scale size of chorus wave packets, during close separations between the two spacecraft, as a function of radial distance, magnetic latitude, and geomagnetic activity, respectively. Results show that the average scale size of chorus wave packets is approximately 1300–2300 km. The results also show that the inclusion of combined parameters can provide better representation of the chorus wave distributions in the inner magnetosphere and therefore can further improve our knowledge of the acceleration and loss of radiation belt electrons.
An evaluation of high‐resolution regional climate model simulations of snow cover and albedo over the Rocky Mountains, with implications for the simulated snow‐albedo feedback
Authors: Minder Justin R. , Letcher Theodore W. , Skiles S. McKenzie
Published: July 2016

The snow‐albedo feedback (SAF) strongly influences climate over midlatitude mountainous regions. However, over these regions the skill of regional climate models (RCMs) at simulating properties such as snow cover and surface albedo is poorly characterized. These properties are evaluated in a pair of 7 year long high‐resolution RCM simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting model over the central Rocky Mountains. Key differences between the simulations include the computational domain (regional versus continental) and land surface model used (Noah versus Noah‐MP). Simulations are evaluated against high‐resolution satellite estimates of snow cover and albedo from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer. Both simulations generally reproduce the observed seasonal and spatial variability of snow cover and also exhibit important biases. One simulation substantially overpredicts subpixel fractional snow cover over snowy pixels (by up to 0.4) causing large positive biases in surface albedo, likely due in part to inadequate representation of canopy effects. The other simulation exhibits a negative bias in areal snow extent (as much as 19% of the analysis domain). Surface measurements reveal large positive biases in snow albedo (exceeding 0.2) during late spring caused by neglecting radiative effects of impurities deposited onto snow. Semi‐idealized climate change experiments show substantially different magnitudes of SAF‐enhanced warming in the two simulations that can be tied to the differences in snow cover in their control climates. More confident projections of regional climate change over mountains will require further work to evaluate and improve representation of snow cover and albedo in RCMs.
Mesenchymal stromal cells derived from whole human umbilical cord exhibit similar properties to those derived from Wharton's jelly and bone marrow
Authors: Mennan Claire , Brown Sharon , McCarthy Helen , Mavrogonatou Eleni , Kletsas Dimitris , Garcia John , Balain Birender , Richardson James , Roberts Sally
Published: July 2016

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) can be isolated from several regions of human umbilical cords, including Wharton's jelly (WJ), artery, vein or cord lining. These MSC appear to be immune privileged and are promising candidates for cell therapy. However, isolating MSC from WJ, artery, vein or cord lining requires time‐consuming tissue dissection. MSC can be obtained easily via briefly digesting complete segments of the umbilical cord, likely containing heterogenous or mixed populations of MSC (MC‐MSC). MC‐MSC are generally less well characterized than WJ‐MSC, but nevertheless represent a potentially valuable population of MSC. This study aimed to further characterize MC‐MSC in comparison to WJ‐MSC and also the better‐characterized bone marrow‐derived MSC (BM‐MSC). MC‐MSC proliferated faster, with significantly faster doubling times reaching passage one 8.8 days sooner and surviving longer in culture than WJ‐MSC. All MSC retained the safety aspect of reducing telomere length with increasing passage number. MSC were also assessed for their ability to suppress T‐cell proliferation and for the production of key markers of pluripotency, embryonic stem cells, tolerogenicity (CD40, CD80, CD86 and HLA‐DR) and immunomodulation (indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase [IDO] and HLA‐G). The MC‐MSC population displayed all of the positive attributes of WJ‐MSC and BM‐MSC, but they were more efficient to obtain and underwent more population doublings than from WJ, suggesting that MC‐MSC are promising candidates for allogeneic cell therapy in regenerative medicine.
Early event status informs subsequent outcome in newly diagnosed follicular lymphoma
Authors: Maurer Matthew J. , Bachy Emmanuel , Ghesquières Hervé , Ansell Stephen M. , Nowakowski Grzegorz S. , Thompson Carrie A. , Inwards David J. , Allmer Cristine , Chassagne‐Clément Catherine , Nicolas‐Virelizier Emmanuelle , Sebban Catherine , Lebras Laure , Sarkozy Clementine , Macon William R. , Feldman Andrew L. , Syrbu Sergei I. , Traverse‐Glehan Alexandra , Coiffier Bertrand , Slager Susan L. , Weiner George J. , Witzig Thomas E. , Habermann Thomas M. , Salles Gilles , Cerhan James R. , Link Brian K.
Published: July 2016

Recent advances in follicular lymphoma (FL) have resulted in prolongation of overall survival (OS). Here we assessed if early events as defined by event‐free survival (EFS) at 12 and 24 months from diagnosis (EFS12/EFS24) can inform subsequent OS in FL. 920 newly diagnosed grade 1‐3A FL patients enrolled on the University of Iowa/Mayo Clinic Lymphoma SPORE Molecular Epidemiology Resource (MER) from 2002‐2012 were initially evaluated. EFS was defined as time from diagnosis to progression, relapse, re‐treatment, or death due to any cause. OS was compared to age‐and‐sex‐matched survival in the general US population using standardized mortality ratios (SMR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). We used a cohort of 412 FL patients from two Lyon, France hospital registries for independent replication. Patients who failed to achieve EFS12 had poor subsequent OS (MER SMR = 3.72, 95%CI: 2.78‐4.88; Lyon SMR = 8.74, 95%CI: 5.41‐13.36). Conversely, patients achieving EFS12 had no added mortality beyond the background population (MER SMR = 0.73, 95%CI: 0.56‐0.94, Lyon SMR = 1.02, 95%CI: 0.58‐1.65). Patients with early events after immunochemotherapy had especially poor outcomes (EFS12 failure: MER SMR = 17.63, 95%CI:11.97‐25.02, Lyon SMR = 19.10, 95%CI:9.86‐33.36; EFS24 failure: MER SMR = 13.02, 95%CI:9.31‐17.74, Lyon SMR = 7.22, 95%CI:4.13‐11.74). In a combined dataset of all patients from both cohorts, baseline FLIPI was no longer informative in EFS12 achievers. Reassessment of patient status at 12 months from diagnosis in follicular lymphoma patients, or at 24 months in patients treated with immunochemotherapy, is a strong predictor of subsequent overall survival in FL. Early event status provides a simple, clinically relevant endpoint for studies assessing outcome in FL. Am. J. Hematol. 91:1096–1101, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The chronic lymphocytic leukemia international prognostic index predicts time to first treatment in early CLL: Independent validation in a prospective cohort of early stage patients
Authors: Molica Stefano , Shanafelt Tait D. , Giannarelli Diana , Gentile Massimo , Mirabelli Rosanna , Cutrona Giovanna , Levato Luciano , Di Renzo Nicola , Di Raimondo Francesco , Musolino Caterina , Angrilli Francesco , Famà Angelo , Recchia Anna Grazia , Chaffee Kari G. , Neri Antonino , Kay Neil E. , Ferrarini Manlio , Morabito Fortunato
Published: July 2016

The chronic lymphocytic leukemia International Prognostic Index (CLL‐IPI) combines 5 parameters (age, clinical stage, TP53 status [normal vs. del(17p) and/or TP53 mutation], IGHV mutational status, serum β2‐microglobulin) to predict survival and time‐to‐first‐treatment (TTFT) in CLL patients. We performed an observational study in 337 prospectively collected, Binet stage A patients to validate the ability of the CLL‐IPI to predict TTFT in an independent cohort of early stage CLL patients. The CLL‐IPI score stratified Binet stage A patients into three subgroups with different outcome. Since the CLL‐IPI was originally developed to predict survival, we next investigated the optimal cut‐off score to predict TTFT in Binet stage A patients. Recursive partitioning analysis identified three subsets with scores of 0 (n = 139), 1 (n = 90), and ≥ 2(n = 108). The probability of remaining free from therapy 5 years after diagnosis was 85%, 67% and 46% in these three categories (P < 0.0001.; C‐statistic:c = 0.72; 95% CI:0.58‐0.81). This optimized CLL‐IPI scoring for TTFT was subsequently validated in an independent cohort of Binet A patients from the Mayo Clinic (n = 525). The ability of either original or optimized CLL‐IPI to predict TTFT was equivalent to other prognostic models specifically designed for this endpoint (2011 MDACC score and O‐CLL1 score). Although originally developed to predict suvival, the CLL‐IPI is useful for predicting TTFT in early stage CLL patients. Am. J. Hematol. 91:1090–1095, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Associations between male testosterone and immune function in a pathogenically stressed forager‐horticultural population
Authors: Trumble Benjamin C. , Blackwell Aaron D. , Stieglitz Jonathan , Thompson Melissa Emery , Suarez Ivan Maldonado , Kaplan Hillard , Gurven Michael
Published: July 2016

Objectives

Despite well‐known fitness advantages to males who produce and maintain high endogenous testosterone levels, such phenotypes may be costly if testosterone‐mediated investment in reproductive effort trade‐off against investment in somatic maintenance. Previous studies of androgen‐mediated trade‐offs in human immune function find mixed results, in part because most studies either focus on a few indicators of immunity, are confounded by phenotypic correlation, or are observational. Here the association between male endogenous testosterone and 13 circulating cytokines are examined before and after ex vivo antigen stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in a high pathogen population of Bolivian forager‐horticulturalists.

Materials and methods

A Milliplex 13‐plex cytokine panel measured cytokine concentration in whole blood samples from 109 Tsimane men aged 40–89 (median = 50 years) before and after antigen stimulation with PHA and LPS. Urinary testosterone was measured via enzyme immunoassay, demographic, and anthropometric data were collected as part of the Tsimane Health and Life History Project.

Results

Higher endogenous testosterone was associated with down‐regulated responses in all cytokines after PHA stimulation (but significantly in only 2/13 cytokines), controlling for age and body mass index. In contrast, testosterone was not significantly associated with down‐regulation of cytokines after LPS stimulation. MANOVAs indicate that men with higher testosterone showed reduced cytokine responses to PHA compared with LPS (p = 0.0098).

Discussion

Endogenous testosterone appears to be immunomodulatory rather than immunosuppressive. Potentially costlier forms of immune activation like those induced by PHA (largely T‐cell biased immune activation) are down‐regulated in men with higher testosterone, but testosterone has less impact on potentially less costly immune activation following LPS stimulation (largely B‐cell mediated immunity).
Large circular dichroism and optical rotation in titanium doped chiral silver nanorods
Authors: Titus Jitto , Larsen George , Zhao Yiping , Perera A. G. Unil
Published: July 2016

The circular dichroism of titanium‐doped silver chiral nanorod arrays grown using the glancing angle deposition (GLAD) method is investigated in the visible and near infrared ranges using transmission ellipsometry and spectroscopy. These films are found to have significant circular polarization effects across broad ranges of the visible to NIR spectrum, including large values for optical rotation. The characteristics of these circular polarization effects are strongly influenced by the morphology of the deposited arrays. Thus, the morphological control of the optical activity in these nanostructures demonstrates significant optimization capability of the GLAD technique for fabricating chiral plasmonic materials.

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Controlling the Adsorption of Carbon Monoxide on Platinum Clusters by Dopant‐Induced Electronic Structure Modification
Authors: Ferrari Piero , Molina Luis M. , Kaydashev Vladimir E. , Alonso Julio A. , Lievens Peter , Janssens Ewald
Published: July 2016

A major drawback of state‐of‐the‐art proton exchange membrane fuel cells is the CO poisoning of platinum catalysts. It is known that CO poisoning is reduced if platinum alloys are used, but the underlying mechanism therefore is still under debate. We study the influence of dopant atoms on the CO adsorption on small platinum clusters using mass spectrometry experiments and density functional calculations. A significant reduction in the reactivity for Nb‐ and Mo‐doped clusters is attributed to electron transfer from those highly coordinated dopants to the Pt atoms and the concomitant lower CO binding energies. On the other hand Sn and Ag dopants have a lower Pt coordination and have a limited effect on the CO adsorption. Analysis of the density of states demonstrates a correlation of dopant‐induced changes in the electronic structure with the enhanced tolerance to CO poisoning.
Surface polarity of porous polymers at different coverages
Authors: Gus'kov Vladimir Yu. , Ganieva Alina G. , Kudasheva Florida Kh.
Published: July 2016

At different surface coverages (θs), the dispersion component (ΔFdisp) and specific components (induction and orientation interactions; ΔFio and donor‐acceptor interactions; ΔFda) of the sorption free energy and the polarities were calculated for three porous polymers: the microporous styrene–divinylbenzene copolymer Dowex L‐285, the microporous hypercrosslinked polystyrene MN‐200, and the macroporous styrene–divinylbenzene copolymer Polysorb‐1. Two methods were used to calculate ΔFdisp, ΔFio and ΔFda: the linear free energy relationship method and the Dong polarization method. For styrene–divinylbenzene sorbents, ΔFdisp decreased with θ, whereas ΔFio and ΔFda increased; this caused the polarity to rise. This phenomenon was caused by the sorbat–sorbat lateral interactions on the polymer's surface; these were stronger for polar molecules. In the case of hypercrosslinked polystyrene, ΔFdisp and ΔFio varied equally, and the polarity was almost constant. This trend could be explained by the absorption of the molecules into the bulk of the polymer; this prevented lateral interactions. We concluded that the lateral interactions were a function of the porous polymer's surface properties. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44146.
The Future of Ecosystem Services in Asia and the Pacific
Authors: Kubiszewski Ida , Anderson Sharolyn J. , Costanza Robert , Sutton Paul C.
Published: July 2016

We estimated the current value of ecosystem services for terrestrial ecosystems in 47 countries in the Asia and the Pacific region. Currently, these provide $US14 trillion/yr. in benefits, most of which are non‐marketed and do not show up in GDP. We also estimated the changes in terrestrial ecosystem services value for scenarios to the year 2050, built around the four Great Transition Initiative archetypes: (1) Market Forces (MF); (2) Fortress World (FW); (3) Policy Reform (PR); and (4) Great Transition (GT). Results show that under the MF and FW scenarios the ecosystem services value in the region continues to decline from $14 trillion/yr in 2011 to $11 and $9 trillion/yr in 2050, respectively. In the PR scenario, the value is maintained around $14 Trillion/yr in 2050 and in the GT scenario it is significantly restored to $17 Trillion/yr. We also show more detailed maps and results for 8 selected countries in the region (Bhutan, China, India, Philippines, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam) and compare our results with a previous national study of Bhutan. Our results indicate that adopting a set of policies like those assumed in the GT scenario would greatly enhance human wellbeing and sustainability in the region.
Development and validation of a quantification method for oleanolic acid and hederagenin in rat plasma: application to the pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Zhang Heng , Jing Fanbo , Zhang Zonglin
Published: July 2016

A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of oleanolic acid and hederagenin in rat plasma. After the two analytes were extracted with liquid–liquid extraction, chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column with acetonitrile and water (85:15, v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Calibration curves exhibited good linearity (r > 0.995) over the ranges of 0.41–82.0 ng/mL for oleanolic acid and 0.32–64.0 ng/mL for hederagenin, respectively. The lower limit of quantifications (LLOQs) in plasma were 0.41 ng/mL for oleanolic acid and 0.32 ng/mL for hederagenin. The established LLOQs were within the concentration needed for the assay in plasma, which met the requirements to evaluate their pharmacokinetics of oleanolic acid and hederagenin. This developed assay was successfully applied in the pharmacokinetic study of oleanolic acid and hederagenin in rats after oral administration of Rhizoma Clematidis extract.
Lentivirus‐mediated shRNA interference of ghrelin receptor blocks proliferation in the colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Liu An , Huang Chenggang , Xu Jia , Cai Xuehong
Published: July 2016

Ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide, acts via the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) to stimulate the release of growth hormone. Moreover, it has a range of biological actions, including the stimulation of food intake, modulation of insulin signaling and cardiovascular effects. Recently, it has been demonstrated that ghrelin has a proliferative and antiapoptotic effects in cancers, suggesting a potential role in promoting tumor growth. However, it remains unknown whether GHSR contributes to colorectal cancer proliferation. In this study, the therapeutic effect of lentivirus‐mediated short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting ghrelin receptor 1a (GHSR1a) was analyzed in colorectal cancer cell line SW480 both in vitro and in vivo. Our study demonstrated that ghrelin and GHSR1a are significantly upregulated in cancerous colorectal tissue samples and cell lines. In vitro, human colorectal cancer cell line SW480 with downregulation of GHSR1a by shRNA showed significant inhibition of cell viability compared with blank control (BC) or scrambled control (SC) regardless of the application of exogenous ghrelin. Furthermore, GHSR1a silencing by target specific shRNA was shown capable of increasing PTEN, inhibiting AKT phosphorylation and promoting the release of p53 in SW480 cells. In addition, the effects of GHSR1a knockdown were further explored in vivo using colorectal tumor xenograft mouse model. The tumor weights were decreased markedly in GHSR1α knockdown SW480 mouse xenograft tumors compared with blank control or negative control tumors. Our results suggested that the expression of GHSR1a is significantly correlated with the growth of colorectal cancer cells, and the GHSR1a knockdown approach may be a potential therapy for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
A novel hedgehog inhibitor iG2 suppresses tumorigenesis by impairing self‐renewal in human bladder cancer
Authors: Zhu Lihong , Ni Chen , Dong Baijun , Zhang Yong , Shi Yuefeng , Niu Haitao , Li Chong
Published: July 2016

Tumor recurrence is still a major challenge for clinical treatment of bladder cancer. Cumulative evidences indicate cancer stem cells (CSCs) contribute to drug resistance and leave a putative source for disease relapse. Identifying novel agents targeting CSCs may represent a new paradigm in the therapy of bladder cancer. Here, we separated a novel hedgehog (Hh) inhibitor, iG2, from streptomyces roseofulvus, which dramatically blocked the activation of Gli2 in bladder cancer cells. The iG2 strongly repressed the growth of cancer cells rather than the peri‐tumor stroma cells. Attenuated proliferation and enhanced apoptosis of tumor cells were observed upon iG2 stimulation. Furthermore, iG2 reduced the self‐renewal ability of bladder CSCs as well as the tumor formation. Collectively, iG2 is potentially used as a novel therapeutic agent for bladder cancer by targeting self‐renewal through inhibiting Hh pathway.
Blood‐based markers of efficacy and resistance to cetuximab treatment in metastatic colorectal cancer: results from CALGB 80203 (Alliance)
Authors: Hatch Ace J. , Sibley Alexander B. , Starr Mark D. , Brady J. Chris , Jiang Chen , Jia Jingquan , Bowers Daniel L. , Pang Herbert , Owzar Kouros , Niedzwiecki Donna , Innocenti Federico , Venook Alan P. , Hurwitz Herbert I. , Nixon Andrew B. ,   the Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology
Published: July 2016

Circulating protein markers were assessed in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) treated with cetuximab in CALGB 80203 to identify prognostic and predictive biomarkers. Patients with locally advanced or metastatic CRC received FOLFOX or FOLFIRI chemotherapy (chemo) or chemo in combination with cetuximab. Baseline plasma samples from 152 patients were analyzed for six candidate markers [epidermal growth factor (EGF), heparin‐binding EGF (HBEGF), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), HER2, HER3, and CD73]. Analyte levels were associated with survival endpoints using univariate Cox proportional hazards models. Predictive markers were identified using a treatment‐by‐marker interaction term in the Cox model. Plasma levels of EGF, HBEGF, HER3, and CD73 were prognostic for overall survival (OS) across all patients (KRAS mutant and wild‐type). High levels of EGF predicted for lack of OS benefit from cetuximab in KRAS wild‐type (WT) patients (chemo HR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.74–1.29; chemo+cetuximab HR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.05–2.25; interaction P = 0.045) and benefit from cetuximab in KRAS mutant patients (chemo HR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.02–2.92; chemo+cetuximab HR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.67–1.21; interaction P = 0.026). Across all patients, higher HER3 levels were associated with significant OS benefit from cetuximab treatment (chemo HR = 4.82, 95% CI = 1.68–13.84; chemo+cetuximab HR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.31–2.95; interaction P = 0.046). CD73 was also identified as predictive of OS benefit in KRAS WT patients (chemo HR = 1.28, 95% CI = 0.88–1.84; chemo+cetuximab HR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.32–1.13; interaction P = 0.049). Although these results are preliminary, and confirmatory studies are necessary before clinical application, the data suggest that HER3 and CD73 may play important roles in the biological response to cetuximab.
Rational Design of Lanthanoid Single‐Ion Magnets: Predictive Power of the Theoretical Models
Authors: Baldoví José J. , Duan Yan , Morales Roser , Gaita‐Ariño Alejandro , Ruiz Eliseo , Coronado Eugenio
Published: July 2016

We report two new single‐ion magnets (SIMs) of a family of oxydiacetate lanthanide complexes with D3 symmetry to test the predictive capabilities of complete active space ab initio methods (CASSCF and CASPT2) and the semiempirical radial effective charge (REC) model. Comparison of the theoretical predictions of the energy levels, wave functions and magnetic properties with detailed spectroscopic and magnetic characterisation is used to critically discuss the limitations of these theoretical approaches. The need for spectroscopic information for a reliable description of the properties of lanthanide SIMs is emphasised.
Halogen Bonding in Organic Synthesis and Organocatalysis
Authors: Bulfield David , Huber Stefan M.
Published: July 2016

Halogen bonding is a noncovalent interaction similar to hydrogen bonding, which is based on electrophilic halogen substituents. Hydrogen‐bonding‐based organocatalysis is a well‐established strategy which has found numerous applications in recent years. In light of this, halogen bonding has recently been introduced as a key interaction for the design of activators or organocatalysts that is complementary to hydrogen bonding. This Concept features a discussion on the history and electronic origin of halogen bonding, summarizes all relevant examples of its application in organocatalysis, and provides an overview on the use of cationic or polyfluorinated halogen‐bond donors in halide abstraction reactions or in the activation of neutral organic substrates.
A Modular Class of Fluorescent Difluoroboranes: Synthesis, Structure, Optical Properties, Theoretical Calculations and Applications for Biological Imaging
Authors: Bachollet Sylvestre P. J. T. , Volz Daniel , Fiser Béla , Münch Stephan , Rönicke Franziska , Carrillo Jokin , Adams Harry , Schepers Ute , Gómez‐Bengoa Enrique , Bräse Stefan , Harrity Joseph P. A.
Published: July 2016

Ten borylated bipyridines (BOBIPYs) have been synthesized and selected structural modifications have been made that allow useful structure–optical property relationships to be gathered. These systems have been further investigated using DFT calculations and spectroscopic measurements, showing blue to green fluorescence with quantum yields up to 41 %. They allow full mapping of the structure to determine where selected functionalities can be implemented, to tune the optical properties or to incorporate linking groups. The best derivative was thus functionalised with an alkyne linker, which would enable further applications through click chemistry and in this optic, the stability of the fluorophores has been evaluated.
Prefunctionalized Porous Organic Polymers: Effective Supports of Surface Palladium Nanoparticles for the Enhancement of Catalytic Performances in Dehalogenation
Authors: Zhong Hong , Liu Caiping , Zhou Hanghui , Wang Yangxin , Wang Ruihu
Published: July 2016

Three porous organic polymers (POPs) containing H, COOMe, and COO− groups at 2,6‐bis(1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)pyridyl (BTP) units (i.e., POP‐1, POP‐2, and POP‐3, respectively) were prepared for the immobilization of metal nanoparticles (NPs). The ultrafine palladium NPs are uniformly encapsulated in the interior pores of POP‐1, whereas uniform‐ and dual‐distributed palladium NPs are located on the external surface of POP‐2 and POP‐3, respectively. The presence of carboxylate groups not only endows POP‐3 an outstanding dispersibility in H2O/EtOH, but also enables the palladium NPs at the surface to show the highest catalytic activity, stability, and recyclability in dehalogenation reactions of chlorobenzene at 25 °C. The palladium NPs on the external surface are effectively stabilized by the functionalized POPs containing BTP units and carboxylate groups, which provides a new insight for highly efficient catalytic systems based on surface metal NPs of porous materials.
Dual Antiplatelet Therapy and Outcomes in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Acute Coronary Syndromes Managed Medically Without Revascularization: Insights From the TRILOGY ACS Trial
Authors: Jackson Larry R. , Piccini Jonathan P. , Cyr Derek D. , Roe Matthew T. , Neely Megan L. , Martinez Felipe , Lüscher Thomas F. , Lopes Renato D. , Winters Kenneth J. , White Harvey D. , Armstrong Paul W. , Fox Keith A.A. , Prabhakaran Dorairaj , Bhatt Deepak L. , Magnus Ohman E. , Corbalán Ramón
Published: July 2016

Associations between atrial fibrillation (AF), outcomes, and response to antiplatelet therapies in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) managed medically without revascularization remain uncertain. We examined these associations for medically managed ACS patients randomized to dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) using patient data from the TRILOGY ACS trial. DAPT included aspirin plus clopidogrel 75 mg/d or prasugrel 10 mg/d (5 mg/d for those <60 kg or age ≥75 years). Patients receiving oral anticoagulants were excluded. Cox proportional hazards regression modeling was used to characterize associations between patients with AF (AF+) vs those without (AF−) and risk of ischemic and bleeding events, and to explore effects of randomized treatment on outcomes. Among 9101 patients with baseline AF status, 710 (7.8%) had AF. AF+ patients were older and had more comorbidities. Unadjusted associations of the composite of cardiovascular death/myocardial infarction/stroke were significantly higher among AF patients at 30 months (31.1% vs 18.4%; HR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.35‐1.92, P < 0.001), but differences did not persist after adjustment (HR: 1.16, 95% CI: 0.97‐1.39, P = 0.11). When individual components of the composite endpoint were evaluated, 30‐month risk of events in AF+ patients was significantly higher. Thirty‐month risk of all‐cause death was significantly higher in AF+ patients: 18.1% vs 11.1% (HR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.30‐2.02, P < 0.001). There was no significant interaction with randomized treatment and AF for the primary endpoint. Among medically managed high‐risk ACS patients receiving DAPT, AF was associated with higher unadjusted risks of ischemic and bleeding outcomes that were similar by treatment group.
Does stream flow structure woody riparian vegetation in subtropical catchments?
Authors: James Cassandra S. , Mackay Stephen J. , Arthington Angela H. , Capon Samantha J. , Barnes Anna , Pearson Ben
Published: July 2016

The primary objective of this study was to test the relevance of hydrological classification and class differences to the characteristics of woody riparian vegetation in a subtropical landscape in Queensland, Australia. We followed classification procedures of the environmental flow framework ELOHA – Ecological Limits of Hydrologic Alteration. Riparian surveys at 44 sites distributed across five flow classes recorded 191 woody riparian species and 15, 500 individuals. There were differences among flow classes for riparian species richness, total abundance, and abundance of regenerating native trees and shrubs. There were also significant class differences in the occurrence of three common tree species, and 21 indicator species (mostly native taxa) further distinguished the vegetation characteristics of each flow class. We investigated the influence of key drivers of riparian vegetation structure (climate, depth to water table, stream‐specific power, substrate type, degree of hydrologic alteration, and land use) on riparian vegetation. Patterns were explained largely by climate, particularly annual rainfall and temperature. Strong covarying drivers (hydrology and climate) prevented us from isolating the independent influences of these drivers on riparian assemblage structure. The prevalence of species considered typically rheophytic in some flow classes implies a more substantial role for flow in these classes but needs further testing. No relationships were found between land use and riparian vegetation composition and structure. This study demonstrates the relevance of flow classification to the structure of riparian vegetation in a subtropical landscape, and the influence of covarying drivers on riparian patterns. Management of environmental flows to influence riparian vegetation assemblages would likely have most potential in sites dominated by rheophytic species where hydrological influences override other controls. In contrast, where vegetation assemblages are dominated by a diverse array of typical rainforest species, and other factors including broad‐scale climatic gradients and topographic variables have greater influence than hydrology, riparian vegetation is likely to be less responsive to environmental flow management.
Warm vegetarians? Heat waves and diet shifts in tadpoles
Authors: Carreira B. M. , Segurado P. , Orizaola G. , Gonçalves N. , Pinto V. , Laurila A. , Rebelo R.
Published: July 2016

Temperature can play an important role in determining the feeding preferences of ectotherms. In light of the warmer temperatures arising with the current climatic changes, omnivorous ectotherms may perform diet shifts toward higher herbivory to optimize energetic intake. Such diet shifts may also occur during heat waves, which are projected to become more frequent, intense, and longer lasting in the future. Here, we investigated how heat waves of different duration affect feeding preferences in omnivorous anuran tadpoles and how these choices affect larval life history. In laboratory experiments, we fed tadpoles of three species on animal, plant, or mixed diet and exposed them to short heat waves (similar to the heat waves these species experience currently) or long heat waves (predicted to increase under climate change). We estimated the dietary choices of tadpoles fed on the mixed diet using stable isotopes and recorded tadpole survival and growth, larval period, and mass at metamorphosis. Tadpole feeding preferences were associated with their thermal background, with herbivory increasing with breeding temperature in nature. Patterns in survival, growth, and development generally support decreased efficiency of carnivorous diets and increased efficiency or higher relative quality of herbivorous diets at higher temperatures. All three species increased herbivory in at least one of the heat wave treatments, but the responses varied among species. Diet shifts toward higher herbivory were maladaptive in one species, but beneficial in the other two. Higher herbivory in omnivorous ectotherms under warmer temperatures may impact species differently and further contribute to changes in the structure and function of freshwater environments.
Coexistence of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and endomyocardial fibrosis with calcification: diagnosis using multimodality imaging
Authors: Muthukumar Lakshmi , Jan M. Fuad , Whitnah Joseph , Tajik A. Jamil
Published: July 2016

A 48‐year‐old man from West Africa was evaluated for dyspnea. Echocardiography showed an echolucent mass at the left ventricular apex surrounded by a dense ridge of tissue, suggesting endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF). Doppler echocardiography showed restrictive hemodynamics and intramyocardial coronary blood flow at the hypertrophied apex, suggesting apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (ApHCM) with calcified thrombus. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed a thickened myocardium with apical cavity obliteration and endomyocardial calcification, and gadolinium contrast demonstrated marked bright subendocardial and diffuse patchy intramyocardial hyperenhancement in the hypertrophied apical wall segment, confirming coexistence of EMF and ApHCM. Workup for known disorders of calcification was negative.
Nitrene–Nitrene Rearrangement under Thermal, Photochemical, and Electron‐Impact Conditions: The 2‐Azidopyridines/Tetrazolo[1,5‐a]pyridines
Authors: Wentrup Curt , Braybrook Carl , Liu Shanshan , Tzschucke C. Christoph , Dargelos Alain , Bégué Didier
Published: July 2016

15N‐Labeling demonstrates that the two nitrogen atoms in the 2‐pyridylnitrene radical cation 2·+ become equivalent prior to fragmentation in the mass spectrometer. Furthermore, the mass spectra of 6‐ and 7‐tetrazolo[1,4‐a]pyridine are identical, as are those of 5‐ and 8‐tetrazolo[1,5‐a]pyridine, thereby again demonstrating interconversion of the nitrogen atoms in 2‐pyridylnitrenes. These rearrangements parallel the reactions established under thermal (flash vacuum pyrolysis) and photochemical condition. Calculations of the energies of ground and transition states at the CASPT2(7,8) level support the notion that 2‐pyridylnitrenes undergo very easy and exothermic ring expansion to 1,3‐diazacycloheptatetraene 3, both in the neutrals and the radical cations. In addition, the ring opening to 4‐cyanobutadienylnitrene 4 can take place in both the neutrals and the radical cations with modest activation barriers.
Physicochemical and sensory quality of yogurt incorporated with pectin from peel of Citrus sinensis
Authors: Arioui Fatiha , Ait Saada Djamel , Cheriguene Abderrahim
Published: July 2016

Industrial by‐product like orange peel plays an important role in pectin manufacture. The objective of this article was to extract pectin from peel of Citrus sinensis and to study the effect of its incorporation on the quality of yogurt during the period of fermentation and postacidification. Physicochemical, organoleptic, and rheological properties of yogurt prepared with pectin were studied in order to determine the best preparation depending on the rate of pectin. The extraction pectin yield was estimated to more than 24%. The viscosity and acidity were increased with increasing of the pectin rate. The best viscosity value was obtained with 0.6% of pectin. Furthermore, the effect of the rate of pectin incorporation in the fermented milks was clearly observed on the number of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus, the cohesiveness, the adhesiveness, the taste, and the whey exudation.
Heterogeneity of MYCN amplification in neuroblastoma at diagnosis, treatment, relapse, and metastasis
Authors: Marrano Paula , Irwin Meredith S. , Thorner Paul S.
Published: July 2016

Amplification of the MYCN gene in neuroblastoma is associated with a poor prognosis and is considered to remain unchanged in post‐treatment specimens and metastases. While heterogeneity of MYCN copy number in tumor cells has been reported, serial samples have only been studied in a limited way, and the biologic relevance of this finding is not well understood. We used in situ hybridization on paraffin sections of 102 specimens from 30 patients with MYCN‐amplified neuroblastoma to determine MYCN copy number in the primary tumor, pre‐ and post‐treatment, and in metastatic samples. Nineteen cases (63%) showed diffuse MYCN amplification in all samples tested. Nine cases (30%) showed a reduction in MYCN copy number: five cases with diffuse amplification subsequently showed focal amplification, one case with diffuse MYCN amplification showed MYCN gain after treatment, and three focally amplified cases were non‐amplified in later specimens. In two cases (7%), focal amplification became diffuse in subsequent samples. Histology was not predictive of the temporal or spatial pattern of MYCN amplification for a particular tumor. If extent of amplification (focal vs. diffuse) is not considered, 26/30 (87%) of cases were consistently MYCN‐amplified. However, our data suggest that MYCN status can be heterogeneous between tumor sites, during tumor progression or following treatment, challenging the notion that MYCN copy number does not change for a particular neuroblastoma. Assessing the biologic significance of MYCN heterogeneity will require larger studies of clinically annotated tumor samples, and will depend on interpreting heterogeneity in MYCN status in combination with other genetic changes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐term outcomes after multidisciplinary management of T3 laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas: Improved functional outcomes and survival with modern therapeutic approaches
Authors: Fuller Clifton D. , Mohamed Abdallah S. R. , Garden Adam S. , Gunn G. Brandon , Mulcahy Collin F. , Zafereo Mark , Phan Jack , Lai Stephen Y. , Lewin Jan S. , Hutcheson Katherine A. , Frank Steven J. , Beadle Beth M. , Morrison William H. , El‐Naggar Adel K. , Kocak–Uzel Esengul , Ginsberg Lawrence E. , Kies Merril S. , Weber Randal S. , Rosenthal David I.
Published: July 2016

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long‐term outcomes after initial definitive or adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) for T3 laryngeal cancers.

Methods

We reviewed 412 patients treated for T3 laryngeal squamous cell cancer from 1985 to 2011.

Results

The 10‐year overall survival (OS) was 35%; disease‐specific‐survival (DSS) was 61%; locoregional control was 76%; and freedom from distant metastasis was 83%. Chemotherapy, age, performance status <2, node‐negative status, and glottic subsite were associated with improved survival (all p < .03). Larynx preservation with induction and/or concurrent chemoradiotherapy (LP‐CRT) had better laryngectomy‐free survival than RT alone (LP‐RT; hazard ratio [HR] = 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.47–0.81; p = .0005); 10‐year laryngectomy‐free survival rates of the LP‐CRT cohort (37%) were higher than those of the LP‐RT cohort (18%). The 5‐year DSS and OS rates of the LP‐CRT cohort (79% and 67%) were better after total laryngectomy with postoperative RT (TL‐PORT; 61% and 50%) and LP‐RT (64% and 46%; p < .006 for all).

Conclusion

In patients with T3 laryngeal cancers, LP‐CRT provides better functional, oncologic, and survival outcomes than historical TL‐PORT or LP‐RT does. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 1739–1751, 2016
Perceptions of male rape and sexual assault in a male sample from the United Kingdom: Barriers to reporting and the impacts of victimization
Authors: Hammond Laura , Ioannou Maria , Fewster Martha
Published: July 2016

The present study explored the prevalence of myths about male sexual assault, assault by penetration, and rape in a male general population sample (N = 98; mean age = 26.17 years), with the aim of determining potential barriers to the reporting of incidents of male sexual victimization and reasons for reluctance to report. In addition, the impacts of prior experience of male sexual victimization, both direct and indirect, on rape and sexual assault myth acceptance and on attitudes to reporting were evaluated. Participants completed an online survey indicating their levels of agreement with a range of statements reflecting different rape and sexual assault myths identified within the previous literature. Overall, there were high levels of disagreement (>90%) with the majority of the statements. The only items generating higher agreement ratings were those suggesting that the police are unlikely to take male sexual victimization seriously and—where the offence in question was sexual assault or assault by penetration and the perpetrator female—that men should be able to defend themselves against such crimes. Those without any prior experience of male sexual victimization tended to disagree more with the rape myths than those with previous experience. When asked whether they would report these offences if they were to happen to them, participants said that they were more likely to report each of the types of offences when the perpetrator was male than when they were female. Potential implications of the findings, for male sex offence investigations and for the criminal justice system more generally, are discussed.
Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Carbonized PAN Nanofibers Cohesively Attached to Surface of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites
Authors: Alarifi Ibrahim M. , Alharbi Abdulaziz , Khan Waseem S. , Rahman AKM Samsur , Asmatulu Ramazan
Published: July 2016

Unidirecitonal pre‐preg carbon fibers of ten peel plies were laid up at 0‐, 45‐, −45‐, and 45‐degree stacking sequences on a flat and smooth aluminum (Al) plate, and then carbonized electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers were placed on top of the last ply prior to vacuum curing in a vacuum oven. The PAN electrospun fibers were oxidized at 280°C in an ambient condition for 1 hr and then carbonized at 850°C for 1 hr in an argon (Ar) gas atmosphere. The resultant composite panels were cut into small pieces and subjected to a number of different characterization techniques. Thermal mechanical analysis (TMA) measurements clearly showed that significant reinforcement was achieved for the pre‐preg/carbonized PAN fiber composites because of the enhanced interfacial bonding between the PAN nanofibers and the matrix. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) tests exhibited a shift of the glass transition temperature of the carbonized PAN nanofiber/composite, which may be helpful for high‐temperature applications of the present composites. A Raman spectroscopy peak around 897 cm−1 indicated formation of the γ‐phase of the carbonized PAN fibers. The highest stretching peak of the CH2 group was recognized within the range of 2,500–2,800 cm−1 for the carbonized fibers. The vibration peak of the CN group also appeared at 1,452 cm−1 spectrum. TMA determined the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), indicating an improvement in stability of the composite material, which can be useful for structural health monitoring (SHM) as well as lightning strikes and electromagnetic interference shielding applications of new carbon fiber composites.
Morphology and Thermomechanical Properties in Epoxy Acrylate Interpenetrated Networks
Authors: Butterfield Lena , Bobo Emilie , Li Wenlong , Henning Sven , Delpouve Nicolas , Tan Li , Saiter Jean‐Marc , Negahban Mehrdad
Published: July 2016

Interpenetrated Polymer Networks (IPNs) were produced from the simultaneous UV‐photocuring of Bisphenol A propoxylate diacrylate (BPA‐PDA) and 3,4‐epoxycyclohexylmethyl 3,4‐epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate (ECH) under a polychromatic source. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were used to investigate the morphology of the samples, when dependence in thermal stability with the composition was evidenced from Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The aptitude to create a wide range of thermomechanical properties was investigated towards Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Dynamic mechanical Analysis (DMA) and tensile tests. Post‐curing contributes to increase the glass transition and the strain at break of the materials, and is also responsible to higher resistance to thermal degradation. Results show promising possibilities for the future development of graded materials with property control at different scales.
Sulfonation of Poly(arylene Ethers) and ABA Triblock Copolymers With a Mild Sulfonation Agent
Authors: Agudelo Natalia A. , Palacio Juliana , López Betty L.
Published: July 2016

A series of sulfonated polymers from poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) and poly(ether ether sulfone) (PEES) were obtained using acetyl sulfate as mild sulfonating agent. The thermoplastic polymers PEEK and PEES were synthesized by polycondensation reactions and sulfonated by electrophilic substitutions of the most activated positions in the aromatic polymer structure. The sulfonation reaction was performed between 40 °C to 60 °C varying the reaction time from 3 h to 12 h to obtain different Degrees of Sulfonation (DS). The modification of these polymers was corroborated by spectroscopic techniques and the thermal properties were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Finally, ABA triblock copolymers, such as PMMA‐PEEK‐PMMA and PMMA‐PEES‐PMMA, were sulfonated under soft reactions conditions, and the modification of middle block of each copolymer was confirmed by different techniques.
Psychogenic “Jumpy Stump”
Authors: Davis Jennie L. , Kurek Julie A. , Sethi Kapil D. , Morgan John C.
Published: July 2016

View Supplementary Video 1