bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A note on slant submanifolds of nearly trans-Sasakian manifolds
Authors: Al-Solamy Falleh , Khan Viqar
Published: December 2009

The geometry of slant submanifolds of a nearly trans-Sasakian manifold is studied when the tensor field Q is parallel. It is proved that Q is not parallel on the submanifold unless it is anti-invariant and thus the result of [CABRERIZO, J. L.—CARRIAZO, A.—FERNANDEZ, L. M.—FERNANDEZ, M.: Slant submanifolds in Sasakian manifolds, Glasg. Math. J. 42 (2000), 125–138] and [GUPTA, R. S.—KHURSHEED HAIDER, S. M.—SHARFUDIN, A.: Slant submanifolds of a trans-Sasakian manifold, Bull. Math. Soc. Sci. Math. Roumanie (N.S.) 47 (2004), 45–57] are generalized.
Lexical Classes and the Conative Construction in Old English
Authors: Acevedo Eulalia
Published: December 2009

Lexical Classes and the Conative Construction in Old English

This paper is concerned with the description of the event structure and the meaning components that motivate the realization of the conative construction within some canonical Old English verb classes. In the same line as the latest proposals framed within the Lexical Constructional Model, this kind of description is intended to evidence the essential role of semantic features that are not necessarily realized in the syntax and thus help elucidate and comprehend lexical-constructional processes. Besides, this work seeks to establish adequate criteria to identify the conative construction and provides insights into the distribution of diathetic alternations associated to the conative construction in Old English.
The Pedagogic Grammarian's Dilemma: Modality and Personality in Grammatical Description
Authors: Berry Roger
Published: December 2009

The Pedagogic Grammarian's Dilemma: Modality and Personality in Grammatical Description

This paper investigates an issue that I call the "pedagogic grammarian's dilemma": the choice facing writers of pedagogic grammars between being specific about grammar and risking being wrong, or hedging and risking being vague, as formulated by Henry Widdowson (1997). Using two corpora of grammatical description, it examines how a number of exponents of modality are used to hedge and finds firstly that they are far more common than in ordinary text. More importantly there is a link between the use of such modality and the approach to personality chosen in the grammars: hedging is more common when the more friendly YOU is used to address users than when WE is used; this suggests an interpersonal (as well as epistemic) motivation for the hedging. Overall the response of the grammars studied to the pedagogic grammarian's dilemma is to hedge, in order, it seems, to avoid being prescriptive.
Sit-to-Stand Movement as a Performance-Based Measure for Patients With Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Boonstra Miranda C. , Schwering Paul J.A. , De Waal Malefijt Maarten C. , Verdonschot Nico
Published: December 2009

Background

Functional recovery of patients after a total knee arthroplasty (TKA) usually is measured with questionnaires. However, these self-report measures assess the patient's perspective on his or her ability to perform a task. Performance-based tests are needed to assess the patient's actual ability to perform a task.

Objective

The main purpose of this study was to quantify improvement in performance of the sit-to-stand movement of patients with a TKA.

Design and Methods

In this prospective study of 16 patients with end-stage knee osteoarthritis followed by a TKA, the maximal knee angular extension velocity and amount of unloading (shifting weight) of the affected leg during the sit-to-stand movement and the visual analog scale score for pain were assessed preoperatively and 6 months and 1 year postoperatively. These data were compared with data for a control group of individuals who were healthy (n=27).

Results

Before surgery, the participants in the TKA group unloaded their affected leg, but within 6 months after implantation, the affected leg was almost fully loaded again and comparable to the loading symmetry ratio of the control group. Furthermore, knee extension velocity also had increased, but remained lower than that of the control group. The changes in knee extension velocity took place during the first 6 months, after which a plateau was visible.

Limitations

A potential limitation of the study design was that the patients were not perfectly matched with the control subjects.

Conclusions

Implantation of a total knee prosthesis partly improved performance of the sit-to-stand movement. Participants in the TKA group could fully load their operated leg, but they could not generate enough knee angular velocity during rising compared with the control group.
Economically Disadvantaged Children’s Transitions Into Elementary School
Authors: Crosnoe Robert , Cooper Carey E.
Published: December 2009

Working from a core perspective on the developmental implications of economic disadvantage, this study attempted to identify family-based mechanisms of economic effects on early learning and their potential school-based remedies. Multilevel analysis of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Kindergarten Cohort revealed that the accumulation of markers of economic disadvantage reduced math and reading testing gains across the primary grades. Such disparities were partially mediated by corresponding differences in children’s socioemotional problems, parenting stress, and parents’ human capital investments. These patterns appeared to be robust to observed and unobserved confounds. Various teacher qualifications and classroom practices were assessed as moderators of these family mediators, revealing teacher experience in grade level as a fairly consistent buffer against family-based risks for reading.
Modified Biplanar Chevron Osteotomy
Authors: Corte-Real Nuno M. , Moreira Rodrigo M.
Published: December 2009

Background: The surgical treatment of hallux valgus with an increased distal metatarsal articular angle (DMAA) should include the correction of this angle to maintain a congruent joint. The purpose of this study was to report our results with this procedure. Materials and Methods: From January 2000 until December 2006, 23 feet (13 patients) with an increased DMAA were operated upon by the same surgeon using a biplanar chevron osteotomy. The technique was modified making the plantar cut more horizontal and only removing a wedge from the dorsal cut. Clinical and radiographic evaluation was made after a mean followup of 56 months. The AOFAS score for the hallux was used and angular deformities were measured. The patients had a mean age of 51 years and were all female. Results: A good functional result was achieved with a mean AOFAS score of 87. An improvement of the angular deformities was noted in all patients. The mean hallux valgus angle improved from 28 degrees pre-op to 14 degrees post-op, the intermetatarsal angle from 12 degrees to 7 degrees and the DMAA from 20 degrees to 7 degrees. All patients except one were satisfied with the outcome of the procedure. Minimally symptomatic AVN of the metatarsal head was observed in one foot. Conclusions: We conclude that this procedure is a good choice for the treatment of symptomatic hallux valgus with an increased DMAA, producing a good clinical and radiographic result.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Comparison of the Proximal Chevron and Ludloff Osteotomies for the Correction of Hallux Valgus
Authors: Choi Woo Jin , Yoon Han Kook , Yoon Hang Seob , Kim Bom Soo , Lee Jin Woo
Published: December 2009

Background: Although several studies have described good results of proximal chevron and Ludloff osteotomies, there have been no studies comparing the results of these two techniques at a single institution. Materials and Methods: We consecutively evaluated 46 patients who underwent proximal chevron osteotomies and 52 patients who underwent Ludloff osteotomies. Patients were evaluated by preoperative and postoperative weight bearing radiographs and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) hallux MP score. Results: Both groups had similarly high AOFAS scores and good correction by radiographic parameters. No statistically significant differences were found with respect to correction of hallux valgus angle (HVA) and intermetatarsal angle (IMA) between the two groups. Significant shortening of the first metatarsal was found after Ludloff osteotomy ( p < 0.05). At 6 weeks after surgery, the pain subscore was significantly lower in the proximal chevron group than in the Ludloff group ( p < 0.05). Conclusions: The proximal chevron and Ludloff osteotomies yielded equivalent clinical and radiological results. The Ludloff osteotomy with lag screw fixation is more stable and does not require postoperative hardware removal, although it is technically demanding and has a tendency toward greater shortening of the first metatarsal.

Level of Evidence: III, Retrospective Comparative Study
New Radiographic Parameters Assessing Forefoot Abduction in the Adult Acquired Flatfoot Deformity
Authors: Ellis Scott J. , Yu Joseph C. , Williams Benjamin R. , Lee Cheol , Chiu Ya-lin , Deland Jonathan T.
Published: December 2009

Background: Stage II flatfoot secondary to posterior tibial tendon insufficiency may be subclassified into mild (IIa) and severe (IIb) deformity based on the degree of talonavicular abduction. Current assessment of this abduction is difficult. We hypothesized that two new anteroposterior radiographic parameters, the lateral talonavicular incongruency angle (IA) and incongruency distance (ID) would demonstrate good reliability, correlate with current abduction parameters, and differ in IIb deformity, IIa deformity, and controls. Materials and Methods: Preoperative radiographs for consecutive patients undergoing flatfoot reconstruction were reviewed and subdivided into those with a Stage IIb ( n = 32) or Stage IIa ( n = 8) deformity. A third group of patients without flatfoot served as control ( n = 30). Radiographs were measured blindly by two investigators. Reliability was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), correlation with existing parameters with Pearson coefficients, and comparison between groups with analysis of variance. Results: The mean intrarater and interrater ICC's for the IA (0.88 and 0.81, respectively) were high. The IA correlated well with the coverage angle ( r = 0.86) and uncoverage percent ( r = 0.76). The IA was higher in the IIb versus IIa patients ( p = 0.007) and in the IIb group versus control ( p < 0.001). The ID demonstrated excellent reliability (ICC's of 0.83 and 0.83), but correlated poorly with the two other abduction parameters ( r = −0.59 and −0.49) and failed to differentiate between the three groups ( p = 0.0528). Conclusion: This data suggests that the IA is reliable and may help subclassify Stage II flatfoot deformity.

Level of Evidence: III, Retrospective Comparative Study
Risk Factors for Failure of Transmetatarsal Amputation in Diabetic Patients: A Cohort Study
Authors: Younger Alastair SE , Awwad Mohammed A. , Kalla Timothy P. , Vries Gwyneth de
Published: December 2009

Introduction: This study analysed the factors affecting wound healing of a transmetatarsal amputation (TMA) in patients with diabetes. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one patients who failed a TMA and were revised to transtibial amputation (TTA) within the first year were compared with a matched cohort of 21 successful TMA's. The factors compared included demographics, systemic issues, and local conditions in the foot. Chi-square comparisons were used for group data, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for numeric data. Results: Blood glucose control as measured by HbA1c was the most important single factor predicting the success of TMA. Need for debridement after TMA was also found to be a significant predictor of failure of TMA. There was a trend towards duration of ulcer prior to TMA and smoking being significant. All other variables, including vascular status or renal failure were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion: The primary factor determining the success of a TMA was the quality of glucose control. The results of this study can be extrapolated to diabetic patients undergoing other types of surgery, with preoperative diabetic control as measured by HbA1c being an important determinant of the outcome of surgery. As a result of this study we currently do not perform any elective, trauma or emergency surgery on diabetic patients with an HbA1c of over 8 unless the need for surgery is to save life or limb.

Level of Evidence: III, Retrospective Comparative Study
Intraoperative Mechanical Bone Strength Determination in Tibiotalocalcaneal Fusion: A Biomechanical Investigation
Authors: Klos Kajetan , Windolf Markus , Schwieger Karsten , Kuhn Philipp , Hänni Markus , Gueorguiev Boyko , Hofmann Gunther O. , Mückley Thomas
Published: December 2009

Background: Bone strength is currently measured with indirect techniques. We investigated the use of an intraoperative mechanical measurement for local bone strength determination and prediction of intramedullary-nail fusion failure. We investigated whether intraoperative local bone strength determination may be useful to the surgeon in predicting intramedullary nail hindfoot fusion performance. Materials and Methods: In seven human specimens, bone mineral density (BMD) was determined with qCT. A device (DensiProbe™) specially devised for nailed tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis (TTCA) was inserted at the intended calcaneal screw sites of an intramedullary nail, and the cancellous break-away torque was measured. The constructs were then cyclically loaded to failure in dorsiflexionplantarfexion. Results: The BMD range was wide (42.8 to 185.9 mg HA/cm 3 ). The proximal-screw site peak torque was 0.47 to 1.61 Nm; distal-screw site peak torque was 0.24 to 1.06 Nm. The number of cycles to failure correlated with peak torque both proximally ( p = 0.021; r 2 = 0.69) and distally ( p = 0.001; r 2 = 0.92). Proximally, peak torque did not correlate with BMD ( p = 0.060; r 2 = 0.54); distally, it correlated significantly ( p = 0.003; r 2 = 0.86). Conclusion: DensiProbe™ measurements can be used in the hindfoot to assess bone strength. In this study, specimens that failed early could be identified. However, in clinical practice fusion failure is multifactorial in origin, and failure prediction cannot be based upon peak torque measurements alone. Clinical Relevance: The technique described here may be of use to give an intraoperative decision aid to predict intramedullary nail hindfoot fusion performance.
Kinematic Analysis of Runners with Achilles Mid-Portion Tendinopathy
Authors: Ryan Michael , Grau Stefan , Krauss Inga , Maiwald Christian , Taunton Jack , Horstmann Thomas
Published: December 2009

Background: Despite anecdotal evidence linking overpronation to the onset of Achilles tendinopathy (AT), there is little conclusive evidence of a particular movement pattern of the lower extremity associated with this injury. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to observe differences in the kinematic profiles of healthy runners (CON) and runners with mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy (ATG). Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional analysis, 48 male height and weight matched subjects were invited to participate: 27 with mid-portion Achilles tendon pain and 21 asymptomatic controls. Subjects underwent lower extremity clinical examination, then ran barefoot for 10-trials at a self-selected pace. A 3D motion capture system analysed tri-plane kinematic data for the lower extremity. Results: The ATG displayed significantly greater sub-talar joint eversion displacement during mid-stance of the running gait (13 ± 3 degrees vs. 11 ± 3 degrees; p = 0.04). Trends were observed such that the ATG showed lower peak dorsiflexion velocity (300 ± 39 degrees/s vs. 330 ± 59 degrees/s; p = 0.08) and greater overall frontal plane ankle joint range of motion (45 degrees ± 7 vs. 41 degrees ± 7; p = 0.09). Conclusion: We found an increase in eversion displacement of the sub-talar joint in runners with Achilles mid-portion tendinopathy. Based on the findings from this study, there is evidence that devices used to control sub-talar eversion may be warranted in patients with Achilles mid-portion tendinopathy who demonstrate over-pronation during mid-stance of the running gait.

Level of Evidence: III, Comparative Study
Surgical Anatomy of the Proximal Release of the Gastrocnemius: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Hamilton Paul D. , Brown Matthew , Ferguson Neil , Adebibe Miriam , Maggs Joanna , Solan Matthew
Published: December 2009

Background: The importance of isolated gastrocnemius contracture in disorders of the foot and ankle has been established in recent years. The aim of this study was to describe the proximal anatomical approach to the medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius and to compare the sizes of the medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius. Materials and Methods: 15 cadaveric extremities were dissected using a posterior approach 1 cm below the level of the skin crease. Proximity of cutaneous nerves and major vessels was noted. The heads of the gastrocnemius were dissected from their origin and the cross sectional anatomy was assessed. Results: Approach to the medial head of gastrocnemius was safe. Conversely the variable anatomy of the nerves in the approach to the lateral head meant that extreme care must be taken if complications are to be avoided. The aponeurosis of the medial head of gastrocnemius was 2.4 times the cross-sectional area compared to the lateral head. Conclusion: In this study we describe a safe posterior approach to the medial aponeurosis of the gastrocnemius and also describe the different sizes of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius heads. Clinical Relevance: We conclude that the approach to the medial head of gastrocnemius is free from neurovascular structures and that release of the medial head alone may be efficacious in the operative treatment of isolated gastrocnemius tightness that has failed non-operative treatment.
Comparison of Calcaneal Fixation of a Retrograde Intramedullary Nail with a Fixed-Angle Spiral Blade Versus a Fixed-Angle Screw
Authors: Klos Kajetan , Gueorguiev Boyko , Schwieger Karsten , Fröber Rosemarie , Brodt Steffen , Hofmann Gunther O. , Windolf Markus , Mückley Thomas
Published: December 2009

Background: Retrograde intramedullary nailing is an established technique for tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis (TTCA). In poor bone stock (osteoporosis, neuroarthropathy), device fixation in the hindfoot remains a problem. Fixed-angle spiral-blade fixation of the nail in the calcaneus could be useful. Materials and Methods: In seven matched pairs of human below-knee specimens, bone mineral density (BMD) was determined, and TTCA was performed with an intramedullary nail (Synthes Hindfoot Arthrodesis Nail HAN Expert Nailing System), using a conventional screw plus a fixed-angle spiral blade versus a conventional screw plus a fixed-angle screw, in the calcaneus. The constructs were subjected to quasi-static loading (dorsiflexion/plantarflexion, varus/valgus, rotation) and to cyclic loading to failure. Parameters studied were construct neutral zone (NZ) and range of motion (ROM), and number of cycles to failure. Results: With dorsiflexion/plantarflexion loading, the screw-plus-spiral-blade constructs had a significantly smaller ROM in the quasi-static test ( p = 0.028) and early in the cyclic test ( p = 0.02); differences in the other parameters were not significant. There was a significant correlation between BMD and cycles to failure for the two-screw constructs ( r = 0.94; p = 0.002) and for the screw-plus-spiral-blade constructs ( r = 0.86; p = 0.014). Conclusion: In TTCA with a HAN Expert Nailing System, the use of a calcaneal spiral blade can further reduce motion within the construct. This may be especially useful in poor bone stock. Clinical Relevance: Results obtained in this study could be used to guide the operating surgeon's TTCA strategy.
Replantation of Severed Foot at the Chopart Joint: A Case Report
Authors: Nagamatsu Shogo , Sakayama Kenshi , Kamogawa Junji , Nakaoka Hiroki , Hashimoto Koji , Yamamoto Haruyasu
Published: December 2009

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Technical Tip: Fixation of the Scarf Metatarsal Osteotomy with a Proximal Buttress and a Standard Distal Screw
Authors: Neven Enrico , Vandeputte Geoffroy
Published: December 2009

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Maintained deep brain stimulation for severe dystonia despite infection by using externalized electrodes and an extracorporeal pulse generator
Authors: Hyam Jonathan A. , de Pennington Nicholas , Joint Carole , Green Alexander L. , Owen Sarah L. F. , Pereira Erlick A. C. , Aziz Tipu Z.
Published: December 2009

Infection in the context of implant surgery is a dreaded complication, usually necessitating the removal of all affected hardware. Severe dystonia is a debilitating condition that can present as an emergency and can occasionally be life threatening. The authors present 2 cases of severe dystonia in which deep brain stimulation was maintained despite the presence of infection, using ongoing stimulation by externalization of electrode wires and an extracorporeal pulse generator. This allowed the infection to clear and wounds to heal while maintaining stimulation. This strategy is similar to that used in the management of infected cardiac pacemakers. The authors suggest that this prolonged extracorporeal stimulation should be considered by neurosurgeons in the face of this difficult clinical situation.
Trans-sodium crocetinate enhancing survival and glioma response on magnetic resonance imaging to radiation and temozolomide
Authors: Sheehan Jason , Cifarelli Christopher P. , Dassoulas Kasandra , Olson Claire , Rainey Jessica , Han Shaojie
Published: December 2009

Object

Glioblastoma (GB) tumors typically exhibit regions of hypoxia. Hypoxic areas within the tumor can make tumor cells less sensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Trans-sodium crocetinate (TSC) has been shown to transiently increase oxygen to hypoxic brain tumors. The authors examined whether this improvement in intratumor oxygenation translates to a therapeutic advantage when delivering standard adjuvant treatment to GBs.

Methods

The authors used C6 glioma cells to create a hypoxic GB model. The C6 glioma cells were stereotactically injected into the rat brain to create a tumor. Fifteen days later, MR imaging was used to confirm the presence of a glioma. The animals were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: 1) temozolomide alone (350 mg/m2/day for 5 days); 2) temozolomide and radiation therapy (8 Gy); or 3) TSC (100 μg/kg for 5 days), temozolomide, and radiation therapy. Animals were followed through survival studies, and tumor response was assessed on serial MR images obtained at 15-day intervals during a 2-month period.

Results

Mean survival (± SEM) of the temozolomide-alone and the temozolomide/radiotherapy groups was 23.2 ± 0.9 and 29.4 ± 4.4 days, respectively. Mean survival in the TSC/temozolomide/radiotherapy group was 39.8 ± 6 days, a statistically significant improvement compared with either of the other groups (p < 0.05).

Although tumor size was statistically equivalent in all groups at the time of treatment initiation, the addition of TSC to temozolomide and radiotherapy resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the MR imaging–documented mean tumor size at 30 days after tumor implantation. The mean tumor size in the TSC/temozolomide/radiotherapy group was 18.9 ± 6.6 mm2 compared with 42.1 ± 2.7 mm2 in the temozolomide-alone group (p = 0.047) and 35.8 ± 5.1 mm2 in the temozolomide/radiation group (p = 0.004).

Conclusions

In a hypoxic GB model, TSC improves the radiological and clinical effectiveness of temozolomide and radiation therapy. Further investigation of this oxygen diffusion enhancer as a radiosensitizer for hypoxic brain tumors seems warranted.
“In-window” craniotomy and “bridgelike” duraplasty: an alternative to decompressive hemicraniectomy
Authors: Valença Marcelo M. , Martins Carolina , da Silva Joacil Carlos
Published: December 2009

Object

The object of this study was to propose an alternative procedure to the classic decompressive hemicraniectomy using an “in-window” craniotomy and a “bridgelike” duraplasty.

Methods

The authors performed a large, almost rectangular craniotomy involving the frontal, temporal, and parietal bones and part of the occipital squama in 5 patients. The dura mater is opened and its area is enlarged using a rectangular dural patch of the surgeon's choice in the form of a bridge between the anterior and posterior dural edges. With a vertical cut, the bone flap is divided into 2 similarly sized pieces that function as “window lids.” The outer frontal and occipital sides of the bone are tied to the skull border at 2 points to function as a hinge joint. The angle of the bone cut must be beveled outward (inclination ~ 45° of the bone drill or saw) to allow the bone flap to rest on the adjacent skull and prevent its slippage toward the intracranial cavity.

Results

The above procedures were performed with effective control of intracranial hypertension due to cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, brain trauma, intracerebral hematoma, or malignant cerebral ischemia.

Conclusions

Decompressive surgery, which uses an in-window craniotomy that gradually opens according to the intracranial pressure, is an alternative solution for deploying autologous material. The procedure has the advantage of obviating the need for a second surgical procedure to close the bone defect, and thus preventing the metabolic cerebral impairment associated with the absence of an overlying skull.
Repeated rupture of a middle meningeal artery aneurysm in moyamoya disease
Authors: Park Yong Sook , Suk Jong Sik , Kwon Jeong Taik
Published: December 2009

A case of moyamoya disease associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracerebral hematoma resulting from repeated rupture of a middle meningeal artery aneurysm is reported. The aneurysm was progressively enlarged over a period of 1 month and was treated with middle meningeal artery embolization. The treatment method is discussed.
Precancer: The Beginning and the End of Cancer. Edited by Jules J. Berman, MD, PhD (E-Mail: jjberman1@comcast.net) with G. William Moore, MD, PhD. Jones & Bartlett Publishers: Sudbury, MA, USA, 2009; 186 pp; 42.95$; ISBN: 9780763777845
Authors: Kuntz-Melcavage Kara L.
Published: December 2009

This concisely written book makes a powerful argument that the focus of research in the cancer field should be shifted from full-stage cancer to the more promising area of precancer. The entire book encompasses less than 200 pages, including an extensive glossary aimed at clarifying terminology with which a person lacking a research background may be unfamiliar. Because explanations of scientific terminology are located in the glossary, Berman and Moore have prevented the book from being too elementary for an advanced scientist. The logical organization of the chapters results in this becoming quite an easy book to read. [...]
An Exploratory Study of Diabetes in a First Nation Community with Respect to Serum Concentrations of p,p’-DDE and PCBs and Fish Consumption
Authors: Philibert Aline , Schwartz Harold , Mergler Donna
Published: December 2009

This study examined the association between self-reported diabetes, fish consumption and serum levels of organochlorines in a First Nation community. One quarter of the 101 participants reported diabetes. Serum PCBs, but not p,p’-DDE, were positively correlated to consumption frequency of total fish, walleye and pike, but not trout. Reported diabetes was positively associated to p,p’-DDE and some PCB congeners. Odds Ratios (OR) for reported diabetes for those in the upper 75th percentile for serum p,p’-DDE compared to the others were 3.5 (95% CI 1–13.8) and 6.1 (95% CI 1.4–27.3) (weight wet and lipid-standardized values, respectively) and for total sum of PCBs: 4.91 (95% CI 1.4–19.0) and 5.51 (95% CI 1.3–24.1). For participants who were in the upper 50th percentile for trout and white fish intake, reported diabetes was respectively 6 and 4 times lower compared to the others. These findings support the hypothesis that environmental exposure to elevated p,p’-DDE and PCBs is associated with increased risk of diabetes. Consumption of trout and white fish may be beneficial to reduce risk.
Geo-Relationship between Cancer Cases and the Environment by GIS: A Case Study of Trabzon in Turkey
Authors: Yomralioglu Tahsin , Colak Ebru  H. , Aydinoglu Arif C.
Published: December 2009

Cancer is an important health issue in Turkey because it ranks as the second cause of death in the country. Examination of the relationships between the distribution of cancer cases and geo-environmental factors is significant in determining the causes of cancer. In this study, GIS were used to provide data about the distribution of cancer types in Trabzon province, Turkey. To determine the cancer occurrence density, the cancer incidence rates were calculated according to local census data, then a cancer density map was produced, and correlations between cancer types and geographical factors were examined.
Synthesis and Evaluation of in Vitro Biological Activity of 4-Substituted Arylpiperazine Derivatives of 1,7,8,9-Tetrachloro-10,10-dimethoxy-4-azatricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]dec-8-ene-3,5-dione
Authors: Kossakowski Jerzy , Pakosinska-Parys Magdalena , Struga Marta , Dybala Izabela , Koziol Anna E. , La Colla Paolo , Marongiu Laura Ester , Ibba Cristina , Collu David , Loddo Roberta
Published: December 2009

A series of twenty arylpiperazine derivatives of 1,7,8,9-tetrachloro-10,10-dimethoxy-4-azatricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]dec-8-ene-3,5-dione have been prepared. These derivatives were tested in vitro with the aim of identifying novel lead compounds active against emergent and re-emergent human and cattle infectious diseases (AIDS, hepatitis B and C, tuberculosis, bovine viral diarrhea). In particular, these compounds were evaluated in vitro against representatives of different virus classes, such as a HIV-1 (Retrovirus), a HBV (Hepadnavirus) and the single-stranded RNA+ viruses Yellow fever virus (YFV) and Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), both belonging to the Flaviridae. Compounds 2c, 2g and 3d showed a modest activity against CVB-2. The molecular structures of the starting imide 1 and one of propyl-piperazine derivatives, 3b, have been determined by an X-ray crystallography study.
Registration Combining Wide and Narrow Baseline Feature Tracking Techniques for Markerless AR Systems
Authors: Duan Liya , Guan Tao , Yang Bo
Published: December 2009

Augmented reality (AR) is a field of computer research which deals with the combination of real world and computer generated data. Registration is one of the most difficult problems currently limiting the usability of AR systems. In this paper, we propose a novel natural feature tracking based registration method for AR applications. The proposed method has following advantages: (1) it is simple and efficient, as no man-made markers are needed for both indoor and outdoor AR applications; moreover, it can work with arbitrary geometric shapes including planar, near planar and non planar structures which really enhance the usability of AR systems. (2) Thanks to the reduced SIFT based augmented optical flow tracker, the virtual scene can still be augmented on the specified areas even under the circumstances of occlusion and large changes in viewpoint during the entire process. (3) It is easy to use, because the adaptive classification tree based matching strategy can give us fast and accurate initialization, even when the initial camera is different from the reference image to a large degree. Experimental evaluations validate the performance of the proposed method for online pose tracking and augmentation.
Multi-Hop Routing Mechanism for Reliable Sensor Computing
Authors: Chen Jiann-Liang , Ma Yi-Wei , Lai Chia-Ping , Hu Chia-Cheng , Huang Yueh-Min
Published: December 2009

Current research on routing in wireless sensor computing concentrates on increasing the service lifetime, enabling scalability for large number of sensors and supporting fault tolerance for battery exhaustion and broken nodes. A sensor node is naturally exposed to various sources of unreliable communication channels and node failures. Sensor nodes have many failure modes, and each failure degrades the network performance. This work develops a novel mechanism, called Reliable Routing Mechanism (RRM), based on a hybrid cluster-based routing protocol to specify the best reliable routing path for sensor computing. Table-driven intra-cluster routing and on-demand inter-cluster routing are combined by changing the relationship between clusters for sensor computing. Applying a reliable routing mechanism in sensor computing can improve routing reliability, maintain low packet loss, minimize management overhead and save energy consumption. Simulation results indicate that the reliability of the proposed RRM mechanism is around 25% higher than that of the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector routing (AODV) mechanisms.
Current and Novel Inhibitors of HIV Protease
Authors: Pokorná Jana , Machala Ladislav , Řezáčová Pavlína , Konvalinka Jan
Published: December 2009

The design, development and clinical success of HIV protease inhibitors represent one of the most remarkable achievements of molecular medicine. This review describes all nine currently available FDA-approved protease inhibitors, discusses their pharmacokinetic properties, off-target activities, side-effects, and resistance profiles. The compounds in the various stages of clinical development are also introduced, as well as alternative approaches, aiming at other functional domains of HIV PR. The potential of these novel compounds to open new way to the rational drug design of human viruses is critically assessed.
Gene flow from foreign provenances into local plant populations: Fitness consequences and implications for biodiversity restoration
Authors: Crémieux Lisèle , Bischoff Armin , Müller‐Schärer Heinz , Steinger Thomas
Published: December 2009

Long‐distance transplantation of seed material as done in restoration programs has raised concerns about the risks associated with the introduction of maladapted genotypes that may hybridize with neighboring native conspecifics and decrease local population fitness (outbreeding depression). We studied the consequences of gene flow from foreign provenances into local populations in the common grassland species Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae). Three generations of intraspecific hybrids (F1, F2, and backcross to the local plants) were produced by controlled crossings between local plants and plants from geographically or environmentally distant populations. Their performance was compared to that of within‐population crosses in a field experiment. Early growth in some interpopulation hybrids was significantly reduced, and this decrease in performance was higher in progeny of crosses with the local population from a different habitat than with geographically distant populations. At the end of the growing season, most fitness‐related traits of the interpopulation hybrids were close to the average of their parents. Crosses with low‐performing foreign parents therefore resulted in reduced fitness of the hybrids compared to the local plants and dilution of local adaptation. We conclude that the introduction of maladapted populations from distant or ecologically distinct environments might, at least temporarily, decrease the fitness of neighboring local plants.
An enantiomerically pure siderophore type ligand for the diastereoselective 1 : 1 complexation of lanthanide(III) ions
Authors: Albrecht Markus , Osetska Olga , Abel Thomas , Haberhauer Gebhard , Ziegler Eva
Published: December 2009

A facile synthesis of a highly preorganized tripodal enterobactine-type ligand 1a-H3 consisting of a chiral C3-symmetric macrocyclic peptide and three tridentate 2-amido-8-hydroxyquinoline coordinating units is presented. Complex formation with various metal ions (Al3+, Ga3+, Fe3+, La3+ and Eu3+) was investigated by spectrophotometric methods. Only in the case of La3+ and Eu3+ were well defined 1 : 1 complexes formed. On the basis of CD spectroscopy and DFT calculations the configuration at the metal centre of the La3+ complex was determined to show Λ helicity. The coordination compounds [(1a)Ln] presented should be prototypes for further lanthanide(III) complexes with an enterobactine analogue binding situation.
Key data from the 11th International Workshop on Adverse Drug Reactions and Co-Morbidities in HIV
Authors: Boehme Richard E , Cameron Stephen
Published: December 2009

The effectiveness of current antiretroviral therapies has led to more patients receiving long-term therapy, and increasing numbers of older patients. The complex interactions between HIV infection, ageing, comorbid conditions and drug-related toxicities, and their combined effects on patient health and quality of life, were the subject of the 11th International Workshop on Adverse Drug Reactions and Co-Morbidities in HIV. Key topics included the metabolic effects of antiretroviral agents, cardiovascular disease, bone metabolism and age-related changes in disease and response to drug therapy. Data presented at the meeting refect the growing recognition of common pathways that contribute to progression of mutiple types of disease and adverse drug reactions.
Trapping of Active Methylene Intermediates with Alkenes, Indoles or Thiols: Towards Highly Selective Multicomponent Reactions
Authors: Gu Yanlong , Barrault Joël , Jérôme François
Published: December 2009

In this paper, a basic method to access new multicomponent reactions (MCRs) is reported. The mechanism of these MCRs is based on the trapping of methylene intermediates, formed in situ by reaction of formaldehyde with electron‐rich carbons, with alkene, thiol or indole derivatives. According to our strategy, a wide range of valuable skeletons has been obtained in a one‐pot reaction, thus allowing a minimization of waste, cost and labor. The presented methodology exhibits a broad substrate scope and electron‐rich carbons in the α‐position of a hydroxy or carbonyl group were found to be particularly efficient. More generally, this work offers new tools for creating molecular complexity and diversity from one of the simplest organic building blocks, formaldehyde.
Floating‐Harbor syndrome associated with middle ear abnormalities
Authors: Hendrickx Jan‐Jaap , Keymolen Kathelijn , Desprechins Brigitte , Casselman Jan , Gordts Frans
Published: December 2009

Floating‐Harbor syndrome is a rare syndrome of unknown etiology, which was first described in 1973. A triad of main features characterizes Floating‐Harbor syndrome: short stature, characteristic face, and an expressive speech delay. We present a patient in whom the hearing thresholds improved insufficiently after placement of grommets. High‐resolution CT scan of the temporal bone showed a prominent soft‐tissue thickening suspected of causing fixation of the malleus, and fusion of the malleus head with the body of the incus. To our knowledge this is the first reported abnormal middle ear anatomy in a patient with Floating‐Harbor syndrome. A conservative treatment with hearing aids was preferred as an initial treatment in favor of a surgical exploration. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The process of deciding about prophylactic surgery for breast and ovarian cancer: Patient questions, uncertainties, and communication
Authors: Klitzman Robert , Chung Wendy
Published: December 2009

Many, women who have, or are at risk for, BRCA, 1/2 mutations or breast cancer decline prophylactic surgery, but questions remain as to how they make and experience these decisions. Our methods consisted of interviewing 32 women for 2 hr each; 19 were tested, 20 were symptomatic. Our results showed that these surgical options forced women to confront questions, involving stresses and uncertainties, regarding: implications of test results, prognoses with and without surgery, and effects of surgery (e.g., on self‐image). Given these dilemmas, many women turned to doctors who then ranged in what and how they communicated about these issues, and how strongly they offered input. Some patients felt disappointed at provider non‐directiveness, while others found providers too directive. Patients turned to family members and friends, who also ranged in how and what they communicated, and whether they agreed with the patient and/or each other. Many women turned to patient communities, but then had to decide how involved to be, and what information to provide or accept. These data suggest that providers and others may need to be more aware of the series of questions, involving stresses and uncertainties, that these women face, and the complex roles providers themselves may play. These data highlight needs for physicians to be able to address these issues flexibly, gauging patient preferences for information and paternalism (vs. autonomy). These data suggest areas for future research: for example, on how providers decide whether, what and how to communicate about these issues, and how these choices shape treatment decisions. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fowler syndrome—A clinical, radiological, and pathological study of 14 cases
Authors: Williams Denise , Patel Chirag , Fallet‐Bianco Catherine , Kalyanasundaram Karthik , Yacoubi Mohamed , Déchelotte Pierre , Scott Rosemary , Bazin Anne , Bessières Bettina , Marton Tamas , Cox Phillip
Published: December 2009

We report on 14 fetuses from 10 families with the autosomal recessive syndrome of proliferative vasculopathy and hydranencephaly–hydrocephaly (Fowler syndrome). In four families sibs were affected and in six the parents were consanguineous. Antenatal ultrasonography showed hydrocephaly in all except two fetuses, but hydranencephaly was diagnosed in only one case. Postural abnormalities were seen in 10 fetuses and structural brain abnormalities were suspected in 3. At autopsy the cerebral cortex appeared as a translucent membranous structure (hydranencephaly) in most fetuses. However, in one case, the ventricles were dilated but the cortical mantle was relatively well preserved. Histology of the brain showed the characteristic glomeruloid vascular proliferation of Fowler syndrome in all cases, but with variable extent of involvement of the central nervous system. Dystrophic calcification and necrosis were always present. Extra‐cranial anomalies included micrognathia (10 fetuses), cleft palate (1 fetus), cystic hygroma (2 fetuses), joint contractures (12 fetuses), and pterygia (11 fetuses). The typical proliferative vasculopathy was never observed outside the central nervous system and karyotypes were normal in the 10 fetuses studied. Fowler syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of lethal multiple pterygium syndrome, fetal akinesia, and hydrocephalus in addition to classical hydranencephaly. Autopsy and study of the brain are essential to differentiate autosomal recessive Fowler syndrome from other causes of hydrocephaly and hydranencephaly, which may have a lower recurrence risk. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel cardiac findings in periventricular nodular heterotopia
Authors: Jefferies John L. , Taylor Michael D. , Rossano Joseph , Belmont John W. , Craigen William J.
Published: December 2009

Periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) is a set of neuronal migration disorders that occur during fetal development. Neurons in the brain fail to migrate from the lining of the lateral ventricles to the cortex of the brain. When the neurons fail to migrate, ectopic neuronal nodules form. Epilepsy is a common symptom of PNH. The majority of PNH cases appear to be due to mutations in filamin A, an X‐linked gene. Most of the affected individuals are female because affected males typically die in utero. Filamin A anchors integral membrane proteins to the cytoskeleton by binding actin filaments in the cytoplasm. Both animal and human studies indicate that filamin A also plays a role in blood vessel development. In this report, we describe novel cardiac findings in an 18‐month‐old girl with PNH associated with a nonsense mutation in FLNA, including a dysplastic pulmonary valve and clefting of the mitral valve. These findings broaden the range of cardiac anomalies associated with filamin A mutations to include abnormality of the pulmonary valve and clefting of the mitral valve, consistent with a role for filamin A in valve leaflet development. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypospadias in males with intrauterine growth restriction due to placental insufficiency: The placental role in the embryogenesis of male external genitalia
Authors: Yinon Yoav , Kingdom John C.P. , Proctor Leslie K. , Kelly Edmond N. , Salle Joao L. Pippi , Wherrett Diane , Keating Sarah , Nevo Ori , Chitayat David
Published: December 2009

Our aim was to define the association between early onset intra‐uterine growth restriction (IUGR) due to placental insufficiency and hypospadias in males. We prospectively studied a cohort of small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) male infants with hypospadias managed by a multidisciplinary team over a 5‐year period. Thirty SGA male infants were diagnosed with hypospadias/abnormal genitalia after birth, and four of them were diagnosed antenatally. Five cases occurred in the smaller pair of discordant IUGR twins, where the larger co‐twin had normal male genitalia. Serial ultrasounds demonstrated features of early‐onset IUGR in all cases at a median gestational age of 21 weeks (range 14–31weeks). Twenty‐one (70%) pregnancies were subsequently complicated by absent/reversed end‐diastolic flow in the umbilical arteries indicating severe IUGR, and 17 (57%) women developed severe pre‐eclampsia. There were 27 (90%) live births at a median gestational age of 31 weeks (range 27–37); 23 (77%) of the neonates had birth weights <3rd centile. All newborns had normal male karyotypes. In 62% (18/29) the hypospadias was severe. A correlation was found between the severity of the IUGR and the severity of hypospadias as significantly more infants with severe hypospadias were less than the 3rd centile compared to the mild–moderate hypospadias group: 94% (17/18) versus 55% (6/11), respectively (P = 0.02). In conclusion, SGA male newborns with hypospadias exhibit a high rate of early‐onset severe IUGR due to placental insufficiency. Early placental development likely influences male external genitalia formation. Careful sonographic evaluation of the genitalia is advised when early‐onset placentally mediated IUGR is found. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Severe cleidocranial dysplasia and hypophosphatasia in a child with microdeletion of the C‐terminal region of RUNX2
Authors: El‐Gharbawy Areeg H. , Peeden Joseph N. , Lachman Ralph S. , Graham John M. , Moore Stephen R. , Rimoin David L.
Published: December 2009

Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is a rare autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia due to mutations causing haploinsufficiency of RUNX2, an osteoblast transcription factor specific for bone and cartilage. The classic form of CCD is characterized by delayed closure of the fontanels, hypoplastic or aplastic clavicles and dental anomalies. Clinical reports suggest that a subset of patients with CCD have skeletal changes which mimic hypophosphatasia (HPP). Mutations in RUNX2 are detected in approximately 65% of cases of CCD, and microdeletions occur in 13%. We present clinical and radiological features in a 6‐year‐old child with severe CCD manifested by absence of the clavicles marked calvarial hypomineralization, osteoporosis and progressive kyphoscoliosis. HPP features included Bowdler spurs, severe osteopenia, and low alkaline phosphatase. Following negative mutation analysis of RUNX2, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) microarray was performed. The result revealed a microdeletion in RUNX2, disrupting the C‐terminal part of the gene. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.